bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Geography in New Zealand, 1987–2007
Authors: Roche Michael 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article reviews historical geography in New Zealand over the period 1987 to 2007. It indicates that research in the 1980s and 1990s has filled some of the gaps identified by earlier reviewers while more recent research has used new approaches to pose new questions such as those surrounding post colonialism. A feature of historical geography research over the last 15 years has been a number of collaborative projects, most notably a national historical atlas. The future for historical geography in New Zealand arguably calls for a stronger re‐engagement with human geography.
Impact of Surgeon Selection on Access Placement and Survival Following Preoperative Mapping in the “Fistula First” Era
Authors: Choi Kenneth L. , Salman Loay , Krishnamurthy Gururaj , Mercado Carlos , Merrill Donna , Thomas Ian , Artikov Shukrat , Contreras Gabriel , Khan Rao Ali Hashim , Warda Ali , Asif Arif 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAccording to the “Fistula First Initiative” surgeon selection should be based on best outcomes, willingness, and ability to provide access services. This analysis presents arteriovenous access placement and outcomes in 75 patients when surgery was performed by one of two dedicated high‐volume vascular access surgeons (community [surgeon I] and academic medical center [surgeon II]). Preoperative vascular mapping was performed in all the patients. Demographic characteristics were similar except that patients referred to surgeon I (n = 40) were older (52.7 ± 16.2 years vs. 45.4 ± 13.7 years; p = 0.04) and tended to have more previously failed accesses (50% vs. 29%; p = 0.06) and black race (65% vs. 43%; p = 0.055) including a history of previously failed accesses (50% for surgeon I and 29% for surgeon II; p = 0.06). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the size of forearm ([surgeon I: 2.0 ± 1.0 mm], [surgeon II: 1.9 ± 0.8 mm]; p = 0.45) or upper arm veins (cephalic vein: surgeon I = 3.2 ± 1.4 mm, surgeon II = 2.9 ± 1.2 mm, p = 0.34; basilic vein: surgeon I = 5.0 ± 1.2 mm, surgeon II = 4.7 ± 1.3 mm, p = 0.25). Fistulae placement occurred in 98% vs. 71% (p = 0.001) for surgeon I and II, respectively. Characteristics predictive of fistula placement over an arteriovenous graft were surgeon selection (odds ratio [OR] = 19.52; p = 0.01) and no history of diabetes (OR = 7.61; p = 0.016). Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed 6 and 12 months overall access survival rates of 82%, 58% and 82% and 47% for surgeon I and II, respectively (p = 0.007). This analysis demonstrates that surgeon selection can have a significant impact on the rate of fistula placement and its overall survival despite similar findings on preoperative vascular mapping.
Predictors of Central Venous Catheter Use at the Initiation of Hemodialysis
Authors: Wasse Haimanot , Speckman Rebecca A. , Frankenfield Diane L. , Rocco Michael V. , McClellan William M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractCentral venous catheter (CVC) use at hemodialysis (HD) initiation remains high, despite reports of CVC‐associated morbidity and mortality, and efforts at early arteriovenous fistula placement. In order to determine predictors of CVC use at the start of HD, data from the end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) Clinical Performance Measures (CPM) Project was linked to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Medical Evidence (2728) Form. Of the 4071 incident hemodialysis patients in study years 1999–2003, 71.6% used a CVC at dialysis initiation. After controlling for demographic and co‐morbid variables, patients with a CVC were 24% more likely to be female (p = 0.006), and 38% more likely to have ischemic heart disease (p = 0.002), while those with obesity (BMI ≥30) were 24% less likely to start dialysis with a CVC (p = 0.006). Pre‐ESRD hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dl) was associated with a twofold higher risk of CVC use (p = <0.001), while patients with pre‐ESRD anemia (hgb <11 g/dl) were 29% more likely to use a CVC at dialysis initiation (p = 0.006) compared to those with hemoglobin ≥11 g/dl. Patients receiving predialysis erythropoietin had a 41% lower odds of CVC use at dialysis initiation (p = <0.001). Finally, dialysis year was predictive of CVC use; in 2002, 76% of patients initiated dialysis with a CVC compared with 66% in 1998 (p < 0.001). Overall, female gender, ischemic heart disease, lack of obesity, factors suggesting poor pre‐ESRD care, and successive year of dialysis initiation were predictive of CVC use at hemodialysis initiation.
Discrete Toll‐like receptor agonists have differential effects on alloimmunization to transfused red blood cells
Authors: Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Roback John D. , Hillyer Christopher D. , Easley Kirk A. , Zimring James C. 
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: Factors influencing alloimmunization to transfused red blood cells (RBCs) are not well understood. Utilizing a murine model, we have recently reported that RBC alloimmunization is enhanced by recipient treatment with viral‐like polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). To determine whether a different subtype of inflammation also enhances RBC alloimmunization, we investigated the effects of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on alloimmunization.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Mice were treated with poly(I:C) or LPS; in select experiments, the precursor frequency of naïve antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells was increased using T cells from T‐cell receptor transgenic mice. Recipients were transfused with leukoreduced RBCs expressing the membrane‐bound hen egg lysozyme (mHEL) antigen, and alloimmunization was measured by anti‐HEL immunoglobulin G responses using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometric cross‐match. Costimulatory molecule expression was examined on antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) by flow cytometry.RESULTS: Increased expression of costimulatory molecules on APCs was seen after treatment with either poly(I:C) and LPS. In contrast to the enhancement of RBC alloimmunization observed after treatment with poly(I:C), LPS not only failed to enhance but also actively suppressed alloimmunization, even in the presence of increased mHEL‐specific CD4+ T cells (p < 0.001 LPS vs. control).CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that the regulation of RBC alloimmunization by inflammatory stimuli is complex, including enhancement by a viral‐like stimulus and suppression by a bacterial‐type stimulus. The mechanism(s) are unlikely to involve variation in the costimulatory molecules studied, because only subtle differences on APCs were observed after treatment with poly(I:C) and LPS.
Clinical and clinicopathologic effects of plateletpheresis on healthy donor dogs
Authors: Callan Mary Beth , Appleman Elizabeth H. , Shofer Frances S. , Mason Nicola J. , Brainard Benjamin M. , Groman Reid P. 
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: The safety and feasibility of plateletpheresis using a commercially available apheresis system (COBE Spectra, Gambro BCT) were evaluated in donor dogs, with characterization of its clinical and clinicopathologic effects.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fourteen adult dogs (18‐27.7 kg) underwent a plateletpheresis procedure. Complete blood counts were obtained at baseline, 2 hours after apheresis, and daily for 1 week. Blood was collected every 15 minutes for acid‐base and electrolyte analysis and measurement of serum citrate concentration. Dogs were monitored by continuous electrocardiogram and indirect blood pressure measurement. All dogs received prophylactic calcium (Ca) supplementation (10% Ca gluconate infusion at 15 mL/hr [139.5 mg Ca ion/hr]; the rate was increased based on serial measurement of ionized Ca [iCa] concentration).RESULTS: A high‐quality platelet concentrate (PC) was collected, with a mean total yield of 3.3 × 1011 platelets (PLTs). The mean donor PLT count decreased from 356 × 109 to 159 × 109 per L after apheresis. The procedure was generally well tolerated, with no evidence of hypotension. Serum citrate concentration progressively increased, causing the ionized magnesium concentration to decrease by 45 percent and iCa to decrease to less than 1 mmol per L (mean baseline, 1.2 mmol/L) in 10 dogs, despite receiving 0.9 mg of Ca ion per mL acid‐citrate‐dextrose formula A. Lip licking was noted in 3 dogs, and generalized tremors and ventricular ectopy were noted in 1 dog.CONCLUSION: Canine plateletpheresis using the COBE Spectra is a feasible option for production of a PC. Hypocalcemia, however, is a potential serious adverse effect of plateletpheresis in dogs. Ca supplementation is recommended to limit clinical signs of hypocalcemia during the procedure.
The effect of butyric acid on adhesion molecule expression by human gingival epithelial cells
Authors: Takigawa S. , Sugano N. , Nishihara R. , Koshi R. , Murai M. , Yoshinuma N. , Ochiai K. , Ito K. 
Published: June 2008

Background and Objective:  Short‐chain fatty acids, such as butyric acid, are detected in periodontal pockets and are thought to be involved in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. In the present study, we examined the effects of butyric acid on adhesion molecule expression by human gingival epithelial cells.Material and methods:  The human gingival carcinoma cell line, Ca9‐22, was cultured in media that contained different concentrations of butyric acid.Results:  Cell numbers were significantly decreased in a dose‐dependent manner by butyric acid at concentrations of ≥ 0.2 mm. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 mRNA was significantly increased 6 h after stimulation. By contrast, the expression levels of integrins α6 and β4 were decreased. Similar results were obtained by flow cytometry.Conclusion:  The results of the present study indicate that butyric acid alters the expression of adhesion molecules by Ca9‐22 cells. The elucidation of the mechanism of action of butyric acid on the periodontium may help to clarify several aspects of the onset and progression of periodontal disease.
Streptococcus cristatus attenuates Fusobacterium nucleatum‐induced interleukin‐8 expression in oral epithelial cells
Authors: Zhang G. , Chen R. , Rudney J. D. 
Published: June 2008

Background and Objective:  Oral epithelial cells may be invaded by a polymicrobial intracellular flora, including pathogens together with commensals. Various oral pathogens can induce the production of interleukin‐8, a potent neutrophil chemotractant, in oral epithelial cells. Evidence from the gut suggests that commensal species may modulate inflammatory responses to pathogens. The aim of this study was to examine the interleukin‐8 responses of oral epithelial cells to an oral pro‐inflammatory species, Fusobacterium nucleatum, in combination with an oral commensal, Streptococcus cristatus.Material and methods:  KB, TERT‐2, TR146 and SCC15 cells were cocultured with F. nucleatum and S. cristatus, either alone or in combination, at 37°C in 5% CO2 under various conditions. The mRNA expression of interleukin‐8 was analyzed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and protein secretion was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results:  F. nucleatum alone evoked a potent interleukin‐8 response, whereas S. cristatus alone did not induce significant interleukin‐8 expression in oral epithelial cells. When present together, S. cristatus attenuated the F. nucleatum‐induced interleukin‐8 production in the four oral epithelial cell lines to varying degrees. The inhibitory effect of S. cristatus was independent of its viability and its co‐aggregation with F. nucleatum, was not related to soluble bacterial products and appeared to require bacterial contact with epithelial cells. Similar effects were seen with several other species of oral streptococci.Conclusion:  Our data suggest that S. cristatus may exert immunomodulatory effects on the interleukin‐8 response of oral epithelial cells to F. nucleatum challenge.
Relationship between body mass index and periodontitis in young Japanese adults
Authors: Ekuni D. , Yamamoto T. , Koyama R. , Tsuneishi M. , Naito K. , Tobe K. 
Published: June 2008

Background and Objective:  Obesity has been implicated as a risk factor for several chronic health conditions. Recent studies have reported a relationship between obesity and periodontitis, but few studies have investigated this relationship in adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body composition (i.e. body mass index and body fat) and periodontitis in university students in Japan.Material and methods:  Medical and oral health data were collected in a cross‐sectional examination conducted by the Health and Environment Center of Okayama University. Students aged 18–24 years (n = 618), who were interested in receiving an oral health examination, were included in the analysis. The community periodontal index was used to assess periodontal status. Subjects with a community periodontal index score of 0–2 were considered as controls and those with a community periodontal index score of > 2 were considered to have periodontitis. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between body mass index and periodontitis.Results:  The body mass index of all subjects was < 30 kg/m2. Age and body mass index were significantly associated with the community periodontal index. Logistic regression analysis revealed a 16% increased risk for periodontitis per 1‐kg/m2 increase in body mass index (adjusted odds ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.31; p < 0.05).Conclusion:  Body mass index could be a potential risk factor for periodontitis among healthy young individuals (i.e. those with a body mass index of < 30 kg/m2). It may be useful to include an evaluation of body mass index on a regular basis in university general and oral health examinations.
Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide induces tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 secretion, and CCL25 gene expression, in mouse primary gingival cell lines: interleukin‐6‐driven activation of CCL2
Authors: Ekhlassi S. , Scruggs L. Y. , Garza T. , Montufar‐Solis D. , Moretti A. J. , Klein J. R. 
Published: June 2008

Background and Objective:  Porphyromonas gingivalis infection is strongly associated with periodontitis. Although P. gingivalis is known to elicit a strong inflammatory response, details of that remain fragmentary. To understand the local response to P. gingivalis, primary cell lines derived from mouse gingival tissues were exposed to P. gingivalis or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, and the production of interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α was measured. CCL25 gene expression was measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Cells stimulated with combinations of interleukin‐6, soluble interleukin‐6 receptor and/or soluble gp130 were assayed for CCL2 and tumor necrosis factor‐α secretion.Material and Methods:  Primary cell lines were generated from mouse gingival tissues. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine cytokine levels, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify CCL25 gene expression.Results:  Exposure to P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide but not to E. coli lipopolysaccharide resulted in significantly elevated levels of both interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α, and stimulation with P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide also upregulated CCL25 gene expression. In one of three experiments, interleukin‐6 induced CCL2 secretion, whereas interleukin‐6 plus soluble interleukin‐6 receptor induced CCL2 secretion in all three experiments, suggesting that both direct interleukin‐6 signaling and interleukin‐6 trans‐signaling may be involved. However, because soluble gp130 did not inhibit trans‐signaling, and because direct stimulation of gingival cells with soluble gp130 resulted in CCL2 secretion, the possibility exists that soluble gp130 forms binary complexes with soluble interleukin‐6 receptor that promote direct interleukin‐6 stimulation.Conclusion:  These findings define a pathway in which exposure of gingival cells to P. gingivalis induces the release of interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α; interleukin‐6, in turn, induces CCL2 secretion.
Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on human gingival fibroblasts from healthy and inflamed tissues
Authors: Al‐Shibani Nouf , Windsor L. Jack 
Published: June 2008

Background and Objective:  This study compared the ability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) isolated from healthy and inflamed gingival tissues to degrade collagen in the presence and absence of Porphyromonas gingivalis supernatant.Material and Methods:  Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured from explants of 21 healthy and 21 inflamed periodontal tissues. The HGFs that grew out of the explants were seeded in the center of six‐well plates coated with collagen in the presence and absence of 10%P. gingivalis supernatant. An inflamed and a healthy cell line were also evaluated with Arg‐gingipain. After 6 days, Coomassie Blue was used to visualize the collagen cleavage.Results:  The collagen was totally cleaved in 12 (aggressive) of the 21 cell lines isolated from the inflamed tissues in the presence of P. gingivalis. The remaining nine cell lines (non‐aggressive) cleaved only the collagen underneath the cell colonies in the presence of P. gingivalis. Of the healthy tissues, five (aggressive) of the 21 cell lines cleaved all the collagen and 16 cell lines (non‐aggressive) only cleaved the collagen underneath the cell colonies in the presence of P. gingivalis. All the collagen was cleaved by an aggressive cell line and only the collagen underneath the cell colonies was cleaved by a non‐aggressive cell line in the presence of Arg‐gingipain.Conclusion:  The collagen in the wells was more readily cleaved by the inflamed than by the healthy cell lines, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0278). Arg‐gingipain gave identical results to the P. gingivalis supernatant.
Oral graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Imanguli MM , Alevizos I , Brown R , Pavletic SZ , Atkinson JC 
Published: June 2008

Objective:  Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving hematopoietic cell transplant. It is estimated that 40–70% of engrafted patients surviving the initial transplant eventually develop chronic GVHD (cGVHD), which can persist for months to years and require long‐term management from multiple disciplines. This review describes the oral component of this transplant complication.Design:  The search related to GVHD patho‐biology, salivary gland disease after hematopoietic cell transplant and treatments for oral GVHD encompassed literature from 1966 through 2008. Searches were limited to the MEDLINE/PubMed database and English language literature in peer‐reviewed journals.Results:  Our understanding of the patho‐biology of oral cGVHD is based on studies of other affected tissues. It is difficult to determine the prevalence and incidence of salivary gland disease after transplant because there is no universally accepted case definition. In general, clinical trials for treatment of oral cGVHD have been too small to make strong recommendations for use in clinical practice.Conclusions:  Larger well‐designed clinical studies are needed to understand the patho‐biology of oral cGVHD and determine best treatments for this disease.
Peroxiredoxin I is differentially expressed in multiple myelomas and in plasmablastic lymphomas
Authors: Demasi APD , Magalhães MHC , Furuse C , Araújo NS , Junqueira JLC , Araújo VC 
Published: June 2008

Background:  Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) and multiple myeloma (MM) are B cell‐derived malignancies that share many morphologic and immunophenotypic traits, making the differential diagnosis particularly complicated. We have recently demonstrated that peroxiredoxin I (PrdxI) is expressed in plasma cells but not in B lymphocytes, suggesting that its expression is development‐associated.Aim:  To analyze PrdxI expression in PBL and in MM in order to study its utilization as an additional diagnostic molecular tool.Methods and results:  Eight cases of PBL and nine of MM were studied by immunohistochemistry. We have demonstrated that PrdxI expression is closely connected with the immunoglobulin production capacity of the cells, which means high in MM, but absent in PBL cases, except one, wherein few cells were stained.Conclusions:  We hypothesize PrdxI as a component of the unfolded protein response (UPR), an adaptive pathway essential for plasma cell differentiation. As we have not detected immunoglobulin in our PBL cases, we suggest that UPR was not activated in the cells, accounting for the impediment of the developmental process, and for the inhibition of PrdxI expression observed. PrdxI could be considered an additional plasma cell functional marker and could also be speculated as a therapeutic target in the treatment of MM.
The Anatomy of the Distal Vagina: Towards Unity
Authors: O'Connell Helen E. , Eizenberg Norm , Rahman Marzia , Cleeve Joan 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Factual presentations of sexual anatomy are required for educational purposes, for clinical and more general communication about sexual matters. To date, unambiguous, accurate and objective images with appropriate labeling to enhance specificity in communication have been lacking.

Aim
The aim of this presentation is to provide a comprehensive overview of anatomy of the distal vagina. We aim to simplify the anatomy to reduce the confusion of historical descriptions. In doing so, we aim to avoid sacrificing any of the specific detail. This would aid communication between clinicians, researchers, and the nonclinician regarding this anatomy.

Outcome Measures and Methods
This article reviews the historical and current anatomical literature. Systematic dissection and photography, histological study, and magnetic resonance imaging have been used as the basis for this presentation. Digital technology has been used to label, color, and highlight photography to provide clarity and permit diagramatization of photography. No distortion has otherwise been used in presenting images from cadavers or anatomical research.

Results
The anatomy of the distal vagina and surrounding structures is shown and described in detailed. The distal vagina, clitoris, and urethra form an integrated entity covered superficially by the vulval skin and its epithelial features. These parts have a shared vasculature and nerve supply and during sexual stimulation respond as a unit though the responses are not uniform.

Conclusion
Significant progress has been made in the field of female sexual anatomy and its pictorial representation. This may facilitate further progress in the related fields of female sexual health and education.