bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Land Surface Heat Fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau Using GMS Data
Authors: Oku Yuichiro , Ishikawa Hirohiko , Su Zhongbo 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) originally developed for the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer was applied to Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS)-5 Visible/Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer data that were supplemented with other meteorological data. GMS-5, which is a geostationary satellite, recorded continuous hourly information. Surface temperatures obtained from the GMS-5 data were entered into SEBS to estimate the hourly regional distribution of the surface heat fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau. The estimated fluxes are verified by using corresponding field observations. The diurnal cycle of estimated fluxes agreed well with the field measurements. For example, the diurnal range of the estimated sensible heat flux decreases from June to August. This reflects the change of dry to wet surface characteristics resulting from frequent precipitation during the summer monsoon. Over the Tibetan Plateau, the diurnal range of the surface temperature is as large as the annual range, so that the resultant sensible heat flux has a large diurnal variation. Thus, the hourly estimation based on the GMS data may contribute to a better understanding of the land surface–atmosphere interaction in this critical area.
Thermal and Geometric Controls on the Rate of Surface Air Temperature Changes in a Medium-Sized, Midlatitude City
Authors: Tomita Tomohiko , Kusaka Hiroyuki , Akiyoshi Ryo , Imasato Yoshiyuki 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Gradual cooling in the evening forms a wintertime nocturnal urban heat island. This work, with a mesoscale model involving urban canopy physics, is an examination of how four thermal and geometric controls—anthropogenic heat QF, heat capacity C, thermal conductivity k, and sky-view factor ψs—modify the rate of surface air temperature changes ΔT/Δt. In particular, the time dependence is diagnosed through numerical experiments. The controls QF and k are major agents in the evening, when QF changes the evening ΔT/Δt linearly and k is logarithmic. The effects of C and ψs are large in the morning and in the afternoon with those of k. The impact of QF is, however, substantial only in the evening. Because the time dependence of C and k is different, the thermal inertia used as a parameter in the urban climate studies should be divided into two parameters: C and k. To improve the thermal environment in urban areas, the modification of QF and k could be effective.
Government Borrowing and Financial Markets
Authors: Budd Alan , Dicks Geoffrey , Keating Giles 
Published: March 2007

This paper considers two questions related to fiscal and monetary poticy in the United Kingdom. The questions are as follows:(i) How do shocks to the economy affect monetary growth?(ii) What effects do changes in the debt/income ratio have on the returns to financial assets?The first question has been previously in relation to the LBS model. The second question has become relevant now that attention is being directed to the possible long-run constraints on fiscal policy. We take the opportunity to study question (i) in response to recent developments of the LBS model. The most significant developments are firstly the incorporation of a model of the financial sector in the LBS model and secondly the ability to incorporate rational expectations into the determination of asset prices in financial markets.
Plant Closures and the Productivity ‘Miracle’ in Manufacturing
Authors: Oulton Nicholas 
Published: March 2007

There has been a considerable improvement in labour productivity in UK manufacturing in the 1980s. Manufacturing output per person employed rose at an annual rate of only 0.7 per cent between 1973 and 1979 but at 4.1 per cent between 1979 and 1985. However, the cause or causes of this improvement have not been generally agreed. Muellbauer (1986) suggested five principal hypotheses to account for the improvement (see also Mendis and Muellbauer, 1984):(1)Technology, in particular the of the microelectronic revolution.(2)Improved industrial relations, due in part to the decline of unionism caused by the recession of the 1980s and in part to the change in the laws governing trade unions brought in by the first two Thatcher governments.(3)Capital scrapping—the period 1973–80 may have been one of large-scale unrecorded scrapping, since large parts of the capital stock became obsolete after the oil price rises; slow growth of capital per person would have led to slow growth in output per person but these trends may have been reversed after 1981.(4)Labour utilisation—this was low during the recession but the subsequent recovery produced a biased measure of the true productivity picture.(5)Plant closures—the recession led to the closure of low productivity plants, thus automatically raising the average productivity level of the survivors. The analogy with a batting average has sometimes been drawn—if the tail-enders are not allowed to bat, the average, though not of course the total, score is likely to be higher.
Obtaining Estimates for the Standard Errors of Long-Run Parameters
Authors: Gurney Andrew 
Published: March 2007

Macro Modelling Notes is a new section of the Review, which we hope will appear on a regular basis. It will contain a small number of very short papers that have arisen from applied macro modelling work at the Institute or elsewhere. In the course of building and operating macro models, a large amount of information is used and produced that may never enter the public domain. This may be because the information is not substantial enough to justify a whole journal article, or because it is specific to the practice of using a macro econometric model. However this information is often of general interest to other economists, and is nearly always helpful to other macro modellers. This section is designed as an outlet for information of this kind, which might otherwise not be published in any readily accessible form.The three notes below provide three different examples of this type of note. The first involves econometric practice, and shows how long-run standard errors can be simply derived using standard regression techniques. The second presents some econometric results on export pricing obtained during normal ‘model maintenance’ of our world model GEM. The third considers the problem of setting terminal dates for a consistent expectations model.This new section of the Review is designed as a vehicle for all UK and overseas macro modellers, and therefore outside submissions are strongly encouraged. Submissions must be of about the length of the notes shown here, and contain relevant material that does not form part of a larger article soon to be published. Unlike Review articles, these notes will not normally be refereed, but the Editorial Board may consult expert advice when necessary.
Studies of the Movement of Wool Fibers in Fabrics During Felting
Authors: Makinson K. Rachel 
Published: March 2007

Two types of fabric, a tightly constructed worsted and a woolen of more open con struction, have been milled in laboratory stocks. Curves of (i) shrinkage in both warp and weft directions, as a function of time, and (ii) the mean displacement d of those fiber portions which have moved, also as a function of time, have been determined for each fabric. In the case of the worsted, the latter curve is linear for the first 5 hr of milling, although the former shows acceleration of the rate of shrinkage at about 2 1/2 hr. This indicates that fiber displacement is the primary result of milling and that shrinkage is a secondary result. From these curves the curve of linear shrinkage against d has been determined for each fabric. For the worsted this curve, after d has been corrected for shrinkage, consists of two linear regions. Their intersection marks a change in the mechanism of felting, which is also revealed by the appearance of straightened lengths of fibers and subsequently by the acceleration in the shrinkage-time curve. The configuration of the fibers as milling proceeds has been studied, and in the case of the worsted fabric additional curves have been determined, relating the fraction of the total fiber length which is straightened to the duration of milling, to d, and to the linear shrinkage. The induction period, an interval at the beginning of milling during which no shrinkage occurs, is also discussed.
The Mechanical Properties of Wool Fibers in Water at Temperatures Above 100° C
Authors: Mitchell T.W. , Feughelman M. 
Published: March 2007

The mechanical properties of normal and of chemically modified wool fibers in water were examined for temperatures up to 140°C. Marked changes in the mechanical properties of normal wool fibers occurs at temperatures around 130°C. At this tempera ture the Hookean modulus of the load-extension curve approaches zero, the x-ray diffraction pattern shows that the organized α-keratin structure of the wool is replaced by a randomized β-structure, unstrained fibers supercontract and the longitudinal swelling from dry to wet increases. Chemical modification of the fibers can alter the temperature at which these physical property changes occur. The set, dry-wet longi tudinal swelling and load-extension curves in water at 20°C of fibers held extended in water at temperatures up to 140°C were also examined. It is concluded that the α-helices stabilize the structure of the wool fibers longitudi nally by opposing both extension and swelling. The disappearance of the α-keratin structure for normal fibers at around 130°C results in a loss of this longitudinal stability. During setting of normal fibers, for temperatures less than 130°C, the modification only occurs in the unfolded structural components. The maximum modification (the best setting condition) occurred at 120°C, which was the highest temperature used below the "melting" temperature of 130°C.
Anomalous Lightfastness in Disperse-Dyed Systems and its Significance in Studies of Fading Mechanism
Authors: Giles Charles H. , Yabe Akihiko , Shah Champaklal D. 
Published: March 2007

A few dyes and fluorescent brightening agents of disperse type, in hydrophobic substrates, show anomalous fading characteristics, i.e., reduced lightfastness with in creased dye concentration, a reversal of the normal trend. Measurements, by the density gradient method, of the change of apparent specific gravity of dyed film material with change in dye concentration reveal a marked difference between the nature of this change as between anomalous and normal dyes. The effect is, therefore, due to physical changes in the substrate, probably in its porosity, produced in the dyeing process. The facts are consistent with the hypothesis that the anomalous dyes at moderate concentrations do not penetrate as deeply into the substrate structure as normal dyes do. They may tend to block the entrance to internal pores whereby the apparent specific gravity is reduced and, by remaining outside these pores, they are more readily accessible to air and moisture. The wider implication of the results is that changes in lightfastness, even as much as five-fold, can be produced solely by physical changes in the substrate structure.
A Catalyst System for Durable-Press Finishing Under Mild Cure Conditions
Authors: Kullman Russell M.H. , Cashen Norton A. , Reinhardt Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

A catalyst system effective for either precure or postcure durable-press finishing under curing mild conditions has been developed. Mixtures of ammonium chloride and phosphoric acid or certain organic acids provide adequate catalysis for finishing cotton or cotton-containing fabrics with carbamates or certain other nitrogenous agents under mild-cure con ditions. The catalyst mixtures are not as strong as the mineral acids which were originally required for mild-cure finish ing. As a result, less closely controlled curing conditions can be used. Furthermore, there is no additional strength loss if finished fabric is not immediately neutralized and washed after treatment as occurs with mineral acid catalysis. Advantage has been taken of this combination of features to propose a modified postcure durable-press finishing process. A "sensitized" material is produced by treating fabric impregnated with a cross-linking agent and catalyst mixture at 60-100°C. This material can be pressed to shape and postcured at 100°C to give fabric that is smooth and durably creased after laundering with either tumble- or line-drying. The combination of time and temperature that is operative in this postcure treatment is markedly less than that of the present, widely practiced, postcure process. The ammonium chloride/acid catalyst system also appears attractive for precure treatment of polyester/cotton blend fabrics with formaldehyde at mild-cure temperatures. Finished 50/50 polyester/cotton fabrics had durable-press ratings of 4 and above even after line-drying. Ratings of this level are generally difficult to obtain upon line-drying of synthetic- containing blends.
A Study of the Dyeing of Nylon 6 with Disperse Dyes from Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Solvents
Authors: Perkins Warren S. , Hall David M. 
Published: March 2007

Dyeing of nylon 6 (polycaprolactam) film from trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene with several purified dyes is reported. Rate curves and diffusion data indicate that the sorption of disperse dyes by nylon from these solvents is slower by 50-100 times their sorption by polyester. Dyes with polar substituents give higher partition coefficients, probably due to their lower solubility in the solvents and higher solubility in nylon 6 than in very nonpolar dyes. Very few of the dyes studied have partition coefficients which would make exhaust dyeing desirable; however, the possibility of synthesizing dyes or finding dyes which would have application to nylon does appear to exist.
Rice Hull Reinforced Building Boards Using Formaldehyde-Free Adhesive Resins Derived From Whey
Authors: Viswanathan Tito , Smith Mona , Palmer Hal 
Published: March 2007

The disposal of rice hulls from harvesting and use of rice, and the disposal of whey and whey permeate from the cheese industry represents a serious eco nomic and environmental problem. This project looks at the feasibility of pro ducing rice hull-reinforced particle boards using resins derived from whey permeate. Results indicate that low quality boards may be prepared using un- ground rice hulls, but may be improved by grinding the rice hulls and/or adding saw dust to the formulation. The proposed utilization of whey permeate in this manner would favor re placement of formaldehyde-based resins currently used in the forest products building board industry in addition to conserving non-renewable energy re sources in the form of petroleum and natural gas.
A Pilot Guidance Programme in Lagos State Schools
Authors: Shaikh M.S. 
Published: March 2007

Guidance and counselling as an essential part of education in developing countries is a progressive idea. Nigeria as a fast developing country is quite receptive to innovations in modem education. Lagos State has been pioneering a School Psychology Project for more than a decade. In this paper some of the professional and administrative problems of introducing school psychological services at secondary school level have been brought into focus with particular reference to the problems often confronted in a developing country.
A. Research Concerning Supervised Correspondence Study
Authors: Childs Gayle B. 
Published: March 2007

LET'S face it: The system of supervised correspondence instruction may be a wonderful tool administratively; it may have flexibility and adaptability in a thousand-and-one odd situations; it may look like the perfect answer to the problems of the small high school, the home-bound youngster, and so on. But, if it does not do a relatively successful job of teaching what is to be taught, all the rest is nothing. Therefore, in this chapter, let's look at some evidence: First, a summary of research on the subject, by one of the fore most students. Second, a more empitical description by one of the long-time leaders. And third, the evidence of success as it is shown in the steady growth of the movement.
Athletic Policies in High School and College
Authors: Archer John K. 
Published: March 2007

We believe in athletics as an important part of the school physical education pro gram. We believe that the experience of playing athletic games should be a part of the education of all children and youth who attend school in the United States. Participation in sound athletic programs, we believe, contributes to health and happiness, physical skill and emotional maturity, social competence and moral values.
"Close Contact"
Authors: Wasson J.E. 
Published: March 2007

"John M. was admitted to ... Hospital on December 25, 19... The smear from his sputum was positive for tuberculosis. Diag nosis : Pulmonary tuberculosis, moderately advanced, active. The case was reported to the Health Department, December 31, 19... "In accordance with the cooperative policies of the (local) schools and the County Health Department, school contacts are to be notified to report to the family doctor or a clinic for a tuberculin test."
Second Thoughts: The Editor Comments
Authors: Fuller Robert W. 
Published: March 2007

This month the editor offers in place of his own comments two short articles that have already appeared in other publica tions but probably have not been seen by most BULLETIN readers. It took no second thoughts on his part to decide that these were worth sharing, so permission to reprint was immediately re quested and willingly given. This, we grant, is not the place in the magazine where we normally place material of this sort, but these two pieces appeared in the editor's mail after this issue of the magazine had been set in type and organized for printing. Thus, instead of holding them for some later month we took ad vantage of the flexibility the editor has in paging his Second Thoughts to present them in February. Either article would do very well on its own, but since both in part are speaking to the same theme—unusual ways for using pupils' "wants to know" as templates for planning the content of instruction—the opportunity to present them together seemed a most happy coincidence. Each paper has more to it than this, but this alone is enough, I believe, to repay a schoolman for giv ing some of his reading time to them.
Students and Selective Service
Authors: Tarr Curtis W. 
Published: March 2007

Mr. Tarr listens to and talks with young people. This habit contributes to beliefs and policies expressed at the fifth general session of the Houston convention. The nation's goal should be an all-volunteer army. Because this isn't yet feasible, the new director of Selective Services will work to develop a more equitable draft program, to eliminate "channeling," and to phase out educa tional deferments. As for universal service for the nation's youth, Tarr points to serious draw backs, including the fact that "coercing young people is not necessarily the way to get their cooperation."
A New Telerobotic Application: Remote Laparoscopic Surgery Using Satellites and Optical Fiber Networks for Data Exchange
Authors: Rovetta Alberto , Sala Remo , Cosmi Francesca , Wen Xia , Milanesi Santo , Sabbadini Dario , Togno Arianna , Angelini Licinio , Bejczy Antal K. 
Published: March 2007

This article describes the significance in human, scientific, and technical terms of the first experiment in telerobotic surgery carried out between the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and the Telerobotics Laboratory of the Politecnico di Milano on 7 July 1993. An Italian robot in the Telerobotics Laboratory was remotely controlled by an Italian surgeon in the United States. The robot's task was to perform a surgical operation on a model containing a pig's organs, involving execution of a biopsy, aspi ration of organic material, and two incisions in preparation of laparoscopy. Transmission was effected by means of a double satellite link, with three transceiver stations: one in Italy, one close to New York, and one in Pasadena, and two geostation ary satellites, the first over the Atlantic and the second over the United States. The route length of the signals was 150,000 km in each direction, and the two centers are 10,000 km apart.
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes as Carbonization Agents in Intumescent Blends. Part 2: Thermal Behavior of Polypropylene/Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Ammonium Polyphosphate Blends
Authors: Bugajny Michel , Le Bras Michel , Bourbigot Serge 
Published: March 2007

Melt blending of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/ammonium polyphosphate (APP) additives in a polypropylene matrix improves fire proper ties of the polypropylene-based materials via an intumescence process. In this study, the protective effect of intumescence is studied considering the thermal stability of a particular FR PP/TPU/APP blend in the conditions of its thermo-oxidative degradation. Thermogravimetric analysis allows the computation of the degradation rate of a particular system using the Invariant Kinetic Parameters method. The study shows that a reaction between APP and TPU leads to the formation of the intumescent shield and gives a material with improved thermal stability. Finally, we present the computed temperature of the degradation front of the blend that is proposed as a probe for the estimation of the fire retardancy.
Clinical supervision: users' perspectives
Authors: Hadfield Denise 
Published: March 2007

■ The clinical supervision relationship is valuable for the development of good practice. ■ The necessary ingredients of clinical supervision are safety, impartiality, support, trust and respect. ■ Reflection of thoughts, feelings and actions allows debriefing, challenge and understanding. ■ The perceived outcomes of clinical supervision are personal, professional and clinical skills development. ■ Aligning clinical supervision with PREP may provide motivation for Nurses and Trusts.
Vibrational Cooling Process of S1 trans-Stilbene in Ionic Liquids Observed with Picosecond Time-resolved Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Iwata Koichi , Yoshida Kyousuke , Takada Yuta , Hamaguchi Hiro-o 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Vibrational cooling rates in room temperature ionic liquids were measured with picosecond time-resolved Raman spectroscopy. The 1570-cm−1 Raman band of the first excited singlet (S1) state of trans-stilbene was used as a “Raman thermometer.” The recorded vibrational cooling rates in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (emimTf2N) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (bmimTf2N) were close to those in ordinary molecular solvents despite a large difference in thermal diffusivity. The result is consistent with the assumption that local structures are formed in the ionic liquids.
Synthesis of Ni3C Nano-whisker from NiSO4 and Sucrose by Means of Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Kashiwagi Takeshi , Suzuki Naohisa , Niina Masashi , Nishiguchi Hiroyasu , Nagaoka Katsutoshi , Takita Yusaku 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Ni particles and Ni3C whiskers with a novel morphology, grew on the Ni–carbon composite by heat treatment at 1073 K in Ar. Ni–carbon composites were prepared by spray pyrolysis of a solution of sucrose and NiSO4 in Ar at 1073 K.