bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of material characteristics and/or surface topography on biofilm development
Authors: Teughels Wim , Van Assche Nele , Sliepen Isabelle , Quirynen Marc 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground: From an ecological viewpoint, the oral cavity, in fact the oro‐pharynx, is an ‘open growth system’. It undergoes an uninterrupted introduction and removal of both microorganisms and nutrients. In order to survive within the oro‐pharyngeal area, bacteria need to adhere either to the soft or hard tissues in order to resist shear forces. The fast turn‐over of the oral lining epithelia (shedding 3 ×/day) is an efficient defence mechanism as it prevents the accumulation of large masses of microorganisms. Teeth, dentures, or endosseous implants, however, providing non‐shedding surfaces, allow the formation of thick biofilms. In general, the established biofilm maintains an equilibrium with the host. An uncontrolled accumulation and/or metabolism of bacteria on the hard surfaces forms, however, the primary cause of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, peri‐implantitis, and stomatitis.Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate critically the impact of surface characteristics (free energy, roughness, chemistry) on the de novo biofilm formation, especially in the supragingival and to a lesser extent in the subgingival areas.Methods: An electronic Medline search (from 1966 until July 2005) was conducted applying the following search items: ‘biofilm formation and dental/oral implants/surface characteristics’, ‘surface characteristics and implants’, ‘biofilm formation and oral’, ‘plaque/biofilm and roughness’, ‘plaque/biofilm and surface free energy’, and ‘plaque formation and implants’. Only clinical studies within the oro‐pharyngeal area were included.Results: From a series of split‐mouth studies, it could be concluded that both an increase in surface roughness above the Ra threshold of 0.2 μm and/or of the surface‐free energy facilitates biofilm formation on restorative materials. When both surface characteristics interact with each other, surface roughness was found to be predominant. The biofilm formation is also influenced by the type (chemical composition) of biomaterial or the type of coating. Direct comparisons in biofilm formation on different transmucosal implant surfaces are scars.Conclusions: Extrapolation of data from studies on different restorative materials seems to indicate that transmucosal implant surfaces with a higher surface roughness/surface free energy facilitate biofilm formation.
Systemic diseases affecting osseointegration therapy
Authors: Mombelli Andrea , Cionca Norbert 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate the impact of systemic diseases and their treatment on the success of osseointegration therapy.Material and methods: A search was made to find human studies including subjects treated with osseointegrated oral implants, with a diagnosis of 11 systemic diseases, and reporting at least implant survival.Results: For most conditions, no studies comparing patients with and without the condition in a controlled setting were found. The evidence to recommend implant therapy was low and consisted in presentations of some successfully treated cases. With regard to diabetes, three types of reports were found: eight case series of diabetic patients treated with implants, six cross‐sectional, longitudinal or retrospective evaluations of groups of subjects treated with implants, including some diabetic patients, and one matched control retrospective chart survey. The heterogeneity of the material and the method of data reporting precluded a formal meta‐analysis. No unequivocal tendency for subjects with diabetes to have higher failure rates emerged, but the largest of these studies indicated a significant increase in the relative risk of implant failure with diabetes. The data obtained from 17 papers reporting data from osteoporotic patients were also heterogeneous. The evidence for an association of osteoporosis and implant failure was low.Conclusions: The level of evidence indicative of absolute and relative contraindications for implant therapy due to systemic diseases is low. Many conditions have been listed as potentially critical, but studies comparing patients with and without the condition in a controlled setting are sparse.
Bone density and primary stability in implant therapy
Authors: Molly Liene 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIntroduction: To improve patient comfort, deviations from the very successful standard osseointegration protocol are being developed. To keep implant failure rates as low as possible, the most perfect treatment planning and a good patient selection are extremely important. Because bone density plays an important role in implant outcome, known relations of bone density could improve treatment planning.Material and methods: A Pubmed search revealed 66 manuscripts investigating and discussing bone density of human jawbone whether or not related to implant stability or outcome. Forty‐five of these will be discussed in this review.Results and discussion: Many pre‐operative methods of jawbone density assessment are available. Most of those techniques correlate well with one another. Some are more elaborate to use in clinical practice. Primary stability measurements show significant correlations with different bone densities and also with implant outcome; however, not many studies investigate both at the same time.Conclusion: To investigate the outcome of adaptation methods of the surgical protocol with regard to the jawbone density, an objective pre‐surgical determination of bone density is necessary.
Validity and clinical significance of biomechanical testing of implant/bone interface
Authors: Aparicio Carlos , Lang Niklaus P. , Rangert Bo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this paper was to review the clinical literature on the Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and Periotest techniques in order to assess the validity and prognostic value of each technique to detect implants at risk for failure.Material and methods: A search was made using the PubMed database to find clinical studies using the RFA and/or Periotest techniques.Results: A limited number of clinical reports were found. No randomized‐controlled clinical trials or prospective cohort studies could be found for validity testing of the techniques. Consequently, only a narrative review was prepared to cover general aspects of the techniques, factors influencing measurements and the clinical relevance of the techniques.Conclusions: Factors such as bone density, upper or lower jaw, abutment length and supracrestal implant length seem to influence both RFA and Periotest measurements. Data suggest that high RFA and low Periotest values indicate successfully integrated implants and that low/decreasing RFA and high/increasing Periotest values may be signs of ongoing disintegration and/or marginal bone loss. However, single readings using any of the techniques are of limited clinical value. The prognostic value of the RFA and Periotest techniques in predicting loss of implant stability has yet to be established in prospective clinical studies.
Chewing fails to induce oral bacteraemia in patients with periodontal disease
Authors: Murphy Anthony M. , Daly Christopher G. , Mitchell David H. , Stewart Douglas , Curtis Brad H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAim: To investigate whether chewing in patients with untreated chronic periodontitis or plaque‐induced gingivitis causes bacteraemia of oral origin.Method: Twenty‐one patients with untreated chronic periodontitis (32–75 years old) and 20 with plaque‐induced gingivitis (26–54 years old) chewed a standard wax medium for 4 min. Blood samples were drawn before, during and 5 min. post‐chewing. Aerobic and anaerobic Bactec system culturing was performed for 21 days and positive bottles were subcultured and isolates were identified to genus level. A full periodontal analysis was performed on all teeth and included probing depths, recession, attachment levels, bleeding on probing, mobility plaque index and gingival index. Radiographs were assessed for the severity of alveolar bone loss.Results: No bacteraemia of oral origin was detected in any patient. Skin contaminants (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium spp.) were detected in blood samples from three patients (two periodontitis; one gingivitis).Conclusion: Chewing did not cause bacteraemia in chronic periodontitis or plaque‐induced gingivitis patients and may not be a risk factor for infective endocarditis in at‐risk individuals with periodontal disease.
The potential impact of neighborhood empowerment on dental caries among adolescents
Authors: Pattussi Marcos P. , Hardy Rebecca , Sheiham Aubrey 
Published: September 2006

Abstract – Objective: Empowerment has been considered a dimension of social capital. It refers to social interaction processes that enable people to enhance their individual and collective skills and to exert greater control over their lives. This relationship has not been explored in relation to dental health. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between neighborhood empowerment and dental caries in adolescents.Methods: A multilevel study was designed to assess the individual and neighborhood effects on the oral health of adolescents. Four sources of data were used: (a) clinical examinations (WHO), (b) students’ questionnaires, (c) parents’ questionnaires and (d) census data. The study population was 1302, 14/15‐year‐old students from 39 public schools of two cities of the Distrito Federal (DF), Brazil. Data analysis used logistic multilevel modeling at two levels: students (sources a and b) and neighborhood as defined by catchment areas of schools (sources c and d).Results: High DMFT (DMFT > median, DMFT ≥3) rates were significantly lower in areas with higher levels of empowerment. This relationship was independent of socioeconomic variables at the individual and area levels and of all other individual risk factor variables such as sex, fluoride, sugar consumption, tooth brushing and dental attendance [OR for low compared with high empowerment was 1.54 (95% CI = 1.09–2.18),P = 0.014].Conclusions: Neighborhood empowerment may play an important role in explaining inequalities in the levels of dental caries. New perspectives are needed so that more effective interventions can be implemented using area‐based perspectives.
Dental status and measures of deprivation in Clermont‐Ferrand, France
Authors: Enjary Celine , Tubert‐Jeannin Stephanie , Manevy Rachelle , Roger‐Leroi Valerie , Riordan Paul J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract –  Background:  Many background variables, such as socioeconomic status (SES), may be measured at the level of the individual or using some ecological indicators.Objectives:  This study aimed to examine, in 5‐ and 10‐year‐olds in Clermont‐Ferrand, the relationship between household SES indicators, SES measured as an area‐based ecological variable and dental status.Methods:  All 5‐ and 10‐year‐olds attending public schools in deprived and semi‐deprived zones (n = 15) and six other randomly selected schools in Clermont‐Ferrand were invited to participate. All children were examined clinically. On a questionnaire, parents provided sociodemographic information.Results:  Of the children invited, 84% (880 children) were examined. Mean dft of 5‐year‐olds was 0.93 (SD 2.27); 26.5% had at least one tooth affected. The caries experience (DMFT) of 10‐year‐olds was 0.85 (SD 1.14) and 37.2% had permanent tooth caries experience. Caries experience varied significantly with school deprivation status: the greater the deprivation score, the more likely was poor dental health. Country of birth, parents’ employment status, family size and health insurance type were significantly related to dental status. Logistic analyses estimated the importance of SES and ecological variables; deprivation influenced dental status in 5‐year‐olds even when household SES indicators were considered. In 10‐year‐olds, caries experience was influenced by household SES, immigrant background, father's employment and family size.Conclusion:  The use of school deprivation as an ecological measure status was useful for identyfing population subgroups with different levels of oral health, particularly in young children. This indicator of social deprivation could be used for targeting preventive programmes to high caries risk communities defined geographically.
Sugar snack consumption in Ugandan schoolchildren: validity and reliability of a food frequency questionnaire
Authors: Kiwanuka S. N. , Åstrøm A. N. , Trovik T. A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectives:  This study assessed the reproducibility and relative validity of an eight‐item self‐administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) on intake of sugared snacks in Ugandan schoolchildren. A 5‐day precoded food behaviour checklist (FBC) was used as validation criteria. Sociodemographic correlates of a sum frequency sugar score were explored.Methods:  The study was conducted in Kampala, Uganda, in 2004. Six hundred and fourteen schoolchildren (mean age 12.4 years) completed the FFQ on cakes/biscuits, chocolate, ice sticks, soft drinks, coffee, tea, sugared desserts and sweets/candies at school. They were examined clinically for dental caries. Forty students completed the FFQ twice, 1 week apart and 325 students completed the 5 day FBC at school.Results:  The mean decayed, missing and filled tooth index score was 0.98 (SD 1.6, range 0–15). Reproducibility scores (Cohen's kappa) for the sugar items ranged from 0.17 (ice sticks) to 0.55 (biscuits). No differences were seen between the average intakes at test and retest. Higher intake was reported in FFQ than in FBC across all sugar items. Crude agreement between students reporting intake at least 3–5 times a week/less than three times a week ranged from 50% to 55% (e.g. biscuits, chocolate) to 87% (tea). Spearman's correlation coefficients ranged from 0.14 (desserts) to 0.27 (sweets). anova revealed significant increase (P = 0.001) in the mean FBC sum scores by increasing quartiles of the FFQ sum scores. The average sum FFQ sugar scores were higher in girls than in boys and higher in older than in younger students.Conclusion:  Fair reproducibility was established for the FFQ sugar items. The FFQ was acceptable in classifying individuals into broad categories of low and high sugar consumption.
Factors associated with dental health care coverage in Mexico: findings from the National Performance Evaluation Survey 2002–2003
Authors: Pérez‐Núñez Ricardo , Medina‐Solis Carlo Eduardo , Maupomé Gerardo , Vargas‐Palacios Armando 
Published: September 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  To determine the level of dental health care coverage in people aged ≥18 years across the country, and to identify the factors associated with coverage.Material and methods:  Using the instruments and sampling strategies developed by the World Health Organization for the World Health Survey, a cross‐sectional national survey was carried out at the household and individual (adult) levels. Dental data were collected in 20 of Mexico's 32 states. The relationship between coverage and environmental and individual characteristics was examined through logistic regression models.Results:  Only 6098 of 24 159 individual respondents reported having oral problems during the preceding 12 months (accounting for 14 284 621 inhabitants of the country if weighted). Only 48% of respondents reporting problems were covered, although details of the appropriateness, timeliness and effectiveness of the intervention(s) were not assessed. The multivariate regression model showed that higher level of education, better socioeconomic status, having at least one chronic disease and having medical insurance were positively associated with better dental care coverage. Age and sex were also associated.Conclusions:  Overall dental health care coverage could be improved, assuming that ideal coverage is 100%. Some equality of access issues are apparent because there are differences in coverage across populations in terms of wealth and social status. Identifying the factors associated with sparse coverage is a step in the right direction allowing policymakers to establish strategies aimed at increasing this coverage, focusing on more vulnerable groups and on individuals in greater need of preventive and rehabilitative interventions.
Outcomes associated with dentists’ risk assessment
Authors: Brad Rindal D. , Rush William A. , Perrin Nancy A. , Maupomé Gerardo , Bader James D. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract –  Objective:  To examine retrospectively the caries‐related restorative experience of at‐risk individuals who received fluoride‐based preventive interventions to determine if the intervention resulted in fewer caries‐related procedures.Methods:  Administrative data from two dental health plans were used to determine the relationship between caries risk assessment (CRA) scores, preventive treatment and caries‐related treatment procedures. We identified 45 693 adults who were consecutively enrolled for at least 1 year before and 2.5 years after the CRA. Variables representing the number of teeth with any caries‐related treatment procedure and receipt of preventive treatment were created.Results:  The outcome variable of interest was having at least one tooth with a caries‐related procedure in the 2‐year follow‐up period. In plan A, the recommendation for home‐use fluoride was not significantly related to caries‐related treatment procedures in the follow‐up period for individuals at low, moderate or high risk (P > 0.300). In plan B, application of in‐office fluoride was associated with having at least one tooth with a caries‐related treatment procedure in the follow‐up period (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  We found incomplete compliance with guidelines for recommendation or administration of preventive treatment for patients at elevated risk for caries. We were also unable to identify any significant reductions in caries‐related procedures for individuals receiving a fluoride intervention, compared with those who did not, when stratified by risk level.
Effects of different Rhododendron control methods in eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) ecosystems in the western Black Sea region of Turkey
Authors: Yildiz O. , Eşen D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIntensive weed control and plot preparation practices have become a critical and integral part of productive beech forest management in Turkey’s coastal Black Sea region (BSR). This study was conducted in an eastern beech forest of 100+ year old in the BSR to evaluate ecosystem effects of three different experimental Rhododendron ponticum understory control methods with a randomised block design, including manual grubbing, foliar and cut stump spraying with imazapyr (Arsenal) and foliar and cut stump spraying with triclopyr (Garlon). Untreated vegetation plots served as controls. Evaluation of these treatments included their effects on understory and forest floor biomass and nutrients (C, N, P, S, K, Ca and Mg) and effects on soils, including bulk density, pH, soil nutrients (C, N, P and S), exchangeable cations (K, Ca and Mg) and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). Grubbing and imazapyr treatments had greatly reduced the amount of understory biomass 5 years after application (P = 0.002). Triclopyr treatment also had a major effect on understory vegetation control, but by 5 years later, about 10% of the rhododendron originally present on these plots had gradually re‐sprouted and partially covered the plots. Five years after woody vegetation control treatments, at the 0‐ to 20‐cm depth, treatments did not appear to affect soil bulk density, pH and CEC. For the upper 20‐cm soil depth, the exchangeable soil K concentration at the 10‐ to 20‐cm depth on triclopyr‐treated plots was 33% higher than on grubbing plots, and it was twice that of imazapyr application plots. Imazapyr plots had almost 11 times more dead organic matter on the forest floor than there was on grubbing plots. Forest floor C concentrations on imazapyr plots were 26 and 14% greater than those on grubbing and triclopyr plots, respectively. Total ecosystem (forest floor + understory + soil exchangeable) Ca content was 50% higher on imazapyr plots than that on triclopyr plots, while the ecosystem K pool on imazapyr treatment plots was 27% lower than that on triclopyr plots. Herbicides can be used as an alternative for achieving some forest management objectives when other vegetation control methods are not feasible or economical. It is recommended that vegetation control not be used on steep slopes because of greater risk of soil erosion. There may be benefits in encouraging slash disposal by fire after imazapyr treatments, thus removing recalcitrant understory residues left on the forest floor and releasing the essential nutrients within them.
“Think Globally, Punish Locally”: Nonstate Actors, Multinational Corporations, and Human Rights Sanctions
Authors: Rodman Kenneth A. 
Published: September 2006

The traditional realist paradigm holds that the sovereign nation-state is the principal political and legal unit in the world community. Reflecting this tradition, most studies of economic sanctions are state-centered. They assume that states exercise control over their national corporations to deny economic resources to other states. Within this framework, nongovernmental human rights organizations become involved only as interest groups, lobbying governments to regulate or ban private economic activity with designated malefactor. These groups, however, are generally unable to persuade states to mandate disinvestment from or socially responsible behavior within repressive regimes. As a result, they redirect their energies away from the central authorities and toward corporations-directly pressuring them through boycotts and shareholder activism-and local governments-persuading them to condition municipal contracts on human rights criteria.This essay examines the degree to which these nonstate actors can provide an alternative center of authority to that of the state in imposing human rights accountability on corporate conduct abroad. The first section explains the logic of nonstate sanctions and establishes criteria against which one can judge their challenge to realism. The second section assesses the successes and limitations of the anti-apartheid movement, which is viewed as the role model for such efforts. The third and final section contrasts the South African case with recent campaigns against corporate investment in Burma and Nigeria. These cases have been chosen because most grassroots organizations have pressed for corporate withdrawal rather than for more socially responsible business practices. Each represents an attempt by citizens' groups to impose sanctions against repressive regimes beyond those enacted by governments.