bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CLOTTING OF THE BLOOD OF AN AMPHIBIAN, BUFO MARINUS LINN
Authors: Hackett Earle , LePage Rex 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe blood clotting mechanism of the toad Bufo marinus was investigated in vitro using techniques commonly employed in the study of the prothrombin‐thrombin and fibrinogen‐fibrin stages of human blood coagulation.Clotting of the toad's blood depends upon the presence of calcium ions. The optimum pH is 7·8 and the optimum temperature 35°–40° C. The clot is jelly‐like rather than fibrin‐like and is formed by the coagulation of a “fibrinogen”. Clotted blood becomes fluid again in 2–4 hours through the action of a serum lysin. A prothrombin which is converted quantitatively to a thrombin was demonstrated. The prothrombin is converted by a toad blood leucocyte thromboplastin which is as active as some toad tissue extracts. One‐stage techniques using intrinsic (i.e. blood) sources of thromboplastin revealed no plasma factors similar to human factor V or to anti‐haemophilic globulin. Some of the principles to be followed in the investigation of the blood coagulation mechanism of an animal such as the toad are discussed.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE EMIGRATION OF LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Hurley JV , Xeros N 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYElectron micrographs have been made of the capillaries and small venules in rat skin at a time following the intradermal injection of homologous serum at which active leucocytic emigration occurs. Stages in the migration of blood leucocytes are illustrated.Polymorphs escape from small vessels by insertion of a pseudopod into the endothelium followed by amoeboid‐like migration of the cell through the wall of the blood vessel. In some cases penetration occurs down intercellular junctions but in most instances passage through endothelium at other points cannot be excluded. Appreciable delay commonly occurs at either the basement membrane or peri‐endothelial cell layer before eventual escape of the cell into surrounding tissues. Monocytes apparently escape by a similar process.After passage of leucocytes through the endothelium no residual evidence of such passage is visible. Neither endothelial cells nor the intercellular substance between them differ from their normal structure in vessels in which leucocytic emigration is occurring.
RECOVERIES OF BACTERIA AFTER DRYING ON CELLULOSE FIBRES
Authors: Annear DI 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA number of types of organisms has been dried on cellulose fibres and recoveries have been measured after periods of 3–6 years of storage at room temperature and at 37°C. Mixtures of peptone and glucose and peptone and sorbitol have proved effective preserving agents for desiccates stored at room temperature but ineffective for storage at 37°C. Peptone alone was much more satisfactory than the mixtures at the higher temperature.A method for routine preservation of bacteria is described.
LEPTOSPIRA ROBINSONI, A NEW SEROTYPE OF THE PYROGENES SEROGROUP
Authors: Alexander AD , Smith DJW 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYCross‐agglutination and agglutination‐adsorption studies were conducted on a leptospiral strain isolated from a human being in North Queensland. These studies, conducted in two different laboratories, disclosed the presence of a new serotype member of the pyrogenes serogroup designated Leptospira robinsoni.
INTRACELLULAR IONIC INJECTION IN RABBIT VENTRICULAR FIBRES
Authors: Gibbs CL , Johnson EA 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYBy means of double‐barrelled microelectrodes filled with appropriate salt solutions we have observed the effects of injecting, iontophoretically, sodium, potassium and chloride ions into muscle fibres of the rabbit right ventricle.Injection of sodium ions produced a reversible decline in maximum rate of depolarisation and amplitude of the action potential with no change in shape or voltage‐time course of the action potential.Injection at equivalent rates of equivalent amounts of potassium or chloride ions had no effect.The changes observed after sodium injection are in agreement with the prediction of the mathematical model of the cardiac action potential described by George and Johnson (1962).
SEPARATION OF HAEMOGLOBIN FRACTIONS IN RAT ERYTHROCYTES BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS
Authors: Clark Peggy 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY59Fe which entered reticulocytes in vitro or was incorporated into developing red cells in vivo could be separated into fractions by a chemical procedure or by centrifugation of red cell haemolysates. The chemical separation depended on the solubility of the iron compounds in acid and in alkaline solutions and usually the ratio of the amounts of iron in the acid and alkaline extracts was 30 to 70. The addition of 10−3 M KCN to reticulocytes before addition of 59Fe changed this ratio to 85 to 15. Particulate matter separated from red cell haemolysates by centrifugation at 6,000 g. for 15 minutes also contained 59Fe. When the 59Fe was incorporated in vitro 28 p.c. was found in the stromal fraction and when 10−3 M KCN was used 90 p.c. was found in the stromal fraction. With in vivo incorporation the stromal fraction contained 19 p.c. of the 59Fe.The proportions of 59Fe extracted with acid or associated with the stroma were not related to the age of the reticulocytes and did not move to the other fractions on further incubation with iron. There is some evidence to suggest that the iron in the acid extract was that present in the stromal fraction but this has not been proved. However, the iron in all fractions must be principally haemoglobin iron obtained from functional haemoglobin. The separations achieved by the chemical and physical methods suggest that there are different forms of haemoglobin present in red cells which are capable of transporting oxygen.
PIGMENTS PRODUCED BY MYCOBACTERIA ON EXPOSURE TO ISONIAZID. 2.
Authors: Youatt Jean 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYFurther investigation of pigments produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG exposed to isoniazid established that the compounds were not derived from isoniazid itself. One compound was identified as riboflavine but quantitative comparison of isoniazid sensitive and resistant organisms led to the conclusion that the release of riboflavine was not relevant to the mode of action of isoniazid.
THE EFFECT OF ALTERATIONS IN INTESTINAL MOTILITY INDUCED BY MORPHINE AND ATROPINE ON FAT ABSORPTION IN THE RAT
Authors: Bennett Susanne , Shepherd Phyllis , Simmonds WJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYEmulsified coconut oil was given by intraduodenal infusion to unanaesthetized, restrained rats, producing a steady state of fat absorption. The output of absorbed fat was measured by thoracic duct fistulae and, in other groups, disappearance of fat from the intestinal lumen and rate of movement along the small intestine of an unabsorbable, water miscible marker were measured by intestinal recoveries.Morphine, 32 mg./kg. in a single dose intraduodenally, decreased lymph flow, lymphatic output of fat and removal from the intestinal lumen. This was due to regurgitation of fat into the stomach by intestinal spasm, but intestinal absorption itself was not affected. Atropine, 1·0 mg./kg./hr. added to the infusion, diminished motility and slowed propulsion but had no consistent effect on absorption. By different mechanisms, both drugs slowed passage through the proximal small intestine and more fat was absorbed proximally than in normal rats.
THE ISOLATION OF A MOUSE LEUKAEMIA VIRUS RESEMBLING FRIEND VIRUS
Authors: Pope JH 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA virus (WM1‐B strain) was isolated from mice infected with the WM1 virus. It was filterable through a gradocol membrane of 320 mμ. A.P.D. and was sensitive to ether and to heating at 56°C. for 30 minutes.Macroscopic signs of infection in Q.I.M.R. mice were splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and lymphadenopathy. The leucocyte levels showed a marked increase, with mononuclear cells predominant. Erythroblasts were present in peripheral blood. Histologically, proliferation of reticulum cells was associated with erythropoiesis and was restricted mainly to spleen, liver and bone marrow, The virus persisted in the serum of infected mice. The mortality was almost 100 p.c.The WM1‐B virus was apparently a strain of Friend virus. It was neutralized by anti‐serum to Friend virus and the experimental disease it produced resembled that described with Friend virus.
STUDIES ON MEGACOLON IN PIEBALD MICE
Authors: Bielschowsky Marianne , Schofield GC 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe incidence of megacolon has been studied in an inbred strain of mice (NZY) and in the descendants of NZY mice outcrossed to two other inbred strains (NZC, NZB) and to a fertile pituitary dwarf.The results of this study indicate that megacolon is an inheritable disease associated with “piebald” and that it is transmitted by both males and females.The presenting signs and the appearance of the large intestine in affected animals are described together with the features in the enteric plexus which are characteristic of the disease in mice. Attention is drawn to the presence of aganglionic and hypoganglionic segments of gut and the possibility that the length of the aganglionic segment influences the time of onset of megacolon is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF MENADIONE ON THE REDUCTION OF METHAEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Harley JD , Robin Helen 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe effect of menadione on the reduction of methaemoglobin by normal and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase‐deficient (G6PD‐deficient) human erythrocytes has been studied. With glucose as substrate, menadione caused an increased rate of methaemoglobin reduction in normal but not in G6PD‐deficient erythrocytes. With lactate, menadione produced enhanced methaemoglobin reduction in both normal and G6PD‐deficient erythrocytes.The effect of menadione appeared somewhat similar in nature to that produced by methylene blue, but of lesser degree and shorter duration. Evidence was presented to show that menadione‐induced methaemoglobin formation may complicate the kinetics of methaemoglobin reduction, particularly with higher concentrations of menadione and lower initial concentrations of methaemoglobin.It was suggested that menadione enhances the reduction of methaemoglobin mainly by catalysing reduced nicotinamide‐adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐dependent reduction of methaemoglobin, but also under certain circumstances by stimulating one or more reduced nicotinamide‐adenine dinucleotide‐dependent pathways of methaemoglobin reduction.
THE TOXICITY OF d‐TUBOCURARINE TO RATS
Authors: Gallagher CH , Koch JH 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYFemale Wistar rats were found to be more susceptible to the lethal effect of d‐tubocurarine than were male rats of the same strain and age. The LD50 of d‐tubocurarine administered intraperitoneally was estimated as 0·256 mg./kg. body weight for female rats and 0·328 mg./kg. for male rats.Sedative doses of sodium amytal were found to protect against the lethal effect of relatively large single doses of d‐tubocurarine. However, doses of sodium amytal repeated over several days had the opposite effect and increased the susceptibility of rats to small doses of d‐tubocurarine. The effect of amytal appears not to be due to sedation.Rats given several doses of d‐tubocurarine at or above the LD50 did not show any biochemical or histological evidence of liver damage. Long courses of frequent injections of d‐tubocurarine at lower dose rates than the LD50 did not result in any detectable enzymological dysfunction of, or histopathological change in, the liver. It is concluded that although d‐tubocurarine is potentially hepatotoxic by virtue of its effect in vitro on liver mitochondria it is such a highly specific neuromuscular blocking agent at such low dose rates that, under usual conditions, animals die from neuromuscular paralysis before the alkaloid enters the liver in sufficient quantities to cause damage.
PULMONARY DAMAGE DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE OXYGEN BREATHING IN RATS
Authors: van den Brenk HAS , Jamieson Dana 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYChanges in lung weights, histology and bronchographic appearances are recorded in rats subjected to oxygen at 60 p.s.i. (gauge) pressure (OHP). Capillary congestion, progressing to alveolar exudation and haemorrhage, was the earliest observable change. The results failed to support a postulate that lung damage due to oxygen poisoning is primarily an atelectasis due to bronchial obstruction. Positive pressure inflation of lungs immediately post mortem, did not reverse oxygen damage. Heparinisation of rats was also without effect on such damage. Exposure of lung tissue in vitro to 100 p.s.i. (gauge) pressure of oxygen for five hours failed to cause changes similar to those observed for OHP lungs exposed in vivo.
TOXOPLASMOSIS IN NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Jennis F 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSera from 1,050 apparently healthy individuals were examined for toxoplasma antibodies by means of haemagglutination and complement fixation tests. Haemagglutinating antibodies were detected in 24 p.c. and complement‐fixing antibodies in 11 p.c. of the individuals. An increasing prevalance of infection with increasing age was not demonstrated in this series. The results indicate that toxoplasmosis is a common infection in New South Wales.
THE FORMATION OF PLAQUES IN TISSUE CULTURE BY ARBOVIRUSES
Authors: Miles JAR , Austin FJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA number of arboviruses multiply in avian cells in tissue culture but fail to produce plaques in them when grown under an agar overlay. It has been shown that the addition of optimal amounts of DEAE dextran or of protamine enables some such viruses to form clear‐cut plaques to a high titre. The optimal doses do not inhibit plaque production by any arbovirus tested.
STUDIES OF ARTHROPOD‐BORNE VIRUS INFECTIONS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Doherty RL , Carley JG , Mackerras M Josephine , Marks Elizabeth N 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSixty strains of 11 viruses were isolated from 25,901 mosquitoes of 32 species collected at Mitchell River Mission, Cairns and Normanton in 1960 and 1961. The viruses, the local prototype strains and the mosquito species, geographical location and year of repeatable isolations, were:Group A: Sindbis (MRM39) from Culex annulirostris and Aedes normanensis at Mitchell River (1960) and Cairns (1961); AMM2021 (N544) from Anopheles amictus amictus and Culex bitaeniorhynchus at Normanton (1961).Group B: Murray Valley encephalitis virus from C. annulirostris at Mitchell River (1960 and 1961); Kunjin (MRM16) from C. annulirostris at Mitchell River (1960); Kokobera (MRM32) from C. annulirostris at Mitchell River (1960 and 1961); Edge Hill (C281) from Aedes vigilax and C. annulirostris at Cairns (1961); Stratford (C338) from Ae. vigilax at Cairns (1961).Koongol group: Koongol (MRM31) from C. anulirostris at Mitchell River (1960) and Normanton (1961); Wongal (MRM168) from C. anulirostris at Mitchell River (1960 and 1961).Ungrouped: MRM1 (found resistant to ether and sodium desoxycholate) from C. anulirostris at Mitchell River (1960); Mapputta (MRM186) from Anopheles meraukensis at Mitchell River (1960) (not reisolated).C. annulirostris was the commonest mosquito collected (12,124) and the source of 44 of the virus strains.Eight of the viruses appear to be new. One (Murray Valley encephalitis virus) has previously been isolated from man in Australia and two (Sindbis and AMM 2021) from mosquitoes elsewhere.
STUDIES OF CYTOTOXICITY USING P32
Authors: Forbes IJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA technique is described for detecting damage to cells in culture using P32. The method is relatively simple and results obtained with it are reproducible.The method depends on the principle that P32 passes from cells into a non‐toxic medium at a rate which is a property of the particular type of cell. Cytotoxic agents cause an increased rate of leakage of P32 from cells.The method was satisfactory with all of the cultures which were studied: the L‐fibroblast, primary cultures of the 16–6 rat thyroid carcinoma and rat kidney, and subcultures of these rat cells.Four types of cytotoxic agents were shown to cause an increased loss of P32 from the cells on which they were tested: the natural rat cytotoxin in rabbit serum, NaOH, antisera to rat tissues, and mechlorethamine hydrochloride (“Mustargen”).Data are presented to show that increased P32 loss is due to cell damage.
ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS IN ERYTHROCYTES EXPOSED TO NAPHTHOQUINONES
Authors: Harley JD , Robin Helen 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe conversion of oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2) to methaemoglobin (MetHb) in normal adult erythrocytes is potently catalysed by some napthoquinones. Under appropriate conditions, the following mechanisms appear to regulate the degree of MetHb formation: (1) catalysis of NADPH‐dependent reduction of MetHb by naphthoquinones; (2) the normal process of NADH‐dependent reduction of MetHb, plus an increase in rate under certain circumstances due to catalysis by naphthoquinones; (3) the phenomena whereby the rates of NADH‐ and NADPH‐dependent reduction of MetHb increase with increasing concentrations of MetHb; (4) retardation of MetHb formation as a result of catalase activity.Despite these regulating mechanisms, similar relative degrees of MetHb formation and GSH depletion were found in normal erythrocytes exposed to naphthoquinones in the presence of glucose. Oxidative destruction of haemoglobin and osmotic hyperfragility occurred only after gross depletion of GSH. Short of concentrations of 1,2‐naphthoquinone which caused irreversible damage to adult erythrocytes, the pentose phosphate pathway appeared to compensate for metabolic variations which predispose to MetHb formation in erythrocytes taken from the umbilical cord. It is suggested that the pentose phosphate pathway not only facilitates erythrocytic adaptation by responding to oxidant stress, but also maintains balance between the degrees of methaemoglobinaemia and haemolysis in erythrocytes exposed to naphthoquinones.
STUDIES ON PLASMA KININS
Authors: Bishop Elizabeth , Margolis J 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe kinin‐destroying enzyme in human plasma is inhibited by metal‐binding compounds, e.g. EDTA, and also by analogues of arginine. Inhibition by EDTA appears to involve chelation of a metal on which the enzyme is dependent. The enzyme can be reactivated by a small group of metal cations (zinc, cadmium, cobalt), although other ions of similar size can be utilised to some extent. The inhibition by arginine and its analogues may be competitive. This is in keeping with the proposed carboxypeptidase nature of the enzyme.
THE EFFECT OF LECITHIN ON CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE ACTIVITY OF RABBIT MACROPHAGES
Authors: Day AJ , Gould‐Hurst PRS 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY14C‐Iabelled cholesterol suspensions were incubated with rabbit macrophage homogenates either alone or with animal lecithin or synthetic lecithin added. Partial esterification of the 14C‐labelled cholesterol was brought about by such homogenates. In the presence of either animal lecithin or synthetic lecithin the esterification of the 14C‐labelled cholesterol brought about by macrophage homogenates was appreciably reduced.
THE ARYLSULPHATASES AND RELATED ENZYMES IN THE LIVERS OF SOME LOWER VERTEBRATES
Authors: Roy AB 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe livers of the marsupials Trichosurus vulpecula and Phascolomis mitchelli, the monotreme Echidna aculeata, the lizard Tiliqua rugosa and the frog Rana temporaria have been studied with regard to their content of arylsulphatases and related enzymes. Type I arylsulphatases were found only in the opossum (T. vulpecula) and the lizard, in very small amounts in the latter. The enzymes were generally similar to the type I arylsulphatases of the eutherian mammals although they differed in their considerably lower pH optima which were in the region of pH 6. Type II arylsulphatases were found in all the species studied. The enzymes had the electrophoretic properties of a sulphatase B from a eutherian mammal but they were not typical of this group as their hydrolyses of nitrophenyl sulphate were not greatly activated by Cl‐ ions and they seemed to combine many of the properties of the sulphatases A and B of the eutheria. It is therefore suggested that the complexity of the arylsulphatases in the eutheria is a recent development in their evolution. No steroid sulphatase could be detected in opossum liver.Opossum liver could synthesise p‐nitrophenyl sulphate only extremely slowly and no synthesis of androstenolone, oestrone or testosterone sulphates could be detected. Normal opossum urine contained no detectable ester sulphates. A dose of 1‐naphthol was excreted by the opossum mainly in the form of urinary glucuronides and only traces of ester sulphates were formed.
METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE BY SEMEN AND THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE ON OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Scott TW , Baggett B , White IG 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYWhen testosterone‐4‐C14 was incubated with ram, bull, dog, and cock semen, 6–11 p.c. was converted to androstenedione‐C14. Testosterone could not be shown to affect oxidative metabolism of ram, bull, or dog spermatozoa.
UROCANIC AND FORMIMINOGLUTAMIC ACID EXCRETION
Authors: Davis RE , Kelly A 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe normal range for the urinary excretion of histidine metabolites after an oral loading dose of 15 grams of histidine monohydrochloride was 0–22.3 mg./5 hour urine. The excretion rates of the individual metabolites were formiminoglutamic acid 0–16.6 mg./5 hour urine and urocanic acid 0–9.6 mg./5 hour urine. No significant difference was found between the levels in males and females.The urines of 31 patients were examined for histidine metabolites after oral loading with 15 grams of histidine monohydrochloride. Twenty‐one patients excreted abnormal quantities of Figlu, and eight also excreted an excess of urocanic acid. Urocanic acid may make a significant contribution to the total histidine metabolites excreted.
PRESERVATION OF YEASTS BY DRYING
Authors: Annear DI 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYEight different strains of yeasts suspended in a mixture of peptone and glucose were dried on cellulose tufts. The recoveries, after storage in vacuo for thirty months at room temperature, ranged from 2–90 p.c. With three of the yeasts, recoveries after drying were shown to increase markedly as the cultures from which suspensions for drying were made, developed from the young to the mature phase. With young cultures most of the losses appeared to occur during the latter stages of desiccation. Variation among recoveries of replicate desiccates was much higher with young than with mature cultures.
THE PATTERN OF LYMPHOPOIESIS IN THE MOUSE THYMUS AFTER CORTISONE ADMINISTRATION OR ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: Ishidate M , Metcalf D 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe subcutaneous administration of cortisone acetate to C3H and AKR mice was followed by thymic atrophy, decreased mitotic activity in thymic lymphoid cells and a selective destruction of thyimic small lymphocytes. During the succeeding regenerative phase, mitotic activity was higher than in control thymuses and was concentrated around the PAS‐positive reticulum cells of the cortex. Following adrenalectomy, thymic lymphocyte mitotic indices rose and the weight of the thymus increased. The increased mitotic activity was again concentrated around the cortical PAS‐positive reticulum cells.These findings are further evidence indicating that PAS‐positive reticulum cells are involved in the regulation of lymphocyte mitotic activity in the mouse thymus cortex.