bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doctors and nurses on wards with greater access to clinical dietitians have better focus on clinical nutrition
Authors: Thoresen L. , Rothenberg E. , Beck A. M. , Irtun Ø. ,   on behalf of the Scandinavian Nutrition Group (SNG)
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground  According to the Council of Europe, clinical dietitians should assume a more central role in nutritional support. The aim of this study was to assess the opinions among doctors, nurses and clinical dietitians regarding the use of clinical dietitians’ expertise in the hospital units and, further, to assess whether the presence of clinical dietitians in hospital departments influenced doctors and nurses focus on clinical nutrition.Methods  A questionnaire about the use of clinical nutrition was mailed to 6000 doctors and 6000 nurses working in hospital units where undernutrition is documented to be common, as well as to 678 clinical dietitians working in Scandinavian hospitals.Results  The response rate of clinical dietitians, nurses and doctors were 53%, 46% and 29%, respectively. Nurses and doctors who saw clinical dietitians often found it less difficult to identify undernourished patients and found that insight into the importance of adequate nutrition was better than those who saw clinical dietitians seldom. Clinical nutrition had a higher priority in units with frequent visits by clinical dietitians.Conclusions  The present study shows that doctors and nurses on wards with greater access to clinical dietitians had better focus on clinical nutrition.
AMYLOID PLAQUES IN THE BRAINS OF MICE INFECTED WITH SCRAPIE: MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND STAINING PROPERTIES
Authors: BRUCE MOIRA E. , FRASER H. 
Published: May 2008

Amyloid plaques in the brains of mice infected with scrapie: morphological variation and staining propertiesCerebral amyloid deposits predominantly in the form of plaques are associated with experimental scrapie produced by particular agents in inbred mice. In this paper the staining properties and variation in the morphology of these deposits are described. At the light microscope level a discretionary classification into six types is made: shadowy plaques; amorphous plaques; stellate plaques; giant plaques; diffuse amyloid deposits; and perivascular amyloid deposits. It is shown that Masson's trichrome technique provides the most efficient staining method for identifying cerebral amyloid of all these types. A preliminary ultrastructural examination of stellate plaques confirms the presence of amyloid on the basis of characteristic fibrils and demonstrates that microglia and distended neurites are involved in the structure of the plaques. The similarities and differences between cerebral amyloid in scrapie and other forms of amyloid deposits in the brain, particularly kuru plaques and senile plaques, are discussed.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL CARBON DISULPHIDE NEUROPATHY
Authors: SEPPÄLÄINEN ANNA MARIA , LINNOILA ILONA 
Published: May 2008

Electrophysiological findings in rats with experimental carbon disulphide neuropathyRats were subjected to the inhalation of 750 parts/106 of carbon disulphide for 6 h daily, 12 rats being exposed for 22 weeks, and 15 rats from 2 to 5 weeks. The development of neuropathy was monitored bimonthly by measurement of the motor conduction velocity (MCV) in the sciatic nerve. A slight, but statistically significant slowing of the MCV was observable at 2 weeks, although no further reduction occurred during the following 3 weeks. Marked slowing of the MCV was demonstrated, concomitantly with the occurrence of difficulties in voluntary control of the hind limbs, at 8 weeks of exposure. After 22 weeks of exposure, 4 rats were allowed to recover for a further 12 weeks. Slight improvement in their MCV was observed, but it remained at a much lower level than that in the control group. No permanent alteration in the MCV occurred in those animals exposed for up to 5 weeks.
THE VALUE OF LDH ISOENZYMES IN THE RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF BRAIN TUMOURS
Authors: McCORMICK D. , ALLEN INGRID V. 
Published: May 2008

The value of LDH isoenzymes in the rapid diagnosis of brain tumoursA combined biochemical and histopathological analysis of 126 intracranial tumour biopsies has been undertaken to assess the possible value of LDH isoenzyme analyses in differential diagnosis. LDH isoenzymes were separated by a simple electrophoretic technique and visualized by a histochemical staining method. The analytical results were quantitated in the densitometer. Using this technique it is possible to obtain results within 15 min of reception of the biopsy specimen and only small pieces of tumour material are required. The results of the investigation have shown that all the tumours investigated have an LDH isoenzyme pattern which is different from that of normal brain. Although in some cases the abnormal pattern was non‐specific it was found that certain general rules could be formulated, and the technique is a useful supplement to histological evaluation of frozen sections.
ASTROCYTE MITOSES AND ALZHEIMER TYPE I AND II ASTROCYTES IN ANOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
Authors: DIEMER N. H. , KLINKEN L. 
Published: May 2008

Astrocyte mitoses and Alzheimer type I and I1 astrocytes in anoxic en‐cephalopathyNumerous astrocyte mitoses, arrested in metaphase, were found in a case of anoxic encephalopathy. The number of chromosomes was not excessive, but in most the mitotic spindles appeared absent. Many Alzheimer type I and II astrocytes were also seen, together with a few cells containing both micronuclei and free chromosomes. The occurrence of such transitional forms supports the hypothesis that astrocyte mitoses arrested in metaphase constitute an intermediate stage in the formation of the tetraploid Alzheimer type I astrocytes from cells of Alzheimer type II.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN. III. CEREBELLAR DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING LOCALIZED ADMINISTRATION OF ENU
Authors: DAS G. D. , PFAFFENROTH M. J. 
Published: May 2008

Experimental studies on the postnatal development of the train. III. Cere‐bellar development following localized administration of ENUMicroquantities of N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) were injected directly into the cerebellum of 5 and 10 day old rats. It was found that ENU had cytotoxic effects not only on the mitotically active cells of the external granular layer, but also on the non‐mitotic differentiating neurons, including Purkinje cells. Regeneration of the external granular layer, in part due to initial immigration of cells from the normal neighboring folia followed by mitosis, was found to be related to and followed by the recovery of the surviving Purkinje cells. These findings suggested that (a) disorientation and disorganization of the Purkinje cells were due to the treatment and not to the degenerative and regenerative activities of the external granular layer, and that (b) regeneration and increase in the external granular layer resulted from induction by the surviving Purkinje cells. Although microscopically the cerebellum appeared to have regenerated, macroscopically ENU had left lasting effects. The folia, where the carcinogen was injected, showed an absence of secondary folia, and the cerebellum as a whole was small in size.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE MICROVASCULATURE IN MALIGNANT GLIOMAS
Authors: WELLER R. O. , FOY M. , COX SUSAN 
Published: May 2008

The development and ultrastructure of the microvasculature in malignant gliomasThe ultrastructural features of the small blood vessels in sixteen gliomas and in their zones of infiltration were compared with normal cerebral capillaries. Extensive new blood vessel formation was seen both in the zones of infiltration and within the main tumour. Immature capillaries in the former had a relatively simple structure with a slit‐like lumen containing no blood cells; they resembled capillary buds seen in normal repair tissue and in brain adjacent to a cerebral metastasis. Near areas of necrosis and in pleomorphic regions of gliomas, endothelial cells formed complex, compound immature capillaries with many rudimentary lumina. These appearances are discussed in relation both to the production of tumour angiogenesis factors by gliomas and to the occurrence of gliosarcomas. There was a transition in the structure of the mature capillaries through the zone of tumour infiltration; the vessels gradually changed from normal structure to resemble the capillaries in the main tumour. The endothelial cells became thinner and developed villous processes on the luminal surfaces. Perivascular spaces developed with separation of the glial and capillary basement membranes. Perivascular glial or tumour cell end‐feet were seen even in anaplastic gliomas, but in most tumours they formed an incomplete layer around the vessels. The differences between capillary structure in gliomas and in normal brain are discussed in relation to the alteration in the blood‐brain barrier observed in gliomas.
SUBACUTE NEUROPATHIC EFFECTS OF DIISOPROPYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE AT THE CAT SOLEUS NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Authors: BAKER T. , GLAZER ELLYN , LOWNDES H. E. 
Published: May 2008

Subacute neuropathic effects of diisopropylfluorophosphate at the cat soleus neuromuscular junctionDiisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor, causes a neuromuscular dysfunction 1–3 days after exposure (subacute) as well as a delayed (21 day post‐drug) peripheral neuropathy. The effects of DFP were studied in cats given 2 mg/kg DFP into one femoral artery. The contractile strength of the soleus muscle evoked by indirect, single stimulation was reduced 4 h later and fell to 16% of normal after 3 days; by 7 days post‐drug the contractile strength recovered to 76% of control values. A pre‐junctional neuromuscular defect was investigated by assessing a motor nerve terminal function at 4 h and 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after DFP injection. In untreated control animals 83% of alpha soleus motor axons generated post‐tetanic repetition (PTR) but after DFP the incidence of PTR was 40% at 4 h, 7% at 1 day, 8% at 3 days, 27% at 5 days and 72% at 7 days. Electron micrographs of neuromuscular junctions 3 days after DFP showed severe disruption of end‐plates and a conspicuous reduction in the number of motor nerve terminals. The remaining nerve terminals were retracted from the end‐plate region and were enveloped by Schwann cell processes. Internodal sprouting of soleus axons and post‐junctional alterations were still present at 7 days. The time course of the pre‐junctional defect coincided with, and contributed to, the reported post‐functional necrosis.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE DEVELOPING RAT CEREBELLUM IN CHRONIC UNDERNUTRITION
Authors: YU MANG C. , YU WAN‐HUA AMY 
Published: May 2008

Ultrastructural changes in the developing rat cerebellum in chronic under‐nutritionAn ultrastructural study was made of the effects of undernutrition during the first three weeks of postnatal life on the development of the rat cerebellum. Undernutrition was induced in newborn rats (Sprague‐Dawley strain) by increasing the litter size to eighteen pups per dam, versus six pups per dam for the controls. The undernourished rats grew slower and at 22 days of age their average body weight was about 42% of the mean control weight. Electron microscopic examination revealed pronounced and specific changes in the presynaptic terminals and nerve fibers, and in the astrocytes. The synaptic changes were characterized by the presence of membranous whorls of varying densities, and by the accumulation of glycogen particles. Many nerve fibers, myelinated and unmyelinated, showed bizarre configurations of membranous whorls and vesicular profiles in the axoplasm. The myelin sheaths appeared intact. No alterations were observed in the nuclei and perikarya of the Purkinje, granule, basket and stellate cells. Among the neuroglial elements, the Bergmann glia and the astrocytic processes showed large accumulations of glycogen particles. The changes in the presynaptic terminals and axons were interpreted as degenerative, whereas those in the astrocytes as reactive.
QUANTITATIVE HISTOLOGY OF NERVE IN PROTEIN‐CALORIE MALNUTRITION AND WELL‐NOURISHED CHILDREN*
Authors: DASTUR DARAB K. , DEWAN ANITA , MANGHANI DAYA K. , UDANI P.M. 
Published: May 2008

Dastur D.K., Dewan A., Manghani D.K. & Udani P.M. (1977) Neuropathology Applied Neurobiology 3, 405–422Quantitative histology of nerve in protein‐calorie malnutrition and well‐nourished childrenQuantitative histological data is presented on the sural nerve from four well‐nourished control children between the ages of 5 months and 10 years. The average myelinated nerve fibre density was 14 460/mm2 with a range of 13 020/mm2 to 15 700/mm2, and bore no relation to chronological age, both the oldest and the youngest, children showing high counts. An age‐related increase in size of myelinated fibres was seen in the histograms to become bimodal at age 1 year and then remained essentially unchanged until 10 years. One well‐nourished 9‐month‐old infant born 2 months preterm showed features suggesting retardation in myelination and nerve fibre growth, medium‐sized nerve fibres (> 5μm) having not yet developed, while the fibre density was greater (17 420/mm2). Quantitative histological data on the sural nerve is also presented in 8 of 14 children with protein‐calorie malnutrition (PCM), varying in age from 1.5 to 9 years, either with protein deficiency (kwashiorkor) predominating or with calorie malnutrition predominating. The majority had acquired some secondary infection as well. Twelve of the fourteen children suffered from severe malnutrition or marasmus (grade III or IV according to Harvard standards). The myelinated nerve fibre densities varied from 7940 to 22 820/mmz with a mean of 16 199/mm2, not significantly different from the mean densities in the four comparable control children. The histograms, however, showed a persistence of small diameter fibres (<5 μm) in children with PCM especially those above 2 years of age, suggesting an arrest of, or delay in, myelination. This arrest, and the frequent paucity of thick axons in silver stained preparations, suggested a lack of development of medium and large myelinated nerve fibres. There was also an inverse relationship betweeen the size of myelinated fibres and the grade of malnutrition as also the age of the patients.
EFFECTS OF THIOPHENE ON THE PURKINJE CELL DENDRITIC TREE: A QUANTITATIVE GOLGI STUDY
Authors: BRADLEY P. , BERRY M. 
Published: May 2008

Bradley P. & Berry M. (1979) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology5, 9–16Effects of thiophene on the Purkinje cell dendritic tree: a quantitative Golgi studyA quantitative analysis was made of alterations in the dendritic organisation of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the adult rat following the administration of the degranulating agent, thiophene. This substance completely eliminated the granule cell population in a number of regions of cerebellar cortex. Purkinje cell dendritic trees in these regions were markedly reduced in size when compared with control cells and provided evidence for a non‐random loss of dendritic segments. Other dendritic abnormalities were noted. These results were discussed in relation to current theories of neuronal maintenance, and the feasibility of using toxic degranulating agents, such as thiophene, was considered.
UNATTACHED PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS IN A CEREBELLAR NEUROBLASTOMA IN THE HUMAN
Authors: HIRANO ASAO , SHIN WOO‐YUNG 
Published: May 2008

Hirano A. & Shin W.‐Y. (1979) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology5, 63–70Unattached presynaptic terminals in a cerebellar neuroblastoma in the humanMany unattached presynaptic terminals were seen in a cerebellar neuroblastoma removed from a 3‐year‐old boy. It was concluded that presynaptic terminals may develop without the immediate influence of a postsynaptic mate on a one‐to‐one basis.
THE EARLY ULTRASTRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS IN THE RABBIT CEREBRAL AND CEREBELLAR CORTEX AFTER COMPRESSION ISCHAEMIA
Authors: KALIMO H. , PALJÄRVI L. , VAPALAHTI M. 
Published: May 2008

The early ultrastructural alterations in the rabbit cerebral and cerebellar cortex after compression ischaemiaThe ultrastructural alterations in the rabbit cerebral and cerebellar cortex resulting from 30 minutes complete, permanent cerebral ischaemia were studied. The ischaemia was induced by raising the intracranial pressure (ICP) above the systolic arterial pressure (compression ischaemia). Immediately after releasing the ICP the brain was fixed by intravascular glutaraldehyde perfusion. Samples from the cerebral and cerebellar cortex were processed for electron microscopy. The ultrastructural changes were relatively minor; there was a generalised, slight intracellular oedema, most prominent in the subpial area; the nuclear chromatin was clumped, the endo. plasmic reticulum and cisternae of the golgi apparatus became somewhat dilated, the inner matrix of the slightly swollen mitochondria showed increased electron lucency, and microtubules and ribosomes began to loose their compact structure. These changes, unaccompanied by any extensive volumetric change of any cellular compartment, agree well with the recently presented hypothesis of two different types of anoxic‐ischaemic nerve cell injury. This cellular reaction to complete, permanent compression ischaemia represents the type of injury that is seen resulting from ischaemic insults during which no flow of fluid irrigates the ischsemically injured cells.
RAT CNS IN EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC SERUM SICKNESS: INTEGRITY OF THE ZONULAE OCCLUDENTES OF THE CHOROID PLEXUS EPITHELIUM AND BRAIN ENDOTHELIUM IN EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC SERUM SICKNESS
Authors: PERESS NANCY S. , TOMPKINS D. C. 
Published: May 2008

Rat CNS in experimental chronic serum sickness: integrity of the zonulae occludentes of the choroid plexus epithelium and brain endothelium in experimental chronic serum sicknessThe present study is an extensive systematic immunofluorescence and labelled electron microscopic investigation of chronic rat serum sickness brains. It is specifically directed at discerning effects of chronic serum sickness upon the zonulae occludentes of both the choroid plexus epithelium and the intra‐cerebral endothelium. Although the choroid plexus is a known site of complex entrapment in systemic immune complex disorders, comprehensive immune studies of the CNS parenchymal vasculature have not yet been reported in either experimental or spontaneous immune complex disease. We examined by direct immunofluorescence techniques over 70 blocks of experimental chronic serum sickness brains taken from 16 animals with severe glomerular disease and found them to be uniformly negative for the presence of immune deposits. No horseradish peroxidase was seen beyond the restricting zonulae occludentes of either the choroid plexus or the cerebral endothelium in tissue from three seriously affected animals. These structural barriers retained their integrity despite the extensive cizculation and deposition of complexes and complement induced in the experimental model and the associated release of vasoactive substances.
PIGMENT‐FILLED APPENDAGES OF THE SMALL SPINY NEURONS: A SEVERE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE OF THE STRIATUM IN NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSCINOSIS
Authors: BRAAK H. , BRAAK E. , GULLOTTA F. , GOEBELT H. H. 
Published: May 2008

Pigment‐filled appendages of the small spiny neurons: a severe pathological change of the striatum in neuronal ceroid lipofusrinosisIn neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, the small spinous nerve cells of the striatum show a conspicuous pathological change in that they develop spindle‐shaped and pigment‐filled appendages of the soma. The axon emerges from the tip of these expansions, the volume of which often exceeds that of the cell body. The aspiny neurons of the striatum do not show this alteration. The pigment‐filled expansions close to the axon may be considered an early sign of neuronal degeneration. The small spinous nerve cell is the predominant cell type of the striatum which receives inputs from various sources. Its slowly progressive destruction might account for extra‐pyramidal motor disturbances in the course of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.
THE FRAGILITY OF CEREBRAL LYSOSOMES IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: McKEOWN STEPHANIE R. , ALLEN INGRID V. 
Published: May 2008

The fragility of cerebral lysosomes in multiple sclerosisThe possibility that cerebral lysosomes in the white matter from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are more fragile than in normal controls was investigated in tissue obtained at necropsy. In the MS cases no differences were found in results from samples obtained from histologically distinct areas of white matter, i.e. plaque, periplaque and macroscopically normal white matter. However, in comparison to white matter from a group of controls, certain differences were found. Firstly, the cerebral lysosomes in MS white matter appeared to be more fragile than those in the control cases. Secondly, the remaining intact lysosomes in MS cases showed different characteristics from those obtained in control cases. These results, in the light of earlier experiments in rat brain, were interpreted as further evidence of a greater fragility in the cerebral lysosomes from MS cases. The implications of these results in relation to current thinking on the aetiology of MS are discussed.
A QUANTITATIVE HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE TRIETHYL LEAD POISONING ON THE ADULT MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: STURROCK R. R. 
Published: May 2008

A quantitative histological study of the effects of acute trithyl lead poisoning on the adult mouse brainThe effects of a single injection of triethyl lead chloride on the mouse brain was studied 1, 3, 5, 7 and 30 days postinjection using quantitative histological techniques. The total number of glia in the anterior commissure was significantly reduced following injection but by 30 days postinjection had returned to normal. The number of neurons and the number of glia in the indusium griseum did not change significantly. The number of mitotic cells in the subependymal layer fell slightly from 1 to 3 days postinjection then returned to normal 5 days postinjection. The number of pyknotic cells in the subependymal layer did not appear to change following injection. In the anterior commissure the number of mitotic cells fell significantly from 1 to 3 days postinjection and then increased significantly at 5 days postinjection. A similar increase in mitosis was found at 5 days post‐injection in the indusium griseum. At 7 days postinjection a significant decrease occurred in pyknotic cells in the anterior commissure and indusium griseum. Changes in the percentage of each type of glial cell present were found 30 days post‐injection. This suggests that although the total number of glia may return to normal the number of each type of glial cell present changes following injection of triethyl lead. There was no evidence of cerebral oedema following triethyl lead injection either at the light or electron microscopic level.