bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age differences in control beliefs regarding health: Control, strategy and capacity
Authors: Bernardes Sónia F. , Luisa Lima Maria 
Published: July 2006

Objectives.A new model of perceived control has been proposed (Skinner, 1995) in which 3 types of control‐related beliefs were distinguished: control, strategy and capacity. This model has not yet been applied to health issues. Hence, the main purpose of this study was to apply it to the health domain, exploring age differences in the way children and teenagers conceptualize control‐related beliefs.Design and setting.A prospective age cohort study was carried out with older children and teenagers attending public schools in Lisbon's metropolitan area.Method.A newly developed instrument (HPCQ) was administered to 188 healthy participants (91 6th graders and 97 11th graders).Results.Analyses of variance showed no age differences in individuals' strategy beliefs. Generally, children showed stronger capacity beliefs and a higher perceived control over their own health than teenagers. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that the belief in being a lucky person was a central predictor of control in later childhood. In adolescence, chance‐related factors lost their predictive power, and effort and attributes‐related beliefs remained controls' primary predictors.Conclusions.These results emphasize the heuristic value of this recent conceptualization of control‐related beliefs. Moreover, they contribute to the development of more effective and reliable health‐related school‐based prevention/intervention programmes aiming at these particular age cohorts.
Quantification of IgG Antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus and Pigeon Antigens by ImmunoCAP Technology: An Alternative to the Precipitation Technique?
Authors: Van Hoeyveld Erna , Dupont Lieven , Bossuyt Xavier 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Background: We evaluated the ImmunoCAP technique for measurement of IgG specific to Aspergillus fumigatus and pigeon antigens.
Methods: We used ImmunoCAP and precipitation technique to measure concentrations of IgG to A. fumigatus or pigeon antigens in sera from 265 patients and 42 controls. We also evaluated linearity, interference, imprecision, concordance, and diagnostic accuracy of the measuring techniques.
Results: The precipitation and ImmunoCAP technique showed moderate concordance (κ, 0.46 for both A. fumigatus and pigeon antibodies). Specific IgG results for A. fumigatus and pigeon were linear (r = 0.98 and 0.97, respectively), with interrun reproducibility rates of 23% and 14% and maximal interference of 36.5% and 8% by lipid and 24% and 21% by hemolysis, respectively. A. fumigatus antibody concentrations were higher in patients with aspergillosis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) (median, 103 and 70.1 mgA/L, respectively) than in patients with other pulmonary diseases (median, 18.15–33.40 mgA/L). Antibodies to pigeon antigens were high in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (median, 1024 mgA/L) but also in patients with other pulmonary diseases (median, 445 mgA/L). Antibody titers were substantially higher in patients with other pulmonary diseases and contact with pigeons (median, 1060 mgA/L) than in patients without antigen contact (median, 27.35 mgA/L) (P &lt;0.004).
Conclusions: Agreement between the precipitation and ImmunoCAP technique was 86% for A. fumigatus and 70% for pigeon antigens. Highest concentrations of specific IgG to A. fumigatus were found in patients with aspergillosis and ABPA. Our results suggest that antigen contact was the most important variable affecting the presence of antibodies to pigeon antigen.
Automated Chemiluminescence-Immunoassay for Aldosterone during Dynamic Testing: Comparison to Radioimmunoassays with and without Extraction Steps
Authors: Schirpenbach Caroline , Seiler Lysann , Maser-Gluth Christiane , Beuschlein Felix , Reincke Martin , Bidlingmaier Martin 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Background: Measurements of aldosterone have become more common since the recognition that primary aldosteronism is a more frequent cause of hypertension than previously believed. Our aim was to compare concentrations reported by 4 assays for samples obtained after saline infusion during dynamic testing.
Methods: We tested 104 participants (27 with primary aldosteronism, 30 with essential hypertension, and 47 healthy controls) with the intravenous saline infusion test (2.0 L isotonic saline over 4 h), with repetitive sampling. In all blood samples, aldosterone concentration was measured by an in-house RIA after extraction and chromatography, by 2 commercially available RIAs without extraction (Aldosterone Maia, Adaltis; Active Aldosterone, Diagnostics Systems Laboratories) and by an automated CLIA (Advantage, Nichols Institute Diagnostics).
Results: Correlation coefficients for results of pairs of assays ranged from 0.74 to 0.98. Agreement between commercial assays and in-house RIA was best at the low to intermediate concentrations after saline infusion. Mean (SD) Adaltis and DSL RIA results were 2- to 3-times higher [healthy participants: 78 (25) ng/L and 56 (18) ng/L, respectively] than those obtained by Nichols CLIA [17 (8) ng/L] and in-house RIA [23 (18) ng/L]. Aldosterone concentrations measured by the Nichols CLIA were below the limit of detection (limit of the blank) in 27 of 47 healthy participants.
Conclusions: Aldosterone concentrations reported by the Adaltis and DSL nonextraction RIAs were consistently higher than those produced by the Nichols CLIA and the in-house RIA. The convenient Nichols CLIA showed better agreement with the in-house RIA, but the concentrations in healthy participants were frequently undetectable by this method. Uncritical application of cutoff values from the literature must be avoided.
Human cathepsin L rescues the neurodegeneration and lethality in cathepsin B/L double-deficient mice
Authors: Sevenich Lisa , Pennacchio Len A. , Peters Christoph , Reinheckel Thomas 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTSB) and cathepsin L (CTSL) are two widely expressed cysteine proteases thought to predominantly reside within lysosomes. Functional analysis of CTSL in humans is complicated by the existence of two CTSL-like homologs (CTSL and CTSL2), in contrast to mice, which possess only one CTSL enzyme. Thus, transgenic expression of human CTSL in CTSL-deficient mice provides an opportunity to study the in vivo functions of this human protease without interference by its highly related homolog. While mice with single-gene deficiencies for murine CTSB or CTSL survive without apparent neuromuscular impairment, murine CTSB/CTSL double-deficient mice display degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells and neurons of the cerebral cortex, resulting in severe hypotrophy, motility defects, and lethality during their third to fourth week of life. Here we show that expression of human CTSL through a genomic transgene results in widespread expression of human CTSL in the mouse that is capable of rescuing the lethality found in CTSB/CTSL double-deficient animals. Human CTSL is expressed in the brain of these compound mutants, predominantly in neurons of the cerebral cortex and in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, where it appears to prevent neuronal cell death.
Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Compton Carolyn C. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of site‐specific cancer mortality in Western nations. Over 130,000 new cases and 56,500 deaths were expected in the United States in 1998. Approximately 70–80% of patients will present with apparently localized disease that is surgically resectable. A proportion of these patients harbor occult micrometastases and will relapse after initial therapy. Randomized, Phase III clinical trials evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy (combined with radiotherapy in rectal cancer) for patients with local/regional lymph‐node involvement have clearly shown some of these patients can be cured with adjuvant therapy.
A recent pooled analysis as well as the individual prospective randomized clinical trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Stage II disease (no involvement of local/regional lymph nodes) have not clearly shown a survival benefit in these patients. Yet a significant minority of these patients will relapse and eventually die of their disease. A review by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) of four consecutive adjuvant chemotherapy trials in Stages II and III colorectal cancer argues that adjuvant chemotherapy does improve survival for Stage II patients. The use of molecular markers that have prognostic significance in addition to pathologic and clinical factors has the potential to identify high‐risk patients who may benefit from therapy. This may allow treatment of those at highest risk while sparing those with minimal risk the toxicity and expense of adjuvant chemotherapy.
Prognostic factors can also serve a useful role in advanced disease. Some factors may be predictive of response to therapy, thereby aiding in the choice of palliative treatment. In a small subset of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, patient‐and tumor‐related factors impact on the potential for curative resection of metastatic disease.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Palmer Daniel H. , Johnson Philip J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common tumor that is responsible for over 5% of all cancer deaths worldwide. It is highly malignant and therapy has, to date, had little impact on overall survival. Although the natural history of the disease and the essential prognostic variables are now clearly defined, we must recognize that the overall prognosis is universally poor, with most patients dying within one year of diagnosis. Part of the reason for this dismal state of affairs is that, as well as having HCC, at least 75% of patients will have an associated chronic liver disease, usually at the stage of cirrhosis. The tumor and the chronic liver disease have independent natural histories and both contribute significantly to the patient's prognosis. In a disease such as HCC, where a significant proportion of patients will die within a few weeks of diagnosis, accurate prognostication is important. Information on the expected course of the disease is essential to provide a time frame in which these unfortunate patients can sort out their affairs.In reviewing prognostic factors it is important to bear in mind that the tumor is relatively rare in the West where the incidence is only in the order of 1–2/100,000 compared to over 50/100,000 in many areas of Africa and the Far East. There is therefore a tendency for patients in the West to be referred to a few specialist centers, and this process can be the source of considerable bias in reported series. For example, the figure for the rate that HCC can be resected with curative intent, an essential determinant of prognosis, has been reported to be up to 40% in series from Western surgical units. This may reflect, however, the fact that only those patients who the referring physician perceives to be good candidates for resection are referred and operated upon. The “true” rate is nearer to 10%. Another consequence of the wide geographic variation is that surgeons in high‐incidence areas may have significantly more experience of operating on HCC in cirrhotic livers and may expect better results.
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Specht Lena 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The Ann Arbor staging classification remains the basis for the evaluation of patients with Hodgkin's disease. The Ann Arbor classification has been adopted by the American Joint Committe on Cancer (AJCC) and International Union Against Cancer (UICC) as the recommended staging classification for Hodgkin's disease. It is evident, though, that this staging cannot be relied on as the only prognostic tool in Hodgkin's disease. A modification of the Ann Arbor system was proposed at the Cotswold meeting to incorporate a designation for number of sites and bulk. These recommendations have not been universally adopted, however, and a multitude of other factors and combinations of factors are currently being employed worldwide. The anatomic extent of disease is the most important prognostic factor in Hodgkin's disease and forms the baseline for decision making regarding treatment. Because of this, the prognostic factors will be considered in the context of stage.
Retinoblastoma
Authors: Khetan Vikas , Chan Helen S. L. , Wang Lisa , Gallie Brenda L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Retinoblastoma is the commonest malignant eye tumor of childhood affecting 15 per 100,000 live births. Children predisposed to hereditary retinoblastoma as a result of carrying a mutant
RB1
allele usually develop bilateral disease, but may be having only unilateral disease. However, only 10% of children have familial retinoblastoma, and most germline
RB1
alleles are novel. Discussion here will center on prognostic risk factors for retinoblastoma at three levels: risk of developing retinoblastoma; risk of losing the eye with intraocular disease despite current therapies; and risk of death due to metastatic disease in spite of the best therapies. No multicenter clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate systematic therapy for intraocular or extraocular retinoblastoma. Such trials will require global collaboration. Since 1990, chemotherapy with focal (laser and cryo) therapy has replaced external beam radiation (EBRT) as primary therapy, to avoid the severe long‐term side effect of EBRT. However, EBRT remains a valuable tool to salvage eyes that fail chemotherapy/focal therapy. With full molecular analysis 93% of
RB1
mutant alleles can be identified, supporting accurate identification of infants at risk, facilitating early diagnosis and intervention and vastly improving visual outcome and saving eyes in the long run. The 2002 TNM classification for metastatic retinoblastoma does not reflect differences in outcome for disease affecting the CNS versus bone marrow. Whereas, the newly proposed International Retinoblastoma Classification (IRC) addresses these issues. Current treatment of metastatic retinoblastoma offers hope. “Cure” with long‐term follow‐up is possible with chemotherapy, orbital and focal radiation, intrathecal chemotherapy, and bone marrow/stem cell transplant.
Propagation of uncertainty in chemically activated systems
Authors: Androulakis Ioannis P. , Grenda Jeffrey M. , Barckholtz Timothy A. , Bozzelli Joseph W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemically activated systems play an important role in combustion and atmospheric chemistry. The overall reaction paths exhibit complex pressure and temperature dependencies because each intermediate involves a coupled system of competing multistep isomerization, dissociation, and stabilization paths. A number of estimation techniques exist for deriving the required thermochemical and elementary kinetic input parameters for rate coefficient estimation. The availability of high‐level ab initio methods promises to reduce the inaccuracies associated with older empirical methods. The objective of this study is to evaluate the importance of the various thermochemical parameters entering the rate coefficient calculation. We describe and illustrate a computational framework to quantify the functional relationship between the thermochemical properties and the macroscopic observables through appropriate response surface methods. The approach is demonstrated by analyzing the impact of thermochemical properties in estimating autoignition delays in propane oxidation. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
CF3‐substituierte aromatische und heterocyclische Bausteine
Authors: Schlosser Manfred 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFluor bleibt ein Geheimtipp in den Lebenswissenschaften, da sich mit diesem Element biologische Eigenschaften abstimmen lassen. Die Synthese fluorhaltiger Zielverbindungen ist jedoch nicht immer einfach: Praktisch jedes Fluor‐Atom, das an ein organisches Gerüst angeheftet wird, muss letztlich einer anorganischen Quelle entnommen werden. Ausschlaggebend für die Syntheseplanung ist die Entscheidung, auf welcher Stufe und wie das Halogen eingeführt werden soll. Gängige technische Verfahren, insbesondere die Verdrängung von Chlor mit wasserfreiem Fluorwasserstoff oder mit Kaliumfluorid, lassen sich schwerlich zweckmäßig im Labormaßstab ausführen. Allgemeingültige Methoden für Industrie wie Hochschulbereich finden deshalb großen Anklang. Für die Synthese CF3‐substituierter Arene oder Heterocyclen gibt es zwei hervorragende Möglichkeiten: Die CF3‐Gruppe kann paketweise durch Kupplung eines geeigneten Substrats mit in situ erzeugtem (Trifluormethyl)kupfer übertragen werden, oder man kann von einem CF3‐haltigen Aren oder Heterocyclus als Grundgerüst ausgehen und dieses mit den noch fehlenden Teilen vervollständigen.
CF3‐Bearing Aromatic and Heterocyclic Building Blocks
Authors: Schlosser Manfred 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFluorine remains an insiders' tip in the life sciences as it enables the fine‐tuning of biological properties. However, the synthesis of fluorine‐substituted target compounds is not always trivial. Virtually any fluorine atom attached to an organic backbone has ultimately to be imported from inorganic sources. Crucial for the entire synthetic planning in medicinal and agricultural research is the decision on at what stage and how the halogen will be introduced. Standard technical processes, in particular the displacement of chlorine using anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or potassium fluoride, can hardly be implemented rationally on the laboratory scale. Universal methods that are applicable by both industrial and academic researchers thus have great appeal. If a trifluoromethyl‐substituted arene or heterocycle is the target compound, two splendid options exist. The CF3 group can be delivered packagewise by coupling an appropriate substrate with in situ generated (trifluoromethyl)copper. Alternatively, one may start from a CF3‐substituted arene or heterocycle as a core and complete it with the missing parts of the ultimate structure.
Using Bioconjugated Nanoparticles To Monitor E. coli in a Flow Channel
Authors: Mechery Shelly John , Zhao Xiaojun Julia , Wang Lin , Hilliard Lisa R. , Munteanu Alina , Tan Weihong 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA simple and portable flow channel optical detection system combined with bioconjugated luminescent nanoparticles allows the rapid detection of single bacterial cells without sample enrichment. The optical system is designed to have single‐molecule‐detection capability in a microcapillary flow channel by decreasing the laser excitation probe volume to a few picoliters, which consequently results in a low background. Specific monoclonal antibodies were immobilized on nanoparticles to form nanoparticle–antibody conjugates. The bioconjugated nanoparticles bind to the target bacteria when they recognize the antigen on the bacterium surface, thus providing a bright luminescent signal for the detection of individual bacteria cells. The high sensitivity provided by the luminescent and photostable silica nanoparticles eliminates the need for further enrichment of bacteria samples and signal amplification. This flow channel detection system is convenient and allows the detection of single bacterial cells within a few minutes.
Mining plant diversity: Gerbera as a model system for plant developmental and biosynthetic research
Authors: Teeri Teemu H. , Elomaa Paula , Kotilainen Mika , Albert Victor A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGerbera hybrida is a member of the large sunflower family (Asteraceae). Typical of Asteraceae, Gerbera bears different types of flowers in its inflorescence. The showy marginal flowers comprise elongate, ligulate corollas that are female, whereas the central and inconspicuous disc flowers are complete, with both male and female organs. As such, Gerbera offers great potential for comparative developmental research within a single genotype. Moreover, different Gerbera varieties show an impressive spectrum of color patterns, directly displaying responses to developmental cues at all important morphological levels (flower type, flower organ and within organs). Further, Gerbera harbors an arsenal of Asteraceae‐type secondary metabolites, not present in other model plants. With powerful reverse genetics methods, a large collection of EST sequences and a new cDNA microarray, Gerbera has become a model plant of the sunflower family. BioEssays 28: 756–767, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New instruments – old practices? The implications of environmental management systems and extended producer responsibility for design for the environment
Authors: Kautto Petrus 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAs the focus of environmental policy and management is shifting from cleaner production at the process level towards greener products, there is a need for new kinds of policy instruments and initiatives. Environmental management systems (EMSs) and extended producer responsibility (EPR) systems are efforts to overcome the limitations of the traditional regulatory approach. In this paper, I illustrate how EMSs and EPR systems have influenced the emergence of greener products in three case companies. These case studies are complemented by results from a survey on design for the environment in the electrical and electronics industry. Both the case studies and the survey indicate that the linkage between EMSs and product development is weak or completely missing. Therefore, the mere existence of an EMS can hardly be used as a convincing indicator of the implementation of an environmentally friendly design process. The results regarding the EPR systems are more positive. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Sustainable supply chain management in tourism
Authors: Font Xavier , Tapper Richard , Schwartz Karen , Kornilaki Marianna 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSustainable supply chain management (SSCM) encapsulates the trend to use purchasing policies and practices to facilitate sustainable development at the tourist destination. Most research has focused on environmental aspects of manufacturing, while other aspects of sustainability or the challenges for the service sector are largely ignored. Yet SSCM is particularly important for tour operators, as the product depends on the activities of suppliers, such as accommodation, transport and activities. Therefore, tour operators' contribution to sustainable tourism will be more effective through the definition and implementation of policies that acknowledge responsibility for the impacts of suppliers. Exploratory research of SSCM practices amongst tour operators generated a wide range of examples of good practice across the whole supply chain, and recommendations are made for more widespread engagement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Marine Cyclic Depsipeptide Halipeptins A–D
Authors: Yu Shouyun , Pan Xianhua , Ma Dawei 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHalipeptins A–D (1 a–d) are a family of natural cyclic depsipeptides isolated from marine sponges. Total syntheses of these four compounds are detailed in this report. The key elements in this synthesis include the elaboration of the polysubstituted decanoic acid parts by two asymmetric aldol reactions, assembly of the N‐methyl‐δ‐hydroxyisoleucine residue by using either aza‐Claisen rearrangement or methylation of aspartates as the key steps, and macrocyclization at the polysubstituted decanoic acid alanine site.