bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and antifolate activity of new pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine and thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase
Authors: Vaidya Chitra , Wright Joel E. , Rosowsky Andre 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThree previously undescribed dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors, Nα‐[4‐[N‐[(2,4‐diaminopyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐5‐yl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]‐Nδ‐hemiphthaloyl‐L‐ornithine (7), Nα‐ [4‐ [N‐[(2,4‐diaminothieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐5‐yl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]‐ Nδ‐hemiphthaloyl‐L‐ornithine (8), and N‐[4‐[N‐[(2,4‐diaminothieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐5‐yl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]‐L‐glutamic acid (12), were synthesized and their antifolate activity was assessed. The ability of 7 and 8 to bind to DHFR and inhibit the growth of CCRF‐CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia cells in culture were dramatically reduced in comparison with the corresponding pteridine analogue, Nα‐(4‐amino‐4‐deoxypteroyl)‐Nδ‐hemiphmaloyl‐L‐ornithine (1, PT523). In a similar manner, the antifolate activity of 12 was markedly reduced in comparison with that of the corresponding glutamate analogue, aminopterin (5, AMT). In contrast, 7, 8, and 12 all displayed excellent affinity for the reduced folate carrier (RFC) of CCRF‐CEM cells as measured by a standard competitive influx assay. Lack of a consistent correlation between the results of the growth inhibition assays and those of the DHFR and RFC binding assays results suggest that additional factors also play a role in the antifolate activity of these compounds.
Synthesis of 2,9‐diacyl‐1, 10‐phenanthrolines
Authors: Paul Krapcho A. , Ali Akbar 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA convenient high yield synthetic route leading to 2,9‐diacyl‐1,10‐phenanthrolines has been developed. The reaction of bis‐amide 1 with 2‐pyridyllithium, 6‐bromo‐2‐pyridyllithium or 2‐thienyllithium led to the diacyl compounds 5,6 and 7, respectively. Attempts to prepare 8 by intramolecular coupling of 6 or by treatment of 1 with dilithio analogue 9b were unsuccessful. Treatment of 1 with butyllithium or aryllithium reagents led to 10a, 10b and 10c.
Microclimate modelling of street tree species effects within the varied urban morphology in the Mediterranean city of Tel Aviv, Israel
Authors: Shashua‐Bar Limor , Potchter Oded , Bitan Arieh , Boltansky Dalia , Yaakov Yaron 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMicroclimate formation and its significance in urban planning was examined through two components that predominate in affecting the city's climate: built‐up morphology and urban shade trees.The methodological approach focus is on a generalization procedure for quantifying the thermal effect of any studied situation through parameterization of the vegetated variables and the built‐up forms. The analysis is integrative, using empirical climatic data followed by an analytical study for generalization and sensitivity analysis using an integrative model, the Green CTTC model.Three urban tree species predominant in the Tel Aviv gardens and streets, with different canopy characteristics, and three levels of building densities were analysed to determine their thermal effect on an urban street microclimate. The variables were parameterized according to six basic cooling attributes for the studied tree species in urban gardens in Tel Aviv, and according to three geometric built‐up parameters for the studied urban street.The integrative modelling approach of considering all changes simultaneously was illustrated on an urban boulevard in Tel Aviv. The analysis demonstrates the shortcomings of piecemeal modelling and the merits of the integrative approach.The study indicates the importance of urban trees in alleviating the heat island effect in a hot and humid summer. The tree cooling effect was found to be strongly related to the built form geometry. In all the studied cases, the thermal effect of the tree was found to depend mainly on its canopy coverage level and planting density in the urban street and little on other species characteristics.The methodology of analysis presented in this paper can be applied to develop an operational tool in assessing for an urban open space the integrative thermal effects of different tree species, and of the varied urban morphology and the interaction between them. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The effects of a seaweed extract in addition to nitrogen and boron fertilization on productivity, fruit maturation, leaf nutritional status and oil quality of the olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar Koroneiki
Authors: Chouliaras Vassilios , Tasioula Maria , Chatzissavvidis Christos , Therios Ioannis , Tsabolatidou Eleftheria 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: There is not adequate literature on effects of seaweed extracts (SWE) on yield and nutritional status of olive trees as well as olive oil quality. In this work, a study of the effects of a seaweed extract applied foliarly (0.5% v/v) in addition to soil application of N (500 g NH4NO3 per tree) and B (150 g borax per tree) on productivity, fruit parameters, nutritional status and olive oil quality of a Greek olive cultivar was performed.RESULTS: In contrast to the trees treated with N (NH4NO3) or N + B (NH4NO3 + borax), the additional application of seaweed extract (treatments N + SWE and N + B orax + SWE) increased the productivity and oil content and accelerated maturation of the olive fruits. In particular, the best results concerning productivity, oil content and earliness of maturity (colour and firmness) were observed in the trees treated with N + B + SWE. The additional application of SWE also increased K, Fe and Cu concentrations and reduced the concentrations of Mn in olive leaves compared to the corresponding treatments without SWE. Total phenol concentration in oil was minimized in all fertilization treatments but, particularly, the additional application of SWE did not affect it. The application of N + B + SWE led to a significant increase in linolenic as well as oleic acid concentrations, and to a decline in palmitoleic, stearic and linoleic acid concentrations in olive oil.CONCLUSION: The fertilizer treatments of this experiment and especially the combination of NH4NO3 + borax + SWE should be recommended for the studied olive orchards, in order to increase tree productivity and improve their nutrition status and various olive oil quality parameters. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Qualitative changes in Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm. mushrooms resulting from different methods of preliminary processing and periods of frozen storage
Authors: Jaworska Grażyna , Bernaś Emilia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different methods of preliminary processing and periods of frozen storage on the quality of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm. mushrooms. In pre‐processing, mushrooms were blanched or soaked and blanched in water as well as in aqueous solutions of citric acid, L‐ascorbic acid and/or lactic acid. During 12 months of storage at −25 °C, sensory evaluations, instrumental colour measurements and chemical analyses of the frozen products were carried out every 4 months.RESULTS: The greatest changes resulting from technological treatment were found in flavour. At the end of the storage period the content of thiamine and riboflavin decreased by 14–65% and 3–13% respectively compared with the raw material. This was accompanied by changes in total acidity and vitamin C content within the ranges − 56 to + 61% and − 97 to + 5% respectively.CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the sensory evaluation, a maximum storage period of 4 months was set for the frozen product obtained from unblanched mushrooms. Mushroom products pre‐processed in aqueous solutions with added substances may be stored for 8 months and those blanched in water for 12 months. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Finding social benefits after a collective trauma: Perceiving societal changes and well‐being following 9/11
Authors: Poulin Michael J. , Silver Roxane Cohen , Gil‐Rivas Virginia , Holman E. Alison , McIntosh Daniel N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIndividuals frequently perceive positive changes in themselves following adversity; after a collective trauma, they may perceive such benefits in others or in their society as well. We examined perceived benefits of the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks in a 3‐year study of a national sample of adults (N = 1382). Many individuals (57.8%) perceived social benefits of 9/11, including increased prosocial behavior, religiousness, or political engagement. Individuals who found increased national religiosity as a benefit 2 months post‐9/11 reported greater positive affect and life satisfaction and lower distress and posttraumatic stress up to 3 years post‐9/11. Pre‐9/11 religiousness and Republican political affiliation predicted perceiving religion‐related social benefits post‐9/11. Perceptions of social change are important but understudied responses to stressful events.
Posttraumatic anger in crime victims: Directed at the perpetrator and at the self
Authors: Orth Ulrich , Maercker Andreas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study investigated the targets of anger that are most strongly involved in posttraumatic anger. Using a sample of 218 crime victims, the authors assessed the levels of anger at potential targets (perpetrator, criminal justice system, third persons, and the self) and their association with severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The results revealed that anger was most strongly directed at the perpetrator and at the self, and that anger at other targets was low. Moreover, anger at the perpetrator and at the self showed strong associations with PTSD symptoms, whereas the associations of anger at other targets with PTSD symptoms were low.
Multivariate analyses and spatial distribution of Manganese minerals in soils close to an abandoned Manganese mine
Authors: Ekosse G.‐I. E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFour hundred soil samples were obtained from a 4 km2area close to the abandoned Kgwakgwe Mn oxide ore mine in order to investigate the environmental association of Mn minerals and concentrations in the soils. Manganese minerals and Mn concentrations in samples were identified by X‐ray diffractometry and atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively, and results statistically analysed. Bixbyte, Mn2O3; braunite, Mn+2MnSiO12; ramsdellite, MnO2; pyrolusite,β‐MnO2and cryptomelane, K2 − xMn8O16were identified in soil samples at the study site but none of these minerals found in soil samples from the control site. Manganese concentrations in samples from the study area were significantly higher than those from the control site. Statistical data yielded seven clusters with distribution of the Mn minerals and concentrations as follows: cluster 1 dominated by Mn concentrations in soil, cluster 2 by none of the seven Mn minerals, cluster 3 by pyrolusite, cluster 4 by braunite, cluster 5 by cryptomelane, cluster 6 by bixbyite and cluster 7 by ramsdellite. Very weak associations of these minerals were depicted from their correlations. The clusters had a bearing on the spatial distribution of the different minerals. Comparing results obtained from the control site, and geological materials, to the soils from the study area, it is certain that Mn minerals and high Mn concentrations in soils originated from the surrounding geological materials. The mining activities most possibly have affected Mn concentrations' and minerals' occurrences in the soils at the study area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benefits and value of meteorological information services—the case of the Finnish Meteorological Institute
Authors: Leviäkangas Pekka , Hautala Raine 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe benefits of meteorological information services have been widely studied, but a coherent view of the impacts of these services remains elusive. Meteorological information services must be seen primarily to have potential positive impacts on the functions of society: only in that light will their true worth emerge. This paper looks at the value of the services for society as a whole. In addition to their methodological contribution to the value assessment of meteorological services in general, the services of the Finnish Meteorological Institute represent an empirical case. Evidently the value of information is set to play an increasing role as societies grow increasingly information intensive. The results of the empirical case were explicit. The total value of benefits generated each year by the Institute's services exceeded the annual budget of the Institute many times over. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Direct detection of alkylphosphonic acids in environmental matrices by proton coupled phosphorus NMR
Authors: Sharma Mamta , Gupta A. K. , Mewar Sujeet , Beldar Anil , Suryanarayana M. V. S. , Raza S. K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA simple, convenient, and direct one‐dimensional (1D) 31P NMR technique is demonstrated for the detection of alkylphosphonic acids (marker of nerve agents). The results of detection were validated after conducting various in‐house exercises. The confidence generated by this study was found very useful in detection of different alkylphosphonic acids spiked in various official interlaboratory proficiency tests conducted by Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppression of reflex urethral responses by sacral dermatome stimulation in an acute spinalized feline model
Authors: Mariano Timothy Y. , Bhadra Narendra , Gustafson Kenneth J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAimsReflex contractions of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) are a major component of voiding dysfunction after neurological injury or disease. Aberrant urethral reflexes can prevent voiding and cause serious medical complications. Characterizing these urethral reflexes during genitourinary studies is necessary for evaluating novel pharmacological or neuroprosthetic approaches. The objectives of the present study were to generate urethral reflexes in the acute spinal feline, to quantify these reflexes, and to suppress them with electrical stimulation of the sacral dermatomes.MethodsThis study comprised eight male cats. Anaesthesia was maintained with alpha‐chloralose or sodium pentobarbital. The spinal cord was transected between T10 and T12, and nerve cuff electrodes were placed on the extradural S2 sacral roots to provide bladder activation. Bladder and urethral pressures were recorded during and after bladder contractions. Electrical stimulation was applied non‐invasively to the sacral dermatomes with commercial surface electrodes.ResultsUrethral reflexes were elicited consistently in six cats. The corresponding urethral pressure spikes were quantified. Putative metrics of urethral reflex activity such as the rate and average magnitude of reflex pressure spikes correlated significantly with standard urodynamic variables. Electrical stimulation of the sacral dermatomes suppressed urethral reflexes in three cats.ConclusionsThese findings in an acute spinal feline preparation demonstrate a non‐invasive means of suppressing undesirable urethral reflexes. Translation of this work to clinical use could improve neuroprostheses for restoring bladder function and enhance treatment of aberrant urethral reflexes in humans. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:494–500, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Convergence analysis of a balancing domain decomposition method for solving a class of indefinite linear systems
Authors: Li Jing , Tu Xuemin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA variant of balancing domain decomposition method by constraints (BDDC) is proposed for solving a class of indefinite systems of linear equations of the form (K−σ2M)u=f, which arise from solving eigenvalue problems when an inverse shifted method is used and also from the finite element discretization of Helmholtz equations. Here, both K and M are symmetric positive definite. The proposed BDDC method is closely related to the previous dual–primal finite element tearing and interconnecting method (FETI‐DP) for solving this type of problems (Appl. Numer. Math. 2005; 54:150–166), where a coarse level problem containing certain free‐space solutions of the inherent homogeneous partial differential equation is used in the algorithm to accelerate the convergence. Under the condition that the diameters of the subdomains are small enough, the convergence rate of the proposed algorithm is established, which depends polylogarithmically on the dimension of the individual subdomain problems and which improves with a decrease of the subdomain diameters. These results are supported by numerical experiments of solving a two‐dimensional problem. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy‐minimizing coarse spaces for two‐level Schwarz methods for multiscale PDEs
Authors: Van lent Jan , Scheichl Robert , Graham Ivan G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwo‐level overlapping Schwarz methods for elliptic partial differential equations combine local solves on overlapping domains with a global solve of a coarse approximation of the original problem. To obtain robust methods for equations with highly varying coefficients, it is important to carefully choose the coarse approximation. Recent theoretical results by the authors have shown that bases for such robust coarse spaces should be constructed such that the energy of the basis functions is minimized. We give a simple derivation of a method that finds such a minimum energy basis using one local solve per coarse space basis function and one global solve to enforce a partition of unity constraint. Although this global solve may seem prohibitively expensive, we demonstrate that a one‐level overlapping Schwarz method is an effective and scalable preconditioner and we show that such a preconditioner can be implemented efficiently using the Sherman–Morrison–Woodbury formula. The result is an elegant, scalable, algebraic method for constructing a robust coarse space given only the supports of the coarse space basis functions. Numerical experiments on a simple two‐dimensional model problem with a variety of binary and multiscale coefficients confirm this. Numerical experiments also show that, when used in a two‐level preconditioner, the energy‐minimizing coarse space gives better results than other coarse space constructions, such as the multiscale finite element approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the essence and the evaluation of the shape functions for the smoothed finite element method (SFEM)
Authors: Liu G. R. , Nguyen‐Thoi T. , Nguyen‐Xuan H. , Dai K. Y. , Lam K. Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper is written in response to the recently published paper (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2008; 76:1285–1295) at IJNME entitled ‘On the smoothed finite element method’ (SFEM) by Zhang HH, Liu SJ, Li LX.In this paper we
repeat briefly the important essence of the original SFEM presented in (Comp. Mech. 2007; 39: 859–877; Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2007; 71:902–930; Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2008; 74:175–208; Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 2007; 43:847–860; J. Sound Vib. 2007; 301:803–820), and
examine further issues in the evaluation of the shape functions used in the SFEM.

It will be shown that the ‘SFEM’ presented in paper (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2008; 76:1285–1295) is not at all our original SFEM presented in (Comp. Mech. 2007; 39:859–877; Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2007; 71:902–930; Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2008; 74:175–208; Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 2007; 43:847–860; J. Sound Vib. 2007; 301:803–820). Therefore, all these ‘Theorems’, ‘Corollaries’ and ‘Remarks’ presented in paper (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2008; 76:1285–1295) have nothing to do with our original SFEM. The properties of the original SFEM stand as they were presented in our original papers (Comp. Mech. 2007; 39:859–877; Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2007; 71:902–930; Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2008; 74:175–208; Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 2007; 43:847–860; J. Sound Vib. 2007; 301:803–820). Finally, we brief on our advancements made far beyond our original SFEM and our visions on future numerical methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of core‐shell structure aided by SiC‐coated MWNT in ABS/LCP blend
Authors: Bose S. , Mukherjee M. , Pal K. , Nayak G. C. , Das C. K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAgglomeration is an issue of major concern for unmodified multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)‐aided polymeric composites. To overcome the above‐mentioned problem, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are modified by polycarbosilane (PCS)‐derived Silicone carbide (SiC). Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)/Liquid Crystalline polymer (LCP)/MWCNT nanocomposites are prepared through melt blending in a twin screw extruder. X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies authenticate the creation of ß‐SiC particles. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies reveal the formation of core–shell morphology involving MWNT as the core and SiC‐coated MWNT as the shell. The degree of dispersion of MWNT is far better when it has been coated with SiC. As viewed from Thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA), the thermal stability is substantially increased in SiC‐aided nanocomposite in comparison to ABS/LCP/unmodified CNT blend. Glass transition temperature as well as mechanical properties are improved significantly (in the presence of SiC‐coated MWNT) as a result of homogeneous dispersion exhibited by MWNT. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incipient bubble formation during bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate under near‐isothermal conditions using a ribbon agitator
Authors: Singh Gurpreet J. , Gupta Santosh K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is carried out under near‐isothermal conditions in a 1‐liter stainless steel stirred batch reactor with a glass bottom. A ribbon agitator is used to study the incipient stable‐bubble formation point, Bi, during the bulk polymerization of MMA. A camcorder has been used to get images of the bubbles from the beginning of the polymerization till just beyond the incipient stable‐bubble formation point. Experimental data on the monomer conversion, xm,Bi, the weight average molecular weight, Mw,Bi, and the viscosity, ηBi, of the reaction mass have been generated at this important point. Data have been taken at several values of the (near‐isothermal) temperature, initiator loading, reactor pressure, and the RPM of the ribbon stirrer. No significant effect of pressure and the RPM of the stirrer were observed over the ranges of these variables studied. Correlations have been developed for xm,Bi, Mw,Bi, and ηBi, relating these to the initiator loading and the temperature. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation, characterization, and physical properties of multiwall carbon nanotube/elastomer composites
Authors: Perez Leon D. , Zuluaga Manuel A. , Kyu Thein , Mark James E. , Lopez Betty L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe present article describes preparation, characterization, and physical properties of nanoparticles‐filled composites consisting of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and styrene‐butadiene rubber and nitrile‐ butadiene rubber. The reinforcing MWCNT fillers were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition on iron and cobalt catalysts supported by calcium carbonate substrates. These MWCNT were further treated with nitric acid to produce hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups on the carbon nanotubes (CNT) surfaces. Of particular importance is that these functionalized CNTs were found to exert profound influence on the elastomeric matrices, particularly the vulcanization activation energy, resistance to solvent swelling, enhanced glass transition temperature, and improved storage and loss moduli. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers