bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of the Bismuth Film Electrode for the Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Tin
Authors: Prior Chad , Walker G. Stewart 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBismuth coated glassy carbon electrodes have been applied to the square‐wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) of trace concentrations of tin. Optimization of Bismuth Film Electrode (BFE) performance was conducted after initial comparison with the more traditional mercury electrode. Simultaneous deposition of tin and bismuth at −1.3 V for 2 minutes in a supporting electrolyte of 2.5 M sodium bromide utilizing a square‐wave stripping step, allowed analysis of tin at the μg L−1 level. Parameters, such as deposition potential and time, bismuth concentration, square‐waveform settings including amplitude, step height and frequency were studied and optimized. The dependence of stripping current on deposition time indicates that using longer deposition time should facilitate sub μg L−1 analysis. Tin was analyzed simultaneously with cadmium and either indium or thallium; Where as lead and copper were not resolved from the stripping peaks of tin and bismuth respectively. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of tin in fruit juice.
On the Electrochemical Oxidation of Resveratrol
Authors: Corduneanu Oana , Janeiro Patricia , Brett Ana Maria Oliveira 
Published: March 2006

AbstractResveratrol (3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene) is an organic metabolite produced by plants in response to fungal infection. It is found in various plant fruits and is abundant in the skins of unripe grapes and related products. This photosensitive molecule exists in two isomeric forms, trans and cis‐resveratrol. The antioxidant activity of resveratrol, both trans and cis forms, was evaluated by means of cyclic, differential pulse and square‐wave voltammetry over a wide pH range, using a glassy carbon electrode. Voltammograms of resveratrol presented two oxidation peaks; the first oxidation peak corresponds to the oxidation of the phenol group and was shown to undergo an irreversible oxidation reaction. The second oxidation peak corresponds to the oxidation of the resorcinol moiety and is also irreversible. The influence of pH on the electrochemical oxidation process of resveratrol was investigated.
Theoretical analysis for achieving high‐order spatial accuracy in Lagrangian/Eulerian source terms
Authors: Schmidt David P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn a fully coupled Lagrangian/Eulerian two‐phase calculation, the source terms from computational particles must be agglomerated to nearby gas‐phase nodes. Existing methods are capable of accomplishing this particle‐to‐gas coupling with second‐order accuracy. However, higher‐order methods would be useful for applications such as two‐phase direct numerical simulation and large eddy simulation. A theoretical basis is provided for producing high spatial accuracy in particle‐to‐gas source terms with low computational cost. The present work derives fourth‐ and sixth‐order accurate methods, and the procedure for even higher accuracy is discussed. The theory is also expanded to include two‐ and three‐dimensional calculations. One‐ and two‐dimensional tests are used to demonstrate the convergence of this method and to highlight problems with statistical noise. Finally, the potential for application in computational fluid dynamics codes is discussed. It is concluded that high‐order kernels have practical benefits only under limited ranges of statistical and spatial resolution. Additionally, convergence demonstrations with full CFD codes will be extremely difficult due to the worsening of statistical errors with increasing mesh resolution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive discretization of shallow‐water equations based on discontinuous Galerkin methods
Authors: Remacle Jean‐François , Frazão Sandra Soares , Li Xiangrong , Shephard Mark S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we present a discontinuous Galerkin formulation of the shallow‐water equations. An orthogonal basis is used for the spatial discretization and an explicit Runge–Kutta scheme is used for time discretization. Some results of second‐order anisotropic adaptive calculations are presented for dam breaking problems. The adaptive procedure uses an error indicator that concentrates the computational effort near discontinuities like hydraulic jumps. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unsteady RANS simulation of oscillating mould flows
Authors: Schwarze R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMould flow oscillations are of major importance for the performance of the continuous casting process. They are suspected to promote entrainment of slag and other unwanted secondary phases into the melt pool. These oscillating turbulent flows are investigated by means of numerical simulations. The numerical model is based on the equation of continuity and the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The system of flow equations is closed by a Reynolds stress turbulence model in combination with non‐equilibrium wall functions.The unsteady simulation resolves low‐frequency oscillations of the flow field. These frequencies and numerically resolved mean values are in agreement with results of corresponding model experiments.The proposed model should be advantageous in order to investigate the mechanisms of the oscillations and the process of slag entrainment in more detail. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian toolkit for genetic association studies
Authors: Lunn David J. , Whittaker John C. , Best Nicky 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe present a range of modelling components designed to facilitate Bayesian analysis of genetic‐association‐study data. A key feature of our approach is the ability to combine different submodels together, almost arbitrarily, for dealing with the complexities of real data. In particular, we propose various techniques for selecting the “best” subset of genetic predictors for a specific phenotype (or set of phenotypes). At the same time, we may control for complex, non‐linear relationships between phenotypes and additional (non‐genetic) covariates as well as accounting for any residual correlation that exists among multiple phenotypes. Both of these additional modelling components are shown to potentially aid in detecting the underlying genetic signal. We may also account for uncertainty regarding missing genotype data. Indeed, at the heart of our approach is a novel method for reconstructing unobserved haplotypes and/or inferring the values of missing genotypes. This can be deployed independently or, alternatively, it can be fully integrated into arbitrary genotype‐ or haplotype‐based association models such that the missing data and the association model are “estimated” simultaneously. The impact of such simultaneous analysis on inferences drawn from the association model is shown to be potentially significant. Our modelling components are packaged as an “add‐on” interface to the widely used WinBUGS software, which allows Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis of a wide range of statistical models. We illustrate their use with a series of increasingly complex analyses conducted on simulated data based on a real pharmacogenetic example. Genet. Epidemiol. 30:231–247, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hand preference and sex shape the architecture of language networks
Authors: Hagmann Patric , Cammoun Leila , Martuzzi Roberto , Maeder Philippe , Clarke Stephanie , Thiran Jean‐Philippe , Meuli Reto 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn right‐handed subjects, language processing relies predominantly on left hemisphere networks, more so in men than in women, and in right‐ versus left‐handers. Using DT‐MRI tractography, we have shown that right‐handed men are massively interconnected between the left‐hemisphere language areas, whereas the homologous in the right hemisphere are sparse; interhemispheric connections between the language areas and their contralateral homologues are relatively strong. Women and left‐handed men have equally strong intrahemispheric connections in both hemispheres, but women have a higher density of interhemispheric connections. Hum Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Japan's strategic contributions to hydro‐meteorological disaster mitigation in the world: planning to establish the UNESCO–PWRI Centre
Authors: Ikeda Tetsuya , Yoshitani Junichi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHydro‐meteorological disasters such as floods are major challenges that need to be overcome in order to realize sustainable development and poverty alleviation for humankind. Devastating flood disasters have occurring in various locations throughout the world, and there has recently been rising concern that the intensity and frequency of catastrophic floods may be increasing. Being located on the eastern edge of monsoonal Asia and having climatic variations according to the seasonal and regional conditions, Japan has long suffered from numerous flood disasters, and thus has developed advanced flood management policies. This paper aims to discuss flood disasters in Japan and the recently improved flood management policies. In addition, this paper introduces a new plan attempted by the Public Works Research Institute (PWRI) of Japan that takes advantage of the wealth of long accumulated experience and knowledge in the hydro‐meteorological field. The PWRI is now working toward the establishment of an International Centre on Water‐related Hazard and Risk Management by acquiring UNESCO's auspices. In order to contribute to the global challenge of reducing devastating hydro‐meteorological disasters all over the world, this centre aims to conduct research, capacity‐building and training programmes, and information networking activities at the local, national, regional and global levels. The aim is to prevent and mitigate hydro‐meteorological disasters from the viewpoint of sustainable and integrated river basin management. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecosystem approach to mitigate impacts of sedimentation on the hydrological cycle and aquatic ecosystem
Authors: Yamashiki Yosuke , Nakamura Takehiro , Kurosawa Miyuki , Matsui Saburo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study illustrates the importance of sedimentation control on a global scale by introducing general concepts developed locally through field observations in eutrophic bay in Lake Biwa in Japan, and in Dongting Lake in China. The phosphorus concentration of suspended solids in water columns and in the bottom sediment during soil puddling before the transplanting of rice seedlings have been measured analytically. We have estimated the gross phosphorus loads and the economical loss of losing fertilizer from rice paddy fields in the whole Lake Biwa basin during the same period. Additionally, the discussions and conclusions made in the session ‘Ecosystem approach to water monitoring and management’ organized during the Third World Water Forum held in Kyoto, are introduced. The importance of sediment control in carrying out overall water quality programmes has been emphasized not only for watersheds with severe land degradation, but also for basins where the sedimentation impacts are considered rather small, and there is a need to reverse the long‐term water quality trend in shallow reservoirs in international river basins, such as La Plata River basin in South America. Establishing international standards and regulations for controlling fine sediments, making an effective economic evaluation of the impacts induced by sedimentation applicable to local farmers, as well as developing an effective project focusing on treating sedimentation to improve nutrient control should be initiated on a global scale, as with the Global Environmental Facility project. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An application of a flood risk analysis system for impact analysis of a flood control plan in a river basin
Authors: Dutta Dushmanta , Herath Srikantha , Musiake Katumi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn application of a flood risk analysis system is presented for the analysis on the impact of a proposed flood control plan in the Ichinomiya river basin, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The system consists of two main modules: a physically based distributed hydrological model for flood inundation and a geographical information system (GIS)‐based raster model for flood loss estimation. In the system, the grid‐based distributed hydrological model simulates surface flood inundation parameters for user‐specified spatial and temporal resolutions. At the end of each time step the simulated flood parameters in each grid are transferred to the GIS‐based model for economic loss estimation. The proposed flood control plan consisted of three structural measures. These measures were then incorporated into the system to analyze their impacts on the reduction of flood inundation and resulting economic impacts for 50‐year and 100‐year return‐period rainfall scenarios in the basin. From the analyses, it was found that the proposed flood control plan can reduce flood inundation in the basin for 50‐year and 100‐year return‐period rainfalls to a great extent, and the resulting urban and agriculture damage in the basin can be reduced by over 70%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of spatial variability of rainfall intensity: improve‐ ment of Eagleson's classical model to explain the rela‐ tionship between the coefficient of variation of annual maximum discharge and catchment size
Authors: Kuzuha Yasuhisa , Sivapalan Murugesu , Tomosugi Kunio , Kishii Tokuo , Komatsu Yosuke 
Published: March 2006

AbstractEagleson's classical regional flood frequency model is investigated. Our intention was not to improve the model, but to reveal previously unidentified important and dominant hydrological processes in it. The change of the coefficient of variation (CV) of annual maximum discharge with catchment area can be viewed as representing the spatial variance of floods in a homogeneous region. Several researchers have reported that the CV decreases as the catchment area increases, at least for large areas. On the other hand, Eagleson's classical studies have been known as pioneer efforts that combine the concept of similarity analysis (scaling) with the derived flood frequency approach. As we have shown, the classical model can reproduce the empirical relationship between the mean annual maximum discharge and catchment area, but it cannot reproduce the empirical decreasing CV–catchment area curve. Therefore, we postulate that previously unidentified hydrological processes would be revealed if the classical model were improved to reproduce the decreasing of CV with catchment area. First, we attempted to improve the classical model by introducing a channel network, but this was ineffective. However, the classical model was improved by introducing a two‐parameter gamma distribution for rainfall intensity. What is important is not the gamma distribution itself, but those characteristics of spatial variability of rainfall intensity whose CV decreases with increasing catchment area. Introducing the variability of rainfall intensity into the hydrological simulations explains how the CV of rainfall intensity decreases with increasing catchment area. It is difficult to reflect the rainfall‐runoff processes in the model while neglecting the characteristics of rainfall intensity from the viewpoint of annual flood discharge variances. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A downscaling method of topographic index distribution for matching the scales of model application and parameter identification
Authors: Pradhan N. R. , Tachikawa Y. , Takara K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHigher resolution topographic information contained in the topographic index of TOPMODEL is lost when digital elevation models (DEMs) with a coarse grid resolution are used; thus, the topographic index is scale dependent, demonstrating identified model parameter values to be dependent on DEM resolution. This makes it difficult to use model parameter values identified through a different resolution of TOPMODEL. The inconsistency is the result of the difference between the scale at which the model parameters are identified and the scale at which the model is applied. To overcome this problem, scale laws that govern the relationship between the resolution of digital elevation data and geomorphometric parameters of the topographic index were analysed and a method to downscale the topographic index distribution developed to account for the difference in scales between model application and parameter identification. The method to downscale the topographic index is composed of two ideas: one involves introducing a resolution factor to account for the scale effect in upslope catchment area per unit contour length in the topographic index; the other utilizes a fractal method through steepest slope scaling to account for the scale effect on slopes. This method successfully derived a topographic index distribution of a fine‐resolution DEM by using only a coarse‐resolution DEM. The method has been applied successfully to the Kamishiiba catchment (210 km2) in Japan and has demonstrated that the downscaled topographic index distribution derived using a 1000 m grid DEM is very similar to the topographic index distribution derived via fine‐target‐resolution DEMs. The method is then coupled with a TOPMODEL simulation to match the scales of model application and parameter identification. It is shown that the simulated runoff from the downscaled TOPMODEL applied at 1000 m resolution of the Kamishiiba catchment, with the same set of effective parameter values derived from 50 m resolution DEM, matched the simulated runoff in the 50 m DEM resolution TOPMODEL. It was also shown that TOPMODEL coupled with the downscaling method of the topographic index accurately simulated runoff for different rainfall events in the catchment without recalibration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogeochemical properties of a salinity‐affected coastal aquifer in western Japan
Authors: Hiroshiro Yoshinari , Jinno Kenji , Berndtsson Ronny 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCoastal groundwater aquifers are often exposed to heavy pumping and consequently to risks of saltwater intrusion. In many cases, however, the observed increase in groundwater salinity can only be partly explained by actual saltwater intrusion from the sea. Other salinity‐increasing processes may also significantly contribute to the total salt content of the groundwater. This paper describes a geochemical investigation that was carried out to investigate recent salinity increases in groundwater for the Motooka coastal area in Fukuoka, Japan. A strong increase in electrical conductivity at 15–20 m depth was observed, corresponding to the freshwater and saltwater interface. Oxidation–reduction potentials observed in deeper groundwater were low, indicating long residence time for the groundwater. These results, together with hydrogen–oxygen isotope ratio analysis, indicated that the deeper groundwater is affected by seawater. Consequently, observed tritium concentration in the shallow groundwater system was higher than that of the deeper groundwater system, and a 14C isotope dating of shell samples collected at 2 m depth indicated an age of about 2000 years. The overall results suggest that the aquifer was originally below the current sea floor and that deeper saline groundwater is not mixed with the shallower fresh groundwater. The deeper groundwater is, therefore, mainly affected by old seawater. In other words, modern saltwater intrusion has not yet occurred even if some wells contain saline water. The study shows that, even though coastal aquifers are heavily pumped, the reason for the rise in groundwater salinity may not necessarily be due to seawater intrusion. Further geochemical and hydrological investigations will be necessary to identify the underlying mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of bisphosphonate release using hydroxyapatite granules
Authors: Seshima Hisashi , Yoshinari Masao , Takemoto Shinji , Hattori Masayuki , Kawada Eiji , Inoue Takashi , Oda Yutaka 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe efficacy of hydroxyapatite (HAp) as a carrier was investigated to establish a method of local administration of bisphosphonates (Bps), which has currently been administered systemically. HAp granules (300–500 μm in size) with different physicochemical features were prepared by altering the sintering temperature. To ascertain the physicochemical properties of the HAp granules, their crystallinity was assessed using X‐ray diffraction, the surface morphology was examined under scanning electron microscopy, and the specific surface area and calcium dissolution were evaluated. Different Bps‐HAp composites were subsequently prepared and the concentration of Bps released from these composites was measured. The influence of Bps‐HAp composites on the rate of osteoclast survival was also evaluated. The results revealed that (1) HAp solubility depends on the sintering temperature; (2) The concentration of released Bps could be controlled by regulating the sintering temperature of HAp as a carrier; and (3) Bps released from Bps‐HAp composites reduced the number of osteoclasts. These findings indicated that Bps‐HAp composites could be locally administered as a drug delivery system to areas with bone resorption. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Influence of the structure of new generation prostheses on shrinkage after implant in the abdominal wall
Authors: Bellón J. M. , García‐Honduvilla N. , Rodríguez M. , Pascual G. , Gómez‐Gil V. , Buján J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWhen a biomaterial is used to repair an abdominal wall defect, wound contraction can cause the prosthesis to shrink, and the tension generated can provoke recurrence of the defect. This study was designed to determine whether the structure of a prosthesis can directly influence prosthetic shrinkage. Abdominal wall defects (7 × 5 cm) in rabbits were repaired using the laminar prosthesis DualMesh® (DM), the composites Sepramesh® (Se) and Vypro II® (Vy), and the reticular prosthesis Surgipro® (PP). The animals were sacrificed 14 and 90 days after surgery, at which time implant specimens were morphologically and immunohistochemically examined to establish the presence of myofibroblasts and macrophages. The size of each prosthesis was measured at the end of the study through image analysis. Morphometric measurements revealed greatest prosthesis shrinkage for Se, PP, and Vy (16.05% ± 5.08%; 13.75% ± 4.22%; 16.16% ± 6.34%), while the DM prostheses only showed a 7.57% ± 0.62% decrease in size (p < 0.05). In the DM implants, the macrophage response and myofibroblast labeling were reduced. Both biomaterial structure and the macrophage reaction induced at the implant site modulate prosthetic shrinkage, laminar prostheses of the ePTFE type undergoing less shrinkage than reticular meshes. Reduced DM shrinkage was linked to decreased myofibroblast numbers 2 weeks postimplant. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006