bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of abnormal hemoglobins and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase variants in 1200 school children of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Azevêdo Elaine S. , Alves Auristela F.P. , Da Silva Maria Christina B. Olympio , Souza Maria Das Graçlas F. , Lima Angela Maria V. Muniz Dias , Azevêdo Wigberto Cunha 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSchool children from Bahia, Brazil were studied for hemoglobin and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase electrophoretic variants. Eighty‐nine heterozygotes Hb AS and 41 Hb AC were identified out of 1200 children. In a subsample of 369 male children there were 38 Gd A−, 38 Gd A, and six Gd Med. An example of Gd MG was identified and evidence is added to the suggestion that this allele is not rare in Brazil.
Morphometric affinities ofGigantopithecus
Authors: Gelvin Bruce R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMultivariate analyses, supplemented by univariate statistical methods, of measurements from mandibular tooth crown dimensions and the mandible ofGigantopithecus blacki, G. bilaspurensis, Plio‐Pleistocene hominids,Homo erectus, and seven Neogene ape species from the generaProconsul, Sivapithecus, Ouranopithecus, andDryopithecuswere used to assess the morphometric affinities ofGigantopithecus. The results show thatGigantopithecusdisplays affinities toOuranopithecusand to the hominids, particularly the Plio‐Pleistocene hominids, rather than to the apes.Ouranopithecusdemonstrated dental resemblances toG. bilaspurensisand the Plio‐Pleistocene hominids but mandibular similarities to the apes. Results of analyses of tooth and mandibular shape indices, combined with multivariate distance and temporal relationships, suggest thatOuranopithecusis a more likely candidate forGigantopithecusancestry than isSilvapithecus indicus. Shape and allometric differences betweenG. bilaspurensisand the robust australopithecines weaken the argument for an ancestraldescendant relationship between these groups. The results support the hypothesis thatGigantopithecusis an extinct side branch of the Hominidae.
Evolution of the supraorbital region in Upper Pleistocene fossil hominids from South‐Central Europe
Authors: Smith Fred H. , Ranyard Gail C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSouth‐Central European fossil hominids dated to the Upper Pleistocene exhibit a distinct morphological and metric continuum in supraorbital form from early Neandertal (Krapina), through late Neandertals (Vindija), to early Upper Paleolithic hominids. The supraorbital morphologies pertinent to this continuum are documented, and the alterations in size and morphology are discussed ralative to the function of supraorbital superstructures and their relationship to overall craniofacial form. It is concluded that this continuum most likely reflects localized transition between Neandertals and modern man in this region of Europe.
Fat distribution in lean and obese young indian women: A densitometric and anthropometric evaluation
Authors: Singh Satwanti Indera P. , Bharadwaj H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe pattern of fat distribution in lean and obese young Indian women was studied using seven girths and ten skinfold thicknesses. Though the lean and obese subjects differed significantly with respect to their body weight and total body fat content, body girths indicated that the proportion of fat distributed between the extremities and over the trunk region was essentially similar. By comparing skinfold thicknesses, it was observed that the fat women were merely an exaggeration of the fat profile pattern of the lean women. Although the pattern of subcutaneous fat distribution was similar in lean and obese subjects, the rate of fat deposition differed on different parts of the body with increase in total adiposity.
Bone mineral‐osteon analysis of Yupik‐inupiaq skeletons
Authors: Thompson D. D. , Gunness‐Hey M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLiving adult Eskimos from St. Lawrence Island, North Alaska, and Canada undergo an earlier and more rapid rate of age‐related bone mineral loss compared with U.S. whites. Further, it has been shown that Eskimos and Indians differ in patterns of osteon remodeling at the Haversian envelope.Femoral bone cores from adult Eskimo skeletons from St. Lawrence Island (n = 53), Kodiak Island (n = 92), Baffin Island (n = 44), and Southampton Island (n = 69) were analyzed and the results compared with those obtained from cores from U.S. whites (n = 144). Cortical thickness, bone mineral content of cores, cortical bone density, secondary osteon and Haversian canal number and area were quantified for each core. Ages at death were estimated by histological methods and compared with the ages at death estimated by morphological methods for the Eskimo skeletons. Known ages at death were compared with histologically estimated ages at death for the U.S. white series.St. Lawrence Island and Kodiak Island (Yupik speakers) Eskimo cortical thickness values were significantly (P < .05) greater than Baffin Island and Southampton Island (Inupiaq speakers) Eskimo cortical thickness values but less than the cortical thickness values for U.S. whites. The bone mineral content of the Southampton Eskimo femoral cores was the lowest found in this study. Histological analysis of the femoral bone sections showed that Eskimos contain more osteons per unit area than U.S. whites. No differences in osteon size were noted between the two populations. Differences in patterns of osteon remodeling between Eskimos and whites were inferred.Age at death estimations by histological methods in Eskimos using U.S. white regression equations yielded age estimates in poor agreement with those obtained by morphological methods.
Multivariate statistical analysis of quantitative serum protein data in populations of Rwanda
Authors: Jayakar S. D. , Marcovina S. , Peracino A. , Merlini G. P. , Desmarais J. C. , Siccardi A. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData on serum protein levels of four populations from Rwanda were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods to assess their utility as an anthropological tool. These populations consisted of two ethnic groups in two different environments. Seven proteins were considered in the analysis. The total concentration of proteins is intermediate between Italian levels and those of the Binga pygmies of the Republic of Central Africa (RCA). Discrimination between the populations was possible with a 25% misclassification. The major principal components can be interpreted from a medical viewpoint, and show significant differences between the populations.
Developmental correlates of crown component asymmetry and occlusal discrepancy
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Potter Rosario H. Yap 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo improve our understanding of dental asymmetry, more anatomically discriminating measurements than maximum crown dimensions were used. The relation between antimeres and opponents in permanent first molar teeth of 192 twins were studied with respect to crown component measures. Several statistical methods were used to describe asymmetry and discrepancy of occluding units to correlate with developmental stress indicators such as zygosity, birth weight, and congenital disease. To varying degrees, developmental correlates are found to be associated with asymmetry. The amount of occlusal discrepancy seems to be a direct function of bilateral asymmetry. Heterogeneity of MZ‐DZ total (among plus within pair) variances occurs fairly consistently for asymmetry but not for discrepancy, implying differential environmental influences between zygosities regarding asymmetry. Genetic variance estimates, designed to be unbiased by differences in environmental variances, are significant for cusp size but not for asymmetry. Our results suggest that asymmetry at the individual cusp level may be an indicator of developmental disruption and that environmental effects, particularly prenatal, may be greater for antimeric units than for occluding units.
Dimensional characteristics of the Filipino dentition
Authors: Potter Rosario H. Yap , Alcazaren Athena B. , Herbosa Francisco M. , Tomaneng Jesus 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study concerns odontometric analysis of the Tagalog Filipinos in Manila, Philippines. Mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of the permanent dentition, a total of 56 variables, were studied in 100 males and 152 females. Results showed that their absolute tooth size was small. Relative tooth size, however, seemed to reflect their Southeast Asian Mongoloid origin. From univariate analysis, considerable male‐female differences were shown in most of the variables studied. When correlation effects among the teeth were held constant through multivariate analysis, male‐female distance was found to be small and substantial overlapping of the two multivariate distributions was evident. Only four variables could be shown by stepwise discriminant analysis to contribute significantly to the distance. Even the mandibular canine, as the strongest discriminator, could only account for 16.4% of the total multivariate distance. These contrasting findings for sex dimorphism in a set of teeth taken singly and taken jointly indicate that there are factors other than the teeth themselves that are expected to play important roles in determining overall male‐female size differences in the set of teeth, and that these differences may not be as clear‐cut as univariate analysis suggests.
Gm and Inv (Km) studies of melanesian people on the Huon Peninsula in northeast Papua New Guinea: Polymorphism for a Gm1,5,10,11,13,14,17,21,26 haplotype
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. , Larrick James W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlood samples from 448 people living in six villages in the Huon Peninsula in northeast Papua, New Guinea, were tested for Gm(1,2,3,5,6,10,11,13,14,17,21,24,26) and Inv(1) [Km(1)]. All the people are non‐Austronesian (NAN) speakers.As expected, there was a low frequency of the Gm1,3,5,10,11,13,14,26 haplotype, but in contradiction to expectations there was a complete absence of the Gm1,2,17,21,26 haplotype. In addition, samples from people in one village (Yupna) and probably those for two other villages (Irumu 13 and 14) have the rare haplotype Gm1,5,10,11,13,14,21,26 at polymorphic frequencies.Two samples from people living in Yupna had the rare phenotype Gm(1,3,17,21,26), indicating the presence of any one of several rare haplotypes that had been observed in other populations. These are discussed.
Electromyography of the gluteal muscles in Hylobates, Pongo, and pan: Implications for the evolution of hominid bipedality
Authors: Stern, Jack T. , Susman Randall L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe gluteal musculature of primates has been a focus of great research interest among those who study human evolution. Most current theorists agree that gluteus superficialis (= maximus) need not have changed its action in the step from pongid to hominid, but dispute has arisen over a purported change in action and role of the gluteus medius. To clarify the functions of gluteus medius, gluteus superficialis, and tensor fasciae femoris during ape locomotion, we conducted a telemetered electromyographic study of these muscles in two gibbons, one orangutan, and four chimpanzees as they walked bipedally on the ground and on a horizontal tree trunk, walked quadrupedally on the same substrates, and climbed a vertical tree trunk. The results indicate that the gluteus medius of apes is not, as has been previously suggested, primarily an extensor of the thigh; its action is chiefly that of medial rotation. The role of the gluteus medius during bipedality is the same in apes and humans–to provide side‐to‐side balance of the trunk at the hip. The change in the hominid lateral balance mechanism can be viewed as primarily osteological, allowing preservation of the same muscle function with an extended thigh. As a result, the stride length is increased and there occurs a diminution of the demands placed on other muscles to maintain anteroposterior balance at the hip and knee. Our data also support the view that vertical climbing may be specifically preadaptive to bipedalism. One may picture the earliest hominid as part biped, when on the ground traveling between scattered food trees, and part climber, when moving from the ground to food.
Population structure and anthropometric variation in rural western Ireland: Isolation by distance and analysis of the residuals
Authors: Relethford John H. , Lees Francis C. , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of human population structure allows the assessment of cultural and historical influences on mating probabilities, and, hence, genetic variation. A commonly used model is isolation by distance, which predicts a negative exponential relationship between genetic similarity and geographic distance. Anthropometric data collected during the 1930's for 261 adult women in 12 towns of rural western Ireland were used to test the isolation by distance model and to assess the influence of cultural factors upon the fit of the model. The effects of recent migration were tested by using two additional data subsets, one excluding known intercounty migrants and the other consisting of unmarried women, only in an attempt to control partially for local migration upon marriage. Deviations from the expected isolation by distance model were analyzed using rotational fitting and regression analysis. Estimates of the isolation by distance parameters agree closely with independent estimates from isonymy and with estimates obtained in other studies of rural European population structure. Analysis of the residuals indicates three major factors which contribute to deviations from the expected model: recent migration upon marriage, age variation among groups, and variation in population size and/or transportation opportunities. Variation in population size was tested using the gravity model of economic geography by regressing the residuals from the isolation by distance model for each pair of towns on the product of their population sizes. The best fit occurred for the unmarried sample, as expected from ethnographic evidence, since rural–urban migration was most common among unmarried women.
Crown dimensions of deciduous teeth from prehistoric India
Authors: Lukacs John R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMean mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters are presented for deciduous teeth from the important Chalcolithic site of Inamgaon (1400–700 B.C.), a prehistoric farming community on the Deccan Plateau of western India.The deciduous teeth from Inamgaon are consistently larger than deciduous teeth of modern populations of European descent and smaller than the deciduous teeth of modern Australian aboriginals.Comparative data for prehistoric deciduous teeth are rare, especially for populations of southern Asia. The deciduous teeth of Mesolithic Europeans are comparable in size to certain dimensions of the Inamgaon teeth, and a small sample of deciduous teeth from the Iron Age site of Pomparippu (Sri Lanka) exhibits larger anterior teeth and smaller molar teeth than does the sample from Inamgaon.
Growth of rural and urban children in the valley of Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Himes John H. , Stepick Carol Dutton , Lopez Francisca Gutierrez , Buschang Peter H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWeight, stature, arm circumference, and the triceps skinfold were measured in 1,410 school children, 6 through 14 years of age, from two urban colonias in the city of Oaxaca de Juarez (n = 479), and from two rural Ladino (n = 467) and two rural Zapotec (n = 464) communities in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. Children from rural Ladino communities and urban colonias are significantly taller, heavier, and more muscular than children in rural Zapotec communities. The differences between rural Ladino and urban colonia children favor the former, particularly for weight and stature. These observations thus suggest (1) that children in the rural, indigenous communities in the Valley of Oaxaca are relatively undernourished compared to children in Ladinoized and urban communities, and (2) that rural‐to‐urban migration does not necessarily result in improved growth status.
Lead in bone II: Skeletal‐lead content as an indicator of lifetime lead ingestion and the social correlates in an archaeological population
Authors: Aufderheide Arthur C. , Neiman Fraser D. , Wittmers, Lorentz E. , Rapp George 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMeasurements of skeletal‐lead content (by atomic absorption spectroscopy) were made for 16 individuals recovered from a Colonial (1670–1730) plantation cemetery in Virginia. Archaeological and historical evidence allowed the identification of two social groups (plantation proprietors and laborers) within this small population, each with vastly different estimated lifetime lead exposure, reflecting different living conditions. Measured bone‐lead levels confirmed these differences. The character of plantation social organization proved a more important determinant of skeletal‐lead content in the individuals studied than age, sex, or race.
On the definition of variables in studies of primate dental allometry
Authors: Smith Richard J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCranial and dental measurements are taken on 253 adult female primates from 32 species. Regression equations are calculated to determine allometric relationships between anterior tooth size, posterior tooth size, and body size. When cranial length or skull length is used as the measure of general size, the results of the equations differ from when body weight is the reference dimension. Similarly, using different definitions of posterior tooth size (such as mandibular second molar length and maxillary postcanine area) alters results substantially. The same occurs with different definitions of anterior tooth size. It has been common in studies of primate dental allometry to generalize from the specific variables measured to broad functional interpretations. However, highly correlated variables cannot be substituted one for another in allometric analyses without important changes in the results of the equation. Interpretation of allometric data is more highly restricted to the precise variables measured in a particular study than has been generally recognized.
Regional continuity in Australasian Pleistocene hominid evolution
Authors: Thorne Alan G. , Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA reconstruction of the Indonesian male Homo erectus specimen Sangiran 17 reveals a suite of features that suggests regional morphological continuity in Australasia during the middle and late Pleistocene. Characteristics reflecting a morphological clade are established through a comparison with the males from Kow Swamp, the late Pleistocene Australian site with the largest number of hominid specimens. It is argued that the “center and edge” hypothesis could account for the initial appearance of regional variation, and that a dynamic model of geneflow and opposing selection provides the mechanism that maintained a long‐standing dynamic clinal equilibrium in this area.
Functional aspects of primate pelvic structure: A multivariate approach
Authors: Steudel K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study aims to clarify the relationship of primate bony pelvic structure to locomotor habit. As with most of the postcranial skeleton, the pelvic bones of species within the Ceboidea and the Cercopithecoidea are remarkably similar visually except for variations in size. Yet there are substantial differences in locomotor pattern between the species in these taxa. I performed canonical analyses on a sample of 17 pelvic variables describing 22 primate species of the Ceboidea, the Cercopithecoidea, and the Hominoidea to discover which variables were significant in separating them into groups. In both analyses there was good separation of major taxa and additional separation of groups that differed in locomotor habit. The separation of colobine from cercopithecine monkeys was particularly consistent.In the analysis, including all 22 species, the variables given particular weight by the canonical analysis were the same as those traditionally used by anatomists for the same purpose. Specifically, breadth of the ischial tuberosity (reflecting presence or absence of ischial callosities) separated the Old from the New World monkeys. Breadth of the iliac tuberosity, in which man and to some extent other hominoids differ from other primates, and ilium height, in which man differs from other primates, were significant. Sagittal diameter of the pelvis was also substantially weighted.Having established that the technique would select variables of anatomical significance, the same method was applied to a study of monkeys only where the characteristics that differ between groups are not well established. Breadth of the ischial tuberosity was again important in separating the Ceboidea from the Cercopithecoidea. Discrimination of locomotor groups within these large divisions was brought about mainly by ischial length and the sagittal diameter of the pelvis. In studying these variables and their relationship to size in greater detail, it was found that among cercopithecoid monkeys, the colobines showed relatively lower values than did cercopithecines for both these dimensions. Atelines showed low values for ischial length but high values for the sagittal pelvic diameter. Biomechanical explanations of these observations are suggested.
Tooth size and morphology in a recent Australian Aboriginal population from Broadbeach, South East Queensland
Authors: Smith Patricia , Brown T. , Wood W. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOdontometric and morphologic observations were made of the dentition of skeletal remains of Australian aborigines from Boradbeach, S.E. Queensland. Tooth size, especially of the molars, was found to be significantly larger than that reported for other recent Aboriginal populations. Tooth morphology also differed, with a higher frequency of five cusped second molars, and a lower frequency of shoveling and Carabelli's cusp than previously reported as typical of Australian aborigines.
Kin‐structured migration and the rate of advance of an advantageous gene
Authors: Fix Alan G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHemoglobin E, an allele generally considered to confer malarial resistance in heterozygotes, is found in high frequencies across a wide area of Southeast Asia. Apparently it originated as a single‐point mutation which was spread by gene flow. The rate of diffusion of this adaptive allele is studied using four computer simulation models. It is shown that in small populations deterministic equations for gene flow may overestimate rates of diffusion. Other aspects of population structure, however, such as kin‐structuring of migrant groups, increase the rate of advance. Finally, population growth coupled with the spread of the allele leads to much more rapid diffusion. These results suggest that population structure can be an important factor affecting the diffusion of advantageous genes.