bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fishing With 1.5- and 1.75-in. Coiled Tubing at Western Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
Authors: Mullin M. A. , McCarty S. H. , Plante M. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Coiled tubing use in the Western Operating Area of the Prudhoe Bay oil field in the Alaska Arctic increased to over 750 operations in 1989. Coiled tubing is routinely used to run inflatable bridge plugs and packers, and electric line logging tools as well as performing a variety of stimulation, remedial cementing and clean-out operations. Development of fishing capability is the logical extension of coiled tubing technology in this field given this high activity level. During the second half of 1989, 21 fishing operations were attempted using coiled tubing with an 81% success rate. Cost savings in excess of $2MM were realized in the initial phase of this project.
Successful fishing operations have been performed with both 1.5 inch and 1.75 inch coiled tubing utilizing hydraulic jars, mud motors, plus an assortment of "off-the-shelf" and field manufactured fishing tools. None of the operations resulted in leaving coiled tubing in the hole or in leaving the well in a worse condition than at the start of the operation. Utilization of mud motors has been particularly successful in diversifying potential application of this technology to adaptation of existing rotary fishing techniques. Included in this paper is a summary of the preliminary durability testing, a general discussion of the methodology involved, as well as three case histories. The case histories consist of fishing coiled tubing with coiled tubing, post fracturing inflatable bridge plug fishing and fishing an inflatable bridge plug buried by large pieces of cement.
General Minifrac Analysis for Heterogeneous Formation Including Spurt Loss
Authors: Soliman M. Y. , Poulsen D. K. , Kuhlman R. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conventional minifrac analysis assumes the presence of a homogeneous formation and an ideal formation/fluid system. These conditions usually lead to a leakoff rate that is inversely proportional to (time)1/2. This paper shows that in heterogeneous formations, such as naturally fractured formations, leakoff rate can be better modeled as being inversely proportional to (time) where n is named l·eakof f exponent. It is also theorized that many formation/fluid systems will exhibit a leakoff exponent different from 0.5.
This paper presents methods for determining this l·eakoff exponent. It also considers the effect of spurt loss on minifrac analysis and suggests a method for determining same. In addition, the paper discusses determination of closure pressure and time.
A Statistical Review of API and EPA Sampling and Analysis of Oil and Gas Field Wastes
Authors: Holliday G. H. , Deuel L. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act [RCRA] mandates a study of oil and gas field wastes. EPA and API performed independent studies of the same sites. The studies resulted in two independent sets of analytical values for constituents in liquids, solids and produced waters from drilling and producing operations. A statistical analysis of the paired values resulted in concluding no acceptable correlation exists between many of the reported constituent concentrations.
Reservoir Management Training: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Satter A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
U. S. petroleum reserves are dwindling, and fewer significant discoveries have been made in recent years. However, technological advances in all areas of petroleum exploration and exploitation, along with rapidly increasing computing power, are providing the tools to better manage reservoirs to maximize economic recovery of hydrocarbons. Sound reservoir management practices are of paramount importance in the petroleum industry. Innovative managers and trained personnel are needed to carry out the functions that the reservoir management process (goal setting, planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating) requires. This paper deals with an integrated, multi-disciplinary, high-technology approach to reservoir management training. It will focus on training needs, candidates and their disciplines, course contents, methods, duration, source of instructors, and the benefits to be gained. It is derived from almost two decades of Texaco’s experience in comprehensive reservoir management training.
Analysis of Kansas Hugoton Infill Drilling: Part I-Total Field ResuIts
Authors: McCoy T. F. , Fetkovich M. J. , Needham R. B. , Reese D. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper compares the performance of infill wells drilled in the Kansas Hugoton to the companion original wells - regionally, by operator, and the field as a whole, using official deliverability tests and production history. We present the pitfalls of using official deliverability and wellhead shut-in pressure differences between the infill wells and the companion original wells as indications of additional gas-in-place and suggest more reliable methods of interpreting infill well performance. The results of the first 659 infill wells drilled in the Kansas Hugoton reveal that the infill wells have not found any evidence of additional gas-in-place.
The Economics Of Oil Spills
Authors: Massie W. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses marine oil spills: their types, the public's perception of their risk, dean-up options, and actions both before and after a spill to minimize their consequences. Lessons are derived from a number of actual spills. Actions are grouped in three categories: macro (international), meso (joint industry) and micro (single company). Special sections discuss the role and requirements for computer simulations, and evaluate the probable effectiveness of proposed legislation. The establishment of an equiped and specially trained team of spill clean-up workers who could be deployed worldwide is suggested as one means of alleviating spill consequences. Use of fault tree analysis is proposed as a means of evaluating the (potential) effectiveness of legal steps.
Responsible Approach to the Use of Oil Based Muds
Authors: Potma G. J. , Drinkwater A. R. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the background for a responsible application of oil-based mud in NAM operations, with a clear policy for environmental protection as a first priority. The implications of current and anticipated Dutch legislation are discussed, together with a review of relevant equipment and procedures that can meet all demands. Finally, developments in NAM in the use of alternative muds and improved cuttings cleaning technology are described.
The Jackup Durability Problem
Authors: Massie W. W. , Liu P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the more salient results of an on-going study of elevated jack-up rig durability carried out by the Workgroup Offshore Technology (WOT) of the Delft University of Technology. Significant discoveries, critical in a design or performance analysis, are presented here. The references include all the reports produced in this study so far.
It is concluded that many common approaches used with jack-ups today have serious shortcomings and that many more or less accepted design approaches fail when applied to elevated jack-ups in deeper water. This can explain the disparity of field data and results found using various analysis approaches on one and the same jack-up rig.
Elevated jack-up platforms demonstrate significant nonlinearities in their overall dynamic structural behavior. The most important of these involve interactions of the legs with: the sea bed via a spudcan, the deck via the deck-leg clamping system, and the sea itself: waves and currents acting on the moving structure.
Inclusion of all these nonlinearities in a design production computer simulations is uneconomical; instead, these can be checked against a benchmark, complete simulation to be developed within this project.
Future Trends in the North Sea : What's Ahead?
Authors: Giannesini J. F. , Badour D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the characteristics of as yet undeveloped North Sea discoveries in order to determine the future development trends for the operators in the years to come.
A data bank has been compiled listing the discoveries made so far in the British, Norwegian, Dutch and Danish offshore zones. This data bank lists 447 discoveries, of which only about 40 were in the development phase in early 1990.
The detailed analysis of the discoveries clearly shows that, by the end of this century and the beginning of the next, the North Sea operators will have to focus on increasingly small accumulations, located in medium water depths and generally not too far from existing installations.
After more than 25 years of activity, the North Sea today offers the advantage of many infrastructures capable of enabling production of neighboring accumulations at reduced cost. An examination of current development trends highlights the growing interest of the operators in satellite developments, whether subsea or not. It is now clear that a large share of R and D efforts will have to be focused on the systems capable of improving the economics of this type of development and, in particular, of extending the connection distances.
The challenge is a serious one because, today, there are more than 160 oil accumulations not covered by any precise development plan, and containing at least 5-5 billion barrels of recoverable oil.
The production of these fields will demand innovative technologies. Effective solutions already available include horizontal wells and, in a slightly longer term, multi-phase production. Other technologies must be exploited, such as reusable production installations, entailing a necessary standardization.
Innovation is not limited to technology. At the financial level and from the standpoint of conducting operations, new associative structures are necessary, in order to mobilize the tens of billions of dollars which will have to be invested, and make them profitable. Operators and investors will have to adapt to a new development culture. As 1993 approaches, this represents a vast opportunity for Europe as a whole and for a new generation of ‘entrepreneurs’.
Horizontal Well Performance at Prudhoe Bay
Authors: Broman W. M. , Stagg T. O. , Rosenweig J. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The first horizontal wells in the Prudhoe Bay Unit were drilled In the central gravity drainage area to increase standoff between the wellbore and the gas cap for improved recovery and increased production rates. Subsequent applications of horizontal wells have included producers in the peripheral area of the field and adjacent waterflood regions, drainholes and gas injectors. Innovative and cost effective horizontal drilling and completion techniques were developed. Horizontal wells have been drilled at angles up to 98 degrees and for lengths exceeding 2100′. There are currently twenty-seven horizontal wells, including two gas injectors, In the Prudhoe Bay Unit with significant opportunity for further development utilizing horizontal well technology.
The performance of the Prudhoe Bay Unit horizontal wells have been evaluated after 1 – 5 years of production to determine the incremental benefits for future justification of the additional costs associated with drilling and completing horizontal wells in comparison to conventional completions.
This paper describes the overall performance of horizontal wells In the Western Operating Area of the Prudhoe Bay Unit Including surveillance and wellwork achievements, drilling and completion technology developed and the reservoir modelling and analytical efforts to date. The current and future strategies of horizontal well applications are also addressed.
Chemical Bridging for Well Control During Stimulation and Workover Operations
Authors: McCabe M. A. , Terracina J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil field operators around the world are making increased use of polymer gel plugs to control wells and divert treating fluids during stimulation and workover operations. Use of this versatile method has eliminated the need in many cases for mechanical packers, bridge plugs and mechanical diverters. Benefits gained from use of gel plugs are usually economical; however, in many applications, gel plugs are used because mechanical devices may be undesirable.
One method often used to obtain a temporary plug is to apply a water soluble polymer to a fluid which forms a highly viscous gel plug. These plugs can be designed to remain viscous for hours to several weeks. If time constraints change after the plug has been pumped, the plugs can be broken down with acid and removed ahead of schedule.
This paper describes the chemistry of various gel plugs used at different temperatures and conditions in stimulation and workover operations. Several case histories detailing circumstances and conditions where various gel plugs have been applied are presented.
Water Injection Quality in Ekofisk—UV Sterilization and Monitoring Techniques
Authors: Hamouda A. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Water injection in Ekofisk Field (2/4K) in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea has started late 1987. The waterflood was decided on after the success of a pilot water flood trial initiated in the spring of 1981. Ekofisk reservoir is described as a fine-grained chalky limestone with porosities frequently above 40% and a matrix permeability of only 1 to 2 md. However, a fracture system raises overall permeability to about 100 md.
An important factor in the success of a waterflood project is the quality of the water required for injection into the reservoir. The water quality is greatly affected by several contaminants such as corrosion products/suspended solids, scale and bacteria.
Controling corrosion and minimizing solids generation are two major problems associated with the waterflood. The two problems are related since the solids picked up are corrosion products and/or biomass that cause corrosion. Microbial corrosion may be eleminated/ minimized by frequent treatment with bactericides. The treatment frequency depends on the bactericidal demands and type of bactericide. These, interns are related to the bacterial activities, hence dependent on the monitoring techniques for bacteria counts.
Monitoring of microbial corrosion is always difficult due to the sessile nature of bacteria and the lack of meaningful correlation between bacteria counts and the bacterial activity.
The water injection system on 2/4K is considered to be a unique system since continuous disinfiction of the injected water by UV sterilization technique is used.
Experience gained from the use of the UV sterilization, the bactericidal treatment regime and a comparison between various monitoring techniques of the bacteria are discussed in this pacer.
A Comprehensive Study of Cementation and Fracture Porosity Relationships for Reservoir Characterization Pembina and Garrington Fields, Canada Examples
Authors: Rodriguez Argenis 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTBasic data for conventional clastic reservoir description and characterization is derived from producing intervals, in which porosity, permeability, pressure, and saturation parameters are evaluated. How fair these parameters represent a naturally fractured reservoir for characterization purposes is currently under discussion. It is believed that additional data is required for a proper reservoir description.In this study, variation of porosity with depth is evaluated in order to determine wheter quartz cementation in fine-grained sandstone, from Pembina and Garrington fields, is likely to occur primarily near the rock's maximum depth of burial, and whether this cementation is likely to have taken place almost entirely prior to the earliest stages of fracture porosity development in the rock and to subsequent filling of those fractures by quartz. Results obtained suggest that authigenic sillca overgrowth is the primary mechanism responsible for cementation of these rocks; this silica overgrowth increases with depth and the bulk of cementation occurs prior to whatever fracturing has tuken place.The significance of these findings to characterization of naturally fractured reservoirs and to all applications involving fluidflow in the subsurface lies in the realization that those rocks which undergo the greatest degree of cementation at depth are likely to be most prone to fracturing and most able to support a network of open fractures during the cause of uplift and erosional unloading or during any lateral release of pressure that might occur as an accompaniment to gravity tectonics.This realization can direct petroleum explorationists to search for rock units that could form fractured reservoirs in a basin.
Drill Stem Testing with Jet Pump
Authors: Dollar F. O. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
While DST is not new to the oil industry, some of the methods of augmenting flow are changing. One of the more recent changes to be accepted is the use of the Jet Pump to improve producing capabilities and make DST more meaningful and more accurate.
The Jet Pump is a form of artificial lift being used when the well does not have sufficient bottomhole pressure to flow adequate volumes to the surface to evaluate the reservoir being tested.
By running a sliding sleeve above normal DST tools, the Jet can be inserted into the sleeve where it locates, seals, and is locked in place by wireline.
The use of mud pumps with water provides the power source to operate the downhole Jet Pump. The Jet Pump has the capability of producing volumes of less than 100 barrels per day (16 cubic meters) to several thousand barrels per day.
Since the equipment required (in conjunction with normal DST tools) is minimal, the use of the Jet Pump becomes very attractive, both operational and cost wise. The Jet Pump can handle GLR up to 1,000:1, abrasive fluids, corrosive fluids, low and high volumes.
Horizontal Well Workover Experience
Authors: González Orlando Rafael , Sequera Edgar Jesus , Acevedo Nerio Enrique , Arrue Gino Franco 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In recent years, horizontal operations involving drilling and well completion techniques in the oil and gas industry have increased considerably, and the main reasons for this are economic feasibility and good production results. Focusing primarily on the drilling and completion techniques, very little attention has been placed on the workover aspects; therefore, this paper has been written in an attempt to describe the workover experience gained from well TJ-1095, drilled in Lake Maracaibo by Lagoven, S.A., a subsidiary of Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA).
3-RJS-298 - The First Lay-Away Guidelineless Completion Offshore Brazil
Authors: Moreira José Roberto Ferreira 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A Brazilian made lay-away Wet Christmas Tree was installed guidelineless at 387m water depth, on the well 3-RJS-298 in Marimbá field, Campos Basin.
Although not specifically designed for guidelineless work, the tree was successfully installed by the dynamically positioned (DP) drill ship Pacnorse I.
The lay-vessel Flexservice I was used to accomplish this unprecedented lay-away operation, involving two DP units.
This completion proved the viability of the lay-away technique for very deep waters, where DP units will be extensively used in the development of the two giant Marlim and Albacora fields.
Reusable Permanent Guide Base for Guideline System and Bending Troubles in Wellhead System
Authors: Rebeschini Edson José , Ogura Jayme Hirotugu 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the technical and operational feature required by PETROBRAS for PGB used in guideline wellhead system. It emphasizes the following aspects:
– The PGB recovery and reusable system; – The guide post recovery and replacement system using running tools or ROV; – The PGB and guide post handling tools„
It's also presented the bending troubles that has occurred in PGB, guide posts and wellhead system since 1981 as well as the solutions adopted to solve these operational problems.
How to Calculate the Mechanical Characteristics of your Casing
Authors: Neto Alexandre Quadrado , Siqueira Luiz Gustavo Primo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents procedures for calculating collapse pressure, internal pressure resistance, and pipe body yield pressure resistance, and pipe body yield strength for casings, based on APE BUL 5C3, which is applicable to API pipes. Methods for calculating the non-API large diameter casings used by Petrobras are also presented.

Introduction
The main forces acting inside a casing are: collapse pressure, internal pressure, and axial stress. Understanding the resistance of pipes to such stresses is extremely important pipes to such stresses is extremely important and directly affects safety and cost factors in the case of casings designed for oil wells.
There are several ways to ascertain resistance, be it by direct reference to the tables found in most handbooks, be it by means of calculations based on theoretical and empirical formulas and equations. This paper shows how resistance can be calculated using API BUL 5C3. It also comments on the adaptations needed to calculate the resistance of the large-diameter casings used by Petrobras. Petrobras. The tables shown in Appendix B contain all information needed to calculate the mechanical characteristics of API casings. For more details on couplings and a better visualization of the variables, see API standard 5B - Specifications for Threading, Gaging and Thread Inspection of Casing, Tubing and Line Pipe Threads.
API CASINGS (AP BUL 5C3)

COLLAPSE PRESSURE
API BUL 5C3 defines four types of collapses that may occur in a casing and that vary as a function of the geometry of the pipe (nominal diameter/thickness, D/t and the grade of the steel used in its manufacture.
Tables 1.1.1.1, 1.1.2.1, 1.1.3.1, and 1.1.4.1 of API BUL 5C3 show the D/t ranges where each type of collapse occurs.
Collapse pressure is calculated using the values for D and t specified in the tables, rounding D/t to two decimal places and minimum collapse pressure to the nearest 10 psi.
Appendix A shows the derivation of the formulas used in calculating collapse pressure. pressure. YIELD STRENGTH COLLAPSE: Refers to the external pressure capable of generating yield stress on the inside wall of the pipe that corresponds to the minimum yield strength of the steel (Yp). This type of collapse occurs at lower values of D/t and can be calculated using formula 1.
The value (D/t)Yp, calculated using formula 2, represents the upper limit of D/t values to which the yield strength collapse formula is applicable (see fig. 1)
.....(1)
.....(2)
The Evolution of Deepwater Drilling in Brazil
Authors: Oddone da Costa Décio Fabrício , Rodrigues Renato Sanches , Negrão Álvaro Felippe 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the beginning of the last decade PETROBRÁS identified, in the Campos Basin, some promising prospects under deepwater.
At that time, deepwater drilling was a new activity and there were few drilling units capable of operating in great water depths. The daily rates were expensive and no deepwater drilling program had been developed anywhere around the world.
Basically, the techniques and equipments employed were adaptations of the routinely used in shallow waters, in totally different conditions.
With the redution in deepwater vessel's daily rates and better analyses of the deepwater prospects, PETROBRÁS started its deepwater exploratory drilling program contracting the drillship PELERIN in 1984.
Since then, after confirming that the know-how at disposal was not adequate to deepwater application, the Company has started a process to develop its own technology.
This process, besides providing techniques and equipments which permitted efficient, economical and safe deepwater drilling operations, resulted in the spread of a new culture all over the Company.
Inovative equipments, as the template-manifold OCTOS-1000, the Guidelineless Christmas Tree, the 30" remote conector for jack-up rigs and the BUP-Single Guide Base were developed and procedures employed in all the drilling and completion activities have been modified.