bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Do We Empathize with Someone Who Is Not Like Us? A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Lamm Claus , Meltzoff Andrew N. , Decety Jean 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Previous research on the neural underpinnings of empathy has been limited to affective situations experienced in a similar way by an observer and a target individual. In daily life we also interact with people whose responses to affective stimuli can be very different from our own. How do we understand the affective states of these individuals? We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess how participants empathize with the feelings of patients who reacted with no pain to surgical procedures but with pain to a soft touch. Empathy for pain of these patients activated the same areas (insula, medial/anterior cingulate cortex) as empathy for persons who responded to painful stimuli in the same way as the observer. Empathy in a situation that was aversive only for the observer but neutral for the patient recruited areas involved in self–other distinction (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex) and cognitive control (right inferior frontal cortex). In addition, effective connectivity between the latter and areas implicated in affective processing was enhanced. This suggests that inferring the affective state of someone who is not like us can rely upon the same neural structures as empathy for someone who is similar to us. When strong emotional response tendencies exist though, these tendencies have to be overcome by executive functions. Our results demonstrate that the fronto-cortical attention network is crucially involved in this process, corroborating that empathy is a flexible phenomenon which involves both automatic and controlled cognitive mechanisms. Our findings have important implications for the understanding and promotion of empathy, demonstrating that regulation of one's egocentric perspective is crucial for understanding others.
Dynamic Cultural Influences on Neural Representations of the Self
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Harada Tokiko , Komeda Hidetsugu , Li Zhang , Mano Yoko , Saito Daisuke , Parrish Todd B. , Sadato Norihiro , Iidaka Tetsuya 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
People living in multicultural environments often encounter situations which require them to acquire different cultural schemas and to switch between these cultural schemas depending on their immediate sociocultural context. Prior behavioral studies show that priming cultural schemas reliably impacts mental processes and behavior underlying self-concept. However, less well understood is whether or not cultural priming affects neurobiological mechanisms underlying the self. Here we examined whether priming cultural values of individualism and collectivism in bicultural individuals affects neural activity in cortical midline structures underlying self-relevant processes using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biculturals primed with individualistic values showed increased activation within medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) during general relative to contextual self-judgments, whereas biculturals primed with collectivistic values showed increased response within MPFC and PCC during contextual relative to general self-judgments. Moreover, degree of cultural priming was positively correlated with degree of MPFC and PCC activity during culturally congruent self-judgments. These findings illustrate the dynamic influence of culture on neural representations underlying the self and, more broadly, suggest a neurobiological basis by which people acculturate to novel environments.
Numerical Values Leave a Semantic Imprint on Associated Signs in Monkeys
Authors: Diester Ilka , Nieder Andreas 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Animals and humans share an evolutionary ancient quantity representation which is characterized by analog magnitude features: Discriminating magnitudes becomes more difficult with increasing set sizes (size effect) and with decreasing distance between two numerosities (distance effect). Humans show these effects even with number symbols. We wondered whether monkeys would show the same psychophysical effects with numerical signs and addressed this issue by training three monkeys to associate visual shapes with numerosities. We then confronted the monkeys with trials in which they had to match these visual signs with each other. The monkeys' performance in this shape versus shape protocol was positively correlated with the numerical distance and the magnitudes associated with the signs. Additionally, the monkeys responded significantly slower for signs with higher assigned numerical values. These findings suggest that the numerical values imprint their analog magnitudes characteristics onto the associated visual sign in monkeys, an effect that we also found reflected in the discharges of prefrontal neurons. This provides evidence for a precursor of the human number symbol knowledge.
The Defense of Superior Orders in International Law: Some Implications for the Codification of International Criminal Law
Authors: Sato Hiromi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe defense of obedience to superior orders has been one of the most controversial issues in international criminal law. Although the Nuremberg Trials put forth the “Nuremberg Principle” on the superior orders defense, the principle has remained unclear on the so-called moral choice test. Basically, the situation has not been changed throughout the subsequent international rule-making process. International society has apparently rejected automatic immunity by the superior orders defense; however, a consensus has not been achieved on the question of conditional immunity, particularly on the grounds of coercion. In tackling these remaining problems, it would be advisable to examine the legal and theoretical characteristics of each component of the relevant discussion. It would also be desirable to consider some essential difficulties incidental to international rule-making. This article, in conclusion, draws attention to the possibility of certain self-constraint with regard to international law, leaving the issue of the coercion defense to the respective national legal system.
Rate of Work Done by Atmospheric Pressure on the Ocean General Circulation and Tides
Authors: Ponte Rui M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Quantitative analysis of the energetics of the ocean is crucial for understanding its circulation and mixing. The power input by fluctuations in atmospheric pressure pa resulting from the S1 and S2 air tides and the stochastic continuum is analyzed here, with a focus on globally integrated, time-mean values. Results are based on available 1° × 1° near-global pa and sea level fields and are intended as mainly order-of-magnitude estimates. The rate of work done on the radiational and gravitational components of the S2 ocean tide is estimated at 14 and −60 GW, respectively, mostly occurring at low latitudes. The net extraction of energy at a rate of −46 GW is about 10% of available estimates of the work rates by gravity on the S2 tide. For the mainly radiational S1 tide, the power input by pa is much weaker (0.25 GW). Based on daily mean quantities, the stochastic pa continuum contributes ∼3 GW to the nontidal circulation, with substantial power input being associated with the pa-driven dynamic response in the Southern Ocean at submonthly time scales. Missing contributions from nontidal variability at the shortest periods (≤ 2 days) may be substantial, but the rate of work done by pa on the general circulation is likely to remain &lt; 1% of the available wind input estimates. The importance of pa effects when considering local, time-variable energetics remains a possibility, however.
Biologic sequelae of IκB kinase (IKK) inhibition in multiple myeloma: therapeutic implications
Authors: Hideshima Teru , Chauhan Dharminder , Kiziltepe Tanyel , Ikeda Hiroshi , Okawa Yutaka , Podar Klaus , Raje Noopur , Protopopov Alexei , Munshi Nikhil C. , Richardson Paul G. , Carrasco Ruben D. , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has an important role in multiple myeloma (MM) cell pathogenesis in the context of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. In NF-κB signaling cascades, IκB kinase α (IKKα) and IKKβ are key molecules that predominantly mediate noncanonical and canonical pathways, respectively. In this study, we examined the biologic sequelae of the inhibition of IKKα versus IKKβ in MM cell lines. All MM cell lines have constitutive canonical NF-κB activity, and a subset of MM cell lines shows noncanonical NF-κB activity. Adhesion to BM stromal cells further activates both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB activity. IKKβ inhibitor MLN120B blocks canonical pathway and growth of MM cell lines but does not inhibit the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Although IKKα knockdown induces significant growth inhibition in the cell lines with both canonical and noncanonical pathways, it does not inhibit NF-κB activation. Importantly, IKKα down-regulation decreases expression of β-catenin and aurora-A, which are known to mediate MM cell growth and survival. Finally, IKKβ inhibitor enhances the growth inhibition triggered by IKKα down-regulation in MM cells with both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB activity. Combination therapy targeting these kinases therefore represents a promising treatment strategy in MM.
CNTO 530 functions as a potent EPO mimetic via unique sustained effects on bone marrow proerythroblast pools
Authors: Sathyanarayana Pradeep , Houde Estelle , Marshall Deborah , Volk Amy , Makropoulos Dorie , Emerson Christine , Pradeep Anamika , Bugelski Peter J. , Wojchowski Don M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnemia as associated with numerous clinical conditions can be debilitating, but frequently can be treated via administration of epoetin-alfa, darbepoietin-alfa, or methoxy-PEG epoetin-beta. Despite the complexity of EPO-EPO receptor interactions, the development of interesting EPO mimetic peptides (EMPs) also has been possible. CNTO 530 is one such novel MIMETIBODY Fc-domain dimeric EMP fusion protein. In a mouse model, single-dose CNTO 530 (unlike epoetin-alfa or darbepoietin-alfa) bolstered red cell production for up to 1 month. In 5-fluorouracil and carboplatin-paclitaxel models, CNTO 530 also protected against anemia with unique efficiency. These actions were not fully accounted for by half-life estimates, and CNTO 530 signaling events therefore were studied. Within primary bone marrow erythroblasts, kinetics of STAT5, ERK, and AKT activation were similar for CNTO 530 and epoetin-alfa. p70S6K activation by CNTO 530, however, was selectively sustained. In vivo, CNTO 530 uniquely stimulated the enhanced formation of PODXLhighCD71high (pro)erythroblasts at frequencies multifold above epoetin-alfa or darbepoietin-alfa. CNTO 530 moreover supported the sustained expansion of a bone marrow–resident KitnegCD71highTer119neg progenitor pool. Based on these distinct erythropoietic and EPOR signaling properties, CNTO 530 holds excellent promise as a new EPO mimetic.
HAC stability in murine cells is influenced by nuclear localization and chromatin organization
Authors: Moralli Daniela , Chan David YL , Jefferson Andrew , Volpi Emanuela V , Monaco Zoia L 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Background
Human artificial chromosomes (HAC) are small functional extrachromosomal elements, which segregate correctly during each cell division. In human cells, they are mitotically stable, however when the HAC are transferred to murine cells they show an increased and variable rate of loss. In some cell lines the HAC are lost over a short period of time, while in others the HAC become stable without acquiring murine DNA.

Results
In this study, we linked the loss rate to the position of the HAC in the murine cell nucleus with respect to the chromocenters. HAC that associated preferentially with the chromocenter displayed a lower loss rate compared to the HAC that are less frequently associated. The chromocenter acts as a hub for the deposition of heterochromatic markers, controlling centromeric and pericentromeric DNA replication timing and chromosome segregation. The HAC which localized more frequently outside the chromocenters bound variable amounts of histone H3 tri-methylated at lysine 9, and the high level of intraclonal variability was associated with an increase in HAC segregation errors and delayed DNA replication timing.

Conclusion
This is a novel result indicating that HAC segregation is closely linked to the position in the murine nucleus and gives important insight for HAC gene expression studies in murine cells and establishing murine models of human genetic disease.
Genetic evaluation of relationship between mutations in rpoB and resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to rifampin
Authors: Zaczek Anna , Brzostek Anna , Augustynowicz-Kopec Ewa , Zwolska Zofia , Dziadek Jaroslaw 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundRifampin is a first line antituberculosis drug active against bacilli in logarithmic and stationary phase, which interferes with RNA synthesis by binding to bacterial RNA polymerase. Tubercle bacilli achieve resistance to rifampin by accumulation of mutations in a short-81 bp region of therpoBgene. Among many mutations identified in therpoB gene, few were verified by molecular genetic methods as responsible for resistance to rifampin (RMP).ResultsIn this study eight different mutations identified in an 81 bp section of a "hot spot" region of therpoB gene of RMP resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisclinical strains were evaluated in respect to drug resistance. It was found that: mutations in positions 526 (H/D), 516 (D/V) and 531 (S/L) result in high level resistance to rifampin; mutations in positions 516 (D/Y), 515 (M/I), 510 (Q/H) or a double mutation in codons 512 (S/I) and 516 (D/G) relate to low level of resistance. GenerpoB carrying mutations in codon 513 (Q/L) introduced into anM. tuberculosislaboratory strain did not cause resistance to rifampin, however the same gene introduced into two different clinical strains did, with the level of resistance depending on the host strain.ConclusionMutations in an 81 bp "hot spot" region of therpoBofM. tuberculosislead to different levels of resistance to rifampin. Some mutations in this "hot spot" region ofrpoBrequire a specific genetic background for the host strain to develop resistance to rifampin. Therefore, the identification of such mutations in a clinicalM. tuberculosisstrain is not enough to classify the given strain as resistant to rifampin.
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 facilitates immune access to the CNS in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Buhler Lillian A , Samara Ramsey , Guzman Esther , Wilson Carole L , Krizanac-Bengez Liljana , Janigro Damir , Ethell Douglas W 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundMetalloproteinase inhibitors can protect mice against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated, but it is not clear if other MMPs are also involved, including matrilysin/MMP-7 – an enzyme capable of cleaving proteins that are essential for blood brain barrier integrity and immune suppression.ResultsHere we report that MMP-7-deficient (mmp7-/-) mice on the C57Bl/6 background are resistant to EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Brain sections from MOG-primedmmp7-/-mice did not show signs of immune cell infiltration of the CNS, but MOG-primed wild-type mice showed extensive vascular cuffing and mononuclear cell infiltration 15 days after vaccination. At the peak of EAE wild-type mice had MMP-7 immuno-reactive cells in vascular cuffs that also expressed the macrophage markers Iba-1 and Gr-1, as well as tomato lectin. MOG-specific proliferation of splenocytes, lymphocytes, CD4+and CD8+cells were reduced in cells isolated from MOG-primedmmp7-/-mice, compared with MOG-primed wild-type mice. However, the adoptive transfer of splenocytes and lymphocytes from MOG-primedmmp7-/-mice induced EAE in naïve wild-type recipients, but not naïvemmp7-/-recipients. Finally, we found that recombinant MMP-7 increased permeability between endothelial cells in anin vitroblood-brain barrier model.ConclusionOur findings suggest that MMP-7 may facilitate immune cell access or re-stimulation in perivascular areas, which are critical events in EAE and multiple sclerosis, and provide a new therapeutic target to treat this disorder.
Prevalence of antibodies to Ro-52 in a serologically defined population of patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Parker Jennifer C , Burlingame Rufus W , Bunn Christopher C 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Background
Antibodies against Ro-52 have been described in patients with a broad spectrum of autoimmune disease, most commonly in association with anti-Ro-60 in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogrens syndrome. However, in inflammatory myositis anti-Ro-52 is frequently present without anti-Ro-60 and is closely linked to the presence of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aats) antibodies. To date there have been no comprehensive reports on the frequency of anti-Ro-52 in systemic sclerosis (SSc), a disease characterised by hallmark autoantibodies that occur in non-overlapping subsets. Clinically, each antibody-defined group has a distinct pattern of organ involvement, some featuring myositis.

Objectives
To determine the frequency of anti-Ro-52 in serologically defined groups of SSc patients and to investigate a possible link with myositis-associated autoantibodies.

Methods
Serum samples from 1010 patients with SSc and 55 and 32 patients with anti-aats and anti-Ku respectively were tested for the presence of anti-Ro-52 using a commercial ELISA.

Results
The prevalence of anti-Ro-52 was 15–38% in nine of the eleven sub-groups. There were no significant differences in mean anti-Ro-52 levels in these groups with the exception of that defined by the presence of anti-U1-RNP. In the remaining groups defined by anti-Ro-60 and anti-aats, anti-Ro-52 was present in 92% and 100% respectively. In sera from non-SSc patients with anti-aats, anti-Ro-52 was detected in 64%.

Conclusion
Anti-Ro-52 is present throughout the SSc population. It is neither more prevalent in the myositis-associated antibody groups nor does it segregate with any other major SSc-specific autoantibodies. The co-existence of anti-Ro-52 with both anti-Ro-60 and anti-aats is confirmed.
Reliability and normative values for the foot mobility magnitude: a composite measure of vertical and medial‐lateral mobility of the midfoot
Authors: McPoil Thomas G , Vicenzino Bill , Cornwall Mark W , Collins Natalie , Warren Meghan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundA study was conducted to determine the reliability and minimal detectable change for a new composite measure of the vertical and medial‐lateral mobility of the midfoot called the foot mobility magnitude.MethodsThree hundred and forty‐five healthy participants volunteered to take part in the study. The change in dorsal arch height between weight bearing and non‐weight bearing as well as the change in midfoot width between weight bearing and non‐weight bearing were measured at 50% of total foot length and used to calculate the foot mobility magnitude. The reliability and minimal detectable change for the measurements were then determined based on the assessment of the measurements by three raters with different levels of clinical experience.ResultsThe change in dorsal arch height between weight bearing and non‐weight bearing, midfoot width between weight bearing and non‐weight bearing, and the foot mobility magnitude were shown to have high levels of intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability. Normative data are provided for the left and right feet of both the female (n = 211) and male (n = 134) subjects.ConclusionWhile the measurements of navicular drop and drift have been used as a clinical method to assess both the vertical and medial‐lateral mobility of the midfoot, poor to fair levels of inter‐rater reliability have been reported. The results of the current study suggest that the foot mobility magnitude provides the clinician and researcher with a highly reliable measure of vertical and medial‐lateral midfoot mobility.
Scope for more genetic testing in learning
disability
Authors: Robertshaw B. A. , MacPherson J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThere have been major advances in the past few years in our understanding of
the X-linked learning disabilities. The most common of these is the
fragile-X syndrome, but the number of other gene defects that are now
recognised to be linked with learning disability is increasing year on year.
We describe one family displaying a rare X-linked abnormality. Repeat
genetic testing was requested for a family member with mild learning
disability when, following chromosomal analysis for her brother, it became
known that he had a genetic defect. The genetic defect 46,Xdup(X) (p22.13
p22.31) was identified. To our knowledge this is the first time this precise
configuration has been demonstrated. We conclude that genetic testing for
individuals with learning disability is worthwhile, even when there may be
only a low index of suspicion.
Sub-syndromal and syndromal symptoms in the longitudinal course
of bipolar disorder
Authors: Paykel Eugene S. , Abbott Rosemary , Morriss Richard , Hayhurst Hazel , Scott Jan 
Published: March 2009

BackgroundThere have been few detailed longitudinal symptom studies of bipolar
disorder.AimsTo describe the course of bipolar disorder over 18 months in 204 patients
receiving mental healthcare.MethodPatients were interviewed every 8 weeks, with weekly ratings of
depression, mania and overall severity.ResultsParticipants were symptomatic 53% of the time, with sub-syndromal
symptoms present for twice as long as major disorder, and depressive
symptoms three times more than manic symptoms. Individuals who were
experiencing an episode at baseline spent 33% of the 18 months with
substantial sub-syndromal symptoms, 17% with major disorder and 28%
symptom free. Those not experiencing a baseline episode spent twice as
long symptom free and half as long at disorder levels. Changes in symptom
level were frequent. Predictors of sub-syndromal symptoms were similar to
those of major disorder.ConclusionsSub-syndromal residual symptoms are an important problem in recurrent
bipolar disorder and require therapeutic intervention.
Psychotic symptom and cannabis relapse in recent-onset
psychosis
Authors: Hides L. , Dawe S. , Kavanagh D. J. , Young R. M. 
Published: March 2009

BackgroundCannabis use appears to exacerbate psychotic symptoms and increase risk
of psychotic relapse. However, the relative contribution of cannabis use
compared with other risk factors is unclear. The influence of psychotic
symptoms on cannabis use has received little attention.AimsTo examine the influence of cannabis use on psychotic symptom relapse and
the influence of psychotic symptom severity on relapse in cannabis use in
the 6 months following hospital admission.MethodAt baseline, 84 participants with recent-onset psychosis were assessed
and 81 were followed up weekly for 6 months, using telephone and
face-to-face interviews.ResultsA higher frequency of cannabis use was predictive of psychotic relapse,
after controlling for medication adherence, other substance use and
duration of untreated psychosis. An increase in psychotic symptoms was
predictive of relapse to cannabis use, and medication adherence reduced
cannabis relapse risk.ConclusionsThe relationship between cannabis use and psychosis may be bidirectional,
highlighting the need for early intervention programmes to target
cannabis use and psychotic symptom severity in this population.