bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solubility of hydrogenated peanut oil in peanut oil
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L. , Freeman Andrew F. 
Published: April 2007

ConclusionsData obtained on the solubility of hydrogenated peanut oil in refined peanut oil and the behavior of the mixtures on cooling indicate that freedom from oil separation on storage is largely determined by the nature as well as the amount of solid crystals present in the oil. The results suggest that the best procedure for prevention of oil separation would involve shockchilling the molten mixture to produce the finely divided metastable crystalline modification followed by tempering at such a temperature as to permit transformation of the crystals into the more desirable higher‐melting form without changing the finely divided state necessary for improved palatability.The data imply that under controlled conditions any amount of the high‐melting modification of the hard fat incorporated in peanut oil above the solubility temperature in excess of 2% should produce a mixture free from oil separation under average storage conditions. The choice of the actual concentration of the hard fat, above the minimum amount, would depend upon the degree of plasticity desired. Ambient temperature to which the mixture is likely to be subjected will influence to a considerable extent the selection of the hard fat content. The information obtained is of fundamental importance in connection with the problem of oil separation in peanut butter.
Studies on castor oil. I. Fatty acid composition of castor oil
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Kamath N. R. , Kane J. G. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryMethyl esters of castor oil were prepared by saponifying the oil with potassium hydroxide in methanol, splitting the potassium soapsin situ with an excess of hydrochloric acid, and esterifying at room temperature. The esters had hydroxyl values comparable with those of the parent oils. The methyl esters were quantitatively resolved into hydroxy and nonhydroxy esters after reacting with succinic anhydride in toluene. The composition of castor oil was calculated from a) amount of nonhydroxy esters, b) methyl linoleate content of methyl esters determined spectro‐photometrically, c) iodine value of the methyl esters determined by the Wijs method at 15–20°C., and d) iodine value of the nonhydroxy esters determined by the Woburn method. This composition was confirmed by the estimation of saturated acids in one sample and dihydroxystearic acid in all. Castor oil was readly hydrogenated with Raney nickel in alcohol at room temperature (30–33°C.) without any hydrogenolysis of the hydroxyl groups. Methyl dihydroxystearate content of the methyl esters of this hydrogenated oil was determined by reaction with 80–100% excess periodic acid at 15–20°C.
Substituted arylimino derivatives of gossypol
Authors: Dechary J. M. , Brown L. E. 
Published: April 2007

SummarySeventeen substituted arylimino derivatives of gossypol have been prepared and characterized. Fifteen of these are new compounds.o‐Nitroaniline gave both a mono‐ and a disubstituted derivative with gossypol whilep,p′‐methylenedianiline gave only a monosubstituted derivative.During experiments designed to prevent color reversion in stored, crude cottonseed oils by treatment with various aromatic amines, onlyp‐aminobenzoic acid formed an oil‐insoluble derivative with the gossypol in the oils.
Estimation of vitamin a in margarine. III. Migration of lecithin from the oil to the aqueous phase and its effect on the spectrophotometric blank
Authors: Luckmann Frederick H. , Gooding Chester M. , Melnick Daniel 
Published: April 2007

SummaryOn the basis of light absorption measurements at 328 mμ, fluorometric tests, stability of oils to oxidative deterioration, and phosphorus analyses it has been shown that the oil separated from margarine contains no lecithin. Phosphorus analyses demonstrated that this migration of added lecithin from the oil to the aqueous phase occurs during the churning operation and prior to chilling the emulsion.For the spectrophotometric vitamin A assay of the fortified margarine oil prior to margarine manufacture, the control oils used to set the spectrophotometer at 100% transmission must contain the added lecithin. For the assay of the oil separated from the margarine the proper blank oil should contain no lecithin.Use of improper control oils would be responsible for estimates of vitamin A content which are either erroneously high or low by about 3.5%. Abusive handling (storage at elevated temperatures) of lecithinsupplemented oils and use of improper control oils can be responsible for differences as much as 10% between apparent and true vitamin A content.
Polyhydric alcohol esters of α‐sulfo fatty acids
Authors: Micich T. , Sucharski M. , Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDirect esterification of α‐sulfopalmitic and α‐sulfostearic acids with excess ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol and 2‐methoxyethanol was carried out in carbon tetrachloride to give products containing essentially monoesters. Surface active properties of these compounds were measured with emphasis on washing ability in combination with soap. The detergency of these esters was compared with those of hexitol and sucrose α‐sulfo fatty acid esters. Although the esters had moderate lime soap dispersing ability, their detergency showed synergism when combined with soap.
Reduction with zinc of triple bonds tocis double bonds in long chain conjugated fatty acids
Authors: Morris S. G. , Herb S. F. , Magidman P. , Luddy F. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe methyl ester of santalbic acid (trans‐11‐octadecen‐9‐ynoic acid) was hydrogenated with powdered zinc in 50% propanol to yield 90% of thecis,trans‐diene ester; similarly, 7,9‐octadecadiynoic methyl ester was converted tocis,cis‐diene ester but yields were no better than 75%.
Headspace gas analysis of salad oils by mass spectrometry
Authors: Evans C. D. , Selke E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA mass spectrometer was used to analyze the content of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon in headspace gas of commercially packaged soybean, cottonseed and corn salad oils. A leakproof sampling system was designed to avoid air contamination and obtain a representative headspace gas sample. Some edible oils are packaged under pure nitrogen, whereas other samples contained various amounts of oxygen in the headspace gas. The presence or absence of argon in the headspace gas indicates that some oils are packaged with pure nitrogen and others with nitrogen obtained by controlled burning of hydrocarbons to remove all the oxygen in air. The presence of hydrogen in some samples where argon was also present suggested that catalytic purifiers were used to remove the last traces of oxygen and to ensure pure nitrogen for packaging oils. The decrease in oxygen of oils bottled in air was followed during storage at room and at elevated temperatures.
Aminimides XIII long chain aminimides and isocyanates
Authors: Freis R. E. , Grimm R. A. , McKillip W. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAminimides were prepared from esters of stearic, oleic, linoleic, phenylstearic, 9,10‐dihydroxystearic, ricinoleic and dimer acids. Thermolysis of the aminimides to isocyanates was carried out in a wiped film molecular still and by vacuum distillation of a bulk sample. The latter process is suitable only for small samples of the simple aminimides. Acyl N,N‐dimethylhydrazides, which are aminimide precursors, can generally be prepared by dehydration of carboxylic acid‐unsym‐dimethylhydrazine mixtures. Details of the preparation of dimer acid diisocyanate by this route are presented. Some information on the use of long chain aminimides as emulsifiers for halocarbon mixtures, e.g., bromoform‐water, is presented.
Kinetic study of acid‐catalyzed conversion of aflatoxins B1 and G1 to B2a and G2a
Authors: Pons W. A. , Cucullu A. F. , Lee L. S. , Janssen H. J. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAdjusting dilute aqueous solutions of aflatoxins B1 and G1 to pH 1, 2 and 3, and heating over a range of 40–100 C resulted in the conversion of B1 to B2a and G1 to G2a as major products. Both B2a and G2a were identified by co‐thin layer chromatography with authentic B2a and G2a and M1 on silica gel plates developed in two different solvents. The rate of disappearance of B1 or G1 at given temperature and at constant pH was found to be first order with respect to each aflatoxin. At given temperature the conversion is strongly pH dependent, a 10‐fold increase in H+ ion (1 pH unit) producing about a 9‐fold increase in the reaction rate, indicating first order dependent of the rate on H+ ion concentration.
New polyacetal, poly(ester‐acetal) and their urethane‐modified coatings from hydroformylated linseed oil
Authors: Khoe T. H. , Gast L. E. , Frankel E. N. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPartly hydroformylated linseed oil, with an average of 1.3 to 3.4 meq aldehyde per gram of oil, was reacted with pentaerythritol hydroxymethyl linseed oil and trimethylolpropane in the presence of an acid catalyst to form viscous, high molecular weight polyacetals. Isophthalic acid or chlorendic anhydride‐modified polyacetals [poly(ester‐acetals)] were prepared by reacting the trimethylolpropane esters of the acids with the hydroformylated oils. Films of the products were cured at room temperature and at 140 C. These films showed good hardness as well as chemical and impact resistance. Further modification of these polyacetals and poly(ester‐acetals) by reacting the residual hydroxyl groups with an excess of toluene diisocyanate gave the corresponding isocyanate‐terminated prepolymers. Films from these prepolymers had shorter drying times and showed greater hardness than the corresponding unmodified materials.
Synthesis of methyl sterculate
Authors: Altenburger Erich R. , Berry James W. , Deutschman Archie J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMethyl sterculate was isolated from an irradiation mixture obtained by photolysis of diazomethane in presence of methyl stearolate by column chromatography on silicic acid. The separable amount of the photoproduct was 9.5%. The presence of the cyclopropene structure was proved by spectroscopy and chemical methods.
Synthesis and properties of sulfated alkanolamides
Authors: Weil J. K. , Parris N. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHigh purity alkanolamides were prepared by the sodium catalyzed reaction of methyl stearate, methyl palmitate and methyl laurate with ethanolamine, 2‐hydroxypropylamine, 3‐hydroxypropylamine and N‐methyl N‐hydroxyethylamine. The effect of structure on the surface active properties of the sulfation products was investigated. Stability studies showed that sulfated N‐methyl N‐hydroxyethylstearamide hydrolyzed rapidly by first order kinetics in acid or base. Sulfated hydroxyalkyl primary amides hydrolyzed slower in basic media following second order kinetics. Methyl groups attached to the N atom or to C in the short aliphatic chain improved solubility but had little effect on critical micelle concentration. The alkanolamides of palmitic and stearic acids were good detergents and lime soap dispersing agents.
Phase behavior of homologous series of monoesters of polyols
Authors: Lutton E. S. , Stewart C. B. , Fehl A. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPhase behavior of anhydrous monopalmitates and stearates and of most laurates, myristates and behenates of ethylene glycol, erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, and mannitol has been studied. The compounds, substantially free of diesters, are mostly not isomerically pure but are predominantly primary esters. Also studied were the (nonisomeric) palmitate and stearate of pentaerythritol (Pe) and the oleate of erythritol. Mesomorphism, absent in anhydrous monoglycerides unless of short chain length and symmetrical, is a prominent feature of the members of the present group of compounds containing at least three unesterified hydroxyls. In general, crystal melting points rise with length of polyol, and mesomorphic melting points rise faster. Crystal melting points rise with acyl chain length while mesomorphic melting points run through a maximum. Heats of fusion are of the order 40 cal/g for crystal melting and 0.5 cal/g for melting of mesomorphic states. In the range explored, mesomorphic values fall with both polyol length and acyl length. At higher acyl chain length, notably with behenates, there are new features of mesomorphic behavior. Crystalline phase, from solvent, melts to a neat or lamellar phase, which in turn melts to liquid with subsequent appearance of higher melting middle or cylindrical phase. Polymorphism is general among the crystal states and tends to be complex. In a brief study of solvent crystallized 50–50 binary mixes of xylitol stearate with other xylitol esters and other stearates, considerable evidence of solid solution in Form I crystals (of xylitol stearate type) was observed with very modest eutectic lowering of crystal melting point. Mesomorphic points were almost linearly intermediate between those of components. Of particular interest were mixtures of xylitol stearate and 1‐monostearin (50–50 and 25–75), for which mesomorphic melting points were realized, and for which an extrapolation to 100% monostearin leads to a hypothetical mesomorphic melting point far below any monoglyceride crystalline melting point. A brief examination of an aqueous xylitol palmitate system explored to a maximum temperature of 165 C shows extensive occurrence of aqueous mesomorphic state somewhat after the manner of monoglyceride systems. Mesomorphic melting level rises rapidly from the value for anhydrous ester.
Dimeric components from the dimerization of abietic acid
Authors: Fujii R. , Arimoto K. , Zinkel D. F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCapillary gas‐liquid chromatography of the product formed by sulfuric acid‐catalyzed dimerization of abietic acid showed the presence of some 40 dimeric components. The three major components were isolated and shown to be heptacyclic dimers, two of which had a conjugated double bond system. The other component had two nonconjugated double bonds. Also isolated were three dimers consisting of monomers attached through a single carbon‐carbon bond: one carboxyl group in each of these dimers was in the form of a γ‐lactone.
Dietary protein and atherosclerosis
Authors: Kritchevsky David , Tepper Shirley A. , Klurfeld David M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInterest in the effect of protein on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis dates back to the first decade of this century. In the 1940s Meeker and Kesten showed that soy protein was more atherogenic for rabbits than casein. Carroll and his colleagues demonstrated that, in general, proteins of animal origin were more cholesterolemic for rabbits than were plant proteins, although there was a wide range of individual effects within both classifications. Carroll also showed that partial hydrolyzates of casein or soy protein were less cholesterolemic than the intact proteins. We have hypothesized that the lysine/arginine ratio (L/A) of the protein influences its effects on lipid metabolism. The L/A of casein is about 2 and that of soy about 1. Addition of enough arginine to casein to lower its L/A to 1 reduces its atherogenicity; adding enough lysine to soy isolate to raise its L/A to 2 enhances atherogenicity. The atherogenicities of fish protein (L/A, 1.44), casein (L/A, 1.94) and whole milk protein (L/A, 2.44) are correlated directly with their L/A (p<0.05). Other amino acids (methionine, glycine, arginine) have been shown to affect cholesterolemia. Casein lowers the excretion of steroids in rabbits and lengthens the turnover time of cholesterol. This may be the mechanism underlying the animal/vegetable protein effects.
Species‐dependent responsiveness of serum cholesterol to dietary proteins
Authors: Van Der Meer R. , Beynen A. C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSubstitution of casein for soybean protein in the diet causes high degrees of hypercholesterolemia in rabbits. When rats or humans were fed exactly the same diets, no response of the concentration of serum cholesterol to the type of protein was observed. The hypothesis is put forward that, in rabbits, dietary casein and peptides derived from it—because of their high degree of phosphorylation—inhibit the binding of glycine‐conjugated bile acids to insoluble calcium phosphate in the intestinal lumen. As a result, feeding of casein causes an increase in the availability of bile acids, which leads to enhanced absorption of bile acids and cholesterol. Eventually, the concentration of serum cholesterol will be increased. In rabbits this cascade of events occurs because these animals have a relatively low activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatase, and a high ratio of glycine to taurine in conjugated bile acids. Unlike glycine conjugates, taurine‐conjugated bile acids do not effectively bind to the intestinal calcium‐phosphate sediment. The low activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in rabbits secures the high degree of phosphorylation of casein and its peptide products in the small intestine. In contrast with rabbits, rats and humans have high activities of intestinal alkaline phosphatase and a low glycine‐to‐taurine ratio in conjugated bile acids. Thus the hypothesis presented would explain why rabbits, but not rats and humans, are susceptible to dietary casein with respect to the concentration of serum cholesterol. The relevance of the hypothesis as to the mechanisms underlying the hypercholesterolemic effect of some other dietary proteins is discussed.
Dietary protein effects on gallstone formation
Authors: Klurfeld David M. , Weber Maxine M. , Kritchevsky David 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSemipurified lithogenic diets for hamsters contain casein as the protein source. Since substitution of soy protein isolate for casein reduces serum cholesterol concentrations in several species, we studied replacement of casein by soy protein for effects on gallstone formation. Feeding soy protein consistently resulted in a significantly reduced incidence of gallstones. Switching to a soy‐based diet after induction of gallstones resulted in dissolution of a significant percentage of the stones. Partial substitution of soy for casein gave results intermediate between 100% casein and 100% soy. The lysine/arginine ratio of the proteins may be responsible for the observed differences in cholelithiasis. The reduction in lithogenicity associated with feeding soy protein appears to be mediated primarily through decreased secretion of cholesterol into bile.
Shape, size, hydration and flow behavior of nitrocellulose lacquer emulsion in absence and presence of urea
Authors: Mandal Asit Baran 
Published: April 2007

AbstractViscometric and optical microscopic experiments, performed on nitrocellulose lacquer emulsions in the absence (Emulsion I) and presence (Emulsion II) of urea, indicate that in aqueous concentrated solutions at 30 C the emulsion droplets are spherical and non‐spherical in shape, respectively. Assuming spherical shape for both emulsions, the size and volume of the aggregated particle (Mv), radius of gyration (Rg), hydrodynamic radius (Rh), diffusion coefficient (D), the correlation time for aggregate rotation (Tr), translational diffusion (TD) and effective aggregation time (Ta) have been derived. The viscosity data for both emulsions were analyzed in terms of the Einstein, Moulik and Jones‐Dole equations. Emulsion II was more hydrated than Emulsion I, although the intrinsic viscosity (η) of Emulsion II is nearly 1.5 times greater than that of Emulsion I. The Huggins and Thomas equations have been compared for both emulsions, and it has been concluded, in light of the proposed Huggins‐Thomas‐Mandal equation, that the Thomas constant k1 should be 12.50 for perfect spherical shape of the particles in dilute solutions, instead of the 10.05 originally proposed by Thomas.
Spectrophotometric studies of the composition of lespedeza seed oil
Authors: Wiley Richard H. , Cagle A. W. , Wilken Phil H. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe ultraviolet absorption spectra of the oils obtained from lespedeza seeds of three species show an absorption similar to that of linseed oil. The spectra for the alkali isomerized lespedeza seed oils show triene conjugation equivalent to that which would be produced by the presence of 22–28% of a triunsaturated nonconjugated acid (such as linolenic acid) and 26–42% of a diunsaturated nonconjugated acid (such as linoleic acid). The presence of conjugated triene structure in the oil as extracted from a seed‐hull mixture ground with stainless steel balls was indicated by an absorption maximum at 270 mµ. Elimination of other possibilities suggest that this absorption is caused by a metal‐catalyzed isomerization or other reaction taking place only in the mixture.
Heat polymerization of safflower oil
Authors: Rhoades W. F. , Da Valle A. J. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryIt can be stated that the polymerization rate of safflower oil is sufficiently rapid to warrant its use on a commercial scale. Furthermore, with the proper choice of polymerization temperature, safflower can be bodied at the same rate as linseed. The increasing rate at which safflower bodies in the high viscosity ranges invites further investigation. In these higher viscosity ranges the iodine value continues to drop whereas in the same range the iodine numbers of other oils show a tendency to approach an asymptotic value.Safflower heat bleaches considerably better than linseed and is also equal to or better than soya in this respect.
Phase relations pertaining to the solvent winterization of cottonseed oil in hexane and in acetone‐hexane mixtures
Authors: Boucher Richard E. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: April 2007

SummarySystematic phase relation data pertaining to the solvent winterization behavior of a refined cottonseed oil have been obtained for two additional solvents; namely, commercial hexane and a mixed solvent consisting of 85% by weight of acetone and 15% of hexane. Graphs have been constructed to show the effect of oil‐solvent ratio, chilling temperature, holding‐time, and agitation on the percentage of solid removed, the degree of winterization and the settling qualities of the solid separating.These data, with those previously reported for acetone (1), afford a basis for the selection of the optimum conditions and procedures in the application of solvent winterization to cottonseed oil and bring out the relative advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of the three solvents. The acetone‐hexane mixture seems to combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of either of these solvents alone.