bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate metabolism during embryonic and larval development of Odonthestes humensis(De Buen, 1953) (Pisces—Atherinidae)
Authors: Santos E. A. , Vinagre A. S. 
Published: January 2006

Changes in glucose and glycogen concentrations during embryonic and larval development of Odonthestes humensis (De Buen, 1953) (Pisces—Atherinidae) were followed.Glycogen decreased immediately after fertilization but remained constant throughout the embryonic period, suggesting that although present glycogenolisis may not be the most important energetic pathway during this period. Glucose levels only show a significant increase on the fifth day of development coincident with the beginning of heart activity.In fed larvae glycogen utilization increases during development, resulting in an increase in glucose concentration. Such a pattern does not occur in starved animals, where glycogen and glucose are present respectively at high and low concentrations similar to embryos. The change of pattern seems to be associated with the first larval feeding.
Age determination in Pomatoschistus mi nut us (Pallas) and Pomatoschistus microps (Kreyer) (Pisces: Gobiidae) from the upper Tagus estuary, Portugal
Authors: Moreira F. , Costa J. L. , Almeida P. R. , Assis C. , Costa M. J. 
Published: January 2006

The use of scale inspection as a means of age‐determination in Pomatoschistus microps and Pomatoschistus minutus in the Tagus estuary is confirmed, but annulus formation pattern is different from that described for P. microps in the area of the British Isles (Miller, 1975). In Britain, two annuli are laid down on the scales each year, but in the Tagus, only one annulus is formed. One possible reason for this difference is the fact that in the Tagus the peak breeding season and the lowest water temperatures coincide. Therefore, the two causes of annulus formation coexist at the same time of year.Population structure in both species is dominated by the 0‐group, which appears earlier (April/May) than reported for other areas. Maximum age seems not to exceed 26 months in P. microps and 32 months in P. minutus.
Effects of food quality on maturation rate in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.)
Authors: Svedäng H. 
Published: January 2006

The effects of food quality on maturation rate were followed in progeny from wild Arctic charr, caught in Lake Fattjaure, northern Sweden. The fish were reared at five different food quality levels. In the first summer, the fry were given feed of three qualities: diluted with cellulose in three proportions (0, 15 and 25%). During the second winter the impact of changed food quality level was studied by transferring half the fish from the high (control) to the low food quality level and vice versa.Maturation rate was lower in males reared at the high and improved food quality levels than in males reared at the medium, low and reduced food quality levels. The maturation rate in females was similar at all levels, though the rate tended to increase at the reduced food quality level.Fish reared at the high and medium levels had similar growth rates, whereas fish at the low food quality level experienced slower growth. Reduced food quality did not arrest the growth offish, whereas improved food quality enhanced their growth.
Enzymatic variation in African clariid catfishes
Authors: Teugels G. G. , Guyomard R. , Legendre M. 
Published: January 2006

Enzymatic polymorphism was examined at 13 protein loci in four African clariid catfish species: Clarias anguillaris (Linnaeus, 1758), C. ebriensis Pellegrin, 1920, C. gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and Heterobranchus longifilis Valenciennes, 1840. The latter appears to be closer to C. anguillaris and C. gariepinus than C. ebriensis. These results correspond with recently published karyological and morphometrical data.Reproductive compatibility, under laboratory conditions at least, is demonstrated between C. gariepinus and H. longifilis. The hybrids were shown to be completely intermediate between the parental strains.
Effect of somatostatin on intragastric pressure and smooth muscle contractility of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum
Authors: Chan C. B. , Hale E. 
Published: January 2006

These studies investigated the effects of somatostatin on gastric motility in the rainbow trout. Two experimental models were used, the isolated vascularly‐perfused stomach and isolated strips of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Both models demonstrated that somatostatin can inhibit gastrointestinal motility and may therefore modulate gastric emptying in fish.In the vascularly‐perfused stomach, somatostatin (10–1000 nm) decreased maximum and baseline intragastric pressure by 10–20% in the presence of stimulatory doses of carbachol or 5‐hydroxytryptamine. In addition, somatostatin (1 μm) inhibited by 50% the magnitude of spontaneous contractions generated by distension. Somatostatin had little effect on the pressure gradient or contractile frequency. These results suggest that somatostatin may negatively modulate gastric emptying in the rainbow trout.In isolated gastric smooth muscle strips, somatostatin (100 pmol) inhibited tension stimulated by carbachol (circular orientation of muscle) or 5‐hydroxytryptamine (longitudinal orientation). These results correlated with those observed in the vascularly perfused stomach preparation. Somatostatin also decreased tension stimulated by carbachol and 5‐hydroxytryptamine in intestinal smooth muscle strips, suggesting that under some conditions somatostatin could increase gastric emptying rate by relaxing intestinal musculature.
Bifurcation of gill filaments in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus Walbaum) from Long Island Sound
Authors: Pereira J. J. , Lewis E. J. , Spallone R. L. , Sword C. 
Published: January 2006

Morphological and histological examinations of gills excised from adult winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus Walbaum, collected at clean and contaminated areas of Long Island Sound were undertaken to assess possible biological consequences of contamination. On the basis of previous studies, three collection sites were chosen: Shoreham, New York, a relatively clean, unindustrialized area, and New Haven Harbor, Connecticut and Hempstead Harbor, New York, both industrialized and heavily populated.Gill samples were taken monthly at all three sites for light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. Results from both techniques suggest a relationship between contamination of the sediments and the prevalence of bifurcated gill filaments, the condition being most severe at New Haven Harbor. The bifurcations were not consistently associated with any parasitological or pathological conditions when examined by light microscopy.Gill samples were subsequently taken from juvenile winter flounder caught in New Haven Harbor to determine how early in the life cycle gill bifurcations develop. The data show that the majority of these anomalies begin in juvenile flounder rather than in embryos, larvae, or adults. Gill bifurcations were found in 27% of the 2‐year‐old flounder, compared to 12% of the 1‐year‐old fish and 15% of the adults from the same area.
Patterns of increment width and strontium: calcium ratios in otoliths of juvenile rock blackfish, Girella elevata (M.)
Authors: Gallahar N. K. , Kingsford M. J. 
Published: January 2006

Otoliths of juvenile Girella elevata (M.) were examined to obtain information about the environmental conditions experienced during early life. Patterns of increment deposition and elemental ratios in otoliths were compared in wild fish. A tetracycline experiment indicated that increments were deposited daily in juveniles. Although different patterns in the spacing of increments were found among juveniles collected at different locations and times, the widest increments were always found in the first 40 increments. Strontium: calcium (Sr: Ca) ratios increased with age in the otoliths of most wild G. elevata.The patterns of increment width and Sr: Ca ratios were not related and, therefore, were probably not under the same relative control by environmental or physiological factors. Although the number of increments can be used to age juvenile G. elevata, the utility of increment widths and Sr: Ca ratios as environmental predictors in this species is questionable without experimental validation.
Suction volume and filtering efficiency of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val.) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Rich.)
Authors: Dong Shuanglin , Li Deshang , Bing Xuwen , Shi Qingfeng , Wang Fang 
Published: January 2006

Experiments were conducted to measure the suction volume of silver carp and bighead carp of age 1 + with respiratory chamber, and to calculate the suction volume and the filtering efficiency with respect to changes in concentrations of food particles.Suction volume (B. ml/mouth) and filtering efficiency (E. %) were calculated using the following formula: C
1=C0(1‐BE/v)nwhere C0 and C1 were the concentrations of specific food particles at the beginning and at the end of experiment, respectively, V was the volume (ml) of experimental water, and n was the total number of observation of suction made during the experimental period.The relationships between suction volume (ml/mouth) of age I+ silver carp (Bh) and bighead carp (Ba) and their standard lengths (L, cm) were: B
h=0.561L‐8.94, Ba= 0.627L‐7.48while those of the fingerlings were: B
h= O.l70L‐0.837, Ba= 0.157L‐0.418.The suction volume of the fingerlings was mainly affected by fish size, the function of temperature between 15 and 25° C being negligible. However, temperature affected filtering rate (filtered volume per unit time) through its effect on filtering frequency. The filtering efficiency of the fishes for rotifers (Brachionus caliciflorus) was 100 per cent. The relationships between filtering efficiency and sizes of food particles smaller than or equal to that of a rotifer were: E
h=25.1 ln e.s.d.‐13.6, Ea=22.2 In e.s.d.‐33.1where Eh and Ea were filtering efficiency of silver carp and bighead carp, respectively, and e.s.d. was the equivalent spherical diameter (μm) of food particles.
Intravenous Vitamins in Acute Alcoholic Intoxication: Effects on Physiological and Psychological Functions
Authors: KELLY MICHAEL , MYRSTEN ANNA‐LISA , GOLDBERG LEONARD 
Published: January 2006

SummarySixteen male volunteer subjects of two different age groups were given placebo or a vitamin B complex preparation intravenously under double‐blind conditions fifteen minutes before a single oral dose of whisky, 2 ml (0.72 g ale) per kg, taken on an empty stomach.The effects were studied over a 5 hr period at 1 hr intervals. The tests comprised subjective mood estimates, reaction time measurements, physiological variables as blood glucose, blood pressure, pulse rate, as well as electrooculographic recordings of positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN) and of roving ocular movements (ROM). The test values were related to blood and urine alcohol levels.The results indicate that the vitamin preparation induced significantly improved performance and reduced subjective intoxication as compared to the values from the placebo plus alcohol condition. These effects were not accompanied by any concomitant changes in blood and urine alcohol level. The beneficial effects of the vitamins seemed to be greater in the younger group. In the other variables studied there were no significant differences between conditions.The findings exclude gross metabolic changes as the explanation of the alcohol‐antagonistic effects of the vitamin preparation, and point to the possibility of CNS mechanisms as the primary site of action.
Color Vision Defects in Alcoholism–II
Authors: SMITH JAMES W. , LAYDEN THOMAS A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecent data from Santiago, Chile, in which alcoholics and their female relatives showed higher incidences of overall color blindness and of blue‐yellow color blindness than was seen in controls has been interpreted to support a genetic association between alcoholism and color blindness.In this study, Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐Hue Color Vision Tests were taken by 106 male and 16 female alcoholics before hospital treatment for alcoholism. Subsequent tests were taken approximately one week later, and again approximately six weeks later.Correlation analyses showed that deficiences in overall color discrimination ability were correlated with abnormal liver tests and with inferior performance on psychological tests suggesting that color vision defects are like other partially reversible biochemical and behavioral disorders seen in alcoholics and result from chronic alcohol abuse. Additional support for this interpretation came from the improvement seen in overall color discrimination ability during and after hospitalization. The higher incidence of blue‐yellow color vision defect seen in the Chile study was not seen in this study and may be due to differences in the backgrounds and environment of the patient populations.
A Five‐Year Follow‐up of 108 Cases of Opiate Addiction
Authors: Chappie Peter A. L. , Somekh David E. , Taylor Marilyn E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA five‐year follow‐up of 108 opiate* addicts is described. Their mean age was 26 years when first seen and they had on average been known to the Home office less than two years, 79 were male. At the end of the follow‐up period, 25 were off opiates and 17 were dead. A series of cases is followed‐up in relation to their stage of addiction. The number of opiate‐free patients after Jive years is shown to be significantly different for the three stages. In relation to the Stage for II (i.e. “early” or “pre‐chronic”) addict, it is suggested tentatively that drug withdrawal must be effected after no, or limited, opiate prescription. The outlook for the chronic (Stage III) addict appears poor, and the limited apparent improvement that is shown must be considered in the light of an evidently growing black market m adulterated, imported (“Chinese”) heroin.
Subjective Effects of Two Anorexigenic Agents Fenfluramine and AN 448 in Amphetamine‐Dependent Subjects
Authors: Götestam K. Gunnar , Gunne Lars‐M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwenty‐two amphetamine‐dependent subjects, all imprisoned drug abusers, with a history of at least one year of intravenous abuse of central stimulants, were used for evaluation of the subjective effects of the two weight‐reducing drugs fenfluramine and AN 448. During four different days, each subject received a single dose of the following drugs in a double‐blind study with cross‐over design: AN 448 2 mg, fenfluramine 80 mg, amphetamine 50 mg and placebo. A self‐rating scale for the factor “CS effect” was used before drug intake, and 1, 3 and 6 hours thereafter. A question of “similarity to amphetamine” was posed at 6 hours after drug intake. Some subjects experienced a low degree of amphetamine‐like effect from AN 448, whereas no such effect was found for fenfluramine. With regard to the factor “CS effect”, AN 448 and fenfluramine did not differ from placebo.
The Incidence and Correlates of Smoking among Delinquent Boys Committed for Residential Training
Authors: Clarke R. V. G. , Eyles H. J. , Evans Margaret 
Published: January 2006

Among 441 bays committed to approved schools, the proportions admitting to be smokers ranged from about 33 per cent at ages 10 and 11 to 91 per cent at age 16. At all ages for which comparison could be made, the proportion of smokers among the approved school boys was higher than among State schoolboys interviewed by the Government Social Survey, but it was at the younger ages that approved school boys seemed to be particularly at risk. In addition, smokers among the approved school boys seemed to smoke muck more heavily than those at State schools. No relationships were found for the approved school population between amount smoked and variables of intelligence, educational attainment, delinquency involvement, personality (as measured by Cattell's H.S.P.Q.), social class, home circumstances, and family relationships and discipline, beyond a weak correlation at the age of 16 between smoking and number of court appearances. It was suggested that farther research on smoking among delinquent boys should concentrate on their life‐style and value‐systems.
Alcoholism in Industry (U.S.A.)
Authors: Von Wiegand Ross A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe following paper gives cm account of the prevalence of alcoholism within American industry. It examines the correlation between alcoholism and certain types of work, job classification and jot stresses. After outlining the way this problem is at present being approached in the United States, a farther programme of action for operation within industry itself is discussed.
The Social and Psychological Background of Young Drug Abusers in Dublin
Authors: Carney P. A. , Timms M. W. H. , Stevenson R. D. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA report on 50 adolescent drug abusers seen in Dublin is presented. 84 per cent were male and 80 per cent mere Irish. Their school achievement was poor and 62 per cent displayed frequent mitching in their last school year. This occurred prior to the onset of drug taking. Their work records were also unsatisfactory, jobs being changed frequently while 60 per cent were unemployed for more than one year of an average working life of four years. In 40 per cent of the families one of the parents, usually the father, was dead or absent. The family size was larger than the national average while in 70 per cent, one of the members was using drugs in the course of legitimate treatment or illegally. The majority of the sample began using drugs in their post school‐leasing year. Cannabis and LSD were the two drugs most commonly used. 48 per cent had used drugs intravenously. 46 per cent had used drugs for more than three years. Data obtained from the Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire suggested that this was generally a personality disorder group.
Total Alcohol Consumption as an Index of Anxiety among Urbanised Africans
Authors: Serebro Boris 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA relationship exists between anxiety and alcoholism; and as alcohol is an anxiolytic substance, any increase in prevailing alcoholism in a racial or national group is an index of anxiety in such a group.The increase in prevailing alcoholism based on total consumption has been noted on two occasions in respect of an influx controlled African population group, living in an African township in the South Western area of Johannesburg.On the first occasion, in 1969, 5 in this racial group there was an increase of total Bantu beer (3 per cent concentration] consumption from 15 million gallons per annum to nearly 30 million gallons per annum. Over a period of seven years the total consumption had doubled. On a second occasion recently we noticed a most significant drop in total Bantu beer consumption with a significant rise in total European type liquor consumption (40 per cent concentration), 12 in this same population controlled African group.In 19695 with the rise in the total Bantu beer consumption, we indicated that anxiety was present and its level was high, a situation confirmed by social workers and ministers of religion in close contact with, these people; presently on the second occasion, we have sufficient evidence (Table 2) to indicate that there has been compute change in the drinking pattern in this same African race group. The fact that this group has changed over from relatively mild traditional alcoholic beverage,1 to the use of high alcohol content loquor, with a rising total consumption, is indicative of the fact that anxiety is present and is maximal.
The Influence of Alcohol on the Mood of the Alcoholic*
Authors: van der Spuy H. I. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe aim was to investigate the emotional state of the alcoholic after one limited drinking session as compared to the sober state. Forty volunteer male alcoholics were psychologically assessed, both sober and after taking three or four two‐ounce drinks of brandy at ten‐minute intervals.Tests: 1, Willoughby Personality Schedule. 2; Thematic Apperception Test (5 cards). 3, Rorschach. The Klopfer system of scoring and interpretation of the Rorschach results was used. In addition the Wichmann method was also used which gives a global assessment of Rorschach protocols. In the quantification of the T.A.T. results the system of Dana was used.Results: 1, The Willoughby. Seven questions showed significant decreases, indicating decreased neuroticism in certain aspects of social interaction, 2, The Rorschach, The following significant changes were recorded under the influence of alcohol: (a) An increase in inanimate movement responses, indicating increased tension and conflict. (b) A decrease in the quality of introspection, indicating an increase in unsuccessful introspective effort, (c) A decrease in the quality of inner adjustment. (d) A decreased number of subjects classified as having intermediate total adjustment. 3, The T.A.T. The combined, standardised score showed a highly significant change towards more psychopathology after consumption of alcohol.Discussion of Results:The first three Rorschach results are clearly related. An increase in tension and conflict would contribute to decreasing the quality of inner adjustment. The decreased number of subjects with intermediate total adjustment is a neutral change without any meaning in itself. The increased psychopathology indicated by the T.A.T. agrees with the increased tension and conflict indicated by the Rorschach.The Willoughby results may appear in conflict with the above, but it must be remembered that the tension reduction reflected by it was limited to certain aspects of social interaction only.Conclusion:After one limited drinking session the alcoholic experiences an increase in inner tension and anxiety. Compensatory mechanisms are then set in motion by the personality to counteract these emotions. These mechanisms may result in an immediate, perhaps superficial experience of tension reduction despite underlying anxiety.Discussion of Conclusion:The increase in tension recorded after the alcoholic took alcohol is in keeping with some of the latest findings, but contrary to the traditional viewpoint. The temporary, superficial experience of tension reduction, which is a new finding, might partly explain previous discrepancies. Possible reasons why the alcoholic nevertheless proceeds with his drinking were discussed. Closer inspection of the results show that many individual subjects did not necessarily follow group trends, but reacted in their own unique way to alcohol.
Two Years' Experience of Group Methods in the Treatment of Male Alcoholics in a Scottish Mental Hospital
Authors: Westfield D. R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn account is given of the creation and management of an in‐patient therapeutic programme for male alcoholics at Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert, Stirlingshire, commencing with a selected group within a psychoneurotic unit which it was found necessary to convert into an unstaffed alcoholic unit with open admission procedure.Statistics over a two‐year period are provided and discussed. In the discussion which followed an attempt was made to answer a serifs of questions posed by the experience involved.For their advice and support in the preparation of this Paper, I would like to thank Dr. A. P. Russell., Physician Superintendent, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert; Dr. D. A. Pemberton, Consultant Psychiatrist, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert; Dr. A. B, Sclare, Consultant Psychiatrist, Eastern District Hospital, Glasgow; Professor Ferguson Rodger, Chair of Psychiatry. Glasgow University; and Dr. R. J. Simpson, Registrar in Psychiatry, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert.