bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “UNOX” system—Oxygen aeration in the activated sludge process
Authors: Wilcox E. A. , McWhirter J. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe UNOX System has been developed to improve upon the conventional activated sludge process. The use of enriched oxygen in a simple and economical multistage gas liquid contacting device allows oxygen to be transferred to wastewater at increased rates with significant decreases in power requirements over those required when using air as the oxygen supply media. The elimination of the mass transfer restriction allows operation at solids levels of 4500–7000 mg/l while maintaining a dissolved oxygen level of 8–10 mg/l in the mixed liquor. Retention times for the process can be correspondingly decreased to 1–2 hr. A highly flocculant sludge is obtained which has excellent settling and dewatering characteristics and is produced in less quantities than normally produced by a conventional air activated sludge process. The process has been demonstrated in a 2.5 mgd activated sludge plant at Batavia, New York. During the Federal Water Quality Administration (FWQA) contract the UNOX process was able to demonstrate consistent BOD and suspended solids removals in excess of 90%. A number of pilot plant programs in municipal waste applications are continuing to verify and confirm the excellent treatment effectiveness and decreased power requirements achieved with the system. Field tests are also being conducted on the treatment of industrial wastes. A pilot plant program is successfully underway treating a mixed petrochemical waste in one of the Union Carbide large petrochemical plants. Plans are being made to pilot plant the UNOX System on a pulp and paper mill waste stream during 1971.
Continuous removal of metallic ions from soybean oil
Authors: Beal R. E. , Sohns V. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRemoval of metallic ions like copper, nickel and sodium from vegetable oils is important to edible oil processors. Continuous washing of soybean oil with acidic water, followed by ion exchange treatment of the aqueous solution to remove metallic cations and permit reuse of the water, is an effective and economical method for metal removal. Several types of washing apparatus were studied: A Podbielniak countercurrent centrifugal contactor, a rotating disc countercurrent contactor and a contactor‐centrifuge system. Equipment for the third system is already available for the continuous washing of refined oil in modern refineries. With a contactor‐centrifuge ion‐exchange system, copper in soybean oil was reduced by washing from 1.5 to 0.03 ppm; nickel, from 0.4 to 0.04 ppm; sodium, from 20 to <1 ppm. The effects of pH and type of acid (anion) were studied. The cost of washing soybean oil by this method is estimated to be about 0.06 cent/lb, and there is no loss of oil.
Hyperchlorinated fatty acids: I. Tentative methods of synthesis
Authors: Chals M. , Perron R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe hyperchlorination of fatty acids was studied by four methods using mainly stearic acid. This acid was first submitted to the action of nascent chlorine from NaCl electrolysis, for which the best results never exceeded 43% of fixed chlorine (about 6 Cl atoms per mole of acid), with a yield of 30% based on the acid. Stearic acid was also submitted to electric discharges in CCl4, and so transformed into various chlorinated and unsaturated compounds, which indicate a near simultaneity of chlorination and dehydrochlorination. However, when the time of contact of the acid with the reactive solution was reduced, formation of only saturated chlorinated compounds occurred, of which the chlorine content, in the best case, was 54% (9 Cl/mole). Direct photochlorination of acid without solvent gave a product containing a maximum of 8 Cl atoms per mole (about 50%). Finally, direct photochlorination of the fatty acid in CCl4 led to a hyperchlorinated acid containing 68.3% Cl (16–17 Cl/mole), and minor, more or less polymerized products. Although the second and third methods readily afford stearic acid chlorinated to the extent of about 50%, this value, corresponding to an average of 0.5 Cl/C atom, appears to be a barrier that can only be overcome by employing photochlorination in an inert solvent, such as CCl4.
Potential for detoxified castor meal
Authors: Fuller G. , Walker H. G. , Mottola A. C. , Kuzmicky D. D. , Kohler G. O. , Vohra P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCastor oil is a useful chemical raw material, but the pomace remaining after its extraction is potentially toxic and allergenic. Improving the economic value of castor pomace will provide considerable incentive for increased production of castor seed in the United States. Processes for detoxifying and deallergenating castor meal have been developed along with means for evaluating these processes. Castor meal may be used as a feed supplement for both ruminant and nonruminant animals.
Copper in edible oils: Trace amounts determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy
Authors: List G. R. , Evans C. D. , Kwolek W. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe application of atomic absorption spectroscopy to trace copper analysis in fats was investigated. Copper spectral resonance lines 3248 A and 3274 A possess the most useful sensitivities applicable to fats and vegetable oils. These sensitivities were determined to be 0.15 and 0.25 ppm in oil, respectively, with detection limits about tenfold lower. Data show that copper absorption depends strictly on the amount of oil aspirated into the flame. In soybean oil‐solvent mixtures, aspiration rates decrease logarithmically and linearly with increasing fat content. The accuracy and precision of atomic absorption techniques were established by comparing results from atomic absorption with those from two independent techniques. Error estimates were determined by analysis of copper‐hydrogenated soybean oil diluted to low copper levels. The standard deviation, relative standard deviation and analytical error were 0.0108 ppm, 5% and 2.5%, respectively, over a range of 0.05–0.40 ppm copper in soybean oil.
Chlorophyll‐sensitized peroxidation of saturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Sastry Y. Sita Rama , Lakshminarayana Gollamudi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractChlorophyll‐sensitized peroxidation of methyl laurate and methyl stearate was carried out at 30–40 C under intermittent exposure to light from a 500 w tungsten bulb. Hydroperoxides were isolated by solvent partition, reduced to hydroxy esters and purified by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). Gas liquid chromatography, TLC, IR spectrophotometry, NMR and mass spectroscopy of the hydroxy esters showed that the oxygen attack was exclusively on the α‐methylenic carbon atom.
The functional requirements of proteins for foods
Authors: Mattil Karl F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAs a growing amount of research attention has been diverted, for a number of reasons, from the traditional protein foods to the so‐called unconventional food proteins, an awareness has increased of the need to understand the functional properties of these proteins. Some empirical functionality tests have been devised, but it is submitted that many of these could yield misleading information, inasmuch as they often ignore or even run counter to the environmental interactions to which proteins are exposed in food systems. Some examples are given of the influence of the ionic environment upon one basic functional property of proteins, their solubility in aqueous solution.
Highly unsaturated fatty acids. II. Fractionation by urea inclusion compounds
Authors: Abu‐Nasr Ahmed M. , Potts William M. , Holman Ralph T. 
Published: January 2007

Summary1. Urea segregation has been found to be a useful tool in concentration of highly unsaturated acids and esters. Fatty acids and esters derived from fish oils and methyl esters of hog adrenal fatty acids have been fractionated, and the polyunsaturated acids have been enriched.2. The tendency for fatty acids and esters to combine with urea decreases with increasing unsaturation. Combination is favored by lowered temperature. Polyunsaturated acids are concentrated in the final filtrate whereas esters of these acids appear in the final inclusion compound fractions. Fatty acid concentrates have been obtained with iodine values ranging from 294 to 356. Bound esters exhibited iodine values as high as 338.3. The increased chain length brought about by esterification has a minor role in increasing the yield of inclusion compounds. Likewise, shifting of the terminal polar group in an acid toward the center of the molecule by esterification does not explain the higher yield of inclusion compound from esters.4. The improved tendency of esterified acids to form urea inclusion compounds is probably due to blocking of association of acid groups. This effect is found in unsaturated acids and in short chain saturated acids. In long chain saturated acids and esters this effect is not noticed. Both give high yields of inclusion compounds because the effect of the carboxyl group is overshadowed by the high energy of formation contributed by the long carbon chain.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: IV. Fatty acid isomers formed with copper catalysts
Authors: Koritala S. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo samples of soybean oil hydrogenated with copper‐containing catalysts at 170 and 200 C were analyzed for their natural and isomeric fatty acids. Methyl esters of the hydrogenated oils were separated into saturates, monoenes, dienes and trienes by countercurrent distribution between acetonitrile and pentane‐hexane. Monoenes were further separated intocis‐ andtrans‐isomers on a silver‐saturated resin column. Double bond location in these fractions was determined by a microozonolysis‐pyrolysis technique. The diene fraction was separated with an argentation countercurrent distribution method, and linoleate was identified by infrared, ozonolysis and alkaliisomerization data. The double bonds in thecis‐monoenes were located in the 9‐position almost exclusively. However, the double bonds in thetrans‐monoene were quite scattered with 10‐ and 11‐isomers predominating. About 86% to 92% of the dienes consisted of linoleate as measured by alkali isomerization. Other isomers identified as minor components includecis,trans andtrans, trans conjugated dienes and dienes whose double bonds are separated by more than one methylene group.
Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated fats: Group VIB metal carbonyl complexes
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Little F. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCarbonyl complexes of Cr, Mo and W have been studied as soluble catalysts for the hydrogenation of methyl sorbate and of methyl esters from soybean oil. With methyl sorbate, relative catalytic activity decreased in the approximate order: mesitylene‐Mo(CO)3, cycloheptatriene‐Mo(CO)3, cycloheptatriene‐Cr(CO)3, bicyclo (2,2,1) hepta‐2,5‐diene‐Mo(CO)4, chlorobenzene‐Cr(CO)3, methyl benzoate‐Cr(CO)3, mesitylene‐W(CO)3, benzene‐Cr(CO)3, toluene‐Cr(CO)3, mesitylene‐Cr(CO)3, and hexamethylbenzene‐Cr(CO)3. Order of catalytic activity was related to thermal stability of the complexes during hydrogenation. With mesitylene‐M(CO)3 complexes, selectivity varied in the order Cr>Mo>W. Under certain conditions the mesitylene complexes of W, Cr and Mo reduced methyl sorbate respectively to methyl 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐hexenoates as main products.The more active and thermally stable Cr(CO)3 complexes catalyzed effectively the hydrogenation of linoleate and linolenate in soybean oil esters with little or no stearate formation. The hydrogenated products formed with the benzoate complex at 165–175 C contained 50–67% monoene, 18–30% diene, 2–7% conjugated diene, and only 3–7%trans unsaturation. Linolenate‐linoleate selectivity values varied from 3 to 5 and linoleate‐oleate selectivity from 7 to 80. Monoene fractions had 40–50% of the double bond in the C‐9 position; the rest of the unsaturation was distributed mainly between the C‐10 and C‐12 positions. Conjugation is apparently an intermediate step in the hydrogenation of linoleate and linolenate. The Cr(CO)3 complexes are unique in catalyzing the hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty esters to monounsaturated fatty esters of lowtrans content.
Microaerophilic biodegradation of tallow‐based anionic detergents in river water
Authors: Maurer E. W. , Cordon T. C. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNine anionic detergents from five general classes (alcohol sulfates, ether alcohol sulfates, sulfated alkanolamides, α‐sulfo esters and alkylbenzenesul‐fonates) were rapidly screened for biodegradability under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions in river water at 25 and 35 C. In decreasing order, the ease of biodegradation under microaerophilic conditions at 35 C was as follows: alcohol sulfates, sulfated alkanolamides, α‐sulfo fatty acid esters and ether alcohol sulfates. Linear alkylbenzenesulfonate did not degrade.
Suspension stability of solid particles in the presence of various types of electrolytes
Authors: Tokiwa Fumikatsu , Imamura Tetsuya 
Published: January 2007

AbstractStabilities of titanium dioxide and ferric oxide suspensions in the presence of various types of electrolytes have been studied by measuring their sedimentation volume, rate of sedimentation and optical absorption as a measure of the degree of suspension. The stabilizing ability in suspensions with condensed phosphates is relatively high as compared with that with electrolytes other than the phosphates. This would indicate strong adsorption of phosphate ions onto the surface of the particle. A correlation is found between the extent of stability of a suspension and the electrophoretic mobility of the particle suspended in electrolyte solution, except with silicates. With polyphosphates (Nan+2PnO3n+1) the stabilizing effect is noticeable at n≥2, while with metaphosphates (NanPnO3n) it becomes noticeable and constant at n≥4. The stabilities of titanium dioxide and ferric oxide suspensions containing silicates are high in spite of low electrophoretic mobilities of their suspended particles, which are comparable with the stability operated by tripolyphosphate or a typical dispersing agent. The suspension stability data of acid and neutral condensed phosphates and of the electrolytes used commonly as builders in the presence of a surfactant have also been included.
Anionic and nonionic surfactant sorption and degradation by algae cultures
Authors: Davis Ernst M. , Gloyna Earnest F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDegradation of three surfactants has been determined by organic extraction procedures and infrared spectroscopy. Axenic cultures of five species of blue‐green algae and three species of green algae which are common to waste stabilization ponds were test organisms. Analytical data are shown comparing the effects produced by the algae cultures and a heterogeneous microcosm. Linear alkyl sulfonate was the anionic surfactant compound tested. An alkyl polyethoxylate and an alkyl phenol polyethoxylate were the nonionic test surfactants. Sorption of the compounds by the algae usually was followed by release and degradation of up to 99% of some of the component parts of the surfactant molecule.
Cis‐Trans isomerization of oleic acid by nitrous acid
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Harlow R. D. , Isbell A. F. , Reiser Raymond 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOleic acid wascis‐trans isomerized by HNO2 generatedin situ by reacting NaNO2 with a mineral acid. The influence on the reaction of time, temp, agitation, solvent, amt of catalyst and type of mineral acid was investigated. Optimum reaction conditions were defined for achieving equilibrium isomerization in 30 min with minimum by‐product formation. After isomerization, nitrogenous by‐products were efficiently removed using silicic acid. The active species causingcis‐trans isomerization was tentatively identified as free radical nitrogen dioxide.
Soy processing: From beans to ingredients
Authors: Alden Don E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoybean processing does not end with the products oil and meal. To the food ingredient business, this is only the beginning. This presentation is a simplified general scheme to show the processing of soybeans from the whole bean to each of its end protein ingredients and to show where they might fit into the food business. It portrays bean preparation and oil extraction, meal handling, and conversion of the meal into food ingredients. Soy flour, soy concentrates, soy isolates, and modified protein products, such as spun fibers and textured vegetable protein products, are covered. Some values and applications of the ingredients also are discussed.
Microdetermination of anionic and nonionic surfactants with aid of cholinesterase
Authors: Tsuji Kazuro , Tanaka Hironori , Konishi Kazuo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe potentiometric method for the microdetermination of anionic and nonionic surface‐active agents was studied by using the phenomena that anionics inhibit the enzyme system, cholinesterase‐butyrylthiocholine iodide, and nonionics apparently weaken the inhibitory effect of anionics. A constant current is applied across two platinum plate electrodes immersed in the solution containing butyrylthiocholine iodine and surfactant. A cholinesterase solution is added to cause enzymatic hydrolysis of substrate and a change in the electrode potential due to formation of thiol automatically recorded vs time. A decrease in the initial velocity of the enzymatic hydrolysis caused by inhibitor corresponds to the concentration of anionic surfactant. In the case of determining nonionic surfactant, a fixed amount of sodium linear pentadecylbenzenesulfonate is added as inhibitor. The degree of suppression of inhibitory effect is a direct measure of the concentration of the nonionic surfactant. By this method, 5–25 ppm sodium linear dodecylbenzenesulfonate and sodium branched dodecylbenzenesulfonate; 5–100 ppm sodium dodecyl sulate; 1–10 ppm polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether; 5–30 ppm polyoxyethylene sorbitan dodecanoate, and 5–40 ppm polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether could be determined.
Evaluation of mettler automatic dropping point apparatus and statistical comparison with wiley melting point method
Authors: Doeden W. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe Mettler FP5/53 automatic thermal analysis system was used to obtain dropping point data on a series of soybean, cottonseed, palm, palm kernel, coconut, and rapeseed oils after conditioning for 30 min at freezer temperature. Wiley mp were determined simultaneously on the same samples. A linear correlation was observed between the dropping point and Wiley mp data over a temperature range of 33–50 C. Meaningful data also were obtained on various fat blends and on samples outside this temperature range. The dropping point technique was found to be more reproducible and less time consuming than the Wiley method, while offering the added advantage of automatic endpoint detection. The technique has been used successfully in our laboratories for quality control and as a means of monitoring hydrogenation studies. Although the dropping point method can be related to the Wiley mp determination, it has developed into a meaningful independent measure of the melting characteristics of fats and oils.
Oil content and composition of the seed in the world collection of sesame introductions
Authors: Yermanos D. M. , Hemstreet S. , Saleeb W. , Huszar C. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe quantity and quality of oil was studied in 721 introductions of sesame seed. The mean oil content was 53.1% and the iodine value 117.4. The mean per cent fatty acid composition was: palmitic 9.5, stearic 4.4, oleic 39.6 and linoleic 46.0. The oil was clear, colorless in 47.4% of the samples and light green in 37.2%. The remainder of the oil samples were dark green or brown. Short plants tended to have colorless oil while tall plants had light green oil. Early plants had a higher seed oil content. Earliness, yellow seed color and large seed size were associated with lower iodine value. A significant negative correlation was found between oleic and linoleic acid content. There was no correlation between oil content and iodine value of the oil.
Industrial application of microbial lipases: A review
Authors: Seitz Eugene W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCommercial microbial lipases have been used in dairy and other food processes, and lipases produced in situ by microorganisms are important in making foods palatable and acceptable. Microbial lipases have been used in detergents, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, leather processing, production of aliphatic acids, and in the treatment of domestic and industrial wastes. Manufacturers offer lipolytic enzymes in powder form free of other enzymes, and sometimes they are microencapsulated for specialized applications.
Oxidation and quality of soybean oil: A preliminary study of the anisidine test
Authors: List G. R. , Evans C. D. , Kwolek W. F. , Warner K. , Boundy B. K. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe anisidine test, a measure of secondary oxidation products in glyceride oils, was applied to a number of soybean salad oils processed from sound and damaged soybeans. A highly significant correlation (−0.68) was found between the anisidine values of salad oils from sound soybeans and their flavor scores. Multiple correlations between flavor scores, anisidine, and peroxide values yielded a correlation of 0.81 and provided a method for predicting the initial flavor scores of sound soybean salad oils. Similar data for oils from damaged beans gave a highly significant, but lower, correlation (−0.65). Comparative studies indicated that sound crude oils usually contain lower levels of oxidation products than damaged crude. Oxidation in both sound and damaged crudes increased roughly in proportion to iron content. Reproducibility of the test and the effects of hydrogenation, accelerated storage, and fluorescent light on anisidine values were studied. Analysis of damaged oils before and after deodorization showed that little, if any, reduction of anisidine value occurred. Deodorization of sound oils, however, lowered anisidine values. In comparison with damaged oils, the anisidine values of sound oils were lower at comparable stages of processing. The poor quality of damaged soybean oil was substantiated by organoleptic evaluations. Flavor scores of oils given special processing treatments increased as anisidine values decreased.
An autoanalyzer method for determining hexachlorophene in soap
Authors: Hoover W. E. , Ginn M. E. , Jungermann Eric 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn AutoAnalyzer method has been developed for determining hexachlorophene in soap. The free phenol group is condensed with 4‐amino‐antipyrine, and after oxidizing with alkaline potassium ferricyanide, the resulting quinonetype dye is colorimetrically measured at 480 mƁ. Internal standards are employed having known amounts of hexachlorophene. The method is applicable to the range that would be expected in a germicide soap, i.e. from 0‐2%. The overall precision was found to be ŷ0.022% (95% confidence limits) at the 1.00% level of hexachlorophene in soap. The presence of other germicide types such as for example, carbanilides or salicylanilides, should not interfere with the determination. This routinized method should prove useful in operations where numerous repetitive measurements are made.