bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delaroche and Bérard and experimental error
Authors: Mendoza Eric 
Published: January 2009

In 1813, two young physicists, François Delaroche and Jacques-Étienne Bérard, published a series of highly influential measurements of the specific heats of a number of common gases. Their results, obtained in answer to a prize competition set by the Institut de France, were accepted as the most accurate then available and they continued to exert a powerful, if diminishing, influence on studies of heat for the next forty years. Among the results obtained by Delaroche and Bérard were two measurements which showed that the specific heat of air decreased when the pressure was raised. This was a new and important experimental result. The ‘effect’ was found to be spurious of course (definitively by Victor Regnault as late as 1862), but in the meantime it was clear endorsement of some of the tenets of the caloric theory of heat. It could be invoked, for example, to explain the rise of temperature of a gas when it was compressed adiabatically. Robert Fox in his study of the rise and fall of the caloric theory has written:Their error, although less than 10 per cent, was to prove one of the most influential in the whole history of the study of heat. Backed by the prestige associated with victory in the Institute's competition, the result quickly became standard and… was to mislead many calorists.
The Magnetic Circuit Model, 1850–1890: The Resisted Flow Image in Magnetostatics
Authors: Jordan D.W. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe magnetic circuit model acts as a unifying principle in descriptive magnetostatics, and as an approximate computational aid in electrical machine design. It was the subject of repeated rediscoveries through the period 1855 to 1886, taking different forms and being provided with different justifications but all motivated by the mathematical difficulty of existing magnetic theory. The process culminated in several competitively-slanted announcements of the principle made during 1884 to 1886, arising in connection with the already comparatively efficient designs of contemporary dynamos which made its application plausible. The preferred conceptual imagery, of induction flow against a ‘resistance’, originated in the magnetic theories of Faraday, though these underwent considerable changes before adoption.
The biculture in bilingual
Authors: Agar Michael 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTBased on the bilingualism literature, the author's recent experiences in Austrian German, and a discourse analysis perspective, a way of looking at biculturalism is hammered together to enable an understanding of how adult L2acquisition proceeds in more and less cultural ways. (Bilingualism, biculturalism, discourse, ethnography, Whorf)
Cloning and Sequencing an Inverted Repeat
Authors: Svoboda Petr 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONRNA interference (RNAi) is a suitable method for sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing for a number of model systems. The production of a transgene for transgenic RNAi in mouse can be accomplished by cloning an inverted repeat (IR) into the Zp3 transgenic cassette. Here, we describe three different strategies that have been used successfully to clone an IR: cloning by ligating polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, sequential cloning using a short spacer, and sequential cloning using a temporary long spacer. Once cloning has been completed, sequencing the IR is the best way to assure that both arms are sufficiently long and intact; thus, we also describe typical problems one may encounter when sequencing IRs. There are two possible strategies for sequencing a cloned IR: (1) one internal primer at the end of the IR can be used to sequence both arms in a single sequencing run or (2) external primers can be used to sequence both arms separately. Although we have successfully sequenced IRs using both strategies, we suggest using the latter to sequence transgenic constructs.
Preparation of dsRNA for Microinjection Experiments in Mouse
Authors: Svoboda Petr 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONRNA interference (RNAi) is a suitable method for sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing for a number of model systems. The protocol presented here is designed for the preparation of microgram amounts of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for microinjection experiments in mouse oocytes and early embryos. Briefly, dsRNA is produced after annealing sense and antisense RNA strands, or spontaneously during in vitro transcription of an inverted repeat. We usually include RNase T1 treatment of the annealed RNA prior to the purification step in order to remove unannealed single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), which can interfere with the quantification of dsRNA in a nondenaturing agarose gel.
Cloning a Transgene for Transgenic RNAi in Mouse Oocytes
Authors: Svoboda Petr 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONRNA interference (RNAi) is a suitable method for sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing for many model systems. The protocol presented here describes the cloning of a plasmid construct for use in transgenic RNAi experiments in mouse oocytes. The protocol is intended for production of a transgene by cloning an inverted repeat (IR) into the Zp3 transgenic cassette. The procedure begins with the selection of sequences and formulation of the cloning strategy. Subsequently, the IR is cloned, inserted into the transgenic cassette, and characterized by sequencing. Finally, the transgene is released from the cassette, purified, and provided to the transgenic facility.
Necks and networks: a preliminary study of population structure in the reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata de Winston)
Authors: Shorrocks Bryan , Croft Darren P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper describes a method of scoring the neck pattern of reticulated giraffes as a simple code that can be searched for in an Excel spreadsheet. This enables several hundred individual giraffe to be recognized and repeatedly found within a database. Possible sources of error are described and quantified. Data on group size, dispersal within groups and social network patterns are described. The latter is facilitated using Ucinet 6.85 for Windows, a software package that helps to visualize and analyse such networks.
Lateral accretion in a deep‐marine channel complex: implications for channellized flow processes in turbidity currents
Authors: DYKSTRA MASON , KNELLER BEN 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSome deep‐marine channels show striking similarities to fluvial channels, despite major differences in the properties of the flows that they conduct. Some field observations from deep‐marine channel deposits within a Late Cretaceous palaeo‐canyon in the Rosario Formation of Baja California, Mexico, that bear on these comparisons have been reported. These channel deposits contain erosively based lateral accretion sets. These sets are generally a few metres thick and resemble fluvial point bar deposits. Sediment movement and deposition within these accretion deposits was induced by turbidity currents several to many times thicker than the depth of the channel, moving at several metres per second. The inclined sets define laterally migrating and sinuous channels locally at a high angle to the confining canyon. The instantaneous channel widths varied from 6 to 39 m, the depths from 2·5 to 4 m and the sinuosities from 1·3 to 3·1. Palaeocurrent data, taken mostly from clast imbrication in conglomerates, indicates current modes along the channel thalweg, but with other directions representing either secondary flow (oriented primarily up the point bar) or over‐passing canyon‐confined flow. It is suggested that, at times, the lower part of the turbidity currents flowing down the channels behaved similarly to within‐bank fluvial currents, with a cross‐channel component of flow towards the cut bank, and return flow at the bed sweeping up the point bar. At other times, this secondary circulation may be absent or reversed, which may be related to changes in flow thickness, coupling with the overriding flow and possible flow separation.
Non-Parametric Tests for Distributional Treatment Effect for Randomly Censored Responses
Authors: Lee Myoung-jae 
Published: January 2009

SummaryFor a binary treatment ν = 0, 1 and the corresponding ‘potential response’Y0 for the control group (ν = 0) and Y1 for the treatment group (ν = 1), one definition of no treatment effect is that Y0 and Y1 follow the same distribution given a covariate vector X. Koul and Schick have provided a non-parametric test for no distributional effect when the realized response (1−ν)Y0+νY1 is fully observed and the distribution of X is the same across the two groups. This test is thus not applicable to censored responses, nor to non-experimental (i.e. observational) studies that entail different distributions of X across the two groups. We propose ‘X-matched’ non-parametric tests generalizing the test of Koul and Schick following an idea of Gehan. Our tests are applicable to non-experimental data with randomly censored responses. In addition to these motivations, the tests have several advantages. First, they have the intuitive appeal of comparing all available pairs across the treatment and control groups, instead of selecting a number of matched controls (or treated) in the usual pair or multiple matching. Second, whereas most matching estimators or tests have a non-overlapping support (of X) problem across the two groups, our tests have a built-in protection against the problem. Third, Gehan’s idea allows the tests to make good use of censored observations. A simulation study is conducted, and an empirical illustration for a job training effect on the duration of unemployment is provided.
A New Class of Models for Bivariate Joint Tails
Authors: Ramos Alexandra , Ledford Anthony 
Published: January 2009

SummaryA fundamental issue in applied multivariate extreme value analysis is modelling dependence within joint tail regions. The primary focus of this work is to extend the classical pseudopolar treatment of multivariate extremes to develop an asymptotically motivated representation of extremal dependence that also encompasses asymptotic independence. Starting with the usual mild bivariate regular variation assumptions that underpin the coefficient of tail dependence as a measure of extremal dependence, our main result is a characterization of the limiting structure of the joint survivor function in terms of an essentially arbitrary non-negative measure that must satisfy some mild constraints. We then construct parametric models from this new class and study in detail one example that accommodates asymptotic dependence, asymptotic independence and asymmetry within a straightforward parsimonious parameterization. We provide a fast simulation algorithm for this example and detail likelihood-based inference including tests for asymptotic dependence and symmetry which are useful for submodel selection. We illustrate this model by application to both simulated and real data. In contrast with the classical multivariate extreme value approach, which concentrates on the limiting distribution of normalized componentwise maxima, our framework focuses directly on the structure of the limiting joint survivor function and provides significant extensions of both the theoretical and the practical tools that are available for joint tail modelling.
Can we count on each other? Reciprocity and conflicts in financial support in Sweden
Authors: Espvall Majen , Dellgran Peter 
Published: January 2009

Espvall M, Dellgran P. Can we count on each other? Reciprocity and conflicts in financial support in Sweden Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 84–94 © 2008 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.This article explores the experiences of reciprocity and conflicts in social relationships, and how these experiences are related to financial support (loans and gifts) in the wider social network. The balance of exchange within the social network as a whole is considered in relation to socio‐demographic features, financial conditions and the availability of social relationships. The data are drawn from a study of financial support exchange in Sweden based on a representative survey among Swedish citizens (n= 500). The results reveal that people living in economic hardship and who have more problematic life circumstances appear to be at risk of receiving more limited informal financial support and experience more feelings of conflict and nonreciprocal social relations.
A Spatio‐temporal Model of Farmland Values
Authors: Maddison David 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDespite the fact that data on farm sales are invariably collected over both time and space, previous papers have allowed for the presence of either temporal or spatial relationships in the data, but not both. Some papers have also inadvertently assumed that although farmland values are influenced by prices realised by nearby sales, these sales need not necessarily be comparable in terms of their attributes. Using data on sales of farmland obtained through public auctions in England and Wales, this paper examines the consequences of explicitly allowing for the presence of a spatio‐temporal lag in the estimation of hedonic models of farmland value. The results indicate that spatio‐temporally lagged values of the dependent and independent variables contribute significant additional explanatory power. Accounting for spatio‐temporal relationships appears moreover to somewhat alter the perceived size and statistical significance of key farmland attributes.
Perspectives of healthy elders on advance care planning
Authors: Malcomson Heather , Bisbee Shannon 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPurpose: To present a qualitative study that explored the perspectives of healthy elders on advance care planning.Data source: Data were gathered through four focus groups and a demographic questionnaire. The focus group data were analyzed using content analysis. A convenience sample of 20 healthy men and women, aged 60–94 years old, was drawn from one community senior center and two assisted living facilities.Conclusions: The data reveal five major themes: advance care planning is strongly influenced by concern for others; elders assume that preferences are known to their trusted friends, family, and providers, even in the absence of explicit communication with these people; elders value a healthcare system that supports provider time, focus, and continuity; being “known” to a provider is critical to comfort that advance care planning preferences will be respected; and elders are generally ready and eager to discuss advance care planning. Additional findings include: elders are better prepared for the event of death than the dying process; lawyers and financial planners play a prominent role in guiding elders through end‐of‐life decisions; and elders believe that the optimal time for advance care planning discussion is during periods of relative wellness.Implications for practice: Enhanced understanding of the patient perspective is key to incorporating advance care planning for healthy elders in the ideal milieu of primary care.
Body Composition, Abdominal Fat Distribution, and Prostate-Specific Antigen Test Results
Authors: Rundle Andrew , Richards Catherine , Neugut Alfred I. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Background: There are competing theories explaining the observed inverse association between obesity and screening prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels: (a) endocrine disturbances related to abdominal obesity influence PSA production and (b) increased plasma volume associated with obesity dilutes PSA. Under the endocrine disturbance hypothesis, fat mass, but not lean mass, and an abdominal distribution of fat are expected to be inversely associated with PSA levels. Under plasma volume dilution theory, PSA levels are inversely associated with both lean and fat mass and are independent of body fat distribution patterns.
Methods: Data on weight, percent body fat measured by bioimpedance, and waist circumference from ∼8,000 men undergoing routine PSA screening were evaluated. Multivariate linear regression analyses controlling for age and race/ethnicity were used to determine whether fat, lean mass, or waist circumference were associated with PSA.
Results: PSA levels were significantly inversely associated with both lean and fat mass. In separate models, a 5-pound difference in lean mass and fat mass was associated, respectively with a −0.9% (P &lt; 0.001) and −0.7% (P = 0.001) difference in PSA test results. In a model that simultaneously considered lean and fat mass, a 5-pound difference in lean mass and fat mass was associated, respectively, with a −0.6% (P = 0.03) and −0.4% (P = 0.08) difference in PSA test results. Controlling for body mass index, a 1-inch difference in waist circumference was associated with a +0.9% (P = 0.01) difference in PSA levels.
Conclusion: The results are more consistent with predictions arising from the volume dilution theory than the hormone disturbance theory. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):331–6)
Coexpression of α6β4 Integrin and Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Net1 Identifies Node-Positive Breast Cancer Patients at High Risk for Distant Metastasis
Authors: Gilcrease Michael Z. , Kilpatrick Shannan K. , Woodward Wendy A. , Zhou Xiao , Nicolas Marlo M. , Corley Lynda J. , Fuller Gregory N. , Tucker Susan L. , Diaz Leslie K. , Buchholz Thomas A. , Frost Jeffrey A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Preclinical data indicate that α6β4 integrin signaling through Ras homolog gene family, member A, plays an important role in tumor cell motility. The objective of this study was to determine whether the combined expression of α6β4 integrin and neuroepithelioma transforming gene 1 (Net1), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor specific for Ras homolog gene family member A, is associated with adverse clinical outcome in breast cancer patients. Immunohistochemical expression of each protein was evaluated in a tumor tissue microarray prepared from the primary tumors of 94 node-positive patients with invasive breast carcinoma treated with total mastectomy and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy without radiation with a median follow-up of 12.5 years. Associations between staining results and multiple clinicopathologic variables were investigated. Although there was no significant association between α6β4 integrin or Net1 expression and clinical outcome when each marker was considered individually, coexpression of α6β4 and Net1 was associated with decreased distant metastasis–free survival (P = 0.030). In the subset of patients with hormone receptor–positive tumors, coexpression of α6β4 and Net1 was associated with a decrease in distant metastasis–free and overall survival (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). Although an association between human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression and coexpression of α6β4 and Net1 (P = 0.008) was observed, coexpression of α6β4 and Net1 (hazard ratio, 1.63; P = 0.02) and lymphovascular invasion (hazard ratio, 2.35; P = 0.02) were the only factors independently associated with the development of distant metastasis in multivariate analysis. These findings suggest that coexpression of α6β4 integrin and Net1 could be a useful biomarker for aggressive disease in node-positive breast cancer patients. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):80–6)
Growth Inhibition and Regression of Lung Tumors by Silibinin: Modulation of Angiogenesis by Macrophage-Associated Cytokines and Nuclear Factor-κB and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3
Authors: Tyagi Alpna , Singh Rana P. , Ramasamy Kumaraguruparan , Raina Komal , Redente Elizabeth F. , Dwyer-Nield Lori D. , Radcliffe Richard A. , Malkinson Alvin M. , Agarwal Rajesh 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The latency period for lung tumor progression offers a window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Herein, we studied the effect of oral silibinin (742 mg/kg body weight, 5 d/wk for 10 weeks) on the growth and progression of established lung adenocarcinomas in A/J mice. Silibinin strongly decreased both tumor number and tumor size, an antitumor effect that correlates with reduced antiangiogenic activity. Silibinin reduced microvessel size (50%, P &lt; 0.01) with no change in the number of tumor microvessels and reduced (by 30%, P &lt; 0.05) the formation of nestin-positive microvessels in tumors. Analysis of several proteins involved in new blood vessel formation showed that silibinin decreased the tumor expression of interleukin-13 (47%) and tumor necrosis factor-α (47%), and increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (2-fold) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (7-fold) expression, without significant changes in vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Hypoxia- inducible factor-1α expression and nuclear localization were also decreased by silibinin treatment. Cytokines secreted by tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages regulate angiogenesis by activating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT). Silibinin decreased the phosphorylation of p65NF-κB (ser276, 38%; P &lt; 0.01) and STAT-3 (ser727, 16%; P &lt; 0.01) in tumor cells and decreased the lung macrophage population. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and Ang-receptor tyrosine kinase (Tie-2) expression were increased by silibinin. Therapeutic efficacy of silibinin in lung tumor growth inhibition and regression by antiangiogenic mechanisms seem to be mediated by decreased tumor-associated macrophages and cytokines, inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, NF-κB, and STAT-3 activation, and up-regulation of the angiogenic inhibitors, Ang-2 and Tie-2.
Acute Painless Shoulder Weakness during High-Intensity Athletic Training
Authors: Vachon LT Tyler , Rosenthal Michael , Dewing Christopher B. , Solomon Daniel J. , Shin Alexander Y. , Provencher Matthew T. 
Published: January 2009

Background High-intensity repetitive athletic activities may predispose the brachial plexus to repetitive stretch, compression, and subsequent injury, although painless shoulder weakness is a rare event. Purpose The physical examination and electrodiagnostic findings in a series of United States Navy special warfare trainees who presented with acute painless shoulder weakness are presented, along with subsequent treatment and return-to-duty timeline. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods From August 2005 to August 2006, a total of 11 of 212 (5%) Navy Basic Underwater Demolition School trainees were identified with acute onset (<3 weeks) painless shoulder weakness without any prior shoulder injury. In all shoulders, symptoms began during a telephone pole lift-carry drill. All trainees underwent serial examinations, electrodiagnostic testing, and a comprehensive rehabilitation program. Results Physical examination revealed universal weakness in flexion and abduction and electrodiagnostic studies confirmed injury to the C5-6 area of the brachial plexus (axillary, suprascapular, and musculocutaneous). All 11 patients were removed from training and started on a physical therapy program until functional recovery at a mean of 21 weeks after onset of symptoms (range, 12-24). All 11 resumed military activities; however, only 6 completed the Navy Basic Underwater Demolition School program. Conclusion In physically intense training or athletic environments, injuries to the upper brachial plexus may present with various forms of upper extremity dysfunction, including painless shoulder weakness. This information provides insight into a potentially debilitating shoulder problem and offers guidance on future training principles.