bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observing the Dynamics of Wildland Grass Fires: FireFlux—A Field Validation Experiment
Authors: Clements Craig B. , Zhong Shiyuan , Goodrick Scott , Li Ju , Potter Brian E. , Bian Xindi , Heilman Warren E. , Charney Joseph J. , Perna Ryan , Jang Meongdo , Lee Daegyun , Patel Monica , Street Susan , Aumann Glenn 
Published: September 2007

Grass fires, although not as intense as forest fires, present a major threat to life and property during periods of drought in the Great Plains of the United States. Recently, major wildland grass fires in Texas burned nearly 1.6 million acres and destroyed over 730 homes and 1320 other buildings. The fires resulted in the death of 19 people, an estimated loss of 10,000 head of livestock, and more than $628 million in damage, making the 2005/06 fire season the worst on record for the state of Texas.
As an aid to fire management, various models have been developed to describe fire behavior. However, these models strongly emphasize fuels and fail to adequately consider the role of convective dynamics within the atmosphere and its interaction with the fire due to the lack of observational data. To fill this gap, an intensive field measurement campaign called FireFlux was conducted during February 2006 near Houston, Texas. The campaign employed a variety of instrument platforms to collect turbulence data at multiple levels within and immediately downwind of a 155 acre tall-grass prairie burn unit. This paper presents some first-time observations of atmospheric turbulent structures/fluxes associated with intense grass fires and provides a basis to further our understanding of the dynamics of grass fires and their interactions with the atmosphere.
Estimated Global Hydrographic Variability
Authors: Forget Gaël , Wunsch Carl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
An estimate is made of the three-dimensional global oceanic temperature and salinity variability, omitting the seasonal cycle, both as a major descriptive element of the ocean circulation and for use in the error estimates of state estimation. Historical hydrography, recent data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, and Argo profile data are all used. Root-mean-square vertical displacements in the upper 300 m of the ocean are generally smaller than 50 m, except in energetic boundary currents and in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. Variability in temperature and salinity is strongly correlated below the top 100 m. Salinity contributions to sea surface height variability appear more significant at low latitudes than expected, possibly resulting from advective and diffusive processes. Results are generally consistent with altimetric variability under two simple kinematic hypotheses, and much of the observed structure coincides with known dynamical features. A large fraction of the sea surface height variability is consistent with the hypothesis of dominance of the first baroclinic mode.
Origin of the Annual to Decadal Peaks of Variability in the Response of Simple Ocean Models to Stochastic Forcing
Authors: Sirven Jérôme , Herbaut Christophe , Deshayes Julie , Frankignoul Claude 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The response of the ocean to stochastic forcings is studied in a closed basin, using a simple one-dimensional analytical model. The focus is on the mechanisms that determine the time scales of the response and their possible links with free basin modes. The response may be described as a forced solution plus propagating solutions whose spatial pattern does not depend on the forcing. The propagating solutions are of two types. The first ones propagate eastward and are strongly damped so that their influence remains limited to the western boundary layer. The others are damped long Rossby waves that propagate westward and whose amplitude depends on the spatial extension and the frequency of the forcing. The amplitude increases if the frequency of the forcing is close to the frequency of the basin modes, but the spatial pattern differs from that of the latter; higher frequencies are favored if the zonal extension of the forcing is reduced. The response of a 1.5-layer reduced-gravity ocean model forced by stochastic Ekman pumping confirms the results of the analytical model.
Numerical Simulation of Air–Sea Coupling during Coastal Upwelling
Authors: Perlin Natalie , Skyllingstad Eric D. , Samelson Roger M. , Barbour Philip L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Air–sea coupling during coastal upwelling was examined through idealized three-dimensional numerical simulations with a coupled atmosphere–ocean mesoscale model. Geometry, topography, and initial and boundary conditions were chosen to be representative of summertime coastal conditions off the Oregon coast. Over the 72-h simulations, sea surface temperatures were reduced several degrees near the coast by a wind-driven upwelling of cold water that developed within 10–20 km off the coast. In this region, the interaction of the atmospheric boundary layer with the cold upwelled water resulted in the formation of an internal boundary layer below 100-m altitude in the inversion-capped boundary layer and a reduction of the wind stress in the coupled model to half the offshore value. Surface heat fluxes were also modified by the coupling. The simulated modification of the atmospheric boundary layer by ocean upwelling was consistent with recent moored and aircraft observations of the lower atmosphere off the Oregon coast during the upwelling season. For these 72-h simulations, comparisons of coupled and uncoupled model results showed that the coupling caused measurable differences in the upwelling circulation within 20 km off the coast. The coastal Ekman transport divergence was distributed over a wider offshore extent and a thinner ocean surface boundary layer, with consistently smaller offshore and depth-integrated alongshore transport formed in the upwelling region, in the coupled case relative to the uncoupled case. The results indicate that accurate models of coastal upwelling processes can require representations of ocean–atmosphere interactions on short temporal and horizontal scales.
Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Near-Inertial Kinetic Energy from Historical Moored Velocity Records
Authors: Alford Matthew H. , Whitmont Maya 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Temporal and spatial patterns of near-inertial kinetic energy (KEmoor) are investigated in a database of 2480 globally distributed, moored current-meter records (deployed on 690 separate moorings) and compared with the distribution of wind-forced mixed-layer energy flux FML. By computing KEmoor using short (30 day) multitaper spectral windows, the seasonal cycle is resolved. Clear winter enhancement by a factor of 4–5 is seen in the Northern Hemisphere for latitudes 25°–45° at all depths &lt;4500 m, in close agreement with the magnitude, phase, and latitudinal dependence of the seasonal cycle of FML. In the Southern Hemisphere, data coverage is poorer, but a weaker seasonal cycle (a factor of 2) in both KEmoor and FML is still resolvable between 35° and 50°. When Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) scaled using climatological buoyancy-frequency profiles, summer KEmoor is approximately constant in depth while showing a clear decrease by a factor of 4–5 from 500 to 3500 m in winter. Spatial coverage is sufficient in the Northern Hemisphere to resolve broad KEmoor maxima in the western portion of each ocean basin in winter, generally collocated with FML maxima associated with storm forcing. The ratio of depth-integrated KEmoor to FML gives a replenishment time scale, which is about 10 days in midlatitudes, consistent with 1) previous estimates of the dissipation time scale of the internal wave continuum and 2) the presence of a seasonal cycle. Its increase to ≈70–80 days at lower latitudes is a possible signature of equatorward propagation of near-inertial waves. The seasonal modulation of the magnitude of KEmoor, its similarity to that in FML, and the depth decay and western intensification in winter but not in summer are consistent with a primarily wind-forced near-inertial field for latitudes poleward of ≈25°.
Effects of the Westerly Wind Stress over the Southern Ocean on the Meridional Overturning
Authors: Hirabara Mikitoshi , Ishizaki Hiroshi , Ishikawa Ichiro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Numerical experiments were conducted to clarify the processes through which the Southern Ocean wind affects the meridional overturning (NA cell) associated with North Atlantic Deep Water production. These were based on idealized single- and twin-basin (idealized Atlantic and Pacific Ocean) models with a periodically connected passage under various forcings at the surface. Relationships among the wind stresses, the NA cell, and the buoyancy fluxes were investigated. Increased westerly wind stresses increase the surface buoyancy gains in the Southern Ocean under the density-restoring boundary condition. The buoyancy anomalies excited in the Southern Ocean propagate as baroclinic waves into the northern North Atlantic, modify the density field, and enhance the NA cell, which increases buoyancy losses there until the global buoyancy flux budget balances. The results from experiments using a realistically configured global ocean model confirm that the Southern Ocean wind effects on the NA cell can be understood consistently through thermodynamics and that the wind stresses outside the channel latitudes, as well as those at the Cape Horn latitude, affect the global buoyancy fluxes and the NA cell.
On the Body-Force Term in Internal-Tide Generation
Authors: Garrett Chris , Gerkema Theo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The generation of internal tides can be ascribed to the action of a buoyancy force caused by the flow of the barotropic tide over topographic features. It is commonly assumed that the barotropic flow can be taken as hydrostatic, but it is shown here that this leads to a linearized governing equation for the baroclinic tide that is only valid if the baroclinic tide is also hydrostatic. A governing equation for the baroclinic tide, valid for any situation, is derived here and is shown to be exactly equivalent to a simple transformation of the governing equation for the combined barotropic and baroclinic tides.
Formal and Informal Help During the Year After a Suicide Attempt: a One-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Cedereke M. , Öjehagen A. 
Published: September 2007

Aims: The aims of this study are threefold: to investigate formal and informal help with clinical and social needs that patients who attempted suicide received during the year after their attempt; to examine whether help from services was estimated to be adequate; and to look at whether patients who repeated suicide attempt(s) during follow-up differed from those who did not. Methods: The Camberwell Assessment of Need instrument measuring 22 need areas was used in semi-structured interviews with 140 patients at 1 and 12 months after a suicide attempt. Results: Help given from services was rated as high at both 1 and 12 months in health-related areas, but lower in areas related to social needs. Informal help was initially frequent, with some exceptions. The amount of help from services did not decrease in any need area during follow-up, neither in repeaters nor in non-repeaters. There were no changes in informal help in repeaters, while in non-repeaters informal help decreased in some areas. At both 1 and 12 months, repeaters and non-repeaters mostly found help from services to be adequate. However, in the areas of information, intimate relationships, psychotic symptoms and sexual expression about half of the patients in both groups did not consider that they had received the right type of help. Conclusions: The generally high level of formal help in health-related areas during the first year after a suicide attempt and the high rated adequacy of help given is satisfactory. However, in certain areas lack of formal help was evident. Informal caregivers contributed significantly to the help that patients received. The use of the Camberwell Assessment of Need instrument could improve observation on needs areas and whether help is available. Perhaps this kind of evaluation could be used earlier than after 1 year in such a vulnerable group as suicide attempters.
Reproducibility and validity of the Dutch Life Habits Questionnaire (LIFE-H 3.0) in older adults
Authors: Lemmens Jessie , ISM van Engelen Eveline , Post Marcel WM , de Witte Luc P , Beurskens AJHM , Wolters Pieter MJC , de Witte Luc P 
Published: September 2007

Objective: To examine the reproducibility, the discriminant and convergent validity and feasibility of the Dutch translation of the self-administered Life Habits Questionnaire (LIFE-H). Design: Three cross-sectional community-based studies on clinimetric properties of a measurement instrument. Subjects: Older adults (n = 85) with functional limitations due to various chronic illnesses and healthy older adults (n = 40). Measurement protocol: Participants of the reproducibility study (n = 35) filled out the LIFE-H twice in a two-week time period. In the discriminant validity study (n = 120), LIFE-H scores of healthy and ill subjects were compared. In the convergent validity study (n = 63), correlations were examined between LIFE-H, the Impact on Participation and Autonomy questionnaire and the London Handicap Scale. Results: The test—retest reliability showed a satisfactory intraclass correlation coefficient for the total overall score (0.80) but not for the categories scores. The discriminant validity study showed significant differences between the healthy and ill subjects for the 10 separate categories (P < 0.01) and the total score (P < 0.001). The correlations between the LIFE-H categories and total scores and the Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire (0.80—0.82) and London Handicap Scale (0.89—0.92) were strong. Feasibility testing showed that the subjects experienced difficulties due to the long and fairly complex instructions and structure of the LIFE-H. Conclusions: The clinimetric properties of the LIFE-H were moderate to good. The validity of LIFE-H was as good as the validity of the Impact on Autonomy and Participation and the London Handicap Scale, but the latter questionnaires were shorter and much easier to administer.
Evaluation of a single-item screening tool for depression after stroke: a cohort study
Authors: Watkins Caroline L. , Lightbody C. Elizabeth , Sutton Chris J. , Holcroft Leanne , Jack Cathy I.A. , Dickinson Hazel A. , van den Broek Martin D. , Leathley Michael J. 
Published: September 2007

Objectives: To determine the accuracy and utility of a single-item screening tool for depression (the Yale, taken from the Yale—Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale) in patients who have recently had a stroke. Design: Comparison of a clinical classification of depression with a screening tool in a defined cohort. Setting: A large teaching hospital in Liverpool, UK. Subjects: One hundred and twenty-two consecutive people admitted with an acute stroke who did not have severe cognitive or communication problems, and who were still in hospital in the second week post stroke. Main measures: Classification of depression using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale was compared with the Yale, a single-item screening tool. Results: When comparing the classification of depression according to the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the response to the Yale we found that at week 2 the Yale had a sensitivity of 86% (57/66), a specificity of 84% (46/55), a positive predictive value of 86% (57/66) and a negative predictive value of 84% (46/55), with an overall efficiency of 85% (103/121); prevalence of depression was 54% (according to the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale). At month 3 the Yale had a sensitivity of 95% (52/55), a specificity of 89% (32/36), a positive predictive value of 93% (52/56) and a negative predictive value of 91% (32/35), with an overall efficiency of 92% (84/91); prevalence of depression was 60%. Conclusions: The Yale, which only requires a `yes' or `no' answer to a single question, may prove a useful screening tool in identifying possible depression in people with stroke both two weeks and three months post stroke.
Jesus the Israelite Was Neither a `Jew' Nor a `Christian': On Correcting Misleading Nomenclature
Authors: Elliott John 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDistinguishing between insider and outsider groups and their differing nomenclatures is essential for accurate interpretation and translation. Jesus and his earliest followers, evidence demonstrates, were called `Israelites', `Galileans' or `Nazoreans' by their fellow Israelites. `Israel', `Israelites' were the preferred terms of self-designation among members of the house of Israel when addressing other members—not `'Ιουδαιος', `Jew' or `Judaism'. Modern interpreters and translators of the Bible, it is argued, should respect and follow this insider preference. 'Ιουδαιος , an outsider coinage, is best rendered `Judaean', not `Jew', to reflect the explicit or implied connection with Judaea. It was employed by Israelites when addressing outsiders as an accommodation to outsider usage. The concepts `Jew', `Jewish' and `Christian' as understood today are shaped more by fourth century rather than first-century CE realities and hence should be avoided as anachronistic designations for first-century persons or groups. Use of `Christian' is best restricted to its three NT appearances. The use of appropriate nomenclature is crucial for minimizing historical and social inaccuracies and misunderstandings.
Did the Historical Jesus Prohibit All Oaths?: Part 1
Authors: Meier John 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe total prohibition of oaths (Mt. 5.34-37) come from the historical Jesus. The criterion of discontinuity argues that there is no parallel to Jesus' total prohibition of oaths in the Jewish Scriptures, the intertestamental literature prior to 70 CE, or the New Testament. The Jewish Scriptures take oaths for granted and impose them in a few cases. Apart from Jas 5.12, the New Tetsament knows of no prohibition; Paul uses oaths with abandon. The criterion of multiple attestation argues that Jas 5.12 represents an independent tradition of the prohibition; Jas 5.12 is parallel to Mt. 5.34-37 in both content and structure; James has other examples of Jesus' sayings woven into his epistle without attribution; and Jas 5.12 is at odds with James's treatment of the Law in the rest of his epistle. Hence Jas 5.12 qualifies as an independent witness to an isolated stream of oral tradition preserving Jesus' prohibition. This is Part 1 of a two-part essay.
Molecular evolution of type VI intermediate filament proteins
Authors: Guérette Dominique , Khan Paul A , Savard Pierre E , Vincent Michel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Tanabin, transitin and nestin are type VI intermediate filament (IF) proteins that are developmentally regulated in frogs, birds and mammals, respectively. Tanabin is expressed in the growth cones of embryonic vertebrate neurons, whereas transitin and nestin are found in myogenic and neurogenic cells. Another type VI IF protein, synemin, is expressed in undifferentiated and mature muscle cells of birds and mammals. In addition to an IF-typical α-helical core domain, type VI IF proteins are characterized by a long C-terminal tail often containing distinct repeated motifs. The molecular evolution of type VI IF proteins remains poorly studied.

Results
To examine the evolutionary history of type VI IF proteins, sequence comparisons, BLAST searches, synteny studies and phylogenic analyses were performed. This study provides new evidence that tanabin, transitin and nestin are indeed orthologous type VI IF proteins. It demonstrates that tanabin, transitin and nestin genes share intron positions and sequence identities, have a similar chromosomal context and display closely related positions in phylogenic analyses. Despite this homology, fast evolution rates of their C-terminal extremity have caused the appearance of repeated motifs with distinct biological activities. In particular, our in silico and in vitro analyses of their tail domain have shown that (avian) transitin, but not (mammalian) nestin, contains a repeat domain displaying nucleotide hydrolysis activity.

Conclusion
These analyses of the evolutionary history of the IF proteins fit with a model in which type VI IFs form a branch distinct from NF proteins and are composed of two major proteins: synemin and nestin orthologs. Rapid evolution of the C-terminal extremity of nestin orthologs could be responsible for their divergent functions.
A Marfan syndrome gene expression phenotype in cultured skin fibroblasts
Authors: Yao Zizhen , Jaeger Jochen C , Ruzzo Walter L , Morale Cecile Z , Emond Mary , Francke Uta , Milewicz Dianna M , Schwartz Stephen M , Mulvihill Eileen R 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a heritable connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene. This syndrome constitutes a significant identifiable subtype of aortic aneurysmal disease, accounting for over 5% of ascending and thoracic aortic aneurysms.

Results
We used spotted membrane DNA macroarrays to identify genes whose altered expression levels may contribute to the phenotype of the disease. Our analysis of 4132 genes identified a subset with significant expression differences between skin fibroblast cultures from unaffected controls versus cultures from affected individuals with known fibrillin-1 mutations. Subsequently, 10 genes were chosen for validation by quantitative RT-PCR.

Conclusion
Differential expression of many of the validated genes was associated with MFS samples when an additional group of unaffected and MFS affected subjects were analyzed (p-value < 3 × 10-6 under the null hypothesis that expression levels in cultured fibroblasts are unaffected by MFS status). An unexpected observation was the range of individual gene expression. In unaffected control subjects, expression ranges exceeding 10 fold were seen in many of the genes selected for qRT-PCR validation. The variation in expression in the MFS affected subjects was even greater.
Passage and reversal effects on gene expression of bovine meniscal fibrochondrocytes
Authors: Gunja Najmuddin J , Athanasiou Kyriacos A 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe knee meniscus contains a mixed population of cells that exhibit fibroblastic as well as chondrocytic characteristics. Tissue engineering studies and future therapies for the meniscus require a large population of cells that are seeded on scaffolds. To achieve this, monolayer expansion is often used as a technique to increase cell number. However, the phenotype of these cells may be significantly different from that of the primary population. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in meniscal fibrochondrocytes at the gene expression level over four passages using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Cells from the inner two-thirds of bovine medial menisci were used. Four extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, commonly found in the meniscus, were investigated, namely collagen I, collagen II, aggrecan and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). In addition, primary and passaged meniscus fibrochondrocytes were placed on surfaces coated with collagen I or aggrecan protein to investigate whether any gene expression changes resulting from passage could be reversed. Collagen I expression was found to increase with the number of passages, whereas collagen II and COMP expression decreased. Collagen I and aggrecan surface coatings were shown to downregulate and upregulate collagen I and COMP expression levels, respectively, in passaged cells. However, decreases in collagen II expression could not be reversed by either protein coating. These results indicate that although monolayer expansion results in significant changes in gene expression in meniscal fibrochondrocytes, protein coatings may be used to regain the primary cell expression of several ECM molecules.