bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A surprisingly high pair fraction for extremely massive galaxies at z ∼ 3 in the GOODS NICMOS survey
Authors: Bluck Asa F. L. , Conselice Christopher J. , Bouwens Rychard J. , Daddi Emanuele , Dickinson Mark , Papovich Casey , Yan Haojing 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We calculate the major pair fraction and derive the major merger fraction and rate for 82 massive (M* &gt; 1011 M⊙) galaxies at 1.7 &lt; z &lt; 3.0 utilizing deep Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS data taken in the GOODS north and south fields. For the first time, our NICMOS data provide imaging with sufficient angular resolution and depth to collate a sufficiently large sample of massive galaxies at z &gt; 1.5 to reliably measure their pair fraction history. We find strong evidence that the pair fraction of massive galaxies evolves with redshift. We calculate a pair fraction of fm= 0.29 ± 0.06 for our whole sample at 1.7 &lt; z &lt; 3.0. Specifically, we fit a power-law function of the form fm=f0(1 +z)m to a combined sample of low-redshift data from Conselice et al. (2007) and recently acquired high-redshift data from the GOODS NICMOS survey. We find a best fit to the free parameters of f0= 0.008 ± 0.003 and m= 3.0 ± 0.4. We go on to fit a theoretically motivated Press–Schechter curve to this data. This Press–Schechter fit, and the data, shows no sign of levelling off or turning over, implying that the merger fraction of massive galaxies continues to rise with redshift out to z∼ 3. Since previous work has established that the merger fraction for lower mass galaxies turns over at z∼ 1.5–2.0, this is evidence that higher mass galaxies experience more mergers earlier than their lower mass counterparts, i.e. a galaxy assembly downsizing. Finally, we calculate a merger rate at z= 2.6 of ℜ &lt; 5 × 105 Gpc-3 Gyr-1, which experiences no significant change to ℜ &lt; 1.2 × 105 Gpc-3 Gyr-1 at z= 0.5. This corresponds to an average M* &gt; 1011 M⊙ galaxy experiencing 1.7 ± 0.5 mergers between z= 3 and 0.
On the various origins of close-in extrasolar planets
Authors: Marchi S. , Ortolani S. , Nagasawa M. , Ida S. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The extrasolar planets (EPs) so far detected are very different to the planets in our own Solar System. Many of them have Jupiter-like masses and close-in orbits (the so-called hot planets, HPs), with orbital periods of only a few days. In this Letter, we present a new statistical analysis of the observed EPs, focusing on the origin of the HPs. Among the several HP formation mechanisms proposed so far, the two main formation mechanisms are type II migration and scattering. In both cases, planets form beyond the so-called snow line of the protoplanetary disc and then migrate inwards due to angular momentum and energy exchange with either the protoplanetary disc or companion planets. Although theoretical studies produce a range of observed features, no firm correspondence between the observed EPs and models has yet been established. In our analysis, by means of principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, we find convincing indications for the existence of two types of HPs, whose parameters reflect physical mechanisms of type II migration and scattering.
Cognitive Approaches to Lexical Semantics
Authors: Dingfang Shu 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article reviews the achievements and recent research programs in the field of cognitive lexical semantics, which has become a full‐fledged field since the early 1980s, when important research findings in cognitive psychology concerning the internal structure of categories (prototype structure and family resemblance structure) were adopted to analyze lexical categories (Taylor et al. 2003). Cognitive linguists have since changed their conceptions about the nature of word meanings, and the interplay between words and their contexts. The traditional dividing lines between lexicon and grammar, and linguistic knowledge and encyclopedic knowledge have been largely blurred, and meaning is seen as a manifestation of conceptual structure, which is embodied and entrenched in the schematic network of structures and is extended on the basis of language usage events.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the whale shark (Rhincodon typus)
Authors: RAMÍREZ‐MACÍAS DENÍ , SHAW KRISTINE , WARD ROCKY , GALVÁN‐MAGAÑA FELIPE , VÁZQUEZ‐JUÁREZ RICARDO 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn preparation for a study on population structure of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), nine species‐specific polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were developed. An initial screening of 50 individuals from Holbox Island, Mexico found all nine loci to be polymorphic, with two to 17 alleles observed per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.200 to 0.826 and from 0.213 to 0.857, respectively. Neither statistically significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations nor statistically significant linkage disequilibrium between loci were observed. These microsatellite loci appear suitable for examining population structure, kinship assessment and other applications.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the Serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis
Authors: RENSHAW MARK A. , DOUGLAS KORY C. , REXROAD III CAIRD E. , JOBITY ANN MARIE C. , GOLD JOHN R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThirteen nuclear‐encoded microsatellites from a genomic DNA library of Serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis, were isolated and characterized. The microsatellites include 10 perfect repeats (eight tetranucleotide and two dinucleotide) and three imperfect repeats (two tetranucleotide and one dinucleotide). An additional five microsatellites, isolated originally from two congeneric species (S. cavalla and S. niphonius), were characterized in S. brasiliensis. Serra Spanish mackerel support artisanal fisheries along the Caribbean and Atlantic coasts of Central and South America, from Belize to Brazil.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Authors: MISHIMA KENTARO , HIRAO TOMONORI , URANO SHOUGO , WATANABE ATSUSHI , TAKATA KATSUHIKO 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMicrosatellite markers were isolated from Robinia pseudoacacia L. using an enrichment method. Eleven of the 23 primer pairs designed successfully amplified unambiguous and polymorphic single loci among 39 individual R. pseudoacacia L. from northeastern Japan. The observed and expected heterozygosities of the 11 microsatellite markers ranged from 0.333 to 0.821 and from 0.489 to 0.867, respectively. The polymorphisms observed at the 11 microsatellite loci are useful genetic data for forest ecological studies involving R. pseudoacacia L.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for Lychnophora pinaster: a study for the conservation of a native medicinal plant
Authors: HABER L. H. , CAVALLARI M. M. , SANTOS F. R. C. , MARQUES M. O. M. , GIMENES M. A. , ZUCCHI M. I. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract Lychnophora pinaster Mart. (Asteraceae) is a Brazilian medicinal plant, extensively employed in popular medicine as an anti‐inflammatory, analgesic and healing agent. Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed and optimized for L. pinaster from an enriched genomic library. The markers were used to analyse 37 plants from two native populations, generating an average number of 6.6 alleles per polymorphic locus. These loci are important tools for future studies of population genetics.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the hermaphroditic freshwater snailsDrepanotrema surinamenseandDrepanotrema depressissimum
Authors: NICOT ANTOINE , JARNE PHILIPPE , DAVID PATRICE 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe characterized new variable microsatellites in two congeneric species of hermaphroditic freshwater snails (Drepanotrema depressissimumandD. surinamense), as well as conditions for multiplexing and simultaneously genotyping sets of loci.D. depressissimumhad high mean gene diversity (> 0.8) and large number of alleles (= 10.9) per population. Most loci and populations were at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. TheFSTestimates were low among lesser Antilles populations and larger with a Venezuelan population. Far less diversity was found inD. surinamensewith mean number of alleles and gene diversity per population of 2.8 and 0.34, respectively. Very few heterozygous individuals were observed. The most likely explanation is a high selfing rate (> 0.825) in this species. Unsurprisingly, theFSTestimates among populations were much higher than inD. depressissimum. Cross‐species amplification in three congeneric species was on the whole unsuccessful.
Characterization of 35 novel microsatellite loci for ecological and evolutionary studies of the bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus)
Authors: LANDIS J. B. , GROSE M. J. , WILEY E. O. , HUDMAN S. P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) is abundant and widespread with a broad ecological niche. This species is also sexually dimorphic with strong competition between males during the mating season. We developed two genomic libraries enriched for microsatellite repeats — one dinucleotide and one tetranucleotide — and isolated 48 putative, novel microsatellite loci. Of those, we present 35 polymorphic and statistically independent microsatellite markers with two to 18 alleles per locus and heterozygosities ranging from 0.04 to 1. These markers will be useful for future behavioural, ecological, evolutionary and mating system studies using P. notatus.
Microsatellite loci for the fungus Ascosphaera apis: cause of honey bee chalkbrood disease
Authors: REHNER STEPHEN A. , EVANS JAY D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe fungus Ascosphaera apis is a worldwide fungal pathogen of honey bees. To provide tools for understanding the dispersal history of this pathogen, strain differences in virulence, and host–pathogen interactions, we used the draft genome assembly of A. apis to develop microsatellite loci for this species. We present testing results for 25 scorable loci revealing two to eight alleles per locus in a survey of Maryland isolates of this fungus.
Isolation and characterization of 10 microsatellite DNA markers in the oriental honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhyncus)
Authors: WENG GUO‐JING , LI SHOU‐HSIEN , SEVERINGHAUS LUCIA LIU 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe designed 10 new microsatellite markers for the oriental honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhyncus) and tested them on 44 individuals. The number of alleles ranged from two to 12 with an average of five, while the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.273 to 1.0. Linkage disequilibrium was not found. These markers are being used in a study of the ecology of this species in Taiwan. We also tested their utility on eight other raptor species.
A computer program to simulate multilocus genotype data with spatially autocorrelated allele frequencies
Authors: GUILLOT GILLES , SANTOS FILIPE 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMany models for inference of population genetic parameters are based on the assumption that the data set at hand consists of groups displaying within‐group Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at individual loci and linkage equilibrium between loci. This assumption is commonly violated by the presence of within‐group spatial structure arising from nonrandom mating of individuals due to isolation by distance (IBD).This paper proposes a model and simulation method implemented in a computer program to flexibly simulate data displaying such patterns. The program permits displaying of smooth spatial variations of allele frequencies due to IBD and more abrupt variations due to presence of strong barriers to gene flow. It is useful in assessing performance of various statistical inference methods and in designing spatial sampling schemes. This is shown by a simulation study aimed at assessing the extent to which IBD patterns affect accuracy of cluster inferences performed in models assuming panmixia. The program is also used to study the effects of spatial sampling scheme (e.g. sampling individuals in clumps or uniformly across the spatial domain). The accuracy of such inferences is assessed in terms of number of inferred populations, assignment of individuals to populations and location of borders between populations. The effect of spatial sampling was weak while the effect of IBD may be substantial, leading to the inference of spurious populations, especially when IBD was strong with respect to the size of the sampling domain. The model and program are new and have been embedded in the R package Geneland, for user convenience and compliance with existing data formats.
Comprehensive cross‐amplification of microsatellite multiplex sets across the rodent genus Microtus
Authors: RUDÁ M. , ŽIAK D. , GAUFFRE B. , ZIMA J. , MARTÍNKOVÁ N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe developed four multiplex panels comprising 19 microsatellite loci and tested their amplification in 21 rodent species important for agricultural and conservation management (Microtus, Arvicola, Chionomys). On average, 17.6 loci amplified per species. Number of alleles ranged from 1 to 19 per locus. We report an additional locus polymorphic in 15 vole species.
UPDATE ON THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE‐MINERAL AND BONE DISORDER
Authors: Bover Jordi , Farré Neus , Andrés Enric , Canal Cristina , Olaya María Teresa , Alonso Maite , Quílez Begoña , Ballarín José 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYChronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Mineral metabolism disturbances appear to contribute to the high mortality rate. A CKD‐mineral bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) has recently been defined as a systemic disorder manifested by one or a combination of abnormalities in bone biopsy, laboratory parameters and/or vascular or other soft‐tissue calcifications. New available treatments have contributed to move from the former treatment paradigm of renal osteodystrophy to CKD‐MBD management, beyond mere control of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and trying to improve cardiovascular or survival outcomes. Thus, the recommended multidisciplinary approach among nurses, dieticians and clinicians, helping not only through dietary assessment but also through education, behaviour control and by increasing the patient's personal motivation, may have additional important benefits. This article will review the current therapeutic approach with phosphate binders including the latest developments, vitamin D derivatives and selective vitamin D receptor activators as well as the new calcimimetics, all used in the treatment of this systemic disease.
PATHOGENESIS OF BONE AND MINERAL RELATED DISORDERS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: KEY ROLE OF HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA
Authors: Román‐García Pablo , Carrillo‐López Natalia , Cannata‐Andía Jorge B. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYThis paper reviews the pathogenesis of hyperphosphataemia and its role in the regulation of parathyroid hormone synthesis and parathyroid cell proliferation in chronic kidney disease. The association between hyperphosphaemia and vascular calcification, and the interventions that can be used to control plasma phosphate are also discussed.
THE USE OF PHOSPHATE BINDERS: DATA FROM CONTRIBUTORS TO THE EUROPEAN PRACTICE DATABASE
Authors: Elseviers Monique , De Vos Jean‐Yves 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYData of the European Practice Database (EPD) were used to investigate the use of phosphate binders in the European HD population. A cross‐sectional observation among five participating countries of the cycle 2 study revealed that most patients used phosphate binders and many of them used more than one agent. Calcium‐based products were most frequently used (55% of HD patients) followed by sevelamer (37%). There was a wide variation between different countries in the kind of phosphates that were used. Renal dietitians advised regularly on therapy adjustment for calcium/phosphorus metabolism in one third of European centres and their involvement is increasing.
ORAL PHOSPHATE BINDERS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SERUM PHOSPHATE LEVELS IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Mohammed Ismail , Hutchison Alastair J. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYHyperphosphataemia is an inevitable consequence of end stage chronic kidney disease and is present in the majority of dialysis patients. Hyperphosphataemia is statistically associated with increased cardiovascular mortality among dialysis patients. Dietary restriction of phosphate and current dialysis modalities are not sufficiently effective to maintain serum phosphate levels within the recommended range so that the majority of dialysis patients require oral phosphate binders. However, benefits of achieving the recommended range have yet to be demonstrated prospectively.Unfortunately, conventional phosphate binders are not reliably effective and are associated with a range of limitations and side effects. Aluminium containing agents are highly efficient but no longer widely used because of well‐established and proven toxicity. Calcium‐based salts are inexpensive, effective and most widely used but there is now concern about their association with hypercalcaemia and vascular calcification. Sevelamer hydrochloride and lanthanum carbonate are non‐aluminium, calcium‐free phosphate binders. They are effective and reasonably well tolerated, but still do not control phosphate levels in all patients.Patient education programmes have been shown to be a useful and effective method of improving achievement of serum phosphate targets.
VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A CLINICAL REVIEW
Authors: Eddington Helen , Sinha Smeeta , Kalra Philip A. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYVascular calcification, which is associated with arterial stiffness, is now known to be an important predictor of cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality in patients with renal disease. This calcification starts developing in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is present in over 50% of patients at the time of dialysis commencement. Once calcification is present it continues to progress, though some medications have been shown to slow this progression. Vascular calcification and bone abnormalities are now both encompassed by the term of CKD—mineral bone disorder and are thought to be part of the same disease process in CKD.Vascular calcification and arterial stiffness have been extensively researched in the renal population and many factors are known to be associated with their presence and progression. This calcification is an important factor to be considered in the management of the renal patient but there are different methods available for its measurement. These details will be discussed further in this review along with evidence available for management of this important complication of renal disease.
SOFT BONES AND HARD ARTERIES—CAN WE REVERSE THE TREND IN CKD?
Authors: Tomlinson James , Cunningham John 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYChronic kidney disease‐bone and mineral disorder (CKD‐MBD) signifies the complex pathophysiological interactions between calcium, phosphorus and regulatory hormones which are associated, sometimes causally, with impaired bone mineralisation and increased fracture risk in patients with CKD. It also signifies a predisposition to vascular calcification (VC), the emergence of which as a likely side effect of some of the current therapies poses a difficult problem for physicians aiming to treat patients with CKD. This complex disorder has seen several important advances in relation to understanding of the pathophysiology and, it is hoped, refinement of therapeutic approaches.
ANAEMIA AND MINERAL BONE DISORDER IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A REVIEW OF THE CURRENT LITERATURE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL NURSING PRACTICE
Authors: Limrick Claire , McNichols‐Thomas Coral 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYSecondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is one of the factors reported to have a negative impact on anaemia of chronic kidney disease (ACKD) and its treatment. SHPT is one of the abnormalities resulting from altered bone mineral metabolism. Five possible mechanisms have been proposed as to how SHPT impacts on anaemia in this paper. Each of these mechanisms will be considered and the treatment options reviewed including the implications for erythropoietic stimulating agents (ESA) prescribing. Anaemia and SHPT are both strongly predictive of complications and death from cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nursing care of this group of patients should, therefore, be holistic in order to ensure optimum management. Ways in which we can practice to enhance quality of life and outcomes in this patient population will be discussed.
EARLY INITIATION OF PHOSPHATE LOWERING DIETARY THERAPY IN NON‐DIALYSIS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A CRITICAL REVIEW
Authors: Sigrist M.K. , Chiarelli G. , Lim L. , Levin A. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYDietary management of hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism have long been important elements in the clinical management of CKD stage 4 and 5 for the prevention of mineral bone disease. The rationale for phosphate lowering has been further justified, given the accumulating data to support the association of phosphate with vascular damage, in this population who are at high risk of cardiovascular (CV) death. Phosphate is a novel CV risk factor in both CKD and in the general population, and a growing body of literature suggests that high normal serum phosphate may be a risk factor for progression of CKD. Few studies have examined hard outcomes after phosphate lowering. Nonetheless, given the balance of data both in cell, animal and human studies, the use of phosphate lowering strategies at earlier stages of CKD, perhaps even prior to serum phosphate level rising, may well be justified.This review will discuss the complications associated with higher serum phosphate, the potential benefits of early phosphate intervention, practical considerations of low phosphate diets and novel strategies for evaluating these strategies in clinical practice.
VASCULAR CALCIFICATION: LESSONS FROM SCIENTIFIC MODELS
Authors: Sinha Smeeta , Eddington Helen , Kalra Philip A. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYPatients with chronic kidney disease have increased cardiovascular mortality from a combination of increased atherosclerotic disease, left ventricular hypertrophy and increased prevalence of vascular calcification (VC). Previously VC was thought to be a passive process which involved the deposition of calcium and phosphate into the vessel wall. However, recent studies have shown that VC is a highly regulated, cell‐mediated process similar to bone formation, in that it is associated with expression of bone‐related proteins, such as type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase.Animal and in vitro models of VC have shown that a multitude of factors including phosphate, matrix gla protein (MGP) and fetuin are involved in regulating VC. Certain factors induce calcification whereas others inhibit the process. Despite these insights, it is still not fully known how VC is regulated and a treatment for VC remains elusive. Ongoing research will hopefully elucidate these mechanisms and thereby produce targets for future therapeutic intervention. This review will highlight some of the scientific models of VC and how they have increased the understanding of this complex process.