bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerant‐promoted free radical polymerization of methacrylates by stabilized nitroxide unimolecular initiators: synthesis and characterization
Authors: Ansong Omari E , Jansen Susan , Wei Yen , Pomrink Gregory , Li Shuxi , Patel Alpa 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: This investigation evaluates the effectiveness of initiator adducts for living and controlled polymerization of methacrylates, crosslinking of dimethacrylates and thermal stabilities of the resulting polymers. Adducts of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy with benzoyl peroxide and with azobisisobutyronitrile were prepared and evaluated as stabilized unimolecular initiators for the free radical polymerization of methacrylate monomers using sulfuric acid as catalyst. The monomers used were methyl methacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA).RESULTS: Successful polymerization was achieved at 70 and 130 °C with reaction times ranging from 45 min to 120 h. The dispersity (D) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was 1.09–1.28. The livingness and extent of control over polymerization were confirmed with plots of Mn evolution as a function of monomer conversion and of the first‐order kinetics. The glass transition temperature (Tg) for PMMA was 123–128 °C. The degradation temperature (Td) for PMMA was 350–410 °C. Td for poly(TEGMA) was 250–310 °C and for poly(EBPADMA) was 320–390 °C.CONCLUSION: The initiators are suitable for free radical living and controlled polymerization of methacrylates and dimethacrylates under mild thermal and acid‐catalyzed conditions, yielding medium to high molecular weight polymers with low dispersity, high crosslinking and good thermal stability. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Rheological behavior of polypropylene/octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane composites
Authors: Zhou Zhiyong , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi , Yin Nianwei 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe reactive blending composites of isotactic polypropylene (PP)/octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were prepared in the presence of dicumyl peroxide. Comparison of the rheological behavior of physical and reactive blending composites was made by oscillatory rheological measurements. It was found that the viscosity of physical blending composites drops at lower POSS content (0.5–1 wt %) and thereafter increases with increasing POSS content; that of reactive blending composites increases with increasing POSS content and displays a solid‐like rheological behavior at low frequency region when POSS content is higher than 1 wt %. The deviation of reactive blending composites from the scaling log G′–log G″ of linear polymer in Han plot, upturning at high viscosity in Cole–Cole plot, and from van Gurp–Palmen plot are related to the gelation behavior reactively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 526–533, 2008
Layer structure estimation of three‐dimensional crystal and two‐dimensional molecular film for fluorinated comb copolymers
Authors: Fujimori Atsuhiro , Hoshizawa Hiroko , Kobayashi Satoshi , Kanai Kaname , Ouchi Yukio , Seki Kazuhiko 
Published: January 2008

AbstractComb copolymers containing both hydrogenated and fluorinated side‐chains were prepared by copolymerization using acrylic or methacrylic monomers in several ratios. The crystal structures of these copolymers and layer structures of their organized molecular films were investigated by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and out‐of plane X‐ray diffraction. Further, to selectively estimate the regularity of shorter fluorocarbon side‐chains, organized molecular films of copolymers were investigated by polarized near‐edge X‐ray adsorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. From the results of these measurements, it was inferred that these copolymers formed highly ordered layer structures, and a long spacing was predominantly determined by the arrangement of hydrogenated side‐chains, except in copolymers having extremely high fluorocarbon contents. In the case of the organized molecular films, the fluorinated side‐chains of methacrylate copolymers cannot form a highly ordered arrangement, whereas those of acrylate copolymers were oriented on monolayers. However, in both cases, the hydrogenated side‐chains predominantly formed layer structures in the organized films, and the fluorinated side‐chains did not contribute to the formation of the layer structures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 534–546, 2008
Identification of five hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Herba Senecionis scandentis (Qianliguang)
Authors: Li Song‐Lin , Lin Ge , Fu Peter P. , Chan Chi‐Leung , Li Mi , Jiang Zhi‐Hong , Zhao Zhong‐Zhen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSenecio scandensBuch.‐Ham is a plant source for a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) herb Qianliguang. A TCM herbal proprietary product containing Qianliguang as the major herb for the treatment of sinusitis has been used in China for several decades, and has also been exported to other regions and countries worldwide. In the present study, the aqueous extract ofS.scandenscollected in the Shanxi Province of China was determined, for the first time, to contain hepatotoxic and tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by using high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric (HPLC/MS) analysis in various scanning modes. A total of nine toxic and two non‐toxic PAs were detected in the aqueous extract ofS.scandens, of which six PAs, namely neoplatyphylline, senecionine, senecionineN‐oxide, seneciphylline, seneciphyllineN‐oxide and senkirkine, were unequivocally characterized, while other PAs were tentatively assigned as jacobine, jacozineN‐oxide (or erucifolineN‐oxide), 7‐tigloylplatynecine, usaramine and an isomer of yamataimine. The estimated total content of toxic PAs inS.scandenswas 10.82 µg/g herb, which was significantly higher than that (≥1 µg/g herb) recommended by Belgium and Germany not to be used clinically. Among the PAs definitively identified, senecionine, seneciphylline, and senkirkine are known tumorigens capable of inducing liver tumors in experimental animals, while seneciphyllineN‐oxide and senecionineN‐oxide are probably tumorigenic due to their potential conversion into seneciphylline and senecionine via metabolic reduction in the body. Thus, the current finding of the presence of toxic/tumorigenic PAs inS.scandenschallenges the safety of using this TCM herb and its proprietary products. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the Inner Environment of Carbon Nanotubes with a Fullerene‐Nitroxide Probe
Authors: Campestrini Sandro , Corvaja Carlo , De Nardi Marco , Ducati Caterina , Franco Lorenzo , Maggini Michele , Meneghetti Moreno , Menna Enzo , Ruaro Giorgio 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA fulleropyrrolidine bearing a nitroxide free radical has been inserted into single‐walled carbon nanotubes with the aid of supercritical CO2. Thanks to the encapsulated paramagnetic probes, it has been possible to detect and characterize the resulting peapod‐like structure through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In particular, the analysis of spectral parameters derived from extensive EPR studies has elucidated the orientation and the residual rotational dynamics of the molecules embedded in the nanotubes. A limited anisotropic rotational freedom of the encapsulated fullerene nitroxide reveals a rather strong interaction of the probe with the surrounding nanotube walls. The interaction seems to involve the fullerene cage (as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy) and not the nitroxide moiety, whose EPR spectral characteristics, such as the isotropic hyperfine constant and the g‐tensor, remain unaltered after encapsulation.
Cooperative fault‐detection mechanism with high accuracy and bounded delay for underwater sensor networks
Authors: Wang Pu , Zheng Jun , Li Cheng 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis paper proposes a cooperative fault‐detection mechanism for detecting cluster‐head failures in cluster‐based UnderWater Sensor Networks (UWSNs). The proposed detection mechanism aims to accurately and fast detect the failure of a cluster head in order to avoid unnecessary energy consumption caused by a mistaken detection. For this purpose, it allows each cluster member to independently detect the fault status of its cluster head and then employs a distributed agreement protocol to reach an agreement on the fault status of the cluster head among multiple cluster members. It runs concurrently with normal network operation by periodically performing a detection process at each cluster member. To reduce energy consumption, it uses a time division multiple access medium access control (TDMA MAC) protocol and makes use of the data periodically sent by a cluster head as the heartbeats for fault detection. A couple of forward and backward time‐division‐multiplexing (TDM) frames are specially structured for enabling multiple cluster members to reach an agreement within two frames in each detection process. Moreover, a schedule generation algorithm is also proposed for a cluster head to generate the transmission schedule in the forward and backward frames. Through simulation results, we show that the proposed detection mechanism can achieve high detection accuracy under high packet loss rates in the harsh underwater environment, and can detect a cluster‐head failure faster than a traditional fault‐detection mechanism within a delay bound of two TDM frames. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive wideband antenna array receiver of low complexity
Authors: Xie Ning , Zhou Yuanping 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA low complexity wideband antenna array receiver is proposed for wideband wireless communication systems. With the proposed algorithm, the array beampattern remains almost the same within a wide frequency range of interest. In comparison to the conventional algorithm, the new algorithm offers a faster convergence rate with a lower computational complexity. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjacent channel interference in a macrocell/microcell WCDMA system
Authors: Chen Wen‐Tzu 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis paper studies the impacts of adjacent channel interference (ACI) on uplink capacity in a multi‐macrocell/multi‐microcell wideband code‐division multiple access (WCDMA) system. A method is presented for computing ACI and deriving capacity limitation. This method is based on an interference analysis that accounts for shadow fading, and random distribution of mobile users. The results indicate that both the base station (BS) separation and adjacent channel interference power ratio (ACIR) strongly affect system capacity reduction. The proposed method in this paper is useful for measuring the impacts of ACI on uplink capacity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emergency Transfusion Score (ETS): A Useful Instrument for Prediction of Blood Transfusion Requirement in Severely Injured Patients
Authors: Kuhne C. A. , Zettl R. P. , Fischbacher M. , Lefering R. , Ruchholtz S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundEfficient blood transfusion management presents an ongoing challenge for many trauma centers. We present the Emergency Transfusion Score (ETS), a measure that may allow important time and cost savings in the treatment of severely injured patients in the Emergency Room (ER).MethodsThe ETS includes the parameters low blood pressure, free fluid on ultrasound, clinical instability of the pelvic ring, age, admission from the scene, and trauma mechanism. An ETS ≥ 3 indicates a transfusion probability of 5% and was set as the cut‐off to order blood products (10 packed red blood cells [PRBC]/10 fresh frozen plasma [FFP]).ResultsA total of 481 patients requiring trauma team activation (ISS 18 ±18; 7/03–12/04) were prospectively included. The ETS was < 3 in 306 patients (64%) and ≥ 3 in 175 subjects (36%). Some 40 patients (8.3%) received blood (8 ± 8 PRBC) after 23 ± 9 min during ER treatment, and 39 of these patients had an ETS of ≥ 3 (5.4 ± 1.5 points). Sensitivity of the ETS was 97.5%; specificity, 68%. Positive predictive value of the ETS was 0.222; negative predictive value, 0.998.Conclusions(1) The ETS is a safe and highly sensitive tool with which to detect severely injured patients in need of blood products. (2) The ETS is highly predictive for patients not in need of PRBC (negative predictive value 0.998) and helps to avoid unnecessary cross‐matching and transport. (3) After implementation of the ETS, a sum of about 109,296 USD was saved per year by reducing the costs for cross‐matching, transportation, and wasted blood products.
Establishment and characterization of atypical fibroblasts from human adult liver contributing to hepatocyte cord‐like arrangement
Authors: de Villeroché Vanina Jodon , Brouty‐Boyé Danièle 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe report the phenotypic and functional characterization of fibroblasts established in culture from the non‐parenchymal epithelial cell populations of adult human livers. Human liver fibroblasts (hLF) expressed mesenchymal antigens vimentin, alpha‐smooth muscle actin, collagen, fibronectin, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD166 together with non‐mesenchymal antigens cytokeratins 8 and 18, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and nestin. Mixed cell lineage‐specific protein expression was not associated with stem‐like cell properties. Coculturing hepatocytes onto confluent hLF showed that they survived and maintained metabolic activity such as albumin, glycogen, and urea production. Moreover, hepatocytes formed cord‐like arrangements resembling those established in vivo. Hepatocyte arrangement depended on cell‐to‐cell contact and the tissue origin of fibroblasts. Time‐lapse video imaging of cocultured cells showed that hepatocyte arrangement was coordinated by the stretching and shortening of underneath hLF. Our data suggest that hLF may represent resident fibroblasts of the adult human liver, which could assume guiding functions for hepatic epithelial cells.
Promoter regulatory motifs involved in c‐mpl gene expression induced by PMA
Authors: Sunohara Masataka , Morikawa Shigeru , Sato Takeyuki , Miyado Mami , Sato Iwao , Sato Toru , Fuse Akira 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPhorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate (PMA) significantly elevated c‐mpl promoter activity and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors GF 109203, H7 and calphostin C conspicuously reduced the steady level of the activity. Destruction of the −107Sp1 and the −57Sp1 sites in the c‐mpl promoter enhancer region resulted in decrease of the promoter activity by 49.6% and 48.2%, respectively, and destruction of −69Ets and −28Ets elements dramatically decreased the activity by 93.4% and 82.6%, respectively, while mutation of −77GATA moderately reduced the activity by 28.6%. We conclude that the expression of the c−mpl gene is modulated by transcription through a PKC−dependent pathway and that Ets elements at −69 and −28 nucleotides in front of the transcription start site are critical that Sp1(−107) and Sp1(−57) are also important and that GATA(−77) is less involved as a positive regulatory element in c−mpl gene expression induced by PMA in CMK cells.
Expression of the monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in cells of the porcine intestine
Authors: Welter Harald , Claus Rolf 
Published: January 2008

AbstractUptake of energy into cells and its allocation to individual cellular compartments by transporters are essential for tissue homeostasis. The present study gives an analysis of MCT1 expression and its cellular occurrence in the porcine intestine. Tissue portions from duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon ascendens, colon transversum and colon descendens were collected and prepared for immunohistochemistry, Western blot and real time RT‐PCR. A 169 bp porcine MCT1 cDNA fragment was amplified and published. MCT1 mRNA expression in the large intestine was 20 fold higher compared to the small intestine. Western blot detected a single protein band of 41 kDa at a much higher amount of MCT1 protein in the large intestine vs. the small intestine. MCT1 protein was detected in mitochondrial fractions of the large but not the small intestine. Immunohistochemistry in the small intestine showed that immune cells in the lamina propria and in the lymphoid follicles primarily expressed MCT1 while in the colon epithelial cells were the main source of MCT1. In summary, cellular expression of MCT1 differs between epithelial cells in the colon and small intestine. A possible role of MCT1 for uptake of butyrate into immune cells and the overall role of MCT1 for intestinal immune cell function remains elusive.
A 160 kDa protein with carbonic anhydrase activity is complexed with rubisco on the outer surface of thylakoids
Authors: Lazova Galia N. , Stemler Alan J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis study provides evidence that, in the soluble fraction from buffer‐washed pea thylakoids, one form of soluble carbonic anhydrase (CA) is associated with rubisco in a stromal protein complex. On native‐PAGE gels, it is present as a protein band with MW approximately 160 kDa. On SDS‐PAGE gels, it is resolved as a single 25‐kDa polypeptide. Analysis of Western blots developed with polyclonal antibodies to barley rubisco and to soluble pea CA shows that a 160‐kDa protein with CA activity is associated with rubisco in a protein complex localized on the outer surface of thylakoid membranes.
Active faults and crustal stress in the northeastern flank of the Baikal rift system
Authors: Lunina O.V. , Gladkov A.S. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
We discuss the patterns of Late Cenozoic faulting and crustal stress in the northeastern flank of the Baikal rift system. The Late Cenozoic faults are mainly of NE and ENE strikes. Faults of these trends, along with W-E faults, have been principal seismogenic structures. They have normal or left-lateral oblique geometry with different amounts of horizontal motion. The N-S, NW, and NNW faults bear signature of mostly right-lateral strike slip, and those of the WNW direction are left-lateral strike-slip faults, often with a normal component. The rift basins in this part of the rift system have had different evolution dynamics, with the most rapid faulting and sedimentation in the Muya basin. According to structural and seismological data, regional stress in the area has been stable and dominated by NW extension through the Pleistocene-Holocene and the Present. The directions and obliquity angles of principal normal stresses and percentages of stress types show local lateral variations. The evolution of the northeastern flank of the Baikal rift system can be explained by a model of oblique rifting which accounts for the architecture of rift basins, the pattern of Late Cenozoic active faults, and the stress pattern derived from structural and seismicity data. The model is consistent with centrifuge models of magma emplacement during continental oblique rifting. Oblique extension associated with underplated magma can be maintained in the area by mantle plumes beneath the Kichera, Upper Angara, and Chara rift basins. The presence of subcrustal magma chambers may explain why the three basins formed before other basins in the NE flank of the rift system.
A Jurassic peraluminous leucogranite from Yiwulüshan, western Liaoning, North China craton: age, origin and tectonic significance
Authors: ZHANG XIAO-HUI , MAO QIAN , ZHANG HONG-FU , WILDE SIMON A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Gangjia granite stock is a garnet-bearing muscovite leucogranitic body emplaced in Yiwulüshan in Western Liaoning Province at the eastern segment of the Yanshan orogenic belt, North China craton. The SHRIMP U–Pb zircon age is 153±5 Ma. The Gangjia granites are peraluminous with A/CNK of more than 1.14, and exhibit a tetrad effect in their REE distribution patterns, as well as non-charge-and-radius-controlled trace element behaviour. This is in contrast to the LREE-enriched patterns of the host Lüshan monzogranites. These geochemical characteristics, together with low Th/U ratios in zircon, suggest that the parental magmas for the Gangjia granites have experienced extensive magmatic differentiation, including interaction between residual melt and a coexisting high-temperature aqueous fluid. Their similar ϵNd(t), model ages, compatible age patterns and common volcanic arc signature in source materials between the Gangjia granites and the host Lüshan monzogranites indicate their comagmatic relationship. These unusual peraluminous leucogranites, coupled with the voluminous adakitic granites hosting them, represent typical post-orogenic magmatism developed under an intra-continental extensional tectonic regime. At the very end of the prolonged Jurassic magmatic evolution in Western Liaoning, extensive fractionation of most probably ferromagnesian phases and plagioclase from a calc-alkaline magma parental to the host Lüshan pluton, with overprint of the magmatic hydrothermal fluid, produced highly evolved peraluminous parental magmas for the Gangjia granites.
Dynamic model based formation control and obstacle avoidance of multi-robot systems
Authors: De La Cruz Celso , Carelli Ricardo 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYThis work presents, first, a complete dynamic model of a unicycle-like mobile robot that takes part in a multi-robot formation. A linear parameterization of this model is performed in order to identify the model parameters. Then, the robot model is input-output feedback linearized. On a second stage, for the multi-robot system, a model is obtained by arranging into a single equation all the feedback linearized robot models. This multi-robot model is expressed in terms of formation states by applying a coordinate transformation. The inverse dynamics technique is then applied to design a formation control. The controller can be applied both to positioning and to tracking desired robot formations. The formation control can be centralized or decentralized and scalable to any number of robots. A strategy for rigid formation obstacle avoidance is also proposed. Experimental results validate the control system design.
Accident Proneness (Unfallneigung): A Classic Case of Simultaneous Discovery/Construction in Psychology
Authors: Burnham John C. 
Published: January 2008

ArgumentUsing a striking example from the history of applied psychology, the concept of accident proneness, this paper suggests that historians of science may still find viable the idea of simultaneous discovery or construction of a scientific idea. Accident proneness (Unfallneigung) was discovered independently in Germany and in Britain during the period of World War I. Later on, in 1926, the idea was independently formulated and named in both countries. The evidence shows not only striking simultaneity but true novelty and commensurateness of the two formulations that crystallized at the same time in parallel, but distinctly separate, settings.