bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les immigrés originaires des pays de l'est dans l'agglomeration romaine
Authors: Weber Serge 
Published: October 2008

Serge Weber, Les immigrés originaires des pays de l'Est dans l'agglomération romaine, p. 431-439.

L'Italie est aujourd'hui particulièrement concernée par de nouveaux phénomènes migratoires. Les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale sont devenus depuis la chute du «rideau de fer» une nouvelle région de départ qui a la particularité de se distinguer des flux traditionnels de travailleurs observés dans les années 1950 et 1960. Ces flux répondent en effet à un besoin qui semble conjoncturel et lié au coût de la transition à l'économie de marché.
Ce contexte s'est trouvé en concommitance avec une autre transformation, dans les pays occidentaux cette fois, et au premier chef en Italie, la généralisation de la flexibilité du marché du travail, avec des besoins accrus en main-d'œuvre temporaire et qualifiée, dans le cadre d'un capitalisme soumis à une concurrence de plus en plus forte. Ces deux phénomènes conjoints sont à l'origine d'un système migratoire particulier marqué par des mouvements à court terme et de nombreux aller-retours, appelé désormais «circulation migratoire» qu'on peut résumer comme correspondant à l'installation des migrants dans la mobilité et non plus comme l'installation à long terme sinon pour toujours dans un pays étranger.
Cette brève intervention s'attache à montrer la spécificité de ces flux et celle de Rome comme point de destination offrant des avantages économiques (l'importance de l'économie informelle, du travail à domicile et de l'emploi tertiaire en général) et sociaux (présence de communautés étrangères anciennement articulées par les Églises nationales).
Perspectives étrangères et françaises pour 1983 et 1984
Authors:   Département des diagnostics et d'économétrie de l'OFCE, Fonteneau Alain , Boudier Marie-Annick , Boutillier Michel , Charpin Françoise , Topol Richard , Muet Pierre-Alain , Villa Pierre 
Published: October 2008

The forecast results fall into three categories :
—those concerning the world economy : the evolutions expected in the USA, Germany, UK and Italy and also in world demand ;
—the short-term outlook for France as determined by the econometric model « OFCE-Annual » along with graphs illustrating the current analysis of business conditions ; —finally, the uncertainties concerning some elements of the forecast are considered viz the impact, in 1984, of a strong dollar (8 FF) and a lower increasing purchasing power of guaranteed minimum wage.
L'investissement direct des Etats-Unis dans les pays occidentaux depuis 1980 : une évaluation économétrique
Authors: Henry Jérôme 
Published: October 2008

Since 1980 the direct investments of the United States in western developed countries have fluctuated considerably. The large disinvestment of the early eighties in Europe and Canada has been recently followed by substantial reinvestments.
This paper introduces a theoretical explanation of the decision to invest abroad, considered as a two-step process : the allocation of productive capital and the financing of investment. Depending on how foreign subsidiaries are bound to their parent, we get two possible modelling formulations.
Whatever modelling method is chosen, the econometric tests performed for every country (Canada, United-Kingdom, West-Germany, the Netherlands, France and Italy) over the period 1962-1986 stress the financial return of setting up production abroad. The other variables considered (factor costs and local demands) play a minor part in the accumulation of capital abroad.
In addition, we test the hypothesis of a common evolution of the share of exports in production and the accumulation of direct investment abroad. On the basis of the figures for Canada, the Netherlands, France and Italy, we observe that such a relation does exist between exports of US goods and US capital.
Après Maastrich : quelles politiques économiques en Europe ?
Authors: Delessy Henri , Lerais Frédéric , Paris-Horvitz Sébastien , Sterdyniak Henri 
Published: October 2008

After Maastricht: Which economic policies in Europe?
The Maastricht Treaty presents Europe with the difficult problem of economic policy organization in Europe in a transitory stage as well as in the working of a single currency zone. Two points of view conflict: some argue that the construction of Europe should help foster an active economic policy towards growth. By contrast, the Maastricht agreement opts for a « virtuous » economic policy in Europe by adopting rigorous criteria for public debt and deficits and also by setting up an independent central bank.
Agreements plan a transitory stage that will dictate economic policy for the European countries. This stage appears in a context of weak growth. By now, 1 0 of the 1 2 EC countries do not fulfill the Maastricht criteria and must apply restrictive economic policy. This is difficult to justify for some countries, that despite a large public debt, have a balance with the rest of the World. The fiscal adjustment required is extremely strong for some countries: 7.5 points in GDP for Italy, 7 points for Belgium and Greece, 2 points for Ireland. A simulation carried out with the MIMOSA model, shows that, if those countries applied a policy which represents half of what is needed to achieve the Treaty's criteria, the rate of growth of Europe would be 0,3 % lower during the first three years and its level 1 .5 % lower than its baseline in 1999. This economic policy would have a very recessive impact on the countries, but the aim of a public debt lower than 60% of GDP would not be achieved. That does not augur well for economic policy organization in the European Union. The treaty plans that an independent central bank be put in charge of price stability above all. Countries won't have any influence on monetary policy but let it to rigorous policy advocate. By contrast, countries won't have to be careful to their external balance neither to fear unfavourable expectations of exchange rate. This freedom could be useful but also risky if each country undertakes a boom. To prevent this, the Treaty imposes limits on debt and deficit, without taking into account short run or structural situations, which can call for more freedom. The Maastricht agreement can contribute to impulse growth in Europe, but at the present stage, it does not plan satisfactory co-ordination between the ECB, responsible for the monetary policy and the thirteen fiscal authorities. New agreements, instituting co-ordination of all economic policy instruments are needed.
La politique monétaire sans monnaie
Authors: Creel Jérôme , Sterdyniak Henri 
Published: October 2008

The vanishing of the gap between monetary and financial assets prevent central Banks from fixing the interest rate according to the evolution of a monetary aggregate. Central banks fix the short-term nominal interest rate each period; the monetary aggregate, whatever its arbitrary definition, is determined by demand; inflation results jointly from monetary and fiscal policies and from private sector behaviour; monetary financing of public deficits disappeared. Theorists must give up LM curve. Fixing the interest rate according to the final targets of monetary policy (inflation, output) is the best schedule for monetary policy. It does not create price level indetermination, even in models with perfect prices flexibility. The codetermination of inflation, real interest rate and public debt may be a source of instability, conflict or cooperation between fiscal and monetary policies. It is possible to construct a monetary theory without money.
JEL Codes : E50, E63.
Les comptables nationaux s'accordent entre eux. Modification de la comptabilité nationale en France
Authors: Chauvin Valérie 
Published: October 2008

France has changed its national accounts, and their basis year is now 1995 instead of 1980. National accounts are regularly changed for two reasons. Firstly, the concepts used to compute the data become gradually inadequate. Measures must then evolve. Since the previous System of national accounts of the United Nations, accountants have made a tremendous effort of synthesis. National accounts are easier to compare across countries and to compare with international statistics. Secondly, changing the accounts means a deeper analysis of the economy at a certain time. From 1978 to 1999, French growth has not been changed on average. However, the contributions to this growth have changed : a lesser dynamism of consumption is compensated for by more dynamic investments and stocks. In the institutional sectors, non financial business have experienced the greatest change : their saving rate has been eut down.
JEL Code : M40
Nouvelles analyses d'obsidiennes du Proche-Orient : modèle de géochimie des magmas utilisé pour la recherche archéologique
Authors: Cauvin Marie-Claire , Besnus Yves , Tripier J. , Montigny Raymond 
Published: October 2008

Research on the origins of the obsidian was carried out on 52 geological and archaeological samples, by means of multi-element chemical analyses; 27 major elements and trace elements were examined using spark, flame and plasma emission spectrometry (ICP). These analyses were exploited by using models of the geochemistry of magmas : partial fusion, fractionated crystallisation, partition coefficients. Their specific characteristics lead to particular focus on the elements, called "hygromagmaphiles", which are concentrated in a magma during its evolution. Here these are four lanthanides, La, Ce, Yb, Lu, as well as Y, Zr, Nb and Zn.
Five samples, chosen from the geochemical families of Bingöl, were moreover tested by thermoluminescence, tests which led to a relative chronology in three parts : two successive outflows with, for the oldest, an age probably much more than I million years, and a sample artificially heated at about 8 000 BP. The method leads us to consider two types of criteria which permit the attribution of objects to the same geological site. I) Identity of chemical compositions, particularly in hygromagmaphile elements : provenance of the same outflow. 2) Different chemical compositions, but conservation of relations between hygromagmaphile elements : provenance of successive outflows coming from the same magma. It is thus that the two families of Bingöl are confirmed and explained : they are comagmatic and correspond to outflows of different ages, which are confirmed by thermoluminescence tests. One sample indicates that it could come from a third outflow at Bingöl, which would be interesting to investigate in the field.
These analyses show the particular importance of the Anatolian stratum at Bingöl for the supply of obsidian to neolithic (P.P.N.B.) and chalcolithic villages, not only in the Taurus and in upper Mesopotamia, but also well to the south, in an oasis of the Syrian desert (El Kowm).
From hearth to furnace : evidences for the earliest metal smelting technologies in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Craddock Paul T. 
Published: October 2008

The first controlled use of fire in metallurgy dates from the eighth millennium ВС, when native copper was deliberately heated to form artifacts. Problems how to distinguish between native copper and smelted copper are addressed, especially what concerns the role of iron in copper. It is shown that the technological roots of metallurgy have nothing in common with pottery kilns. Metallurgy is an independent development. The decisive factor was the introduction of charcoal that was important to produce reducing conditions during firing. The earliest stages in metallurgy are represented by a non-slagging process. Reduction of ores was carried out in crucibles as exemplified by finds from Anatolia, Iran, Jordan, and the Iberian Peninsula.
Special attention is paid to the putative early stages of metallurgy claimed to exist at Timna. The so-called Neolithic and Chalcolithic copper smelting there is critically discussed in the light of radio carbon data. Wind-powered furnaces played a major role in Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy, as exemplified by sites in the Feinan-area, in Wadi Dara, Egypt, and at numerous sites in the Aegean. Later, artificial air supply by bellows and tuyeres was introduced.
Prospection géophysique à al-Rawda et urbanisme en Syrie au Bronze ancien
Authors: Gondet Sébastien , Castel Corinne 
Published: October 2008

The site of al-Rawda, which has been excavated since 2002 by a franco-syrian team, is situated in the Shamiyeh, on the very edge of Early Bronze Age settlements in the steppe lands. The presence of well-preserved archaeological levels of the latter part of the Early Bronze Age just beneath the mound's present surface has led us to carry out a geophysical survey on the tell of al-Rawda during autumn 2003 in order to understand urbanism at this site. This survey reveals a regular, dense settlement plan, organised around a concentric road network, which is the result of careful planning and certainly of a political will. The domestic and monumental buildings (which include at least two temples in antis) respect the general organisation of the town. One of the temples has been discovered as a result of the geophysical survey without any excavation. The organisation of the buildings and the road network reveals an elaborate urban plan which was not subjected to any later disturbance ; we can probably speak of a new town, even if it was built over earlier structures for which we have some evidence, but whose nature and extent remain to be defined.
These survey results combined with information obtained through excavation allow us to consider the site of al-Rawda a proper town with the multiple functions of a town (defensive, residential, economic, religious), at least in the last phases of occupation or the end of Early Bronze IV. This settlement may even be considered an urban center which is necessarily the work of a sedentary population. Comparison with other sites occupied during the same period seems to show that an urban pattern existed which is characteristic of the steppe and of the marginal agricultural lands in Syria during the Early Bronze Age. Like al-Rawda, these towns are circular, fortified and organised around a concentric road network.
Sida, un enjeu global de sécurité
Authors: Elbe Stefan 
Published: October 2008

■ Stefan Elbe, AIDS, a Global Stake of Security
This article argues that the global AIDS pandemic is no longer solely a health issue, but also has emerging human, national, and international security dimensions that must be acknowledged by scholars and international policy-makers. In order to substantiate this argument, this article specifically analyses these three dimensions in greater detail, and outlines the broad policy implications that follow from such an analysis. It is important to recognize these security dimensions of the AIDS pandemic, the article concludes, (i) in order to arrive at a more comprehensive understanding of the nature and extent of the contemporary pandemic ; (ii) in order for the level of the international response to become commensurate with the extent of the global challenge posed by the AIDS pandemic ; and (iii) because the security sector, as a high-risk group and vector of the virus, can make a responsible contribution to international efforts to reduce the transmission of HIV/AIDS.
Herbert Dieckmann, historien et philosophe des Lumières
Authors: Chouillet Jacques 
Published: October 2008

J. Chouillet : Herbert Dieckmann, Historian and Philosopher of the Enlightenment.
This hommage to Herbert Dieckmann, who died in 1986, takes the form of a detailed analysis of his work on the Enlightenment, accompanied by a bibliography of his writings (including his reviews) on the 18th Century. His work is studied chronologically in order to bring out the development of his interest in the 18th Century in relation to his own intellectual history following his exile from Germany. The article brings out in particular Dieckmann's invaluable contribution to Diderot studies and his rôle as a guide and pathfinder, not only in relation to the discovery and conservation of the Vandeul manuscripts, but also in his intuitions and editions of texts which opened the way for later research on Diderot in particular and the Englightenment in general. This analysis of Herbert Dieckmann's work is thus at the same time a history of Diderot research.
Trois Pascal dans la pensée de Diderot
Authors: Nakagawa Hisayasu 
Published: October 2008

Hisayasu Nakagawa : The Three Pascals in Diderot's Thought.
Pascal is a frequent référence for Diderot ; an analysis of the role he plays in Diderot's thought reveals three different Pascals. Diderot's earliest reaction is, on the one hand, hostility to the Jansenist Pascal and, on the other, admiration for the scientist and the polemicist. Gradually, however, there appears more sympathy for Pascal as a thinker, which can be linked to Diderot's concern for posterity. The debate with Falconet is also a dialogue with Pascal in which faith in the judgement of posterity, based on a wager similar to Pascal's, replaces Christian faith.
Conversation par écrit
Authors: Buffat Marc 
Published: October 2008

Marc Buffat: Written Conversation.
This article analyzes correspondance with Sophie as love letters, as distinct from their informative function, which Diderot called his «gazette». The first aspect analyzed is their intensity which takes the form of enchantment, madness and physical suffering, and compares absence with death. Another aspect of these letters is the fact that this written conversation is equal to a physical contact and even a complète fusion as it enables one to know everything that the other is doing. The author finally insists on the musical dimension of Diderot's style and concludes that the letters are marked above all by sensitivity and musicality.
Mozart chez Grimm et Madame d'Epinay
Authors: Fontius Martin 
Published: October 2008

Martin Fontius : Mozart at the House of Grimm and Mme d'Epinay.
Mozart's stay in Paris, from March to September 1778 marks a turning point in his life. This article studies the relationship between his æsthetic ideas and those of the Encyclopædists, and the influence of his discussions with Grimm. The author insists on the importance, for musical æsthetics, of Grimm's Encyclopédie article poésie lyrique, and in particular his criticism of French opera, which has tended to be ignored by specialists, and of his article motif. Mozart's correspondence shows the importance of his discussions with Grimm which influenced him when writing Idomeneo in 1780-1781.
Diderot et la librairie : l'impensable propriété
Authors: Malo Denis 
Published: October 2008

Denis Malo: Diderot, Publishers and Literary Property.
An analysis of the Lettre sur le commerce de la librairie, which differs from J. Proust's interpretation and attempts to bring out the conditions in which it was written and its internal contradictions. Diderot's history of publishing is based solely on Lebreton's archives and thus supports the Paris publishers' point of view and considers that the authors' interests are the same as the publishers'. But the contradictions in Diderot's position concerning literary productions and the status of the author are also seen to come from his situation after the death of his father and his concern, as a bourgeois paterfamilias, to ensure his daughter's future. An author's works are thus presented as pieces of property comparable to any other property, which can be bequeathed to his heirs. The question of the particular status of authors and their works is subordinated to this obsession, and he thus does not comment on the new 1777-78 texts concerning publishing, which are given in an appendix.
Le cas des sciences de la vie
Authors: Rey Roselyne 
Published: October 2008

Roselyne Rey: The case of the life sciences.
The metamorphoses in the field of the life sciences, from the Encyclopédie, via the Supplément to the Méthodique, are due as much to the change in authors and points of view as to advances in knowledge. A particular study of the articles anatomie and physiologie, shows that the Supplément, far from simply adding to previous knowledge, marks a break with the Encyclopédie. In the Méthodique, on the other hand, which claimed to be critical, we find paradoxically no unified body of knowledge and overlapping disciplines, a problem accentuated by the emergence of biology; it thus sometimes returns to the conceptual framework of the old Encyclopédie.
L'Encyclopédie méthodique et l'organisation des connaissances
Authors: Doig Kathleen Hardesty 
Published: October 2008

Kathleen H. Doig: The Encyclopédie Méthodique and the Organization of Knowledge.
The alphabetical arrangement in the Paris Encyclopédie and been greatly criticized. In 1782 Charles-Joseph Panckoucke published the first parts of what was vaunted as a more logical encyclopedia since it consisted of subject dictionaries. Other innovations aimed at making information more accessible and coherent: more complete discipline nomenclatures would be provided, and various supplementary tools would help restore coherence to individual subjects and to the whole. Of these latter, many analytical and reading tables were produced, but the comprehensive Vocabulaire universel never appeared. Problems inherent in the methodical arrangement, such as the number of subject dictionaries to admit and the allocation of material among them, proved especially difficult to solve as the production of the encyclopedia stretched over 50 years.
Relation entre les illustrations de la Cyclopaedia et celles de l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Stewart Philip 
Published: October 2008

Philip Stewart: Encyclopedia Illustrations: from the Cyclopædia to the Encyclopédie.
Chambers's Cyclopædia was the first source of the Encyclopédie's illustrations as well as its text. Many of his nineteen plates turn up also in the Encyclopédie, particularly those concerning mathematical subjects; but these are clearly recognized, as are many other sources that were copied directly. In the particular case of anatomy, where traditions carried great authority, there are many common sources beginning with Vesalius. Because such plates are also related to certain iconographical traditions (in particular the memento mori), they need to be understood in the light of the full contemporary context of anatomical, medical and even religious illustration. The Encyclopédie's illustrations are of course much more extensive than Chambers's, and they modify the symbolic connotations of these plates as well.
La chasse aux abbés : l'abbé Gua de Malves et la morale diderotienne
Authors: Bongie Larry 
Published: October 2008

Larry Bongie : Priest hunting, the abbé de Gua de Malves and Diderot' s moral philosophy.
The police archives of mid-eighteenth-century Paris yield up — often in scabrous detail — the vice-squad dossiers of various members of the clergy, high and low, arrested in flagrante delicto, Jacques le fataliste' s abbé Hudson presents in fact an almost banal example of art imitating life. More innocent than Hudson's is the real-life case of Diderot's predecessor, the celebrated abbé-mathematician, Jean-Paul de Gua de Malves, first editor of the Encyclopédie, who was somewhat inelegantly arrested in mid debauchery in November 1756. The affair was hushed up but de Gua's signed confession and related police reports have survived and are now brought to light. It is unlikely that Diderot ever got wind of the incident, but it is not at all certain that his basic puritanism and conformism in such matters — firmly grounded in social considerations — would have allowed him to forgive entirely the eccentric cleric's morals on the usual grounds of exceptional genius — despite the profound meditation Diderot later devoted to such ethical considerations, specifically with de Gua the génie raté in mind, in his Salon of 1767.