bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contaminants and Injury Induce Inking on Peaches and Nectarines
Authors: Crisosto Carlos H. , Johnson R. Scott , Day Kevin R. , Beede Bob , Andris Harry 
Published: May 2008

After 3 years of study, we have demonstrated that physical injury combined with contamination cause skin discoloration, called inking, on peaches and nectarines. Abrasion damage releases anthocyanin/phenolic pigments, which are located in the skin cells, allowing the reaction of these pigments with the heavy-metal contaminants. We found that iron, copper and aluminum were the most deleterious contaminants of those studied in inducing inking on abraded fruit. Approximately 10 ppm iron was enough to induce inking at the physiological fruit pH (~3.5). This contamination can occur within 15 days before harvest, or during harvest or packing operations. Foliar-nutrient, fungicide and insecticide preharvest sprays may act as sources of contamination for inking development, depending on the preharvest application interval. To reduce inking incidence, we have developed safe preharvest application intervals that yield low inking incidence benomyl for iprodione (Rovral), triforine (Funginex), vinclozolin (Ronilan DF) (Benlate) and certain foliar nutrients containing heavy metals. Posted 25 June 2000.
Managing Powdery Mildew of Cherry in Washington Orchards and Nurseries with Spray Oils
Authors: Grove G. G. , Boal R. J. , Bennett L. H. 
Published: May 2008

Powdery mildew of sweet cherry is the most serious disease in irrigated orchards and nurseries of Washington. The fungus infects foliage and fruit, but fruit infections are of primary concern due to the potential for rejection of entire crops. Development of resistance to demethylation inhibiting (DMI) fungicides in the mid-1990s increased the difficulty in controlling this disease. Orchard mildew management programs that utilize oils, DMI and strobilurin fungicides have been developed for use in eastern Washington. A growth stage (phenology)/calendar-based program provides excellent disease control, utilizes three fungicidal modes of action, and minimizes oil-induced fruit and foliar phytotoxicity by limiting oil use to no later than the pit hardening stage. A second approach that utilizes oils in a temperature-based disease forecasting system provides excellent disease control with fewer fungicide applications. Accepted for publication 19 July 2000. Published 28 July 2000.
Outbreak of Smut Caused by Tilletia maclaganiion Cultivated Switchgrass in Iowa
Authors: Gravert C. E. , Tiffany L. H. , Munkvold G. P. 
Published: May 2008

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a prairie grass native to Iowa, is cultivated for forage and biomass production. During the late 1990s, biomass and seed yields of switchgrass grown in southern Iowa began to decline, and the reduction has been attributed to unidentified diseases. Posted 15 August 2000.
Outbreak of Eremothecium coryli Fruit Rot of Tomato in California
Authors: Miyao G. M. , Davis R. M. , Phaff H. J. 
Published: May 2008

A ripe fruit rot of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) associated with stink bug (Euschistus conspersus) feeding caused extensive losses in the Sacramento Valley of California in 1998. Posted 16 August 2000.
Genetically Modified, Insect Resistant Maize: Implications for Management of Ear and Stalk Diseases
Authors: Munkvold G. P. , Hellmich R. L. 
Published: May 2008

Because the fungi that produce mycotoxins in maize are frequently associated with insect damage, insect control has the potential to reduce mycotoxin concentrations in grain. Our research indicates that Bt transformation of maize hybrids enhances the safety of grain for livestock and human food products by reducing the plants' vulnerability to mycotoxin-producing Fusarium fungi. Accepted for publication 5 September 2000. Published 12 September 2000.
The Christmas Tree: Traditions, Production, and Diseases
Authors: Chastagner Gary A. , Benson D. Michael 
Published: May 2008

This article takes a historical look at the Christmas tree industry and discuss three diseases limiting growers' ability to meet the demand for noble and Fraser fir in North America: Phytophthora root rot and stem canker, current season needle necrosis (CSNN), and interior needle blight. Accepted for publication 14 September 2000. Published 13 October 2000.
Antibiotic Use for Plant Disease Management in the United States
Authors: McManus Patricia S. , Stockwell Virginia O. 
Published: May 2008

Streptomycin and oxytetracycline have been used on crop plants for 45 years and 25 years, respectively, without reports of adverse effects on humans. Their efficacy for control of plant diseases has been diminished in some regions due to the emergence of resistant pathogens. However, until effective and economic alternatives become available, antibiotics will remain important in the management of devastating plant diseases. Accepted for publication 19 March 2001. Published 27 March 2001.
Efficacy of Kaolin-Based Particle Films to Control Apple Diseases
Authors: Glenn D. Michael , van der Zwet Tom , Puterka Gary , Gundrum Patricia , Brown Eric 
Published: May 2008

Studies were conducted from 1997 to 1999 to evaluate the effect of processed kaolin-based particle film applications on the incidence and severity of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) diseases. Greenhouse and field studies demonstrated that pre-emptive application of hydrophobic and hydrophilic particles reduced the incidence of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al.) in blossoms and injured shoots. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic particles suppressed sooty blotch (Gloeodes pomigena (Schwein.)) and flyspeck (Schizothyrium pomi (Mont. & Fr.) Arx: anamorph Zygophiala jamaicensis Mason) to levels equivalent to conventional fungicides. In field studies, apple scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint.: anamorph Spilocaea pomi Fr.) was not suppressed by hydrophilic particles. Hydrophilic particles did not interfere with the action of conventional fungicides or the activity of calcium hydroxide to suppress apple scab. Hydrophilic particles did reduce powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev.) E.S. Salmon (anamorph Oidium farinosum Cooke)) russetting on fruit, but leaf infection was extensive. Accepted for publication 27 July 2001. Published 23 August 2001.
White Pine Blister Rust
Authors: Maloy Otis C. 
Published: May 2008

White pine blister rust is probably the most destructive disease of five-needle (white) pines in North America. The rust fungus cannot spread from pine to pine but requires an alternate host, Ribes species, to complete the disease cycle. Several management tools might enable the reestablishment of western white pine stands. Accepted for publication 20 September 2001. Published 24 September 2001.
Susceptibility of Intermountain Douglas-Fir to Rhabdocline Needle Cast When Grown in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Chastagner Gary A. 
Published: May 2008

Douglas-fir are traditionally grown as Christmas trees in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Intermountain (IM) provenances of Douglas-fir are less likely to be injured after harvest by exposure to subfreezing temperatures than the coastal provenances. However, planting IM Douglas-fir in the coastal areas of the PNW is currently not recommended because of their high susceptibility to Rhabdocline needle cast. During a three-year period, needle cast severity was rated (0 to 100 scale) on trees in a replicated planting of IM Douglas-fir near Puyallup, WA. In 1997, needle cast ratings ranged from 0.8 to 70. Trees from the Cibola National Forest (NF) had significantly higher needle cast ratings (70.0) than trees from Carson NF (17.3), Coconino NF (15.7), Rio Grande NF (5.0), and Upper Clearwater, ID (0.8). Trees from the Apache NF (51.4), San Isabel NF (32.3), two collections representing the Lincoln NF (25.4-30.2), and the Santa Fe NF (21.3) had intermediate levels of needle cast. This study shows that certain sources of IM Douglas-fir can be grown in the PNW with minimal Rhabdocline needle cast problems. Applications of chlorothalonil also provided effective needle cast control on all but the most susceptible provenance. Accepted for publication 15 October 2001. Published 29 October 2001.
Applications of Mixtures of Copper Fungicides and Chlorothalonil for Management of Peanut Leaf Spot Diseases
Authors: Culbreath A. K. , Brenneman T. B. , Kemerait R. C. 
Published: May 2008

Management of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) and late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in the southeastern U.S. is dependent upon multiple applications of foliar fungicides. Field experiments were conducted from 1997 to 2000 to compare the efficacy of mixtures of copper hydroxide or copper oxychloride and reduced rates of chlorothalonil with that of full rates of chlorothalonil alone or chlorothalonil + propiconazole. In all tests, rates per ha of 0.70 kg of chlorothalonil + 0.70 kg of copper oxychloride or higher provided leaf spot control that was similar (P > 0.05) to that achieved with standard rates of chlorothalonil (0.84 kg/ha) + propiconazole (0.063 kg/ha). Application of chlorothalonil at 0.56 kg/ha + copper oxychloride at 0.56 kg/ha controlled leaf spot as well as (P > 0.05) chlorothalonil alone at 1.26 kg/ha in five of six tests in which that treatment was evaluated. In three of four tests in 1998 and 1999, application of chlorothalonil at 0.63 kg/ha + copper hydroxide at 0.63 kg/ha controlled leaf spot as well as chlorothalonil alone at 1.26 kg/ha. In both tests in 2000, application of chlorothalonil at 0.84 kg/ha + copper hydroxide at 0.63 kg/ha controlled leaf spot as well as chlorothalonil alone at 1.26 kg/ha. There were no consistent yield differences among the chlorothalonil, chlorothalonil + propiconazole, or chlorothalonil + copper treatments. Accepted for publication 8 November 2001. Published 16 November 2001.
Seed Borne Late Blight of Potato
Authors: Powelson Mary L. , Ludy Robin , Heather Heather , Inglis Debra A. , Gundersen Babette , Derie Mike 
Published: May 2008

Planting of potato seed pieces infected with Phytophthora infestans can lead to the introduction of late blight within a planting. When infected seed pieces are planted, there are three resulting scenarios: (i) a healthy plant emerges, (ii) no plant emerges because of the rapid decay of the seed piece, or (iii) a symptomatic plant emerges. A major factor favoring stand establishment and seed transmission is the severity of seed piece infection. When infection is severe, stand is compromised and transmission rate is low. When infection is mild, the plant emerges before the seed piece decays and, in some instances, the pathogen makes its way from the seed piece to the plant where a stem lesion is formed. Diseased seed tubers are the principle source of late blight inoculum for infection of healthy seed pieces. Treatment of infected or blighted seed tubers with a seed dressing with activity against P. infestans is not a viable tactic because the products are ineffective against established infections. Conversely, treatment of healthy seed pieces provides a high level of protection against late blight spores that are spread during the seed handling and planting operations. Optimum effectiveness is achieved when products are applied immediately following cutting, as none are effective against established infections. Seed treatment reduces the risk of seed transmission of late blight and enhances stand establishment and plant vigor. This tactic should be an important component of an integrated late blight management program. Accepted for publication 16 January 2002. Published 29 January 2002.
Bacterial Crown Rot of Lisianthus Caused by Burkholderia gladioli
Authors: Seijo Teresa E. , Biologist Senior , McGovern Robert J. , Dickstein Ellen R. , Harbaugh Brent K. 
Published: May 2008

This is the first report of a bacterial pathogen of lisianthus. The bacterium can be seed-borne and causes a rot of the tap root, crown, and stem, leading to death of plants ranging in age from small seedlings to mature flowering plants. Accepted for publication 7 May 2002. Published 20 May 2002.
First Report of Southern Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum on Geranium in Florida
Authors: Pradhanang Prakash M. , Momol M. Timur , Dankers Hank , Momol Esen A. , Jones Jeffrey B. 
Published: May 2008

To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solanacearum causing Southern wilt in geranium in Florida. The pathogen in this case was biovar 1, which is commonly found in the southern United States and South America. Accepted for publication 7 June 2002. Published 11 June 2002.
Management of the Peanut Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria, with Host Resistance
Authors: Starr J. L. , Morgan E. R. , Simpson C. E. 
Published: May 2008

Management of the common peanut root-knot nematode has traditionally relied on treatment of infested fields with nematicides, as well as rotations with other crops. The availability of nematod-eresistant cultivars gives growers another option and will reduce the growers reliance on nematicides. The nematode-resistant peanut cultivars COAN and NemaTAM can be grown in nematode infested fields without having to rely on nematicide applications to achieve the genetic yield potential of the crop. Accepted for publication 28 October 2002. Published 21 November 2002.
First Report of Powdery Mildew of Mahonia aquifolium Caused by Microsphaera berberidis (Erysiphe berberidis) in North America
Authors: Glawe Dean A. 
Published: May 2008

Mahonia aquifolium is a widely-grown plant in the coastal Pacific Northwest. This report documents for the first time a powdery mildew on M. aquifolium in North America caused by a fungus fitting the description of Microsphaera berberidis. Accepted for publication 14 January 2003. Published 6 February 2003.
Temperature Declines During Storms and Irrigation May Contribute to Fire Blight Infection of Pear Fruit
Authors: Rosenberger David A. , VanCamp Keri L. 
Published: May 2008

During summer of 2002, fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora appeared in immature pears (Pyrus communis) in five Ulster County pear orchards in southeastern New York State. Foliar symptoms of fire blight were absent or infrequent in many trees that had infected fruit, suggesting that fruit infections occurred after shoots had stopped growing and were no longer susceptible to infection. In one orchard where overhead irrigation was initiated on 23 July when air temperatures were 96°F, incidence of fruit infection in September ranged from 10 to 76% with a mean of 36% of all fruit showing fire blight symptoms. Laboratory experiments showed that non-wounded fruit preheated to 95°F and then submerged in inoculum suspensions at 70°F or 40°F developed fire blight infections whereas similar fruit preheated at 70°F and immersed in 70°F-inoculum did not develop infections. Overhead irrigation initiated during the heat of the day can disperse inoculum at the same time that rapid cooling from irrigation water may cause E. amylovora to be drawn into immature pear fruit. The same combination of water-disseminated inoculum and rapid cooling can occur during summer thunderstorms, and storm events may explain the unusual incidence of fire blight on immature pears that was observed in 2002. Accepted for publication 29 January 2003. Published 10 March 2003.
Toxicity Responses of Herbaceous and Woody Ornamental Plants to Chlorine and Hydrogen Dioxides
Authors: Copes W. E. , Chastagner G. A. , Hummel R. L. 
Published: May 2008

Regular and excessive rates of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and hydrogen dioxide (H2O2) were sprayed five times at 3-day intervals on eight bedding plant and nine shrub species to determine if plant damage would result. Marketability was judged to be reduced if ≥4% surface area of leaves and/or flowers were adversely affected. Rates of 5 and 50 ppm ClO2 and 900 and 2700 ppm H2O2 did not damage most plants tested and will likely control most common pathogen propagules. Rates of 100 ppm ClO2 and 5400 ppm H2O2 did not damage most plants tested if sprayed less than four consecutive times and should control some of the more chemical-tolerant pathogens. Accepted for publication 11 February 2003. Published 11 March 2003.
Detecting Orobanche minor Seeds in Soil Using PCR
Authors: Rehms Lisa , Osterbauer Nancy K. 
Published: May 2008

The federally regulated noxious weed small broomrape (Orobanche minor Smith) is a parasite of several plant species including alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red and white clover (Trifolium pratense L. and T. repens L., respectively) (4). Because of its seed size (200 to 300 mm), it is difficult to detect in harvested clover seed and in soil (3). Recently, we reported a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that can detect small broomrape seed in clover seed (2). This paper reports the testing of this assay for its ability to detect small broomrape in soil. Accepted for publication 10 June 2003. Published 1 July 2003.
Gray Kernel Disease of Macadamia Nut: Are Bacteria Involved?
Authors: Kaneshiro Wendy S. , Cavaletto Catherine G. , Tang C. S. , Alvarez Anne M. 
Published: May 2008

These data point to but do not prove a bacterial etiology for gray kernel disease, and implicate Enterobacter cloacae as one of the causal agents. Other bacteria also may be involved. Accepted for publication 11 July 2003. Published 25 August 2003.
Proposed Strategies for Begomovirus Disease Management in Tomato in Trinidad
Authors: Rampersad S. N. 
Published: May 2008

Geminiviruses represent one of the major groups of phytopathogens of many economically important crops worldwide. In Trinidad, Potato yellow mosaic virus-Trinidad isolate (PYMV-TT) has been implicated as the causal agent of disease epidemics in tomato since the late 1980s. Since its detection there has been an increase both in disease incidence and in geographical distribution among commercial tomato production systems. Current strategies used to control infection have proven to be inadequate at suppressing the disease because such measures are not coordinated, integrated, or regulated. On-going research has identified several epidemic-associated factors which may be involved in PYMV-TT disease spread and persistence. Several management schemes are now recommended as part of a complementary and multi-dimensional system to delay PYMV-TT infection in tomato. Accepted for publication 28 August 2003. Published 6 October 2003.
First Report of Powdery Mildew of Convolvulus arvensis (Field Bindweed) Caused by Erysiphe convolvuli var. convolvuli in North America
Authors: Glawe Dean A. , Windom Gwenyth E. , Grove Gary G. , Falacy Jennifer S. 
Published: May 2008

Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) is widespread in the Pacific Northwest where it is considered a noxious weed. During 2002, collections of a powdery mildew fungus attacking C. arvensis were made from Pierce, Spokane, Whitman, and Yakima counties, WA. Based on morphological features we determined the fungus to be Erysiphe convolvuli. Accepted for publication 22 September 2003. Published 21 October 2003.
First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Hosta in Florida
Authors: Momol M. Timur , Dankers Hank , Adkins Scott 
Published: May 2008

In spring 2003, symptoms similar to thrips-vectored spotted wilt disease caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were observed on outdoor-grown hosta in Florida. Symptoms observed included leaf necrosis and stunting, chlorotic and necrotic spotting, and distinctive ring patterns. This is the first report of TSWV on hosta in Florida. Accepted for publication 29 September 2003. Published 24 October 2003.
Risk Assessment: Concepts, Development, and Future Opportunities
Authors: Yang X. B. 
Published: May 2008

Farming is a risky business. Among the many risk factors, plant disease is an important one due to its close relation to climate and yield. Understanding and assessing disease risk reduce the uncertainties and, therefore, are critical to effective management of plant diseases and, ultimately, to the success of the particular farming venture. Part of the proceedings of “Managing Risk to Minimize Crop Loss,” a symposium organized by the Plant Disease Losses and Regulatory Committees of APS. Accepted for publication 27 March 2003. Published 13 November 2003.
The Maximum Pest Limit Concept Explained
Authors: Hughes Gareth 
Published: May 2008

The maximum pest limit (MPL) concept was developed as a practical method of implementing quarantine security measures against the import of invasive pest species of plants. The MPL itself is simply a threshold upper limit, above which the pest species in question is deemed capable of establishing a population if imported in a consignment of fruit or vegetables. This limit depends on various biological and ecological characteristics of the pest species in question. Important aspects of implementation relate to how treatment and sampling may be combined to reduce the probability that the MPL will be exceeded. If a specified level of treatment efficacy is required (for example, probit nine level), then choice of an appropriate sample size becomes the main problem for regulatory authorities seeking to maintain quarantine security. Accepted for publication 16 December 2002. Published 13 November 2003.
Bayesian Approaches to Plant Disease Forecasting
Authors: Yuen Jonathan 
Published: May 2008

Prediction of disease occurrence is a well known historical theme, and has begun to receive new interest due to internet-based prediction systems. The evaluation of these systems in a quantitative manner is an important step if they are to be used in modern agricultural production. Bayes's theorem is one way in which the performance of such predictors can be studied. In this way, the conditional probability of pest occurrence after a positive or negative prediction can be compared with the unconditional probability of pest occurrence. Both the specificity and the sensitivity of the predictive system are needed, along with the unconditional probability of pest occurrence, in order to make a Bayesian analysis. If there is little information on the prior probability of disease, most predictors will be useful, but for extremely common or extremely rare diseases, a Bayesian analysis indicates that a system predicting disease occurrence or non-occurrence will have limited usefulness. Accepted for publication 29 January 2002. Published 13 November 2003.
First Report of Powdery Mildew of Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese Privet) Caused by Microsphaera syringae (Erysiphe syringae) in North America
Authors: Falacy Jennifer S. , Glawe Dean A. 
Published: May 2008

Powdery mildew was collected from Japanese privet (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.) in Seattle, King County, WA. The authors determined the causal agent to be Microsphaera syringae (Schw.) Magn. This report documents for the first time the occurrence of M. syringae on L. japonicum in North America, and presents information on the taxonomy and identification of this fungus. Accepted for publication 6 November 2003. Published 10 December 2003.
First Report of Powdery Mildew of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's-wort) Caused by an Anamorphic Microsphaera Species in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Glawe Dean A. 
Published: May 2008

St. John's-wort has been valued as a medicinal herb for centuries. During the 2002 growing season a specimen plant with powdery mildew symptoms was observed in a demonstration garden in Kenmore, King County, WA. This report provides information on symptoms of the disease, morphological features useful in characterizing the causal agent, and taxonomic aspects of the fungus. Accepted for publication 30 June 2004. Published 07 July 2004.