bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STAR TIME OF FLIGHT READOUT ELECTRONICS, DAQ, AND COSMIC RAY TEST STAND
Authors: SCHAMBACH J. , HOFFMANN G. , KAJIMOTO K. , BRIDGES L. , EPPLEY G. , LIU J. , LLOPE B. , NUSSBAUM T. , MESA C. 
Published: November 2007

The new Time-of-Flight (TOF) subsystem for STAR at RHIC will have 3840 6-pad Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) distributed over 120 trays. Each tray contains 192 channels and three types of electronics cards: “TINO”, “TDIG” and “TCPU”. Every 30 trays send data to a “THUB” card that interfaces to STAR trigger and transmits data over fiber to a STAR DAQ fiber receiver. TINO contains analog front end electronics based on the CERN/LAA NINO custom IC. TDIG digitizes the data using the CERN HPTDC ASIC. TCPU formats and buffers the digital information. A cosmic ray test system comprised of three plastic scintillators, 4 MRPC modules, and TOF prototype electronics is used to determine the timing resolution to be achieved for the entire TOF system. Overall timing resolution of 80 – 110 ps has been achieved.
THE PIXEL FAST-OR SIGNAL FOR THE ALICE TRIGGER IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS
Authors: ELIA D. , AGLIERI RINELLA G. , KLUGE A. , KRIVDA M. , NICASSIO M. 
Published: November 2007

The silicon pixel detector of the ALICE experiment at LHC comprises the two innermost layers in the inner tracking system of the apparatus. It contains 1200 readout chips, each of them corresponding to a 8192 pixel matrix. The single chip outputs a digital Fast-OR signal which is active whenever at least one of the pixels in the matrix records a hit. The 1200 Fast-OR signals can be used to implement a triggering capability: a few details on the pixel trigger system and some of the possible applications for the event selection in p - p collisions are presented.
A Wind-Induced Thermohaline Circulation Hysteresis and Millennial Variability Regimes
Authors: Ashkenazy Yosef , Tziperman Eli 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The multiple equilibria of the thermohaline circulation (THC: used here in the sense of the meridional overturning circulation) as function of the surface freshwater flux has been studied intensively following a Stommel paper from 1961. It is shown here that multistability and hysteresis of the THC also exist when the wind stress amplitude is varied as a control parameter. Both the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ocean general circulation model (MITgcm) and a simple three-box model are used to study and explain different dynamical regimes of the THC and THC variability as a function of the wind stress amplitude. Starting with active winds and a thermally dominant thermohaline circulation state, the wind stress amplitude is slowly reduced to zero over a time period of ∼40 000 yr (40 kyr) and then increased again to its initial value over another ∼40 kyr. It is found that during the decreasing wind stress phase, the THC remains thermally dominant until very low wind stress amplitude at which pronounced Dansgaard–Oeschger-like THC relaxation oscillations are initiated. However, while the wind stress amplitude is increased, these relaxation oscillations are present up to significantly larger wind stress amplitude. The results of this study thus suggest that under the same wind stress amplitude, the THC can be either in a stable thermally dominant state or in a pronounced relaxation oscillations state. The simple box model analysis suggests that the observed hysteresis is due to the combination of the Stommel hysteresis and the Winton and Sarachik “deep decoupling” oscillations.
Global Ocean Meridional Overturning
Authors: Lumpkin Rick , Speer Kevin 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A decade-mean global ocean circulation is estimated using inverse techniques, incorporating air–sea fluxes of heat and freshwater, recent hydrographic sections, and direct current measurements. This information is used to determine mass, heat, freshwater, and other chemical transports, and to constrain boundary currents and dense overflows. The 18 boxes defined by these sections are divided into 45 isopycnal (neutral density) layers. Diapycnal transfers within the boxes are allowed, representing advective fluxes and mixing processes. Air–sea fluxes at the surface produce transfers between outcropping layers. The model obtains a global overturning circulation consistent with the various observations, revealing two global-scale meridional circulation cells: an upper cell, with sinking in the Arctic and subarctic regions and upwelling in the Southern Ocean, and a lower cell, with sinking around the Antarctic continent and abyssal upwelling mainly below the crests of the major bathymetric ridges.
Localization of Multidecadal Variability. Part II: Spectral Origin of Multidecadal Modes
Authors: Dijkstra Henk A. , von der Heydt Anna 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn a companion paper, the authors have shown that in an idealized Atlantic–Pacific Ocean configuration with a conveyor-type overturning circulation, localized multidecadal variability occurs in the Atlantic. Results suggest that the multidecadal variability originates from the instability of the three-dimensional thermohaline circulation and that the physics of the spatial patterns of the SST anomalies can be understood from a study of an Atlantic-only configuration. Specific internal (multidecadal) modes, which obtain a positive growth factor depending on the background thermohaline flow, are associated with the instability. In this paper, the spectral origin of these internal modes is studied using eigensolution continuation techniques. As in the single-hemispheric case, multidecadal modes arise through mergers of so-called SST modes. In the double-hemispheric case studied here, there actually are two types of multidecadal modes that lead to oscillatory behavior. Depending on the background conditions, one of these oscillatory flows is preferred.
Mass Transport Velocity in Shallow-Water Waves Reflected in a Rotating Ocean with a Coastal Boundary
Authors: Hoydalsvik Frode 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe mass transport velocity in shallow-water waves reflected at right angles from an infinite and straight coast is studied theoretically in a Lagrangian reference frame. The waves are weakly nonlinear and monochromatic, and propagate in a homogenous, viscous, and rotating ocean. Unlike the traditional approach where the domain is divided into thin boundary layers and a core region, the uniform solution is obtained here without constraints on the thickness of the bottom wave boundary layer. It is shown that the mass transport velocity is not only sensitive to topography, but depends heavily on the interplay between the vertical length scales. Similarities and differences between the cases of a constant depth, a linearly sloping bottom, and a wavy and linearly sloping bottom are discussed. The mass transport velocity can be divided into two main categories—that induced by waves with a frequency close to the inertial frequency, and that induced by waves with a much larger frequency. For waves significantly affected by rotation to first order, the cross-shore mass transport velocity is very small relative to the alongshore mass transport velocity, and the direction of the mass transport velocity is reversed relative to that in waves of much higher frequencies.
Lestaurtinib (CEP701) is a JAK2 inhibitor that suppresses JAK2/STAT5 signaling and the proliferation of primary erythroid cells from patients with myeloproliferative disorders
Authors: Hexner Elizabeth O. , Serdikoff Cynthia , Jan Mahfuza , Swider Cezary R. , Robinson Candy , Yang Shi , Angeles Thelma , Emerson Stephen G. , Carroll Martin , Ruggeri Bruce , Dobrzanski Pawel 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) frequently have acquired activating mutations in the JAK2 tyrosine kinase. A multikinase screen determined that lestaurtinib (formerly known as CEP-701) inhibits wild type JAK2 kinase activity with a concentration that inhibits response by 50% (IC50) of 1 nM in vitro. We hypothesized that lestaurtinib would inhibit mutant JAK2 kinase activity and suppress the growth of cells from patients with MPDs. We found that lestaurtinib inhibits the growth of HEL92.1.7 cells, which are dependent on mutant JAK2 activity for growth in vitro and in xenograft models. Erythroid cells expanded from primary CD34+ cells from patients with MPDs were inhibited by lestaurtinib at concentrations of 100 nM or more in 15 of 18 subjects, with concomitant inhibition of phosphorylation of STAT5 and other downstream effectors of JAK2. By contrast, growth of erythroid cells derived from 3 healthy controls was not significantly inhibited. These results demonstrate that lestaurtinib, in clinically achievable concentrations, inhibits proliferation and JAK2/STAT5 signaling in cells from patients with MPDs, and therefore holds promise as a therapeutic agent for patients with these disorders.
Somatic mutations of JAK2 exon 12 in patients with JAK2 (V617F)-negative myeloproliferative disorders
Authors: Pietra Daniela , Li Sai , Brisci Angela , Passamonti Francesco , Rumi Elisa , Theocharides Alexandre , Ferrari Maurizio , Gisslinger Heinz , Kralovics Robert , Cremonesi Laura , Skoda Radek , Cazzola Mario 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
We searched for JAK2 exon 12 mutations in patients with JAK2 (V617F)-negative myeloproliferative disorders. Seventeen patients with polycythemia vera (PV), including 15 sporadic cases and 2 familial cases, carried deletions or duplications of exon 12 in circulating granulocytes but not in T lymphocytes. Two of the 8 mutations detected were novel, and the most frequent ones were N542-E543del and E543-D544del. Most patients with PV carrying an exon 12 mutation had isolated erythrocytosis at clinical onset, unlike patients with JAK2 (V617F)-positive PV, most of whom had also elevations in white blood cell and/or platelet counts. Both patients with familial PV carrying an exon 12 mutation had an affected sibling with JAK2 (V617F)-positive PV. Thus, several somatic mutations of JAK2 exon 12 can be found in a myeloproliferative disorder that is mainly characterized by erythrocytosis. Moreover, a genetic predisposition to acquisition of different JAK2 mutations is inherited in families with myeloproliferative disorders.
Subcellular localisation of Medicago truncatula9/13-hydroperoxide lyase reveals a new localisation pattern and activation mechanism for CYP74C enzymes
Authors: De Domenico Stefania , Tsesmetzis Nicolas , Di Sansebastiano Gian Pietro , Hughes Richard K , Casey Rod , Santino Angelo 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) is a key enzyme in plant oxylipin metabolism that catalyses the cleavage of polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides produced by the action of lipoxygenase (LOX) to volatile aldehydes and oxo acids. The synthesis of these volatile aldehydes is rapidly induced in plant tissues upon mechanical wounding and insect or pathogen attack. Together with their direct defence role towards different pathogens, these compounds are believed to play an important role in signalling within and between plants, and in the molecular cross-talk between plants and other organisms surrounding them. We have recently described the targeting of a seed 9-HPL to microsomes and putative lipid bodies and were interested to compare the localisation patterns of both a 13-HPL and a 9/13-HPL from Medicago truncatula, which were known to be expressed in leaves and roots, respectively.

Results
To study the subcellular localisation of plant 9/13-HPLs, a set of YFP-tagged chimeric constructs were prepared using two M. truncatula HPL cDNAs and the localisation of the corresponding chimeras were verified by confocal microscopy in tobacco protoplasts and leaves. Results reported here indicated a distribution of M.truncatula 9/13-HPL (HPLF) between cytosol and lipid droplets (LD) whereas, as expected, M.truncatula 13-HPL (HPLE) was targeted to plastids. Notably, such endocellular localisation has not yet been reported previously for any 9/13-HPL. To verify a possible physiological significance of such association, purified recombinant HPLF was used in activation experiments with purified seed lipid bodies. Our results showed that lipid bodies can fully activate HPLF.

Conclusion
We provide evidence for the first CYP74C enzyme, to be targeted to cytosol and LD. We also showed by sedimentation and kinetic analyses that the association with LD or lipid bodies can result in the protein conformational changes required for full activation of the enzyme. This activation mechanism, which supports previous in vitro work with synthetic detergent micelle, fits well with a mechanism for regulating the rate of release of volatile aldehydes that is observed soon after wounding or tissue disruption.
What are the benefits of cognitive enhancers for Alzheimer's Disease: use of Population Impact Measures
Authors: Gammanpila Udaya P , Burns Alistair , Heller Richard F , Purandare Nitin 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
The study aims to quantify the population impact of prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors to slow the cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and to compare with the benefit of treating hypertension to prevent the onset of AD.

Methods
Literature review to ascertain the prevalence of AD, benefits of interventions, analysis of local and national surveys to measure the current use of interventions in the relevant population and application of the relevant findings to calculate Population Impact Measures. The Number of Events Prevented in a Population (NEPP) by the intervention over a defined time period is calculated for a UK urban population in one Local Authority (population size 217,000).

Results
Treatment of all eligible patients with mild to moderate AD with Cholinesterase Inhibitors would prevent cognitive deterioration (measured by ADAS – cog scale) in 123.6 (95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 82.3, 169.1), 16.4 (95% CI 2.1, 31.2) would show a mild improvement (4 points or more on the ADAS – cog scale) and 2.6 (95% CI 0.2, 5.8) would show an improvement of 7 points or more over a period of 6 months. This would require the treatment of 406 patients with Cholinesterase Inhibitors.
Increasing from the current treatment rate of 46% of eligible patients to 'best practice' level would prevent cognitive deterioration in 66.8 (95% CI 44.0, 92.6), 8.99 (95% CI 1.2, 16.8) and 1.4 (95% CI 0.11, 3.2) would improve by 4 and 7 points respectively on the ADAS – cog scale over 6 months. This would require the treatment of an extra 187 patients with Cholinesterase Inhibitors beyond current practice, at an additional annual direct drug cost of £187,000.
Improving the treatment of hypertension from current practice by 20% could prevent 8.2 (95% CI 2.3, 16.8) incident cases of AD in the next year. This would require the treatment of an extra 2711 patients with antihypertensive drugs.

Conclusion
Population Impact Measures are a new method to allow a demonstration of the magnitude of the benefit for the whole population following interventions. The use of drugs to slow cognitive decline, or to prevent AD by treating hypertension, can thus be assessed in a prioritisation exercise in competition with alternative use of resources.
Sentinel surveillance for travellers' diarrhoea in primary care
Authors: Northey Gemma , Evans Meirion R , Sarvotham Tinnu S , Thomas Daniel R , Howard Tony J 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Travellers' diarrhoea is the most common health problem among international travellers and much of the burden falls on general practitioners. We assessed whether sentinel surveillance based in primary care could be used to monitor changes in the epidemiology of travellers' diarrhoea.

Methods
A sentinel surveillance scheme of 30 volunteer general practices distributed throughout Wales provides weekly reports of consultations for eight infectious diseases to the national Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. Travellers' diarrhoea was introduced as a new reportable infection in July 2002.

Results
Between 1 July 2002 and 31 March 2005 there were 90 reports of travellers' diarrhoea. The mean annual consultation rate was 15.2 per 100,000 population (95% confidence interval: 12.2–18.7), with the highest rates in summer, in people aged 15–24 years, and in travellers to Southern Europe. A higher proportion of travellers than expected had visited destinations outside Europe and North America when compared to the proportion of all United Kingdom travellers visiting these destinations (38% vs. 11%; Chi2 = 53.3, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion
Sentinel surveillance has the potential to monitor secular trends in travellers' diarrhoea and to help characterise population groups or travel destinations associated with higher risk.
S100A7 (Psoriasin), highly expressed in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ(DCIS), is regulated by IFN-gamma in mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Petersson Stina , Bylander Anna , Yhr Maria , Enerbäck Charlotta 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
The aim of the present work was to explore signal transduction pathways used in the regulation of S100A7 (psoriasin). Members of the S100 gene family participate in many important cellular functions. Psoriasin, S100A8 (calgranulin A) and S100A9 (calgranulin B) are expressed in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), as well as in the hyperproliferative skin disease, psoriasis. In the latter condition, a disturbance in the STAT pathway has recently been reported. This pathway is implicated in the regulation of IFN-gamma, widely recognized as a key cytokine in psoriasis. IFN-gamma also exerts anti-tumor action in a number of tumor cell types, including breast cancer. We therefore examined the effect of IFN-gamma and STAT-signaling on the psoriasin expression.

Methods
We established a TAC2 mouse mammary epithelial cell line with tetracycline-inducible psoriasin expression (Tet-Off). Viability in cell culture was estimated using MTS assay. Protein and gene expression were evaluated by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical analyses were assessed using a one-tailed, paired t-test.

Results
We report the downregulation of psoriasin by IFN-gamma in the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line, as well as the downregulation of psoriasin induced by anoikis in cell lines derived from different epithelial tissues. In contrast, IFN-gamma had no suppressive effect on calgranulin A or calgranulin B. IFN-gamma is an important activator of the STAT1 pathway and we confirmed an active signaling pathway in the cell lines that responded to IFN-gamma treatment. In contrast, in the SUM190 breast carcinoma cell line, IFN-gamma did not suppress the expression of endogenous psoriasin. Moreover, a reduced phosphorylation of the STAT1 protein was observed. We showed that IFN-gamma treatment and the inhibition of the transcription factor NFkappaB had a synergistic effect on psoriasin levels. Finally, in TAC2 cells with tetracycline-induced psoriasin expression, we observed the increased viability of psoriasin-expressing cells after IFN-gamma treatment.

Conclusion
Our data support the possibility that psoriasin expression is transcriptionally suppressed by IFN-gamma and that this effect is likely to be mediated by the activation of the STAT1 signaling pathway. The increased viability of psoriasin-expressing cells after IFN-gamma exposure suggests that psoriasin expression leads to the development of an apoptosis-resistant phenotype.
Methodological considerations for a randomised controlled trial of podiatry care in rheumatoid arthritis: lessons from an exploratory trial
Authors: Turner Deborah E , Helliwell Philip S , Woodburn James 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Whilst evidence exists to support the use of single treatments such as orthoses and footwear, the effectiveness of podiatry-led care as a complex intervention for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) related foot problems is unknown. The aim of this study was to undertake an exploratory randomised controlled parallel arm clinical trial (RheumAFooT) to inform the design and implementation of a definitive trial and to understand the potential benefits of this care.

Methods
Patients with a definite diagnosis of RA, stable drug management 3 months prior to entry, and a current history of foot problems (pain, deformity, stiffness, skin or nail lesions, or footwear problems) were recruited from a hospital outpatient rheumatology clinic and randomised to receive 12 months of podiatry treatment or no care. The primary outcome was change in foot health status using the impairment/footwear (LFISIF) and activity limitation/participation restriction (LFISAP) subscales of the Leeds Foot Impact Scale. Disease Activity Score (DAS), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score and walking speed (m/s) were also recorded.

Results
Of the 80 patients identified, 64 patients were eligible to participate in the pilot and 34 were recruited. 16 patients were randomised to receive podiatry led foot care and 18 received no care. Against a backdrop of stable disease (DAS and HAQ scores), there was a statistically significant between group difference in the change in foot health status for foot impairment (LFISIF) but not activity/participation (LFISAP) or function (walking speed) over 12 months. In the podiatry arm, 1 patient declined treatment following randomisation (did not want additional hospital visits) and 3 self-withdrew (lost to follow-up). Patients received an average of 3 consultations for assessment and treatment comprising routine care for skin and nail lesions (n = 3), foot orthoses (n = 9), footwear referral to the orthotist (n = 5), and ultrasound guided intra-articular steroid injection (n = 1).

Conclusion
In this exploratory trial patients were difficult to recruit (stable drug management and co-morbid disease) and retain (lack of benefit/additional treatment burden) but overall the intervention was safe (no adverse reactions). Twelve months of podiatry care maintained but did not improve foot health status. These observations are important for the design and implementation of a definitive randomised controlled trial.

Trial Registration
ISRCTN: 01982076