bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Wood Poles Using a Free Vibration Technique
Authors: Chui YH , Barclay DW , Cooper PA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The current method of sorting wood poles is restricted to a visual inspection approach. It has long been recognized that a mechanical sorting approach will be more efficient in properly utilizing the wood pole resources because mechanical methods are generally more capable of segregating wood products into different strength categories. This paper presents a vibrationbased method for evaluating mechanical properties of wood poles. The evaluation parameter is modulus of elasticity. A theory is presented that relates the first natural frequency to the modulus of elasticity of a tapered beam. The method is based on the measurement of the first natural frequency of a wood pole under free vibration. From the first natural frequency the modulus of elasticity is calculated. Comparison of moduli of elasticity of ten wood poles from static bending and the proposed vibration methods reveals a generally strong correlation between the moduli measured by both methods. However, an outlier was noted that, upon examination of the failure mode, suggested that there was prior damage in the pole. This result indicates that the proposed method is not reliable in detecting any poles that have been weakened by internal defects.
Further Evaluation of Automated Stress Corrosion Ring (ASCOR) Testing of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Schra L , Wanhill RJH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In 1991 a simple automated stress corrosion testing method called the ASCOR (automated stress corrosion ring) test was developed to test aluminum alloys according to ASTM Practice for Evaluating Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of Metals and Alloys by Alternate Immersion in 3.5% Sodium Chloride Solution (G 44) and using direct stressing as in ASTM Practice for Preparation and Use of Direct Tension Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens (G 49). The present investigation concentrated on evaluating two aspects of the test method: • The SCC initiation criterion (2% load decrease). • The possibility of defining a threshold stress for micro SCC growth in addition to that for macro SCC growth.
It was found that substantial SCC growth had occurred at 2% load decrease. We therefore propose reducing the load decrease criterion to 0.5% to limit the contribution of SCC growth to the SCC initiation life.
Fracture strength ratios (fracture strength of loaded exposed specimens divided by fracture strength of unloaded exposed specimens) less than 100% were found at exposure stresses below the threshold stress for macro SCC growth. Fractographic investigation showed SCC on the fracture surfaces of specimens tested at these exposure stresses. A threshold stress for micro SCC growth was determined and is defined as the exposure stress at and below which the fracture strength ratio is 100%.
Statistical Properties of the Bukit Timah Granite in Singapore
Authors: Wu C , Hao H , Zhou Y 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe mechanical behavior of rock mass is affected strongly by its material properties. This paper carries out statistical analyses of the material properties of a rock mass. Statistical analyses of the material constants and the initial damage parameter of the rock mass are performed by using both field and laboratory test data. Based on the measured properties of rock specimens, the elastic modulus, uniaxial compressive strength, and the Poisson's ratio of rock are each found to have normal distributions and the tensile strength to have the gamma distribution. By using Monte Carlo simulation, the equivalent critical tensile strain is found to have the normal distribution. The initial damage of the rock mass, which describes the effects of naturally existing geological discontinuities in a rock mass, is estimated using the field-measured longitudinal and transverse elastic wave velocities. It is found to have the beta distribution. These distributions of rock properties can be used in statistical analyses of the rock mass responses to both static and dynamic loads.
A Proposal for Specimen Size Requirements in Toughness Qualification with the Weibull Stress Criterion
Authors: Miyata T , Tagawa T , Yang H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The specimen size requirements in toughness qualification are discussed on the basis of a statistical local fracture criterion approach. The Weibull stress criterion for cleavage fracture is applied to the constraint loss field at the crack tip described with the toughness scaling model (TSM). The proposed new model demonstrates that the TSM is a particular case for a material with a particular combination of the Weibull shape parameter, m, and the strain hardening exponent, n. Based on this model, alternative size requirements for ASTM standards are proposed.
Product/Package Interaction: Effect of Physical, Chemical, and Climatic Environments
Authors: Newsham MD , Giacin JR , Singh SP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Product/package interactions were evaluated for three product/package systems: a bleach alternative laundry additive, an anti-bacterial surface cleaner, and a glass surface cleaner. The package system was comprised of high-density polyethylene bottles with induction-sealed closures. The physical environment was studied by comparing product/package systems that were exposed to simulated distribution testing with those that were not. The storage environments were ambient conditions at 73°F (23°C), and higher temperatures at 100, 120, and 140°F (38, 49, and 60°C).
Damage caused by distribution testing occurred in the bottle or in the closure component of the package. Bottle defects resulting from distribution testing were dents, abrasions, and creases. Closure defects included sheared-off closures, cracks in the closure body, or nozzle cover damage.
Product/package systems exposed to the four storage environments were inspected for failure, defined as product leaking from the package, during the six-month study. Failures were due to environmental stress cracking. Dents in the shoulder and bottom region of the bottle were the only simulated distribution defects that impacted the storage stability of the product/package systems, which often resulted in reduced shelf life. The primary location of all other failures was near the center of the bottle bottom edge, which was the thinnest region of the bottle. Bleach alternative laundry additive was the most aggressive product, while the two surface cleaners exhibited similar storage stability.
Performance criteria of the failed bottles were evaluated to study the impact of package system properties on product/package integrity. Yield strength, modulus of elasticity, and dynamic mechanical properties of failed sample-acquired bottle side panels did not change significantly from those of the control samples. Color changes were monitored by measuring interior and exterior surface yellowness indices of bottle side panels. Although observed spectrophotometrically, these changes were not detected visually.
The U Test for Outlier Detection in Normal Distributions with Known σ
Authors: Wang W , Wang T 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new criterion is proposed for testing for outliers when the population standard deviation a is known. The advantage of this criterion is that no table is required and a fixed significance level can be selected. Compared with the current ASTM E 178 criterion for outlier rejection, under the same chance of making a Type I error, the U test has less chance of making a Type II error and therefore is a more powerful test.
Measurement of Anchor Strength in Non-Rigid Substrates
Authors: Farquhar T , Conyers MD , Dixon JT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study provides guidelines for measuring anchor strength in non-rigid substrates. ASTM Standard Test Method for Strength of Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements (E 48884) was designed to measure the “strength of anchors in concrete and masonry elements” and was never intended for use in flexible substrates. Hence, the load capacity of anchors installed in thin brittle materials like gypsum wallboard may be overestimated when measured in accordance with E 488. This is because ASTM E 488 imposes a reaction load around the anchor and delays the onset of pullout failure related to substrate bending. In contrast, the alternative test does not constrain the front surface of the substrate and can better reproduce the actual mechanisms of anchor failure in flexible materials.
The pullout strength of five anchor styles of varying rated strengths was determined following the ASTM E 488 method and by the alternative method. In both cases, the anchors were placed in a wallboard panel attached to a rigid wooden framework by suitable screws and adhesive. With no adhesive cure, the strength by the alternative method was up to 31% less than that obtained by the test following ASTM E 488 guidelines. With full adhesive cure, the strength in the alternative test was still up to 30% less than the ASTM test and up to 45% less than the rated strength. The strength differences can be linked to differences in the flexural stiffness of the test panel, and guidelines are given for determining when the substrate is flexible enough to justify the alternative test. The alternative test requires more setup time than ASTM E 488 but provides a more realistic measure of the ultimate load capacity of relatively strong anchors. In addition, the alternative test makes it possible to relate the effects of factors like screw spacing and bonding efficacy to anchor strength.
Modification of ASTM F 1671-97a, Resistance of Materials to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens, for Use with Elastomeric Materials
Authors: Kisielewski RW , Routson LB , Chaput MP , Lytle CD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A modification to ASTM F 1671-97a, Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System, was developed to allow evaluation of elastomeric materials having small tears. The original method provides for a flat, open-mesh support screen to prevent expansion of such materials. While natural latex rubber specimens with open, laser-drilled holes ⩾1 µm fail this test by allowing virus penetration, nitrile-butadiene rubber specimens with small tears (20 to 45 µm) pass. A stainless steel wire cloth support screen with a hemispherical-like dome, in lieu of the flat screen, provided controlled expansion and allowed detection of defective specimens with tears. The data also suggest a similar modification to enhance ASTM F 1670-97, Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Synthetic Blood.
Porosity and Wear Resistance in Stone Flooring Tiles
Authors: MacGregor ID , Chiu KY 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A sorptivity test and a permeability test were used as an assessment of the degree of porosity of stone flooring tiles, where there was particular interest in the surface characteristics. A good correlation was obtained between the two tests; the sorptivity is preferred since it is the easier to perform and could be extended to assess the characteristics of full-sized tiles.
A Taber Abraser was used to compare the likely wear of the stones. Assessment was by weight loss and by groove depth, measured by both a depth micrometer and a laser beam profile meter. Good agreement was achieved among all the wear measurement methods. The laser beam is the least preferred method due to the equipment cost and availability. Mohs' mineralogical scratch method was used to assess hardness, which is possibly related logarithmically to the Taber wear.
The stone types were two granites and two marbles in common use in Hong Kong. One granite had the best properties from all measurements. The other granite and one of the marbles had similar properties, while the remaining marble showed distinctly inferior properties. Flooring specification limits could perhaps be set above those achieved on the poorer marble, but more work is required to set definitive limits. Stone flooring physical property limits do not appear to be specified in Hong Kong, and elsewhere performance specifications seem to be at best limited.
Injuries Due to Traditional and Soft-Core Centered Baseball Impacts: A Review
Authors: Beaumont RD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the increasing use of soft-core centered baseballs and the safety issues that have arisen in comparison to the design and manufacture of traditional hard-core baseballs. This purpose was not to decide whether either of the two types of baseballs was reasonably safe or unreasonably dangerous. Allegations have been made that the hardness of a baseball affects the type and magnitude of injury to a person. Experimental and analytical research has been done exploring that area to determine the validity of those allegations. This paper reviews the models and methodology presented in recent studies attempting to model the mechanism of injury and death related to baseball impacts to the human head and chest regions.
Information was obtained from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, which disseminates mandatory regulations for some consumer products, and the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment, which publishes voluntary industry standards for baseballs and baseball equipment. In addition, studies conducted by a number of organizations, including the Institute for Preventative Sport Medicine, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Wayne State University, as well as articles published by The New England Journal of Medicine, were included in the review.
Falling-Weight Deflectometer Sensor Location in the Backcalculation of Concrete Pavement Moduli
Authors: Li S , White TD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses the principles of two closed-form algorithms, ILLI-BACK and NUS-BACK, for backcalculating layer moduli of concrete pavements and their implications for selecting sensor locations in falling-weight deflectometer tests. It is found that sensor location has an effect on the results backcalculated using these two closed-form algorithms. Use of sensors at large radial distances may produce results with high variations since a small variation in the deflections recorded by these sensors will result in a significant change of layer modulus. Use of close sensor spacing will produce a ratio of deflections recorded by two consecutive sensors close to 1, leading to significant variations in backcalculation results in those cases where errors are involved in deflection measurements. The Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) FWD sensor configuration with sensors located at 0, 203, 305, 457, 610, 914, and 1524 mm is examined. Care should be taken in backcalculation analysis of concrete pavements using the SHRP sensor configuration in conjunction with the closed-form algorithms. Backcalculation results from deflections measured by SHRP and on Indiana US52 quantitatively confirm these findings.
Network-Level Pavement Deflection Testing and Structural Evaluation
Authors: Hossain M , Chowdhury T , Chitrapu S , Gisi AJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Structural evaluation provides valuable information about the expected behavior of pavements and can be very useful at the network level of pavement management for project prioritization purposes. However, due to the expense involved in data collection and analysis, structural capacity is usually not determined at the network level. In Kansas, due to limited resources and the large size of the network (10 971 miles), annual network-level structural data collection at the same rate (five to ten tests per mile) as the project level is not realistic. This study was initiated to determine the sample size (% mileage) at the network level as well as the test intervals and frequency that can be used as guides for network-level deflection testing and structural evaluation of pavements.
Falling-weight deflectometer (FWD) data, collected on 571 km (357 miles) of non-interstate asphalt pavements of the Kansas Department of Transportation from 1993 to 1996, were used in the analysis. Three response variables were studied: (1) normalized and temperature-corrected first sensor deflection, (2) backcalculated subgrade resilient modulus (Mr), and (3) effective pavement modulus (Ep). Statistical analysis of these variables showed that the FWD tests up to a three-year interval at the network level yield statistically similar pavement responses and layer properties. At the network level, FWD tests on 20% mileage appear to be a valid statistical choice, and three tests per mile is the minimum test frequency required. An analysis procedure for assessing structural deterioration of pavements at the network level is also demonstrated.
Laboratory Measurements and Analysis of Clogging Mechanism of Porous Asphalt Mixes
Authors: Tan SA , Fwa TF , Guwe VYK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A laboratory test to assess the clogging potentials of porous asphalt mixes is useful as part of a rational design procedure of these mixes for the construction of pavement surface friction courses. Following an earlier successful attempt in inducing clogging in porous specimens in the laboratory, this paper describes a project studying the clogging potentials for porous asphalt pavements of different thicknesses under simulated field conditions. The clogging potentials were studied through the monitoring of the deterioration of the permeabilities of the laboratory specimens, made possible by a new falling-head permeameter that measures three-dimensional flow. An attempt was also made to relate the results thus obtained to a simple theoretical model suggested by Giroud for geotextiles. It was found that there was a fairly good comparison between experimental results and theory.
In Situ Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in a Silicon Carbide Ceramic at Elevated Temperatures Using a DC Potential System
Authors: Chen D , Gilbert CJ , Ritchie RO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms of fatiguecrack propagation in advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures (&gt;800°C) has in part been hampered by the experimental difficulty in directly measuring crack lengths, and hence crack growth rates, at such high temperatures. In this study, we show how the direct-current (DC) electrical-potential technique, which has been used for such measurements in metallic materials for over 30 years, can be successfully utilized to monitor fatigue crack growth rates in situ in a silicon carbide ceramic at temperatures between 850 and 1300°C, because of the electrical conductivity in SiC at these temperatures. In addition to providing a highly efficient means of collecting such data, this approach offers several significant advantages over the techniques that have been used to date for advanced ceramics, particularly in avoiding artifacts due to thermal fatigue and oxidation from repeated exposure to air and/or lower temperatures while making measurements. Effects of parameters such as load ratio and loading frequency are examined, both on crack growth behavior and the accuracy of measurement. With appropriate considerations, electrical-potential calibrations determined at ambient temperatures in metallic materials can be applied readily to elevated temperature measurements in silicon carbide.
Loss of Compression Strength in Corrugated Shipping Containers Shipped in the Single Parcel Environment
Authors: Singh SP , Pratheepthinthong S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study monitored the shipment of corrugated fiberboard shipping containers in the small parcel shipping environment. Similar boxes were also tested in three different laboratories to determine loss of compression strength in actual shipments, and in simulated tests recommended by the International Safe Transit Association and the American Society for Testing and Materials. Safety factors were developed based on the data collected.
The Influence of Specimen Size on the Fracture Behavior of a Structural Steel at Different Temperatures
Authors: Martinez LT , Gonzalez GR , Varela FJB , Biempica CB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A broad experimental study was carried out in order to analyze the influence of different geometrical parameters (thickness, width, and crack length) and temperature on the fracture behavior of a structural steel. The J-integral versus crack growth resistance curves (J-R curves) were determined using indirect measurements of the crack size based on the variation of the specimen compliance, together with the physical determination of crack lengths obtained during testing using a color marking procedure. This last technique allows the reliability and accuracy of the data to be improved and provides additional information that can be used to reduce the typical scatter of the results. Only the initial crack size of the specimen has an influence on the J-R behavior of the steel due to the triaxiality modification of the crack tip stress state developed in the specimen. On the other hand, the J-R curve of the steel is also independent of temperature. Temperature affects only the J values at which cleavage or unstable fracture takes place.
DC Potential Drop Calibration in Creep-Fatigue Loading Conditions
Authors: Merah N 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The direct current potential drop method (DCPD) is used to detect the initiation of cracks and monitor their growth under the conditions of high gross inelastic deformations (plastic and creep). Testing is conducted on flat SS-304 plates with central circular holes of different diameters under fatigue and creep-fatigue loading at 600°C. The potential drop is measured using two pairs of voltage probes across the hole. The variation of the voltage ratio with the number of cycles is considered in order to eliminate the dependency of the DCPD on the current and material resistivity. The visible crack length is measured by a video camera with image processing to assess the reliability of the DCPD technique.
The effects of notch shape and notch plastic zone size prior to initiation are removed by using a special reference voltage ratio. Because of the high inelastic deformations at the crack tip and larger crack opening displacement under fatigue and creep-fatigue conditions at high temperature, the calibration curve developed at room temperature is modified using material property variation with temperature. Furthermore, the variation of notch opening displacement with voltage ratio is employed to correct measured crack length and to determine crack initiation under fatigue with hold time.
Measurement of Apparent Thermal Conductivity by the Thermal Probe Method
Authors: Manohar K , Yarbrough DW , Booth JR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Three thermal probes were constructed in accordance with ASTM D 5334 and calibrated using heat-flow metre data. The temperature-time response of the thermal probes for determining apparent thermal conductivity λ under transient state conditions was logged at 1 s intervals. The instrumentation used reduced the determinate error associated with voltage and current measurements to a negligibly small value that made the uncertainty in λ dependent on the uncertainty of the slope dT/dlnt. A test method was run in 1000 s, in which a criterion of 2.5% spread among three consecutive slope values was used to determine the extent of the linear segment of the T–ln t curve.
The probes demonstrated repeatability within ±3.5% but had definite individual bias indicating a need for individual calibration. Using individual probe calibration factors, the experimentally de termined λs for all-purpose sand, sifted sand, and soil were deter mined to be 0.520, 0.445, and 2.11 W/moK, respectively.