bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feedforward inhibition regulates perirhinal transmission of neocortical inputs to the entorhinal cortex: Ultrastructural study in guinea pigs
Authors: Pinto Aline , Fuentes Cesar , Paré Denis 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe rhinal cortices constitute the main route for impulse traffic to and from the hippocampus. Tracing studies have revealed that the perirhinal cortex forms strong reciprocal connections with the neo‐ and entorhinal cortex (EC). However, physiological investigations indicate that perirhinal transmission of neocortical and EC inputs occurs with a low probability. In search of an explanation for these contradictory findings, we have analyzed synaptic connections in this network by combining injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHAL) into the neocortex, area 36, or area 35 with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry and electron microscopic observations. Within area 36, neocortical axon terminals formed only asymmetric synapses, usually with GABA‐negative spines (87%), and less frequently with GABA‐immunopositive (GABA+) dendrites (13%). A similar synaptic distribution was observed within area 35 except that asymmetric synapses onto GABA+ dendrites were more frequent (23% of synapses). Examination of the projections from area 36 to area 35 and from both regions to the EC revealed an even higher incidence of asymmetric synapses onto GABA+ dendrites (35 and 32%, respectively) than what was observed in the neocortical projection to areas 36 and 35. Furthermore, some of the neocortical and perirhinal terminals containing PHAL and GABA immunolabeling formed symmetric synapses onto GABA‐negative dendrites in their projection sites (neocortex to area 35, 16%; area 36 to 35, 7%; areas 36–35 to EC, 12%). Taken together, these findings suggest that impulse transmission through the rhinal circuit is subjected to strong inhibitory influences, reconciling anatomical and physiological data about this network. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:722–734, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of pcp4a in subpopulations of CNS neurons in zebrafish
Authors: Mione Marina , Lele Zsolt , Kwong Camilla T. , Concha Miguel L. , Clarke Jonathan D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe molecular organization of the zebrafish brain and its relation to neuroanatomical divisions are still largely unknown. In this study we have analyzed the expression of a small transcript encoding for the IQ containing polypeptide Pcp4a in developing and juvenile zebrafish. The transcript is exclusively expressed in neural structures with a pattern that is highly specific for restricted domains and cell populations throughout development, and it allows us to follow the development of these structures at different times. The expression of pcp4a characterizes the dorsocaudal telencephalon, dorsal habenula, pretectal nuclei, preglomerular complex, mammillary bodies, and deep layers of the optic tectum and is a hallmark of a subpopulation of reticulospinal neurons. In the telencephalon, comparison of the expression of pcp4a with other pallial markers showed a rostrocaudal gradient in the expression of these genes, which suggests that the dorsal telencephalon of zebrafish may be organized in distinct areas with different molecular natures. Pcp4 has been involved in modulating calcium signals and in binding to calmodulin, but its precise role in neuronal functions is not known. The analysis of pcp4a expression and localization in the zebrafish brain suggests that pcp4a may be a useful marker for sensory and some motor neuronal circuitries and for telencephalic areas processing sensory inputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:769–787, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic connection from cortical area V4 to V2 in macaque monkey
Authors: Anderson John C. , Martin Kevan A.C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe major target of the V4 projection in V2 is layer 1, where it forms a tangential spread of asymmetric (excitatory) synapses. This is characteristic of a “feedback” projection. Some axons formed discrete clusters of bouton terminaux between lengths of myelinated axon, while others were unbranched and formed a continuous distribution of en passant boutons with no intercalated myelin. Minor projections were found in layers 2/3 and 6. Dendritic spines were the most frequently encountered targets of the V4 projection (80% in layer 1 and layer 2/3, 94% in layer 6). The remaining targets were dendritic shafts. In layer 1, 69% of target dendrites (12% of all targets) had characteristics identifying them as smooth (GABAergic) cells. In layer 2/3 and layer 6 virtually all the shaft synapses were on smooth dendrites (86% and 100%, respectively). Multisynaptic boutons were rare (mean 1.1 synapses per bouton). Synapses formed in layer 6 were smaller than those of layer 1 (mean area 0.073 μm2 vs. 0.117 μm2). Synapses formed with spines had a more complex postsynaptic density than those formed with dendritic shafts. With respect to targets and synaptic type and size and morphology of synapses, the feedback projection from V4 to V2 resembles those of feedforward projections. The principal difference between the feedforward and feedback projection is in the lamina location of their terminal boutons. The concentration of the V4 projection on layer 1, where it forms asymmetric synapses mainly with spines, suggests that it excites the distal apical dendrites of pyramidal cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:709–721, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From CR‐psychopaths to responsible corporations: waking up the inner Sleeping Beauty of companies
Authors: Ketola Tarja 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMany large companies seem to fulfil the psychiatric criteria for psychopaths in their corporate responsibility (CR) practices. Are they really incurable psychopaths, or is it possible that they could be counselled into accepting their responsibilities?CR studies have so far paid little attention to the variations in the CR emphases between different companies. This article, based on a conference paper (Ketola, 2005b), presents a CR emphasis model, pinpointing eight different approaches to corporate responsibility. Some companies do not voluntarily take any responsibilities.Companies acting like psychopaths need a Prince of Virtues to kiss awake their inner Sleeping Beauty from its 100‐year irresponsibility sleep. All companies could take advantage of virtue ethics, which present the values shared by all humans, and hence exemplify the natural law (lex naturae). Counselling top managers and key individuals on their personal and professional values enables all personnel to integrate virtues into the company's CR practices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Twofold control loop network‐level congestion control
Authors: Calvagna Andrea , Tropea Giuseppe 
Published: February 2006

AbstractActive monitoring of a network's congestion level can be coupled with network‐level traffic control to maximise usage of bandwidth resources and avoid congestion. Explicit signalling between nodes has been introduced in literature to enable novel congestion control schemes. In this paper, we present a hybrid scheme to support distributed congestion avoidance, in which explicit feedback signalling flows along the core‐node to next core‐node closed circuit and along the core‐node to edge‐node closed circuit. Our main goals have been unresponsive traffic regulation, independent of transport protocol; max‐min fairness among end‐to‐end flows with no need for stateful core routers and friendliness to QoS router mechanisms. We present edge nodes and core nodes regulation algorithms, and show results of extensive tests done on a real implementation. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
Are 16‐month‐ahead forecasts useful? A directional analysis of Japanese GDP forecasts
Authors: Ashiya Masahiro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPast literature casts doubt on the ability of long‐term macroeconomic forecasts to predict the direction of change. We re‐examine this issue using the Japanese GDP forecast data of 37 institutions, and find that their 16‐month‐ahead forecasts contain valuable information on whether the growth rate accelerates or not. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.
The importance of interest rates for forecasting the exchange rate
Authors: Bjørnland Hilde C. , Hungnes Håvard 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study compares the forecasting performance of a structural exchange rate model that combines the purchasing power parity condition with the interest rate differential in the long run, with some alternative exchange rate models. The analysis is applied to the Norwegian exchange rate. The long‐run equilibrium relationship is embedded in a parsimonious representation for the exchange rate. The structural exchange rate representation is stable over the sample and outperforms a random walk in an out‐of‐sample forecasting exercise at one to four horizons. Ignoring the interest rate differential in the long run, however, the structural model no longer outperforms a random walk. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of two non‐parametric models for daily traffic forecasting in Hong Kong
Authors: Lam William H. K. , Tang Y. F. , Tam Mei‐Lam 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe most up‐to‐date annual average daily traffic (AADT) is always required for transport model development and calibration. However, the current‐year AADT data are not always available. The short‐term traffic flow forecasting models can be used to predict the traffic flows for the current year. In this paper, two non‐parametric models, non‐parametric regression (NPR) and Gaussian maximum likelihood (GML), are chosen for short‐term traffic forecasting based on historical data collected for the annual traffic census (ATC) in Hong Kong. These models are adapted as they are more flexible and efficient in forecasting the daily vehicular flows in the Hong Kong ATC core stations (in total of 87 stations). The daily vehicular flows predicted by these models are then used to calculate the AADT of the current year, 1999. The overall prediction and comparison results show that the NPR model produces better forecasts than the GML model using the ATC data in Hong Kong. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.
Processing of PLP in a model of Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher disease/SPG2 due to the rumpshaker mutation
Authors: McLaughlin Mark , Barrie Jennifer A. , Karim Saadia , Montague Paul , Edgar Julia M. , Kirkham Douglas , Thomson Christine E. , Griffiths Ian R 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe rumpshaker mutation of the X‐linked myelin proteolipid protein (PLP1) gene causes spastic paraplegia type 2 or a mild form of Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher disease in man. The identical mutation occurs spontaneously in mice. Both human and murine diseases are associated with dysmyelination. Using the mouse model, we show that the low steady state levels of PLP result from accelerated proteasomal degradation rather than decreased synthesis. The T1/2 for degradation of rumpshaker PLP is 11 h compared with 23 h for wild type. A minority of newly synthesized PLP is incorporated into myelin in the correct orientation but at a reduced rate compared with wild type. However, inhibition of proteasomal degradation does not increase the level of PLP incorporated into myelin. As Plp null mice do not have a similar myelin deficiency, it is unlikely that the reduced PLP levels are the main cause of the dysmyelination. Rumpshaker oligodendrocytes also have a reduced level of other myelin proteins, such as MBP, although the mechanisms are not yet defined but are likely to operate at a translational or post‐translational level. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relevance of a geriatric sub‐classification of personality disorders in the DSM‐V
Authors: van Alphen S. P. J. , Engelen G. J. J. A. , Kuin Y. , Derksen J. J. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLittle is known about the course of personality disorders across the life span. A major problem is that the current DSM nosology for personality disorders does not account for age‐associated changes in behaviour and interpersonal functioning. This editorial will discuss the main diagnostic bottlenecks when applying the current DSM‐IV‐TR Axis II criteria to older adults. Subsequently, suggestions will be given for future research and the development of a geriatric sub‐classification. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hippocampal neurogenesis: Opposing effects of stress and antidepressant treatment
Authors: Warner‐Schmidt Jennifer L. , Duman Ronald S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe hippocampus is one of several limbic brain structures implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that stress and depression lead to reductions of the total volume of this structure and atrophy and loss of neurons in the adult hippocampus. One of the cellular mechanisms that could account for alterations of hippocampal structure as well as function is the regulation of adult neurogenesis. Stress exerts a profound effect on neurogenesis, leading to a rapid and prolonged decrease in the rate of cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus. In contrast, chronic antidepressant treatment up‐regulates hippocampal neurogenesis, and could thereby block or reverse the atrophy and damage caused by stress. Recent studies also demonstrate that neurogenesis is required for the actions of antidepressants in behavioral models of depression. This review discusses the literature that has lead to a neurogenic hypothesis of depression and antidepressant action, as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of adult neurogenesis by stress and antidepressant treatment. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in late‐winter snowpack depth, water equivalent, and density in Maine, 1926–2004
Authors: Hodgkins Glenn A. , Dudley Robert W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwenty‐three snow‐course sites in and near Maine, USA, with records spanning at least 50 years through to 2004 were tested for changes over time in snowpack depth, water equivalent, and density in March and April. Of the 23 sites, 18 had a significant decrease (Mann‐Kendall test, p < 0·1) in snowpack depth or a significant increase in snowpack density over time. Data from four sites in the mountains of western Maine–northern New Hampshire with mostly complete records from 1926 to 2004 indicate that average snowpack depths have decreased by about 16% and densities have increased by about 11%. Average snowpack depths and water equivalents in western Maine–northern New Hampshire peaked in the 1950s and 1960s, and densities peaked in the most recent decade. Previous studies in western North America also found a water‐equivalent peak in the third quarter of the 20th century. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbial habitat dynamics and ablation control on the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf
Authors: Mueller Derek R. , Vincent Warwick F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Ward Hunt Ice Shelf (83°02′N, 74°00′W) is an ∼40 m thick ice feature that occupies a large embayment along Canada's northernmost coast. Sediments cover 10% of its surface and provide a habitat for diverse microbial communities. These assemblages form an organo‐sedimentary matrix (microbial mat) composed of cold‐tolerant cyanobacteria and several other types of organisms. We investigated the environmental properties (temperature, irradiance, conductivity and nutrient concentration) of the microbial mat habitat and the effect of the microbial mats on the surface topography of the ice shelf. The low albedo of microbial mats relative to the surrounding snow and ice encouraged meltwater production, thereby extending the growth season to 61 days despite only 52 days with mean temperatures above 0 °C. We found large excursions in salinity near the microbial mat during freeze‐up and melt, and 54% of all ponds sampled had conductivity profiles indicating stratification. Nutrient concentrations within the microbial mats were up to two orders of magnitude higher than those found in the water column, which underscores the differences between the microbial mat microenvironment and the overall bulk properties of the cryo‐ecosystem. The average ice surface ablation in the microbial mat‐rich study site was 1·22 m year−1, two times higher than values measured in areas of the ice shelf where mats were less prevalent. We demonstrate with topographic surveys that the microbial mats promote differential ablation and conclude that the cohesive microbial aggregates trap and stabilize sediment, reduce albedo, and thereby influence the surface morphology of the ice shelf. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundary‐layer growth and advection of heat over snow and soil patches: modelling and parameterization
Authors: Essery Richard , Granger Raoul , Pomeroy John 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMelting snow is generally patchy; upward sensible heat fluxes from patches of snow‐free ground warm the air and contribute energy for snowmelt. A simple model is presented for advection of heat over partial snow covers and compared with measurements of temperature profiles over snow and snow‐free ground. Approximations for flux and temperature profiles in the internal boundary layers over snow patches are used to develop parameterizations for local and average surface fluxes into the snow. In comparison with results from the advection model for regular patterns of alternating snow patches and snow‐free ground, a tile model is found to give a good parameterization for average heat fluxes over the whole surface, but it does not match the local fluxes into snow and snow‐free ground separately. An extended tile model that gives better results is developed from the flux profile parameterization. For complex snow‐cover patterns with a fractal distribution of patch sizes, average fluxes are found to be close to those obtained for a regular pattern with an effective patch size linearly related to the average patch size of the complex pattern. Copyright © 2006 Environment Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between atmospheric circulation and snowpack in the western USA
Authors: Jin Jiming , Miller Norman L. , Sorooshian Soroosh , Gao Xiaogang 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSnow anomalies in the western USA have a significant impact on water availability, and hence have been widely investigated by many researchers. This study focuses on how anomalous atmospheric circulation affects snowpack accumulation in the western USA. Our results indicate that the mid‐latitude atmospheric circulation anomalies induced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) tend to drive winter precipitation shifts, leading to an anomalous snowpack distribution in the western USA. The warm phase of ENSO produces increased snowpack in the Southwest, whereas the cold phase generates increased snowpack in the Northwest. The results also indicate that temperature has a secondary impact on the anomalous snowpack distribution during ENSO episodes. Additionally, the atmospheric internal variability‐related Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern is found to affect snow anomalies strongly in the western USA independent from ENSO. The positive phase of the PNA pattern produces colder temperature and stronger precipitation due to the lower pressure in the region, leading to an above‐average snowpack. Conversely, the negative phase of the PNA pattern generates warmer temperature and weaker precipitation resulting from the higher pressure, producing below‐average snowpack in the western USA. The significant findings that result from this study strengthen our understanding of climate and water supply variability in the western USA. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between passive microwave‐derived snowmelt and surface‐measured discharge, Wheaton River, Yukon Territory, Canada
Authors: Ramage J. M. , McKenney R. A. , Thorson B. , Maltais P. , Kopczynski S. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSnow volume and melt timing are major factors influencing the water cycle at northern high altitudes and latitudes, yet both are hard to quantify or monitor in remote mountainous regions. Twice‐daily special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) passive microwave observations of seasonal snow melt onset in the Wheaton River basin, Yukon Territory, Canada (∼60 ° 08′05″N, ∼134 ° 53′45″W), are used to test the idea that melt onset date and duration of snowpack melt–refreeze fluctuations control the timing of the early hydrograph peaks with predictable lags. This work uses the SSM/I satellite data from 1988 to 2002 to evaluate the chronology of melt and runoff patterns in the upper Yukon River basin. The Wheaton River is a small (875 km2) tributary to the Yukon, and is a subarctic, partly glacierized heterogeneous basin with near‐continuous hydrographic records dating back to 1966. SSM/I pixels are sensitive to melt onset due to the strong increase in snow emissivity, and have a robust signal, in spite of coarse (>25 × 25 km2) pixel resolution and varied terrain. Results show that Wheaton River peak flows closely follow the end of large daily variations in brightness temperature of pixels covering the Wheaton River, but the magnitude of flow is highly variable, as might be expected from interannual snow mass variability. Spring rise in the hydrograph follows the end of high diurnal brightness temperature (Tb) amplitude variations (DAV) by 0 to 5 days approximately 90% of the time for this basin. Subsequent work will compare these findings for a larger (7250 km2), unglacierized tributary, the Ross River, which is farther northeast (∼61 ° 59″40″N, ∼132 ° 22″40″W) in the Yukon Territory. These techniques will also be used to try to determine the improvement in melt detection and runoff prediction from the higher resolution (∼15 × 15 km2) advanced microwave scanning radiometer for EOS (AMSR‐E) sensor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between microsatellite instability and PTEN gene mutations in endometrial cancer
Authors: Bilbao Cristina , Rodríguez Germán , Ramírez Raquel , Falcón Orlando , León Laureano , Chirino Ricardo , Rivero Juan F. , Falcón Orlando , Díaz‐Chico B. Nicolás , Díaz‐Chico Juan C. , Perucho Manuel 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMicrosatellite instability (MSI) and mutations in the PTEN gene are among the molecular alterations involved in endometrial carcinogenesis. There is conflicting information regarding to their role in this type of tumor. For this reason, we have studied both molecular lesions in a large population‐based series of 205 patients with sporadic endometrial cancer. MSI was found in 41 (20.0%) of the tumors and PTEN mutations were found in 74 (36.1%). There were differences in genotype between tumors with and without MSI. Tumors with MSI showed both a higher frequency of PTEN mutations (58.5% vs. 30.4%) (p = 0.002, Fisher's exact test) and a higher number of insertions or deletions (I/D) of one nucleotide within the mononucleotide tracts of the PTEN gene (45.8% vs. 11.4% out of all I/D, p = 0.005). Conversely, G:C to A:T transitions in CpG dinucleotides were found mostly in microsatellite stable tumors (57.7% vs. 18.2% out of all single‐base substitutions, p = 0.037). Overall, 67.6% of tumors with mutated PTEN exhibited multiple mutations or allelic imbalance (AI). Multiple PTEN mutations in the same tumor were more frequent in tumors with MSI (60% vs. 25.7%); by contrast the presence of AI accompanying PTEN mutation was higher in microsatellite stable tumors (74.3% vs. 40%) (p = 0.028). In addition, patients with both genetic alterations were diagnosed at more advanced stage of progression (54.2% for MSI vs. 20.0% for MSS, p = 0.006), and exhibited a worse prognosis (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.0 [1.1–13.1], p = 0.034, log‐rank test) than patients with only the PTEN gene mutated. Our data suggest that the DNA mismatch repair system status influences: (i) both the frequency and the mutational spectrum of PTEN; (ii) the nature of one of the hits that inactivate this tumor‐suppressor gene; and (iii) the clinical condition and behavior of the patients. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.