bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal treatment of mixed preservative-treated wood waste
Authors: Catallo W. James , Shupe Todd F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the hydrothermal treatment (HT) treatment of a mixture of samples treated with three wood preservatives. During HT treatment, creosote-derived hydrocarbon (HC) residues were recovered in the decommissioned treated wood and the wood mass itself was transformed with 95% yield into a mixture of HCs, including substituted benzenes, phenolics and light polyaromatic HCs (PAHs). The metals from the CCA-treated wood were partially recovered (up to 48–88%) either in an acidified AQ phase or as a coating on the internal walls of the reactor. Some arsenic was probably transformed to arsine gas, which could be trapped and recovered under basic conditions. Pentachlorophenol was dechlorinated and removed to below detection limits. The HT process also resulted in the generation of industrially useful mixed HCs with substantial reduction in substrate mass. Thus, the preservative-treated wood as a hazardous waste was transformed into a complimentary mixture of liquid products. Creosote and CCA were recovered, and penta was degraded. It is important to note that this work was performed in large reactors, which were heated with hot air in a muffle furnace. Hence, the incubation time was long. Our current work with small reactors heated instantaneously in tin baths to 400°C has confirmed that HT reactions occur in the order of seconds to minutes. Future publications will address kinetic and mechanistic aspects of these reactions.
Variation of tracheid length within annual rings of Scots pine and Norway spruce
Authors: Mäkinen Harri , Jyske Tuula , Saranpää Pekka 
Published: December 2007

AbstractVariation of tracheid length was studied within individual annual rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies(L.) Karst.) from the pith to the bark. The material consisted of six Scots pine and six Norway spruce trees growing on sites of both low and high fertility. Microtome sections of 0.25 mm thick were cut from annual rings 7, 20 and 50 counted from the pith outwards, i.e., juvenile, transition and mature wood, respectively. After maceration, tracheid lengths were separately measured in each sample. In juvenile wood of Scots pine, tracheids were on average 17% longer in the latewood than in earlywood. However, in juvenile wood, the first formed earlywood tracheids were slightly longer than those in the middle of the earlywood zone. In the transition and mature wood of Scots pine, the increase in tracheid length was more gradual from earlywood to latewood, and no significant differences were found between earlywood and latewood. In Norway spruce, tracheids were 2–4% longer in the latewood than in earlywood. In general, tracheid length is highly variable within annual rings and the variation can differ from ring-to-ring even within the same tree.
Liberated jokes: Sexual humor in all-female groups
Authors: Bing Janet 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFemales have formerly been under-represented in jokes. Many scholars have claimed that joke making is primarily a male activity, particularly in the domain of sexual jokes. In this paper, I discuss sexual jokes that women share with each other both in all-female groups and by e-mail. After reviewing some widely held assumptions about women and jokes, I explore liberated women's jokes, including their structure, use of stereotypes, and subversive ideas. Finally, I discuss why humor theory is incomplete without the inclusion of a female perspective and suggest that women should tell more jokes.
Obesity, bariatric surgery, and iron deficiency: True, true, true and related
Authors: Love Aileen L. , Billett Henny H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMorbid obesity is a health problem that has been shown to be refractory to diet, exercise, and medical treatment. Surgeries designed to promote weight loss, termed bariatric surgery and typically involving a gastric bypass procedure, have recently been implemented to treat obesity with high success rates. However, long‐term sequelae can result in micronutrient deficiencies. This review will focus on iron deficiency and its association with obesity and bariatric surgery. Iron deficiency develops after gastric bypass for several reasons including intolerance for red meat, diminished gastric acid secretion, and exclusion of the duodenum from the alimentary tract. Menstruating women, pregnant women, and adolescents may be particularly predisposed toward developing iron deficiency and microcytic anemias after bypass surgery. Preoperative assessment of patients should include a complete hematological work‐up, including measurement of iron stores. Postoperatively, oral iron prophylaxis and vitamin C in addition to a multivitamin should be prescribed for bypass patients, especially for vulnerable populations. Once iron deficiency has developed, it may prove refractory to oral treatment, and require parenteral iron, blood transfusions, or surgical interventions. Bariatric surgery patients require lifelong follow‐up of hematological and iron parameters since iron deficiency and anemia may develop years after surgery. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) film under proton irradiation
Authors: Peng Guirong , Yang Dezhuang , Liu Hai , He Shiyu 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe effects of proton irradiation on the properties and structure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films were investigated. The results showed that mass loss was rapid with fluence and then tended to level off at higher fluence. The transmittance decreased obviously in the visible range. The relative intensity of C1s with a binding energy of 284.6 eV increased with the dose and then tended to level off. O1s decreased with the dose and more rapidly at 533.5 eV. All this indicated that decarbonylation occurred on the surface. The Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results demonstrated that the change in the substitution of phenyl was due to the enrichment of the phenyl group on the surface; in other words, carbonification took place (in which C1s was usually situated at 284.6–285 eV). The change in transmittance was considered to result from the change in the surface structure and morphology. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synergistic effects of exfoliated LDH with some halogen‐free flame retardants in LDPE/EVA/HFMH/LDH nanocomposites
Authors: Ye Lei , Ding Peng , Zhang Ming , Qu Baojun 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe synergistic effects of exfoliated layered double hydroxides (LDH) with some halogen‐free flame retardant (HFFR) additives, such as hyperfine magnesium hydroxide (HFMH), microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP), and expandable graphite (EG), in the low‐density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/LDH (LDPE/EVA/LDH) nanocomposites have been studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis (TGA and DTG), mechanical properties, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL‐94 tests. The XRD results show that EVA as an excellent compatilizer can promote the exfoliation of LDH and homogeneous dispersion of HFMH in the LDPE/EVA/HFMH/LDH nanocomposites prepared by melt‐intercalation method. The TEM images demonstrate that the exfoliated LDH layers can act as synergistic compatilizer and dispersant to make the HFMH particles dispersed homogeneously in the LDPE matrix. The results from the mechanical, LOI, and UL‐94 tests show that the exfoliated LDH layers can also act as the nano‐enhanced and flame retardant synergistic agents and thus increase the tensile strength, LOI values, and UL‐94 rating of the nanocomposites. The morphological structures of charred residues observed by SEM give the positive evidence that the compact charred layers formed from the LDPE/EVA/HFMH/LDH nanocomposites with the exfoliated LDH layers play an important role in the enhancement of flame retardant and mechanical properties. The TGA and DTG data show that the exfoliated LDH layers as excellent flame retardant synergist of MRP or EG can apparently increase the thermal degradation temperature and the charred residues after burning. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of isocyanate‐modified fumed silica on the properties of poly(butylene succinate) nanocomposites
Authors: Lim Jung Seop , Hong Sung Min , Kim Dong Kook , Im Seung Soon 
Published: December 2007

AbstractUsing the grafting method on a silica surface with PBS molecules, we prepared novel poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/silica nanocomposites to enhance dispersibility and interfacial adhesion between silica particles and the PBS matrix, and also investigated the effects of silica‐g‐PBS on the PBS matrix using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, a tensile testing machine, and rheometry. The thermal stability, mechanical properties, and rheological properties of PBS nanocomposites containing silica‐g‐PBS was remarkably improved because of the surface characteristics of the silica grafted with PBS molecules, which provided good compatibility and dispersion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of low‐temperature plasma conditions on wicking properties of PA/PU knitted fabric
Authors: Rosace Giuseppe , Canton Roberto 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPlasma surface treatment has been extensively applied in the textile industry for the modification of polymer materials. In this study low‐temperature plasma (LTP) is used for surface treatment of polyamide/polyurethane (PA/PU) knitted fabric. The envisaged plasma effect is an increase in the surface energy of the treated textile, leading toward improved hydrophilic properties. The knitted fabric was treated by LTP using three non polymerizing gases: oxygen, air, and carbon dioxide. After plasma treatment, wettability of samples was tested through their wicking properties measuring capillary rise after water bath contact. The PA/PU knitted fabric samples treated with different plasma gases exhibited different hydrophilic performances. The influence of plasma variables (discharge power, time, pressure) was investigated. Although the chemical characteristics of elastan (PU) and nylon (PA) threads are different, the study has demonstrated that plasma treatment can in the same time alter the surface‐wetting behavior of both the components of the knitted fabric. It was also shown how these treatments can be regulated to produce the desired level of hydrophilicity dependently on the request application. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Biotechnological valorization potential indicator for lignocellulosic materials
Authors: Duarte Luís C. , Esteves Maria P. , Carvalheiro Florbela , Gírio Francisco M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis report introduces the biotechnological valorization potential indicator (BVPI) concept, a metric to measure the degree of suitability of lignocellulosic materials to be used as feedstock in a biorefinery framework. This indicator groups the impact of the main factors influencing upgrade‐ability, both the biological/chemical nature of the materials, and the economical, technological and geographical factors. The BVPI was applied to the identification of the most relevant opportunities and constraints pertaining to the lignocellulosic by‐products from the Portuguese agro‐industrial cluster. Several by‐products were identified with a high valorization potential, e.g., rice husks, brewerýs spent grain, tomato pomace, carob pulp, de‐alcoholized grape bagasse, and extracted olive bagasse, that would greatly benefit from the further development of specific biotechnology processes, specifically concerning the upgrade of their hemicellulosic fraction.
A simple and sensitive HPLC method for quantitation of low phenoprolamine hydrochloride concentrations in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application
Authors: Zhao Libo , Hu Jiong , Chang Qing , Ke Qiulin , Xu Rong , Gu Shifen , Chen Hui , Zeng Fandian 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPhenoprolamine hydrochloride is a novel compound that works against a variety of types of hypertension. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitation of low phenoprolamine hydrochloride concentrations in human plasma and to apply it to pharmacokinetic study. The procedure involved extraction of the drug and clonidine (internal standard) from the plasma using diethyl ether. Chromatographic separations were carried out on a 4.6 × 200 mm Hypersil silica column with UV detection at 230 nm. The isocratic mobile phase, 1% ammonium acetate (pH 5.4) and methanol (0.3:99.7, v/v), was run at 1 mL/min. Extraction recovery was 84% for phenoprolamine hydrochloride at a concentration level of 200 ng/mL, and 76% for clonidine at 200 ng/mL. The method was linear in the concentration range 5–4000 ng/mL with a lower limit of quantitation of 5 ng/mL for phenoprolamine hydrochloride. Inter‐ and intra‐day coefficients of variation were less than 10%. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in human after an oral administration of the drug, and the pharmacokinetic parameters are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC analysis and pharmacokinetic study of quercitrin and isoquercitrin in rat plasma after administration of Hypericum japonicum thunb. extract
Authors: Li Juan , Wang Zhi‐Wei , Zhang Lei , Liu Xiao , Chen Xiao‐Hui , Bi Kai‐Shun 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA simple HPLC method was developed for determination of quercitrin and isoquercitrin in rat plasma. Reversed‐phase HPLC was employed for the quantitative analysis using kaempferol‐3‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside‐7‐O‐α‐l‐rhamnoside as an internal standard. Following extraction from the plasma samples with ethyl acetate–isopropanol (95:5, v/v), these two compounds were successfully separated on a Luna C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with isocratic elution of acetonitrile–0.5% aqueous acetic acid (17:83, v/v) as the mobile phase. The flow‐rate was set at 1 mL/min and the eluent was detected at 350 nm for both quercitrin and isoquercitrin. The method was linear over the studied ranges of 50–6000 and 50–5000 ng/mL for quercitrin and isoquercitrin, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions of the analysis were better than 13.1 and 13.2%, respectively. The lower limits of quantitation for quercitrin and isoquercitrin in plasma were both of 50 ng/mL. The mean extraction recoveries were 73 and 61% for quercitrin and isoquercitrin, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of the two analytes in rat plasma after the oral administration of Hypericum japonicum thunb. ethanol extract. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of rimonabant, a CB1 receptor antagonist, in human plasma
Authors: Nirogi Ramakrishna , Kandikere Vishwottam , Mudigonda Koteshwara , Ajjala Devender 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of rimonabant in human plasma. Following liquid–liquid extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse‐phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective (M + H)+ ions, m/z 463–363 for rimonabant and m/z 408–235 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.1–100 ng/mL for rimonabant in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 0.1 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 6%. With dilution integrity up to 10‐fold, the upper limit of quantification was extendable up to 1000 ng/mL. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 2.0 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 250 human plasma samples per day. The validated method was successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Katalysatoren zur Totaloxidation von flüchtigen organischen Komponenten
Authors: Nigrovski B. , Scholz P. , Ondruschka B. , Tsend‐Ayush T. , Hoffmann J. , Rost M. , Wegner R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractVorgestellt wird die Totaloxidation flüchtiger organischer Komponenten in Gegenwart von innovativen Katalysatoren in der Gasphase. Diese bestehen aus Nickelschaum mit einer γ‐Al2O3‐Basisschicht, als Aktivkomponente wird zum einen ein silberhaltiger Perowskit, zum anderen Platin verwendet. Beide Katalysatoren zeigen hohe Aktivität bei relativ niedrigen Reaktionstemperaturen bis zu 300 °C. Die Modelledukte werden nahezu quantitativ umgesetzt.
Mechanism of Thermal Toluene Autoxidation
Authors: Hermans Ive , Peeters Jozef , Vereecken Luc , Jacobs Pierre A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAerobic oxidation of toluene (PhCH3) is investigated by complementary experimental and theoretical methodologies. Whereas the reaction of the chain‐carrying benzylperoxyl radicals with the substrate produces predominantly benzyl hydroperoxide, benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde originate mainly from subsequent propagation of the hydroperoxide product. Nevertheless, a significant fraction of benzaldehyde is also produced in primary PhCH3 propagation, presumably via proton rather than hydrogen transfer. An equimolar amount of benzyl alcohol, together with benzoic acid, is additionally produced in the tertiary propagation of PhCHO with benzylperoxyl radicals. The “hot” oxy radicals generated in this step can also abstract aromatic hydrogen atoms from PhCH3, and this results in production of cresols, known inhibitors of radical‐chain reactions. The very fast benzyl peroxyl‐initiated co‐oxidation of benzyl alcohol generates HO2. radicals, along with benzaldehyde. This reaction also causes a decrease in the overall oxidation rate, due to the fast chain‐terminating reaction of HO2. with the benzylperoxyl radicals, which causes a loss of chain carriers. Moreover, due to the fast equilibrium PhCH2OOH+HO2.⇌PhCH2OO.+H2O2, and the much lower reactivity of H2O2 compared to PhCH2OOH, the fast co‐oxidation of the alcohol means that HO2. gradually takes over the role of benzylperoxyl as principal chain carrier. This drastically changes the autoxidation mechanism and, among other things, causes a sharp decrease in the hydroperoxide yield.
Why (and when) clinicians compel treatment of anorexia nervosa patients
Authors: Carney Terry , Tait David , Richardson Alice , Touyz Stephen 
Published: December 2007

AbstractObjectiveThis paper addresses the question of the circumstances which lead clinicians to use legal coercion in the management of patients with severe anorexia nervosa, and explores similarities and differences between such formal coercion and other forms of ‘strong persuasion’ in patient management.MethodLogistic regression and other statistical analysis was undertaken on 75 first admissions for anorexia nervosa from a sample of 117 successive admissions to an eating disorder facility in New South Wales, Australia, where an eating disorder was the primary diagnosis. Admissions with other primary diagnoses, such as bulimia nervosa (25 episodes), and entries with a co‐morbid diagnosis (e.g. depression or opiate overdose), were discarded, leaving 96 admissions by 75 individuals.ResultsResort to measures of legal coercion into treatment was found to be associated with three main indicators: the patient's past history (number of previous admissions); the complexity of their condition (the number of other psychiatric co‐morbidities); and their current health risk (measured either by Body Mass Index (BMI) or the risk of re‐feeding syndrome).ConclusionsOur study is consistent with the few earlier studies about indicators for legal coercion in anorexia nervosa management, and suggests that clinicians use legal coercion very sparingly, distinguishing legal coercion from other forms of close clinical management of patients. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
One‐dimensional simulation of supercritical flow at a confluence by means of a nonlinear junction model applied with the RKDG2 method
Authors: Kesserwani G. , Ghostine R. , Vazquez J. , Ghenaim A. , Mosé R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe investigate the one‐dimensional computation of supercritical open‐channel flows at a combining junction. In such situations, the network system is composed of channel segments arranged in a branching configuration, with individual channel segments connected at a junction. Therefore, two important issues have to be addressed: (a) the numerical solution in branches, and (b) the internal boundary conditions treatment at the junction. Going from the advantageous literature supports of RKDG methods to a particular investigation for a supercritical benchmark, the second‐order Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG2) scheme is selected to compute the water flow in branches. For the internal boundary handling, we propose a new approach by incorporating the nonlinear model derived from the conservation of the momentum through the junction. The nonlinear junction model was evaluated against available experiments and then applied to compute the junction internal boundary treatment for steady and unsteady flow applications. Finally, a combining flow problem is defined and simulated by the proposed framework and results are illustrated for many choices of junction angles. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐conforming finite‐element method for solving non‐hydrostatic free‐surface flow problems
Authors: Le Roux D. Y. , Robert J. L. , Gabbouhy M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we develop a two‐dimensional vertical numerical model for simulating unsteady free‐surface flows, using a non‐hydrostatic pressure distribution. A fractional step numerical procedure is employed. The governing differential equations are discretized using the finite‐element method. The velocity and salinity fields are approximated using the so‐called linear non‐conforming P element, and pressure and free‐surface elevation are discretized using linear continuous P1 approximations. This procedure is very efficient and could also be applied to hydrostatic flow problems. Our numerical scheme is validated by three test cases, namely a deepwater standing wave, the propagation of a solitary wave in a long channel and the density‐driven flow. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐order residual distribution schemes on quadrilateral meshes
Authors: Villedieu N. , Quintino T. , Abgrall R. , Deconinck H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article deals with the latest development in the construction of monotone high‐order residual distribution schemes (RDS) on quadrilateral meshes. In the first part we give some generalities about the way upwind high‐order RDS is designed. In the second part, some standard schemes are described. Then, the design of a stabilization to help the convergence is shown. The last part of this article is dedicated to the results obtained with these schemes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.