bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The DSM‐III diagnosis of alcohol use disorders in women: Findings from a follow‐up study of 44 female alcoholics
Authors: Haver Brit 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn a long term follow‐up study of 44 young women with symptoms of alcohol dependence at index year, only 17 (38%) of the interviewed subjects fulfill the DSM‐III criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence the year prior to follow‐up according to the interview material. The reason for this is partly that there has been a change in drinking patterns for 24 women (54%), of which eight are abstainers, seven asymptomatic drinkers and nine having an increased tolerance as the only sign of a possibly pathological alcohol use. Partly, however, the lack of diagnosis can be attrbuted to client denial or substituting drugs for alcohol, and partly due to inadequate criteria. Some of the DSM‐III criteria are sex biased, probably leading to men having a diagnosis at an earlier stage of alcoholism. The concept of degree of alcohol dependece, an appropriate time limit for assessment of diagnosis and the difference between primary and secondary alcoholism, should be specified in future diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorders.
A comparison af DSM‐III and ICD‐8 diagnoses for major affective disorders and the use of biological markers for depression
Authors: Malt U. , Pape‐Ellefsen E. , Vestergaard P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe aims of the present study were (1) to investigate the value of adding DSM‐III diagnosis and Newcastle Scale Rating to the ICD‐8 diagnosis currently used and (2) to investigate the association between Dexamethason Suppression Test (DST) and the Thyrotropine Releasing Hormone‐Thyreoidea Stimulating Hormone (TRH‐TSH) test and the three classification systems for depression.Twenty‐six depressed in‐patients were included, 17 women and 9 men, with a mean age of 51.5 years. Fourteen patients were psychotic depressed. DST and Newcastle Scale Rating were performed on 18 patients and TRH‐TSH test was performed on 16 patients.The addition of DSM‐III diagnosis on the 4‐digit level did not have any value compared to the ICD‐8 diagnosis. However, DSM‐III diagnosis on the 5‐digit level added important clinical information which corresponded better to Newcastle Scale score and DST and TRH‐TSH test results than ICD‐8 diagnosis. The main advantage of the DSM‐III Classification of depression of the 5‐digit level compared to ICD‐8 concerns depression on the border between psychosis and neurosis.In clinical practice there is a risk of underestimating the severity of a depression if ICD‐8/9 is used as the only criterion for severity. This may have tragic consequences for the patient. This study suggests that rating of the depression on the Newcastle Scale or provision of a DSM‐III diagnosis on the 5‐digit level are valuable assessment procedures of severity.
Some aspects of the DSM‐III personality disorders illustrated by a consecutive sample of hospitalized patients
Authors: Dahl Alv A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe main innovations of DSM‐III concerning the personality disorders are the assignment of a separate axis and definitions of diagnostic criteria for these disorders. Even with these improvements, diagnosis of the personality disorders shows only moderate interrater reliability. Reasons for this are discussed. Data from a consecutive sample of hospitalized patients are used to illustrate the prevalence of the personality disorders, the coexistence of axis I disorders, and the overlap within the personality disorders. The method of conditional probabilities is presented as a way to get better separation of these disorders.
The influence of chlormethiazole on the neuroendocrine system in chronic alcoholics
Authors: Majumdar S. K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐ The neuro‐endocrine system is affected by chronic ethanol ingestion. Chlormethiazole is effective in the treatment of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome because of its tolerability, lack of hepatotoxicity, short plasma half‐life, lack of any long‐acting intermediate metabolites and lack of adverse effects on the neuro‐endocrine system in alcoholics.
A comparison of chlormethiazole and thioridazine in agitated confusional states of the elderly
Authors: Ather S. A. , Shaw S. H. , Stoker M. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐ Chlormethiazole and thioridazine were found to be equally effective in the management of the agitational component of agitated confusional states in the elderly. Confusion and nocturnal awakening were found to be controlled more effectively with chlormethiazole than with thioridazine. Chlormethiazole treatment also resulted in significant reductions in physical disability as assessed by the Clifton Behaviour Rating Scale. A greater incidence of adverse effects was associated with thioridazine treatment.
A double‐blind comparison of chlormethiazole and temazepam in elderly patients with sleep disturbances
Authors: Pathy M. S. J. , Bayer A. J. , Stoker M. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe results of this double‐blind study showed that both chlormethiazole and temazepam are effective, in the correct dose, for the short‐term treatment of sleep disturbance in elderly patients. With chlormethiazole treatment there was no daytime drowsiness, whereas significant daytime drowsiness occurred with temazepam.
A double‐blind controlled study of chlormethiazole and triazolam as hypnotics in the elderly
Authors: Bayer A. J. , Bayer E. M. , Pathy M. S. J. , Stoker M. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis study compared the hypnotic efficacy and the psychometric effects of treatment with either chlormethiazole or triazolam for 9 weeks in elderly patients with sleep disturbance. Chlormethiazole and triazolam were found to be similarly effective in short‐term use. However, evidence of sustained hypnotic efficacy throughout the 9 weeks of treatment was obtained for chlormethiazole but not for triazolam. There were daytime withdrawal effects with triazolam, but none with chlormethiazole.
Experimental studies and clinical experiences on the dependency potential of chlormethiazole
Authors: Stille G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe dependency protential of chlormethiazole has been assessed on the basis of animal studies (rat and monkey) and an extensive analysis of human cases reported in the international clinical literature covering a period of 17 years. The results of the animal studies do not show any major physical or psychological dependence on chlormethiazole. Clinical studies of case reports suggest that the evidence for “primary” dependence on chlormethiazole is weak, as most of the analysable cases had a previous history of alcohol and/or other drug abuse/dependence. Moreover, in a high proportion of these cases there was evidence of simulatneous alcohol and/or other drug abuse. It should be stressed that in this group of patients the dependence on chlormethiazole was invariably reported in connection with long‐term out‐patient medication, that is, in a way that was not in accordance with recommendations for use of the drug in “dried out” alcoholics and/or drug addicts. Reports of chlormethiazole abuse/dependence from the alcohol/drug addiction indication area may involve a population particularly prone to addiction and, therefore, be unrepresentative for general assessment.Conversely, the findings in animal studies provide indirect support for the favourable clinical experiences with chlormethiazole in the geriatric, psychogeriatric and obstetric indication areas where chlormethiazole has been used extensively for more then a decade in a problem‐free manner. The risk which applies to long‐term use in alcoholics and/or drug addicts or the emotionally unstable, because of their “dependency proneness”, does not seem to apply to the treatment of conditions, such as insomnia and agitation, in the elderly in whom the drug has been found to be very useful by various investigators. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the daily doses employed in geriatrics for the management of insomnia are relatively small and this should imply an extremely low risk for dependence, a point which is supported by the animal studies.
Chlormethiazole in intensive care
Authors: Scott D. B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPatients in the intensive care unit frequently require sedation. The advantages of using an intravenous infusion of chlormethiazole to produce sedation include the rapidity of sedation and recovery, and the lack of cardiovascular effects. Chlormethiazole is contraindicated in patients with hepatic failure or those in whom central nervous system functioning has to be assessed. Provided care is taken, chlormethiazole is a very valuable agent in treating patients in an intensive care unit.
Suicide patterns among physicians related to other academics as well as to the general population
Authors: Arnetz B.B. , Hörte L.G. , Hedberg A. , Theorell T. , Allander E. , Malker H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT— In the present study, we have followed a national cohort of physicians, academics and the general population (part of the compulsory census in 1960) for a period of 10 years and identified all cases of suicide during the period 1961 ‐ 1970. Furthermore, we have carried out a retrospective study of suicides among the four major medical specialist groups (general practioners, internists, psychiatrists and general surgeons) and compared these rates with other medical specialists.Results show an elevated standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for suicide among female physicians compared to other academics as well as to the general population. Furthermore, male doctors exhibit an elevated suicide rate only when compared to other academics. Among the various specialists, general surgeons alone exhibited a significantly elevated suicide rate. The study clearly shows that female physicians are more prone to suicide than most other women, but that male physicians are also at risk compared to other male academics. Furthermore, at least in Sweden, general surgeons, not psychiatrists, have the highest suicide rate of all physicians.
Attitudes towards mental illness in the Athens area: Implications for community mental health intervention
Authors: Madianos M. G. , Madianou D. , Vlachonikolis J. , Stefanis C. N. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT— Attitudes towards mental illness were measured in a probability sample of 1574 male and female adults, residents of two boroughs in the greater Athens area before the development of community mental health services in the area. The objective of this study was to identify the components of these attitudes, taking into account the fact that public opinions about mental illness influence the utilization of community mental health services and the level of reintegration of the mentally disabled into society.The instrument used to measure attitudinal dimensions was the Cohen and Struening Opinion about Mental Illness (O.M.I.) scale. Factor analysis revealed five attitude dimensions: social discrimination, social restriction, social care, integration, and etiology.Among the socio‐demographic variables age, education, occupational status and place of residence up to 18 years of age affected the factors mainly, reflecting social discrimination and restriction. O.M.I. factor scores underlying the need for social care and reintegration of the mentally ill into society were found to be socially invariant, implying the need for social care and more humane treatment methods for mental patients.Certain population groups responded with rejection or suspicion and considerable fear of the mentally ill, indicating the necessity for the planning of appropriate community mental health intervention programs parallel to the development of community mental health services and psychiatric reforms in Greece.
The etiology of schizophrenia: A replication test of the social selection vs. the social causation hypotheses
Authors: Levav I. , Zilber N. , Danielovich E. , Aisenberg E. , Turetsky N. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT— A quasi‐experimental design was used to test the social causation‐social selection hypotheses for the etiology of schizophrenic disorders. It was based on first admissions to psychiatric in‐patient facilities for Jerusalem Jewish residents aged 15 years and over. Data were extracted from hospital charts; diagnoses were made based on the NHSI, DSM III and RDC classificatory systems.The results showed that among the lower class the ethnically advantaged had higher rates of schizophrenic disorders than the ethnically disadvantaged. The results were statistically significant when the ethnic contrast was maximized. Though the results support the social selection hypothesis, social stress factors are not entirely ruled out.
The use of a psychiatric register in predicting the outcome “revolving door patient”
Authors: Kastrup M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT— A nation‐wide cohort of all first admitted patients to all Danish psychiatric institutions over a 1 year period and aged 15 years or more was followed for 10 years in the Danish psychiatric register. Revolving door patients were defined as patients with a minimum of four admissions and 1) no admission or discharge period lasting for more than 1/4 of the observation period or 2) at least four admissions over the first 1/4 of the observation period. The revolving door population comprised 1,397 patients with an incidence rate of 0.42 males and 0.32 females per 1,000. Forty‐three point five percent belonged to the same diagnostic group at first and last diagnostic assessment ranging from 28.3% in “organic psychosis” to 57.6% in “neurosis”.A multiple contingency analysis showed a number of variables at first admission significantly associated with the outcome “revolving door”. Many were conditioned by others and the independent variables were “age group”, “main diagnosis” and “sex”. Patients aged 15‐24 years constituted a high risk group among schizophrenics. The 15‐24 age group was further at high risk among females with personality disorder or abuse and males with manic depressive and psychogenic psychosis. Living close to a psychiatric institution was in males associated with the outcome independently of age and diagnosis, in females it was restricted to personality disorder. Revolving door patients were significantly younger than others and more likely to suffer from schizophrenia or alcohol/substance abuse.
Neuropsychological test performance and CSF levels of monoamine metabolites in healthy volunteers and patients with Alzheimer's dementia
Authors: Nybäck H. , Nyman H. , Schalling D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTFifteen patients (51–78 yrs) with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's dementia and 18 healthy subjects of the same age were examined by clinical rating scales and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Levels of the monoamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG) and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) were determined in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Correlations between clinical, psychological and biochemical measures were calculated in order to elucidate whether monoaminergic mechanisms are of importance for the maintenance of cognitive abilities in normal and pathological aging. The patients’ performance was severely impaired in all neuropsychological tests. The mean levels of monoamine metabolites, however, did not differ between patients and volunteers. The correlations between psychological test scores and CSF metabolite levels were generally low, but mostly negative, associating a poor performance to a high activity of brain monoaminergic neurons. Thus, among the volunteers high 5‐HIAA and MHPG levels correlated with poor performance in the Picture completion and the Trail making tests ‐ measures of visuo‐perceptual and visuo‐motor skills. In the demented patients poor performance in the memory tests was associated with high levels of HVA and 5‐HIAA. The results indicate that monoamine neuron acticity is not a primary determinant for cognitive abilities in healthy elderly subjects or in demented patients. The slight negative correlation between cognitive function and metabolite concentrations in the patients may reflect a disturbance in a dopaminergic‐cholinergic balance due to degenerative changes of central cholinergic pathways.
Mania with associated organic factors
Authors: Cook B. L. , Shukla S. , Hoff A. L. , Aronson T. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThirty‐nine patients with bipolar illness preceded by organic factors were compared to age and sex matched bipolar controls. The patients with pre‐existing organic factors were older at onset of their bipolar illness, had fewer depressive episodes, less family history of affective disorder, and were symptomatically different in a number of respects. The nosology of such disorders is discussed and the literature reviewed.
Social network stimulation. Health promotion in a high risk group of middle‐aged women.
Authors: Benum Kirsten , Anstorp Trine 
Published: August 2007

Abstract The article focuses on presenting methods developed in a network stimulation program among a high‐risk group of middle‐aged women living in Oslo, Norway.The aim of the program was to initiate in the women a process of getting acquainted, and even making friends, ‐ and thus establishing new self‐sustaining social networks. In the long run we believed such new relations would increase the quality of life and improve the overall mental health of the participants.During the program period of one year different groups and social activities were established in the neighborhood. Out of 50 women in the experimental group, 26 became active participants. Evaluation of the process was made at certain stages during the entire program.After one year of group participation, the progress of the experimental group (n = 50) was compared to that of the control group (n = 50). The results show that the women participating in the intervention program have improved their social networks and increased their quality of life and self‐esteem compared to the control group. As to mental symptoms, it seems that their change depends on the degree of activity in the groups: the most active participants make friends, improve their existing networks, increase quality of life, and improve mental status. The passive participants, on the contrary, do not seem to have profited from the program so far. The full effect of the program will be evaluated in a later follow‐up.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor withdrawal phenomena: symptoms and pathophysiology
Authors: Dilsaver S. C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe author reviews the literature reporting the untoward effects of withdrawing monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). The withdrawal of these agents can result in severe anxiety, agitation, pressured speech, sleeplessness or drowsiness, hallucinations, delirium and paranoid psychosis. MAOI withdrawal phenomena resemble the symptoms produced by the discontinuation of chronically administered psychostimulants. The capacity of MAOI to exert amphetamine‐like effects presynaptically, and the propensity of somatic treatments for depression to subsensitize presynaptic receptors regulating the release of catecholamines, can provide a basis for the development of psychotic syndromes upon the withdrawal of MAOIs. Evidence for this hypothesis is reviewed.
Vitamin B12 and folic acid serum levels in obsessive compulsive disorder
Authors: Hermesh H. , Weizman A. , Shahar A. , Munitz H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTVitamin B12 and folate serum levels were studied in 30 patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and in two control groups comprised of 30 chronic schizophrenics and 30 normal healthy subjects. Six patients (20%) of the OCD group had abnormal low levels of vitamin B12. This prevalence was significantly higher than that of the control groups. No clinical neurological or haematological abnormalities accompanied the reduced vitamin B12 levels. Possible implication of this finding for the pathophysiology of OCD in a subgroup of patients and the possibility that the B12 deficiency could be the consequence rather than the cause of OCD are suggested.
Characteristic changes in psychiatric symptoms, cortisol and melatonin but not prolactin in primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Linder J. , Brismar K. , Granberg P.‐O. , Wetterberg L. , Werner S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPsychiatric symptoms in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are usually characterized as depressive. In this study 13 patients with PHPT and six control patients with atoxic nodular goiter underwent psychiatric ratings with the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale (CPRS) the day before surgery. The 21 items in this scale were grouped into clusters. The ratings were repeated after successful removal of a parathyroid adenoma. Diurnal serum concentrations of cortisol, melatonin and prolactin were studied pre‐ and postoperatively in eight of the patients. Patients with PHPT had significantly higher CPRS total scores, 8.5 ± 1.3, compared with goiter controls, 1.9 ± 0.8, and showed a significant improvement of psychiatric symptoms after excision of the parathyroid adenoma, to 3.3 ± 0.9. The preoperative diurnal and peak levels of cortisol and melatonin were higher (P< 0.05) than after surgery. Serum melatonin fell to levels lower than those in healthy controls. Correlations were found between some clusters or items and cortisol or melatonin. Serum prolactin levels were normal and unaltered by parathyroid surgery. It is concluded that patients with PHPT show well defined psychiatric symptoms many of which are correlated to alterations in serum cortisol and melatonin accompanying PHPT. The improvement of symptoms seen after successful surgery further suggests that PHPT is associated with a specific psychiatric disorder similar to but distinguishable from major depressive disorder.
A double blind comparative study of remoxipride and thioridazine in the acute phase of schizophrenia
Authors: McCreadie R. G. , Todd N. , Livingston M. , Eccleston D. , Watt J. A. G. , Tait D. , Crocket G. , Mitchell M. J. , Huitfeldt B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis is the first comparative double blind study of remoxipride. Sixty‐one patients with acute schizophrenia received either remoxipride (75–375 mg daily) or thioridazine (150‐750 mg daily) for 6 weeks. There was no statistically significant between‐drug difference in improvement in mental state, as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, although the trend favoured thioridazine; global assessment of illness severity at the last rating also, favoured thioridazine. Sedation, anti‐cholinergic effects, autonomic dysfunction and weight gain were significantly more common in patients receiving thioridazine. Both drugs produced few extrapyramidal effects, but both produced cardiovascular changes in two patients; neither drug produced significant abnormalities in laboratory tests.