bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthese der homologen Reihen der Alkyl‐phenyl‐ketone und der d,l‐Alkyl‐phenyl‐carbinole (XII. Mitteil.) über isomere und homologe Reihen
Authors: Breusch Freidrich L. , Oǧuzer Mitat 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie homologen Reihen der kristallisierten Phenyl‐alkyl‐ketone und der d,l‐Alkyl‐phenyl‐carbinole wurden dargestellt. Die letzte Reihe zeigt die größten bisher bekannten Schmelzpunktsunterschiede zwischen geradem und ungeradem Alkyl.
Über 1.2‐Dialkoxy‐äthene, IV. Mitteil.): Die Anlagerung von Chlorjod an 1.2‐Dialkoxy‐äthene
Authors: Baganz Horst 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDurch Anlagerung von Chlorjod an 1.2‐Dialkoxy‐äthene werden 1.2‐Dichlor‐1.2‐dialkoxy‐äthane und elementares Jod erhalten. In Gegenwart von Pyridin bilden sich äquimolare Mengen N,N'‐[1.2‐Dialkoxy‐äthylen]‐bis‐pyridiniumchloride und ‐bis‐pyridiniumjodide.
Notiz über den Abbau der d‐Glucose zu 2‐Formyl‐d‐glycerinaldehyd mit Perjodsäure
Authors: Schöpf Clemens , Wild Hans 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie oxydative Spaltung der d‐Glucose mit Perjodat in ungepufferter wäßr. Lösung erfaßt primär die Kohlenstoffatome 1–3 der Pyranform und liefert, wie durch Titration und präparative Aufarbeitung gezeigt werden konnte, als erste faßbare Spaltprodukte 2‐Formyl‐d‐glycerinaldehyd und 2 Moll. Ameisensäure.
Über die Autoxydation von Ketonen, I. Mitteil.: Die Oxydation von Cyclohexanon
Authors: Pritzkow Wilhelm 
Published: May 2007

AbstractKinetik und Mechanismus der Autoxydation von Cyclohexanon wurden untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Hauptreaktion über ein α‐Cyclohexanon‐hydroperoxyd und Adipinaldehydsäure zu Adipinsäure führt. Als Nebenprodukte wurden ε‐Caprolacton und n‐Valeriansäure gefunden.
Über die Konstitution der Cyclopentadien‐carbonsäure aus Cyclopentadien‐kalium
Authors: Alder Kurt , Flock Franz Heinz , Hausweiler Arnold , Reeber Rudolf 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird gezeigt, daß in der aus Cyclopentadien‐kalium (bzw. Cyclopentadienyl‐magnesiumbromid) und Kohlendioxyd hergestellten Cyclopentadien‐carbonsäure die Carboxygruppe nicht, wie bisher angenommen, in 5‐ sondern in 1‐Stellung haftet.
Über die Synthese des 8.9‐Dihydro‐indens aus Dicyclopentadien
Authors: Alder Kurt , Flock Franz Heinz 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDicyclopentadien wird mit Selendioxyd in Gegenwart von Acetanhydrid in eine Acetoxy‐Verbindung übergeführt. Der bei ihrer Verseifung erhaltene Alkohol liefert bei der Oxydation ein Keton, das, der Pyrolyse unterworfen, einen Retro‐Dien‐Zerfall erleidet. Bei der Rekombination der Spaltstücke erfolgt Abspaltung von Kohlenoxyd unter Bildung von 8.9‐Dihydro‐inden (XVIII) als Haupt‐ und von 8.9‐Dihydro‐inden‐on‐(3) (XXII) als Nebenprodukt.
Cardiotoxin III induces c‐jun N‐terminal kinase‐dependent apoptosis in HL‐60 human leukaemia cells
Authors: Chien Ching‐Ming , Yang Sheng‐Huei , Yang Chun‐Chieh , Chang Long‐Sen , Lin Shinne‐Ren 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCardiotoxin III (CTX III), a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from Naja naja atra venom, has been reported to have anticancer activity. The molecular effects of CTX III on HL‐60 cells were dissected in the present study. We found that the antiproliferative action of CTX III on HL‐60 cells was mediated through apoptosis, as characterized by an increase of sub G1 population, DNA fragmentation and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Bcl‐2, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to cytosol and the activations of capase‐9 and ‐3 were noted, while CTX III had no appreciable effect on the levels of Bcl‐XL and Bad proteins. Moreover, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) was activated shortly after CTX III treatment in HL‐60 cells. Consistently, the SP600125 compound, an anthrapyrazolone inhibitor of JNK, suppressed apoptosis induced by CTX III. As expected, this JNK inhibitor also attenuated the modulation of Bax and Bcl‐2, as well as the cytosolic appearance of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 that induced by CTX III. These findings suggest that CTX III can induce apoptosis in HL‐60 cells via the mitochondrial caspase cascade and the activation of JNK is critical for the initiation of the apoptotic death of HL‐60 cells. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypervalent Iodine‐Mediated Aziridination of Alkenes: Mechanistic Insights and Requirements for Catalysis
Authors: Richardson Robert D. , Desaize Magalie , Wirth Thomas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBy detailed study of the possible side reactions in the previously reported aziridination of alkenes with N‐aminoheterocycles mediated by hypervalent iodine reagents, the requirements to make this reaction catalytic in iodoarene have been determined. The reaction requires an oxidant that will oxidise iodoarenes but that does not oxidise alkenes, but it is possible that no such oxidant actually exists! A method in which the hypervalent iodine reagent can be recycled without the need for reisolation is possible. Further study into the mechanism of this reaction gives tentative evidence that the reaction proceeds through formation of an aminoiodane that reacts directly with the alkene, contrary to previous literature reports in which an acetoxyamine intermediate is suggested. The temperature effect of this reaction is remarkable.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship of Cytotoxic Marine Cyclodepsipeptide IB‐01212 Analogues
Authors: Cruz Luis J. , Francesch Andres , Cuevas Carmen , Albericio Fernando 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeveral recently discovered marine products have remarkable in vitro and in vivo anticancer profiles against a wide range of tumor cell lines. Some of these compounds are currently in clinical trials. These compounds show complex structures and mechanisms of action of interest. Herein, we describe the preparation of a series of totally synthetic molecules that are structurally related to the natural marine product IB‐01212 and evaluated them as antitumor agents. For this, total solid‐phase syntheses of the products were performed in parallel by two distinct routes: linear synthesis and convergent synthesis. Structural modifications were introduced in several residue positions to afford 21 IB‐01212 analogues for structure–relationship studies. An increase in the number of methyl groups in the macrocycle enhanced cytotoxic activity. Also, the replacement of an ester bond by an amide bond favored antitumor activity against several human cell lines. In addition, the L configuration analogues were more active against all the tumor cell lines than those containing the D configuration. A significant increase in the size and asymmetry of the macrocycle diminished biological activity with respect to that of IB‐01212. These results are of great value for the discovery of new and more effective anticancer agents.
Current concepts of the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Greenstein Jeffrey I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease. It poses many challenges both clinically and scientifically. Progress made in understanding the genetics, immunology, and neurobiology of MS to date has positioned the field for further breakthroughs both in understanding the etiology and pathogenesis as well as the development of rationally based therapeutics. This review will cover fundamental aspects of the clinical and pathologic features of MS. Identified genetic markers will be considered as well as the evolving understanding of immunologic and neurobiological aspects of the disease. The development of immune therapy based on this knowledge is already apparent and it is likely that neuroprotective therapies will evolve to complement immune modulation in treating the disease. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007
Evaluation of GMPLS controlled Multi‐granularity Automatically Switched Optical Network
Authors: Li Jian , Yun Ling , Zhang Jie , Gu Wanyi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Single‐granularity Automatically Switched Optical Network (SASON) has been extensively researched in recent years. Yet little work has been done in the research of integrating multi‐granularity Optical Cross‐Connects (OXCs) with ASON architecture, that is Multi‐granularity ASON (MASON). In this paper, Generalised Multi‐Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) controlled MASON is evaluated through simulations. For the first time MASON is compared with SASON. The results reveal that MASON is more scalable and does better in cost saving. But its advantages are at the expenses of longer connection setup time, worse blocking performance and more sensitivity to the inaccuracy of the routing information. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term trend analysis for major climate variables in the Yellow River basin*
Authors: Xu Z. X. , Li J. Y. , Liu C. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSome previous studies have shown that drying‐up of the lower Yellow River resulted from decreasing precipitation and excessive industrial and agricultural consumption of water from the middle and downstream regions of the Yellow River. On the basis of average air temperature, precipitation, and pan evaporation data from nearly 80 gauging stations in the Yellow River basin, the monotonic trends of major climate variables over the past several decades are analysed. The analysis was mainly made for 12 months and the annual means. The isograms for annual and typical months are given in the paper. The result shows that the average temperature in the study area exhibits an increasing trend, mainly because of the increase of temperature in December, January and February. The largest trend is shown in December and the smallest is in August. There are 65 of 77 stations exhibiting a downward trend for annual precipitation. In all seasons except summer, there is a similar trend in the upstream region of the Yellow River, south of latitude 35°N. It is interesting to note that the pan evaporation has decreased in most areas of the Yellow River basin during the past several decades. April and July showed the greatest magnitude of slope, and the area from Sanmenxia to Huayuankou as well as the Yiluo River basin exhibited the strongest declining trend. The conclusion is that the decreasing pan evaporation results from complex changes of air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed, and both climate change and human activities have affected the flow regime of the Yellow River during the past several decades. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing changes in rainfall erosivity in Sicily during the twentieth century
Authors: D’Asaro F. , D'Agostino L. , Bagarello V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChanges in rainfall erosivity are an expected consequence of climate change. Long‐term series of the single storm erosion index, EI, may be analysed to detect trends in rainfall erosivity. An indirect approach has to be applied for estimating EI, given that long series of rainfall intensities are seldom available. In this paper, a method for estimating EI from the corresponding rainfall amount, he, was developed for Sicily. This method was then applied at 17 Sicilian locations, representative of different climatic zones of the region, to generate a long series (i.e. from 1916 to 1999 in most cases) of EI values. Linear and step (step located at 1970) trends in annual and seasonal erosivity were detected by both classical approaches (Mann–Kendall test, Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney rank‐sum test) and a new empirical approach (quantile approach, QA), based on the determination of the erosivity values corresponding to selected probability levels. A power relationship between EI and he with a space‐ and time‐variable scale factor and a time‐variable process parameter yielded the most accurate predictions of EI. However, a simpler model, using a time‐variable scale factor and a constant process parameter, yielded reasonably accurate EI estimates. Annual erosivity did not increase in Sicily during the twentieth century. At the most, it decreased at a few locations (three of the 17 considered locations). Significant trends were observed more frequently for winter erosivity (six locations) than for summer erosivity (two locations), suggesting that the erosive storms of winter determined the occasional occurrence of a negative trend in annual erosivity. In general, the QA compared reasonably well with more classical approaches. The QA appears promising since step trends for different return periods may be detected but efforts are needed to statistically formalize the proposed approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of moving storms on attainment of equilibrium discharge
Authors: Lee Kwan Tun , Huang Jen‐Kuo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough rainfall is assumed spatially uniform in conventional hydrological modelling for rainfall–runoff simulations, moving storms have been shown to have substantial influence on flow hydrographs. In this study, criteria for attainment of the equilibrium discharge from watersheds subjected to moving storms were examined. Non‐linear numerical kinematic‐wave models were developed to simulate runoff from an overland plane and from a V‐shaped catchment. Dimensional analysis was applied to obtain the independent variables to be used as control factors in performing a series of numerical tests. The results indicate that, for storms moving downstream, runoff can attain equilibrium discharge even though the storm length is shorter than the watershed length and the rainfall duration is less than the time to equilibrium of the watershed for stationary uniform storms. The phenomenon of attainment of equilibrium discharge from watersheds subjected to moving storms is contradictory to conventional hydrologic design, which assumes the storm duration must equal the time to equilibrium to attain the maximum discharge. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy assessment of the MODIS snow products
Authors: Hall Dorothy K. , Riggs George A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA suite of Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow products at various spatial and temporal resolutions from the Terra satellite has been available since February 2000. Standard products include daily and 8‐day composite 500 m resolution swath and tile products (which include fractional snow cover (FSC) and snow albedo), and 0·05° resolution products on a climate‐modelling grid (CMG) (which also include FSC). These snow products (from Collection 4 (C4) reprocessing) are mature and most have been validated to varying degrees and are available to order through the National Snow and Ice Data Center. The overall absolute accuracy of the well‐studied 500 m resolution swath (MOD10_L2) and daily tile (MOD10A1) products is ∼93%, but varies by land‐cover type and snow condition. The most frequent errors are due to snow/cloud discrimination problems, however, improvements in the MODIS cloud mask, an input product, have occurred in ‘Collection 5’ reprocessing. Detection of very thin snow (<1 cm thick) can also be problematic. Validation of MOD10_L2 and MOD10A1 applies to all higher‐level products because all the higher‐level products are all created from these products. The composited products may have larger errors due, in part, to errors propagated from daily products. Recently, new products have been developed. A fractional snow cover algorithm for the 500 m resolution products was developed, and is part of the C5 daily swath and tile products; a monthly CMG snow product at 0·05° resolution and a daily 0·25° resolution CMG snow product are also now available. Similar, but not identical products are also produced from the MODIS on the Aqua satellite, launched in May 2002, but the accuracy of those products has not yet been assessed in detail. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructural characterization of firn
Authors: Baker I. , Obbard R. , Iliescu D. , Meese D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we use a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with X‐ray spectroscopy and electron back‐scattered diffraction patterns to examine firn in cores retrieved by the United States International Trans‐Antarctic Scientific Expedition. From grain boundary grooves we were able to see where the previously existing snow crystals were joined, and can determine grain sizes. From the SEM images, the porosity and the surface area per unit volume of the pores were measured. Finally, we have shown that we can determine the microchemistry of impurities in firn and demonstrated that we can determine the orientations of the firn crystals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum androgens and prostate cancer among 643 cases and 643 controls in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Travis Ruth C. , Key Timothy J. , Allen Naomi E. , Appleby Paul N. , Roddam Andrew W. , Rinaldi Sabina , Egevad Lars , Gann Peter H. , Rohrmann Sabine , Linseisen Jakob , Pischon Tobias , Boeing Heiner , Johnsen Nina Føns , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Kiemeney Lambertus , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. Bas , Bingham Sheila , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Tumino Rosario , Sieri Sabina , Vineis Paolo , Palli Domenico , Quirós José Ramón , Ardanaz Eva , Chirlaque Maria‐Dolores , Larrañaga Nerea , Gonzalez Carlos , Sanchez Maria‐José , Trichopoulou Antonia , Bikou Chrysa , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Stattin Pär , Jenab Mazda , Ferrari Pietro , Slimani Nadia , Riboli Elio , Kaaks Rudolf 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe examined the hypothesis that serum concentrations of circulating androgens and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) are associated with risk for prostate cancer in a case‐control study nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, androstanediol glucuronide and SHBG were measured in serum samples for 643 prostate cancer cases and 643 matched control participants, and concentrations of free testosterone were calculated. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios for risk of prostate cancer in relation to the serum concentration of each hormone. After adjustment for potential confounders, there was no significant association with overall risk for prostate cancer for serum total or free testosterone concentrations (highest versus the lowest thirds: OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.73–1.41 and OR, 1.07, 95% CI, 0.74–1.55, respectively) or for other androgens or SHBG. Subgroup analyses showed significant heterogeneity for androstenedione by cancer stage, with a significant inverse association of androstenedione concentration and risk for advanced prostate cancer. There were also weak positive associations between free testosterone concentration and risk for total prostate cancer among younger men and risk for high‐grade disease. In summary, in this large nested case‐control study, concentrations of circulating androgens or SHBG were not strongly associated with risk for total prostate cancer. However, our findings are compatible with a positive association of free testosterone with risk in younger men and possible heterogeneity in the association with androstenedione concentration by stage of disease; these findings warrant further investigation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A consideration of strategic assets and the organizational sources of competitiveness
Authors: Connor Tom 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This paper considers the role of strategic assets in the generation of company competitiveness. It takes the position that the resource‐based view/dynamic capabilities explanation of competitiveness is tautological and ex post facto in its approach and proposes that competitiveness is derived from permanent infrastructural characteristics of organizational design providing a source of a continuous stream of temporary strategic assets or successful products, services and processes.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acid/Base‐Sensitive Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymers Based on Phenanthroimidazole Dyes
Authors: Noormofidi Nadja , Slugovc Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPoly(norbornenes) with pendant 2‐phenyl‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole in different ratios were prepared and their photophysical properties were studied in the presence and absence of acids. The polymers exhibited good film‐forming properties, which paved the way to study their acid/base‐sensitivity in the solid state. Polymer films with a high fluorophore content exhibited self‐absorption in their non‐protonated form and a pronounced fluorescence response in the presence of gaseous HCl. In contrast, thin films of the polymer with a low dye content showed almost no self‐absorption and only a poor response to the acidic analyte.magnified image
Electron‐Deficient Acridone Derivatives as a New Functional Core Towards Low‐Bandgap Metallopolyynes
Authors: Chow Wing‐Cheong , Zhou Gui‐Jiang , Wong Wai‐Yeung 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe synthesis, thermal, and photoluminescence properties of novel platinum metallopolyynes of electron‐deficient acridone derivatives with electronically tunable bandgaps and their molecular model complexes are described. Polymer P2 has an optical bandgap (Eg) of 2.10 eV which is much lowered than that of P1 (2.60 eV). The incorporation of electron‐accepting dicyanomethylene units on the acridone ring in the main chain creates a strong π‐conjugated system that features unique donor‐acceptor interactions and intramolecular charge‐transfer states.magnified image
Templated Synthesis of Composite Rings Using Core‐Shell Toroids
Authors: Wei Wei , Xu Huifang , Qu Xiaozhong , Ji Xiangling , Jiang Wei , Yang Zhenzhong 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn difference to compact objects of a similar size, toroidal structures have some distinguishing properties that originate from their open inner cavity and closed circuit. Here, a general facile methodology is developed to prepare composite rings with varied compositions on a large scale by using core‐shell toroids assembled from tri‐block copolymers of poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (PVP)/polystyrene (PS)/PVP. Taking advantage of the complexation ability of the PVP shell, varied components that range from polymers, inorganic materials, metals and their compounds, as well as pre‐formed nanoparticles are introduced to the toroidal structures to form composite nanostructures. Metal ions can be adsorbed by PVP through complexation. After in situ reduction, a large number of metal‐based functional materials can be prepared. PVP is alkaline, and thus capable of catalyzing the sol‐gel process to generate an inorganic shell. Furthermore, pre‐formed nanoparticles can also be absorbed by the shell through specific interactions. The PS core is not infiltrative during synthesis, and hollow rings can be derived after the polymer templates are removed.magnified image
Temperature/pH‐Sensitive Hydrogels Prepared from Pluronic Copolymers End‐Capped with Carboxylic Acid Groups via an Oligolactide Spacer
Authors: Park Sung Young , Lee Yuhan , Bae Ki Hyun , Ahn Cheol‐Hee , Park Tae Gwan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Pluronic F127 triblock copolymer was end‐capped by carboxyl groups using a degradable oligolactide as a spacer to confer pH‐ and thermo‐sensitive properties. With increasing chain length of the oligolactide, the temperature‐dependent sol‐gel transition curve was significantly shifted to higher concentration with concomitant narrowing of the gelation temperature range. Carboxylic acid end‐capped Pluronic also exhibited a peculiar pH‐dependent sol‐gel transition behavior. At 37 °C, sharp gel‐to‐sol and sol‐to‐gel transitions were observed around pH = 4.8 and 8.2, respectively. The pH‐dependent phase transition was caused by introduction of carboxylic acid groups at the ends of Pluronic F127.magnified image