bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operational Experiences with Package Filter Sewage‐Treatment Plants
Authors: STOODLEY A. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the operation of four prefabricated‘package’biological filter plants which have been installed in Somerset by Wessex Water since 1984. Whilst these, in common with most other package sewage‐treatment plants, have advantages of low capital cost and minimum site requirement, some operational difficulties have arisen since commissioning, and effluent quality has been variable.This paper outlines the problems, and makes some suggestions for improvements.
Land‐Treatment Systems: Design and Performance with Special Reference to Reed Beds
Authors: BAYES C. D. , BACHE D. H. , DICKSON R. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe principles of design of a land treatment system are explained on the basis of determining the land area requirements of particular constituents in terms of the supply rate and assimilative capacity. Illustrative data are provided for the design and performance of slow‐rate and overland flow systems.The paper includes a comprehensive report on the design and performance of pilot studies carried out on a reed‐bed treatment system at Valleyfield, Fife, Scotland. This provides valuable insight into the choice of the bed substrate and the problems of reed establishment. Of the media tested, coarse pulverized fuel ash appeared to be promising in terms of its hydraulic conductivity and reduction in biochemical oxygen demand. For a domestic sewage of typical strength, a bed area of 5 m2 per population equivalent yielded an effluent having a BOD of less than 20 mg/1, but did not provide conditions which were conducive to significant nitrogen removal.
Waste Disposal and Groundwater Management
Authors: EDWORTHY K. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAbout ONE THIRD of the population of the UK depends on groundwater, which is pumped mainly from the Cretaceous Chalk limestone and the Permo‐Trias Bunter Sandstone, for their domestic supply. The recharge areas of both aquifers correspond broadly with areas of high population density and substantial industrial activity. The disposal of solid and liquid wastes which are generated by this large population has caused local contamination of groundwater, and there is evidence of trace concentrations of a large range of man‐made organic substances in public supplies. Although total prevention of groundwater pollution is not feasible, it is increasingly evident that groundwater resources and quality management must involve improved waste‐disposal management. This paper reviews the main threats, the ways in which the hazards and the resources should be monitored, and legislative changes which are desirable. The problems in the interpretation of data and the models used for prediction are also discussed.
Hastings and Bexhill Drainage and Sea Outfall Schemes
Authors: ARMSTRONG R. B. , FOXLEY J. C. , BENNETT N. J. , MORLEY R. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTHE DEVELOPMENT OF the Hastings and Bexhill drainage systems since the early 1960s is described. Most of the 18 million investment has taken place in the last decade in several phases which were completed in 1988. Ultimate disposal of sewage is by long sea outfall. The new works include two pumping stations and rising mains leading to a header tower serving the outfall. A number of innovations are included to overcome technical problems and reduce costs. The paper concludes with some comments on operational aspects of the new works.
The Root‐Zone Process at Holtby Sewage‐Treatment Works
Authors: CHALK E. , WHEALE G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTHE ‘root‐zone’ sewage‐treatment proccess was introduced to the UK and Yorkshire Water in 1984, with claims that capital and operating costs were significantly less than for conventional processes. The design and construction of the experimental root‐zone bed at Holtby (which forms part of Yorkshire Water's contribution to the evaluation of the process in the UK), is described. The planting of the Phragmites, their growth and the performance of the bed are discussed. Suspended solids and BOD removal efficiencies have satisfied the predictions of the designers for the performance of a bed which is still immature, although ammonia and phosphate removals have been low. The role which is played by the reeds is considered to be minor, and it is suggested that it is too early to judge the Holtby bed either a success or a failure. The paper also discusses the problem of weed control, the importance of floor slope, maturity of the system and the use of gravel instead of soil.
A Numerical Approach to Multi‐stage Bioreactor Kinetics
Authors: MUSLU Y. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA numerical model is presented to determine hydraulic and solids retention periods and effluent concentrations from activated‐sludge reactors‐in‐series when substrate utilization follows Monod kinetics. The model considers the axial change in biomass concentrations and takes all kinetic coefficients into account. By means of the numerical approach, the variation of the ratio between the hydraulic retention period of a given reactor and that of an equivalent plug‐flow tank with the same inlet and outlet conditions has been investigated. Using the numerical results obtained, dispersion prediction graphs are plotted for designing cascade‐connected systems.
Experiences with the Deep‐shaft Process at Tilbury
Authors: IRWIN R. A. , BRIGNAL W. J. , BISS M. A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe deep‐shaft activated‐sludge process, which was originally developed for single‐cell protein production by ICI1, has been successfully applied to the treatment of high‐strength domestic and industrial waste water. The process exploits the hydrostatic pressure generated at the bottom of a column of liquid to enhance the transfer of oxygen to a rapidly‐circulating mixed liquor.About forty deep‐shaft plants are in operation worldwide of which four have been built in the UK. The latest of these treats a mixed industrial and domestic waste water at Anglian Water Authority's sewage‐treatment works at Tilbury. At a dry‐weather flow of 30 Ml/d, this is the largest deep‐shaft plant in the world.The paper gives a description of this works and some performance data obtained during a 3‐month monitoring period following plant commissioning. The results show that the BOD and suspended solids loads were extremely variable and exceeded the design capacity of the works by approximately 40% during the month of July. Despite this, the effluent quality remained within consent limits with a 95 percentile BOD of 83 mg/1 (consent limit: 120 mg/1 BOD).The computerized aeration control system was not functional during the trial period; nevertheless, considerable potential energy savings were indicated. During a one‐week period, an average of 41 000 kg BOD were removed daily at a mean oxygenation efficiency of 2.5 kg BOD removed/kWh.
Agricultural Utilization of Sewage Sludge: A Review
Authors: DAVIS R. D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTUtilization on agricultural land is the principal outlet for sewage sludge in the UK, accounting for about 40% of the annual production. During the last 30 years current practice has developed to maximize the benefits to farmers whilst controlling potential problems of public nuisance, water pollution, pathogen transmission and soil contamination. Until now this has been achieved by Government guidelines but, in future, utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture will have a statutory basis following the implemention of an EC Directive in June 1989.A copy of the discussion to this paper, and a copy of the full version of the proceedings of the Symposium, can be obtained from the Institution's Headquarters.
An Appraisal of the Potential Health Impacts of Sewage Disposal to UK Coastal Waters
Authors: JONES F. , KAY D. , STANWELL‐SMITH ROSALIND , WYER M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe discharge of sewage to the unique UK coastal environment has been a traditional and cost‐effective means of treatment for many decades. This disposal option is increasingly questioned by professionals with public‐health responsibilities as well as by environmental pressure groups. There are limited firm data on the epidemiological significance of existing disposal practices: the established prospective methods, developed by North American workers in this area, have not provided a scientifically‐robust, epidemiological, research protocol. This leaves a scientific vacuum for those with operational and policy responsibilities in this important and sensitive area of water resource management.
Secondary Disinfection of Service Reservoirs
Authors: PEARSON T. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to comply with the European Community Directive on the quality of water intended for human consumption', which was embodied in the 1989 Water Act, a number of problems need to be addressed. One such problem is to identify a reliable method of secondary disinfection for service reservoirs which have a history of bacteriological failures.This paper considers the advantages and disadvantages of ultraviolet (UV) and chemical disinfection techniques (both hypochlorite dosing and on‐site generation of chlorine), together with the basic design features, and presents a case study examining capital and revenue costs. The collated information suggests that UV disinfection is a cost‐effective secondary‐disinfection technique. This suggestion is supported not only by the cost benefits but also by the ease of operation, improved monitoring and control, and elimination of water quality problems associated with chemical techniques.
The Evolution of an Ozone Process at Littleton Water‐Treatment Works
Authors: SMITH D. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTOzone is increasingly being considered as a means of improving the organoleptic quality of lowland surface waters, often in conjunction with granular activated carbon. This paper relates the experiences of Bristol Water, who have recently introduced this process at Littleton water‐treatment works to resolve long‐standing taste and odour problems. It describes the background to the project, and briefly discusses alternative processes considered before choosing ozone.The results of the pilot‐plant studies used to assess the effectiveness of the biological process promoted by ozone are reviewed. Performance requirements specified in the contract for the full‐scale plant are then outlined, together with a description of the civil works and equipment. Finally, consideration is given to the methods which will be used to evaluate the success of the project.
European Environmental Directives ‐ Implications for Northern Ireland
Authors: SAVILLE D. R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the current level of compliance in Northern Ireland with the European Community (EC) Directives on drinking water quality, bathing water quality2, sewage sludge to land3 and the draft Directive on the disposal of sewage sludge to sea'. It examines the cost implications of full compliance. taking account of works already programmed, and concludes that additional funding will be required over the next ten years amounting to almost f250 million. A large proportion of this sum will be required for improvements relating to the drinking water Directive.Compliance with the Directives is a statutory requirement throughout the UK. and there is no choice but to take the measures necessary to achieve full compliance.An addendum to the paper describes the increase in estimated additional funding to approximately 440 million, due to general inflation and other factors since the paper was prepared. These other factors include the new draft municipal waste water treatment Directive, together with the March 1990 announcement by the UK Environment Minister committing the UK to the cessation of sewage sludge dumping at sea and the provision of sewage treatment for coastal outfalls.
Above‐Ground Landfill: The Engineered Approach
Authors: STREET A. , DUMBLE J. P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe UK waste management industry remains committed to landfill as the principal means of disposal for a large proportion of controlled wastes. Whilst the development of landfills above ground has been practised for many years in certain countries overseas, the concept has only become more widely accepted in the UK during the 1980s.It is vital that such sites are well planned, designed, operated, and restored. In particular, such sites need to be well engineered, and the following key issues have to be addressed: (i) Site identification and assessment; (ii) Peripheral bunding; (iii) Filling and compaction; (iv) Drainage; (v) Water management; (vi) Landfill gas management; and (vii) Monitoring programmes.The practice of above‐ground landfilling is gaining greater acceptance in the UK. In certain respects such sites can have advantages over conventional infilling of voids.
The Options Available for Ammonia Removal at Davyhulme Sewage‐Treatment Works
Authors: DOLAN J. F. , O'NEILL M. J. , HORAN N. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDavyhulme sewage‐treatment works, which serves the Manchester drainage area, is one of the lagest in the UK. The dry‐weather flow is 300 000 m3/d, and the plant receives a wide range of industrial effluents. The works has been identified as a major source of pollution in the Mersey estuary, with an average discharge of 6500 kg ammonia/day. As part of its initiative to improve the Mersey estuary, North West Water intends to reduce the daily ammonia load from Davyhulme to about 1000 kg/d by 1995. In order to assess the capabilities of both conventional and novel processes to achieve this degree of ammonia removal, a number of on‐site pilot plants were established. This paper reports on the pilot‐plant studies and the selection of process options. Recommendations with regard to design parameters and final process selection are given.
A Review of Treatment Process Options to Meet the EC Sludge Directive
Authors: BRUCE A. M. , PIKE E. B. , FISHER W. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTNew UK regulations from June 1989 will enforce the provisions of an EC Directive on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. Among the requirements is one that sludge should be treated before surface application to farmland. Treatment is needed to reduce ‘significantly’ both the fermentability of sludge and the health hazards resulting from its use on farms. In the UK, the health risks associated with sludge are principally beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata and cysticercosis) and Salmonellosis. Research on the effects of various treatment processes on pathogens has shown the conditions required to produce a 90% reduction of T. saginata and Salmonellae. This information has been used as a basis for describing a list of ‘effective’ treatment processes and process conditions ‐ as given in a new UK National Code of Practice on the use of sludge in agriculture. The uprating of existing treatment plant, or provision of new plant, to meet the Code of Practice recommendations could involve significant costs. A comparison of the economics of each of the ‘effective’ treatment processes for different population sizes shows a fairly wide range of net present costs. In general, increased sludge quality means increased costs.
A Review of Pollution from Waste Incineration
Authors: WILLIAMS P. T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper reviews the pollutant emissions from the incineration of waste. The emissions to the atmosphere are discussed in detail in terms of odour, dust and litter, particulate metals and salts, and chlorine, fluorine, sulphur and nitrogen compounds. The products of incomplete combustion of waste are reviewed with particular emphasis on polycyclic aromatic compounds, dioxins and furans. The pollution arising from contaminated wastewater and ash is discussed. The sampling and analysis of the pollution emissions are also reviewed.
An Evaluation of Some Methods of Determining Storage Yield Relationships for Impounding Reservoirs
Authors: CARTY J. G. , CUNNANE C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTwelve methods of storage yield estimation available in the hydrological literature are identified. Eight of these are then selected for use in a comparative study where the objective is to select those methods with least bias and standard error. A time‐series model is used to generate a population of 3000 years of synthetic flow data for one set of Irish conditions. The true population storage volume for each level of yield and return period is obtained by counting, and the storage estimates obtained using the eight selected methods are compared with the population volume on the basis of bias and standard error. The Modified Gould and Behaviour Analysis Methods were found to have least bias and the lowest standard error. These methods are therefore recommended for use, in conjunction with simulation methods of investigating storage requirements, for Irish and similar climatic conditions.
On‐Site Treatment of Leachates from Landfilled Wastes
Authors: ROBINSON H. D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe large accumulations of putrescible materials which comprise a modern landfill have potential to generate quantities of highly‐polluting leachate as they decompose anaerobically over many years. Operators must control and manage such leachates if severe environmental impacts are to be avoided.Progress has been made in the development of simple, automatic, robust and reliable treatment systems as full‐scale plants have been installed at UK landfills during the last decade, with the assistance of Department of the Environment funding to allow detailed monitoring of particular schemes.This paper describes the results from a site where such a plant was installed in 1985 to overcome a particularly difficult leachate problem, where high ammonia concentrations had posed a threat to local watercourses. More than two and a half years' results of detailed operational data are presented, and particular emphasis is given to the reduction of ammonia concentrations to low values.
The Transfer of Technology Occasioned by the Senegal Village Water‐Supply Project
Authors: WENN J. M. , HORSFIELD A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the technology transfer of a rural water‐supply scheme in Senegal, West Africa, which was financed by a 6‐million grant from the Overseas Development Administration and carried out by direct labour during 1983–88. The prime objectives of the transfer of technology through this project were (a) to achieve the project construction at a reasonable cost, and (b) to leave a skill pool in Senegal at Ministry, engineer and village level, so that the project works could be operated, maintained, extended and replicated in the years after completion. The scheme provided a safe supply of clean drinking water to 85 000 people based in 18 village centres.
Expert Systems for the Interpretation of River Quality Data
Authors: WISHART S. J. , LUMBERS J. P. , GRIFFITHS I. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSample data on river quality are used for a variety of management purposes. The paper considers the role of expert systems in interpreting such data. An example is given of a prototype rule‐based system designed to aid in assessing compliance with European Community (EC) Directives. It is suggested that, although this type of formal characterization is a necessary part of management, it provides poor information for decision making. The development of an expert system to provide a more accurate and informative interpretation of episodic pollution events is then described. The paper concludes by discussing the practical application of these approaches.
Process Automation of The Hague Sewage‐Treatment Plant
Authors: OOSTERLEE G. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe process control of sewage‐treatment plants is normally carried out by conventional means. Special circumstances forced the application of a state‐of‐the‐art process automation system for The Netherlands’largest sewage‐treatment plant (Houtrust) at The Hague.The plant incorporates the use of oxygen‐enriched air for use in the secondary treatment process, and the final settling tanks are constructed one above the other (in two tiers). The automation system is built up with locally‐placed process computers, and a central video operating system is included with a data‐processing computer; these are interconnected by a data transmission bus of redundant design. The central control system is also connected to the main sewage pumping stations of The Hague district, for collecting data and controlling these stations from the plant.After the start‐up of the plant, it took several months of tuning the control system to gain proper process control, the main problem being the influence of pump switching in the intermediate pumping stations on the oxygen supply to the aeration tanks.
The Design, Construction and Performance Assessment of a Storm King Storm‐Sewage Overflow
Authors: JEFFERIES C. , DICKSON R. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new storm‐sewage overflow was commissioned in the spring of 1989 at Lochgelly, Fife, incorporating two proprietary Storm King overflow devices. A programme of monitoring their performance was carried out throughout 1989 to determine whether the units behaved satisfactorily and whether the discharge was equivalent to that passing a 10‐mm screen.The twin Storm King units each have a diameter of 7.2 m with a continuation flow of 110 1/s and a peak design inflow of 2530 1/s. The paper describes their design and construction, involving difficult access and site problems. Results are quoted from the sampling programme, which included flow measurement, automatic bottle sampling, and detailed visual evidence.
Agricultural Pollution: Control and Abatement in the Upper Thames Region
Authors: BARKER P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes the approach and methods used during a three‐year programme to improve river‐water quality in an area seriously affected by agricultural pollution.Low base‐flow river systems serving clay catchments exhibit flash characteristics which required long‐term permanent solutions to ensure improved river water quality under all weather conditions. The approach which was used needed to identify polluters and convince them (a) that effective remedies had to be found and implemented within a reasonable time scale, and (b) that there would be serious consequences of failure to undertake improvements. The initial contact with dischargers, the attitudes adopted and responses received are considered and discussed. Progress throughout each phase of the programme, the solutions used and the degree of improvement achieved are assessed. Legislative changes during the period of the programme, other factors influencing agricultural pollution of watercourses, and likely future implications of these, are discussed.The success of the programme resulted in the elimination of all major sources of agricultural pollution.
Characterization and Treatment of Leachates from Hong Kong Landfill Sites
Authors: ROBINSON H. D. , LUO M. M. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDevelopment of a large landfill site in the North‐Eastern New Territories of Hong Kong, which will receive 25 million m3 of wastes during a life of about 13 years, must include the provision of a scheme to manage leachates which will arise in the tropical climate of the region.The paper presents detailed results from a study commissioned by the Environmental Protection Department of the Hong Kong Government, to characterize and treat leachates generated by landfills in Hong Kong, in order to design a suitable management scheme. Field and laboratory trials which were carried out during 1989 showed that, although leachates from Hong Kong landfills have some specific characteristics (e.g. concentrations of amm.N to 5000 mg/l), they can be treated to high standards by aerobic biological processes.As a result of these studies, a scheme has been designed which will provide a high degree of environmental protection in respect of leachate, as the landfill is developed.