bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of different carbon fillers on the properties of PP composites: Comparison of carbon black with multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Zhou Zhen , Wang Shifeng , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPolypropylene (PP)/carbon composites were prepared via melt blending PP with carbon fillers, including multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and carbon black (CB). Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy was used to research the morphology and dispersion of fillers in the PP matrix. The electrical properties, mechanical properties, and crystallization behaviors of PP/carbon composites were also investigated. The results show that the influence of MWNTs on the properties of PP composites is different with CB, which can be ascribed to the structure and aspect ratio difference between MWNTs and CB. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:4823–4830, 2006
Synthesis of water‐insoluble functional copolymers containing amide, amine, and carboxylic acid groups and their metal‐ion‐uptake properties
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Villegas Sandra , Ruf Beatriz 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe crosslinked poly[N‐(3‐dimethylamino)propylmethacrylamide] [P(NDAPA)] and poly[N‐(3‐dimethylamino)propylmethacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid] [P(NDAPA‐co‐AA)] were synthesized by radical polymerization. The resins were completely insoluble in water. The metal‐ion‐uptake properties were studied by a batch equilibrium procedure for the following metal ions: silver(I), copper(II), cadmium(II), zinc(II), lead(II), mercury(II), chromium(III), and aluminum(III). The P(NDAPA‐co‐AA) resin showed a lower metal‐ion affinity than P(NDAPA), except for Hg(II), which was retained at 71% at pH 2. At pH 5, the resin showed a higher affinity for Pb(II) (80%) and Cu(II) (60%), but its affinity was very low for Zn(II) and Cr(III). The polymer ligand–metal‐ion equilibrium was achieved during the first 20 min. By changing the pH, we found it possible to remove between 60 and 70% of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions with (1M, 4M) HClO4 and (1M, 4M) HNO3. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:5232–5239, 2006
Aspects of foaming a glass‐reinforced polypropylene with chemical blowing agents
Authors: Thompson M. R. , Qin X. , Zhang G. , Hrymak A. N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis work explores the influence of a chemical blowing agent on different aspects of producing a short glass‐fiber‐reinforced polypropylene foam, examining the rheology of the system, the developed morphology of the part, and the resulting mechanical properties. Two different forms of an endothermic blowing agent, namely powder versus masterbatch, were compared to determine their effects on the process history and properties of an injection molded part. Samples were produced on an injection molding machine between 230 and 270°C using the low‐pressure foaming technique. Rheology of the resulting plasticized melt by the two different blowing agents was measured on an in‐line rheometer, showing a greater reduction in shear viscosity for the masterbatch additive, which correspondingly reduced the extent of fiber breakage observed. The final molded samples were analyzed for their foam structure (i.e., cell size, cell density, and skin thickness) as well as the properties of the glass fibers incorporated (namely, fiber length distribution). Tensile properties were found to diminish with increasing blowing agent content, though differences were observed based on the type of CBA used despite the similarities in foam structure produced. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4696–4706, 2006
Viscose fiber/polyamide 12 composites: Novel gas‐phase method for the modification of cellulose fibers with an aminosilane coupling agent
Authors: Paunikallio T. , Suvanto M. , Pakkanen T. T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to improve the adhesion between viscose fibers and polyamide 12 and, thereby, the mechanical properties of the corresponding composites. The cellulose fiber surface was chemically modified in the vapor phase with a silyl coupling agent, aminosilane [(3‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane]. This new gas‐phase treatment for cellulose fibers proved to be highly effective. Relative to composites without the coupling‐agent treatment, the tensile strength of the composites (40/60 wt % fiber/polymer) increased from 49.3 to 87.4 MPa; the improved adhesion between the fibers and matrix induced by the coupling agent was observed under a scanning electron microscope. The presence and bonding of the coupling agent on the fibers after the reaction was confirmed by solid‐state 29Si‐NMR. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4478–4483, 2006
Improving rheological property of polymer melt via low frequency melt vibration
Authors: Li Youbing , Shen Kaizhi , Zhan Jie 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA pulse pressure was superimposed on the melt flow in extrusion, called vibration extrusion. A die (L/D = 17.5) was attached to this device to study the rheological properties of an amorphous polymer (ABS) and semicrystalline polymer (PP, HDPE), prepared in the vibration field, and the conventional extrusion were studied for comparison. Results show that the melt vibration technique is an effective processing tool for improving the polymer melt flow behavior for both crystalline and amorphous polymers. The enhanced melt rheological property is also explained in terms of shear thinning criteria. Increasing with vibration frequency, extruded at constant vibration pressure amplitude, the viscosity decreases sharply, and so does when increasing vibration pressure amplitude at a constant vibrational frequency. The effect of vibrational field on melt rheological behavior depends greatly on the melt temperature, and the great decrease in viscosity is obtained at low temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5292–5296, 2006
Growth control and long‐range self‐assembly of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanospheres
Authors: D'Amato Rosaria , Venditti Iole , Russo Maria Vittoria , Falconieri Mauro 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA systematic investigation of the reaction time and role of a cosolvent (toluene) in inducing several beneficial effects on nanobead properties was performed to achieve the synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanospheres. In particular, good dimensional control in the range of 100–400 nm, very low polydispersity, and a spherical shape were consistently obtained. Different parameters affecting the self‐assembly mechanism leading to the deposition of hard‐sphere photonic crystals were studied, and the features underlying their role were examined. Photonic crystals were produced by the evaporation of nanosphere suspensions at different temperatures, relative humidities, and suspension ionic strengths and with different substrate materials. The proper conditions for obtaining large crystal domains were determined. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4493–4499, 2006
Chemical modification of calcium alginate gel beads for controlling the release of insect repellent N,N‐diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide
Authors: Xiao Congming , Zhou Mi , Lin Xiaodong , Li Ruqiong 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCalcium alginate gel beads containing insect repellent N,N‐diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide (CAGBDs) were modified via grafting copolymerization with a vinyl monomer. CAGBDs (5 g) were initiated with 8.5 × 10−2 mol/L potassium persulfate and 7.0 × 10−2 mol/L sodium bisulfite at the ambient temperature for 10 min, and then 6.22 mol/L acrylonitrile was added in droplets; the mixture was allowed to react at the same temperature for another 30 min. The effects of reaction conditions such as the stirring speed and monomer concentration on the modification of CAGBDs were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the surface of modified CAGBDs was compact enough to keep N,N‐diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide from touching. The release rate of N,N‐diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide from modified CAGBDs was slower than that from unmodified CAGBDs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4850–4855, 2006
Optimization of the electron‐beam‐lithography parameters for the moth‐eye effects of an antireflection matrix structure
Authors: Kuo Chung‐Feng Jeffrey , Tu Hung‐Min , Su Te‐Li 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this study, we mainly used the characteristics of electron‐beam lithography in measurement control and direct‐write technology to improve the physical restrictions and production processes of optical lithography and other nanopattern production methods. We did this by using a silicon wafer as a substrate, coating a negative‐tone photoresist, and using scattering and the reflection produced by the collision of an electron beam with the wafer lattice and the proximity effect of a secondary electron inside the electron‐beam photoresist to produce an antireflection matrix structure with a moth‐eye effect. In addition, we used the Taguchi quality method with an orthogonal array to plan the experiment and the signal‐to‐noise ratio to analyze the experimental data, and in the experimental process, we produced a full factorial equivalent experiment, using very few experiment repetitions and deriving optimum conditions. Also, we used back‐propagation neural networks to fine‐tune significant factors, allowing the production of the deepest process control parameters and thereby imparting to the antireflection matrix structure the best effect. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5303–5313, 2006
Studies on grafting of acrylic acid onto polypropylene melt‐blown nonwovens induced by electron‐beam preirradiation
Authors: Cheng Bowen , Jiao Xiaoning , Kang Weimin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe report the graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto the polypropylene (PP) melt‐blown nonwovens induced by electron beam (EB) preirradiation in this article. The occurrence of the graft copolymerization was confirmed by means of XPS, FTIR, and SEM. The effects of preirradiation dose, monomer concentration, bath ratio, reaction time, and temperature on the graft ratio were investigated. The water conservation, water absorption rate, and K+ exchange capacity were also determined on the grafted PP melt‐blown nonwovens, which showed that EB preirradiation‐induced grafting was an effective way to improve the hydrophicility of PP melt‐blown nonwovens. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4971–4977, 2006
Influence of thermal aging on the electrical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Nedjar M. , Béroual A. , Boubakeur A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis article reports on the study of the thermal aging of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) used in medium‐ and high‐voltage cables. It is shown that the thermal aging leads to the degradation of the material and to the modification of its electrical properties. The degradation is all the more important and faster as the temperature is high. This degradation is attributed to a progressive evaporation of the plasticizer at the beginning of aging and to a weight loss of stabilizer followed by a change in the color of polymer and a release of hydrochloric acid at more advanced stages of aging. It also results in a crosslinking of the material and a shrinking of samples. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4728–4733, 2006
Controlled release formulations of carbaryl based on copper alginate, barium alginate, and alginic acid beads
Authors: Şanlı Oya , Işıklan Nuran 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA controlled release system for reducing environmental impact was produced by encapsulating the pesticide carbaryl (Carb) in the alginate beads. The various bead formulations were prepared by using sodium alginate (NaAlg) as a polymer, CuCl2, BaCl2 as a crosslinking agent, and HCl as a linking agent. The surface morphology of prepared beads was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM confirmed the spherical nature and surface morphology of the particles. Bead characteristics, such as Carb entrapment efficiency, particle size, swelling degree, and Carb release kinetics, were determined. The effects of crosslinker or linker concentration, type, and carbaryl/sodium alginate (Carb/NaAlg) ratio on Carb release from the beads were investigated for 20 days at 25°C. It was observed that Carb release from the beads increased with the increase of Carb/NaAlg ratio whereas decreased with the increase of crosslinker concentration. At the end of 20 days, the Carb release from alginic acid beads was found to be higher than that of copper alginate (Cu‐Alg) and barium alginate (Ba‐Alg) beads. The swelling measurements of the beads supported the release results. Release kinetics were described by Fickian and non‐Fickian approaches. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4245–4253, 2006
Application of copolymeric particulates for oilwell in‐depth performance control
Authors: Lu Hongsheng , Huang Zhiyu , Chen Qaunsheng , Wang Jian , Feng Yujun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe properties of two copolymeric particulates used for oilwell in‐depth performance control were investigated systematically. The lab‐scale studies showed that the average diameter of these particulates (E5 and G6) is 77.76 μm with the standard deviation of 2.16%. The two particulates exhibit good dilatability when immersed in 20 × 104 mg/L NaCl solution. Their capability of water retention (150 days) was 90% at 80°C. In addition, they exhibited good injectivity, driving performance and plug, and satisfied toughness index. The diffluence experiments confirmed that the coefficient of the profile modification were 85.7, 98.7, 86.1, and 98.1% when the permeability levels were 4.05 and 15.0, respectively. When using the two particulates, the average recovery ratio can reach 21%. The procedures mentioned earlier could be used as industry criteria to evaluate all kinds of particulate used as in‐depth performance controllers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5330–5335, 2006
Rice bran‐filled biodegradable low‐density polyethylene films: Development and characterization for packaging applications
Authors: George Johnsy , Kumar R. , Jayaprahash C. , Ramakrishna A. , Sabapathy S. N. , Bawa A. S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRice bran was incorporated into low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) at different concentrations by compounding in a twin‐screw extruder and blown into films of uniform thickness. The rice bran incorporation influenced physical, mechanical, barrier, optical, thermal properties, and biodegradation of LDPE. The mechanical and optical properties decreased as the percentage of rice bran increased. The effect of rice bran on the morphology of LDPE blends was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Oxygen transmission rate and water vapor transmission rate increased with the increased content of rice bran. Addition of rice bran did not alter the melting temperature (Tm) of the blends; however the thermal stability decreased, while glass transition temperature (Tg) increased. Kinetics of thermal degradation was also investigated and the activation energy for thermal degradation indicated that for up to 10% filler addition, the dispersion and interfacial adhesion of rice bran particles in LDPE was good. Aerobic biodegradation tests using municipal sewage sludge and biodegradation studies using specific microorganism (Streptomyces species) revealed that the films are biodegradable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4514–4522, 2006
Effect of carboxyl on vulcanization and mechanical properties of carboxylated acrylic rubber prepared by 60Co‐γ‐ray‐induced polymerization
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Chang Zhenqi , Wang Mozhen , Zhang Zhicheng 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAcrylic acid carboxylated acrylic rubber (ACM) and itaconic acid carboxylated acrylic rubber were prepared by 60Co‐γ‐ray‐induced emulsion copolymerization. The polymers were characterized using FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The acid value was determined with nonaqueous titration method. The molecular weight and the polydispersity index of the polymers were measured using gel permeation chromatography. The influence of the cure‐site (carboxyl) on the vulcanization and mechanical properties of the ACM was researched by means of rheometric study, gel fraction analysis, mechanical property tests, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The results show that the crosslink density of polymers increases with amounts of the carboxyl cure‐site. The itaconic acid carboxylated ACM has better cure characteristics and mechanical properties than the acrylic acid carboxylated ACM has. In addition, the comparison of ACM prepared by 60Co‐γ‐ray‐induced polymerization with ACM prepared by chemical‐initiator‐induced polymerization has been investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5587–5594, 2006
Novel organic modification of montmorillonite in hydrocarbon solvent using ionic liquid‐type surfactant for the preparation of polyolefin–clay nanocomposites
Authors: Ding Yunsheng , Guo Cunyue , Dong Jin‐Yong , Wang Zigang 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe possibility of organic modification of montmorillonite (MMT) in hydrocarbon solvents by employing ionic liquid‐type surfactants was investigated. As a first example, 1‐methyl‐3‐tetradecylimidazolium chloride ([C14mim]+Cl−) was used to treat pristine MMT in xylene. The dispersion of MMT in xylene was significantly improved, the collected organifically modified MMT displayed a sufficiently enlarged interlayer spacing. The novel art of MMT organic modification is specifically advantageous to the preparation of polyolefin‐based nanocomposites. A polypropylene/MMT nanocomposite was exemplarily prepared by directly dissolving polypropylene in the MMT modification system and found to possess an excellent thermal stability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4314–4320, 2006
Preparation of magnetic poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres by emulsion polymerization in the presence of sterically stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Horák Daniel , Chekina Nataliya 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWith the aim to synthesize water‐dispersible superparamagnetic nanoparticles, iron oxide was precipitated in aqueous solution of dextran, (carboxymethyl) dextran (CM‐dextran), (DEAE‐dextran), or D‐mannose. Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was emulsion‐polymerized in the presence of the nanoparticles and the effect of iron oxide modification on the product properties was investigated. The main factors affecting the morphology, size, and size distribution of the latex particles are the type and concentration of emulsifier (Disponil AES 60, Tween 20, Triton X‐100) and initiator [ammonium persulfate (APS) and 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA)]. Disponil AES 60 and ACVA are the preferred emulsifier and initiator, respectively, because oxirane groups hydrolyzed during the APS‐initiated polymerization. Up to some 5 wt % of iron was found in poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) microspheres obtained by emulsion polymerization in the presence of dextran‐coated iron oxide and emulsified with Disponil AES 60. The size of magnetic PGMA microspheres could be controlled in the range ˜ 70–400 nm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4348–4357, 2006
The influences of fiber feature and polymer melt index on mechanical properties of sugarcane fiber/polymer composites
Authors: Lu John Z. , Wu Qinglin , Negulescu Ioan I. , Chen Yan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe fiber characteristics (i.e., the fiber type, morphology, and dimension) and polymer melt flow index (MFI) significantly affected mechanical properties of sugarcane fiber/HDPE composites. The length and diameter of sugarcane fibers followed a lognormal distribution before and after compounding. The long fibers had a significant reduction in the dimension and aspect ratio during compounding. However, the short fibers had close values in these two properties before and after compounding. For the resultant sugarcane fiber/polymer composites, the HDPE resins with a low MFI value presented high tensile and impact strengths. Because of high sugar content, the pure rind fiber had a poor performance as filler in the HDPE resins with respect to the raw bagasse fiber and alkali‐extracted bagasse fiber. On the other hand, the aspect ratio was proportional to the mechanical performance of the fibers in the HDPE resins. As a result, the fibers with a large aspect ratio and low sucrose content improved the strength properties of the resultant composites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5607–5619, 2006
Crosslinking of corn starch with sodium trimetaphosphate in solid state by microwave irradiation
Authors: Gui‐Jie Mao , Peng Wang , Xiang‐Sheng Meng , Xing Zhang , Tong Zheng 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCorn starch was crosslinked with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) in solid state under microwave irradiation to improve the degree of substitution (DS) and decrease the reaction time. The effects of modification factors on the crosslinking of starch were systematically studied. It was found that the microwave irradiation provided a convenient and efficient method to prepare crosslinked starch with sufficient DS. The DS value of crosslinked starches obtained by microwave irradiation was significantly improved and the reaction time was also dramatically decreased to achieve an appropriate DS value by microwave irradiation, when compared with using traditional method. The high microwave power provided faster reaction kinetics to obtain the desired DS value at an identical reaction condition. If the reaction temperature is lower than the decomposition temperature of crosslinked starch, the higher DS value can be achieved at the higher microwave power. It was detected that the DS data obtained by reacting intermittently was higher than those by reacting continuously. It was also noticed that DS data varied drastically with the increasing of the amount of STMP and sodium carbonate. The swelling ratio of crosslinked starch in water was lower than that of native starch because of the nongelatinization of highly crosslinked starch. SEM analysis indicated that the crosslinking of corn starch by microwave irradiation caused no significant changes in the microstructure of starch granules. Light microscope analysis also showed the uniformity of so‐prepared crosslinked corn starch applying microwave irradiation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5854–5860, 2006
Electrochemical characteristics and catalytic activity of polyaniline doped with ferrocene perchlorate
Authors: Wen‐Zhi Zhang , Xian‐Wen Kan , Shou‐Feng Jiao , Jin‐Gao Sun , Dong‐Sheng Yang , Bin Fang 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA new‐doped method based on electrochemical polymerization of aniline in the presence of ferrocene perchlorate and perchloric acid was presented. Polyanilines (PAn and PAnFc) were polymerized in the solution of perchloric acid and the solution containing ferrocene perchlorate and perchloric acid, respectively. Both flame atomic absorption spectrometry and infrared spectrum indicated that ferrocene perchlorate was assured to be doped into the polyaniline. We presumed that ferrocene perchlorate was combined via electrostatic adsorption onto the chain of polyaniline. The effect of pH on the electrochemical characteristics of PAn and PAnFc was studied by cycle voltammetry. Compared with PAn prepared in the absence of ferrocene perchlorate, PAnFc prepared in the presence of ferrocene perchlorate has a rather high electrochemical activity at pH > 4. The electrochemical oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) on both PAn film and PAnFc film modified Pt electrode was also performed. The results indicated that the catalytic activity of the PAnFc film to AA was better than that of the PAn film. The anodic peak currents of AA (measured by constant potential amperometry) increased linearly with the concentration of AA in the range of 8.0 × 10−5–1.0 × 10−2 mol/L. The detection limit (S/N = 3) obtained was 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5633–5639, 2006