bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hearing measurements from a stranded infant Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus
Authors: Nachtigall Paul E. , Yuen Michelle M. L. , Mooney T. Aran , Taylor Kristen A. 
Published: October 2005

SUMMARY
An infant Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) was rescued from the beach in Southern Portugal, and an audiogram was measured using auditory evoked potentials (AEP) and envelope following response (EFR) techniques for frequencies from 4 to 150 kHz. The stimuli used were custom sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) tone-bursts, and the AEP responses were collected,averaged and analyzed to quantify the animal's physiological response and,thereby, hearing thresholds. The infant animal showed a wide range of best sensitivity, with the lowest threshold of 49.5 dB re. 1 μPa at 90 kHz. The audiogram showed a typical mammalian ∪-shape with a gradual, low-frequency slope of 16.4 dB octave-1 and a sharp high-frequency increase of 95 dB octave-1. When compared with an audiogram of an older Risso's dolphin obtained using behavioral methods, the threshold values at upper frequencies were much lower for this infant animal, and this infant heard higher frequencies. These results redefine the hearing capabilities of Risso's dolphins by demonstrating very high-frequency sensitivity.
Determination of pH by microfluorometry: intracellular and interstitial pH regulation in developing early-stage fish embryos (Danio rerio)
Authors: Mölich Andreas , Heisler Norbert 
Published: October 2005

SUMMARYMicrofluorometric techniques were applied in vivo for continuous monitoring of specific acid-base parameters in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos during early stages of ontogeny. Dextran-coupled pH-sensitive single-excitation/dual-emission dye SNARF-1 was pressure-injected into individual cells or the interstitial space of 16- to 256-cell embryos,and pH was continuously recorded during subsequent development for time periods of up to 8 h. A novel calibration technique was developed, essentially characterized by in vitro inorganic buffer calibration of the optical system and mathematical post-processing according to the effects of in vivo dye modifiers through a correlation established by direct comparison of optical techniques with pH microelectrodes. This approach results in high accuracy of microfluorometry, comparable with that of pH electrodes, and a recovery only limited by the physical stability of the utilized optical system.Intracellular pH (pHi) in Danio rerio embryos between 1k-cells stage and the end of epiboly was found to be well regulated to a mean value of 7.55±0.13 (± s.d.), a range distinctly more alkaline than typical values for adult fish but in accordance with embryonic pHi of a few non-fish species shortly after fertilization. Also, interstitial pH (pHint) was significantly higher (8.08±0.25) than values for extracellular pH in adult fish. Distributions of HCO3- across membranes and between interstitium and ambient fluid compared with respective potentials strongly suggest that pH in these early stages of ontogeny is already adjusted by active transfer processes. Non-respiratory changes in ambient pH between 7.7 and 8.5 did not significantly affect pHi, a result potentially attributable to low membrane leakage rate or to the potency of active transfer mechanisms. In order to assess the pH regulatory systems more quantitatively,embryos were exposed to ambient changes of carbon dioxide partial pressure(PCO2). The direct impact of PCO2 changes on cell pH was alleviated by cell non-bicarbonate buffering and subsequent rapid, almost complete, compensation by changes in cell[HCO3-] as an expression of transmembrane transfer of acid-base relevant ions. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the regulatory potency of embryonic cells is well developed, is active to resist extensive homoiostatic stress and is efficient to maintain critical metabolism in adverse conditions, even at early stages of ontogeny.
The contribution of tympanic transmission to fine temporal signal evaluation in an ultrasonic moth
Authors: Rodríguez Rafael L. , Schul Johannes , Cocroft Reginald B. , Greenfield Michael D. 
Published: October 2005

SUMMARYIn lesser waxmoths Achroia grisella, pair formation and female mate choice involve very fine discrimination of male ultrasonic signals. Female A. grisella prefer male signals with longer pulses and longer`asynchrony intervals', and evaluate differences in these characteristics in the range of 80-260 μs. The first step in the evaluation of these characteristics is the tympanic transmission of stimuli. We used laser vibrometry to describe the mode of vibration, frequency tuning and stimulus transmission of the tympana of A. grisella. The tympanic response consisted of a rotational mode of vibration, in which the anterior and posterior sections moved out of phase; the posterior section of the tympanum vibrated with all points moving in phase and maximum displacement at the attachment point of the scoloparium that contains the receptor cells. The tympana of A. grisella were tuned to high ultrasonic frequencies and had an estimated time constant (i.e. the limit to their temporal acuity) of about 20-50 μs. Pulse length and all but the shortest asynchrony interval were thus well resolved by the tympanum. We discuss implications for the evaluation of pulse length and asynchrony interval.
Three-Dimensional Measurement of Intervertebral Kinematics in Vitro Using Optical Motion Analysis
Authors: Holt C A , Evans S L , Dillon D , Ahuja S 
Published: October 2005

Measurement of the stiffness of spinal motion segments is widely used for evaluating the stability of spinal implant constructs. A three-dimensional motion analysis technique has been developed that allows accurate measurement of the relative movement of the vertebral bodies about a well-defined anatomical axis system. The position of marker clusters on each vertebra is tracked using digital infrared cameras (Qualisys AB, Gothenburg). Landmarks are identified using a marked pointer, and an anatomical coordinate system is defined for each vertebra. The transformation relating the upper and lower vertebrae is calculated, using the joint coordinate system approach of Grood and Suntay to find the rotations and translations in each anatomical plane. The stiffness of vertebrectomy constructs was investigated using a Synex vertebral body replacement and an anterior rod with one or two screws in each vertebral body, with or without damage to the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL). A moment of 2 N m was applied about each anatomical axis, and the range of motion about each axis was calculated. The range of motion in flexion-extension and lateral bending was significantly greater with only one screw. When the PLL was cut, there was no significant increase in the range of motion.
An In-Vitro Investigation into the Cement Pressurization Achieved During Insertion of Four Different Femoral Stems
Authors: Gozzard C , Gheduzzi S , Miles A W , Learmonth I D 
Published: October 2005

Adequate cement pressurization during stem insertion improves the interdigitation of cement into bone. This increases the strength of the cement-bone interface, thus contributing to the reduction of the incidence of aseptic loosening, the commonest cause of revision surgery. This in-vitro study compared the cement pressurization achieved during insertion of four different stems of equivalent sizes: the Elite Plus (DePuy, UK), C-Stem (DePuy, UK), Exeter (Stryker, USA), and CPS-Plus (Plus Orthopedics, Switzerland). The maximum pressures attained at the time of stem insertion were recorded at proximal, mid and distal stem levels. The Elite Plus generated significantly higher distal pressures than the other stems. The CPS-Plus generated significantly greater proximal cement pressures than the Elite Plus, C-Stem, and Exeter prostheses. The triple taper of the C-Stem increased the cement pressurization medial to the stem. The stem shape and the presence or absence of a proximal stem centralizer affect cement pressurization. The presence of a proximal stem centralizer, a large stem volume, and a lateral-medial taper are all factors associated with increased cement pressurization during stem insertion.
Improving Contour Accuracy of Machine Tools Using an Integral-Gain Scheduler
Authors: Ko R C , Good M C 
Published: October 2005

In high-precision machine tools, contour error at axis reversal can significantly reduce the quality of products. Resulting from non-linear friction behaviour, the reversal error is traditionally handled by the velocity controller, which highly relies on a high-performance current servo. However, the widely employed pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter in the power stage of the current servo operates with a severe non-linearity known as deadband. The deadband effect degrades the current-loop tracking performance and consequently hinders the velocity controller in responding to friction disturbances. The result is a significant and oscillatory tracking error, or contour error in a multiaxis system. Unlike other approaches where the deadband is compensated via measurement or estimation, a control system approach is proposed in this paper where the deadband is treated as a voltage perturbation in the current loop. The proposed scheme incorporates a feedforward signal from the current command and schedules the integral action in the current controller accordingly. The proposed scheme was implemented in digital servo drives of a commercial grinding machine. Experiments show that the proposed scheme is an effective and practical solution for this type of problem.
An Enhancement of Photoproperties of Solid-state TiO2|dye|CuI Type Cells by Coupling Mercurochrome with Natural Juice Extracted from Pomegranate Fruits
Authors: Sirimanne Prasad Manjusri , Senevirathna Indika , Tennakone Kirthi 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Electrostatic coupling of mercurochrome with an anthocyanin pigment extracted from pomegranate fruits results an enhancement of the photovoltaic properties of TiO2|dye|CuI solid-state solar cells.
Uniform PbS Hopper (Skeletal) Crystals Grown by a Solution Approach [Retracted]
Authors: Zhu Jiping , Zhou Xiaoyuan , Chen Ke 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Unique PbS hopper (skeletal) crystals were obtained in large quantities through solvothermal process by controlling the reaction conditions such as time, concentration, and temperature. A possible formation mechanism was proposed based on their shape evolution.
Rituximab Treatment of Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Summers Kelly M , Kockler Denise R 
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVE To review published literature using rituximab for treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DATA SOURCES An English-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966–May 2005) and EMBASE (1980–May 2005). References of identified articles were subsequently reviewed for additional data. DATA SYNTHESIS Evidence suggests that B lymphocyte depletion in patients suffering from refractory RA may be a key component in the interruption of the disease pathogenesis. Successful depletion of B lymphocytes with rituximab in patients with RA has been reported in case reports, open-label pilot studies, and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CONCLUSIONS Based on the limited published data, rituximab, when used in combination with other agents (ie, cyclophosphamide or methotrexate), appears to be a reasonable treatment option for refractory RA. However, additional controlled trials need to be conducted to further define optimal dosing, response rates, comparative long-term efficacy, and RA treatment algorithm placement of rituximab in this patient population.
Clinical Evaluation of a Lead Mobilization Test Using the Chelating Agent Dimercaptosuccinic Acid
Authors: Hoet Perrine , Buchet Jean-Pierre , Decerf Laurence , Lavalleye Benoît , Haufroid Vincent , Lison Dominique 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackground: The lead mobilization test reflects the mobilizable and likely toxicologically active fraction of the lead body burden. We propose a safe and convenient protocol for this test, to assess concomitant copper and zinc excretion and to determine the size of the chelatable lead pool in nonoccupationally exposed adults.Methods: The study population included 80 white adults: 40 controls [median blood lead concentration (PbB), 25 μg/L] and 40 lead-exposed individuals (315 μg/L). After collection of 4- and 24-h baseline urine specimens and a blood sample, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) was administered orally (1 g), and additional 4- and 24-h urine specimens were obtained. Determinants of the chelatable urinary lead (DMSA-PbU) were traced by linear regression analysis.Results: Urinary DMSA and lead excretion peaked within 2–3 h after DMSA administration. The amounts of DMSA, lead, copper, and zinc recovered in the 4-h urinary collections were highly correlated with those in 24-h collections (r = 0.857, 0.859, 0.958, and 0.757, respectively). At PbB concentrations &gt;300 μg/L, the relationship between DMSA-PbU and PbB showed a steep increase and a widespread dispersion of DMSA-PbU around the regression line. After DMSA, copper and zinc excretion rates were increased up to 91- and 33-fold, respectively. No side effects were reported after DMSA.Conclusions: Determination of DMSA-PbU in a 4-h collection after DMSA is convenient, apparently safe, and inexpensive. An upper reference limit value of 22 μg/4 h is proposed for Belgian reference individuals. The diagnostic value of DMSA-PbU is likely to be contributive for PbB &gt;300 μg/L.
Na+-Dependent Sources of Intra-Axonal Ca2+Release in Rat Optic Nerve duringIn VitroChemical Ischemia
Authors: Nikolaeva Maria A. , Mukherjee Ballari , Stys Peter K. 
Published: October 2005

The contribution of intracellular stores to axonal Ca2+overload during chemical ischemiain vitrowas examined by confocal microscopy. Ca2+accumulation was measured by fluo-4 dextran (low-affinity dye,KD≈ 4 μm) or by Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 dextran (highaffinity dye,KD≈ 450 nm). Axonal Na+was measured using CoroNa Green. Ischemia in CSF containing 2 mmCa2+caused an ∼3.5-fold increase in fluo-4 emission after 30 min, indicating a large axonal Ca2+rise well into the micromolar range. Axonal Na+accumulation was enhanced by veratridine and reduced, but not abolished, by TTX. Ischemia in Ca2+-free (plus BAPTA) perfusate resulted in a smaller but consistent Ca2+increase monitored by Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1, indicating release from intracellular sources. This release was eliminated in large part when Na+influx was reduced by replacement withN-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG+; even in depolarizing high K+perfusate), Li+, or by the application of TTX and significantly increased by veratridine. Intracellular release also was reduced significantly by neomycin or 1-(6-[(17β-methoxyestra-1,3,5 [10]-trien-17-yl) amino] hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione ( U73122) (phospholipase C inhibitors), heparin [inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor blocker], or 7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,5-dihydro-4,1-benzothiazepin-2(3H)-one (CGP37157; mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+exchange inhibitor) as well as ryanodine. CombiningCGP37157with U73122 or heparin decreased the response more than either agent alone and significantly improved electrophysiological recovery. Our conclusion is that intra-axonal Ca2+release during ischemia in rat optic nerve is mainly dependent on Na+influx. This Na+accumulation stimulates three distinct intra-axonal sources of Ca2+: (1) the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+exchanger driven in the Na+import/Ca2+export mode, (2) positive modulation of ryanodine receptors, and (3) promotion of IP3generation by phospholipase C.
Cartilage-Derived Stromal Cells: Is It a Novel Cell Resource for Cell Therapy to Regenerate Infarcted Myocardium?
Authors: Su Wenjun , Zhang Hao , Jia Zhuqing , Zhou Chunyan , Wei Yingjie , Hu Shengshou 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Human cartilage is reported to contain multipotent stromal cells. We evaluated the effect of human cartilage-derived stromal cells (CDSCs) on heart function when transplanted into the infarcted myocardium of rats. CDSCs were isolated and cultured from human articular cartilage and subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. The CDSCs were consistently negative for CD14, CD34, CD38, CD45, CD49f, CD104, CD105, CD106, CD117, HLA-DR, and ABCG-2, and positive for CD10, CD44, CD71, CD73, CD90, CD147, and HLA-A, -B, and -C by FACS analysis. Myocardial infarction (MI) was created in rats by ligation of the left anterior descending artery. Three weeks after MI, the CDSCs labeled with Hoechst stain were injected into the infarct and border zone. Echocardiography, histological examination, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed 4 weeks after cell transplantation. Echocardiography indicated that CDSC transplantation could improve heart function. The number of capillaries increased in the injection regions in the transplantation group. Histological examination showed that Hoechst-labeled CDSCs in islands within the infarcted region were stained positively for desmin and smooth muscle actin but negatively for alpha-sarcomeric actin and troponin-I. RT-PCR results indicated the expression level of collagen I, collagen III, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, transforming growth factor-β1, and vascular endothelia growth factor were much higher in the scar tissue in the transplantation group than in the medium and control groups. Our findings suggested that CDSCs might promote angiogenesis, prevent left ventricular remodeling, and improve the heart function when transplanted into injured heart in the rat model of myocardial infarction.
Cell Cycle Features of Primate Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Fluckiger Anne-Catherine , Marcy Guillaume , Marchand Mélanie , Négre Didier , Cosset François-Loïc , Mitalipov Shoukhrat , Wolf Don , Savatier Pierre , Dehay Colette 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Using flow cytometry measurements combined with quantitative analysis of cell cycle kinetics, we show that rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are characterized by an extremely rapid transit through the G1 phase, which accounts for 15% of the total cell cycle duration. Monkey ESCs exhibit a non-phasic expression of cyclin E, which is detected during all phases of the cell cycle, and do not growth-arrest in G1 after γ-irradiation, reflecting the absence of a G1 checkpoint. Serum deprivation or pharmacological inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) did not result in any alteration in the cell cycle distribution, indicating that ESC growth does not rely on mitogenic signals transduced by the Ras/Raf/MEK pathway. Taken together, these data indicate that rhesus monkey ESCs, like their murine counterparts, exhibit unusual cell cycle features in which cell cycle control mechanisms operating during the G1 phase are reduced or absent.
Characterization of a Side Population of Cancer Cells from Human Gastrointestinal System
Authors: Haraguchi Naotsugu , Utsunomiya Tohru , Inoue Hiroshi , Tanaka Fumiaki , Mimori Koshi , Barnard Graham F. , Mori Masaki 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA subset of stem cells, termed “side population” (SP) cells, has been identified and characterized in several mammalian tissues and cell lines. However, SP cells have never been identified or isolated from gastrointestinal cancers. We used flow cytometry and the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 to isolate SP cells from various human gastrointestinal system cancer cell lines. Fifteen of sixteen cancer cell lines from the gastrointestinal system contained 0.3%–2.2% SP cells. Next, we used an oligonucleotide microarray to analyze differentially expressed genes between SP and non-SP cells of hepatoma HuH7. The expression of GATA6, which is associated with embryonic development and hepatocytic differentiation, was significantly upregulated in HuH7 SP cells. The expression of ABCG2, ABCB1, and CEACAM6, which are associated with chemoresistance, was also significantly increased in SP cells. In addition, some epithelial markers and mesenchymal markers were overexpressed in SP cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining validated these results and suggested a multilineage potential for HuH7 SP cells. In hepatoma HuH7 and colorectal SW480 cell lines, SP cells showed evidence for self-renewal, generating both SP and non-SP cells. Finally, chemoresistance to anticancer agents, including doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and gemcitabine, were compared between HuH7 SP and non-SP cells using an ATP bioluminescence assay. The HuH7 SP cells expressed a higher resistance to doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and gemcitabine compared with non-SP cells. These findings demonstrate that cancers of the gastrointestinal system do contain SP cells that show some characteristics of so-called stem cells.
Weekly Administration of Docetaxel and Paclitaxel in Metastatic or Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Eniu Alexandru , Palmieri Frances M. , Perez Edith A. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify the response rates to weekly paclitaxel and docetaxel for metastatic breast cancer.Name the recommended doses of each taxane when administered weekly.Learn schemas of phase III adjuvant trials incorporating weekly taxanes.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
The taxanes docetaxel (Taxotere®; Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, http://www.aventispharma-us.com) and paclitaxel (Taxol®; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, http://www.bms.com) have significant clinical activity in metastatic breast cancer. A number of clinical trials have evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of weekly taxane administration to optimize the benefit-to-risk ratio in metastatic breast cancer. Single-agent studies with docetaxel and paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer show clinically significant antitumor activity even in advanced, heavily pretreated, resistant, and/or refractory disease. This activity is also evident with taxane-based combination regimens. Severe hematologic and nonhematologic toxicities are infrequent, with other toxicities noted based on the dose and weekly regimen selected. Weekly docetaxel and paclitaxel regimens represent valuable therapeutic options for women with metastatic breast cancer and have entered evaluation as part of adjuvant therapy for this disease.
Topotecan as Second-Line Therapy for Ovarian Cancer: Dosage Versus Toxicity
Authors: Markman Maurie 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In this issue of The Oncologist, Armstrong et al. present an analysis of the use of topotecan (Hycamtin®; GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, http://www.gsk.com) in the second-line treatment of both ovarian cancer and small cell carcinoma of the lung. This cytotoxic agent has clearly been demonstrated to be a useful drug in a population of patients with both of these conditions. However, the description of the nature of the toxicity, as stated in the manuscript, must be questioned along with comments made regarding the relative toxicity of alternative cytotoxic agents frequently used in similar settings. The purpose of this discussion absolutely is not to negate the unquestioned, demonstrated usefulness of topotecan as second-line therapy in ovarian cancer but rather to point out that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved dose level of 1.5 mg/m2 per day × 5 days can cause substantial and highly clinically relevant bone marrow toxicity. Whether this toxicity, which can result in a level of fatigue that may cause responding patients to discontinue treatment, should simply be labeled “excessive” rather than “cumulative” appears to be a matter of semantics rather than an important distinction. Whether delivery of a lower dose of topotecan (1 mg/m2–1.25 mg/m2 per day × 5 days) will essentially eliminate concern for the development of severe clinically relevant marrow toxicity is uncertain, but the risk will certainly be substantially reduced.