bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the binary quality of recognition and the inconsequentiality of further knowledge: two critical tests of the recognition heuristic
Authors: Newell Ben R. , Fernandez Duane 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe recognition heuristic is claimed to be distinguished from notions of availability and fluency through its categorical or “binary” treatment of information and the “inconsequentiality” of further knowledge to inferences based on recognition. Using the city‐size task of Goldstein and Gigerenzer (2002) we demonstrate that: (1) increasing the validity of other information in the environment decreases the reliance on recognition; (2) cities that are both recognized and have other information known about them (e.g. they have a soccer team) are chosen more often than those which are simply recognized; and (3) there is a negative correlation between the time taken to identify a city and the proportion of times it is selected as the larger of a pair. None of these results is predicted by the process model of the recognition heuristic. The implication of the results for the distinction between the recognition, availability and fluency heuristics is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms for enhancing the credibility of an adviser: prepayment and aligned incentives
Authors: Patt Anthony G. , Bowles Hannah R. , Cash David W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe tested the effectiveness of prepayment for advice and aligned incentives as mechanisms for enhancing trust in unfamiliar advisers in decision‐making under uncertainty. Participants were low‐income Zimbabweans who played two rounds of the Monty Hall three‐door game. In round 1, participants who purchased advice were significantly more likely to follow advice for how to win the game than were participants who received free advice. In round 2, the apparent effectiveness of advisers' suggestions in round 1 moderated participants' propensity to follow advice. If the round 1 advice appeared wrong, the credibility enhancing benefits of prepayment diminished. If the advice appeared right, the benefits of prepayment maintained. Hypotheses with regard to the benefits of aligned incentives received only weak support. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stimulus format and working memory in fast and frugal strategy selection
Authors: Bröder Arndt , Schiffer Stefanie 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe necessity of retrieving complex attribute information from long‐term memory has been shown to elevate processing costs and boost the use of simple decision heuristics. This effect was confined to verbal as opposed to pictorial attribute information. In a large‐scale experiment (N = 151), either verbal or pictorial information for inferences had to be retrieved from long‐term memory. Concurrent secondary tasks either interfered with the Central Executive, the Phonological Loop, or the Visuo‐Spatial Sketchpad. These are hypothetical components of working memory responsible for processing different information formats. Whereas the information format massively affected strategy selection, there was an additive rather than interactive effect of secondary task, suggesting enhanced retrieval costs irrespective of the information format. An additional analysis in terms of a similarity match as proposed by exemplar‐based models did not enhance the explanation of the data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guilt and focusing in decision‐making
Authors: Gangemi Amelia , Mancini Francesco 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this paper we examined the impact of a specific emotion, guilt, on focusing in decision‐making. Through the focusing mechanism, when making decisions, individuals tend to restrict their thoughts to what is explicitly represented in the decisional task, disregarding alternatives. In this paper, three experiments are performed to investigate whether an emotional state of guilt can critically guide individuals' focusing, and even prevailing over the focusing mechanism. Guilty emotional state was induced by asking participants to write about a guilty related life event. The emotional state was thus neither generated by nor related to the tasks used in the experiments. Results of the first two studies show that guilt affects focusing in decision‐making in the case of only one explicitly specified option (a positive or a negative one). Guilty participants, when presented with a stated option that has predominantly positive characteristics, prefer other, unspecified options over the positive one. Guilty participants faced with a stated option that has predominantly negative features tend to prefer it to other, unspecified, options, instead. Finally, experiment 3 shows that guilty participants presented with two different options (a negative vs. a positive one) having different degrees of explicitness (i.e. they are not equally represented in the decision frame), focus on the negative option, even though the latter was not explicitly represented but only hinted at the end of the text. Overall, these results suggest that guilt emotion state can play a crucial role in either strengthening or reducing the focusing mechanism. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classifying simulated air threats with fast and frugal heuristics
Authors: Bryant David J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn three experiments, subjects learned to classify simulated aircraft using four probabilistic cues then classified test sets designed to contrast predictions of several compensatory and non‐compensatory heuristics. Results indicated that a proportion of subjects appeared to use a non‐compensatory fast and frugal heuristic but that significant proportions used less frugal compensatory decision rules. The relative proportions of subjects exhibiting responses consistent with the fast and frugal heuristic versus other decision rules was largely unaffected by manipulations of time pressure and perceived cue uncertainty. An extreme time constraint, however, did result in significant differences in the proportions of subjects who preferred non‐compensatory to compensatory decision rules. These results suggest that it is possible to model multi‐attribute decision tasks like threat assessment with a fast and frugal heuristic although no single heuristic is a general model for the simulated threat assessment task. Copyright © 2006 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficacy of cue exposure with response prevention in extinguishing drug and alcohol cue reactivity
Authors: Havermans Remco C. , Mulkens Sandra , Nederkoorn Chantal , Jansen Anita 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIt has been suggested that drug cue‐elicited urges and psychophysiological reactions are the results of Pavlovian conditioning processes and that it should be possible to extinguish these responses with cue exposure with response prevention. It has already been shown that subjective cue‐elicited urges can be extinguished, but it is unclear whether this is also true for cue‐elicited psychophysiological arousal. This was tested in the present study in a heterogeneous sample of drug and alcohol dependent patients. It was found that cue‐elicited urges can indeed be extinguished. However, such a clear pattern of extinguished cue reactivity was not found for the psychophysiological measures. Furthermore, the extinction of drug urges was not specific for cue exposure treatment. It is concluded that cue‐elicited psychophysiological arousal does not underlie subjective cue reactivity and may not reflect Pavlovian conditioned drug responding. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a guided compliance procedure to reduce noncompliance among preschool children
Authors: Wilder David A. , Atwell Julie 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe effectiveness of a guided compliance procedure to reduce noncompliance among typically developing preschool children was evaluated. After baseline data on compliance to common demands were collected, a parent, instructional assistant, or graduate research assistant implemented the guided compliance procedure, which involved the delivery of progressively more intrusive prompts contingent upon noncompliance. The effects of the procedure were examined using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across participants. The results suggest that the procedure was effective for four of the six children who participated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actin filaments are involved in the maintenance of Golgi cisternae morphology and intra‐Golgi pH
Authors: Lázaro‐Diéguez Francisco , Jiménez Nuria , Barth Holger , Koster Abraham J. , Renau‐Piqueras Jaime , Llopis Juan L. , Burger Koert N. J. , Egea Gustavo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHere we examine the contribution of actin dynamics to the architecture and pH of the Golgi complex. To this end, we have used toxins that depolymerize (cytochalasin D, latrunculin B, mycalolide B, and Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin) or stabilize (jasplakinolide) filamentous actin. When various clonal cell lines were examined by epifluorescence microscopy, all of these actin toxins induced compaction of the Golgi complex. However, ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography/three‐dimensional modelling of the Golgi complex showed that F‐actin depolymerization first induces perforation/fragmentation and severe swelling of Golgi cisternae, which leads to a completely disorganized structure. In contrast, F‐actin stabilization results only in cisternae perforation/fragmentation. Concomitantly to actin depolymerization‐induced cisternae swelling and disorganization, the intra‐Golgi pH significantly increased. Similar ultrastructural and Golgi pH alkalinization were observed in cells treated with the vacuolar H+‐ATPases inhibitors bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A. Overall, these results suggest that actin filaments are implicated in the preservation of the flattened shape of Golgi cisternae. This maintenance seems to be mediated by the regulation of the state of F‐actin assembly on the Golgi pH homeostasis. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling of metal–mold interface resistance in the A356 Aluminium alloy casting process
Authors: Mirbagheri S. M. H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this study, a computational model has been developed for determination of metallostatic pressure on the heat transfer coefficient, resistance of metal–mold interface and solidification time for solving of heat transfer equations. The simulation of interface resistance is based on the zero thickness element (ZTE), using the finite element method (FEM). The solid boundary conditions, including contact resistance have been modified by pressure gradient in each ZTE. The pressure gradient has been imposed by an experimental function, which obtained based on experimental data. In order to verify the computational results, an A356 Aluminium alloy has been poured into a permanent mold and temperature of interface was measured by data acquisition system. The comparison between the experimental and the simulation results during solidification process shows a good agreement that confirms the accuracy of the model in order to simulate the effect of interface resistance on the solidification time. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of transient water infiltration in heterogeneous soils combining central schemes and mixed finite elements
Authors: Aquino J. , Francisco A. S. , Pereira F. , Amaral Souto H. P. , Furtado F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe present a new numerical scheme for the approximation of solutions of transient water infiltration problems in heterogeneous soils. The two‐phase (water and air) flow problem is governed by a pressure–velocity equation coupled to a saturation equation. The numerical scheme combines a non‐oscillatory, second‐order, conservative central finite differencing scheme for the saturation equation with mixed finite elements for the pressure–velocity equation. An operator splitting technique allows for the use of distinct time steps for the solution of the equations of the governing system. One and two‐dimensional numerical experiments show that the proposed scheme is able to capture accurately and efficiently sharp fronts in two‐phase water–air problem. The simulations were carried out taking into account the effects of gravity and capillary diffusion forces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simplified model for mould filling simulations using CVFEM and unstructured meshes
Authors: Estacio K. C. , Mangiavacchi N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this work, the finite volume method is used to numerically solve the fluid governing equations of the filling phase of thermoplastic injection in a narrow gap with free surfaces, subject to heat transfer, using a semi‐Lagrangian formulation in an unstructured mesh. The modified‐Cross model with Arrhenius temperature dependence is employed to describe the viscosity of the melt. The pressure field is obtained using the control volume finite element method. The three‐dimensional temperature field is solved by a semi‐Lagrangian scheme based on the finite volume method. A simpler two‐dimensional model for temperature field is also deduced and presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decomposition of symmetric mass–spring vibrating systems using groups, graphs and linear algebra
Authors: Kaveh A. , Nikbakht M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe main objective of this article is to develop a methodology for an efficient calculation of the eigenvalues for symmetric mass–spring systems in order to reduce the size of the eigenproblem involved. This is achieved using group‐theoretical method, whereby the model of a symmetric mass–spring system is decomposed into appropriate submodels. The eigenvalues of the entire system is then obtained by calculating the eigenvalues of its submodels. The results are compared to those of the existing methods based on graph theory and linear algebra. Examples are provided to illustrate the simplicity and efficiency of the present method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A boundary element approach for topology optimization problem using the level set method
Authors: Abe Kazuhisa , Kazama Shunsuke , Koro Kazuhiro 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA boundary element method is developed for the topology optimization problem. The topological change is captured using the level set method. The level set function which is defined by signed distance from the boundary contour is assigned to fixed grid points. Boundary elements are developed along the zero contour of the level set function. The design sensitivity analysis is performed for the boundary element equation, and then the boundary velocity is obtained. The velocity field which leads the level set function to optimal material distribution is obtained by the extension of the boundary velocity. Numerical examples show that the proposed method is valid for the topology optimization problems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐image and outcome in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Harder Susanne 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis study examines self‐image in a sample of first‐episode psychosis (N = 97) at baseline and as predictor for outcome. Self‐image was measured using the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior Questionnaire (=SASB‐Intrex) at the perceived best and at worst state. The main findings are that persons with psychosis and a more positive self‐image at their perceived best state have a better remission from negative and positive psychotic symptoms and an increased level of social functioning after one year in treatment. Further, some support was found for the presence of defensive processes in forming the self‐image in psychosis, as reduced acknowledgement of present illness and grandiosity were associated with a less negative self‐image at worst state. This defensive strategy might be helpful in remission, as a less negative self‐image at worst state was related to better remission in positive psychotic symptoms after one year in treatment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral Recognition of Mesoporous SBA‐15 with an Incorporated Chiral Porphyrin
Authors: Fa Huan‐Bao , Zhao Lang , Wang Xing‐Qiao , Yu Ji‐Hong , Huang Yi‐Bing , Yang Min , Wang De‐Jun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe incorporation of a chiral porphyrin into the mesoporous molecular sieves SBA‐15 by reactions of the surface OH group with an amino group of the porphyrin and its chiral recognition were studied. The resultant material was analyzed by a combination of techniques and it was confirmed that the channels of SBA‐15 have been filled with chiral porphyrins, leaving the mesopores unaffected. The investigation of chiral recognition of the porphyrin and the composite SBA‐15 shows that the incorporated SBA‐15 has a clear CD spectral signal of the chiral porphyrin and exhibits different chiral recognition abilities for small amino acids. The D‐alanine is more tightly bound to the mesoporous composite SBA‐15 than its optical antipode. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Studies on Chromium(III) and Vanadium(III) Complexes with Crown Ether and Crown Thioether Coordination – Synthesis, Properties and Structural Systematics
Authors: Beard Charlotte D. , Carr Loretta , Davis Martin F. , Evans John , Levason William , Norman Louise D. , Reid Gillian , Webster Michael 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA series of six‐coordinate chloro CrIII and VIII complexes involving crown ether, crown thioether and mixed ether/thioether crowns, [MCl3(crown)] (M = Cr or V; crown = 12‐crown‐4,15‐crown‐5,18‐crown‐6, [12]aneS4, [15]aneS5, [9]aneS2O,[15]aneS2O3, [18]aneS3O3) has been prepared by the reaction of [MCl3(thf)3] with rigorously dried crown in anhydrous CH2Cl2. In the presence of small amounts of water the mono‐aquo species [MCl3(H2O)(15‐crown‐5)] and [MCl3(H2O)(18‐crown‐6)] are obtained. The products have been characterised by IR and UV/Visible spectroscopy, microanalyses and for [CrCl3(H2O)(18‐crown‐6)], [VCl3(H2O)(15‐crown‐5)] and [CrCl3([15]aneS5)], by X‐ray crystallography. The unexpected affinity of specifically the 15‐crown‐5 and 18‐crown‐6 complexes to pick up H2O is rationalised in terms of the strain within the two adjacent five‐membered chelate rings in the anhydrous (κ3‐coordinated) species, and a wider survey of the structures reported for six‐coordinate MIII crown complexes (M = Sc – Cr) with RECH2CH2ER (E = O or S) reveals that while the S–M–S angles in five‐membered chelate rings are typically around 82°, those involving O–M–O are very substantially more acute at around 75°. Thus, the [MCl3(κ3‐crown ether)] complexes are much less stable and can alleviate some of this significant ring strain by switching to κ2‐crown coordination with the H2O ligand completing the six coordination. In contrast, the crown thioether complexes have much less tendency to do this and hence appear to be more stable. Furthermore, using the structurally related (dimethylene linkages) mixed thia/oxa crowns to probe the M–O vs. M–S binding competitively, strongly indicates that the CrIII and VIII preferentially coordinate to the thioether rather than the ether donor atoms, contrary to normal expectation based upon HSAB theory. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis, Structure and Conformational Properties of Fluoroformylchlorodifluoroacetyl Disulfide, FC(O)SSC(O)CF2Cl: Conformational Transferability in –C(O)SSC(O)– Compounds
Authors: Erben Mauricio F. , Della Védova Carlos O. , Willner Helge , Boese Roland 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPure fluoroformylchlorodifluoroacetyl disulfide, FC(O)SSC(O)CF2Cl, has been prepared by the reaction of FC(O)SCl and CF2ClC(O)SH in quantitative yield. The conformational properties of the novel molecule have been studied by vibrational spectroscopy (IR – gas phase, Raman – liquid phase) and quantum chemical calculations (B3LYP and MP2 methods). The gaseous compound exhibits a conformational equilibrium at room temperature where the most stable form adopts a C1 symmetry and a syn‐periplanar (sp) orientation of both carbonyl groups with respect to the disulfide bond. A second form, observed in the IR spectrum of the vapor, corresponds to a conformer in which the carbonyl bond of the FC(O) moiety adopts an anti‐periplanar (ap) position with respect to the S–S single bond, and gauche with respect to the ClC–C=O moiety in the chlorodifluoroacetyl group. The experimental free energy difference value ΔG0 = G0(ap–sp) – G0(sp–sp) = 1.4(3) kcal/mol (IR) is reproduced well by the B3YLP/6‐311+G(3df) (1.1 kcal/mol) and the MP2/6‐31G* (1.8 kcal/mol) methods. In addition, the structure of a single‐crystal, grown in situ, was determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis at low temperature. The crystalline solid [monoclinic, P21/n, a = 5.579(3) Å, b = 16.615(7), c = 8.455(4) Å, β = 106.876(8)°] consists exclusively of molecules with the (sp–sp) conformation and the usual gauche orientation around the disulfide bond [φ(CS–SC) = 84.2°]. Conformational transferability is thus demonstrated once again for species that contain the –C(O)SSC(O)– group as part of a systematic program designed to analyze the behavior of this class of molecules. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Are Molecular 5,8‐π‐Extended Quinoxaline Derivatives Good Chromophores for Photoluminescence Applications?
Authors: Mancilha Fabiana S. , DaSilveira Neto Brenno A. , Lopes Aline S. , Moreira Paulo F. , Quina Frank H. , Gonçalves Reinaldo S. , Dupont Jaïrton 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a new series of photoluminescent compounds, namely 5,8‐diaryl quinoxaline derivatives (aryl = phenyl, 4‐fluorophenyl, 4‐methoxyphenyl, and 4‐cyanophenyl), was achieved by a direct Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction with the employment of a NCP‐pincer palladacycle. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of these compounds were also investigated. Four new 4,8‐diaryl‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazoles were also synthesized in order to enable a comparison between the two types of nitrogen‐containing π‐extended heterocycles. The substitution of a hydrogen atom at the 4‐position of the aryl that is groups attached to the quinoxaline or benzothiadiazole base by either electron‐donating or ‐withdrawing groups results in an increase in the bandgap energy (from 2.21 to 2.52 eV) of π‐extended 5,8‐quinoxaline derivatives and a decrease in the bandgap energy (from 2.65 to 2.40 eV) of π‐extended 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazoles. Moreover, π‐extension at the 5‐ and 8‐positions of the quinoxaline core is not essential for the photoluminescence of these compounds and 4,7‐π‐extended 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole derivatives are far better candidates for luminescence applications than are the quinoxaline derivatives.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)