bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rodents as shared indicators for zoonotic parasites of carnivores in urban environments
Authors: REPERANT L. A. , HEGGLIN D. , TANNER I. , FISCHER C. , DEPLAZES P. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYRodents are shared intermediate or paratenic hosts forEchinococcus multilocularis,Toxocaraspp. andToxoplasma gondii, and may serve as valuable indicators for assessing the occurrence and the level of environmental contamination and infection pressure with free-living stages of these zoonotic parasites. We investigated 658 non-commensal rodents for parasite infections in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland. The prevalence of infection withE. multiloculariswas highest inArvicola terrestriscaptured in the north-western area (16·5%, CI: 10·1%–24·8%), possibly reflecting a higher red fox density due to the low incidence of sarcoptic mange in this part of the canton. The exposure rate toToxocaraspp. was highest in the urban area (13·2%, CI: 7·9%–20·3%), and may account for higher densities of domestic carnivore and red fox definitive hosts within the city. Exposure toT. gondiiwas widespread (5·0%, CI: 3·2–7·4%), indicating a ubiquitous distribution of infected cat definitive hosts. Interestingly, a widespread distribution ofTaenia taeniaeformis, a parasite mainly transmitted by cats, was similarly evidenced inA. terrestris. Distinct spatial patterns for the different zoonotic parasites likely reflected differences in distribution, abundance, and habitat use of the respective definitive hosts. These results highlight the potential value of rodents as shared indicators for these pathogens.
On a Functional Equation
Authors: Chaundy T. W. , McLeod J. B. 
Published: January 2009

We have recently discussed in (1) the general solution of a certain functional equation arising in statistical thermodynamics, and we propose in this note to deal with another functional equation arising from the same source(2).The problem is to obtain the most general function f(x) which, for all positive integral values of m, n, satifies the functional equationwherewhere A is an arbitrary constant. It is the object of this note to prove that this is the only continuous solution.
Latent Roots of Tri-Diagonal Matrices
Authors: Arscott F. M. 
Published: January 2009

A considerable amount is known about the latent roots of matrices of the formin the case when each cross-product of non-diagonal elements, aici-1, is positive. One forms the sequence of polynomials fr(λ) = |Lr−λI| for r = 1, 2, … n, and observes thatthen it is easy to deduce that (i) the zeros of fn(λ) and fn_1(λ) interlace—that is, between two consecutive zeros of either polynomial lies precisely one zero of the other (ii) at the zeros of fn(λ) the values of fn-x(λ) are alternately positive and negative, (iii) all the zeros of fn(λ)— i.e. all the latent roots of Ln—are real and different.
Glittery clouds in exoplanetary atmospheres?
Authors: Helling Ch. , Rietmeijer F.J.M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCloud formation modelling has entered astrophysics as a new field of research for planetary and brown dwarf atmospheres. Clouds are a chemically and physically very active component of an atmosphere since they determine the remaining gas phase and change the object's albedo depending on their material composition. The grains can also provide a surface where the molecular constituents for life can be physisorbed for possible pre-biotic evolution. This paper summarizes our model for the kinetic formation of dirty dust grains which make up the atmospheric clouds of extraterrestrial giant gas planets. We include seed formation, surface growth and evaporation, the gravitational settling that influences the dust formation, element depletion that determines the remaining gas phase abundances, and convective overshooting that is needed for a dust model to be applicable to hydrostatic atmosphere simulations. We demonstrate the evolution of the material composition of the cloud itself and the distribution of the grain sizes in the cloud layer, exemplary for a giant gas planet parameter combinations (Teff, log g). In general, substellar clouds are composed of small, dirty grains with a high silicate content at the cloud deck. They grow in size and gradually purify to iron/corundum grains when they move into denser and hotter atmospheric regions. Comparing these results with experimental data from condensation experiments leads to the conclusion that cloud grains that gravitationally settle in the atmosphere of a giant planet can easily change their lattice structure from the disordered amorphous state they are forming in, into the ordered lattice of a crystal.
Catalogue of Risks: Natural, Technical, Social and Health Risks
Authors: Ebi Kristie L. 
Published: January 2009

Financial, geophysical, and terrorist‐related disasters have been headline news in the past few months. As amply demonstrated on a regular basis, the recognition and evaluation of risks are skills that could be more widespread. As such, Proske's Catalogue of Risks is timely and of potential interest.The book is a revised and expanded version of an earlier German publication that aims to provide an encyclopedic discussion of issues related to risks and disasters, with a goal of facilitating an understanding of the components and assessment of risk. The book includes chapters that discuss the difficulty of coming to a consensus on a definition of risk, a comprehensive range of risks and disasters, objective risk measures, subjective risk judgment, quality of life measures, and legal aspects of risk. The book ends with an example of applying the concepts discussed to ship impacts against bridges.
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Body Mass Index: Issues in Model Specification
Authors: Tiruneh Gizachew 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
*Objective:*
To investigate the best statistical models that describe the effect of physical activity on BMI.*Design:* Cross-sectional analyses of physical activity and BMI data. Subjects: 107 obese, overweight, and healthy college students (mean duration of physical activity for the normal, overweight, and obese students: 89, 59, and 24 months, respectively; mean BMI for the normal, overweight, and obese students: 21.61, 27.07, and 35.54 kg/m^2^, respectively).*Measurements:* Inverse linear, inverse logarithmic, and inverse logistics models were used to analyze survey data for physical activity (measured by both frequency and duration of exercise) and BMI. Gender, age, and physical intensity variables were also statistically controlled.

*Results:*
Coefficients of determination, r-squared, showed the inverse logarithmic model is more accurate in describing the effect of physical activity on BMI than is the inverse linear model. The inverse logistic method also showed physical activity affects BMI.

*Conclusions:*
Although the inverse logarithmic method can be used in some cases, the inverse logistic model seems to be theoretically and empirically best suited in describing the relationship between physical activity and body weight.
Percutaneous retrieval of dislodged central venous port catheter: experience of 25 patients in a single institute
Authors: Wang Po-Chin , Liang Huei-Lung , Wu Tuno-Ho , Huang Jer-Shyung , Lin Yih-Huie , Huang Yi-Luan , Chou Chen-Pin , Yang Tsung-Lung , Pan Huay-Ben 
Published: January 2009

Background: For a dislodged port catheter, percutaneous retrieval by using a loop snare or a basket is the standard technique, with high success. However, once a loop snare fails, the likelihood of success with other tools is considered low. Purpose: To report our experience of percutaneous retrieval of dislodged port catheters and to emphasize the usefulness of grasping forceps. Material and Methods: During a 6-year period, a total of 25 dislodged port catheters were retrieved in our institute. The interval between port catheter implantation and dislodged catheter retrieval was 3–85 months (mean 23 months). The time of delayed retrieval ranged from 3 to 604 days (mean 58 days). A loop snare or grasping forceps were used via either the femoral or jugular route. Results: The prevalence of port catheter dislodgement was 0.4% in our institute. All dislodged port catheters were successfully removed, including four patients with delayed retrieval of more than 90 days. A loop snare was used in 20 patients, with technical success in 18. Grasping forceps were used in seven patients, all with success (including the two patients who failed by initial use of a loop snare). No procedure-related complications were encountered, except transient arrhythmia in four patients requiring no medication. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of port catheter dislodgement is low, percutaneous attempts at retrieval should be performed in all patients, even in chronic settings. A loop snare is the instrument of choice for retrieval. Grasping forceps can be used as an auxiliary instrument, especially in patients where a loop snare fails.
Effects of gadolinium contrast agents in naïve and nephrectomized rats: Relevance to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Authors: Grant D. , Johnsen H. , Juelsrud A. , Løvhaug D. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Human nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rare condition reported in patients with severe renal insufficiency exposed to a gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agent. An animal model of NSF could help to investigate its mechanisms and lead to prevention and treatment. Purpose: To evaluate a possible animal model of NSF using naïve and partially nephrectomized rats to induce conditions similar to those in patients at risk of NSF. Material and Methods: Naïve rats received intravenous doses of 5 or 10 mmol/kg Omniscan; 5 mmol/kg Magnevist; 1 mmol/kg caldiamide; 1, 2.5, or 5 mmol/kg gadodiamide; 25 µmol/kg GdCl3; or 25 µmol/kg Gd citrate. Partially nephrectomized rats received 5 mmol/kg Omniscan; 5 mmol/kg Magnevist; 1 mmol/kg caldiamide; 1 mmol/kg gadodiamide; 25 µmol/kg GdCl3; or 25 µmol/kg Gd citrate. There were three or four animals per group. Clinical signs were recorded during treatment. At termination, clinical biochemistry, histopathology, and tissue Gd and Zn concentrations were investigated. Results: Similar responses to treatment were seen in naïve and nephrectomized rats. High doses of gadodiamide were toxic, necessitating early termination of the affected animals. Skin lesions appeared in naïve and nephrectomized groups treated with gadodiamide or Omniscan, coinciding with the onset of signs of pruritus, i.e., intensive scratching. The histomorphological features of the skin lesions were also consistent with superficial physical trauma. Dermal fibrosis was not a feature of these skin lesions in any of the groups, i.e., no increased collagen density, CD34+ cells, or increased fibroblasts. This was supported by skinfold measurements that demonstrated no increased skin thickness. Treatment with the gadolinium-based contrast agents and Gd salts resulted in increased Gd content of several tissues. The Gd salts were mainly taken up by the liver and spleen, possibly reflecting formation of insoluble particles and macrophage uptake. Zn tissue concentrations were normal or increased. Other major treatment-related changes included increased serum rat C-reactive protein and histamine; mineralization affecting the dermis, stomach, and blood vessels; and renal proximal tubule vacuolation. Conclusion: The visible skin lesions seen in this study appeared to be caused by excessive scratching in response to pruritus. As there was no evidence of dermal fibrosis, the cardinal feature of human NSF, this did not appear to be a model of human NSF.
The proper and semi-proper forcing axioms for forcing notions that preserve ℵ₂ or ℵ₃
Authors: Hamkins Joel , Johnstone Thomas 
Published: January 2009

We prove that the PFA lottery preparation of a strongly unfoldable cardinal

κ
\kappa

under

¬

0
♯

\neg 0^\sharp

forces

PFA
⁡
(

ℵ
2

-preserving
)

\operatorname {PFA}(\aleph _2\text {-preserving})

,

PFA
⁡
(

ℵ
3

-preserving
)

\operatorname {PFA}(\aleph _3\text {-preserving})

and

PFA

ℵ
2

\operatorname {PFA}_{\aleph _2}

, with

2
ω

=
κ
=

ℵ
2

2^\omega =\kappa =\aleph _2

. The method adapts to semi-proper forcing, giving

SPFA
⁡
(

ℵ
2

-preserving
)

\operatorname {SPFA}(\aleph _2\text {-preserving})

,

SPFA
⁡
(

ℵ
3

-preserving
)

\operatorname {SPFA}(\aleph _3\text {-preserving})

and

SPFA

ℵ
2

\operatorname {SPFA}_{\aleph _2}

from the same hypothesis. It follows by a result of Miyamoto that the existence of a strongly unfoldable cardinal is equiconsistent with the conjunction

SPFA
⁡
(

ℵ
2

-preserving
)
+
SPFA
⁡
(

ℵ
3

-preserving
)
+

SPFA

ℵ
2

+

2
ω

=

ℵ
2

\operatorname {SPFA}(\aleph _2\text {-preserving}) +\operatorname {SPFA}(\aleph _3\text {-preserving})+ \operatorname {SPFA}_{\aleph _2}+2^\omega =\aleph _2

. Since unfoldable cardinals are relatively weak as large cardinal notions, our summary conclusion is that in order to extract significant strength from PFA or SPFA, one must collapse

ℵ
3

\aleph _3

to

ℵ
1

\aleph _1

.
A version of Lomonosov’s theorem for collections of positive operators
Authors: Popov Alexey , Troitsky Vladimir 
Published: January 2009

It is known that for every Banach space

X
X

and every proper

W
O
T

WOT

-closed subalgebra

A

\mathcal A

of

L
(
X
)

L(X)

, if

A

\mathcal A

contains a compact operator, then it is not transitive; that is, there exist non-zero

x
∈
X

x\in X

and

f
∈

X
∗

f\in X^*

such that

⟨
f
,
T
x
⟩
=
0

\langle f,Tx\rangle =0

for all

T
∈

A

T\in \mathcal A

. In the case of algebras of adjoint operators on a dual Banach space, V. Lomonosov extended this result as follows: without having a compact operator in the algebra, one has

|

⟨
f
,
T
x
⟩

|

≤
‖

T
∗

‖
e

\bigl \lvert \langle f,Tx\rangle \bigr \rvert \le \lVert T_*\rVert _e

for all

T
∈

A

T\in \mathcal A

. In this paper, we prove a similar extension of a result of R. Drnovšek. Specifically, we prove that if

C

\mathcal C

is a collection of positive adjoint operators on a Banach lattice

X
X

satisfying certain conditions, then there exist non-zero

x
∈

X
+

x\in X_+

and

f
∈

X
+
∗

f\in X^*_+

such that

⟨
f
,
T
x
⟩
≤
‖

T
∗

‖
e

\langle f,Tx\rangle \le \lVert T_*\rVert _e

for all

T
∈

C

T\in \mathcal C

.
Lactobacillus strains stabilize intestinal microbiota in Japanese cedar pollinosis patients
Authors: Kubota Akira , He Fang , Kawase Manabu , Harata Gaku , Hiramatsu Masaru , Salminen Seppo , Iino Hisakazu 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTA randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted to ascertain the intestinal microbiota‐altering properties of LGG and L. gasseri TMC0356 (TMC0356) in Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica pollinosis patients. Fecal bacteria communities were examined before and after fermented milk administration using culture, FISH and T‐RFLP methods. Test group subjects showed the presence of LGG and TMC0356 along with a significant increase in fecal lactobacilli (P < 0.001) after giving LGG and TMC0356 fermented milk. Culture and FISH analysis revealed no significant changes in other intestinal bacterial groups. Each subject exhibited a characteristic T‐RFLP profile pattern that varied quantitatively and qualitatively with JCP shedding. Profile changes were observed in 53% of placebo group subjects and in 21% of test group subject's post‐administration, indicating that LGG and TMC0356 suppressed intestinal microbiota changes in JCPsis patients. The results suggest that intestinal microbiota might be more sensitive to exposure to environmental allergens than expected from the results of general culture method studies. Stabilization of intestinal microbiota by selected probiotic strains such as LGG and TMC0356 could be beneficial to homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota and useful in the management of JCPsis.
An approach to canine behavioural genetics employing guide dogs for the blind
Authors: Takeuchi Y. , Hashizume C. , Arata S. , Inoue‐Murayama M. , Maki T. , Hart B. L. , Mori Y. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to attempt to find related variables of the canine genome with behavioural traits of dogs maintained and tested in a guide dog facility which provided a relatively uniform environment. The study involved 81 Labrador Retrievers that were being trained as guide dogs. Each dog was taken on walk‐out sessions in which the trainer weekly recorded observations that were related to behavioural traits. The records were subjected to key‐word analysis of 14 behaviour‐related words. A factor analysis on the appearance rate of the 14 key words or phrases resulted in the extraction of six factors that accounted for 67.4% of the variance. Factor 1, referred to as aggressiveness, was significantly related to the success or failure of the dog in qualifying as a guide dog, and was also related to the variable of litter identification. Factor 2, referred to as distraction, was related to the variable of trainer. Factor 3, activity level, was related to the variable of sex, and was significantly related to the polymorphisms of c.471T>C in the solute carrier family 1 (neuronal/epithelial high affinity glutamate transporter) member 2 gene and c.216G>A in the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase gene. The involvement of polymorphisms c.471T>C and c.216G>A in behavioural patterns related to activity level is similar to comparable genetic studies in other mammalian species. These results contribute to a greater understanding of the role of these genes in behaviour.
Quantitative trait loci for performance traits in a broiler × layer cross
Authors: Ambo M. , Moura A. S. A. M. T. , Ledur M. C. , Pinto L. F. B. , Baron E. E. , Ruy D. C. , Nones K. , Campos R. L. R. , Boschiero C. , Burt D. W. , Coutinho L. L. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryAn F2 resource population, derived from a broiler × layer cross, was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for body weights at days 1, 35 and 41, weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency from 35 to 41 days and intestinal length. Up to 577 F2 chickens were genotyped with 103 genetic markers covering 21 linkage groups. A preliminary QTL mapping report using this same population focused exclusively on GGA1. Regression methods were applied to line‐cross and half‐sib models for QTL interval mapping. Under the line‐cross model, eight QTL were detected for body weight at 35 days (GGA2, 3 and 4), body weight at 41 days (GGA2, 3, 4 and 10) and intestine length (GGA4). Under the half‐sib model, using sire as common parent, five QTL were detected for body weight at day 1 (GGA3 and 18), body weight at 35 days (GGA2 and 3) and body weight at 41 days (GGA3). When dam was used as common parent, seven QTL were mapped for body weight at day 1 (GGA2), body weight at day 35 (GGA2, 3 and 4) and body weight at day 41 (GGA2, 3 and 4). Growth differences in chicken lines appear to be controlled by a chronological change in a limited number of chromosomal regions.
Morphine is an arteriolar vasodilator in man
Authors: Afshari Reza , Maxwell Simon R. J. , Webb David J. , Bateman D. Nicholas 
Published: January 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• It has been recognized for about 10 years that morphine is a veno‐dilator in man and that this effect may be related to histamine release.WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS• This effect also occurs in the arteriolar system, with vasodilatation at doses of morphine that may have clinical relevance in patients with heart failure, or who abuse opioids.• The effect is mediated by histamine release and actions of nitric oxide.• The mechanisms of this effect of morphine are unclear, but suggest an alternative therapeutic target in vascular disease.AIMThe mechanisms of action of morphine on the arterial system are not well understood. The aim was to report forearm vascular responses, and their mediation, to intra‐arterial morphine in healthy subjects.METHODSThree separate protocols were performed: (i) dose ranging; (ii) acute tolerance; (iii) randomized crossover mechanistic study on forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intrabrachial infusion of morphine using venous occlusion plethysmography. Morphine was infused either alone (study 1 and 2), or with an antagonist: naloxone, combined histamine‐1 and histamine‐2 receptor blockade or during a nitric oxide clamp.RESULTSMorphine caused an increase in FBF at doses of 30 µg min−1[3.25 (0.26) ml min−1 100 ml−1][mean (SEM)] doubling at 100 µg min−1to 5.23 (0.53) ml min−1 100 ml−1. Acute tolerance was not seen to 50 µg min−1morphine, with increased FBF [3.96 (0.35) ml min−1 100 ml−1] (P = 0.003), throughout the 30‐min infusion period. Vasodilatation was abolished by pretreatment with antihistamines (P = 0.008) and the nitric oxide clamp (P < 0.001), but not affected by naloxone. The maximum FBF with pretreatment with combined H1/H2 blockade was 3.06 (0.48) and 2.90 (0.17) ml min−1 100 ml−1after 30 min, whereas with morphine alone it reached 4.3 (0.89) ml min−1 100 ml−1.CONCLUSIONSIntra‐arterial infusion of morphine into the forearm circulation causes vasodilatation through local histamine‐modulated nitric oxide release. Opioid receptor mechanisms need further exploration.
Transfer of methylamphetamine and amphetamine into breast milk following recreational use of methylamphetamine
Authors: Bartu Anne , Dusci Leon J. , Ilett Kenneth F. 
Published: January 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The extent of drug transfer into milk during recreational intravenous use of methylamphetamine has not previously been studied. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • We have shown that methylamphetamine transfers into breast milk.• The amount a breastfed infant would receive varied over 2.5‐fold range.• A 48‐h withholding period for breastfeeding is recommended following recreational use.AIMS To investigate the transfer of amphetamines into breast milk following their recreational use and estimate drug exposure for the breastfed infant.METHODS Two breastfeeding mothers who were occasional recreational users of intravenous amphetamines were studied. A urine sample was collected 4 h after dose, and milk samples were collected over 24 h. Drug in urine was qualitatively identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and quantification in milk was by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Absolute infant dose via milk was estimated.RESULTS The urines contained predominantly methylamphetamine together with smaller amounts of amphetamine. In the 24 h after dose, average concentrations in milk were 111 µg l−1 and 281 µg l−1 for methylamphetamine and 4 µg l−1 and 15 µg l−1 for amphetamine in cases 1 and 2, respectively. Absolute infant doses for methylamphetamine plus amphetamine (as methylamphetamine equivalents) were 17.5 µg kg−1 day−1 and 44.7 µg kg−1 day−1, respectively, for cases 1 and 2.CONCLUSION These limited data suggest that breastfeeding should be withheld for 48 h after recreational amphetamine use.