bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gendered and Postcolonial Perspectives on Data Weaponization in Armed Conflict
Authors: Hofstetter Julia-Silvana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Following the withdrawal of coalition forces from Afghanistan in August 2021, many feared the Taliban would use the vast amounts of data that various international and national actors had been collecting over two decades to identify and hunt down enemies of the regime, and thousands of Afghans rushed to delete their online identities and digital histories. While a growing body of research addresses how digital technologies provide authoritarian regimes and conflict parties with new instruments to perpetrate violence and persecute adversaries, the risks of data weaponization in armed conflict are still underexplored. To address this gap the chapter analyzes how the Taliban weaponized data and builds theory on how gendered and colonial discriminatory structures and ideologies enabled and shaped these processes. The chapter closes by discussing the need for a multistakeholder approach to cybersecurity provision in fragile contexts that emphasizes citizens’ digital agency and addresses gender-specific vulnerabilities.
The Zimbabwe Liberation War (1972–1979)
Authors: Liu Shelley X. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines the Zimbabwe Liberation War to trace the effects of strong wartime social control on post-war resource allocation decisions for the consolidation of power. Drawing from three archives and interviews, the chapter examines how wartime rebel governance and rebel-civilian ties in controlled, unsecured, and rival terrain explained post-war control, coercion, and co-optation. In addition, the chapter uses a novel measure of wartime rebel control and contestation, census data, and Afrobarometer survey data for quantitative testing. Results from two difference-in-differences regressions provide causal evidence that wartime ties and rebel social control predicted sub-national differences in post-war political control and divergences in development.
Conclusion
Authors: Hai Ambreen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the book and draws out some of their implications. It discusses briefly some recent texts that follow upon the servitude fiction discussed in this book, including a film adaptation of The White Tiger. It broadens the scope of the book by elaborating on some films that are doing analogous work to the servitude fiction that is the focus of this book: Mira Nair’s Monsoon Wedding, and Rohena Gera’s Sir. It concludes with a brief consideration of recent activist efforts to change cultural attitudes and labor laws in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, and to improve the conditions faced by domestic workers, efforts toward which, this book argues, servitude fiction importantly contributes.
Movements, Victims, and Images
Authors: Marat Erica 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter builds a theory of transformative violence by drawing on literature on mobilization, charitable economic, and communication studies, as well as qualitative research regarding the book’s two cases. It untangles independent processes that suddenly coalesce at the same time and in the same space and generate unprecedented collective action against violence. It then explains the three developments that make an otherwise routine act of violence transformative: core activists’ antiviolence frames, an identifiable victim arising from a kin group, and visual images of the victim. The chapter also includes a discussion of the main similarities and differences between the cases of mobilization in India and Mexico.
Electoral Reform in Indonesia
Authors: Fox Colm A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 provides a comprehensive overview of Indonesia’s legislative and regional head electoral reforms from 1955 to 2020. Breaking with the convention of analyzing the democratic and authoritarian features of elections, the chapter instead considers their candidate-centric nature as a key defining feature. During this time period, Indonesia’s electoral rules have been revised several times. The chapter explains each reform process, why revisions were made, what new rules were adopted, and how these rules affected the party-centric or candidate-centric nature of subsequent elections. The analysis is based on the features of the electoral rules that offer incentives for the personal vote. Specifically, it focuses on the rules governing nomination procedures, voting, and the allocation of seats. Using this framework, the chapter identifies which elections operated under party-centric, semi-candidate-centric, and candidate-centric rules—a three-way classification that sets the stage for comparisons of campaigns.
Religious Polarization in Indonesia
Authors: Fox Colm A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 focuses on religiously polarizing election campaigns. It begins by recounting the massive, religiously inspired mobilization against a minority Chinese Christian candidate in Jakarta’s 2017 gubernatorial election and reviews the prevailing explanations of this highly polarizing episode. Using election poster appeals and secondary sources, it explores religious appeals and polarization across district-level regional head elections, as well as all gubernatorial elections in every province between 2017 and 2020. I conclude that religious polarization is most likely to occur when a competitive non-Muslim candidate competes in a Muslim-majority/indigenous-minority constituency and faces off against a joint-Muslim ticket that lacks a strong religious reputation. The chapter helps to explain why religious polarization is a strong possibility in West Kalimantan and North Sumatra in the future, but is unlikely to occur again in Jakarta.
Conclusion
Authors: Fox Colm A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 reflects on the broader implications of the book’s findings in relation to contemporary Indonesia and the study of ethnic politics. It begins by considering the rising importance of candidates in recent Indonesian elections and the microfoundations underlying their behavior. Next, it provides insights on ethnic politics in Indonesia and assesses the country’s shift to a more candidate-centric system. It argues that while candidate-centric elections have prompted candidates to create tighter connections with their constituents, they have also weakened partisanship and exacerbated patronage politics. The chapter concludes by proposing two somewhat counterintuitive strategies to curb ethnic politics and divisive ethnic cleavages. The first involves politicizing multiple dimensions of ethnicity, while the second recommends changing the boundaries of electoral constituencies to foster greater ethnic demographic diversity.
Introduction
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
If cyber operations enable a revolution in conflict short of war, why did Russia invade Ukraine in 2022? This chapter identifies a puzzling mismatch between expectations and empirical evidence on the strategic value of cyber operations and shows how this mismatch fits a historic pattern of overestimating measures short of war. It explains why cyber operations are subversive, and why building a theory of subversion can fill the gap between expectations and evidence by laying out the actual mechanism of power involved—clarifying its promise as well as its perils. The chapter proceeds to outline the main argument of the book, namely that subversion offers a cheap, easy, and effective instrument of power only in theory, whereas in practice it often falls short due to a crippling operational trilemma. Consequently, it introduces the case studies and provides an overview of the structure of the book.
Subversion in War
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As subversion fell short, in early 2022 Russia escalated and commenced a full-scale invasion. Although force projection thus became the primary instrument of power, Russia nonetheless deployed a multitude of subversive operations—both traditional and cyber—to complement its war effort. This chapter assesses and compares their contributions toward Russia’s war goals based on the (limited) evidence that is currently available. Findings are in line with predictions and previous observations. Overall, cyber operations produced very limited strategic value, and there are clear indications of time pressure and efforts to control effects limiting intensity. Meanwhile, traditional subversion produced some significant successes, foremost the takeover of the Chernobyl nuclear ruin. These findings thus further cement the relative advantages of traditional subversion, which become especially pronounced in the context of active war, where higher-intensity effects are more desirable.
Is It Real?
Authors: Emerson Michael O. , Bracey Glenn E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 tests the proposed theory of the Religion of Whiteness. Drawing on a multitude of sources, we examine the elements of the ROW, focusing on its beliefs and practices. We find strong and consistent evidence that white practicing Christians stand alone from other Christians and non-Christian groups in ways predicted by our theory. We demonstrate that white practicing Christians selectively use Bible verses in ways that uphold white supremacy and preclude efforts toward racial equity. Further, this chapter documents white practicing Christians’ use of epistemological ignorance to deny and understate the significance of racial problems in the United States. We then explore white practicing Christians’ veneration of symbols associated with the ROW and show their fervent commitment to white Christian nationalism. Finally, we detail the “playbook” that adherents to the ROW use to defend the ROW from people who threaten it. Ultimately, we find that white practicing Christians hold more regressive racial ideas and attitudes than Christians of color or religiously non-affiliated whites, suggesting that a large percentage of white Christians also practice the ROW.
Technologies that Reveal Brain Structures
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Building on previous chapters that review the basics of what is currently known about the brain’s anatomy and how the brain works, this chapter turns to the methods and tools scientists and doctors use to image an individual’s brain structure. This chapter examines several different noninvasive imaging technologies that reveal brain structures: x-ray, computerized axial tomography (CAT, or just CT), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which is a form of MRI. For each technology, relative advantages and disadvantages, including their spatial resolutions, are discussed. The chapter also identifies how these structural brain-imaging technologies are being used in legal contexts, including the use of DTI in brain injury litigation.
Introduction
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The introduction provides a historical frame for understanding the war Russia began against Ukraine in February 2022, relating it back to World War I, World War II, and the Cold War. It also elucidates the multiple collisions that occurred between 2014, when Russia’s war against Ukraine first began, and 2022, when this war went into high gear: the collision between Russia and Ukraine, the collision between Russia and Europe, and the collision between Russia and the United States. The introduction contextualizes two aspects of Russia’s war—the decision Putin made in favor of invasion in February 2022 and the global dimensions of the conflict in and around Ukraine.
The Allure of a Modern Russia
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 is tacitly a chapter about the path not taken, which to a degree was the path taken by Russia after 1991, an opening up to the world, an embrace of democracy and a foreign policy based on cooperation rather than confrontation. This chapter recounts the development of Russia in the 1990s—under Boris Yeltsin, who sponsored peaceful relations with the United States—and its high point is the presidency of Dmitry Medvedev, between 2008 and 2012, when it might seem that a benign globalization could smooth the differences between Russia and the West. This chapter also outlines an American expectation that a modern Russia would be democratic and fundamentally pro-American, which informed the thinking of the Obama administration in its first term.
The Dilemma of a Modern Russia
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 characterizes the evolution of Russian politics from 1991 as an evolution toward “Putinism,” which is to say toward the use of economic modernization for military modernization, an approach with deep roots in Russian history. This long trajectory coincided with the practice of autocratic and ultimately of dictatorial rule in Russia, and at the core of Putin’s autocracy was rivalry with the West. This rivalry took on global outlines after relations between Putin and George W. Bush soured (after September 11), but its central arena was in Europe and in places that were contested in Europe—the Balkans, Georgia, and Ukraine.
War in Ukraine, Round 1
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 runs from 2014 to 2016 and in one narrative sweep links Russia’s annexation of Crimea and invasion of the Donbas (eastern Ukraine) to its 2015 incursion into Syria and 2016 meddling in the US election, a trajectory of mounting tension between Russia and Ukraine, on the one hand, and between Russia and the United States, on the other. Chapter 5 emphasizes the first round of war between Russia and Ukraine as a nested set of conflicts: Russia-Ukraine, Russia-Europe, Russia-United States. It also underlines a paradox: Russia saw its 2014 war with Ukraine as a fundamental break with the past, while Europe and the United States were using their economic and diplomatic tools to restore the status quo before 2014, making it hard for Europe and the United States to recognize Russia’s true intentions.
War in Ukraine, Round 2
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 tells the story of the war itself, starting with the Kremlin’s public “announcements” that the war would take place in February 2022 and concluding with President Zelensky’s visit to Washington in December 2022. It outlines two distinct dynamics within the war: the remarkable failure of Russia’s military efforts, coupled with the atrocities revealed by these failures in places like Bucha and Irpin, turning public opinion in Europe and the United States sharply toward support for Ukraine; and the incredible scale of the war itself, a major war within Europe that has generated inflation globally and introduced new divisions into the international scene—with Ukraine and its backers on one side and with Russia, China, and a host of countries on the other.
Conclusion
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This conclusion connects the question of a war’s origins with its consequences, on the premise that every war (once it is over) is a battle over why it happened. It moves then to the assumptions—about a peaceful Europe and about working with Russia—that the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has shattered. It continues with a sketching out of the war’s consequences, acknowledging that the war is not yet over. These consequences will include long-term military tension within Europe, the integration of Ukraine into the West, the enduring separation of Russia from the West, and the expansion of American power and influence within Europe. The conclusion ends with a reference to the common people of Ukraine, whose fate is the most important story of the war.
The Art and Philosophy of the Garden
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Art and Philosophy of the Garden is a comprehensive philosophical treatment of the aesthetics of gardens. The book focuses on five central questions: (1) What is a garden? The ten-point definition offered is derived from a comprehensive inventory of garden types. (2) Are some gardens works of art? Inspired by the recent work of garden philosophers—and after examining the arguments, as well as comparing the garden to other artforms—the book argues in the affirmative. (3) What does it mean to aesthetically appreciate gardens? Given that gardens are always changing in a variety of ways, how is it possible to compare, evaluate, or find meaning in them? To explain this, the book explores how aesthetic properties of gardens can be known, both formal and contextual. (4) How do people interpret gardens? After considering the arguments, pro and con, the book focuses on what it means to “read” the formal aspects of gardens—what the book calls “garden form”—as a basis for interpreting a garden. (5) How do people value gardens and gardening? Finally, the book discusses the intersection of gardens/gardening and value, the sort of value that gardens possess, whether and how ethics are relevant to gardens, how gardens may be evaluated and compared, and the value of the practice of gardening.
Formal Aesthetic Properties of Gardens
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5—“Formal Aesthetic Properties of Gardens”—begins with a general account of what it means to aesthetically appreciate anything. Working with this structure, the chapter explores what it means to aesthetically appreciate gardens, with a specific emphasis on identifying a garden’s aesthetic properties. Since a garden is always changing in a variety of ways, knowing that garden’s aesthetic properties is more complex than it would otherwise be. The chapter explores this, offering a solution and delineating the sorts of properties that gardens have (such as phenomenal properties and process properties) that give rise to their aesthetic properties, both as individual gardens and as garden types.
What Is Deterrence?
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the classic literature on deterrence theory. Scholars have examined many varieties of deterrence—extended, immediate, general, denial, punishment, etc.—and have applied them to many different areas—nuclear and conventional warfare, cyber and space operations, terrorism and insurgency, economic statecraft, law enforcement, and even parenting. Our review is of necessity proscribed and selective; it focuses on portions of the huge literature on deterrence that we consider most characteristic or deem most salient to our efforts here. It provides a glossary of key distinctions in classic theory that continue to be relevant, even as implicit assumptions about military specialization have not been fully appreciated. It also discusses modern challenges and the re-emergence of deterrence theorizing, with special focus on the recent notion of “integrated deterrence.“ It concludes with a call for revisiting first principles in (re)theorizing deterrence.
Politics by (Many) Other Means
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
While the previous chapter discussed the many ends of deterrence, this chapter turns to its many means. It focuses on the political utility of different military building blocks, setting aside for now the complex problems of crossing or combining them. The chapter proceeds in three parts. First, it highlights the underappreciated importance of military specialization in classic strategic thought. It argues that different domains have varying suitability for the pursuit of different objectives of deterrence, as discussed in the previous chapter. Second, it discusses nuances and exceptions that arise within and across the five primary domains, with special consideration of nuclear missiles in the air and space domains. Third, it returns to the problem of combinations and trade-offs across domains. It argues that political calculations concerning national defense must consider not only the classic trade-off between “guns and butter” but must also account for complements and trade-offs between “guns and guns.”
Air
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. , Walsh James 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Modern warplanes can deliver tremendous firepower on short notice, and they can do this at greatly reduced risk to friendly forces. The rise of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or “drones” takes the separation between aircrew and their targets to an unprecedented extreme. The problem with costless conflict is that it fails to produce costly signals of resolve. A nation that does not need to imperil what it values most in fighting will have more difficulty demonstrating its values. Combatants will be tempted, therefore, to find ways to make costless conflict more costly. The chapter presents empirical evidence that militant deaths from drone strikes in Pakistan have led to more terrorism in urban areas and have reduced militant attacks on government and military targets. Because automated airpower is a poor signal of resolve, a world made safer for military personnel may become more dangerous for civilians. The chapter further examines the implications of this argument for more recent conflicts involving high-intensity combat.
Trade
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. , Westerwinter Oliver 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Adding to the challenges of military complexity across domains, military rivals may also be trading partners. States that cooperate in some areas may also compete in others. The chapter shows how low-levels of conflict can coexist, and may even be encouraged by, the deterrence of high-levels of conflict. Classic liberal perspectives expect interdependence to have a pacifying effect, and there is some empirical evidence for this view. This chapter offers a more nuanced view by linking trade interdependence to the bargaining model of war. In its simplest form, our argument is that the complexity of trade networks may account for ambiguity in the observed effects of commerce on conflict. Trade ties produce several effects, each of which has different consequences for cooperation and conflict. The chapter characterizes these effects as interdependence, asymmetry, and multipolarity and explains their interaction to alternately reduce or encourage different types of conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Mallinson Christine , Henner Jon , Hudley Anne H. Charity , Bucholtz Mary 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This introduction to Inclusion in Linguistics begins by explaining the motivation for the volume and its grounding in social justice initiatives within linguistics, the academy, and society more broadly. It then provides an overview of the chapters, organized around the volume’s major themes: intersectional inclusion, disciplinary and institutional pathways for inclusion, creating just and inclusive classrooms, and fostering community partnerships and public engagement. Next, reflecting on the insights of the chapters, a key principle of inclusion in academia is discussed, namely, that inclusion and exclusion are both personal and structural. Finally, the inclusive process of developing and creating the volume is described and the reader is called upon to use this volume and its companion, Decolonizing Linguistics, to develop their own action plan for advancing social justice in linguistics.