bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reward‐aversion circuitry in analgesia and pain: Implications for psychiatric disorders
Authors: Borsook David , Becerra Lino , Carlezon William A. , Shaw Marnie , Renshaw Perry , Elman Igor , Levine Jon 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSensory and emotional systems normally interact in a manner that optimizes an organism's ability to survive using conscious and unconscious processing. Pain and analgesia are interpreted by the nervous system as aversive and rewarding processes that trigger specific behavioral responses. Under normal physiological conditions these processes are adaptive. However, under chronic pain conditions, functional alterations of the central nervous system frequently result in maladaptive behaviors. In this review, we examine: (a) the interactions between sensory and emotional systems involved in processing pain and analgesia in the physiological state; (b) the role of reward/aversion circuitry in pain and analgesia; and (c) the role of alterations in reward/aversion circuitry in the development of chronic pain and co‐morbid psychiatric disorders. These underlying features have implications for understanding the neurobiology of functional illnesses such as depression and anxiety and for the development and evaluation of novel therapeutic interventions.
What Is the True Incidence of Horizontal Semicircular Canal Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo?
Authors: Çakir Burak Ömür , Ercan İbrahim , Çakir Zeynep Alkan , Civelek Şenol , Sayin İbrahim , Turgut Suat 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVETo assess the correct incidence of horizontal semicircular canal (H‐SCC) benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).STUDY DESIGNRetrospective assessment of patients with BPPV.METHODSAll patients with BPPV were included and the rates of involvement of posterior, horizontal, and anterior SCCs were determined.RESULTSOne hundred sixty‐nine patients with the diagnosis of BPPV were evaluated. One hundred forty‐four patients (85.2%) were found to have posterior SCC (P‐SCC) involvement, and there were 20 patients (11.8%) with horizontal SCC (H‐SCC) and 2 patients (1.2%) with anterior SCC (A‐SCC) involvement. Three patients (1.8%) had simultaneous H‐SCC and P‐SCC BPPV ipsilaterally. Geotropic nystagmus was seen in 17 out of 23 patients (73.9%) in roll test, and ageotropic nystagmus was seen in the remaining 6 patients (26.1%).CONCLUSIONH‐SCC constitutes 13.6% of all BPPV cases. H‐SCC BPPV with geotropic nystagmus is more common. H‐SCC BPPV can coexist with ipsilateral P‐SCC BPPV. However, in some cases of H‐SCC BPPV, Dix‐Hallpike maneuver can cause vertigo and horizontal nystagmus. This may be confused with P‐SCC BPPV. Therefore, the roll test must be performed in all cases in addition to Dix‐Hallpike maneuver and both ears must be evaluated with respect to all SCCs for BPPV.EBM rating: C‐4© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Role of Ostiomeatal Complex Obstruction in Maxillary Fungus Ball
Authors: Tsai Tung‐Lung , Guo Yuan‐Ching , Ho Ching‐Yin , Lin Ching‐Zong 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to clarify the role of ostiomeatal complex obstruction in maxillary fungus ball.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGComparative study in a hospital setting of the mean Lund‐Mackay scores for the anterior ethmoid and frontal sinuses of 54 versus 48 patients with maxillary fungus ball versus chronic unilateral rhinosinusitis, respectively.RESULTSIn cases with partial opacification in the maxillary sinus, the anterior ethmoid and frontal sinuses were diseased in the chronic unilateral rhinosinusitis group but not in the maxillary fungus ball group. In cases with total opacification in the maxillary sinuses, all anterior ethmoid and frontal sinuses in both groups were diseased, but the disease condition of the frontal sinuses was significantly less severe in the maxillary fungus ball group (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCEIn this era of evidence‐based medicine, we provide statistical data supporting the principle that maxillary fungus ball is not associated with osteomeatal complex obstruction and that another as‐yet‐unexplained mechanism must be responsible.EBM rating: B‐3b© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Revision Chronic Ear Surgery
Authors: Kaylie David M. , Gardner Edward K. , Jackson C. Gary 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVETo report results of revision chronic ear surgery following guidelines of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and to establish expectations for infection and cholesteatoma control and hearing outcomes.STUDY DESIGNRetrospective case review of all patients who underwent revision chronic ear surgery from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2000. Revision chronic ear surgery included canal wall up and canal wall down procedures with ossicular chain reconstruction performed as needed. Cholesteatoma control, hearing improvement, and closure of middle ear space are main outcome measures.SETTINGTertiary referral center.RESULTSCholesteatoma recurrence rate was 57% at 1 year after surgery and 14% in patients with a minimum of a 5‐year follow‐up. Disease control was achieved in 96% of patients. Hearing was significantly improved in all surgical groups. Closure of the air‐bone gap for revision partial ossicular replacement prosthesis cases (PORP) to less than 20 dB occurred in 50% of patients. Closure of the air‐bone gap to within 30 dB for revision total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP) occurred in 60% of patients. Canal wall down status had a significant impact on hearing results after PORPs and TORPs; patients with intact canal walls had significantly better hearing results. Diagnosis of cholesteatoma significantly impacted hearing results for TORPs but not PORPS.CONCLUSIONSCholesteatoma control rates after revision surgery are similar to primary cases. Significant improvement in hearing can be expected after revision chronic ear surgery. Hearing results after a revision surgery that requires a PORP is worse than primary cases and is canal wall status dependant. Closure of the middle ear space and creation of a safe dry ear can be expected after revision chronic ear surgery.SIGNIFICANCEThis is a review of a large series of exclusively revision chronic ear surgery.EBM rating: C‐4© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Relationship between Rhinosinusitis Symptoms and Mucociliary Clearance Time
Authors: Boatsman Justin E. , Calhoun Karen H. , Ryan Matthew W. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVETo determine the correlation between rhinosinusitis symptoms as assessed by the Sino‐Nasal Outcomes Test‐20 (SNOT‐20) and mucociliary clearance as assessed by the saccharin method.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGThis was a cross‐sectional study of 50 adult volunteers. Subjects completed the SNOT‐20, and mucociliary clearance was determined with the saccharine method. Correlation coefficients (Spearman's Rho) were calculated for the global SNOT‐20 score.RESULTSThe SNOT‐20 scores varied from 20 to 54 (mean 30.28) with a possible range of 20 to 100. Clearance times varied from 418 to 2865 seconds (mean 999). There was no significant correlation between global SNOT‐20 score and clearance time (r = 0.196).CONCLUSIONSThere is no significant correlation between rhinosinusitis symptoms as assessed by SNOT‐20 scores and mucociliary clearance.SIGNIFICANCEMucociliary clearance is important for the health of the sinonasal cavities, but clearance time does not appear to be associated with symptom severity in the population studied.EBM rating: A‐1b© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Perioperative Management of Sickle Cell Disease Children Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Duke Rebecca L. , Scott J. Paul , Panepinto Julie A. , Flanary Valerie A. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVETo determine if outpatient tailored perioperative management has the same complication rate as that previously published for sickle cell disease (SCD) children who undergo adenotonsillectomy.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGRetrospective chart review of SCD children who underwent tonsillectomy with outcome measures of perioperative management and postsurgical complications.RESULTSOf 41 patients, 61% were monitored for <24 hours with the average length of stay being 2 days (range, 1 to 10). Postoperative complications were noted in 9 (22%) patients, including 8 (20%) with hypoxia, 4 (10%) fever, 3 (8%) acute chest syndrome, and 1 (2.4%) airway fire, which are similar to the published literature.CONCLUSIONSCurrent literature supports extensive perioperative management with hospital stays averaging 3 to 5 days. These data demonstrate that the majority of these patients can be managed with <24‐hour hospitalization stays with similar complication rates as previously described in the literature.SIGNIFICANCEThis study establishes a new paradigm for perioperative management of SCD children who undergo adenotonsillectomy.EBM rating: C‐4© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Assessment of Phonatory Function by the Airway Interruption Method: Age‐Related Changes
Authors: Makiyama Kiyoshi , Yoshihashi Hidetaka , Park Risa , Shimazaki Nahoko , Nakai Momoka 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVEIn order to ascertain age‐related changes in phonatory function, an aerodynamic phonatory function test based on the airway interruption method was conducted.STUDY DESIGNSubjects were 142 men and 144 women aged between 20 and 79 years. No subjects demonstrated abnormalities of sound quality. The test was conducted using the Nagashima PS77E phonatory function analyzer. Subjects were instructed to phonate at the most comfortable pitch and intensity, and fundamental frequency (F0), sound pressure level (SPL), mean flow rate (MFR), expiratory lung pressure (EP), and airway resistance were determined.RESULTSF0 was lower among women aged ≥50 years. EP was lower for women aged ≥70 years than for those in other age groups. For both genders, airway resistance was lower for those aged ≥70 years when compared to other age groups.CONCLUSIONSAmong women, F0 was lower aged ≥50 years. In advanced age, EP and airway pressure decreased among women and airway resistance decreased among men.EBM rating: C‐4© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Performance of Children Following Revision Surgery for a Cochlear Implant
Authors: Fayad Jose N. , Eisenberg Laurie S. , Gillinger Melinda , Winter Margaret , Martinez Amy S. , Luxford William M. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVESThe purpose of this study was to describe the causes for revision surgery and to compare clinical performance before and after surgery in children who required electrode reinsertion.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGSSoundfield thresholds and speech recognition scores were compared before device failure and following electrode reinsertion. Temporal bones from a deceased adult implant user who underwent bilateral revision implantation were analyzed.RESULTSHistopathology in the adult temporal bones revealed new bone formation in the scala tympani and substantially reduced spiral ganglion counts, with open‐set speech recognition realized. Of 28 children undergoing revision surgery, 18 required electrode reinsertion. With the exception of 1 patient with severe cochlear malformation, new electrode arrays were fully inserted without difficulty. Clinical outcomes between pre‐device failure and post‐electrode reinsertion did not differ statistically.CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCEElectrode reinsertion is technically feasible in the pediatric population. The majority of children recover their prerevision clinical performance.
A 1500-year record of temperature and glacial response inferred from varved Iceberg Lake, southcentral Alaska
Authors: Loso Michael G. , Anderson Robert S. , Anderson Suzanne P. , Reimer Paula J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe present a varve thickness chronology from glacier-dammed Iceberg Lake in the southern Alaska icefields. Radiogenic evidence confirms that laminations are annual and record continuous sediment deposition from A.D. 442 to A.D. 1998. Varve thickness is positively correlated with Northern Hemisphere temperature trends, and more strongly with a local, ∼600 yr long tree ring width chronology. Varve thickness increases in warm summers because of higher melt, runoff, and sediment transport (as expected), but also because shrinkage of the glacier dam allows shoreline regression that concentrates sediment in the smaller lake. Varve thickness provides a sensitive record of relative changes in warm season temperatures. Relative to the entire record, temperatures implied by this chronology were lowest around A.D. 600, warm between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1300, cooler between A.D. 1500 and A.D. 1850, and have increased dramatically since then. Combined with stratigraphic evidence that contemporary jökulhlaups (which began in 1999) are unprecedented since at least A.D. 442, this record suggests that 20th century warming is more intense, and accompanied by more extensive glacier retreat, than the Medieval Warm Period or any other time in the last 1500 yr.
Coastal effects on radar propagation in atmospheric ducting conditions
Authors: Atkinson B. W. , Zhu M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo models were used to assess the effects of coastal characteristics on radar propagation in ducting conditions in the Persian Gulf. The NCAR/Penn State MM5 model simulated atmospheric conditions at a 5‐km horizontal spatial and hourly temporal resolution on a day on which observations of ducts existed. The output from this model was input to the AREPS propagation model to produce radar coverage over coastal areas. Four factors influenced radar propagation: the sea breeze; coastal configuration; orography; and ambient wind. The sea breeze alone allowed propagation to extend about 100 km inland in a layer 200 m deep. When the breeze was aided by a following ambient wind the propagation layer extended for 150 km and was 400 m deep. A coastal indentation caused differences in depth and intensity of propagation over a distance of about 30 km parallel to the coast in which the indentation occurred. Steep near‐coastal orography blocked radar propagation. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
A Bayesian approach for multi‐model downscaling: Seasonal forecasting of regional rainfall and river flows in South America
Authors: Coelho C. A. S. , Stephenson D. B. , Doblas‐Reyes F. J. , Balmaseda M. , Guetter A. , van Oldenborgh G. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study addresses three issues: spatial downscaling, calibration, and combination of seasonal predictions produced by different coupled ocean‐atmosphere climate models. It examines the feasibility of using a Bayesian procedure for producing combined, well‐calibrated downscaled seasonal rainfall forecasts for two regions in South America and river flow forecasts for the Paraná river in the south of Brazil and the Tocantins river in the north of Brazil. These forecasts are important for national electricity generation management and planning. A Bayesian procedure, referred to here as forecast assimilation, is used to combine and calibrate the rainfall predictions produced by three climate models. Forecast assimilation is able to improve the skill of 3‐month lead November‐December‐January multi‐model rainfall predictions over the two South American regions. Improvements are noted in forecast seasonal mean values and uncertainty estimates. River flow forecasts are less skilful than rainfall forecasts. This is partially because natural river flow is a derived quantity that is sensitive to hydrological as well as meteorological processes, and to human intervention in the form of reservoir management. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Individual and contextual determinants of exclusive breast-feeding in São Paulo, Brazil: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Venancio Sonia Isoyama , Monteiro Carlos Augusto 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo identify individual and contextual factors associated with the practice of exclusive breast-feeding (EBF).MethodologyWe analysed 34 435 children under 6 months of age living in 111 municipalities in the state of São Paulo, south-eastern Brazil, who participated in a survey investigating feeding practices during the first year of life, carried out during the 1999 national vaccination campaign. The questionnaire employed included questions on the consumption, in the last 24 h, of breast milk, water, tea, other types of milk and other foods, in addition to mother and child characteristics. Information on the pro-breast-feeding measures implemented in the municipalities was also collected. The effects of individual and contextual characteristics on EBF were analysed using multilevel models.ResultsThe final model showed a greater chance of EBF in women with tertiary education (odds ratio (OR) = 1.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75–2.06); women aged between 25 and 29 years (OR = 1.52; 95% CI 1.41–1.63); multiparae (OR = 1.42; 95% CI 1.33–1.49); female babies (OR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.05–1.18); birth weight ≥3000 g (OR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.49–1.97); child follow-up in the private health-care network (OR = 1.10; 95% CI 1.02–1.18); and municipalities with four or five pro-breast-feeding measures (OR = 2.4; 95% CI 2.19–2.88). An analysis of the interactions between individual and contextual variables showed that the presence of at least four pro-breast-feeding measures in the municipality attenuated the risk of early termination of EBF associated with low maternal schooling and low birth weight, and transformed child follow-up in the public network into a protective factor against the early termination of breast-feeding.ConclusionsThe presence of measures aimed at protecting, promoting and supporting breast-feeding in the municipality had a positive influence on EBF and attenuated the impact of risk factors for the termination of breast-feeding.
Malnutrition and high childhood mortality among the Onge tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Authors: Rao VG , Sugunan AP , Murhekar MV , Sehgal SC 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjectivesA study was conducted among the Onge tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with the objectives of identifying demographic factors responsible for the decline in their population and assessing their nutritional status, which is an important determinant of child survival.Study design and subjectsThe study included estimation of indices of fertility and child mortality, and assessment of nutritional status. All individuals of the Onge community settled on Little Andaman Island were included.ResultsThe mean total marital fertility rate was estimated to be 5.15 live births per woman and the general fertility rate was 200 live births per 1000 married-woman-years. Although the gross reproduction rate was estimated to be 2.2 female children per married woman, the net reproduction rate was only 0.9 surviving female child per married woman. The mean infant mortality rate during the past 30 years was 192.7 per 1000 live births, and the child survival rate was found to be only 53.2%. A mild to moderate degree of malnutrition was found in 85% of children of pre-school age and severe malnutrition in 10%. The Onges had low intakes of iron, vitamin A and vitamin C. All the screened Onges were found to be infested with one or more intestinal parasites.ConclusionsHigh childhood mortality appears to be the predominant demographic factor responsible for the decline in the Onge population. The high prevalence of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency disorders could be important factors contributing to the high childhood mortality.
Anaemia, iron status and vitamin A deficiency among adolescent refugees in Kenya and Nepal
Authors: Woodruff Bradley A , Blanck Heidi Michels , Slutsker Laurence , Cookson Susan T , Larson Mary Kay , Duffield Arabella , Bhatia Rita 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin < 11.0 to 13.0 g dl−1depending on age and sex group), iron deficiency (transferrin receptor concentration > 8.3 μg ml−1) and vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol < 0.7 μmoll−1) in adolescent refugees.DesignCross-sectional surveys.SettingKakuma refugee camp in Kenya and seven refugee camps in Nepal.SubjectsAdolescent refugee residents in these camps.ResultsAnaemia was present in 46% (95% confidence interval (CI): 42–51) of adolescents in Kenya and in 24% (95% CI: 20–28) of adolescents in Nepal. The sensitivity of palmar pallor in detecting anaemia was 21%. In addition, 43% (95% CI: 36–50) and 53% (95% CI: 46–61) of adolescents in Kenya and Nepal, respectively, had iron deficiency. In both surveys, anaemia occurred more commonly among adolescents with iron deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency was found in 15% (95% CI: 10–20) of adolescents in Kenya and 30% (95% CI: 24–37) of adolescents in Nepal. Night blindness was not more common in adolescents with vitamin A deficiency than in those without vitamin A deficiency. In Kenya, one of the seven adolescents with Bitot's spots had vitamin A deficiency.ConclusionsAnaemia, iron deficiency and vitamin A deficiency are common among adolescents in refugee populations. Such adolescents need to increase intakes of these nutrients; however, the lack of routine access makes programmes targeting adolescents difficult. Adolescent refugees should be considered for assessment along with other at-risk groups in displaced populations.
Serum ferritin, cardiovascular risk factors and ischaemic heart diseases: a prospective analysis in the SU.VI.MAX (SUpplementation en VItamines et Minéraux AntioXydants) cohort
Authors: Galan Pilar , Noisette Nathalie , Estaquio Carla , Czernichow Sebastien , Mennen Louise , Renversez Jean-Charles , Briançon Serge , Favier Alain , Hercberg Serge 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackgroundIron has been suggested to play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) through its pro-oxidant properties. However, epidemiological studies on iron status and the risk of CVD have yielded conflicting results. We therefore carried out a prospective study to evaluate the relationship between iron status and CVD in a middle-aged French population.MethodsIn total, 9917 subjects (3223 men aged 45–60 years and 6694 women aged 35–60 years) included in the SU.VI.MAX (SUpplementation en VItamines et Minéraux AntioXydants) cohort were followed prospectively for 7.5 years. All cases of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) were identified and validated. CVD risk factors, haemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations were measured at baseline.FindingsOf men 4.3%, and of women 37.8%, presented at baseline a serum ferritin concentration <30 μg l−1. During the follow-up, 187 subjects (148 men, 39 women) developed IHD. Serum ferritin was positively associated with total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index and haemoglobin. No linear association was found between serum ferritin and IHD risk in men or in women.ConclusionOur data do not support a major role of iron status in the development of IHD in a healthy general population.