bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earth's Magnetism in the Age of Sail
Authors: Merrill Ronald T. 
Published: October 2006

Earth's Magnetism in the Age of Sail primarily focuses on the historical investigation of geomagnetism, and on geomagnetism and navigation, from 1500 to 1800. This well‐written and well‐documented book is highly enjoyable. Once the reader has cleared the first chapter, the remainder of the book is a historical treasure.The book is divided into two parts. Part I, which consists of four chapters, deals with the efforts to understand the Earth's magnetic field during the period under investigation. Part II, which has three chapters, describes the intersection of properties of the magnetic field with advances that were being made in navigational techniques in the period.
Books program continues to advance the geophysical sciences
Authors: Bougeret Jean‐Louis 
Published: October 2006

AGU pursues an active and successful books publishing program that sustains the highest excellence in scientific values and reaches an ever‐expanding audience worldwide. Recently, the Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers took note of AGU books by awarding Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspective, edited by Eiichi Takahashi et al., as the best book on geography and Earth sciences in 2002 during its annual awards ceremony in Washington, D.C. The award competition includes commercial, university, and society publishers.Another book published by AGU in 2002, Methane Hydrates in Quaternary Climate Change: The Clathrate Gun Hypothesis, by James Kennett et al., was recently lauded in Science as “arguably the most controversial Earth science book of the new millennium.”
Interannual to decadal drought and wildfire in the western United States
Authors: Westerling Anthony L. , Swetnam Thomas W. 
Published: October 2006

Twentieth‐century wildfire suppression and land management policies have promoted biomass accumulations in some ecosystems in the western United States where wildfire is a natural and necessary element. These changes have fueled large, stand‐replacing crown fires in southwestern ponderosa pine forests, where they were rare under natural fire regimes [Allen et al., 2002].Current policy contemplates massive ecosystem restoration involving prescribed fires and mechanical fuel reductions on millions of hectares and the subsequent re‐introduction of pre‐suppression fire regimes [USDA and USDI, 2002]. Success critically depends on understanding past and present fire regimes. The current western drought and the potential for climatic change to increase the frequency and magnitude of the region's droughts [Smith et al., 2001] further emphasize the need to understand short‐ and long‐term climate‐fire relations.
Global and domestic trends “Imperil” Future U.S. Science Workforce
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. science and engineering workforce of the future “is imperiled” by increased global competition for talent and by flat or reduced domestic student interest in the physical sciences and other areas, according to a 19 November report by the U.S. National Science Board (NSB).Citing U.S. census data, the report indicates that the percentage of the foreign‐born who are filling U.S. science and engineering occupations has risen sharply from 14% in 1990 to 22% in 2000. Awards of doctorates to the foreign‐born jumped from 24% to 28%, while those with master's degrees increased from 19% to 29%, and the bachelor's degree share rose from 11% to 17%. The census data reflects immigration patterns and the numbers of foreign specialists working in the U.S. with visas.
Space science decadal surveys available
Authors: Smith David 
Published: October 2006

The final, edited texts of two recent advisory committee reports are now available on request from the U.S. National Research Council's Space Studies Board. The reports, New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy, the report of the Solar System Exploration Survey (Michael J.S. Belton, Belton Space Exploration Initiatives, chair) and The Sun to the Earth—and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics, the report of the Solar and Space Physics Survey (Louis J. Lanzerotti, Lucent Technologies, chair) are available in a variety of media as follows:New Frontiers in the Solar System: Currently available as a book, a CD‐ROM, or online at http://books.nap.edu/html/newfrontiers/03090 84954.pdf. Advanced orders are being taken for copies of New Frontiers in Solar System Exploration, a 32‐page, full‐color booklet describing for a popular audience the principal mission recommendations of the Solar System Exploration Survey.
Space‐based geodesy advances understanding of earthquakes
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Space‐based geodesy provides one of the most important tools for understanding earthquakes and their underlying processes, scientists from several U.S. federal agencies said at a 4 December briefing in Washington, D.C.They said that additional space‐based resources—combined with advances in a variety of ground‐based capabilities and computer modeling—could greatly increase progress in understanding and perhaps forecasting and mitigating damages from earthquakes.The scientists—from NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Geological Survey—emphasized the importance of obtaining more widespread measurements of ground deformation through Global Positioning System monitors, as well as through Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. InSAR takes satellite radar images of large portions of the globe and, in multiple passes over the same regions, can help to measure changes in ground deformation.
European IODP Consortium Created
Authors: Jacobs Judy 
Published: October 2006

A protocol officially creating the consortium that will represent the European participation in the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) was signed 15 December in Paris at the headquarters of the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).The European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) represents the scientific agencies of France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and 10 other European countries.
Exploring the use of submarine cables and related technologies
Authors: Kasahara Junzo , Chave Alan , Mikada Hitoshi 
Published: October 2006

Outcomes from real‐time and long‐term observations using submarine cables in the Earth and ocean sciences have been actively reported and published in recent years, and scientists are now looking at advanced, next‐generation observation technologies. The third International Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables and Related Technologies (SSC '03) was held last June at the University of Tokyo to explore some of these.The first and second workshops were held in 1990 in Hawaii and in 1997 in Okinawa, respectively. The discussions from these generated experiments in the use of decommissioned telecommunication cables, and conceptual development or designs for multidisciplinary sea floor observatories, both in the United States and in Japan. The third workshop was intended to promote better mutual understanding between scientists and engineers, and a broader perspective on future submarine observations. Thus, the objectives were to gather both Earth and ocean scientists and engineers from multiple disciplines and encourage them to think objectively about necessary future collaboration and cooperation as a team for the advancement of ocean floor observations.
On the review process: Editors speak
Authors: O'Dowd Colin , Pawson Steven , Robock Alan , Toohey Darin 
Published: October 2006

We have read with interest the letters to Eos that have discussed the issue of peer review. Although this letter is written largely with the members of the Atmospheric Sciences Section in mind, it may also add some perspective to the general discussion of anonymous reviews.Due to the volume of papers submitted to the Journal of Geophysical Research‐Atmospheres (∼1200 every year), we have appointed a number of associate editors (currently about 40). These AEs serve in a variety of ways, including recommending reviewers, consulting on papers in their areas of expertise, and assisting when there are potential conflicts of interest. The ultimate responsibility for decisions on all papers, however, rests with the editors alone. Apparently, this procedure is different from that taken by other journals, as noted by Robert J. Geller and John A. Goff in their letters printed in the 23 September 2003 issue of Eos.
Climate change statement highlights human influence
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A new AGU position statement on human impacts on climate states that “human activities are increasingly altering the Earth's climate.” Natural influences alone do not explain the increase in global near‐surface temperatures in the latter half of the 20th century, the statement explains.Announced at a 16 December press conference in Washington, D.C., the statement notes that human impacts include atmospheric greenhouse gases, as well as air pollution, airborne particles, and land alteration.
Other council actions
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

At its 12 December meeting, in addition to unanimously adopting the new position statement, “Human Impacts on Climate,” the Council also reaffirmed AGU statements on monitoring of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, and on supporting the teaching of Earth history and evolution, and opposing the teaching of religious tenets as science. All AGU position statements can be found at http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/policy/sci_pol.html.The definitions of three medals were restated to more clearly show their breath, as follows:
Online Mars digital elevation model derived from profiles
Authors: Delacourt C. , Gros N. , Allemand P. , Baratoux D. 
Published: October 2006

The topography of Mars is a key parameter for understanding the geological evolution of the planet. Since 1997, the Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter (MOLA), launched in the frame of Mars Global Surveyor, has acquired more than 600 million topographic measurements. However, despite the high vertical accuracy of those profiles, the main limitation of this technique appears when topographic maps are required.To create a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) or a topographic map, an interpolation on individual MOLA measurements on regular grids is required. Calculating the global full‐resolution Martian DEM requires very intensive computation and large disk capacities. Only a few teams throughout the world have computed a full resolution DEM from MOLA data. Even if a scientist is interested in a small area of Mars, numerous profiles have to be processed and extracted from 44 CD‐ROMs.
Observing the historic eruption of northern Mariana Islands volcano
Authors: Wiens Douglas A. , Shore Patrick J. , Sauter Allan , Hilton David R. , Fischer Tobias , Camacho Juan T. 
Published: October 2006

Anatahan volcano erupted for the first time in recorded history at about 7:30 GMT on 10 May 2003, covering the island of Anatahan, in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), with ash, and providing scientists with important opportunities to study this volcano. The eruption was first reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Volcanic Ash Advisory Center at 12:32 GMT, based on satellite images of the ash cloud. At about the same time, unusual light flares were observed from an approaching small ship, the Super Emerald, which was carrying a group of seismologists from Washington University in St. Louis, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the CNMI Emergency Management Office. As morning broke, the ship was approximately 10 km from the island, and those on board witnessed billowing ash and gas rise from the volcano's caldera to form a great cloud exceeding 6 km in altitude (Figure 1).The scientists were in the region installing land seismographs for the Mariana Subduction Factory Imaging Experiment, a joint U.S. Japanese deployment of 20 land broadband seismographs and 58 ocean bottom seismographs funded (on the U.S. side) by the Margins program of the National Science Foundation. The experiment has the goal of imaging the magma production regions and mantle flow patterns within the upper mantle beneath the Mariana arc and backarc (see http://epsc.wustl.edu/seismology/MARIANA).
Instrument demonstrates ability to closely track coronal mass ejections
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A proof‐of‐concept experiment orbiting 840 km above Earth demonstrates the possibility of instituting a real‐time, early warning system for coronal mass ejections which can cause large geomagnetic storms on the planet, according to scientists involved with the project.Whether or not the experimental Solar Mass Ejection Imager, or SMEI, is able to provide such early warnings, it should pave the way for a future mission to do this, according to mission scientists at an 11 December briefing held during the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco.
Offshore monitoring system records recent earthquake off Japan's northernmost island
Authors: Watanabe Omoki , Matsumoto Hiroyuki , Sugioka Hiroko , Mikada Hitoshi , Suyehiro Kiyoshi , Otsuka Riyo 
Published: October 2006

Earthquakes and associated crustal movement provide major clues for evaluating occurrences in the Earth's crust. Seismologists have tried to monitor earthquakes using integrated measurements taken by seismometers, tiltmeters, gravimeters, and Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. For major earthquakes on land, hypocenter locations or mechanisms of earthquakes have been well analyzed using dense land data. Recently fault lubrication and detailed rupture mechanisms for the 1999 Chichi earthquake in Taiwan were studied using acquired waveforms from dense observations surrounding the faults that caused the earthquake. On the other hand, major subduction‐related earthquakes suffer in general from a lack of constraint especially around subduction faults.There are two major shortcomings in studying subduction‐related earthquakes. One is the absence of monitoring facilities in the offshore area. The other is the distance from land to the real source of the earthquakes. Therefore, observation instruments must be located offshore to record earthquake signals and associated phenomena in near field if we are to better understand the nature of plate boundary earthquakes.
New global drifter data set available
Authors: Pazan Stephen E. , Niiler Peter 
Published: October 2006

Since 1978, oceanographers, meteorologists, and the U.S. Navy have deployed a large number of Argos satellite‐tracked drifters in all of the major ocean basins (Table l). The Data Buoy Cooperation Panel (DBCP) of the World Meteorological Organization/Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (WMO/IOC) has coordinated the deployment of drifters via cooperative projects in various ocean basins. In any given month since 1993, there has been an array of more than 600 drifters in the global ocean (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/dac/ dacdata.html).Most of the raw observations and processed data have been accumulating at the Meteorological and Environmental Data Service (MEDS), Canada. The raw data on file have been processed from MEDS, and other sources, and merged with the processed data at the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) to form a single file.
NASA developing initial plans for new mission to Jupiter system
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

NASA is proceeding with initial efforts toward developing a new mission to explore the icy moons of Jupiter, members of a NASA‐chartered science definition team said at an 8 December briefing at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco.The Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter Mission (JIMO) would include some key science and engineering goals, and could be launched at some point after 2011, if technical and funding issues are resolved, they said.
The Sun's Surface and Subsurface. Investigating Shape and Irradiance
Authors: Kosovichev Alexander 
Published: October 2006

Since the Sun's radiative output establishes the Earth's thermal environment, knowing the source and nature of its variability is essential for understanding and predicting the interactions in the Earth‐Sun system, among which are climate changes and the energy balance, photochemistry, and dynamics of the middle and upper atmosphere. The Sun's Surface and Subsurface brilliantly demonstrates how precise measurements of the Sun's properties, such as the solar diameter, oblateness, irradiance, and oscillation frequencies of normal modes provide insight into the structure and dynamics of the deep interior and the physical mechanisms of solar variability.This relatively compact book provides a comprehensive review of the basic principles, methodology, and tools for studying the solar variability. The main focus is on measurements and interpretation of the solar properties rather than on theory. It provides both an excellent introduction to the field and an exciting review of the recent advances in solar observations from the ground and space.
Awaiting Halley's return
Authors: Heyn Herman M. 
Published: October 2006

When Comet Halley perihelioned in early 1986, there were people still around who had witnessed its previous 1910 apparition. (Then there is Mark Twain, who was born under the comet in 1835, wished for his demise upon its return, and died one day after it perihelioned in 1910!) I so enjoyed my 1986 view of Halley, that I decided I would like to be among those who see it again when it perihelions in 2061. The big problem with this ambition is that I would need to live to a Guinness Book of World Records age of 131 years.Now, thanks to Randy Showstack's In Brief news note,“Farthest, faintest detection of a comet” (Eos, 16 September 2003), I have been handed a fallback position which, literally, I may be able to live with: a telescopic photo of Halley at aphelion.
de La Beaujardiére receives 2003 Charles S. Falkenberg Award
Authors: Schell David , De La Beaugardière Jeff 
Published: October 2006

“Jeff de La Beaujardière received his B.A. in physics in 1985 from the University of California, Berkeley and his Ph.D. in astrophysics in 1990 from the University of Colorado, Boulder. Captivated by the Web's potential for information distribution, in 1994 he joined the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, first as a contractor and then as a civil servant. He is currently with the Geospatial Interoperability Office in NASA's Earth Science Applications Division.“From 1994 to 1998, Jeff was Webmaster of NASA's Public Use of Remote Sensing Data Program, whose unofficial motto was ‘Data to the people.’ The Web site was a showcase for satellite images of hurricanes and other natural phenomena. He was also lead Web developer for the GLOBE Visualization project, which displays environmental data gathered and used by a worldwide network of students, teachers, and scientists.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Academic specialties in U.S. are shifting: Hiring of women geoscientists is stagnating’” by John C. Steinmetz]
Authors: Holmes Mary Anne , O'Connell Suzanne 
Published: October 2006

We appreciate John C. Steinmetz's comments and would like to add that we reported numbers of women at different types of institutions, but offered no explanations for the numbers. We still lack critical data that would enable geoscientists to explain the numbers, but we do hope that the numbers generate discussion, self‐examination, and more (and appropriate) data collection on this issue.Missing data that might help explain the numbers include, “How many women are in the applicant pool for a given academic/survey/industry/government position?” If an applicant pool does reflect the degree recipient pool appropriate to the position, but hiring rates are lower, then the kink in the pipeline is occurring at hiring. Is this due to low numbers of offers being made to women, or to women turning offers down? Each institution can collect and examine this data to find its unique answers and appropriate solutions.
Modeling Earth's post‐glacial rebound
Authors: Spada Giorgio , Antonioli Andrea , Boschi Lapo , Boschi Lapo , Brandi Valter , Cianetti Spina , Galvani Gabrielle , Giunchi Carlo , Perniola Bruna , Agostinetti Nicola Piana , Piersanti Antonio , Stocchi Paolo 
Published: October 2006

Efforts to mathematically model the Earth's post‐glacial rebound, or, in general, long‐term planetary‐scale viscoelastic deformations, have been ongoing for several decades. Unfortunately, research in the post‐glacial rebound community has not been characterized by much exchange of knowledge. Groups around the world have developed their code independently, sometimes with profoundly different approaches, occasionally leading to inconsistent results [e.g., Boschi et al., 1999].Postglacial Rebound Calculator (TABOO) is a post‐glacial rebound software that is being made freely available (through Samizdat Press at http://samizdat.mines.edu/taboo/) in the hope that it might become a common reference for all post‐glacial rebound researchers. TABOO is portable and has been tested on Unix, Linux, and Windows systems; all it requires is a Fortran90 compiler supporting quadruple precision. The software is easy to use. It comes with a detailed guide that can work as a quick reference cookbook, and it is also accompanied by a textbook, The Theory Behind TABOO, collecting the most significant theoretical results from post‐glacial rebound literature. TABOO is not a “black‐box,” although it may easily be used as such. The entire source code is provided and should be easy to understand for intermediate‐level Fortran programmers.
Bush administration's proposed budget would decrease many Earth sciences accounts
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The Bush administration's proposed $2,319 trillion federal budget for fiscal year 2005, announced on 2 February, provides some increases in federal funding for research and development, but mostly stagnant or decreased funding for the Earth sciences.One winner is the National Science Foundation. The budget for NSF's Geosciences Division would increase by 2.2% to $728.5 million. The foundation's overall proposed $5,745 billion budget represents a 3% increase above levels enacted by Congress for 2004, and a 30% boost since 2001.
NSF geosciences budget for FY2005 would increase—But not by much
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The Geosciences Directorate of the National Science Foundation would receive $728.5 million in the Bush administrations proposed budget for fiscal year 2005, which was announced on 4 February That would be a 2.2% increase above the FY2004 enacted level of $713.1 million.All three geoscience divisions also would receive modest increases, with atmospheric sciences up 2% to $243.6 million, Earth sciences rising 2.7% to $155.6 million, and ocean sciences receiving a 2% boost to $728.5 million.
Discussions of Arctic climate feedback mechanisms
Authors: Gerland Sebastian , Njåstad Birgit , Isaksson Elisabeth , Pavlov Vladimir , Christensen Jens H. , Haugan Peter M. , Holmén Kim , Perovich Donald K. , Reeh Niels , Wadhams Peter 
Published: October 2006

The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment process (ACIA; see http://www.acia.uaf.edu/) is an international project of the Arctic Council and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) to evaluate and synthesize knowledge on climate variability climate change, increased ultraviolet radiation, and their consequences.As a part of the Norwegian work within ACIA (see http://acia.npolar.no/), an international workshop on Arctic climate feedback mechanisms was held in November 2003 at the Norwegian Polar Institute. Invited talks were presented in five sessions focused on climate programs, terrestrial systems, oceans, sea ice, and atmosphere. Poster presentations and working groups were organized for four sessions in the various scientific fields, identifying the state of knowledge and challenges, and making recommendations.