bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Chemiresistors: Does the Nanoscale Matter?
Authors: Franke Marion E. , Koplin Tobias J. , Simon Ulrich 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSensor technology is one of the most important key technologies of the future with a constantly increasing number of applications, both in the industrial and in the private sectors. More and more gas sensors are used for the control of technical processes, in environment monitoring, healthcare, and automobiles. Consequently, the development of fast and sensitive gas sensors with small cross sensitivity is the subject of intense research, propelled by strategies based on nanoscience and ‐technology. Established systems can be improved and novel sensor concepts based on bottom‐up approaches show that the sensor properties can be controlled by molecular design. This Review highlights the recent developments and reflects the impact of nanoscience on sensor technology.
Women's Social Support and Social Network after Their First Myocardial Infarction; A 4-Year Follow-Up with Focus on Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Wieslander Inger , Baigi Amir , Turesson Christina , Fridlund Bengt 
Published: December 2005

Background: Knowledge about women's recovery following a myocardial infarction (MI) with focus on how their social support and network change over time as a result of participation in a cardiac rehabilitation programme (CRP) is not well established.Aim: The aim of this study was to describe and compare social support and network changes over a 4-year period in women with a first MI, based on socio-demographic and situational data.Method: A longitudinal, comparative study with a non-randomised design including pre- and post-tests (1 and 4 years after MI) was carried out in 18 hospitals in Sweden. Consecutively chosen women ( N = 240) answered a questionnaire on the subject of social support and network.Results: The women who participated in a CRP were mainly dependent upon professional support during the first year after MI ( p < 0.0001), while those who declined to participate in a CRP needed professional support throughout the whole 4-year period ( p = 0.001). Participation in CRP was dependent on the women's age, those under 60 years ( p = 0.050).Conclusion: There is a need to develop CRPs that are specifically designed for women based on their age and family relationships. Nurses' training programmes should place greater emphasis on cardiac rehabilitation from the perspective of women with focus on professional support.
Shanghai in the Long Run
Authors: Howe Christopher 
Published: December 2005

Histoire de Shanghai. By MARIE-CLAIRE BERGÈRE. [Paris: Fayard, 2002. 520 pp. €25.00. ISBN 2-21360-955-1.]Marie-Claire Bergère has written a remarkable and much needed history of modern Shanghai. Modern in this context is defined as the period that began with the arrival of foreigners in Shanghai after the Treaty of Nanjing (1842). The study concludes with the 1990s and China's imminent entry into the WTO.This book is the result of more than forty years of research and thought. The author first encountered Shanghai in 1957, on a visit described as being on a ‘fishbowl’ basis. That is to say she saw what her hosts wished her to see, but remained totally unaware of the violent anti-rightist struggle then raging around her. She was, however, drawn to the fascination of this extraordinary city, ‘submerged by the storms of history.’
Khukh Ordung, A Uighur Palace Complex of the Seventh Century
Authors: Kolbas Judith G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractInhabitants of the Mongolian Plateau have been staunchly nomadic. Cities rarely existed before the Russian hegemony, and at that point they first attached themselves to pre-existing Buddhist monasteries. The exception to this general pattern was the Uighurs, who had an empire in the eighth and early ninth centuries. They built several cities, extended and maintained a flourishing trade network, established sufficient agriculture and developed urban manufacturing. Although historians have pointed out these significant distinctions, few have fully considered the thoroughly revolutionary impact of this Turkish group on steppe culture. One result in the Orkhon Valley was the foundation for Karakorum, the only permanent seat of the imperial Mongols in the thirteenth century. That city occupied the same site and, in the early seventeenth century, served as building material for the major religious centre of Erdene Zuu accompanying the re-introduction of Buddhism. Therefore, the Uighurs affected the physical heartland of their empire for a millennium and the habits of the people to this day.
Native Collecting and Natural Knowledge (1798–1832): Raja Serfoji II of Tanjore as ‘Centre of Calculation’
Authors: Nair Savithri Preetha 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTanjore in South India during the reign of Raja Serfoji II (1798–1832), is a hitherto unexamined episode of both colonial science and of ‘Enlightenment’ in the non-western context. If Joseph Banks, a product of the English Enlightenment, was a metropolitan ‘centre of calculation’ directing and controlling a collecting network in India between the 1770s and 1820, it is argued that Raja Serfoji was his native counterpart, exhibiting similar formal properties, and drawing on those very same ideas and networks of metropolitan practice to systematically produce useful knowledge. This case study demonstrates strongly (among other things) the weaknesses of the centre-periphery model of scientific practice. It shows how the ‘centre’ and ‘periphery’ are not determined by virtue of the geographical location, but by the nature of practice, which is a combined effect of social, scientific and power relations. Thus, this article examines the ways in which it became possible for a small quasi-Indian state in early nineteenth-century South India to leap onto the threshold of modernity, by generating an intellectual ferment of the kind that it did, as a unique native response to the western encounter.
Systematic in vivo dosimetry for quality assurance using diodes 2: Assessing radiotherapy techniques and developing an appropriate action protocol
Authors: Appleyard R. , Ball K. , Hughes F. E. , Kilby W. , Nicholls R. , Rabett V. , Sage J. , Smith M. , Thomson E. 
Published: December 2005

Purpose: Having previously reviewed the implementation of systematic in vivo dosimetry at the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital this paper examines the results of entrance dose measurements for specific sites/techniques and determines whether different action/alert protocols are required for these different categories.Methods and materials: Entrance dose measurements using p-type diodes were analysed for the following treatment categories: Breast, head and neck in beam direction shell, abdomino-pelvic and intrathoracic. A 4% tolerance was applied.Results: Mean deviations from expected dose and proportion of measurements exceeding tolerance were: Breast: +1.15%±3.04% (1SD), 238/1073≥4%; Head and neck: +0.35%±2.20% (1SD), 21/326≥4%; Abdomino-pelvic: +0.52%±2.75% (1SD), 93/712≥4%; Intrathoracic: −0.01%±2.75% (1SD), 22/119≥4%. Significant improvements in results for breast patients were noted following the introduction of a commercial breast board. The results for abdomino-pelvic patients confirmed a substantial variation in diode response under short FSD, wedged fields at 16MV (that had not been corrected for). The statistical uncertainty in dose measurement for each treatment category was calculated in order to assist determination of appropriate tolerance levels.Conclusions: A blanket tolerance of 4% was generally too low given the extent of measurement uncertainty. The relatively high number of readings outside tolerance where identification of errors was difficult/impossible resulted in inconsistent application of the action protocol. Some widening of tolerances is likely to improve quality of procedure and treatment. Appropriate action levels are recommended for each treatment category.
Phosphodiesterase PDE3 blunts the positive inotropic and cyclic AMP enhancing effects of CGP12177 but not of noradrenaline in rat ventricle
Authors: Vargas Maria Luisa , Hernandez Jesus , Kaumann Alberto J 
Published: December 2005

The cardiostimulant effects of CGP12177, mediated through aβ1‐adrenoceptor site with low affinity for (−)‐propranolol, are potentiated by the nonselective PDE inhibitor IBMX but the role of PDE isoenzymes is unknown. We studied the effects of the PDE3‐selective inhibitor cilostamide (300 nM) and PDE4‐selective inhibitor rolipram (1 μM) on the positive inotropic and cyclic AMP‐enhancing effects of CGP12177 and noradrenaline in right ventricular strips of rat.CGP12177 (under (−)‐propranolol 200 nM) only increased contractile force in the presence of either cilostamide or rolipram with −logEC50M 6.7 (Emax=23% over basal) and 7.1 (Emax=50%) respectively. The combination of cilostamide and rolipram caused CGP12177 to enhance contractile force with −logEC50M=7.7 andEmax=178%.The positive inotropic effects of noradrenaline (−logEC50M=6.9) were potentiated by rolipram (−logEC50M=7.4) but not by cilostamide (−logEC50M=7.0).In the presence of rolipram and (−)‐propranolol, noradrenaline (2 μM) and CGP12177 (10 μM) produced matching inotropic effects but failed to increase cyclic AMP levels. 20 μM(−)‐noradrenaline increased cyclic AMP levels, a response further enhanced by rolipram.Both PDE3 and PDE4 of rat ventricle appear to hydrolyse cyclic AMP generated through the low‐affinityβ1‐adrenoceptor site, thereby preventing inotropic responses of CGP12177. When (−)‐noradrenaline interacts with theβ1‐adrenoceptor, the generated cyclic AMP is hydrolysed only by PDE4, thereby reducing cardiostimulation.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)147, 158–163. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706498
Actions of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 in neuropathic and inflammatory chronic pain models
Authors: Jayamanne Angelo , Greenwood Ruth , Mitchell Vanessa A , Aslan Sevda , Piomelli Daniele , Vaughan Christopher W 
Published: December 2005

While cannabinoid receptor agonists have analgesic activity in chronic pain states, they produce a spectrum of central CB1receptor‐mediated motor and psychotropic side effects. The actions of endocannabinoids, such as anandamide are terminated by removal from the extracellular space, then subsequent enzymatic degradation by fatty‐acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). In the present study, we compared the effect of a selective FAAH inhibitor, URB597, to that of a pan‐cannabinoid receptor agonist HU210 in rat models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain.Systemic administration of URB597 (0.3 mg kg−1) and HU210 (0.03 mg kg−1) both reduced the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in the CFA model of inflammatory pain. In contrast, HU210, but not URB597, reduced mechanical allodynia in the partial sciatic nerve‐ligation model of neuropathic pain. HU210, but not URB597, produced a reduction in motor performance in unoperated rats.The effects of URB597 in the CFA model were dose dependent and were reduced by coadministration with the cannabinoid CB1antagonist AM251 (1 mg kg−1), or the CB2and SR144528 (1 mg kg−1). Coadministration with AM251 plus SR144528 completely reversed the effects of URB597.These findings suggest that the FAAH inhibitor URB597 produces cannabinoid CB1and CB2receptor‐mediated analgesia in inflammatory pain states, without causing the undesirable side effects associated with cannabinoid receptor activation.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)147, 281–288. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706510
Differential behavioral effects of low efficacy positive GABAAmodulators in combination with benzodiazepines and a neuroactive steroid in rhesus monkeys
Authors: McMahon Lance R , France Charles P 
Published: December 2005

In the clinic, low efficacy positive GABAAmodulators might be preferred to high efficacy positive modulators insofar as low efficacy modulators might have comparatively less abuse and dependence liability.Drug discrimination was used to examine the behavioral effects of L‐838,417 and bretazenil, two low efficacy positive GABAAmodulators that act at benzodiazepine sites, alone and in combination with benzodiazepines and a neuroactive steroid (alfaxolone). In rhesus monkeys (n=5) discriminating midazolam, alfaxolone substituted for midazolam. In four monkeys, L‐838,417 and bretazenil did not substitute for, but rather dose‐dependently antagonized, midazolam; L‐838‐417 and bretazenil, as well as flumazenil, enhanced the midazolam‐like effects of alfaxolone. L‐838,417 and bretazenil substituted for midazolam in a fifth monkey. In a separate group of rhesus monkeys (n=3) that received 5.6 mg kg−1per day of diazepam and that discriminated flumazenil, L‐838,417 and bretazenil substituted for flumazenil.These results demonstrate that L‐838,417, bretazenil, and flumazenil can have agonist or antagonist actions in the same animal depending upon whether they are studied in combination with a higher efficacy positive GABAAmodulator acting at the same (benzodiazepine) or a different (neuroactive steroid) site. Thus, combinations of low efficacy positive modulators acting at different sites on the GABAAreceptor complex could yield drug mixtures with significant therapeutic effects and with reduced abuse and dependence liability, as compared to higher efficacy positive modulators such as currently available benzodiazepines.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)147, 260–268. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706550
Differential phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of β2‐adrenoceptor sites Ser262 and Ser355,356
Authors: Iyer Varsha , Tran Tuan M , Foster Estrella , Dai Wenping , Clark Richard B , Knoll Brian J 
Published: December 2005

Activated β2‐adrenoceptors are rapidly desensitized by phosphorylation of Ser262 by protein kinase A (PKA) and of Ser355,356 by G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase (GRK). We sought to determine whether the phosphorylation and subsequent dephosphorylation of these sites had similar kinetics and requirements for receptor endocytosis.
The phosphorylation of the PKA and GRK sites were measured using antibodies that recognize phosphoserine 262 and phosphoserine 355,356. Endocytosis in stably transfected HEK293 cells was blocked by inducible expression of dominant‐negative dynamin‐1 K44A or by treatment with hypertonic sucrose.
The phosphorylation of the GRK site Ser355,356 during a 10 μM isoprenaline treatment rapidly reached a steady state, and the extent of kinetics of phosphorylation were unaffected by dynamin‐1 K44A expression, and minimally by hypertonic sucrose.
In contrast, phosphorylation of the PKA site Ser262 during a 10 μM isoprenaline treatment peaked after 2 min and then rapidly declined, while inhibition of endocytosis enhanced and prolonged phosphorylation. Treatment with 300 pM isoprenaline, a concentration too low to provoke endocytosis, also resulted in prolonged PKA site phosphorylation.
The dephosphorylation of these sites was measured after removal of agonist. Significant dephosphorylation of phosphoserines 262 and 355,356 was observed under conditions of very low endocytosis, however dephosphorylation of the GRK site was greater if antagonist was present after removal of agonist.
The results indicate that the kinetics of β2‐adrenoceptor GRK and PKA site phosphorylation are distinct and differently affected by endocytosis, and that receptor dephosphorylation can occur either at the plasma membrane or in internal compartments.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 249–259. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706551
Modulating GABA modulators
Authors: Paronis Carol A 
Published: December 2005

Benzodiazepines produce a broad spectrum of behavioral effects, which may be clinically desirable or undesirable, by positively or negatively modulating the effects of GABA at GABAA receptors. Over the past 20 years, much effort has been devoted towards identifying new compounds with limited undesirable effects. Most of this work has focused on developing drugs either with lower intrinsic activity than drugs such as diazepam, or with different binding profiles at subtypes of GABAA receptors. However, the benzodiazepine binding site is only one of multiple binding sites contained within the GABAA receptor complex, and other endogenous or exogenous compounds also may positively or negatively modulate the effects of GABA. Despite the availability of ligands for each of these distinct binding sites, very little research has examined the effects of GABA modulators given in combination. This may be due, in part, to the noncompelling results of those few studies which, depending on the particular drugs, have demonstrated site‐selective antagonism or only additive effects, suggesting that each site modulates the effects of GABA independently. In this issue, McMahon and France challenge this view by showing that low‐efficacy benzodiazepine ligands will effectively antagonize midazolam and, at the same doses, will enhance the effects of a neuroactive steroid. These studies raise interesting questions regarding the nature of the interaction between the benzodiazepine and neurosteroid binding sites on GABAA receptors.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 237–238. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706552
RO1138452 and RO3244794: characterization of structurally distinct, potent and selective IP (prostacyclin) receptor antagonists
Authors: Bley Keith R , Bhattacharya Anindya , Daniels Don V , Gever Joel , Jahangir Alam , O'Yang Counde , Smith Steven , Srinivasan Dinesh , Ford Anthony P D W , Jett Mary‐Frances 
Published: December 2005

Prostacyclin (PGI2) possesses various physiological functions, including modulation of nociception, inflammation and cardiovascular activity. Elucidation of these functions has been hampered by the absence of selective IP receptor antagonists.Two structurally distinct series of IP receptor antagonists have been developed: 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)‐[4‐(4‐isopropoxy‐benzyl)‐phenyl]‐amine (RO1138452) andR‐3‐(4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐2‐[5‐(4‐fluoro‐phenyl) ‐benzofuran‐2‐ylmethoxycarbonylamino]‐propionic acid (RO3244794).RO1138452 and RO3244794 display high affinity for IP receptors. In human platelets, the receptor affinities (pKi) were 9.3±0.1 and 7.7±0.03, respectively; in a recombinant IP receptor system, pKivalues were 8.7±0.06 and 6.9±0.1, respectively.Functional antagonism of RO1138452 and RO3244794 was studied by measuring inhibition of carbaprostacyclin‐induced cAMP accumulation in CHO‐K1 cells stably expressing the human IP receptor. The antagonist affinities (pKi) of RO1138452 and RO3244794 were 9.0±0.06 and 8.5±0.11, respectively.Selectivity profiles for RO1138452 and RO3244794 were determinedviaa panel of receptor binding and enzyme assays. RO1138452 displayed affinity at I2(8.3) and PAF (7.9) receptors, while RO3244794 was highly selective for the IP receptor: pKivalues for EP1(<5), EP3(5.38), EP4(5.74) and TP (5.09).RO1138452 (1–10 mg kg−1, i.v.) and RO3244794 (1–30 mg kg−1, i.v.) significantly reduced acetic acid‐induced abdominal constrictions. RO1138452 (3–100 mg kg−1, p.o.) and RO3244794 (0.3–30 mg kg−1, p.o.) significantly reduced carrageenan‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia and edema formation. RO3244794 (1 and 10 mg kg−1, p.o.) also significantly reduced chronic joint discomfort induced by monoiodoacetate.These data suggest that RO1138452 and RO3244794 are potent and selective antagonists for both human and rat IP receptors and that they possess analgesic and anti‐inflammatory potential.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)147, 335–345. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706554
Selectivity of imidazole–dioxolane compounds forin vitroinhibition of microsomal haem oxygenase isoforms
Authors: Kinobe Robert T , Vlahakis Jason Z , Vreman Hendrik J , Stevenson David K , Brien James F , Szarek Walter A , Nakatsu Kanji 
Published: December 2005

Haem oxygenases (HO) are involved in the catalytic breakdown of haem to generate carbon monoxide (CO), iron and biliverdin. It is widely accepted that products of haem catabolism are involved in biological signaling in many physiological processes. Conclusions to most studies in this field have gained support from the judicious use of synthetic metalloporphyrins such as chromium mesoporphyrin (CrMP) to selectively inhibit HO. However, metalloporphyrins have also been found to inhibit other haem‐dependent enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cytochromes P‐450 (CYPs) and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), induce the expression of HO‐1 or exhibit varied toxic effects.To obviate some of these problems, we have been examining non‐porphyrin HO inhibitors and the present study describes imidazole–dioxolane compounds with high selectivity for inhibition of HO‐1 (rat spleen microsomes) compared to HO‐2 (rat brain microsomes)in vitro. (2R,4R)‐2‐[2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)ethyl]‐2‐[(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]‐4‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxolane hydrochloride) was identified as the most selective inhibitor with a concentration of 0.6 μMinhibiting HO‐1(inducible) by 50% compared with 394 μMfor HO‐2 (constitutive).These compounds were found to have no effects on the catalytic activities of rat brain NOS and lung sGC, but were potent inhibitors of microsomalCYP2E1 andCYP3A1/3A2 activities.In conclusion, we have identified imidazole–dioxolanes that are able to inhibit microsomal HOin vitrowith high selectivity for HO‐1 compared to HO‐2, and little or no effect on the activities of neuronal NOS and sGC. These molecules could be used to facilitate studies on the elucidation of physiological roles of HO/CO in biological systems.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)147, 307–315. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706555
Vigabatrin transport across the human intestinal epithelial (Caco‐2) brush‐border membrane isviathe H+‐coupled amino‐acid transporter hPAT1
Authors: Abbot Emily L , Grenade Danielle S , Kennedy David J , Gatfield Kelly M , Thwaites David T 
Published: December 2005

The aim of this investigation was to determine if the human proton‐coupled amino‐acid transporter 1 (hPAT1 or SLC36A1) is responsible for the intestinal uptake of the orally‐administered antiepileptic agent 4‐amino‐5‐hexanoic acid (vigabatrin).The Caco‐2 cell line was used as a model of the human small intestinal epithelium. Competition experiments demonstrate that [3H]GABA uptake across the apical membrane was inhibited by vigabatrin and the GABA analoguestrans‐4‐aminocrotonic acid (TACA) and guvacine, whereas 1‐(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid (gabapentin) had no affect.Experiments with 2′,7′‐bis(2‐carboxyethyl)‐5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein (BCECF)‐loaded Caco‐2 cells demonstrate that apical exposure to vigabatrin and TACA induce comparable levels of intracellular acidification (due to H+/amino‐acid symport) to that generated by GABA, suggesting that they are substrates for a H+‐coupled absorptive transporter such as hPAT1.In hPAT1 and mPAT1‐expressingXenopus laevisoocytes [3H]GABA uptake was inhibited by vigabatrin, TACA and guvacine, whereas gabapentin failed to inhibit [3H]GABA uptake.In Na+‐free conditions, vigabatrin and TACA evoked similar current responses (due to H+/amino‐acid symport) in hPAT1‐expressing oocytes under voltage‐clamp conditions to that induced by GABA (whereas no current was observed in water‐injected oocytes) consistent with the ability of these GABA analogues to inhibit [3H]GABA uptake.This study demonstrates that hPAT1 is the carrier responsible for the uptake of vigabatrin across the brush‐border membrane of the small intestine and emphasises the therapeutic potential of hPAT1 as a delivery route for orally administered, clinically significant GABA‐related compounds.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)147, 298–306. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706557