bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Eastern Europe: household-formation patterns in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and European family systems
Authors: SZOŁTYSEK MIKOŁAJ 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis article discusses family patterns in the vast territories of historical Poland and Lithuania at the end of the eighteenth century. It explores one of the largest collections of historical household data in Europe on pre-industrial rural settings, and applies a variety of methodologies to reveal various aspects of family systems, as well as their spatial distribution. Three regional family patterns have been distinguished in the historical Polish territories, differing both in terms of household structure and household formation rules and in terms of their marriage patterns. Analysis of the dataset on these spatially, culturally and socioeconomically diverse regions has also facilitated the preliminary identification of the factors shaping these family systems. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the data presented here suggest that the impact of second serfdom on family structure was by no means uniform, and that factors other than purely economic ones may actually have accounted for the diversity of family systems prevailing in historical Poland and Lithuania.
Surviving widowhood: life alone in rural Australia in the second half of the nineteenth century
Authors: STRACHAN GLENDA , HENDERSON LINDY 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIn the second half of the nineteenth century in the remote farming district of Dungog in the colony of New South Wales on the Australian continent, widows faced harsh economic realities. Using civil registration records, census data, newspaper reports, statistical returns, family histories and other sources, we have, where possible, reconstructed the lives of these widows, particularly those with dependent children. This paper discusses the range of survival strategies used. It presents statistical evidence from official records, and adds vignettes of the lives of a handful of widows whose strategies can be explored more completely using additional historical sources.
Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity
Authors: Hall Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2008

How should archaeologists approach ethnicity? This concept, which has such wide currency in social and anthropological studies, remains elusive when we seek to apply it to the archaeological past. The importance of ethnicity in our late twentieth-century world can easily lead us to believe that it must long have been a key element in human relations and awareness. The practice of defining oneself and one's group by contrast and opposition to other individuals and other groups, from the family level upwards, appears a basic feature of human behaviour. Ethnicity is a part of this social logic, though ethnic groups, and ethnicity itself, are notoriously difficult to define.Can we identify and distinguish ethnic groupings in the archaeological record? Had one posed that question earlier this century the answer would have no doubt have made immediate reference to the ‘culture-people hypothesis’; the idea that archaeological assemblages may be combined into ‘cultures’ defined by recurring features, be they metalwork, ceramic forms and decoration, or lithic technology. Each culture so defined might be equated (hypothetically at least) with a former people. Ethnographic studies, however, have long shown that these equations are overly simplistic. Phenomena such as the ‘Beaker culture’ are no longer assumed to be the material expression of a single ethnic group.Where historical evidence is available, it may be able to overcome some of the difficulties and examine just how a historical ethnic group — as perceived and defined by its own members — relates to a body of archaeological material. Jonathan Hall's study of ethnic identity in ancient Greece provides an excellent example of just such an approach. It also raises broader issues concerning the definition of ethnicity and its recognition in the archaeological record. Hall himself takes the view that ethnicity depends on what people say, not what they do; hence material culture alone, without supporting literary evidence, is an insufficient basis for the investigation of ethnic identity in past societies. To accept that view is to rule out the study of ethnicity for the greater part of the human past; we may suspect that ethnic groups played a part, but be unable to identify any surviving cultural parameters. Against such a pessimistic assessment, however, there is the contrary argument, that ethnicity may be expressed as well in material culture as in words. Should that be the case, archaeology may indeed be well equipped to open a window on past ethnicity, whether or not there are relevant contemporary texts.We begin this review feature in our usual way, with a summary by Jonathan Hall of the arguments set out in his book. Five commentators then take up the theme, raising comments and criticisms to which Hall responds in a closing reply.
Towards a New Understanding of the Child: Catholic Mobilisation and Modern Pedagogy in Spain, 1900–1936
Authors: KÖSSLER TILL 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDespite its importance, historical scholarship has largely ignored Catholic education as a historical force. This article argues that a closer look at Catholic education in Spain in the first decades of the twentieth century can widen our understanding of educational modernity and at the same time help us to grasp better the specificity and contradictions of religious political mobilisation in Europe. Catholic pedagogues and schools responded to the increasing politicisation of education, the changing demands of upper- and middle-class parents and challenges posed by the new psychological and pedagogical knowledge with fundamental changes in their educational practices. The article identifies the main developments in this contradictory shift, concluding that, first, it is highly misleading simply to identify the ‘new pedagogy’ of the early twentieth century with liberal democracy. This questions a sterile dichotomy of collectivism versus individualism in analysing social movements in the twentieth century. Second, the case study points to both the power and the inherent limits of Catholic mobilisation.
In the Interests of Justice? Grass-roots Prosecution and Collaboration in Francoist Military Trials, 1939–1945
Authors: ANDERSON PETER 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn 1939 Francoists won the Spanish Civil War, but continued to prosecute hundreds of thousands from the defeated Republican side in summary military tribunals that imposed either the death sentence or jail terms of up to thirty years. Historians have paid much attention to the outcomes of these trials and stressed the institutional power of the courts within the emerging Francoist state. By contrast, this article, through a study of court documents, examines how the Francoist authorities devolved much of the prosecution process to the municipal level. Here they came to rely on their grass-roots supporters to identify, classify, provide testimony against and convict Republicans.
International Challenges and National Allegiances: British and West German Trade Union Politics at Ford, 1967–1973
Authors: FETZER THOMAS 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article contributes to the recent transnational turn in labour history with a case study of West German and British trade union politics at Ford between 1967 and 1973. It demonstrates that international economic interdependence became a major concern for organised labour in both countries because of the emergence in 1967 of the Ford of Europe holding company. Paradoxically, however, this was accompanied by the accentuation of national allegiances and action frameworks, in particular with regard to the framing of labour market interests and industrial relations policies. These processes played out differently in the two countries, not only because national contexts were different but also because the new international challenges interacted with national contexts in specific ways.
Antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic bacteria: lessons learned from host-specific pathogens
Authors: Wassenaar Trudy M. , Silley Peter 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe relative contribution of veterinary and human clinical treatments to the selection of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic pathogens remains controversial. In this review, we consider bacterial pathogens that differ in host specificity and address their resistance profiles: pathogens that only occur in the human host, pathogens that are specific to particular food-producing animals and pathogens that occur in both host types. Compared with those pathogens restricted to a single animal host, pathogens found in both human and animal hosts appear to have higher incidences of resistance. However, the most urgent and severe resistance problems occur with pathogens exclusively infecting humans. Differences exist in the available genetic repertoire of a bacterial species and these are reflected in the observed resistance patterns; it is important to note that different bacterial species do not automatically result in similarly resistant populations when they undergo comparable selection in different host species. Thus, within a bacterial species, prevalence of resistance can differ between populations isolated from different hosts. For some species, fluctuations in dominant subpopulations, for instance particular serotypes, can be the most important factor determining resistance. The frequently expressed opinion that veterinary use of antimicrobials is at the heart of many resistance problems may be an oversimplification of the complex forces at play.
Antimicrobial resistance in selected bacteria from poultry
Authors: Gyles Carlton L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the present state of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the zoonotic bacteriaSalmonella,Campylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coli, and inEscherichia colifrom chickens and turkeys. ForSalmonella, the frequencies and patterns of AMR vary depending on time, region, serovar, the particular farm, layers versus broilers, and the antimicrobial agent. There is usually a higher frequency of AMR inSalmonellafrom turkeys compared withSalmonellafrom chickens. Clonal and horizontal transmission of AMR occur and there is concern about the spread of transmissible plasmids that encode extended spectrum cephalosporinases. Resistance to fluoroquinolones is generally low. ForCampylobacter, resistance to tetracycline is usually at moderate to high frequency, resistance to quinolones/fluoroquinolones varies from low to high, and resistance to macrolides is usually low. There are high levels of fluoroquinolone resistance in some countries. Avian pathogenicE. coliare often highly resistant, especially to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. Plasmid-mediated resistance is common. High levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin have been reported from China. CommensalE. colifrom poultry have similar patterns of resistance but at lower frequencies. Integron associated resistance occurs commonly inSalmonellaandE. colibut has not been detected inCampylobacter.
Antimicrobial resistance: its emergence and transmission
Authors: Boerlin Patrick , Reid-Smith Richard J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNew concepts have emerged in the past few years that help us to better understand the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These include, among others, the discovery of the mutator state and the concept of mutant selection window for resistances emerging primarily through mutations in existing genes. Our understanding of horizontal gene transfer has also evolved significantly in the past few years, and important new mechanisms of AMR transfer have been discovered, including, among others, integrative conjugative elements and ISCR(insertionsequences withcommonregions) elements. Simultaneously, large-scale studies have helped us to start comprehending the immense and yet untapped reservoir of both AMR genes and mobile genetic elements present in the environment. Finally, new PCR- and DNA sequencing-based techniques are being developed that will allow us to better understand the epidemiology of classical vectors of AMR genes, such as plasmids, and to monitor them in a more global and systematic way.
Money handling influences BMI: a survey of cashiers
Authors: Karve Shraddha , Shurpali Ketaki , Dahanukar Neelesh , Jog Maithili , Watve Milind 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMoney is a recent phenomenon in the evolutionary history of man and therefore no separate brain centre to handle money is likely to have evolved. The brain areas activated by food reward and money reward are extensively overlapping. In an experimental set-up, hunger was demonstrated to influence money related decisions and money related thoughts to influence hunger. This suggests that the brain areas evolved for handling food related emotions are exapted to handle money and therefore there could be a neuronal cross-talk between food and money. If this is true then attitude and behavior related to money and wealth could influence obesity. We conducted a survey of 211 individuals working as full time cashiers in order to test whether ownership over the cash, the amount of cash handled per day and the duration of cash handling work affected their body mass index (BMI). Cashiers who had ownership over the money had a significantly higher age corrected mean BMI than salaried cashiers. The BMI correlated positively with duration of service as cashier even after correcting for age and duration of sedentary job in males. Among salaried cashiers of both sexes, bank cashiers whose mean daily cash handling was one or two orders of magnitude greater than that of shop cashiers, had a significantly higher BMI. The effects of amount of money handled per day, years of service as cashier and ownership over the money handled could be shown to influence BMI independent of each other. The results support the exaptation hypothesis and suggest that the changing economy and attitudes towards money may be a contributing factor to the current obesity epidemic.
Accessible Picture Communication on the Playground
Authors: Derse Christine 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This article is based on a poster presented at the 2008 ASHA Division 12 conference. The purpose of the poster was to share information about placing a permanent picture communication board on a newly constructed accessible playground at an elementary school. The idea for a permanent communication board was the result of my experience providing augmentative and alternative communication services in schools and in early intervention. My daughter was a student in regular education attending the school, and students who use AAC also attended the school.
Fast Access, Fast Language, Fast Friends: A Camp Designed for Adults to Communicate About Things That Really Matter
Authors: Mbangamoh Erica , Perry Peggy , Powers Elizabeth , Simunds Erin 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This article provides information about an experience for adult individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and attend a Camp Courage summer program. The Young Adult AAC Kommunication Kamp (YAAAKK) was developed to allow young adults to interact with peers and new staff in a novel setting and, yet, still have the mentorship and guidance from trained professionals when needed. Data results from the 2008 YAAACK camp are presented in this article.
What Alex the Parrot Can Teach Us About Working With Children With Complex Communication Needs
Authors: Fishman Iris 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAlex the Parrot was an African grey trained by Dr. Irene Pepperberg to communicate at the level of a 5 year old. Pepperberg used a training method called the model/ rival technique where one person was the trainer, while the other was the model for the bird—and consequently, its rival for the trainer's attention. This model has implications for delivery of AAC treatment services. Although good clinical practice dictates that we deliver AAC services to children with complex communication needs in the same setting in which they will ultimately use their systems, services are still often delivered in one on one sessions. Very often these sessions are conducted without any of the child's significant communication partners present but the clinician herself. The manner in which services are delivered may be the decision of the clinician or it may be dictated by circumstances beyond her control (e.g., school policy, parental decisions, etc.). When services are delivered in a one-on-one setting, the natural social interaction provided by a third person, whether it is a peer or an adult caregiver, is absent. Thus, the clinician may want to create a treatment situation that includes a Helping Doll to model language for the child and create a rival for the child's attention and participation. The Doll was described by Goossens' et al. (1992) to be used with the aided language stimulation approach with a group of children in a preschool setting and detailed scripts of how the Doll could model language using color coded communication displays were provided. These scripts can effectively be used in a one on one situation with low tech displays as well as speech generating devices. Use of the Helping Doll can also be used to promote greater communication partner involvement.
Locating users of interpretation in the court
Authors: Jie Xi , Zhong Yong 
Published: December 2008

The paper discusses the procedure and findings of a research project that studied the perceived impact of literal vs. meaningful renditions in a mock court situation involving Chinese migrants residing in Sydney. We will begin with a description of a research procedure known in linguistics as matched guise and will then continue with discussions of the use of the procedure in the present project including designing the guises, sampling the subjects and formulating a questionnaire. Then there will be discussions and analyses of the data collected from the survey, which were generated with social-sciences statistics software. The findings generated on the basis of the data are discussed in terms of general statistical patterns, and with special regard to the subjects’ perceptions about the solicitor’s professionalism, solicitor’s personality, court milieu, anticipation of the possible final verdict and knowledge of the judicial procedures. We will conclude the paper with a preliminary discussion of what may have contributed to the shaping of the perceptions formed by the subjects.
To the best of our knowledge, the project discussed in this paper is one of the very few that attempts to study the impact on the users of interpreting, hence its academic and professional significance.
Using visual contrast for effective, inclusive environments
Authors: Bright Keith , Egger (is-design GmbH) Veronika 
Published: December 2008

Colour and lighting play important and unique roles in the way people enjoy environment or spaces.
There is a constant interaction between people and the colours that surround them which not only affects the way they move around within the space but also determines how safe, secure and confident they feel when doing so. In addition, colour can help people determine which route to take, and what potential hazards or obstacles they may encounter. Lighting plays an important role in how different colours and combinations of colours are seen and experienced.
Whilst this is true for all users, for people with sensory impairments, being able to navigate and to identify features is critical to their ability to use an environment or space without undue effort, in safely, with confidence and, wherever possible, independently.
For partially sighted people, maximising the effectiveness of their residual vision through the use of environmental factors such as visual contrast and lighting can also have a major impact on their sense of well-being and on their ability to make decisions about how to use the environments they encounter.
In considering the light reflected from a colour – known as its light reflectance value (LRV) – it is possible to specify levels of visual contrast that are appropriate to meet the needs of many partially sighted people. Linking this to an understanding of the search and navigation strategies they adopt when using buildings and space means it is also possible to create interesting and innovative designs and decoration schemes that assist partially sighted people without creating environments that are unacceptable to other users.
An interview with Rune Pettersson
Authors: Strand Lennart 
Published: December 2008

In May 1999 Rune Pettersson, Ph.D, was appointedProfessor of Information Design at Mälardalen University in Eskilstuna, Sweden. Before that he worked in publishing, in R&D, in technical training and in university teaching and research. He has published 218 papers and 75 books. Among his books is Information Design: An Introduction (John Benjamins, 2002).
Rune Pettersson has been active in several international organisations, such as Vice President of the International Visual Literacy Association, IVLA (six times), and President during 2000–2001; and Vice President of the International Institute for Information Design, IIID, 2000–2006. He has also been an International Advisor for the International Division of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, as well as a board member in several other organisations. For nine years (1987–1996) Rune Pettersson was an Affiliate Research Professor of the Institute of Business Graphics at the College of Business Administration, Pennsylvania State University in the USA. For five years (2000–2004) he was an Adjunct Professor at Appalachian State University, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, in the USA.
A convexity theorem for the real part of a Borel invariant subvariety
Authors: Goldberg Timothy 
Published: December 2008

M. Brion proved a convexity result for the moment map image of an irreducible subvariety of a compact integral Kähler manifold preserved by the complexification of the Hamiltonian group action. V. Guillemin and R. Sjamaar generalized this result to irreducible subvarieties preserved only by a Borel subgroup. In another direction, L. O’Shea and R. Sjamaar proved a convexity result for the moment map image of the submanifold fixed by an antisymplectic involution. Analogous to Guillemin and Sjamaar’s generalization of Brion’s theorem, in this paper we generalize O’Shea and Sjamaar’s result, proving a convexity theorem for the moment map image of the involution fixed set of an irreducible subvariety preserved by a Borel subgroup.
On the Lusternik-Schnirelmann category of spaces with 2-dimensional fundamental group
Authors: Dranishnikov Alexander 
Published: December 2008

The following inequality
\[

c
a
t

L
S

X
≤

c
a
t

L
S

Y
+

⌈

h
d
(
X
)
−
r

r
+
1

⌉

\mathrm {cat}_{\mathrm {LS}} X\le \mathrm {cat}_{\mathrm {LS}} Y+\bigg \lceil \frac {hd(X)-r}{r+1}\bigg \rceil

\]
holds for every locally trivial fibration

f
:
X
→
Y

f:X\to Y

between

A
N
E

ANE

spaces which admits a section and has the

r
r

-connected fiber, where

h
d
(
X
)

hd(X)

is the homotopical dimension of

X
X

. We apply this inequality to prove that
\[

c
a
t

L
S

X
≤
c
d
(

π
1

(
X
)
)
+

⌈

dim
⁡
X
−
1

2

⌉

\mathrm {cat}_{\mathrm {LS}} X\le cd(\pi _1(X))+\bigg \lceil \frac {\dim X-1}{2}\bigg \rceil

\]
for every complex

X
X

with

c
d
(

π
1

(
X
)
)
≤
2

cd(\pi _1(X))\le 2

, where

c
d
(

π
1

(
X
)
)

cd(\pi _1(X))

denotes the cohomological dimension of the fundamental group of

X
X

.