bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking action: A case study in dynamic learning
Authors: Drath Wilfred H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA method of learning dating to the 1950s is founded on the conviction that people learn best from their experience, but only if they can reflect critically on that experience. Action learning is a way to learn while doing; it balances the action of work with shared reflection among participants about what they are learning, both as individuals and as a team or group. The U.S. Postal Service recently engaged in a pilot project for developing leadership through action learning, and learned some lessons along the way.
Assessment of muscle fatigue during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Saey Didier , Côté Claude H. , Mador M. Jeffery , Laviolette Louis , Leblanc Pierre , Jobin Jean , Maltais François 
Published: March 2006

AbstractContractile fatigue is associated with exercise intolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Contractile fatigue may be assessed by quantifying the decline in strength after a fatiguing protocol but this may pose practical problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the decline in quadriceps strength, quadriceps electrical activity, perception of leg fatigue, and arterial lactate level in patients with COPD during constant work‐rate cycling exercise. The decline in quadriceps strength was significantly associated with the decrease in electromyographic median frequency (r = 0.606), leg fatigue perception (r = 0.453), and arterial lactate level (r = 0.384). Using the receiver‐operating‐characteristic curve, it was found that a 4% decline in electromyographic median frequency had a 94% sensitivity and a 75% specificity to predict contractile fatigue. We conclude that contractile fatigue commonly occurs during cycling exercise in COPD. The electromyographic median frequency appears to be a valuable indirect marker to predict contractile leg fatigue. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme upregulation in SOD1‐G93A mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Mahoney Douglas J. , Kaczor Jan J. , Bourgeois Jacqueline , Yasuda Nobuo , Tarnopolsky Mark A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by motor neuron loss in the spinal cord, but the mechanisms responsible are not known. Ubiquitous transgenic overexpression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutations causing familial ALS (SOD1mut) leads to an ALS phenotype in mice; however, restricted expression of SOD1mut in neurons alone is not sufficient to cause this phenotype, suggesting that non‐neuronal SOD1mut expression is also required for disease manifestation. Recently, several investigators have suggested that SOD1mut‐mediated oxidative stress in skeletal muscle may contribute to ALS pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to examine oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme adaptation in 95‐day‐old SOD1‐G93A skeletal muscle. We observed significant elevations in both malondialdehyde (22% and 31% in red and white gastrocnemius, respectively) and protein carbonyls (53% in red gastrocnemius) in SOD1‐G93A mice. Copper/zinc SOD activity was higher in red and white SOD1‐G93A gastrocnemius (7‐ and 10‐fold, respectively), as was manganese SOD (4‐ and 5‐fold, respectively) and catalase (2‐ and 2.5‐fold, respectively). Taken together, our data demonstrate oxidative stress and compensatory antioxidant enzyme upregulation in SOD1‐G93A skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Botulinum toxin improves sialorrhea and quality of living in bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Verma Ashok , Steele Julie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSialorrhea is frequently a socially disabling symptom in patients with bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this open‐label prospective study, we report the effect of botulinum toxin A (Botox) injection into the parotid glands in 10 patients with bulbar ALS and socially disabling sialorrhea. We applied three different outcome measures to determine the effect of Botox therapy on sialorrhea. Botox significantly improved the degree of sialorrhea and a drooling impact score and, by inference, the quality of living, in over half of the patients with bulbar ALS and severe sialorrhea. The beneficial effect of Botox lasted for at least 2 months in those who responded. No major adverse effects were noted. Local injection of a small dose of Botox into the parotid glands can control sialorrhea and potentially improve living quality in some patients with bulbar ALS. Muscle Nerve 2006
Resale price maintenance contracts with retailer sales effort: Effect of flexibility and competition
Authors: Gurnani Haresh , Xu Yi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) contracts, the manufacturer specifies the resale price that retailers must charge to consumers. We study the role of using a RPM contract in a market where demand is influenced by retailer sales effort. First, it is well known that RPM alone does not provide incentive for the retailer to use adequate sales effort and some form of quantity fixing may be needed to achieve channel coordination. However, when the market potential of the product is uncertain, RPM with quantity fixing is a rigid contract form. We propose and study a variety of RPM contracts with quantity fixing that offer different forms of flexibility including pricing flexibility and quantity flexibility. Second, we address a long‐time debate in both academia and practice on whether RPM is anti‐competitive in a market when two retailers compete on both price and sales effort. We show that depending on the relative intensity of price competition and sales effort competition, RPM may lead to higher or lower retail prices compared to a two‐part tariff contract, which specifies a wholesale price and a fixed fee. Further, the impact of RPM on price competition and sales effort competition is always opposite to each other. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Translation of the Leisure Satisfaction Scale into French: a validation study
Authors: Lysyk Mary , Brown G. Ted , Rodrigues Erika , Mcnally Julie , Loo Kim 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFew standardized instruments are available for clients who speak languages other than English. The purpose of the study was to present and describe the process of translating an English standardized assessment into another language. Using the translation/validation methodologies described by Haccoun (1987) and Vallerand (1989), the Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS) was translated into French and then statistically validated. All correlations between both language versions of the LSS were found to be significant at the 0.01 level. Confirmatory factor analysis results were positive. Study findings indicate that the Haccoun (1987) and Vallerand (1989) methodologies provide clinicians with another option for ensuring culturally sensitive and relevant evaluations. Further research is needed to globally assess the measurement properties of the French version of this instrument. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Reducing anxiety by pre‐operative education: make the future familiar
Authors: Spalding Nicola Jane 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPre‐operative education is widely used by occupational therapists all over the world to help patients prepare for their impending surgery and post‐operative needs. The purpose of this research was to gain understanding of how the pre‐operative education process is beneficial in reducing anxiety for patients awaiting a total hip replacement provided in one National Health Service Trust in England. The participants in this study were a convenient sample of health care professionals who presented information on pre‐operative education during a nine‐month data collection period, and a sample of patients who attended the programme. Data were collected from observing five pre‐operative education programmes, 26 written patient evaluations, 16 interviews with seven presenters of the education, observation of three team meetings, 20 interviews with 10 patients, and documentation pertaining to the programme. From the results it seems that patient education can reduce anxiety by making the unknown familiar. Such familiarity can be achieved in three ways by: providing an understanding of the experiences patients will encounter during and after surgery; giving an opportunity to meet the staff that will be caring for them; and familiarizing patients with the environments they will meet when in hospital. Major limitations of the study were not being able to control for researcher bias and not providing a standardized instrument to collect data. It is recommended that further research be carried out to understand the dynamics between patient education and the reduction of anxiety among patients undergoing hip replacements. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Time use of people with schizophrenia living in the community
Authors: Minato Miyuki , Zemke Ruth 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to describe the time use of people with schizophrenia living in the community in Japan. Time use of participants with schizophrenia was compared with people without schizophrenia. The time use of participants without a work‐related routine was also compared with those with a work‐related routine. As has been reported in other studies, persons with schizophrenia spend a significantly greater amount of time sleeping and resting than people without schizophrenia. However, participants with schizophrenia chose to participate not only in passive occupational categories but also in active occupational categories by selecting work, co‐operative workshops, play, socialization and homemaking. Results also showed that having a work‐related routine influenced time use. People with a work‐related routine spent much time engaged in the work‐related routines and in sleeping, and people without the routine spent much time sleeping, listening to music, watching TV, and reading magazines. The present study contributes to developing knowledge that supports occupational therapy practice focused on occupational choice including routine occupations to build a healthy life for people with schizophrenia living in the community. To explore further the relationship between time use and health, further research would be needed to study individual experiences in occupations. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
School readiness and factors that influence decision making
Authors: McBryde Cathy , Ziviani Jenny , Cuskelly Monica 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOccupational therapists are frequently asked to make recommendations regarding a child's school readiness. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the factors that influence the decision making of parents and teachers regarding this issue. The home environments and developmental status of 215 preschool children (age: M = 62.2 months, SD = 4.65) were assessed. Parents and teachers completed questionnaires about each child's behaviour, temperament, and readiness for school. Their perceptions were analysed separately. Results showed that chronological age, and the presence of adaptability, well‐developed social skills, and the ability to persist with an activity until completed influenced parents' as well as teachers' perceptions of school readiness. In addition, teachers' decisions were influenced by gender (girls were perceived as being more ready for school than boys), and the presence of the temperament characteristic of inhibition (withdrawn, shy behaviours). These results indicated that factors other than a child's developmental status influenced parental and teacher decision making, challenging occupational therapists to adopt a broader focus when consulting with parents and teachers about school readiness. Limitations of the study included the self‐selected sample resulting in potential bias owing to the over‐representation of families from higher socioeconomic backgrounds. It is suggested that future research take the form of a matched pairs design, and focus on a comparison between a population of children perceived to be ready to progress to school and a group perceived not to be ready. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Barriers to the use of assistive technology for children with multiple disabilities
Authors: Copley Jodie , Ziviani Jenny 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAssistive technology has aided children with multiple disabilities to improve access and participation in their school and home environments. Effective educational outcomes from assistive technology use are dependent upon a coordinated assessment and implementation process. The literature on assistive technology with children was reviewed in order to identify current barriers to its effective integration within schools. These barriers were found to include lack of appropriate staff training and support, negative staff attitudes, inadequate assessment and planning processes, insufficient funding, difficulties procuring and managing equipment, and time constraints. A team model for assistive technology assessment and planning is proposed to optimize the educational goal achievement of children with multiple disabilities. Such a model can help target the allocation of occupational therapy resources in schools to best promote educational and broader functional outcomes from assistive technology use. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Interprofessional vs. interdisciplinary services in school‐based occupational therapy practice
Authors: Mu Keli , Royeen Charlotte Brasic 
Published: March 2006

AbstractInterdisciplinary or transdisciplinary service is strongly advocated in school‐based occupational therapy practice. The terms, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary, however, are not accurate in their use. This paper examines the difference between the terms of discipline and profession and recommends the more precise and appropriate use of interprofession and transprofession related to school‐based occupational therapy practice. Occupational therapy is a profession, not a discipline. Using the terms of interprofession and transprofession can benefit the occupational therapy profession by increasing language use precision, facilitating professionalism, and improving interprofessional interactions and collaborations based upon accuracy. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The experience sampling method: its potential use in occupational therapy research
Authors: Farnworth Louise , Mostert Elphine , Harrison Susan , Worrell Diane 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOccupational therapists rely on being able to understand which occupations are of value to clients and also appropriate to their needs. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) was developed as a tool to study the experience of engaging in activities in everyday life. The purpose of this paper is to report on the findings of an ESM study of a group of final year occupational therapy students and to examine the strengths and limitations of this methodology.A modified version of an Experience Sampling Form (ESF) was used to measure flow. Of the 508 ESFs completed by the 11 participants over a one week period, 177 (31%) were found to be in flow, 51 (10%) anxiety, 104 (20%) boredom and 176 (35%) apathy. Many high flow experiences occurred while studying, usually alone and while reading and/or writing.The results indicate that ESM has the potential to be useful for describing in minutiae the patterns of an individual's daily experience. The major advantage of ESM is that it allows one to study the dynamics of emotions and other subjective states while a person engages in their normal daily occupations. The methodology has potential for use in clinical research as participants have the opportunity to describe their emotions while engaging in occupation. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The challenge of developing a community partnership model to aid the employment of people with disabilities: the Hamilton Ontario experience
Authors: Westmorland Muriel G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPeople with disabilities continue to face major barriers to employment despite major gains in employment equity initiatives and a stronger voice in the political arena. Meanwhile in the employment sector many companies are downsizing, employees are being laid off and work is being restructured. The challenge is to work cooperatively to maximise the employment opportunities for people with disabilities. This article reviews the concepts of community development and stakeholder participation as they apply to the development of an employment consortium in South Western Ontario, Canada.The potential for the role of Occupational Therapists to contribute to this process are discussed. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Evaluation of an occupational therapy training module: adapting clothes for persons with disabilities
Authors: Kratz Gunvor 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study was initiated by a planned change in the course curriculum of the occupational therapy educational programme. The training module ‘Adapting Clothes for Persons with Disabilities’ under the present syllabus was evaluated following the model ‘Person/environment interactions in educational settings’. Thirty–five occupational therapy students completed a questionnaire before entering the training module and 32 completed the module. Six of the students were interviewed in depth. The study demonstrates the students' expectations before the module and how their attitudes, knowledge and experience resulting from participation in the course changed. The module on adapting clothes for persons who are disabled is worthy of inclusion in a modified syllabus. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A pilot study on attitudes toward making reasonable accommodations for occupational therapists with disabilities
Authors: Mutchnick Ilene , Blount Marie‐Louise 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ensures that persons with disabilities in the United States are entitled to reasonable accommodations in five areas including employment. This pilot study (1) tested the reliability and validity of a questionnaire, which (2) explored how much training American occupational therapists had in the ADA and (3) investigated the attitudes of occupational therapist supervisors toward occupational therapist employees with disabilities. A questionnaire consisting of 20 statements was designed by the researcher. The questionnaire was mailed to 18 occupational therapy administrators. Ten participants who completed the mailed questionnaire were included in the results. Participants with ADA training had a more positive attitude towards making reasonable accommodations than those without training. Only participants working in psychosocial settings claimed to have occupational therapy employees with disabilities. Six of the administrators made reasonable accommodations for employees who had disabilities. Further study of a larger sample of occupational therapy administrators is recommended to determine the attitude towards reasonable accommodations for employees with disabilities. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A client‐centred approach to developing assistive technology with children
Authors: Rigby Patricia , Ryan Steve , From Wes , Walczak Emily , Jutai Jeff 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn a large research project a client‐centred approach was employed to gain critical judgements from children with physical disabilities. Eighty‐four children helped guide the design of a new adaptive pediatric seating system. This was achieved through the implementation of a unique protocol to learn what children like and dislike about specific features of adaptive seating systems. This protocol, which may also be useful in a clinical setting, was found to be reliable and valid for obtaining perspectives from children with physical disabilities. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Expression of 5‐lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathway enzymes in nasal polyps of patients with aspirin‐intolerant asthma
Authors: Adamjee J , Suh Y‐J , Park H‐S , Choi J‐H , Penrose JF , Lam BK , Austen KF , Cazaly AM , Wilson SJ , Sampson AP 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn aspirin‐intolerant subjects, adverse bronchial and nasal reactions to cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors are associated with over‐production of cysteinyl‐leukotrienes (cys‐LTs) generated by the 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO) pathway. In the bronchi of patients with aspirin‐intolerant asthma, we previously linked cys‐LT over‐production and aspirin hyper‐reactivity with elevated immunoexpression in eosinophils of the terminal enzyme for cys‐LT production, LTC4 synthase. We investigated whether this anomaly also occurs in the nasal airways of these patients. Immunohistochemical expression of 5‐LO and COX pathway proteins was quantified in nasal polyps from 12 patients with aspirin‐intolerant asthma and 13 with aspirin‐tolerant asthma. In the mucosa of polyps from aspirin‐intolerant asthmatic patients, cells immunopositive for LTC4 synthase were four‐fold more numerous than in aspirin‐tolerant asthmatic patients (p = 0.04). There were also three‐fold more cells expressing 5‐LO (p = 0.037), with no differences in 5‐LO activating protein (FLAP), COX‐1 or COX‐2. LTC4 synthase‐positive cell counts correlated exclusively with mucosal eosinophils (r = 0.94, p < 0.001, n = 25). Co‐localisation confirmed that five‐fold higher eosinophil counts (p = 0.007) accounted for the increased LTC4 synthase expression in polyps from aspirin‐intolerant asthmatic patients, with no alterations in mast cells or macrophages. Within the epithelium, increased counts of eosinophils (p = 0.006), macrophages (p = 0.097), and mast cells (p = 0.034) in aspirin‐intolerant asthmatic polyps were associated only with 2.5‐fold increased 5‐LO‐positive cells (p < 0.05), while the other enzymes were not different. Our results indicate that a marked over‐representation of LTC4 synthase in mucosal eosinophils is closely linked to aspirin intolerance in the nasal airway, as in the bronchial airways. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours overexpress fatty acid synthase
Authors: Rossi S , Ou W , Tang D , Bhattacharya N , Dei Tos AP , Fletcher JA , Loda M 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFatty acid synthase (FASN), a key enzyme for de novo lipogenesis, is overexpressed in many malignant tumours and is associated with aggressive biological behaviour. FASN expression and its possible relationship with more aggressive behaviour in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) have not been addressed to date. Here, FASN expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 60 primary GISTs (28 low/intermediate risk and 32 high risk) and seven metastatic GISTs. Sixteen smooth muscle gastrointestinal tumours were used as controls. FASN was overexpressed in 36 of 60 GISTs (60%): in 12 of 28 (42%) low/intermediate‐risk GISTs and in 24 of 32 (75%) high‐risk GISTs (p < 0.05). Two primary and seven metastatic GISTs and five GIST cell lines (GIST882, GIST430, GIST522, GIST62, and GIST48), analysed by western blot, showed variable FASN expression. Most metastatic samples expressed high levels of FASN protein. Additionally, seven of 60 GISTs showed a proliferation rate higher than 10% by Ki67 and all of them expressed FASN (p < 0.04). Finally, proliferation and apoptosis were investigated after FASN silencing in GIST882 cells, which displayed the highest FASN expression. siRNA‐mediated FASN knock‐down inhibited expression of the proliferation marker cyclin A, whereas no changes in p27 and cleaved PARP expression were seen. It is concluded that FASN is preferentially overexpressed in high‐risk and metastatic GISTs, and that its overexpression likely contributes to cell proliferation. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.