bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of nonionic surfactant upon surface tension of anionic surfactant
Authors: Akasu Hiroyuki , Ueno Minoru , Meguro Kenjiro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe surface tension of sodium dodecyl sulfate was determined in the presence of nonionic surfactant. The nonionic surfactant used was homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecylether which has no poisson distribution of added mole numbers of ethyleneoxide. The concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate was changed at various fixed concentrations of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecylether. Two inflection points were observed on each surface tension curve, and the surface tension maintained a constant value between the inflections, regardless of the concentrations of added homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecylether. However, the concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate at the inflections were affected at the concentrations of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecylether, respectively. When the homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecylether concentrations were fixed below the critical micelle concentration, the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate at the lower inflection point decreased with increasing concentration of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecylether, while that of the higher was hardly influenced. If the homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecylether concentrations were fixed above the critical micelle concentration, the sodium dodecyl sulfate concentrations at the two inflections both increased with an increment of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecylether concentration. These results were interpreted in terms of mixed surface layer and mixed micelles consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate and homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecylether. Also, the surface tension curves of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecylether in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, as well as those of sodium dodecyl sulfate with given concentrations of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecylether, were studied.
NMR chemical shift reagents in structural determination of lipid derivatives: IV. Methylcis‐ andtrans‐9,10‐epoxystearate and methylerythro‐ andthreo‐9,10‐dihydroxystearate
Authors: Wineburg John P. , Swern Daniel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractChemical shift reagents were used to expand the amount of structural information obtainable from NMR studies of derivatives of methyl oleate and elaidate:methylcis‐9,10‐epoxystearate, methyltrans‐9,10‐epoxystearate, methyl erythro‐9,10‐dihydroxystearate, and methyl threo‐9,10‐dihydroxystearate. Chemical shift reagent studies of methyltrans‐9,10‐epoxystearate and methyl threo‐9,10‐dihydroxystearate afforded the most information. Chemical shift reagent studies of methylcis‐9,10‐epoxystearate and methyl erythro‐9,10‐dihydroxystearate were decidedly inferior. The series of complementary interpretive techniques previously developed during chemical shift reagent studies of monofunctional fatty esters and model polyfunctional fatty esters were found to be applicable in the current study. However, to avoid ambiguity in several proton assignments, supplementary spin decoupling experiments were necessary.
Extraction with supercritical fluids: A progress report from Germany
Authors: Mangold Helmut K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis review of research in Germany on the use of supercritical fluids for extraction and fractionation covers work on vegetable fats and oils butter fat, and other Lipids. The future comnercialization may depend on the cost of alternative procedures and the cost of equipment for lorge‐seale processes involving supercritical fluids.
Lipolytic activity of white pepper powder at high temperatures in a nonaqueous system
Authors: Werman M. J. , Lotan N. , Neeman I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWhite pepper is added as a spice to goose fat in the food industry (particularly in the liver pâté industry) and causes the development of undesirable flavors. In the present study, we demonstrate that white pepper exhibits lipolytic activity when reacted with goose fat in a hydrophobic system. Temperature and pH dependence measurements suggested that two enzymes or isoenzymes with optimal temperatures at 55 and 85°C, and with optimal pH at 7 and 9, are involved. Wet sterilization of the white pepper irreversibly inactivates its lipolytic activity. Dehydration, destroyed while remoistening, recovered the catalytic activity of the pepper. The reaction obeys classical Michaelis‐Menten kinetics at 85°C.
Fatty acid selectivity of lipases: γ‐linolenic acid from borage oil
Authors: Foglia Thomas A. , Sonnet Philip E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe γ‐linolenic acid (Z,Z,Z‐6,9,12‐octadecatrienoic acid, GLA) present in borage oil free fatty acids was concentrated in esterification reactions that were catalyzed by several preparations of the acyl‐specific lipase ofGeotrichum candidum. In this manner, a 95% recovery of the GLA originally present in borage oil (25% GLA) was obtained as a highly enriched fatty acid fraction with a GLA content of >70%. Other fatty acids concentrated in this fraction were the monounsaturated fatty acids with chainlengths of C‐20 and longer that were present in the oil. An immobilized preparation ofG. candidum on silica gel also was used for the enrichment of GLA in borage oil. In this instance, a 75% recovery of GLA was obtained, and the supported lipase was reusable (three cycles) with minimal loss in activity.
Application of water mimics on preparation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids containing glycerolipids
Authors: Hosokawa Masashi , Takahashi Koretaro , Miyazaki Noriko , Okamura Keiji , Hatano Mutsuo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTo obtain enhanced incorporation of highly unsaturated fatty acids and recovery of glycerolipid products, organic solvents with high dielectric constants (water mimics) were substituted for part of the essential water for lipase activation to study their effect on acidolysis and transesterification. In acidolysis/transesterification of fish oil triglycerides and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Lipozyme IM‐60 with ethylene glycol as a water mimic enhanced the incorporation of EPA and suppressed the hydrolysis of synthesized glycerolipid. On the other hand, transesterification between soy phosphatidylcholine and EPA was enhanced by a water and propylene glycol combination. In a nonaqueous medium that contained appropriate amounts of water and organic solvents (water mimics), Lipozyme IM‐60 increased transesterification of EPA into soy phosphatidylcholine. Simultaneously, the recovered glycerolipid products showed decreased hydrolysis of newly synthesized EPA‐ and DHA‐containing glycerolipids.
Ethanolysis of rapeseed oil: Quantitation of ethyl esters, mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides and glycerol by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography
Authors: Fillières Romain , Benjelloun‐Mlayah Bouchra , Delmas Michel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHigh‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used to evaluate the influence of different variables affecting the transesterification of rapeseed oil (RSO) with anhydrous ethanol and sodium ethoxide as catalyst. The effect of temperature, ethanol/RSO molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and time can be interpreted by observing the variations of the reaction medium composition. HPSEC has made the quantitation of ethyl esters, mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides and glycerol possible. The best results for laboratory‐scale reactions were obtained at 80°C with a 6:1 molar ratio of EtOH/RSO and 1% of NaOEt by weight of RSO.
Effects of fatty acid derivatives on the ignition quality and cold flow of diesel fuel
Authors: Stournas S. , Lois E. , Serdari A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe biodiesel that is considered as a possible substitute or extender of conventional automotive diesel fuel is commonly composed of fatty acid methyl esters that are prepared from the glycerides in vegetable oils by transesterification with methanol. This form of biodiesel is compatible with diesel fuel but offers no improvement in its ignition quality. This work describes the results of a series of experiments aimed at assessing other common fatty acid derivatives that could provide the desired biofuel component and, at the same time, improve the performance of the fuel. It was found that tertiary fatty amines and amides are significantly more effective than methyl esters in enhancing the ignition quality of the finished diesel fuel without having any negative effect on its cold flow properties.
Effects of epoxidation on the thermal oxidative stabilities of fatty acid esters derived from palm olein
Authors: Gan L. H. , Ooi K. S. , Gan L. M. , Goh S. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA variety of esters from the reactions of monoalcohols with palm olein were prepared, epoxidized byin situ peroxyacid techniques, and some of their physical properties were compared. The thermal oxidative stabilities of these esters andbis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate were studied. The esters were placed in an oven maintained at 120°C, and the loss of mass and acid, iodine, percent oxirane, hydroxyl, and peroxide values were monitored periodically. The epoxidized esters had higher densities and lower volatilities, and were more resistant toward oxidation than their unepoxidized counterparts. The stability of the oxirane was related to the initial acid value of the sample. Higher initial acid value resulted in a greater decrease in the oxirane content, indicating acid‐catalyzed cleavage of the oxirane ring.
Crystallization of butter oil and separation by filter‐centrifugation
Authors: Breeding C. J. , Marshall R. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFractionation by crystallization of melted butter oil can produce fractions that are physically and chemically different. However, many variables affect the formation, growth and separation of the crystalline fat from the entrained oil. The objective of this study was to produce crystalline fractions that contained a minimal volume of entrained oil through optimization of the crystallization and separation conditions. Crystallization was initiated at 33.5°C upon slow cooling from 60°C with stirring (10 rpm). Oil was cooled to 18.5°C and separated by centrifugation, followed by filter‐centrifugation. Fractions were analyzed for melting point, solid fat by differential scanning calorimetry, and fatty acid profiles. A split‐plot design was used for statistical analyses of data, and the experiment was performed three times. Fractionation caused significant changes in melting profiles of the fractions when compared with the unfractionated butter oil. Melting points of the unfractionated butter oil, liquid and crystalline fractions were 41.6, 25, and 48°C, respectively. The oil content of the crystalline fraction at 18.5°C ranged from 28 to 35%. A 17% increase in C8:0‐C10:0, an 11% decrease in C12:0‐C16:0, a 32% decrease in C18:0, and a 41% increase in C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 acids were observed in the liquid fraction when compared with the crystalline fraction.
Oxidation of acylglycerols and phosphoglycerides by soybean lipoxygenase
Authors: Piazza George J. , Nuñez Alberto 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) catalyzes the incorporation of oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in the formation of their corresponding hydroperoxides. The ability of a commercial preparation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) lipoxygenase to catalyze the oxidation of acylglycerols and phosphoglycerides was investigated. The oxidation rate of trilinolein increased nearly 100% when 5 mM deoxycholate was added to the reaction medium. With further increases in the concentration of deoxycholate, the oxidation rate decreased slightly. The pH profile of trilinolein oxidation was bell‐shaped. The rate of oxidation was maximal at pH 8, and it decreased to near zero at pH 5 and pH 11. Even under optimal conditions, the rate of trilinolein oxidation was only 3% of that of linoleic acid, and analysis of time course data showed that, at most, 15% of available linoleate was oxidized. In contrast to the slow rate of trilinolein oxidation, tested phosphoglycerides and diacylglycerols were oxidized at moderate rates. The rate of phosphoglyceride oxidation depended upon the structure of the polar head group and varied between 7–28% of the rate of linoleic acid oxidation. Diacylglycerols reacted at a rate that was 40% of that of linoleic acid. Analysis of the time course of 1,3‐dilinolein oxidation showed that as much as 67% of the available linoleate could be converted to the corresponding hydroperoxide. Analyses by high‐performance liquid chromatography revealed that more than 20% of the 1,3‐dilinolein was converted to unidentified products that are not hydroperoxides.
Influence of avocado oil processing on the nature of some unsaponifiable constituents
Authors: Farines M. , Soulier J. , Rancurel A. , Montaudoin M. G. , Leborgne L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe unsaponifiable part of avocado pear oil, after heating during extraction and processing, contains an abundant fraction that has never been found in the unsaponifiable part of usual vegetable oils nor in cold‐pressed avocado oil. Nine components were detected. Eight of them could be identified through chromatographic fractionations and spectroscopic analysis, mainly by mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. These products are characterized by a homogeneous structure. A furyl nucleus is substituted in position 2 by an aliphatic, mono‐ or polyunsaturated chain. The chainlength varies from 13 to 17 carbon atoms. The carbon number is always odd. The significance of these components in the biological effects of avocado oil unsaponifiables is still being studied.
High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of peanut phospholipids. II. Effect of postharvest stress on phospholipid composition
Authors: Singleton J. A. , Stikeleather L. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPeanuts are harvested in late September, and sometimes the harvest season can extend through most of October. When weather patterns delay harvest, the result may cause an immature crop, curing problems, rain damage, and freeze damage. All of the above stress situations can affect oil quality and flavor of the peanuts by altering phospholipid composition. Such changes are related to refining problems as well as flavor problems. A new high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for the analysis of phospholipids from postharvest stressed peanuts. The concentrations of phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were higher in immature seed when compared to mature seed. A slight increase in concentration was observed for phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and a decrease in phosphatidylinositol occurred in immature peanuts. All phospholipids increased in concentration except PG when peanuts were cured at a high temperature (40°C). When peanut seeds were frozen at −16°C (before curing), a significant increase in concentration was observed for PA and PG, whereas the concentrations of PC and PE decreased to very low levels when compared to the control. Where concentration permitted, molecular species were separated on a reverse‐phase column by HPLC.
Sterol composition inCoincya (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Vioque Javier , Pastor Julio , Vioque Eduardo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSterol composition was determined for seed oils and leaf waxes in eleven taxa belonging to the genusCoincya (Brassicaceae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Seed sterols ranged from 1.2 to 6.7%. The major components were sitosterol (42.6–54.6%), campesterol (20.4–33.2%), and brassicasterol (10.8–23.5%). In leaf waxes, the major free sterols were sitosterol (40.9–74.2%), campesterol (9.6–17.0%), and cholesterol (4.6–17.0%). In leaf wax esters, the major sterols were sitosterol (22.2–56.5%), cholesterol (7.3–32.8%), and campesterol (5.8–25.6%). An apparent substitution of brassicasterol in free sterols from the seeds by cholesterol in free sterols from the leaves was observed. There was an increase of cholesterol in sterols from leaf wax esters with respect to free sterols from leaves and seeds. InC. monensis subsp.nevadensis, the composition in sterols from leaf waxes may be an adaptation to low temperatures.
9H‐xanthene‐2,7‐diols as antioxidants for autoxidation of linoleic acid
Authors: Yamamura Tatsuo , Arashima Masaki , Nakatani Kazumi , Ishida Takafumi , Yamada Fukiko , Nishiyama Tomihiro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe antioxidant activities of 9H‐xanthene‐2,7‐diols and α‐tocopherol were studied during the oxidation of linoleic acid in a homogeneous solution and in an aqueous micelle dispersion. The antioxidant activities of 9H‐xanthene‐2,7‐diols for both systems were 1.0–2.4 times greater relative to α‐tocopherol. In addition, the 1,3,4,5,6,8‐hexamethylxanthene‐2,7‐diol showed less cytotoxicity toward human fibroblasts than did 2,6‐di‐t‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol.
cis‐trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids withp‐toluenesulfinic acid
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Scholfield C. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractElaidination of unsaturated fatty acids usingp‐toluenesulfinic acid yielded 77–80% totaltrans unsaturation in the products. Results from reactions with monoene, diene, and triene isomers indicated that only geometric isomerization takes place. Each double bond isomerized randomly and independently in the polyunsaturated fatty acids. Reactions proceeded quickly, and the method proved convenient and reliable.
Adsorption of β‐carotene: II. On cation exchanged bleaching clays
Authors: Liew K. Y. , Tan S. H. , Morsingh F. , Khoo L. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractX‐ray diffraction patterns of a number of commercial bleaching earths indicate that they consist mainly of montmorillonite mixed with smaller amount of kaolinites as well as mica, quartz and cristobalite. The active sites in these earths for the adsorption of β‐carotene are identified through ion exchange and found to be the protonic sites and some metallic ions. The efficiencies of the various cations in imparting activities to the earths are found to be in the order Mg2+ > Fe3+ > H+ > Ca2+ > Na+. For Fe3+ and H+ exchanged clays, the activity was found to be linear function of the concentration of these ions. The high activities of Mg2+ and Ca2+ exchanged clays are discussed.
A simple method for estimating carbonyl content in peroxide‐containing oils
Authors: Chiba Toshiyuki , Takazawa Makiko , Fujimoto Kenshiro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple method is described for the estimation of carbonyl content in peroxide‐containing oils. In this method, peroxides, which interfere with carbonyl determination, are reduced with triphenyl phosphine prior to carbonyl determination. Carbonyl content is measured by a colorimetric 2,4‐dinitrophenyl hydrazone procedure. Neither triphenyl phosphine nor triphenyl phosphine oxide, oxidation products of triphenyl phosphine by reaction with peroxides, interfere with the measurement of carbonyl content. The method is applicable to several kinds of oxidized oils in any oxidation stage.
Heats of combustion of fatty esters and triglycerides
Authors: Freedman B. , Bagby M. O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGross heats of combustion (HG) have been measured for three classes of fatty esters and two classes of triglycerides (TGs). The esters included saturated methyl esters, Me 6:0–22:0; saturated ethyl esters, Et 8:0–22:0; and unsaturated methyl esters, Me 12:1–22:1, Me 18:2 and Me 18:3. The TGs included the saturated TGs, C 8:0–22:0, and unsaturated TGs, C 11:1, C 16:1, C 18:1, C 18:2, C 18:3, C 20:1 and C 22:1. HG were measured in a Parr adiabatic calorimeter according to a modification of ASTM D240 and D2015. Linear regression analysis (LINREG) yielded equations that related HG to carbon number (CN) or chain length, electron number (EN) or number of valence electrons and molecular weight (MW). Calculated HG values from CN, EN, or MW were nearly identical. Thus, any one of these three variables can be used to predict HG satisfactorily. R squared values for all equations were 0.99. Equations for correlating HG of saturated or unsaturated TGs with molecular characteristics of these molecules have not been reported. With LINREG, we developed equations that permitted predictions of HG from structures of the saturated and unsaturated TGs. Equations for predicting HG of methyl and ethyl esters were compared to those in the literature and were found to be more accurate and precise.
Polymorphism of POP and SOS III. Solvent crystallization of β2 and β1 polymorphs
Authors: Arishima T. , Sato K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSingle crystals of β1 and polycrystals of β2 of POP and SOS were obtained from acetonitrile solution. The crystallization behavior of the two polymorphs was almost the same in POP and SOS; rapid cooling of the solution preferentially crystallized the metastable β2 form, and the most stable β1 form crystallized in a very low solute concentration at the expense of β2, via solution‐mediated transformation. The single crystal of β2 revealed needle‐like irregular shape, whereas well‐defined slender rhombic shape was observed in β1. The solubilities of the β1 forms of POP and SOS in tetradecane solution were precisely measured in a temperature range of 10∼20°C. This study showed that the solvent crystallization was the single way to grow the β1 crystal, since melt‐cooling and melt‐mediated transformation did not crystallize β1 both in POP and SOS.
Fatty acid composition of oil from soybean seeds grown at extreme temperatures
Authors: Rennie B. D. , Tanner J. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTemperature during seed development is known to influence the level of the various fatty acids in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil. In order to determine the range of values that can be obtained for each fatty acid, five lines (A5, C1640, N78‐2245, PI 123440 and PI 361088B) known to possess low linolenic acid (18:3) levels, one line (A6) known to possess a high stearic acid (18:0) level, and two cultivars (Century and Maple Arrow) were grown at 40/30, 28/22, and 15/12°C day/night. At 40/30°C, high oleic acid (18:1), low linoleic acid (18:2), and low linolenic acid levels were obtained that were beyond the range of levels reported for the soybean germplasm. The linolenic acid levels for A5, C1640 and N78‐2245 grown at 40/30°C were below 2.0%, and are the lowest values reported for soybean oil. A6 displayed a high level of stearic acid at 28/22 and 40/30°C but displayed a relatively low level at 15/12°C. This indicates that temperature may affect the expression of thefasa allele, which is responsible for high stearic acid levels in A6. The linolenic acid levels of PI 361088B and C1640, both possessing thefan allele, were the lowest for all lines grown at 15/12°C. Therefore, thefan allele is an appropriate source for the development of low linolenic acid lines adapted to cool areas.
Effect of alkyl carbon chain length and ethylene oxide content on the performance of linear alcohol ether sulfates
Authors: Cox Michael F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA series of linear alcohol ether sulfates varying in alkyl carbon chain length and ethylene oxide content was evaluated with respect to surface activity, viscosity, foaming, and detergency. Performance data agree well with surface property data. A low level of EO is best in terms of effectiveness and efficiency in lowering surface tension, which is why a low‐mole ether sulfate salt‐thickens better, produces foam which is more tolerant of soil, and gives good detergency performance. A lauryl‐range alkyl carbon chain length is best for foaming and salt‐thickening, but a higher carbon chain length appears to be better for detergency performance.