bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum markers of lamellar basement membrane degradation and lamellar histopathological changes in horses affected with laminitis
Authors: JOHNSON P. J. , KREEGER J. M. , KEELER M. , GANJAM V. K. , MESSER N. T. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryIn order better to evaluate the extent to which degradation of the lamellar basement membrane (LBM) by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) occurs in equine laminitis, we determined the concentration of type IV collagen and laminin in normal and laminitic horses, using specific immunoassays. Blood samples were obtained from both the jugular and the cephalic veins of horses (n = 10) before and after the induction of acute alimentary laminitis by carbohydrate overload. Jugular and cephalic venous blood samples were also obtained from horses affected with naturally occurring laminitis (n = 16) and nonlaminitic controls (n = 8). The serum collagen IV concentration was not changed following the induction of laminitis in the experimental group.Serum collagen IV concentration was increased in jugular venous blood obtained from cases of naturally occurring laminitis (mean ± s.e. 218.04 ± 18.59 ng/ml) compared with nonlaminitic controls (157.50 ± 10.93 ng/ml) (P<0.05). Serum collagen IV concentration was also increased in jugular venous blood obtained from severely laminitic horses (219.50 ± 18.18 ng/ml) compared with nonlaminitic controls (157.50 ± 10.93 ng/ml) (P<0.05). A difference in serum concentration of collagen IV was not identified based on chronicity of naturally occurring laminitis.Serum laminin concentration did not differ between laminitic and nonlaminitic horses. Differences in serum laminin concentration were not identified based on sampling location (jugular orcephalic vein), severity of laminitic pain, or chronicity of spontaneous laminitis. In conclusion, the circulating concentration of collagen IV was increased in horses affected with naturally occurring laminitis. The potential role for serum collagen IV assay for characterisation of equine laminitis warrants further investigation.
Acrosomal ultrastructure of stallion spermatozoa cryopreserved with ethylene glycol using two packaging systems
Authors: ALVARENGA M. A. , LANDIM‐ALVARENGA F. C. , MOREIRA R. M. , CESARINO M. M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe present experiments aimed to examine the substitution of glycerol (G) by ethylene glycol (E) as a cryoprotective agent for stallion spermatozoa. Two different ethylene glycol concentrations (5% and 10%) and also the association of glycerol (2%) and ethylene glycol (3%) (E/G) were studied (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, two packing systems (0.5 times 4.0 ml) were evaluated using both cryoprotectors. In both experiments, the sperm membrane integrity after freezing was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. The mean post‐thaw motility was 34.25, 36.5, 29.25 and 34.75% for G5%, E5%, E10% and E/G, respectively. It was observed that the percentage of motile spermatozoa was significantly smaller (P<0.05) when semen was processed with E10%. A decrease in the acrosome integrity was observed in frozen thawed spermatozoa from all treated groups. It was observed that 28.0, 22.5, 25.5 and 22.5% of the sperm cells had a normal acrosome following freezing with G5%, E5%, E10% and E/G, respectively. Undulation of the outer acrosomal membrane, acrosomal swelling and loss of acrosomal content density and homogeneity were the most evident ultrastructural alterations observed. In Experiment 2, the post‐thaw motility was higher (P<0.05) for sperm frozen in 0.5 ml straws than in 4.0 ml straws, regardless of the cryoprotector used. The ultrastructural evaluation showed 26.7 and 16.0% of intact acrosomes for sperm frozen in 0.5 ml and 4.0 ml straws, respectively. We concluded that ethylene glycol has similar cryoprotective properties to glycerol and that utilisation of 0.5 ml straws improved the ability of horse sperm cells to withstand damage after the cryopreservation process.
In vitro model of equine muscle regeneration
Authors: Byrne K. M. , Vierck J. , Dodson M. V. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryEquine satellite cells are responsible for muscle healing and regeneration in the mature horse. We describe the in vitro cell culture conditions required for clonal populations of equine satellite cells to undergo both proliferation and differentiation. Our hypothesis is that these in vitro conditions model regeneration of muscle and can be used to evaluate potential therapeutics. In this study, 2 areas of satellite cell response were tested: proliferation of clones induced by growth factors, and fusion induced by culture conditions. Equine satellite cell clones showed differences in their response to growth factors as well as accumulation of cellular protein concentrations. Equine satellite cells proliferate in response to both human and bovine FGF. IGF‐1, a powerful mitogen of other satellite cell culture systems, was not as effective forinducing equine satellite cell proliferation. Protein concentrations were also measured in satellite cell cultures. Clones differed in cellular protein produced depending on growth conditions. Conditions inducing differentiation into myotubes was also determined fora 96 well assay and can be used to study the final stage of functioning muscle production. This in vitro model is the first step in identifying potential therapeutics to speed wound healing and promote muscle regeneration in horses.
Relationship of pulmonary arterial pressure to pulmonary haemorrhage in exercising horses
Authors: Langsetmo I. , Fedde M. R. , Meyer T. S. , Erickson H. H. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryExercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is characterised by blood in the airways after strenuous exercise and results from stress failure of the pulmonary capillaries. The purpose of this experiment was to establish a threshold value of transmural pulmonary arterial pressure at which haemorrhage occurs in the exercising horse. Five geldings, age 4–14 years, were run in random order once every 2 weeks at 1 of 4 speeds (9, 11, 13, 15 m/s); one day with no run was used as a control. Heart rate, pulmonary arterial pressure and oesophageal pressure were recorded for the duration of the run. Transmural pulmonary arterial pressure was estimated by electronic subtraction of the oesophageal pressure from the intravascular pulmonary arterial pressure. Within 1 h of the run, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and the red and white blood cells in the fluld were quantified. Red cell counts in the lavage fluid from horses running at 9, 11 and 13 m/s were not significantly different from the control value, but after runs at 15 m/s, red cell counts were significantly (P<0.05) higher. White cell counts were not different from control values at any speed. Analysis of red cell count vs. transmural pulmonary arterial pressure indicated that haemorrhage occurs at approximately 95 mmHg. Red cell lysis in the lavage fluid was also apparent at transmural pulmonary arterial pressures above 90 mmHg. We conclude that, in the exercising horse, a pulmonary arterial pressure threshold exists above which haemorrhage occurs, and that pressure is often exceeded during high speed sprint exercise.
Surgical treatment of 45 horses affected by squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and prepuce
Authors: Mair T. S. , Walmsley J. P. , Phillips T. J. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe medical records of 45 horses treated for suspected squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and/or prepuce were reviewed. The age of 40 horses was known, and these had a mean age of 17.4 years. The duration of neoplasia was known foronly 3 of the 45 horses. The results of histological evaluation of lesions, available for 35 horses, confirmed that the diseased tissue was squamous cell carcinoma. The location of gross neoplastic lesions was recorded for 43 horses; theglans peniswas involved in 24 horses, the body of the penis or the inner lamina of the preputial fold in 27 horses, and the external fold of the prepuce in 10 horses. Surgical treatments of these horses included phallectomy (penile amputation) in 35 horses, segmental posthectomy in 4 horses, phallectomy plus segmental posthectomy in 2 horses, anden blocresection of the penis, prepuce and superficial inguinal lymph nodes with penile retroversion in 4 cases. Short‐term complications in the immediate postoperative period included preputial oedema and haemorrhage at the end of urination. One horse developed acute urinary retention because of severe urethral oedema. Long‐term (>1 year) follow‐up information was obtained for 31 horses. Neoplasia of the penis and/or prepuce recurred in 6 of these 31 horses (19%), and in 5 of these the recurrence necessitated euthanasia of the horse.
Tracheobronchial mucus viscoelasticity during environmental challenge in horses with recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Gerber V. , King M. , Schneider D. A. , Robinson N. E. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe goal of this study was to compare the rheological properties of mucus from horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) to that from healthy controls during environmental challenge by stabling in stalls with straw as bedding and hay as feed. We determined viscoelasticity (log G*dyn/cm2, at 10 radian/s) and calculated mucociliary clearability index (MCI) and cough clearability index (CCI), which are derivative parameters of G*and the ratio of viscosity and elasticity measured at 1 and 100 radian/s, respectively. We also investigated the solids content of mucus, and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Samples were obtained before (0 h) and 6, 24 and 48 h after environmental challenge. The central findings were rheological changes in airway mucus, which occurred over time in RAO‐affected animals, but not in controls. Mucus rheology was similar in both groups at 0 and 6 h. In RAO‐affected horses, mucus viscoelasticity, as measured by log G*, increased from 2.49 ± 0.18 dyn/cm2(mean ± s.e.) at 0 h to 3.05 ± 0.13 dyn/cm2at 24 h after environmental challenge, and was accompanied by significant decreases in MCI and CCI. Percent solids of mucus did not differ significantly between the 2 groups, nor over time. Rheological values did not correlate with BALF cytology. We conclude that viscoelastic properties of tracheal mucus samples from RAO horses in remission do not differ from those of normal horses. However, environmental challenge causes clinical signs of small airway disease and a concurrent increase in mucus viscoelasticity only in RAO horses. Therefore, we infer that unfavourable changes in mucus rheology may contribute to stasis and accumulation of mucus in RAO horses in exacerbation, but not in clinical remission.
Melanin affinity: a possible explanation of isoxsuprine retention in the horse
Authors: Törneke K. , Larsson C. Ingvast , Appelgren L.‐E. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryIsoxsuprine is used in veterinary medicine as a vasodilating agent. The drug has been detected in the urine of horses up to 6 weeks after the cessation of administration. In the present study, the distribution pattern of 3H‐isoxsuprine was investigated using whole body autoradiography in mice to find a possible site of retention. Melanin was the only place of retention identified. Additional in vitro studies showed an affinity of isoxsuprine to both melanin and keratin. The Kd values were 0.02 mmol/l and 1 mmol/l, and the Bmax values were 0.2 μmol/mg and 2 μmol/mg, respectively. A low affinity site with approximately the same Kd and Bmax as keratin was also detected for melanin. 3H‐isoxsuprine was found to have affinity to pigmented horse skin after incubation in vitro and microautoradiography. We believe that affinity to melanin and possibly also to keratin can cause retention of the drug in the body and therefore explain the prolonged excretion of low levels of isoxsuprine in the horse.
Ultrasonography of the equine neonatal kidney
Authors: Hoffmann K. L. , Wood A. K. W. , Mccarthy P. H. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryUltrasonography is important in the clinical examination of the foal. The ultrasonographic appearance and size of the neonatal kidneys were defined and an imaging protocol established in 6 normal Thoroughbred foals (mean age ± s.d. 5.0 ± 3.2 days). Characteristically, in both the heart‐shaped right kidney and bean‐shaped left kidney, the renal cortex was more echogenic than the medulla. The terminal recesses, renal crest and pelvis were identified, as was the ureter, which contained anechoic urine in its lumen. The renal, interlobar and arcuate vessels were seen. For the right kidney, the ultrasonographic probe was placed at the 14–17th intercostal spaces and paralumbar fossa. For the left kidney, the probe was at the 16th or 17th intercostal spaces and paralumbar fossa. Perirenal structures, including the caudate lobe of the liver, the dorsal extremity of the spleen, the adrenals, the aorta and caudal vena cava were also identified. An understanding of the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal neonatal kidney, accompanied by a routine imaging protocol to ensure that all regions of each kidney are examined, permit a more informed interpretation of renal images in the first few dayspostpartum.
Ossification of the cartilages in the front feet of young Norwegian coldblooded horses
Authors: Holm A. W. , Bjørnstad G. , Ruohoniemi M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nature of ossification of the cartilages in the front feet of young, about 2‐year‐old Norwegian coldblooded horses, and to compare offspring of different sires in this respect. Dorsopalmarradiographs of the front feet of 392 horses (187 female and 205 male) were evaluated for ossification at the base of the cartilage and for separate centres of ossification. The horses were offspring of 45 different sires. Ossification extending above the navicular bone and separate centres of ossification were considered as significant. Minimal to mild ossification at the base of the cartilages was commonly seen, and significant ossification was present in one or more of the cartilages in 11.5% of the horses. The lateral compared to medial cartilages had more ossification and females had more ossification and more separate centres of ossification than males. The prevalence of horses with significant ossifications was significantly higher (46.3%) among offspring of one frequently used stallion than in the group consisting of offspring of 4 otherpopularstallions (3.5%) and in another group consisting of offspring of other, less frequently used stallions (9.6%). Ossification of the cartilages is considered to have a hereditary background in Norwegian coldblooded horses.
In vitroevaluation of a novel prosthesis for laryngoplasty of horses with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
Authors: Schumacher J. , Wilson A. M. , Pardoe C. , Easter J. L. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryA prosthesis, composed of a steel cable and stress‐reducing washers, was developed to prevent failure of laryngoplasty, a common treatment for horses affected by recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Laryngoplasties were performed on 15 cadaveric larynges using a polyester suture on one side and the cable prosthesis on the other. Each prosthesis was distracted at a displacement rate of 20 mm/s using a servohydraulic materials testing machine until laryngoplasty failed. Distraction force and actuator displacement were recorded and analysed. All 15 laryngoplasties performed with a suture failed at the muscular process at a mean ± s.d. force of 55.8 ± 13.1 N. Six laryngoplasties performed with the cable prosthesis failed at the muscular process at mean force 219.6 ± 125.0 N. In the other 9, the arytenoid cartilage was avulsed from the larynx at mean force 206.4 ± 75.3 N, and the cable then tore through the muscular process at mean force 357.0 ± 32.0 N. The difference in force required to cause failure of laryngoplasty was significant (P<0.0001). Although the prosthesis resisted substantially higher forces than did the suture, the effects of the prosthesisin vivomust be evaluated.
Topographical mapping of biochemical properties of articular cartilage in the equine fetlock joint
Authors: Brama P. A. J. , Tekoppele J. M. , Bank R. A. , Karssenberg D. , Barneveld A. , Van Weeren P. R. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate topographical differences in the biochemical composition of the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage of the normal equine fetlock joint. Water content, DNA content, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and a number of characteristics of the collagen network (total collagen content, levels of hydroxylysine‐ (Hyl) and the crosslink hydroxylysylpyridinoline, (HP) of articular cartilage in the proximal 1st phalanx (P1), distal 3rd metacarpal bone (MC), and proximal sesamoid bones (PSB) were determined in the left and right fetlock joint of 6 mature horses (age 5–9 years). Twenty‐eight sites were sampled per joint, which included the clinically important areas often associated with pathology. Biochemical differences were evaluated between sampling sites and related with the predisposition for osteochondral injury and type of loading.Significant regional differences in the composition of the extracellular matrix existed within the joint. Furthermore, left and right joints exhibited biochemical differences. Typical topographic distribution patterns were observed for each parameter. In P1 the dorsal and palmar articular margin showed a significantly lower GAG content than the more centrally located sites. Collagen content and HP crosslinks were higher at the joint margins than in the central area. Also, in the MC, GAG content was significantly lower at the (dorsal) articular margin compared with the central area. Consistent with findings in P1, collagen and HP crosslinks were significantly lower in the central area compared to the (dorsal) articular margin.Biochemical and biomechanical heterogeneity of articular cartilage is supposed to reflect the different functional demands made at different sites. In the present study, GAG content was highest in the constantly loaded central areas of the joint surfaces. In contrast, collagen content and HPcrosslinks were higherin areas intermittently subjected to peak loading which suggests that the response to a certain type of loading of the various components of the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage are different. The differences in biochemical characteristics between the various sites may help to explain the site specificity of osteochondral lesions commonly found in the equine fetlock joint. Finally, these findings emphasise that the choice of sampling sites may profoundly influence the outcome of biochemical studies of articular cartilage.
Equine dental disease Part 3: a long‐term study of 400 cases: disorders of wear, traumatic damage and idiopathic fractures, tumours and miscellaneous disorders of the cheek teeth
Authors: Dixon P. M. , Tremaine W. H. , Pickles Kirstie , Kuhns Lorna , Hawe Carlyn , Mccann Jacqui , Mcgorum B. C. , Railton D. I. , Brammer Stephanie 
Published: April 2007

SummaryOf 400 horses referred because of dental disorders, 349 cases were diagnosed as suffering from primary disorders of their cheek teeth. Details of 104 of these cases are presented, including 44 cases with abnormalities of wear, 26 cases with traumatic damage, 24 cases with idiopathic fractures and 10 cases with miscellaneous cheek teeth disorders including oral tumours. The long‐term response to treatment was excellent in most cases, even in cases with residual secondary periodontal disease.
Evaluation of IgG concentration and IgG subisotypes in foals with complete or partial failure of passive transfer after administration of intravenous serum or plasma
Authors: McCLURE J. T. , DeLUCA J. L. , LUNN D. P. , MILLER J. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of an equine plasma product i.v. and a concentrated serum product i.v. to deliver antibodies to 46 foals with failure of passive transfer (FPT). Treatment of FPT was as per manufacturers recommendations, using plasma (950 ml/unit) or a concentrated serum product (250 ml/unit). Significant variables affecting the 3 day post‐transfusion serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration of foals included body weight, pretransfusion IgG concentration, number of product units transfused, foaling season and product administered. Plasma treatment had a greater increase in post‐transfusion serum IgG concentrations compared to the serum product treatment mainly because plasma contained approximately twice the amount of IgG per unit as the serum product. The change in equine influenza virus and tetanus toxoid‐specific IgGa, IgGb, and IgG(T) titres was measured in foals from pretransfusion to 3 days post‐transfusion. For each gram of IgG transfused, the change in antigen‐specific IgG subisotypes were similar for both treatment groups. The results of this study suggest that similar foal serum IgG concentrations can be achieved 3 days post‐transfusion by administering 1 unit of plasma or 2–3 units of serum product.
A new modified live equine influenza virus vaccine: phenotypic stability, restricted spread and efficacy against heterologous virus challenge
Authors: CHAMBERS T. M. , HOLLAND R. E. , TUDOR L. R. , TOWNSEND H. G. G. , COOK A. , BOGDAN J. , LUNN D. P. , HUSSEY S. , WHITAKER‐DOWLING P. , YOUNGNER J. S. , SEBRING R. W. , PENNER S. J. , STIEGLER G. L. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryFlu Avert IN vaccine is a new, live attenuated virus vaccine for equine influenza. We tested this vaccinein vivoto ascertain 1) its safety and stability when subjected to serial horse to horse passage, 2) whether it spread spontaneously from horse to horse and 3) its ability to protect against heterologous equine influenza challenge viruses of epidemiological relevance. For the stability study, the vaccine was administered to 5 ponies. Nasal swabs were collected and pooled fluids administered directly to 4 successive groups of naïve ponies by intranasal inoculation. Viruses isolated from the last group retained the vaccine's full attenuation phenotype, with no reversion to the wild‐type virus phenotype or production of clinical influenza disease. The vaccine virus spread spontaneously to only 1 of 13 nonvaccinated horses/ponies when these were comingled with 39 vaccinates in the same field. For the heterologous protection study, a challenge model system was utilised in which vaccinated or naïve control horses and ponies were exposed to the challenge virus by inhalation of virus‐containing aerosols. Challenge viruses included influenza A/equine‐2/Kentucky/98, a recent representative of the ‘American’ lineage of equine‐2 influenza viruses; and A/equine‐2/Saskatoon/90, representative of the ‘Eurasian’ lineage. Clinical signs among challenged animals were recorded daily using a standardised scoring protocol. With both challenge viruses, control animals reliably contracted clinical signs of influenza, whereas vaccinated animals were reliably protected from clinical disease. These results demonstrate that Flu Avert IN vaccine is safe and phenotypically stable, has low spontaneous transmissibility and is effective in protecting horses against challenge viruses representative of those in circulation worldwide.