bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution, timing of attack, and oviposition of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, on banana crop residues in Uganda
Authors: Masanza M. , Gold C.S. , van Huis A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCrop sanitation (removal and chopping of residue corms and pseudostems following plant harvest) has been recommended as a ‘best bet’ means of reducing banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), populations. However, it has been unclear when such practices should be carried out and what types of residues should be destroyed. Therefore, trials were conducted in Uganda to determine C. sordidus distribution, timing of attack, and oviposition on crop residues and growing plants. Assessments were performed in on‐station trials on different aged standing and prostrate residues by destructive sampling. Similar data were collected from farmers’ fields maintained at low, moderate, and high levels of sanitation. In the on‐station trial, oviposition occurred on up to 120‐day‐old residues, although most occurred within 30 days of harvest. In a second on‐station experiment, oviposition on standing residues was not significantly affected by residue age. By contrast, oviposition on prostrate residues was two times higher on 4‐week‐old than on 2‐week‐old residues, while the number of larvae on 8‐week‐old residues was three times higher than on 2‐week‐old residues. The number of adults was twice as high on 16‐week‐old residues as that on 2‐week‐old residues for both prostrate and standing residues. Farmers’ fields maintained at high sanitation had 50% fewer eggs per residue than farms with low sanitation levels. In general, the number of immatures per residue was 50% higher on banana corms than on pseudostems. Numbers of larvae per residue were three times more abundant at low than at high sanitation levels. Residues in fields with high sanitation supported 50% fewer adults than residues in low sanitation fields. The results suggest that removal and splitting of corms after harvest is effective and practical in destroying immature growth stages of the pest and that such practices should be carried out soon after harvest.
Photoperiodic response of diapause induction in the pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus punctatus
Authors: Huang Lili , Xue Fangsen , Wang Guohong , Han Ruidong , Ge Feng 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), is a multivoltine pest of pine trees in China, overwintering as larvae. Winter diapause was induced by short day length. The critical night length was about 10 h 40 min at 25, 28, and 31 °C in the field, showing a temperature‐compensated diapause induction. Transfer experiments from a short night (L16:D8) to a long night (L12:D12) or vice versa at different times after hatching showed that sensitivity to day length was restricted to the first 14 days; the required day number for a 50% response at 25 °C was about 3.5 days for short nights but 7.5 days for long nights, indicating that short nights are photoperiodically more effective. When four successive short nights (L16:D8) were used to interrupt the long‐night regime (L12:D12) at different development stages and vice versa, the results showed that the highest sensitivity to photoperiod occurred on the 4th−8th day, corresponding to the second larval instar. Experiments of alternating short‐night (L16:D8) and long‐night (L12:D12) cycles during the larval period showed that the information of short nights as well as long nights could be accumulated. By rearing the larvae under conditions other than 24‐h light–dark cycles, we clearly showed that the dark period (scotophase) played a major role in the determination of diapause. The Nanda‐Hamner and Bünsow experiments failed to reveal rhythmic fluctuations with a period of about 24 h in the occurrence of diapause. Therefore, the photoperiodic clock in D. punctatus is an hourglass timer or a damped circadian oscillator.
The discovery of X-ray binaries in the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Authors: Maccarone Thomas J. , Kundu Arunav , Zepf Stephen E. , Piro Anthony L. , Bildsten Lars 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
We report the results of a deep Chandra survey of the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy. We find five X-ray sources with LX of at least 6 × 1033 ergs−1 with optical counterparts establishing them as members of Sculptor. These X-ray luminosities indicate that these sources are X-ray binaries, as no other known class of Galactic point sources can reach 0.5–8 keV luminosities this high. Finding these systems proves definitively that such objects can exist in an old stellar population without stellar collisions. Three of these objects have highly evolved optical counterparts (giants or horizontal branch stars), as do three other sources whose X-ray luminosities are in the range which includes both quiescent low-mass X-ray binaries and the brightest magnetic cataclysmic variables. We predict that large area surveys of the Milky Way should also turn up large numbers of quiescent X-ray binaries.
SENSITIVITY OF SUBLETHALLY INJURED GRAM‐NEGATIVE BACTERIA TO PEDIOCIN P
Authors: OSMANAĞAOĞLU ÖZLEM 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT All Gram‐negative bacteria tested were normally resistant to the bactericidal action of pediocin P of Pediococcus pentosaceous Pep1, which had been isolated from vacuum‐packaged sausages. However, when they were subjected to sublethal stress (exposure to physical and chemical stresses such as freezing, heating and acid treatment) and were treated with pediocin P, gram‐negative bacterial cells that were normally resistant to pediocin P developed sensitivity to it and pediocin P reduced the viability of bacterial cells surviving sublethal stresses, although the extent of reduction varied with strain and type of treatment. When the combined effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sublethal heat and pediocin P was studied by adding EDTA and pediocin P to cell suspensions right before heating them, there was a considerable reduction in the number of viable cells, even at the lowest concentration of pediocin P tested. The results of our preliminary studies showed that sublethal injury can make the gram‐negative bacterial cells sensitive to pediocin P.
EFFECT OF PEDIOCIN DT10 ON LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES OZ‐N3 CELLS
Authors: OSMANAĞAOĞLU ÖZLEM , KIRAN FADIME , GÜL NURSEL 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTPediococcus pentosaceous DT10, isolated from ready‐to‐eat fish products, produced a bacteriocin active against Gram‐positive bacteria, many of which are associated with food spoilage and food‐related health hazards. The bacteriocin, named pediocin DT10, was partially purified and was observed to kill sensitive Leuconostoc mesenteroides cells by acting on their cytoplasmic membrane. Exposure of cell suspensions of L. mesenteroides to pediocin DT10 produced cell‐viability loss, as shown by the reduction in colony‐forming units after treatment. The activity of pediocin DT10 against L. mesenteroides cells was bactericidal in nature, and also induced an important efflux of intracellular material. The transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of L. mesenteroides cells confirmed the way pediocin DT10 causes lysis of the sensitive L. mesenteroides cells.
Basic Concepts for the Linear Model of Ground Water Level Recession
Authors: Rutledge Albert T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBasic concepts are illustrated for the display of ground water level recession as a linear plot on a semilog graph, as first described by Rorabaugh. This exponential decay function can be achieved if there is a definable outflow boundary such as a lake or river and if water levels are expressed relative to the altitude of the boundary. The model can be used to estimate aquifer hydraulic diffusivity. Concepts are illustrated using three finite‐difference simulations. One represents the ideal case as described by Rorabaugh, in which the altitude of the outflow boundary is uniform along its length. Another simulation includes a sloping boundary with simple geometry and demonstrates that the model can be used accurately. Based on this simulation, it appears that the ground water level must be expressed relative to the closest point on the outflow boundary. The third simulation includes a sloping boundary and complex boundary shape, and demonstrates departures from the linear model of recession and errors in the estimate of hydraulic diffusivity. Another cause of nonlinearity is the instability of the ground water head profile soon after a recharge event. The nature of these early‐time departures will vary depending on the location of the water level observation site relative to the outflow boundary and the hydrologic divide of the ground water flow system.
Two-dimensional wave propagation in cylindrical single-crystal solid–liquid bodies
Authors: Lu Yichi , Wadley Haydn N. G. 
Published: October 2005

The significant difference in the ultrasonic velocity of liquid and solid semiconductors has led to an interest in ultrasonic characterization of anisotropic solid–liquid interfaces during semiconductor single-crystal growth. However, the large solid:liquid velocity ratio could result in potentially severe ray bending at the interface and so detailed ray path and wavefront analyses are needed both to design the sensing approach and to analyze its results. A ray tracing algorithm has been developed and used to analyze two-dimensional wave propagation on the transverse cross-sectional and the diametral planes of cylindrical single-crystal solid–liquid bodies. For a prescribed point source position and an initial ray angle, the refraction and reflection angles at an interface are determined using the Christoffel equation, Snell’s law, and the group velocity. The ray path between prescribed source and receiver positions is then determined using the shooting method. Wavefronts are obtained by connecting points on ray paths with the same traveling time. Ultrasonic time of flights are obtained by integrating the ultrasonic slowness along the ray path. Ray paths are indeed found to be severely bent, particularly at interfaces with crystal planes of greatest group velocity and largest interfacial curvature.
It indicates the need for precise ray path calculations if time-of-flight data are to be used for interface reconstruction. On the transverse plane, the simulated time-of-flight data identify simple strategies for determining the position and radius of the solid–liquid interface. Time-of-flight data obtained on the diametral plane with the source and receiver points having the same axial coordinate are found to easily identify the interfacial region. The curvature of convex interfaces can be directly determined from diametral plane data using the time of flight of doubly refracted ray paths or from the discontinuity in the time of flight for rays that propagate in the homogeneous solid and liquid regions adjacent to the interface. The convexity of concave interfaces can be determined from diametral plane time-of-flight measurements for the interface diffracted (i.e., creeping) ray provided the crystal orientation exhibits weak velocity anisotropy; for other orientations, additional measurements with unequal source/receiver axial coordinates are needed.
The role of frequency modulation in the perceptual segregation of concurrent vowels
Authors: Culling John F. , Summerfield Quentin 
Published: October 2005

Two experiments investigated the effect of frequency modulation on the identification of vowel sounds presented concurrently with interfering vowels. In experiment 1, identification thresholds were measured for each of five target vowels, masked, in each trial, by one of ten masking vowels. Both target and masking vowels were synthesized using inharmonically spaced frequency components. Inharmonic spacing was used in order to prevent powerful grouping processes which exploit fundamental frequency from dominating the results. The target vowels were synthesized with sinusoidal frequency modulation on each frequency component which was either coherent (same phase) or incoherent (random phases). The masking vowels were synthesized with components which were either modulated in the same way as the target vowel or were unmodulated. Identification thresholds were lower when the masking vowel had no modulation. The effect occurred for both coherent and incoherent frequency modulation, indicating that it is mediated by the movement of each component independently, rather than by grouping of coherently modulated components. This result is consistent in some respects with judgments of the prominence of competing vowels [S. E. McAdams, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 2148–2159 (1989)], which show that modulated vowels are more prominent than unmodulated vowels regardless of the type of modulation applied to the competing vowels.
Experiment 2 used a paradigm similar to that developed by McAdams, in order to compare more directly the effect of FM on vowel identification and vowel prominence. On each trial, three vowels were presented concurrently. Either none, one, or two of the vowels were modulated throughout, while modulation was applied to another vowel (the target) halfway through the stimulus. The vowels were either harmonic (with different fundamental frequencies) and coherently modulated or inharmonic and incoherently modulated. Accuracy of identification of the target vowel was not significantly different in the harmonic/coherent and inharmonic/incoherent conditions and declined, in each case, as the number of modulated background vowels increased. Overall, the results of experiments 1 and 2, and of McAdams’ prominence judgment data, suggest that there is an auditory mechanism for detecting frequency modulation which can alert the listener to the presence of frequency modulated sounds, but which is insensitive to across-frequency differences in the pattern of that modulation.
Acoustic scattering from a fluid-loaded cylindrical shell with discontinuities: Single plate bulkhead
Authors: Cuschieri J. M. , Feit D. 
Published: October 2005

The far-field acoustic scattered pressure from a fluid-loaded cylindrical shell with an internal plate bulkhead is determined from knowledge of the junction forces between the shell and the internal structure, for the circumferential modes n equals 0 and 2. The n equals 2 case is representative of results, such as the presence of compressional and shear helical waves, for which n is greater than zero. The junction forces are determined using a mobility (impedance) matrix approach, which matches the response of the shell to that of the plate bulkhead at the junction, together with an input of the shell-free response under the influence of obliquely incident acoustic waves. For n equals 0, if the angle of incidence of the acoustic wave is less than approximately 16 deg, for a steel shell in water, the scattered pressure has significant contributions from the supersonic longitudinal axial waves in the shell. For greater angles of incidence, the scattered pressure has comparable contributions from the axial waves and the junction radial load. The tangential shear waves do not contribute in the n equals 0 case.
For n greater than 0, if the angle of incidence is less than approximately 30 deg, then the scattered pressure is dominated by the contributions from the supersonic longitudinal axial and tangential shear waves, above the cut-on frequency. Below the cut-on frequency of these waves, the far-field scattered pressure is dominated by the component associated with the radial junction force. For angles of incidence greater than approximately 30 deg, the radial junction force and the shear and longitudinal waves equally contribute. There is, however, a difference in the radiation characteristics of these components. While the contribution from the radial force has a dipole directivity pattern, the contributions from the shear and longitudinal waves have a preferred direction of propagation, since both of these waves are supersonic. The contribution from the junction moment is always insignificant when compared to the other components. Finally, the results show that for very low frequencies, the in-plane response of the plate bulkhead is very small and the junction between the plate and the shell behaves similar to a radially pinned junction. As the frequency increases, the internal structure has in-plane resonances and the radial influence of the bulkhead is at a minimum. At these frequencies, the contribution from the radial forces to the far-field pressure is minimal.
Villchur revisited: Another look at automatic gain control simulation of recruiting hearing loss
Authors: Duchnowski Paul , Zurek Patrick M. 
Published: October 2005

An algorithm to simulate the effects of sensorineural hearing impairment on speech reception was investigated. Like that described by Villchur [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 665–674 (1977)], this simulation employs automatic gain control in independent frequency bands to reproduce the elevated audibility thresholds and loudness recruitment that are characteristic of this type of loss. In the present implementation, band gains are controlled in an effort to simulate loudness recruitment directly, using recruitment functions that depend only on the magnitude of hearing loss in the band. In a preliminary evaluation, two normal-hearing subjects listened to the simulation matched to hearing losses studied previously [Zurek and Delhorne, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 1548–1559 (1987)] with noise-masking simulations. This evaluation indicated that the present automatic gain control simulation yielded scores roughly similar to those of both the hearing-impaired listeners and the masked-normal listeners. In the more-detailed evaluation, the performance of three listeners with severe sensorineural hearing loss on several speech intelligibility tests was compared to that of normal-hearing subjects listening to the output of the simulation.
These tests included consonant–vowel syllable identification and sentence keyword identification for several combinations of speech-to-noise ratio, frequency-gain characteristic, and overall level. Generally, the simulation algorithm reproduced speech intelligibility well, though there was a clear trend for the simulation to result in better intelligibility than observed for impaired listeners when high-frequency emphasis placed more of the speech spectrum above threshold at higher frequencies. Also, the hearing-impaired listener with the greatest loss showed the largest discrepancies with the simulation. Overall, however, the simulation provides a very good approximation to speech reception by hearing-impaired listeners. The results of this study, together with previous studies of noise-masking simulation, suggest that threshold elevation and recruitment, which are necessary features of a simulation of cochlear hearing loss, can also be largely sufficient for simulating the speech-reception performance of listeners with moderate to severe hearing impairments.
Multipartite Regulation ofrctB, the Replication Initiator Gene ofVibrio choleraeChromosome II
Authors: Pal Debasish , Venkova-Canova Tatiana , Srivastava Preeti , Chattoraj Dhruba K. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTReplication initiator proteins in bacteria not only allow DNA replication but also often regulate the rate of replication initiation as well. The regulation is mediated by limiting the synthesis or availability of initiator proteins. The applicability of this principle is demonstrated here for RctB, the replication initiator for the smaller of the two chromosomes ofVibrio cholerae. A strong promoter for therctBgene namedrctBpwas identified and found to be autoregulated inEscherichia coli. Promoter activity was lower inV. choleraethan inE. coli, and a part of this reduction is likely to be due to autorepression. Sequences upstream ofrctBp, implicated earlier in replication control, enhanced the repression. The action of the upstream sequences required that they be present incis, implying long-range interactions in the control of the promoter activity. A second gene specific for chromosome II replication,rctA, reducedrctBtranslation, most likely by antisense RNA control. Finally, optimalrctBpactivity was found to be dependent on Dam. Increasing RctB intransincreased the copy number of a miniplasmid carryingoriCIIVC, implying that RctB can be rate limiting for chromosome II replication. The multiple modes of control on RctB are expected to reduce fluctuations in the initiator concentration and thereby help maintain chromosome copy number homeostasis.
A Hypervariable 130-Kilobase Genomic Region of
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
Comprises a Magnetosome Island Which Undergoes Frequent Rearrangements during Stationary Growth
Authors: Ullrich Susanne , Kube Michael , Schübbe Sabrina , Reinhardt Richard , Schüler Dirk 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT

Genes involved in magnetite biomineralization are clustered in the genome of the magnetotactic bacterium
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
. We analyzed a 482-kb genomic fragment, in which we identified an approximately 130-kb region representing a putative genomic “magnetosome island” (MAI). In addition to all known magnetosome genes, the MAI contains genes putatively involved in magnetosome biomineralization and numerous genes with unknown functions, as well as pseudogenes, and it is particularly rich in insertion elements. Substantial sequence polymorphism of clones from different subcultures indicated that this region undergoes frequent rearrangements during serial subcultivation in the laboratory. Spontaneous mutants affected in magnetosome formation arise at a frequency of up to 10
−2
after prolonged storage of cells at 4°C or exposure to oxidative stress. All nonmagnetic mutants exhibited extended and multiple deletions in the MAI and had lost either parts of or the entire
mms
and
mam
gene clusters encoding magnetosome proteins. The mutations were polymorphic with respect to the sites and extents of deletions, but all mutations were found to be associated with the loss of various copies of insertion elements, as revealed by Southern hybridization and PCR analysis. Insertions and deletions in the MAI were also found in different magnetosome-producing clones, indicating that parts of this region are not essential for the magnetic phenotype. Our data suggest that the genomic MAI undergoes frequent transposition events, which lead to subsequent deletion by homologous recombination under physiological stress conditions. This can be interpreted in terms of adaptation to physiological stress and might contribute to the genetic plasticity and mobilization of the magnetosome island.