bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent recovery
Authors: Myers N. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA brief overview is presented of the economic significance of solvent recovery in the oilseed extraction industry in view of the steep price advance of hexane since 1974. The present solvent recovery practices in oilseed plants are outlined with addition of operating techniques since 1976. Also, industry trends are noted in terms of improved equipment. Information is presented on the expected solvent losses in various recovery steps in the normal solvent plant operation. Techniques for measuring solvent losses in vent gas effluent, waste water effluent and extracted oil production stream are outlined. The areas of greatest solvent loss are the desolventizer‐toaster (DT) meal outlet stream and the various mechanical leaks in the process machinery. Some discussion is presented on the lack of ability to better define the solvent loss associated with meal discharge stream from the DT unit. Various deficiencies are pointed out in testing procedures and a suggestion is made for increased work in the field to substantiate a better value for solvent loss determination in DT meal.
Hydrogenation practice
Authors: Beckmann H. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with such topics as the changes in the molecular dimensions of a triglyceride during hydrogenation and the effect of catalyst structure on selectivity and filterability and the effect of sulfur on activity and isomerization, the prevention of aromatics formation during hydrogenation of highly unsaturated oils, explanation and prevention of green coloration of oil, the effect of phosphatides on selectivity andtrans‐isomer formation. Heat saving equipment and process control are discussed.
Canola oil processing in Canada
Authors: Mag T. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCanola is the registered trademark of the Canola Council of Canada for the seed, oil and meal derived from rapeseed cultivars low in erucic acid and low in glucosinolates. Conversion to canola cultivars on a commercial scale started in 1976; in 1981, ca. 87% of the brassica‐based oil crop in Canada was of canola quality. Canola oil is the most important oil in Canada. Processing of the oil is, in its essentials, conventional. A few problems not usually encountered with other oils are its chlorophyll content which requires extra processing and analytical effort, and certain limitations in crystallization behavior when highly hydrogenated. Advantages are that stable oils can be produced at moderate degree of hydrogenation, and without hydrogenation in the case of salad oil. New developments in processing of the oil have led to the production of acid‐degummed, crude oil on a commercial scale. This opens the possibility to apply physical refining to the oil.
Malonaldehyde determination in tissues and biological fluids by ion‐pairing high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Behrens Willy A. , Madère René 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method for the analysis of malonaldehyde by ion pairing high‐performance liquid chromatography is described. The method is direct; no thiobarbiturate chromogen formation is required, and sample preparation is simple. After deproteinization with 50% ethanol and removal of particulate by centrifugation samples were passed through a small silica amino column to remove contaminants. Diluted samples (20 μL) were injected onto an octadecylsilane column (25 cm×4.6 mm ID, 5 μm) which is eluted with 30 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5 containing 30% ethanol and 1 mM tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Detection was accomplished by monitoring absorbance at 267 nm. The lower limit for reliable quantification was 5 pmol per injection. The method has been successfully applied to the quantification of malonaldehyde present in plasma, urine and tissues of rats kept under different dietary conditions as well as afterin vivo treatment with CCl4 and iron‐dextran. The method was also applied to the quantification of malonaldehyde during liver microsomal lipid peroxidation and was compared to the thiobarbituric acid test.
The comparative effects of dietary α‐linolenic acid and fish oil on 4‐ and 5‐series leukotriene formationin vivo
Authors: Whelan J. , Broughton K. S. , Kinsella J. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe comparative effects of dietary α‐linolenic acid and fish oil on eicosanoid metabolism was studiedin vivo. Resident murine peritoneal cells were stimulatedin vivo with opsonized zymosan in animals maintained on diets containing increasing amounts of α‐linolenic acid or fish oil concentrate with projected n−3/n−6 ratios of 0.2, 0.4 and 1.0. While fish oil feeding resulted in significant changes in eicosapentaenoate tissue levels, α‐linolenic acid was preferentially metabolized to docosahexaenoate. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed the formation of leukotriene E5 (LTE5) in all the fish oil groups (19.8±3.5 ng/mouse to 83.3±13 ng/mouse), but only in the highest linolenic acid group (6.0±3.2 ng/mouse). Concomitantly, the 4‐series sulfidopeptide leukotrienes and PGI2 were significantly reduced in the two highest fish oil containing dietary groups. Similar reductions were observed in the highest linolenic acid group, but the changes were not statistically different from the control values. In summary, this paper reports thede novo synthesis of 5‐series sulfidopeptide leukotrienes in animals consuming α‐linolenic acid. It also reveals that dietary fish oil is 2.5 to 5 times more effective than α‐linolenic acid in modulating eicosanoid metabolism and altering tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition.
Effects of age and dietary essential fatty acids on desaturase activities and on fatty acid composition of liver microsomal phospholipids of adult rats
Authors: Ulmann L. , Blond J. P. , Maniongui C. , Poisson J. P. , Durand G. , Bézard J. , Pascal G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe combined effects of age and dietary n−6 and n−3 fatty acids were studied in 3‐, 6‐ and 9‐month‐old rats. At each age, two groups were fed diets containing 5% (w/w) of vegetable oils rich in either 18∶3n−6 (borage group) or 18∶3n−6 plus 18∶4n−3 (black currant group), for a period increasing with age. A control group was fed the essential fatty acids 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 only. For each group, Δ6, Δ5 and δ9 desaturase activities were measured in liver microsomes, and fatty acid composition was determined in microsomal phospholipids. Desaturase activity varied as a function of age and dietary lipids. Δ6 Desaturation of 18∶3n−3 was more sensitive to these factors while Δ6 desaturation of 18∶2n−6 and Δ9 desaturation were more dependent on season than the other two. Desaturase activity was influenced more by the black currant than by the borage diet, especially at 6 and 9 months of age. A large proportion of arachidonic acid was maintained in the microsomes independent of the diet. Changes in the fatty acid composition did not strictly reflect the differences in desaturase activities. The effects of the two factors (age and diet) on the activities of the desaturases are complex, suggesting that the enzymes are susceptible to other factors as well.
Intermembrane cholesterol transfer: Role of sterol carrier proteins and phosphatidylserine
Authors: Schroeder Friedhelm , Butko Peter , Hapala Ivan , Scallen Terrence J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of phosphatidylserine and sterol carrier proteins on cholesterol exchange was determined using an assay not requiring separation of donor and acceptor membrane vesicles. Sterol carrier protein‐2 (SCP2, also called nonspecific lipid transfer protein), but not fatty acid binding protein (FABP, also called sterol carrier protein), enhanced the initial rate of sterol exchange between neutral zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 2.3‐fold. Phosphatidylserine at 10 mol% increased the initial rate of spontaneous and of SCP2‐mediated (but not FABP‐mediated) sterol exchange by 22% and 44‐fold, respectively. The SCP2 potentiation of sterol transfer was dependent on SCP2 concentration and on phosphatidylserine concentration. The SCP2‐mediated sterol transfer was inhibited by a variety of cations including KCl, divalent metal ions, and neomycin. The data suggest that SCP2 increase in activity for sterol transfer may be partly ascribed to charge on the phospholipid.
Effects of dietary fats on prostanoid production and aortic and plasma fatty acid composition in rats
Authors: Steel M. S. , Naughton J. M. , Hopkins G. W. , Sinclair A. J. , O'Dea K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMale Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed diets with 10%, 30%, or 50% of energy derived from fat for two weeks. The fats used were beef tallow, olive oil, peanut oil and butter. Aortic prostacyclin (PGI2) production, platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production and plasma and aortic phospholipid (PL) content were measured. Butter‐ and beef tallow‐feeding reduced aortic PGI2 production and collagen‐induced TXA2 production in a dosedependent manner as the level of fat in the diet increased. Neither olive oil nor peanut oil had any effect on aortic PGI2 production or collagen‐induced TXA2 production. Butter‐feeding also resulted in a decrease in collageninduced platelet aggregation; however, none of the other fats had any effect on collagen‐induced platelet aggregation. The observed decreases in aortic PGI2 and collagen‐induced TXA2 production were paralleled by similar decreases in aortic and plasma PL arachidonic acid content and an increase in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Only the most saturated fats, butter and beef tallow, had significant inhibitory effects on prostanoid production and platelet aggregation.
Embryonic fatty acid composition as a function of yolk fatty acid composition in eggs of the lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula L.)
Authors: Diez Jose Manuel , Davenport John 
Published: January 2007

AbstractYolk and embryonic total lipids were extracted from spotted dogfish eggs at two developmental stages. Total lipids were fractionated into neutral lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL), and the fatty acid composition of each group was determined. Yolk lipid composition was found to be quantitatively different (NL/PL≊1) from embryo lipid composition (NL/PL≊0.5), for both stages of development. However, individual fatty acid composition did not differ from younger to older eggs for either yolk or embryo. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in major fatty acid groups from yolk and embryonic PL for saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for younger eggs, and for MUFA and n−3 PUFA for older eggs. For NL, only MUFA composition from the oldest eggs showed differences between yolk and embryo. Results are discussed in terms of embryonic needs for highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) biosynthesis, as well as to provide some explanations for the unusually high levels of 20∶4n−6 in both yolk and embryonic neutral lipids and polar lipids.
Myocardial changes in newborn piglets fed sow milk or milk replacer diets containing different levels of erucic acid
Authors: Kramer John K. G. , Farnworth Edward R. , Johnston Kathleen M. , Wolynetz Mark S. , Modler H. Wayne , Sauer Frank D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine whether the neonate was more susceptible to the effects of dietary erucic acid (22∶1n−9) than the adult. Newborn piglets were used to assess the safety of different levels of 22∶1n−9 on lipid and histological changes in the heart. Newborn piglets showed no myocardial lipidosis as assessed by oil red 0 staining, but lipidosis appeared with consumption of sow milk and disappeared by seven days of age. Milk replacer diets containing soybean oil, or rapeseed oil mixtures with up to 5% 22∶1n−9 in the oil, or 1.25% in the diet, gave trace myocardial lipidosis. Rapeseed oil mixtures with 7 to 42.9% 22∶1n−9 showed definite myocardial lipidosis in newborn piglets, which correlated to dietary 22∶1n−9, showing a maximum after one week on diet. The severity of the lipidosis was greater than observed previously with weaned pigs. There were no significant differences among diets in cardiac lipid classes except for triacylglycerol (TAG), which increased in piglets fed a repeseed oil with 42.9% 22∶1n−9. TAG showed the highest incorporation of 22∶1n−9, the concentration of 22∶1n−9 in TAG was similar to that present in the dietary oil. Among the cardiac phospholipids, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine had the highest, and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) the lowest level of 22∶1n−9. The low content of 22∶1n−9 in DPG of newborn piglets is not observed in weaned pigs and rats fed high erucic acid rapeseed oil. The relative concentration of saturated fatty acids was lowered in all cardiac phospholipids of piglets fed rapeseed oils, possibly due to the low content of saturated fatty acids in rapeseed oils. The results suggest that piglets fed up to 750 mg 22∶1n−9/kg body weight/day showed no adverse nutritional or cardiac effects.
Influence of testosterone administration on the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in male and female rats
Authors: Marra Carlos A. , de Alaniz Maria J. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThein vivo effect of testosterone administration to male or female rats on the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids of liver was studied. Twenty‐four hours after injection of testosterone (260 μg/kg), δ9 desaturase activity increased significantly, whereas the activities of δ5 and δ6 desaturases were strongly depressed. These effects were more pronounced in female than in male animals. The fatty acid composition of plasma and liver (homogenates, crude microsomes and cytosol) showed differences between the sexes. In males, the percentage of palmitic acid and the 18∶1/18∶0 ratio were higher whereas the 20∶4(n−6)/18∶2(n−6) ratio was lower than in female rats. The administration of testosterone significantly modified the fatty acid pattern in all fractions studied. Analytical data correlated with alterations in the fatty acid desaturase activities caused by the hormone. It is suggested that the mechanism by which testosterone exerts its effect on unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis is different than that previously demonstrated by glucocorticoid action. The effects produced by testosterone may be of biological significance in atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
Preferential redistribution of lipoprotein‐unassociated apoA‐IV to an HDL subpopulation with a high degree of LCAT modification
Authors: Lefevre Michael , Goudey‐Lefevre Jo C. , Roheim Paul S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe relationship between LCAT mediated HDL modification and the redistribution of lipoprotein‐unassociated apoA‐IV to HDL was investigatedin vitro. Immunoaffinity‐isolated rat lipoprotein‐unassociated apoA‐IV was added to apoB‐, apoE‐, apoA‐IV depleted, [3H]cholesterol labelled rat plasma and incubated at 37°C. The addition of lipoprotein‐unassociated apoA‐IV resulted in a modest (10%) but significant reduction in the rate of cholesterol esterification. Incubations conducted in the presence of active LCAT led to a time‐dependent increase in the amount of the3H label retained by an anti‐apoA‐IV immunoaffinity column. Lipoproteins retained by the anti‐apoA‐IV immunoaffinity column had experienced a greater conversion of [3H]cholesterol to [3H]cholesteryl esters (48% esterification at 30 min) than the unretained lipoproteins (19% esterification at 30 min). These data suggest that during the course of LACT‐induced cholesterol esterification, lipoprotein‐unassociated apoA‐IV transfers to a subpopulation of HDL which has been modified by LCAT to a greater extent than the remaining HDL. Further analysis of the data demonstrates that 48% cholesterol esterification is sufficient to allow apoA‐IV to be accommodated on the surface of an HDL particle.
Production of vinylic unsaturation by partial dehydrobromination of vicinal dibromo fatty derivatives
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Sreenivasan B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe reaction of methyl dibromostearate with metal cyanates in dimethyl formamide or dimethyl sulfoxide results in the disappearance of the peak at 548 cm−1 in the IR spectrum due to the ‐C‐Br group. Chemical analysis of the products reveals the presence of residual bromine. Gas liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance examination of the products shows the presence of olefinic unsaturation and this indicates that partial dehydrobromination has occurred. The result is a double bond with one carbon atom attached to a bromine atom. This structure has some vinylic characteristics. The application of this process to partially brominated linseed oil yields a dehydrobrominated linseed oil, with residual bromine. This oil has drying properties very similar to raw linseed and safflower oils.
Changes in thermal and optical properties of butteroil on hydrogenation
Authors: Yoncoskie R. A. , Holsinger V. H. , Posati L. P. , Pallansch M. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe hydrogenation of butteroil was studied at varying conditions of temperature, hydrogen pressure and catalyst concentration. The calculation of reaction rates employing the first order rate equation yielded a single kinetic slope for hydrogenations performed at 60 psi (gauge), whereas a double slope was obtained at 15 psi (gauge). Near infrared spectral data of hydrogenated samples at 4600 cm−1 indicated good quantitative correlation with iodine values. Differential thermal analysis showed progressive disappearance of low‐melting groups with concomitant appearance of high‐melting groups as the hydrogenation time was progressively increased. Heats of melting, calculated from thermogram areas, showed a systematic increase as the amount of unsaturation was gradually reduced.
Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters using decalin for hydrogen transfer
Authors: Vijayalakshmi P. , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA laboratory procedure was developed for hydrogenation of methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids using decalin as a hydrogen‐transfer agent and 10% Pd/C as catalyst. The esters of 10‐undecenoic, oleic, elaidic, stearolic, linoleic, cycloaliphatic C21 di‐, C22 tri‐ and C36 dicarboxylic acids, and a mixture of hydrnocarpic, chaulmoogric and gorlic acids were hydrogenated. Chromatographic and spectral analyses showed complete saturation. This procedure is simple, requiring no external source of hydrogen.
In vivo and in vitro lipid accumulation inBorago officinalis L.
Authors: Whipkey Anna , Simon James E. , Janick Jules 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeeds of 13 accessions of borage (Borago officinalis) varied in total fatty acid content from 28.6 to 35.1% seed weight, with linoleic, γ‐linolenic, oleic and palmitic as the predominant fatty acids, averaging 38.1%, 22.8%, 16.3% and 11.3% of total fatty acids, respectively. There was an inverse relation between γ‐linolenic acid (25.0 to 17.6%) and oleic acid (14.5 to 21.3%). Fatty acid content of leaf tissues was 9.1% dry weight, with α‐linolenic acid 55.2% and γ‐linolenic acid 4.4% of total fatty acids. Cotyledons were the major source of fatty acids in seeds. Seed fatty acid content increased from <1 mg at six days postanthesis to about seven mg at maturity (22 to 24 days). Individual fatty acid content of seed was relatively constant after day 8. When immature embryos from 6 to 16 days postanthesis were cultured in a liquid or semisolid basal medium, fatty acid composition was similar to that of in vivo‐grown seeds. Growth of cultured embryos decreased as sucrose concentration was increased from 3 to 20% in the basal medium, and most embryos did not survive 30% sucrose; fatty acid as a percentage of dry weight was maximal at 6% sucrose.
Lipid oxidation in meat and meat products—A review
Authors: Love Jane D. , Pearson A. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipid oxidation is a major cause of deterioration in the quality of meat and meat products. Oxidation can occur in either the stored triglycerides or the tissue phospholipids. Ferric heme pigments have been implicated as the major prooxidants in tissue lipid oxidation. Pigment and lipid oxidation are interrelated, and ferric hemes are believed to promote lipid oxidation. The resulting oxidation destroys the hemes. Nonheme iron and ascorbic acid may also function as prooxidants in meat. Sodium chloride accelerates oxidation of the triglycerides, although the mechanism of salt catalysis is not completely known. Cooked meat undergoes rapid deterioration due to tissue lipid oxidation. The meat pigment in the cured pink ferrous form does not promote the rapid oxidation undergone by cooked uncured meat. Refrigerated and frozen fresh meats are also susceptible to lipid oxidation. Protein denaturation and cross‐linking may result from lipid oxidation in stored freeze‐dried meat. With increased consumption of prepackaged raw meat and precooked convenience meat items, control of oxidation has become increasingly important. Antioxidants and chelating agents are the most effective inhibitors of lipid oxidation.
Characterization of the nonvolatile compounds formed during the thermal oxidation of triolein
Authors: Perkins E. G. , Anfinsen J. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTriolein was subjected to thermal oxidation at 200 C for 24 hr with an air flow of 0.15 ml/min/gm. The oxidized material was saponified and converted to its corresponding methyl ester. Nonoxidized materials were separated from nonvolatile oxidation products using preparative thin layer chromatography. Further separation of these fractions was achieved using gas chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and solvent‐solvent extraction. Several compounds were isolated in this manner and their structures determined with the aid of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, as well as by supplementary chemical methods and by comparison with known compounds. These compounds were: (1) 2‐cyclohexyldodec‐5‐enoic acid and isomers; (2) a mixture of 2‐, 8‐, 9‐, and 10‐monohydroxystearic acid; (3) 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid; (4) 1‐decyl‐2‐(dec‐6‐enyl)‐cyclohexane; (5) a mixture of isomers corresponding to a cyclic monomer of oleic acid containing both exocyclic and endocyclic unsaturation.