bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Note Critique Sur Le Codex Parisinus Graec. B.N. 1555 a. La Pseudo-Histoire Ecclésiastique De Basile De Césarée Et Les Quaestiones Attribuées à Grégoire De Nazianze
Authors: Pouderon Bernard 
Published: June 2008

AbstractLe codex Parisinus Graecus B.N. 1555 A est un codex de papier de 10 + 194 folios, écrit en minuscule mêlées de quelques onciales sur deux colonnes de 29 lignes; il est généralement daté des XIIIe-XIVe siècles. Il a été décrit par H. Omont dans son Inventaire sommaire des manuscrits grecs de la Bibliothèque nationale, t. 2, Paris, 1888, pp. 93-94; sa description peut être complétée par celle de G. Hansen dans son édition de Théodore le Lecteur: Theodoros Anagnostes Kirchengeschichte, Berlin, 1971, pp. XXV-XXVI.1 Son contenu, très hétérogène, est soigneusement décrit par H. Omont; nous ne reviendrons pas sur son relevé. Mais, au sein de cette collection disparate, quelques feuillets ont attiré notre attention. En effet, du folio 167v au folio 178v, on trouve les fragments ou l'épitomè d'une "Histoire ecclésiastique" attribuée à saint Basile.
L'Antoine D'Athanase à Propos Des Chapitres 83-88 De La Vita
Authors: Frazier Françoise 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDans la composition complexe de la Vie d'Antoine, les chapitres 83-88, eux-mêmes riches et complexes, occupent une place très particulière, comme suspendus entre la fin du récit de la vie et le début du récit de la mort d'Antoine. Cette étude s'efforce de montrer par une analyse détaillée comment ils fixent l'image d'Antoine voulue par Athanase, en reprenant, modulant ou amplifiant les thèmes déjà développés autour des deux grands axes de l'arétè et de l'ôpheleia du personnage. La vie d'Antoine, c'est d'abord une aventure spirituelle, qui réalise les promesses du Christ et manifeste une puissance divine sans cesse glorifiée dans le texte. Relais qui doit donner ce qu'il a reçu, Antoine est lui-même un "don" de Dieu aux hommes: ses parénèses tout au long de l'oeuvre ont déjà esquissé la figure du maître d'ascèse enseignant ce qu'il a appris des Écritures, à mille lieues des intellectuels du didascalée; il devient ici le "médecin de l'Égypte" qui rappelle aux empereurs comme aux juges la primauté du spirituel sur le temporel. Il est ainsi engagé par Athanase dans ses combats: combat de chrétien contre les forces démoniaques, combat d'évêque contre les ariens. Dans un jeu d'équilibre subtil entre l'humilité qui sied au moine, soumis à Dieu et à ses clercs, et le prestige du Saint, le patriarche d'Alexandrie transforme Antoine en prophète de l'Église annonçant la victoire des orthodoxes et exploite la scène de mort, sur le fond (les legs) comme sur la forme (c'est lui qui reprend la parole) pour renforcer son autorité hiérarchique de l'autorité morale d'Antoine.
Marcion and the Text of the New Testament
Authors: Quispel Gilles 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTwo recent publications drew my attention to a topic upon which I published many years ago, namely, the New Testament text known to Marcion. It is quite remarkable that no comprehensive study of this topic has ever been published. Within the scope of this article, we can do no more than to offer some brief remarks and underscore some points which might otherwise remain unnoticed.
Priscillian and Nicolaitism
Authors: Ferreiro Alberto 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPriscillian was censured of both doctrinal heresy and sexual immorality by his accusers. On the question of his alleged sexual exploits, this issue merits a closer look than has been previously done by modern researchers. Some scholars believe the conciliar decrees of the Iberian Peninsula regarding relations between men and women are a response, directly and indirectly, to illicit relations in Priscillianist circles.1 It is further argued that these decrees reflect an episcopal attempt to bring women into greater submission to men within and outside of Priscillianist groups.2 There has been, moreover, some discord among some researchers as to whether Priscillian was ever accused of Nicolaitism.3 There are, however, other pressing questions that I will explore in this article that will shed light on these concerns in Priscillian scholarship. Specifically, my agenda is: (a) to identify precisely in the anti-Priscillian literature which writers were responsible for accusing Priscillian and his followers of sexual immorality; (b) In the same vein, to engage any evidence which identifies whether Nicolaitism was ever attributed to Priscillianists; and (c), Lastly, to distinguish between rumor based misinformation about sexual libertarianism as opposed to what was actually decreed officially in conciliar legislation.
Peter and the "Two Ways"
Authors: Aldridge Robert E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe literary work known as the Two Ways was an important document for the early Church. A strong and clear statement of basic Judeo-Christian morality, it long served as an instructional source for new believers and was incorporated into later church manuals and ecclesiastical codes (often as part of the Didache). Appearing in Christian use in the first century,1 it was highly esteemed in the early Church and even stood on the threshold of the New Testament-although it later fell into obscurity. There is evidence that the Two Ways was believed by the early Church to have been written by the apostle Peter.
Christian Deification and the Early Testimonia
Authors: Nispel Mark D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn summary, the multiple quotations and discussions of Psalm 82:1, 6-7 in the fathers of the second and third centuries show that the Psalm had a very early use in the life of the church. It was used first and primarily as a proof text for the divinity of Christ. This use of the Psalm dates back at least into the first part of the second century and possibly predates the Gospel of John itself. Its use in the east and west probably points to common ancestor in the very early collections of tetimonia. Secondly, an echo of another debate can be heard in Justin and Irenaeus when they discuss the contrast between the Psalm's "I said, 'You are gods.'" and its "You will die like men." This debate arose because of the primary use of the text. It concerns which people are called gods and in what sense, on the contrary, that some die "like men." It is this debate over the meaning of Psalm 82 that gave impetus to the development of a doctrine of Christian deification. This doctrine was thus carved out of a text used for both Christological and soteriological purposes and led to the very close association of the idea of the incarnation and deification. So Irenaeus was largely producing an cxegetical summary when he produced the catchy phrase that the Lord Jesus Christ "became what we are, that He might bring us to be even what He is himself."43 And with only slight polishing, Athanasius generated a topos for centuries to come when he stated that "He became man, that we might become god."44
Ignatius' "Docetists"
Authors: Goulder Michael D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractOf the problems raised by Ignatius' letters, the most intransigent have been three.1 Were all the Asian churches to whom he wrote under pressure to "Judaize", or only Magnesia and Philadelphia? Were all these churches threatened by a "docetic" teaching, or only some, perhaps different from those with Judaizers?2 What precisely did the "docetism" consist of? I offer some reflections on the first two of these questions, and a new form (so far as I know) of a solution to the third: "docetism" is a modern misunderstanding for a form of Ebionism.3
Gnostische Gotteslehren Zum 7. Und 8. Fragment Des Basilides, Zu Valentins 5. Fragment Und Zwei Antiken Kommentaren Zu Diesem Fragment
Authors: Schüngel Paul 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBasilides (Lebenszeit vermutlich bis ca. 145) und Valentin (ca. 100 bis 160) gelten als die bedeutendsten Schulhäupter der Gnosis. Clemens von Alexandrien zitiert sie gern und meist zusammen; vermutlich weiß er, dass beide im ägyptischen Alexandrien gearbeitet haben. Sie hatten den gleichen Broterwerb, sie waren als "Philosophen" (= freiberufliche Lehrer einer frohmachenden und vernünftigen Lebensführung) öffentlich tätig. Dabei mussten sie sachliche und literarisch-rhetorische Kompetenz beweisen, erst recht mussten sie die rational-wissenschaftlichen Ansprüche erfüllen, die man damals in Alexandria und in Rom, wo Valentin später etwa 20 Jahre lang tätig war, an "Philosophen" stellte.
Foursquare Missions: Doing More With Less
Authors: Amstutz John L. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract"Around the world with the Foursquare Gospel." With these words Aimee Semple McPherson focused the mission and message of the denomination her ministry spawned. The mission of world evangelization was birthed in the heart of this Canadian woman as a teenager. In 1910 at age 20, she, with her husband Robert Semple, went to China as missionaries. After less than a year of ministry Robert died of malaria and was buried in Hong Kong. Heartbroken, Aimee returned to the U.S., but her vision for world missions remained. God's people must be challenged with a vision for the lost, a vision for reaching those yet unreached. The vision was clear. And the message was equally clear. It was a message about Jesus Christ. This message was dramatically focused for Mrs. McPherson during a citywide evangelistic meeting in Oakland, California in 1922 as she was preaching from Ezekiel 1:10. In the faces of the four living creatures she saw a fourfold picture of Jesus Christ as Savior, Baptizer with the Holy Spirit, Healer and Coming King. This "Foursquare Gospel" was the good news that must be proclaimed around the world1
A "Great Century" of Pentecostal/Charismatic Renewal and Missions
Authors: Pousson Edward Keith 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPentecostals and Charismatics make up what is probably the most missionary-minded segment of world Christianity today. What are the dynamics of this century-long movement of both Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal that have converged to produce a worldwide missionary thrust? And on what grounds can we speak of the twentieth century as a "great century" of Pentecostal/Charismatic missions? These two questions launch and guide our discussion. The following related questions will also be addressed: What kind of missionary movement has emerged from the Charismatic Renewal in particular? How has Pentecostal missions impacted Charismatic missions, and what lessons can Charismatic missions learn from Pentecostal missions? What is the emerging Charismatic contribution to mission theology? The relationship between renewal and missions is the theme that unites this entire article.
Renewal Among Catholics in Poland
Authors: Cupial Dariusz M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn contemporary Polish Christianity there are several strands that have been influenced significantly by the Pentecostal movement of the twentieth century.' Of these, the majority are found among Catholics. Among the many renewal movements that have been born in the womb of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland in the last twenty years, two form part of the worldwide Pentecostal/Charismatic family: the Renewal in the Holy Spirit Movement (Ruch Odnowy w Duchu Swietym) and the Oasis Movement (Ruch Oazowy).
The Pending Maritime Delimitation in the Cameroon v Nigeria Case: A Piece in the Jigsaw Puzzle of the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Antunes Nuno Sérgio Marques 
Published: June 2008

AbstractOn 29 March 1994, Cameroon seized the International Court of Justice of a dispute against Nigeria. Inter alia, Cameroon requested the Court "to proceed to prolong the course of its maritime boundary with the Federal Republic of Nigeria up to the limit of the maritime zones which international law places under their respective jurisdictions". Considering that its rights and interests might be affected by the Court's decision on this matter, Equatorial Guinea filed an Application for Permission to Intervene in the Cameroon v Nigeria case. By an order of 21 October 1999 the Court granted Equatorial Guinea's request. This article seeks to examine the question of maritime delimitation as it is presented to the Court in the Cameroon v Nigeria case, taking into account the geographical setting that characterises the Gulf of Guinea, an area where the potential maritime entitlements of five states overlap considerably.
Redefining the Legal I Status of the Taiwan Strait
Authors: Keyuan Zou 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Taiwan Strait is a critical corridor connecting the East China Sea to the South China Sea. The divided status of China as a result of the civil war in 1949 has made the situation in the Taiwan Strait complicated and uncertain. After the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS), the legal status of the Taiwan Strait has been changed from a strait embodying high seas waters to a strait only with waters under national jurisdiction of China. The waters within the Strait may be divided into several sea zones in accordance with the LOS Convention, i.e., the internal waters, territorial sea and EEZ/continental shelf. Due to the difference among the sea zones, the navigational waterways within the Taiwan Strait are subject to different legal rules. Thus cross-Strait co-operation between mainland China and Taiwan is necessary to manage the Taiwan Strait and human activities therein.
A Rite of Passage: The IMO Consideration of the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea-Lanes Submission
Authors: Johnson Constance 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe introduction of a specialised passage regime for archipelagic sea-lanes was one of the most innovative features to the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. Article 53(9) of the Convention requires an archipelagic state to refer any proposals for the designation or substitution of sea-lanes or the prescription of traffic separation schemes to the "competent international organisation" with a view to their adoption. In May 1996 at the 67th session of the Marine Safety Committee of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), the Republic of Indonesia submitted a proposal for the adoption of various sea-lanes and air routes through and over its archipelagic waters. This was the first proposal of its kind. This article traces the progress of this proposal through the IMO procedures and draws some conclusions about the wider significance of this new role for the IMO.
International Bycatch Policy: Options for Sea Turtle Conservation
Authors: Bache Sali Jayne 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis issue of bycatch, or the capture of non-target species, has grown in public profile, as well as both scientific and policy attention, over the last decade. Prominent within this arena has been the take of endangered sea turtles in shrimp trawls. Responses to this concern have concentrated on the use of gear modifications - namely turtle excluder devices, or TEDs - to reduce the take of sea turtles in nets. Though developed nearly 20 years ago, TEDs have not been broadly accepted by industry. This article traces the development and contemplates the efficacy of three legal and policy instruments for addressing the incidental capture of sea turtles in shrimp trawls on an international scale. The first of these is the use of market forces and consumer preference through a turtle-safe shrimp labelling scheme. The second is the policy of the United States to embargo shrimp imports from nations who do not use these devices. The final means is the creation of a negotiated regional agreement on sea turtle conservation including explicit provisions requiring the use of TEDs. In discussing the merits or otherwise of these policy options, a range of issues is considered including each measure's enforceability and its compatibility with provisions of the WTO regime.
ITLOS and the Saga of the Saiga: Peaceful Settlement of a Law of the Sea Dispute
Authors: de La Fayette Louise 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Saiga No. 2 case was the first judgment on the merits by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and the final phase of a dispute with a complicated procedural history, using several of the provisions of Part XV of the LOS Convention. The case raised a number of procedural and evidentiary issues, relating to the presentation of witnesses, the burden of proof and the standard of proof. It clarified the meaning of "genuine link", confirmed the law on hot pursuit, settled the law on use of force in the arrest of foreign vessels, and made clear that coastal states did not enjoy customs jurisdiction in the EEZ, while leaving aside the question of jurisdiction over offshore bunkering. The Tribunal is to be commended for not permitting technical issues to prevent it from doing justice in the case.
The Concept of "Real Interest" and Other Aspects of Co-operation through Regional Fisheries Management Mechanisms
Authors: Molenaar Erik Jaap 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe concept of "real interest" is incorporated in Article 8(3) of the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement as a condition that states (parties) must fulfil before they can participate in a regional fisheries management mechanism (RFMM). As the 1995 Agreement does not define the concept, this article examines its possible meaning. A general discussion on the need for, and duties of, co-operation in the conservation and management of transboundary stocks provides the context in which the concept of "real interest" is placed. Arguments justifying the use of the concept of "real interest" as a bar to participation in RFMMs are examined in addition to the concept's potential use in dealing with flag states with bad performance records. Ample attention is given to the practice of states co-operating in existing RFMMs and in negotiation processes aimed at establishing RFMMs, as this will play a decisive role in giving effective meaning to the concept.
The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission: An International Organisation for the Promotion of Marine Research
Authors: Ehlers Peter 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFor 40 years the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) has been the most important international body promoting understanding of ocean processes. Originating from a programme of UNESCO, in 1960 the IOC became a separate unit of UNESCO. The status of the IOC is regulated by Statutes which were substantially revised in 1999. These Statutes define the IOC as a part of UNESCO with functional autonomy limiting the authority of UNESCO bodies to supervise the IOC. This functional autonomy is reflected in the purposes and functions of the IOC, its relations with other international organisations and its own membership regulations. It is also reflected in its organisational structure, which consists of an Assembly, an Executive Council, a Secretariat and subsidiary bodies. The IOC is financed by UNESCO, with additional contributions allocated by Member States. The activities of IOC aim to improve our knowledge of the oceans and are increasingly directed towards the issues of responsible ocean management and sustainable development. The programmes are subdivided into ocean science projects, operational observing systems and ocean services. A special focus is training and education as well as mutual assistance in the field of ocean sciences as a contribution towards capacity building as a prerequisite for worldwide programmes. In performing its tasks the IOC enjoys partial autonomy under international law. However, its functional autonomy is considerably limited by the fact that programme and budget planning has to be approved by UNESCO, and that the funds and the personnel for the Secretariat are primarily provided by UNESCO. On the other hand it benefits from the facilities and opportunities offered from UNESCO so that the integration into this organisation and, simultaneously, the granting of a functional autonomy, constitutes a viable and economic way of promoting international co-operation with a view to improving our knowledge of the oceans.
The Regime of Passage Through the Danish Straits
Authors: Oude Elferink Alex G. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Danish Straits are the main connection between the Baltic Sea and the world oceans. The regime of passage through these straits has been the subject of extensive regulation, raising the question how different applicable instruments interact. Apart from applicable bilateral and multilateral treaties, it is necessary to take into account the practice of Denmark and Sweden and other interested states, and regulatory activities within the framework of the IMO. The Case Concerning Passage Through the Great Belt before the ICJ provides insights into the views of Denmark and Finland. The article concludes that an 1857 treaty excludes the applicability of Part III of the LOS Convention to the straits, and that there are a number of difficulties in assessing the contents of the regime of the straits. At the same time, these uncertainties do not seem to have been a complicating factor for the adoption of measures to regulate shipping traffic.
The Law of the Sea Related Cases in the International Court of Justice during the Presidency of Judge Stephen M. Schwebel (1997-2000)
Authors: Kwiatkowska Barbara 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article explores the unique role of the ICJ as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations in the development of the law of the sea as part of the global system of peace and security, during the Presidency of Judge Stephen M. Schwebel (United States) in the busiest triennium in the Court's history (1997-2000). The new style of governance brought by President Schwebel to the Court is appraised against the background of an "intrinsic" authority and paramount functions performed by the ICJ as the world's most senior international court and the only truly universal judicial body of general jurisdiction, as well as that of the continuously inter-active influence of the Court and the International Law Commission. The article surveys the law-of-the-sea-related cases of the Court in the context of an ongoing follow-up to the Overall Review and Appraisal of the UNCED Agenda 21 in the critical areas of environmental protection, international fisheries and navigation, equitable maritime delimitation and territorial questions, and international institutions. The inaugural practice of ITLOS and the awards of the two Arbitral Tribunals, of which President Schwebel was a member, are taken into due account. The article concludes that the Court will undoubtedly continue to further explore its unique role, as importantly reinforced in the triennium 1997-2000, in the years to come.