bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clifton Assessment Schedule—Further Validation of a Psychogeriatric Assessment Schedule
Authors: Pattie Anne H. , Gilleard Christopher J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the further evaluation of the Clifton Assessment Schedule (CAS), a brief psychogeriatric assessment procedure, providing a cross-validation study on a second sample of acute elderly psychiatric admissions. Additionally, further work is reported on its use with a psychogeriatric population resident within the hospital. The results suggest the usefulness of the CAS across a broad range of psychogeriatric patients, providing significant differentiation between groups receiving varying degrees of care and with differing outcome expectations.
Rationing Out-Patients: A Defence of the Waiting List
Authors: Robin Ashley 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNew psychiatric out-patients were offered immediate or delayed appointments (average delay 12 weeks) in random order. The two groups thus formed, comprising 234 patients, were shown to be comparable in some important respects. Immediate appointments were taken up significantly more frequently than delayed appointments, and 12 per cent of immediate and 22 per cent of delayed patients did not receive any psychiatric service. No evidence was found that delay increased other medical services supplied. Non-attenders were presumed to suffer from ‘neurosis’ and ‘personality problem’. Initial attenders used more services than those who failed to keep their first appointment but came later. A waiting list is proposed as a screening device to limit out-patient referrals.
Hand Preference Patterns in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Lishman W. A. , McMeekan E. R. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA brief survey, using a standardized questionnaire, has been made of hand preference patterns in a series of patients admitted to hospital with functional psychiatric disorders. A small but significant shift towards left hand preference has been observed, more marked in the young patients and virtually confined to the males. Psychotic patients show such a shift more clearly than neurotic or personality disordered patients. Simple genetic factors do not appear to be responsible for these sinistral tendencies. The findings are discussed in relation to possible acquired abnormalities of functional brain organization.
Urinary Adenosine 3’,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate: Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Moyes Richard B. , Moyes Isabel C. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySerial studies of urinary cyclic AMP in in-patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have been carried out. No consistent pattern of change following ECT could be demonstrated. The results do not support earlier reports of large rises in urinary cAMP directly after administration of ECT.
The Origins and Practice of Psychodrama
Authors: Davies Martin Hugh 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPsychodrama, a method of human relations training and psychotherapy, is traced from its creation by Moreno fifty years ago to its present resurgence with the growth of ‘humanistic’ psychology. The basic techniques are described, together with Moreno's concepts of social interaction, e.g. encounter, spontaneity, the moment, catharsis and role playing. Its uses and limitations are discussed briefly.
Platelet Monoamine Oxidase in Schizophrenia and Manic-Depressive Illness
Authors: Belmaker Robert H. , Ebbesen Kirsten , Ebstein Richard , Rimon Ranan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMonoamine oxidase (MAO) is an important enzyme in the catabolism of brain biogenic amines. Platelet MAO has been reported to be moderately reduced in manic-depressive patients and markedly reduced in schizophrenic patients. This enzyme's activity has been shown to be under a large degree of genetic control and has been proposed as a ‘genetic marker’ in schizophrenia. A transcultural replication of the finding of low platelet MAO in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness was carried out at the Jerusalem Mental Health Centre. Manic-depressive patients were found to have higher platelet MAO activity than schizophrenic patients, as reported previously, but control individuals were as low as the schizophrenic patients. It is unlikely that platelet MAO activity is a transculturally-valid marker for schizophrenia.
Disulfiram Implantation: Placebo, Psychological Deterrent, and Pharmacological Deterrent Effects
Authors: Wilson Allan , Davidson William J. , White John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn an effort to examine the placebo, psychological deterrent, and pharmacological deterrent effects associated with implanted disulfiram, subjects were given either disulfiram implants or sham operations. Ethanol challenges elicited no disulfiram-ethanol reactions (DERs), indicating that at the time of the challenge neither a pharmacological deterrent nor a placebo effect was operating. Of the patients who resumed drinking, only those with disulfiram implants experienced DERs. Sham operation subjects continued to drink after their first post-challenge drink; four of five disulfiram implant recidivists remained abstinent following their experience of a DER. It is concluded that the pharmacological deterrent effect of the disulfiram implant may have been underestimated in previous reports.
Cardiac Effects of Different Tricyclic Antidepressant Drugs
Authors: Burrows G. D. , Vohra J. , Hunt D. , Sloman J. G. , Scoggins B. A. , Davies Brian 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effects of tricyclic antidepressants on the heart are reviewed. Statistically significant increases in heart rate and in atrioventricular conduction times were found following the administration of tricyclic drugs to 32 depressed patients. The method of His bundle electrocardiography was used to study atrioventricular conduction in ambulant patients and in patients admitted after an overdose of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Distal conduction defects were frequently found in patients following tricyclic overdosage, but these were not seen with doxepin overdosage. Impaired distal conduction was also found in occasional patients on therapeutic doses of tricyclic drugs. Some animal experiments giving similar results to the above clinical findings are also described. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Creativity and Schizophrenia: An Equality of Empirical Constructs
Authors: Hasenfus Nancy A. , Magaro Peter A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe possibility that schizophrenia and creativity are two aspects of the same process is discussed, and parallels between different types of schizophrenia and different factors of creativity are sought. The discussion begins at a theoretical level, but its main thrust is an analysis of the research literature at an empirical level. Similarities are pointed out between tasks used for the purpose of operationally defining the schizophrenic ‘deficit’ and tasks used to define creativity. Some evidence is found for different subtypes of schizophrenics exhibiting different factors or types of creativity.
Imaginal Flooding and Exposure to Real Phobic Situations: Treatment Outcome with Agoraphobic Patients
Authors: Mathews A. M. , Johnston D. W. , Lancashire M. , Munby M. , Shaw P. M. , Gelder M. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEach of thirty-six female agoraphobic out-patients were treated by one of three methods: 8 sessions of imaginal flooding followed by 8 sessions of practice in the real situation; 16 sessions of combined flooding and practice; or 16 sessions of practice alone. Three therapists treated equal numbers of patients in each group, and there was some evidence that patients' response varied according to the therapist seen, irrespective of treatment group. There were no significant differences between treatment groups after 8 sessions, 16 sessions or on six-month follow-up. It is concluded that there are no long-term differences between the effects of treatments involving exposure to either imaginai or real phobic situations or to a combination of both, provided that patients are encouraged to practise between sessions.
Imaginal Flooding and Exposure to Real Phobic Situations: Changes During Treatment
Authors: Johnston D. W. , Lancashire M. , Mathews A. M. , Munby M. , Shaw P. M. , Gelder M. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper reports the results of measures taken during treatment in the study of imaginai flooding and exposure to real phobic situations previously described by Mathews, Johnston, Lancashire, Munby, Shaw and Gelder (1976). On weekly measures of change a similar reduction in phobic behaviour in all treatments was found, confirming the previous findings. Differences in therapist effectiveness were also confirmed. On measures of the immediate effects of treatment, exposure to the phobic situation had consistent positive effects, imaginai flooding had little or no detectable effect. It is proposed that the treatments studied differ in their immediate effects on phobic behaviour but also have the common effect of facilitating counterphobic behaviour outside the treatment situation, and that this is the main agent of therapeutic change.
Psychiatric Service for the Elderly: How Many Beds?
Authors: Jolley D. J. , Arie Tom 
Published: August 2008

SummaryReported here is a cohort study of five years' bed usage in the Goodmayes Psychiatric Unit for Old People. Patients first admitted in 1970 continued to use beds, by readmission or by continuing stay, over the next four years; subsequent cohorts of admissions made correspondingly extended use of beds. Bed-usage by men appears now to have stabilized, whilst for women it is still rising.Over the first six years the bed complement was reduced by 40%, despite an increase in referrals of over 40%; this is because the Unit's style of work prevented newly admitted patients from accumulating in beds made available by deaths. It looks as if in future not only will patients who die be replaced by new female admissions but more beds will be needed for these admissions. The present bed-usage is just within the Government's recommended guidelines, and the local issues are considered in the context of national policy.
A City Looks at its Problem of Drug Abuse by Injection
Authors: Bishop B. P. , Cave G. C. , Gay M. J. , Morgan H. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA retrospective, multi-source screening study has detected 148 users (110 males, 38 females) of intravenous drugs who presented to all relevant agencies between 1971 and 1973 in Bristol, a city where maintenance therapy is a very infrequent practice. The peak prevalence was found in the age group 20–24 years, and it appeared that the chief sources of drugs were burglaries of chemists' shops and general practitioner prescriptions. Sixty-four per cent of our users had not been notified to the Home Office. Suggestions are made for the future monitoring and development of services.
Diencephalic Stimulation and the Effects of Ect in Endogenous Depression
Authors: Abrams Richard , Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWe compared conventional bilateral ECT treatment electrode placement with simultaneous unilateral electrode placement to both sides of the head (dominant/nondominant unilateral ECT) in 20 patients with endogenous depression. Under double-blind random assignment conditions we found that six bilateral ECT were significantly more effective than six dominant/nondominant unilateral ECT in reducing depression rating scale scores. In the light of data from intracerebral ECT current distribution studies we interpret our findings to support our previously advanced hypothesis that diencephalic stimulation is requisite for the therapeutic benefit of bilateral ECT in endogenous depression.
Behavioural Treatment of Orgasmic Dysfunction: A Controlled Study
Authors: Munjack Dennis , Cristol Alan , Goldstein Alan , Phillips Debora , Goldberg Alice , Whipple Katherine , Staples Fred , Kanno Pamela 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-two anorgasmic women received 20 sessions of a multiple-technique behavioural therapy. The design included blind ratings by two independent assessors, multiple assessment instruments, and a waiting list control group.Treatment was significantly better than no treatment in terms of: (1) the percentage of patients experiencing orgasm during at least 50 per cent of sexual relations; (2) the percentage of women reporting satisfactory sexual relations at least 50 per cent of the time; (3) patients' ratings of positive reactions to various sexual behaviours; and (4) assessors' global clinical ratings.Significant improvement was also noted on the MMPI, IPAT, and Symptom Check List. Improvement was maintained at a follow-up average 9 months later. These results support the impression that a behavioural approach offers much promise in treating female orgasmic dysfunction.
A Comparison of Deaf and Non-Deaf Patients with Paranoid and Affective Psychoses
Authors: Cooper A. F. , Garside R. F. , Kay D. W. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA comparison was made of the social and domestic background, prepsychotic personality and symptomatology of deaf (‘hard of hearing’) and non-deaf patients aged 50 or over with paranoid or affective psychoses. The deaf patients were found to be a very heterogeneous group in respect of age of onset, duration, severity and pathological basis of their deafness, but there was a substantial subgroup of paranoid patients with deafness beginning before the age of 45 in whom the personality appeared to have been less deviating than in the remainder. It was thought that the deafness in this subgroup had possibly played a relatively specific role in causing the psychosis. Some problems in identifying deafness and assessing its significance are discussed.
Clozapine versus Perphenazine: The Value of the Biochemical Mode of Action of Neuroleptics in Predicting their Therapeutic Activity
Authors: van Praag H. M. , Korf J. , Dols L. C. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe chemical structure of a neuroleptic does not reliably predict the exact profile of its therapeutic action. We considered the question whether the biochemical action of a neuroleptic, and specifically the ratio between DA-receptor block and NA-receptor block, might have a higher predictive value in this respect. In this context we carried out a double-blind study of the therapeutic value of clozapine and perphenazine in acute psychoses of varying symptomatology and aetiology. There are strong indications that clozapine has only a slight inhibitory effect on transmission in central DA-ergic neurons, but markedly inhibits transmission in central NA-ergic neurons, and that the reverse applies to perphenazine. In view of these data we expected perphenazine to be a stronger antipsychotic and a weaker sedative than clozapine, andvice versa.The plausibility of this hypothesis was demonstrated. Partly also on the basis of earlier research, we concluded that the biochemical action of a neuroleptic is a more faithful predictor of its therapeutic action profile than the chemical structure.
Depression and Loss
Authors: Brown George W. , Harris Tirril , Copeland John J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRecent losses occurring in the two years before onset of depression in women are distinguished from past losses occurring at any time before this. Of past losses only loss of mother before 11 is associated with greater risk of depression—both among women treated by psychiatrists and among women found to be suffering from depression in a random sample of 458 women living in London. Past loss of a father or sibling before 17 (or a mother between 11 and 17), or a child or husband, is not associated with a greater chance of developing depression. However, among patients all types of past loss by death are associated with psychotic-like depressive symptoms (and their severity) and other types of past loss with neurotic-type depressive symptoms (and their severity). It is argued that these associations probably reflect direct causal links, and a socio-psychological theory to explain them is discussed.
Coefficients of Agreement Between Observers and Their Interpretation
Authors: Maxwell A. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe measurement of agreement between ratings of patient symptomatology by two or more psychiatrists is discussed. It is noted that coefficients which allow for possible chance agreement are to be preferred, but they involve assumptions about the way in which chance factors may operate. Assumptions which involve prior probabilities of the incidence of a symptom appear to be too stringent, and a new coefficient, called the RE coefficient, is recommended in which chance is assumed to operate in a purely random way. Binary scales are discussed in detail, but methods of dealing with scales of wider range are also referred to.
‘Dissolution of the Mental Hospital’: Fifteen Years On
Authors: Early Donal F. , Nicholas Michael 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe pattern of decline of a mental hospital population over fifteen years is described. Continuing problems are commented on, particularly the presence of ‘old’ long-stay patients and the accumulation of ‘new chronic patients'. The number of beds required for each of these categories is estimated.The dissolution of the mental hospital service by degradation is deplored, and a suggestion is made that some of the good points of the old service might be salvaged before it is too late.
On the Significance of the Erythrocyte Lithium to Plasma Lithium Ratio
Authors: Marini James L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCorrelations between the ratio of erythrocyte to plasma lithium (Le/Lp) and clinical status have been reported by some authors and disputed by others. Examination of the literature on Le/Lp and erythrocyte physiology suggests that Le/Lp is determined by peripheral pharmacokinetic parameters and has no direct relationship to central pathophysiology. Because of this, and because of inconsistencies between studies reporting correlations of the ratio with clinical status, such correlations probably cannot illuminate either the pathophysiology of affective illness or the mode of action of lithium.
Mortality in Patients with Schizophrenia, Mania, Depression and Surgical Conditions
Authors: Tsuang Ming T. , Woolson Robert F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMortality data are presented from a four-decade follow-up study of 200 schizophrenic, 100 manic, 225 depressive patients, and 160 surgical controls (80 appendicectomy; 80 herniorrhaphy). Data for this analysis were available on 648 (95 per cent) members of the study population. Using sex-age standardized mortality ratios (SMR), the mortality experience of the study population was compared with that of the state of Iowa, the geographical area served by the admitting medical facility for the study group. Results are presented for a four-decade period beginning 1935–44, and ending 1965–74. All three psychiatric groups had a significant increase in mortality risk. This was most pronounced in the first decade following admission, although schizophrenic patients, especially females, continued to show a significant excess of deaths throughout the entire four decades of the follow-up period. During no decade of the follow-up period did the mortality of the surgical controls differ significantly from that of the Iowa population.
What Have Cognitive Deficits to do with Schizophrenic Symptoms?
Authors: Hemsley D. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper considers possible relationships between cognitive deficits and symptomatology in schizophrenia. It is argued that a combination of defective filtering and slowness in response selection results in a state of information overload in acute schizophrenia. The methods by which normal subjects adapt to experimenter-induced overload may therefore be relevant to aspects of schizophrenic behaviour. The considerable intra- and inter-subject variability in symptomatology of schizophrenic patients may represent differing adaptations to similar cognitive disturbance, such secondary abnormalities being prominent in chronic patients. Sections of the literature on acute-chronic differences are consistent with such a formulation, although one cannot infer intra-individual change from cross-sectional studies; there is a clear need for longitudinal investigations in this area. The preferred method of adaptation will be dependent on the severity of overload, the environment, and personality factors independent of the psychosis. The implications for the modification of schizophrenics' behavioural abnormalities by operant procedures are discussed.
Aspects of Intensity of Affective Constructs in Depressed Patients
Authors: Silverman Gerald 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo groups, 10 subjects in each, one consisting of depressed patients and the others normal controls, ranked photographs of faces for two sets of six constructs. One set consisted of the critical constructs of the Bannister and Fransella grid test, while the other set of constructs were all related to affect. The depressed patients showed a higher intensity score for affective constructs than did the normal subjects. There was no difference for critical constructs. The affective intensity score decreased on two further retestings for the depressed group; for the normal group they remained reasonably constant. These results may shed light on the reorganization in construing aspects of affect which occurs with depression and its remission.
Obsessional Cognition: Performance on Two Numerical Tasks
Authors: Reed Graham F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIt is argued that obsessional indecision reflects a formal cognitive characteristic, and should therefore be detectable in slower performance of insignificant, neutral tasks. The obsessional will not be handicapped in structured tasks requiring concentration and a deductive approach, but he will be slower in less structured tasks requiring a predominantly inductive approach. Results from two neutral (numerical) tasks support the predictions.
Group Exposure for Agoraphobics: A Replication Study
Authors: Teasdale J. D. , Walsh P. A. , Lancashire M. , Mathews A. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA replication study was conducted of the treatment of agoraphobics by exposure in cohesive groups, as described by Hand, Lamontagne and Marks (1974). The continuing improvement during follow-up, with consequent large overall improvement, reported in the original study was not replicated. However, the present study confirmed the usefulness of this procedure as a highly cost-efficient treatment.The assumed equivalence of the Gelder and Marks (1966) phobic rating scale and its modification by Watson and Marks (1971) was examined. Large discrepancies between the scales were obtained for initial assessments and change scores. It is suggested that there is a need for workers in this field to agree on methods of measurement.
The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds
Authors: Bowlby John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn account is given of attachment theory as a way of conceptualizing the propensity of human beings to make strong affectional bonds to particular others and of explaining the many forms of emotional distress and personality disturbance, including anxiety, anger, depression and emotional detachment, to which unwilling separation and loss give rise. Though it incorporates much psychoanalytic thinking, many of its principles derive from ethology, cognitive psychology and control theory. It conforms to the ordinary criteria of a scientific discipline.Certain common patterns of personality development, both healthy and pathological, are described in these terms, and also some of the common patterns of parenting that contribute to them.