bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific unresponsiveness in nude mice given antigen before T cells
Authors: Kindred Berenice 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNude mice given antigen before being given congenic T cells are specifically tolerant to that antigen and recovery of the ability to respond takes at least 2 weeks. If, after giving antigen, spleen cells are transferred to irradiated congenic recipients together with normal congenic thymocytes, the recipients usually remain unresponsive. Treatment of the spleen cells with supernatant from lysed cells renders them responsive in transfer. Spleen cells from unresponsive mice do not suppress normal spleen cells in transfer and the unresponsiveness is not broken by allogeneic cells. It is therefore probable that this is a case of reversible blocking of the B cell receptors and that T cells are not involved.
Differences in the immunological activities of antibody‐secreting cell precursors in mouse spleen selected on the basis of antigen‐binding capacity
Authors: Lafleur L. , Mitchell G. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse spleen cells transfer a retarded and lower than normal IgG antibody response after removal of cells with a high antigen‐binding capacity. The population enriched in these latter cells transfers a response equal to or, more often, higher than the response of the unfractionated controls and does not appear to have originated from previous priming of the mice. These cells are present in athymic nude mice and appear to be more susceptible to inactivation by an anti‐Ig antiserum and complement than precursors of IgM antibody‐secreting cells.
The clonal origin of cells contributing to successive phases of a cyclical immune response
Authors: Phillips J. M. , Dresser D. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA single injection of mice with a low dose of sheep red blood cells results in a cyclic appearance of antibody‐forming cells of the IgG classes. The peaks of the responses occur at the same time in the spleen and the thoracic lymph nodes. We have investigated the phenomenon with respect to IgG2a response by using the isoelectric focusing overlay assay and have assumed that in the great majority of cases, after immunization with limiting amounts of antigen, an individual spectrotype represents a “clonal” product.Enumeration of spectrotypes which arise only in the first peak and those which arise only in the second, suggests that the second peak of plaque‐forming cells can be accounted for on the basis of the stimulation of a second population of precursor cells. Several possible mechanisms whereby new antigen‐sensitive precursor cells can be turned on late in a primary response are discussed.
Specific control of responsiveness by two complementing Ir loci in the H‐2 complex
Authors: Melchers Inga , Rajewsky K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractH‐2‐linked immune response (Ir) genes specifically and distinctly control immunological responsiveness of mice to the non‐cross‐reacting enzyme antigens LDHA and LDHB. In a previous study (Melchers, I., Rajewsky, K. and Shreffler, D. C., Eur. J. Immunol. 1973. 3: 754) two levels of responsiveness to LDHB were found and mice could be classified into high and low responders (HR or LR). We now detect a third, intermediate level of responsiveness. In addition, in certain crosses, “superhigh” responses as well as responses in between the low and intermediate level are found. An apparently highly polymorphic system of Ir genes thus determines the level of responsiveness in a surprisingly discrete and precise way.In general, high or intermediate responsiveness was dominant over low responsiveness in F1 animals. In one out of four cases the cross between an intermediate responder (IMR) and a LR, which were congenic for H‐2, resulted in a level of responsiveness in between that of the two parental strains.In crosses between IMR strains, the F1 animals were either again IMR or showed functional complementation to high responsiveness in two out of four combinations. The results can be explained in terms of two polymorphic loci which interact in the control of responsiveness to LDHB.Surprisingly, the B10.HTT strain, which carries the recombinant H‐2t3 chromosome, is an IMR, although the H‐2t3 chromosome carries the HR H‐2s allele in the Ir‐1B region, to which Ir‐LDHB has been previously mapped. Complementation to high responsiveness is achieved when the H‐2t3 chromosome is combined in an F1 cross with the H‐2 chromosome from LR strains carrying “silent” HR alleles in the I‐C and/or S regions (H‐2a and H‐2h2).This demonstrates that the response to LDHB is controlled by at least two separate, interacting loci within the H‐2 complex. One of these loci maps, at least in the case of H‐2s and H‐2d, to the left of the I‐C region, whereas the other is located in I‐C or S, as again shown for the H‐2d and H‐2s haplotypes. One may speculate that these loci also mediate complementation between our IMR strains (see above) and exert distinct functions in the Ir gene control of the immune response.
The role of macrophages in the generation of T helper cells. III. Influence of macrophage‐derived factors in helper cell induction
Authors: Erb P. , Feldmann Marc 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHelper cell induction to soluble or particulate antigens in vitro requires the cooperation of T cells and macrophages. A direct contact between macrophages and T cells is not obligatory for this cooperation and factors released from macrophages are as effective in activating T cells as the cells themselves. Two different types of macrophage‐derived factors where found. The supernatant obtained from purified macrophages incubated with antigen for several days generates helper cells in absence of macrophages or additional antigen, but only if obtained from macrophages which were identical at the I‐A subregion of the H‐2 complex as the T cells. This factor was called genetically related macrophage factor (GRF). The other factor(s), which is present in the supernatant obtained from macrophages incubated for several days without antigen, replaces macrophages only if the antigen is particulate. This factor(s), called nonspecific macrophage factor (NMF) is not restricted genetically and is also obtained from allogeneic macrophages. The importance of both these factors in helper cell induction is discussed.
Isolation and characterization of individual functionally reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes: conjugation, killing and recycling at the single cell level
Authors: Zagury D. , Bernard Jacky , Thierness Noelle , Feldman M. , Berke G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIsolation and characterization of individual functionally reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been achieved. Peritoneal exudate cytotoxic lymphocytes were obtained from BALB/c mice injected with EL4 tumor cells. Lymphocyte tumor cell conjugation was promoted by centrifugation. Individual conjugates comprised of one lymphocyte bound to one tumor cell were isolated with a micropipette. The ultrastructure of isolated killer lymphocytes and the lysis of conjugated target cells were analyzed. The cytotoxic lymphocytes are small cells with an indented nucleus which is poor in peripheral chromatin and rich in rough nuclear sap. The cytoplasm contains one‐membrane‐bound lysosome‐like granules and clusters of ribosomes, but no rough endoplasmatic reticulum. The Golgi apparatus is well developed. Direct evidence obtained at the single cell level shows that a single effector lymphocyte is required and sufficient for the destruction of a single target cell and that killer cells which have been responsible for the lysis of a given target cell can lyse a second and even a third time.
Genetics of restricted antibodies to streptococcal group polysaccharides in mice II. The Ir‐A‐CHO gene determines antibody levels, and regulatory genes influence the restriction of the response
Authors: Cramer M. , Braun D. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immune response of mice to the cell wall polysaccharide of group A streptococci is controlled by a single, autosomal gene, the Ir‐A‐CHO. Ir‐A‐CHO appears to occur in the form of three alleles: allele a determines high responsiveness; it is dominant over allele b, which confers low responsiveness. The combination of allele a with a proposed second low responder allele c leads to intermediate immune responses. Ir‐A‐CHO is not linked to the locus that controls hair color, the agouti‐locus, nor is it linked to the CH allotype or the H‐2 complex.In addition to Ir‐A‐CHO the immune response to the streptococcal group A polysaccharide is controled by genes which determine the heterogeneity of the response. This complex but nevertheless limited set of genes is autosomal, codominant and generally has no specificity with respect to the expression of a certain set of variable region genes of antibodies. These traits must be regarded as regulatory genes whose control is independent of the CH allotype.
Specificity of Fc receptors of activated T cells. Relation with released immunoglobulin‐binding factor
Authors: Neauport‐Sautes Catherine , Dupuis Dominique , Fridman W. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the specificity of the receptor for immunoglobulins expressed on activated T cells (ATC) and its relation to immunoglobulin‐binding factor (IBF) produced in vitro by ATC.By indirect immunofluorescence and rosette techniques, it is shown that Fc receptors are expressed on a subpopulation of cells and are not species specific. Using inhibition techniques, we show (a) that rabbit or human IgG compete with mouse IgG for the fixation on the Fc receptor of mouse ATC, and (b) that the receptor is specific for the C‐terminal portion of the Fc fragment. These properties are shared by IBF. Moreover, incubation of ATC at 37°C provokes a decrease in Fc receptor positive cells and an increase in production of IBF into the supernatant. Both events are blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis. In addition, degalan beads coated with IgG‐anti‐IgG complexes retain both IBF‐producing cells and Fc receptor‐bearing cells.These data suggest a relationship between the expression of Fc receptors at the surface of ATC and the release of IBF.
Genetically controlled immune responses of inbred mouse strains to conjugates of the ordered peptides (Tyr‐Tyr‐Glu‐Glu) and (Tyr‐Glu‐Tyr‐Glu) with multichain poly‐DL‐alanine as compared with the response to the random (T, G)‐A‐‐L
Authors: Schwartz Michal , Mozes Edna , Sela M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn previous studies we have shown that the immune response of different inbred mouse strains to the ordered synthetic antigen (Tyr‐Tyr‐Glu‐Glu)‐A‐‐L is similar to that observed with the random polypetide (T, G)‐A‐‐L in the pattern of response and in the cross‐reactivity of specific antibodies with it. By inhibition studies of the hemolytic plaque‐forming cell (PFC) assay we have now further confirmed that T‐T‐G‐G is the major determinant in the random (T, G)‐A‐‐L.C3H/HeJ mice were found to be nonresponders to (T‐T‐G‐G)‐A‐‐L, whereas using the same techniques these mice produced low titers of antibodies to the random (T, G)‐A‐‐L. Using the hemolytic PFC technique low numbers of antibody‐producing cells were detected in spleens of C3H/HeJ mice. However, the avidity of these antibodies as measured by inhibition of PFC was low as compared with that observed for antibody produced in C3H.SW mice in response to the ordered (Tyr‐Tyr‐Glu‐Glu)‐A‐‐L. Genetic analysis experiments demonstrated a close linkage between the ability to respond to (Tyr‐Tyr‐Glu‐Glu)‐A‐‐L and the major histocompatibility locus (H‐2) of the mouse as was previously shown for (T, G)‐A‐‐L. In contrast, no linkage was observed between the immune response potential to (Tyr‐Glu‐Tyr‐Glu)‐A‐‐L and the H‐2 as indicated by the pattern of response of different inbred and congenic mouse strains and by genetic analysis.Thus, the change in the order of two amino acid residues within the sequence of the tetrapeptide caused an enormous change in the biological specificity of the antibodies produced and in the genetic control of the immune response.
Membrane Ig on MPC11 myeloma cells: correlation between the expression of membrane Ig, a receptor for Ig and the process of secretion
Authors: Corte G. , Risso Angela , Ferrarini M. , Bargellesi A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe expression of membrane immunoglobulin (mIg) was examined in three cloned MPC11‐derived mouse myelom a cell lines. Membrane immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that IgG2b producer cells (P1) had complete IgG molecules, L‐chain producer (L1) had only L‐chain determinants and nonproducer (NP2) did not have any Ig determinants on the cell surface.An Ig receptor, with characteristics different from B lymphocyte Fc receptor, has been found to be present on secreting cells (P1 or L1), but not on the NP2 cell variant.The data reported in the present paper indicate that the expression of mIg and of the Ig receptor molecule is clearly correlated with the process of secretion. In the light of previous data reported on Ig secretion, a model is proposed which correlates the process of secretion with the expression not only of mIg, but also of the receptor for Ig.
IgG response in vitro. I. The requirement for an intermediate responsive cell type
Authors: North J. R. , Askonas Brigitte A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have studied a secondary IgG anti‐dinitrophenyl response in dissociated mouse spleen cell cultures which is comparable in magnitude to the responses detected after adoptive transfer. The data indicate that the responsive precursor cell is not a recirculating memory cell but is an intermediate B cell type which appears in vivo after antigen challenge of primed mice. Both antigen and T helper cells are required for in vitro stimulation of the intermediate cell type into the division and maturation steps leading to IgG antibody secretion. The buoyant density of precursor cells has been analyzed by bovine serum albumin density gradient centrifugation, and is consistent with their recent origin by division from memory cells.
The lethal hit stage of mouse T and non‐T cell‐mediated cytolysis: differences in cation requirements and characterization of an analytical “cation pulse” method
Authors: Golstein P. , Smith E. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe investigated in detail the cation requirements of two different systems of mouse cell‐mediated cytolysis in vitro, at their recognition, post‐recognition hit and target cell disintegration stages. In T cell‐mediated cytolysis, respectively Mg++ or Ca++, Ca++, and no cations, were required. In non‐T cell‐mediated hemolysis, respectively no cations, Mg++, and no cations, were required. Two main conclusions can be drawn. First, the cation requirements are different from one system to the other especially at the post‐recognition hit stage, which strongly suggests the existence of differences between both systems as to the actual mechanism of lysis. Second, the cation requirements are different within each system from one step to another. This formed the basis of a step‐by‐step analysis of the lytic process, leading to the characterization of a cation pulse method for the experimental isolation and further study of the post‐recognition hit stage of cell‐mediated cytolysis.
Interaction of human lymphocytes with fluid phase human C3b detected by immunofluorescence
Authors: Simonian S. , Molenaar J. L. , Zeijlemaker W. P. , Knape J. T. A. , Bakker S. , Pondman K. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman lymphocytes obtained from tonsils and peripheral blood were found to bind human fluid phase C3b, obtained by trypsin treatment. This binding was detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) using specific anti‐C3 antisera. Lymphocytes isolated from thymus tissue scored low percentages in IIF, indicating that the main population of thymus‐derived lymphocytes are T cells.The distribution pattern of C3b‐binding cells was compared with that of cells forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes coated with antibody and complement (EAC) and with sheep erythrocytes (E) only, as well as with that of Ig‐ bearing lymphocytes, as detected by direct immunofluorescence. It appeared that the distribution pattern of lymphocytes which can bind fluid phase C3b is similar to that of EAC rosette‐forming and of Ig‐bearing lymphocytes. Pre‐ incubation of the lymphocytes with C3b and pretreatment of the cells with trypsin decreased the capacity to form rosettes and to bind C3b to their sur‐ face. Human monocytes, granulocytes and erythrocytes did not bind fluid phase C3b, as judged by IIF. Therefore, the selective binding of fluid phase C3b to lymphocytes provides a specific method for the detection of complement‐reactive lymphocytes in lymphoid cell preparations.
Immature T lineage lymphocytes in athymic mice Presence of TL, lifespan and homeostatic regulation
Authors: Roelants G. E. , Mayor Kathleen S. , Hägg Lena‐Britt , Loor F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLymphocytes belonging to the T lineage were described in athymic nude mice. We showed previously that they were distinguished from usual peripheral lymphocytes by their low density of Θ antigen, their slow electrophoretic mobility and their absence of recirculation through the thoracic duct. We now report that they also express the TL antigen, have a life span of 1 to 2 days, are produced in the bone marrow and are under the homeostatic influence of the thymus. Indeed they appear rapidly in surgically T‐deprived mice and their production is blocked in both surgically or congenitally athymic mice receiving a thymus graft. This homeostatic control may be mediated via a humoral factor. Cells with similar characteristics are present in the thymus at early stages of embryogenesis.The characteristics of these T lineage lymphocytes strongly suggest that they may represent “pre‐thymocytes”, i.e. cells already committed to the T pathway independently of thymic influence but needing the thymus microenvironment to differentiate further.
Concentrations of three hapten‐binding immunoglobulins in pooled normal human serum
Authors: Karjalaninen K. , Mäkelä O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe amount of natural anti‐DNP‐cap, anti‐NIP‐cap or anti‐ABA‐TYR in human IgM was measured by using immunoabsorbents and hapten elution. We found that 1.0 % of pooled human IgM is specific for DNP‐cap, 0.2 % for NIP‐cap and 0.02 % for ABA‐TYR. Haptens NIP and DNP were found to be cross‐reactive when tested with natural antibodies even though they were not cross‐reactive when tested with immune antibodies.
Studies on the lymphocytes of sheep. II. Some properties of cells in various compartments of the recirculating lymphocyte pool
Authors: Scollay R. , Hall J. , Orlans Eva 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe proportion of cells bearing surface immunoglobulin (Ig) and the normal lymphocyte transfer (NLT) reactivity of mononuclear cells obtained from the blood, afferent lymph, and efferent lymph from both somatic and intestinal nodes of sheep were measured.The proportion of Ig‐positive lymphocytes was approximately 30 5% in blood and efferent lymph, but only about 10% in afferent lymph. The proportion of unlabeled lymphocytes (T cells) was about the same in all the preparations, as afferent lymph contains 15–20% macrophages. Despite this apparent uniformity in the T cell content, the NLT reactivity of efferent lymph was 3 to 5 times higher than that of blood or afferent lymph. No humoral factors could be detected by incubating cells in the various plasmas in vitro before injection. No inhibitory cells could be detected when mixtures of cell populations were used to initiate lesions.We suggest that lymphocytes in efferent lymph are more reactive than others because they are “groomed” by macrophages during their recirculatory passage through the substance of the node.
Suppressor cells in rabbit peripheral blood
Authors: Luzzati Alma L. , Lafleur L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRabbit peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) added to cultures of autologous spleen cells, primed in vivo to sheep red cells, are able to suppress with high efficacy the secondary in vitro response of the spleen cells to that antigen. Removal of nylon wool adherent cells from PBL abolishes the suppressive effect. When the PBL are fractionated by velocity sedimentation the suppressor cells can be separated from the responding cells.The circulating lymphocytes, freed from the inhibiting effect, either by nylon wool absorption or by velocity sedimentation fractionation, are able to give a strong secondary in vitro anti‐SRC response, in which the long latency period, usually observed when PBL are stimulated with antigen in culture, is abolished or at least reduced. The suppressor effect present in the PBL is not due to granulocytes, platelets or erythrocytes.
Cellular responses to murine alloantigens of the major histocompatibility complex. The role of cell subpopulations that express different quantities of H‐2‐associated antigenic markers
Authors: Plate Janet M. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSubsets of lymphoid cells that function in the initiation and differentiation of cell‐mediated responses to H‐2‐coded alloantigens were defined with an antiserum raised between congenic resistant lines of mice that differed for a limited number of components of the H‐2 complex.Only those cells that express “Ia markers” can stimulate responses to H‐2K, D and/or I region antigens in mixed lymphoid cell cultures, even though all lymphoid cells apparently express the H‐2K and H‐2D‐coded private antigens. Ia markers, therefore, serve to distinguish the subset of cells which includes as its members the stimulating cells.The Ia marker(s) is expressed on the cell membrane of at least one of the two T cell subsets that collaborate in the development of T effector cells to H‐2‐ associated alloantigens, i.e. precursors and helpers. The cells remaining after lysis with our antiserum plus complement no longer can respond in the MLR. Syngeneic non‐T cells cannot reconstitute the response.Most activated and proliferating cells express the Ia determinant(s). A proportion of T effector or killer cells, however, does not express the Ia markers. We suggest, therefore, that the MLR‐responsive cell in normal lymph nodes is an “activated” cell and the “Ia markers” are involved in the differentiation of T precursor to T effector cells. The end stage T effector probably is devoid of the Ia marker.
Immune response region‐associated antigens of the mouse. Biochemical properties of detergent and papain solubilized molecules
Authors: Hess M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmune response region‐associated (Ia) antigens and classical H‐2 antigens are glycoproteins which differ in their molecular weight and tissue distribution. Ia and H‐2 molecules also show differences in overall charge, apparent isoelectric point and susceptibility to proteolytic degradation, acid treatment and exposure to 56°C. In the present paper, Ia.11d antigens were shown to have a molecular weight of about 35 000 after solubilization with non‐ ionic detergents. Purified Iad antigens, solubilized by controlled papain digestion, display a molecular weight of about 26 000 after final purification by indirect immune coprecipitation. This figure corresponds to the molecular weight of a highly purified H‐2 polypeptide fragment obtained after papain solubilization. The remarkable size similarity of proteolytic fragments from Ia and H‐2 antigens could suggest that these genetically and functionally related molecules possess some structural features in common.