bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digestion kinetics of leaf, stem and inflorescence from five species of mature grasses
Authors: Chaves Alexandre V , Burke Jennifer L , Waghorn Garry C , Brookes Ian M 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to measure the digestion kinetics for mature (green and non‐senescent) components of five grass species using in sacco and in vitro incubations to define rates of degradation and nutrient release. Mature perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, Yorkshire fog, phalaris and paspalum were hand separated into leaf blade, stem and inflorescence (flower head) for incubations. Concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in fractions were in the ranges 492–677 (leaf), 626–718 (stem) and 501–677 (inflorescence) g kg−1 dry matter (DM). Crude protein concentrations in the DM of the respective fractions were 70–236 (leaf blade), 35–77 (stem) and 75–120 (inflorescence) g kg−1 DM. Soluble DM (% of the total) determined after mincing accounted for 31–54% of leaf, 26–56% of stem and 20–49% of inflorescence and fractional degradation of the insoluble DM was very slow, in the ranges 0.04–0.11 (leaf), 0.03–0.05 (stem) and 0.03–0.08 (inflorescence) h−1. After 24 h of in vitro incubation, plant nitrogen content became limiting for fermentation in most instances, especially with tall fescue and paspalum. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) production appeared to be similar for leaf, stem and flower fractions, but the proportion of plant DM released as VFA after 48 h was only 7–12%, with a higher value (19%) for tall fescue. Nitrogen concentration in forage DM was not directly related to VFA yield in vitro. In conclusion, the in sacco kinetics suggested slow colonisation of all components, but especially stem, which will limit the rate of nutrient production. Effective degradability was highest for leaf but rates in vivo will depend on the speed and extent of particle size reduction by chewing during eating and ruminating. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Stokes polarimetry imaging of rat‐tail tissue in a turbid medium using incident circularly polarized light
Authors: Wu Paul J. , Walsh, Joseph T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWe describe a Stokes polarimetry imaging technique that quantifies the polarization properties of remitted light backscattered from a sample.Study Design/Materials and MethodsRight‐ and left‐circularly polarized near‐infrared light was used to illuminate rat‐tail tissue embedded in turbid gelatin.ResultsThe degree of linear polarization (DoLP) and degree of circular polarization (DoCP) image‐maps indicate that increasing the depth of the rat tail within the turbid medium and varying the rat‐tail geometry and orientation relative to the light source affected the contrast between structures and adjacent tissue layers.ConclusionStokes polarimetry imaging shows that the intervertebral discs and soft tissue regions of rat tails strongly depolarize incident circularly polarized light. Tendon regions remit light with a more linear form due to birefringence. Both DoLP and DoCP image‐maps provide contrast between tissue structures. When differentiating between unpolarized light and light with low DoCP or DoLP, the polarization of backscattered light from the turbid medium must to be taken into consideration. Lasers Surg. Med. 37:396–406, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical efficacy of semiconductor laser application as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planing
Authors: Kreisler Matthias , Al Haj Haitham , d'Hoedt Bernd 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe aim of the in vitro study was to examine the clinical efficacy of semiconductor laser periodontal pocket irradiation as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planing.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐two healthy patients with a need of periodontal treatment (15 women, 7 men, mean age 45.0 ± 10.8 years) with at least four teeth in all quadrants, were included. All of them underwent a conventional periodontal treatment including scaling and root planing. Using a split mouth design, two randomly chosen quadrants (one upper and the corresponding lower one) were subsequently treated with an 809 nm GaAlAs laser operated at a power output of 1.0 Watt using a 0.6 mm optical fiber. The teeth in the control quadrants were rinsed with saline. The clinical outcome was evaluated by means of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), sulcus fluid flow rate (SFFR), Periotest® (PT), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) at baseline and at 3 months after treatment. A total of 492 teeth in both groups were evaluated and differences between the laser and the control teeth were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test (P < 0.05).ResultsTeeth treated with the laser revealed a significantly higher reduction in tooth mobility, pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss. Twelve percent of the teeth in the laser group showed an attachment gain of 3 mm or more, compared to 7% in the control group. An attachment gain of 2–3 mm was found in 24% of the teeth in the laser group and 18% in the control group. No significant group differences, however, could be detected for the plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, and the sulcus fluid flow rate.ConclusionsThe higher reduction in tooth mobility and probing depths is probably not predominantly related to bacterial reduction in the periodontal pockets but to the de‐epithelization of the periodontal pockets leading to an enhanced connective tissue attachment. The application of the diode laser in the treatment of inflammatory periodontitis at the irradiation parameters described above is a safe clinical procedure and can be recommended as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planing. Lasers Surg. Med. 37:350–355, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids with a radiofrequency device: A study of collagen effects
Authors: Meshkinpour Azin , Ghasri Peyman , Pope Karl , Lyubovitsky Julia G. , Risteli Juha , Krasieva Tatiana B. , Kelly Kristen M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveTo determine the efficacy and safety of the ThermaCool® TC radiofrequency system for treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars and evaluate treatment associated collagen changes.Materials and MethodsSix subjects with hypertrophic and four with keloid scars were treated with the ThermaCool® device: one‐third of the scar received no treatment (control), one‐third received one treatment and one‐third received two treatments (4‐week interval). Scars were graded before and then 12 and 24 weeks after treatment on symptoms, pigmentation, vascularity, pliability, and height. Biopsies were taken from four subjects with hypertrophic scars and evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining, multiphoton microscopy, and pro‐collagen I and III immunohistochemistry.ResultsNo adverse treatment effects occurred. Clinical and H & E evaluation revealed no significant differences between control and treatment sites. Differences in collagen morphology were detected in some subjects. Increased collagen production (type III > type I) was observed, appeared to peak between 6 and 10 weeks post‐treatment and had not returned to baseline even after 12 weeks.ConclusionUse of the thermage radiofrequency device on hypertrophic scars resulted in collagen fibril morphology and production changes. ThermaCool® alone did not achieve clinical hypertrophic scar or keloid improvement. The collagen effects of this device should be evaluated further in order to optimize its therapeutic potential for all indications. Lasers Surg. Med. 37:343–349, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promotion of Cell Affinity of Porous PLLA Scaffolds by Immobilization of RGD Peptides via Plasma Treatment
Authors: Ho Ming‐Hua , Hou Lein‐Tuan , Tu Chen‐Yuan , Hsieh Hsyue‐Jen , Lai Juin‐Yih , Chen Wei‐Jung , Wang Da‐Ming 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: In the present work, RGDS (Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser) was immobilized on PLLA scaffolds with plasma treatment. The amount of immobilization, determined by HPLC, was confirmed to be in the effective order. Results from the culture of rat osteosarcoma (ROS), osteoblastic‐like cells, demonstrate that the immobilization of RGDS could effectively enhance the attachment of ROS cells on PLLA and increase the cell density in PLLA scaffolds. In addition, experiments of in vitro mineralization indicate that there were more cells and mineralization focci in the RGDS‐immobilized scaffolds, suggesting a tendency to form bone‐like tissues, compared with the unmodified PLLA scaffold. On the other hand, the PLLA scaffolds immobilized with RGES (Arg‐Gly‐Glu‐Ser) were much less effective in promotion of ROS attachment, suggesting that the enhancement on cell attachment was mainly due to the recognition of RGDS by the adhesion receptors on the cell membrane. The results presented in this work demonstrate that RGDS could be successfully immobilized on PLLA scaffolds with plasma treatment and such modification can make PLLA scaffolds more suitable for culture of osteoblast‐like cells and for generation of bone‐like tissues.
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Patterning of a Random Copolymer of Poly[lactide‐co‐glycotide‐co‐(ε‐caprolactone)] by UV Embossing for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Zhu Aiping , Chen Rongqing , Chan‐Park Mary B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: The random copolymer, poly[lactide‐co‐glycotide‐co‐(ε‐caprolactone)] (PLGACL) diacrylate was prepared by ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide, glycolide, and ε‐caprolactone initiated with tetra(ethylene glycol). The diacrylated polymers were extensively characterized. With a UV embossing method, these copolymers were successfully fabricated into microchannels separated by microwalls with a high aspect (height/width) ratio. The PLGACL network films showed good cytocompatibility. Varieties of microstructures were fabricated, such as 10 × 40 × 60, 10 × 80 × 60, 25 × 40 × 60, or 25 × 80 × 60 µm3 structures (microwall width × microchannel width × microwall height). The results demonstrated that smooth muscle cells (SMCs) can grow not only on the microchannel surfaces but also on the surfaces of the microwall and sidewall. The SMCs aligned along the 25 µm wide microwall with an elongated morphology and proliferated very slowly in comparison to those on the smooth surface with a longer cell‐culture term. Few cells could attach and spread on the surface of the 40 µm wide microchannel, while the cells flourished on the 80 µm, or more than 80 µm, wide microchannel with a spindle morphology. The biophysical mechanism mediated by the micropattern geometry is discussed. Overall, the present micropattern, consisting of biodegradable and cytocompatible PLGACL, provides a promising scaffold for tissue engineering.
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Chemo‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Raffinose‐Branched Polyelectrolytes and Self‐Assembly Application in Microcapsules
Authors: Wu Qi , Chen Zhi‐Chun , Lu De‐Shui , Lin Xian‐Fu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: A novel biocompatible polyelectrolyte poly(vinyl raffinose‐co‐acrylic acid) (PRCA) containing a raffinose branch was prepared via redox polymerization using Fe2+/K2S2O8/H2O2 starting from enzymatically‐synthesized monomer: 1‐O‐vinyldecanedioyl raffinose. Copolymers with different monomer feed ratios were prepared and characterized with IR, NMR, and GPC. PRCA can be alternated with polycation to form microcapsules on a crystals template by electrostatic layer‐by‐layer technique. The multilayers of PRCA/poly(methacryloyloxyethyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride) (PMBA) on quartz slides and PRCA/poly(dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA) on acyclovir crystals template were fabricated and characterized with UV‐Vis spectra, the microelectrophoretic measurement, and TEM. Hollow capsules can be formed after the removal of acyclovir crystals template in a buffer solution. The nano‐capsule‐carrying galactose residue is a potential targeting drug‐controlled delivery systems.Synthesis of PRCA and TEM image of a hollow (PRCA/PDDA)10 capsule.magnified imageSynthesis of PRCA and TEM image of a hollow (PRCA/PDDA)10 capsule.
Structure‐Property Relationships of Linear and Long‐Chain Branched Metallocene High‐Density Polyethylenes Characterized by Shear Rheology and SEC‐MALLS
Authors: Piel Christian , Stadler Florian J. , Kaschta Joachim , Rulhoff Sascha , Münstedt Helmut , Kaminsky Walter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: Linear and long‐chain branched high‐density polyethylenes with a molar mass $\overline M _{\rm w}$ between 1 700 and 1 150 000 g · mol−1 were synthesized using metallocene catalyst systems. Depending on the polymerization parameters the molar mass distribution reached values ranging from 2 to 12. The resins were characterized with various analytical methods. The branch detection took place via two independent methods, melt rheology and SEC‐MALLS. New relationships between catalyst structure, polymerization conditions, and the branching content of polyethylenes were established. Besides the branched materials strictly linear polymers are presented; for those no long‐chain branches were detected either by light scattering or by rheology. The viscosity function was observed to be strongly influenced by the molar mass distribution and the degree of long‐chain branching. The molar mass distribution was affected by the catalyst type and the polymerization conditions. A dependence of the melting point and the melting enthalpy on the molar mass was observed.η0‐$\overline M _{\rm w}$ correlation of the linear and long‐chain branched samples.imageη0‐$\overline M _{\rm w}$ correlation of the linear and long‐chain branched samples.
A Facile Method for Grafting Polymerisation of Acrylonitrile onto LDPE Film with High Grafting Efficiency
Authors: Zhu Jianwu , Deng Jianping , Cheng Shoumei , Yang Wantai 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: A facile and effective surface grafting polymerisation method was designed and investigated to graft acrylonitrile (AN) onto low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) film using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. This method consisted of two steps. In the first step, BPO was adsorbed on the surface of LDPE film by immersing LDPE film in BPO solution; in the second step, grafting polymerisation of AN onto LDPE film was carried out under heat. Because the grafting polymerisation was carried out with AN in vapour phase and the concentration of AN was very low, the homopolymerisation of AN could be effectively suppressed and therefore the grafting efficiency was very high (approaching 100%). Grafting percent (Gp) could be controlled from 0 to 118% by adjusting reaction conditions in the first step and/or in the second step respectively. A possible model was proposed to interpret the experimental results.Schematic procedure and chemistry for grafting polymerisation of AN on LDPE film.imageSchematic procedure and chemistry for grafting polymerisation of AN on LDPE film.
The Effect of NaCl on the Conformational Behavior of Acenaphthylene Labeled Poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) in Dilute Aqueous Solution
Authors: Chen Yong , Liu Ming‐zhu , Bian Feng‐ling , Wang Bing , Chen Shi‐lan , Jin Shu‐ping 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: The effect of salts on the conformational behavior of acenaphthylene labeled poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) (PDEA/ACE) has been investigated in dilute aqueous solution using UV‐vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. It is demonstrated here that the effectiveness of various salts in changing the lower critical solution temperature (TLCS) of the PDEA/ACE solution followed the Hoffmeister series. The addition of NaCl linearly lowered the TLCS. In dilute aqueous solution, the PDEA/ACE adopted a loose coil conformation below its TLCS. The PDEA/ACE adopted a compact globule conformation above the temperature at which the coil to globule transition (CGT) was completed. A fluorescence anisotropy investigation suggested that a molten globule conformation existed during the CGT of the PDEA/ACE solution. In all of the above three conformations, the PDEA/ACE was more compact in the presence of NaCl than in the absence of any salt.Temperature and NaCl concentration dependence of fluorescence anisotropy of a PDEA/ACE solution. Inset: thermodynamically stable states of PDEA/ACE.imageTemperature and NaCl concentration dependence of fluorescence anisotropy of a PDEA/ACE solution. Inset: thermodynamically stable states of PDEA/ACE.
A Solvent Free Graft Copolymerization of Maleic Anhydride onto Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Bioplastic by Reactive Extrusion
Authors: Wibowo Arief C. , Desai Shrojal M. , Mohanty Amar K. , Drzal Lawrence T. , Misra Manjusri 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: Interfacial adhesion between fibers and matrix is a crucial factor for effective stress transfer from matrix to fiber; especially in short fiber reinforced composite systems. The use of a chemical compatibilizer is an efficient means to achieve such adhesion. Maleic anhydride‐grafted‐cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB‐g‐MA) is one such compatibilizer which can be used in biocomposite fabrication, and this has been synthesized in our laboratory by utilizing a twin‐screw reactive extrusion process in the presence of a free radical initiator (2,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐di(tert‐butylperoxy)hexane). The unique feature of this process is its solvent‐free approach for grafting of maleic anhydride onto CAB, without hydroxyl group protection. CAB‐g‐MA was characterized using FTIR as well as by a non‐aqueous titration method. The effects of initiator and monomer concentrations and various processing conditions on the graft content were also investigated. The preliminary results show that by adding approximately 10 wt.‐% of CAB‐g‐MA into a plasticized cellulose acetate butyrate (TEB)‐industrial hemp fiber biocomposites system, an improvement in tensile strength (20%) and in tensile modulus (45%) were obtained. These results are promising in that they pave the way for future studies involving the use of CAB‐g‐MA as a suitable compatibilizer for cellulose ester‐natural fiber biocomposites.
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Polymerization of Cyclic Monomers, 12
Authors: Moszner Norbert , Zeuner Frank , Fischer Urs Karl , Rheinberger Volker , de Meijere Armin , Bagutski Viktor 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: The radical polymerization of different substituted methyl 2‐(bicyclo[3.1.0]hex‐1‐yl) acrylates, 1a–f, was initiated by 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) at 65 °C in chlorobenzene. The radical homopolymerization of 1a–f occurred through the opening of the cyclopropane ring, and lead to polymers with number‐average molecular weights of 13 000 to 434 400 g · mol−1 and glass transition temperatures between 77 and 121 °C. The monomers 1a–f showed a similar reactivity to MMA (in the copolymerization with MMA). Selected monomers were determined to be diluent monomers for dental filling composites and enable the preparation of composites that show a significantly reduced polymerization shrinkage, compared to composites based on dimethacrylate diluents.
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Effects of Heat and Pressure on Microstructures of Isobutylene‐Isoprene Rubber (IIR)/Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Lu Yong‐Lai , Liang Yu‐Rong , Wu You‐Ping , Zhang Li‐Qun 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: In this work, the effects of heat and pressure on microstructures of isobutylene‐isoprene rubber/clay nanocomposites prepared by solution intercalation (S‐IIRCNs) are investigated. Not only are the local intercalated structures monitored by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, but the spatial distributions of the silicate particles are also observed by transmission electron microscopy. The changing behavior of microstructures of S‐IIRCNs is strongly dependent on the temperature of the thermal treatment. The observed phenomena are completely different from those in IIRCNs prepared by melt blending (M‐IIRCNs), which were reported in a previous paper. Various experiments suggest that the presence of residual solvent molecules in S‐IIRCN plays a key role on the microstructural change of S‐IIRCNs caused by heat and pressure. The possible microstructural models for untreated and treated S‐IIRCNs are presented, which could well interpret all observed phenomena. Finally, guidelines are proposed for adjusting the curing conditions of the system to achieve the desired intercalated/exfoliated morphology, and a new method for preparing rubber/clay nanocomposites with good dispersion states by melt blending is put forward.TEM images of IIR/clay nanocomposites prepared by solution‐intercalation before (left) and after thermal treatment at 160 °C and atmospheric pressure (right).magnified imageTEM images of IIR/clay nanocomposites prepared by solution‐intercalation before (left) and after thermal treatment at 160 °C and atmospheric pressure (right).
Synthesis and Surface Morphology of Tetraaniline‐block‐Poly(L‐lactate) Diblock Oligomers
Authors: Wang Hanfu , Guo Peng , Han Yanchun 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: Tetraaniline‐block‐poly(L‐lactide) diblock oligomers are synthesized via ring‐opening polymerization. The diblock oligomers cast from an L‐lactide selective solvent (chloroform) show spherical aggregates for the leucoemeraldine state, and ring‐like structures that are composed of much smaller spherical aggregates for the emeraldine state. The formation mechanisms of the two different surface morphologies are discussed in detail.Surface morphology changes induced by oxidation of the aniline segment of tetraaniline‐block‐poly(L‐lactate) and drying effects.magnified imageSurface morphology changes induced by oxidation of the aniline segment of tetraaniline‐block‐poly(L‐lactate) and drying effects.
Cobalt‐Mediated Radical Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate in Miniemulsion: Very Fast Formation of Stable Poly(vinyl acetate) Latexes at Low Temperature
Authors: Detrembleur Christophe , Debuigne Antoine , Bryaskova Rayna , Charleux Bernadette , Jérôme Robert 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: Poly(vinyl acetate) macroinitiators end‐capped by a Co(acac)2 complex (PVAc–Co(acac)2), prepared in bulk by cobalt‐mediated radical polymerization (CMRP), are used for the controlled radical polymerization of vinyl acetate in miniemulsion to give high‐molecular‐weight polymers and high monomer conversion. Stable poly(vinyl acetate) latexes with solid contents ranging from 25 to 30 wt.‐% are prepared within unusually short reaction times (∼1 h) at low temperatures (0–30 °C).SEC chromatograms for the PVAc–Co(acac)2 macroinitiator and PVAc latex obtained under ultrasonication for 6 min at 0 °C (79% monomer conversion).magnified imageSEC chromatograms for the PVAc–Co(acac)2 macroinitiator and PVAc latex obtained under ultrasonication for 6 min at 0 °C (79% monomer conversion).
Influence of Copolymerization on Fragmentation Behavior Using Ziegler‐Natta Catalysts
Authors: Zheng Xuejing , Pimplapure Makarand S. , Weickert Günter , Loos Joachim 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: A morphological investigation was carried out on different Ziegler‐Natta catalysts during the early stages of propylene homo‐ and propylene‐ethylene copolymerization. For similar polymerization conditions, but dependent on the nature of the catalysts, fragmentation occurs layer‐by‐layer or instantaneously into a large amount of small pieces. However, the incorporation of comonomer ethylene slows down the fragmentation progress. This is believed to be the result of the higher mobility of the just formed propylene‐ethylene copolymer molecules at the active sites.SEM images of the cross‐sectional morphology of polymer particles from catalyst‐I.magnified imageSEM images of the cross‐sectional morphology of polymer particles from catalyst‐I.