bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The careers of NGO field‐workers in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmad Mokbul Morshed 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article looks at field‐workers employed by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Bangladesh. It can be argued that NGO field‐workers, who work directly with clients, are an undervalued and underused resource in Bangladesh. A questionnaire survey, participant observation, and semistructured interviews of field‐workers in four types of NGOs (international, large national, regional, and small local) revealed that they are from rural, middle‐class families and, because the work requires rigorous physical exercise, most of them are young. They do not join NGOs as field‐workers enthusiastically, but rather to have a job and earn money. Most field‐workers in Bangladesh must leave the job when they grow older or (in the case of women) get married.
TRIP: a psycho‐educational programme in Hong Kong for people with schizophrenia
Authors: Chan Sunny Ho‐Wan , Lee Siegfrid Wing‐Kin , Chan Ida Wai‐Mei 
Published: March 2007

Abstract‘TRIP’ (Transforming Relapse and Instilling Prosperity) is a ward‐based illness management programme that aims to decrease treatment non‐compliance and relapse rate by improving the insight and health of acute psychiatric patients with schizophrenia. Eighty‐one stable male acute psychiatric patients with schizophrenia were randomized to receive the TRIP programme (n = 44) or the comparison group of traditional ward occupational therapy (WOT) programme (n = 37). Participants' insights and health were assessed by the Unawareness of Mental Disorder Scale and the Hong Kong version of the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) health survey, respectively. Each group was then followed up for a 12‐month period. One‐way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that participants in the TRIP programme had significantly better insight and health than a comparison group during post‐study measurement. Participants in the TRIP programme had significantly fewer re‐admissions in the 12‐month follow‐up period than those who attended the WOT programme. In summary the TRIP programme, as led by an occupational therapist, was effective in improving insight, awareness of health and in having a lower re‐admission rate than a traditional occupational therapy programme. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of hostile environments on adhesive joints II. Role of water with unstressed epoxide adhesive
Authors: Kerr C. , Macdonald N. C. , Orman S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe adverse effect of water on aluminium‐epoxide bonds has been studied with respect to: the temperature and water vapour pressure of the exposure environment; the degree of cure of the adhesive; and the recover‐ability of the bond strength. The results confirm that water accumulation within the system is the disrupting entity. However, the current data indicate that hydrolysis of covalent bonds, rather than interference with hydrogen bonding, is the operative mechanism.
Flammability of plastics: III. Reactions between antimony trioxide and organic halogenated flame retardants with reference to their performance in a crosslinked polyester resin
Authors: Learmonth G. S. , Thwaite D. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA number of halogenated flame retardants have been heated alone and with antimony trioxide at temperatures between 300 and 500°. Isothermal weight losses over various time periods have been followed. Quantitative analyses of reaction products from heating together both Cereclor 70/Sb2O3 and also PVC/Sb2O3 have shown antimony trichloride to be the main reaction product in each case.
Dispersions of polymeric acrylic soaps: III. Hydrogen‐bonding interactions in polymeric dispersions and polymer monolayers
Authors: Graham N. B. , Holden H. W. , Raymond F. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ability of low molecular weight acrylic acid copolymers to form self‐dispersions of a maximum polymer content at partial, rather than complete, neutralisation has been qualitatively explained in terms of swelling of the particles with water. Studies on copolymers containing groups capable of strong interaction, such as amide or hydroxyl, combined with the tendencies of monolayers of related polymers to contract at particular pH values has suggested that an ion/polar group type of interaction is responsible for the decreased volume of the particles at the pH of maximum polymer content.
Fire performance of plastics in building
Authors: Scott K. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper describes part of the work at RAPRA which has been sponsored by the BPF Building Group. The safe use of plastics in building from the viewpoint of fire and the performance of plastics in the framework of existing regulations are considered and the relevance of some tests are discussed. Attention is also given to smoke and toxic products. Some important topics are not included, however, one notable omission being a consideration of expanded plastics for thermal insulation.
A new plastics material for engineering applications based on polyethylene terephthalate
Authors: Asmus K. D. , Fleissner M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPolyethylene terephthalate (PETP) forms the basis of a new plastics material, Hostadur®, which is suitable for mouldings in engineering applications which are subject to mechanical stress. The crystallisation behaviour of PETP is discussed as this is an important factor if economic processing by injection moulding is to be obtained. Short‐term properties of the material such as stiffness, strength and toughness were found to be good. Creep rupture strength, and fatigue strength under alternating stress, as well as other long‐term properties, were found to be better than with other thermoplastics such as polyamides and polyacetals.
Structural characterization of vulcanized natural rubber by latex state 13C NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Ukawa Jinta , Kawahara Seiichi , Sakai Junichiro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStructural characterization of vulcanized natural rubber was performed by high‐resolution latex‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The vulcanized natural rubber latex was prepared by vulcanization of high ammonia natural rubber latex with sulfur and sodium di‐n‐butyldithiocarbamate as vulcanizing agents. High resolution was attained for latex‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy even after vulcanization of the rubber latex, as is evident from no background in spectrum and narrow half width of signals, which were independent of vulcanization time. Small signals at 44 and 58 ppm in the carbon region were assigned by measurements of both distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) and attached proton test (APT) to secondary, tertiary, and quaternary carbons of crosslinking points. The assignment was proved by high‐resolution solution‐state NMR spectroscopy of vulcanized liquid cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene as a model, in which DEPT, APT, 2‐dimensional 1H‐13C correlation (HETCOR), and 2‐dimensional heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) measurements were applied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1003–1009, 2007
The effect of atropine administered in the medial septum or hippocampus on high‐ and low‐frequency theta rhythms in the hippocampus of urethane anesthetized rats
Authors: Li Shaomin , Topchiy Irina , Kocsis Bernat 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCholinergic mechanisms are critical for the generation of hippocampal theta rhythm. Cholinergic innervation of the hippocampus originates from the medial septum (MS) and cholinergic receptors are expressed in both the MS and hippocampus. In this study, we compared the effects of the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine in the MS and the hippocampus on theta generation. Hippocampal theta rhythm was elicited by electrical stimulation of the pontine reticular formation using series of stimuli with varying intensities. Atropine was administered either systemically (50 mg/kg i.p.) or locally in the MS (microdialysis; 25 and 75 mM for 30 or 90 min) or in the hippocampus on one side (microinjection; 20 or 40 ug). The relative power at the peak theta frequency was calculated and averaged over episodes of low‐intensity and high‐intensity stimulations. We found that atropine drastically reduced theta rhythmic synchronization when injected in either location. After MS administration of atropine, however, high‐frequency theta elicited by high‐intensity stimuli was more resistant (58% and 67% decrease after 25 mM and 75 mM atropine, respectively) than slow theta elicited by low‐intensity stimuli (86% and 91% decrease). There was no significant difference between the powers of the two oscillations after hippocampal injections (70–75% decrease). We conclude that the theta suppressing effect of atropine involves both hippocampal and septal mechanisms and that low‐frequency theta as compared with fast theta rhythm is more sensitive to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonism in the MS but not in the hippocampus. Synapse 61:412‐419, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations in GABAA receptor expression in neonatal ventral hippocampal lesioned rats: Comparison of prepubertal and postpubertal periods
Authors: Endo Kenichi , Hori Takafumi , Abe Shuzo , Asada Takashi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) have been studied as a neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia. NVHL rats exhibit postpubertal emergence of hyperresponsiveness to stress, suggesting increased mesolimbic dopamine (DA) activity. However, previous studies have not yielded clear evidence of this. Disturbances in the γ‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA)‐ergic system as well as the dopaminergic system are thought to be present in schizophrenia. To determine whether GABAA receptors play a role in the abnormal postpubertal behavior in NVHL rats, we compared changes in expression of mRNA of GABAA receptor subunits and in [35S] t‐butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S] TBPS) binding in the prepubertal and postpubertal periods. Male pups were lesioned with ibotenic acid at postnatal day 7 (PD 7), and in situ hybridization and quantitative autoradiography were then performed. In NVHL rats, α1 subunit mRNA expression in prefrontal cortex was decreased at PD 35 (prepubertal period; by 21.7%), but increased at PD 56 (postpubertal period; by 21.4%) when compared with sham controls. β2 subunit mRNA expression was increased in PFC in the postpubertal period (by 24.3%). β3 subunit mRNA expression was increased in the caudate‐putamen in the postpubertal period (by 37.2%). [35S] TBPS binding was increased in PFC only in the postpubertal period (by 17.7%). These findings suggest that dysfunction of the GABAergic system exists in NVHL rats. Furthermore, developmental and regional changes in GABAA receptor expression appear to occur in compensation for the attenuation of GABAergic system activity in NVHL rats. Synapse 61:357‐366, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethanolysis of Refined Soybean Oil Assisted by Sodium and Potassium Hydroxides
Authors: Kucek Karla T. , César‐Oliveira Maria Aparecida F. , Wilhelm Helena M. , Ramos Luiz P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ethanolysis of refined soybean oil was investigated through a 23 experimental design that was carried out under the following levels: ethanol:oil molar ratios (MR) of 6:1 and 12:1, NaOH concentrations of 0.3 and 1.0 wt% in relation to the oil mass, and reaction temperatures of 30 and 70 °C. The ethanol:oil MR and the alkali concentration had an almost equivalent influence on the reaction yield, whereas the influence of increased reaction temperatures was very limited and higher catalyst concentrations led to greater yield losses due to the formation of soap. Ethyl ester yields of 97.2% were obtained at 70 °C, MR of 12:1 and 0.3 wt% NaOH. Replacement of 0.3 wt% NaOH by 1.0 wt% KOH under the same reaction conditions led to lower ester yields. Likewise the former, KOH provided the maximum ester yield (95.6%) at the highest molar ratio (12:1), with the reaction temperature having little influence on the catalyst performance. Ester yields beyond 98% were only achieved when a second ethanolysis stage was included in the process. In this regard, the application of 2 wt% Magnesol® after the first ethanolysis stage eliminated the need for water washing prior to the second ethanolysis stage and helped to generate a final product with less contaminating unreacted glycerides.
Antigen expression of cord blood derived stem cells under osteogenic stimulation in vitro
Authors: Jäger Marcus , Krauspe Rüdiger 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTissue engineering strategies have become a promising option for treating musculoskeletal defects in future. Cord blood includes mesenchymal stem cells which are able to differentiate into several cell lines under lineage specific stimulation including osteoblasts, chondroblasts and adipoblasts. In this study the antigen pattern of cord blood stem cells cultivated onto a porous porcine collagen I/III scaffold is investigated. The cultures were stimulated with osteogenic mixture (dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, glycerolphosphatate [DAG]) over 21 days in vitro. The following antigens and markers served for immuncytochemical evaluation: bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin, cartilage proteoglycan, chondrogenic oligomeric matrix protein, collagen I/II/III/X, CD13, CD 31, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD105, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, vascular endothelial growth factor, vimentin and von‐Kossa and HE stainings. We showed that a collagen I/III scaffold is an appropriate cellular carrier for cord blood progenitor cells and allows for an osteoblastic differentiation. Moreover there were differences in antigen pattern, dependent on the location of the adherent cells. CD105 and VEGF were only expressed at the bottom of the biomaterial. Future investigations should show the role of cytomechanical forces in the differentiation of cord blood derived progenitor cells and also if a cell‐loaded collagen I/III scaffold is appropriate to stimulate bone regeneration in vivo.
Acylase 1 expression in rat intestinal crypt—villus axis
Authors: Cigna Natacha , Nicoletti Cendrine , Durand Anne , Chaix Jean Claude , Giardina Thierry , Perrier Josette 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAcylase 1 was investigated at the cellular level in the rat small intestine along the enterocyte—differentiation axis. As confirmed by microscopic analysis, villus tip cells and crypt cells of rat jejunal mucosa were successfully separated using the Weiser method. The proliferating undifferentiated crypt cells showed much higher ACY 1 activity levels than the villus cells, with a 6.4‐fold decrease as the cells migrated and differentiated along the crypt—villus axis. RT‐PCR studies on mRNA extracted from isolated cells showed that ACY 1 mRNA was mainly expressed in crypt cells, reaching levels that were 12‐fold higher than those recorded in other cell types along the whole enterocyte differentiation axis. It was concluded that the expression of ACY 1 in the intestinal crypt cells is regulated at the mRNA level. Immunohistochemistry revealed the expression of ACY 1 in the absorbing lineage cells from the ileal and colonic crypts and the absence of ACY 1 in the mucus producing goblet cells. These findings proposed ACY 1 as a new marker transcript for absorbing cells of intestinal crypt, which can be used to monitor the process of intestinal N‐α‐acetylated protein metabolism.
Anti‐oxidation and immune responses in mice upon exposure to manganese superoxide dismutase expressed in silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori L
Authors: Yue Wan‐Fu , Li Guang‐Li , Liu Jian‐Mei , Sun Jian‐Tong , Sun Hong‐Xiang , Li Xing‐Hua , Wu Xiao‐Feng , Miao Yun‐Gen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWith manganese superoxide dismutase expressed in silkworm larvae, Bomby mori L, we investigate the effects of silkworm larvae powder containing SOD on the antioxidation and the immune system of mouse. The contents of MDA both in mice plasma or liver organ treated with silkworm larvae powder containing manganese superoxide dismutase were reduced compare to control. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activities both in plasma or liver organ of the treated mice were significantly higher than that of both control and bromobenzene treated mice (group‐BM), suggesting the silkworm larvae powder containing SOD play a positive role in anti‐oxidation in mice. This experiment was also designed to investigate the effects of silkworm larvae powder containing SOD on the immune system of mouse, focused on hemolysin response, hemagglutination against SRBC and the activity of natural killer (NK) cells. All treated mice showed significant increase in hemolysin response to SRBC and demonstrated an activation of NK cell function by the SOD‐contained silkworm larvae powder, which suggest a promotion in humoral immunity. The results suggested the SOD expressed in silkworm maybe have potential application in medicine.
Stobadine inhibits doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis through a caspase‐9 dependent pathway in P815 mastocytoma cells
Authors: Ümit Bağríaçík E. , Uslu Kadriye , Yurtçu Erkan , Stefek Milan , Karasu Çimen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDoxorubicin (DOXO), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, induces apoptosis in transformed and non‐transformed cells. The apoptotic effect of DOXO has been linked to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants may be effective in the prevention of DOX‐induced apoptosis. In the present study we investigated the effects of stobadine, a pyridoindole antioxidant in a DOXO‐induced apoptosis model of P815 cells by flow cytometric analyses and by measuring caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 activities. Pretreating cells with stobadine significantly increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis rate. Inhibition in apoptosis was observed at maximum levels following treatment of cells with 10−7M stobadine as evident from flow cytometric analyses. The antiapoptotic effect of stobadine was further confirmed by inhibition of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 activities. We found that the antioxidative effects of stobadine were comparable to the effects of a well known antioxidant, N‐acetyl l‐cysteine (NAC).
The tracing study of developing entorhino‐hippocampal pathway
Authors: Deng Jin‐Bo , Yu Dong‐Ming , Wu Ping , Li Ming‐Shan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe entorhino‐hippocampal pathway is the major excitatory input from neurons of the entorhinal cortex on both ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus/dentate gyrus. This fiber tract consists of the alvear path, the perforant path and a crossed commissural projection. In this study, the histogenesis and development of the various subsets of the entorhino‐hippocampal projection have been investigated. DiI, DiO, Fast Blue tracing and calretinin immunocytochemistry as well as were carried out with pre and postnatal rats at different developmental stages. The alvear path and the commissural pathway start to develop as early as embryonic day E16, while the first perforant afferents reach the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of the hippocampus at E17 and at outer molecular layer of the denate gyrus at postnatal day 2. Retrograde tracing with DiI identifies entorhinal neurons in layer II–IV as the developmental origin of the entorhino‐hippocampal pathway. Furthermore, calretinin immunocytochemistry revealed transitory Cajal‐Retzius cells in the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of the hippocampus from E16. DiI labeling of entorhinal cortex fibers and combined calretinin‐immunocytochemistry reveal a close relationship between Cajal‐Retzius cells and entorhinal afferents. This temporal and spatial relationship suggests that Cajal‐Retzius cell serves as a guiding cue for entorhinal afferents at early cortical development.
The use of fetal bovine serum as delivery vehicle to improve the uptake and stability of lycopene in cell culture studies
Authors: Lin Chen-Yu , Huang Chin-Shiu , Hu Miao-Lin 
Published: March 2007

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) has commonly been used to deliver carotenoids to cells but the use of THF is associated with cytotoxicity and low uptake efficiency of carotenoids. Here, we used fetal bovine serum (FBS) as the delivery vehicle for lycopene in comparison with THF, THF containing 0·0025 % butylated hydroxytoluene (THF/BHT), methyl-β-cyclodextrin (M-β-CD) and micelles in two human prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC-3. Lycopene (10 mm) solubilized in THF/BHT and then diluted in FBS at ratios of 5 and 10 gave the highest lycopene uptake in DU145 cells. Using a dilution factor of 10, we found that lycopene (10 μm) carried in FBS in a cell-free system led to significantly less loss of lycopene than in THF, THF/BHT and M-β-CD within 24 h of incubation. Lycopene solubilized in micelles was more stable than that in FBS within 24 h, but the micelle itself led to marked cytotoxicity to DU145 cells. Lycopene at 10 μm in FBS led to significantly higher uptake of lycopene in both cell lines than that in THF, THF/BHT or M-β-CD within 24 h of incubation. When FBS was replaced with lipoprotein-deficient serum, the uptake of lycopene by DU145 cells was markedly decreased and was not significantly different from that of THF or THF/BHT. These results demonstrate that FBS is superior to THF, THF/BHT, M-β-CD and micelles as a delivery vehicle for lycopene in prostate cell lines and that the lipoprotein of FBS is likely responsible for the improved stability and cellular uptake of lycopene.
Young Trudeau: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada,
1919–1944
Authors: Koyzis David T. 
Published: March 2007

Young Trudeau: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada,
1919–1944, Max and Monique Nemni, translated by William
Johnson, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2006, pp. 352.The authors of the present work, the first in a projected three-volume
biography of Pierre Elliott Trudeau, have done Canadians a lasting service
in publishing a meticulously researched account that shatters a number of
longstanding myths surrounding the late prime minister's early years.
Max and Monique Nemni are retired academics who were friends and admirers
of Trudeau. When in his final years they approached him about writing a
biography, he offered his full co-operation, including unprecedented
access to his personal papers dating back to childhood.
L'extrême-gauche plurielle. Entre démocratie
radicale et révolution
Authors: Labelle Gilles 
Published: March 2007

L'extrême-gauche plurielle. Entre démocratie
radicale et révolution, Philippe Raynaud, Paris, Ed.
Autrement, 2006, 206 p.Si le candidat d'extrême-droite Jean-Marie Le Pen a pu
participer au deuxième tour de l'élection
présidentielle d'avril 2002, c'est entre autres, assez
paradoxalement, parce que des candidats d'extrême-gauche
avaient grugé suffisamment de voix au candidat socialiste Lionel
Jospin pour l'empêcher d'aller au-delà du premier
tour. Comparée aux autres démocraties libérales, la
France aurait donc un profil atypique, non pas du fait de la force, chez
elle, de l'extrême-droite (celle-ci est aussi très
présente dans beaucoup d'autres pays européens), mais
plutôt du fait de la présence d'une “ gauche de la
gauche ” qui recueille un nombre significatif de voix et a un poids
certain dans la vie politique du pays.