bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of Nasicon (Natrium Super Ionic Conductor) as a sodium ion battery solid electrolyte (Composition X= 1,3; 1,4; 2,3 and 2,4)
Authors: Jahiding M , Milen Y , Variani V I , Mashuni  
Published: February 2025

Abstract
NASICON is a solid electrolyte with prospects in developing secondary batteries. However, it has a drawback, namely low ionic conductivity, making it less efficient when used in sodium-ion batteries. To overcome the weaknesses of NASICON, one way can be to apply the solid-state synthesis method of NASICON in the form (Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12) derived from Na2CO3, ZrO2, SiO2 and NH4H2PO4 by varying the variable x in the composition of NASICON, where x equals with 1.3; 1.4; 2,3 and 2,4 were chosen to obtain the maximum conductivity of the NASICON solid electrolyte with a calcination time range of 10 and 5 hours at temperatures of 1100 and 1250°C. This study aims to determine the crystal structure of NASICON obtained using XRD analysis, morphology and elemental content using SEM analysis, and conductivity using the four-point probe method. The results showed that the characterization of XRD on NASICON with variations x = 1.3 and 1.4 obtained rhombohedral crystal structures while variations x = 2.3 and 2.4 obtained monoclinic crystal structures, with a crystal size of 8.4143 nm respectively, 8.4145 nm, 8.4146 nm, and 8.4147 nm. While the morphology and elemental composition using SEM showed that the distribution of particles in the sample was not uniform, and there were different porosity sizes for each variation of the x variable. The conductivity obtained using the four-point probe method showed that the ionic conductivity of the NASICON sample was 5.1183 x 10−5 Scm−1; 5.56588 x 10-5 Scm−1; 12.0302 Scm−1, and the maximum conductivity was obtained 15.6349 Scm−1, at variation x = 2.4. So that the variations x = 2.3 and 2.4 are very well used for applications in the manufacture of NASICON solid electrolytes.
Engineering geology characteristics in the Wado Hydropower 50 MW Waterway Tunnel, Sumedang Regency of West Java Province in Indonesia
Authors: Putranindya Erlangga , Setiawan Hendy , Prakasa Eka Putra Doni , Danardi Luki 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The waterway tunnel at Wado Hydropower 50 MW applies underground tunneling construction with a diameter of 6 meters and a tunnel length of 1.860 meters. In 2019, PT Waskita Karya conducted the planning stage for the waterway tunnel at Wado Hydropower. In this research, an evaluation of the engineering geology condition comprised of five aspects, including geomorphology, lithology, geological structure, groundwater level and rock mass quality of the research area. This research was conducted through geological surface mapping, core sample subsurface analysis, laboratory tests, and rock mass classification. Geological surface mapping was carried out on 1,5 x 2,5 kilometers in a waterway tunnel area to acquire the geomorphology, lithology, and geological structure data. Core box samples were analyzed from six core samples obtained along the tunnel for the rock mass quality and groundwater level. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the physical, mechanical, and mineralogical variations of the rocks and soils. Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI) are two methods that were used in the analysis of rock mass quality. As a result, the geomorphological condition of the research area was classified into moderate and steep volcanic hill slopes. Meanwhile, the lithological condition comprised of andesite breccia I and andesite breccia II units. Geological structures of dextral faults were found at one observation station, and there was a topographic alignment pattern in the research area. Groundwater level was at 327-357 meters which is above the waterway tunnel elevation of 315-313 meters above sea level. Finally, the rock mass in the research area consists of poor, fair, and good qualities with RMR values ranging between 36.0 to 63.6 and GSI values of 30.0 to 84.7. In conclusion, the rock mass classification of the research area was affected by the lithological and weathering conditions.
Synthesis and characterization of lithium nickel cobalt aluminum cathode material from beverage can waste extracts
Authors: Ratnasari Dewi , Supriyanto Agus 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum (LNCA) is a lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) cathode material with high working potential and energy density. Beverage cans could be utilized as a cathode constituent by extracting it and using it as an alum. This study aims to determine the aluminum concentration and characterize the LNCA cathode from the beverage can extract waste. Using the can deconstruction method, the results obtained aluminum metal content of 4413.87 mg/l, in percentage form, is 30.91%. The construction of LNCA cathodes was carried out using the coprecipitation method on NCA 1 (LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05) and NCA 2 (LiNi0.80Co0.13Al0.07) materials. The XRD results indexed to JCPDS card 87-1562 show a hexagonal structure. Crystal sizes of NCA 1 and NCA 2 are 19.718 nm and 14.634 nm, respectively. NCA 1 has a smaller R-value compared to NCA 2, which indicates that NCA 1 has a more stable atomic structure than the NCA 2 material. SEM morphological structure showed that the more homogeneous particles were NCA 1. The average particle sizes of NCA 1 and NCA 2 were 4.871 μm and 4.922 μm, respectively. FTIR analysis showed stretching bands due to the presence of CO32- anion caused by direct contact of the sample powder with air during material preparation.
Dirac Oscillator in the presence of pseudoharmonic potential in the spinning cosmic string spacetime
Authors: Faisal Farid Gusti , Wibawa B.S.H. , Suparmi A. , Cari C. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Dirac equation is the gateway for relativistic quantum mechanics which evolved into the Quantum Field Theory. We study the Dirac oscillator as an exactly soluble model in the context of many particle models in relativistic quantum mechanics. To investigate the gravitational effects on the model we use cosmic strings as topological defects of spacetime. Cosmic strings are linear topological defects that generated by spontaneously symmetry breaking shortly after Big Bang. Pseudoharmonic potential is type of anharmonic potential that has been used to describe interaction of some diatomic molecules. In this paper, we examine the effects of gravitational fields produced by topological defects on the motion of the Dirac Oscillator in the presence of the pseudoharmonic potential. In this work, we solved the energy using Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method. This method is very useful to study various types of potentials in molecular systems. The research aims to obtain energy level spectrum of the system under the influence of cosmic strings and pseudoharmonic potential. We obtain the energy spectrum of the oscillator as a function of the various physical parameters, such as the oscillator’s frequency, string density, and quantum numbers. Then, we explore the influences of potential, string density, and string rotation on the system.
Structural, magnetic, and antibacterial investigation of natural iron based cobalt ferrite nanoparticles via co-precipitation
Authors: Fatimah Azzahro Siti , Thabib Mubarok Ahmad , Husein Sanjani Abdillah , Riyatun  , Utari  , Putra Prasetya Nurdiyantoro , Purnama Budi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles from fine sediment, highlighting their potential applications biomedicine as antibacterial agents. The sediment was extracted using a magnetic separator, followed by nanoparticle synthesis via the coprecipitation method, with annealing temperatures varied at 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, and 600°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful formation of cobalt ferrite, exhibiting a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, as indicated by ICDD data number 22-1086. Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) demonstrated strong hysteresis curves at 100°C and 200°C, while higher annealing temperatures resulted in variations in saturation magnetization and coercivity. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed particle distributions that suggest potential antibacterial activity. Overall, the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized at 200°C and 300°C show considerable promise for use as antibacterial agents.
A Review on Seismic Vulnerability Assessment with Emphasis on Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Joseff Bendaña Mary , Paulo Bersamina Juan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Earthquake-prone regions like the circum-Pacific belt necessitate proactive measures to mitigate seismic risks. This study explores the synergy between Seismic Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) for enhanced infrastructure resilience. The researchers integrate machine learning algorithms with diverse sensors, including seismometers and accelerometers, to analyze vibration data for non-destructive testing. This multifaceted approach, encompassing ground-penetrating radar for subsurface analysis and acoustic emission/ultrasonic testing for internal assessment, refines SHM precision for pre-emptive vulnerability identification in various materials and configurations. By analyzing existing SVA studies focused on SHM, the authors ad-dress current gaps in monitoring practices, aiming to create more robust, scalable, and adaptable solutions for diverse structures and environments. The research dissects various SHM methods, analyzes their parameters and prototypes, and examines challenges in extant structure assessments. The authors propose com-prehensive strategies and solutions to bridge research gaps, leveraging non-destructive methods like the rebound hammer test and ferro scanning alongside computer-aided structural design software and strategic retrofitting. The authors aim to advance SHM for effective and interdisciplinary seismic risk mitigation strategies through collaborative efforts across academia, industry, and government sectors.
Development of a road defect inspection system (AI–RDIS) using AI deep learning technology
Authors: Chang Jia-Ruey , Lin Kun-Hu , Liu Chia-Ming , Yang Po-Sen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the past, road contractors primarily used vehicle-mounted equipment for routine road defect inspections, and inspectors logged and communicated their findings in writing or over the phone. Over time, the shortening of inspection periods, expansion of inspection areas, and diversity of inspection operations fueled the advancement of technologies used for road defect inspections. In recent years, emerging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been adopted to assist in this work. This paper introduces the ongoing efforts in Taipei City, Taiwan, since 2016 to collect road defect images using vehicle-mounted equipment. The city’s road contractor incorporated the You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm, which utilizes deep learning for road defect image training, and launched the AI Road Defect Inspection System (AI–RDIS). The system was tested to evaluate the applied deep learning algorithms and the performance of defect recognition. Currently, Taipei City employs the AI–RDIS to automatically recognize road defects in daily road defect inspections.
A new compact electron detector with REELS, EPES and elastic peak imaging capabilities for SEM
Authors: Staib P 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A new energy analyser to be used as add-on in SEM with multiple operating modes is described. It uses a high energy resolution of the retarding field to combine high energy resolution with high sensitivity and small size in order to fit inside the microscope vacuum chamber. The electron optical transmission of retarding mesh is obtained from computer simulations of the electron trajectories and a general formula for calculating the energy resolution is deducted. The analyser can perform as secondary electron detector for scanning imaging with energy filtering capability. The elastic peak is fully energy resolved so that recoil energy losses of light elements are measured and mapped. REELS measurements are shown to illustrate the high dynamic range and sensitivity of the system. The analyser is also sensitive to photons when the analyser energy is set above the primary beam energy, thus repelling all electrons and the detector gain increases correspondingly. Cathodoluminescent sample areas are mapped and soft X-rays are detected increasing the detector sensitivity up to single photon detection.
Focussed beams for use in EBSD
Authors: Winiarski B 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Focussed beams (electrons, ions, and photons) are at the forefront of today’s and future scientific and engineering advanced research instruments. The beams are typically used for six purposes: imaging, detection, deposition, implantation, milling/ablation, and polishing. There are plethora of detectable and useful signals coming from the beam irradiated matter. One of the signals is electron diffraction and scattering on a crystal planes used by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method. This surface superficial probing technique is sensitive to surface contamination, amorphisation, and lattice distortions, thus requires damage-free sample surface preparation techniques. The advent of coupled multi-beam commercial instruments (DualBeams, CrossBeams and TriBeams) allowed for integration of sample surface preparation techniques, i.e., site specific (cross-sections, serial sections, thin lamellas, micro- and nano-pillars, etc.), and large areas (cross-sections and surface polishing), and beam excited signal detection/quantification methods, i.e., EBSD, EDS, WDS, SIMS, Raman, LIBS, etc. This paper attempts to bring closer the current state-of-the-art of focussed beams systems for use in EBSD technique in Materials Science.
Visual object tracking via kernelized correlation filter and grey prediction
Authors: Lv Mingming , Xu Qian , Geng Xinxin , Fang Jiwen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Due to the effects of deformation, scale changes and background interference, visual tracking has always been one of the challenging problems. In recent years, kernelized correlation filter (KCF) has attracted much attention. However, the tracking accuracy of KCF tracker is poor when the object fast motion, heavy occlusion and scale variation appear. Herein, this reason is analyzed that the KCF tracker generates candidate patches of object according to its location in the last frame. By establishing grey prediction model of object motion, we produce the candidate patches around the predicted location. Moreover, we apply an adaptive strategy to update model and employ a simple mechanism for scale estimation. We conduct our tracker on some tracking benchmarks, including OTB2013, VOT2016 and UAV123. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed tracking method has good and stable results.
Multi-response optimization of acoustical characteristics of polyvinylidene difluoride porous foams by using Taguchi Grey relational analysis
Authors: D M Nivedhitha , S Jeyanthi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the current scenario, the need for lightweight modern porous composites is felt in the field of engineering for noise-controlling applications. However, the efficiency of conventional and currently adopted porous materials is restricted to low-frequency ranges, limiting their practical application in broader acoustic environments. To address this, polymer-based piezoelectric materials such as polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) in porous structures are gaining excellent responses from the research community. However, limited works were conducted to determine the optimal parameters for fabricating open-cell PVDF foams and to establish the acoustic characteristics of open-cell PVDF foams. Hence, the current study aims to establish the optimal processing parameters that can facilitate fabrication of open-cell PVDF foams with effective acoustic performance based on the Taguchi L9 approach. The fabricated PVDF samples were tested under the 500–4000 Hz frequency range. Based on the experimental results, it was noticed that the foam sample with 9 grams of NaCl, 40 min of processing time, 220 °C processing temperature, and 12 h of dissolution time had achieved a porosity of 95.6% and sound absorption coefficient value of 0.656 when compared with the other compositions. Further, the optimal process limitations were identified using Taguchi-based Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). The statistical results showed that trial 9 achieved the optimized response. This experimental study established open-cell porous PVDF foams as a potential sound absorber to control cabin noise in the automotive and aerospace industries.
Introduction: Data Retention in the EU and Beyond
Authors: Kosta Eleni , Kamara Irene 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The issue of regulation of data retention in the European Union has been part of the European policy agenda for more than 25 years. Following the CJEU decision in Digital Rights Ireland, which invalidated the EU Data Retention Directive, several actions were taken at EU Member State level, albeit not direct invalidations of the national data retention laws, transposing the annulled Data Retention Directive. Those actions eventually led to CJEU preliminary rulings and the resulting rich CJEU case-law on data retention, which lies at the core of this book. Chapter 1 provides the Introduction to the edited volume by offering the background to data retention in the EU an overview of the rationale, structure and the key findings of the chapters of the edited volume, as well as a comment on the recent developments in Ireland and Belgium, after the La Quadrature du Net ‘II’ judgment.
Data Retention as a Matter of Constitutional Law
Authors: Bassini Marco 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 22 aims to provide a critical overview of a selection of judgments made by Member States’ constitutional courts on data retention. It claims that the relationship between EU law and national law plays a key role in the solutions adopted from time to time by constitutional courts. It outlines a variety of approaches that are reflected in the decisions taken by constitutional courts both before and after Digital Rights Ireland, looking at the interaction with the attempt made by the Court of Justice of the European Union to model a new legal regime applicable to data retention in the absence of a comprehensive legal framework in European Union law.
When Minds Converse
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We are distinguished as a species by how we deliberate with one another and within ourselves about what judgments to form, what conclusions to draw, and what perceptions to trust; and about how we ought to treat our fellows, when we ought to hold ourselves or others to account, and what constitutes our identity as persons. Do these capacities come from our nature alone? Or are they skills that our nature has allowed us to master in the exercise of practices that are primarily social and only mental in the second place? This book argues for the society-first view of the human mind and soul. It does so by relying on a counterfactual but empirically informed genealogy to explore how such practices and skills would evolve without planning among certain humanoid counterparts. The main idea is this: that equipped to employ even a simple sort of language, those humanoids would more or less inevitably come to make judgments, practice reasoning and probe perception, that they would be led to make commitments and evaluations, hold themselves and one another to their values, and assume the status and relationships of persons. The argument consists in an extended thought experiment, an imaginative philosophical narrative, in which those developments are derived and documented. It may not teach a lesson about the precise origin of those capacities in our own kind, but it promises to tell us a lot about their nature and role in human as well as humanoid life.
Introduction
Authors: Winters Ben 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Introduction addresses the music historiographical challenge implicit in Erich Wolfgang Korngold’s move from Europe to Hollywood in the mid-1930s. How do we tell this story without falling into modernist oppositions between high art and mass culture, distorting historical evidence to fit already-decided-upon conclusions, or relying on a simplified understanding of film scoring that sees it as simply a continuation of operatic practices? The Introduction suggests Korngold scholarship needs a reappraisal that seeks to correct many of the myths that have surrounded the composer and his work in Hollywood. These myths include Korngold’s supposed disdain for mechanical assistance when composing and conducting his scores, and the elevated status of the contractual terms under which he worked for Warner Bros. The Introduction promises to address them (alongside other myths) in the chapters that follow. It ends with an outline of the book’s contents.
Korngold, the Hollywood Dramatist
Authors: Winters Ben 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores Korngold’s use of associative themes in his film scores, and suggests that film offered Korngold opportunities to deploy his dramatic gifts in ways that were distinct from the world of opera. It then highlights some of the myriad ways in which he transformed thematic material for musico-dramatic purposes, before exploring the important use of non-thematic music in his scores. Lastly, the way in which Korngold used thematic and non-thematic material alike to support aspects of the continuity editing practices of Classical Hollywood is examined. This is a clear way in which opera and a film as dramatic genres can be distinguished and, taken with the differences in dramatic technique, suggests that the rather simplified equivalence between opera and film seized upon by many commentators overlooks many of the specific challenges and opportunities that film offers.
Korngold between Two Worlds
Authors: Winters Ben 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores three composer-centered films that have the ability to not only challenge standard distinctions between narrative sources of music in film (as explored in Chapter 5) but also prompt questions about the relationship between film scoring and concert music. In blurring distinctions between these two worlds, the chapter suggests these films offered Korngold a navigable route back to the concert hall. Moreover, it suggests that Korngold’s post-Hollywood works, by placing film-score material front and center in a sustained and committed manner, bring Hollywood film culture and music of the concert hall together in provocative ways that call into question assumptions audiences may have about the place and value of mass culture. The chapter argues that these works actively partake in a reframing of concert-hall culture in a way that is in dialogue with, rather than in opposition to, mass culture.
Business Letters and the Oral Exchange of Information
Authors: Talbott Siobhan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Verbal exchange of information was commonplace, but many of these oral exchanges were immediately lost from record as they were not committed to paper. Drawing on merchants’ correspondence and letter-books, this chapter pieces together the role of oral conversations in several aspects of business transactions. It examines records of direct exchanges, but also considers the spread of commercial information, the role of conversation in ‘rumour’ and establishing reputation, gossip and idle talk, and the spaces and places in which such conversations took place. Importantly, these ‘conversations’ were part of broader communications circuits operating within a specific business culture. By exploring the relationships between written and oral forms of communication, this chapter investigates how information was shared orally among business networks in the early modern British Atlantic world and situates these information-sharing practices within a broader model of communication and information exchange.