bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The magnetic field of the planet-hosting star τ Bootis
Authors: Catala C. , Donati J.-F. , Shkolnik E. , Bohlender D. , Alecian E. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We have obtained high-resolution spectropolarimetric data for the planet-hosting star τ Bootis, using the ESPaDOnS spectropolarimeter at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). A weak but clear Stokes V signature is detected on three of the four nights of 2006 June during which we have recorded data. This polarimetric signature indicates with no ambiguity the presence of a magnetic field at the star's surface, with intensity of just a few gauss.
The analysis of the photospheric lines of τ Boo at ultra-high signal-to-noise ratio reveals the presence of an 18 per cent relative differential rotation. Tentative Zeeman–Doppler imaging, using our spectropolarimetric observations covering only a fraction of the star's rotational phase, indicates a magnetic field with a dominant potential field component. The data are best fitted when a 3.1-d period of modulation and an intermediate inclination are assumed. Considering the level of differential rotation of τ Boo, this implies a rotation period of 3.0 d at the equator and of 3.7 d at the pole, and a topology of the magnetic field where its main non-axisymmetric part is located at low latitudes.
The planet is probably synchronized with the star's rotation at intermediate latitudes, while the non-axisymmetric part of the magnetic field seems located at lower latitudes. Our limited data do not provide sufficient constraints on the magnetic field to study a possible interaction of the planet with the star's magnetosphere. Investigating this issue will require data with much better phase coverage. Similar studies should also be performed for other stars hosting close-in giant planets.
MEASUREMENT OF FLUID FOOD VISCOSITY USING MICROFABRICATED RADIO FREQUENCY COILS
Authors: MCCARTHY MICHAEL J. , CHOI YOUNG JIN , GOLOSHEVSKY ARTEM G. , DE ROPP JEFFREY S. , COLLINS SCOTT D. , WALTON JEFFREY H. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT We report on the use and applicability of microfabricated radio frequency (r.f.) coils for viscosity measurements of fluid foods. The viscosity of fluid milk and milklike products was measured using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging based on microfabricated r.f. coils coupled to in‐line tubing with an inner diameter of 1.4 × 10‐3 m. The fluid's apparent viscosity ranged from 0.002 to 0.08 Pa·s. The magnetic resonance‐based measurements were limited in shear rate range because of the small size of the coil. Magnetic resonance‐based measurements from 2 to 15 s‐1 were obtained and were equivalent to off‐line rotational rheometry.
ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSION, TENSION AND TORSION FOR TESTING FOOD GEL FRACTURE PROPERTIES*
Authors: HAMANN DONALD D. , ZHANG JUNHUA , DAUBERT CHRISTOPHER R. , FOEGEDING E. ALLEN , DIEHL KENNETH C. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT Three fracture test methods: uniaxial compression, uniaxial tension and torsion were examined by interpreting results using theories upon which the methods were based. In each of these tests, the fracture of gels can occur as a result of shear, compression or tension. The fracture properties determined from uniaxial compression and tension were compared with torsion testing, a suitable reference technique. Shear stress and strain in uniaxial compression were comparable with shear stress and strain in torsion. However, the tensile stress in compression is not in agreement with that in torsion. Tensile stress or shear stress values in uniaxial tension were generally comparable with tensile or shear stress values in torsion, while the strain levels in uniaxial tension were typically much lower than those in uniaxial compression or torsion. This result could be related to the fracture strain being a function of elongation necessary to reduce the specimen cross section to an area producing the critical fracture stress. The comparison among different methods revealed shear stress and strain can be the fracture criteria for uniaxial compression, and tensile stress can be the fracture criterion for uniaxial tension, whereas the fracture strain criterion in uniaxial tension cannot be specified. Possible mechanisms for differences among methods are discussed in the manuscript.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BOSTWICK MEASUREMENT AND FLUID PROPERTIES
Authors: MILCZAREK REBECCA R. , MCCARTHY KATHRYN L. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT Consistency of tomato concentrates was evaluated in a Bostwick consistometer. The concentrates were produced in a semibatch evaporator at soluble solids content from 5.3 to 24.0°Brix. The apparent viscosity, yield stress and density were measured at 20C. With respect to the gravity current analysis, the Bostwick measurement correlated well with the theoretical ratio of the apparent viscosity to density (R2 = 0.96). For the concentrates with yield stress values in the range of 60–200 Pa, the predicted extent of flow based on the slump analysis was within 2% of the measured extent of flow in the Bostwick consistometer.
MEASUREMENT OF YIELD STRESS IN DARK CHOCOLATE USING CONTROLLED STRESS VANE METHOD
Authors: BAKER BRIAN S. , BROWN B. DOUGLAS , ANANTHESWARAN RAMASWAMY C. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT The controlled stress vane method was used to measure the yield stress in dark chocolate. Three vanes with different L/D ratios and five different stress rates were used in three different chocolate formulations. The vane displacement data did not indicate a definite yield phenomenon. When the vane displacement data were transformed into a ratio of vane velocity to elapsed time, the square root of vane velocity (SV) or the cube root of displacement, a definite yield phenomenon was observed. The SV was preferred on the basis of physical considerations and the linear regression of its derived yield stress on vane dimensions, stress rate and chocolate particle size. The value of the yield stress was the least when determined for a vane height to diameter ratio of 2 and at a stress rate of 3 Pa/min using the SV transformation.
RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ASEPTICALLY PACKAGED PUDDING
Authors: ANDERSON M.C. , SHOEMAKER C.F. , SINGH R.P. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT The flow behavior of commercially available, aseptically packaged vanilla pudding was measured using a Thermo Haake RheoStress rheometer (RS1, Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, MA) with a concentric cylinder system. Six different shear rates, ranging from 1 to 100/s, and three reasonable serving temperatures were investigated using constant shear rate tests. A time‐dependent, Herschel–Bulkley model characterized the thixotropic nature of pudding. The model's five parameters were related to temperature. The model was validated at three constant shear rates and at two different temperatures, and was found to predict viscosity well as a function of time, shear rate and temperature.
DYNAMIC VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF PASTA AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND WATER CONTENT*
Authors: TAKHAR PAWAN SINGH , KULKARNI MANISH V. , HUBER KERRY 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT Pasta samples were tested in the linear viscoelasticity range using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer over the temperature range of 25 to 95C and the water content range of 12 to 20% (weight of water/weight of solids). To obtain wholesome pasta samples at different moisture levels, the intermittent sorption technique was used. The behavior of G′ and tanδversus temperature curves exhibited a transition, which was determined to be the glass transition by making comparisons to the literature values of glass transition for starch and semolina extrudates. At 12.5% water content, glass transition initiated at 48.7C. With increase in water content values, the initiating glass transition temperature decreased. At 19.7% water content, glass transition was observed in the temperature range of 36.9 to 57.3C. Although pasta contains about 13% protein fraction, it did not seem to affect the major part of glass transition range because the pasta proteins become mobile at temperatures greater than 80C and water content greater than 17%.
Analytic Epistemology and Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Alexander Joshua , Weinberg Jonathan M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt has been standard philosophical practice in analytic philosophy to employ intuitions generated in response to thought‐experiments as evidence in the evaluation of philosophical claims. In part as a response to this practice, an exciting new movement –experimental philosophy– has recently emerged. This movement is unified behind both a common methodology and a common aim: the application of methods of experimental psychology to the study of the nature of intuitions. In this paper, we will introduce two different views concerning the relationship that holds between experimental philosophy and the future of standard philosophical practice (what we call, theproper foundation viewand therestrictionist view), discuss some of the more interesting and important results obtained by proponents of both views, and examine the pressure these results put on analytic philosophers to reform standard philosophical practice. We will also defend experimental philosophy from some recent objections, suggest future directions for work in experimental philosophy, and suggest what future lines of epistemological response might be available to those wishing to defend analytic epistemology from the challenges posed by experimental philosophy.
Real-Time Tip-Over Prevention and Path Following Control for Redundant Nonholonomic Mobile Modular Manipulators via Fuzzy and Neural-Fuzzy Approaches
Authors: Li Yangmin , Liu Yugang 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This paper presents a practical method for automatic tip-over prevention and path following control of a redundant nonholonomic mobile modular manipulator. According to modular robot concept, the mobile platform is treated as a special module attached to the base of the modular manipulator, then an integrated structure is constructed and its dynamic modeling is performed. A new tip-over stability criterion based on the supporting forces is proposed in consideration of inertia, gravity, and acceleration. An online fuzzy logic (FL) self-motion planner and an adaptive neural-fuzzy controller (ANFC) are presented: The former is used to generate desired self-motions in a real-time manner, and the latter is used to prevent the robot from tipping over and to control the end-effector to follow a desired spacial trajectory at the same time. The proposed algorithm does not need any a priori knowledge of dynamic parameters and can suppress bounded external disturbances effectively. Simulation results for a real robot validate the dynamic modeling method and the controller design algorithm.
Output Feedback Adaptive Robust Control of Uncertain Linear Systems
With Disturbances
Authors: Yao Bin , Xu Li 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
In this paper, a discontinuous projection based output feedback adaptive robust control (ARC) scheme is constructed for a class of linear systems subjected to both parametric uncertainties and disturbances that might be output dependent. An observer is first designed to provide exponentially convergent estimates of the unmeasured states. This observer has an extended filter structure so that on-line parameter adaptation can be utilized to reduce the effect of possible large disturbances that have known shapes but unknown amplitudes. Estimation errors that come from initial state estimates and uncompensated disturbances are dealt with via certain robust feedback at each step of the backstepping design. Compared to other existing output feedback robust adaptive control schemes, the proposed method explicitly takes into account the effect of disturbances and uses both parameter adaptation and robust feedback to attenuate their effects for an improved tracking performance. Experimental results on the control of an iron core linear motor are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and achievable performance of the proposed scheme.
Comparative DNA Analysis of Two
vanA
Plasmids from
Enterococcus faecium
Strains Isolated from Poultry and a Poultry Farmer in Norway
Authors: Sletvold H. , Johnsen P. J. , Simonsen G. S. , Aasnæs B. , Sundsfjord A. , Nielsen K. M. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

The DNA sequences of two plasmids carrying
vanA
, pVEF1 (39,626 bp) and pVEF2 (39,714 bp), were determined. Forty-three shared coding sequences were identified, and the only nucleotide difference was an 88-bp indel. A postsegregational killing system was identified. This system possibly explains the persistence of the
vanA
gene cluster in Norwegian poultry farms.
RNAIII-Inhibiting-Peptide-Loaded Polymethylmethacrylate Prevents In Vivo
Staphylococcus aureus
Biofilm Formation
Authors: Anguita-Alonso Paloma , Giacometti Andrea , Cirioni Oscar , Ghiselli Roberto , Orlando Fiorenza , Saba Vittorio , Scalise Giorgio , Sevo Milica , Tuzova Marina , Patel Robin , Balaban Naomi 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Staphylococci, common orthopedic pathogens, form antibiotic-resistant biofilms. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads loaded with the quorum-sensing inhibitor RNAIII-inhibiting peptide (RIP) were implanted in rats and shown to prevent methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
infection. RIP release was bimodal, typical of previously-tested antibiotics. These results suggest that RIP-PMMA warrants further evaluation for management of orthopedic infections caused by staphylococci.
Dual Targeting of GyrB and ParE by a Novel Aminobenzimidazole Class of Antibacterial Compounds
Authors: Grossman Trudy H. , Bartels Douglas J. , Mullin Steve , Gross Christian H. , Parsons Jonathan D. , Liao Yusheng , Grillot Anne-Laure , Stamos Dean , Olson Eric R. , Charifson Paul S. , Mani Nagraj 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

A structure-guided drug design approach was used to optimize a novel series of aminobenzimidazoles that inhibit the essential ATPase activities of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and that show potent activities against a variety of bacterial pathogens. Two such compounds, VRT-125853 and VRT-752586, were characterized for their target specificities and preferences in bacteria. In metabolite incorporation assays, VRT-125853 inhibited both DNA and RNA synthesis but had little effect on protein synthesis. Both compounds inhibited the maintenance of negative supercoils in plasmid DNA in
Escherichia coli
at the MIC. Sequencing of DNA corresponding to the GyrB and ParE ATP-binding regions in VRT-125853- and VRT-752586-resistant mutants revealed that their primary target in
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Haemophilus influenzae
was GyrB, whereas in
Streptococcus pneumoniae
it was ParE. In
Enterococcus faecalis
, the primary target of VRT-125853 was ParE, whereas for VRT-752586 it was GyrB. DNA transformation experiments with
H. influenzae
and
S. aureus
proved that the mutations observed in
gyrB
resulted in decreased susceptibilities to both compounds. Novobiocin resistance-conferring mutations in
S. aureus
,
H. influenzae
, and
S. pneumoniae
were found in
gyrB
, and these mutants showed little or no cross-resistance to VRT-125853 or VRT-752586 and vice versa. Furthermore,
gyrB
and
parE
double mutations increased the MICs of VRT-125853 and VRT-752586 significantly, providing evidence of dual targeting. Spontaneous frequencies of resistance to VRT-752586 were below detectable levels (<5.2 × 10
−10
) for wild-type
E. faecalis
but were significantly elevated for strains containing single and double target-based mutations, demonstrating that dual targeting confers low levels of resistance emergence and the maintenance of susceptibility in vitro.
Quantitative Immunoassay To Measure Plasma and Intracellular Atazanavir Levels: Analysis of Drug Accumulation in Cultured T Cells
Authors: Roucairol Camille , Azoulay Stéphane , Nevers Marie-Claire , Créminon Christophe , Lavrut Thibault , Garraffo Rodolphe , Grassi Jacques , Burger Alain , Duval Danièle 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
We have developed an enzyme immunoassay to measure atazanavir (ATV) levels in plasma and cells. Anti-ATV polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits by using a synthetic ATV derivative coupled to bovine serum albumin as the immunogen, and the enzyme tracer was prepared by chemically coupling the ATV derivative with acetylcholinesterase. These reagents were used to develop a sensitive competitive enzyme immunoassay performed in microtitration plates, and the lowest limit of quantification was 150 pg/ml, which is about 10 times more sensitive than previously published techniques. The plasma assay was performed, after a simple methanol extraction, with a minimum of 30 μl of plasma. This assay showed good precision and efficiency, since the rates of recovery from human plasma and cell extracts spiked with ATV ranged form 93 to 113%, with coefficients of variation of less than 10%. ATV concentrations were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated with various ATV concentrations and in CEM cells in the absence or presence of antiretroviral drugs and drug transporter inhibitors. The results indicated a dose-dependent uptake (intracellular concentration/extracellular concentration ratio range, 0.04 to 19). A significant increase in the accumulation of ATV was noticed in the presence of P-glycoprotein and MRP1 inhibitors (dipyridamole, inter alia). Interestingly, efavirenz significantly increased the baseline accumulation of ATV, whereas nevirapine induced a marked reduction. This new enzyme immunoassay for measuring plasma and intracellular ATV levels was fully validated and provides an inexpensive and useful tool for routine therapeutic drug monitoring. Moreover, in vitro results suggested the implication of drug transporters and interactions with other antiviral drugs that should be further explored in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
Development of a New Methodology for Screening of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Microbicides Based on Real-Time PCR Quantification
Authors: Aguiar Renato S. , Costa Luciana J. , Pereira Helena S. , Brindeiro Rodrigo M. , Tanuri Amilcar 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Potential topical retrovirucides or vaginal microbicides against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) include nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). To be successful, such agents have to be highly active against cell-free virions. In the present study, we developed a new real-time PCR-based assay to measure the natural endogenous reverse transcription (NERT) activity directly on intact HIV-1 particles in the presence of reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors. We further evaluated the permeability to nevirapine (NVP) and efavirenz (EFV) and their retention within nascent viral particles. We also demonstrated the NVP and EFV inhibitory effects on NERT activity and the impact of resistance mutations measured directly by this new strategy. Furthermore, the results showed a clear correlation between NERT activity and classical infectivity assays. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
s) of NVP and EFV were demonstrated to be up to 100-fold higher for cell-free than for cell-associated virions, suggesting that cell-free virions are less permeable to these drugs. Our results suggest that NVP and EFV penetrate both the envelope and the capsid of HIV-1 particles and readily inactivate cell-free virions. However, the characteristics of these NNRTIs, such as lower permeability and lower retention during washing procedures, in cell-free virions reduce their efficacies as microbicides. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of the NERT real-time PCR as an assay for screening novel antiretroviral compounds with unique mechanisms of action.
Natural Polymorphisms in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Protease Can Accelerate Time to Development of Resistance to Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Ntemgwa Michel , Brenner Bluma G. , Oliveira Maureen , Moisi Daniela , Wainberg Mark A. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) contains numerous natural polymorphisms in its protease (PR) gene that are implicated in drug resistance in the case of HIV-1. This study evaluated emergent PR resistance in HIV-2. Three HIV-2 isolates were selected for resistance to amprenavir (APV), nelfinavir (NFV), indinavir (IDV), and tipranavir (TPV) in cell culture. Genotypic analysis determined the time to the appearance of protease inhibitor (PI)-associated mutations compared to HIV-1. Phenotypic drug susceptibility assays were used to determine the levels of drug resistance. Within 10 to 15 weeks of serial passage, three major mutations—I54M, I82F, and L90M—arose in HIV-2 viral cultures exposed to APV, NFV, and IDV, whereas I82L was selected with TPV. After 25 weeks, other cultures had developed I50V and I84V mutations. In contrast, no major PI mutations were selected in HIV-1 over this period except for D30N in the context of NFV selective pressure. The baseline phenotypes of wild-type HIV-2 isolates were in the range observed for HIV-1, except for APV and NFV for which a lower degree of sensitivity was seen. The acquisition of the I54M, I84V, L90M, and L99F mutations resulted in multi-PI-resistant viruses, conferring 10-fold to more than 100-fold resistance. Of note, we observed a 62A/99F mutational motif that conferred high-level resistance to PIs, as well as novel secondary mutations, including 6F, 12A, and 21K. Thus, natural polymorphisms in HIV-2 may facilitate the selection of PI resistance. The increasing incidence of such polymorphisms in drug-naive HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected persons is of concern.
First Characterization of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in
Streptococcus suis
Authors: Escudero Jose Antonio , San Millan Alvaro , Catalan Ana , de la Campa Adela G. , Rivero Estefania , Lopez Gema , Dominguez Lucas , Moreno Miguel Angel , Gonzalez-Zorn Bruno 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

We have identified and sequenced the genes encoding the quinolone-resistance determining region (QRDR) of ParC and GyrA in fluoroquinolone-susceptible and -resistant
Streptococcus suis
clinical isolates. Resistance is the consequence of single point mutations in the QRDRs of ParC and GyrA and is not due to clonal spread of resistant strains or horizontal gene transfer with other bacteria.
Novel Ambler Class A β-Lactamase LAP-1 and Its Association with the Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinant QnrS1
Authors: Poirel Laurent , Cattoir Vincent , Soares Ana , Soussy Claude-James , Nordmann Patrice 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrS1 was identified in non-clonally related
Enterobacter cloacae
isolates in association with a transferable narrow-spectrum β-lactam resistance marker. Cloning experiments allowed the identification of a novel Ambler class A β-lactamase, named LAP-1. It shares 62 and 61% amino acid identity with the most closely related β-lactamases, TEM-1 and SHV-1, respectively. It has a narrow-spectrum hydrolysis of β-lactams and is strongly inhibited by clavulanic acid and sulbactam and, to a lesser extent, by tazobactam. Association of the
bla
LAP-1
gene with the
qnrS1
gene was identified in
E. cloacae
isolates from France and Vietnam. These genes were plasmid located and associated with similar insertion sequences but were not associated with
sul1
-type class 1 integrons, as opposed to the
qnrA
genes.