bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The basis of vagal efferent control of heart rate in a neotropical fish,the pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus
Authors: Taylor E. W. , Leite C. A. C. , Florindo L. H. , Beläo T. , Rantin F. T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe role of the parasympathetic nervous system, operating via the vagus nerve, in determining heart rate (fH) and cardiorespiratory interactions was investigated in the neotropical fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Motor nuclei of branches of cranial nerves VII, IX and X, supplying respiratory muscles and the heart, have an overlapping distribution in the brainstem, while the Vth motor nucleus is more rostrally located. Respiration-related efferent activity in the cardiac vagus appeared to entrain the heart to ventilation. Peripheral stimulation of the cardiac vagus with short bursts of electrical stimuli entrained the heart at a ratio of 1:1 over a range of frequencies, both below and sometimes above the intrinsic heart rate. Alternatively, at higher bursting frequencies the induced fH was slower than the applied stimulus, being recruited by a whole number fraction (1:2 to 1:6) of the stimulus frequency. These effects indicate that respiration-related changes in fH in pacu are under direct, beat-to-beat vagal control. Central burst stimulation of respiratory branches of cranial nerves VII, IX and X also entrained the heart, which implies that cardiorespiratory interactions can be generated reflexly. Central stimulation of the Vth cranial nerve was without effect on heart rate, possibly because its central projections do not overlap with cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons in the brainstem. However, bursts of activity recorded from the cardiac vagus were concurrent with bursts in this nerve, suggesting that cardiorespiratory interactions can arise within the CNS, possibly by irradiation from a central respiratory pattern generator, when respiratory drive is high.
T3 and the thyroid hormone β-receptor agonist GC-1 differentially affect metabolic capacity and oxidative damage in rat tissues
Authors: Venditti P. , Chiellini G. , Bari A. , Di Stefano L. , Zucchi R. , Columbano A. , Scanlan T. S. , Di Meo S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWe compared the changes in tissue aerobic metabolism and oxidative damage elicited by hypothyroid rat treatment with T3 and its analog GC-1. Aerobic capacities, evaluated by cytochrome oxidase activities, were increased more by T3 than by GC-1. Furthermore, the response of the tissues to T3 was similar, whereas the response to GC-1 was high in liver,low in muscle and scarce in heart. Both treatments induced increases in ADP-stimulated O2 consumption, which were consistent with those in aerobic capacities. However, unlike T3, GC-1 differentially affected pyruvate/malate- and succinate-supported respiration, suggesting that respiratory chain components do not respond as a unit to GC-1 stimulation. According to the positive relationship between electron carrier levels and rates of mitochondrial generation of oxidative species, the most extensive damage to lipids and proteins was found in T3-treated rats. Examination of antioxidant enzyme activities and scavenger levels did not clarify whether oxidative damage extent also depended on different antioxidant system effectiveness. Conversely, the analysis of parameters determining tissue susceptibility to oxidants showed that pro-oxidant capacity was lower in GC-1- than in T3-treated rats, while antioxidant capacity was similar in treatment groups. Interestingly, both agonists decreased serum cholesterol levels, but only GC-1 restored euthyroid values of heart rate and indices of tissue oxidative damage, indicating that GC-1 is able to lower cholesterolemia, bypassing detrimental effects of T3.
The learning and maintenance of local vectors in desert ant navigation
Authors: Collett Matthew , Collett Thomas S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe desert ant Cataglyphis fortis has at least three types of navigational strategy that can guide it between its nest and a familiar food site. The initial strategy after first finding a food site is based on a path integration memory of the position of the food site with respect to the nest. A second strategy is based on visual snapshot memories of features viewed from near or on the way to the food site. A third strategy uses local vector memories of the direction and length of habitual route segments. We show here that while such local vectors encode sufficient information to guide an individual along both the direction and distance of a route segment, its acquisition and long-term maintenance requires support from the other two strategies. We trained ants along an L-shaped route, designed to show that ants can learn local vectors on the way to a food site. The sharp turn appears to present particular difficulties for the ants. When low bushes 20–30 m from the route were removed, local vectors were briefly unaffected, but then deteriorated. The vectors improved again once the missing bushes were replaced by artificial landmarks. The fragility of local vector memories may permit an ant the flexibility to adapt its route to fluctuations in the distribution of its resources.
Changes in efficiency and myosin expression in the small-muscle phenotype of mice selectively bred for high voluntary running activity
Authors: McGillivray David G. , Garland Theodore , Dlugosz Elizabeth M. , Chappell Mark A. , Syme Douglas A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMice from lines selectively bred for high levels of voluntary wheel running express a high incidence of a small muscle phenotype (`mini-muscles') that may confer an adaptive advantage with respect to endurance-running capacity. Plantar flexors in the mini-muscle phenotype exhibit a high capacity for aerobic activity, including altered enzyme activities, loss of expression of type IIb myosin heavy chain (MHC), increased expression of type I,IIx and IIa MHC, and mechanical performance consistent with slower, more fatigue-resistant muscles. We hypothesized that these changes may accompany enhanced efficiency of contraction, perhaps in support of the enhanced capacity for endurance running. To assess efficiency, we measured work and associated oxygen consumption from isolated soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles from mice with mini-muscle and normal phenotypes. We also measured the MHC expression of the plantar flexor muscles to better understand the physiological basis of any differences in efficiency. The proportion of the various MHC isoforms in the soleus was shifted toward a slightly faster phenotype in the mini-muscle mice, whereas in the gastrocnemius and plantaris it was shifted toward a markedly slower phenotype,with large reductions in type IIb MHC and large increases in type I, IIa, and IIx MHC. Soleus muscles from normal and mini-muscle mice showed no statistical differences in efficiency, but medial gastrocnemius from mini-muscle mice were significantly less efficient than those from normal mice, despite the distinctly slower MHC phenotype in mini-muscle mice. Thus, based on measures of efficiency from isolated muscles under conditions near optimal for power output, the shift toward a slower phenotype in `mini' gastrocnemius muscles does not appear to confer advantages directly through increased efficiency. Rather, the slower phenotype may reduce energy used by the muscles and be permissive to enhanced running ability,perhaps by reducing reliance on anaerobic metabolism.
Rational Design and Functions of Electron Donor–Acceptor Dyads with Much Longer Charge-Separated Lifetimes than Natural Photosynthetic Reaction Centers
Authors: Ohkubo Kei , Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The natural photosynthetic reaction center utilizes sequential multi-step electron transfer from the excited chromophore to the terminal electron acceptor via electron mediators to attain a long lifetime of the final charge-separated (CS) state. Contrary to natural systems, simple electron donor–acceptor dyads have been developed to attain a long-lived CS state, where the donor and acceptor molecules are linked with a short spacer. In the case of a directly linked zinc chlorin–fullerene dyad, the lifetime of the CS state at −150 °C is as long as 120 s. This value is the longest CS lifetime ever reported for porphyrin-based donor–acceptor linked systems. The use of 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion, which has an extremely long-lived CS state, enables the construction of highly efficient photocatalytic systems such as oxygenation of aromatic compounds and hydrogen evolution.
Effects of Metal Doping on the Spin-Crossover Properties of an Iron(II) Complex with Extended π-Conjugated Schiff-Base Ligand Having an N4O2 Donor Set
Authors: Yu Zhong , Kuroda-Sowa Takayoshi , Kume Hiroaki , Okubo Takashi , Maekawa Masahiko , Munakata Megumu 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The spin-crossover (SCO) complex [Fe(qnal)2]·CH2Cl2 (1), (Hqnal: N-(8′-quinolyl)-2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldimine) with an N4O2 donor set, has been synthesized and characterized. Investigation of magnetic properties shows that the complex exhibits an abrupt and complete spin transition with a 5 K wide thermal hysteresis loop. The X-ray diffraction analysis of complex 1 reveals that the molecules are connected into a quasi one-dimensional chain through extended π–π interactions between aromatic rings of ligands. The effects of metal doping on SCO properties have been investigated in the mixed-metal system [Fe1−xMx(qnal)2]·CH2Cl2 (M = zinc(II) and nickel(II)). The results reveal that metal doping increases the gradual character of spin transition, and no marked differences found between zinc and nickel doping, which suggest the dominant effect of the doping-degree (concentration) rather than metal species on cooperativity. However, the metal doping shows different effects on critical temperature (T1/2), where a more pronounced descending of T1/2 is observed in response to increased Zn-doping than in Ni-doping, indicating the noticeable consequence of internal pressure due to the different radii of doping metal ions.
Stereoselective Syntheses of (E)-α,β-Didehydroamino Acid and Peptide Containing Its Residue Utilizing Oxazolidinone Derivative
Authors: Kometani Miki , Ihara Kohki , Kimura Rumi , Kinoshita Hideki 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Reaction of methyl N-Boc-N-phenoxycarbonylglycinate with various aldehydes afforded the corresponding cis-4,5-oxazolidinone derivatives, which were effectively converted to (E)-α,β-didehydroamino acids by means of a base. Furthermore, N-deprotection of the oxazolidinone derivatives and subsequent coupling reaction with Boc-amino acid furnished the corresponding dipeptides, which were transformed to dipeptide containing α,β-didehydroamino acid with high E selectivity.
Palladium-Catalyzed 1-Methylene-2-propenylation Reactions of Aryl Bromides with 3,4-Alkadien-1-ols via Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage for the Synthesis of 2-Aryl-1,3-butadiene Derivatives
Authors: Imoto Junichi , Hayashi Sayuri , Hirano Koji , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A method for the synthesis of 2-aryl-1,3-alkadienes has been developed. Treatment of aryl bromides with 3,4-alkadien-1-ols in the presence of a palladium catalyst results in 1-methylene-2-propenyl group transfer to aryl bromides. Taking advantage of palladium-mediated retro-allylation as an sp3C–sp3C bond cleavage reaction, one can regard 3,4-alkadien-1-ols as 1-methylene-2-propenyl metal equivalents that are easy to prepare and are not sensitive to air and moisture. In the event that the Diels–Alder dimerization of the product during the 1-methylene-2-propenylation reaction is problematic, addition of N-methylpyrrole to the reaction mixture can efficiently suppress the dimerization. The reactions of aryl bromides with 2-substituted 3,4-alkadien-1-ols yield the corresponding (E)-2-aryl-1,3-alkadienes stereoselectively.
Synthesis of 3,5-Dibromopyridines with –NH(CH2)mSO3Na (m = 3 and 4) Groups at the 2-Position of Pyridine and Use of the Dibromo Compound for Polymer Synthesis
Authors: Shiramizu Kohei , Harada Yosuke , Yamamoto Takakazu 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Reactions of 2-amino-3,5-dibromopyridine with sultones gave 3,5-dibromopyridines with –NH(CH2)mSO3Na (m = 3 and 4) groups at the 2-position of pyridine. The obtained compound served as a starting material for polypyridine with –NH(CH2)mSO3H side chains.
Measurement of Roller Compactor Induced Triaxial Soil Stresses and Strains
Authors: Rinehart Robert V. , Mooney Michael A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The measurement of soil properties via roller compactor-integrated instrumentation has gained increased attention. Employing roller-based measurement of mechanistic soil properties for quality assurance or performance prediction has significant potential benefits. To advance the development and understanding of static and vibratory roller measurement systems, the geotechnical community must better understand soil behavior during roller loading. This paper describes the development and implementation of an experimental program to measure in-situ triaxial normal stresses and strains during static and vibratory roller passes. Field tests revealed complex triaxial stress-strain behavior with near plane-strain conditions beneath the center of the drum. The observed stress response matched well with behavior predicted by Hertzian elastic contact theory. The soil stiffness dependent drum/soil contact width plays a significant role in stress distribution and depth of influence of the roller. The influence of drum vibration and static roller weight are visible in stress and strain measured during vibratory operation. The curved drum significantly influences the induced stresses and strains. The results presented here reveal that rollers induce stresses and strains to depths approaching 2 m and that the stress state imparted by the roller is more complex than that used in resilient modulus testing.
Using Rheology Test Methods to Assess Durability of Cured Elastomers Undergoing Cyclic Deformation
Authors: Gordon Glenn V. , Lower Loren D. , Carbary Lawrence D. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The current measurement test method to assess elastomeric sealant durability is ASTM C719. This method requires a minimum of five weeks of curing and conditioning before being subjected to ten movement cycles at room temperature and then ten movement cycles at variable temperatures. This method is a fine predictor of sealant movement capability for products used in moving joints in commercial construction applications. ASTM E1886 suggests that building assemblies be subjected to 9000 cycles of wind pressure. Sealant materials are typically used to anchor glazing assemblies into frames, and the choice of the correct sealant is critical to passing the test criteria specified in ASTM E1866. Rheological instruments have the capability to characterize the dynamic mechanical behavior of elastomeric materials undergoing oscillatory (cyclic) deformation under controlled test conditions and, therefore, provide a laboratory tool for assessing durability. Cyclic testing can be conducted under controlled strain (deformation) conditions at frequencies that simulate joint movement due either to thermal expansion differentials or seismic events, or under controlled stress (load) that model hurricane-force wind loads or design pressures. An immediate stress-softening response was observed from controlled-strain experiments at 15 % movement that was ascribed to the Mullins effect; however, three of the four cured silicone sealants exhibited a modest recovery over the remaining four days of cyclic testing. Under controlled-stress cycling at 0.138 MPa for 150 minutes at 0.5 Hz, the silicones exhibited ultimate deformations well below their rated movement capabilities. The results from both types of rheology test methods did not reveal outward signs of fatigue and suggest which elastomeric materials will perform better under the drastic cycling that occurs in ASTM E1866 and ASTM C719 testing.
Evaluation of the EPA Drift Reduction Technology (DRT) Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Protocol
Authors: Fritz Bradley K. , Hoffmann W. Clint , Lan Yubin 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The EPA’s proposed Drift Reduction Technology (DRT) low-speed wind tunnel evaluation protocol was tested across a series of modified ASAE reference nozzles. Both droplet size and deposition and flux volume measurements were made downwind from the nozzles operating in the tunnel at airspeeds of 1 m/s and 2.5 m/s, following the prescribed protocol. Overall, the data followed anticipated trends with a few unanticipated results observed, which could be addressed in future iterations of the protocol. There were some difficulties meeting the proposed protocol data quality requirements. Refined quality requirements would address this with no detrimental effect to the overall data set. Major concerns, at this point, are the feasibility of the overall protocol as well as the applicability of the final collected data. The protocol was tailored such that the collected data would directly input into a dispersion model (most likely WTDISP). However, not having access to such a model puts into question the validity and practicality of the protocol in its present form. Given the time requirements, which require approximately nine times that of the high speed protocol (90 min versus 10 min, unpublished data), there is a definite need to modify the existing protocol to insure equitable implementation of the overall DRT program.
Improvements in the Mercury Displacement Method for Measuring Diffusible Hydrogen Contents in Steels
Authors: Senadheera Thushanthi D. A. A. , Shaw W. J. D. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The mercury displacement method, also known as the eudiometer method, is one of the most widely used, reliable, and low cost techniques of determining hydrogen quantities in steels. This is one of the few direct and simple techniques for measuring diffusible (mobile) hydrogen quantities. It was originally developed for measuring hydrogen pickup in steels as a result of the welding process, ANSI/AWS A 4.3 standard. However, it is often applied in a more general sense to the measurement of mobile hydrogen in steels as picked up from a wide variety of sources. The main limitation in using this technique is one of safety concerns in handling mercury and controlling the mercury fumes that are given off. This paper describes and suggests a number of modifications and improvements that have been developed from experience over the past couple of years. The modifications increase the accuracy and significantly enhanced the level of safety. The system can be run at moderately high temperatures up to 180°C with minimal mercury vapor loss.
Leben lernen. Anthropologische Anmerkungen zu einem pädagogischen Thema
Authors: Zirfas Jörg 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
Unter Leben lernen kann verstanden werden: eine existentielle Sinndimension des Lebens gewinnen, eine sozial-stabilisatorische Umgebung erlangen, einen kritisch-subjektiven Widerstand entfalten, eine individuelle Kohärenz stiften, ein originelles Dasein führen, und sich in die Abschiedlichkeit einüben. Durch Erfahrungen, die die menschliche Selbstbestimmung, die Widersprüchlichkeit und Endlichkeit menschlichen Lebens betreffen, werden Prozesse des Leben Lernens eröffnet.
Tod, Schlafes Bruder. Intertextuelle Streifzüge und Fallstudien
Authors: Scherer Burkhard 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag analysiert das klassische Mythem / Motiv vom Tod als Bruder des Schlafes literaturhistorisch von Hesiod bis zur europäischen Romantik. Am Kernbeispiel von Spauns Der Tod und der Jüngling (1817) werden die Fülle möglicher intertextueller Techniken und Grundformen aufgezeigt. Gerade wegen seiner eklatanten Durchschaubarkeit erweist sich Spauns Gelegenheitsdichtung als besonders geeignetes Lehrstück einer poetischen Technik.
Alles nur Theater oder Wirklicher als die Wirklichkeit?
Authors: Seitz Hanne 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
Ein Schauspieler auf einem Acker in Brandenburg. Er setzt Kartoffeln und fühlt sich dabei in die Rolle des Flint aus Heiner Müllers Stück Die Umsiedlerin ein  er rackert sich also buchstäblich ab und thematisiert nicht nur die Arbeit des Schauspielers an sich selbst (Stanislawski), sondern auch die Fusion von Kunst und Leben, ergründet neue Arbeitsmodelle in einer Gesellschaft, der die Lohnarbeit ausgeht und die sich durch die künstlerische Kreativität neue Impulse erhofft.
Ist es Leben? Ist es Theater? Ist es Land Art? Mit Bauerntheater (Regie: David Levine) wird eine Aufführung diskutiert, die am Ende wirklicher als die Wirklichkeit ist.
Die Zukunft verhandeln. Aus der Sicht der Wissenschaftskommunikation in der Risikoforschung und Bioethik Japans
Authors: Suzuki Shoko 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
Wissenschaftskommunikation, das ist ein ziemlich neues Wort. Um die Kluft zwischen Wissenschaftlern (Experten) und allgemeinen Bürgern (Nicht-Experten) zu verringern, ist heute nicht nur die Frage der Aufklärung oder der Erziehung, sondern auch die Frage der allen risikovollen Praxis des Menschen wie Medizinische Kommunikation. Wie kann man dabei mit der Zukunft verhandeln?
Überlebt
Authors: Peskoller Helga 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
Die Frage, wie man Extremlagen überdauern und welche Erklärungen es dafür geben kann, wird am Beispiel von Reinhold Messners Buch überlebt gestellt und anhand von Textfragmenten, Bildern und Tonbandaufzeichnungen untersucht. Die Antwort läuft auf eine kleine Theorie des Überlebens hinaus, sie beinhaltet die Flucht nach vorn, den Übermut, das Zuwarten, den richtigen Moment zur Handlung nutzen, das Wiedererinnern, Weitermachen und Erzählen. Letzteres hat sich als die Voraussetzung für ein wiederholtes Überleben herausgestellt und diese Einsicht trägt nach einer verzweigten theoretischen Anbindungen zur Modifikation Blaise Pascals Formel bei: Nicht zwei Dinge  Instinkt und Erfahrung  unterrichten den Menschen über seine ganze Natur, sondern Erfahrung ist Instinkt.
Water Molecule Coupling to MeCl+ and MeClO4
+ Ions Studied by the Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Jakubowska Anna 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The binding stability of water molecules with MeCl+ and MeClO4
+ ions has been studied by the electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The Me ions studied were the typical transition metals (Me = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, or Cd) and the typical alkaline-earth metals (Me = Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba). The increasing voltage between the skimmer cones (referred to as the cone voltage) induced the abstraction of water molecules from MeCl+ and MeClO4
+ ions. The binding stability of water molecules with MeCl+ and MeClO4
+ ions has been correlated with the Me cation mass and with the heat capacity of hydration of Me cations. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of the ions studied have been compared by the cluster analysis and the principal component analysis of the experimental curves obtained for the [MeCl-H2O]+ and [MeClO4-nH2O]+ ions, where n is 1 or 2. Our results can be useful in examination of the ion dehydration process.