bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of layered sediment beds in the laboratory as an illustration of possible field processes
Authors: Edge M. J. , Sills G. C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Sediments laid down under water are frequently layered, the layers being identified by changes in particle size and/or density. The paper considers an example of such layering examined in a core from the Nares Abyssal Plain using an accurate, non-destructive X-ray technique for measuring density. It also reports a series of laboratory experiments in which a sediment containing sand, silt and clay-sized particles was introduced at a variable deposition rate into settling columns. The development of the bed was monitored using the same X-ray technique for density measurement, and the occurrence of layers, marked by changes in density and particle size distribution, is noted and discussed. It is suggested that a genuinely uniform naturally occurring sediment may well be quite uncommon.
Sea-level rise and coastal defences in the UK
Authors: Clayton K. M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Although impossible to forecast accurately, it seems highly probable that sea level will rise by 200–400 mm over the next sixty years and the annual rate of rise will increase from 1–2 to 4–6 mm/year. The rise will present no new problems to coastal engineers but existing problems will be exacerbated, drawing further attention to the lack of a coordinated sea defence or coastal protection policy. Improvement requires a strategy involving planners and engineers in a concept of coastal zone management.
Softening of overconsolidated Cretaceous clays by glacial erosion
Authors: Sauer E. Karl , Gareau L. F. , Christiansen E. A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Throughout southern Saskatchewan the upper part of unweathered Cretaceous clay is softened by glacial shear from an originally heavily overconsolidated state. Original preconsolidation pressures ranged from 10 000 to 13 000 kPa. Shear from glacial erosion created negative pore water pressures which caused an increase in water content and decrease in density. This also resulted in a reduction in apparent preconsolidation pressure. Depth profiles of water content for three sites were plotted against reference curves for the normally and overconsolidated states. From these plots the presence of softening is inferred. Softening was found at depths from 30 m to 143 m. Large blocks of intact overconsolidated clay separated by softened gouge zones as well as folds in the bedding structures have been interpreted as disturbance by glacial shear.
Hydrogeomorphic flood hazard evaluation for semi-arid environments
Authors: Kenny R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
On pediment, alluvial slopes and plains in semi-arid environments small washes constitute potential flood hazards. Population expansion into these geologically less suitable areas represents a major engineering concern. In this study, four flood hazard zones were identified based on the hydrogeomorphic analysis of an area in central Arizona, USA. The flood hazard zones depicted as map units provide a basis for flood management plans which are highly beneficial to engineers and urban planners. As they are based on common geomorphic indicators it is considered they are applicable to other semi-arid environments.
Degradation model for rock armour in coastal engineering
Authors: Latham J-P. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A degradation model specifically for rock armour in coastal structures is proposed. The objective is to give the coastal engineer a new design tool. The model provides a prediction of the armourstone weight loss with time on the structure. This information can help in the assessment of alternative design costings while taking account of the quality of rock from different possible sources.
Factors affecting the degradation rate are the intrinsic material properties of the rock source, the production-influenced geometric properties of the armourstone, the environmental boundary conditions at the coastal site and the armour layer design concepts used. To apply the model to a given rock source, a sample of the material is tested in an abrasion mill simulation of the wear process. This gives a weight versus laboratory time plot. Laboratory time is converted to years on site using an equivalent wear time factor which is derived from a combination of nine weighted parameters. The effects of the other principal degradation mechanisms, fracturing and spalling, are included as well as abrasion. For example by using parameter estimates which couple meteorological climatic conditions with particular rock type susceptibilities, the influence of physico-chemical degradation can be assessed.
The problem of quality control and selection of armourstone
Authors: Clark A. R. , Palmer J. S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The successful use of naturally occurring rock as an armourstone depends on the selection of suitable material which will perform the function for which it was designed.
Two recent case histories of coast protection works with a combined total of about 200 000 tonnes of rock armour demonstrates that adequate quality and selection control procedures were not utilized and as a result substantial quantities of rock were rejected, and in one case costly arbitration procedures were involved. In each case the contractor for the works was responsible for the provision of armourstone in compliance with the specification and had simple engineering geological controls been used substantial savings could have been made.
Behaviour of radon in the geological environment: a review
Authors: Ball T. K. , Cameron D. G. , Colman T. B. , Roberts P. D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A review of the behaviour of radon in the geological environment is presented. The general geochemistry of the element is described and the factors controlling its emanation from minerals and rocks and into the disperse phases itemized. A brief summary of analytical procedures for the analysis of the radon isotopes in waters and soil gases is given. The emanation of radon depends upon the source term uranium concentration, the nature of the host mineralogy, the permeability of the host rock and soil and the characteristics of the transporting medium. Weather can have a profound effect upon the concentration of radon in soil gas but often the variation due to the geological substrate is greater. Radon is not a problem unless it collects in buildings and underground structures. Some guidelines are given for identifying areas of high radon emanation based upon existing data sets.
An introduction to geological aspects of methane occurrence and control in British deep coal mines
Authors: Creedy D. P. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Practical methods for measuring the in situ gas contents of coal seams, modelling seam gas content trends, determining rates of methane emission from strata disturbed by mining and assessing the likelihood of unusual emissions are outlined. The constraints imposed by methane on coal production are highlighted and attention drawn to its attendant hazards. Successful planning for the control and exploitation of colliery methane cannot be achieved without a sound knowledge and understanding of the geology with which the mine interacts.
The expression of faults in UK seismic hazard assessment
Authors: Mallard D. J. , Woo G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Earthquakes occur in Britain and faults move, yet traditionally little consideration has been given to active faulting in UK seismic hazard assessment. Increasingly, digital micro-seismic data and geological neotectonic investigations are beginning to identify active faults. Hence, procedures have been developed for incorporating specific faults within calculations of the probability of exceedance of ground motion and ground rupture. Using these procedures, scoping calculations are presented which illuminate the potential impact of active faults on these hazards.
Fault detection using soil gas geochemistry
Authors: Duddridge G. A. , Grainger P. , Durrance E. M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Soil gas surveys have been carried out at research sites in Great Britain and Italy to test soil gas geochemistry as a site investigation technique for the detection of faults and discontinuities. At a site on Oxford Clay in Gloucestershire, soil gas anomalies of high He, Rn and CO
2
and low O
2
were shown to correspond to the outcrop of a fault, identified by drilling and geophysics. Other apparently random anomalies remained unexplained and lateral migration of gas through superficial horizons complicated interpretation. Using three parallel sample lines at the same distance apart as the sample spacing it has proved not only possible statistically to remove spurious anomalies, but also to enhance and concentrate clusters of high values resulting from gas migration.

This method was used to investigate a fault in Neogene clay at Narni in Italy where a gas pathway permeable to Rn and CO
2
was identified, corresponding to a geoelectrical anomaly indicating displaced strata. Further work was carried out over a fault revealed by trenching in the Caithness Flags in Scotland. For each three-line traverse an integrated gas anomaly map was produced to aid interpretation by allowing both sharp and diffuse anomalies to be more easily identified.
Geophysical investigations of photolineaments in southeast Zimbabwe
Authors: Carruthers R. M. , Greenbaum D. , Peart R. J. , Herbert R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The paper presents preliminary results of continuing studies in SE Zimbabwe aimed at understanding the role of fracturing in hard rock aquifers. This is a semi-arid region in which a high proportion of boreholes drilled for water supply are dry or provide minimal yields for hand-pump usage. Remote sensing, using satellite images and aerial photographs, provides a rapid means of identifying potential fracture systems but field evidence of the nature and precise location of such fractures is limited. Ground geophysical techniques such as resistivity, electromagnetic and magnetic surveying have been extensively tested over a few selected sites in an attempt to characterize their response where photolineaments occur. These data reveal the presence of anomalies, predominantly of shallow origin, some of which correspond with the lineaments. Initial results suggest that the lineaments studied do not represent major, open groundwater conduits. Drilling and borehole logging information confirms the view that fracturing is poorly developed in general. An interpretation of pump test data collected as part of hydraulic fracturing tests suggests that drilling itself results in the preferential opening of vertical fissures near the borehole but that background transmissivity is very low. The work is continuing with a programme of core drilling and cross-hole seismic tomography, the results of which will be incorporated in further modelling of the geophysical data.
Engineering description of mudrocks
Authors: Hawkins A. B. , Pinches G. M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The term ‘mudrock’ is used to describe all non-metamorphic argillaceous deposits. A three-fold classification of mudrocks is proposed: siltstone comprising less than 25% clay fraction, claystone containing more than 40% clay fraction and mudstone restricted to the intermediate materials. ‘Metamud-rock’ is used to describe weakly metamorphosed argillaceous rocks whose strength and geomechanical behaviour has been affected by the albeit limited re-crystallization.
The paper provides clarification of the terms rock material weathering, rock mass weathering, weathering grades and weathering zones, lithorelicts and apparent lithorelicts. The criteria separating moderately and highly weathered rock are reviewed and, for mudrocks, a recommendation made that in engineering geological descriptions the boundary should be amended to 200f the material having soil characteristics rather than 50%. The term ‘completely weathered’ should be replaced by ‘extremely weathered’.
A consistent word order for soil and rock descriptions is advocated, beginning with the material strength. Recommendations are made to resolve the present ambiguities in the use of ‘to/and’ in strength descriptions. An aide memoire for the identification, description and field assessment of strength of argillaceous rocks is provided.
Aeolian sand hazards and engineering design for desert regions
Authors: Stipho A. S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In hot climate zones of the Middle East region, the soil is generally unconsolidated, the unprotected surface sediments being continuously mobilized by the moderate to high velocity wind characteristic of the area. Movement of sand dunes, ground surface erosion and accumulation of dust clouds not only challenge civil engineering practice but seriously affect the lives and environs of the people as far as protection, economic and agricultural growths are concerned.
Special measures to combat the hazardous impact of moving sand within engineering design and project development are discussed. Attention is drawn to the limited quantity of data available and the importance of anticipating sand movement. The paper reports both actual field measurements and the procedure followed to obtain information on the sand movement pattern at a particular site. The data were used successfully to generate a pattern of sand movement and to estimate maintenance work and the quantity/quality of sand.
Field techniques and instrumentation in shallow seismic reflection
Authors: Hill Ian A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The essential criteria which determine the effectiveness of a shallow seismic reflection survey are its resolution and its sensitivity. The factors involved in the choice of equipment and field technique are reviewed with respect to these two primary objectives.
The analysis is developed from a consideration of the energy phases produced by a seismic source and the way desirable phases can be isolated and enhanced by single-channel and multi-channel recording. Specifications for the instrumentation and the field techniques can then be derived to satisfy the requirements of the processing methods. The primary considerations are (1) to preserve the maximum possible frequency content and bandwidth in the recorded data to enhance resolution, and (2) to suppress source-generated noise energy which is the principal limit on sensitivity.
Imaging a buried river channel in an intertidal area of South Wales using high-resolution seismic techniques
Authors: Brabham P. J. , McDonald R. J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A buried river channel in an intertidal area at Barry Old Harbour, South Wales, UK, is investigated using high-resolution seismic refraction and reflection techniques. The refraction technique is able to profile the base of the 20m deep buried valley because the Carboniferous Limestone bedrock has a significant velocity contrast with overlying water-saturated unconsolidated sediments.
Common midpoint (CMP) reflection profiling, using a single detonator as the seismic source, images the base of the river channel and the internal sedimentary sequences. Seismic reflections with frequencies in the 400 to 600 Hz range are observed from as shallow as 5 m depth (6 ms two-way time).
The bedrock profiles derived from the refraction and reflection experiments are in precise agreement.
A computer program for ground investigation data storage, manipulation and presentation
Authors: Deans I. A. , Morley R. S. , Howland A. F. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The development of a geotechnical data handling, storage and presentation program is described. The system has demonstrated its capability on a major ground investigation contract and is currently being further developed to enhance its capabilities. Use of the system will reduce the time spent by relatively expensive engineering staff on routine plotting tasks and allow them to use large data sets more fully prior to selection of design parameters.
Hydro-thermo-mechanical properties of joints in the Carnmenellis granite
Authors: Zhao J. , Brown E. T. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Hydro-thermo-mechanical tests on joints in the Carnmenellis granite from Cornwall, southwest England, were carried out using a geothermal rock test facility. Both natural joints and artificial fractures were tested at effective normal stresses up to 40 MPa, differential pore pressures to 6 MPa and temperatures to 200°C. Experimental effective normal stress-joint closure and effective normal stress-joint permeability data were fitted by a range of deformation and hydraulic models. Difficulties were encountered in finding single values of material and geometrical constants that applied to the complete range of data and samples. The joint condition factor (JCF) is introduced as a factor to account for deviation from the ideal conditions assumed in the smooth parallel plate theory. The experimental results show that the value of JCF depends on a combination of joint surface geometrical characteristics. Initial apertures increased with a rise in sample temperature depending on the joint surface geometrical properties. An empirical logarithmic relation between initial aperture, temperature and joint roughness coefficient (JRC) is proposed.
A procedure for assessing compositional uniformity of sand and gravel aggregates for concrete
Authors: Sims Ian , Miglio Bruno 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Modern assessments of the suitability of aggregates for concrete frequently include the petrographical examination of a single set of samples taken from stockpiles at a particular time. This study has shown that a structured petrographical study (SPS) carried out over a period of production gives a more reliable representation of the aggregate composition and can also be used to provide reassurance about the probable future uniformity of the material. Two flint-dominated sand and gravel sources in regular operation were selected: one sea-dredged and the other land-based. Sets of processed coarse and fine aggregate samples were taken monthly during a year of continuous exploitation and supply. The samples were each subjected to quantitative petrographical examination in accordance with the draft British Standard procedure. The results have been evaluated and indicate for these samples a higher degree of compositional uniformity over a period of production than might have been anticipated from a preliminary geological consideration of the source deposits. In both cases, the main constituents repetitively occurred, but the relative proportions varied within limits. In this single comparison of one sea-dredged source with one land-based source, the sea-dredged aggregate was marginally the less variable material. The practical application of SPS is illustrated with regard to the control of flint or chert content in aggregate combinations.
The use of down-hole focused electric logs to investigate saline groundwaters
Authors: Brassington F. C. , Lucey P. A. , Peacock A. J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
During the course of a hydrogeological investigation into saline groundwater problems in a Permo-Triassic Sandstone aquifer in northwest England, an opportunity was taken to obtain focused electric logs in 12 fully penetrating coal exploration boreholes. These logs provided data of a type not usually available in a water industry groundwater investigation because of expensive drilling costs. The data have been used to examine highly mineralized groundwaters which are situated near the base of the aquifer. The technique provides information on the conductivity of both fresh and saline groundwaters, the depth at which conductivity increases and the thickness of the diffusion zone. Comparison of focused electric logs produced in mud-filled boreholes with the more usual hydrogeological technique of conductivity logs in open boreholes shows that focused-electric logs more accurately reflect field conditions.
Structural and geomorphological aspects of the Çatak landslide,NE Turkey
Authors: Genc S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The bedrock of the Çatak area comprises Upper Cretaceous marls, shales, tuffites, limestone and basalts. This is overlain by younger colluvium, essentially loose material detached from the bedrock masses by chemical, mechanical and/or tectonic processes where older rocks crop out. The bedrock is slightly folded but highly fractured. The geological and the geomorphological field investigations have shown that jointing and faulting in combination with pervasive weathering, steep topography, water incision, heavy rainfall and road cuts have all played a significant role in the occurrence of the landslide.
On an occurrence of abnormal acidity in granular soils
Authors: Sandover B. R. , Norbury D. R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
As part of a site investigation in the late 1980s for the construction of a new road, a large number of pH and sulphate determinations were made with two thirds of samples having measured pH of less than 5.5 and one result as low as 2.3. The implications for the design of buried concrete and pipework are significant. As there was some doubt whether these values represented in situ conditions, a further programme of field and laboratory testing involving both standard and non-standard test methods was carried out. This confirmed that the low values measured in the original investigation were misleading.
Prediction of water levels in an abandoned granite quarry in Singapore
Authors: Zhao J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A hydrogeological case study at the abandoned Hindhede Granite Quarry examined groundwater seepage, water balance, rate of water level change and attempted to predict the final water level in the quarry. In August 1996, the water level in the quarry was at about +14 m MSL, while the general ground-water level in the vicinity was at about +25 m MSL. The present water level in the quarry pit is increasing at about 3.5 m/year. It will decrease gradually in future years. The water level will reach the rock head at +35 m MSL in 6 to 12 years depending on the prevailing climatic conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Charman J. H. 
Published: November 2007

The Glossop Lecture has been initiated as the most prestigious lecture of the Engineering Group of the Geological Society, to be presented by an invited eminent engineering geologist. The requirement for the presentation is that it should highlight the contribution made in the application of engineering geology to civil engineering. This may be achieved by utilizing a subject that illustrates a particular expertise or summarizes a significant contribution to the science by the invitee. Alternatively, the speaker may choose to highlight a significant case history.
I am delighted that our first Glossop lecturer is Professor Peter Fookes, an engineering geologist who I am sure needs little introduction to the majority of you. The committee had little difficulty in agreeing that he was the most appropriate, indeed the outstanding choice. His breadth of experience is phenomenal and so tonight you will be privileged to hear what is effectively an overview of geology and engineering. What could be better suited to the first of our Glossop lectures?
Peter began his career as a soil chemistry technician in the 1950s before gaining his first degree in geology at Queen Mary College, London. During this time he developed an interest in engineering and after graduation he secured a job as a field geologist with Binnie, Deacon and Gourley, now Binnie, Black and Veitch, in West Pakistan working on the Mangla Dam. He started and completed an external PhD on the engineering characteristics of Siwalik Clays under the supervision of Professor A. W. Skempton. At