bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminaries to the argument
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We human beings are characterized by an ability to judge and reason and probe perception, and a capacity to form value commitments, to ascribe responsibility, and to assume the status of persons. One promising way of explaining those capacities is to see how they would spontaneously evolve in the wake of a simple language among humanoid counterparts: this would give rise to a corresponding range of social practices and the capacities would be constituted by skills in their social and mentally interiorized exercise. If the humanoids envisaged are credited with linguistically independent forms of human competence that are recognized in science and common sense, there is no mystery—not even a rule-following mystery—about how signaling and speech might appear among them.
Normativity and value
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The humanoids will each have a reputational and prudential motive to treat others well, generating collectively beneficial regularities, and to regulate others as well as themselves for conformity, thereby treating the regularities as social norms. Moreover, they will each manifestly want others to conform to such beneficial norms and so each may aspire without fear of contradiction to speak for all in regulating another, whether in educating them, in enjoining conformity, or in correcting offenders. This will give the demands of their social norms a categorical, if still overrideable status. With those norms manifest—and their acceptance by everyone also manifest—they will each be disposed to commit to conforming and upholding those norms: to bet on themselves to do so, at risk of not being able to excuse a failure by invoking a misleading mind or a changed mind. Indeed, they will be committed to this line just by acquiescing in the expectations of others. Among the attitudes to which they will commit in this active or virtual way is the intention to obey and uphold relevant norms: in effect, to value universal conformity in a decisive way. In that case, they will treat the desiderata that explain the commitment as impartial values. And as they may recognize and commit to such values, so they may do so with more personal or sectional values as well.
Responsibility and free will
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Imposing a norm-based, expectational discipline on one another, the humanoids will be motivated by the fear of anyone’s defection to manifest their expectations to that individual, exhorting them to conform. They will say, ‘You should and can conform’, ascribing but also reinforcing that capacity. Let the person fail, however, and in the absence of a (full) excuse—a failure of rationality, knowledge, or voluntariness—they will reaffirm ex post the ability ascribed ex ante in exhortation: ‘You should and could have conformed’. And viewing the breach of the norm in that way—as one that occurred in the presence of a capacity to conform—they will intuitively blame or censure the offender. They will be positioned to do this, moreover, by identifying with the ex-ante exhortation of someone else or even with the self-exhortation of the agent. Perhaps that agent’s active self-exhortation—‘I can conform’—or perhaps a standby variant: this will materialize when the individual manifestly commits to the norm and is positioned so that any temptation to defect will raise a red flag, alerting them exhortatively to its appeal. In the emerging sense of blame, they will be able to interiorize the exercise and blame themselves as well. To the extent that someone is self-exhortatively effective in holding themselves to shared norms and values—or more personal counterparts—they will be possessed of free will in an intuitively recognizable sense: in a sense in which it is constituted by willpower.
Conclusion: toward ethics and politics
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
If the story of humanoid practices and capacities is sound, then that is likely to tell us something about human nature, as stressed throughout the book. But a striking feature of the genealogy is that, in its ideal form, it presupposes relationships of equality between the humanoids, valorizes relationships of respect, and holds out the prospect that they would value freedom in a distinctive sense: freedom as non-domination. The conclusion explores the significance of the genealogy in providing normative support for a relational conception of equality, for a conversive ideal of respect, and for a republican view of freedom.
Korngold and the Hollywood Studio System
Authors: Winters Ben 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 1 outlines the nature of Korngold’s working relationship with the Hollywood studio system at Warner Bros., setting out the various stages at which his involvement with a film was required, his fluctuating working relationships with studio executives such as Hal B. Wallis, and his interactions with fellow music-department colleagues including orchestrators. The picture that emerges from the archival evidence is of an individual who garnered considerable respect; however, that respect did not always necessarily result in the kinds of creative freedom we may sometimes imagine (perhaps idealistically) should be enjoyed by a composer with an existing “high-art” pedigree working within a commercial sphere.
Emerging Adults’ Financial Well-Being: Conceptualization and Measurement
Authors: Sorgente Angela , Lanz Margherita 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Financial well-being is a positive financial condition that has both an objective and a subjective side. Objective financial well-being refers to material resources such as income, savings, and assets, while subjective financial well-being corresponds to an individual’s emotional and cognitive evaluation of their own financial condition. The current chapter aims to properly define this construct, clarify how the conceptualization of financial well-being has changed over the last decades, and emphasize important considerations related to financial well-being among emerging adults. In particular, we stress adjustments this construct should receive in terms of conceptualization and measurement. Furthermore, we highlight that the meaning emerging adults attribute to financial well-being is shaped by the culture they belong to and the socioeconomic conditions of the country they live in. The chapter ends with three suggestions to help emerging adults flourish financially.
Emerging Adults’ Financial Stress and Financial Anxiety
Authors: Kim Jinhee , Chatterjee Swarn , Chan Alexander 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores literature related to the impact of financial stress and financial anxiety on the mental health and well-being of emerging adults. It discusses the antecedents and outcomes of various financial stress and financial anxiety of emerging adults. The factors that exacerbated financial stress and anxiety among emerging adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies for building more financially resilient emerging adults are also discussed. This chapter distinguishes financial stress and financial anxiety constructs and explores their association with the financial attitudes, behaviors, and well-being of emerging adults. Furthermore, it identifies previously established linkages between unhealthy financial behaviors and adverse mental health outcomes that can perpetuate cycles of persistent financial stress and anxiety that can affect the overall well-being of emerging adults. The chapter also provides research and policy recommendations for improving the financial capability of emerging adults and helping reduce financial stress and anxiety.
College and Student Loans in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Lee Yoon G , Hales Emily 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter reviews literature related to college and student loans in emerging adulthood. Specifically, the topics include college education and human capital investments, the student loan crisis in the United States, student loan repayment and default in the United States, student loans across generations, financial literacy and student loan decisions, sociodemographic differences in student loan decisions, and student loans and financial well-being. Student loan debt is a seemingly never-ending topic of conversation among financial professionals, policymakers, and even emerging adults considering attending college. Student loans might be necessary to achieve higher education, and it seems like the “best” option or solution for many emerging adults. Nonetheless, it is crucial for financial professionals to share alternative financial opportunities and resources for emerging adults who may be planning for college in the future.
Finances and Romantic Relationships in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Li Xiaomin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter reviews studies on finances and romantic relationships in emerging adulthood. Finances refer to the ownership and management of money by either partner or both. Romantic relationships refer to the formation and quality of the partnership. The primary foci in this chapter are the reciprocal and circular associations between finances and romantic relationships. Realizing that money—in addition to satisfying material needs—carries many psychological meanings (e.g., symbols of self-worth, security, and privilege), this chapter also reviews studies on how attachment orientations and power may relate to finances and romantic relationships. Collectively, this chapter provides an overview of how emerging adults navigate their finances in the context of romantic relationships. Suggestions for researchers, practitioners, and emerging adults are provided.
Financial Socialization and Emerging Adults’ Financial Outcomes
Authors: Saxey Matthew T , LeBaron-Black Ashley B , Kelley Heather 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter reviews peer-reviewed research on the financial socialization of emerging adults. Because parents have repeatedly been found to be the most impactful financial socialization agent, this chapter primarily focuses on parent financial socialization. Informed by theoretical advances from recent qualitative scholarship, we review quantitative scholarship related to how emerging adults’ parents taught them about finances through parent–child financial discussion, parent financial modeling, and experiential learning of finances. That is, we review specific financial outcomes in emerging adulthood that these three methods of parent financial socialization are associated with. Afterward, we review research about other impactful financial socialization agents and associated financial outcomes in emerging adulthood. Diversity, equity, and inclusion-related findings in financial socialization scholarship are also reviewed. Specific implications for researchers, practitioners, and emerging adults are provided in call-out boxes.
Introduction
Authors: Talbott Siobhan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
There are a number of core themes that run through this book. I argue that print did not supersede manuscript and oral methods of information exchange in early modern business networks; that merchants were individuals whose actions were determined more by their individual circumstances, motivations, experiences, and personal relationships than by political contexts or societal expectations; that the specificities of ‘business information’ set it apart from news and information as a broader genre; and that we should consider a much more extensive range of manuscript material as ‘didactic’. These themes are introduced in this Introduction, and the book is situated in relation to scholarship surrounding the ‘print revolution’ and the ‘Atlantic world’. I illuminate my temporal and geographic approach, explore my source base, and explain the book’s structure.
Conclusion
Authors: Talbott Siobhan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
When information was lacking, delays were caused and financial damage was threatened. To be successful in early modern business, merchants needed knowledge of commodities, shipping, exchange rates, and local markets; they required education in business etiquette; and they relied on personal information such as recommendations and character testimonies. All of this information, gleaned from a variety of sources, shaped merchants’ decision-making processes. The short concluding chapter to this book underscores my central themes: arguing for the specificity of business information and critiquing the role of the ‘print revolution’ in business.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The book’s introduction makes the historical and theoretical case for understanding prosody as a form of media theory. It opens with an anecdote from George Saintsbury’s History of English Prosody (1910) and then considers three scientific attempts to write sound in order to introduce what it calls the “matter” of prosody: the physical materials used to record poetic sound but also the customs, discourses, and tools used to parse that sound. After surveying recent work in literary sound studies, historical poetics, and new formalism, the introduction lays out the book’s three guiding principles: to examine poetry’s language alongside the media that embody it, to take seriously instances of creative remediation and performance, and to understand traditional prosodic concepts (e.g. iambs, blank verse) as one class of sound media among others. The introduction concludes with a close reading of a poem by Edmund Spenser and a song lyric by Beyoncé, a statement of the book’s argument, and a chapter summary.
Egyptian Students and Politics beyond Protest
Authors: Ramzy Farah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The legacy of the student movements in Egypt in the twentieth century makes some forms of political activity among Egyptian students, namely protests for national or regional causes, familiar and even expected. However, the significant neoliberal turn in the Egyptian economy in the late 1990s changed the structure of higher education and with it the status and behaviour of students. The usual analytical lens used to examine Egyptian students’ political activity by looking at protests, does not capture the realities of contemporary higher education nor the complexities of the impact of the major critical events of 2011 and 2013. This book uncovers politics and politicization processes in diverse locations where students act and organize such as student unions, partisan student organizations, student clubs and associations including simulation models, in addition to activist groups, by drawing on interviews conducted in Egypt between 2013 and 2015 with members of these groups and ethnographic observation of their activities. Proposing a dynamic theoretical framework to make sense of student politicization in authoritarian neoliberal contexts marked by sociopolitical change, this book argues that students collectively and individually negotiated the scope of their political activities as well as the meanings they attributed to these activities. The resulting student politics were, not only diverse and unexpected, but reflected the intertwinement of the historical representation of students as leaders of the nation, the neoliberal imperative to prepare for a competitive job market, and the impact of the revolution of 2011 and of the post-2013 context.
AT-rich interaction domain 5A facilitates axon regeneration through docking protein 6 in the peripheral nervous system
Authors: Ren Zhixian , Huang Weixiao , Gu Xiaosong , Zhao Lili 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Peripheral nerves are easily damaged in accidental trauma due to their shallow location. Compared to the limited regeneration of the central nerve, the peripheral nerve has a certain regenerative ability after injury. However, this ability is not sufficient to achieve functional recovery. To increase the rate of regeneration after nerve injury, increasing regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) expression by transcription factors in neurons is necessary.

Methods
Sciatic nerve crush (SNC) animal models were generated in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Bioinformatics analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were applied to detect genes expression; immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were applied to detect protein expression. The neurites outgrowth of cultured DRG neurons was performed to evaluate axon regeneration in vitro. Intrathecal injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) was applied to suppress or overexpress the target in vivo. Following transfection, immunofluorescence staining of newborn axons’ marker (SCG10) in sciatic nerve after crush was used to evaluate the function of AT-rich interaction domain 5A (Arid5a) or docking protein 6 (Dok6) on axon regeneration. The binding between TF and the promoter of target genes was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP).

Result
has high activity in specific regenerating clusters and it accumulates specifically in the nucleus of DRG neurons after sciatic nerve injury. Upon Arid5a inhibition by siRNA, the outgrowth of neurites in vitro and the regeneration of axons in vivo were inhibited. In contrast, after Arid5a overexpression in rats, axon regeneration was significantly accelerated. In addition, Arid5a promotes the expression of Dok6 by binding to its promoter in DRG neurons. Suppression of Dok6 represses the neurites outgrowth of cultured DRG neurons, while its overexpression enhances axon regeneration in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of Dok6 restored the impaired effect of Arid5a suppression on axon regeneration.

Conclusions
These findings indicate that axonal injury induced nucleus accumulation of Arid5a in neurons. Through Dok6, Arid5a accelerates axon regeneration of DRG neurons both in vitro and in vivo. This study enriched our understanding the function of Arid5a in the peripheral nervous system and the transcriptional regulatory network involved in neural regeneration.
Bile acids as germinants for Clostridioides difficile spores, evidence of adaptation to the gut?
Authors: Vinay Gianni , Seppen Jurgen , Setlow Peter , Brul Stanley 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Bacterial spores formed upon metabolic stress have minimal metabolic activity and can remain dormant for years. Nevertheless, they can sense the environment and germinate quickly upon exposure to various germinants. Germinated spores can then outgrow into vegetative cells. Germination of spores of some anaerobes, especially Clostridioides difficile, is triggered by cholic acid and taurocholic acid. Elevated levels of these bile acids are thought to correlate with a perturbed gut microbiome, which cannot efficiently convert primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. That bile acids are germination-triggers suggests these bacteria have a life cycle taking place partially in the mammalian digestive tract where bile acids are plentiful; notably bile acids can be made by all vertebrates. Thus, spores survive in the environment until taken up by a host where they encounter an environment suitable for germination and then proliferate in the largely anaerobic large intestine; some ultimately sporulate there, regenerating environmentally resistant spores in the C. difficile life cycle. This review summarizes current literature on effects of bile acids and their metabolites on spore germination in the gut and evidence that adaptation to bile acids as germinants is a consequence of a life cycle both inside and outside the digestive tract.
Segmentectomy versus lobectomy in younger patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Kamigaichi Atsushi , Mimae Takahiro , Tsubokawa Norifumi , Miyata Yoshihiro , Kudo Yujin , Nagashima Takuya , Ito Hiroyuki , Ikeda Norihiko , Okada Morihito 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Despite clinical trials supporting the efficacy of segmentectomy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a previous report indicated its limited efficacy in younger patients, raising concerns about its indication.

METHODS
Patients aged &lt;70 years with radiologically solid-dominant clinical stage IA NSCLC ≤2 cm who underwent lobectomy or segmentectomy at three institutions between 2010 and 2017 were enrolled. Propensity scores were estimated to adjust for confounding variables (age, sex, smoking history, tumour location, size, ground-glass opacity, maximum standardized uptake value, and histological type). To elucidate the prognostic impact of surgical indications in the late postoperative phase, restricted mean survival time (RMST) from 0 to 5 and 8 years was also determined.

RESULTS
Overall, 388 patients with a median age of 63 years were enrolled. Overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR], 0.447; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.152–1.316) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR, 0.638; 95% CI, 0.335–1.216) did not differ significantly between the segmentectomy (n = 114) and lobectomy groups (n = 274). In the propensity score matching of 100 pairs, OS (HR, 0.577; 95% CI, 0.162–2.056) and RFS (HR, 0.945; 95% CI, 0.408–2.191) were comparable between the segmentectomy and lobectomy groups. Regarding OS in the segmentectomy and lobectomy groups, the 5- and 8-year RMST were 4.95 y versus 4.92 y (difference: 0.02 y; 95% CI, -0.09–0.13; P=0.699) and 7.82 y versus 7.69 y (difference: 0.12 y; 95% CI, -0.17–0.42; P=0.420), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Segmentectomy is a viable option for younger patients with early-stage NSCLC, suggesting that indications for segmentectomy need not vary by age.
Ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy have smaller bone area and deficits in trabecular microarchitecture
Authors: Zimmermann Elizabeth A , Veilleux Louis-Nicolas , Gagnon Marianne , Audet Dominique , Yap Rita , Julien Catherine , Hosseinitabatabaei Seyedmahdi , Trottier Eliane Rioux , Willie Bettina M , Carriero Alessandra , Farmer Jean-Pierre 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive neurological syndrome resulting in abnormal muscle tone, movement, and posture. It is unclear whether ambulatory children with CP have deficits in bone quantity or quality. Furthermore, the relationship between abnormal muscle tone, altered function, and bone health remains largely unexplored. This observational study investigated bone mineral density (BMD) and microarchitecture in ambulatory children with spastic CP and associations of BMD with function, muscle spasticity, and gait. Children with spasticity in both lower limbs (n = 12) aged 3-8 years were recruited. Areal BMD was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the proximal femur and lateral distal femur and compared to normative data. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) was performed at the metaphyseal tibia and radius in a subset of participants (n = 5) and compared to healthy children (n = 7). Gait pathology and cardiopulmonary function were investigated with the Gait Deviation Index, Edinburgh Visual Gait Score, and energy expenditure index. DXA aBMD Z-scores at the lateral distal femur were within a normal range. Instead, the CP group’s median aBMD Z-score at the proximal femur was -1.8 (interquartile range: -2.2, -1.2, p=.03) indicating potential skeletal fragility. Strong correlations were found between gait pathology and DXA-based bone outcomes (correlation coefficient 0.62 (p=.04) to 0.73 (p=.01)) as well as energy expenditure index and DXA-based bone outcomes (correlation coefficient -0.63 (p=.03) to -0.98 (p = &lt;0.001)). At the metaphyseal tibia, children with spastic CP had significant deficits in HR-pQCT-measured bone geometry and trabecular microarchitecture: 35% lower total area, 42% lower trabecular area, and 48% lower trabecular number than controls. HR-pQCT parameters were similar between groups at the metaphyseal radius. These differences in tibial metaphysis size and trabecular microarchitecture are similar to those observed in disuse and thus could be a result of abnormal biomechanics or low levels of physical activity.