bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incentives for Contractors in Aid-Supported Activities
Authors: Gibson Clark C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractUsing data on Sida’s activities in Zambia and India, it is shown that there are inherent contradictions between the incentives that consultants face in promoting ownership, and the incentives they face in retaining control of a project. Control over project decisions may produce positive short-term project results that please Sida, but contractors’ control may also compromise the prospects for sustainability. It is argued that donor agencies can improve aid sustainability by combining consultant expertise with the local knowledge of local beneficiaries — knowledge that donors frequently declare to be critical, but nevertheless, tend to neglect or underutilize. This calls for assigning a greater role to beneficiary organizations in the design, implementation, and evaluation of donor-financed field activities.
Sida Aid in Electricity and Natural Resource Projects in Zambia
Authors: Gibson Clark C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe incentive structures for several actors in the action arenas of three Sida-supported projects in Zambia are identified using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, to examine how these affect the likelihood of ownership and sustainable project outcomes. Zambia’s relative dependency on aid has a profound impact on incentive structures conducive to beneficiary ownership, and thus also to sustainable outcome. The implications of findings on the incentives found in these cases are discussed.
What Have We Learnt About Aid?
Authors: Gibson Clark C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses how aid might be delivered more effectively. While referring to Sida, it provides suggestions that are general enough to be useful to any agency concerned with development assistance. It identifies six general areas that deserve the attention of all aid agencies, the recipients of international assistance, and those engaged in the analysis of this policy field. These are: an awareness of the important role of incentives; paying attention to the nature of the good involved; focusing on how ownership is related to sustainability; examining how learning is encouraged at an individual and organizational level; the role of consultants in development assistance; and the importance of putting beneficiaries first.
An Outline of the History of Economic Thought
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Provides a comprehensive and analytical overview of the development of economic theory from its beginnings, at the end of the Middle Ages, up to contemporary contributions. Traditional theories are presented as living matter and modern theories as part of a historical process and not as established truths. In this way, the book avoids the dangerous dichotomy between the 'pure' historians of thought, who dedicate themselves exclusively to studying 'facts', and the 'pure' theorists, who are interested only in the evolution of the logical structure of theories. An unconventionally large amount of space is reserved for the thought of the last 50 years of the twentieth century, for more than 50% of scientific knowledge has been produced in this time span. The book is not directed to a specialist public nor solely to a student audience. It aims to reach the educated person who has an interest in understanding the context in which economic ideas were formed.
The second edition contains several changes and additions. Among them: a look at the ‘civil economy’ perspective in Humanism and Renaissance; an interpretation of Adam Smith as an institutionalist; a hint at the social ontology of Karl Marx; a new treatment of post-Keynesian and new Keynesian approaches; a final chapter on contemporary institutionalist thought in the light of globalization and postmodernism.
The Birth of Political Economy
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Starts by characterizing the end of the Middle Ages and the beginnings of the modern world. Then considers mercantilism, with special emphasis on demographic and monetary theories and policies. Finally, exposes the contributions of some relevant forerunners of classical political economy (W. Petty; J. Locke; D. North; B. Mandeville; R. Cantillon).
The Laissez-Faire Revolution and Smithian Economics
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The contribution of the Physiocratic School and the Italian School (Milan and Naples) is analysed. This is followed by a thorough investigation of Smithian's theoretical system, at both the philosophical level and the economic one. The Smithian orthodoxy is compared to the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham.
From Ricardo to Mill
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Deals with the consolidation of Smithian orthodoxy in the age of Ricardo, Malthus, and J. S. Mill. The Ricardian theories of rent and of the decreasing returns are utilized to explain the contrast with Malthus on the corn laws. Some emphasis is given to the English monetary theories of H. Thorton and J. S. Mill. Finally, the rise of the German Historical School is put into perspective.
The Triumph of Utilitarianism and the Marginalist Revolution
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Exposes the basic principles of neoclassical theoretical system and then provides an answer to the question: was the marginalist a real revolution? The specific contributions of Jevons, Menger, and Walras are considered in some detail. The reasons for success of the marginalist revolution are finally discussed.
The Construction of Neoclassical Orthodoxy
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Traces the rapid diffusion of the neoclassical paradigm in Europe and the USA. In particular, considers the birth of the 'national schools' during la belle époque: the Marshallian School in England; the Swedish; the Austrian; the American; the Italian—each characterized by some peculiar elements of specificity.
The Years of High Theory: I
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Assesses the reasons for the crisis of neoclassical theory in the inter-war period in the light of 1929 crisis and the ensuing depression. Reconstructs the emergence of the Keynesian theoretical system and evaluates the political philosophy of Keynesianism. Finally, considers the contributions of M. Kalecki and J. Schumpeter.
Neoclassical Economics from Triumph to Crisis
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Considers the neo-Walrasian approach to general economic equilibrium. The conquest of the existence theorem is compared with the defeat on the grounds of uniqueness and stability. Examines the developments in the new welfare economics in the light of Arrow's impossibility theorem and Sen's critique of utilitarianism. Concludes with the controversy on marginalism in the theory of firm.
At the Margins of Orthodoxy
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Deals with three specific areas of research developed in the last quarter of a century. The first one is game-theoretic approach to economics and endogenous growth theory. The second area covers the neo-Ricardian paradigm and Sraffa's economics. Finally, the chapter surveys the programme known as radical political economy, both in the USA and in Europe.
A Post-Smithian Revolution?
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
After two brief sketches on globalization and postmodernism, this chapter presents four unconventional economists such as K. Polanyi, N. Georgescu-Roegen, A. O. Hirschman and R. M. Goodwin. Then it considers various neo-insitutionalist approaches and the neo-Austrian school. Finally it surveys present days radical political economy, from analytical Marxism to post-Marxism and feminist economics.
What Kind of Europe?
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This book examines the issues associated with the future of economic and political integration in Europe. It seeks answers to the question, “What kind of Europe do we want to build?”, with emphasis on the policy choices involved. The book is divided into two parts. Part I highlights the achievements of European integration to date, and the outstanding issues inherited from the past. Part 2 provides in-depth discussions of the main challenges facing the enlarged EU.
The Gap Between Politics and Economics—Or, Perception and Reality
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores the widening gap between economics and politics in Europe. It discusses four main themes: the gradual evolution of the policy agenda at the European level, the geographical expansion of membership, the changing nature of common institutions and ‘governance’, and the changing attitudes of the citizens of the EU and member states. It argues that despite the continuous expansion of its policy agenda, the EU remains largely an economic system with an increasingly complex institutional setup with no proper political base. For years, European governments have been talking about establishing a political union as a counterpart of economic and monetary union; what they have achieved is cooperation in various policy areas, including foreign policy and internal security, and limited institutional reforms, which have little to do with political union.
Winners and Losers …
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter analyses the winners and losers in European integration. Integration has been perceived as a positive-sum game, involving the joint management of economic interdependence for increasing open economies, the intermeshing and interlocking of sovereign political entities as a means of consolidating peace and security on a continent with a long history of national rivalries and bloody conflict, and the strengthening of democratic institutions. However, these have gradually disappeared with the worsening economic environment, deepening integration, and increasing inability of the nation-state to redistribute internally. The division between winners and losers has become a more important issue within countries rather than between countries.
EMU: A Unifying Factor
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief history of the economic and monetary union (EMU) in Europe, and examines its implications for the future of European integration. It argues that the EMU is a high-risk strategy, given the combination of fixed exchange rates and ‘one-size-fits-all’ monetary policy with very weak adjustment mechanisms and economic divergence. If managed badly, the EMU would have a negative effect on output and employment for the EU as a whole. The success of the EMU rests on a stronger and more integrated EU in both political and economic terms, as well as major structural reforms.
Extending Pax Europea
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the prospects and implications of a common foreign policy in the EU. The EU exerts its strongest influence on other countries through the prospect of membership. This is the most effective way of extending Pax Europea, which carries with it peace, democracy, welfare, and a highly advanced form of joint management of interdependence. It is argued that the EU must define and defend its collective identity in the context of globalization, and in relation to the only remaining superpower. Its actions on the external front will have serious implications on the model of integration and the internal configuration of power.
What Is at Stake?
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter discusses the issues associated with the future of European integration. These include the European political system, redefinition of the European project, the Constitutional Treaty, and the elitist character of European integration. Key democratic choices must be made regarding the trade-offs between efficiency, equity, and stability; productivity and a cleaner environment; integration and diversity; rule by experts and elected representatives in managing the internal market and single currency; solidarity across boundaries; geographical limits of Europe’s fledgling common identity; the export of peace and stability to the near abroad and beyond; and defence of common values and interests. Europeans must become aware of these issues and the choices they imply. A European public space is also needed to debate what they want to do together and how.
Scepticism Comes Alive
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The nagging voice of the sceptic has always been present in epistemology. Over the last thirty years or so, philosophers have thought of several promising ways to counter the radical sceptic. For instance, facts about the reliability of cognitive processes, principles determining which possibilities must be ruled out in order to have knowledge, and principles regarding the context-sensitivity of knowledge attributions. In this research monograph, Bryan Frances presents a new argument template for generating new kinds of radical scepticism, ones that hold even if all the clever anti-sceptical fixes such as contextualism, relevant alternatives theory, and reliabilism defeat the traditional sceptic. However, the new sceptical conclusions are quite different from traditional scepticism. Although the new sceptic concludes that people don’t know that fire engines are red, that people sometimes have pains in their knees, or even that people believe that fire engines are red or that knees sometimes throb, people admit that they know millions of exotic truths, such as the fact that black holes exist. One can know about the existence of black holes, but not about the colour of one’s shirt or even about what one believes regarding the colour of one’s shirt. The new sceptical arguments proceed in the usual way (here’s a sceptical hypothesis; one can’t neutralize it, one has to be able to neutralize it to know P; so one doesn’t know P), but the sceptical hypotheses plugged into it are “real, live” scientific-philosophical hypotheses often thought to be actually true, such as error theories about belief, colour, pain location, and character traits. Frances investigates the questions, ‘Under what conditions do we need to rule out these error theories in order to know things inconsistent with them?’ and ‘Can we rule them out?’
3 How Live Hypotheses Sabotage Knowledge
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The argument template used to generate the new sceptical arguments is presented. In doing so, what it means for a hypothesis to be “live”, what it means for someone to be a “mere mortal” with regard to a live hypothesis, what it means to be able to “rule out” a hypothesis are explained. The key premises of the argument: the Modesty Principle, the Live Hypothesis Principle, and the Mere Mortal Premiss are formulated. Roughly put, if one is a mere mortal with regard to a live hypothesis H, then in order for one to know something P obviously inconsistent with H, one needs to be able to rule out or neutralize H. But since one is a mere mortal, one can’t neutralize H; so one does not know P.
5 Additional Sceptical Hypotheses
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The argument template of chapter 3 is taken together with other live hypotheses to generate other kinds of live scepticism. For instance, one can focus on error theories with regard to colour, or pain location, or character traits. Or, oddly enough, we can plug in, as a live hypothesis, the hypothesis that no one knows any external world proposition. The upshot is that in intellectual communities, in which error theories about belief, pain locations, character traits, and colour are live, mere mortals don’t know that fire engines are red, don’t know that they sometimes have pains in their lower backs, don’t know that John Rawls was kind, and don’t even know that they believe any of those truths.
7 Universal Scepticism
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Suppose the following principle P is true: in order to know X, one needs to be able to rule out scenarios that one is aware is both live and incompatible with one knowing X. If P is true, then the live sceptical argument template can be modified to generate an argument for universal scepticism: in intellectual communities in which belief eliminativism is live, mere mortals with respect to belief eliminativism know absolutely nothing. The principle P and related principles are explored.
8 The Consistency of Scepticism and Knowledge
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
It isn’t clear what scepticism really is. Perhaps it’s the thesis that certain knowledge attributions are false. Then again, it might be that even though knowledge attributions are true pretty much when common sense says they’re true, the facts that make them true are impoverished compared to what anyone thought. For instance, if it turned out that all true beliefs had only piddling amounts of warrant and knowledge is mere true belief, then although knowledge attributions would be true, the sceptic would still win. These matters are explored and it is argued that even if live scepticism is false, since her central thesis ‘The overall warrant possessed by the beliefs targeted by the live skeptical hypotheses is anemic compared to that had by our other beliefs that amount to knowledge and aren’t targeted by any live skeptical hypotheses’ may still be true, she may still win the battle with the critic of live skepticism.
9 Epistemic Threats, Context, and our Anti‐Sceptical Strategies
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The notion of the epistemic threat to a belief that P posed by contrary hypotheses, hypotheses entailing not-P is examined. In doing so, it is shown how contextual factors affect the live sceptic’s argument. The three strategies available for constructing anti-sceptical responses to the live scepti’s argument are described. The goal here is twofold: provide a way of classifying possible anti-sceptical solutions, and more hopefully, supply materials useful for constructing an adequate anti-sceptical solution to live scepticism. Finally, the power of the live and classic hypothesis-based sceptical arguments are compared, arguing that the live ones are significantly stronger.
10 Disarming the Live Sceptical Threat
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The live sceptic’s threat is disarmed by taking away their sword: making the factors that threaten one’s beliefs lose their punch without meeting them head on. In this way, the mere mortal need not have any impressive epistemic factors such as evidence that neutralize the sceptical hypotheses, as the latter never posed any threat that had not somehow been rendered truth-conditionally irrelevant to knowledge assertions. Two such strategies are presented. The first, the Set-Aside solution, claims that people explicitly or implicitly set the live sceptical hypotheses aside as truth conditionally irrelevant when they assert ‘S knows P’ and P conflicts with the hypotheses. The second, the Practicality solution, claims that in ordinary contexts practicality and other contextualist factors bracket the sceptical hypotheses so that they aren’t threatening.
11 Do Live Sceptical Hypotheses Pose Real Threats?
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The so-called “No Threat” solutions claim that the epistemic factors that the live sceptic claims defeat our claims to knowledge are too feeble to mount a threat. On the face of it, the epistemic factors the live sceptic says defeat our chances at knowledge make it look like the sceptical hypotheses are about to ruin our chances at knowledge, but this is an illusion. This chapter presents and evaluates eight such strategies, four of which examine the relation of philosophy to common sense.
12 Defeating the Live Sceptic Head‐On
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The anti-sceptic can try to argue that regardless of the strength of the epistemic factors that suggest live scepticism, positive epistemic factors such as evidence and reliability are sufficiently strong to defeat it head on, so to speak. This is the Defeated Threat strategy, which comes in three varieties. The Safety-Sensitivity solution is an attempt to solve the puzzle by claiming that worlds in which people falsely believe, e.g., that fire engines are red, are too metaphysically distant (in various ways) to sabotage their knowledge. The Extreme Externalism solution says, roughly, that the reliability of people’s beliefs is enough of a factor to neutralize the sceptical hypotheses. The Tenacity solution insists that knowledge is not the kind of state that can easily be unseated; thus, since people once knew that fire engines are red, that knowledge stays with them even after they become mere mortals with regard to colour error theory.
13 Concluding Reflections
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The importance of what was argued in the book was evaluated, with comments on which elements are of lasting significance for epistemology as a discipline. Notions treated include epistemic deference, liveness of hypotheses, mere mortality with respect to a hypothesis, epistemic superiority, responsibility to one’s epistemic community, the epistemic significance of expert disagreement, epistemic externalism, and content externalism.
Plato on Pleasure and the Good Life
Authors: Russell Daniel 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This book examines Plato's subtle and insightful analysis of pleasure and explores its intimate connections with his discussions of value and human psychology. The book offers a fresh perspective on how good things bear on happiness in Plato's ethics, and shows that for Plato, pleasure cannot determine happiness because pleasure lacks a direction of its own. Plato presents wisdom as a skill of living that determines happiness by directing one's life as a whole, bringing about goodness in all areas of one's life, as a skill brings about order in its materials. The ‘materials’ of the skill of living are, in the first instance, not things like money or health, but one's attitudes, emotions, and desires where things like money and health are concerned. Plato recognizes that these ‘materials’ of the psyche are inchoate, ethically speaking, and in need of direction from wisdom. Among them is pleasure, which Plato treats not as a sensation but as an attitude with which one ascribes value to its object. However, Plato also views pleasure, once shaped and directed by wisdom, as a crucial part of a virtuous character as a whole. Consequently, Plato rejects all forms of hedonism, which allows happiness to be determined by a part of the psyche that does not direct one's life but is among the materials to be directed. At the same time, Plato is also able to hold both that virtue is sufficient for happiness, and that pleasure is necessary for happiness, not as an addition to one's virtue, but as a constituent of one's whole virtuous character itself. Plato therefore offers an illuminating role for pleasure in ethics and psychology, one to which we may be unaccustomed: pleasure emerges not as a sensation or even a mode of activity, but as an attitude — one of the ways in which we construe our world — and as such, a central part of every character.