bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in serum of dogs
Authors: Steiner Jörg M. , Williams David A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To develop and validate a radioimmunoassay
(RIA) for measuring canine pancreatic
lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) in serum obtained
from dogs.

Sample Population—Serum samples from 47
healthy dogs.

Procedures—Canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) was purified
from pancreatic specimens of dogs. Antibodies
against cPL were raised in rabbits and purified by use
of affinity chromatography. A tracer was produced by
iodination of cPL with 125I. An RIA was established and
validated by determination of sensitivity, working
range, dilutional parallelism, spiking recovery, and
intra- and interassay variability. A reference range for
cPLI in serum was established by use of the central
95th percentile for samples obtained from 47 healthy
dogs.

Results—Sensitivity and upper limit of the working
range were 0.88 and 863 µg/L, respectively.
Observed-to-expected ratios for serial dilutions
ranged from 84.9 to 116.5% for 4 samples. Observedto-
expected ratios for spiking recovery ranged from
82.8 to 128.6% for 4 samples. Coefficients of variation
for intra-assay variability for 4 serum samples
were 18.3, 4.2, 3.5, and 8.9%, whereas interassay
coefficients of variation were 29.2, 6.2, 3.9, and
4.4%, respectively. The reference range was 4.4 to
276.1 µg/L.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—We conclude
that the RIA described is sensitive, linear, accurate,
precise, and reproducible, with limited accuracy in the
high end of the working range and limited precision
and reproducibility in the low end of the working
range. Additional studies are needed to evaluate
whether this degree of accuracy, precision, and reproducibility
will negatively impact clinical use of this
assay. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1237–1241)
Effects of carnitine and taurine on fatty acid metabolism and lipid accumulation in the liver of cats during weight gain and weight loss
Authors: Ibrahim Wissam H. , Bailey Nathanael , Sunvold Gregory D. , Bruckner Geza G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of carnitine (Ca) or taurine (Ta) supplementation on prevention of lipid accumulation in the liver of cats.Animals—24 adult cats.Procedure—Cats were fed a weight-gaining diet sufficient in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), low in long-chain n-3 PUFAs (n-3 LPUFA), and containing corn gluten for 20 weeks. Cats gained at least 30% in body weight and were assigned to 4 weight-reduction diets (6 cats/diet) for 7 to 10 weeks (control diet, control plus Ca, control plus Ta, and control plus Ca and Ta).Results—Hepatic lipids accumulated significantly during weight gain and weight loss but were not altered by Ca or Ta after weight loss. Carnitine significantly increased n-3 and n-6 LPUFAs in hepatic triglycerides, decreased incorporation of 13C palmitate into very-low-density lipoprotein and hepatic triglycerides, and increased plasma ketone bodies. Carnitine also significantly increased weight loss but without altering the fat to lean body mass ratio. Taurine did not significantly affect any variables. Diets low in n-3 LPUFAs predisposed cats to hepatic lipidosis during weight gain, which was further exacerbated during weight loss. Mitochondrial numbers decreased during weight gain and weight loss but were not affected by treatment. Carnitine improved fatty acid oxidation and glucose utilization during weight loss without correcting hepatic lipidosis.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The primary mechanism leading to hepatic lipidosis in cats appears to be decreased fatty acid oxidation. Carnitine may improve fatty acid oxidation but will not ameliorate hepatic lipidosis in cats fed a diet low in n-3 fatty acids. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1265–1277)
Quantitation of house dust mites and house dust mite allergens in the microenvironment of dogs
Authors: Randall Amy , Hillier Andrew , Cole Lynette K. , Kwochka Kenneth W. , Needham Glen , Wassom Donald L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To quantitate the density ofDermatophagoides farinaeandD pteronyssinusand concentrations of house dust mite (HDM) allergens (Der f 1, Der p 1, and Group 2 allergens) in the indoor microenvironment of dogs.Sample Population—50 homes in Columbus, Ohio.Procedures—In each home, samples of dust were collected from 3 locations in which dogs spent most time. Whenever possible, the species of mites collected was identified. Mite density (mites/g of dust) was assessed, and allergen concentrations were assayed by standardized ELISAs. Relative humidity and temperature in each home were monitored during a 5-day period. Characteristics of homes and sample sources were evaluated.Results—Dust samples from all 50 homes contained ≥ 1 HDM allergen; Der f 1 and Der p 1 were detected in 100 and 74% of homes, respectively. Fifteen homes had HDMs; compared withD pteronyssinus, D farinaewas found more commonly (14/15 homes) and at a higher density. Basements, homes without central airconditioning, and dog beds that were ≥ 1 year old had high HDM allergen concentrations. Homes with ≥ 2 µg of Der f 1 or Group 2 allergens/g of dust or ≥ 100 mites/g of dust were significantly more likely to have a maximum relative humidity ≥ 75%.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate the presence of HDMs and HDM allergens in the specific microenvironment of dogs in homes. Factors associated with high levels of exposure were identified, which may be associated with increased risk for sensitization and development of atopic diseases. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1301–1309)
Comparison of electroacupuncture and butorphanol on respiratory and cardiovascular effects and rectal pain threshold after controlled rectal distention in mares
Authors: Skarda Roman T. , Muir III William W. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To compare effects of electroacupuncture
and butorphanol on hemodynamic and respiratory
variables and rectal analgesia in mares after controlled
rectal distention.

Animals—8 healthy mares.

Procedure—Each horse received saline (0.9% NaCl)
solution (0.01 mL/kg, IV; control treatment), butorphanol
tartrate (0.1 mg/kg, IV), or 2 hours of electroacupuncture
(EA) at acupoints Bladder 21, 25, and
27 on both sides of the vertebral column, Bai hui, and
Stomach 36 (right side only). Order of treatments in
each mare was randomized. At least 7 days elapsed
between treatments. A balloon was inserted in the
rectum of each mare, and controlled distention of the
balloon (pressures of ≤ 220 mm Hg) was used to measure
nociceptive rectal pain threshold. Rectal temperature
and cardiovascular and respiratory variables
were measured before (baseline) and 5, 15, 30, 60, 90,
and 120 minutes after onset of each treatment.

Results—Butorphanol produced greater increases in
rectal pain threshold, compared with EA (mean ± SD,
214 ± 24 vs 174 ± 35 mm Hg of balloon pressure).
Electroacupuncture produced minimal cardiovascular
and respiratory changes. Although clinically not important,
butorphanol produced moderate significant
increases in heart and respiratory rates, arterial blood
pressure, and rectal temperature and decreases in
arterial oxygen tension. Arterial pH, carbon dioxide
tension, bicarbonate concentrations, base excess,
Hct, and concentration of total solids were not significantly
different from baseline values after EA, butorphanol,
and control treatments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Electroacupuncture
and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg, IV) may provide
useful rectal analgesia in horses. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:137–144)
Results of epidemic simulation modeling to evaluate strategies to control an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease
Authors: Bates Thomas W. , Thurmond Mark C. , Carpenter Tim E. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To assess estimated effectiveness of
control and eradication procedures for foot-andmouth
disease (FMD) in a region of California.

Sample Population—2,238 herds and 5 sale yards in
Fresno, Kings, and Tulare counties of California.

Procedure—A spatial stochastic model was used to
simulate hypothetical epidemics of FMD for specified
control scenarios that included a baseline eradication
strategy mandated by USDA and supplemental control
strategies of slaughter or vaccination of all animals within
a specified distance of infected herds, slaughter of
only high-risk animals identified by use of a model simulation,
and expansion of infected and surveillance zones.

Results—Median number of herds affected varied
from 1 to 385 (17% of all herds), depending on type
of index herd and delay in diagnosis of FMD.
Percentage of herds infected decreased from that of
the baseline eradication strategy by expanding the
designated infected area from 10 to 20 km (48%),
vaccinating within a 50-km radius of an infected herd
(41%), slaughtering the 10 highest-risk herds for each
infected herd (39%), and slaughtering all animals
within 5 km of an infected herd (24%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results for the
model provided a means of assessing the relative merits
of potential strategies for control and eradication of
FMD should it enter the US livestock population. For the
study region, preemptive slaughter of highest-risk herds
and vaccination of all animals within a specified distance
of an infected herd consistently decreased size and
duration of an epidemic, compared with the baseline
eradication strategy. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:205–210)
Effects of ventilation and isoflurane end-tidal concentration on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures in horses
Authors: Brosnan Robert J. , Steffey Eugene P. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Imai Ayako , Farver Thomas B. , Kortz Gregg D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To measure the effects of isoflurane end-tidal concentration and mode of ventilation (spontaneous vs controlled) on intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) in horses.Animals—6 adult horses of various breeds.Procedure—Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in O2in 6 healthy, unmedicated, adult horses. Using a subarachnoid strain gauge transducer, ICP was measured. Blood gas tensions and carotid artery pressures also were measured. Four isoflurane doses were studied, corresponding to the following multiples of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC): 1.0 MAC, 1.2 MAC, 1.4 MAC, and 1.6 MAC. Data were collected during controlled ventilation and spontaneous ventilation at each dose.Results—Increasing isoflurane end-tidal concentration induced significant dose-dependent decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CPP but no change in ICP. Hypercapnic spontaneous ventilation caused significant increases in MAP and ICP, compared with normocapnic controlled ventilation; no change in CPP was observed.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Hypercapnia likely increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) by maintaining CPP in the face of presumed cerebral vasodilation in healthy anesthetized horses. The effect of isoflurane dose on CBF, however, remains unresolved because it depends on the opposinginfluences of a decrease in CCP and cerebral vasodilation. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:21–25)
Antagonism of adenosine receptors by caffeine and caffeine metabolites in equine forebrain tissues
Authors: Chou Chi-Chung , Vickroy Thomas W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the presence of adenosine receptor subtypes A1and A2ain equine forebrain tissues and to characterize the interactions of caffeine and its metabolites with adenosine receptors in the CNS of horses.Sample Population—Brain tissue specimens obtained during necropsy from 5 adult male researchProcedures—Membrane-enriched homogenates from cerebral cortex and striatum were evaluated by radioligand binding assays with the A1-selective ligand [3H]DPCPX and the A2a-selective ligand [3H]ZM241385. Functional responses to adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists were determined by a nucleotide exchange assay using [35S]-guanosine 5'-(γ-thio) triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS).Results—Saturable high affinity [3H]DPCPX binding (A1) sites were detected in cerebral cortex and striatum, whereas high-affinity [3H]ZM241385 binding (A2a) sites were detected only in striatum. Caffeine and related methylxanthines had similar binding affinities at A1 and A2a sites with rank orders of drug binding affinities (theophylline > paraxanthine ≥ caffeine >> theobromine) similar to other species. [35S]GTPγS exchange revealed that caffeine and its metabolites act as pure adenosine receptor antagonists at concentrations that correspond to A1and A2areceptor binding affinities.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of our study affirm the presence of guanine nucleotide binding protein linked adenosine receptors (ie, high-affinity A1and A2aadenosine receptors) in equine forebrain tissues and reveal the antagonistic actions by caffeine and several biologically active caffeine metabolites. Antagonism of adenosine actions in the equine CNS by these stimulants may be responsible for some central actions of methylxanthine drugs, including motor stimulation and enhanced racing performance. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:216–224)
Endotoxn-induced nonthyroidal illness in dogs
Authors: Panciera David L. , Ritchey Jerry W. , Ward Daniel L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of endotoxin administration on thyroid function test results and serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activity in healthy dogs.Animals—6 healthy adult male dogs.Procedures—Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3'5'-triiodothyronine (rT3), free T4(fT4), and endogenous canine thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and TNF-α activity were measured before (day–1; baseline), during (days 0 to 3), and after (days 4 to 24) IV administration of endotoxin every 12 hours for 84 hours.Results—Compared with baseline values, serum T3 concentration decreased significantly, whereas rT3concentration increased significantly 8 hours after initial endotoxin administration. Serum T4concentration decreased significantly at 8 and 12 hours after initiating endotoxin administration. Serum T4concentration returned to reference range limits, then decreased significantly on days 6 to 12 and 16 to 20. Serum fT4concentration increased significantly at 12, 24, and 48 hours after cessation of endotoxin treatment, compared with baseline values. Serum rT3concentration returned to reference range, then decreased significantly days 5 and 7 after stopping endotoxin treatment. Serum TNF-α activity was significantly increased only 4 hours after initial endotoxin treatment, compared with baseline activity.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Endotoxin administration modeled alterations in thyroid function test results found in dogs with spontaneous nonthyroidal illness syndrome. A decrease in serum T4and T3concentrations and increase in serum rT3concentration indicate impaired secretion and metabolism of thyroid hormones. The persistent decrease in serum T4concentration indicates that caution should be used in interpreting serum T4concentrations after resolution of an illness in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:229–234)
Evaluation of serum obtained from atopic dogs with dermatitis attributable to Malassezia pachydermatis for passive transfer of immediate hypersensitivity to that organism
Authors: Morris Daniel O. , DeBoer Douglas J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the functionality of canine anti-MalasseziaIgE via the passive transfer of immediate hypersensitivity localized to the skin (ie, cutaneous anaphylaxis) from atopic dogs with dermatitis attributable to overgrowth ofMalassezia pachydermatis(Malasseziadermatitis [MD]) to healthy recipient dogs by use of the Prausnitz-Küstner (P-K) technique.Animals—7 clinically normal dogs, 32 atopic dogs with MD, serum from 11 atopic dogs with MD, and 3 healthy dogs without prior sensitization toM pachydermatis.Procedure—Serum from atopic dogs with MD was used for P-K tests in 3 clinically normal recipient dogs. Serial dilutions of untreated, heat-inactivated, IgE-absorbed, and bovine serum albumin (BSA)- absorbed (control) aliquots of serum were injected ID in triplicate for dermal sensitization. Twenty-four, 48, and 72 hours later, a crude extract ofM pachydermatiswas injected ID into the sites used for sensitization injections, and immediate hypersensitivity reactions were graded on a 4-point scale.Results—Untreated serum caused P-K reactivity beginning 24 hours after passive sensitization and persisting through 72 hours (titers, 1:32 to 1:64). Heat inactivation and IgE-absorption of serum eliminated P-K reactivity, whereas treatment of serum with BSA did not.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of P-K test results supports the passive transfer of cutaneous anaphylaxis by anti-MalasseziaIgE and indicates it is functional in type-1 hypersensitivity reactions of atopic dogs with MD. Reduction or blockade of anti-MalasseziaIgE in atopic dogs with MD may provide better clinical control of the disease. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:262–266)
Comparison of volumetric urine collection versus single-sample urine collection in horses consuming diets varying in cation-anion balance
Authors: McKenzie Erica C. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Godden Sandra M. , Pagan Joe D. , Carlson Gary P. , MacLeay Jennifer M. , DeLaCorte Flavio D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine daily variation in urinary clearance and fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes and minerals within and between horses and to compare volumetric and single-sample urine collection for determining FE values of diets with a range of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB).Animals—5 Thoroughbred and 6 mixed-breed mares.Procedure—3 isocaloric diets with low, medium, and high DCAB values (85, 190, and 380 mEq/kg of dry matter, respectively) were each fed for 14 days. Daily blood samples, single urine samples collected by using a urinary catheter (5 mares), and volumetric urine collections (6 mares) were obtained during the last 72 hours of each diet.Results—Urine and plasma pH values, plasma concentrations, and FE values of sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium were altered by varying the DCAB. Noticeable variation in clearance and FE values was detected within horses from day-to-day on the same diet as well as between horses. Fractional excretion values were not significantly different between single-sample and volumetric methods, except for magnesium in the high DCAB diet. Volumetric and single-sample collections revealed similar patterns of change in urinary FE values with varying DCAB, except for calcium and magnesium.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Substantial variation in clearance and FE of electrolytes and minerals are evident within horses between 24-hour periods as well as between horses fed a specific diet. Three daily urine samples provide similar information regarding dietary-induced changes in clearance and FE values (excluding calcium and magnesium) as that obtained by volumetric urine collection. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:284–291)
Plasma concentrations of praziquantel after oral administration of single and multiple doses in loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta caretta )
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R. , Harman Glenn R. , Maxwell Lara K. , Laille Eric J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of
praziquantel following single and multiple oral dosing
in loggerhead sea turtles.

Animals—12 healthy juvenile loggerhead sea turtles.

Procedure—Praziquantel was administered orally as
a single dose (25 and 50 mg/kg) to 2 groups of turtles;
a multiple-dose study was then performed in which 6
turtles received 3 doses of praziquantel (25 mg/kg,
PO) at 3-hour intervals. Blood samples were collected
from all turtles before and at intervals after drug
administration for assessment of plasma praziquantel
concentrations. Pharmacokinetic analyses included
maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax),
time to maximum concentration (Tmax), area under the
plasma praziquantel concentration-time curve, and
mean residence time (MRTt).

Results—Large interanimal variability in plasma praziquantel
concentrations was observed for all dosages.
One turtle that received 50 mg of praziquantel/kg
developed skin lesions within 48 hours of administration.
After administration of 25 or 50 mg of praziquantel/
kg, mean plasma concentrations were below
the limit of quantification after 24 hours. In the multiple-
dose group of turtles, mean plasma concentration
was 90 ng/mL at the last sampling time-point (48
hours after the first of 3 doses). In the single-dose
study, mean Cmax and Tmax with dose were not significantly
different between doses. After administration
of multiple doses of praziquantel, only MRTt was significantly
increased, compared with values after
administration of a single 25-mg dose.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration
of 25 mg of praziquantel/kg 3 times at 3-hour
intervals may be appropriate for treatment of loggerhead
sea turtles with spirorchidiasis. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:304–309)
Quantification, risk factors, and health impact of natural congenital infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy calves
Authors: Muñoz-Zanzi Claudia A. , Hietala Sharon K. , Thurmond Mark C. , Johnson Wesley O. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To estimate risk and identify risk factors
for congenital infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus
(BVDV) not resulting in persistent infection and examine
effect of congenital infection on health of dairy
calves.

Animals—466 calves.

Procedures—Calves from 2 intensively managed drylot
dairies with different vaccination programs and
endemic BVDV infection were sampled before ingesting
colostrum and tested with their dams for BVDV
and BVDV serum-neutralizing antibodies. Records of
treatments and death up to 10 months of age were
obtained from calf ranch or dairy personnel. Risk factors
for congenital infection, including dam parity and
BVDV titer, were examined by use of logistic regression
analysis. Effect of congenital infection on morbidity
and mortality rates was examined by use of survival
analysis methods.

Results—Fetal infection was identified in 10.1% of
calves, of which 0.5% had persistent infection and
9.6% had congenital infection. Although dependent
on herd, congenital infection was associated with
high BVDV type 2 titers in dams at calving and with
multiparous dams. Calves with congenital infection
had 2-fold higher risk of a severe illness, compared
with calves without congenital infection.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The unexpectedly
high proportion of apparently healthy calves found
to be congenitally infected provided an estimate of the
amount of fetal infection via exposure of dams and
thus virus transmission in the herds. Findings indicate
that congenital infection with BVDV may have a negative
impact on calf health, with subsequent impact on
herd health. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:358–365)