bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Three Molecular Methods Used for Subtyping of
Legionella pneumophila
Strains Isolated during an Epidemic of Legionellosis in Rome
Authors: Scaturro M. , Losardo M. , De Ponte G. , Ricci M. L. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT

In the summer of 2003 a community-acquired outbreak of
Legionella pneumophila
occurred in Rome, Italy. Three molecular typing methods, pulse-field gel electrophoresis, amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, and sequence-based typing (SBT), were used to establish the clonal correlation among the isolates of the epidemic cluster. By comparison of the methods, SBT was the most rapid and the easiest to perform and provided unambiguous results.
Urinary
d
-Arabinitol/
l
-Arabinitol Levels in Infants Undergoing Long-Term Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: Stradomska Teresa J. , Bobula-Milewska Bogumiła , Bauer Anna , Mielniczuk Zbigniew , Dąbkowska Maria , Syczewska Małgorzata , Dzierżanowska Danuta 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT

Long-term antibiotic therapy is one of the main risk factors for mycosis. The urinary
d
-arabinitol/
l
-arabinitol (
d
-/
l
-ARA) ratio (a biomarker of several
Candida
species) was determined by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector in samples from 51 infants undergoing long-term antibiotic therapy. Although 47 of these children had higher
d
-/
l
-ARA ratios than healthy controls (
P
< 0.0003), their values nonetheless remained within upper-normal limits (
d
-/
l
-ARA ratio of <3.6). Four children with suspected invasive candidiasis had above-normal ratios that normalized with fluconazole treatment.
Tularemia in Denmark: Identification of a
Francisella tularensis
subsp.
holarctica
Strain by Real-Time PCR and High-Resolution Typing by Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis
Authors: Byström Mona , Böcher Sidsel , Magnusson Anna , Prag Jørgen , Johansson Anders 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT

We report ulceroglandular tularemia affecting an 8-year-old boy and the first recovery of
Francisella tularensis
in Denmark. A novel real-time PCR assay was used to identify the strain as
F. tularensis
subsp.
holarctica
(type B). Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis demonstrated a close genetic relationship to strains from Norway.
Fatal Pulmonary Infection Associated with a Novel Organism, “
Parastreptomyces abscessus
”
Authors: Nichols W. Garrett , Prentice Jennifer , Houze Yolanda , Carlson LaDonna , Cookson Brad T. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT

Actinomycetes are increasingly recognized as pathogenic in the immunocompromised host. We isolated an asporogenous, nonmotile, aerobic gram-positive rod from a transplant recipient with a fatal pulmonary infection. The pathology was similar to that associated with
Rhodococcus equi
, including intrahistiocytic localization. The organism was relatively inert in standard biochemical tests. 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated a potentially unique organism most closely related to the genus
Streptomyces
, for which we propose the name “
Parastreptomyces abscessus
.”
Clinical Progression of Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Vertebral Osteomyelitis Associated with Reduced Susceptibility to Daptomycin
Authors: Vikram Holenarasipur R. , Havill Nancy L. , Koeth Laura M. , Boyce John M. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT

Daptomycin, a novel cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic, exhibits rapid bactericidal activity in vitro against most clinically relevant gram-positive organisms, including drug-resistant pathogens. Herein we describe a patient in whom methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
with reduced susceptibility to daptomycin was responsible for bacteremia and progressive vertebral osteomyelitis during daptomycin therapy.
Reduced Levofloxacin Susceptibility and Tetracycline Resistance in a Clinical Isolate of
Haemophilus quentini
Identified by 16S rRNA Sequencing
Authors: Mak Gannon C. , Ho P. L. , Tse Cindy W. S. , Lau Susanna K. P. , Wong Samson S. Y. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT

This paper reports the first case of
Haemophilus quentini
bacteremia with reduced susceptibility to levofloxacin and resistance to nalidixic acid identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. There was an S84L substitution in
gyrA
and an S84I substitution in
parC
. The isolate had coresistance to ampicillin (β-lactamase positive) and tetracycline mediated by the
tet
(B) gene.
Breakthrough
Candida krusei
Fungemia during Fluconazole Prophylaxis followed by Breakthrough Zygomycosis during Caspofungin Therapy in a Patient with Severe Aplastic Anemia Who Underwent Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Girmenia Corrado , Moleti Maria Luisa , Micozzi Alessandra , Iori Anna Paola , Barberi Walter , Foà Robin , Martino Pietro 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT

We report a case of breakthrough invasive zygomycosis in a stem cell transplant recipient who was receiving caspofungin for treatment of a breakthrough
Candida krusei
fungemia that occurred during fluconazole prophylaxis. Also, patients receiving the echinocandin caspofungin remain at risk for pathogens, such as zygomycetes, that are intrinsically resistant to this agent.
Combination Assay Detecting both Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) p24 Antigen and Anti-HIV Antibodies Opens a Second Diagnostic Window
Authors: Speers David , Phillips Peter , Dyer John 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT
Fourth-generation human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening immunoassays reduce the diagnostic window between infection and diagnosis by the inclusion of HIV p24 antigen detection together with HIV antibody detection in the same test. We compared third- and fourth-generation HIV immunoassays and a dedicated HIV p24 antigen test for detection of a case of HIV seroconversion. This demonstrated a second diagnostic window using the fourth-generation assay due to a decline of HIV p24 antigen prior to the detection of HIV antibody. However, HIV p24 antigen was detected in the same sample by the dedicated HIV p24 antigen test, as was HIV proviral DNA. Although it is likely to be rare, this phenomenon has also been reported for other fourth-generation HIV immunoassays and has implications for the reported diagnostic windows of these assays.
A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION WITHIN SMALL BUSINESS CONTEXT
Authors: ALOULOU WASSIM , FAYOLLE ALAIN 
Published: October 2005

There is abundant literature about individual entrepreneurship (entrepreneurs) and about corporate entrepreneurship within organizations. But little is written about a related concept like Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) in small businesses, and also, about how to describe its role in their strategic formulation.The paper attempts to identify the main attributes of the EO concept and its determinants within small business context. EO consists of three components: Innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking by strategic leaders in these firms. An innovative small business wilI not be an entrepreneurial if it does not take risks or is not sufficiently proactive towards competitors and environment.After describing the emergence of this concept, the paper shows the importance of the EO as a valid strategic orientation for small businesses when they re-think their strategic analyses with Opportunity-based and Resource-based views. Adopting such orientation seems to reflect a needed conciliation between other strategic orientations (market-, technology- and stakeholder orientations) and altogether blending of them.Finally, the paper concludes with proposing some implications for future research to deepen the study (conceptually and empirically) of the EO within small business context.
Corm rot of giant swamp taro (Cyrtosperma merkusii) caused by the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) in the Pacific
Authors: Tiedt Laurens , De Waele Dirk , van den Berg Esther , Josekutty Puthiyaparambil , Murukesan Vazhaveli 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe association between the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis and giant swamp taro is studied in detail for the first time in corms collected from swampy taro patches in Yap, one of the states of the Federated States of Micronesia. The R. similis population from Yap displays similar variation in morphometrics and morphology as reported in the literature. The rot caused by the nematodes is wet with a loose mass of brown dead tissues and a deep brown necrotic centre housing nematodes inside. Usually, the infected tissues spread a disgusting odour typical of this disease. The dead tissues progress into shallow to deep cavities that advance towards the edible, central portion of the corm giving a perforated appearance on the outside of the otherwise smooth corm. The disease becomes more severe as the age of the plant increases. Nematode-infected plants seldom show any above-ground symptoms. The market quality of the corm is greatly reduced by the nematode damage. The widespread occurrence of the disease and the type of damage R. similis causes to the corms pose a serious threat to giant swamp taro production, food security and the continuation of traditional customs on those islands where R. similis occurs.
A study on disease development and early diagnosis of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, infection of Japanese black pine
Authors: Ye Jian-Ren , Li Yan , Tan Jia-Jin , Wu Xiao-Qin , Zhu Yun-Feng 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe disease development and some physiobiochemical indices of 3-4-year-old Pinus thunbergii inoculated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were studied. The results showed that after nematode invasion, the disease expanded from the base to the upper part of the main stem, there was an interruption of resin exudation, drying and pith browning occurred sequentially in stem xylem, then the needles wilted and finally the plant died. The number of nematodes increased continuously and rapidly, and increased significantly just after symptoms appeared in pine seedlings. The stem water content decreased gradually, stem and leaf relative water content in a new season branch began to decrease not long before symptoms appeared, and the optical density of organic acid extract from the stem of pine seedlings increased. It is suggested that stem water content could be used as a disease indicator, and organic acid would be the most reliable physiobiochemical index for early diagnosis of the disease.
Time and frequency of applications of entomopathogenic nematodes and their persistence for control of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis
Authors: Belay Difabachew , Ebssa Lemma , Borgemeister Christian 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPost application persistence of two entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora strain HK3 and Steinernema carpocapsae strain DD136, was studied against soil-dwelling late second instar larvae (L2) of western flower thrips (WFT) Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). The nematodes were applied at 200 and 400 infective juveniles (IJ) cm−2, and L2 WFT were introduced at 0 (same day), 3, 6, 9 or 12 days after nematode application (DANA). Heterorhabditis bacteriophora caused higher thrips mortality than S. carpocapsae in most of the tests and both species persisted for at least 6 days, causing WFT mortality of up to 76 and 37.8%, respectively. In a separate experiment, H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae (Filipjev) Sylt were applied at 200 and 400 IJ cm−2 once (10, 15, or 20 days) or twice (10 and 15, 10 and 20, or 15 and 20 days) after introduction of ten female and two male WFT adults onto bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris). An early repeated application (10 and 15 days after adult WFT release) of H. bacteriophora at 200 IJ cm−2 resulted in significantly lower numbers WFT than a single applications at 400 IJ cm−2 indicating that better WFT control can be achieved if the same concentration is split over time. However, an early application (10 days after adult WFT release) of H. bacteriophora at 400 IJ cm−2 controlled WFT better than late applications, indicating that time of EPN application is additionally very crucial in WFT control. For S. feltiae, higher WFT mortality was recorded when nematodes were repeatedly applied on days 10 and 15 than in any other applications at a given concentration. Thus, an early application of an efficient and relatively more persistent nematode species, e.g., H. bacteriophora HK3, at a lower concentration but in a repeated manner, can result in higher thrips control than a single application at the higher concentration.
Impact of Aerosol Intrusions on Arctic Boundary Layer Clouds. Part I: 4 May 1998 Case
Authors: Carrió G. G. , Jiang H. , Cotton W. R. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of the entrainment of aerosol from above the inversion on the microphysical structure and radiative properties of boundary layer clouds. For that purpose, the Los Alamos National Laboratory sea ice model was implemented into the research and real-time versions of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System at Colorado State University.
A series of cloud-resolving simulations have been performed for a mixed-phase Arctic boundary layer cloud using a new microphysical module that considers the explicit nucleation of cloud droplets. Different aerosol profiles based on observations were used for initialization. When more polluted initial ice-forming nuclei (IFN) profiles are assumed, the liquid water fraction of the cloud decreases while the total condensate path, the residence time of the ice particles, and the downwelling infrared radiation monotonically increase. Results suggest that increasing the aerosol concentrations above the boundary layer may increase sea ice melting rates when mixed-phase clouds are present.
Numerical Study of the 10 January 1998 Lake-Effect Bands Observed during Lake-ICE
Authors: Tripoli Gregory J. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a series of idealized cloud resolving simulations of the evolution of moist roll convection observed as part of the Lake-Induced Convection Experiment (Lake-ICE) that took place during the 1997/98 winter over central Lake Michigan. Satellite and radar observations of the roll convection depict striking linear rolls stretching from 10 km off the western shore of the lake, across to the eastern shore, and then continuing across Michigan. The spacing of the primary rolls was observed to be 6 km, giving a ratio of spacing to depth of about 5:1, which is consistent with theory. In addition, a longer wavelength (13 km) of stationary banding was observed parallel to the shoreline.
In an earlier study of this case, multiply nested simulations of the convective rolls based on real data variable initialization were successful in producing banded structures with similar spacing and location over the water to those observed using fine grid resolution of about 500 m. Unfortunately, the initial locations of simulated bands were organized primarily by numerical effects of grid interpolation. This suggested that the spacing of the bands was robust, but that their initial location was highly sensitive to subtle systematic forcings. In this paper, a set of idealized model experiments, designed to isolate the role that physically realistic local forcing plays in the organization of the rolls, was performed. Because externally generated upstream turbulence was suppressed in these tests so as not to bias the result, the generation of rolls was delayed until 20–30 km downwind of the observed location and the location simulated in the previous grid nesting experiments. It was shown that the subtle effects of the shoreline geometry were sufficient to spawn a near-surface streamwise vorticity that became the primary seed for roll development at the most efficient mode of roll convection. These results suggest that previous structures evolved in the upstream shear-driven land-based mixed layer were likely also important in determining where the nonlocal overturning was first triggered. It is not clear from these results whether the shear-driven structures that evolved over the land also played a significant role in organizing the structural geometry of the lake rolls. Results also suggested that the shore parallel bands were a robust feature of the atmospheric structure resulting from resonant gravity wave trapping in the frontal layer.
The Dynamics of Orographic Wake Formation in Flows with Upstream Blocking
Authors: Epifanio C. C. , Rotunno R. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The development of orographic wakes and vortices is revisited from the dynamical perspective of a three-dimensional (3D) vorticity-vector potential formulation. Particular emphasis is given to the role of upstream blocking in the formation of the wake.
Scaling arguments are first presented to explore the limiting form of the 3D vorticity inversion for the case of flow at small dynamical aspect ratio δ. It is shown that in the limit of small δ the inversion is determined completely by the two horizontal vorticity components—that is, the part of the velocity induced by the vertical component of vorticity vanishes in the small-δ limit. This result leads to an approximate formulation of small-δ fluid mechanics in which the three governing prognostic variables are the two horizontal vorticity components and the potential temperature. The remainder of the study then revisits the problem of orographic wake formation from the perspective of this small-δ vorticity dynamics framework.
Previous studies have suggested that one of the potential routes to stratified wake formation is through the blocking of flow on the upstream side of the barrier. This apparent link between blocking and wake formation is shown to be relatively straightforward in the small-δ vorticity context. In particular, it is shown that blocking of the flow inevitably leads to a horizontal vorticity distribution that favors deceleration of the leeside flow at the ground. This process of leeside flow deceleration, as well as the subsequent time evolution of the wake, is illustrated through a series of numerical initial-value problems involving flows past 2D and 3D barriers. It is proposed that the initiation of the wake flow in these stratified problems resembles the flow produced by a retracting piston in shallow-water theory.
Large-Amplitude Mountain Wave Breaking over Greenland
Authors: Doyle James D. , Shapiro Melvyn A. , Jiang Qingfang , Bartels Diana L. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A large-amplitude mountain wave generated by strong southwesterly flow over southern Greenland was observed during the Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track Experiment (FASTEX) on 29 January 1997 by the NOAA G-IV research aircraft. Dropwindsondes deployed every 50 km and flight level data depict a vertically propagating large-amplitude wave with deep convectively unstable layers, potential temperature perturbations of 25 K that deformed the tropopause and lower stratosphere, and a vertical velocity maximum of nearly 10 m s−1 in the stratosphere. The wave breaking was associated with a large vertical flux of horizontal momentum and dominated by quasi-isotropic turbulence. The Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) nonhydrostatic model with four-nested grid meshes with a minimum resolution of 1.7 km accurately simulates the amplitude, location, and timing of the mountain wave and turbulent breakdown. Finescale low-velocity plumes that resemble wakelike structures emanate from highly dissipative turbulent regions of wave breaking in the lower stratosphere. Idealized adiabatic three-dimensional simulations suggest that steep terrain slopes increase the effective Rossby number of the relatively wide Greenland plateau, decrease the sensitivity of the wave characteristics to rotation, and ultimately increase the tendency for wave breaking. Linear theory and idealized simulations indicate that diabatic cooling within the boundary layer above the Greenland ice sheet augments the effective mountain height and increases the wave amplitude and potential for wave breaking for relatively wide obstacles such as Greenland.
Drizzle in Stratiform Boundary Layer Clouds. Part I: Vertical and Horizontal Structure
Authors: Wood R. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Detailed observations of stratiform boundary layer clouds on 12 days are examined with specific reference to drizzle formation processes. The clouds differ considerably in mean thickness, liquid water path (LWP), and droplet concentration. Cloud-base precipitation rates differ by a factor of 20 between cases. The lowest precipitation rate is found in the case with the highest droplet concentration even though this case had by far the highest LWP, suggesting that drizzle can be severely suppressed in polluted clouds.
The vertical and horizontal structure of cloud and drizzle liquid water and bulk microphysical parameters are examined in detail. In general, the highest concentration of r &gt; 20 μm drizzle drops is found toward the top of the cloud, and the mean volume radius of the drizzle drops increases monotonically from cloud top to base. The resulting precipitation rates are largest at the cloud base but decrease markedly only in the upper third of the cloud. Below cloud, precipitation rates decrease markedly with distance below base due to evaporation, and are broadly consistent in most cases with the results from a simple sedimentation–evaporation model. Evidence is presented that suggests evaporating drizzle is cooling regions of the subcloud layer, which could result in dynamical feedbacks. A composite power spectrum of the horizontal spatial series of precipitation rate is found to exhibit a power-law scaling from the smallest observable scales to close to the maximum observable scale (∼30 km). The exponent is considerably lower (1.1–1.2) than corresponding exponents for LWP variability obtained in other studies (∼1.5–2), demonstrating that there is relatively more variability of drizzle on small scales. Singular measures analysis shows that drizzle fields are much more intermittent than the cloud liquid water content fields, consistent with a drizzle production process that depends strongly upon liquid water content. The adiabaticity of the clouds, which can be modeled as a simple balance between drizzle loss and turbulent replenishment, is found to decrease if the time scale for drizzle loss is shorter than roughly 5–10 eddy turnover time scales. Finally, the data are compared with three simple scalings derived from recent observations of drizzle in subtropical stratocumulus clouds.