bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Approach for the Effective Log Analysis of Tight Gas Sands
Authors: Kukal G. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new log interpretation system called TITEGAS has been developed to analyze the reservoir characteristics and producibility of tight gas sands. The system is based upon equations which define the response of conventional logging tools. A basic log suite of density, neutron, and resistivity are the only logs required by the system, however TITEGAS also allows for utilization of various other logs including photoelectric effect, spectral natural gamma, micro-resistivity, microwave travel time, dielectric constant and acoustic travel time.
The new system includes several innovative analytical procedures: A technique to compute porosity in zones having variable gas saturation and clay content.A new method to quantify gas saturation in the zone investigated by the density and neutron tools.An improved method using the gamma ray to determine clay content in compacted sands composed predominately of illite-type clays.An improved method to determine clay content from the sonic and density log when illite is not the dominant clay type.A new non-geometric mathematical model using neutron and density logs to calculate clay content. This equation makes it possible to refine the clay log response constants.A new technique for the interpretation of formation water resistivity. This procedure is useful in thick sand-shale sequences where water salinity is variable.New methods to refine matrix density of the reservoir. Matrix is dealt with as a foot-by-foot variable rather than as a constant.A new technique to analyze invasion profile and qualitative formation permeability.New methods to detect natural fractures through the the modeling of logs that are generally available.
The TITEGAS system is applied to the DOE/Sandia MWX wells. Comparisons are made between the TITEGAS system results and the high-quality core data and well test data from these wells. The comparisons indicate that the system is a powerful new procedure for the analysis of tight gas sands.
F-Pairs vs. Devonian Shale
Authors: Streeter R. W. , Sabin A. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Use of F-overlays to evaluate air-drilled Devonian shale wells simplifies recognition of subtle variations in log response between productive and nonproductive intervals. Combinations of F-curve overlays, called F-pairs, are plotted on a logarithmic grid and normalized in an interval thought to be unfractured. Anomalous response behavior becomes useful in choosing fractured intervals.
Tight Gas Resource and Technology Appraisal: Sensitivity Analyses of the National Petroleum Council Estimates
Authors: Brashear J. P. , Rosenberg J. I. , Mercer James 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In 1980, the National Petroleum Council (NPC)1/ published the most authoritative and comprehensive estimates to date of the technical and economic potential of tight sands gas.
While the NPC study remains the landmark effort on this subject, its estimates for recoverable natural gas are considered by many to be optimistic. The Gas Research Institute (GRI) and the Department of Energy (DOE) jointly commissioned construction of the Tight Gas Analysis System (TGAS) as a vehicle to perform systematic sensitivity analyses of the NPC study, to serve as a repository for future additions to the data base and analytical understandings of the technology, and to estimate the benefits of specified R&D advances. This paper describes TGAS briefly, demonstrates its reconciliation with published NPC results, and reports sensitivity analyses of: ∘Improved fracture effectiveness with and without closer well spacing;∘Producing from gas-bearing lenses encountered by the wellbore versus lenses lying remote from the wellbore; and∘Altering the NPC's assumptions about the relationship between reservoir permeability and thickness.
The reconciliation and sensitivity studies confirm the analytical integrity of the NPC study but also point out that the NPC's results contain significant uncertainties.
Test of Secondary Gas Recovery by Coproduction of Gas and Water From Mt. Selman Field, TX
Authors: Rogers L. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A previously watered-out and abandoned gas reservoir in the Sub-Clarksville formation of the Mt. Selman field in North East Texas was reentered and secondary gas recovery initiated by pumping of water. Pumping was done with a sucker rod pump and bottom hole pressures in the producing well and a nearby observation well was measured via gas filled capillary size tube extending into open ended larger tubing downhole. Numerical modeling to match past performance and project possible future production was done before and during the field test to compare theoretical and actual production results. A series of draw-down and build up tests over a three month period were performed to evaluate the reservoir and determine its potential for secondary gas recovery. No residual gas cap of mobile free gas was found. The remaining free gas was apparently trapped as an immobile dispersed phase within the reservoir rock matrix. The amount of gas dissolved in the reservoir brine was about 7 Scf/Stb (1.28 std m3/m3). The produced gas/brine ratio varied from 7 to 25 Scf/Stb (1.28 std m3/m3 - 4.5 std m3/m3) indicating that some immobile gas was mobolized by pumping water to lower the reservoir pressure. Gas analysis has shown the trapped free gas to be richer in heavier hydrocarbons than the dissolved gas.
Application of an Alternate Stimulation Method for the Ferguson Sandstone in the Powder River Basin
Authors: Smith K. T. , Schmid J. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Due to the high degree of fluid sensitivity in the Ferguson Sandstone formation of the Empire and Iberlin Fields, Campbell County, Wyoming, an alternate fluid-less completion technique was sought. Conventional stimulation methods utilizing acids and water or oil based fracturing fluids were considered inappropriate due to the possibility of creating additional formation damage through the release and transport of various fines, and the possibility of creating flow channels or fractures which could allow nearby water to be produced.
The alternate method used, utilizes a (solid fuel) charge of progressively burning propellant in order to create channels of improved permeability from high temperature, high velocity gas expansion. This was attempted on fairly low productivity wells and general preliminary results indicate immediate production increases and/or improved decline rates. These are just preliminary results and an overall evaluation of this method is currently on-going.
The purpose of this paper is to present the application of, and the immediate results from, this new stimulation method. In doing so, this paper attempts to provide the industry with an evaluation of the usefulness and economic feasibility of this alternate treatment method. This may lead to conjectures concerning additional areas, if any, for the profitable application of this device.
Successful Alternatives to Conventional Cement Designs in the Williston Basin
Authors: Bryant G. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Since mid-1981, 36 wells have been cemented in the Williston Basin with a cementing system diametrically opposed to conventional cementing designs used for bonding across massive salt members. Since implementation, along with the use of relaxed invert emulsion oil mud, not one casing problem has arisen in the wells where these systems were used.
Numerical Simulation of Diamond-Bit Drilling With Air
Authors: Memarzadeh F. D. , Miska Stefan 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A simple mathematical model of diamond bit drilling, which accounts for diamond wear is applied for simulating bit performance. The model predicts the influence of weight on bit, rotary speed and bit rotating time on instantaneous rate of drilling, footage, bit wear and cost. A heat transfer model is presented. By application of drilling and heat transfer models, a minimum volumetric air flow rate required for sufficient bit cooling is determined.
Bit Optimization for Positive-Displacement Motors
Authors: Dyer R. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The basic nature of drilling with a positive displacement motor is different than that of conventional rotary drilling and often necessitates different decisions regarding bit choices and recommended operating parameters. For best results, separate bit optimization studies and recommendations should be prepared during the planning stages of a well for possible motor runs. Several factors should be considered in determining bit choice and bit configuration. Many of these factors are used in selecting bit type, such as rock bit, diamond, or polycrystalline diamond bit. Other factors determine choice within a specific bit category, as well as choices in hydraulics parameters and performance expectations.
Reducing Energy Costs for Heated Uintah Basin Crude Oil Transport
Authors: Schuster D. S. , Irani C. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Energy costs associated with transporting heated waxy, high pour point crude oil were reduced. Storage and shipment temperatures were lowered for truck transport; and concave trace tubes were used to improve heat transfer from hot trace fluid to crude oil flowlines. Chemical pour point depressants were evaluated, but their use was not economically attractive.
How To Stabilize Clays and Improve Injectivity
Authors: Sloat B. F. , Larsen Dan 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
New technology based on the use of potassium hydroxide to permanently "fix" clays in the near well-bore area is taken from the laboratory development status to the field. Injection well treatments using KOH are compared with the normal soak (potassium chloride) and coat (cationic polymer) approach in the same reservoir.
A Case Study of Electrical Submersible Pumps in the Q-1 Block, Dutch Sector
Authors: Williamson D. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Q-l Development represents the first commercial oil production from the Dutch sector of the North Sea. Electric submersible pumps were chosen as the primary form of artifical lift for this development. This paper discusses the approach Union Oil Company of the Netherlands has taken in the installation of electric submersible pumps. Average run lives in excess of seven months have been experienced, with many units still operational after fifteen months of service.
Remotely Operated Vehicles as Underwater Inspection and Maintenance Tools: An Operator's Viewpoint
Authors: Simpson J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Utilisation of remotely operated vehicles in the Northern North Sea is tending towards a science. Various vehicles compete in a razor-sharp market for jacket and pipeline inspections, drilling support and diver assist roles. This paper discusses Conoco's Northern Operations viewpoint and their vehicle utilisation experience.
Lessons Learned from the Lena Guyed Tower
Authors: Finn L. D. , Maus L. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The design, fabrication, and installation of the Lena guyed tower required the development of new offshore technology in several areas. Lessons learned from this experience include an understanding of the consequences of major design decisions and insight into the interactive behavior of the structural components. The guyed tower is now a proven deepwater production platform concept for the Gulf of Mexico and is also judged to be applicable for a wide range of water depths and deck loads in the North Sea and other areas of the world.
The Fundamental Issues in Future Field Development Concepts (100 to 250 Metres Water Depth)
Authors: Wray C. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The fundamental issues in future field development concepts in the 100m to 250m water depth range with particular reference to the North Sea comprise the traditional elements of reservoirand location characteristics, products delivered and overall economics, combined with the need to seek more cost effective solutions to smaller, potentially marginal prospects. This requiresminimum facilities design, as applied to conventional techniques, to be compared with the potential application of novel concepts, for which a high level of confidence must be established intechnical feasibility and achievement of projected costs and schedule. Both approaches can onlybe adequately assessed through increased effort during the pre-engineering and conceptual design phase prior to commitment to the preferred development option.
Markets Technologies and Strategies for the Offshore Supplies Industry
Authors: Crichton D. , Wilson J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The continued growth expected in world offshore activity will create opportunities for a technology based and export-oriented supply industry. This paper is based on a research programme undertaken by the Scottish Development Agency over 1983-84, and identifies the scale of world markets and the technologies most likely to enable exploitation of them. It goes on to establish the need for Government and industry to adopt a selective research and development strategy aimed at improving UK capability in the critical technology areas, and considers the implications of failing to implement such a strategy.
The Design of Buoyant Ball Sealer Treatments
Authors: Gabriel G. A. , Erbstoesser S. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The success of well stimulation treatments is often strongly dependent on selective placement of treating fluids into low permeability or damaged zones and away from high permeability or undamaged zones. A previous investigation conclusively demonstrated through laboratory and field tests that buoyant ball sealers can provide highly effective diversion. Buoyant balls have been shown to exhibit 100% seating efficiency provided they can be transported down the casing to the perforations.
A field-tested design methodology has been developed to maximize and optimize the benefits realized from the use of buoyant ball sealers. Positive-displacement ball injectors effect reliable introduction of buoyant balls into the treating fluid, and ball catchers have been designed and used to recover the balls following the treatment. In lieu of ball retrieval, the controlled-density ball sealer process can be employed in which the balls are buoyant in the treating fluids but are nonbuoyant in any subsequently produced or injected fluids. Calculation of ball and fluid transport times to the perforations determines minimum job/stage volumes and ball injection schedules. Buoyant ball sealer technology can be applied in ultralow flowrate treatments by the use of a special transport technique in which the balls are confined at the interface or in the mixing region formed by two fluids of different densities. Similar fluid staging techniques promote highly effective ball sealer diversion in deviated wells by neutralizing the gravity force and by minirnizing the ball-to-perforation travel distance. All of the objectives of a multicomponent, multistage, sandstone acidizing treatment can be accomplished by strategic placement of buoyant ball sealers in one or more of the various treating fluid stages.
A Reserves and Economic Analysis Program for Microcomputers
Authors: David A. , Carson G. P. , Vo T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the formulation and operation of a Reserves and Economic Analysis program written for micro-computers. The program was constructed as a template to be used with spread-sheet software. The version being discussed in this paper uses a popular commercial software program called 1-2-3* which was written for the 1MB-PC** or compatible machines.
Being a spreadsheet template, this program can be converted to other software and/or hardware systems. It also offers the user a high degree of formatting flexibility, which can be used to create customized in and/or output for specific purposes. Other advanced facilities available in 1-2-3 such as "Self-Explanatory" Menu and "User-Defined-function" Macro make the program user friendly.
The logics and instructional equations of this program is relatively compact and efficient in terms of hardware requirements, processing speed and accuracy.
This program can be utilized for most projects that involve reserves and economic analysis, for it offers many of the options available on much larger commercial packages. Some of these desirable options include a third phase of production, automatic scheduling of the decline rate and the production stream, two payout conversions in cumulative dollar or volume of the primary phase, changing secondary and/or tertiary phase(s) to primary phase ratio and manual inputting.
The economics of the system, whose cost includes the minimum hardware and software requirements, are also discussed by comparing the cost of running numerous cases on this system versus runs on a commercial timeshare system.
The program will be in the public domain. Its listing and an operator manual can be obtained through the authors or the Energy Engineering Department of First City National Bank of Houston for the distribution cost.
Design and Impact of a Real-Time Drilling Data Center
Authors: Isaacs W. R. , Bobo J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A computer enhanced telecommunications system has been jointly developed by a major operator and a service company to provide real-time data acquisition and back-up surveillance of drilling operations. A continuously manned central Data Center links the experience and talents of office, rigsite, and technical personnel to provide immediate cost-effective decisions. Benefits include: (1) significant cost per foot reductions; (2) potentially hazardous, costly problems minimized or eliminated; (3) management and experienced staff personnel involvement in critical well decisions using real-time data; (4) a real-time and historical database for use with drilling optimization programs and (5) a means for generating morning reports, invoices, inventory, and cost-control between rigsite and office personnel. Case histories demonstrating the above benefits are presented from several areas.
Micellar/Polymer Flood Shows Success in Bell Creek Field
Authors: Hartshome J. M. , Nikonchik J. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In February, 1981, a 179-acre micellar-poiymer project was initiated in the Bell Creek Unit ‘A’ Muddy Sand reservoir, Powder River County, Montana. Employing nine injector-centered 20-acre five-spot patterns and utilizing Union Oil Company's Uniflood™* micellar-poiymer process, the "TIP" project is projected to recover 39.6% of the post line-drive waterflood oil-in-place, with a total project tertiary recovery of 1.574 million barrels of oil. It is further expected to generate $14 million in total net profit for the Unit ‘A’ Working Interest Owners prior to reaching its economic limit in 1988.
Installed under the U. S. Department of Energy's "Tertiary Incentive Program," the TIP project provided a second chance to test the micellar-poiymer technology in the Bell Creek Field, and was able to improve dramatically on the marginal performance of the original 160-acre Micellar-Polymer Pilot located 3.6 miles to the north.
The remainder of this paper discusses in some detail the history, the design and implementation, the operation and the performance evaluation of this highly successful project.
A Single Tool for Corrosion and Cement Evaluation
Authors: Dumont Alain , Patin Jean-Bernard , Floch Gilles Le 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
The CET (*) tool was initially designed as a Cement Evaluation Tool, based on the ultrasonic resonance of the casing. This resonance, induced and sensed in a pulse-echo mode, depends on the thickness of the casing, on the medium behind the casing, and is also sensitive to casing wear and corrosion. In addition to the exploitation of the amplitude of the echoes and of its eight high resolution (0.1 mm) calipers, the tool was modified to give eight local steel thickness measurements, 45 degrees apart. Thickness is obtained with a resolution of 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) through the determination of the resonant frequencies of the pipe wall.
The technique has been widely field-tested, in Europe and in North America, and log examples show the ability of this new tool to detect changes of casing weight, distortion, perforation damage, scaling, wear from the drill pipe, corroded zones, acid attack…
This new tool performs the same cement measurements as the CET tool, and has the same size. By providing cement and corrosion evaluation in a single run, it is a unique means of casing investigation.
Constraints on Offshore Exploratory Operations Imposed by California Environmental Regulations
Authors: Pickford K. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Increasing levels of environmentally-based regulations have introduced significant constraints to exploratory operations conducted in California waters. Specific regulations are intended to protect the coastal environment in the areas of air quality, water quality, fishing and marine resources, and aesthetics. These regulations can affect the method, location, timing and expense of offshore operations, both in monetary terms and in terms of operating restrictions.
Oil Mud Techniques Improve Performance in Deep, Hostile Environment Wells
Authors: Golis S. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Exxon Company, U.S.A., experienced an average 100% overall penetration rate increase and a resultant 50% drilling intangible cost savings per well on three recent deep, hostile environment wells. Improved invert emulsion oil mud techniques were major factors in this success.
The oil mud program for each well was designed to provide a low viscosity and solids content drilling fluid in the hostile environment. Oil mud usage in the large protective hole intervals improved hydraulic cleaning efficiency and yielded maximum penetration rates. Hematite, a higher specific gravity weighting agent, reduced total solids content and mud viscosity. Decreasing the low gravity solids content also diminished viscosity and eliminated differential pressure sticking incidents. A high oil;water ratio optimized rheo-logical property control. A low filtrate loss reduced mud costs and stuck pipe potential. No penetration rate reduction associated with the low filtrate loss was noted. Sufficient salinity content contributed to optimum bit performance and formation stability.
This paper examines actual field results and develops a correlation between specific mud techniques and increased drilling performance. Recommendations are presented for improved oil mud performance in deep, hostile environment wells.
Interpretation of Results From Well Testing Gas-Condensate Reservoirs: Comparison of Theory and Field Cases
Authors: Behrenbruch P. , Kozma G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A more complete understanding of well test interpretation results for gas-condensate fields may depend significantly on the availability of sufficient, accurate and specific field correlations involving fluid and rock properties, and on flow meter surveys.
Apart from compositional variations, the most useful parameters in reviewing gas-condensate samples are condensate-gas ratio, dewpoint pressure and gas gravity. Pressure data recorded by quartz crystal gauges can result in gas gradients with sufficient accuracy to confirm variations in gas composition with depth for a reservoir of several hundred metres in thickness. By comparing these gradients with gas gravities from fluid samples, variation of the initial dewpoint pressure with depth was established.
Special core analysis was carried out† to obtain specific high velocity β-factors. However, when these laboratory measurements are compared with results obtained from production test analysis, large discrepancies are found in most cases, which can be attributed to multiphase flow near the wellbore. Although wellstream composition is found to be a function of rate, the presence of a stable condensate bank appears to be unfounded.