bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do we know what difference a delay makes?
Authors: Risbey James S. , Handel Mark David , Stone Peter H. 
Published: October 2006

In our original comment [Risbey et al.., 1991] we argued that the work of Schlesinger and Jiang [1991a] is too limited to determine whether or not (as they put it) “the penalty is small for a 10‐year delay in initiating the transition to a regime in which greenhouse‐gas emissions are reduced.” In their reply, Schlesinger and Jiang [1991b] (hereafter S&J) presented their reasons for concluding definitively that the penalty is small. However S&J's discussion of the evidence and literature on climate change and greenhouse warming contains significant omissions and mis‐statements.In dismissing our concern that their model was too simple to evaluate the possibility of abrupt climate change, S&J rely on results from coupled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs), in particular the work of Cubasch et al.. [1991]. Here S&J make two claims, one of which is incorrect and the other questionable. First, they claim that “the coupled atmosphere‐ocean model of Cubasch et al. [1991] does allow the nonlinearities that Risbey et al.. [1991] criticize our simple model for not including.” In fact we explicitly mentioned changes in polar ice caps [Oerlemans and van der Veen, 1984] and release of methane from clathrates [MacDonald, 1990; Bell, 1982], neither of which are included in the model of Cubasch et al.. [1991]. Indeed, none of the published simulations of global warming using coupled ocean‐atmosphere GCMs include these effects. Nor do these models yet include in their enhanced greenhouse simulations many of the possible feedbacks involving the carbon cycle and biosphere [Lashof, 1989; Bacastow and Maier‐Reimer, 1990; Sellers, 1987] that could significantly alter greenhouse gas concentrations and surface properties. The published simulations with these models do allow for some changes in deep ocean circulation and cloud behavior, but there is controversy over whether they correctly represent these processes [Marotzke, 1991; Mitchell, 1989; Cess, 1990]. In addition the coupled models must be arbitrarily tuned (requiring substantial artificial fluxes of heat and moisture) to get the current climate right [Manabe et al.., 1991; Cubasch et al.., 1991]. Their greenhouse change simulations are at least partly constrained by these flux adjustments.
U.S. drops rules on association participation
Authors: Jones Richard 
Published: October 2006

In a memorandum dated December 9, 1991, the U.S. Office of Government Ethics advised professional associations that it was deleting previously published draft regulations on the participation of federal employees in such associations. New proposed regulations will be issued at a future date.This announcement makes official previous statements by Stephen Potts, Director of the Office of Government Ethics, at an October 22 hearing of the House Post Office and Civil Service Committee (see Eos, Oct. 29, 1991). Potts's office received 980 sets of comments on the 37 pages of proposed regulations issued July 23. The December 9 memorandum notes that “an overwhelming majority of those who commented objected to the proposed section as too restrictive in terms of the use of official time for administering the internal affairs of the professional associations.”
Climatic responses to increasing greenhouse gases
Authors: Schlesinger Michael E. , Jiang Xingjian 
Published: October 2006

Projections of greenhouse gas (GHG)‐induced future climate change are based on climate models whose complexity ranges from the simple energy‐balance, climate/upwelling‐diffusion ocean model we used to make our Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections [Houghton et al., 1990] and the revised projections of our Nature paper [Schlesinger and Jiang, 1991b], to the coupled atmosphere‐ocean model which Cubasch et al. [1991] have now used to repeat our earlier projections. It is likely that even the most comprehensive model may not include some physical processes, and such absent physical processes, along with those included by potentially inadequate parameterizations, will render uncertain the validity of the results.Risbey et al. [1991b] are correct that the Cubasch et al. [1991] model does not include melting of the polar ice caps or the potential release of methane from methane clathrates. However, based on our simulations of glacial onset from 115,000–105,000 years BP with our atmospheric general circulation/mixed‐layer ocean‐ice sheet/asthenosphere model (M. E. Schlesinger and M. Ya. Verbitsky, Simulation of glacial onset with an atmospheric general circulation/mixed‐layer ocean/ice sheet/ asthenosphere model, in preparation, 1991), it appears that the time scale of changes in the polar ice sheets is too long to be important for the greenhouse issue during the next century. Furthermore, Cicerone and Oremland [1988] conclude that: “In principle, there is a clear possibility of future atmospheric methane increases due to methane hydrate destabilization, but the size of the effect needs better quantification.” Consequently, the only way to assess the significance of not including these and other processes in our most comprehensive, contemporary climate models is to include them and then repeat the simulations, in the vein of those recently performed by Cubasch et al. [1991].
A Phased‐in approach to greenhouse‐gas‐induced climatic change
Authors: Schlesinger Michael E. , Jiang Xingjian 
Published: October 2006

To address this concern, it will be helpful to describe the motivation, objective, approach, and scope of our Nature study. One of us, Schlesinger, was an invited participant at the White House Conference on Science and Economics Research Related to Global Change, held in Washington, D.C., April 17–18, 1990. At this conference two opposing policy positions were espoused, neither of which appeared to have been based on a scientific evaluation of the global warming issue. This motivated our study to assess the urgency of this issue.Our approach was to use our simplified climate/ocean model, which we employed in projections for the IPCC report on global warming to the year 2100 [Houghton et al., 1990], to determine how much of the potential reduction in future global warming would be lost if the initiation of a 20‐year transition from the emission rate of the IPCC “business‐as‐usual” scenario A to the emission rate of any other IPCC scenario (B, C, D) was deferred by 10 years. Our findings were that 5% of the potential reduction, at most, would be lost by such a 10‐year deferral, regardless of the temperature sensitivity of the climate system to a CO2 doubling (ΔT2x) , within the 0.5–4.5° range we considered. This result indicates to us that the urgency of the global warming issue is not as great as some have thought, and suggests that we have some time to improve our understanding of the issue to enhance our ability to respond appropriately
Kinematics of coastal deformation
Authors: Haines A. J. , Holt W. E. 
Published: October 2006

Relating the distributed strain and often complicated styles of faulting in deforming continental lithosphere to relative motion of the oceanic plates has proven difficult. A new method to study the kinematics of continental deformation in Asia has been used by A. J. Haines and W. E. Holt, Geology and Geophysics Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand.Moment tensor elements from large and moderate‐sized earthquakes in Asia over the last 85 years [Molnar and Deng, 1984; Molnar and Lyon‐Caen, 1989; Ekstrom and England, 1989; W. E. Holt et al., unpublished manuscript, 1990] have been used to determine strain rates, relative velocities, and relative rotations within the deforming regions of Eastern Tibet, Western Sichuan, and Yunnan. That is, velocities and rotations within a deforming zone can be uniquely determined in a given reference frame if the strains are known everywhere within that zone [Haines, 1982]
Directory of Japanese researchers available
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The National Center for Science Information System Japanese Scientific and Engineering Database Access Project, sponsored by the National Science Foundation and Japan's NACSIS, has added four new databases to its free service, bringing the total number of available databases to 13.The new Directory of Japanese Researchers covers researchers affiliated with Japanese universities and academic research centers. Each researcher is listed by name, date of birth, organizational affiliation, education and degrees, memberships and awards, areas of specialization, and representative publications. Non‐Japanese researchers are also covered.
Why radiation belts exist
Authors: Van Allen James A. 
Published: October 2006

In this article, I describe some of the reasons for the existence of radiation belts around the Earth and other planets and some of their basic properties. A radiation belt is an important component of a larger and more complex physical system called a magnetosphere. In another article in this series [see sidebar] the similarities and differences among the diverse and dynamic planetary magnetospheres that have been investigated thus far will be discussed in a more general context.A magnetosphere is that region surrounding a planet within which the planet's intrinsic magnetic field has an important role in physical phenomena involving electrically charged particles. But even unmagnetized planets, satellites of planets, comets, and (presumably) asteroids exhibit similar rudimentary plasma physical effects. The Earth's magnetosphere extends about 10 planetary radii toward the Sun and hundreds of times that far in the direction away from the Sun. Its outer boundaries and much of its physical dynamics are attributed to the solar wind—the tenuous, ionized, magnetized gas (plasma) that flows outward from the solar corona through interplanetary space. The solar wind does not readily penetrate the geomagnetic field but compresses and confines the field around the Earth. The sunward boundary is located where the external pressure of the flowing solar wind equals the internal pressure of the geomagnetic field. A complex process of interconnection of the solar wind's magnetic field and the geomagnetic field stretches out the magnetic field in the direction away from the Sun, creating the long magnetotail.
Flux transfer events and reconnection at the magnetopause
Authors: Gonzalez W. D. 
Published: October 2006

For the general reader on magnetopause reconnection, it would appear that mixed information is coming from the global and quasi‐steady type of large‐scale reconnection (LSR) models and from the “patchy” and transient character of models related to flux transfer events (FTEs). I will attempt here to address complementary aspects of both types of models, with the goal of moving toward a unified model of magnetopause reconnection.Motivated by the Eos article on transient reconnection at the magnetopause by Lockwood et al. [1990] as well as by a previous article on the subject by Lee [1988], both of which serve to summarize a large body of work since the initial papers on FTEs or “flux erosion events” by Russell and Elphic [1979] and Haerendel et al. [1978], I would like to comment on two aspects involving FTEs and LSR [Petschek, 1964; Gonzalez and Mozer, 1974; Vasyliunas, 1975; Forbes and Priest, 1987; Sonnerup, 1984, 1988].
The greenhouse debate: Time for action?
Authors: Risbey James S. , Handel Mark David , Stone Peter H. 
Published: October 2006

In recent years, debate has intensified over whether to act now or delay actions that would reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. In a recent contribution to this debate in Nature, Schlesinger and Jiang [1991] conclude that “the penalty is small for a 10‐year delay in initiating the transition to a regime in which greenhouse‐gas emissions are reduced.” This conclusion is premature, since these authors did not consider a number of pertinent factors.Schlesinger and Jiang used a simple energy‐ balance climate model with an upwelling‐ diffusion ocean to examine the surface temperature response to transitions between various Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [Houghton et al., 1990] trace gas scenarios. They found that “a delay of 10 years in initiating a 20‐year transition from the IPCC [business as usual] scenario to any other IPCC scenario has only a small effect on the projected warming in 2100.” From this they concluded that “the penalty for a 10‐year delay is small.” We offer several reasons why we think this is a non sequitur.
Climate and history in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
Authors: Feldman Theodore S. 
Published: October 2006

As in many areas of human knowledge, the notion of climate acquired a deeper historical content around the turn of the 19th century. Natural philosophers, geographers, and others became increasingly aware of climate's own history and its relation to human, plant and animal, and Earth history. This article examines several aspects of this “historicization” of climate.The lively 18th century discussion of the influence of climate on society is well known. Montesquieu is its most famous representative, but Voltaire, Hume, Kant, and others also participated. Their debate was literary more than scientific, their goal the understanding of man, not climate. Partly for this reason and partly because of the lack of good information on climates, they made no attempt to gather substantial climatic data. In fact, the importance of systematically collecting reliable data was scarcely understood in any area of natural philosophy before the last decades of the century [Cf. Frängsmyr et al., 1990; Feldman, 1990]. Instead, participants in the debate repeated commonplaces dating from Aristotle and Hippocrates and based their conclusions on unreliable reports from travelers. As Glacken wrote of Montesquieu, “his dishes are from old and well‐tested recipes” [Glacken, 1967, chapter 12]. This is not to say that the debate over climatic influence was not significant—only that its significance lay more in the history of man than in the atmospheric sciences.
Earmarking draws fire
Authors: Leath Audrey T. , Jones Richard 
Published: October 2006

Earmarking will be a hotly debated issue in Congress next year. At a time when federal research dollars are scarce, key representatives and senators are turning to earmarking as a guaranteed, no‐competition source of federal funding for research activities in their states and districts. Senator Sam Nunn, chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, is expected to be a leader in renewed efforts to reduce earmarking. During last November's Senate consideration of HR 2521, the Defense Appropriations Bill for FY 1992, Nunn spoke at length about earmarking of funds.“There are numerous earmarkings for defense research money for special projects at specific universities and colleges,” Nunn said. “What makes this most objectionable is the explicit direction by the conferees to waive existing federal statutes that require these types of awards to be made on the basis of a fair and open competition. In fact, the appropriation conference report specifically prohibits competition for $94.6 million in funding that is directed in 16 colleges and universities in 12 states.”
Advancing information technology at AGU
Authors: Clauer C. Robert 
Published: October 2006

Since its inception in 1990, AGU's Information Technology Committee has been charged with considering and advising the Union on applications of established and emerging technology to Union activities. The committee has focused its attention on electronic access to AGU information and services, advanced publication technology and ways that AGU can assist members in preparing author‐produced manuscripts, considered a new journal to publish numerical methods and algorithms related to geophysical and space sciences, and made recommendations regarding a Union position on the development of the National Research and Educational Network (NREN). Current members of the committee include Ray Walker (chair), Ray Arvidson, Bob Clauer, Jeff Dozier, Bill Emery, Jim Green, Andy Lazarewicz, Russ Merrill, and J. Bernard Minster.The improvement of Kosmos, AGU's electronic communication and information system, is considered by the committee to be of fundamental importance because Kosmos provides basic electronic access to AGU information and products. A Kosmos connection is available through PINET, which is operated by the American Institute of Physics. Using Kosmos on PINET provides access to a variety of data bases, including the AGU membership directory, meetings information, and various geophysical and political news. Connection to PINET may be made through the TCP/IP Internet (pinet.aip.org) or through SPRINTNET. Local access numbers for SPRINTNET can be obtained by calling 800‐336‐0437. The AGU computer is also now directly connected to the TCP/IP Internet (kosmos.agu.org).
New report on global geodesy network
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

The National Research Council recently issued a report, “International Global Network of Fiducial Stations: Scientific and Implementation Issues,” written by the Panel on a Global Network of Fiducial Sites.The panel strongly endorsed the use of a global network for research on important geophysical issues‐sea‐level change, postglacial rebound, and the monitoring of tectonic plate motion and deformation. “These topics cannot be tackled, however, until other, more purely geodetic problems are solved,” the report noted.
Magellan is back
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

NASA plans to put Magellan back to work mapping Venus on January 24, using a backup transponder to transmit radar data back to Earth. The spacecraft's primary transponder failed January 4. At this point, the backup unit is only able to send data at approximately 43% of the previous rate, which will restrict mapping coverage. NASA engineers predict that the backup unit will be able to operate at full capacity again by January 24.Magellan is beginning its third mapping cycle, in which “we'll try to fill in the remaining data gaps, and we'll try to revisit, for stereo imaging, areas that appear to be of particular scientific value,” said David Okerson, mission program engineer. The spacecraft will be able to map, in stereo, the Maxwell Montes area, including the highest mountain on Venus. The transponder glitches made Magellan miss the Ushas area, which Okerson said will be mapped at the end of the third cycle.
USGS collects ice core through Alpine glacier
Authors: Naftz David L. , Miller Kirk A. 
Published: October 2006

On August 24, 1991, a U.S. Geological Survey study team from Wyoming completed a core hole to bedrock underlying Upper Fremont Glacier in the Wind River Range of central Wyoming. During the month of core drilling, the team collected a 160‐m ice core from the glacier at an elevation of 4000 m above sea level using a solar‐powered thermal drill (See photo). The drill was constructed and operated by personnel from the Polar Ice Coring Office (PICO) in Fairbanks, Alaska.The 1991 drilling project is part of ongoing research conducted by the USGS since 1988 on temperate glaciers in the Wind River Range of Wyoming. The objective of the project is to use variations in concentrations of chemical and isotopic constituents in samples of ice cores to reconstruct records of the chemical quality of atmospheric deposition and to extend long‐term climatic records. A maximum of 300–500 years of record is estimated to be available in upper accumulation zones of the Wind River Range glaciers. The proximity of the Wind River Range glaciers to atmospheric pollution sources in the western United States makes them unique environmental records. Cooperating in the project were the Shoshone and Arapaho Indian tribes, Wyoming Water Development Commission, PICO, Wyoming State Engineer, and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.
AGU Congressional Fellow's Impressions of Capitol Hill
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Vivian Pan, AGUs Congressional Science Fellow for 1991–1992, is serving on the staff of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. Here she reflects on her first few months in Washington.This fellowship is a genuine opportunity. I came to Washington with expectations of playing a role in some of the issues facing Congress. Having worked only in scientific research for the past 8 years and having no experience in public policy, I faced an enormous challenge. I arrived in Washington in late August to find policymakers scrambling about trying to keep pace with the changing global environment. This was exemplified during my 1‐month orientation at the American Association for the Advancement of Science. We Fellows undergoing the orientation—scientists and engineers from different fields—heard from policy specialists on issues facing the 102nd Congress. It is no exaggeration to say that our guest lecturers were literally searching for words. Their prepared talks on national security and foreign policy issues were outdated overnight.
1993 Budget Boosts Individual R&D
Authors: DeVito M. Catherine 
Published: October 2006

The fiscal year 1993 federal budget significantly increases R&D funding,especially for individual investigators, according to D. Allen Bromley, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. President Bush's $1.52 trillion budget allocates $76.6 billion for the conduct of research and development, an increase of 3% over the amount appropriated for fiscal year 1992, Bromley said January 29 at a budget briefing.The budget proposal calls for an 18% increase in funding for the National Science Foundation, keeping it on track for doubling by 1994, “a goal to which President Bush is committed,” said Bromley. The budget sets funding for NSF at $3.03 billion. “The increase for NSF reflects a more broadly based effort to significantly increase support for individual investigators, who are located largely at U. S. colleges and universities,”Bromley said. Over half of this year's request for NSF supports the work of individual investigators and small groups, with an increase of 17% for this purpose.
DOE Panel disagrees on Yucca Theory
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

A scientific panel was unable to reach a consensus on the hydrotectonic theory acting at Yucca Mountain, Nev., put forth by Department of Energy geologist Jerry Szymanski. The panel's reports, reflecting majority and minority opinions, were released late last year and form one part of DOE's overall site characterization of Yucca Mountain as a storage site for high‐level nuclear waste. DOE has also asked the National Academy of Sciences to review Syzmanski's theory and will incorporate its results into the site assessment.The five‐person DOE panel convened early in 1990 to begin its review of Szymanski's concepts, data, and interpretations laid out in his 1989 report, “Conceptual Considerations of the Yucca Mountain Groundwater System with Special Emphasis on the Adequacy of this System to Accommodate a High‐Level Nuclear Waste Repository.” After meeting several times throughout the year in the field and with Szymanski and realizing there were conflicting opinions within the review group, the external panel decided in December 1990 to prepare majority and minority reports. DOE also asked the panel to make recommendations to the agency on further studies.