bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coal carbonization in northeast England: investigating and cleaning-up an historical legacy
Authors: Forth R. A. , Beaumont D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The combustion of coal in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere produces a complex mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid components depending on the coal composition and the temperature of combustion. Large quantities of coke, attaining a peak production of some 30 x 10
6
t per annum in 1956, were produced, generally on large sites. Hundreds of small gas works existed throughout the British coalfields in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. Liquids such as tar, amoniacal liquors and crude benzol were produced. Spent oxides, containing cyanides (‘blue billy’), produced during the final stages of gas production were frequently dumped near the gas works on available land. Local authorities have, in some cases, been given the task of identifying the location of these long-abandoned and heavily contaminated sites to bring them into productive use either as residential, industrial or recreational sites. This paper discusses the investigation and treatment or disposal of the hazardous waste products. It recommends that engineers and planners discuss redevelopment plans and remedial measures for sites at an early stage and maintain close and continuing liaison throughout the site investigation and construction phases of redevelopment programmes.
Waste disposal in steep-sided quarries: geomembrane-based barrier systems
Authors: Jones D. R. V. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The use of geomembrane liners on landfill sites in the UK has been widespread since the mid-1980s. Various types and thicknesses exist although high-density polyethylene (HDPE) liners are the most widely used for basal and side lining. Planning authorities still regard the import of waste materials as one of the best means of restoring worked mineral voids. The waste disposal industry must therefore continue to develop old quarry sites in order to provide a reasonable land bank of refuse disposal sites for the community. The engineering of these sites has become increasingly more difficult as the requirements for lining have tightened due to the need to contain leachate and landfill gas. This paper discusses the use of geomembrane liners for landfill applications, with particular reference to steep sided-quarries.
Ground investigation and design for a landfill at Seater, Caithness
Authors: Croxford A. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper describes the site investigations and design considerations for a landfill development near Wick in Caithness, Scotland. The site is underlain by the Caithness Flagstone Series of the Middle Devonian with a thin cover of boulder clay and peaty topsoils. The location is on raised ground sloping gently to the north with poor natural drainage. The near-surface geology was investigated with a combination of ground-probing radar and trial pitting. Radar profiles from traverses across the site were correlated with the lithological information from the trial pits to provide an estimate of the thickness and nature of the superficial deposits. Groundwater and surface water conditions were investigated and a water balance calculated for design considerations. The final design allows for a 25-year landfilling facility operated on the containment principle. Perimeter, sub-level and internal drainage systems were incorporated in the design.
Stability considerations in landfill lining design
Authors: Dixon J. H. , Bentley S. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Modern landfills are generally designed with a composite base and side lining system consisting of a low-permeability mineral layer overlain by a geomembrane. Methods of installation, quality assurance procedures and chemical compatibility are well addressed in most contract specifications. However, fundamental stability considerations including the control of tensile strain are often overlooked in the design. These factors may be critical to the performance of the lining system. This paper examines designs using structural geogrids to avoid stability problems associated with the lining system.
Application of induced seismicity to radioactive waste management programmes
Authors: Young R. Paul 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Induced seismicity can make a unique contribution to our understanding of rock mass response due to excavation and thermal-induced loads, during the site characterization and performance monitoring of a nuclear waste repository. Field data, with supplementary laboratory studies, are presented to show how induced high-frequency acoustic emission/microseismicity (AE/MS) can be used as a tool for passive volumetric remote sensing of failure processes. Case studies are described using results
from experiments carried out at Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd's (AECL) Underground Research Laboratory (URL). This site has been operated for the last ten years to investigate the concept of safe disposal of nuclear waste fuel in a granitic rock mass at 420 m depth.
Storage of hazardous waste at shallow depths
Authors: Christiansson R. , Jernlås R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The possibilities of depositing environmentally hazardous waste in crystalline rock are evaluated for the special case where the waste is placed above the groundwater table. Layouts are proposed together with the siting process and costs. The environmental aspects are discussed for three types of waste. It is concluded that storage of hazardous waste could be done with good long time stability at many locations in Sweden. However, depending on the amount of dilution, some wastes might need
improvements.
Factors affecting the containment properties of natural clays
Authors: Arch Jonathan , Stevenson Emma , Maltman Alex 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Natural clays are often relied upon to provide containment for the safe disposal of wastes, either as an
in situ
material or as an engineered fill material. It is generally assumed that these materials will permanently exhibit a low permeability, and that they are isotropic and homogeneous. However, anisotropies and discontinuities are often present in clays, or may be induced by deformation which can occur during or after construction of waste disposal sites. Anisotropic fabrics may also be developed or enhanced within clays as they are compacted and consolidated. Many landfill sites are dynamic environments where deformation will occur both within the waste and in the material surrounding the waste. When clays deform, for example due to slope instability or differential settlement, the deformation will generally be accommodated by the development of discrete microscopic shear zones which have the potential to significantly change the containment ability of clays. This paper presents the results of a study to investigate the variation in the permeability of clays as a result of their deformation. Natural examples, theoretical studies and experimental data are combined to demonstrate that fluids will preferentially flow along shear zones or induced fabrics. The data are used to demonstrate that, in a dynamic environment such as a waste disposal site, the permeability of clays can increase substantially in materials which become heavily deformed.
The containment properties of glacial tills: a case study from Hardwick Airfield, Norfolk
Authors: Gray J. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Although of relatively low permeability, glacial tills may have deficiencies that make them less suitable as natural leachate containment materials. These deficiencies include sand lenses, fissures, and weathering zones. Geotechnical investigations of proposed unlined containment sites on tills must fully assess the impact of these and other deficiencies. This paper examines the proposals for a household and commercial waste containment site on Lowestoft Till at Hardwick Airfield, Norfolk, and concludes that the site deficiencies had not been adequately investigated or recognized. This led to difficulties for the consultants at a public inquiry into the proposals.
Suction-controlled oedometer tests in montmorillonite clay: preliminary results
Authors: Villar M. V. , Martin P. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A Spanish montmorillonite clay is being characterized in its unsaturated state for use as a sealing material in high-level radioactive waste repositories. The ‘water content versus suction’ curve has been determined and oedometer tests are being performed under suction pressures, ranging from 0.1 to 100 MPa, controlled by air pressure or sulphuric acid solutions. The methodology of the tests is described and the first results are presented.
Resistivity (Ω-method) method for environmental monitoring: a new approach
Authors: Narayan Satyendra , Dusseault M. B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A large number of landfills and waste disposal sites have been located on or in alluvial and glacial deposits. Fine- grained silts and clay layers in these alluvial deposits, or man-made liners of rolled clay, perhaps combined with a polymer sheeting, are important barriers and retardants to vertical leachate migration underneath the landfills. Ideally, these barriers prevent leachates from contaminating groundwater, and resistivity surveys are useful to study site integrity, provided a sufficient resistivity contrast exists. In this article, we introduce a different approach for resistivity monitoring of landfills, waste fluid ponds, salt storage sites, or other sites where environmental concerns exist as to the migration of materials through porous or fractured media. The method is based on the measurement of the horizontal gradient of the vertical electric field as a function of receiver distance. Numerical model responses over a hypothetical landfill model are presented to demonstrate the method. Model results show that monitoring the vertical electric field and presenting the horizontal gradient of the vertical electric field as a function of sampling distance provides good sensitivity to track the movement of an anomalous resistivity zone. The theory is complete, but the method needs to be field tested to determine operational sensitivity and repeatability.
The geotechnical value of ground stiffness determined using seismic methods
Authors: Matthews M. C. , Hope V. S. , Clayton C. R. I. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Geotechnical design routinely requires that the
in situ
strength, stiffness and permeability of the ground be determined. Most satisfactory designs for constructions such as buildings, excavations and tunnels ensure that an adequate margin of safety is maintained, and, under these conditions, measurements of the stiffness of the ground are required so that movements in the ground, both during and after construction, can be calculated.

Over the past two decades the careful back-analysis of the behaviour of the ground around constructions such as tunnels and excavations has repeatedly shown that the
in situ
stiffness of soils and rocks is much higher than was previously thought, and that stress—strain behaviour of these materials is non-linear in most cases. Numerical analyses, using finite element and finite difference computations and field observations, have demonstrated that when margins of safety are adequate the strain levels in the ground around retaining walls, foundations and tunnels are small, and typically of the order of 0.0-l%–0.1%. Improved measurements in the laboratory have confirmed the non-linear stress-strain behaviour of soil, and shown that stiffness is much higher when measured locally and at small strain levels than when determined using conventional laboratory techniques.

The realization that strain levels around construction are small, and that field stiffnesses are much higher than previously measured in the laboratory, has led us to re-appraise the value of stiffnesses derived from field seismic geophysical methods. Such methods allow stiffnesses to be determined on representative volumes of the ground, and at the
in situ
stress state, and for this reason may provide valuable data. This paper reviews the importance of stiffness in
geotechnical design and how seismic methods are used in ground stiffness investigations.
Radar tomography applied to foundation design in a karstic environment
Authors: Corin L. , Couchard I. , Dethy B. , Halleux L. , Monjoie A. , Richter T. , Wauters J. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A case history illustrating an innovative application of borehole radar tomography to foundation problems in a karstic area is presented. The principles of the method and the geotechnical interpretation of the results are discussed. It is shown that, although ground conditions may be considered as very unfavourable for reflection radar techniques, good results were achieved in the crosshole mode, giving valuable information on both the geometry and the characteristics of the subsurface.
Seismic tomography survey under the La Gileppe Dam
Authors: Demanet D. , Jongmans D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A tomographic survey of 15 panels was performed under the La Gileppe dam (Belgium) to assess the degree of fracturing in the rock foundation which consists of steeply dipping beds of sandstone and shale. A particular aim of the study was to locate fracture zones likely to cause leakage under the dam. The panel dimensions range from 9 by 15 m (between 2 boreholes) to 60 by 40 m (between 4 boreholes). An explosive source and a 12 hydrophone string were used for the experiment. The data inversion was made with the Rai2D software of the L.C.P.C. (Laboratoire Central des Ponts et ChaussÉes), based on the SIRT algorithm with circular ray paths. The velocity values were influenced both by rock type and fracturing. The tomography method has been shown to image successfully low velocity fracture zones which could not have been determined by classical cross-hole tests. In some cases, tomograms showed cross shape images with a high velocity zone along the diagonals. These artefacts have been explained by numerical modelling as a result of the poor angular ray coverage of the section.
Contribution of electrical and acoustic methods in the evaluation of the condition of accessible underground pipework and its environment
Authors: Cabassut L. , Bourget M. , Frappa M. , Al Heib M. , Viguier C. , Guérin J.F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

In the maintenance of main drainage sewers it is necessary to characterize their mechanical behaviour along their length. This can be achieved by indirect geophysical methods in which ultrasonic and electrical resistivity measurements are used to locate the main zones subjected to high external stresses. Both approaches have been verified by a programme of
in situ
measurements.
Resistivity sounding: two case studies from the Cretaceous Chalk at Boxgrove, West Sussex and Barnham, Suffolk, UK
Authors: Roberts C. L. , Lewis S. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Resistivity sounding is successfully used to determine depth to Cretaceous Chalk bedrock at two contrasting sites. The trend of a buried cliff-line is highlighted at Boxgrove, where the ancient cliff is modelled at around 40 m O.D. with a seaward Chalk platform between 35 m and 40 m O.D.. At Barnham, the configuration of a Middle Pleistocene glacial river channel is constrained and resistivity variations in response to lithological changes noted. Solid Cretaceous Chalk reveals a resistivity value of 105 Ωm, rising to 130–142 Ωm at weathered horizons.
Downhole geophysical investigations for a proposed deep highway cutting adjacent to a rail tunnel at Murrurundi, NSW, Australia
Authors: Won G. W. , Raper R. W. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Downhole seismic methods have been used to characterize the rock mass for a proposed deep highway cutting adjacent to an existing rail tunnel at Murrurundi, northern NSW, Australia. Site geological conditions are complex and with a major reverse fault intersecting the cutting. Two 120 m deep boreholes adjacent to the tunnel were geophysically logged through a sequence of basalt lavas, tuffs and agglomerates. Multichannel P and S wave sonic, density and dual focussed electric logs were used. Geophysical field tests results have been correlated with laboratory static and dynamic tests on selected rock core to characterize the
in situ
rock mass properties for finite element analysis.
Seismic refraction survey in Bernburg, Germany: an application of the generalized reciprocal and phantoming methods
Authors: Horrent C. , Brouyère S. , Demanet D. , Michiels T. , Jongmans D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper presents a case study of a seismic refraction survey in Bernburg, Germany. The interpretation was made using the GRM method and phantoming concept. The aim of the survey was to map the depth of the bed-rock over a distance of 2 km. The survey was divided into five linear profiles ranging from 150 to 640 metres in length. The resulting interpreted sections show substantial variations in velocity (1300 to 4500 m/s) and depth (5 to 18 m) of bed-rock. Correlation with existing boreholes shows that the top of the bed-rock is located with an accuracy of the order of 1 metre.
Engineering and environmental geophysics: the future
Authors: Annan A. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The field of engineering and environmental geophysics developed slowly until the last decade. The traditional use of geophysics for engineering was typically limited to refraction seismic for depth to bedrock and rippability. As technology evolved, applications expanded in a slow but steady manner.
The geophysical community has been slow in learning the requirements of the engineering community. Historically, geophysicists have often been focused on the exploration aspect with the primary emphasis on finding the pot of gold. This pot of gold may have been either oil or minerals; in both cases, a major return on investment for a successful utilization of geophysics could be realized.
In engineering and environmental geophysics, quantifying the cost benefits of using geophysical methods is much harder. Furthermore, geophysical information is difficult to convey in a format which is understandable by the civil engineer, engineering geologist, hydrogeologist or lay person (i.e. lawyer) who must use the information but is not well versed with the idiosyncrasies of geophysical methodology, data presentation and interpretation.
Over the last five years a substantial improvement in data presentation has been noticeable. In part this is due to a better understanding of the end-users’ needs and, in part, due to the availability of low-cost computer technology, which permits much more enhanced data presentation than ever before.
Investment in instrumentation and software development for the engineering and environmental geophysics field has been limited. Now, as the technologies become identified as useful, development of technology specifically for the engineering environmental market is occurring.
The engineering and environmental field is developing but must become much more professional with improved education and standards during the next decade. Price resistance to quality geophysics has been a major obstacle to advances. Recent examples of price cutting, particularly evident in North America, are undermining capacity for professional advancement and improvement in service quality. In the future, profit margins for engineering geophysical services must not be sacrificed if the value of the product is to be perceived and the cost benefits of professional engineering geophysics realized in the engineering community.
Rock engineering rating system for assessing the suitability of armourstone sources
Authors: Lienhart D. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The process involved in assessing and selecting a potential source of armourstone of suitable quality is one of great complexity. The process involves the inspection and evaluation of the quarry and its production methods, testing of the processed stone, evaluation of the quality of both intact and processed stone, and consideration of both the transportation methods and placement techniques. The entire process, from quarry selection to placement at the project, may be viewed as a rock engineering system. The use of a rock engineering interaction matrix simplifies an understanding of how various factors affecting the quality of quarried armourstone are interrelated. Through this understanding of the various interrelationships a weighted rock engineering rating system may be developed for the assessment of the suitability of various armourstone sources. Such a rating system is designed to pull together all the factors related to both the field and laboratory investigations of a potential source, enabling geologists at all experience levels to arrive at a well-founded conclusion concerning the potential quality of stone produced from a particular armourstone source.
Opening and operation of the Pasir Panjang quarry: a dedicated armourstone quarry in the Malaysian jungle
Authors: Van Meulen J. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

In August 1993 Baggermaatschappij Boshalis was awarded a contract for the construction of a breakwater (1400 m parallel to the coast) and four rock groynes (180 m each) in Malaysia. The award was based on the company's alternative design, which was to use 11 and 20 t concrete armour units (tetrapods) totaling 115 000 m
3
of concrete and 2.1 x 10
6
t of rock with sizes from 50 mm to 9.0 t. The quantities of the various rock grades chosen in the alternative design were optimized to suit the assumed production possibilities of rock block sizes from sources in the area. After award of the contract, a new quarry only 8.0 km from the construction site was opened, the nearest existing quarry being 38 km away. The new quarry started deliveries on 1 April 1994 and completed them on 17 April 1995.

A case history of the quarry is presented, emphasizing the economic importance of the rock fragmentation and the logistics common to most dedicated armourstone quarry operations. It describes the tender stage, the choice of quarry location and the choice of the various specified rock gradings made during the breakwater design process. The blasting procedures used to obtain the required gradings and quantities are discussed. The particular features and problems associated with opening and operating a dedicated armourstone quarry — for example, the selection plant, the stockpiling procedures, shipping and materials quality control procedures — are amplified upon.