bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment for Severe Clinical Attachment Loss in an Adult Population
Authors: Bouchard Philippe , Boutouyrie Pierre , Mattout Catherine , Bourgeois Denis 
Published: March 2006

Background: This study was carried out to identify variables related to severe clinical attachment loss (CAL) in an adult French population.Methods: This cross‐sectional survey employed 2,132 subjects of the First National Periodontal and Systemic Examination Survey (NPASES I) aged 35 to 64 years, each with at least six teeth. A nationally representative sample was obtained from September 2002 to June 2003 by a quota method stratified on age, gender, socioeconomic status, and geographic areas. The subjects had a complete full‐mouth periodontal examination of four sites per tooth, assessment of missing teeth, and a number of laboratory tests and questionnaires. The periodontal status of each subject was assessed by criteria based on the severity and extent of CAL. The data were analyzed by univariable and multivariable models using logistic regression analyses.Results: Nineteen and seven‐tenths percent (19.7%) of the subjects had CAL >5 mm. When dental variables were not included in the analysis (model 1), age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8), male gender (OR = 1.7), body mass index (OR = 1.2), and white blood cell count (OR = 2.2) showed significant association with severe CAL. A significantly higher risk was also present in non‐drinkers and regular drinkers compared to occasional drinkers (OR = 1.6). Model 2, including dental variables in addition to model 1 variables, showed that a significantly higher risk for severe CAL was also present with age (OR = 1.6) and in males (OR = 1.7). The number of teeth (OR = 1.1), and the mean gingival bleeding index (OR = 1.7) were the dental variables significantly associated with severe CAL.Conclusions: The results indicated that age and gender are powerful independent predictors of clinical attachment loss, as is the mean gingival bleeding index. To a lesser extent, the number of missing teeth was a good predictive variable. The patient profile for severe clinical attachment loss also included body mass index and white blood cell count. Occasional drinking may be associated with decreased severity of CAL.
Short‐Term Side Effects of 0.2% Alcohol‐Free Chlorhexidine Mouthrinse Used as an Adjunct to Non‐Surgical Periodontal Treatment: A Double‐Blind Clinical Study
Authors: Gürgan Cem A. , Zaim Eylem , Bakirsoy Işıl , Soykan Emel 
Published: March 2006

Background: The aims of this clinical study were to evaluate the short‐term subjective (by means of questionnaire) and objective (by means of clinical examination) side effects of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthrinse without alcohol used as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal treatment and to elucidate the relationship between the subjective and objective evaluations.Methods: This was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial with two groups: 1) the test group, rinsing with the test product (0.2% CHX without alcohol) twice per day for 1 week, and 2) the control (placebo) group, rinsing with a placebo solution twice per day for 1 week. Following the start of rinsing, patients were subjectively and objectively evaluated for the presence and severity of side effects (pain, burning sensation, pruritus, dryness of mouth, taste disturbance, mucosal irritations, and discoloration of tooth and tongue surfaces) at days 1, 3, and 7 of the rinsing period. The presence of subjective and objective side effects of the groups was compared via use of χ2 and Fisher exact tests. Analysis of the subjective and objective side effects within the evaluation periods was done by McNemar test. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between the subjective and objective side effects.Results: None of the patients in either group complained of dryness of the mouth. The most commonly reported side effect was the change in color of the labial and buccal mucosa, particularly of the gingiva, after day 3 of rinsing. There were significant (r = 0.308 to 0.835; P <0.05) correlations between the discolorations of tongue and tooth surfaces reported by the patients and clinically detected at all evaluation periods. There was a significant and positive relationship between the subjective side effects and the soft tissue irritations when the duration of rinsing increased.Conclusion: Within the limits of this clinical evaluation, rinsing with 0.2% alcohol‐free CHX for 1 week caused more irritation to oral mucosa, greater burning sensation, and increased altered taste perception compared to the placebo rinse.
The Role of Individual and Neighborhood Social Factors on Periodontitis: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Borrell Luisa N. , Burt Brian A. , Warren Rueben C. , Neighbors Harold W. 
Published: March 2006

Background: This study investigates whether race/ethnicity, individual income, education, and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics are independently associated with periodontitis in adults ≥18 years of age who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).Methods: Analyses were limited to participants in NHANES III who self‐identified as non‐Hispanic black, non‐Hispanic white, or Mexican American, received a periodontal examination, and whose records were linked to the 1990 U.S. Census data (N = 13,090). Periodontitis was investigated using a combination of clinical attachment loss and probing depth. Marginal logistic regression models were used to assess the association of race/ethnicity, individual income, education, and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics with periodontitis before and after adjusting for selected covariates. A survey program was used to account for the survey sampling design and for the intraneighborhood correlation of outcomes of participants selected from the same neighborhood.Results: Race/ethnicity, education, and neighborhood socioeconomic conditions were associated with periodontitis before and after controlling for selected covariates. After adjustment, blacks were twice (1.58 to 2.53) as likely to have periodontitis as whites. Compared to those with more than a high school education, those with less than a high school diploma were twice (1.48 to 2.89) as likely to have periodontitis. Individuals living in a neighborhood in the lowest tertile of the socioeconomic score were 1.81 times (1.36 to 2.41) more likely to have periodontitis than those living in a neighborhood in the highest tertile of the socioeconomic score.Conclusion: This study indicates that race/ethnicity, individual education, and neighborhood socioeconomic circumstances are important for periodontal health.
Gingival Involvement in a Case Series of Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome‐Related Kaposi Sarcoma
Authors: Kalpidis Christos D.R. , Lysitsa Stella N. , Lombardi Tommaso , Kolokotronis Alexandros E. , Antoniades Demetrios Z. , Samson Jacky 
Published: March 2006

Background: This case series presents the polymorphic clinical characteristics of gingival acquired immunodeficieny syndrome (AIDS)‐related Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a malignancy that is gradually becoming uncommon in developed nations. An up‐to‐date overview of the related epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, histopathology, and treatment is provided, along with a pictorial guide to ease clinical diagnosis.Methods: The oral/maxillofacial pathology records at Aristotle University and the University of Geneva were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty‐two cases diagnosed with oral AIDS‐related KS were retrieved between 1991 and 2004. KS diagnosis was established histologically by incisional biopsies from intraoral lesions. All charts contained clinical oral examination data, radiological images, and detailed photographic records.Results: Thirteen patients (12 males and one female) presented with KS gingival involvement (40.6%). Eleven of the male patients were homosexual/bisexual men. The mean age of the patients at the time of intraoral KS diagnosis was 42.1 years, and the mean CD4 cell count was 103 (0 to 481). Gingival epidemic KS presented with various degrees of pigmentation and a wide range of clinical patterns, from relatively flat macules (early stage) to tumors with variable nodular morphology (advanced disease). Solitary or multiple gingival involvement may appear concomitantly with palatal and/or cutaneous lesions.Conclusions: Even though the incidence of intraoral KS had fallen precipitously in developed countries after the mid‐1990s, gingival KS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of every pigmented gingival lesion. Periodontists are in a unique position to identify gingival involvement of intraoral KS and facilitate early diagnosis.
Soil Nitrate Nitrogen Dynamics after Biosolids Application in a Tobosagrass Desert Grassland
Authors: Jurado‐Guerra Pedro , Wester David B. , Fish Ernest B. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTDormant‐season application of biosolids increases desert grass production more than growing season application in the first growing season after application. Differential patterns of NO3–N (plant available N) release following seasonal biosolids application may explain this response. Experiments were conducted to determine soil nitrate nitrogen dynamics following application of biosolids during two seasons in a tobosagrass [Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth.] Chihuahuan Desert grassland. Biosolids were applied either in the dormant (early April) or growing (early July) season at 0, 18, or 34 dry Mg ha−1 A polyester–nylon mulch was also applied to serve as a control that approximated the same physical effects on the soil surface as the biosolids but without any chemical effects. Supplemental irrigation was applied to half of the plots. Soil NO3–N was measured at two depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm) underneath biosolids (or mulch) and in interspace positions relative to surface location of biosolids (or mulch). Dormant‐season biosolids application significantly increased soil NO3–N during the first growing season, and also increased soil NO3–N throughout the first growing season compared to growing‐season biosolids application in a year of higher‐than‐average spring precipitation. In a year of lower‐than‐average spring precipitation, season of application did not affect soil NO3–N. Soil NO3–N was higher at both biosolids rates for both seasons of application than in the control treatment. Biosolids increased soil NO3–N compared to the inert mulch. Irrigation did not significantly affect soil NO3–N. Soil NO3–N was not significantly different underneath biosolids and in interspace positions. Surface soil NO3–N was higher during the first year of biosolids application, and subsurface soil NO3–N increased during the second year. Results showed that biosolids rate and season of application affected soil NO3–N measured during the growing season. Under dry spring–normal summer precipitation conditions, season of application did not affect soil NO3–N; in contrast, dormant season application increased soil NO3–N more than growing season application under wet spring–dry summer conditions.
Optimizing Organic Fertilizer Applications under Steady‐State Conditions
Authors: Crohn David M. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTBecause organic N fertilizers must be mineralized before they become plant‐available, application designs should consider time and temperature effects on N release as well as crop N requirements. This study presents deterministic (DOpt) and stochastic (SOpt) linear optimization models to determine sustainable land application schedules. The easily solved models minimize the amount of N that is applied while assuring than crop N demands are met as they develop. Temperature effects on N mineralization were included by using the Arrhenius equation to create a temperature‐adjusted time series. Uncertainties associated with mineralization rates and the temperature‐adjustment (Q10) factor are considered by SOpt. Examples are presented for a summer maize (Zea mays L.) and winter triticale (Triticum aestivum L. × Secale cereale L.) rotation operated by a hypothetical dairy operation in Stanislaus County, California. Monte Carlo simulations were used to test the models. A closed‐form solution for estimating the time until steady state is presented and steady‐state conditions were reached within 7 yr after applications were initiated. Because of temperature effects, DOpt solutions were 12% greater during the winter and 29% lower during the summer than a reference approach that applied liquid manure at 130% of the crop N demand. Stochastic linear optimization values were 1.7% greater than DOpt values in the summer and 6.2% greater in the winter. Surplus N estimates from Monte Carlo simulations averaged 104 kg ha−1 for DOpt and 126 ka ha−1 for SOpt, but SOpt was much less likely to result in crop N deficits. Linear optimization is a viable tool for scheduling organic N applications.
Soil and Surface Runoff Phosphorus Relationships for Five Typical USA Midwest Soils
Authors: Allen B. L. , Mallarino A. P. , Klatt J. G. , Baker J. L. , Camara M. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTExcessively high soil P can increase P loss with surface runoff. This study used indoor rainfall simulations to characterize soil and runoff P relationships for five Midwest soils (Argiudoll, Calciaquaoll, Hapludalf, and two Hapludolls). Topsoil (15‐cm depth, 241–289 g clay kg−1 and pH 6.0–8.0) was incubated with five NH4H2PO4 rates (0–600 mg P kg−1) for 30 d. Total soil P (TPS) and soil‐test P (STP) measured with Bray‐P1 (BP), Mehlich‐3 (M3P), Olsen (OP), Fe‐oxide‐impregnated paper (FeP), and water (WP) tests were 370 to 1360, 3 to 530, 10 to 675, 4 to 640, 7 to 507, and 2 to 568 mg P kg−1, respectively. Degree of soil P saturation (DPS) was estimated by indices based on P sorption index (PSI) and STP (DPSSTP) and P, Fe, and Al extracted by ammonium oxalate (DPSox) or Mehlich‐3 (DPSM3). Soil was packed to 1.1 g cm−3 bulk density in triplicate boxes set at 4% slope. Surface runoff was collected during 75 min of 6.5 cm h−1 rain. Runoff bioavailable P (BAP) and dissolved reactive P (DRP) increased linearly with increased P rate, STP, DPSox, and DPSM3 but curvilinearly with DPSSTP Correlations between DRP or BAP and soil tests or saturation indices across soils were greatest (r ≥ 0.95) for FeP, OP, and WP and poorest for BP and TPS (r = 0.83–0.88). Excluding the calcareous soil (Calciaquoll) significantly improved correlations only for BP. Differences in relationships between runoff P and the soil tests were small or nonexistent among the noncalcareous soils. Routine soil P tests can estimate relationships between runoff P concentration and P application or soil P, although estimates would be improved by separate calibrations for calcareous and noncalcareous soils.
Organochlorine Residues in Fish and Water Samples from Lake Victoria, Uganda
Authors: Kasozi G. N. , Kiremire B. T. , Bugenyi F. W. B. , Kirsch N. H. , Nkedi‐Kizza P. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTNile tilapia and Nile perch samples from Lake Victoria were analyzed for lindane (gamma‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexachlorocyclohexane), aldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10‐hexachloro‐1,4,4a,5,8,8a‐hexahydro‐1,4:5,8‐dimethanonaphthalene), α‐endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10‐hexachloro‐1,5,5a,6,9,9a‐hexahydro‐6,9‐methano‐2,4,3‐ benzo(e) dioxathiepin‐3‐oxide), dieldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10‐hexachloro‐6,7‐epoxy‐1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a‐octahydro‐1,4,5,8‐dimethanonaphthalene), DDE (p,p′‐1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis‐(4‐chlorophenyl)ethylene), and DDT (p,p′‐1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis‐(4‐chlorophenyl)ethane). No significant difference (α = 0.05) in the residue levels between fish types for lindane, α‐endosulfan, p,p′‐DDE, p,p′‐DDT, and dieldrin was observed. The aldrin levels in Nile perch (Lates niloticus) were significantly higher than the levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). No difference was observed in the distribution of residues in the different parts of Nile tilapia, although a difference for p,p′‐DDE was observed in the Nile perch. No significant difference was observed in the average fat content of the tissue of Nile perch and Nile tilapia; however, the distribution of fat was significantly different in the different parts of the fish, with the abdominal portion having the highest amount of fat. There was no correlation observed in this study between fat content and organochlorine concentration. Lower p,p′‐DDT residues levels compared with the p,p′‐DDE levels observed in this study indicate that DDT is no longer in use. The levels of organochlorine pesticide residues found in fish samples in this study were below the FAO, U.S. FDA, Australian, and German extraneous residue limits and maximum residue limits. The concentration of organochlorine residues in surface water within the Napoleon Gulf of Lake Victoria was below detection limit (0.1 μg L−1).
What is Soil Organic Matter Worth?
Authors: Sparling G. P. , Wheeler D. , Vesely E.‐T. , Schipper L. A. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe conservation and restoration of soil organic matter are often advocated because of the generally beneficial effects on soil attributes for plant growth and crop production. More recently, organic matter has become important as a terrestrial sink and store for C and N. We have attempted to derive a monetary value of soil organic matter for crop production and storage functions in three contrasting New Zealand soil orders (Gley, Melanic, and Granular Soils). Soil chemical and physical characteristics of real‐life examples of three pairs of matched soils with low organic matter contents (after long‐term continuous cropping for vegetables or maize) or high organic matter content (continuous pasture) were used as input data for a pasture (grass–clover) production model. The differences in pasture dry matter yields (non‐irrigated) were calculated for three climate scenarios (wet, dry, and average years) and the yields converted to an equivalent weight and financial value of milk solids. We also estimated the hypothetical value of the C and N sequestered during the recovery phase of the low organic matter content soils assuming trading with C and N credits. For all three soil orders, and for the three climate scenarios, pasture dry matter yields were decreased in the soils with lower organic matter contents. The extra organic matter in the high C soils was estimated to be worth NZ$27 to NZ$150 ha−1 yr−1 in terms of increased milk solids production. The decreased yields from the previously cropped soils were predicted to persist for 36 to 125 yr, but with declining effect as organic matter gradually recovered, giving an accumulated loss in pastoral production worth around NZ$518 to NZ$1239 ha−1 This was 42 to 73 times lower than the hypothetical value of the organic matter as a sequestering agent for C and N, which varied between NZ$22 963 to NZ$90 849 depending on the soil, region, discount rates, and values used for carbon and nitrogen credits.
Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Calf Housing Facilities in the New York City Watersheds
Authors: Collick A. S. , Fogarty E. A. , Ziegler P. E. , Walter M. T. , Bowman D. D. , Steenhuis T. S. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTPathogen contamination of the public drinking water supply in the New York City watersheds is a serious concern. New York City's Watershed Agriculture Program is working with dairy farms in the watersheds to implement management practices that will reduce the risk of pathogens contaminating the water supply. Solar calf housing (SCH) was suggested as a best management practice (BMP) to control Cryptosporidium parvum, a common protozoan parasite that causes disease in humans. This BMP targets young calves because they are the primary source of C. parvum in dairy herds. The objective of this project was to assess and compare the survivability of C. parvum in SCH and in conventional calf housing (CCH), usually located in the main barn. C. parvum oocysts were secured in sentinel chambers and placed in SCH and CCH bedding on four farms. The chambers were in thermal, chemical, and moisture equilibrium with their microenvironments. An oocyst‐filled control chamber, sealed from its surroundings, was placed near each chamber. Chambers and controls were sampled after 4, 6, and 8 wk. Oocyst viability in the chambers decreased to less than 10% in warm months and between 15 and 30% in the winter months. The viability of the control oocysts was similar to the chambers during warm months and generally higher during winter months. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the viability decrease between SCH and CCH. Although oocyst viability was similar in both types of calf housing, SCH allow contaminated calf manure to be isolated from the main barn manure and potentially managed differently and in a way to decrease the number of viable oocysts entering the environment during field spreading.
Dredging of Drainage Ditches Increases Short‐Term Transport of Soluble Phosphorus
Authors: Smith Douglas R. , Warnemuende E. A. , Haggard B. E. , Huang C. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTManaged drainage ditches are common in the midwestern United States. These ditches are designed to remove water from fields as quickly as possible, and sediment buildup necessitates dredging, to ensure adequate water removal. This laboratory study was conducted to determine the impact of ditch dredging on soluble phosphorus (P) transport. Ditch sediments were collected from a drainage ditch in northeastern Indiana immediately before and after dredging. The sediments were placed in a stream simulator, and stream water was loaded with 0.55 mMP for 5 d (adsorption experiment). Water was then removed, and “clean” water (no P added) was used for a desorption experiment, lasting 1 d. During the adsorption experiment, pre‐dredged sediments were able to remove P from the water column quicker, and P concentrations 120 h after introduction of high P water were lower for the pre‐dredged sediments (0.075 mMP) than the dredged sediments (0.111 mMP). During the desorption experiment, P was released to the water column slower in the pre‐dredged treatment than the dredged treatment (instantaneous flux att= 0 was 0.205 μMP h−1for pre‐dredged and 0.488 μMP h−1for dredged). This occurred despite higher Mehlich 3–extractable P in the pre‐dredged sediments than the dredged sediments. Equilibrium phosphorus concentrations (EPCo) were lower in the pre‐dredged sediments during both adsorption and desorption experiments. Transport of soluble P immediately after dredging will likely increase in drainage ditches; however, dredging is a necessary management tool to ensure adequate discharge of water from surrounding fields.