bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of the antiarrhythmic agent tiracizine: Steady state kinetics in comparison with single‐dose kinetics
Authors: Berndt Annette , Oertel R. , Terhaag B. , Richter K. , Gramatté Th. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSerum and urine kinetics of unchanged tiracizine (T), a new class I antiarrhythmic agent, and three metabolites (M1, 2, and 3) were assessed in eight healthy extensive metabolizers after a single oral administration of 50 mg tiracizine and during steady state (50 mg b.i.d.). Additionally, tiracizine‐induced ECG changes were measured. Considerable accumulation of M1 and M2 was observed during repeated dosing (M1,Cmax,ss= 391.8 ng mL−1againstCmax,sd= 132.8 ng mL−1; M2,Cmax,ss= 143.2 ng mL−1againstCmax,sd= 25.8 ng mL−1). However, significant increases of AUC (AUCτ = 261.9 ng h mL−1against AUC0–∞,sd= 182.9 ng h mL−1),Cmax(Cmax,ss= 75.9 ng mL−1againstCmax,sd= 56.9 ng mL−1) andt1/2β(t1/2β,ss= 4.0 h againstt1/2β,sd= 2.4 h) of the parent compound indicate non‐linear kinetics. The significant decrease in renal clearance of all four substances as well as the decrease of non‐renal tiracizine clearance with repeated dosing led to the assumption that non‐linearity is due to saturable renal excretion and a fall in intrinsic tiracizine clearance. PQ time was prolonged significantly during steady state and culminated at thetmaxof the parent compound, whereas there was no change in any ECG parameter after a single‐dose administration of 50 mg tiracizine.
Pharmacokinetics of epidurally administered nicomorphine with its metabolites and glucuronide conjugates in patients undergoing pulmonary surgery during combined epidural local anaesthetic block and general anaesthesia
Authors: Koopman‐Kimenai Petronella M. , Vree Tom B. , Booij Leo H. D. J. , Hasenbos Marcel A. W. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAfter epidural administration of 15 mg 3, 6‐dinicotinoylmorphine (nicomorphine) in 10 patients undergoing pulmonary surgery, the parent compound was quickly metabolized into the metabolites 6‐mononicotinoylmorphine and morphine. The mean apparent half‐lives (±SD) of elimination were 10 min (0.165 h ± 0.053 h) for 3, 6‐dinicotinoylmorphine and 1.77 h ± 1.23 h for 6‐mononicotinoylmorphine. Morphine is subsequently metabolized into morphine‐3‐glucuronide, and morphine‐6‐glucuronide. The apparent half‐lives of morphine, morphine‐3‐glucuronide, and morphine‐6‐glucuronide are similar: 3.63 h ± 1.63 h, 4.10 h ± 0.57 h, and 4.20 h ± 1.64 h respectively. The possible glucuronide conjugate of 6‐mononicotinoylmorphine was not detected. The prodrug 3, 6‐dinicotinoylmorphine was biotransformed into three active compounds: 6‐mononicotinoylmorphine, morphine, and morphine‐6‐glucuronide.
Factors influencing the protein binding of YH‐439 using an equilibrium dialysis technique. A new hepatoprotective agent
Authors: Lee Woo I. , Yoon Woo H. , Park Joo H. , Lee Jong W. , Shim Chang‐K. , Lee Myung G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVarious factors influencing the plasma protein binding of YH‐439 to 4% human serum albumin (HSA) were evaluated using the equilibrium dialysis method at the initial YH‐439 concentration of 2 μg mL−1. It took approximately 12 h of incubation to reach an equilibrium between 4% HSA and isotonic phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 containing 3% of dextran (‘the buffer’) using a Spectra/Por 2 membrane (molecular weight cut‐off, 12 000–14 000) in a water bath shaker kept at 37. C and at a rate of 50 oscillations min−1. YH‐439 was fairly stable both in 4% HSA and in the ‘buffer’ for up to 24 h incubation. The binding of YH‐439 to 4% HSA was constant (97.4 ± 0.55%) at YH‐439 concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 10 μg mL−1. However, the extent of binding was dependent on HSA concentrations: the values were 90.7, 94.7, 96.7, 97.0, 97.0, 97.1, and 97.5% at HSA concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%, respectively. The plasma protein binding decreased with increasing incubation temperature: the binding values were 98.2, 97.6, 97.2, and 96.8% when incubated at 10, 21, 26, and 37°C, respectively. The binding of YH‐439 was also influenced by the chloride concentration in the buffer: the binding values were 94.5, 97.0, and 96.8% for the chloride concentrations of 0, 0.249, and 0.546%, respectively. The binding of YH‐439 was also dependent on the buffer pH: the percentages of free fraction were 6.0, 4.1, 3.8, 2.8, 2.7 and 2.8% for the buffer pHs of 5.0, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.4, and 8.0, respectively. The free fraction of YH‐439 was slightly increased by the addition of heparin (up to 40 U mL−1), sodium azide (NaN3, up to 0.5%), and its metabolites. The protein binding of YH‐439 was influenced neither by AAG, acetylsalicylic acid, or sulphisoxazole, nor by the addition of citrate or EDTA. The free fractions of YH‐439 in rabbit (4.2%) and dog (4.7%) plasma seemed to be higher than in rats (2.9%) and humans (3.1%).
Handschriftliche Funde zu den “verdrängten Wissenschaften” in der frühen Neuzeit
Authors: Schipperges Heinrich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA report based on studies in Spanish libraries where about 80 manuscripts have been examined, and concentrating itself on: 1ththe part played by “Astrologia Medica”, 2ndthe importance of “Alchimia Medica”, 3rdthe structure and function of “Magia Naturalis” in the late middle ages.
Folgen der Emigration deutscher und österreichischer Wissenschaftstheoretiker und Logiker zwischen 1933 und 1945
Authors: Thiel Christian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe paper begins by delimiting the scope of ‘logic’ and ‘philosophy of science’ and goes on to present the biographies and select bibliographies of 36 émigré scholars from Germany and Austria working in these fields. An evaluation of this material, and of data on societies, congresses, lecture series, books and periodicals on logic and philosophy of science, is then undertaken. Against the rich background of activity in the 20s and 30s of our century, there is manifest a rapid decline of high‐ranking research in the philosophy of science and (to a lesser degree) in logic in Germany and Austria. Since, with one exception, émigré logicians and philosophers of science did not return after the breakdown of the Third Reich, recovery in these fields has been extremely slow. Pertinent knowledge had to be re‐imported, and a satisfactory level has been reached only with the coming of a new generation.
Die Idee einer historischen Entwicklung der Krankheiten des Menschengeschlechts und ihre Bedeutung für die empirische Medizin des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Bleker Johanna 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn early 19th‐century German medicine many doctors had a strong interest in historical pathology. They investigated the historical records of fevers and epidemics in detail, trying to find out how the changing influence of the epidemic constitution worked and hoping that history would help them to define specific disease entities. The underlying theory of this endeavour was that diseases undergo a historical development similar to the evolution of plants and animals. This paper tries to show that historical pathology was, in its time, a legitimate attempt to solve the most urgent problems of empirical medicine.
Von der „Natur der Sache”︁ zur Geschichte der Sprache Der Übergang von der Sprachforschung zur Sprachwissenschaft zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Grotsch Klaus 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFrom the “nature of things” to the history of language: The transition from the study of language to historico‐comparative linguistics. This brief essay deals with a somewhat problematic phase in the history of linguistics and tries to investigate the process by which language could be understood as a historical phenomenon with a history of its own. This new understanding of language turned out to be the starting condition for a new and very prolific way in the study of language. The conjecture is that this is due to certain alterations in the semantic field of some important notions relating to language and its study. The process of alteration began by the end of the eighteenth century with conceptual achievements which could adequately be termed as temporalization of aspects of language and the notions related to these aspects. In connection with the so called discovery of the Sanskrit language and the gradual reception of its grammatical structure, looking upon language as an organic entity with autonomous and internal structures of developpement became possible after the German romantic language philosophy had developped a strictly abstract concept of language as a notion of form. This essentially metaphorical mode of speaking nevertheless inaugurated that languages were concieved of as having their own history totally independent of their speakers. With language as an autonomous object the study of language rapidly became the science of language.
Geschlecht und Gesellschaft: Die ersten Ärztinnen und sozialpolitische Vorurteile
Authors: Geyer‐Kordesch Johanna 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe objective mode of scientific inquiry has increasingly been called into question especially within feminist theory. I have tried to introduce two methodological approaches in examing a small area of medical opinion‐making in the medical press at a period in which the question of women doctors was being discussed, but very few women doctors were actually practicing in Germany. Methodologically feminist history sees gender as a structural component used to ascribe sexual division of labour and to form concepts of “masculinity” and “femininity” in a society. It does not define “women's history” as a separate sphere additive to other traditional areas of historical writing including history of science. The second methodological approach is that of deconstruction: “objective” statements in medicine and the biological sciences are part of social and cultural preconceptions. I have examined the pattern of unreflected scientific statements about women's claims to want to become doctors. The pattern is one of preventive prejudice: representative doctors wrote about women in physiological and biological terms of being “weak” and “unfit”. This was an effective strategy for maintaining a status quo of dequalification. The historical examination of women entering the professions has not so much to do with their own capacities, but rather with socially conceived forms of argumentation indirectly applied: preventive statements in medicine about biological function, the “weaker” sex, intellectual denigration, physiological determinism. Some of the statements I found are amusing, but the humour becomes bitter when the consequences enter our social consciousness.
Frühe Fälle der “Verwendung” von Analogien in der altgriechischen Medizin
Authors: Langholf Volker 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnalogy in ancient Greek medical texts may be either explicit or implicit. Greek physicians of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. often used explicit analogy, e.g. when trying to explain unobservable processes within the body by comparing them to observable processes in common objects. Such explicit analogies served several purposes: illustration, exemplification, confirmation, or a combination thereof. ‐ Other analogies are implicit, particularly those originating in metaphors, i. e. in language. While explicit analogies were intended to support only marginal details of medical doctrines, analogies implicit in metaphors occasionally became the nuclei of comprehensive and therapeutically important doctrines, particularly with reference to the crisis of a disease. ‐ Explicit and implicit analogies occur already very early (Homer, eighth century B. C.) and with characteristics which make it possible to assess the specific function of analogy in Greek medical texts of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.
Gesellschaftsstruktur als Analogie: Genetiker stellen sich die Zelle vor
Authors: Harwood Jonathan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn den 1920er und 1930er Jahren entstand eine heftige Diskussion unter deutschen Genetikern, inwieweit das Zytoplasma eine wichtige Rolle bei der Vererbung spiele. Für Vertreter des sogenannten ‘Kernmonopols’ waren es lediglich die Gene in den Chromosomen des Zellkerns, die den entscheidenden Einfluß auf die Entwicklung jeder Zelle hätten, während das Zytoplasma bloße Rohstoffe für die Gen‐Wirkung liefere. Für die Vertreter der ‘Plasmontheorie’ dagegen war die zeitliche und räumliche Ordnung der genbedingten Entwicklungsvorgänge ohne die regulierende Wirkung einer ganzheitlichen genetischen Struktur im Zytoplasma (‘Plasmon’) nicht denkbar. Weder die Argumente der Plasmontheoretiker noch diejenigen der Kernmonopolisten waren allein empirisch begründet; beide setzten gewisse Annahmen voraus.
Ernst Haeckel, Zoologie und Jugendstil
Authors: Mann Rosemarie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAu début du 19e siècle, à la suite des tours du monde en voiliers à but scientifique, commença l'époque de l'exploration maritime. Une faune inconnue retint l'attention des scientifiques. Surtout de nombreuses espèces nouvelles de méduses occupèrent les chercheurs. Une littérature specialisée se developpa rapidement, cependant une étude systematique et unitaire faisait défaut. Ernst Haeckel essaya de combler ce manque en 1879/80 avec son ouvrage «System der Medusen». Pas un ouvrage classique, comme l'écrivit Thilo Krumbach, mais pour tous ceux qui sont les adeptes d'une recherche biologique systématique, cet ouvrage est indéniablement une pierre angulaire. Les descriptions critiques de toutes les espèces connues et les excellents tableaux recueillirent approbation et admiration. Le principe artificiel de classification et les efforts trop forces de rapports d'ontogénie suscitèrent la critique. — Les tableaux zoologiques ultérieurs de Haeckel furent beaucoup appréciés par les artistes, surtout les «Kunstformen der Natur». Le mouvement Art Nouveau — Jugendstil, d'inspiration naturaliste, qui débuta en Angleterre et en France dans les années 1880, trouva en eux des modèles idéaux. L'abondance des formes et la beauté des animaux marins — jusqu'alors inconnus — fascinèrent les artistes.Une influence directe est évidente pour Hermann Obrist, August Endell, René Binet, Karl Gross et bien d'autres et dans beaucoup de traités de l'histoire de l'art au sujet du style des années de 1900, les tableaux de Haeckel représentent une source importante de l'inspiration.
Zur Geschichte des Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Instituts für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie. Zur geplanten Veränderung des Instituts in eine Forschungs‐ und Entwicklungsstätte des Heeres für den Gaskampf und Gasschutz auch in Friedenszeiten 1916 und nach 1933
Authors: Stoltzenberg Dietrich J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA Contribution to the History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry: On Projected Changes of the Institute into a Research and Development Center of the Army for Chemical Warfare also in Times of Peace 1916 and after 1933. — The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics and Electrochemistry, today named after its first director Fritz‐Haber‐Institut, was in the first World War a place of research on chemical warfare. Evidences in the Archive for the History of the Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft show that it was planned during the war to continue research in this area in peacetime. To realize this Fritz Haber proposed to found a special Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. As this could not be accomplished the war ministry founded 6 million marks to establish an extra department in the KWI of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry just before the end of the war. After Germany lost the war these were used for other research areas while work on chemical warfare was carried out elsewhere.When Fritz Haber resigned 1933 because of the race‐laws of the nationalsocialists the war ministry in cooperation with the ministery for culture nominated an obliging scientist as director of the institute with the aim to take up again research in the area of chemical warfare despite of the opposition of the president of the Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Gesellschaft and the ministery of the interior. After that time until the end of the second world war 1945 a good part of the work carried out in the institute was done for the war ministry.
Hilbert, Zermelo und die Institutionalisierung der mathematischen Logik in Deutschland
Authors: Peckhaus Volker 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the history of the first German lectureship for mathematical logic based on a ministerial commission, to which the Göttingen mathematician Ernst Zermelo was appointed in 1907. The lectureship is shown as imbedded in the intellectual history of mathematical logic which was at that time determined by the discussion of the set theoretical and logical paradoxes. Although Zermelo's early set theoretic papers can be regarded, and were in fact regarded in the Göttingen mathematicians' application for the lectureship, as contributions to mathematical logic, the close connection between set theory and logic was at that time not evident. It is shown, however, that such “internal” motives were not the only reasons for proposing the lectureship, since the application was also highly influenced by personal and institutional factors and the attempt to find a paid position for Zermelo at the University of Göttingen. In addition, Zermelo's lectureship is presented in the context of the history of academic teaching in mathematical and symbolic logic with an overview of German lecture courses in this topic in the period between 1830 and 1915. The results are correlated with the reception of George Boole's algebra of logic and other symbolic logical systems in Germany at that time. Zermelo's lectureship is regarded as the first step towards an institutionalization of mathematical logic as a subdiscipline of mathematics. This step is interpreted by critically applying the results of Hubert Laitko's and Martin Guntau's considerations on the genesis of scientific disciplines.
(29. Symposium der Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsgeschichte an der RWTH Aachen, 28. bis 30. Mai 1992). Bemerkungen zur Fragestellung und zu den Ergebnissen der Tagung
Authors: Kaiser Walter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe subject of the 29th conference of the Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsgeschichte was the “Problem of Interaction of Science and Technology”. At issue at the conference was the difficult relationship between the theoretical concepts and the data of science and the practical devices and processes of technology. Although the interplay of science and technology is a well established field of research in the History of Science and Technology, there are still no solutions to the problem, especially with regard to the continuous discussions in the realm of science policy and technology policy. So the conference aimed both at a contribution to the historiographic problems of the science‐technology relationship and at a historical foundation for the discussion in technology policy.
Professoren als Gutachter für die Kälteindustrie 1870–1930. Ein Beitrag zum Verhältnis von Hochschule und Industrie in Deutschland
Authors: Dienel Hans‐Luidger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGerman professors at Polytechnic Institutes (Technische Hochschulen) were successfully consulting refrigeration industry after 1870. Besides of the tremendous output of graduates and of the results of scientific research itself, the expertise was a third important function of Polytechnic Institutes for the industrial development in Germany. The article analyzes the functions of consulting for industry by presenting five types of expertise: Expertise in behalf of the government, expertise for patent‐cases, expertise as machine‐description and test, expertise for the acceptance of machines, and expertise for investment‐credits. Carl von Linde, Moritz Schröter, Hans Lorenz Theodor Ganzenmüller and Rudolf Plank are examined as case studies. The article argues that German Professors could fulfill this highly demanded function because they were accepted both as competent and neutral.
Theoretische Ansätze und praktische Erfahrung in der Nationalökonomie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Joseph A. Schumpeters
Authors: Winkel Harald 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe paper presents in a short survey the development of economic thought from mercantilism to Keynes, where specially the connections between economic reality and thinking were pointed out. New ideas as well as the re‐examination of those of the past depend on real development of the economy. So, for instance, the ideas of Keynes and the conviction that business cycles could be managed failed and were followed by a return to Schumpeter and his ideas which seem to be very attractive nowadays.
‚Reise der Aufklärung’︁: Selbstverortung, Empirie und epistemischer Diskurs bei Herder, Lessing, Lichtenberg und anderen
Authors: Kleinknecht Thomas 
Published: October 2006

The »journey of enlightenment« (Lea Ritter Santini) should denote an ideal type of explorative events that produced the twin effect of shedding new light on any given topic and, simultaneously, of representing a modern scientific, yet humane outlook to the world. This outlook depended on a higly reflective approach of viewing the world, granting the self an original, even pivotal position (Herder is a case in point). It could involve self‐delusion and could have melancholy or pathological results. The successive phases of a journey, (a) the discovery of unfamiliar surroundings and (b) its legitimatory aftermath, should therefore be linked to the biographical setting of the travellers involved. The journey often left a lifelong impact on their lives; Lichtenberg is exemplary in this respect.Recent research into eminent figures of the Enlightenment period, e. g. into Lessing, have enabled us to follow quite closely the learning and filtering process, by which the gradual acquisition of knowledge and judgement took place. A lively face‐to‐face and/or epistolary intercourse in most cases accompanied the interpretation of data culled from observation. Furthermore, discussion (vis‐à‐vis mere registration or sketching) proved essential for reaching an understanding of a fairly intersubjective standing. Lichtenberg's two visits to England provide a minute protocol of a variety of steps that ‐ more in a zigzag than in a direct fashion ‐ eventually form the growth and the style of our (preliminary) knowledge ‐ by taking journeys.