bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of 5-Year Survivors of Pediatric Liver Transplantation: Report on 461 Children From a North American Multicenter Registry
Authors: Ng Vicky Lee , Fecteau Annie , Shepherd Ross , Magee John , Bucuvalas John , Alonso Estella , McDiarmid Suzanne , Cohen Geoff , Anand Ravinder ,   and the Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation Research Group
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. Although liver transplantation has been the standard of care therapy for life-threatening liver diseases for &gt;20 years, data on the long-term impact of liver transplantation in children have been primarily limited to single-center experiences. The objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the clinical course of children who have survived ≥5 years after pediatric liver transplantation in multiple centers across North America.PATIENTS AND METHODS. Patients enrolled in the Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation database registry who had undergone liver transplantation at 1 of 45 pediatric centers between 1996 and 2001 and survived &gt;5 years from liver transplantation were identified and their clinical courses retrospectively reviewed.RESULTS. The first graft survival for 461 five-year survivors was 88%, with 55 (12%) and 10 (2%) children undergoing a second and third liver transplantation. At the 5-year anniversary clinic visit, liver function was preserved in the majority with daily use of immunosuppression therapy, including a calcineurin inhibitor and oral prednisone, reported by 97% and 25% of children, respectively. The probability of an episode of acute cellular rejection occurring within 5 years after liver transplantation was 60%. Chronic rejection occurred in 5% patients. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease was diagnosed in 6% children. Calculated glomerular filtration rate was &lt;90 mL/minute per 1.73 m2 in 13% of 5-year survivors. Age- and gender-adjusted BMI &gt;95th percentile was noted in 12%, with height below the 10th percentile in 29%.CONCLUSIONS. Children who are 5-year survivors of liver transplantation have good graft function, but chronic medical conditions and posttransplantation complications affect extrahepatic organs. A comprehensive approach to the management of these patients' multiple unique needs requires the expertise and commitment of health care providers both beyond and within transplant centers to further optimize long-term outcomes for pediatric liver transplant recipients.
Breastfeeding Status on US Birth Certificates: Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Chapman Donna J. , Merewood Anne , Armah Robert Ackatia , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. The objectives of this study were to assess the extent to which states collected breastfeeding data on the birth certificate, to verify the wording of the breastfeeding questions used, and to develop recommendations for future revisions of the breastfeeding question asked on the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth.
METHODS. Registrars of vital statistics in US states and territories were contacted via telephone with e-mail follow-up between April 2006 and May 2008 to determine whether their state/territory collected breastfeeding data on its birth certificate. Responses were categorized as follows: (1) breastfeeding data currently collected; (2) breastfeeding data not currently collected but implementation date set; or (3) breastfeeding data not currently collected and no implementation plans.
RESULTS. In May 2008, 56.6% (30 of 53) of US states and territories were collecting data on breastfeeding status at hospital discharge on their birth certificate. The questions used to collect breastfeeding data, however, had not been standardized. Approximately one quarter (12 of 53) reported that they were not yet collecting breastfeeding data on their birth certificate but that an implementation date had been set. Approximately one fifth (11 of 53) indicated that their state birth certificate did not plan to collect breastfeeding data by January 2010.
CONCLUSIONS. A total of 79% of the registrars reported that breastfeeding data were collected on the birth certificate or that the process would begin within the next 2 years. Future revisions to the Standard Certificate of Live Birth breastfeeding question should assess breastfeeding exclusivity. The revision process should include feedback from health professionals who collect these data, pretesting of the revised question for feasibility, and extensive training before data collection.
A Population-Based, Postlicensure Evaluation of the Safety of a Combination Diphtheria, Tetanus, Acellular Pertussis, Hepatitis B, and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in a Large Managed Care Organization
Authors: Zangwill Kenneth M. , Eriksen Eileen , Lee Martin , Lee Jennifer , Marcy S. Michael , Friedland Leonard R. , Weston Wayde , Howe Barbara , Ward Joel I. 
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND. Prelicensure studies of diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated polio virus vaccine suggested that there were higher rates of fever after its administration than when its component antigens were given separately.
METHODS. We conducted an open, controlled, cohort study to evaluate selected potential adverse events after receipt of diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus vaccine in the Southern California Kaiser Permanente Health Care Plan. From April 2003 through June 2005, we identified 61004 infants who received ≥1 dose of vaccine (120000 total doses). This group was compared with a previous cohort of 58251 age-, gender-, and medical center–matched infants (116637 doses) who received diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis vaccine and separate doses of hepatitis B and inactivated poliovirus vaccines from January 2002 through March 2003. We compared the incidence of seizures, medically attended events that were associated with fever, and other selected adverse outcomes.
RESULTS. We identified 16 infants (8 with fever) who had a seizure in the diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus cohort and 15 infants (6 with fever) among control subjects in the 8-day period after receipt of any dose of vaccine. The incidence of all seizures or seizures associated with fever was not significantly different between cohorts. The incidence of medically attended events that were associated with fever in the 4-day period after any dose of vaccine was also similar in both cohorts. As well, no significant differences between the diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus and control cohorts, were noted in the incidence of allergic reactions within 48 hours of any dose of vaccine, outpatient visits within 21 days, hospitalizations within 21 days, or death within 1 year.
CONCLUSIONS. We did not observe a statistically significant increase in any of several clinically important safety events after diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus vaccination compared with a historical cohort who received separate component vaccines.
Primary Care Physician Perspectives on Reimbursement for Childhood Immunizations
Authors: Freed Gary L. , Cowan Anne E. , Clark Sarah J. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this research was to explore physicians’ attitudes and behaviors related to vaccine financing issues within their practice. Amid the increasing number of vaccine doses recommended for children and adolescents, anecdotal reports suggest that physicians are facing increasing financial pressures from vaccine purchase and administration and may stop providing vaccines altogether to privately insured children. Whether these sentiments are widely held among immunization providers is unknown.
METHODS. We conducted a cross-sectional mail survey from July to September 2007 of a random sample of 1280 US pediatricians and family physicians engaged in direct patient care. Main outcome measures included delay in the purchase of specific vaccines for financial reasons; reported decrease in profit margin from immunizations; and practice consideration of whether to stop providing all vaccines to privately insured children.
RESULTS. The response rate was 70% for pediatricians and 60% for family physicians. Approximately half of the respondents reported that their practice had delayed the purchase of specific vaccines for financial reasons (49%) and experienced decreased profit margin from immunizations (53%) in the previous 3 years. Twenty-one percent of respondents strongly disagreed that “reimbursement for vaccine purchase is adequate,” and 17% strongly disagreed that “reimbursement for vaccine administration is adequate.” Eleven percent of respondents said their practice had seriously considered whether to stop providing all vaccines to privately insured children in the previous year.
CONCLUSIONS. Physicians who provide vaccines to children and adolescents report dissatisfaction with reimbursement levels and increasing financial strain from immunizations. Although large-scale withdrawal of immunization providers does not seem to be imminent, efforts to address root causes of financial pressures should be undertaken.
Toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (de-71) in chicken (Gallus gallus), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrel (Falco sparverius) embryos and hatchlings
Authors: McKernan Moira A. , Rattner Barnett A. , Hale Robert C. , Ottinger Mary Ann 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEmbryonic survival, pipping and hatching success, and sublethal biochemical, endocrine, and histological endpoints were examined in hatchling chickens (Gallus gallus), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following air cell administration of a pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE; DE-71) mixture (0.01–20 μg/g egg) or poly-chlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 126 (3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 0.002 μg/g egg). The penta-BDE decreased pipping and hatching success at concentrations of 10 and 20 μg/g egg in kestrels but had no effect on survival endpoints in chickens or mallards. Sublethal effects in hatchling chickens included ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) induction and histological changes in the bursa, but these responses were not observed in other species. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 (positive control) reduced survival endpoints in chicken and kestrel embryos and caused sublethal effects (EROD induction, reduced bursal mass and follicle size) in chickens. Mallards were clearly less sensitive than the other species to administered penta-BDE and PCB 126. In a second experiment, the absorption of penta-BDE (11.1 μg/g egg, air cell administered during early development) into the contents of chicken and kestrel eggs was determined at various intervals (24 h postinjection, midincubation, and pipping). By pipping, 29% of the penta-BDE administered dose was present in the egg contents in chickens, and 18% of the administered dose was present in kestrel egg contents. Based on uptake in kestrels, the lowest-observed-effect level on pipping and hatching success may be as low as 1.8 μg total penta-BDE/g egg, which approaches concentrations detected in eggs of free-ranging birds. Because some penta-BDE congeners are still increasing in the environment, the toxic effects observed in the present study are cause for concern in wildlife.
Thin-Film Heat Flux Sensor for Measuring the Film Coefficient of Rubber Components of a Rolling Tire
Authors: Assaad M. C. , Kimble B. , Huang Y.-M. , Burgan R. , Fralick G. C. , Wrbanek J. D. , Gonzalez J. M. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Heat flux is one of a number of parameters, together with pressure, temperature, flow, etc., of interest to tire engineers, engine designers and fluid dynamicists. The ability to measure heat flux magnitude and direction was incorporated into a resistance bridge design fabricated using thin-film techniques to allow fast response. The result is a sensor that does not need the large area and stiff packaging required for the thermopile design, nor does it have a low output, but has nearly as fast response. The development of this sensor offers a new laboratory procedure to establish heat transfer coefficients for different regions of a tire. Testing generated heat transfer coefficients that were within the range reported in the literature, and the numerically predicted temperatures from this data agree well with the experimentally generated values.
Analytical Solution for the Stresses Arising in +/− Angle Ply Belts of Radial Tires
Authors: McGinty R. D. , Rhyne T. B. , Cron S. M. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Stresses arising in the belts of radial ply tires, particularly those at the belt edge, are known to be critical to tire durability. Belt edge stresses are commonly calculated using finite element (FE) methods that provide estimates of the levels but do not necessarily give significant insight into the underlying mechanics. In contrast, analytical models can provide physical insight into the mechanisms affecting tire durability but are currently incomplete due to the challenges faced in obtaining closed-form mathematical solutions. Nevertheless, analytical solutions remain important to tire design and development because they can expose the entire design space, show the mathematical relationships between the variables, and allow rapid parameter studies.
This work develops an analytical description of the belt deformations and stresses, particularly at the belt edge. The formulation captures all the first-order mechanics pertinent to finite width, antisymmetric +/− angle belt packages present in radial tires. It incorporates interply shear stresses already recognized in the literature and adds to that a new mechanism controlling the interaction of the plies via a Poisson effect. The analytical model is validated by comparison to FE simulations and is also contrasted with a classical analytical model in the literature. The design space for the belt composite is then explored by parameter variation. Finally, since all these solutions depend on homogenization of the belt layers, the analytical solution is compared to a FE model of discrete cables embedded in rubber to explore the accuracy of the homogenization step.
Examination of synovial fluid hyaluronan quantity and quality in stifle joints of dogs with osteoarthritis
Authors: Venable Rachel O. , Stoker Aaron M. , Cook Cristi R. , Cockrell Mary K. , Cook James L. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the quantity (concentration) and quality (molecular weight) of synovial fluid hyaluronan with respect to presence and severity of osteoarthritis in stifle joints of dogs.
Animals—21 purpose-bred dogs and 6 clinically affected large-breed dogs (cranial cruciate ligament [CrCL] disease with secondary osteoarthritis).
Procedures—Research dogs underwent arthroscopic surgery in 1 stifle joint to induce osteoarthritis via CrCL transection (CrCLt; n = 5 stifle joints), femoral condylar articular cartilage groove creation (GR; 6), or meniscal release (MR; 5); 5 had sham surgery (SH) performed. Contralateral stifle joints (n = 21) were used as unoperated control joints. Synovial fluid was obtained from research dogs at time 0 and 12 weeks after surgery and from clinically affected dogs prior to surgery. All dogs were assessed for lameness, radiographic signs of osteoarthritis, and pathologic findings on arthroscopy as well as for quantity and quality of hyaluronan.
Results—Clinically affected dogs had significantly greater degrees of pathologic findings, compared with dogs with surgically induced osteoarthritis (ie, those with CrCLt, GR, and MR stifle joints), and with respect to lameness scores, radiographic signs of osteoarthritis, pathologic findings on arthroscopy, and synovial fluid hyaluronan concentration. Synovial fluid from stifle joints of dogs with surgically induced osteoarthritis had hyaluronan bands at 35 kd on western blots that synovial fluid from SH and clinically affected stifle joints did not.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Synovial fluid hyaluronan quantity and quality were altered in stifle joints of dogs with osteoarthritis, compared with control stifle joints. A specific hyaluronan protein fragment may be associated with early pathologic changes in affected joints.
Assessment of a dimethyl sulfoxide–stabilized frozen canine platelet concentrate
Authors: Guillaumin Julien , Jandrey Karl E. , Norris Jeffrey W. , Tablin Fern 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objective—To assess platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), metabolic characteristics, and platelet function in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)–stabilized canine frozen platelet concentrate (PC).
Sample Population—11 units of a commercial frozen PC in 6% DMSO and fresh plateletrich plasma from 6 healthy control dogs.
Procedures—PCs were thawed, and the following data were collected: thaw time, platelet count, MPV, pH, PCO2, and PO2 and HCO3−, glucose, and lactate content. Phosphatidylserine translocation was determined by use of flow cytometry. Fresh platelet-rich plasma from healthy dogs served as a source of control platelets for flow cytometric analysis.
Results—At thaw, the platelet count in the frozen PC ranged from 243,000 to 742,000 platelets/μL. Median platelet count of paired samples was 680,000 platelets/μL and decreased significantly to 509,000 platelets/μL at 2 hours after thaw. Median MPV at thaw was 11.15 femtoliters and was stable after 2 hours. Compared with fresh platelets, frozen PC had increased amounts of phosphatidylserine in the outer leaflet of the platelet membrane in the resting (ie, not treated with thrombin) state (19% vs 99%, respectively) and alterations in cellular morphology, all of which were consistent with platelet activation.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this in vitro study indicated that there was a decrease in platelet quantity and function as well as an increase in platelet activation during the freeze-and-thaw process in DMSO-stabilized canine frozen PC. In vivo effects on PC remain to be determined.
Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine herpesvirus-1 in horses
Authors: Allen George P. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objective—To identify risk factors associated with development of clinical neurologic signs in horses exposed to equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1).
Animals—36 adult horses.
Procedures—Blood samples collected before and after challenge inoculation with nonneuropathogenic or neuropathogenic EHV-1 were analyzed for leukocyte-associated viremia, serum neutralizing antibody, and EHV-1–specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors (CTLPs). Associations between variables and neurologic disease and correlations between age category or breed and development of neurologic disease were examined.
Results—9 horses developed CNS signs (ataxia, hind limb paresis or paralysis, bladder atony, or recumbency). Neurologic deficits were correlated with infection by a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1, age > 20 years, high postexposure viremic load, and low preexposure concentration of CTLPs. No significant correlations were observed between preinfection titers or horse breed and postinfection development of neurologic signs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Horses with high concentrations of preexisting CTLPs, regardless of age, strain of virus, or titer, were more likely to control the magnitude of postinfection leukocyte-associated viremia and subsequent development of neurologic disease; therefore, CTLPs appear to be a critical requirement for protective immunity against EHV-1–induced myeloencephalopathy. The importance of achieving immunity related to high concentrations of vaccine-induced CTLPs in horses at high risk for exposure to neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 is indicated.
Reproductive tract disease associated with inoculation of pregnant white-tailed deer with bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Ridpath Julia F. , Driskell Elizabeth A. , Chase Christopher C. L. , Neill John D. , Palmer Mitchell V. , Brodersen Bruce W. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objective—To inoculate white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during the sixth or seventh week of gestation with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and observe for signs of reproductive tract disease during a 182-day period.
Animals—10 pregnant white-tailed deer (8 seronegative and 2 seropositive [control deer] for BVDV).
Procedures—Deer were inoculated with 1 of 2 deer-derived BVDV strains (RO3-20663 or RO3-24272). Serum anti-BVDV antibody titers were determined prior to and 21 or 35 days after inoculation. Virus isolation (VI) procedures were performed on tissues from fetuses and does that died and on blood samples collected from live fawns. Ear notch specimens obtained from live fawns were assessed by use of BVDV antigen-capture ELISA (ACE).
Results—Both RO3-20663–inoculated seropositive deer gave birth to apparently normal fawns. Among the RO3-24272–inoculated seronegative deer, 1 died, and 1 aborted and 1 resorbed their fetuses; among the RO3-20663–inoculated seronegative deer, 3 died, 1 aborted its fetus, and 1 gave birth to 2 fawns that were likely persistently infected. On the basis of VI and ACE results, those 2 fawns were positive for BVDV; both had no detectable neutralizing anti-BVDV antibodies in serum.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Reproductive tract disease that developed in pregnant white-tailed deer following BVDV inoculation was similar to that which develops in BVDV-exposed cattle. Methods developed for BVDV detection in cattle (VI, immunohistochemical evaluations, and ACE) can be applied in assessments of white-tailed deer. Fawns from does that had serum anti-BVDV antibodies prior to inoculation were protected against BVDV infection in utero.
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide, mepivacaine hydrochloride, or both on lipopolysaccharide-induced lameness in horses
Authors: Kay Alastair T. , Bolt David M. , Ishihara Akikazu , Rajala-Schultz Paivi J. , Bertone Alicia L. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objective—To assess analgesia, inflammation, potency, and duration of action associated with intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), mepivacaine hydrochloride, or both in metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of horses with experimentally induced acute synovitis.
Animals—18 horses.
Procedures—Both forelimbs of each horse were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 3 times. After the first LPS injection, 1 forelimb of each horse was treated with intra-articular injection of mepivacaine (80 mg; n = 6), TA (9 mg; 6), or mepivacaine with TA (same doses of each; 6) 12 hours after the initial LPS injection. Contralateral limbs served as control limbs. Joint pain was assessed via lameness score and measurements of vertical force peak and pain-free range of motion of the MCP joint. Periarticular edema was evaluated. Degree of synovial inflammation was determined via synovial fluid analysis for WBC count and total protein concentration. Samples of plasma and synovial fluid were analyzed for TA and mepivacaine concentrations.
Results—Each injection of LPS induced lameness and joint inflammation. Mepivacaine effectively eliminated lameness within 45 minutes after injection, regardless of whether TA was also administered, whereas TA reduced lameness, edema, and concentration of synovial fluid protein after the second LPS injection, regardless of whether mepivacaine was also injected. Treatment with TA also induced higher WBC counts and mepivacaine concentrations in synovial fluid, compared with results for mepivacaine alone.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested TA is a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory medication for acute synovitis in horses and that simultaneous administration of mepivacaine does not alter the potency or duration of action of TA.