bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vladko Maček, the Croatian Peasant Party and the Spanish Civil War
Authors: PAVLAKOVIĆ VJERAN 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn summer 1936 Vladko Maček's priorities lay with rebuilding the Croatian Peasant Party after its six years of illegality under King Aleksandar's dictatorship in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Yet the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) was to have a polarising and radicalising effect on Croatian society. Both communists and supporters of the fascist Ustaša movement looked to Spain as a model for resolving the ‘Croat question’ at a time when Croats were becoming increasingly frustrated with Maček's passivity. As a propaganda war raged in the press of the radical left and right, the Croatian Peasant Party tried to ignore the conflict. Maček's failure to realise the impact of the war in Spain on the political situation in Croatia is indicative of some of his weaknesses as a leader in difficult times. The Croatian Peasant Party missed the opportunity to take a strong moral stance against fascism during the Spanish conflict, and Maček's fence-sitting from the 1930s onwards permitted the more extreme ideological movements in Croatia to take advantage of the rapidly changing conditions of a Europe engulfed in war.
Hurricane‐climate change link unclear
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: April 2007

Evidence exists both for and against an influence of anthropogenic climate change on any increased hurricane activity, and no conclusion can be drawn at this time as to whether or not a link exists, an international group of hurricane researchers concluded in a statement released on 4 December 2006.More than 120 researchers from 34 countries met at the Sixth World Meteorological Organization International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones, which was held at the end of November in San José, Costa Rica. The workshop participants decided to develop the consensus statement because of increased attention to the subject due to several high‐impact tropical cyclone events around the globe, such as the active 2004 and 2005 Atlantic hurricane seasons.
Enhancing geoscience education in public schools
Authors: Silliman James , Hansen Alan , McDonald JoAnn , Blount Kit Price , Hill Denise , Martinez Mayra 
Published: April 2007

Positive experiences are crucial to student learning as well as in deciding what career to pursue [Jacobs et al., 1998]. U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) studies have shown that by the time students enter high school, 80% are not interested in pursuing science, mathematics, or engineering [NSF, 2002]. Moreover, students without a sufficient background in mathematics and science by the sixth grade will be unable to take advantage of necessary high school classes for college preparation in technological areas [NSF, 2002]. If students have positive experiences earlier, these experiences will be of greater benefit to them in learning and in making important life decisions.The Cabeza de Vaca Earthmobile program enhances geoscience learning among middle school students while fostering a supportive learning environment.
Future directions in subglacial environments research
Authors: Kennicutt Mahlon , Petit Jean‐Robert 
Published: April 2007

Subglacial Antarctic Lake Environments (SALE) exploration and study is poised to be a major focus of Antarctic science for the next decade or more. The foundation for an intensive period of SALE research and field efforts has been provided by substantial improvement in our understanding of these environments, the establishment of SALE research programs by the International Polar Year (IPY) Program Office and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the funding of several national SALE programs, independent guidance on environmental stewardship issues, and a series of international workshops, meetings, and conferences that have refined SALE scientific objectives. This article summarizes recent developments in subglacial environment exploration and study and describes future research needs.In the 7 years since the report “Subglacial Lake Exploration: Workshop and Recommendations” (SCAR International Workshop, Cambridge, U.K., September 1999), our understanding of subglacial environments has greatly improved. Subglacial environments are continental‐scale phenomena that occur under thick ice sheets [Siegert et al., 2005]. The importance and role of subglacial water are now recognized as central to many processes that have shaped the Antarctic continent and its ice sheets today and in the past. Subglacial environments include a range of features that differ in geologic setting, age, evolutionary history, limnological conditions, and size [Bell, 2006]. These environments are ‘natural’ Earth‐bound macrocosms that in some instances trace their origins to a time before Antarctica became encased in ice [Bell, 2006].
2006 Horton (Hydrology) Research Grant recipients
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2007

The 2006 Horton (Hydrology) Research Grant Committee selected two recipients, Xingyuan Chen and Carl Legleiter. The research grant, which is separate from the Horton Award, supports projects in hydrology and water resources by doctoral candidates at institutions of higher learning.The grant's objective is to foster graduate student research leading to the completion of doctoral dissertations. Both recipients were formally awarded at the 2006 AGU Fall Meeting, in San Francisco, California.
[Comment on “Bringing space physics concepts into introductory electromagnetism”] On the concept of moving magnetic fields lines
Authors: Fälthammar Carl‐Gunne , Mozer Forrest S. 
Published: April 2007

More than 99% of the known matter in the universe is ionized into the plasma state. This cosmical plasma is generally permeated by magnetic fields. Hence, magnetic fields, and the concepts of magnetic field lines and magnetic field line motion, are of fundamental interest in the physics of space plasmas, including those that constitute the near environment of the Earth and other planets.W. Belcher discussed the concept of magnetic field line motion as a useful tool in teaching electromagnetic theory in an article in Eos [Belcher, 2005]. However, there are some important limitations and pitfalls to this concept, none of which is mentioned in the article by Belcher.
Hepatoprotective role of PXR activation and MRP3 in cholic acid‐induced cholestasis
Authors: Teng S , Piquette‐Miller M 
Published: April 2007

Background and purpose:Activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) has been shown to protect against cholestatic hepatotoxicity. As PXR alters the expression of numerous hepatic bile acid transporters, we sought to delineate their potential role in hepatoprotection.Experimental approach:Wild‐type (PXR+/+) and PXR‐null (PXR‐/‐) mice were fed a 1% cholic acid (CA) diet with or without the PXR activator, PCN. Liver function was assessed along with the corresponding changes in hepatic gene expression.Key results:CA administration caused significant hepatotoxicity in PXR+/+ mice and was associated with induction of several FXR and PXR regulated genes, which encode for bile acid transport and metabolizing proteins. Compared to CA alone, co‐administration of PCN to CA‐fed PXR+/+ mice significantly decreased hepatotoxicity and was associated with induction of MRP3 mRNA as well as CYP3A11 mRNA and functional activity. Unexpectedly, PXR‐/‐ mice, which expressed significantly higher basal and CA‐induced levels of MRP2, MRP3, OSTα, OSTβ, OATP2 and CYP3A11, were dramatically less sensitive to CA hepatotoxicity than PXR+/+ mice.Conclusions:Protection of PXR+/+ mice against CA‐induced hepatotoxicity by PCN is associated with the induction of MRP3 and CYP3A11 expression. Resistance against CA‐induced hepatotoxicity in PXR‐/‐ mice may result from higher basal and induced expression of bile acid transporters, particularly MRP3. These findings emphasize the importance of transport by MRP3 and metabolism as major protective pathways against cholestatic liver injury.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 367–376; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707235
Inhibition of Cyclooxygenases by Dipyrone
Authors: Pierre S C , Schmidt R , Brenneis C , Michaelis M , Geisslinger G , Scholich K 
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose:Dipyrone is a potent analgesic drug that has been demonstrated to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX). In contrast to classical COX‐inhibitors, such as aspirin‐like drugs, dipyrone has no anti‐inflammatory effect and a low gastrointestinal toxicity, indicating a different mode of action. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of dipyrone on COX.Experimental approach:The four major metabolites of dipyrone, including the two pharmacologically active metabolites, 4‐methyl‐amino‐antipyrine (MAA) and amino‐antipyrine (AA), were used to characterise their binding to COX and haem as well as their effects on the biochemical properties of COX. Mass spectrometry, UV and visible photometry were used to study binding and prostaglandin production. Levels of anti‐oxidant enzymes were assessed by Western blotting.Key results:The pharmacologically active metabolites of dipyrone, MAA and AA, did not inhibit COX activity in vitro like classical COX inhibitors, but instead redirected the prostaglandin synthesis, ruling out inhibition of COX through binding to its active site. We found that MAA and AA formed stable complexes with haem and reacted with hydrogen peroxide in presence of haem, ferrous ions (Fe2+) or COX. Moreover, MAA reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+ and accordingly increased lipid peroxidation and the expression of anti‐oxidant enzymes in cultured cells and in vivo.Conclusions and implications:Our data suggest that the pharmacologically active metabolites of dipyrone inhibit COX activity by sequestering radicals which initiate the catalytic activity of this enzyme or through the reduction of the oxidative states of the COX protein.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 494–503; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707239
Characterization of a novel ATP‐sensitive K+channel opener, A‐251179, on urinary bladder relaxation and cystometric parameters
Authors: Shieh C‐C , Brune M E , Buckner S A , Whiteaker K L , Molinari E J , Milicic I A , Fabiyi A C , Daza A , Brioni J D , Carroll W A , Matsushita K , Yamada M , Kurachi Y , Gopalakrishnan M 
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose:ATP‐sensitive K+channels (KATP) play a pivotal role in contractility of urinary bladder smooth muscle. This study reports the characterization of 4‐methyl‐N‐(2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐(3‐pyridin‐3‐ylthioureido)ethyl)benzamide (A‐251179) as a KATPchannel opener.Experimental Approach:Glyburide‐sensitive membrane potential, patch clamp and tension assays were employed to study the effect of A‐251179in vitro. Thein vivoefficacy of A‐251179 was characterized by suppression of spontaneous contractions in obstructed rat bladder and by measuring urodynamic function of urethane‐anesthetized rat models.Key Results:A‐251179 was about 4‐fold more selective in activating SUR2B‐Kir6.2 derived KATPchannels compared to those derived from SUR2A‐Kir6.2. In pig bladder smooth muscle strips, A‐251179 suppressed spontaneous contractions, about 27‐ and 71‐fold more potently compared to suppression of contractions evoked by low‐frequency electrical stimulation and carbachol, respectively.In vivo, A‐251179 suppressed spontaneous non‐voiding bladder contractions from partial outlet‐obstructed rats. Interestingly, in the neurogenic model where isovolumetric contractions were measured by continuous transvesical cystometry, A‐251179 at a dose of 0.3 μmol kg‐1, but not higher, was found to increase bladder capacity without affecting either the voiding efficiency or changes in mean arterial blood pressure.Conclusions and Implications:The thioureabenzamide analog, A‐251179 is a potent novel KATPchannel opener with selectivity for SUR2B/Kir6.2 containing KATPchannels relative to pinacidil. The pharmacological profile of A‐251179 is to increase bladder capacity and to prolong the time between voids without affecting voiding efficiency and represents an interesting characteristic to be explored for further investigations of KATPchannel openers for the treatment of overactive bladder.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)151, 467–475; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707249
Failures of Adenoidectomy for Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children: For Whom and When Do They Fail?
Authors: Ramadan Hassan H. , Tiu Jeremy 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjectives: To determine which children who are treated with adenoidectomy for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) will ultimately undergo endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and the length of time between adenoidectomy and ESS.Study Design: Retrospective chart review of prospectively collected data in a tertiary pediatric otolaryngology service.Methods: One hundred forty‐three children had adenoidectomy for CRS over a 10‐year period. Follow‐up was available on 121 children. Sixty‐one children failed the procedure. Data were available on 55 children who underwent ESS after failing adenoidectomy for the treatment of CRS. Mean time from adenoidectomy to ESS was determined. Factors such as age, allergic rhinitis, asthma, computed tomography (CT) score, and sex were evaluated for effects on this time.Results: With use of Cox regression analysis, the mean time from adenoidectomy to ESS was 24 months, ranging from 4 to 77 months. The presence of asthma (P < .04) and age less than 7 years (P < .01) were predictors of earlier failure. Allergic rhinitis (P < .3), CT score (P < .9), and sex (P < .3) showed no effect.Conclusions: Those who fail adenoidectomy for CRS who require ESS are mainly children who are younger than 7 years of age and have asthma. They appear to require a salvage ESS at a mean of 24 months after the adenoidectomy.
Geographical variation and positive diversifying selection in the host‐specific toxin SnToxA
Authors: STUKENBROCK EVA H. , MCDONALD BRUCE A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe host‐specific toxin ToxA produced by the wheat pathogens Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis and Phaeosphaeria nodorum interacts with the product of the dominant plant gene Tsn1 to induce necrosis. The ToxA gene is thought to have been acquired by Py. tritici‐repentis from Ph. nodorum through a recent horizontal gene transfer event. PCR and sequence analysis indicate that the level of ToxA variation, including gene deletion, in Ph. nodorum (SnToxA) is significantly higher than in Py. tritici‐repentis (PtrToxA). We PCR‐screened 788 isolates of Ph. nodorum originating from eight geographical regions to infer the pattern of SnToxA deletions. The frequency of deletions differed significantly among populations, ranging from 0% (Australia) to 98% (China). Sequence analysis of the SnToxA gene in 123 Ph. nodorum isolates revealed 13 distinct haplotypes. The distribution and diversity of haplotypes varied significantly among populations. The majority of SnToxA mutations were non‐synonymous resulting in changes at the protein level. We applied different models of selection to infer the mode of evolution operating at the ToxA locus. Evidence for positive diversifying selection supports the hypothesis that evolution of the ToxA locus is driven by selection imposed by the host. The distribution of SnToxA alleles and deletions may reflect the distribution of different Tsn1 alleles in the corresponding host populations.
Hospitalized children's mood differences during play and music therapy
Authors: Hendon C. , Bohon L. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground  Paediatric hospitals are concerned with both the physical and social well‐being of their young patients. These institutions often provide play and music therapy to enhance the child's sense of normality. The purpose of this study was to test whether children in a hospital were happier during music rather than play therapy.Methods  Sixty children were observed either during play or music therapy. Happiness was operationally defined as the frequency of smiles during a 3 minute period.Results  The results showed that music therapy (M = 12.43, SD = 4.83) led to significantly more smiles than did play therapy (M = 5.83, SD = 3.10).Conclusions  Increasing the amount of time hospitals provide music therapy for child patients may be a way to increase positive effect and ultimately to increase mental and physical well‐being in hospitalized children.
Parental perception of children's weight in a paediatric primary care setting
Authors: Wald E. R. , Ewing L. J. , Cluss P. , Goldstrohm S. , Cipriani L. , Colborn D. K. , Weissfeld L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective  To determine how parents of overweight children perceived their children's weight status compared with actual body mass index (BMI).Methods  This descriptive, cross‐sectional study assessed parental perception of and concern about weight, diet and physical activity of 3–12‐year‐olds. BMI values ≥85th and <95th percentile and ≥95th percentile were considered at risk for overweight and overweight respectively. Differences between groups were tested with chi‐squared analyses or Fishers exact test as appropriate and further explored using logistic regression analysis.Results  Questionnaires were completed at 612 health maintenance visits (278 girls). Overall, 15% of both boys and girls were at risk for overweight and 22% of boys and 24% of girls were overweight. Forty‐nine per cent of parents recognized their overweight children as overweight. Perceptions were more often correct for parents of girls than boys (63% versus 36%, P < 0.001) and for older compared with younger children (61.7% versus 17.5%, P < 0.001).Conclusions  Parents of overweight children frequently did not perceive their children as exceeding healthy weight standards. Targeting parental perception as a point of intervention is necessary.
A social support and social strain measure for minority adolescent mothers: a confirmatory factor analytic study
Authors: Gee C. B. , Rhodes J. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurpose  The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and structure of the Social Support Network Questionnaire (SSNQ), an interview for identifying the positive and negative aspects of individuals' social networks.Methods  The sample consisted of 536 pregnant and parenting, African‐American and Latina adolescents. Participants were recruited from an alternative school for pregnant and parenting adolescents in a large Midwestern city.Results  Confirmatory Factor Analyses revealed the presence of three factors: perceived availability, satisfaction and social strain. All three factors demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Perceived availability and social strain were uncorrelated, implying that they are distinct dimensions. Social strain was the most consistent predictor of psychological well‐being. Further, strain in relationships with the young women's male partners added unique variance to the prediction of both anxiety and depression.Conclusions  The results of this study suggest that the SSNQ may be a useful tool in assessing both positive and negative aspects of pregnant and parenting adolescent mothers' social support networks.
Selection by a predispersal seed predator constrains the evolution of avian seed dispersal in pines
Authors: SIEPIELSKI A. M. , BENKMAN C. W. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryPrevious studies have demonstrated that wind dispersal is an effective mode of seed dispersal for pines (Pinus, Pinaceae) with seeds weighing <90 mg, but not for larger‐seeded (≥90 mg) pines. Consequently, most large‐seeded pines rely on birds in the family Corvidae for seed dispersal, but some do not, and most of their seeds fall near the parent tree. Why seeds of these pines are not dispersed by corvids, and have not evolved traits that facilitate seed dispersal by corvids, is enigmatic.One factor that may constrain the evolution of seed dispersal by corvids in pines, or in other plants that rely on birds for seed dispersal, is predispersal seed predation. The most important predispersal seed predators of pines are often tree squirrels in the generaTamiasciurusandSciurus, which have repeatedly been shown to drive the evolution of seed defences in conifers.We first use published data showing how selection on cone traits of two bird‐dispersed pines by tree squirrels (Tamiasciurus) favouring increased seed defences, conflicts with selection by a corvid (Nucifraga columbianaWilson) for cone traits that facilitate seed dispersal, to make predictions about changes in cone and seed structure of large‐seeded pines that should evolve in response to selection by either tree squirrels or corvids.The cone and seed structures from several other large‐seeded pines in regions with and without pine squirrels were consistent with these predicted changes. Consequently, large‐seeded pines that co‐occur withTamiasciurusor other tree squirrels are well defended against both squirrels and corvids, and instead probably rely on other animals, such as ground‐foraging rodents, that disperse fallen seeds (secondary seed dispersal). Only where tree squirrels are uncommon or absent are conifers likely to evolve traits that enhance seed harvest by corvids in large‐seeded pines.
Moho imbrication in the Middle Urals
Authors: Juhlin C. , Brown D. , Rybalka A. , Petrov G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNew processing of part of the Europrobe's Seismic Reflection Profiling in the Urals (ESRU) reflection seismic data in the Middle Urals shows a southwest‐dipping Moho imbrication and crustal underthrusting that was not previously imaged. The area of thickening associated with it roughly coincides with a deepening of the Moho imaged by the GRANIT refraction data. This feature does not fit with the currently known Palaeozoic crustal architecture of the Uralides or with its geodynamic history. Geological data suggest that it is not related to a relict southwest‐dipping subduction zone. Based on its lower crustal and Moho reflection seismic character it is presently interpreted to be a post‐Uralide feature, possibly related to Mesozoic intraplate shortening in the area. Its coincidence with a locus of mild earthquake activity further suggests that it might be active today.
EXISTENCE OF β3‐ADRENOCEPTORS IN RAT HEART: FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Barbier J , Mouas C , Rannou‐Bekono F , Carré F 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY

β3‐Adrenoceptors (AR) have been reported to be present in numerous species, where they mediate multiple responses.
The aim of the present study was to determine whether β3‐AR are present in intact rat heart and the functional implications of β3‐AR stimulation. The response to the cardiac β3‐AR‐selective agonist BRL37344 was expressed as the percentage of values measured at baseline.
BRL37344 induced dose‐dependent negative inotropic effects at concentrations ranging from 10−11 to 10−7 mol/L. BRL37344 (10−8 mol/L) induced a decrease of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) from 127 ± 5 to 89 ± 16 mmHg (69 ± 15%; P < 0.01) and +dP/dt from 2594 ± 59 to 1885 ± 50 mmHg/s (72 ± 8%; P < 0.01). Moreover, a significant reduction of –dP/dt from 2176 ± 42 to 1458 ± 43 mmHg/s (67 ± 8%; P < 0.01) was observed. The BRL37344 dose–response curves were not altered by nadolol (10−5 mol/L), a potent β1‐ and β2‐AR antagonist, but were completely suppressed by the addition of SR59230A (10−5 mol/L), a potent β3‐AR antagonist.
The present study provides functional evidence for the presence of β3‐AR in rat hearts and shows, for the first time, that a highly specific β3‐AR antagonist can block the attenuation of LVDP caused by the specific β3‐AR agonist BRL37344 in rat beating hearts.