bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ibandronate: Its Role in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Cameron David , Fallon Marie , Diel Ingo 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Bisphosphonates are the most effective agents for treating and/or preventing complications of bone metastases and are the standard of care in this setting. Currently, four bisphosphonates are available for metastatic bone disease (MBD): clodronate, pamidronate, zoledronic acid, and ibandronate. Although all four of these bisphosphonates have been shown to reduce the incidence of skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastases, there are substantial differences among these agents in their potency, dose and route of administration, and side effects. Ibandronate and zoledronic acid, the two newer aminobisphosphonates, appear to have similar biochemical efficacies when phase III trial data are compared. Both agents were equally effective in reducing markers of bone resorption in the only prospective comparative trial carried out to date, but no data on relative clinical efficacy are available from head-to-head comparisons. Both the oral and i.v. formulations of ibandronate have also shown long-term efficacy in managing metastatic bone pain (MBP), but the onset of action of standard bisphosphonate treatment is not sufficient when rapid relief of pain is required. Because of its favorable renal safety profile, i.v. ibandronate can be administered daily for 3 days, as a so-called “loading dose.” This dosing regimen has allowed rapid and effective relief of MBP without the unwanted side effects associated with opioids and other analgesics. Ibandronate is thus an effective, flexible, and well-tolerated bisphosphonate that can meet the varying requirements of patients with MBD.
Adjuvant Trastuzumab: A Milestone in the Treatment of HER-2-Positive Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Baselga José , Perez Edith A. , Pienkowski Tadeusz , Bell Richard 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Up to one fourth of women diagnosed with early breast cancer (EBC) have tumors that are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) positive. This is associated with a high risk of relapse and death from meta-static disease. Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of HER-2, improves survival and quality of life in women with HER-2-positive metastatic breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. Four major adjuvant trials—Herceptin® Adjuvant (HERA), National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-31, North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) N9831, and Breast Cancer International Research Group (BCIRG) 006—including between them &gt;13,000 women with HER-2-positive EBC, have investigated different adjuvant treatment approaches with trastuzumab. These trials have shown that trastuzumab reduces the 3-year risk of recurrence by about half in this population. The benefit was similar across the trials despite differences in patient populations, chemotherapy regimens, and sequencing of treatment. At a 2-year follow-up, interim results from the combined analysis of the NSABP B-31 and NCCTG N9831 trials showed a one third lower mortality for trastuzumab, and there was a trend toward an overall survival benefit in the HERA and BCIRG trials. A small Finnish trial, FinHer, investigating another regimen of trastuzumab, has also shown similarly positive results. Further follow-up of the major adjuvant trials will clarify the survival benefit for women receiving trastuzumab, as well as the optimal treatment duration (1 or 2 years). Notably, cardiac events in the trastuzumab-containing arms of these trials have remained within acceptable levels, with a slightly higher (0.6%–3.3%) incidence of congestive heart failure that mostly responded to treatment. Further follow-up will provide information on long-term cardiac safety. Overall, results from clinical trials are sufficiently compelling to consider 1 year of adjuvant trastuzumab treatment for women with HER-2-positive EBC based on the risk:benefit ratio demonstrated in these studies.
Interlaboratory evaluation ofHyalella aztecaandChironomus tentansshort-term and long-term sediment toxicity tests
Authors: Norberg-King Teresa J. , Sibley Paul K. , Burton G. Allen , Ingersoll Christopher G. , Kemble Nile E. , Ireland Scott , Mount David R. , Rowland Carolyn D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMethods for assessing the long-term toxicity of sediments to Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans can significantly enhance the capacity to assess sublethal effects of contaminated sediments through multiple endpoints. Sublethal tests allow us to begin to understand the relationship between short-term and long-term effects for toxic sediments. We present an interlaboratory evaluation with long-term and 10-d tests using control and contaminated sediments in which we assess whether proposed and existing performance criteria (test acceptability criteria [TAC]) could be achieved. Laboratories became familiar with newly developed, long-term protocols by testing two control sediments in phase 1. In phase 2, the 10-d and long-term tests were examined with several sediments. Laboratories met the TACs, but results varied depending on the test organism, test duration, and endpoints. For the long-term tests in phase 1, 66 to 100% of the laboratories consistently met the TACs for survival, growth, or reproduction using H. azteca, and 70 to 100% of the laboratories met the TACs for survival and growth, emergence, reproduction, and hatchability using C. tentans. In phase 2, fewer laboratories participated in long-term tests: 71 to 88% of the laboratories met the TAC for H. azteca, whereas 50 to 67% met the TAC for C. tentans. In the 10-d tests with H. azteca, and C. tentans, 82 and 88% of the laboratories met the TAC for survival, respectively, and 80% met the TAC for C. tentans growth. For the 10-d and long-term tests, laboratories predicted similar toxicity. Overall, the interlaboratory evaluation showed good precision of the methods, appropriate endpoints were incorporated into the test protocols, and tests effectively predicted the toxicity of sediments.
Toxicity of glyphosate as Glypro® and LI700 to red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) embryos and early hatchlings
Authors: Sparling Donald W. , Matson Cole , Bickham John , Doelling-Brown Paige 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
More than 8.2 billion ha of cropland, gardens, and forests are treated with the herbicide glyphosate each year. Whereas the toxicity of glyphosate and associated adjuvants has been measured in other vertebrates, few, if any, studies have looked at their effects in reptiles. In some instances, management of turtle habitat requires control of successional stages through application of herbicides. Adults and juvenile turtles may be exposed directly, whereas embryos may contact the chemicals through the soil. In the present study, we exposed eggs of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) to single applications of herbicide ranging from 0 to 11,206 ppm wet weight of glyphosate in Glypro® and 0 to 678 ppm of the surfactant, LI700. Hatching success at the highest concentration was significantly lower (73%) than in other treatments (80–100%). At hatch, turtles at the highest concentration weighed less than those at other concentrations. During a 14-d holding period, we observed dose–response relationships in the ability of hatchlings to right themselves when turned on their backs. At the end of the holding period, hatchlings at the highest dose level were still lighter, and somatic indices were lower, than those in other treatments. Genetic damage, as measured by flow cytometry, increased with treatment concentration except for the highest dose. We conclude that because of the high concentrations needed to produce effects and the protection offered by several centimeters of soil or sediment, glyphosate with LI700 poses low levels of risk to red-eared slider embryos under normal field operations with regards to the endpoints measured in the present study. Carelessness in handling glyphosate or failure to follow label directions may produce adverse effects. There also is a risk that the health of turtle embryos may be affected in ways not measured in the present study.
Subacute effects of transgenic Cry1Ab Bacillus thuringiensis corn litter on the isopods Trachelipus rathkii and Armadillidium nasatum
Authors: Clark Bryan W. , Prihoda Kelsey R. , Coats Joel R. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the subacute effects of transgenic Cry1Ab corn leaf material containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein on the terrestrial isopods Trachelipus rathkii and Armadillidium nasatum. Survival and growth were measured for eight weeks in isopods fed leaf material of two Bt11 corn varieties, two Monsanto 810 (Mon810) corn varieties, and the isolines of each. Total lipid and protein content of the organisms was measured to examine effects on energetic reserves. Armadillidium nasatum individuals in all treatments responded similarly. For T. rathkii, no statistically significant effect of Bt was observed, but statistical differences were observed in growth between hybrids. Protein and sugar content of the food were found to be correlated with the differences in growth for T. rathkii. Total protein content was higher in T. rathkii and A. nasatum fed material with higher protein and sugar content. A trend toward less growth in T. rathkii on Bt corn varieties versus their isolines triggered a concentration-response assay with purified Cry1Ab protein. No adverse effects of purified Bt protein were observed. These results indicate that little hazard to T. rathkii and A. nasatum from Bt corn leaf material from these hybrids exists. However, nutritional differences in corn hybrids contributed to differences in isopod growth.
Neuropharmaceuticals in the environment: Mianserin-induced neuroendocrine disruption in zebrafish (Danio rerio) using cDNA microarrays
Authors: van der Ven Karlijn , Keil Dorien , Moens Lotte N. , van Leemput Koen , van Remortel Piet , de Coen Wim M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Because of their environmental occurrence and high biological activity, human pharmaceuticals have received increasing attention from environmental and health agencies. A major bottleneck in their risk assessment is the lack of relevant and specific effect data. We developed an approach using gene expression analysis in quantifying adverse effects of neuroendocrine pharmaceuticals in the environment. We studied effects of mianserin on zebrafish (Danio rerio) gene expression using a brain-specific, custom microarray, with real-time polymerase chain reaction as confirmation. After exposure (0, 25, and 250 μg/L) for 2, 4, and 14 d, RNA was extracted from brain tissue and used for microarray hybridization. In parallel, we investigated the impact of exposure on egg production, fertilization, and hatching. After 2 d of exposure, microarray analysis showed a clear effect of mianserin on important neuroendocrine-related genes (e.g., aromatase and estrogen receptor), indicating that antidepressants can modulate neuroendocrine processes. This initial neuroendocrine effect was followed by a “late gene expression effect” on neuronal plasticity, supporting the current concept regarding the mode of action for antidepressants in mammals. Clear adverse effects on egg viability were seen after 14 d of exposure at the highest concentration tested. Based on the specific molecular impact and the effects on reproduction, we conclude that further investigation of the adverse effects on the brain-liver-gonad axis is needed for a correct ecological risk assessment of antidepressants.
Sorption of p-nitrophenol on two Chinese soils as affected by copper
Authors: Pei Zhi-Guo , Shan Xiao-Quan , Liu Tao , Xie Ya-Ning , Wen Bei , Zhang Shuzhen , Khan Shahamat U. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Heavy metals and organic contaminants often coexist in soils. However, very little information is available regarding the effect of metals on the sorption of organic contaminants onto soils and/or of organic contaminants on metal sorption. In the present study, the effect of Cu on the sorption of p-nitrophenol on two Chinese soils was investigated using a batch-equilibration method for three conditions: Copper and p-nitrophenol were sorbed simultaneously, either Cu or p-nitrophenol was sorbed previously, or the soil colloidal phase was removed in part previously. The results suggested that Cu suppressed the sorption of p-nitrophenol on soils, whereas p-nitrophenol had little effect on Cu sorption because of the higher affinity of Cu for soils. Mechanisms of the Cu suppression effect were suggested by the results. First, large hydrated Cu occupy the siloxane surface of soils and prevent nonspecific interaction between p-nitrophenol and soils. Second, the soil colloidal phase is an effective adsorbent of p-nitrophenol; thus, more p-nitrophenol is retained in the aqueous phase. In addition, the aggregation of the colloidal particles may occur, which blocks soil pores, thereby decreasing the sorption of p-nitrophenol on the solid soil phase. Third, x-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that Cu forms inner-sphere complexes with the carboxyl and hydroxyl functional moieties of the soil particles (clayminerals and organic matter). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study indicated that these groups also react with p-nitrophenol through H-bond formation. These results suggested that Cu and p-nitophenol have common sorption sites, at least in the soil organic matter domain, which is partially responsible for the observed overall Cu suppression effect.
Effects of hardness and alkalinity in culture and test waters on reproduction ofCeriodaphnia dubia
Authors: Lasier Peter J. , Winger Parley V. , Hardin Ian R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCeriodaphnia dubia were cultured in four reconstituted water s with hardness and alkalinity concentrations ranging from soft to the moderately hard water that is required by whole-effluent toxicity (WET) testing methods for culturing test organisms. The effects of these culture formulations alone and in combination with two levels of Cl−,SO2−4, and HCO−3 on reproduction of C. dubia were evaluated with the standard three-brood test. Reproduction was significantly reduced when test waters had lower hardness than culture waters. However, reproduction was not significantly different when animals cultured in low-hardness waters were exposed to moderately hard waters. The hardness of the culture water did not significantly affect the sensitivity of C. dubia to the three anions. Conversely, increased hardness in test waters significantly reduced the toxicities of Cl− and SO2−4, with HCO−3 toxicity following the same pattern. Alkalinity exhibited no consistent effect on Cl− and SO2−4 toxicity. The physiological stress of placing animals cultured in moderately hard water into softer test waters might contribute to marginal failures of otherwise nontoxic effluents. The standard WET protocol should be revised to allow the culture of C. dubia under lower hardness conditions to better represent local surface water chemistries.
Laboratory persistence and fate of fluoxetine in aquatic environments
Authors: Kwon Jeong-Wook , Armbrust Kevin L. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The persistence and fate of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has been investigated in laboratory-scale experiments, including studies with various aqueous solutions, water/sediment systems, and activated sludge-amended medium. The samples were placed in the dark and/or in a growth chamber fitted with fluorescent lamps simulating the ultraviolet output of sunlight. Over a period of 30 d, fluoxetine was hydrolytically and photolytically stable in all aqueous solutions except synthetic humic water (pH 7), in which the degradation rate was increased by approximately 13-fold in comparison with buffered solutions at the same pH. Fluoxetine rapidly dissipated from the aqueous phase in water/sediment systems, primarily because of distribution to sediments. The dissipation rate from the aqueous phase was similar between light and dark systems, indicating a low contribution of photodegradation to the dissipation of fluoxetine in this system. The potential impact of fluoxetine in aquatic environments would be decreased because of adsorption to sediments. Based on results of ready-biodegradability investigations, fluoxetine would not be expected to rapidly biodegrade in wastewater treatment plants. A photoproduct was detected only in a sample of synthetic humic water and was identified as norfluoxetine formed by demethylation. Results indicate that fluoxetine is relatively recalcitrant to hydrolysis, photolysis, and microbial degradation and that it is rapidly removed from surface waters by adsorption to sediment, where it appears to be persistent.
Changes in juvenile coho salmon electro-olfactogram during and after short-term exposure to current-use pesticides
Authors: Tierney Keith B. , Ross Peter S. , Jarrard Hugh E. , Delaney K.R. , Kennedy Christopher J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
For anadromous salmonids, olfaction is a critical sense, enabling return migration. In recent years, several pesticides have been identified that interfere with salmonid olfaction at concentrations in the μg/L range; thus, they may pose a risk to species longe]ity. In the present study, we investigated the acute effects of five agricultural pesticides on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) olfaction using the electro-olfactogram (EOG), a measure of odorant-evoked field potentials. Electro-olfactogram responses to the odorant L-serine were measured during and following a 30-min exposure of the left olfactory rosette to chlorothalonil, endosulfan, glyphosate acid, iodocarb (IPBC), trifluralin, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. With the relatively insoluble pesticides endosulfan and trifluralin, decreases in EOG amplitude were only apparent at relatively high concentrations (100 and 300 μg/L, respectively) following 20 min of exposure and were absent for chlorothalonil (1 mg/L). With the water-soluble herbicide glyphosate, significant EOG reductions occurred within 10 min of exposure to 1 mg/L and more rapidly with higher concentrations. Recovery of EOG post-glyphosate exposure was concentration-dependent, and complete recovery was not observed with some concentrations at 60 min postexposure. Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid only affected EOG at high concentration (100 mg/L), where it eliminated EOG within 2 min of exposure. With IPBC, EOG was decreased at 25 min of exposure to 1 μg/L; higher concentrations caused decreases to occur more rapidly. Excluding IPBC and glyphosate, all EOG reductions occurred at concentrations greater than the current Canadian water-quality guidelines and reported 96-h lethality values. Our results show that olfactory neurons can be impaired rapidly by some current-use pesticides, even at exposures in the low-μg/L range.
Kinetics of ptaquiloside hydrolysis in aqueous solution
Authors: Ayala-Luis Karina B. , Hansen Pernille B. , Rasmussen Lars H. , Hansen Hans Christian B. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Ptaquiloside (PTA) is a well-known toxin produced by the bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn). It is proposed that PTA from bracken stands can leach through soil and sediments into drinking-water reservoirs, thus representing a concern for human health. To predict the persistence of the toxin, a full understanding of the PTA degradation in aqueous environments is important. The kinetics of PTA hydrolysis was examined at 22°C in aqueous buffered solutions (pH 2.88–8.93). The reaction was found to follow first-order kinetics with respect to PTA at all pH and temperature conditions. At pH lower than 4.43 (±0.32), the reaction is acid-mediated, whereas the reaction is base-mediated at pH higher than 6.39 (±0.28). The rate constants for the acidcatalyzed, base-catalyzed, and neutral hydrolysis are 25.70 (±0.96), 4.83 (±0.03) × 104, and 9.49 (±6.02) × 10−4 h−1, respectively. The PTA hydrolysis at pH 4.46 is strongly dependent on temperature, with an activation energy of 74.4 (±2.6) kJ mol−1. Stoichiometric calculations, reaction kinetics, and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry strongly indicates the formation of an intermediary compound at pH 5.07 and 6.07 via a mechanism comprising two first-order consecutive reactions. Ptaquiloside has the lowest rate of hydrolysis at slightly acidic pH and low temperatures. Therefore, because PTA is not sorbed in soil, slightly acidic sandy soils in cold climates are most prone to PTA leaching to deeper soil layers and aquifers.
Influences of aging on the bioavailability of sediment-bound Cd and Zn to deposit-feeding sipunculans and soldier crabs
Authors: Zhong Huan , Wang Wen-Xiong 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe radiotracer technique was used to assess the influences of sediment—metal contact time or aging (up to two years) on the bioavailability and geochemical speciation of Cd and Zn in sediments. Bioavailability was quantified by measuring the assimilation efficiency of metals in two deposit-feeding invertebrates (sipunculans and soldier crabs) and the extraction by the sipunculans' gut juices. Sediment aging generally did not significantly affect the Cd speciation in the sediments, Cd assimilation, and Cd extraction. In contrast, sediment aging significantly affected the Zn distribution in different geochemical phases and the Zn bioavailability. With increasing aging, the Zn distributed in the carbonate phase decreased, whereas that in the reducible phase increased. Accordingly, the Zn gut-juice extraction decreased significantly. Two years of aging were not sufficient for Zn to be associated with the organic and residual phases. A significant positive correlation was found between Cd gut-juice extraction and assimilation efficiency. Gut-juice extraction of Cd and Zn generally increased with metal distribution in the exchangeable and carbonate phases but decreased with that in the reducible phase. Our results suggest that different metals are influenced by sediment aging differently and that geochemical speciation analysis is useful in studying the bioavailability of sediment-bound metals. This study may have implications for designing sediment toxicity tests using spiking techniques and for understanding the fates of anthropogenically derived metals in sediments.
Contrasting Pathways of Assimilation
Authors: Dubé Monique G. , Benoy Glenn A. , Wassenaar Leonard I. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTFish are commonly used for monitoring the quality of waters receiving pulp mill effluents (PMEs). Isotopic assays of fish tissues have the potential to provide empirical evidence to link an effluent source to exposure. We show in a 45‐d factorial laboratory experiment that different exposure pathways lead to isotopic signatures in fish tissue. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to 10% PME in three ways; direct exposure through addition of PME to aquaria, indirect exposure through invertebrate food consumption (Chironomus tentans cultured in 10% PME), and a combination of both exposure pathways. Of the four stable isotopes measured (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S, δ37Cl), δ13C, δ34S, and δ37Cl showed significant differences in exposed animal tissues. δ37Cl of fish muscle tissue showed consistent differences across trophic levels and revealed contrasting pathways of PME exposure. Contrasting δ 37Cl values in C. tentans due to the presence or absence of 10% PME did not translate into δ37Cl differences in fish. Rather, δ37Cl ratios of fish muscle tissue were specifically related to 10% PME exposure in the aquaria (waterborne exposure pathway). Feasible distributions of 37Cl source contributions for observed mixture ratios confirmed that PME accounted for observed differences in δ37Cl among treatments. Direct uptake of chloride ions across gill surfaces is the most likely pathway for assimilation of PME into fish tissues. Considering the variability of PMEs and receiving environments, use of a multi‐isotope approach is recommended for tracing exposure of fish. Use of 37Cl should also be considered in light of its alternative assimilation pathway.