bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT ON WOOD‐PIGEON BREEDING OF SYSTEMATIC NEST DESTRUCTION
Authors: MURTON R. K. 
Published: February 2008

Wood‐pigeon nests were destroyed in various localities scattered throughout East Anglia during the breeding season of 1956. Nests were destroyed at three periods: 23 July‐7 August; 14–30 September and 29 October‐12 November.Four nesting habitats were studied—hedgerow, deciduous thicket, mature deciduous woodland and coniferous woodland—amounting to approximately 100 acres of each habitat.The density of occupied nests varied between different habitats. Hedgerow supported the highest number per acre, deciduous woodland the lowest. The average time required to clear 1 acre of occupied nests during the three trials was 2.7, 2.2, 1.4 hr., respectively. During the first two trials the average expenditure per occupied nest was 0.4 man‐hours; for the third period it was 3.2 man‐hours.In 1957 nests were destroyed at two separate periods in sites in various counties in East Anglia. Control sites where no nests were destroyed were examined at fortnightly intervals throughout the breeding season and of the total number of young expected to leave their nests in the experimental sites only 37% did so. Nest destruction prevented the other 63% from being fledged.
Reviews
Authors: BROWN W. 
Published: February 2008

Vistas in Botany. Edited by W. B. Turrill Practical Botany for the Tropics. By W. O. Howarth and L. G. G. Warne Perspectives in Virology. Edited by M. Pollard Progress in Biochemistry since 1949. By F. Haurowitz Biochemistry of Antibiotics (Edited by K. H. Spitzy and R. Brunner), and Biochemistry of Morphogenesis (Edited by W. J. Nickerson) Cell, Organism and Milieu. (17th Symposium of the Society for the Study of Development and Growth, 1958.) Edited by D. Rudnick A Symposium on Molecular Biology, 1956–7. Edited by R. E. Zirkle Plant Nematology. Edited by J. F. Southey Plant Growth Substances. By L. J. AudusMüller, P. (general editor): DDT, the Insecticide Dichloro‐Diphenyltrichloroethane and its Significance. Vol. 1. Ed. by Paul MüllerMüller, P. (general editor): DDT, the Insecticide Dichloro‐Diphenyltrichloroethane and its Significance. Vol. 11. Ed. by S. W. Simmons Statistical Methods in Biology. By N. T. J. Bailey. Elementary Statistics, with Applications in Medicine and the Biological Sciences. By F. E. Croxton Subcellular Particles. (5th Annual Symposium publication of the Society of General Physiologists in America.) Edited by Teru Hayashi Comparative morphology of Vascular Plants. By Adriance S. Foster and Ernest M. Gifford, Jr., 555 Breeding Field Crops. By J. M. Poehlman Rice. By J. H. Grist (3rd edition) Principles of General Physiology. Vol. 1: The Physico‐Chemical Background. By L. E. Bayliss. Evolution of Nervous Control from Primitive Organisms to Man. Edited by Allan D. Bass The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. By W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch Photoperiodism and Related Phenomena in Plants and Animals. Editor Robert B. Withrow The Scientific Principles of Crop Protection. By Hubert Martin British Parasitic Fungi. By W. C. Moore Blakeslee: the genus Datura. By A. G. Avery, S. Satina and J. Rietsema
EFFECT OF CULTURAL TREATMENTS ON THE INCIDENCE OF STRIGA HERMONTHICA (DEL.) BENTH. AND YIELDS OF SORGHUM IN THE SUDAN: FIELD EXPERIMENTS 1957/8
Authors: LAST F. T. 
Published: February 2008

Trap cropping, nitrogenous fertilizers, selective weed‐killer sprays (2:4‐D) and sorghum varieties affected the incidence of Striga hermonthica. S. hermonthica developed more on the variety Debekri than Feterita. Usually, applying increasing amounts of nitrogen (sulphate of ammonia or urea) progressively decreased the incidence of S. hermonthica on Feterita, Dwarf White Milo and Wad Fahl. Early applications were more effective than late applications. Nitrogen given to Debekri never significantly decreased the amount of S. hermonthica and often increased it.In an experiment on very infertile and heavily infested soil, nitrogen increased the amounts of S. hermonthica on all varieties but less on Feterita than Debekri. The weights of S. hermonthica on Feterita reached a maximum with 40 lb. N/acre but were still increasing after adding 80 lb. N to Debekri.Weed‐killer sprays affected S. hermonthica on Feterita and Debekri equally. They delayed the appearance of its aerial stems and usually decreased their subsequent growth. Spraying with 1.6 lb. 2:4‐D/acre was usually more effective than with 0.8 lb. and sometimes spraying 3 weeks after sowing was better than after 2 weeks.Trap cropping with Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense) for 5 weeks, but not for 3, significantly decreased the incidence of S. hermonthica in succeeding sorghum crops and sometimes increased grain yields.Phosphorus and potassium affected neither the incidence of S. hermonthica nor sorghum yields. On lightly infested soil where S. hermonthica was not damaging, 80 lb. N/acre trebled grain yields (from 1140 to 3530 lb./acre). As infestations increased in severity, the absolute gains decreased but the relative effects were greater. On crops infected early and severely, yields increased by 820% from 180 to 1505 lb./acre. Nitrogen applied at sowing and after 3 weeks gave larger increases than later applications.Yield increases caused by 2:4‐D sprays are associated with the delayed emergence of aerial stems of S. hermonthica. Where infection developed rapidly and the mean levels of infection were at least 20% within 50 days of sowing, sprays increased both grain and straw yields; where infection developed slowly, only grain yields were increased. Although 1.6 lb. of 2:4‐D/acre decreased S. hermonthica more than 0.8 lb., they affected yields equally as did spraying 2 or 3 weeks after sowing.0.8 lb. of 2:4‐D/acre and 80 lb. N/acre when applied separately to severely infected crops increased grain yields from 38 lb. in the untreated plots to only 163 and 588 lb./acre respectively, whereas applied together they gave 2170 lb./acre. In the same experiment nitrogen increased the yields of the less heavily infected Feterita more than those of Debekri. 2:4‐D affected both varieties similarly.
DIDYMELLA STEM‐ROT OF OUTDOOR TOMATOES
Authors: FISHER) DOROTHY E. KNIGHT (NÉE , KEYWORTH W. G. 
Published: February 2008

In studies on Didymella stem‐rot of outdoor tomatoes several possible modes of introduction of the disease were investigated, together with methods of avoiding them. The pathogen was found to invest and penetrate the seeds in diseased fruit without destroying their viability and methods were devised of ridding the seeds of infection. It was not, however, possible to demonstrate the infection of mature plants from infected seed. It was found that the disease could be introduced on contaminated canes, in potting soil and from plant debris from the previous season's crop. The spread of the disease was encouraged by overhead irrigation.Tests of strains of various species of Lycopersicon showed that one line of L. hirsutum was highly resistant to stem and root infection although another line was highly susceptible.
STUDIES ONGLOEOSPORIUM MUSARUMCKE. & MASSEE CAUSING STORAGE ROTS OF JAMAICAN BANANAS
Authors: MEREDITH D. S. 
Published: February 2008

A form of anthracnose, caused byGloeosporium musarumCke. & Massee, is responsible for appreciable wastage of Jamaican Lacatan bananas. Symptoms are often evident on immature fruit after 8–10 days storage in refrigerated ships' holds. On green fruit, lesions are characteristically lenticular, having a slightly sunken, dark centre and an orange‐yellow border: they rapidly increase in size as the fruits approach maturity. The fungus readily infects small scratches on the skin and, in inoculation experiments, resulted in the development of lenticular lesions after 8–10 days storage at 55° F. Many observations suggest that naturally occurring infections often originate at small abrasions acquired during handling of fruit.On the basis of histological findings, it is proposed to refer to lenticular lesions as ‘non‐latent anthracnose’, thus distinguishing this form of infection from the ‘latent’ type described by earlier workers.In several experiments the antifungal antibiotic nystatin, applied as a post‐inoculation fruit‐dip at concentrations of 200 and 400 p.p.m., effected good control of wound‐infection byG. musarum.Percentage control was inversely related to the incubation period between inoculation and treatment, there being little or no control with periods exceeding about 30 hr.
THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE WATTLE BAGWORM, KOTOCHALIA JUNODI (HEYL.), BY A VIRUS DISEASE
Authors: OSSOWSKI L. L. J. 
Published: February 2008

To obtain further information about the effect of virus on wattle bagworm and on the course of an infestation cycle, suspensions of various concentrations and different origins were tested in 1957 against both young and old larvae. Virus of suspected low virulence and suspensions with and without adjuvants were also compared.With infestations in the prodromal stage and the larvae in their first instar at the time of treatment, mortality was similar with suspensions containing 1000 or 500 polyhedra/mm.3. Mortality was less with 250 polyhedra/mm.3, but still high enough to keep the crowns of the infested trees green. With the higher concentrations, the course of the cycle was greatly accelerated and the eruptive stage and the crisis occurred later in the same season, whereas, with the lowest concentration, the infestation decreased gradually after spraying. Against older larvae, the initial mortality was too low to prevent defoliation, but 9 months after spraying the mortality had increased sufficiently to reduce the infestation to its latent stage.Where virus was applied during the eruptive stage, there was a very high initial mortality, and defoliation of trees was light, whereas untreated trees were completely defoliated. Nine months after spraying, however, mortality was equally high in treated and untreated plantations.Viruses from different sources differed considerably in the mortality they caused. Virus introduced from a distant source was more effective than local strains, and at the prodromal stage was more successful in preventing defoliation and loss of yield.Methyl cellulose, used as a sticker, did not affect mortality, but skim‐milk powder decreased it.Artificially disseminated virus can not only cause epizootics in the treated plantations, but can also spread to neighbouring blocks in the years following treatment.
THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON THE RATE OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE MORTALITY OF TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUVAL (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: HOWE R. W. 
Published: February 2008

The speed of development and the developmental mortality of Tribolium confusum were studied over a series of constant temperatures between 15° and 40° C. at 10, 30, 70 and 90% R.H. using wheatfeed as food.Eggs did not hatch at 15° or 40° C. at any humidity. At 37.5° C. about 60% of eggs hatched and at all other conditions about 90% hatched. The effect of temperature on the duration of the egg period is shown graphically, the shortest period being at 35° C. Humidity does not affect the egg period.Larvae failed to develop to pupae at 17.5° C., at 10% R.H. at 20° C, and at 10 and 90% R.H. at 37.5° C. The rate of larval development was affected by both temperature and humidity being quickest at the higher humidities and at about 32.5° C. Larval mortality was less than 16% except at 37.5° C., at 10% R.H. or less, and at 20°C., 90% R.H.The duration of the pupal period was not affected by humidity and was shortest at 37.5°C. The total developmental period is compared with that of T. castaneum over the range of temperature and humidity conditions in which both species can grow. The optimum for developmental speed and the maximum and the minimum temperatures at which development is possible were all about 2.5°C. lower for T. confusum than for T. castaneum. The developmental periods for the two species were equal at temperatures between 23 and 27°C., depending on humidity. At lower temperatures, T. confusum developed the more quickly and at higher temperatures the more slowly.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS
Authors: HIRST J. M. , STEDMAN O. J. 
Published: February 2008

Of 3260 blighted tubers planted as seed in 5 successive years (1954‐8), twenty‐one produced stems invaded from below ground by Phytophthora infestans (0.79 and 0.52% respectively of those infected artificially and naturally). Only in 1955 was no stem found to be invaded, in every other year they started epidemics in experimental plots. On average the first stem lesions were found 62 days after planting and 38 days before blight outbreak became general in the district.There was evidence of two patterns of dispersal for P. infestans. Distant spread was probably by air‐borne sporangia, but that near to the initial sources probably resulted from sporangia transported in water. The effects of initial sources of infection on the date when the disease became general could not be traced for more than a few hundred yards. Blight often reached crops remote from the experiments at the same time as it infected every plant within them; this often happened during the weather which elicited disease forecasts.Under certain conditions of soil moisture, P. infestans from artificially infected tubers planted as seed seemed able to pass through the soil to infect leaves near it and to start epidemics without invading stems from below ground. Attacks originating in this way developed similarly to those started by invaded stems, but their importance and the conditions limiting their occurrence have yet to be determined.
METABOLISM OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
Authors: LUCKWILL L. C. , LLOYD‐JONES C. P. 
Published: February 2008

Comparison of the metabolism of 14C carboxyl‐labelled 2,4‐D in detached leaves of different varieties of apple showed that the 2,4‐D‐resistant Cox decarboxylated 57% of the 2,4‐D in the leaf in 92 hr., whereas the susceptible Bramley's Seedling decarboxylated only 2% in the same time. Comparatively high rates of decarboxylation were found with all varieties of apple having Cox in their parentage; varieties unrelated to Cox showed low rates of decarboxylation. Similar high rates of decarboxylation were found in resistant varieties of strawberry and in Syringa vulgaris. Sixteen other species tested showed low rates of decarboxylation, irrespective of whether they were resistant or susceptible to 2,4‐D.The rate of decarboxylation of 2,4‐D in the mature strawberry leaf was proportional to the amount of 2,4‐D in the leaf. The rapid fall in decarboxylation rate in a detached leaf was due chiefly to reduction in the amount of 2,4‐D present, and not to any falling off in the metabolic activity of the leaf. Young leaves decarboxylated 2,4‐D at about half the rate of fully grown or senescent leaves. Oxidation of the methylene carbon proceeds at less than half the rate of that of the carboxyl carbon and is accompanied by an increase in the phenol content of the leaf which agrees closely with the amount of 2,4‐D demethylated.As previously reported for currants, part of the 2,4‐D entering the leaf was bound and part inactivated by the formation of water‐soluble compounds. The reaction of strawberry variety Talisman to 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4,5), 2‐chloro‐phenoxyacetic (2‐CPA), 4‐chlorophenoxyacetic (4‐CPA) and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic (MCPA) acids was similar to that previously reported for red currant. Leaves of Cox's Orange Pippin apple and Talisman strawberry were able to decarboxylate all these phenoxy‐acids except 2‐CPA.
SOME EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND OF VIRUS INHIBITORS ON INFECTION OF FRENCH‐BEAN LEAVES BY RED CLOVER MOTTLE VIRUS
Authors: SINHA R. C. 
Published: February 2008

Keeping French‐bean plants before inoculation at 36, 32 or 28°C. for 1–2 days increased their susceptibility to infection with red clover mottle virus, but longer exposures to 36 and 32°C. decreased susceptibility. Susceptibility increased most rapidly at 36°C. The number of infections was unaffected by changes in post‐inoculation temperatures between 12 and 24°C., but decreased above 24°C. The rate virus multiplied increased with increase of temperature up to 28°C., but the maximum virus concentrations reached at 18, 24 and 28°C. were very similar and above the maximum reached at 30°C.Thiouracil inhibited infection slightly but neither it nor azaguanine affected the multiplication of red clover mottle virus in French bean. Trichothecin inhibited infection and interfered with virus accumulation. Inhibition of infection was associated with macroscopic injury to the leaves, and washing leaves up to 1 hr. after inoculation prevented both inhibition and leaf damage. Virus multiplication was not resumed when leaves were transferred from trichothecin solutions to water.
VARIETAL RESISTANCE OF LETTUCE TO ATTACK BY THE LETTUCE ROOT APHID, PEMPHIGUS BURSARIUS (L.)
Authors: DUNN J. A. 
Published: February 2008

Striking varietal differences in susceptibility to attack by the lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius L., were first found in lettuces grown at Wellesbourne in 1955. Subsequent work has confirmed that White Favourite and Imperials E‐4 and 19551‐M are highly resistant; Imperial 45634‐M, Continuity and Iceberg are markedly resistant. Midas, Salad Bowl and Imperial 4164 each appear to be a mixture of susceptible and resistant plants.Immigrant winged forms of P. bursarius showed no preference for colonizing any particular variety of lettuce, and it seems that resistance to attack results from antibiosis.It is suggested that varietal differences in the composition of root sap may account for the differences in susceptibility to lettuce root aphid, but analyses of water and alcohol extracts of root sap from resistant and susceptible lettuce varieties have not shown consistent differences.
BREAKING THE REST PERIOD IN BLACK CURRANTS WITH GIBBERELLIC ACID AND LOW TEMPERATURE
Authors: MODLIBOWSKA IRENA 
Published: February 2008

A single application of gibberellic acid (GA) was successful in breaking the rest period of black currants in September, October and November, while chilling for 2 weeks was insufficient to be effective.The highest percentage of bud burst was obtained by GA application immediately after defoliation. Delay in GA application after defoliation decreased and delayed plant response because penetration of GA was hindered. Multiple and very early GA applications immediately after taking the plants into the glasshouse caused shedding of undeveloped buds.
Determination of the resistance of locusts to γ‐BHC and diazinon in relation to their age, sex and weight
Authors: MacCUAIG R. D. 
Published: February 2008

The relation between body weight and resistance to γ‐BHC and diazinon was studied in experiments using the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and the African migratory locust (Locusta migratoria migratorioides).In all experiments with Schistocerca, resistance was proportional to weight within any one age and sex group. Resistance to diazinon (per unit body weight) decreased with age, that of the males at a faster rate than that of the females. Against γ‐BHC the insects showed a nearly twofold increase in resistance about 1 week after fledging.Within groups of Locusta the resistance to diazinon was found to be independent of weight, but the resistance to γ‐BHC was dependent on weight. Similarly the resistance to diazinon at different ages after fledging was independent of age but resistance to γ‐BHC increased with age.
Effect of time and temperature on toxicity of insecticides to insects
Authors: DAS M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe toxicity of DDT to insects usually increases as the post‐treatment temperature is decreased in the commonly used temperature range (30‐10° C.). The toxicity increased further when the post‐treatment temperature of adult Tenebrio molitor L., dosed by topical application, was decreased from 10 to 6° C. However, when the post‐treatment temperature was decreased still more (down to — 1° C.), the toxicity by topical application or by injection apparently decreased again. The size of this ‘positive temperature coefficient’ below 6° C. decreased as time passed after treatment. Differences in toxicity below 6° C. were more apparent than real, and were the result of differences in the speeds at which symptoms appeared.The slight toxic action at very low temperatures was evidently not caused by failure of DDT to penetrate the cuticle, or to reach its site of action. More probably, the speed of the chemical or physical process which actually caused paralysis was extremely low at the very low temperatures.
The relationships between increased oxygen uptake and locomotor ataxy or death in insecticide‐poisoned Alphitobius laevigatus F
Authors: GOSTICK K. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe relationships between increased oxygen uptake and locomotor ataxy or death induced by LD50's of n‐valone (2‐n‐valeryl‐1,3‐indandione), γ‐BHC, p,p'‐DDT, dieldrin, DNBP (2,4‐dinitro‐6‐sec.‐butylphenol), malathion and allethrin, in individual lesser mealworm beetles (Alphitobius laevigatus F.) have been investigated. n‐Valone did not increase the rate of oxygen uptake of treated beetles. After dosage with DDT or malathion, increased oxygen uptake occurred only in beetles which were knocked down and beetles knocked down always died. After dieldrin treatment, increased oxygen uptake was always associated with knock‐down, but a few knockeddown beetles recovered. γ‐BHC, allethrin or DNBP caused knock‐down or serious locomotor ataxy and increased oxygen uptake in all the treated beetles, but those which eventually died reached higher peaks in rate of oxygen uptake. The similarities and differences between the effects of the various insecticides are discussed together with some aspects of their possible mode of action.
Fluctuations in the aerial density of Anisopus fenestralis Scop. (Diptera) above sewage bacteria beds
Authors: HAWKES H. A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYUsing a standard 9 in. diameter disc‐dropping suction trap, the aerial density of Anisopus fenestralis above bacteria beds was assessed hourly on 410 24‐hourly occasions over a period of 19 months, and the prevailing temperatures and wind velocities were recorded. Between o and 10 m.p.h. wind velocity there was a gradual rise in catch associated with a rise in temperature to an optimum, beyond which the catch decreased. This optimum fell as wind velocities rose; it occurred between 70° and 75° F. at winds between 2 and 4 m.p.h., at 65–70° F. with winds between 4 and 6 m.p.h. and at 60–65° F. between 6 and 8 m.p.h. At all temperatures between 30 and 80° F. the catch fell as wind velocity increased from o to 10 m.p.h. By comparing the dusk catches on successive days a significant positive correlation was found between the deviation in log catch from a 3‐day running mean and the corresponding temperature deviation, except when the wind velocity deviation exceeded + 2. There was also a significant negative correlation between deviation in log catch from the running mean and the corresponding deviation in wind velocity, except when the temperature deviation exceeded — 2.The average regressions showed that for each °F. rise in temperature the log catch was raised by 0.14 and for each 1 m.p.h. rise in wind velocity the log catch was decreased by 0.19. Expressed arithmetically the catch was doubled by a 2.2° F. rise in temperature or by a fall in wind velocity of approximately 1.5 m.p.h.The aerial density was affected not only by weather but also by fluctuations in the A. fenestralis population within the bed arising from direct and indirect climatic effects on its food supply—the microbial growths within the bed. Lower winter temperatures favour an accumulation of food, so the patterns of seasonal incidence of the flies from year to year are affected by the severity of the preceding winter.