bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Book Reviews
Authors: O'Donnell Hugh , Stewart Miranda , Mott Brian , Hollyman John , Harland Mike , Adab Beverly , Amodia Jos , Estrella Alejandro , Hollyman John , Jaspe Alvaro 
Published: October 2006

Thomas Tufte, Living with the Rubbish Queen: Telenovelas, Culture and Modernity in Brazil, Luton: University of Luton Press, 2000, vii+277 pp., ISBN 1-86020-541-0
Christopher J. Pountain and Teresa de Carlos, Practising Spanish Grammar: a Workbook, London: Arnold, 2000,
xvi + 259 pp., ISBN 0-340-66223-9
Manuela Cook (2001) Portuguese, a complete course in understanding, speaking and writing. London: Hodder & Stoughton, pp 336, ISBN 0-340-78932-8 (book) 0-340-78933-6 (book-cassette pack) 0-340-80250-2 (book-CD pack).
Clare Mar-Molinero, The
Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World, London and New York: Routledge, 2000, xiii + 242 pp., ISBN 0-415-15655-6

Collins Spanish Dictionary, Sixth Edition, HarperCollins Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0-00-470152-6
Jackie Cannon, Robin Warner, and Patricia Odber de Baubeta
(eds.), Advertising and Identity in Europe: The I of the Beholder. Bristol and Portland, OR: Intellect, 2000, v + 138 pp., ISBN 1-84150-037-2 (hardback)
Gabrielle Ashford Hodges, Franco. A Concise Biography, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000, 290 pp., ISBN 0-297-643045
Carlos
Barros, (ed.) (2000), Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Historia a Debate. A Corua, Ed. Historia a Debate, 3 vols. T. I Cambio de Siglo; T. II Nuevos Paradigmas; T. III Problemas de Historiografa
Bill Richardson, Spanish Studies. An Introduction, London and New York: Arnold,
2001, x + 226 pp., ISBN 0-340-76037-0 (hardback), 0-340-76038-9 (paperback)
Jos Peirats, edited by Chris Ealham, The CNT in the Spanish Revolution, Hastings: Meltzer, 2001, xiv + 299 pp., ISBN 1-901172-07-4 (hardback) and 1-901172-05-8 (paperback)
Antnio Lou, Hitler e Salazar:
comrcio em tempos de guerra, 19401944, Lisbon: Terramar, 2000, 261 pp., ISBN 972-710-273-5
Review
Authors: Johnson Janice , Smith-Hillman A. Vindelyn , Manu Franklyn , Muuka Gerry Nkombo 
Published: October 2006

UNDP, Human Development Report 2001: Making new technologies work for Human development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Saad, M., Development through Technology Transfer: Creating new organisational and cultural understanding. Bristol: Intellect, 2000.
International
Academy of African Business and Development: Redefining Africa's Priorities in the 21st Century
PAMAM Dendrimers‐Based DNA Biosensors for Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization
Authors: Zhu Ningning , Gu Yunfeng , Chang Zhu , He Pingang , Fang Yuzhi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGold electrodes were modified with submonolayers of mercaptoacetic acid (RSH) and further reacted with poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers (generation 4.0) to obtain thin films, on which DNA probe was later immobilized to afford a stable recognition layers. The characterization of the PAMAM/RSH‐modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance measurement. Differential pulse voltammogram (DPV) measurement was used to monitor DNA hybridization with daunomycin (DNR) as indicator. Experiments carried out with these novel materials not only showed an improved DNA attachment quantity on the dendrimers‐modified electrodes compared to DNA sensors with oligonucleotides directly immobilized on Au electrodes, but also exhibited a high selectivity, sensitivity and stability for the measurement of DNA hybridization.
SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF N‐ACETYL‐ASPARTYL‐GLUTAMATE, N‐ACETYL‐GLUTAMATE AND GLUTATHIONE IN BRAIN
Authors: Reichelt K. L. , Fonnum F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The subcellular distribution of N‐acetyl‐aspartate, N‐acetyl‐aspartyl‐glutamate, N‐acetyl‐glutamate and glutathione (reduced) was investigated. Lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, glutamate and aspartate were employed as markers of the cytoplasmatic compartments. Fumarate hydratase and choline acetyltransferase were used as mitochondrial and synaptosomal markers respectively.Our data show that the highest concentrations of NAA, NAGA, NAAGA and glutathione were localized in the supernatant with a smaller peak in the crude mitochondrial (P2) fraction. On subfractionating P2, NAA was distributed similarly to aspartate and K+ with a peak in the synaptosome (B) fraction, while glutathione and NAAGA were localized in the mitochondrial fraction. NAA, aspartate and K+ were more readily released than glutathione and NAAGA from their particulate form on exposure to hypo‐osmotic conditions.
EFFECT OF IONS ON STIMULUS‐INDUCED RELEASE OF AMINO ACIDS FROM MAMMALIAN BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Katz R. I. , Chase T. N. , Kopin I. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Slices of mammalian brain accumulate amino acids contained in physiological medium. When such tissues were subjected to mild electrical stimulation of short duraation capable of depolarizing neural membranes, there occurred a striking increase in the efflux of exogenous amino acids. The effects on representative acidic, neutral, and basic amino acids were similar. Elevated levels of potassium chloride evoked release of amino acids comparable to electrical stimulation. Electrically stimulated release of [3H]γ‐aminobutyric acid was not inhibited by the presence of reduced concentrations of calcium ions. Although amino acids are actively accumulated by liver and kidney slices, electrical stimulation of these tissues failed to release these compounds. Stimulation‐induced release was significantly diminished by the presence of small amounts of lithium in the perfusing medium.
THE MEASUREMENT OF NANOGRAM AMOUNTS OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN TISSUES BY PYROLYSIS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY1
Authors: Szilagyi P. I. A. , Green J. P. , Brown O. Monroe , Margolis S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A method previously described for measuring ACh in biological effluents has been simplified and extended for use with tissues. The tissue is homogenized in acetonitrile containing propionylcholine as the internal standard and after centrifugation the acetonitrile is removed by shaking with toluene. To the aqueous solution is added a solution of KI‐I2 to precipitate the quaternary compounds. The precipitate is dissolved in aqueous acetonitrile and then drawn through a small column of ion‐exchange resin to convert the periodides of the quaternary compounds to chlorides which are then simultaneously pyrolysed and gas chromatographed. On the column the pyrolytic product of choline has a slower retention time than that of acetylcholine; under these circumstances the choline present in tissues does not obscure the measurement of acetylcholine. Specificity was demonstrated by several procedures including mass spectroscopy. The method can measure 25 ng (171 pmoles) of acetylcholine in extracts of brain, simply, and with high reproducibility. With the usual gas chromatograph, 16 samples can be run in a working day. The content of acetylcholine in rat brain was 26.4 nmol/g or almost precisely the values found with other gas chromatographic methods.The pyrolytic method was shown to be applicable to the detection of biologically interesting substances other than choline esters, including betaine, carnitine and the non‐ quaternary compound, ź‐aminobutyric acid, which is readily converted to a volatile compound (probably its methyl ester) when pyrolysed in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Of additional general interest is the demonstration of the advantages of acetonitrile as a solvent for extracting water‐soluble compounds from tissues.
THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF CATECHOL‐O‐METHYL TRANSFERASE IN THE RAT BRAIN
Authors: Broch O. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The postnatal development of three enzymes in the rat forebrain was studied. When expressed per tissue weight the catechol‐O‐methyl transferase (COMT) increased 2‐fold from birth to adult age, the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 4‐fold and the monoamine oxidase (MAO) 12‐fold. Expressed per mg protein the increase in the enzyme activities in the subcellular fractions which contained the main part of the different enzymes was still 2–4‐fold for COMT and LDH while for MAO it was 4‐fold.There was a relative increase in the COMT activity in the P2 fraction (synaptosomes and mitochondria). This increase was identical with a corresponding increase in LDH activity and protein and was probably due to growth of nerve terminals. The COMT in the cytoplasm of the synaptosomes showed the same increase relative to the proteins as did the ‘free’ cytoplasmic enzyme.The conclusion is drawn that the enzymes in the rat brain show a certain degree of development during brain growth. An additional increase of some enzymes is due to the development of specialized structures such as mitochondria and nerve terminals with synapses. COMT is not related to any such specialized structure.
BRAIN ENERGETICS IN OXYGEN‐INDUCED CONVULSIONS
Authors: Nolan R. J. , Faiman M. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMice were exposed to 6 ATA of 100% oxygen. The effect of high oxygen pressure (OHP), disulphiram and both disulphiram and oxygen as a function of the length of oxygen exposure on cerebral cortical ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate, pyruvate and glucose was determined. Neither OHP nor disulphiram altered ATP prior to the onset of convulsions. The combination of OHP and disulphiram appeared to elevate cerebral ATP, particularly during the early exposure period. OHP had no effect on phosphocreatine, however, disulphiram, both alone and in combination with OHP increased cerebral cortical phosphocreatine. ATP and phosphocreatine were unchanged in mice sacrificed either at the onset or 9 s after the onset of oxygen convulsions. Lactate and pyruvate increased as the length of time the mice were exposed to OHP increased although neither lactate nor pyruvate levels differed significantly from control levels at either the onset or 9 s after the onset of convulsions. Disulphiram by itself lowered cerebral lactate, and prevented the increase in lactate and pyruvate in mice exposed to OHP. OHP and disulphiram increased cerebral glucose with the combination of both OHP and disulphiram appearing to have an additive effect. Glucose also remained elevated at the onset or 9 s after the onset of oxygen convulsions.
IN VIVO INHIBITION OF γ‐GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE SYNTHETASE BY l‐METHIONINE‐RS‐SULFOXIMINE; INFLUENCE ON INTERMEDIATES OF THE γ‐GLUTAMYL CYCLE
Authors: Orlowski Marian , Wilk S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The inhibition of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase and its influence on the concentration of intermediates associated with the metabolism of glutathione was studied in mice receiving methionine sulfoximine, a convulsant agent. The activity of the enzyme decreased significantly in the liver and kidney 1‐4 h after administration of methionine sulfoximine; the activity of the enzyme in the brain was unchanged after 1 and 2 h but decreased significantly after 4 h. There was a rapid and sharp decrease in the concentration of glutathione in the kidney and a slower decrease in the liver. Brain glutathione concentrations were unaffected. Methionine sulfoximine in vivo, inhibited the synthesis of l‐γ‐glutamyl‐l‐α‐aminobutyrate after administration of l‐α‐aminobutyrate, a reaction catalyzed by γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase. The inhibitor also lowered the concentration of pyrrolidone carboxylate in mouse tissues and prevented the accumulation of this intermediate after administration of l‐α‐aminobutyrate. The results show that methionine sulfoximine in vivo affects the metabolism of glutathione and that this action may contribute to its convulsive properties.
HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA: POST MORTEM ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN CEREBRAL GLUCOSE METABOLISM
Authors: Bird E. D. , Gale Jean S. , Spokes E. G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The loss of at least two different cell types in the basal ganglia of the choreic brain led us to examine the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucose. Cellular ATPase, HK, G6‐PDH, PFK., LDH, GDH were measured. Post mortem stability studies indicated that these enzymes were more unstable in human brain than mouse brain. The most stable enzyme was GDH. HK activity appeared to increase after freezing, suggesting release from another compartment. PFK and G6‐PDH activity decreased by 70% over the usual time and temperature period for autopsy. In the autopsied brain tissue we were still able to measure significant activities that allowed us to determine the distribution of these enzymes and the similar post mortem handling of control and choreic brain allowed us to compare these two groups.The activity of HK and G6‐PDH was higher in the frontal cortex than in the basal ganglia. Ouabain insensitive ATPase and PFK were higher in the basal ganglia than the frontal cortex.GDH activity, an enzyme that is very active in glial cells, was increased in the choreic globus pallidus, an area with a very high glial to neuronal cell ratio.Although there was a wide variation in PFK activity that appeared to be related to the pre‐mortem clinical state there was a significant decrease in PFK activity in the putamen of choreic post mortem brain when compared to controls.These findings do not indicate an absolute defect in any of the enzymes studied in choreic brain but further studies might prove worthwhile.
INCORPORATION AND METABOLISM OF THE DIETARY TRANS‐UNSATURATED FATTY ACID, ELAIDIC ACID, BY DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN1
Authors: Cook H. W. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Trans‐unsaturated fatty acids, geometrical isomers of naturally occurring cis‐acids, are dietary components and are incorporated into complex lipids of many tissues. There is little information about incorporation into brain and effects on CNS functions. In our experiments, mixtures of [l‐14C]‐elaidic acid and [9,10‐3H]oleic were injected intragastrically into a total of 34 rats at 6, 12 and 16 days of age. Animals were killed 4, 8, 24, 48 and 96 h after administration and brain and liver lipids analyzed. With all ages examined, about 0.02–0.22% of the administered radioactivity from each fatty acid was found in brain lipids with incorporation increasing with time after administration. Phospholipids accounted for 60–85% of the total label from both fatty acids; of this phospholipid label, 40–50%, of the 14C was in unaltered irans‐monoene. Up to 22% of the total 14C label recovered from brain was in cholesterol. By contrast to brain, labeling of liver lipid was much greater and was highest at 4 h after administration; there was proportionally less 14C or 3H label in palmitate and cholesterol compared to brain. Thus, intact trans‐fatty acid, elaidic acid, was incorporated into developing brain, but at slower rates than into liver. These studies establish that the developing central nervous system does not exclude dietary trans‐acids.
Comparative Effects of Chronic Haloperidol and Sulpiride Treatment on Nigral and Striatal GABA Content
Authors: Nicoletti Ferdinando , Patti Francesco , Condorelil Daniele Filippo , Rampello Liborio , Giammona Giovanni , Giorgio Rosa‐Maria Di , Canonico Pier Luigi , Scapagnini Umberto 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:Nigral and striatal GABA contents were assayed in male rats treated chronically with haloperidol or sulpiride, two dopamine‐receptor blocking agents that have different neuropharmacological spectra in regard to their biochemical, behavioural, and clinical properties. No great difference was observed between the chronic effects of haloperidol and sulpiride on nigral and striatal GABA content. However, low doses (30 μg/kg, intraperitoneally) of the dopamine‐receptor agonist apomorphine, injected 12 h after the discontinuation of chronic haloperidol or chronic sulpiride treatment, induced opposite changes in nigral GABA levels suggesting the existence of a different “status” of the dopamine receptors during the 12 h‐period following the withdrawal of haloperidol or sulpiride.
Intrauterine Growth Retardation (Malnutrition by Vascular Ligation) Induces Modifications in Fatty Acid Composition of Neurons and Oligodendrocytes
Authors: Morand O. , Chanez C. , Masson M. , Dumont O. , Flexor M. A. , Baumann N. , Bourre J. M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) induced by ligation of one uterine artery on day 17 of pregnancy in the rat lead to major abnormalities in the fatty acid content of neurons and oligodendrocytes but not in astrocytes. In neurons from IUGR rats, monounsaturated fatty acids were decreased; in the polyunsaturated series, ω‐3 fatty acids were increased and Ω‐6 fatty acids were decreased. In oligodendrocytes, monounsaturated fatty acids were also decreased, but the modifications in polyunsaturated fatty acids were the opposite of those in neurons: Ω‐3 being decreased and w‐6 increased. Although the animals received a normal diet after birth, the alterations were still present in adulthood. In addition, fatty acid composition of brain cells is a very indicative criterion of brain maturation.
Studies on Polyphosphoinositides in Developing Rat Brain
Authors: Uma S. , Ramakrishnan C. V. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:Polyphosphoinositides in rat brain exist in two forms: the metabolically active form that is readily attacked by the polyphosphoinositide phosphohydrolases, and the inert form that is attacked by the enzymes at a slower rate. The two pools continue to increase even during the postweaning period, suggesting a role in glial as well as myelin development apart from their role in neurons.
A General Model of the P2 Protein of Peripheral Nervous System Myelin Based on Secondary Structure Predictions, Tertiary Folding Principles, and Experimental Observations
Authors: Martenson Russell E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:The amino acid sequence of the P2 protein of peripheral myelin was analyzed with regard to regions of probable α‐helix, β‐structure, β‐turn, and unordered conformation by means of several algorithms commonly used to predict secondary structure in proteins. Because of the high β‐sheet content and virtual absence of α‐helix shown by the circular dichroic spectra of the protein, a bias was introduced into the algorithms to favor the β‐structure over the α‐helical conformation. In order to define those β‐sheet residues that could lie on the external hydrophilic surface of the protein and those that could lie in its hydrophobic interior, the predicted β‐strands were examined for charged and uncharged amino acids located at alternating positions in the sequence. The sequential β‐strands in the predicted secondary structure were then ordered into β‐sheets and aligned according to generally accepted tertiary folding principles and certain chemical properties peculiar to the P2 protein. The general model of the P2 protein that emerged was a “Greek key”β‐barrel, consisting of eight antiparallel β‐strands with a two‐stranded ribbon of antiparallel β‐structure emerging from one end. The model has an uncharged, hydrophobic core and a highly hydrophilic surface. The two Cys residues, which form a disulfide, occur in a loop connecting two adjacent antiparallel strands. Two hydrophilic loops, each containing a cluster of acidic residues and a single Phe, protrude from one end of the molecule. The general model is consistent with many of the properties of the actual protein, including the relatively weak nature of its association with myelin lipids and the positions of amino acid substitutions. Alternative β‐strand orderings yield three specific models having different interstrand connections across the barrel ends.
Identification, Development, and Regional Distribution of Ribonucleotide Reductase in Adult Rat Brain
Authors: Eells Janis Thane , Spector Reynold 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:The development and regional distribution of ribonucleotide reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) were determined in rat brain. Ribonucleotide reductase was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation (20‐40% saturation). Enzyme activity was measured by a specific radiochemical assay. This method involved the reduction of [14C]cytidine diphosphate (CDP) to [14C]deoxy‐cytidine diphosphate with subsequent hydrolysis and separation of the product ([14C]deoxycytidine) from substrate ([14C]cytidine) by Dowex‐1‐borate ion‐exchange chro‐matography. The specific activity of ribonucleotide reductase in whole brain of newborn rats was 3.78 ± 0.55 units (pmol/h)/mg protein (SEM; n = 6) and declined to 0.17 ± 0.01 units/mg protein (n = 7) at 10‐12 weeks of age, with a further decline to 0.11 ± 0.01 units/mg protein (n = 3) at 1 year. Ribonucleotide reductase activity in rat liver decreased from 4.58 ± 0.62 units/mg protein (n = 3) in newborn animals to 0.06 ± 0.01 units/mg protein (n = 7) at 10‐12 weeks and was present at trace levels at 6 months of age. The decline in specific activity with age was not due to a change in the Km for CDP. The Km for CDP in brain of newborn and adult rats was 80‐90 μM. In 10‐ to 12‐week‐old rats, the specific activity of ribonucleotide reductase was similar in the various regions of the brain tested except for the brainstem, which had 50% lower specific activity than the whole brain. These results indicate that ribonucleotide reductase activity is present and widely distributed in adult rat brain.
Selective Effects of Neonatal Hypothyroidism on Monoamine Oxidase Activities in the Rat Brain
Authors: Vaccari Andrea , Biassoni Roberto , Timiras Paola S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:Hypothyroidism of mild intensity was obtained with prenatal and neonatal submission of Long‐Evans rats to an iodide‐rich diet. Chronic daily administration of methimazole to iodide‐supplemented Long‐Evans pups or to iodine‐deprived Charles‐River rats through the first 29–30 days of age provoked severe hypothyroidism. Monoamine oxidase type A (MAO‐A) and not type B (MAO‐B) activity was consistently, although slightly (by approximately 20%), increased in the hypothyroid brain. Triiodothyronine (T3)‐induced hyperthyroidism did not affect MAO activity. Replacement therapy with T3 did not normalize MAO‐A activity in hypothyroidism. Methimazole displayed a competitive and reversible in vitro inhibition of MAO‐A but not MAO‐B activity. Although this effect was obtained at concentrations far higher than those estimated to reach the brain after a single injection of the goiterogen, the occurrence of accumulation processes in the metabolism‐deficient hypothyroid neonate rs cannot be excluded. Thus, MAO‐A activity might be either directly depressed during the goiterogenic treatment, or increased as the result of some kind of rebound effect after interruption of methimazole administration.
Glycosylation as a Criterion for Defining Subpopulations of Fast‐Transported Proteins
Authors: Stone George C. , Hammerschlag Richard 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:The role carbohydrate residues may play in the sorting of newly synthesized fast‐transported proteins during the initiation of fast axonal transport has been examined by identifying individual fast‐transported glycoproteins that contain either or both fucose and galactose. [3H]Fucose or [3H]galactose was incorporated together with [35S]methionine in vitro in bullfrog dorsal root ganglia. Fast‐transported proteins that accumulated proximal to a ligature on the spinal nerve were separated via two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, and 92 gel spots were analyzed quantitatively for the presence of 35S and 3H. Of these spots, 56 (61%) contained either or both fucose and galactose. Glycomoieties were generally associated with families of charged spots whose isoelectric points could be altered with neuraminidase treatment. Single spots tended to be unglycosylated and were unaffected by neuraminidase. The prevalence of glycoproteins was considerably greater in the higher‐molecular weight range. Of the 55 spots analyzed with molecular weight greater than approximately 35,000 daltons, 89% were glycosylated, whereas only 19% of the 37 spots with lower molecular weight contained sugar moieties. When considered in light of previous studies in which similar Subpopulations have been described, the current findings suggest that the presence or absence of glycomoieties may represent another criterion by which proteins are sorted during the initiation of fast axonal transport.