bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possible effects of electric blankets and heated waterbeds on fetal development
Authors: Wertheimer Nancy , Leeper Ed 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeasonal patterns were seen in fetal growth and in abortion rate for families using electrically heated beds. These patterns could be attributed to the seasonal use of heated beds. The fact that such seasonal patterns were seen only in users, and not in nonusers, of electrically heated beds suggests that electrical bed heating may have a direct effect on fetal development. The effect could be due to excessive heat or to electromagnetic field exposure.
Behavioral and physiological effects of chronic 2,450‐MHz microwave irradiation of the rat at 0.5 mW/cm2
Authors: D'Andrea John A. , DeWitt John R. , Gandhi Om P. , Stensaas Suzanne , Lords James L. , Nielson Harold C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAdult male Long‐Evans rats were intermittently exposed to 2450 MHz CW microwaves at an average power density of 0.5 mW/cm2 for 90 days. The resulting SAR was 0.14 W/kg (range 0.11 to 0.18 W/kg). The animals were exposed 7 h/day, 7 days/wk, for a total of 630 h in a monopole‐above‐ground radiation chamber while housed in Plexiglas holding cages. Daily measures of body mass and food and water intake indicated no statistically significant effects of microwave exposure. Monthly assessment of reactivity to electric footshock, levels of cholinesterase and sulfhydryl groups in blood, and 17‐ketosteroids in urine revealed no reliable differences between 14 sham‐exposed and 14 microwave‐exposed rats. After the 90 days of exposure, seven rats, randomly chosen from each group, were assessed for open‐field behavior, shuttlebox performance, and schedule‐controlled (IRT schedule) lever pressing for food pellets. Statistically significant differences between microwave‐exposed and sham‐exposed rats were observed in shuttlebox performances and lever pressing. Post mortem measures of mass of several organs and microscopic examination of adrenal tissue revealed no differences between the two groups of animals.
Dielectric properties of lens tissue at microwave frequencies
Authors: Steel M. C. , Sheppard R. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relative permittivity and conductivity of rabbit eye lens were measured in the frequency domain between 2 and 18 GHz at temperatures of 37 and 20°C. An analysis of the data suggested that a significant proportion of the bulk water in nuclear and cortical lens tissue may behave differently to pure water. In addition, the Maxwell‐Fricke mixture theory was used to estimate the amount of hydrated water that relaxes far below 1 GHz.
50‐Hz electromagnetic environment and the incidence of childhood tumors in Stockholm county
Authors: Tomenius Lennart 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe magnetic fields from overhead power lines and other electromagnetic sources were determined at the birth and diagnosis dwellings of all tumor cases reported in the county of Stockholm during the years 1958–73 for individuals 0–18 years of age. The study was limited to 716 cases having a permanent address in the county both at time of birth and diagnosis. An equivalent number of controls was matched to the cases according to church district of birth, age, and sex. Outside each dwelling, the occurrence of visible electrical constructions (6‐200‐kV high‐voltage wires, substations, transformers, electric railroads, and subways) within 150 m of the dwelling was noted. Also, the 50‐Hz magnetic field was measured outside the main entrance of the dwelling. Visible 200‐kv wires were noted at 45 of 2,098 dwellings and were found twice as frequently among cases as among controls (P < .05). The magnetic field measured at the dwelling varied between 0.0004 to 1.9 μT (mean value 0.069 μT). The magnetic field was higher (0.22 μT) at dwellings with visible 200‐kV wires than at those without such wires. Magnetic fields of 0.3 μT or more were measured at 48 dwellings, and were found twice as frequently among cases as among controls (P < .05). The difference was most pronounced for dwellings of nervous system tumors and was less for leukemias.
Low‐intensity magnetic fields alter operant behavior in rats
Authors: Thomas John R. , Schrot John , Liboff Abraham R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present study demonstrates that operant behavior is affected by a combination of a 60‐Hz magnetic field and a magnetostatic field 2.6 × 10−5T (about half the geomagnetic field). Rats exposed to this combination for 30 min consistently exhibited changes in the rate and pattern of responding during the differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) component of a multiple fixed ratio (FR) DRL reinforcement schedule. By contrast, there were no measurable changes following exposure to the static field alone or to the oscillating field alone, even with a 10‐fold increase in intensity (5 × 10−5 to 5 × 10−4 Trms). A cyclotron resonance mechanism has been suggested as a possible explanation for the observation that weak static magnetic fields modify the response of in vitro brain tissue to low‐frequency magnetic fields. The choice of static field intensity Bo and frequency v in the present study follows from the cyclotron resonance condition v = (1/2π)(q/m)Bo, for singly charged lithium, an element in extensive use in the clinical treatment of affective disorders in humans. The present research is consistent with a cellular cyclotron resonance mechanism and tends to imply a functional dependence of behavior on the geomagnetic field.
Space charge drift from a +/− 400‐kV direct current transmission line
Authors: Hendrickson Riley C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Minnesota Environmental Quality Board completed a 3‐year study of the space charge plume outside the right of way of a bipolar ( +/− 400 kV) direct current transmission line in rural west central Minnesota. The purpose of the study was to determine the levels of DC potential gradient and small air ions in the downwind plume to which humans and animals may be exposed. Potential gradient measurements show that a space charge plume is detectable downwind at least 1600 m from the transmission line. Plume relaxation rates indicate that under certain conditions one could detect the plume at twice that distance or more. Net charge in the plume assumes the polarity of the downwind energized transmission line conductor. The bipolar DC line thus electrically bisects the land through which it passes; on one side of the line there is a net positive space charge, on the other side a net negative space charge. Electric charge in the plume resides on aerosols and small air ions. Polar conductivity data substantiate the fact that small air ions of one polarity in the plume are elevated while those of opposite polarity are suppressed compared to background concentrations found in the rural environment. The resulting charge imbalance persists downwind at least 1600 m, though the median small air ion concentrations of plume polarity have adjusted to within the background range by that time with perpendicular wind speed components between 1 and 6 m/sec.
Reproduction of Japanese quail after microwave irradiation (2.45 GHz CW) during embryogeny
Authors: Gildersleeve R. P. , Galvin M. J. , McRee D. I. , Thaxton J. P. , Parkhurst C. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractJapanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos were irradiated continuously in ovo with 2.45‐GHz continuous wave radiation during the first 12 days of embryogenesis at an incident power of 5 mW/cm2 and a specific absorption rate of 4.03 mW/g. The internal temperature of irradiated and nonirradiated (sham) eggs was 37.5 ± 0.3 °C, which is the optimum temperature for incubating quail eggs. At 35 days after hatching irradiated and sham‐irradiated males were paired with irradiated or sham‐irradiated females and daily records of reproductive performance were collected through 224 days of age. Progeny were hatched from each of the male‐female pairs, and progeny reproductive performance was measured from 35 through 168 days of age. Hatchability was not affected by irradiation during embryogeny. Mortality after hatching, egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability of eggs produced, and reproductive performance of the progeny were not affected by irradiation during embryogeny. These observations indicate that irradiation of quail embryos with low‐level microwave radiation does not affect the reproductive capacity of the hatchlings or of progeny produced from quail irradiated during incubation.
Effects of 60‐Hz electric fields on cellular elongation and radial expansion growth in cucurbit roots
Authors: Brayman Andrew A. , Miller Morton W. , Cox Christopher 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerial longitudinal and transverse sections were prepared from roots of Cucumis sativus and Cucurbita maxima that had been exposed/sham‐exposed to 60‐Hz electric fields for 0–2 days. Field exposures were selected to produce a 10–20% or a 70–80% growth inhibition in whole roots of both species. Cortical cell length and diameter were measured using a microscope and eyepiece micrometer; measurements were conducted “blind”. In both species, inhibition of cellular elongation was associated with exposure to electric fields (EF). Cellular radial expansion was apparently unaffected by exposure to electric fields. The diameters of radially unexpanded or fully expanded C. sativus cortical cells were about 25–30% smaller than those of comparable cells in C. maxima roots. Previous studies of the relationship between rates of root growth and applied EF strength showed that the response thresholds of C. sativus and C. maxima differed by a similar relative amount. These results are consistent with the postulate that EF‐induced effects in roots are elicited by induced transmembrane potentials.
Effect of relative humidity on the movement of rat vibrissae in a 60‐Hz electric field
Authors: Weigel R. J. , Lundstrom D. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe snouts of rats were placed in a 60‐Hz electric field at an unperturbed field strength of 50 kV/m. A count of the number of vibrissae that moved in the field was made on a series of rats over a number of days where the laboratory humidity varied from 25% to 48%. The number observed to vibrate fell from nine to zero or one at relative humidities between 25% and 39%, respectively.
Effects of low‐amplitude pulsed magnetic fields on cellular ion transport
Authors: Farndale R. W. , Maroudas A. , Marsland T. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) are widely used to treat difficult fractures of bone and other disorders of connective tissue. It is not clear how they interact with tissue metabolism, although it has been proposed that induced currents or electric fields impinging on cell membranes may modify their ion transport function. This hypothesis was tested by treating in vitro models for ion transport processes with short‐term exposure to PMFs. No change occurred in active transport of potassium or calcium in human red cells or in calcium transport through an epithelial membrane. We considered less direct action on red cell membranes, that their permeability might be modified after PMF treatment, and also that PMFs might alter the extracellular ionic activity within connective tissue by interacting with its Donnan potential. Each of these studies proved negative, and we conclude that the PMF waveforms used here do not exert a general short‐term effect on cellular ion transport.
Temperature‐specific inhibition of human red cell Na+/K+ ATPase by 2,450‐MHz microwave radiation
Authors: Allis John W. , Sinha‐Robinson Barbara L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe ATPase activity in human red blood cell membranes was investigated in vitro as a function of temperature and exposure to 2,450‐MHz continuous wave microwave radiation to confirm and extend a report of Na+ transport inhibition under certain conditions of temperature and exposure. Assays were conducted spectrophotometrically during microwave exposure with a custom‐made spectrophotometer‐waveguide apparatus. Temperature profiles of total ATPase and Ca+2 ATPase (ouabain‐inhibited) activity between 17 and 31 °C were graphed as an Arrhenius plot. Each data set was fitted to two straight lines which intersect between 23 and 24 °C. The difference between the total and Ca+2 ATPase activities, which represented the Na+/K+ ATPase activity, was also plotted and treated similarly to yield an intersection near 25 °C. Exposure of membrane suspensions to electromagnetic radiation, at a dose rate of 6 W/kg and at five temperatures between 23 and 27 °C, resulted in an activity change only for the Na+/K+ ATPase at 25 °C. The activity decreased by approximately 35% compared to sham‐irradiated samples. A possible explanation for the unusual temperature/microwave interaction is proposed.
Calcium cyclotron resonance and diatom mobility
Authors: Smith Stephen D. , McLeod Bruce R. , Liboff Abraham R. , Cooksey Keith 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe hypothesis that movement of biological ions may be predicted by cyclotron resonance theory applied to cell membranes is tested in these experiments. Diatoms (Amphora coffeaeformis) were chosen as the biosystem since they move or don't move, depending on how much calcium is transported across the membrane. The experiments demonstrate that a particular ion (calcium) is apparently moved across the cell membrane in response to the DC and AC values of magnetic flux densities (B) and the frequency derived from the cyclotron resonance theory. A clear resonance is shown and a rather sharp frequency response curve is demonstrated. The experiments also show a dose response as the AC value of the flux density is varied, and that odd harmonics of the basic cyclotron frequency are also effective.
Detection of 60‐Hertz vertical electric fields by rats
Authors: Sagan Philip M. , Stell Mark E. , Bryan Guy K. , Adey W. Ross 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRats were trained to press levers to indicate the presence or absence of 60‐Hz vertical electric fields at intensities from 0 to 27 kV/m (rms). The probability of detecting the field increased as the strength of the field increased. The shape of the detection curve (psychometric function) for most subjects (Ss) was similar whether the discriminative stimulus was the electric field or a tone. Two protocols were used to estimate the minimum field intensity necessary to detect the field (Reiz Limen, RL). The RL was estimated to be 13.3 kV/m (rms) when using one protocol (the staircase method) and 7.9 kV/m (rms) when using another protocol (the method of constant stimuli).
Characteristics of transverse electric and magnetic field transmission cells at extremely low frequencies
Authors: Wood A. W. , Joines W. T. , Blackman C. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTransverse electric and magnetic field (TEM) cells are often designed to subject samples to electromagnetic radiation of intrinsic impedance (E/H) that is the same as in free space, 377 ω. Earlier work has shown this value to be correct for the RF region above about 2 kHz. In this study, measurements of magnetic fields in the extremely low frequency regions and at DC indicate the E/H ratio to be around 300 ω for frequencies less than 2 kHz in cells of a particular design. This lower value indicates that care should be taken in estimating AC magnetic field intensities from electric field measurements in TEM cells at frequencies below 2 kHz.
Kinetics of channelized membrane ions in magnetic fields
Authors: Liboff Abraham R. , McLeod B. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe cyclotron resonance model for channel ion transport in weak magnetic fields is extended to include damping losses. The conductivity tensor is obtained for different electric field configurations, including the circuital field EΦ normal to the channel axis. The conductivity behavior close to the cyclotron resonance frequency ωc is compared to existing Ca2+ ‐efflux data in the literature. A collision time of .023 s results from this comparison under the assumption that K+ ions are transiting in a 0.35 G field. We estimate a mean kinetic energy of 3.5 eV for this ion at resonance. This model leads to discrete modes of vibration (eigenfrequencies) in the ion‐lattice interaction, such that ωn = nωc. The presence of such harmonics is compatible with recent results by Blackman et al. [1985b] and McLeod et al. [1986] with the interesting exception that even modes do not appear in their observations, whereas the present model has no restriction on n. This harmonic formalism is also consistent with another reported phenomenon, that of quantized multiple conductances in single patch‐clamped channels.
Influence of 60‐hertz magnetic fields on leukemia
Authors: Thomson Roderick A. E. , Michaelson Sol M. , Nguyen Quang A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFemale DBA/2 mice at 8 weeks of age were implanted with P388 leukemia cells in groups of ten mice and exposed to a 60‐Hz 1.4‐μT, 200‐μT, or 500‐μT magnetic field 2‐3 hours after the implant for 6 hours daily, 5 days/week until all the exposed P388‐treated and nontreated mice died. Parallel exposed groups of non‐P388‐treated mice and P388‐treated mice exposed at 0 μT were included for study. No statistically significant differences (P > .05) in survival, spleen weight, or body weight resulted between P388‐treated or nontreated mice from exposure to the magnetic field. No effect on the incidence or progression of P388 leukemia was apparent.
Modulation of tendon fibroplasia by exogenous electric currents
Authors: Cleary Stephen F. , Liu Li‐Ming , Graham Ronald , Diegelmann Robert F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA chicken tendon explant model system has been developed to investigate the effects of extremely‐low‐frequency (ELF), low‐amplitude, unipolar, square wave pulsed electric fields on fibroplasia in vitro. An electric field parameter set consisting of 1‐Hz, 1‐ms duration pulses, with a time‐averaged current density of 7 mA/m2 (peak current density 7 A/m2) induced maximal (32%) increase in fibroblast proliferation in tendon explants exposed for 4 days. Exposure to the same field at an average current density of 1.8 mA/ m2 had no effect on fibroblast proliferation, whereas exposure to current densities on > 10 mA/m2 inhibited proliferation and relative collagen synthesis, without affecting noncollagen protein synthesis. Fibroplasia was significantly increased in explants oriented parallel to applied electric fields having current densities of 3.5 or 7 mA/m2, but there was no detectable effect on explants oriented perpendicular to the same electric field. Fibroblast proliferation and relative collagen synthesis were inversely proportional to donor age for chickens in the 3‐ to 16‐week age group used in this study. For these dependent variables (proliferation and relative collagen synthesis), there was no interaction between donor age and ELF electric field exposure.
Learning ability of young rats is unaffected by repeated exposure to a static electromagnetic field in early life
Authors: Hong Chang‐Zern , Huestis Peter , Thompson Robert , Yu Jen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractInfant albino rats were exposed to a static electromagnetic field of 0.0 Tesla (control) or 0.5 Tesla (experimental) for 14 postnatal days. Following a 1‐month rest period, the experimental (13 males and 10 females) and control (11 males and 14 females) rats were trained on four successive reversals of a position habit in a single‐unit enclosed T‐maze that was adapted for the use of escape‐avoidance of mild foot shock as a motive. There was no significant difference in learning ability between the experimental and control groups in terms of total (initial combined with repetitive) errors committed over the four reversal problems. While the females tended to make more errors than the males, this difference was likewise insignificant.
Exposure scheme separates effects of electric shock and electric field for honey bees, Apis mellifera L.
Authors: Bindokas Vytautas P. , Gauger James R. , Greenberg Bernard 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMechanisms to explain disturbance of honey bee colonies under a 765‐kV, 60‐Hz transmission line [electric (E) field = 7 kV/m] fall into two categories: direct bee perception of enhanced in‐hive E fields, and perception of shock from induced currents. The same adverse biological effects previously observed in honey bee colonies exposed under a 765‐kV transmission line can be reproduced by exposing worker bees to shock or E field within elongated hive entranceways (=tunnels). Exposure to intense E field caused disturbance only if bees were in contact with a conductive substrate. E‐field and shock exposure can be separated and precisely defined within tunnels, eliminating dosimetric vagaries that occur when entire hives are exposed to E field.
Mechanism of biological effects observed in honey bees (apis mellifera, L.) hived under extra‐high‐voltage transmission lines: Implications derived from bee exposure to simulated intense electric fields and shocks
Authors: Bindokas Vytautas P. , Gauger James R. , Greenberg Bernard 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis work explores mechanisms for disturbance of honey bee colonies under a 765 kV, 60‐Hz transmission line [electric (E) field = 7 kV/m] observed in previous studies. Proposed mechanisms fell into two categories: direct bee perception of enhanced in‐hive E fields and perception of shock from induced currents. The adverse biological effects could be reproduced in simulations where only the worker bees were exposed to shock or to E field in elongated hive entranceways (=tunnels). We now report the results of full‐scale experiments using the tunnel exposure scheme, which assesses the contribution of shock and intense E field to colony disturbance.
Exposure of worker bees (1,400 h) to 60‐Hz E fields including 100 kV/m under moisture‐free conditions within a nonconductive tunnel causes no deleterious affect on colony behavior. Exposure of bees in conductive (e.g., wet) tunnels produces bee disturbance, increased mortality, abnormal propolization, and possible impairment of colony growth. We propose that this substrate dependence of bee disturbance is the result of perception of shock from coupled body currents and enhanced current densities postulated to exist in the legs and thorax of bees on conductors.
Similarly, disturbance occurs when bees are exposed to step‐potential‐induced currents. At 275–350 nA single bees are disturbed; at 600 nA bees begin abnormal propolization behavior; and stinging occurs at 900 nA.
We conclude that biological effects seen in bee colonies under a transmission line are primarily the result of electric shock from induced hive currents. This evaluation is based on the limited effects of E‐field exposure in tunnels, the observed disturbance thresholds caused by shocks in tunnels, and the ability of hives exposed under a transmission line to source currents 100–1,000 times the shock thresholds.