bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality attributable to passive smoking in Spain, 2002
Authors: López M J , Pérez-Ríos M , Schiaffino A , Nebot M , Montes A , Ariza C , García M , Juárez O , Moncada A , Fernández E 
Published: November 2007

Objective:Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with a variety of health effects, including lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of deaths caused by exposure to ETS among non-smokers in Spain during the year 2002Methods:Prevalence of ETS exposure among never smokers was gathered from three region based health interview surveys. The relative risks of lung cancer and ichaemic heart diseases were selected from three meta-analyses. Population attributable risk (PAR) was computed using a range of prevalences (minimum-maximum). The number of deaths attributable to ETS was calculated by applying PARs to mortality not attributable to active smoking in 2002. The analyses were stratified by sex, age and source of exposure (home, workplace and both combined). In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed for different scenarios.Results:Among men, deaths attributable to ETS ranged from 408 to 1703. From 247 to 1434 of these deaths would be caused by the exposure only at home, 136–196 by exposure only in the workplace and 25–73 by exposure at both home and the workplace. Among women, the number of attributable deaths ranged from 820 to 1534. Between 807 and 1477 of these deaths would be caused by exposure only at home, 9–32 by exposure only in the workplace and 4–25 by exposure both at home and in the workplace.Conclusion:Exposure to ETS at home and at work in Spain could be responsible for 1228–3237 of deaths from lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease. These data confirm that passive smoking is an important public health problem in Spain that needs urgent attention.
A systematic review of interventions for smokers who contact quitlines
Authors: Stead Lindsay F , Perera Rafael , Lancaster Tim 
Published: November 2007

Objective:To evaluate the effect of different types of adjunctive support to stop smoking for individuals contacting telephone “quitlines,” including call-back counselling, different counselling techniques and provision of self help materials.Data sources:This review includes quitline studies identified as part of Cochrane reviews of telephone counselling and self help materials for smoking cessation. We updated the searches for this review.Study selection:We included studies that were randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of any quitline or related service with follow-up of at least six months.Data extraction:Data were extracted by one author and checked by a second. The cessation outcome was numbers quit at longest follow-up taking the strictest definition of abstinence available, and assuming participants lost to follow-up continued to smoke.Data synthesis:We identified 14 relevant studies. Eight studies (18 500 participants) comparing multiple call-backs to a single contact increased quitting in the intervention group (Mantel-Haenszel fixed effect odds ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.27 to 1.57). Two unpublished studies without sufficient data to include in the meta-analysis also reported positive effects. Three call-back trials compared two schedules of multiple calls. Two found a significant dose-response effect and one did not detect a difference. We did not find consistent differences in comparisons between counselling approaches (two trials) or between different types of self help materials supplied following quitline contact (three trials).Conclusions:Multiple call-back counselling improves long term cessation for smokers who contact quitline services. Offering more calls may improve success rates. We failed to detect an effect of the type of counselling or the type of self help materials supplied as adjuncts to quitline counselling.
Offering free NRT through a tobacco quitline: impact on utilisation and quit rates
Authors: Tinkelman David , Wilson Steven M , Willett Jeff , Sweeney Christine T 
Published: November 2007

Objective:To assess the impact on quitline utilisation and cessation outcomes of adding free nicotine patches to the existing programme offerings.Methods:Tobacco use status data from the Ohio tobacco quitline were collected from a subset of quitline callers 6 months after the initial intake call. To evaluate the impact of the nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) initiative, quit rates for two groups were compared: those who entered and exited the quitline programme before the availability of free NRT (n = 4657) and those who entered and exited the quitline programme after the availability of free NRT (n = 5715).Results:Call volume increased from 2351 intakes calls per month or 78 calls per day before the availability of free NRT to 3606 intake calls per month or 188 intakes per day following the availability of free NRT (p<0.0001). 7-day point prevalence abstinence at 6 months among all quitline callers increased from 10.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.7 to 10.9) before the availability of NRT to 14.9% (95% CI 14.3 to 15.5) after the availability of NRT.Conclusion:Offering free NRT through a state quitline is an effective means of increasing quitline utilisation and improving quit rates.
Increasing reach of quitline services in a US state with comprehensive tobacco treatment
Authors: Swartz Woods Susan , Haskins Amy E 
Published: November 2007

Objective:The population reach of tobacco quitlines is an important measure of treatment seeking and penetration of services. Maine offers an opportunity to examine temporal changes in quitline reach and referral sources in the context of a comprehensive tobacco treatment programme. The impact of a $1.00 cigarette tax increase is also examined.Methods:This is a descriptive analysis of Maine Tobacco Helpline call volume September 2001 to December 2006. Annual reach was estimated using a cross sectional state surveillance survey. Weekly call volume was examined during 2005, a year of marked changes in tobacco taxes and quitline resources. Referral patterns were analysed yearly.Results:Maine’s Tobacco Helpline observed more than a threefold increase in population reach during a four year interval, from 1.9% to over 6% per year. Calls increased substantially in 2005, concurrent with added hours of operation and a rise in the cigarette tax. Over time, callers increasingly reported hearing about the quitline from health professionals, from 10% in 2001 to 38% in 2006.Conclusions:Tobacco treatment programmes offering free nicotine therapy and professional medical education can drive quitline utilisation over time. Call volume can also be affected by quitline operational and policy changes that promote the reduction of tobacco use.
Minimal dataset for quitlines: a best practice
Authors: Campbell H Sharon , Ossip-Klein Deborah , Bailey Linda , Saul Jessie 
Published: November 2007

Objectives:This paper discusses the development of a minimal dataset (MDS) for tobacco cessation quitlines across North America. The goal was to create a standardised instrument and protocol that would allow for comparisons and pooling of data across quitlines for evaluation and research purposes. Principles of utilisation focused evaluation were followed to achieve consensus across diverse stakeholder groups in two countries.Methods:The North American Quitline Consortium (NAQC) assembled a working group with representatives from quitline service providers, funders, evaluators and researchers from Canada and the United States. An extensive, iterative consultation process over two years led to consensus on the evaluation domains, indicators and specific items. Descriptive information on quitline service models, data collection protocols and methodological issues were addressed.Results:The resulting minimal dataset (MDS) includes 15 items collected from eligible callers at intake and eight items collected from smokers participating in evaluation. Recommendations for selecting evaluation participants, length of follow-up and repeat callers were developed. Full MDS questions and technical documents are available on the NAQC website.Conclusion:Adoption and implementation of the MDS occurred in the majority of North American quitlines by the end of 2006. Key success factors included a focus on utility and feasibility, a commitment to meeting multiple and varied needs, sensitivity to situational factors and investment in working interactively with stakeholders. The creation and implementation of a MDS across two countries is an important “first” in tobacco control which will help speed the creation of practice based evidence and facilitate practice based research.
Aboriginal users of Canadian quitlines: an exploratory analysis
Authors: Hayward Lynda M , Campbell H Sharon , Sutherland-Brown Carol 
Published: November 2007

Objectives:To conduct an exploratory, comparative study of the utilisation and effectiveness of tobacco cessation quitlines among aboriginal and non-aboriginal Canadian smokers.Setting:Population based quitlines that provide free cessation information, advice and counselling to Canadian smokers.Subjects:First time quitline callers, age 18 years of age and over, who called the quitline between August 2001 and December 2005 and who completed the evaluation and provided data on their ethnic status (n = 7082).Main measures:Demographic characteristics and tobacco behaviours of participants at intake and follow-up; reasons for calling; actions taken toward quitting, and 6-month follow-up quit rates.Results:7% of evaluation participants in the time period reported aboriginal origins. Aboriginal participants were younger than non-aboriginals but had similar smoking status and level of addiction at intake. Concern about future health and current health problems were the most common reasons aboriginal participants called. Six months after intake aboriginals and non-aboriginals had taken similar actions with 57% making a 24-hour quit attempt. Quit rates were higher for aboriginals than non-aboriginals, particularly for men. The 6-month prolonged abstinence rate for aboriginal men was 16.7% compared with 7.2% for aboriginal women and 9.4% and 8.3% for non-aboriginal men and women, respectively.Conclusions:This exploratory analysis showed that even without targeted promotion, aboriginal smokers do call Canadian quitlines, primarily for health related reasons. We also showed that the quitlines are effective at helping them to quit. As a population focused intervention, quitlines can reach a large proportion of smokers in a cost efficient manner. In aboriginal communities where smoking rates exceed 50% and multiple health risks and chronic diseases already exist, eliminating non-ceremonial tobacco use must be a priority. Our results, although exploratory, suggest quitlines can be an effective addition to aboriginal tobacco cessation strategies.
The costs of smoking in Vietnam: the case of inpatient care
Authors: Ross Hana , Trung Dang Vu , Phu Vu Xuan 
Published: November 2007

Objective:To estimate the social costs of smoking related to inpatient care in Vietnam using 2005 data.Design:The cost of illness as a result of hospitalisation for three major smoking-related diseases combined with the prevalence-based approach to obtain the costs of smoking in Vietnam for inpatient care.Main outcome measure:Smoking-attributable costs of inpatient care for lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and ischaemic heart disease.Results:The total cost of inpatient health care caused by smoking in Vietnam reached at least 1 161 829 million Vietnamese dollars ($VN) (or $US77.5 million) in 2005. This represents about 0.22% of Vietnam gross domestic product (GDP) and 4.3% of total healthcare expenditure. The majority of these expenses are related to COPD treatment ($VN1 033 541 million or $US68.9 million per year) followed by lung cancer ($VN78 143 million, or $US5.2 million per year) and ischaemic disease ($VN50 145 million, or $US3.3 million per year). The government directly finances about 51% of these costs. The rest is financed either by households (34%) or by the insurance sector (15%).Conclusions:The social costs of smoking in Vietnam as the percentage of GDP is lower compared to estimates from high-income countries. The true costs would be substantially higher if all smoking-related diseases, outpatient care and mortality-related costs are included. More research is needed to augment the estimates presented in this paper.
Exposure to domestic violence associated with adult smoking in India: a population based study
Authors: Ackerson Leland K , Kawachi Ichiro , Barbeau Elizabeth M , Subramanian S V 
Published: November 2007

Objective:To investigate the relation between domestic violence and tobacco use among adults in India.Design:Multilevel cross sectional analyses of a nationally representative population based sample from the 1998–9 Indian national family health survey.Participants:278 977 individuals aged 15 or older; and 89 092 ever married women aged 15–49.Main outcome:Dichotomous variables for smoking and chewing tobacco.Results:Women who reported being abused more than one year ago and those who reported being abused in the past year were more likely to smoke and chew tobacco than women who have never experienced domestic violence. Compared to individuals who lived in homes where no abuse was reported, those who lived in homes where a woman reported experiencing domestic violence were more likely to smoke and chew tobacco.Conclusion:Domestic violence is associated with higher odds of smoking and chewing tobacco in India. Efforts to control tobacco use need to consider the larger psychosocial circumstances within which individuals who practise such harmful health behaviours reside.
Nineteenth Annual Pezcoller Symposium: Hypothesis-Driven Clinical Investigation in Cancer
Authors: Kaelin William G. , Sawyers Charles L. , Mihich Enrico 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This symposium was held in Trento, Italy, from June 14 to 16, 2007, and was cochaired by William G. Kaelin, Enrico Mihich, and Charles L. Sawyers. A session was deveted to the proof of concept derived from successes in target-oriented therapeutics. Molecular targets must be identified in each patients because they are equally present in all patients with the same tumor type. A session was devoted to the identification of markers of drug effectiveness. Two sessions were focused on opportunities for developing new specific molecular target-oriented therapies. [Cancer Res 2007;67(23):11102–5]
Populations of Tightly Coupled Neurons: The RGC/LGN System
Authors: Sirovich Lawrence 
Published: November 2007

A mathematical model, of general character for the dynamic description of coupled neural oscillators is presented. The population approach that is employed applies equally to coupled cells as to populations of such coupled cells. The formulation includes stochasticity and preserves details of precisely firing neurons. Based on the generally accepted view of cortical wiring, this formulation is applied to the retinal ganglion cell (RGC)/lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relay cell system, of the early mammalian visual system. The smallness of quantal voltage jumps at the retinal level permits a Fokker-Planck approximation for the RGC contribution; however, the LGN description requires the use of finite jumps, which for fast synaptic dynamics appears as finite jumps in the membrane potential. Analyses of equilibrium spiking behavior for both the deterministic and stochastic cases are presented. Green's function methods form the basis for the asymptotic and exact results that are presented. This determines the spiking ratio (i.e., the number of RGC arrivals per LGN spike), which is the reciprocal of the transfer ratio, under wide circumstances. Criteria for spiking regimes, in terms of the relatively few parameters of the model, are presented. Under reasonable hypotheses, it is shown that the transfer ratio is ≤1/2, in the absence of input from other areas. Thus, the model suggests that the LGN/RGC system may be a relatively unsophisticated spike editor. In the absence of other input, the system is designed to fire an LGN spike only when two or more RGC spikes appear in a relatively short time. Transfer ratios that briefly exceed 1/2 (but are less than 1) have been recorded in the laboratory. Inclusion of brain stem input has been shown to provide a signal that elevates the transfer ratio (Ozaki & Kaplan, 2006). A model that includes this contribution is also presented.
Sharīah And Civil Law: Towards A Methodology Of Harmonization
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this essay I propose a new methodology for the harmonization of Sharīah, based mainly on my experience teaching and researching Islamic jurisprudence over the past two decades. This is a new area of research that requires further elaboration and development. Inasmuch as I seek to provide criteria and guidelines for further development, the proposed methodology, of necessity, is open to scrutiny and refinement. The essay is presented in two parts. In Part I, I examine the meaning of harmonization both as a concept and as a method that seeks to bring greater coordination and consonance between the Sharīah and civil law. In Part II, I articulate a set of methodological guidelines to stimulate future contributions to the subject. The two sections are inter-related and both are concerned with articulating a methodology for the proposed area of research.
Adored for Saints: Catholic Martyrdom in Ireland C.1560-16551
Authors: Tait Clodagh 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWhile individuals amongst the Catholic martyrs of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Ireland have recently received some scholarly attention on a local level, little consideration has been given to the wider context of their experiences. This paper traces the deaths of these martyrs from capture to cult, drawing on contemporary accounts of martyrdom and comparing the process as it occurred in Ireland with the experiences of the Catholic martyrs of England in particular. The peculiar situation prevailing in Ireland, whereby members of the Catholic majority were killed by the ruling Protestant minority, frequent resort to extraordinary measures such as martial law, as well as the abbreviation of the ritual of the execution of those defined by the authorities as traitors, gave rise to tensions which ultimately demonstrate the limits of governmental power.
Marriage in Norwegian Missionary Practice and Discourse in Norway and Madagascar, 1880-1910
Authors: Nyhagen Predelli Line 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe article discusses marriage practice and discourse within the Lutheran Norwegian Missionary Society (NMS), mainly within the years 1880-1910. The focus is on NMS discourse and practice in Norway and in Madagascar. Through a close reading of missionary texts, the article offers an understanding of how marriage, gender, sexuality, race and class structured both mission practice and discourse, and how mission rules and regulations in this area were challenged and contested. Luther saw marriage as a calling from God, and defined specific roles for women and men within it. Mission practice and discourse shows that marriage provided women with opportunities for family life and work for the mission. For men, marriage could function as a source of upward social mobility and as a mechanism to control their sexuality. It also provided men with opportunities for family life and an assistant in mission work. Close studies of individuals within the mission reveal the importance of marriage, gender, sexuality, race and class to mission practice and discourse.
The Catholic Church and the Kivu Conflict
Authors: Prunier Gérard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the role of the Catholic Church in the armed conflict that has engulfed the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) since 1993. The conflict itself has two dimensions. Since 1996 the DRC has been at the centre of a major war that has spilled well beyond its borders, embroiling neighbouring states and others further afield. Less well known is the local struggle, in the eastern part of the country in the two provinces of North and South Kivu, which began three years earlier. While having a dynamic of its own, Kivu's fate has become entwined in the wider international conflict. Given its large constituency and immense wealth and infrastructure, the Catholic Church has come to wield enormous influence in the DRC, particularly in the context of a declining state. It was a key player in the movement for democratisation in the early 1990s and more recently it has sought to offer moral guidance on the conflict. But its attempts to adopt a superior moral outlook have been severely tested by the fact that its clergy are now thoroughly zairianised, and have come to embody the ethnic and political prejudices of their respective communities.
'Real Men Reawaken Their Fathers' Homesteads, the Educated Leave Them in Ruins': the Politics of Domestic Reproduction in Post-Apartheid Rural South Africa1
Authors: Ngwane Zolani 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn historical ethnography of generational conflicts in a rural community in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, this paper engages debates on the consequences of global neo-liberalism in local contexts. Through cash from migrant labor, rural household heads exercised power over domestic economics. Ideologically this power translated into the symbolic articulation of two institutions of social reproduction-the school and initiation rite such that the educated and potentially alienated subjects yielded by the former were resocialized through the latter into local subjects of the chief and sons of their fathers. With rising unemployment rates since the 1980s, however, the older men lost the material base for their monopoly over this symbolic structure. The generational conflicts that ensued reflected at once the attendant contradictions in social consciousness and consequent struggles to renegotiate the symbolic purchase of the relations between schooling and initiation.
L'Esprit Saint Et Les Esprits Mauvais Dans Le Pasteur D'Hermas: Sources Et Prolongements
Authors: Fredrikson Nadia Ibrahim 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOn s'intéressera tout particulièrement aux sources des enseignements dualistes de la pneumatologie du Pasteur d'Hermas, à la lumière des écrits qoumrâniens. On notera aussi que certains motifs à caractère dualiste, n'apparaissant pas dans les manuscrits de la secte, sont présents chez un auteur chrétien de langue syriaque du IVe siècle, Aphraate. Nous espérons par cette étude contribuer à la connaissance des sources et des prolongements des motifs à caractère dualiste caractéristiques de l'enseignement du Pasteur d'Hermas
On How To Be or Not To Be: Theoretical Reflection On Religion and Identity in Africa
Authors: Van Den Heever Gerhard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn introducing this issue on 'Religion and Identity in Africa' the debates regarding African identity in religion here is placed within a wider theoretical framework of social constructivist theories of religion. Within the ambit of these social approaches to religion, it is argued that issues of identity and religion are essentially issues of mythmaking and social formation with a view to satisfying social interests. However, describing religion and explaining identity formation are not innocent scholarly activities, embedded as they are in the politics of conceptual manipulation and the rhetoric of identity creation. In light of this it can be argued that the contributions assembled in this issue represent both descriptions of processes, and appeals to or indicators towards the development of an African identity in conceptualising religion in the African context.