bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional contribution of soy protein to food systems
Authors: Bressani Ricardo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFrom the nutritional point of view, soybeans can play a significant role in at least three aspects: as a source of supplementary and complementary protein, as a source of calories, and as a source of nitrogen. The protein role is probably the most important for food systems of developed and underdeveloped populations, while the role as a source of protein and calories applies more to food systems of developing populations. Soy protein efficiently supplements cereal grain protein, because it corrects the lysine deficiency of cereals. In some cases, for example with maize, it also corrects the tryptophan deficiency. On the other hand, the essential amino acid pattern of soybean protein complements that of other protein sources, for example cereal grains, cottonseed flour, and, in general, lysine deficient protein sources. This makes feasible the preparation of foods of optimum protein quality and of a high protein content. Because of its quality, soybean protein can replace animal protein without a significant decrease in nutritive value, for example as milk and meat extender; for diets low in quantity and quality of protein and deficient in calories, soybeans, as full‐fat flour, provide both. Because of cultural eating habits, it is difficult to conceive the use of soybeans as complete substitutes of common beans; therefore, efforts should be made to use soy protein in combination with common foods used by populations to whom soybeans are foreign food. Examples of the nutritional benefits derived from the use of soybean protein as flour or protein concentrate or as full‐fat soybean flour are given, particularly for foods consumed in Latin American countries. Besides the role soybeans play in human foods, they also play a significant role in the animal industry as a very important component of diets. The efficiency of the swine and poultry industry would be lower if it were not for the nutritional contribution of soybeans.
Comparative functionality of soy proteins used in commercial meat food products
Authors: Terrell R. N. , Staniec W. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe use of soy isolates, concentrates, and texturized flours in meat food products is discussed. Functional characteristics of soy products in relation to their market application are reviewed. Soy isolates find more limited usage in meat food systems (2%) than the concentrates and textured soy flours (8–12%). In weak meat systems containing large amounts of fat (30–45%), the concentrate emulsifier and isolate are more important than the texturized soy flour. In chopped meat systems with 18–25% fat, the textural properties of soy flour (extruded) are more important than the use of an isolate. However, combinations of concentrate emulsifier and texturized flour are used. The method of cooking, i.e. fresh, deep fat‐fried, or char‐broiled, will affect the usage of soy combinations. In comminuted cooked cured meat food mixes, soy concentrates, and textured flours currently are being used. Nutritional properties are improved by inclusion of available ingredients high in lysine and methionine. Functional measurements of textural properties have been completed using the Instron with a Lee Kramer cell. Both model emulsion systems and finished product results substantiate the accuracy of textural properties in soy‐meat mixes using the Instron.
Selective hydroformylation of polyunsaturated fats with a rhodium‐triphenylphosphine catalyst
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Thomas F. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoybean, safflower and linseed oils and their methyl esters were effectively hydroformylated with a rhodium and triphenylphosphine catalyst system. The product from safflower methyl esters, hydroformylated at 100 C and 1000 psi synthesis gas (H2 + CO), proved to be a mixture of formylstearate, formyloleate and diformylstearate. At 150 C and 15 00 psi synthesis gas the formyloleate was hydrogenated and the product formed was a mixture of mono‐ and diformylstearates. The unsaturated monoformyl fraction (100 C) was tentatively identified as a mixture consisting mainly of methyl 9(10)‐formyl‐cis‐12‐and methyl 12(13)‐formyl‐cis‐9‐octadecenoates. The saturated monoformyl fraction (150 C) was a more complex isomeric mixture of methyl formylstearate. The diformyl fractions from hydroformylated safflower and linseed esters were identified as mixtures consisting mainly of 9,12‐(10,13)‐ and 10,12‐(11,13)‐diformyloctadecanoates. When hydroformlyation of polyunsaturated fats was interrupted,cis‐unsaturated formyl oils resulted.
The plant geneticist’s contribution toward changing the lipid and amino acid composition of cottonseed
Authors: Miravalle Robert J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGossypol is well known to be responsible for the troublesome dark color of cottonseed oil. It may depress growth, cause discoloration of eggs, and create metabolic disturbances when fed to nonruminant animals in excessive amounts. All but a trace of seed gossypol is contained in pigment glands present in the cottonseed kernel. Genetical research conducted by USDA scientist, S.C. McMichael, led to his discovery of a glandless seeded cotton in 1953. Glandless cottonseed are essentially free of gossypol. Using McMichael’s genetic lines as gene sources, cotton breeders have developed breeding programs in the last 10 years from which three commercial glandless cotton varieties have so far been released. More glandless cotton varieties are on the way. Due to the elimination of gossypol, the color of the oil and utility of the meal from glandless cottonseed is distinctly superior to that from glanded cottonseed. The advent of glandless cottonseed, its potential value in the field of human protein nutrition, and the success in breeding improved oil and protein quality in other oilseeds, have recently caused cotton geneticists to become interested in the possibility of genetically manipulating lipid and amino acid composition in cottonseed. However specialized genetic techniques involving interspecific gene transfer or use of wild photoperiodic uplands may be required in making such improvements.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. VI. Copper‐on‐silica gel catalysts
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe preparation of copper‐on‐silica gel catalysts containing 15% and 20% copper is described. These catalysts can be reused three times without appreciable loss of activity. Their activity compares favorably with the highly active 5% copper‐on‐silica gel catalyst previously reported. Higher copper catalysts are somewhat less selective for the reduction of linolenate in soybean oil than 5% copper‐on‐silica gel, but these copper catalysts have greater activity, better reuse characteristics, and selectivity comparable to commercial copper‐chromite catalysts.
Effect of induced high linoleic acid and tocopherol content on the oxidative stability of rendered veal fat
Authors: Ellis R. , Kimoto W. I. , Bitman J. , Edmondson L. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractVeal calves reared by the Animal Physiology and Genetics Institute, USDA, on milk supplemented with tocopherol then on a diet containing encapsulated safflower oil demonstrated increases in the concentrations of linoleic acid (18:2) and tocopherols in their depot fats. The expected decrease in the induction period of oxidation for these fats with 18:2 levels of 7–12.9% was not observed in the fats with increased tocopherol content. The fat of the treated calves was more stable to oxidation than the fat of commercial veal or pork.
Isomerization studies: III. decarbonylation of oleoyl chloride preparation of C19 dicarboxylic acids
Authors: Barr P. A. , Foglia T. A. , Schmeltz I. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMixtures of siomeric C17 diene hydrocarbons were obtained when oleoyl chloride was decarbonylated in the presence of a transition metal catalyst. The choice of catalyst determined the composition of diene mixture produced. Diene mixtures were characterized as a mixture of conjugated and 1,4‐ dienes, or as a mixture of isolated double bond dienes. Carboxylation of the conjugated C17 diene by hydroformylationoxidation procedure gave a C18 monocarboxylic acid as the major product, whereas with nonconjugated C17 diene, the major product was a C19 dicarboxylic acid. Application of the Koch carboxylation procedure to C17 diene mixtures gave a C19 dicarboxylic acid mixture as the major product. This latter acid mixture was structurally different from diacids obtained from the hydroformylation‐oxidation procedure.
Enzyme‐aidedvs. two‐stage processing of canola: Technology, product quality and cost evaluation
Authors: Sosulski K. , Sosulski F. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe investigation focussed on the use of carbohydrase enzymes to enhance oil extraction during pressing in a laboratory expeller. Enzyme‐treated seeds at 6% moisture were pressed in the expeller set at full‐press conditions. Control seeds were pressed at wider choke openings but at the same barrel pressures as enzyme‐treated samples. Time of pressing and temperature and pressure inside the expeller barrel were used to calculate throughput and energy requirements per unit weight of processed material. Treatment with enzymes improved throughput of the expeller, increased oil flow rate and oil recovery. Material throughput was increased by 30–50%, depending on canola variety. The recovery of the oil was increased from 72% of the seed oil for control samples, to 90–93% for enzyme‐treated samples. The average residual oil content in presscakes from enzyme‐treated seeds was 7.4%. The oil quality was inferior to cold‐pressed control but was much better than has been reported for solvent‐extracted oil.
Water vapor and oxygen permeability of wax films
Authors: Donhowe Greener , Fennema O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe water vapor (WVP) and oxygen (O2P) permeabilities of beeswax (BW), candelilla wax (CnW), carnauba wax (CrW) and microcrystalline wax (MW), formed as freestanding films, were determined. CnW and CrW both had small values for O2P (0.29 and 0.26 g·m−1·sec−1·Pa−1 × 10−14, respectively), which are less than half the value for high‐density polyethylene and about a decade greater than the value for polyethylene terephthalate. O2P values for BW and MW were about 6−9× greater than those of CnW and CrW. WVP of CnW was 0.18 g·m−1·sec−1·Pa−1 × 10−12, which is about one‐half the value for CrW and MW and about one‐third the value for BW. The WVP of CnW was somewhat less than that of polypropylene and somewhat greater than that of high‐density polyethylene. Differences in permeabilities among the wax films are attributed mainly to differences in chemical composition and crystal type as determined by X‐ray diffraction.
Epoxidation of methyl oleate with hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Schmitz William R. , Wallace John G. 
Published: January 2007

SummarySimple addition of hydrogen peroxide to a 10 molar excess of glacial acetic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst gave about 90% conversion to peracetic acid in the peracid preforming step.Improved hydrogen peroxide efficiency in the epoxidation step was obtained by using a 0.9:1 molar ratio of preformed peracetic acid to methyl oleate. Under these conditions most of the peracetic acid was used in forming the epoxide.Stainless Steels 304, 316, 321, 329, and 430 are satisfactory as materials of construction from the standpoint of both corrosion resistance and effect on the reaction.
Solubilization of triglycerides by hydrotropic interaction: Liquid crystalline phases
Authors: Friberg Stig , Rydhag Lisbeth 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn investigation of the possibility of preparing aqueous solutions of triglycerides has been made by determining phase regions in systems of three and four components. The results have shown that isotropic aqueous solutions with solubilized triglyceride of up to about 15 wt % can be achieved. A primary solubilization of the triglyceride into a liquid crystalline phase of monoglyceride is followed by the addition of a hydrotrope which transforms the liquid crystalline phase into an isotropic liquid in which the triglyceride is soluble at certain component ratios.
Hydrazine reduction in the gas liquid chromatographic analysis of the methyl esters of cyclopropenoic fatty acids
Authors: Conway J. , Ratnayake W. M. N. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHydrazine was used to hydrogenate the double bond of cyclopropenoic fatty acids (CPEFA) without cleaving the cyclic system. Using gas liquid chromatography (GLC), quantitation studies showed that it was possible to accurately determine CPEFA at concentrations as low as 0.1%. Studies with kapok seed oil methyl esters illustrated the potential application of such a technique to selectively hydrogenate the CPEFA to cyclopropanoic fatty acids (CPAFA), rendering them stable on the column, with a minimum effect on the degree of unsaturation of the remaining double bonds. Hydrazine reduction was found to be a simple and accurate method of measuring CPEFA in seed oils. Decomposition of pure methyl sterculate (methyl 9,10‐methylene‐9‐octadecenoate) on GLC columns of various polarities also was examined.
New surfactant isolated fromPseudomonas 42A2
Authors: Mercade E. , Robert M. , Espuny M. J. , Bosch M. P. , Manresa M. A. , Parra J. L. , Guinea J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPseudomonas 42A2 is a gram negative rod isolated from a water sample. The new strain, when cultivated in mineral salt medium with olive oil as carbon source, produced a new surface active compound which was isolated and identified as dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid. No rhamnolipids were detected in the organic extract. The surface tension of the new compound is 30 mN/m at 50°C.
Regeneration of spent earth in aqueous medium
Authors: Kalam Abul , Joshi J. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple method of regeneration of spent earth at a relatively low temperature has been developed. Deoiled spent earth was regenerated in the form of a slurry using water as an aqueous phase, in the temperature range of 170–270°C. The effects of temperature, slurry concentration and cycle of regeneration have been studied. An attempt has been made to discern the controlling mechanism.Regenerated earth from the present method does not impart any malodor to the oil as against theramlly regenerated earth.
A highly sensitive method for the micro‐determination of lipid hydroperoxides by potentiometry
Authors: Hara Setsuko , Totani Yoichiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA modified method for peroxide value (POV) determination of lipids was developed through the application of potentiometry to conventional POV tests such as the official method of the Japan Oil Chemists’ Society (JOCS). The new method permits a simple and reliable determination of low hydroperoxide levels in the initial stages of lipid autoxidation when only very small amounts of sample are available, even when those levels are measured on less than 10 mg of lipid. Using the present method, hydroperoxide levels as low as 20 nanoequivalents (neq) were determined with reasonable precision. This method is applicable to all lipids tested including oils and fats, free fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol esters.
Adsorption mechanism of a cationic surfactant on textiles in excess anionic surfactant solution
Authors: Yanaba Shigeru , Kanao Hirofumi , Okumura Osamu 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe present study was carried out to clarify the adsorption mechanism of a cationic surfactant (dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC) onto various fibers in excess of anionic surfactant solutions. Actually, in such a solution, DHTDMAC becomes an anionic/cationic complex and comes into contact with fibers through the physical force of mechanical stirring. At that time, adsorption of the complex onto textile depends on the extent of the work of adhesion (WA). In fact, WA and amounts of DHTDMAC adsorbed onto fibers were correlated very closely. Furthermore, the difference of WA according to the complex is discussed. Two hypotheses are presented. One is based on differences arising from the hydrophobic character of the complex itself. The other is based on the manner in which the anionic surfactant and cationic surfactant are situated in the complex molecule. The WA of the complex is explained on the basis of these hypotheses.
Catalytic behavior of palladium in the hydrogenation of edible oils II. Geometrical and positional isomerization characteristics
Authors: Hsu N. , Diosady L. L. , Rubin L. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe geometrical isomerization characteristics of 5% Pd/alumina were investigated using response surface methodology. From the response surface, it was observed as expected that moretrans isomers were formed at lower pressures and higher temperatures. A doubling of the metal concentration from 50 to 100 ppm resulted in a small increase in isomerization in soybean oil, while for canola oil the same increase had a larger effect, especially at lower pressures. Similarly, an increase in temperature increases geometrical isomerization, especially at lower pressures, but the effect is more pronounced for canola than for soybean oil. Positional isomers were determined by oxidative ozonolysis in BF3‐MeOH and subsequent GLC analysis. Higher pressures suppressed positional isomerization. The effect of various catalyst supports on positional isomerization was also investigated.
Transesterification processes for vegetable oils: A simple control method of methyl ester content
Authors: De Filippis P. , Giavarini C. , Scarsella M. , Sorrentino M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOne of the main problems in the study or industrial application of transesterification processes for vegetable oils is how to measure the methyl ester content. In this work, a quick analytical method was developed for assessing the methyl ester content of purified “fuel grade” transesterification products by applying a simple correlation with viscosity. The correlation was tested on a wide range of samples with various methyl ester contents; the results were in agreement with the values measured by gas‐chromatographic analysis. In a defined range of weight fractions the correlation allows for the determination of the methyl ester content of purified transesterification products by a single viscosity measurement. This method is especially suitable for process control purposes as it determines the methyl ester content quickly and simply.
A software package to streamline the titrimetric determination of lipase activity
Authors: Haas Michael J. , Esposito Dominic , Cichowicz David J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA computer software method, the Lipase Titrimetric Analysis Program, has been developed which considerably improves the utility of the Radiometer TitraLab/pH Stat system for the determination of lipolytic activity. The program features increased user interaction in the calculation of maximal lipolytic activity, allows additional titrations to be performed while previously collected data are being analyzed, and permits the permanent storage of titration data.
Isolation of 9,10‐Dihydroxystearic acid from sal (Shorea robusta) fat
Authors: Reddy S. Yella , Prabhakar J. V. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract9,10‐Dihydroxystearic acid and its triglycerides (DHS‐TGs) were isolated from sal fat by silica gel adsorption and solvent and dry fractionation processes, followed by crystallization. Silica gel adsorption gave a higher yield of DHS‐TGs than the other two fractionation processes. However, the dry fractionation process was found to be comparatively easy to carry out. 9,10‐Dihydroxystearic acid was isolated and identified by TLC, GLC, M.P. and IR‐spectrometry. The DHS‐TGs were found to contain 30.5% 9,10‐dyhydroxystearic, 57.5% stearic, 6.0% palmitic and 5.8% arachidic acids. These processes were found to be useful for recovery of DHS‐TGs and also to improve the solidification properties of sal fat required for confectionery.
Identification and elimination of the causative agent of byssinosis
Authors: Muller L. L. , Berni R. J. , Goynes W. R. , Wall J. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeparation and identification of possible causative agents of byssinosis have been high priority research activities at the Southern Regional Research Center since 1975. The Center serves as a focal point for several cooperating agencies also active in the search for this elusive agent. Several examples of recent research on proximate, elemental and microscopical analyses, as well as bioassays of cotton textile dust, washed cotton and dust obtained from selected cottonseed oil mills illustrate the multidisciplinary attack required by this area of research.
Effects of adsorption on detergency phenomena: II
Authors: Schwuger M. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractKnowledge of adsorption of active agents onto different interfaces is fundamental to their technical application in the washing and cleaning process. Particularly important is their influence on interactions in multicomponent systems. By the formation of mixed adsorption layers consisting of at least 2 surfactants, an enhancement of adsorption is attained as compared with the adsorption isotherms of individual components. Parallel to this, the washing effect also increases. Water‐soluble complexing agents are adsorbed specifically onto polar surfaces, particularly onto such surfaces that contain calcium ions. Their affinity to such surfaces is significantly greater than those of surfactants which are mainly adsorbed onto hydrophobic interfaces. Due to the complex composition of soil, both components complement each other. In addition to their ion exchange capacity for bivalent ions, zeolites have a certain ability to adsorb molecularly dispersed soil components as well as colloidal particles. Hence, they have a special effect as antiredeposition agents. Polymeric antiredeposition agents act by formation of adsorption layers on pigments and fibers. Only such compounds that cannot be displaced completely from interfaces by competing adsorption with surfactants show positive antiredeposition effects.
Analysis of ionogenic surfactants by HPLC with ion‐pair extraction detector
Authors: Kanesato M. , Nakamura K. , Nakata O. , Morikawa Y. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA technique for developing a selective and highly sensitive detection method was studied, which responds to particular ionogenic surfactants using a system of connecting the post‐column reaction detector with a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC).HPLC conditions used for the separation were: column packing and size, TSK‐LS410 (5µ) and 6 mm i.d. × 250 mm; mobile phase, a mixture of methanol, water, sodium perchlorate and phosphoric acid. A Technicon AutoAnalyzer II system was used as the post‐column reaction detector. Orange II was used to form the hydrophobic ion‐pair complexes for cationic and amphoteric surfactants, and Methylene blue for anionic surfactants.By this method, cationic, amphoteric and anionic surfactants were easily identified in the chromatograms. The analytical results of their homolog distributions were in good agreement with those obtained by conventional gas chromatographic (GC) methods.