bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Manipulative Nature of Health Communication Research
Authors: WITTE KIM 
Published: March 2007

Researchers and academics have accumulated a great deal of knowledge on how to manipulate individuals' behaviors. Although health communication researchers and practitioners prefer to call their work public health campaigns or health education interventions, the truth is that their ultimate goal is to manipulate people into practicing healthy behaviors. A health communication research and practice moves into the 21st century, this issue must be faced squarely and directly, and strategies must be developed for the ethical use of manipulation techniques to promote health and to prevent disease. The one fact I would cry from every housetop is this: the Good Life is waiting for us—here and now! At this very moment we have the necessary techniques, both material and psychological, to create a full and satisfying life for everyone. —B. F. Skinner Walden II
The Schools' Response to Youth Unemployyment
Authors: Hilliard Asa G. 
Published: March 2007

The key to understanding of relief-giving is in the functions it serves for the larger economic and political order, for relief is a secondary and supportive institution. Historical evidence suggests that relief arrangements are initiated or expanded during the occasional out-breaks of civil disorder produced by mass unemployment, and are then abolished or contracted when political stability is restored. We shall argue that expansive relief policies are cyclical - liberal or restrictive depending on the problems of regulation in the larger society with which government must contend [Piven and Cloward, 1971]. It is about a search too, for daily meaning as well as daily bread, for recogniton as well as cash, for astonishment rather than a torpor; in short, for a sort of life rather than a Monday through Friday sort of dying. Perhaps immortality, too, is part of the quest. To be remembered was the wish, spoken and unspoken, of the heroes and heroines of this book [Terkel, 1972: xiii].
The Calculation of Reliability From a Split-Plot Factorial Design
Authors: Brennan Robert L. 
Published: March 2007

This paper treats the question, "How should one estimate the reliability of school (or classroom) means when persons are nested within schools (or classrooms)?" We begin by reviewing the use of variance components in the estimation of reliability from a randomized block (RB) design. Then we extend this rationale to the estimation of reliability (or generalizability) coefficients in a split-plot factorial (SPF) design with persons nested within schools. Through the use of variance components from the SPF design, we derive estimates of reliability for schools and for persons within schools. Then we compare the reliability for persons within schools from a SPF design with the reliability for persons from a RB design. Finally, we compare the reliability for schools from a SPF design with the reliability for school means from a RB design.
An Exact Probability Test for Use with Likert-Type Scales
Authors: Cooper Martin 
Published: March 2007

In this paper, an exact test for use with certain types of Likert scale is presented. The test may be used on the assumption that the points of the scale are equally-spaced, that subjects respond independently of each other, and that each point of the scale has an equal likelihood of response for each subject. A table of critical values is presented for use with small samples. When samples are large, it is shown that a normal approximation may be used. This approximation is described and illustrated.
Stress Field Induced by Transient Moisture Sorption in Finite-Width Composite Laminates
Authors: Crossman Frank W. , Wang A.S.D. 
Published: March 2007

To describe the moisture sorption process in a long, finite-width com posite laminate, the two-dimensional diffusion equation is solved using a finite element method. The solution which describes the time-varying moisture concentration profile in the solid, is then incorporated in the calculation of the elastic stress field induced by moisture swelling. Time- varying stress concentrations are found present near the free edge region. The moisture sorption history is shown to be important in the evaluation of the laminate's residual stress field. This is the concluding paper in a series of three by the authors, which study the hygrothermal and mechanical aspects of free-edge effects in composite laminates by means of elastic finite element analysis.
Finite Element Microscopic Stress Analysis of Cracked Composite Systems
Authors: Ko William L. 
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the stress concentration problems of two types of cracked composite systems: (1) a composite system with a broken fiber (a penny-shaped crack problem), and (2) a composite system with a cracked matrix (an annular crack problem). The cracked composite systems are modeled with triangular and trap ezoidal ring finite elements. Using NASTRAN (NASA Structural Analysis) finite element computer program, the stress and deformation fields in the cracked composite systems are calculated. The effect of fiber-matrix mate rial combination on the stress concentrations and on the crack opening displacements is studied.
The Thermal Expansion Behavior of Unidirectional and Bidirectional Kevlar/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Strife James R. , Prewo Karl M. 
Published: March 2007

The coefficients of thermal expansion, α, of unidirectionally and bi directionally reinforced Kevlar 49/PR-286 composites are reported for the temperature range 25-150°C. Composite thermal expansion is shown to be highly anisotropic with the variation in α considerably greater for multi- axially reinforced composites than for unidirectional composites. Compar ison with data for HTS graphite/epoxy composites demonstrates that the thermal expansion behavior of Kevlar/epoxy composites is considerably more anisotropic. Elastic properties are also reported and coupled with the thermal expan sion data, calculations based on various models for predicting thermal expansion behavior are presented. It is shown that calculated values of thermal expansion are in close agreement with those measured.
A Technique for Predicting Molding Conditions which Result in Class A Surfaces for Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers
Authors: Kia Hamid G. 
Published: March 2007

This work is a continuation of our modelling studies which are aimed at predicting the appearance of glass fiber reinforced polymers. The mathematical model which has been developed was presented earlier [2,3]. In this study, the following two parameters were evaluated: 1—The effective thickness of fiber strands which is different from their apparent thickness and is an indication of clustering (bundle formation) of the strands; and 2—The slope of surface deformation pertinent to smooth surfaces. From the experimental results, the effective thickness of fiber strands was determined to be 0.35 mm. This value does not appear to be dependent on the type of fibers, type of resin, or fiber content, within the range of the materials and molding conditions used in this study. To obtain a definition for surface smoothness, the slope of surface deformation (0) is related to the smoothness of the surface. It is found that 0 = 0.006 relates to smooth sur faces on glass fiber reinforced polymers. Applying the above two values along with our mathematical model, graphic relation ships are derived which can predict the thickness of the top layer needed to produce a smooth surface.
Increasing Strength of Graphite/Epoxy Bolted Joints by Introducing an Adhesively Bonded Metallic Insert
Authors: Nilsson Sören 
Published: March 2007

In this paper a method to increase the failure load in graphite/epoxy bolted joints where the failure mode is bearing strength is proposed by bonding a metallic insert in the hole. In order to design test specimens with significantly reduced compressive stresses at the hole boundary, finite element (FE) analysis was performed. The FE analysis revealed the possibility to reduce the compressive stresses at the hole boundary in quasi-isotropic laminate by approximately 50%, if a 10 mm hole is enlarged to 14 mm and a 2 mm thick metallic insert is adhesively bonded in the hole. Experimental results showed an increased failure load of up to 55% when using an aluminum insert and 30% when using steel insert, the steel insert also giving a 13 % stiffer joint. The adhesively bonded insert altered the failure mode to failure in the adhesive combined with net tension of the composite member. Further studies of FE-results explained the difference in failure load when using a steel or aluminum insert respectively by the fact that the stiffer steel insert causes higher tension stresses in the adhesive, which apperently leads to a primary tension failure in the adhe sive.
Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Torsional Shear Behavior of Graphite/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Shin E.S. , Pae K.D. 
Published: March 2007

The torsional shear stress-strain behavior of a graphite/epoxy composite material and also the epoxy matrix material alone has been determined at various hydro static pressures up to 6 kbar, using a newly constructed high pressure torsion apparatus. The composite samples were machined into thin walled hollow cylinders from press molded and oven cured, laminated panels. Graphite fibers of the samples were continuous, (0°) uniaxial, and 60% by volume. The normally linear elastic shear stress-strain curve of the epoxy matrix material at at mospheric pressure shifted upwards with pressure and showed nonlinearity at 2 kbar and higher. The shear modulus (G ) and the fracture strength ( τf) and strain (γ f) all increased markedly and bilinearly with a break occurring at 2 kbar. The shear stress-strain curves of the composite material showed dramatic changes from an almost linear curve with γ f of 8% at atmospheric pressure to a nonlinear curve, exhibiting yielding, work-hardening, and extensive drawing with γ f of 57 % at 6 kbar. The G increased bilinearly with pressure from 10.7 x 10 8 at atmospheric pressure to 12 x 108 N/m2 at 6 kbar with a break also occurring at 2 kbar. The work hardening parameter, x, determined at 1% offset strain in creased significantly with pressure. The τf and γ f also increased linearly with an abrupt jump occurring between 4 and 5 kbar as the mode of fracture changed from delamination to shearing.
The AHP Soviet Exchange Project
Authors: Hassard Jack 
Published: March 2007

Seven years have gone by since AHP sent its first delegation to the Soviet Union. During that time, over 150 North American psychologists, psychotherapists, and educators have represented AHP as delegates in the U.S.S.R. A smaller but growing number of our Soviet counterparts have visited the U.S. This article describes the events, people, progress, and future of the AHP Soviet Exchange Project. Delegates on the first three trips were truly explorers. Without official invitation, they sought ways to establish ties to prestigious institutes, universities, and schools in the Soviet Union. With each new encounter was the hope that this might lead to more lasting, satisfying, and in-depth relationships. The early visits set the stage for more organized and official relationships with Soviet colleagues and institutions. Strong ties were developed with colleagues in Moscow, Leningrad, and Tbilisi, and more recently in Tallinn, Vilnius, and Kiev. Two areas of collaboration with Soviets have emerged over the years: psychotherapy and humanistic education. AHP psychotherapists have worked with groups in six cities, demonstrating practice and discussing recent trends in humanistic psychology. The humanistic education focus has progressed through two offlcial agreements. In the most recent one (1989), the AHP, Georgia State University, and the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences signed a three-year agreement in which American and Soviet scholars and teachers would work together through a series of exchanges, writing conferences, and field testing to develop teaching materials focusing on global thinking. The work of both sides will culminate in an international conference co-hosted by both sides in Leningrad during the summer of 1992. The more that the common people contact each other the more our leaders will be obliged to contact each other as well. -Yulia Siroyezhina Institute of Adult Education, Leningrad
Structure and Strategy in the Case for Worker Participation
Authors: Vaughan Edward 
Published: March 2007

The case for increasing worker participation in management has been a popular subject of Australian industrial relations debate over the last ten years, but the debate has so far had little effect on Australian management practices. Workers are generally no closer no w to participating in decisions than they were ten years ago. Economic recession and high unemployment help to explain why worker participation has made little progress, but they do not provide a complete explanation. It is thought that advocates of worker participation have generally argued their case badly and so have not made the case convincing enough. Factual claims have often appeared exaggerated, and arguments have sometimes adopted illegitimate or illogical forms. Furthermore, advocates have made a serious strategic mistake by relying too much on facts and empirical reasoning, which has probably resulted from a poor understanding of the structure of the case and its implications for choice of strategy.
The Resolution of Binocular Rivalry among Assaultive and Nonassaultive Youthful Offenders
Authors: Wenk Ernst Albert , Sarbin Theodore R. , Sherwood David W. 
Published: March 2007

This research is part of a larger project aimed at ultimately locating a set of predictive psychological testing instruments that would permit an early identification of assault-prone persons. Two groups of youthful offenders were shown twenty pairs of stereograms. One group was composed of twenty offenders com mitted by the court to a correctional institution after conviction for a violent crime; the other group, twenty offenders who had no history of violent behavior. Our hypothesis, that violent persons perceive significantly more violent percepts in a binocu lar rivalry situation, was not confirmed. The discrepancy between our expectations and our findings led us to an analysis of the experiment. We concluded that the threatening aspects in the testing situation somewhat invalidated the violent subjects' verbal responses. Because the dependability of their reports may be doubted, simple methods of assessment that draw on such verbal reporting may well prove to be useless.
A Discourse-Oriented Approach To ESP
Authors: Thomas Sarah 
Published: March 2007

ESP/EAP is essentially concerned with the genre-specific texts students are required to read/write and the kinds of activities they need to participate in. In this paper, we argue that to be effective ESP/EAP teaching and materials must be informed by adequately researched linguistic descriptions of the target genres and texts in general. There are characteristic rhetorical and organisational features and linguistic options which distinguish different genres and, without prior identification of these, ESP teaching will be ad hoc and cannot expect to help learners cope with the demands imposed on them by the need to read and write in their specific disciplines. Successful pedagogy which aims at enabling learners to master these genres must draw on linguistic descriptions which provide insights into the features and organisation of the texts. In this paper, we suggest a discourse-based approach to meet the need for ESP practice which is rooted in an understanding of the communicative purposes of texts and the linguistic manifestations of such purposes. Through an analysis of experimental research articles, we attempt to show that: i) choice of theme in citations can serve as a text organisational device to show the interdependencies and connectedness of the elements making up a stretch of text. ii) the macro-structure of an entire research article can be represented in terms of the generally-recognized Problem-Solution discourse pattern.
The Teaching of English-as-a-Second-Language Writing in the Asia-Pacific Region: a Cross-Country Comparison
Authors: Pennington Martha C. , So Sufumi , Hirose Keiko , Costa Vrginia , Shing Joe Li Wai , Niedzielski Krystyna 
Published: March 2007

A comparison of the practices of native and non-native teachers of English-as-a-second-language writing in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, and Singapore based on a Questionnaire and follow-up interviews revealed a gap between teachers' ideal and actual practice, similar perceptions of the constraints preventing them from teaching according to their Preferred practice, and a general lack of training in process writing. Many of the teachers took a middle-of-the-road approach combining product and process teaching philosophies, with a somewhat more traditional approach taken by non-native speakers of English and those teaching in Asian countries. Those teaching in Australia were the most process-oriented in theory and practice, those teaching in Japan were the most product-oriented in theory and practice, while those teaching in the other countries of the survey showed a greater difference between theory and practice and more variation across individual teachers. The results can be interpreted to mean that the community of explanation (theory or ideal for practice) and the community of practice (actual practices) among teachers of English composition are not always well-aligned. While the rhetoric of process writing is generally the basis of the teachers' ideal or teaching philosophy, this rhetoric may mask a shallow commitment to the practices of process writing, and teachers may undermine the basis of process writing in attempting to selectively implement its tenets or to blend process and product elements in their teaching of writing. On the other hand, it may be that teachers of English in the Asia-Pacific region are developing a compromise teaching approach that combines process and product elements in a new synthesis.
Cloisonnement et décloisonnement culturels comme processus sociologiques
Authors: Kruijt J.P. , Goddijn Walter 
Published: March 2007

In Holland, vertical pluralism has historical roots which are analysed in the first part. The second part gives a structural analysis of the frequency and inten sity of this pluralism. Thus the internal dynamism of the social phenomenon becomes clear. The quantita tive relations between the neutral groups and those whose inspiration is religious, are studied from various points of view: that of the degree of institutionaliza tion of the cultural barriers; that of the degree of integration and over-lapping; and that of the percen tages of persons engaged in the religious or neutral organisations. In the third and fourth paragraphs, vertical pluralism is replaced in the general context of sociology and in the sociology of religion in particular, and a functio nal study of it is done according to the schema of ana lysis of R.K. Merton.
Religion, Society and Accomodation
Authors: Fuse Toyomasa 
Published: March 2007

Tout au long de l'histoire, la religion universaliste s'est ipso facto heurtée aux demandes et pratiques particularistes de l'ordre séculier socio-poli tique. La religion a cependant vu moyen de rester une institution sociale viable, en partie parce qu'elle s'est accommodée à la société séculière et a rationalisé ses demandes et ses droits. Quelques illustrations historiques dramatisent une telle interaction dynamique entre la religion et la société, ainsi que le processus qui en a résulté, à savoir une accommodation du côté de la religion. La néo-orthodoxie, comme produit et héritière légitime de l'Evangile Social', naquit au sein des conflits industrielles de l'Amerique moderne. Si des représentants des Eglises ont proclamé cette neo-orthodoxie du Protestantisme Américan comme radicalisme révolutionnaire en termes d'analyse sociologique celle-ci a été au fond une force d'intégration, d'accommodation et de conservation pour l'organisation du pouvoir socio-économique. L'analyse fonctionnelle de la néo-orthodoxie apporte quelques hypothèses utiles quant à ses modèles d'accommodation; une fonction manifeste de cette néo-orthodoxie a été la synthèse religieuse entre les idées de l'orthodoxie et le défi d'un christianisme libéral que Niebuhr appellerait 'christianisme prophétique'. L'auteur présente alors quelques hypothèses sur les fonctions latentes de la néo-orthodoxie: en défendant sa validité et son idéologie, la néo- orthodoxie constitue secrètement un 'support institutionnel' pour l'orga nisation actuelle du pouvoir socio-économique. Une telle adaptation ecclésiastique de la néo-orthodoxie à l'ordre socio-politique doit cepen dant être comprise dans le cadre théorique du dilemme de l'Eglise aux termes duquel toute religion universalist est contrainte de s'accommoder à la sociéte pour sauvegarder sa vie vie propre.
The Religious Condition of the West Country in 1851
Authors: Goodridge R.M. 
Published: March 2007

Le recensement éeclésiastique national, qui eut lieu en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles en 1851, permet de se faire une idée et de comparer l'importance des différentes confessions. Comme le révèlent les cartes, les indices de pratique ont été calculés en additionnant le chiffre des présences du matin, de l'après-midi et du soir, sans tenir compte de l'éventualité de personnes ainst recensées deux fois. Ces chiffres ont été exprimés en pourcentages calculés par rapport a la population de la région intéressée. Il semble que tels que nous les livrent ces cartes. ils peuvent fournir des informations et des éléments de comparaison valables. La région étudiée ici, soit Gloucestershire, Somerset et Wiltshire, a été choisie afin de mettre en évidence le facteur religieux dans l'hinterland de la région de Bristol, ville importante. C'est dans l'ouest de Wiltshire, soit la région des industries textiles traditionnelles. que les taux de pratique se sont révélés les plus élevés, toutefois l'influence de l'Eglise d'Angleterre apparaissait relativement faible. Cette Eglise avait par contre le plus d'adeptes dans les régions les plus éloignées de Wiltshire. Le bastion des Eglises Congrégationaliste et Baptiste se trouvait coincider de manière frappante avec les régions d'industries textiles. La répartition des forces Méthodistes se présentait par contre de manière fort différente: elle était la plus forte aux alentours de Bristol, région où les frères Wesley avaient établis un de leurs quartiers généraux missionnaires. On peut également constater que les Méthodistes se trouvaient être les plus nom breux là où l'Eglise d'Angleterre comptait le moins d'adeptes.