bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Levetiracetam for Mood Stabilization and Maintenance of Seizure Control Following Multiple Treatment Failures
Authors: Stoner Steven C , Lea Jessica W , Wolf Angel L , Berges Arnaldo A 
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVE To report the case of a patient who experienced adverse events in succession to antiepileptic medications being used for both antiepileptic and mood-stabilization benefit. CASE SUMMARY A 46-year-old white woman developed hyponatremia with carbamazepine, hyperammonemia with divalproex, cognitive impairment with topiramate, and hyponatremia with oxcarbazepine. The patient was stabilized physically and psychiatrically on levetiracetam without any noted adverse events. DISCUSSION The adverse events in this report have been associated with the medications in question. The patient's presentation is unique, as she developed adverse events in succession to antiepileptic drugs being used to treat both a seizure disorder and symptoms of mood instability. The Naranjo rankings for the reported adverse events indicated the associations were probable (carbamazepine, divalproex, oxcarbazepine) and possible (topiramate). After repeated incidences of intolerability to these drugs, levetiracetam was initiated and provided both seizure control and mood-stabilizing benefits, which eventually led to hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS Levetiracetam may provide mood-stabilizing qualities through a mechanism that is unique from that of other antiepileptic agents used for their mood-stabilizing properties. There are potential advantages with levetiracetam, as no specific therapeutic drug monitoring parameters need to be followed after its introduction. Additionally, this case emphasizes the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring and frequent assessments to prevent physical and psychiatric adverse reactions.
Methylphenidate May Treat Apathy Independent of Depression
Authors: Padala Prasad R , Petty Frederick , Bhatia Subhash C 
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVE To report a case of apathy treated with methylphenidate in which improvement in apathy was independent of improvement of depression. CASE SUMMARY A 47-year-old woman with a 20-year history of recurrent major depression was diagnosed as having significant apathy with lack of initiative and motivation. Over the course of a 4-week treatment regimen with methylphenidate, her apathy, as measured by the Apathy Evaluation Scale, improved, with her score decreasing from 57 to 31. During this period, her depression, as assessed by the 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, remained unchanged. DISCUSSION Our report of improvement of apathy with methylphenidate is consistent with other reports in the literature, although previous studies have not specifically used the rating scales to assess apathy. Even though this patient had experienced apathy for a long time, it had not been detected due to lack of direct questioning. In this case, as noted, the improvement of apathy was independent of improvement in depression. CONCLUSIONS A high degree of suspicion and specific inquiry is required for identification of apathy. Once detected, methylphenidate may be beneficial in its treatment, a strategy that may work independently of augmentation of antidepressants.
National campaign effects on secondary pupils' bullying and violence
Authors: Mooij Ton 
Published: October 2005

Background. Research on pupils' bullying (1991) and violence (1993) motivated the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science to initiate a national campaign on school safety. The government campaign was undertaken from 1995 to 2000.Aim. To test for differences in secondary pupils' bullying and violence before and after the campaign while controlling for different contextual variables.Samples. In 1991, a representative survey on bullying was conducted in 36 secondary schools with 1,055 pupils from Year 2 and 4 classes (age range 13–16 years). In 1993, a survey on violent behaviour took place in 71 secondary schools with 1,998 pupils from Year 3 and 4 classes (age range 14–16 years). In 2000, a survey on bullying and violence was conducted in 60 secondary schools with 9,948 pupils from Year 1 to 6 classes (age range 12–18 years).Methods. The data from pupils in identical school years were compared with respect to bullying (1991–2000) and violence (1993–2000). The statistical relations were analysed in two stepwise multiple regression analyses. Year of investigation (1991–2000, 1993–2000) was the respective dependent variable. The independent variables were pupils' bullying or violence scores, sex, school year, contextual lesson, school, and community variables.Results. In both regression analyses, the contextual lesson and school variables discriminated between the measurement years. Also, compared with 1991, the pupils in 2000 scored lower for being a bully and higher for being bullied directly. Compared with 1993, the pupils in 2000 scored lower for being a victim of intentional damage to property or emotional violence, lower for being a perpetrator of disruptive behaviour in school, and higher for being a perpetrator of intentional damage to property.Conclusions. The differences between the contextual variables measured before and after the campaign reflect changes in educational and instructional situations. Independent of these differences, the national campaign appears to have helped improve the awareness of pupils' social behaviour and elicit, in particular, a decrease in pupils' violent behaviour. However, more specific pedagogical and preventative support for pupils socially at risk appears to be needed to have a more prosocial impact on the behaviour of secondary school pupils.
I used to like it but now I don't: The effect of the transfer test in Northern Ireland on pupils' intrinsic motivation
Authors: Remedios Richard , Ritchie Kathryn , Lieberman David A. 
Published: October 2005

Background. Research has suggested that the pressure of exams could undermine pupils' interest in their subjects, but almost all of this research has been conducted in laboratory settings. The Transfer Test in Northern Ireland provides an unusual opportunity to assess the effects of exam pressure in real life because some 10‐ and 11‐year‐olds sit a Transfer Test to be admitted to grammar school while others are not tested until they are 14.Aim. To assess the effect of exams on pupils' interest in their subjects both during the period before the exam and after the results are known.Sample. The sample comprised 66 pupils preparing to sit the Transfer Test and 55 not preparing for the test.Method. Pupils' interest in their school subjects was assessed by questionnaires administered 2 weeks before the Transfer Test and then again 2 weeks after the results were announced.Results. Surprisingly, prior to sitting the test, there was no significant difference in motivation between the test and no‐test pupils. However, after sitting the test, the motivation of the test pupils decreased significantly relative to their no‐test counterparts, despite the fact that most achieved the grades they needed for admission to grammar school.Conclusions. Exams provide a valuable tool for assessing academic progress, but under some circumstances they can reduce pupils' interest in the subjects they are studying.
Mental health, coping and family‐functioning in parents of young people with obsessive‐compulsive disorder and with anxiety disorders
Authors: Derisley Jo , Libby Sarah , Clark Sarah , Reynolds Shirley 
Published: October 2005

Objective. To compare mental health, coping and family‐functioning in parents of young people with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders, and no known mental health problems.Method. Parents of young people with OCD (N=28), other anxiety disorders (N=28), and no known mental health problems (N=62) completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis, 1993), the Coping Responses Inventory (Moos, 1990), and the McMaster family assessment device (Epstein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983).Results. Parents of children with OCD and anxiety disorders had poorer mental health and used more avoidant coping than parents of non‐clinical children. There were no group differences in family‐functioning.Conclusion. The similarities across the parents of clinically referred children suggest that there is a case for encouraging active parental involvement in the treatment of OCD in young people.
Factors associated with the efficacy of a group intervention for anger in people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Rose John , Loftus Michael , Flint Beverley , Carey Louise 
Published: October 2005

Objectives. There is a growing literature that suggests cognitive behavioural interventions aimed at reducing inappropriately expressed anger by people with intellectual disabilities are effective. However, interventions provide little information about which aspects of the individual or their treatment may be contributing to the overall efficacy of the approach.Design. A group intervention is compared with a waiting list control. A cross‐sectional regressional method was used to explore the relationship between change in a provocation inventory score over the course of an intervention and a number of other variables.Methods. Data was collected from 50 participants who attended a series of groups with the aim of reducing aggressive behaviour. This was compared with a waiting list control of 36. Outcome was measured by a provocation inventory, which was administered pre‐, post‐group, and at follow‐up. Other variables were also measured including, receptive vocabulary, age, gender, experience of primary therapist and whether staff accompanied participants to the group or not.Results. A 2 × 2 split plot ANOVA identified a statistically significant treatment effect. However, analysis examining clinical significance was more equivocal with only 11 of the individuals in the intervention group showing reliable change as defined by Jacobson and Truax (1991). Regression analysis indicated that 17.5% of the variance in change of provocation inventory scores could be accounted for by the independent variables. Immediately on completion of the group, being accompanied by a member of staff and increased receptive language scores contributed significantly to the variance.Conclusions. A reduction in provocation inventory scores immediately after the group was more likely to occur if the participant was accompanied by a member of staff who knew them and if they had a higher score on the test of receptive vocabulary. This pattern changed with time. The implications of the results will be discussed and the relatively large amount of variance that is not accounted for will also be considered.
Knowledge of post‐concussional syndrome in naïve lay‐people, general practitioners and people with minor traumatic brain injury
Authors: Mackenzie J. A. , McMillan T. M. 
Published: October 2005

Background. Expectations about effects of minor traumatic brain injury (MTBI) may play a role in maintaining symptoms, the ability to simulate post‐concussion syndrome (PCS) and the extent to which professionals might associate patient complaints with MTBI. In turn, expectations will be related to knowledge about MTBI. This study investigates knowledge of PCS in people with MTBI compared with general practitioners (GPs) and lay‐people, using recall (a vignette) and symptom guessing or recognition (checklists).Methods. Thirty GPs, 30 people with MTBI, and 30 lay‐people generated symptoms from a vignette describing a MTBI. They then completed a PCS checklist or a checklist containing PCS and ‘bogus’ items pertaining to the vignette.Results. Only 1 of 90 participants reported enough PCS symptoms to indicate ‘caseness’ from the vignette alone. Using checklists, more GPs (60%) than controls (20%) ticked enough symptoms to attain PCS ‘caseness’. Few people with MTBI who did not themselves achieve PCS ‘caseness’ by self‐report using checklists achieved ‘caseness’ using the vignette and checklists. The frequency of non‐physical symptom reporting was higher than for physical symptom reporting. The addition of ‘bogus’ items to checklists did not affect responding.Conclusions. It is unlikely that pre‐injury expectations about MTBI maintain PCS symptoms. PCS was difficult to simulate without prompting, even by GPs and PCS ‘cases’. The use of ‘caseness’, rather than simple symptom scores, and further development of checklists with ‘bogus’ items may provide a more valid assessment of MTBI effects. GPs may benefit from further information about PCS and available treatments.
The role of sexual interests and situational factors on rapists' modus operandi: Implications for offender profiling
Authors: Beauregard Eric , Lussier Patrick , Proulx Jean 
Published: October 2005

Purpose. Although it has often been suggested that there is a direct relationship between an individual's sexual interests and behaviours exhibited during the crime they commit, few studies have investigated this question empirically. The purpose of the present study was thus to examine the role of sexual interests and situational factors as to their possible relationship to three components of rapists' modus operandi: (a) the level of organization of the offence, (b) the level of force used by the offender, and (c) the level of injury inflicted on the victim during the sexual assault.Methods. This study is based on a sample of 118 offenders who sexually assaulted a female aged 16 or over. All participants were assessed phallometrically and through the CQSA, a computerized questionnaire. Data were analysed using multiple regression analyses.Results. Our findings showed links between sexual interests, situational factors, and rapists' modus operandi. Firstly, individuals demonstrating a greater sexual interest in nonsexual violence showed a higher level of organization in the modus operandi. Secondly, alcohol consumption prior to the offence was related to a higher level of coercion. Finally, a negative emotional state prior to the crime was related to a high level of injury inflicted on the victim.Conclusions. Despite the fact that several authors postulated a direct link between the offender's sexual interests and his behaviour at the crime scene, our results only partially support this hypothesis. Moreover, our results partly support the fact that crime scene behaviour is related to offenders' personal characteristics, challenging an assumption of criminal profiling. We still believe that the modus operandi is related to offenders' personal attributes. It is, however, dynamic and may fluctuate due to certain situational factors related to offenders and victims. Future studies should take into account situational factors related to offenders and their victims.
Police officers' perceptions of older eyewitnesses
Authors: Wright Allison M. , Holliday Robyn E. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose. This study examined United Kingdom police officers' perceptions about older witnesses (>60 years) and their thoughts about employing the cognitive interview (CI) with this group.Method. A questionnaire was used to assess officers' opinions about current interviewing protocols for older witnesses, including the CI, and to explore the challenges involved with interviewing older witnesses.Results. Over half of the officers surveyed perceived older witnesses to be less reliable and less thorough than younger witnesses. Many officers lacked confidence in dealing with the emotional distress and memory loss often displayed by older witnesses and victims. Several officers stated they were inadequately trained and had insufficient time to devote to interviewing in general. Moreover, the number of officers who considered the CI to be helpful with older witnesses was roughly equivalent to the number of officers who believed it was not.Conclusions. These results suggest that police officers, like mock jurors, consider older adult witnesses and victims to be less reliable and thorough than younger adult witnesses. Furthermore, the results indicate that many officers are not always satisfied with their interviews of older witnesses and victims. Implications for officer training are discussed.
When is an intervening line‐up most likely to affect eyewitness identification accuracy?
Authors: Pezdek Kathy , Blandon‐Gitlin Iris 
Published: October 2005

Purpose. Intervening line‐ups affect identification accuracy in subsequent line‐ups. We conducted 3 experiments to investigate the conditions under which viewing multiple line‐ups is more likely to affect eyewitness identification accuracy.Method. In each of the 3 experiments, a forensically relevant factor known to affect the accuracy of face recognition memory was manipulated to assess how the factor impacted the suggestive influence of an intervening line‐up on eyewitness identification accuracy in a subsequent test line‐up. These factors were (a) in Experiment 1, same‐race versus cross race target faces, (b) in Experiment 2, whether the intervening line‐up occurred on the day of the presentation phase (close to presentation) or 1 month later on the day of the subsequent test line‐up (far from presentation), and (c) in Experiment 3, whether the target face was presented for 10 seconds or 60 seconds.Results. In each experiment, factors associated with poorer memory for the target face led to a greater suggestive influence of the intervening line‐up on identification accuracy in the subsequent line‐up, evidenced by lower hit rates and higher false‐alarm rates.Conclusions. These findings suggest that the problem of decreased identification accuracy following the viewing of an intervening photograph is especially of concern when memory for the perpetrator is likely to be poor. Implications of these findings for interpreting line‐up results in the courtroom are discussed.
Statement validity assessment: Inter‐rater reliability of criteria‐based content analysis in the mock‐crime paradigm
Authors: Gödert Heinz Werner , Gamer Matthias , Rill Hans‐Georg , Vossel Gerhard 
Published: October 2005

Purpose. The inter‐rater reliability of criteria‐based content analysis (CBCA) – the main component of statement validity assessment (SVA) – was investigated in a mock‐crime study. The study also addressed the issue of the adequacy of diverse statistical indices of reliability. Furthermore, CBCA's effectiveness in distinguishing between true and false statements was analysed.Methods. Three raters were trained in CBCA. Subsequently, they analysed transcripts of 102 statements referring to a simulated theft of money. Some of the statements were based on experience and some were confabulated. The raters used 4‐point scales, respectively, to judge the degree to which 18 of the 19 CBCA criteria were fulfilled in each statement.Results. The analysis of rater judgment distributions revealed that, with judgments of individual raters varying only slightly across transcripts, the weighted kappa coefficient, the product‐moment correlation, and the intra‐class correlation were inadequate indices of reliability. The Finn‐coefficient and percentage agreement, which were calculated as indices independent of rater judgment distributions, were sufficiently high with respect to 17 of the 18 assessed criteria. CBCA differentiated significantly between truthful and fabricated accounts.Conclusions. The inter‐rater reliability of CBCA achieved in the present study was satisfactory both, if considered absolutely, and as compared with other empirical findings. This suggests that CBCA can be utilized in the mock‐crime paradigm with a sufficient degree of reliability.
Adherence to an exercise prescription scheme: The role of expectations, self‐efficacy, stage of change and psychological well‐being
Authors: Jones Fiona. , Harris Peter. , Waller Hilary. , Coggins Adrian. 
Published: October 2005

Objectives Poor rates of adherence to exercise prescription schemes present a potential barrier to the goal of increasing physical activity in patient samples. This study investigated the role of participant expectations, self‐efficacy, stage of change and psychological well‐being in adherence to a 12‐week course of gym based exercise. It also aimed to assess the impact of failure to adhere on self‐efficacy and psychological well‐being.Method The 119 participants, referred by their medical practitioner for a course of exercise, completed questionnaires at the start of the course and 77 went on to complete second questionnaires. Objective measures included a range of physiological measures based on gym assessments.Results Participants typically had high expectations of the scheme. Those who completed the course had more modest expectations of change and came closer to achieving these expected changes than those who dropped out. Initial stage of change and self‐efficacy did not discriminate between the two groups. While self‐efficacy improved over the scheme for completers, it tended to deteriorate for drop‐outs. GHQ scores also failed to improve over time for drop‐outs.Conclusion Overly optimistic expectations of inexperienced exercisers may lead to disappointment and attrition. Interventions to ensure realistic expectations might increase success and prevent potential negative effects of failure.
Individual differences in male body‐image: An examination of self‐objectification in recreational body builders
Authors: Hallsworth Lisa. , Wade Tracey. , Tiggemann Marika. 
Published: October 2005

Objectives Male bodybuilders have been found previously to have higher levels of disordered eating and body‐image disturbance than do other men. This study investigated whether objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) could be used to explain these observed differences in male body‐image.Design A cross‐sectional, self‐report design was used.Methods Three samples of men were recruited: bodybuilders (N = 31), weightlifters (N = 17), and non‐athletic controls (N = 35). Participants completed a questionnaire containing measures of self‐objectification, self‐surveillance, body shame, appearance anxiety, and four outcomes: body dissatisfaction, drive for muscularity, bulimia, and depression.Results As predicted, bodybuilders had significantly higher levels of self‐objectification than weightlifters and controls, and higher levels of body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity than controls. Overall, the relationships between self‐objectification and the outcome variables, and self‐surveillance and the outcome variables, were mediated by appearance anxiety.Conclusions . Bodybuilding is associated with outcomes that suggest it may not result in greater overall health for men. It was concluded that objectification theory provides a useful framework for examining body‐image differences in men.