bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ernst Friedrich Albert Baur - ein Beitrag zum liberal-konservativen Pfarrerbild im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Homrichhausen Christian 
Published: June 2008

AbstractE. Fr. A. Baur repräsentiert einen durch die Berliner Erwedtung, die Befreiungskriege und die in Schleiermacher, Fries und Fichte idealistisch gebrochene Aufklärung geprägten Frömmigkeitstypus. Schönheit, gefühlsmäßiges Erleben, Selbstreflexion und die Geschichtlidikeit der Gotteserfahrung sind der Bezugsrahmen für die religiöse Erfahrung, inhaltlich bestimmt durch die in der kirchenmusikalisdien Reformbewegung relgiös-ästhetisdie Stimmung von politischem Aufbruch, Patriotismus, christozentrischer Kirdilichkeit und mittelbarer Abhängigkeit vom Universum. In der erwecklidivermittlungstheologischen Predigt soll die Gemeinde in diesen Erfahrungen weitergeführt werden. Der Freiheitsgedanke und der Patriotismus werden von A. Baur in der Turnbewegung Jahns lebendig gehalten. Differenzen zwischen A. Baur und Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy sind in mehrfacher Hinsicht zu verzeichnen gewesen. In der Häuslichkeit und der Freizeitgestaltung wird die städtische Bildungskultur fortgeführt, und die frauliche Existenz ist in besonderer Weise Spiegel religiöser Erfahrung. Innerhalb des kirchenrechtlich-institutionellen Spielraums gelingt eine Ausweitung der sozialen Fürsorge, und durch die zwedigebundene freie Vereinstätigkeit werden die aufkommenden Bedürfnisse (Turnen, Singen, literarische Bildung) kirdilich integriert und sollen analog zum Gustav-Adolph-Verein die Kultur christlich durchdringen. Die Christologie vermittelt die Kategorien für die als bedeutsam erlebten Personen (Genies: Jahn, Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Schleiermacher). Die Teilhabe an ihrer vermittelnden und er-lösenden Tätigkeit ermöglicht die Fortsetzung der von Jesus Christus gewollten geistigen Erhebung, die in der Verklärung der Personen vorgestellt wird. Die Industrie stellt das durch sie ausgedrückte Lebensgefühl grundsätzlich in Frage.
The Analysis of Typhoon Structures Using Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit Data and Its Application to Prediction
Authors: Chou Chien-Ben , Huang Ching-Yuang , Huang Huei-Ping , Wang Kung-Hwa , Yeh Tien-Chiang 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
In this study, the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) data are used to retrieve the temperature and velocity fields of typhoons and assimilate them with the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) routines for uses in numerical model predictions for typhoons. The authors’ procedure of an end-to-end typhoon prediction using an AMSU-based initial condition is similar to the framework developed by Zhu et al. in 2002 but differs from it by considering a downward integration approach in part of the retrieval process and with the starting point of the integration chosen as a constant 50-hPa field without any structure. The typhoon circulation from this retrieval is thus determined objectively from the AMSU observation alone, without a preimposed typhoon vortex structure, allowing an asymmetric structure even at the inner core of a typhoon. The results show that this procedure is capable of retrieving a reasonable typhoon circulation from the AMSU data. The impact of the AMSU data on the assimilated initial condition for prediction is shown to be especially notable in its modification of the upper-level circulation of the typhoons. With the downward integration, the error accumulates downward such that the current approach provides a relatively more accurate estimate of the upper-level circulation, important for the steering of a typhoon. Consistent with this, it is demonstrated that the inclusion of the AMSU data helps to improve the forecast of typhoon tracks for selected cases of typhoons. This approach is less satisfying in producing an accurate retrieval and prediction of the intensity of typhoons. The reasons for this shortcoming and possible future remedies are discussed.
Potential Benefits of Seasonal Inflow Prediction Uncertainty for Reservoir Release Decisions
Authors: Georgakakos Konstantine P. , Graham Nicholas E. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This paper examines the conditions for which beneficial use of forecast uncertainty may be made for improved reservoir release decisions. It highlights the parametric dependencies of the effects of uncertainty in seasonal inflow volumes on the optimal release and objective function of a single reservoir operated to meet a single volume target at the end of the season under volume and release constraints. The duration of the “season” may be one or several months long. The analysis invokes the application of Kuhn–Tucker theory, and it shows that the presence of uncertainty introduces complex dependence of the optimal release and objective function on the reservoir parameters and uncertain inflow forcing. The seasonal inflow volume uncertainty is represented by a bounded symmetric beta distribution with a given mean, which is considered to be unbiased, and a half-range QR. The authors find that the use of predicted inflow uncertainty is particularly beneficial during operation with a volume target that is either near reservoir capacity or near zero reservoir volume, with the optimal release being directly dependent on QR in these situations. This positive finding is moderated by the additional finding that errors in the estimation of predicted QR can result in significant operation losses (larger deviations from the target volume) that are due to suboptimal release decisions. Furthermore, the presence of binding release constraints leads to loss of optimal release and objective function benefits due to the seasonal inflow uncertainty predictions, suggesting less rigid release policies for improved operations under uncertain forecasts. It is also shown that the reservoir capacity values for which optimal reservoir operations are most sensitive to seasonal inflow uncertainty predictions are found to be at most 5 times the uncertainty range of the predicted seasonal inflow volume and to be at least as large as the uncertainty range of predicted inflow volumes. Suggestions for continued research in this area are offered.
A Characterization of Cirrus Cloud Properties That Affect Laser Propagation
Authors: Norquist Donald C. , Desrochers Paul R. , McNicholl Patrick J. , Roadcap John R. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Future high-altitude laser systems may be affected by cirrus clouds. Laser transmission models were applied to measured and retrieved cirrus properties to determine cirrus impact on power incident on a target or receiver. A major goal was to see how well radiosondes and geostationary satellite imagery could specify the required properties. Based on the use of ground-based radar and lidar measurements as a reference, errors in cirrus-top and cirrus-base height estimates from radiosonde observations were 20%–25% of geostationary satellite retrieval errors. Radiosondes had a perfect cirrus detection rate as compared with 80% for satellite detection. Ice water path and effective particle size were obtained with a published radar–lidar retrieval algorithm and a documented satellite algorithm. Radar–lidar particle size and ice water path were 1.5 and 3 times the satellite retrievals, respectively. Radar–lidar-based laser extinction coefficients were 55% greater than satellite values. Measured radar–lidar cirrus thickness was consistently greater than satellite-retrieved thickness, but radar–lidar microphysical retrieval required detection by both sensors at each range gate, which limited the retrievals’ vertical extent. Greater radar–lidar extinction and greater satellite-based cirrus thickness yielded comparable optical depths for the two independent retrievals. Laser extinction–transmission models applied to radiosonde-retrieved cirrus heights and satellite-retrieved microphysical properties revealed a significant power loss by all models as the laser beam transits the cirrus layer. This suggests that cirrus location is more important than microphysics in high-altitude laser test support. Geostationary satellite imagery may be insufficient in cirrus detection and retrieval accuracy. Humidity-sensitive radiosondes are a potential proxy for ground-based remote sensors in cirrus detection and altitude determination.
Sensitivity of Surface Ozone Simulation to Cumulus Parameterization
Authors: Tao Zhining , Williams Allen , Huang Ho-Chun , Caughey Michael , Liang Xin-Zhong 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Different cumulus schemes cause significant discrepancies in simulated precipitation, cloud cover, and temperature, which in turn lead to remarkable differences in simulated biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and surface ozone concentrations. As part of an effort to investigate the impact (and its uncertainty) of climate changes on U.S. air quality, this study evaluates the sensitivity of BVOC emissions and surface ozone concentrations to the Grell (GR) and Kain–Fritsch (KF) cumulus parameterizations. Overall, using the KF scheme yields less cloud cover, larger incident solar radiation, warmer surface temperature, and higher boundary layer height and hence generates more BVOC emissions than those using the GR scheme. As a result, the KF (versus GR) scheme produces more than 10 ppb of summer mean daily maximum 8-h ozone concentration over broad regions, resulting in a doubling of the number of high-ozone occurrences. The contributions of meteorological conditions versus BVOC emissions on regional ozone sensitivities to the choice of the cumulus scheme largely offset each other in the California and Texas regions, but the contrast in BVOC emissions dominates over that in the meteorological conditions for ozone differences in the Midwest and Northeast regions. The result demonstrates the necessity of considering the uncertainty of future ozone projections that are identified with alternative model physics configurations.
Serum cholesterol in idiopathic and lupus-related protein-losing enteropathy
Authors: Kim YG , Lee C-K , Byeon J-S , Myung S-J , Oh JS , Nah S-S , Moon H-B , Yoo B 
Published: June 2008

Abstract The characteristics of protein-losing enteropathy were evaluated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Among the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus ( n = 380) in a tertiary hospital, we reviewed the records of seven patients with generalized edema, hypoalbuminemia without proteinuria and positive results on 99mTc-labelled human serum albumin scintigrams. Patient characteristics and laboratory findings were compared between these seven patients and patients with lupus enteritis ( n = 15) or idiopathic protein-losing enteropathy ( n = 11). Compared with the lupus enteritis patients, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum total cholesterol levels were significantly increased in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus–related protein-losing enteropathy. Compared with idiopathic protein-losing enteropathy patients, the level of serum total cholesterol was significantly increased, but the level of serum albumin was decreased in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus–related protein-losing enteropathy. Among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus–related protein-losing enteropathy, four patients had high serum total cholesterol levels (≥248 mg/dL) and achieved complete remission after receiving high doses of steroid treatment. However, three patients who had low serum total cholesterol levels (≤219 mg/dL) responded poorly to the steroid-only treatment, and could achieve complete remission only after 3 months of cyclophosphamide pulse treatment with concurrent corticosteroid therapy. The levels of serum total cholesterol are intriguing feature in systemic lupus erythematosus–associated protein-losing enteropathy patients.
A Study of the Validity of Performing Carotid Duplex Ultrasound with the Patient in a Seated Position
Authors: Pemble Lucia 
Published: June 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare pulsed wave (PW) Doppler velocity measurements obtained from duplex ultrasound of the carotid arteries with subjects in the seated and supine positions in an attempt to determine if this would influence the velocity criteria used in the classification of the severity of internal carotid artery disease. Methods: Carotid duplex ultrasound examinations were performed on 42 volunteers with measurement of peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV) using a Doppler angle of 60°. The measurements were obtained from both the right and left extracranial carotid vessels in both the seated and supine positions. t-tests were used to compare the mean velocities obtained in the seated versus supine positions. Results: PSV and EDV measurements obtained in the seated position were lower than those in the supine position. Statistical analysis comparing the means in the seated versus the supine position showed statistical significance at the p=0·05 level for all measurements except the PSV of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Conclusions: Duplex ultrasound PW Doppler derived velocity criteria are used to classify the severity of stenosis, which in turn impacts on patient treatment options. The carotid duplex scan can be adequately performed on patients in the seated position but velocities measured will be reduced and modification to the existing velocity criteria may be needed.
Bedside Sonography in Emergency Departments in Turkey
Authors: Girisgin Sadik A. , Cander Basar , Yurumez Yusuf , Coskun Figen , Ikizceli Ibrahim , Akkose Sule 
Published: June 2008

Emergency departments in Turkey have been steadily improving their services since emergency medicine began as a specialty over 12 years ago, but bedside ultrasound (US) has not been implemented widely. In order to learn the extent of ultrasound usage and training opportunities, a 27-question survey was distributed to emergency medicine-trained physicians working in emergency departments at ten university hospitals (the busiest one in each geographical region, plus three others), which are referral centres covering over half of the country's population. Eight of the ten EM departments had an ultrasound machine in their ED (for a mean of 3·7 years), but the machines were used and controlled by the Department of EM in only four of the centres. While EM physicians knew how to perform US in seven centres, they routinely performed US themselves in only five. Of the 173 EM staff in the centres surveyed, 57 performed bedside US, and 28 possessed an US course certificate. All respondents wanted their EM residents to have formal US training, but such a rotation was present in only five centres. Bedside US was being performed in the following clinical situations: trauma (n=7), abdominal pain (n=7), renal colic (n=5), chest pain (n=3), assist to invasive procedures (n=3), locating subcutaneous foreign bodies (n=3), and dyspnea (n=1). Five departments had no form or system for documenting their US findings, and if finding anything suspicious, always sent the patients to radiology to have the US repeated. The mean duration from request-to-radiology-for-US to report-in-EM-physician's-hands was 47 minutes. Bedside US is performed by EM physicians in only half of the academic centers we surveyed. Documentation is absent in many, thus the quality or impact of this practice would be difficult, if not impossible, to determine. Formal educational programs are desired by all, but have yet to be implemented in half of the centres. Given the many benefits to patients of bedside US, diligent efforts still need to be made to improve this service in academic emergency departments in Turkey.
CD300a/c regulate type I interferon and TNF-α secretion by human plasmacytoid dendritic cells stimulated with TLR7 and TLR9 ligands
Authors: Ju Xinsheng , Zenke Martin , Hart Derek N. J. , Clark Georgina J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Activation of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) with ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9 induces the secretion of type I interferons and other inflammatory cytokines as well as pDC differentiation. Transcripts for 2 members of the CD300 gene family, CD300a and CD300c, were identified on pDCs during gene expression studies to identify new immunoregulatory molecules on pDCs. We therefore investigated the expression of CD300a and CD300c and their potential regulation of pDC function. CD300a/c RNA and surface expression were downregulated after stimulation of pDCs with TLR7 and TLR9 ligands. Exogenous interferon (IFN)-α down-regulated CD300a/c expression, whereas neutralizing IFN-α abolished TLR ligand–induced CD300a/c down-regulation. This implicates IFN-α in regulating CD300a/c expression in pDCs. In addition, IFN-α favored tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion by CpG-induced pDCs. CD300a/c triggering by cross-linking antibody reduced TNF-α and increased IFN-α secretion by pDCs. Furthermore, CD300a/c triggering, in the presence of neutralizing IFN-α, further reduced TNF-α secretion. These data indicate that CD300a and CD300c play an important role in the cross-regulation of TNF-α and IFN-α secretion from pDCs.
Stochastic modeling of human RBC alloimmunization: evidence for a distinct population of immunologic responders
Authors: Higgins John M. , Sloan Steven R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractRed blood cell (RBC) transfusion is unique as a common large-scale intravenous introduction of foreign tissue and provides a valuable opportunity to study human immunologic response to intravenous foreign antigen. Patients receiving RBC transfusions are at risk of forming alloantibodies against donor RBC antigens, and valid estimates of alloimmunization risk are clinically important, but little is known about the factors governing this risk or, more generally, about determinants of human response to intravenous antigen. Here, we mine large electronic patient databases enabling us to model RBC alloimmunization as a stochastic process. We identify a subgroup of transfusion recipients that has a dramatically increased risk of alloimmunization that appears to be genetically determined because it is independent of common disease states, patient age, or the number of alloantibodies already formed, and only weakly dependent on transfusion count.
Gene expression in developing watermelon fruit
Authors: Wechter W Patrick , Levi Amnon , Harris Karen R , Davis Angela R , Fei Zhangjun , Katzir Nurit , Giovannoni James J , Salman-Minkov Ayelet , Hernandez Alvaro , Thimmapuram Jyothi , Tadmor Yaakov , Portnoy Vitaly , Trebitsh Tova 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundCultivated watermelon form large fruits that are highly variable in size, shape, color, and content, yet have extremely narrow genetic diversity. Whereas a plethora of genes involved in cell wall metabolism, ethylene biosynthesis, fruit softening, and secondary metabolism during fruit development and ripening have been identified in other plant species, little is known of the genes involved in these processes in watermelon. A microarray and quantitative Real-Time PCR-based study was conducted in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus(Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus] in order to elucidate the flow of events associated with fruit development and ripening in this species. RNA from three different maturation stages of watermelon fruits, as well as leaf, were collected from field grown plants during three consecutive years, and analyzed for gene expression using high-density photolithography microarrays and quantitative PCR.ResultsHigh-density photolithography arrays, composed of probes of 832 EST-unigenes from a subtracted, fruit development, cDNA library of watermelon were utilized to examine gene expression at three distinct time-points in watermelon fruit development. Analysis was performed with field-grown fruits over three consecutive growing seasons. Microarray analysis identified three hundred and thirty-five unique ESTs that are differentially regulated by at least two-fold in watermelon fruits during the early, ripening, or mature stage when compared to leaf. Of the 335 ESTs identified, 211 share significant homology with known gene products and 96 had no significant matches with any database accession. Of the modulated watermelon ESTs related to annotated genes, a significant number were found to be associated with or involved in the vascular system, carotenoid biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation, pathogen and stress response, and ethylene biosynthesis. Ethylene bioassays, performed with a closely related watermelon genotype with a similar phenotype, i.e. seeded, bright red flesh, dark green rind, etc., determined that ethylene levels were highest during the green fruit stage followed by a decrease during the white and pink fruit stages. Additionally, quantitative Real-Time PCR was used to validate modulation of 127 ESTs that were differentially expressed in developing and ripening fruits based on array analysis.ConclusionThis study identified numerous ESTs with putative involvement in the watermelon fruit developmental and ripening process, in particular the involvement of the vascular system and ethylene. The production of ethylene during fruit development in watermelon gives further support to the role of ethylene in fruit development in non-climacteric fruits.
Simulated joint and muscle forces in reversed and anatomic shoulder prostheses
Authors: Terrier A. , Reist A. , Merlini F. , Farron A. 
Published: June 2008

Reversed shoulder prostheses are increasingly being used for the treatment of glenohumeral arthropathy associated with a deficient rotator cuff. These non-anatomical implants attempt to balance the joint forces by means of a semi-constrained articular surface and a medialised centre of rotation. A finite element model was used to compare a reversed prosthesis with an anatomical implant. Active abduction was simulated from 0° to 150° of elevation. With the anatomical prosthesis, the joint force almost reached the equivalence of body weight. The joint force was half this for the reversed prosthesis. The direction of force was much more vertically aligned for the reverse prosthesis, in the first 90° of abduction. With the reversed prosthesis, abduction was possible without rotator cuff muscles and required 20% less deltoid force to achieve it. This force analysis confirms the potential mechanical advantage of reversed prostheses when rotator cuff muscles are deficient.
Results of the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing dysplasia component in severe acetabular insufficiency
Authors: McMinn D. J. W. , Daniel J. , Ziaee H. , Pradhan C. 
Published: June 2008

The dysplasia cup, which was devised as an adjunct to the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing system, has a hydroxyapatite-coated porous surface and two supplementary neutralisation screws to provide stable primary fixation, permit early weight-bearing, and allow incorporation of morcellised autograft without the need for structural bone grafting. A total of 110 consecutive dysplasia resurfacing arthroplasties in 103 patients (55 men and 48 women) performed between 1997 and 2000 was reviewed with a minimum follow-up of six years. The mean age at operation was 47.2 years (21 to 62) and 104 hips (94%) were Crowe grade II or III. During the mean follow-up of 7.8 years (6 to 9.6), three hips (2.7%) were converted to a total hip replacement at a mean of 3.9 years (2 months to 8.1 years), giving a cumulative survival of 95.2% at nine years (95% confidence interval 89 to 100). The revisions were due to a fracture of the femoral neck, a collapse of the femoral head and a deep infection. There was no aseptic loosening or osteolysis of the acetabular component associated with either of the revisions performed for failure of the femoral component. No patient is awaiting a revision. The median Oxford hip score in 98 patients with surviving hips at the final review was 13 and the 10th and the 90th percentiles were 12 and 23, respectively.