bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current Status and Prospects of ASP Flooding in Daqing Oil Fields
Authors: Fenglan Wang , Zhenyu Yang , Junzheng Wu , Yang Li , Guangyu Chen , Shukai Peng , Ying Wang 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
With the development of EOR technologies, the ASP flooding technology of Daqing oilfields has become mature step by step. For years of research and practice, Daqing has established a comprehensive ASP industrial application technology, including research and manufacturing of surfactant, study of the mechanism of ultra-low interfacial tension, surface injection allocation technique and lifting techniques. At present, the large-scale industrial field tests on ASP flooding have been carried out in Daqing oilfields. ASP flooding is going to be the dominant technology in the ultrahigh water cut development phase. The development of ASP technology experienced three stages. First stage is laboratory experiments stage. Having the property of low acid number and high wax content, Daqing oil had been thought hardly to be applied with ASP technology. However, in 1988, formulas had been screened which achieved an ultra-low IFT with Daqing oil. Physical simulation experiments indicated that the final oil recovery achieved to 20% OOIP over that of water flooding.1–3 Second stage is pilot field tests stage. Daqing oilfields had completed 5 ASP flooding pilot field tests since 1994. All have gotten high displacement efficiency which according with the laboratory results. Third stage is industrial pilot tests stage. Daqing implemented the development and production of alkyl benzene sulfonate (adapt to strong base and weak base) with independent innovation. Since year 2000, several industrial ASP flooding tests have been carried out successively which have shown a satisfied effect of higher oil production and lower water cut. The field test scale is from 1 injector-4 producers to 6 injectors-12 producers. These days, large-scale industrial field application is ongoing in Daqing oilfields.4–8
The Application of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria in Daqing's Low Permeability, High Paraffin Content Oilfields
Authors: Zhaowei Hou , Peihui Han , Jianjun Le , Jianfei Chang , Xumou Dou , Menghua Guo , Xinghong Chen 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
To seek an effective oil recovery approach, Brevibacillus brevis and Bacillus cereus were screened and applied in a Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) process to recover oil from Daqing low permeability areas. The selected bacteria were found to be highly compatible with indigenous microbes; the laboratory data shows: (1) The oil-water interfacial tensions (IFT) after microbial treatment decreased by 50%; (2) The alkanes with middle and high carbon numbers could be degraded; (3) The viscosity of treated crude oil decreased by about 40%; (4) The content of paraffin and resin decreased from 1.3% to 4.9%, and from 0.7% to 2.6%, respectively, thus improving significantly the rheology of the crude oil; and (5) The oil recovery from laboratory coreflooding achieved about 6.5% original oil in place (OOIP) over that achieved by waterflooding.
From 2002 to 2005, microbial huff ‘n’ puff trials have been conducted in 70 wells altogether in the Daqing Chaoyanggou (0.5×10−3μm2−25×10−3μm2) and Pubei areas (103×10−3μm2). Effectiveness was observed in 43 out of 60 Chaoyanggou wells, with accumulative incremental oil amounting to 9175.7 tons. Eight out of 10 Pubei wells showed effective results as well, with 1873 tons of accumulative incremental oil. The total incremental oil from the two areas amounted to 11,000 tons, with an average of about 158 tons for one individual well.
Based on the success of microbial huff ‘n’ puff trials, a microbial flooding pilot test with two injectors and 10 producers was carried out in the Chaoyanggou low permeability area (25×10−3μm2) in June 2004. The bacteria injection was followed by a pressure decrease in two injectors and an increase in the fluid injection. The daily produced fluid and oil increased from 43.6 tons to a high of 79.6 tons and from 24.7 to 40.8 tons, respectively. Water cut decreased from 45.2% to 38.6%. By the end of Dec, 2007, 7 out of 10 wells showed significant oil production response. The incremental oil is about 13,000 tons. The analysis made to the effective and non-effective wells demonstrates that MEOR plays an important role in establishing an effective driving system.
Application of Surfactants with Narrow Equivalent Weight Distribution and Desirable Structure to Daqing ASP Flooding
Authors: Wu Xiaolin , Zong Liping , Chen Jie , Wang Haifeng , Yang Yong , Shan Cunlong , Geng Jie 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Alkyl benzene surfactants with narrow equivalent weight distribution (NEWD) and desirable structure were prepared by the alkylation of olefin, sulfonation and neutralization. Due to the favorable composition and molecular structure, they prove to have exceptionally high activity and oil displacement ability. The laboratory evaluation indicates: (1) ASP formulation can reduce oil-water interfacial tension (IFT) to/below 10−3 mN/m at very low surfactant concentration (0.05–0.3 wt%) and wide concentration range of alkaline (Na2CO3, 0.8–1.4 wt%). (2) The addition of Na2CO3 instead of NaOH reduces the risk of equipment corrosion and severity of produced fluid treatment. (3) Compared with conventional surfactants, this class of surfactant is much more compatible with Daqing crude oils with different properties. (4) The effect of surfactant chromatographic fractionation on ASP performance is dramatically reduced due to its narrow equivalent weight distribution. (5) Laboratory core flooding can achieved about 20 per cent original oil in place (OOIP) incremental over that for water displacement.
A 75 meter well-spacing ASP flooding field test composed of 3 injectors and 4 producers was conducted in Daqing Sabei area in October, 2004 and was completed in 2005. Effective response began to be observed for the central producing well No. 122 at the injection of 0.09 PV. Water cut decreased by 25.1 percent from 95.3 to 70.2 percent at the injection of 0.378 PV and the period of water cut below 80 percent was maintained for 0.42 PV. The daily oil production increased from 1 to 4 tons. For another producing well No. 133, water cut decreased by 71.3 percent from 99.0 to 28.7 percent at the injection of 0.575 PV. The final oil recovery amounted to 24.66 percent OOIP over water flooding.
The Methods of Improving Polymer Flooding Performance at Northwest Area of Lamadian
Authors: Shao Z. B. , Gao S. L. , Huang F. S. , Hu G. B. , Yan W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper describes the main methods to improve the effect of polymer flooding with the process of project optimization and implementation in northwest area of Lamadian oil field. According to the well pattern characteristics and conditions of oil strata in this area.. Compared to the 5-spot well pattern, the connectivity factors and the sweep of the injected water by line in diagonal increased on both sides of fault. Investment was decreased and the number of inefficient wells to be reduced result from injection and production wells are completely utilized. Based on the reservoir geological features, ultra-high molecular weight polymer was one of the better option for the case design. According to the reservoir dynamic performance during polymer flooding process, integrated adjustment measures were applied to every developing stages. By means of above methods, the incremental oil recovery can be achieved to 15.3% of northwest area polymer flooding in Lamadian.
Performance and Effect Analysis of ASP Commercial Flooding in Central Xing 2 Area of Daqing Oil Field
Authors: Li Hong-Fu , Xu Dian-Ping , Jiang Jiang , Du Xiong-Wen , Hong Ji-Chun , Jiang Yang , Xu Yan-Shu 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The results of five alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flood pilot tests carried out in single oil-layer and small scale showed that the incremental oil recoveries by ASP over that of the water flooding are over 20% OOIP. In order to realize the industrializing of ASP flooding, an ASP flood field test started in Central Xing2 Area of Daqing oilfield, using the surfactant produced by Daqing oilfield. Based on the great experimental achievements, the chemicals in ASP system were decreased greatly by optimizing the formulation and the injection method. Compared with the small scale site test area, the surfactant, polymer and alkaline were decreased by 1/3, 2/5 and 1/6, respectively, the chemicals can save 147 million RMB. Although the chemicals were decreased, the pilot test results show that the oil recovery was increased by 18% OOIP using the ASP flooding over that of water flooding.
Association of FTO With Obesity-Related Traits in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) Cohort
Authors: Marvelle Amanda F. , Lange Leslie A. , Qin Li , Adair Linda S. , Mohlke Karen L. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—The underlying genetic component of obesity-related traits is not well understood, and there is limited evidence to support genetic association shared across multiple studies, populations, and environmental contexts. The present study investigated the association between candidate variants and obesity-related traits in a sample of 1,886 adult Filipino women from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) cohort.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We selected and genotyped 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 10 genes (ADRB2, ADRB3, FTO, GNB3, INSIG2, LEPR, PPARG, TNF, UCP2, and UCP3) that had been previously reported to be associated with an obesity-related quantitative trait.
RESULTS—We observed evidence for association of the A allele of rs9939609 (FTO intron 1) with increased BMI (P = 0.0072 before multiple test correction), baseline BMI (P = 0.0015), longitudinal BMI based on eight surveys from 1983 to 2005 (P = 0.000029), waist circumference (P = 0.0094), and weight (P = 0.021). The increase in average BMI was ∼0.4 for each additional A allele. We also observed association of the ADRB3 Trp64Arg variant with BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat, weight, fat mass, arm fat area, and arm muscle area (P &lt; 0.05), although the direction of effect is inconsistent with the majority of previous reports.
CONCLUSIONS—Our study confirms that FTO is a common obesity susceptibility gene in Filipinos, with an effect size similar to that seen in samples of European origin.
Blockade of α4 Integrin Signaling Ameliorates the Metabolic Consequences of High-Fat Diet–Induced Obesity
Authors: Féral Chloé C. , Neels Jaap G. , Kummer Christiane , Slepak Marina , Olefsky Jerrold M. , Ginsberg Mark H. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Many prevalent diseases of advanced societies, such as obesity-induced type 2 diabetes, are linked to indolent mononuclear cell–dependent inflammation. We previously proposed that blockade of α4 integrin signaling can inhibit inflammation while limiting mechanism-based toxicities of loss of α4 function. Thus, we hypothesized that mice bearing an α4(Y991A) mutation, which blocks signaling, would be protected from development of high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Six- to eight-week-old wild-type and α4(Y991A) C57Bl/6 male mice were placed on either a high-fat diet that derived 60% calories from lipids or a chow diet. Metabolic testing was performed after 16–22 weeks of diet.
RESULTS—α4(Y991A) mice were protected from development of high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance. This protection was conferred on wild-type mice by α4(Y991A) bone marrow transplantation. In the reverse experiment, wild-type bone marrow renders high-fat diet–fed α4(Y991A) acceptor animals insulin resistant. Furthermore, fat-fed α4(Y991A) mice showed a dramatic reduction of monocyte/macrophages in adipose tissue. This reduction was due to reduced monocyte/macrophage migration rather than reduced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production.
CONCLUSIONS—α4 integrins contribute to the development of HFD-induced insulin resistance by mediating the trafficking of monocytes into adipose tissue; hence, blockade of α4 integrin signaling can prevent the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance.
Protein Engineering Strategies for Sustained Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor–Dependent Control of Glucose Homeostasis
Authors: Picha Kristen M. , Cunningham Mark R. , Drucker Daniel J. , Mathur Ashok , Ort Tatiana , Scully Michael , Soderman Avery , Spinka-Doms Tracy , Stojanovic-Susulic Vedrana , Thomas Beth Ann , O'Neil Karyn T. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—We have developed a novel platform for display and delivery of bioactive peptides that links the biological properties of the peptide to the pharmacokinetic properties of an antibody. Peptides engineered in the MIMETIBODY platform have improved biochemical and biophysical properties that are quite distinct from those of Fc-fusion proteins. CNTO736 is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist engineered in our MIMETIBODY platform. It retains many activities of native GLP-1 yet has a significantly enhanced pharmacokinetic profile. Our goal was to develop a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist with sustained efficacy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In vitro and in vivo activity of CNTO736 was evaluated using a variety of rodent cell lines and diabetic animal models.
RESULTS—Acute pharmacodynamic studies in diabetic rodents demonstrate that CNTO736 reduces fasting and postprandial glucose, decreases gastric emptying, and inhibits food intake in a GLP-1 receptor–specific manner. Reduction of food intake following CNTO736 dosing is coincident with detection of the molecule in the circumventricular organs of the brain and activation of c-fos in regions protected by the blood-brain barrier. Diabetic rodents dosed chronically with CNTO736 have lower fasting and postprandial glucose and reduced body weight.
CONCLUSIONS—Taken together, our data demonstrate that CNTO736 produces a spectrum of GLP-1 receptor–dependent actions while exhibiting significantly improved pharmacokinetics relative to the native GLP-1 peptide.
Idling magnetic white dwarf in the synchronizing polar BY Cam. The Noah-2 project
Authors: Andronov Ivan , Antoniuk Kirill , Breus Vitalii , Chinarova Lidia , Han Wonyong , Jeon Young , Kim Yonggi , Kolesnikov Sergey , Oh Joon , Pavlenko Elena , Shakhovskoy Nikolay 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A multi-color study of the variability of the magnetic cataclysmic variable BY Cam is presented. The observations were obtained at the Korean 1.8 m and Ukrainian 2.6 m, 1.2 m and 38 cm telescopes in 2003–2005, 56 observational runs cover 189 hours. The variations of the mean brightness in different colors are correlated with a slope dR/dV = 1:29(4), where the number in brackets denotes the error estimates in the last digits. For individual runs, this slope is much smaller ranging from 0.98(3) to 1.24(3), with a mean value of 1.11(1). Near the maximum, the slope becomes smaller for some nights, indicating more “blue” spectral energy distribution, whereas the night-to-night variability has an “infrared” character. For the simultaneous UBVRI photometry, the slopes increase with wavelength from dU/dR = 0:23(1) to dI/dR = 1:18(1). Such wavelength dependence is the opposite of that observed in non-magnetic cataclysmic variables, in agreement with the model of cyclotron emission. The principal component analysis shows two components of variablitity with different spectral energy distributions (with a third at the limit of detection), which possibly correspond to different regions of emission. The highest peak in the scalegram analysis corresponds to the 200 min spin variability, its quarter and to the 30 min and 8 min QPOs. The amplitudes of these components are dependent on wavelength and luminosity state. The light curves were fitted by a statistically optimal trigonometrical polynomial (up to 4th order) to take into account a 4-hump structure. The dependences of these parameters on the phase of the beat period and on mean brightness are discussed. The amplitude of spin variations increases with an increasing wavelength and with decreasing brightness. The linear ephemeris based on 46 mean minima for 2003–2005 is HJD 2453213:010(3) + 0:137123(3)E: The extensive tables of the original observations and of results of analysis are published in an electronic form. The nearby star GSC 4081–1562 was found to be an eclipsing red variable.
Comparative Study of the Effect of Different Weed Management Strategies on Disease Severity and Marketable Yield of Paprika (Capsicum Annuum L.) in the Smallholder Farming Sector of Zimbabwe
Authors: Handiseni Maxwell , Sibiya Julia , Ogunlela Vincent , Koomen Irene 
Published: April 2008

Comparative Study of the Effect of Different Weed Management Strategies on Disease Severity and Marketable Yield of Paprika (Capsicum AnnuumL.) in the Smallholder Farming Sector of ZimbabweOn-farm trials were conducted in the Chinyika Resettlement Area of Zimbabwe under dryland conditions to investigate the effects of different weed management methods on disease incidence, severity and paprika (Capsicum annuum) pod yield. The weed control treatments included hand weeding at 2 and 6 weeks after transplanting (WAT); ridge re-moulding at 3,6 and 9 WAT; application 4l/ha Lasso (alachlor) immediately after transplanting, and Ronstar (oxidiazinon) at 2l/ha tank mixed with Lasso at 2l/ha one day before transplanting. The herbicide-water solution was applied at the rate of 200l/ha using a knapsack sprayer. Major diseases identified were bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestrispv.vesicatoria), cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora unamunoi), grey leaf spot (Stemphylium solani) and powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) in both seasons. For the 2000/2001 season hand weeding at 2 and 6 WAT and ridge re-moulding at 3, 6 and 9 WAT had the greatest reduction effect on the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and the highest marketable fruit yield. In the 2001/2002 season, both herbicide treatments had the same effect as hand weeding and ridge re-moulding on AUDPC and marketable fruit yield. The least weed density was obtained by ridge re-moulding at 3, 6, and 9 WAT in the 2000/2001 season. Weed density was statistically the same across all treatments except the check treatment in 2001/2002 season. Hand weeding operations were significantly (p < 0.05) effective and consequently gave the highest added profits mainly because of their effect on major weeds such asDatura stramonium.
Imaging of Ca2+ Transients in Endothelial Cells of Single Perfused Capillaries: Correlation of Peak [Ca2+]i with Sites of Macromolecule Leakage
Authors: PAGAKIS S. N. , CURRY F. E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: To investigate the mechanisms responsible for variation in the macromolecular leakage (formation of localized leaky sites) in venular microvessels with increased permeability, we examined the hypothesis that cytoplasmic calcium concentration [Ca2+]i, does not increase uniformly within microvessel endothelial cells.Methods: We loaded the endothelial cells forming the walls of venular microvessels in frog mesentery with fura‐2, and imaged [Ca2+]i using a cooled CCD camera.Results: Control [Ca2+]i was close to 60 nM in all regions. Control permeability was uniformly low in all microvessels. Exposure to ionomycin (5 mM) increased [Ca2+]i in a biphasic manner, but not uniformly. There was variation in both time to peak (bimodal distribution) and peak [Ca2+]i (274 ± 13 nM; mean variation above or below the peak value was 110 nM). Raising extracellular calcium from 1.1 to 5 mM increased the mean variation of [Ca2+]i about peak values. Extravascular leakage of fluorescently labeled albumin or low‐density lipoproteins was most prominent at sites where increases in [Ca2+]i were largest.Conclusions: These data indicate that variation in [Ca2+]i within individual endothelial cells or groups of cells could account, at least in part, for the distribution of localized leakage sites for macromolecules in venular microvessels in the high‐permeability state.
Microcirculatory Homeostasis 1930–1990: Insight into Microcirculatory Readjustments Provided by Studies on the Peripheral Circulatory Insufficiency of the Shock Syndrome
Authors: ZWEIFACH BENJAMIN W. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe present overview is intended to serve several purposes. It highlights efforts over the years to resolve the difficult key issues raised by August Krogh in the 1930s and by the urgent need created in the 1940s and 1950s by World War II to come to grips with the basic problems underlying the collapse of tissue perfusion in the syndrome of circulatory shock. The complex operational issues raised by circulatory insufficiency at the systemic, as well as the local tissue level, during the shock syndrome, are used as a framework to keep in perspective the impact of advances in methodology, ultrastructure, and in recent years in molecular biology on microvascular research. In view of the current continuing need to integrate the newly emerging body of in vitro information into specific aspects of the operation of the peripheral vascular tree, emphasis is placed on the advances in dealing with data provided by in vivo microscopy of selected tissues.This overall review has made it clear that a top priority remains the need to separate the effects of systemic and locally derived readjustments, and to identify the basis for the substantial differences in cellular behavior exhibited by the vascular and perivascular components of the various organs and tissues of the body that can serve as predisposing factors in regional pathophysiology.
Flow‐Dependent Dilation and Myogenic Constriction Interact to Establish the Resistance of Skeletal Muscle Arterioles
Authors: SUN DONG , HUANG AN , KOLLER AKOS , Kaley Gabor 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: To test the hypothesis that the diameter of skeletal muscle arterioles is determined by the interaction of responses elicited by intravascular pressure and flow.Methods: Experiments were conducted on isolated, cannulated, first‐order arterioles of cremaster muscle of male Wistar rats. The diameter of arterioles was followed by videomicroscopy. Perfusion pressures and flows were controlled.Results: In the absence of perfusate flow, increases in perfusion pressure (from 0 to 120 mm Hg), after initial dilation, elicited endothelium independent constrictions of arterioles. At 60 mm Hg of perfusion pressure, the active diameter of vessels was 84.9 ± 1.9 μm. The passive diameter of arterioles (Ca2+‐free solution) was 150.6 ± 2.4 μm. Increases in perfusate flow resulted in a significant upward shift in the pressure—diameter curves; in the presence of perfusate flows of 20, 40, and 60 μL/min, the constriction of the vessels at a pressure of 60 mm Hg was attenuated by 25.1 ± 3.9%, 35.2 ± 3.0%, and 46.8 ± 4.4%, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding diameter of arterioles at perfusate flows of 10 to 60 μL/min was significantly reduced when perfusion pressure was increased from 60 to 80 and 100 mm Hg (at a flow of 60 μL/min) by 12.0 ± 4.3% and 37.1 ± 2.8%, respectively. Hence, both flow‐ and shear stress—diameter curves were significantly shifted downward when perfusion pressure increased from 60 to 100 mm Hg.Conclusion: These results demonstrate that an interplay between pressure and flow‐sensitive mechanisms is an important determinant of the arteriolar resistance in skeletal muscle.