bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and biogeography of New Zealand's longjaw galaxiids (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae): the genetic effects of glaciation and mountain building
Authors: WATERS JONATHAN M. , CRAW D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary1. The biological impact of glaciation in Southern Hemisphere freshwaters is poorly understood. Several large rivers of eastern South Island, New Zealand, represent a mosaic of glaciated and non‐glaciated regions, and are thus well‐suited for studies of post‐glacial recolonization.2. We conducted mtDNA analyses of South Island's endemic non‐migratory longjaw galaxiids Galaxias prognathus and G. cobitinis (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) to test hypotheses of post‐glacial recolonization, and to assess the vicariant effects of Pleistocene mountain building.3. We analysed the phylogeography of longjaw cytochrome b sequences from 38 sites in central South Island (n = 83). On the basis of our sampling it seems that G. prognathus and G. cobitinis have a parapatric distribution in the Waitaki River system, their disjunction broadly coinciding with three large post‐glacial lakes. Waitaki clades of both species are deeply divergent relative to conspecific taxa in drainages to the north and south.4. Tests for recent population growth – predicted under post‐glacial expansion of G. prognathus– do not refute recent recolonization of streams above glaciated lakes in the Waitaki River drainage. The apparent absence of potential ‘source’ populations from non‐glaciated regions suggests a post‐glacial population decline for G. prognathus below the Waitaki lakes.5. Molecular clock calibrations based on several freshwater vicariant events elsewhere in New Zealand supported the geologically‐derived hypothesis of Waitaki–Canterbury drainage isolation approximately 300 ka.
Linearized seismic waveform inversion using a multiple re‐weighted least‐squares method with QR preconditioning
Authors: Porsani Milton J. , Pomponet Oliveira Saulo 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTLinearized inversion methods such as Gauss‐Newton and multiple re‐weighted least‐squares are iterative processes in which an update in the current model is computed as a function of data misfit and the gradient of data with respect to model parameters. The main advantage of those methods is their ability to refine the model parameters although they have a high computational cost for seismic inversion. In the Gauss‐Newton method a system of equations, corresponding to the sensitivity matrix, is solved in the least‐squares sense at each iteration, while in the multiple re‐weighted least‐squares method many systems are solved using the same sensitivity matrix. The sensitivity matrix arising from these methods is usually not sparse, thus limiting the use of standard preconditioners in the solution of the linearized systems. For reduction of the computational cost of the linearized inversion methods, we propose the use of preconditioners based on a partial orthogonalization of the columns of the sensitivity matrix. The new approach collapses a band of co‐diagonals of the normal equations matrix into the main diagonal, being equivalent to computing the least‐squares solution starting from a partial solution of the linear system. The preconditioning is driven by a bandwidth L which can be interpreted as the distance for which the correlation between model parameters is relevant. To illustrate the benefit of the proposed approach to the reduction of the computational cost of the inversion we apply the multiple re‐weighted least‐squares method to the 2D acoustic seismic waveform inversion problem. We verify the reduction in the number of iterations in the conjugate'gradient algorithm as the bandwidth of the preconditioners increases. This effect reduces the total computational cost of inversion as well.
Interleukin (IL)‐4 promotes T helper type 2‐biased natural killer T (NKT) cell expansion, which is regulated by NKT cell‐derived interferon‐γ and IL‐4
Authors: Iizuka Akira , Ikarashi Yoshinori , Yoshida Mitsuzi , Heike Yuji , Takeda Kazuyoshi , Quinn Gary , Wakasugi Hiro , Kitagawa Masanobu , Takaue Yoichi 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCD1d‐restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells can rapidly produce T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines and also play regulatory or pathological roles in immune responses. NKT cells are able to expand when cultured with α‐galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer) and interleukin (IL)‐2 in a CD1d‐restricted manner. However, the expansion ratio of human NKT cells is variable from sample to sample. In this study, we sought to determine what factor or factors are responsible for efficient in vitro expansion of NKT cells from various inbred mouse strains. Although the proportion of NKT cells in the spleen was nearly identical in each mouse strain, the growth rates of NKT cells cultured in vitro with α‐GalCer and IL‐2 were highly variable. NKT cells from the B6C3F1 and BDF1 mouse strains expanded more than 20‐fold after 4 days in culture. In contrast, NKT cells from the strain C3H/HeN did not proliferate at all. We found that cell expansion efficiency correlated with the level of IL‐4 detectable in the supernatant after culture. Furthermore, we found that exogenous IL‐4 augmented NKT cell proliferation early in the culture period, whereas interferon (IFN)‐γ tended to inhibit NKT cell proliferation. Thus, the ratio of production of IL‐4 and IFN‐γ was important for NKT cell expansion but the absolute levels of these cytokines did not affect expansion. This finding suggests that effective expansion of NKT cells requires Th2‐biased culture conditions.
Localization of substance P‐induced upregulated interleukin‐8 expression in human dental pulp explants
Authors: Huang G. T.‐J. , Lee H. W. , Lee H. S. , Lee G. H. , Huh S. Y. , Choi G. W. , Park S. H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAim  To localize ex vivo expression of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) induced by substance P (SP) in human dental pulps.Methodology  Intact caries‐free, freshly extracted third molars (n = 20) were collected from patients (15–25 years old). The teeth were split and pulpal tissue was obtained and stored in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium. Human dental pulp tissue explants were stimulated with SP. Expression of IL‐8 in pulp explants was detected and localized by immunohistochemistry.Results  Moderated IL‐8 immunoreactivities were detected mainly in the cell‐rich zone in pulp tissues 12 h after tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) stimulation (positive controls), whereas only weak IL‐8 expression was observed in tissues stimulated with SP at the same time interval. These data did not differ from those in negative controls. Increased IL‐8 expression in pulp explants after 24 h of SP stimulation was noted compared with negative controls and located in fibroblast‐like cells, blood vessel‐associated cells and extracellular matrix in the central zone and cell‐rich zone of pulp explants. Tissues stimulated with TNF‐α for 24 h (positive controls) revealed weak IL‐8 immunoreactivities with altered cell morphology.Conclusions  Substance P induces IL‐8 expression and was located in fibroblast‐like pulp cells, blood vessel‐associated cells and extracellular matrix of human dental explants. These data support the hypothesis that neuropeptide (SP) coordinates the modulation of pulpal inflammation via up‐regulating chemokine IL‐8.
Comparative gene expression profile analysis between native human odontoblasts and pulp tissue
Authors: Pääkkönen V. , Vuoristo J. T. , Salo T. , Tjäderhane L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAim  To undertake a large‐scale analysis of the expression profiles of native human pulp tissue and odontoblasts, and search for genes expressed only in odontoblasts.Methodology  Microarray was performed to pooled pulp and odontoblasts of native human third molars and to pooled +/− TGF‐β1 cultured pulps and odontoblasts (137 teeth). The repeatability of microarray analysis was estimated by comparing the experimental pulp samples with expression profiles of two pulp samples downloaded from the GEO database. The genes expressed only in the experimental pulp samples or in odontoblasts were divided into categories, and the expression of selected odontoblast‐specific genes of extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and biogenesis category was confirmed with RT‐PCR and Western blot.Results  A 85.3% repeatability was observed between pulp microarrays, demonstrating the high reliability of the technique. Overall 1595 probe sets were positive only in pulp and 904 only in odontoblasts. Sixteen expressed sequence tags (ESTs), which represent transcribed sequences encoding possibly unknown genes, were detected only in odontoblasts; two consistently expressed in all odontoblast samples. Matrilin 4 (MATN4) was the only ECM biogenesis and organization related gene detected in odontoblasts but not in pulp by microarray and RT‐PCR. MATN4 protein expression only in odontoblasts was confirmed by Western blot.Conclusions  Pulp tissue and odontoblast gene expression profiling provides basic data for further, more detailed protein analysis. In addition, MATN4 and the two ESTs could serve as an odontoblast differentiation marker, e.g. in odontoblast stem cell research.
Facial expression of affect in children with Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Authors: Collis L. , Moss J. , Jutley J. , Cornish K. , Oliver C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground  Individuals with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) have been reported to show comparatively high levels of flat and negative affect but there have been no empirical evaluations. In this study, we use an objective measure of facial expression to compare affect in CdLS with that seen in Cri du Chat syndrome (CDC) and a group of individuals with a mixed aetiology of intellectual disabilities (ID).Method  Observations of three groups of 14 children with CdLS, CDC and mixed aetiology of ID were undertaken when a one‐to‐one interaction was ongoing.Results  There was no significant difference between the groups in the duration of positive, negative or flat affect. However, the CdLS group displayed a significantly lower ratio of positive to negative affect than children in the other groups.Discussion  This difference partially confirms anecdotal observations and could be due to the expression of pain caused by health problems associated with CdLS or neurological expression of the CdLS gene in facial muscles related to expression of positive affect. However, further research is needed to directly test these possible associations.
Travel and venous thrombosis: a systematic review
Authors: Kuipers S. , Schreijer A. J. M. , Cannegieter S. C. , Büller H. R. , Rosendaal F. R. , Middeldorp S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract.  Kuipers S, Schreijer AJM, Cannegieter SC, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR, Middeldorp S (Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; and Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands). Travel and venous thrombosis: a systematic review (Review). J Intern Med 2007; 262: 615–634.In the past decade, numerous publications on the association between venous thrombosis (VT) and travel have been published. Relative and absolute risks of VT after travel, and particularly after travel by air, have been studied in case–control and observational follow‐up studies, whereas the effect of prophylaxis has been studied through intervention trials of asymptomatic clots. The mechanism responsible for the association between travel and VT was addressed in pathophysiologic studies. Here, we systematically reviewed the epidemiologic and pathophysiologic studies about the association between travel and VT.We conclude that long‐distance travel increases the risk of VT approximately two to fourfold. The absolute risk of a symptomatic event within 4 weeks of flights longer than 4 h is 1/4600 flights. The risk of severe pulmonary embolism (PE) occurring immediately after air travel increases with duration of travel, up to 4.8 per million in flights longer than 12 h. The mechanism responsible for the increased risk of VT after (air) travel has insufficiently been studied to draw solid conclusions, but one controlled‐study showed evidence for an additional mechanism to immobilization that could lead to coagulation activation after air travel.
Testing the role of genetic factors across multiple independent invasions of the shrub Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius)
Authors: KANG MING , BUCKLEY YVONNE M. , LOWE ANDREW J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractKnowledge of the introduction history of invasive plants informs on theories of invasiveness and assists in the invasives management. For the highly successful invasive shrub Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius, we analysed a combination of nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites for eight native source regions and eight independent invasion events in four countries across three continents. We found that two exotic Australian populations came from different sources, one of which was derived from multiple native populations, as was an invasive sample from California. An invasive population from New Zealand appeared to be predominantly sourced from a single population, either from the native or exotic ranges. Four invasive populations from Chile were genetically differentiated from the native range samples analysed here and so their source of introduction could not be confirmed, but high levels of differentiation between the Chilean populations suggested a combination of different sources. This extensive global data set of replicated introductions also enabled tests of key theories of invasiveness in relation to genetic diversity. We conclude that invasive populations have similar levels of high genetic diversity to native ranges; levels of admixture may vary across invasive populations so admixture does not appear to have been an essential requirement for invasion; invasive and native populations exhibit similar level of genetic structure indicating similar gene flow dynamics for both types of populations. High levels of diversity and multiple source populations for invasive populations observed here discount founder effects or drift as likely explanations for previously observed seed size differences between ranges. The high levels of genetic diversity, differential and source admixture identified for most exotic populations are likely to limit the ability to source biocontrol agents from the native region of origin of invasive populations.
Dobzhansky–Muller model of hybrid dysfunction supported by poor burst‐speed performance in hybrid tiger salamanders
Authors: FITZPATRICK B. M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSpeciation may result from ‘complementary’ genetic differences that cause dysfunction when brought together in hybrids despite having no deleterious effects within pure species genomes. The theory of complementary genes, independently proposed by Dobzhansky and Muller, yields specific predictions about the genetics of hybrid fitness. Here, I show how alternative models of hybrid dysfunction can be compared using a simple multivariate analysis of hybrid indices calculated from molecular markers. I use the approach to fit models of hybrid dysfunction to swimming performance in hybrid tiger salamander larvae. Poor burst‐speed performance is a dysfunction suggesting low vigour and could translate directly into low survival. My analyses show that the Dobzhansky–Muller model fits these data better than heterozygote disadvantage. The approach demonstrated here can be applied to a broad array of nonmodel species, potentially leading to important generalizations about the genetics of hybrid dysfunction.
The influence of developmental environment on the evolution of olfactory foraging behaviour in procellariiform seabirds
Authors: VAN BUSKIRK R. W. , NEVITT G. A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe evolutionary origins of foraging behaviour by procellariiform seabirds (petrels, albatrosses and shearwaters) are poorly understood. Moreover, proximate factors affecting foraging ecology, such as the influence of environment on the development of sensory systems, have yet to be addressed. Here, we apply comparative methods based on current procellariiform phylogenies to identify associations between sensory modalities and the developmental environment that may underlie the evolution of complex foraging behaviour. We postulate that, for burrow‐nesting species, smell is likely to dominate the sensory world of the developing chick. Alternatively, for ground‐nesting species, chicks receive exposure to a range of visual, auditory and olfactory cues. We employ maximum likelihood to test models of correlated trait evolution between nesting habit and olfactory foraging style and to reconstruct the ancestral states of these characters when coded as binary states. Our results suggest that nesting behaviour has evolved in conjunction with foraging style. Based on this analysis, we propose that nesting on the surface was a life‐history innovation that opened up a new developmental environment with profound effects on the foraging ecology of procellariiform seabirds.
Multicentric evaluation of the DiaMed enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay malaria antibody test for screening of blood donors for malaria
Authors: Elghouzzi M.‐H. , Senegas A. , Steinmetz T. , Guntz P. , Barlet V. , Assal A. , Gallian P. , Volle P. , Chuteau C. , Beolet M. , Berrebi S. , Filisetti D. , Doderer C. , Abdelrahman T. , Candolfi E. 
Published: November 2007

Background  The risk of malaria transmission by blood transfusion is critical due to extensive travel from endemic areas to non‐endemic areas. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) malaria antibody test has been developed that is claimed to perform better than the immunofluorescence assay test (IFAT). The assay contains antigens to both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. A multicentre study was performed to evaluate the appropriateness of replacing the IFAT by the new ELISA test.Material and Methods  Nine French blood banks participated in this multicentre study. Two panels of samples were evaluated. The first included 4163 samples from healthy donors and was used to calculate clinical specificity of the assay. The second involved 10 995 samples, either collected retrospectively or prospectively from malaria‐risk donors , was used to assess the comparative performance of the ELISA and IFAT. Discordant samples were further tested using an in‐house IFAT and also tested for presence of Plasmodium DNA by polymerase chain reaction.Results  The ELISA showed a clinical specificity of 99·02%. In the malaria‐risk blood donors groups, the retrospective group showed a concordance rate of 92·6% (k = 0·90), while the prospective group showed a concordance rate of 97% (k = 0·46). After confirming the discordant sample results by an in‐house IFAT, the k index increased to 0·81. None of the discordant samples was shown to contain Plasmodium DNA.Conclusion  The performance of the ELISA test in this study has confirmed its potential as a new screening test for use in blood banks, as an alternative to the IFAT in prevention of transfusion‐transmitted malaria in non‐endemic countries.
The Right Coronary Artery is Absent in the Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)
Authors: Ozdemİr V. , ÇEvik‐Demİrkan A. , Turkmenoglu I. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA total of 10 adult, healthy, male chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) were used to investigate the origin, course, and termination of the coronary arteries. Coloured latex was injected into the carotid arteries following conventional anatomical applications. In all the chinchillas examined, the left coronary artery was the single coronary artery. The right coronary artery was missing. Additionally, a small vessel originating from the cranial border of the aorta was observed in one chinchilla. The left coronary artery divided into the paraconal, interventricular and left circumflex rami. The left marginis ventricular ramus arose from the paraconal interventricular ramus in eight chinchillas, and from the left circumflex ramus in two. The ventricular and septal branches of the left coronary artery ran subepicardially at the beginning mostly parallel to the muscle fibres, also surrounded by a thin adipose tissue. It was concluded that the only left coroner artery supplied blood to the heart in the chinchilla.
Validation of the Visual Recognition Slide Test with stroke: A component of the New South Wales occupational therapy off‐road driver rehabilitation program
Authors: George Stacey , Clark Michael , Crotty Maria 
Published: November 2007

Aim:  This aim of this study was to determine the construct and predictive validity of the New South Wales Visual Recognition Slide Test (VRST) — a component of the occupational therapy off‐road driving rehabilitation program designed to assess the abilities of speed of information processing and visual scanning. Methods and results:  Twenty‐six people with stroke were used to test construct validity, and 24 people with stroke were used to test predictive validity. Performance on the VRST was compared to scores on the Visual Scanning Analyser (VSA) and Response Time Measures (RTM) to determine construct validity. Predictive validity was examined by comparing VRST scores to the result on an on‐road driving assessment. Results/conclusions:  Results on the VRST was associated with on‐road result, with it predicting those people recommended to pass or require lessons from their on‐road evaluation. Scores from the VRST were associated with an inspection time component of the RTM, but not with the VSA, suggesting the VRST is an assessment of the identification phase of information processing but not of scanning or peripheral vision. The VSA, in particular the scanning task of field 5, was significantly related to the on‐road result. These results indicate that the VRST is potentially a valid measure to use in the off‐road driver rehabilitation program for people with stroke; however, validation is required on a larger population. The VSA should be further evaluated for consideration of inclusion in the driver rehabilitation program.
The meanings of craft to an occupational therapist
Authors: Harris Emma 
Published: November 2007

Aim:  Craft was the first therapeutic occupation of occupational therapy. Since the early days of the profession, the value of craft in practice is a topic that has been discussed with fluctuating interest. Recent discussions by occupational therapists have reinforced that although craft is relevant to occupational therapy, there are uncertainties about its place in contemporary practice. Presently, scholars have identified that occupation is both the center of human experience and the core of our profession. Therefore, this study aimed to begin to clarify the meaning of craft to practice today by gaining a deep understanding of the meanings that one occupational therapist attributes to craft. Methods:  Using narrative inquiry, data were gathered through a conversation held between the research participant and myself. A reflexive journal was also kept to support this data gathering process. Narrative analysis enabled intimate engagement with the data and the emergence of themes and sub‐themes. Results:  The findings, in the form of an interpretive story, suggest first, that craft‐making has therapeutic value; second, that reasoning about the therapeutic use of craft is similar to reasoning about other therapeutic activities; and third, that personal experience with craft‐making can influence the selection of craft as therapeutic media. Conclusions:  From this study, further research into the impact personal and professional experiences can have on choice of therapeutic media and an analysis of the sociopolitical context of the meanings that occupational therapists attribute to craft‐making is suggested.