bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface tension as a controlled variable in mechanical dishwashing
Authors: Rosenthal A. J. , Thorne S. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUsing a continuous, in‐line, nondestructive technique based on the maximum bubble pressure method, the surface tension of the wash water in a mechanical dishwashing machine has been monitored. This technique has enabled surface tension to be used as a controlled variable, providing feedback to regulate the amount of surfactant added. Assuming the mechanical force of the water spray is adequate to remove bound soil from the dish surface, the food soil may be titrated against surfactant, providing an indirect indication as to when the dishes are clean. This technique also could be applied to a recirculated wash solution for in‐place cleaning.
The free radical oxidation of polyunsaturated lecithins
Authors: Porter Ned A. , Wolf Richard A. , Weenen Hugo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo unsymmetric polyunsaturated lecithins were allowed to air oxidize and the primary products of autoxidation were isolated and characterized. 1‐Palmitic‐2‐linoleic‐phosphatidylcholine undergoes significant oxidation after 16 hr at room temperature under air. A new phospholipid product may be isolated by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and this HPLC fraction is shown to be made up of lipid hydroperoxides formed by free radical oxidation of the homoconjugated diene of the linoleate component of the lecithin. 1‐Stearic‐2‐arachidonic‐phosphatidylcholine undergoes a similar oxidation with the arachidonate polyunsaturated functionality being oxidized. The structure of the oxidation products was established by reduction of hydroperoxide with triphenylphosphine, snake venom hydrolysis of the C‐2 ester, and HPLC analysis of the resulting hydroxy fatty acids or their methyl esters.
Stereospecific analysis of monounsaturated triacylglycerols in cocoa butter
Authors: Takagi Toru , Ando Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe enantiomeric composition of the monounsaturated triacylglycerols (TG) from cocoa butter was estimated. The monounsaturated TG were separated into three fractions by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and each fraction was subjected to the stereospecific analysis with chiral‐phase HPLC. The results indicated that the major TG consisted of equal amounts of 1‐stearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐3‐palmitoyl‐sn‐glycerol (SOP‐sn‐TG) and POS‐sn‐TG (47 mol%), 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol (SOS‐TG) (33 mol%), and POP‐TG (19 mol%). The contents of SOP‐sn‐TG and POS‐sn‐TG are 1.30 times that of the POP‐TG content, and the SOS‐TG content is 1.302 times that of the POP‐TG content. The term “priority factor” is proposed for the ratio of the stearoyl group/palmitoyl group, 1:30 at thesn‐1 andsn‐3 or 1(3)‐position. It shows a distinct specificity for particular fatty acids or their Coenzyme A esters in random esterification at each position of the glycerol moiety in the biosynthesis of cocoa butter TG.
Determination of free fatty acids in marine phytoplankton causing red tides by fluorometric high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Suzuki Toshiyuki , Matsuyama Yukihiko 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe proportion and content of free fatty acids (FFA) in four species of causative phytoplankton of red tides, cultured in axenic conditions, were obtained by fluorometric high‐performance liquid chromatography. Twelve FFA in phytoplankton were identified. Raphidophyte flagellates,Chattonella antiquaandHeterosigma akashiwo, contained highly unsaturated fatty acids and 16:0 acid as the predominant FFA. Major FFA in diatoms,Skeletonema costatumandChaetoceros didymum, were 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, and 20:5 acids.
Determination of ethylene oxide oligomer distributions in alcohol ethoxylates by HPLC using a rotating disc‐flame ionization detector
Authors: McClure J. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the quantitative determination of ethylene oxide (EO) oligomer distributions (% wt) in acetylated alcohol ethoxylates, R(OCH2CH2)nOH, from n=0, 1 to n=30 using a rotating disc‐flame ionization detector. Both single carbon number and mixed carbon number alcohol‐based (NEODOL® ethoxylates) samples have been analyzed by gradient elution with 2 different solvent systems on a Waters μ‐Porasil column. With both solvent systems, 95% hexane is the initial solvent but with one system, 100% acetone is the final solvent and with the other, 10% methanol/90% acetone is used. The latter solvent elutes the higher ethoxylates from n=21 to n=30 quantitatively from the μ‐Porasil column which the 100% acetone solvent fails to do. The 100% acetone solvent separates n=2 and n=3 from n=0,1 which the methanol‐containing solvent does not do. Response factors for n=3 and n=8 have been experimentally determined and the response factors for the other EO units have been calculated from these 2 results. The corrected EO oligomer distributions for both NEODOL® 25‐9 and NEODOL® 23‐6.5 determined by HPLC are in good agreement with those determined earlier by circular thin layer chromatography (up to n=16 can be determined by this method). The average EO numbers determined by the HPLC method and by a wet chemical (phthalic anhydride) method are in excellent agreement for the above 2 samples and a sample of NEODOL® 23‐7.5. The results are discussed in terms of Snyder's theory for gradient elution in HPLC using the gradient steepness parameter.
Surface‐active properties and thermal behavior of S‐alkylthio‐carboxylic acids and their potassium salts
Authors: Kamio Katsuhisa , Kamata Kohro , Mima Seiji , Kuroda Toshiharu , Ookawara Hiroshi , Moriya Masafumi , Hidaka Hisao 
Published: January 2007

AbstractS‐Alkylthiocarboxylic acids and their potassium salts were prepared by photoaddition of α‐olefins (C10, C12, and C14) with mercapto carboxylic acids such as thiomalic acid, thiopropionic acid, and thioglycolic acid. The physicochemical solution properties and thermal stabilities for three series of thiosurfactants were evaluated. S‐Alkylthiocarboxylic acids that contain bridged S‐bonds provide excellent thermally stable surfactants, and their alkaline salts exhibit good surface activity.
Positional distribution of ω3 Fatty acids in marine lipid triacylglycerols by high‐resolution13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Aursand M. , Jørgensen L. , Grasdalen H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe positional distribution [α(1,3)‐acyl and ß(2)‐acyl] of ω3 fatty acids [18:4(n‐3), 20:4(n‐3), 20:5(n‐3), 22:5(n‐3) and 22:6(n‐3)] in depot fat of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), harp seal oil and cod liver oil triacylglycerols has been examined by13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The positional distribution data can be defined from the spectrum of the carbonyl (C1 carbon) and the methylene (C2 and glyceryl carbon) regions. In depot fat of Atlantic salmon and cod liver oil, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was concentrated in the ß‐position of the triacylglycerides with 72.6 and 74.4%, respectively. Only 3.2% of DHA and 4.6% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were esterified to the ß‐position of the triacylglycerides in harp seal oil. EPA is nearly randomly distributed in cod liver oil and muscle lipids of Atlantic salmon, with 37.8 and 39.7%, respectively, in the ß‐position. In general, the13C NMR‐derived data were in accordance with corresponding data reported in the literature obtained by conventional techniques.
Preparation and properties of zeroTrans soybean oil margarines
Authors: List G. R. , Pelloso T. , Orthoefer F. , Chrysam M. , Mounts T. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractExperimental margarines were prepared in the pilot plant from interesterified soybean oil‐soybean trisaturate blends and compared to a product made from hydrogenated soybean oil. Penetration, yield values, and water/oil off‐data were determined. Margarine prepared from an interesterified soy‐soy trisaturate blend (80:20) tended to crystallize slowly after votation and resulted in a somewhat harder than desirable product. However, addition of 20% liquid soybean oil to the interesterified oil yielded a softer product. The experimental products showed excellent oil and water loss properties under accelerated storage conditions.
Determination of hydroxy‐acid triglycerides and lactones in butter
Authors: Jurriens G. , Oele J. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe free and esterified (舠bound舡) hydroxy acids from butterfat were isolated by column‐ and thin‐layer chromatography on silica. The 4‐ and 5‐hydroxy acids forming the े‐ and ै‐lactones were separated from the other hydroxy acids by TLC on silica. The concentrations of a number of free and bound lactones in butterfat were determined by means of a radio‐gas chromatograph using the isotope dilution method. In addition the total concentration of the free and bound hydroxy acids which cannot be lactonized, was determined.
Secondary and tertiary amines derived from pelargonaldehyde and methyl azelaaldehydate
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Anders D. E. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractReductive alkylation of ammonia with pelargonaldehyde or with methyl azelaaldehydate over Raney nickel catalyst produced dinonylamine or bis(8‐carbomethoxyoctyl)amine in good yields. Tertiary amine formation was minimized by the use of two immiscible solvents. When 10% palladium on charcoal was used in place of the nickel catalyst, trinonylamine and tris(8‐carbomethoxyoctyl)amine were formed in good yield in the absence of solvents.
Enzymic activity of proteases in detergent systems: Comparison of assay methods and the role of interfering substances
Authors: Friedman Stuart D. , Barkin Stanley M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo modifications of a method are presented for assaying proteolytic enzymes. They differ primarily in the mechanism used for terminating the enzymic reaction, one technique employing trichloroacetic acid (TCA), the other, heat inactivation. Comparative studies reveal that there are two distinct disadvantages in using TCA which are not evident with the heat inactivation procedure. In the first place, TCA does not selectively precipitate residual substrate. Secondly, in the presence of acid, linear alkyl benzene sulfonate and other long chain anionic surfactants interfere with the quantitative determination of enzymic activity. This interference can be falsely interpreted as inhibition of proteolysis. An explanation of the above phenomena is given in the text along with assay results in the presence of metal chelating agents.
The effect of various concentrations of tocopherols and tocopherol mixtures on the oxidative stability of a sample of lard
Authors: Parkhurst R. M. , Skinner W. A. , Sturm Priscilla A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA comparison was made of α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherol at various concentrations and a mixture of these tocopherols representing the average tocopherol content of peanut oil on the oxidative stability of lard at 97C. Uptake of oxygen was used to indicate the length of the induction period. The antioxidant effectiveness of the tocopherols was found to increase in the order α, δ, γ. The antioxidant efficiency decreases with increasing concentrations of tocopherols such that addition of any single tocopherol above a concentration of 250 µg/g has little effect on oxidative stability. A mixture equivalent to that of an average peanut oil sample, containing 150 µg/g of α‐tocopherol and 250 µg/g of γ‐tocopherol and 15 µg/g of δ‐tocopherol was found to be no more stable than one containing 250 µg/g of γ‐tocopherol alone.
Characterization of some heated fat components
Authors: Artman Neil R. , Alexander J. Craig 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSubstances produced at low levels in fat by heating were isolated and characterized. Partially hydrogenated soybean oil (Iodine Value 78) was heated at 182 C for 10, 8.5‐hr, days with exposure to air. The oil was converted to ethyl esters, which were distilled and adducted with urea. The nonadductable fraction was subjected to chromatographic separations, and some of the components were purified sufficiently for chemical and spectroscopic characterization. Substances recognized include aromatic esters, saturated and unsaturated cyclic esters, ethoxyoctadecenoate, ethoxyhydroxyoctadecanoate, oxo‐octadecanoate, oxo‐octadecenoate, and cyclic hydroxy esters, all having 18 carbons in the acid chain.
Effect of tallow‐coconut fatty acid ratios on properties of bar soaps
Authors: Ginn M. E. , Steinhauer R. C. , Liebman Irwin , Jungermann Eric 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this study, blends of tallow and coconut fatty acids prepared at ratios ranging from 95:5 to 75:25 were converted to sodium soaps, and were processed into soap bars through conventional milling and pressing techniques. Other minor ingredients were included in the bar to protect against rancidity and to provide color. The resulting bars were tested for lather, solubility, penetration, swell, slushing tendency, moisture and cracking. According to one mechanical method, the 85:15 tallow/coconut fatty acid blend yields optimum lather quickness. This does not agree with lather preference by an expert panel which preferred bars with increasing sodium cocoate content or with increasing levels of sodium laurate. Coincident with these effects was an increase in aqueous solubility. However, certain deleterious effects were observed with increase of sodium cocoate, namely: increased slushing and a higher erosion rate.
Effect of additives on the critical micelle concentration of some polyethoxylated nonionic detergents
Authors: Malik W. U. , Saleem S. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of electrolytes and other additives influencing water structure, viz., urea and formamide, has been studied on the micelle formation of polyethoxylated nonionic detergents in their aqueous solutions. The decrease in critical micelle concentration (c.m.c.) by electrolytes has been interpreted in terms of salting out mechanism and evidence has been obtained in support of the contention that micelles of polyethoxylated nonionic detergents are weakly positively charged. Effect of urea and formamide on the c.m.c. values of these nonionic detergents indicate that hydrophobic bonding is loosened in their presence with a consequent increase in the c.m.c. of these detergents.
Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2: Separation and purification
Authors: Stubblefield R. D. , Shotwell O. L. , Shannon G. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 have been separated on a series of chromatographic columns. Chromatography of crude products isolated from molded wheat and rice on silicic acid with washed chloroform:ethanol (99:1) gave relatively pure B1. The rest of the column fractions containing predominantly G1, along with B1, B2, and G2, were pooled and fractionated on a Silica Gel G column. The mobile phase was washed chloroform:acetone:ethanol (97.3:2.0:0.75). Thin‐layer chromatography was used to follow column development. Each of the aflatoxins was treated with either decolorizing carbon or copper carbonate to remove colored pigments, and rechromatographed on Silica Gel G. Crystalline aflatoxins were prepared from chloroform solutions by addition ofn‐hexane, methanol, or ethanol.
Carbonyls in oxidizing fat. VII. A comparison of methods of isolating monocarbonyl compounds
Authors: Gaddis A. M. , Ellis Rex , Shamey Jennie , Currie G. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractComparison of quantitative methods for the isolation of aldehydes from lard oxidized at 23C showed an extreme sensitivity of precursors to isolation conditions. Differences existed in the quantity and class compositions of the monocarbonyl compounds isolated. Acid conditions caused considerable breakdown of alkanal and alk‐2‐enal precursors. Steam distillation (100C) released alkanals, alk‐2‐enals, and alk‐2,4‐dienals. The mild Girard T method apparently produced a small amt of alk‐2‐enals from precursors, but except in the initial stages isolated the lowest amounts of aldehydes. Complete evaluation of the method for isolation of free aldehydes was not possible because alkanals were released from precursors during the vacuum distillation procedure (50C). The Schwartz (dilute phosphoric acid), Girard T, and vacuum distillation methods isolated similar amounts of alk‐2,4‐dienals. Curious changes in relationships, possibly indicative of oxidation stages, were observed as autoxidation progressed.
Cleaned‐in‐place (CIP) systems and controls
Authors: Welch E. Scott 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA discussion of how C.I.P. relates tocontrol of plant operation, sanitation and operating costs. Slides will show typical layout and design. There will be photos of existing installations. Some of topics covered will be: How C.I.P. Relates to Basic Elements of Cleaning; Other Methods of Cleaning; Process Equipment; Process Layout; Process Control; Labor Relations; Quality Control; Cleaning Control; Cleaning Costs; Plant Operating Costs.
The preparation and properties of amines and cationic surfactants from fatty acids
Authors: Egan Richard R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe general industrial chemical methods of preparation of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium compounds are discussed. The physical properties and uses of the amines and quaternary ammonium compounds are described. Particular attention is paid to corrosion inhibition of steel, to ore flotation of taconite ores, to solvent extraction of uranium ores, and to the use of cationic surfactants as emulsifiers for asphalt and as fabric softeners and antistatic agents. The relationship of chemical structure to performance in the above applications is covered.
Enol esters. VII. Isolation and rearrangement of terminal fatty oxirane esters
Authors: Serota S. , Rothman E. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIsopropenyl esters of mono‐ and dibasic fatty acids were epoxidized with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid in carbon tetrachloride. The isolation of the resulting oxirane ester was difficult because of the spontaneous rearrangement to a hydroxyacetone ester. Rapid gel filtration was the only method that consistently afforded good yields of the oxiranes. The infrared spectra of these oxirane esters had many strong, sharp bands which were completely lacking in the rearranged product. The isomerization, carried out in several ways, could easily be followed spectrally and a qualitative estimate of purity made.
The function of bleaching earths in the processing of palm, palm kernel and coconut oils
Authors: Morgan D. A. , Shaw D. B. , Sidebottom M. J. , Soon T. C. , Taylor R. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe results presented in the literature, which attempt to elucidate the mechanisms by which triglyceride oils are bleached by earths, are reviewed. The impact of this work and how the mechanistic proposals affect changes in oil properties are considered, with particular emphasis on the needs of the palm oil processor. Important properties include color, metals and phosphorus content and oxidative stability of the oil.Investigations made in our own laboratories have been aimed at elucidating the effect of varying physical and chemical properties of the bleaching earth on the quality of bleached and deodorized oils. Techniques used in this work are pore‐size distribution, surface area, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and a variety of chemical and X‐ray analysis methods.The ability to vary such parameters in montmorillonite clays by alteration of process conditions to give materials with specific performance characteristics is demonstrated.Comparisons are made between acid‐activated montmorillonites and other clay types.
Soap and related products: Palm and lauric oil
Authors: Ogoshi T. , Miyawaki Y. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThere are three main methods for producing soap: direct saponification of fats and oils, neutralization of fatty acids and saponification of fatty acid methyl esters. Our unique process of soapmaking, based on the methyl ester saponification method, is described here. By this process, high‐quality toilet soaps can be produced from palm stearin and palm kernel oil as well as tallow and coconut oil.A new sulfonation process was developed to produce high‐quality α‐SFMe (α‐sulfo fatty acid methyl ester) from palm stearin as the starting material. Quality and performance of α‐SFMe bear comparison with those of LAS, AES, AS or AOS. Thus α‐SFMe is a promising surfactant for detergents and will contribute to expanding the use of palm oil in the near future.
Industrial uses of palm, palm kernel and coconut oils: Nitrogen derivatives
Authors: Reck Richard A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPalm, palm kernel and coconut oils are sources of fatty acids that can be converted to other oleochemicals that have many applications. This paper describes manufacturing procedures, product characteristics and uses for many fatty acids, alcohols, primary amides, monosubstituted amides, diamides, disubstituted amides, nitrites, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, diamines, quaternary ammonium compounds, amphoterics, amine oxides and polyoxyalkylene alkylamines.
Quality control in storage and transport of edible oils
Authors: Berger K. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCare for quality of edible fats and oils during transportation and storage is especially important for partially or fully refined products. This paper describes some examples of deterioration caused by a brass sampler, by improper reheating during voyage, by contamination in a pipeline, and by absorption of oxygen during various processing steps. Trade associations have published recommended procedures to minimize some of these problems. From these recommendations and many personal experiences, PORIM has drafted a “Code of Practice” bringing together elements of good design of physical facilities and of good operating practices. A copy of this code appears as an appendix to this paper.
Enzymatic production and physicochemical characterization of uncommon wax esters and monoglycerides
Authors: Multzsch Raimund , Lokotsch Wolfram , Steffen Beate , Lang Siegmund , Metzger Jürgen O. , Schäfer Hans J. , Warwel Siegfried , Wagner Fritz 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWax esters from fatty alcohols and uncommon fatty acids were synthesized in yields up to 90% when commercially available microbial lipases fromRhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme™) andCandida antarctica (SP 435) were used with limited water content in nonpolar solvents under mild conditions. The corresponding fatty acids were prepared by chemical conversion of naturally occurring resources (agricultural surpluses). Also, when phenylboronic acid was added as solubilizing agent in a nonpolar solvent, the direct enzymatic monoacylation of glycerol with uncommon fatty acids was successful. The measurement of π/A‐isotherms by means of a Langmuir film balance indicated medium film pressures, medium or large molecular areas, and interesting phase behavior. The monolayer of a wax ester at the air/water interface could be directly visualized by Brewster angle microscopy.