bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why is carbon from some polyunsaturates extensively recycled into lipid synthesis?
Authors: Cunnane Stephen C. , Ryan Mary Ann , Nadeau Chantale R. , Bazinet Richard P. , Musa‐Veloso Kathy , McCloy Ursula 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe summarize here the evidence indicating that carbon from α‐linolenate and linoleate is readily recycled into newly synthesized lipids. This pathway consumes the majority of these fatty acids that is not β‐oxidized as a fuel. Docosahexaenoate undergoes less β‐oxidation and carbon recycling than do α‐linolenate or linoleate, but is it still actively metabolized by this pathway? Among polyunsaturates, arachidonate appears to undergo the least β‐oxidation and carbon recycling, an observation that may help account for the resistance of brain membranes to loss of arachidonate during dietary deficiency of n−6 polyunsaturates. Preliminary evidence suggests that de novo lipid synthesis consumes carbon from α‐linolenate and linoleate in preference to palmitate, but this merits systematic study. Active β‐oxidation and carbon recycling of 18‐carbon polyunsaturates does not diminish the importance of being able to convert α‐linolenate and linoleate to long‐chain polyunsaturates but suggests that a broad perspective is required in studying the metabolism of polyunsaturates in general and α‐linolenate and linoleate in particular.
Long‐chain fatty acid uptake by skeletal muscle is impaired in homozygous, but not heterozygous, heart‐type‐FABP null mice
Authors: Luiken J. J. F. P. , Koonen D. P. Y. , Coumans W. A. , Pelsers M. M. A. L. , Binas B. , Bonen A. , Glatz J. F. C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPrevious studies with cardiac myocytes from homozygous heart‐type fatty acid (FA)‐binding protein (H‐FABP)−/− mice have indicated that this intracellular: receptor protein for long‐chain FA is involved in the cellular uptake of these substrates. Based on the knowledge that muscle FA uptake is a process highly sensitive to regulation by hormonal and mechanical stimuli, we studied whether H‐FABP would play a role in this regulation. A suitable model system to answer this question is provided by H‐FABP+/− mice, because in hindlimb muscles the content of H‐FABP was measured to be 34% compared to wild‐type mice. In these H‐FABP+/− skeletal muscles, just as in H‐FABP−/− muscles, contents of FA transporters, i.e., 43‐kDa FABPpm and 88‐kDa FAT/CD36, were similar compared to wild‐type muscles, excluding possible compensatory mech‐anisms at the sarcolemmal level. Palmitate uptake rates were measured in giant vesicles prepared from hindlimb muscles of H‐FABP−/−, H‐FABP+/− and H‐FABP+/+ mice. For comparison, giant vesicles were isolated from liver, the tissue of which expresses a distinct type of FABP (i.e., L‐FABP). Whereas in H‐FABP−/− skeletal muscle FA uptake was reduced by 42–45%, FA uptake by H‐FABP+/− skeletal muscle was not different from that in wild‐type mice. In contrast, in liver from H‐FABP−/− and from H‐FABP+/− mice, FA uptake was not altered compared to wild‐type animals, indicating that changes in FA uptake are restricted to H‐FABP expressing tissues. It is concluded that H‐FABP plays an important, yet merely permissive, role in FA uptake into muscle tissues.
A novel type hypertriglyceridemia observed in FLS mice
Authors: Takahashi Masaya , Saibara Toshiji , Nemoto Yoshihisa , Ono Masafumi , Akisawa Naoaki , Iwasaki Shinji , Toda Katsumi , Ogawa Yasuhiro , Wakatsuki Akihiko , Inagaki Shuichiro , Onishi Saburo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe unique inborn hypertriglyceridemia seen in FLS (fatty liver Shionogi) mice was relieved by the administration of purified apolipoprotein (apo) C‐II. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and its cofactor, apoC‐II, play a pivotal role in VLDL metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the genetic background involved in this hypertriglyceridemia. Plasma levels of TG and total cholesterol as well as LPL activity were measured in male FLS mice and C57/BL6J mice. Agarose gel electrophoresis and fast protein liquid chromatography were used to analyze the lipoprotein profile. A cross experiment was done to determine the genetic background of hypertriglyceridemia observed in FLS mice. cDNA sequences of apoC‐II and apoC‐III of FLS mice were determined. Preα‐lipoprotein was the predominant lipoprotein class in FLS mouse plasma. LPL activity remained in the range observed in C57/BL6J mice, and purified apoC‐II transiently relieved FLS mice from hypertriglyceridemia. Preα‐lipoproteinemia was inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. ApoC‐III appeared to be a causal factor for this unique hypertriglyceridemia. Microsatellite analysis, however, revealed that the responsible chromosome was not 7; rather, apoC‐III mapped onto chromosome 9. Therefore, we suggest apoC‐III as a candidate causative factor for the hypertriglyceridemia observed in FLS mice because an excessive amount of apoC‐III attenuates LPL activity in vivo and in vitro.
Effect of struture and form on the ability of plant sterols to inhibit cholesterol absorption in hamsters
Authors: Meijer Gert W. , Bressers Marco A. J. J. , Arjan de Groot W. , Rudrum Mike 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe investigated the effect of three types of plant sterols (4‐desmethylsterols, 4,4′‐dimethylsterols, and pentacyclic triterpene alcohols) in three forms (free, esterified with FA, or with phenolic acids) on cholesterol absorption. Plant sterol fractions derived from soybean (99% 4‐desmethylsterols), rice bran (70% 4,4′‐dimethylsterols), or shea nut (89% pentacyclic triterpene alcohols) were fed to male hamsters (n=20/group) as free sterols or esterified with FA or phenolic acids (cinnamic or ferulic). Cholesterol absorption was measured after 5–8.5 (mean, 7) wk by a dual‐isotope technique. Soybean sterol intake significantly reduced cholesterol absorption efficiency (23%) and plasma total cholesterol (11%). Rice bran sterols tended to lower cholesterol absorption efficiency by 7% and plasma total cholesterol by 5%, whereas shea nut sterols had no effect. In hamsters, dietary 4‐desmethylsterols were more effective than 4,4′‐dimethylsterols in lowering cholesterol absorption and levels of cholesterol in blood. Pentacyclic triterpene alcohols had no effect on the absorption of cholesterol or on its level in blood. Esterification with FA did not impair the ability of 4‐desmethylsterols and 4,4′‐dimethylsterols to inhibit cholesterol absorption, whereas esterification with phenolic acids reduced this ability. This study supports the use of 4‐desmethylsterols, esterified with FA to increase solubility, as the most effective cholesterol‐lowering plant sterols in the diet.
Sterol‐mediated regulation of hormone‐sensitive lipase in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Miura Shinji , Nagura Hiromi , Sawamura Fusae , Tomita Isao , Kawai Eiji , Mochizuki Norihiro , Ikeda Masahiko , Kraemer Fredric B. , Tomita Takako 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe previously reported that intracellular free cholesterol at physiological concentrations regulates the activity of neutral cholesterol esterase (N‐CEase) in macrophages. The objective of the present study is to investigate whether the regulation of N‐CEase by cholesterol is generally observed in other types of cells such as adipocytes with high activity of hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL), the same gene product as N‐CEase. 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were cultured with and without cholesterol (1–30 μg/mL) or 25‐hydroxycholesterol (0.1–10 μg/mL), and changes in the N‐CEase activity, expression of HSL mRNA, and protein were examined. Incubation (24 h) of cells with cholesterol did not change N‐CEase activity, but incubation with 25‐hydroxycholesterol decreased the activity in a concentration‐dependent manner by 24 (24 h) and 54% (36 h). Quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR indicated that 25‐hydroxycholesterol (10 μg/mL) did not influence expression of HSL mRNA. However, Western blot analysis showed that this sterol reduced HSL protein by 72 (24 h) and by 93% (36 h), respectively. It was concluded that sterol‐mediated regulation of HSL/N‐CEase occurs not only in macrophages but also in adipocytes, and regulation appears to occur not at a transcriptional level but by a post‐transcriptional process. Sterol‐mediated proteolysis may be involved in the loss of HSL protein.
Isoprenoid alcohols restore protein isoprenylation in a time‐dependent manner independent of protein synthesis
Authors: Ownby Susan E. , Hohl Raymond J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMevalonic acid derivatives are required for the isoprenylation of a variety of growth‐regulating proteins. Treatment of NIH 3T3 cells with lovastatin (LOV), an HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor, depletes cells of these derivatives and impairs isoprenylation of RAS and RAS‐related proteins. In LOV‐treated cells, farnesol (FOH) and geranylgeraniol (GGOH) restore RAS and Rap1 isoprenylation, respectively. In this study, we further characterize the manner in which these isoprenoid alcohols are utilized for protein isoprenylation. Over a 48‐h time span, FOH is unable to maintain RAS isoprenylation in the continuing presence of LOV, whereas GGOH is able to maintain Rap1 isoprenylation in the presence of LOV at all times tested. When cells are pretreated with LOV, the ability of both FOH and GGOH to restore protein isoprenylation is time dependent; as the LOV pretreatment time increases, the time required for FOH and GGOH to restore isoprenylation also increases. Despite this time dependence, the ability of FOH and GGOH to restore protein isoprenylation is not dependent on new protein synthesis and does not require alcohol dehydrogenase. These data support the existence of and further characterize the isoprenoid shunt, a novel metabolic pathway that utilizes FOH and GGOH for protein isoprenylation. The enzymes of the isoprenoid shunt are constitutively expressed, their activity may be modulated by isoprenoid depletion, and they are differentially regulated.
Fatty acids bound to Fasciola hepatica 12 kDa fatty acid‐binding protein, a candidate vaccine, differ from fatty acids in extracts of adult flukes
Authors: Carballeira Néstor M. , Cruz Heidyleen , Hillyer George V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe FA composition of Fasciola hepatica 12 kDA purified native FA‐binding protein (nFh12), a candidate vaccine against fascioliasis, is described. The FA chain lengths ranged between 12 and 24 carbons. The principal FA were 16∶0 18∶1n−9, 18∶0, 20∶4n−6, and 20∶1n−9. The acids 16∶0, 18∶1n−9, and 18∶0 comprised over half the FA that were bound to the whole FA‐binding protein. Small amounts (1.0–2.8%) of isoanteiso methyl‐branched FA also were characterized. Forty‐one different FA were identified in extracts of the adult flukes, with the three most abundant FA also being 16∶0, 18∶1n−9, and 18∶0. A similar proportion of saturated vs. unsaturated FA was observed between the whole extract from F. hepatica and the nFh12 protein. However, the n−3/n−6 ratio of PUFA was significantly different, being 1.2 in the whole extract vs. 9.6 in the nFh12 protein complex. The nFh12 protein binds more n−5, n−6, and n−7 PUFA and less n−3 and n−9 PUFA than the whole extract. In addition, cholesterol (56%), sitosterol (36%), and fucosterol (8%) also were bound to the nFh12 protein complex.
Seed oil composition of Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke
Authors: Avato P. , Pesante M. A. , Fanizzi F. P. , Aimbiré de Moraes Santos C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe chemical composition of the oil extracted from the seeds of Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke (syn. P. sorbilis) was investigated. Cyanolipids constituted 3% of the total oil from guaraná seeds, whereas acylglycerols accounted for 28%. 1H and 13C NMR analyses indicated that type 1 cyanolipids (1‐cyano‐2‐hydroxymethylprop‐2‐ene‐1‐ol diesters) are present in the oil from P. cupana. GC and GC‐MS analysis showed that cis‐11‐octadecenoic (cis‐vaccenic acid) and cis‐11‐eicosenoic acids were the main FA (30.4 and 38.7%) esterified to the nitrile group. Paullinic acid (7.0%) was also an abundant component. Oleic acid (37.4%) was the dominant fatty acyl chain in the acylglycerols.
Retinal and olfactory bulb precursor cells show distinct responses to FGF‐2 and laminin
Authors: Otaegi Gaizka , De Pablo Flora , Vicario‐Abejón Carlos , De, la Rosa Enrique J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe analyzed whether the embryonic (E12.5–E14.5) mouse retina possesses genuine neural stem cells and how they respond to defined growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules. Whereas most combinations produced no or limited cell survival and proliferation in culture, FGF‐2 plus heparin and laminin stimulated proliferation and the formation of aggregates composed, after two days, of 95.2% nestin‐positive cells. However, cells in these aggregates could only be passaged poorly, lost nestin expression and proliferative capacity, and differentiated into neurons. Under the same conditions, olfactory bulb precursor cells divided efficiently and could be expanded. These data suggest that, in addition to FGF‐2 and laminin, embryonic retinal neuroepithelial cells need additional extrinsic and/or intrinsic regulators to maintain cell proliferation and self‐renewal.
In vitro evaluation of the anticancer effect of lactoferrin and tea polyphenol combination on oral carcinoma cells
Authors: Mohan K.V.P. Chandra , Gunasekaran P. , Varalakshmi E. , Hara Y. , Nagini S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe investigated the anticancer effects of green and black tea polyphenols alone and in combination with bovine milk lactoferrin (bLF) on human tongue squamous carcinoma (CAL‐27) and normal human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells. Both green (Polyphenon‐E;P‐E) and black tea polyphenols (Polyphenon‐B;P‐B) preferentially inhibit the growth of CAL‐27 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Based on the IC50 values, P‐E was found to be more effective than P‐B and the combination of P‐E and bLF (1:2 ratio) exhibited synergistic inhibition of CAL‐27 cells. Analysis of the mechanism revealed nuclear fragmentation and condensation with appearance of the Ao peak indicative of apoptosis. Furthermore, tea polyphenols transduced the apoptosis signal via generation of reactive oxygen species and decrease in the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio thereby inducing mitochondrial permeability transition with consequent activation of caspase‐3. Overall, the potency of cytotoxic and apoptosis inducing effects of dietary agents on CAL‐27 cells was in the order P‐E and bLF combination (1:2 ratio) > P‐E > P‐B. These results suggest that a “designer” approach may be useful for oral cancer prevention strategies.
Immunohistochemical study of flotillin‐1 in rat testis with ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Jeong Chan‐woo , Kim Heechul , Kim Seungjoon , Kim Sung‐Ho , Moon Changjong , Shin Taekyun 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTo investigate the involvement of flotillin‐1 in acute experimental testicular torsion, we examined the expression and cellular localization of flotillin‐1 and cathepsin D in the rat testis with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of flotillin‐1 increased significantly 6 h after I/R and that the level remained elevated for 48 h. Immunohistochemically, flotillin‐1 was constitutively localized in some Sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells, and interstitial cells in the normal testis. After I/R injury, Sertoli cells in the damaged tubules were intensely immunostained for flotillin‐1 at 24 and 48 h after I/R. Flotillin‐1 was also detected in some inflammatory cells in the interstitial space around damaged tubules. Furthermore, flotillin‐1 was colocalized with cathepsin D, a lysosomal marker, in normal testis (mainly in Sertoli cells), and the colocalization was greater in Sertoli cells and macrophages in I/R injured testes. Therefore, we postulate that flotillin‐1 immunoreactivity is increased in some Sertoli and inflammatory cells (especially in ED1‐positive activated macrophages) in testicular torsion and that flotillin‐1 in the injured testis associates with lysosomes in Sertoli cells and macrophages, activating subsequent signals in inflammatory macrophages and Sertoli cells after I/R.
Expression and immunohistochemical localization of galectin‐3 in various mouse tissues
Authors: Kim Heechul , Lee Jeeyoung , Hyun Jin Won , Park Jae Woo , Joo Hong‐gu , Shin Taekyun 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe expression and immunohistochemical localization of galectin‐3, a β‐galactoside‐binding protein, was studied in several mouse tissues. Galectin‐3 expression was low in the cerebrum, heart, and pancreas, and moderate in the liver, ileum, kidney, and adrenal gland. High expression of galectin‐3 was found in the lung, spleen, stomach, colon, uterus, and ovary. The results of Western blot analysis largely matched the immunohistochemical findings for galectin‐3. These findings suggest that galectin‐3 is differentially expressed in a variety of organs in the mouse. This study provides valuable information for research on galectin‐3.
Cochlear implantation in prelingually deaf persons with additional disability
Authors: Daneshi A , Hassanzadeh S 
Published: December 2006

Objectives: We aimed to identify the frequency with which the following conditions were present as a second disability in cochlear-implanted, prelingually deaf persons: mild and moderate mental retardation; learning disability; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; cerebral palsy; congenital blindness; and autism. We also aimed to document the development of auditory perception in patients having one of these additional disabilities.Study design: A retrospective study was designed to pursue the above aims.Methods: We examined the records of 398 cochlear-implanted, prelingually deaf patients who had received a cochlear implant at least one year previously. Patients were selected who showed a delay in motor, cognitive or emotional development. The selected cases were referred for psychological evaluation in order to identify patients with additional disabilities. We then compared these patients' auditory perception prior to and one year following cochlear implantation.Results: A total of 60 (15 per cent) cochlear-implanted, prelingually deaf patients were diagnosed with additional disabilities. These were classified as: mild mental retardation in eight cases (13.33 per cent); moderate mental retardation in five (8.33 per cent); learning disability in 20 (33.33 per cent); attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 15 (25 per cent); cerebral palsy in five (8.33); congenital blindness in three (5 per cent); and autism in four (6.66 per cent). All patients showed significant development in speech perception, except for autistic and congenitally deaf-blind patients.Conclusion: Although cochlear implantation is not contraindicated in prelingually deaf persons with additional disabilities, congenitally deaf-blind and autistic patients showed limited development in auditory perception as a main outcome of cochlear implantation. These patients require unique rehabilitation in order to achieve more auditory development.
Temporary threshold shift due to recreational firearm use
Authors: Bapat U , Tolley N 
Published: December 2006

Objective: To assess whether a temporary threshold shift occurred after recreational firearm use.Design: An observational study of 25 subjects using ear protection in an indoor rifle range. Hearing was evaluated before and after shooting five rounds with a 0.22 calibre rifle over 10 minutes. A threshold shift of 5 dB was found to be statistically significant, while a shift of 10 dB was clinically significant.Results: Twenty-four candidates had a statistically significant threshold shift, while 12 had a clinically significant threshold shift. Two subjects with previous industrial noise exposure had threshold shifts at more frequencies than other subjects. There was no significant preference for either ear. One subject showed no changes.Conclusion: This small study sheds some light on impulse noise behaviour in an indoor shooting range, but no definite conclusions can be drawn. The side of shooting did not influence threshold changes in either ear.
Dipolar radiation from spinning dust grains coupled to an electromagnetic wave
Authors: GUERREIRO A. , ELOY M. , MENDONÇA J. T. , BINGHAM R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this paper we investigate how the complex rotation and quivering motion of an elongated polarized dust grain in the presence of a monochromatic electromagnetic (EM) wave can produce dipolar emission with two distinct spectral components. We present a model for the emission of radiation by elongated polarized dust grains under the influence of both an external EM wave and a constant background magnetic field. The dust, exhibiting rotational motion at the external EM field frequency ω0as well as quivering motion at a frequency Ω0, proportional to the EM field amplitude, will radiate with frequencies that will depend on the external field wavelength and amplitude. The radiated spectra exhibits a frequency around ω0, and sidebands at ω0± ω0and ω0± 2Ω0. Since the amplitude and the frequency of the background EM field are independent parameters, this model establishes a correlation between different spectral components of galactic dipolar emission, which may help to explain the correlation between a component of the Galactic microwave emission and the 100 μ m thermal emission from interstellar dust that has been recently measured.
On waves in incompressible Hall magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: SAHRAOUI FOUAD , GALTIER SÉBASTIEN , BELMONT GÉRARD 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHall magnetohydrodynamics (HMHD) is a mono-fluid approximation extending the validity domain of the ordinary MHD system to spatial scales down to a fraction of the ion skin depth or frequencies comparable to the ion gyrofrequency. In the paper by Galtier (2006 J. Plasma Physics), an incompressible limit of the HMHD system is used for developing a wave turbulence theory. Nevertheless, the possibility and the consequences of such an approximation are different in HMHD and in MHD. Here, we analyse these differences by investigating the properties of the HMHD equations in the incompressible limit: the existence of linear modes, their dispersion relations and polarizations. We discuss the possibility of replacing the fluid closure equation of a complete HMHD system by an incompressibility hypothesis and determine the validity range.