bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon allocation in forest ecosystems
Authors: LITTON CREIGHTON M. , RAICH JAMES W. , RYAN MICHAEL G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCarbon allocation plays a critical role in forest ecosystem carbon cycling. We reviewed existing literature and compiled annual carbon budgets for forest ecosystems to test a series of hypotheses addressing the patterns, plasticity, and limits of three components of allocation: biomass, the amount of material present; flux, the flow of carbon to a component per unit time; and partitioning, the fraction of gross primary productivity (GPP) used by a component. Can annual carbon flux and partitioning be inferred from biomass? Our survey revealed that biomass was poorly related to carbon flux and to partitioning of photosynthetically derived carbon, and should not be used to infer either. Are component fluxes correlated? Carbon fluxes to foliage, wood, and belowground production and respiration all increased linearly with increasing GPP (a rising tide lifts all boats). Autotrophic respiration was strongly linked to production for foliage, wood and roots, and aboveground net primary productivity and total belowground carbon flux (TBCF) were positively correlated across a broad productivity gradient. How does carbon partitioning respond to variability in resources and environment? Within sites, partitioning to aboveground wood production and TBCF responded to changes in stand age and resource availability, but not to competition (tree density). Increasing resource supply and stand age, with one exception, resulted in increased partitioning to aboveground wood production and decreased partitioning to TBCF. Partitioning to foliage production was much less sensitive to changes in resources and environment. Overall, changes in partitioning within a site in response to resource supply and age were small (<15% of GPP), but much greater than those inferred from global relationships. Across all sites, foliage production plus respiration, and total autotrophic respiration appear to use relatively constant fractions of GPP – partitioning to both was conservative across a broad range of GPP – but values did vary across sites. Partitioning to aboveground wood production and to TBCF were the most variable – conditions that favored high GPP increased partitioning to aboveground wood production and decreased partitioning to TBCF. Do priorities exist for the products of photosynthesis? The available data do not support the concept of priorities for the products of photosynthesis, because increasing GPP increased all fluxes. All facets of carbon allocation are important to understanding carbon cycling in forest ecosystems. Terrestrial ecosystem models require information on partitioning, yet we found few studies that measured all components of the carbon budget to allow estimation of partitioning coefficients. Future studies that measure complete annual carbon budgets contribute the most to understanding carbon allocation.
Thermodependent bacterial pathogens and mass mortalities in temperate benthic communities: a new case of emerging disease linked to climate change
Authors: BALLY MARC , GARRABOU JOAQUIM 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn the temperate north‐western Mediterranean Sea, large‐scale disease outbreaks in benthic invertebrate species have recently occurred during climatic anomalies characterized by elevated seawater temperatures. One of the most affected species was the red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata, a key species of highly diverse communities dwelling in dim‐lit habitats in the Mediterranean. From diseased P. clavata colonies, we isolated culturable bacteria associated to tissue lesions in order to investigate their potential as pathogens. Inoculation of four bacterial isolates onto healthy P. clavata in aquaria caused disease signs similar to those observed during the 2003 mortality event. The infection process was dependent on elevated seawater temperatures, in a range of values consistent with recordings performed in the field during the climatic anomalies. Among the four isolates, we identified a Vibrio coralliilyticus strain that showed virulence to P. clavata. This strain was re‐isolated from diseased colonies during the experimentations. V. coralliilyticus has been previously identified as a thermodependent pathogen of a tropical coral species, emphasizing a causal role of this infectious agent in the P. clavata disease. Taking into consideration predicted global warming over the coming decades, a better understanding of the factors and mechanisms that affect the disease process will be of critical importance in predicting future threats to temperate gorgonians communities in the Mediterranean Sea.
Will northern fish populations be in hot water because of climate change?
Authors: SHARMA SAPNA , JACKSON DONALD A. , MINNS CHARLES K. , SHUTER BRIAN J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPredicted increases in water temperature in response to climate change will have large implications for aquatic ecosystems, such as altering thermal habitat and potential range expansion of fish species. Warmwater fish species, such as smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, may have access to additional favourable thermal habitat under increased surface‐water temperatures, thereby shifting the northern limit of the distribution of the species further north in Canada and potentially negatively impacting native fish communities. We assembled a database of summer surface‐water temperatures for over 13 000 lakes across Canada. The database consists of lakes with a variety of physical, chemical and biological properties. We used general linear models to develop a nation‐wide maximum lake surface‐water temperature model. The model was extended to predict surface‐water temperatures suitable to smallmouth bass and under climate‐change scenarios. Air temperature, latitude, longitude and sampling time were good predictors of present‐day maximum surface‐water temperature. We predicted lake surface‐water temperatures for July 2100 using three climate‐change scenarios. Water temperatures were predicted to increase by as much as 18 °C by 2100, with the greatest increase in northern Canada. Lakes with maximum surface‐water temperatures suitable for smallmouth bass populations were spatially identified. Under several climate‐change scenarios, we were able to identify lakes that will contain suitable thermal habitat and, therefore, are vulnerable to invasion by smallmouth bass in 2100. This included lakes in the Arctic that were predicted to have suitable thermal habitat by 2100.
‘Caring for’ behaviours that indicate to patients that nurses ‘care about’ them
Authors: Henderson Amanda , Van Eps Mary Ann , Pearson Kate , James Catherine , Henderson Peter , Osborne Yvonne 
Published: September 2007

Abstract Title. ‘Caring for’ behaviours that indicate to patients that nurses ‘care about’ them Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to explore what constitutes nurse–patient interactions and to ascertain patients’ perceptions of these interactions.Background.  Nurses maintain patient integrity through caring practices. When patients feel disempowered or that their integrity is threatened they are more likely to make a complaint. When nurses develop a meaningful relationship with patients they recognize and address their concerns. It is increasingly identified in the literature that bureaucratic demands, including increased workloads and reduced staffing levels, result in situations where the development of a ‘close’ relationship is limited.Method.  Data collection took two forms: twelve 4‐hour observation periods of nurse–patient interactions in one cubicle (of four patients) in a medical and a surgical ward concurrently over a 4‐week period; and questionnaires from inpatients of the two wards who were discharged during the 4‐week data collection period in 2005.Findings.  Observation data showed that nurse–patient interactions were mostly friendly and informative. Opportunities to develop closeness were limited. Patients were mostly satisfied with interactions. The major source of dissatisfaction was when patients perceived that nurses were not readily available to respond to specific requests. Comparison of the observation and survey data indicated that patients still felt ‘cared for’ even when practices did not culminate in a ‘connected’ relationship.Conclusion.  The findings suggest that patients believe that caring is demonstrated when nurses respond to specific requests. Patient satisfaction with the service is more likely to be improved if nurses can readily adapt their work to accommodate patients’ requests or, alternatively, communicate why these requests cannot be immediately addressed.
Burnout: co‐workers’ perceptions of signs preceding workmates’ burnout
Authors: Ericson‐Lidman Eva , Strandberg Gunilla 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTitle. Burnout: co‐workers’ perceptions of signs preceding workmates’ burnoutAim. This paper is a report of a study to describe co‐workers’ perceptions of signs preceding workmates’ burnout.Background. Burnout engenders emotional and economic suffering, both individual and societal. It is therefore important to learn to recognize early signs to prevent burnout and co‐workers, who have opportunities to recognize such signs, are valuable resources in this context.Method. Fifteen interviews were conducted with nursing and medical staff in Sweden who had worked with a person who developed burnout. The interviews took place in 2004 and were analysed using a thematic content analysis. The narratives were obtained when co‐workers already knew that their workmates were on sick leave because of burnout or had left their employment after sick leave because of burnout.Findings. The findings show that co‐workers retrospectively recalled a multiplicity of signs. They perceived that the people concerned were struggling to manage alone, showing self‐sacrifice, struggling to achieve unattainable goals, becoming distanced and isolated, and showing signs of falling apart.Conclusions. Some of the signs preceding workmates’ burnout may be difficult to interpret as signs of burnout, because they may be regarded as qualities which are to some extent encouraged in the prevailing culture. The findings provide a complex picture of these signs that will hopefully increase our awareness of and ability to recognize such signs to facilitate the possibilities of our helping in time. The sub‐themes and themes in the present study may also serve as a basis for supervisors involved in supporting clinical staff.
Operational efficiency of health care in police custody suites: comparison of nursing and medical provision
Authors: Bond Patricia , Kingston Paul , Nevill Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract Title. Operational efficiency of health care in police custody suites: comparison of nursing and medical provision Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to examine the operational impact of a police custody nursing service on healthcare delivery in one police service in the north of England.Background.  Medical practitioners, trained specifically for the role of forensic medical examiner, have traditionally provided forensic and custodial medical services. However, there is a trend for police authorities in the United Kingdom to replace forensic medical examiners with custody nurses. Restructuring health care in police custody suites to a multidisciplinary team approach is a practical response to the challenges faced by an overburdened service. However, very few evaluations of the impact of a nursing addition to forensic medical services have been published.Method.  One nursing service was evaluated by comparing performance indicators over a 6‐months period with retrospective data from records of the traditional forensic medical examiner service. Data were extracted from 9000 calls made by the police for medical assistance across five police stations, and analysed for response and consultation times. Five custody nurses, 20 custody officers and six forensic medical examiners were also interviewed, and the study was conducted in 2003.Findings.  In comparison to the traditional service, nurses demonstrated faster response times, comparable consultation times, and were perceived by custody staff as more approachable than their medical colleagues in providing handover information.Conclusion.  As nurses take on the roles previously performed by medical colleagues, so it will become increasingly important to define role boundaries and assess the impact on the quality of care of detainees.
Evolutionary consequences of human disturbance in a rainforest bird species from Central Africa
Authors: SMITH THOMAS B. , MILÁ BORJA , GRETHER GREGORY F. , SLABBEKOORN HANS , SEPIL IREM , BUERMANN WOLFGANG , SAATCHI SASSAN , POLLINGER JOHN P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRelatively little attention has been directed towards understanding the impacts of human disturbance on evolutionary processes that produce and maintain biodiversity. Here, we examine the influence of anthropogenic habitat changes on traits typically associated with natural and sexual selection in the little greenbul (Andropadus virens), an African rainforest bird species. Using satellite remote‐sensing and field survey data, we classified habitats into nonhuman‐altered mature and human‐altered secondary forest. Mature rainforest consisted of pristine rainforest, with little or no human influence, and secondary forest was characterized by plantations of coffee and cacao and high human impacts. Andropadus virens abundance was higher in secondary forest, and populations inhabiting mature rainforest were significantly larger in wing and tarsus length and bill size; characters often correlated with fitness. To assess the extent to which characters important in sexual section and mate choice might be influenced by habitat change, we also examined differences in plumage colour and song. Plumage colour and the variance in plumage luminance were found to differ between forest types, and song duration was found to be significantly longer in mature forest. The possible adaptive significance of these differences in traits is discussed. Despite relatively high levels of gene flow across habitats, amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that a small proportion of high‐FST loci differentiated mature from secondary forest populations. These loci were significant outliers against neutral expectations in a simulation analysis, suggesting a role for divergent selection in differentiation across habitats. A distance‐based redundancy analysis further showed that forest type as defined by remote‐sensing variables was significantly associated with genetic dissimilarities between habitats, even when controlling for distance. The observed shifts in morphology, plumage and song were consistent with divergent selection on heritable variation, but a role for plasticity cannot be ruled out. Results suggest that anthropogenic habitat changes may have evolutionary consequences, with implications for conservation and restoration.
Plant reproductive systems and evolution during biological invasion
Authors: BARRETT SPENCER C. H. , COLAUTTI ROBERT I. , ECKERT CHRISTOPHER G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRecent biological invasions provide opportunities to investigate microevolution during contemporary timescales. The tempo and scope of local adaptation will be determined by the intensity of natural selection and the amounts and kinds of genetic variation within populations. In flowering plants, genetic diversity is strongly affected by interactions between reproductive systems and stochastic forces associated with immigration history and range expansion. Here, we explore the significance of reproductive system diversity for contemporary evolution during plant invasion. We focus in particular on how reproductive modes influence the genetic consequences of long‐distance colonization and determine the likelihood of adaptive responses during invasion. In many clonal invaders, strong founder effects and restrictions on sexual reproduction limit opportunities for local adaptation. In contrast, adaptive changes to life‐history traits should be a general expectation in both outbreeding and inbreeding species. We provide evidence that evolutionary modifications to reproductive systems promote the colonizing ability of invading populations and that reproductive timing is an important target of selection during range expansion. Knowledge of the likelihood and speed at which local adaptation evolves in invasive plants will be particularly important for management practices when evolutionary changes enhance ecological opportunities and invasive spread.
Co‐phylogeography and comparative population genetics of the threatened Galápagos hawk and three ectoparasite species: ecology shapes population histories within parasite communities
Authors: WHITEMAN NOAH K. , KIMBALL REBECCA T. , PARKER PATRICIA G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractComparative microevolutionary studies of multiple parasites occurring on a single host species can help shed light on the processes underlying parasite diversification. We compared the phylogeographical histories, population genetic structures and population divergence times of three co‐distributed and phylogenetically independent ectoparasitic insect species, including an amblyceran and an ischnoceran louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera), a hippoboscid fly (Insecta: Diptera) and their endemic avian host in the Galápagos Islands. The Galápagos hawk (Aves: Falconiformes:Buteo galapagoensis) is a recently arrived endemic lineage in the Galápagos Islands and its island populations are diverging evolutionarily. Each parasite species differed in relative dispersal ability and distribution within the host populations, which allowed us to make predictions about their degree of population genetic structure and whether they tracked host gene flow and colonization history among islands. To control for DNA region in comparisons across these phylogenetically distant taxa, we sequenced ~1 kb of homologous mitochondrial DNA from samples collected from all island populations of the host. Remarkably, the host was invariant across mitochondrial regions that were comparatively variable in each of the parasite species, to degrees consistent with differences in their natural histories. Differences in these natural history traits were predictably correlated with the evolutionary trajectories of each parasite species, including rates of interisland gene flow and tracking of hosts by parasites. Congruence between the population structures of the ischnoceran louse and the host suggests that the ischnoceran may yield insight into the cryptic evolutionary history of its endangered host, potentially aiding in its conservation management.
Phylogeography of the tree lizard,Urosaurus ornatus: responses of populations to past climate change
Authors: HAENEL G. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIsolation due to both geological barriers and range contractions during the Pleistocene glacial maxima has been an important cause of diversification of arid‐adapted species in the North American deserts. Tree lizards,Urosaurus ornatus, are distributed across much of the southwestern arid regions and can tolerate a wide range of environments. Thus, they may have avoided large‐scale shifts in distribution caused by Pleistocene climate change and any subsequent evolutionary impacts. Cytochromebsequences were sampled fromU. ornatusacross the northern part of their range to test if current structure of these populations resulted from post‐Pleistocene range expansion and habitat fragmentation, or prior geological isolation. Phylogenetic analyses found geographical structuring of populations consistent with a model of long‐term geographical isolation corresponding to each of the desert regions. The two post‐Pleistocene hypotheses were not well supported as estimated times of divergence predated the retreat of the last continental ice sheet. Populations in different regions were impacted by different processes. Southern populations ofU. ornatusappear to have remained largely independent of more derived northern and eastern populations during Pleistocene climate change, while populations in regions containing more derived populations showed evidence of more recent range expansion (Colorado Plateau). As populations ofU. ornatusattest to, the complex and dynamic history of the southwestern USA has left a deep‐rooted and multifaceted imprint on genetic and phylogeographical structure of the species living there.
Extreme population subdivision throughout a continuous range: phylogeography of Batrachoseps attenuatus (Caudata: Plethodontidae) in western North America
Authors: MARTÍNEZ–SOLANO IÑIGO , JOCKUSCH ELIZABETH L. , WAKE DAVID B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractLow‐vagility species with deep evolutionary histories are key to our understanding of the biogeographical history of geologically complex areas, such as the west coast of North America. We present a detailed study of the phylogeography of the salamander Batrachoseps attenuatus (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using sequences of the mitochondrial gene cob from 178 individuals sampled from throughout the species’ range. Sequences of three other mitochondrial genes (16S, cox1, nad4) and a nuclear gene (RAG‐1) were used to investigate the deeper evolutionary history of the species. We found high levels of genetic diversity and deep divergences within a mostly continuous distribution, with five genetically well‐differentiated and geographically structured mitochondrial DNA clades. Significant association between geographical and genetic distances within these clades suggests demographic stability, whereas Fu's FS tests suggest demographic expansions in three of them. Mantel tests identify two biogeographical barriers, the San Andreas Fault and the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, as important in the diversification of lineages. The timing of the main splitting events between intraspecific lineages was estimated by applying relaxed molecular clock methods combining several mutation rates and a fossil calibration. The earliest splitting events are old (Pliocene/Miocene), with more recent (Pleistocene) subdivisions in some clades. Disjunct populations distributed along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada colonized this area relatively recently from a single refugium east of San Francisco Bay. The combination of fine‐scale, comprehensive sampling with phylogenetic, historical demographic and hypothesis‐based tests allowed delineation of a complex biogeographical scenario with general implications for the study of codistributed taxa.
Effects of cultivar mixtures on scab control in apple orchards
Authors: Didelot F. , Brun L. , Parisi L. 
Published: September 2007

The effects of two mixtures of resistant and susceptible apple cultivars on the development of scab caused byVenturia inequaliswere observed in an experimental orchard over four years, initially for two years without fungicides against scab, and subsequently for two years with a moderate fungicide schedule. The row‐by‐row and within‐row mixtures included a susceptible cultivar and a resistant cultivar in equal proportions. Without fungicides, the results showed a significant reduction of disease incidence over both years (7·3 to 21·3%), and severity in the second year (35·4%) in the within‐row mixtures, compared to the monoculture of the susceptible cultivar. The best results were obtained when the within‐row mixture was associated with moderate fungicide treatments; in this case the reduction in disease incidence reached 75·1% on leaves and 69·7% on fruits during the growth phase. The characteristics of theVenturia inaequalis/Malus × domesticapathosystem and the results obtained in this experiment suggest a moderate but not negligible ability of cultivar mixtures for reducing epidemics of the disease.