bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of ‘Cholinesterme in the Cellular Components of Neurones
Authors: GIACOBINI EZIO 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The procedure for the determination of cholinesterase activity in μμl samples of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of isolated nerve cells is described. The method is an application and modification of the Cartesian diver technique of Linderstrom‐Lang, which allows quantitative determinations in the order of 1× 10‐‐8 μl CO2/hour with ± 15 % accuracy. By means of this method acetyl‐cholinesterase activity could be demonstrated in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord of the rat.
Changes in Free Amino Acids and Proteins during Cell Growth and Synchronous Division in Mass Cultures of Tetrahymena Pyriformis
Authors: CHRISTENSSON ERIK 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The cellular divisions in mass cultures of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis were synchronized through heat shocks. Changes in the protein metabolism during the heat treatment and the subsequent first synchronous division have been analysed by aid of one‐dimensional paper chromatography of the free amino acids and nitrogen estimation of the soluble and insoluble proteins. Both the free amino acids and the total protein content increased about 3 times during shock treatment. Most individual free amino acids varied in amount in the same manner. At the higher temperature the protein synthesis showed to be blocked and as a result the synthetic activity proceeded in distinct waves corresponding to the individual shocks. The synthesis of soluble proteins showed a lag in time compared to the synthesis of the insoluble proteins. The protein synthesis was found to stop before division.
The Phagocytic Activity of the Reticulo‐endothelial System in Alloxan‐diabetic Rabbits
Authors: JUHLIN LENNART 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The functional activity of the reticulo‐endothelial system in alloxan‐diabetic rabbits has been measured by studying its ability to eliminate intravenously injected spherical particles from the blood stream. The distribution of the particles in different organs was also studied after they had left the blood. It was found that the particles disappeared more slowly from the blood stream in alloxan‐diabetic animals than in the controls. The distribution of particles in different organs was the same in both groups. The decreased phagocytic activity of the reticulo‐endothelial cells in diabetic animals may contribute to the decreased resistance to infections of diabetics.
Halide Transport in Red Blood Cells.
Authors: TOSTESON D. C. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.A flow tube for the measurement of rapid transport processes in red cells is described. The method is applicable to the measurement of transport processes with half‐times between 0.05 and 1 sec in suspensions of cells which have an average diameter greater than 1 micron. The rate constants for outflux of Cl38, Br82, F18 and I131 from washed beef and human red cells suspended in chloride‐phosphate medium at room temperature were measured under conditions of equilibrium of total halide in the system. The values of the rate constant were 3.1, 0.6, 0.3 and 0.06 sec‐1 respectively for both beef and human cells. The ratios of cell to medium concentrations of the various halides at equilibrium were measured by isotope dilution and found to be 0.58, 0.63, 0.50 and 1.06 for Cl38, Br82, F18 and I131 respectively in beef red cells. Similar ratios were observed in human cells. The rate constants for Cl38 outflux from beef red cells washed and suspended in bromide‐phosphate and iodide‐phosphate media were 1.8 and 0.6 sec‐1 respectively, both much lower than the value of 3.1 observed in chloridephosphate medium.
Quantitative Aspects of the Elimination of Neutral Violet by the Stomach.
Authors: BILSKI RYSZARD , ÖBRINK KARL JOHAN 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.It was shown in Heidenhain dogs that neutral violet was readily excreted from the blood. This excretion depended on the secretion rate of the gastric juice. Through experiments on isolated stomachs from mice, it appeared probable that the elimination of the dye was due to a partition depending on the pH of the two sides of the niucosal niembraue. At equal pH on both sides of the niucosa the final concentrations of the dye became equal on both sides. Part of the dye was captured in the mucosa itself, apparently depending on the state of activity of the mucosa. It is suggested that the accumulation of neutral violet in the gastric juice of dogs could also be a pH partition.
Oxygen Uptake and Working Capacity in Man During Work on the Bicycle Ergometer With One and Both Legs.
Authors: DUNER HANS 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.In healthy men the oxygen uptake, working capacity and lactic acid concentration in the blood have been determined during work on the cycle ergometer up to a pulse rate of 170 in steady state with the subject using both legs and each leg separately. The physical working capacity, expressed in kpm/min was with one leg 73–80% of that using both legs together. The right and left leg gave approximately the same value. The oxygen uptake at pulse rate 170 during work with one leg was 91–100% of that with both legs. It is presumed that the principal limiting factor in this type of work using large muscle groups is the capacity of the circulation to deliver oxygen to the muscles rather than the amount of muscles taking part in the work.
Pulse Pattern and Artificial Wave Pattern in the Arterial Tree of the Dog.
Authors: WEHN PER S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.Central and peripheral arterial pulse curves in dogs have been recorded synchronously during normal circulation. The peripheral increase in pulse pressure may attain 200 per cent. It is concluded that this increase cannot be due to wave reflection and interference together with a Bernoulli effect and a water hammer effect. The existence of a pulsatory activity of the peripheral muscular arteries must therefore be assumed. Pressure recordings from a large artificial arteriovenous fistula seem to indicate that peripheral wave reflection does not influence the pulse pressure to any greater extent. Central and peripheral pressure curves recorded during extracorporeal circulation clearly demonstrate essential differences between artificial wave motions and the pulse pattern. It is concluded that the physiological pulse cannot be regarded as an ordinary wave motion in the arteries.
Phasic Stretch and ‘Spindle Constant’ in Slow and Fast Rabbit Muscle.
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR , HOMMA SABURO 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The aim of this paper is to find a mathematical expression for the inherent properties of muscle spindles as indicators of phasic changes. Rate of change of muscle extension and rate of change of interval between two successive spindle discharges have been measured and plotted, one against the other. Their ratio has been found constant at different rates of stretch. This is the spindle constant, defined in the paper.
The Binding of Zinc to Glycerol‐extracted Muscle, and Its Relaxing Effect.
Authors: EDMAN K. A. PAUL 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The binding of zinc to glycerol‐extracted rabbit psoas muscle has been correlated with the zinc + ATP‐induced relaxation. The minimum amount of zinc that must be absorbed by the glycerol‐extracted fibres for complete isometric relaxation is about 3–4 mmoles per kg dry weight, which is close to the amount lost during glycerol‐extraction. The extracted fibres are able to absorb zinc in great excess of the concentration necessary for complete relaxation. The pH‐dependence of the contraction‐inhibiting effect of zinc and of the binding of zinc in high concentrations to the muscle shows that groups with a pK‐value of about 7, probably imidazole groups, are involved in both cases. The finding of an additive synergism between the effects of zinc and mersalyl suggests that also SH‐groups may be involved in the functionally relevant coupling of zinc to the contractile element.
Bile Acids in Rat Portal Blood. Bile Acids and Steroids 77.
Authors: OLIVECRONA THOMAS , SJÖVALL JAN 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.Tritium‐labelled cholic acid was given to four rats and radioactive bile acids in the portal blood were analyzed with reversed phase partition chromatography after two days. One tenth to two tenths per cent of the radioactivity mixed with the bile acid pool was present in one ml of portal blood. About 15 per cent of the radioactive portal bile acids were unconjugated, approximately 50 per cent of which was deoxycholic acid as judged by its chromatographic behaviour. These figures have been used for rough calculations of the extent of enterohepatic circulation and cecal absorption of cholic acid and its metabolites, and for the estimation of the daily conversion of cholic acid into deoxycholie acid by intestinal microorganisms.
On the Biological Assay of Gholecystokinin and Its Dosage in Cholecystography
Authors: Jorpes Erik , Mutt Viktor , Olbe Lars 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe methods applied in assaying the biological activity of cholecystokinin are reviewed. The authors recommend the technique of Ivy as described in detail by Ivy and Janecek 1959. One Ivy dog unit of cholecystokinin per kg body weight is recommended as a suitable dose to be given intravenously in man in connection with cholecystographies. No better response will be obtained with larger doses. This calculated dose agrees well with the dose found empirically to be clinically sufficient as applied in about 2,000 cholecystographies performed in different Swedish clinics.
The Effect of Functionally Induced Changes of Wall/Lumen Ratio on the Vasoconstrictor Response to Standard Amounts of Vasoactive Agents
Authors: Folkow Björn , ÖBerg Bengt 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIt has recently been suggested that the functionally induced increase in wall/lumen ratio, obtained whenever vascular tone is increased, might explain the vascular ‘hyperresponsiveness’ seen in hypertensive disease. The present experiments indicate, however, that this is not the case, presumably because the smooth muscle shortening to a given excitatory stimulus gets smaller the higher the initial tone is. To create a structurally based vascular ‘hyperresponsiveness’ a true increase of the wall mass of the resistance vessels is a necessary prerequisite.
Comparison of Slow Potentials Evoked in the Frog's Nasal Mucosa and Olfactory Bulb by Natural Stimulation
Authors: Ottoson D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA comparative study has been made of the slow potential changes induced in the frog's olfactory bulb and nasal mucosa. It was found that the bulb response closely reproduced the slow potential changes in the receptor organ. Thus, changes in stimulus strength brought about identical changes in height of the two potentials. The response of the bulb was sensitive to asphyxia while the receptor response remained unaltered for hours after arrest of circulation. Antidromic stimulation of secondary olfactory pathways blocked the induced waves of the bulb but left the slow potential unaffected. Strong stimulation sometimes gave rise to oscillations superimposed upon the receptor potential. The frequency of the bulbar waves was not influenced by these oscillations. When the olfactory nerve was stimulated antidromically a diphasic spike potential could be recorded from the nasal mucosa. This potential exhibited the same distribution pattern as the receptor response. Repetitive maximal antidromic stimulation of the nerve did not affect the response evoked in the mucosa by natural stimulation.
Total Hemoglobin in the Chick Embryo Developing in Different Oxygen Tensions
Authors: Astola Erva , Jalavisto Eeva , Mustala O. , Solanterä L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe total hemoglobin of chicken embryos incubated 3– 11 days in varying oxygen pressures (15–17, 21 and 40–50 per cent oxygen) and in different temperatures (38d̀ and 40|dG C) was determined with the aid of a benzidine‐peroxidase‐reaction. In the youngest embryos the size of the area vasculosa was measured, and embryos more than 4 days old were weighed. It could be shown that the amount of hemoglobin was approximately one per cent of the weight of the embryo whatever the conditions. However, although the hemoglobin formation obviously did not respond to low oxygen pressure, the area vasculosa reacted to the lack of oxygen by increasing its size.
Enzymic Properties of Cholinesterases in Subcellular Fractions From Rat Brain
Authors: Holmstedt B. , Tqschi G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMitochondria, microsomes and a soluble fraction, prepared from rat brain homogenate by differential centrifugation, were assayed for cholinesterase (ChE) activity with different substrates. The activity of true ChE is higher in mitochondria and microsomes than in the whole homogenate, whereas pseudo‐ChE activity is more concentrated in the soluble fraction. The association of true ChE with membrane‐rich fractions is stressed.
Distribution of Acetocholinesterase in the Ganglion Cells of Various Sympathetic Ganglia
Authors: Holmstedt Bo , Sjöqvist Folke 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe purpose of the present investigation has been to find out if differences exist between the acetocholinesterase activity of different ganglia and different ganglion cells. The histochem‐ical study has been carried out with the modified thiocholine method, and control experiments of total cholinesterase activity have been performed with an electrometric technique. Three groups of ganglion cells with respect to staining intensity can be distinguished, group I heavily stained cells, group II moderately to faintly stained cells and group III unstained cells. Group I has been predominantly found in the stellate ganglion (7 %). The total number of stained cells (group I + group II) was: sup.cerv.gangl. 21.3 %, stellate gangl. 14.9 %, sup.mes. ganglion 6.8 % and coeliac gangl. 4.8 %. The electrometric method gave the following values of total acetocholinesterase activity: 71.5 × 10‐3, 51.5 × 10‐3, 29.5 × 10‐3 and 30.0 × 10‐3 μoles HAc per mg dry weight per min. The differences found between the sup.cerv.gangl. and the stellate gangl. on one hand and the abdominal ganglia on the other are highly significant. The influence of different incubation times has been studied. Different possibilities to explain these histochemical and biochemical results, suggestive of at least a dual type of ganglion cells, are discussed.
The Cell Migration in the Adrenal Cortex of Rats Studied with Tritiated Thymidine
Authors: DIDERHOLM HANS , HELLMAN Bo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractChanges in position of the adrenal cortical cells of the rat were studied by autoradiography using tritiated thymidine. Four hours after the thymidine injection, the labelled cells were localised to the capsule, zona glomerulosa and the outer parts of the zona fasciculata. After one month, many strongly labelled cells were found as far down as the transition region of the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis, while after two months, they were found within the zona reticularis. In the discussion of the results, it was taken into account that each zone of the adrenal cortex is considered to produce its own kinds of hormones.
Central Connections and Functions of Muscle Nerves in the Kitten
Authors: Skoglund Sten 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this paper the postnatal development of the afferent terminals of muscle nerves is studied by means of the two‐neuron arc, in kittens from birth to 45 days. The experimental findings support earlier histological evidence for a postnatal development of the dorsal root collaterals of muscle nerves. Evidence is also presented that the afferent terminals in the newborn and young animals have properties different from those in the adult animal. Facilitation is found to be lacking in the newborn animal while inhibition of extensors from flexors has been found extremely potent and longlasting. The results presented throw new light on earlier findings regarding the postnatal development of postural reflexes.
The Influence of Anoxia on 48/80‐Induced Histamine Release from Cat Skin
Authors: Westerholm Barbro 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe investigation reported here was designed to determine whether oxidative energy is necessary for histamine liberation in the cat as in the guinea pig and the rat. The experiments were performed in vitro on finely chopped cat skin which was incubated with the histamine liberator, compound 48/80, during oxygenation and during anoxia. From the results it is evident that anoxia inhibits histamine release from cat skin, while glucose abolishes the inhibition. The findings suggest that histamine release from such tissue is a process requiring energy from oxidative or glycolytic processes.
Analysis of Spinal Interneurons Activated by Tactile and Nociceptive Stimulation
Authors: Kolmodin G. M. , Skoglund C. R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe functional organization of spinal interneurons in the 6th and 7th lumbar segments responding exclusively to exteroceptive stimulation was studied in decapitate cats by means of intracellular technique. Seventy‐six neurons were classified according to their responses to three types of skin stimuli, viz. touch/pressure, movement of hairs and nociceptive stimulation, into one main group responding to only one, and a second main group responding to two modalities of skin sensation. Neurons responding to all three types of skin stimulation showed also proprioceptive influence and were not included. For each modality subgroup the excitatory and inhibitory response types, receptive fields, convergence patterns, discharge patterns and histological localization of the cells are described. The dorsal region of the spinal cord showed a predominance of neurons of more simple convergence and modality type, while the medial and ventral regions contained more complex cells with contralateral and suprasegmental connections. The receptive fields were generally larger for interneurons than for afferent fibers. Convergence of various types of tactile and nociceptive inflow both from the same field and from different, often widely separated areas was demonstrated. The discharge patterns, analyzed by means of a counting rate meter, showed characteristic features for various modalities of skin sensation, excitatory as well as inhibitory responses being determined mainly by the peripheral receptor discharges. Typical phenomena of postsynaptic activity, such as spatial summation, afterdischarges and inhibitory rebound, have been exemplified and one type of selective inhibition has also been described. The various types of convergence patterns observed in neurons influenced by tactile stimulation of the paws are schematically represented in a diagram.
A Study of the Anaphylactic Mast‐Cell Reaction in vivo Following Desensitization of Sensitized Guinea Pigs
Authors: Boréus Lars Olof 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe sensitivity of mast cells to antigen was studied quantitatively in the nasal mucosa of sensitized guinea pigs under pentobarbital anaesthesia. The typical anaphylactic mast‐cell “disappearance”, provoked by i. a. challenge injections of the antigen, could be inhibited with preceding S.C. antigen injections. This desensitization of mast cells was found to have developed within 1 hour following an appropriate S.C. injection and to last for about 2 weeks. Its effectiveness was proportional to the size of the preceding dose of the antigen. The desensitization was never absolute, since high challenge doses could still produce some degree of mast‐cell disappearance. Injections of antigen during the period of sensitization postponed the development of mast‐cell sensitivity to the antigen. Weekly injections of the antigen could maintain the desensitized state. Desensitization with one antigen (egg albumin) did not influence the sensitivity of the mast cells to another antigen (horse serum) and vice versa in double‐sensitized animals. In all experiments the inhibition of mast‐cell reactivity to antigen corresponded to an inhibition of the general anaphylactic symptoms.
Interhippocampal Impulses I. Origin, Course and Distribution in Cat, Rabbit and Rat
Authors: Andersen Per 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAndersen, P. — Interhippocampal impulses. I. Origin, Course and Distribution in Cat, Rabbit and Rat. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 63—90. — The present study is the first in a series concerned with the activation of the hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 by interhippocampal impulses. A point‐to‐point connection was found between homotopic points in these fields. In both fields the stimulus thresholds were lowest in the pyramidal cell body and the apical dendritic shaft layers. This suggests electrical excitability of part of the dendritic membrane. The CA1 commissural response consisted of a surface positive/negative wave with a spike on the positive wave. The CA3 response was a diphasic spike followed by a negative wave with a spike superimposed.
Some Responses of the Lateral Geniculate Body of the Rabbit to Flickering Light Stimuli
Authors: Arden Geoffrey , Liu Yu‐Ming 
Published: December 2008

AbstractArden, G. and Y.‐M. Liu. Some responses of the lateral geniculate body of the rabbit to flickering light stimuli.The response of geniculate cells to flickering light shows differences from the responses of retinal ganglion cells. The evoked discharge is usually only loosely synchronised with the flicker and consists of a burst of impulses similar to a resting burst. In most cells both excitatory and inhibitory processes determine this discharge. Cells may follow a flicker by rhythmic inhibition of their resting activity. Alteration of the intensity of the stimulus does not greatly affect the number or frequency of the evoked spikes, but considerably alters the degree to which the spikes are synchronised with the flicker. These findings are discussed in relation to retinal electrophysiology and the way information is transmitted by the geniculate body.
Cholinesterases and Innervation of Skeletal Muscles
Authors: Häggqvist Gösta 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHäggqvist, G. Cholinesterases and innervation of skeletal muscles.This investigation is directed to the possibility of a relationship between the behaviour of “specific cholinesterase” (AcChE), “non‐specific butyrylcholinesterase” (BuChE), the two types of nerve endings known to occur in muscles and the number of phasic and tonic fibres in muscle nerves. It has been shown that muscles predominantly innervated by delicate tonic fibres have endings of a “grappe type” and stain heavier for BuChE. Muscles innervated principally by coarse fibres with endings of a “plaque type” stain for AcChE. Muscles innervated by mixed coarse and thin fibres possess both kinds of endings and show centres for AcChE as well as BuChE. It seems probable that the “en plaque” endings of the phasic fibres contain AcChE, whereas the “en grappe” endings of the tonic nerves, contain BuChE.
Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Adipose Tissue from Hen, Chicken and Adult Human
Authors: Angervall Gunnar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAngervall, G. Lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue from hen, chicken and adult human.Lipoprotein lipase was extracted from acetone powder of hen and chicken adipose tissue with dilute ammonia. The enzyme was tested in vitro in a system with milk cream suspension as a substrate and pure albumin or inhibitor‐freed plasma as a fatty acid acceptor. The activity was measured as a decrease in optical density in the system and as a release of unesterified fatty acids per 10 mg of enzyme extract. Lipoprotein lipase activity was three or four times greater in extracts of chicken adipose tissue as compared with those of hen. In adult human adipose tissue, however, there was no or insignificant lipoprotein lipase activity in three of four cases. — The role of inhibitors of lipoprotein lipase in connection with the method was discussed.