bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate binding in electrophoresis: Determination of membrane sidedness of proteins
Authors: Till Olaf , Schmidt Martin , Linss Werner , Baumann Eckehard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe applicability of the membrane‐impermeant protein cross‐linker bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) to the determination of membrane sidedness of proteins was tested in 3T3‐L1 cells and in erythrocytes. Binding of BS3 to proteins was apparent in electrophoresis. In three proteins of 3T3‐L1 cells, protein kinase‐Cϵ, protein kinase‐Cζ, and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, BS3 action was detectable in SDS‐PAGE with immunoblotting. This enabled confirmation of the well‐known intracellular localization of these proteins. In cathepsin E of erythrocytes, a mobility increase in nondenaturing PAGE was the most prominent effect of BS3 treatment. A mechanism for the increase in mobility due to BS3 binding is suggested. Cathepsin E was found to be located at the intracellular side of the membrane, in accordance with existing evidence.
Dynamic coating using methylcellulose and polysorbate 20 for nondenaturing electrophoresis of proteins on plastic microchips
Authors: Mohamadi Mohamad Reza , Mahmoudian Laili , Kaji Noritada , Tokeshi Manabu , Baba Yoshinobu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA dynamic coating using methylcellulose (MC) and a nonionic detergent (polysorbate 20) was developed, which controlled protein adsorption onto the surface of microchannels on a microchip made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Optimum concentration of polysorbate 20 in combination with the range of MC concentrations controlled the protein adsorption onto the microchannel surface, and increased the solubility of the protein samples while facilitating the injection of high concentrations of MC solutions into the microchannels. Higher concentrations of nonionic detergent increased the EOF mobility as opposed to the electrophoretic mobility and caused the electrophoresis to fail. Nondenaturing microchip electrophoresis of protein samples with molecular masses ranging from 20 to 100 kDa were completed in 100 s. Also, successful separation of a BSA sample and its complex with anti‐BSA mAb (˜220 kDa) was achieved on a PMMA microchip. The separation exhibited high reproducibility in both migration time (RSD = 1%) and peak area (RSD = 10–15%).
The Role of Particulate Organic Matter and Acetic Acid in the Removal of Phosphate in Anaerobic/Aerobic Activated Sludge Processes
Authors: Ubukata Y. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAcetic acid is thought to be an important substrate for the removal of phosphate in anaerobic/aerobic activated sludge (AS) processes. However, the acetic acid content in municipal sewage is low, and the main organic compounds in such sewage are particulate organic matters (POM) that are converted to endogenous substrates (E(ntrapped) POM, i.e., EPOM) in AS processes. Thus, the question arises whether it is really acetate or POM, which is important for the removal of phosphate in full‐scale AS plants. AS was harvested from a full‐scale anaerobic/aerobic AS plant. The amount of phosphate released after the addition of acetic acid depends on the AS conditions, particularly the influent sewage quality. However, the amount of phosphate released by EPOM was not affected by the AS conditions, and the amount of phosphate released per AS concentration and per unit of time was calculated to be about 0.86 mg PO4‐P/g MLSS/hour. When the AS concentration is 2.5 g/L and the mixed‐liquor retention time is 2 hours in the anaerobic zone, about 4 mg/L PO4‐P is released from EPOM. Under these conditions, phosphate in such sewage is removed by full‐scale AS plants without using acetic acid. In the case of carbon deficiency, the introduction of primary sludge to the anaerobic zone promoted the release of phosphate.
Environmental mesothelioma incidence, time since exposure to asbestos and level of exposure
Authors: Berry G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn occupational follow‐up studies it has generally been found that the mesothelioma rate increases according to time since first exposure raised to a power of between 3 and 4. An alternative form includes a lag period, which is subtracted from time before raising to a power. In most studies only a small minority of the follow‐up has exceeded 40 years, and when the above relationships are extrapolated the incidence rate increases by a factor of up to 4 from 40 to 60 years. A modified model has been developed in which increase in mesothelioma rate with time since exposure is attenuated by a factor representing a decline in risk corresponding to elimination of asbestos from the lungs. The three models have been fitted to mesothelioma incidence observed in the group of former workers exposed to crocidolite asbestos in the Wittenoom mine and mill in Western Australia. The three models fitted the data equally well but diverged markedly when extrapolated to longer periods of follow‐up. With elimination of asbestos the incidence rate was relatively constant from 40 to 60 years, in contrast to the increasing rate without elimination. Estimates of the number of mesotheliomas associated with exposure to asbestos amongst residents and tourists to the town of Wittenoom have been made by extrapolating from the very high occupational exposures during 1943 to 1966 to the current low environmental exposures. For residents the estimated lifetime mesothelioma rate is at least three orders of magnitude less than that of the former workers, and for tourists the risk is another two or three orders of magnitude lower. The uncertainties in extrapolating in time beyond the current length of follow‐up and from high to low exposures means that estimates of lifetime mesotheliomas can only be given with a range of not less than 10‐fold.
Field evaluation of some sand transport models
Authors: Berg Neil H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFluorescent tracer procedures, originally developed for research on fluvial sediment movement, were used to monitor the movement of three commercially purchased sands in a natural dune environment. Results were compared with estimates of transport rates from three theoretical models. Estimates from models by Bagnold (1941) and Hsu (1971) were larger by as much as one order of magnitude than the rates observed in the tracer study. The model of A. A. Kadib (1965) provided closer correspondence to observed transport rates for medium sand (mean diam. 0.653 mm) but underestimated rates for coarse sand (mean diam. 0.992 mm).
Sorted stripes on sub‐Antarctic Kerguelen Island
Authors: Hall Kevin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObservations of sorted stripes at nine different localities on sub‐Antarctic Kerguelen Island are presented. The study sites range from 25‐600 m above sea level and are of varying aspect. It is found that there is a strong relationship between stripe orientation and the wind direction, to the extent that at one locality stripes were orientated across a slope. Stripe width was seen to increase with altitude and, in addition, the coarse stripe was dominant at lower elevations and the fine stripe at higher elevations. At one site a secondary set of stripes was observed to occur within the fine stripe of a primary larger set. On a trachyte plug there was evidence of lateral squeezing in the formation of the stripes. A number of minor observations pertaining to the possible mechanism of stripe formation are given.
A new technique for determining the surface level of salt marshes and other uncompacted sedimentary environments
Authors: Carr Alan P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe method described involves the use of an electro‐optical distance measurer mounted on a theodolite. Observations are taken onto a series of acrylic reflectors, aligned at right angles to the line of sight, and slope distances and vertical and horizontal angles are recorded. From these data it is possible to obtain surface heights to an accuracy of ±0·5 cm at 200 m and to avoid any direct disturbance of the site under investigation.
The non‐independence of rainfall erosivity and soil erodibility
Authors: Morgan Christopher 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree high erosivity conditions (50 mm hr−1, 100 mm hr−1, and 200 mm hr−1) were generated in a laboratory using a rainfall simulator and coherent soil block samples from fourteen different soil erodibility conditions. The data acquired supports the theoretical contention that soil loss should not increase as a simple linear function of storm intensity. Rather, a variable relationship is caused by the rupturing of surface seals and the changing relative significance of splash, wash and rainwash processes. Slope angle appears to influence soil loss at the higher erosivity conditions of 100 mm hr−1 and 200 mm hr−1 on slopes that were either very steep (> 20°) or very shallow (< 3°), but on moderate slopes the relationship is unclear. Examination of the variation of soil loss with erosivity when soil loss for a specific high erosivity condition is known revealed that conversion and power factors are of doubtful value and little generality. A satisfactory predictive equation, a power curve, is seen to be of value only when comparing rainwash soil loss between the higher erosivity conditions. The relationship is most safely considered as soil and site specific. Where the influence of slope and soil erodibility are disregarded, a strong association between soil loss and rainfall intensity is found. That soil loss, and hence, soil erodibility varies non‐uniformly with erosivity is clear. The findings indicate caution is required when comparing conclusions drawn from studies based upon different erosivity conditions.
Wind ripples in an active drift sand area in the Netherlands: A preliminary report
Authors: Brugmans Freddy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo types of wind ripples are distinguished in an active drift sand area near Hulshorst in The Veluwe (Central Netherlands). The common type has amplitudes of about 0·5 cm and wavelengths of some 11 cm, the atypical ripple has amplitudes of about 1 cm and wavelengths of some 16 cm. In both cases, the sand grains in the crests are coarser than those in the troughs. However, the coarseness of the grains in the crests of the higher ripples is much more pronounced than that of the lower. It is tentatively suggested that wind ripples are initiated by a regular downwind alternation in the impact energy of the descending grains in saltation, possibly due to fixed gravity waves in the sheared flows of air with grains which have strong density gradients with height.
(Re) deposition of loess in southern Limbourg, the Netherlands 3. Field evidence for conditions of deposition of the middle and upper silt loam complexes, and landscape evolution at Nagelbeek
Authors: Vreeken W. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper is about conditions and processes during the accumulation of the Upper Pleniglacial Middle and Upper Silt Loam complexes at Nagelbeek, Limbourg, a Weichselian stratigraphical type locality. The complexes correlate with Hesbayan and Brabantian loesses in Belgium, formed between 28,000 and 12,400 yrs BP. They are characterized by sediment features (cracks, mass deformations, and cut‐and‐fill features) that are ascribed to a cryogenic regimen. The main Middle Silt Loam subunit contains contraction cracks deformed and further modified by masswasting. Intra‐Upper‐Pleniglacial pedogenic intervals are inferred from three greyish bands, from a truncated weathered zone surmounting the Middle Silt Loam, and from an aeolian‐cumulic palaeosol at the base of the Upper Silt Loam. Latter two zones and an intervening erosional unconformity were cryogenically reworked, less than 22,000 yrs BP, to form a complex stratigraphical marker‐zone: the ‘Horizon à Langues de Nagelbeek’. Morphological variants of the marker‐zone are described. The geomorphic evolution of the Nagelbeek upland, from Saalian to Holocene times, is summarized in unconformity maps and a time diagram.
Typology of segregated (armoured/paved) surfaces: Some comments
Authors: Gomez Basil 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA review of the characteristics of segregated surfaces and consideration of the origins of the terms armoured and paved suggests that the two terms are interchangeable, and that neither term is specifically associated with a particular segregation process. The dichotomy between segregated surfaces which are formed in channels in which the entire range of bed material is mobile under the prevailing hydrologic regime, and segregated surfaces which are intrinsically stable, forms the basis of an elementary distinction between different types of segregated surface. It is suggested that the term stable armour or stable pavement be applied to those cases where the segregated surface is considered to be inactive under the prevailing hydrologic regime, and that the term unstable armour or unstable pavement be applied to cases where the segregated surface experiences periodic mobilization.
Threshold response of small streams to surface coal mining, bituminous coal fields, central Pennsylvania
Authors: Touysinhthiphonexay Kimball C. N. , Gardner Thomas W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStream response to surface coal mining and reclamation was studied in 29 small (0·13 to 5·72 km2) watersheds located in the bituminous coal fields of Central Pennsylvania. These basins, up to 82 per cent mined, were selected from 176 first‐order tributaries of Beech Creek with similar vegetation, soil, lithology, and basin characteristics. Measurements were made at 262 cross‐sections (an average of nine cross‐sections per stream) of channel cross‐section area, bankfull width, mean bankfull depth, dimensions of the largest moving blocks, stream slope, valley‐side slope, basin area, and mined area. Observed differences in channel morphology were related to differences in extent of mining by means of scatter plots, correlation, cluster analysis, and bivariate regression.Stream response to increased peak discharge and channel shear stress produced by increased surface runoff from regraded mine spoil takes the form of enlarged channels and increases in the size of moving blocks. Large basin areas appear to dampen the effect of mining, resulting in limited channel enlargement with greater extent of mining. In contrast, where peak discharges and associated shear stresses exceed the combined erosional resistance of floodplain vegetation, colluvial blocks, and channel banks, streams adjust extensively to higher levels of mining, causing an abrupt increase in the size of transported blocks and eroded channels. In the first‐order basins studied, this stepped response occurs at approximately 0·45 km2 mined area and 50 per cent of the total basin area mined.For streams that have exceeded both threshold levels, disequilibrium is demonstrated by a strong, positive correlation between local stream slope and basin area. Where both threshold levels of mining are exceeded, steep channel slopes reinforce the tendency of stream cross‐sections to increase with greater disturbance by mining, necessitating that these streams rapidly adjust their morphology in order to attain a new equilibrium which is compatible with the conditions imposed by mining and reclamation.
Twenty‐one years of German geomorphology
Authors: Bremer Hanna 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn recent decades, German geomorphology has been mainly concerned with climatic and climato‐genetic geomorphology. The first is the study of processes, especially of process combinations in different climato‐morphological zones. The second is concerned with the way exogenic forces control the evolution of relief in a certain region. This study of relief generations differs fundamentally from denudation chronology. Certain principles developed as knowledge of these fields has grown, such as the variability of rock resistance with climate and discontinuity of processes in both space and time, are considered. In recent years new trends, based mainly on climatic geomorphology, have been towards greater specialization in fields such as quantitative geomorphology, geomorphological mapping, and laboratory analysis of regolith and soil samples.
The micromorphology of quaternary river terrace deposits in the Kennet Valley, Berkshire, England
Authors: Chartres C. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree groups of micromorphological features are recognized in the river terrace deposits of the Kennet Valley. These are orthic pedological features, orthic pedological features disrupted by cryoturbation, and transport‐inherited features. Fluvial and solifluction processes account for the presence of the transport‐inherited features. Used in conjunction with sedimentological and geomorphological investigations the distribution, composition, size, shape, and relative proportions of micromorphological features are helpful in separating pedogenically‐altered materials from undisturbed sediments, and in recognizing the occurrence of more than one phase of soil development.
Environmental reconstructions of a late devensian terrace sequence. Some preliminary findings
Authors: Dawson Martin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFacies analysis of Severn Main terrace sediments at Eardington, Shropshire is instructive in determining aspects of the sedimentary environment at a ‘proximal’ location in the terrace. Evaluation of the structural and directional properties of the gravels indicates that the terrace is a composite feature comprising two units. The lower unit is notable for the widespread occurrence of large sandy facies, a near absence of massive gravel facies, and the presence of large, locally derived, lithoclasts in excess of 1 m in diameter. Facies associations observed indicate the existence of in‐channel bars and large channels with bedforms at the dune‐plane bed transition. The directional properties of the unit indicate flows parallel to the main valley axis and although the unit is unlike previously reported examples it is interpreted as being the product of a proximal low sinuosity environment. The upper unit is composed mainly of multistorey, coarse, massive gravel units with limited interbedded sand facies. Fabric analysis indicates progradation of the unit from the west. The facies sequence is similar to those encompassed by facies models proposed for proximal alluvial fan deposits and therefore, on structural and directional grounds, the upper unit is interpreted as an alluvial fan deposit which prograded into the main Severn valley from the adjacent Mor Brook tributary. The implications of the composite nature of the terrace at this point are considered both in terms of terrace correlation and palaeohyrological estimation.
Comparison of taxon calibrations, modern analogue techniques, and forest‐stand simulation models for the quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation
Authors: Delcourt Hazel R. , Delcourt Paul A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe compared results of three quantitative methods for reconstructing past vegetation, including (1) calibrations of per cent dominance vs. per cent pollen for individual tree taxa; (2) coefficients of dissimilarity between fossil and modern pollen assemblages; and (3) simulation modelling of long‐term forest succession. For calibration, we used 1684 modern pollen samples and 1742 forest‐inventory summaries from eastern North America. We applied the calibrations at 1 000‐year intervals to the 19000‐year pollen record from Anderson Pond, Tennessee. Dominance values reconstructed using taxon calibrations typically paralleled the changes in percentages of arboreal pollen. Dissimilarity values between fossil and modern pollen assemblages were lowest from 19 000 yr BP to 15 000 yr BP and from 9 000 yr BP to the present, indicating good modern analogues for both full‐glacial and Holocene time periods. During times of good analogue, forest composition estimated from forest inventories at the locations of best pollen analogues was similar to that reconstructed using taxon calibrations. Relatively poor modern analogues exist for late glacial and early Holocene pollen spectra from Anderson Pond. During times of poor analogues, forest composition reconstructed from taxon calibrations differed from that derived from analogue methods. FORET‐model simulations of forest‐stand biomass differed markedly from palaeovegetation estimates made from the other two methods. This is primarily because the FORET model is scaled to forest succession on 1/12‐ha forest plots rather than forest dynamics integrated over a broad landscape mosaic. Because they are based upon fundamental relationships of pollen production and dispersal, taxon calibrations provide the best available means for reconstructing forest history both during times of good and of poor analogues.
Deformation of laminated silt loam due to repeated freezing and thawing cycles
Authors: Coutard J. P. , Mücher H. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of repeated freezing and thawing cycles on an experimentally‐produced laminated silt loam was studied with the purpose of obtaining more insight into the genesis of macro‐ and microstructures observed in the loessic formations of Northwestern Europe.The laminated silt loam was subsequently subjected to 18 cycles of alternate freezing and thawing. The minimum temperature recorded after 11 days of frost was − 7°C at a depth of 5 cm and − 4°C at 29 cm. The underlying sediments, compact loam (except its upper part) and sand, always remained unfrozen. The experiment reproduced a seasonal superficially frozen ground.New structures and microfabrics in the form of vesicles, platy structures, shear planes, and micro‐undulations were created by ice segregation and thawing, mechanical stress and subsequent frost‐creep. The impact of the freezing and thawing cycles is very strong, all the laminae being deformed or broken. Judging by the abundance and the diversity of the structures created, freezing is a more important process than simple drying without frost.As is evidenced by the range in temperature chosen for the experiment and the low number of cycles, these structures do not necessarily require severe climatic conditions to develop, unlike frost cracks or ice wedge casts. They could develop in winter conditions similar to those present today in the French Southern Alps.
Estimating limiting age for pleistocene erosional surfaces in central Montana by uranium‐series dating of associated travertines
Authors: Szabo Barney J. , Lindsey David A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTravertine deposits overlie the highest Number 2 surfaces in central Montana and clasts of travertine occur in gravels on lower Number 2 surfaces. Dating these travertine deposits may provide limits on the ages of surfaces that record intervals of extensive erosion during Pleistocene time. Analysis of three travertine samples from the southeast side of The Park yield an average uranium‐thorium age of 73 000 ±+M 7 000 years. Another sample from the west side of The Park is 320 000 (+ 160 000, − 70 000) years old. These results indicate that travertine deposits may have formed at several intervals. The surface beneath The Park travertine is older than about 320 000 years. Number 2 pediment gravels that contain travertine downslope from the oldest dated sample may be younger than about 320 000 years.
Seasonal changes in surface level of a salt marsh creek
Authors: Carr Alan P. , Blackley Michael W. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNineteen surveys were carried out over a two‐year period to determine the surface height of a salt marsh creek located on the north side of the River Esk, Cumbria, England. An AGA 112 electromagnetic distance measurer mounted on a Wild TI theodolite was used in conjunction with acrylic reflectors to follow the form of the ground. The results showed that there were no significant net trends in surface level, although seasonal variations of the order of 2 cm occurred. Vegetated areas responded in similar fashion to bare surfaces. It is thought that the elevational changes were attributable to the swelling of clay particles during the winter months rather than the effects of erosion and accretion.