bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fifteen years later
Authors: Weeke A. , Strömgren E. 
Published: August 2007

The census study in 1972, including all Danish Psychiatric institutions, was the fourth in a series, the first being performed in 1957.In the 15‐year period from 1957 to 1972 the total number of hospitalized psychiatric patients, including day‐patients, has been almost unchanged, about 240–260 per 100,000 population. There have, however, been marked changes within the resident population. The hospital prevalence of schizophrenia has gradually decreased from 132 to 97 per 100,000 males and from 140 to 86 per 100,000 females. The decrease concerns all age groups over 35 years and is especially pronounced in females aged 35–54. In young males there has been a remarkable increase during the last 5‐year period. In 1957 the schizophrenic patients constituted 62% of the male and 57% of the female patients, compared with 43% and 30%, respectively, of the patients in 1972. The downward trend which was practically linear during the first two 5‐year periods slowed down during the third period but was still quite marked for the middle‐aged and old groups.The patients with organic disorders (especially senile and cerebrovascular psychoses) and with reactive conditions have increased in absolute numbers as well as in rates per 100.000 population.
Influence of tryptophan on memory functions in depressive patients treated with unilateral ECT
Authors: D'Ella G. , Lehmann J. , Raotma H. 
Published: August 2007

With the aim of examining a possible influence on memory from L‐tryptophan (L‐TP), a double‐blind comparison of the anterograde dysmnesic effect after a unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) series was carried out in depressive patients randomly assigned to two treatment groups, one receiving orally administered CTP (6 g daily) and ECT, the other placebo and ECT.The groups were similar in a number of background variables and in degree of depression. Scores for three operationally defined memory variables, immediate memory (IMS), delayed memory (DMS) and forgetting (FS), were obtained before the ECT series and 4 days after, the patients being on L‐TP treatment or placebo on both occasions. The results were as follows:1. Before treatment there was a higher FS in one test (30 Word‐Pair Test) and after treatment a higher FS in another test (30 Face Test) in the L‐TP group than in the placebo group, both findings indicating an adverse influence of L‐TP.2. There were a number of correlations between serum L‐TP concentration levels and memory variables, all implying a more adverse influence on memory with higher levels of L‐TP.The findings suggest that L‐TP has a dysmnesic effect on memory in depressive patients treated with ECT, but they need to be confirmed before a negative influence of L‐TP on memory can be considered definite.
Electrodermal and heart‐rate measurements in chronic and partially remitted schizophrenic patients
Authors: Tarrier N. , Cooke E. C. , Lader M. H. 
Published: August 2007

Electrodermal activity and heart‐rate were recorded in the laboratory from partially remitted schizophrenic patients living in the community, chronic schizophrenic inpatients and normal controls. Although all patients had faster heart‐rates, no consistent electrodermal differences between patient groups and normals were evident, nor was there a bimodal distribution of responding within the patient group.Laboratory recordings did not reflect differences in community patients tested in their homes and associated with environmental and social factors. This emphasized the limitations of laboratory testing in investigating a disorder such as schizophrenia whose course may be markedly influenced by environmental and social factors.
Obsessive‐compulsive neurosis, anacastic symptomatology and ABO blood types
Authors: Rinieris P. M. , Stefanis C. N. , Rabavilas A. D. , Vaidakis N. M. 
Published: August 2007

Determination of ABO blood types was carried out in 38 patients with obsessive‐compulsive neurosis, 48 schizophrenics with anancastic symptomatology, 31 depressives with anancastic symptomatology, 260 schizophrenics free of anancastic symptomatology and 65 depressives free of anancastic symptomatology. Results were compared with a representative sample of the general population.The findings of the present study provide evidence of an association between obsessive‐compulsive neurosis and phenotype A, whilst a similar association between ABO blood types and anancastic symptomatology occurring in the course of psychotic disorders was not found. The significance of these findings is discussed with regard to current diagnostic and aetiological issues in obsessive‐compulsive neurosis.
Plasma cyclic AMP in manic‐depressive illness
Authors: Lykouras E. , Varsou E. , Garelis E. , Stefanis C. N. , Malliaras D. 
Published: August 2007

The postulated distrubance of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in manic‐depressive illness was investigated by using plasma as the biological material. Cyclic AMP was measured by a protein‐binding assay, which was found very satisfactory for the purpose of this study.In the drug‐free state, depressed patients (n=28) had significantly lower and manic patients (n=9) significantly higher plasma concentrations of cAMP than controls. Unmedicated manic‐depressive subjects had normal cAMP levels during normothymic phases (n=7). Cyclic AMP was reduced by neuroleptics in mania and elevated by tricyclics in depression. Lithium exerted a normalizing effect on cAMP in both phases of the illness.It is concluded that manic‐depressive illness is associated with a disturbance in the cAMP system. The use of plasma rather than urine for the investigation of the state of cAMP in psychiatric disorders is advocated.
Traffic accidents involving psychiatric patients
Authors: Kastrup M. , Dupont A. , Bille M. , Lund H. 
Published: August 2007

A nationwide study of psychiatric in‐patients driving motor vehicles and involved in accidents causing bodily injury in the years 1972–74 was undertaken.Compared with drivers in general involved in accidents causing bodily injury, drivers with a psychiatric record were characterized by an over‐representation of women. A preponderance of psychiatric drivers in the age group 25–54 was observed. About 3% of drivers with a psychiatric record were involved in two or more accidents during the period studied.A greater proportion of the psychiatrically diseased group drove stolen vehicles, without valid licences, and were found not to have used safety belts at the time of the accident.Occurrence of injury was more frequent among the diseased drivers. They were more frequently alcohol intoxicated and with a higher blood alcohol level.The most commonly encountered diagnostic groups were personality disorder and transitory reactions.
Who shall be hospitalized? Some social and psychological correlates of alternative dispositions of the mentally ill
Authors: León C. A. , Micklin M. 
Published: August 2007

This study conducted in Cali, Colombia, focuses on the question of why persons sharing similar background characteristics and even the same diagnosis often receive varying prescriptive evaluations which lead to alternative types of psychiatric care: hospitalization, outpatient care and no systematic treatment at all.An index group of 70 hospitalized patients is compared with 53 outpatients and 30 “nonpatients” matched for sex, age, marital status, social class and diagnosis. Interviews were conducted with patients, relatives and the admitting doctors. A selected group of variables representing perceptions, opinions and attitudes of the relatives, subjective evaluations of the patients and perceptions of the admitting physician are examined in terms of their association with the three types of care. It is concluded that interpersonal factors exert a significant influence on the process of assigning cases to alternative types of psychiatric care. Typical profiles for each category are outlined.
Prevalence and incidence of mental disorders estimated by a health questionnaire and a psychiatric case register
Authors: Helgason T. 
Published: August 2007

Some of the limitations and potentialities of the use of a psychiatric case register are briefly indicated. The special opportunities which record‐linkage offers in Iceland make it possible to carry out new epidemiological studies which may help us in identifying high risk groups on a broad scale.As indicated in earlier studies, the incidence rate of mental disorders as measured by first psychiatric consultations has not changed with time. The expectancy of consulting a psychiatrist on account of functional psychoses, neuroses or alcoholism is only about 40 % of the expectancy of developing these diseases.Of the population aged 20–49 years, 13.5% have consulted a psychiatrist or been in contact with the institutions reporting to the psychiatric case register. For the estimation of prevalence of mental disorders with a health questionnaire it is necessary to add several questions related to symptoms of alcohol abuse. When this is done, the self‐reported prevalence of mental disorders in the population of this most productive age group is approximately 20 %, one half of this being related to alcohol abuse among men. As there are relatively more patients among those not responding to the questionnaire the total prevalence is probably not less than 22 %.Studies based on the psychiatric case register would thus only account for 40–60 % of the total morbidity, depending on whether only contact with psychiatrists or with all the reporting institutions were included.
Alcoholism and antisocial personality
Authors: Virkkunen M. 
Published: August 2007

The picture of alcoholism in criminals with an antisocial personality was compared with criminals with other personality disorders. Fewer of those who had an antisocial personality were physically dependent on alcohol than those with other personality disorders. They considered their alcoholism to be a problem and behaved as if it were only rare. However, they had a strong tendency to behave abnormally under the influence of alcohol over and over again. In these respects the situation among those who were below the age of 20 was similar.To a great extent, the fathers of those who had an antisocial personality had also had a tendency towards abnormal behavior under the influence of alcohol. This was not so often found in the control group.
First admissions for psychosis in Turku A TIME TREND STUDY
Authors: Salokangas R. K. R. 
Published: August 2007

Patients over 15 years of age from Turku hospitalized for psychosis for the first time during the years 1949–50, 1959–60 or 1969–70 were investigated.The incidence of hospitalized psychoses (per 100,000 inhabitants) was 115, 136 and 160, respectively. The increase in incidence was greater in women than in men. The incidence remained approximately the same in patients aged 30 to 59, but increased in the younger and older groups. The incidence of functional psychoses increased; in schizophrenia, however, it declined, while in paranoid and affective psychoses it increased. In organic psychoses, the admission frequency of psychoses of old age rose in the 1950's, but declined in some measure in the 1960's.The incidence of psychosis increased for single persons. The ratio of the incidence between single and married persons rose in men, whereas in women it fell. This was particularly pronounced in schizophrenics. The incidence of psychosis was highest in unskilled laborers. The overrepresentation of schizophrenia and paranoid psychoses seemed to have become more pronounced in this occupational group.
Delirium tremens: SOME CLINICAL FEATURES. PART II
Authors: Kramp P. , Hemmingsen R. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2007

Twenty patients with delirium tremens (grade 3) and a less severe clinical state (grade 2) were investigated thoroughly from the time of admission until recovery from the acute state.A lumbar puncture was performed in the majority of the patients immediately after admission and then repeated after recovery from the acute state. The cerebrospinal fluid was found to be both macroscopically and microscopically normal, as was the spinal fluid pressure.The clinical course was without complications, none of the patients were severely dehydrated. All the patients were treated with barbital, a long acting barbiturate. The duration of the acute state and the total amount of drug necessary in the treatment were equal in the two groups of severity. However, patients with proper delirium tremens needed significantly fewer barbital doses during the first hours after treatment was initiated than did patients with a less severe clinical state. The opposite was seen about 12 hours later. These findings are discussed in relation to the high blood alcohol concentration seen at the time of admission in the majority of the patients with proper delirium tremens, but not in patients with grade 2. It is concluded that barbital exerts its effect due to cross‐dependence properties with alcohol.The majority of the patients had moderately elevated blood pressure, pulse rate and rectal temperature at the time of admission; these variables were to a great extent normalized within 48 hours after admission. No differences in those physical signs were seen between patients with fully developed delirium tremens and patients with less severe clinical states.The patients’condition during the acute state was followed by means of a delirium tremens rating scale. Physical symptoms were similar in various degrees of severity of the clinical condition. 18–24 hours after admission the differences in mental symptoms between patients with grade 3 and patients with grade 2 had disappeared, 48 hours after admission the patients’condition was to a large extent normalized. Methodological problems in using a rating scale in conditions as delirium tremens are discussed.The results are discussed in relation to aetiology and pathogenesis of delirium tremens. It is concluded that it may be that a qualitative, and not only a quantitative, difference exists between a severe withdrawal reaction and fully developed delirium tremens, and a hypothesis about a “point of no return” is suggested.
Lithium treatment and kidney function A SURVEY OF 237 PATIENTS IN LONG‐TERM TREATMENT
Authors: Vestergaard P. , Amdisen A. , Hansen H. E. , Schou M. 
Published: August 2007

Kidney function has been examined in 237 patients who in the autumn of 1977 were in lithium treatment at the Psychiatric Hospital in Risskov, most of them as outpatients. The average age was 42 years. The patients had been given lithium treatment for 0.5–17 years, mean duration 5 years. The mean lithium dosage was 33 mmol/day and the mean 12‐hour serum lithium concentration 0.85 mmol/1. Glomerular filtration rate was assessed through determination of 24‐hour creatinine clearance and serum creatinine, in some cases iothalamate clearance. Water excretion was assessed through determination of 24‐hour urine volume and in some cases urine osmolality after 26 hours of fluid deprivation. Creatinine clearances, serum creatinine concentrations, and urine volumes were subjected to multiple regression analysis with various clinically relevant predictor variables.Affection of glomerular filtration rate was only moderate and progressed slowly. The data indicate that the risk of renal insufficiency and terminal azotemia is remote even when lithium is given for many years. A large number of the patients had altered water excretion with polyuria or lowered urine concentrating abiliy or both. Due to the extra fluid loss these patients are apt to develop dehydration, and they may then be in danger of lithium poisoning.We hypothesize that lithium‐induced changes of kidney function may become less frequent and less pronounced if patients are maintained at serum lithium levels somewhat lower than those employed in the group studied here. We recommend careful monitoring of serum lithium levels, regular control of kidney function, and extra caution when physical illness or additional drug treatment may lead to disturbance of fluid and electrolyte balance.
Depressions: Factors related to 10‐year prognosis
Authors: Nystroum S. 
Published: August 2007

The 10 years' course of a series of 83 moderately severe depressions is presented, as well as factors governing the clinical and work prognosis. Depression was the fundamental disturbance in 75 cases during the index period. The depression was endogenous in 67 cases, reactive in eight, and neurotic in six cases. In the follow‐up the drop‐out from personal examination was 6.4%.Twenty per cent of the patients had been (almost) entirely free from symptoms of depression during the period of observation, 5% had been continuously depressive. There were no suicides. Twenty‐seven patients felt some decrease in working capacity during the depressions, but only seven were unable to continue their previous work and three had changed work to prevent relapses. Fourteen of the patients had been sick‐listed for more than 1 year of the observation period.Favourable factors for long‐term course were: high intellectual capacity (for work prognosis, W), afraid of hurting others (W), white collar work (W), slight depression of mood during index period (for clinical course, C), favourable immediate outcome after index period (W).Unfavourable factors for long‐term course were: low intellectual capacity (W), hysteroid personality (C), syntonic personality (W), asthenic personality, sensitivity to praise (C), tendency to feel under observation (W), and some symptoms during the index period: tendency to seclusion (C), ideas of reference (C), dryness of mouth (C), difficulty in falling asleep (C), dreamlike feeling (C), supplicating attitude (C).The implications of the results for nosology, care, and prevention of depressive states are discussed.
Vitamin B12 concentrations in psychiatric patients
Authors: Elsborg L. , Hansen T. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2007

In an attempt to evaluate the possible relationship between vitamin B12 deficiency and mental diseases, the blood content of vitamin B12 was investigated in 835 consecutive psychiatric patients. Low serum vitamin12 values were found in approximately 20 % of these patients, due to latent pernicious anaemina in one case, post‐gastrectomy in seven cases andsmall intestinal resection inone case. In the remaining 72 cases vitamin B12 deficiency was probably caused by nutritional insuffficiency.After correction of the dietary defect there was a spontaneous increase in serum vitamin12 valued are secondary to mental illness leading to apathy and loss of appetite.Most cases will recover without further vitamin B12 supplements. But some patients may need treatment because of severe mental and physical disabilities.
Elective mutism
Authors: Wergeland H. 
Published: August 2007

Eleven children who had received a diagnosis of elective mutism upon admission to the children's psychiatric clinic, were followed up 8–18 years later. The average age upon admission was 9 1/2 years, and at the time of follow‐up, 23 years. Nine of the children came from homes with a strong familial shyness and reservation, and eight lived in social isolation. Six were particularly overprotected. Six came from discordant family constellations. All were diagnosed neurotic, eight specified as compulsion‐neurosis. All were of normal intelligence.Six children received extensive individual psychotherapy (four upon admission to the clinic, two by way of out‐patient treatment). We were unable to offer similar treatment to the remaining five. During the course of treatment three of the admitted patients improved, the fourth and the two ambulatory patients remained unchanged after up to 4 years of therapy.The follow‐up study showed the three unchanged patients and the five who had not received treatment, now were cured of the symptom; improvement took place in connection with a change of environment. The five who had not received treatment were better adjusted than those who had been separated from home for several years, at a vulnerable age.The importance of early prophylactic intervention is emphasized.
Lithium treatment and glucose tolerance in manic‐melancholic patients
Authors: Vendsborg P. B. 
Published: August 2007

Intravenous glucose tolerance was measured in manic‐melancholic patients given one daily lithium‐dose for relapse prevention. It was found that glucose tolerance was increased for some hours after each lithium administration. In the first week of treatment glucose disposal rate was increased up to 12 h after lithium ingestion. In long‐term treated patients glucose tolerance was increased 2 h after administration but not 12 h after.Fasting glucose was increased 2 h after lithium administration in long‐term treated patients.Concomitant changes in lactate triglycerides, free‐glycerol and electrolytes were measured in serum.
Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour
Authors: Perris C. , Jacobsson L. , Linndström H. , von Knorring L. , Perris H. 
Published: August 2007

A new inventory (EMBU) to assess the own memories of parental rearing behaviour was constructed. EMBU is comprised of 81 questions grouped in 15 subscales and two additional questions referring to consistency and strictness of parental rearing behaviour to be answered in a four‐step scale for the father and for the mother separately. The subscales cover such rearing practices as for example overinvolvement, affection, overprotectiveness, guilt engendering, rejection.152 healthy subjects of both sexes (108 males and 44 females) completed the inventory. The item analysis showed that both parents attained similar scores in about half of the questions. Fathers scored higher in items referring to strictness, punishment and a low degree of involvement wheareas mothers scored higher in items referring to involvement and affection. A principal component factor analysis permitted the hypothesized subscales to be identified. An analysis of the internal consistency of the subscales revealed a high frequency of significant internal correlations. A principal component factor analysis of the total scores of the 15 subscales allowed three main dimensions of rearing behaviour to be identified quite close to those reported in similar studies in the literature where other scales had been used.
Psychosomatic disorder: A treatment problem more difficult than neurosis? A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY OF PSYCHOSOMATIC AND NEUROTIC PATIENTS OF THE PSYCHIATRIC POLICLINIC OF A GENERAL HOSPITAL
Authors: Salminen J. K. , Lehtinen V. , Jokinen K. , Jokinen M. , Talvitie A. , Salminen Jouko K. 
Published: August 2007

Two patient groups from the psychiatric policlinic of a general hospital were compared, the first comprised 93 patients with severe psychosomatic disorders who were not diagnosed as neurotic, and the second, 133 neurotic patients without psychosomatic symptoms. The aim of the study was to clarify anamnestic and personality differences between the groups and investigate their treatment motivation.The psychosomatic patients showed less motivation for psychiatric treatment, even though their psychiatric impairment was more severe than that of the neurotics and although the extent of their psychological symptoms was equally great. Compared with the neurotic patients, the ability to tolerate stress was poorer and the attitude toward the interview and the interviewer was more defensive in the psychosomatic patients.Compared with the neurotics, medical services were utilized to a greater extent by the psychosomatic patients, and their childhood environment and background development were characterized by somewhat more psychological disturbance.