bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some recent developments with light‐sensitive resin systems
Authors: Irving Edward , Stark B. Peter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo general approaches in the development of light‐crosslinkable resin systems with very good end‐properties are summarised: (1) photoinitiation of the cationic polymerisation of epoxy resins, and (2)‘dual‐functionality’ epoxies. The major known photoinitiators for epoxy cure are surveyed, and in particular various sulphonium salt types. Recent observations on sulphoxonium salts of different kinds, as new catalysts for the photo‐cure of epoxy resins, are described.
Fortifiers for epoxy‐amine systems
Authors: McLean Paul D. , Scott Robert F. , Garton Andrew 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe use of a range of additives is described which can increase the strength and modulus of cured epoxy‐amine systems by up to 70 per cent. These additives, called ‘Epoxy Fortifiers’, are liquids or low melting point solids which are incorporated into the resincuring agent mixture, prior to curing, at loadings of 10–40 parts per hundred of resin.
The use of generalizability theory to estimate data reliability in single‐subject observational research
Authors: Lei Pui‐Wa , Smith Maria , Suen Hoi K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDirect observation of behaviors is a data collection method customarily used in clinical and educational settings. Repeated measures and small samples are inherent characteristics of observational studies that pose challenges to the numerical estimation of reliability for observational data. In this article, we review some debates about the use of Generalizability Theory in estimating reliability of single‐subject observational data. We propose that it could be used but under a clearly stated set of conditions. The conceptualization of facets and object of measurement for a common design of observational research is elucidated under a different light. We provide two numerical examples to illustrate the ideas. Limitations of using Generalizability Theory to estimate reliability of observational data are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 433–439, 2007.
Errors of inference in structural equation modeling
Authors: McCoach D. Betsy , Black Anne C. , O'Connell Ann A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough structural equation modeling (SEM) is one of the most comprehensive and flexible approaches to data analysis currently available, it is nonetheless prone to researcher misuse and misconceptions. This article offers a brief overview of the unique capabilities of SEM and discusses common sources of user error in drawing conclusions from these analyses. We make recommendations to guide proper analytical practices and appropriate inferences and provide references for more advanced study. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 461–470, 2007.
Statistical reform: Evidence‐based practice, meta‐analyses, and single subject designs
Authors: Jenson William R. , Clark Elaine , Kircher John C. , Kristjansson Sean D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEvidence‐based practice approaches to interventions has come of age and promises to provide a new standard of excellence for school psychologists. This article describes several definitions of evidence‐based practice and the problems associated with traditional statistical analyses that rely on rejection of the null hypothesis for the establishment of invention effectiveness. Meta‐analysis as an approach to ascertain EBPs is reviewed along with the inherent difficulties associated with single subject design research such as autocorrelations. Four meta‐analytic approaches are reviewed which include Percentage of Nonoverlapping Data points (PND), the Busk and Serlin: Assumption models, ITSACORR, and Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). HLM is offered as the most promising approach for the analysis for single subject designs. Monte Carlo simulations are modeled with varying degrees of autocorrelations, differing numbers of data points, and simulated effects sizes to show that HLM is an acceptable approach for controlling the risk of Type I errors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 483–493, 2007.
Synthesis, characterization and photoinduction of optical anisotropy in liquid crystalline diblock azo‐copolymers
Authors: Forcén P. , Oriol L. , Sánchez C. , Alcalá R. , Hvilsted S. , Jankova K. , Loos J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDiblock copolymers with polymethyl methacrylate and side chain liquid crystalline (LC) azopolymethacrylate blocks were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The azobenzene content in these copolymers ranges from 52 to 7 wt %. For an azo content down to 20% they exhibit a LC behavior similar to that of the azo homopolymers. Thin films of these copolymers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A lamellar nanostructure was observed for azo content down to 20 wt %, while no structure is observed for the copolymer with a 7% azo content. The optical anisotropy induced in these films by illumination with linearly polarized 488 nm light was studied and the results compared with those of the azo homopolymer and of a random copolymer with a similar composition. The formation of azo aggregates inside the azo blocks is strongly reduced in going from the homopolymer to the copolymers. Photoinduced azo orientation perpendicular to the 488 nm light polarization was found in all the polymers. The orientational order parameter is very similar in the homopolymer and in the block copolymers with an azo content down to 20 wt %, while it is much lower in the random copolymer and in the 7 wt %. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1899–1910, 2007
Structural and functional characterization of binding sites in metallocarboxypeptidases based on Optimal Docking Area analysis
Authors: Fernández Daniel , Vendrell Josep , Avilés Francesc X. , Fernández‐Recio Juan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe metallocarboxypeptidases (MCPs) belonging to the clan MC were studied by the Optimal Docking Area (ODA) method to evaluate protein–protein binding sites and to provide a basis for the identification of binding partners for this class of enzymes. The ODA method identifies surface patches with optimal desolvation energy based on the selection of low‐energy docking regions, generated from a set of surface points around the protein. With few exceptions, the ODA method identified surface patches with a significant low‐energy docking surface for all the MCPs with known three‐dimensional structure. Overall, in 14 out of 24 cases, the detected ODA patches were correctly located (i.e. more than 50% of the predicted residues were in known protein–protein binding sites), yielding a global success rate of 58%. More specifically, the success rate increased up to 80% on the ODA patches detected for the catalytic domains of the M14A subfamily, independently on the partner. Interestingly, the ODA residues on the catalytic domain were correctly located in the interface with the N‐terminal pro domain in all MCPs. The spatial distribution of the ODA patches for the different members of the family is in relation to the origin and function of the particular MCP, which allowed distinguishing between them. In good agreement with the experimentally characterized protein interfaces, the total average surface area of the theoretically derived ODA patches for the catalytic domain of MCPs is around 1700 Å2and their content in hydrophobic residues is about 40%. As a particular case, the average surface area of the ODA patches in MCPs of crop insect pests is about twice that of the MCPs of vertebrates, which might be related to their particular function. We recognized two binding regions for the catalytic domain of the MCPs, one of them accounting for nearly all the known intermolecular interactions made up by the enzymes. Protein inhibitors seem to have evolved to dock on this subset of ODA patches, evoking the binding mode of the N‐terminal pro domains. The second binding region detected, for which no ligands have been identified so far, seems to be related to the acquisition/maintenance of the native structure of the peptidase. Overall, the ODA method has been successful in identifying low‐energy docking areas in a set of structurally and functionally related proteins, suggesting that it can be easily extended to other families in the search for protein–protein binding sites and for their functional significance. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiability of Lieb functional in electronic density functional theory
Authors: Lammert Paul E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA solid understanding of the Lieb functional FL is important because of its centrality in the foundations of electronic density functional theory. A basic question is whether directional derivatives of FL at an ensemble‐V‐representable density are given by (minus) the potential. A widely accepted purported proof that FL is Gâteaux differentiable at EV‐representable densities would say, “yes.” But that proof is fallacious, as shown here. FL is not Gâteaux differentiable in the normal sense, nor is it continuous. By means of a constructive approach, however, we are able to show that the derivative of FL at an EV‐representable density ρ0 in the direction of ρ1 is given by the potential if ρ0 and ρ1 are everywhere strictly greater than zero, and they and the ground state wave function have square integrable derivatives through second order. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
What they know vs. what they do: how acquirers leverage technology acquisitions
Authors: Puranam Phanish , Srikanth Kannan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExisting research suggests that in acquisitions of small technology‐based firms by large established firms post‐merger integration both enables and hinders acquirers' efforts to leverage the technology of acquired firms. This apparent paradox can be resolved once we account for the qualitatively distinct ways in which acquirers leverage technology acquisitions. Integration helps acquirers use the acquired firm's existing knowledge as an input to their own innovation processes (leveraging what they know), but hinders their reliance on the acquired firm as an independent source of ongoing innovation (leveraging what they do). We also show that experienced acquirers are better able to mitigate the disruptive consequences of the loss of autonomy entailed by integration, though we find no evidence that they achieve greater coordination benefits from integration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processes that contribute to resilience among youth in foster care
Authors: Drapeau Sylvie , Saint‐Jacques Marie‐Christine , Lépine Rachel , Bégin Gilles , Bernard Martine 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe objective of this qualitative research is to better understand the processes that contribute to resilience among adolescents in foster care. Twelve boys and girls (X=15.9 years), identified as resilient, participated in this study. The mean duration of the teenagers’ placement is 7.3 years. The results point to three types of turning points: action, relation and reflection. Four processes, directly or indirectly linked to the turning point, have also been identified: increase in perceived self‐efficacy, distancing oneself from the risks, new opportunities, and the multiplication of benefits.
Diagnostic criteria and follow‐up parameters in complex regional pain syndrome type I – a Delphi survey
Authors: Brunner Florian , Lienhardt Stephanie B. , Kissling Rudolf O. , Bachmann Lucas M. , Weber Ulrich 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground: Although the current clinical guideline of diagnostic criteria for the complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I) is a landmark endeavour to define this complex condition it does not prioritise its most important clinical manifestations.Aim: We set out to obtain an expert agreed priority list of diagnostic and follow‐up parameters in the diagnosis and management of CRPS I.Methods: A two round Delphi survey: We asked international experts to list (first round) and weight (second round) parameters (scale 1–10) they believed to be relevant in diagnosis and follow‐up. Median ratings and interquartile ranges (IQR) were calculated. Rates ≥7 and IQR ≤3 depicted important and expert agreed parameters.Results: Thirty‐two diagnostic and 23 follow‐up listings and ratings of 13 experts were available for analysis. In three domains (clinical presentation, further examinations and follow‐up) experts agreed on the following parameters, pain (10; 9–10) with its subcategories hyperesthesia (7; 5–8) hyperalgesia (8; 8–8) and allodynia (8; 7–10), signs with oedema (9; 8–10) and colour change (8; 5–8) and mobility with its categories motor change (7; 5–8) and decreased range of motion (8; 8–8). The experts agreed that no further examinations were necessary for diagnosis (10; 8–10). The agreed important follow‐up parameter was clinical course (10; 8–10) with its categories decrease in pain (8; 8–9) and hyperalgesia (8; 6–8), decreased oedema (8; 7–10) and improvements in motor function (10; 8–10) and strength (8; 6–9).Conclusion: This expert survey conveys an agreed set of relevant diagnostic parameters of CRPS I and proposes that in follow‐up examinations treatment success should be based on restoration of those manifestations.
Predictive factors of chronic pain and disability in whiplash: A Delphi poll
Authors: Miró Jordi , Nieto Rubén , Huguet Anna 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to establish consensus on what factors might predict chronic pain and disability in whiplash injuries following motor vehicle collisions.A Delphi poll involving two rounds of data collection was used as a way to reach consensus among participating experts.Participating experts identified several physical, historical, psychological, and behavioral response factors that they believed were related to the development of chronic pain and related disability in people who have developed whiplash‐associated disorders. These included: (1) prior history: previous history of chronic pain; (2) physical factors: high severity of injury, presence of constant neck pain since the accident; (3) psychological factors: belief that pain mean danger and that he or she should avoid exercise, tendency to somatize, to have positive thoughts about pain, catastrophic thinking, low self‐efficacy expectancies, and to have symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorders; and (4) behavioral responses to symptoms: avoidance of activities that involve moving the neck through fear of experiencing more pain, and restriction in the use and movement of the neck.These findings may be used to help identify the specific domains that should be assessed in studies seeking to predict which individuals are at risk to develop chronic pain and disability following initial whiplash‐associated disorders sustained in crash. If these results are supported by future studies, then they could be used to help develop intervention programs that could prevent long‐term pain and disability in whiplash patients who are considered to be at risk to develop chronic disabling pain problems.
Brushing cytology in cutaneous lesions of the head and neck
Authors: Tamiolakis D , Proimos E , Perogamvrakis G E , Skoulakis C E , Georgiou G C , Papadakis C E 
Published: April 2007

Background: Brushing cytology is a well established diagnostic procedure used by gynaecologists, physicians and surgeons to obtain representative samples from lesions. Our aim was to evaluate its reliability in ulcerative and tumour-like conditions arising in the skin of the head and neck.Methods: Over 28 months, 86 patients with suspected cutaneous malignant lesions underwent a cytological examination with a cytobrush within the otolaryngology department.Results: Cytological analysis identified 63 out of 64 histologically documented malignant tumours (60 primary basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas and three metastatic adenocarcinomas), and 21 out of 22 benign lesions. There was one false positive and one false negative result.Conclusions: Brushing cytology of suspected cutaneous malignant lesions is a rapid and reliable diagnostic method which helps the clinician to decide on appropriate planning and treatment. The technique can be performed as an out-patient procedure, and smear preparation can be done in the laboratory, even at a peripheral hospital.
12R-lipoxygenase deficiency disrupts epidermal barrier function
Authors: Epp Nikolas , Fürstenberger Gerhard , Müller Karsten , de Juanes Silvia , Leitges Michael , Hausser Ingrid , Thieme Florian , Liebisch Gerhard , Schmitz Gerd , Krieg Peter 
Published: April 2007

12R-lipoxygenase (12R-LOX) and the epidermal LOX-3 (eLOX-3) constitute a novel LOX pathway involved in terminal differentiation in skin. This view is supported by recent studies showing that inactivating mutations in 12R-LOX and eLOX-3 are linked to the development of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. We show that 12R-LOX deficiency in mice results in a severe impairment of skin barrier function. Loss of barrier function occurs without alterations in proliferation and stratified organization of the keratinocytes, but is associated with ultrastructural anomalies in the upper granular layer, suggesting perturbance of the assembly/extrusion of lamellar bodies. Cornified envelopes from skin of 12R-LOX–deficient mice show increased fragility. Lipid analysis demonstrates a disordered composition of ceramides, in particular a decrease of ester-bound ceramide species. Moreover, processing of profilaggrin to monomeric filaggrin is impaired.
This study indicates that the 12R-LOX–eLOX-3 pathway plays a key role in the process of epidermal barrier acquisition by affecting lipid metabolism, as well as protein processing.
Dynamical Computation of the Equatorial Current System of the Pacific, with Special Application to the Equatorial Undercurrent
Authors: Hidaka Koji , Nagata Yutaka 
Published: April 2007

Summary
The currents near the equator are treated by solving the dynamical equations for the steady-state involving terms of Coriolis force, pressure gradient, and horizontal and vertical mixing. The coefficients of horizontal and vertical mixing are estimated at 108 and 102 c.g.s. respectively and are constant everywhere. The distribution of mean wind-stress and mean pressure are computed from observed data. The result shows an eastward current below the surface near the equator, and it seems to give an explanation of the equatorial undercurrent.
Determination of the Earth's Gravitational Potential from Observations on Sputnik 2 (1957β)
Authors: Cook A.H. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
R.A.E. observations of the rate of rotation of the orbital plane of Sputnik 2 are combined with Jeffreys's (1943, 1952) equations for the coefficients J and D in the spherical harmonic expansion of the Earth's gravitational field to give revised estimates of J and D. The relative uncertainties of the results emphasize the great value of satellite observations and the need for a revision of the spherical harmonic analysis of surface gravity. Comparison of the value of e−1 with that deduced from the constant of precession indicates that the Earth is not in a hydrostatic state.
Confidence Set Inference with a Prior Quadratic Bound
Authors: Backus George E. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
In the uniqueness part of a geophysical inverse problem, the observer wants to predict all likely values of P unknown numerical properties z = (z1 ,…, zp ) of the earth from measurement of D other numerical properties y (0)= (y 1 (0),…, y D (0)), using full or partial knowledge of the statistical distribution of the random errors in y (0). the data space Y containing y (0) is D-dimensional, so when the model space X is infinite-dimensional the linear uniqueness problem usually is insoluble without prior information about the correct earth model x. If that information is a quadratic bound on x (e.g. energy or dissipation rate), Bayesian inference (BI) and stochastic inversion (SI) inject spurious structure into x, implied by neither the data nor the quadratic bound. Confidence set inference (CSI) provides an alternative inversion technique free of this objection. the first step in CSI is to estimate unmodelled systematic errors in y (0) and z. the second step is to choose any finite-dimensional subspace XN of X, and to use the prior quadratic bound to estimate the truncation error when the full data function F:X→ Y in the forward problem is approximated by restricting it to XN to give a finite-dimensional function FN :XN → Y. Step three calculates the eigenstructure (singular value decomposition) of FN . Step 4 uses this eigenstructure to find for each positive ρ≤ 1 a Neyman subset Kz (ρ) of the P-dimensional prediction space Z such that either the correct value of the prediction vector z is a member of the confidence set Kz (ρ) or an event has occurred whose probability was no more than ρ. In contrast to SI and BI, CSI offers no incentive for considering any value of P except 1. CSI is illustrated in the problem of estimating the geomagnetic field B at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) from components of B measured on or above the earth's surface. Neither the heat flow nor the energy bound is strong enough to permit estimation of Br at single points on the CMB, but the heat flow bound permits estimation of uniform averages of Br over discs on the CMB, and both bounds permit weighted disc-averages with continuous weighting kernels. Both bounds also permit estimation of low-degree Gauss coefficients at the CMB. the heat flow bound resolves them up to degree 8 if the crustal field at satellite altitudes must be treated as a systematic error, but can resolve to degree 11 under the most favorable statistical treatment of the crust. These two limits produce circles of confusion on the CMB with diameters of 25° and 19° respectively.
Least-squares collocation, geophysical inverse theory and geostatistics: a bird's eye view
Authors: Herzfeld Ute Christina 
Published: April 2007

Summary
Geodetical least-squares prediction and collocation, geophysical inverse theory, and geostatistics (the theory of regionalized variables) provide methods that from a theoretical point of view solve a common problem: a continuously defined spatial model is supported by only finitely many observations. The synopsis focuses on common methodological aspects as well as on differences in the underlying mathematical assumptions and their geological implications. Introductory examples familiarize with approaches specific to three earth science applications (least-squares collocation of gravity anomalies, geostatistical estimation of mineral resources, and spectral interpolation of marine magnetic anomalies).
Degeneracy, singularity and multiple solutions in geophysical inversion
Authors: Vasco D. W. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
The relationship between the parameters describing a geophysical experiment and the number of solutions to the inverse problem is explored. It is found that degenerate situations, such as an inherent symmetry in an experimental set up, can give rise to multiple or even an infinite number of solutions. Techniques are developed to determine the simplest multivariable polynomial which represents the essential properties of the misfit functional. From the polynomial, the stability of a given solution to an inverse problem may be evaluated. It is shown how to calculate additional terms necessary to represent all the possible perturbations of a given minima due to changes in the description of the geophysical experiment. These terms indicate the number and types of solutions to the inverse problem which result from such changes. An example, the earthquake location problem, is considered. For differering station configurations the nature of the solutions to the location problem behave dramatically different with respect to changes in station position.