bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WATER DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Biswas Asit K. , Dune Robert W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDecisions to develop water resources systems so far have been primarily taken on the basis of engineering and economic feasibilities. Very rarely, if ever, sociological feasibility has been considered, except in a very broad sense. Planning is for the people, and it should improve the quality of life. Hence, it is argued that water resources decisions ought to be primarily social ones, and that the success or failure of any resource development should not only be judged by its techno‐economic excellence but also by its impact on people.Water resources planning process is discussed, and the difficulties associated with the evaluation of sociological feasibility of projects are enumerated. The social consequences of water development projects are traced through planning, construction, operation and management impacts. Finally, it is suggested that the foremost factor in the success of any water management program is the public understanding and acceptance of that program.
STREAM TYPES IN THE DES MOINES RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Stephenson Richard A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStream tributaries in the Des Moines River basin have been classified according to the glacial terrain through which they flow. Three stream types were categorized as follows: (1) streams that flow entirely on Wisconsin drift, (2) streams that flow entirely on Kansan drift, and (3) streams that have their headwaters located on new drift but have their lower reaches flowing on older drift. Selected channel and valley characteristics were measured and used to verify the stream type classification. Five variables were chosen for use in a multiple linear discriminatory analysis, which is a statistical technique developed for the purpose of classifying observations into one of several categories which have been predetermined. The streams in each group were verified with the exception of three anomalies based on the probability associated with the largest linear discriminant function. The rationale for the three anomalous streams is not easily determined. But, they are considered to be associated with pre‐glacial drainage or at least pre‐Wisconsin age drainage. Otherwise, the analysis shows that the major channels and valleys in the Des Moines River basin tend to reflect the glaciated upland surface.
MULTISTRUCTURED MUNICIPAL WATER DEMAND MODEL1
Authors: Reid George W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAny system, such as an urban cluster, is always embedded in a larger system either in space or time, and each subsystem is affected by both its subscriptions and the large system of which it is a part. Central to this system model is the development of the interactions of these systems with particular regard to resources. This model provides forecasts of the urban cluster as a result of its interactions with other systems and the realization of alternative goals.The Demand Model is composed of an economic, population, reconciliation and life style submodel. The population is forecast for the large system (nation) and disaggregated to the subsystems (regions, state, counties, urban, etc.) based on resource concepts both probable and possible. Transducers are used to describe the life style of urban areas. Again the transducers are goal oriented. Technical coefficients which are also alternative goal oriented are then used to produce individual or total water needs.As a result a demand model which is goal oriented and also applicable to a wide range of supplydemand studies has been developed.
AN INSULATED EVAPORIMETER1
Authors: Haveren Bruce P. Van , Farmer Eugene E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTEvaporation was measured from a circular evaporation pan, 18 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep. The pan was insulated on the sides and bottom using 2 inches of freon‐blown polyurethane foam. A U.S. Weather Bureau Class A evaporation pan was used to obtain reference evaporation measurements. Water evaporation from the Class A pan and the insulated pan were highly correlated. Using a water‐methanol mixture, the insulated pan may be operated at temperatures below 32 F; the equivalent liquid water evaporation may be determined using a regression equation.
ESTIMATION OF SURFACE WATER LAG TIME FROM THE KINEMATIC WAVE EQUATIONS1
Authors: Overton D. E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Numerous concepts of surface water lag time have been developed and applied in the past. In this report, hydraulic solutions of a lag time derived by Overton [1970] are presented for several idealistic surfaces using the kinematic wave equations. These surfaces are: (1) a uniform plane; (2) hillslope as a cascade of planes; (3) V‐shaped watershed; (4) V‐shaped watershed with hill‐slopes; (5) converging surface; (6) concave surface.The lag times are shown to be related to roughness, length and catchment slope, and the input rate. These relations may be used immediately in predicting lag time as the parameter in a unit response function. A lag relation has been developed for a nonuniform catchment in terms of the lag of a uniform plane and a convergence factor. A numerical procedure is shown whereby the convergence factor can be evaluated for any nonuniform catchment from observed input and output data.
GENERATED MONTHLY STREAMFLOWS FOR THE MIDWESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES1
Authors: Rogers Jerry R. , Gemmell Robert S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A critical examination of single gage site, monthly streamflow statistical characteristics for two southern Illinois rivers, an Oklahoma river and a Texas river was made using a digital computer at Northwestern University. High flow variability for the rivers was evident in that, for the rivers tested, 8 to 11 months had coefficients of variation in excess of unity.The gamma distribution was not as efficient as the normal distribution for fitting power or logarithmic transforms of the historical monthly flow data (i.e., F1‐0, F0‐5, F0‐25, Fa125, F0.085, and log F). No single transform to a normal distribution was adequate for all twelve monthly flows, since definite seasonal grouping patterns were found for the four rivers examined. The highly variable flow in the low‐flow season(s) indicated much more skewness than was typical of the remainder of the year. For the low‐flow seasons, the higher‐root (smaller exponent) transforms were particularly useful.Flows were generated from a linear regression model of lag one utilizing two or more transforms for the twelve periods. The definite seasonal patterns found historically were reproduced quite well in the generated streamflows. The effect of a change in data transform from one season to the next was insignificant after one month. Thus the use of different transforms within the year did not bias the results from the linear regression model appreciably, but did help in reproducing the seasonal distribution pattern. The technique seems especially well suited for rivers with highly variable flows.
THERMAL MAPPING OF STREAMS FROM AIRBORNE RADIOMETRIC SCANNING1
Authors: Atwell B. Houston , MacDonald R. B. , Bartolucci Luis A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper begins with a brief review of radiation theory as applied to water temperature determinations. Errors introduced in “radiant” temperature measurements due to nonblackness of the water surface and the effects of the atmosphere are included in this discussion.The airborne scanner system is described. Analysis and display of scanner data using the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing (LARS) display system are discussed.Thermal maps of four sections of the Wabash River are included and points of interest of each map are discussed in the text.
THE DELTA‐CROSSROADS OF CALIFORNIA'S WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS1
Authors: Cook James E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA general sketch of the important role of the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta in the redistribution of the water supply of the State of California. Paper includes a brief description of the role of the Bureau of Reclamation and California Department of Water Resources in the state's water development, describing major units of the Federal Central Valley Project, State Water Project and evolution of the Federal‐State Peripheral Canal Unit proposed for moving water supplies around the Delta. Environmental problems associated with movement of water supplies around and/or through the Delta are briefly enumerated.
STABLE PROFILES OF PLUNGE BASINS1
Authors: Chee S. P. , Kung T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe characteristics of scour holes were discussed including the problems created by them in relation to the hydraulic structures associated with their formation. The philosophy on the design and use of deflector buckets together with the need for plunge basins to dissipate the energy of the high velocity jets were reviewed.Laboratory observations were made to study the erosion of beds of gravel caused by water jets projected from spillway buckets. Flip buckets with 15, 30, 45 and 60 degrees exit angles were utilized. One‐quarter inch and %‐inch nominal size bed materials were used in the investigation. The gravel was placed in a large comprehensive scour basin to observe their behavior when subjected to the water jets.Besides the formula derived for the maximum depth of scour, a set of dimensionless equations were developed to describe the three‐dimensional configuration of scour holes. The dimensions of stable plunge basins could be obtained from these profiles.
WATER RESERVOIR SYSTEMS1
Authors: Kalvinskas John J. , Moser Wallace A. , Bullock Thomas E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Water Reservoir Systems were investigated for urban areas as an alternative or complement to storm water drainage systems for flood control which could provide benefits in water conservation and reduce drainage system costs. The study consisted of: (1) gathering of engineering data on the topographical, hydrological, and precipitation characteristics of the area and urban development and economic statistics
COMMENTS ON THE CATCHMENT EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE VEGETAL EFFECTS ON WATER YIELD1
Authors: Hewlett John D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSo far most applicable knowledge about forests and water yield has come from catchment experiments. Perhaps even more practical information might have been secured during the past twenty years if more and better designed catchment experiments had been undertaken. At the very least, the old question of the main effects of vegetation on total basin water yield should now be settled, and we should be in a position to write management prescriptions containing reliable estimates of differing water yields under crop, pasture, brush and forest lands. As things are, managers and policy makers are being forced to decide what combinations of vegetal cover and land use best favor water yield before the scientific community has fully agreed on some of the salient aspects of the problem. This has led to considerable confusion in the minds of land managers in many regions of the world and may continue to do so for some time. The catchment experiment remains the surest way to furnish each region with practical knowledge of local vegetation‐water‐yield relations.
NATIONWIDE STUDY OF THE STREAMFLOW DATA PROGRAM
Authors: Carter R. W. , Benson M. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDuring 1970 the Geological Survey conducted a study to evaluate the surface‐water data collection program. Objectives were formulated, specific goals were set, a massive analysis of available data was made to determine the extent to which the present system enables the goals to be met, alternatives were considered for meeting the remaining goals, and finally, specific elements were identified for inclusion in the future program. The results of the evaluation will be used in planning the future streamflow data program. Less productive elements in the present program can be weeded out, and the effort devoted to more critically needed water data. The study provides the groundwork for redirection of efforts towards a more efficient system for satisfying present and future needs.
WATER PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF THE PAST1
Authors: Nace Raymond L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTPresent‐day climatic conditions of the Earth were reached between 5,000 and 8,000 years ago. These are essentially the conditions under which the earliest civilizations arose. Ancient basic water problems were the same as those of today, and remarkable technologies for coping with these problems were developed. Few water technologies, except for water treatment, are modern creations.Dry farming began about 8000 B.C. Irrigation began about 5000 B.C. and became extensive by about 3500 B.C., principally in Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley of Egypt, and the Indus Valley of Pakistan. Ancient irrigators developed ingenious structures for obtaining groundwater without the use of wells or sweeps. One device, the Khanat (a kind of infiltration gallery), is still widely used in the Mediterranean area, southwest Asia and China. The khanat was invented during the First Millenium B.C.Ancient peoples also learned to collect surface runoff in areas of scanty precipitation and to use it for local groundwater recharge. The water was recovered from dug wells and used for domestic supply and stock watering.Damming of rivers began at least by the early part of the First Millenium B.C. in the Arabian Peninsula. Most early dams were for irrigation but some were also for city water supply. Many canals in various areas served the dual purposes of water supply and navigation.Soil and water salinity have been persistent problems throughout the history of irrigation and we still have not solved these problems.Irrigation practices were developed independently in the New World but much later than in the Old. North American Indians in some areas still follow the ancient practices. The chinampa system, still used in Mexico, is one of the most intensive methods of farming ever devised.Ancient peoples in the Old World also developed ingenious methods for conserving and increasing soil moisture and for retarding runoff and erosion.During the time of classical Greece and imperial Rome practical water engineering developed to a high degree. Water tunnels, aqueducts, canals, drainage ditches, and dams become commonplace. Even so, water supply and management came relatively late in Europe, where dependence had been largely on natural supply and distribution until the 19th Century.
THE CONCEPT OF SAFE GROUNDWATER YIELD IN COASTAL AQUIFERS1
Authors: Fetter C W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe traditional factors used to determine safe yield of a groundwater basin (water supply, economics, water quality and water rights) do not include environmental effects. Because of the unique estuarine ecosystems associated with many coastal aquifers, environmental effects should be included in the determination of the safe yield of these aquifers. Controlled saline‐water intrusion should be considered as a management tool in coastal aquifers. Artificial aquifer recharge using treated wastewater may be used to increase the safe yield of a coastal aquifer system while preserving the ecology of the coastal ecosystems.
ONE APPROACH TO IRRIGATION MODELING UNDER RISK1
Authors: Smith Douglas V. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRecent progress in operations research has refined stochastic programming with recourse sufficiently to significantly increase its potential for use in water resource planning. To demonstrate its strengths and weaknesses this paper considers an irrigation planning problem and illustrates how more and more refined variants of this problem are successively cast into stochastic programming with recourse forms. The result is an outline of the state of the art with method limitations and demands on model formulation clearly indicated.
AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND HEAVY METALS IN MISSOURI'S NEW LEAD BELT1
Authors: Gale Nord L. , Wixson Bobby G. , Hardie Michael G. , Jennett J. Charles 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe New Lead. Belt of southeastern Missouri has recently become the largest lead producing region of the world. The impact of this rapid development on the previously rural and undeveloped region of the Missouri Ozarks is the subject of a continuing interdisciplinary study. Since the industrial development began, there have been a number of nuisance biological blooms in several of the small streams receiving effluent from the mines and mills. The major constituents of the problem algal growths were identified and found to include: Cladophora, Oscillatoria, Mougeotia, Zygnema, Spirogyra, Cymbella, and a variety of other stalked and non‐stalked diatoms. Secondary blooms of Sphaerotilus were observed to reach problem proportions in some streams, particularly in the autumn. Finely ground rock flour and mineral particles escaping from tailings dams were found to be trapped by the stream vegetation. Concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, and manganese in the algal and bacterial mats were found to be inversely related to distance downstream from the tailings dams. Consumer organisms, including crayfish, snails, aquatic insects, tadpoles, minnows and larger sunfish were analyzed to determine the extent of dissemination and concentration of the heavy metals through food chains. Preliminary results indicated insignificant concentrations of heavy metals in those consumer organisms studied, though in at least one problem stream the normal consumer organisms mentioned were markedly reduced in numbers.
SOCIO‐ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Biswas Asit K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTHistorically, the main objective of water resources development has been economic efficiency, and the technique for its evaluation has been benefit‐cost analysis. Gradually other objectives have emerged, and these in order of their emergence are regional income redistribution, environmental quality and social well‐being. These multi‐objectives have given rise to multifarious problems, and have made the planning process much more complex than ever before. The different objectives are not mutually exclusive, and, hence, contributions to one can only be made at the expense of others. Trade‐off studies between different objectives are difficult to make. It is suggested that one way to overcome this difficulty could be to design a system to perform optimally in terms of one objective, subject to a specified level of performance of the other, which in effect becomes a constraint. The paper also discusses the pros and cons of the desirability of public participation in our decision‐making processes, and the necessity of developing social sciences models to aid water planning and management.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF STREAM CHANNELIZATION1
Authors: Duvel William A. , Volkmar Robert D. , Specht Winona L. , Johnson Fred W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Geologic, engineering, and biological investigations of six Pennsylvania coldwater streams were undertaken to determine the impact of channel modifications instituted both prior to and following Hurricane Agnes. The primary focus of the study was on the ecological changes brought about by stream channelization.No long‐term deleterious effects on water quality, attached algae, benthic fauna, or forage fish populations were found. Trout, however, were found to be greater in numbers and weight in natural than in channelized stream reaches. Lack of suitable physical habitat appears to be the primary cause of reduced trout populations in stream reaches which have been channelized.
HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF LANDSAT IMAGERY USED IN THE STUDY OF THE 1973 INDUS RIVER FLOOD, PAKISTAN1
Authors: Deutsch Morris , Ruggles F. H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During August and September 1973, the Indus River Valley of Pakistan experienced one of the largest floods on record, resulting in damages to homes, businesses, public works, and crops amounting to millions of rupees. Tremendous areas of lowlands were inundated along the Indus River and major tributaries. Landsat data made it possible to easily measure the extent of flooding, totaling about 20,000 km2 within an area of about 400,000 km2 south from the Punjab to the Arabian Sea.The Indus River data were used to continue experimentation in the development of rapid, accurate, and inexpensive optical techniques of flood mapping by satellite begun in 1973 for the Mississipi River floods. The research work on the Indus River not resulted in the development of more effective procedures for optical processing of flood data and synoptically depicting flooding, but also provided potentially valuable ancillary information concerning the hydrology of much of the Indus River Basin.
PENN STATE URBAN RUNOFF MODEL TO PINPOINT FLOOD PEAK SOURCE LOCATION1
Authors: Aron Gert , David Joseph V. , Lakatos F. , Blair Dennis 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Penn State Urban Runoff Model, developed in 1976, is described in this paper. Aside from locating infiltration and detention basin operation in an unconventional manner, the model includes a peak flow presentation table which identifies watershed subareas chiefly responsible for the occurrence of flooding conditions at certain points in the watershed.The results of a case study on an urban drainage basin in the Philadelphia area is discussed, and preferred sites for retention ponds are suggested.The simplicity of the Penn State model is pointed out and computer run costs between 10 and 20 percent of the corresponding cards for HEC‐I and SWMM are cited.
INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION, ROCK COVER, AND TRAMPLING ON INFILTRATION RATES AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION1
Authors: Dadkhah Manouchehr , Gifford Gerald F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the impact of selected soil surface characteristics on infiltration rates and sediment production from interrill erosion from loam soil. Treatments were two different grass species (crested wheatgrass and intermediate wheatgrass), three levels of grass cover (30, 50, and 80 percent), four levels of rock cover (5, 10, 15, and 20 percent), and six levels of simulated trampling (10 to 60 percent of the respective plot area by 10 percent increments). Results indicated that plots with sod forming grass infiltrated only slightly more water than plots with bunchgrass, though the differences were significant.Trampling reduced infiltration rates significantly. On uncompacted soil, infiltration rates increased as percentage of rock cover increased. Trampling gradually destroyed this relationship however. Rock cover did not significantly affect sediment production. The tradeoff between vegetal cover and rock cover was affected by simulated trampling. Once trampling disturbance reached 20 percent, no relationship between vegetal cover and rock cover existed. Trampling was the most important factor influencing infiltration rates, explaining 35 to 48 percent of the variation in infiltration rates. The most important factor influencing sediment production was grass cover, which explained 40 to 62 percent of the variations associated with sediment yield at various trampling percentages. Results strongly suggest that, for slopes and soils as used here, adequate watershed protection may be obtained by maintaining 50 percent protective ground cover. Additional validation studies are recommended.
THE RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF DAMS AND SECULAR CLIMATIC CHANGE ON DOWNSTREAM FLOODING, AUSTRALIA1
Authors: Riley S. J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAn examination of 100 years of flood record at Windsor on the Hawkesbury River in Eastern Australia suggests that Warragamba Dam, which encloses 62 percent of the catchment area, has negligible effect upon flooding. Secular climate change is the important variable in determining changes in flood regime.