bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cranial myology of some species of Liolaemus and Phymaturus (Squamata: Tropiduridae: Liolaeminae)
Authors: Moro Silvia , Abdala Virginia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe cranial musculature of 19 species of Liolaemus and two species of Phymaturus was compared and analyzed for taxonomic significance. Using 52 myological cranial characters a cladistic analysis of the taxa mentioned was performed. Parsimony analysis was conducted with the program Nona, and 180 equally parsimonious trees were obtained. In all of them the Tropidurinae are paraphyletic. The Liolaeminae are a monophyletic group. Phymaturus and Liolaemus are monophyletic groups, and the relationships among the species of Liolaemus remain unresolved.
The distribution of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus and Caiman yacare populations in Brazil
Authors: Brazaitis Peter , Rebêlo George H. , Yamashita Carlos 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The distribution and relationships among populations of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus and Caiman yacare were investigated throughout Brazil. Caiman c. crocodilus inhabits the drainages of the Rio Solimões/Rio Amazonas, Araguaia, Araguari, Itapicuru, Paranaiba, Negro, Tapajos, Tocantins, Xingú, and the rivers draining to the Atlantic Ocean on the northern coast of Brazil. It does not occur in the Rio Saõ Francisco. Caiman yacare is endemic to the Rio Mamoré, Rio Guaporé, Rio Paraguai and Rio Paranã river systems and all of their lowland drainages. The northernmost limit for C. yacare lies between Costa Marques (12°25'S, 64°10'W) and Guajara Mirim, Pacaas Novos on the Rio Mamoré (10°55'S, 65°15'W). Small populations of apparently hybrid individuals were observed in the upper Rio Acré, the Rio Abunã, the upper Rio Madeira, and the Rio Mamoré between Guajara Mirim and Abunã. Caiman c. crocodilus and C. yacare populations are geologically separated and morphologically distinct. The taxonomic recognition of Caiman species with overlapping distributions in the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul appears to be without merit.
The Effect of Honey-Guides
Authors: Manning Aubrey 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1) The effect which the honey-guides of flowers have upon visiting bees is investigated with the use of large model flowers. 2) It is found that bumble-bees have a strong tendency to react to the edge of plain shapes, where there is a line of colour contrast with the background. If a contrasting honey-guide pattern is added, the bees still fly initially to the edge, but subsequently react often to the contrast margins formed by the pattern. On real flowers the honey-guide is arranged around the entrance to the nectaries and thus could direct the bees' reactions there. 3) The total patterns formed by honey-guides have no significance for bumble-bees. They follow converging lines to the flower's centre only because they always arrive first at the outer edge. 4) Bumble-bees do not distinguish between plain and honey-guided models when choosing from a distance, but having flown to a model, they hover longer over the latter. 5) Various observations on bees visiting real flowers are described and the validity of arguing from models to real flowers is discussed. It is believed that honey-guides will have qualitatively the same effect on both. 6) Some aspects of the effects of the honey-guides and the scent of flowers are discussed.
The Following Response of Young Coots and Moorhens
Authors: Hinde R.A. , Thorpe W.H. , Vince M.A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
(i) Experiments with young hand-raised Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) and Coots (Fulica atra) were performed in order to survey the nature of the factors influencing the following response. (ii) Following can be evoked by many objects quite different from each other in size and shape, but having in common the property of being in motion. (iii) The establishment of the following response is not dependent on brooding, feeding or any other activity normally directed by the parent to its young, though these may play a role in nature. (iv) Birds could be trained to follow different models on successive runs. Further, birds trained on one model would generalise to others throughout practically the whole period in which they would follow at all. In this sense, the learning is not irreversible. (v) Moorhens were more likely to follow if tested from the first day after hatching than if several days were first allowed to elapse. Fleeing increases during the first few days of life, and this may be an important factor limiting the "sensitive period" for the establishment of the following response. (vi) The following response is maintained at a steady level under conditions of massed practice only if the object on which the birds are being tested is a familiar one. The significance of this is discussed. (vii) There is no evidence that "imprinting" is fundamentally different from other types of learning. It is suggested that learning occurs when the bird follows the moving obj ect.
Experimentelle Untersuchung Über Die Optische Wirkung Der Streifung Beim Preussenfisch (Dascyllus Aruanus)1)
Authors: Franzisket L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDurch Wahlversuche wird gezeigt, dass die auffällige Schwarz-Weiss-Färbung des Preussenfisches Dascyllus aruanus keine kryptische Wirkung, sondern attraktive Wirkung auf Artgenossen ausübt. Durch die Streifung sind die Fische zwar gegen ihre Umgebung auffällig, aber nicht als Beuteschema "Fischgestalt" auffällig.
Effects of Prior Food Competition On the Rat's Killing Response To the White Mouse
Authors: Newton Grant , Heimstra Norman W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractForty male albino rats were paired and given 15 trials in a dominance test situation where only one animal in a pair could eat at a given time. Length of time in control of the food and frequency of dominant gestures and failures, which involved either success or failure in displacing the other animal from the food source, were the criteria employed in determining the dominance relationship within a pair of animals. A second group of 20 animals, of the same age and strain, did not receive the competitive experience and served as a control group. The day following the termination of the dominance trials, an adult albino mouse was placed in the home cage of each rat in both groups. Results showed that: I. None of the rats in the non-competitive control group killed the mouse they were paired with. 2. Twenty-two of the rats in the competitive group killed. 3. Sixteen of the killer rats in the competitive group were dominant animals while only six were submissive. The results are explained as being due to the difference in past experience of the two groups of rats.
Incubation and Nest-Building Behaviour of Black-Headed Gulls III : the Pre-Laying Period
Authors: Beer C.G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract(I) Elements of incubation behaviour and nest-building behaviour that are performed by Black-headed Gulls in the pre-laying period are described as they appear in the natural situation and when a model egg is placed in the nest. (2) Quantitative material is presented and shows the following:- (a) Time spent on the territory, time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, the proportion of complete settlings, the proportion of relatively long combinations of pre-settling movements, and the frequency of sideways-building all increase steadily as the date of laying draws closer. This is not true for time spent by partners together on the territory or the frequency of collecting trips. (b) Time spent on the territory, time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, and the frequency of sideways-building vary together to significant extents; this is at least partly a result of common correlation with the passing of time. Settling and sideways-building, however, remain highly significantly correlated after the effects of common correlation with all other variables are eliminated. (c) Performances of settling and sideways-building tend to occur in close temporal proximity to each other. (d) Comparison with the behaviour in the natural situation shows that presence of an egg in the pre-laying period depresses the amount of time spent on the territory somewhat but increases the amount of time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, and the frequency of sideways-building. Frequency of collecting trips and amounts of time partners were together on the territory were not affected by presence of the model egg. Presence of an egg in the nest is almost a necessary condition for performance of shifting and quivering in the pre-laying period. (e) Most collecting trips are performed when the partners are together on the territory. This is not true for settling or sideways-building. (f) Males perform more settlings, more sideways-building movements, more collecting trips, and spend more time sitting in the nest than females but the partners spend more or less equal amounts of time on the territory. (g) The evidence suggests that sideways-building has more causal affinity with settling and sitting in the nest than with collecting trips. (3) A sample of brood-patch and gonad measurements from birds found at different stages of the pre-laying period indicate that, in both males and females, defeathering of the brood patches begins some time before eggs are laid, and that changes in these structures may develop parallel with, and be implicated in, the changes in sitting and nesting behaviour in the pre-laying period.
Determinants of Cliff Edge and Escape Responses in Herring Gull Chicks in Nature1)2)
Authors: Emlen John T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHerring gull chicks from nests on a) cliff ledges and b) vegetated plateaus showed different types of escape and edge response when tested on an elevated platform. The birds from cliff sites, though bolder at the platform edge, were more reluctant to jump. Those from the plateau nests leapt to the ground with relatively little hesitation. Chicks from cliff eggs, hatched and reared in the plateau by foster parents, resembled native plateau chicks in their escape responses while chicks of plateau origin reciprocally transplanted to and reared on cliff sites showed the reluctance typical of cliff chicks. The posssibility of two genetic types reproductively isolated on the two breeding situations is thus essentially eliminated. The likelihood of a stable genetic polymorphism is considered and tentatively discarded as less plausible than an explanation based on learning. Although conditions favorable for simple instrumental conditioning along divergent lines are present in the two rearing situations, a theory is favored which attributes the divergence to major differences in the amount and variety of experience afforded by the two environments. Modest support for this theory is provided by experiments in which plateau chicks confined by fencing to the immediate nest vicinity tended to resemble the naturally deprived cliff chicks in their reluctance to jump. In conclusion the concept of species-characteristic responses is considered inapplicable to the cliff edge and escape patterns of herring gull chicks except as it incorporates recognition of a determining role in factors of the rearing environment.
A Behavioural Study of the Home-Cage Activity of the White Rat
Authors: Draper William Arthur 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTraditionally, the activity of the white rat has been investigated with a variety of mechanical recording devices (activity-wheels, stabilimeters, photo-electric relay systems, etc.), but quite limited data are available on rat behavior per se. The purpose of the present study was to develop an observational time-sampling technique that would provide a comprehensive description and catalogue of the various activities exhibited by individual animals and to use this to investigate the home-cage activity of the male laboratory rat under normal and experimental conditions. The following were studied: (1) age-related changes in normal animals at three age levels (approximately 30, 60, and 100 days) ; (2) effects of food- and water-deprivation in young (age 30 days) and adult (age 100 days) animals; (3) effects of food- and water-deprivation in adult animals (age 100 days) which had previously experienced similar deprivation at ages 30 and 60 days. Home-cage activity was measured simultaneously along a large number of different behavioural dimensions, hence an increase or decrease in "activity" typically reflected changes in a number of categories. The main age-related changes in home-cage activity were a sharpening of the diurnal activity cycle and a decrease in vigorous ambulatory behaviour. The effects of the various deprivation conditions proved to be quite different. At both 30 and 60 days, food-deprived animals showed much greater activity in a number of categories than did water-deprived and control animals. Water-deprived animals were somewhat more active than controls, but maintained an alert, immobile position more than the other two groups. At 100 days of age animals undergoing their third food deprivation showed marked increases in activity and some of these effects persisted during post-deprivation, whereas animals undergoing their third water deprivation showed relatively small increases in activity. Animals food-deprived for the first time at 100 days showed fewer activity changes; but 100 day old animals water-deprived for the first time presented a mixed picture, being more active than controls in the afternoon but less active at night. It was concluded that the drive properties of hunger and thirst have distinct, different, and cumulative effects on the home-cage activity of the white rat.
Sociobiology of Rhesus Monkeys Iv: Testing Mason's Hypothesis of Sex Differences in Affective Behavior
Authors: Altmann Stuart A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDuring a two-year field study of rhesus monkeys, data were obtained that are relevant to a hypothesis, proposed by MASON, GREEN & POSEPANKO (1960), that adult females will show a higher incidence of affective reactions than adult males, including threat behavior and aggressive posturing, and will probably more often be involved in episodes of minor aggression. This hypothesis is here restated in probabilistic terms, and a method is described for quantitative testing of the hypothesis under field conditions. Relevant data from a two-year field study of rhesus monkeys are presented and analyzed. These data gave no indication that females showed a higher incidence of affective responses as a whole, nor that they were more inclined to exhibit the milder forms of agonistic behavior. There was an indication that the affective social behavior of adult males is somewhat more likely to be aggressive than is that of adult females, while the behavior of the adult females is more likely to be submissive. Adult females were more likely to ignore the social partner than were adult males, and were perhaps less likely to lip-smack in affective situations. Among juveniles, the females displayed relatively more affective behavior than did males, as predicted. There was no indication that juvenile females were more likely to ignore their social partner than were males of the same age class. With juveniles, too, there was no indication that the females were more prone to display mild forms of agonism in their affective interactions. While the available data do not confirm the hypothesis of MASON et al., they do support an alternative hypothesis, namely, that in affective behavior, adult males tend, more often than adult females, to lunge, screech, approach, chase, or screech while grimacing, and that females tend, more often than males, to hit, avoid, flee from, or ignore their social partner. Some possible sources of error in this kind of research are discussed; at present the accuracy of generalizations that are made about primate behavior on the basis of field observations is greatly restricted by errors of sampling.
The Vocal Repertoire of the Bullfrog (Rana Catesbeiana)
Authors: Capranica Robert R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstracti. The vocal repertoire of bullfrogs maintained in laboratory terrariums in a semi-natural environment consisted of a distinct set of stereotyped calls. Each call could be readily identified with specific patterns of behavioral activity, thus indicating the significance represented by each of these sounds. 2. Mating calls were made only by males. The call by an adult male often evoked calling from other male bullfrogs; the call by a juvenile male did not evoke calling. 3. Territorial calls consisted of three distinct types: (i) one type made only by males, (ii) a second type made only by females, and (iii) a third type made by both males and females. These calls seemed to alert other bullfrogs that a territory was occupied and was being trespassed. 4. Release calls were made by both sexes. When an unreceptive female or a male was clasped by another male, the clasped animal first usually struggled and then emitted this call, whereupon it was released. 5. Warning calls were made by both sexes. This call was often made prior to a leap into or out of the terrarium ponds. It also was sometimes made by a bullfrog shortly after having produced one of the other calls in his vocal repertoire. 6. Distress calls, made by both sexes, could be evoked by repeated application of a noxious stimulus. This high-pitched call was always made with the mouth wide open. 7. The bullfrog's peripheral auditory system is well suited to detect and encode the calls in his vocal repertoire.
Species Differences in the Gross Behaviour of Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Davis Roger T. , Leary Robert W. , Dell Casebeer Smith Mary , Thompson Richard F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
1. Lemurs (Lemur catta) and six groups of monkeys - three groups of Old World and three of New World monkeys were compared by means of gross observations in laboratory cages. 2. The profile of scores for any one animal was unambiguously diagnostic of its species. 3. Rhesus and apella monkeys specialized in manipulating objects, stumptail monkeys in social grooming, squirrel monkeys in self manipulation and woolly monkeys in vocalizing. 4. Lemurs were not as socially oriented as monkeys and spent most of their time in visual survey or looking at social objects. 5. Results were discussed in terms of implications for laboratory studies that are based largely on one nonhuman primate (Macaca mulata).
Form Perception in Papilio Demoleus L. (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera)
Authors: Vaidya Vidyadhar G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Freshly emerged imagines of Papilio demoleus kept in a large cage, were offered some circular patterns of different sizes and different degrees of contour, cut out of coloured papers of the standardized Ostwald series. 2. On the coloured patterns, these hungry insects showed a characteristic feeding response: each one approached a pattern in flight, landed on it and unrolled its tongue with which it performed probing and sucking movements on the paper. Such responses on each of the patterns were counted separately. 3. The results clearly show that this insect can distinguish between forms of different sizes, and between forms presenting different degrees of contour. 4. The attractiveness to this insect in the feeding state increases with size of the form and with its compactness. 5. A definite interaction between form preference and colour preference has been established. The tendency of preferring a bigger form to a smaller one and that of preferring a compact form (poor in contour) to a broken one (rich in contour) increases with less and less attractive colours and vice versa. 6. Some experiments have brought out clearly the striking difference in the preference of the degree of contour shown by this insect (a Papilionid) and the Vanessids (ILSE, 1932). They have further provided an experimental proof for the conclusion reached by LEPPIK (1953) on the basis of his field observations that Lepidoptera prefer compact flowers for feeding.
The Role of Experience in the Development and Retention of Seed Preferences in Zebra Finches
Authors: Rabinowitch Victor 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe role of experience in the development of individual food preferences was tested in Zebra Finches using seeds of canary grass, white millet and red millet. Natural preferences, determined in birds reared from hatching on a mixture of equal parts of the three seeds was: red millet = white millet> > canary seed at five weeks of age, and red millet> white millet> > canary seed at 21 weeks. Birds reared exclusively on one of the millets invariably selected a millet over canary seed when tested at five weeks of age or at 21 weeks of age. Choice between the two millets in these tests was irregular with a slight tendency to select the familiar type. Birds reared exclusively on canary seed selected canary seed over a millet in 19 of 22 cases at five weeks of age and in 8 of 10 cases at 21 weeks of age. Selection in the 5 exceptions was statistically random. Birds reared exclusively on one of the millets for five weeks and then changed to the mixed ration for 16 weeks showed preference for a millet in 16 of 10 cases; the remaining 3 showed no definite preference. Birds similarly reared on canary seed and then given the mixed rations before testing selected canary seed in two cases, a millet in 7 and showed no definite preference in 3. Birds reared exclusively on canary seed for 21 weeks and then given only millets for 8 weeks selected canary seed in 2 cases, a millet in one and showed no clear preference in two. Birds reared on one seed type through the nesting period and then on a second seed through the fledgling period all selected the second, fledgling period, seed when tested immediately. When a two weeks period on a third seed, one of the naturally preferred millets, was inserted before testing 3 birds fledged on canary seed retained a preference for canary seed, 4 selected a millet and 2 showed no clear preference. Birds reared on the mixed ration to 21 weeks of age and then given only canary seed for 8 weeks showed a preference for canary seed in 2 cases, for a millet in 3 cases and for neither type in one. It is concluded that restriction to a non-preferred seed during the first 5 weeks of life induces a preference for that seed in Zebra Finches. This learned preference declines gradually with open or forced experience with naturally preferred seeds but persists in some individuals for at least 2 to 4 months. The 2-3 week period after fledgling is important in the establishment of these induced seed preferences, but some birds are postively influenced by imposed food experiences after 5 months of age.