bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liver Enzymes as a Predictor for Incident Diabetes in a Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study
Authors: Doi Yasufumi , Kubo Michiaki , Yonemoto Koji , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Iwase Masanori , Tanizaki Yumihiro , Shikata Kentaro , Iida Mitsuo , Kiyohara Yutaka 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: We studied the relationship between liver enzymes and the development of diabetes in a general Japanese population.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 1804 non‐diabetic subjects 40 to 79 years of age were followed‐up prospectively for a mean of 9.0 years.Results: During the follow‐up, 135 subjects developed diabetes. In both sexes, the age‐adjusted cumulative incidence of diabetes increased significantly with elevating quartiles of serum γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. This pattern was also observed in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) quartiles for men but not for women. In multivariate analyses after adjusting for comprehensive risk factors and other liver enzymes, the risk of developing diabetes was significantly higher in the highest GGT quartile than in the lowest quartile [odds ratio (OR), 2.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03 to 6.26 for men; OR, 5.73; 95% CI, 1.62 to 20.19 for women]. Similar results were observed in ALT quartiles (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 0.91 to 5.92 for men; OR, 4.40; 95% CI, 1.38 to 14.06 for women) but not in AST quartiles in either sex. Significant positive associations of GGT and ALT with diabetes were seen within each stratified category of risk factors, namely fasting insulin, BMI, waist‐to‐hip ratio, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, and alcohol consumption. In receiver operating characteristic analyses, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of GGT and ALT were significantly larger than that of AST, fasting insulin, waist‐to‐hip ratio, or C‐reactive protein.Discussion: Our findings suggest that serum GGT and ALT concentrations are strong predictors of diabetes in the general population, independent of known risk factors.
Overall and Central Obesity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Black Women
Authors: Krishnan Supriya , Rosenberg Lynn , Djoussé Luc , Cupples L. Adrienne , Palmer Julie R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity has risen to epidemic proportions in the United States, leading to an emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes. African‐American women are disproportionately affected by both conditions. While an association of overall obesity with increasing risk of diabetes has been documented in black women, the effect of fat distribution, specifically abdominal obesity, has not been studied. We examined the association of BMI, abdominal obesity, and weight gain with risk of type 2 diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: During eight years of follow‐up of 49,766 women from the Black Women's Health Study, 2472 incident cases of diabetes occurred. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs), with control for age, physical activity, family history of diabetes, cigarette smoking, years of education, and time period of data collection.Results: Sixty‐one percent of participants had a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (WHO definition of overweight). Compared with a BMI of <23 kg/m2, the IRR for a BMI of >45 kg/m2 was 23 (95% confidence interval, 17.0 to 31.0). The IRR for the highest quintile of waist‐to‐hip ratio relative to the lowest was 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 2.0 to 2.7) after control for BMI. Furthermore, at every level of BMI, an increased risk was observed for high waist‐to‐hip ratio relative to low.Discussion: Central obesity, as well as overall obesity, is a strong risk factor for diabetes in African‐American women. Efforts to reduce the prevalence of obesity in African‐American women are of paramount importance.
Incremental Hospital Charges Associated With Obesity as a Secondary Diagnosis in Children
Authors: Woolford Susan J. , Gebremariam Achamyeleh , Clark Sarah J. , Davis Matthew M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to evaluate the association of obesity as a comorbidity with hospital charges, by comparing charges for pediatric hospitalizations with vs. without obesity as a secondary diagnosis.Methods: Using the 2000 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID), a nationally representative sample of pediatric hospital discharges, we identified the most common non‐pregnancy‐related principal diagnoses for children 2 to 18 years of age: asthma, pneumonia, affective disorders, and appendicitis. For each we compared mean charges and mean length of stay for hospitalizations with vs. without obesity as a secondary diagnosis, adjusting for relevant socio‐demographics and hospital type.Results: Among children's discharges in 2000, 1.1% listed obesity as a secondary diagnosis. These had a disproportionate likelihood of being older, black, Medicaid beneficiaries, and hospitalized at a general hospital. Adjusted mean hospital charges were significantly higher for discharges with obesity as a secondary diagnosis vs. those without: appendicitis ($14,134 vs. $11,049; p < 0.01), asthma ($7766 vs. $6043; p < 0.05), pneumonia ($12,228 vs. $9688; p < 0.05), and affective disorders ($8292 vs. $7769; p < 0.01). Whereas obesity as a secondary diagnosis was associated with a pattern of increased adjusted mean length of stay, only asthma and affective disorders had statistically significant differences (0.6 days) (p < 0.01).Conclusion: This national analysis suggests obesity as a secondary diagnosis is associated with significantly higher charges for the most common reasons for pediatric hospitalizations. This presents a financial imperative for further research to evaluate factors that contribute to higher inpatient charges related to obesity as a comorbidity and underscores the need for obesity prevention initiatives.
High Childhood Obesity in an Australian Population
Authors: Sanigorski Andrea M. , Bell A. Colin , Kremer Peter J. , Swinburn Boyd A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to determine the prevalences of overweight and obesity in regional Australian children and to examine the association between BMI and indicators of socioeconomic status (SES).Research Methods and Procedures: Regionally representative cross‐sectional survey of 2184 children, 4 to 12 years of age, was conducted, and the socio‐demographic characteristics of their parents from regional Victoria, Australia, 2003 to 2004, were obtained.Results: The prevalences of overweight and obesity were 19.3 ± 0.8% (proportion ± standard error) and 7.6 ± 0.6%, respectively, using international criteria, and the proportion of overweight/obese girls was significantly higher than that of boys (29.6 ± 1.4% vs. 23.9 ± 1.3%, χ2 = 9.01, p = 0.003). Children from households of lower SES had higher odds of being overweight/obese; lower SES was defined by lower paternal education (adjusted odds ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.30) and lower area‐level SES (adjusted odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.25), adjusted for age, gender, height, and clustering by school.Discussion: The prevalences of overweight and obesity are increasing in Australian children by about one percentage point per year. This equates to ∼40,000 more overweight children each year, placing Australian children among those at highest risk around the world. In addition, girls are more likely to be overweight, and there is a general trend for children of lower SES to be at even greater risk of overweight and obesity.
1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Modulation of Adipocyte Reactive Oxygen Species Production
Authors: Sun Xiaocun , Zemel Michael B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: We have previously shown 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25‐(OH)2D3] to inhibit mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression in adipocytes and that in vivo suppression of calcitriol levels with calcium‐rich diets increases UCP2 expression. Because UCP2 plays a significant role in the clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we studied the effect of calcitriol on ROS production and ROS‐induced adipocyte proliferation.Research Methods and Procedures: ROS production in human and murine adipocytes was stimulated by high glucose (30 mM) or H2O2 (100 nM).Results: Both approaches resulted in increased ROS production by 27% to 100% (p < 0.05) and increased cell proliferation by 15% to 39% (p < 0.03). These effects were augmented by the addition of mitochondrial uncoupling inhibitor guanosine 5′‐diphosphate (GDP; 100 μM) or 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 (10 nM) and attenuated by UCP2 overexpression, suggesting that inhibition of mitochondrial uncoupling suppresses clearance of ROS and increases adipocyte proliferation. The addition of α ± tocopherol (1 μM) inhibited cell proliferation in adipocytes treated with either H2O2 or high glucose, indicating that ROS plays a major role in the regulation of cell proliferation in adipocytes. Moreover, stimulation of ROS with high glucose and H2O2 resulted in a 2‐ to 5‐fold increase in adipocyte intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i; p < 0.001), and calcium channel antagonism (nifedipine, 10 μM) suppressed ROS induced calcium influx and cell proliferation, indicating that [Ca2+]i may also regulate ROS production and exert a mitogenic effect in adipocytes.Discussion: These data support a role of 1α,25‐(OH)2D3, UCP2, and [Ca2+]i in the regulation of adipocyte ROS production.
Growth Hormone and Ghrelin Secretion in Severely Obese Women Before and After Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Mora Maria E. Valera , Manco Melania , Capristo Esmeralda , Guidone Caterina , Iaconelli Amerigo , Gniuli Donatella , Rosa Giuseppina , Calvani Menotti , Mingrone Geltrude 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to evaluate ghrelin and growth hormone (GH) interactions and responses to a growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH)/arginine test in severe obesity before and after surgically‐induced weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: Our study population included 11 severely obese women 39 ± 12 years of age, with a mean BMI of 48.6 ± 2.4 kg/m2, re‐studied in a phase of stabilized body weight, with a BMI of 33.4 ± 1.2 kg/m2, 18 months after having successfully undergone biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). A GHRH/arginine test was performed before and 18 months after BPD to evaluate ghrelin and GH interactions. Active ghrelin, measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and GH, measured by chemiluminescence assay, were assayed before and after the GHRH/arginine test.Results: Fasting serum GH levels and GH area under the curve (AUC) significantly increased from 0.2 ± 0.05 ng/mL to 1 ± 0.3 ng/mL (p < 0.05) and from 514.76 ± 98.7 ng/mL for 120 minutes to 1957.3 ± 665.1 ng/mL for 120 minutes after bariatric surgery (p < 0.05), respectively. Although no significant change in fasting ghrelin levels was observed (573 ± 77.9 before BPD vs. 574.1 ± 32.7 after BPD), ghrelin AUC significantly increased from −3253.9 ± 2180.9 pg/mL for 120 minutes to 1142.3 ± 916.4 pg/mL for 120 minutes after BPD (p < 0.05). Fasting serum insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1 concentration did not change significantly (133.6 ± 9.9 ng/mL before vs. 153.3 ± 25.2 ng/mL after BPD).Discussion: Our study demonstrates that the mechanisms involved in ghrelin and GH secretion after the secretagogue stimulus (GHRH/arginine) are consistent with patterns observed in other populations.
NPY5R Antagonism Does Not Augment the Weight Loss Efficacy of Orlistat or Sibutramine
Authors: Erondu Ngozi , Addy Carol , Lu Kaifeng , Mallick Madhuja , Musser Bret , Gantz Ira , Proietto Joseph , Astrup Arne , Toubro Søren , Rissannen Aila M. , Tonstad Serena , Haynes William G. , Gottesdiener Keith M. , Kaufman Keith D. , Amatruda John M. , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective:Central counter‐regulatory mechanisms, including those related to the orexigenic hormone neuropeptide Y (NPY), may limit the weight loss observed with conventional pharmacological monotherapy. This study evaluated whether blockade of the NPY Y5 receptor (NPY5R) with the selective antagonist MK‐0557 potentiates sibutramine and orlistat weight loss effects.Research Methods and Procedures:Obese patients (497, BMI 30 to 43 kg/m2) were randomized to 1 of 5 treatment arms [placebo,n= 101; sibutramine 10 mg/d,n= 100; MK‐0557 1 mg/d plus sibutramine 10 mg/d,n= 98; orlistat 120 mg TID,n= 99; MK‐0557 1 mg/d plus orlistat 120 mg TID,n= 99] in conjunction with a hypocaloric diet for 24 weeks. The all‐patients‐treated population, imputing missing data using last observation carried forward, was used to assess weight loss from baseline.Results:The study was completed by 71% of patients in placebo, 76% in sibutramine alone, 79% in MK‐0557 + sibutramine, 69% in orlistat alone, and 76% in MK‐0557 + orlistat groups. Least squares (LS) mean difference [95% confidence interval (CI)] in weight change from baseline between MK‐0557 + sibutramine and sibutramine alone was −0.1 (−1.6, 1.4) kg (p= 0.892) and between MK‐0557 + orlistat and orlistat alone was −0.9 (−2.4, 0.6) kg (p= 0.250). Sibutramine alone induced a LS mean weight loss of −5.9 (−6.9, −4.9) kg vs. −4.6 (−5.7, −3.6) kg for orlistat (p= 0.097). There were no serious drug‐related adverse events and MK‐0557 was well tolerated.Discussion:Blockade of the NPY5R with the potent antagonist MK‐0557 did not significantly increase the weight loss efficacy of either orlistat or sibutramine monotherapy.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms at the Adiponectin Locus and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women
Authors: Pischon Tobias , Pai Jennifer K. , Manson JoAnn E. , Hu Frank B. , Rexrode Kathryn M. , Hunter David , Rimm Eric B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to examine the association of 5 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the adiponectin locus with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in men and women.Methods and Procedures: We genotyped five common SNPs in the adiponectin gene (rs266729, −11365C>G; rs822395, −4034A>C; rs822396, −3964A>G; rs2241766, +45T>G; and rs1501299, +276G>T) in men (Health Professionals Follow‐up Study) and women (Nurses’ Health Study) in a nested case control setting. Among participants free of cardiovascular disease at baseline, 266 men and 249 women developed non‐fatal myocardial infarction or fatal CHD during 6 and 8 years of follow‐up, respectively. In addition, 564 men had coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Using risk set sampling, controls were selected 2:1 matched on age, smoking, and date of blood draw.Results: The −4034CC genotype was related to an increased risk of non‐fatal myocardial infarction or fatal CHD compared with the AA genotype [relative risk (RR), men, 1.69; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99 to 2.89; women, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.20 to 3.49); however, this genotype was not related to risk of coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or to plasma adiponectin levels. Other SNPs or haplotypes defined by the 5 SNPs were not consistently related to risk of CHD in men and women or to plasma adiponectin levels.Discussion: Our study does not support the hypothesis that these 5 common SNPs in the adiponectin gene play an important role in the development of CHD among men and women, although we cannot exclude an association between the −4034CC genotype and risk of CHD.
Chefs’ Opinions of Restaurant Portion Sizes
Authors: Condrasky Marge , Ledikwe Jenny H. , Flood Julie E. , Rolls Barbara J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives: The objectives were to determine who establishes restaurant portion sizes and factors that influence these decisions, and to examine chefs’ opinions regarding portion size, nutrition information, and weight management.Research Methods and Procedures: A survey was distributed to chefs to obtain information about who is responsible for determining restaurant portion sizes, factors influencing restaurant portion sizes, what food portion sizes are being served in restaurants, and chefs’ opinions regarding nutrition information, health, and body weight. The final sample consisted of 300 chefs attending various culinary meetings.Results: Executive chefs were identified as being primarily responsible for establishing portion sizes served in restaurants. Factors reported to have a strong influence on restaurant portion sizes included presentation of foods, food cost, and customer expectations. While 76% of chefs thought that they served “regular” portions, the actual portions of steak and pasta they reported serving were 2 to 4 times larger than serving sizes recommended by the U.S government. Chefs indicated that they believe that the amount of food served influences how much patrons consume and that large portions are a problem for weight control, but their opinions were mixed regarding whether it is the customer's responsibility to eat an appropriate amount when served a large portion of food.Discussion: Portion size is a key determinant of energy intake, and the results from this study suggest that cultural norms and economic value strongly influence the determination of restaurant portion sizes. Strategies are needed to encourage chefs to provide and promote portions that are appropriate for customers’ energy requirements.
The Relationship Between Parents’ Anti‐fat Attitudes and Restrictive Feeding
Authors: Musher‐Eizenman Dara R. , Holub Shayla C. , Hauser Jessica C. , Young Kathleen M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Anti‐fat prejudice is a common attitude in our society, and it has implications for those who hold and are targets of this prejudice. Little is known, however, about how parents’ anti‐fat attitudes impact the ways they feed their young children. We hypothesized that parents’ attitudes about weight would predict parents’ restrictive feeding practices above and beyond the effects of the child's actual weight and the parents’ concern about child overweight.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 126 mothers and 102 fathers returned surveys about anti‐fat attitudes, feeding practices (restriction for weight and restriction for health), and concern about child overweight.Results: Parental concern about child overweight was related to higher restrictive feeding practices for both mothers and fathers. Parents’ anti‐fat attitudes also predicted restrictive feeding above and beyond the effects of parent and child BMI and parental concern about overweight.Discussion: These findings suggest that parents’ anti‐fat attitudes impact the way they feed their children.
Neighborhood Risk Factors for Obesity
Authors: Lopez Russ P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The goal of this study was to explore neighborhood environmental factors associated with obesity in a sample of adults living in a major U.S. metropolitan area.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a multi‐level study combining data from the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System with data from the U.S. Census. A total of 15,358 subjects living in 327 zip code tabulation areas were surveyed between 1998 and 2002. The outcome was obesity (BMI >30), and independent variables assessed included individual level variables (age, education, income, smoking status, sex, black race, and Hispanic ethnicity), and zip code level variables (percentage black, percentage Hispanic, percentage with more than a high school education, retail density, establishment density, employment density, population density, the presence of a supermarket, intersection density, median household income, and density of fast food outlets).Results: After controlling for individual level factors, median household income [relative risk (RR) = 0.992; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.990, 0.994], population density (RR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.972, 0.990), employment density (RR = 1.004; 95% CI = 1.001, 1.009), establishment density (RR = 0.981 95% CI = 0.964, 0.999), and the presence of a supermarket (RR = 0.893; 95% CI = 0.815, 0.978) were associated with obesity risk. Fast food establishment density was poorly associated with obesity risk.Discussion: Where one lives may affect obesity status. Given the influence of the presence of a supermarket on obesity risk, efforts to address food access might be a priority for reducing obesity.
Climate Amenity and BMI
Authors: Lin Ge , Spann Stephen , Hyman David , Pavlik Valary 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives: Our goal was to examine the relationship between BMI and climate amenable for physical activity at the county level in the U.S.Research Methods and Procedures: Using Geographic Information Systems tools and 6‐year National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration station hourly weather records, an index of amenable climate was derived for all U.S. counties. This index was linked to individual BMI in a multi‐level analysis that accounted for other individual characteristics from the 2002 survey of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.Results: There was an inverse relationship between climate amenable to physical activity and BMI at the county level after controlling for individual risk factors, county road density, and median household income and unemployment rate. Residents in high climate‐amenity counties tended to have a lower BMI.Discussion: The contribution of less amenable climate to overweight and obesity in the U.S. is likely to be substantial because it cuts across wide geographic areas. Health promotion strategies that promote mixed land use or other urban design conducive to walking and other physical activities should consider broader environmental disamenities to mitigate their influence. Strategies for outdoor physical activity should also be tailored for people of different racial groups and educational backgrounds due to observed differences in their response to climate amenity.
Trust in Scientific Experts on Obesity: Implications for Awareness and Behavior Change
Authors: Bleich Sara , Blendon Robert , Adams Alyce 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To explore the relationship between public trust in scientific experts on obesity and public attention to nutrition recommendations, to investigate trust as a predictor of weight‐related behaviors, and to identify the sociodemographic characteristics associated with high and low trust in scientific experts on obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: This analysis used survey data from two sources: 1) a 2005 Harvard School of Public Health Obesity Survey (N = 2033), and 2) the 2004 General Social Survey (N = 2812). Five outcome measures were used. Three were used to explore trust as a predictor of attention and weight‐related behaviors. Two were used to identify the sociodemographic predictors of trust. Logistic regression analysis was used to model the outcome variables.Results: Trust in scientific experts was the strongest predictor of public attention to nutritional recommendations from scientific experts, but it was not directly related to weight‐related behaviors. Public attention was significantly associated with two weight‐related behaviors: tracking fruit and vegetable intake and exercise. Women and more educated individuals had significantly higher odds of trusting scientific experts. Characteristics associated with distrust in scientific experts included Hispanic race and older age (over 50).Discussion: Public health experts should work toward building trust as an important step in stemming the obesity epidemic. Further, more research is necessary to better understand the factors driving trust in scientific experts on obesity. A deeper insight in this area will certainly be of great benefit to obesity‐related risk communication and potentially lead to positive behavior change.