bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeds of engagement: design conversations for educational change
Authors: Stokes Helga , Carr‐Chellman Alison 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChange models revolve around communication between designers and adopters, but the processes involved are far less often the focus of our scholarship. We present design conversation as an inclusive, participatory avenue to designing educational changes and as a legitimate focus of design scholarship. Design conversation sits apart from other forms of communication, such as dialectic conversation and discussions, in which opinions are staked out and defended. Design conversation is a group endeavour where a group searches for common meaning and designs a new entity. Design conversation is linked here to the need for a systems approach to educational change. We discuss this need; describe the nature of design conversation, its theoretical foundation in systems thinking and its use for educational systems design. The direction and nature of communication in selected change models is then compared to design conversation and, finally, its implications for educational systems design are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Lanchester–Betz–Joukowsky limit
Authors: van Kuik Gijs A.M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe maximum efficiency of an ideal wind turbine rotor is well known as the ‘Betz limit’, named after the German scientist that formulated this maximum in 1920. In 1976, Bergey showed that the British scientist Lanchester derived the same maximum already in 1915. Betz and Lanchester were representatives of leading aerodynamic research schools in the first decades of the previous century. A study of early Russian publications on rotor aerodynamics now shows that the Russian aerodynamic school also produced the same result; its leader Joukowsky derived the maximum efficiency for an ideal wind turbine in 1920, the same year as Betz did. Consequently, in order to honour all, this ideal efficiency should be named the ‘Lanchester‐Betz‐Joukowsky limit’ in scientific writing. The well‐established and convenient name Betz limit is to be considered an easy abbreviation of this full name. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in northern bobwhite demography along two temporal scales
Authors: Folk Travis H. , Holmes Randall R. , Grand James B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractQuantification and understanding of demographic variation across intra‐ and inter‐annual temporal scales can benefit from the development of theoretical models of evolution and applied conservation of species. We used long‐term survey data for northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) collected at the northern and southern extent of its geographic range to develop matrix population models which would allow investigation of intra‐ and inter‐annual patterns in bobwhite population dynamics. We first evaluated intra‐annual patterns in the importance of a seasonal demographic rate to asymptotic population growth rate with prospective perturbation analysis (elasticity analysis). We then conducted retrospective analysis (life table response experiments) of inter‐annual patterns in the contribution of observed changes in demography to the observed change in population growth rate. Survival in the earliest age class during the nonbreeding season had the greatest potential influence in both the northern and southern populations. Examination of inter‐annual variation in demography indicated that variation in nonbreeding season survival in the earliest age class contributed the most to observed changes in population growth rate in the northern population. In contrast, changes in fertility in the earliest age class in the southern population had the greatest influence on changes in population growth rate. Prospective elasticity analyses highlight the similarities in bobwhite demography throughout different parts of its geographic range, while retrospective life table response experiments revealed important patterns in the temporal differences of bobwhite life history at the northern and southern extent of its geographic range.
Comparison of QSAR and QSPR Based Aquatic Toxicity for Mixed Surfactants
Authors: Joshi Vishal Y. , Kadam Mahesh M. , Sawant Manohar R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the present study, quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) equations were derived using the logarithm of the octanol/water partition co‐efficient for the prediction of acute aquatic toxicity of mixed surfactant systems. Further mixed surfactant systems of an anionic surfactant (sodium lauryl sulfate) and several nonionic surfactants (alkyl polyglucoside) of different hydrophobic chain lengths were taken together to calculate the parameter pEC50. Quantitative structure‐properties relationship (QSPR) equations based on pC20, and Amin were developed from the surface tension data to predict pEC50 values and compared with QSAR derived pEC50 values to understand the probable mechanisms of action of the mixed surfactants blends for aquatic toxicity. The established QSAR and QSPR equations for mixed surfactants indicate that given blends of surfactants act as a polar narcotic.
Feeding different types of cooked white rice to piglets after weaning influences starch digestion, digesta and fermentation characteristics and the faecal shedding of β-haemolyticEscherichia coli
Authors: Pluske John R. , Montagne Lucile , Cavaney Fiona S. , Mullan Bruce P. , Pethick David W. , Hampson David J. 
Published: February 2007

Forty-eight, 21-d-old pigs were used to examine the effects of different types of cooked white rice on starch digestion, digesta and fermentation characteristics, shedding of β-haemolyticEscherichia coliand performance after weaning. Pigs received one of three rice-based diets: (i) medium-grainAmaroo(AM), (ii) long-grainDoongara(DOON), and (iii) waxy (WAXY). The remainder of the diet consisted predominantly of animal proteins. A fourth diet contained mainly wheat, barley and lupins (WBL). On days 1, 3, 7 and 9 after weaning, a faecal swab was taken for assessment of β-haemolyticE. coliand faecal consistency. Apparent digestibility of starch measured in the ileum 14 d after weaning was highest (P = 0·004) in AM and WAXY and lowest, but the same (P>0·05), in DOON and WBL. Starch digestibility in the rectum was highest in all rice diets (P < 0·001). Digesta viscosity was highest in pigs fed WBL in both the ileum (P < 0·001) and caecum (P = 0·027). Pigs fed rice generally had lighter (P < 0·05) gastrointestinal organs than pigs fed WBL. Performance of pigs was similar for all treatments; however, pigs fed rice-based diets had a higher (P < 0·001) carcass percentage than pigs fed WBL. Pigs fed WBL produced more acid (P < 0·05) but had lower molar proportions of acetate (P < 0·05), isobutyrate (P < 0·01) and isovalerate (P < 0·001) and a higher molar proportion of butyrate (P < 0·01) in the large intestine than pigs fed rice. Shedding ofE. coliwas low; however, pigs fed AM and WBL shed lessE. colithan pigs fed other diets.
Contrasting performances of generalist and specialistMyzus persicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae) reveal differential prevalence of maternal effects after host transfer
Authors: Olivares-Donoso R. , Troncoso A.J. , Tapia D.H. , Aguilera-Olivares D. , Niemeyer H.M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTransgenerational maternal effects on performance (rm) after host transfer were evaluated in the generalist aphidMyzus persicaes.s., and in its subspecies specialized on tobacco,M. persicae nicotianaeBlackman. We tested whether the performance of these taxa, when reared separately on optimal and suboptimal hosts (as sources of different maternal background) and then transferred to optimal hosts, experienced variations along four successive generations. Additionally, to compare the tolerance of both taxa to stress following host transfers, developmental instability (fluctuating asymmetry and body abnormalities) along the four generations was assessed. Taxon, rearing host, and generation affected the performance after host transfer. In the generalist, there was a significant improvement ofrmalong generations when transferred from suboptimal to optimal host and a significant decrease when transferred from optimal to optimal host; in the specialist, no increase or decrease occurred in any host transfer treatment. Transfer from suboptimal to optimal hosts caused higher losses of remaining replicates along generations than transfers from optimal to optimal hosts, and the specialist showed higher losses than the generalist. The only significant effect detected in comparisons involving fluctuating asymmetry values was that of taxon on length of siphunculi. Frequency of body abnormalities was not affected by treatments. Collectively, these results show a transgenerational weakening of maternal effects in the generalist but not in the specialist aphid, and suggest that rearing the latter in a suboptimal host causes not easily reversible changes that further give rise to constraints in performance.
Electromyographic evaluation of implant‐supported prostheses in hemimandibulectomy‐reconstructed patients
Authors: Dellavia Claudia , Romeo Eugenio , Ghisolfi Marco , Chiapasco Matteo , Sforza Chiarella , Ferrario Virgilio F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectives: To assess the clinical conditions, patient's satisfaction and functional outcomes in oral neoplasia patients with hemimandibulectomy, bone reconstruction and implant‐supported prosthesis.Material and methods: Twelve patients after mandibular resection (with and without condyle), reconstruction and successful fixed implant‐supported prosthesis rehabilitation were examined. Patients underwent clinical evaluation and filled in a questionnaire about their satisfaction toward oral functions. Surface electromyography (EMG) of the masticatory muscles was performed during a 15‐s unilateral gum chewing test. EMG potentials were standardized as percentage of a maximum clench on cotton rolls and compared with reference data obtained from 20 healthy subjects.Results: Excellent clinical and radiological parameters were found. Patients stated a decreased post‐rehabilitation satisfaction toward mastication and phonetics, but an increased attention to oral care. Only patients with condylar resection reported augmented esthetic scores. In both the resected and the remaining sides, chewing frequency was higher in the patients than in the reference group (Wilcoxon's rank‐sum test, P<0.001). Pooled muscle activities (sum of the integrated areas of the EMG potentials over time) were larger in patients than in control subjects, particularly in the non‐operated side (P=0.001). The percentage contribution of working‐side muscular activity in the operated side was similar to reference values, but significantly inferior in the opposite side (P<0.001). The patterns of muscle contraction during unilateral chewing were more variable in the reconstructed patients than in control subjects; the difference was significant only in the non‐operated side (P<0.01).Conclusion: Post‐rehabilitation median scores of the questionnaire indicated a positive judgment of the treatment. EMG analysis showed that functional recovery in hemimandibulectomy patients was satisfactory, although some alterations were observed in the non‐operated side of mastication.
Commercial aviation in‐flight emergencies and the physician
Authors: Cocks Robert , Liew Michele 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCommercial aviation in‐flight emergencies are relatively common, so it is likely that a doctor travelling frequently by air will receive a call for help at some stage in their career. These events are stressful, even for experienced physicians. The present paper reviews what is known about the incidence and types of in‐flight emergencies that are likely to be encountered, the international regulations governing medical kits and drugs, and the liability, fitness and indemnity issues facing ‘Good Samaritan’ medical volunteers. The medical and aviation literature was searched, and information was collated from airlines and other sources regarding medical equipment available on board commercial aircraft. Figures for the incidence of significant in‐flight emergencies are approximately 1 per 10–40 000 passengers, with one death occurring per 3–5 million passengers. Medically related diversion of an aircraft following an in‐flight emergency may occur in up to 7–13% of cases, but passenger prescreening, online medical advice and on‐board medical assistance from volunteers reduce this rate. Medical volunteers may find assisting with an in‐flight emergency stressful, but should acknowledge that they play a vital role in successful outcomes. The medico‐legal liability risk is extremely small, and various laws and industry indemnity practices offer additional protection to the volunteer. In addition, cabin crew receive training in a number of emergency skills, including automated defibrillation, and are one of several sources of help available to the medical volunteer, who is not expected to work alone.
Effects of Maternal Age and Cohort of Birth on Incidence Time Trends of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Maule Milena M. , Merletti Franco , Pastore Guido , Magnani Corrado , Richiardi Lorenzo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral studies report increasing trends in the incidence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Because ALL may generate in utero, this study investigated if maternal age and birth cohort influence ALL temporal trends. Data on 252 ALL cases in children ages 1 to 5 years were extracted from the population-based Childhood Cancer Registry of Piedmont, Italy. Information on cases' maternal age and year of birth was obtained from the registry, whereas population data were obtained for children born in 1980 to 1997. Incidence rates were analyzed using an age-period-cohort approach, in which the period effect was represented by the child year of birth, the age effect by the maternal age at the time of delivery, and the cohort effect by the maternal birth cohort. ALL incidence increased over the study period [annual percentage change 2.49%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.09-4.93]. A linear effect of the maternal time variables (P = 0.012) was found, which was equally described by maternal age (direct association) and maternal birth cohort (inverse association). The annual percentage change was 1.83% (95% CI, −0.59-4.31), when maternal age was included in the model, and 5.72% (95% CI, 2.29-9.27), when maternal year of birth was included. In conclusion, maternal characteristics substantially affect temporal trends in childhood ALL incidence. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(2):347–51)
Pooling of Case Specimens to Create Standard Serum Sets for Screening Cancer Biomarkers
Authors: Skates Steven J. , Horick Nora K. , Moy Joseph M. , Minihan Anna M. , Seiden Michael V. , Marks Jeffrey R. , Sluss Patrick , Cramer Daniel W. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Background: Multiple identical sets of sera from cancer cases and controls would facilitate standardized testing of biomarkers. We describe the creation and use of standard serum sets developed from healthy donors and pooled sera from ovarian, breast, and endometrial cancer cases.
Methods: Two hundred seventy-five 0.3-mL aliquots of sera were created for each of the 95 healthy women, and residual serum was pooled to create 275 identical sets of 20 0.3-mL aliquots. Aliquots (1.0-1.5 mL) from 441 women were combined to create 12 breast and pelvic disease pools with at least 115 0.3-mL aliquots. Sets were assembled to contain aliquots from individual controls, replicates, and disease pools. Cancer antigens (CA), CA 125, CA 19.9, and CA 15.3, and carcinoembryonic antigen were measured in one set and in 217 women comprising six of the pelvic disease pools. Use of a set was illustrated for mesothelin (soluble mesothelin-related protein). Statistical output included concentration differences between pooled cases and controls (z values for single analytes; Mahalanobis distances for pairs), correlation between z values and sensitivities, coefficient of variations, and standardized biases.
Results: Marker concentrations in the six pelvic disease pools were generally within 0.25 SD of the actual average, and z values correlated well with sensitivities. CA 125 remains the best single marker for nonmucinous ovarian cancer, complemented by CA 15.3 or soluble mesothelin-related protein. There is no comparable breast cancer biomarker among the current analytes tested.
Conclusion: The potential value of standard serum sets for initial assessment of candidate biomarkers is illustrated. Sets are now available through the Early Detection Research Network to evaluate biomarkers for women's cancers. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(2):334–41)
Role of Physical Activity in Modulating Breast Cancer Risk as Defined byAPCandRASSF1APromoter Hypermethylation in Nonmalignant Breast Tissue
Authors: Coyle Yvonne M. , Xie Xian-Jin , Lewis Cheryl M. , Bu Dawei , Milchgrub Sara , Euhus David M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhysical activity reduces breast cancer risk. Promoter hypermethylation of the tumor suppressor genes APC and RASSF1A, which is potentially reversible, is associated with breast cancer risk. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 45 women without breast cancer to determine the association of physical activity with promoter hypermethylation of APC and RASSF1A in breast tissue. We used quantitative methylation-specific PCR to test the methylation status of APC and RASSF1A, and questionnaires to assess study covariates and physical activity (measured in metabolic equivalent hours per week). In univariate analyses, the study covariate, benign breast biopsy number, was positively associated with promoter hypermethylation of APC (P = 0.01) but not RASSF1A. Mulitvariate logistic regression indicated that, although not significant, physical activities for a lifetime [odds ratio (OR), 0.57; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.22-1.45; P = 0.24], previous 5 years (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.34-1.12; P = 0.11), and previous year (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.43-1.22; P = 0.22) were inversely related to promoter hypermethylation of APC but not RASSF1A for all physical activity measures. Univariate logistic regression indicated that physical activities for a lifetime, previous 5 years, and previous year were inversely associated with benign breast biopsy number, and these results were approaching significance for lifetime physical activity (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.16-1.01; P = 0.05) and significant for physical activity in the previous 5 years (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.34-0.94; P = 0.03). The study provides indirect evidence supporting the hypothesis that physical activity is inversely associated with promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, such as APC, in nonmalignant breast tissue. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(2):192–6)
Diabetes and Risk of Endometrial Cancer: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Friberg Emilie , Mantzoros Christos S. , Wolk Alicja 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Although there is accumulating evidence that hyperinsulinemia in the context of insulin resistance is associated with carcinogenesis, only one prospective study of endometrial cancer incidence, in relation to diabetes, addressed this issue and showed no significant positive association. No previous study has investigated whether physical activity can modify the association between diabetes and endometrial cancer. We examined the association between diabetes and incidence of endometrial cancer and the potential effect modification by obesity and physical activity in the Swedish Mammography Cohort, a prospective cohort of 36,773 women, including 225 incident endometrial adenocarcinoma cases. After adjustments, the relative risk (RR) for endometrial cancer among women with diabetes comparing with nondiabetic women was 1.94 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.23-3.08]. Among obese diabetics, the RR was 6.39 (95% CI, 3.28-12.06) compared with nonobese nondiabetic women. Among diabetics with low physical activity, the RR for endometrial cancer was 2.80 (95% CI, 1.62-4.85) compared with physically active nondiabetic women. Obese diabetics with low physical activity had a RR of 9.61 (95% CI, 4.66-19.83) compared with normal weight nondiabetic women with high physical activity. Diabetes was associated with a 2-fold increased risk, and combination of diabetes with obesity and low physical activity was associated with a further increased risk for endometrial cancer. Interventions to reduce body weight and increase physical activity may have important implications in terms of prevention of endometrial cancer and future management of diabetic subjects. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(2):268–72)
Dietary Folate Intake,MTHFRGenetic Polymorphisms, and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer among Chinese Women
Authors: Xu Wang-Hong , Shrubsole Martha J. , Xiang Yong-Bing , Cai Qiuyin , Zhao Gen-ming , Ruan Zhi-xian , Cheng Jia-rong , Zheng Wei , Shu Xiao Ou 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFolate plays an important role in carcinogenesis. The enzyme 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), encoded by the MTHFR gene, is involved in this process. We investigated both the independent and joint effects of dietary folate and other methyl-related nutrients, as well as three polymorphisms of MTHFR (677C&gt;T, 1298A&gt;C, and 1793G&gt;A), on endometrial cancer risk in a population-based case-control study. Between 1997 and 2003, 1,204 newly diagnosed endometrial cancer cases and 1,212 controls were recruited among women between the ages of 30 and 69 years in urban Shanghai, China. Information on dietary intake of folate and other methyl-related nutrients, including vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and methionine, was derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Genotyping was completed on 1,041 cases and 1,030 controls for MTHFR 677C&gt;T (rs1801133), 1298A&gt;C (rs1801131), and 1793 G&gt;A (rs22749746). Haplotype estimation of the three single-nucleotide polymorphisms was performed using PHASE software. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to evaluate associations of nutrients, MTHFR genotypes, and haplotypes with endometrial cancer risk. A significant inverse association between dietary folate intake and endometrial cancer risk was observed among all subjects and non–B vitamin supplement users. The greatest reduction in endometrial cancer risk was observed among non-users of supplements in the highest quartile of dietary folate intake (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4-0.7) as compared with those in the lowest quartile. Dietary intake of folate cofactors (methionine, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12) was not related to risk of endometrial cancer. No association was observed between endometrial cancer and the MTHFR 677C&gt;T, 1298 A&gt;C, and 1793G&gt;A polymorphisms or derived haplotypes. Among non-users of supplements, however, the 1298C and 1793A alleles were associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer among women with high dietary folate intake but related to a higher risk among those with low dietary folate intake (Pinteraction = 0.08 and 0.03, respectively). Further analysis showed that the lowest risk (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-1.1) was among women with the 1298C allele and the highest intake of both folate and riboflavin (Pinteraction = 0.04). A similar association was observed for the 1793A allele (Pinteraction = 0.03). Our findings suggest that folate intake may decrease the risk of endometrial cancer and modify the effect of MTHFR polymorphisms on risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(2):281–7)