bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of the major constituents of St John's wort with HPLC-ESI-MS
Authors: Chandrasekera Dhammitha H , Heinrich Michael , Ashton David , Welham Kevin J , Middleton Richard 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
A method was developed to profile the major constituents of St John's wort extracts using highperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). The objective was to simultaneously separate, identify and quantify hyperforin, hypericin, pseudohypericin, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetrin, quercitrin and chlorogenic acid using HPLC-MS. Quantification was performed using an external standardisation method with reference standards. The method consisted of two protocols: one for the analysis of flavonoids and glycosides and the other for the analysis of the more lipophilic hypericins and hyperforin. Both protocols used a reverse phase Luna phenyl hexyl column. The separation of the flavonoids and glycosides was achieved within 35 min and that of the hypericins and hyperforin within 9 min. The linear response range in ESI-MS was established for each compound and all had linear regression coefficient values greater than 0.97. Both protocols proved to be very specific for the constituents analysed. MS analysis showed no other signals within the analyte peaks. The method was robust and applicable to alcoholic tinctures, tablet/capsule extracts in various solvents and herb extracts. The method was applied to evaluate the phytopharmaceutical quality of St John's wort preparations available in the UK in order to test the method and investigate if they contain at least the main constituents and at what concentrations.
Inhibition by licochalcone A, a novel flavonoid isolated from liquorice root, of IL-1β-induced PGE2 production in human skin fibroblasts
Authors: Furuhashi Ikue , Iwata Susumu , Sato Toshitsugu , Inoue Hideo , Shibata Shoji 
Published: November 2005

AbstractLicochalcone A, a novel flavonoid isolated from the root of Glycyrrhiza inflata, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in animal models. In this study, we examined the effect of licochalcone A on the production of chemical mediators such as prostaglandin (PG)E2 and cytokines by interleukin (IL)-1β in human skin fibroblasts. Licochalcone A (IC50 15.0 nm) inhibited PGE2 production, but not IL-6 and IL-8 production, in response to IL-1β. NS-398 (IC50 1.6 nm), a COX-2 selective inhibitor, also suppressed the PGE2 production. Furthermore, licochalcone A and NS-398 suppressed PGF2α production by IL-1β. However, licochalcone A (1 μm) had no effect on increased levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA and protein in cells. Dexamethasone (100 nm) not only inhibited PGE2, PGF2α, IL-6 and IL-8 production but also strongly suppressed the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein. Licochalcone A had no effect on COX-1-dependent PGE2 production, whereas indometacin (100 nm), a dual inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2, was very effective. These results suggest that licochalcone A induces an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of COX-2-dependent PGE2 production. Furthermore, it appears that the inhibitory effect of licochalcone A on PGE2 production in response to IL-1β is quite different from that of the steroid.
A Measurement Procedure for the Sound Emission of Railway Sources Including Source Separation
Authors: Wunderli J M 
Published: November 2005

A measurement method for railway noise, which yields spectral source levels for rolling noise including three-dimensional directivity information, is presented. Additionally, emission values for secondary sources as traction noise or aerodynamic noise are gathered. The method is based on two microphones and an intensity probe. The latter is placed in a way to suppress sound intensity stemming from the rail-wheel area and therefore allows secondary sources to be measured that are masked by rolling noise in the overall sound exposure. The method has been tested with a loudspeaker placed on a freight train. Various combinations of train speeds and amplitudes of the loudspeaker signal showed the ability of the method to identify secondary sources that were up to 15 dB below rolling noise with high accuracy. In a further step, traction noise from a high power traction unit was identified and the results were compared with array measurements. The tests proved the method's ability to yield input information for complex railway noise models. The fact that the method can be applied at comparably modest expense in comparison with other elaborated measurement procedures seems to be promising for further applications.
Analysis of a smart clutch with cooling flow using two-dimensional bingham plastic analysis and computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Ellam D J , Atkin R J , Bullough W A 
Published: November 2005

Two-dimensional (orthogonal) steady isothermal flows of a Bingham plastic between two plates, one moving and the other stationary, are discussed. This is done principally to examine and quantify the concept of cooling a smart clutch by throughflow. The fluid is modelled conventionally as an ideal Bingham plastic to verify the subsequent use of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package for similar flows in more complex situations but with a futuristic view to including heat transfer, electrical conductance, thermal and shear rate effects on fluid properties, and unsteady motion. The CFD (Fluent) package incorporates a user-defined subroutine facility which allows non-Newtonian constitutive models to be incorporated. Both radial and concentric geometries are considered. The two approaches (conventional analysis and CFD) are seen to complement one another.
An Engineering Tool for the Quantitative Prediction of General Roughness Deformation in EHL Contacts Based on Harmonic Waviness Attenuation
Authors: Venner C. H. , Lubrecht A. A. 
Published: November 2005

The performance prediction of elastohydrodynamic lubricated contacts with rough surfaces is currently an important issue, because in many engineering applications, the ratio of film thickness to surface roughness is small and decreasing. The classical way of introducing roughness in the lubrication equations is through the approach pioneered by Patir and Cheng. This approach treats the roughness in a statistical manner and it cannot be used to predict the behaviour of a particular surface texture. Furthermore, the main hypotheses stem from hydrodynamic lubrication and neglect the viscosity change with pressure and the elastic surface deformation. The opposite approach uses the full transient EHL equations, introduces a real, measured roughness, and studies the lubrication of this surface. This approach has several drawbacks. First, it is difficult to analyse the precision of the results obtained. Furthermore, this direct approach of surface roughness is difficult to generalize as each roughness, or set of operating conditions is unique, and general trends are difficult to extract. A third approach has emerged over the last decade, in which the amplitude reduction of a sinusoidal waviness is studied as a function of the amplitude, the wavelength, and the operating conditions. The simplification of the roughness to a sinusoidal waviness can be justified in several ways. The first and simplest justification points out that many engineering surface finishes have one dominant wavelength and amplitude. Even if the geometry is removed from the sinusoidal one, a first approximation of the roughness behaviour can be obtained through the study of the waviness with the same wavelength and amplitude. A second argument is slightly more sophisticated; it argues that if the amplitude reduction is approximately linear, Fourier decomposition of the roughness into sinusoidal components is permitted. Next, the amplitude reduction of each Fourier component is computed, and finally, the deformed waviness signals are assembled to yield the deformed roughness signal. The major results of this amplitude reduction work are reviewed in this article.
Fault Recovery of a Wind Farm with Fixed Speed Induction Generators Using a STATCOM
Authors: Aten M. , Martinez J. , Cartwright P. J. 
Published: November 2005

This paper describes a feasibility study for a wind farm with Fixed Speed Induction Generators and having a STATCOM, combined with Mechanically Switched Capacitors, for reactive power control and fault recovery. The turbine blade and generator inertia, coupled with a shaft of finite stiffness, are modelled to represent torsional oscillation. This is important to represent the dynamic behaviour of the system adequately. Dynamic simulations show that fault ride-though capability of a wind farm can be met by using a STATCOM, and switching in shunt capacitors, when the overspeed protection is set at 1.1 pu. However, the wind turbine must be designed to cope with the mechanical stress resulting from a fault in the AC system with a large magnitude of voltage dip. Successful fault recovery is demonstrated for symmetrical and asymmetrical faults. The control strategy proposed here can be adopted for different grid code requirements and various wind farms.
Medication Utilization Patterns and Methods of Suicidality in Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Makela Eugene H , Moeller Karen E , Fullen Jennifer E , Gunel Erdogan 
Published: November 2005

Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by suicidal thoughts/attempts and instability of mood, interpersonal relationships, and self-image. Patients with BPD engage in manipulative acts in apparent attempts to exert control in their interpersonal relationships. This issue of control may also be exhibited in their manner of self-medication. Objective: To examine the medication utilization patterns of patients with BPD versus patients without personality disorders in a control group and to compare methods of suicidality between the groups. Methods: A randomized, retrospective, chart review study was conducted at an academic medical center psychiatric hospital. The study examined the medication utilization patterns and methods of suicidality displayed over a one-year period for 29 patients hospitalized with BPD versus 29 patients in a control group. Results: The number of psychotropic, non-psychotropic, and total drugs on admission and discharge was significantly greater for patients with BPD compared with patients in the control group. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to overdose and cutting methods of suicidality. The mean number of Axis III discharge diagnoses in the control group upon discharge was significantly less than that in the study group. Approximately 25% of patients with BPD considered overdosage as a means to end their life. Conclusions: As patients with BPD receive more medications than patients without the disorder and often exhibit suicidal thoughts/attempts, clinicians should closely monitor the use of all medications.
Pharmacist-Provided Quantitative Heel Ultrasound Screening for Rural Women at Risk of Osteoporosis
Authors: Naunton Mark , Peterson Gregory M , Jones Graeme 
Published: November 2005

Background: Osteoporosis is underdiagnosed, and rural communities often have limited technical resources for the assessment of osteoporosis. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a pharmacist, trained in the use of a portable heel ultrasound device, in screening elderly rural women for risk of osteoporosis and determine whether those found to be at risk seek further help and treatment from their general practitioner (GP) following screening. Methods: Following promotion of the service, 345 women were recruited from 6 rural community pharmacies in Tasmania, Australia, and underwent quantitative heel ultrasound screening. Women were comprehensively educated on risk factors for osteoporosis and completed a calcium intake questionnaire. Results were forwarded to each woman's GP, and the participants were followed up 3 months later to assess outcomes from the screening procedure. Results: Approximately 20% of women were shown to be at high risk for osteoporosis; 201 (58%) of these were referred to their GP for further assessment. Sixty-eight percent of women who were screened discussed their results with their GP, and 11% underwent further investigation. Over one-third of women screened began medication (30% calcium, 6% bisphosphonate, 6% vitamin D) for osteoporosis. Conclusions: Pharmacist-provided screening for osteoporosis in rural areas is a potentially useful method to identify women at risk for fracture and a convenient time point for discussion of preventive therapy.
Effects of Siderophores on Pb and Cd Adsorption to Kaolinite
Authors: Hepinstall Sarah E. , Turner Benjamin F. , Maurice Patricia A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSiderophores are low molecular weight organic ligands synthesized by aerobic microorganisms to acquire Fe. In addition to Fe(III), siderophores may complex other metals such as Pb and Cd. This study compared the effects of the trihydroxamate siderophores desferrioxamine-B (DFO-B), desferrioxamine-D1 (DFO-D1), desferrioxamine-E (DFO-E), and the monohydroxamate siderophore-like ligand acetohydroxamic acid (aHA) on Pb and Cd (except for DFO-E) adsorption to kaolinite (KGa-1b) at pH 4.5 to 9, in 0.1 M NaClO4, at 22°C, in the dark. At pH >6, all of the studied ligands decreased Pb adsorption to kaolinite: aHA by 5–40% and DFO-B, DFO-D1 and DFO-E by 30–75%; the greater effects were at higher pH. The studied ligands decreased Cd adsorption to kaolinite at pH >8: aHA by 5–20% and the trihydroxamates by as much as 80%. We also observed enhancement of Pb adsorption in the presence of DFO-B at pH ≈5–6.0, probably due to adsorption of the doubly positively charged H3Pb (DFO-B)2+ complex, although spectroscopic evidence is needed.
Performance Characteristics of a Novel Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay For Serum Testosterone
Authors: Kushnir Mark M , Rockwood Alan L , Roberts William L , Pattison Elizabeth G , Bunker Ashley M , Fitzgerald Robert L , Meikle A Wayne 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Background: Commercial immunoassays for testosterone (Te) may give inaccurate results for samples from women and children, leading to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. We developed a sensitive and specific tandem mass spectrometric assay for measurement of Te at the concentrations encountered in women and children.
Methods: Te was extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether from 100 μL of serum or plasma, derivatized to form an oxime, and reextracted by solid-phase extraction. Instrumental analysis was performed on an API 4000 HPLC tandem mass spectrometer in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The MRM transitions (m/z) were 304→124 and 304→112 for Te and 307→124 and 307→112 for d3-Te.
Results: Within- and between-run CVs were &lt;12% and 7.9%, respectively. The limit of quantification was 0.0346 nmol/L (1 ng/dL). Reference intervals for sex hormone–binding globulin and total, free, and bioavailable Te were established for children of Tanner stages 1 through 5 and adult males and females.
Conclusions: The sensitivity and specificity of the method are adequate for analysis of Te in samples from women and children. The method requires small sample volumes, has adequate precision, and is not subject to interferences.
Measurement of Procarboxypeptidase U (TAFI) in Human Plasma: A Laboratory Challenge
Authors: Willemse Johan L , Hendriks Dirk F 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Background: The importance of carboxypeptidase U (CPU) as a novel regulator of the fibrinolytic rate has attracted much interest during recent years. CPU circulates in plasma as a zymogen, proCPU, that can be activated by thrombin, thrombin-thrombomodulin (T-Tm), or plasmin. Given that the proCPU concentration in plasma is far below its Km for activation by the T-Tm complex, the formation of CPU will be directly proportional to the proCPU concentration. A low or high proCPU plasma concentration might therefore tip the balance between profibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic pathways and thereby cause a predisposition to bleeding or thrombosis.
Content: To measure plasma proCPU concentrations, different methods have been developed based on 2 different principles: antigen determination and measurement of CPU activity after quantitative conversion of the proenzyme to its active form by addition of T-Tm. The major drawbacks that should be kept in mind when analyzing clinical samples by both principles are reviewed.
Conclusions: proCPU is a potential prothrombotic risk factor. Evaluation of its relationship with thrombosis requires accurate assays. Many assays used in different clinical settings are inadequately validated, forcing reconsideration of conclusions made in these reports.
Clinical Analysis by Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Li Sam FY , Kricka Larry J 
Published: November 2005

AbstractClinical analysis often requires rapid, automated, and high-throughput analytical systems. Microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) has the potential to achieve very rapid analysis (typically seconds), easy integration of multiple analytical steps, and parallel operation. Although it is currently still in an early stage of development, there are already many reports in the literature describing the applications of microchip CE in clinical analysis. At the same time, more fully automated and higher throughput commercial instruments for microchip CE are becoming available and are expected to further enhance the development of applications of microchip CE in routine clinical testing. To put into perspective its potential, we briefly compare microchip CE with conventional CE and review developments in this technique that may be useful in diagnosis of major diseases.
Cooperation between English and Foreign Languages in the Area of Multilingual Literature
Authors: Sollors Werner 
Published: November 2005

There are approximately six billion people living in the world today, of whom roughly one billion are well off (living at or near Western standards) while three billion live on less than two dollars a day; two billion are in between, though even the most fortunate among them are at least fifty percent below the standards of the top one billion (Summers). The trend, unfortunately, is toward more wealth at the top, more poverty at the bottom, and the population is growing fastest where needs are greatest (estimates for population growth by 2050 range from about eight to nearly twelve billion). The United Nations Population Fund report from which these facts are taken furthermore points out that theworld's richest countries, with 20 per cent of global population, account for 86 per cent of total private consumption, whereas the poorest 20 per cent of the world's people account for just 1.3 per cent. A child born today in an industrialized country will add more to consumption and pollution over his or her lifetime than 30 to 50 children born in developing countries. The ecological “footprint” of the more affluent is far deeper than that of the poor and, in many cases, exceeds the regenerative capacity of the earth.(“Chapter 1”)One does not have to be a prophet to predict large global crises—military, political, migratory, environmental, health-related, concerning international law, and so forth—that will affect if not us, then surely our students' generation.
Why Major in Literature—–What Do We Tell Our Students?
Authors: Seyhan Azade 
Published: November 2005

It is precisely because of the elusive character of real life that we need the help of fiction to organize life retrospectively, after the fact, prepared to take as provisional and open to revision any figure of emplotment borrowed from fiction or from history.–Paul RicoeurIn the aftermath of what has come to be known as Nine One One, literary texts became the last resort of consolation in a vast desert of mindless media commentary and aggressive but ultimately futile political rhetoric. The Philadelphia Inquirer promptly published email messages exchanged by four University of Pennsylvania students trying to grapple with the tragic enormity of the historical moment. For these students “[t]he old world died on Tuesday [11 Sept. 2001],” and they had to learn to live in a new reality. To make sense of this not-so-brave new world, they sought for answers in “books and literature” (“Facing”). Mass-circulated email carried messages of consolation in literary format across the cyber globe. W. H. Auden's “September 1, 1939” was reprinted in all the major newspapers and forwarded to countless e-mail accounts. The conservative columnist George F. Will quoted liberally from the closing lines of Albert Camus's The Plague. “Today's president, his rhetorical rheostat turned way up, vows that the current military campaign 'will rid the world of evil,'” observed Will with undisguised sarcasm. He countered the president's naiveté by citing Camus's allegory of the plague as the permanence of evil in the world. In the final paragraph of the novel, Camus's narrator, Dr. Rieux, muses that the plague bacillus never dies but lies dormant until its time comes to unleash its terror on an unsuspecting world once again. By invoking The Plague, Will wanted to remind his fellow Americans “who are mild in temperament and amnesiac in tendency” that for America “there are only two kinds of years, the war years and the interwar years.” The banality of this conclusion contrasts sharply with the profundity of Camus's final lines.
Holocaust and Hiroshima: American Ethnic Prose Writers Face the Extreme
Authors: Sollors Werner 
Published: November 2005

In her last essay, “House of the One Father” (1941), Mary Antin, most famous for her immigrant autobiography, The Promised Land (1912), questioned her “divorcement” from Jewish life and found herselfpulled by the old forgotten ties, through the violent projection of an immensely magnified Jewish problem. It is one thing to go your separate way, leaving your friends and comrades behind in peace and prosperity; it is another thing to fail to remember them when the world is casting them out. […] The least I can do, in my need to share the sufferings of my people, is declare that I am as one of them. (41)
Controversies in the Therapy of Early Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Cianfrocca Mary , Gradishar William J. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Select appropriate adjuvant therapies for patients with early stage breast cancer.Describe the evolving role of taxanes in the adjuvant therapy of early stage breast cancer.Discuss the evolving role of aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant therapy of early stage breast cancer.Discuss the controversies that remain in the treatment of early stage breast cancer.Interpret the recent data supporting the use of trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting for patients with HER-2–positive, early stage breast cancer.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among U.S. women, with more than 200,000 new cases diagnosed annually. In the U.S., mortality from breast cancer has declined in recent years as a result of more widespread screening, leading to earlier detection, as well as advances in the adjuvant treatment of early-stage disease. It is widely accepted that the appropriate use of adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy improves the disease-free and overall survival of patients with early-stage breast cancer. It is, therefore, standard clinical practice to administer adjuvant systemic therapy to patients with node-positive and high-risk, node-negative breast cancer. There remain, however, many controversies in the primary systemic therapy of breast cancer, which are discussed in this review.