bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐year incidence rate of major depression and other psychiatric disorders in 239 alcoholic men
Authors: SCHUCKIT MARC A. , IRWIN MICHAEL , SMITH TOM L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe rate of depressive symptoms among alcoholics is high, but many of these syndromes appear to be alcohol‐induced mood disorders and might not represent major depressive episodes independent of heavy drinking. The present study examines one aspect of the relationship between alcoholism and depression by evaluating the incidence of new episodes of major depressive disorders among alcohol‐dependent men during the year following treatment. One year following discharge from an alcohol treatment program, structured face‐to‐face interviews were carried out with 239 primary alcoholic men, as well as additional informants. Approximately 4% of the men developed depressive episodes while drinking heavily, but only 2.1% demonstrated major depressions independent of heavy alcohol intake. There was no evidence of an increased incidence of any other major psychiatric disorder during the year of follow‐up. These results are consistent with prospective studies of children of alcoholics and of longitudinal evaluations of general population samples. They do not indicate that in the present sample most primary alcohol‐dependent men have elevated rates for major depressive disorders independent of alcohol‐induced mood syndromes. However, it is likely that in the context of heavy drinking severe, although temporary, depressive episodes are likely to be observed.
The effect of intake procedures on performance in methadone maintenance
Authors: BELL JAMES , CAPLEHORN JOHN R. M. , McNEIL DONALD R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe effect of assessment and intake procedures on the outcome of methadone maintenance treatment was investigated in a natural experiment in which a single methadone clinic admitted 89 patients by a rapid intake procedure, and 74 patients who had been on a waiting list and underwent formal assessment interviews. Outcome measures were frequency of illicit drug use as detected by urine tests, and risk of dropping out or being expelled from treatment. Subjects admitted after prolonged, formal assessment were more likely to be expelled, and were more than twice as likely to leave during the first 400 days of maintenance treatment (95% Cl relative risk 1.1 to 5.2). The odds of formally assessed subjects using heroin in the first 6 months of treatment were twice those of the rapid intake group (95% Cl odds ratio 1.5 to 2.2). The formal assessment process deterred half the initial applicants, yet seems to have either selected individuals with a worse prognosis or to have had a negative effect on in‐treatment performance
Social network, social support and heavy drinking in elderly men‐a population study of men born in 1914, Malmö, Sweden
Authors: HANSON BERTIL S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe analysed whether there were associations among different aspects of social network and social support, on one hand, and heavy drinking and alcohol problems on the other. The study sample (h = 621) comprised a random half of all male residents bom in 1914 in Malmö, Sweden. Five hundred (80.5%) participated. Heavy drinking was defined as an alcohol consumption above 250 g alcohol per week and alcohol problems were assessed by a modified Michigan Alcoholism Screening test. Eight conceptually differential aspects of social networks and social support were measured. Four of five social network indices (social anchorage, social participation, contact frequency, spousal support) were associated with heavy drinking (OR 1.9–2.5) and two social network indices (social anchorage, spousal support) were associated with alcohol problems (OR 2.1–2.3). The results in this study are independent of social class, but based on a cross‐sectional study, so we do not know if heavy drinking has caused social isolation or the contrary. If these results can be verified in a prospective study, a strengthening of the social network of the individual could perhaps lead to more moderate alcohol habits and better health, a finding of potential importance in the field of health promotion.
Drug‐related deaths between 1985 and 1992 examined at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Vienna, Austria
Authors: RISSER DANIELE , SCHNEIDER BARBARA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractConsidering the official figure on drug‐related deaths in Austria, the problem of substance abuse has dramatically worsened over the last years. There is a distinct lack of comprehensive information concerning drug‐related deaths in Austria, although deaths of drug users may be potentially important indicators of the extent of drug‐related problems in the population. The results of examinations performed on 372 deceased substance abusers at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Vienna between 1985 and 1992 are presented. Drug‐related deaths are defined according to the official definition issued by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs. A distinction was made between injecting drug users and non‐injecting drug users with respect to infectious diseases transmitted by sharing of paraphernalia. Between 1985 and 1992 there was a distinct increase in drug‐related deaths. In approximately 30% an accidental single substance intoxication, mainly due to morphine, was found. A connection with a better quality of street drugs is assumed but not proven. In 207 corpses more than one drug, including alcohol, was detected. During the investigation there was an evident trend towards multi‐substance abuse patterns. Furthermore, blood alcohol concentration, an additional risk factor for narcotic overdose, was strongly associated with higher age. The small number of examined drug injectors found positive for the human immunodeficiency virus type–1 (HIV‐1) makes it difficult to draw any kind of conclusion regarding the HIV‐1 seroprevalence among injecting drug users in Vienna.
Mandated AA attendance for recidivist drinking drivers: ideology, organization, and California criminal justice practices
Authors: SPEIGLMAN* RICHARD 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines 2877 municipal court drunk driving cases sampled from 1982 to 1989 in four California sites. Recidivist drinking drivers were those charged with driving under the influence and having two or more drunk driving convictions on their records. In two sites, virtually no AA referrals were made. In the others, in addition to jail terms and fines, judges ordered attendance at meetings of AA for 37–41 % of cases. Referral to AA was unrelated to blood alcohol level or number of prior drinking driving convictions. In one AA‐referring site, the data indicate that over 75% of drinking drivers convicted in the 1988–89 period were referred to AA by a judge or county probation or parole officer. These findings suggest that, as a whole, California sentencing policies lack a coherent framework. Instead of reflecting information on program effectiveness and offenders' needs, variation in sentencing appears to mark differences in local fiscal circumstances, levels of jail crowding and ideological orientations of judges and other officials. It is suggested that referral practices could have an adverse impact on both individuals' alcohol problems and on recovery programs.
Evidence that the Type 1/Type 2 dichotomy in alcoholism must be re‐examined
Authors: VAILLANT GEORGE E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStudies supporting Coloninger's original Type 1/Type 2 hypothesis for classifying the generic transmission of alcoholism have sometimes failed to control for important sources of potential bias. First, the environmental effects of parental alcoholism must be distinguished from the genetic effects of parental alcoholism. Secondly, antisocial personality disorder must be distinguished from alcohol dependence. Thirdly, to control for developmental effects a cohort of alcoholics should be followed into late mid‐life. The present report, a 50‐year prospective study of the development of alcoholism in two community samples of 456 disadvantaged youth and 204 Harvard graduates, addresses these three, potential sources of bias. In this report the age of onset of alcoholism and the degree of antisocial symptomatology was correlated with disturbed family environment but was quite independent of the presence or absence of a heredity positive far alcoholism. The reasons why such findings threaten the validity of the Type 1/Type 2 hypothesis are discussed.
Transitions between routes of administration of regular amphetamine users
Authors: DARKE SHANE , COHEN JULIA , ROSS JOANNE , HANDO JULIE , HALL WAYNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA sample of 301 regular amphetamine users was interviewed regarding transitions between routes of administration of amphetamines. Use of amphetamines by injecting was widespread, with two‐thirds (67%) of subjects having injected the drug during tin preceding 6 months. Needle‐sharing was common, with 41% of injectors having shared a needle in the month preceding interview. A transition to regular amphetamine injecting from other mutes of administration was reported by 40% of subjects, with males being twice as likely to report such a transition. The median number of such transitions was line. The main reasons given by subjects for the transition to injecting mere It king the “rush” from injecting, and seeing it as a more economical and a healthier way to use. A small proportion of subjects (9%) reported a transition away from injecting amphetamines, with a median of one such transition. The most common reason given for abandoning injecting was concern about vascular damage. Interventions, to encourage safer use of amphetamines need to address the misconceptions that injecting is more economical and more healthy, and to emphasise the vascular problems associated with injecting.
A treatment system for combined psychiatric and addictive illness
Authors: GALANTER MARC , EGELKO SUSAN , EDWARDS HELEN , VERGARAY MILAGROS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPatients with combined general psychiatric and addictive disorders are a major public health problem in the US, and are being increasingly recognized as such world‐wide. The authors describe a model treatment system for such patients in one municipal hospital in New York. It is composed of three complementary units: a locked ward, a halfway house and a day program. Treatment is based on a peer leadership approach coupled with professional treatment, and provides multiple levels of care to address the needs of respective patients. Of 464 admissions evaluated and treated, most were from disadvantaged minorities, homeless and abusers of cocaine. All were admitted with acute psychiatric or perinatal presentations, and carried Axis I diagnoses in addition to their substance abuse. Clinical experience over 6 years is reviewed, suggesting the feasibility of reorganizing general hospital psychiatric services to address the needs of the dually diagnosed.
Development of the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ): a questionnaire to measure alcohol and opiate dependence in the context of a treatment evaluation package
Authors: RAISTRICK DUNCAN , BRADSHAW JACKIE , TOBER GILLIAN , WEINER JEREMY , ALLISON JEFF , HEALEY CAROLYN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ) has been developed as pan of a treatment evaluation package. The LDQ is a 10‐item, self completion questionnaire designed to measure dependence upon a variety of substances; it has been shown to be understood by users of alcohol and opiates. The questionnaire was designed to be sensitive to change over time and to be sensitive through the range from mild to severe dependence; the follow‐up data are insufficient to demonstrate change over time, but are encouraging. It is expected that both clinicians and researchers will find it useful to have a single measure relating to substance use, but not limited by specific substances. All items are scored 0‐1‐2‐3; there are no normative data. The procedure for establishing content validity is described and estimates of concurrent, discriminant and convergent validities are reported; these validities are thought to be satisfactory. A principal components analysis produced a single factor accounting for 64% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94. Test‐retest reliability was found to be 0.95.
The alcohol content of self‐report and ‘standard’ drinks
Authors: LEMMENS PAUL H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA stubborn problem in alcohol epidemiology is that of standardization of unit of measurement. Consistent use of the ‘standard drink’ in research reports is hampered by difficulties in the assessment of the alcohol content of, particularly, self‐reported drinks. Alcohol content of a drink depends on strength of the beverage and volume of the glass or container from which the beverage is taken. Both factors vary considerably between times, regions and individuals. Interview protocols and questionnaires rarely take into account the fact that people consume alcoholic beverages from a large variety of glasses and containers. In the present study the common presumption is tested of equality of alcohol content of standard and self‐reported drinks. The test consisted of measuring the amount of wine, fortified wine and spirits people usually pour in the glass typical for the beverage type. The sample was drawn from the general Dutch population in 1985. The results show that on average self‐reported drinks taken at home contained more than the presumed standard (10 g per drink). The deviation was highest for spirits (+26%), followed by fortified wines (+ 14%) and host for wine (+4%). There seemed to be a positive relationship between deviation from ‘standard’ and strength of the alcoholic beverage. This result is in line with data on the coverage of sales data: aggregate, survey‐based spirits consumption shows the lowest coverage of sales. The effect of the difference between actual and presumed content of drinks on estimates of consumption is an overall increase of 7.5%, higher for women (+ 12%) than for men (+6%). Results are discussed with respect to the use of the concept of ‘standard unit’ in research protocols and health education campaigns.
Abuse of inhalants: a review
Authors: DINWIDDIE STEPHEN H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractInhalants, a chemically heterogeneous group of psychoactive substances found in adhesives, lighter fluids, spray paints, cleaning fluids and typewriter correction fluid, may be used by up to 10% of young people. This article reviews the health effects, epidemiology, risk of other substance use and addiction and psychiatric co‐morbidity associated with the practice of inhalant use.
Female alcoholism problems in Lesotho
Authors: MPHI MAMOLIEHI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper gives an overview of alcohol and alcohol‐related problems facing women in Lesotho, As in many other developing countries, the cultural position of women in Lesotho facilitates a vicious circle in which women are at one time brewers of alcohol, then sellers, then become excessive consumers due to the problems created by their drinking husbands. Married women encounter social censure if they drink, and termination of their marriages if they abuse alcohol. Culturally women are regarded as minors and depend on their husbands for economic survival, so that alcohol abuse can cause great hardship. Due to a lack of trained and specialized medical staff, women's particular and multi‐faceted treatment needs are largely unmet and no research is done on problems of female alcoholism.
Childhood exposure to alcohol and adolescent drinking patterns
Authors: FERGUSSON DAVID M. , LYNSKEY MICHAEL T. , HORWOOD L. JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the relationships between age at first exposure to alcohol and Jour measures of drinking behaviour (frequency of drinking, typical and most amount consumed, alcohol‐ related problems) at age 15 years in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. There were small but consistent correlations (r=− 0.10 to − 0.16) between self‐reported age at first exposure to alcohol and the four measures of alcohol consumption. These associations remained statistically significant (p<0.05) after control for a wide range of potentially confounding covariates including measures of family socio‐demographic background, parental alcohol use and attitudes to alcohol use and early childhood behaviour. After control for these factors, children who had been introduced to alcohol before the age of 6 yean were 1.9 to 2.4 times more likely to report frequent, heavy or problem drinking at age 15 years than children who did not drink alcohol before the age of 13. It is concluded that young people reared in home environments that have permissive attitudes to alcohol use and who are introduced to alcohol at an earlier age may be more vulnerable to alcohol‐related problems in adolescence.
Alcohol consumption, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. The United States as an example
Authors: GRANT BRIDGET F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper presents national estimates of alcohol consumption and DSM‐IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States, Fifty‐nao percent of the adults surveyed were classified as current drinkers and nearly 9.0% met criteria for DSM‐IV akohol abuse or dependence. Greater percentages of males and whiles were classified as current drinkers and as alcohol abusers or dependent, compared with females and non‐whites., respectively. There is a need for future epidemiological research to collect belter data on drinking patterns as an aid to interpreting socio‐demographic differentials and to estimate more precisely the association between alcohol consumption and abuse and dependence in multivariate statistical environments. The critical need to examine the unprecedented reversal of the abuse‐to‐dependence ratio resulting from the application of the DSM.‐IV classification is emphasized. The role of future longitudinal alcohol epidemiological research in elucidating the initiation and maintenance of consumption patterns and alcohol use disorders is stressed.
Opiates: prevalence and demographic factors
Authors: HARTNOLL RICHARD L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper focuses on the prevalence and profile of opiate use, primarily heroin, in the United States and Europe. Methods include representative population surveys, which understate prevalence, and targeted approaches, which reflect more problematic use. In the United States and Europe, the lifetime prevalence of opiate use reported in surveys remained stable over the 1980s (around 1%), though young adults report higher rates. Estimates for the early 1990s suggest that the prevalence of problematic heroin use in the United States was double the average for western Europe. However, in a few European countries prevalence is now approaching that of the United States. Rates in major cities are considerably higher, especially in the north‐east and south‐west of the United States. Higher prevalence is often, although not always, associated with socio‐economic deprivation. An important trend away from injecting is observed, notably in some European countries. Heroin availability and use, as well as serious heroin‐related consequences, are increasing again in many European countries after an apparent pause in the mid‐1980s. They are also increasing in parts of the United States. Heroin remains a public health priority, especially among vulnerable populations, including young people in central and eastern Europe.
Promoting benzodiazepine withdrawal
Authors: GABE JONATHAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a review of health promotion strategies to help people to stop using benzodiazepines. Four strategies are described and evaluated: health persuasion, personal counselling, state action and community development. It is argued that the first two strategies have been the most popular to date, especially among doctors, and have an important part to play in changing individual behaviour. Less consideration has been given to the other two strategies, but these are equally important if a comprehensive policy is to be developed concerned with social as well as individual change.
The treatment of benzodiazepine dependence
Authors: ASHTON HEATHER 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWithdrawal of benzodiazepines is currently advised for long‐term benzodiazepine users because of doubts about continued efficacy, risks of adverse effects, including dependence and neuropsychological impairment and socio‐economic costs. About half a million people in the UK may need advice on withdrawal. Successful withdrawal strategies should combine gradual dosage reduction and psychological support. The benzodiazepine dosage should be tapered at an individually titrated rate which should usually be under the patient's control. The whole process may take weeks or months. Withdrawal from diazepam is convenient because of available dosage strengths, but can be carried out directly from other benzodiazepines. Adjuvant medication may occasionally be required (antidepressants, propranolol) but no drugs have been proved to be of general utility in alleviating withdrawal‐related symptoms. Psychological support should be available both during dosage reduction and for some months after cessation of drug use. Such support should include the provision of information about benzodiazepines, general encouragement, and measures to reduce anxiety and promote the learning of non‐pharmacological ways of coping with stress. For many patients the degree of support required is minimal; a minority may need counselling or formal psychological therapy. Unwilling patients should not be forced to withdraw. With these methods, success rates of withdrawal are high and are unaffected by duration of usage, dosage or type of benzodiazepine, rate of withdrawal, symptom severity, psychiatric history or personality disorder. Longer‐term outcome is less clear; a considerable proportion of patients may temporarily take benzodiazepines again and some need other psychotropic medication. However, the outcome may be improved by careful pharmacological and psychological handling of withdrawal and post‐withdrawal phases.
Suicide among drug addicts in Norway
Authors: ROSSOW INGEBORG 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe impact of drug addiction in suicide with respect to gender and trend changes in drug addiction was assessed from Norwegian data on 1608 drug addicts admitted to treatment over the past three decades. The mean annual mortality rate was 2.3%, and 14.7% of those who died committed suicide. The incidence density of suicide was significantly higher among drug addicts than in the total population, and the excess mortality by suicide was higher for women, higher in the youngest age group, and higher for those who died during the 1970s. No differences in suicide intensity were found between male and female drug addicts, whereas an effect of admission period on suicide intensity zvas found for women but not for men. Hence, among female drug addicts, those admitted to treatment in the 1970s and 1980s tended to take their own lives during a shorter observation period than those admitted during the 1960s. The degree to which the elevated risk of suicide among drug addicts varies with gender and period is discussed with reference to the impact of gender roles and varying features of drug addicts in Norway over time.
Is the association between drug use and delinquency weakening?
Authors: ADLAF EDWARD M. , SMART REGINALD G. , WALSH GORDON W. , IVIS FRANK J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this paper we examine period or secular changes in the association between drug use and delinquency among Ontario adolescent students between 1983 and 1991. The results show that during this period drug use and drug‐setting declined significantly, whereas reported non‐drug‐related delinquency increased. In addition to differing secular trends in rates of drug use and delinquent behaviour, the association between the two behaviours weakened. There was a steady decline in the correlations between drug use and delinquency across time, and the typological patterning of drug use and delinquency changed significantly.