bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Midazolam in conservative dentistry
Authors: Dixon R. A. , KENYON C. , MARSH D. R. G. , THORNTON J. A. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryIn a double‐blind trial, 50 patients were randomly allocated to receive up to 0.29 mg/kg diazepam (Valium 5 mg/ml) or 0.14 mg/kg of midazolam (midazolam hydrochloride 5 mg/ml) intravenously at a first session of conservative dentistry, the alternative being administered at the second session. Good operating conditions were reported under each sedative and no important physiological differences were observed. Most patients failed to return to ‘street fitness’ 30 minutes after either session of treatment. Previous reports of reduced incidence of venous thrombophlebitis with midazolam were not convincingly confirmed in this trial, but data quality was poor. For about half the patients, the amnesic effect was stronger following midazolam.
Arterial to end tidal carbon dioxide tension difference during Caesarean section anaesthesia
Authors: Shankar K. B. , MOSELEY H. , KUMAR Y. , VEMULA V. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe relationship between arterial carbon dioxide tension and end tidal carbon dioxide tension was studied in 19 patients during general anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Thirteen patients scheduled for elective abdominal hysterectomy formed a nonpregnant group. There was significant correlation between arterial and end tidal CO2 tensions in both groups. During Caesarean section, this difference was significantly less than in the nonpregnant group.
Nitrous oxide anaesthesia and vomiting
Authors: LONIE D. S. , HARPER N. J. N. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryEighty‐seven patients undergoing routine laparcscopy were divided randomly into two groups to study the effect of nitrous oxide anaesthesia on the incidence of postoperative vomiting. Patients in group A received nitrous oxide as part of their anaesthetic, while in group B nitrous oxide was omitted. Significantly fewer patients in group B vomited when compared with group A (17 percent and 49 percent respectively; p < 0.005). We suggest that an anaesthetic technique which avoids nitrous oxide may be especially indicated in patients undergoing laparoscopy.
The anaesthetist and the obstetric flying squad
Authors: CALLANDER C. C. , HUTTON P. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe demands made upon the Bristol obstetric flying squad over the past 14 years have been analysed. During this period, the number of calls received per year has decreased dramatically. The reasons for this are discussed in the context of current obstetric practice. The management of retained placenta is reviewed. Of importance to anaesthetists is the gross reduction in the number of cases where it is necessary to give anaesthesia ‘in the field’. This may lead to complacency and lack of familiarity with the equipment carried by the flying squad.
Anaesthetic management of Takayasu's arteritis
Authors: THORBURN J. R. , JAMES M. F. M. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA case of type IV Takayasu's arteritis in whom a renal autotransplant was performed is presented. Extensive cardiovascular measurements were made, which enabled the assessment of vascular responsiveness to various anaesthetic manipulations. The management of the condition is discussed and certain recommendations made in light of the experience gained.
Bronchospasm following the use of vecuronium
Authors: O'Callaghan A. C. , Scadding G. , Watkins J. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA case history is presented which records bronchospasm due to vecuronium. Immunological investigations, including basophil degranulation tests, indicated that the bronchospasm was not caused by direct histamine release and was not IgE mediated. It was of interest that intradermal testing gave a positive whealresponse against neuromuscular agents other than those involved in the anaesthetic procedure under investigation. A positive reaction to vecuronium was only obtained when given in a high concentration and accords with the general belief that vecuronium has extremely low potential for histamine release.
Oxygenation during electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: LEW J. K. L. , Eastley R. J. , HANNING C. D. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryOxyhaemoglobin saturation was monitored continuously during electroconvulsive therapy in two groups of patients. All patients were anaesthetised using methohexitone (40‐100 mg) and suxamethonium (25–50 mg). In group I (n = 48), the patients' lungs were ventilated manually with oxygen in air (40–50%) during the modified convulsion. In group 2 (n = 47), the convulsion was allowed to subside before recommencing manual ventilation with a similar gas mixture. Eight patients in group I and seven patients in group 2 received more than one shock and were excluded, leaving 40 patients in each group. In group 1, one patient had a minimum oxygen saturation of less than 90% after the electric shock as opposed to I1 in group 2 (p < 0.01). Five of the patients in group 2 had a saturation of less than 80%. It is concluded that patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy should be ventilated with an oxygen‐enriched gas mixture during the convulsion induced by the electric shock in order to avoid hypoxaemia.
Ilioinguinal nerve block in children
Authors: Markham S. J. , Tomlinson J. , Hain W. R. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryFifty‐two boys undergoing herniotomy, orchidopexy or ligation of patent processus vaginalis under general anaesthesia had supplementary analgesia; 26 had a caudal epidural block and 26 an ilioinguinal block. Analgesia was assessed both during and after surgery. Ilioinguinal block provides a useful alternative to caudal block.
Respiratory monitoring with a new impedance plethysmograph
Authors: Hoffman S. , Jedeikin R. , Atlas D. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA new impedance plethymograph respiratory monitor, (AR‐8800). was tested on anaesthetised dogs. Decreases in tidal volume and total apnoea were brought about by partial and complete airway obstruction and by partial and total muscle paralysis. The changes in respiration were reliably detected by the monitor and its alarms activated within 15–20 seconds. The misinterpretation of gross body movement as normal breathing did not occur. Our findings suggest that the AR‐8800 is a safe and dependable monitor which has distinct advantages and may be of particular use in the monitoring of patients at risk of developing respiratory depression or obstruction, whether in the intensive care unit, the general ward or at home.
Alfentanil in an anaesthetic technique for penetrating eye injuries
Authors: Morton N.S. , Hamilton W.F.D. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryAlfentanil in three doses (10, 20 and 30 μ/kg)was added to an anaesthetic technique suitable far penetrating eye injuries. All three doses proved effective in abolishing the marked present response to tracheal intubation which occurs with this technique, but at least 20 μg/kg was needed to obtund the heart rate response significantly and to facilitate early intubation. Transient hypotension and bradycardia occurred in some patients who received the highest dose of alfentanil. The incidence of postoperative sequelae was small in all groups. Thus, the optimal dose of alfentanil in an anaesthetic technique for penetrating eye injuries appears to be 20 μg/kg.
Single breath end‐tidal Pco2, measurement during high frequency jet ventilation in critical care patients
Authors: Mason C.J. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe relationship between arterial and end‐tidal carbon dioxide tensions following a single large breath was investigated in seven critically ill patients receiving high frequency jet ventilation. There was a close correlation (r = 0.989) between arterial and end‐tidal carbon dioxide tensions over a wide range (3.29–8.95 kPa). Measurement of the end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension following a single large breath may be useful in monitoring the efficiency of high frequency jet ventilation in the elimination of carbon dioxide.
The effects of continuous intravenous naloxone on epidural morphine analgesia
Authors: THIND G. S. , WELLS J. C. D. , WILKES R. G. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryForty–Jive patients undergoing Caesarean section under epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine were randomly allocated to three groups. Group I received 4 mg of epidural morphine immediately postoperatively and 2 mg naloxone by intravenous infusion for 12 hours postoperatively; group 2 was treated as group I but without naloxone infusion: group 3 received 10 mg morphine intramuscularly and 20 ml epidural saline after delivery of the baby. Epidural morphine 4 mg produced better postoperative analgesia than 10 mg of morphine intramuscularly (p < 0·001) and the intravenous infusion of naloxone did not ablate the analgesic effects of epidural morphine. The incidence of itching and vomiting was higher in the epidural opioid groups (p < 0.05) and intravenous naloxone, although it reduced the severity of the itching, did not reduce its overall incidence. Respiratory depression was not detected in any of the three groups.
Hypotensive anaesthesia for microsurgery of the middle ear. A comparison between isoflurane and halothane
Authors: Fairbairn M.L. , Eltringham R.J. , Young P.N. , Robinson J.M. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryFifty patients undergoing microsurgery of the ear were anaesthetised using thiopentone, nitrous oxide, oxygen and either halothane or isoflurane, via a low flow circle system with carbon dioxide absorption. Systolic blood pressure was reduced to approximately 70 mmHg by the additional use of increments of labetalol; the patients breathed spontaneously. The degree of haemostasis was assessed by the surgeon who was unaware which volatile agent was being used to supplement anaesthesia. Isoflurane, although it is a potent vasodilator produced operating conditions which were indistinguishable from halothane. Isoflurane is thus a safe and reliable alternative to halothane as a volatile agent used to supplement anaesthesia when using induced hypotension for middle ear surgery.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogoff
Authors: SECHER O. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA short description of the life of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogoff and some of his accomplishments are given. His book on administration of ether for anaesthesia (analgesia) by inhalation and by rectum is of special interest. In this book he also describes his experiments, mainly on dogs, with all kinds of administration. He was one of the first to write a book on ether and also to utilise anaesthesia under war conditions. Later he tended to favour chloroform, which he considered to be better. He accomplished a lot in life and was highly regarded at home and abroad.
Prolonged neuromuscular blockade following suxamethonium in a patient with a normal genotype
Authors: SAPSFORD D. J. , BUSH G. H. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA patient is described who developed prolonged apnoea following a single normal dose of suxamethonium which was shown by nerve stimulation to be due to persistent neuromuscular blockade. The plasma cholin‐esterase projile demonstrated a normal genotype.
Bacterial contamination of compressed air for medical use
Authors: Bjerring P. , ØBerg B. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe present study demonstrates a previously unnoticed source of bacterial contamination of locally manufactured compressed air for medical use. Air samples were drawn into a specially constructed device, and bacterial contents were identified from growth on agar plates. Various factors contributing to bacterial contamination of compressed air during production are mentioned and preventive measures are discussed.
Plasma bupivacaine Concentrations following psoas comprirtment block
Authors: Odoom J. A. , Zuurmond W. W. A. , SIH I. L. , Bovill J. , Osterlof G. , Oosting H. V. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryFourteen patients undergoing hip replacement surgery under psoas compartment block combined with general anaesthesia were studied. Group 1 (n = 7) received plain and Group 2 (n = 7) received 0.25% bupivacaine with adrenaline. The mean maximirm peak concentrations were 1.93 (SEM 0.46) μg/ml and 1.04 (SEM 0.19) μglmlat 10 minutes in groups I and2 respectively. Bupivacaine concentrations were higher at all times in the group which received plain that the group receiving solution containing adrenaline. These differences were statistically significant at 10, 15 (p< 0.05) and 30 minutes (p < 0.025). The highest recorded plasma bupivacaine concentration was 4.54 μg/ml in one patient receiving plain bupivacaine. No patient developed any signs of toxic svmptoms, the duration of analgesia was longer (p < 0.005) in the group receiving bupivacaine with adrenaline. Bupivataine 0.25% with adrenaline 1:200 000 is safe for psoas compartment block, and is recommended for hip surgery.
Profound atracurium induced neuromuscular blockade
Authors: Casson W.R. , JONES R.M. 
Published: February 2007

SummarySpeed of reversal of profound atracurium induced neuromuscular blockade following edrophonium (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) or neostigmine (0.04 or 0.08 mg/kg) was measured using the train‐of‐four pattern of nerve stimulation. In all patients adequate clinical reversal was present when the ratio of the strength of the fourth to the first twitch (T4 ratio) was 0.5. Both doses of edrophonium were associated with a significantly faster speed of reversal than the smaller dose of neostigmine (p<0.05 in both cases). However, the larger dose of neostigmine was associated with a reversal time approaching that of Edrophonium. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed in terms of contemporary theories of neuromuscular pharmacology.
The effect of halothane on cerebral electrical activity
Authors: WARK KATHRYN J. , SEBEL P. S. , VERGHESE C. , MAYNARD D. E. , EVANS S. J. W. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryRecordings of cerebral electrical activity were obtained using the cerebral function analysing monitor from eight unpremedicated patients anaesthetised with increasing concentrations of halothane in oxygen. The amplitude of the processed EEG increased at one and decreased at two minimal alveolar concentrations. The frequency distribution of the weighted EEG signal showed a linear increase of delta activity with a corresponding decrease in beta activity with increasing concentrations of halothane.
The digital control of anaesthetic gas flow
Authors: BOADEN R. W. , HUTTON P. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe theory and construction of a prototype digital gas flow controller are described. Using eight preset needle valves, it has the ability to deliver any flow from 50 to 12750 ml/minute in steps of 50 ml/minute. Under given conditions, the accuracy of this de vice is very high and its variation in performance with pipeline supply pressures is quantified. The required flow is requested from a BBC ‘B’ microcomputer which is interfaced with the equipment via a program written in Basic and the 1MHz bus port. The possible uses and potential of a microcomputer‐controlled flow regulator in anaesthesia and intensive care are discussed.
Sensitivity to propofol in the elderly
Authors: DUNDEE J. W. , ROBINSON FRANCES P. , McCOLLUM J. S. C. , PATTERSON C. C. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryTwo studies were carried out on 609 fit, unpremedicated patients to assess the influence of patient age on the response to the rapidly‐acting hindered phenol, propofol, which is being evaluated for induction of anaesthesia. In the first study, 1.25 mg/kg was injected over 20 seconds followed by 10‐mg increments every 15 seconds until loss of verbal contact. This showed a great individual variation in response to the drug. A reduction in the ‘induction’ dose was found in elderly patients, which became marked around 60 years. In the second (340), doses ranging from 1.5–3.0 mg/kg in patients under 60 years and 1.25–2.25 mg/kg in those over 60 years were injected as a bolus over 20 seconds. Doses of 2.25–2.5 mg/kg were required to induce anaesthesia in patients under 60 years, whilst 1.5–1.75 mg/kg was adequate in those over 60 years. Side effects were more marked with the rapid injection and doses in excess of 1.75 mg/kg caused significant hypotension and apnoea in the elderly. These studies reveal marked sensitivity to propofol in the elderly with respect to both induction dose and acute toxicity.
Comparison of effects of fentanyl and alfentanil on intra‐ocular pressure
Authors: MOSTAFA S. M. , LOCKHART A. , KUMAR D. , BAYOUMI M. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe effects of fentanyl and alfentanil on intra‐ocular pressure during anaesthesia were investigated in 50 consecutive patients in a double‐blind controlled trial. Both drugs produced a significant reduction in intraocular pressure (p < 0.01). Alfentanil produced significantly greater reduction (48.5 percent) than fentanyl (28.6 percent) (p < 0.01). A small but statistically significant reduction in arterial pressure (15 percent approximately) and heart rate (18 percent approximately), were observed with both agents, but no significant differences between them were noted. It is suggested that alfentanil may be a suitable alternative to fentanyl in ophthalmic anaesthesia.
Anaesthetic management and postoperative care of cardiac surgical patients in a general recovery ward
Authors: Aps C. , Hutter J.A. , Williams B.T. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe postoperative care of 143 cardiac surgical patients has been successfully conducted in a general surgical recovery ward. Admission was limited to overnight stay only and all but two patients were returned to the general ward the following day. There were no deaths. The intra‐operative anaesthetic management was considered to have played an important part in the success of this technique.
Quality of axillary brachial plexus block
Authors: TUOMINEN M. K. , PITKÄNEN M. T. , NUMMINEN M. K. , ROSENBERG P. H. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA perivascular catheter technique (PVT) and a nerve stimulator technique (NST) for axillary brachial plexus block were compared in terms of quality: complete, incomplete or failed blocks. In a randomised series, 30 PVT blocks and 30 NST blocks were performed by three staff anaesthetists. In the NST group, surgical anaesthesia was always achieved, whereas in the PVT group, four blocks required supplementation with general anaesthesia. In both groups eight patients needed supplementation with addilioncd conduction blocks of 1–3 peripheral nerves. It is concluded that a nerve stimulator technique may increase the success rate of axillary brachial plexus block to some extent.
Anaesthesia in the prune‐belly syndrome
Authors: HENDERSON A. M. , VALLIS C. J. , SUMNER E. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryBetween 1959 and 1984, 36 children with the prune‐belly syndrome underwent 133 operations at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street. The anaesthetic and surgical problems have been reviewed. Minor postoperative respiratory tract infections followed eight anaesthetics. Three deaths occurred in the postoperative period. In two of these there were multifactorial causes, not directly related to the prune‐belly syndrome. One death was related to the sequelae of the syndrome. Normal doses of muscle relaxants are recommended when intermittent positive pressure ventilation is used during anaesthesia. Monitoring of the patient's respiratory state and active physiotherapy are advisable postoperatively. Analgesies should be used with caution.
Myoeardial ischaemia during non‐cardiac surgery†
Authors: GRIFFIN R. M. , KAPLAN J. A. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryComputerised ST segment analysis was used to compare the frequency of ischaemia occurring in electro‐cardiographic leads II, V5, CS5 and CB5. Three out of 15 patients with ischaemic heart disease developed ischaemic changes, which were evident in all four leads in each patient. A single bipolar lead may be substituted for a true K5 lead when monitoring patients at increased risk of developing myoeardial ischaemia. ST segment analysis facilitates the early diagnosis of peri‐operative myoeardial ischaemia, which may otherwise be missed on the standard electrocardiogram.
Isoflurane for anaesthesia in the dental chair. A comparison of the incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias during anaesthesia with halothane and isoflurane
Authors: Cripps T.P. , Edmondson R.S. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA randomised single‐blind trial was performed to compare the effects on cardiac rhythm of isoflurane and halothane in 100 dental outpatients having extractions under general anaesthesia in the dental chair without tracheal intubation. The incidence of supraventricular dysrhythmias did not differ significantly. No patient in the isoflurane group developed a ventricular dysrhythmia, whilst nine of those who received halothane did so (p = 0.0013). The quality of anaesthesia was acceptable in the isoflurane group, but induction time was longer (p < 0.05) and the maximum heart rate was faster (p < 0.01). There was no difference in the maximum end tidal carbon dioxide concentrations measured in a further 20 cases.
Postoperative headache in young patients after spinal anaesthesia
Authors: Flaatten H. , Rodt S. , Rosland J. , Vamnes J. 
Published: February 2007

SummarySpinal anaesthesia was performed on 247 young adult patients with a 25‐G needle. Rectal administration of indomethacin had no significant effect on the incidence of postdural puncture headache, which occurred in 16.8% of patients who received the drug compared to 24.5% who received a placebo. A history of headache pre‐operatively did not influence the incidence of post lumbar puncture headache.
Fluorocarbons
Authors: FAITHFULL N. S. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThis article presents information on medical applications of fluorocarbons. These inert chemicals have a high solubility for the respiratory gases and, in emulsified form, are present in the oxygen‐transporting plasma substitutes now undergoing clinical trials. Oxygen content is directly related to arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). Thus, although oxygen transport of Fluosol‐DA 20% (FDA) is only 0.75 ml per 100 ml per 10 kPa, oxygen delivery at the tissues will be adequate in the presence of a high Pao2. FDA has a low viscosity at low shear rates and this, together with a very small emulsion particle size of 0.1 μm, helps provide improved tissue oxygenation in conditions of ischaemic hypoxia. Fluorocarbon plasma substitutes may be employed as ‘blood’, but may also he used for a wide range of purposes in clinical practice. This review describes some current and potential future applications.
Anaesthesia and intra‐ocular pressure in young children
Authors: DEAR G. de L. , HAMMERTON M. , HATCH D. J. , TAYLOR D. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThis study compares the effects of three anaesthetic techniques on intra‐ocular pressure (IOP) in infants and children: spontaneous ventilation using nitrous oxide with halothane (group 1) or isoflurane (group 2) and controlled ventilation with atracurium (group 3). The IOP remained constant in groups 1 and 2 until the administration of suxamethonium when it rose significantly; this rise was maintained during tracheal intubation. In group 3 IOP increased on administering atracurium and a further increase was seen during tracheal intubation. Diagnostic intra‐ocular pressure measurements should he made during spontaneous breathing prior to tracheal intubation. The IOP was not directly affected by arterial blood pressure or by expired CO2 tension.
Anaesthesia and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: SMITH C. L. , SNOWDON S. L. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryAnaesthetic management of a patient with glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is described. The pathogenesis and various complications relating to this common hereditary blood disorder are reviewed. Problems related to anaesthesia in the presence of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency are discussed.