bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adiposity and Eating Behaviors in Patients Under Second Generation Antipsychotics
Authors: Blouin Mélissa , Tremblay Angelo , Jalbert Marie‐Eve , Venables Hélène , Bouchard Roch‐Hugo , Roy Marc‐André , Alméras Natalie 
Published: June 2008

Background: Second generation antipsychotics (SGA) induce substantial weight gain but the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain speculative.Objective: To explore eating behaviors among SGA‐treated patients and compare them with nonschizophrenic healthy sedentary individuals (controls).Methods and Procedures: Appetite sensations were recorded before and after a standardized breakfast using visual analog scales. Three hours after breakfast, a buffet‐type meal was offered to participants to document spontaneous food intake and food preferences. Satiety quotients (SQs) were calculated to determine the satiation of both meals and the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) was used to document eating behaviors. Body composition and abdominal fat distribution were assessed.Results: Compared with controls (n = 20), SGA‐treated patients (n = 18) showed greater adiposity indices (P ≤ 0.04). Patients' degree of hunger was also higher following the standardized breakfast (P = 0.03). Moreover, patients had significantly higher cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition, and susceptibility to hunger scores than the reference group (P ≤ 0.05). Disinhibition in the reference group was positively associated with hunger triggered by external cues (r = 0.48, P = 0.03) whereas internal cues seem to mainly regulate emotional susceptibility to disinhibition in patients (r = 0.56, P = 0.02). Higher strategic restraint behavior in patients was associated with decreased satiation right after the buffet‐type meal (r = −0.56, P = 0.02).Discussion: These exploratory findings suggest that patients under SGA seem to develop disordered eating behaviors in response to altered appetite sensations and increased susceptibility to hunger, a factor which may influence the extent of body weight gain triggered by these drugs.
Beverage Consumption Patterns of Children Born at Different Risk of Obesity
Authors: Kral Tanja V.E. , Stunkard Albert J. , Berkowitz Robert I. , Stallings Virginia A. , Moore Reneé H. , Faith Myles S. 
Published: June 2008

Background: Increased intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages and fruit juice has been associated with overweight in children.Objective: This study prospectively assessed beverage consumption patterns and their relationship with weight status in a cohort of children born at different risk for obesity.Methods and Procedures: Participants were children born at low risk (n = 27) or high risk (n = 22) for obesity based on maternal prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2). Daily beverage consumption was generated from 3‐day food records from children aged 3–6 years and coded into seven beverage categories (milk, fruit juice, fruit drinks, caloric and noncaloric soda, soft drinks including and excluding fruit juice). Child anthropometric measures were assessed yearly.Results: High‐risk children consumed a greater percentage of daily calories from beverages at age 3, more fruit juice at ages 3 and 4, more soft drinks (including fruit juice) at ages 3–5, and more soda at age 6 compared to low‐risk children. Longitudinal analyses showed that a greater 3‐year increase in soda intake was associated with an increased change in waist circumference, whereas a greater increase in milk intake was associated with a reduced change in waist circumference. There was no significant association between change in intake from any of the beverage categories and change in BMI z‐score across analyses.Discussion: Children's familial predisposition to obesity may differentially affect their beverage consumption patterns. Future research should examine the extent to which dietary factors may play a role in pediatric body fat deposition over time.
Caterpillars on the run – induced defences create spatial patterns in host plant damage
Authors: Roslin Tomas , Syrjälä Heidi , Roland Jens , Harrison Philip J. , Fownes Sherri , Matter Stephen F. 
Published: June 2008

Herbivores usually consume a mere fraction of available plant biomass. Spatial patterns in feeding damage may be attributable to induced defences by the host plant; a damaged plant reacts by lowering its nutritional value, thereby forcing herbivores to move on before food gets worse. In this study, we test this general hypothesis on a specific model system: caterpillars of the alpine butterfly Parnassius smintheus feeding on lance‐leaved stonecrop Sedum lanceolatum. We first describe spatial patterns in host distribution and feeding damage within alpine meadows. We then use laboratory experiments to test a key assumption behind the proposed mechanisms: that the host plant exhibits an induced response with a negative impact on larval performance, and that this response is activated with a delay. Finally, we relate the patterns observed to the actual behaviour of Parnassius larvae.Overall, we found the level of feeding damage to be low (on damaged plants, only 5% of all leaves were fed upon). Within meadows, both host plants and feeding damage were clumped at a small spatial scale. This pattern seemed directly explicable by the timing of the host's induced defence. Laboratory experiments revealed a delay of 1–2 d before the defence reached a level affecting larval performance, and wild larvae switch plants more quickly than this. A simulation model demonstrated that the spatial distribution of host plant damage can be generated by a simple random walk, based on the empirically observed step frequency, length and turning angles. Hence, as the most parsimonious explanation for the observed level and pattern of host plant damage, we offer a scenario where induced changes in host‐plant quality limits the time spent per plant, but the herbivore moves throughout the landscape without any particular directionality.
Galectin‐1 supports the survival of CD45RA(−) primary myeloma cells in vitro
Authors: Abroun Saeid , Otsuyama Ken‐ichiro , Shamsasenjan Karim , Islam Abul , Amin Jakia , Iqbal Mohd S. , Gondo Toshikazu , Asaoku Hideki , Kawano Michio M. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryThe survival and proliferation of human myeloma cells are considered to be heavily dependent on the microenvironment of bone marrow (BM). This study confirmed that galectin‐1 (Gal‐1) and SDF‐1α were produced by bone marrow mononuclear cells of myeloma patients. The addition of Gal‐1 and SDF‐1α to a serum‐free synthetic medium, maintained the viability of primary myeloma cells for 2 weeks similar to that before culture. While Gal‐1 reduced the viable cell number in CD45RA(+) B cell lines, it maintained the viability of CD45(−) U266 and CD45RA(−)RO(+) ILKM3 myeloma cell lines in the synthetic medium. This was confirmed with the transfection of the PTPRC (CD45) RA, ‐RB, or ‐RO gene into CD45(−) U266 cells. The combination of Gal‐1 and SDF‐1α significantly induced phosphorylation of Akt and IkB, while the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was significantly reduced in CD45RA(+) U266 and Raji cells but not CD45(−) or CD45RA(−) U266 cells. Furthermore, we confirmed that Gal‐1 bound to CD45RA in CD45RA(+) Raji cells, and also physically interacted with β1‐integrin by immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting and confocal microscopy. The results suggest that Gal‐1 has two different actions depending on its binding partner, and supports the survival of CD45RA(−) myeloma cells.
The HMG‐CoA inhibitor, simvastatin, triggers in vitro anti‐tumour effect and decreases IgM secretion in Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia
Authors: Moreau Anne‐Sophie , Jia Xiaoying , Patterson Christopher J. , Roccaro Aldo M. , Xu Lian , Sacco Antonio , O’Connor Kelly , Soumerai Jacob , Ngo Hai T. , Hatjiharissi Evdoxia , Hunter Zachary R. , Ciccarelli Bryan , Manning Robert , Ghobrial Irene M. , Leleu Xavier , Treon Steven P. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryWaldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM) is an incurable lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with secretion of serum monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM). We previously showed that patients receiving cholesterol‐lowering statins, had the lowest IgM value in a large cohort of patients with WM. Simvastatin, a 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA reductase inhibitor, induced inhibition of proliferation, cytotoxic effect and apoptosis in IgM secreting cell lines as well as in primary CD19+ WM cells. Interestingly, those effects were reversed by addition of mevalonate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate, demonstrating that simvastatin inhibited cell growth, survival and IgM secretion on BCWM.1 WM cells by inhibition of geranylgeranylated proteins. Furthermore, simvastatin overcame tumour cell growth induced by co‐culture of WM cells with bone‐marrow stromal cells. Simvastatin also decreased IgM secretion by BCWM.1 cells at an early time‐point that had not affected cell survival. Simvastatin‐induced cytotoxicity was preceded by a decrease in Akt (protein kinase B, PKB) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways at 18 h. In addition, simvastatin induced an increase in stress‐activated protein kinase/c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) MAPK followed by caspase‐8, ‐9, ‐3 and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavages at 18 h, leading to apoptosis. Furthermore, simvastatin enhanced the cytotoxicity induced by bortezomib, fludarabine and dexamethasone. Our studies therefore support our earlier observation of statin‐mediated anti‐WM activity and provide the framework for future clinical trials testing simvastatin in WM.
Planning for the end of children's lives – the lifetime framework
Authors: Finlay F. , Lewis M. , Lenton S. , Poon M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAim  This paper describes the development of ‘a best practice framework’, following review of a sample of notes of children known to the Lifetime Service, where the child has a non‐malignant life limiting condition, to improve child and family engagement in the planning process at the end of life.Background  There is very little literature about how to engage with families to decide end of life plans for children with life limiting conditions.Method  An audit of clinical case notes was followed by the development of ‘a best practice framework’ through a Delphi process involving clinical practitioners.Results  The 3 × 3 framework is presented to aid communication with parents and children at this difficult time of decision‐making.Conclusion  This new framework has been well received by both parents and practitioners, and its use will be audited in the future.
The Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group Factors associated with uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and use of single antigen vaccines in a contemporary UK cohort: prospective cohort study
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: June 2008

.

Pearce A.,
Law C.,
Elliman D.,
Cole T. J. &
Bedford H.
(
2008
)

,
336
,
754
–
757
.

DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39489.590671.25
.
Objectives  To estimate uptake of the combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and single antigen vaccines and explore factors associated with uptake and reasons for not using MMR.Design  Nationally representative cohort study.Setting  Children born in the UK, 2000–2002.Participants  A total of 14 578 children for whom data on immunization were available.Main outcome measures  Immunization status at 3 years defined as ‘immunized with MMR’, ‘immunized with at least one single antigen vaccine’, and ‘unimmunized’.Results  In total, 88.6% (13 013) were immunized with MMR and 5.2% (634) had received at least one single antigen vaccine. Children were more likely to be unimmunized if they lived in a household with other children (risk ratio 1.74, 95% confidence interval 1.35 to 2.25, for those living with three or more) or a lone parent (1.31, 1.07 to 1.60) or if their mother was under 20 (1.41, 1.08 to 1.85) or over 34 at cohort child's birth (reaching 2.34, 1.20 to 3.23, for ≥40), more highly educated (1.41, 1.05 to 1.89, for a degree), not employed (1.43, 1.12 to 1.82), or self‐employed (1.71, 1.18 to 2.47). Use of single vaccines increased with household income (reaching 2.98, 2.05 to 4.32, for incomes of ≥£52 000 (€69 750, $102 190)), maternal age (reaching 3.04, 2.05 to 4.50, for ≥40) and education (reaching 3.15, 1.78 to 5.58, for a degree). Children were less likely to have received single vaccines if they lived with other children (reaching 0.14, 0.07 to 0.29, for three or more), had mothers who were Indian (0.50, 0.25 to 0.99), Pakistani or Bangladeshi (0.13, 0.04 to 0.39), or black (0.31, 0.14 to 0.64), or aged under 25 years (reaching 0.14, 0.05 to 0.36, for 14–19). Nearly three‐quarters (74.4%, 1110) of parents who did not immunize with MMR made a ‘conscious decision’ not to immunize.Conclusions  Although MMR uptake in this cohort is high, a substantial proportion of children remain susceptible to avoidable infection, largely because parents consciously decide not to immunize. Social differentials in uptake could be used to inform targeted interventions to promote uptake.
Ambiguous abbreviations: an audit of abbreviations in paediatric note keeping
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: June 2008

.

Sheppard J. E.,
Weidner L. C. E.,
Zakai S.,
Fountain‐Polley S. &
Williams J.
(
2008
)

,
93
,
204
–
206
.

DOI: 10.1136/adc.2007.128132
.
Objective  To assess the frequency, nature and understanding of abbreviations in medical records.Design  Audit of abbreviation use and meaning in paediatric handover sheets and medical notes compared with two standards, the Trust Intranet Medical Dictionary (TID) and Mosby's Medical Dictionary (MMD). A selection of abbreviations was shown to healthcare professionals to examine interpretation of abbreviations.Setting  Large inner‐city district general hospital, Birmingham, UK.Main outcome measures  Frequency, nature and understanding of abbreviations in paediatric medical records.Results  On 25 handover sheets, a total of 2286 abbreviations were used, with 221 different abbreviations; the standards recognized 14% (TID) and 20% (MMD) of these abbreviations. In 168 sets of medical notes, a total of 3668 abbreviations were used, with 479 different abbreviations; the standards recognized 15% (TID) and 17% (MMD). Some words were shortened in different forms; for example, normal (N, Nl, NAD) and some abbreviations had multiple interpretations that differed from those intended, for example, TOF (tetralogy of Fallot, tracheo‐oesophageal fistula). When presented with a selection of abbreviations, paediatric doctors recognized 56–94% and other healthcare professionals recognized 31–63%.Conclusion  Abbreviation use was widespread in paediatric note keeping. There was no systematic approach to this and difficulties in interpretation were demonstrated. The use of standardized abbreviations to avoid confusion is suggested.
Interventions to improve medication adherence in people with multiple chronic conditions: a systematic review
Authors: Williams Allison , Manias Elizabeth , Walker Rowan 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a literature review to identify research involving interventions to improve medication adherence in people with multiple co‐existing chronic conditions.Title.  Interventions to improve medication adherence in people with multiple chronic conditions: a systematic review. Background.  The importance of managing co‐existing, chronic conditions in people of all ages is critical to prevent adverse health outcomes.Data sources.  Databases, including Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medline, PubMed and Web of Science were searched for the period January 1997–2007 using the combined keywords adherence, compliance, drug therapy, medication, clinical trial, randomized controlled trial, intervention, chronic condition, chronic disease, multiple morbidity and comorbidity. References of retrieved papers were also considered.Methods.  The inclusion criteria were: English language, oral medication adherence, self‐administered medications, multiple prescribed medications for three or more chronic conditions and randomized controlled trials lasting at least 3 months.Results.  Studies examining medication adherence in people with multiple chronic conditions targeted people over 70 years of age, and were primarily focused on the management of polypharmacy and reducing healthcare costs. Adherence was measured using different tools and estimates of adherence, and interventions were predominantly delivered by pharmacists. The evidence for effective interventions to enhance medication adherence in multiple chronic conditions was weak, and psychosocial interventions were absent.Conclusion.  Interventions that improve medication adherence for people with multiple chronic conditions are essential, given the increased prevalence of these conditions in people of all ages. Outcomes of improved adherence, such as disease control and quality of life, require investigation. Psychosocial interventions engaging people in medication self‐management offer potential for improved patient outcomes in complex diseases.
Local adaptation to biotic factors: reciprocal transplants of four species associated with aromatic Thymus pulegioides and T. serpyllum
Authors: Grøndahl Eva , Ehlers Bodil K. 
Published: June 2008

Summary

A plant producing secondary compounds may affect the fitness of other plants in the vicinity, and, likewise, associated plants may evolve adaptation to the presence of their ‘chemical neighbour’. Species of the genus Thymus are aromatic plants, well known for their production of aromatic oils whose constitution is dominated by mono‐ or sesquiterpenes. A polymorphism for the production of the dominant terpene in the oil exists both within and between thyme species.
Here we examine the effects of two different terpenes produced by Thymus pulegioides and T. serpyllum on the performance of four associated plant species: Achillea millefolium, Agrostis capillaris, Galium verum and Plantago lanceolata. In a reciprocal transplant experiment we studied how plants naturally occurring together with thyme producing either carvacrol or b‐caryophyllene perform on soil treated with these compounds.
We found evidence of local adaptation to the ‘home’ terpene. Plants originating from sites where they grow together with carvacrol‐producing thyme plants also perform better on soil treated with carvacrol. One of the associated species (A. millefolium) also showed evidence of local adaptation to the sesquiterpene b‐caryophyllene .
Seed germination and root biomass showed an adaptive response to soil treatment. Vegetation analysis supported the results of the reciprocal transplant experiment. When the associated species performed best on ‘home’ soil, thyme and the associated species also showed a positive spatial association at natural sites of origin. Moreover, coefficients of variation in plant traits were significantly lower on ‘home’ soil compared to other soils for both A. capillaris and A. millefolium, but higher for G. verum.
Synthesis. Our results show that plant species can adapt to the presence of neighbour plants that produce specific chemical compounds. This supports the idea that local plant communities may be a lot more co‐evolved than was previously thought.
Natural spread of Cryphonectria parasitica and persistence of hypovirulence in three Italian coppiced chestnut stands
Authors: Turchetti T. , Ferretti F. , Maresi G. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryThree coppiced chestnut stands near Florence (Tuscany, Italy) were monitored for 15 years. Presence of blight, damage, evaluation of different types of cankers and their relationship with stand structure were assessed. Disease incidence ranged from 67% to 99% of infected shoots, and mortality caused by blight was between 6% and 12%. Canker types were defined in the study sites; healing and healed cankers represented 70–88% of the total infections recorded, whereas normal cankers represented 9–12.5%. In general, more than one infection was detected for each shoot, and on some trunks up to nine cankers were observed. During the entire investigation period, a constant trend of hypovirulence spread was observed that was symptomatic of a substantial stability of the phenomenon: most (63.5%) undifferentiated new infections evolved into healing and healed cankers, compared with 6.5% that developed into normal infections. Isolations confirmed that a mixed inoculum (normal, intermediate and white strains) of the pathogen was spreading in the coppices. Inocula produced by pycnidia from healing cankers were examined and tested in an artificial inoculation trial. dsRNA was detected in white strains isolated from healing cankers. In this natural condition and in the complete absence of silvicultural treatments, this inoculum seems capable of ensuring both the spread of hypovirulence and its persistence over the years. Data suggest that hypovirulence and its spread are complex phenomena based on the interaction between fungal inoculum, host resistance and site conditions.
Effect of Polymorphisms in the Genes for LIF and RBP4 on Litter Size in Two German Pig Lines
Authors: Spötter A , Müller S , Hamann H , Distl O 
Published: June 2008

ContentsThe association of two diallelic polymorphisms in the porcine genes for leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4) with number of piglets born alive (NBA) in two German pig lines was studied. The investigated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the porcine LIF gene has been located in the 3′‐untranslated region of its third exon, whereas the SNP in the RBP4 gene genotyped in this study is intronic. At the LIF locus the allele frequencies were 0.613 for the A allele and 0.387 for the B allele in German Landrace (GL) and 0.276 for A and 0.724 for B in German Large White (GW). At the RBP4 locus, the allele frequencies were 0.586 for the A allele and 0.414 for the B allele in GL and 0.733 for A and 0.267 for B in GW. There was a significant additive effect of the LIF B allele on NBA in GW over all parities (p ≤ 0.05) and a significant positive dominance effect of 0.69 ± 0.22 (p = 0.002) was observed for first parity on NBA in GL. For RBP4, no association of genotypes and NBA was detected in GW but a significant additive effect of the A allele of 0.24 ± 0.11 (p = 0.027) and a significant dominance effect of 0.31 ± 0.13 (p = 0.020) were found in GL over all parities and confirmed through the evaluations by parity.
Ultra‐slow oscillatory neuronal activity in the rat olivary pretectal nucleus: comparison with oscillations within the intergeniculate leaflet
Authors: Szkudlarek Hanna J. , Herdzina Olga , Lewandowski Marian H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractOscillations with a period between 1 and 4 min have been previously observed in many visual system structures. To determine whether similar oscillations in neuronal firing also exist in rat pretectum, recordings of neuronal activity were made with standard extracellular recording methodsin vivo. Oscillations with a mean period of ∼140 s were identified in 127 recording sites in olivary pretectal nucleus (OPT). Prolonged iontophoretical current ejection of bicuculline, an antagonist of GABAAreceptors, increased the firing rate but did not disrupt the oscillatory pattern of activity. This suggests that rhythmic activity of OPT neurons is either intrinsic to the nucleus or driven by rhythmic excitatory input. It is worth noting that oscillations within OPT were synchronized with the above‐described oscillatory activity in the ipsilateral intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). In the case of simultaneous double recordings from OPT and contralateral OPT or IGL, oscillations were uncorrelated. Our findings suggest functional coupling of the OPT with ipsilateral IGL, and imply that OPT, besides its well established role in pupil constriction, might be involved in modulation of the neuronal mechanism of the circadian timing system, as was suggested previously. Alternatively, IGL might be involved in pupil diameter regulation.