bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epiphyseal union of the anterior iliac crest and medial clavicle in a modern multiracial sample of American males and females
Authors: Webb Patricia A. Owings , Suchey Judy Myers 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEpiphyseal union of the anterior iliac crest and the medial clavicle is examined in 605 males and 254 females in a sample of modern Americans aged 11–40 years. The sample includes American whites, American blacks, Latin‐Americans, and Orientals. This is the first skeletal investigation using a large sample of individuals of known age since the McKern and Stewart study of 1957. Epiphyseal union is analyzed in terms of four stages: (1) nonunion with no epiphyses, (2) nonunion with separate epiphyses, (3) partial union, and (4) complete union. The results provide broader age ranges for the stages of union than previousstudies. Age ranges for males and females are similar or vary by only 1–2 years. Racially, no major distinguishing patterns are found except for greater variability in age distributions appearing to exist among American black females. The study furnishes valuable data on epiphyseal timing in the teenage years.
Chagas' disease in pre‐Columbian South America
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Allison Marvin J. , Núñez Lautaro , Standen Vivien , Arriaza Bernardo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe quest for the origin and dispersion of Chagas' disease, the second most important vector‐borne disease in Latin America, has epidemiological, immunological, and genetical implications.Conjectures based on accounts of chroniclers, reviews of the archaeological literature and the present distribution of triatomine bugs, the vectors of the disease, held that the origin of the adaptation of Triatoma infestans (aspecies of the subfamily Triatominae) to human dwellings occurred in prehistoric times.The autopsy of 35 mummies exhumed in the Chilean desert, dated between 470 B.C. and 600 A.D., revealed the presence of clinical manifestations of Chagas' disease and put earlier speculations on a factual basis.
Forelimb anatomy of new world monkeys: Myology and the interpretation of primitive anthropoid models
Authors: Dunlap S. S. , Thorington R. W. , Aziz M. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe forelimbs of 12 genera of New World monkeys, two genera of Old World monkeys, and a gibbon were dissected. Of the 54 muscles examined, 19 exhibited significant intergeneric variation. We present arguments for which morphologies are primitive and which are derived within platyrrhines and within anthropoids. We conclude that the forelimbs ofCebus apellaandCallicebus molochrepresent good models of the ancestral anthropoid morphology. Thus among living anthropoids they are most appropriate for comparisons with early fossil anthropoids. They are also useful for determining whether myological anomalies of human aneuploids are atavistic. Wagner tree analyses were conducted to assess the value of these myological characters in phylogenetic studies ofplatyrrhines. In most respects the Wagner trees were consonant with phylogenies previously proposed, although some hypothesized trees are less parsimonious than others in explaining our data. There is an unexpected number of derived features shared byAotusand the Atelines. There are marked dissimilarities in forelimb musculature betweenAotusandCallicebus.
Distribution of immunoglobulin allotypes among local populations of Kenya olive baboons
Authors: Olivier T. J. , Coppenhaver D. H. , Steinberg A. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this paper we report on the distributions of immunoglobulin allotypes among 564 olive baboons collected at six localities in Kenya. The sample localities and sizes are 1) Lake Magadi, N = 107; 2) Nanyuki, N = 77; 3) Lake Baringo, N = 55; 4) Mosiro, N = 132; 5) Isiolo, N = 36; 6) Gilgil, N = 157. Gm allotypes 1, 10, 13, 15, and 17 are polymorphic among these samples. Gm(11) and Km(3) were present in all samples, and Gm(2,3,5,6,14,16,21,24,26) and Km(1) were absent from all samples. The proportions of individuals positive for polymorphic allotypes varied substantially between different local samples, as did the arrays and estimated frequencies of haplotypes. Allotype frequencies in local samples do not appear to be simply related to either geographic location or habitat characteristics of the localities. Our data suggest that much of the geographic variability in Kenya olive baboon populations occurs between populations separated by small geographic distances.
The microstructure of dentine in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies
Authors: Hildebolt Charles F. , Bate Geoff , McKee Jeffrey K. , Conroy Glenn C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTraditionally, physical anthropologists have focused their dental studies on features of teeth that can be observed with the unaided eye, measured with calipers, or observed with light microscopes. With the advent of the scanning electron microscope, there has been renewed interest in the use of the microstructure of enamel in phylogenetic reconstruction and taxonomic classification. The microstructure of dentine has received far less research attention than has enamel although several investigators have proposed that dentine has taxon specificity.We report the first results of a study in which we investigated the taxon specificity of dentine. In our study, we exposed the dentinal tubules on the mesial root surfaces of 12 Canis, 11 Papio, and 12 Homo mandibular first molars and compared tubule density and pattern among the three taxa. Based on these parameters, 91.43% of the teeth were correctly identified as being dog, baboon, or human, respectively. We conclude that dentine has taxonspecific structural characteristics, which can be used in anthropological investigations. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study of the micro‐structure of teeth utilizing statistical analysis.
Effect of parental consanguinity on anthropometric measurements among the Sheikh Sunni Muslim boys of Delhi
Authors: Krishan Gopal 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of consanguineous marriage is an efficient way to elucidate the genetic structure of human populations. Such matings give an opportunity for recessive genes to manifest themselves by becoming homozygous. The present attempt examines the effects of parental consanguinity on various anthropometric measurements among the Sheikh Sunni Muslim boys of old Delhi between the ages of 11 and 16 years. A slight inbreeding depression has been observed for all eight anthropometric measurements, i.e., stature, span, sitting height, head length, head circumference, chest girth, and calf circumference. The results support earlier studies in regard to the effect of consanguinity on anthropometric measurements.
Asymmetry of the mandibular condyle in Haida Indians
Authors: Costa Raymond L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe condyles of 72 aged and sexed Haida Indians were measured for anteroposterior and mediolateral diameter and their approximate areas calculated. Dental wear was assessed for the same individuals. Asymmetry of condyle size did not appear to change with age. In a pair‐wise analysis, no relationship was found between the largest of a pair of condyles and the most worn side of the dentition. The difference in size between each pair of condyles (normalized for individual size) was plotted as a histogram and found to have a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and no skewness. Condyle asymmetry does not appear to be related to differential chewing forces but more closely fits the model of fluctuating asymmetry.
Easter Islander palmar dermatoglyphics: Sexual dimorphism, bilateral asymmetry, and family polymorphism
Authors: Goodson Cheryl Sorenson , Meier Robert J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe palmar prints of 297 male and female Easter Islanders were analyzed according to the Penrose and Loesch topological classification system. While the frequencies of most pattern elements were not found to differ significantly between the sexes, the placement of the axial triradius was found to be highly significant (P < 0.01). Both males and females were found to exhibit considerable bilateral asymmetry in the a–b count and in the atd angle, but there was no significant difference between the sexes in the amount of asymmetry expressed. Family data for a small subset of the sample (51 individuals) were subjected to further statistical analysis, from which significant results (P < 0.05) were obtained both on chi‐square tests for frequency of pattern elements and ANOVA tests for a‐b counts, atd angle, and A‐line exit.The implications of these results are considered from a developmental perspective. It is suggested that a particular pattern combination (termed a formula) could be used to represent a default value and that other formulae might then be considered as deviations from this default value. Such variation, theoretically at least, might be traced to genetic influences or to the embryological environment present during the time of dermatoglyphic formation.
Structural aspects of arboreality in titi monkeys (Callicebus moloch)
Authors: Menzel Charles R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn nature titi monkeys spend virtually all of their time in trees. Preferences for certain heights above the ground or for trees per se are probably not, however, the immediate causes of this behavior, for animals housed in a large field cage containing many trees spend most of their time on a low‐altitude artificial runway system. Further, the animals are not necessarily reluctant to touch the ground. To investigate the importance of perceived substrate structure as a determinant of arboreality, individuals were given opportunities to descend from their home runway and travel to food placed nearby on the ground. The animals travelled along a schematic model of a tree branch rather than across open ground when given a choice of these substrates, but they readily crossed the open ground when it was their only travel option. When the schematic model increased substantially in length and no longer provided a short route to food, it was still the preferred substrate. The results suggest that an abstract representation of a tree branch attracts and guides locomotion in titis, and that responsiveness to substrate characteristics contributes to arboreality in this species.
Comparative genetic variance and heritability of dental occlusal variables in U.S. and Northwest Indian twins
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Sharma Krishan , Potter Rosario H. Yap 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGenetic variance analysis of 15 dental occlusal and arch variables is based on cross‐cultural comparison of twin variances (U.S. Whites and Northwest Indian Punjabis). Both samples exhibit high genetic versus environmental partition of variance. However, monozygotes and dizygotes have unequal variance, which invalidates conventional genetic variance ratios. The pattern of environmental biases on the zygosities is quite different in the two groups. Revised estimates that acknowledge zygosity heterogeneity (hence unequal environmental influences) are generally much lower for occlusal traits, whereas arch size measurements are unaffected.
Age at death of the Neanderthal child from Devil's Tower, Gibraltar and the implications for studies of general growth and development in Neanderthals
Authors: Dean MC , Stringer CB , Bromage TG 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study combines traditional methods of assessing dental developmental status based upon modern human standards with new techniques based upon histological observations in order to reassess the age at death of the Gibraltar child from Devil's Tower. The results indicate that the most likely age of this individual at death was 3 years of age. This result is in agreement with an independent assessment of the age of the temporal bone of this specimen (Tillier, AM [1982] Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 73:125–148) and is concordant with dental developmental ages given for modern humans. Moreover, the fact that this specimen appears at the low end of the age scale for calcification stages in modern humans is also supportive of the findings of Legoux (Legoux, P [1970] Arch. Inst. Paleontol. Hum. Mem. 33:53–87) and Wolpoff (Wolpoff, MH [1979] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 50:67–114) that dental eruption schedules in Neanderthals were also accelerated. If the cranial bones from Devil's Tower are associated with the dental material, as we believe, they indicate a remarkably precocious brain growth in this individual, which is consistent with what is known about general growth and development in Neanderthals.
Evolution of cranial blood drainage in hominids: Enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses and emissary foramina
Authors: Falk Dean 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPhysiological studies of cranial blood flow in humans in reclining vs. upright postures suggest that selection for bipedalism was correlated with the establishment of epigenetic adaptations for delivering blood preferentially to the vertebral plexus of veins, depending upon momentary respiratory and postural constraints. The frequencies of vascular/osteological channels used to deliver blood to the vertebral plexus of veins were determined for samples of African pongids, various taxa of fossil hominids, and extant Homo sapiens. These channels include an enlarged occipital/marginal (O/M) sinus system, multiple hypoglossal canals, and foramina that conduct emissary veins: posterior condyloid, mastoid, occipital, and parietal. The African pongid, and therefore presumably the ancestral prebipedal hominoid, condition is characterized by low frequencies of all of these routes except multiple hypoglossal canals. The earliest Known bipeds (Australopithecus afarensis) and robust australopithecines are characterized by fixation of enlarged O/M sinus systems. Robust australopithecines are also characterized by apparently low frequencies of mastoid and parietal foramina, and high frequencies of multiple hypoglossal canals and posterior condyloid foramina. In gracile australopithecines and subsequently living hominids, trends towards increased frequencies of mastoid and (later) parietal emissary foramina coincide with a trend towards decreased frequencies of an enlarged O/M sinus system and multiple hypoglossal canals. These findings suggest that selection for bipedalism initially resulted in epigenetic adaptations for routes to deliver blood to the vertebral plexus including an enlarged O/M sinus system and hypoglossal canals, but that the pressures underlying these adaptations relaxed as bipedalism became established, and other routes for delivering blood to the vertebral plexus of veins were either directly or indirectly selected for, perhaps in conjunction with a changing architecture of the skull. A systematic implication of this study is that robust australopithecines are descendants of A. afarensis rather than of A. africanus.
Dental reduction in post‐pleistocene Nubia
Authors: Calcagno James M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTooth size changes among Nubian archaeological populations dating from the Mesolithic through the Christian era, a period of approximately 12,000 years, are analyzed. Standard length and breadth dimensions of all permanent teeth from several cultural horizons are combined to form three large samples: Mesolithic, 10000–7000 B.C.; Agriculturalist, 3300–1100 B.C. (A‐group, C‐group, Pharaonic); and Intensive Agriculturalist, A.D. 0–1400 (Meroitic, X‐Group, Christian). Such information not only fills a void in the knowledge of Nubian skeletal biology, but also provides a much needed African reference point for the comparison of tooth size data among anatomically modern Homo sapiens from various regions of the world.Changes in mean tooth size and associated t‐tests reveal strong and significant reduction in dental size between the Mesolithic and Agriculturalist samples, followed by a continued although diminished trend of reduction for only the molar teeth between the two Agriculturalist groups. These patterns are best observed by examining tooth breadths, which are considered as the most reliable indicator of tooth size. Previously published odontometrics of the Nubian Mesolithic are briefly compared to the findings of this diachronic analysis of Nubian dental change.
Bone chemistry and prehistoric diet: Strontium studies of laboratory rats
Authors: Price T. Douglas , Swick Robert W. , Chase Elizabeth P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStrontium analysis of prehistoric human bone for the reconstruction of past diets is a relatively new technique in anthropology. In order to evaluate certain assumptions of the method, diets with low and high levels of strontium were fed to male, virgin female, and pregnant female laboratory rats. Analysis of the femurs of these rats by inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry indicates that dietary intake is directly reflected in levels of strontium in bone ash. When dietary strontium levels were low, the observed ratio for bone:diet in the laboratory rats averaged 0.26, a value similar to that observed by other investigators. Among the groups fed high levels of strontium, pregnant females accumulated the most and virgin females accumulated the least strontium in bone. Males were intermediate. Gender differences in bone strontium among prehistoric human populations are considered in these terms.
Correlations between the cross‐sectional area of the jaw muscles and craniofacial size and shape
Authors: Weijs W. A. , Hillen B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn adult human subjects, the correlations were determined between the cross‐sectional areas of the jaw muscles (measured in CT scans) and a number of facial angles and dimensions (measured from lateral radiographs). Multivariate statistical analysis of the skeletal variables in a group of 50 subjects led to the recognition of six independent factors determining facial shape, i.e, 1) cranial base length, 2) lower facial height, 3) cranial base flexure and prognathism, 4) facial width, 5) mandibular length, and 6) upper facial height. In 29 of these subjects, the cross‐sectional areas of the jaw muscles were determined, and correlations between these areas and the scores on the above‐mentioned factors were calculated. It appeared that the cross‐sectional areas of temporalis and masseter muscles correlated positively with facial width, whereas the areas of masseter and both pterygoid muscles did so with mandibular length. It has been shown experimentally that a decrease in jaw muscle size in various animals likewise has an effect on facial width and mandibular length. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that in man too the jaw muscles affect facial growth and partly determine the final facial dimensions. They also hint that the role of each muscle is different.
Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in bone collagen as indices of prehistoric dietary dependence on marine and terrestrial resources in Southern California
Authors: Walker Phillip L. , Deniro Michael J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe ratios of15N to 14N and 13C to 12C tend to be higher in marine than in terrestrial organisms. The concentrations of these isotopes in human bone collagen consequently can be used to make inferences about the contribution of marine and terrestrial resources to prehistoric diets. The utility of studying 15N/14N and 13C/12C ratios in conjunction with each other is illustrated by our analysis of 40 human burials from archaeological sites in the Santa Barbara Channel area of southern California. The mean δ13C and δ15N values (in per mil) of collagen from these skeletons decrease progressively from the Channel Islands (δ13C = −14.0, δ15N = +16.3) to the mainland coast (δ13C = −14.5, δ15N = +14.9) to the interior (δ13C = −17.2, δ15N = +10.9). These data suggest that Indians living on the Channel Islands during the late prehistoric period were heavily dependent on marine resources. The inhabitants of the mainland interior, in contrast, had a diet composed largely of terrestrial foods. From their isotope ratios, it appears that the Indians who lived on the mainland coast consumed a mixed diet containing substantial quantities of both marine and terrestrial resources. Differences in 15N/14N and 13C/12C ratios of individuals from mainland sites dating from the early and late prehistoric periods show that the marine component of the diet increased substantially through time. These isotopic data are consistent with pathological, faunal, and artifactual evidence of increased marine resource exploitation during the late prehistoric period.
Association between stress and blood pressure variation in a Caribbean population
Authors: Hutchinson Janis 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBased on the work of Selye (The Stress of Life, New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1976) it is hypothesized that stress can produce physiological abnormalities, i.e., elevated blood pressure, and that social variables can be used as indicators or risk factors for disease. It is theorized that deviations from acceptable social patterns or traditional life‐styles can produce stressful conditions that are associated with disease and that these situations can be demonstrated by examination of certain social characteristics. This association is examined among the Black Caribs of St. Vincent, West Indies. The social variables included in this analysis are marital status (single, married, widowed, or separated), frequency of church attendance (frequently, sometimes, seldom, or never), years of education, and number of children (for women only). The findings show that single individuals have higher pressures than married subjects and that males who never attend church have higher pressures than men who frequently attend church; a relationship was not demonstrated for females. Among males, as the years of education increased, blood pressure also increased, but for females, increased education was associated with lowerpressures. Family size was not associated with systolic or diastolic pressure. The analysis of these selected social variables suggests that these variables influence male systolic and diastolic pressures, but only female diastolic pressure.
PGM1 subtype polymorphism in 14 endogamous Dravidian‐speaking populations of South India
Authors: Reddy A. P. , Mukherjee B. N. , Vijayakumar M. , Malhotra K. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRed cell hemolysates from 1, 004 persons belonging to 14 population groups drawn from four South Indian states, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala, were tested for PGM1 subtypes. The groups are characterized by ahigh frequency of phenotype 1+1+ (range 36.98–71.64%) and the allele 1+(range 60–79%). The groups exhibit marked heterogeneity for PGM1 locus. The results show a clear demarcation between tribes and Brahmin groups.
Distribution of enamel on the incisors of old world monkeys
Authors: Shellis R. P. , Hiiemae Karen M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLongitudinal ground sections of 29 Old World monkey central lower incisors were studied histologically and metrically. Labiolingual incisor width tended to scale isometrically with body weight but with important deviations in relative incisor size, which appeared to be correlated with diet in accord with work by Hylander. Lower incisors of the predominantly folivorous colobine monkeys had a substantial layer of enamel on both lingual and labial aspects and consequently had blunt incisal edges. These teeth in both cercopi‐thecins and papionins, which are omnivorous or frugivorous, had little or no enamel on the lingual aspect, resulting in sharp incisal edges. It is suggested that colobine incisors are used mainly in gripping and tearing leaves, whereas cercopithecine incisors are better adapted to cutting and scraping. Crown height showed a positive allometric relationship with overall incisor height, so that the tall incisors of papionins, especially Papio and Mandrillus, were more hypsodont than the shorter incisors of colobines and cercopithecins. This appears to be related to differences in the rates of incisor wear between the groups.