bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ottoman Administration of the Spice Trade in the Sixteenth-century Red Sea and Persian Gulf
Authors: Casale Giancarlo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFollowing the Ottoman conquest of Egypt and the Levant in 1516-17, administrators of the empire began to experiment with several innovative strategies to increase the total volume of the spice trade between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean, and to maximize the state's share of its revenues. These became progressively more sophisticated over time, until by the end of the 1560s a comprehensive infrastructure was in place, including a rationalized empire-wide tax regime for regulating private trade, a network of "imperial factors" who bought spices for the sultan in overseas emporiums, and an annual convoy of spice galleys that shipped cargoes of state-owned pepper from the Yemen to the markets of Egypt and Istanbul. All of this, combined with natural advantages of geography and the goodwill of Muslim traders in the Indian Ocean, enabled the Ottomans to mount a formidable challenge to the "pepper monopoly" of the Portuguese Estado da India. À la suite de la conquête ottomane de l'Égypte et du Levant en 1516-17, les administrateurs de l'empire commencèrent à mettre en application diverses stratégies novatrices dans le but d'augmenter le volume total du commerce des épices entre l'océan Indien et la Méditerranée et de maximiser la part de l'État dans ses revenus. Ces stratégies se perfectionnèrent avec le temps et vers la fin des années 1560 une infrastructure complète était en place, incluant un régime fiscal repensé à l'échelle de l'empire afin de réglementer le commerce privé, un réseau de "facteurs impériaux" achetant des épices pour le compte du sultan dans les comptoirs d'outremer et un convoi annuel de galères transportant du Yémen aux marchés de l'Égypte et d'Istanbul des cargaisons de poivre appartenant à l'État. Grâce à tous ces éléments, de même qu'à leurs avantages géographiques naturels et à la disposition favorable des marchands musulmans dans l'océan Indien, les Ottomans purent présenter un défi de taille au "monopole sur le poivre" de l'Estado da India portugais.
Time, Political Analogies and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution
Authors: Nyyssönen Heino 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe paper focuses on one of the most debated events in Cold War Europe, the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, and how its memory has influenced Hungarian political thought. We follow the discussion until mid-1990s and study memory and analogy in politics. We examine analogy on the basis of the theory of new rhetoric and with the help of Reinhart Koselleck's writings. In new rhetoric, analogy is not an equality of two relations but belongs to associative strategies of argumentation. These strategies add together separate elements and construct arguments, which either increase of decrease the possibility of accepting the argument.For my approach I have separated two kinds of analogies: those, which contemporary political actors have made during the great moments of history, and those analogies found afterwards by different political actors. Finally, we discuss the temporal nature of the analogy itself. Although analogies depend on audiences, weak analogies also reveal a lack of political skills.The analogy of 1848 has been the most common in Hungary, but also other years, like 1919 and 1945, have been used in political argumentation. There is evidence, for example, of how Communists compared 1956 to 1919 to legitimize their political actions.
Reading Time: The Ideology of Time Travel in Science Fiction
Authors: Burling William 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay argues for the existence and ideological significance of two principal variants of time travel form in science fiction (SF): the temporal dislocation form and the temporal contrast form. The principle examples for discussion are, respectively, Stephen Baxter's manifold: time (2000) and Marge Piercy's Woman on the Edge of Time (1976), though the case is bolstered by additional references to other SF works. Drawing on the work of theorists such as Adorno, Benjamin, Žižek, and Jameson, the argument then considers more broadly the connection between ideology and ontology implicit in these time travel forms. The essay concludes with a critique of the assumptions by which time travel SF stories are created, studied, taught, and read by SF writers and academics, as well as general readers.
"Between Orientalism and Postmodernism: The Changing Nature of Western Feminist Thought Towards the Middle East"
Authors: Hamid Shadi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract1980s postmodernism provided a viable theoretical alternative to existing discourses. Where pre-postmodern second-wave feminism subscribed to prescriptive notions of what a woman should or should not be, postmodern feminists (or post-feminists) instead articulated a much more diverse, malleable, morally and culturally relative notion of what it means to be a woman. This new relativist approach meant that feminists were now making a conscious effort to engage with third-world women in a way that acknowledged cultural particularities. Today Muslim women are struggling to find a place for themselves. Western feminists have the potential to play an important role in the process of change in the Muslim world. The nature of this role has yet to be determined. In recent decades, Western feminists have had a tendency to superimpose their own culturally specific notions of equality on the Muslim world. Now, there is the risk that a new generation of postmodern intellectuals will decide to slowly disengage. With this in mind, finding the middle ground has never been more urgent.
Damascene Shahrazād: The Images of Women in Zakariyyā Tāmir's Short Stories
Authors: Kayyal Mahmoud 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTāmir describes the other/the woman as a realistic character who reflects the maladies of Arab society, and as an ideal image that fulfills his vision of an egalitarian and liberal society. In both instances, he emerges as an author who is highly critical of the status of women and attitudes toward them in traditional and conservative Arab society. In his early collections, the author's descriptions of the submissive and obedient woman, who suffers the violence and tyranny of men in a patriarchal society, are grotesque and ironic. To escape this harsh reality, he feels the need for fantasies, the center of which is the mythical woman who at times appears as part of nature, bestowing tranquility on man at times of crisis, and at others resembles Shahrazād, equal to man and his partner. In his later collections, women are no longer passive and dependent on men; they are independent, have initiative and are liberated from all the traditional norms and taboos, particularly sexual ones.
The construction of an authoritative text: Peter Kolb's description of the Khoikhoi at the Cape of Good Hope in the eighteenth century
Authors: Good Anne 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPeter Kolb (1675–1726), a German astronomer and mathematician, was an unlikely candidate to write the book that became the most well-known source of the Cape of Good Hope and the Khoikhoi in the eighteenth century. This essay uses Kolb's work as a case study for the transformation of one man's personal observations into a variety of works that were quite different from the originals in scope and intention. First, the essay discusses the genesis of Kolb's book, Caput Bonae Spei Hodiernum, and focuses on the Khoikhoi. I argue that Kolb's genius lies in emphasizing communalities among Europeans and Khoikhoi, as well as the rationality of Khoikhoi customs. The second part of the essay establishes that Kolb's book did indeed become the most authoritative source of the Cape in the eighteenth century. Over the course of that century, the book was radically modified in translations and abridgements to cover only certain essential topics, and increasingly to emphasize the otherness of the Khoikhois.
Travel writing and humanistic culture: A blunted impact?
Authors: Rubiés Joan-Pau 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn influential historiographical tradition has opposed the accounts of extra-European worlds produced by sixteenth-century travel writers to the concerns of humanists and other European men of learning, even detecting a 'blunted impact' up until the eighteenth century, when the figure of the philosophical traveller was proclaimed by Rousseau and others. It is my argument that this approach is misleading and that we need to take account of the full influence of travel writing upon humanistic culture in order to understand how the Renaissance eventually led to the Enlightenment. A first step consists in analysing the collective impact of accounts of America, Africa and Asia, rather than opposing the 'New World' to other areas. Moreover, whilst quantitative estimates offer a route for the assessment of 'impact', it is the qualitative aspect which is most clearly central to the cultural history of the period. Even 'popular' observers were often subtly influenced by concepts and strategies formulated by the intellectual elites. Under close scrutiny, it appears that humanists—and here I adopt a broad definition—had a crucial role in the production and consumption of travel accounts, as editors and travel collectors, as historians and cosmographers, and eventually—from the turn of the seventeenth century—as 'philosophical travellers'. The article seeks to illustrate these roles with reference to some examples from the first phase of the encounter. In particular, the early accounts of the Columbian expeditions by Nicolaus Scyllacus and Peter Martyr of Anghiera can be shown to have elaborated Columbian material more faithfully than is usually understood to be the case. Similarly, the historiography of conquest published after the middle of the sixteenth century reveals the widespread application of humanist standards to the literature of encounter produced in the previous sixty years.
Reading travels in the culture of curiosity: Thévenot's collection of voyages
Authors: Dew Nicholas 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article explores the circulation and use of travel writings within the seventeenth-century "culture of curiosity", focusing on a figure at the heart of this milieu, Melchisédech Thévenot (? 1622–1692), and his edited Relations de divers voyages curieux (1663–1672). The Thévenot case reveals the importance of travel writing for the scholarly community in a period when the modern boundaries between disciplines were not yet formed, and when the nature of geographical knowledge was undergoing radical change. The collection, discussion and publication of the travel collection are shown to be part of the program of Thévenot's experimental "assembly" to investigate the "arts".
Making something of it: Questions of value in the early English travel collection
Authors: Fuller Mary 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the second half of the sixteenth century, experiences and narratives of English travel to distant places first began to matter enough to be collected and published. Tracing early accounts of West Africa and Muscovy through the several collections of Richard Eden (1553, 1555) and Richard Hakluyt (1589, 1600) allows for comparison of how different editors handled the same materials at different moments. The evidence suggests that both editors differentiated between the African and Russian materials according to perceptions of these materials' value, or meaning, for their own collecting and publishing projects. Looking at how this was so, and considering why it was so, provides a closer and more detailed look at how travel writing acquired value in the context of print; it also offers an an approach to the larger question of how Englishmen "read" the places and cultures they encountered, actually or virtually, outside of Europe.
Africans in the Quaker image: Anthony Benezet, African travel narratives, and revolutionary-era antislavery
Authors: Sassi Jonathan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article compares Anthony Benezet's influential 1771 antislavery tract, Some Historical Account of Guinea, with the sources from which he gleaned his information about Africa and the slave trade, the narratives published by European travelers to West Africa. Benezet, a Philadelphia Quaker and humanitarian reformer, cited the travel literature in order to portray Africa as an abundant land of decent people. He thereby refuted the apology that cast the slave trade as a beneficial transfer of people from a land of barbarism and death to regions of civilization and Christianity. However, Benezet employed the travel narratives selectively, suppressing contradictory evidence as well as controversial material that could have been used to construct an alternative depiction of African humanity. Nonetheless, Benezet's research shaped the subsequent debate over the slave trade and slavery, as antislavery writers incorporated his depiction into their rhetorical arsenal and proslavery defenders searched for a rebuttal.
Women and Wills: Sterility and Testacy in Catalonia in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
Authors: Taylor Nathaniel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAbundant surviving wills from before 1200 present medieval Catalan women as testators. Existing wills, as well as indirect evidence, including legislation and complaints about the mals usatges of exorquia (sterility) and intestia (intestacy), show the degree to which women enjoyed testamentary freedom even at a humble social level. Approximately twenty percent of pre-thirteenth-century (non-clerical) testaments are by women, though barriers to women's testamentary rights existed that were both traditional (rooted in Roman law) as well as new (the mals usatges). Women's wills more frequently indicate them as single (especially as widowed parents) than men's wills, thus supporting a traditional view of women as fiscally less independent than men. While some wills show women acting from positions of relative political strength or social independence (undertaking pilgrimages, even to Jerusalem, on their own initiative), the imposition of various restrictions on testamentary rights in the twelfth century reflects tightening limits of suchfiscal independence, especially for rural women of middling means.
Tecla Servent and the Borgias
Authors: Surtz Ronald 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSeveral prophecies of the late fifteenth-century visionary Tecla Servent involved her in the politics of her day. When the Duke of Gandía took a wife, his mother-in-law and later the Duchess herself sent for Tecla and asked her to pray that God bless the marriage with children. In one of her ensuing visions, Tecla saw the Lord place a child among the Duchess's skirts. Inasmuch as the Duchess of Gandía was a cousin of Ferdinand the Catholic and the Duke was the Pope's son, the conception of an heir was of utmost importance to papal-Aragonese relations. Through Tecla's prophecies, the private sphere of the visionary intersected with the public sphere of international politics.
The House on Sant Pere Street: Four Generations of Women's Land Holding in Thirteenth-Century Barcelona
Authors: McMillin Linda 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe house on Sant Pere Street on the outskirts of Barcelona, leased from the Monastery of Sant Pere de les Puelles in the early thirteenth century by the widow Ermessenda Montserrat and subsequently passed through three generations of her female decendents, provides a case study for exploring larger issues of women's land holding in the neighborhood of Barcelona dominated by the Monastery. An important landowner during the thirteenth century, the Monastery maintained archives holding over 500 parchments from the period. The majority of these documents concern the Monastery's exploitation of its land holdings through a complex network of leases and subleases. Women appear often as lessees acting both individually and in concert with other family members. A systematic study of this documentation reveals the vital role women played in the management of both urban buildings and agricultural lands. This study shows that the Montserrat women were representative rather than exceptional examples of women's participation in property holding in thirteenth-century Barcelona.
Unequal in Charity? Women and Hospitals in Medieval Catalonia
Authors: Brodman James 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis study asks whether charity in Catalonia had, in fact, any basis in gender, how treatment here compared with what historians have found in Italy, and what all of this says about the role that gender played within Catalan society. Late medieval Catalan charities assisted both men and women, but in different ways. Orphans, the sick, and the homeless of both genders received shelter and care, but, to some degree, males in these categories received more benefits than females. Other charity, such as assistance to poor, single women and to prostitutes, targeted females specifically and had no male counterpart. Gender considerations in the calculation of Catalan authorities seem to reflect an interest in promoting and preserving families and a social consciousness that privileged the so-called deserving poor over their marginalized sisters and brothers.
A Variscan slow-spreading ridge (MOR-LHOT) in Limousin (French Massif Central): magmatic evolution and tectonic setting inferred from mineral chemistry
Authors: Berger J. , Féménias O. , Mercier J.C.C. , Demaiffe D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Limousin ophiolite (French Massif Central) occurs as elongate bodies forming a (nearly) continuous suture zone between two major lithotectonic units of the French Variscan belt. The mantle section of the ophiolite is made of diopside-bearing harzburgite, harzburgite and dunite characteristic of a lherzolite-harzburgite ophiolite type (LHOT). The plutonic section is essentially composed of troctolites, wehrlites and gabbros locally intruded by ilmenite-rich mafic dykes. All the rocks were strongly affected by an ocean-floor hydrothermal metamorphism. The composition and evolution of primary magmatic phases (olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and spinel) throughout the lowermost magmatic sequence correspond to those described in oceanic cumulates (ODP data). The Limousin ophiolite is thus of MOR type instead of SSZ type. The whole lithological section, the mineral chemistry, the extensive hydrothermal oceanic alteration and the relatively thin crustal section are typical of a slow-spreading ridge ocean (i.e. Mid-Atlantic ridge). Comparison of the Limousin ophiolite with other ophiolites from European Variscides suggests that the oceanic domain was actively spreading during the Late Palaeozoic and extended from the Armorican massif to the Polish Sudetes.
57Fe Mössbauer effect study of bannisterite: a modulated 2:1-type phyllosilicate
Authors: E. A. Ferrow  
Published: June 2006

AbstractBannisterite is a modulated 2:1-type phyllosilicate having ten octahedral sites with hydroxyl groups in trans, cis and combined trans-cis configurations. Each octahedral site, depending on its proximity to the layer modulation, is exposed to a different degree of distortion. The electric field gradient at the Fe site and the site distortion are used to propose a model for the site assignment and oxidation mechanism in bannisterite. The results show that two models are compatible with the experimental results of fitting the spectrum of bannisterite. However, the model which allows for site distortion accounts better for the observed line overlap of the [6]Fe2+ sites. Accordingly, the octahedral sites with a greater degree of distortion are assigned to the [6]Fe2+ with lower electric quadrupole splitting, and the octahedral sites with lower site distortion are assigned to the [6]Fe2+ with higher electric quadrupole splitting. Moreover, the ease of oxidation decreases in the order trans > trans-cis > cis.
The crystal structure of perhamite
Authors: Mills S. , Mumme G. , Grey I. , Bordet P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe crystal structure of perhamite, (Ca,Sr)3Al7.7Si3P4O23.5(OH)14.1 8H2O, from the Emmons mine, Maine, USA, has been determined using single crystal X-ray data. The average structure has trigonal symmetry, Pml, with cell parameters a=7.021(1) Å and c = 20.218(1) Å. It was refined to R1 = 0.044 for 618 observed reflections. The structure comprises ordered blocks of crandallite-type structure, centred at z = 0, intergrown parallel to (001) with disordered aluminosilicate structure blocks centred at z = 1/2 to form a microporous structure containing large channels along [100]. These channels are bounded by 8-member rings of 6 tetrahedra (2 SiO4, 2 A1O4 and 2 PO4) and 2 A1O6 octahedra. Calcium atoms and water molecules are distributed in the [100] channels. A model was developed for the local ordering of silicon into the fractionally occupied sites in the (001) layer at z = 1/2 and this model was refined in space group P321 to R1 = 0.041 for 933 observed reflections. The dominant contributors to the local order are Si3O9 rings of corner-shared tetrahedra, together with Si2O7 pairs of tetrahedra. These units corner-link to (Al,Si)O4 tetrahedra above and below the plane at z = 1/2 to form 4-member rings, which in turn corner-share to PO4 tetrahedra in the crandallite blocks to give the 8-member rings. The analysis suggests that 5-coordinated Si may also be present in the (001) plane at z = 1/2.
Water-related IR characteristics in natural fibrous diamonds
Authors: Zedgenizov D. A. , Shiryaev A. A. , Shatsky V. S. , Kagi H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWater-related features were studied using infrared absorption spectroscopy in fibrous diamonds with micro-inclusions. Both OH-stretching and HOH-bending vibrations were observed. The lack of correlation between the intensities of HOH and OH bands in different samples and the complexity of the OH-stretching band indicate that a large fraction of water is present as hydroxyl groups in minerals.Heating and cooling experiments were performed to elucidate the properties of fluids in micro-inclusions in diamonds. The results of experiments at various temperatures support the presence of several water-related components in individual diamonds. These spectroscopic investigations of fibrous diamonds revealed two or more interrelated water-related components preserved in micro-inclusions. The existence of several water phases or water solutions with different salinity and solutes within one diamond crystal is possible.
An ephemeral pentasodium phosphate carbonate from natrocarbonatite lapilli, Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania
Authors: Mitchell R. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLapilli formed by a Strombolian eruption are associated with the formation of a large lava flow of natrocarbonatite on or about 21–22 July, 2000 at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania. Fresh lapilli consist of vesicular natrocarbonatite similar to that occurring in rapidly quenched lavas. The lapilli were altered at low temperature (<50°C) by degassing to aggregates of sodian sylvite, potassian halite, trona, thermonatrite and a novel F-bearing sodium phosphate-carbonate. The latter is considered to be a new mineral as it has a composition (Na5–4.5PO4(CO3,F,Cl) that is not similar to that of nahpoite (Na2HPO4), dorfmanite [Na2(PO3OH).2H2O] or natrophosphate [Na7(PO4)2F.19H2O]. However, in common with these minerals, it is ephemeral and undergoes rapid decomposition under normal atmospheric conditions. The sodium phosphate-carbonate and associated halide-sodium carbonate assemblages are considered to be a part of a previously unrecognized hyperagpaitic assemblage forming as sublimates at Oldoinyo Lengai.