bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of virulence: triggering host inflammation allows invading pathogens to exclude competitors
Authors: Brown Sam P. , Le Chat Ludovic , Taddei François 
Published: November 2007

AbstractVirulence is generally considered to benefit parasites by enhancing resource‐transfer from host to pathogen. Here, we offer an alternative framework where virulent immune‐provoking behaviours and enhanced immune resistance are joint tactics of invading pathogens to eliminate resident competitors (transferring resources from resident to invading pathogen). The pathogen wins by creating a novel immunological challenge to which it is already adapted. We analyse a general ecological model of ‘proactive invasion’ where invaders not adapted to a local environment can succeed by changing it to one where they are better adapted than residents. However, the two‐trait nature of the ‘proactive’ strategy (provocation of, and adaptation to environmental change) presents an evolutionary conundrum, as neither trait alone is favoured in a homogenous host population. We show that this conundrum can be resolved by allowing for host heterogeneity. We relate our model to emerging empirical findings on immunological mediation of parasite competition.
Predictors for acute and chronic pouchitis following restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis
Authors: Abdelrazeq A. S. , Kandiyil N. , Botterill I. D. , Lund J. N. , Reynolds J. R. , Holdsworth P. J. , Leveson S. H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective This study was undertaken to evaluate the cumulative incidence, onset and risk predicting factors for acute and chronic pouchitis.Method A consecutive series of patients (n = 210), who underwent restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) and had a minimum follow‐up of 12 months was reviewed. The cumulative incidence and onset of pouchitis was determined. Univariate analysis, followed by logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of various demographic, clinical and histopathologic variables with the subsequent development of acute and chronic pouchitis.Results A total of 198 patients were included. The mean follow‐up was 64 months (range, 12–180). Sixty‐four patients (32%) developed pouchitis, 35 acute and 29 chronic. The first episode of pouchitis occurred within the first year in 70% of cases. The presence of backwash ileitis (OR, 2.6; P = 0.015), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC; OR, 2; P = 0.018) and the duration of follow‐up (OR, 1.1; P = 0.043) were associated with a higher incidence of pouchitis. The duration of follow‐up was the only variable associated with acute pouchitis (P = 0.007). The presence of backwash ileitis and PSC were independent risk factors for chronic pouchitis (OR, 5.9; P < 0.001; OR, 2.8; P = 0.001 respectively).Conclusion Pouchitis is a heterogeneous disease which tends to occur early after restoration of gastrointestinal continuity. Patients with backwash ileitis and/or PSC are at considerable risk of developing chronic pouchitis. The strong association between backwash ileitis, PSC and chronic pouchitis suggests a common link in their pathogenesis.
Hereditary colorectal cancer: screen the parents (!)
Authors: Aryal K. R. , Perakath B. , Morton D. G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer is the most common form of hereditary colorectal cancer. Occasionally, the presentation of colorectal cancer may be at an early age when parents may be unidentified obligate carriers. The risk of colorectal cancer increases with increasing age, even in inherited disease. Therefore, it is important to screen parents of patients presenting at a young age and to obtain a complete pedigree to identify and screen those who are at risk. Two such families where the index case presented at a young age were encountered in our practice and both their mothers were found to have colorectal cancer on surveillance colonoscopy. We recommend that parents of the index cases should be screened and more detailed family pedigree obtained when patients present at a young age with colorectal cancer.
Systematic reviews and meta‐analyses in coloproctology: interpretation and potential pitfalls
Authors: Wille‐Jørgensen P. , Renehan A. G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA systematic review (SR) is the unbiased appraisal of systematically identified relevant studies. Implicit in its definition is a robust and scientifically valid process, and when performed as such, SR is an important clinical research tool and influence in health policy decision‐making. This educational paper outlines that, from the original prototype based on randomized trials, there are now many other types of SRs including those based on: nonrandomized comparative studies, observational studies, prognostic studies, and studies of diagnostic and screening tools. While each of these has a similar ‘anatomy’ or format, at an individual class level, there are principles specific to each SR type. Several examples from the coloproctology literature are used as case‐studies to illustrate potential pitfalls, and upon re‐analysis, often reverse or attenuate the conclusions stated in the original publication. These examples serve to emphasize the need for health professionals to understand the process of SR and meta‐analysis so that we all arrive at appropriate interpretations to the benefit of our patients.
What makes fisheries data informative?
Authors: Magnusson Arni , Hilborn Ray 
Published: November 2007

AbstractInformative data in fisheries stock assessment are those that lead to accurate estimates of abundance and reference points. In practice, the accuracy of estimated abundance is unknown and it is often unclear which features of the data make them informative or uninformative. Neither is it obvious which model assumptions will improve estimation performance, given a particular data set. In this simulation study, 10 hypotheses are addressed using multiple scenarios, estimation models, and reference points. The simulated data scenarios all share the same biological and fleet characteristics, but vary in terms of the fishing history. The estimation models are based on a common statistical catch‐at‐age framework, but estimate different parameters and have different parts of the data available to them. Among the findings is that a ‘one‐way trip’ scenario, where harvest rate gradually increases while abundance decreases, proved no less informative than a contrasted catch history. Models that excluded either abundance index or catch at age performed surprisingly well, compared to models that included both data types. Natural mortality rate,M, was estimated with some reliability when age‐composition data were available from before major catches were removed. Stock‐recruitment steepness,h, was estimated with some reliability when abundance‐index or age‐composition data were available from years of very low abundance. Understanding what makes fisheries data informative or uninformative enables scientists to identify fisheries for which stock assessment models are likely to be biased or imprecise. Managers can also benefit from guidelines on how to distribute funding and manpower among different data collection programmes to gather the most information.
Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of the temperate grass Brachypodium distachyon (genotype Bd21) for T‐DNA insertional mutagenesis
Authors: Vain Philippe , Worland Barbara , Thole Vera , McKenzie Neil , Alves Silvia C. , Opanowicz Magdalena , Fish Lesley J. , Bevan Michael W. , Snape John W. 
Published: November 2007

Summary Brachypodium distachyon is a promising model system for the structural and functional genomics of temperate grasses because of its physical, genetic and genome attributes. The sequencing of the inbred line Bd21 (http://www.brachypodium.org) started in 2007. However, a transformation method remains to be developed for the community standard line Bd21. In this article, a facile, efficient and rapid transformation system for Bd21 is described using Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of compact embryogenic calli (CEC) derived from immature embryos. Key features of this system include: (i) the use of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) associated with hygromycin selection for rapid identification of transgenic calli and plants; (ii) the desiccation of CEC after inoculation with Agrobacterium; (iii) the utilization of Bd21 plants regenerated from tissue culture as a source of immature embryos; (iv) the control of the duration of the selection process; and (v) the supplementation of culture media with CuSO4 prior to and during the regeneration of transgenic plants. Approximately 17% of CEC produced transgenic plants, enabling the generation of hundreds of T‐DNA insertion lines per experiment. GFP expression was observed in primary transformed Bd21 plants (T0) and their progeny (T1). The Mendelian inheritance of the transgenes was confirmed. An adaptor‐anchor strategy was developed for efficient retrieval of flanking sequence tags (FSTs) of T‐DNA inserts, and the resulting sequences are available in public databases. The production of T‐DNA insertion lines and the retrieval of associated FSTs reported here for the reference inbred line Bd21 will facilitate large‐scale functional genomics research in this model system.
FLP recombinase‐mediated site‐specific recombination in rice
Authors: Hu Qian , Kononowicz‐Hodges Halina , Nelson‐Vasilchik Kimberly , Viola David , Zeng Peiyu , Liu Haibo , Kausch Albert P. , Chandlee Joel M. , Hodges Thomas K. , Luo Hong 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe feasibility of using the FLP/FRT site‐specific recombination system in rice for genome engineering was evaluated. Transgenic rice plants expressing the FLP recombinase were crossed with plants harbouring the kanamycin resistance gene (neomycin phosphotransferase II, nptII) flanked by FRT sites, which also served to separate the corn ubiquitin promoter from a promoterless gusA. Hybrid progeny were tested for excision of the nptII gene and the positioning of the ubiquitin promoter proximal to gusA. While the hybrid progeny from various crosses exhibited β‐glucuronidase (GUS) expression, the progeny of selfed parental rice plants did not show detectable GUS activity. Despite the variable GUS expression and incomplete recombination displayed in hybrids from some crosses, uniform GUS staining and complete recombination were observed in hybrids from other crosses. The recombined locus was shown to be stably inherited by the progeny. These data demonstrate the operation of FLP recombinase in catalysing excisional DNA recombination in rice, and confirm that the FLP/FRT recombination system functions effectively in the cereal crop rice. Transgenic rice lines expressing active FLP recombinase generated in this study provide foundational stock material, thus facilitating the future application and development of the FLP/FRT system in rice genetic improvement.
Turning the Tide? Why Development Will Not Stop Migration
Authors: De Haas Hein 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTRestrictive immigration policies and the militarization of external border controls by the US and the EU have failed to significantly curb immigration from Latin America and Africa. Rather, they have led to greater reliance on increasingly risky and costly irregular migration and have paradoxically encouraged permanent settlement. A commonly presented ‘smart solution’ to curb immigration is to address the perceived root causes of migration through increasing aid or liberalizing trade with origin countries. Recently, policies to stimulate remittances and to promote temporary and circular migration have also been advocated as enhancing home country development, so that these forms of migration become a medicine against illegal and permanent migration. However, besides the limited scope and credibility of such policies, empirical and theoretical evidence strongly suggests that economic and human development increases people's capabilities and aspirations and therefore tends to coincide with an increase rather than a decrease in emigration, at least in the short to medium term. Under unfavourable conditions, trade, aid and remittances can be complements to, rather than substitutes for, migration also in the longer term. At the same time, demand for both skilled and unskilled migrant labour is likely to persist. Trade, aid, return migration and remittances are no short‐cut ‘solutions’ to migration, and sustained immigration therefore seems likely.
Ultima Thule: anthropology and the call of the unknown
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten 
Published: November 2007

This article discusses the way in which the constitutive condition of anthropology, often dismissed as ‘colonial’, is still inherent in anthropological practice. It is argued that anthropologists are still answering a ‘call of the unknown’ by which to expand the horizon of the modern social imaginary. The vehicle of this discussion is found in early Arctic ethnography, not least in the works of (Danish) Knud Rasmussen. It is shown how ancient images of the far northern world and its people persistently infiltrated the ethnographic descriptions, and how the ‘unknown’ is perceived through ‘known’ images. Nevertheless, the relationship between the known and the unknown is far from stable, because new horizons open and close in the process of understanding and description. This is still the case, and the result is a fluid field of knowledge that serves as a repository of doubt about canonical categories.RésuméLe présent article discute la manière dont la condition constitutive de l'anthropologie, souvent récusée comme « coloniale », est demeurée inhérente à la pratique anthropologique. L'auteur affirme que les anthropologues répondent encore à un « appel de l'inconnu » qui pousse àélargir l'horizon de l'imaginaire social moderne. Sa discussion se base sur les premiers travaux d'ethnographie arctique, en particulier ceux du Danois Knud Rasmussen. L'article montre comment les anciennes images du Grand Nord et de ses peuples ont imprégné durablement les descriptions ethnographiques, et comment « l'inconnu » est perçu au travers d'images connues. Pourtant, la relation entre le connu et l'inconnu est loin d'être stable car de nouveaux horizons s'ouvrent ou s'effacent au fil du processus de compréhension et de description. C'est encore le cas aujourd'hui, et il en résulte un champ mouvant de connaissance susceptible de remettre en cause les catégories canoniques.
Rights violations, rumour, and rhetoric: making sense of cannibalism in Mambasa, Ituri (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Authors: Pottier Johan 
Published: November 2007

In January 2003, in the midst of civil war, Mbuti pygmies from Mambasa, Ituri, informed human rights organizations and the media that relatives had been killed, cooked, and eaten by soldiers of the Mouvement pour la Libération du Congo (MLC). Nearly two years later, spectacularly, the accusers withdrew their testimonies. This article tries to make sense of the allegation and subsequent retraction by reviewing how the Congolese print media covered the story. Against the backdrop of turbulent politics and moral crisis, it is argued that ‘Cannibalism in Mambasa’ needs to be understood first and foremost as a politically driven metaphor of extreme violence and suffering, even though acts of cannibalism cannot be ruled out.RésuméEn janvier 2003, en pleine guerre civile dans l'Ituri, des Pygmées Mbuti de Mambasa informèrent les organisations humanitaires et les médias que des membres de leur tribu avaient été tués, cuits et dévorés par les soldats du Mouvement pour la Libération du Congo (MLC). Deux ans plus tard, les accusateurs se rétractaient spectaculairement. Le présent article tente de donner un sens à ces accusations puis aux rétractations, à travers la couverture de cette affaire par la presse congolaise. L'auteur affirme que dans ce contexte de grave crise politique et morale, le « cannibalisme à Mambasa » doit être d'abord, et avant tout, compris comme une métaphore politique de violence et de souffrance extrêmes, bien que l'on ne puisse pas exclure la possibilité que des actes de cannibalisme aient bien été commis.
Close encounters: UFO beliefs in a remote Australian Aboriginal community
Authors: Saethre Eirik 
Published: November 2007

Although UFOs, flying saucers, and extraterrestrials are traditionally considered to be concepts associated with the ‘West’, indigenous people are also familiar with these ideas. In a remote Aboriginal community in Central Australia, Warlpiri residents regularly sight and discuss UFOs. In addition to reflecting attributes of extraterrestrials found in film and television portrayals, Warlpiri descriptions of ‘the aliens’ also emphasize an involvement with the environment, local cosmological themes, and the engagement between Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal Australians. Consequently, Warlpiri UFO narratives are one way in which the boundedness of, and interplay between, Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal realms can be explored.RésuméAlors que les soucoupes volantes et les extraterrestres sont habituellement considérés comme des concepts « occidentaux », ils ne sont pas complètement inconnus des peuples indigènes. Les membres de la communauté aborigène de Warlpiri, isolée dans le centre de l'Australie, voient régulièrement des ovnis et en discutent. Tout en reproduisant les attributs des « aliens » tels que les représentent le cinéma et la télévision, les descriptions des Warlpiri expriment aussi un intérêt pour l'environnement, les thèmes cosmologiques locaux et la relation entre Australiens aborigènes et non aborigènes. Les récits de visions d'ovnis des Warlpiri constituent donc un moyen d'explorer les délimitations des sphères aborigène et non aborigène et les interactions entre celles‐ci.
How a plantation became paradise: changing representations of the homeland among displaced Chagos islanders
Authors: Jeffery Laura 
Published: November 2007

This article explores how representations of a homeland are transformed through experiences of displacement and resettlement, and asks how such transformed representations help or hinder political and legal struggles in exile. It compares songs composed by islanders while living on the colonial Chagos Archipelago with those composed by displaced Chagossians now living in Mauritius and Seychelles, which form part of an emergent collective historical imagination motivated by political and legal struggles for compensation and the right to return. The article demonstrates that a romanticized and standardized collective historical narrative has successfully elicited support for the Chagossian cause from diverse sources, but has unexpectedly posed major problems for the legal struggle.RésuméL'article explore la manière dont la représentation de la terre natale est transformée par l'expérience du déplacement et de la réinstallation, et interroge la manière dont ces représentations transformées favorisent ou gênent les luttes politiques et judiciaires en exil. L'auteur compare les chants des insulaires vivant dans l'archipel colonial de Chagos avec ceux composés par les Chagossiens déplacés et vivant désormais dans l'île Maurice et aux Seychelles. Ces derniers font émerger un imaginaire historique collectif motivé par les luttes politique et judiciaire pour l'obtention d'un dédommagement et du droit au retour. L'article démontre qu'une narration historique collective romancée et standardisée a provoqué l'adhésion à la cause chagossienne de la part de différents acteurs, mais a, de manière inattendue, posé des problèmes considérables dans le combat judiciaire.
To cross or not to cross? Subjectivization and the absent state in Cyprus
Authors: Demetriou Olga 
Published: November 2007

This article is an ethnographic exploration of the process through which citizens come to conceptualize their identities as political subjects in rapidly changing contexts. The focus of the article is the lifting, in 2003, of a ban on crossing between the northern and southern parts of the island of Cyprus, which had been instituted in 1974. The article examines how this new political change affected state rhetoric, and concentrates on the reactions of Greek‐Cypriot citizens to this shift. These data are related to the wider discussion on the political theory of subjectivity and the concept of ‘event’, where, it is argued, anthropology has a significant contribution to make.RésuméLe présent article est une exploration ethnographique des processus par lequel les citoyens en viennent à conceptualiser leurs identités comme sujets politiques dans des contextes de changements rapides. Il est centré sur l'abolition, en 2003, de l'interdiction de passage imposée en 1974 entre les parties Nord et Sud de l'île de Chypre. L'auteur examine la manière dont ce nouveau changement politique a affecté la rhétorique étatique, et se concentre sur les réactions des Chypriotes Grecs à cette évolution. Ces données sont replacées dans un cadre de discussion plus large sur la théorie politique de la subjectivité et le concept « d'événement », auquel l'anthropologie peut, selon l'auteur, apporter une contribution importante.
HEURISTIC EXPECTATION FORMATION AND BUSINESS CYCLES: A SIMPLE LINEAR MODEL
Authors: Westerhoff Frank H. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTWe develop a Keynesian business cycle model to study how extrapolative and regressive expectation formation rules may affect fluctuations in economic activity. We find that simple expectation formation rules may have an impact on the level and the stability of the equilibrium income, the size of the multiplier and the resulting adjustment process after an exogenous shocks. Our model also reveals that national income may be influenced by how agents perceive their long‐run average income.
Different Gene Expressions on the Left and the Right: A Genotype/Phenotype Mismatch in Need of Attention
Authors: Mittwoch Ursula 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDiscordance in monozygotic twins has traditionally been explained in terms of environmental influences. A recent investigation has found a difference in epigenetic markers in older but not in younger twins. However, phenotypic differences that depend on an individual's postnatal life style do not address the problem of discordance in congenital malformations, or the reason why malformations are frequently unilateral, often with a preference for one or the other side. One such condition, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, which is preferentially expressed on the left, is a multifactorial condition, that is caused by a failure of the critical timing necessary for different groups of cells to meet and develop into a normal face. This process is dependent on cell proliferation and migration, which are energy‐dependent, while the additional requirement for apoptosis to allow cell fusion suggests the involvement of mitochondria. Recent progress in two separate areas of research could lead to a better understanding of the problem of facial clefts: (1) the recognition of an interaction between gene products and mitochondria in the aetiology of neurodegenerative diseases and (2) the discovery of an increasing number of genes, including transcription factors, growth factors and members of the TGF‐β signalling family, that are differentially expressed on the left and right side, thus pointing to a difference in their micro‐environment. These findings emphasize the importance of investigating the activity of candidate genes for complex developmental processes separately on the left and right sides. Data presented in this review suggest that differential growth rates may lead to an inversion of laterality. A method is described to test for a possible mitochondrial difference between left and right sides, using a mouse model with cleft lip.