bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Solid-state Chiral Fluorophore Obtained from Achiral Fluorescent Biphenyl-4-carboxylic Acid and rac-Phenylmethylamine Derivatives
Authors: Imai Yoshitane , Murata Katuzo , Matsuno Hideki , Kamon Kensaku , Sato Tomohiro , Kuroda Reiko , Matsubara Yoshio 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A chiral supramolecular organic fluorophore is developed by using achiral biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and rac-1-phenylethylamine. This fluorophore is a spontaneously resolved chiral fluorescence system.
Application of Magnetically Simulated Microgravity for Preparation of Thin Films with Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Katsuki Akio , Yamamoto Hiromi , Fujiwara Yoshihisa , Fujiwara Masao , Endo Morinobu , Tanimoto Yoshifumi 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) thin film in which multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were included was prepared in a magnetically simulated microgravity condition. The XRD pattern results and AFM observations showed that the nanotubes were oriented parallel to the surface of the film at the zero field. In contrast, they were oriented perpendicularly in the magnetic field.
Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)–Silica Gel Hybrids without Any Compatibilizer
Authors: Kokado Kenta , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) (PPE) and silica gel polymer hybrids were synthesized from the PPE together with tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) via a sol–gel method by utilizing cationic groups on the side chain of PPEs. Up to 10 wt % of the cationic PPE was able to disperse homogeneously into a silica matrix without any compatibilizer. Compared to amino and ammonium groups, PPE having imidazolium groups exhibited high dispersity in silica gel. The photoluminescence of the cationic PPE was reinforced against the thermal irradiation by the surrounding polymer hybrid matrix.
Particle-size Effects of Activated Carbon-supported Rhodium Catalysts on Hydrogenation of Naphthalene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solvent
Authors: Hiyoshi Norihito , Rode Chandrashekhar V , Sato Osamu , Masuda Yoshio , Yamaguchi Aritomo , Shirai Masayuki 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Naphthalene hydrogenation over activated carbon-supported rhodium metal particles having dispersion between 10 and 30% was studied; the turnover frequencies increased with decreasing dispersion in supercritical carbon dioxide, while were independent of the metal dispersion in n-heptane.
One-step Fabrication of Nickel Hierarchical Superstructures
Authors: Chen Zhe , Cao Minhua , He Xiaoyan 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Nickel hierarchical superstructures have been successfully produced via a simple surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method. The resulting superstructures are formed by the self-assembly of sea urchin-shaped microspheres. Here, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) plays an important role in the formation of such structures. A feasible formation mechanism was proposed. The magnetic measurement suggests that the nickel superstructures exhibit ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature.
Efficient I(5 2P1⁄2) Production by the Reaction of I2 with NCl3 Flame
Authors: Li Liucheng , Duo Liping , Yang Bailing 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
When gaseous iodine was admitted into the NCl3 autodecomposition flame, intense I(5 2P1⁄2) → I(5 2P3⁄2) emission was observed owing to direct pumping of iodine atoms by NCl3 flame. It is found that the chemical environment of NCl3 flame is benign for I(5 2P3⁄2). The mechanisms of I(5 2P1⁄2) production in the NCl3/I2 reactive gas flow are discussed for the first time. It is believed that Frank–Condon favored E–E energy transfer from Cl2(B) to I(5 2P3⁄2) and the nearly resonant V–E energy transfer from Cl2(X, v=15) to I(5 2P3⁄2) respond for the production of excited state iodine atoms.
Manganese-catalyzed Synthesis of Hydantoin Derivatives from Terminal Alkynes and Isocyanates
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Kikuchi Kou , Takai Kazuhiko 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Hydantoin derivatives were obtained by the reactions of terminal alkynes with isocyanates in the presence of a catalytic amount of a manganese complex, MnBr(CO)5. This reaction also proceeded using a rhenium complex, Re2(CO)10, or an iron complex, Fe(CO)5, as a catalyst.
Transesterification of Phosphotriester Paraoxon Catalyzed by ZnCl2 Supported on Silica Gel
Authors: Kady Ismail O 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
ZnCl2 supported on silica gel has shown to be an effective catalyst for transesterification of the organophosphate insecticide, paraoxon, in the presence of 2-phenylethanol. The kinetics of the reaction in acetonitrile was studied. Formation of the product diethyl 2-phenylethyl phosphate was confirmed by 31P NMR.
Herrschaft und Geschlechterhierarchie. Zur Funktionalisierung der Zenobiagestalt und Anderer Usurpatoren in den Viten der Historia Augusta
Authors: Krause Christiane 
Published: June 2008

The figure of the Palmyrean queen Zenobia plays an important part in three vitae of the Historia Augusta (Gall., trig. tyr., Aurel.). The discrepancy in her representation was attributed to different sources or different authors.
Since the representation of Zenobia even changes within one vita, there is no need to assume different authors. Being a counterpart to Gallienus, Odaenathus and Aurelianus, the figure of Zenobia changes correspondingly to these male figures. Her voluntary submission to the real – male – emperor finds an equivalent in the nation's voluntary submission to the real – male – ruler. The category of gender proves valuable in the analysis of characterisation and text intention.
The vita Aureliani is interpreted as deconstructing the panegyric tones of the vitae Gallieni and triginta tyrannorum.
Habitat Use of Juvenile Pallid Sturgeon and Shovelnose Sturgeon with Implications for Water-Level Management in a Downstream Reservoir
Authors: Gerrity Paul C. , Guy Christopher S. , Gardner William M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Natural recruitment of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus has not been observed in the Missouri River above Fort Peck Reservoir, Montana, for at least 20 years. To augment the population, age-1 hatchery-reared juvenile pallid sturgeon were released in 1998. The objective of this study was to evaluate the habitat use of these fish and compare it with that of indigenous shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus. Twenty-nine juvenile pallid sturgeon and 21 indigenous shovelnose sturgeon were implanted with radio transmitters in 2003 and 2004. The two species showed no differences in habitat use in terms of mean depth, cross-sectional relative depth, longitudinal relative depth, column velocity, bottom velocity, and channel width. However, there were seasonal differences within both species for cross-sectional relative depth, column velocity, and channel width. Both shovelnose sturgeon and juvenile pallid sturgeon were primarily associated with silt and sand substrate. However, shovelnose sturgeon were associated with gravel and cobble substrate more than juvenile pallid sturgeon. Shovelnose sturgeon and juvenile pallid sturgeon both selected reaches without islands and avoided reaches with islands; the two species also selected main-channel habitat and avoided secondary channels. Mean home range was similar between juvenile pallid sturgeon (15 km; 90% confidence interval, ±5.0 km) and shovelnose sturgeon (16.5 km; ±4.7 km). Spatial distribution differed between the two species, with shovelnose sturgeon using upstream areas more often than juvenile pallid sturgeon. Twenty-eight percent of juvenile pallid sturgeon frequented 60 km of lotic habitat that would be inundated by Fort Peck Reservoir at maximum pool. Stocking juvenile pallid sturgeon can successfully augment the wild pallid sturgeon population in the Missouri River above Fort Peck Reservoir, which is crucial to the long-term recovery of the species. However, water-level management in downstream reservoirs such as Fort Peck can influence the amount of habitat available for pallid sturgeon.
Genetic Structure of Creek Chub, a Headwater Minnow, in an Impounded River System
Authors: Skalski Garrick T. , Landis Jacob B. , Grose Michael J. , Hudman Stephen P. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe population‐level effects of landscape heterogeneity in migration corridors are not well understood, especially in aquatic ecosystems. Using 17 microsatellite loci, we assessed the spatial genetic structure of creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus, a headwater stream fish, in eight small tributaries (202 individuals) connected by a river (a lotic corridor) and eight small tributaries (200 individuals) connected by a nearby downstream reservoir (a lentic corridor). Genetic diversity measured in terms of gene diversity and allelic richness was higher in the river tributaries than reservoir tributaries. Both the river and reservoir tributaries exhibited significant population differentiation but differed in their patterns of isolation by distance. Pairs of river tributaries showed increasing genetic differentiation with increasing geographic distance, whereas reservoir tributaries showed no effect of geographic distance on genetic distance. Bayesian estimates of gene flow showed a trend of higher recent migration among river tributaries than reservoir tributaries, but the difference was not statistically significant. Our results may indicate an association between one feature of the aquatic landscape's structure (i.e., whether a connecting water body and migration corridor is riverine or reservoir in type) and population genetic structure in a headwater stream fish. Accordingly, additional genetic studies of populations inhabiting tributaries of river‐reservoir networks in other watersheds are needed to further assess this possibility.
Validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring vitellogenin in california halibut (Paralichthys californicus)
Authors: Vázquez-Boucard Celia , Burgos-Aceves Mario , Arcos-Ortega Fabiola , Anguiano-Vega Gerardo 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Vitellogenin (VTG) is the major protein present in the plasma of females undergoing oogenesis. In males, the VTG gene normally is suppressed; however, synthesis of VTG can be induced by exposure to xenoestrogenic compounds. In the present study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed and validated to evaluate VTG levels in the California halibut (Paralichthys californicus). Vitellogenin and lipovitellin (LV) were identified in the plasma of 17β-estradiol–induced females and in the ovaries of wild females, to our knowledge for the first time. Purified VTG from the plasma of induced females was obtained, and polyclonal antibodies against the LV of mature female ovaries was prepared and their specificity assessed by Western blot analysis. At Bahía Magdalena, Baja California Sur, México, quantitative measurements of VTG in the plasma of female specimens were made during one reproductive cycle.
Avoidance tests with small fish: Determination of the median avoidance concentration and of the lowest-observed-effect gradient
Authors: Moreira-Santos Matilde , Donato Cristina , Lopes Isabel , Ribeiro Rui 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to develop sensitive, rapid, and easily quantified avoidance tests for small fish (Danio rerio) in order to provide important ecological information during toxicity assessments. Fish were exposed in three replicate linear flow-through chambers consisting of five compartments. The test system was found to provide a linear contamination gradient, with mean dilutions in each compartment of 90, 70, 50, 30, and 10%. Also, in the absence of a toxic gradient, the fish were uniformly distributed along the five-compartment chambers. Then the apparatus was evaluated by exposing fish to a concentration gradient of copper and a dilution gradient of a field sample contaminated with acid mine drainage (AMD). Avoidance was monitored at 24-h intervals up to 96 h of exposure. The avoidance of copper and AMD by D. rerio was confirmed. The apparatus enabled quantification of median avoidance effect concentrations or dilutions (EC50 or EDil50) and also lowest-observed-effect gradients, which express the minimum toxicant gradient eliciting avoidance, a parameter increasing the ecological relevance of the laboratory avoidance responses. For quantifying avoidance, a 24-h exposure was sufficient, as the 24- to 96-h EC50 and EDil50 values were similar. The avoidance response was easy and rapid to quantify, leading this test to routine use in environmental risk assessment.
Heterocyclic compounds: Toxic effects using algae, daphnids, and theSalmonella/microsome test taking methodical quantitative aspects into account
Authors: Eisentraeger Adolf , Brinkmann Corinna , Hollert Henner , Sagner Anne , Tiehm Andreas , Neuwoehner Judith 
Published: June 2008

AbstractHeterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen (NSO-HET), have been detected in air, soil, sewage sludge, marine environments, and freshwater sediments. Since toxicity data on this class of substances are scarce, the present study focuses on possible implications NSO-HET have for ecotoxicity (algae and daphnids) and mutagenicity (Salmonella/microsome test). A combination of bioassays and chemical-analytical quantification of the test compounds during toxicity assays should aid in determination of the hazard potential. Samples of the test concentrations of 14 NSO-HET were taken at the beginning and end of the bioassays; these samples were then quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The toxicity potential of the substances was evaluated and compared with the toxicity calculated with the nominal concentrations. Significantly different results were obtained primarily for volatile or highly hydrophobic NSO-HET. The concentration of heterocyclic hydrocarbons can change significantly during the algae and Daphnia test. The EC50 values (effective concentration value: the concentration of a chemical that is required to produce a 50% effect) calculated with the nominal concentrations underestimate the toxicity by a factor of up to 50. Prioritizing the tested compounds according to toxicity, the mutagenic and toxic compounds quinoline, 6-methylquinoline, and xanthene have to be listed first. The greatest ecotoxic potential on algae and daphnids was determined for dibenzothiophene followed by acridine. In the Daphnia magna immobilization test, benzofuran, dibenzofuran, 2-methylbenzofuran, and 2,3-dimethylbenzofuran and also carbazole are ecotoxicologically relevant with EC50 values below 10 mg/L. These substances are followed by indole with a high ecotoxic effect to daphnids and less effect to algae. Only minor toxic effects were observed for 2-methylpyridine and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine.
Relationship between cyclodextrin extraction and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil
Authors: Rhodes Angela H , Dew Nadia M , Semple Kirk T 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA number of soil extraction techniques have been proposed to determine the microbial degradability of organic contaminants in soil. Exhaustive methods using organic solvents have little relevance to the concentration of contaminants actually available to microorganisms. The present study investigated the relationship between sequential hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) extractions and microbial mineralization of [14C]phenanthrene in four soils over time. The desorption of [14C]phenanthrene was assessed at 24-h intervals over 10 d and compared to cumulative mineralization of the [14C]phenanthrene using an enriched pseudomonad inoculum. The cumulative total of [14C]phenanthrene extracted by HPCD exceeded the mineralization asymptote by more than 20%. The overall total extents mineralized after both single and multiple degrader inoculations, however, were statistically similar to that extracted after the first 24 h by HPCD; the ratios of extractable to mineralizable [14C]phenanthrene consistently approached one. Furthermore, a good linear correlation between mineralized and extracted phenanthrene was observed (single: r2 = 0.99, gradient = 0.90, intercept = 3.09; multiple: r2 = 0.95, gradient = 1.01, intercept = −0.48), suggesting that a single HPCD extraction accurately and reproducibly predicts the total fraction of phenanthrene available for microbial mineralization in all soils tested in the present study.
Metal concentrations, sperm motility, and RNA/DNA ratio in two echinoderm species from a highly contaminated fjord (the Sørfjord, Norway)
Authors: Catarino Ana I , Cabral Henrique N , Peeters Kris , Pernet Philippe , Punjabi Usha , Dubois Philippe 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of field metal contamination on sperm motility and the RNA/DNA ratio in echinoderms. Populations of Asterias rubens and Echinus acutus that occur naturally along a contamination gradient of sediments by cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in a Norwegian fjord (the Sørfjord) were studied. Sperm motility, a measure of sperm quality, was quantified using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. The RNA/DNA ratio, a measure of protein synthesis, was assessed by a one-dye (ethidium bromide)/one-enzyme (RNase), 96-well microplate fluorometric assay. Although both species accumulate metals at high concentrations, neither sperm motility parameters in A. rubens nor the RNA/DNA ratio in both species were affected. The Sørfjord is still one of the most metal-contaminated marine sites in Europe, but even so, populations of A. rubens and E. acutus are able to endure under these conditions.
Effect of imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the photosynthetic activity and growth rate of Selenastrum capricornutum
Authors: Pham Thi Phuong Thuy , Cho Chul-Woong , Vijayaraghavan Kuppusamy , Min Jiho , Yun Yeoung-Sang 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are low-melting organic salts that are being researched intensively as possible environmentally friendly replacements for volatile organic solvents. Despite their nonmeasurable vapor pressure, some quantities of ILs soon will be present in effluent discharges because solubility of ILs in water is small, but far from negligible. Therefore, it is important to understand how ILs will influence aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, the toxic effects of imidazolium-based ILs (1-butyl-3-methylim-idazolium cation associated with bromide [BMIM][Br] and tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF4]) to the freshwater green alga Selenastrum capricornutum were investigated. Two approaches were followed to quantify toxicity of these compounds: Analyses of photosynthetic activity and cell proliferation. The obtained data showed that the relative declines of growth rates generally were more pronounced than those of photosynthetic activity. The ecotoxicity of a range of common organic solvents also was examined. It was revealed that both imidazolium-based ILs studied were some orders of magnitude more toxic than methanol, isopropanol, and dimethylformamide. In addition, with respect to IL incorporating perfluorinated anion, EC50 values (concentrations which lead to a 50% reduction of the exposed organisms relative to control) of the previously prepared stock solution were significantly lower compared to those of the freshly made one. This might be due to hydrolytic effects of [BMIM][BF4] leading to fluoride formation, which was confirmed by ion chromatography analysis. This indicates that, after ILs are discharged into the aqueous system, they can become more toxic than expected by laboratory data with fresh ILs.
Relation between metal concentration in water and metal content of marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis): Impact of physiology
Authors: Casas Stellio , Gonzalez Jean-Louis , Andral Bruno , Cossa Daniel 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The present study constitutes an in situ investigation of metal kinetics within soft tissue of mussels (Mytilus gallo-provincialis), which solves the problem of the decoupling of the effect of animal physiology and metal bioavailability in water. Field experiments were conducted to measure uptake and elimination kinetics for four metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cu) in three Mediterranean sites with different contamination and nutritive levels. At each site, metal concentrations were monitored in soft tissues of mussels and in the surrounding waters. The experimental conditions were completely characterized: Lazaret Bay (located between Nice and Marseille, France) is a hot spot for Hg (6.3 ng/L) and Pb (163 ng/L) concentrations and is an oligotrophic, stable site; Bages Lagoon (located to the west of Montpellier, France) is particularly contaminated by Cd (1.5 ng/L) and Cu (1.5μg/L) and is a mesotrophic site where variability of trophic and physicochemical parameters is significant; and Port-Cros Island (located in the Hyeres National Park, France) is considered to be a reference site. Those kinetics permit us to decouple physiological, chemical, and environmental interactions. After normalizing mussel metal content for similar physiological conditions, application of the local weighted regression (LOWESS) statistical treatment shows a parallelism between the time trends of metal concentrations in the bivalve and metal concentrations in water. The results enabled us to obtain in situ kinetic parameters and realistic bioaccumulation factors. Their logarithmic values were 4.6 for Hg, 4.3 for Pb, 4.9 for Cd, and 3.9 for Cu. The importance of physiological processes such as spawning is discussed as a factor influencing the bioaccumulation factor. This information may be useful in refining monitoring tools for risk assessment and, more generally, in environmental management strategies.
An application of the biotic ligand model to predict the toxic effects of metal mixtures
Authors: Kamo Masashi , Nagai Takashi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe rapidly developing biotic ligand model (BLM) allows us to predict the toxicity of heavy metals in water of various chemistries; however, the current BLM predicts the toxicity of a single metal and not the toxic effects of metal mixtures. The toxic mechanisms of heavy metals are not yet completely understood, but hypocalcemia is suggested to be the most likely toxic mechanism for some metals. The BLM, which predicts the toxicity of metals by the amount of metals binding to ligand, is modified to predict the toxicity by the proportion of nonmetal binding ligand that is available for calcium uptake under the assumption that the organisms die because of hypocalcemia when so few ligands are available for calcium uptake. Because the proportion can be computed when multiple metals are present, the toxic effects of metal mixtures can be predicted. Zinc, copper, and cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are considered. All data are collected from the literature, and a meta-analysis using the modified version of the BLM is conducted. The present study found that the proportion of nonmetal binding ligand is a constant value for any test condition. The proportion is not influenced by water chemistry or by metal species. Using the nature of constant proportion, toxicities of metals are well estimated. In addition, the toxic effects of metal mixtures are the simple sum of the toxicities of each metal (additive effect) corresponding to the bioavailable form of the metals. In terms of total concentration of metals in water, however, nonadditive effects, such as antagonism and synergism, are possible.