bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon nanotube formation catalyzed by Ni nanoparticles in carbonaceous solid
Authors: Keller Teddy M. , Laskoski Matthew , Osofsky Michael , Qadri Syed B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThermal decomposition of a Ni‐containing organometallic compound or Ni salt in the presence of an excess amount of a multi(ethynyl)aromatic compound results in the formation of CNTs during the carbonization process. The uniqueness of the process is the formation of MWNTs in high yield within the solid carbonaceous domain upon heat treatment to elevated temperature under ambient pressure. The formation of MWNTs in a shaped, solid configuration readily occurred when the precursor mixture was heated above 600 °C. 1,2,4,5‐Tetrakis(phenylethynyl)benzene was reacted with varying amounts of a Ni‐containing compound in an organic solvent to produce the Ni adduct of the ethynyl unit. Other mixtures were formulated by physical mixing of 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(phenylethynyl)benzene and a Ni salt. Heat treatment of the various mixtures to temperatures up to 1300 °C under atmospheric pressure resulted in the decomposition of the Ni‐containing compound or salt and the formation of Ni atoms, clusters, and/or nanoparticles in the polymeric‐to‐carbon nanoparticle‐to‐carbon nanotube compositions. The Ni atoms, clusters, and/or nanoparticles are the key to the formation of the carbon nanotubes. The resulting Ni nanoparticle–CNT compositions show magnetic properties. X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy studies show the presence of a large quantity of MWNTs in the carbonaceous solid residue. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The formation of pentagonal Ni nanowires: dependence on the stretching direction and the temperature
Authors: García‐Mochales P. , Paredes R. , Peláez S. , Serena P. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe have constructed computational minimum cross‐section histograms that statistically unveil the presence of preferred configuration during the breakage of Ni nanowires. The computed histograms showed strong dependence on the nanowire stretching direction. For the [100] and [110] stretching directions we have observed a very large peak associated to a minimum cross‐section of 5 atoms. We have confirmed that the configurations that contribute to this peak are staggered pentagonal nanowires. We have found that the formation of these nanowires is enhanced by increasing the temperature up to 550 K. At higher temperatures, the formation of pentagonal nanowires declines due to the competence against the nanowire melting processes. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A molecular dynamics study of the aluminosilicate chains structure in Al‐rich calcium silicate hydrated (C–S–H) gels
Authors: Manzano H. , Dolado J. S. , Griebel M. , Hamaekers J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCalcium silicate hydrated (C–S–H) gel is the principal binding phase of the cement paste and responsible for its strength. It is basically composed of silicate chains held together with CaO layers, where different guest ions can enter its structure. In particular, the substitution of Al in the silicate chains is expected to play a decisive role for the resulting properties of the cementitious materials. This work explores by means of molecular dynamics simulation the incorporation of aluminium into C–S–H gel. For that purpose we simulate the polymerisation of C–S–H gel in presence of Al atoms and analyse both the connectivity of the (alumino)silicate chains and the position of the aluminium atoms within the structure of C–S–H gel. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Identification of microcystins in waters used for daily life by people who live on Tai Lake during a serious cyanobacteria dominated bloom with risk analysis to human health
Authors: Zhang H. , Zhang J. , Zhu Y. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTai Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China with annual cyanobacteria blooms. Microcystins produced by these blooms have serious health risks for populations surrounding the lake, especially for people living on Tai Lake, because they usually drink raw lake water after a simple alum treatment. This study presents data on the detection and identification of microcystins in waters used for daily life by people living on Tai Lake, during the cyanobacterial blooming in July 2007. The health risks from drinking these microcystin‐polluted waters were also calculated. The main microcystins detected by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the water samples collected from two parts of Tai Lake (Wuli Lake and Meiliang Bay) were MC‐LR (4.33–12.27 μg/L), MC‐RR (8.36–16.91 μg/L) and MC‐YR (1.41–5.57 μg/L). Risk assessment showed that the drinking water simply treated by alum was not safe. The lowest calculated hazards ratios in all water samples was 6.4, which indicated that the risk of microcystins exposure from drinking water was over six times higher than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) recommended by The World Health Organization (WHO). Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the relationships between the epidemiology of people living on Tai Lake and microcystins exposure from drinking water. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Reference ranges for uterine artery mean pulsatility index at 11–41 weeks of gestation
Authors: Gómez O. , Figueras F. , Fernández S. , Bennasar M. , Martínez J. M. , Puerto B. , Gratacós E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo construct gestational age (GA)‐based reference ranges for the uterine artery (UtA) mean pulsatility index (PI) at 11–41 weeks of pregnancy.MethodsA prospective cross‐sectional observational study was carried out of 20 consecutive singleton pregnancies for each completed gestational week at 11–41 weeks. UtAs were examined by color and pulsed Doppler imaging, and the mean PI, as well as the presence or absence of a bilateral protodiastolic notch, were recorded. Polynomials were fitted by means of least‐square regression to estimate the relationship between the mean UtA‐PI and GA.ResultsA total of 620 women were included. A second‐degree polynomial (Loge mean UtA‐PI = 1.39 − 0.012 × GA + GA2 × 0.0000198, with GA measured in days), after a natural logarithmic transformation, was selected to model our data. There was a significant decrease in the mean UtA‐PI between 11 weeks (mean PI, 1.79; 95th centile, 2.70) and 34 weeks (mean PI, 0.70; 95th centile, 0.99). It then became more stable up until 41 weeks (mean PI, 0.65; 95th centile, 0.89).ConclusionsThe mean UtA‐PI shows a progressive decrease until the late stages of pregnancy. Reference ranges for mean UtA‐PI may have clinical value in screening for placenta‐associated diseases in the early stages of pregnancy, and in evaluating patients with pregnancy‐induced hypertension and/or small‐for‐gestational age fetuses during the third trimester. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal echocardiography at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks using four‐dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation telemedicine via an Internet link: a pilot study
Authors: Viñals F. , Ascenzo R. , Naveas R. , Huggon I. , Giuliano A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo assess whether spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) volumes from fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation can be obtained by a non‐expert and whether fetal echocardiography can be performed via a telemedicine link, providing a remote and reproducible diagnosis of the fetal heart condition.MethodsSTIC volume datasets from 35 fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks were obtained prospectively by a general obstetrician, transmitted via the Internet and subsequently analyzed systematically by two different reviewers. Forty‐nine pregnancies were initially enrolled into the study, but adequate volumes were not obtained for 14. Thirty‐four datasets were obtained on transabdominal and one on transvaginal ultrasound examination. A checklist was used that included 18 structures and views relating to the fetal heart evaluation, and each reviewer assigned the variables as normal, abnormal or unsure. Cohen's kappa analysis was used to evaluate the agreement between reviewers and the reported findings were compared with the outcome where available.ResultsThe mean gestational age was 12 + 3 weeks and the mean (range) crown–rump length was 68 (47–84) mm. The mean maternal age was 33 (range, 26–41) years; 12/35 (34%) were older than 35 years. The four‐chamber view obtained was apical in 22/35 (63%) cases and lateral in 13 (37%). Volume datasets were obtained after 12 weeks' gestation in 30/35 fetuses. Three cases had nuchal translucency thickness above the 99th percentile, and two of these had an abnormal heart. Five cases had abnormal outcomes. A mean of 3 (range, 1–6) STIC datasets per patient were acquired. The kappa index obtained confirmed interobserver reliability, with good or very good concordance (kappa > 0.6) in 14/18 structures and views related to the heart.ConclusionsSTIC volumes acquired between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks' gestation could be sent over the Internet and their analysis enabled recognition of most of the structures and views necessary to assess the small fetal cardiac anatomy, with a high degree of interobserver concordance. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isopropanol as a solvent for extraction of cottonseed oil. II. Separation of purified oil from miscella
Authors: Harris W. D. , Hayward J. W. , Lamb R. A. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryIt has been shown in the work reported previously (1,2) that it is possible to extract the oil from cotton‐seed to produce gossypol‐free meal of superior value. The miscella produced by this process contains the oil, free fatty acids, gossypol, and other non‐oil materials. Solubility and distribution data have been established for the systems isopropanol‐water‐cottonseed oil and oleic acid and isopropanol‐water‐cottonseed oil‐oleic acid‐hexane. Using these data as a basis, a liquid‐liquid extraction system has been developed which permits the separation of the miscella into a stable purified oil and a mixture of the free fatty acids, gossypol, phospholipids, sugars, and other non‐oil materials. The process is sufficiently flexible to permit the extraction of cottonseed of variable free fatty acid content and to produce a product of controlled uniformity.
Oil from the kernels of lalob fruit, balanites aegyptiaca
Authors: Hussain S. A. , Dollear F. G. , O'Connor R. T. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryLalob fruit from the Sudan has been examined by modern chemical and physical methods. The kernels which amount to 9 to 10% of the fruit contain approximately 46% oil. Extraction of the ground kernels with commercial hexane yields a light yellow oil, having a composition calculated from iodine‐thiocyanogen values corresponding to 43.8% linolein, 30.5% olein, 23.7% saturated acid glycerides, and 2.0% unsaponifiable matter. Calculation of the composition from ultraviolet absorption measurements gave results in fairly close agreement with those obtained by the iodine‐thiocyanogen method. It was shown that the color of the crude oil was due almost entirely to the presence ofa‐carotene.
Rice bran oil. IV. Storage of the bran as it affects hydrolysis of the oil
Authors: Loeb J. R. , Morris N. J. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: May 2008

Summary and ConclusionsThe oil, contained in bran from regularly milled rice, when stored at prevailing atmospheric temperature, humidity, and natural moisture content is subject to rapid hydrolysis which increases the free fatty acid content of the oil to a point where it cannot be economically refined.Data have been presented showing the effects of a) temperature, b) drying at temperatures of 70°, 85°, 100°, and 110°C. for various periods of time up to 5 hours, c) different relative humidities before and after drying, and d) added moisture on the rate of formation of free fatty acids during storage in bran from both regular and “Converted” rice.Decreasing the storage temperature tends to retard the formation of free fatty acids. In the case of regular rice bran deterioration during storage occurred at a fairly rapid rate even at 3°C. whereas bran from “Converted” rice was fairly stable when stored at this temperature.The investigation of the effect of heating or drying and the effect of different relative humidities on the storage of rice bran have shown that bran from both regular and “Converted” rice can be stored for periods of at least four months without excessive increase in the content of free fatty acids, provided the bran is dried sufficiently and is maintained at a low moisture content. An increase in the moisture content of predried bran causes a rapid increase in the free fatty acid content of the oil in the bran.Investigations of the effect of chemical inhibitors and of inert atmosphere on the rate of free fatty acid formation of regular rice bran indicated that these were ineffective in preventing deterioration.
Abram Harris: An Odyssey from Howard to Chicago
Authors: Darity William A. 
Published: May 2008

… however successful Negro business enterprise may be, and whether it proceeds on a quasi self-sufficient basis or takes its chances for survival in the general competitive arena, it must in the nature of things remain a diminutive force in modern industrialism, which is to say, that its much heralded power for mitigating the stress of Negro unemployment will be inconsequential. The great masses of Negro workers will continue to find their employment with those who now control finance and industry. —Abram L. Harris, Jr. “The Negro Worker: A Problem of Progressive Labor Action” The Crisis Vol. 37: No. 3, March 1930, p. 85.
Reachability analysis of fragments of mobile ambients in AC term rewriting
Authors: Delzanno Giorgio , Montagna Roberto 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the connection between fragments of associative-commutative Term Rewriting and fragments of Mobile Ambients, a powerful model for mobile and distributed computations. The connection can be used to transfer decidability and undecidability results for important computational properties like reachability from one formalism to the other. Furthermore, it can be viewed as a vehicle to apply tools based on rewriting for the simulation and validation of specifications given in Mobile Ambients.
Enhanced laser ion acceleration from mass-limited targets
Authors: Limpouch J. , Psikal J. , Andreev A.A. , Platonov K. YU. , Kawata S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLaser interactions with mass-limited targets are studied here via numerical simulations using our relativistic electromagnetic two-dimensional particle-in cell code including all three-velocity components. Analytical estimates are derived to clarify the simulation results. Mass-limited targets preclude the undesirable spread of the absorbed laser energy out of the interaction zone. Mass-limited targets, such as droplets, are shown here to enhance the achievable fast ion energy significantly due to an increase in the hot electron concentration. For given target dimensions, the existence is demonstrated for an optimum laser beam diameter when ion acceleration is efficient and geometrical energy losses are still acceptable. Ion energy also depends on the target geometrical form and rounded targets are found to enhance the energy of accelerated ions. The acceleration process is accompanied by generation of the dipole radiation in addition to the ordinary scattering of the electromagnetic wave.
A new family of spatial 3-DOF parallel manipulators with two translational and one rotational DOFs
Authors: Liu Xin-Jun , Wang Jinsong , Wu Chao , Kim Jongwon 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a new family of spatial 3-DOF (degree of freedom) parallel manipulators with two translational and one rotational DOFs. The manipulators in this family are the variations of the parallel manipulators, which are capable of very high rotational capability, introduced by X.-J. Liu, J. Wang, and G. Pritschow (“A new family of spatial 3-DoF fully parallel manipulators with high rotational capability,” Mech. Mach. Theory40(4), 475–494, 2005). However, compared with those old manipulators, the new parallel manipulators proposed here have the advantages of simpler kinematics and structure, easier manufacturing, and energy saving.
PREVENTION COULD BE LESS COST-EFFECTIVE THAN CURE: THE CASE OF HEPATITIS C SCREENING POLICIES IN FRANCE
Authors: Loubière Sandrine , Rotily Michel , Moatti Jean-Paul 
Published: May 2008

Objectives:To access the cost-effectiveness of French recommendations for hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening and the extent to which earlier identification of carriers may or not improve the cost-effectiveness of therapeutic strategies.Methods:Cost-effectiveness analysis were performed using decision-tree analysis and a Markov model. Four alternative strategies were compared: no screening and no treatment; initiation of HCV treatment after the diagnosis of cirrhosis; and two alternative strategies refer to the current French policies of HCV testing, i.e., two enzyme immunoblot assay (EIA) tests in series, or a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis after the first positive EIA test. Costs were computed from the viewpoint of the health care system. The analysis has been applied to populations particularly at risk of infection, as well as the general population.Results:The “wait and treat cirrhosis” strategy was more cost-effective in the general population and in transfusion recipients. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of this strategy compared with baseline strategy was 3,476 of euros and €15,300 in respective cohorts. Considering the HCV screening strategy, the additional cost would be of €4,933 and €240,250 per additional year of life saved, respectively. In the intravenous drug user (IDU) population, the “two EIA” screening strategy was the more cost-effective alternative, with an additional cost of €3,825 per additional year of life saved.Conclusions:HCV screening would be discarded for transfusion recipients but should be encouraged for IDUs and also for the general population, in which the additional cost of screening is an order of magnitude more acceptable.
COSTS OF INFORMAL CARE FOR PATIENTS IN ADVANCED HOME CARE: A POPULATION-BASED STUDY
Authors: Andersson Agneta , Carstensen John , Levin Lars-Åke , Emtinger Bengt Göran 
Published: May 2008

Objectives:Several studies have sought to analyze the cost-effectiveness of advanced home care and home rehabilitation. However, the costs of informal care are rarely included in economic appraisals of home care. This study estimates the cost of informal care for patients treated in advanced home care and analyses some patient characteristics that influence informal care costs.Methods:During one week in October 1995, data were collected on all 451 patients in advanced home care in the Swedish county of Östergötland. Costs were calculated by using two models: one including leisure time, and one excluding leisure time. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze factors associated with costs of informal care.Results:Seventy percent of the patients in the study had informal care around the clock during the week investigated. The patients had, on average, five formal care visits per week, each of which lasted for almost half an hour. Thus, the cost of informal care constituted a considerable part of the cost of advanced home care. When the cost of leisure time was included, the cost of informal care was estimated at SEK 5,880 per week per patient, or twice as high as total formal caregiver costs. When leisure time was excluded, the cost of informal care was estimated at SEK 3,410 per week per patient, which is still 1.2 times higher than formal caregiver costs (estimated at SEK 2,810 per week per patient). Informal care costs were higher among patients who were men, who were younger, who had their own housing, and who were diagnosed with cancer.Conclusions:Studies of advanced home care that exclude the cost of informal care substantially underestimate the costs to society, regardless of whether or not the leisure time of the caregiver is included in the calculations.
DO PARTICIPANTS UNDERSTAND A STATED PREFERENCE HEALTH SURVEY? A QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO ASSESSING VALIDITY
Authors: Kenny Patricia , Hall Jane , Viney Rosalie , Haas Marion 
Published: May 2008

Objectives:Examine the validity of using a self-completed Stated Preference Discrete Choice Modeling (SPDCM) questionnaire to measure parents' preferences for vaccinating their children against varicella.Methods:A qualitative approach was used to assess the way parents understood the technical information in the questionnaire and the factors they considered to be important to the immunization decision. After completion of the SPDCM questionnaire, thirty-four participants completed a semistructured interview by telephone. Interview transcripts were analyzed by using content analysis. Comparisons were then made with the SPDCM questionnaire results.Results:The technical information used to describe the program attributes appeared to be used appropriately by participants, although their explanations indicated that their understanding did not always come from the questionnaire information. Only one participant appeared to misunderstand the stated preference task, and a small number thought that the complexity and length should be reduced. The results of analysis of the questionnaire data were supported by the qualitative study, with the notable features of the model being reflected in the views commonly expressed about the immunization decision. Several additional factors were identified as important to the choice, including beliefs about vaccination generally and perceptions of the seriousness of varicella.Conclusions:Although more research is required to investigate the validity of SPDCM for the measurement of preferences in health care, this study supports the validity of its use in childhood immunization where parents are familiar with the decision context.
ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS IN ITALY: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Garattini Livio , De Compadri Paola , Clemente Rosamaria , Cornago Dante 
Published: May 2008

Objectives: To review the economic evaluations (EEs) done in Italy by Italian authors, following a common scheme to allow some comparisons of the studies selected and with the international reviews.Methods: We selected all the original studies published by Italian authors (in Italian or English) in national and international journals. The period considered was January 1994 to December 2001. Both full and partial economic evaluations were included. Three international databases were interrogated: MEDLINE, Embase, and HealthStar; further articles were added from the internal database of our center (CESAV), which also classifies Italian local publications and journals specialized in health economics.Results: A total of ninety-nine studies were reviewed. More than half of the fifty-seven full EEs focused on drugs as type of intervention (n=38), followed by diagnostic screening (n=7). The NHS viewpoint was the most used (n=55 studies), followed by that of society (n=27) and hospitals (n=12). Sixty-eight studies only analyzed direct costs and twenty-nine included both direct and indirect costs. Twenty-five of the thirty-eight pharmacoeconomic full EEs were sponsored by companies. In sixteen of the twenty-five sponsored studies, the sponsor's products were the dominant alternative.Conclusions: The review showed that, in Italy, like elsewhere, there is a gap between theory and practice in EEs, and sponsors can considerably affect the results of EEs.