bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purging of the Neuroblastoma Stem Cell Compartment and Tumor Regression on Exposure to Hypoxia or Cytotoxic Treatment
Authors: Marzi Ilaria , D'Amico Massimo , Biagiotti Tiziana , Giunti Serena , Carbone Maria Vittoria , Fredducci David , Wanke Enzo , Olivotto Massimo 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
We worked out an experimental protocol able to purge the stem cell compartment of the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma clone. This protocol was based on the prolonged treatment of the wild-type cell population with either hypoxia or the antiblastic etoposide. Cell fate was monitored by immunocytochemical and electrophysiologic (patch-clamp) techniques. Both treatments produced the progressive disappearance of neuronal type (N) cells (which constitute the bulk of the tumor), leaving space for a special category of epithelial-like substrate-adherent cells (S0). The latter represent a minimal cell component of the untreated population and are endowed with immunocytochemical markers (p75, c-kit, and CD133) and the electrophysiologic “nude” profile, typical of the neural crest stem cells. S0 cells displayed a highly clonogenic potency and a substantial plasticity, generating both the N component and an alternative subpopulation terminally committed to the fibromuscular lineage. Unlike the N component, this lineage was highly insensitive to the apoptotic activity of hypoxia and etoposide and developed only when the neuronal option was abolished. Under these conditions, the fibromuscular progeny of S0 expanded and progressed up to the exhaustion of the staminal compartment and to the extinction of the tumor. When combined, hypoxia and etoposide cooperated in abolishing the N cell generation and promoting the conversion of the tumor described. This synergy might mirror a natural condition in the ischemic areas occurring in cancer. These results have relevant implications for the understanding of the documented tendency of neuroblastomas to regress from a malignant to a benign phenotype, either spontaneously or on antiblastic treatment. [Cancer Res 2007;67(6):2402–7]
Involvement of IFN Regulatory Factor (IRF)-1 and IRF-2 in the Formation and Progression of Human Esophageal Cancers
Authors: Wang Yan , Liu Dong-Ping , Chen Ping-Ping , Koeffler H. Phillip , Tong Xiang-Jun , Xie Dong 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-1 and IRF-2 are generally regarded as a tumor suppressor and an oncoprotein, respectively. However, little is known about their expression and function in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC). In our present work, IRF-1 expression was decreased and IRF-2 expression was increased in ESCCs compared with matched normal esophageal tissues. Moreover, statistical data indicated that IRF-2 expression was tightly correlated with progression of ESCCs. As expected, overexpression of either IRF-1 or IRF-2 in an ESCC cell line resulted in either suppression or enhancement of cell growth, respectively. Also, proliferation- and apoptosis-related molecules (p21WAF1/CIP1, cyclin-D1, Bcl-2, and histone H4) were regulated by IRF-1 and IRF-2. Additionally, high levels of IRF-2 blocked the function of IRF-1 by preventing the latter from translocating into the nucleus; in contrast, knock down of IRF-2 by small interfering RNA permitted nuclear localization and activity of IRF-1. In vivo assay using nude mice indicated that the tumorigenicity of ESCC cells was enhanced with IRF-2 overexpression but dramatically attenuated after forced expression of IRF-1. In conclusion, IRF-1 and IRF-2 are able to regulate tumorigenicity of ESCC cells as antioncoprotein and oncoprotein, respectively. Relative amounts of IRF-1 to IRF-2 are functionally very important for the development and progression of ESCCs, and reduction of the ratio of IRF-1/IRF-2 may lead to the enhancement of tumorigenicity of ESCC cells. Therefore, levels of IRF-1 and IRF-2 are useful indicators in diagnosis and prognosis for ESCCs, and these molecules are potential drug targets for ESCC therapy. [Cancer Res 2007;67(6):2535–43]
Extrathymic Generation of Tumor-Specific T Cells from Genetically Engineered Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells via Notch Signaling
Authors: Zhao Yangbing , Parkhurst Maria R. , Zheng Zhili , Cohen Cyrille J. , Riley John P. , Gattinoni Luca , Restifo Nicholas P. , Rosenberg Steven A. , Morgan Richard A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of tumor-reactive lymphocytes has been shown to be an effective treatment for cancer patients. Studies in murine models of ACT indicated that antitumor efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells is dependent on the differentiation status of the cells, with lymphocyte differentiation inversely correlated with in vivo antitumor effectiveness. T-cell in vitro development technologies provide a new opportunity to generate naive T cells for the purpose of ACT. In this study, we genetically modified human umbilical cord blood–derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to express tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) genes and generated T lymphocytes by coculture with a murine cell line expressing Notch-1 ligand, Delta-like-1 (OP9-DL1). Input HSCs were differentiated into T cells as evidenced by the expression of T-cell markers, such as CD7, CD1a, CD4, CD8, and CD3, and by detection of TCR excision circles. We found that such in vitro differentiated T cells expressed the TCR and showed HLA-A2–restricted, specific recognition and killing of tumor antigen peptide–pulsed antigen-presenting cells but manifested additional natural killer cell–like killing of tumor cell lines. The genetic manipulation of HSCs has broad implications for ACT of cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(6):2425–9]
The tadpole of Scinax catharinae (Anura: Hylidae) with description of the internal oral morphology, and a review of the tadpoles from the Scinax catharinae group
Authors: Conte Carlos , de Rossa-Feres Denise , Nomura Fausto , Haddad Célio , D'Heursel Anne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe present a description of the external morphology and internal oral features of the tadpole of Scinax catharinae and comparisons with the known tadpoles of the S. catharinae group. Two characters of the external morphology present some intraspecific variation: the row of submarginal papillae, which can be uniseriate or absent, and the tail tip, which can be large or small, truncated or not. That said, the tadpole of S. catharinae presents some distinguishing features that differentiate it from other tadpoles in the S. catharinae group: i) the marginal row of papillae with alternate disposition, ii) the spiracle opening on the midline of the body, iii) longest snout length, and iv) largest interorbital distance. The studied species were segregated into five ecomorphological guilds, characterized by external morphological features, tadpole habitat use and vegetation formation of species range. The taxonomy of the S. catharinae group is complex, due to the morphological similarities among the adults. Larval characters could help in the resolution of the taxonomic and phylogenetic complexities, since the morphological differences among the tadpoles in this group seem more conspicuous than those found among the adults.
Modelling terrestrial interactions and shelter use in great crested newts (Triturus cristatus)
Authors: Malmgren Jan , Andersson Per-Åke , Ekdahl Simon 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) is a pond-breeding salamander with a prolonged aquatic phase and a period of activity in the terrestrial environment prior to hibernation. Individuals use ground-covering objects and burrows as shelters from predators and unfavourable conditions. We investigated how interactions and spacing patterns were formed in staged experiments where paired newts were exposed to an arena with two shelters. Shelter use was predominant in all sets of great crested newts, irrespective of sex and size. Males and females differed in their shelter-use response. Females were more prone to reside in shelters when meeting other females than when meeting males, whereas males appeared indifferent to the sex of another individual. The social interaction was uniform for all combinations, with a 2:1 relation between the numbers of pairs sharing shelters vs. positioned in different shelters, instead of a random 1:1 distribution. Thus, the differences in shelter sharing could be attributed to the predominance of shelter use for females when meeting other females. We suggest that this behaviour, when females respond to the presence of another female, is a form of resource protection. Although sex effects were clearly noted, we could not demonstrate that size-related characteristics affected the outcome of any social interactions.
„E i n e Verantwortung, E i n Dienst, E i n e Gefolgschaft“ – Kritische Reflexion zu Sprache und Ideologie in Schriften des protestantischen Theologen E. Hirsch / One responsibility, one service, one following – critical reflection on language and ideology in writings of the protestant theologian E. Hirsch
Authors: Gerdes Joachim 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The article presents a critical review of some linguistic methods used by protestant theologian Emanuel Hirsch in an essay published in 1934. In order to justify loyalty of protestant theological science and protestant church to the National Socialist government, Hirsch creates a kind of hybrid idiom that oscillates between the language of political ideology and that of theological science or religious propagation. Some key words such as Volk (people/nation), Art (kind/ species), Blut (blood) or Ehre (honour) have been selected and analyzed to demonstrate Hirsch's subtle linguistic and stylistic skill that enables him to mingle unobtrusively political and theological concepts. Hirsch's conclusion is that loyalty to God has to be equated with loyalty to the national socialist politics. It can be shown that he bases his claims not on scientific argumentation but on a deliberate lack of conceptual clarity. At the end of the article there is a critical comment on some recent German theologians that extol the new edited works of Hirsch to researchers and students, implying that the scientific contents can be clearly separated from linguistic and stylistic affinities to ideologically engaged language.
Mehrsprachige Individuen – vielsprachige Gesellschaften. 35. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Angewandte Linguistik (GAL) vom 23.–25. September 2004. Bericht aus der Sektion 7: Soziolinguistik / Multilingual individuals – polyglot societies. The 35th annual conference of the Society for Applied Linguistics, 23–25 September 2004. Report from Section 7: Socio-linguistics
Authors: Scharloth Joachim 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Die Soziolinguistik ist noch immer gespalten zwischen korrelativ-globalen und konversationell-lokalen Ansätzen (Gilles 2002) bei der Beschreibung und Erklärung sprachlicher Variation. Dies zeigte sich deutlich in den Vorträgen und Diskussionen im Rahmen der Sektion Soziolinguistik, die während der 35. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Angewandte Linguistik (GAL) zum Oberthema „Funktionale Nutzung von Mehrsprachigkeit in sozialen Räumen“ abgehalten wurde. Schon das Oberthema der Jahrestagung „Mehrsprachige Individuen – vielsprachige Gesellschaften“ brachte die unüberwundene Kluft zwischen mikro- und makrosoziolinguistischen Ansätzen auf den Punkt. Das von den Sektionsleiterinnen Elisabeth Burr (Bremen) und Bärbel Treichel (Magdeburg) zusammengestellte Programm zeigte zudem, dass gerade unter jüngeren Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern eine größere Neigung zur Wahl interaktionaler Methoden zu bestehen scheint. Bemerkenswert ist, dass die beiden Ansätze weniger als komplementär angesehen werden, sondern jeweils für sich ein Primat reklamieren. Während die Konversationalisten den Varietätenlinguisten vorhalten, eine explanative Soziolinguistik müsse von der Sprachverwendung und der konversationellen Funktion von Varianten ausgehen, werfen die makrosoziologisch interessierten Varietätenlinguisten den Konversationalisten die mangelnde Systematisierbarkeit und Verallgemeinerbarkeit ihrer Ergebnisse und einen intuitiven Umgang mit den Daten vor und stellen so letztlich die Wissenschaftlichkeit dieser Methode in Frage. Bei diesem Streit um den richtigen Zugang zu sprachlicher Variation wird häufig übersehen, dass auch makrosoziolinguistische Untersuchungen häufig unreflektiert mit konversationellem Wissen operieren: Etwa werden beim Entwurf des Designs für die Datenerhebung Zusammenhänge zwischen Erhebungssituation und Sprachverwendung konstruiert, die möglichst „natürliche“ Daten oder Daten unterschiedlicher Stilebenen produzieren sollen. Andererseits arbeiten auch konversationelle Methoden mit Erkenntnissen aus makrosoziolinguistischen Untersuchungen: Bei der Entwicklung der Analysekategorien geht varietätenspezifisches Wissen schon konzeptuell ein und findet auch bei der Analyse selbst Verwendung, etwa wenn von der Dialektalität von Varianten die Rede ist.
Adverse reactions suggestive of type III hypersensitivity in six healthy dogs given human albumin
Authors: Francis A. Heather , Martin Linda G. , Haldorson Gary J. , Lahmers Kevin K. , Luther Teresa Y. , Alperin Debra C. , Hines Stephen A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Case Description—6 healthy dogs given human albumin solution as part of a study were examined following development of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction (1 dog) and signs suggestive of a type III hypersensitivity reaction (all 6 dogs).
Clinical Findings—All 6 dogs were healthy prior to administration of human albumin solution. One dog developed signs of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction, characterized by vomiting and facial edema, during administration of human albumin solution. All 6 dogs developed signs of a delayed adverse reaction 5 to 13 days after administration of human albumin solution. Initial clinical signs included lethargy, lameness, edema, cutaneous lesions indicative of vasculitis, vomiting, and inappetance.
Treatment and Outcome—In the dog with signs of immediate hypersensitivity, signs resolved after administration of human albumin solution was discontinued and diphenhydramine was administered. Supportive treatment was provided after dogs developed signs of a delayed adverse reaction. Four dogs recovered, but 2 dogs died despite treatment. All 6 dogs were found to have antihuman albumin antibodies. There was no evidence of contamination of the human albumin solution.
Clinical Relevance—Findings suggest that administration of human albumin solution in healthy dogs with normal serum albumin concentrations may result in signs of a type III hypersensitivity reaction.
Incidence of and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in cats that have undergone renal transplantation: 187 cases (1986–2005)
Authors: Case Joseph B. , Kyles Andrew E. , Nelson Richard W. , Aronson Lillian , Kass Philip H. , Klose Tyler C. , Bailiff Nathan L. , Gregory Clare R. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Objective—To compare incidence of diabetes mellitus in cats that had undergone renal transplantation with incidence in cats with chronic renal failure, compare mortality rates in cats that underwent renal transplantation and did or did not develop diabetes mellitus, and identify potential risk factors for development of posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) in cats.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—187 cats that underwent renal transplantation.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed.
Results—26 of the 187 (13.9%) cats developed PTDM, with the incidence of PTDM being 66 cases/1,000 cat years at risk. By contrast, the incidence of diabetes mellitus among a comparison population of 178 cats with chronic renal failure that did not undergo renal transplantation was 17.9 cases/1,000 cat years at risk, and cats that underwent renal trans-plantation were 5.45 times as likely to develop diabetes mellitus as were control cats with chronic renal failure. The mortality rate among cats with PTDM was 2.38 times the rate among cats that underwent renal transplantation but did not develop PTDM. Age, sex, body weight, and percentage change in body weight were not found to be significantly associ-ated with development of PTDM.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that cats that undergo renal transplantation have an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus, compared with cats with chronic renal failure, and that mortality rate is higher for cats that develop PTDM than for cats that do not.
Alkyd Resins
Authors: Wicks, Zeno W. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Alkyd resins of several types are used in coatings. Oxidizing alcohols prepared using semidrying or drying oils are used in architectural gloss paints. Waterborne alkyds are best used by emulsifying oxidizing alkyds. Styrenated alkyds are used particularly in fast drying primers. Nonoxidizing alkyds are used as nonvolatile plasticizers and in baking finishes with melamine‐formaldehyde or polyisocyanate crosslinkers. Uralkyds are made by using an isocyanate to replace the phthalic acid used in alkyds. They are more expensive but have superior abrasion and hydrolytic resistance. Stable waterborne oxidizing urethanes have superior stability and abrasion resistance as compared to alkyds. Similarly, epoxy resins are prepared by esterifying with drying oil fatty acids. They exhibit excellent adhesion and saponification resistance and are used in primers. Waterborne epoxy esters are made by reacting with maleic anhydride and are stale to hydrolysis.
Reversible Hydrogen Storage by a Li–Al–N–H Complex
Authors: Xiong Z. , Wu G. , Hu J. , Liu Y. , Chen P. , Luo W. , Wang J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStepwise solid‐state reaction between LiNH2 and LiAlH4 at a molar ratio of 2:1 is investigated in this paper. It is observed that approximately four H atoms are evolved from a mixture of LiNH2–LiAlH4 (2:1) after mechanical ball milling. The transformation of tetrahedral [AlH4]– in LiAlH4 to the octahedral [AlH6]3– in Li3AlH6 is observed after ball milling LiAlH4 with LiNH2. Al–N bonding is identified by using solid‐state 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. The NMR data, together with the results of X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform IR measurements, indicate that a Li–Al–N–H intermediate with the chemical composition of Li3AlN2H4 forms after ball milling. Heating the post‐milled sample to 500 °C results in the liberation of an additional four H atoms and the formation of Li3AlN2. More than 5 wt % hydrogen can be reversibly stored by Li3AlN2. The hydrogenated sample contains LiNH2, LiH, and AlN. The role of AlN in the reversible hydrogen storage over Li–Al–N–H is discussed.
Nanowire Structural Evolution from Fe3O4 to ϵ‐Fe2O3
Authors: Ding Y. , Morber J. R. , Snyder R. L. , Wang Z. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ϵ‐Fe2O3 phase is commonly considered an intermediate phase during thermal treatment of maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) to hematite (α‐Fe2O3). The routine method of synthesis for ϵ‐Fe2O3 crystals uses γ‐Fe2O3 as the source material and requires dispersion of γ‐Fe2O3 into silica, and the obtained ϵ‐Fe2O3 particle size is rather limited, typically under 200 nm. In this paper, by using a pulsed laser deposition method and Fe3O4 powder as a source material, the synthesis of not only one‐dimensional Fe3O4 nanowires but also high‐yield ϵ‐Fe2O3 nanowires is reported for the first time. A detailed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study shows that the nanowires of pure magnetite grow along [111] and <211> directions, although some stacking faults and twins exist. However, magnetite nanowires growing along the <110> direction are found in every instance to accompany a new phase, ϵ‐Fe2O3, with some micrometer‐sized wires even fully transferring to ϵ‐Fe2O3 along the fixed structural orientation relationship, (001) ∥ (111), [010] ∥ <110>. Contrary to generally accepted ideas regarding epsilon phase formation, there is no indication of γ‐Fe2O3 formation during the synthesis process; the phase transition may be described as being from Fe3O4 to ϵ‐Fe2O3, then to α‐Fe2O3. The detailed structural evolution process has been revealed by using TEM. 120° rotation domain boundaries and antiphase boundaries are also frequently observed in the ϵ‐Fe2O3 nanowires. The observed ϵ‐Fe2O3 is fundamentally important for understanding the magnetic properties of the nanowires.
Enhanced Dielectric and Crystalline Properties in Ferroelectric Barium Titanate Thin Films
Authors: Ihlefeld J. F. , Borland W. J. , Maria J.‐P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA chemical solution synthesis technique incorporating barium titanate and a high‐temperature liquid phase is developed. In a temperature range conventional to thin‐film growth, the presence of the liquid phase dramatically enhances grain growth, densification, and overall crystalline quality. By controlling the liquid‐phase stoichiometry and molar fraction, thin films with grain sizes greater than 10 μm that pronounce X‐ray peak splitting, low loss, and permittivity values in excess of 3000 at room temperature can be produced. These properties are comparable, and in some cases superior, to those observed in well‐prepared bulk barium titanate. As such, the historical difficulty in reproducing bulklike properties in polycrystalline barium titanate is overcome. These results have broad implications for the expanded use of ferroelectric thin films by demonstrating bulk properties in thin layers and by providing a means of achieving these properties with low thermal budgets.
Molecular and clinical characterization of cardio‐facio‐cutaneous (CFC) syndrome: Overlapping clinical manifestations with Costello syndrome
Authors: Narumi Yoko , Aoki Yoko , Niihori Tetsuya , Neri Giovanni , Cavé Hélène , Verloes Alain , Nava Caroline , Kavamura Maria Ines , Okamoto Nobuhiko , Kurosawa Kenji , Hennekam Raoul C.M. , Wilson Louise C. , Gillessen‐Kaesbach Gabriele , Wieczorek Dagmar , Lapunzina Pablo , Ohashi Hirofumi , Makita Yoshio , Kondo Ikuko , Tsuchiya Shigeru , Ito Etsuro , Sameshima Kiyoko , Kato Kumi , Kure Shigeo , Matsubara Yoichi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCardio‐facio‐cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation syndrome characterized by heart defects, a distinctive facial appearance, ectodermal abnormalities and mental retardation. Clinically, it overlaps with both Noonan syndrome and Costello syndrome, which are caused by mutations in two genes, PTPN11 and HRAS, respectively. Recently, we identified mutations in KRAS and BRAF in 19 of 43 individuals with CFC syndrome, suggesting that dysregulation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is a molecular basis for CFC syndrome. The purpose of this study was to perform comprehensive mutation analysis in 56 patients with CFC syndrome and to investigate genotype–phenotype correlation. We analyzed KRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1/2 (MEK1/2) in 13 new CFC patients and identified five BRAF and one MAP2K1 mutations in nine patients. We detected one MAP2K1 mutation in three patients and four new MAP2K2 mutations in four patients out of 24 patients without KRAS or BRAF mutations in the previous study [Niihori et al., 2006]. No mutations were identified in MAPK3/1 (ERK1/2) in 21 patients without any mutations. In total, 35 of 56 (62.5%) patients with CFC syndrome had mutations (3 in KRAS, 24 in BRAF, and 8 in MAP2K1/2). No significant differences in clinical manifestations were found among 3 KRAS‐positive patients, 16 BRAF‐positive patients, and 6 MAP2K1/2‐positive patients. Wrinkled palms and soles, hyperpigmentation and joint hyperextension, which have been commonly reported in Costello syndrome but not in CFC syndrome, were observed in 30–40% of the mutation‐positive CFC patients, suggesting a significant clinical overlap between these two syndromes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.