bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of helmet use among motorcycle riders in Vietnam
Authors: Hung D V , Stevenson M R , Ivers R Q 
Published: December 2006

Objectives:To investigate the rate of helmet use among motorcycle drivers in Hai Duong province of Vietnam during winter/spring 2005, and to compare the rates of helmet use by road types.Method:Population-based observational surveys.Results:16 560 motorcyclists were observed across 37 road sites (incorporating 5 road categories). The overall weighted average of helmet use for motorcyclists was 29.94%, with male drivers more likely to wear helmets than female drivers (odds ratio (OR) 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53 to 1.76). Male pillion passengers were less likely to wear helmets than female pillion passengers (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.85). The number of adult drivers using helmets is larger as compared with that of young drivers (OR 8.56, 95% CI 5.93 to 12.19). The rates of helmet use were significantly higher (p<0.001) on compulsory roads and were 59.01%, 39.97%, 24.22%, 12.7% and 9.54% for national, provincial, district, commune and Hai Duong inner-city roads, respectively.Conclusion:Helmet legislation has increased the rate of helmet use by motorcycle drivers on compulsory roads. Elsewhere, rate of helmet use is very low, indicating that in the absence of legislation and enforcement, motorcyclists in Vietnam will not wear a helmet.
Enforced Expression of NUP98-HOXA9 in Human CD34+ Cells Enhances Stem Cell Proliferation
Authors: Chung Ki Y. , Morrone Giovanni , Schuringa Jan Jacob , Plasilova Magdalena , Shieh Jae-Hung , Zhang Yue , Zhou Pengbo , Moore Malcolm A.S. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The t(7;11)(p15;p15) translocation, observed in acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, generates a chimeric gene where the 5′ portion of the sequence encoding the human nucleoporin NUP98 protein is fused to the 3′ region of HOXA9. Here, we show that retroviral-mediated enforced expression of the NUP98-HOXA9 fusion protein in cord blood–derived CD34+ cells confers a proliferative advantage in both cytokine-stimulated suspension cultures and stromal coculture. This advantage is reflected in the selective expansion of hematopoietic stem cells as measured in vitro by cobblestone area–forming cell assays and in vivo by competitive repopulation of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. NUP98-HOXA9 expression inhibited erythroid progenitor differentiation and delayed neutrophil maturation in transduced progenitors but strongly enhanced their serial replating efficiency. Analysis of the transcriptosome of transduced cells revealed up-regulation of several homeobox genes of the A and B cluster as well as of Meis1 and Pim-1 and down-modulation of globin genes and of CAAT/enhancer binding protein α. The latter gene, when coexpressed with NUP98-HOXA9, reversed the enhanced proliferation of transduced CD34+ cells. Unlike HOXA9, the NUP98-HOXA9 fusion was protected from ubiquitination mediated by Cullin-4A and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation. The resulting protein stabilization may contribute to the leukemogenic activity of the fusion protein. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11781-91)
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Is a Zac Target Gene Mediating Zac Antiproliferation
Authors: Barz Thomas , Hoffmann Anke , Panhuysen Markus , Spengler Dietmar 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Zac is a C2H2 zinc finger protein, which regulates apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through DNA binding and transactivation. During tumorigenesis and in response to mitogenic activation, Zac gene expression is down-regulated in a methylation-sensitive manner. As yet, no target genes have been identified that could explain the potent antiproliferative function of Zac. Here, applying genome-wide expression analysis, we identify peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) as a new bona fide Zac target gene, which is induced by direct Zac binding to the proximal PPARγ1 promoter. We show that in human colon carcinoma cells, ZAC activates expression of PPARγ target genes in a PPARγ-dependent manner. Moreover, we show that treatment of pituitary tumor cells with octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, leads to Zac induction and subsequent Zac-dependent up-regulation of PPARγ, which thereupon mediates part of the antiproliferative activity of Zac. Our work provides a first step toward elucidating a functional relationship between Zac and PPARγ that could be relevant to the understanding of tumorigenesis and diabetes as well. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11975-82)
Identification of Cyclin D1– and Estrogen-Regulated Genes Contributing to Breast Carcinogenesis and Progression
Authors: Yang Chuanwei , Trent Sally , Ionescu-Tiba Viviana , Lan Lan , Shioda Toshi , Sgroi Dennis , Schmidt Emmett V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTumors can become lethal when they progress from preinvasive lesions to invasive carcinomas. Here, we identify candidate tumor progression genes using gene array analysis of preinvasive and invasive tumors from mice, which were then evaluated in human cancers. Immediate early response protein IEX-1, small stress protein 1 (HSPB8), and tumor necrosis factor-associated factor–interacting protein mRNAs displayed higher expression levels in invasive lesions than in preinvasive lesions using samples obtained by laser capture microdissection (LCM) from transgenic erbB2, ras, and cyclin D1 mice. LCM-isolated tissues from patient-matched normal, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive ductal carcinoma revealed similar increased expression in invasive human cancers compared with preinvasive and normal samples. These genes induced anchorage independence, increased cell proliferation, and protected against apoptosis, singly or in collaboration with erbB2. Surprisingly, they were all up-regulated by 17β-estradiol and cyclin D1, and cyclin D1 overexpression increased p300/CBP binding to their promoters, supporting the model that cyclin D1-estrogen receptor (ER) coactivator interactions may be important to its role in ER-positive breast cancer. Additionally, an irreversible dual kinase inhibitor of ErbB signaling inhibited expression of the same genes. The up-regulation of genes contributing to increased invasiveness of ER-positive cancers offers a novel explanation for the contribution of cyclin D1 to a worse prognosis in ER-positive cancers. As targets of estrogen, cyclin D1, and erbB2 signaling, these candidates offer insights into the nature of the second events involved in breast cancer progression, regulatory events contributing to invasion, and potential targets of combined inhibition of hormone and growth factor signaling pathways. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11649-58)
Tumor-Suppressive Effects of MBP-1 in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Ghosh Asish K. , Steele Robert , Ryerse Jan , Ray Ratna B. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women. Only ∼15% of people diagnosed with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) survive this disease beyond 5 years. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to improve the clinical management of this devastating disease. We have previously shown the antiproliferative effect of MBP-1 on several human cancer cells. In this study, we have examined the potential of MBP-1 as a gene therapeutic candidate in regression of non–small cell lung tumor growth. We have observed that exogenous expression of MBP-1 in NSCLC cells (H1299) induces massive cell death. To determine the gene therapeutic potential of MBP-1, replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus expressing MBP-1 was given intratumorally in human lung cancer xenografts in nude mice. Our results showed a significant regression of lung tumor growth and prolonged survival on treatment with MBP-1 compared with the control groups (saline or dl312). Subsequently, the mechanism of MBP-1–mediated H1299 cell death was investigated. Our results suggested that MBP-1 induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in H1299 cells; however, treatment with pan-caspase inhibitor did not protect against MBP-1–induced cell death. Cells transduced with MBP-1 displayed early plasma membrane permeability, mitochondrial damage without cytochrome c release, and extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation, yielding a morphotype that is typical of necrosis. Taken together, this study suggests that MBP-1 expression induces a novel form of necrosis-like cell death and MBP-1 could be a potential gene therapeutic candidate against non–small cell lung tumor growth. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11907-12)
Nrf2-Deficient Mice Have an Increased Susceptibility to Dextran Sulfate Sodium–Induced Colitis
Authors: Khor Tin Oo , Huang Mou-Tuan , Kwon Ki Han , Chan Jefferson Y. , Reddy Bandaru S. , Kong Ah-Ng 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases, chronic inflammatory disorders, have been strongly linked with an increased risk of the development of colorectal cancer. Understanding the etiology of these diseases is pivotal for the improvement of currently available strategies to fight against inflammatory bowel disease, and more importantly, to prevent colorectal cancer. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been known to be a transcriptional factor which plays a crucial role in cytoprotection against inflammation, as well as oxidative and electrophilic stresses. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Nrf2 in the regulation of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced experimental colitis in mice. Nrf2-deficient mice were found to be more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis as shown by the increased severity of colitis following 1 week of oral administration of 1% DSS. The increased severity of colitis in Nrf2(−/−) mice was found to be associated with decreased expression of antioxidant/phase II detoxifying enzymes including heme-oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H-quinone reductase-1, UDP-glucurosyltransferase 1A1, and glutathione S-transferase Mu-1. In addition, proinflammatory mediators/cytokines such as COX-2, inducible nitric oxide, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α were significantly increased in the colonic tissues of Nrf2(−/−) mice compared with their wild-type (Nrf2+/+) counterparts. In summary, we show for the first time that mice lacking Nrf2 are more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis. Our data suggests that Nrf2 could play an important role in protecting intestinal integrity, through regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11580-4)
Democracy and Islam in the Arab World: Lessons from Algeria
Authors: García-Rivero Carlos , Kotzé Hennie 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe study of Arab political culture has been developed extensively in recent times in an attempt to test whether the lack of democracy in the Arab world can be ascribed to its political culture, in which religion plays a major role. There are divergent conclusions with regards to this question. In this article, using quantitative techniques, we have analyzed satisfaction with the way democracy is implemented in Algeria at the elite and general public levels. More specifically, we have looked at whether the demand for more religious influence within the state affects levels of satisfaction with the way democracy is being implemented within Algeria. Our results indicate that the low level of satisfaction with the way democracy is implemented in Algeria amongst elites and the public is not driven by political culture or religion specifically – but by a perception of a lack of respect for human rights in the country and, in the case of the general public, also by a lack of confidence in the Algerian state.
Inscribing Gender in the Imperial Context: The "Woman Question" in Nineteenth Century Egypt
Authors: Kaler Helena 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis essay explores the connection between empire and gender, through an examination of the gender discourse produced in late nineteenth-century Egypt by both British and Egyptian actors. This exploration is informed by Edward Said's observation that the culture of Empire is not simply a set of ideologies imposed from the metropole onto the periphery but is a shared culture created in collaboration and contrapuntally between the two. In this context, the dichotomies of metropole/periphery and colonizer/colonized need to be reexamined since these concepts do not always exist in opposition and could sometimes coexist in the same person. A final question concerns the existence of common British imperial gender culture.
Arab Women Writing Their Sexuality
Authors: Stephan Rita 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEgyptian psychiatrist Nawal al-Saadawi and Syrian novelist Ghada al-Samman challenge the dichotomy of women's sexuality as both a deviant power of beauty and an object of social control. By reviewing some of the writings of al-Saadawi and al-Samman, I compare their analyses of sexual relations vis-à-vis social structures and religious regulations. I argue that by reclaiming their rights to sexuality, they not only contest the sexual hegemonic discourse but also the apparatus of social control. Both writers dispute general views of Arab female sexuality by successfully introducing taboo subjects into the public debate. I examine their popular writings that have publicly exposed the dogmatic subject of sexuality and its relational complexity to the public debate. The extent of al-Saadawi's influence is indicated by the vast audience for her literature and the heated reactions from conservatives and traditionalists alike. Similarly, al-Samman, who writes from an existentialist view, reaches Arab male and female readers and ranks highly among the most read Arab female authors. Al-Saadawi and al-Samman were, and remain, agents of change in a society that continues to undergo difficult transformations.
Gender Debates in Lebanon: Muslim Shi'i Jurisprudence in Relation to Women's Marital Sexual Rights
Authors: Berry Moulouk 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article deals specifically with the question of sexuality in relation to a wife's sexual rights in Muslim Shi'i law. It sheds light on the works of Muslim Shi'i Lebanese jurisconsult, Muhammad Huseyn Fadl-Allah, who has been instrumental in bringing many changes to gender issues—be it on the ideological or legal levels. This article briefly analyses the roles played by Shi'i women and the Shi'i specific notion of ijtihad in the formulation of progressive rulings that are responsive to women's aspirations.
Gender, Sexuality and Violence: Permissible Violence Against Women During the Partition of India and Pakistan
Authors: Narasimhan-Madhavan Deepa 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAugust 15, 1947 marked the division of India and the birth of Pakistan and resulted in a mass migration of Hindus to India and Muslims to the newly formed Pakistan. This day also marked the worst communal violence in India's history. The threats to family, religion, national status and security during the partition magnified the tension over ownership and honor in female sexuality, leading to terrible violence inflicted against the women of both societies. The sexual violence that occurred during the time of the partition of India and Pakistan illustrated an extreme manifestation of the societal view of women's sexuality, namely the need to control and own her. The violence also illustrated how women's sexuality symbolically represented power in the arrangement of gender relations in both the Hindu and Islamic communities in India. This article will address these concepts of sexuality through the examination of the partition of India and Pakistan as a theatre, in which, due to the heightened emotion of the situation, sexuality and power became especially commingled.
Forster in Alexandria: Gender and Genre in Narrating Colonial Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Halim Hala 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLong associated with a cosmopolitanism that this article demonstrates was equally colonial, Alexandria's space also attests to variously gendered Orientalist constructions, as feminized and/or homoerotic. The article analyzes two texts that resulted from E. M. Forster's World War I Alexandrian sojourn—Alexandria: A History and a Guide, and a contribution to a Labour pamphlet, Notes on Egypt—to argue that whereas the former articulates a Eurocentric cosmopolitanism, the latter speaks up against British colonialism. Drawing on archival material relating to Mohammed El-Adl, the Egyptian tram conductor with whom Forster shared a homoerotic relationship, read as metonymic of subalternity, these paradoxes are explored in terms of gender and genre. The relationship between the guidebook genre and colonialism is pushed further in Forster's Alexandria where the subjectivity is a decidedly male imperial one. Simultaneously, El-Adl's dehumanization by the British informs Forster's condemnation in Notes on Egypt of the colonial conditions that underwrote an elite, Eurocentric cosmopolitanism.
Planetary Wave Breaking and Nonlinear Reflection: Seasonal Cycle and Interannual Variability
Authors: Abatzoglou John T. , Magnusdottir Gudrun 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Forty-six years of daily averaged NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data are used to identify the occurrence of planetary wave breaking (PWB) in the subtropical upper troposphere. As large-amplitude waves propagate into the subtropics where the zonal flow is weak, they may break. PWB is diagnosed by observing the large-scale meridional overturning of potential vorticity (PV) contours on isentropic surfaces near the subtropical tropopause. PWB occurs most often during summer, and almost exclusively over the subtropical ocean basins in the Northern Hemisphere. The seasonal evolution of the zonal flow (and the associated latitudinal PV gradient) regulates the location and frequency of PWB. Significant interannual variability in PWB is associated with well-known modes of climate variability.
One of the most interesting dynamical consequences of PWB is the possibility of nonlinear reflection poleward out of the wave-breaking region. Modeling studies have found nonlinear reflection following PWB. Observations show that about 36% of all PWB events are followed by nonlinear reflection back into midlatitudes. In these cases, a poleward-arching wave train can be seen propagating away from the wave-breaking region following breaking. It is suggested that a sufficiently strong latitudinal PV gradient must be present downstream of the wave-breaking region for reflection to take place. The proportion of PWB events that is reflective stays rather constant through the year, with slightly higher numbers in spring and fall compared to those in winter and summer.
Family Perspective on Community Treatment Orders: A New Zealand Study
Authors: Mullen Richard , Gibbs Anita , Dawson John 
Published: December 2006

Background: People with serious mental disorders typically live with family members. Despite increasing interest in compulsory community treatment for such patients, the experience and views of their family members have been little studied. Material: Qualitative interviews with 27 family members, whose relatives have been subject to compulsory community treatment. Discussion and conclusions: Family members are generally in favour of the use of compulsory community treatment orders. They perceive a positive influence on their relative, on themselves, on family relationships, and on relations with the clinical team. Family members are aware of the ethical and other dilemmas that attend the use of compulsory community care.
Patient demographics and centre description in European palliative care units
Authors: Kaasa Stein , Torvik Karin , Cherny Nathan , Hanks Geoffrey , de Conno Franco 
Published: December 2006

Patients in palliative care are elderly, frail and in decline with multisystem disease. These and other factors make palliative care research particularly challenging, and has been one of several reasons why relatively little systematic research has been performed. The European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) is seeking to emphasise the importance of research. The present project is the first empirical multicentre study organised by the EAPC Research Network, with the aim of identifying the patient population using specialised palliative care, and identifying a network of palliative care services across Europe, able to participate in a multicentre collaboration for research. During a designated week in the autumn of 2000, data on patients were recorded from 143 centres. The survey was carried out by means of two questionnaires, one centre questionnaire and one patient questionnaire. Data were submitted on 3013 patients from 22 different European countries. Almost all patients had cancer (94%), while some had neurological disease (3%). The majority (75%) had been referred to a palliative care service during the six to seven months before the survey was performed. Very few patients had less than one week of expected survival (6%), the majority were expected to live one to six months, while as many as 16% were expected to live more than one year. The majority of the patients (27%) were fully ambulatory - the ability to walk independently without any assistance. The majority of the patients (60%) received care as an outpatient, either at a traditional clinic in an outpatient cancer hospital (12%), in home-care programs from a specialised advisory service (24%), or external nursing care (24%). The population of patients included in this survey was not a sample of dying patients. There were a substantial number of patients with an anticipated life expectancy of more than six months. The study demonstrated a considerable enthusiasm for research in the palliative care community across Europe. The heterogeneity of the sample is evident, and this will need careful consideration for future clinical trials. This calls for an international consensus on how to report on patient characteristics within palliative care research. This is necessary in order to be able to evaluate the representativity of the study population, as well as to compare data between studies. The range of services encountered in the survey highlights the need for the organisational and clinical standards for palliative care, which can be audited.
Recognition of imogolite structures in allophanic clays by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Farmer V. C. , Fraser A. R. , Russell J. D. , Yoshinaga N. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractImogolite structures in allophanic clays can be recognized and semi-quantitatively estimated by an absorption band at 348 cm−1. Allowance can be made for interference by aluminous dioctahedral layer silicates present in small amounts.
Halloysite in some soils from north-east Scotland
Authors: Wilson M. J. , Tait J. M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractX-ray diffraction and electron microscopy show that halloysite occurs widely in soils derived from a variety of parent rocks (granite, gabbro, schist and slate) in north-east Scotland. Both tubular and non-tubular forms are observed, the latter being characterized by electron diffraction patterns with 001 reflection either absent or very weak and diffuse. Clay fractions from a poorly drained profile separated without prior drying of the soil samples contain essentially dehydrated halloysite at the surface, this becoming progressively more hydrated with depth. Since halloysite occurs extensively in soils of widely varying drainage class the mineral is probably not the result of recent soilforming processes but may have originated during Tertiary or interglacial weathering.