bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metric variability in the anterior dentition of African colobines
Authors: Leutenegger Walter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe anterior dentition of three species of African colobines (Colobus polykomos, C. badius, and C. verus) was investigated metrically and the results analyzed for three characters: (1) intraspecific tooth size relations, (2) sexual dimorphism, and (3) interspecific relations. Based on incisor size sequences C. polykomos and C. badius appear to be more closely related to each other than either is to C. verus. However, incorporating the results of a previous study on postcanine dentition the three species appear to be equally closely related.The magnitude of sexual dimorphism in canine size decreases from C. badius to C. verus to C. polykomos. Interspecific differences in the degree of canine size dimorphism may be attributed to differential intensities of male intrasexual selection; however, the interspecific differences in canine size dimorphism do not correspond to the interspecific differences in body size dimorphism.
Functional relationships between dental attrition and the helicoidal plane
Authors: Hall Roberta L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeveral quantitative techniques were used to describe and analyze the development of the helicoidal curve of the dentition in a pre‐contact sample of 326 native Indians from British Columbia. Results were compared with studies of occlusal patterns in other populations, and anatomical‐functional features of the helicoidal pattern were abstracted and generalized. The features that define the helicoidal pattern were found to develop with attrition. The pattern itself, and the complex which produces it, probably have been selected for because they produce an occlusion with an efficient cutting edge and a total complex that provides maximum resistance to the masticatory forces. Studies focusing on the developmental nature of occlusal patterns in early hominid populations would be beneficial in developing a model of the evolution of the helicoidal pattern in modern man.
Early hominid body weight and encephalization
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe body weight of the Plio‐Pleistocene hominids of Africa is estimated by predicting equations derived from the Terry Collection of human skeletons with known body weights. About 50% of the variance in body weight can be accounted for by vertebral and femoral size. Predicted early hominid weights range from 27.6 kg (61 lb) to 54.3 kg (119 lb). The average weight for Australopithecus is 43.2 kg (95 lb) and for Homo sp. indet. from East Rudolf, Kenya, is 52.8 kg (116 lb). These estimates are consistent even if pongid proportions are assumed. Indices of encephalization show that the brain to body weight ratio in Australopithecus is above the great ape averages but well below Homo sapiens. The Homo sp. indet. represented by the KNM‐ER 1470, O.H. 7 and O.H. 13 crania have encephalization indices above Australopithecus despite the greater body weight of the former.
The pubic scars of gestation and parturition in a group of pre‐Columbian and colonial Peruvian mummies
Authors: Ashworth Joel Thomas , Allison Marvin Jerome , Gerszten Enrique , Pezzia Alejandro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe pubic scars of pregnancy and parturition as reported in the anthropological literature are a variant of the recognized clinical entity, osteitis pubis. The os pubis from 86 pre‐Columbian and colonial Peruvian mummies were examined for this entity. Osteitis pubis was found in 13 pre‐Columbian females (72.3%) and 19 colonial Indians (57.6%). Four of the colonial women were buried with newborn children and one had a four‐month‐old fetus in utero. This type of study has application in paleopathology and forensic medicine to show possible frequency of pregnancy in a population, but must be refined and quantitated to achieve any more than this. This study is of further interest as it demonstrates that racial groups have apparently a wide difference in frequency of this particular lesion of the pubic symphysis, a matter for further investigation.
Differences in terrestrial velocity in Macaca and Presbytis
Authors: Grand Theodore I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOver 150 sequences of terrestrial movement were timed and measured in the toque macaque, the gray langur, and the purple‐faced langur to determine the relation between velocity, gait, and psychosocial context. Species differences were found in mean velocity, “favored” gait, and surface preference. All three species used the walk and the gallop at the slowest and fastest speeds respectively. The macaques and gray langurs walked frequently, but the purple‐faced langurs were never seen to do so. At intermediate speeds, the macaques used either the “fast” walk or the “slow” gallop, whereas the gray langurs used irregular patterns of walk‐gallop‐walk‐gallop. The purple‐faced langurs were faster (about 20 fps) and less variable than the other species, regardless of distance. These data suggest that motor expression varies among the Cercopithecoid monkeys: the correlation between locomotion and anatomy is not as close as it is among wholly terrestrial or arboreal forms; slowness in the macaque is an expression of social confidence, not of biomechanical inability; high speed in the purple‐faced langur is due to psychosocial factors rather than to “terrestrial” adaptability.
The inheritance of bilateral rotation of maxillary central incisors
Authors: Escobar Victor , Melnick Michael , Conneally P. Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWing‐like appearance is a term identifying mesiopalatal torsion of upper permanent central incisors. Previous studies have shown that the trait is more frequent in Amerind populations than in Caucasoids and pointed to a genetic cause. The purpose of this study is to establish the hereditary mechanism involved in the transmission of this trait. The population studied is an Indian community (Queckchi) of the municipality of St. Maria Cahabon, Guatemala. The group examined consists of 1,080 individuals, 752 (69.63%) classified as Indians and 328 (30.37%) as non‐Indians. From this sample 37 index cases were identified and their families studied in detail. Six phenotypic variants were observed (left, right and bilateral mesiolabial and mesiolingual torsion). Sex ratio among affecteds is 45% female, 55% male, Pedigree study supports an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with 84% penetrance and variable expressivity. Segregation analysis using the maximum likelihood method of Morton yields an estimate of p (the segregation frequency) of 0.42 which rules out recessive inheritance. To rule out a sex‐linked gene, a χ2 test on offspring of normal females married to affected males is not significant (χ2 = 0.008). The gene frequency in the Indian and non‐Indian groups is pi = 0.1 and pn = 0.08 respectively. The lack of racial differences is thought to be due to racial admixture.
Dermatoglyphics of Apache and Navajo Indians
Authors: Flickinger Grace Mary , Yarbrough Karen M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Apaches and Navajos, both members of the Athapascan Family, have lived in the Southwest for several hundred years. Finger and palmar dermatoglyphics were collected from 94 Apaches and 102 Navajos. Both tribes exhibited characteristics similar to those generally reported for American Indians, such as, high whorl frequencies, high total ridge counts, longitudinal alignment of main lines, and high frequencies of absent C lines. Absence of significant intertribal differences indicates close genetic relationship between these tribes.
Translocation of Y chromosome to an autosome in the Bolivian owl monkey, Aotus
Authors: Ma N. S. F. , Elliott M. W. , Morgan L. , Miller A. , Jones T. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractKaryotypic study of a population sample of twenty‐one owl monkeys, Aotus, originating from Bolivia, revealed two sex‐specific somatic diploid chromosome numbers: 49 for males and 50 for females. The presence of a trivalent in male meiotic figures and the identification of chromosomes by band pattern analysis confirmed the interpretation of a Y‐autosome translocation in the males.
Prenatal origins of carpal fusions
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Burdi Alphonse R. , Babler William J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs shown in 138 embryos and fetuses in the 40–285 mm crownrump length range, carpal and carpal‐metacarpal “fusions” arise from incomplete separation of the cartilaginous precursors rather than from failure of initiation, thus accounting for the “fusions” seen in postnatal radiographs and the grooves that are evident enough in adult fusions. Radiographs selected from over 20,000 apparently normal individuals provide postnatal counterparts for the prenatal examples shown in histological sections.
Paradoxical bilateral asymmetry in bone size and bone mass in the hand
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Mayor Gilbert H. , Shaw Helen A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAmong 227 chronic renal disease patients, micrometer caliper radiogrammetric measurements of the second metacarpal at midshaft showed the right metacarpal to be larger (with greater bone area) and with a greater cortical area than the left second metacarpal, both in 208 right‐handed individuals and in 19 left‐handed individuals. This direction of asymmetry was individually characteristic of the majority of individuals, whether right‐handed, left‐handed or ambidextrous.
A study of nine polymorphic systems in the population of the Po Delta
Authors: Lucarelli P. , Corbo R. M. , Scacchi R. , Palmarino R. , Salsini G. , Cristofori G. , Osti L. , Menini C. , Vullo C. , Bottini E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present work reports a study of nine genetic polymorphic systems in the area of the Po Delta where malaria was endemic since the XIV century. Our data confirm some characteristics of this population already reported by other authors such as the high prevalence of thalassemia, the low prevalence of the rh (d) gene and the presence of G‐6‐PD deficiency. Among the other systems studied, i.e., AP, PGM1 ADA and AK, only AP frequencies of Po Delta population are significantly different from those of other continental Italian populations, the PC allele showing the lowest frequency so far observed.
Cortical bone loss with age in three native American populations
Authors: Ericksen Mary Frances 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAge‐related thinning of cortical bone was investigated in archaeological populations of Eskimos, Pueblos, and Arikaras. Medial‐lateral cortical thickness was measured on radiographs of humerus and femur, and thickness of the anterior femoral cortex was measured directly on samples taken for histologic study. Maximum length of the bones was used to calculate indices of relative cortical thickness, in order to minimize differences due to body size and build.Bone loss in the humerus begins before middle age in all three populations and, except for Eskimo males, the same is true of the anterior femoral cortex. In general, overall female loss of cortical bone amounts to two or three times that of the males, and in the case of the humerus and the anterior cortex of the femur, this difference is evident by middle age. The weight‐bearing femoral medial‐lateral cortex shows less sexual difference but has the greatest number of statistically significant differences between populations and the greatest contrast between populations in pattern of loss with age. It appears that of the cortical regions studied this is the area upon which environmental factors have the greatest effect, whereas areas more subject to tensile stress, the humerus and anterior femoral cortex, are less affected by these factors.
Bedik and Niokholonko of Senegal: Inter‐village relationship inferred from migration data
Authors: Lalouel J. M. , Langaney A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study deals with matrimonial migration between eleven villages of a well‐defined area of East‐Sénégal, belonging to one of two ethnic groups: the Bedik and the Niokholonko. An attempt to relate the proportion of non‐migrants to physical properties of the communication network between villages shows no effect of the relative location of each village in this network. Fit of data to a gravitational model, an analysis of migrational flows between villages, as well as the computation of an index of genetic similarity between villages, all point to the primary importance of the ethnic barrier, geographical distance playing a lesser role. Multidimensional scaling methods applied to a measure of functional association proved to be a useful means to investigate possible dyssymmetry of exchanges, here primarily in favor of the Bedik.
Blood groups of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata), with a brief introduction to seroprimatology
Authors: Socha W. W. , Moor‐Jankowski J. , Wiener A. S. , Risser D. R. , Plonski H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe human‐type A‐B‐O blood groups of 52 bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) were determined. Application of method of population genetics indicated the gene frequences to be O = 0.173, A = 0.480 and B = 0.347. Cross testing of sera and red cells of the bonnet macaques revealed two blood‐type‐specific isoagglutinins, one of them strong enough for use as a blood typing reagent. No blood group polymorphism was revealed by testing bonnet macaque red cells with isoantisera produced in rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) and in crab‐eating macaques (M. fascicularis). The rhesus and crab‐eating macaque isoantisera reacted either with all or with none of the bonnet macaque red cells tested.
Similarities between parents and their adopted children
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Bailey Stephen M. , Cole Patricia E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs shown in 7,230 parent‐child pairs (6,726 biological and 504 adoptive), adoptive parents and their adopted children tend to resemble each other in height, weight and fatfolds to an extent paralleling height, weight and fatfold resemblances of natural (biological) parents and their children. Accordingly, the magnitudes of parent‐child resemblances commonly given may not be indicative of the extent of heritability of stature, weight and subcutaneous fat.
Studies of the basicranial axis: A brief review
Authors: Schulter Frances P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGrowth and development of the cranial base have interested students of anatomical disciplines for more than a century. Flexure of the basal region has been of particular interest and is among the most assiduously studied characteristics of the skull. Reports may be found in journals serving such a diversity of professional interests that a summary of facts and the more interesting speculations on unsettled aspects of this subject should be of value. This paper is a review of the literature from Virchow's and Schaeffer's writings in the latter half of the last century to those of the most recent investigators. It includes the works of anatomists, anthropologists, embryologists and orthodontists, among others.
Some secular changes in the growth of American‐born and native Japanese children
Authors: Greulich William Walter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree hundred and sixteen (35%) of the American‐born Japanese children whose height, weight, and skeletal age were recorded in 1956–57 were reexamined as young adults between 1968 and 1974, when they were found to be taller, heavier, and shorter legged than men and women in Japan who were born in the same years as they. These differences between the American‐born and the native Japanese adults were relatively smaller than they had been during childhood, due to both an acceleration in the growth rate of the native Japanese and a concomitant decline in that of the American‐born Japanese during the intervening years. A comparison of our 1956–57 data with Kondo and Eto's findings in Los Angeles in 1971 shows that there has been very little increase in the size of California‐Japanese children since 1956. The curves of average heights of native Japanese children 6 to 20 years of age, at 10‐year intervals from 1900 to 1970, disclosed the changing rate at which they grew during different decades of that period. Those curves and other data discussed in this paper provide additional evidence of the biological superiority of the human female as compared with the male.
Long bone growth in western Eskimo and Aleut skeletons
Authors: Y'Edynak Gloria 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe pattern of long bone growth in Eskimo and Aleut juvenile skeletons reflects that in living Eskimos and Aleuts. There is a pre‐adolescent growth spurt which is particularly intense in females. After age 14 male long bones supercede those of females in length. The characteristic Eskimo and Aleut adult body proportion is established early in childhood. Eskimos and Aleuts have shorter bones than whites at all ages. The difference in length of the forearm and lower leg in comparison with whites appears to increase especially at adolescence.
The estimation of sex on the basis of the talus and calcaneus
Authors: Steele D. Gentry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present report records and describes sexual dimorphism of the talus and calcaneus in American Blacks and Whites from the Terry Collection housed in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. The greater amount of sexual dimorphism was observed in the talus, where 81 percent of the study sample could be accurately sexed. Four discriminant functions based on measurements from the talus and/or the calcaneus allowed sexing 79 to 89% of the study sample accurately. The techniques developed were then applied to two North American Indian samples, and sex of the individuals in these samples was assessed with the same degree of accuracy.
Variation in dental occlusion and arches among melanesians of bougainville island, papua New Guinea. I. Methods, age changes, sex differences and population comparisons
Authors: Smith Richard J. , Bailit Howard L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPopulation studies of malocclusion lack comparability because of the subjective criteria employed in the definition of malocclusion. Alternatively, individual characteristics of occlusion can be quantified and compared within and between populations. Measurements were taken from the dental cases of 319 male an 359 female Melanesians from Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. The cross‐sectional age changes from 12 to 68 years of age included an increase in intermolar arch width, a decrease in arch length and intercanine arch width, and increased crowding and malalignment. Neither age nor sex accounted for a large proportion of the differences among individuals. When compared to industrialized groups, the Bougainville population had a slight reduction in variance for most characteristics. Only the sagittal molar relationship was markedly less variable on Bougainville. The results emphasize that a quantitative evaluation of individual occlusal variables may reveal differences within and between populations not detected when simple malocclusion frequencies are reported.
Body weight: Its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, and motor function. I. Interspecific comparisons
Authors: Grand Theodore I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe composition of skin, muscle, and bone and their distribution throughout the body are compared for “advanced” or “specialized” species(Alouatta, Macaca, Canis, Felis, Lepus); smaller, more closely related species (Tupaia and the Lorisidae); and several species within the same ecosystem (Barro Colorado Island, Panama). Among the most significant variables, the skin of sloths, howlers and macaques constitutes more than 12% of body weight, whereas greyhound skin is 5% of weight; sloth and howler muscle are 25% of weight, macaque muscle about 40% of weight, greyhound and agouti muscle over 50% of weight. In tree shrews and galagos muscle is heavier (35%) than in pottos and slow lorises (below 28%), but bone and skin are lighter. All species differ in the segmental distribution of weight. Cats have light tails, light feet and heavy thighs, whereas howlers have heavy tails, heavy feet, and light thighs. The galagos have heavy hindlimbs and tails, the pottos and lorises have reduced tails and approximately equal fore‐ and hindlimbs. Convergences in segment pattern (sloths with pottos and lorises, marmosets with tree shrews, owl monkeys with galagos, cebus with macaques) as well as divergences are documented. All weight‐of tissue and weight‐of‐segment variables are correlated directly with locomotor adaptation.
Body weight: Its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, and motor function II. Development of Macaca mulatta
Authors: Grand Theodore I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relative composition of skin, muscle, and bone and their distribution patterns throughout the body are given for a series ofMacaca mulatta from 141 days conceptual age through adulthood. In terms of percent of total body weight, the musculature of these animals doubles during the first postnatal year whereas bone and skin decrease. Regionally, the muscles of the thighs, back extensors, truncal‐forelimb and upper arms increase most markedly. The thighs double and the upper arms increase whereas the trunk, hands, feet, and tail decrease. The biomechanical implications of these changes for motor development are discussed.
The lorisiform wrist joint and the evolution of “brachiating” adaptations in the hominoidea
Authors: Cartmill Matt , Milton Katharine 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn lorisines (Loris, Nycticebus, Perodicticus, Arctocebus), the tip of the ulna is reduced to the dimensions of a styloid process, a new and more proximal ulnar head is developed, and the pisiform is displaced distally away from its primitive contact with the ulna. In someNycticebus, intra‐articular tissues separate the ulna from the triquetrum. These traits are not seen in other quadrupedal primates, but they are characteristic of extant hominoids. Among hominoids, these features have been interpreted as adaptations to arm‐swinging locomotion. Since hominoid‐like features of the wrist joint are found in lorisines, but not in New World monkeys that practice arm‐swinging locomotion, these features may have been evolved in both lorisines and large hominoids to enhance wrist mobility for cautious arboreal locomotion involving little or no leaping. Most of the other morphological traits characteristic of modern hominoids can be explained as adaptations to cautious quadrupedalism as well as to brachiation, and may have developed for different reasons in different lineages descended from an unspecialized cautious quadruped resembling Alouatta.
Sexual dimorphism and mechanics of the human hip: A multivariate assessment
Authors: Burr David B. , Van Gerven Dennis P. , Gustav Bonnie L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present research was undertaken to determine the effects of sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis and femur on the mechanics of human locomotion. The analysis was based on six biomechanical variables determined from 25 male and 32 female skeletal remains from the Dickson Mound site.Discriminant function analysis indicates that the mechanical variables which primarily contribute to dimorphism are the moment arm of the gluteus medius and the torque produced by the abductors at the hip. These mechanical aspects of hip function produce greater pressure on the femoral head in females.
The vermiculate surface pattern of brow ridges in Neandertal and modern crania
Authors: Tappen N. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA convoluted surface pattern of ridges and grooves characterizes the frontal torus in adult Neandertal fossils. Modern human skulls rarely have the pattern well developed. It is not observed in postcranial bones, nor in skulls of Neandertal children. This vermiculate bone is resistant to oriented cracking from weathering or fractures. Structural characteristics of the bone give evidence on the problem of the function of hominid brow ridges.