bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cases of equality and strict inequality in the extended Hardy–Littlewood inequalities
Authors: Hajaiej Hichem 
Published: July 2007

Extended Hardy-Littlewood inequalities are

where {ui}1≤i≤m are non-negative functions and denote their Schwarz symmetrization.In this paper, we determine appropriate conditions under which equality in (*) occurs if and only if {ui}1≤i≤m are Schwarz symmetric.
Global averaging and parametric resonances in damped semilinear wave equations
Authors: Zelik S. 
Published: July 2007

The long-time behaviour of solutions to a semilinear damped wave equation in a three-dimensional bounded domain with the nonlinearity rapidly oscillating in time (f = f(ε, u, t/ε)) is studied. It is proved that (under natural assumptions) the behaviour of solutions whose initial energy is not very large can be described in terms of global (uniform) attractors Aε of the corresponding dynamical processes and that, as ε → 0, these attractors tend to the global attractor A0 of the corresponding averaged system. We also give the detailed description of these attractors in the case where the limit attractor A0 is regular.Moreover, we give explicit examples of semilinear hyperbolic equations where the uniform attractor Âε (for the initial data belonging to the whole energy phase space) contains the irregular resonant part, which tends to infinity as ε → 0, and formulate the additional restrictions on the nonlinearity f which guarantee that this part is absent.
Acute: High-level programming language design for distributed computation
Authors: SEWELL PETER , LEIFER JAMES J. , WANSBROUGH KEITH , NARDELLI FRANCESCO ZAPPA , ALLEN-WILLIAMS MAIR , HABOUZIT PIERRE , VAFEIADIS VIKTOR 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExisting languages provide good support for typeful programming of stand-alone programs. In a distributed system, however, there may be interaction between multiple instances of many distinct programs, sharing some (but not necessarily all) of their module structure, and with some instances rebuilt with new versions of certain modules as time goes on. In this paper, we discuss programming-language support for such systems, focussing on their typing and naming issues. We describe an experimental language, Acute, which extends an ML core to support distributed development, deployment, and execution, allowing type-safe interaction between separately built programs. The main features are (1) type-safe marshalling of arbitrary values; (2) type names that are generated (freshly and by hashing) to ensure that type equality tests suffice to protect the invariants of abstract types, across the entire distributed system; (3) expression-level names generated to ensure that name equality tests suffice for type safety of associated values, for example, values carried on named channels; (4) controlled dynamic rebinding of marshalled values to local resources; and (5) thunkification of threads and mutexes to support computation mobility. These features are a large part of what is needed for typeful distributed programming. They are a relatively lightweight extension of ML, should be efficiently implementable, and are expressive enough to enable a wide variety of distributed infrastructure layers to be written as simple library code above the byte-string network and persistent store APIs. This disentangles the language run-time from communication intricacies. This paper highlights the main design choices in Acute. It is supported by a full language definition (of typing, compilation, and operational semantics), by a prototype implementation, and by example distribution libraries.
Efficiency and kinetics of the in vitro fertilization process in bovine oocytes with different meiotic competence
Authors: Horakova J. , Hanzalova K. , Reckova Z. , Hulinska P. , Machatkova M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe aim of the study was to investigate the efficiency and kinetics of fertilization in oocytes with different meiotic competence, as defined by the phase of the follicular wave and follicle size. Oocytes were recovered from cows with synchronized estrus cycles, slaughtered in either the growth (day 3) or the dominant (day 7) phase, separately from large, medium and small follicles. The oocytes were matured and fertilized by a standard protocol. Twenty-four hours after fertilization, the oocytes were denuded from cumulus cells, fixed and stained with bisbensimid Hoechst–PBS. Fertilization was more efficient and the first cleavage was accelerated in growth phase-derived oocytes, as shown by significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) proportions of both normally fertilized and cleaved oocytes (68.8 and 25.1%), in comparison with dominant phase-derived oocytes (44.2 and 10.3%). In the growth-phase derived oocytes, proportions of normally fertilized and cleaved oocytes were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) in oocytes from large (100.0 and 36.4%) and medium (83.3 and 36.5%) follicles than in those from small (54.8 and 14.6%) follicles. The dominant phase-derived oocytes showed higher proportions of normally fertilized and cleaved oocytes in the populations recovered from small (51.5 and 10.0%) and medium (43.1 and 12.0%) follicles than in those from large (25.0 and 0%) follicles; however, the differences were not significant. It can be concluded that: (i) efficiency and kinetics of fertilization differ in relation to oocyte's meiotic competence; (ii) improved development of embryos from oocytes with greater meiotic competence is associated with a more effective fertilization process.
Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of the yolk syncytial layer inProchilodus lineatus(Valenciennes, 1836) (Teleostei; Prochilodontidae)
Authors: Ninhaus-Silveira A. , Foresti F. , de Azevedo A. , Agostinho C.A. , Veríssimo-Silveira R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe yolk syncytial layer (YSL) has been regarded as one of the main obstacles for a successful cryopreservation of fish embryos. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the YSL inProchilodus lineatus, a fish species found in southeastern Brazil and considered a very important fishery resource. Embryos were obtained through artificial breeding by hormonal induction. After fertilization, the eggs were incubated in vertical incubators with a controlled temperature (28 °C). Embryos were collected in several periods of development up to hatching and then fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde and 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.3). Morphological analyses were carried out under either light, transmission or scanning electron microscopy. The formation of the YSL inP. lineatusembryos starts at the end of the cleavage stage (morula), mainly at the margin of the blastoderm, and develops along the embryo finally covering the entire yolk mass (late gastrula) and producing a distinct intermediate zone between the yolk and the endodermal cells. The YSL was characterized by the presence of microvilli on the contact region with the yolk endoderm. A cytoplasmic mass, full of mitochondria, vacuoles, ribosomes, endomembrane nets and euchromatic nuclei, indicated a high metabolic activity. This layer is shown as an interface between the yolk and the embryo cells that, besides sustaining and separating the yolk, acts as a structure that makes it available for the embryo. The structural analyses identified no possible barriers to cryoprotectant penetration.
Panspermia in the context of the timing of the origin of life and microbial phylogeny
Authors: Line M.A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of physical information on early Earth (or Mars) with recent knowledge arising from microbial genomic, proteomic and phylogenetic studies, strongly indicates that there was insufficient time (∼600 000 years) for life to arise and evolve to reach the biochemical complexity evident within the Last Common Community (LCC). If recent strong evidence of fossil cyanobacteria in carbonaceous meteorites is accepted, then the LCC would have existed prior to the origin of life on Earth and the planet would then have been seeded with representatives of the three domains once it became habitable. The existence of intermittently active cyanobacteria in comets opens the possibility for the evolution of microaerobic bacterial metabolism, elements of which appear at a deep level of the microbial phylogeny, at or below the depth of the LCC. It is also notable from a panspermia perspective that recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that the Gram-positive lineage (representatives of which are endowed with long-lived radiation-resistant spores) lies at the deepest level of domain Bacteria, with Archaea and Eukarya evolving from this lineage probably before 3.6 Gigayears ago (Gya).
Glial cell development and function in the Drosophila visual system
Authors: Chotard Carole , Salecker Iris 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the developing nervous system, building a functional neuronal network relies on coordinating the formation, specification and survival to diverse neuronal and glial cell subtypes. The establishment of neuronal connections further depends on sequential neuron–neuron and neuron–glia interactions that regulate cell-migration patterns and axon guidance. The visual system of Drosophila has a highly regular, retinotopic organization into reiterated interconnected synaptic circuits. It is therefore an excellent invertebrate model to investigate basic cellular strategies and molecular determinants regulating the different developmental processes that lead to network formation. Studies in the visual system have provided important insights into the mechanisms by which photoreceptor axons connect with their synaptic partners within the optic lobe. In this review, we highlight that this system is also well suited for uncovering general principles that underlie glial cell biology. We describe the glial cell subtypes in the visual system and discuss recent findings about their development and migration. Finally, we outline the pivotal roles of glial cells in mediating neural circuit assembly, boundary formation, neural proliferation and survival, as well as synaptic function.
Intraglandular application of botulinum toxin leads to structural and functional changes in rat acinar cells
Authors: Teymoortash A , Sommer F , Mandic R , Schulz S , Bette M , Aumüller G , Werner J A 
Published: July 2007

Background and purpose:Intraglandular injection of botulinum toxin (BoNT) leads to a transient denervation of the submandibular gland and this is associated with reduced salivary secretion. The purpose of the present study was to verify whether temporary acinar atrophy occurs simultaneously with chemical denervation of the glands.Experimental approach:Tissue specimens of the right submandibular gland taken from 18 Wistar rats after intraglandular injection of BoNT A, BoNT B, or a combination of both were examined. As a sham control, an equivalent volume of saline was injected into the left submandibular gland. Morphometric measurements, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and western blot analysis were used to analyse the morphological and functional changes of the denervated glands.Key results:Morphological and ultrastructural analyses of the cell organelles and secretory granula showed a clear atrophy of the acini, which was more prominent in glands injected with the combination of BoNT/A and B. Morphometric measurements of the glandular acini revealed a significant reduction of the area of the acinar cells after injection of BoNT (P=0.031). The expression of amylase was significantly reduced in BoNT treated glands.Conclusions and implications:Intraglandular application of BoNT induces structural and functional changes of the salivary glands indicated by glandular atrophy. These effects may be due to glandular denervation induced by the inhibition of the soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) involved in acetylcholine release at the neuroglandular junction and also specially inhibition of those involved in exocytosis of the granula of the acinar cells.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 161–167; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707375
Synergistic effect of formoterol and mometasone in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation
Authors: Wyss D , Bonneau O , Trifilieff A 
Published: July 2007

Background and purpose:Controversy still exists as to whether or not inhaled β2‐adrenoceptor agonists and corticosteroids act synergistically in vivo. In this study, we have used a murine model of lung inflammation to study the synergistic effect of an inhaled β2‐adrenoceptor agonists (formoterol) and an inhaled corticosteroid (mometasone).Experimental approach:Actively sensitized mice were challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin, once a day, for three consecutive days. Three days after the last of the three challenges, a final allergen challenge was given. Allergen‐induced increase in Penh was measured 4 h after the last challenge. A day after the last challenge, increased airway sensitivity to aerosolized methacholine was demonstrated and this was concomitant with an influx of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids.Key results:Mometasone (0.1 to 3 mg kg−1) given intranasally either an hour before or after the last allergen challenge, dose‐dependently inhibited all parameters. When given intranasally either one or three hours after the last allergen challenge, but not an hour before, formoterol (1.5 to 150 μg kg−1) also dose‐dependently inhibited most of the parameters to different degree. A synergistic effect on the allergen‐induced increase in Penh was demonstrated for mometasone and formoterol given in combination, an hour after the challenge, at the following doses: mometasone/formoterol (in μg kg−1) 1/10, 1/100, 5/10, and 5/100.Conclusions and implications:Our results support the hypothesis that when given as a fixed combination, inhaled corticosteroid and β2‐adrenoceptor agonist act synergistically in vivo.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 83–90; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707381
Effects of nutrient enrichment on boreal streams: invertebrates, fungi and leaf‐litter breakdown
Authors: BERGFUR JENNY , JOHNSON RICHARD K. , SANDIN LEONARD , GOEDKOOP WILLEM , NYGREN KRISTIINA 
Published: July 2007

Summary1. The effect of nutrient enrichment on structural (invertebrate indices) and functional (leaf‐litter breakdown rates) characteristics of stream integrity was studied in nine boreal streams.2. The results showed predicted changes in biotic indices and leaf‐litter breakdown along a complex (principal component) nutrient gradient. Biotic indices were better correlated with nutrient effects than leaf‐litter breakdown.3. Fungal biomass and invertebrate densities in the litter bags were positively correlated with leaf‐litter breakdown, and both were also positively related to the nutrient gradient.4. Invertebrate community composition influenced breakdown rate. High breakdown rates at one site were associated with the high abundance of the detritivoreAsellus aquaticus.5. This study lends support to the importance of invertebrate and fungi as mediators of leaf‐litter decomposition. However, our study also shows that study design (length of incubation) can confound the interpretation of nutrient‐induced effects on decomposition.
A highly conserved transcriptional repressor controls a large regulon involved in lipid degradation inMycobacterium smegmatisandMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Kendall Sharon L. , Withers Mike , Soffair Catherine N. , Moreland Nicole J. , Gurcha Sudagar , Sidders Ben , Frita Rosangela , Ten Bokum Annemieke , Besra Gurdyal S. , Lott J. Shaun , Stoker Neil G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTheMycobacterium tuberculosisTetR‐type regulatorRv3574has been implicated in pathogenesis as it is inducedin vivo, and genome‐wide essentiality studies show it is required for infection. As the gene is highly conserved in the mycobacteria, we deleted theRv3574orthologue inMycobacterium smegmatis(MSMEG_6042) and used real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and microarray analyses to show that it represses the transcription both of itself and of a large number of genes involved in lipid metabolism. We identified a conserved motif within its own promoter (TnnAACnnGTTnnA) and showed that it binds as a dimer to 29 bp probes containing the motif. We found 16 and 31 other instances of the motif in intergenic regions ofM. tuberculosisandM. smegmatisrespectively. Combining the results of the microarray studies with the motif analyses, we predict thatRv3574directly controls the expression of 83 genes inM. smegmatis, and 74 inM. tuberculosis. Many of these genes are known to be induced by growth on cholesterol in rhodococci, and palmitate inM. tuberculosis. We conclude that this regulator, designated elsewhere askstR, controls the expression of genes used for utilizing diverse lipids as energy sources, possibly imported through themce4system.
Autoimmune Prostatitis: State of the Art
Authors: Motrich R. D. , Maccioni M. , Riera C. M. , Rivero V. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe prostate is one of the main male sex accessory glands and the target of many pathological conditions affecting men of all ages. Pathological conditions of the prostate gland range from infections, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) of a still unknown aetiology to benign hyperplasia and cancer. CP/CPPS is one of the most prevalent diseases in the urologic clinic and affects men younger than 50 years old. A significant advance in the understanding of CP/CPPS was made when an autoimmune response against prostate antigens was revealed in a considerable number of patients. During the last 30 years, extensive work has been done regarding the development and characterization of different rodent models of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP). It has been demonstrated that tolerance to prostate antigens can be disrupted in some strains of rats and mice and cellular and humoral responses to prostate antigens are elicited. A Th1 pattern has been described and the cellular response seems to be the major pathogenic mechanism involved. Immune cells infiltrate the gland and induce prostate lesions. The genetic background and hormonal imbalance are factors that could contribute to the onset of the disease in susceptible young males. Moreover, spontaneous autoimmune prostatitis could also occur with advanced age in susceptible strains. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding rodent models of EAP and the immunological alterations present in CP/CPPS patients. We also discuss the reliability of these experimental approaches as genuine tools for the study of human disease.
An Emerging Role for Galectins in Tuning the Immune Response: Lessons from Experimental Models of Inflammatory Disease, Autoimmunity and Cancer
Authors: Rabinovich G. A. , Liu F.‐T. , Hirashima M. , Anderson A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInflammation is a critical process for eliminating pathogens, but can lead to serious deleterious effects if left unchecked. Identifying the endogenous factors that control immune tolerance and inflammation is a key goal in the field of immunology. Galectins, a family of endogenous lectins with affinity for β‐galactoside‐containing oligosaccharides, are expressed by several cells of the immune system and tissue‐resident stromal cells. According to their architecture, this family of glycan‐binding proteins is classified in those containing one‐carbohydrate‐recognition domain (CRD) (proto‐type), those containing two‐CRD joined by a linker non‐lectin domain (tandem‐repeat) and those that have one‐CRD attached to an N‐terminal peptide (chimera‐type). Accumulating evidence indicates that galectins play critical regulatory roles in immune cell response and homeostasis. In this review, we summarize recent developments in our understanding of the galectins’ roles within different immune cell compartments, and in the broader context of the inflammatory microenvironments. In particular we illustrate the immunoregulatory role of three representative members of each galectin subfamily: galectin‐1, ‐3 and ‐9. This body of knowledge, documenting the coming of age of galectins as potential immunosuppressive agents or targets for anti‐inflammatory drugs, represents a sound basis to further explore their potential as novel therapies for autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation and cancer.
Impact of the intubation model on the efficacy of rocuronium during rapid sequence intubation: systematic review of randomized trials
Authors: Lysakowski C. , Suppan L. , Czarnetzki C. , Tassonyi E. , Tramèr M. R. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Propofol–rocuronium is thought to be superior to thiopental–rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation (RSI). The role of the intubation model per se has never been investigated.Methods:  Randomized comparisons of rocuronium with succinylcholine for true RSI (administration of muscle relaxant immediately after the hypnotic, intubation within 60 s) or modified RSI (delay between administration of the hypnotic and the muscle relaxant, intubation within 60 s) were sought. Good or excellent intubation conditions were expressed as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results:  Twelve trials (1471 patients) used a true RSI. With propofol for induction, RR for good or excellent intubation conditions with conventional rocuronium doses (0.6–0.7 mg/kg) was 0.95 (95%CI, 0.90–1.00), with high doses (0.9–1.2 mg/kg) was 0.96 (0.92–1.01) compared with succinylcholine. With thiopental for induction, RR with conventional rocuronium doses was 0.69 (0.61–0.78) and with high doses was 0.99 (0.95–1.03). Nine trials (340 patients) used a modified RSI. With propofol for induction, RR with conventional rocuronium doses was 0.98 (0.91–1.06); data on high rocuronium doses were lacking. With thiopental for induction, RR with conventional rocuronium doses was 0.97 (0.92–1.02) and with high doses was 1.0. There was no evidence that concomitantly used opioids or the dose of the induction agent had an impact on intubation conditions, independent of the intubation model.Conclusion:  The efficacy of rocuronium for RSI is influenced by both, the induction agent and the intubation model. To test the clinical usefulness of alternatives to succinylcholine for RSI, a true RSI model should be used.
Czech and Slovak Society
Authors: Musil Jiří 
Published: July 2007

THIS STUDY IS ONE OF COMPARATIVE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS deliberately avoiding a sociological definition of the situation. It is assumed that two societies had existed in Czechoslovakia for some time and the difference between them, and possible analogies, are examined. There is also an assumption that the division of Czechoslovakia occurred especially because ‘Czechoslovak society’ as such had not yet been established; this was in spite of the fact that the two societies, at the time of the split, had substantially more in common than they had had at the time of Czechoslovakia's formation. There exists the view, which we want to verify, that during the decline of the federation the following factors were significant:1. The differences in economic, social, cultural and dispositional structures;2. The asynchronous and differing processes of modernization in both societies;3. The different consequences of the formation of societies of Soviet type in the Czech Lands in Slovakia;4. The differing processes for rectification of political, economic and cultural institutions in both republics after November 1989.