bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Distributed Database System for Mutual Usage of Materials Information (Data-Free-Way)
Authors: Fujita M , Kurihara Y , Shindo M , Yokoyama N , Tachi Y , Kano S , Iwata S 
Published: March 2009

A distributed database system named “Data-Free-Way” for advanced nuclear materials has been developed by the National Research Institute for Metals (NRIM), the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), and the Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation (PNC) under a cooperative agreement.
In this paper, features and functions of the system, including input data, are described together with a method to share the database among the three organizations as well as examples of the easy accessible search of material properties provided by the system. Results of an analysis of tensile and creep properties data on Type 316 stainless steel collected by the different organizations and stored in the present system are introduced as an example of attractive utilization of the system. Moreover, in order to know how to use the system, some trails of the WWW server of several sites in Data-Free-Way to supply the information on nuclear materials are introduced.
Evaluation of Pressurized Distribution Networks in Maryland
Authors: Glotfelty B , Hammerlund DO , Prager J 
Published: March 2009

Problems with clogging in pressure distribution systems have been reported (Shoemaker et al. 1987, Hoover et al. 1991) and can result in system failure, increased maintenance, and limited use of appurtenances such as timers. Therefore, Maryland sought a pressure distribution network design that would allow operation without clogging and reduce the need for maintenance.
For this study we closely monitored sixty-one systems designed and installed according to the Maryland procedure. We attempted to measure pressure head and discharge rates at each system. We then developed a methodology for estimating degree of clogging. We found that while most systems had some degree of clogging, the clogging had not yet required the need for increased maintenance. However, some operational problems found indicate a need for increased maintenance and inspection and a need to revise our design and construction procedure.
Surface Irrigation Design Considerations to Facilitate System Performance, Operation, and Maintenance at One Effluent Reuse System in North Carolina
Authors: Woody TW , Rubin AR , Frederick D 
Published: March 2009

Surface irrigation has long been a well-suited means for applying wastewater to agricultural and nonagricultural land, and has proven to be a viable option to surface water discharge and subsurface disposal. In North Carolina these systems have often been designed as last resort options or as only options to the user due to site conditions and nutrient-sensitive receiving streams. Systems have been poorly engineered and operated, and many times proposed for sites with poor conditions and misrepresented as to their potential. Surface irrigation systems require an engineering understanding that recognizes soil and site conditions, hydrogeologic conditions, and agronomic applications as equally important design components to that of sanitation and irrigation engineering which historically includes pump and pipe flow as well as water quality and treatment.
Successful system operation hinges on accurate soil and site investigations, suitable agronomic receiver sites (agricultural, forested, urban areas, recreational areas...), proper design of wastewater treatment methods and components, and a firm understanding of disposal methods. This paper explores remedies to common problems encountered with spray irrigation systems in central and eastern North Carolina.
Systems such as these have the potential to provide more than just a means for waste disposal; they are capable of providing water and nutrients to allow for the production of agricultural crops, horticultural crops, and forest products as well. In addition, these systems offer potential development of urban areas including area beautification of (rights-of-ways, common areas, etc.,...) and recreation facilities such as golf courses, athletic fields, parks, and even resort areas. However, these benefits can only be obtained through careful planning and management.
Nitrogen Removal in Septic Tank Effluent Using Separate Nitrification — Denitrification Biotextile Filters
Authors: Townshend AR 
Published: March 2009

This paper reports on an experimental septic tank system serving a 3-bedroom home in rural, south-eastern Ontario. The system’s objective is to meet the drinking water standard of 10 mg/L nitrite-nitrate as nitrogen without using conventional natural materials. The experimental system utilizes biotextile and geodrain materials in separate, recirculating nitrification-denitrification filters and polishing filters.
During its initial five years of operation the biotextile-based filter system has produced a sparkling clear effluent with a mean nitrite-nitrate concentration as nitrogen in the biotextile polishing filter effluent of about 12 mg/L which approaches the desired concentration of 10 mg/L. By mass balance, the overall mean nitrogen removal was 76% during the non-winter months and 69% during the winter of 1995–96.
This experimental installation shows that synthetic materials can be used effectively to produce high quality effluents. Engineered systems using synthetic materials such as biotextiles provide the solution to on-site pollution control where natural materials are unsuitable.
Thermal Oxidative Behavior of Readily Available Reference Polymers
Authors: Riga AT , Collins RM , Patterson GH 
Published: March 2009

There is an ongoing need in the plastics and rubber industries for readily available polymer oxidation standards. Appropriate and well characterized polymers are needed as ASTM and industrial standards for a variety of applications, such as oxidative stability of engineering plastics, composites, coatings, and elastomers. Oxidative properties by thermoanalytical techniques, with an established polymer set, are of utmost importance in presenting reliable data and developing quality assurance protocols. Control charting thermal oxidative methods with quality polymers can lead to International Standards Organization (ISO) certification.
Thermal oxidative behavior of a commercial set of reference polymers has been evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and pressure DSC (PDSC). There is a good correlation between measured stability by PDSC in oxygen and DTA in air. Known polymer crystallinity properties have been used to calibrate test temperature and heats of fusion. The thermal oxidative properties of these readily available reference polymers are repeatable and reproducible.
Thermal Oxidative Stability of Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite Materials
Authors: Fleszar MF 
Published: March 2009

The thermal oxidative stability of Fiberite 7714A (glass/epoxy), 976 (carbon/epoxy) arid 977-2 (carbon/epoxy) were studied at temperatures up to and above their respective glass transition temperatures. Composite samples were subjected to both long and short durations of heating. The first set of samples were heated for 4 to 6 hrs from 100 to 350°C and the second set of samples were cycled for 30 min intervals from 200 to 400°C.
The samples were tested in a Perkin-Elmer TGA7 Thermogravimetric Analyzer and the weight loss recorded. The weight loss data was compared on the basis of temperature and time at temperature. The results showed good thermal stability for each epoxy material through its glass transition temperature with a weight loss of 1.5% or less. The results were comparable for both long and short-term temperature exposure.
Development of a Standard Test Method for Determining Oxidative Induction Time of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Pressure Differential Scanning
Authors: Riga AT , Patterson GH 
Published: March 2009

Test methods under the auspices of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements are being developed for determining the oxidative induction time (OIT) of hydrocarbons by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pressure DSC. This test method,ASTM E1858, is applicable to hydrocarbons, for example, polyolefins and motor oils that oxidize exothermically in their analyzed form. The DSC method is used at ambient pressure, one atmosphere oxygen. The pressure DSC (PDSC) protocol is used at high pressure, 3.5 MPa or 500 psig, oxygen. The test specimen and reference aluminum pan are heated to a specific temperature, DSC at 195°C and PDSC at 175°C in an oxygen environment. Heat flow out of the specimen is monitored at the isothermal temperature until the oxidative reaction is manifested by heat evolution on the thermal curve.
Statistically designed experiments aided in establishing the factors affecting the OIT. Sample pan type, pressure, temperature, and oxygen flow rate were observed as significant experimental parameters. The OIT is a relative measure of oxidative stability at the test temperature. A precision and bias statement has been developed by ASTM Committee E37 and is reported based on a recent national round robin.
Comparative Techniques for Oxidative Induction Time (OIT) Testing
Authors: Cassel RB , Salamon AW , Curran G , Riga AT 
Published: March 2009

The oxidative induction time (OIT) test has been performed using a range of sample materials, instruments and conditions. Using the method of the ASTM E37.01.10 Task Group Interlaboratory Study as a basis, test samples of motor oil and high density polyethylene are analyzed using several analytical options. Instrumentation includes power compensation differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), pressurized cell power compensation DSC and heat flux DSC. The use of vented capsules as an alternative to the standard open capsules is also investigated.
The results show in the case of high density polyethylene (HDPE) (the primary sample studied for this contribution) that statistically similar results were obtained using power compensation DSC and heat flux DSC, and using three types of sample pans, one of which was a side-vented autosampler-compatible pan.
Oxo-Alcohol Acetates: A New Family of Inerts for Agricultural Chemical Use
Authors: Frisch PD 
Published: March 2009

Acetate esters of oxo alcohols have been available to AgChem formulators outside the U.S. for several years and are being used as solvents and cosolvents in a variety of commercial product formulations. Only recently, as a result of EPA action to grant this family of products exemption from the requirement of a maximum residue limit, have these materials become available for use in the U.S. The product family consists of a homologous series of acetate esters derived from oxo-alcohols, ranging from carbon number C6 through C13.
This paper describes the composition and physical properties of these solvents. Important performance properties; such as solvency, low temperature capabilities and low/controlled volatility, which are most useful to the formulator will be highlighted and compared to those of other inerts commonly used by the industry. Since the entire family has received a tolerance exemption, the oxo-alcohol acetate group of solvents offers a high degree of flexibility to the formulator of agricultural chemical products.
Comparison of Droplet Spectra of Fluorescent Tracers Commonly used to Measure Pesticide Deposition and Drift
Authors: Downer RA , Kirchner LM , Hall FR , Bishop BL 
Published: March 2009

Five water soluble fluorescent tracers, (Rhodamine WT, Tinopal CBS-X, Eosin OJ, Brilliant Sulphaflavine, and Uvitex EC), and one non-ionic adjuvant, Induce, were studied to determine their effects upon atomization. The solutions were sprayed through an XR8004VS fan nozzle tip at 276 kPa (40 psi). The drop spectra were measured using an Aerometrics PDPA 100-ID with the nozzle positioned 30 cm above the probe volume.
Several differences in important droplet size distribution parameters were found between the tracers at various rates and between tracer/adjuvant combinations. The greatest difference occurred when comparing Tinopal CBS-X (6.5 g liter-1) to Eosin OJ (3.5 g liter-1), where there was a 200% and a 107% increase in the % volume of droplets &lt; 100 μm and 150 μm diameter, respectively. There was also an approximately 61% and 35% increase in the % number of droplets &lt; 100 μm and 150 μm, respectively. Similar results, although not as marked, occurred when comparing these two tracers both at 1 g liter-1. The other tracers showed differences when compared to water and water/adjuvant mixtures. The results are considered in terms of their implications for quantification of drift and deposition studies.
Effect of Surface Charge/Particle Size of a Latex Particle on Transport Through Soil
Authors: Keeney FN , Steele KP , Von Wald GA 
Published: March 2009

The role of particle size and surface charge on the ability of a particle to migrate in a soil water column was investigated utilizing carboxylated polystyrene latexes. Experimentally, the only latex particle that was stable and mobile in the soil was the highly charged (519 μ eq/g) 0.19 micron diameter latex. Hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) was effective in determining both concentration and size distribution of the latex particles in the soil water matrix where there was high surface charge (519 μ eq/g) and small particle size, (&lt; 0.2 microns) or low surface charge (7–11 μ eq/g) particles between 0.166 and 0.507 microns stabilized by a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer.
Size played a role, with the movement of the 0.166 micron latex equivalent to that of the 0.19 micron latex. Both were significantly more mobile (less sorptive) than the 0.507 micron latex. Soil also had an influence as 0.19 micron particles were seen to be less mobile in the high organic carbon (OC) soil (Catlin) versus a moderate OC soil (Cecil).
A compartmental model based only on sorption described the data reasonably well. The parameter estimates from the model for the sorption constant, void volume in the soil column, and initial latex concentration were a close approximation to those observed and consistent throughout the study.
Foam Control in Trisiloxane Alkoxylate Systems
Authors: Policello GA , Koczo K 
Published: March 2009

The properties that make trisiloxane alkoxylates (TSA) so desirable, such as superspreading and spray coverage, also present some challenging issues with regard to their use in the field. Since TSAs are highly surface active, they can produce an extremely stable foam. Traditional antifoam compounds, based on polydimethylsiloxane oils (PDMS) have proven to be ineffective in controlling foam generated by TSA surfactants. It is believed that the antifoam oil droplets must enter the air/water interface of the foam film in order for foam rupture to occur. If the oil droplet forms a stable pseudoemulsion film at the interface, and the droplet does not enter the surface, foam control is not achieved. Unfortunately this is the case with traditional foam control agents.
Oils based on novel siloxane propoxylates have been found to form unstable pseudoemulsion films in trisiloxane alkoxylate solutions, thereby overcoming the low efficiency associated with traditional foam control agents in TSA systems.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Neutron Irradiation Embrittlement for Reactor Vessel Steel by Magnetomechanical Acoustic Emission Technique
Authors: Maeda N , Yamaguchi A , Saito K , Hirasawa T , Komura I , Chujou N 
Published: March 2009

A modified magnetomechanical acoustic emission (MAE) technique denoted Pulse MAE, in which the magnetizing current has a rectangular wave form, was developed as an NDE technique. Its applicability to the radiation damage for reactor pressure vessel steel was evaluated.
The reactor pressure vessel steel A533B base metal and weld metal were irradiated to the two fluence levels: 5 x 1022 and 3 x 1023 n/m2 at 288 °C. One side of the specimen was electropolished after irradiation. Pulse MAE signals were measured with a 350 kHz resonance frequency AE sensor at the moment when the magnetizing voltage is applied from zero to the set-up value abruptly. The AE signals were analyzed and the peak voltage Vp was determined for the measuring parameter.
The peak voltage Vp showed the tendency to increase monotonically with increasing neutron fluence. The relationship between the Vp and mechanical properties such as yield stress, tensile strength and Charpy transition temperature were also obtained. The Pulse MAE technique proved to have the possibility to detect and evaluate the neutron irradiation embrittlement. The potential of the Pulse MAE as an effective NDE technique and applicability to the actual components are discussed.
Irradiation Creep in Nickel Containing and in Manganese Containing Stainless Steel Alloys
Authors: Hausen H , Schüle W 
Published: March 2009

This is a final report on the results of measurements of neutron irradiation creep which have been performed in non-instrumented creep rigs (Trieste) on many different stainless steel alloys during the last fifteen years in high flux positions in the High Flux Reactor (HFR) at Petten. The creep elongations were measured in hot cells during reactor shut down periods. A few investigations of the creep elongation were performed in fully instrumented creep rigs (Crisp).
All the materials were irradiated in the as-received state, which was usually a type of solution-annealed state, after annealing at 400, or at 600, or at 800°C, and after 20% cold work. The irradiation temperature ranged from 300 to 500°C and the applied stresses were between 25 and 300 MPa.
The variations in length found up to irradiation doses of about 5 dpa are mainly attributed to the formation of radiation-induced microstructural changes, which are connected either with increases or with decreases in the volume of the materials. We are advancing an interpretation of the data which is not without contradictions. We believe that among the many microstructural changes only the formation of carbides, which is connected with an increase in volume, and only the formation of α-ferrite, which is connected with a decrease in volume, are of importance. The α-ferrite phase is very brittle, decreasing the ductility of the stainless steels dramatically.
An almost thermal equilibrium state of microstructure while irradiating with high energy particles is obtained after about 5 dpa, depending also on the irradiation temperature. The increase in length obtained for doses larger than 5 dpa is attributed mainly to irradiation creep. The normalized creep rates for all stainless steel materials are almost equal in HFR, ORR, and in EBR II. The creep rates increase linearly with stress and flux, and they are slightly dependent on the irradiation temperature (Qirr= 0.132 eV) for irradiation temperatures below about 450°C. For irradiation temperatures above 450°C a contribution of thermal vacancies to irradiation creep is noticed and the irradiation creep rates can no longer be ascribed to a simple irradiation creep relation.
A Reevaluation of Helium/dpa and Hydrogen/dpa Ratios for Fast Reactor and Thermal Reactor Data Used in Fission-Fusion Correlations
Authors: Garner FA , Greenwood LR , Oliver BM 
Published: March 2009

The 59Ni isotope produced by the 58Ni (n,γ) reaction has three highly exothermic reactions, (n,α), (n,p), and (n,γ). These reactions contribute to the displacement damage and two of them can generate significant amounts of helium and hydrogen. The production of helium in the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) at high neutron exposure has been measured and found not to include a significant contribution from 59Ni in those core volumes where most material's data were generated. This is in contrast to a significant 59Ni contribution that occurs in the softer below-core areas of the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF).
The often overlooked 59Ni contribution to hydrogen generation is of particular importance when considering neutron spectra with a substantial thermal neutron component, however. Inclusion of the (n,p) and (n,γ) recoil events in the dpa damage calculations requires only a 3% correction to the previously published value, indicating that most of the damage arises from the (n,α) reaction.
Neutron Irradiation Creep at 100°C on 316L, AMCR, and Welded 316L Stainless Steel Alloys
Authors: Hausen H , Schüle W 
Published: March 2009

We performed measurements on the elongation of many different austentic stainless steel alloys irradiating at 100°C in a low flux channel of the High Flux Reactor at Petten varying the applied stress between zero and 300 MPa. We irradiated in total 98 samples in two irradiation rigs. Of these samples only 26 samples could be tested up to a dose of 2.1 dpa, and 13 samples up to a dose of 0.21 dpa. The steels tested are listed in Table I. In the second irradiation rig four TIG-welded samples and one EB-welded sample were irradiated.
We found that the length of the samples increased up to an irradiation dose of 0.11 dpa and then either decreased or increased slightly depending on the magnitude of the applied stress. We attributed the increase in length to the volume change due to the formation of carbides and to the accommodation of carbides to the applied stress. The decrease of the length with irradiation time is attributed to the formation of brittle α-ferrite. The amount of α-ferrite formed increases with decreasing irradiation temperature and increases with decreasing applied stress.
Eight samples broke during irradiation in 8 columns or stems in two rigs before the first elongation test at 0.11 or 0.21 dpa could be performed. Irradiation of 343 samples of the same materials in the last fifteen years at temperatures between 300 and 500°C did not cause fracture.
Electron Microscopy of Precipitation and Age Hardening in Fe-0.6Cu Model Alloy
Authors: Kawanishi H , Suzuki M 
Published: March 2009

Conventional electron microscopy was done on thermally-aged Fe-0.6 wt.% Cu alloy to study the precipitation behavior of copper in α-iron. The alloy was aged at 500°C for 1000 h after water-quenching at 850°C. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed that the disk-shaped copper precipitate of a fcc-structure and ∼0.4 nm in thickness was formed with water-quenching, where there was a Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relation between the precipitate and the matrix. Aging was proved to reduce the density and diameter of the precipitates and to increase their thickness. Peak hardness was achieved at 100 h-aging. The precipitate was identified to be still disk-shaped (∼2 nm in thickness and ∼7 nm in diameter) and coherent with the matrix after 1000 h-aging.
In addition to copper precipitates, the small-sized particles of 1 to 2 nm in diameter were recognized to be uniformly distributed through the matrix, where their density was estimated to be on the order of 1023/m3. The particle was considered to reasonably be Fe3O4 from the analysis of the selected area diffraction patterns and the compositions of the alloy. Fe3O4 was believed to have formed during alloying and to have been less effective for age-hardening.
By taking account of the interfacial energy between the matrix and copper precipitate (chemical hardening mechanism), an estimation was tentatively made to explain the hardening behavior with aging of the alloy. Assuming the interfacial energy of 1000 erg/cm2, the results showed that the flow stress was increased by ∼29 kg/mm2 due to copper precipitation at 100 h-aging, followed by softening with further aging. The increase in the thickness of copper precipitates was concluded to be the most important factor governing the strength of the alloy during aging.