bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of cytologic and histologic evaluations of the conjunctiva in the normal equine eye
Authors: Bourges‐Abella Nathalie , Raymond‐Letron Isabelle , Diquelou Armelle , Guillot Emilie , Regnier Alain , Trumel Catherine 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective  To describe the cells observed in conjunctival brush cytology (CBC) from normal horses and compare these findings with conjunctival structural histology so as to understand which cells are recovered from CBC.Methods  This study was divided into three parts. (1) Conjunctival brush smears were collected from 20 healthy horses on both eyes and a differential count on 300 cells was carried out on May Grünwald–Giemsa (MGG) smears. (2) A similar protocol was used for whole eyes from five horses obtained rapidly after death from a slaughterhouse. The eyes were then assessed for conjunctival histology. (3) Cytobrush smears were collected from five healthy horses. Smears were examined after MGG or periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining.Results  The differential cell count showed a majority of deep and intermediate epithelial cells with very few superficial and goblet cells in both eyes. A stratified columnar to cuboidal epithelium was observed on nearly the whole surface of the conjunctiva. A stratified squamous type was observed at the palpebral and bulbar edges. Areas with highest mucus cell indices were found from the nasal to the temporal edge of the equine inferior conjunctiva in the upper palpebral segment near the fornix and in a part of the nasal fornix. In MGG smears no mucus cells were identified; however, they were numerous in PAS smears (22.6% ± 11) and were mostly cylindrical cells (42.5% ± 14.4 PAS positive).Conclusions  Cytobrush smears in the healthy horse are characterized by a majority of polyhedral and cylindrical cells and a few squamous cells. The cylindrical cells may be mucous cells and probably originate from the main stratified columnar to cuboidal epithelium.
Presumed and confirmed striatocapsular brain infarctions in six dogs
Authors: Rossmeisl John H. , Rohleder Jacob J. , Pickett J. Phillip , Duncan Robert , Herring Ian P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective  To describe the clinical and diagnostic features of the canine sensorimotor syndrome caused by striatocapsular brain infarctions (SCI).Animals studied  Six dogs with diagnostic imaging or postmortem evidence of SCI.Procedures  Medical records of dogs with SCI were retrospectively reviewed and the signalment, history, clinical signs, antemortem clinicopathologic test results, diagnostic imaging findings, case outcomes, and pathologic findings recorded.Results  All dogs had an acute onset of nonprogressive homonymous visual field deficits and contralateral general proprioceptive (GP) deficits. Contralateral hemiparesis and facial hypalgesia were noted in 5/6 dogs. CT scans were normal in 2/4 dogs, and revealed poorly defined hypoattenuating lesions in the subcortical white matter in two dogs. MRI exams were performed in 5/6 dogs and revealed unilateral, variably sized, striatocapsular lesions consistent with nonhemorrhagic infarctions. Diagnostic imaging (6/6) and postmortem examinations (2/6) suggested that SCI resulted from lesions in the vascular territories of the rostral choriodal (6/6) and lenticulostriate arteries (2/6). Diseases predisposing to infarction were not identified in 5/6 dogs. Improvements in mentation, behavior, proprioceptive deficits, and hemiparesis were seen in surviving dogs, but persistent, symptomatic sensory deficits were noted during the follow‐up period.Conclusions  SCI should be considered as a differential diagnosis for dogs with acute onset, nonprogressive homonymous hemianopia, contralateral GP deficits or hemiparesis, and facial hypalgesia. MRI is the preferred modality for the antemortem imaging diagnosis of SCI. Although partial recovery occurred in all surviving dogs, visual and facial sensory disturbances persisted.
Use of a dermal biopsy punch for removal of ectopic cilia in dogs: 19 cases
Authors: D’Anna Nunzio , Sapienza John S. , Guandalini Adolfo , Guerriero Alessandra 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective  To evaluate the use of a dermal biopsy punch for accurate and quick removal of ectopic cilia in dogs.Animals studied  This study reports the treatment of ectopic cilia detected in 12 dogs during the period from June 2002 to December 2004. Five cases were affected with ectopic cilia in the right eye, and five in the left eye, with two cases affected bilaterally. Nineteen ectopic cilia were detected in 12 dogs.Procedure  The technique described in this study consists of using a 2–3‐mm skin biopsy punch with the aid of an operating microscope.Results  No recurrence was noted in any of the cases. The presurgical blepharospasm due to the presence of the cilia resolved as well as uneventful corneal healing of any associated corneal erosions or ulcers.Conclusions  This method offers a simple, practical alternative to the traditional scalpel procedure as described in the veterinary ophthalmic literature.
Taeniacoenurus in the orbit of a chinchilla
Authors: Holmberg Bradford J. , Hollingsworth Steven R. , Osofsky Anna , Tell Lisa A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA 4‐year old, male intact, captive‐bred chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) was presented due to progressive exophthalmos of the right eye over a 5‐month period. Ophthalmic examination revealed exophthalmos with dorsal displacement of the right globe. Retropulsion was decreased and a fluctuant, subcutaneous mass could be palpated posterior and dorsal to the central aspect of the zygomatic bone. Transdermal ultrasonography revealed a fluid‐filled mass consistent with a cyst located within the ventral right orbit. Computed tomography demonstrated dorsal displacement of the globe, lateral displacement of the zygomatic arch, and numerous mineral‐dense foci within the lumen of the cyst. The cyst was removeden blocby ventral transpalpebral orbitotomy. Histopathology revealed a single capsulated cyst with multiple invaginated protoscolices, characterized by a prominent scolex with refractile hooklets, suckers, and abundant calcareous corpuscles consistent with aTaeniacoenurus. Exophthalmos resolved with surgical therapy and there was no evidence of recurrence or postoperative complications over a period of 2 years. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of an orbital cyst of parasitic origin in a chinchilla.
Primary conjunctival mast cell tumor in a Labrador Retriever
Authors: Barsotti Giovanni , Marchetti Veronica , Abramo Francesca 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA 4‐year‐old, intact male Labrador Retriever with a rapidly progressive conjunctival mass was evaluated. Ocular examination showed a 2‐cm elongated mass arising from the superior bulbar conjunctiva of the left eye. The mass resulted in distortion of the palpebral fissure and contacted the superior aspect of the cornea without modifying its structure; no adhesion to the sclera was detected. The superior palpebral conjunctiva was unaffected, and the remaining ocular examination was normal. The initial diagnostic work‐up included CBC, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, and fine needle biopsy of the mass. A poorly differentiated mast cell tumor was diagnosed by cytology. Immunocytochemistry was performed to evaluate Ki‐67 proliferation index, and 54/1000 tumoral nuclei showed a dark red staining. After a complete clinical staging, the mass was excised and identified histologically as a grade‐II mast cell tumor. An adjuvant treatment with prednisone and vinblastine was instituted because of the limited excisional margins. No evidence of local recurrence or metastasis has been apparent during the 29‐month follow‐up period. This report contributes to the current literature pertaining to canine conjunctival mast cell tumors; unfortunately, the paucity of case reports and the absence of large studies regarding this tumor make conclusions regarding its biologic behavior impossible.
Molecular phylogeny of Pacific Island Colymbetinae: radiation of New Caledonian and Fijian species (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae)
Authors: Balke Michael , Wewalka Günther , Alarie Yves , Ribera Ignacio 
Published: December 2006

We present a molecular phylogeny and taxonomic review of the Pacific island colymbetine diving beetles, focusing on the Fijian and New Caledonian faunas. Four new species are described: Rhantus monteithi and R. poellerbauerae from New Caledonia, and R. kini and R. bula from Fiji. We also describe the 3rd instar larvae of R. monteithi and R. poellerbauerae spp. nov., assigned to adults using mtDNA sequence data and discuss larval characters in the light of phylogeny. The phylogenetic hypotheses derived from both parsimony and Bayesian inference based on 3508 aligned nucleotides from a combination of mitochondrial (cox1, cob and rrnL‐tRNALeu‐Nad1) and nuclear genes (18S rRNA and H3) reveal a clade comprising R. novaecaledoniae, R. alutaceus, R. pseudopacificus, R. monteithi sp. nov. and R. poellerbauerae sp. nov., which agrees with the R. pacificus group sensu Balke (1993). Carabdytes upin was included within this clade, possibly indicating paraphyly of the genus Rhantus. Rhantus annectens, R. bacchusi, R. supranubicus, R. suturalis, R. simulans, and the Palearctic R. exsoletus, R. latitans and R. bistriatus formed a clade corresponding to the R. suturalis group sensu Balke (2001). Rhantus vitiensis, previously assigned to the R. pacificus group, was included in the R. suturalis clade. We find some support for a scenario where the Pacific was colonized out of the Northern hemisphere only during the past c. 12 million years, rejecting a Gondwanan origin of the morphologically isolated endemics. The new species are all characterized by mtDNA haplotype clusters, the degree of divergence between sister species pairs ranging from 1.3 to 7%, while R. novaecaledoniae individuals from all over New Caledonia apparently form one morphospecies, with moderate genetic diversity (up to 2.3% mtDNA divergence between populations). The sisters R. pollerbauerae sp. nov. + R. monteithi sp. nov. occur sympatrically on Mont Panié but appear ecologically segregated, while the sisters R. vitiensis + R. bula sp. nov. were encountered syntopically on Viti Levu. Comparing genetic and morphological data of Fijian Rhantus and Copelatus diving beetles, we here show that even in island radiations it is not per se possible to know if mitochondrial DNA barcoding would perform well (Rhantus: YES, Copelatus: NO). At the same time we show that fixed cutoff values, as sometimes used to discriminate between barcodes, thus species, might be meaningless. We underpin the importance of morphology for sustainable exploration of global diversity.
Kit‐positive interstitial cells in the rabbit urethra: structural relationships with nerves and smooth muscle
Authors: Lyons Alan D. , Gardiner Tom A. , McCloskey Karen D. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVETo identify interstitial cells (ICs) in the wall of the rabbit urethra using antibodies to the Kit receptor, and to examine their location, morphology and relationship with nerves and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), as studies of enzymatically isolated cells from the rabbit urethra have established that there are specialized cells that show spontaneous electrical activity and have morphological properties of ICs.MATERIALS AND METHODSUrethral tissues from rabbits were fixed, labelled with antibodies and examined with confocal microscopy. Some specimens were embedded in paraffin wax and processed for histology. Histological sections from the most proximal third and mid‐third region of rabbit urethra were stained with Masson’s Trichrome to show their cellular arrangement.RESULTSSections from both regions had outer longitudinal and inner circular layers of SM, and a lamina propria containing connective tissue and blood vessels; the lumen was lined with urothelial cells. The mid‐third region had a more developed circular SM layer than the most‐proximal samples, and had extensive inner longitudinal SM bundles in the lamina propria. Labelling with anti‐Kit revealed immunopositive cells within the wall of the rabbit urethra, in the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis. Double‐labelling with an antibody to SM myosin showed Kit‐positive cells on the boundary of the SM bundles, orientated parallel to the axis of the bundles. Others were in spaces between the bundles and often made contact with each other. Kit‐positive cells were either elongated, with several lateral branches, or stellate with branches coming from a central soma. Similar cells could be labelled with vimentin antibodies. Their relationship with intramural nerves was examined by double immunostaining with an anti‐neurofilament antibody. There were frequent points of contact between Kit‐positive cells and nerves, with similar findings in specimens double‐immunostained with anti‐neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS).CONCLUSIONKit‐positive ICs were found within the SM layers of the rabbit urethra, in association with nerves, on the edge of SM bundles and in the interbundle spaces. The contact with nNOS‐containing neurones might imply participation in the nitrergic inhibitory neurotransmission of the urethra.
Oxybutynin transdermal system improves the quality of life in adults with overactive bladder: a multicentre, community‐based, randomized study
Authors: Sand Peter , Zinner Norman , Newman Diane , Lucente Vincent , Dmochowski Roger , Kelleher Con , Dahl Naomi V. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVETo assess health‐related quality‐of‐life (HRQoL) and safety with the oxybutynin transdermal system (OXY‐TDS) (Oxytrol®, Watson Pharma, Corona, CA, USA) in the Multicentre Assessment of Transdermal Therapy in Overactive Bladder With Oxybutynin (MATRIX) study, as HRQoL measurements are increasingly important in evaluating pharmacotherapy for overactive bladder (OAB).PATIENTS AND METHODSThis randomized, open‐label, community‐based study enrolled 2878 participants aged ≥18 years who had been given a diagnosis of OAB. The 327 study sites were representative of various practice types. All participants were treated with OXY‐TDS 3.9 mg/day for ≤6 months. HRQoL was assessed using the King’s Health Questionnaire (KHQ); the primary endpoint was the change in KHQ scores from baseline to study end.RESULTSMost enrolees (2052/2625; 78.2%) had moderate to severe OAB at baseline (Patient Perception of Bladder Condition score ≥ 4 on a scale of 1–6), and most (1632/2859; 57.1%) had been given previous drug treatment for OAB. Of 2592 with evaluable baseline KHQ scores, 92.2% reported urgency and 88.2% reported urge urinary incontinence. The most impaired domains at baseline were Incontinence Impact (69.3), Symptom Severity (55.9), and Sleep/Energy (54.2). There were clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvements in nine of 10 domains at the study end; the greatest improvements were in Incontinence Impact (−13.5), Symptom Severity (−12.4), and Role Limitations (−13.3). The treatment was well tolerated, with low incidences of drug‐related anticholinergic adverse effects such as dry mouth (75; 2.6%), constipation (44; 1.5%), and dizziness (21; 0.7%). There were drug‐related application‐site reactions, including pruritus, erythema, dermatitis and irritation, in 14.0% of participants.CONCLUSIONSOXY‐TDS treatment was well tolerated in this diverse, community‐based population, and resulted in clinically significant improvements in HRQoL, regardless of baseline characteristics.
Probabilistic epigenesis
Authors: Gottlieb Gilbert 
Published: December 2006

Abstract The notion that phenotypic traits, including behavior, can be predetermined has slowly given way in biology and psychology over the last two decades. This shift in thinking is due in large part to the growing evidence for the fundamental role of developmental processes in the generation of the stability and variations in phenotype that researchers in developmental and evolutionary sciences seek to understand. Here I review the tenets of a metatheoretical model of development called probabilistic epigenesis (PE) and explore its implications for furthering our understanding of developmental and evolutionary processes. The PE framework emphasizes the reciprocity of influences within and between levels of an organism's developmental manifold (genetic activity, neural activity, behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural influences of the external environment) and the ubiquity of gene–environment interaction in the realization of all phenotypes.
Attention genes
Authors: Posner Michael I. , Rothbart Mary K. , Sheese Brad E. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract A major problem for developmental science is understanding how the cognitive and emotional networks important in carrying out mental processes can be related to individual differences. The last five years have seen major advances in establishing links between alleles of specific genes and the neural networks underlying aspects of attention. These findings have the potential of illuminating important aspects of normal development and its pathologies. We need to learn how genes and experience combine to influence the structure of neural networks and the efficiency with which they are exercised. Methods for addressing these issues are central to progress in the decade ahead.
Music, evolution and language
Authors: Masataka Nobuo 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Darwin (1871) noted that the human musical faculty ‘must be ranked amongst the most mysterious with which he is endowed’. Indeed, previous research with human infants and young children has revealed that we are born with variable musical capabilities. Here, the adaptive purpose served by these differing capabilities is discussed with reference to comparative findings regarding the acoustic behavior of nonhuman primates. The findings provide evidence supporting Darwin's hypothesis of an intermediate stage of human evolutionary history characterized by a communication system that resembles music more closely than language and possibly acting as a precursor for both current language and music.
Sleeper effects
Authors: Maurer Daphne , Mondloch Catherine J. , Lewis Terri L. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Early experience preserves and refines many capabilities that emerge prenatally. Here we describe another role that it plays – establishing the neural substrate for capabilities that emerge at a much later point in development. The evidence comes from sleeper effects: permanent deficits when early experience was absent in capabilities that normally emerge long after birth. We provide evidence of sleeper effects for three aspects of vision, based on our research with children who were deprived of early visual input by congenital cataracts: contrast sensitivity for mid and high spatial frequencies, holistic face processing, and the ability to recognize the identity of faces based on small differences in the spacing among facial features.
What's in a look?
Authors: Aslin Richard N. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract The most common behavioral technique used to study infant perception, cognition, language, and social development is some variant of looking time. Since its inception as a reliable method in the late 1950s, a tremendous increase in knowledge about infant competencies has been gained by inferences made from measures of looking time. Here we examine the logic, utility, and future prospects for further gains in our understanding of infant cognition from the use of looking time measures.
Action in development
Authors: Von Hofsten Claes 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIt is argued that cognitive development has to be understood in the functional perspective provided by actions. Actions reflect all aspects of cognitive development including the motives of the child, the problems to be solved, and the constraints and possibilities of the child's body and sensorimotor system. Actions are directed into the future and their control is based on knowledge of what is going to happen next. Such knowledge is available because events are governed by rules and regularities. The planning of actions also requires knowledge of the affordances of objects and events. An important aspect of cognitive development is about how the child acquires such knowledge.
Neuroconstructivism
Authors: Westermann Gert , Mareschal Denis , Johnson Mark H. , Sirois Sylvain , Spratling Michael W. , Thomas Michael S.C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNeuroconstructivism is a theoretical framework focusing on the construction of representations in the developing brain. Cognitive development is explained as emerging from the experience‐dependent development of neural structures supporting mental representations. Neural development occurs in the context of multiple interacting constraints acting on different levels, from the individual cell to the external environment of the developing child. Cognitive development can thus be understood as a trajectory originating from the constraints on the underlying neural structures. This perspective offers an integrated view of normal and abnormal development as well as of development and adult processing, and it stands apart from traditional cognitive approaches in taking seriously the constraints on cognition inherent to the substrate that delivers it.
Core knowledge
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S. , Kinzler Katherine D. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Human cognition is founded, in part, on four systems for representing objects, actions, number, and space. It may be based, as well, on a fifth system for representing social partners. Each system has deep roots in human phylogeny and ontogeny, and it guides and shapes the mental lives of adults. Converging research on human infants, non‐human primates, children and adults in diverse cultures can aid both understanding of these systems and attempts to overcome their limits.
Shared intentionality
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Carpenter Malinda 
Published: December 2006

Abstract We argue for the importance of processes of shared intentionality in children's early cognitive development. We look briefly at four important social‐cognitive skills and how they are transformed by shared intentionality. In each case, we look first at a kind of individualistic version of the skill – as exemplified most clearly in the behavior of chimpanzees – and then at a version based on shared intentionality – as exemplified most clearly in the behavior of human 1‐ and 2‐year‐olds. We thus see the following transformations: gaze following into joint attention, social manipulation into cooperative communication, group activity into collaboration, and social learning into instructed learning. We conclude by highlighting the role that shared intentionality may play in integrating more biologically based and more culturally based theories of human development.