bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pipeline of Novel Antifungals for Invasive Fungal Disease in Transplant Recipients: A Pediatric Perspective
Authors: Hsu Alice Jenh , Hanisch Benjamin R , Fisher Brian T , Huppler Anna R 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Invasive fungal disease (IFD) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children undergoing transplantation. There is a growing armamentarium of novel antifungal agents recently approved for use or in late stages of clinical development. The overarching goal of this review is to discuss the mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, stage of development, and pediatric-specific data for the following agents: encochleated amphotericin B deoxycholate, fosmanogepix, ibrexafungerp, isavuconazole, olorofim, opelconazole, oteseconazole, and rezafungin. Additionally, key drug attributes of these novel agents and their potential future therapeutic roles in pediatric transplant recipients are discussed.
Laboratory stewardship perceptions and testing patterns at a pediatric tertiary care center
Authors: Desai Tejas S , Tang Ken , Kaul Viveak , Blasutig Ivan M , Buba Melanie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Despite stewardship efforts, laboratory testing overuse persists across medicine.

Objectives
To understand laboratory stewardship perceptions and testing patterns at a tertiary care pediatric hospital so that we could identify potential improvement opportunities.

Methods
An electronic survey exploring laboratory stewardship was sent to all pediatric medicine resident and staff physicians. Laboratory testing data were also assessed for patterns of testing and overuse.

Results
The survey response rate was 54% (43/80). The results indicated good familiarity with stewardship but poor familiarity with testing specifics (eg, cost). A mobile reference application was the most preferred quality improvement intervention, and online modules were the least desired. Overuse was apparent, with as many as 53% of laboratory tests being repeated within 7 days and only half of repeated tests subsequently yielding abnormal results.

Conclusions
Altogether, the data we collated demonstrated poor understanding of laboratory stewardship and substantial repeat testing with few abnormal results. These study findings suggest that laboratory stewardship is lacking at our center, and that multiple improvement opportunities exist.
Differences in the levels of the appetite peptides ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and glucagon-like peptide-1 between obesity classes and lean controls
Authors: Alyar Gülşah , Umudum Fatma Zühal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective
This study was designed to compare basal concentrations of the gastrointestinal appetite modulators ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) between obesity classes and obesity classes and controls.

Methods
The study included 49 healthy controls with body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 29.9 kg/m² and 62 individuals with obesity with BMI ≥30 kg/m². Basal ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 concentrations of the samples were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay commercial kit (SunRed Human). Other biochemical parameters were measured by a clinical chemistry autoanalyzer (Beckman Coulter AU 5800) in the biochemistry laboratory.

Results
Compared with the control group, ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 levels were significantly lower in the obese group (P &lt; .05). The PYY concentration was significantly different between obese groups (P &lt; .05). The PYY and GLP-1 levels were significantly different between obesity class I and obesity class III. In addition, ghrelin levels were significantly different between obesity class II and obesity class III. Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between BMI and serum ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY concentrations.

Conclusion
Low basal ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY hormones in the obese group compared with the control group indicate impaired appetite regulation in this population. The significant difference in PYY levels between obese groups was associated with increasing obesity grade.
Identification of C. auris clade 5 isolates using claID
Authors: Narayanan Aswathy , Selvakumar Pavitra , Siddharthan Rahul , Sanyal Kaustuv 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Candida auris poses threats to the global medical community due to its multidrug resistance, ability to cause nosocomial outbreaks and resistance to common sterilization agents. Different variants that emerged at different geographical zones were classified as clades. Clade-typing becomes necessary to track its spread, possible emergence of new clades, and to predict the properties that exhibit a clade bias. We previously reported a colony-Polymerase Chain Reaction-based, clade-identification method employing whole genome alignments and identification of clade-specific sequences of four major geographical clades. Here, we expand the panel by identifying clade 5 which was later isolated in Iran, using specific primers designed through in silico analyses.
Exploring modified gravity: constraints on the μ and Σ parametrization with WMAP, ACT, and SPT
Authors: Andrade Uendert , Capistrano Abraão J S , Di Valentino Eleonora , Nunes Rafael C 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
The cosmic acceleration problem remains one of the most significant challenges in cosmology. One of the proposed solutions to this problem is the modification of gravity on large scales. In this paper, we explore the well-known μ–Σ parametrization scenarios and confront them with observational data, including the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), and South Pole Telescope (SPT), as well as large-scale structure data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS; baryon acoustic oscillation + redshift-space distortion) and Pantheon supernova (SN) catalogue. We employ a Bayesian framework to constrain the model parameters and discuss the implications of our results on the viability of modified gravity theories. Our analysis reveals the strengths and limitations of the μ–Σ parametrization and provides valuable insights into the nature of gravity on cosmological scales. From the joint analysis of the ACT + WMAP + SDSS + SN, we find μ0 − 1 = 0.02 ± 0.19 and Σ0 − 1 = 0.021 ± 0.068 at 68 per cent confidence level (CL). In light of the SPT + WMAP + SDSS + SN, we find μ0 − 1 = 0.07 ± 0.18 and $\Sigma _0 -1 = -0.009^{+0.078}_{-0.11}$ at 68 per cent CL. In all the analyses carried out, we do not find any deviations from the theory of general relativity. Our results represent an observational update on the well-known μ–Σ parametrization in view of current CMB data, independent of and competitive with the constraints obtained with the Planck data.
Quenching-driven equatorial depletion and limb asymmetries in hot Jupiter atmospheres: WASP-96b example
Authors: Zamyatina Maria , Christie Duncan A , Hébrard Eric , Mayne Nathan J , Radica Michael , Taylor Jake , Baskett Harry , Moore Ben , Lils Craig , Sergeev Denis E , Ahrer Eva-Maria , Manners James , Kohary Krisztian , Feinstein Adina D 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
Transport-induced quenching in hot Jupiter atmospheres is a process that determines the boundary between the part of the atmosphere at chemical equilibrium and the part of the atmosphere at thermochemical (but not photothermochemical) disequilibrium. The location of this boundary, the quench level, depends on the interplay between the dynamical and chemical time-scales in the atmosphere, with quenching occurring when these time-scales are equal. We explore the sensitivity of the quench level position to an increase in the planet’s atmospheric metallicity using aerosol-free 3D general circulation model simulations of a hot Jupiter WASP-96b. We find that the temperature increase at pressures of ∼104–107 Pa that occurs when metallicity is increased could shift the position of the quench level to pressures dominated by the jet, and cause an equatorial depletion of CH4, NH3, and HCN. We discuss how such a depletion affects the planet’s transmission spectrum, and how the analysis of the evening–morning limb asymmetries, especially within ∼3–5 μm, could help distinguish atmospheres of different metallicities that are at chemical equilibrium from those with the upper layers at thermochemical disequilibrium.
The structure of Mycobacterium thermoresistibile MmpS5 reveals a conserved disulfide bond across mycobacteria
Authors: Cuthbert Bonnie J , Mendoza Jessica , de Miranda Rodger , Papavinasasundaram Kadamba , Sassetti Christopher M , Goulding Celia W 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) emergency has been a pressing health threat for decades. With the emergence of drug-resistant TB and complications from the COVID-19 pandemic, the TB health crisis is more serious than ever. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, requires iron for its survival. Thus, Mtb has evolved several mechanisms to acquire iron from the host. Mtb produces two siderophores, mycobactin and carboxymycobactin, which scavenge for host iron. Mtb siderophore-dependent iron acquisition requires the export of apo-siderophores from the cytosol to the host environment and import of iron-bound siderophores. The export of Mtb apo-siderophores across the inner membrane is facilitated by two mycobacterial inner membrane proteins with their cognate periplasmic accessory proteins, designated MmpL4/MmpS4 and MmpL5/MmpS5. Notably, the Mtb MmpL4/MmpS4 and MmpL5/MmpS5 complexes have also been implicated in the efflux of anti-TB drugs. Herein, we solved the crystal structure of M. thermoresistibile MmpS5. The MmpS5 structure reveals a previously uncharacterized, biologically relevant disulfide bond that appears to be conserved across the Mycobacterium MmpS4/S5 homologs, and comparison with structural homologs suggests that MmpS5 may be dimeric.
Genetic and environmental associations of nonspecific chromosomal aberrations
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Niazi Yasmeen , Vodickova Ludmila , Vodicka Pavel , Försti Asta 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Nonspecific structural chromosomal aberrations (CAs) are found in around 1% of circulating lymphocytes from healthy individuals but the frequency may be higher after exposure to carcinogenic chemicals or radiation. CAs have been used in the monitoring of persons exposed to genotoxic agents and radiation. Previous studies on occupationally exposed individuals have shown associations between the frequency of CAs in peripheral blood lymphocytes and subsequent cancer risk. The cause for CA formation is believed to be unrepaired or insufficiently repaired DNA double-strand breaks or other DNA damage, and additionally telomere shortening. CAs include chromosome (CSAs) and chromatid type aberrations (CTAs). In the present review, we first describe the types of CAs, the conventional techniques used for their detection and some aspects of interpreting the results. We then focus on germline genetic variation in the frequency and type of CAs measured in a genome-wide association study in healthy individuals in relation to occupational and smoking-related exposure compared to nonexposed referents. The associations (at P &lt; 10–5) on 1473 healthy individuals were broadly classified in candidate genes from functional pathways related to DNA damage response/repair, including PSMA1, UBR5, RRM2B, PMS2P4, STAG3L4, BOD1, COPRS, and FTO; another group included genes related to apoptosis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis, COPB1, NR2C1, COPRS, RHOT1, ITGB3, SYK, and SEMA6A; a third small group mapped to genes KLF7, SEMA5A and ITGB3 which were related to autistic traits, known to manifest frequent CAs. Dedicated studies on 153 DNA repair genes showed associations for some 30 genes, the expression of which could be modified by the implicated variants. We finally point out that monitoring of CAs is so far the only method of assessing cancer risk in healthy human populations, and the use of the technology should be made more attractive by developing automated performance steps and incorporating artificial intelligence methods into the scoring.
Tokyo in Tashkent: The Afro-Asian Writers Association and Japanese Cold War Dissent
Authors: Hill Christopher L 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In October 1958, seven Japanese writers attended the first great cultural event of the Bandung era, the week-long Afro-Asian Writers Conference held in Tashkent, the capital of Soviet Uzbekistan. The ‘literary Bandung’ resulted in the creation of the Afro-Asian Writers Association (AAWA), a source of growing interest among historians of anti-colonialism for the institutions it founded to support a literary culture unmediated by London, Paris or New York, and thereby advance political solidarity among colonized and newly independent countries in the so-called Third World. The participation of writers from Japan, a former empire aligned with the United States, has no place in the historiography of post-war Japan, the Cold War or decolonization. Japanese participants and observers used the conference and the AAWA as a means of dissent equally unfamiliar in received narratives. They argued that commitment to the decolonization of Asia and Africa offered a means to resist amnesia about Japan’s colonialist history and obstruct its role in the American empire. The work of Japanese writers in Tashkent and after reveals a broader genealogy of Afro-Asianism and anti-colonial internationalism and opportunities for dissent made possible by crossing between post-imperial and postcolonial worlds in the Bandung era.
Convergence of Ginzburg–Landau Expansions: Superconductivity in the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer Theory and Chiral Symmetry Breaking in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio Model
Authors: Gyory William , Yamamoto Naoki 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We study the convergence of the Ginzburg–Landau (GL) expansion in the context of the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory for superconductivity and the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model for chiral symmetry breaking at finite temperature T and chemical potential μ. We present derivations of the all-order formulas for the coefficients of the GL expansions in both systems under the mean-field approximation. We show that the convergence radii for the BCS gap Δ and dynamical quark mass M are given by Δconv = πT and $M_{\rm conv} = \sqrt{\mu ^2 + (\pi T)^2}$, respectively. We also discuss the implications of these results and the quantitative reliability of the GL expansion near the first-order chiral phase transition.
Import Competition, Formalization, and the Role of Contract Labor
Authors: Chakraborty Pavel , Singh Rahul , Soundararajan Vidhya 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Does higher import competition increase formalization and aggregate productivity? Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation from Chinese imports, we provide empirical causal evidence that higher imports increases the share of formal manufacturing enterprise employment in India. This formal share increase is due to both the rise in formal-enterprise employment driven by high-productivity firms, and a fall in informal-enterprise employment. The labor reallocation is enabled by the formal firms’ hiring of contract workers, who do not carry stringent firing costs. Overall, Chinese import competition increased formal-sector employment share by 3.7 percentage points, and aggregate labor productivity by 2.87 percent, between the years 2000–2001 and 2005–2006.
Fostering Wonder Through the Arts and Humanities: Using Visual Thinking Strategies in Medical Education
Authors: Zheng Daniel , Yenawine Philip , Chisolm Margaret S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Philosophers and scientists alike argue that wonder—that emotion or state of consciousness in which one’s attention is fixed on phenomena beyond one’s comprehension—is the central virtue and driving force of all education. As in general education, wonder is central to all aspects of academic medicine’s tripartite mission; a sense of wonder fuels the delivery of humanized patient care, sparks scientific discoveries, and supports engagement in lifelong learning. Despite its importance throughout medicine, developing a capacity for wonder among physicians has not been a stated goal of medical education, and innovative methods to foster a capacity for wonder have not been explored. There is a growing interest in the arts and humanities in medical education, and evidence suggests that these can support the development of a diverse array of clinically relevant skills and attitudes (including close observation, critical thinking, empathy, and tolerance for ambiguity) in medical learners across the learning continuum. However, even the potential of these methods to support a capacity for wonder has not yet been fully explored. In this article, the authors explore how one of the most widely used and studied arts-based learning activities in medical education, Visual Thinking Strategies, can help develop a capacity for wonder among physicians. They illustrate how Visual Thinking Strategies support the central elements of wonder-based pedagogy (i.e., exploration, improvisation, imagination, personal interest, and the ethos of educators) previously developed in education theory.
Medical School Rankings: Time to End or Time to Amend?
Authors: Gabrielson Andrew T. , Ziegelstein Roy C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The recent decisions of several medical schools to no longer participate in the rankings published annually by U.S. News & World Report have added greater visibility to the issues surrounding medical school rankings than ever before. While these announcements garnered significant attention in academic medicine and from the lay public, the authors believe these events are unlikely to eliminate rankings in medical education. In this article, the authors outline the potential harms of rankings in higher education, provide a rationale for why they will likely endure despite recent scrutiny, and offer suggestions for prospective students and the academic medical community to engage with rankings in a more productive way. Criticisms of medical school rankings have been noted for decades, including their use of subjective information and data with questionable relevance to the quality of students’ education or the outcomes of their educational experience, methodological concerns, and the potential harms of ranking systems (such as schools diverting their focus and resources away from initiatives that benefit students to improve their ranking). At the same time, rankings are ubiquitous in today’s culture and are powerful in human decision-making, so there is reason to believe that medical school rankings may weather the current storm. Given these concerns, the authors suggest students continue to use a variety of resources to obtain information about medical schools and consider how each school fits with their own educational needs. The authors also encourage medical schools, medical education organizations, and governing medical bodies to suggest different metrics that reflect quality in medical education and that are of importance to applicants.
Reconstruction of Broad Lower Lip Defects Using Karapandzic-Type Flaps
Authors: Patel Jigar , Cook Jonathan L. 
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND
Reconstruction of lower lip defects is challenging because of the functional and aesthetic demands of the lower face. We review the functional and aesthetic outcomes of the Karapandzic-type flaps for reconstructing lower lip defects.

METHODS
A retrospective review of patients who underwent repair using Karapandzic-type flaps.

RESULTS
Fifty patients with lower lip defects ranging from 20% to 95% (mean 59.2% ± 20%) were included. Eighteen patients (36%) were repaired using a bilateral flap, and 32 (64%) were reconstructed using a unilateral flap design. All patients had preservation of oral competency and a satisfactory aesthetic result. No patient complained of microstomia. A complication rate of 8% was noted (n = 4) with postoperative wound infection and small areas of dehiscence. There was no statistically significant difference in complication rates in patients older than 75 years, in patients with a history of head/neck radiation, or in defects greater than 70% of lower lip breadth.

CONCLUSION
Karapandzic-type flaps are versatile and reliable for the reconstruction of a broad range of lower lip defects. This one-stage procedure can produce superior functional and aesthetic results as compared with other local and distant flaps with minimal risk of functional microstomia.
Metformin and the risks of cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Yeh Yun-Kai , Yen Fu-Shun , Wei James Cheng-Chung , Hu Kai-Chieh , Yu Teng-Shun , Hsu Chih-Cheng , Hwu Chii-Min 
Published: February 2024

Background:
Patients with diabetes tend to have cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation. We conducted this research to compare the risks of cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation between metformin no-use and use in persons with type 2 diabetes.

Methods:
Using propensity score matching, we identified 23 234 pairs of metformin nonusers and users from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, since January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2017. Cox proportional hazards models were adopted to examine the risks of incident cellulitis, recurrent cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation between metformin use and no-use.

Results:
The mean follow-up period of metformin use and no-use was 6.31 (3.93) and 5.54 (3.97) years, respectively. Compared with metformin no-use, the adjusted hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval for metformin use in cellulitis development, recurrent cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation were 1.08 (1.04-1.12), 1.33 (1.14-1.55), 1.91 (1.75-2.09), and 1.88 (1.35-2.62), respectively. The longer cumulative duration of metformin usage had association with higher risks of these outcomes than metformin no-use.

Conclusion:
This population-based cohort study revealed that metformin use had association with significantly higher risks of incident cellulitis, recurrent cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation than metformin no-use in patients with type 2 diabetes.
The perioperative experience and needs of hepatocellular carcinoma patients in interventional therapy: a phenomenological qualitative study
Authors: Li Ling , Zhang Hua-Zhen , Ge Yan , Rao Ya-Li , Liu Ting , Guo Miao-Miao , Xiao Shu-Ping 
Published: February 2024

Objective
This study aims to investigate the perioperative experience and needs of patients with liver cancer for interventional therapy, in order to provide the basis for further improving a patient’s medical experience and satisfaction.

Methods
A semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted for 16 patients with liver cancer in interventional therapy using the phenomenological research method of qualitative research. The themes were analyzed, summarized, refined and extracted using the Colaizzi analytical procedure.

Results
The study results revealed that the perioperative experience and needs of patients with liver cancer for interventional therapy could mainly be summarized into seven themes: anxiety, fear and helplessness; not understanding the specific procedures of interventional therapy; worrying that the disease would not be treated as expected; lack of understanding of perioperative adverse reactions and the inability to cope with these; concern on the financial burden of health care costs on families; concerned on the physical and mental health of the dependent; the further improvement of diagnosis and treatment procedures.

Conclusion
Patients with liver cancer undergo a complex psychological experience during interventional therapy. In clinical practice, a patient’s psychological needs and changes should be valued, in order to provide a targeted psychological intervention, health guidance and social support, thereby improving the medical experience and satisfaction of patients.