bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical note: Virtual reconstruction of a fragmentary clavicle
Authors: Benazzi Stefano , Orlandi Marco , Gruppioni Giorgio 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe report a procedure for the virtual reconstruction of incomplete human bones applicable to skeletal remains from archaeological excavations or to reconstructive and prosthetic surgery. To test the procedure, we reconstructed a fragmented left clavicle on the basis of the contralateral clavicle. The procedure involved 3‐D laser scanner acquisition of the left clavicle (complete but broken into two parts), the same manually reconstructed bone, and the intact right clavicle, which was mirror‐imaged and used as a reference for the reconstruction of the whole left clavicle. Because it was not possible to recognize homologous anatomical landmarks, on the two reference models (a mirror‐image copy of the right clavicle and the main fragment of the left), we identified three grids with an increasing number of corresponding landmarks, which constituted the framework of the deformation process. The three reconstructed digital models of the clavicle closely approximated the model of the original clavicle. They also showed that an increasing number of landmarks did not significantly improve the reconstructed model. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Histology and micro CT as methods for assessment of facial suture patency
Authors: Reinholt Lauren E. , Burrows Anne M. , Eiting Thomas P. , Dumont Elizabeth R. , Smith Timothy D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe extent of fusion in facial sutures has implications for topics ranging from biomechanics to phylogeny reconstruction. An unfortunate limitation of studying sutural fusion in skeletal specimens is that it is difficult to assess whether apparently patent sutures are in fact fused internally. Both histology and microcomputed tomography (CT) are potential tools for solving this, but relatively few studies have attempted to discern the limits of micro CT for visualization of microanatomical structures. We examined microanatomical aspects of facial sutures in adult cadaveric samples from captive bushbabies. Premaxillary and nasopremaxillary sutures were examined in serially sectioned snouts of four greater bushbabies (Otolemur garnettii) and four lesser bushbabies (Galago moholi). Sections containing sutures with osseous bridging were rated as “fused,” and the presence or absence of grooves on the external side was recorded. One bushbaby was studied using micro CT prior to physical sectioning. O. garnettii and two of the G. moholi show multiple foci of fusion. Histological examination confirmed that sutural fusion is limited to the internal surface in numerous sections, resulting in an external notch. Such points of internal fusion could be clearly visualized in raw CT slices. The presence of such notches suggests that external examination can underestimate the degree of suture fusion. Thus, microanatomical evidence may be needed to fully assess biomechanical correlates and phylogenetic interpretations based on fusion of facial sutures. Our results also indicate micro CT may be a useful tool to obtain this evidence. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of Duplex Formation and Columnar Self‐Assembly with Heterogeneous Amide/Urea Macrocycles
Authors: Fischer Lucile , Decossas Marion , Briand Jean‐Paul , Didierjean Claude , Guichard Gilles 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAusgewogene Mischung: Cyclische Oligomere mit Harnstoff‐Amid‐Rückgrat (siehe Bild) bilden selbstorganisiert hoch geordnete hierarchische Strukturen: Abhängig vom Ausmaß der Vororientierung des Rückgrats können Säulen‐ oder Röhrenanordnungen mit parallelem oder antiparallelem Stapelungsmodus gezielt erhalten werden.magnified image
Sequential Synthesis of Furans from Alkynes: Successive Ruthenium(II)‐ and Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Processes
Authors: Zhang Min , Jiang Huan‐Feng , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias , Dixneuf Pierre H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn einer Eintopfreaktion lassen sich über zwei aufeinander folgende katalytische Reaktionen aus terminalen Alkinen 2,5‐disubstituierte Furane herstellen (siehe Schema; p‐TSA=para‐Toluolsulfonsäure): Zuerst bildet sich durch Dimerisierung eines terminalen Alkins und Addition eines Alkohols unter [RuCp*(NCMe)3]PF6‐Katalyse ein 1,3‐Dienylalkylether. Die nachfolgende Hydrolyse und Cyclisierung mithilfe eines CuCl2‐Katalysators ergeben dann die Zielverbindung.magnified image
Oxindole Synthesis by Direct Coupling of CH and CH Centers
Authors: Jia Yi‐Xia , Kündig E. Peter 
Published: January 2009

Abstractsp2 trifft sp3: Eine neuartige und effiziente Synthesemethode für 3,3‐disubstituierte Oxindole umfasst die direkte intramolekulare oxidative Kupplung eines Aryl‐C‐H‐ und eines C‐H‐Zentrums (siehe Schema; DMF=N,N‐Dimethylformamid).magnified image
Room‐Temperature Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Activation: ortho‐Carbonylation of Aniline Derivatives
Authors: Houlden Chris E. , Hutchby Marc , Bailey Chris D. , Ford J. Gair , Tyler Simon N. G. , Gagné Michel R. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Booker‐Milburn Kevin I. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEffizient, unter 1 atm CO und bei 18 °C verläuft die Titelreaktion mit 5 Mol‐% [Pd(OTs)2(MeCN)2] als Präkatalysator. Abhängig vom Lösungsmittel sind entweder Anthranilate oder cyclische Imide in hohen Ausbeuten zugänglich (siehe Bild; BQ=Benzochinon, Ts=4‐Toluolsulfonyl).magnified image
Revisiting Prussian Blue Analogues with Solid‐State MAS NMR Spectroscopy: Spin Density and Local Structure in [Cd3{Fe(CN)6}2]⋅15 H2O
Authors: Flambard Alexandrine , Köhler Frank H. , Lescouëzec Rodrigue 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNo legendary Prussian order! The distribution of vacancies in Prussian blue analogues is not random, and the spin density on the Cd2+ ion varies depending on the number of paramagnetic ions in its surroundings. This conclusion follows from 113Cd solid‐state magic‐angle spinning NMR studies of [Cd3{Fe/Co(CN)6}2]⋅15 H2O, where the presence of small but significant spin density on the observed 113Cd nucleus leads to improved spectral resolution.magnified image
Sequential Synthesis of Furans from Alkynes: Successive Ruthenium(II)‐ and Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Processes
Authors: Zhang Min , Jiang Huan‐Feng , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias , Dixneuf Pierre H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractStep in time: 2,5‐Disubstituted furans can be prepared from terminal alkynes in one pot using two successive catalytic reactions (see scheme; p‐TSA=para‐toluenesulfonic acid). First, a 1,3‐dienyl alkyl ether is produced by the dimerization of a terminal alkyne and addition of an alcohol catalyzed by [RuCp*(NCMe)3][PF6]. Then, consecutive hydrolysis and cyclization catalyzed by CuCl2 provides the 2,5‐disubstituted furan.magnified image
Synthesis and properties of organosoluble polyimides based on novel flourene‐ring containing diacetamido‐diamine
Authors: Ghaemy M. , Barghamadi M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA new diacetamido‐diamine monomer, N′‐[7‐(acetyl‐4‐aminoanilino)‐9,9‐dioctylflouren‐2‐yl]‐N′‐4‐aminophenyl) acetamide (ADOAc), with flourene‐based structure was prepared from the reaction of 4‐aminoacetanillide with 2,7‐dibromo‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene in the presence of 10 mol % CuI, 20 mol % N,N′‐dimethylethylene diamine as catalyst and K2CO3 as base. Two new flourene‐ring containing polyimides were prepared from the reaction of ADOAc with aromatic dianhydrides such as pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) via chemical imidization of poly(amic acid). The new diamine and the related polyimides were characterized by using conventional methods such as FT‐IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. The polyimides obtained from the reaction of ADOAc with PMDA (PIa) and of ADOAc with BTDA (PIb) had inherent viscosity of 0.49 and 0.58 dL/g respectively, and showed excellent solubility in a variety of organic solvents. The polyimides of PIa and PIb showed excellent thermal stability with 10% weight loss in nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures of 418°C and 407°C and Tg of 172°C and 167°C, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of poly(N‐tert‐butylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide) ferrogel
Authors: Caykara Tuncer , Yörük Döne , Demirci Serkan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMagnetic‐field‐sensitive gel, called ferrogel, was prepared by a two‐step procedure in which first step requires synthesis of the poly(N‐tert‐butylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide) [P(NTBA‐co‐AAm)] hydrogel and during second step magnetite (Fe3O4) particles were formed in the hydrogel via coprecipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions in alkaline medium at 70°C. The obtained ferrogel was characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance measurements. The magnetic responsive of the ferrogel was also investigated by applying magnetic field to the ferrogel. The extent of a bending degree of the ferrogel depends on the applied magnetic field strength. In addition, the magnetic responsive studies also indicated that formed magnetite content in the hydrogel is high enough to achieve considerable magnetic response to external magnetic field. As a result, the P(NTBA‐co‐AAm) ferrogel may be useful for potential applications in magnetically controlled drug release systems, magnetic‐sensitive sensors, and pseudomuscular actuators. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Immobilization of α‐amylase onto chitosan and its amino acid condensation adducts
Authors: El‐Ghaffar M. A. Abd , Hashem M. S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstractα‐Amylase from Bacillus subtilis was immobilized on insoluble chitosan and its amino acid (L‐glutamic acid and 4‐aminobutyric acid) condensation adducts with the direct covalent attachment method and with glutaric dialdehyde (GDA) as a crosslinking agent. The immobilization process was carried out at 25°C and pH 6.9, and the maximum retained activity was obtained with 3 mg of α‐amylase. The properties of the immobilized α‐amylase were investigated and compared with those of the free α‐amylase. For the assays carried out via the crosslinking method at 25°C and pH 6.9, the retained activities were found to be 68.59, 97.36, and 79.50% for chitosan, chitosan–L‐glutamic acid, and chitosan–4‐aminobutyric acid crosslinked with 1% GDA, respectively. The immobilized α‐amylase had better stability and higher retained activities with respect to the pH, temperature, and storage stability than the free α‐amylase. In the repeated‐use experiments, the α‐amylase immobilized with chitosan–GDA (1%) retained about 46.45% of its original activity after 25 uses. In contrast, the activities of α‐amylase immobilized on chitosan–L‐glutamic acid–GDA (1%) and chitosan–4‐aminobutyric acid–GDA (1%) did not change after 11 and 8 uses, respectively. The retained activities after 25 uses were 79 and 71% with respect to the original activity for the aforementioned carriers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of oxidation level on the dual modification of banana starch: The mechanical and barrier properties of its films
Authors: Zamudio‐Flores Paul Baruk , Bautista‐Baños Silvia , Salgado‐Delgado René , Bello‐Pérez Luis Arturo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBanana starch was oxidized at three different levels and then acetylated. The double‐modified starch was used for film preparation. The physical, mechanical, and barrier properties were tested. The oxidation level increased the whiteness of the film, and the second modification (acetylation) did not affect this parameter. The solubility increased with temperature and oxidation level. However, acetylation decreased the solubility value. At the longest storage times, the solubility decreased because of starch reorganization inside the polymeric matrix. In general, oxidation increased the tensile strength of the films, and a slight increase was observed when the oxidized starch was acetylated. This effect was more noticeable at the longest storage time. The oxidation level decreased the percentage elongation at break, and a slight effect due to acetylation was observed. The film of oxidized–acetylated starch showed a higher elastic modulus value than its oxidized counterpart. The water vapor permeability increased with oxidation level, but the acetylation decreased this parameter. The oxidation increased the hydrophilic character of the starch because of the formation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups that showed more affinity for water molecules. When the oxidized banana starch was acetylated, a decrease in the water vapor permeability was found because the acetylation increased the hydrophobic character of the starch due to the ester group. Films prepared with the double‐modified banana starch had some improved physical, mechanical, and barrier properties, and they may be used in specific applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Guanidinylated poly(allyl amine) as a gene carrier
Authors: Yu Jia‐Hui , Huang Jin , Jiang Hu‐Lin , Quan Ji‐Shan , Cho Myung‐Haing , Cho Chong‐Su 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGuanidinylated poly(allyl amine) (GA) was synthesized and used as a gene carrier. The degree of guanidinylation in GA increased linearly when the feed ratio of guanidino groups in 1H‐pyrazole‐1‐carboxamidine to amino groups in poly(allyl amine) (PA) was below 0.7, and the amino groups of poly(allyl amine) with a weight‐average molecular weight of 15,000 (PA15) were almost replaced with guanidino groups when the ratio reached 2. GA showed good plasmid condensation and protection ability. Nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution, good dispersity, and spherical shape could be assembled between GA and DNA. With an increase in the N/P ratio [where N is the amount of nitrogen in the polycation (for GA, three nitrogens per guanidino group) and P is the amount of plasmid phosphate in the DNA as moles] or the degree of guanidinylation, the ζ‐potential of GA/DNA nanoparticles increased, whereas the sizes of GA/DNA nanoparticles decreased sharply with increasing N/P ratios. Compared with polyethylenimine with a weight‐average molecular weight of 25,000 and PA15, GA essentially showed decreased cytotoxicity to HeLa, 293T, and HepG2 cell lines, and guanidinylated PA15 exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity. Guanidinylation of PA enhanced its gene transfection. This enhancement was dependent on the degree of guanidinylation and the cell lines. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Increasing the resistance of poly(ether imide) to solvents by blending with poly(trimethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Ramiro J. , Eguiazábal J. I. , Nazábal J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe studied the sorption behavior of poly(ether imide) (PEI) upon the addition of minor amounts (10 and 30%) of miscibilized poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) under acetone and other common solvent environments. Significant solvent sorption (maximum solvent sorption = 8–12 wt %) and changes in mechanical properties were observed only in the case of acetone. The sorption of acetone was Fickian and partially irreversible. Both sorption and solubility decreased markedly upon PTT addition to PEI, most likely as a result of a blending‐induced decrease in the free volume. The decreases in the modulus were attributed to plasticization, and the mixed effects on the elongation at break were attributed to the combined effects of fast plasticization and slower swelling. The joint effects of applied stress and the presence of acetone were studied with creep tests. In these tests, a combination of a free volume increase, plasticization, and superficial cracking of PEI was proposed to occur. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Thermal degradation kinetics and lifetime prediction of poly(aryl ether ketone)s containing 2,6‐naphthalene moieties
Authors: Liu Si‐Jie , Hou Xiang , Fang Chi‐Guang , Ma Rong‐Tang , Jiang Zhen‐Hua 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe kinetics of thermal degradation and lifetime of poly(aryl ether ketone) containing 2,6‐naphthalene moieties (PANEK) in nitrogen and in air were studied with dynamic thermogravimetry. The results showed that the thermal stability of PANEK in air was substantially less than that in nitrogen. The kinetic parameters for PANEK, including the activation energy, the reaction order; and the frequency factor of the degradation reaction, were analyzed with the Ozawa method. The lifetime of PANEK decreased gradually from 1.09 × 107 to 0.65 × 102 min as the temperature increased from 200 to 400°C in air and from 2.12 × 108 to 3.30 × 102 min in nitrogen. These lifetime parameters indicated that the service/process temperature had a strong influence on PANEK. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of polypropylene reinforced with polyaniline‐grafted short glass fibers
Authors: Flores O. , Romo‐Uribe A. , Romero‐Guzmán M. E. , González A. E. , Cruz‐Silva R. , Campillo B. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis research was focused on the mechanical properties of electrically conducting composites based on polyaniline (PAn)‐coated short glass fibers (SGFs) immersed in an isotactic polypropylene (iPP) matrix. In these composites, PAn was actually grafted onto the SGF surface, and so it was denoted PAn‐g‐SGF. The tensile, flexural, and interlaminar fracture toughness was investigated. To study the influence of PAn‐g‐SGF, three different concentrations (10, 20, and 30 wt %) were melt‐mixed in the iPP resin with a batch mixer. X‐ray patterns of the as‐molded plaques of iPP and its composites showed an isotropic orientation. Uniaxial tensile deformation revealed that the Young's modulus and tensile stress increased as the concentration of PAn‐g‐SGF increased; on the other hand, the strain at failure was significantly reduced (by 2 orders of magnitude) with respect to the neat iPP. Scanning electron microscopy studies on the failure specimens indicated that the significant reduction of the strain at failure was due to the low interfacial bonding between the fibers and the surrounding matrix. Moreover, X‐ray scattering analyses of the fractured regions showed that the uniaxial deformation enabled significant molecular orientation in the iPP, whereas the fractured composites remained isotropic. Detailed scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that the fracture mechanism arose from the fracture of the PAn‐g‐SGFs; the percolated PAn‐g‐SGFs formed a path for the stress transfer. Because the failure was dominated by both filler decohesion and polymeric chain rupture, the strength was not influenced significantly by the amount of PAn‐g‐SGFs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Engineering performance and material viscoelastic analyses along a compounding line for silica‐based compounds. I. Mixing line performance analysis
Authors: Nijman G. , Leblanc J. L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn the tire industry, the preparation of silica‐filled compounds requires relatively complicated compounding operations, which involve several dumping, cooling, and remixing steps, to eventually obtain quality final batches. The various and complex sets of events that take place along the mixing line remain, however, poorly understood. The objectives of this study, reported in two companion articles, were to deepen the understanding of silica–silane compounding operations. Two approaches were used in parallel: first, we performed a deep analysis of the engineering performance of an existing—and successful—mixing line by paying attention to the various curves that are nowadays recorded during internal mixing, and second, we studied the variations of the nonlinear viscoelastic properties along the mixing line using so‐called Fourier transform rheometry, implemented on a commercial torsional dynamic rheometer. The first article of the series is devoted to the performance analysis of the mixing line through mixing trials along an industrial line. Silica dispersion and the treatment with silane were initiated during a master‐batching process; then, two remixing steps were performed to achieve the right silanization degree. Curatives were added during a final mixing step. Mixing signatures, containing information such as mixing power, ram position, compound temperature, and rotor speed, gave some insight to the dispersion–silanization processes and, among other results, showed that the dumping, cooling, and remixing of the compound comprised a more efficient process than the maintenance of a very high batch temperature for an extended time, essentially because one could make use of stress‐induced dispersing effects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Influence of poly(methyl methacrylate) particles with different initial temperature rising ramps on size distribution in dispersion polymerization
Authors: Zhang Congyun , Wei Qun 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe initial heating velocity was surprisingly found to play a key role in the size distribution of the resulting polymer particles in the dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Monodisperse poly(methyl methacrylate) particles had to be prepared by the mild and gradual increase of the reaction temperature. A universal conclusion was drawn from a series of experiments: the more slowly the initial temperature rose, the more the dispersity of the poly(methyl methacrylate) particles improved with a monomer concentration of 5–20 wt %, a 2,2‐azobisisobutyronitrile concentration of 0.5–3 wt %, and a polyvinylpyrrolidone K‐30 concentration of 20–60 wt %. The optimal heating velocity was 10–15°C/h. A heating ramp faster than 15°C/h led to polydisperse polymer particles or a poor dispersity. These interesting phenomena might be explained as a delicate balance between the formation rate of radicals and the capture of oligomer chains in the continuous phase when a slow heating strategy was used. For comparison, the dispersion polymerization of styrene and glycidyl methacrylate in an alcoholic medium was also investigated. Slow heating was slightly disadvantageous for the dispersity of polystyrene and poly(glycidyl methacrylate). Presetting at the polymerization temperature was practical for the production of monodisperse polystyrene and poly(glycidyl methacrylate). Furthermore, either a low reaction temperature or a long heating time caused the coagulation of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) or polydisperse particles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation of an anion‐exchange membrane by the amination of chlorinated polypropylene and polyethyleneimine at a low temperature and its ion‐exchange property
Authors: Hong Joo‐Hee , Park Myung‐Chul , Hong Sung‐Kyu , Kim Byoung‐Sik 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn anion‐exchange membrane was prepared by the amination of chlorinated polypropylene and polyethyleneimine at a low temperature and was investigated with respect to not only its physical properties but also its electrochemical properties. The degrees of amination were 50.16, 53.76, 57.11, and 65.29% at 30, 40, 50, and 55°C, respectively. The base polymer membrane had no water uptake, whereas that of the aminated polymer membrane was 0.254, 0.296, 0.298, and 0.319 g of H2O/g of dry membrane, respectively, with increasing amination. The prepared membranes possessed an ion‐exchange capacity in the range of 1.257–2.000 mequiv/g of dry membrane and a fixed ion concentration in the range of 4.492–6.261 mequiv/g of H2O. The ionic conductivity of the aminated polymer membrane was highest when the water uptake was highest. Those of the prepared membrane were in the range of 0.89 × 10−2 to 1.36 × 10−2 S/cm. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009