bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing multimedia streaming over existing wireless LAN technology using the Unified Link Layer API
Authors: Farnham Tim , Sooriyabandara Mahesh , Efthymiou Costas 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper examines how multimedia streaming scenarios can be enhanced by cross‐layer interaction, and in particular link performance information and configuration options provided by the recently developed Unified Link Layer API (ULLA). It provides results of an experimental implementation developed for this purpose in a wireless LAN (WLAN) environment. Multimedia streaming is an application that is gaining in popularity for mobile devices and in particular mobile Internet‐based content broadcasting is rapidly emerging as a key feature on mobile devices. In these scenarios, the wireless link (last hop) is normally the performance bottleneck due to the dynamic and limited capacity of the wireless medium. The use of ULLA in this context can provide the ability to tailor the video transmission to the wireless link performance and also to configure the links in response to performance problems or environmental changes. For this purpose the focus of multimedia streaming has been on WLAN link technology and dynamic adaptation (i.e., dynamic channel selection and video transcoding) using a dynamic resource reservation overlay protocol. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast algorithms for designing variable FIR notch filters
Authors: Routray Aurobinda , Swain Smarak 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe paper presents fast algorithms for designing finite impulse response (FIR) notch filters. The aim is to design a digital FIR notch filter so that the magnitude of the filter has a deep notch at a specified frequency, and as the notch frequency changes, the filter coefficients should be able to track the notch fast in real time. The filter design problem is first converted into a convex optimization problem in the autocorrelation domain. The frequency response of the autocorrelation of the filter impulse response is compared with the desired filter response and the integral square error is minimized with respect to the unknown autocorrelation coefficients. Spectral factorization is used to calculate the coefficients of the filter. In the optimization process, the computational advantage is obtained by exploiting the structure of the Hessian matrix which consists of a Toeplitz plus a Hankel matrix. Two methods have been used for solving the Toeplitz‐plus‐Hankel system of equations. In the first method, the computational time is reduced by using Block–Levinson's recursion for solving the Toeplitz‐plus‐Hankel system of matrices. In the second method, the conjugate gradient method with different preconditioners is used to solve the system. Comparative studies demonstrate the computational advantages of the latter. Both these algorithms have been used to obtain the autocorrelation coefficients of notch filters with different orders. The original filter coefficients are found by spectral factorization and each of these filters have been tested for filtering synthetic as well as real‐life signals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layered microcapsules for daunorubicin loading and release as well as in vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: Han Baosan , Shen Baiyong , Wang Zhaohai , Shi Minmin , Li Hongwei , Peng Chenghong , Zhao Qinghe , Gao Changyou 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAnti‐cancer drug daunorubicin (DNR) was encapsulated in preformed multilayer microcapsules and was applied in tumor treatment by in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal experiments. The microcapsules were fabricated by an alternate deposition of oppositely charged polysaccharides, i.e. chitosan and alginate onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) doped CaCO3 colloidal particles in a sequential assembly procedure, followed by crosslinking of the capsule shells with glutaraldehyde (GA) and removal of the templates by disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The as‐prepared microcapsules showed strong ability to induce the positively charged DNR to deposit into the microcapsule interiors. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observed homogeneous distribution of the drug within microcapsules. The loaded DNR could be released again, following a diffusion‐controlled model at the initial stage. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the encapsulated DNR can effectively induce the apoptosis of BEL‐7402 tumor cells, as evidenced by various microscopy techniques after acridine orange (AO), Hoechst 33342, and osmium tetraoxide staining. By seeding the BEL‐7402 hepatoma cells into BALB/c/nu mice, tumors were created for the animal experiments. The results showed that the encapsulated DNR had better efficacy than that of the free drug in terms of tumor inhibition in a 4 week in vivo culture period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel amphiphilic fluorescent graft copolymers: synthesis, characterization, and potential as gene carriers
Authors: Wu Zhaoqiang , Meng Lingzhi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAmphiphilic fluorescent graft copolymer (PVP‐PyATAm) was successfully synthesized by the free radical copolymerizations of hydrophobic monomer N‐acryloyl‐thioureylene‐4‐(1‐pyrene)‐butyryl amide (PyATAm) with hydrophilic precursor polymers of vinyl‐functionalized poly (N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (Acryloyl‐PVP) in DMF. FT‐IR, 1H NMR, TEM, gel permeation chromatography‐multi‐angle laser light scattering, UV‐vis spectroscopy, viscometric measurement, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize this copolymer. The TEM observation showed that the copolymer PVP‐ PyATAm formed spherical micelles in an aqueous solution and the size of micelles was between 50 and 70 nm in diameter. The interaction of PVP‐PyATAm copolymer and plasmid DNA was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis and TEM. Results indicated that the copolymer–DNA complexes were self‐assembled and the size of complexes was between 90 and 120 nm in diameter. Cytotoxity studies using MTT colorimetric assays suggested good biocompatibility of PVP‐PyATAm in vitro. These results suggested the potential of this graft copolymer as gene delivery carrier. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of protein changes during grape berry ripening by 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF
Authors: Giribaldi Marzia , Perugini Iolanda , Sauvage François‐Xavier , Schubert Andrea 
Published: August 2007

AbstractGrape berry, a nonclimacteric fruit, during ripening turns from green, hard and acidic to coloured, soft and sweet. Many studies have focused on dynamic changes of mRNA levels, metabolites, sugars or individual proteins, but this is the first report of a proteomic approach applied to the screening of the most prominent variations that take place during berry ripening.Vitis viniferacv. ‘Nebbiolo Lampia’ berries were collected at 10‐day intervals, starting 1 month after flowering to complete ripe stage; total protein extracts from deseeded berries were separated by 2‐DE. A total of 730 spots were detected in the 2‐DE gels. 118 protein spots, differentially expressed during berry development, were subjected to MALDI‐TOF analysis. Ninety‐three of them were identified, corresponding to 101 proteins. The majority of proteins were linked to metabolism, energy and protein synthesis and fate. In comparison to published surveys of major berry proteins, fewer proteins related to stress response and more proteins related to cell structure were differentially expressed. Our data confirm a general decrease of glycolysis during ripening, and an increase of PR proteins in the range of 20–35 kDa. They furthermore suggest that oxidative stress decreases during ripening while extensive cytoskeleton rearrangement takes place in this period.
Human spermatozoa contain multiple targets for protein S‐nitrosylation: An alternative mechanism of the modulation of sperm function by nitric oxide?
Authors: Lefièvre Linda , Chen Yongjian , Conner Sarah J. , Scott Joanna L. , Publicover Steve J. , Ford W. Christopher L. , Barratt Christopher L. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) enhances human sperm motility and capacitation associated with increased protein phosphorylation. NO activates soluble guanylyl cyclase, but can also modify protein function covalently via S‐nitrosylation of cysteine. Remarkably, this mechanism remains unexplored in sperm although they depend on post‐translational protein modification to achieve changes in function required for fertilisation. Our objective was to identify targets for S‐nitrosylation in human sperm. Spermatozoa were incubated with NO donors and S‐nitrosylated proteins were identified using the biotin switch assay and a proteomic approach using MS/MS. 240 S‐nitrosylated proteins were detected in sperm incubated with S‐nitroso‐glutathione. Minimal levels were observed in glutathione or untreated samples. Proteins identified consistently based on multiple peptides included established targets for S‐nitrosylation in other cells e.g. tubulin, GST and HSPs but also novel targets including A‐kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) types 3 and 4, voltage‐dependent anion‐selective channel protein 3 and semenogelin 1 and 2. In situ localisation revealed S‐nitrosylated targets on the postacrosomal region of the head and throughout the flagellum. Potential targets for S‐nitrosylation in human sperm include physiologically significant proteins not previously reported in other cells. Their identification will provide novel insight into the mechanism of action of NO in spermatozoa.
Carbanion reactivity; studies of σ‐adduct formation from benzyltriflone anions and 4‐nitrobenzofurazan derivatives
Authors: Asghar Basim H. M. , Crampton Michael R. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract1H NMR studies in DMSO‐d6 of the reaction of benzyltriflones, 2, with 4,6‐dinitrobenzofuroxan, 4, indicate the formation, with or without the presence of added base, of anionic σ‐adducts. Spectra obtained from solutions of 2 and 4‐nitrobenzofurazan, 6a, in the presence of triethylamine are consistent with products formed by the elimination of trifluoromethylsulfinic acid from σ‐adducts initially formed by carbanion attack at the 5‐position of 6a. Kinetic studies of the latter reaction in methanol allow the determination of rate constants for nucleophilic attack by the carbanions at the 5‐position. The low value of β for these reactions together with the failure to observe reaction with 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene suggest that the benzyltriflone anions have unusually large steric requirements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid free radical/cationic frontal photopolymerizations
Authors: Crivello James V. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe irradiation of hybrid photopolymer systems consisting of a free radically polymerizable multifunctional acrylate monomer and a cationically polymerizable epoxide or oxetane monomer was conducted under conditions where only the free radical polymerization takes place. This results in the formation of a free‐standing polyacrylate network film containing quiescent oxonium ions along with the unreacted cyclic ether monomer. The subsequent application of a point source of heat to the film ignites a cationic ring‐opening frontal polymerization that emanates from that site and propagates to all portions of the irradiated sample. This article examines the impact of various molecular structural and experimental parameters on these novel hybrid frontal polymerizations that produce interpenetrating network polymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4331–4340, 2007
Proteomic strategies to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of spirochetes
Authors: Nally Jarlath E. , Whitelegge Julian P. , Carroll James A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSpirochetes are a unique group of bacteria that include several motile and highly invasive pathogens that cause a multitude of acute and chronic disease processes. Nine genomes of spirochetes have been completed, which provide significant insights into pathogenic mechanisms of disease and reflect an often complex lifestyle associated with a wide range of environmental and host factors encountered during disease transmission and infection. Characterization of the outer membrane of spirochetes is of particular interest since it interacts directly with the host and environs during disease and likely contains candidate vaccinogens and diagnostics. In concert with appropriate fractionation techniques, the tools of proteomics have rapidly evolved to characterize the proteome of spirochetes. Of greater significance, studies have confirmed the differential expression of many proteins, including those of the outer membrane, in response to environmental signals encountered during disease transmission and infection. Characterization of the proteome in response to such signals provides novel insights to understand pathogenic mechanisms of spirochetes.
HIF‐1α promotes survival of prostate cells at a high zinc environment
Authors: Park Sook‐Eun , Park Jong‐Wan , Cho Young‐Suk , Ryu Ji‐Hye , Paick Jae‐Seung , Chun Yang‐Sook 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe prostate contains extremely high concentrations of zinc, which may be required for male reproduction. Although zinc is essential for many cellular functions, excessive zinc induces cellular toxicity in general. However, despite exposure to high zinc environment, prostate cells survive and proliferate. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the intrinsic molecular species that endow prostate cells with the ability to overcome zinc toxicity.METHODSImmunohistochemistry, histofluorescent zinc staining, Western blot, in vitro binding assay, immunoprecipitation, caspase activity assay, and proteasome activity assay.RESULTSIn rat and human prostates, HIF‐1α was found to be robustly expressed in epithelial layers containing high zinc levels. Moreover, in cultured prostate cells, HIF‐1α expression was zinc‐dependently induced even under normoxic conditions. Mechanistically, zinc ions inhibited HIF‐1‐prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) activity, and therefore blocked von Hippel‐Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) binding to HIF‐1α in vivo and in vitro. The HIF‐1α stabilization was mediated by oxidative stress induced by zinc ion. Even when prostate cells were treated with high concentrations of zinc ion for extended times, only 10% of cells showed apoptotic death. However, this population of apoptotic cells was increased threefold after HIF‐1α was knocked‐down by siRNA.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that HIF‐1α functions as an intrinsic defense molecule that enables prostate cells to survive in a zinc‐rich environment. Prostate 67: 1514–1523, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RAGAGEP beyond regulation: Good engineering practices for the design and operation of plants
Authors: Blair Angela S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn many of the facilities at which the CSB investigates, incidents are not covered by the OSHA PSM rule or the EPA RMP rule. In some cases, the CSB finds that existing consensus codes and standards, if properly applied, might have prevented or mitigated the incident. The difficulty lies in communicating the responsibility of engineers in these facilities to consult and apply such standards when there is no clear‐cut regulatory requirement to do so.The PSM and RMP rules both require facility owners to document that their equipment complies with Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices, known by the acronym RAGAGEP. However, no other OSHA or EPA rule specifically assigns responsibility for RAGAGEP compliance. OSHA's General Duty Clause can be used to enforce the RAGAGEP standards, only when OSHA can establish that the employer could reasonably be expected to be aware of the hazard.This article examines the available literature, state licensing laws, and published codes of ethics for engineers, to establish a citable link between the engineer at a “non‐covered” facility and the responsibility to adhere to RAGAGEPs. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 26, 2007
Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance
Authors: Teece David J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper draws on the social and behavioral sciences in an endeavor to specify the nature and microfoundations of the capabilities necessary to sustain superior enterprise performance in an open economy with rapid innovation and globally dispersed sources of invention, innovation, and manufacturing capability. Dynamic capabilities enable business enterprises to create, deploy, and protect the intangible assets that support superior long‐ run business performance. The microfoundations of dynamic capabilities—the distinct skills, processes, procedures, organizational structures, decision rules, and disciplines—which undergird enterprise‐level sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring capacities are difficult to develop and deploy. Enterprises with strong dynamic capabilities are intensely entrepreneurial. They not only adapt to business ecosystems, but also shape them through innovation and through collaboration with other enterprises, entities, and institutions. The framework advanced can help scholars understand the foundations of long‐run enterprise success while helping managers delineate relevant strategic considerations and the priorities they must adopt to enhance enterprise performance and escape the zero profit tendency associated with operating in markets open to global competition. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fixed channel assignment algorithm for multi‐radio multi‐channel MESH networks
Authors: Alazemi Hamed M. K. , Das A. , Vijaykumar R. , Roy S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecently, multi‐radio mesh technology in wireless networks has been under extensive research. This is because of its potential of overcoming the inherent wireless multi‐hop throughput, scalability and latency problems caused by the half‐duplex nature of the IEEE 802.11. The concept of deploying multiple radios in wireless network access points (APs) has shown a promising way to enhance the channel selection and the route formation while the MESH topology allows more fine‐grained interference management and topology control. Within this realm, given a set of end‐to‐end objectives, there are multiple issues that need to be identified when we consider the optimization problem for fixed multi‐channel multi‐hop wireless networks with multiple radios. This paper addresses the static channel assignment problem for multichannel multi‐radio static wireless mesh networks. We first discuss its similarities and differences with the channel assignment problem in cellular networks (WMN). Next, we present four metrics based on which mesh channel assignments can be obtained. Three of these metrics attempt to maximize simultaneous transmissions in a mesh network, either directly or indirectly. The fourth metric quantifies the ‘diversity’ of a particular assignment and can be used as a secondary criterion to the other three metrics. Related optimization models have also been developed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software‐only TDOA/RTT positioning for 3G WCDMA wireless network
Authors: Kabadayi Sanem , Tekin Ibrahim 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA hybrid location finding technique based on time difference of arrival (TDOA) with round‐trip time (RTT) measurements is proposed for a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) network. In this technique, a mobile station measures timing from at least three base stations using user equipment receive—transmit (UE Rx—Tx) time difference and at least three base stations measure timing from the mobile station using RTT. The timing measurements of mobile and base stations are then combined to solve for both the location of the mobile and the synchronization offset between base stations. A software‐only geolocation system based on the above mobile/base stations timing measurements is implemented in Matlab platform and the performance of the system is investigated using large‐scale propagation models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of the flavor stability and autoxidation of beef fats
Authors: Chang S. S. , Kummerow A. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe odoriferous compounds isolated from a fresh edible tallow were found to be very complex in nature and could not be diminished by treatment with carbonyl reagents. When these compounds were removed by deodorization, the bland tallow which was obtained developed on autoxidation another type of odoriferous compounds. The latter contained various carbonyl compounds of the type which have been associated with flavor reversion in edible oils.The characteristic odor of oleo oil and edible tallow could be removed by slight hydrogenation of high selectivity under atmospheric pressure. This hydrogenation process raised the melting point by less than 2°C. but substantially decreased the linolenic and arachiidonic acid content. The hydrogenated products, after deodorization, were not only bland in odor and flavor but also had flavor stabilities better than those of some of the best commercial shortenings.
Ethanolamines and other amino‐ and hydroxyl‐containing compounds in the refining of rice oil
Authors: Cousins E. R. , Prachankadee R. , Bhodhiprasart S. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn the alkali‐refining of rice oil by the usual procedure employed for cottonseed and similar oils excessive losses occur. A rice oil containing about 5% of free fatty acids may refine with a loss of over 40% by the cup method.A series of experiments has been performed which shows that the adding of certain organic compounds to the crude oil just before carrying out the regular refining procedure greatly reduces the refining losses. The technique was effective in both batch and continuous processes. Depending on the refining process used, reductions in the refining loss of 32 to 55% have been obtained.The organic compounds used as additives contained NH2 and OH groups. Sucrose or blackstrap molasses appears to be the most practical material to use. However ethanolamines and various glycols and alcohols may also be employed.
Sampling
Authors: Brown L. R. 
Published: August 2007

ConclusionIt is hoped that the foregoing general remarks on sampling procedures will point up the necessity for more care in this very important operation. In too many instances sampling has been delegated to persons not too well aware of the purpose and importance of the samples which they are taking, and possibly not too well qualified to handle the job. This situation could be improved markedly by better training and instruction of persons delegated to take samples, or preferably by selecting persons better qualified and more interested in this essential but rather non‐glamorous operation. There is also the need for better equipment specifically designed to handle the more difficult and troublesome sampling situations, some of which have been mentioned previously. Much unnecessary work on the part of the analyst could be eliminated, and at the same time his prestige could be raised materially, if the samples he received for analysis were always true and representative parts or segments of the entire lot of material on which his evaluation is based.
Phase relations pertaining to the solvent winterization of peanut oil in acetone‐hexane mixtures
Authors: Boucher Richard E. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: August 2007

SummarySystematic phase relation data have been obtained pertaining to the solvent‐winterization behavior of a refined peanut oil in a mixed solvent consisting of 85% by weight of acetone and 15% of hexane. Graphs have been constructed to show the effect of oil‐solvent ratio, chilling temperature, holding‐time, and agitation on the percentage of solid removed, on the degree of winterization, and on the settling qualities of the solid separating.The results show that it is possible on a laboratory scale to solvent‐winterize refined peanut oil in this solvent mixture. The data afford a preliminary basis for pilot plant design, selection of optimum conditions, and recognition of limitations for pilot plant research on the solvent winterization of peanut oil.