bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES AND HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE CONTENT OF THE PHARYNGEAL PITUITARY GLAND IN NORMAL AND ENDOCRINOLOGICALLY‐DISTURBED PATIENTS
Authors: McPHIE J. L. , BECK J. SWANSON 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe pharyngeal pituitary was studied in forty‐seven patients who did not have evidence of endocrine disturbance and in nineteen patients with some evidence of endocrine disorder. Various histological patterns were encountered: the ‘activated’type showed adenohypophyseal differentiation, the ‘inactivated’type showed squamous epithelium or undifferentiated cells and the ‘mixed’type contained elements of the other two types of tissue. The appearance of squamous foci in the pharyngeal pituitary was shown to be an ageing phenomenon. Human growth hormone was detected by immunofluorescence in scattered cells of some glands with adenohypophyseal differentiation. There was no evidence of hyperplasia of HGH‐containing cells in the pharyngeal pituitary in patients with virtually complete sellar pituitary ablation: in anencephaly, basophil cells predominated and HGH‐containing cells were scanty: ‘pregnancy cells’were not identified in the pharyngeal pituitary of a parturient woman.
Calcium absorption and excretion in the gut in acromegaly
Authors: SIGURDSSON G. , NUNZIATA V. , REINER M. , NADARAJAH A. , JOPLIN G. F. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn twenty patients with active acromegaly, twenty‐five measurements of radiocalcium absorption and fourteen measurements of gut excretion were made. Calcium absorption in this group was greater than normal, and was positively correlated with both the serum calcium level and the urine calcium output. Endogenous faecal calcium was usually normal. It is suggested that increased calcium absorption from the gut is a major factor in determining any elevation in serum and urine calcium levels in acromegaly.
ABNORMALITIES OF GLUCAGON METABOLISM IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: DAY J. L. , ANDERSON J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFasting plasma glucagon has been measured by a specific radioimmunoassay in twenty‐three untreated maturity onset diabetic patients and twenty‐three matched normal controls. Significant fasting hyperglucagonaemia was demonstrated in the diabetic subjects in spite of their raised blood glucose and insulin concentrations.Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on ten diabetic subjects and ten normal controls and variations in blood glucose, insulin and glucagon concentration studied. Glucagon concentration was shown to increase significantly after oral glucose in the diabetic subjects and to fall in the normal controls. The differences between the changes in glucagon concentration in the two groups could not be related to the differences in insulin response. It is proposed that these findings provide evidence of derangement of metabolism within the alpha cell in maturity onset diabetes.
SERUM LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE IN NORMAL CHILDREN AND PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS CLINICAL DISORDERS
Authors: LEE PETER A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were determined in 329 normal children and 185 individuals with endocrinological abnormalities or variations of development. A significant increase of gonadotrophins is noted at the onset of puberty among the boys and at menarche for girls. The values are compared with serum concentrations of LH and FSH in children with abnormalities of sexual development, pituitary malfunction as well as other clinical abnormalities. Comparable levels for age and stage of development were found for premature thelarche, premature adrenarche, cryptorchidism, male pseudohermaphroditism and pubertal gynaecomastia. Hypogonadal individuals (Klinefelter's and Turner's syndrome, pure ovarian dysgenesis and testicular dysgenesis) have markedly elevated values while those with pituitary hypofunction had low values. Patients with sexual prococity tended to have elevated concentrations.
LONG‐ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR AND THYROID FUNCTION IN RELATIVES OF PATIENTS WITH GRAVES’DISEASE
Authors: BONNYNS M. , VANHAELST L. , GOLSTEIN J. , CAUCHIE C. , ERMANS A. M. , BASTENIE P. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn ten families, fifty relatives and seven husbands of ten patients with untreated Graves’disease were submitted to clinical examination, biological and immunological investigations. They were compared with fifty control subjects. In the relatives, thyroid diseases were found in 26%, positive LATS‐IgG responses in 30%, thyroid antibodies in 23% and abnormal NBEI in 30%. The mean LATS response was significantly greater than in controls. With one exception no overt hyperthyroidism was found in the relatives on the basis of serum PBI, T3 resin uptake test, total T4 and TSH level. From the analysis of the pedigrees, no definite mode of inheritance can be found for LATS and NBEI. These data suggest the existence of a thyroid metabolic anomaly in the families of patients with thyrotoxicosis and argue against LATS as the cause of the hyperthyroidism of Graves’disease.
EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC ORAL OESTROGENS IN NORMAL MEN AND PATIENTS WITH PROSTATIC CARCINOMA: LACK OF GONADOTROPHIN SUPPRESSION BY CHLOROTRIANISENE
Authors: BAKER H. W. G. , BURGER H. G. , de KRETSER D. M. , HUDSON B. , STRAFFON W. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of the oral synthetic oestrogens, diethylstiboestrol and chlorotrianisene, have been studied in healthy male volunteers and in patients with prostatic carcinoma. The plasma levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone decreased significantly during treatment with diethylstilboestrol. Although plasma levels of testosterone decreased during treatment with chlorotrianisene, levels of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones were not significantly suppressed. This pattern of response was observed both in healthy males and in patients with prostatic carcinoma, regardless of whether chlorotrianisene was used as the primary therapy in the latter group or following therapy with diethylstilboestrol or orchidectomy. The capacity of the sex steroid binding globulin for testosterone was increased following prolonged administration of both agents. It is concluded that suppression of plasma testosterone levels observed during chlorotrianisene therapy is the result of a direct effect on the testis and that this agent may be of value in studies of gonadotrophin physiology.Although the palliative effect of treating prostatic carcinoma with synthetic oestrogens such as diethylstilboestrol (DES) and chlorotrianisene (CTA) has been known for many years, the mechanism of this action is obscure. It is generally believed that reduction of circulating androgens secondary to suppression of pituitary gonadotrophin secretion is the main effect, but it is possible such drugs have direct effects both on the testis and the carcinoma. During investigations designed to evaluate the mode of action of these two drugs, an interesting difference emerged between their effects on serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). An earlier study had demonstrated that when a patient who had been previously treated with DES was given CTA, plasma levels of testosterone remained low despite rising levels of FSH and LH (Burger et al., 1972). This paper reports the results of more detailed investigations of the effects of DES and CTA in healthy volunteers and in patients with carcinoma of the prostate.
EFFECTS OF OESTROGEN ADMINISTRATION ON TESTOSTERONE METABOLISM IN NORMAL MEN
Authors: CLARK A. F. , CARSON G. D. , DeLORY B. , CLEMOW M. E. , BIRD C. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of oestrogen administration on various parameters of testosterone metabolism (metabolic clearance rate, plasma concentration, production rate, level of binding to plasma proteins) were studied in normal men. Oral oestrogen administration (ethinyl oestradiol, 0.05 mg b.i.d. for 4 days) decreased the metabolic clearance rate (32%), plasma concentration (49%) and production rate (65%) and increased the level of binding of testosterone to plasma proteins (4.6%); the testosterone‘free index’ (plasma concentration X% unbound) decreased by 75%. An intravenous infusion of oestrogen (i.v. injection of 5 mg stilboestrol diphosphate followed by constant infusion of 47.5 μg/min for 30 min prior to and during the experiment) had no significant effects on the above parameters. The net effect of oral oestrogen administration is to decrease the amount of testosterone available for entry into tissues. The testosterone ‘free index’ showed a significant correlation with the metabolic clearance rate.
THYROTROPHIN RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE IN OPHTHALMIC GRAVES' DISEASE: CORRELATION WITH OTHER ASPECTS OF THYROID FUNCTION, THYROID SUPPRESSIBILITY AND ACTIVITY OF EYE SIGNS
Authors: ORMSTON B. J. , ALEXANDER L. , EVERED D. C. , CLARK F. , BIRD T. , APPLETON D. , HALL R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThirty‐four patients with ophthalmic Graves' disease were investigated by routine thyroid function tests, by measurement of the serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH) and by measurement of the serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels.The patients could be divided into four groups according to their response to TRH—normal, impaired, absent and exaggerated. Those with normal responses had routine thyroid function tests and serum T3 levels which in general did not differ from normal control values. Those with impaired and with absent responses showed routine thyroid function tests which approached the hyperthyroid range together with significant elevation of serum T3 levels. It is suggested that they might represent examples of ‘subclinical T3 thyrotoxicosis’. Patients with exaggerated responses had routine thyroid function tests near the lower end of the normal range and could be regarded as suffering from ‘subclinical hypothyroidism’. There was a good correlation between a normal TRH response and normal thyroid suppressibility by T3, and between impaired and absent responses and impaired thyroid suppressibility. It is evident that the TRH test which is safer, shorter and more convenient, can replace the T3 suppression test in routine clinical practice. The response to TRH also provided information on the activity of the eye signs, a normal response was associated with improving eye signs whereas impaired, absent or exaggerated responses were associated with static signs or actual deterioration. The TRH test is of value in the diagnosis of unilateral exophthalmos since about three‐quarters of the patients in this series showed some abnormality. The wide range of TRH response and of circulating thyroid hormone levels is to be expected since the thyroid is not subject to the normal finely‐balanced negative feed‐back mechanism via TSH.
REPRODUCIBILITY OF ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE DATA IN NORMAL AND MILDLY DIABETIC SUBJECTS
Authors: HARDING P. E. , OAKLEY N. W. , WYNN VICTOR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma glucose, plasma insulin and blood pyruvate levels were measured during two identical oral glucose tolerance tests carried out a few days apart on fifty‐two normal or mildly diabetic subjects. No systematic differences could be detected between the first and second test. Several different functions derived from the tests were examined both for reproducibility and sensitivity in detecting departures from normal: a ‘clinical value index’ as calculated for each of these functions taking both reproducibility and sensitivity into account. This index was higher for the area under the glucose tolerance curve than for the glucose value at any single selected point during the test or for the ‘H’ index. The coefficient of variation for the glucose area was found to increase with increasing impairment of glucose tolerance, and confidence limits for this function were defined, enabling a significance of a single abnormal test to be assessed. Day‐to‐day variations in glucose tolerance were found not to be the result of fluctuations in the insulin response, nor to be related to the fasting pyruvate level before the test. It seems most likely that these variations result from fluctuations in glucose absorption and distribution.
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM: THE RISK OF RECURRENCE
Authors: And PHILIP MARSDEN , DAY JOHN L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThirty‐three cases of primary hyperparathyroidism have been followed up after initial diagnosis for a mean period of 5 years and 5 months. The recurrence rate over the follow‐up period was 15%. Recurrence was limited to cases with involvement of other endocrine glands, a family history of hyperparathyroidism or multiple involvement of the parathyroid glands discovered at operation. These three factors can therefore be regarded as prognostic indices of a high recurrence risk; they are common, occurring in an estimated 39% of cases. When they exist, an attempt to visualize all parathyroid tissue at operation should be made and, if multiple gland involvement is present, the treatment of choice is subtotal para‐thyroidectomy.
PARATHYROID FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH PAGET'S DISEASE TREATED WITH SALMON CALCITONIN
Authors: BURCKHARDT P. M. , SINGER F. R. , POTTS J. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTo study the possibility of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with Paget's disease treated with calcitonin over a long period, we investigated parathyroid function in eleven patients treated with salmon calcitonin (CT) for up to 23 months and in one patient treated with human CT. Basal plasma calcium, immuno‐reactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) and serum phosphorus levels were all in the normal range before and after the treatment and did not change significantly during the treatment. In all patients, an acute fall in calcium and a rise in PTH occurred after the initial injection of CT. The rise in PTH was proportional to the fall in calcium and similar to that observed in normal subjects. After treatment, the rise in plasma PTH remained the same in relation to the fall in calcium, indicating that the responsiveness of the parathyroid glands to the hypocalcaemic challenge was unaltered, and that secondary hyperparathyroidism was not present in these patients.
THE TSH, FSH AND PROLACTIN RESPONSES TO CONTINUOUS INFUSIONS OF TRH AND THE EFFECTS OF OESTROGEN ADMINISTRATION IN NORMAL MALES
Authors: MORTIMER C. H. , BESSER G. M. , GOLDIE D. J. , HOOK JANET , McNEILLY A. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFour normal males received a constant infusion of 0.9% NaCl for 1 hr followed immediately by 500 μg of TRH infused over the same period. A rise in serum TSH was observed in all subjects while in three there was also a significant FSH response. The prolactin response, unlike that of TSH, was markedly pulsatile indicating that different mechanisms exist for the release of these two hormones from the pituitary after TRH. Circulating levels of LH were unaffected.Ethinyl oestradiol, 30 μg daily for 3 days, was administered to two of the subjects and the infusions were repeated. Both basal FSH and LH levels were depressed, as was the FSH response to the infusion of TRH. By contrast, however, the TSH response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone was enhanced after oestrogen. In one subject the basal prolactin levels were significantly higher while in both there was an augmented prolactin response to TRH, the pulsatile pattern of release being maintained.
THYROTROPHIN RESPONSES TO INTRAVENOUS THYROTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE IN PATIENTS WITH HYPOTHALAMIC AND PITUITARY DISEASE
Authors: McLAREN E. H. , HENDRICKS S. , PIMSTONE B. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma immunoreactive thyrotrophin (TSH) responses to synthetic thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) have been measured in forty‐five patients with pituitary or hypothalamic disease (largely non‐functioning and functioning pituitary tumours) tested before and/or after ablative treatment. Subnormal TSH responses usually indicated impaired pituitary function but were less sensitive indices than those of human growth hormone (HGH) after hypoglycaemia. High basal TSH values with exaggerated rises after TRH were occasionally found with hypothyroidism and impaired HGH and cortisol secretion. Delayed TSH responses were indicative of hypothalamic disease in some cases, but in others were associated with pituitary tumours without overt hypothalamic disease. Normal TRH tests were found with hypothyroidism, while five abnormal tests (four delayed) were found in euthyroid patients. Patterns of TSH response to TRH in hypothalamic‐pituitary disease are complex and their significance is not always clear.
HYPERCORTISOLAEMIA AND LACK OF SKELETAL RESPONSE TO OESTROGEN IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: AITKEN J. M. , HALL P. E. , RAO L. G. S. , HART D. M. , LINDSAY R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYMeasurements of plasma ‘cortisol’ and metacarpal mineral content were made in seventy‐two postmenopausal women of whom one half had been taking 20‐40 μg mestranol daily for 1‐3 years. Urinary free ‘cortisol’ (UFC) was also measured in just over one half of these women. Significant increases in plasma ‘cortisol’ and metacarpal mineral content were found in the mestranol treated women. The greatest bone mineral response was found in those women with plasma ‘cortisol’ concentrations in the range 36‐45 μg/100 ml. A significant inverse relationship was found between UFC and metacarpal mineral change. These findings imply that failure of the skeleton to respond to oestrogen therapy might result from a relative increase in adrenocorticoid activity. It is suggested that the measurement of plasma ‘cortisol’ and UFC may be of value in monitoring the treatment of patients on long‐term oestrogen therapy.
ANTIBODIES AGAINST SERTOLI CELLS IN HUMAN INFERTILITY
Authors: WALL J. R. , STEDRONSKA JITKA , LESSOF M. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAntibodies reacting with a cytoplasmic component of Sertoli cells were detected in the serum of a 20‐year‐old man with hypogonadism and azospermia. The appearances on testicular biopsy were of Leydig cell hypoplasia and maturation arrest of the germinal cells, but apparently normal Sertoli cells. These findings contrasted with those seen in ninety‐three infertile men, in whom Sertoli cell antibodies were not found but in whom antibodies against the germinal cells were found in ten cases (11%), whilst spermatozoal antibodies were detected in twenty‐four cases (26%) and other antibodies (thyroid cytoplasmic, gastric parietal cell, mitochondrial ‘M’ and antinuclear antibodies) in seventeen cases (18%).It is postulated that autoimmunity involving the germinal or Sertoli cells may be a cause of testicular disease. The only other case in which Sertoli cell antibodies have been found was that of an infertile woman with Sjögren's disease. This raises the possibility that there may be a Sertoli cell equivalent in the ovary containing a similar range of enzymes or other antigenic components and that autoimmunity involving these components may also be a cause of infertility in the female.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF PLASMA CORTICOSTEROIDS IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: RESCHINI E. , GLUSTINA G. , D'ALBERTON A. , CROSIGNANI P. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCircadian rhythm and dexamethasone suppression of plasma fluorogenic corticosteroids and plasma progesterone were studied in six patients with the simple virilizing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Basal levels of plasma fluorogenic steroids were normal or high in the untreated patients. A definite circadian variation was demonstrated, suggesting a similar variation in ACTH secretion. Dexamethasone administration in the form of the overnight suppression test was followed by a virtually complete disappearance of plasma fluorescence. Plasma progesterone levels were high in the morning hours and showed a circadian variation and dexamethasone suppression similar to those of fluorogenic steroids. The diagnostic and therapeutic importance of these findings is discussed.
INTRAVENOUS, INTRAMUSCULAR, SUBCUTANEOUS AND INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF LH/FSH‐RH: THE DURATION OF EFFECT AND OCCURRENCE OF ASYNCHRONOUS PULSATILE RELEASE OF LH AND FSH
Authors: MORTIMER C. H. , BESSER G. M. , HOOK JANET , McNEILLY A. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe duration of action of 100 μg of the synthetic gonadotrophin releasing hormone, the decapeptide LH/FSH‐RH, was compared in three subjects after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration, given in random order at 7–10 day intervals. The levels of serum LH and FSH were followed over 9 hr. Each route of administration was equally effective in promoting LH and FSH release, and the magnitude of the responses and their time course were the same in each case. Two of these subjects then received 2 mg of the pure material dissolved in 0±5 or 1 ml of 0±9% NaCl by intranasal application. Although definite LH and FSH responses were seen, this route was less effective in promoting gonadotrophin release despite the higher dose used. In three further subjects blood sampling was carried out at 10 min intervals for 4 hr, following i.v., i.m. or s.c. injection of LH/FSH‐RH; pulsatile release of LH and FSH was observed in each subject but the fluctuations in LH and FSH were asynchronous. The therapeutic implications of subcutaneous and intranasal administration of the material are discussed.
CHANGES IN SERUM THYROXINE‐BINDING PROTEINS IN ENDEMIC GOITRE AND ENDEMIC CRETINISM
Authors: WELLBY M. L. , PHAROAH P. O. D. , HETZEL B. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPatients with endemic goitre in an iodine deficient area in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea (TPNG) have very little clinical evidence of hypothyroidism although serum thyroxine (T4) levels are usually very subnormal. The activities of T4‐binding proteins in both goitrous and non‐goitrous iodine deficient TPNG subjects were therefore investigated but no overall deficiencies were found to account for the low T4 levels. The mean serum T4‐binding pre‐albumin (TBPA) level (169 μg/100 ml as T4‐binding capacity) was less than the level seen in Australian subjects (187 μg/100 ml); however, this decrease was counteracted by the increase in T4‐binding globulin (TBG) level (27±3 μg) in iodine‐deficient TPNG compared with 19±9 μg in Australia.Measurements of TBG and TBPA levels were also made during pregnancy in TPNG subjects, and found to increase to the same extent as in pregnancy in Australian subjects. This suggests that the pathogenesis of endemic cretinism (in TPNG) is dependent on some factor other than TBG deficiency during pregnancy.
THE TRH TEST IN THE COURSE OF TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: von zur MüHLEN A. , HESCH R. D. , KÖBBERLING J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn nine patients with thyrotoxicosis (three patients with ophthalmopathy, one patient with T3 thyrotoxicosis) we followed plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotoxine (T4) and the TRH induced TSH release before and under treatment with propythiouracil (PTU), carbimazole or methimazol. The patients were observed for 2‐8 months and did not receive any thyroid hormones during this time. Before treatment the TSH responses to TRH were absent in all patients. After commencement of antithyroid drug therapy the T3 and T4 plasma values decreased to normal (T3) or subnormal levels (T4) within 1‐5 weeks and the patients became euthyroid, but at that time the TRH test was still negative in all patients. Moreover, there was a lag of between 2 weeks and 4 months in five of the patient before the TRH test became positive. The duration of this lag could not be correlated with any data of the history or the clinical signs. Several possible explanations for this observation are discussed. Our results suggest that the TRH‐test is not suited for the control of the therapeutic effect of antithyroid drug therapy.