bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
61.13 Amida
Authors: Turner Roseline 
Published: January 2007

Have you heard of the game of Amida? It seems to be unknown in Europe, but in Japan is very commonly used as a method for drawing lots. It also provides an engaging example of a one-one correspondence which may be useful to teachers in several contexts.The procedure is as follows. The adjudicator draws on a sheet of paper a sort of compound ladder consisting of a number of uprights, one for each contestant, joined by horizontal rungs, in such a way that each rung joins a pair of adjacent uprights, and no two rungs have a common endpoint on an upright (Fig. 1). Subject to these rules, the adjudicator may place the rungs as he pleases, and as many or as few as he likes, even none at all.
Braided rotating rings
Authors: Pedersen Jean J. 
Published: January 2007

James R. Newman observed that “the most painful thing about mathematics is how far away you are from being able to use it after you have learned it” ([1], Vol. 3, p. 1978). Perhaps there is some sort of natural justice, then, in the fact that one of the most pleasant things about mathematics is that you don’t need to know very much about the subject in order to enjoy the puzzles, pastimes and toys that the study of mathematics has produced.This article gives instructions for a new way to construct the mathematician’s toy which is called a “rotating ring”. I publish it in hopes that it may give you some pleasure and also provide a means by which you can entice your students to study the more serious aspects of solid geometry.
Diderot and the geoboard
Authors: Glenn John 
Published: January 2007

The first published description of the geoboard appears to have been given as an incidental illustration to Denis Diderot’s Letter on the blind (1774).The savants of the eighteenth century were interested in blindness as a problem for speculative philosophy. If the mind is a tabula rasa at birth, how will it develop if the sovereign sense is absent? Diderot held that the blind man would not only form different physical concepts, but different aesthetic and even different moral values. In the end he would inevitably come to a different set of religious beliefs and hence, Diderot argued, the concept of God was relative to our senses.
A generalisation of the postage stamps problem
Authors: Planitz Max 
Published: January 2007

In his recent note “On buying postage stamps” in the June 1987 Gazette, John Gilder discusses the solution in integers of the equation12x + 17y =100z,where x is the number of second class stamps (at the old rate of 12p), y the number of first class stamps (at 17p), and z the total cost in pounds. A simple algorithm, which can also be applied to equations involving three or more independent variables, is obtained from the following result.
The Political Frogs
Authors: Silvester John R. 
Published: January 2007

In the High and Far-Off Times, O Best Beloved, before GCSE, frogs did not spend their days in queue-jumping investigations. Each frog sat on a lily-pad in the middle of his very own pond, wondering how to get to the edge.Now these frogs were Progressive Frogs—more than that, O Best Beloved, they were Geometrically Progressive Frogs, and each time they jumped, they could only manage to jump half the distance of their last jump.
The origin of Ferrers graphs
Authors: Kimberling Clark 
Published: January 2007

Every year, thousands of students around the world encounter Ferrers graphs. Most of these students probably assume that Ferrers was a mathematician and that his name is among the hundreds at a well-known website specialising in mathematical biography. The first assumption is correct.Norman Macleod Ferrers was born 11 August 1829 in Gloucester. In 1851, he received a BA degree from Cambridge University, with honours. He was Senior Wrangler and winner of first prize in the Smith mathematics competition. He studied law and was called to the bar in 1855, but returned to Caius College in 1856 as a mathematical lecturer, and was ordained apriest in 1861.
The accurate summation of some awkward series
Authors: Cooker Mark J. 
Published: January 2007

In 1822 Joseph Fourier published an account of his work on the mathematical theory of heat. In his book Fourier considered the representation of a function f(x), which is defined on an interval such as 0 x < 2π, by an infinite sum of trigonometric functions:where the trailing dots indicate the sum goes on forever. The series is written more concisely with sigma notation aswhere x is restricted to an interval such as 0 x < 2π, and a0, an and bn are constant coefficients.
Have you seen this number?
Authors: Sharp John 
Published: January 2007

The Fibonacci series 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,.... is well known because so many properties have been found for it and because there are many instances of it occurring both in nature and mathematics. It is of course formed from the recurrence relationship
The Tribonacci series 0,1,1,2,4,7,13,24,44,81,149,... is formed in a similar way but from the recurrence
The Teresh, the Etruscans and Asia Minor
Authors: Wainwright G. A. 
Published: January 2007

In Antiquity the opinion was strongly held that the Etruscans came from Asia Minor, and in modern times their many connections with that country have long been self-evident.There have been three theories about their origin; the oriental, the northern and the autochthonous. Of these even Pallottino, who favours the autochthonous theory, says that the oriental is the best known and the most widely accepted, though he rejects it on the ground that there is little evidence for a settlement in central Italy in the Bronze Age. Then, though he mentions the Teresh of the Egyptian monuments and the probability of the identity of that name with that of the Tyrsenoi, he passes on to a discussion of the Orientalising civilisation of the 8th and 7th centuries. In the same way Brandenstein discusses Herodotus' account of Tyrsenos and other similar records and the Turuscha (Teresh), yet later on uses the alphabet, the Urartian connections, etc., as evidence for the oriental origin of the Etruscans. But these of course belong to the 8th and 7th centuries not to the time of Tyrsenos and the Teresh.
Anatolian Chronology in the Early and Middle Bronze Age
Authors: Mellaart James 
Published: January 2007

Modern scientific excavation did not start in Turkey until the nineteen-thirties and it is therefore not surprising that Anatolian chronology has been somewhat neglected in the past.Since the war, however, Anatolian archaeology has made rapid progress. New excavations, publication of old ones and systematic field-surveys have added a vast amount of new material, much of it stratified. These new results call for a reconsideration of Anatolian chronology, not as an adjunct to that of Syria and the Aegean, but in its own right. The recent excavations at Kültepe, near Kayseri, undertaken by T. and N. Özgüç for the Turkish Historical Society, have produced literary evidence for relating the Anatolian culture-sequences to those of Mesopotamia in and before the Hammurabi period. This new material has a direct bearing on the vexed problem of dating the Hammurabi period and the rise of the Hittite Old Kingdom and at last enables one to establish the chronology of the area, not only in relation to Mesopotamia, but also in absolute dates.
The Development and Diffusion of Metal Types in Early Bronze Age Anatolia
Authors: Stronach D. B. 
Published: January 2007

The following account of the origin, development and diffusion of certain metal types, which appear in Anatolia mainly before 2000 B.C., represents the first part of a larger study of Anatolian metalwork in the Bronze Age. The objects of this study are to bring the corpus of published material more up-to-date; to examine the typological development of the main types; to relate these types to local chronological and cultural divisions; and to indicate the wider relations of the Anatolian metal industry with other centres of production.The need for such a study is illustrated by the fact that S. Przeworski's standard work on this subject, Die Metallindustrie Anatoliens in der Zeit von 1500–700 vor Chr., was published almost twenty years ago, at a time when modern excavation had only begun to lay the foundations of Anatolian archaeology.More recently, Mrs. Maxwell-Hyslop has included some of the Bronze Age metalwork from Anatolia in wider schemes of typological development. But as this treatment tends to compress certain details of local evolution, which are important in a study such as this, I have often had to introduce a fresh classification in order to clarify the development of the Anatolian material. To avoid confusion I have used the prefix “Western Asiatic” to distinguish Mrs. Maxwell-Hyslop's types from my own.
Roman Roads in Lycaonia
Authors: Ballance M. H. 
Published: January 2007

The following article is an attempt to reconstruct the Roman road-system of Eastern Lycaonia from the Peutinger Table (the only ancient itinerary that refers to this region), from published and unpublished milestones and from impressions received on journeys there in 1956 and 1957. I am indebted especially to Sir William Calder for his help at all stages, including the use of his note-books, and also to Messrs. A. S. Hall and J. G. Macqueen, who travelled with me in 1957.The area covered is in the main that between Laodiceia Combusta on the west and the foot of Hasan Dağ on the east. It is divided into two parts by the great sweep of Boz Dağ, a quarter circle of mountains rising some 500 m. above the surrounding country and separating the fertile and monotonously flat plain of Iconium from the undulating steppe to north and east (map, fig. 1). In Strabo's time the area outside Boz Dağ was a semi-arid waste grazed by vast flocks of sheep and even wild asses, and until the introduction of mechanised methods of farming in the last few years, sheep have always been the principal livelihood of the local population. Water is scarce and many of the wells are over 50 m. deep.
The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond
Authors: Ballance Selina 
Published: January 2007

The material in this article was collected during a three-month stay in Trebizond (now Trabzon) in the summer of 1958, financed by the Henry L. Florence bursary awarded by the R.I.B.A., to whom I am most grateful not only for the bursary but for permission to publish the material collected.My especial thanks are due to Mr. David Winfield, leader of the Russell Trust Expedition which is cleaning the wall-paintings in St. Sophia, Trebizond, for immense help and encouragement and for introductions both to churches and to officials; to the officials, especially the Director of Education and the Mufti, for their courtesy and assistance; to Bayan Aliye Aşurbay; and to the many tapeholders, both Turkish and British, who were pressed into service.
Excavations at Hacılar, Fourth Preliminary Report, 1960
Authors: Mellaart James 
Published: January 2007

The fourth and final season of excavations at Hacılar, carried out under the auspices of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, lasted from 1st August till 7th September, 1960. In spite of a number of difficulties such as shortage of staff, workmen and time, a most successful season of work was accomplished.The Assistant Director was in charge, ably assisted by Mrs. Mellaart (housekeeping, accounts, registry and photography), Miss Clare Goff (surveyor) and Mr. David French (pottery expert). Bay I. Ebcioğlu represented the Turkish Department of Antiquities. Once more the expedition was accommodated in the large school building. For this final season we are especially grateful to Francis Neilson, Esq., Mrs. I. Ainley, the British Academy, the Russell Trust and the Munroe Fund of Edinburgh University, without whose timely help this season might not have taken place.
The Serpent Column in Ottoman Sources
Authors: Ménage V. L. 
Published: January 2007

Just over a century ago the first excavations at the foot of the Serpent Column in the Hippodrome at Istanbul led to the discovery on it of the engraved names of the city-states whose contingents had fought at Plataea, thus confirming the justice of Gibbon's caustic footnote on its authenticity: that “the guardians of the most holy relics would rejoice if they were able to produce such a chain of evidence as may be alleged” from the Classical and Byzantine historians and from the accounts of European travellers.When first set up at Delphi, the monument represented three snakes, whose intertwined bodies formed the column, and whose three heads, with gaping jaws, branched out to make a triangular support for a golden tripod. The tripod did not long survive, but the bronze column with the three heads, transported by Constantine to his new capital, apparently remained undamaged until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans. All three heads had, however, disappeared by the time of Gibbon, who alleged that the discrepancies in the travellers' descriptions were “occasioned only by the injuries which [the Column] has sustained from the Turks”, and reproduced Thévenot's story that Meḥemmed II, on his triumphal entry into the city, “as a trial of his strength … shattered with his iron mace or battle-axe the under-jaw of one of these monsters, which in the eyes of the Turks were the idols or talismans of the city.”
Aşıklı Hüyük—A Protoneolithic Site in Central Anatolia
Authors: Todd Ian A. 
Published: January 2007

The site of Aşıklı Hüyük lies in the vilayet of Niğde, ca. 25 km. south-east of Aksaray and ca. 1 km. south of Kızılkaya Köy, on the right bank of the Melendiz Çay. The existence of a mound here was first made known to the writer by Dr. Edmund Gordon who was examining the area for Hittite remains, and the site was visited by the writer several times during the summer and autumn of 1964 when the collection of obsidian implements discussed in this paper was made.Set in the narrow but very fertile valley of the Melendiz Çay beside the river, there is an ample water supply, and the sides of the valley are suitable for the growing of crops. The mound has been considerably eroded by the river, and in places six metre high sections have been laid bare. This erosion of the site is mainly responsible for the very large quantities of obsidian implements and small finds that were found. Originally a very large hüyük, the site is still very considerable, and it is impossible to tell how much has been destroyed by erosion. The size of the mound is also difficult to judge because the ground slopes up gently from the site to the hills which form the edge of the valley, and only by excavation can the limits of the occupied area be established.
Excavations at Çatal Hüyük, 1962: Second Preliminary Report
Authors: Mellaart James 
Published: January 2007

The excavations at Çatal Hüyük, the neolithic city mound in the Konya Plain, which were begun in 1961 were continued during the summer of 1962. The second season of excavation began on 7th June and lasted until 14th August, sixty working days, with a labour force which never exceeded thirty-five men, mostly trained under our foreman, Veli Karaaslan, at Beycesultan and Hacılar. Once again our trusted ustas included Rifat Çelimli, Mustafa Duman and Bekir Kalayci. Survey equipment and transport for the expedition were generously provided by Turkse Shell, Ankara.The 1962 season was financed by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, New York, a bequest from the late Mr. Francis Neilson, the Australian Institute of Archaeology and its President, Mr. W. J. Beasley, The British Academy, the University of Edinburgh and the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. In addition the Director had a personal fellowship from the Bollingen Foundation, New York.
Aşvan Kale
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this interim report is to give a description of the major architectural features of the site, the evidence for their dating, and a brief account of the artifactual remains from them. This work is necessarily incomplete: only the major excavated levels are distinguished and illustrated; a detailed division of the Medieval levels into subsidiary phases has not been attempted here; and before a complete and definitive account of the artifactual remains, especially the pottery, can be given, further work must be done on the material. This may throw new light on the problems of dating.Fig. 1 shows the area excavated, with the exception of the step trenches dug down the north side of the mound, which are of no direct relevance to the architecture of the later periods considered here, and the trenches on the west side of the mound, dug ad hoc to investigate the later Medieval structures. These are shown in Figs. 11 and 12. The continuous thin lines in Fig. 1 indicate the internal sections which were drawn from the topsoil to the point where excavation was halted but which were later removed.
Household Structures and Activities
Authors: Weinstein Matina 
Published: January 2007

The study lasted two months during the summer of 1972 (19th July–14th September) and was approached by means of three techniques:1. participant observation;2. observation;3. interviews.The first consists in the researcher entering the household, establishing contact with the family, and then studying the everyday life by direct observation and participation in the activities. This technique allows freer access to the household than would normally be possible utilizing other techniques, and thus facilitates the collection of detailed data. This technique was applied to one household (referred to as the “study household”) in the village. Although data were collected on many aspects of daily life, special emphasis was placed on obtaining information about those activities which it was felt would have some relevance to archaeological problems in general.The second approach involves general observations of the village women at work, and in particular, observations of five other village households with which other members of the project co-operated.The third approach involved questioning the “study household” and the other five on general topics, such as the length of time taken to perform certain activities.
The Second Millennium Chronology of Beycesultan
Authors: Mellaart James 
Published: January 2007

Although Beycesultan III; the Late Bronze Age is in the course of preparation, it would appear from a number of reviews of Beycesultan II, London, 1965, that some of our colleagues still maintain the erroneous view that Beycesultan was uninhabited during the Late Bronze Age. It is the purpose of this article to show that this view is not supported by the evidence; on the contrary Beycesultan has a rich and well stratified sequence of Late Bronze Age building-levels (III–IA), that run parallel to the Hittite New Kingdom deposits of Central Anatolia.In the absence of epigraphic material or radiocarbon dates, the dating evidence from Beycesultan consists primarily of a stratified pottery sequence, for which occasional typological parallels can be found at other sites in Anatolia.
A Hieroglyphic Hittite Inscription from Porsuk
Authors: Hawkins J. D. 
Published: January 2007

The inscription under consideration is at present on exhibition in Niğde archaeological museum, where it bears the inventory number 369. For permission to publish it, as well as for every assistance in taking a squeeze and photographs I am much indebted to Bay Kemal Germiyanoğlu, the curator. While working on this inscription in Niğde, and on the Babil stele in Adana published below, I received the necessary permission and support from the Turkish Department of Antiquities, for which I am very grateful. My work was made possible by a travel grant from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.The inscription is incised on a rectangular-faced block of white limestone approximately 130 cm. in length. The ends and the top of this block are only roughly smoothed, the top in fact sloping away towards the back. In this upper surface at either end a shallow groove is visible, such as would have held the metal clamps often used in antiquity to secure masonry. This would indicate that the block had formed part of a wall, with only the inscribed front face exposed.
A Note on the Neolithic Grain from Can Hasan
Authors: Renfrew Jane M. 
Published: January 2007

Small samples from two larger deposits of grain and seeds discovered in the 1967 season's work at Can Hasan were examined by the writer, and it was thought useful to submit a short note on them before the whole deposits were examined in detail. Both of them come from Layer 5.The first sample (Can Hasan 1967 Batch 2203) contained 14 grains of Hordeum hexastichum (Hulled six-row barley) (Fig. 1), and 5 grains of Triticum sp. which were too fragmentary to be identified more specifically than as “wheat”.
The Question of Byzantine Mines in the Pontos: Chalybian Iron, Chaldian Silver, Koloneian Alum and the Mummy of Cheriana
Authors: Bryer A. A. M. 
Published: January 2007

This article began as a Note, offering literary evidence for the working of the glittering black sands found on some Euxine beaches to relate to the analyses of two samples made by R. F. Tylecote in his “Iron sands from the Black Sea,” Anatolian Studies, 31 (1981), 137–9. But in preparing it I read Prentiss S. de Jesus's lucid study of The development of prehistoric mining and metallurgy in Anatolia(Oxford, 1980), and re-read Speros Vryonis Jr.'s pioneering article on “The question of the Byzantine mines,” in Speculum, 37 (1962), 1–17. This explains why, while the Note has grown into a modest article, its conclusions have shrunk.For sources for Byzantine mining from the seventh to twelfth centuries, Vryonis had largely to fall back upon prospective and retrospective literary evidence: mostly legal before the seventh, and Turkish after the thirteenth century. He noted how very few direct references there are to mining in the central period and in Byzantine Anatolia thereafter, and while I can add a handful of further indications for Pontic iron, alum and mummy, I must discount his most important one for silver. Vryonis offered a choice of answers to his question: either that “Byzantium had no access to mines and therefore they did not appear in the sources;” or that Byzantines did mine, but “Byzantine sources simply do not mention this type of ordinary or common matter.” Vryonis favoured the latter solution, but the question remains largely where he left it twenty years ago, and his explanation was cited again recently.
Metallurgical and Archaeological Examination of Phrygian Objects
Authors: Atasoy Ertuǧrul , Buluç Sevim 
Published: January 2007

In 1968–69, three Phrygian tumuli in the vicinity of Ankara were excavated under the auspices of the Middle East Technical University and under the general supervision of Professor Ekrem Akurgal. The evidence from these tombs was initially examined from a purely archaeological standpoint. Recently, however, some of the metal findings were subjected to study through the application of physical and chemical analyses. The results have led to a re-examination of original conclusions drawn from the archaeological evidence.In this paper, we present some of the results which have been obtained through these metallurgical analyses. But first, we would like to provide some general background information about the artifacts and about the locations at which they were found.During the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. Ankara appears to have been the second most important Phrygian city after Gordion. Explorations in Ankara have revealed approximately twenty tumuli, dating from the eighth century to the middle of the sixth century B.C.