bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferior rectus rupture following blowout fracture
Authors: Sloan Brian , McNab Alan A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Extra‐ocular muscle rupture is uncommon, usually seen after penetrating trauma or surgery. It is a very rare cause of diplopia following blunt orbital trauma. Methods: A patient who presented with no inferior rectus function after blunt orbital trauma is described. Results: Computed tomography (CT) scans demonstrated a large orbital floor fracture and suggested that the inferior rectus muscle was ruptured. This was confirmed at operation. Despite anatomical repair, there was no postoperative improvement in ocular motility. Conclusions: Traumatic rupture of the inferior rectus is rare. Forced duction and force generation testing and CT are important in diagnosing ocular motility defects following orbital trauma.
Association between anterior and posterior keratoconus
Authors: Vajpayee Rasik B. , Sharma Namrata 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background/Methods: We studied a 53‐year‐old male patient, presenting with a history of reduced vision since childhood in the right eye and since birth in the left eye. Results: Ocular examination revealed the presence of anterior keratoconus in the right eye and posterior keratoconus in the left eye. Conclusion: To our knowledge, co‐occurrence of both varieties of keratoconus in the same patient has not been previously reported.
Castells' Catalan routes: nationalism and the sociology of identity1
Authors: MacInnes John 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCastells' analysis of the rise of a global network society and information age is underpinned, paradoxically, by a nationalist vision with organic links in a Gramscian sense to Catalan nationalism. This leads to various weaknesses in his theory, especially an over‐emphasis on language and nation at the expense of class. Exploring the specifically Catalan origins of his work, and testing its adequacy there, helps us to understand Castells' broader approach. Discussion of Castells has perhaps overlooked his commitment to nationalism because the sociology of identity sometimes unwittingly adopts what Billig has called a banal nationalist perspective. A stricter distinction between the different meanings of the term identity would help sociology to avoid arguments, such as that of Castells, that risk becoming determinist, teleological or both. The article concludes by asking whether the ‘sociological imagination’ has been alert enough to its banal nationalist form, facilitated by its intimate relationship with the state, its concern for policy relevance and methods of data gathering.
Peripheral refraction measurement: does it matter if one turns the eye or the head?
Authors: Radhakrishnan Hema , Charman W. Neil 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt has been suggested that, following eye movements, the changing pressures exerted by the extraocular muscles and the lids might distort the shape of the eyeball and alter refraction across the visual field. To confirm or refute this hypothesis, the pattern of monocular peripheral refraction in the right eyes of 10 healthy young adults was measured either by turning the eye to fixate a series of horizontally spaced targets or by turning the head to view the same targets while maintaining central fixation and the eye in its primary position. In each case a fixed Shin‐Nippon autorefractor was used to measure peripheral refraction at 5° intervals over the central ±30° of the visual field. The duration of any eye turn was ≤1 min. Repeated‐measures analysis showed no significant differences between the spherical equivalents of peripheral refraction measured under the two conditions (p = 0.223). A further study of five subjects involving 2.5‐min periods of fixation with an eye or head turn of 25° also showed no significant refractive differences. Thus, within the conditions of the study (eye‐turn durations and field angles ≤2.5 min and 30° respectively), the results fail to confirm the occurrence of large differences in peripheral refraction when measurements are made with eye turn rather than head turn.
Testing Symmetry and Homogeneity in the Almost Ideal Demand System with Co‐integrated Data using Fully Modified Estimation and the Bootstrap
Authors: Tiffin Richard , Balcombe Kelvin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractConventional seemingly unrelated estimation of the almost ideal demand system is shown to lead to small sample bias and distortions in the size of a Wald test for symmetry and homogeneity when the data are co‐integrated. A fully modified estimator is developed in an attempt to remedy these problems. It is shown that this estimator reduces the small sample bias but fails to eliminate the size distortion. Bootstrapping is shown to be ineffective as a method of removing small sample bias in both the conventional and fully modified estimators. Bootstrapping is effective, however, as a method of removing size distortion and performs equally well in this respect with both estimators.
Time‐varying Hedge Ratios: A Principal‐agent Approach
Authors: Kuwornu John K. M. , Erno Kuiper W. , Pennings Joost M. E. , Meulenberg Matthew T. G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe use the classic agency model to derive a time‐varying optimal hedge ratio for low‐frequency time‐series data: the type of data used by crop farmers when deciding about production and about their hedging strategy. Rooted in the classic agency framework, the proposed hedge ratio reflects the context of both the crop farmer's decision and the crop farmer's contractual relationships in the marketing channel. An empirical illustration of the Dutch ware potato sector and its futures market in Amsterdam over the period 1971–2003 reveals that the time‐varying optimal hedge ratio decreased from 0.34 in 1971 to 0.24 in 2003. The hedging effectiveness, according to this ratio, is 39%. These estimates conform better with farmers’ interest in using futures contracts for hedging purposes than the much higher estimates obtained when price risk minimisation is the only objective considered.
Laparoscopy in the treatment of ovarian tumours of low malignant potential
Authors: OBERMAIR Andreas , HIEBL Sonja 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLaparoscopy is increasingly used by gynaecologists for the investigation of adnexal masses. Uncertainty exists whether ovarian tumours of low malignant potential can effectively be treated by laparoscopy, whether staging bears a benefit for all patients, whether port‐site metastases are a problem and how long patients need to be followed up after surgery. This review summarises the evidence to address these important questions.
Chronic Gastritis in Former Times and Now
Authors: Sipponen Pentti 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe roots of gastritis research stretch far back into the 19th century, and into early decades of the 20th century. Modern aspects in classification of gastritis and knowledge of the biologic course of chronic gastric inflammation, and of the links of chronic gastritis with many important gastric disorders were well known even at time of discovery of Helicobacter pylori in 1982. This discovery, however, significantly changed the field and raised the interest of gastroenterologists in gastritis. Chronic gastritis became a curable disease with known etiology and well‐established links to main gastric diseases including gastric cancer. The personal view of the author into this history is presented. Some events and observations which were, in his opinion, noteworthy and important in the story of chronic gastritis have been emphasized.
Role of Probiotics in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Franceschi Francesco , Cazzato Alessia , Nista Enrico C. , Scarpellini Emidio , Roccarina Davide , Gigante Giovanni , Gasbarrini Giovanni , Gasbarrini Antonio 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Probiotics are defined as live, nonpathogenic microbial feeds or food supplements that exert a positive influence on their host by altering his microbial balance. As shown in several studies, probiotics also possess a direct antimicrobial effect; for this reason, several authors have tested a possible application in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. In particular, probiotics may compete directly with H. pylori, possibly through the inhibition of adherence, as well as produce metabolites and antimicrobial molecules, properties supported only by animal or in vitro data. Moreover, implementation of standard anti‐H. pylori regimens with probiotics can also improve patients’ compliance to therapy, reducing the occurrence of antibiotic‐related adverse events. The same effect was also reported after using a combination of two different prebiotics such as butyric acid and inulin in patients who underwent H. pylori eradication treatment. Based on current data, even though an effect against H. pylori has been described, probiotics cannot be considered as an alternative to standard anti‐H. pylori treatment. Nevertheless, their use in association with standard anti‐H. pylori treatment may be advisable, as they are able to improve patient compliance by reducing antibiotic‐related adverse events, thus increasing the number of patients completing the eradication therapy.
How heel oxygenation changes under pressure
Authors: Wong Vivian K. , Stotts Nancy A. , Hopf Harriet W. , Froelicher Erika S. , Dowling Glenna A. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe mechanism of heel pressure ulcers after hip surgery is not entirely understood. The purpose of this one‐group, prospective, repeated‐measures design study was to examine how the external pressure of the bed surface affects heel skin oxygen tension in adults on the first 3 days after hip surgery. Transcutaneous oxygen sensors were placed on the plantar surface of each foot, close to the heels. Measures were taken on room air and with an oxygen challenge with the heels (1) suspended above the bed surface (preload), (2) on the bed surface for 15 minutes (loading), and (3) again suspended above the bed surface for 15 minutes (unloading). Eighteen hip surgery patients (mean age 58.3±16.1 years) from two hospitals participated. When compared with preload on room air, both loading and unloading on all 3 days resulted in a reduction in heel oxygen tension bilaterally (p<0.001). Heel oxygenation decreased without the anticipated hyperemic response, raising the question of whether this is a sign of increased pressure ulcer risk. Further work is needed to understand why this short period of external pressure results in decreased oxygenation and why oxygen tension does not return to baseline when pressure is removed.
Site‐specific Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Sleep and Pain in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Sham‐controlled Study
Authors: Roizenblatt Suely , Fregni Felipe , Gimenez Rafaela , Wetzel Thiago , Rigonatti Sergio P. , Tufik Sergio , Boggio Paulo S. , Valle Angela C. 
Published: November 2007

▪ AbstractObjective:  To investigate whether active anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [DLPFC] and primary motor cortex [M1]) as compared to sham treatment is associated with changes in sleep structure in fibromyalgia.Methods:  Thirty‐two patients were randomized to receive sham stimulation or active tDCS with the anode centered over M1 or DLPFC (2 mA, 20 minutes for five consecutive days). A blinded evaluator rated the clinical symptoms of fibromyalgia. All‐night polysomnography was performed before and after five consecutive sessions of tDCS.Results:  Anodal tDCS had an effect on sleep and pain that was specific to the site of stimulation: such as that M1 and DLPFC treatments induced opposite effects on sleep and pain, whereas sham stimulation induced no significant sleep or pain changes. Specifically, whereas M1 treatment increased sleep efficiency (by 11.8%, P = 0.004) and decreased arousals (by 35.0%, P = 0.001), DLPFC stimulation was associated with a decrease in sleep efficiency (by 7.5%, P = 0.02), an increase in rapid eye movement (REM) and sleep latency (by 47.7%, P = 0.0002, and 133.4%, P = 0.02, respectively). In addition, a decrease in REM latency and increase in sleep efficiency were associated with an improvement in fibromyalgia symptoms (as indexed by the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire). Finally, patients with higher body mass index had the worse sleep outcome as indexed by sleep efficiency changes after M1 stimulation.Interpretation:  Our findings suggest that one possible mechanism to explain the therapeutic effects of tDCS in fibromyalgia is via sleep modulation that is specific to modulation of primary M1 activity. ▪
While the Cat's Away, Do the Mice Play? Maternal Employment and the After‐School Activities of Adolescents*
Authors: Lopoo Leonard M. 
Published: November 2007

Objective. This study determines if a relationship exists between a mother's employment and the activities in which her adolescent children participate after school.Methods. The author uses panel data from the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation with logit and fixed‐effects logit models to estimate this relationship.Results. Fixed‐effects models suggest a positive relationship between maternal employment and participation in lessons after school for the adolescent children of married women and also for those with at least a high school education. Maternal employment is also positively related to sports participation for the adolescent children of unmarried mothers.Conclusions. First, this article shows the importance of accounting for unobserved heterogeneity in inquiries into the links between maternal employment and adolescent outcomes. Second, it suggests that high‐socioeconomic‐status mothers may use after‐school activities, particularly lessons, as a form of after‐school care, while unmarried mothers may use sports.
Living Arrangements and School Dropout Among Minor Mothers Following Welfare Reform*
Authors: Koball Heather 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. The 1996 welfare reform laws required that parents under the age of 18 live with their parents or an adult relative and enroll in school to be eligible for welfare benefits. This study examines whether minor mothers were less likely to drop out of school and more likely to live with parents following welfare reform.Methods. Data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey 1988 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 were used in difference‐in‐difference analyses.Results. Following welfare reform, minor mothers' co‐residence with parents increased and their drop‐out rates decreased.Conclusions. Welfare reform requirements are associated with changes in living arrangements and drop‐out rates of minor mothers.
Evaluating the effect of the new alignment algorithm for longitudinal series of Heidelberg retina tomography images
Authors: Bergin Ciara , Garway‐Heath David F. , Crabb David P. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the impact of a new image‐alignment algorithm on the repeatability of longitudinal measurements obtained from Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) images.Methods:  HRTI and HRTII image series from 124 patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension were made available from previously reported studies and were reprocessed with the old and new image‐alignment algorithms. Improvements afforded by the new alignment algorithm were examined by considering statistically significant improvement in repeatability of specific stereometric parameters (SP), namely rim area (RA), rim volume (RV), cup volume (CV) and cup shape measure (CSM). A further comparison was made by examining reduction in the variability of pixel‐by‐pixel height measures within image series.Results:  In some HRT image series, the new algorithm automatically corrected obvious misalignment events that occurred with the previous algorithm. However, average improvement in repeatability of the SP in HRTI image series was not statistically significant (P = 0.13) and there was no statistically significant reduction in pixel‐by‐pixel height measurement variability (P =0.73). In HRTII image series, there was evidence of improvement, on average, in the repeatability of some parameters (RA, P = 0.01; RV, P = 0.02; CSM, P = 0.05), but not in CV (P = 0.22). There was a large reduction in pixel‐by‐pixel variability in HRTII image series (P < 0.001).Conclusion:  There was no evidence to show that the new algorithm improved repeatability, on average, in HRTI images. However, the application of the new algorithm to HRTII image series marginally improved repeatability in stereometric measures and yielded a significant reduction in pixel‐by‐pixel variability.
Prescription Practices and Empirical Efficacy of Psychopharmacologic Treatments for Pediatric Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Hirsch Amanda J. , Carlson John S. 
Published: November 2007

PROBLEM:  Limited research on pharmacologic treatments for pediatric major depressive disorder (MDD) exists. METHODS:  Prescription practices data for MDD from 1,209 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry members collected in 1998 are compared to the current empirical support for this treatment approach. FINDINGS:  Results indicated that psychiatrists have willingly used medication as a first‐line treatment for MDD in children under age 7, despite a paucity of research support for this practice. CONCLUSIONS:  Recent warnings regarding the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors warrant the need to reexamine current prescription practices of psychiatric care providers for children diagnosed with MDD.
The nature of hypervelocity stars as inferred from their Galactic trajectories
Authors: Svensson Karl M. , Church Ross P. , Davies Melvyn B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
We have computed the Galactic trajectories of 12 hypervelocity stars (HVSs) under the assumption that they originated in the Galactic Centre. We show that eight of these 12 stars are bound to the Galaxy. We consider the subsequent trajectories of the bound stars to compute their characteristic orbital period, which is 2 Gyr. All eight bound stars are moving away from the centre of the Galaxy, which implies that the stars' lifetimes are less than 2 Gyr. We thus infer that the observed HVSs are massive main-sequence stars, rather than blue horizontal branch stars. The observations suggest that blue HVSs are ejected from the Galactic Centre roughly every 15 Myr. This is consistent with the observed population of blue stars in extremely tight orbits round the central supermassive black hole (SMBH), the so-called S-stars, if we assume that the HVSs are produced by the breakup of binaries. One of the stars in such a binary is ejected at high velocities to form a HVS; the other remains bound to the SMBH as an S-star.
We further show that the one high-velocity system observed to be moving towards the Galactic Centre, SDSS J172226.55+594155.9, could not have originated in the Galactic Centre; rather, we identify it as a halo object.
Duodenal bicarbonate secretion in rats: stimulation by intra‐arterial and luminal guanylin and uroguanylin
Authors: Bengtsson M. W. , Jedstedt G. , Flemström G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAim:  Uroguanylin and guanylin are endogenous ligands for guanylate cyclase C, an upstream regulator of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane resistance (CFTR) anion channel, and both peptides increase intestinal anion export in vitro. We have compared the effects of close intra‐arterial and luminal administration of uroguanylin and guanylin on duodenal bicarbonate secretion in vivo and studied the interactions with melatonin and cholinergic stimulation.Methods:  Lewis × Dark Agouti rats were anaesthetized and a segment of the proximal duodenum with intact blood supply was cannulated in situ. Mucosal bicarbonate secretion (pH stat) was continuously recorded and peptides were infused intra‐arterially or added to the luminal perfusate.Results:  Intra‐arterial (50–1000 pmol kg−1 h−1) as well as luminal administration (50–500 nmol L−1) of guanylin or uroguanylin caused dose‐dependent increases in the duodenal secretion. Luminal administration induced more rapidly appearing rises in secretion and the two peptides induced secretory responses of similar shape and magnitude. The melatonin MT2‐selective antagonist luzindole (600 nmol kg−1) significantly depressed the response to intra‐arterial guanylins but did not affect secretion induced by luminal guanylins. Similarly, the muscarinic antagonist atropine (0.75 μmol kg−1 followed by 0.15 μmol kg−1 h−1) abolished the response to intra‐arterial uroguanylin but caused only slight suppression of the response to luminal uroguanylin.Conclusions:  Intra‐arterial as well as luminal uroguanylin and guanylin are potent stimuli of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion in vivo. The response to luminal guanylins reflects an action at apical receptors. Stimulation by parenteral guanylins, in contrast, is under cholinergic influence and interacts with melatonin produced by mucosal enteroendocrine cells.
UV Protective Effects of DNA Repair Enzymes and RNA Lotion
Authors: Ke Malcolm S. , Camouse Melissa M. , Swain Freddie R. , Oshtory Shaheen , Matsui Mary , Mammone Thomas , Maes Daniel , Cooper Kevin D. , Stevens Seth R. , Baron Elma D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSolar UV radiation is known to cause immune suppression, believed to be a critical factor in cutaneous carcinogenesis. Although the mechanism is not entirely understood, DNA damage is clearly involved. Sunscreens function by attenuating the UV radiation that reaches the epidermis. However, once DNA damage ensues, repair mechanisms become essential for prevention of malignant transformation. DNA repair enzymes have shown efficacy in reducing cutaneous neoplasms among xeroderma pigmentosum patients. In vitro studies suggest that RNA fragments increase the resistance of human keratinocytes to UVB damage and enhance DNA repair but in vivo data are lacking. This study aimed to determine the effect of topical formulations containing either DNA repair enzymes (Micrococcus luteus) or RNA fragments (UVC‐irradiated rabbit globin mRNA) on UV‐induced local contact hypersensitivity (CHS) suppression in humans as measured in vivo using the contact allergen dinitrochlorobenzene. Immunohistochemistry was also employed in skin biopsies to evaluate the level of thymine dimers after UV. Eighty volunteers completed the CHS portion. A single 0.75 minimum erythema dose (MED) simulated solar radiation exposure resulted in 64% CHS suppression in unprotected subjects compared with unirradiated sensitized controls. In contrast, UV‐induced CHS suppression was reduced to 19% with DNA repair enzymes, and 7% with RNA fragments. Sun protection factor (SPF) testing revealed an SPF of 1 for both formulations, indicating that the observed immune protection cannot be attributed to sunscreen effects. Biopsies from an additional nine volunteers showed an 18% decrease in thymine dimers by both DNA repair enzymes and RNA fragments, relative to unprotected UV‐irradiated skin. These results suggest that RNA fragments may be useful as a photoprotective agent with in vivo effects comparable to DNA repair enzymes.
Collagen Cross Linking Agents: Design and Development of a Multifunctional Cross Linker
Authors: Givens Richard S. , Yousef Abraham L. , Yang Shaorong , Timberlake George T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA new cross linking reagent based on the first‐generation polyamidoamine dendrimer (G.1 PAMAM) has been synthesized by reaction of the PAMAM with eight equivalents of p‐nitrophenyl diazopyruvate. The resulting water‐soluble octadiazopyruvoyl PAMAM (8G.1 DAP, 1.3) was shown to undergo Wolff rearrangements upon photolysis in methanol at λ > 300 nm to yield the methyl esters of the ketenes formed from the loss of nitrogen. 8G.1 DAP also forms strong bonds with dehydrated collagen with glass as high as 36 N cm−2. Collagen to collagen bonds with tensile strengths as high as 92 N cm−2 were observed with fully dehydrated tissues. The bonding decreased rapidly with increasingly hydrated tissue possibly due to the increased distance between the collagen fibrils and the competition of H2O for the free ketene functions.