bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPOSING MULTI-PERSPECTIVE SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: MARTÍNEZ ANA BELÉN BARRAGÁNS , ARIAS JOSÉ J. PAZOS , VILAS ANA FERNÁNDEZ , DUQUE JORGE GARCÍA , NORES MARTÍN LÓPEZ , REDONDO REBECA P. DÍAZ , FERNÁNDEZ YOLANDA BLANCO 
Published: April 2008

One of the main needs when dealing with multi-perspective specifications is to be able to have at our disposal, at intermediate stages of the development process, a merged view which properly reflects the knowledge of each participant in the elicitation tasks (and over which we can reason, even in the presence of disagreement and incompleteness).We show in this paper to what extent there can be many merged models, having all of them useful application. So there is not a unique operator which can be qualified as the best; on the contrary, there will be a suitable merging operator depending on the goal of the merging process. More concretely, we will propose a set of four composition operators: ∐max, ∐min, ∐majand ∐maj + inc. They will be evaluated making use of a list of desired algebraic properties proposed by researchers on merging and which should be held by an ideal merging operator. This analysis can help us to compare the different operators, revealing the key features of each, and identifying weaknesses that may require further research. The conclusion drawn after this analysis points out that these properties are not useful enough to adequately characterize a merging operator. Therefore, new properties will be provided in order to complete the previous list and help to define better the behavior of the different merging operators.
Partial Texture Analysis
Authors: Bunge H. J. 
Published: April 2008

The texture is the orientation distribution function of the crystallites of a polycrystalline sample. Being
a continuous function of three variables, it requires a large number of values for its complete
description. The texture can be expressed in terms of a series expansion. It then requires a large
number of coefficients for its complete description. When all functional values or all coefficients are
determined from experimental measurements we speak of complete texture analysis. The most
important methods for complete texture analysis are individual orientation measurements of a large
number of crystals and pole figure measurement followed by pole figure inversion.If only a limited number of values of the texture function or a few of its coefficients are being
determined we speak of “partial texture analysis”. The most important methods of partial texture
analysis are the fixed angle texture analyzer and the measurement of the anisotropy of physical
properties such as Young′s modulus magnetic properties, thermal expansion and others.
Measurement of Local Textures With Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes
Authors: Schwarzer R. A. 
Published: April 2008

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy methods are discussed for the determination of grain
orientations. For the study of local textures with a TEM electron‐transparent thin samples are
required. The standard techniques of orientation determination grain by grain are the interpretation
of selected area electron spot and microbeam Kikuchi diffraction patterns. Specimen areas smaller
than 500 nm or 50 nm in diameter can be selected. More recently selected area pole‐figures can be
measured directly with a TEM technique similar to the conventional transmission X‐ray method.The orientation of grains in a bulk sample can be obtained with a scanning electron microscope
from reflection Kikuchi (i.e. electron backscattering) and channeling patterns. Local resolution is
approximately 1 μm or 5 μm, respectively.Since the interpretation of electron diffraction patterns is tedious, techniques have been developed
to perform measurements on‐line by interfacing the electron microscope to a computer. An
outstanding advantage of texture measurements by electron diffraction is the high local resolution and
the ability of imaging the microstructure of the sampled region. Experimental results of individual
grain‐orientation measurements may be represented statistically by inverse pole‐figures, orientation
distribution functions and misorientation distribution functions.
Rolling Texture of Al‐Mg Alloys
Authors: Kohara S. , Inagaki H. 
Published: April 2008

The development and the transition of texture in rolled
Al‐Mg alloys have been followed by determining pole
figures for the alloys with various Mg contents and with
various degrees of rolling reduction.Al‐Mg alloys containing 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 % Mg were
prepared by melting in an argon atmosphere and rolled into
sheets of 1 mm thickness. The rolling reductions were
70, 82.5, 90 and 95 %. Pole figures were determined with
111, 200 and 220 difractions. The results were analyzed
using the orientation distribution function.For low reduction of rolling, pole figures for all Al‐Mg
alloys were almost the same as that for pure aluminium,
that is, the copper type. For high reduction of rolling,
pole figures for the alloys containing up to 1% Mg were
the copper type. However, the alloy containing 2 % Mg
showed the pole figure of different type. The main
component of this texture was represented as {001}<110>.
Textures in Non‐Metallic Materials
Authors: Bunge H. J. 
Published: April 2008

The texture of a polycrystalline material is defined by the
orientation distribution function (ODF) of its crystallites. Besides
this, the misorientation distribution MODF of neighbouring
crystals may be important. Although this applies equally
to all crystalline materials, texture studies have extensively
been done in metals and not so much in ceramics and polymers.
This is partly due to experimental difficulties of texture
measurement in these materials which have only recently been
overcome. Besides this, two deviating definitions of the term
”texture” are being used. These are the ”shape texture” in
ceramics and the ”chain texture” in polymers.Textures in ceramics were studied quantitatively mainly in
hard magnetic materials. They are, however, also most important
in HTc‐superconductors, in ferroelectrics, in transformation
toughened ceramics, in ceramic surface layers, copperbonded
Al2O3 substrates and probably in many others. Textures
in the crystalline part of polymers have been studied
quantitatively using ODF‐methods. ”Momenta” of the orientation
distribution function of the crystalline as well as the
non‐crystalline part can, however, be obtained more easily by
physical methods. This is sufficient if the correlation between
preferred orientation and anisotropic properties is considered.
Texture formation by deformation is, however, related to the
complete orientation distribution function.
Textures and Barrier Properties of Ethylene‐Vinylalcohol CopolymerFilms
Authors: Ishida Takashi , Soutome Takayuki , Sekine Kazuyoshi 
Published: April 2008

The effect of textures produced by various types
of deformation processing on gas barrier property of
copolymer film has been studied in the case of
ethylene‐vinylalcohol (EVOH) resin which is known as
a semicrystalline polymer with low gas permeability.The heavily cold rolling and cold stretching give
rise to highly oriented molecular structures and
strong crystallographic textures, which reduce gas
permeability of the film at high humidity. It was
found, in particular, that the increased tri‐axial
orientation type texture and resulting molecular
structure changes due to the plane strain compression
type deformation, such as rolling, improved greatly
the barrier property of the EVOH film.
The Effect of Nucleation Sites for Recrystallisation on AnnealingTexture and Earing in Aluminium
Authors: Oscarsson A. 
Published: April 2008

It is important to control the recrystallised texture in the aluminium
alloy used for beverage cans. A model has previously been proposed
which explains the recrystallised texture of the hot bands as a competition
between grains nucleated either in transition bands or around coarse
particles. Present work confirms that most recrystallised grains are nucleated
around coarse particles and that these do not have any preferred
orientation. Possibly the smaller of the coarse particles have a weak tendency
to nucleate grains in a retained rolling orientation. Other recrystallised
grains not associated with particles are preferably oriented on
the (100)‐fibre parallel to the rolling direction including the important
cube and Goss orientations.A light cold rolling of the hot bands prior to annealing can increase
the final cube texture, but only if the hot band is slightly recrystallised.
This is explained by a destruction of most small recrystallised
grains while a few selected grains are conserved. Recrystallised grains in
the vicinity of coarse particles are prone to destruction while grains
oriented in the actual cube position for the applied cold rolling reduction
are especially apt for conservation.
Using the Mean Field Model to Analyze the Influence ofTexture on the Hysteresis Behaviour of Silicon Steels
Authors: Kozina T. , Szpunar J. A. 
Published: April 2008

A critical study of the Jiles and Atherton Mean Field Model was done. to determine the validity of the
modal, a tool in describing and understanding the magnetization process in textured silicon steels.Hysteresis loops were generated using an Epstein apparatus in various directions with respect to rolling and
for various external magnetic fields. Various techniques of generating the loops from the model and analyzing
the experimental results were proposed. These techniques were then used to obtain the model parameters.An analysis of the experimental data using this modal lets us conclude that the modal gives a close
description of texture influence on hysteresis behaviour and predicts the variation of the pinning parameter k
which agrees with our understanding of the role of texture in changing the parameter. We have observed that
the highest value of this parameter coincides with the angles at which it is most difficult to magnetize the speciment.
Modelling of Texture Development During Nucleation and Grain Growth
Authors: Tavernier Ph. , Szpunar J. A. 
Published: April 2008

A model of development of recrystallization texture has been proposed based on physical processes observed
during nucleation and growth of grains. In this model the nucleation is driven by energies stored in various
texture components. The assumption is made that there exists a specific relationship between the place the
nucleation starts and the orientation of the nuclei. The grain growth modelling is determined by the grain
boundary energy and is related to assumptions that certain orientations of grain are favoured during the grain
growth.The model is used to simulate the texture development in low‐carbon steel and offers in addition to textural
information the prediction of the kinetics of nucleation and grain growth illustrating the fundamental aspects of
grain topology in the deformed and annealed metals which at the same time are general enough to allow to
introduce in the future more realistic assumptions for nucleations and grain growth processes.
The Effect of Measurement Geometry for on‐Line Texture Analyzing Systems
Authors: Blandford P. , Szpunar J. A. 
Published: April 2008

A laboratory prototype of a system for the measurement of texture on‐line
in the manufacturing process of steel or aluminum is being built at
McGill University. In order to test the effect that the different measurement
geometry, i.e an angular dispersive reflection or an energy dispersive
transmission geometry, has on the calculation of the coefficients of the
orientation distribution function (ODF), a number of simulated texture
measurements were done for both geometries. The effect of the measured
texture on the prediction of magnetic torque was also studied.In general, there is good agreement between the textures calculated
by simulating the two measurement geometries and the original texture
used to recalculate the pole figures from which the simulation data was
extracted. The results also showed that, for the slightly inhomogeneous
steel, the bulk magnetic torque predicted from the texture measurements
simulating the energy dispersive, transmission geometry was only slightly
better than that predicted from the angular dispersive, reflection geometry.
In the case of the inhomogeneous steel, the prediction from the transmission
geometry was significantly better than that of the reflection geometry. It
has been shown that measurement geometry for on‐line texture analyzing
systems has a significant impact on the accuracy of the texture information
obtained and the prediction of certain property anisotropies, especially for
those sheet materials exhibiting significant through‐thickness
inhomogeneity.
Local Textures in Deformed and Recrystallized Aluminium Crystal
Authors: Akef A. , Driver J. H. 
Published: April 2008

The recrystallization mechanisms in deformed aluminium single crystals have been investigated by
SEM microdiffraction techniques (ECP and EBSP). Aluminium crystals of (001)(uv0) and (001)[01]
orientations were deformed in plane strain compression to a true strain of ~1 to develop different
deformation microstructures. Transition bands separating deformation bands were formed by
orientation splitting in the (001)(uv0) crystals, but were not observed in the (001)[01] crystal.During annealing at 250°C and 400°C, recrystallization nuclei are developed in both the deformed
matrix and along transition bands. Matrix nucleation appears to occur by a subgrain coalescence
mechanism according to which the new grains are misoriented 15‐30° from the average as‐deformed
material. Transition band nucleation gives an orientation spread 20‐30° around the original,
undeformed crystal orientation. A well‐defined cube recrystallization texture is obtained at 400°C
after complete recrystallization of the initial cube crystal.
Orientation Characteristics of the Microstructure of Highly Rolled Pure Copper and Phosphorus‐Copper
Authors: Sztwiertnia K. , Haessner F. 
Published: April 2008

Orientational aspects of the mutual arrangement of crystallites in a microstructure can be described by
certain distribution functions of orientation or orientation differences. Among these functions the
"principle" distributions are completely determined by the texture, whereas the "partial" distributions
can be used to describe correlations between orientations. The most interesting partial distribution,
the misorientation distribution function (MODF), concerns nearest neighbourhood relations. The
basic source of information about all of these descriptions is the spatial arrangement of orientations in
the sample. In the present case the local orientation arrangement in 95% rolled pure copper and
phosphorus copper was determined in the TEM using Kikuchi‐patterns.The analysis of the data show that:(i) the orientational details vary in a smaller lateral scale in phosphorus copper than in pure copper.(ii) the spatial arrangement of orientations in the sample is by no means random: spatial
orientation "clustering" or "ordering" may occur.(iii) the MODF, which shows the distribution of orientation differences between neighboured areas
in the microstructure, clearly reveals in both materials a strong preference for ~60°(111) and
~50°(110) relations. These and practically all other orientation differences found in the materials
correspond to the Coincidence Site‐Lattice (CSL) orientation relationships.
Description of Texture and Yield Locus Evolution Under Different Deformation Paths of Copper Sheet
Authors: Mingolo N. , Vial-Edwards C. 
Published: April 2008

The evolution of texture with plastic deformation along different loading paths has been studied for
a commercial DHP copper sheet metal. Two models have been utilized to predict the evolution of
textures: Viscoplastic under Relaxed Constraints conditions (VRC) and a Self Consistent approach (SC) with viscoplastic conditions, where the {111}<110> active slip systems were selected according to a strain rate sensitivity law.The stress‐strain curves along different loading paths were calculated taking into account the texture evolution predicted by VRC and SC models. Predictions with the SC formulation were very close to experimental results. Texture evolution depended on the deformation path.
Calculation of Effective Elastic Moduli of Textured Materials
Authors: Park N. J. , Bunge H. J. , Kiewel H. , Fritsche L. 
Published: April 2008

Effective elastic constants of polycrystalline materials were determined with a recently developed method. This method bases on the modelation of the actual material by a cluster of 100 to 500 single crystals. In the present version of the scheme parallelepipeds are used. The ODF was calculated with the series expansion method. The transformation of this ODF into a finite sum of single orientations permits to assign any grain an individual orientation.Reliable results for the effective elastic moduli of textured materials are reported. They lie always within the bounds of Voigt and Reuss. The very high anisotropic substances, e.g. shape‐memory‐alloys, show a significant deviation from the Hill values.
Phase Composition, Texture and Current‐Carrying Ability of Ag‐HTSC‐Ag Three‐Layer Conductors
Authors: Perlovich Yu. , Isaenkova M. , Shikov A. , Kalinin N. , Gorshkov T. 
Published: April 2008

The regularities of phase changes and texture formation in composite superconductors Ag‐HTSC‐Ag,
produced by electrophoretical deposition, are studied. Depending on phase composition of the initial
ceramic powder, cyclic treatment of the composites, including pressing and annealing, results in different
development of the basal texture, being necessary for attainment of high critical current density.The basal texture forms primarily in the phase 2212, which prevailed in the initial ceramic powder
and transforms gradually into the phase 2223 during heat treatment. The derivative phase 2223, being
of practical interest, shows either heritage or scattering of the basal texture in accord with the liquid
phase content in the sample under annealing. Mechanisms of texture development in ceramic phases
were proposed.A diagram for composites Ag‐HTSC‐Ag, connecting their phase composition and texture perfection
with measured critical current density, is constructed.
Texture and Properties of α − Al2O3 Substrates
Authors: Böcker A. , Bunge H. J. , Huber J. , Krahn W. , Ruska J. 
Published: April 2008

Texture formation in Al2O3 substrates after green forming and sintering was studied. The results can
be well represented in a texture formation diagram in terms of the green texture and a sintering factor.
The sintering factor is related to grain growth. It can be quantified in terms of sintering time and
temperatur with a growth rate factor depending on boundary energy and mobility. Two different regions
of sintering temperatures can be distinguished of which the high‐temperature one is related to liquid
phase sintering.Mechanical properties of the substrates were also studied, particularly thermal cycling fatigue of copper plated substrates as well as thermal shock resistence and bending fracture strength. These properties
are influenced in different ways by the texture. The properties can be understood taking also the
misorientation distribution of the grain boundaries into account.
Diffraction Profile Pole Figures Measured with a Position Sensitive Detector
Authors: Wcislak L. , Bunge H. J. 
Published: April 2008

Pole figures in the classical sense are defined by the integral intensities of Bragg reflections. The conventional technique of pole figure measurement uses a single detector (usually a scintillation counter) with a wide receiving slit where the integral intensity of a given Bragg reflection is obtained directly. The usage of a position sensitive detector instead of a single detector allows to measure whole diffraction profiles simultaneously. Integral intensities of the diffraction peaks can then be obtained mathematically using peak profile analysis both on overlapped (profile deconvolution) and separated (profile fitting) reflections.The peak profile analysis provides, besides the integral intensity, also several other peak parameters characterizing an individual (hkl)‐reflection. These are the peak maximum intensity, peak position or
peak shift, peak width or peak shape parameters, the local peak background, as well as the fitting error. The availability of all these peak profile parameters in each sample position allows to define and plot new generalized “pole figures”. Besides the texture information contained in the integral intensity pole figures these generalized pole figures contain information about different other microstructural quantities, e.g. particle size, lattice strain, diffuse scattering and amorphous phases. Fitting error pole figures can be interpreted as a measure of the experimental accuracy and profile fitting effectivity.Some examples of conventional integral intensity pole figures and generalized diffraction profile pole figures in metal and polymer samples are presented.
Analysis and Prediction of the Earing Behaviour of Low Carbon Steel Sheet
Authors: Schouwenaars Rafael , van Houtte Paul , van Bael Albert , Winters Jan , Mols Koen 
Published: April 2008

The earing behaviour during a cup drawing test was studied for a wide range of low carbon steel sheets,
in order to check the validity of an existing model for the earing of anisotropic metal sheets. The
modelling of the anisotropic behaviour of the metal sheet was made using the Taylor theory of
polycrystal plasticity, which was implemented in a simplified cinematic model for the material flow
during a cup‐drawing test.Both the relaxed constraints and full constraints model were tested and mutually compared. This
evaluation was one of the main goals of the research.It will be shown that by using the full constraints Taylor theory, a very good correlation can be
found between measured and predicted ear heights after cup drawing. Deviations of the predicted
behaviour can be explained on the basis of literature data about the texture evolution during a cup
drawing test. The model could however not predict the average cup height accurately. This is probably
due to the fact, that the model does not take the ironing effect that takes place during the cup drawing
test into account.
Analysis of Texture Distribution in NdFeB Hard Magnets by Means of X‐Ray Diffraction in BRAGG‐BRENTANO Geometry
Authors: Schläfer D. , Walker T. , Mattern N. , Grünberger W. , Hinz D. 
Published: April 2008

Three different methods are used for the quantitative local texture analysis of fibre textures. Two methods are based upon the evaluation of BRAC‐BRENTANO diffraction diagrams. In the first method relative intensity parameters are calculated, whereas in the second Rietveld preferred orientation factors are determined. The third method uses measured pole figures and the series expansion (Bunge).The method is applied to hot backward extruded NdFeB ring magnets. A local texture determination dependent on a sample surface distance is possible. The results are compared with magnetic measurements.
The Smoothing of the Orientation Distribution Density Introduced by Calculation Methods
Authors: Pospiech Jan 
Published: April 2008

The values of the orientation density distribution function (ODF) depend as a rule on the applied
calculation method. In the series expansion method the calculation result is influenced by truncation
of the series. With decreasing of the expansion order lmax the width of smoothing around the ODF maximum increases and its height decreases.It is shown that the smoothing of the orientation density caused by series truncation can be described analytically by a Gaussian type function. Disturbing undulations of negative and positive values around ODF maxima characteristic for harmonic expansion can be suppressed by using additional smoothing functions.