bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships of the Banded Hare wallaby (Lagostrophus fasciatus) and a map of the kangaroo mitochondrial control region
Authors: Nilsson Maria A. 
Published: July 2006

The complete mitochondrial genome of the endangered Banded Hare wallaby (Lagostrophus fasciatus) was sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. The data set consisted of 10 377 nucleotides (3459 amino acids) from three kangaroo species. The phylogenetic analyses strongly supported the hypothesis that the Banded Hare wallaby is the sister‐group of the wallaroo (subfamily Macropodidae). In addition to the phylogenetic reconstruction, the mt control region, or d‐loop, from Australian marsupials has been mapped for the first time. The results show that the organization of the kangaroo control region is similar to that of placental mammals. The presence of a duplicated CSB‐1 block found in all three kangaroo species is an uncommon feature of mammalian mt DNA. The CSB domain was found to be the most variable region in the control region, followed by a less variable ETAS domain.
Urban Water Demand Estimates Under Increasing Block Rates
Authors: NIESWIADOMY MICHAEL L. , MOLINA DAVID J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA residential water demand equation is estimated using the only data set on water consumption that contains time series (monthly) observations on individual customers facing an increasing block rate schedule. Because the price of water both determines, and is determined by, usage, ordinary least squares estimation will yield biased estimates. Thus, two‐stage least squares and instrumental variables techniques are used. The estimated coefficients on lawn size, weather, house size, and income have the expected signs and are statistically significant. However, there is not any significant response to changes in water price, perhaps due to the relatively low cost of water.
The Decentralization of High‐Technology Manufacturing to Nonmetropolitan Areas
Authors: BARKLEY DAVID L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTHistorically, employment in high‐technology manufacturing industries has been concentrated in metropolitan areas. The product life cycle theory of industrial location suggests, however, that employment in this sector will decentralize as these industries mature and production processes are standardized. This study utilized shift‐share analysis and Enhanced County Business Pattern data to determine the extent to which a metropolitan‐to‐nonmetroplitan employment shift occurred from 1975 to 1982. Employment shifts for nonmetropolitan counties of different sizes, adjacency status, and cenus regions were estimated. Also, the specific high‐technology manufacturers (four‐digit SIC) participating in the decentralization process were identified. The findings of this study indicate that nonmetropolitan employment in the high‐tech sector increased by more than 13,000 as a result of decentralization. Small‐ and medium‐sized nonmetropolitan counties and nonmetropolitan areas in New England, the South, and the West experienced the greatest gains in high‐technology employment. Urban‐to‐rural employment shifts in innovative high‐technology industries was restricted to primarily counties adjacent to metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan counties in the New England and Pacific regions.
Economic Heterogeneity Within Large Metropolitan Areas
Authors: GETIS ARTHUR 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTRecent research has indicated that individual income distribution in the United States has tended toward greater inequality in recent years. Hypotheses are presented on the expected effect of that trend on suburban municipalities within large metropolitan areas. One major expectation is that the distribution of per capita incomes among the municipalities will be found to bifurcate. A methodology that rests on a graphical depiction of income and a revision of the famous Pearson plane is used to identify trends. Results indicate that the long term trend (at least since 1960) toward income homogeneity came to a halt by 1979 and began to reverse itself in the early 1980s, although bimodal distributions of income are not yet (1983) in evidence. Rapidly growing and rich communities are tending toward greater internal income homogeneity.
Human Capital Stock and Flow and Economic Growth Analysis: Note
Authors: MCNAMARA KEVIN T. , KRIESEL WARREN P. , DEATON BRADY J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTHuman capital is becoming recognized as an increasingly important factor in rural economic development. Economic research, however, has not provided clear empirical support of the relationship between human capital investment and economic growth. This paper applies stock and flow concepts to human capital and suggests an operational approach for applying stock and flow concepts to the analysis of the impact of human capital investments through education on economic growth.
The Effects of Environmental Regulation on Business Location in the United States
Authors: BARTIK TIMOTHY J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis article empirically examines whether variations in state environmental regulations have affected the location of manufacturing branch plants by the Fortune 500 companies. Using several measures of environmental regulation, no statistically significant effects of environmental regulation on business location are found. For most manufacturing industries, the estimates are precise enough to rule out the possibility of large effects of environmental regulation on business location. For highly polluting industries, however, the variance in the estimates is quite large. We cannot rule out the possibility of effects of environmental regulation on the location of highly polluting industries that are large enough to be important to policymakers.
Real Wages and Unemployment in Local Labor Markets: Pennsylvania MSAs, 1975‐86
Authors: HYCLAK THOMAS 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper specifies an unemployment rate model with relatively long lags on the manufacturing real wage and the level of real GNP as the independent variables. Estimates of the model for 12 MSAs in Pennsylvania over the period from 1975:2 to 1986:4 generally indicate a fairly strong positive unemployment response to lagged real wages. This is consistent with theoretical models of the labor market that hypothesize strong real wage effects during periods of aggregate supply shocks. The unique characteristics of the time period under study and the disaggregation to local labor markets might account for the fact that, in contrast to many previous empirical studies, we are able to uncover evidence of a positive real wage‐unemployment relationship in U.S. time series data.
Agglomeration of Services in American Metropolitan Areas
Authors: HUALLCHÁIN BREANDÁN Ó 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe growth of many service industries among American metropolitan areas stem from an eclectic set of forces. These include market penetration effects of increasing importance of services throughout the economy, agglomeration effects in immature and deregulated industries, and institutional and infrastructure constraints. These diverse forces are interpreted as urbanization and localization economies. A cycle of centralization of 27 fast growing service industries is documented for MS As in the period 1977‐84. The two agglomeration effects are tested directly, using a power function model that relates employment and establishment growth to MSA size and initial level of employment in a local industry. Localization economies rather than the general advantages of metropolitan size best explain the growth patterns. This result implies that service industrial complexes are rapidly emerging in American metropolitan areas.
The Spatial Distribution of Military Spending in the United States 1941‐1985
Authors: CRUMP JEFFREY R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe spatial distribution of military expenditures in the United States is a major influence on the regional shifts of economic activity that are occurring in the US. The purpose of this study is to trace the changing spatial distribution of military prime contract awards (MPCAs) from 1941 to 1985. Using T‐mode and S‐mode factor analysis, the results indicate that since 1941 there have been four distinct eras in the spatial distribution of MPCAs. During each era the spatial pattern of military spending remained stable. The shift from one era to another appears to be linked to changes in the type of weapons purchased by the Department of Defense. The most recent era, the High‐Technology Weapons era, has lasted for twenty years. The long‐term stability evident in the spatial distribution of MPCAs supports the argument that military expenditures have played an important role in regional economic development and change. The findings also indicate that, while many states tend to follow the national trend in military spending, there are also four distinct groups of states which have gained and then lost their positions as military production centers. The main reason behind the rapid growth and decline of MPCAs going to these states was their dependence on a single weapons system.
Shift‐Share Analysis: The International Dimension
Authors: SIHAG BALBIR S. , MCDONOUGH CAROL C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper extends the traditional shift‐share model to incorporate international effects. While some industries compete nationally for markets, other compete internationally. For industries competing nationally, regional growth derives from regional superiority relative to the national economy. For those competing internationally, regional growth is tied to regional advantages from specialization and competitive advantage relative to the international economy. Building on the Esteban ‐ Marquillas concept of homothetic employment, the international shift‐share model identifies regional growth due to regional and national competitive advantage and regional and national specialization. We demonstrate that the international model retains the property of region to region additivity.
Pricing Implications of Development Exactions on Existing Housing Stock
Authors: DELANEY CHARLES J. , SMITH MARC T. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTResearch has found that development exactions are capitalized into the price of new housing. As the price of new housing increases, one would expect to see a price rise in existing housing as well, albeit lagged to some extent. This paper presents the results of an empirical study designed to measure how much impact fees affect the price of existing, single‐family dwellings. Data for this study were obtained from county property appraiser files provided by the Florida Department of Revenue. The data represent 1,055 new and 3,135 existing home sales, respectively, in Dunedin, Florida, and 7,292 existing home sales in Clearwater, Florida, from 1971‐1982. On June 3, 1974, the city of Dunedin began assessing impact fees of $1,150 against all new, single‐family construction. The methodology used in this paper examines the price differential of new relative to existing housing and finds that the difference disappeared after six years.
Nuclear Protective Action Advisories: A Policy Analysis and Evaluation
Authors: JOHNSON, JR. JAMES H. , ZEIGLER DONALD J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWidespread spontaneous evacuation, the tendency for people to evacuate even when not advised to do so, has been highlighted as one of the likely behavioral responses to a nuclear power plant emergency. Utility company representatives contend that protective action advisories can be structured so as to stifle the magnitude and geographic extent of spontaneous evacuation. Data from a utility‐company‐sponsored telephone survey of households on Long Island, New York, where the Shoreham Nuclear Power Station is located, are used in this paper to test this proposition. Analyses of responses given to three sets of increasingly serious reactor accident scenarios, with and without information instructing people what protective actions to take, raise serious questions about the ability of emergency notification messages to affect human behavior in a radiological emergency. The results suggest firstly, that even if people me specifically advised not to evacuate, most would be inclined to do so; and secondly, that attempts to stifle the propensity to evacuate among those who are not at risk are likely to increase the propensity to stay behind among those who are at risk and should evacuate.
Changes in U.S. and Southern Economics Department Rankings over Time
Authors: BERGER MARK C. , SCOTT FRANK A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTRankings of economics departments nationwide and in the South are calculated using numbers of pages published in three of the most highly ranked journals for the periods 1978–83, 1983–88, and 1978–88. Changes in the rankings between the 1978–83 and 1983–88 time periods are examined, and the results are compared to those obtained in previous studies. While the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between our nationwide 1978–83 and 1983–88 rankings is .80, there are a number of cases of substantial movements by individual schools either up or down in the rankings.
The Export Decision of Selected Services‐Producing and Manufacturing Industries
Authors: PORTERFIELD SHIRLEY L. , COX THOMAS L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis article provides a comparative analysis of factors influencing the out‐of‐state export decisions of establishments within selected groups of services‐producing and manufacturing industries. Data were gathered through a mail survey of establishments located in both rural and urban areas of five Midwestern states. The proportion of sales exported was specified as a function of establishment and location characteristics and estimated using Tobit analysis. Results of the study indicate that both establishment and location characteristics are important predictors of the export decision and confirm that establishments in some services‐producing industries are able to enter and compete in out‐of‐state export markets. Similar factors were found to influence the export decisions of services‐producing and manufacturing establishments. Results suggest that services‐producing establishments in the group of industries may not be footloose with respect to locational choices.
Changing Employment Profiles and Growth: An Economic Base Study of Florida Counties (1982–1987)
Authors: FIK TIMOTHY J. , AMEY ROBERT G. , MALECKI EDWARD J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLocation Quotients are used to estimate economic base multipliers for two‐digit Standard Industrial Classification employment data at the county level for the state of Florida. Changes in multipliers are contrasted to changes in county employment profiles and demographic trends for the period 1982 to 1987. Counties are then classified by employment and growth characteristics. A cross‐sectional econometric model is constructed to explain regional shifts in total employment. It is demonstrated that although the Florida economy is supported by a low level of employment activity in primary and secondary sectors (relative to the tertiary sector), these sectors tend to be very important in explaining variations in regional economic growth. The empirical findings suggest that the alleged service‐oriented economy of Florida is still reliant upon export‐oriented activity as the catalyst for employment expansion.
The Planning Response to Urban Service Sector Growth: an International Comparison
Authors: DANIELS P. W. , O'CONNOR K. , HUTTON T. A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe restructuring of urban economies from manufacturing to service industries has been a major feature of the last twenty‐five years. Large cities with a population of at least one million have been at the forefront of this change with the primate cities of the newly industrialized countries increasingly affected. The growth characteristics, planning experiences, and policy implications of the expansion of service industries in large and medium‐size metropolitan areas around the world are examined. This has illuminated issues connected with the interurban competition for services. The service sector has shaped new urban planning and public policy agendas and the way in which metropolitan areas in this study have started to reshape their policies provides a good lead for others to follow. It is likely that new pressures will strengthen the need to look beyond their established urban planning policies to broader, integrated urban management policies.
Rolling Back the Frontiers of the State: Civil Service Reorganization and Relocation in Britain
Authors: MARSHALL J. NEILL , ALDERMAN NEIL 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTUrban and regional studies of service location concentrate on private business and financial services. In contrast, this paper uses the example of the central government civil service in Britain to develop understanding of the spatial dynamics of public services. The paper shows how the location of civil service employment has been influenced by changes in government policy over the last thirty years. It also indicates the way in which the over‐concentration of the private sector in London and the South East, throughout the period, has encouraged the decentralization of the civil service from the capital to a variety of provincial locations.
The Growth of Producer Services Industries: Sorting Through the Externalization Debate
Authors: GOE W. RICHARD 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe development of a theory for explaining why firms externalize producer services functions is critical to gaining a better understanding of why the producer services industries have enjoyed robust growth within the United States, Canada and the European Community. Scholars of the service economy have attempted to develop explanations for the externalization of producer services functions. These explanations constitute “the externalization debate” since there has been a lack of consistency and agreement as to how and why externalization is taking place. None of the explanations for externalization approach what could be termed a theory of producer services externalization, since they consist of empirical generalizations that are not deductively connected. This paper attempts to move one step toward the development of such a theory by constructing a more comprehensive and systematic conceptual approach to analyzing the extemalization of producer services functions. The motivating factors for externalization that are proposed in the externalization debate are systematically examined. The insights of the transaction cost and production subcontracting literatures are then discussed and the implications of these literatures for producer services externalization are examined. A synthesis of the insights provided by these research literatures is then used to develop a more comprehensive analytical framework for examining producer services extemalization.
Estimating the Economic Impacts of Elderly Migration: An Input‐Output Analysis
Authors: SASTRY M. LAKSHMINARAYAN 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper quantifies for the first time the economic impacts of elderly in‐migration on the output, earnings, and employment of a receiving state's economy. Data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey and estimates of the total redistribution of income to Florida resulting from elderly in‐migration are used to calculate the direct effects by industry. A model for the state of Florida based on the Regional Input‐Output Modeling System (RIMS II) is used to estimate the total impacts. The large migration flows and the considerable economic resources of the elderly lead to large, positive total impacts on the Florida economy.
The Spatial Organization of a Local Labor Market: Employment and Residential Patterns in a Cohort of Engineering and Scientific Workers
Authors: SCOTT ALLEN J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA case study of the local labor market for engineers and scientists at three Lockheed plants in the Los Angeles metropolitan area is presented. The specifications of a questionnaire survey are described and a detailed statistical profile of questionnaire respondents is laid out. It is shown that the local labor market is highly concentrated in geographical space and that both job shifts and residence shifts of sampled workers tend to be extremely localized within the urban area. It is suggested that local labor markets with features like these are a source of significant agglomeration economies for employers.
Labor Market of a U.S.‐Japanese Automobile Joint Venture
Authors: ELHANCE ARUN P. , CHAPMAN MARGARET 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTStarting with a brief location analysis of the plant site, in this paper we analyze the characteristics and geography of the labor market for a U.S.‐ Japanese automobile joint venture. Based on a survey of the firm's employees, we show that the labor market is two‐tiered and stretches over many states in the United States. There are clear differences in skills, gender and socio‐demographic characteristics between short and long distance movers, and American workers are willing and able to adapt to technology and work practices originating in a different culture. Most employees hold positive opinions of the work environment and practices at the plant, Japanese influence in the U.S. economy and U.S.‐Japanese economic relations, despite perceiving Japan as an economic threat to the United States. We conclude with some policy implications of our findings and an agenda for future research.
An Analysis of Household Valuations and Preference Structures in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: ARYEETEY‐ATTOH SAMUEL 
Published: July 2006

This paper applies a semi‐logarithmic hedonic model to a sample of 1,115 households drawn from low‐, moderate‐, and upper‐income regions in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in order to measure household valuations of a variety of dwelling attributes. The results: 1) allow an assessment of the predictive power of the hedonic function; 2) enable a determination of whether the data provide sufficient information on housing conditions in Rio to make hedonic estimations worthwhile; and 3) provide an important spatial dimension which is useful in evaluating the relative importance of a variety of housing attributes to households located across income sub‐regions in Rio.The study demonstrates the need to strategically design housing projects that are consistent with the preference structures of intended beneficiaries. This, in turn, should facilitate the design of more efficient and equitable cost recovery affordable housing programs in developing countries.
A Linkage Approach to Industrial Location
Authors: ANDERSON DONALD , JOHNSTON STEPHEN A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAccess to markets and raw materials is nearly always mentioned in industrial location studies as an important locational factor. This article demonstrates a methodological approach based on inter‐industry linkages and using secondary data to identify target industries for economic development initiatives. In this application we characterize Alabama's industrial base, identify industries with strong forward and backward linkages to base Alabama industries, and highlight a subset of especially good prospects.
The Peace Dividend and Defense Conversion in the Context of Corporate Restructuring
Authors: ETTLINGER NANCY 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe peace dividend typically is conceptualized as the transfer of dollars from defense to domestic, social needs. ThisPerspectiveredefines the peace dividend in terms of the conversion of talent, expertise, and technologies from the production of weaponry to commercial products and processes, which will have positive effects overall on the American economy. The dynamic of this conversion is specified in terms of corporate reorganization among American military industrial firms (MIFs) in existing and strategic industries such as electronics, as well as new growth sectors such as environmentally conscious industries.