bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the cellular centrosome in fine-needle aspirations of the breast
Authors: Guo Hui-qin , Gao Meixia , Ma Jinfang , Xiao Ting , Zhao Lin-lin , Gao Yanning , Pan Qin-jing 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background
The purpose of the present investigation is to determine whether centrosome amplifications are present in breast tumor cells, whether there are differences of centrosome amplification between benign breast lesions and breast carcinomas, and whether centrosomal analysis can be of value in the diagnosis and prognosis of breast carcinoma.

Methods
Using immunofluorescence analysis with an antibody against γ-tubulin, we analyzed centrosome abnormalities in fine-needle aspirations of 100 breast lesions (25 cases with benign lesions and 75 cases with carcinomas).

Results
We found that centrosome amplifications, including numerical centrosome amplification and structural centrosome amplification, were present in most breast tumors. Cells with numerical centrosome amplification were found in 23 of 25 benign lesions, and in all 75 cases of breast carcinomas. Cells with structural centrosome amplification were found in three of 25 benign lesions, and in 69 of 75 breast carcinomas. The breast carcinomas showed a mean percentage of cells with numerical centrosome amplification of 4.86% and a mean percentage of cells with structural centrosome amplification of 3.98%. These percentages were significantly higher than those in benign lesions, with a numerical centrosome amplification of 2.77% and a structural centrosome amplification of 0.10%. Furthermore, the mean percentage of cells with structural centrosome amplification was significantly associated with HER2/neu overexpression (P < 0.05) and with negative estrogen receptor status (P < 0.05), and had a borderline association with negative progesterone receptor status (P = 0.056) in breast carcinomas.

Conclusion
Structural centrosome amplification may bear a close relationship with breast carcinoma and may be a potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of breast carcinoma.
Quantifying the major mechanisms of recent gene duplications in the human and mouse genomes: a novel strategy to estimate gene duplication rates
Authors: Pan Deng , Zhang Liqing 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background
The rate of gene duplication is an important parameter in the study of evolution, but the influence of gene conversion and technical problems have confounded previous attempts to provide a satisfying estimate. We propose a new strategy to estimate the rate that involves separate quantification of the rates of two different mechanisms of gene duplication and subsequent combination of the two rates, based on their respective contributions to the overall gene duplication rate.

Results
Previous estimates of gene duplication rates are based on small gene families. Therefore, to assess the applicability of this to families of all sizes, we looked at both two-copy gene families and the entire genome. We studied unequal crossover and retrotransposition, and found that these mechanisms of gene duplication are largely independent and account for a substantial amount of duplicated genes. Unequal crossover contributed more to duplications in the entire genome than retrotransposition did, but this contribution was significantly less in two-copy gene families, and duplicated genes arising from this mechanism are more likely to be retained. Combining rates of duplication using the two mechanisms, we estimated the overall rates to be from approximately 0.515 to 1.49 × 10-3 per gene per million years in human, and from approximately 1.23 to 4.23 × 10-3 in mouse. The rates estimated from two-copy gene families are always lower than those from the entire genome, and so it is not appropriate to use small families to estimate the rate for the entire genome.

Conclusion
We present a novel strategy for estimating gene duplication rates. Our results show that different mechanisms contribute differently to the evolution of small and large gene families.
Position of the acetabular component determines the fate of femoral head autografts in total hip replacement for acetabular dysplasia
Authors: Atilla B. , Ali H. , Aksoy M. C. , Caglar O. , Tokgozoglu A. M. , Alpaslan M. 
Published: August 2007

We have reviewed 54 patients who had undergone 61 total hip replacements using bulk femoral autografts to augment a congenitally dysplastic acetabulum. There were 52 women and two men with a mean age of 42.4 years (29 to 76) at the time of the index operation. A variety of different prostheses was used: 28 (45.9%) were cemented and 33 (54.1%) uncemented. The graft technique remained unchanged throughout the series. Follow-up was at a mean of 8.3 years (3 to 20). The Hospital for Special Surgery hip score improved from a mean of 10.7 (4 to 18) pre-operatively to a mean of 35 (28 to 38) at follow-up. The position of the acetabular component was anatomical in 37 hips (60.7%), displaced less than 1 cm in 20 (32.7%) and displaced more than 1 cm in four (6.6%). Its cover was between 50% and 75% in 34 hips (55.7%) and less than 50% in 25 (41%). In two cases (3.3%), it was more than 75%. There was no graft resorption in 36 hips (59%), mild resorption in 21 (34%) and severe resorption in four (6%). Six hips (9.8%) were revised for aseptic loosening. The overall rate of loosening and revision was 14.8%. Overall survival at 8.3 years was 93.4%. The only significant factor which predicted failure was the implantation of the acetabular component more than 1 cm from the anatomical centre of rotation of the hip.
The relationship of the angle of immobilisation of the knee to the force applied to the extensor mechanism when partially weight-bearing
Authors: Khan W. S. , Nokes L. , Jones R. K. , Johnson D. S. 
Published: August 2007

We describe the influence of the angle of immobilisation during partial weight-bearing on the forces across the extensor mechanism of the knee. Gait analysis was performed on eight healthy male subjects with the right knee in an orthotic brace locked at 0°, 10°, 20° and 30°, with the brace unlocked and also without a brace. The ground reaction force, the angle of the knee and the net external flexion movement about the knee were measured and the extensor mechanism force was calculated. The results showed a direct non-linear relationship between the angle of knee flexion and the extensor mechanism force. When a brace was applied, the lowest forces occurred when the brace was locked at 0°. At 30° the forces approached the failure strength of some fixation devices. We recommend that for potentially unstable injuries of the extensor mechanism, when mobilising with partial weight-bearing, the knee should be flexed at no more than 10°.
Genetic influences in the aetiology of anteromedial osteoarthritis of the knee
Authors: McDonnell S. M. , Sinsheimer J. , Price A. J. , Carr A. J. 
Published: August 2007

We report a study of 112 patients with primary anteromedial osteoarthritis of the knee and their families. Sibling risk was determined using randomly selected single siblings. Spouses were used as controls. The presence of symptomatic osteoarthritis was determined using an Oxford knee score of ≥ 29 supported by a Kellgren and Lawrence radiological score of II or greater. Using Fisher’s exact test we found that there was a significant increased risk of anteromedial osteoarthritis (OA) relative to the control group (p = 0.031). The recurrence risk of anteromedial OA to siblings was 3.21 (95% confidence interval 1.12 to 9.27). These findings imply that genetic factors may play a major role in the development of anteromedial OA of the knee.
Certification of Creatinine in a Human Serum Reference Material by GC-MS and LC-MS
Authors: Dodder Nathan G , Tai Susan S-C , Sniegoski Lorna T , Zhang Nien F , Welch Michael J 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Background: To meet recommendations given by the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program for improving serum creatinine measurements, NIST developed standard reference material (SRM) 967 Creatinine in Frozen Human Serum. SRM 967 is intended for use by laboratories and in vitro diagnostic equipment manufacturers for the calibration and evaluation of routine clinical methods.
Methods: The SRM was produced from 2 serum pools with different creatinine concentrations. The concentrations were certified using a higher-order isotope-dilution GC-MS method and an isotope-dilution LC-MS method. The LC-MS method is a potential higher-order reference measurement procedure.
Results: The GC-MS mean (CV) concentrations were 67.0 (0.9%) μmol/L for serum pool 1 and 346.1 (0.45%) μmol/L for serum pool 2. The LC-MS results were 66.1 (0.2%) μmol/L and 346.3 (0.2%) μmol/L, respectively. For serum pool 1, there was a 1.4% difference between the mean GC-MS and LC-MS measurements, and a 0.10% difference for serum pool 2. The results from the 2 methods were combined to give the certified concentrations and expanded uncertainties.
Conclusions: The certified concentration (expanded uncertainty) of SRM 967 was 66.5 (1.8) μmol/L for serum pool 1 (a value close to the diagnostically important concentration of 88.4 μmol/L) and 346.2 (7.4) μmol/L for serum pool 2 (a concentration corresponding to that expected in a patient with chronic kidney disease).
Use of Piecewise Nonlinear Models to Estimate Variable Size-Related Mortality Rates
Authors: Maceina Michael J. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
I present a method and examples of a piecewise function in nonlinear regression to estimate size-related differential mortality using age- and length-based models for data collected from a Tennessee River (Alabama) population of blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus. The model is similar to catch curve regression but computes two slope coefficients that can be used to estimate mortality; these slopes meet at a joint (or knot) that estimates the age or length at which differences in mortality occur. The model is described as loge(Ni) = b0 − (b1 + b2)ti, where Ni is the number of fish collected for the ith age or length interval; ti is the age or relative age of the ith age or length interval; b0 is the intercept coefficient; b1 is the slope coefficient and is equal to b*1 when ti is less than or equal to the knot and 0 otherwise; b2 is a second slope coefficient and is equal to b*1 − b*2 when ti is greater than the knot and 0 otherwise; and b*1 and b*2 are estimated by the model. For these data, fish ranged in age from 3 to 25 years and ranged in total length (TL) from 301 to 1,291 mm. With this piecewise nonlinear approach, the fit between age or length and loge(Ni) improved over that determined with linear catch curves. For both age- and length-based structure data, annual mortality for small blue catfish ranged from 0.41 to 0.49 for younger and smaller fish (age ≤ 10 years; TL ≤ 684 mm). For larger, older fish (age = 11–25 years; TL &gt; 685 mm), annual mortality estimates ranged from 0.08 to 0.16. Observations of the fishery indicated that anglers harvested smaller blue catfish (&lt;562 mm TL); harvest of larger fish was nil, which probably accounted for the size-related differences in mortality. I provide a computer program to derive estimates of size-related mortality using piecewise nonlinear regression.
Effect of Relative Volume on Radio Transmitter Expulsion in Subadult Common Carp
Authors: Penne Christopher R. , Ahrens Nicholas L. , Summerfelt Robert C. , Pierce Clay L. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Expulsion of surgically implanted radio transmitters is a problem in some fish telemetry studies. We conducted a 109-d experiment to test the hypothesis that variation in relative volume of transmitters surgically implanted in subadult common carp Cyprinus carpio would affect transmitter expulsion. We also necropsied fish at the end of the experiment to evaluate histological evidence for the mechanism of expulsion. Survival rate was high during our experiment; all control fish and 88% of the fish subjected to the implantation surgery survived. Expulsion rate was low; of the 23 fish that received transmitters and survived the experiment, only two (9%) expelled the transmitters. One of these expulsions occurred through a rupture of the incision and the other occurred via the intestine. Retained transmitters were all encapsulated by tissue, and most exhibited multiple adhesions to the intestine, gonads, and body wall. Adhesions were more numerous in fish that received larger transmitters.
Linking Adult Reproduction and Larval Density of Invasive Carp in a Large River
Authors: DeGrandchamp Kelly L. , Garvey James E. , Csoboth Laura A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIdentifying how temporal variation in the environment affects reproductive success of invasive alien species will aid in predicting future establishment and tracking dynamics of established populations. Asian carp Hypophthalmichthys spp. have become a nuisance in recent years in the Mississippi River basin. Their populations are apparently expanding, indicating favorable conditions for reproduction. During 2004 and 2005, we quantified mean density of Asian carp larvae, mean monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) of adult males and females, and number of eggs within mature females in the lower Illinois River, a major tributary of the Mississippi River. A flood (water velocity ≥ 0.7 m/s) and drought (<0.2 m/s) occurred during apparent spawning in 2004 and 2005, respectively. During 2004, Asian carp larvae were found during 32% of sampling weeks; mean GSI and fecundity were relatively low for adults, probably reflecting partially spawned individuals and perhaps low reproductive investment. During the drought of 2005, larval stages were present during only one (5%) of the sampling weeks, whereas mean GSI and fecundity of adults were high through summer. Females resorbed their eggs instead of spawning during this year. Spawning conditions during low water periods appear to be unsuitable for Asian carps, inhibiting adult spawning and yielding few larvae. Spawning conditions during 2004 were better but still yielded low densities of larvae relative to native fishes. Reproduction in the lower Illinois River appears to be linked to river flow and its impact on adult spawning decisions, but conditions for strong year‐class production (i.e., high larval densities) may be rarer than previously expected.
Some Aspects of the Endocrine Profile and Management of Hormone-Dependent Male Breast Cancer
Authors: Dimitrov Nikolay V. , Colucci Philomena , Nagpal Sunil 
Published: August 2007

Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify some differences in the endocrine profiles of male and female breast cancer patients.Describe the importance of the endocrine profile in the management of male breast cancer.Assess different points of the endocrine profile for tailoring individual therapy.CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism and Lipids
Authors: Balk Ethan M. , Tatsioni Athina , Lichtenstein Alice H. , Lau Joseph , Pittas Anastassios G. 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE—A systematic review of the effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipid levels.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE and the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. Eligible studies were English language randomized controlled trials of chromium supplement intake ≥3 weeks, with ≥10 participants receiving chromium. All trials with glucose metabolism outcomes and trials of individuals with diabetes or glucose intolerance for lipid outcomes were included. Meta-analyses were performed as appropriate.
RESULTS—Forty-one studies met criteria, almost half of which were of poor quality. Among participants with type 2 diabetes, chromium supplementation improved glycosylated hemoglobin levels by −0.6% (95% CI −0.9 to −0.2) and fasting glucose by −1.0 mmol/l (−1.4 to −0.5) but not lipids. There was no benefit in individuals without diabetes. There were some indications of dose effect and differences among chromium formulations. Larger effects were more commonly observed in poor-quality studies. The evidence was limited by poor study quality, heterogeneity in methodology and results, and a lack of consensus on assessment of chromium status.
CONCLUSIONS—No significant effect of chromium on lipid or glucose metabolism was found in people without diabetes. Chromium supplementation significantly improved glycemia among patients with diabetes. However, future studies that address the limitations in the current evidence are needed before definitive claims can be made about the effect of chromium supplementation.
Prevalence and Management of Diabetes and Associated Risk Factors by Regions of Thailand
Authors: Aekplakorn Wichai , Abbott-Klafter Jesse , Premgamone Amorn , Dhanamun Bodi , Chaikittiporn Chalermchai , Chongsuvivatwong Virasakdi , Suwanprapisa Thanaruk , Chaipornsupaisan Weerayuth , Tiptaradol Siriwat , Lim Stephen S. 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and their association with cardiovascular risk factors and to evaluate the management of blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol in individuals with diabetes by geographical regions of Thailand.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—With the use of a stratified, multistage sampling design, data from a nationally representative sample of 37,138 individuals aged ≥15 years were collected using questionnaires, physical examination, and blood samples.
RESULTS—The prevalence of diabetes and IFG weighted to the national 2004 population was 6.7% (6.0% in men and 7.4% in women) and 12.5% (14.7% in men and 10.4% in women), respectively. Diabetes was more common in urban than in rural men but otherwise prevalence was relatively uniform across geographical regions. In more than one-half of those with diabetes, the disease had not been previously diagnosed, although the majority of those with diabetes were treated with oral antiglycemic agents or insulin. The prevalence of associated risk factors was high among individuals with diabetes as well as those with IFG. Two-thirds of those with diabetes and concomitant high blood pressure (≥130/80 mmHg) were not aware that they had high blood pressure, and &gt;70% of those with diabetes and concomitant high cholesterol (total cholesterol ≥6.2 mmol/l) were not aware that they had high cholesterol.
CONCLUSIONS—The prevalences of diabetes and IFG were uniformly high in all regions. Improvements in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes and associated risk factors are required if the health burden of diabetes in Thailand is to be averted.
BMI Versus the Metabolic Syndrome in Relation to Cardiovascular Risk in Elderly Chinese Individuals
Authors: He Yao , Jiang Bin , Wang Jie , Feng Kang , Chang Qing , Zhu Shanxiang , Fan Li , Li Xiaoying , Hu Frank B. 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations of BMI versus metabolic syndrome with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in elderly Chinese individuals.
RESEACH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study in an urban sample of 2,334 elderly subjects (943 men and 1,391 women). Subjects were classified by BMI (≤18.5, &lt;24, &lt;28, and ≥28 kg/m2) and the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome, which was defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. CVDs included clinically diagnosed coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
RESULTS—The prevalence rates of overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and metabolic syndrome according to the IDF criteria were 56.3% (53.9% in men and 57.9% in women) and 46.3% (34.8% in men and 54.1% in women), respectively. Increasing BMI was strongly associated with a higher risk of CHD, stroke, and PAD even after adjustments for metabolic syndrome and other CVD risk factors. Stratified analysis of participants with or without metabolic syndrome showed that BMI was independently associated with CHD, stroke, and PAD.
CONCLUSIONS—Both overweight and metabolic syndrome are highly prevalent in this elderly Chinese population. BMI, as a measure of overall adiposity, is strongly associated with increased prevalence of CVD independent of metabolic syndrome.
Folic Acid Does Not Improve Endothelial Function in Obese Children and Adolescents
Authors: Peña Alexia S. , Wiltshire Esko , Gent Roger , Piotto Lino , Hirte Craig , Couper Jennifer 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE—Obese children have severe endothelial dysfunction as measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). We have shown that folic acid normalizes endothelial function in children with type 1 diabetes who have a similar degree of endothelial dysfunction but lower total plasma homocyst(e)ine (tHcy) and higher folate status. Our aim was to evaluate, for the first time, the effect of folate supplementation on endothelial dysfunction in obese children.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 53 obese subjects (26 male, mean ± SD age 13.3 ± 2.2 years, and BMI Z score 2.29 ± 0.25) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial of oral folic acid (5 mg/day) or placebo for 8 weeks. Before and after the intervention, we assessed endothelial function (FMD), smooth muscle function (glyceryl trinitrate–induced dilatation [GTN]), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tHcy, serum folate, red cell folate (RCF), and lipids.
RESULTS—There were no group differences at baseline. FMD did not change with the intervention (folic acid group pre- and postintervention: 6.42 ± 5.03 and 6.56 ± 4.79%, respectively, vs. placebo group: 5.17 ± 3.54 and 5.79 ± 4.26%, respectively; P = 0.6). Folate supplementation increased serum folate and RCF by 18.4 nmol/l (P &lt; 0.001) and 240.1 nmol/l (P &lt; 0.001), respectively, and decreased tHcy by 0.95 μmol/l (P = 0.008). The intervention did not change GTN, hsCRP, or lipids.
CONCLUSIONS—Folic acid supplementation does not improve endothelial function in obese children without diabetes despite increasing folate status and reducing tHcy. This is in contrast to the response to folate in children with type 1 diabetes.