bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reassessing the New Madrid Seismic Zone
Authors: Atkinson Gail , Bakun Bill , Bodin Paul , Boore David , Camer Chris , Frankel Art , Gasperini Paulo , Gomberg Joan , Hanks Tom , Hermann Bob , Hough Susan , Johnston Arch , Kenner Shelley , Langston Chuck , Linker Mark , Mayne Paul , Petersen Mark , Powell Christine , Prescott Will , Schweig Eugene , Segall Paul , Stein Seth , Stuart Bill , Tuttle Martitia , VanArsdale Roy 
Published: October 2006

The central enigma of the mid‐continent region in the United States known as the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ; Figure 1) involves the mechanisms that give rise to recurrent great earthquakes far from plate boundaries. Given the lack of significant topographic relief that is the hallmark of tectonic activity in most actively deforming regions, most of us feel a need to “pinch ourselves to see if we're dreaming” when confronted with evidence that, at some probability levels, the earthquake hazard throughout the NMSZ is comparable to that estimated for the San Francisco Bay region.Although assessing the hazard in the NMSZ is in many ways more challenging than in the western United States, and the uncertainties are much greater, careful scientific study has led to a consensus on the issues most critical to seismic hazard assessment.
Energy top ten
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

As top ten lists go, Battelle Memorial Institute's can't hold a candle next to comedian David Letterman's nightly jokes on CBS‐TV's Late Show. But it may hold more power in the long run.Batelle on July 26 released its list of the top 10 innovations in the U.S. energy sector that, according to its judgment, are likely to have the highest economic impact by the year 2010.
Lend‐A‐Hand Program provides access to AGU
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

In just 2 years, over 40 geophysical scientists from 15 countries have received 2‐year AGU memberships through member donations to AGUs Lend‐A‐Hand Program.The Lend‐A‐Hand Program provides membership in AGU for colleagues who live in countries in which it is extremely difficult to obtain U.S. funds, or where the local currency is very weak. A U.S. $40‐donation provides a Lend‐a‐Hand recipient with all member benefits over a 2‐year period. To help these members stay in touch with colleagues around the world, recipients also receive, at no extra charge, copies of Eos and Geophysical Abstracts in Press, a monthly printed compilation of abstracts of articles to be published in AGU journals and books. AGU members can also donate funds to provide journal subscriptions for colleagues through this program.
India and U.S. work toward improving science ties
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Two years after India set off several underground nuclear tests that rattled sabers and Indian‐U.S. ties, the two countries now are edging back to normalization. One measure of that return to friendlier diplomatic relations is discussions on science and technology issues held during a recent, high‐level roundtable meeting timed to Indian Prime Minister Atel Behari Vajpayee s official visit to the United States in September.During Vajpayee s state visit, U.S. President Bill Clinton told his counterpart, I think we have worked hard together to move our relationship from one of too little contact and too much suspicion, to one of genuine efforts to build a long‐term partnership that is in the interests of the people of India and the people of the United States.
Greenspan promotes science and math education
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Saying that the need to improve scientific reasoning skills among U.S. students “is crucial for the future of our nation,” Federal Reserve System Chairman Alan Greenspan, on September 21, testified in support of federal legislation to improve teacher training in science, mathematics, and related subjects.The National Science Education Enhancement Act (House Resolution 4272) includes provisions to provide mentoring, summer institutes, and other professional development programs for teachers. The legislation follows on a 1999 Congressional report, “Unlocking Our Future Toward a New National Science Policy.”
Unraveling complex hydrogeologic systems using field tracer tests
Authors: Dam William A. , Nicholson Thomas 
Published: October 2006

Tracking the movement of underground contaminants is vital to protecting public health and the environment worldwide. Scientific efforts using field tracer techniques to solve contaminant migration problems are rapidly evolving to fill critical information gaps and provide confirmation of laboratory data and numerical models.Various chemical tracers are being used to formulate and evaluate alternative conceptual hydrogeologic modelssemi; namely, to constrain hydraulic properties of geologic systems, identify sources of groundwater, flow paths, and rates, and determine mechanisms that affect contaminant transport. Naturally occurring elements and environmental isotopes from atmospheric and underground nuclear testing can make excellent tracers. In addition, characterizing sites of future waste disposal, such as the potential high‐level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, requires new and innovative techniques like injecting surrogate tracers that simulate potential contaminants and shed light on mechanisms that could control future contaminant migration.
Mars: Uncovering the Secrets of the Red Planet
Authors: Goddis Lisa 
Published: October 2006

Riding on the tidal wave of interest in Mars sparked by the highly successful Mars Pathfinder mission, Mars: Uncovering the Secrets of the Red Planet was first published in hardback in August 1998. The book, now available in paperback edition's loaded with more than 125 spectacular photographs from every successful mission to Mars from Mariner and Viking to Mars Pathfinder and Mars Global Surveyor. Raeburn portrays both the drama and the human history of the exploration of Mars in seven chapters.While the text is technically accurate from both engineering and geology viewpoints, its potential dryness is also frequently enlivened by anecdotes that provide a unique personal perspective on more than 30 years of Mars exploration. The players discussed rank among the most distinguished members of planetary science, including Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Lowell, Sagan, and many more currently active scientists too numerous to mention here. The foreword provided by Matt Golombek, the project scientist for Mars Pathfinder at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, sets the stage by outlining some of the major issues in the exploration of Mars. These key issues include the history of water at and below the surface, the possibility of life on Mars and its possible preservation in the Allan Hills meteorite (ALH 84001), and the role of future human exploration in finding some answers.
Software simplifies air‐sea data estimates
Authors: Pawlowicz Rich , Beardsley Bob , Lentz Steve , Dever Ed , Anis Ayal 
Published: October 2006

The atmosphere and oceans interact at the ocean surface through boundary layers that are millimeters to many tens of meters thick. Processes at work in this relatively thin region are crucial in controlling the coupling between air and ocean and, as such, are important both in studies of the ocean or atmosphere in isolation, and in studies of the coupled system that investigate—for example—interannual climatic variabilityHowever, as a practical matter, attempts to generate flux estimates from particular observational data sets often involve a great deal of effort, since the relevant parameterizations are scattered throughout the literature; may have only limited applicability to certain locations and regimes; and are found using algorithms that are often complex and iterative. This can be especially frustrating when boundary layer theory is only peripheral to the main scientific or educational interest.
Reply: Report safeguards future studies of Europa
Authors: Esposito Larry W. 
Published: October 2006

I am able to reply to some of the issues raised in the comment above.Since the National Research Council Task Group on the Forward Contamination of Europa has officially disbanded, I cannot address the issues concerning the soundness or completeness of our report, or the proposal by Greenberg and Tufts for an alternate guiding principle for planetary protection. The National Academy of Sciences, NASA, and the International Council of Scientific Unions' Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) have received the Task Group report and may wish to address these concerns.
Data Sets from forest‐atmosphere research now available
Authors: Huemmrich K. F. , Hall F. G. , Landis D. R. , Newcomer J. A. 
Published: October 2006

Research to date indicates that rising global temperatures could have their greatest impact at higher latitudes (45° to 65°N), with the most marked effects within continental interiors; this includes predictions of significant warming and drying. In response to the need for data to better model the possible effects of global warming on boreal forests—which inhabit much of the northerly latitudes—the Boreal Ecosystems Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) was carried out between 1990 and 1999.BOREAS was an international, interdisciplinary field campaign to improve understanding of boreal forest ecology the interactions between boreal forest and the atmosphere, how these interactions are affected by climate change, and how satellite imagery can be used to monitor these interactions [Sellers, et al., 1997]. BOREAS was a cooperative field experiment involving elements of land surface climatology, biogeochemistry and terrestrial ecology, with remote sensing playing a strong, integrating role. A primary objective was to collect the data needed to improve computer simulation models of the important processes controlling these exchanges, in order to improve capabilities to anticipate the effects of global change—principally altered temperature and precipitation patterns—on the biome.
IPCC Report cautiously warns of potentially dramatic climate change impacts
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Recent regional climate changes already have affected many physical and biological systems on Earth; and projected climate changes, as well as changes in climate extremes, could have major consequences, according to a February 19 report by Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC is a scientific body launched in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).The report emphasizes that adaptation to climate change is a necessary strategy at all scales to complement mitigation efforts, and adds that while most people could be affected by climate change, “those with the least resources have the least capacity to adapt and are the most vulnerable.” Among those considered most vulnerable are many people in developing countries; the poor generally, even in developed nations; small island nations; and low‐lying coastal areas.
Transition to electronic publishing
Authors: Dehant Veronique 
Published: October 2006

Previous communications have described some of the changes that will occur in the next few months as AGU makes the transition to fully electronic publishing. This piece discusses subscription options and new services that will be available to members in 2002, ones that the Publications Committee believes will be sufficiently attractive to encourage many members to continue or initiate personal connections with the AGU journals in electronic form.Member subscribers will have many possibilities for online access. The different options for back issue access are intended to provide fairness to all members and also to discourage random‐year subscriptions.
Global Positioning System, Theory and Practice, 5th Edition
Authors: Nerem R. S. , Larson K. M. 
Published: October 2006

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly becoming as much a part of our daily lives as the Internet, and it is now being used to navigate and locate cars, commercial and private aircraft, military vehicles, ships, spacecraft, recreational vehicles, hikers, and wildlife. In addition, GPS is becoming our primary system for precision timing and an important tool for active microwave remote sensing. Finally, in the geophysics community, GPS is the primary geodetic tool for monitoring crustal deformation.Hundreds of receivers have already been installed in areas subject to seismic and volcanic risk in the United States alone, with many more worldwide. Therefore, interest in the technical details of how the system works has rapidly increased, as evidenced by the proliferation of GPS courses in academia and professional workshops.
New agency to promote natural hazards risk reduction worldwide
Authors: Wyss Max 
Published: October 2006

The World Agency of Planetary Monitoring and Earthquake Risk Reduction (WAPMERR) came into existence as a non‐profit organization on May 5, 2001, in Geneva, Switzerland, where its offices are now located. The objectives of the agency will be to reduce the impact of natural and technological disasters on human life and health, as well as property.During a three‐day meeting, 60 delegates from 26 countries discussed the initiative presented to them by the founding committee, which was headed by Alexey Nicolayev of Russia's Academy of Sciences. The delegates signed WAPMERR's charter, which they had formulated and adopted as founding members.
Twenty‐one years later, Mount St. Helens still offers lessons
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, Washington State, October 18—During the drive up to Mount St. Helens on a brisk, clear, fall day, Christine Colasurdo noted that this region of the country has been shaped by volcanism.“This is a place where the soils have dropped from the sky” said Colasurdo. Her family had enjoyed a cabin along the mountain's Spirit Lake prior to a series of volcanic events that began in 1980—including earthquake‐triggered landslides, a lateral cataclysmic eruption, a vertical column of ash, and lahars and pyroclastic flows on May 18,1980. Events of that day alone lowered the 2,932‐meter‐high volcano by 398 meters, as 2.8 billion cubic meters of material removed from the mountain flattened 148,000 hectares of forest, killed 57 people, and completely changed the landscape. Ash from the volcano circled the Earth in 15 days.
Lautenbacher will face challenges as new NOAA Head
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

With a non‐controversial confirmation hearing on November 8 before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee, retired U.S. Navy Vice Admiral Conrad Lautenbacher, Jr. is gearing up to soon take over the helm at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). His nomination by the Bush administration also includes serving as undersecretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere.A number of sources familiar with Lautenbacher indicated that his Navy and managerial skills will be useful in these posts, as he likely will face a number of science, budget, and administrative challenges in running this $3.2‐billion agency, which comprises 63% of the Commerce Department budget. These sources also sited Lautenbacher's integrity; his ability to listen to different sides of issues and to consult broadly; his connections to both the scientific and political worlds; and his persuasive ability to get things done.
Soils: An Introduction, Fifth Edition
Authors: Baisden W. Troy 
Published: October 2006

Understanding the links among global biogeochemical cycles, ecology, hydrology and climate demands a knowledge base that has traditionally been considered soil science. However, for soil science to play a role in this understanding, geologists, hydrologists, ecologists, climatologists, and many others must have a fundamental understanding of soil science. Do introductory soil science texts speak to this audience?To address this question, I reviewed the fifth edition of a textbook that set out in its original edition to accomplish just this goal—to be the introductory soil science text for students outside the discipline of soil science. As such, Singer and Munns' Soils:An Introduction must be compared to The Nature and Properties of Soils by N.C. Brady and R.R. Weil, a standard text directly descended from a first edition published in 1922.
Earthquake and ancient civilizations
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The possible role of earthquakes in the destruction of ancient civilizations received an airing on December 13 at the 2001 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California. Amos Nur, professor of Earth sciences and geophysics at Stanford University, presented evidence that earthquakes and related tsunamis were responsible for leveling cities such as Megiddo, or Armageddon, and also have played a significant role in bringing down some ancient civilizations.Others presenting findings of earthquake destruction included Bernabe Garcia, a former graduate student at Stanford's Center for Latin American Studies, who assisted Stanford geophysics professor Robert Kovach in piecing together evidence of earthquakes in Meso‐America that could have played a role in the collapse of the Mayan classic period in the ninth century. Manika Prasad, research associate in Stanford's Rock Physics Laboratory presented findings of his research with Nur that earthquakes may have contributed to the collapse of the Harappan civilization in South Asia around 1900 BC.
Council and Executive Committee actions 2001 Fall Meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The AGU Council approved the renaming of existing Technical Committees to Focus Groups at its 14 December meeting. The purpose of this change is to more aptly portray the role of the committees as representing scientific areas of current interest that do not fall neatly within a single Section. All members may affiliate with either a Section or a Focus Group (See Editorial on p. 14).Among other actions taken by the Council were the approval of the 2002 budget, with its plan to use endowment‐type income derived from the Union's reserves to cover the core expenses of outreach programs and thereby reduce the need for surpluses to be generated by publications, meetings, and other services. The Council also elected James L. Burch,a past president of the SPA Section, and Jeffrey J. Park, president of the Seismology Section, to serve as AGU representatives on the AIP Governing Board.
Ozone threat remains high
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The possibility of severe ozone losses over the Arctic and Europe remains high, due to slow chlorine decreases and the current increases of bromine concentrations, according to a 21 January report released by the European Commission.The “Assessment Report on European Research in the Stratosphere” also notes that the observed cooling of the stratosphere due to ozone depletion and greenhouse gas emissions further increase ozone losses and changes in atmospheric circulation.
China, U.S. share nitrate problem
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Water supplies used for drinking water in both the United States and the People's Republic of China share a common problem of elevated nitrate concentrations, according to a new report by the U.S. Geological Survey conducted in cooperation with China's Ministry of Water Resources and several regional Chinese agencies.“Despite the fact that the agricultural land in China has been farmed for a much longer time relative to land farmed in the U.S., the patterns of nitrate contamination are similar,” said USGS hydrologist Joseph Domagalski, lead author of the report.
Intact forests at risk
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Many of the world's remaining intact forests are at risk from degradation due to unsustainable development practices, according to a series of new reports issued by the World Resources Institute's (WRI) Global Forest Watch on 3 April.In six regional reports covering nearly half of the world's forests, the group used a combination of remote sensing and ground‐based data to chart where a number of remaining intact forests are and to analyze the various threats they face. The reports point to legal and illegal logging, agriculture, overgrazing, infrastructure development, and other threats.
Monitoring earthquakes off California Coast
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The first in a network of about 20 permanent broadband earthquake monitors to be placed off the coast of Monterey, California, was burrowed into the ocean floor on 9 April.The sensor, part of the Monterey Ocean Bottom Broadband project, could help scientists with the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, and others to better understand seismic activity along the California coast and on the Pacific Plate.
New chairman takes helm at Climate Change Panel
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

An Indian industrial engineer and economist who supports the Kyoto Protocol, and who has sharply criticized the administration of George W. Bush on the climate change issue for not doing enough to curb greenhouse gas emissions, won the first‐ever contested election for chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) during a meeting on 19 April.Rajendra Pachauri is the first representative from a developing country to chair the IPCC, a panel of about 2,500 experts on a wide range of areas related to climate change. The IPCC was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. In total, the IPCC currently includes 192 member states. Although the bulk of the IPCC's work is conducted by three technical working groups, the chairman plays a key role in facilitating the overall process of the IPCC, organizing the scientific debate within the IPCC, and serving as chief spokesman.
Magnetic Reconnection in Plasmas
Authors: Birn Joachim 
Published: October 2006

Magnetic reconnection is one of the most fascinating subjects in plasma physics. It is basically a process by which the close tie between plasma motions and magnetic fields is broken. This enables plasma to penetrate magnetic boundaries; for instance, to enter into the Earth's magnetosphere from the solar wind. It is also a key process in explosive processes, converting magnetic energy into plasma kinetic and thermal energy, such as solar flares, magnetospheric substorms, as well as current disruptions in laboratory devices.The concept of magnetic reconnection was first introduced in 1946 by Ronald G. Giovannelli as a suggested mechanism for particle acceleration in solar flares. Consistent with modern definitions of reconnection, he related this process to the presence of an electric field in a region of low‐magnetic field strength or parallel to the magnetic field, both of which require the breakdown of the ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) “frozen‐in” field concept and enable charged particle acceleration.
AGU adopts position statements on education, government support for geophysical research
Authors: Folger Peter 
Published: October 2006

At the 2001 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California, the AGU Council adopted a new position statement, “Importance of the Earth and Space Sciences in Primary and Secondary Education: An Endorsement of the AAAS Benchmarks and NRC Standards.”The statement endorses recommendations included in two reports issued by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the National Research Council NRC) both of which highlight the Earth and space sciences, along with the physical and life sciences, as essential elements in education at all grade levels. The statement (see below) is posted on the AGU Web site: http://wwwagu.org/ sci_soc/policy/earthspace_educ.html.