bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on tamarind kernel oil II1L : analysis of phospholipids
Authors: Pitke P. M. , Singh P. P. , Srivastava H. C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPhosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, phospha‐tidic acid, and lyso derivatives of phosphotidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were identi‐fied from phospholipids of Tamarind kernel oil. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were isolated and their fatty acid composition was determined by GLC.
Removal of deleterious glucosides from safflower meal
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Gumbmann M. R. , Betschart A. A. , Robbins D. J. , Saunders R. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSafflower meal is a source of high quality protein for animal feeds but has not been used for human consumption because it is bitter and mildly cathartic. Deleterious glucosides in the meal were removed or modified by extraction with either water at the iso‐electric point or with methanol, enzymatic treatment with β‐glucosidase, dialysis, or by processing to pre‐pare protein isolates. Analytical procedures were de‐vised for quantitative measurement of two phenolic glucosides reported to be associated with bitterness and cathartic activity in safflower meal, and for es‐timating the cathartic activity of safflower meals and fractions.
Regeneration of used nickel catalyst
Authors: Massouml1 A. , Kajbaf M. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTRegeneration of used nickel catalyst from a hydrogenation plant has been achieved by converting the nickel content of slurry into NiO and Ni(OH)2, and the subsequent reduction of these compounds by hydrogen gas at temperatures of 450 C and 290 C respectively. A laboratory and plant apparatus for reduction are designed. Activity of regenerated catalyst was measured in comparison with reference catalyst (G15). Pretreatment of discarded catalyst prior to reduction is described.
Studies in Estolides, Part III : Plasticizer for Polyvinyl Chloride
Authors: Venkatesan T. K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAcetoxy butyl esters prepared from estolides (derived from castor oil fatty acids) were evaluated as plasticizers for poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin. They showed limited compatibility. They were useful as secondary plasticizers for PVC along with dioctyl phthalate plasticizer. The properties of the plasticized stocks were generally comparable to the ones obtained by incorporating 12‐acetoxy butyl oleate, the commercial secondary plasticizer. Among the estolides derivatives tried, the acetoxy butyl ester obtained from estolides of acid value 83 showed better performance.
Palladium‐ catalyzed hydrogenation of soybean oil
Authors: Ahmad M. M. , Priestley T. M. , Winterbottom J. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe hydrogenation of soybean oil has been studied using charcoal‐supported palladium catalysts at hydrogen pressures between ambient and 70 psig and at temperatures between 80 C and 160 C in three types of stirred reactor. The catalysts employed were 1‐10% w/w Pd supported on charcoal and represented differing metal placement on the support. The structure of the catalysts was confirmed by metal surface area measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). Comparative studies also were carried out under similar conditions using samples of commercial nickel catalysts. Palladium catalysts with the metal placed on the exterior of the charcoal support were the most active and selective at ambient pressure, and although palladium catalysts with metal placed within the charcoal pore system became the most active at higher hydrogen pressures, only the former type of catalyst retained high selec‐tivity over the whole temperature and pressure range. Palladium catalysts gave rise to moretrans‐ acids than nickel, particularly under conditions normally em‐ployed with the latter, but if diffusion limitation was avoided, especially at lower temperatures, palladium gave lower quantities oftrans‐ acid than nickel. In addition, the selectivity of a well designed palladium catalyst was superior to that of nickel and its activity was 15‐20 times greater. It is concluded that if palladium is deposited on the exterior of the charcoal so that it is accessible to the triglyceride molecules, then its selectivity and activity is superior to that of nickel, even at low temperatures, at which nickel is inactive. This underlines the importance of choosing the correct preparative route to give optimum metal placement, and it is suggested that when previous studies have indicated that palladium is unselective for fat hardening, it is likely that the metal was not dispersed on the exterior surface of the support. Furthermore, whereas nickel is best used under diffusion‐controlled conditions because its selectivity is better in the latter situation palladium should be used under diffusion‐free conditions, which implies that very careful attention should be paid to the reactor design.
Effect of the position of linoleic acid in triacylglycerols on its hydrogenation rate
Authors: Kaimal T. N. B. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTCottonseed, sesame, soybean and safflower oils were partially hydrogenated under selective condi‐tions using Rufert nickel catalyst. Samples drawn at intervals were subjected to pancreatic lipase hydroly‐sis, and the positional distribution of fatty acids was determined. Results indicate preferential hydrogena‐tion of linoleic acid present in the 1,3‐position over that present in the 2‐position of the triacylgly‐cerols.
Alterations in glyceride composition during directed interesterification of lard
Authors: Chobanov D. G. , Topalova M. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA detailed study on directed interesterification is presented based on triglyceride group analysis by argentation thin layer chromatography. The process is illustrated by the curves for the changes of six trigly‐ceride groups with different unsaturation using lard as a suitable model fat. The deviation of the triglyceride types away from their theoretical change levels is presented. The influence of the temperature on the rearrangement is examined towards trisaturated and disaturated triglycerides, respectively. Appropriate conditions are shown which can be used by analogy for other fats and triglyceride mixtures.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Calcium‐Complexing Ability
Authors: Weil Ira 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA convenient and reliable spectrophotometric technique for the quantitative determination of calcium‐complexing constants is presented. A cal‐cium‐ion sensitive dye, Calmagite, at a pH between 10 and 10.6, was found to be suitable for these deter‐minations. The theoretical and practical bases for the use of Calmagite are described.
Study on Skin‐Irritating and Biological Properties of Monoalkyl Phosphate Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Imokawa G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMonoalkyl phosphate type of low irritating anionic surfactants were investigated with respect to their effect on various biological systems including proteins, enzymes, and lysosomes. Our results indicated that a remarkably weak membrane rupture effect at a concentration less than critical micellar concentration is important for low irritating feature. Mechanism by which irritation is caused by surfact‐ants is discussed.
The Brazilian soybean situation and its impact on the world oils market
Authors: Thompson Robert L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBrazil has come from obscurity to become the worlds second largest producer and exporter of soybeans. Internal crushing has also expanded rapidly and become more specialized in soybean crushing. In 1978 Brazilian soybean crushing capacity reached about 14 million metric tons (MT). Domestic oil and meal price ceilings and bean export restric‐tions have had a significant effect on the growth in Brazil’s crushing capacity. Since 1975 exports of both soybean meal and oil have received favored export treatment relative to soybeans. Brazil is likely to continue restrictions on bean exports to ensure availability of beans to their crushers. Brazil’s annual soybean production is likely to grow from the 12 million metric tons in 1977 to over 15 million tons by 1982, with exports of 1‐2 million tons. Meal exports are expected to grow by 1‐2 million tons and oil exports marginally from 1978 levels by 1982. The long run soybean production will depend on how much expansion occurs in the Central West, where the soil is less fertile and production and transport costs are much higher. Substantial expansion there will require higher world soybean prices, construction of marketing and transportation infrastructure, and subsidization of input costs.
Comparison of various analytical techniques for the determination of essential fatty acids in hardened fats
Authors: Zmachinski Helen , Waltking Arthur , Miller James D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn partially hydrogenated fats containing residual linoleic acid, linoleic acid isomers are found which have no essential fatty acid activity but contribute to the C‐18 diene acid values; i.e., to the so‐called linoleic acid values obtained by the usual physicochemical methods. Such hydrogenated fats and oil blends, particularly margarine oils, have now been analyzed by a biochemical procedure in the attempt to measure specifically the essential fatty acid content by a direct method. The latter procedure makes use of a lipoxidase enzyme specific for thecis, cis, methylene interrupted diene structure in polyunsaturated fatty acids having two or more double bonds. It is concluded that the biochemical method is equally as reliable as the combined use of the spectrophotometric and thiocyanometric procedures for estimating with precision the essential fatty acid content of hydrogenated fats containing residual dienes; the simplicity and speed of the biochemical method make it the procedure of choice.
Physicochemical studies on the composition and stability of metal‐gossypol complexes. I. Fe+++ gossypol complex
Authors: Muzaffaruddin M. , Saxena E. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe complex formation of Fe+++ with gossypol has been investigated at constant ionic strength 0.15. The formation of only one complex, metal: gossypol (1:1) is detected by Job舗s method of continuous variation, conductometric titration and chemical analysis of the isolated complex. It appears that the two perihydroxyls are the most plausible sites where the ferric ions are chelated. The pK‐value as calculated by the method of Turner and Anderson is 6.75 and free energy change of combination is 蜢9.208 kcal.
Improved preparation of 9‐octadecenes
Authors: Dyen Martin E. , Hamann Herman C. , Swern Daniel 
Published: August 2007

Abstractcis‐ andtrans‐9‐Octadecenes have been obtained in about 55舑60% yield on a preparative scale by an improved procedure from commercially pure oleyl alcohol (90舑95%) and elaidyl alcohol, respectively, by conversion to the tosylates followed by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH). The improvement consists in using saturated sodium chloride solution to coagulate the slimy, intractable, insoluble salts obtained after the LAH reduction and destruction of excess LAH with water, prior to ether extraction of the crude hydrocarbons. Total time required for the preparation is about three days.
Physical properties of fatty acid methyl esters. VI. Viscosity
Authors: Gouw T. H. , Vlugter J. C. , Roelands C. J. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractKinematic viscosities at 20C, 40C and at 70C have been measured for methyl oleate, linoleate, linolenate, erucate, and for the saturated fatty acid methyl esters acetate through nonadecanoate. Using a recently developed dynamic viscosity‐temperature criterion, log (1.200+log ॑)=A蜢S log (1+t/135), the viscosity‐temperature behavior of the saturated compounds could be characterized by one single parameter.
Correlation of nonionic surfactant structure and solubility with textile wetting
Authors: Komor Joseph A. , Beiswanger John P. G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effect of nonionic surfactant structure with respect to textile wetting efficiency has been studied. A correlation has been shown to exist between wetting speed and molecular diffusion rate, critical micelle concentration, area per molecule (as deduced from surface tension versus concentration measurements), extent of adsorption and temperature. The slope of the log wetting time versus log concentration curve is dependent upon temperature, cloud point, critical micelle concentration and area per molecule. Log concentration for ten‐second wetting is shown to be inversely proportional to the diffusion constant which in turn is a function of the critical micelle concentration. Concentration coefficients of wetting indicate that the most efficient wetting is obtained at or very near to the critical micelle concentration.
Component distribution of alcohol ethylene oxide adducts
Authors: Weimer D. R. , Cooper D. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe relative reaction constants for the base‐catalyzed ethoxylation of primary straight chain alcohols have been determined for the unreacted alcohol and the first three ethylene oxide adducts. The distribution of the ethoxylates was found using molecular distillation, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and gas liquid partition chromatography.A mathematical model describing the distributions was set up and programmed on a 7090 digital computer. Solution of the program gave the relative reaction constants for the alcohol and the first three adducts.The relative reactivities of the adducts in the base‐catalyzed ethoxylation of primary straight chain alcohols are shown to increase with adduct number, but tend to a constant value as the adduct number increases. Results also show that alcohols from C6 to C18 are equally reactive to ethylene oxide on a molar basis.
Anionic surfactant biodegradability studies by Warburg respirometry
Authors: Brink Robert H. , Meyers Joseph A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA series of alkylbenzene sulfonates and alkyl sulfates was prepared and examined for biodegradability by measuring the oxygen uptake when exposed to substrate adapted microorganisms in the Warburg respirometer. The Warburg results showed that certain linear alkylate alkylbenzene sulfonates and alcohol sulfates are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and water. The use of radioactive carbon compounds confirmed the Warburg results.
Wax compositions from N‐allylstearamide and N‐allyl hydrogenated tallow amides, by reaction with benzoyl peroxide
Authors: Jordan Edmund F. , Artymyshyn Bohdan , Wrigley A. N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWhen either pure N‐allylstearamide or mixed allylamides, made by the aminolysis of hydrogenated tallow, were heated at 90C for 3 hr with benzoyl peroxide, the reaction products were medium‐hard, high‐melting (ca. 70舑80C) waxes of light color suitable for use in polish applications. Hardness increased with increase in benzoyl peroxide, reaching an optimum for 3 to 8 g of peroxide per 100 g amide. Qualitative floor‐wear tests on films obtained from paste and emulsion compositions showed the allylamide waxes to be inferior to carnauba and a Fisher‐Tropsch wax, but superior to several other synthetic waxes including polyethylene. No special property advantage was found using pure allylsteara‐mide. Resistance to oxidation at 90C was good and the waxes emulsified readily.In the reaction of allylstearamide with benzoyl peroxide, polymer formation depends strongly on catalyst concentration (d M/dP=2, compared to 14舑50 for allyl esters) and some products of substitution and induced decomposition are formed. Wax properties were related to polyallylstearamide content.
Saturated keto esters from lesquerolic, dimorphecolic, and densipolic acids
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Binder R. G. , Applewhite T. H. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe naturally occurring, unsaturated, hydroxy fatty esters, methyl lesquerolate (methyl 14‐hydroxy‐cis‐11‐eicosenoate), methyl dimorphecolate (methyl 9‐hydroxy‐trans, trans‐10,12‐octadecadienoate), and methyl densipolate (methyl 12‐hydroxy‐cis,cis‐9,15‐octadecadienoate) have been converted to the corresponding saturated keto esters by tow routes. The unsaturated esters were subjected to a hydrogenation‐dehydrogenation reaction in the presence of Raney nickel or their saturated derivatives were dehydrogenated by copper chromite catalysis. Yields of the keto esters are 65舑82% in the nickel‐catalyzed reactions, and 71舑94% by copper chromite‐catalyzed dehydrogenation. In the hydrogenation‐dehydrogenation system the order of reactivity is: methyl lesquerolate>methyl dimorphecolate>methyl densipolate. Relationships between structure and reactivity of these compounds, methyl 12‐hydroxystearate, and methyl ricinoleate are discussed.
Euphorbia lagascae Spreng. Enzyme activity in the seed
Authors: Scott W. E. , Krewson C. F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe enzyme system ofEuphorbia lagascae Spreng. seed was found to be somewhat similar to that ofVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. seed. The enzymes which were active only after the seed was crushed were deactivated by steam heat without alteration of the epoxy content of the oil. Enzyme activity was accelerated to produce changes in the composition of the oil as evidenced by changes in free fatty acid content, iodine values, and oxirane oxygen (epoxy) content, but the changes were not as great inEuphorbia as inVernonia. Thin‐layer chromatographic studies showed that dihydroxyoleic acid was formed during incubation of crushed seed indicating the presence of a hydrating principle inEuphorbia.
A simple quantitative procedure for obtaining the unsaponifiable matter from butteroil
Authors: Schwartz D. P. , Burgwald L. H. , Brewington C. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA simple, relatively rapid quantitative procedure for obtaining the unsaponifiable matter from butteroil is described. The oil is saponified without a solvent by merely blending the oil with aqueous KOH in a mortar and heating. The unsaponifiable matter is extracted from the soaps with benzene after grinding the soaps onto Celite.
Key factors and recent advances in the flavor stability of soybean oil
Authors: Cowan J. C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis review of research at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory covers the effect of metallic impurities, their inactivation, proper protection for the oil, hydrogenation‐winterization and other new aspects. Commercial application of this information has shown that soybean oil stability can be improved. These improvements in quality of the soybean oil extend its usefulness. Selective hydrogenation catalysts that may lead to still further improvements have been discovered.
Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy for Primary Palmar Hyperhidrosis: Resection Versus Transection—A Prospective Trial
Authors: Assalia Ahmad , Bahouth Hany , Ilivitzki Anat , Assi Zaki , Hashmonai Moshe , Krausz Michael M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractUpper dorsal sympathectomy is the only successful therapeutic method for idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis (IPHH). However, the techniques for sympathetic ablation are still debated. The aim of this study was to compare prospectively two accepted methods for endoscopic sympathetic ablation: resection of T2‐T3 ganglia versus transection of the chain over the second to fourth ribs. During the period September 2000 to June 2002, a total of 32 patients with IPHH were operated on. Operations were performed under general anesthesia through two 5‐mm trocars using electrocautery. Resection was done on one side and transection on the other, with both sides being addressed during the same operation. The sides of resection/transection were alternated at each operation. There were 14 men and 18 women aged 18.8 ± 4.7 years. The mean operating times for sympathectomy were 12.0 ± 3.1 minutes for resection and 6.6 ± 1.9 minutes for transection (p = 1.38). All patients were examined at 2 weeks postoperatively and again at 1 month. During November–December 2005, patients were approached by telephone questionnaire, the mean follow‐up period being 4.3 ± 0.9 years. Altogether, 26 of the 32 patients could be located (15 women, 11 men). There was no significant difference with regards to perioperative complications, immediate or long‐term pain. All but two hands were warm and dry 1 month after operation and remained so at follow‐up. The exceptions included one hand with recurrent hyperhidrosis after 1.5 years and one that became less dry and cold at 3 years. Both were on the transected sides. Our results suggest that sympathetic resection may achieve slightly better long‐term results than transection in patients with IPHH. Large‐scale prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.
Extent of Routine Central Lymph Node Dissection With Small Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Lee Yong Sang , Kim Seok Won , Kim Sun Wook , Kim Seok Ki , Kang Han‐Sung , Lee Eun Sook , Chung Ki‐Wook 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe indications for and extent of routine lymph node dissection in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the extent of central lymph node dissection (CLND) and the therapeutic effects and potential risks in patients with a small PTC. A total of 103 patients with a PTC <2 cm who underwent total thyroidectomy with routine CLND were divided into those who underwent routine bilateral CLND (group I) and those with ipsilateral CLND (group II). Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by the extent of lymph node metastasis and postthyroidectomy serum thyroglobulin concentration. Patients with postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia were considered to have postoperative hypoparathyroidism and received calcium/vitamin D therapy. Altogether, 12 of 21 patients (57.1%) in group I and 48 of 75 (64.0%) in group II had postthyroidectomy serum thyroglobulin concentrations <1.0 ng/ml; furthermore, 17 of 21 (81.0%) in group I and 60 of 75 (80.0%) in group II had concentrations <2.0 ng/ml. Hypocalcemia symptoms were identified in 12 of 25 patients (48.0%) in group I and in 16 of 78 (20.5%) in group II (p = 0.009). The extent of the CLND did not influence the therapeutic effects in patients with small PTCs, but those who underwent bilateral CLND showed an increased rate of transient hypoparathyroidism. These findings indicate that the more conservative routine CLND is as safe as more extensive CLND for patients with a small PTC.
Closing the Childcare Gap: The Interaction of Childcare Provision and Mothers' Agency in Norway
Authors: ELLINGSÆTER ANNE LISE , GULBRANDSEN LARS 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn most European countries a ‘childcare gap’ exists: that is, a discrepancy between the demand for and provision of childcare. Among the countries that are succeeding in closing the gap are the Nordic welfare states. Hence, knowledge abouthowchildcare provision in these countries has developed is of wide interest. This article stresses the importance of studying how the interactive processes of changing provision and demand explain the building up and the closing of national childcare gaps. Although there are similarities in the development of Nordic childcare services, some differences stand out. The comparison indicates that complex societal processes interact in shaping provision and demand. These dynamics are explored in more detail in the Norwegian case, where the interactive processes have produced an ever-increasing demand for childcare. The demand side is crucial, particularly the role of mothers in generating momentum for policy change. Mothers' changing labour market patterns and their demand for childcare are important driving forces for policy change.