bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of water‐soluble carbohydrate reserves on regrowth and root growth of Lolium perenne (L.)
Authors: DONAGHY D. J. , FULKERSON W. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis glasshouse study aimed to determine the relative importance of water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and current photosynthate on root and top regrowth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Individual plants were arranged in one of two miniswards (Experiments 1 and 2) and underwent varying defoliation frequencies designed to obtain a gradient of WSC content at the final harvest of each treatment (H1), when all treatments were defoliated. In Experiment 1, the plants were defoliated either three times at the one new leaf per tiller stage of regrowth (treatment 3 × 1), once at the two‐leaf and again at the one‐leaf stage (treatment 2, 1), once at the one‐leaf and again at the two‐leaf stage (treatment 1, 2) or once only at the three‐leaf stage (treatment 1 × 3), up to H1. Leaf and root growth and other parameters were assessed over 6 d after H1 in sunlight, and over a 4‐week period in darkness, and related to initial plant WSC content. In Experiment 2, plant defoliation treatments were: 3 × 1, 1, 2 or 1 × 3. Leaf regrowth was assessed for 36 d until the plants had three fully expanded new leaves per tiller.Leaf regrowth in both experiments was significantly related to stubble WSC (below 50 mm height).In Experiment 1, plants were almost fully reliant upon plant reserves for the first 3 d of regrowth, with reliance decreasing up to 6 d. When regrowth of plants was compared after 1 week in light or in darkness, it was estimated that one‐third of leaf regrowth was due to plant WSC reserves and the remainder due to photosynthesis. However, the capacity to photosynthesize and to grow roots after H1 was also significantly related to stubble WSC content.In Experiment 2, there was a significant difference (P<0·01) between defoliation treatments on leaf dry matter (DM) yield at 12 d (×1 leaf tiller−1) of regrowth, and this was, as in Experiment 1, significantly positively related to WSC content in the stubble. However, after 36 d of regrowth, DM yield of plants defoliated at 2 or 3 leaves tiller−1 up to H1 were similar, and both were significantly higher (P<0·01) than regrowth of plants defoliated at the one‐leaf stage.After defoliation, the period of reliance on WSC reserves may be substantially increased in situations of shading (canopy competition or cloud cover) or if the new regrowth shoot is removed by regrazing.
In vitro digestibility of green lamina of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) in relation to water deficit
Authors: DUCROCQ H. , DURU M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of water deficit on in vitro dry‐matter digestibility (IVDMD) of green lamina of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) was investigated over a 6‐week period following a cut. Two levels of water deficit were compared with a well‐irrigated sward. The leaf water potentials were –10·3, –7·6, –1·9 bars, respectively, for the three treatments. For the last 25 d of the regrowth period, the IVDMD of green laminae decreased significantly faster on the well‐watered (–0·11) than on the treatments that were subjected to a water deficit (from –0·036 to –0·068). This difference was associated with a smaller drop in the leaf appearance rate and a greater increase in the length of the successively emerging leaves on the well‐watered than on the two water‐stressed treatments. Overall, the IVDMD showed greater correlation with the average leaf insertion level on a tiller than the sampling date. In the range of water stress observed, the IVDMD increased in relation to a delay of the normal onto‐genetical drift.
Datailed surveying and mapping of plant communities on featureless terrain
Authors: GOODING R. F. , RACKHAM D. , HOLLAND J. P. , ROBERTSON D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA system of detailed vegetation mapping has been developed for use on undulating terrain where there is a complex mosaic of soil types, drainage characteristics and plant communities and where topography is such that it is impossible to locate a position by reference solely to a map grid reference point, for example hill/moorland grazings, sand dunes and mud flats. The system involved using electronic surveying equipment to locate accurately, in terms of National Grid coordinates and altitude, a large number of points over the area to be surveyed for which vegetation types were identified and recorded. The merged location and vegetation data set for individual points were imported into a geographic information system (GIS) to map ‘point’ vegetation data accurately. The GIS was then used to create regions around points (voronoi) using Delaunay triangulation to produce a vegetation map. Altitude information was used within the GIS to produce a contour map of the surveyed area.Vegetation was classified into communities of the British National Vegetation Classification and, although it does not describe all the variants within communities/sub‐communities fully, extra information for individual point locations was stored in tables within the GIS. This information was readily accessed by using the mouse cursor to highlight a point and reveal a window containing all the tabulated information for that point.This methodology was used to produce a reliable map that accurately positioned and mapped previously unmarked landscape features, new boundaries/fences, vegetation types and contours. This facility could be used for a variety of experimental, planning and consultancy applications including botanical survey work, grazing behaviour studies, conservation, land use planning and management.
Simulation of allocation of accumulated biomass to leaf and stem in a grass growth model
Authors: WU L. , MCGECHAN M. B. , KNIGHT A. C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo model variations in leaf/stem ratio in connection with studies of field‐drying of grass, account was taken of the effects that the stage of morphological development of grass has on the allocation of biomass to plant components, as well as on duration of growth and peak yield. A comparison of experimental data and corresponding daily weather data suggested that it is more satisfactory to express the stages of grass development in terms of degree‐days than time alone. On the basis of one set of weekly measured data, the ratio of green leaf weight to aboveground biomass was found to be a close fit to a positive linear relationship early in the growth period (durïng expansion of the first leaf on each tiller), followed by negative exponential relationship (during expansion of subsequent leaves), in relation to relative development expressed as growing degree‐days. Similar trends, but with some quite large variations in absolute values because of unknown factors, were found in two other datasets consisting of a few measurements only.
Tissue engineering in musculoskeletal problems related to haemophilia
Authors: CAVIGLIA H. 
Published: April 2006

Summary.  This article is a review of how advances in tissue engineering can be applied to the musculoskeletal pathology of patients with haemophilia. This article will also explain the theory that the deterioration of joints in patients with haemophilia is due to biological and mechanical causes.Current concepts of tissue engineering would be to replace the degenerated and damaged tissue by live cells, using them as a biological implant. However, before these new technologies are applied, an appropriate control of their indication and results is required.
Lupus erythematosus tumidus: a series of 26 cases
Authors: Vieira Vanessa , Del Pozo Jesús , Yebra‐Pimentel Maria Teresa , Martínez Walter , Fonseca Eduardo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective  To study 26 cases of lupus erythematosus tumidus (LET), a subset of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE), referred to in the literature as a rare entity.Patients and methods  A retrospective study was conducted of 26 patients diagnosed with LET between 1996 and 2002. The clinical characteristics, histopathologic and laboratory findings, response to treatment, association with other subsets of lupus, course, and diagnostic criteria were analyzed.Results  The incidence by sex was similar. The mean age of presentation was 49.19 years. The clinical presentation usually involved erythematous, edematous plaques located on the face, chest, back, or extremities, related to sun exposure. A dermal lymphocytic infiltrate with a perivascular disposition and differing degrees of mucin deposition was observed in all cases. Minimal epidermal changes were present in 18 cases, and 11 of these also showed minimal dermal–epidermal changes. Only one case showed dermal–epidermal changes without any epidermal alteration. Direct immunofluorescence test was performed in 15 patients, and 11 were negative. All cases showed a benign course without systemic manifestations. The response to topical steroids or antimalarial treatment was excellent, but a seasonal recurrence was usually observed.Discussion  No defined criteria for LET are universally accepted. The main controversies are the acceptance of LET as a separate subset of CCLE, and the histopathologic diagnostic features, mainly the presence or absence of epidermal and dermal–epidermal changes in these lesions.Conclusions  No inflexible histologic criteria should be employed for the diagnosis of LET. This subset of lupus erythematosus is characterized by intense photosensitivity, definite clinical lesions, a benign course, the absence of systemic disease, good response to antimalarial treatment, and a tendency to recur. More studies should be performed in order to establish the true incidence of LET because this subset of CCLE is probably underestimated.
Quantification of blood intake of the head louse: Pediculus humanus capitis
Authors: Speare Rick , Canyon Deon V. , Melrose Wayne 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, are globally prevalent blood‐sucking ectoparasites, the amount of blood imbibed by head lice has not been determined. This study investigated this parameter, as regular loss of a small quantity of blood may lead to an iron deficiency and anaemia. Adult female lice (66), adult males (46), and nymphs (152) were weighed before and after feeding in groups of 17–109 lice. The average amounts of blood imbibed at a single feed were: adult female louse (0.0001579 ml), adult male (0.0000657 ml) and nymph (0.0000387 ml). Assuming three feeds per day by an average infection of 30 lice (10 females, 10 males, and 10 nymphs), the average child with active pediculosis would loose 0.008 ml of blood per day. This amount of blood loss is of no clinical significance even in iron‐deficient children. The most heavily infected child observed with 2657 lice could be expected to loose 0.7 ml/day or 20.8 ml/month, which may be of clinical importance in a child on an adequate diet, and would be significant in an iron‐deficient child. However, if head lice feed more often than three times a day, a heavy infestation would have a greater potential to lead to iron deficiency. The frequency of feeding of head lice on the head of the human host needs to be determined.
POST CAESAREAN VESICOUTERINE FISTULAE – YOUSSEF SYNDROME: OUR EXPERIENCE AND REVIEW OF PUBLISHED WORK
Authors: Rao M. Prasad , Dwivedi U. S. , Datta B. , Vyas N. , Nandy P. R. , Trivedi S. , Singh P. B. 
Published: April 2006

Objective:  To analyse the incidence, symptomatology, diagnosis and therapeutic aspects of Youssef syndrome (post caesarean vesicouterine fistula), and to review relevant published work.Methods:  A retrospective study from the urosurgical unit of a tertiary care referral hospital was carried out. In a retrospective analysis of urogenital fistulae over 10 years, we identified 14 patients with uterovesical fistulae, resulting from caesarean section. All the patients were evaluated by history, physical examination, radiological tests and cystoscopy. All patients underwent transperitoneal repair of these fistulae with omental interposition. Results of surgery were evaluated by absence of cyclic haematuria, stoppage of urinary incontinence, and achievement of fertility.Results:  A total of 12 patients who had minimum follow up was included in the present study. The results showed that 50% of the fistulae resulted from emergency caesarean operation with 58% of patients presenting after their second caesarean section. The mean age of the patients was 19 years (range 15–29) and mean duration of symptoms was 7 months (range 3–16). Menouria and amenorrhoea were predominant presenting symptoms. The results of surgical treatment were excellent with good continence and resolution of the cyclic haematuria. Three pregnancies (37.5%) which resulted in elective caesarean section were recorded.Conclusion:  Vesicouterine fistulae, despite being infrequent, are no longer a rare diagnosis and are most commonly secondary to lower segment caesarean section. With patient history and selected investigations diagnosis is relatively easy. The surgical repair of these fistulae is standard treatment, especially with delayed fistulae with achievement of total continence, and complete resolution of cyclic haematuria. Meticulous practice of obstetric and surgical principles during caesarean section can prevent the formation of these fistulae.
HEPATECTOMY FOR METASTATIC NONCOLORECTAL GASTROINTESTINAL, BREAST AND TESTICULAR TUMOURS
Authors: Metcalfe Matthew S. , Mullin Emma J. , Maddern Guy J. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  The indications for hepatectomy for colorectal or neuroendocrine metastases are becoming clear with increasing experience reported. For other primary diseases, however, the overall number of cases is relatively small, and it is more difficult to derive clear guidelines. This paper reviews the reported experience of hepatectomy for metastases from non‐colorectal gastrointestinal primary cancers, breast cancer and testicular teratoma. The aim is to determine for each whether and under what circumstances hepatectomy is indicated.Methods:  A Medline search was used to identify papers reporting hepatectomy for metastases from non‐colorectal gastrointestinal carcinomas, breast carcinomas and testicular teratomas. The data collected included the primary disease, the number of cases reported, the survival post‐hepatectomy and any prognostic factors associated with outcome.Results:  Of the gastrointestinal malignancies, hepatectomy for gastric metastases yields a 5‐year survival, roughly half that reported for colorectal disease, and further elucidation of prognostic factors would be desirable. Results were poor for other gastrointestinal malignancies. Good results were reported for breast and testicular teratoma.Conclusion:  Of the non‐colorectal gastrointestinal primaries, at present only hepatectomy for gastric metastases can be cautiously recommended. For nongastrointestinal primaries, hepatic metastases probably represent widespread dissemination even if occult, and therefore, hepatectomy may only be of use when effective adjuvant treatments are available.
Welfare Economics with Intransitive Revealed Preferences: A Theory of the Endowment Effect
Authors: CARMICHAEL H. LORNE , MACLEOD W. BENTLEY 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEconomists use the standard rational model to predict behavior after a policy change and to determine the policy's welfare implications. Recent experimental observations are casting doubt on the predictive accuracy of the standard model, but the more realistic behavioral alternatives often provide a poor basis for making normative evaluations. This paper suggests that we can still predict behavior and measure welfare within the same model. We show that optimizing agents with standard preferences will in some cases behave as if they are subject to an endowment effect. Even so, we may still be able to uncover information about their preferences.
Effort and Performance in Public Policy Contests
Authors: EPSTEIN GIL S. , NITZAN SHMUEL 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGovernment intervention often gives rise to contests in which the possible “prizes” are determined by the status quo and some new public policy proposal. In this paper we study a general class of such two‐player public policy contests and examine the effect of a change in the proposed policy, a change that may affect the payoffs of the two contestants, on their effort and performance. Our results extend the existing comparative statics studies that focus, in symmetric contests, on the effect of a change in the value of the prize or, in asymmetric contests, on the effect of one contestant's valuation of the prize. Our results hinge on a fundamental equation that specifies the equilibrium relationship between the strategic own‐stake effect and the strategic rival's‐stake effect. This fundamental equation clarifies the role of the three possible types of ability and stake asymmetry in determining the effect of payoff variations on the efforts and performance of the contestants.
‘Policies in Motion’, Urban Management and State Restructuring: The Trans‐Local Expansion of Business Improvement Districts
Authors: WARD KEVIN 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article examines the ways in which business improvement districts are being introduced into UK cities. In advancing this analysis, the focus here is on the means through which one or two Manhattan business improvement districts have been constructed as ‘models’ of urban management, taken out of their particular local/regional and national contexts and introduced into a diverse set of local political economic contexts in UK cities and towns. Examining the way business improvement districts have become a policy in motion, the article sketches out the emergence of entrepreneurial urban governance arrangements in the UK as part of the state's changing spatiality in the industrialized economies of Western Europe and North America. I argue that these changes make UK cities and towns increasingly receptive to the business improvement district model of downtown management. Seeking to move beyond the sometimes rather one‐sided representations of policies that find themselves on the move, the article seeks to connect the ‘exporting’ and ‘importing’ zones of policy transfer, arguing for an open and permeable conceptualization of these places. It draws on work in Manhattan, New York to unpack the nature of the political–economic relations that business improvement districts were part of, before moving on to examine the dynamics of policy transfer and the early days of the introduction of this downtown ‘model’ into UK cities.
Castells’The City and the Grassroots: 1983 and Today
Authors: MILLER BYRON 
Published: April 2006

AbstractManuel Castells’The City and the Grassroots must be considered one of the most important books ever published on urban social movements. Castells elegantly identifies three core themes of modern urban social movements: collective consumption, defense of cultural‐territorial identity, and local government as a target for political mobilization. Providing rich empirical documentation, Castells makes a persuasive argument about the nature of urban social movements and the critical importance of space and place in social movement mobilization. There is, however, a significant gap in The City and the Grassroots: its failure to consider conservative suburban movements and their relationship to the growing politics of neoliberalism. Castells’ spatially sensitized framework, nonetheless, remains powerful and can be usefully employed to analyze the still poorly understood politics of neoliberalism.
Connecting Time and Space: The Significance of Transformations in Women's Work in the City
Authors: McDOWELL LINDA , WARD KEVIN , FAGAN COLETTE , PERRONS DIANE , RAY KATH 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGrowing numbers of women with children living in western cities are entering the labour market, raising new questions about changes in the allocation of the tasks of social reproduction between household members and others and about the effects of the increasing time women now spend in the workplace. As Manuel Castells noted over 25 years ago, women's unpaid labour has long been essential, not only in the domestic arena, but also in patching together facilities separated in space. The spatial layout of cities, with its specialized and segregated land‐uses, only works, he argued, if women's unpaid labour is available to connect urban locations. But many women now spend many more hours in the labour market, replacing their former domestic labour with a range of commodified goods and services as well as by help from a range of related or unrelated others, sometimes but not always remunerated and/or by state‐provided or supported services. This article examines the consequences of the growth of women's employment in Britain and the concomitant decline of the old breadwinner family, the growth of workfare policies that assume all individuals are available for waged work and the rise of commodified caring. The arguments are illustrated by empirical examples from interviews undertaken with middle‐class mothers in waged work in London and Manchester in the UK.
A randomised controlled trial of a decision‐aid leaflet to facilitate women’s choice between pregnancy termination methods
Authors: Wong SSM , Thornton JG , Gbolade B , Bekker HL 
Published: April 2006

Objective  To evaluate the effectiveness of a decision aid to help women choose between surgical and medical methods of pregnancy termination.Design  A randomised controlled trial comparing a decision‐aid leaflet about termination methods with a control leaflet about contraception.Setting  An NHS regional centre for pregnancy termination.Sample  All women less than 9 weeks of gestation referred for termination of pregnancy over 7 months in 2002.Methods  Participants were given an envelope containing either the decision‐aid or the control leaflet prior to choosing between medical and surgical termination methods and completed two questionnaires, one immediately after this consultation and another after the termination procedure.Main outcome measures  Choice of termination method; measures of effective decision making including risk perception, attitudes and knowledge of both the medical and surgical methods; decisional conflict; anxiety and usefulness of the leaflet.Results  Three hundred and twenty‐eight women participated. There was no difference in the method chosen between the groups (60/162 women in the decision‐aided group chose a medical method versus 54/164 women in the control group (OR 1.2; 95% CI 0.76–1.9). Women in the decision‐aided group had higher knowledge and lower risk‐perception scores about both methods, more positive attitudes about the medical method, lower decisional conflict, more stable evaluations of the decision information over time and higher perceived usefulness of information ratings. Anxiety was high but unrelated to leaflet type.Conclusions  Women made more informed decisions when provided with an evidence‐based decision‐aid leaflet preceding a routine consultation about choices of termination method.