bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spurious Hyperphosphatemia in a Dog With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and an IgM Monoclonal Gammopathy
Authors: Kristensen Annemarie T. , Klausner Jeffrey S. , Weiss Douglas J. , Schultz Ronald D. , Bell Ford W. 
Published: February 2009

SummarySpurious hyperphosphatemia was diagnosed in a 6‐year‐old, neutered female, mixed‐breed dog with chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated with an IgM monoclonal gammopathy. The spurious hyperphosphatemia was probably caused by paraprotein precipitation which interfered with the ASTRA 8 automated analyzer measurements. Serial dilutions of the sample did not change the phosphorus value. Another analyzer system in which a protein‐free sample was prepared prior to analysis gave a normal serum phosphorus concentration. There was a linear relationship between the amount of paraprotein and the measured total serum inorganic phosphate (r = 0.75). A review of 700 chemistry profiles from dogs and cats and a review of 36 cases with polyclonal gammopathy and 6 cases with monoclonal gammopathy did not reveal other cases of spurious hyperphosphatemia.
Comparison of Techniques for Quantifying Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes in Canine Serum
Authors: Mahaffey Edward A. , Lago Merrill P. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThree methods for quantifying the steroid‐induced and liver isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in canine serum were compared on a group of 29 canine serum samples with increased total alkaline phosphatase activity. Levamisole inhibition, heat inactivation, and affinity electrophoresis with densitometry yielded results that correlated strongly. The relationship between levamisole inhibition and heat inactivation test values was a simple linear one, whereas the relationship between their values and those of electrophoresis was better fitted to an exponential model. The levamisole inhibition and heat inactivation tests provided essentially the same information regarding the relative proportions of steroid‐induced and hepatic isoenzymes in canine serum; either test was judged practical for routine clinical application.
Bile Pigments in Fishes: A Review
Authors: Cornelius Charles E. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryGallbladder (GB) bile of most cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, and teleosts contains appreciable amounts of biliverdin (BV) and bilirubin (BR) conjugates with lesser amounts of unconjugated BR in certain species. Certain elasmobranch and teleost species have been reported to have primarily BV or BR in bile. The appearance of the enzyme BV reductase, which converts BV to BR in mammals, evolved quite early in the evolution of vertebrate species; however, exceptions exist in certain fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals whose bile contains primarily BV. Nearly all analytical studies on bile pigment composition in fishes to date have utilized only GB bile, which may or may not always be representative of the pigments excreted in freshly collected hepatic duct bile. The concentration of BV and BR in GB bile of fishes increases markedly during prolonged fasts. From the limited data currently available, there appears to be no systematic development from primitive to advanced forms in the appearance of certain bile pigments in fishes. While bile of most aquatic species contains appreciable amounts of both BV and BR, it is interesting that the bile of most terrestrial avian and reptilian forms contains primarily BV.The serum of fishes, except for certain bony species such as eels (Anguilleformes) and cottids (Scorpaeniformes), is a light yellow color due to the presence of BR and is similar to that observed in higher vertebrates. Serum from certain eels and cottids is bluish green in color due to the presence of a variety of chromoproteins that contain BV firmly bound as the prosthetic group.
Adaptation of an Automated Assay for Determination of β‐Hydroxybutyrate in Dogs Using a Random Access Analyzer
Authors: Christopher Mary M. , Periera Jacqueline L. , Brigmon Robin L. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAn automated method for measuring β‐hydroxybutyrate was adapted to the Ciba‐Corning 550 Express™ random access analyzer. The assay was based on a kinetic reaction utilizing hydroxybutyrate‐dehydrogenase. β‐hydroxybutyrate concentration (mmol/L) was calculated ratiometrically using a 1.0 mmol/L standard. Canine serum, plasma, and urine were used without prior deproteinization and only a 30‐μl sample was required. The method demonstrated good linearity between 0 to 2 mmol/L of β‐hydroxybutyrate. Analytical recovery (accuracy) within these concentrations ranged from 85.8 to 113.3%. Both within‐run and day‐to‐day precision were determined, as was specificity of the assay in the presence of a variety of interfering substances. The automated assay was rapid and economical, with reagent stability maintained for at least 2 weeks at 4° C. This assay can readily be applied toward the assessment of ketoacidosis in dogs, and with further validation, other species.
Effects of Ketamine Hydrochloride on Serum Biochemical and Hematologic Variables in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: BS J.S. Bennett , Gossett K.A. , McCarthy M.P. , Simpson E.D. 
Published: February 2009

SummarySerum biochemical and hematologic values were obtained from Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) before and 15 minutes after intramuscular injection with ketamine hydrochloride (5–10 mg/kg). A 345% increase in serum creatine kinase activity 15 minutes after ketamine administration was attributed to muscle damage caused by the injection. Decreases in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, and the serum concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, and other serum analytes were all attributed to the reversal (by ketamine) of the excitement or “alarm reaction” associated with physical restraint. The decrease in circulating erythrocytes and lymphocytes indicated a redistribution of these cells from the circulating blood to the spleen and extravascular sites, respectively. Decreases in concentrations of total protein, albumin, and several other serum analytes suggested an influx of fluid into the vascular space. The decrease in glucose may also reflect the reversal of an epinephrine‐induced hyperglycemia in the excited awake monkey. These alterations should be considered when designing studies and interpreting data for Rhesus monkeys.
Serum Lipase Determination in the Dog: A Comparison of a Titrimetric Method With an Automated Kinetic Method
Authors: Walter Gail L. , McGraw Pamela , Tvedten Harold W. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAn enzymatic, kinetic method for determining serum lipase activity was evaluated and compared to a standard manual method for use in dogs. The kinetic method was a commercial kit adapted for use on a tandem access clinical chemistry analyzer and utilized a series of coupled enzymatic reactions based on the hydrolysis of 1,2‐diglyceride by lipase. The manual method was the Cherry‐Crandall technique based on the titration of base against the acid formed by hydrolysis of an olive oil substrate by lipase. The correlation between the two methods was very good (r = 0.94). The reference range for 56 clinically healthy dogs assayed by the kinetic method was 90 to 527 U/L. Diseases associated with a greater than twofold elevation in serum lipase activity as determined by the kinetic method included pancreatitis, gastritis with liver disease, and oliguric renal failure with metabolic acidosis. In some cases, pancreatitis was seen with other clinical problems, such as gastroenteritis, diabetic ketoacidosis, duodenal mass, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and septic peritonitis. Diseases associated with serum lipase activity within the reference range or elevated less than twofold included gastritis, gastric ulcer, cholestasis, phenobarbital‐induced hepatopathy, colitis, copper hepatopathy, abdominal hematoma, apocrine gland adenocarcinoma, and thrombocytopenia with pneumonia.
Measurement of α‐Amylase Activity in Cat Plasma: Test of Specificity of a Chromogenic Substrate, Reference Values
Authors: Ouedraogo G. , Rico A.G. , Braun J.P. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryGlucoamylase activity can interfere with the measurement of α‐amylase activity in cat plasma. This can be avoided by the use of “blocked” substrates such as 4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐4‐nitrophenyl‐α‐D‐maltoheptaoside. In 241 healthy cats, reference values were 586 ± 241 U/L (m ± standard deviation) at 30°C; age, sex, overnight fasting, and mild hemolysis had no significant effect.
Changes in Plasma Bile Acids, Plasma Amino Acids, and Hepatic Enzyme Pools as Indices of Functional Impairment in Liver‐Damaged Sheep
Authors: Sutherland R.J. , Deol H.S. , Hood P.J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryPlasma bile acids, plasma amino acids, and the total hepatic pools of aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase were compared in control sheep (Group 1), sheep with subclinical pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis (Group 2), and in sheep with acute hepatocellular necrosis associated with the hemolytic phase of chronic copper poisoning (Group 3).Subclinical pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis was not associated with any changes in bile acid or amino acid status but was associated with a significant decline in the hepatic pools of sorbitol dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase. This observation could not be explained in terms of enzyme leakage from damaged hepatocytes and suggested that pyrrolizidine alkaloids might specifically inhibit hepatocellular enzyme synthesis.Group 3 sheep also had reduced hepatic enzyme pools which were at least partly referable to enzyme leakage from damaged hepatocytes. In these sheep, increases in plasma bile acids were a more sensitive index of hepatic function than were either increased aromatic amino acid concentration or the ratio between branched chain and aromatic amino acids.
An Improved Ferritin Assay for Canine Sera
Authors: Andrews Gordon A. , Smith Joseph E. , Gray Mary , Chavey Patricia S. , Weeks Bradley R. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAn improved serum ferritin assay for canine serum has been developed. It uses two monoclonal antibodies in a sandwich arrangement. Serum ferritin can be determined on undiluted canine sera with this assay. The recovery of ferritin added to canine serum ranged from 98 to 106%, the within‐assay coefficient of variability was 3.3 to 4.5%, and the assay‐to‐assay variability was 9.8 to 10.2%. Serum ferritin from 61 apparently healthy dogs had a geometric mean of 252 ng/ml, with a range of 80 ng/ml to 800 ng/ml.
Isolation and Characterization of a Single-Stranded RNA Virus Infecting the Bloom-Forming Diatom
Chaetoceros socialis
Authors: Tomaru Yuji , Takao Yoshitake , Suzuki Hidekazu , Nagumo Tamotsu , Nagasaki Keizo 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Diatoms are very significant primary producers in the world's oceans. Various environmental factors affect the depletion of diatom populations. The importance of viruses as a potential mortality source has recently been recognized. We isolated and characterized a new diatom virus (
Chaetoceros socialis
f.
radians
RNA virus [CsfrRNAV]) causing the lysis of the bloom-forming species
Chaetoceros socialis
Lauder f.
radians
(Schütt) Proschkina-Lavrenko. The virus infectious to
C. socialis
f.
radians
was isolated from water samples collected in Hiroshima Bay. Here we show the physiology, morphology, and genome characteristics of the virus clone. Virions were 22 nm in diameter and accumulated in the cytoplasm of the host cells. The latent period and the burst size were estimated to be <48 h and 66 infectious units per host cell, respectively. CsfrRNAV harbors a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome and encodes at least three polypeptides of 32.0, 28.5, and 25.0 kDa. Sequencing analysis shows the length of the genome is 9,467 bases, excluding a poly(A) tail. The monophyly of CsfrRNAV and other diatom-infecting RNA viruses,
Rhizosolenia setigera
RNA virus and
Chaetoceros tenuissimus
RNA virus, was strongly supported by phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequence of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domains. This suggested a new ssRNA virus family, Bacillariornaviridae. This discovery of CsfrRNAV may aid in further understanding the ecological dynamics of the
C. socialis
f.
radians
population in nature and the relationships between ssRNA diatom viruses and their hosts.
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE-INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION
Authors: HARADA S. , EHARA S. , ISHII K. , YAMAZAKI H. , MATSUYAMA S. , SATO T. , OIKAWA S. , KAMIYA T. , ARAKAWA K. , SERA K. , ITO J. 
Published: February 2009

We report two medical applications of particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) as described below (1) Observation of biological events: The kinetics of trace elements during the initiation of radiation-induced apoptosis (RIA) was observed using a micro-PIXE and PIXE. RIA is a process in which irradiated cells commit suicide; it results in the removal of severely damaged and harmful cells. During RIA, cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria and reaches the nucleus, where it activates a Ca- or Mg-dependent endonuclease. We examined this phenomenon by using a micro-PIXE and PIXE. A high concentration of Fe was detected in the stroma of cells in the early apoptotic phase. We also observed accumulation of large amounts of Ca and Mg in the nucleus.(2) Development of liquid-core microcapsules for novel cancer chemoradiotherapy: Currently, we are developing liquid-core (containing an anticancer drug) microcapsules that release their core content upon irradiation. These microcapsules will localize the anticancer drug within the irradiated field. The outer shell of these microcapsules is prepared from alginate and hyaluronic acid and polymerized by Fe, while the anticancer drug Paraplatin®(carboplatin) containing Pt is the liquid core. The micro-PIXE revealed that these microcapsules released their core content after irradiation, and the amount of carboplatin released was measured by PIXE. More than 83.1% ± 8.3% of the microcapsules were ruptured, and the amount of carboplatin released was more than 81.2% ± 2.3%. Thus, the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy showed improved antitumor effects and a decrease in adverse effects because of drug localization.
NOTES ON STRAIN GRADIENT PLASTICITY: FINITE STRAIN COVARIANT MODELLING AND GLOBAL EXISTENCE IN THE INFINITESIMAL RATE-INDEPENDENT CASE
Authors: NEFF PATRIZIO , CHEŁMIŃSKI KRZYSZTOF , ALBER HANS-DIETER 
Published: February 2009

We propose a model of finite strain gradient plasticity including phenomenological Prager type linear kinematical hardening and nonlocal kinematical hardening due to dislocation interaction. Based on the multiplicative decomposition, a thermodynamically admissible flow rule for Fp is described involving as plastic gradient Curl Fp. The formulation is covariant w.r.t. superposed rigid rotations of the reference, intermediate and spatial configuration but the model is not spin-free due to the nonlocal dislocation interaction and cannot be reduced to a dependence on the plastic metric [Formula: see text]. The linearization leads to a thermodynamically admissible model of infinitesimal plasticity involving only the Curl of the nonsymmetric plastic distortion p. Linearized spatial and material covariance under constant infinitesimal rotations is satisfied. Uniqueness of strong solutions of the infinitesimal model is obtained if two non-classical boundary conditions on the plastic distortion p are introduced: [Formula: see text] on the microscopically hard boundary ΓD ⊂ ∂Ω and [ Curl p] · τ = 0 on the microscopically free boundary ∂Ω\ΓD, where τ are the tangential vectors at the boundary ∂Ω. A weak reformulation of the infinitesimal model allows for a global in-time solution of the rate-independent initial boundary value problem. The method is based on a mixed variational inequality with symmetric and coercive bilinear form. We use a new Hilbert-space suitable for dislocation density dependent plasticity.
TOWARDS A DEFINITION OF QUANTUM INTEGRABILITY
Authors: CLEMENTE-GALLARDO JESÚS , MARMO GIUSEPPE 
Published: February 2009

We briefly review the most relevant aspects of complete integrability for classical systems and identify those aspects which should be present in a definition of quantum integrability.We show that a naive extension of classical concepts to the quantum framework would not work because all infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces are unitarilly isomorphic and, as a consequence, it would not be easy to define degrees of freedom. We argue that a geometrical formulation of quantum mechanics might provide a way out.
Namque als Variante von nam?
Authors: Schrickx Josine 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe particle namque is generally regarded as a variant of nam which can be used in its place when preceding a word with an initial vowel. The two particles do indeed have the same function, as described by Kroon (1995, 144): "nam marks discourse units that provide subsidiary information with regard to another, more central discourse unit". And namque is preferred before vowels in poetry. But more important is that namque seems to be more grammaticalized and hence less marked than nam. Unlike nam, in prose namque can appear in another position in the sentence than the first. Moreover, namque is avoided in complicated situations, where the addressee needs a clear signal of subsidiarity. Hence nam is preferred before coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, in praeteritio and occupatio and in interrogative sentences.
Theoretical Assessment of Uncertainty in Regional Averages due to Network Density and Design
Authors: PaiMazumder Debasish , Mölders Nicole 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations are performed over Russia for July and December 2005, 2006, and 2007 to create a “dataset” to assess the impact of network density and design on regional averages. Based on the values at all WRF grid points, regional averages for various quantities are calculated for 2.8° × 2.8° areas as the “reference.” Regional averages determined based on 40 artificial networks and 411 “sites” that correspond to the locations of a real network are compared with the reference regional averages. The 40 networks encompass 10 networks of 500, 400, 200, or 100 different randomly taken WRF grid points as sites. The real network’s site distribution misrepresents the landscape. This misrepresentation leads to errors in regional averages that show geographical and temporal trends for most quantities: errors are lower over shores of large lakes than coasts and lowest over flatland followed by low and high mountain ranges; offsets in timing occur during frontal passages when several sites are passed at nearly the same time. Generally, the real network underestimates regional averages of sea level pressure, wind speed, and precipitation over Russia up to 4.8 hPa (4.8 hPa), 0.7 m s−1 (0.5 m s−1), and 0.2 mm day−1 and overestimates regional averages of 2-m temperature, downward shortwave radiation, and soil temperature over Russia up to 1.9 K (1.4 K), 19 W m−2 (14 W m−2), and 1.5 K (1.8 K) in July (December). The low density of the ten 100-site networks causes difficulties for sea level pressure. Regional averages obtained from the 30 networks with 200 or more randomly distributed sites represent the reference regional averages, trends, and variability for all quantities well.
Formation of Convective Clouds at the Foothills of the Tropical Eastern Andes (South Ecuador)
Authors: Bendix Jörg , Trachte Katja , Cermak Jan , Rollenbeck Rütger , Nauß Thomas 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study examines the seasonal and diurnal dynamics of convective cloud entities—small cells and a mesoscale convective complex–like pattern—in the foothills of the tropical eastern Andes. The investigation is based on Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-East (GOES-E) satellite imagery (2005–07), images of a scanning X-band rain radar, and data from regular meteorological stations. The work was conducted in the framework of a major ecological research program, the Research Unit 816, in which meteorological instruments are installed in the Rio San Francisco valley, breaching the eastern Andes of south Ecuador. GOES image segmentation to discriminate convective cells and other clouds is performed for a 600 × 600 km2 target area, using the concept of connected component labeling by applying the 8-connectivity scheme as well as thresholds for minimum blackbody temperature, spatial extent, and eccentricity of the extracted components. The results show that the formation of convective clouds in the lowland part of the target area mainly occurs in austral summer during late afternoon. Nocturnal enhancement of cell formation could be observed from October to April (particularly February–April) between 0100 and 0400 LST (LST = UTC − 5 h) in the Andean foothill region of the target area, which is the relatively dry season of the adjacent eastern Andean slopes. Nocturnal cell formation is especially marked southeast of the Rio San Francisco valley in the southeast Andes of Ecuador, where a confluence area of major katabatic outflow systems coincide with a quasi-concave shape of the Andean terrain line. The confluent cold-air drainage flow leads to low-level instability and cellular convection in the warm, moist Amazon air mass. The novel result of the current study is to provide statistical evidence that, under these special topographic situations, katabatic outflow is strong enough to generate mainly mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) with a great spatial extent. The MCC-like systems often increase in expanse during their mature phase and propagate toward the Andes because of the prevailing upper-air easterlies, causing early morning peaks of rainfall in the valley of the Rio San Francisco. It is striking that MCC formation in the foothill area is clearly reduced during the main rainy season [June–August (JJA)] of the higher eastern Andean slopes. At a first glance, this contradiction can be explained by rainfall persistence in the Rio San Francisco valley, which is clearly lower during the time of convective activity (December–April) in comparison with JJA, during which low-intensity rainfall is released by predominantly advective clouds with greater temporal endurance.
On the Relationship between African Easterly Waves and the African Easterly Jet
Authors: Leroux Stephanie , Hall Nicholas M. J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This idealized modeling study investigates how convectively triggered African easterly waves (AEWs) are influenced by the intraseasonal variability of the African easterly jet (AEJ). A set of 10-day averaged zonally varying basic states is constructed with the NCEP-2 reanalysis (1979–2006). A primitive equation model is used to simulate linear AEWs on each of these basic states using the same idealized convective heating localized over the Darfur mountains as an initial trigger. It is shown that the transient response depends strongly on the basic state. With the same trigger, many configurations of the AEJ fail to produce a wave disturbance, while others produce strong easterly wave structures. Necessary conditions for the development of strong waves can be characterized by a strong jet, a strong vertical shear, or a strong and extended potential vorticity reversal. In strong-wave cases the jet is extended to the south and west, and the jet core is aligned with the maximum of surface westerlies, maximizing the vertical shear. The pattern that is optimal for generating easterly waves also closely resembles the dominant mode of variation of the AEJ revealed by an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the set of basic states.