bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of diphacinone rodenticide toxicosis in the dog and its therapeutic implications
Authors: Mount Michael E. , Feldman Bernard F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Vitamin K1 (5 mg/kg of body weight/day divided for several 5-day regimens) was effective in preventing bleeding diathesis in diphacinone-poisoned dogs. Diphacinone, a vitamin K-inhibiting rodenticide, was given 2.5 mg of diphacinone/kg of body weight orally in divided doses 2 times daily for 3 days. One dog was given 5.0 mg of warfarin/kg in 2 divided doses for 3 days.
Hemograms and biochemical profiles were performed every other day. A pancreatic exocrine function test was performed before and after administration of diphacinone and warfarin. All dogs were monitored, using routine coagulation screening tests and assays of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X.
When laboratory results or clinical illness indicated hemorrhage, diphacinone-treated dogs were given 5.0 or 2.5 mg of vitamin K1/kg in divided doses 3 times a day for 5 days. The warfarin-treated dog was given 2.5 mg of vitamin K1/kg of body weight in divided doses 3 times a day for 5 days. Of the diphacinone-treated dogs, 1 dog (given 2.5 mg of vitamin K1/kg) required 3 vitamin K regimens and 2 dogs (given 5.0 mg of vitamin K1/kg) required only 2 vitamin K regimens. The warfarin-treated dog required only 1 vitamin K1 regimen. Bleeding was observed in the diphacinone-treated dogs up to 2 weeks after treatment.
The vitamin K-enzyme complex was inhibited in diphacinone-treated dogs for approximately 30 days, as indicated by routine coagulation screening tests and coagulation factor inhibition. Hepatic dysfunction was not observed. There was a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in pancreatic exocrine function although the final values were within the values established for 24 clinically normal dogs. Amount and duration of vitamin K1 therapy were important aspects of therapy for diphacinone-induced toxicosis in dogs. Therapy effective for warfarin toxicosis was ineffective against diphacinone toxicosis due to inadequate vitamin K dosage and duration of therapy.
Plasma amino acid, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in dogs with nitrosamine-induced hepatic disease
Authors: Strombeck Donald R. , Harrold Doris , Rogers Quinton , Wheeldon Eric , Stern Judith , Schaeffer Monica 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma amino acids, glucagon, and insulin concentrations were determined once a week in dogs that developed acute hepatic necrosis and chronic hepatic insufficiency after treatment with dimethylnitrosamine. During the acute phase, plasma concentrations of most amino acids increased, with the changes usually correlating with increased glucagon values. Insulin correlated with changes in 10 of 21 amino acids, but the latter were not the most abundant nor the branched-chain amino acids. During the chronic phase, plasma phenylalanine, tyrosine, and methionine concentrations remained increased throughout the study. Plasma values of these amino acids did not correlate with plasma concentrations of either glucagon or insulin. The values of the most abundant amino acids were less than base-line levels during the chronic phase, and 9 of 10 of these correlated positively with glucagon concentrations, but not insulin. Only proline correlated positively with insulin. Isoleucine and valine showed a negative correlation with insulin. The low concentrations of the nonaromatic amino acids increased during the time from the early to late chronic phase, during which time plasma glucagon increased and insulin remained unchanged. This study shows that a significant positive correlation existed between glucagon and the most abundant plasma amino acids during the chronic phase of hepatic insufficiency, at which time most plasma amino acid concentrations were returning toward base line. Increased glucagon values did not correlate with any evidence for deterioration of hepatic function.
Course of feline leukemia virus infection and its detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Lutz Hans , Pedersen Niels C. , Theilen Gordon H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Monoclonal antibodies specific for 3 distinct epitopes of the species-specific determinants of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) p27 were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for measurement of serum p27 in cats infected with FeLV. Group-specific antigen (gsa) of FeLV in peripheral blood leukocytes was also determined by an immunofluorescence assay. Antibodies to FeLV and the feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (focma) were also measured.
Thirty-six cats were surveyed and assigned to 4 categories. Five developed persistent viremia (category 1), characterized by continuous expression of p27, gsa, and low antibody titers to FeLV and focma. Eleven cats with transient viremia (category 2) and 13 cats that were never detectably viremic (category 3), as judged by absence of gsa and p27, developed increased antibody titers to FeLV and focma. Seven cats were never viremic, as judged by the gsa in the peripheral blood leukocytes, but still had detectable serum p27 (category 4). Most category 4 cats developed high antibody titers against focma and/or FeLV.
Of 307 field cats examined, 7% of the healthy cats and 10% of the sick cats could be assigned to category 4. However, this difference was not significant (P ≥ 0.05). Of 26 cats with neoplasms 2 (1 of 12 with lymphosarcoma) could be classified as category 4. Because virus could be isolated from 2 category 4 cats, they were considered immune carriers.
Granules of blood eosinophils are stained directly by antiimmunoglobulin fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates
Authors: Floyd Kim , Suter Peter F. , Lutz Hans 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Direct staining of the granules of blood eosinophils by anti-immunoglobulin fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc) conjugates was observed when feline blood smears were tested for presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen by immunofluorescent antibody. When blood smears of other species including swine, horses, cattle, dogs, sheep, birds, and human beings were examined, direct staining of eosinophils by fitc conjugates was also detected. This fitc staining was restricted to eosinophils and was not observed in neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets. Direct fitc staining of eosinophils does not represent a problem in immunofluorescent test for the detection of FeLV infection in cats, as long as the eosinophils, which can easily be recognized as such, are excluded from the spectrum of interpreted cells.
Comparison of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains by serologic methods
Authors: Ro L. H. , Ross R. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six field strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae isolated from pneumonic lungs of pigs, reference strains 11 and J of M hyopneumoniae, Ms 42 strain of Mycoplasma flocculare, and BTS 7 strain of Mycoplasma hyorhinis were compared serologically, using hyperimmune antisera produced in rabbits. All strains of M hyopneumoniae were closely related as determined with the disk growth-inhibition test; however, differences in zone sizes indicated that some antigenic heterogeneity existed. Cross-reactions were not detected between M hyopneumoniae, M flocculare, and M hyorhinis with the growth-inhibition test. The metabolic-inhibition test was more useful for detection of intraspecies antigenic difference than was the growth-inhibition test, since antigenic diversity was clearly detected among M hyopneumoniae strains. Slight cross-reactions were observed between M hyopneumoniae and M flocculare. Using 2-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, antigenic differences were observed among M hyopneumoniae strains, although many common components also were detected in electropherograms. Mycoplasma flocculare possessed a close antigenic relationship to M hyopneumoniae, as determined by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, whereas both organisms were less related to M hyorhinis. Evidence obtained in this study indicated that strains of mycoplasmas tentatively identified as M hyopneumoniae were similar antigenically, but evidence was obtained also of some diversity in antigenic structure among these strains.
Suppressed lymphocyte blastogenic responses and enhanced in vitro growth of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in stressed feeder calves
Authors: Blecha Frank , Minocha Harish C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hereford steers were stressed on a large-animal treadmill operating at speeds of 1.8 to 2.2 m/s. Blood samples were collected from indwelling jugular catheters before, during, and after exercise. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from stressed calves at 5 and 30 minutes after exercise had less (P < 0.01) mitogen-induced blastogenic responses when compared to pre- or 60-minute postexercise values. Serum from stressed calves incorporated into lymphocyte cultures from nonstressed steers resulted in less (P < 0.01) lymphocyte blastogenic responses. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viral growth in bovine kidney cell cultures was enhanced 4-fold when cultured with serum from stressed calves. These data indicate that acute physical exertion may cause physiologic alterations in calves that modulate cellular immunity and viral replication.
Effect of ethionine on hematologic and serum biochemical values in fasted calves
Authors: Boermans Herman J. , Black William D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
dl-Ethionine (0.87 g/kg of body weight) was administered iv to 6 fasted (12 hour) Holstein bull calves (4.5 months old). Fasting, which was continued for an additional 48 hours, caused a body weight loss (10.82% to 11.96%), a mild increase in pcv, and an increase in the serum free fatty acids (1.204 mmole/L, fasted; 0.949 mmole/L, fasted ethionine-treated calves). Ethionine caused a decrease in the total plasma proteins from 6.5 g/dl to 5.5 g/dl and total serum lipids from 493.9 mg/dl to 307.8 mg/dl. The decrease in the serum esterified fats included all the lipid fractions (triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids). The The calves’ wbc and serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and l-alanine aminotransferase remained within normal range.
Cytoplasmic estrogen receptors in bovine uterus and uterine tube (oviduct)
Authors: Crisman R. O. , McDonald L. E. , Campion D. R. , Rampacek G. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of progesterone (P) or estradiol benzoate (EB) on unfilled uterine and uterine tubal (oviductal) cytoplasmic estrogen receptors (ER) were studied in nulliparous heifers. Progesterone (4.4 mg/kg of body weight) in oil EB (350 µg) in oil, or oil vehicle only (C) were injected im 24 hours after the end of estrus. The heifers were euthanatized 36 hours later. There was a difference (P < 0.005) in the concentration of ER among treatment groups, but no difference (P > 0.05) between the ER concentrations in the uterus and uterine tube within each treatment group. The affinity constant (KA) of the uterine tubal ER was similar among the treatment groups (P > 0.15), and there was no difference (P > 0.05) in the KA between the uterus and uterine tubal ER within the P and C treatment groups. The KA of the uterine ER of the EB-treated heifers was greater (P < 0.001) than that in either P- or C-treated heifers.
Continuous caudal epidural and subarachnoid anesthesia in mares: A comparative study
Authors: Skarda R. T. , Muir W. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A new technique for producing continuous caudal epidural analgesia (cea) and caudal subarachnoid analgesia (csa) in adult horses (mares) without causing loss of pelvic limb function is described. A modified 17-gauge Huber-point directional needle was used to place a catheter with stylet into either the epidural or subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral junction. The catheter was positioned at either the midsacral (S2-3) subarachnoid space or caudal portion of the sacral (S-3 to S-5) epidural space in 7 mares. The position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 2% solution of mepivacaine HCl was used at an average dose of 0.061 ± 0.013 mg/kg (1.3 ± 0.3 ml) to produce csa and 0.196 ± 0.034 mg/kg (4.1 ± 0.7 ml) to produce cea. Onset of analgesia to superficial and deep muscular pinprick stimulation was faster with csa than it was with cea (8.2 ± 2.4 minutes vs 21.4 ± 3.8 minutes). Maximal caudal analgesia extended from spinal cord segments S-1 to coccyx during csa and cea. Periods of analgesia were shorter with csa than with cea (70.0 ± 21.8 minutes vs 102.1 ± 13.2 minutes). Perineal (S-4 to S-5) dermatome subcutaneous temperature was increased after epidural and subarachnoid injections of mepivacaine HCl solution. Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures, pulse pressure, rectal temperature, arterial blood gas tensions (PaCO2, PaO2), pHa, hematocrit, and total solid concentrations did not change significantly (P > 0.05) from base-line values after injection. The benefits and potential complications of csa and cea in horses are discussed.
Model of chronic pancreatitis in the dog
Authors: Strombeck Donald R. , Wheeldon Eric , Harrold Doris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A model of chronic pancreatitis was developed and characterized in the dog. Pancreatitis was produced by infusion of oleic acid through a cannula in the accessory pancreatic duct. Biochemical changes included early and marked increases in serum amylase and lipase activities which returned to base line within 3 weeks, at which time the dogs were clinically normal. In dogs euthanatized within 2 weeks, pathologic changes included massive necrosis and hemorrhage, cystic spaces filled with fluid, and abscesses. Histologic features revealed acute exudative pancreatitis with pancreatic atrophy and fibrosis. In dogs killed between weeks 3 to 12, changes included: marked atrophy with remaining acini surrounded by remnants consisting of collapsed stroma, blood vessels, and pancreatic ducts; marked coarse fibrosis with scattered inflammatory cells and occasional acinar tissue; and large irregular pseudocysts.
Site of 3-methylindole and indole absorption in steers after ruminal administration of l-tryptophan
Authors: Hammond Andrew C. , Glenn Barbara P. , Huntington Gerald B. , Breeze Roger G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine the site of 3-methylindole (3MI) and indole absorption in cattle after ruminal administration of l-tryptophan (trp), 4 Holstein steers were given 0.4 g of trp/kg of body weight directly into the rumen through ruminal cannulas. Chromium EDTA and ruthenium phenanthroline were added to feedings of orchard grass hay twice a day for measurement of fluid and particulate flow to the duodenum, respectively. Passage of 3MI and indole (products of ruminal fermentation of trp) to the duodenum was determined by the products of digesta flow rate and concentration in duodenal contents. Ruminal fluid, duodenal contents, and jugular blood were sampled at postdosing hours (pdh) 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 72 for analysis of 3MI, indole, and digesta flow markers.
Ruminal, duodenal, and jugular plasma concentrations of 3MI and indole peaked at pdh 12 to 24 at 152.4 and 25.9; 15.5 and 1.0; and 8.7 and 2.2 mg/L, respectively. Most 3MI and indole reaching the duodenum were associated with the particulate phase of the digesta. On a molar basis, total passage of 3MI to the duodenum during 72 hours amounted to 1.0% of the trp dose for 3MI and 0.1% of the trp dose for indole. Absorption of 3MI and indole in these steers was almost entirely proximal to the duodenum.
Measurement of plasma antithrombin III activity in healthy horses
Authors: Stephens Kay A. , Morcom Ellen , Hood David M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A fluorometric assay was used to determine plasma antithrombin III (AT III) activities in 15 healthy adult horses. Nearly all plasma samples had an initial value of greater than 100% thrombin inhibited, so a 1:1 dilution of the prepared samples was performed. Following dilution, the mean value of the animals was 59.17 ± 7.4% thrombin inhibited. Mares had significantly greater AT III activity than did geldings (P < 0.01). The results of this study indicate the horse has more AT III activity than did other domestic species in which AT III activity has been reported.
Equine colonic motility: Interactions among wall motion, propulsion, and fluid flow
Authors: Sellers Alvin F. , Lowe John E. , Rendano Victor T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Transmission of intestinal content with respect to wall position and intraluminal pressure was studied using implanted catheters in portions of the haustrated left ventral colon and nonhaustrated pelvic flexure and left dorsal colon in 3 conscious, standing, and feeding ponies. Wall position and content movement was studied in 1 noncatheterized conscious pony that was standing and eating. When coordinated wall movements involving ≥ 30 cm of adjacent colon were seen, point-to-point content movement accompanied intraluminal pressure peaks occurring in the same direction. Near the pelvic flexure, intraluminal pressure peak maximums coincided with reduced colonic diameters and reduced intercatheter distances. Qualitative observation of 3 related aspects of intestinal motility: wall motion, propulsion, and fluid movement can be studied in the conscious feeding pony.
Characteristics of the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever isolated from captive wildebeest calves
Authors: Castro A. E. , Ramsay E. C. , Dotson J. F. , Schramke M. L. , Kocan A. A. , Whitenack D. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A herpesvirus was isolated from buffy coat cells from a newborn wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) and from tissues of a 12-day-old wildebeest during the 1982 calving season of a captive, inbred herd maintained in a zoologic collection. Both wildebeests were clinically healthy, and there was no herd record that malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) existed. Each viral isolate produced cytopathologic changes in bovine kidney cell cultures (intranuclear inclusions and massive syncytia). The viral-infected cell cultures contained antigens of mcf virus detected by immunofluorescence. The morphology of each viral isolate as determined by electron microscopy was that of a herpesvirus. Suspensions of 4 to 5 ml of disrupted cell culture material which contained virus from each wildebeest were inoculated (iv) into white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Each deer became clinically ill within 28 days. Both deer had mucoid catarrh and a febrile response (40.5 to 41 C). Each also seroconverted to mcf virus. The histopathologic change in the tissues from the 2 inoculated deer was vasculitis. At 16 to 17 days after the deer were inoculated, a syncytial-forming virus was isolated from each deer from buffy coat cells fused with polyethylene glycol (1000) to bovine fetal kidney cells. The virus was identified as mcf virus by immunofluorescence and production of antibody to mcf virus. The presence of virus in the inbred wildebeest herd established this species as a reservoir or latent carrier of African mcf virus at the zoologic park.
Effect on outcome of intramammary challenge exposure with Staphylococcus aureus of somatic cell concentration and presence of an intramammary device
Authors: Schultze W. Donald , Paape Max J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Results of experimental Staphylococcus aureus intramammary challenge of all quarters of 6 cows, each fitted with an intramammary device (imd) in 2 quarters, and of 10 quarters of 3 cows not fitted with an imd were reported. Infection was established in all 34 quarters, regardless of presence or absence of an imd. Neither the course nor severity of early S aureus intramammary infection were influenced by the presence of an imd or by differences in milk somatic cell (msc) concentration in the gland at the time of bacterial challenge infusion, up to a msc concentration of nearly 1 million/ml. Cumulative success of experimental infection in this and a previous study from our laboratory was nearly 100% in glands in which the msc concentration was < 1 million/ml and about 17% when the msc concentration exceeded 1 million/ml.
Radiographic and gross anatomy of the nasolacrimal duct of the horse
Authors: Latimer C. A. , Wyman M. , Diesem C. D. , Burt J. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The anatomy of the nasolacrimal duct of the horse was studied grossly and radiographically, using barium contrast dacryocystorhinography and methyl methacrylate casts. Radiographic contrast studies were performed on 4 specimens and gross dissections were performed on 6 specimens. Dacryocystorhinography accurately delineated the course of the nasolacrimal duct, as was subsequently demonstrated by gross dissection. A 60% barium sulfate suspension produced good radiographic contrast, allowing critical assessment of the anatomic features of the nasolacrimal duct.
Porcine regional brain and myocardial blood flows during halothane-O2 and halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia: Comparisons with equipotent isoflurane anesthesia
Authors: Manohar Murli , Parks Christine 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Regional distribution of brain and myocardial blood flow were examined in 9 instrumented isocapnic normothermic swine, using 15-μm diameter radionuclide-labeled microspheres injected into the left atrium. Minimal alveolar concentration (mac) of halothane required to prevent gross purposeful movement in response to a noxious stimulus in 50% of the pigs was found to be 0.70%. Measurements were made on each animal during nonanesthetized state (control), 1.0 and 1.5 mac halothane anesthesia, and the equivalent of 1.0 and 1.5 mac halothane anesthesia, using 50% N2O. The order of anesthetized steps was randomized for each pig. Recovery periods of 60 minutes were interposed between the anesthetic treatments. During halothane + 50% N2O anesthesia, heart rate, cardiac output, mean aortic pressure, and rate-pressure product were higher than comparable levels of halothane-O2 anesthesia. Halothane caused dose-dependent vasodilatation in all regions of the brain. Cerebral, cerebellar, and brain-stem blood flows at 1.5 mac halothane were 135%, 135%, and 115% of respective control values. Substitution of 50% N2O to maintain same mac dose markedly exaggerated the increment in porcine cerebral and brainstem blood flows, especially at 1.0 mac when perfusions in these regions were 204% and 128% of respective control values. At 1.5 mac anesthesia produced by halothane + 50% N2O, the cerebral, cerebellar, and brain stem perfusions were 153%, 146%, and 129% of control values.
Transmural myocardial blood flow decreased from control value with both levels of halothane anesthesia, but with equivalent mac anesthesia produced by halothane + 50% N2O, myocardial perfusion remained near awake values. Subendocardial:subepicardial perfusion ratio remained unchanged from control value throughout the study, indicating that O2 delivery in the inner layers probably kept pace with O2 demand. It is concluded that substitution of 50% N2O for halothane to maintain equipotent anesthesia resulted in a marked increase in regional brain blood flow while myocardial perfusion was maintained near awake values.