bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annulus Testing as the Integrity Management Method for Steel-Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe
Authors: Kovalenko K. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Decarbonization efforts by the energy industry have driven a strong focus on implementing corrosion-resistant non-metallic pipe technologies. Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes (RTP) comprise a popular family of pipe products that combine high-pressure ratings with the benefits of spoolable products. Due to their multi-layered structure, RTP pipe products face challenges when operators try to employ traditional non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technologies for inspection and integrity verification. This creates a unique opportunity for RTP pipe manufacturers and pipeline operators to employ innovative inspection and maintenance practices.
Construction damage is statistically the most common cause of failures in RTP pipeline systems. RTP pipes typically include an inner polymer liner, an intermediate reinforcement layer, and an outer polymer shield. The role of the shield is to protect the reinforcement material from external environmental elements such as soil and groundwater. Construction damage that involves only the external pipe shield and does not involve the pipe reinforcement is challenging to detect. If left undetected, such damage may lead to the deterioration of the reinforcement material over time, potentially resulting in a loss of containment. Some RTP pipe products, including Flexible Steel-reinforced Pipe (FSP), have a built-in annulus space between the liner and the shield. This inherent feature allows for the introduction of an annulus test for a pipeline constructed from the FSP. The annulus test is a pneumatic pressure test that confirms the integrity of the pipe shield at different stages of the pipeline life cycle.
Annulus testing performed during pipeline operation or maintenance offers an excellent way to verify the nonmetallic pipeline integrity and detect external damage that may have occurred, for example, due to third-party intervention. Once external pipe damage is detected, the operator can take steps to repair the pipeline and prevent a potential loss of containment. While such testing is well-known in the offshore pipeline industry, it has not been widely used in composite onshore pipeline applications.
Modern pipeline design, construction, and integrity management standards are beginning to acknowledge and incorporate RTP pipe products and associated best practices. In 2022, the newly published API Recommended Practice 15SA named annulus testing as a method for integrity verification of spoolable reinforced line pipe products. This method has become an essential part of Preventative Maintenance and Inspection Programs for composite pipelines. This publication explains how the annulus testing method makes composite pipelines safer and improves their long-term performance.
Design of Biochar Based Adsorber (Bio-Sorb) for Direct Carbon Capture
Authors: AlDossary Nouf , AlKhowildi Fatimah , Mayoof Jory , AlHajji Kawthar , Zubair Mukarram , Anil Ismail 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The most widespread human-caused greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide (CO2). The automotive sector significantly contributes to CO2 emissions in the atmosphere due to the usage of fossil fuels, which is challenging to decarbonize. In addition, emissions from agricultural waste yield billions of tonnes of CO2 equivalent globally. These emissions results in an increase in the global average temperature. Direct carbon capture (DCC) technology eliminates CO2 from source and is predicted to achieve a net-zero carbon world when used on a wide scale. The sustainable and cost-effective CO2 collection by DCC has been achieved through the characteristics of the materials, high CO2 selectivity, regeneration performance, and appropriate design. Biochar is known for its richness in carbon and low-cost material made from various biomass wastes and exhibited favorable surface characteristics (porous nature, high surface area, and pore volume) for an effective and sustainable CO2 adsorbent. The aim of this work is to investigate the potential of biochar derived from Saudi Arabia’s agricultural waste for CO2 capture. The biochar-CO2 adsorber (bio-sorb) system is designed and tested for direct carbon capture for sustainable mitigation of climate change. The CO2 adsorber design results demonstrated that in order to achieve maximum CO2 adsorption the most appropriate design parameter are gas flowrate (100 mL/min) and, biochar particle size (0.35 mm), and temperature (25°C). The breakthrough adsorption results indicated 70% of CO2 was removed by biochar at the breakthrough time (102 min) and 5g of biochar saturated at 420 min. The adsorption capacity of biochar at breakthrough and saturated time is 5.1g/g CO2 and 21g/g. The biochar-adsorber system was designed for the direct capture of CO2 (concentration 2500 mg/L) and gas flow rate of 1000 m3/day. The biochar adsorber system should of size (height= 230.87 cm and diameter= 124.99 cm) with a minimum carbon requirement of 840.20 kg of biochar and a biochar saturation time of 1.73 days. The total amount of CO2 adsorbed onto biochar using one large-scale biochar adsorber system is estimated to be 1000.18 ton/per. The final prototype of direct carbon capture system-design contains three main sections supported with (&lt;0.5 µm mesh, fan, sensor, silica gel, and fibric filter).
Off-Gas Utilization for Sulfur Recovery Convertors’ Safety
Authors: Alotaibi B. I. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In a gas plant, the Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU) utilizes the SuperClaus® process to convert Hydrogen Sulfide to Sulfur. Overall, due to the high temperatures, and the fire risk, the design of the equipment in these processes needs to include a fire suppressing/protection system. In the plant, the SuperClaus® catalytic convertor doesn’t have a method to protect the catalyst in case of a fire erupting. Thus, a proposed a modification would provide the needed protection in terms of capitalizing on a high CO2 off-gas stream from an acid gas enrichment unit. The off-gas is not being utilized in a beneficial manner, and this idea would take advantage of the high CO2 composition, low temperature (110 °F) off-gas and use it to improve the safety of these convertors in case of high temperature/fire. The downstream equipment after the SuperClaus® convertor is a thermal oxidizer and would handle the off-gas used similar to its original pathway (incineration and disposal). The utilization of the off-gas can be linked with process control to divert quantities of the off-gas to the convertor. The CO2 in this case would act as a quench to cease any fire eruption, and wouldn’t damage the catalyst. The idea is a filed patent and considered a novelty in the industry. The utilization of the once unused CO2 from acid gas enrichment process is a way of capitalizing on carbon emissions for a circular use in the industry. An alternative would be to use Nitrogen instead, however, in comparison to individual plant production and the cost behind it would deem it superficial to the option of utilizing the aforementioned idea.
Novel Pipeline Inspection Multiparametric Sensor
Authors: Palozzo William , Passucci Claudio , D'Alessandro Emilio , Arca Simone , Leoni Alfiero , Barile Gianluca , Stornelli Vincenzo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Pipelines represent the most reliable and safe means of transport of hydrocarbons and are designed to grant the material distribution under several stress conditions. However, structural ageing, human interaction and natural occurrences can damage the fluid transport network causing leakage. Detection and localization of anomalies in pipeline structures is a fundamental operation, in order to avoid economic and commodity losses, safety problems and equipment failure. Hence, periodic monitoring is needed to save resources, which may imply great expenditures both in terms of economy and maintenance effort. Asset integrity monitoring of pipelines by means of conventional methods is expensive, invasive and not always applicable, due to the harsh environmental conditions, especially in underground lines, and the extensive length of the pipelines. This work proposes a low-cost pipeline inspection system, based on a multi-sensory device that can be inserted directly into the conduct alone or bonded to cleaning or inspection pigs. The aforementioned device can measure pipelines internal parameters such as pressure, and 3 axial accelerations during its rout inside the pipeline, allowing less invasive monitoring with respect to other methods. The user manages the system and collects useful data at a high level by means of a dedicated software application. The devices recharge and communication is completely wireless in order to obtain an intrinsic protection of the electronics from the environment. The device developed allow for measuring pressure ranging from 1 to 200 bar, temperature ranging from -20 to 80°C 3 axial acceleration ranging from 1g to 16g, 3 axial rotation ranging from 1 to 2000 dps, a sampling frequency settable from 1 to 200 Hz and a battery ranging from 48 to 72h. The device has been realized built in a special epoxy resin oil-proof, gas-proof, and water-proof and capable to withstand the chemical harsh environment typical of a pipeline. It is also equipped with an optional floating shell capable to make the same floatable and thus free flowing inside the oil stream. Such device has been successfully tested in various pipeline reporting fundamental date related to pipeline deposits, cleaning, geometry etc. with mission's length varied from 400-600 m to 25-30 km, with mission time ranging from few minutes several hours.
Developing the Roadmap for Mature Assets in Energy Transition
Authors: Jain Adish , Dickens Paul , Obasi Neto 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There are numerous hydrocarbon processing facilities worldwide which are at varying stages of their operating lifecycle. In most cases, these debt free assets remain free cash flow generative with positive operating gross margins. However, extending operation beyond design life presents credible safety risks, business risks and operational challenges to the oil and gas industry and requires continued increased investment to keep these assets operational. In parallel, asset owners need to manage the societies’ decarbonisation expectations to continue operation. This paper presents an integrated approach which can help the asset owner to develop a future roadmap for their facilities.
The approach presented in the paper covers the assessment procedures for remaining life, pertinent ageing mechanisms which affect the process facilities and proactive surveys to be carried to develop a complete picture of the actual mechanical condition of the assets. Each unit operation is assessed for best practice technology and safety. Various scenarios incorporating end-of-life equipment renewals, technology and safety upgrades are then developed in combination with decarbonisation targets and the additional investment is determined. The visibility of such investment, then, helps to develop long term plan for the asset.
Three case studies are presented to illustrate the above approach. A roadmap was developed to meet the decarbonisation expectations with phased selection of minimum investment requirement items followed by higher investment options. The recommendations include but are not limited to eliminating fuel oil firing, flare gas recovery, diverting hydrogen rich gas to fuel gas where possible due to process reasons, reducing high pressure steam consumption, using low pressure steam for purge and other energy optimisation projects. Further optimisations requiring additional investment are utilising higher energy efficient equipment when existing equipment are replaced due to end of life, recovering waste material from loading and unloading facilities and recycle of treated waste water for steam generation.
The high investment options include updated energy efficient process technology with major modifications, sourcing green electricity, providing carbon capture facilities at high emitters and development of carbon free energy solutions.
With a timeline of all asset expenditure drivers and possible alternatives, the asset owner is most profitably able to prioritise and best time asset renewal, upgrade or decommissioning.
Building the Next-Generation Process Automation System: An O-PAS Field Pilot Initiative Between Schneider Electric & Petroleum Development Oman
Authors: Rahamtallah M. , Abri A. , Abdel Rahman W. , AlZain Q. 
Published: February 2024

The evolution of process automation has been largely dominated by legacy control systems. Although these systems are reliable and robust, they are closed, proprietary in nature. These legacy systems have costs of upgrades and maintenance, due to the specific, custom nature of their components and the lack of interoperability between different systems. Additionally, system security often comes as an afterthought and maintenance updates are required after install to maintain the current level of security or regulatory standards, especially in an increasingly connected world.
Industrial manufacturers are under increasing pressure to reduce both the capital and lifecycle expenses of their process control systems while enhancing operational profitability. Even though modern automation systems incorporate certain improvements, integrating best-in-class, third-party components into proprietary, closed systems remains a challenge. Moreover, despite the ongoing efforts by automation vendors to adopt industry-standard security measures and best practices, these systems lack the built-in cybersecurity measures needed to protect operations, equipment assets, and other capital investments. The solution to these impediments is an open, interoperable, and secure-by-design process automation architecture. Open, interoperable systems stimulate growth in the supplier market, reducing costs through heightened choice and competition. They facilitate the integration of products from multiple vendors, enabling the adoption of best-fit and best-in-class components. Ensuring future automation systems embrace and reinforce standards that promote genuine heterogeneity, inherent security, multi-vendor interoperability, future-proof innovation, and an uncomplicated pathway for system migration will enable end users to derive more values and profitability from their controlled operations.
This case study is a field pilot, a collaboration between Schneider Electric, and Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) aimed at demonstrating some of the Open Process Automation™ Standard (O PAS™) requirements which is one of the emerging next-generation process automation system. Additionally, the O-PAS will accelerate the digital transformation of industry. The O PAS™ redefines the architecture of industrial automation and control systems, enabling the development of scalable, modular, interchangeable, secure-by-design, and interoperable distributed control systems. This initiative leverages the IEC 61499 architecture and UniversalAutomation.org (UAO) to achieve these objectives of the pilot to demonstrate these requirements and implement a multi-vendor architecture.
Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of a Novel Nano Hybrid Chemical Additive on Indian Crude oil
Authors: Patel Zarana , Patel Jinal , Nagar Ashish 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Paraffin deposition is a major flow assurance issue causing pressure anomalies, artificial obstruction or halt output and in worst case can lead to shut down of the pipeline. Recently, research interest in Nano hybrid Chemical additive which offer a creative and efficient method for preventing paraffin deposition has grown as Nano hybrid materials can considerably reduce paraffin deposition and improve flowability of crude oil. Current studies deal with the synthesis and evaluation of Nanohybrid Chemical additive (NH-CA) to mitigate crude oil flow assurance problems. Nano silica (SiO2) was modified with 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (KH570) to obtain modified Nano silica which was further used for polymerization with Styrene, Stearyl methacrylate and Icosyl acrylate for synthesis of novel Nanohybrid Chemical additive (NH-CA). The structure of NH-CA was assessed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H NMR, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The NH-CA was evaluated for Microscopic and Rheological Studies of Crude oil by Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM) and Rheometer respectively. Cold finger test was performed to check Wax deposition potential of Crude oil and Paraffin Inhibition Efficiency of Chemical additive. The results showed that NH-CA demonstrated superior performance in enhancing the flowability of waxy crude oil compared to conventional pour point depressant (PPD). The pour point of crude oil could be lowered by as much as 15°C at 500 ppm by using NH-CA compared to conventional PPD which depresses the pour point up to 6°C only at higher concentration (1000 ppm). At 30°C, the viscosity of the waxy crude oil reduced up to 90% after doping crude oil with 500 ppm of NH-CA. Cold finger test results revealed that NH-CA can reduce the paraffin deposition up to 65%. The results of polarized microscopy showed that with the introduction of NH-CA in the crude oil, the formation of the wax crystals can be greatly reduced. The results provide directions for building the next generation of Chemical additives for flow assurance of waxy crude oil and understanding the flow behaviour by using nano hybrid materials. NH-CA is a new generation of chemicals providing better results in the laboratory and can be implemented successfully in the field for transportation of crude oil. Additionally, Nano particles can enhance the efficiency of chemical additives significantly due to which NH-CA has a promising role to play in the Petroleum industry for smooth pipeline transportation of waxy crude.
Comprehensive Energy Exergy Economic and Environmental Assessment of an Integrated Organic Rankine Cycle Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Absorption Chiller System Fueled by Steam Reformed Natural Gas
Authors: Sornumpol R. , Nimmanterdwong P. Prathana 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This research presents a thorough evaluation of an integrated system comprising a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), and Absorption Chiller (AC). The study employs ASPEN PLUS V10 to assess the system's energy, exergy, economic, and environmental performance. The Integrated SOFC-ORC-AC system offers trigeneration capabilities, generating electricity, cooling, and heating from a single fuel source. It demonstrates potential as an efficient and environmentally friendly energy generation method. The system can be fuelled by steam-reformed natural gas or renewable fuels like biogas or syngas. The SOFC, employing a solid electrolyte, facilitates an electrochemical reaction with hydrogen, producing electricity and heat. The exhaust gas further powers the ORC and AC units. The study builds a mathematical model, assuming steady-state, isothermal, and chemically equilibrated conditions. The SOFC and ORC simulations utilize the Peng Robinson model, while the LiBr absorption chiller employs the ELECNRTL property method for fluid thermodynamic properties. The SOFC electrical model was validated against real-world data, ensuring accuracy. The study also tested a single-effect LiBr absorption chiller, comparing results with experimental data. The operating pressure's effect on SOFC performance was evaluated, demonstrating reduced voltage losses and increased cell voltage and power density at higher pressures. Operating temperature elevation enhanced electrochemical reactions, resulting in higher cell voltage and power density, despite increased voltage losses. Augmenting the fuel utilization factor reduced voltage losses, leading to increased cell voltage and power density. The SOFC-ORC system efficiency peaked at 58.9% at the highest operating pressure, influenced by factors like compressor consumption and high fuel flow rate. Redirecting exhaust gas for waste heat recovery produced hot water, influencing the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the LiBr absorption chiller. Mass flow rate had a smaller impact compared to hot water temperature. Exergy analysis revealed the SOFC's high efficiency (83.92%), while the steam turbine and LiBr absorption chiller demonstrated lower exergy efficiencies (70% and 32.6% respectively). Cost analysis indicated that the SOFC power plant was the most significant investment at 130,715 $, highlighting the long-term benefits of the integrated system in terms of high efficiency, low emissions, and fuel flexibility. This research offers a comprehensive assessment of the integrated SOFC-ORC-AC system, shedding light on its potential as an efficient and environmentally friendly energy generation solution. The study's findings contribute to the advancement of sustainable energy technologies, emphasizing the importance of trigeneration systems for future energy landscapes.
Декомпозиція бюджетного процесу територіально найбільших країн G20
Authors: Свірко Світлана Володимирівна , Довгалюк Віта Валентинівна , Тростенюк Тетяна Михайлівна , Губський Олександр Вікторович 
Published: February 2024

Успішність реформування бюджетної сфери України напряму залежить від урахування бюджетного досвіду найбільш розвинутих країн світу, які представлені так званою «Групою 20». На продовження попередніх досліджень, що охопили досвід найбільш потужних країн G20, – США, КНР та Японії – в статті проведено декомпозицію бюджетного процесу Бразилії, Канади, Австралії, Мексики, Індії, Туреччини шляхом опрацювання елементів бюджетних систем та бюджетних процесів вищевказаних країн. Авторами ідентифіковано та проаналізовано бюджетне законодавство зазначених вище країн, визначено складові бюджетних систем останніх, ідентифіковано повноваження всіх гілок влади щодо бюджетного процесу в Бразилії, Канаді, Австралії, Мексиці, Індії, Туреччині. Описано поетапні складові бюджетного процесу в цих країнах, опрацьовано бюджетні принципи в складі принципів складання бюджету та принципів бюджетного процесу у вказаних країнах. Проведена декомпозиція бюджетного процесу Бразилії, Канади, Австралії, Мексики, Індії, Туреччини, а також наступний порівняльний аналіз дозволив зробити висновок як про сильні сторони бюджетного процесу цих країн (що проявляється в чіткій його регламентації, систематизації, підзвітності, відкритості, узгодженні та обговоренні, підконтрольності тощо), так і слабкі (що проявляється у відсутності вказівок щодо профіцитності бюджету, а також відсутності поняття «безпековості бюджету»). На підставі отриманих результатів та реалій у сфері державних фінансів України висунуто пропозицію щодо посилення підконтрольності, узгодження та обговорення у межах вітчизняного бюджетного процесу, а також подальшої розбудови бюджетної безпеки як важливого елементу управління бюджетним процесом.