bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship of microbial and salivary parameters with dental caries in Brazilian pre‐school children
Authors: Bretz Walter A. , Djahjah Carlos , Almeida Rui S. , Hujoel Philippe P. , Loesche Walter J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCaries examination and collection of paraffin wax‐Stimulated saliva samples were performed in 37 children.3–6 years old in a child‐care facility at the Vidigal shim, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil. The levels of mutatis streptococci and lactobacilli in saliva were estimated by the Cariescreen and by the Dentocult tests and the saliva secretion rate was determined. Statistical analysis was performed on surface‐based and patient‐based caries prevalence rates (SBCPR and PBCPR) and related to bacterial and salivary parameters. The results show that 31 of the 37 children were caries active. The SBCPR for the primary dentition was 6.7%± 1.0%. Occlusal surfaces were the most affected by decay. Regression analysis revealed that mutans streptococci salivary levels were significantly associated with the SBCPR (P= 0.0001). Similarly, lactobacilli salivary levels were significantly associated with the SBCPR (P= 0.0001). No significant association could be found between the saliva secretion rate and the SBCPR. When regression analysis was used to model dependence of the SBCPR on both organisms, the mutatis streptococci and lactobacilli salivary levels were significantly associated with the SBCPRs (P= 0.0021 and 0.01 18. respectively), and salivary levels of these organisms accounted for 57% n of the SBCPR variability. These findings indicate that the levels of mutans streptococci and lacto‐bacilli in saliva are significantly related to the SBCPRs on the primary dentition of these children.
Restorative treatment thresholds and agreement in treatment decision‐making
Authors: Kay Elizabeth Jane , Nuttall Nigel Michael , Kniil‐Jones Robin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIt has been recognised for many years that treatment decision‐making among dentists often shows wide variation. This study sought to examine the effect of dentists’stated treatment thresholds as a source of variation between them, Twenty dentists made 360 treatment decisions about the approximal surfaces of extruded teeth seen in simulated bitewing radiographs. They also stated their personal treatment thresholds, i.e. the depth of lesion which they intended to restore. One hundred and ninety pairwise comparisons of treatment decisions showed that only 16% of the dentist pairs showed substantial agreement. Dentist pairs who reported that they held the same interventive threshold achieved exactly the same mean level of agreement in treatment decision‐making as dentist pairs who disagreed about the appropriate threshold for restorative intervention. The study suggests that restorative thresholds which are reported to be used by dentists may be poorly correlated with the number of positive treatment decisions actually made.
A new Norwegian index of orthodontic treatment need related to orthodontic concern among 11‐year‐olds and their parents
Authors: Espeland Lisen V. , Ivarsson Knut , Stenvik Arild 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA new index of orthodontic treatment need was introduced in Norway in 1990. On a morphologic and functional basis the four groups very great (A), great (B), obvious (C) and little/no (D) need were defined for social insurance refunding. The purpose of the present study was to investigate to what extent the new index corresponded with orthodontic concern among potential orthodontic patients and their parents. Of 104 randomly selected fourth grade children, 99 (48 girls, 51 boys, mean age 10.7 yr) presented themselves for clinical examination and interview. One parent was asked to accompany the child, and 93 parents attended. On the basis of clinical examination, morphologic measurements on study casts, and X‐rays, the children were allocated to one of the four groups defined by the index. In separate questionnaires the children and the parents were asked to assess satisfaction with own/child's dental arrangement and desire for orthodontic treatment. The interview data were transformed into a composite measure representing orthodontic concern. The results indicated that orthodontic concern was significantly related to index group. For the individuals who expressed concern the new index seemed to be meaningful for allocation of public subsidies, as most individuals (85%) who expressed concern exhibited malocclusions fulfilling the criteria for receiving public subsidies of treatment costs. However, more than 50% of the individuals allocated to group B (great need) did not experience a need for treatment.
Incidence and severity of phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth in epileptic patients in General Medical Practice
Authors: Thomason John Mark , Seymour Robin Alan , Rawlins Michael David 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis investigation examines the incidence of phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth in a population of epileptic patients who attend General Medical Practices for treatment of their epilepsy and compares the gingival changes with an otherwise healthy group of patients. The plaque score, gingival index, and gingival overgrowth did not differ significantly between the two groups (P>0.05). A significant correlation was observed between plaque score and gingival overgrowth in the phenytoin‐treated patient, but in this group there was no correlation between gingival overgrowth and salivary concentration of the drug. The overall incidence of clinically significant overgrowth (13%) is considerably less than in other studies.
Remaining teeth, oral dryness and dental health habits in middle‐aged Norwegian rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Arneberg Pål , Bjertness Espen , Storhaug Kari , Glennås Anne , Bjerkhoel Frithjof 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess the effect of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) upon dental health. A questionnaire was mailed to all seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients aged 44–56 yr in the files of the two main departments of rheumatology in South Eastern Norway. Data were obtained from 125 patients, constituting 91% of the target group. The number of remaining teeth in these patients was not related to disease duration or physical dysfunction, whereas a relationship to prolonged use of medication for pain relief was indicated. Factors known to affect tooth loss in the general population, such as smoking habits, dental attendance, interdental cleaning habits, previous dental disease, and place of residence were found to be important in RA patients as well. The RA patients from Oslo had a mean number of 25 remaining teeth, which is the same as reported for the general Oslo population at this age. Oral dryness was reported by more than 50% of the RA patients, but was not related to the number of teeth. The conclusion is that serious and long lasting rheumatoid arthritis had little influence on the number of remaining teeth in this middle‐aged group of Norwegians.
Intervals between bitewing examinations in young patients when applying a radiologic algorithm
Authors: Lith Agneta , Gröndahl Hans‐Göran 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEvery prescription of a radiograph should be based on an evaluation of the individual patient benefit. An algorithm developed to make it possible to individualize the frequency of bitewing radiographs was applied on a group of young patients in order to evaluate if its application could increase the time intervals between bitewing examinations. The time intervals between bitewing examinations actually performed on 221 patients from exfoliation of all primary teeth up to and including 18 yr of age were determined. The number of surfaces with carious lesions as well as restorations in the posterior approximal surfaces were diagnosed from the radiographs. The intervals between bitewing examinations according to the algorithm were estimated and compared to the actual ones. For most patients the time intervals between examinations increased when the algorithm was applied, without a concomitant risk of missing lesions developing into the deeper parts of the dentin. The results render support to an individualized scheduling of bitewing radiographs based on number of and extent of approximal lesions in baseline radiographs.
Oral health and oral health behaviour in a population of diabetic outpatient clinic attenders
Authors: Jones Ray B. , McCallum Richard M. , Kay Elizabeth J. , Kirkin Val. , McDonald Paul 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe control of oral health in individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus may affect a diabetic individual's insulin requirements. This study examined the oral health status and behaviours of a group of diabetic patients and compared the results to those obtained in a recent UK national survey of oral health. The results showed that, despite reporting higher levels of oral self‐care, the diabetic population suffered from higher rates of caries than “normal” individuals. These differences could not be accounted for by the treatment received from dentists. It is concluded that diabetic patients are more caries prone than the general population and that the cause of this difference should be sought, as the traditional aetiological agent for caries cannot account for the increased caries rate. If the aetiology of the findings of this study were determined, progress could be made in the search for indicators of increased caries risk.
Early screening for orthodontic treatment Differences in assessments made by a consultant orthodontist and three public health dentists
Authors: Pietilä Terttu , Pietilä Llpo , Väätäjä Pertti 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to compare the differences in the assessments of occlusal and functional features, the need for and timing of orthodontic treatment and the complexity of treatment made by a consultant orthodontist and three public health dentists. The data comprised the examinations of 260 children aged 7–8 yr (87% of total age group of the community) attending the first grade of primary school in a medium‐sized town in eastern Finland. The examinations were carried out according to agreed criteria. The main indications for treatment were Class II malocclusion, lateral crossbitc and crowding. When assessing treatment need, agreement between the orthodontist and the three dentists was fairly good (agreement in 69%, Kappa statistic 0.51), sensitivity for each dentist ranged from 0.86 to 0.97 and specificity from 0.72 to 0.92. The agreement on the timing of treatment was poor (agreement in 49%, Kappa statistic 0.18). In most cases of disagreement, the dentists would begin the treatment earlier than the orthodontist. The agreement on the complexity of treatment was rather poor (agreement in 61%, Kappa statistic 0.22). In most cases of disagreement, the treatment was regarded as more complex by the orthodontist than by the dentists. When dentists work with a consultant orthodontist, it seems justified to have the dentist screen the children at the age of 7–8 yr for early orthodontic treatment, but the orthodontist should assess the timing and complexity of treatment.
Attendance pattern of anxiety‐treated dental patients: a pilot study
Authors: Schuurs Albert H. B. , Makkes Peter C. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEx‐patients of a dental fear clinic were found to have significantly reduced, yet still high, dental anxiety scores in comparison with the pre‐intervention scores. In spite of the intervention about one quarter of the ex‐patients did not visit a dentist regularly. A positive relationship was found between dental anxiety, measured with Corah's DAS, and “dislike of drilling”. A short duration of (self‐reported) psychophysiologic anxiety reactions appeared to be associated with the intention to ask for treatment, e.g. if a cavity were present. However, regular dental attendance was not correlated with dental anxiety scores.
Demographical, odontological, and psychological variables in individuals referred for osseointegrated dental implants
Authors: Hogenius Sylvia , Berggren Ulf , Blomberg Stig , Jemt Torsten , Öhman Sven‐Christer 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEdentulism and/or the wearing of a removable denture always requires adaptation, not only on a functional, but also on an emotional, level. Four hundred and seventy‐three patients referred for treatment with osseointegrated implants due to problems with removable prostheses entered the study and 315 (66.6%) completed it. The average age was close to 60 yr, and the majority of patients were women. The average time of edentulousness was 14.3 yr. Twelve percent experienced profound negative effects from wearing dentures, this to an extent that it led to overt psychological and social effects. Subjective ratings revealed that functional and/or intra‐personal effects were of higher significance than social consequences. The group was found to be more depressed than average as well as having an external health locus of control orientation.
Woman, Man, Dog, Tree: Two Decades of Intimate and Monumental Bodies in Pina Bausch's Tanztheater
Authors: Cody Gabrielle 
Published: May 2006

You're right in demanding that the artist have a conscious relation to his work, but you are confusing two ideas: solving a problem and posing a problem correctly. —Anton Chekhov, Letters to A.S. Suvorin Choreography too will reassume tasks of a realistic nature. It is a mistake of recent time that it has nothing to do with the depiction of “people as they really are.” […] In any case a theater that bases everything on Gestus cannot do without choreography. —Bertolt Brecht, Little Organon All lije Murphy, is figure and ground. —Samuel Beckett, Murphy
An Event in Space: The Integration of Acting and Design in the Theatre of JoAnne Akalaitis
Authors: Saivetx Deborah 
Published: May 2006

Whatever [the actor] represents in the play, in the order of time he is representing nobody but himself. How could he? That's his body, doing time. —Herbert Blau Improvisation must be a research activity conducted by someone who is trying to break out oftheir own passivity. Peter Brook
Evolutionary Testing Using an Extended Chaining Approach
Authors: McMinn P. , Holcombe M. 
Published: May 2006

Fitness functions derived from certain types of white-box test goals can be inadequate for evolutionary software test data generation (Evolutionary Testing), due to a lack of search guidance to the required test data. Often this is because the fitness function does not take into account data dependencies within the program under test, and the fact that certain program statements may need to have been executed prior to the target structure in order for it to be feasible. This paper proposes a solution to this problem by hybridizing Evolutionary Testing with an extended Chaining Approach. The Chaining Approach is a method which identifies statements on which the target structure is data dependent, and incrementally develops chains of dependencies in an event sequence. By incorporating this facility into Evolutionary Testing, and by performing a test data search for each generated event sequence, the search can be directed into potentially promising, unexplored areas of the test object's input domain. Results presented in the paper show that test data can be found for a number of test goals with this hybrid approach that could not be found by using the original Evolutionary Testing approach alone. One such test goal is drawn from code found in the publicly available libpng library.
The Industrial Ecology of Lead and Electric Vehicles
Authors: Socolow Robert , Thomas Valerie 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe lead battery has the potential to become one of the first examples of a hazardous product managed in an environmentally acceptable fashion. The tools of industrial ecology are helpful in identifying the key criteria that an ideal lead‐battery recycling system must meet maximal recovery of batteries after use, minimal export of used batteries to countries where environmental controls are weak, minimal impact on the health of communities near lead‐processing facilities, and maximal worker protection from lead exposure in these facilities. A well‐known risk analysis of electric vehicles is misguided, because it treats lead batteries and lead additives in gasoline on the same footing and implies that the lead battery should be abandoned. The use of lead additives in gasoline is a dissipative use where emissions cannot be confined: the goal of management should be and has been to phase out this use. The use of lead in batteries is a recyclable use, because the lead remains confined during cycles of discharge and recharge. Here, the goal should be clean recycling. The likelihood that the lead battery will provide peaking power for several kinds of hybrid vehicles‐a role only recently identified increases the importance of understanding the levels of performance achieved and achievable in battery recycling. A management system closely approaching clean recycling should be achievable.
The Relationship between Cleaner Production and Industrial Ecology
Authors: van Berkel René , Willems Esther , Lafleur Marije 
Published: May 2006

SummaryIndustrial ecology is an emerging concept for the promotion of environmentally sound manufacturing and consumption. It aims to balance industrial development with the sustainable use of natural resources including energy, materials, and the capacity of the environment to assimilate wastes and render valuable services. The widespread adoption of industrial ecology can be furthered by a critical review of current preventive activities in industry. This article reviews the role that current preventive environmental activities‐known as cleaner production‐could play in the implementation of industrial ecology. The article focuses on whether cleaner production in its present form is sufficient, in terms of breadth of both industrial activities (sources) and environmental concerns (impacts addressed), for achieving industrial ecology's core objectives. It is concluded that current cleaner production practices are not sufficient for achieving the ultimate goals of industrial ecology. Nevertheless, cleaner production practices and methodologies may evolve into useful instruments for the implementation of industrial ecology.
Industrial Ecology in Practice: The Evolution of Interdependence at Kalundborg
Authors: Ehrenfeld John , Gertler Nicholas 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe exchange of wastes, by‐products, and energy among closely situated firms is one of the distinctive features of the applications of industrial ecological principles. This article examines the industrial district at Kalundborg, Denmark, often labeled as an “industrial ecosystem” or “industrial symbiosis” because of the many links among the firms. The forces that led to its evolution and to the interdependencies are described and analyzed. Key has been a sequence of independent, economically driven actions. Other potential forms of industrial linkages are critically reviewed in the light of the Kalundborg experience. The evolutionary pattern followed at Kalundborg may not be easily transferable to greenfield developments.
The Life‐Cycle of Chlorine, Part I: Chlorine Production and the Chlorine‐Mercury Connection
Authors: Ayres Robert 
Published: May 2006

SummaryChlorine is an important industrial chemical. Not only is it a component of many important products, it is also needed for many chemical manufacturing processes, even where it does not appear in the final product. But a number of chlorine chemicals, especially organochlorines, are toxic, carcinogenic, tentogenic or otherwise potentially disturbing to the environment. For this reason, some environmentalists—notably Greenpeace‐have advocated a ban, not just on some products but on all uses of elemental chlorine. The chemical industry is taking this threat seriously and mounting a vigorous defense. But the debate so far is not illuminating the issues effectively, because both sides are selectively using questionable and unverifiable data.The scientific uncertainties are not really the problem. Rather, data in the public domain and accessible to environmentalists and even regulatory authorities are of very poor qualrty. Because of industry secrecy much crucial inforrnation is unavailable and some of what is available is misleading or wrong. The dual purposes of this article, and the ones that follow, are (I) to elucidate the information requirements for an adequate life‐cycle analysis of chlorine and its uses and (2) to indicate how and where the use of massbalance methodology can help identify errors and fill in gaps.The present article deals with electrolytic chlorine produdion and mercury flows arising from chlorine production. Subsequent articles deal with conversion processes and losses and further chemical industry uses of chlorine, major end uses of chlorine and chlorine chemicals, and persistent organochlorine pollutants.
Minimizing Chlorine Use: Assessing the Trade‐offs Between Cost and Chlorine Reduction in Chemical Manufacturing
Authors: Chang Dennis , Allen David T. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryA mathematical model ofthe material and energy flows in the chemical manufacturing industries was used to evaluate trade‐offs between cost and chlorine use in chemical manufaduring. The model was also used to assess the impact that new technologies could have on chlorine use. Although the cost data in the model were subject to considerable uncertainty, the results did provide general guidance in choosing chemical manufacturing technologies that reduce chlorine use in a cost‐effective way More significant, the modeling demonstrates that material flow data can play a critical role in assessing the environmental implications of industrial systems.
A Framework for Information Systems in Life‐Cycle‐Oriented Environmental Management
Authors: Shaft Teresa M. , Ellington Rex T. , Meo Mark , Sharfman Mark P. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryAlthough business firms have improved their environmental performance, a variety of forces are pushing businesses toward adopting environmental management throughout the entire life cycle of their products and processes. In this article we discuss the information systems elements of an environmental management approach we call “life‐cycle‐oriented environmental management” (LCOEM).This approach requires the firm to manage the effects of its processes from the creation of inputs to the final disposal of outputs, that is, from cradle to grave. We present a framework of the classes of information systems needed, describe their use in an LCOEM setting and define their inter relationships. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of LCOEM information systems.
Toward a New Generation of Environmental Technology: The Need For Legislative Reform
Authors: Heaton George R. , Banks R. Darryl 
Published: May 2006

SummaryGiven near unanimity in the environmental and industrial communities about the need for a new generation of environmental technology, the policy process unfortunately lags behind in moving toward this objective. This article examines causes and remedies for this gap in the context of American environmental policy. U.S. environmental laws continue to be pervaded by structural biases against new technology, and the complexity of their administration exacerbates the problem. Within the last few years, several important reform initiatives have arisen from inside the regulatory community; however, these can only go so far, given the current statutory framework Congress, too long quiescent, needs to become involved. A legislative reform package is proposed consisting of four main elements: a legislative mandate that makes promotion of technological innovation an explicit environmental objective; elimination of structural features in current law that impede innovation; creation of a new framework for standard‐setting and enforcement that puts every firm on a trajectory toward environmental and technological improvement; and enlisting regulation as a “demand‐pull” for environmentally superior technology.