bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast Rate Growth of Organized Carbon Nanotubes by CVD Using Iron Pentacarbonyl as Gas‐Phase Catalyst
Authors: Kuo D.‐H. , Su M.‐Y. , Chen W.‐R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOrganized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been grown at a fast rate by a gas‐phase, catalytic CVD technique at 600–750 °C for 15 min with the iron pentacarbonyl/acetylene/hydrogen system. The CNT growth at various temperatures and flow rates of iron pentacarbonyl, acetylene, and hydrogen, has been quantitatively analyzed by its length. The CNT growth accelerates with growth temperatures up to 700 °C, but depends upon growth conditions at 750 °C. Acetylene at a higher input deactivates catalysts owing to its supersaturated carbon content, approaching that of Fe3C. The deactivation of catalysts can be overcome by the addition of hydrogen via a hydrocarbon reaction to refresh the poisoned catalysts or by the high input of iron pentacarbonyl to provide fresh catalysts for the continuous CNT growth. CNTs with a longest tube length of 845±28 μm and a fastest growth rate of 56±1.9 μm min–1 were obtained. A mixed‐mode growth mechanism combining the tip‐ and base‐growth modes was suggested.
Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Ferromagnetic‐Filled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Leonhardt A. , Hampel S. , Müller C. , Mönch I. , Koseva R. , Ritschel M. , Elefant D. , Biedermann K. , Büchner B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFerromagnetic‐filled carbon nanotubes are new nanostructured materials with many possible applications. They can be synthesized using the thermal decomposition of metallocenes of the iron triad. Two different methods (solid and liquid source CVD) are suitable for producing, at very high filling rates, filled nanotubes on precoated Si substrates. The diameters of deposited filled nanotubes are particularly dependent on the size of catalyst particles on the substrate, while the lengths depend more on the sublimation and decomposition rate of metallocene. The growth mechanism of filled carbon nanotubes is based on the root growth mode. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes, filled with body‐centered cubic Fe, show unusual magnetic properties. Aligned‐growth nanotube ensembles can reach coercivities up to 130 mT (bulk iron 0.09 mT). Ferromagnetic‐filled carbon nanotubes can be successfully used both as cantilever tips in magnetic force microscopy and as a nanocontainer for new therapies in medicine.
MOCVD Synthesis of Germanium Filled “Diamondlike” Carbon Nanotubes and Microtubes from Organogermanium Precursors and Their Field‐Emission Properties
Authors: Domrachev G. A. , Ob'edkov A. M. , Kaverin B. S. , Zaitsev A. A. , Titova S. N. , Kirillov A. I. , Strahkov A. S. , Ketkov S. Y. , Domracheva E. G. , Zhogova K. B. , Kruglova M. V. , Filatov D. O. , Bukalov S. S. , Mikhalitsyn L. A. , Leites L. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGe‐filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with an average diameter of 15–100 nm, and Ge‐filled carbon microtubes (CMTs) with an average diameter of 100‐8000 nm, with diamondlike structures have been prepared by metal‐organic (MO)CVD from organogermanium precursors [(C2H5)4Ge and (n‐C4H9)4Ge]. These new composite structures of arrays of CNTs/germanium nanowires (GeNWs) and CMTs/GeNWs have been characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning Auger microscopy (SAM), Raman spectroscopy, and field‐emission measurements. The promising field‐emission properties observed for mixtures of CNTs/GeNWs and CMTs/GeNWs form a basis for important applications of these new hybrid nanomaterials.
The World of Carbon Nanotubes: An Overview of CVD Growth Methodologies
Authors: Terranova M. L. , Sessa V. , Rossi M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCarbon nanotubes are a new form of completely artificial crystalline carbon, which have never been found as a natural form. These fascinating hollow cylinders can be considered as prototypes of one‐dimensional quantum wires, exhibit peculiar chemical‐physical properties very different from those of other C‐based nanostructures, and are envisaged to have potential in a wide range of applications. This review examines some of the most interesting CVD methodologies employed for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. The results obtained from different methodologies demonstrate that carbon nanotubes can be grown by CVD under a wide range of experimental conditions, permitting flexible, tunable synthesis. Overall, in the last few years, CVD approaches have emerged as the most promising among those proposed for synthesizing carbon nanotubes.
Collagen fibril assembly during postnatal development and dysfunctional regulation in the lumican‐deficient murine cornea
Authors: Chakravarti Shukti , Zhang Guiyun , Chervoneva Inna , Roberts Luke , Birk David E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe transparent cornea is the outer barrier of the eye and is its major refractive surface. Development of a functional cornea requires a postnatal maturation phase involving development, growth and organization of the stromal extracellular matrix. Lumican, a leucine‐rich proteoglycan, is implicated in regulating assembly of collagen fibrils and the highly organized extracellular matrix essential for corneal transparency. We investigated the regulatory role(s) of lumican in fibril assembly during postnatal corneal development using wild type (Lum+/+) and lumican‐null (Lum−/−) mice. In Lum+/+ mice, a regular architecture of small‐diameter fibrils is achieved in the anterior stroma by postnatal day 10 (P10), while the posterior stroma takes longer to reach this developmental maturity. Thus, the anterior and the posterior stroma follow distinct developmental timelines and may be under different regulatory mechanisms. In Lum−/− mice, it is the posterior stroma where abnormal lateral associations of fibrils and thicker fibrils with irregular contours are evident as early as P10. In contrast, the anterior stroma is minimally perturbed by the absence of lumican. In Lum+/+ mice, lumican is expressed throughout the developing stroma at P10, with strong expression limited to the posterior stroma in the adult. Therefore, the posterior stroma, which is most vulnerable to lumican‐deficiency, demonstrates an early developmental defect in fibril structure and architecture in the Lum−/− mouse. These defects underlie the reported increased light scattering and opacity detectable in the adult. Our findings emphasize the early regulation of collagen structure by lumican during postnatal development of the cornea. Developmental Dynamics 235:2493–2506, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mathematical model of morphogen electrophoresis through gap junctions
Authors: Esser Axel T. , Smith Kyle C. , Weaver James C. , Levin Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGap junctional communication is important for embryonic morphogenesis. However, the factors regulating the spatial properties of small molecule signal flows through gap junctions remain poorly understood. Recent data on gap junctions, ion transporters, and serotonin during left–right patterning suggest a specific model: the net unidirectional transfer of small molecules through long‐range gap junctional paths driven by an electrophoretic mechanism. However, this concept has only been discussed qualitatively, and it is not known whether such a mechanism can actually establish a gradient within physiological constraints. We review the existing functional data and develop a mathematical model of the flow of serotonin through the early Xenopus embryo under an electrophoretic force generated by ion pumps. Through computer simulation of this process using realistic parameters, we explored quantitatively the dynamics of morphogen movement through gap junctions, confirming the plausibility of the proposed electrophoretic mechanism, which generates a considerable gradient in the available time frame. The model made several testable predictions and revealed properties of robustness, cellular gradients of serotonin, and the dependence of the gradient on several developmental constants. This work quantitatively supports the plausibility of electrophoretic control of morphogen movement through gap junctions during early left–right patterning. This conceptual framework for modeling gap junctional signaling—an epigenetic patterning mechanism of wide relevance in biological regulation—suggests numerous experimental approaches in other patterning systems. Developmental Dynamics 235:2144–2159, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Restricted expression of Fgf16 within the developing chick inner ear
Authors: Chapman Susan C. , Cai Qin , Bleyl Steven B. , Schoenwolf Gary C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is required for otic placode induction and patterning of the developing inner ear. We have cloned the chick ortholog of Fgf16 and analyzed its expression pattern in the early chick embryo. Expression is restricted to the otic placode and developing inner ear through all the stages examined. By the closed otocyst stage, expression has resolved to anterior and posterior domains that partially overlap with those of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4), a marker of the developing sensory patches, the cristae of the anterior and posterior semicircular canals. Platelet‐derived growth factor alpha (PDGFA), another growth factor with restricted otic expression, also overlaps with Fgf16 expression. The restricted expression pattern of Fgf16 suggests a role for FGF signaling in the patterning of the sensory cristae, together with BMP signaling. Developmental Dynamics 235:2276–2281, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimized cationic lipid‐based gene delivery reagents for use in developing vertebrate embryos
Authors: deCastro Michael , Saijoh Yukio , Schoenwolf Gary C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe have used cationic lipid‐based transfection reagents for ectopic gene expression experiments in developing vertebrate embryos. Lipofectamine, Lipofectamine 2000, and Lipofectamine enhanced with a disulfide linked pegylated lipid (mPEG‐SS‐DOPE) were initially tested and optimized in cell culture. Two reagent formulations, 1:4 (DNA:Lipofectamine 2000) Lipofectamine 2000, and 7.5% pegylated Lipofectamine, produced the highest levels of gene expression in vitro. Those formulations, containing the enhance green fluorescent protein reporter gene, were microinjected into intact vertebrate embryos—systemically through the vasculature and locally into selected tissues—to assess in vivo transfection efficiency. Whereas both formulations are capable of transfecting cells in developing embryos in vivo, greater transfection efficiencies in a broader range of tissue types were obtained with the pegylated Lipofectamine formulation. We conclude that in developing vertebrate embryos, optimized cationic lipid‐based reagents are capable of producing significant levels of ectopic gene expression and can be used as alternatives to electroporation and viral‐mediated gene delivery. Developmental Dynamics 235:2210–2219, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic characteristics of electromagnetic levitation system for short‐radius curve track
Authors: Nomiyama Takuma , Kakinoki Toshio , Yamaguchi Hitoshi , Jifuku Yorito , Mochizuki Takuro 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA magnetically levitated (MAGLEV) vehicle using electromagnets and iron rails generates lateral guiding force naturally by controlling levitation force to maintain the air gaps between the magnets and the iron rails. A MAGLEV system without guide magnets offers simple design and cost advantages. But such a system has little lateral damping force. In order to improve damping characteristics, an experimental apparatus using salient‐pole‐type magnets and laminated iron rails was made. The iron cores were placed in two rows. The suspension coils surrounded both of the magnet iron cores and the damping coils surrounded every magnet core separately. The damping coils were excited by currents proportional to the lateral displacement velocity. According to a step response experiment, the lateral motion dissipated after a cycle or two of the swing. The self‐inductance of the suspension coil of the magnet was almost unchanged against variation of the lateral displacement. The influence of damping current on the levitation was very small. This paper discusses the electromagnetic characteristics of the levitation system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(3): 71–80, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20372
A study on configuration of oscillator circuits for improving phase noise
Authors: Sakuta Yukinori , Arai Yuji , Sekine Yoshifumi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe advancement of communication technology in recent years demands the technology of the high frequency and low phase noise of oscillators required for mobile telecommunications. In general, there are two important designs for improving the phase noise characteristics of the oscillator. One is a design where the phase noise in the amplifier is suppressed to low. The other is a design having loaded Q as large as possible. In this paper we discuss a configuration of oscillator circuit to obtain an extremely low phase noise and an oscillator operating at a nonreactive frequency of SAW resonator. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(3): 48–54, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20380
Congestion control for TCP/AQM networks using state predictive control
Authors: Azuma Takehito , Fujita Tsunetoshi , Fujita Masayuki 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to design congestion controllers for TCP/AQM networks using state predictive control and to illustrate the effectiveness of the resulting congestion controllers via SIMULINK and the ns‐2 simulator. Linearized models of TCP/AQM networks can be simply described as linear systems with information delay. Using state predictive control, these linear systems with an information delay are equivalent to linear systems with no delay. Thus, congestion controllers (AQM mechanisms) can be designed by using linear control theory. In this paper, LQ control with an observer is adopted for linear systems with no delay which describe linearized systems of TCP/AQM networks. Finally the designed state predictive controllers using LQ control with an observer are implemented and some simulation results obtained with SIMULINK and the ns‐2 simulator are presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(3): 41–47, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20405
The generation of thymus‐independent germinal centers depends on CD40 but not on CD154, the T cell‐derived CD40‐ligand
Authors: Gaspal Fabrina M. C. , McConnell Fiona M. , Kim Mi‐Yeon , Gray David , Kosco‐Vilbois Marie H. , Raykundalia Chandra R. , Botto Marina , Lane Peter J. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this report, we show that the formation of germinal center (GC)‐like structures to thymus‐independent type 2 antigens in mice depends on intact signals through CD40, but does not depend on T cell‐derived CD40‐ligand (CD154). In addition, we show that follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are also critical to thymus‐independent GC formation, as their depletion by blockade of lymphotoxin‐β receptor signals abrogated GC development unless the responding B cells bound antigen with high affinity. Further evidence that immune complexes drove this CD40‐dependent B cell proliferation was provided by the observation that an antibody that detects immune complexes containing complement component 4 on FDC also inhibited thymus‐independent GC formation when injected in vivo at the time of immunization. Finally, we show that thymus‐independent B cell proliferation was associated with class switching to IgG3, as IgG3+ antigen‐specific switched B cells could be visualized directly in GC, suggesting that immune complexes can provide the signals for class switching within GC in the absence of CD154.
The role of Th2 cytokines, chemokines and parasite products in eosinophil recruitment to the gastrointestinal mucosa during helminth infection
Authors: Dixon Helen , Blanchard Carine , deSchoolmeester Matthew L. , Yuill Nicola C. , Christie Julie W. , Rothenberg Marc E. , Else Kathryn J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTrichinella spiralis and Trichuris muris are nematode parasites of the mouse, dwelling in the small and large intestines, respectively: worm expulsion requires development of a Th2 immune response. The chemokine CCL11 is agonist for the chemokine receptor CCR3 and acts in synergy with IL‐5 to recruit eosinophils to inflammatory sites. The role of CCL11 in gastrointestinal helminth infection has not been previously studied. We challenged wild‐type (WT) BALB/c, CCL11 single knockout (SKO) and CCL11 IL‐5 double knockout (DKO) mice with either T. spiralis muscle larvae or T. muris eggs in order to examine eosinophil recruitment to the small and large intestine during helminth infection. A peripheral eosinophilia was seen in WT and SKO mice during T. spiralis infection but not with T. muris. Gastrointestinal eosinophilia was markedly reduced but not ablated in SKO mice ‐ and negligible in DKO mice ‐ infected with either nematode. The residual eosinophilia and up‐regulation of CCL24 mRNA in the gastrointestinal tract of SKO mice infected with either nematode, together with the presence of an eosinophil‐active factor in T. spiralis and T. muris products, suggest that CCL11 is the salient but not the sole eosinophil chemoattractant of biological significance during gastrointestinal helminth infection.
Inefficient processing of mRNA for the membraneform of IgE is a genetic mechanism to limit recruitment of IgE‐secreting cells
Authors: Karnowski Alexander , Achatz‐Straussberger Gertrude , Klockenbusch Cordula , Achatz Gernot , Lamers Marinus C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractImmunoglobulin E (IgE) is the key effector element in allergic diseases ranging from innocuous hay fever to life‐threatening anaphylactic shock. Compared to other Ig classes, IgE serum levels are very low. In its membrane‐bound form (mIgE), IgE behaves as a classical antigen receptor on B lymphocytes. Expression of mIgE is essential for subsequent recruitment of IgE‐secreting cells. We show that in activated, mIgE‐bearing B cells, mRNA for the membrane forms of both murine and human epsilon (ϵ) heavy chains (HC) are poorly expressed compared to mRNA for the secreted forms. In contrast, in mIgG‐bearing B cells, mRNA for the membrane forms of murine gamma‐1 (γ1) and the corresponding human γ4 HC are expressed at a much higher level than mRNA for the respective secreted forms. We show that these findings correlate with the presence of deviant polyadenylation signal hexamers in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of both murine and human ϵ genes, causing inefficient processing of primary transcripts and thus poor expression of the proteins and poor recruitment of IgE‐producing cells in the immune response. Thus, we have identified a genetic steering mechanism in the regulation of IgE synthesis that represents a further means to restrain potentially dangerous, high serum IgE levels.
You say ITAM and I say ITIM, let's call the whole thing off: the ambiguity of immunoreceptor signalling
Authors: Barrow Alexander David , Trowsdale John 
Published: June 2006

AbstractParadigms of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)‐mediated immunoreceptor signalling have developed largely from studies of molecules containing immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motifs (ITAM) and immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibition motifs (ITIM). In some circumstances, ITAM can mediate inhibition and ITIM can propagate activation signals. In addition to classical immune cells, some ITAM‐ and ITIM‐encoding proteins are more widely expressed and are crucial to the development of haemopoietic cells, like osteoclasts and natural killer cells, as well as tissues such as bone and brain. Closer analysis of activating proteins reveals that some potentially encode ITIM within an ITAM. These ‘closet’ ITIM could, under conditions of partial ITAM phosphorylation, mediate inhibitory signalling.
Shaking table tests on a high‐rise RC building model having torsional eccentricity in soft lower storeys
Authors: Ko Dong‐Woo , Lee Han‐Seon 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA series of shaking table tests on a 1:12‐scale model using scaled TaftN21E earthquake records were conducted to investigate the seismic performance of a 17‐storey high‐rise reinforced concrete structure with a high degree of torsional eccentricity and soft‐storey irregularities in the bottom two storeys. Based on the analysis of test results, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) the model responded mainly in the coupled mode of translation and torsion or in the torsional mode. Under severe table shaking, the flexible side underwent large inelastic deformation, and the predominant mode of the model changed from the coupled mode to the torsional mode, resulting in greatly increased torsional stiffness, thereby limiting damage in the flexible frame; (2) the shear force and deformation of the flexible side were governed by the torsional behaviour, whereas those of the stiff side were affected mainly by the overturning deformation. The lateral stiffness of the shear wall in the torsional mode was about four times that in the coupled mode because the warping deformation due to torsion counteracted the flexural deformation due to overturning moment in the torsional mode; and (3) the reversed cyclic overturning moments predicted by linear elastic dynamic analysis in the direction transverse to the table excitations contradicted unilateral overturning moments of the serviceability‐level test results, which showed a bias towards tension or compression in the columns. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Dutch tariff: results and arguments for an effective design for national EQ‐5D valuation studies
Authors: Lamers L. M. , McDonnell J. , Stalmeier P. F. M. , Krabbe P. F. M. , Busschbach J. J. V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to estimate a Dutch EQ‐5D tariff and to determine in a simulation study using the dataset of the original UK valuation study, the number of health states and respondents needed to estimate a reliable tariff. In all, 300 Dutch respondents directly valued 17 states compared to 3000 respondents and 42 states in the original MVH protocol. The results reaffirmed differences in health‐related preferences between countries, justifying the estimation of national tariffs. The mean absolute error was 0.030. The design of this study is recommended for national EQ‐5D valuation studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Underage alcohol use, delinquency, and criminal activity
Authors: French Michael T. , Maclean Johanna C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSince 1988, the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) has been 21 years for all 50 US states. The increasing prevalence of teenagers driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol and the resulting traffic accidents were two main reasons for raising the MLDA to 21 years. Following the passage of this legislation, several published studies have found that the higher MLDA is associated with a significant reduction in both fatal and non‐fatal accidents. While the relationship between MLDA and DUI events among young adults has been extensively studied, less information is available on other potential consequences of underage drinking. The present study uses data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a recent nationally representative survey, to investigate the effects of underage drinking on a variety of delinquency and criminal activity consequences. After controlling for the endogeneity of alcohol use where appropriate, we find strong evidence that various measures of alcohol consumption are related both to delinquency and to criminal activity. However, the findings are not uniform across gender as we find striking differences between males and females. These results have interesting policy and public health implications regarding underage drinking. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.