bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquired Pigmentary Disorders
Authors: van Geel Nanja , Speeckaert Reinhart 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Skin pigmentation by melanocytes is regulated by complex mechanisms including melanoblast migration, melanosome transport, melanosome transfer and melanogenesis. Melanogenesis is influenced by UV light, and endocrine, paracrine and autocrine factors. This leads to a large differential diagnosis of pigmentary disorders. Additionally, melanocytes are highly immunogenic and can be targeted by the immune system, leading to vitiligo and halo naevi. Non‐melanin pigmentation arises from endogenous sources such as haemosiderosis, carotenoderma and ochronosis or exogenous pigmentation such as metals, mediation and tattoos.
Acne
Authors: Layton Alison M. , Zouboulis Christos C. , Whitehouse Heather 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Acne (also known as acne vulgaris) is one of the most common inflammatory dermatoses seen globally. It can result in significant and indelible scarring and pigment change as well as profound psychosocial issues as a result of clinically active acne and resulting sequelae. This chapter covers the numerous clinical presentations and associations of acne and considers optimum management regimes for all.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Authors: Ingram John R. , van der Zee Hessel H. , Jemec Gregor B. E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic, inflammatory, follicular disease that usually presents at or after puberty. Painful, deep‐seated inflamed skin lesions occur in apocrine gland‐bearing areas, most commonly the axillary, inguinal and ano‐genital regions. The skin lesions may discharge blood‐stained pus and leave scarring, including skin tunnel formation. Prevalence is estimated at 1% and, in Europe, young adult women are particularly affected. There is a link with smoking, obesity, depression and cardiovascular disease. Baseline disease severity is typically measured by Hurley staging and response to treatment by pain numerical rating scales, quality of life, a lesion count and global assessment. Medical treatment includes antibiotics, anti‐androgens, and antitumour necrosis factor  therapies, integrated with surgical options such as deroofing and wide excision.
Acquired Non‐Infective Disorders of the Pilosebaceous Unit
Authors: Bhargava Kapil , Christou Evangelos , Tziotzios Christos 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The presentation, aetiology and management of acquired superficial and deep disorders of the pilosebaceous units are discussed in this chapter. The chapter begins with discussion of external causes and systemic medications, including EGFR inhibitors, as causes of folliculitis. Infantile and adult eosinophilic folliculitis is subsequently explored, followed by actinic folliculitis which rounds up the discussion on the disorders affecting the superficial pilosebaceous unit. Disorders causing inflammation of the pilosebaceous gland below the level of the infundibulum are then discussed. The presentation, aetiology and management of pseudofolliculitis, necrotising lymphocytic folliculitis of the scalp margin, chronic non‐scarring folliculitis of the scalp, and disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis are covered. Discussion of Fordyce spots and sebaceous hyperplasia concludes the discussion.
Dermatoses of the Male Genitalia
Authors: Bunker Christopher B. , Watchorn Richard E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Male genital dermatoses present a diverse array of symptoms including itch, pain, cracking, blistering, bruising, dysuria and dyspareunia, and can affect quality of life in terms of sexual, dermatological, psychological and urological morbidity. Dermatoses such as psoriasis, lichen planus and atopic eczema may manifest in specific morphology in the genital region, while other dermatoses such as lichen sclerosus, have a genital predilection, and subtle clinical signs that require assiduous assessment and a trained eye to detect. Treatment may present similar challenges due to the essential functions and associated stressors in the region. Precancerous pathologies also present challenges in terms of clinical recognition, and treatment, with diverse morphologies and region‐specific predisposing factors, and surgical challenges in terms of preserving sexual and urinary function.
Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Drugs
Authors: Creamer Daniel , Walsh Sarah , Lee Haur Yueh 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) are drug allergy syndromes characterised by a dermatosis and significant internal organ involvement which confers a risk of systemic morbidity and mortality. The major entities classified as SCARs are: acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN). The toxic dermatitis of AGEP is complicated by sheets of tiny pustules; DRESS is distinguished by an urticated exanthem, facial oedema, atypical targets and purpura; in SJS/TEN there is multisite mucositis and a blistering dermatosis resulting in widespread epidermal loss. Severe DRESS can be complicated by liver failure, whereas in SJS/TEN large insensible fluid losses, thermoregulatory dysfunction, metabolic stresses and sepsis can complicate skin loss. Management of all the SCAR syndromes depends on the immediate cessation of the culprit drug and the institution of supportive therapy and, when appropriate, active treatment.
Lymphocytic Infiltrates
Authors: Child Fiona , Whittaker Sean J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Cutaneous lymphocytic infiltrates incorporate a number of different entities with clinical, histopathological and immunophenotypic features that may overlap. They are composed predominantly of B‐ or T‐lymphocytes and usually have a chronic course. Distinguishing between the entities described and cutaneous lymphoma may be challenging, and long‐term follow‐up is often required.
Chemical Peels
Authors: Goh Chee‐Leok , Lim Joyce Teng Ee 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chemical peeling has been in existence for many decades. Usually, exfoliating agents were applied onto the skin surface to destroy the epidermis and/or dermis, thus stimulating cell regeneration and creating a facial resurfacing effect. Over the years better peeling chemicals are used with less side effects and improved efficacy. The use of chemical peeling remains popular as both a monotherapy and as part of combined therapy for skin rejuvenation, due to its efficacy, low cost and potential for minimal recovery time. Peeling agents utilise a chemical solution to remove the skin’s damaged outer layers, thereby improving texture and smoothness. They can also be used to remove facial imperfections such as actinic lentigines and fine wrinkles, and can also address actinic keratoses and used to control acne.
Haemangiomas and Other Non‐malignant Tumours of Infancy
Authors: Solman Lea , Glover Mary T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Vascular anomalies are broadly categorised as either tumours or malformations. Vascular tumours are characterised by cellular proliferation, whilst vascular malformations represent a localised defect in vascular morphogenesis. Vascular tumours may be benign, locally aggressive or borderline, or malignant. The more frequently encountered benign and borderline vascular tumours encountered in infancy are described in this chapter.
Design method of laboratory equipment monitoring system based on industrial internet of things
Authors: Zhang Baolong , Su Wenzhi , Huang Haiyan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe IoT‐based monitoring system is used to collect, transmit, analyze, and monitor industrial data in real time, as well as to monitor and operate industrial field equipment. Reduced manufacturing costs, better managerial decision‐making, and increased production efficiency are all very important. The main research results are as follows: (1) The current development of the IoT technology at home and abroad is analyzed, the overall design of the laboratory equipment monitoring system with a three‐layer three‐dimensional architecture is proposed, and its working mode and functional composition are discussed. (2) A set of PLC control system with S7‐300 PLC as the core is designed by using the laboratory CS4000 process experiment device, which realizes the functional requirements of the laboratory equipment monitoring system on‐site monitoring. The intelligent IoT gateway suitable for the system is selected as the data collection and aggregation device of the system, which fully demonstrates the great role of the IoT technology in the monitoring field. (3) A laboratory remote monitoring platform that can remotely monitor experimental data is designed and its software and hardware functions are tested. The results show that all indicators have excellent performance.
Elucidating the Role of Ligand Engineering on Local and Macroscopic Charge‐Carrier Transport in NaBiS2 Nanocrystal Thin Films
Authors: Huang Yi‐Teng , Schleuning Markus , Hempel Hannes , Zhang Youcheng , Rusu Marin , Unold Thomas , Musiienko Artem , Karalis Orestis , Jung Nora , Zelewski Szymon J. , Britton Andrew J. , Ngoh Natalie , Song Weixin , Hirst Louise C. , Sirringhaus Henning , Stranks Samuel D. , Rao Akshay , Levine Igal , Hoye Robert L. Z. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTernary chalcogenides have emerged as potential candidates for ultrathin photovoltaics, and NaBiS2 nanocrystals (NCs) have gained appeal because of their months‐long phase‐stability in air, high absorption coefficients >105 cm−1, and a pseudo‐direct bandgap of 1.4 eV. However, previous investigations into NaBiS2 NCs used long‐chain organic ligands separating individual NCs during synthesis, which severely limits macroscopic charge‐carrier transport. In this work, these long‐chain ligands are exchanged for short iodide‐based ligands, allowing to understand the macroscopic charge‐carrier transport properties of NaBiS2 and evaluate its photovoltaic potential in more depth. It is found that ligand exchange results in simultaneous improvements in intra‐NC (microscopic) and inter‐NC (macroscopic) mobilities, while charge‐carrier localization still takes place, which places a fundamental limit on the transport lengths achievable. Despite this limitation, the high absorption coefficients enable ultrathin (55 nm thick) solar absorbers to be used in photovoltaic devices, which have peak external quantum efficiencies > 50%. In addition, temperature‐dependent transient current measurements uncover a small activation energy barrier of 88 meV for ion migration, which accounts for the strongly hysteretic behavior of NaBiS2 photovoltaic devices. This work not only reveals how the charge‐carrier transport properties of NaBiS2 NCs over several length and time scales are influenced by ligand engineering, but also unveils the facile ionic transport in this material, which limits the potential of NaBiS2 in photovoltaics. On the other hand, the discovery shows that there are opportunities to use this material in memristors, electrolytes, and other applications requiring ionic conduction.
Isolated Iridium Sites on Potassium‐Doped Carbon‐nitride wrapped Tellurium Nanostructures for Enhanced Glycerol Photooxidation
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Askar Abdelrahman , Wang Jiu , Roy Soumyabrata , Kancharlapalli Srinivasu , Wang Xiyang , Joshi Varad , Hu Hangtian , Kannimuthu Karthick , Trivedi Dhwanil , Bollini Praveen , Wu Yimin A. , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Adachi Michael M. , Hu Jinguang , Kibria Md Golam 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMany industrial processes such transesterification of fatty acid for biodiesel production, soap manufacturing and biosynthesis of ethanol generate glycerol as a major by‐product that can be used to produce commodity chemicals. Photocatalytic transformation of glycerol is an enticing approach that can exclude the need of harsh oxidants and extraneous thermal energy. However, the product yield and selectivity remain poor due to low absorption and unsymmetrical site distribution on the catalyst surface. Herein, tellurium (Te) nanorods/nanosheets (TeNRs/NSs) wrapped potassium‐doped carbon nitride (KCN) van der Waal (vdW) heterojunction (TeKCN) is designed to enhance charge separation and visible‐NIR absorption. The iridium (Ir) single atom sites decoration on the TeKCN core‐shell structure (TeKCNIr) promotes selective oxidation of glycerol to glyceraldehyde with a conversion of 45.6% and selectivity of 61.6% under AM1.5G irradiation. The catalytic selectivity can reach up to 88% under 450 nm monochromatic light. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) demonstrates the presence of undercoordinated IrN2O2 sites which improved catalytic selectivity for glycol oxidation. Band energies and computational calculations reveal faile charge transfer in the TeKCNIr heterostructure. EPR and scavenger tests discern that superoxide (O2•−) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals are prime components driving glycerol oxidation.
Structural Design of Single‐Atom Catalysts for Enhancing Petrochemical Catalytic Reaction Process
Authors: Li Min , Sun Guangxun , Wang Zhidong , Zhang Xin , Peng Jiatian , Jiang Fei , Li Junxi , Tao Shu , Liu Yunqi , Pan Yuan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPetroleum, as the “lifeblood” of industrial development, is the important energy source and raw material. The selective transformation of petroleum into high‐end chemicals is of great significance, but still exists enormous challenges. Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with 100% atom utilization and homogeneous active sites, promise a broad application in petrochemical processes. Herein, the research systematically summarizes the recent research progress of SACs in petrochemical catalytic reaction, proposes the role of structural design of SACs in enhancing catalytic performance, elucidates the catalytic reaction mechanisms of SACs in the conversion of petrochemical processes, and reveals the high activity origins of SACs at the atomic scale. Finally, the key challenges are summarized and an outlook on the design, identification of active sites, and the appropriate application of artificial intelligence technology is provided for achieving scale‐up application of SACs in petrochemical process.
Pushing the Limits: Down‐Converting Er3+‐Doped BaF2 Single Crystals with Photoluminescence Quantum Yield Surpassing 100%
Authors: Madirov Eduard I. , Kuznetsov Sergey V. , Konyushkin Vasilii A. , Busko Dmitry , Richards Bryce S. , Turshatov Andrey 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDown‐conversion (DC) is a phenomenon that can enable the observation of photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) values exceeding 100%. A comprehensive study of the DC properties of BaF2–based single crystals with different Er3+ doping levels (1–25 mol.%) is presented. The samples exhibit a PLQY of 110% in the 1550–1650 nm under 405 nm excitation. This remarkable PLQY is attributed to a cross‐relaxation process within the energy levels of Er3+. Furthermore, when considering all emitted photons in the 1000–1650 nm range, the PLQY reaches 153% for a sample doped with 5 mol.% of Er3+. By integrating the emission of this single crystal with a Ge diode, serving as an example of a photovoltaic device sensitive to short‐wave infrared light, a significant enhancement in short‐circuit current is demonstrated. In a broader context, the presented material holds promise for improving the spectral response of low‐bandgap photovoltaic devices.
Sustainable Bioinspired Helical Fibrous Electronics with Interfacial Bonding, Wide Range Elasticity and High Conductivity
Authors: Lu Yutao , Li Bing , Zhang Zuxian , Gao Rongman , Xiong Jie , Guo Fengyun , Zhao Yong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBecause of the weak interfacial bonding between the substrates and active materials, most stretchable electronics often face the problem of performance destabilization and functional failure, especially under large strains. Herein, a super‐elastic, high conductive and core‐shell nanofibrous helix based on polyurethane (PU), silk fibroin (SF) and liquid metal (LM) is fabricated. Compared with traditional membrane, that the LM@PU/SF fibrous helix shows a wider range of workable strain (1500%) and reversible elasticity (600%) accompany with high conductivity is found. SF is acted as “glue” to strengthen the interfacial bonding between the PU and LM. The good elasticity of the helical structure and PU polymer as well as the fluidity of LM improve the stretchability, reversible elasticity and conductivity of the fibrous helix conductor. Furthermore, an alarming and monitoring apparatus using LM@PU/SF helix as the conductive unit based on multiscale fracture is engineered. This composite nanofibrous helix with ultra‐high conductivity and elasticity, making it a promising candidate for stretchable electronic devices.
Potable intellectual property: WTO TRIPS and EU geographical indication wines
Authors: Curzi Daniele , Huysmans Martijn , Haase Oliver Ken 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe World Trade Organization (WTO) protects geographical indication (GI) wines such as Bordeaux and Chianti. However, there is scant empirical evidence on the effectiveness of this protection. Our triple difference panel data analysis of EU wine exports from 1995 to 2019 finds a significant effect. When countries join the WTO, their import of GI wines increases by about 25% more than non‐GI wines, compared to non‐joiners. Our findings suggest that specific trade provisions matter and that the EU policy of also including wine GIs in bilateral agreements is an attempt to further improve enforcement of GI protection in third countries.
Viscous dynamics associated with hypoexcitation and structural disintegration in neurodegeneration via generative whole‐brain modeling
Authors: Coronel‐Oliveros Carlos , Gómez Raúl Gónzalez , Ranasinghe Kamalini , Sainz‐Ballesteros Agustín , Legaz Agustina , Fittipaldi Sol , Cruzat Josephine , Herzog Rubén , Yener Gorsev , Parra Mario , Aguillon David , Lopera Francisco , Santamaria‐Garcia Hernando , Moguilner Sebastián , Medel Vicente , Orio Patricio , Whelan Robert , Tagliazucchi Enzo , Prado Pavel , Ibañez Agustín 
Published: March 2024

AbstractINTRODUCTIONAlzheimer's disease (AD) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) lack mechanistic biophysical modeling in diverse, underrepresented populations. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a high temporal resolution, cost‐effective technique for studying dementia globally, but lacks mechanistic models and produces non‐replicable results.METHODSWe developed a generative whole‐brain model that combines EEG source‐level metaconnectivity, anatomical priors, and a perturbational approach. This model was applied to Global South participants (AD, bvFTD, and healthy controls).RESULTSMetaconnectivity outperformed pairwise connectivity and revealed more viscous dynamics in patients, with altered metaconnectivity patterns associated with multimodal disease presentation. The biophysical model showed that connectome disintegration and hypoexcitability triggered altered metaconnectivity dynamics and identified critical regions for brain stimulation. We replicated the main results in a second subset of participants for validation with unharmonized, heterogeneous recording settings.DISCUSSIONThe results provide a novel agenda for developing mechanistic model‐inspired characterization and therapies in clinical, translational, and computational neuroscience settings.
Differential Cognitive Effects of Unilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Del Bene Victor A , Martin Roy C. , Brinkerhoff Sarah A. , Olson Joseph W. , Nelson Matthew J. , Marotta Dario , Gonzalez Christopher L. , Mills Kelly A. , Kamath Vidyulata , Cutter Gary , Hurt Chris P. , Wade Melissa , Robinson Frank G. , Bentley J. Nicole , Guthrie Barton L. , Knight Robert T. , Walker Harrison C. 
Published: March 2024

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the cognitive effects of unilateral directional versus ring subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.MethodsWe examined 31 participants who underwent unilateral STN DBS (left n = 17; right n = 14) as part of an National Institutes of Health (NIH)‐sponsored randomized, double‐blind, crossover study contrasting directional versus ring stimulation. All participants received unilateral DBS implants in the hemisphere more severely affected by motor parkinsonism. Measures of cognition included verbal fluency, auditory‐verbal memory, and response inhibition. We used mixed linear models to contrast the effects of directional versus ring stimulation and implant hemisphere on longitudinal cognitive function.ResultsCrossover analyses showed no evidence for group‐level changes in cognitive performance related to directional versus ring stimulation. Implant hemisphere, however, impacted cognition in several ways. Left STN participants had lower baseline verbal fluency than patients with right implants (t [20.66 = −2.50, p = 0.02]). Verbal fluency declined after left (p = 0.013) but increased after right STN DBS (p < 0.001), and response inhibition was faster following right STN DBS (p = 0.031). Regardless of hemisphere, delayed recall declined modestly over time versus baseline (p = 0.001), and immediate recall was unchanged.InterpretationDirectional versus ring STN DBS did not differentially affect cognition. Similar to prior bilateral DBS studies, unilateral left stimulation worsened verbal fluency performance. In contrast, unilateral right STN surgery increased performance on verbal fluency and response inhibition tasks. Our findings raise the hypothesis that unilateral right STN DBS in selected patients with predominant right brain motor parkinsonism could mitigate declines in verbal fluency associated with the bilateral intervention. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:1205–1219
Funktionalisierung von Chlorotonilen: Dehalogenil als vielversprechende Leitverbindung für die in vivo‐Anwendung
Authors: Hofer Walter , Deschner Felix , Jézéquel Gwenaëlle , Pessanha de Carvalho Laìs , Abdel‐Wadood Noran , Pätzold Linda , Bernecker Steffen , Morgenstern Bernd , Kany Andreas M. , Große Miriam , Stadler Marc , Bischoff Markus , Hirsch Anna K. H. , Held Jana , Herrmann Jennifer , Müller Rolf 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDie Naturstoffklasse der Chlorotonile besitzt eine exzellente Wirksamkeit gegenüber multiresistenten Gram‐positiven Bakterien und Plasmodium falciparum. Die bisherigen Vertreter dieser Wirkstoffklasse besitzen eine schlechte Wasserlöslichkeit und kaum orale Bioverfügbarkeit, jedoch konnten wir kürzlich Fortschritte bei der Verbesserung dieser Eigenschaften erzielen. Mittels weiterer Funktionalisierung wollten wir das Molekül weiter optimieren. Im Verlauf wurde eine bisher unbekannte schwefelvermittelte Dehalogenierungs‐reaktion entdeckt und angewendet. Dehalogenil, das Produkt dieser Reaktion, wurde als die bisher vielversprechendste Verbindung identifiziert, da dieses neue Derivat eine verbesserte Löslichkeit und in vivo‐Pharmakokinetik aufwies, während die exzellente antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit erhalten blieb. Weiterhin haben wir die hervorragende Aktivität gegen multiresistente klinische Isolate von Staphylococcus aureus und Enterococcus spp. bestätigt, sowie gegen die reifen Übertragungsstadien von Plasmodium falciparum. Wir konnten auch günstige Daten zu in vivo‐Toxizität und Pharmakodynamik in Infektionsmodellen mit S. aureus aufnehmen. Zusammenfassend brachte unsere zweite Optimierungsrunde Dehalogenil als Leitmolekül für die weitere präklinische Entwicklung hervor.