bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pilot‐scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of wheat germ oil
Authors: Eisenmenger Michael , Dunford Nurhan T. , Eller Fred , Taylor Scott , Martinez Jose 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere is a need for the development of new processing techniques to facilitate vegetable oil extraction and refining while sustaining the nutritional components naturally present in edible oils and reducing the adverse impact of oil processing on the environment. In this study supercritical carbon dioxide (SC−CO2) extraction and fractionation techniques were examined as alternative methods to obtain wheat germ oil (WGO) of high quality and purity. It was shown that the SC−CO2 extraction technique is effective in extraction of WGO. There was no significant difference in the FA composition of SC−CO2‐ and hexane‐extracted WGO. Both hexane‐and SC−CO2‐extracted WGO were rich in α‐tocopherol. Moisture content of the SC−CO2‐extracted oil was higher than that of the hexane‐extracted oil. Solvent/feed ratio had a significant effect on the SC−CO2 extraction yields. This study demonstrated that supercritical fluid fractionation was a viable process to remove FFA efficiently from both hexane‐and SC−CO2‐extracted WGO while retaining bioactive oil components in the final product.
Quality of residual oil from palm‐pressed mesocarp fiber (Elaeis guineensis) using supercritical CO2 with and without ethanol
Authors: Lau Harrison Lik Nang , Choo Yuen May , Ma Ah Ngan , Chuah Cheng Hock 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe qualities of oils extracted from fresh and dried palm‐pressed mesocarp fiber were evaluated. The means of extraction included conventional solvent extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction with and without addition of ethanol. Extraction efficiency using pure SC‐CO2 and the effect of moisture content on efficiency were studied. Minor components, such as vitamin F, carotenoids, squalene and phytosterols, obtained by different methods were compared. The quality of oil recovered from fresh palm‐pressed fiber is generally better than that of oil recovered from dried fiber. The SC‐CO2 extraction rate was lower for fresh fiber than for dried fiber. The incorporation of ethanol with SC‐CO2 resulted in oil with higher oxidative stability than did SC‐CO2 alone. Concentrations of minor components and the acylglycerol compositions of the oils extracted from both types of fibers were similar.
Can the 12-item General Health Questionnaire be used to measure positive mental health?
Authors: HU YONGJIAN , STEWART-BROWN SARAH , TWIGG LIZ , WEICH SCOTT 
Published: February 2007

Background. Well-being is an important determinant of health and social outcomes. Measures of positive mental health states are needed for population-based research. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) has been widely used in many settings and languages, and includes positively and negatively worded items. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that the GHQ-12 assesses both positive and negative mental health and that these domains are independent of one another.Method. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses were conducted using data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and the Health Survey for England (HSE). Regression models were used to assess whether associations with individual and household characteristics varied across positive and negative mental health dimensions. We also explored higher-level variance in these measures, between electoral wards.Results. We found a consistent, replicable factor structure in both datasets. EFA results indicated a two-factor solution, and CFA demonstrated that this was superior to a one-factor model. These factors correspond to ‘symptoms of mental disorder’ and ‘positive mental health’. Further analyses demonstrated independence of these factors in associations with age, gender, employment status, poor housing and household composition. Statistically significant ward-level variance was found for symptoms of mental disorder but not positive mental health.Conclusions. The GHQ-12 measures both positive and negative aspects of mental health, and although correlated, these dimensions have some independence. The GHQ-12 could be used to measure positive mental health in population-based research.
The bacteriology of pneumonia diagnosed in Western Australian emergency departments
Authors: INGARFIELD S. L. , CELENZA A. , JACOBS I. G. , RILEY T. V. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYWe used Western Australian emergency department data linked to hospital morbidity, death and microbiology data to describe the bacteriology of pneumonia according to age. The ‘atypical’ organisms and viruses were not assessed. A total of 6908 patients over a 3-year period were given an emergency department diagnosis of pneumonia, 76·9% were admitted and 6·3% died in hospital. Blood was cultured from 52·9% of patients with 6·4% growing potential pathogens. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common organism isolated and accounted for 92% of pathogens in those aged <15 years. Isolation of Enterobacteriaceae species tended to increase with age and accounted for around 25% of isolates from the elderly. Sputum was cultured from 25·3% of patients and bacteria were isolated from 30·3% of samples, commonly Haemophilus influenzae and S. pneumoniae. Isolates from sputum showed no distinct trend across age groups. These patterns question the value of routine blood and sputum cultures and have implications for empiric therapy for the elderly.
Myth, Style, Substance and the Totalitarian Dynamic in Fascist Italy
Authors: ROBERTS DAVID D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent studies of Italian Fascism have focused on ritual, spectacle, commemoration and myth, even as they also take seriously the totalitarian thrust of Fascism. But whereas this new culturalist orientation has usefully pointed beyond earlier reductionist approaches, it has often accented style and myth as opposed to their opposites, which might be summed up as ‘substance’. Some of the aspirations fuelling Fascism, responding to perceived inadequacies in the mainstream liberal and Marxist traditions, pointed beyond myth and style as they helped to shape the Fascist self-understanding – and Fascist practice. This article seeks to show how the interplay of substance, style and myth produced a particular – and deeply flawed – totalitarian dynamic in Fascist Italy.
Sippenhaft, Terror and Fear in Nazi Germany: Examining One Facet of Terror in the Aftermath of the Plot of 20 July 1944
Authors: LOEFFEL ROBERT 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe methods used by the Nazis to control elements of German society have been the focus of intense historical debate. This paper attempts to analyse the implementation ofSippenhaft(family liability punishment) after the 20 July 1944 assassination plot against Hitler.Sippenhaftwas advocated for use against the families of the conspirators involved in this plot and also against members of the armed services. Consequently, its implementation became the personal domain of the Reich leader of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, as well as local army commanders, army courts and the Nazi party itself. This article will argue that the inadequacies of its imposition were largely compensated for by its effectiveness as a device of fear.
Splenic lesions: FNA findings in 48 cases
Authors: Kumar P. V. , Monabati A. , Raseki A. R. , Arshadi C. , Malek‐Hosseini S. A. , Talei A. R. , Sadeghi E. 
Published: February 2007

Objective:  To study fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytological findings of splenic lesions and assess the role of FNA in the diagnosis of splenomegaly or splenic tumours.Methods:  This study consisted of 48 cases, 25 males and 23 females. The ages ranged between 3 and 71 years. Most of these cases were aspirated under ultrasonographic guidance and a small number were also aspirated directly by using a 22‐ to 23‐gauge needles. The smears were stained with Wright–Giemsa and Papanicolaou methods. Special stains were used whenever necessary.Results:  In this study 14 cases were diagnosed as lymphoma‐leukaemia, 7 cases as tuberculosis, 12 cases as kala‐azar, 2 cases as hydatid cyst, 3 cases as storage diseases, 3 cases as simple cyst, 2 cases as myeloproliferative disorders, 2 cases as malignant tumours and 3 cases as hamartomas (these were wrongly diagnosed as malignant tumours).Conclusion:  Splenic aspiration is a safe procedure and is very useful in the diagnosis of parasitic and infectious diseases, especially in endemic countries like Iran.
Oviposition decreased in response to enriched water: a field study of the pitcher‐plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii
Authors: HOEKMAN DAVID , TERHORST CASEY , BAUER ALLISON , BRAUN SARAH , GIGNAC PAUL , HOPKINS ROBIN , JOSHI SONALI , LASKIS KRISTINA , SANSCRAINTE NEIL , TRAVIS JOSEPH , MILLER THOMAS E. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract 1. Environmental cues are known to influence oviposition behaviour in mosquitoes, with important consequences for larval survival and insect population dynamics. Enriched microhabitats have been shown to be preferred oviposition sites.2. In a field experiment designed to determine whether ovipositing mosquitoes are sensitive to different levels of nutrient enrichment, new pitcher‐plant (Sarracenia purpurea) leaves were opened and enriched with 0, 2, or 20 dead ants, and the number of pitcher‐plant mosquito (Wyeomyia smithii) larvae resulting from subsequent oviposition were measured.3. Oviposition rates were higher in leaves with low levels of enrichment (0 and 2 ants per leaf), although larval development was enhanced at the highest enrichment level.4. Results suggest that, although these mosquito larvae are nutrient limited, ovipositing females preferentially avoid highly enriched leaves. This counterintuitive result may be due to low oxygen concentrations or a masked cue in enriched leaves, and contrasts with other oviposition studies.
Gall wasps and their parasitoids in cork oak fragmented forests
Authors: CHUST GUILLEM , GARBIN LUCAS , PUJADE‐VILLAR JULI 
Published: February 2007

Abstract 1. This paper explores the potential effects of host‐plant fragmentation on cork oak gall wasp populations (Cynipidae, Hymenoptera) and on their predators, lethal inquilines, and parasitoids. To address this objective, galls were collected across a gradient of cork oak (Quercus suber) forest fragmentation in the East Pyrenees (Albera, Spain), and they were incubated to obtain the parasitism rates.2. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) Host‐plant fragmentation may induce a decline in gall wasp populations because of area and isolation effects on local extinction and dispersal; as a consequence of that, parasitoids may decline even more strongly in fragmented habitats than their prey. (2) Host‐plant fragmentation may cause a decline in gall wasp parasitoid populations that, in turn, can lead to an ecological release in their prey populations.3. Among the eight cork oak gall wasps sampled in the study area of Albera, the gall abundances of three species (Callirhytis glandium, Callirhytis rufescens, and Andricus hispanicus) were significantly related to forest fragmentation. The overall abundance of gall wasps was affected by a radius of ≈ 890 m surrounding landscape, presenting constant abundances with forest loss until forest cover is reduced at ≈ 40%; below that value the abundance increased rapidly. Three inquilines and 23 parasitoids species were recorded after gall incubation. In 25 cases, species of inquilines and parasitoids were newly recorded for the corresponding host in the Iberian peninsula.4. Although the overall parasitism rate was high (1.1), it was uncorrelated with fragmentation and with overall cynipid abundance. These results indicate that host‐plant fragmentation was correlated with higher abundance of gall wasps, whereas the parasitism rate could not explain this hyper‐abundance in small forest fragments.
Postoperative recovery: a concept analysis
Authors: Allvin Renée , Berg Katarina , Idvall Ewa , Nilsson Ulrica 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAim. This paper presents a concept analysis of the phenomenon of postoperative recovery.Background. Each year, millions of patients throughout the world undergo surgical procedures. Although postoperative recovery is commonly used as an outcome of surgery, it is difficult to identify a standard definition.Method. Walker and Avant's concept analysis approach was used. Literature retrieved from MEDLINE and CINAHL databases for English language papers published from 1982 to 2005 was used for the analysis.Findings. The theoretical definition developed points out that postoperative recovery is an energy‐requiring process of returning to normality and wholeness. It is defined by comparative standards, achieved by regaining control over physical, psychological, social and habitual functions, and results in a return to preoperative level of independence/dependency in activities of daily living and optimum level of psychological well‐being.Conclusion. The concept of postoperative recovery lacks clarity, both in its meaning in relation to postoperative recovery to healthcare professionals in their care for surgical patients, and in the understanding of what researchers in this area really intend to investigate. The theoretical definition we have developed may be useful but needs to be further explored.
Increasing vigilance on the medical/surgical floor to improve patient safety
Authors: Jacobs Joshua L. , Apatov Nathaniel , Glei Matthew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAim.  This paper reports a study designed to assess an automated non‐invasive, patient vigilance system, the LG1TM system, for determining heart rate and respiration rate. The study uses collected data to optimize the LG1TM’s alert management scheme for medical/surgical wards.Background.  Thousands of patients die unnecessarily each year because of compromised patient safety in hospitals. Economic pressures to reduce hospitalization costs, exacerbated by increasing nursing shortages, have created a need for new approaches to patient vigilance. Advanced technologies may help nurses to provide high‐quality care while controlling costs and improving patient safety.Methods.  Heart and respiration waveforms from 287 patients were captured by sensor arrays embedded in the mattress coverlets of their beds. No real‐time monitoring was performed. Raw data were processed by proprietary algorithms and compared with data captured by a standard reference device. Alert performance was verified by hand‐scoring the signal data and matching it against clinical events observed through a systematic review of each patient's medical record. The data were collected between June 2004 and February 2005.Results.  Experimental algorithms for heart rate had an accuracy of −1·47 (sd 1·90) and a precision of 4·60 (sd 2·46). Respiration rate algorithms showed an accuracy of −0·94 (sd 1·26) and a precision of 4·02 (sd 1·17). Algorithms identified 178 true‐positive physiological alerts on 15 patients. None of the events was deemed clinically significant at chart review. The combined false‐positive alert rate for the algorithms was 0·007 events per hour.Conclusion.  This study demonstrates the accuracy and precision of the signal processing algorithms in the LG1TM system. Future work will focus on assessing the system's impact on patient outcomes and its integration into the nursing workflow.
Overall self‐rated health: a new quality indicator for primary care
Authors: Rohrer James E. , Young Rodney , Sicola Virginia , Houston Margaret 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Patient ‘empowerment’ gives patients choices about their own care and about the outcomes they would most prefer. Many patients can be presumed to regard overall self‐rated health as an important outcome. Therefore, overall self‐rated health can be considered a relevant and important outcome measure for a patient‐centred medical clinic. The purpose of this study was to use this new outcome measure as a dependent variable and to test the hypothesis that patients who are confident about their ability to manage their health will have better health, in comparison to more dependent patients.Methods  We conducted a randomized cross‐sectional postal survey of 500 veteran patients from the Panhandle of Texas and the surrounding areas; and 302 participated in the study. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis that health confidence is positively related to self‐rated health, controlling for obesity, cigarette smoking and participation in recreational activities.Results  Veterans who strongly disagreed with the statement that they usually could overcome illnesses on their own were less likely to report good, very good or excellent self‐rated health (adjusted odds ratio = 0.25).Conclusions  Overall self‐rated health as measured by a single question proved to be significantly related to behavioural risk factors in this sample of primary care patients, attesting to its validity as an outcome indicator. Furthermore, health confidence was associated with better health. Most primary providers believe that they can, through good communication and providing self‐care tools, increase healthy behaviours in their patients. If we are indeed able to increase health confidence in our patients, this study would suggest that self‐rated health would improve.
An analysis of the evidence‐practice continuum: is surgery for obstructive sleep apnoea contraindicated?
Authors: Elshaug Adam G. , Moss John R. , Southcott Anne Marie , Hiller Janet E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Currently there are multiple surgical interventions utilized in the treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). The role of these operations remains controversial, with perspectives on treatment efficacy varying considerably. Despite this, their use is proliferating.Objectives  In this paper, we present the degree of variability that occurs in the application of these procedures, and examine the effectiveness of surgical intervention as a treatment for OSA.Method  A multi‐centre retrospective clinical audit of consecutive, unselected surgical cases presenting at the sleep disorder clinics of two teaching hospitals in a major Australian city. Patients acted as their own historical controls, undergoing polysomnography pre and post surgery to gauge effectiveness.Results  On variability demonstrate 94 individuals in this cohort received 220 individual upper airway surgical procedures, 184 occurred in their first operation (mean 2.5 per person; range 1–7) and 36 occurred in a second operation (n = 18; cumulative mean of 4 per person; range 3–7). These 94 individuals received 41 varying combinations of surgery. Results on effectiveness demonstrate an overall physiological success rate of 13% (87% fail). One operation reduced OSA severity by 20% (patients still had severe OSA), and two operations by 35% (still moderate OSA). In contrast, conventional Continuous Positive Airway Pressure therapy controlled OSA (n = 64).Conclusions  This case study demonstrates substantial procedural variability and limited effectiveness. This raises questions as to the quality of care, the treatment‐derived health outcomes of this population and of efficient resource allocation. This issue requires greater policy attention.
Effect of hexokinase activity on tomato root metabolism during prolonged hypoxia
Authors: GHARBI IMENE , RICARD BERENICE , ROLIN DOMINIQUE , MAUCOURT MICHAEL , ANDRIEU MARIE‐HELENE , BIZID ESSIA , SMITI SAMIRA , BROUQUISSE RENAUD 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHypoxically induced tolerance to anoxia in roots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was previously shown to depend on sucrose and the induction of sucrose synthase. In contrast to maize, root hexokinase (HXK) activities did not increase during hypoxia and glucose was unable to sustain glycolytic flux under anoxia. In this paper, we asked whether hypoxic metabolism in roots would be altered in transgenic tomato plants overexpressing either a plant (Arabidopsis) or a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) HXK and whether such modifications could be related to improved energy metabolism and consequently root tolerance under anoxia. Tomato plants grown hydroponically with shoots always maintained in air were submitted to a 7 d hypoxic treatment applied by stopping air bubbling. A combination of techniques including 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, RT‐PCR and enzyme analyses was used to obtain a broad picture of hypoxic root metabolism. In normoxic conditions, HXK overexpression resulted in higher ADP and AMP levels only in roots of AtHXK1 transgenic plants. During hypoxic treatment, oxygen levels in the hydroponic tank decreased rapidly to 5 kPa within the first 2 d and then remained at 5 kPa throughout the 7 d experiment. Oxygen levels were similar at 5 and 20 cm below the water surface. A decline of the adenylate energy status was observed after 2 d of hypoxic treatment, with a further decrease by 7 d in roots of non‐transgenic (WT) and ScHXK2, but not in AtHXK1 transgenic plants. Sucrose synthase activity increased to comparably higher levels at 7 d of hypoxic treatment in WT and ScHXK2 compared with AtHXK1 roots. Differences between WT and the transgenic plants are discussed with respect to the metabolic response to low (hypoxia) but not zero (anoxia) oxygen.
Social Transfer of Predation Risk Information Reduces Food Locating Ability in European Minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus)
Authors: Johnsson Jörgen I. , Fredrik Sundström L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLittle is known about how food location ability of animals is affected by social information of predation risk. This question was therefore addressed in an experimental study where naïve ‘observer’ European minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) were allowed to search for food in a maze in the presence or absence of a predator (Salmo trutta). Observer minnows were accompanied by conspecific demonstrators which had previously been trained in the same maze either in the presence or absence of the predator. Observer minnows were most likely to locate food when the predator was absent both during their trial and during the pre‐training of demonstrators. When demonstrators had been trained with predators, observer success in locating the food was halved, although they were never exposed to predation risk themselves. When observers were exposed to predation risk their probability of locating food was further reduced regardless of the experience of their demonstrators. Our results show that predation risk can affect the foraging ability of minnows both directly and indirectly through social information from conspecifics. We conclude that social information may influence and constrain individual behavioural decisions, especially in rapidly changing environments where private information is often insufficient.