bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Registered Nurses' Adherence to Clinical Guidelines Regarding Peripheral Venous Catheters: A Structured Observational Study
Authors: Johansson Maria Eiman , Pilhammar Ewa , Khalaf Azzam , Willman Ania 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT Background: Peripheral catheterization is a common procedure, which affects numerous patients in health care today. Having peripheral venous catheters in situ might lead to complications such as thrombophlebitis and sepsis, and clinical guidelines have been developed to assist nurses in their decision‐making. Several reasons are given for clinicians not always adhering to clinical guidelines, although such adherence might lead to fewer complications. Aims: This paper aims to describe registered nurses' adherence to national and local guidelines on peripheral venous catheters by focusing on time in situ, site, size, and documentation at the dressing. An additional aim is to describe the thrombophlebitis frequency associated with peripheral venous catheters in situ. Methods: Structured observational study of patients with peripheral venous catheters in situ, conducted from December 2004 to June 2005. Data of 343 peripheral venous catheters were analyzed. Results: Nurses partly adhered to national and local guidelines concerning size and site. Guideline adherence concerning documentation at the dressing was low. The results showed that non‐adherence pertaining to time in situ varied between 5% and 26.3%. Differences between adherence to national or local guidelines were shown for size, site, and documentation at the dressing. Mild thrombophlebitis (Grades 1 and 2) was observed in 7.0%. Conclusions: Nurses partly adhered to clinical guidelines. Differences in guideline adherence were observed for wards with local or national guidelines, as well as for wards with different specialities. In accordance with clinical guidelines, the nurses seemed to replace or remove peripheral venous catheters before any severe complications arose. Implications for Practice, Research, and Management: Adherence to clinical guidelines has an impact for preventing patient complications and thus it is essential that nurses are aware of their existence. Feedback and discussions of guideline adherence or of complication rates might influence nurses' clinical decision‐making.
Opportunistic screening and clinician‐delivered brief intervention for high‐risk alcohol use among emergency department attendees: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dent Andrew W , Weiland Tracey J , Phillips Georgina A , Lee Nicole K 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjective:  To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of routine opportunistic screening and brief intervention (BI) by ED staff to reduce high‐risk alcohol consumption.Methods:  This was an open, randomized controlled trial with allocation blinding performed over 12 months. Using the Paddington Alcohol Test, adult patients were screened for high‐risk alcohol use. Consenting patients who were screened positive were eligible for randomization to no counselling (standard care, SC), same‐day BI by an emergency nurse or doctor or motivational intervention (MI) within 1 week by off‐site drug and alcohol counsellors. Telephone follow up was performed at 1 and 3 months. The primary outcome was maximum self‐reported daily standard drinks consumed. Analysis was by intention to treat.Results:  Of 32 965 eligible patients, 10 274 were screened, 1043 were positive, 468 consented to the study, and 161, 159 and 148 were allocated to SC, BI and MI, respectively. In the MI group, 133 declined intervention or failed to attend. At 3 months, 96, 81 and 74 participants in the SC, BI and MI groups, respectively, were contactable and consented to telephone interview. Overall, maximum daily alcohol consumption decreased from a median of 13.5 standard drinks at enrolment to 9.25 drinks at 3 months. At 3 months, SC participants reported fewer drinks than those randomized to MI.Conclusion:  In the present study, neither BI nor MI was better than SC in reducing high‐risk alcohol consumption. Uptake of opportunistic screening by ED staff was poor, as was patient compliance with off‐site counselling.
Prevalence of morphine use and time to initial analgesia in an Australian emergency department
Authors: Forero Roberto , Mohsin Mohammed , McCarthy Sally , Young Lis , Ieraci Sue , Hillman Ken , Santiano Nancy , Bauman Adrian , Phung Hai 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjective:  To explore the association of morphine use with factors influencing time to initial analgesia (T‐A).Methods:  A retrospective cohort review was conducted. Morphine data were collected from a register for restricted drugs located in the ED. T‐A was the time interval between triage and signing out of morphine's first dose. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the association between morphine use and patient volume.Results:  In total, 8% of ED attendees received at least one dose of morphine sulphate in the ED. Prevalence of morphine use significantly (P < 0.05) varied by patient's age, Australasian Triage Scale category, time of arrival and type of illness. The median time of T‐A was 79 min (95% CI 71–85) with substantially longer (median 107 min) for those who arrived during the afternoon and triaged as less urgent (median 127 min). Patients who arrived late at night (median 47 min), triaged as immediately/imminently life‐threatening (median 58 min) and diagnosed as renal colic (median 27 min) or fractures/injuries (median 67 min) were more likely to receive i.v. morphine faster than other patients. The findings confirmed that large volume of patients in ED was associated with longer T‐A. Patient volume in the ED showed a significant positive association with T‐A (r = 0.568, 32% variation explained, P < 0.01).Conclusion:  T‐A is an important indicator of the quality of ED services. Severity of illness and patient volume were significant factors associated with extended T‐A. Strategies for improving pain management in the complex ED environment are discussed.
First report of a funnel‐web spider envenoming syndrome in Brisbane
Authors: Rosengren David , White Julian , Raven Robert , Rothwell Sean 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Australian funnel‐web spider, arguably the most venomous spider in the world, is distributed along the Australian eastern seaboard, typically preferring moist, cool, sheltered habitats such as rainforests. Prior surveys around Brisbane have only ever demonstrated funnel‐web spiders in the outskirts of the city contiguous with bushland or native rainforest. We report the first funnel‐web spider envenoming syndrome presumed from a spider resident to inner‐city Brisbane. Emergency departments in the greater Brisbane area should be prepared for this clinical scenario, and stocks of Commonwealth Serum Laboratory funnel‐web spider antivenom, until now thought to be unnecessary, should be readily available.
In the wake of Sri Lanka's tsunami: The Health for the South Capacity‐Building Project
Authors: O'Reilly Gerard , Fitzgerald Mark , Ariyananda Pilane L , Williams Sue , Smith Leanne , Jones Tamsin , Charlton Sally , Young Simon , Dziukas Linas , Fisher Zoe , Wragg Sally , Burke Eliza 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn response to the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004, the Health for the South Project was developed for Sri Lanka. The capacity‐building component of this project involves the provision of trauma and emergency care training to the staff of Teaching Hospital Karapitiya (THK) in Galle, Sri Lanka. A principal objective of this training for THK is an increased capacity to respond to future disasters in the south of Sri Lanka. Key elements of the capacity‐building programme include the on‐site emergency care training by teams of Australian emergency physicians and emergency nurses, working alongside the staff of the Emergency Treatment Unit in THK. It is expected that the programme will continue for at least 2 years, during which time a new Emergency and Trauma Centre will be constructed.
Atypical Duret haemorrhages seen on computed tomography
Authors: Marupaka Sravan K , Sood Bimal 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe present a case of 80‐year‐old man who had headache of 1 day duration and gross subdural haemorrhage in the absence of any history of noticeable trauma, leading to descending transtentorial herniation and secondary brain stem haemorrhages called Duret haemorrhages. It is rare to find a Duret haemorrhage on imaging. This case has been presented to highlight the rarity of the condition and the unusual posterior location of the bleed and also the universally fatal nature of these haemorrhages. Relevant literature is reviewed.
Roles of Organic Anion Transporters in the Renal Excretion of Perfluorooctanoic Acid
Authors: Nakagawa Hatsuki , Hirata Taku , Terada Tomohiro , Jutabha Promsuk , Miura Daisaku , Harada Kouji H. , Inoue Kayoko , Anzai Naohiko , Endou Hitoshi , Inui Ken‐ichi , Kanai Yoshikatsu , Koizumi Akio 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Perfluorooctanoic acid, an environmental contaminant, is found in both wild animals and human beings. There are large species and sex differences in the renal excretion of perfluorooctanoic acid. In the present study, we aimed to characterize organic anion transporters 1–3 (OAT1–3) in human beings and rats to investigate whether the species differences in the elimination kinetics of perfluorooctanoic acid from the kidneys can be attributed to differences in the affinities of these transporters for perfluorooctanoic acid. We used human (h) and rat (r) OAT transient expression cell systems and measured the [14C] perfluorooctanoic acid transport activities. Both human and rat OAT1 and OAT3 mediated perfluorooctanoic acid transport to similar degrees. Specifically, the kinetic parameters, Km, were 48.0 ± 6.4 µM for h OAT1; 51.0 ± 12.0 µM for rOAT1; 49.1 ± 21.4 µM for hOAT3 and 80.2 ± 17.8 µM for rOAT3, respectively. These data indicate that both human and rat OAT1 and OAT3 have high affinities for perfluorooctanoic acid and that the species differences in its renal elimination are not attributable to affinity differences in these OATs between human beings and rats. In contrast, neither hOAT2 nor rOAT2 transported perfluorooctanoic acid. In conclusion, OAT1 and OAT3 mediated perfluorooctanoic acid transport in vitro, suggesting that these transporters also transport perfluorooctanoic acid through the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells in vivo in both human beings and rats. Neither human nor rat OAT2 mediated perfluorooctanoic acid transport. Collectively, the difference between the perfluorooctanoic acid half‐lives in human beings and rats is not likely to be attributable to differences in the affinities of these transporters for perfluorooctanoic acid.
Regulated irrigation of woody ornamentals to improve plant quality and precondition against drought stress
Authors: Cameron R. , Harrison‐Murray R. , Fordham M. , Wilkinson S. , Davies W. , Atkinson C. , Else M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRegulated irrigation has the potential to improve crop quality in woody ornamentals by reducing excessive vigour and promoting a more compact habit. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness and the mode of action of two techniques, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root drying (PRD), when applied to container‐grown ornamentals through drip irrigation. Results showed that RDI and PRD reduced growth in Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’, but in Forsythia x intermedia ‘Lynwood’, significant reductions were recorded only with RDI. Physiological measurements in Forsythia indicated that reductions in stomatal conductance (gs) occurred in both treatments, but those in the RDI tended to be more persistent. Reduced gs in PRD was consistent with the concept that chemical signals from the root can regulate stomatal aperture alone; however, the data also suggested that optimising the growth reduction required a moderate degree of shoot water deficit (i.e. a hydraulic signal to be imposed). As RDI was associated with tissue water deficit, it was used in a second experiment to determine the potential of this technique to precondition container‐grown plants against subsequent drought stress (e.g. during retail stages or after planting out). Speed of acclimation would be important in a commercial context, and the results demonstrated that both slow and rapid imposition of RDI enabled Forsythia plants to acclimate against later drought events. This article discusses the potential to both improve ornamental plant quality and enhance tolerance to subsequent adverse conditions through controlled, regulated irrigation.
Two consensus quantitative trait loci clusters controlling anthesis–silking interval, ear setting and grain yield might be related with drought tolerance in maize
Authors: Hao Z.F. , Li X.H. , Xie C.X. , Li M.S. , Zhang D.G. , Bai L. , Zhang S. H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractUnravelling the molecular basis of drought tolerance will provide novel opportunities for improving crop yield under water‐limited conditions. The present study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling anthesis–silking interval (ASI), ear setting percentage (ESP) and grain yield (GY). The mapping population included 234 F2 plants derived from the cross X178 (drought tolerant) × B73 (drought susceptible). The corresponding F2:3 progenies, along with their parents, were evaluated for the above‐mentioned traits under both well‐watered and water‐stressed field conditions in three different trials carried out in central and southern China. Interval mapping and composite interval mapping identified 45 and 65 QTLs for the investigated traits, respectively. Two QTL clusters influencing ASI and ESP on chromosomes 1 (bin 1.03) and 9 (bins 9.03–9.05) were identified in more than two environments, showing sizeable additive effects and contribution to phenotypic variance; these two QTL clusters influenced GY only in one environment. No significant interaction was detected between the two genomic regions. A comparative analysis of these two QTL clusters with the QTLs controlling maize drought tolerance previously described in three mapping populations confirmed and extended their relevance for marker‐assisted breeding to improve maize production under water‐limited conditions.
EFFECTS OF AVOCADO FRUIT PUREE AND OATRIM AS FAT REPLACERS ON THE PHYSICAL, TEXTURAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF OATMEAL COOKIES
Authors: WEKWETE BENHILDA , NAVDER KHURSHEED P. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of partial replacement (50% level) of butter fat by two different fat replacers (avocado puree and Oatrim) on the physical, textural and sensory properties of oatmeal cookies. Compared with the control cookie, both fat‐reduced cookies had greater heights, reduced spreads, increased % moisture loss and higher water activities (P < 0.05). Textural measurements made using the TA.XT Plus Texture Analyzer showed the fat‐reduced cookies to be tougher and less brittle (P < 0.05). Appearance was the only sensory category in which a significant difference was seen (P < 0.05). Both avocado and Oatrim cookies were found to be overall acceptable, and at the 50% level of fat replacement, the total fat content for the avocado and Oatrim cookies decreased by 35 and 39%, respectively.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSWhen incorporated into an overall healthy diet, reduced‐fat foods made with fat replacers can play an important role in helping consumers reach and maintain their goal of reducing consumption of dietary fat. Results from this study indicate that cookies with acceptable physical, textural and sensory properties could be produced when 50% of the fat is replaced by Oatrim and avocado fat replacers. Dietitians should be aware of such fat replacers. Improved nutritional content, acceptability, ease of preparation and low cost make avocado puree a viable fat replacement option for use in home‐baked products. This data can also serve as a resource to further explore the utilization of Oatrim in developing commercially prepared low‐fat cookies and other baked products.
ANALYSIS OF TEXTURE OF BONELESS, FULLY FRIED BREADED CHICKEN PATTIES AS AFFECTED BY PROCESSING FACTORS
Authors: BRANNAN R.G. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT Battered and breaded, fully cooked, boneless chicken patties were analyzed based on processing variables (substrate, breading, rethermalization method, shape) and six objective texture attributes. Analysis of variance compared both individual samples and main effects, while statistical cluster analysis classified products based on their independent characteristics and the objective texture attributes. One sample (baked, crackermeal, all meat, nuggets) was significantly higher in most textural attributes. The soy‐containing samples were texturally similar. Breading and shape were not significantly different for the main effects of crust fracture force and work. Samples were sorted into clusters: cluster 1 characterized by oat bran breading, cluster 2 by crackermeal breading and soy‐containing substrate, cluster 3 by crackermeal and all‐meat substrate, and cluster 4 by Japanese bread crumbs and patty shape. Statistically classifying breaded chicken patties could lead to the development of a reliable, statistically based and easy‐to‐implement process that would aid quality control and product development in the meat industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCharacterization of the textural attributes of breaded meat patties such that differentiation could be achieved with a common instrument (texture analyzer) could provide a reliable and easy‐to‐implement method to assess the quality of texture in meat products that would be beneficial to the meat industry for both quality control and product development purposes.
Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Growing Global Force in Corporate Finance
Authors: Butt Shams , Shivdasani Anil , Stendevad Carsten , Wyman Ann 
Published: March 2008

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) have emerged as among the most important players in global financial markets. With an estimated $3 trillion at present, the collective assets at their disposal are expected to reach or surpass $7.5 trillion by 2012.SWFs have shown a wide range of investment objectives, along with continually evolving time horizons and risk appetites. For example, some SWFs have become increasingly active in corporate acquisitions and other strategic transactions. Though many of these funds prefer to invest in debt or non‐controlling equity positions, a small but growing number are seeking substantial minority and controlling equity stakes.SWFs have also recently become major participants in the financial institutions and alternative investment industries, with several high profile investments in well‐known private equity firms and financial services companies. In certain corporate transactions, their longer time horizons and willingness to employ larger percentages of equity have made them attractive alternatives to established private equity.At the same time, however, the rising prominence and perceived lack of transparency of SWFs have raised concerns among governments and other market participants in countries where companies have been targeted for investment. For this reason, companies intent on obtaining funding from or investing with SWFs are advised to prepare for media and regulatory scrutiny, particularly if a transaction is perceived to involve a country's strategic or security interests. Government policymakers are urged to balance the perceived threats of SWFs against their potential benefits, particularly their ability to provide a stabilizing source of global liquidity in the current economic environment.
Experimental Philosophy of Science
Authors: Griffiths Paul E. , Stotz Karola 
Published: March 2008

AbstractExperimental philosophy of science gathers empirical data on how key scientific concepts are understood by particular scientific communities. In this paper we briefly describe two recent studies in experimental philosophy of biology, one investigating the concept of the gene, the other the concept of innateness. The use of experimental methods reveals facts about these concepts that would not be accessible using the traditional method of intuitions about possible cases. It also contributes to the study of conceptual change in science, which we understand as the result of a form of conceptual ecology, in which concepts become adapted to specific epistemic niches.
Attention to Spoken Word Planning: Chronometric and Neuroimaging Evidence
Authors: Roelofs Ardi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article reviews chronometric and neuroimaging evidence on attention to spoken word planning, using the WEAVER++ model as theoretical framework. First, chronometric studies on the time to initiate vocal responding and gaze shifting suggest that spoken word planning may require some attention, even though it is one of our most highly practiced psychomotor skills. Second, neuroimaging studies that localized brain activity during word planning suggest that attention enhances activity in perisylvian cortical areas. What word to enhance and for how long is determined by an executive control system located in anterior cingulate and lateral prefrontal cortex. Commonalities of anterior cingulate function across verbal vocalizations (speech) and nonverbal vocalizations (e.g. human crying, laughter, and monkey calls) are outlined.
The Emerging Field of Language Dynamics
Authors: Wichmann Søren 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLarge linguistic databases, especially databases having a global coverage, such as the World Atlas of Language Structures, the Automated Similarity Judgment Program, and Ethnologue, are making it possible to systematically investigate many aspects of how languages change and compete for viability. Agent‐based computer simulations supplement such empirical data by analyzing the necessary and sufficient parameters for the current global distributions of languages or linguistic features. By combining empirical datasets with simulations and applying quantitative methods, it is now possible to address fundamental questions, such as ‘what are the relative rates of change in different parts of languages?’, ‘why are there a few large language families, many intermediate ones, and even more small ones?’, ‘do small languages change faster or slower than large ones?’, or ‘how does the borrowing of words relate to the borrowing of structural features?’
Gendered Discourse at Work
Authors: Holmes Janet 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe workplace is an important social site for gender performances, and talk is one means through which individuals enact gendered roles, adopt gendered stances, and construct their gender identity in the process of interacting with others at work. Exploring this claim, this article identifies two important themes that have emerged from research on gendered interaction in the workplace. First, research on gender, discourse and leadership illustrates how gendered resources are used to construct an authoritative position at work. Second, studies of gender and workplace relationships provide evidence of gendered discourse patterns in the expression of interpersonal aspects of workplace talk. This article concludes that gender comprises an important and omni‐relevant aspect of workplace talk.