bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental consumerism: A process of children's socialization and families' resocialization
Authors: Easterling Debbie , Miller Shirley , Weinberger Nanci 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development and impact of children's concern for the environment is addressed. A model is presented that illustrates that such development may be based upon children's cognitive status, their exposure to nature, and their exposure to particular socializing influences. One of the possible outcomes of children's concern for the environment is that they may become catalysts for family environmental consumerism, and thereby influence related family attitudes and decision‐making. We propose that environmental consumerism may be moderated by the nature of family communication patterns, which can affect the possibility of family resocialization regarding environmental concerns. In addition, family resources are also expected to moderate the degree of family environmental consumerism. We suggest that environmental consumerism will be reflected in both purchasing and recycling choices and behavior. Consequently, marketing implications are also addressed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nucleolin binds specifically to an AP‐1 DNA sequence and represses AP1‐dependent transactivation of the matrix metalloproteinase‐13 gene
Authors: Samuel Shaija , Twizere Jean‐Claude , Beifuss Katherine K. , Bernstein Lori R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTranscriptional regulation via activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) protein binding to AP‐1 binding sites within gene promoter regions of AP‐1 target genes plays a key role in controlling cellular invasion, proliferation, and oncogenesis, and is important to pathogenesis of arthritis and cardiovascular disease. To identify new proteins that interact with the AP‐1 DNA binding site, we performed the DNA affinity chromatography‐based Nucleotide Affinity Preincubation Specificity TEst of Recognition (NAPSTER) assay, and discovered a 97 kDa protein that binds in vitro to a minimal AP‐1 DNA sequence element. Mass spectrometric fragmentation sequencing determined that p97 is nucleolin. Immunoblotting of DNA affinity‐purified material with anti‐nucleolin antibodies confirmed this identification. Nucleolin also binds the AP‐1 site in gel shift assays. Nucleolin interacts in NAPSTER with the AP‐1 site within the promoter sequence of the metalloproteinase‐13 gene (MMP‐13), and binds in vivo in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in the vicinity of the AP‐1 site in the MMP‐13 promoter. Overexpression of nucleolin in human HeLa cervical carcinoma cells significantly represses AP‐1 dependent gene transactivation of a minimal AP‐1 reporter construct and of an MMP‐13 promoter reporter sequence. This is the first report of nucleolin binding and transregulation at the AP‐1 site. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal radial and ulnar arteries perforator‐based adipofascial flaps for covering hand traumatic defects
Authors: Ignatiadis Ioannis A. , Xeinis Spyridon F. , Tsiamba Vassiliki A. , Yiannakopoulos Christos K. , Nomikos George N. , Gerostathopoulos Nikolaos E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAim: The clinical value of adipofascial flaps based on distal ulnar or radial‐artery perforators is demonstrated in a series of 14 patients with severe hand injuries and significant soft tissue defects requiring coverage. Material and methods: There were 10 male and 4 female patients, aged between 23 and 72 years. The defects were 7 dorsal, 4 palmar, 1 combined dorsal–palmar, and 2 with thumb or total digit amputation. In the patients with a dorsal defect, the extensor tendons were intact in 2 cases, reconstructed in 2 cases, and reconstructed in 3 cases using silicon rods. Following debridement, a fascial flap based on a distal ulnar (12) or radial (4, 2 primarily and 2 secondarily) artery perforator was fashioned and used to cover the defect. A split thickness skin graft was used to cover the defect and the hand was immobilized for 2 weeks. Results: All cases were followed up for at least 6 months. The donor and recipient sites healed uneventfully, and the functional result was very good in terms of wrist and hand joint range of motion, which approximated the normal rates. The extension or flexion deficit was less than 25 degrees. The esthetic result was satisfactory. Two ulnar flap partial (involving ∼35% of the area) necroses have been treated using reversed radial–distal perforator flaps. Conclusion: The described fascial flaps offer several advantages over other local flaps, and are rather easy to perform and cover effectively both dorsal and palmar hand defects without causing significant functional deficits to the upper limb. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Global well posedness for the Gross–Pitaevskii equation with an angular momentum rotational term
Authors: Hao Chengchun , Hsiao Ling , Li Hai‐Liang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we establish the global well posedness of the Cauchy problem for the Gross–Pitaevskii equation with a rotational angular momentum term in the space ℝ2. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear circuit analysis using the method of harmonic balance—A review of the art. Part I. Introductory concepts
Authors: Gilmore Rowan J. , Steer Michael B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe harmonic balance method is a technique for the numerical solution of nonlinear analog circuits operating in a periodic, or quasi‐periodic, steady‐state regime. The method can be used to efficiently derive the continuous‐wave response of numerous nonlinear microwave components including amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators. Its efficiency derives from imposing a predetermined steady‐state form for the circuit response onto the nonlinear equations representing the network, and solving for the set of unknown coefficients in the response equation. Its attractiveness for nonlinear microwave applications results from its speed and ability to simply represent the dispersive, distributed elements that are common at high frequencies. The last decade has seen the development and application of harmonic balance techniques to model analog circuits, particularly microwave circuits. The first part of this paper reviews the fundamental achievements made during this time. The second part covers the extension of the method to quasi‐periodic regimes, optimization analysis, and practical application. A critical assessment of the various types of harmonic balance techniques is given. The different sampling and Fourier transform methods are compared, and numerical speed and precision results are given enabling a quantitative analysis of the merits of the major variants of the harmonic balance technique. Examples of designs which have been modeled using the harmonic balance technique and built both in hybrid and MMIC form are presented.
Automatic testing of MMIC wafers
Authors: Bahl Inder , Lewis Gary , Jorgenson Jon 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMicrowave probes are used extensively for linear and nonlinear characterization of microwave devices on wafer and are commercially available for use at frequencies up to 65 GHz. An on‐wafer noise measurement test system, for discrete devices, is now commercially available and on‐wafer power measurement techniques are emerging slowly. These probes are also getting more recognition for the testing of packaged chips, packages, and modules. More accurate calibration techniques and their on‐wafer validation are being developed. Automatic testing of MMIC wafers, using an integrated test system, is a key requirement for the development of low‐cost IC production.
Computer‐aided manufacturing of advanced microwave modules
Authors: Pavio Anthony M. , Pavio Jeanne S. , Chapman James E. , Boggan Garry H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe application of computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM) techniques to the assembly and test of a low‐cost, high‐volume X‐band Radar T/R module will be investigated by highlighting the differences between low frequency and microwave CAM methods, focusing on the difficulties of automated testing, evaluation, and circuit tuning. The problems encountered when implementing high‐precision automated assembly and test methods, which include wire‐bonding, soldering, piece‐part placement, thin wafer GaAs probing, and a novel implementation of a microwave circuit laser‐tuning technique will also be discussed. These CAM techniques, combined with integrated MMIC technology, are then used to illustrate a manufacturing philosophy targeted toward high‐volume microwave module production.
MESFET models for microwave CAD applications
Authors: Trew R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA review of active device models for microwave CAD simulators is presented. Large‐signal, nonlinear models are of particular interest. The basic techniques employed in deriving equivalent circuit and physically based models are reviewed. Various methods for solving the semiconductor device equations to establish physically based models are indicated. Finally, it is proposed that physically based, analytic GaAs MESFET models offer an attractive compromise between simulation efficiency and quantitative accuracy. The use of such a model is demonstrated by several examples, including comparison with experimental data. These models are suitable for use in comprehensive CAD workstation environments and allow process‐type device models to be interfaced directly with RF circuit simulators.
Nonlinear circuit analysis using the method of harmonic balance—a review of the art. II. Advanced concepts
Authors: Gilmore Rowan J. , Steer Michael B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe harmonic balance method is a technique for the numerical solution of nonlinear analog circuits operating in a periodic, or quasi‐periodic, steady‐state regime. The method can be used to efficiently derive the continuous‐wave response of numerous nonlinear microwave components including amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators. Its efficiency derives from imposing a predetermined steady‐state form for the circuit response onto the nonlinear equations representing the network, and solving for the set of unknown coefficients in the response equation. Its attractiveness for nonlinear microwave applications results from its speed and ability to simply represent the dispersive, distributed elements that are common at high frequencies.The last decade has seen the development and application of harmonic balance techniques to model analog circuits, particularly microwave circuits. The first part of this article reviewed the fundamental achievements made during this time. In this part, the extension of the method to quasi‐periodic regimes, optimization analysis, oscillator analysis, studies of various convergence strategies, and practical applications are discussed. A critical assessment of the various types of harmonic balance techniques is given. Examples of designs which have been modeled using the harmonic balance technique and built both in hybrid and MMIC form are presented.
Modern perspectives in supercomputer‐aided microwave circuit design
Authors: Rizzoli Vittorio , Lipparini Alessandro , Costanzo Alessandra , Cecchetti Claudio , Neri Andrea , Mastri Franco , Sgallari Fiorella , Frontini Valeria 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe computer‐aided simulation and design of microwave integrated circuits often leads to large‐size numerical jobs, especially for modern multiple‐device MMIC subsystems such as distributed mixers and amplifiers. When this is the case, the use of large computer systems such as vector processors may become very attractive, because of the dramatic reduction of wall‐clock time and of the related improvement of cost‐to‐performance ratio. This paper discusses the application of supercomputers to the solution of a number of such advanced microwave circuit CAD problems. An overview of the performance of general‐purpose vectorized algorithms such as system solvers and Fast Fourier Transforms is first presented, in order to give a feeling of the potential of this class of machines in microwave CAD applications. Then a few typical microwave engineering problems are specifically addressed, including the statistical design (yield optimization) of linear circuits, the analysis of nonlinear circuits under multitone excitation, and the optimization of ultrabroadband nonlinear subsystems. In each case, a possible vectorization strategy is studied in depth, and the structure and performance of a specific highly vectorized algorithm are described in detail.
A comparison of CAD models for radiation from rectangular microstrip patches
Authors: Jackson David R. , Williams Jeffery T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA comparison of radiation models for a rectangular patch antenna is made. The dominant mode electric current model and magnetic current model are each applied to the cases of a rectangular patch on an infinite substrate, and a patch on a substrate which is truncated at the edges of the patch. It is noted that exact agreement is obtained between the two models for the case of a resonant patch, for both the infinite substrate and truncated substrate cases. The effects of dielectric truncation on the radiation patterns is discussed and the electric current model is also extended to include the effects of feed‐probe radiation and radiation from higher‐order modes on the patch.
Statistical analysis of GaAs MESFET S‐parameter equivalent‐circuit models
Authors: Anholt R. , Worley R. , Neidhard R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe compare the ability of three different equivalent‐circuit extraction methods to give ensembles of model parameters that accurately predict not only average S‐parameters but the S‐parameter statistics, i.e., the standard deviations and intercorrelations between the real and imaginary parts. Measurements were made for 400 GaAs MESFETs fabricated on a single wafer with an MBE‐grown active layer. Data is compared for different biases. We find that bimodal distributions give correlations that the equivalent‐circuit models fail to model. The possibility of using uncorrelated equivalent‐circuit values is also discussed.
Full wave solution of dielectric loaded waveguides and shielded microstrips utilizing finite difference and the conjugate gradient method
Authors: Narayanan V. , Manela M. , Lade R. K. , Sarkar T. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDynamic analysis of waveguide structures containing dielectric and metal strips is presented. The analysis utilizes a finite difference frequency domain procedure to reduce the problem to a symmetric matrix eigenvalue problem. Since the matrix is also sparse, the eigenvalue problem can be solved quickly and efficiently using the conjugate gradient method resulting in considerable savings in computer storage and time. Comparison is made with the analytical solution for the loaded dielectric waveguide case. For the microstrip case, we get both waveguide modes and quasi‐TEM modes. The quasi‐TEM modes in the limit of zero frequency are checked with the static analysis which also uses finite difference. Some of the quasi‐TEM modes are spurious. This article describes their origin and discusses how to eliminate them. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the principles.
Experimental validation of electromagnetic software
Authors: Rautio James C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhile the last decade has seen an explosion in the availability of microwave software, experimental validation efforts have seen little effort. As a result, most published validation efforts are, justifiably, viewed with skepticism. Thus, when an analysis is to be validated, it must be validated again and again for, and by, each group of users, often at considerable expense. This article describes areas for improvement of validation techniques, with examples drawn from current literature. The ultimate objective in the field of experimental validation is to evaluate a test suite with such quality that multiple validations no longer need be performed by each user.
Yield sensitivity study of A1GaAs/GaAs high electron mobility transistor
Authors: Sarker Jogendra C. , Purviance John E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple graphical statistical method is presented and is used to study the statistical sensitivity of the AlGaAs/GaAs High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) small‐signal performances to physical model parameters, Using an analytical model and applying numerical techniques, the small‐signal performances, transconductance, gate‐to‐source capacitance, current gain cut‐off frequency, and the optimum cut‐off frequency are calculated for four different HEMTs. These are then used as the device specifications in the Monte Carlo‐based sensitivity analysis.Based on the model, a device simulator is developed in which the gate length, the gate width, and the carrier mobility are statistically varied simultaneously about their nominal values. The yield factor histograms for each small‐signal parameter and its sensitivity to the process parameter variations are determined. In this work, we report that the current gain cut‐off frequency increases as the carrier mobility increases, but it is almost independent of the gate width. We observe that the gate‐to‐source capacitance is independent of the carrier mobility, but it is strongly dependent on the transistor dimension. All the performance yields analyzed here go down as the gate length increases.
Large‐signal modeling and simulation of GaAs‐MESFETs and HFETs
Authors: Sledzik Hardy , Wolff Ingo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new method for the derivation of a FET‐equivalent circuit for large‐ and small‐signal applications is described. The model, which is valid at least up to 26.5 GHz, consists of 9 nonlinear intrinsic elements and 8 linear extrinsic elements. All circuit‐elements are determined from measured DC and scattering parameters without numerical optimization by an analytical method at any bias condition. The nonlinear elements are expressed by two‐dimensional spline functions of the third order. For nonlinear simulations, the harmonic‐balance technique, combined with a successive approximation method without function derivations is used. A modified harmonic‐balance technique is applied for nonlinear simulations of oscillators.
Two‐dimensional field analysis for CAD of Rotman‐type beam‐forming lenses
Authors: Sharma P. C. , Gupta K. C. , Tsai C. M. , Bruce J. D. , Presnell R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA general procedure for design and analysis of a Rotman‐type beam‐forming lens using 2‐dimensional field analysis is proposed. Evaluation of reflection coefficients, coupling between ports, main beam direction, 3‐dB beam width and side lobe level are described. The results for a sample case are in agreement with the experimental results. The procedure developed is suitable for CAD implementation leading to optimization of Rotman lens layout configuration.
Faster computation of Z‐matrices for triangular segments in planar circuits
Authors: Lee Sung Hwan , Benalla A. , Gupta K. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe method of images and currently available single‐series formulation of a rectangular planar segment have been applied to speed up the computations of impedance matrix elements of 30°–60°–90° and equilateral triangular microstrip segments used in planar microwave circuits. For an equilateral triangular segment, the elements of Z‐matrix are obtained by using the results for two 30°–60°–90° triangular segments, one of which has all magnetic walls and, in the other segment, one of the magnetic walls is replaced by an electric wall. The present formulations have been verified by comparison with the previously available double series formulations.
Conductor loss on transmission lines in monolithic microwave and millimeter‐wave integrated circuits
Authors: Heinrich Wolfgang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA field‐theoretical analysis of conductor loss on planar transmission lines is presented. The full‐wave approach employed holds for arbitrary values of metallization thickness and skin depth. Its validity is checked by comparison to measurement data on coplanar waveguide (CPW). The results are discussed and compared with modeling approaches available so far. The considerations concentrate on the CPW case where, in contrast to the microstrip structures used in hybrid ICs, a significant influence of the fields inside the lossy conductors can be detected. Finally, conclusions regarding both millimeter‐wave integrated circuit design and modeling are drawn. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of Marchand baluns using multilayer microstrip structures
Authors: Goldsmith Charles L. , Kikel Anthony , Wilkens Nancy L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNew equations and nomographs are derived for the synthesis of Marchand baluns using coupled‐line structures. These equations explicitly determine the coupled‐line parameters necessary to design Marchand baluns for specific load impedances and bandwidths. Practical MIC and MMIC circuit topologies are presented for realizing the difficult coupling parameters required by these baluns. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Full‐wave spectral‐domain analysis for open microstrip discontinuities of arbitrary shape including radiation and surface‐wave losses (invited paper)
Authors: Horng Tzyy‐Sheng , Alexopoulos Nicolaos G. , Wu Shih‐Chang , Yang Hung‐Yu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article is a survey of the theoretical background for full‐wave spectral‐domain analysis of open microstrip discontinuities of arbitrary shape. The spectral‐domain dyadic Green's function, which takes into account all the physical effects, such as radiation and surface waves, is used to formulate an electric field integral equation. The method of moments is then employed to find the current distribution on the microstrips, and subsequently, the scattering parameters of the junctions. Since all field components can be expressed in terms of the dyadic Green's function and the current distribution, the losses due to both radiation and surface waves are further determined through a rigorous Poynting vector analysis. To model the discontinuities of arbitrary shape, both rectangular and triangular subdomain functions are used as the current expansion functions in the moment method procedure. In addition, the semi‐infinite traveling wave functions are applied to simulate the feeding structure and isolate individual junction effects. Several examples are demonstrated to illustrate the utility of different techniques in this analysis. Comparison of some numerical results with available experimental data shows excellent agreement. Finally, this approach is most natural for the characterization of 3‐D integrated circuits and the design of printed antennas including excitation circuit effects. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A comparative study between shielded and open coplanar waveguide discontinuities
Authors: Dib N. I. , Harokopus W. P. , Ponchak G. E. , Katehi L. P. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA comparative study between open and shielded coplanar waveguide (CPW) discontinuities is presented. In this study, the space domain integral equation method is used to characterize several discontinuities such as the open‐end CPW and CPW series stubs. Two different geometries of CPW series stubs (straight and bent stubs) are compared with respect to resonant frequency and radiation loss. In addition, the encountered radiation loss due to different CPW shunt stubs is evaluated experimentally. The notion offorced radiationsimulation is presented, and the results of such a simulation are compared to theactualradiation loss obtained rigorously. It is shown that such a simulation cannot give reliable results concerning radiation loss from printed circuits.