bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of texture gradient using nonstationary spectral analysis
Authors: Urisaka Shinya , Hamada Nozomu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEstimating the gradient of a plane from a single still image is an important procedure in the 3‐dimensional reconstruction of an object. This paper proposes a method of detection of a gradient from the distortion of textures on an object and the rate of its change. It is assumed that the 3‐D object consists of a single plane having uniform textures. The gradient of the plane is estimated from 2‐D frequency data considering that the image signal obtained by a projection has a variation of its local frequency characteristic. A peak frequency is extracted as a local frequency by estimating a non‐stationary spectrum, and the gradient is obtained from the rates of variations of its direction and magnitude. In this way, the gradient can be obtained quantitatively, even if the data of spectrum of a texture (without any gradient) are not known.Two methods of estimating a nonstationary spectrum are proposed i.e., the short‐time Fourier transformation method (STFT), and a method using AR model, and they are compared. The proposed method is applied to an image having periodic patterns, and to a statistical image. The results show the usefulness of the method.
Coevolution in recurrent neural networks using genetic algorithms
Authors: Sato Yuji , Furuya Tatsumi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an investigation into the effectiveness of a lookahead model based on recurrent neural networks. An action network and an internal model of the environment are incorporated into the recurrent neural network; lookahead planning is performed while configuring the action network through learning in the internal model.A genetic algorithm is applied to the design of the neural networks. The effectiveness of this model is evaluated by applying it to the game of “tic‐tac‐toe,” and the following result is obtained. It is possibly more effective to perform learning in the internal model by learning algorithms than by memorizing input‐output correspondences.
Parameters obtained by hepatobiliary scintigraphy have significant correlation with biochemical factors early after liver transplantation
Authors: Kansoul H. A. , Axelsson R. , Yamamoto S. , Savicheva I. , Aspelin P. , Ericzon B.-G. , Gjertsen H. 
Published: July 2007

Background: Early postoperative hepatobiliary scintigraphy after liver transplantation is performed worldwide, but data on its significance for graft function are currently limited. Purpose: To examine the correlation between the result of early postoperative hepatobiliary scintigraphy and pre- and postoperative biochemical parameters in liver transplantation (LTx) patients. Material and Methods: Six parameters of hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc mebrofenin were statistically analyzed in 108 LTx patients: 1) half-life of the activity of elimination of mebrofenin from the blood; 2) total clearance of mebrofenin from the blood due to all possible routes; 3) half-life of the activity due to liver uptake; 4) clearance of mebrofenin from the blood due to liver uptake; 5) time to maximal uptake in the liver; and 6) the hepatic extraction fraction (HEF) and biochemical data. Analysis between patients with preoperative normal liver function, familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), and end-stage liver disease (non-FAP) was also performed. Results: Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that total bilirubin postoperative day 3 correlated with all three scintigraphic parameters, and peak aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase correlated with HEF. The analysis between patients with FAP and non-FAP revealed no significant difference of scintigraphic data between the two groups. Conclusion: A significant correlation between early postoperative scintigraphic results and biochemical parameters was demonstrated.
The Kenya SAREAT international IDEA democracy workshop
Authors: Bracking Sarah 
Published: July 2007

The report of the Nairobi workshop on 22 June 2000 which follows forms part of a pilot project of democracy assessments conducted under the auspices of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) in Stockholm, and its Director of applied research, Dr. Patrick Molutsi.
The purpose of these country assessments is to answer such questions as 'How democratic are we? How much progress have we made? Which are the issues that give the most cause for public concern, from a democratic point of view? The assessment framework being used has been developed through a process of widespread international consultation, and builds on a methodology that was first used for the Democratic Audit of the UK. The assessment criteria are derived in the first instance from basic democratic values, such as equality, participation, representativeness, accountability, solidarity, and only secondarily from the institutional arrangements through which these values are to a greater or lesser extent realised.
Although the assessment framework provides a common instrument for use in any country, it treats democracy as a comparative matter - of more or less -and allows the in-country assessors to define for themselves what the appropriate standards or comparators for assessment should be, as well as how the assessment should be compiled and presented.
Tigray: famine and national resistance
Authors: Bennett Jon 
Published: July 2007

Developments within Sudan are complex enough, but in recent years they have been further complicated by the impact of upheavals, not of its own making, in various parts of the Horn of Africa, next door. The most tangible effect is the hundreds of thousands of refugees that have to be maintained in the Sudan. But there has also been a political dilemma for the present regime. It is drawn, like its reactionary Arab allies, to support movements that oppose a proclaimedly socialist and Soviet‐backed regime like Ethiopia's, and it does promote the more conservative groups, for it is uneasy about the radical, anti‐imperialist stance of the more dominant national liberation groups.
The wider conflicts in Eritrea, in the provinces of Ethiopia and between Somalia and Ethiopia also pose a dilemma for the left in Sudan. It tries to tread a difficult, diplomatic path between criticism of the Numeiri regime's automatic anti‐Soviet anti‐socialist stance whilst keeping its distant but open lines of communication with the more progressive movements in the Horn. Our final Briefing does raise one such issue on which many of our Sudanese collaborators maintain a diplomatic silence, one of a set of issues that nevertheless is part of the context of Sudanese politics. The Reviewhas concentrated its attention within the Horn on Eritrea, but has also hosted some on‐going debate on the national question in that region. But this is the first contribution to that discussion which focuses on Tigray, an area which famine has brought very much into the headlines as we go to press. We hope this overview of present conditions and review of the position of the Tigray People's Liberation Front, by a recent visitor to areas the TPLF controls, will both inform but also stimulate further contributions to the debate.
The love of liberty brought us here (an analysis of the development of the settler state in 19th century Liberia)
Authors: David Magdalene S. 
Published: July 2007

Recent years have witnessed a revival of interest among radical scholars in the peripheral state as a specific object of study within the broad realm of political economy. Important debates have focused on the concept of the ‘over‐developed’ post‐colonial state, the historical transformation of the state during the de‐colonisation process, the form of the peripheral state and its class character, with discussions being based on case studies of former European colonies. This focus, however, leaves aside the form of the peripheral state in societies which did not experience a typical colonial situation — the state in settler societies being a case in point. While the state as found in settler societies such as Algeria, Kenya and Rhodesia has attracted some scholarly attention, the case of the settler state in Liberia has not been discussed in any rigorous or systematic manner..
The failure of the literature on Liberian political economy to establish the specificity of the early form of the Liberian state prompts the present article which reflects a process of working through the historical development of the Liberian state between 1822 (when the first black American emigrants arrived in Liberia) and 1904 (when the settler state was sufficiently established along the coast to attempt inland expansion of its authority), directed by central issues raised in debates on the peripheral state. These issues include: the form of the Liberian state, ie: its function, organisation and class character, the relationship between the state and the class structure and the nature of state intervention in the economy. The discussion presented here is intended as a preliminary sketch in what is a largely under‐researched area of study, the political economy of 19th century Liberia.
The political economy of civil rule and the economic crisis in Nigeria (1979–84)
Authors: Forrest Tom 
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the dynamic interaction of economic policy and state action with political, social and market forces during the civilian regime of President Shagari (Oct 1979 — Jan 1984). It investigates why democratic politics, or more accurately, the rule of politicians, had disastrous economic consequences. The National Party of Nigeria, which gained power as a party of national patronage, was weak and largely devoid of policies. Political competition and economic debate were constituted around the distribution of state patronage and federal state relations. The public economy and processes of policy formulation were fully exposed to the distributive demands of state patronage and electoral politics. Throughout the period, trends that were identifiable in the economic expansion of the 1970s intensified, including the loss of financial control and discipline in the public economy, the privatisation of public funds and the expansion of state employment.
In Nigeria, as elsewhere, political and social processes and the institutional structure of the state have profoundly conditioned economic activity, state policies and forms of intervention. In this way they affect the allocation and use of resources, patterns of accumulation and the growth and development of the economy. At the risk of oversimplification, it is to some of these structural features that define the economic environment that this analysis will turn first. Spectacular as changes in regime and the ups and downs of the oil economy may be, it is the continuities and cumulative impact of structural features that stand out.
Ethnocide ‐ discourse and perceptions
Authors: Stephen Michael 
Published: July 2007

These are two books which, on the surface, deal with very similar subjects. They focus on a form of inter‐communal violence, sometimes terms ‘tribalism’ when referring to the African variety (but not when examined elsewhere in the world). The violence in Rwanda and Burundi is practised by population groups which bear the same name in two comparably developed neighbouring states. It might even be wrongly surmised that the two states were a one‐time country now divided ‐ yet another manifestation of the geo‐political vagaries of the colonial legacy. Both books seek to rid us of some of our myths and preconceptions and to cause us to interrogate our information more closely. Yet they have very different methodologies and represent very different approaches to the subject.

Burundi: Ethnocide as Discourse and Practice (1994), Rene Lemarchand, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Woodrow Wilson Center.
Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance (1994), Africa Rights Publications, London.
Losing Lomé: the potential impact of the commission guidelines on the ACP non‐least developed countries
Authors: Watts Patrick 
Published: July 2007

Relations between European Union (EU) states and associated underdeveloped economies (the ACP states) have been largely governed by the Lomé Conventions. Likely difficulties in gaining World Trade Organisation (WTO) approval for a renewal of Lomé IV in its current form, and recognition that Lomé has been an insufficient support to the ACP group, has led the European Commission to search for an alternative framework. Its proposed new guidelines bring the debate forward on what a politically and legally feasible, and economically mutually beneficial framework might involve. They include a proposal that aid be focused on countries with a proven commitment to poverty eradication and conflict prevention, and offer Lomé‐style access to non‐ACP Least Developed Countries (LLDCs).
Yet they fail to respond to ACP trade interests, and sit uneasily with the stated development aims of previous Lomé conventions. ACP non‐LLDC's will have to chose between negotiating ill‐defined Free Trade Agreements (FTA), or acceeding to the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP), markedly reducing access to EU markets. The costs ‐ in foreign exchange foregone and livelihoods destroyed ‐ could be considerable, as is shown by case studies of Zimbabwe, Ghana, and the Windward Islands.
Summary recommendations are made, finally, as to how EU trade preferences for ACP countries might best meet the needs of the majority, including a ten year waiver, allowing scope to adjust to new competitive pressures and to begin diversification of export bases; and simplified access to EU markets for the LLDC's.
Association between T102C and A–1438G polymorphisms in the serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A) gene and schizophrenia: relevance for treatment with antipsychotic drugs
Authors: Peñas-Lledó Eva M. , Dorado Pedro , Cáceres Macarena C. , de la Rubia Alfredo , LLerena Adrián 
Published: July 2007

AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:835–8.
Spectroscopic studies of poly(vinyl alcohol) films filled with a lanthanum/N‐ethylmorpholine complex
Authors: El‐Kader Kamal M. Abd , Anwar Zeinab 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films with different concentrations of lanthanum ions were prepared with a casting technique. The thickness of the prepared samples was 0.25 mm. Optical absorption and transmission measurements were performed for thesesamples. The ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra of pure PVA showed absorption bands at 200, 275, and 325 nm, which were assigned to the presence of carbonyl groups. The absorption spectra of doped PVA films showed an observable change in the band position with the filling levels. This was due to the link between the lanthanum metal ion and the polymer OH groups. The dependence of the absorption coefficient on the photon energy was determined, and the band tails and energy gaps were calculated. The band tail increased, whereas the optical gaps decreased, as the concentration of lanthanum ions increased. X‐ray diffraction was used to characterize the prepared films. The results indicated the appearance of several new bands not existing for the lanthanum ions or PVA. Direct current/voltage characterization curves were measured for PVA–lanthanum films with different concentrations, and they showed remarkable increases in the conduction current of about 3 orders of magnitude in comparison with that of the pure PVA film. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Akustisch‐thermische Analyse von Korund‐Einkristallen
Authors: Kvapil J. , Kment V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEine zur akustisch‐thermischen Analyse (ATA) von Korund‐Einkristallen entwickelte Apparatur wird kurz beschrieben, und ihre Anwendung zur Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit des Temperungsprozesses wird besprochen. Die Apparatur ermöglicht Schallanalysen im Temperaturgebiet bis etwa 1600 °C.Die mit dieser Methode an synthetischen Korundbirnen gemessene Erniedrigung der inneren Spannung stimmt mit den Ergebnissen der optischen Spannungsmessung quantitativ überein. Die ATA von synthetischen Rubinen hat gezeigt, daß für die Temperung auch das Temperaturgebiet um etwa 350 °C, in dem eine Änderung der Gitterkonstante eintritt, von Bedeutung ist.
Eine Vakuum‐Spaltapparatur für Epitaxieuntersuchungen an Alkalihalogeniden
Authors: Schoenborn W. , Wäsch R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDefinierte Untersuchungen zur Epitaxie erfordern adsorptionsfreie Substratoberflächen. Entsprechende Oberflächen lassen sich durch Spaltung im Vakuum erzeugen.Die hier beschriebene Apparatur erlaubt die gleichzeitige Spaltung von 6 Alkalihalogeniden im Dampfstrahl. Die Spaltung erfolgt durch Zerbrechen der Kristalle. Zwei elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen der Abscheidung von PbS auf NaF und NaJ geben über die Güte der Spaltflächen Auskunft.
Bestimmung von kristallographischen Elementen stabförmiger kubischer Einkristalle (III)
Authors: Bohm J. , Wadewitz H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs werden einige Verfahren und Methoden zur Bestimmung von kristallographischen Elementen stabförmiger kubischer Einkristalle im Zusammenhang dargestellt. Speziell berücksichtigt werden Fragen der kristallographischen Orientierung und Gleitvorgänge. Die Beschreibungen sind so ausführlich, daß sie als Anleitung für entsprechende praktische Aufgaben dienen können. Im dritten Teil werden rechnerische Verfahren unter Bezug auf Vektoren angegeben.
Hochvakuumaufdampfung von Germanium auf NaF und NaCl
Authors: Mietz I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBei einem Vakuum von 10−5 Torr wurde Germanium auf luftgespaltene und vakuumgespaltene NaCl‐ und NaF‐Substrate aufgedampft. In Abhängigkeit von der Substrattemperatur (280–500°C), der Aufdampfgeschwindigkeit (1–35 Å s−1) und der aufgedampften Schichtdicke (100–1500 Å) wurde die Struktur der Germaniumabscheidungen untersucht. Hierbei interessierten der Übergang amorph/kristallin, die Zahl und Größe der Kristallite, ihre Orientierung und Anordnung auf der Substratoberfläche sowie der prozentuale Anteil der mit Germaniumkristalliten bedeckten Substratoberfläche. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten mit einem Elektronenmikroskop durch Abbildung und Beugung.
Polymorphism, optical and photoelectrical properties of lead monoxide thin single crystals
Authors: Bordovskij G. A. , Izvozčikov V. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe optical and photoelectric properties of the hybridal polymorphic lead monoxide single crystals have been studied. The crystals core is of orthorhombic structure, and tetragonal monoxide is present in the surface layer. The spontaneous and artificial enantiotrophical transformation of orthorhombic to hybridal single crystals results in: 1) appearing of additional absorption band; 2) activation of photoelectric sensity \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left({\frac{{\Delta I}}{{I_D }} \approx 10^5 {\raise0.7ex\hbox{${\rm o}$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm o} {\rm o}}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{${\rm o}$}}} \right) $\end{document}; 3) the spectral response shows the form characteristic for the case of high surface recombination velocity with maximum photocurrent about ∼615 nm. The activation of the photoelectric sensity is explained by the formation of the tetragonal (red) monoxide.
Über die Komplexbildung zwischen Zink ‐ und Blei(II)‐thiocyanat
Authors: Dost J. , Steinike U. , Paudert R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractZink‐ und Blei(II)‐thiocyanat reagieren bei der Trockenmahlung oder beim Schütteln von Bleithiocyanat in gesättigter Zinkthiocyanatlösung zu einer intensiv gelben Verbindung der stöchiometrischen Zusammensetzung ZnPb(SCN)4. Es werden die Ergebnisse vo Remissionsmessungen, IR‐spektroskopischen und rötgenographischen Untersuchungen beschrieben.
Texturanalyse metallischer Werkstoffe und ihre Bedeutung für die laufende Produktionskontrolle
Authors: Lihl F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs werden die verschiedenen Arten von Texturen diskutiert. Dies sind neben den Wachstumstexturen vor allem die Umformungs‐ und Rekristallisationstexturen. Sie hängen von einer großen Anzahl von Parametern ab, z. B. Kristallstruktur, Legierungszusammensetzung, Walzgrad, Walztemperatur, Glühtemperatur, Glühdauer. Die als Ideallagen auftretenden Orientierungen werden durch Orientierungsmatrizen dargestellt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen den Ideallagen der Verformungstextur und denen der Rekristallisationstextur kann durch eine Umkristallisationsmatrix beschrieben werden. Hierfür werden einige Beispiele angegeben. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Textur und den Eigenschaften technischer Materialien wird diskutiert. Daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit der Texturkontrolle bei Produktionsprozessen. Es wird eine einfaches, diesem Zweck dienendes Gerät beschrieben.
Umrechnung der Winkel‐Orientierungsdaten einer Einkristall‐Oberfläche beim Wechsel des Bezugs‐Koordinatensystems des Einkristallgitters im kubischen System
Authors: Schmidt G. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Zahlenwerte von über 100 Umrechnungsmatrizen angegeben, mit denen man die auf niedrig indizierte kristallografische Dreibeine bezogenen Winkelorientierungsdaten einer Einkristalloberflächen‐Normalen für ein kubisches ([100] – [110] – [111]) Bezugssystem umrechnen kann. Wie unter Verwendung der Umrechnungsmatrizen ein präzises Verfahren für die Orientierungsbestimmung von Einkristalloberflächen‐Normalen arbeitet, wird beschrieben.
Mechanismus der nichtstationären Keimbildung und des Kristallwachstums in einem Modellglase
Authors: Gutzow I. , Toschev S. , Marinov M. , Popov E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs wird die Keimbildung und das Kristallwachstum in glasbildenden Schmelzen am Beispiel eines Modells, des sog. Graham'schen Glases (NaPO3)x untersucht. Die Keimbildung erwies sich als ein nichtstationärer Prozeß; eine konsequente Anwendung der Theorie erlaubt auch in diesem Falle, die für die Kristallisation wichtigsten Daten der homogen und heterogen geführten Kristallisation zu bestimmen. Es wird eingehend die nichtstationäre Keimbildung isotroper und kristalliner Keime diskutiert und mit dem Experiment verglichen. Es wird auch der Versuch gemacht, über den Mechanismus der linearen Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit zu entscheiden. Auf Grund elektronenmikroskopischer Daten und des Temperaturverlaufes der Viskosität wird die Vermutung geäußert, daß das Wachstum durch zweidimensionale Keimbildung bestimmt wird.
Über die Ausbildung der Ausscheidungsstrukturen von Kupfer in Silizium in Abhängigkeit von einigen Dekorationsparametern
Authors: Fricke P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn Siliziumeinkristallen wurde das Ausscheidungsverhalten von Kupfer in Abhängigkeit von der Dekorationstemperatur, der Dekorationszeit und der Abkühlrate untersucht. Die Dekoration erfolgte in einem Silitstabofen in Luft bei 700–1200°C innerhalb einer Minute bis 8 Stunden bei Abkühlraten von 0,5 grd s−1 bis 20 grd s−1. Die erhaltenen Ausscheidungen wurden mit einem IR‐Fernsehmikroskop beobachtet.
Die Methode der Texturuntersuchung mittels Neutronenbeugung und ihre besonderen Anwendungsvorteile
Authors: Kleinstück K. , Tobisch J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAusgehend von den physikalisch bedingten Mängeln, die den Anwendungsbereich der röntgenographischen Texturuntersuchung beschränken, werden die spezifischen Vorteile der Neutronenbeugungsmethode dargelegt. Diese sind gegeben durch die geringe Absorption der Neutronen in den meisten Werkstoffen. Einige neutronographische Untersuchungsbeispiele sollen die diskutierten Vorteile belegen, insbesondere den Aussagegehalt und die hohe Genauigkeit quantitativ ermittelter vollständiger Polfiguren.
Further data on the preparation of extremely pure sodium chloride crystals
Authors: Raksányi K. , Voszka R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe following methods for purification of sodium chloride were compared in relation to their effectiveness: ion exchange, extraction, crystallization from solution, precipitation and distillation. For the purification of sodium chloride the ion exchange followed by a crystallization from solution in a teflon vessel appeared to be the most effective method giving a sodium chloride with an alkaline earth content about 1 × 10−7mole/mole.