bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water seepage in rock slopes
Authors: Londe Pierre 
Published: November 2007

1. Introduction
Rock slopes are loaded by three categories of forces:
(a) weight of the rock mass,
(b) thrust and weight of the dam, and
(c) seepage forces of percolating water.
In order to study the stability of an abutment it is necessary to know all these forces. The seepage forces, however, are often ill-known and sometimes not known at all. So far, engineers use artificial means to confine the seepage field within well defined boundaries. The available means are grouting and drainage.
Thanks to recent developments in rock mechanics, it is now possible to evaluate the respective roles of grouting and drainage on the safety of dam abutments, particularly for arch dams. This is vital as a misunderstanding of these roles could lead to designs that are either needlessly costly, or, worse, give a false impression of safety. A number of findings are valid for rock slopes not supporting a dam.
It is proposed here to develop the latest ideas on this difficult subject. Some of the concepts are still of a speculative nature and numerous field measurements are required to confirm their validity. The few observations made so far do, however, justify the approach.
2. Basic concepts
Consider a rock mass containing a great number of fissures, each of them having a constant width, and assume that the seepage flow is:
(a) steady
(b) laminar
The second condition is valid for rocks with fine fissures and moderate hydraulic gradient. Excluding physico-chemical action, seepage of water can have three
Rapid groundwater flow in fissures in the chalk: an example from south Hampshire
Authors: Atkinson Timothy Christopher , Smith David Ingle 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Projected road improvements in south Hampshire included plans to dispose of surface drainage into soakaways to be sited near an area of swallow holes in the Chalk. An experiment was undertaken to establish if there was a direct connection between the swallow holes, located near the junction of the Chalk and the Lower Tertiary strata, and major springs used for water supply in the Havant area. As the swallow holes are dry except in periods of storm rainfall a tracer, the fluorescent dye Rhodamine WT, was injected together with a large volume of water into one of the swallow holes. Water samples were collected from the springs at Havant and analysed for Rhodamine WT using a Turner fluorometer. The tracer was found at both sets of springs sampled and the straight line velocity from input point to spring was in excess of 2 km per day. Computations based on the concentration of dye recovered from the springs show that in the event of a tanker spillage within the proposed drainage scheme severe contamination would be expected to occur at the springs. The experiment and the results obtained make it clear that extreme caution should be exercised to avoid contamination of fissure-flow within the Chalk aquifer.
A study of one special type of mudflow in the French Alps
Authors: Azimi Chahrokh , Desvarreux Pierre 
Published: November 2007

Summary
One of the most dangerous movements in the French Alps is a special type of mudflow sometimes affecting masses of several millions of cubic metres with a high velocity of propagation and large spread if the mudflow is directed by a valley profile.
Forecasting the phenomenon is of great practical importance and for this reason it is necessary to understand the mechanism of formation of this type of mudflow. Generally, these mudflows are observed in larger masses of scree in which there is water circulation. The screes originate from rapidly weathered cliffs of rock. The rocks concerned include sedimentary rocks easily transformed mechanically into silt size particles.
In order to forecast the occurrence of this type of mudflow, the authors have attempted to explain the mechanism of formation of such mudflows in the bed of the River Ravoire (Savoie). One other example is given, for which the above mentioned mechanism seems to be the cause of the mudflows.
Engineering geology of ‘d’ power station Yallourn, Australia
Authors: Beavis Francis Clifford 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Geological investigations for the ‘D’ extension to the Yallourn Power Station and auxiliary works are described. The investigation included field mapping, boring, and the field and laboratory testing of materials. Brown coal was an important material in the foundations. Under load it behaves as an elasto-plastic substance. On exposure the saturated coal dries out rapidly, with marked shrinkage. Drying of the brown coal resulted in cracking and the opening of joints and bedding separation surfaces.
Development of the groundwater resources of small limestone islands
Authors: Mather John David 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The lenses of potable groundwater which exist on small limestone islands are a valuable natural resource and their rational development is considered to be of great significance to the inhabitants. Using the assumption that abstracting groundwater from a freshwater lens is equivalent to reducing vertical recharge, an estimate of the sustainable yield of the lens is made. This estimate is refined by taking into account the amount of storage which must remain within the lens so that abstraction can continue during drought periods and also the reduction of the freshwater head and consequent increase in the thickness of the transition zone brought about during pumping. The most effective method of developing the resource depends on the depth to the water table, the thickness of the lens and the permeability and nature of the aquifer. Boreholes are recommended where lenses are thick and shallow infiltration galleries where the available thickness of freshwater is limited.
Stabilization and control of local rock falls and degrading rock slopes
Authors: Fookes Peter George , Sweeney Michael 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The paper describes design and construction techniques for the stabilization and control of local rockfalls and the products of general degradation from rock slopes. Stabilization measures are discussed and illustrated by a series of idealized cross-sections and examples. Simple nomograms are developed for the design of rockbolt installations and rock-trap ditches.
Geochemistry of groundwaters in British Triassic Sandstones: The Wolverhampton-East Shropshire Area
Authors: Edmunds W. Michael , Morgan-Jones Martin 
Published: November 2007

Summary
This paper presents a reconnaissance of naturally occurring trace element levels in the Triassic sandstones of the Wolverhampton area, and compares these with levels resulting from contamination.
The three dimensional water quality variation is discussed in terms of major element geochemistry, carbonate equilibria, oxidation-reduction and tritium.
All groundwaters to a depth of at least 100 m below the water table are oxidizing. In the Bunter Pebble Beds and the Upper Mottled sandstones, groundwaters are considerably undersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, although in formations above and below, saturation occurs. Post-1953 groundwater occurs only in the uppermost groundwater but some is drawn down under influence of pumping. Low nitrate levels correlate with low tritium. Natural trace metal levels generally have values within the range 1-10 μg/1.
A composite net for the rapid analysis of rock slope stability
Authors: Cruden D. M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The composite net, a combination of a polar equal area net and the great circles of a Schmidt net, simplifies the rapid analysis of rock slope stability by Markland's method. It reduces the number of overlays necessary to one plain transparent sheet and reduces to one the number of rotations of the overlay during the graphical constructions.
Engineering geological investigations for the Kielder Tunnels
Authors: Carter Paul Gilbert , Mills David Audley Corbett 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The Kielder Tunnels, which commenced driving in summer 1975, will total some 32 km in length. Located between the rivers Tyne and Tees, they will traverse a predominantly gently dipping series of sediments of Carboniferous age, of widely differing lithologies and engineering characteristics, with limited faulting and folding.
This paper describes the geology of the route, and the planning and implementation of the site investigations, which included field survey, boreholes, rock mechanics testing and hydro-geological investigations all designed to determine likely tunnelling conditions.
Engineering geological mapping of the Tyne and Wear conurbation, North-East England
Authors: Dearman W. R. , Money M. S. , Coffey J. R. , Scott P. , Wheeler M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Preparation of an engineering geological map of the Tyne and Wear Metropolitan County, North-East England from available archival, geological and site investigation data has involved appraisal of the general engineering geological conditions of the area. Characteristics of drift-covered areas underlain by Permian magnesian limestones and Carboniferous coal measures are illustrated.
A general classification of engineering geological maps based on purpose, content and scale has been adopted. The principles of mapping in an urban environment are elucidated using large-scale plans to illustrate problems associated with the infilling of a natural valley, old coal workings near the surface, and variable superficial deposits.
Morecambe Bay feasibility study—sub-surface investigations
Authors: Knight Derek John 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The paper presents a case history of the sub-surface investigations carried out in 1967/68 as part of the Morecambe Bay feasibility study. The planning, scope and methods of execution of the investigations are described, together with the effect of field limitations on the data obtained. The results are summarized and discussed in terms both of the overall stratigraphy of the Bay sub-surface, and also the properties of the principal strata, namely the two main sand layers and the various clays and silts. Particular reference is made to the
in situ
and laboratory permeability testing of these strata, to the obtaining of relatively undisturbed samples of the sands, to the fabric of the clays and silts and to its effect on their shear strength. The application of the work to engineering design is described, its limitations assessed, and conclusions drawn on aspects requiring particular attention in any future sub-surface investigation of the Bay.
Middle East—Review and Bibliography of Geomorphological Contributions
Authors: Cooke R. U. , Goudie A. S. , Doornkamp J. C. 
Published: November 2007

It is the purpose of this brief review to provide the engineer with some background information and bibliographic sources to geomorphological studies relating to arid areas, especially the Middle East.
Table 1 summarises some aspects of engineering work in deserts in which geomorphological studies have a role to play, especially with respect to resource appraisals and to the environmental hazards in arid and semi-arid areas.
The analysis of aerial photographs and field survey to map features and deposits of engineering significance can be carried out on a variety of scales (see below). Landforms can be used as indicators of other environmental phenomena of importance to engineering (see Fookes, this vol.). Hazard maps including maps of flooding, unstable sand dunes and salt-weathering processes are frequently produced, and hence the geomorphologist can also help to establish the ways in which undesirable hazards and environmental processes can be ameliorated.
Tricart & Cailleux (1969) and Cooke & Warren (1973) give general treatments of desert landforms and processes and provide extensive multilingual bibliographies. Two important bibliographies are those by Lustig (1968) and by Perrin & Mitchell (1969). Many of the modern techniques of quantitative geomorphological analysis and monitoring that have been applied to deserts have been brought together by Schick, Yaalon & Yair (1974), while desert sediments and sedimentary structures of ephemeral streams have been investigated by Glennie (1970) and Picard & High (1973) respectively. Bagnold’s classic work on wind processes remains an essential introduction to aeolian geomorphology (Bagnold 1941).
Certain specific desert features have
Middle East—A Reappraisal of the Seismicity
Authors: Ambraseys N. N. 
Published: November 2007

The Middle East covers a land area of 13.5 million square kilometers, approximately 2.8 times the size of Europe. Its population amounts to more than 185 million as compared to 450 million in Europe, distributed unequally with most living in a mere 6 percent of the total area which is regarded as cultivable and also in the cities. Also, its gross national product per capita is distributed unevenly ranging from about £38 in Ethiopia to £725 in Israel and £2200 in Kuwait with an overall average of only £120 as compared to £760 for Europe.
Until recently the rate of investment in large urban and industrial developments in the Middle East was small and in places insignificant. Consequently there have been essentially no significant economic losses from the large number of damaging earthquakes that occur in this part of the world. Although during the first 70 years of this century earthquakes have taken a toll of 130 000 lives in the Middle East, of which 73 000 perished in 22 earthquakes in Iran and 57 000 in 26 earthquakes in Turkey, damage in economic terms has remained relatively small. The average replacement cost of the 300 000 adobe houses destroyed in Turkey during the period 1900–1966 hardly amounts to a few tens of millions of pounds (Ambraseys 1972). The replacement cost of similar types of construction destroyed in other, less developed parts of the area, is even smaller. For instance, the Silakhor earthquake of 1909 in Iran, in which more
Middle East—Inherent Ground Problems
Authors: Fookes P. G. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The arid and extremely arid areas of the Middle East are outlined, and the past and present climatic regimes within these areas considered and related to the existing rock and soil conditions.
A system of classification of the ground into four simple zones based on their desert characteristics and the natural processes operating within the zone is described. The general engineering character of each zone is discussed and particular problems highlighted. Zone I is the mountainous areas, zone II the large gravel fans bounding mountains, zone III the alluvial plains beyond the fans, and zone IV the central base level plains between mountains or adjacent to coasts.
The great majority of desert soils are granular and their engineering behaviour is directly related to their grading characteristics. Flooding is an important hazard in the fans and alluvial plains, while in the base level plains high water tables are of major importance. Ground conditions of significance in deserts, which do not generally occur elsewhere include aggressive salty ground, wind blown sands and silts, and hard and soft duricrusts. These and certain other ground conditions are described.
Middle East—Offshore structures
Authors: Dennis J. A. N. 
Published: November 2007

In the last few years, the attention of the public has been increasingly drawn to the subject of offshore structures, particularly as a result of the television and press coverage of the platforms recently installed in the North Sea.
Although North Sea activity has publicised offshore engineering work, structures remote from land have been built for many purposes for some considerable time; however, offshore structures tend to be related to oil operations, and it is to this technology that most offshore structures in the Middle East relate.

In contrast to the severe environment conditions of the North Sea, the conditions of the Middle East are comparatively benign. Fig. 1 illustrates a steel structure being built in conditions typical of the Arabian Gulf. The main area developed to date is the Arabian Gulf, the existing wells and oil related structures generally having been located in relatively shallow waters of less than 60 m depth (
cf.
180 m in the North Sea). New concession areas elsewhere extend to the 1000 m contour and working in these depths will no doubt pose their problems. Concession areas exist off most of the coastline of the Red Sea, parts of the Gulf of Aden, and off the coast of Oman. The latter two areas the relatively unexplored and therefore apart from the more severe weather conditions which are known to exist, difficulties as yet unknown may be met. For example the southern Red Sea areas will pose technical difficulties owing to the coral reefs and
Middle East—Dock and Harbour Problems
Authors: Tarrant L. F. C. 
Published: November 2007

In 1971 Dubai was one of seven Trucial State sheikhdoms which formed a loose federation, now known as the United Arab Emirates.
A decade ago Dubai was relatively unknown; today however, with a modern international airport and a 15-berth deep water harbour, it has now become a thriving township and the entrepot capital for the whole of the Gulf Area. Indeed, when the current harbour works are complete, Dubai will have one deep water berth for each 1000 of the indigenous population.
The main harbour developments have been two-fold. Currently a 22-berth harbour extension is being completed, and work on a 74-berth harbour at Jebel Ali has recently begun. In late 1976 however, the main interest centred on the de-watering of the dry dock scheme, the largest dry dock being 525 m × 100 m.
Geology of the area
The stratigraphy within this region of the UAE coast comprises recent carbonate sands, lying upon carbonate sandstone, which in turn overlies interlayered deposits derived from the mountains. Fig. 1 is a schematic section of the regional geology.
Although there are local variations, the general succession encountered during the harbour/dock works in Dubai has been:
On the seabed adjacent to the shore there is a layer of cemented sand, shells and coral up to 1.5 m thick; this bank forms a harder crust layer, a caprock or duricrust, a common phenomena in the Gulf. Generally this hardened layer occurs at the rock surface, but also it can be found in an intermediate
Discussion on ‘The analysis and planning of step drawdown tests’ by L. Clark
Authors: Connorton B. J. 
Published: November 2007

May I congratulate Lewis Clark on his paper covering the analysis and planning of step drawdown tests. I think the subject of well performance is due for a ‘shake-up’ and this paper will hopefully initiate some useful scientific discussion in the right direction.

I have two main criticisms to make. The first one is that the author considers only
continuous
step drawdown tests; he makes no mention of conducting discontinuous or
intermittent
step drawdown tests in which each drawdown step is followed by a recovery period of at least equal duration. I have used both types of test and have found the latter provides the more reliable results for the following reasons:

(i) the problem of errors caused by fluctuations in pumping rate within a given step affecting the reliability of data from subsequent steps does not arise;
(ii) the problem of errors caused by extrapolating the time-drawdown trend in order to calculate incremental drawdown does not arise;
(iii) the analysis of transmissivity from the time-drawdown data is straightforward; each drawdown step is treated simply as a short constant rate test, and since errors caused by (i) and (ii) will not exist, the values thus obtained will be more reliable;

(iv) there will be as many recovery steps to analyse as there are drawdown steps, and hence more ‘stabs’ at transmissivity. The recovery ‘
Q
’ values are the same as the preceding drawdown step value; the problem of estimating an averaged or weighted effective ‘
Q
’ for the recovery test does not
An osmotic method for determining rock and aggregate suction characteristics with applications to frost heave studies
Authors: Jones R. H. , Hurt K. G. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A recently developed laboratory method in which suction is applied by osmosis has been used to determine the suction/moisture content relationships (suction characteristics) of limestone rock and compacted aggregate specimens. The method, which is described in detail, gave results which were comparable with those from the suction plate and pressure membrane apparatus. It is, however, much superior to these other methods and for the first time permits aggregate suction characteristics to be determined easily.
The suction characteristics have also been used to rank the frost susceptibilities of four limestones. Pore size distributions inferred from the results are consistent with microscope studies.
Engineering geology of small water storage structures in Australian arid regions
Authors: Beavis F. C. , Beavis J . C. , Reade L. M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Embankment stability, inadequate catchment areas, seepage losses and high salinity are the main problems in the successful construction of small water storages in arid and semi-arid regions. It is essential for success that storages be correctly sited, and that the design be suited to the materials available. The investigation for an excavated tank-earth dam system near Broken Hill, Australia, is described as an example.
A review of water well drilling methods
Authors: Cruse K. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The paper describes the water well drilling methods currently in use throughout the world and explains the operation, tooling, and application of each system. Notable developments are reviewed and the problems which fostered them are examined. While the main systems of drilling are dealt with, mention is made of the less common methods, some of which may be selected for areas where local conditions warrant their use.
Cable-tool (percussion), rotary and other types of drilling are discussed and also the use of clay-based and organic polymer muds, air-flush, and foam.
Geotechnical, mineralogical and chemical interrelationships in weathering profiles of an overconsolidated clay
Authors: Russell D. J. , Parker A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Weathering of Oxford Clay has been studied in five profiles from different areas. The well-known weathering reaction (pyrite + calcite→gypsum) is the major compositional change. The calcite distribution in vertical profiles is distorted by the introduction of calcite-rich solifluction material above
in situ
weathered clay. Although the correlation of calcite with depth is low, that of calcite with undrained shear strength is high. It is concluded that, although interparticle bond weakening by calcite solution is occurring, the calcite introduced from overlying material may be acting as a cement. Variations in bulk clay mineralogy are small and do not follow consistent patterns. However, the crystallinity of illite in the clay fraction decreases towards the surface; this may reflect the degradation of the crystal structure at the particle margin, where bonding occurs. The weakening of overconsolidated clays is interpreted in terms of bond weakening following oxidation of pyrite; most weathering changes are concentrated near the base of the weathered zone, where this reaction occurs.