bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Forecasts of Canadian Winter Precipitation by Postprocessing GCM Integrations
Authors: Lin Hai , Brunet Gilbert , Derome Jacques 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In the second phase of the Canadian Historical Forecasting Project (HFP2), four global atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) were used to perform seasonal forecasts over the period of 1969–2003. Little predictive skill was found from the uncalibrated GCM ensemble seasonal predictions for the Canadian winter precipitation. This study is an effort to improve the precipitation forecasts through a postprocessing approach.
Canadian winter precipitation is significantly influenced by two of the most important atmospheric large-scale patterns: the Pacific–North American pattern (PNA) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The time variations of these two patterns were found to be significantly correlated with those of the leading singular value decomposition (SVD) modes that relate the ensemble mean forecast 500-mb geopotential height over the Northern Hemisphere and the tropical Pacific SST in the previous month (November). A statistical approach to correct the ensemble forecasts was formulated based on the regression of the model’s leading forced SVD patterns and the observed seasonal mean precipitation. The performance of the corrected forecasts was assessed by comparing its cross-validated skill with that of the original GCM ensemble mean forecasts. The results show that the corrected forecasts predict the Canadian winter precipitation with statistically significant skill over the southern prairies and a large area of Québec–Ontario.
Pressure transient identification of depleted appliance trap seals: a pressure pulse technique
Authors: Kelly DA , Swaffield JA , Jack LB , Campbell DP , Gormley M 
Published: April 2008

The appliance trap seal plays a vital role in safeguarding occupied space from ingress of foul sewer gases driven by the barrage of pressure transients generated within the system during normal appliance discharge. The health risks related to depleted trap seals can be severe. In 2003, the rapid spread of the SARS virus at the Amoy Gardens housing complex in Hong Kong was attributed to depleted bathroom floor-drain traps. This paper presents a technique whereby depleted trap seals can be located remotely by monitoring the system response to an applied single pressure pulse. A Method of Characteristic based numerical model allows the system pressure response to be predicted while laboratory and site test results are shown to validate this proposed technique. Practical application: Appliance trap seal depletion poses a serious health risk by providing a route for cross-contamination and infection spread. Implementing a routine and regular maintenance regime would help to ensure that the water level within the trap seal remains above the critical level. However, current methods rely on visual inspections which are highly impractical in large complex buildings. A technique allowing the status of all connected trap seals to be quickly determined would be an invaluable tool for facility managers by improving operational efficiency and by indicating persistent failures, thus, highlighting areas requiring modification to ensure performance compliance.
The Effect of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency and Reconstruction on the Patellofemoral Joint
Authors: Van de Velde Samuel K. , Gill Thomas J. , DeFrate Louis E. , Papannagari Ramprasad , Li Guoan 
Published: April 2008

Background Little is known about the effect of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency and reconstruction on the patellofemoral joint. Hypothesis Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency changes the patellofemoral joint biomechanics. Reconstruction of the ligament does not restore the altered patellofemoral joint function. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Eight patients with an acute anterior cruciate ligament injury in 1 knee and the contralateral side intact were included in the study. Magnetic resonance and dual-orthogonal fluoroscopic imaging techniques were used to compare the patellofemoral joint function during a single-leg lunge between the intact, the anterior cruciate ligament–injured, and the anterior cruciate ligament–reconstructed knee. Data on the patellar tendon apparent elongation and orientation, patellar tracking and patellofemoral cartilage contact location were collected preoperatively and at 6 months after reconstruction. Results Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency caused a significant apparent elongation and change in orientation of the patellar tendon. It decreased the flexion and increased the valgus rotation and tilt of the patella. Anterior cruciate ligament injury caused a proximal and lateral shift in patellofemoral cartilage contact location. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction reduced the abnormal apparent elongation but not the orientation of the patellar tendon, and it restored the patellar flexion and proximal shift in contact. The abnormal patellar rotation, tilt, and lateral shift in cartilage contact persisted after reconstruction. Conclusion The altered function of the patellar tendon in anterior cruciate ligament deficiency resulted in an altered patellar tracking and patellofemoral cartilage contact. Persistent changes in patellofemoral joint function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction imply that reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament does not restore the normal function of the patellofemoral joint. Clinical Relevance The abnormal kinematics of the patellofemoral joint might predispose the patellofemoral cartilage to degenerative changes associated with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency, even if the ligament is reconstructed in a way that restores anteroposterior knee laxity.
Linking Transition Services to Student Outcomes for Students with Moderate/ Severe Mental Retardation
Authors: Brown Pat 
Published: April 2008

The study sought to determine the impact of the transition mandate on student outcomes for students with moderate/severe mental retardation. Using a telephone follow-up protocol, I conducted interviews with the parents or guardians of all 1990 and 1995 graduates with moderate/severe mental retardation from three school districts in Washington State who chose to participate in this study. This study documented the postschool status of these two groups at one year and at six years out of school in several areas: employment; enrollment in postsecondary school or training; engagement in employment, education or both; and independent living. Interviews also were conducted with the families, teachers, and administrators of three 1990 graduates and three 1995 graduates of these school districts in order to document the link between the high school program and postschool student outcomes and the impact of the transition mandate on the high school program. The survey data revealed similar outcomes for the graduates at one and six years out of school. Interviews with students, families, teachers, and administrators and a review of student records indicated that the high school programs have become more community-based, employment oriented, and age-appropriate with an increased emphasis on establishing linkages with adult service providers. These interviews also suggest several barriers to local implementation of the transition mandate, including the cost of providing community experiences and models of special education that may not support transition.
GpnmbR 150Xallele must be present in bone marrow derived cells to mediate DBA/2J glaucoma
Authors: Anderson Michael G , Nair K Saidas , Amonoo Leslie A , Mehalow Adrienne , Trantow Colleen M , Masli Sharmila , John Simon WM 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundTheGpnmbgene encodes a transmembrane protein whose function(s) remain largely unknown. Here, we assess if a mutant allele ofGpnmbconfers susceptibility to glaucoma by altering immune functions. DBA/2J mice have a mutantGpnmbgene and they develop a form of glaucoma preceded by a pigment dispersing iris disease and abnormalities of the immunosuppressive ocular microenvironment.ResultsWe find that theGpnmbgenotype of bone-marrow derived cell lineages significantly influences the iris disease and the elevation of intraocular pressure. GPNMB localizes to multiple cell types, including pigment producing cells, bone marrow derived F4/80 positive antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the iris and dendritic cells. We show that APCs of DBA/2J mice fail to induce antigen induced immune deviation (a form of tolerance) when treated with TGFβ2. This demonstrates that some of the immune abnormalities previously identified in DBA/2J mice result from intrinsic defects in APCs. However, the tested APC defects are not dependent on a mutantGpnmbgene. Finally, we show that theGpnmbmediated iris disease does not require elevated IL18 or mature B or T lymphocytes.ConclusionThese results establish a role forGpnmbin bone marrow derived lineages. They suggest that affects ofGpnmbon innate immunity influence susceptibility to glaucoma in DBA/2J mice.
Diels–Alder Reaction of 2,3-Bis(pinacolatoboryl)-1,3-butadiene: Facile Preparation of 1,2-Bis(pinacolatoboryl)cyclohexenes and -1,4-cyclohexadiene
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Shimono Katsuhiro , Kurahashi Takuya , Kiyomoto Shin-ichi , Nagao Ikuhiro , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Diels–Alder reaction of 2,3-bis(pinacolato)boryl-1,3-butadiene with electron-deficient alkenes and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate proceeded smoothly upon heating, giving rise to the corresponding 1,2-diborylcyclohexenes in good to excellent yields. Conversion of two C–B bonds in the cycloadducts into C–C bonds is also demonstrated.
High-Trivalent Rare Earth Ion Conduction in Solids Based on NASICON-Type Phosphate
Authors: Hasegawa Yasunori , Tamura Shinji , Sato Mineo , Imanaka Nobuhito 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Trivalent rare earth ion conductors of the (R0.05Zr0.95)80⁄79Nb(PO4)3 (R: rare earths) series with NASICON-type structures were successfully prepared and the optimum size of ion-conducting pathways for rare earth ions in (R0.05Zr0.95)80⁄79Nb(PO4)3 solids was investigated. The most suitable ion-conducting pathway for rare earth ion conduction in this series was realized for R=Dy and the highest conductivity of 3.2×10−4 S cm−1 at 600 °C was obtained for (Dy0.05Zr0.95)80⁄79Nb(PO4)3 solids. Since R3+ ion conduction was strongly dependent on the ratio of conducting R3+ ion size to crystal lattice size (VR3+⁄Vlattice; we denote this ratio as A ratio in this article), it was clear that the A ratio is a key factor to optimize R3+ ion conduction in NASICON-type structures.
Book Excerpt: How Religion Changed in the Bronze Age?
Authors: Hayden Brian 
Published: April 2008

Debates over the origin and influences of Indo-European languages and societies have fueled nationalistic passions over ancestral homelands as well as more recent attempts to categorize Indo-European language speaking societies as patriarchal, violent, and disruptive of a Neolithic utopia
in Old Europe. While archaeological data is generally not abundant or refined enough to explain the distribution of Indo-European languages, it is possible to generalize that religions of herding societies demonstrate surprising similarities, be they the Nuer or the Masai in East Africa and the historical Indo-European cattle herders of the steppes. Their warrior groups adopt powerful wild animals as totems and form exclusive and independent social groups or classes, with their own deities, rituals, myths, and ritual leaders. Priestly elites also form a separate class, which strives to maintain
dominant control over raids, spells, and initiations. Thus, in the pastoral nomad type of society, there is an evident conflict of interest between the major power-wielding sectors (warriors versus priestly elites) resulting in problems of integrating both social groups together, not to mention the
people that do most of the herding and gardening. In this respect, religion can be adaptive in both defining special interest groups within a society and in integrating groups together. This represents a further politicization of religion, a tendency that began in the Upper Paleolithic.

This article is reprinted with permission from Shamans, Sorcerers, and Saints: A Prehistory of Religion (Washington, DC:Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003).
Geographical Ontology: Levinas, Sacred Landscapes and Cities
Authors: Ezzy Douglas 
Published: April 2008

Cities inscribe on the earth a text of human being-in-the world. They contain, repress, facilitate, control and decimate nature. Put another way, the geography of our being-in-the world profoundly shapes human experience of nature. This article proceeds through a dialogue between my own mystical experiences in nature. and a rereading of Levinas.s account of face-to-face relations with the Other through which I argue that nature can be understood as Other. However, beyond a romanticised conception of nature as harmonious and
ecologically balanced, a sophisticated Levinasian reading of face-to-face relations confronts us with the disruptive, violent implications of proximity to nature. This also provides an account of the violent, suppressive and distancing response of humans to nature. Further, the conceptualisation of nature as Other suggests some alternative urban experiences that may be seen as part of the human encounter with nature. In particular I examine human mortality as an aspect of
nature. Finally, the sacred is found, both in urban and rural contexts, in that moment of transcendence when human responses to the Other of nature take them out of, or beyond, their ontological being to an ethical moment of relationship.
Nocturnal Feeding of Pacific Hake and Jack Mackerel off the Mouth of the Columbia River, 1998‐2004: Implications for Juvenile Salmon Predation
Authors: Emmett Robert L. , Krutzikowsky Gregory K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPredation by piscivorous marine fishes has been hypothesized to be a primary source of marine mortality for Pacific Northwest juvenile salmon. During the springs and summers of 1998‐2004, we collected predator and prey fishes (forage and juvenile salmonids) at the surface at night off the mouth of the Columbia River. Pacific hake Merluccius productus had relatively low percentages of empty stomachs during cool‐ocean years (2000 through 2002) and high percentages during 1998, a warm‐ocean year. Euphausiids and fishes were the most commonly eaten prey for both species. Pacific hake and jack mackerel Trachurus symmetricus appeared to show some diet selectivity, eating some fish, including salmonids, in a higher proportion than found in the environment. Both Pacific hake and jack mackerel ate juvenile salmonids, but at very low amounts. After considering population sizes in the study area, these two predators do not appear to be responsible for the death of large numbers of Columbia River juvenile salmon smolts. However, we may have underestimated the number of salmonids eaten by hake and mackerel due to the limitations of our study. More work needs to be done to identify and quantify predation of juvenile salmon off the Pacific Northwest.
Hepatic Heat Shock Protein 70 and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Rainbow Trout after Tagging with a Passive Integrated Transponder
Authors: Feldhaus Joseph W. , Heppell Scott A. , Mesa Matthew G. , Li Hiram 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study examined the potentially stressful effects of tagging juvenile rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykisswith passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags by measuring short‐term (<120‐h) changes in plasma concentrations of cortisol and hepatic heat shock protein 70 (hsp70). In a laboratory experiment, plasma cortisol levels were measured in fish before they were tagged (0 h) and at 2, 6, 24, and 120 h after being tagged. Hepatic hsp70 levels were measured at 0, 24, and 120 h. All results were compared with those for fish that were handled but not tagged. Plasma cortisol levels were significantly higher in both treatment groups (tagged and handled but not tagged) at 2 h than in the pretreatment groups (0 h). Plasma cortisol levels in the treatment groups returned to near pretreatment levels by 6 h. However, there was a significant difference in plasma cortisol levels between treatment groups at 6 h. There were no significant differences in hepatic hsp70 levels among the two treatment groups, and hepatic hsp70 levels did not change through time. Our results suggest that PIT tagging is a low‐impact tagging procedure for juvenile salmonids.
Modeling Stream Fish Assemblages with Niche Apportionment Models: Patterns, Processes, and Scale Dependence
Authors: Higgins Christopher L. , Strauss Richard E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUnderstanding patterns in terms of the mechanistic processes that produce them is the essence of ecology. However, many studies merely document nonrandom patterns of species coexistence without providing insight into the structuring mechanisms and their scale dependence. Moreover, few studies address the mechanisms driving functional diversity. The objectives of this study were to document empirical patterns of species coexistence within stream fish assemblages across a broad geographic region, addressing both the functional and taxonomic organization of those assemblages, and to determine whether the structuring mechanisms are scale dependent. We gathered data from a report published by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department that provided empirical species abundance distributions for 62 assemblages from 7 ecoregions and 18 river basins. For each assemblage, we simulated expected species abundances using five previously published models of niche apportionment. These models generate relative abundances in proportion to niche breadth and are constrained to maintain observed species richness, but they do not include information on species identity. These models included four stochastic variants of a geometric series (dominance preemption, random fraction, broken stick, and dominance decay) in which species abundances relate directly to niche breadth and one model (random assortment) in which abundances are independent of niche partitioning altogether. To assess scale dependence, we repeated the analyses after pooling assemblages by ecoregion, river basin, and the entire state. The patterns of niche apportionment for assemblages pooled according to river basin are more consistent with local assemblages than with assemblages pooled according to ecoregions or the entire state. These results suggest that niche apportionment plays a crucial role in structuring stream fish assemblages and that functional groups divide niche space more evenly than do species.
Motion of spiral waves induced by local pacing
Authors: Chen Jiang-Xing , Wei Gui-Na , Li Bing-Wei , Xu Jiang-Rong 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The motion of spiral waves in excitable media driven by a weak pacing around the spiral tip is investigated numerically as well as theoretically. We presented a Bifurcations diagram containing four types of the spiral motion induced by different frequencies of pacing: rigidly rotating, inward-petal meandering, resonant drift, and outward-petal meandering spiral. Simulation shows that the spiral resonantly drifts when the frequency of pacing is close to that of the spiral rotation. We also find that the speed and direction of the drift can be efficiently controlled by means of the strength and phase of the local pacing, which is consistent with analytical results based on the framework of the weak deformation approximation.
Kinetics of Rb2+ and Rb+ formation in laser-excited rubidium vapor
Authors: Mahmoud Mohamed 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
We have studied the formation of the molecular ion Rb2+ and the atomic ion Rb+. These are created in laser excited rubidium vapor at the first resonance, 5s–5p and 5p-nl transitions. A theoretical model is applied to this interaction to explain the time evolution and the laser-power dependence of the population density of Rb+ and Rb2+. A set of rate equations which describe: the temporal variation of the population density of the excited states; the atomic ion density; and the electron density, were solved numerically under the experimental conditions of Barbier and Cheret. In their experiment the Rb concentration was 1×1013cm−3 and the laser power was taken to be 50–500 mW at vapor temperature = 450 K. The results showed that the main processes for producing Rb2+ are associative ionization and Hornbeck-Molnar ionization. The calculations have also showed that, the atomic ions Rb+ are formed through the Penning Ionization (PI) and photoionization processes. Moreover, a reasonable agreement between the experimental results and our calculations for the ion currents of the Rb+ and Rb2+ is obtained.
Effects of intermittent hypoxia different regimes on mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and glutathione-redox balance in stressed rats
Authors: Gonchar Olga 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of two regimes of intermittent hypoxia (IH) [repetitive 5 cycles of 5 min hypoxia (7% O2 or 12% O2 in N2) followed by 15 min normoxia, daily for three weeks] on oxidative stress protective systems in liver mitochondria. To estimate the effectiveness of hypoxia adaptation at the early and late preconditioning period, we exposed rats to acute 6-h immobilization at the 1st and 45th days after cessation of IH. We showed that severity of hypoxic episodes during IH might initiate different adaptive programs. Moderate hypoxia during IH prevents mitochondrial glutathione pool depletion induced by immobilization stress, maintains GSH-redox cycle via activation of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, and increases Mn-SOD activity. Such regimen of hypoxic preconditioning caused the decrease of mitochondrial superoxide anion generation as well as of basal and stimulated in vitro lipid peroxidation and this protective effect remained for 45 days under renormoxic conditions. Hypoxic adaptation in a more severe regimen exerted beneficial effects on the mitochondrial antioxidant defense system only at its later phase.
Artifact mimicking non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in a patient with recent myocardial infarction
Authors: Gemici Gökmen , Kalkan Ali , Degertekin Muzaffer , Demirtas Ertan 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A 78-year-old woman with a history of recent myocardial infarction was admitted to the coronary care unit because of dyspnea. The baseline ECG revealed sinus rhythm of 90 beats/min. Two hours after her admission, her body temperature raised to 38.8 degrees Celcius accompanied by shaking chills. Wide complex tachycardia runs consistent with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia synchronous with shaking chills were noticed on the monitor. Closer observation of the ECG revealed the presence of normal QRS complexes at the cycle length of baseline rhythm. It was presumed that artifact due to shaking chills was responsible for the ECG abnormalities.