bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A geochemical application of the ITRAX scanner to a sediment core containing eastern Mediterranean sapropel units
Authors: Thomson J. , Croudace I. W. , Rothwell R. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The ITRAX micro-X-ray fluoresence (XRF) core scanner has been applied in a sediment geochemistry investigation. The core sections selected contain examples of the organic-rich sedimentary units (sapropels) that form periodically in the eastern Mediterranean basin. Sapropels are visually obvious from their dark coloration, but the ITRAX X-radiograph also reveals physical property changes that result mainly from the high pore-water content of sapropels. A consideration of wavelength-dispersive XRF data from discrete samples of the most recent sapropel (S1) was made along with the set of elements reported by the ITRAX instrument’s energy-dispersive XRF system over core sections containing S1. This allowed selection of a suite of eight inter-element ratios or element integrals through which characteristic features of sapropel development and geochemistry were revealed. While recognizing that the measured XRF element integrals from the ITRAX do not have an exact constant relationship with element concentration over changing sediment types, this combination of ratios provides significant information for geochemical interpretation. These include evidence for: (i) the presence of high C
org
contents in the visual sapropel from Ba/Ti and Br/Cl ratios; (ii) a thinning of the original sapropel thickness by post-depositional oxidation from Mn/Ti and Cu/Ti ratios; (iii) pyrite authigenesis in the residual visual sapropel from Fe/Ti and S/Cl ratios and the As integral; and (iv) aragonite formation in and around the sapropel from the Sr/Ca ratio. These same ratios were then used to interpret ITRAX data from a deeper section of the same core containing the older sapropel S3, where the same characteristics, including the relict post-depositional oxidative thinning of the original unit, could be identified with only minor differences of detail. Directions of supply of Fe, As and Cu into the sapropels could be inferred from profile shapes.
Locking of southward extrusion in favour of rapid crustal-scale buckling of the Greater Himalayan sequence, Nar valley, central Nepal
Authors: Godin L. , Gleeson T. P. , Searle M. P. , Ullrich T. D. , Parrish R. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The South Tibetan detachment system (STDS) bounds the upper limit of the Greater Himalayan sequence (GHS), which consists of the exhumed middle crust of the Himalaya. In the Annapurna range of central Nepal, the GHS comprises a sequence of amphibolite-grade augen gneisses with a 3.5 km thick leucogranite at the higher structural levels (Manaslu granite). Two major low-angle normal-sense shear zones have been mapped. The Chame detachment has similar grade metamorphic rocks above and below and is interpreted as a ductile shear zone wholly within the GHS. The Phu detachment is a ductile-brittle normal fault which wraps around the top of the Manaslu leucogranite and defines the uppermost, youngest strand of the STDS, placing folded unmetamorphosed Palaeozoic rocks of the Tethyan sedimentary sequence above the GHS. Our data indicate that ductile flow and southward extrusion of the GHS terminated with cessation of movement on the brittle upper strand of the Phu detachment at
c.
19 Ma, which was followed almost immediately by crustal-scale buckling. Argon thermochronology reveals that the bulk of the metamorphic rocks and lower portions of the Tethyan sedimentary sequence in the Nar valley cooled through the hornblende, biotite and muscovite closure temperatures at
c.
16 Ma, suggesting very rapid cooling rates. The thermochronology results indicate that this cooling occurred 2–3 million years earlier than in the frontal part of the extruded GHS. Although the extrusion in the frontal part of the GHS must have locked at the same time as in the Nar valley, the exhumation there was slower, and most probably only assisted by erosion, rather than by rapid folding as is the case in the Nar valley. This buckling indicates a step northward in deformation within the Himalayan belt, which may be a response to a lower deforming taper geometry in the foreland.
Thin Metal Film Sensors
Authors: Tellier C. R. 
Published: April 2008

During the last decade some progress have been made in the field of sensors using thin film techniques.
In particular thin metal film strain gauges and thin film temperature sensors based on the temperature
dependent resistivity of metal are now commonly used. But changes in other transport parameters with
various measurands are also useful for the design of metal film sensors. Difficulty arises in thin film
techniques when structural defects are frozen in films.Intensive theoretical investigations are carried out to explain the effect of grain‐boundary and external
surface scatterings on transport parameters. Accordingly the main results are presented to specify the
influence of film structure on the sensor performance. The grain‐boundary effects are discussed
according to applications of metal film sensors. Theoretical predictions are analyzed in terms of
sensitivity, thermal stability and long term behavior. But other problems induced by the presence of grain
boundaries or point defects are also discussed, in particular problems associated with bulk diffusion,
electromigration induced failures or intrinsic stresses.
The Influence of Lubrication on Electrical and Mechanical Parametersof Potentiometer Resistive Element
Authors: Nowak S. , Herod B. 
Published: April 2008

Fixed resistors are usually protected against environmental influences. For this aim,
special lacquers are used. Much of the environmental qualities of such a resistor are
directly related to its enclosure.The resistive element of the potentiometer cannot be protected in the same way. The
producers of quality potentiometers, especially thin film ones, designed an effective
seal of their housing but it leads to an increase in production costs.The first researches on thin film resistive elements for potentiometers, proved the
major sensitivity of the unit to moisture cycling, because of high water chemisorption
on the resistive element surface.The chemisorption effect has the major influence on the temperature coefficient of
resistance (TCR), because at a higher temperature, water desorption is occuring and the
resistance of the film is undergoing a change.However, the IEC Standard recommends dry out of resistive elements before TCR
measurement; the potentiometer users feel that total resistance changes as a sum of
temperature change and drying out change.The present paper deals with trials to eliminate this disadvantage of thin film
potentiometers by protection against moisture.The protective coating should, because of its affinity to the resistive film, form
durable protection against environmental influences, but should not increase the
contact resistance of the wiper (CRV). Such a coating also should not increase the
friction coefficient of the wiper.To verify the hypothesis that polar lubricants can play a part in protective coating of
thin film potentiometers, several different lubricants have been examined.
The Relationship Between the Electrical Properties of Thick FilmResistors and the Thermal Expansion Coefficient of the Substrates
Authors: Inokuma Toshio , Taketa Yoshiaki , Haradome Miyoshi 
Published: April 2008

The temperature characteristics of RuO2‐based thick film resistors on various substratcs having different thermal
expansion coefficient have been investigated.It became clear that, if the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is larger than that of the thick film resistor,
a compression is being exerted by the substrate on the as‐fired resistor at low temperature. As temperature rises, the
resistance value increases, and the TCR becomes positive.On the contrary, if the thermal expansion coefficient of the resistor is larger than that of the substrate, the as‐fired
resistor is being stretched by the substrate at low temperature. As temperature rises, the resistancc value decreases,
and the TCR becomes negative.
Some Remarks on Quasi‐Solitons in Optical Fibers
Authors: Caffaro M. A. Grado , Caffaro M. Grado 
Published: April 2008

In this paper a unique analysis of solitary waves corresponding to the solutions of the non‐linear cubicquintic
Schr6dinger equation for optical fibers is performed. These results imply that for an intensitysquared
dependent refractive index, the behavior of the solitary waves is at most quasi‐soliton. In our
context there is not soliton behavior so that the existence of Raman solitons is not possible. However,
under certain conditions it is reasonable to expect the existence of Raman quasi‐solitons in the anomalous‐
dispersion regime.The mathematical aspects involved are emphasized because the theoretical research is very important
in the context of non‐linear optics to clarify various, often confusing ideas derived from certain experimental
works.
Photoluminescence Spectra of MESFET and HEMT
Authors: Conti P. 
Published: April 2008

Photoluminescence spectroscopy has been employed in previous studies of semiconductor quantum
wells and of buried interfaces in heterostructures. Nevertheless, the low amplitude of the signals collected,
and the experimental difficulties, have limited the analyses to samples made on purpose.On the contrary, in this work, the analyses at room temperature and at 4 K of a commercial MESFET
and of a commercial HEMT are presented. With the performed experiments, new informations about
the composition of these components were achieved; in particular signals from deep levels and from
the Cr states of the HEMT substrate were detected.After further studies on the shape of the spectra, the photoluminescence could probably be employed
in reliability assessments to show the modifications in the semiconductor layer composition and in the
shape of the heterostructure′s surfaces of single devices.
Stromal-mediated protection of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-treated BCR-ABL-expressing leukemia cells
Authors: Weisberg Ellen , Wright Renee D. , McMillin Douglas W. , Mitsiades Constantine , Ray Arghya , Barrett Rosemary , Adamia Sophia , Stone Richard , Galinsky Ilene , Kung Andrew L. , Griffin James D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Clinical studies of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia revealed that a common pattern of response is a dramatic fall in the circulating population of blast cells, with a minimal or delayed decrease in marrow blasts, suggesting a protective environment. These observations suggest that a greater understanding of the interaction of stromal cells with leukemic cells is essential. Here, we present an in vivo system for monitoring relative tumor accumulation in leukemic mice and residual disease in leukemic mice treated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and an in vitro system for identifying integral factors involved in stromal-mediated cytoprotection. Using the in vivo model, we observed high tumor burden/residual disease in tissues characterized as significant sources of hematopoiesis-promoting stroma, with bone marrow stroma most frequently showing the highest accumulation of leukemia in untreated and nilotinib-treated mice as well as partial protection of leukemic cells from the inhibitory effects of nilotinib. These studies, which showed a pattern of leukemia distribution consistent with what is observed in imatinib- and nilotinib-treated chronic myeloid leukemia patients, were followed by a more in-depth analysis of stroma-leukemia cell interactions that lead to protection of leukemia cells from nilotinib-induced cytotoxicity. For the latter, we used the human BCR-ABL-positive cell line, KU812F, and the human bone marrow stroma cell line, HS-5, to more closely approximate the bone marrow–associated cytoprotection observed in drug-treated leukemia patients. This in vitro system helped to elucidate stromal-secreted viability factors that may play a role in stromal-mediated cytoprotection of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-treated leukemia cells. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(5):1121–9]
Observations and a Model of Undertow over the Inner Continental Shelf
Authors: Lentz Steven J. , Fewings Melanie , Howd Peter , Fredericks Janet , Hathaway Kent 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Onshore volume transport (Stokes drift) due to surface gravity waves propagating toward the beach can result in a compensating Eulerian offshore flow in the surf zone referred to as undertow. Observed offshore flows indicate that wave-driven undertow extends well offshore of the surf zone, over the inner shelves of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, and North Carolina. Theoretical estimates of the wave-driven offshore transport from linear wave theory and observed wave characteristics account for 50% or more of the observed offshore transport variance in water depths between 5 and 12 m, and reproduce the observed dependence on wave height and water depth.
During weak winds, wave-driven cross-shelf velocity profiles over the inner shelf have maximum offshore flow (1–6 cm s−1) and vertical shear near the surface and weak flow and shear in the lower half of the water column. The observed offshore flow profiles do not resemble the parabolic profiles with maximum flow at middepth observed within the surf zone. Instead, the vertical structure is similar to the Stokes drift velocity profile but with the opposite direction. This vertical structure is consistent with a dynamical balance between the Coriolis force associated with the offshore flow and an along-shelf “Hasselmann wave stress” due to the influence of the earth’s rotation on surface gravity waves. The close agreement between the observed and modeled profiles provides compelling evidence for the importance of the Hasselmann wave stress in forcing oceanic flows. Summer profiles are more vertically sheared than either winter profiles or model profiles, for reasons that remain unclear.
Drugs (including oxygen) in severe COPD
Authors: Albert P. , Calverley P. M. A. 
Published: April 2008

Access to comprehensive guidelines on the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is now available, and several treatment goals of therapy have been identified from these guidelines, which have since been studied in clinical trials.Drug therapy is a key component of an individual patient’s management plan, particularly in more severe disease. During the past few years, a number of new drug treatments have become available, although these are not always appropriately prescribed; this is particularly the case for oxygen.For patients with a history of exacerbations, there is good evidence for the use of inhaled long-acting anticholinergic agents or combined inhaled steroids and long-acting β-agonists. Evidence for prophylactic antibiotics and antioxidant agents is lacking. Nutritional and calorie supplementation have not been shown to improve exercise capacity. Statins may improve outcomes in COPD, but prospective trials are needed to confirm this.The evidence for the use of long-term oxygen therapy in hypoxaemic patients is robust. Ambulatory oxygen improves exercise capacity, but whether it is used appropriately is in doubt. Overall, short burst oxygen therapy does not offer a benefit and therefore cannot be recommended.
Supervised and induced sputum among patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Chang K. C. , Leung C. C. , Yew W. W. , Tam C. M. 
Published: April 2008

Sputum culture is essential for monitoring drug resistance. Although sputum induction may optimise culture yield, better selection criteria and simpler algorithms are needed for countries with intermediate tuberculosis burdens.From a cohort of 660 patients who registered for antituberculosis treatment in a government chest clinic from May 21, 2005 to February 28, 2007, 187 patients with pulmonary disease and a negative smear in two unsupervised sputum specimens were enrolled prospectively for collection of one specimen each of supervised and induced sputum in succession.Among enrolled patients, induced sputum significantly improved ease of expectoration on a subjective five-point scale. Among 78 patients with culture-proven pulmonary tuberculosis, analysis of matched sputum culture results showed that: 1) induced sputum outperformed supervised sputum; 2) the second unsupervised sputum was significantly inferior to the first and redundant in the presence of the others; 3) adding one specimen each of supervised and induced sputum to two unsupervised specimens increased culture yield significantly; and 4) patients with either extent of disease less than right upper lobe or no respiratory symptoms were more likely to benefit.In summary, it may be practical to collect a sample of unsupervised, supervised and induced sputum for smear-negative patients with extent of disease less than the right upper lobe, especially when respiratory symptoms are absent.
Development of new genomic microsatellite markers from robusta coffee (Coffea canephoraPierre ex A. Froehner) showing broad cross-species transferability and utility in genetic studies
Authors: Hendre Prasad Suresh , Phanindranath Regur , Annapurna V , Lalremruata Albert , Aggarwal Ramesh K 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundSpecies-specific microsatellite markers are desirable for genetic studies and to harness the potential of MAS-based breeding for genetic improvement. Limited availability of such markers for coffee, one of the most important beverage tree crops, warrants newer efforts to develop additional microsatellite markers that can be effectively deployed in genetic analysis and coffee improvement programs. The present study aimed to develop new coffee-specific SSR markers and validate their utility in analysis of genetic diversity, individualization, linkage mapping, and transferability for use in other related taxa.ResultsA small-insert partial genomic library ofCoffea canephora, was probed for various SSR motifs following conventional approach of Southern hybridisation. Characterization of repeat positive clones revealed a very high abundance of DNRs (1/15 Kb) over TNRs (1/406 kb). The relative frequencies of different DNRs were found as AT >> AG > AC, whereas among TNRs, AGC was the most abundant repeat. The SSR positive sequences were used to design 58 primer pairs of which 44 pairs could be validated as single locus markers using a panel of arabica and robusta genotypes. The analysis revealed an average of 3.3 and 3.78 alleles and 0.49 and 0.62 PIC per marker for the tested arabicas and robustas, respectively. It also revealed a high cumulative PI over all the markers using both sib-based (10-6and 10-12for arabicas and robustas respectively) and unbiased corrected estimates (10-20and 10-43for arabicas and robustas respectively). The markers were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, linkage dis-equilibrium, and were successfully used to ascertain generic diversity/affinities in the tested germplasm (cultivated as well as species). Nine markers could be mapped on robusta linkage map. Importantly, the markers showed ~92% transferability across related species/genera of coffee.ConclusionThe conventional approach of genomic library was successfully employed although with low efficiency to develop a set of 44 new genomic microsatellite markers of coffee. The characterization/validation of new markers demonstrated them to be highly informative, and useful for genetic studies namely, genetic diversity in coffee germplasm, individualization/bar-coding for germplasm protection, linkage mapping, taxonomic studies, and use as conserved orthologous sets across secondary genepool of coffee. Further, the relative frequency and distribution of different SSR motifs in coffee genome indicated coffee genome to be relatively poor in microsatellites compared to other plant species.
Human bite injuries in the oro-facial region at the Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania
Authors: Shubi Farrid M , Hamza Omar JM , Kalyanyama Boniphace M , Simon Elison NM 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
Human bites in the maxillofacial region compromise function and aesthetics, resulting in social and psychological effects. There is paucity of information regarding human bite injuries in Tanzania. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence, treatment modalities and prognosis of human bite injuries in the oro-facial region at the Muhimbili National Hospital Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods
In a prospective study the details of patients with human bite injuries in the oro-facial region who attended at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Muhimbili National Hospital between January 2001 and December 2005 were recorded. Data included information on age, sex, site, duration of the injury at the time of reporting to hospital, reasons, details of treatment offered and outcome after treatment.

Results
A total of 33 patients, 13 males and 20 females aged between 12 and 49 years with human bite injuries in the oro-facial region were treated. Thirty patients presented with clean uninfected wounds while 3 had infected wounds. The most (45.5%) frequently affected site was the lower lip. Treatment offered included thorough surgical cleansing with adequate surgical debridement and primary suturing. Tetanus prophylaxis and a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics were given to all the patients. In 90% of the 30 patients who were treated by suturing, the healing was uneventful with only 10% experiencing wound infection or necrosis. Three patients who presented with wounds that had signs of infection were treated by surgical cleansing with debridement, antibiotics and daily dressing followed by delayed primary suturing.

Conclusion
Most of the human bite injuries in the oro-facial region were due to social conflicts. Although generally considered to be dirty or contaminated they could be successfully treated by surgical cleansing and primary suture with a favourable outcome. Management of such injuries often need multidisciplinary approach.
Treatment with pioglitazone induced significant, reversible mitral regurgitation
Authors: Dorkhan Mozhgan , Dencker Magnus , Frid Anders 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
There has in recent years been great concern about possible cardiac side effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs). We present a case-report of a 60 year-old male who developed significant mitral regurgitation during six months treatment with pioglitazone in parallel with laboratory indications of fluid retention. Echocardiography six months after discontinuation of medication showed regression of mitral regurgitation and the laboratory parameters were also normalized. It is noteworthy that six months treatment with pioglitazone could induce significant valve dysfunction, which was reversible, and this underlines the importance of carefully monitoring patients when placing them on treatment with TZDs.