bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Place des apprenants et place des savoir-faire enseignants dans les grammaires de français langue étrangère
Authors: De Salins Geneviève-Dominique 
Published: November 2007

Geneviève-Dominique de Salins : Place des apprenants et place des savoir- faire enseignants dans les grammaires de français langue étrangère
First, a distinction is made between "grammar for learning", as presented in teaching books or exercises for the language classroom, and "grammar for teaching" which are also quite different from " scientifical grammars" because of their tendency to simplify the definitions and rely on the "teaching know- how". It is objected to these "grammars for teaching" to be unable to help beginners in French, either because their definitions are extremely simplified, and therefore dangerous, or because the students cannot read them at all. Secondly, the power of the "pedagogical grammars" in the classroom is questioned. It seems that "traditional grammar" is used more and more, leaving less and less space to functional or notional grammar. This is probably a sign that the teachers themselves do not give enough importance to the modern theories in linguistics, especially to semantics and utterance linguistics (« linguistique de renonciation »). Finally, it is suggested that without the help of theories, practices of language teaching and didactics of languages might actually stagnate.
La discussion du langage intérieur par L.S. Vygotskij
Authors: Friedrich Janette 
Published: November 2007

Janette Friedrich : Vygotskij's discussion of interior language
For Vygotskij (1896-1934), interior language is a completely specific and original verbal activity both in its functioning and in its structure. From this has arisen a predominantly psycho-genetic exploration of V.'s hypotheses, which I shall analyse in this study beginning with statements of Gombert, Knobloch, and Rochex. Contrasted with this is the internal, more linguistically inspired, approach, whose main representatives are Jakubinskij and Jakobson. In this debate Vygotskij is presented as being primarily preoccupied by the forms of language, as can be seen from his discussions with the Wurzburg school, Buhler, Stanislavskij, and Schütz.
La métaphore : de la définition à la typologie
Authors: Prandi Michèle 
Published: November 2007

Michèle Prandi : Metaphor: from definition to typology
The main point of this paper is that no consistent definition of metaphor can be at once general and adequate. If a definition is so broad as to include the whole set of metaphors, it simply circumscribes from outside a layered category without saying anything about the qualifying properties of the different kinds it includes. The alternative proposed is to combine a definition broad enough to include any kind of metaphor with a fine-grained typology isolating the main parameters whose variation defines the different kinds of metaphor. At this point, the relevant question is not the Socratic one - What is metaphor - but a question dealing with typicality - namely, What kind of metaphor valorizes at its best the potential of the figure?
Premier, principal, primordial : des adjectifs qui sortent du rang ?
Authors: Schnedecker Catherine 
Published: November 2007

Catherine Schnedecker : Are premier, principal, primordial falling out of line adjectives?
The three adjectival expressions premier, principal, primordial are generally considered as being synonymous. Yet, primordial is close to the so called "qualifiers" whereas premier & principal are not. On the other hand premier & principal present original properties such as bi-valency, "parallel" graduability, partitivity and even performativity, a fact that general studies do not account for preferring giving credence to the idea of an adjectival category. Besides, premier & principal are complementary. Actually, premier comes from a "hierarchy" in the strict sense, unlike principal. It does not only account for the constraints weighing on adjacent nouns but also for the way the relations between a whole and its parts are conceptualized. Premier involving seemingly countables entities connected by a successivity relation whereas principal is operating in a "massiver way on blurred outlined entities".
Langue et langage : un apport critique de la langue des signes française
Authors: Cuxac Christian 
Published: November 2007

Christian Cuxac : Languages and language: a critical contribution of French Sign Language to enlighten human language faculty
After been neglected by general linguistics for a long period, sign languages and particularly French Sign Language (FSL) are today considered as genuine languages among others. Beginning with a description of the functional and structural organisation of FSL, this article shows that due to their fourth dimensional structures, the use of either discrete or non discrete, iconic or non iconic units, sign languages are in fact unmarked languages compared to vocal languages. This high degree of genericity would make sign languages typological interesting linguistic objects and ideal starting points to debate about the relations between language faculty and cognition.
L'enseignement de la LSF dans le cadre d'un enseignement en langue des signes au collège
Authors: Brugeille Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2007

Jean Louis Brugeille : Teaching LSF in a bilingual structure in secondary schools
In bilingual education, French Sign Language (FSL) is not only used for the communication in class, but it is also a subject matter taught. Consequently, it is necessary to define a program (objectives, contents, progression) and a teaching pedagogy of this language. By taking the example of the secondary school, we show how this program is built. We detail the diverse topics employed, the objectives as well as the teaching methodology. We show the central place of FSL compared to the other matters. In conclusion we underline the importance of this pedagogy coherence during all the school year and the necessity to upgrade educational and linguistic researches to go over the experimental stage.
La productivité actuelle de la forme constructionnelle -ade
Authors: Aliquot-Suengas Sophie 
Published: November 2007

Sophie Aliquot : The productivity of the French suffix -ade
This papers studies the productivity of the French suffix -ade, which appears in a number of recent coinings e.g. names of new dishes such as saumonade and sojade and names of festive events such as montgolfiade and Lilliades (Lilies festival), taking care to distinguish the concepts of analyzability, profitability, and availability. Productivity is used as a tool to characterize the suffix -ade on three different levels, namely:
1) The different -ade homomorphs that can be used to derive new lexemes in French.
2) The different uses of the French suffix -ade, inherited from the latine participial suffix -at a.
3) The respective meanings of the forms -ade and -ее. These are both inherited from the same latin suffix -ata, and both preserve a common semantic feature, but they each provide a specific realization of the notion of accomplishment which comes from the latin past participle.
Comment déterminer les significations du passé composé par une exploration contextuelle ?
Authors: Desclès Jean-Pierre , Zlatka Guentcheva 
Published: November 2007

Jean-Pierre Desclés et Zlatka Guentchéva : How to determine the meanings of the French « passé composé » by means of contextual exploration?
Having given precise definitions of aspectual primitives (resulting state, inferential state, event...), the authors examine the effects of contextual environments on a semantic interpretation of the French « passé composé » by means of heuristic rules.
It is argued that the invariant meaning of French « passé composé » is a complex value: "resulting state - event". To solve this semantic indétermination, a general method, known as Contextual Exploration, is used: different contextual occurrences of linguistic markers such as adverbial expressions, discourse relations, meanings of verbal predicates. . . contribute to determining the interpretation of this tense in context.
Charles Bally. La stylistique comme discipline et comme enjeu
Authors: Chiss Jean-Louis , Puech Christian 
Published: November 2007

Jean-Louis Chiss et Christian Puech : Charles Bally. La stylistique comme discipline et comme enjeu
This article examines the distribution and organization of the possible perspectives for the science of language and discusses what status is to be given to Bally's stylistics. The aim of this project, at once theorical and didactical, is to show the epistemological difficulties that are embodied in the collective/individual and the unconscious/voluntary dualisms.
From Bally's view on stylistics, we might thus be able to deal with the problems of subjectivity in the language, the specifities of different languages and the status of the subject of writing.
Signification et subjectivité
Authors: Bordron Jean-François 
Published: November 2007

Jean-François Bordron : « Signification et subjectivité »
We first present the main directions which, according to us, permit to characterise a theorisation of the question of meaning, that is to say to build a semiotics. We then try to show how the different properties of the empirical subject can be directly schematized from Kant's table of categories.
Through the discussion of a text by Leibniz, we show that any empirical subject implies, not only its schematizable properties but also a certain type of rule of construction. We try to understand how the text by Descartes, in the succession of its statements in the first person (I doubt, I exist, I think) does in fact build such a rule.
We therefore want to establish that, in some of its occurences, « I » does not refer to a person but to a rule, or that « I am » indicate a formal condition of sens.
Les verbes supports en diachronie : le cas du français
Authors: Marchello-Nizia Christiane 
Published: November 2007

Christiane Marchello-Nizia : A diachronic survey of support verbs : the case of old French
The aim of the study is to propose some reflexions about the evolution of a special category of idioms : the support verbs. Identification and description of syntactic constant on these constructions in old French allow to explain how constructions which are supposed to have stopped evolving do however evolve.
Une double analyse de la particule ne en français
Authors: Recource Gaëlle 
Published: November 2007

Gaëlle Recourcé : A double analysis of the particle ne
French negation is commonly realised by the cooccurrence of two elements, the particle ne, which is the focus of this paper, and a negative word such as pas. The particle ne is an atonic element, strongly linked to the verb. We show that the status of ne, lexical or affixal, can be decided only in relation with the finite or non-finite type of the verb it precedes. We argue in favor of the affixal status in case of finite verbs, that is to say, ne and the finite verb form a lexical unit. By contrast, we claim that the particle ne is syntactically attached to non-finite verb phrases. In order to elaborate those hypotheses, we propose a partial formalisation of negation in Head-driven Phrase Structure grammar (HPSG), making use of the notion of marker developped in this framework.
Les proverbes et phrases proverbiales français, et leurs équivalences en espagnol
Authors: Sevilla munoz Julia 
Published: November 2007

Julia Sevilla Muňoz (Universidad Complutense of Madrid, Spain, and Review Paremia) :
French proverbs and proverbial sentences, and their Spanish equivalent One of the main problems in compared Paremiology is to get a paremiological equivalent in order to analyze the paremias in different languages. The aim of this article is to provide a sample collection of French and Spanish common paremias, after a short account of the linguistic criteria (morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic) that are considered by the author to work out, especially as far as proverbs and proverb-like forms are concerned.
Mechanical characterization of toughened polyamide‐6 blends with metallocene copolymers
Authors: López‐Quintana S. , Rosales C. , Gobernado‐Mitre I. , Merino J. C. , Pastor J. M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe effectiveness as impact modifier of two in situ maleated metallocene copolymers, a metallocene polyethylene, (mPE1) and a metallocene ethylene‐propylene (mEPDM) and three commercial maleated copolymers (mPE2‐g‐MA, EPDM‐g‐MA, and mEPR‐g‐MA) were studied in binary and ternary blends carried out in an intermeshing corotating twin‐screw extruder with polyamide‐6 (PA) as matrix (80 wt %). Also, the effects of the grafting degree, viscosity ratio, and crystallinity of the dispersed phases on the morphological and mechanical properties of the blends were investigated. A significant improvement of the compatibility of these grafted copolymers with PA6 was shown by FTIR spectroscopy, capillary rheometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in all reactive blends. The tensile strength values of the mEPR‐g‐MA/PA2 binary blend showed the highest strain hardening. The results obtained in this work indicated that the effectiveness of the grafted copolymers as impact modifier depends on the morphology of the blends and a combination of tensile properties of the blend components such as Young's modulus, Poisson ratio, and break stress. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Optimization of synthesis conditions of a novel carrageenan‐based superabsorbent hydrogel by Taguchi method and investigation of its metal ions adsorption
Authors: Pourjavadi A. , Amini‐Fazl M. S. , Barzegar Sh. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Taguchi method, a robust experimental design, was used for optimization of synthesis of a novel biopolymer‐based superabsorbent hydrogel, kappa‐carrageenan (κ‐C)‐g‐acrylic acid (AA)‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS). The Taguchi method was applied for the experimental and standard 18 orthogonal arrays (OA) with seven factors and three levels for each factor. In the synthesis of the superabsorbent, N,N'‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker, ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator, monomer ratio (AA/AMPS), κ‐C concentration, Total Monomer, neutralization percent (NU), and reaction temperature were used as important factors. After analyzing with analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed that maximum water absorption capability for optimized final product was found to be 1195 g water per one gram of dry hydrogel powder. The proposed mechanism for the grafting and chemically crosslinking reactions was proved with FTIR, SEM, and TGA methods. Furthermore, the absorption capability of the hydrogels towards bivalent metal ions was evaluated. Therefore, the hydrogels may be based‐considered as a candidate to develop an efficient biofilm absorbent in water treatment applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Kinetics study on the formation of resol with high content of hydroxymethyl group
Authors: Gao Pin , Zhang Yanfang , Huang Guangsu , Zheng Jing , Chen Mengmeng , Cao Xulong , Liu Kun , Zhu Yangwen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe application of resol as a crosslinking agent with polyacrylamide has become widespread, but it is not clear for forming mechanisms of extraordinarily high activity of the resol. In this research, the major components of the resol and their mass percentage are investigated by Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrograph, the mechanism of forming the components is exploited. The evolution of formaldehyde, phenol, and first formed addition products were quantitatively traced by titration and high‐performance liquid chromatography, furthermore the kinetics of synthesis is studied based on the analyzing results. The results show that the resol is composed of nine compounds and the sum of percentage for each integral area is more than 99%. In addition, the constant of overall reaction rate k consists of three values of 5.667 × 10−5, 7.236 × 10−5, and 23.05 × 10−5 s−1, which means that the reaction can be separated to three stages of hydroxymethylphenol (HMP) producing stage, dihydroxymethylphenol (DHMP) and trihydroxymethylphenol (THMP) producing stage and condensation stage. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes by in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate: For electrochemical applications
Authors: Ahmad Shahzada , Agnihotry S. A. , Ahmad Sharif 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHybrid materials, which combine properties of organic–inorganic materials, are of profound interest owing to their unexpected synergistically derived properties and are considered as innovative advanced materials promising new applications in many fields such as optics, electronics, ionics and mechanics. Inorganic fillers are added to polymers in order to increase some of the properties of the compounds. These hybrid polymeric materials are replacing the pristine polymers due to their higher strength and stiffness. In the present work, studies concerning the preparation of poly (methylmethacrylate) [PMMA] and the nanocomposites PMMA/SiO2, PMMA/TiO2 are reported. These nanocomposite polymers were synthesized by means of free radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate, further “sol–gel” transformation‐based hydrolysis and condensation of corresponding alkoxide was used to prepare the inorganic phase during the polymerization process of MMA. Electrolytes were synthesized based on these nanocomposite polymers and have shown superior properties as compared to conventional polymer electrolytes. The nanocomposites and the nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NPEs) with different lithium salts were investigated through an array of techniques including FTIR and calorimetry along with the electrochemical and rheological techniques. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Release of highly hydrophilic drugs from poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) matrices
Authors: Rosenberg Rachel T. , Siegel Steven J. , Dan Nily 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe examine the release of two highly hydrophilic drugs, nicotine and caffeine, from poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) matrices. We find that the dominant mechanism for drug release is drug diffusion through the PCL matrices. As a result, the rate of drug release (defined by the amount of drug released per unit time) decreases exponentially with time. Coating the drug‐carrying particles with a drug‐free PCL layer significantly changes the release profile: instead of exponential decay, the release rate exhibits a peak whose location (time) and magnitude vary with the diffusion coefficient of the drug in the polymer and the thickness of the coating. As a result, coating may be used to control the release rate andobtain a relatively constant rate over a period of time. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Spatial gradient effects of 120 mT static magnetic field on endothelial tubular formation in vitro
Authors: Okano Hideyuki , Tomita Naohide , Ikada Yoshito 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the spatial magnetic gradient effects of static magnetic fields (SMF) on endothelial tubular formation by applying the maximum spatial gradient to a target site of culture wells for cell growth. The respective maximum values of magnetic flux density (Bmax), magnetic flux gradient (Gmax) and the magnetic force product of the magnetic flux density and its gradient (a parameter of magnetic force) were 120 mT, 28 mT/mm and 1428 mT2/mm. The effects of gradient SMF on tubular formation were compared with those of uniform SMF that has no spatial gradients on the entire bottom area of culture wells. Five experimental groups of 25 samples each were examined: (1) sham exposure (control); (2) peak gradient exposure in the peripheral part; (3) peak gradient exposure in the central part; (4) uniform exposure to 20 mT; (5) uniform exposure to 120 mT. The SMF or sham exposure was carried out for 10 days. Photomicrographs of tubular cells, immunostained with an anti‐platelet‐endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 (PECAM‐1 [CD31]) antibody as a pan‐endothelial marker, were analyzed after the 10‐day culture. Gradient SMF in the peripheral or central part was found to significantly promote tubular formation in terms of the area density and length of tubules in each peak gradient/force part of the wells, compared with the sham exposure. In contrast, uniform SMF did not induce any significant change in the tubular formation. These findings suggest that tubule formation can be promoted by applying the peak gradient/force to a target site of culture wells. Bioelectromagnetics 29:233–236, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poor prognosis in patients with stage I and II oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Rusthoven Kyle , Ballonoff Ari , Raben David , Chen Changhu 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to compare survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral tongue with that in patients with SCC in other oral cavity subsites.METHODSPatients with stage I and II (T1‐T2N0M0) SCC of the oral cavity diagnosed between 1988 and 2004 were queried by using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The log‐rank test was used to compare the overall survival (OS) and cause‐specific survival (CSS) of patients who had oral tongue SCC with those of patients who had SCC of other oral cavity subsites. A Cox proportional hazards multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of covariates on the risk of CSS and OS.RESULTSBetween 1988 and 2004, 6791 patients with stage I and II SCC of the oral cavity were identified. Among them, 40% had oral tongue SCC, and 60% had SCC of other oral cavity subsites. The median patient age was 64 years. The 5‐year OS and CSS rates were 60.9% and 83.5%, respectively, for patients with oral tongue SCC versus 64.7% and 94.1%, respectively, for patients with SCC of other oral cavity subsites (OS: hazard ratio, 1.24;P< .0001; CSS: hazard ratio, 3.04;P< .0001). On multivariate analysis, OS and CSS were influenced significantly by T classification, age, sex, and oral tongue subsite. The CSS for patients who had stage I and II oral tongue SCC also was unfavorable compared with the CSS for stage‐matched patients who had SCC of other head and neck sites.CONCLUSIONSOral tongue SCC was associated with poor survival compared with other oral cavity and head and neck sites. These data suggested a potential benefit for multimodality therapy in this cohort of patients. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis, characterization and magnetic behaviour of a linear chain poly(oxomolybdophosphate) compound
Authors: Su Zhanhua , Zhou Baibin , Zhao Zhifeng , Zhang Xu 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA new linear chain compound, [Cu(en)2][Cu(en)2(H2O)1.5][Cu(en)2(H2O)2]0.5[{Cu(en)2}5{HP2Mo5O23}3] · 6.5H2O (1) (en = ethylenediamine), has been synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, thermogravimetric analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic, C2/c, a = 42.509(2) Å, b = 25.542(2) Å, c =22.1011(14) Å, β = 102.5940(10)º, V = 23419(3) Å3, Z = 8. The crystal structure of 1 features Cu‐bearing cations that are both free as well as being coordinated to the poly(oxomolybdophosphate) groups formed a linear chain that runs along the b axis. Magnetic studies show that the complex is antiferromagnetic. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)