bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of data type information in an interactive database environment
Authors: Buneman Peter , Winston Ira 
Published: November 2005

Despite the enormous advances that have been made in the specification of data types and data models in the fields of programming languages, databases and artificial intelligence; there remain a number of problems in attempting to unify the various approaches to the formal description of data. The purpose of this brief paper is to examine these problems from the point (or points) of view of those people—designers, administrators, applications programmers, and end-users—whose main interest is with databases. In particular, we hope to display special concern for the tools provided for the end-user, who should be the final beneficiary of whatever advances are made.
In order to pin down some of these problems, it is worthwhile to attempt a definition of certain terms used in databases:

1. A
data model
(or
database management system
if one is describing an implementation) is a set of parameterized or “generic” data types.

2. A
database schema
is a set of data types that result from instantiating the generic types of the data model to produce a set of data types that describe the data to be stored.

3. A
database
is an instantiation of those types defined by a schema.
Integrating a database system and programming / information environment
Authors: Cattell R. G.G. 
Published: November 2005

Vast differences in terminology aside, there is considerable overlap between work in knowledge representation, programming language data types, and database models. Our current work on the Cedar programming environment has necessitated integrating a number of ideas in these areas.
As part of the Cedar project in the Computer Science Lab at Xerox PARC, we have been constructing a database management system. The goal of the Cedar environment is to greatly increase our productivity by combining the best currently known principles from programming languages, programming tools, and user interfaces into a single integrated system. Cedar is based on the Mesa programming language [1]. The goal of our database subproject of Cedar is to provide a uniform prepackaged way to perform access to data structures, as contrasted to the current state of affairs in which Mesa programmers repeatedly re-invent the facilities we intend to provide to type, structure, index, link, robustly store, concurrently access, and cache data stored in the primary or secondary memory of one or more computers on a network.
Relativism and views in a conceptual data base model
Authors: Kreps Peter 
Published: November 2005

The purpose of the Pingree Park Workshop was to bring together practitioners from the fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Database Management (DB), and Programming Languages (PL), to discover common issues, and to explore commonalities and differences in approaches to these issues. At the risk of being superficial let me try to summarily characterize the three fields and point to where I think they may fruitfully interact.
It seems to me that at its best, AI is an interdisciplinary science of cognition. It attempts to understand the bases for natural cognition, primarily by developing models of structures and processes that underlie cognition. By incorporation into interactive systems these models can be both exploited as artificially intelligent technology and explored for their adequacy in explaining natural cognition.
Incompleteness in knowledge bases
Authors: Levesque Hector J. 
Published: November 2005

The first topic for discussion at the High Level Abstraction Workshop was
What should be modelled?
that is, what aspects of the world (slice of reality / enterprise) must be dealt with in a high level conceptual model. I would like to address this question from the point of view of incomplete knowledge bases. Although my remarks pertain mainly to AI applications, I suspect that any application using an information system of some sort will eventually have to face similar issues.
The knowledge bases required in many applications can be characterized by a lack of complete information about the world of interest.
Are data types universal modelling concepts for data base systems?
Authors: Weber Herbert 
Published: November 2005

Modelling encompasses two intellectual tasks: (1) the perception of some reality and (2) the representation of the perceived reality in accordance to a given model (obviously is a representation once again some kind of reality and hence subject to another representation in accordance to another model or notation). Because of human beings limited capabilities to perceive and completely and correctly represent reality any representation is an abstraction of the reality.
A representation in accordance to a given model is of course constrained by that model. Any facet of reality not representable with the model cannot be represented at all. Moreover any model constrains at the very same time the perception capabilities as well. Experience verifies that knowledge of a model tends to force the modeller to model according to this model even though it may not result in the most accurate representation. These two facts speak against an universal model but makes for a variety of models for different purposes. It is common practice for the representation of the reality in data bases to apply different models for the conceptual description of data bases or to apply different kinds of models for the physical description of data bases, etc.
The design of the C++ Booch Components
Authors: Booch Grady , Vilot Michael 
Published: November 2005

This paper describes design issues encountered developing a reusable component library. The design applied encapsulation, inheritance, composition and type parameterization. The implementation uses various C++ mechanisms, including: virtual and static member functions, templates, and exceptions.
The resulting library contains about 500 components (mostly template classes and functions) and an optional utility for instantiating templates. The components provide variations of basic collection/container abstractions with various time and space complexities.
A key insight gained from this project: the design process centered on developing a “template for the templates” — designing a component framework and orderly process for generating the template classes.
Object-oriented real-time language design: constructs for timing constraints
Authors: Ishikawa Yutaka , Tokuda Hideyuki 
Published: November 2005

We propose a new object-oriented programming language called RTC++ for programming real-time applications. RTC++ is an extension of C++ and its features are to specify i) a real-time object which is an active entity, ii) timing constraints in an operation as well as in statements, and iii) a periodic task with rigid timing constraints.
In this paper, we first discuss real-time programming issues and what language support should be provided for building real-time applications. Then, the key features of RTC++ are described. Some programming examples are shown to demonstrate RTC++'s expressive power. A comparison to other programming languages are also discussed.
The process trellis architecture for real-time monitors
Authors: Factor M. 
Published: November 2005

The process trellis is a parallel software architecture for building heuristic real-time monitors. These programs, for example Intelligent Cardiovascular Monitors, must process massive quantities of data in real time. It is natural to turn to parallelism to meet these computational requirements. The process trellis software architecture is intended to simplify the creation and maintenance of heuristic real-time monitors. To do this it must be 1) modular, 2) efficient and 3) predictable.
This paper presents the goals and an overview of the process trellis. We have implemented a process trellis shell, which we describe. It is in use as the frame for an Intelligent Cardiovascular Monitor (ICM) which we are building with colleagues from the Yale School of Medicine. An analytical model is able to produce an upper bound on the time required by arbitrary trellis programs. Finally, we report on the predicted and actual performance of the ICM and synthetic programs consisting of roughly 7000 processes.
Interaction between the Brewer–Dobson Circulation and the Hadley Circulation
Authors: Salby Murry L. , Callaghan Patrick F. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Interannual changes of the stratospheric circulation are studied in relation to coherent changes of the tropospheric circulation. Emerging over the winter pole is a clear signature of adiabatic warming and anomalous downwelling. Reflecting an intensification of the Brewer–Dobson circulation, the signature of anomalous downwelling extends from stratospheric levels into the troposphere. Compensating for it at subpolar latitudes is a signature of adiabatic cooling and anomalous upwelling. Equally coherent, the signature of anomalous upwelling occupies the same levels as the signature of anomalous downwelling. Inside the tropical troposphere, anomalous cooling is replaced by anomalous warming. It reflects an intensification of organized convection and the Hadley circulation, one that accompanies the intensification of the Brewer–Dobson circulation.
These signatures of anomalous vertical motion represent changes that operate coherently in the stratosphere and troposphere. They share major features with the Arctic Oscillation. Extending across the tropopause, they couple the stratosphere and troposphere through a transfer of mass. By modifying vertical motion inside the Tropics, anomalous upwelling influences organized convection. Support for this interpretation comes from anomalous divergence in the tropical upper troposphere; it is shown to vary coherently with anomalous downwelling in the Arctic stratosphere. Exhibiting analogous behavior are changes of the tropical tropopause. Coupled to stratospheric changes, these variations of the tropical circulation act to organize convection about the equator, favoring a split ITCZ. They reflect as much as 40% of the interannual variance of tropical divergence, representing an important complement to ENSO.
Much of the covariance between the polar stratosphere and the tropical troposphere is concentrated at periods shorter than 5 yr. Included is variability that is associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the tropical stratosphere. Also included is biennial variability, which accompanies the QBO in the polar stratosphere. These stratospheric variations involve the same time scales as biennial variability in the tropical troposphere, which likewise influences convection.
From Oceans to Farms: The Value of a Novel Statistical Climate Forecast for Agricultural Management
Authors: McIntosh Peter C. , Ash Andrew J. , Smith Mark Stafford 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe economic value of seasonal climate forecasting is assessed using a whole-of-chain analysis. The entire system, from sea surface temperature (SST) through pasture growth and animal production to economic and resource outcomes, is examined. A novel statistical forecast method is developed using the partial least squares spatial correlation technique with near-global SST. This method permits forecasts to be tailored for particular regions and industries. The method is used to forecast plant growth days rather than rainfall. Forecast skill is measured by performing a series of retrospective forecasts (hindcasts) over the previous century. The hindcasts are cross-validated to guard against the possibility of artificial skill, so there is no skill at predicting random time series. The hindcast skill is shown to be a good estimator of the true forecast skill obtained when only data from previous years are used in developing the forecast.Forecasts of plant growth, reduced to three categories, are used in several agricultural examples in Australia. For the northeast Queensland grazing industry, the economic value of this forecast is shown to be greater than that of a Southern Oscillation index (SOI) based forecast and to match or exceed the value of a “perfect” category rainfall forecast. Reasons for the latter surprising result are given. Resource degradation, in this case measured by soil loss, is shown to remain insignificant despite increasing production from the land. Two further examples in Queensland, one for the cotton industry and one for wheat, are illustrated in less depth. The value of a forecast is again shown to match or exceed that obtained using the SOI, although further investigation of the decision-making responses to forecasts is needed to extract the maximum benefit for these industries.
The Relationship between Wind Speed and Precipitation in the Pacific ITCZ
Authors: Back Larissa E. , Bretherton Christopher S. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The relationship between wind speed and precipitation in the Pacific ITCZ is analyzed using 4 yr of daily Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) satellite passive microwave retrievals averaged over 2.5° boxes. Throughout the ITCZ, at high-column relative humidities (conditions under which deep convection is likely to occur), faster winds are associated with substantially more precipitation, explaining a small, but highly statistically significant fraction of daily rainfall variability. The slope of this relationship varies geographically and rapidly increases as the atmosphere becomes moister. Analysis of other data sources, including vector mean winds computed from QuikSCAT and area-averaged radar-derived precipitation estimates from Kwajalein Island, shows that the wind speed–precipitation correlation is robust.
This relation provides a test of large-scale forecast models and insight into conceptual models of deep convection. The observed increases in precipitation are much greater than evaporation changes associated with the increased wind speed; this implies a convergence feedback by which evaporation induces moisture convergence that feeds increases in precipitation. The authors study whether the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis show the observed wind speed–precipitation correlation and explore mechanisms for convergence feedback using column-integrated moist static energy budgets computed from the reanalyses.
Composite Singular Value Decomposition Analysis of Moisture Variations Associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation: ERA-40 Analysis
Authors: Weare Bryan C. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The role of moisture variations in the initiation of Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) variability is reexamined through composite singular value decomposition (CSVD) analyses using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40-yr Re-Analyses (ERA-40) data. The CSVD analyses at various time lags are carried out to discern the complex space–time relationships between convection identified using outgoing longwave radiation and 1000-hPa divergence, 850-hPa specific humidity, and surface evaporation. The most striking difference from the earlier analyses using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data is that the observed relations between 20–100-day filtered OLR and ∇ · V1000 anomalies are weaker and less significant in the current analyses. On the other hand, both analyses show increasing low-level moisture near and to the east of the developing convection. Thus, both results imply that moisture preconditioning of convective events is not totally driven by boundary layer moisture convergence.
Testing the Fidelity of Methods Used in Proxy-Based Reconstructions of Past Climate
Authors: Mann Michael E. , Rutherford Scott , Wahl Eugene , Ammann Caspar 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Two widely used statistical approaches to reconstructing past climate histories from climate “proxy” data such as tree rings, corals, and ice cores are investigated using synthetic “pseudoproxy” data derived from a simulation of forced climate changes over the past 1200 yr. These experiments suggest that both statistical approaches should yield reliable reconstructions of the true climate history within estimated uncertainties, given estimates of the signal and noise attributes of actual proxy data networks.
A Wet Route to Nanofiber-based Chitosan Sponges
Authors: Liu Yuyang , Chen Xianqiong , Chen Wei , Yang Kun , Xin John Haozhong 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
A simple wet route for the fabrication of nanostructured chitosan sponges has been developed on the base of a novel phase-separation technique, thus providing a new method for the preparation of chitosan nanomaterials.
Synthesis of Ru–Coordinating Helical Polymer and Its Utilization as a Catalyst for Asymmetric Hydrogen-transfer Reaction
Authors: Sanda Fumio , Araki Hitoshi , Masuda Toshio 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
An l-threonine-based helical poly(N-propargylamide)–Ru complex was synthesized, and used as a catalyst for hydrogen-transfer reaction of ketones. The enantiomeric excess (ee) values of the formed alcohols ranged from 12 to 36%. On the other hand, an Ru complex with a low-molecular-weight model ligand gave an alcohol with ee as low as 1.8%.
Suppressed Deactivation of Excited Porphyrin by Formation of Inclusion Complex with Cyclodextrin on Mesoporous TiO2 Film
Authors: Fujii Yusuke , Tsukahara Yasunori , Wada Yuji 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
HP-β-CD–porphyrin inclusion complexes were formed on TiO2 film by use of water-soluble porphyrin such as TCPP and TPPS, respectively. Quite intense fluorescence spectra of porphyrins were recovered by formation of the inclusion complex due to suppression of excitation energy hopping occurring between porphyrin molecules on TiO2.
X-ray and SEM Observations of Smectic A Phase and Dried Gel Fibers Formed in a Fine Capillary
Authors: Morita Yuki , Kawabe Kosuke , Zhang Fusheng , Okamoto Hiroaki , Takenaka Shunsuke , Kita Hidetoshi 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Gel fibers of 2-oxochromen-6-yl 4-(S)-(2,6-dimethylheptyloxy) and 4-(S)-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)benzoates in cyclohexane were observed to grow along the surface of wall in a fine capillary. The structure of the oriented fibers was characterized by SEM and X-ray diffraction measurements, and the fiber structure was compared with the layer one in the smectic A phase.
Preparation and Characterization of Pd Nanoparticles by Sonochemical Reduction of [Pd(NH3)4]2+ in the Presence of 1-Propanol
Authors: Kijima Norihito , Takahashi Yasuhiko , Akimoto Junji , Tsunoda Tatsuo , Uchida Kunio , Yoshimura Yuji 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Ultrafine Pd nanoparticles with an extremely narrow distribution were prepared by sonochemical reduction of [Pd(NH3)4]2+ in the presence of 1-propanol. The average diameter of the particles was approximately 5 nm. These nanoparticles were extremely stable in the colloidal state, even in the absence of stabilizers. After vacuum drying, the primary particles connected to each other and formed radially arranged nanostructures of about 30–50 nm.
Effect of Countercations on the Structural Isomerization of a Dianionic Diruthenium Complex with a Ligand-unsupported Ru–Ru Bond
Authors: Mochizuki Katsunori , Chang Ho-Chol , Kawamura Takashi , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Isomers of [Ru2III,III(3,5-DTBCat)4]2− (3,5-DTBCat2− = 3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate) were successfully characterized. It is found that the isomerization from the kinetically stable cis,cis form to the thermodynamically stable trans,trans form is caused not only by heating but also by the cation exchange from Na+ to n-Bu4N+, revealing that the isomerization is regulated by the specific cation–anion interactions.
A Simple Large-scale Synthesis of Well-defined Silver Sulfide Semiconductor Nanoparticles with Adjustable Sizes
Authors: Wang Xiaobo , Liu Weimin , Hao Jingcheng , Fu Xingguo , Xu Binshi 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
A one-pot method characterized by thermolysis of a novel kind of single-source precursor was proposed to generate size-tunable monodisperse Ag2S(r) semiconductor nanoparticles in large scale.
Optimizing Cost-Effectiveness of Size at Release in Stock Enhancement Programs
Authors: Leber Kenneth M. , Cantrell Robert N. , Leung Ping Sun 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
In this paper, we consider how size at release (SAR)−dependent survival of stocked fish can influence the cost-effectiveness of stocking strategies. Production costs for various sizes of juvenile fish were related to performance based on capture rates in a subsistence fishery in Kaneohe Bay on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Using production cost data from a small-scale research hatchery, we examined the costs required to rear striped mullet Mugil cephalus to various stocking sizes. A spreadsheet cost model for marine shrimp aquaculture was adapted to striped mullet intensive culture techniques in Hawaii. Costs were calculated for the maturation, hatchery, and nursery phases of striped mullet production based on spawning protocols that reflected conservation of wild-stock genetic diversity. We identified the costs required to rear fingerlings to each of five consecutive size intervals, ranging from 45 to 130 mm total length (TL). Size-dependent postrelease mortality had a significant impact on the cost-effectiveness of stocking strategies. A simple mathematical model was developed to determine the optimal (most cost-effective) SAR for a stock enhancement program that releases striped mullet into Kaneohe Bay. The production-related cost of an enhancement effect (dollars spent in the hatchery to achieve a hatchery fish contribution to the fishery) was least for fish that were 85–110 mm TL when stocked. These kinds of empirical data from pilot hatchery release studies should be factored into decisions about the sizes of fish released in stocking programs.
Influence of synchronization between adult emergence and host plant phenology on the population density of Pseudasphondylia neolitseae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing leaf galls on Neolitsea sericea (Lauraceae)
Authors: Yukawa Junichi , Akimoto Kazuhiko 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSynchronization between the appearance of herbivorous insects and their host‐plant phenology is a critical event, especially for short‐lived insects such as gall midges. We studied a natural population of Pseudasphondylia neolitseae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces leaf galls on Neolitsea sericea (Lauraceae) to evaluate the effect of synchronization on gall density in the subsequent generation. To do so, we combined quantitative data on host resources with time lag between emergence and host‐available seasons. The gamma distribution model was applied to the emergence curve of P. neolitseae and the normal distribution model to the daily changes in the number of host buds suitable for oviposition; the latter model was transformed into an “available‐resource curve” based on the mean number of host buds required for a single female to realize her eggs. By superimposing the emergence curve on the available‐resource curve and calculating overlapped area, the degree of synchronization was evaluated more accurately than previous studies, which had treated only the time lag. The number of females that synchronized with host buds affected gall density in the next generation.