bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A FAMILIAL 3/18 RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATION RESULTING IN CHROMOSOME DUPLICATION‐DEFICIENCY (3?+– 18q ‐)
Authors: AARSKOG DAGFINN 
Published: January 2008

SummaryFollowing 3 abortions a mother with 3/18 reciprocal translocation gave birth to 2 sons with multiple congenital abnormalities. Chromosome analysis in one of them revealed trisomy for a segment of one arm of chromosome No. 3 and a deletion involving the long arm of No. 18. The clinical features resembled closely those reported in deletion of the long arm of chromosome No. 18. At the age of 12 months he had normal serum levels of IgM, IgG and IgA. Both parents and the child had blood group O. Serum from the child revealed an absence of anti‐A isoagglutinins, and anti‐B isoagglutinins could only be detected with special technique, wheras both parents had relatively high titres of both isoagglutinins. The gene loci of MNS, Rh, Duffy, Gm, Hp, and phosphoglucomutase can be excluded from the deleted part of chromosome No. 18.
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND HYPOPITUITARY GROWTH RETARDATION
Authors: TRYGSTAD O. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryHuman growth hormone (HGH) has somatotropic, luteotropic and adipotropic/diabetogenic activities. It is a potent antigen, and serum concentrations can be determined immunologically. However, we do not know whether the somatotropic core or another part of the molecule is active antigenically.The secretion of HGH is influenced by humoral agents as well as by psychical and physical stress. HGH stimulation tests are negative in several states beside hypopituitarism.The diagnosis of hypopituitary nanism can be difficult, especially in isolated growth hormone deficiency, which is not uncommon. Clinical and laboratory characteristics in the diagnosis of pituitary nanism are discussed. It is emphasized that growth retardation usually starts in infancy, and that hereditary types are rather frequent. The most important criteria in the diagnosis are: negative HGH stimulation tests, increased nitrogen retention and urinary hydroxyproline excretion during a metabolic study with HGH, and the catch‐up growth at a therapeutical trial with HGH.Experiences in HGH‐treatment of 20 children with idiopathic hypopituitary nanism are given. They all responded well, and the mean growth velocity increased from 2.8 cm yearly before to 9.7 cm the first year on treatment. Two patients with organic hypopituitarism did not respond to HGH treatment. The principles for hormonal replacement therapy in pituitary nanism are discussed.
THE VENOUS PLASMA FREE AMINO ACID LEVELS OF MOTHER AND CHILD DURING DELIVERY. III.
Authors: LINDBLAD B. S. , RAHIMTOOLA RAZIA J. , SAID MAHMOODA , HAQUE QAMAR , KHAN NAFEES 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe plasma aminograms of mother's and cord vein plasma during delivery were studied in selected cases from a lower socio‐economi‐cal group in West Pakistan with a high incidence of intrauterine growth retardation of the foetus.There was a highly significant increase in the levels of the non‐essential amino acids glycine and ornithine in the mother's plasma and of glycine and proline in cord plasma. The plasma glycine/valine quotient was significantly increased in maternal as well as in cord plasma.It is suggested that the plasma glycine/valine quotient may serve as an index of subclinical protein undernutrition (low intake of dietary nitrogen) of mother and foetus and thus become a tool in the investigation of the immediate and late effects of this condition during pregnancy in human populations. The maternal quotient is not changed by short gestation or hypertensive disorder during pregnancy.
Development of an Immunochromatographic Strip for Rapid Detection of H9 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses
Authors: Peng Fuhu , Wang Zheng , Zhang Shuhui , Wu Renwei , Hu Sishun , Li Zili , Wang Xiliang , Bi Dingren 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
An immunochromatographic strip was developed for the detection of the H9 subtype of avian influenza viruses (H9AIVs) in poultry, using two monoclonal antibodies (MAb), 4C4 for H9AIV hemagglutinin (HA) and 4D4 for nucleoprotein. The 4C4 MAb was labeled with colloidal gold as the detection reagent, and the 4D4 MAb was blotted on the test line while a goat anti-mouse antibody was used on the control line of the nitrocellulose membrane. In comparison with the HA and HA inhibition (HI) tests, the strip was specific for the detection of H9AIV, with a sensitivity at 0.25 HA units within 10 min. Storage of the strips at room temperature for 6 months or at 4°C for 12 months did not change their sensitivity and specificity. Evaluation of the strip with experimental tracheal and cloacal swab samples collected from H9N2-infected chickens revealed that the strip detected the H9N2 viruses on day 3 postinoculation, earlier than the appearance of clinical symptoms. Application of the strip for the analysis of 157 tracheal or cloacal samples from potentially infected chickens on five poultry farms showed that four farms had chickens that were infected with H9AIV. Further characterization of 10 positive and 30 negative randomly selected samples showed that no single sample was false positive or negative, as determined by the standard virus isolation and HI assays. Therefore, the immunochromatographic strip for the detection of H9AIVs has high specificity, sensitivity, and stability. This finding, together with the advantages of rapid detection and easy operation and without the requirement for special skills and equipment, makes the strip suitable for onsite detection and the differentiation of H9AIVs from other viruses in poultry.
Humoral Immune Responses of Tuberculosis Patients in Brazil Indicate Recognition of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
MPT-51 and GlcB
Authors: Melo Cardoso Almeida Cristina , Vasconcelos Arioldo C. , Kipnis André , Andrade Ana Lúcia , Junqueira-Kipnis Ana Paula 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
The humoral responses to recombinant MPT-51 and GlcB was determined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) against MPT-51 and IgG against GlcB were higher among tuberculosis (TB) patients than among control individuals. When the MPT-51 and GlcB assays were combined, 90.8% specificity and 75.5% sensitivity were observed. MPT-51 and GlcB were recognized in the humoral responses of Brazilian TB patients.
Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Pregnant Women on Variant-Specific Immunity to Malaria
Authors: Dembo Edson G. , Mwapasa Victor , Montgomery Jacqui , Craig Alister G. , Porter Kimberly A. , Meshnick Steven R. , Molyneux Malcolm E. , Rogerson Stephen J. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases susceptibility to
Plasmodium falciparum
infection, and this has most clearly been demonstrated in pregnant women. Variant surface antigens on the surfaces of erythrocytes infected with
P. falciparum
are major targets of protective immunity. We studied the impact of HIV infection on pregnant women's humoral immunity to variant surface antigens expressed by placental and pediatric isolates of
P. falciparum
. By flow cytometry, sera from HIV-infected women more frequently lacked antibodies to these antigens than sera from HIV-uninfected women. This difference was similar in magnitude for pediatric isolates (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] = 6.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14, 35.32;
P
< 0.05) and placental isolates (unadjusted OR = 6.47; 95% CI = 0.75, 55.64;
P
< 0.10). We divided women into high and low responders on the basis of their antibody levels. After adjustment for CD4 count, maternal age, and gravidity, we found that HIV-infected women more frequently had low responses to both pediatric isolates (OR = 5.34; 95% CI = 1.23, 23.16;
P
= 0.025) and placental isolates (OR = 4.14; 95% CI = 1.71, 10.02;
P
= 0.002). The relative quantity of antibodies to both pediatric isolates (
P
= 0.035) and placental isolates (
P
= 0.005) was lower in HIV-infected women than in HIV-uninfected women. HIV infection has a broad impact on variant-specific immunity, which may explain the susceptibility of infected individuals to clinical malaria episodes.
Molecular Characterization ofMycobacterium tuberculosisIsolates from Different Regions of Bulgaria
Authors: Valcheva Violeta , Mokrousov Igor , Rastogi Nalin , Narvskaya Olga , Markova Nadya 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTMycobacterium tuberculosisisolates from different regions of Bulgaria were studied by a variety of molecular typing tools. Based on spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping), the 113 strains were subdivided into 35 spoligotypes: 5 unique profiles and 15 profiles shared by two to 29 strains; the Hunter-Gaston diversity index (HGI) was 0.9. Comparison with the international database SITVIT2 at the Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe showed the presence of two globally distributed shared types, ST53 (25.7%) and ST47 (6.2%). Nineteen (16.8%) and six (5.3%) strains belonged to the ST125 (LAM/S subfamily) and ST41 (LAM7_TUR subfamily) types described in SITVIT2 as ubiquitous/rare and ubiquitous/common types, respectively. Seven spoligoprofiles (12 strains) were not found in the database; two of them constituted new shared types. The Beijing genotype strains were not found in the studied collection in spite of close contacts with Russia in the recent and historical past. Additional subtyping by IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and 12-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU)-variable number of tandem repeat analyses were performed within selected spoligotypes. In particular, MIRU typing showed better discrimination within ST125 than IS6110-RFLP typing (HGI = 0.83 versus 0.39). A high gradient for ST125 in Bulgaria compared to its negligible presence in the global database and neighboring countries leads us to suggest a Bulgarian phylogeographic specificity of this spoligotype. To conclude, this first study of the BulgarianM. tuberculosispopulation demonstrated its heterogeneity and predominance of several worldwide-distributed and Balkan-specific spoligotypes.
Bacteremia and Infective Endocarditis Caused by a Non-Daptomycin-Susceptible, Vancomycin-Intermediate, and Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Strain in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Yu-Tsung , Hsiao Cheng-Hsiang , Liao Chun-Hsing , Lee Chung-Wei , Hsueh Po-Ren 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

We describe the development of nonsusceptibility to daptomycin and vancomycin during treatment for methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) bacteremia associated with infective endocarditis and probable septic thrombophlebitis in a uremic patient. MRSA bacteremia persisted during glycopeptide and subsequent daptomycin treatment but cleared after 5 days' treatment with linezolid and fusidic acid.
Evaluation of New Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Systems for TypingMycobacterium tuberculosiswith Beijing Genotype Isolates from Beijing, China
Authors: Jiao Wei Wei , Mokrousov Igor , Sun Gui Zhi , Guo Ya Jie , Vyazovaya Anna , Narvskaya Olga , Shen A Dong 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTThe newly proposed variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) typing system, which includes a basic 15-locus set and a high-resolution 24-locus set (P. Supply et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:4498-4510, 2006), demonstrated a high power for the discrimination ofMycobacterium tuberculosisisolates collected worldwide. To evaluate its ability to differentiate the Beijing genotype strains from the Beijing area in China, 72 isolates with typical Beijing or Beijing-like spacer oligonucleotide typing profiles were subjected to typing with the VNTR system (24 loci) and typing by restriction fragment polymorphism analysis with IS6110(IS6110-RFLP). Compared to the “old” 12-locus VNTR typing method, use of the 15- and 24-locus systems had a dramatically improved power to discriminate the Beijing genotype strains. A subtle difference in the Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index (HGI) between the 15-locus and the 24-locus systems resulted from only one locus, Mtub29. However, the VNTR-based clusters could be further differentiated by IS6110-RFLP (HGI by IS6110RFLP, 0.999), although in one case an IS6110cluster was subdivided by the 15-locus VNTR system. In this sense, use of the newly proposed 15-locus VNTR system along with the Mtub29 locus can serve as a first-line typing method for the epidemiological study ofM. tuberculosisisolates in Beijing, while secondary typing of clustered strains by IS6110-RFLP is still required.
Detection of Echovirus 18 in Human Breast Milk
Authors: Maus Marcela V. , Posencheg Michael A. , Geddes Kristin , Elkan Michael , Peñaranda Silvia , Oberste M. Steven , Hodinka Richard L. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
We detected enteroviral RNA and cultured infectious virus from a series of banked breast milk samples from the mother of an infant with neonatal sepsis; sequencing of the enterovirus isolate identified it as echovirus type 18. In this case, it is possible that enterovirus transmission occurred through the breast milk.
Severe Necrotizing Fasciitis in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Patient Caused by Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Olsen Randall J. , Burns Kevin M. , Chen Liang , Kreiswirth Barry N. , Musser James M. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) is a rarely reported cause of necrotizing fasciitis. We report an unusually severe case of MRSA necrotizing fasciitis in a previously undiagnosed AIDS patient. Molecular analysis revealed that the strain had the USA300/
spa1
genotype, now an abundant cause of community-acquired MRSA infection.
Geographic and Temporal Trends in Isolation and Antifungal Susceptibility of
Candida parapsilosis
: a Global Assessment from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program, 2001 to 2005
Authors: Pfaller M. A. , Diekema D. J. , Gibbs D. L. , Newell V. A. , Ng K. P. , Colombo A. , Finquelievich J. , Barnes R. , Wadula J. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

We examined data from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program to describe geographic and temporal trends in the isolation of
Candida parapsilosis
from clinical specimens and the in vitro susceptibilities of 9,371 isolates to fluconazole and voriconazole. We also report the in vitro susceptibility of bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates of
C. parapsilosis
to the echinocandins, anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin.
C. parapsilosis
represented 6.6% of the 141,383 isolates of
Candida
collected from 2001 to 2005 and was most common among isolates from North America (14.3%) and Latin America (9.9%). High levels of susceptibility to both fluconazole (90.8 to 95.8%) and voriconazole (95.3 to 98.1%) were observed in all geographic regions with the exception of the Africa and Middle East region (79.3 and 85.8% susceptible to fluconazole and voriconazole, respectively).
C. parapsilosis
was most often isolated from blood and skin and/or soft tissue specimens and from patients hospitalized in the medical, surgical, intensive care unit (ICU) and dermatology services. Notably, isolates from the surgical ICU were the least susceptible to fluconazole (86.3%). There was no evidence of increasing azole resistance over time among
C. parapsilosis
isolates tested from 2001 to 2005. Of BSI isolates tested against the three echinocandins, 92, 99, and 100% were inhibited by concentrations of ≤2 μg/ml of anidulafungin (621 isolates tested), caspofungin (1,447 isolates tested), and micafungin (539 isolates tested), respectively.
C. parapsilosis
is a ubiquitous pathogen that remains susceptible to the azoles and echinocandins; however, both the frequency of isolation and the resistance of
C. parapsilosis
to fluconazole and voriconazole may vary by geographic region and clinical service.
Control of Virus-Specific CD8+T-Cell Exhaustion and Immune-Mediated Pathology by E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cbl-b during Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Ou Rong , Zhang Menghua , Huang Lei , Moskophidis Demetrius 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTA characteristic feature in the immune response to many persistent viral infections is the dysfunction or deletion of antigen-specific T cells (exhaustion). This down-regulation of virus-specific T-cell response represents a critical control mechanism that exists within T-cell activation pathways to prevent lethal disease by inappropriate responses against disseminating virus infections. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the immune system determines whether to mount a full response to such infections remain largely unexplored. Here, we have established that in the murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model, induction of the T-cell receptor signaling inhibitor molecule E3 ligase Cbl-b is critically involved in this decision. In particular, our data revealed that Cbl-b controls the program responsible for T-cell tolerance (exhaustion) induction during a chronic viral infection. Thus, Cbl-b−/−mice infected with a low dose of LCMV Docile mount a strong CD8+T-cell response that rapidly clears the infection, and the animals remain healthy; in contrast, down-regulation of the epitope-specific CD8+T-cell population in persistently infected Cbl-b−/−mice, compared to that in chronically infected B6 mice, was significantly delayed, and this was associated with increased morbidity and eventual death in nearly 20% of the animals. Interestingly, infection of Cbl-b−/−mice with a moderate virus dose resulted in rapid death with 100% mortality by 7 to 8 days after infection, caused by a dysregulated antiviral T-cell response, whereas the infected B6 mice survived and remained healthy. In conclusion, our results suggest that Cbl-b is critically involved in T-cell exhaustion and prevention of lethal disease.
Avian Influenza Virus A/HK/483/97(H5N1) NS1 Protein Induces Apoptosis in Human Airway Epithelial Cells
Authors: Lam W. Y. , Tang Julian W. , Yeung Apple C. M. , Chiu Lawrence C. M. , Sung Joseph J. Y. , Chan Paul K. S. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTAvian H5N1 influenza virus causes a remarkably severe disease in humans, with an overall case fatality rate of greater than 50%. Human influenza A viruses induce apoptosis in infected cells, which can lead to organ dysfunction. To verify the role of H5N1-encoded NS1 in inducing apoptosis, the NS1 gene was cloned and expressed in human airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292 cells). The apoptotic events posttransfection were examined by a terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end-labeling assay, flow cytometric measurement of propidium iodide, annexin V staining, and Western blot analyses with antibodies specific for proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. We demonstrated that the expression of H5N1 NS1 protein in NCI-H292 cells was sufficient to induce apoptotic cell death. Western blot analyses also showed that there was prominent cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and activation of caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-8 during the NS1-induced apoptosis. The results of caspase inhibitor assays further confirmed the involvement of caspase-dependent pathways in the NS1-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, the ability of H5N1 NS1 protein to induce apoptosis was much enhanced in cells pretreated with Fas ligand (the time posttransfection required to reach >30% apoptosis was reduced from 24 to 6 h). Furthermore, 24 h posttransfection, an increase in Fas ligand mRNA expression of about 5.6-fold was detected in cells transfected with H5N1 NS1. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the NS1 protein encoded by avian influenza A virus H5N1 induced apoptosis in human lung epithelial cells, mainly via the caspase-dependent pathway, which encourages further investigation into the potential for the NS1 protein to be a novel therapeutic target.
Vaccination of BALB/c Mice withEscherichia coli-Expressed Vaccinia Virus Proteins A27L, B5R, and D8L Protects Mice from Lethal Vaccinia Virus Challenge
Authors: Berhanu Aklile , Wilson Rebecca L. , Kirkwood-Watts Dana L. , King David S. , Warren Travis K. , Lund Susan A. , Brown Lindsay L. , Krupkin Alex K. , VanderMay Erin , Weimers Will , Honeychurch Kady M. , Grosenbach Douglas W. , Jones Kevin F. , Hruby Dennis E. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTThe potential threat of smallpox use in a bioterrorist attack has heightened the need to develop an effective smallpox vaccine for immunization of the general public. Vaccination with the current smallpox vaccine, Dryvax, produces protective immunity but may result in adverse reactions for some vaccinees. A subunit vaccine composed of protective vaccinia virus proteins should avoid the complications arising from live-virus vaccination and thus provide a safer alternative smallpox vaccine. In this study, we assessed the protective efficacy and immunogenicity of a multisubunit vaccine composed of the A27L and D8L proteins from the intracellular mature virus (IMV) form and the B5R protein from the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) form of vaccinia virus. BALB/c mice were immunized withEscherichia coli-produced A27L, D8L, and B5R proteins in an adjuvant consisting of monophosphoryl lipid A and trehalose dicorynomycolate or in TiterMax Gold adjuvant. Following immunization, mice were either sacrificed for analysis of immune responses or lethally challenged by intranasal inoculation with vaccinia virus strain Western Reserve. We observed that three immunizations either with A27L, D8L, and B5R or with the A27L and B5R proteins alone induced potent neutralizing antibody responses and provided complete protection against lethal vaccinia virus challenge. Several linear B-cell epitopes within the three proteins were recognized by sera from the immunized mice. In addition, protein-specific cellular responses were detected in spleens of immunized mice by a gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay using peptides derived from each protein. Our data suggest that a subunit vaccine incorporating bacterially expressed IMV- and EEV-specific proteins can be effective in stimulating anti-vaccinia virus immune responses and providing protection against lethal virus challenge.
Cellular Restriction of Retrovirus Particle-Mediated mRNA Transfer
Authors: Galla Melanie , Schambach Axel , Towers Greg J. , Baum Christopher 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Analyzing cellular restriction mechanisms provides insight into viral replication strategies, identifies targets for antiviral drug design, and is crucial for the development of novel tools for experimental or therapeutic delivery of genetic information. We have previously shown that retroviral vector mutants that are unable to initiate reverse transcription mediate a transient expression of any sequence which replaces the
gag-pol
transcription unit, a process we call retrovirus particle-mediated mRNA transfer (RMT). Here, we further examined the mechanism of RMT by testing its sensitivity to cellular restriction factors and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). We found that both human TRIM5α and, to a lesser extent,
Fv1
effectively restrict RMT if the RNA is delivered by a restriction-sensitive capsid. While TRIM5α restriction of RMT led to reduced levels of retroviral mRNA in target cells, restriction by Fv1 did not. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 partially relieved TRIM5α-mediated restriction of RMT. Finally, cells expressing shRNAs specifically targeting the retroviral mRNA inhibited RMT particles, but not reverse-transcribing particles. Retroviral mRNA may thus serve as a translation template if not used as a template for reverse transcription. Our data imply that retroviral nucleic acids become accessible to host factors, including ribosomes, as a result of particle remodeling during cytoplasmic trafficking.