bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of air and road‐surface temperature variations during clear windy nights
Authors: Gustavsson Torbjörn 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper, temperature recordings from mobile measurement and field stations in the Swedish Road Weather Information System were analysed to determine the variation in temperatures during clear nights with varying mean night‐time wind speeds. It was found that the differences in air temperatures could amount to as much as 10°C owing to local variations in wind shelter. The largest variations occur during nights with a mean wind speed of 1 to 1·5 m s−1, as this wind is strong enough to prevent stabilization of the surface‐cooled air at wind‐exposed locations, whereas such a stabilization can occur at wind‐sheltered locations.There is normally a close relation between areas with low air and road‐surface temperatures. However, the effect of the air temperature variations on the road surface temperature is found to be reduced as a result of the obstruction of the longwave cooling caused by the wind shelters. The cooling rate especially has been found to differ between stations with varying sky view factors. The paper further includes a discussion of the factors that must be taken into account for the calculation and forecasting of air and road‐surface temperatures in areas where wind shelters have a pronounced effect on temperature variations.
Global distribution of surface shortwave fluxes derived from satellite data for the world climate research programme
Authors: Dipasquale R. C. , Whitlock C. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe World Climate Research Programme has established the Surface Radiation Budget Climatology Project with the ultimate goal of providing, for the scientific community, a long‐term (10 years) data set of the global surface radiation budget. This report describes the first global product produced and archived as part of that effort. It reviews product content and accuracy, and highlights sample data from several regions around the globe. Interested users can obtain global data sets, at no cost, from the Langley Distributed Active Archive Center.
Classification of tropical rainfall stations: A comparison of clustering techniques
Authors: Jackson I. J. , Weinand H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFollowing an earlier paper, which classified tropical rainfall stations using 34 variables and a single clustering approach, this paper compares the results with those utilizing three other methods. A variety of measures were used to assess ‘performance’ of the methods. Three of the methods (Ward, Average Linkage, and Lance‐Williams) produced very similar results, and even the other one (Centroid) showed a reasonably similar pattern. The similarity in results from the different methods suggests that the station groups obtained are meaningful. However, minor differences are worthy of consideration when climatological interpretation is undertaken at a later stage of the project.
Interannual variability of deep convection over the tropical South American sector as deduced from ISCCP C2 data
Authors: Marengo José A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe interannual variability of deep convection over the South American sector and regional hydrometeorological anomalies are studied using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) data for 1984–1988. Satellite‐derived convection anomalies are compared with regional rainfall and river runoff anomalies.At the height of the austral summer, the deep convective clouds (DCC) and ISCCP depict the centres of intense convection over central Amazonia and the mouth of the River Amazon, as well as the enhanced convection over north‐east Brazil, which is related to the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Positive/negative regional hydrometeorological anomalies are consistent with positive/negative anomalies in the deep convection over northern Amazonia, the mouth of the River Amazon and north north‐east Brazil, whereas this is not always true over southern Amazonia and southern Brazil. Over north‐east Brazil and the mouth of the River Amazon, abundant rainfall and large DCC are both in agreement with variations in the latitudinal position and intensity of the Atlantic ITCZ, which extends between 4°N and 5°S along the Atlantic coast, where the precipitation maximum is found. The related rainfall anomalies over Amazonia and north‐east Brazil during years with anomalously warm or cool surface waters in the central equatorial Pacific (e.g. the El Niño event in 1987), are consistent with the convection anomalies as depicted by the ISCCP deep convective clouds. For the Amazon Basin and north‐east Brazil, DCC based on 2.5°×2.5° horizontal resolution explained about 50 per cent of the variance of rainfall at individual surface stations.A new finding is the enhanced convective activity located at the east side of the central Andes and over central Amazonia around 5°S, with a region of reduced convection in between. These two subcentres are oriented west‐east and are part of the summertime semi‐permanent centre of convection over the Amazon Basin, and have not been identified previously from the analysis of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) or highly reflective clouds. These subcentres of large DCC exhibit interannual variations in intensity and location, where the centre located near the east flank of the Andes shows a wider range of latitudinal variations than that located over central Amazonia. South of this area convection and rainfall decreases rapidly.
Simulation of rain events from rain‐gauge measurements
Authors: Cosgrove Claire M. , Garstang Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPoint rainfall as measured by a rain‐gauge is examined in terms of a space and time dependent rain event. The rain event is determined such that the total number of rain events in any one year account for at least 80 per cent of the annual area rainfall. The remaining fraction of annual rainfall is considered to be rainfall due to isolated unorganized rain systems. A 1‐year record from 19 digital rain‐gauge recorders over a 600 km2 area in the vicinity of the Kennedy Space Flight Center is used. Each tipping bucket rain‐gauge has a resolution of 1 minute 0.25 mm.Rain rates, duration, areas and frequency of occurrence are presented for nearly 200 rain events identified in a single year. Strong seasonal signals are seen particularly in extreme rain events, which produce more than 90 mm of rain per event, account for 60 per cent of the total network rainfall but occur less than 22 per cent of the time. A simulation of the detection of the extreme rainfall events by a remote sensing system such as TRMM suggests that the satellite will see only 10 per cent of the rainfall due to extreme rain events. The results illustrate the difficulties of sampling convective rainfall, especially over a continental tropical area such as Florida, by an orbiting platform.
The energy balance of snow and partially snow covered areas in western Greenland
Authors: Harding R. J. , Johnson R. C. , Soegaard H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSurface meteorology and flux data are presented from five sites in a transect crossing a 100‐km‐wide coastal region of west Greenland. The sites cover a variety of Arctic types: snow covered, bog and arid. The measurements show a comparatively small variation of the driving variables: solar radiation, wind and humidity, but a large variation in the net radiation and surface fluxes. The net radiation is much reduced in the snow covered areas because of the high albedo, ameliorated to some extent by a reduced longwave emission. The turbulent fluxes are also small over the snow covered areas, an effect of the smooth surface and low surface temperature. The sensible heat flux at these sites is downward. The evaporation fluxes in the snow‐free areas are strongly affected by the availability of soil‐water, thus in the arid, eastern site the evaporation is small. Simple flux‐gradient equations appear to be able to describe the surface fluxes adequately, especially considering the comparatively large error in these types of data. The relevance of these data to the parameterization of Arctic surfaces in global models is discussed.
Hierarchical clustering of atmospheric soundings
Authors: Živkovíć Marina 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis is a procedural paper that compares six commonly used hierarchical clustering techniques applied to atmospheric soundings. The following techniques are compared: single‐, complete‐, and two average‐linkage techniques, the Ward's technique, and one centroid type technique. Vertical profiling of the atmosphere is based on common soundings sampled on synoptic scales over the Northern Hemisphere. At each analysis point, the atmospheric profile is represented by an ‘atmospheric state vector’ consisting of surface pressure, total column (precipitable) water, and temperature, wind and relative humidity values at 12 discrete vertical levels.An evaluation of the techniques is performed by comparing the mean state vectors of final clusters. Four techniques produce comparable results, with the largest differences between the techniques appearing for the surface pressure component of the cluster state vector. Also, large differences are found in the temperature and wind vector components at the 850 hPa pressure level, and the smallest differences are found for the relative humidity components. The results support findings of studies on airmass typing on local or regional scales: the average‐linkage method based on group average provides the most distinct and homogeneous clusters.
Harmonic analysis of the seasonal cycle in temperature over the Biokovo area (Croatia)
Authors: Cvitan Lidija 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHarmonic analysis has been used to investigate the seasonal cycle in thermal regime at five locations over the Mount Biokovo region (Croatia): Makarska, Opuzen, Šestanovac, Imotski, and Vrgorac. The monthly averages of temperature as well as monthly means of minimum and maximum temperatures from 1961 to 1980 have been subjected to analysis. Decomposition of the harmonic analysis of temperature into three temperature types enabled, besides the conventional physical explanations of the annual harmonic oscillations, explanation in terms of shorter period harmonic oscillations. These results should be particularly important for botanical investigations.
Delineation of Uganda into climatological rainfall zones using the method of principal component analysis
Authors: Basalirwa C. P. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper attempts to delineate Uganda into climatological rainfall zones using the method of principal component analysis (PCA). Monthly rainfall records from 102 Uganda rain‐gauge stations for the years 1940–1975 inclusive are used in the study. The rotated dominant PCA modes were used to delineate the temporal rainfall characteristics into homogeneous spatial regions. Statistical and other methods were then used to determine the physical reality of the spatial patterns of the delineated zones of the rainfall network in describing the climatological rainfall patterns of Uganda.The PCA varimax rotated solutions showed that for the climatological data a maximum of four PCA modes, accounting for about 65 per cent of annual rainfall variance, were significant. However, a maximum of 16 PCA modes, accounting for over 81 per cent of the rainfall variance were obtained with the seasonal/monthly records. The PCA regional patterns delineated Uganda into 14 homogeneous climatological zones, which were also indicated by the spatial patterns of the physical features of Uganda and other tests. The derived rainfall zones would be useful in the planning and management of rainfall dependent activities in the country.
Surface temperature trends and variations in New Zealand and the surrounding ocean, 1871–1993
Authors: Folland Chris K. , Salinger M. Jim 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe compare homogenized series of maximum, minimum, and mean air temperature averaged over New Zealand, measured between 1871 and 1993, with rigorously quality controlled marine temperature data measured over the surrounding ocean surface. The marine data are those of sea‐surface temperature (SST) and air temperature measured at night (NMAT) on board ship, both corrected for time‐varying instrumental biases. There is mostly very good agreement between the variations in the three data sets on time‐scales down to a season. Some disagreements are related to short periods of sparsely observed marine data, particularly during the World Wars. Differences also exist between trends in the maximum and minimum New Zealand temperatures (NZT), particularly in winter. In addition, interannual variations in winter NZT tend not to track those of nearby marine temperatures quite as well as happens in other seasons.Although it is not the main purpose of the paper to discuss the causes of NZT change, New Zealand temperature is known to be influenced by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena. Tropical East Pacific SST variations are strongly related to ENSO and so are well correlated with NZT on time‐scales of a few years to near a decade. We discuss these relationships, and also associations with Southern Hemisphere SST.We conclude that annual NZT and NMAT over the nearby ocean surface have both warmed by about 0.7°C since the beginning of the century, with a slightly smaller increase in SST. This confirms previous work on the magnitude of the warming of New Zealand climate this century. Warming in NMAT and NZT in each season varies in a similar way, with consistently slightly smaller increases in SST. We also conclude that the UK Meteorological Office seasonal historical marine temperature data set appears to be generally of very good quality in the New Zealand region.
A series of global radiation at Wageningen for 1928–1992
Authors: De Bruin H. A. R. , van den Hurk B. J. J. M. , Welgraven D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA series of daily total incoming radiation measured at Wageningen, The Netherlands, for the period 1928–1992 is described. These data are presented as relative global radiation (Kr), which is defined as the global radiation divided by the corresponding extraterrestrial value. Both the year‐to‐year variation and the mean annual cycles of Kr averaged over a year, season, month, decade (10 days), and a day are considered. Also, frequency distributions are evaluated. It is found that the maximum of Kr does not occur in June, when the solar elevation is highest, but in May. This is due partly to the west European monsoon, causing a decline of Kr in the last decade of June and second decade of July. Also, it is found that ‘sunny’ weather (Kr relatively large) appears to be significantly persistent in May especially. The persistence of ‘cloudy weather’ (Kr relatively small) is less pronounced.
Studies on the monthly variation of the static stability parameter using harmonic analysis
Authors: Kumar P. Pradeep , Salvekar P. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing the monthly mean values of temperature for different pressure levels from 1000 to 1 hPa at every 5° latitude the static stability parameter has been determined. The technique of harmonic analysis has then been used to study the seasonal variation of global temperature and the static stability parameter.
Variability of summer rainfall over Madagascar: Climatic determinants at interannual scales
Authors: Jury Mark R. , Parker B. A. , Raholijao Niri , Nassor Abdallah 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVariability of convective rainfall in the austral summer season over central Madagascar is studied using an area‐rainfall index, local radiosonde data, and gridded information on outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), sea‐surface temperature, and tropospheric winds. Seasonal rainfall patterns are influenced by topography, monsoon and trade wind circulations, and tropical cyclone events. The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone overlies the north‐west coast, where summer rainfall averages 47 cm month−1. Climatic conditions that affect convective rainfall at interannual time‐scales are studied through spatial lag correlation analysis. Sea‐surface temperature is weakly correlated with rainfall departures, with positive values in the central Indian Ocean reaching +0.41 at lags −4 and 0 months. Strongest positive correlations (+0.45) gradually shift to the central South Atlantic Ocean at lag 0 and +2 months. Wind correlations imply that increased upper level tropical easterly flow overlying enhanced low‐level north‐west monsoon flow favours above normal rainfall. Regional teleconnection patterns identified by rainfall‐OLR correlations are remarkably similar to those for Quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO)‐OLR correlations, suggesting that up to one‐third of the interannual convective variance can be explained by the phase of the QBO.
Onshore flow in an urban area: Microclimatic effects
Authors: Tuller Stanton E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAfternoon field observations contrasting waterfront and inland environmental conditions during summer, onshore flows from a cool water surface were conducted in residential areas of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The waterfront, under the direct influence of the onshore flow, had lower air temperature, vapour pressure, sky and ground radiant temperatures and a higher wind speed than did inland sites. Areas under the influence of the onshore flow would have a cooler environment for people and plants, lower interior building temperatures, and less evaporation demand.
Die Ermittlung der Porengrößenverteilung aus der Körnung, dem Gehalt an organischer Substanz und der Lagerungsdichte
Authors: Renger M. 
Published: February 2007

The estimation of pore size distribution from texture, organic matter content and bulk densityUsing regression analysis the dependence of the pore size distribution of soils on the compactness and percentage of organic matter, clay and silt was studied on 450 soil horizons. From the results nomograms for determination of the pore size distribution were constructed.The average deviation between pore size distribution as read from the nomograms compared and determined in the laboratory is ∼ ± 3 Vol.‐%.
Die Messung der Katalaseaktivität von Böden
Authors: Beck Th. 
Published: February 2007

The determination of Catalase Activity in Soils by Dr. Beck1. The elaboration of a method for the determination of the activity of catalase in soils is described. The method envolves the gasvolumetric determination of oxygen released by decomposition of a H2O2‐solution by soils, suspended in buffers in the presence and absence of the catalase inhibitor NaN3.2. The influences of the following factors on catalase activity were studied: Methods for the determination of developed oxygen, enzyme‐ and substrate concentration, inhibition of catalase by NaN3, pH‐ and temperature‐optima of catalase and the presence of plant residues in soils.3. It was found, that there was only a little decrease in catalase activity when fresh or dried samples of soils were stored over a periode of 4 months under laboratory conditions. The catalase activity of different soils showed very good correspondence to the dehydrogenase activity of the soils and less correspondence to the amount of soil respiration and the amylase activity. No relation could be found to the number of microorganisms in soil.
Der Einfluß der Primärlößmelioration auf die K‐Fixierung, weitere chemische Eigenschaften und den Ertrag von Parabraunerden
Authors: Aeppli H. , Harrach T. 
Published: February 2007

The Influence of the Primary Loess Amelioration on the K Fixation, other Chemical Characteristics and the Yield of ParabraunerdenThe pH‐values, carbonate content and the Ca‐saturation of the top soil increase by adding calcareous loess to a loessial soil, whereas the H + Al‐saturation decreases. During a two years experiment no change occured on the subsoil.It seems that there is no increased decomposition of organic substance, the decrease of the C‐content corresponds with the dilution which took place. In the Ap ‐horizon the calcareous loess causes a decrease of exchangeable K, whereas K‐fixation increases considerably.On a soil poorly supplied with nutrients the primary loess amelioration caused a yield decrease on account of the dilution and the additional fixation of K available for plants. On a well supplied soil a yield increase could be stated which probably can still be increases by fertilizing with additional K.
Ertragsabhängigkeit des Spinats und einiger seiner wertbestimmenden Bestandteile von der Düngung
Authors: Hulewicz D. , Mokrzecka E. 
Published: February 2007

The Dependence of the Yield of Spinach and of Some of its Constituents on Fertilisation1. The increase in the spinach crop, caused by nitrogen was conditioned by the simultaneous application of potassium.2. The increased growth of the spinach crop induced by increasing magnesium application did not decrease in spite of rising potassium applications.3. The spinach crop height depended on the reciprocal of the Ca/Mg relation. Any displacement of the relation towards calcium caused an increase in the crop only with low levels of magnesium. Displacement towards magnesium gave the largest crop.4. Doubling of the calcium application showed no Ca++ and K+ antagonism which affected the crop.5. The increase of the ascorbic acid and carotene content caused by manganese and boron attained the highest value with a double application of these elements.6. Increasing nitrogen application caused a rise in nitrate content. A threefold application of boron reduced this by 50%.
Einfluß von Chlorcholinchlorid (CCC) auf den Gibberellingehalt (GA3) von Getreidepflanzen
Authors: Sadeghian E. 
Published: February 2007

Influence of CCC on the content of gibberellic acid in cerealsIn green cereal plants from pot and seedling experiments the effect of CCC‐treatment upon the plants' contents of gibberellic acid (GA3) respectively upon gibberellic acid synthesis was examined. Methanol extracts were extracted at pH 2.6–2.8 with ethyl acetate and with n‐butanol. Gibberellic acid was identified and isolated from both extracts by thin‐layer chromatography. Its biological activity was examined by means of the dwarf pea test (kleine Rheinländerin). The results may be summarized as follows:
CCC treatment decreased the content of gibberellic acid in all cereals tested. Together with the decrease of stalk length the gibberellic acid contents diminished.
Treatment of cereals with authentic gibberellic acid (GA3) increased stalk length even after CCC‐treatment. Thus the physiological effect of added gibberellic acid was not influenced by CCC. Cancelling of CCC effects by treatment with gibberellic acid suggests, that between both compounds does not exist a competitive inhibition.
CCC‐treatment decreased the content of gibberellic acid (GA3) in all experiments, however the gibberellic acid synthesis was probably not completely stopped under the conditions of this experiment (50 to 150 mg CCC per pot).
Gibberellic acid (GA3) was rarely found in n‐butanol extracts but mainly in ethyl acetate extracts.
Die Speicherung von 3,4‐Benzfluoranthen in Sommerweizen und Sommerroggen
Authors: Wagner K.‐H. , Siddiqi I. 
Published: February 2007

The storage of 3,4‐Benzfluoranthen in summer wheat and summer ryeAn increase of concentration of benz [e] acephenanthrylene in the soil, raises the content in summer wheat and rye. Speculation as to a possible biosynthesis of this compound cannot be agreed too.