bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrieval language of social sciences and natural sciences: A statistical investigation
Authors: Kim Chai 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCurrent guidelines for retrieval thesaurus design and maintenance recommend the use of relative frequency of occurrence of descriptors for the design and updating of a thesaurus. This study examined the extent to which Zipf and Whatmough's theory of quantitative semantics provides the theoretical justification for the current practice. The retrieval language of social sciences and science/technology was analyzed to test if the observed data on relative frequency conforms to the theoretical distribution of Zipf's law. Findings demonstrate that the principle of least effort serves to explain the pattern of use of the retrieval language in social sciences but not in science/technology. For social sciences, one may assume that the frequently occurring descriptors are indeed becoming semantically ambiguous thus requiring a greater variety of access points to the concepts that the more frequently occurring descriptors represent. No theoretical justification was found for using the frequency data in the design and updating of the descriptors of science/technology. Thus, this finding challenges the theoretical basis for the present practice of using frequency data for the design and updating of the retrieval thesauri of science/technology.
Text compression using variable‐to fixed‐length encodings
Authors: Cooper David , Lynch Michael F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMany methods have been suggested for representing text for storage on magnetic media or for transmission down telecommunication channels with fewer bits then are required by a conventional fixed‐length character representation. These methods are reviewed, and attention is drawn to the advantages of techniques in which variable‐length character strings are represented by a fixed number of bits. Such techniques are described in more detail. The advantages and disadvantages of implementing text compression in storage and telecommunications are discussed, and an indication is given of the types of hardware which may be used. The extent to which text may be compressed with the methods discussed, and approximate timings, are stated.
An information transfer model to define information users and outputs with specific application to environmental technology
Authors: Landau Herbert B. , Maddock Jerome T. , Shoemaker F. Floyd , Costello Joseph G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInformation system outputs and user needs vary with the phases of the innovation decision‐making process as defined by Rogers and Shoemaker: awareness/knowledge, attitude formation/persuasion, trial/decision, confirmation. Within each phase, products and user needs can be defined as the parameters of user characteristics, subject content, packaging characteristics, and marketing techniques. In this article we apply this information/requirement/product definition technique to environmental pollution control technology to show how a range of information outputs and services needs to be developed to satisfy various requirements. This technique could be applied to virtually any applications area.
Optimal values of recall and precision
Authors: Olafsen Tore , Vokac Libena 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article shows that if simple foundations of the cost structure are taken into consideration, high values of both precision and recall are not necessarily the goal when searching in an information system. When the cost structure is known, the optimal value of recall and the optimal value of precision can be found. Both values are functions of relative prices/costs only.
Secondary information services in science and technology: A wide‐angle view
Authors: Cooper Marianne 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article provides a broad overview of the development of abstracting and indexing services in science and technology during the last three and one‐half decades. It identifies major trends that have clearly affected individual producers, services, and the field as a whole. These trends include the changing national priorities, the new technologies, and the growing importance of marketing. Change, transformation, and survival are keywords in the discussion.
Systems theory and the meaning of information
Authors: Langlois Richard N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractI attempt in this article to show how systems theory presents us with a useful and interesting way of looking at the concepts of knowledge and information. Using a simple model from the (normative) theory of economic decision making, I try to illustrate how the idea of a system helps give meaning to the notion of “meaning.” I also introduce a distinction between structural information and parametric information, suggesting that the former, now somewhat neglected in the economic theory of information systems, may actually pose the more interesting questions for future research.
Entropy and information: A multidisciplinary overview
Authors: Shaw Debora , Davis Charles H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe concept of entropy, from the second law of thermodynamics, has been used by numerous writers on information theory. Basic relationships between entropy, order, information, and meaning have been observed by writers in disciplines as diverse as biology, economics, information science, the arts, and religion. This article, while not attempting comprehensive treatment, cites representative extensions of the concept, including its use as metaphor.
FASIT: A fully automatic syntactically based indexing system
Authors: Dillon Martin , Gray Ann S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aim of automatic Indexing Is to achieve a compact representation of a document suitable for retrieval. FASIT (Fully Automatic Syntactically based Indexing of Text) Identifies content bearing textual units without a full parse, and, without using semantic criteria, groups these units Into quaslsynonymous sets. Tested on a database of 250 documents and 22 queries, FASIT performed better than both thesaurus and stem based Indexing systems. Retrievals Indicate that the basic Idea of FASIT—that significant terms In the text can be Identified through syntactic patterns—Is valid and that FASIT deserves serious consideration as an advance over stem based systems.
An investigation of the validity of bibliographic citations
Authors: Broadus Robert N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEdward O. Wilson, in his famous work, Sociobiology, The New Synthesis [9], makes reference to a pair of articles by W. D. Hamilton, but misquotes the articles' title. No less than 148 later papers make reference to both Wilson's book and Hamilton's articles, by title. Thus, there is provided an opportunity to test the charge, made by some critics, that writers frequently lift their bibliographic references from other publications without consulting the original sources. Although 23% of these citing papers made the same error as did Wilson, a further perusal of the evidence raises considerable doubt as to whether fraudulent use was intended.
Statistical disorder and the analysis of a communication‐graph
Authors: Shaw W. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe lines of a co‐author graph represent channels of communication through which information has been and may continue to be informally exchanged. The Brillouin Information Measure can be used to describe important properties of the co‐author graph and other communication‐graphs. The “connectedness” of a graph can be represented on a scale in which one limiting value signifies a connected graph and the other limiting value signifies a graph in which all points are isolated. Important points can be distinguished from all other points in a communication‐graph. These important points are defined mathematically and are called synthetic cutpoints. A measure of importance can be assigned to each point in a communication‐graph. This measure can be used to order points in terms of their contribution to a favorable communication‐structure.
Publication indicators of relative research efforts in physics subfields
Authors: Bujdosó Ernö , Braun Tibor 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIndicators of research activity are suggested in order to evaluate the relative research efforts within the subfields of physics in a given country and in relation to the world average. The comparison of the internal activity indicators of various countries show that the self‐regulating mechanism of scientific research tends to keep an even distribution of efforts in each of the physics subfields on a worldwide scale. Countries of high and medium economic and intellectual potential showing significant deviation in research efforts from the general group behavior were selected by an expectation methodology.
A technique of two‐stage clustering applied to environmental and civil engineering and related methods of citation analysis
Authors: Miyamoto S. , Nakayama K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method of two‐stage clustering of literature based on citation frequency is developed. This method enables one to cluster thousands of articles Into a simplified dendrogram by introducing a two‐stage algorithm based on a citation space whose axes are cited articles. In the first step, preliminary clusters are generated which become initial clusters in the second step. Secondly, the initial clusters are connected into a dendrogram by means of an agglomerative technique. This method is applied to 5065 articles from 52 journals in environmental and civil engineering. The data are derived from the 1977 Science Citation Index [1]. Related methods of citation analysis such as hierarchical graph, clustering of journals, and multidimensional scaling are also applied to the same set of articles. These results are compared and structures of the literature in environmental and civil engineering are discussed.
Some aspects of citation behavior: A pilot study in business administration
Authors: Prabha Chandra G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study addressed certain aspects of citation behavior: How many of the sources cited has the author really consulted? How many did the author consult specifically for the preparation of the citing paper? How many of the sources cited does the author consider essential to the development of his own theme? Nineteen members of the faculty from the Department of Business Administration, College of Commerce, University of Illinois, each of whom had published at least one periodical article in the preceding two years, were subjects of the study. Each was given a self‐administered questionnaire, along with the bibliography from one of his articles, and each participated in a follow up interview. Ninety‐six percent of the sources cited had been consulted by the authors, which indicates little evidence of secondhand citation. However, just 63% were consulted specifically in the preparation of the article; and only less than a third were judged essential raw material by those who cited them. If an item is of critical importance, it is likely to be owned by the author. Also, it is likely to have been consulted specifically in the preparation of the article, but criticality is no guarantee that it has been used heavily by the author.
Office automation technology and functions: An overview
Authors: Martin Thomas H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOffice automation is the progeny of technological imperatives coupled with bureaucratic realities. Advances in computer, photographic, and telecommunication technologies have made It possible to collect, edit, store, distribute, and copy documentary information at ever‐decreasing cost. The need for training, acceptance, cooperation, and effective use of the technology has filtered out many proposed systems. This article describes the opportunities and limitations inherent In the technologies, focusing on media conversions and equipment compatibility. It also describes the differing needs of convenience users and dedicated users, document preparers, and archivists. The systems that are emerging for use within organizations are compared to systems for use in communication between organizations.
Information resources and organizational structure
Authors: Daniel Evelyn 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCurrent approaches to understanding organizational structure are reviewed as background for the assertion that structure is a major determinant in the kinds of information resources collected and In the ways they are used. Information resource uses in relation to functions of the organization and form of the Information carriers are described, as are the differences In treatment of externally generated versus internal information. In the complex and changing environments organizations face today, it is suggested that greater attention be focused on information flow within organizations and in the use and reuse of information resources. The article concludes with some critical political and social factors to be considered in reorganizing information flows.
The psychology of online searching
Authors: Vigil Peter J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOnline searching is a dynamic process requiring an interactive and iterative dialogue to fully utilize its potential. However, such an interaction results in communication barriers at the human‐computer interface due to demands and limits of human memory and human information processing. An algorithmic method of searching, using Boolean negation to eliminate redundancy and reduce the cognitive strain of this barrier is proposed. Experimental data testing the efficacy of the method are also presented. Furthermore, the correlation of differences in cognitive processes to the searcher's comprehension of the system and searching behavior are explored.
Information retrieval: A sequential learning process
Authors: Bookstein Abraham 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe fundamental problem of information retrieval is how to decide, on the basis of clues, each of which is an imperfect indicator of docuemnt relevance, which documents to retrieve and the order in which to present them. The most satisfying conceptual approaches have been based on probabilistic decision theoretic models. However, those previously used make a decision about a single document at a time, and extend this to retreiv e multiple docuemnts by ignoring interdocument interaction. The purpose of the articles is to present decision‐theoretic models which intrinsically include the multiple retrieval case. In particular, we argue that information retrieval should be envisioned as a process, in which the information retrieval system responds to a request by presenting documents to the patron in a sequence, gathering feedback as the process proceeds, and using this information to modify future retrieval. A retrieval strategy that naturally results from this model is described. Two examples are examined in detail.
Optical disk for digital storage and retrieval systems
Authors: Rose Denis A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe availability of low‐cost digital optical disks will revolutionalize storage and retrieval systems over the next decade. Three major factors will effect this change:
Availabilityof the disks and controllers at low‐cost
Availability of lowcost and better output means
More flexible, less expensive communication net These capabilities will, for the first time, allow system users to merge “digital Images” and encoded data (alphanumeric) information into the same Information base. This capability to merge images and data will result in a lower cost of handling today's application and, additionally, offer new opportunities. and plentiful supply. for the system users. work capabilities.
Co‐citation analysis and the invisible college
Authors: Noma Elliot 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCo‐citation analysis is based on the assumption that all citing articles view the scientific literature from a common point‐of‐view. When a co‐citation matrix is analyzed, this assumption affects measures of the dimensionality and clustering of articles. Therefore, before a co‐citation matrix is constructed, the citing articles should be limited to those written by individuals in an invisible college.
Mapping a curriculum by computer
Authors: White Howard D. , Calhoun Karen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEnrollment data for 1977–1982, gathered unobtrusively from records of 200 students, are used to produce an innovative map of the top 42 elective courses in Drexel University's School of Library and Information Science. The technique involves widely available packaged computer programs, including multidimensional scaling, and is usable for mapping electives in any curriculum in any field. Data gathering and computing procedures are given in sufficient detail for replication. The Drexel map shows a de facto core of popular courses that cut across several subject areas and are generalizable to any type of library or information agency. Surrounding the core are coherent specializations in such areas as applied information science, technical services librarianship, and educational media. The axes of the map are inter‐pretable as dimensions on which students perceive courses, and by implication careers: one is type of clientele served, from highly specialized to nonspecialized; the other is graduate's image, from traditional to nontraditional. The map is historical evidence that the curriculum works in a certain way, which may be typical of schools like Drexel with largely elective courses. The evidence is relevant to accreditation standards of the American Liorary Association.
System design for detection and correction of spelling errors in scientific and scholarly text
Authors: Pollock Joseph J. , Zamora Antonio 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe SPEEDCOP project recently completed at Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) extracted over 50,000 misspellings from approximately 25,000,000 words of text from seven scientific and scholarly databases. The misspellings were automatically classified and analyzed and the results used to design and implement a program that proved capable of correcting most such errors. Analysis of the performance of the spelling error detection and correction programs highlighted the features that should be incorporated into a powerful and user‐friendly interactive system suitable for nonprogram‐mers. These include document level thresholds for misspelling detection, automatic reuse of user decisions, and user verification and control of correction. An advantage of the proposed design is that the system automatically customizes itself to its environment. This article is primarily concerned with system design, not implementation details.
Scientific inquiry: A model for online searching
Authors: Harter Stephen P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractScientific inquiry is proposed as a philosophical and behavioral model for online information retrieval. The nature of scientific research is described and online analogs to the research concepts of variable, hypothesis formulation and testing, operational definition, validity, reliability, assumption, and the cyclical nature of research are established. A case is made for the inevitability of end‐user searching. It is argued that the model is of interest not only for its own sake, for the intellectual parallels that can be established between two apparently disparate human activities, but as a useful framework for discussion and analysis of the online search process from an educational and evaluative viewpoint.
Brief history of information science
Authors: Herner Saul 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInformation science is the product of convergences of library science, computer and punched card science, R & D documentation, abstracting and indexing, communications science, behavioral science, micro‐ and macro‐publishing, video and optical science, and various other fields and disciplines. The role and contribution of each participating segment is reflected in certain basic and seminal writings, in the work of “major actors” in the field, and in major events or developments. These contributing sources are reviewed, analyzed, and related, as a means of tracing the history of the field, from its pre‐and post‐World War II beginnings to the early 1980s, to the near‐term future.
An information scientist's view on evolving information technology
Authors: Becker Joseph 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe author presents an historical perspective of the technology affecting the development of information science over the years and vice versa. Included are vignettes of some of the pioneers whose foresight and imaginative application of technology brought us to where we are today. The impact of new information technology on existing library and information services is discussed and an adjusted role for tomorrow's information scientist is advanced.
Longitudinal author cocitation mapping: The changing structure of macroeconomics
Authors: McCain Katherine W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAuthor cocitation analysis was used to investigate changes in the intellectual structure of Macroeconomics over two consecutive time periods, 1972–1977 and 1978–1983. Profile analysis, nonmetric multidimensional scaling and clustering techniques were used to create two‐dimensional maps displaying the changing relationships among 41 authors as perceived by scholars citing their work over the two time periods. Clusters of points on the map, representing authors, correspond to theory groups or research areas. Authors in Rational Expectations Theory, Implicit Contracts, and a general group labeled “Post‐Monetarist” show a marked increase in mean cocitation rate. The first is a school of thought emerging as a new focal point of scholarly activity in Macroeconomics. Two types of scholarly “migration” are observed, based on patterns of significant increases and decreases in correlations among authors—“active migration” (the individual refocussing of a scholar's efforts) and “passive migration” (the result of reevaluation of an author's previous contributions in the context of the rise of new problem areas).
The dimensions of perceived accessibility to information: Implications for the delivery of information systems and services
Authors: Culnan Mary J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPerceived accessibility to information is proposed as a unifying concept for the design and evaluation of a wide variety of information systems and services. This field study measured end‐user perceptions of three sources of information (computer‐based, libraries, and individuals) for three samples of individuals. The results suggest that 1) accessibility is a multidimensional concept encompassing physical access to the source, the interface to the source, and the ability to physically retrieve potentially relevant information, and 2) perceptions of accessibility are moderated by prior experience with the source and contextual factors.