bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid Evaluation of Inclusions in Bearing Steel
Authors: Muroi T , Nagasawa W , Narai H , Ohori M 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The rolling contact fatigue (rcf) life of bearing steel is closely related to the steel cleanliness. To assess steel cleanliness, traditional methods such as optical image analysis and Statistics of Extreme Value are often used. The results obtained using these traditional methods of assessing steel cleanliness correlate well with the rcf life. More recently, pulse height distribution analysis (PDA) has been developed to determine steel cleanliness. Despite some issues surrounding the PDA method for assessing steel cleanliness, PDA is still considered to be superior to traditional methods for the quick assessment of nonmetallic inclusion in steels. A comparison has been made between the steel cleanliness results obtained by traditional optical image analysis and PDA to determine if the results of PDA can be used as a meaningful indicator of the rcf life of bearing steels. The comparison showed that the size of inclusions obtained by PDA agreed reasonably with the size of inclusion obtained using optical image analysis. Consequently, it should be possible to use the PDA results as an indicator of rcf life.
Effect of Reduction in Water Salinity on Osmoregulation and Survival of Large Atlantic Salmon Held at High Water Temperature
Authors: Gonçalves J , Carraça S , Damasceno-Oliveira A , Fernández-Durán B , Diaz J , Wilson J , Coimbra J 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We examined the possible ameliorating effects of reduced salinity (28‰) on the physiological performance of large Atlantic salmon Salmo salar initially reared at 35‰ and exhibiting osmo-ionoregulatory disturbances in high seasonal water temperatures (&gt;18°C). Considerable differences were observed in the behavior, survival, and plasma values for cortisol, osmolality, and chloride after 3 d, with fish from the 28‰ salinity regime approaching basal levels (cortisol: 8.0 ± 1.7 mmol/L; osmolality: 374.3 ± 6.8 milliosmols per kilogram [mosmols/kg]; [Cl-]: 170.5 ± 3.8 mmol/L [mean ± SE]) and fish from full-strength seawater showing a further decrease in osmoregulatory capacity (cortisol: 33.7 ± 5.0 mmol/L; osmolality: 411.4 ± 9.7 mosmols/kg; [Cl-]: 189.1 ± 6.8 mmol/L). Two weeks later, fish kept at 28‰ still had a normal osmoregulatory capacity and exhibited a significant increase in condition factor, whereas many fish (70%) in full-strength seawater had died. These results indicate a limited capacity for maintaining osmo-ionoregulatory homeostasis in full-strength seawater during long periods at high temperature. Access to water of lower salinity appears to be essential for the survival of Atlantic salmon in this environment.
Effect of Feeding Strategies on Production Characteristics and Body Composition of Florida Pompano Reared in Marine Recirculating Systems
Authors: Weirich Charles R , Groat Derek R , Reigh Robert C , Chesney Edward J , Malone Ronald F 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The effect of feeding strategies on production characteristics and body composition of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus reared using marine recirculating systems was evaluated in three growth trials (water temperature, 27–29°C; salinity, 23–28‰). A commercial diet (53% protein, 13% lipid) was fed in each trial. In trial 1, mean final weight of juveniles fed 5% of body weight per day (bw/d) in two, three, or six feedings for 38 d was significantly greater than that of Florida pompano fed once daily. In trial 2, Florida pompano that were fed twice daily to apparent satiation (AS) were significantly larger after 54 d than fish fed a fixed ration of 5% bw/d, regardless of initial stocking density (1.3 or 2.6 kg/m3). In trial 3, mean final weight of Florida pompano fed to AS four times daily for 133 d was significantly greater than that of fish fed to AS twice daily. Feeding rate and frequency did not affect feed conversion efficiency or body composition and had minimal effects on specific growth rate. Market-size pompano had dressed carcass yields greater than 70% and fillet yields greater than 45%. Juvenile pompano raised in recirculating systems in this study grew from an initial weight of 17 g to weights in excess of 450 g (market size) in 4–5 months and to weights in excess of 700 g in 8–9 months.
Helicobacter pylori infection can modulate the susceptibility of gastric mucosa cells to MNNG
Authors: Arabski Michał , Kazmierczak Paweł , Wiśniewska-Jarosińska Maria , Morawiec Zbigniew , Morawiec-Bajda Alina , Klupińska Grażyna , Drzewoski Józef , Chojnacki Jan , Błasiak Janusz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pathogenesis of stomach cells can be associated with their susceptibility to exogenous dietary irritants, like nitrosamines such as dimethylnitrosamines (DMNA), and to the effects of non-dietary factors, including Helicobacter pylori infection. We used N-methyl-N’-nitro N-nitrosoguanidyne (MNNG) as a surrogate agent that induces a spectrum of DNA damage similar to DMNA. Using the alkaline comet assay, we showed that antioxidants — vitamins C and E, quercetin, and melatonin — reduced the genotoxic effect of MNNG in H. pylori-infected and non-infected human gastric mucosa cells (GMCs). To compare the sensitivity of the stomach and the blood, the experiment was also carried out in peripheral blood. We observed a higher level of DNA damage induced by MNNG in H. pylori-infected than in noninfected GMCs. We did not note any difference in the efficacy of the repair of the damage in either type of GMC. H. pylori infection may play an important role in the pathogenesis of GMCs, as it can modulate their susceptibility to dietary mutagens/carcinogens, thus contributing to gastric cancer.
Accelerated Life Testing
Authors: Bagdonavicius V. , Nikulin M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn industry the failure time data are used for product reliability estimation. Failures of highly reliable units are rare and other information should be used than traditional censored failure time data. One way of obtaining this complementary reliability information is to apply the methods of the so‐called accelerated life‐testing (ALT). The purpose of the ALT is to give estimators of the main reliability characteristics under usual (design) stress using data of accelerated experiments when units are tested at higher than usual stress conditions, i.e. in ALT is supposed to use higher levels of experimental time varying factors or covariates (such as temperature, voltage or pressure) to increase the number of failures and, hence, to obtain reliability information more quickly. In biomedical studies the data are often obtained under different time‐varying conditions and there is a problem to compare the distributions of failure time variables among several different treatment or intervention groups. To treat these data in ALT are used the so‐called accelerated life models with time depending explanatory variables (stresses). The considered models are well known in reliability theory and survival analysis. They are well adapted to obtain the statistical inference in accelerated experiments with dynamic environment, when data are censored. All famous models such as Cox (proportional hazards) model, linear transformation (Dabrowska‐Doksum) model, frailty model, generalized proportional model, additive hazards model, proportional hazards model, accelerated failure time model, etc…, are in the class of accelerated life models. The most famous model in ALT is the accelerated failure time (AFT) model. Here we develop a general approach for construction of the accelerated life models in accelerated experiments (in ALT) with dynamic environment, which reveals some interesting connections among many well known and new models.
Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Griffith Daniel A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA geographic information system (GIS) is a computer hardware and software information system designed to capture, edit, manage, house, manipulate, analyze, and display georeferenced data. It comprises high‐resolution scientific visualization capabilities, large‐capacity electronic storage devices, efficient and effective structures for data storage and retrieval, high‐volume communication channels, specialized algorithms for data integration and reliability analysis, and specialized query languages. Its reference point is a digital map. The first GIS was developed by the Canadian government and implemented in 1964. A differentiating feature among GISs is whether the underlying map involves a raster or vector surface partitioning. Spatial statistics requires attribute data, a map, and the tagging of each data observation to a location on a map, items furnished by a GIS. A GIS also supplies a practical and useful way to reveal spatial and temporal relationships among data. The UCGIS is an organization whose mission is to serve as an effective unified voice for the community of GIS users.
Koksma–Hlawka Inequality
Authors: Hickernell Fred J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

The Koksma–Hlawka inequality is a tight error bound on the approximation of an integral by the sample average of integrand values. The integration error is bounded by a product of two terms, the discrepancy of the sample points,

\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$D(\{\vec{x}_{i}\})$ \end{document}

, and the variation of the integrand,
V
(
g
). These two quantities measure the quality of the sample points and the roughness of the integrand, respectively. The Koksma–Hlawka inequality plays a key role in the development of quasi–Monte Carlo methods. Such methods replace simple random sample points by low discrepancy points. The Koksma–Hlawka inequality has also influenced the study of experimental design and led to the creation of UNIFORM DESIGNS.
Multivariate Symmetry and Asymmetry
Authors: Serfling Robert J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Univariate symmetry has interesting and diverse forms of generalization to the multivariate case. Here several leading concepts of multivariate symmetry—spherical, elliptical, central, and angular—are examined and various closely related notions discussed. Methods for testing the hypothesis of symmetry and approaches for measuring the direction and magnitude of skewness are reviewed.
Psychology, Statistics in
Authors: Everitt Brian 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Statistics is of central importance in psychology but the realtionship between staisticians and psychologists has not always been an easy one. For example, the latter's obsession with significance tests and p‐values has often not met with the approval of the former. But research in psychology offers a rich source or problems for the statistician, and developments in statistics offer the opportunity for psychologists to raise their statistical horizons beyond ANOVA and hypothesis tests.
Self‐Selected Samples
Authors: Rutherford Andrew 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe term “Self‐Selected Samples" is explained. The nature of selection with respect to such samples is described, its relation to other sampling techniques is considered briefly and a distinction between strong and weak selection is made. Strong self‐selected samples are not representative of the population of interest and may very likely differ on pertinent factors. Hence, there are serious problems in generalizing inferences from self‐selected samples to their populations. A very brief outline is provided for three statistical approaches to problems with self‐selected samples: the use of covariates, mixture modeling, and selection modeling.
Forestry, Statistics in
Authors: Gregoire Timothy , Lappi Juha 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStatistical methods are used in surveys of forest resources, and in the development of predictive models of individual‐tree size and growth, as well as the growth and yield of aggregations of trees in forest stands. Statistically designed experiments are conducted in order to understand better the responses to(i)management interventions, such as fertilization, genetic improvement, site preparation, harvesting; and to(ii)natural events like insect infestations, ice storms, hurricanes, temperature change.
Correspondence Analysis
Authors: Kroonenberg Pieter M. , Greenacre Michael J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Correspondence analysis is a multivariate technique to investigate the association in a two‐way table of nonnegative quantities, usually counts. In particular, graphical representations of the row and column variables are derived that highlight the salient aspects of their relationship. We give an exposition of the technique as well as some equivalent definitions, a selection of extensions of the basic method and a collection of applications from various disciplines to illustrate its use in practice.
Statistical Signal Processing
Authors: Kannan Nandini , Kundu Debasis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStatistical signal processing is an important area of research with extensive applications in the fields of communication theory, array processing, seismology, and medical diagnosis. The goal of signal processing is to recover characteristics of the underlying process from observed data. The random nature of the signals underscores the need for statistical techniques in model formulation, estimation, and data analysis. A brief discussion of two models that have been widely studied in the signal processing literature is provided. In addition, different methods of estimation are presented, and some unique characteristics of these models are highlighted.
Bayesian Networks
Authors: Castillo Enrique , Hadi Ali S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMany practical applications require the specification of the joint probability density (JPD) of a large set of random variables. This task can be very difficult in practice. Bayesian and Markov networks are two graphically based models that make the specification of the JPD and the propagation of uncertainty simple and efficient because they exploit the conditional independence structure of the JPD. This entry deals with Bayesian networks, also known as Belief networks. Markov networks are discussed in another entry. Bayesian networks are defined and their usefulness is illustrated by examples of the two most commonly used Bayesian networks, namely, the multinomial and Gaussian networks. The questions about how Bayesian networks can be constructed, how Bayesian networks can be learnt from data, and how uncertainty can be propagated when new evidence becomes available are also discussed.
Assessment Bias
Authors: Gøtzsche Peter C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Assessment bias in a clinical trial arises if there is bias in the assessment of the outcome. It is also called
ascertainment bias, diagnostic bias
, or
detection bias

. A major cause of assessment bias is lack of blinding. Other problems relate to differential identification of harmless or false positive cases of disease, bias in assessment of disease‐specific mortality, the use of composite outcomes, competing risks, timing of the assessments, and bias in assessment of harms.
Group‐Randomized Trials, Planning and Analysis of
Authors: Murray David M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Planning a group‐randomized trial is a complex process. Care must be taken to delineate the research question, to create the research team, to plan the research design, to avoid potential design and analytic problems, to select variables of interest and their measures, to plan the intervention, and to ensure adequate power. Failure in any of these areas may lead to a dissappointing result; attention to each will increase the likelihood of success
Hazard Change Point Estimation
Authors: Gürler Ülkü 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In survival and reliability studies, hazard‐rate function plays an important role. Sudden changes in the hazard function may occur due to treatment effects or maintenance activities. A problem of statistical interest is the estimation of the times of the changes, as well as their sizes. In this note, we review the basic estimation methods for hazard change‐point models for complete data. Some related literature is also provided for estimation with incomplete data and hypothesis testing.
Paraplegia as the presenting manifestation of extramedullary megakaryoblastic transformation of previously undiagnosed chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Bryant Barbara J. , Alperin Jack B. , Elghetany M. Tarek 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExtramedullary tumors, also known as granulocytic sarcomas (GS), occur most frequently in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). They may signal the onset of the accelerated phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) or the blastic transformation of a myeloproliferative disorder. Occasionally, a GS may be the presenting sign of undiagnosed AML, and rarely the presenting sign of undiagnosed CML or aleukemic leukemia. Paraplegia due to a spinal cord GS is an extremely rare presentation of undiagnosed leukemia. This is the first case report of paraplegia as the presenting manifestation of extramedullary megakaryoblastic transformation of previously undiagnosed CML. A 53‐year‐old woman reported back pain for 6 days, rapidly progressing to paraplegia. Physical examination noted a large abdominal mass and flaccid paralysis in both lower extremities. Spinal MRI revealed a T4–T6 vertebral mass causing spinal stenosis and cord compression. Tumor debulking and laminectomy were performed emergently. The tumor consisted of noncohesive blast cells. The CBC revealed a leukocyte count of 238,300/μl and a differential consistent with CML. Reexamination of the patient found that the abdominal mass was a giant spleen. Further immunohistochemical studies of the tumor were consistent with extramedullary acute megakaryoblastic blast transformation of CML. Although extramedullary blast crises herald the accelerated phases in ∼10% of CML cases, megakaryoblastic blast transformation of CML accounts for less than 3% of these cases. The combination of acute paraplegia and megakaryoblastic transformation in a previously undiagnosed patient with CML is extremely rare and may pose a diagnostic dilemma. Am. J. Hematol. 2006. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tandem high‐dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in refractory/relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma: A monocenter prospective study
Authors: Castagna Luca , Magagnoli Massimo , Balzarotti Monica , Sarina Barbara , Siracusano Licia , Nozza Andrea , Todisco Elisabetta , Bramanti Stefania , Mazza Rita , Russo Filippo , Timofeeva Inna , Santoro Armando 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe designed a prospective study to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of tandem high‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT) in the treatment of refractory or relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). Thirty‐two patients were treated with salvage chemotherapy (IGEV, ifosfamide, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine) and chemo‐sensitive patients received a first HDCT course with melphalan 200 mg/m2 (MEL200) and a second BEAM course. The median time interval between the two HDCT courses was 66 days. The median number of reinfused CD34+ cells was 4.7 x 106/kg after MEL200 and 5.8 x 106/kg after BEAM. The hematological reconstitution after both HDCT courses did not differ. No grade III or IV renal, hepatic, lung, cardiac, and neurological toxicity was observed. Severe (grade III and IV) oral mucositis was the most prominent complication affecting 60 and 50% of patients after MEL200 and BEAM, respectively. Fever of unknown origin occurred in 65 and 70% of patients after MEL200 and BEAM, respectively. One patient died from septic shock during the aplasia period following BEAM. In an intention‐to‐treat analysis, the overall response rate increased after each stage of protocol, ranging from 47% to 65% and 75% after IGEV, MEL200, and BEAM, respectively. Tandem HDCT is feasible and effective in patients with relapsed or refractory HL. Am. J. Hematol. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of novel derivatives of closo‐dodecaborate anion with azido group at the terminal position of the spacer
Authors: Orlova Anna V. , Kondakov Nikolay N. , Kimel Boris G. , Kononov Leonid O. , Kononova Elena G. , Sivaev Igor B. , Bregadze Vladimir I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo novel azido‐derivatives of closo‐dodecaborate anion with hydrophobic and hydrophilic spacers were prepared by reaction of tetrabutylammonium azide with cyclic oxonium derivatives of the closo‐dodecaborate anion. The compounds prepared can be regarded as precursors of derivatives of closo‐dodecaborate anion with amino group at the terminal position of a spacer or as building blocks for ‘click chemistry’, which are useful for preparation of various conjugates with targeting molecules. A concentration dependence of the 11B NMR spectra of functionalized derivatives of closo‐dodecaborate anion was discovered, which is of great importance for analytical purposes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A preliminary study of oscillating electromagnetic field effects on human spermatozoon motility
Authors: Iorio R. , Scrimaglio R. , Rantucci E. , Monache S. Delle , Di Gaetano A. , Finetti N. , Francavilla F. , Santucci R. , Tettamanti E. , Colonna R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSome effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF‐EMFs) on human spermatozoa are reported. Significant increases in the values of the motility and of the other kinematic parameters have been observed when spermatozoa were exposed to an ELF‐EMF with a square waveform of 5 mT amplitude and frequency of 50 Hz. By contrast, a 5 mT sine wave (50 Hz) and a 2.5 mT square wave (50 Hz) exposure did not produce any significant effect on sperm motility. The effects induced by ELF‐EMF (50 Hz; 5 mT) during the first 3 h of exposure persisted for 21 h after the end of the treatment. These results indicate that ELF‐EMF exposure can improve spermatozoa motility and that this effect depends on the field characteristics. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.