bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religion and the New Immigrants
Authors: Foley Michael W. , Hoge Dean R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis book assesses the role of local worship communities — churches, mosques, temples, and others — in promoting civic engagement among recent immigrants to the United States. The product of a three-year study of immigrant worship communities in the Washington, D.C. area, the study looked at churches, mosques, temples, and other communities of immigrants from Korea, China, India, West Africa, the Muslim world, and El Salvador. The researchers surveyed 200 of these communities and studied twenty in depth. Communities vary widely in how much they build social capital, provide social services to immigrants, develop the civic skills of members, and shape immigrants' identities. Local leadership and group characteristics much more than ethnic origin or religious tradition shape the level and kind of civic engagement that the communities foster. Particularly, where leaders are civically engaged, they provide personal and organizational links to the wider American society and promote civic engagement by members. Homeland causes and a strong sense of religious and ethnic identity, far from alienating immigrants from American society, promote higher levels of civic engagement in immigrant communities.
Building Civic Skills
Authors: Foley Michael W. , Hoge Dean R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMost communities encourage lay involvement in worship and leadership, thereby teaching civic skills. Smaller Protestant churches, Hindu ashrams, Sikh congregations, and even some activist Catholic parishes do this well. Some communities engage in direct training in civic skills, through literacy and English classes, naturalization and citizenship classes, discussion groups and forums, and programs to promote greater civic awareness. Lay and religious leadership is often crucial to mobilizing members around homeland causes or immigrant issues, and encouraging immigrants to exercise their civic skills in such causes.
Who We Are
Authors: Foley Michael W. , Hoge Dean R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractImmigrant worship communities help forge a sense of identity among participants, but that identity may be religious or ethnic, both at once, or a combination of the two. Most immigrants develop multiple identities. At the same time, worship communities sometimes struggle over the particular identity they represent, as when African or Hindu groups divide into ethnically differentiated worship communities. In the case of many area mosques, an overarching religious identity brings together immigrants from a variety of national and ethnic backgrounds, and even religious traditions within Islam. Leaders often call upon either ethnic or religious identities in mobilizing members of their communities for political action.
Belindia Goes to Washington: The Brazilian Economy after the Reforms
Authors: Vernengo Matias 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the effects of the reforms on macroeconomic performance, growth, employment, wage differentials, income distribution, and poverty in Brazil. The results are compared with recent evaluations of the effects of the reforms in other Latin American countries. The effects of the debt crisis and the move toward reforms are discussed, followed by an analysis of the growth performance of the Brazilian economy, before and after the reforms. The effects of reforms on the labor market, income distribution, and poverty are examined.
Vietnam: External Liberalization, Structural Change, Economic Growth, and Income Distribution
Authors: Tu Packard Le Anh 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the macroeconomic performance and structural evolution of the Vietnamese economy following the reforms launched by the government in 1989. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 identifies the policy phases and major themes of the post-war period. Section 3 provides a broad historical overview of the Vietnamese post-war economy. Section 4 reviews the state of the Vietnamese economy under the centrally planned/“subsidy” period prior to the launching of the “big bang” reforms. Section 5 describes Doi Moi and the country's socio-economic performance from 1989 to 1993. Section 6 describes the more hesitant post-crisis policy stance period from 1994 to 1997, which witnessed a recovery of state finances, and the slower growth phase from 1998 to 2000 characterized by a sharp drop in foreign direct investment associated with the regional financial crisis. Section 7 analyzes shifts in the sources of effective demand. Section 8 analyzes productivity shifts and the decomposition of employment, and relates it to income distribution outcomes. Section 9 reviews social welfare and social policy issues associated with the Doi Moi reforms. Section 10 discusses what may be anticipated in the second phase of external liberalization, and Section 11 makes a conlusion.
Getting Locked In
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter uses the Prisoner's Dilemma as the linking idea in an overview of many of the topics covered later in the book. The basic ideas are that of a dominated strategy and a Pareto-efficient outcome. Various fallacies that promote the latter notion over the former are considered. At the same time, the chapter introduces problems in the private provision of public goods, the economic theory of imperfect competition, repeated games, the tragedy of the commons, and mechanism design. The idea of a Nash equilibrium is introduced.
Planning Ahead
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter consolidates the ideas necessary to understand the strategic form of a game. Payoff functions are introduced, and strategic forms of versions of Duel and Russian Roulette illustrate the idea. Matrices and vectors are reviewed because of their use with payoff matrices. Strong and weak domination are defined. The iterated deletion of dominated strategies is illustrated using the game of Duel. The iterated deletion of dominated strategies is related to backward induction. Problems of credibility and commitment are discussed in the context of subgame-perfect equilibria in simple Cournot and Stackelberg games. The application of subgame-perfect equilibria is discussed when players may only be boundedly rational.
Mixing Things Up
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter develops the idea of a mixed strategy using the entry into a sealed-bid auction as a non-trivial example. Reaction curves are first illustrated for the case of pure strategies and then applied to computing mixed Nash equilibria. The Hawk-Dove Game is equivalent either to the Prisoner's Dilemma or Chicken, depending on parameter values. The mixed-strategy reaction curves are plotted in each case. The interpretation of mixed Nash equilibria as polymorphic equilibria in a game played by a large population is considered. The matrix algebra necessary for handling mixed strategies is reviewed and illustrated with O'Neill's Card Game. Convexity ideas are reviewed and applied to the geometric representation of mixed strategies. Cooperative and noncooperative payoff regions are introduced and illustrated using Chicken and the Battle of the Sexes. Correlated equilibria are introduced after a discussion of self-policing agreements, cheap talk, and preplay randomization. The possibility of correlation without a referee using techniques from cryptography is discussed.
Getting the Message
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter explains how game theory treats problems of knowledge and information. The knowledge and possibility operators are defined and related to the idea of an information set in games. The idea of perfect recall is introduced and shown to imply that mixed strategies can be simplified to behavioral strategies. The subject of common knowledge is discussed at length, including Aumann's result on when players may agree to disagree. The chapter ends with a discussion of David Lewis's claim that common knowledge is necessary for coordinated action, in which an alternative analysis of Rubinstein's Email Game is offered.
Seeking Refinement
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical review of attempts to refine the idea of a Nash equilibrium. It begins by reiterating the arguments against a naïve interpretation of subgame-perfect equilibria using Selten's Chain-Store Game as an example. It then introduces assessment equilibria as a simplified version of Kreps and Wilson's sequential equilibrium. The idea is then used to analyze a boundedly rational version of the Centipede Game. Two signaling games — the Burning Money Game and Quiche — are used to discuss forward induction and the intuitive criterion, both of which are found wanting. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of rationalizability, which is a coarsening of the Nash equilibrium concept.
Getting Together
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter introduces cooperative game theory by examining the axiomatic theory of two-person bargaining problems. The link between cooperative and noncooperative game theory is first explained in terms of the Nash program. The idea of a cooperative payoff region is then developed for use in applied contexts. The Coase theorem is explained for the case of a Nash bargaining problem. A variant of the Nash bargaining solution with both a breakdown point and a deadlock point is described. A proof of Nash's axiomatic bargaining theorem is offered. The Kalai-Smorodinsky bargaining solution and the Walrasian bargaining solution are offered as alternatives to Nash's solution.
Cutting a Deal
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines noncooperative bargaining models and links them with cooperative bargaining concepts in accordance with the Nash program. Following a discussion of what matters in real-life bargaining, the case in which commitment is possible is studied using the Nash Demand Game. It is shown that a Nash equilibrium of the smoothed version of the Nash Demand Game implements the Nash bargaining solution. Nash threat games are then considered with an application to collusion in Cournot models. The case in which commitment is impossible is considered. Rubinbstein's bargaining model is introduced using one-stage and two-stage Ultimatum Games to set the scene. Rubinstein's theorem that his model has a unique subgame-perfect equilibrium is proved. The outcome is shown to converge on an asymmetric version of the Nash bargaining solution when the time interval between successive proposals becomes sufficiently small. The chapter ends with a discussion of common mistakes in applying the theory.
Teaming Up
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief survey of the theory of coalition formation introduced by Von Neumann and Morgenstern. The coalitional form of a game is defined and discussed. The idea of the core of a game is explained, together with its application to Walrasian equilibria. The Condorcet paradox is used in the game Odd-Man-Out to illustrate the myopia attributed to players by the core concept. This serves as an introduction to the idea of a Von Neumann and Morgenstern stable set. The Three-Cake Game is used to illustrate both the core, stable sets, and the Shapley value. The progress made in applying the Nash program in this area — for example, to the case of one seller and several buyers — is reviewed.
Crossing the Ethnic Divide
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
While religious communities often stress the universal nature of their beliefs, it remains true that people choose to worship alongside those they identify with most easily. Multiethnic churches are rare in the United States, but as American attitudes toward diversity change, so too does the appeal of a church that offers diversity. Joining such a community, however, is uncomfortable — worshippers must literally cross the barriers of ethnic difference by entering the religious space of the ethnically “other”. Using the story of one multiethnic congregation in Southern California, this book examines what it means to confront the challenges in forming a religious community across ethnic divisions and attracting a more varied membership.
The Dividing Lines
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter shifts the focus from Evergreen as an institution to Evergreen as a community of individuals. All churches have areas of tension, but multiethnic churches must also contend with conflicts that arise from ethnic differences. The fault lines along which tensions arise most frequently at Evergreen are examined: communication, food, and family. Underlying these tensions are conflicting views on the role ethnic diversity ought to play in this church and whether it is even possible to be ethnic in a multiethnic context.
Summoning to the Truth
Authors: Virani Shafique N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Ismaili da'wa, or summons to recognize the absolute divinity and oneness of God, was conducted through a highly structured organization. This organization, envisioned as a hierarchy of seven levels paralleling the seven heavens, played a pivotal role in keeping the scattered pockets of the community connected to each other and to the Imam. The chapter traces what is known of the family tree of the Imam Shams al-Din Muhammad, which had both Qasimshahi and Muhammadshahi branches.
Regional Spread of the Hongzhou School
Authors: Poceski Mario 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Mazu's immediate disciples and surveys the regional growth of the Hongzhou school during the late 8th and early 9th centuries. The discussion is organized according to regional boundaries, encompassing four main geographical areas: Jiangxi and the rest of southern China, central China or the middle Yangtze area, the lower Yangtze area, and the North. Xitang (735-817) and Baizhang receive individual treatment as Mazu's leading disciples. The spread of the Hongzhou school into the two Tang capitals is also considered. The activities of Mazu's disciples in Chang'an and Luoyang form an important chapter in the Hongzhou school's history. By overlooking these monks and their activities, traditional and modern historians misconstrued the pattern of the Hongzhou school's growth and its place in Tang Buddhism.
The Hongzhou School and Mid-Tang Chan
Authors: Poceski Mario 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter concludes the study of the Hongzhou school's history by integrating and interpreting the data on its growth and the patronage networks that facilitated it. It also situates the rise of the Hongzhou school in relation to the broader historical context of Tang Chan, explores its interactions with other Chan schools, and elaborates on its conception of spiritual lineage. In addition, it briefly notes the Hongzhou school's direct role in the transmission of Chan beyond China and assesses its overall impact on the evolution of the Chan movement.
The Pivotal Lotus Story and Dōgen's Worldview
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of Eihei Dōgen (1200-1253), the most prolific writer among the historical Zen masters and considered the founder of the Soto Zen tradition in Japan. Examples of Dōgen's view of space are offered as introductory background for the explorations to follow of how he uses references to the Lotus Sutra story in Chapters 15 and 16 to express his views of space, as well as of time and of the earth itself. Broader awareness of Dōgen's worldview and its implications illuminate the possibilities for contemporary approaches to understanding primary Mahāyāna practices and outlook and shifts in these in East Asia.
Dōgen's View of Earth, Space, and Time Seen in Mahāyāna Context
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses Mahāyāna imagery concerning earth and space, and their confluence and related Buddhist backgrounds on temporality, and how these may have served as a wider context for Dōgen's worldview beyond the Lotus Sutra as his major Mahāyāna source. Discussions of the spatialization of time help further reveal how Dōgen's view of the spiritual potential of space and earth influenced his more celebrated teachings of being-time and his exhortations to inhabit time fully.
Afterword
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This Afterword speculates about the potential implications of Dōgen's Mahāyāna worldview to contemporary 21st-century concerns. These include making parallels to modern cutting-edge physics and string theory, this worldview's relationship to a spiritual perspective on ecology and the struggle to sustain the environment, and then to social engagement and a modern, socially active Buddhist ethic.
Fashioning New Stories from Old Wisdom
Authors: Regnerus Mark D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter briefly details historically what the Christian tradition has thought about sex, culled from interpretations of the Hebrew Old Testament and the New Testament and from more recent religious writings and teachings. It then moves from ancient wisdom to the most contemporary of thinkers — 21st-century adolescents themselves. It sets the stage for a number of the book's key themes by offering perspectives from six teenagers, each of whom participates (to varying degrees) in organized religion.
Learning Sexuality
Authors: Regnerus Mark D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores how adolescents learn about sex and sexuality. It discusses various parental strategies for the socialization and education of children about sex and contraception, focusing on distinctions between moral education and information exchange. It shows that religion influences what parents say about sex and contraception, with whom they discuss it, how often, and with what degree of ease. The association between religion and developing homosexual and bisexual identities, attractions, and practices in adolescence is also considered.
Sexual Experience
Authors: Regnerus Mark D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on actual sexual behavior: teenagers' experience of “first sex”, their patterns of heterosexual behavior after losing their virginity, and some adolescents' regrets about sexual activity. It also documents adolescents' thoughts about contraception and differential use of contraception. Several key stories emerge in this chapter — about race, evangelicalism, and what sociologists call “plausibility structures”.
A Typology of Religious Influence
Authors: Regnerus Mark D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the stated and implicit motivation behind adolescent religious discourse about sexual decision making. It introduces a typology of religious influence, which should help make sense of the ways in which religion actually affects teenagers' sexual behavior. It concludes with a summary of the book's key findings and contributions, followed by an unscientific postscript — a series of the author's own reflections about adolescent sex and the social scientific study of it.
Christus Patiens?
Authors: Madigan Kevin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines Hilary of Poitier's attempt to neutralize Arian subordinationism by arguing that Jesus felt no physical pain in his passion and death. The wide gap between patristic and high-medieval interpretation of the same text is especially obvious, as is the high-medieval anxiety to make Hilary appear to have said he quite evidently did not say.
Christus Orans?
Authors: Madigan Kevin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In the tenth book of De Trinitate, Hilary of Poitiers gave extended consideration to the motive and meaning of three prayers from the passion narrative: “My Father, if it is possible, let this cup pass from Me” (Matt 26:39); “My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?” (Matt 27:46; Mark 15:34); and “Father, into your hands I commend my Spirit” (Luke 23:46). All three prayers were used by the Arians in an attempt to establish the ontological inferiority of the Son to the Father. In fact, Hilary states that the latter two prayers comprise, together, the “chief weapons” in the Arian campaign to deny the divinity of the Son. This chapter focuses upon key ancient and medieval inquiries into the question: why did the Incarnate Son pray?
Competition and Economic Performance: A Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Boeri Tito , Castanheira Micael , Faini Riccardo , Galasso Vincenzo , Barba Navaretti Giorgio , Stéphane Carcillo , Haskel Jonathan , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Perotti Enrico , Scarpa Carlo , Tsyganok Lidia , Wey Christian 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Theory is not ambiguous about the impact of competition on economic performance. Empirical evidence, however, suggests that competition raises productivity. Both policy-makers and the academic community agree that the benefits of competition outweigh any eventual costs. Competition boosts the incentives for innovation and raises productivity growth of firms via the process of entry and exit.
The Maze of Services Regulation
Authors: Boeri Tito , Castanheira Micael , Faini Riccardo , Galasso Vincenzo , Barba Navaretti Giorgio , Stéphane Carcillo , Haskel Jonathan , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Perotti Enrico , Scarpa Carlo , Tsyganok Lidia , Wey Christian 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Dismantling the dominant position of an incumbent firm is a daunting task. Liberalization is a difficult process that many European countries have implemented only as a consequence of Directives coming from the European Commission, suggesting that EU institutions which are further away from local specific interests tend to be more market-oriented than national governments. Political commitment to reform is key to its implementation. The reform of the energy, telecommunications, and railway industries; professional services, retailing, postal services, and water are discussed.
The Changing Role of the Tertiary Sector
Authors: Boeri Tito , Castanheira Micael , Faini Riccardo , Galasso Vincenzo , Barba Navaretti Giorgio , Stéphane Carcillo , Haskel Jonathan , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Perotti Enrico , Scarpa Carlo , Tsyganok Lidia , Wey Christian 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The tertiary sector is increasingly playing a larger role in the economy, particularly in advanced countries. This chapter documents the growing linkages of the service sector with the rest of the economy and how liberalization has contributed to increasing such linkages. Input-output analysis is used to uncover the links between the tertiary sector and the rest of the economy. The tertiary sector is defined in a fairly broad manner by excluding only manufacturing, mining, agriculture, and construction.
Looking Ahead: Will Liberalization Policies Succeed?
Authors: Boeri Tito , Castanheira Micael , Faini Riccardo , Galasso Vincenzo , Barba Navaretti Giorgio , Stéphane Carcillo , Haskel Jonathan , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Perotti Enrico , Scarpa Carlo , Tsyganok Lidia , Wey Christian 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The case studies of Germany, Italy, and the UK show that liberalization has had positive direct effects on productivity in services, but does not always result in declining prices and employment gains. Liberalization seems to have positive effects on productivity, which — almost invariably because excessively high levels of employment are reduced — increases in all cases where its measurement is possible and reliable. Productivity may even increase well before privatization and liberalization, in anticipation of an increasingly competitive environment.