bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant Peroxisome Multiplication: Highly Regulated and Still Enigmatic
Authors: Hu Jianping 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Plant peroxisomes play a key role in numerous physiological processes and are able to adapt to environmental changes by altering their content, morphology, and abundance. Peroxisomes can multiply through elongation, constriction, and fission; this process requires the action of conserved, as well as species‐specific proteins. Genetic and morphological analyses have been used with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to determine at the mechanistic level how plant peroxisomes increase their abundance. The five‐member PEX11 family promotes early steps of peroxisome multiplication with an unknown mechanism and some subfamily specificities. The dynamin‐related protein (DRP)3 subfamily of dynamin‐related large guanosine triphosphatases mediates late steps of both peroxisomal and mitochondrial multiplication. New genetic and biochemical tools will be needed to identify additional, especially plant‐specific, constituents of the peroxisome multiplication pathways.
Electron Tomography in Plant Cell Biology
Authors: Haas Thomas J. , Otegui Marisa S. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract This review focuses on the contribution of electron tomography‐based techniques to our understanding of cellular processes in plant cells. Electron microscopy techniques have evolved to provide better three‐dimensional resolution and improved preservation of the subcellular components. In particular, the combination of cryofixation/freeze substitution and electron tomography have allowed plant cell biologists to image organelles and macromolecular complexes in their native cellular context with unprecedented three‐dimensional resolution (4–7 nm). Until now, electron tomography has been applied in plant cell biology for the study of cytokinesis, Golgi structure and trafficking, formation of plant endosome/prevacuolar compartments, and organization of photosynthetic membranes. We discuss in this review the new insights that these tomographic studies have brought to the plant biology field.
Microtubule Associated Proteins in Plants and the Processes They Manage
Authors: Kaloriti Despina , Galva Charitha , Parupalli Chaithanyarani , Khalifa Noha , Galvin Megan , Sedbrook John C. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) are proteins that physically bind to microtubules in eukaryotes. MAPs play important roles in regulating the polymerization and organization of microtubules and in using the ensuing microtubule arrays to carry out a variety of cellular functions. In plants, MAPs manage the construction, repositioning, and dismantling of four distinct microtubule arrays throughout the cell cycle. Three of these arrays, the cortical array, the preprophase band, and the phragmoplast, are prominent to plants and are responsible for facilitating cell wall deposition and modification, transducing signals, demarcating the plane of cell division, and forming the new cell plate during cytokinesis. This review highlights important aspects of how MAPs in plants establish and maintain microtubule arrays as well as regulate cell growth, cell division, and cellular responses to the environment.
The Chloroplast Outer Envelope Membrane: The Edge of Light and Excitement
Authors: Inoue Kentaro 
Published: August 2007

Abstract The chloroplast is surrounded by a double‐membrane envelope at which proteins, ions, and numerous metabolites including nucleotides, amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates are exchanged between the two aqueous phases, the cytoplasm and the chloroplast stroma. The chloroplast envelope is also the location where the biosynthesis and accumulation of various lipids take place. By contrast to the inner membrane, which contains a number of specific transporters and acts as the permeability barrier, the chloroplast outer membrane has often been considered a passive compartment derived from the phagosomal membrane. However, the presence of galactoglycerolipids and β‐barrel membrane proteins support the common origin of the outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope and extant cyanobacteria. Furthermore, recent progress in the field underlines that the chloroplast outer envelope plays important roles not only for translocation of various molecules, but also for regulation of metabolic activities and signaling processes. The chloroplast outer envelope membrane offers various interesting and challenging questions that are relevant to the understanding of organelle biogenesis, plant growth and development, and also membrane biology in general.
The Meaning of Unemployment
Authors: Clayton Joseph 
Published: August 2007

It is not unemployment alone, but the unemployment carrying with it a stoppage of pay that chiefly concerns us here. When a living is guaranteed by dividends, pension, or a sufficiently large dole, we can, for the most part, bear without discomfort the inconvenience of “no work.”To-day there are in Great Britain at least a million capable people, men and women of various trades and occupations, of varying degrees in skill, training, and muscular strength, who are out of work, and out of wages. They are unemployed, existing precariously on meagre trade union allowance, on unemployment “benefits,” or on casual relief. They stand by in idleness in the market-place of every town because no one will hire them.At the present time there are also many millions of people in Europe, men, women, and children, needing food, clothing, and dwelling places. (In especial the pitiful needs of the children of middle Europe are constantly brought to our notice.) In England alone many thousands are in need of these necessary things, while many thousands more, hard put to secure the bare necessities of physical life, worn out with anxiety in the struggle for a living, fade and perish in their prime.These two facts, then, may be noted.(1) A large population in need of food, clothing, and dwelling-places, and unable to obtain these things.(2) A large population capable of producing food, clothing, and dwelling places unable to engage in such production because no one will employ them.
Thein vitroInhibitory Potential of Trade Herbal Products on Human CYP2D6‐Mediated Metabolism and the Influence of Ethanol
Authors: Hellum Bent H. , Nilsen Odd Georg 
Published: August 2007

Abstract: The six commonly used trade herbal products, St. John's wort, common valerian, common sage,Ginkgo biloba,Echinacea purpureaand horse chestnut, and ethanol, were investigated for theirin vitroinhibitory potential of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)‐mediated metabolism. Herbal components were extracted from commercially available products in a way that ensured the same composition of constituents in the extract as in the original trade products. c‐DNA baculovirus expressed CYP2D6 was used with dextromethorphan as substrate. Quinidine was included as a positive control inhibitor. A validated high performance liquid chromatography methodology was used to quantify the formation of dextrorphan (product of dextromethorphan O‐demethylation). Ethanol showed a biphasic effect on CYP2D6 metabolism, increasing initially the CYP2D6 activity with 175% of control up to a concentration of 1.1%, where after ethanol linearly inhibited the CYP2D6 activity. All the investigated herbs inhibited CYP2D6 activity to some extent, but only St. John's wort, common sage and common valerian were considered possible candidates forin vivoclinically significant effects. They showed IC50values of 0.07 ± 7 × 10−3 mg/ml, 0.8 ± 0.05 mg/ml and 1.6 ± 0.2 mg/ml, respectively. St. John's wort inhibited CYP2D6‐mediated metabolism in an uncompetitive manner, while common valerian and common sage in a non‐competitive manner demonstrated interherb differences in inhibition patterns and differences when compared to the more homogenous competitive inhibitor quinidine. Common valerian was the only herb that showed a mechanistic inhibition of CYP2D6 activity and attention should be paid to a possible toxicity of this herb.
The Parent‐Baby Venture Program: Prevention of Child Abuse
Authors: Williams‐Burgess Christine , Vines Susan W. , Ditulio Margaret Baumeister 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC The overwhelming obstacles adolescents face to successful achievement of the maternal role.PURPOSE. To describe an innovative, community‐based program to support high risk adolescents during the early postpartum period.SOURCE. A review of the literature related to programs designed to promote maternal‐role attainment and prevent child abuse/neglect.CONCLUSION. Interviews with participants indicate a positive response to the intervention but regression to maladaptive behavior in some following termination.
Evaluation and Selection of Standardized Psychological Instruments for Research and Clinical Practice
Authors: Meyer Elaine C. , Edwards Gwenyth H. , Rossi Joseph S. 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. The evaluation and selection of standardized psychological instruments for research and clinical practice.PURPOSE. To present a systematic strategy to facilitate the instrument evaluation and selection process.SOURCES. Psychometric theory, published literature, and clinical‐research experience.CONCLUSION. A careful instrument evaluation process informs the examiner, increases the likelihood that the best available instrument will be selected, and improves research and clinical practice by ensuring the integrity of standardized instruments.
The Use of Qualitative Methods in the Study of Wellness in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Kendall Judy 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) effects on children and families. PURPOSE. To describe the gaps in current ADHD literature, exploring the role of qualitative research methods to study the health and well‐being of children and families with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS. In light of the difficult problems ADHD children experience and the low efficacy of many medical and psychological treatment, a need exists for understanding the contexts and everyday circumstances under which ADHD children and their families achieve well‐being.
Adolescent Suicide as a Public Health Threat
Authors: Bloch David S. 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Adolescent suicide patterns.PURPOSE. To raise awareness of the seriousness of adolescent suicidal behavior by reviming intmtional research on adolescent suicide and evaluating the prospects for identification and intmention.somas. Published literature.CONCLUSIONS. Adolescent suicide research is complicated and often contradictory, but it does provide some insight into prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, and interventions. For completers, the problem may be intractable. But n few broad‐based identification and prevention flouts show promise, and psychotherapy is a provoi success. Even if suicide rates remain high, treatment of attempters should prevent further self‐harm and reduce the completion rate, and thus should be funded.
That Place Where We Live: The Discovery of Self Through the Creative Play Experience
Authors: Galligan Ann Costello 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. The origin and meaning of play in relation to D. W. Winnicott's (1971) conceptualization of the intermediate area of experience and transitional object, and transitional phenomena formation.PURPOSE. To demonstrate how the nurse therapist can enhance the child's discovery of self and healthy development through creativity and Play.SOURCES. Clinical experiences with children in a school‐based mental health program and literature support.CONCLUSIONS. By providing “good enough” mothering and a holding environment to enhance the development of a creative play experience, the nurse allozos the child to find meaning through self‐expression and, ultimately, health.
Clinical aspects and immune reactions in sarcoidosis*
Authors: Grunewald Johan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIntroduction:  Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder of unknown aetiology, affecting young adults and frequently involving the lungs.Objective:  The aim of the present review was to give an overview of the clinical aspects in sarcoidosis.Results:  The majority of patients recover, but some develop a chronic disease that may result in fibrosis and respiratory failure. Besides the lungs, peripheral lymph nodes, the skin, the liver and the eyes are commonly affected as well. The genetic background, as well as environmental factors, is of importance for developing sarcoidosis. The incidence varies in different populations, in the Nordic countries approximately with 20/100 000 new patients yearly. Sarcoidosis is diagnosed when clinical and radiological findings are supported by histological evidence in the form of non‐caseating epithelioid cell granulomas, and when other causes of these features are excluded. Patients in need of treatment are usually treated with corticosteroids, topically or as oral steroids. A clinical effect of immunomodulatory drugs blocking tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α has been suggested from several case reports, while two controlled studies showed only minor effects; however, with a tendency to a more pronounced effect on patients with a more severe disease.The immune response in sarcoidosis, with a typical accumulation of CD4+ T‐cells to the lungs, indicate the existence of specific antigens in this disease. Recently, antigens derived from infectious agents such as Mycobacteria and Proprionibacterium acnes have come into focus. Lymphocyte populations with immunoregulatory functions have recently been investigated and seem to be dysfunctional in sarcoidosis, opening the possibility of developing new treatment strategies in this disease.Conclusion:  Recent technical developments have provided better tools, enabling detailed and more thorough analyses of the inflammatory process in sarcoidosis.Please cite this paper as: Grunewald J. Clinical aspects and immune reactions in sarcoidosis. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2007; 1:64–73.
An Investigation of Bottled Water Use and Caries in the Mixed Dentition
Authors: Broffitt Barbara , Levy Steven M. , Warren John J. , Cavanaugh Joseph E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectives: Bottled water consumption in the United States has greatly increased in the past decade. Because the majority of commercial bottled water is low in fluoride, there is the potential for an increase in dental caries. In these secondary data analyses, associations between bottled water use and dental caries were explored.Methods: Subjects (n=413) are in the Iowa Fluoride Study, which included dental examinations of the primary (approximately aged 5) and early erupting permanent (approximately aged 9) dentitions by trained dentist examiners. Permanent tooth caries and primary second molar increments were related to bottled water use using logistic and negative binomial regression models. All models were adjusted for age and the frequency of toothbrushing.Results: Bottled water use in this cohort was fairly limited (~10 percent). While bottled water users had significantly lower fluoride intakes, especially fluoride from water, there were no significant differences found in either permanent tooth caries (P=0.20 and 0.91 for prevalence and D2+FS, respectively) or primary second molar caries (P=0.94 and 0.74 for incidence and d2+fs increment, respectively). Results for smooth surfaces differed somewhat from those for pit and fissure surfaces, but neither showed significant differences related to bottled water use.Conclusion: While bottled water users had significantly lower fluoride intakes, this study found no conclusive evidence of an association with increased caries. Further study is warranted, preferably using studies designed specifically to address this research question.
Incidence of Periodontal Attachment Loss over 8 to 10 Years among Iowa Elders Aged 71+ at Baseline
Authors: Qian Fang , Levy Steven M. , Warren John J. , Hand Jed S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectives: There has been limited research on the long‐term incidence of periodontal attachment loss (ALOSS) among adults aged 70 and older. This study investigated periodontal ALOSS incidence among elderly Iowans aged 71 and older over an 8‐ to 10‐year period.Methods: Clinical examination data were obtained for a cohort of the Iowa 65+ Oral Health Study/Oral Lesion Detection Study in 1988 (baseline) and again in 1996‐98. Periodontal measurements, including gingival recession and probing depth, were made by trained examiners at both exams for each retained tooth at buccal (B) and mesiobuccal (MB) sites. Paired‐sample t‐tests were used to determine whether significant differences existed in ALOSS between the two time points; two‐sample t‐tests were used to assess the significance between genders and age groups (81 to 85 versus 86 to 93 years at follow‐up).Results: Of the 77 individuals examined at baseline, 35 provided longitudinal data for a total of 705 retained teeth. The data revealed that there were significant changes in ALOSS at B, MB, and combined sites during the observation period, but there were no significant differences in ALOSS by gender or age group. The mean differences in ALOSS between the two time periods were 0.57 mm (SD=0.69, Max=2.08) at B sites, and 0.43 mm (SD=0.63, Max=2.00) at MB sites. Over the period of 8 to 10 years, 2+ mm ALOSS incidence occurred at 17.6 percent of B sites and 13.9 percent of MB sites. Also, 68.6, 71.4, and 82.9 percent of the subjects experienced ALOSS incidence of 2+ mm at one or more B, MB, and B or MB sites, respectively, while 20.0, 25.7, and 31.4 percent of the subjects experienced ALOSS incidence of 4+ mm at one or more B, MB, and B or MB sites, respectively.Conclusions: Continuing ALOSS incidence was common in this elderly population. This study suggests that periodontal treatment continues to be important for the elderly.
Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life of Children by Dental Caries and Fluorosis Experience
Authors: Do Loc G. , Spencer A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children by dental caries and fluorosis status.Methods: A random sample of South Australian 8‐ to 13‐year‐old children was selected. Caries data were collected from school dental service records to group children by combined deciduous and permanent tooth caries experience. Children were examined for fluorosis using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) Index to form groups by fluorosis scores on maxillary central incisors. Occlusal traits were recorded using the Dental Aesthetic Index. Children and their parents completed the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ) and the Parental Perception Questionnaire (PPQ) and a global rating of oral health (OH). OHRQoL indicators, rating OH as Excellent/Very good, and mean overall CPQ/PPQ scores were compared between groups by fluorosis scores and caries experience. Multivariate models were generated for both OH and CPQ/PPQ indicators.Results: Two hundred forty‐two children (43.0 percent) had 0 decayed, missing, and filled primary and permanent tooth surface (dmfs/DMFS), while 170 (23.9 percent) had 5+ dmfs/DMFS. The prevalence of TF scores 1, 2, and 3 were 14.5, 9.5, and 1.9 percent, respectively. The proportion of children/parents rating OH as Excellent/Very good was significantly associated with children's caries experience. That proportion increased when fluorosis severity increased from a TF score of 0 to 2, but decreased with a TF of 3. Having low caries experience and better dental appearance were associated with parents’ perception of good OH. Having mild fluorosis and more acceptable appearance were significant factors for children's perception of good OH. Caries and malocclusion were associated with lower OHRQoL, while having a TF score of 2 was associated with better OHRQoL in multivariate models for overall CPQ/PPQ scores.Conclusion: Caries and less acceptable appearance showed a negative impact, while mild fluorosis had a positive impact on child and parental OHRQoL.
Consumption of Bottled Water by Children in the City of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil – A Brief Communication
Authors: Ramires Irene , Grec Roberto H. C. , Moura Patrícia G. , Pessan Juliano P. , Lauris José R. P. , Buzalaf Marília A. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectives: To determine the consumption of bottled water by children in the city of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil.Methods: A stratified sample of the 17 areas established by the city plan was used to identify a total of 1,000 homes for visitation. Information was collected using a questionnaire concerning the type of water consumed and population demographics.Results: Overall, around 30 percent of all residences used bottled water. Among all households where bottled water was consumed, about 26 percent had children residing. For those with children and bottled water, 81 percent reported to use bottled water for the preparation of the children's foods and beverages.Conclusions: An important percentage of children consume bottled water in the city of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Considering previous studies showing that fluoride concentrations vary in bottled water, public health measures should be implemented in order to guarantee adequate levels of fluoride in commercialized water.
Prevalence and Severity of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in a Region of Germany – A Brief Communication
Authors: Preusser Sonja E. , Ferring Verena , Wleklinski Carl , Wetzel Willi‐Eckhard 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectives: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental disturbance concerning permanent incisors and first permanent molars. The aim of this study was to ascertain the frequency of MIH in the region of central Hesse, Germany.Methods: 1,022 children aged 6 to 12 years were surveyed during routine school‐based dental examinations, which were conducted by the regional public health department. Symptoms of MIH were recorded and a DMF‐T evaluation was carried out.Results: Approximately 6 percent (5.9 percent) of all examined children showed at least one ill‐structured first permanent molar in terms of MIH. Furthermore, 57.9 percent of these children with hypomineralized first molars also showed changes in the enamel structure of the permanent incisors. Altogether, children with MIH showed a significantly higher DMF‐T value for permanent teeth than children without MIH.Conclusions: A carefully managed recall program for children affected by MIH is essential with regard to the increasing importance of preventive and restorative measures.
Identification of Isopentenol Biosynthetic Genes from
Bacillus subtilis
by a Screening Method Based on Isoprenoid Precursor Toxicity
Authors: Withers Sydnor T. , Gottlieb Shayin S. , Lieu Bonny , Newman Jack D. , Keasling Jay D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

We have developed a novel method to clone terpene synthase genes. This method relies on the inherent toxicity of the prenyl diphosphate precursors to terpenes, which resulted in a reduced-growth phenotype. When these precursors were consumed by a terpene synthase, normal growth was restored. We have demonstrated that this method is capable of enriching a population of engineered
Escherichia coli
for those clones that express the sesquiterpene-producing amorphadiene synthase. In addition, we enriched a library of genomic DNA from the isoprene-producing bacterium
Bacillus subtilis
strain 6051 in
E. coli
engineered to produce elevated levels of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. The selection resulted in the discovery of two genes (
yhfR
and
nudF
) whose protein products acted directly on the prenyl diphosphate precursors and produced isopentenol. Expression of
nudF
in
E. coli
engineered with the mevalonate-based isopentenyl pyrophosphate biosynthetic pathway resulted in the production of isopentenol.