bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agriculture as a phosphorus source for eutrophication in the north‐west European countries, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom and Ireland: a review
Authors: Ulén B. , Bechmann M. , Fölster J. , Jarvie H. P. , Tunney H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn the north‐western European countries Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland, variability in the forms, amounts and timing of phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural land is related to national differences in climate, soil, hydrological conditions and agricultural production. The dissolved form of P constitutes 9–93% of the total phosphorus (TP) in water, subsurface drainage can contribute 12–60% and surface erosion 40–88% of TP transfer. TP export in small agricultural streams is generally in the range 0.3–6 kg ha−1 year−1, with the highest losses in Norway and UK. All four countries are complying with the EU Water Framework Directive and developing a range of measures based on P source with transport controls over P losses. A decreasing trend in TP losses has been detected in agricultural streams following the introduction of measures to reduce erosion in Norway. Average P concentrations in Swedish streams have shown a reduction of nearly 2% per year since 1993 as a result of measures introduced in southern Sweden. However, in two large rivers in agricultural regions of Sweden, the concentrations of suspended solids (SS) and TP were shown to increase by 0.4% and 0.7% per year, respectively, over the period 1975–2004, possibly as a result of climate change. It is too early to detect trends in agricultural contributions to P in surface waters as a result of catchment‐sensitive farming (CSF) in the UK and Ireland.
Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndromes in veterinary medicine: consensus definitions: The Dorothy Russell Havemeyer Working Group on ALI and ARDS in Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Wilkins Pamela A. , Otto Cynthia M. , Baumgardner James E. , Dunkel Bettina , Bedenice Daniela , Paradis Mary Rose , Staffieri Francesco , Syring Rebecca S. , Slack Joanne , Grasso Salvatore , Pranzo, Esq. Gene 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground:As veterinary medicine has become more sophisticated, with greater numbers of veterinary patients receiving intensive care, more patients with an acute respiratory distress (ARDS)‐like syndrome have been recognized.Methods:A consensus definition meeting was held for the purpose of developing veterinary‐specific definitions for acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS.Results/conclusions:Three clinically based definitions for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress‐like syndromes occurring in veterinary patients were described. Neonatal equine respiratory distress syndrome (NERDS) was defined separately due to the specific requirement for primary developmental surfactant dysfunction and lack of an inflammatory component. Five diagnostic criteria categories were established for Veterinary ALI/ARDS (Vet ALI/ARDS) with 4 required and a fifth highly recommended criteria. A strong consensus was reached that onset of respiratory distress must have been acute and that known risk factors must be present. Additional criteria included evidence of pulmonary capillary leak with no evidence of increased pulmonary capillary pressure, evidence of inefficient gas exchange and, finally, evidence of inflammation. Some features of ALI/ARDS in the neonatal horse were recognized as unique, therefore, equine neonatal ALI/ARDS (EqNALI/EqNARDS) was similarly defined but with a graded gas exchange inefficiency table to allow for normal developmental changes in gas exchange. Use of these definitions in planning prospective studies of these problems in veterinary patients should allow for more direct comparisons of studies and clinical trials, with a larger goal of improving outcome in veterinary patients.
Malnutrition and diabetes mellitus are related to hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Kalaitzakis Evangelos , Olsson Rolf , Henfridsson Pia , Hugosson Irene , Bengtsson Maria , Jalan Rajiv , Björnsson Einar 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground/Aims: Studies on animal models of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) suggest that poor nutritional status may facilitate the development of HE. Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus have recently been reported to affect cognition in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation. Our aim was to investigate the effects of malnutrition and diabetes mellitus on HE in unselected patients with liver cirrhosis.Methods: A total of 128 consecutive cirrhotic patients were prospectively evaluated for the presence of HE according to the West‐Haven criteria as well as by means of two psychometric tests and fasting plasma ammonium ion concentrations. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry and estimation of recent weight change. Fasting plasma glucose was measured, and in a subgroup of 84 patients fasting serum insulin and insulin resistance were also determined.Results: Fifty‐one (40%) cirrhotics were malnourished, 33 (26%) had diabetes and 42 (34%) had HE. Patients with vs. without malnutrition had more frequently HE (46 vs. 27%; P=0.031) but did not differ in age, aetiology or severity of liver cirrhosis (P>0.1). Multivariate analysis showed that the time needed to perform number connection test A was independently correlated to age, the Child–Pugh score, diabetes and malnutrition (P<0.05 for all). Plasma ammonium ion levels were related to insulin resistance (r=0.42, P<0.001) and muscle mass (r=0.28, P=0.003).Conclusion: Malnutrition and diabetes mellitus seem to be related to HE in patients with liver cirrhosis. Nutritional status and insulin resistance might be implicated in the pathogenesis of HE.
The benign course of liver disease in adults with cystic fibrosis and the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid
Authors: Desmond Christopher Paul , Wilson John , Bailey Michael , Clark Denise , Roberts Stuart Keith 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground and Aims: The life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has been increasing and the associated liver disease has emerged as a significant medical issue. Our aim was to describe the clinical features, course and effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on liver disease in an adult CF population.Study: From 1983 to 2005, 278 patients with CF were followed up at the Alfred Hospital, an adult tertiary referral centre. Twenty‐seven patients (9.7%) satisfied the criteria for liver disease and their clinico‐pathological features were assessed. The effect of UDCA on hepatobiliary symptoms and biochemical parameters was determined.Results: The mean age at liver disease diagnosis was 23 years (range 8–47 years). Portal hypertension was present in 18 (67%) patients. During a median follow‐up of 7 years (range 1.5–15), variceal haemorrhage occurred in two patients and ascites in three (one spontaneously). Nine (33%) patients died and five (19%) underwent lung transplantation. There was no encephalopathy, liver transplantation or liver‐related deaths. UDCA was taken by 22 patients and was associated with a significant improvement in hepatobiliary symptoms [11/22 (50%) in the pre‐UDCA period vs 1/22 (4%) in the post‐UDCA period; P=0.0003] and a significant reduction in aspartate aminotransferase (P=0.005); alanine aminotransferase (P<0.001); γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase (P=0.021); and alkaline phosphatase (P<0.001).Conclusions: Liver disease in adults with CF is commonly complicated by portal hypertension, but morbidity and mortality associated with this in our small patient population were low. UDCA is associated with improvement in hepatobiliary symptoms and liver function tests.
Using pressure–volume curves to set proper PEEP in acute lung injury
Authors: LaFollette Ryan , Hojnowski Katy , Norton Jillian , DiRocco Joseph , Carney David , Nieman Gary 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe evolution of respiratory care on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been focused on preventing the deleterious effects of mechanical ventilation, termed ventilator‐induced lung injury (VILI). Currently, reduced tidal volume is the standard of ventilatory care for patients with ARDS. The current focus, however, has shifted to the proper setting of positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP). The whole lung pressure–volume (P/V) curve has been used to individualize setting proper PEEP in patients with ARDS, although the physiologic interpretation of the curve remains under debate. The purpose of this review is to present the pros and cons of using P/V curves to set PEEP in patients with ARDS. A systematic analysis of recent and relevant literature was conducted. It has been hypothesized that proper PEEP can be determined by identifying P/V curve inflection points. Acquiring a dynamic curve presents the key to the curve‘s bedside application. The lower inflection point of the inflation limb has been shown to be the point of massive alveolar recruitment and therefore an option for setting PEEP. However, it is becoming widely accepted that the upper inflection point (UIP) of the deflation limb of the P/V curve represents the point of optimal PEEP. New methods used to identify optimal PEEP, including tomography and active compliance measurements, are currently being investigated. In conclusion, we believe that the most promising method for determining proper PEEP settings is use of the UIP of the deflation limb. However, tomography and dynamic compliance may offer superior bedside availability.
Implementation and evaluation of the critical care assistant role
Authors: McGuire Anita , Richardson Annette , Coghill Elaine , Platt Alan , Wimpenny Sarah , Eglon Pamela 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the implementation and evaluation of the critical care assistant (CCA) role within a large teaching trust. Nine CCAs were employed as a pilot across six critical care units. A multistakeholder evaluation was performed to establish the impact of the new role on the critical care team and the contribution to patient care. The evaluation was undertaken over 6 months and used questionnaire format and focus group interviews. The results of the evaluation were overall mixed with some improvements noted especially within high‐dependency care where the introduction of the role eased some of the workload pressures on qualified staff and allowed nurses to focus on the more dependent patients. A structured education and training programme supported by the National Vocational Qualification level 3 assessment strategy helped to prepare the CCAs theoretically for the extension in their role; however, difficulties were experienced with the appropriate allocation of tasks and general communication with nursing staff. The perceptions of both patients and relatives were sought and evaluated positively as they were satisfied with the standard of care received and were comfortable with a CCA providing their care, which supports the future development of the role.
Physiological risk factors, early warning scoring systems and organizational changes
Authors: Johnstone Carolyn C , Rattray Janice , Myers Liz 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCurrently, medical and surgical wards tend to have a higher number of sicker and more dependent patients. There is also a growing recognition that several indicators of acute deterioration are being missed, leading to adverse consequences for the patients. As a result, many initiatives have been designed to try to reduce these consequences, including the development of early warning scoring or track and trigger systems and medical response and critical care outreach teams. This paper briefly discusses the risk factors associated with acute deterioration, the use of early warning scoring or track and trigger systems and the role of outreach teams. The aim of this paper is to discuss the development and subsequent implementation of early warning scoring systems (EWS) or track and trigger systems. It will also discuss the associated organizational changes; the main organizational change discussed will be the introduction outreach teams. For this paper, a pragmatic search strategy was implemented using the following terms: early warning score and scoring, track and trigger systems, decision‐making tools, critical care outreach and medical emergency teams. The databases used included CINHAL (1997–2007), Medline, Blackwell Synergy and Science Direct, as these would enable the retrieval of relevant literature in the area of triggering of response to acute deterioration in clinical condition. A 10‐year limit was initially set, although review of the literature identified resulted in a widening of this to include some of the relevant (and occasionally more dated) literature referred to in these papers. A total of 645 were accessed; of these 135 were retrieved as they appeared to meet the inclusion criteria, but only 35 have been included in this review. The term decision‐making tools accounted for the largest number (500), but most of these were irrelevant. EWS are not always used to their full potential, raising the question of their impact. The impact of outreach teams and medical emergency teams has yet to be fully defined. For clinical practice, this means that care must be taken when developing and implementing these changes. The rigour of the development process needs to be considered along with reflection upon how to best meet local requirements.
Effects of plant growth substances on the conchocelis phase of Alaskan Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) species in conjunction with environmental variables1
Authors: Lin Rulong , Stekoll Michael S. 
Published: September 2007

The effect of plant growth substances (PGSs) on conchocelis growth of Alaskan Porphyra (P. abbottiae V. Krishnam., P. pseudolanceolata V. Krishnam., P. pseudolinearis Ueda) was investigated. Growth was measured under different combinations of PGS concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 ppm), PGS type (gibberellic acid, kinetin, and indole‐3‐acetic acid), temperature (7, 11, and 15°C), and photoperiod (16:8 light:dark [L:D] cycle and 8:16 L:D cycle). Plant growth substances effectively promoted the growth of Porphyra conchocelis. Depending on culture conditions, growth rates were increased relative to controls 6.9%–31.7% for P. abbottiae, 4.7%–25.7% for P. pseudolanceolata, and 8.9%–35.1% for P. pseudolinearis. Maximal growth of P. abbottiae occurred with 0.8 ppm kinetin, 15°C, and short‐day conditions (8:16 L:D). Porphyra pseudolanceolata exhibited maximal growth with 0.4 ppm indole‐3‐acetic acid, 7°C, and long days (16:8 L:D). Indole‐3‐acetic acid also effected maximal growth of P. pseudolinearis at 0.4 ppm, 15°C, and long‐day conditions (16:8 L:D). For P. abbottiae and P. pseudolinearis, intermediate PGS concentrations (0.4–1.6 ppm) had the greatest growth‐stimulating effects, whereas for P. pseudolanceolata, higher growth generally occurred at lower concentrations (0.1–0.8 ppm). Kinetin and indole‐3‐acetic acid had more influence on the conchocelis phase than gibberellic acid. The PGS concentrations greater than 1.6 ppm had a diminishing effect on growth, especially in P. pseudolanceolata. For P. abbottiae and P. pseudolinearis, higher temperatures resulted in higher growth rates, in contrast to P. pseudolanceolata, which grew faster at the lower temperatures.
Short‐term variations in development of a recurrent toxic Alexandrium minutum–dominated dinoflagellate bloom induced by meteorological conditions1
Authors: Van Lenning Kees , Vila Magda , Masó Mercedes , Garcés Esther , Anglès Silvia , Sampedro Nagore , Morales‐Blake Alejandro , Camp Jordi 
Published: September 2007

Development of an Alexandrium minutum Halim bloom affecting a Mediterranean harbor was monitored in detail using a multidisciplinary approach. A. minutum was by far the most abundant species at and near the bloom maximum, but always coexisted with members of three additional dinoflagellate genera and prasinophytes. Bloom initiation (early February) occurred during prolonged influences of sunny weather conditions, when day length exceeded 10.5 h and water temperatures reached 10.2°C. Subsequent development toward its maximum (end of March) also relied on good weather conditions, with specific wind directions favoring accumulation of cells. Arrival of rainy weather, associated with frontal boundaries of large‐scale low‐atmospheric‐pressure systems and characterized by reduced solar irradiance (heavy cloud coverage), opposite wind directions, and enhanced wind speeds, always caused temporal declines of the bloom. These declines were attributed to dispersal or displacement of algae, but a vertical migration of A. minutum cells toward the sediment was not excluded. Delayed inflows of excess terrestrial rainwater along the inner harbor wall strongly reduced salinity and prolonged a temporal decline far beyond influences of bad weather. The associated nutrient supply favored development of the phytoplankton population but reduced the toxin production of A. minutum cells. The HPLC‐determined Gonyautoxin (GTX) 1 + 4/GTX 2 + 3 ratio strongly increased toward the bloom maximum. This ratio was influenced by nutrient status and cell density and has a potential value for monitoring developmental stages of blooms. Prolonged bad weather conditions eventually hindered continuation of bloom development, and subsequent declines of algal biomass were attributed to grazing.
Effect of Light‐Curing Method and Cement Activation Mode on Resin Cement Knoop Hardness
Authors: Tango Rubens Nisie , Sinhoreti Mário Alexandre Coelho , Correr Américo Bortolazzo , Correr‐Sobrinho Lourenço , Henriques Guilherme Elias Peçanha 
Published: September 2007

Purpose:
To evaluate the Knoop hardness (KHN) of the resin cement Enforce activated by chemical/physical mode or physical mode solely; light‐cured directly or through a 1.5 mm thick ceramic disc (HeraCeram) on shade DD2.
Materials and Methods:
Light‐curing was carried out using a conventional quartz tungsten halogen light (QTH) (XL2500) for 40 seconds at 700 mW/cm2; light‐emitting diodes (LED) (Ultrablue Is) for 40 seconds at 440 mW/cm2; and Xenon plasma arc (PAC) (Apollo 95E) for 3 seconds at 1600 mW/cm2. Bovine incisors had their buccal faces flattened and hybridized. A mold was seated on these surfaces and filled with cement. A disc of the acid‐etched and silanized veneering material was seated over this set for light‐curing. After dry storage (24 hours at 37°C), specimens (n= 10) were sectioned for KHN measurements performed in a microhardness tester (50 gf load for 15 seconds). Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (α= 0.05).
Results:
The highest KHN values were obtained with LED, for both dual‐cured and light‐cured cement. The lowest KHN value was obtained with light‐cured PAC. Light‐curing with QTH resulted in hardness values similar to PAC in dual‐cured groups.
Conclusions:
Light‐curing through HeraCeram can influence resin cement hardness.
Rituximab responsive immune thrombocytopenic purpura in an adult with underlying autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome due to a splice‐site mutation (IVS7+2 T>C) affecting the Fas gene
Authors: Wei Andrew , Cowie Tiffany 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA 36 yr‐old man of Israeli descent with a history of childhood splenectomy for severe thrombocytopenia and a family history of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), presented with severe immune thrombocytopenic purpura refractory to standard therapy. He was found to possess a heterozygous mutation in the Fas gene (also termed TNFRSF6, CD95, Apo‐1) affecting the donor splice site of intron 7 (IVS7+2 T>C). This frameshift mutation truncates the cytoplasmic domain of the Fas death receptor, resulting in circulating CD4/8 double negative T lymphocytes, lymphadenopathy and autoimmune complications typical of ALPS. Administration of Rituximab in this patient was associated with a durable hematologic response (currently more than 12 months). This report highlights the need to consider rare inherited causes of thrombocytopenia in adults with a family history of immune cytopenia(s) and the effective use of anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody in patients unresponsive to immunosuppression and splenectomy.
Eosinophilic bronchitis‐like lesion as the cause of death in a Macaca mulatta: a first case report
Authors: Christal J.L. , Hubbard G.B. , Dick E.J. , Brasky K.M. , Jagirdar J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground  Eosinophilic bronchitis is a recently described, relatively benign condition in humans that is characterized by a corticosteroid‐responsive chronic cough and sputum eosinophilia without the abnormalities of airway function seen in asthma. The exact cause of this condition is currently unknown, however has been associated with various occupational exposures in humans. It has also been reported to progress to irreversible airway obstruction. This disease has been reported in dogs and horses, but not in non‐human primates.Methods  Gross examination of an otherwise healthy 13‐year‐old, colony‐born Macaca mulatta, which died of severe non‐responsive respiratory distress revealed that the lungs were markedly inflated and moist.Results  Hematoxylin and eosin‐stained sections from the lungs contained widespread accumulation of eosinophils, sloughed epithelial cells, and mucus centered around bronchioles and adjacent airways. There was no evidence of mast cell infiltration of peribronchiolar smooth muscle, goblet cell hyperplasia, or basement membrane thickening.Conclusions  This ruled out recurrent episodes as would be expected in asthma, favoring the diagnosis of an eosinophilic bronchitis‐like lesion. We report a first case of eosinophilic bronchitis‐like features in a M. mulatta.
Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma in a preterm newborn: demonstration by low‐dose multidetector CT
Authors: Heyer Christoph , Weitkaemper Almut , Teig Norbert , Mueller Annette , Rieger Christian , Nicolas Volkmar 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPrimary liver tumours are very rare in the neonatal period. Differential diagnoses include haemangioendothelioma, malignant hepatoblastoma and mesenchymal hamartoma. Due to non‐specific clinical symptoms and indecisive imaging findings, correct diagnosis may be difficult to establish. We report a female preterm newborn who was delivered at 33 weeks of gestation and in whom ultrasonography (US) revealed a large cystic intraabdominal tumour of unknown origin. For further evaluation, contrast‐enhanced multidetector computed tomography (CT) was performed on the 4th day of life using a low‐dose protocol (80 kVp, 50 mAs, collimation 0.75 mm, total effective dose 3.6 mSv). Based on CT findings, diagnosis of an intrahepatic mesenchymal hamartoma was made and confirmed by tumour resection and histopathological examination. In conclusion, multidetector CT (MDCT) using a low‐dose protocol can be exceptionally used to establish diagnosis of a mesenchymal hamartoma in a preterm newborn.