bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutions in Modern Society: Caretakers and Subjects
Authors: Romano-V. Octavio I. 
Published: October 2006

The problems that relate to the outermost limits of institutional care, if such limits exist, will certainly be among the most salient problems during the coming years—no matter whether such care proceeds on an inpatient or an outpatient basis. Whatever course may be taken will certainly affect the lives of every citizen in urbanized and industrialized society. At present in California there is considerable shifting of individuals from one care status or category to another, in efforts to find accommodations that will better reflect the realities of modern existence. However, such shifting of caseloads as the moving of individuals from nursing and convalescent homes to hospitals and back again does not constitute a change, either from the standpoint of the subjects involved or from the standpoint of significantly affecting the overall caseload. Most commonly, the shifting of caseloads has been merely jurisdictional. Much the same can be said of the transfers from a police agency to welfare, or vice versa. Similarly, a shift from inpatient status to outpatient status does not constitute a significant change. Such transfers from one jurisdiction to another reflect a reduction in caseload for one agency, but a corresponding increase in caseload for another. Thus, there has been no significant change in the subject population as such.
Jurisdictional transfers are often merely caretaking actions that reflect bureaucratic decisions. Equally often, such decisions do not address themselves to the basic priorities that guide the functions of caretaking. Explicitly stated priorities must supersede jurisdictional transfers if the concept of caretaking is to include better resources for human development and if the subject population is to participate in the managing of institutions.
On any given day during 1969 in the state of California, virtually 8 million people from an estimated population of 19,800,000 were under some form of institutional care or in some institutional program, or were employed to provide the care and administer the programs. Clearly this is a vast effort toward the training and retraining, as well as the rehabilitation of people, in the traditional sense of these words. The salient problems that have emerged from this context of urban and industrial development involve social control, social mobility, organizational behavior by caretakers and subjects, minority peoples, and the extensions of institutions into communities. Given these developments, is it not proper to ask whether or not the nature of urbanized and industrialized society has changed to such a point that a return to the past (and past solutions) is no longer feasible? Is it not also proper to ask what voice the subject population will have in helping to guide the urban and industrialized state into the future? And certainly there is a question that virtually everyone will ask: What percentage of tax revenues (whether shared or under direct programs) shall be destined to better meet the problems of this future society, which, it seems, is already upon us?
Economic Strategy for Import-Export Controls on Energy Materials
Authors: Frank Helmut J. 
Published: October 2006

Five policy elements should be combined in assuring adequate energy supplies at acceptable costs: moving toward a more balanced distribution of power between producing and consuming countries; developing a technological readiness for national energy independence; establishing desirable stocks and reserve productive capacity; relying on a flexible tariff system for linking domestic and world energy markets; and adopting an export strategy that supports the basic objective.
Two conditions are sine qua non's to any import-export strategy regarding energy materials. Policies must be clearly laid out and pursued with a steady hand in order that investors can afford to commit the vast sums necessary and expect recovery and adequate returns, typically spread over long periods of times. The policy package must be internally consistent, avoiding the conflicts and contradictions that so often have marred U.S. energy policy in the past.
Marine Science and the 1974 Law of the Sea Conference
Authors: Knauss John A. 
Published: October 2006

More intensive and varied use of the oceans and their resources requires a more comprehensive legal rgime than previously. Three years of preparatory work have been completed leading toward the Law of the Sea Conference that opened on 20 June in Caracas, Venezuela. Although the details of the new rgime are still to be negotiated, it appears certain that the coastal nations will gain some form of jurisdiction over the fisheries and mineral resources off their shores. It is probable that a new "economic zone" will be established between a relatively narrow (12-mile) territorial sea and the international ocean space beyond. If, as seems likely, this economic zone is 200 miles wide, it will encompass some 37 percent of the ocean as shown in Fig. 1.
Unless the scientific community can gather more support than it has to date, it seems probable that scientific research within this economic zone will only be possible with the consent of the coastal nation. The United States has proposed a compromise solution which attempts to balance the interests of the scientific community with those of the coastal state. Under the U.S. proposal, a research group abiding by certain specific obligations to the coastal state would be free to carry out its research activities without obtaining explicit consent from the coastal state. To date the U.S. proposal has received little official support from any nation, even from nations with major oceanographic interests.
Carter's Plan for MX Lives On
Authors: Smith R. Jeffrey 
Published: October 2006

Early this year, the U.S. land-based force of nuclear missiles became vulnerable—on paper—to destruction in a preemptive attack by the Soviet Union. The Air Force has worried about this problem for a long time, searching high and low for a better place to put both the existing, silo-based Minuteman missiles and a new missile, the MX.
Under the Carter Administration, the Air Force agreed to a missile basing plan known as MPS, for multiple protective shelters. The Reagan Administration has ostensibly dropped this plan in favor of several alternatives.
Previous articles in this series explored why U.S. officials became alarmed about missile vulnerability; the genesis of a short-term plan to put more missiles into silos; continuing Air Force opposition to a plan for missiles on constantly roving aircraft; and a bizarre plan to bury missiles deep underground.
Science and Product
Authors: Gomory Ralph E. , Schmitt Roland W. 
Published: October 2006

Much of what needs to be changed in U.S. industry involves close ties to manufacturing, design for manufacturability, a rapid design cycle, and up-to-date technical knowledge on the part of the engineers themselves. Being up-to-date requires conscious company effort. Traveling to meetings, reading the technical literature, and being a part of the engineering community are necessities if we are to compete with others who make these efforts and are thus better able to incorporate technical change rapidly into their own products.
Outsidethe product improvement cycle, a research (as opposed to development) organization in industry must have close ties to development and manufacturing in order to succeed. With these close ties, researchers can understand the progress of the cycle and can introduce new steps at the appropriate time and in an acceptable form. A research organization that surmounts the internal barriers and becomes an accepted contributor to the development and manufacturing process can, because of its greater technical depth, its scientific knowledge, and its close ties with the university world, become a forceful initiator of progress. It is more difficult, in our opinion, to make these contributions from a university base and from government laboratories as they are now constituted.
Much has been said by industry and government leaders about reforming the educational system and strengthening the national science base—things that help build a strong foundation. A strong science base supplies a vast storehouse of new ideas, and a good educational system provides engineers and manufacturing workers with knowledge; but strength here cannot make up for inadequacies in the functioning of the development and manufacturing cycle. The United States must learn to succeed, not only in the ladder type of innovation in which a wholly new idea from science creates a wholly new product (the science-dominated process at which we have succeeded in the past), but also in the rapid, cyclical, engineer-dominated process of incremental product improvement. Neither process is a substitute for the other; we need both.
Correction: Recombinant 47-Kilodalton Cytosol Factor Restores NADPH Oxidase in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Lomax Karen J. , Leto Thomas L. , Nunoi Hiroyuki , Gallin John I. , Malech Harry L. 
Published: October 2006

After our characterization of cDNA encoding a 47-kD neutrophil cytosol oxidase factor was published, a second group published characterizations of similar cDNA clones. On the basis of an exchange of primary sequence data and resequencing, we have identified minor errors in both published sequences and have agreed on a corrected sequence. In the original numbering of our published sequence, an extra "C" should be added after base pair 900, a "GCC" should be inserted after base pair 1008, and base pairs 1013 and 1014 should be "GC." These changes alter the carboxyl terminus of the predicted protein beginning at amino acid 301 and ending at 390: RRSSIRNAHS IHQRSRKRLS QDAYRRNSVR FLQQRRRQAR PGPQSPGSPL EEERQTQRSK PQPAVPPRPS ADLILNRCSE STKRKLASAV. The new predicted protein sequence is 17 amino acids longer. The region of similarity to p21-ras- GAP is unaffected, and the carboxyl terminus remains very arginine- and serine-rich with several potential sites of phosphorylation by protein kinase C. Thus, all of the general statements made about the protein in our original paper still apply.
In addition to the three polymorphic base pair variants we reported in our original paper, four additional base pair polymorphisms have been identified, none of which affects encoded amino acids. In the original numbering, these are base pair 387 "G" or "A," base pair 825 "C" or "T," base pair 849 "A" or "G," and base pair 935 "C" or "T." These changes have been sent to Gen- Bank and entered under accession number M25665. Readers may also request from us the complete corrected sequence.
The DNA Provirus Hypothesis
Authors: Temin Howard M. 
Published: October 2006

I have discussed the observations and experiments that led to the formulation and establishment of the provirus hypothesis and the DNA provirus hypothesis, which includes RNA-directed DNA synthesis for the formation of the provirus.
I have also discussed some aspects of the present status of our knowledge of the mechanism of formation of the DNA provirus both to point out the work remaining to be done and to illustrate hypotheses for the origins of ribodeoxyviruses and the origins of other animal enveloped RNA viruses and of animal small DNA viruses.
Finally, I have indicated that I do not believe that infectious viruses cause most human cancers, but I do believe that viruses provide models of the processes involved in the etiology of human cancer.
Preparation of Oleic Acid-capped Copper Nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Jian-guang , Zhou Yuang-lin , Okamoto Takeshi , Bessho Takeshi , Satake Shigeru , Ichino Ryoichi , Okido Masazumi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A novel chemical process for producing hydrophobic nano-copper particles with satisfied antioxidation property is described here. Well-dispersed nano-copper particles with satisfied surface properties were obtained from the water/organic solution. In this process, oleic acid acts as both a phase-transfer agent and a particle protector coordinating their carboxyl end groups on the newly generated copper particles surface, and the hydrophobic carbon tails of the oleic acids are pointed outwards from the surface of particles. In addition, this organic film also plays an important role for preventing the newly generated copper particles from oxidation.
Simulation of mixing dynamics in agitated pulp stock chests using CFD
Authors: Ford C. , Ein‐Mozaffari F. , Bennington C. P. J. , Taghipour F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAgitated‐pulp chests function as low‐pass filters to reduce high‐frequency variability in pulp properties (mass concentration, freeness, and so on) ahead of many pulping and papermaking operations. Tests on both industrial and scale‐model chests have shown that their dynamic performance is far from ideal, with a significant extent of nonideal flow (short circuiting, recirculation and stagnation) possible. The flow field of a 1:11 scale‐model pulp chest was modeled using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package (Fluent) with the pulp suspension treated as a modified Bingham plastic. A multiple reference frame approach was used with coupling between reference frames made using a velocity transformation. The flow profiles predicted by the simulation agreed qualitatively with those observed in the experiments. The power input predicted by the simulations was slightly higher (about 12%) than that measured. The velocity field obtained from the CFD model was used to obtain the system's dynamic response to a frequency‐modulated random binary input signal. These data were then used as input to a dynamic model that treated flow within the chest as following two streams: one bypassing the mixing zone and one entering it. For both streams, the fraction of suspension passing through each zone was determined and a time constant and delay time computed. These parameters were then compared to those measured experimentally under identical operating conditions. The CFD simulation provides detailed information on the velocity profile within the chest and allows the location(s) of poor mixing regions to be identified. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Enhancing high water content biomass gasification with impregnated Ca in fuel drying
Authors: Xu Guangwen , Murakami Takahiro , Suda Toshiyuki , Matsuzawa Yoshiaki , Tani Hidehisa , Mito Yutaka , Ashizawa Masami 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn view of energy conversion efficiency, the gas production from high water content (>60 wt.%) biomass via gasification is necessarily conducted with fuel drying in advance. In regard to this kind of processes, the present study was devised to impregnate Ca onto fuel during fuel drying and thereby to increase fuel's gasification reactivity to raise the gas production efficiency with minimal additional cost. By employing wet coffee grounds as a model biomass fuel and slurry dewatering in kerosene as the adopted drying technology, the Ca impregnation was implemented through dosing Ca(OH)2 into a fuel‐kerosene slurry and in turn treating the slurry in the same way as for the case without Ca addition. The resulting Ca (4.0 wt.% load in CaO base) exhibited high dispersion through the fuel matrix in both SEM‐EDX image and XRD spectrum. Gasification of the fuel in a pilot dual fluidized gasification setup further demonstrated that the fuel possessed distinctively high reaction reactivity. This led it to show C and H conversions of 91% and 138%, respectively, at a reaction temperature of about 1083 K, whereas these conversions were only 70% and 92% for the fuel with a similar amount of physically mixed CaO. The catalytic effect of the impregnated Ca manifested also on hydrocarbon reforming and water gas shift, making the resulting product gas evidently rich in H2 and lean in CO and hydrocarbons. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Safe operation of stirred‐tank semibatch reactors subject to risk of thermal hazard
Authors: Mas E. , Bosch C. M. , Recasens F. , Velo E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this work, the behavior of exothermic chemical reactions conducted in a wall‐cooled, semibatch stirred‐tank reactor is studied, with particular attention to conditions that lead to a thermal accident. The dimensionless heat and mass conservation equations for a semicontinuous tank were solved using second‐order irreversible kinetics and a number of selected dimensionless numbers, for both the feed period and the late batch stage. The criterion implemented is based on the nonaccumulation of the dosed reactant, and the safest operating mode is based on the values of the reactor parameters that lead to an instantaneous consumption of the dosed feed. The criterion is implemented into an algorithm that runs in parallel with the integration of the model equations. Its applicability is shown using a few examples that show that the computer implementation of our methods works well in hazard prediction. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Effect of gas density on countercurrent flow limitation in wetted wall column
Authors: Carvalho J. R. F. G. , Costa J. M. C. P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCountercurrent wetted wall flow limitation was studied in a 20.6 mm i.d. cylindrical column, with water as the liquid. The gas was either air at up to 0.8 MPa, or argon at up to 1.3 MPa, thus covering a range of gas densities (1.6–21.3 kg/m3) of great practical interest for which very few data are available. The film Reynolds number varied in the range 515–3090. The velocity of gas for which signs of flooding instability first became apparent was typically 5 to 25% below the velocity at which liquid carryover started and this may be a result of the particular design adopted for fluid inlet to and outlet from the test section. Over the range of gas densities tested, the limiting gas velocity decreased with pressure from between 2.5 and 5.0 m/s to between 0.4 and 0.8 m/s, very approximately following the law: (gas density) × (limiting gas velocity)2 = constant. The data collected were used to test the correlation of Wallis, which gave remarkably good prediction of the limiting gas velocities, and a correlation of Alekseev and coworkers modified by McQuillan and Whalley in 1985, which gave poor predictions, particularly with regard to the effect of changes in liquid flow rate. The results of the present work are shown to be useful in interpreting recent data on the effect of gas density on the slug/churn flow transition in cocurrent vertical gas–liquid flow. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Hepatitis C viral infection is not associated with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
Authors: Leleu Xavier , O'Connor Kelly , Ho Allen W. , Santos Daniel D. , Manning Robert , Xu Lian , Hatjiharissi Evdoxia , Moreau Anne‐Sophie , Branagan Andrew R. , Hunter Zachary R. , Dimmock Elizabeth A. , Soumerai Jacob , Patterson Christopher , Ghobrial Irene , Treon Steven P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWhile a familial predisposition may exist in up to 20% of patients with Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia (WM), the precipitating cause of this B‐cell malignancy remains unknown in most patients. In previous studies, an association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and WM has been suggested as etiological. This relationship has been the subject of debate, however, with some studies demonstrating increased incidence of HCV infection among WM patients and other studies showing no such association exists. This discordance might be attributable to the analytical method used, HCV antibody detection, which might be ineffective in patients with immunosuppression. We therefore analyzed the prevalence of HCV in a large population of WM patients utilizing both an HCV antibody detection immunoassay as well as qualitative polymerase chain reaction assay to directly detect HCV presence in serum samples. None of 100 randomly tested WM patients in this study tested positive for HCV by either analytical method. Our results therefore demonstrate a lack of association between HCV and WM. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful self‐infusion of activated prothrombin complex concentrate for prophylaxis in a child with a factor VIII inhibitor
Authors: Ohga Shouichi , Nomura Akihiko , Takada Hidetoshi , Suga Naohiro , Hara Toshiro 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRegular self‐infusion of an activated prothrombin complex concentrate (APCC) has been successfully introduced to a 14‐year‐old boy with hemophilia A. The child was diagnosed as a neonate, and at age 7 years, developed a high titer (127 BU/mL) factor VIII inhibitor coincident with a protracted ankle joint bleeding. From age 7–10 years, he received on‐demand therapy using a prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), PROPLEX‐ST. From age 10–14 years, he received prophylaxis with PROPLEX‐ST, initiated after an intracranial hemorrhage and coincident anamnestic inhibitor response. Throughout 7‐year period of PCC treatment, he experienced recurrent bleeding episodes. Self‐prophylaxis with APCC, FEIBA VH [Anti‐inhibitor Coagulant Complex] (50 U/kg/dose three times per week) using infusion pump was initiated at 14 years of age and has continued for 2 years. There were no bleeding, thrombotic events or other adverse events after initiation of this prophylaxis, and inhibitor levels decreased to 1 BU/mL. His quality of life was improved, particularly with respect to school. Our long observation proposes a well‐disciplined home‐based FEIBA prophylaxis in inhibitor‐positive hemophiliacs. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pediatric ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma with t(3;8)(q26.2;q24) translocation and c‐myc rearrangement terminating in a leukemic phase
Authors: Monaco Sara , Tsao Lawrence , Murty V.V. , Nandula S.V. , Donovan Virginia , Oesterheld J. , Bhagat Govind , Alobeid Bachir 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPediatric ALK‐positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) is usually associated with a favorable prognosis. ALK+ ALCL associated with a leukemic phase is uncommon, but has been associated with an aggressive clinical course and unfavorable prognosis. Overexpression of c‐myc has been shown to be a consistent finding in ALK+, but not ALK‐negative ALCL (ALK− ALCL), and the c‐myc gene is considered a downstream target of deregulated ALK signaling. We describe a pediatric ALK+ ALCL with a leukemic phase at relapse. Similar to other rare cases described in the literature, it followed an aggressive clinical course despite multiple regimens of chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. Lymphoma cells showed aberrant ALK expression and c‐myc overexpression. In addition to the characteristic t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation, a t(3;8)(q26.2;q24) translocation was also present, and c‐myc gene rearrangement was confirmed by FISH analysis. The findings in this case demonstrate the association of peripheral blood leukemic involvement and aggressive clinical course, and suggest that other factors, such as c‐myc rearrangement, may be responsible for the aggressive clinical behavior in ALK+ ALCL. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.