bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mode of Occurrence and Characteristics of Mn‐ore Bodies in Iron Ore Group of Rocks, North Orissa, India and Its Significance in Resource Evaluation
Authors: Mishra Patitapaban , Mvohapatra Birendra K. , Singh Prem P. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract.Several meso‐scale manganese ore bodies, scattered within Jone's horse‐shoe shaped synclinorium, in Bonai‐Keonjhar region of north Orissa are well known in the mineral map of India. Different grades of manganese ores are being exploited from this region by various agencies over a few decades. However, deceptive nature of ore bodies and complexity in control of mineralisation greatly confuse the exploration geologists for evaluation of these resources.In a recent study, the authors have classified Mn‐ore bodies of this region into three broad categories such as stratiform, stratabound (‐replacement) and lateritoid types based on mode of occurrence and their other chemical characteristics. Mn‐ore bands occur in close association with BIF and iron ores. Volcaniclastic shale in large geographic extension encloses these ore bodies.In the stratiform category of ore bodies (BMnF, analogous of BIF), manganese and shale bands, in variables thickness, alternate with each other and extend to a great depth. Such ore bodies generally constitute marginal to low‐grade ores, are characterised by low Mn/Fe ratio (∼2) and have relatively lower abundance of trace (1500 to 2500 ppm) and relatively higher REE constituents. The stratabound‐replacement types of ore bodies are of intra‐stratal nature, occurring within tuffaceous shale. These are mostly shear‐controlled ore bodies extending along a zone of certain width. Increase in average Mn/Fe ratio (∼6) and trace content (5000 to 8500 ppm) by 5 to 2.5 order of magnitude respectively or more above stratiform category are characteristic of these deposits. The lateritoid ore bodies have limited depth persistency. Such deposits are usually very low in Mn/Fe ratio (<1), trace (<2000 ppm) and REE contents.Different methods of exploration techniques are suggested for various categories of Mn‐ore bodies. In this context, the above findings would be the database for the exploration geologists to evaluate the potential of newer/existing Mn‐ore resources in this part of north Orissa.
Ethnographic Approaches to Race, Genetics and Genealogy
Authors: Tyler Katharine 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a technological advance and commercial boom in genetic technologies and projects, including a renewed scientific interest in the biological status and genetic constitution of race. This article provides an overview of sociological approaches to the study of race and genetics, and argues that these analyses should pay detailed critical attention to laypeople's engagements with the new genetic technologies. Drawing upon growing bodies of ethnographic literature within anthropology, geography and sociology, this paper unravels the complex and ambivalent ways in which laypeople think about the biological and genetic constitution of racial identities. Two specific bodies of literature are examined. First, the new kinship studies within anthropology that explores laypeople's engagements with the new reproductive technologies, such asin vitrofertilization. Second, laypeople's uses of genealogical technologies that claim to trace family ancestries, including racial descent and ethnic origins.
A New Paradigm of Organized Crime in the United States: Criminal Syndicates, Cyber‐gangs, and the Worldwide Web
Authors: Britz Marjie T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper explores the creation and evolution of organized crime as a concept within the United States. The paper argues that traditional definitions are both incomplete and inaccurate due primarily to their reliance on La Cosa Nostra (i.e. Italian mafia) models and inflexibility. The author proposes the introduction of a new definition, and distinguishes between computer crime committed by organized crime groups and organized criminal activity in a technological environment. In addition, a distinction is made between organized crime and cyber‐gangs. Finally, the author discusses specific examples of computer crime committed by criminal syndicates.
Impending collapse of bluefin tuna in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean
Authors: MacKenzie Brian R. , Mosegaard Henrik , Rosenberg Andrew A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe abundance of bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, in the east Atlantic and Mediterranean has declined in recent decades. The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), the regional bluefin tuna management authority, has developed a plan to promote recovery by 2022, while still permitting fishing to continue during the period 2008–2010. Here we predict that the adult population in 2011 will likely be 75% lower relative to 2005 and that quotas in some intervening years will allow the fishery to capture legally all of the adult fish. Population demographics (proportion of older fish and repeat spawners in population) indicate that buffering capacity against years of poor reproduction has been reduced. This population is at risk of collapse (90% decline in adult biomass within three generations, the criterion used by the IUCN for defining populations as Critically Endangered), even under the currently agreed recovery plan, unless new conservation measures are implemented in the next few years.
Pulmonary metastasis of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the rectum identified at 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Seok Sang Hee , Sung Woo Jung , Kim Mi Jin 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) present as a spectrum, from clinically benign to malignant. Metastases usually become clinically apparent within 18–24 months of diagnosis, though they can develop as many as 30 years after primary tumor removal. The most common metastatic sites are the peritoneal surface and the liver. Pulmonary metastases are less common (approximately 7% of all metastises). Here, we report a case of pulmonary metastasis of a GIST of the rectum. A 50 year‐old‐woman, having received a Miles' operation for GIST of the rectum 10 years previous, was found to have a tumor in the right lung during a follow‐up examination. A 2.5 cm sized well‐demarcated mass presented in her lung parenchyma. The tumor was composed of spindle and epithelioid cells showing diffuse and strong cytoplasmic positivity for CD 117. These histologic and immunohistochemical findings proved that the tumor may have been the result of metastasis from the GIST of the rectum. This case suggests that GIST can metastasize after a long disease‐free interval and that such cases should be carefully and regularly followed up indefinitely.
Unsolved allegation of sexual intercourse and Viagra for possible causes of sudden unexpected death at the forensic autopsy
Authors: Park Moon‐Il , Jeon Seok‐Hoon , Kim Hyoung‐Joong , Choi Byung‐Ha , Park Hye‐Jin , Yang Kyung‐Moo , Kim Yu‐Hoon , Lee Bong‐Woo , Choi Young‐Shik , Kim Youn‐Shin , Chung Nak‐Eun , Lee Han‐Young , Lee Won‐Tae 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThere is a controversy on the causal relationship of sexual intercourse as a cause of sudden death. Since sildenafil (Viagra™) has been introduced in 1998, there are more concerns on the safety issue of sildenafil and sexual activity as a forensic determination of the cause of death in those cases. We have collected 68 cases of sudden death occurred within 24 hours after sexual intercourse among 13,824 cases for five years from 2001 at the head office of the National Institute of Scientific Investigation in Seoul, Korea. There were 59 men and 9 women (M:F = 6.6:1). The most common cause of death was ischemic heart disease (20 in 68, 29.4%) in both men and women. Sildenafil (Viagra™) was detected in blood in 8 men and only in gastric content in 2 men (10/59, 17.0%). The level in the 8 men was in range of 0.04 to 0.48 with average 0.15 μg/ml. We could not conclude at this study on whether sexual activities and/or sildenafil are considered to have significant contribution to their death, but we would like to warn patients with cardiovascular diseases for the possible risk for sudden unexpected death particularly when their environments are in an unusual situation.
Current information on the infectious risks of allogeneic blood transfusion
Authors: KITCHEN ALAN D. , BARBARA JOHN A. J. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThe safety of allogeneic blood and blood products in relation to infection risk is paramount, even though absolute safety is an ideal that clearly cannot be attained. In countries with developed healthcare systems and with effective and well‐managed national transfusion services, any residual infection risk is generally much lower than the risk of non‐infectious adverse events. The number of infectious agents known to be transmitted by transfusion is not insignificant, but at the same time only a proportion of these present a significant universal threat. It is therefore important to understand and attempt to quantify the residual infectious risks associated with transfusion. These risks generally fall into two categories: the risk of infection because of the failure to identify infection in a donation from a recently infected donor and the risk of infection from a ‘new’ infectious agent or from one that donations are not routinely screened for. Both of these scenarios are ‘real’ in the sense that these are the threats faced every day by transfusion services. The mitigation of such threats is by ensuring that there are effective donor screening and deferral procedures in place, that the screening performed is carried out to the highest possible standards in terms of sensitivity and reliability, and finally that the transfusion service actively monitors ‘new’ or emerging infectious threats so that action can be taken if the safety of the blood supply is likely to be compromised, as well as maintaining hemovigilance of adverse events in recipients of transfusions.
Immunological complications of blood transfusion
Authors: TAYLOR CLARE , NAVARRETE CRISTINA , CONTRERAS MARCELA 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYIn the developed world, most of the reported complications of transfusion have an immunological basis. Although the media and the public are worried about the infectious risks of transfusion, hemovigilance reports show that antigen–antibody reactions are responsible for the vast majority of acute and delayed transfusion reactions. Among the immediate complications of transfusion, the most common and serious are intravascular hemolytic transfusion reactions because of ABO incompatibility caused by giving the wrong blood to a patient (e.g. group A blood to a group O recipient). Fortunately, the vast majority of ABO‐incompatible transfusions do not lead to major morbidity or mortality. Another important cause of severe immediate transfusion reactions is transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI), caused by white cell antibodies in donor plasma. The most common, although not severe, acute tansfusion reactions are urticaria and febrile, nonhemolytic, mostly preventable by leukodepletion and leukoreduction. Delayed transfusion reactions are: (i) hemolytic, caused by anamestic responses to red cell antigens, causing hemolysis days after the transfusion; (ii) post‐transfusion purpura, caused by an anmnestic response to platelet antigens; (iii) graft‐versus‐host disease, caused by engrafted donor lymphocyte reacting against the recipient; and (iv) immunological refractoriness to platelet transfusions, caused mostly by human leukocyte antigen antibodies destroying transfused platelets. The diagnosis of most of these complications can now be made by immunohematologists, with the aid of specialist reference laboratories, thus enabling prompt therapy as required.
Infrared features of classic choroidal neovascularisation in exudative age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Semoun O , Guigui B , Tick S , Coscas G , Soubrane G , Souied E H 
Published: November 2008

Aim:Wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents a heterogeneous group of phenotypes, all defined by fluorescein angiography features (FA). Imaging of wet AMD is extensively described in literature, including colour pictures, FA, indocyanine green angiography (ICG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The purpose of this study was to describe features of infrared (IR) pictures of a homogeneous subgroup of classic choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) associated with wet AMD,Methods:We analysed 22 eyes of 22 consecutive patients with classic CNV. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination including colour fundus photography, infrared picture, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography and an optical coherence tomography.Results:Infrared pictures revealed a whitish ring surrounding the neovascular lesion in all eyes (22/22). The whitish ring corresponded in all cases to the borders of the CNV defined on the early phase of FA and ICG pictures. The ring had an “O-shape” in 15/22 cases (68%) and a “U-shape” in 7/22 cases (32%).Conclusion:Analysis of infrared pictures in classic CNV constantly revealed a whitish ring that is correlated to the limits of the lesion. IR picture is a non invasive imaging of the macula, but the specificity of the features needs to be investigated in further studies.
Effect of depositional method on the microstructure of silty sand
Authors: Yamamuro Jerry A. , Wood Fletcher M. , Lade Poul V. 
Published: November 2008

The results from a laboratory experimental study on silty sand are presented. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the effect of depositional method and silt content on the grain contact structure of silty sand. Triaxial specimens containing Nevada sand with various quantities of nonplastic silt were isotropically consolidated to 25 kPa and then preserved through epoxy impregnation. Specimens were formed using both dry funnel deposition and water sedimentation. A procedure was developed that allowed the microstructure to be quantified in terms of potentially stable and unstable grain contacts. As silt content increased, the percentage of stable grain contacts decreased. Specimens formed by dry funnel deposition contained a higher percentage of potentially unstable grain contacts than those reconstituted by water sedimentation, possibly reflecting a more compressible particle structure. This effect became more pronounced as silt content increased. A description of the specimen preservation technique as well as the methodology used to both prepare and analyze SEM specimens for grain contact analysis are presented.
Missed Adenomas during Colonoscopic Surveillance in Individuals with Lynch Syndrome (Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer)
Authors: Stoffel Elena M. , Turgeon D. Kim , Stockwell David H. , Zhao Lili , Normolle Daniel P. , Tuck Missy K. , Bresalier Robert S. , Marcon Norman E. , Baron John A. , Ruffin Mack T. , Brenner Dean E. , Syngal Sapna ,   Great Lakes-New England Clinical Epidemiology and Validation Center of the Early Detection Research Network
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Background and Aims: Lynch syndrome (also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer) is associated with an increased risk for colorectal cancer, which can arise despite frequent colonoscopic exams. We evaluated the adenoma miss rate of conventional colonoscopy in patients with Lynch syndrome, and compared the sensitivity of chromoendoscopy versus intensive inspection for detecting polyps missed by conventional colonoscopy.
Methods: Fifty-four subjects with Lynch syndrome underwent tandem colonoscopies at four centers of the Great Lakes-New England Clinical Epidemiology and Validation Center of the Early Detection Research Network. All participants first had a conventional colonoscopy with removal of all visualized polyps. The second endoscopy was randomly assigned as either pancolonic indigo carmine chromoendoscopy or standard colonoscopy with intensive inspection lasting &gt;20 minutes. Size, histology, and number of polyps detected on each exam were recorded.
Results: After undergoing standard colonoscopy, 28 individuals were randomized to a second exam with chromoendoscopy and 26 underwent intensive inspection. The mean interval since last colonoscopy was 17.5 months. Seventeen polyps (10 adenomas and 7 hyperplastic polyps) were identified on the first standard colonoscopies. Twenty-three additional polyps (12 adenomas and 11 hyperplastic polyps) were found on the second exams, yielding an adenoma miss rate of 55%. Fifteen polyps (5 adenomas and 10 hyperplastic polyps) were found in subjects who had chromoendoscopy and 8 polyps (7 adenomas and 1 hyperplastic polyp) in those who had intensive inspection. Chromoendoscopy was associated with more normal tissue biopsies (11 versus 5) and longer procedure times compared with intensive inspection (29.8 ± 9.5 versus 25.3 ± 5.8 minutes; P = 0.04). Controlling for age, number of previous colonoscopies, procedure time, and prior colonic resection, chromoendoscopy detected more polyps (P = 0.04), but adenoma detection was not significantly different compared with intensive inspection (P = 0.27).
Conclusions: Small adenomas are frequently missed in patients with Lynch syndrome. Although chromoendoscopy did not detect more missed adenomas than intensive inspection in this pilot study, larger trials are needed to determine optimal surveillance techniques in this high-risk population.
Multiple Aberrations of Chromosome 3p Detected in Oral Premalignant Lesions
Authors: Tsui Ivy F.L. , Rosin Miriam P. , Zhang Lewei , Ng Raymond T. , Lam Wan L. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The study of oral premalignant lesions (OPL) is crucial to the identification of initiating genetic events in oral cancer. However, these lesions are minute in size, making it a challenge to recover sufficient DNA from microdissected cells for comprehensive genomic analysis. As a step toward identifying genetic aberrations associated with oral cancer progression, we used tiling-path array comparative genomic hybridization to compare alterations on chromosome 3p for 71 OPLs against 23 oral squamous cell carcinomas. 3p was chosen because although it is frequently altered in oral cancers and has been associated with progression risk, its alteration status has only been evaluated at a small number of loci in OPLs. We identified six recurrent losses in this region that were shared between high-grade dysplasias and oral squamous cell carcinomas, including a 2.89-Mbp deletion spanning the FHIT gene (previously implicated in oral cancer progression). When the alteration status for these six regions was examined in 24 low-grade dysplasias with known progression outcome, we observed that they occurred at a significantly higher frequency in low-grade dysplasias that later progressed to later-stage disease (P &lt; 0.003). Moreover, parallel analysis of all profiled tissues showed that the extent of overall genomic alteration at 3p increased with histologic stage. This first high-resolution analysis of chromosome arm 3p in OPLs represents a significant step toward predicting progression risk in early preinvasive disease and provides a keen example of how genomic instability escalates with progression to invasive cancer.
Effects of the Kava Chalcone Flavokawain A Differ in Bladder Cancer Cells with Wild-type versus Mutant p53
Authors: Tang Yaxiong , Simoneau Anne R. , Xie Jun , Shahandeh Babbak , Zi Xiaolin 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Flavokawain A is the predominant chalcone from kava extract. We have assessed the mechanisms of flavokawain A's action on cell cycle regulation. In a p53 wild-type, low-grade, and papillary bladder cancer cell line (RT4), flavokawain A increased p21/WAF1 and p27/KIP1, which resulted in a decrease in cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2) kinase activity and subsequent G1 arrest. The increase of p21/WAF1 protein corresponded to an increased mRNA level, whereas p27/KIP1 accumulation was associated with the down-regulation of SKP2, which then increased the stability of the p27/KIP1 protein. The accumulation of p21/WAF1 and p27/KIP1 was independent of cell cycle position and thus not a result of the cell cycle arrest. In contrast, flavokawain A induced a G2-M arrest in six p53 mutant-type, high-grade bladder cancer cell lines (T24, UMUC3, TCCSUP, 5637, HT1376, and HT1197). Flavokawain A significantly reduced the expression of CDK1-inhibitory kinases, Myt1 and Wee1, and caused cyclin B1 protein accumulation leading to CDK1 activation in T24 cells. Suppression of p53 expression by small interfering RNA in RT4 cells restored Cdc25C expression and down-regulated p21/WAF1 expression, which allowed Cdc25C and CDK1 activation, which then led to a G2-M arrest and an enhanced growth-inhibitory effect by flavokawain A. Consistently, flavokawain A also caused a pronounced CDK1 activation and G2-M arrest in p53 knockout but not in p53 wild-type HCT116 cells. This selectivity of flavokawain A for inducing a G2-M arrest in p53-defective cells deserves further investigation as a new mechanism for the prevention and treatment of bladder cancer.
The Gilgamesh Complex: The Quest for Death Transcendence and the Killing of Animals
Authors: Christman Jared 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBecause the fauna of the world possess a blood-driven vitality so comparable to that of people, they serve as an unwitting resource in the anthropocentric quest to ward off the ravages of death and decay, to create a cornucopia of human life amid the caprices of the cosmos. Fueled by the human fear of the grave, the “Gilgamesh complex” is the ensemble of beliefs and desires underlying a spectrum of zoocidal practices ranging from religious immolation to scientific experimentation. The name of the complex draws its textual inspiration from the Babylonian epic of the warrior-king Gilgamesh, who lays waste to beasts of forest and field in his quest for immortality. From a psychological perspective, the epic of Gilgamesh pierces the veil of submerged desires and muddled behaviors that most people in modern society are loath to recognize. The Gilgamesh complex is also among the most culturally and historically encompassing of psychological complexes, penetrating to the barest of human existential concerns—the preoccupation with death.
A Feeling for the Animal: On Becoming an Experimentalist
Authors: Holmberg Tora 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article deals with questions that arose during a 2-week university course in nonhuman animal laboratory science. Doctoral students and researchers take the course to acquire the knowledge necessary for future independent work with nonhuman animal experimentation. During the course, participants learn to handle animals in the laboratory, both in theory and in practice, and to do so in a humane way with a feeling for the animals. The paper analyzes how this knowledge, in other tacit contexts, is constructed and learned and focuses on two main aspects of handling rodents in the laboratory: habituation and killing. The course's focus on good handling works as a means of doing good research, as a strategy of including animal welfare as a legitimate agenda, while keeping intact traditional scientific norms—such as standardization. In this case, standardization has a wider scope than commonly assumed: Not only are the animals standardized but also the experimentalists who become standardized through courses and curricula. However, this process of standardization is not complete; thus, a feeling for the animal implies, as the case study shows, individual animal and human-animal interaction.