bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Education Tools for South Asians with Diabetes
Authors: Mian Sadia Iftekhar , Brauer Paula M. 
Published: February 2009

Purpose: South Asian immigrants to Canada are at high risk for developing diabetes, and culturally relevant diet counselling tools are needed. We examined perceived needs and preferences for diet counselling resources based on the newly revised Canadian Diabetes Association meal planning guide. Methods: Five focus groups of individuals fromdifferent regions of South Asia (n=53) discussed portion size estimating methods, cultural values and holidays, food group classifications, and common South Asian foods. A focus panel with dietitians (n=8) provided insight on current diabetes educationmethods and resources for teaching South Asian clients. Results: The dietitian panelmembers reported a need for resources targeted at differing client skill levels. They also noted preferences for individual counselling, and common barriers to education including finances, access, South Asian diets, and cultural views on health. Community focus groups reported larger portions but fewer dailymeals in Canada. Ingredients and portions were notmeasured. Fasting was an important value, and sweets were a crucial component of holidays. Resources in South Asian languages, inclusion of pictures, and separate legumes, sweets, and snacks food groups were preferred. Conclusions: Findings can be used when developing new counselling tools for the South Asian community.
The effects of ageing and cognitive impairment on on‐line and off‐line motor learning
Authors: Yan Jin H. , Abernethy Bruce , Li Xiaojian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSkilled performance is a collective function of practice‐related experiences (online learning) and post‐practice memory consolidation during sleep (offline learning). This study examines the effects of ageing and cognitive impairment on the on‐ and offline learning of a point‐to‐point arm movement. In a 3‐day experiment, older adults (cognitively normal or impaired) and young adults (YAs) were randomly assigned to practice or no‐practice conditions. Changes in the dependent measures of movement time and timing error were analysed within and between conditions across days. The findings suggest that both age and cognitive function affect skill learning. YAs improved performance via both on‐ and offline learning whereas older adults with normal cognitive capacities appeared to learn the movement skill primarily in an online mode. Cognitive impairments were found to hinder both types of skill learning. Implications for motor skill acquisition and rehabilitation are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Textured Microstructure and Dielectric Properties Relationship of BaNd2Ti5O14 Thick Films Prepared by Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Fu Zhi , Vilarinho Paula M. , Wu Aiying , Kingon Angus I. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn alternative approach to tailor the temperature coefficient of permittivity (TCεr) of high Q dielectric BaO–Re2O3–TiO2 (Re: rare earth elements) thick films is presented. 10‐ to 80‐µm‐thick BaNd2Ti5O14 (BNT) films are fabricated by electrophoretic deposition on Pt foils under different processing conditions. Observed anisotropic grain growth is facilitated by constrained sintering. The increase of the sintering temperature increases markedly the aspect ratio of the grains, decreases the dielectric permittivity and TCεr changes from −114 to +12 ppm °C−1. By controlling the sintering temperature, near‐zero TCεr, high Q thick films can be fabricated with 45 < εr < 70. These findings are of technological relevance since they demonstrate that control of substrate constraint and sintering conditions can be used to control grain anisotropy and thus microwave properties of the BaO–Re2O3–TiO2. The thick films facilitate scaling to small device sizes for high frequency operation. Similar observations are expected in other microwave systems thus opening further technological opportunities.
Scaffold‐Mediated 2D Cellular Orientations for Construction of Three Dimensionally Engineered Tissues Composed of Oriented Cells and Extracellular Matrices
Authors: Yoshida Hiroaki , Matsusaki Michiya , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVarious hydrogels, such as poly(γ‐glutamic acid) (γ‐PGA), gelatin (GT), alginic acid (Alg), and agarose (Aga), with 3D interconnected and oriented fibrous pores (OP gels) are prepared for 3D polymeric cellular scaffolds by using silica fiber cloth (SC) as template. After the preparation of these hydrogels with the SC templates, the latter are subsequently removed by washing with hydrofluoric acid solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) clearly shows OP structures in the hydrogels. These various types of OP gels are successfully prepared in this way, independently of the crosslinking mechanism, such as chemical (γ‐PGA or GT), coordinate‐bonded (Alg), or hydrogen‐bonded (Aga) crosslinks. SEM, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and histological evaluations clearly demonstrate that mouse L929 fibroblast cells adhere to and extend along these OP structures on/in γ‐PGA hydrogels during 3D cell culture. The L929 cells that adhere on/in the oriented hydrogel are viable and proliferative. Furthermore, 3D engineered tissues, composed of the oriented cells and extracellular matrices (ECM) produced by the cells, are constructed in vitro by subsequent decomposition of the hydrogel with cysteine after 14 days of cell culture. This novel technology to fabricate 3D‐engineered tissues, consisting of oriented cells and ECM, will be useful for tissue engineering.
Multifunctional Crosslinkable Iridium Complexes as Hole Transporting/Electron Blocking and Emitting Materials for Solution‐Processed Multilayer Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ma Biwu , Kim Bumjoon J. , Poulsen Daniel A. , Pastine Stefan J. , Fréchet Jean M. J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHere, a new series of crosslinkable heteroleptic iridium (III) complexes for use in solution processed phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) is reported. These iridium compounds have the general formula of (PPZ‐VB)2Ir(CˆN), where PPZ‐VB is phenylpyrazole (PPZ) vinyl benzyl (VB) ether; and the CˆN ligands represent a family of four different cyclometallating ligands including 1‐phenylpyrazolyl (PPZ) (1), 2‐(4,6‐difluorophenyl)pyridyl (DFPPY) (2), 2‐(p‐tolyl)pyridyl (TPY) (3), and 2‐phenylquinolyl (PQ) (4). With the incorporation of two crosslinkable VB ether groups, these compounds can be fully crosslinked after heating at 180 °C for 30 min. The crosslinked films exhibit excellent solvent resistance and film smoothness which enables fabrication of high‐performance multilayer OLEDs by sequential solution processing of multiple layers. Furthermore, the photophysical properties of these compounds can be easily controlled by simply changing the cyclometallating CˆN ligand in order to tune the triplet energy within the range of 3.0–2.2 eV. This diversity makes these materials not only suitable for use in hole transporting and electron blocking but also as emissive layers of several colors. Therefore, these compounds are applied as effective materials for all‐solution processed OLEDs with (PPZ‐VB)2IrPPZ (1) acting as hole transporting and electron blocking layer and host material, as well as three other compounds, (PPZ‐VB)2IrDFPPY (2), (PPZ‐VB)2IrTPY(3), and (PPZ‐VB)2IrPQ(4), used as crosslinkable phosphorescent emitters.
Polyaniline Entrapped in Silver: Structural Properties and Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Nesher Guy , Aylien Mali , Sandaki Guoday , Avnir David , Marom Gad 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBy employing the new methodology of entrapment of organic molecules within metals, we demonstrate the ability to modify the conductivity of a metal by suitable polymer entrapment. Specifically, polyaniline (PANI) in two molecular weights was entrapped in silver at different concentrations and a comprehensive comparison was preformed for a range of the composite properties, characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, TGA, and density measurements. Pressed films were utilized to measure the electrical conductivity of the composites in order to study the PANI‐silver interactions at the molecular level and to establish a correlation between the microscopic morphology and the film conduction. Such correlations have been identified, and are interpreted. This work extends the functional applications of the new metallic composites and offers insight on the polymer‐metal molecular level interactions.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction of 2‐(1‐Alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones with Nucleophiles: Scope, Mechanism and Synthetic Application in the Synthesis of 3,4‐Fused Bicyclic Tetrasubstituted Furans
Authors: Xiao Yuanjing , Zhang Junliang 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageDescribed herein is the development of a palladium(II)‐catalyzed two‐ or three‐component reaction of 2‐(1‐alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones with nucleophiles and allylic chlorides. Various types of nucleophiles such as O‐, N‐, C‐based nucleophiles and olefin‐tethered O‐, N‐, C‐based nucleophiles were investigated. The scope, mechanism and application of this Pd(II)‐catalyzed domino reaction were studied. In these transformations, the palladium catalyst exhibits a dual role, serving simultaneously as a Lewis acid and a transition metal. Two possible reaction pathways (cross‐coupling reaction vs. Heck reaction) from the same intermediate furanylpalladium species were observed. The reaction pathway is dependent on the property of the nucleophile and the length of the tethered chain as well. When olefin‐tethered O‐based nucleophiles were used, only the cross‐coupling reaction pathway was observed, in contrast, both reaction pathways were observed when olefin‐tethered C‐based nucleophiles were employed. The product ratio is dependent on the length of the tethered chain. Furthermore, ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) of corresponding furans with CC bonds provides an easy method for the preparation of functionalized oxygen‐heterocycles – 3,4‐fused bicyclic furans. It is also noteworthy that allylic chloride can be as an oxidant besides its well known function as an alkylating reagent.
Increasing the Scope of Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanations of Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Schareina Thomas , Jackstell Ralf , Schulz Thomas , Zapf Alexander , Cotté Alain , Gotta Matthias , Beller Matthias 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageAn improved protocol for the palladium‐catalyzed cyanation of electron‐rich aryl chlorides with potassium ferrocyanide {K4[Fe(CN)6]} is presented. Compared to previous procedures the substrate scope is significantly broadened.
The global pattern of gene identity variation reveals a history of long‐range migrations, bottlenecks, and local mate exchange: Implications for biological race
Authors: Hunley Keith L. , Healy Meghan E. , Long Jeffrey C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSeveral recent studies have argued that human genetic variation conforms to a model of isolation by distance, whereas others see a predominant role for long‐range migrations and bottlenecks. It is unclear whether either of these views fully describes the global pattern of human genetic variation. In this article, we use a coalescent‐based simulation approach to compare the pattern of neutral genetic variation predicted by these views to the observed pattern estimated from neutral autosomal microsatellites assayed in 1,032 individuals from 53 globally‐distributed populations. We find that neither view predicts every aspect of the observed pattern of variation on its own, but that a combination of the two does. Specifically, we demonstrate that the observed pattern of global gene identity variation is consistent with a history of serial population fissions, bottlenecks and long‐range migrations associated with the peopling of major geographic regions, and gene flow between local populations. This history has produced a nested pattern of genetic structure that is inconsistent with the existence of independently evolving biological races. We consider the implications of our findings for methods that apportion variation into within‐ and between‐group components and for medical genetics. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biohistorical approaches to “race” in the United States: Biological distances among African Americans, European Americans, and their ancestors
Authors: Edgar Heather J.H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFolk taxonomies of race are the categorizations used by people in their everyday judgments concerning the persons around them. As cultural traditions, folk taxonomies may shape gene flow so that it is unequal among groups sharing geography. The history of the United States is one of disparate people being brought together from around the globe, and provides a natural experiment for exploring the relationship between culture and gene flow. The biohistories of African Americans and European Americans were compared to examine whether population histories are shaped by culture when geography and language are shared. Dental morphological data were used to indicate phenotypic similarity, allowing diachronic change through United States history to be considered. Samples represented contemporary and historic African Americans and European Americans and their West African and European ancestral populations (N = 1445). Modified Mahalanobis' D2 and Mean Measure of Divergence statistics examined how biological distances change through time among the samples. Results suggest the social acceptance for mating between descendents of Western Europeans and Eastern and Southern European migrants to the United States produced relatively rapid gene flow between the groups. Although African Americans have been in the United States much longer than most Eastern and Southern Europeans, social barriers have been historically stronger between them and European Americans. These results indicate that gene flow is in part shaped by cultural factors such as folk taxonomies of race, and have implications for understanding contemporary human variation, relationships among prehistoric populations, and forensic anthropology. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic heterogeneity in regional populations of Quebec—Parental lineages in the Gaspe Peninsula
Authors: Moreau Claudia , Vézina Hélène , Yotova Vania , Hamon Robert , de Knijff Peter , Sinnett Daniel , Labuda Damian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractStable colonization of the Gaspe Peninsula by Europeans started in the middle of the 18th century at the time of the British conquest of New France. The earliest settlers were Acadians, escaping British deportation policies, followed by Loyalists from the US, who preferred to remain under British rule after the Declaration of Independence. In the 19th century, the developing fishing industry attracted French Canadians from the St. Lawrence Valley and newcomers from Europe including Channel Islanders from Jersey and Guernsey. We analyzed parental lineages of the self‐declared descendants of these four groups of settlers by mtDNA D‐loop sequencing and Y‐chromosome genotyping and compared them with French, British, and Irish samples. Their representation in terms of haplotype frequency classes reveals different signatures of founder effects, such as a loss of rare haplotypes, modification of intermediate frequency haplotypes, reduction in genetic diversity (seen in Acadians), but also enrichment by admixture. Parental lineages correlate with group identity. Descendants of early settlers, Acadians and Loyalists, preserved their identity more than those of French Canadian and Channel Islander “latecomers.” Although overall genetic diversity among Gaspesians is comparable with their European source populations, FST analysis indicated their greater differentiation. Distinct settlement history, a limited number of founders and relative genetic isolation contributed to the regionalization of the Quebec gene pool that appears less homogenous than usually anticipated. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Amphidinolide K
Authors: Ko Haye Min , Lee Chung Whan , Kwon Hyung Kyoo , Chung Hea Seung , Choi Soo Young , Chung Young Keun , Lee Eun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMakrolidzauber: Die Enin‐Kreuzmetathesereaktion eines Alkinylboronats mit einem Alken und die radikalische Cyclisierung eines Homopropargyl‐β‐alkoxyacrylats sind Schlüsselschritte bei der Totalsynthese des cytotoxischen Makrolids (−)‐Amphidinolid K (siehe Schema).magnified image
A Reevaluation of the Ambident Reactivity of the Guanine Moiety Towards Hydroxyl Radicals
Authors: Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos , D'Angelantonio Mila , Guerra Maurizio , Kaloudis Panagiotis , Mulazzani Quinto G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRadikal unterschiedlich: Entgegen früheren Vorschlägen ist die Hauptreaktion des HO.‐Radikals mit Guanosin oder 2′‐Desoxyguanosin die H‐Abspaltung von der NH2‐Gruppe unter Bildung eines Guanylradikals. Dieses Radikal, dessen Merkmal eine breite Bande im sichtbaren Bereich (um 610 nm) ist, geht eine Tautomerisierung zum stabilsten Isomer ein.magnified image
Von ionischen Flüssigkeiten zu supramolekularen Polymeren
Authors: Craig Stephen L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractErfolgreich vernetzt: Multivalente ionische Wechselwirkungen in ionischen Flüssigkeiten aus niedermolekularen Verbindungen führen durch Bildung eines supramolekularen ionischen Netzwerks zu polymerähnlichen funktionellen Materialien (siehe Bild). So weist das aus einem Bis(tetraalkylphosphonium)‐Dikation und einem Porphyrintetracarboxylat gebildete ionische Material bei 25 °C eine Viskosität von 106 Pa s auf.magnified image
The Imidazopyridine Derivative JK184 Reveals Dual Roles for Microtubules in Hedgehog Signaling
Authors: Cupido Tommaso , Rack Paul G. , Firestone Ari J. , Hyman Joel M. , Han Kyuho , Sinha Surajit , Ocasio Cory A. , Chen James K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDoppelfunktion: Die Titelverbindung, ein bereits identifizierter wirksamer Hemmstoff des Hedgehog‐Signalwegs, der embryonischen Zellen notwendige Informationen für die Entwicklung liefert, moduliert die Genexpression von Hedgehog‐Targets, indem sie Mikrotubuli depolymerisiert. Auf diesem Weg wurde eine doppelte Steuerungsfunktion des Zytoskeletts nachgewiesen (siehe Bild).magnified image
Catalytic Asymmetric Cycloaddition of Ketenes and Nitroso Compounds: Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Dochnahl Maximilian , Fu Gregory C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEine gute Wahl des chiralen Katalysators und der Ausgangsverbindungen ermöglicht den Aufbau von 1,2‐Oxazetidin‐3‐onen durch hoch regio‐ und enantioselektive Cycloadditionen von Ketenen mit Nitrosoverbindungen. Die Produkte sind für sich schon potenziell bioaktive Substanzen und können überdies in weitere wichtige Verbindungsklassen überführt werden, z. B. in α‐Hydroxycarbonsäure‐Derivate.magnified image
Synthesis of Goethite by Separation of the Nucleation and Growth Processes of Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles Using Microfluidics
Authors: Abou‐Hassan Ali , Sandre Olivier , Neveu Sophie , Cabuil Valérie 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEine mikrofluidische Synthese von Nanopartikeln nutzt getrennte Keimbildungs‐ und Wachstumsphasen in zwei Mikroreaktoren, die bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und Flussbedingungen arbeiten (siehe Bild). Ferrihydrit‐Nanopartikel werden im ersten Mikroreaktor abgeschieden und in einem Mikroströmungsrohr unter kontinuierlichem Fluss gealtert, wodurch Goethit‐Nanopartikel resultieren. TMAOH=Tetramethylammoniumhydroxid.magnified image
Total Synthesis of (−)‐FR182877 through Tandem IMDA–IMHDA Reactions and Stereoselective Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Transformations
Authors: Tanaka Natsumi , Suzuki Takahiro , Matsumura Takehiko , Hosoya Yosuke , Nakada Masahisa 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGut geplant: Eine Totalsynthese der zytotoxischen Verbindung (−)‐FR182877 beruht auf einer Tandem‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion zur Bildung der Ringe A–D (siehe Schema), einer palladiumvermittelten 7‐exo‐trig‐Reaktion und einer iridiumvermittelten Isomerisierung mit anschließender Epimerisierung und stereoselektiver Reduktion.magnified image
A Reduced SNARE Model for Membrane Fusion
Authors: Robson Marsden Hana , Elbers Nina A. , Bomans Paul H. H. , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M. , Kros Alexander 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLet's get together: A minimal model system was developed to mimic the SNARE‐protein‐mediated fusion of biological membranes (see picture). Fusion between two populations of liposomes is controlled by a pair of complementary lipidated oligopeptides that form noncovalent coiled‐coil complexes and thereby force the membranes into close proximity to promote fusion. The model system displays the key characteristics of in vivo fusion events.magnified image
Biomineralization Nanolithography: Combination of Bottom‐Up and Top‐Down Fabrication To Grow Arrays of Monodisperse Gold Nanoparticles Along Peptide Lines
Authors: Nuraje Nurxat , Mohammed Samia , Yang Linglu , Matsui Hiroshi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFrom top to bottom: Peptide lines were formed in trenches in the self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) on an Au substrate. Combination of the top‐down (peptide nanolithography) and the bottom‐up fabrications (biomineralization) yielded arrays of monodisperse Au nanoparticles assembled on the peptide lines (see picture). The number of nanoparticles on the lines was simply determined by the width of the peptide pattern.magnified image
Dynamic Crystals: Visually Detected Mechanochemical Changes in the Luminescence of Gold and Other Transition‐Metal Complexes
Authors: Balch Alan L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBack to the grindstone: Certain crystalline complexes of gold, platinum, and vanadium undergo dramatic changes in their luminescence or their color upon grinding. The picture shows the transformation of colorless crystals of [(F5C6Au)2(μ‐1,4‐CN2C6H4)] powder from a blue‐emitting form (λmax=415 nm) to a yellow/green‐emitting form (λmax=533 nm) on grinding with a pestle. The process is reversible.magnified image
Catalytic Asymmetric Cycloaddition of Ketenes and Nitroso Compounds: Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Dochnahl Maximilian , Fu Gregory C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe appropriate choice of chiral catalyst and starting materials leads to the synthesis of 1,2‐oxazetidin‐3‐ones by cycloadditions of ketenes with nitroso compounds with very good regioselectivity and enantioselectivity. In addition to serving as potentially bioactive target molecules, the products can be transformed into other important classes of compounds, such as α‐hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives.magnified image
Total Synthesis of (−)‐FR182877 through Tandem IMDA–IMHDA Reactions and Stereoselective Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Transformations
Authors: Tanaka Natsumi , Suzuki Takahiro , Matsumura Takehiko , Hosoya Yosuke , Nakada Masahisa 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIntelligent design: The total synthesis of the cytotoxic (−)‐FR182877 relies on 1) tandem Diels–Alder reactions to close rings A–D (see scheme), 2) a palladium‐mediated 7‐exo‐trig reaction, and 3) an iridium‐mediated isomerization followed by epimerization and stereoselective reduction.magnified image