bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources: Idle Well Management Program
Authors: Hesson Bruce H. , Glinzak Mike 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
To address the increasing number of long-term idle wells in California, the Department of Conservation's Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (Division) worked with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and oil industry representatives to develop strategies to reduce the idle well inventory and lower the State's potential well plugging liability. This process resulted in the development of new statutes in the Public Resources Code (PRC) that require additional financial assurances through increased well bonding, higher idle well fees, and increased orphan-well plugging and abandonment funds for the Division. Operators with long-term idle wells are also required to develop idle well management and elimination plans that focus on wells that have been shut-in for ten years, or more. In addition, idle well testing is required to protect freshwater and hydrocarbon resources, and to help determine a well's future resource potential. This paper will discuss the historic idle well trends that led to this proactive program, the specific statutes and program requirements and the program goals.
On By-Extraction of the Gold From Petroleum
Authors: Sotnikov A. V. , Sterlina N. B 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The naphthides are considred as promising sources of extraction of various metals: V, Mo, U, etc. The idea emphasized in this paper is completing this list with the gold. The authors had a chance to study this problem when making a geological map and searching for the gold ores and placers for the Yagodnoye Geological Survey Department, in the Magadan region, North-Eeast Siberia. Here, high absorption abilities of petroleum with respect to gold was used in laboratory analyses. Later on, the research was continued at a natural object: the Talin Oil Field in the Middle Ob area, West Siberia. Here, the rocks of the oil collector are represented by the alluvial quartz sands and the gravelites of the Sherkalin horizon (J1) of the Tyumen set (J1+2). Accumulation material of the horizon oil deposits is the upper paleosoic rocks of the Ural-Siberian folded region. In the other similar deposits, significant industrial ore bodies and placers of gold are known. Hence, it was natural to assume a gold presence in the ancient alluvium of the Sherkalin horizon due to a buried gold placer. The testing verified these assumptions. In all three samples taken from this oil field, the atomic-absorptional method showed concentrations of gold much higher than 1 g/t. This is quite comparable to the average industrial gold concentrations, which are 4 to 10 g/t for ore mines, and 0.2 to 1 g/t for placers.
Fresh Water Injection Stimulation in a Deep Tight Oil Reservoir
Authors: Wong S. W. , O'Dell P. M. , de Pater C. J. , Shaoul J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Athel exploration play in the South of Oman contains a huge oil reserve, but in rather unusual reservoirs with very low permeability. Two discovered fields, Al Noor and Al Shomou carry a total oil in-place in excess of 2 billion barrels. These reservoirs contain thick silicilyte slabs that are encased in salt and shale. Due to low permeability, effective well stimulation plays a crucial role in economic field development.
There was evidence that silicilyte cores contained salt and it was believed that removing the salt with a simple fresh water soak could increase the permeability. Subsequently, a series of fresh water injection experiments was conducted in an Athel well, in 1995-97. In total, more than 16000 m3 (100,000 bbl) were injected. The aim was to wash the salt from the matrix, increasing the near wellbore permeability and hence, improving productivity. The well was indeed stimulated by these treatments, but the improved productivity did not last for very long.
Later, we suspected that the fresh water injection could have resulted in fracture propagation, or other production improvement mechanisms. A fresh look at the injection and production test data was conducted in 1998, with the objective of assessing the applicability of water-frac treatments. This could potentially eliminate or significantly reduce the need for proppant in fracture treatments.
The study showed that the production improvement was not due to matrix salt washing. In fact, hydraulic fractures were propagated. But the production response after the final and largest volume fresh water injection was complex and difficult to model. Apparently, in addition to fracture propagation, a large cavity was also dissolved in the overlying salt layer. The back production of salt saturated water, and increasing storage coefficient as derived from successive well test analysis could be related to the creation of such a cavity. In addition, the rock might have dilated, contributing to the short lived, but significant production increase. The study concluded that so-called "water-frac" treatments would need proppant to maintain fracture conductivity in the Athel.
This paper presents a field case of a novel stimulation method in tight reservoir rock. The methodology of integrating well tests analyses, production logs and fracture geometry simulations to obtain a comprehensive reservoir stimulation model is outlined. The production mechanisms induced by the fresh water injection and the cause of the rapid productivity decline is described.
New Float Collar Design to Eliminate Wet Shoe Tracks
Authors: Hibbeler Jeff , Graham Tim , Ehlinger Jeff 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Wet shoe tracks are a common problem in oilwell cementing. The problem can range from a simple nuisance to many hours of lost rig time costing thousands of dollars. In most cases over retardation or bad cement plugs are blamed for this problem, but a new mechanism has been identified, which may be far more prevalent.
A "Wet" shoe track is defined as the occurrence of unset, contaminated or no cement in the casing section between float collar and shoe after a primary cement job. Wet shoe tracks are a common occurrence in oilwell cementing and many hours of lost rig time can be attributed to the problem. The most common explanation is; over retardation of cement slurry due to over estimation of BHCT. However, the authors have found another mechanism, which, to date, has not been addressed.
In JVPC Rang Dong oil field located offshore of Vietnam, horizontal wells are used to fully access the Miocene sand and Basement granite reservoirs. Productive zones are drilled with a thixotropic mud designed to enhance drilling. Ten-minute Gel Strengths of over 140 cp have been reported for these muds. While running production casing to depth, mud in the shoe track remains static for periods of many hours. Due to thixotropy, static mud gel strengths get very high and mobility is greatly reduced. Then, when the cement job is performed, cement slurry channels a small path through the viscous mud for some distance. The mechanism for this is two fold; 1) viscosity differential and 2) inside diameter (ID) change at the collar. Diameter change refers to the valve assembly O.D. versus the casing I.D. This profile forces fluid directly ahead. The analogy is – pinching a garden hose to make water travel further. These mechanisms can leave the shoe track with large amounts of mud and/or contaminated, unset cement. Further, thixotropic mud combined with solids settling in a horizontal wells makes the problem even more severe. "Low-side" mud/solids removal then becomes nearly impossible with conventional float equipment.
To address this issue, the authors made a simple design change to the standard float collar, which affects the velocity profile at the fluid exit point. A fluid diversion plate is inserted just below the collar check valve to create a 360-degree, turbulent, spray of fluid similar to the common showerhead (hereafter referred to as the Showerhead Float Collar or SFC). Using a taper profile on the holes in the diversion plate enhances turbulence. The result is complete mud removal within the shoe track even with highly viscous muds. This paper describes the new design and also reviews successful case studies from Vietnam.
The Drilling and Completion of the First Monobore Well in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Mohammad Aminuddin , Maung U Mya 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During a recent revisit (October 1999) to Duyong Field, Offshore Peninsular Malaysia, the operator Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd (PCSB) was able to drill through the troublesome Terengganu Shale and successfully completed a well in the productive Tapis Gas Sands. The well, Duyong A-4 STR4D (DYA-4STR4D) was drilled and completed under approved budget with minimal lost time. DYA-4STR4D was the first 3-1/2" monobore completion by PCSB in Peninsular Malaysia, paving the way for future application of the technology especially for the development of marginal oil and gas fields. This paper will summarize the design, planning and execution of this milestone achievement for PCSB.
Specialized PDC Bit Improves Efficiency of Rotary Steering Drilling Tools in Demanding Directional Drilling Programs
Authors: Mensa-Wilmot Graham , Krepp Tony , Hill Richard 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Directional drilling technology, in addition to several other benefits, has aided the development of petroleum reserves in environmentally sensitive areas, and locations with limited surface access. Since their introduction almost four decades ago, improvements in positive displacement motors1(PDM) technology have contributed immensely to this drilling process.
Steerable PDMs are normally run in alternating "sliding" and "rotating" modes, in accordance with well profile requirements. As operational objectives became more challenging, it became evident that the industry had reached a plateau, with regard to PDM effectiveness2. Most wells now have 3-D profiles, extended reaches (ERD) and much deeper targets. Directional wells have comparatively higher operational costs, which grows exponentially with increases in well profile complexities.
To help drill such intricate wells effectively, at manageable operational costs, industry research efforts have focused on the development of expert technologies3,4,5 and products, one of which is the rotary steerable tool 6,7 (RST). These tools achieve needed changes to wellbore trajectory (inclination and azimuth) while the drill string is in full rotation – rotary mode drilling. This advantage improves hole cleaning and wellbore quality. Complete rotary mode drilling, made possible with RST tools reduces wellbore tortuosity, torque and drag.
It enhances weight on bit (WOB) transfer and drastically improves rate of penetration (ROP).
RST tools are extremely complicated and have high maintenance costs, because of their architecture, component life and the harsh environments in which they are used. However, when the benefits listed above for RST drilling are achieved, substantial savings in operational costs are realized. In RST drilling programs, it is critical to use the appropriate drill bit technology, since the drill bit plays a huge part in the possible achievement of the identified RST benefits.
This paper will discuss the functional medium of RST tools. It will describe the development of a new PDC bit technology, which has been specifically engineered to establish operational compatibility with RST tools and enables achievement of their operational benefits. Performance improvements achieved with the specialized PDC bit/RST tool combination will also be discussed.
Skip One String - A New Casing & Completion Philosophy for Super Slanted and Horizontal Wells
Authors: Sackmaier W. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In mature areas well construction costs are the primary obstacle in the development of marginal fields. Implementing more targets into one well path can reduce the exploratory risk. Horizontal wells can help to reduce development costs. However, these wells represent a major cost factor. To reduce horizontal well costs a new casing and completion philosophy, saving the intermediate casing string across the build up section was worked out. Substantial savings result from reduced logging and casing program. Moreover, the concept provides utmost flexibility to actual production requirements. Applying the new concept well costs can be reduced by approximately 30%.
An example of a recently drilled super slanted appraisal well is given. To improve project economics several secondary targets were included in the well path. To even more reduce well costs, starting from the kick off point the well was drilled in one run, with one bit and one bottom hole assembly. Unfortunately the primary target did not come in. But especially under these conditions the concept proved to be most economical.
An Experimental and Theoretical Study of Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal or Slightly Deviated Fully Eccentric Annuli
Authors: Lage A. C. V. M. , Rommetveit R. , Time R. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A mechanistic model is formulated to predict the flow behavior of two-phase mixtures in horizontal or slightly inclined fully eccentric annuli. The model is composed of a procedure for flow pattern prediction and a set of independent models for calculating gas fraction and pressure drop in stratified, intermittent, dispersed bubble, and annular flow.
Small-scale experimental data performed in a 50 m long straight 4" (101.6 mm) ID pipe containing a 2" (50.8 mm) OD tube lying at the bottom validate the predictions of the model. Test matrix covered not only the horizontal inclination, but also –4° and +4° relative to the horizontal. A total number of 115 tests were carried out with the following mixtures: (1) air and water were used in 61, and (2) diesel oil and N2 in 54 tests.
The mechanistic model presents also better performance when compared to the results of some empirical models, as the Beggs and Brill1 correlation and a modified version of the Aziz, Govier, and Fogarasi2 method.
Drilling Practices and Sweep Selection for Efficient Hole Cleaning in Deviated Wellbores
Authors: Power D. J. , Hight C. , Weisinger D. , Rimer C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Cuttings transport in highly deviated wellbores is more challenging and critical than in vertical wells. By optimizing drilling practices and sweep programs, on bottom drilling time can be increased and the need for wiper trips minimized. Data from two geological side tracks drilled from the same vertical wellbore are used to demonstrate the improved efficiencies possible when using weighted sweeps rather than high viscosity sweeps for hole cleaning in deviated wellbores. In the examples discussed in this paper, over $500,000 in savings were realized by the operator through using optimized drilling practices and engineered sweeps. Optimizing the use of rotation and circulation versus continuous sliding also can contribute to improved drilling efficiency. In addition, computer simulation data are presented to support the field observations. The use of sweep reports is an integral component of tracking sweep performance.
Wellbore Stability and Formation Damage Considerations for Bekok Field K Formation
Authors: Saidin S. , Smith S. P. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Previous production drilling in the Bekok field has demonstrated two major challenges to a successful campaign. Firstly, substantial borehole instability can be encountered when drilling deviated wells through the Terengganu shale (K shale). The K shale was previously thought to be a reactive shale and that the problem originated from fluid-shale interactions. Secondly, invert emulsion oil based mud had previously been utilised on earlier production drilling but substantial productivity impairment was experienced against the K sands.
A study of three synthetic based mud systems was carried out in return permeability tests on K sand cores. One emulsifier system was identified as demonstrating significantly less impairment. This system when applied, allowed for good productivity in the K reservoir.
Exploration wells drilled with potassium chloride polymer muds showed low potassium depletion levels, suggesting that the shales were not reactive. XRD/XRF analysis of side wall cores from offset fields indicated that the shales consisted dominantly of small surface area clays, Table 1. This mineralogy and the low salinities of the shales suggested that the shales might be relatively weak. Table 1.SELIGI SHALE MINERALOGY ANALYSIS (Courtesy of Esso Production Malaysia Inc.)WellDepth (ft)FormationSurface Area m2/gIllite %Kaolinite %Chlorite %Montmorrilonite %Seligi 33820 – 3840J17243.217.911.91.4"4440 – 4470K199"4650 – 4680K17921.834.321.10.8"5790 – 5810L111"5830 – 5850L17839.0"5870 – 5890L16840.423.213.9not detectedSeligi 43670 – 3700J14539.012.212.20.6"4510 – 4540K20751.217.1140.7"4960 – 4990K217"5780 – 5800L168"6060 – 6075L17835.314.49.85.9"6620 – 6640L176Seligi 93937 – 3970J13445.614.211.4not detected"4692 – 4725K195"5020 – 5053K17842.122.242.1not detected"5151 – 5184L195"6168 – 6201L17148.416.714.3not detected"6267 – 6300L129
A study of the Malay Basin shales using extended leak off tests, electric log data and tests on shale core provided a geomechanics model that gave minimal wellbore instability. Field experience further defined the model. The application of required mud weight support to balance induced stress resulted in greatly enhanced wellbore stability.
Bekok B-12 well was the first well in the Bekok field revisit to pass through the K shale to penetrate the K reservoir and as such is a test well for the studies made prior to drilling operations.
Abstract Of A Proposed Paper Entitled Koh Determinations Used To Control Field Development
Authors: Jordan W.V. , Smith B.K. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
This paper deals with the use of Koh* determinations from pressure build-up curves as a controlling factor in primary field development. This method was recently utilized in the Ackerly (Dean Sand) Field, Dawson County, Texas. In this field conventional engineering calculations used to determine ultimate recovery, and thus profitable drilling locations, were not reliable.
The Dean Sand reservoir in the Ackerly Field occurs at an approximate depth of 8530 feet, has a gross thickness of 250 feet and lithologically is an extremely dirty silt stone. Core data indicate an average porosity of 10 percent and a matrix permeability of 0.1 millidarcy. Core inspections indicate a minute vertical fracture system. The formation must be artificially stimulated to obtain commercial production.
New Safe Mud Weight Window Representations to Prevent Wellbore Instability
Authors: Liz-Losada Ramiro J. , Alejano Leandro R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Wellbore stability-related problems are one of the main sources of time and money losses in any drilling operation. This is the reason why, in the last years, many improvements have been made in this specific field of research. The improvements are based on a better knowledge of the mechanisms that originate rock failure. One of the key parameters to be controlled and monitored while drilling is that of the mud weight. In order to avoid well instability, a new graphical representation of the safe mud weight window is presented. This new graphical solution is intended to ease the estimation of the values that guarantee well stability, either in tension or compression, at any depth, based on the geomechanical properties of the formations crossed while drilling.
Oil and Gas in the Energy Mix of the 21st Century
Authors: Fanchi John R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Energy demand is expected to grow over the next century as more countries seek a better quality of life for their citizens. The energy demand will be met by a global energy mix that is undergoing a transition from an energy portfolio dominated by fossil fuels to an energy portfolio that includes a range of fuel types. This paper presents an overview of energy sources available for use in the 21st century and a prediction of the contribution of hydrocarbon oil and gas to the 21st century energy mix. It then includes a discussion of the implications for petroleum engineering education and the emergence of a new type of energy industry.
Cross-Discipline Integration in Reservoir Modeling: The Impact on Fluid Flow Simulation and Reservoir Management
Authors: Al Qassab Hisham M. , Fitzmaurice John , Al-Ali Zaki A. , Al-Khalifa Mohammed A. , Aktas G. A. , Glover Paul W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new technique is developed for modeling 3D permeability distributions. The technique integrates all available data into a fluid flow simulation model. The integrated modeling process honors the essential aspects of the established reservoir descriptions as well as the geological facies model and engineering data. The added value of data integration of the fluid flow simulation is illustrated by the improved accuracy of the resulting well performance predictions and the decrease in time requirements for reservoir modeling history matching.
The technique utilizes diverse data at different scales to condition reservoir models of facies, porosity, and permeability. Such data includes 3D seismic, well logs, core measurements, geologic facies distribution, flow meter logs, and pressure buildup tests. The model building process explicitly accounts for the difference in scale of the various measurements. The model calculates the porosity, facies, and permeability in the inter well volume using geostatistical techniques that are constrained by seismic impedance derived from the 3D seismic data. The use of engineering data in the permeability modeling constrains the results and decreases the history matching time requirements.
A case study demonstrates the modeling technique. A reservoir model is developed for the Unayzah Formation in the Hawtah Field of Saudi Arabia. The Unayzah is a highly stratified clastic reservoir in a mixed fluvial and eolian depositional environment. Data integration provided more realistic reservoir model for this complex geologic setting than the conventional approach. Specifically, the integrated approach provide a reservoir model that captured the complex and highly stratified nature of the lithological units. Fluid flow simulation was carried out for both the new integrated reservoir model and the conventional reservoir model. Results show tremendous savings in history matching time and more accurate results for use in reservoir management production strategies when applying the new technique.
Application of Genetic Algorithms in Portfolio Optimization for the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Fichter Daniel P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Portfolio management and optimization techniques are becoming increasingly important in the oil and gas industry. As the number of project opportunities grows the corporate or financial planner is faced with an increasingly difficult task. Mathematical search and optimization algorithms can greatly simplify the planning process. A particularly well suited class of algorithms for oil and gas optimizations are Genetic Algorithms. This paper will discuss the application of Genetic Algorithms in oil and gas portfolio optimization.
We will show that Genetic Algorithm’s are excellent at handling accurate and complex, non-linear business models. This class of algorithms is capable of scaling upwards of a thousand projects, well beyond the reach of traditional methods. Genetic Algorithm’s are capable of generating multiple ‘good’ solutions, providing an opportunity to explore alternative characteristics of the portfolios, including value and risk measures. A portfolio analyst can request to keep non-viable solutions that best satisfy the business constraints. This will be shown with a hypothetical, yet realistic set of oil and gas projects, which will be modeled and analyzed on a personal computer.