bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perineural invasion of the major and minor nerves in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Chirilă Magdalena , Bolboacă Sorana D. , Cosgarea Marcel , Tomescu Ermil , Mureşan Mihaela 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVETo investigate the perineural invasion in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx.STUDY DESIGNA prospective study of patients with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent total or partial laryngectomy.METHODSPatients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and pyriform sinus who underwent laryngectomy between 2002 and 2006 in the ENT Clinic of Cluj‐Napoca were investigated for histopathological identification of perineural invasion.RESULTSThe present study included 256 patients. Perineural invasion was present in 86 cases out of the 256. Perineural invasion was detected in the major nerves of only one case out of 219 patients who had undergone total laryngectomy. The difference between the mean disease‐free survival of patients with or without perineural invasion of the minor nerves was statistically significant (Mann‐Whitney U test, P = 0.000102). The local recurrence rates in the cases with or without perineural invasion were significantly different (log‐rank test, P = 0.00001).CONCLUSIONMajor nerves do not constitute a way of spreading in the squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx, whereas minor nerves remain a potential one.
The efficacy of preoperative screening and the treatment of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an otolaryngology surgical practice
Authors: Richer Sara L. , Wenig Barry L. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVETo examine the efficacy of preoperative Staphy‐lococcus aureus screening on postoperative methicillin‐resistant S aureus (MRSA) infection rates in otolaryngology.STUDY DESIGNChart review.SUBJECTS AND METHODSPostoperative MRSA infection rates in unscreened patients during a 1‐year period were compared with infection rates in patients after preoperative S aureus screening was initiated. Colonized patients were treated with mupirocin and chlorhexidine preoperatively.RESULTSRecords of 420 patients were reviewed. In the 241 patients without screening, nine patients had S aureus infections, and there were two (0.8%) postoperative MRSA surgical‐site infections. Of 179 patients after screening was initiated, 24 patients (13.4%) were colonized with S aureus and underwent preoperative treatment. There were no MRSA infections in the postoperative period.CONCLUSIONEarly results show the potential benefit of preoperative S aureus screening in MRSA infection rate reduction. Although larger studies are needed, screening and treatment of MRSA colonized patients preoperatively may reduce infectious complications in otolaryngology.
OK‐432 Sclerotherapy in Head and Neck Lymphangiomas: Long‐term follow‐up Result
Authors: Yoo Jae Chul , Ahn Youngjin , Lim Yune Syung , Hun Hah J. , Kwon Tack‐Kyun , Sung Myung‐Whun , Kim Kwang Hyun 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONNonsurgical treatments, such as sclerotherapy have been attempted for head and neck lymphagiomas. Of the available sclerosing agents, picibanil has shown satisfactory short‐term treatment results in many studies, but no study has presented long‐term treatment results. Accordingly, in the present study, the authors retrospectively reviewed the long‐term treatment results of picibanil sclerotherapy.MATERIALS AND METHODSFifty‐five lymphangioma patients who underwent picibanil sclerotherapy were enrolled. Data about initial and long‐term response, recurrence, and excision rate were collected.RESULTSInitial response rates were 83.5 percent and long‐term response rates were 76.3 percent.CONCLUSIONInitial and the long‐term response rate were equally good for lymphangioma.
Dosage changes in patients with long‐term botulinum toxin use for laryngeal dystonia
Authors: Birkent Hakan , Maronian Nicole , Waugh Patricia , Merati Albert L. , Perkel David , Hillel Allen D. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVETo investigate the dosage consistency of botulinum toxin injections in patients with long‐term treatment for laryngeal dystonia.STUDY DESIGNChart review.SUBJECTS AND METHODSPatients with laryngeal dystonia who had received at least 20 injections to the thyroarytenoid muscle were selected. Change of botulinum toxin dose, patient‐reported effective weeks, and intervals between injections were investigated; data from the first five injections were excluded to eliminate initial dose titration.RESULTSFifty‐five patients with an average follow‐up of 12.5 years were identified. Mean dose of botulinum toxin was 2.37 ± 1.6 U at the sixth injection; there was a decrease in mean dose over time, which became statistically significant at the 13th injection with a mean dose of 2.02 ± 1.16 U. Mean duration of good effect and treatment intervals showed no significant change over time.CONCLUSIONBotulinum toxin dose needed for a constant response in treatment of laryngeal dystonia decreases over time, without any accompanying change in effective weeks and intervals.
Microsatellite instability analysis of sinonasal carcinomas
Authors: Martínez Jorge García , Pérez‐Escuredo Jhudit , López Fernando , Suárez Carlos , Álvarez‐Marcos César , Llorente José Luis , Hermsen Mario A. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVESIntestinal‐type sinonasal adenocarcinoma (ITAC) and squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity (SCCNC) are histopathologically but not etiologically similar to colorectal adenocarcinoma or to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is involved in both tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible role for MSI in the pathogenesis of two types of nasal carcinoma.MATERIAL AND METHODSDNA obtained from frozen tumor samples of 41 ITACs and 24 SCCNCs was analyzed for shifts in five mononucleotide microsatellite loci by multiplex PCR.RESULTSThe allelic patterns of one ITAC (2%) and five SCCNCs (21%) revealed an allelic shift for at least one of the five loci, indicating microsatellite instability.CONCLUSIONMSI may be involved in squamous cell carcinoma, but not in adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavities.
Erythrocyte invasion profiles are associated with a common invasion ligand polymorphism in Senegalese isolates ofPlasmodium falciparum
Authors: LANTOS P. M. , AHOUIDI A. D. , BEI A. K. , JENNINGS C. V. , SARR O. , NDIR O. , WIRTH D. F. , MBOUP S. , DURAISINGH M. T. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYPlasmodium falciparumparasites use multiple ligand-receptor interactions to invade human erythrocytes. Variant expression levels of members of the PfRh and PfEBA ligand families are associated with the use of different erythrocyte receptors, defining invasion pathways. Here we analyse a major polymorphism, a large sequence deletion in the PfRh2b ligand, and erythrocyte invasion profiles in uncultured Senegalese isolates. Parasites vary considerably in their use of sialic acid-containing and protease-sensitive erythrocyte receptors for invasion. The erythrocyte selectivity index was not related to invasion pathway usage, while parasite multiplication rate was associated with enhanced use of a trypsin-resistant invasion pathway. PfRh2b protein was expressed in all parasite isolates, although the PfRh2b deletion was present in a subset (~68%). Parasites with the PfRh2b deletion were found to preferentially utilize protease-resistant pathways for erythrocyte invasion. Sialic acid-independent invasion is reduced in parasites with the PfRh2b deletion, but only in isolates derived from blood group O patients. Our results suggest a significant role for PfRh2b sequence polymorphism in discriminating between alternative erythrocyte receptors for invasion and as a possible determinant of virulence.
Morphological diversification in different trematode lineages: body size, host type, or time?
Authors: POULIN R. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYDifferent lineages experience different rates of phenotypic diversification, resulting in greater or lower variance in the expression of phenotypic traits among the species within a lineage. Here, morphological diversification is investigated in 14 different trematode families, based on a dataset comprising morphometric data on body size and 4 anatomical structures (oral sucker, ventral sucker, pharynx, cirrus sac) from 386 species. Three hypotheses are tested and subsequently rejected based on the empirical evidence. First, the degree of morphological variation in all traits within a trematode family, measured as the coefficient of variation among species, appears independent of the average body size of species belonging to that family. Second, patterns of morphological diversification appear similar whether endothermic or ectothermic vertebrates are used as definitive hosts. Third, phylogenetically older trematode lineages did not display greater morphological variation than younger, more derived ones, ruling out evolutionary time as an explanation. The results are consistent with developmental constraints acting on morphological diversification, since for some pairs of traits, variation in one trait is not independent of variation in another trait. More importantly, across most families, variation in body size was significantly more pronounced than variation in the relative sizes of the other morphological features. Trematode body size therefore varies widely while the general body architecture of the family is maintained. The fact that the evolution of the body plan is more conservative than that of body size suggests that the range of morphologies that can evolve in trematodes is constrained.
Unique biological rhythm in the reproductive behaviour of female ticks of reptiles
Authors: CHILTON N. B. , BULL C. M. , ANDREWS R. H. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYWe report the discovery of a biological rhythm in the reproductive behaviour of the tick Bothriocroton hydrosauri that was absent in Amblyomma limbatum, a species that occurs on the same species of reptile host. Female B. hydrosauri mated in autumn or winter delayed oviposition until the following spring, while there was no diapause in conspecific females mated in spring or early summer. Initiation of ovipositional diapause in ticks is usually related to photoperiodic stimuli, but this was not the case for B. hydrosauri. The sinusoidal pattern in pre-oviposition times of B. hydrosauri females mated in different months in the laboratory suggests an internal seasonal time-keeping mechanism. We hypothesize that hormones imbibed by females during their bloodmeal may provide environmental cues associated with the induction of diapause. Irrespective of the mechanism underlying the rhythm, diapause by B. hydrosauri females mated during autumn or winter is of adaptive advantage because it synchronizes oviposition with favourable environmental conditions for egg hatching and increases the chance of larvae finding a host. The lack of a similar biological rhythm in A. limbatum may be a reflection of the different environmental conditions this species experiences throughout most of its range as compared with B. hydrosauri.
Potential for the use of vocal individuality as a conservation research tool in two threatened Philippine hornbill species, the Visayan Hornbill and the Rufous-headed Hornbill
Authors: POLICHT RICHARD , PETRŮ MILADA , LASTIMOZA LUCIA , SUAREZ LEO 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThis study presents the first multivariate analysis of hornbill vocalizations and the first bioacoustic study of any Philippine hornbill species. We analyzed loud calls of two Philippine hornbill species, the Rufous-headed HornbillAceros waldeniand the Visayan HornbillPenelopides panini panini, to assess the possibility for their use in individual identification.Our study showed that individuals of the two studied hornbill species can be identified on the basis of their loud calls, which means that these calls potentially contain information about the caller. Discriminant analysis classified 89% of individual Rufous-headed Hornbills and 90% of individual Visayan Hornbills correctly. The acoustic variables describing the most variation among individual Visayan Hornbills were spectral variables (second amplitude peak) and temporal variables (location of the maximum amplitude and call duration). The calls of individual Rufous-headed Hornbill were differentiated mainly by spectral variables (the fundamental and the first harmonic frequency, and additionally the upper quartile of the frequency range). Frequency parameters in Rufous-headed Hornbill calls were significantly lower than those in Visayan Hornbills. The use of acoustic monitoring of individuals as a non-invasive marking technique could help to monitor hornbill individual life history and to improve census data using capture-mark-recapture technique.
A systematic approach to estimating ecological risks in marine fisheries.
Authors: Astles K. L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a tool used in the development of management plans for fisheries. These plans are a means for implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) that is now the global paradigm in fishery management. EAF requires fisheries to be managed within the context of their ecological, social and economic relationships. Therefore, the risk to the sustainability of all three of these spheres from the potential impacts of fishing activities needs to be assessed. The risk assessment of the ecological components of an ecosystem, including target species, bycatch and byproduct species, habitats, species assemblages and ecological processes is the focus of this review. The paper reviews, in a marine fisheries context, the methods used to estimate ecological risks and highlights essential aspects needed for any approach for estimating ecological risk in marine fisheries. A generalized risk-assessment framework consists of three parts: risk context, risk identification and risk characterization. The estimation of risk levels occurs in risk characterization. Quantitative and qualitative methods have been developed to estimate risk in fisheries. Quantitative methods, such as stock assessments, focus on target species. With the introduction of an EAF, there arose a need to assess the potential impacts to sustainability of all ecological components that can be affected by a fishery. Qualitative ecological risk-assessment methods were developed for this purpose. Diverse methods have largely been driven by differences in the legislative requirements of different countries. An overview of the methods currently in use for ERA is given and the principles they use to estimate risk is discussed. In particular, four Australian hazard-exposure methods are reviewed as these constitute the main qualitative methods developed so far. Eleven essential elements needed for any method for estimating ecological risk in marine fisheries are identified.
Cardiovascular health benefits of tomatoes.
Authors: Duttaroy A. K. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Emerging epidemiological and intervention data support the connection between increased tomato consumption and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Tomato contains several anti-oxidants including lycopene, polyphenols, trace elements and vitamins, and these are known to inhibit atherosclerotic processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that tomato also contains several potent antiplatelet compounds. The ingestion of these tomato components significantly affects ex
vivo
platelet function when supplemented in human volunteers. The reported cardioprotective effects of tomatoes are therefore also potentially linked to a modulation of platelet function. Platelet aggregation is a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes, including myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Since tomato may reduce both platelet hyperactivity and atherosclerosis process, it makes an ideal food for the cardiovascular system. This review primarily addresses the recently discovered antiplatelet factors in tomatoes and their possible role in the maintenance of the cardiovascular health.
Breeding of coconut palm (
Cocos nucifera
L.).
Authors: Arunachalam V. , Rajesh M. K. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This review provides a detailed outline of the developments in the field of coconut breeding. Emphasis is laid on research on both classical and molecular genetic tools for improving the coconut palm. The review begins with a short description of origin of coconut, with mention of fossil data. Cytological studies of the palm, with emphasis on karyomorphology and polyploidy, is provided. Methods of genetic improvement, selection, hybridization and use of spontaneous mutations as applied to coconut are highlighted. This review also tries to explore the aspects of breeding in coconut for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress with emphasis on mites, phytoplasma and drought. The need to develop cultivars suitable for product diversification for changing markets is emphasized. A compilation of the genetic architecture of the traits known so far is also made. Important morphometric traits with potential to understand diversity are listed. A sketch of recent efforts in utilizing molecular markers for understanding diversity, developing linkage maps and marker-assisted selection is also made.
Detection of GMOs in food and feed.
Authors: Vodret B. , Milia M. , Mancuso M. R. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Some people are anxious about genetically modified (GM) foods and feed and do not trust them. The need to monitor the presence and the amount of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agricultural crops and in products derived from them has generated a demand for analytical methods capable of detecting, identifying and quantifying GMOs. Several laboratories have developed methods based on proteins [enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays (ELISA)] or DNA [polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]. A large number of protocols for other emerging analytical technologies are currently available, such as microarrays and various sensor technologies. Since reference samples are an indispensable part of any analytical protocol, criteria for manufacturing standard reference material are considered. This review examines the various methodologies employed to detect and/or quantify GMOs in food and feed and the critical points for ensuring a correct detection.
Energy requirement - factors that influence variation in basal metabolic rate.
Authors: Johnstone A. M. , Visockiene Z. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) can be simply defined as the minimum amount of energy the body requires at rest and is commonly measured using indirect calorimetry techniques. Factors that can influence metabolic rate can be technical in nature, owing to the limitations and constraints of the precision of the equipment, or can be biological, linked to the physiology and behaviour of the subject. The principles and assumptions of indirect calorimetry are discussed. It is well documented that body size and composition are the main determinants of resting energy requirements, whereas the influence of chronic or acute changes in disease state is less well documented. Aside from the clinical perspective, accurate measurement of BMR is important as it is used in epidemiological or public health nutrition to calculate total daily requirements and to classify energy intakes. Many factors, such as body composition, age, gender, food amount and composition, diseases, medications, hormonal status and genetic differences, can affect the variability in BMR and thus can lead to errors in classification of population data.
Practicalities of using recycled water.
Authors: Toze S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Growing urbanization, rising population numbers and climate change are increasingly placing demands on global freshwater resources. This is leading to a realization that there is an increased need for alternative water sources to reduce these pressures on the available freshwater. Among the most common of the alternative water sources considered is the recycling of wastewaters. Recycled water can potentially make up a large proportion of the sustainable water available for use in both urban and agricultural regions in many countries. Water recycling can provide environmental, social and economic benefits for both developed and poor nations by providing a reliable supply of good-quality water. However, there are a range of issues where more research and effort to increase the knowledge base are required, including: social acceptance of water recycling schemes; the protection of human and environmental health; assessment of the effectiveness and economics of different treatment barriers; and the development of appropriate and meaningful guidelines to control and maximize the use of recycled water. This paper discusses recent developments in water recycling and relates this to the ongoing practicality, benefits and risks of using recycled water.
Effects of global environmental changes on weeds.
Authors: Wang X. Z. , Mohan J. E. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

The global environment is projected to change significantly by the end of the 21st century, mainly as a result of intensifying human activities. Important environmental changes include rising carbon dioxide (CO
2
) in the atmosphere, higher global average temperatures and altered precipitation patterns. As we strive to feed the rapidly increasing human population, it is of socioeconomic and ecological significance to understand the effects of environmental changes on the serious weeds that cause significant crop losses. This paper reviews the responses of 12 of the world's most serious agricultural weeds in response to global environmental changes. The weeds include species of a variety of growth forms as well as C
3
and C
4
photosynthetic pathways. In addition, we used meta-analytical techniques to synthesize the effects of elevated CO
2
on total biomass production for six of the most studied weeds. Our review found non-uniform biomass and reproductive responses to global changes among weeds. Consequently, the injuriousness of weeds to crops is likely to increase in some weeds, e.g.,
Chenopodium album
, but decrease in others, e.g.,
Sorghum halepense
. Because many of these agricultural weeds are also found in non-agricultural habitats, their differential responses to global changes will bear implications on community structure and species interactions in future natural ecosystems.