bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic characterization of some Pisifera Sh alleles in oil palm
Authors: Cahyadiati M , Anwar Y , Forster B P , Caligari P D S 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Oil palm is mainly recognized as having three fruit types characterized by different shell thicknesses controlled by alleles at the SHELL locus (Sh). The alleles of Sh exhibit co-dominant monogenic inheritance, i.e., Dura (Sh/Sh) is thick-shelled, Pisifera (sh/sh) is shell-less, and Tenera (Sh/sh) has thin-shelled fruits. Pisifera palms are usually female-sterile. However, several Sh alleles are now known that confer a range of fruit and palm phenotypes. Verdant has germplasm with various Pisifera allelic constitutions: from homozygous combinations of AVROS (A/A), Nigeria (1/1), La Mé (3/3), Ghana (8/8), and heterozygous combinations (A/1, A/3, A/8, 1/3 and 1/8). Some heterozygous combinations of these Pisifera alleles are associated with fruit development and potential female fertility. Variation in morphology, fruit, and fertility is described for the allelic combinations of Sh giving the Pisifera phenotype. Fertile Pisiferas are potentially helpful for breeding and selection within the Pisifera germplasm. These phenotypes also provide information about different palm characters for the various Pisifera allelic combinations that may be useful when selecting parental lines for Pisifera breeding and commercial seed production.
Isolation, molecular characterization, and virulence assays of entomopathogenic fungi of Oryctes rhinoceros larvae from Asahan origin
Authors: Yusup C A , Eris D D 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Palm oil is the most important plantation commodity in Indonesia. One factor that can suppress oil palm productivity in the field is due to pest attacks, one of which is the attack of the Rhinoceros beetle called Oryctes rhinoceros. This study aims to isolate entomopathogenic fungi found in Oryctes rhinoceros larvae at oil palm plantations in Tanjung Alam Village, Asahan, North Sumatra. The results showed that the fungus isolates had conidia that were greenish and could cause mummification which varied for 7-24 days. The results of molecular identification by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) using ITS1-ITS4 primers showed that the isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi were Metarhizium majus and Metarhizium anisopliae species with DNA bands measuring around 500 base pairs (bp).
Morphological Characteristics and Identification of Algae Species on Oil Palm Leaves in an Oil Palm Estate in Riau, Indonesia
Authors: Widariyanto R , Astari S , Sugandi A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Algae infection on oil palm leaves has been observed fairly widespread in many oil palm estates in various regions in Indonesia, including Riau, Belitung, and Palembang. Based on field census, algae can be found on young to old palms and were generally more common on the lower (older) fronds. Algae infection appeared as opaque reddish-orange spots atop the leaf surface. Since algae cover the leaf surface, it may cause a decrease in the photosynthesis activities of the affected leaves. Identification of algae species is needed to know the biological properties for effective control measures. A study was carried out to identify the species of algae on oil palm leaves from an estate in Riau Region, Indonesia. According to morphological characteristics such as color, shape, and cell dimension, the algae was classified as green algae (Chlorophyta: Trentepohliales) and was identified as Phycopeltis arundinaceae.
Intensification model of smallholder oil palm plantation to achieving sustainability and prosperity, Riau Province, Indonesia
Authors: Suharyanti Nanik Ambar , Mizuno Kosuke , Nurfalah Lisa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Intensification of smallholder oil palm plantations is still a challenge that needs to be achieved in line with ISPO’s target for smallholders in 2025. The current problem is that not all smallholders have implemented Best Management Practices (BMP), resulting in low productivity and poor performance toward sustainability targets. During the previous several years, Indonesia could achieve self-sufficiency in rice through a rice intensification program from the 1960s to the 1980s. This success is expected to be an example for Indonesia to achieve ISPO in all Indonesian oil palm plantations, especially for smallholders. This paper aims to analyze the effect of fertilization, oil palm age, harvest period, and institutions on the productivity of smallholder oil palm plantations to achieve sustainability targets. The analysis was carried out agronomically using multivariate regression, socially using t-test, and economically using NPV and IRR. According to the study, the harvest period has a stronger influence than fertilization, and institutions do not significantly affect productivity. The results of the NPV and IRR analysis, smallholder oil palm plantations are classified as profitable, with an NPV of USD 161,724 and with an IRR value of 12%.
Effects of EFB mulch application during extreme drought conditions (2014-2015) on FFB yield of oil palms planted on lateritic soil in Belitung Island, Indonesia
Authors: Rupama Rama , Sugandi Arif 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Oil palm is a perennial crop whose vegetative growth and yield production are affected by many factors, including climate. The climate could limit the potential yield of oil palm. Extreme drought occurred in 2014-2015, resulting in a drop in FFB yield in almost every region, particularly in the Belitung region. The observation of the effect of EFB application on FFB yield during extreme drought conditions in 2015 was conducted in the EFB and Fertilizer trial plot. The study was conducted in 2004 planting, planted on lateritic clay soil (Lithic Hapludult/Tampin Series) in Belitung Island, Indonesia. The design of the trial was a split-plot factorial trial design with the main plot was EFB mulching with three rates, E1=0 ton/ha, E2=30 ton/ha, and E3=60 ton; the subplot was N and K fertilizer, three rates of N (N1=0 kg of Urea/palm, N2=2 kg of Urea/palm, and N3=4 kg of Urea/palm) and two rates of K (K1=0 kg of MOP/palm and K2=4.5 kg of MOP/palm). Application of pressed EFB mulching on lateritic soils increases cumulative FFB yield significantly by 13-19% higher after 6 years of continuous application. Pressed EFB mulch has a significant effect after 3 years of constant application. There was an interaction between EFB mulching and N treatments, which implied that the presence of both treatments had significantly shown better results. Coincidentally, as the trial period went through a severe drought period, EFB mulch could sustain the FFB yield after the drought and reduce the effect of severe drought significantly between 25-44% (30 ton/ha) and 35-58% (60 ton/ha) higher than without EFB mulch within 2-3 years after the drought.
Reactions of Drought-Affected Oil Palm Variety Seedlings during the Nursery Phase: Bud and Root Responses
Authors: Pangaribuan I F , Rahmawati N , Akoeb E N , Yenni Y , Sujadi  , Pangaribuan Yusran 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Drought has a major impact on oil palm on vegetative growth and productivity. Hence, the cultivation of drought-tolerant and efficient water use oil palm planting material becomes imperative to address this issue. FTSW method can show the soil and plant moisture condition based on the transpired water by crops. This study was structured using a Randomized Block Design, incorporating two factors - three levels of FTSW (Fraction of Transpirable Soil Water) and three different oil palm varieties. Its primary objective was to assess the plant’s reaction to drought-induced stress. The results showed that drought affected plant performance in terms of the number of leafs, root volume, and wet and dry weights of buds and roots. DxP Simalungun variety showed better performance than DxP PPKS 540 and DxP Langkat under drought stress conditions.
Profiling of rhizobacteria to alleviate drought stress in oil palm using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis
Authors: Baskara G , Gofar N , Harun U , Widada J , Hardini P A , Wandri R , Asmono D 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
During the drought stress period, oil palms experienced increasing ACC substance synthesis converted to ethylene. It decreases root growth and plant tolerance to drought stress. Ethylene production can be controlled by transforming ACC into α-ketobutyrate and ammonia via ACC deaminase (ACCd). This enzyme is produced by bacteria in the plant rooting system when the plant experiences drought stress. This study aimed to characterize ACCd bacteria diversity from selected oil palm progenies with difference responses to drought stress using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA). The method used was by isolating bacteria from oil palm root surface using the Dworkin-Foster media enriched with ACC. Bacteria were then isolated, identified molecularly based on 16S rRNA genes, and profiling their population from selected oil palm progenies. The study results show that nine isolates managed to be isolated and characterized based on their morphology. Molecular identification based on their gene bank and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ACCd bacteria community were divided into three major groups, i.e., Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Genus Pantoea, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Kocuria, and Bacillus were identified and could be utilized as bioagents to overcome the drought stress on oil palm crops. Based on the composition of the PCR-RISA fragments, showed that the oil palm rhizosphere of progeny P8 had a higher functional genetic diversity than progeny P1 and P13. Analysis of the similarity pattern of the ACC deaminase producing bacterial community divided 2 large clusters with a similar pattern of up to 69 %.
Physiological Performance of Oil Palm Inflorescences (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) After Drought Stress on 3 Different Soil Types in Central Kalimantan
Authors: Prasetyo D W , Kurniawan L , Andriani M , Putra G I S , Nugraha E P , Firlana  
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Oil palm is a plantation crop that requires an amount of rainfall ranging from 1,750–2,500 mm/year as a condition for good growth. Long dry conditions will have an impact on decreasing productivity. Water deficit can cause growth stagnation and if it occurs continuously can cause irreversible physiological changes in plants, resulting in death. This study aims to study the relationship between water deficit events and the flowering physiology of oil palm plants in 3 soil types in Central Kalimantan. This study is explorative in nature with a quantitative descriptive research method using 3 types of soil: mineral, peat, sand; and 2 plant ages: Young (=7 years) and Prime (> 7 years) and each observation plot consisted of 10 trees selected systematically 5 x 5. The results showed that the occurrence of water deficit had different effects on several phases of FFB formation in phase of sex differentiation & leaf initiated on mineral soil, phase of sex differentiation & female inflorescence on peat and phase of sex differentiation, female inflorescence & inflorescence abortion on sandy soil in the Young plant category. The Prime category occurs in the ripeness, anthesis & inflorescence abortion phases on mineral soils, the anthesis & inflorescence abortion phases on peat and the inflorescence abortion & female inflorescence phases on sandy soils. Apart from the stages of FFB formation, the incidence of water deficit also affects the position of the appearance of bud inflorescences, female & male inflorescences anthesis, male inflorescences receptive & male inflorescences post anthesis, black fruit and red fruit in each soil type and plant category.
Effect of humic acid on oil palm seed germination
Authors: Arisandy P , Aziz M A , Wahyuni S , Fadila H , Siregar V M R , Priyono  , Luktyansyah I M , Sulastri  , Siswanto  
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Humic acid is an extract from organic materials that can enhance root development to accelerate the absorption of nutrients and water, thereby increasing plant growth. This study aims to determine the role of humic acid to increase the initial growth of oil palm seedlings. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments to test the optimum doses of humic acid, namely 0% (control), 0.5% (P1), 1% (P2), and 1.5% (P3). Each treatment used 22 oil palm seeds. Seedlings were soaked in humic acid according to treatment for one hour, then grown for seven days. Observations were made every day until the 7th day on the parameters of hair length, radicle length, and number of lateral roots. Data analysis used the analysis of variance test (ANOVA) with the Tukey HSD follow-up test (p>95%). Humic acid treatment at a dose of 1% showed significant results in increasing the number of lateral roots by 110% compared to the control. Humic acid can be an alternative growth regulator to induce the growth of oil palm roots.
Effectiveness of emulan LVA as adjuvant herbicide for weed eradication volunteer oil palm seedling (VOPS) in oil palm plantations
Authors: Khoiri I , Widjanarko M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
One of the important and detrimental Plant Pest Organisms (PPO) that appear in the oil palm area is weeds. VOPS is a weed that is difficult to control using the herbicide spray method. Tests were carried out on 56 herbicide formulations for VOPS eradication, based on the test results, formulations using IPA-Glyphosate (various trademarks) + LVA Emulan could completely kill VOPS of various sizes. The concentration that is effective in completely killing VOPS is IPA-Glyphosate 15 ml/L + Emulan LVA 2 ml/L. Eradication of VOPS needs 8 weeks after application (WAA). The process of VOPS death is characterized by drying and rotting of the young leaves or shoots of the lance leaves and followed by drying of all the palm fronds and when split crosswise the apical shoots (growing points) look brownish yellow and have a foul odor.
Synthesis of lipids with sn-2 palmitic acid and sn-1,3 oleic acid from hard palm stearin and oleic acid
Authors: Hasibuan Hasrul Abdi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Human milk fat substitute (HMFS) is a fat that contains 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (OPO) as the main triacylglycerol. Hard palm stearin (HPS) is a palm oil fraction containing high palmitic acid (PA), which can be used as a raw material in OPO synthesis. The challenge in OPO synthesis using HPS is to maintain sn-2 PA and increase sn-1,3 oleic acid (OA). This research was conducted to synthesize OPO through enzymatic acidolysis of the HPS-solid fraction and OA (1:6, mole ratio) using Lipozyme TL IM 10% of the substrate weight at 60 °C for 2 – 24 h. The results showed that acidolysis caused increased partial acylglycerol, decreased TAG, and decreased sn-2 PA while increased sn-2 OA and sn-1,3 OA. The presence of acyl migration caused the incorporation of OA using Lipozyme TL IM at the sn-1,3 positions after 2 h was not significantly different. The product obtained at 2 h contained TAG with 74% sn-2 PA and 17% sn-2 OA, 78% sn-1,3 PA, and 11% sn-1,3 OA.
Economic and environmental analysis of spent bleaching earth reactivation
Authors: Handoko O T , Hasanudin U , Suroso E , Dermiyati D , Yuwono S D , Ginting S B , Sugiharto R , Indraningtyas L , Amelia J R , Iryani D A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
One of the stages in edible oil refining is bleaching, which aims to reduce pigments, gums and metals. Bleaching produces large amounts of spent bleaching earth (SBE) solid waste. SBE is usually treated in traditional processing such as landfill, incineration, compost or using the services of third-party. This paper investigated the best scheme for reactivation of SBE based on economic and environmental aspects. The basis of economic and environmental analysis used reactivated SBE with the best treatment, i.e. extraction of residual oil using n-hexane, thermal activation at 600°C for 60 minutes, acid activation using HCl 10% with impregnation BaCl2 5% (RBE-Ba) and without impregnation (RBE). BET analysis results of RBE-Ba and RBE were obtained with a pore surface area of 160 and 150 m2/gr, a total pore of 0.209 and 0.11 cc/gr, and a total pore size of 2.62 and 6.14 nm. The reactivation schemes being compared were build a new plant (NP) in an existing factory and build a new factory (NF). The most profitable scheme is RBE NP, with ROI is 20.97 % and PBP is 3.23 years. RBE NP is more economical because there is no need to buy new land, buildings, transportation, and low cost for chemicals and labour. NPV of RBE NP is USD 446,633.71, IRR is 15%, and B/C ratio is 53.31%. Based on environmental aspect, it can reduces air pollution resulting from SBE transportation, the risk of water and air contamination, and RBE will reduce the mining of bentonites to prevent environmental damage.
RISS execution by an independent smallholder association
Authors: Asad Ata , Nursaiyidah Yusof , Nazifah Rosland , Vasagi Ramachandran , Amanina Rashid Nur , Aziral Ali Zafiq , Izzah Khairina , Aiman Hashim , Saiful Azahar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Center for Sustainable Small-owners (CSS) was established to improve the livelihoods of Independent Smallholders (ISH) of oil palm ensuring ethical and responsible production of oil palm with commitments to no deforestation, no new plantation on peatlands, and no exploitation (NDPE) in the supply chain. The CSS has a two-pronged approach i.e., improving livelihoods through yield intensification while sourcing responsibly ensuring ethical and sustainable oil palm production and ensuring sustainability through certification and compliance while empowering communities through farmer associations to safeguard their interests. The RSPO independent Smallholder Standard (RISS) was adopted by RSPO members on 6 November 2019. As part of its strategy, CSS helped facilitate RISS certification for the very first batch of Independent Smallholders through an ISH association, PERTANIAGA, in August 2021 who received full premium as of September 2022. Today, with 306 ISHs certified, this paper outlines the certification journey of these ISH. CSS aims to have 640 ISH certified through 2023 while diffusing its impact on a larger community through sustainable and good agricultural practices (GAP).
Contribution of independent smallholder RSPO certification to village-level SDGs achievements
Authors: Pramudya E P , Satwiko A A , Astipranatari C , Wibowo L R , Sarwendah M A K , Sujarwoko  , Kurniadi R , Iswardhani A O , Rafik R , de Soysa S 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As the world’s largest palm oil producer, Indonesia has promoted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a framework to assess the impacts of palm oil development. However, various literatures have only covered the conceptual discussion and potential contributions of palm oil development to SDGs, leaving the use of SDGs as an assessment tool underexplored. This research discusses how RSPO’s independent smallholder certification can contribute to SDGs’ achievements at the village level. By interviewing 88 respondents from 34 RSPO-certified smallholder organizations (as members of Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil Smallholder Forum / Fortasbi), RSPO certification shows significant impacts on the SDGs except SDG 14 (life below water) and SDG 17 (partnerships for the goal). This finding indicates that RSPO can lead to SDGs fulfillment in different ways, either directly as the impacts at the group level simultaneously contribute to village-level SDGs achievements (for SDGs 4, 9, and 10) or indirectly as there are impacts at the group level that do not necessarily affect village-level SDGs achievements (for SDGs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16) and do not cause any impact (SDG 7). This result also reflects the collaboration challenges among stakeholders, especially at the village level.
Assessing the implications of implementing European Union countries’ anti-deforestation regulations on Indonesia’s palm oil industry
Authors: Setiyanto Adi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The European Union Parliament recently issued an anti-deforestation (deforestation-free regulation) policy for several agricultural and livestock commodities, expected to be implemented in 2023. Palm oil considers one of the commodities driving deforestation. Indonesia is the largest supplier of palm oil and its products to European Union countries, so it is not free from the influence of the enactment of this law. This paper discusses the possible effects of implementing these regulations and their implications for the Indonesian palm oil industry and the European Union countries. For Indonesia, this regulation will have affected changing the governance of the palm oil industry for export purposes. Traceability requirements can affect for supply chain separability and the exclusion of smallholders. However, it can also provide the possibility of increasing the position of smallholders in the global market. For the European Union, regulation will impact decreasing supply and incompatibility of the palm oil processing industry and traders in their countries. Indonesia can continue to exist by pursuing several strategies to strengthen export markets outside the European Union countries and deepen the structure of the domestic palm oil industry.
Printing GelMA bioinks: a strategy for building in vitro model to study nanoparticle-based minocycline release and cellular protection under oxidative stress
Authors: Fu Zhouquan , Hai Nan , Zhong Yinghui , Sun Wei 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Owing to its thermoresponsive and photocrosslinking characteristics, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based biomaterials have gained widespread usage as a novel and promising bioink for three-dimensional bioprinting and diverse biomedical applications. However, the flow behaviors of GelMA during the sol-gel transition, which are dependent on time and temperature, present significant challenges in printing thick scaffolds while maintaining high printability and cell viability. Moreover, the tunable properties and photocrosslinking capabilities of GelMA underscore its potential for localized drug delivery applications. Previous research has demonstrated the successful incorporation of minocycline (MH) into GelMA scaffolds for therapeutic applications. However, achieving a prolonged and sustained release of concentrated MH remains a challenge, primarily due to its small molecular size. The primary aim of this study is to investigate an optimal extrusion printing method for GelMA bioink in extrusion bioprinting, emphasizing its flow behaviors that are influenced by time and temperature. Additionally, this research seeks to explore the potential of GelMA bioink as a carrier for the sustained release of MH, specifically targeting cellular protection against oxidative stress. The material properties of GelMA were assessed and further optimization of the printing process was conducted considering both printability and cell survival. To achieve sustained drug release within GelMA, the study employed a mechanism using metal ion mediation to facilitate the interaction between MH, dextran sulfate (DS), and magnesium, leading to the formation of nanoparticle complexes (MH-DS). Furthermore, a GelMA-based in vitro model was developed in order to investigate the cellular protective properties of MH against oxidative stress. The experimental results revealed that the printability and cell viability of GelMA are significantly influenced by the printing duration, nozzle temperature, and GelMA concentrations. Optimal printing conditions were identified based on a thorough assessment of both printability and cell viability. Scaffolds printed under these optimal conditions exhibited exceptional printability and sustained high cell viability. Notably, it was found that lower GelMA concentrations reduced the initial burst release of MH from the MH-dextran sulfate (MH-DS) complexes, thus favoring more controlled, sustained release profiles. Additionally, MH released under these conditions significantly enhanced fibroblast viability in an in vitro model simulating oxidative stress.