bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection mechanisms of DMDHEU treated wood against white and brown rot fungi
Authors: Verma Pradeep , Junga Ulrich , Militz Holger , Mai Carsten 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The resistance of beech and pine wood blocks treated with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU) against Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana increased with increasing weight percent gain (WPG) of DMDHEU. Full protection [mass loss (ML) below 3%] was reached at WPGs of approximately 15% (beech) and 10% (pine). Untreated and DMDHEU treated blocks were infiltrated with nutrients and thiamine prior to fungal incubation and it was observed whether the destruction or removal of nutrients and vitamins during the modification process has an influence on the ML caused by the fungi. This study revealed that no considerable differences were found. Then, the cell wall integrity was partly destroyed by milling and the decay of the fine wood powder filled into steel mesh bags was compared to that of wood mini-blocks. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the effects of surface area, cell wall bulking, and reduction in micro-void diameters play a role in decay resistance. The ML caused by the fungi, however, also decreased with increasing WPG and showed comparable patterns similar to the case of mini-blocks. ML of powder bearing the highest WPG appeared to be caused by losses in DMDHEU during fungal incubation. For brown rotted wood, the infrared absorption ratios at 1030 cm-1 and 1505 cm-1 revealed decreasing decay of polysaccharides with increasing WPG of treated wood.
Morpholine Amide Solvent: A New Inert
Authors: Stern Alan J. , Ferguson David C. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A new solvent for agricultural formulation use is described. The solvent, an amide derived from a short chain fatty acid and morpholine, has many desirable physical and chemical properties. In addition to the physical and chemical properties, this paper will present the theoretical Hansen solubility parameters, and present data on solubility of selected agricultural chemicals in the solvent. Briefly, TSCA and FIFRA regulatory requirements for the solvent are covered.
Quantification of Effect of Enforced Cyclic Movement and Regional Exposure Factors on Weatherability of Construction Sealants
Authors: Enomoto Noriyoshi , Ito Akihiko , Tanaka Kyoji 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This paper presents information on the weatherability of construction sealants based on a newly developed test specimen design that allows simultaneous exposure of the sealant to forced compression and extension movement in a single specimen. In this study, exposure to cyclic movement and weathering is carried out simultaneously. Furthermore, an evaluation method for surface cracks induced by weathering is presented that allows an assessment of the overall “degree of degradation,” a single number characterizing the state of degradation of the sealant surface. In order to study the effects of the extent of extension and compression as well as the regional exposure factors on the degree of degradation, twelve sealants were exposed to outdoor weathering for four years at three exposure sites, located in the northern, central, and southern areas of Japan. The evaluation of surface cracks was carried out according to the rating provided in ISO 4628-4, with the modification that new rating criteria were introduced to evaluate minute cracks. A mathematical equation determining the “degree of degradation” was obtained for each sealant, which is based on a component reflecting aging under static condition and another component reflecting the dynamic conditions induced by mechanical movement and regional exposure factors. This equation provides a reasonable relationship between the experimental observation and calculated degradation over the exposure period.
Strategien zur Regelung von HCCI-BrennverfahrenControl Concepts for a Gasoline HCCI Combustion Engine
Authors: Karrelmeyer Roland , Graf Gerald , Scherrer Daniel , Fischer Wolfgang , Harthout Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2009

Zusammenfassung
Es werden Konzepte zur Regelung eines HCCI-Brennverfahrens (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) mit interner Abgasrückführung (Trapping) bei Otto-Motoren vorgestellt. Die Konzepte basieren auf Verbrennungsmerkmalen, die aus dem Brennraumdrucksignal gewonnen werden. Zur Beeinflussung der Verbrennung stehen die Stellgrößen des Luft- und Kraftstoffsystems zur Verfügung. Die Arbeiten erfolgen an Motoren mit variablem Ventiltrieb mit unterschiedlicher Ausprägung der Variabilität und einem System zur Kraftstoffdirekteinspritzung. Im ersten Schritt wird von einer vollvariablen Ventilsteuerung ausgegangen, die eine zylinderindividuelle Verstellung der Gaswechselventile ermöglicht. Getrieben vom Einsatz kostenoptimaler Ventilsysteme wird in einem zweiten Schritt eine Regelungsstrategie vorgestellt, die diese Vorrausetzung der Zylinderindividualität fallen lässt und auf eine Ventilstrategie setzt, die mit konventionellen Phasenstellern realisierbar ist.
Twenty Years of Pediatric Tuberculous Meningitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study in the Western Cape of South Africa
Authors: van Well Gijs T. J. , Paes Berbe F. , Terwee Caroline B. , Springer Priscilla , Roord John J. , Donald Peter R. , van Furth A. Marceline , Schoeman Johan F. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. Tuberculous meningitis is the most severe extrapulmonary complication of tuberculosis, with high morbidity and mortality rates. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between presenting clinical characteristics and outcome of pediatric tuberculous meningitis.PATIENTS AND METHODS. We present a retrospective cohort study of all of the children diagnosed with tuberculous meningitis in a large university hospital in South Africa between January 1985 and April 2005. We compared demographic, clinical, and diagnostic characteristics with clinical outcome after 6 months of treatment.RESULTS. We included 554 patients. Common characteristics on admission were young age (82%; &lt;5 years), stage II or III tuberculous meningitis (97%), nonspecific symptoms existing for &gt;1 week (58%), poor weight gain or weight loss (91%), loss of consciousness (96%), motor deficit (63%), meningeal irritation (98%), raised intracranial pressure (23%), brainstem dysfunction (39%), and cranial nerve palsies (27%). Common features of tuberculous meningitis on computed tomography scan of the brain were hydrocephalus (82%), periventricular lucency (57%), infarctions (32%), and basal meningeal enhancement (75%). Clinical outcome after 6 months was as follows: normal (16%), mild sequelae (52%), severe sequelae (19%), and death (13%). All of the patients diagnosed with stage I tuberculous meningitis had normal outcome. Factors associated with poor outcome in univariate analyses were as follows: African ethnicity, young age, HIV coinfection, stage III tuberculous meningitis, absence of headache and vomiting, convulsions, decreased level of consciousness, motor deficits, cranial nerve palsies, raised intracranial pressure, brainstem dysfunction and radiographic evidence of hydrocephalus, periventricular lucency, and infarction. Ethnicity, stage of disease, headache, convulsions, motor function, brainstem dysfunction, and cerebral infarctions were independently associated with poor outcome in multivariate logistic regression analysis.CONCLUSIONS. Tuberculous meningitis starts with nonspecific symptoms and is often only diagnosed when brain damage has already occurred. Earlier diagnosis will improve outcome significantly. We were able to identify presenting variables independently associated with poor clinical outcome.
The Electrochemistry of Liposomes
Authors: Hernández Víctor Agmo , Scholz Fritz 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis review aims to summarize the current state of research concerning the interaction of electrodes with liposomes suspended in solutions. Main attention is given to the complex mechanism of adhesion and spreading of liposomes on mercury electrodes. That mechanism can be studied with the help of chronoamperometry, where each adhesion‐spreading event appears as a capacitive current spike. Integration of these spikes produces charge versus time transients that can be modeled and simulated, revealing the details of the multi‐step adhesion‐spreading process. Whereas the number of spikes per time mirrors the macro‐kinetics, the analysis of the time behavior of each spike mirrors the micro‐kinetics of each adhesion‐spreading event. The reviewed studies show that this approach provides a new tool to study the properties of liposome membranes. The adhesion‐spreading of liposomes on mercury electrodes has strong similarities to the process of vesicle fusion, which makes these studies a biomimetic model allowing one to deduce the effects of foreign molecules in bilayer membranes.
Fundamentals of Rotating Disc and Ring–Disc Electrode Techniques and their Applications to Study of the Oxygen Reduction Mechanism at Pt/C Electrode for Fuel Cells
Authors: Lee Sung‐Jai , Pyun Su‐Il , Lee Sang‐Kwon , Kang Suk‐Joong L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article is concerned with the fundamental and experimental overview of the rotating disc electrode (RDE) and rotating ring–disc electrode (RRDE) techniques. First, this review provides a brief discourse on the basic concepts and general descriptions of the RDE and RRDE techniques. Then, the theoretical derivation of the governing equations for the RDE and RRDE is described with the definition of the important kinetic parameters. Finally, the experimental applications of RDE and RRDE techniques to investigate the mechanism and kinetics of oxygen reduction at Pt‐dispersed carbon (Pt/C) electrodes for fuel cells are discussed in detail from a practical point of view.
Novel Lithium Ion Batteries Based on a Tin Anode and on Manganese Oxide Cathodes
Authors: Hassoun Jusef , Reale Priscilla , Panero Stefania , Scrosati Bruno 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this paper we report two innovative lithium ion batteries formed by the combination of a nanosized tin anode and a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or a LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn1.33O2 cathode. The batteries have a very stable cycling response at a high rate of 1C with an excellent capacity delivery, i.e., 140 mAhg−1 and 175 mAhg−1, respectively. Estimated energy density values are of the order of 150 Whkg−1 for both batteries.
Deposition of PtxRu1−x Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation in Micro Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Mustain William E. , Kim Hyea , Osborn Tyler , Kohl Paul A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPlatinum‐ruthenium electrodes (PtxRu1‐x) have been prepared by electrochemical and electroless deposition and investigated as catalysts for the oxidation of methanol in acidic solutions. PtxRu1‐x deposits were electrochemically deposited from acidic chloride electrolytes at potentials between −0.46 and 0.34 V (vs. NHE). The composition of the electrodeposit was estimated by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and is a strong function of the electrode potential. An empirical model for the deposition process is presented and kinetic parameters are estimated and discussed. Also, the methanol oxidation activity of the PtxRu1‐x catalysts was characterized by cyclic voltammetry in 1.0 M CH3OH, 1.0 M H2SO4 solutions.Electroless PtxRu1‐x samples were prepared in a modified Leaman bath with hydrazine dihydrochloride as the reducing agent. The kinetic results for the electrochemical deposition of PtxRu1‐x were directly applied and the deposition potential was estimated as approximately 0.40 V.
Solid Composite Polymer Electrolytes with High Cation Transference Number
Authors: Mazor Hadar , Golodnitsky Diana , Rosenberg Yuri , Peled Emanuel , Wieczorek Wladek , Scrosati Bruno 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis work presents the electrochemical and structural study of the dual modified composite LiBOB‐based polymer electrolyte. Modification has been carried out by calix[6]pyrrole (CP) anion trap and nanosize silica filler. The main advantage of the use of LiBOB salt is the high ionic conductivity at near‐ambient temperatures and low solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance. The conductivity of LiBOB:PEO20:CP0.125 with SiO2 is slightly lower than 10−5 Scm−1 at 30 °C, a value higher by about two orders of magnitude than that of the semi‐crystalline LiCF3SO3 (LiTf)‐PEO system. At 75 to 90 °C the bulk ionic conductivity of modified LiBOB polymer electrolyte approaches 1 mScm−1. The transference number of dual‐modified LiBOB‐polymer electrolyte is about 0.8 at 75 °C. Cyclic voltammetry tests showed a wide electrochemical stability window of the composite polymer electrolyte. The peak power of Li/MoOxSy cell with the polymer electrolyte film containing CP and SiO2 reaches 2.2 mW/cm2 and 3.0 mW/cm2 at 90 and 110 °C, respectively.
Collector‐Shell Mesoporous Electrodes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Grinis Larissa , Ofir Ashi , Dor Snir , Yahav Shay , Zaban Arie 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe present results for dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) electrodes based on high surface area indium tin oxide (ITO) coated with an active TiO2 layer. This design, denoted as a “collector‐shell electrode”, ensures a distance of several nanometers between the TiO2‐electrolyte interface and the current collector throughout the porous electrode, in contrast to several micrometers associated with the standard electrode. The new design also enables an inherent screening capability due to the high doping level of the conductive core matrix. Therefore, the importance of this electrode configuration is its ability to overcome the collection and image field problems in DSSCs, especially for solid‐state hole–conductor‐based devices.Efficiencies of 1.37% for cells containing ITO‐TiO2 collector‐shell electrodes and 1.63% for similar electrodes that received an additional coating of a thin MgO layer were achieved. We expect greater cell performance improvement after optimization of the nature and the size of conductive material particles, the TiO2 shell thickness and uniformity, and the barrier layer(s) properties.
Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Oxygen Reduction at Porous Composite Electrodes for Fuel Cells by Analyses of ac‐Impedance Spectra and Potentiostatic Current Transients
Authors: Kim Ju‐Sik , Pyun Su‐Il 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article covers the theoretical and experimental approaches to oxygen reduction at the porous composite electrodes for fuel cells by analyses of ac‐impedance spectra and potentiostatic current transient (PCT). First, the analysis methods based upon the thin‐film agglomerate model and the random packing model were introduced to theoretically calculate the ac‐impedance spectra. From the results, it is suggested that the capacitance dispersion in the high frequency range is closely associated with oxygen ion migration through the electrode. The deconvolution method by discrete Fourier transform and the PCT analysis method by inverse Laplace transform were also employed to simulate the distribution function of relaxation time and the PCTs, respectively. Finally, as an example of application, in the present work, we investigated the oxygen reduction mechanism at the porous (La0.85Sr0.15)0.9MnO3 (LSM)‐yittria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) composite electrodes as a function of sintering temperature by means of the analysis methods proposed above. From the dependences of the constant phase element exponent β for ion migration and the time to reach the steady‐state current tst on the sintering temperature, the capacitance dispersion in the high frequency range was discussed in terms of the distribution of the relaxation times for ion migration, which was greatly affected by the YSZ grain size.
Review on Engineering and Characterization of Activated Carbon Electrodes for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors and Separation Processes
Authors: Pollak Elad , Levy Naomi , Eliad Linoam , Salitra Gregory , Soffer Abraham , Aurbach Doron 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCarbonaceous materials are highly important electrode materials due to their wide electrochemical window, inertness with a wide spectrum of electroactive materials, and the possibility to develop highly porous but yet conductive activated carbons.Carbon cloth electrodes could be prepared from simple polymeric materials such as cotton cloth (poly‐cellulose) and then could be activated by mild oxidation processes (e.g., using CO2 at elevated temperatures). Monolithic, conductive carbon cloth electrodes with specific surface area up to 2000 m2/g could be obtained and their porosity could be adjusted by the activation process and calibrated by adsorption processes from both gas and solution phases. Capacities up to 350 F/g could be obtained with activated carbon electrodes in acidic aqueous solutions, which makes these systems very promising for super‐capacitor devices. Highly interesting are the correlations between electro‐adsorption processes and the electrical properties of activated carbon electrodes, as described herein. This review provides useful guidelines for the engineering of porous carbon electrodes and their characterization by electrochemical, spectral, and physical methods.
New Trends in Nanoparticles: Syntheses and Their Applications to Fuel Cells, Health Care, and Magnetic Storage
Authors: Osaka Tetsuya , Iida Hironori , Tominaka Satoshi , Hachisu Takuma 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews important research on chemical and electrochemical synthesis and application of nanoparticles, especially our recent results in this field: (i) catalytic metal nanoparticles for micro‐fuel cells, (ii) magnetic oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery systems, and (iii) magnetic metal nanoparticles for magnetic recording media. To fulfill the requirements of each application, we chose and modified those synthetic methods for obtaining suitable properties, e.g., morphology, catalytic activity, and magnetic properties. (i) For micro‐fuel cells, electrodeposition is attractive because of its selective deposition onto current collectors and possible elimination of an annealing process. As a result, we have successfully synthesized Pt, PtRu alloy, and PdCo alloy, which consisted of dendritic structures macroscopically and of interconnected nanoparticles microscopically. (ii) For drug delivery systems, since magnetic nanoparticles should possess ferromagnetism, be dispersible in water, and be nontoxic, Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized by hydrolysis in aqueous media are suitable. As a result, we have successfully controlled the size (10–40 nm in diameter) and the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles by means of adjusting the molar ratio of ferrous to ferric ions in the precursor solution. (iii) For magnetic recording materials, since magnetic nanoparticles should possess high coercivity, a controlled shape, and a uniform small size, we have modified a chemical method for synthesizing FePt by adjusting the growth temperature. As a result, we have succeeded in synthesizing FePt nanoparticles with a controlled shape (cubic) and a uniform size (ca. 5.6 nm).
Photocatalytic hydrogen generation over alkali niobates in the presence of organic compounds
Authors: Zielińska Beata , Sreńscek-Nazzal Joanna , Kaleńczuk Ryszard 
Published: January 2009

Photocatalytic hydrogen generation over alkali niobates in the presence of organic compounds
The photocatalytic efficiency of alkali niobate-based compounds (Li, Na, K) for hydrogen generation has been investigated. The systematic study showed that the highest photocatalytic activity was observed in the case of Na/Nb2O5 catalyst which contained sodium niobate (NaNbO3) phase and that the most efficient electron donor for hydrogen generation was formic acid. In addition, the effect of organic donor (HCOOH) concentration on the amount of the evolved hydrogen was studied.
Precipitation of calcium carbonate in the presence of urea at 293K
Authors: Białowicz Katarzyna , Kiełkowska Urszula , Trypuć Mieczysław 
Published: January 2009

Precipitation of calcium carbonate in the presence of urea at 293K
The results of the precipitation of calcium carbonate from waste distillation liquor (DS) from the Solvay method and sodium bicarbonate saturated solution in the presence of urea were presented. The investigation was carried out at 293K. The influence of the time of reagents dosage to the solution of urea on the physicochemical character of obtaining product was studied. The time of reagents dosage: 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 min and the concentration of the urea applied: 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mol/dm3. The granulometric composition, the values of bulk and packing densities and the absorptiveness sorption of water and paraffin oil of the obtaining calcium carbonate were investigated.
Purification of sphalerite concentrate in the chemical and flotation way
Authors: Jarosiński Andrzej 
Published: January 2009

Purification of sphalerite concentrate in the chemical and flotation way
In this paper the results of the investigation of magnesium removal, from zinc concentrate derived from zinc-lead ore enrichment plant, have been presented. The characteristics of the initial concentrate and the occurrence forms of dolomite in this material are estimated. It was found that magnesium is collected in the finest fraction of the initial material. The influence of chemical treatment and flotation on the quality improvement of zinc concentrate is determined. This method permits to obtain zinc concentrate containing below 0,3% Mg and about 0,7% Ca.
The influence of urea on the K2CO3 and NH4VO3 solubility in the K2CO3 + NH4VO3 + H2O system
Authors: Kiełkowska Urszula 
Published: January 2009

The influence of urea on the K2CO3 and NH4VO3 solubility in the K2CO3 + NH4VO3 + H2O system
The influence of urea on the vanadium(V) and potassium ion concentrations in the K2CO3 + NH4VO3 + H2O system was determined in the temperature range of 293 K to 313 K. Additionally, the solution density dependence versus the urea concentration was presented. These data are essential for the assessment of optimum operating conditions for the new production process of potassium carbonate.
The influence of leaching solution pH and addition of peroxide hydrogen on the recovery of some components from the used vanadium catalyst with urea solutions
Authors: Mazurek Krzysztof , Trypuć Mieczysław , Białowicz Katarzyna , Drużyński Sebastian 
Published: January 2009

The influence of leaching solution pH and addition of peroxide hydrogen on the recovery of some components from the used vanadium catalyst with urea solutions
The research was conducted to determine the influence of the pH of the leaching solutions and hydrogen peroxide addition on the efficiency of the recovery of vanadium, potassium and iron compounds from the used vanadium catalyst from the node of oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
Recovery of aluminium from multi-component packaging using a fluidised bed reactor
Authors: Żukowski Witold , Baron Jerzy , Zabagło Jadwiga , Kandefer Stanisław , Olek Małgorzata 
Published: January 2009

Recovery of aluminium from multi-component packaging using a fluidised bed reactor
This study presents the use of fluidised bed combustion to produce thermal energy, aluminium recovery and the reduction of the Tetra Pak and Combibloc packaging waste stream. Fluidisation and the pneumatic transport, which take place in the same apparatus, allow recovering bits of the aluminium foil from the combustion zone. The limited time spent in the high temperature zone leads to a high content of free metal in the solids separated in the ash trap and cyclone. Other solid products are practically chemically inert and may be disposed in a landfill of municipal or inert wastes.