bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appropriate Use of Information on Family History of Disease in Recruitment for Linkage Analysis Studies
Authors: Wallace C. , Clayton D.G. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryWhen conducting genetic studies for complex traits, large samples are commonly required to detect any of the number of genes with relatively low effect thought to underly such traits. This is because, in contrast to monogenic diseases, complex traits typically result from a number of different genetic pathways (genetic heterogeneity) and any sample is likely to contain a considerable fraction of sporadic cases (phenocopies). Such samples are time‐consuming and costly to recruit and analyse. Methods which might be used to decrease sample size include attempting to select families, with the aim of reducing genetic heterogeneity or phenocopy rate within the sample. Selecting cases with positive family history of disease should reduce the phenocopy rate, and this strategy has been employed in linkage studies of complex disease, although evaluations of such a strategy have been equivocal.This paper shows how identity by descent (IBD) distributions may be calculated for affected relative pairs recruited conditional on the affection status of a third relative. These distributions are then used to calculate expected power in affected sib and half‐sib linkage studies when recruitment is conditional on family history of disease. We consider the proxy conditions of recruitment conditional on disease in an affected parent or third sibling with single‐locus and additive multilocus genetic models. We show that while such selection strategies can reduce power if disease risk alleles are common and environmental heterogeneity low, under models more likely to underly common complex diseases power will generally be increased, and that this effect is greater as more loci are involved. Though the proxy cases studied are more extreme than a general strategy of asking potential recruits whether they have any family history of disease, these results suggest that conditional recruitment is more generally useful than previous studies have suggested.
A NFKB1 promoter polymorphism is involved in susceptibility to ulcerative colitis
Authors: Borm M. E. A. , van Bodegraven A. A. , Mulder C. J. J. , Kraal G. , Bouma G. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryNuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) designates a group of critical transcription factors involved in a variety of immunologic and/or inflammatory processes. Conceivably, genes involved in the NF‐κB pathway make interesting candidate genes for chronic inflammatory disorders, including the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In two mouse models of colitis, strong linkage has been observed with a locus on chromosome 3 that harbours the Nfkb1 gene. In addition, a polymorphism in the promoter region of the human NFKB1 gene was found to be associated with susceptibility to UC. In this study, we searched to confirm this previously found association in IBD in a different population. Allele and genotype frequencies of the −94 ins/delATTG polymorphism were determined in 266 unrelated Dutch Caucasian IBD patients (127 UC, 139 CD), and 155 matched healthy controls. The allele frequency of the deletion was significantly higher in UC patients (P = 0.019), but not in CD patients, compared to healthy controls, and the UC patients homozygous for the −94 ATTG deletion had a younger age of onset. Our findings confirm the previously found association between this polymorphism and susceptibility to UC in an independent study population and adds further evidence for the role of this gene in disease susceptibility.
Ritual Rewards: A Consideration of Three Recent Approaches to Sunni Purity Law
Authors: Gauvain Richard 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn an effort to raise interest in the subject of Islam's ritual legal material, I discuss here the strengths and weaknesses of three recent studies of Sunni Islamic purity law (taharah). In light of these studies, I investigate the degree to which theories and models drawn from the fields of anthropology and comparative religion may be said to shed light on Islamic ritual law and practice. As—to varying degrees—each of my selected authors contests the theories of cultural anthropologist Mary Douglas, special attention is paid to her work. My own opinion is that, as long as we proceed cautiously, an awareness of anthropological approaches and cross-cultural data, such as that proposed by Douglas, can be helpful in understanding (the uniqueness of) Islamic ritual law; and that there are wide-ranging benefits for students of Islam, anthropology and comparative religion in doing just this.
Fitting an Exponential Distribution
Authors: Fraile Roberto , García-Ortega Eduardo 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Exponential distributions of the type N = N0 exp(−λt) occur with a high frequency in a wide range of scientific disciplines. This paper argues against a widely spread method for calculating the λ parameter in this distribution. When the ln function is applied to both members, the equation of a straight line in t is obtained, which may be fit by means of linear regression. However, the paper illustrates that this is equivalent to a least squares fit with a weight function that assigns more importance to the higher values of t. It is argued that the method of maximum likelihood should be applied, because it takes into account all of the data equally. An iterative method for determining λ is proposed, based on the method of moments for cases in which only a truncated distribution is available.
Effect of Temporal Sampling on Inferred Rainfall Spatial Statistics
Authors: Gebremichael Mekonnen , Krajewski Witold F. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
On the basis of temporally sampled data obtained from satellites, spatial statistics of rainfall can be estimated. In this paper, the authors compare the estimated spatial statistics with their “true” or ensemble values calculated using 5 yr of 15-min radar-based rainfall data at a spatial domain of 512 km × 512 km in the central United States. The authors conducted a Monte Carlo sampling experiment to simulate different sampling scenarios for variable sampling intervals and rainfall averaging periods. The spatial statistics used are the moments of spatial distribution of rainfall, the spatial scaling exponents, and the spatial cross correlations between the sample and ensemble rainfall fields. The results demonstrated that the expected value of the relative error in the mean rain-rate estimate is zero for rainfall averaged over 5 days or longer, better temporal sampling produces average fields that are “less noisy” spatially, an increase in the sampling interval causes the sampled rainfall to be increasingly less correlated with the true rainfall map, and the spatial scaling exponent estimators could give a bias of 40% or less. The results of this study provide a basis for understanding the impact of temporal statistics on inferred spatial statistics.
Climatology of the Low-Level Jet at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments Site
Authors: Song Jie , Liao Ke , Coulter Richard L. , Lesht Barry M. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A unique dataset obtained with combinations of minisodars and 915-MHz wind profilers at the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments (ABLE) facility in Kansas was used to examine the detailed characteristics of the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ). In contrast to instruments used in earlier studies, the ABLE instruments provide hourly, high-resolution vertical profiles of wind velocity from just above the surface to approximately 2 km above ground level (AGL). Furthermore, the 6-yr span of the dataset allowed the examination of interannual variability in jet properties with improved statistical reliability. It was found that LLJs occurred during 63% of the nighttime periods sampled. Although most of the observed jets were southerly, a substantial fraction (28%) was northerly. Wind maxima occurred most frequently at 200–400 m AGL, though some jets were found as low as 50 m, and the strongest jets tended to occur above 300 m. Comparison of LLJ heights at three locations within the ABLE domain and at one location outside the domain suggests that the jet is equipotential rather than terrain following. The occurrence of southerly LLJ varied annually in a way that suggests a connection between the tendency for jet formation and the large-scale circulation patterns associated with El Niño and La Niña, as well as with the Pacific decadal oscillation. Frequent and strong southerly jets that transport moisture downstream do not necessarily lead to more precipitation locally, however.
The IMPROVE-1 Storm of 1–2 February 2001. Part II: Cloud Structures and the Growth of Precipitation
Authors: Evans Amanda G. , Locatelli John D. , Stoelinga Mark T. , Hobbs Peter V. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
On 1–2 February 2001, a strong cyclonic storm system developed over the northeastern Pacific Ocean and moved onto the Washington coast. This storm was one of several that were documented during the first field phase of the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE). In the 1–2 February case, soundings and wind profiler measurements showed that a wide cold-frontal rainband was coincident with the leading edge of an upper-level cold front in a classical warm occlusion. Ground-based radar observations revealed the presence of subbands within the wide cold-frontal rainband and two layers of precipitation generating cells within this rainband: one at 5–7 km MSL and the other at 9–10 km MSL. The lower layer of generating cells produced fallstreaks that were traced from the cells down to the radar bright band at 2 km MSL. Observations suggest a connection between the subbands and the lower layer of generating cells.
A research aircraft, equipped for cloud microphysical measurements, passed through at least two generating cells in the 5–7-km region. These cells were in their formative stage, with elevated liquid water contents and low ice particle concentrations.
The microphysical structure of the wide cold-frontal rainband was elucidated by particle imagery from a Cloud Particle Imaging (CPI) probe aboard the research aircraft. These images provide detailed information on crystal habits and degrees of riming throughout the depth of the rainband. The crystal habits are used to deduce the temperature and saturation conditions under which the crystals grew and, along with in situ measurements of particle size spectra, they are used to estimate particle terminal fall velocities, precipitation rates, radar reflectivities, and vertical air motions. The radar reflectivity derived in this way generally compared well with direct measurement. Both the derived and directly measured parameters are used to determine the primary particle growth processes in the wide cold-frontal rainband. Above the melting layer, vapor deposition was the dominant growth process in the rainband; growth of ice particles by riming was small. Significant aggregation of ice particles occurred in the region just above the melting layer. A doubling in the air-relative vertical precipitation mass flux occurred between the region where sheath ice crystals formed (−3° ≤ T ≤ −8°C) and the surface. Substantial amounts of liquid water were found within the melting layer where growth occurred by the accretion of cloud droplets and also by condensation. Growth by the collision and coalescence of raindrops was not significant below the melting layer.
Excitation of Transient Rossby Waves on the Stratospheric Polar Vortex and the Barotropic Sudden Warming
Authors: Esler J. G. , Scott R. K. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The excitation of Rossby waves on the edge of the stratospheric polar vortex, due to time-dependent topographic forcing, is studied analytically and numerically in a simple quasigeostrophic f-plane model. When the atmosphere is compressible, the linear response of the vortex is found to have two distinct components. The first is a spectrum of upward-propagating waves that are excited by forcing with temporal frequencies within a fixed “Charney–Drazin” range that depends on the angular velocity at the vortex edge and the vortex Burger number. The second component of the response is a barotropic mode, which is excited by forcing with a fixed temporal frequency outside the Charney–Drazin range. The relative magnitude of the two responses, in terms of total angular pseudomomentum, depends on the ratio of the horizontal scale of the forcing to the Rossby radius. Under typical stratospheric conditions the barotropic response is found to dominate. Nonlinear simulations confirm that the linear results remain relevant to understanding the response in cases when strongly nonlinear Rossby wave breaking ensues. It is shown that a sudden warming, or rapid increase in vortex angular pseudomomentum, can be generated at much lower forcing amplitudes when the barotropic mode is resonantly excited compared to when the upward-propagating waves are excited. A numerical simulation of a “barotropic sudden warming” due to excitation of the barotropic mode by a relatively weak topographic forcing is described.
The Structure and Maintenance of Stationary Waves in the Winter Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Chen Tsing-Chang 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Previous studies of extratropical stationary waves in the winter Northern Hemisphere (NH) often focused on effects of orography and land–ocean thermal contrast on the formation, structure, and maintenance of these waves. In contrast, research attention to tropical stationary waves was attracted by the summer monsoon circulations and the ENSO-related climate variability. Consequently, the structure and basic dynamics of tropical stationary waves and the relationship of these waves with those in mid–high latitudes have long been neglected. Thus, the following several distinct features of observed winter NH stationary waves have not been explained: 1) an abrupt change in the longitudinal phase across 30°N; 2) a transition from the vertical phase reversal of tropical stationary waves to the vertically westward tilt of extratropical stationary waves; and 3) a longitudinally quarter-phase relationship between stationary waves and east–west circulations, and a reversal of this relationship across 30°N. It is inferred from a spectral streamfunction budget analysis with the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses that these wave features are caused by the transition of wave dynamics from the Sverdrup regime in the Tropics to the Rossby regime in the mid–high latitudes. Based on the simplified vorticity equations of these two dynamic regimes, analytic solutions obtained with observed velocity potential fields (which were used to portray the global divergent circulation) confirm that the aforementioned distinct features of stationary waves are attributed to the dynamics transition across 30°N. Since east–west circulations are part of the global divergent circulation, it is revealed from a diagnosis of the velocity potential maintenance equation that this circulation component is maintained in the Tropics primarily by diabatic heating and in the mid–high latitudes by both horizontal heat advection and diabatic heating. Evidently, stationary waves are maintained by diabatic heating through the divergent circulation and the dynamics transition of these waves from the Sverdrup regime to the Rossby regime is attributed to strong midlatitude westerlies.
The Response of Westerly Jets to Thermal Driving in a Primitive Equation Model
Authors: Son Seok-Woo , Lee Sukyoung 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The structure of westerly jets in a statistically steady state is investigated with both dry and moist models on the sphere. The dry model is forced with an idealized radiative equilibrium temperature profile that consists of a global-scale base profile plus both localized tropical heating and high-latitude cooling. The tropical heating controls the intensity of the subtropical jet, while the high-latitude cooling modulates the meridional width of the extratropical baroclinic zone.
The jet structure is analyzed with a large number of dry model runs in which the tropical heating and high-latitude cooling rates are systematically varied. This parameter study shows that, in a regime with weak tropical heating and strong high-latitude cooling, the polar-front jet separates itself from the subtropical jet, forming a double-jet state. In contrast, if the tropical heating rate is greater than a certain value, a strong single jet emerges, indicating that the presence of one or two jets in a statistically steady state is dependent upon the relative values of both the tropical heating and the baroclinic zone width.
A set of moist model runs is examined in which the moisture content is systematically varied. For a relatively small moisture content, the circulation prefers a double-jet state. However, for a moisture content that is greater than a certain threshold value, the two jets collapse into a single jet. With the aid of the aforementioned dry model results, an explanation for this nonlinear response exhibited by the moist model is provided. Based on the results of the dry and moist model calculations, this paper discusses various physical interpretations of the circulation responses to global warming presented in the literature.
A Comparison of Grid Quality of Optimized Spherical Hexagonal–Pentagonal Geodesic Grids
Authors: Miura Hiroaki , Kimoto Masahide 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Construction and optimization methods of spherical hexagonal–pentagonal geodesic grids are investigated. The objective is to compare grid structures on common ground.
The distinction between two types of hexagonal–pentagonal grids is made. Three conventional grid optimization methods are summarized. In addition, three new optimization methods are proposed. Six desirable conditions for an ideal grid are described, and the grid optimization methods are organized in view of such conditions.
Interval uniformity, area uniformity, isotropy, and bisection of cell faces are systematically investigated for optimized grids. There are compensations of preferable grid features in each optimization method, and an optimal method cannot be decided based only on the research of grid features. It is suggested that grid optimization methods should be selected based on research of numerical schemes.
Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting of Wintertime Storms in the Sierra Nevada: Sensitivity to the Microphysical Parameterization and Horizontal Resolution
Authors: Grubišić Vanda , Vellore Ramesh K. , Huggins Arlen W. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The skill of a mesoscale model in predicting orographic precipitation during high-impact precipitation events in the Sierra Nevada, and the sensitivity of that skill to the choice of the microphysical parameterization and horizontal resolution, are examined. The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) and four bulk microphysical parameterization schemes examined are the Dudhia ice scheme, and the Schultz, GSFC, and Reisner2 mixed-phase schemes. The verification dataset consists of ground precipitation measurements from a selected number of wintertime heavy precipitation events documented during the Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project in the 1980s. At high horizontal resolutions, the predicted spatial precipitation patterns on the upwind Sierra Nevada slopes were found to have filamentary structure, with precipitation amounts over the transverse upwind ridges exceeding severalfold those over the nearby deep river valleys. The verification results show that all four tested bulk microphysical schemes in MM5 produce overprediction of precipitation on both the windward and lee slopes of the Sierra Nevada. The examined accuracy measures indicate that the Reisner2 scheme displays the best overall performance on both sides of the mountain range. The examined statistical skill scores on the other hand reveal that, regardless of the microphysical scheme used, the skill of the MM5 model in predicting the observed spatial distribution of the Sierra Nevada orographic precipitation is fairly low, that this skill is not improved by increasing the horizontal resolution of the model simulations, and that on average the quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) skill is better on the windward than on the lee side. Furthermore, a significance test shows that differences in skill scores obtained with the four microphysical schemes are not statistically significant.
Evaluation of a Linear Phase Observation Operator with CHAMP Radio Occultation Data and High-Resolution Regional Analysis
Authors: Sokolovskiy S. , Kuo Y-H. , Wang W. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In this study a nonlocal, linear observation operator for assimilating radio occultation data is evaluated. The operator consists of modeling the excess phase, that is, integrating the refractivity along straight lines tangent to rays, below a certain height. The corresponding observable is the excess phase integrated through the Abel-retrieved refractivity, along the same lines, below the same height. The operator allows very simple implementation (computationally efficient) while accurately accounting for the horizontal refractivity gradients. This is due to significant cancellation of the linearization and discretization errors when modeling the observable. Evaluation of the operator with Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) radio occultation data and grid refractivity fields from high-resolution regional analysis over the continental United States showed reduction of the observation error in the troposphere (below 7 km) 1.5–2 times, compared to the error of local refractivity. The operator is useful for the assimilation of radio occultation data by high-resolution weather models in the troposphere.
Sensitivity of North American Monsoon Rainfall to Multisource Sea Surface Temperatures in MM5
Authors: Li J. , Gao X. , Maddox R. A. , Sorooshian S. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In this article, four continually processed sea surface temperature (SST) datasets, including the Reynolds SST (RYD), the global final analysis of skin temperature at oceans (FNL), and two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua SSTs retrieved from thermal infrared imagery (TIR) and midinfrared imagery (MIR), were compared. The results show variations from each other. In comparison with the RYD SST, the FNL data have −0.5° ∼ 0.5°C perturbations, while the TIR and MIR SSTs possess larger deviations of −2° ∼ 1°C, mainly due to algorithm and/or sensor differences in these SST datasets.
A regional model, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (Penn State–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5), was used to investigate whether model atmospheric predictions, especially those concerning precipitation during the North American monsoon season, are sensitive to these SST variations. A comparison of rainfall, atmospheric height, temperature, and wind fields produced by model results, reanalysis data, and observations indicates that, at monthly scale, the model shows changes in the simulations for three consecutive years; in particular, rainfall amounts, timing, and even patterns vary at some specific regions. Forced by the MODIS Aqua midinfrared SST (MIR), which includes large regions with SST values lower than the conventional Reynolds SST, the MM5 rain field predictions show reduced errors over land and oceans compared to when the model is forced by other SST data. Specifically, rainfall estimates are improved over the offshore of southern Mexico, the Gulf of Mexico, the coastal regions of southern and eastern Mexico, and the southwestern U.S. monsoon active region, but only slightly improved over the monsoon core and the high-elevated Great Plains. Using MIR SST data, one is also capable of improving geopotential height and temperature fields in comparison with the reanalysis data.