bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular pathways to β‐cell replacement
Authors: Fellous Tariq G. , Guppy Naomi J. , Brittan Mairi , Alison Malcolm R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the twenty‐first century, diabetic patients are likely to be one of the major beneficiaries from the advancement of regenerative medicine through cellular therapies. Though the existence of a specific self‐renewing stem cell within the pancreas is still far from clear, a surprising variety of cells within the pancreas can differentiate towards a β‐cell phenotype: ductular cells, periductular mesenchymal cells and β‐cells themselves can all give rise to new β‐cells. Extra‐pancreatic adult somatic stem cells, in particular, those originating from bone marrow may also be capable of differentiating to β‐cells, though equally well the beneficial effects of bone marrow cells may reside in their contribution to the damaged islet vasculature. Forced expression of the β‐cell‐specific transcription factor Pdx1 in hepatocytes also holds promise as a therapeutic strategy to increase insulin levels in diabetic individuals. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are clearly another possible source for generating β‐cells, but ES cells are beyond the scope of this review, which focuses on adult stem and progenitor cells capable of producing β‐cells. Despite considerable endeavour, we still have much to learn in the field of pancreatic regeneration prior to any clinically applicable therapy based upon adult stem cells. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new investigation of dynamic mathematical model of synchronous reluctance motor—A simple unified analysis of model characteristics
Authors: Shinnaka Shinji 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a new characteristics analysis of a dynamic mathematical model for synchronous reluctance motors, which is recently attracting attention in conjunction with the problem of rotor phase selection and estimated based on the extended BEMF (back electromotive force) for sensorless drive. This paper gives the following new characteristic results in a simple unified analytical manner. (1) Change between positive and negative salient pole phases requires basically no modification to the dynamic mathematical model in the general reference frame. (2) Selection of positive or negative salient pole phase as rotor is no more than a preference of designers. (3) There exists a very simple method of deriving two stator flux models for explicit expression of the extended BEMF. (4) At least four circuit equations with the extended BEMF exist, which are equivalent to each other on the same reference frame. (5) There exists duality among the four circuit equations from the viewpoints of rotor phase selection. (6) The duality reinforces the above‐mentioned five results. Main results of this paper correct or reinforce the results recently reported by others. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(1): 69–75, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20244
Research on heavy metal recovery using the electrokinetic phenomenon
Authors: Suzuki Masafumi , Shoji Tomoyoshi , Yoshimura Noboru 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecently, pollution of the soil by heavy metal elution from industrial effluents and so on has become a serious problem. Until now, many techniques such as diffusion prevention and elution prevention, extraction and removal, decomposition and decontamination have been proposed with regard to processing of polluted soil. Of particular note is the method using the electrokinetic phenomenon. In this method, the paired electrode is inserted in the soil, and DC voltage is applied. Then, the electrokinetic phenomenon by the procedure of the superscription, namely, electrophoresis, electroendosmosis, electrolysis, is utilized.However, in conventional research, the recovery quantity of heavy metal ions is low, and improvement of the recovery efficiency is desired in order to utilize this technique for the repair of polluted soil. The reason why the recovery efficiency of heavy metal ions decreases is as follows. When the heavy metal ion has moved from the anode to the cathode, it combines with hydroxide ion produced by electrolysis of the water at the cathode, and it has precipitated as a hydroxide. The purpose of this study is to prevent alkalinization by adding acid in the proper quantity, so as to improve the efficiency of heavy metal ion recovery. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(1): 1–7, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20312
Vaccination against IL‐17 suppresses autoimmune arthritis and encephalomyelitis
Authors: Röhn Till A. , Jennings Gary T. , Hernandez Marcela , Grest Paula , Beck Markus , Zou Yu , Kopf Manfred , Bachmann Martin F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInterleukin 17 is a T cell‐derived cytokine that induces the release of pro‐inflammatory mediators in a wide range of cell types. Recently, a subset of IL‐17‐producing T helper cells (Th17) distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells has been described, which constitutes a new T cell polarization state. Aberrant Th17 responses and overexpression of IL‐17 have been implicated in a number of autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Molecules blocking IL‐17 such as IL‐17‐specific monoclonal antibodies have proved to be effective in ameliorating disease in animal models. Hitherto, active immunization targeting IL‐17 is an untried approach. Herein we explore the potential of neutralizing IL‐17 by active immunization using virus‐like particles conjugated with recombinant IL‐17 (IL‐17‐VLP). Immunization with IL‐17‐VLP induced high levels of anti‐IL‐17 antibodies thereby overcoming natural tolerance, even in the absence of added adjuvant. Mice immunized with IL‐17‐VLP had lower incidence of disease, slower progression to disease and reduced scores of disease severity in both collagen‐induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Active immunization against IL‐17 therefore represents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.See accompanying commentary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636760
Limit order book transparency, execution risk, and market liquidity: Evidence from the Sydney Futures Exchange
Authors: Bortoli Luke , Frino Alex , Jarnecic Elvis , Johnstone David 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study provides new evidence regarding the effect of limit order book disclosure on trading behavior. The natural experiment affected by the Sydney Futures Exchange in January 2001, when it increased limit order book disclosure from depth at the best bid and ask prices to depth at the three best bid and ask prices is examined. Evidence was found consistent with a change in trading behavior coinciding with the increase in pre‐trade transparency. Consistent with predictions of a theoretical model based on execution risk, a statistically significant decline in depth was found at the best quotes. There is little evidence of an increase in bid‐ask spreads. Further, the proportion of market orders exceeding depth at the best quotes increases in a transparent limit order book, reflecting a reduction in execution risk. The study concludes that in a transparent market, limit order traders charge market order traders a higher premium for execution certainty by withdrawing depth from the best quotes, but not by increasing bid‐ask spreads. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:1147–1167, 2006
Global correlation of genome and transcriptome changes in classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Kluiver Joost , Kok Klaas , Pfeil Ines , de Jong Debora , Blokzijl Tjasso , Harms Geert , van der Vlies Pieter , Diepstra Arjan , Atayar Çiğdem , Poppema Sibrand , Küppers Ralf , van den Berg Anke 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo identify genes involved in the pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), we performed serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Comparison of SAGE libraries of cHL cell lines L428 and L1236 with that of germinal centre B cells revealed consistent overexpression of only 14 genes. In contrast, 141 genes were downregulated in both cHL cell lines, including many B cell and HLA genes. aCGH revealed gain of 2p, 7p, 9p, 11q and Xq and loss of 4q and 11q. Eighteen percent of the differentially expressed genes mapped to regions with loss or gain and a good correlation was observed between underexpression and loss or overexpression and gain of DNA. Remarkably, gain of 2p and 9p did not correlate with increased expression of the proposed target genes c‐REL and JAK2. Downregulation of many genes within the HLA region also did not correlate with loss of DNA. FSCN1 and IRAK1 mapping at genomic loci (7p and Xq) that frequently showed gain were overexpressed in cHL cell lines and might be involved in the pathogenesis of cHL. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of water table draw‐down (as a surrogate for climate change) on the hydrology of a fen peatland, Canada
Authors: Whittington Peter N. , Price Jonathan S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHydrological response to climate change may alter the biogeochemical role that peatlands play in the global climate system, so an understanding of the nature and magnitude of this response is important. In 2002, the water table in a fen peatland near Quebec City was lowered by ∼20 cm (Experimental site), and hydrological response was measured compared to Control (no manipulation) and Drained (previously drained c. 1994) sites. Because of the draw‐down, the surface in the Experimental pool decreased 5, 15 and 20 cm in the ridge, lawn and mat, respectively, increasing bulk density by ∼60% in the Experimental lawn. Hydraulic conductivity (K) generally decreased with depth and from Control (25–125 cm) 10−1 to 10−5 cm s−1 to Experimental (25–125 cm) 10−2 to 10−7 cm s−1 and to Drained (25–75 cm) 10−2 to 10−6 cm s−1. In similar topographic locations (ridge, lawn, mat), K trended Control > Experimental > Drained, usually by an order of magnitude at similar depths in similar topographic locations. Water table fluctuations in the Drained site averaged twice those of the Control site. The water table in the Control lawn remained at a stable depth relative to the surface (∼− 1 cm) because the lawn peat floats with changes in water table position. However, the Drained lawn peat was more rigid because of the denser degraded peat, forcing the water to fluctuate relative to the surface and further enhancing peat decay and densification. This provides a positive feedback loop that could intensify further peat degradation, changing the carbon cycling dynamics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified fuzzy c‐means classification technique for mapping vague wetlands using Landsat ETM+ imagery
Authors: Chiu Wen‐Ya , Couloigner Isabelle 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWetland mapping derived from remotely sensed images is subject to error and uncertainty. Fuzzy classification techniques can deal with the spectral and spatial vagueness, and can be used to model the uncertainty in remote sensing classification. In this paper, we present a modified Fuzzy C‐Means (FCM) classifier that allows the local texture information to regularize the classification result iteratively, and we propose a threshold defuzzification method to extract the potential wetland areas from Landsat‐7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery. By introducing the transition classes during the defuzzification process, the modified classifier reduces commission‐errors and improves the mapping accuracy when compared to the standard FCM classifier. The accuracy assessment and a test of statistical significance indicate that the modified FCM classifier shows a significantly better mapping result than the standard FCM classifier because of the incorporation of this spatial information. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field methods for measuring hydraulic properties of peat deposits
Authors: Hogan J. M. , van der Kamp G. , Barbour S. L. , Schmidt R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNew field techniques were developed and tested to evaluate peat storativity and hydraulic conductivity in a Boreal fen. Enclosed drainage tests and pumping tests were successfully completed in the thawed peat above an impermeable frozen layer and then repeated when the peat was fully thawed. A loading test experiment constrained values of vertical hydraulic conductivity within an order of magnitude for the peat below a depth of 2 m. An inherent advantage of these tests is that volumes of undisturbed peat on the scale of cubic metres may be characterized. Storativity of the fen peat as determined by enclosed drainage tests ranged from about 1·0 at the peat surface to 0·35 at a water table depth of 0·15 m. Laboratory drainage tests of peat cores gave similar, but widely scattered results. Hydraulic conductivity near the surface was as high as 9·0 × 10−3 ms−1 determined with pumping tests and in the range of 10−6 to 10−5 ms−1 below a depth of 2 m, estimated with the loading test. Slug tests gave similar results. Pumping tests, enclosed storativity tests and loading tests are practical large‐scale field tests for determining peat properties. Copyright © 2006 Crown in the right of Canada, and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growing‐season stemflow production within a deciduous forest of southern Ontario
Authors: Carlyle‐Moses D. E. , Price A. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStemflow production within a red oak (Quercus rubra L.)–sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)–American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) dominated stand in southern Ontario was evaluated during the growing season of 1995. For events that produced stemflow from all sampled tree boles (rainfall ≥ 4·3 mm), the geometric mean Herwitz (Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 11 (1986) 401) funnelling ratios were 7·3, 20·6, and 26·3 for oak, maple, and beech, respectively. Geometric mean funnelling ratios for these three species increased in a linear fashion with increasing rainfall depth for events ranging from 4·3 to 17·4 mm. However, funnelling ratios for the two larger rainfall events measured during the study (27·4 and 40·1 mm) were relatively small, suggesting that after a certain rainfall depth threshold has been reached, trees become less efficient at diverting intercepted rainfall to their boles. Significant (α = 0·10) positive linear relationships were found between stemflow production (l/tree) and beech basal area for all rainfall events ≥ 2·2 mm, while for oak and maple such relationships corresponded with only some relatively large rainfall events. Possible causes for the discrepancies in the funnelling efficiencies of the three tree species and between relatively small and large events are provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability in snow accumulation patterns within forest stands on the interior plateau of British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Winkler R. D. , Moore R. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrevious research has highlighted the relationship between snow accumulation and forest stand characteristics, as well as the effects of topography, but not the variability within stands. This study examined spatial patterns in snow accumulation within forest stands, their consistency from year to year, and the extent to which they can be predicted from commonly used stand measurements.Snow water equivalent (SWE) was measured on or near April 1, 1995 to 1997, and a forest inventory was completed at 64 points (15‐m grid spacing) in each of nine stand types including mature and juvenile forests and clearcuts. Semivariograms revealed little evidence of spatial correlation among sample points, indicating that each sample could be considered statistically independent for analysis. Within the study stands, no strong spatial trends were evident through quadratic trend surface analysis. The within‐stand coefficient of variation (CV) generally decreased with increasing mean accumulation. Spearman's rank correlation analysis and principal components analysis (PCA) indicated a weak to moderate similarity in snow accumulation patterns from year to year.Site‐scale canopy measures do not appear to provide a reliable basis for parameterizing the variability of within‐stand snow deposition. Through the fitting of general linear models (GLM), year alone accounted for 33% of the variability in snow water equivalent within stands, on average. Of the stand inventory variables measured, crown closure explained the largest proportion of the variability in SWE within each stand, but together with year never more than 43%. The strongest correlations between snow water equivalent and crown closure were found in those stands exhibiting the greatest consistency in interannual spatial patterns of snow accumulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐distributed modelling of basin hydrology with radar and gauged precipitation
Authors: Kalinga Oscar Anthony , Gan Thian Yew 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEven though gauged rainfall data generally provide accurate depth measurements, sparsely spaced, gauging stations cannot effectively account for the spatial variability of precipitation at basin scale. On the other hand, radar data such as the WSR‐88D stage III radar rainfall data can generally capture the spatial variability of rainfall fields, but tends to underestimate rainfall depth of stratiform storms, or both convective and stratiform storms if a storm is of low intensity. To take advantage of both the strength of radar data (mapping accurate spatial variability of rainfall) and that of gauge data (accurate depth measurements), the two data sets were merged together by the Statistical Objective Analysis (SOA) scheme. The event‐based hydrologic experiments using a semi‐distributed, physics‐based hydrologic model (distributed physically based hydrologic model using remote sensing, DPHM‐RS) revealed that WSR‐88D Stage III radar rainfall data simulated more accurate runoff hydrographs than gauged data for convective storms but less accurate runoff hydrograph for stratiform storms, because radars measured slightly more rainfall than gauges for convective storms, but substantially less rainfall for stratiform storms. However, after merging WSR‐88D stage III radar data with gauge data by SOA, the radar's underestimation of stratiform storm depth decreased substantially, but the adjustment could be counter productive for convective storms. Results show that rainfall spatial variability, depths, and hydrologic model resolution play a major role on the accuracy of simulated runoff volumes and peak flows. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tissue distribution of gold, copper and zinc in animals treated with Au (III); species differences in the binding of these metals in the kidney
Authors: Mogilnicka Ewa M. , Webb M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhole body retention of Au and the distribution of Au, Cu and Zn have been measured in female rats, rabbits, guinea‐pigs, hamsters and mice after either a single injection or multiple doses of Au(III). At 24 h after a single intraperitoneal injection whole body retention of Au was about 65% of the dose in the rabbit and 50% of the dose in other species. After five doses, retention (as a percentage of the total dose) ranged from 36% in mice to 49% in rats. Concentrations of Au in the kidneys were lowest in mice and highest in rats but, in all species, were greater than in other organs. In rats and guinea‐pigs, but not in hamsters, rabbits and mice, treatment with Au(III) increased the Cu content of the kidneys and of the soluble fraction isolated therefrom. The latter from the rat and guinea‐pig kidney contained both Au and Cu in association with a low molecular weight metalloprotein (metallothionein), which also contained Zn and was separated by ion exchange chromatography into three subspecies. Binding of Au by these metalloproteins appeared to be related to the renal accumulation of Cu. Apart from the mouse, in which renal accumulation of Au was low, slight damage resulted in the kidneys of all species after treatment with Au. It appears, therefore, that nephrotoxicity cannot be explained simply by the renal concentration of Au and the form in which it is accumulated within the tubular cells.
Differential counts of B and T lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, circulating blood and spleen after inhalation of high concentrations of diesel exhaust
Authors: Dziedzic Daniel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInhalation of diluted diesel engine exhaust results in the deposition of submicron carbonaceous particles in the respiratory airways. The particles are phagocytized by the pulmonary alveolar macrophages and cleared from the respiratory tract via the mucociliary escalator or through lymphatic channels. Lung clearance via lymphatics results in accumulation of particles in the regional lymph nodes. Differential counts of B and T lymphocytes were performed to determine whether the deposited carbon particles in the lymphatic tissue can alter the subpopulation composition of various lymphoid compartments. In contrast to the effect of materials such as heavy metals, halogenated hydrocarbons or cigarette smoke condensate, all of which have been shown to alter B and T cell differential counts of lymphoid compartments under various test conditions, assays of lymphocytes from tracheobronchial lymph nodes, spleen and blood from guinea pigs exposed to diluted diesel exhaust with a particulate concentration of 1500 μg m−3 for up to 8 weeks revealed no significant changes when compared with age‐matched controls. Furthermore, cell viability as measured by trypan blue exclusion in the exposed groups was comparable to that of the age‐matched controls. These data indicate that, within the range of tested conditions, the deposited diesel particles do not exert major effects on the parameters of the immune system that were measured.
The effect of in vivo exposure to diesel exhaust on rat hepatic and pulmonary microsomal activities
Authors: Navarro C. , Charboneau J. , McCauley R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of exposure to three concentrations of diesel exhaust on several heptic and pulmonary activities has been tested. After one year of exposure, the ability of liver microsomes to oxidize benzo[α]pyrene to more polar metabolites was not increased. Further studies with liver microsomes showed that, after several months of exposure, there was no evidence for the induction of either cytochrome P‐450, cytochrome P‐448 or NADPH dependent cytochrome c reductase. The ability of pulmonary microsomes to generate polar metabolites from benzo[α]pyrene was impaired after one year of exposure to the highest concentration of exhaust (1500 μg m−3). The process by which the exposure causes this inhibition is not clear.