bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF LH/FSH RELEASING HORMONE (LRH) ON THE BASAL SECRETION OF GONADOTROPHINS IN RELATION TO PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTRADIOL, PROGESTERONE AND PROLACTIN DURING THE POST-PARTUM PERIOD IN LACTATING AND IN NON-LACTATING WOMEN
Authors: Jeppsson Sien , Rannevik Gunnar , Thorell Jan I. , Wide Leif 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The pituitary responsiveness to LH/FSH releasing hormone (LRH) was studied in the puerperium in lactating and in non-lactating women. The response of both groups of patients to 25 μg LRH iv was tested 8–10 days, 15–17 days, and 29–32 days after a normal delivery at full term.
The basal levels of FSH were low during the first 10 days after delivery. A rise was then observed, and about 4 weeks after delivery levels above or in the upper normal range of a normal follicular phase were recorded. The levels were significantly higher in the lactating group. When compared with the normal follicular phase, the relative increase in FSH basal levels was higher than the increase in LH basal levels in both groups of patients.
The period of non-responsiveness of the pituitary to LRH was found to be of equal length in the two groups. In both groups the FSH response returned more rapidly than the LH response. About 2 weeks after delivery a reverse pattern of gonadotrophin response to LRH was seen with a FSH response that was greater than the LH response compared with what is generally observed in the various phases of the menstrual cycle in eumenorrhoeic women. This pattern was more pronounced in the lactating group about 4 weeks after delivery.
Oestradiol levels were low and roughly equal on the three test occasions in each group, but in the non-lactating group there was a tendency to higher concentrations. Prolactin levels were highest about one week after delivery and then showed a tendency to decrease, and this was more pronounced in the non-lactating group. Progesterone levels were invariably low in both groups.
COMPARISON OF THYROID ANTIGENS BY THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES TO HUMAN THYROID FRACTIONS AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF AN ANTIBODY WHICH COMPETES WITH LONG-ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR (LATS) FOR THYROID BINDING
Authors: von Westarp Christian , Knox Andrew J. S. , Row Vas V. , Volpé Robert 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Antibodies were raised to various sub-cellular fractions of human thyroids, (of Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and non-toxic goitre). With one exception it was found that antibodies to the Graves' thyroid fractions cross-reacted with both the non-toxic goitre and Hashimoto's thyroiditis fractions. This exception was in the antiserum to the Graves' 105 000 × g pellet (Gr4) which contained an antibody (A-1) that could not be absorbed by either the non-toxic goitre (NTG) or the Hashimoto's (H) thyroid preparations. The antibody-antigen reaction between A-1 and Gr4 could be blocked by the addition of LATS (or TSH) to the antigen, thus suggesting that A-1 might be a LATS-like immunoglobulin. These results suggest that the TSH receptor may be antigenic and that an antibody to this receptor can be produced in vivo. Production of such an antibody to the TSH receptor would permit the development for the first time of a good animal model of Graves' disease.
INACTIVATION OF SOMATOSTATIN BY PEPTIDASES IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE RAT BRAIN
Authors: Griffiths E. C. , Jeffcoate S. L. , Holland D. T. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
With the availability of a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for growth hormone-release-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin or GH-RIH), it has been possible to investigate the presence of peptidase enzymes capable of inactivating this hypothalamic hormone in the hypothalamus and other brain areas of the rat. It was found that both supernatant and particulate fractions from male rat hypothalami rapidly inactivated somatostatin and that the enzymes involved have an optimum pH of 7.3. Peptidase activity was significantly higher in the supernatant than in the particulate fraction from the hypothalamus, thalamus, cortex and cerebellum. Besides confirming the presence of peptidases inactivating the release-inhibiting hormone in the hypothalamus (the site of somatostatin synthesis and release), the results may indicate that somatostatin has a functional significance outside the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary axis but within the central nervous system.
INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTHYROIDISM ON SKELETAL MUSCLE METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: van Hardeveld C. , Kassenaar A. A. H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In this study hind-limb perfusion was used to investigate the influence of thyroid hormones on some metabolic parameters in the skeletal muscle of the rat.
Daily injection of 20 μg L-thyroxine (T4) per 100 g b. w. for a week caused a 25 % increase in oxygen consumption. Further enlargement of the T4 dose had little additive effect. In the dose range 20–80 μg T4/100 g b. w., no important changes occurred in lactate production or glucose consumption. Only at the highest T4 dose did the glucose consumption increase significantly. The most profound effect of T4 was on lipolysis. A daily dose of 20 μg T4/100 g b. w. gave a doubling of glycerol production rate, the maximum occurring at a dose of 40 μg T4/100 g b. w Inactivation of the nervous system was without influence on the T4-induced increase in oxygen consumption. However, the T4-induced elevation of lipolysis disappeared after abolition of the nervous activity. This raises the possibility that the T4 effect on lipolysis in skeletal muscle is a potentiation of catecholamine effects. The T4-induced oxygen consumption increase might be dependent not on the lipolytic process but rather on other energy-consuming cell processes.
LACK OF ACUTE EFFECT OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE ON NORADRENALINE RESPONSES OF ISOLATED SYMPATHECTOMIZED CAT HEARTS
Authors: Wahlberg Peter , Carlsson Enar , Brandt Ulla 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of 3–5–3′-triiodothyronine (T3) on chronotropic and inotropic responses to noradrenaline (NA) was studied on isolated heart preparations of cats sympathectomized with 6-OH-dopamine. Heart rates, left ventricular isovolumic pressures (P) and dP/dt were recorded, and concentration dose-response curves to NA were constructed. In the test series, T3 (0.01 and 0.1 μg per ml) was added to the perfusion medium. T3 did not affect the form nor the position of these curves. The results indicate that T3 does not have an acute effect on NA responses of sympathectomized isolated cat hearts, nor does it have inotropic or chronotropic effects of its own in these experimental conditions.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR PORCINE LIPOTROPHIC PEPTIDE B
Authors: Neureuther G. , Schwandt P. , Otto J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A sensitive radioimmunoassay for the lipolytic peptide B from pig pituitary glands has been developed. Antisera were raised in rabbits, which allowed a final dilution of 1:6000. Free and antibody bound [125I]peptide B could be separated by double antibody, by dextran-coated charcoal and by polyethyleneglycol. The smallest detectable amount was 0.5 ng/ml. Peptide B could be measured irregularly in porcine sera; there was crossreacting material in an extract of a total human pituitary gland, but not in human sera. The assay seems specific except for a strong cross-reaction with porcine neurophysin. There are indications that peptide B consists of neurophysin and a small lipolytically active peptide which remains to be further characterized.
OESTROGENIC ACTIVITY OF OESTRADIOL-DECANOATE AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION TO RODENTS
Authors: de Visser J. , van der Vies J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Oestradiol-decanoate, dissolved in arachis oil and orally administered to rodents, produces oestrogenic effects. Compared on a molecular basis the ester has 0.1–1.0 times the activity of ethinyl oestradiol, dependent on the species and the parameter studied.
The effects of oestradiol-decanoate are less or absent when the oil is omitted. It is likely that absorption of the steroid ester takes place via the intestinal lymphatics in conjunction with the oil.
NON-SUPPRESSIBLE INSULIN-LIKE ACTIVITY DURING ACUTE METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE CHANGES IN DOGS
Authors: Eigenmann J. E. , Francke-Mäder M. , Zapf J. , Froesch E. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) was determined in dogs after acute changes in the blood sugar and after injection of growth hormone. Serum was chromatographed over Sephadex G-50 columns equilibrated in 1 m acetic acid and NSILA-S was determined in the fractions between 55 and 85 % column volume using a protein binding assay and the conventional fat pad assay. The results obtained with these two methods correlated rather well (r = 0.74). Hyperglycaemia induced by an intravenous glucose load, by intravenous administration of mannoheptulose or both was not followed by an increase in NSILA-S levels. The injection of insulin and human growth hormone did not lead to alterations of the NSILA-S levels. It is concluded that total NSILA-S levels in the dog do not change acutely following manipulations of the blood sugar and that, in all likelihood, NSILA-S plays no role in the regulation of blood glucose.
LACK OF EFFECT OF PROLACTIN INHIBITION BY ALPHA-BROMOERGOCRIPTINE (CB 154) ON PLASMA ALDOSTERONE IN ANEPHRIC AND NON-NEPHRECTOMIZED PATIENTS ON REGULAR HAEMODIALYSIS
Authors: Ølgaard K. , Hagen C. , Madsen S. , Hummer L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
To investigate whether a direct influence exists between the prolactin suppressive effect of alpha-bromoergocriptine (CB 154) and the aldosterone response to a potassium stimulation, the present study was performed in 7 anephric patients and in 7 non-nephrectomized patients, all on regular haemodialysis. The increase in the plasma potassium concentration between dialysis was used as a stimulus to the adrenals, and was correlated to the increase in the plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC).
Plasma samples were obtained during a control period and during a corresponding period of treatment with bromocriptine. Despite a significant fall in the prolactin levels during the bromocriptine treatment, no differences in the aldosterone response to the increasing potassium concentration in the two periods were found neither in the anephric nor in the non-nephrectomized patients.
It is concluded that depression of prolactin levels by the dopamine agonist (bromocriptine) has no influence on the ability of the adrenals to react with an increase in aldosterone secretion following potassium stimulation in dialysis patients with and without preserved renin-angiotensin system.
HYPOTHALAMIC ENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Authors: Aro Antti , Lamberg B.-A. , Pelkonen Risto 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The hypothalamic-pituitary function of 21 women with anorexia nervosa, aged 15–34 years, was studied. The tests included, in addition to the usual tests of thyroid function, a TRH stimulation test with 200 μg of synthetic TRH given iv; the response of serum immunoreactive growth hormone to insulin; and the diurnal variation and response of plasma cortisol to insulin hypoglycaemia.
The mean serum TSH level of the patients was higher than that of healthy controls. The mean maximal increment of TSH after TRH was similar in the patients and the controls. However, 18 of the patients but none of the controls showed a delayed TSH-response to TRH, i. e. the TSH-level at 60 min was higher than that recorded 20 min after TRH. Four of the patients had a low free thyroxine index, computed from the PBI and T3 Sephadex uptake values, and 3 of these were clinically hypothyroid. The means for PBI, T4 and the free thyroxine index were all significantly below the means for the controls.
The basal serum growth hormone levels were increased in 9 out of 17 patients. In 4 of these an inadequate response to insulin or to glucagon was found. In 5 out of the 8 patients with normal basal growth hormone levels a normal response was found, whereas the remaining 3 showed a subnormal response. The serum growth hormone level was correlated with the degree of weight loss but not with the serum albumin concentration. Plasma cortisol at 08.00 was increased in 9 patients and the diurnal variation was inadequate in 6. Four patients showed a subnormal response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, and 2 out of 5 patients tested failed to show adequate suppression of plasma cortisol after 1 mg of dexamethasone.
Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is common in anorexia nervosa. A delayed TSH-response to TRH, compatible with hypothalamic dysfunction, seems to be an almost consistent feature of the disorder, and in some of the patients even clinical hypothalamic hypothyroidism may be evident.
DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS-INDUCED PITUITARY PROLACTIN AND TSH RELEASE IN MALE RATS
Authors: Fenske M. , Wuttke W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Blood was collected from male rats of various ages under control conditions and after introduction of two stress factors. All animals were sacrificed between 15.00 and 16.00 h. Serum prolactin levels in immature male rats were found to be very low between birth and day 15 after birth. Neither exposure to a new environment, for example removal from the animal rooms for the duration of 10 min, nor exposure to concentrated ether vapour resulted in increased serum prolactin levels. Between day 20 and 35 basal serum prolactin levels were increased, they then fell at adult values. During this period of increasing serum prolactin levels pituitary prolactin release became stress-susceptable; i. e. elevated serum prolactin levels were observed after introduction of stress factors as in adult male rats. Serum TSH levels were found to be high between birth and day 10. Low TSH levels measured between day 15 and 40 and adult values were detected after day 40. Neither ether nor removal of the animals from their normal environment changed serum TSH levels at any age tested. These results indicate that the hypothalamo-pituitary in immature rats reacts in a similar way as that in adult animals from day 16–20 onwards. Serum TSH levels in these animals, however, are reduced, indicating that an increase in serum TSH is not necessary for normal processes of maturation.
IODOPEPTIDES FROM HUMAN THYROGLOBULIN
Authors: Valenta Lubomir J. , Strosberg A. Donny , Valenta Vera , Jaton Jean-Claude 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Human thyroglobulin labelled in vivo by 125I was purified from eight different thyroid glands including normal thyroid tissue, thyrotoxic goitre and euthyroid multinodular goitre. The purified protein was cleaved with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) and the resulting peptides were separated by column chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Reproducible elution profiles of both protein and iodine were obtained. However, the distribution of iodine depended on the iodine content of the intact thyroglobulin. Small CNBr peptides seemed to be preferentially iodinated, but with a limited capacity. With higher degrees of iodination, larger peptides became richer in iodine. This suggests sequential iodination of the thyroglobulin molecule. The mixture of small peptides was digested by trypsin. Two iodopeptides were identified in this material by peptide mapping and they had identical migration in thyroglobulins of different origin. One of them was purified by ion exchange chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis. Analogous amino acid composition was obtained for the iodopeptide purified from two different thyroglobulins. The data indicates that thyroglobulin iodination occurs in specific portions of the polypeptide chain and probably in a sequential manner.
A CASE OF ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME WITH ABERRANT 11β-HYDROXYLATION
Authors: Maschler I. , Weidenfeld J. , Muller A. , Slavin S. , Shaefer J. , Chowers I. , Finkelstein M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A 17 year old female patient with hypertension, amenorrhoea and hirsutism was found to have subnormal levels of plasma and urinary cortisol, significant plasma levels of Reichstein's compound S and 21-deoxycortisol, high urinary levels of THS and pregnanetriolone as well as elevated levels of plasma and urinary testosterone. Treatment with 0.5 mg/day of dexamethasone or 25 mg/day cortisone reduced her hypertension and restored her menstrual cycles, but also resulted in the development of moon face, body striae and a gain in weight. Lower doses of cortisone were without effect. The deficient cortisol production coupled with the presence of unusual intermediates such as Reichstein's compound S and 21-deoxycortisol can be explained by a shift in the substrate specificity of 11β-hydroxylase from C-21-hydroxylated substrates (i.e. compound S) to C-21-deoxy substrates (i.e. 17-hydroxyprogesterone).
OVARIAN HCG-BINDING CAPACITY DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE OF THE RAT
Authors: Siebers J. W. , Peters F. , Engel W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Binding of 125I-labelled HCG to rat ovary varies during the oestrous cycle. The highest amount of binding was found in dioestrous-II rats (7.33 × 10−15 mol of HCG per mg wet weight), while the lowest binding was observed in oestrous rats (1.67 × 10−15 mol of HCG per mg wet weight). An inverse correlation exists between the binding capacity of the ovary and the concentration of circulating LH. It is concluded that the low binding capacity of the rat ovary in the oestrous stage is due to masking of the specific receptors by the excessively high LH hormone secretion in pro-oestrus.
THE REGULATORY FUNCTION OF A PITUITARY LH-RH-DEGRADING ENZYME SYSTEM IN THE FEEDBACK CONTROL OF GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Kuhl Herbert , Rosniatowski Christian , Taubert Hans-Dieter 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
It had previously been shown that a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH)-inactivating enzyme in the rat hypothalamus, L-cystine arylamidase, is in all probability involved in the short-loop feedback mechanism of LH. Since this enzyme system was also shown to be present in the pituitary, the effect of the iv injection of several sex hormones upon its activity was investigated.
The basal arylamidase activity was found to be considerably higher in the neurohypophysis as compared to the adenohypophysis. The injection of 10 μg LH brought about a significant rise in arylamidase activity (+60 %) only in the latter. There was a dose-dependent increase in the pituitary enzyme activity 2 h after the iv administration of LH, and 16 h after the injection of oestradiol and progesterone into dioestrous rats.
Contrary to previous findings obtained with hypothalamic homogenates, the effect of LH upon the enzyme in the pituitary proved to be not dependent on the presence of sex steroids, as the iv application of 10 μg LH into ovariectomized rats resulted in an increase of pituitary L-cystine arylamidase by about 30 %. The injection of testosterone, oestradiol and - to a lesser degree - progesterone into adult male rats caused a significant increase of enzyme activity in the hypophysis. Progesterone proved to be ineffective in the hypothalamus.
This indicates that in contrast to the hypothalamus there is no sex-specific response of the LH-RH-degrading enzyme in the pituitary. It is concluded that this enzyme system seems to play an important part in the mechanisms regulating gonadotrophin release in the pituitary.
CHARACTERIZATION OF T3 IMMUNOREACTIVITY RELEASE FROM THYROID GLAND IN VITRO: A REFLECTION OF COLLOID DROPLET FORMATION
Authors: Chatterjee Sadhana , Takaishi Masaru , Shimizu Taeko , Shishiba Yoshimasa 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
T3 immunoreactivity release from the thyroid gland in vitro was shown to be increased by TSH. In the present study, we sought to determine whether the T3 immunoreactivity release is an indicator of thyroid hormone secretion or due to hormone synthesis. When thyroid glands from mice were incubated with TSH, T3 immunoreactivity release was increased in parallel with intracellular colloid droplet formation in a dose related manner. When colchicine, a known inhibitor of colloid droplet formation, was added, both T3 immunoreactivity release and colloid droplet formation were inhibited, whereas MMI, an inhibitor of hormone synthesis, failed to influence both aspects. Thus, T3 immunoreactivity release as a reflection of colloid droplet formation was demonstrated. The analysis of the released immunoreactivity by Sephadex column and subsequent radioimmunoassay suggested that the T3 immunoreactivity was, to a considerable extent, due to macromolecule instead of T3 itself. The effect of I− or Li+ to inhibit thyroid hormone secretion was shown to be on the step prior to, but not subsequent to, colloid droplet formation.
THE EFFECT OF STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETES ON THE PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS IN GOITROGEN-TREATED RATS
Authors: Pericás Isabel , Jolín Trinidad 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Studies of pituitary and thyroid function have been carried out in normal (intact) and diabetic Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by a single streptozotocin injection (7 mg/100 g body weight). The animals were fed a low iodine diet (LID), and received a daily sc injection of either KClO4 (20 mg/100 g body weight) or propylthiouracil (PTU) (1.5 mg/100 g body weight) to induce hypothyroidism. Control groups received the same LID but supplemented with 0.8 μg I/g dry weight.
In intact rats goitrogen-treatment induces an increase in thyroid weight and in plasma TSH concentration. However, the plasma TSH response to goitrogen-treatment in diabetics indicates that pituitary TSH secretion increases following a reduction in plasma PBI, but the response is less marked than in controls. The difference in plasma TSH between control and diabetic rats provides an explanation for the findings that diabetes diminishes the thyroid growth response to goitrogen-treatment. Moreover, in intact rats the low pituitary TSH content is a consequence of the increase in pituitary TSH secretion, while in the diabetics the low pituitary TSH content cannot be explained by an increase in TSH secretion. The effect of diabetes on the pituitary-thyroid axis cannot be attributed specifically to poor growth, because the changes in pituitary-thyroid function which are observed in the diabetic groups are not seen in intact rats with a growth rate similar to that of insulin deficient rats.
Insulin administration to goitrogen-treated diabetic rats results in 1) an increase in the ability of the thyroid tissue to respond to its trophic hormone, 2) an increase in pituitary TSH secretion in response to the lowering of plasma PBI and, 3) an increase in thyroid growth response to goitrogen-treatment. Results are discussed in relation to the assumption that the lack of adequate insulin levels, or its metabolic defects, diminishes the full response of the thyroid to TSH, and affects the pituitary TSH secretion probably as a consequence of altered hypothalamic control of the pituitary function.
SERUM CALCITONIN IN HYPERGASTRINAEMIA DUE TO ACHLORHYDRIA
Authors: Fahrenkrug Jan , de Muckadell Ove B. Schaffalitzky , Rehfeld Jens F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The serum concentrations of immunoreactive gastrin and immunoreactive calcitonin were measured in 13 fasting patients with achlorhydria and pernicious anaemia and in 10 age- and sex-matched fasting control subjects. All patients had highly elevated concentrations of gastrin in serum (1486 ± 336 pg/ml, mean ± sem). The mean concentration in the controls was 35.2 ± 6.4 pg/ml. No difference in the concentration of calcitonin was found between the pernicious anaemia patients and the controls, the levels being 0.93 ± 0.08 and 0.89 ± 0.03 ng/ml, respectively. Suppression of endogenous gastrin secretion in 5 of the patients by intragastric acid administration was not accompanied by any decrease in calcitonin concentration in serum.
The findings suggest that chronically elevated endogenous gastrin is without influence on calcitonin secretion.