bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An interdisciplinary experience on the development of Dye‐Cell technology
Authors: Garcia Christian Graziani , Iha Neyde Yukie Murakami 
Published: March 2007

Under a special program supported by the University of São Paulo (USP) for the development
of strategic fields of research, interdisciplinar discussion on the development of photovoltaics and energy
technology has been established. Several aspects concerned to solar energy and PV technology were discussed
in regular meetings along a year by professionals of different domains. As a result of the program,
a collaborative work on the deposition of TiO2 films employed in photoelectrochemical solar cells has been
established between the Laboratory of Inorganic Photochemistry and Energy Conversion at the IQ‐USP and
other research groups.Preparation of TiO2 emulsions from distinct methods were performed and compared. Spin‐coating and
painting techniques have been employed for the deposition of TiO2 films over TCO substrates. Both techniques
resulted in transparent homogeneous TiO2 films which were successfully used as dye‐sensitized
photoanodes in solar cells. The results show that thin‐film properties, such as thickness and transparency,
can be controlled through the deposition technique and that photoelectrochemical measurements carried
out by our group have been performed under appropriate film deposition conditions.This experience shows also that different institutions, with distinct purposes, can interact and work together
to prepare qualified professionals for many areas of modern science and technology.
Light driven isomerization of coordinated ligand andmodulation of fac‐[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans‐bpe)]PF6 photoluminescence in rigid media
Authors: Itokazu Melina Kayoko , Polo André Sarto , Iha Neyde Yukie Murakami 
Published: March 2007

The excited state reactivity and photophysical properties of fac‐[Re(CO)3(phen)(     L)]PF6 (phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline, L = trans‐ or cis‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene, bpe) in PMMA (poly(methyl
methacrylate)) films have been investigated and compared with those in acetonitrile solution.313 or 365 nm irradiation of the rhenium complex in PMMA leads to UV‐vis spectral changes due to the trans → cis isomerization of the coordinated bpe ligand. The fac‐ product presents a markedly enhanced luminescence due to a lower lying metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state
in the cis isomer. This emitting property can be conveniently applied as a probe or sensor.The cis is omer ratio in the photostationary state (PSS) is substantially smaller in solid films than in solution.
The photochemical behavior of the free trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene in PMMA is also reported to establish
comparisons with the investigation carried out in acetonitrile solution as well as with the behavior of the
coordinated ligand.
Photoexcitation in thin films deposited on silicon substrates by reactive pulsed laser ablation
Authors: Guidoni A. Giardini , Marotta V. , Orlando S. , Parisi G. P. 
Published: March 2007

Reactive pulsed laser ablation is a very interesting method to deposit thin films of several
materials and compounds such as oxides, nitrides, semiconductors and superconductors. This technique
relies on photoablation of pure elements, or a mixture of materials, with simultaneous exposure to a reactive
atmosphere. In the case of oxides, reactions between the laser vaporized metals and oxygen lead to the
formation of intermediate complexes and finally to oxide thin films. The reactivity of the plume has been
already studied by our group in other oxides and nitrides productions and ascertained by Time of Flight
Mass Spectrometry measurements [1].Thin films of semiconducting oxides such as In2O3, SnO2, and multilayers of these two compounds have
been deposited by Reactive Pulsed Laser Ablation, with the aim to evaluate the behaviour of such films under
variable halogen lamp illumination.Deposition of these thin films has been carried out by a frequency doubled Nd‐YAG laser (wavelength = 532 nm) on Silicon (100) substrates. A comparison, among indium oxide, tin oxide, and multilayers of indium
and tin oxides, has been performed. The influence of physical parameters, such as substrate temperature
and oxygen pressure in the deposition chamber, has been investigated. The deposited films have been characterized
by Electric Resistance measurements.
Automated serum chloride analysis using the Apple computer
Authors: Taylor Paul J. , Bouska Rosalie A. 
Published: March 2007

Chloride analysis employing a coulometric technique is a wellestablished method. However, the equipment needed is specialized and somewhat expensive. The purpose of this paper is to report the development of the hardware and software to perform this analysis using an Apple computer to control the coulometric titration, as well as to automate it and to print out the results.The Apple computer is used to control the flow of current in a circuit, which includes silver and platinum electrodes where the following reactions take place:

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The generated silver ions then react with the chloride ion in the sample to form AgCl.

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When all of the chloride ion has been titrated, the concentration of silver ions in solution increases rapidly, which causes an increase in the current between two silver microelectrodes. This current is converted to a voltage and amplified by a simple circuit. This voltage is read by the analogue‐to‐digital converter. The computer stops the titration and calculates the chloride ion content of the sample. Thus, the computer controls the apparatus, records the data, and reacts to the data to terminate the analyses and prints out the results and messages to the analyst.Analysis of standards and reference sera indicate the method is rapid, accurate and precise. Application of this apparatus as a teaching aidfor electronics to chemistry and medical students is also described.
Evaluation of the Coulter Counter S‐Plus VI
Authors: Banfi Giuseppe , Pontillo Marina , Notti Paola , Bonini Pierangelo 
Published: March 2007

This article reports an evaluation of the Coulter Counter model S‐Plus VI automatic analyser for haematology, and data are presented on linearity, carry‐over, precision, accuracy and stability of the instrument, when compared with a model S‐Plus IV/D.The three‐part differential count provided by Coulter S‐Plus VI has been compared with manual eye counting. The results show a good agreement with only 2.5% of discrepancies in 2271 routine samples.Advantages of the new instrument include: reduction of running costs, largely due to manpower saving; simple and easy use, and improved operator safety, there being no need for human contact with blood.
An evaluation of the Monarch chemistryanalyser
Authors: Berry D. J. , Price C. P. 
Published: March 2007

The Monarch Chemistry system, a centrifugal analyser incorporating
sophisticated robotics for analytical rotor transfer and flexible
software for workload scheduling, has been evaluated. The optical
system is capable of monitoring absorbance, fluorescence and light
scattering reactions. In addition, an ion selective electrode unit may
be incorporated for the measurement of sodium, potassium and
chloride.The precision, accuracy, linearity, calibration stability and
carry‐over were investigated for 19 routine chemistries. The
within‐batch and between‐day precision data were good in the
majority of cases; some chemistries demonstrated poor performance
at low analyte concentrations. Method comparison studies showed
good agreement, with small discrepancies being due to different
calibration material and methodological differences. Major discrepancies
were found with CK and LD; linearity studies were
good in all cases, except calcium. No significant sample or reagent
carry‐over was found.Assessment of throughput for a variety of test profiles varied
between 300 and 605 tests per hour.The instrument was easy to operate, very flexible and capable of
handling a large and varied workload.
Computerized cyclic voltammetric detectionafter HPLC of the antineoplastic agentsetoposide, teniposide, adriamycin and itsmetabolite adriamycinol in urine samples
Authors: Ploegmakers H. H. J. L. , Moritz P. A. , Toll P. J. M. M. , van Oort W. J. 
Published: March 2007

A computerized electrochemical detection system for application
after HPLC, provided with a cyclic voltammetric oxidative and
reductive module, is described for the on‐line qualitative determination
of electroactive antineoplastic agents and metabolites in urine
samples, collected from cancer patients, following intravenous
administration.The application of two cyclic voltammetric detection modes
provides an insight into both oxidative and reductive electrode
reactions of compounds, passing the detector and the occurrence of
(it)reversible chemical and electrochemical processes at the electrode
surface. In this way, redox properties of drugs and metabolites
characteristic of their molecular structure, can be established, which
may provide information related to their (enzymatic) bioactivation.In the cyclic voltammetric mode, the system permits automatic
detection of a compound in the cell, recording, storage and plotting
of voltammograms and calculation of the retention times, the
half‐wave potentials and the peak potentials of each scan of all
individual compounds. For routine use, storage of 68 voltammograms
on‐line is sufficient for the analysis of biological samples in
clinical‐pharmacological research. Special attention has been paid
to automatic, multi‐reference‐point component detection.Based on their concentrations in urine, the oxidative cyclic
voltammetric mode, using a glassy carbon electrode, permits the
determination of etoposide and teniposide, whereas the reductive
cyclic voltammetric mode, with a static mercury drop electrode,
permits the determination of adriamycin and its metabolite
adriamycinol.
Assessment of recently developed blood gasanalysers: a multicentre evaluation
Authors: Gouget B. , Gourmelin Y. , Feuillu A. , Blanchet F. , Capolaghi B. , Lagente M. , Lardet G. , Manceaux J. C. , Truchaud A. 
Published: March 2007

Providing guidelines for testing expected inaccuracy and imprecision
is still a matter under debate. The Expert Panel of the French
Society of Clinical Chemistry has developed a protocol, which was
based on a comparative multi‐centre evaluation of four instruments:
the Ciba‐Corning 278, the Instrumentation Laboratory 1306, the
Nova SP 5 and the ABL 330. The purpose was to evaluate the
analytical performance and efficiency of the analysers. Another aim
was to design a valid approach for evaluating any new system. As
buffered aqueous solutions and fluorocarbon emulsions give only
partial information, tonometered blood was used at different levels
of gas mixture, even though it is both difficult and time‐consuming.
Comparisons have been established on patients′ blood samples with
the analysers currently used in the evaluation sites. The tests showed
that the four analysers have the same degree of precision, and interinstrument
comparisons demonstrated a very high degree of
reliability.This analysis emphasizes that the evaluation of instruments for
pH and blood gas analysis is neither easy nor is it often done,
mainly due to the choice of a quality‐control material and the
lability of the measured parameters.
The role of flow injection analysis within the framework of an automated laboratory
Authors: Stockwell Peter B. 
Published: March 2007

Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) was invented at roughly the same time by two quite dissimilar research groups [1,2]. FIA was patented by both groups in 1974; a year also marked by the publication of the first book on automatic chemical analysis [3]. This book was a major undertaking for its authors and it is hoped that it has added to the knowledge of those analysts attempting to automate their work or to increase the level of computerization/automation and thus reduce staffing commitments. This review discusses the role of FIA in laboratory automation, the advantages and disadvantages of the FIA approach, and the part it could play in future developments.It is important to stress at the outset that the FIA approach is all too often closely paralleled with convention al continuous flow analysis (CFA). This is a mistake for many reasons, none the least of which because of the considerable success of the CFA approach in contrast to the present lack of penetration in the commercial market‐place of FIA instrumentation.
Evaluation of the Technicon Axon analyser
Authors: Martínez C. , Márquez M. , Cortés M. , Mercé J. , Rodriguez J. , González F. 
Published: March 2007

An evaluation of the Technicon Axon analyser was carried out following the guidelines of the ‘Sociedad Española de Química Clínica’ and the European Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.A photometric study revealed acceptable results at both 340 nm and 404 nm. Inaccuracy and imprecision were lower at 404 nm than at 340 nm, although poor dispersion was found at both wavelengths, even at low absorbances. Drift was negligible, the imprecision of the sample pipette delivery system was greater for small sample volumes, the reagent pipette delivery system imprecision was acceptable and the sample diluting system study showed good precision and accuracy.Twelve analytes were studied for evaluation of the analyser under routine working conditions. Satisfactory results were obtained for within‐run imprecision, while coefficients of variation for betweenrun imprecision were much greater than expected. Neither specimenrelated nor specimen‐independent contamination was found in the carry‐over study. For all analytes assayed, when comparing patient sample results with those obtained in a Hitachi 737 analyser, acceptable relative inaccuracy was observed.
A fully automatic system for acid‐base coulometric titrations
Authors: Cladera A. , Caro A. , Estela J. M. , Cerdà V. 
Published: March 2007

An automatic system for acid‐base titrations by electrogeneration of H+ and OH- ions, with potentiometric end‐point detection, was developed. The system includes a PC‐compatible computer for instrumental control, data acquisition and processing, which allows up to 13 samples to be analysed sequentially with no human intervention.The system performance was tested on the titration of standard solutions, which it carried out with low errors and RSD. It was subsequently applied to the analysis of various samples of environmental and nutritional interest, specifically waters, soft drinks and wines.
Editorial: The necessity of adult learning methods in programs of intensive study
Authors: Ferriter Mary E. 
Published: March 2007

This article presents the educational methodologies that prove
effective in adult educational programmes of intensive study. The many facets of a quality educational programme are discussed and I will focus on four topics that any adult educational programme must have: an adult learner, an instructor of adults, a curriculum,
and a response to outside forces.These topics become increasingly critical when one examines the components of technical education and, especially, an intensive training programme in laboratory automation systems. The adult will be discussed as a learner and the associated myths and
principles. Next, I will focus on the instructor and his/her necessary personal and professional qualities, including essential skills and psychological elements required. Aspects of curriculum will then be studied. The conventional and the innovative approaches to curriculum design, development, and delivery differ markedly. Development and delivery are so closely linked to the curriculum that both will be discussed under the one title of ‘curriculum’. The final discussion will focus on the outside forces that directly and indirectly affect adult education; since these are many, they are limited to a few salient ones.
The effects of common matrices for assay standards on performance of ‘ultra sensitive’ immunometric assays for TSH: Report of a joint WHO/IFCC collaborative study
Authors: Gaines-Das R. E. , Bristow A. F. , Brettschneider H. 
Published: March 2007

This report describes the results of a collaborative study organized by a joint working group of the IFCC and WHO and involving nine manufacturers of TSH immunometric assay kits. The study was designed to determine whether a calibrator with a common matrix gives better between‐laboratory agreement for calibration of serum samples than the various kit calibrators, and to assess various materials for their suitability for use as common matrices. Kit calibrators, or calibrators consisting of the IRP for TSH made up in two common matrices: (a) serum from patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis or (b) serum taken from subjects treated with suppressive doses of triiodothyronine, gave similar results for the between‐laboratory variation of estimates of TSH concentration for a range of serum samples. Dose‐response curves for the two calibrators in ‘common’ matrices were similar to one another and to those for the kit calibrator. However, the occurrence of non‐specific serum effects is shown by the comparison of results for these calibrators with results for calibrators made up in a third common matrix: serum treated with wheat germ lectin. Dose response curves for this calibrator were dissimilar to those for the other calibrators and between‐laboratory variation for estimates in terms of this latter calibrator showed a substantial increase. Moreover, although the between‐laboratory variances for estimates of the TSH concentration in terms of each of these calibrators (except those made up in serum treated with the wheat germ lectin) were similar for any one sample from five hyperthyroid patients, the variances were not consistent between samples, even for samples with similar mean TSH concentrations. These results suggest that a major factor in the between‐laboratory variation, especially in the region near ‘zero dose’, is sample‐related, and is caused by particular samples interacting differently with different assay systems.In general, it would appear that for the well‐controlled ‘ultrasensitive’ TSH immunometric assay kits, included in this study, between‐laboratory agreement of estimates of the TSH concentration in serum samples is not likely to be substantially improved by use of a common matrix for the standards.
IFCC recommendation on sampling, transport and storage for the determinationof the concentration of ionized calcium in whole blood, plasma and serum
Authors: Boink A. B. T. J. , Buckley B. M. , Christiansen T. F. , Covington A. K. , Maas A. H. J. , Müller-Plathe O. , Sachs Ch. , Siggaard-Andersen O. 
Published: March 2007

The substance concentration of ionized calcium (cCa2+) in blood, plasma or serum preanalytically may be affected by pH changes of the sample, calcium binding by heparin, and dilution by the anticoagulant solution.pH changes in whole blood can be minimized by anaerobic sampling to avoid loss of Co2, by measuring as soon as possible, or by storing the sample in iced water to avoid lactic acid formation.
cCa2+ and pH should be determined simultaneously.Plasma or serum: If centrifuged in a closed tube, and measured immediately, the pH of the sample will be close to the original value. If a delay has occurred between centrifugation and the measurement, causing substantial loss of Co2, equilibration of the sample with a gas mixture corresponding to pCO2= 5.3 kPa prior to the measurement is recommended. Conversion of the measured
values to cCa2+ (7.4) is only valid if the pH is in the range 7.2‐7.6.Ca2+ binding by heparin can be minimized by using either of the
following:(1) A final concentration of sodium or lithium heparinate of 15 IU/ml blood or less(2) Calcium titrated heparin with a final concentration of less than 50 IU/ml blood.Dilution effect can be avoided by use of dry heparin in capillaries or syringes. When heparin solutions are used, errors due to dilution or calcium binding can be reduced by using syringes with a heparin solution containing free calcium ions corresponding to the mean concentration of ionized calcium in normal plasma.Conditions for blood collection, storage, and transport to avoid preanalytical errors are described in this paper.
Quality control in the year 2000
Authors: Schade Bernd 
Published: March 2007

‘Just‐in‐time’ production is a prerequisite for a company to meet the
challenges of competition. Manufacturing cycles have been so successfully optimized that release time now has become a significant factor. A vision for a major quality‐control (QC) contribution to profitability in this decade seems to be the just‐in‐time release. Benefits will go beyond cost savings for lower inventory. The earlier detection of problems will reduce rejections and scrap. In addition, problem analysis and problem‐solving will be easier.To achieve just‐in‐time release, advanced automated systems like robots will become the workhorses in QC for high volume pharmaceutical production. The requirements for these systems are extremely high in terms of quality, reliability and ruggedness. Crucial for the success might be advances in use of microelectronics for error checks, system recording, trouble shooting, etc. as well as creative new approaches (for example the use of redundant assay
systems).
Integrated laboratory information system ina large hospital laboratory in Singapore
Authors: Jacob Edward , Tan It-Koon , Chua Kim-Seng , Lim See-Heng 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an integrated approach to the computerization
of all major disciplines of laboratory medicine and pathology.
Installed in the Department of Pathology, Singapore General
Hospital (SGH), the computer system discussed comprises a
RISC‐based Data General Aviion 6200 computer and Meditech
MAGIC software. The system has been interfaced with the
hospital host IBM computer and supports patient information
transfer, result reporting, phlebotomy management, and compilation
of laboratory and financial management reports. The main
functions of the system include: on‐line and off‐line acquisition of
patient information and test data; preparation of single/combined/cumulative reports; transmission of reports within and between
laboratories; instantaneous provision of data in response to
telephone enquiries; calculations of quality control/workload/productivity statistics and indices; and generation of billing lists.
The computer enables reports to be provided on patient tests results
in individual wards, at various specialist out‐patient clinics, and in
the Accident and Emergency Department of the SGH through the
IBM mainframe, as well as to remote printers installed at several
other major hospitals.The use of the MAGIC integrated laboratory information
system has resulted in a significant increase in laboratory efficiency
and productivity.
The role of atomic fluorescence spectrometry in the automatic environmental monitoring of trace element analysis
Authors: Stockwell P. B. , Corns W. T. 
Published: March 2007

Considerable attention has been drawn to the environmental levels of mercury, arsenic, selenium and antimony in the last decade. Legislative and environmental pressure has forced levels to be lowered and this has created an additional burden for analytical chemists. Not only does an analysis have to reach lower detection levels, but it also has to be seen to be correct. Atomic fluorescence detection, especially when coupled to vapour generation techniques, offers both sensitivity and specificity.Developments in the design of specified atomic fluorescence detectors for mercury, for the hydride‐forming elements and also for cadmium, are described in this paper. Each of these systems is capable of analysing samples in the part per trillion (ppt) range reliably and economically. Several analytical applications are described.