bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of restricted feeding and re-feeding of Barbarine lambs: carcass composition and fatty acid composition
Authors: Atti N. , Rouissi H. , Mahouachi M. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Fifty intact male Barbarine lambs were used to assess the effects of restricted feeding and re-alimentation on carcass composition and fatty acid (FA) composition of intramuscular fat. Five lambs were slaughtered at the start of the trial; the remainder were randomly allocated to three groups. One group was offered only stubble grazing (low: L), another, also on stubble, received, indoors, an average of 80 g dry matter (DM) of soya-bean meal per day (medium: M); the third group was kept indoor and had free access to hay and 450 g of concentrate (high: H). At the end of this restriction period (70 days), five lambs per group were slaughtered. The 10 remaining animals in each group were divided into two groups receiving concentrate and hay ad libitum. The crude protein (CP) content of the concentrate was 160 and 210 g/kg DM in the two treatments, respectively. At the end of the trial all animals were slaughtered at 37·61 ± 2·05 kg live weight.In the restriction period, bone tissue was similar in terms of mass for all diet treatments. The absolute weight of muscle and fat in carcasses was higher for unrestricted sheep (H) than for restricted ones, but L and M lambs had proportionately less fat and more muscle than those given food indoors. Intramuscular fat composition was similar for all the treatments. During this period, the carcass gain of M lambs had the highest proportion of muscle and the lowest fat concentration, which is the better composition. At the end of the compensating period, all carcasses contained the same quantity of bone and muscle, but unrestricted sheep had significantly more fat than compensating ones. So, carcasses of compensating animals contained relatively less fat (240 v. 310 g/kg) and more muscle (550 v. 500 g/kg) than unrestricted ones. The carcass gain of lambs with an earlier nutritional history on L had the highest muscle and the lowest fat concentration. The intramuscular lipid composition in terms of fatty acids showed differences between treatments. Unrestricted animals contained more C14: 0 and C16: 0 and compensating animals more C18: 2 and a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA: saturated FA ratio. There were no significant differences associated with CP level during the re-alimentation period
Replacement of zinc sulphate by microbial phytase for piglets given a maize-soya-bean meal diet
Authors: Jondrevillea C. , Hayler R. , Feuerstein D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractForty-eight pigs, weaned at 27 days of age at an average body weight of 7·55 kg were used in a 19-day experiment to investigate the influence of microbial phytase on zinc utilization and to calculate equivalency values of zinc as sulphate for microbial phytase. Eight experimental diets were formulated: a maize-soya-bean meal basal diet containing 30 mg of zinc per kg supplemented with 10, 25, 40 or 100 mg of zinc from sulphate (ZnSO4, 7H2O) per kg or with 100, 250, 500 or 750 units (U) of microbial phytase (3- phytase from Aspergillus niger, Natuphos ®) per kg. The dietary supplies of calcium and phosphorus were adjusted accounting for the release of these elements by microbial phytase. The copper concentration in the diets was 11 mg/kg. Pigs were given the basal diet for a 7-day adjustment period prior to the 19-day experimental period. At the end of the experiment, bone ash, phosphorus and calcium concentrations as well as plasma and liver copper concentrations were independent of the diet (P> 0·10). The zinc status of piglets was assessed through plasma alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and zinc concentration, bone zinc concentration and liver zinc concentration. Plasma zinc, plasma APA and bone zinc increased linearly (P< 0·001) and quadratically (P< 0·01,P< 0·001 andP< 0·001, respectively) with zinc added. These parameters also increased linearly (P< 0·001) and quadratically (P< 0·05,P< 0·001 andP< 0·05, respectively) with phytase added. Liver zinc increased quadratically (P< 0·05) with zinc added and tended to increase linearly with phytase added (P= 0·077). Linear and non-linear response equations of indicators of zinc status to zinc added and phytase added were developed and used to calculate zinc equivalency values of phytase. Non-linear models were linear plateau models for zinc added and exponential models for phytase added. Plasma APA, plasma zinc and bone zinc were maximized when zinc added reached 43, 54 and 56 mg/kg of diet, respectively. The mean function of equivalency of zinc as sulphate (Zn, mg/kg of diet) for microbial phytase (Phyt, U per kg of diet) was Zn = 49·9 − 58·3 e−0·00233Phyt. From this equation it is calculated that 250, 500, and 750 U of 3-phytase from Aspergillus niger can avoid the addition of 17, 32 and 40 mg of zinc as sulphate in a piglet diet. Zinc ingested and, in turn, zinc excreted, may be proportionately reduced by almost 0·30 by replacing 30 mg of zinc as sulphate by 500 U of phytase as Natuphos ® in a piglet maize and soya-bean meal diet formulated to contain 100 mg of zinc per kg.
Effect of variety and preservation method of cassava leaves on diet digestibility by indigenous and improved pigs
Authors: Borin Khieu , Lindberg J. E. , Ogle R. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDigestibility and nitrogen (N) balance studies were carried out on the leaves of short-term (ST) and long-term (LT) varieties of cassava, preserved by sun-drying and grinding into a meal or by ensiling. The cassava leaf meal and ensiled leaves (471 and 373 g/kg total diet dry matter, respectively) were mixed with palm syrup and palm oil, to give the experimental diets CLM and CLS, respectively. Four Mong Cai (MC) (17·2 (s.e. 2·61) kg) and four Landrace × Yorkshire (L×Y) (41·5 (s.e. 2·12) kg) male castrate pigs were used. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, with breed, cassava variety and processing method as factors.The hydrogen cyanide (HCN) levels of the fresh cassava leaves of ST (545 mg/kg dry matter (DM)) and LT (408 mg/kg DM) varieties were reduced by proportionately 0·63 and 0·33, respectively, after sun-drying and by 0·78 and 0·77, respectively, after ensiling. Intake was higher for DM, crude protein (CP) and organic matter (OM) (P < 0·001) and neutral- and aciddetergent fibre (NDF and ADF) and crude fibre (CF) (P <0·01) in CLM than in CLS. There was a breed by processing method interaction for CF intake (P < 0·05). The coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) was higher in CLS than in CLM for DM, CP, OM and CF (P < 0·001) and NDF and ADF (P < 0·01). The MC pigs digested ADF (P < 0·01) and CF (P < 0·001) more effectively than L×Y pigs but there was no difference (P > 0·05) in the digestibility of other nutrients or DM. There was a breed by cassava variety interaction for ADF digestibility and breed by processing method for CF digestibility (P < 0·01). Daily N intake and faecal N were higher (P < 0·001) in CLM than in CLS. Urinary N was lower in CLS than in CLM (P < 0·05) and in L×Y than in MC pigs (P < 0·001). N utilization (N retained per unit intake) was higher for CLS than CLM (P < 0·001) and in L×Y than in MC pigs (P < 0·001). It is concluded that ensiling is a more effective method than sun-drying for reducing HCN in cassava leaves after 60 days re-growth, and also results in higher digestibility of DM and dietary components than sun-drying. However, the bulkiness of the silage limits intake. The MC pigs digested dietary fibre more efficiently than the L×Y pigs, whereas the L×Y pigs utilized N more efficiently than the MC pigs.
Effect of a high fibre intake on the resistance of the growing rabbit to an experimental inoculation with an enteropathogenic strain ofEscherichia coli
Authors: Gidenne T. , Licois D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractResponse to an experimental infection with an enteropathogenicE. coliO103 strain (EPEC) was assessed in growing rabbits given a high or a low dietary fibre diet (200 and 120 g acid-detergent fibre per kg respectively for high ‘HF’ or low ‘LF’ fibre diet). The two experimental diets, differing in fibre level but not fibre quality, were given ad libitum from 21 days of age to two groups of 12 litters of nine pups, weaned at 28 days (trial 1) and caged collectively. At 42 days of age, the two groups were divided in two subgroups (i.e. four groups of 18 animals), inoculated or not with an EPEC O103 strain. Two further groups of 48 rabbits (trial 2) were given LF and HF diets from 28 days (weaning) to 70 days, and were individually housed to control precisely the food intake. Reducing the fibre level led to a lower post-weaning food intake (64 v. 85 g/days in the period from 28 to 42 days of age,P< 0·001) and digestible energy intake (0·75v.. 0·86 MJ/day,P< 0·001), causing a lower growth (proportionately 0·088 lower,P< 0·001). At 42 days of age, only 17% of rabbits had a detectable caecal saprophyteE. coliflora (over 102colony-forming units (CFU) per g, trial 1). Inoculating 6-week-old rabbits with EPEC led to moderate levels of mortality (26%). Health risk index (mortality + morbidity) was numerically higher in LF compared with HF groups (P= 0·12). The acute phase of the colibacillosis was between 3 and 10 days post inoculation. From days 7 to 14 post inoculation, a significantly higher frequency of rabbits having a high faecal excretion ofE. coli(> 105CFU per g) was found in LF than in HF rabbits (respectively 65 v. 26·7%,P= 0·04). The caecal pectinolytic flora reached 108CFU per g at 42 and 65 days of age, and was not affected by diet or EPEC challenge. In 42-day-old rabbits the caecal volatile fatty acid concentration was higher in HF than in LF groups (respectively 79 v. 60 mmol/l,P< 0·05), while the caecal pH was slightly lower (respectively 5·93 v. 6·09,P< 0·01). At 65 days of age, rabbits resistant to the inoculation showed a similar fermentation pattern and fibrolytic flora level to non-inoculated animals. Caecal ammonia level was not affected either by age, diet orE. colichallenge (mean = 12·1 mmol/l). From these results, we conclude that a high fibre intake improved the resistance of the growing rabbit to a specific enteropathy, in association with a higher caecal fermentative activity and lower caecal pH.
Incorporating turn-over in whole body protein retention efficiency in cattle and sheep
Authors: Roux C. Z. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn pigs the quantification of breakdown and synthesis by powers of body protein led to the estimation of turn-over related protein retention efficiency by the equation kP= {1 + [1 − (P/α)(2/9)Q]−1/6}−1, with α the limit value of whole body protein (P) maturity, so that 0 ≤(P/α)≤1. The factor 2/9 is derived from diffusion attributes indicated by cell and nucleus geometries α and Q represents a scaled transformation of intake, 0 ≤ Q ≤ 1, such that a value of Q = 1 may represent ad libitum intake and Q = 0 the intake at the maintenance requirement. Published observations on finishing steers provide estimates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown at pre-determined levels of intake in confirmation of the theoretical (2/9)Q power associated with (P/α) inkP. Further confirmation of the (2/9)Q power in cattle follows from satisfactory agreement between an estimate of conventional multiple regression retention efficiency and the turn-over related retention efficiency calculated at the given level of intake, for the mid point of the body mass interval covered by the regression estimate. In addition, a simulation experiment on cattle from the literature gives power estimates of protein breakdown and synthesis in general agreement with those accepted for pigs. Examples on both fine and coarse diets are employed to suggest a general rule for prediction on diets causing submaximal efficiency due to suboptimal intakes.In sheep, evidence derived from estimates of conventional multiple regression efficiencies suggests that the rule (a-b) = (2/9) Q for the calculation ofkPshould be reserved for the description of compensatory growth. Protein retention efficiency for ordinary growth should be described by an adaptation of the rule derived for suboptimal intakes.
Tolerance of imported rabbits grown as meat animals to hot climate and saline drinking water in the subtropical environment of Egypt
Authors: Marai I. F. M. , Habeeb A. A. M. , Gad A. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNinety of each of New Zealand White (NZW) and Californian (Cal) male weaned rabbits at 5 weeks of age with nearly similar average live weights were used during two periods of the year (mild and hot, each of 9 weeks), in a trial to evaluate their adaptability as meat animals to the subtropical conditions of Egypt. The results showed that NZW surpassed Cal, in most of the traits studied. The increase was significant in final live weight, daily weight gain, final body solids, daily body solids gain, body water concentration (ml per 100 g body solids) and pre-slaughter weight. Meanwhile, Cal significantly surpassed NZW in daily water consumption. The temperature-humidity index (THI) values indicated absence of heat stress in the first period and exposure to moderate (but very close to severe) heat stress in the second. The hot conditions induced significant decline in final live weight, daily weight gain, food intake, final body solids, daily body solids gain, plasma tri-iodothyronine (T3) hormone, total proteins, albumin, globulin, total lipids, glucose, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, Mg and P), pre-slaughter weight and kidneys with fat weight. In contrast, the hot conditions were accompanied by significant increases in water intake, body water concentration, plasma urea-N, creatinine and physiological body reactions (respiration rate and temperatures of rectum, skin and ear). Drinking water containing high levels of salt (3000 p. p. m. and more) caused significant decreases in final live weight, daily live-weight gain, final body solids, daily body solids gain, plasma T3 hormone, total proteins, albumin, total lipids, glucose, pre-slaughter weight and kidneys with fat weight. At the same time, significant increases occurred in water consumption, body water concentration, plasma urea-N, creatinine, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca and P), respiration rate and rectal and skin temperatures. Estimations of adaptability to the subtropical environment of Egypt and tolerance to drinking saline water under the same conditions were found to be proportionately 0·844 and 0·876 and 0·821 and 0·803, in NZW and Cal, respectively.
Ileal digestibility of raw and autoclaved kidney-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seed meals in cannulated pigs
Authors: Rubio L. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFive castrated male pigs (100±2 kg mean live weight) fitted with T-shaped ileal cannulae were used to determine ileal digestibility of raw or autoclaved (136°C, 3 min, 2·3 bar) kidney-bean seed meals, which were included (536 g/kg) in the diet as the only protein source. A protein-free and a diet based on hydrolysed casein were used to estimate endogenous protein secretion. Apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter was lower (P < 0·05) for raw compared to autoclaved kidney-bean meal. Apparent and true ileal digestibilities of raw kidney-bean meal were not only lower (P < 0·05) than those of autoclaved kidney beans, but negative or close to zero for N and some amino acids. Ileal N (36·9 g/kg food ingested) and sialic acid (3·5 g/kg food ingested) flows in pigs given the raw kidney-bean-based diet were higher (P < 0·05) than those of pigs given the autoclaved kidney-bean diet (respectively 8·9 and 1·4 g/kg food ingested). Autoclaved kidney beans contained 364 and 143 g/kg of starch and non-starch polysaccharides respectively, the ileal digestibilities of which were 0·79 and 0·26. Among individual non-starch polysaccharide sugars, apparent ileal digestibility values were between 0 (rhamnose) and 0·38 (arabinose). Ileal apparent digestibility of total oligosaccharides in the autoclaved kidney bean diet was 0·52, and total amounts of oligosaccharides digested was 18·6 g/kg food. Among individual short-chain fatty acids in ileal contents, only propionate values were signifi cantly (P < 0·05) different between pigs given raw or autoclaved kidney-bean diets. Lactate concentration in ileal contents was higher (P < 0·05) in pigs given autoclaved compared with raw kidney beans. Ileal digestibility of autoclaved kidney-bean meal in the 10-kg pigs was poorer than that of other raw legume-seed meals such as lupins and chickpeas in other studies. The potential health implications of these results are also discussed.
Estimation of roughage intake in sheep using a known daily intake of a labelled supplement
Authors: Elwert C. , Dove H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA feeding trial with growing sheep was conducted on mixed roughage-supplement diets, to test whether roughage intake could be estimated from a known intake of a supplement and an alkane-based estimate of the supplement and roughage proportions in the diet (diet composition) without the need for separate dosing with external marker alkanes. Diets consisted of chaffed Trifolium subterraneum hay (SC), or a mix of SC and beeswax-labelled cottonseed meal (CSM) in the proportions of 7: 1, 6: 2, 5: 3 and 4: 4 (air-dry matter basis). Six sheep were given the pure SC diet and three sheep were given each of the mixed diets. Additionally, the CSM was also labelled with octatriacontane (C38) to investigate its use for labelling supplements. Due to unexpectedly low recoveries, C38 was not included in any estimation of diet composition or digestibility.The inclusion of beeswax-labelled CSM in a SC diet resulted in lower faecal alkane recoveries (as proportions of alkane ingested; P ≤ 0·05). Within mixed diets, recoveries decreased significantly with increasing proportion of CSM, but this effect was significant (P < 0·05) only for alkanes consisting of 25, 26, 27 and 29 carbon-atoms. Estimates of diet composition were close to measured values. Daily SC intake and organic matter digestibility (OMD) differed by −3·7 to 7·2% and −2·0 to 5·7% from measured values if a mean faecal recovery, across diets, was applied for each alkane. Accuracy increased greatly if estimates were based upon faecal alkane recoveries for individual diets, instead of mean recoveries across diets (−0·3 to 0·9% and −0·2 to 0·0% for SC intake and OMD, respectively).The results indicate that roughage intake can be estimated from a combination of known supplement intake and an estimate of diet composition, which obviates the need for separate alkane dosing to estimate intake. The method should be applicable in situations in which animals either normally receive supplements (e.g., dairy cows) or could readily be given supplements.
In vitromicrobial growth and rumen fermentation of different substrates as affected by the addition of disodium malate
Authors: Tejido M. L. , Ranilla M. J. , García-Martínez R. , Carro M. D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effects of two concentrations of disodium malate on thein vitrofermentation of three substrates differing in their forage: concentrate ratio (0·8: 0·2, 0·5: 0·5 and 0·2: 0·8; g/g dry matter; low-, medium- and high-concentrate substrates, respectively) by rumen micro-organisms were studied using batch cultures. Rumen contents were collected from four Merino sheep offered lucerne hay ad libitum and supplemented daily with 400 g concentrate. Disodium malate was added to the incubation bottles to achieve final concentrations of 0, 4 and 8 mmol/l malate and15N was used as a microbial marker. Gas production was measured at regular intervals from 0 to 120 h of incubation to study fermentation kinetics. When gas production values were corrected for gas released from added malate, no effects (P> 0·05) of malate were detected for any of the estimated gas production parameters. In 17-h incubations, the final pH and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were increased (P< 0·001) by the addition of malate, but no changes (P> 0·05) were detected in the final amounts of ammonia-N and lactate. When net VFA productions were corrected for the amount of VFA produced from malate fermentation itself, adding malate did not affect (P> 0·05) the production of acetate, propionate and total VFA. Malate reduced methane (CH4) production by proportionately 0·058, 0·013 and 0·054 for the low-, medium- and high-concentrate substrates, respectively. Adding malate to batch cultures increased (P< 0·01) rumen microbial growth (mean values of 16·6, 18·3 and 18·4 mg of microbial N for malate at 0, 4 and 8 mmol/l, respectively), but did not affect (P> 0·05) its efficiency of growth (55·5, 56·7 and 54·3 mg of microbial N per g of organic matter apparently fermented for malate at 0, 4 and 8 mmol/l, respectively). There were no interactions (P> 0·05) malate × substrate for any of the measured variables, and no differences (P> 0·05) in pH, CH4production and microbial growth were found between malate at 4 and 8 mmol/l. The results indicate that malate had a beneficial effect on in vitro rumen fermentation of substrates by increasing VFA production and microbial growth, and that only subtle differences in the effects of malate were observed between substrates. Most of the observed effects, however, seem to be due to fermentation of malate itself.