bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criminal involvement of cocaine users enrolled in a methadone treatment program
Authors: KANG SUNG‐YEON , LEON GEORGE DE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis was a study of criminal activities of cocaine users versus non‐users enrolled in a methadone treatment program in New York City. Of those 140 methadone clients studied, 100 (71%) were cocaine users. There were no demographic differences between the two groups except marital status. Married clients (including common‐law married) were more likely than never‐married single clients to be non‐users. Cocaine users were significantly more depressed, using the subscale of the Symptom Checklist‐90. Although numbers of lifetime arrests and criminal involvement (in the year immediately preceding the research interview) of cocaine non‐users were distinctively lower than those of users, the differences were not significant. In a multiple regression analysis, length of stay in the methadone program was the strongest predictor of criminal involvement. Those who were retained longer in the treatment were significantly less likely to be involved in criminal activities, regardless of cocaine use.
HIV risk among women injecting drug users who are in jail
Authors: MAGURA STEPHEN , KANG SUNG‐YEON , SHAPIRO JANET , O'DAY JOANNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFemale offender populations and females in jail include large proportions of injecting drug users (IDUs), who are at high risk of contracting or transmitting HIV. Women IDUs (n = 165) were recruited and interviewed at New York City's central jail facility for women. The study examined these women's patterns of HIV risk behaviors related to drugs and sex and identified behavioral and attitudinal correlates of HIV serostatus. The women typically used both injectable and non‐injectable drugs prior to arrest, primarily heroin, cocaine powder, crack, and illicit methadone. Self‐reported HIV seropositivity was 43%. Variables correlated with HIV serostatus in the bivariate analysis were: cocaine injection frequency; lifetime injection risk behavior; providing oral sex during male crack use; Hispanic ethnicity; sharing of needles/syringes; sharing of cookers; sharing injection equipment with friends; heroin smoking (negative); injection risk acceptance; peer norms and behavior; lifetime sexual risk behavior; frequency of sex with men; provision of sex for money or drugs; and knowing people with AIDS. The first four variables listed retained statistical significance in a multiple logistic regression analysis. The paper considers the need to tailor AIDS prevention interventions for woman IDUs in jail, including taking into account risk behaviors that occur within frequently reported same‐sex partnerships.
The effect of parents' alcohol problems on children's behaviour as reported by parents and by teachers
Authors: CONNOLLY GARY M. , CASSWELL SALLY , STEWART JOANNA , SILVA PHIL A. , O'BRIEN MARY K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAssociations between parents' alcohol problems when children were aged 9 and children's behaviour at ages 9 and 13 as reported by parents and teachers were investigated. The sample consisted of participants in a multidisciplinary longitudinal study, data were collected by face‐to‐face interview. When compared to children with no or mild parental alcohol problems, children classified as having severe parental alcohol problems were more likely to display high levels of problem behaviour at age 9 as reported by teachers and at age 13 as reported by parents. Poorer family relationships, lower verbal and reading proficiency and being male were also associated with high levels of behaviour problems.
The influence of perceived social support on the relationship between family history of alcoholism and drinking behaviors
Authors: OHANNESSIAN CHRISTINE MCCAULEY , HESSELBROCK VICTOR M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe present study examined the effect that perceived social support has on the relationship between having a family history of alcoholism and alcohol use in a sample of 85 adult children of alcoholics and a control group (n = 68). Social support from both peers and from family members were assessed for their potential differential effects. Gender differences were also examined. Overall, perceived social support from friends significantly moderated the relationship between family history of alcoholism and several indicators of alcohol use. In contrast, perceived social support from family members did not moderate any of the relationships examined. These findings emphasize the importance of considering different sources of social support when using social support as a moderating variable and the need to examine the underlying processes and variables involved in the relationship between having a family history of alcoholism and alcohol use.
An interview study of participants in the Tacoma, Washington, syringe exchange
Authors: HAGAN HOLLY , JARLAIS DON C. DES , PURCHASE DAVID , FRIEDMAN SAMUEL R. , REID TERRY , BELL THOMAS A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlthough European and Australian studies of syringe exchange programs have reported safer injection among participants and no increase in drug use, the generalizability of these findings to the US is uncertain. We report on the operations and potential effectiveness of the longest‐operating syringe exchange in the US and compare our results to studies of exchange programs outside the US. The sample of 204 study subjects reported no change in the frequency of injection, from 155 to 152 injections per month, and a decline in the frequency of unsafe injections, from 56 to 30 times per month, while participating in the program. In all studies, participants report reduction in unsafe injections, and no increase in illicit drug use. However, the comparison also suggests that a high proportion of Tacoma exchangers have higher initial rates of drug injection, unsafe injection and homelessness, all of which were associated with unsafe injection while using the exchange. These indicate a need for additional services but that the Tacoma program is no less effective than European and Australian programs.
Patterns of drug use and risk‐taking among injecting amphetamine and opioid drug users in Sydney, Australia
Authors: HALL WAYNE , DARKE SHANE , ROSS MICHAEL , WODAK ALEX 
Published: January 2006

AbstractData are presented on the patterns of drug use and HIV risk‐taking of daily amphetamine and opioid injectors among 1245 injecting drug users who were interviewed in Sydney in 1989. About one‐third of the sample had injected amphetamines during a typical month of injecting, and 12% were using amphetamines on a daily basis. Daily amphetamine injectors were younger, less well educated, and less likely to have engaged in drug treatment, but they were no more likely than daily opioid users to have shared injection equipment or to have engaged in other behaviour likely to transmit HIV. Although there seemed to be no special cause for concern about HIV risk‐taking among amphetamine injectors, there was nonetheless a high prevalence of sharing injecting equipment, with over half of daily amphetamine and heroin injectors having shared in the past several months. In addition, approximately a third of amphetamine injectors were injecting on a daily basis, a pattern of use which increases the risk of developing a severe dependence syndrome, and of experiencing an amphetamine‐induced psychosis.
Effect of low and moderate doses of alcohol on driving hazard perception latency and driving speed
Authors: WEST ROBERT , WILDING JOHN , FRENCH DAVINA , KEMP RICHARD , IRVING ALEX 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBoth driving speed and speed of detection of potentially hazardous events while driving have been found to correlate positively with accident rates across individuals. Alcohol ingestion is also known to increase risk of a traffic accident. This paper reports two double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies: one on the effect of alcohol on driving speed and the other on the effect of alcohol on time taken to detect potential traffic hazards. Moderate drinkers aged between 30 and 55 took part. Each subject underwent three experimental conditions on separate days: no alcohol, low alcohol (0.025% BAC) and moderate alcohol (0.05% BAC). The order of conditions was counterbalanced. The moderate alcohol dose increased mean time taken to respond to hazards (2.5 s in no alcohol condition compared with 3.2 s in moderate alcohol condition) but did not affect mean driving speed (indexed by time taken to travel sections of a fixed route; 19.3 s in no alcohol compared with 19.0 s in moderate alcohol). The results support the view that at least part of the excess risk of accident associated with alcohol ingestion is attributable to an increase in the time taken to respond to traffic hazards.
Sensation seeking, gambling and gambling addictions
Authors: COVENTRY KENNY R. , BROWN R. IAIN F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMale off‐course bettors were assessed using: the Sensation‐Seeking Scale (SSS) Form V, two measures of subjective arousal while betting, and questions concerning chasing, preferences for gambling activities and other aspects of betting behaviour. The SSS was also administered to a random sample of the male general population of Glasgow, together with questions concerning preferences for gambling activities to allow comparison between regular gamblers and the general population. In comparison with the general population and with non‐gamblers, off‐course bettors scored lower on SSS; gamblers preferring the casino and/or the race‐track scored higher on SSS; gamblers betting on many different forms scored higher on SSS. A further analysis produced a cluster of variables among off‐course betters associated with impaired control of gambling, among which both SSS scores and chasing were prominent features.
Gender differences in the individual characteristics and life contexts of late‐middle‐aged and older problem drinkers
Authors: BRENNAN PENNY L. , MOOS RUDOLF H. , KIM JULIA Y. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study focuses on gender differences in the individual characteristics and life contexts of late‐life problem drinkers. Late‐middle‐aged women with drinking problems (n = 183) consumed less alcohol, had fewer drinking problems, and reported more recent onset of drinking problems than did their male counterparts (n = 476). They also used more psychoactive medications, were more depressed, and were less likely to seek alcohol treatment. Consistent with a gender role perspective on alcohol abuse, problem‐drinking women had more family‐related and fewer financial stressors than did problem‐drinking men. Contrary to expectation, however, problem‐drinking women reported more support from children, extended family members, and friends than did problem‐drinking men. Moreover, women who continued to have drinking problems over a 1‐year interval reported some unexpected short‐term benefits at follow‐up, including reduced spouse stressors. Women who had remitted at follow‐up experienced less spouse support, and more family‐related stressors and depression than did remitted men. They also lost support from extended family members over the 1‐year interval. The results suggest a need for screening and treatment efforts tailored more closely to the life circumstances of women with late‐life drinking problems.
Methodological approaches and problems in research into alcohol‐related accidents and injuries
Authors: REHM JÜRGEN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA classification system for methodologies and problems in research on alcohol‐related accidents and injuries is introduced. On the basis of this system, possible designs and statistical methods are presented, and their possible contributions to research on alcohol‐related accidents/injuries are evaluated. Special consideration is given to potential biases in secondary data sources, and to methods of overcoming these biases. Finally, the need for more theory‐driven research is established.
Personal willingness to pay for prevention: evaluating the consequences of accidents as a basis for preventive measures
Authors: JONES‐LEE M. W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper argues that if scarce resources are to be allocated efficiently and to greatest advantage then it is necessary to have explicit monetary measures of the benefits of reduced accident rates so that these benefits can be weighed against costs in the process of determining the appropriate amount to expend on alcohol‐related accident prevention programmes. The conceptual issues related to the definition and estimation of monetary values of safety are discussed and the case in favour of basing such values on individual willingness to pay for safety is developed. The paper then summarises existing empirical estimates of wittingness‐to‐pay based values for the prevention of fatalities and reports the preliminary results of recent work aimed at estimating willingness‐to‐pay based values for the prevention of non‐fatal injuries. The paper concludes by examining the applicability of existing empirical estimates of the value of safety in the alcohol‐related accident context and the transferability of estimates derived in developed countries to the developing country context.
The occurrence and epidemiologic features of alcohol‐related occupational injuries
Authors: STALLONES LORANN , KRAUS JESS F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a review of published literature on alcohol‐related occupational injuries. Based on the information presented the true magnitude of the problem of alcohol‐ and work‐related injuries has not been accurately assessed and the epidemiologic features of this problem have not been properly evaluated. There is some evidence, albeit incomplete, that alcohol contributes to work‐related injuries, but the extent is not known. Further, the risk of injury by specific industry and occupation has not yet been elucidated. Analytic studies which include control groups and which assess confounding variables are needed so as to aid in the design of effective countermeasure strategies. Even when alcohol is detected, its role in the causal pathway from the worker‐energy interaction to injury onset (or exacerbation) has not been studied.
The role of alcohol providers in prevention: an evaluation of a server intervention programme
Authors: Gliksman Louis , McKenzie Diane , Single Eric , Douglas Ronald , Brunet Suzanne , Moffatt Kenneth 
Published: January 2006

AbstractServer intervention is a relatively new approach in the attempt to reduce the incidence of drinking and driving. Although a number of evaluations have suggested that the approach may be effective, there have been few comprehensive evaluations of such programmes. The present study utilized process evaluation techniques to assess reactions to a programme developed by the Addiction Research Foundation, and a quasi‐experimental design to determine the impact of the programme on the serving practices of servers. Actors portrayed behaviors often faced by servers, and observers rated the reactions of the servers, who were unaware of the simulations, to these situations. The programme appears to have been effective in changing behavior, in that trained servers exhibited less inappropriate responses than did untrained servers. In addition the results suggested that the programme increased servers' knowledge about their obligations and potential strategies for dealing with these situations. The implications of these findings for future implementations of such programmes are discussed.
Guarding the guardians: influencing the regulation of alcohol promotions in Australia
Authors: SAUNDERS BILL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlcoholic beverage advertising in Australia is allowed provided it conforms with a Code of Conduct approved by the Media Council of Australia (a collective of media proprietors). This system, known as self‐regulation, has come under increasing critical scrutiny. It is argued from a systemic perspective that research has been one factor that has led to this increased scrutiny of alcoholic beverage advertising. Important other factors include the advent of the Australian National Campaign against Drug Abuse (which crucially included alcohol on its agenda), some erosion of the alcoholic beverage producers political status, declining per capita consumption, and an increase in media reporting on alcohol and drug issues. By examination of five research reports recently released on alcohol advertising it is argued that, in order to influence policy makers in an area where there is substantial opposition to change, research must be deftly marketed, contain information of political relevance, such as opinion poll material, and be used as a lobbying tool. The role of researchers in this process is considered.
Changes in access to and availability of alcohol in the United States: research and policy implications
Authors: HOLDER HAROLD D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRecent changes in alcohol availability and access in the United States are reviewed and the role public policy research played in such changes are discussed. The paper finds that there are two concurrent trends, i.e. increased alcohol availability through changes in wine and spirits structural availability, lower prices and increased outlet densities, and decreased availability and access through higher minimum drinking ages, server intervention and training, server liability, low‐ and no‐alcohol beverages, and warning labels on alcohol containers. This paper discusses these trends and the implications for policy development to which research is an input.
Community‐based research initiatives in prevention
Authors: GIESBRECHT NORMAN , FERRIS JACQUELINE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAn overview of community‐based action research projects is presented focusing on the community/research agenda interaction, the difficulties and rewards of this approach, and the unique opportunities of these projects. The potential for policy development as a result of these initiatives has not been fully explored, and some suggestions for the implementation of policies based on the results of action research projects are made. The policy implication of several specific interventions are discussed, along with the limitations and benefits of policy components within a project, rather than as spin‐offs. The paper concludes with suggestions for planning community action projects to enhance the policy formulation aspect of these projects.
The policy‐research interface: an insider's view
Authors: SECKER ANDREW 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper is a summary of some illuminating comments made by the author when invited to discuss some of the above papers in the area of liquor licensing and availability. Prior to his appointment as the Director and Government Printer of State Print in South Australia, the author had been the first Director of Liquor Licensing in Western Australia. In that capacity he was responsible for undertaking a major review of the Liquor Act in Western Australia and in implementing a new administrative structure. He was subsequently appointed as the Chief Executive Officer of the Western Australian Totalisator Agency Board (which is responsible for off‐course betting on horse and greyhound racing) before returning to South Australia. The author's experience of reviewing liquor licensing legislation in both South Australia and Western Australia, and his administration of a licensing authority provides him, in the Editors' view, with unique insights into the working of governments and the formulation of policy in this area. His paper is presented here in the form in which it was given at the conference.
Prevalence of volatile solvent inhalation among junior high school students in Japan and background life style of users
Authors: WADA KIYOSHI , FUKUI SUSUMU 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn order to estimate the prevalence of volatile solvent inhalation among junior high school students in Japan and to assess certain characteristics of the lifestyle of these users, the authors surveyed 5240 students 12–15 years of age. This was the first major source of the prevalence of volatile solvent inhalation among junior high school students in Japan, from the point of view of the number of subjects and schools. 1.5% of subjects were students who had inhaled solvents. The regularity of life style rhythm was more significantly disturbed in Lifetime Users than in Non‐Users. School life and family life was significantly less relaxed for Lifetime Users than for Non‐Users. Drinking alcohol and smoking had a strong relationship with inhaling volatile solvents. The authors suggest that greatly increasing education on the harmful effects of volatile solvents inhalation and increasing the frequency with which the entire family eats dinner together will be an effective prevention strategy in Japan.
Sex differences in morbidity among respondents classified as alcohol abusers and/or dependent: results of a national survey
Authors: CHOU S. PATRICIA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo date, none of the studies on gender differences in physical morbidity have focused on persons classified as DSM‐III‐R alcohol abusers and/or dependent in the general population. This Data Note presents data from a nationally representative survey on drinking practices and related problems for the purpose of examining gender differences in physical morbidity among respondents receiving these diagnoses. Results indicated that for certain major sociodemographic subgroups of the population, gender differences in morbidity were significant. The female‐to‐male odds ratios of these subgroups generally varied within the range of 1.5 and 2.0, reflecting about two times greater odds of experiencing morbid conditions for females when compared to males.
Prevalence, severity and correlates of psychological morbidity among methadone maintenance clients
Authors: DARKE SHANE , SWIFT WENDY , HALL WAYNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA sample of 222 methadone maintenance clients was tested for levels of depression, anxiety, and anti‐social personality disorder. The prevalence of each type of psychopathology was high. There were large proportions of subjects exhibiting extremely severe depression, anxiety and a majority were classified as “psychiatric cases”. Depression and anxiety were strongly related, but anti‐social behaviour was unrelated to personal distress. Personal distress levels were predicted by benzodiazepine use, poorer social functioning and poorer health. Anti‐social personality disorder zoos predicted by younger age, being male, poorer social functioning, and current criminality.
Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological smoking motives: a replication and extension
Authors: TATE JAMES C. , POMERLEAU CYNTHIA S. , POMERLEAU OVTDE F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCigarette smokers (n = 387) completed a questionnaire measure of smoking motives, and subgroups of this sample provided external validation information. Seven factors emerged from a principal components’analysis: automatic, sedative, addictive, stimulation, psychosocial, indulgent and sensorimotor manipulation. A higher‐order principal components analysis revealed the presence of two second‐order factors. Inspection of the pattern of correlations between factor scores and criterion variables clearly indicated that the first four factors above and their underlying second‐order factor are more closely related to nicotine pharmacology and mood‐altering effects of nicotine than the latter three motives and their underlying second‐order factor. Moreover, the positive correlations between these pharmacological motives and age, coupled with a negative relationship between age and the non‐pharmacological motives, support the description of the smoking career as a progressive transfer of reward from non‐pharmacological to pharmacological factors. These findings suggest that self‐reported reasons for smoking represent more than bias in verbal report.