bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of postpartum depression in relation to dietary fish and fat intake in Japan: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study
Authors: MIYAKE YOSHIHIRO , SASAKI SATOSHI , YOKOYAMA TETSUJI , TANAKA KEIKO , OHYA YUKIHIRO , FUKUSHIMA WAKABA , SAITO KYOKO , OHFUJI SATOKO , KIYOHARA CHIKAKO , HIROTA YOSHIO ,   the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study Group
Published: August 2006

Background. An ecological analysis found that the docosahexaenoic acid content in mother's milk and seafood intake were inversely correlated with postpartum depression. This prospective study investigated the relationship of consumption of selected high-fat foods and specific types of fatty acids with the risk of postpartum depression.Method. The subjects were 865 Japanese women. Dietary data were obtained from a self-administered diet history questionnaire during pregnancy. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used for the evaluation of postpartum depression. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, parity, cigarette smoking, family structure, family income, education, changes in diet in the previous month, season when data at baseline were collected, body mass index, time of delivery before the second survey, medical problems in pregnancy, baby's sex and baby's birthweight.Results. The percentage of women with high depression scores was 14·0%. No evident dose–response associations were observed between intake of fish, meat, eggs, dairy products, total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of postpartum depression. However, there was an inverted J-shaped relationship between intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid and the risk of postpartum depression.Conclusions. This study failed to substantiate a clear inverse relationship between fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and postpartum depression. Further investigations are needed to determine whether fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption is preventive against postpartum depression.
Bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: cognition and emotion processing
Authors: SUMMERS MARY , PAPADOPOULOU KYRIAKI , BRUNO STEFANIA , CIPOLOTTI LISA , RON MARIA A. 
Published: August 2006

Background. Cognitive impairment may be part of the endophenotype of bipolar disorder (BP), but little is known about patterns and severity of impairment in BP subgroups and their relation to depression. The same applies to deficits in emotion processing known to be present in BP.Method. To explore the relationship between depression and impairment in cognition and emotion processing and the differences between BP subgroups, we assessed 36 (25 BP I and 11 BP II) patients using a cognitive battery and a facial emotion recognition task.Results. BP patients were impaired compared to published norms on memory, naming and executive measures (Binomial Single Proportion tests, p<0·05). Cognitive performance was largely unrelated to depression ratings. Surprise recognition was the only emotion processing impairment in BP patients compared to controls (patients' recognition score 75% v. controls' 89%, p=0·024). Patients with higher depression ratings were more impaired in recognizing expressions of anger (t23=2·21, p=0·037). BP II patients were more impaired than BP I patients in IQ, memory and executive measures (Mann–Whitney tests, p<0·05). Depression severity or exposure to medication or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) did not explain these differences.Conclusions. We confirm cognitive impairment and an isolated facial emotion processing deficit in BP patients and suggest that these deficits are largely unrelated to depressive symptoms. Our study also provides evidence that cognitive deficits are more severe and pervasive in BP II patients, suggesting that recurrent depressive episodes, rather than mania, may have a more detrimental and lasting effect on cognition.
In Situ Monitoring of Cell Concentration in a Photobioreactor Using Image Analysis: Comparison of Uniform Light Distribution Model and Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Jung Sang‐Kyu , Lee Sun Bok 
Published: August 2006

AbstractLight intensity is a very important factor that determines the growth of photosynthetic cells. In this study, the light distribution in a photobioreactor was analyzed by processing the images captured with a digital camera. The contour images obtained by filtering the original images clearly showed the effects of the cell concentration and external light intensity on the light distribution. Image‐processing techniques were then applied to predict the cell density in the photobioreactor. To correlate the cell concentration with the light intensity in the photobioreactor, the captured images were processed using two different approaches. The first method involved the use of an average gray value after deriving a simplified model equation that could be related to the cell density. The second method involved the use of local points instead of a representative value. In this case, an artificial neural network model was adopted to infer the cell density from the information of the local points. By using these two methods, it was possible to relate the image data to the cell concentration. Finally, we compared these two methods with regard to their accuracy, easiness, and effectiveness.
Predictive blood glucose lowering efficacy by Glucokinase activators in high fat fed female Zucker rats
Authors: Coope G J , Atkinson A M , Allott C , McKerrecher D , Johnstone C , Pike K G , Holme P C , Vertigan H , Gill D , Coghlan M P , Leighton B 
Published: August 2006

Background and purpose:Glucokinase (GK) is the rate‐limiting enzyme of hepatic glucose metabolism and acts as a sensor for glucose‐stimulated insulin release in β‐cells. Here we examine whether the lowering of blood glucose levels in the rat by small molecule glucokinase activators (GKAs) can be predicted from in vitro enzyme potencies and plasma compound exposure.Experimental approach:We developed an insulin resistant and hyperinsulinemic animal model, the high fat fed female Zucker (fa/fa) rat (HFFZ), and measured the acute in vivo glucose‐lowering efficacy of a number of GKAs in an oral glucose tolerance test.Key results:Four GKAs (at 1 to 30 mg kg−1), with different in vitro enzyme potencies, dose‐dependently improved oral glucose tolerance in HFFZ rats (10–40% decrease glucose area under the curve (AUC) from vehicle control). The extent of glucose lowering, or the pharmacodynamic (PD) effect, of a GKA was directly related to the total compound concentration in the plasma; the pharmacokinetic (PK) measurement. This PK‐PD relationship was extended across a series of GKAs by accounting for differences in protein binding and in the in vitro potency.Conclusions and implications:When the unbound GKA compound level is greater than the in vitro enzyme potency there was significant blood glucose lowering in vivo. This latter relationship was upheld in non‐diabetic Wistar rats orally dosed with a GKA. The robust and predictive nature of the PK‐PD relationship for GKAs may prove of value in testing these agents in early human clinical studies.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 328–335. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706848
Thioredoxin reduces post‐ischemic myocardial apoptosis by reducing oxidative/nitrative stress
Authors: Tao L , Gao E , Hu A , Coletti C , Wang Y , Christopher T A , Lopez B L , Koch W , Ma X L 
Published: August 2006

Background and purpose:Thioredoxin (Trx) is an oxidoreductase that prevents free radical‐induced cell death in cultured cells. Here we assessed the mechanism(s) underlying the cardioprotective effects of Trxin vivo.Experimental approach:The effects of myocardial ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion were measured in mice, with assays of myocardial apoptosis, superoxide production, NOx and nitrotyrosine content, and myocardial infarct size. Recombinant human Trx (rhTrx, 0.7–20 mg kg‐1, i.p.) was given 10 min before reperfusion.Key results:Treatment with 2 mg kg‐1rhTrx significantly decreased myocardial apoptosis and reduced infarct size (P<0.01). Nitrotyrosine content of cardiomyocytes was markedly reduced in rhTrx‐treated animals (P<0.01). To further identify the mechanisms by which rhTrx may exert its anti‐nitrative effect, iNOS expression and production of NOx and superoxide were determined. Treatment with rhTrx had no significant effect on iNOS expression or NOx content in the ischemic/reperfused heart. However, it markedly upregulated mSOD and reduced tissue superoxide content. To further establish a causative link between the anti‐ peroxynitrite effect and the cardioprotective effect of rhTrx, cultured adult cardiomyocytes were incubated with SIN‐1, a peroxynitrite donor, (50 μMfor 3 h) resulting in a nitrotyrosine content comparable to that seen in the ischemic/reperfused heart and causing significant cardiomyocyte apoptosis (P<0.01). Treatment with rhTrx markedly decreased SIN‐1 induced apoptosis (P<0.01).Conclusions and implications:These results demonstrate that Trx is a novel anti‐apoptotic and cardioprotective molecule that exerts its cardioprotective effects by reducing ischemia/reperfusion‐induced oxidative/nitrative stress.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 311–318. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706853
Systemic morphine produce antinociception mediated by spinal 5‐HT7, but not 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2 receptors in the spinal cord
Authors: Dogrul A , Seyrek M 
Published: August 2006

Background and purpose:The serotonergic system within the spinal cord have been proposed to play an important role in the analgesic effects of systemic morphine. Currently, seven groups of 5‐HT receptors (5‐HT1–7) have been characterized. One of the most recently identified subtypes of 5 HT receptor is the 5‐HT7 receptor. We aimed to examine the role of spinal 5‐HT7 receptors in the antinociceptive effects of systemic morphine.Experimental approach:The involvement of spinal 5‐HT7 receptor in systemic morphine antinociception was compared to that of the 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2 receptors by using the selective 5‐HT7 receptor antagonist, SB‐269970, the selective 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY 100635, the selective 5‐HT2 antagonist ketanserin as well as the non‐selective 5‐HT1,2,7 receptor antagonist, metergoline. Nociception was evaluated by the radiant heat tail‐flick test.Key results:I.t. administration of SB‐269970 (10 μg) and metergoline (20 μg) completely blocked the s.c. administered morphine‐induced (1, 3, 5 and 10 mg kg−1) antinociception in a time‐dependent manner. Additionally, i.t. administration of SB‐269970 (1, 3, 10 and 20 μg) and metergoline (1, 5, 10 and 20 μg) dose dependently inhibited the antinociceptive effects of a maximal dose of morphine (10 mg kg−1, s.c.). I.t. administration of WAY 100635 (20 μg) or ketanserine (20 μg) did not alter morphine‐induced (1, 3, 5 and 10 mg kg−1, s.c.) antinociception.Conclusion and implications:These findings indicate that the involvement of spinal 5‐HT7, but not of 5‐HT1A or of 5‐HT2 receptors in the antinociceptive effects of systemic morphine.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 498–505. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706854
Anisotropic network model: systematic evaluation and a new web interface
Authors: Eyal Eran , Yang Lee-Wei , Bahar Ivet 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Motivation: The Anisotropic Network Model (ANM) is a simple yet powerful model for normal mode analysis of proteins. Despite its broad use for exploring biomolecular collective motions, ANM has not been systematically evaluated to date. A lack of a convenient interface has been an additional obstacle for easy usage.
Results: ANM has been evaluated on a large set of proteins to establish the optimal model parameters that achieve the highest correlation with experimental data and its limits of accuracy and applicability. Residue fluctuations in globular proteins are shown to be more accurately predicted than those in nonglobular proteins, and core residues are more accurately described than solvent-exposed ones. Significant improvement in agreement with experiments is observed with increase in the resolution of the examined structure. A new server for ANM calculations is presented, which offers flexible options for controlling model parameters and output formats, interactive animation of collective modes and advanced graphical features.
Availability: ANM server ()
Contact: bahar@ccbb.pitt.edu
Retrograde Blood Flow in the Brachial and Axillary Arteries during Routine Radial Arterial Catheter Flushing
Authors: Murphy Glenn S. , Szokol Joseph W. , Marymont Jesse H. , Avram Michael J. , Vender Jeffery S. , Kubasiak John 
Published: August 2006

Background
Flushing of radial arterial catheters may be associated with retrograde embolization of air or thrombus into the cerebral circulation. For embolization into the central circulation to occur, sufficient pressure must be generated during the flushing process to reverse antegrade blood flow in the arterial blood vessels of the upper extremity. This ultrasound study was designed to examine whether routine radial catheter flushing practices produce retrograde blood flow patterns in the brachial and proximal axillary arteries.

Methods
Duplex ultrasound examinations of the brachial and axillary arteries were conducted in 100 surgical patients to quantify direction and velocity of blood flow during catheter flushing. After obtaining Doppler spectral images of brachial and axillary arterial flow patterns, manual flushing was performed by injecting 10 ml flush solution using a syringe at a rate reflecting standard clinical practices. The flow-regulating device on the pressurized (300 mmHg) arterial flushing-sampling system was then opened for 10 s to deliver a rapid bolus of fluid (flush valve opening).

Results
The rate of manual flush solution injection through the radial arterial catheter was related to the probability of retrograde flow in the axillary artery (P < 0.001). Reversed arterial flow was noted in the majority of subjects (33 of 51) at a manual flush rate of less than 9 s and in no subjects (0 of 48) at a rate 9 s or greater. Retrograde flow was observed less frequently during flush valve opening (2 of 99 patients; P < 0.001 vs. manual flushing).

Conclusions
Rapid manual flushing of radial arterial catheters at rates faster than 1 ml/s produces retrograde flow in the proximal axillary artery.
Long QT 1 Mutation KCNQ1A344VIncreases Local Anesthetic Sensitivity of the Slowly Activating Delayed Rectifier Potassium Current
Authors: Siebrands Cornelia C. , Binder Stephan , Eckhoff Ulrike , Schmitt Nicole , Friederich Patrick 
Published: August 2006

Background
Anesthesia in patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a matter of concern. Congenital LQTS is most frequently caused by mutations in KCNQ1 (Kv7.1), whereas drug-induced LQTS is a consequence of HERG (human ether-a-go-go-related gene) channel inhibition. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the LQT1 mutation A344V in the S6 region of KCNQ1, at a position corresponding to the local anesthetic binding site in HERG, may render drug insensitive KCNQ1 channels into a toxicologically relevant target of these pharmacologic agents. This may suggest that LQTS constitutes not only a nonspecific but also a specific pharmacogenetic risk factor for anesthesia.

Methods
The authors examined electrophysiologic and pharmacologic properties of wild-type and mutant KCNQ1 channels. The effects of bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and mepivacaine were investigated using two-electrode voltage clamp and whole cell patch clamp recordings.

Results
The mutation A344V induced voltage-dependent inactivation in homomeric KCNQ1 channels and shifted the voltage dependence of KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel activation by +30 mV. The mutation furthermore increased the sensitivity of KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels for bupivacaine 22-fold (KCNQ1wt/KCNE1: IC50 = 2,431 +/- 582 microM, n = 20; KCNQ1A344V/KCNE1: IC50 = 110 +/- 9 microM, n = 24). Pharmacologic effects of the mutant channels were dominant when mutant and wild-type channels were coexpressed. Simulation of cardiac action potentials with the Luo-Rudy model yielded a prolongation of the cardiac action potential duration and induction of early afterdepolarizations by the mutation A344V that were aggravated by local anesthetic intoxication.

Conclusions
The results indicate that certain forms of the LQTS may constitute a specific pharmacogenetic risk factor for regional anesthesia.
Anesthetic Preconditioning Enhances Ca2+Handling and Mechanical and Metabolic Function Elicited by Na+–Ca2+Exchange Inhibition in Isolated Hearts
Authors: An Jianzhong , Rhodes Samhita S. , Jiang Ming Tao , Bosnjak Zeljko J. , Tian Ming , Stowe David F. 
Published: August 2006

Background
Anesthetic preconditioning (APC) is well known to protect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Studies also show the benefit of Na+-Ca2+ exchange inhibition on ischemia-reperfusion injury. The authors tested whether APC plus Na+-Ca2+ exchange inhibitors given just on reperfusion affords additive protection in intact hearts.

Methods
Cytosolic [Ca2+] was measured by fluorescence at the left ventricular wall of guinea pig isolated hearts using indo-1 dye. Sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+-cycling proteins, i.e., Ca2+ release channel (ryanodine receptor [RyR2]), sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+-pump adenosine triphosphatase (SERCA2a), and phospholamban were measured by Western blots. Hearts were assigned to seven groups (n = 8 each): (1) time control; (2) ischemia; (3, 4) 10 microM Na+-Ca2+ exchange inhibitor KB-R7943 (KBR) or 1 microM SEA0400 (SEA), given during the first 10 min of reperfusion; (5) APC initiated by sevoflurane (2.2%, 0.41 +/- 0.03 mm) given for 15 min and washed out for 15 min before ischemia-reperfusion; (6, 7) APC plus KBR or SEA.

Results
The authors found that APC reduced the increase in systolic [Ca2+], whereas KBR and SEA both reduced the increase in diastolic [Ca2+] on reperfusion. Each intervention improved recovery of left ventricular function. Moreover, APC plus KBR or SEA afforded better functional recovery than APC, KBR, or SEA alone (P < 0.05). Ischemia-reperfusion-induced degradation of major sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+-cycling proteins was attenuated by APC, but not by KBR or SEA.

Conclusions
APC plus Na+-Ca2+ exchange inhibition exerts additive protection in part by reducing systolic and diastolic Ca2+ overload, respectively, during ischemia-reperfusion. Less degradation of sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+-cycling proteins may also contribute to cardiac protection.
Changes in tropical forest vegetation along an altitudinal gradient in the Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Lovett Jon C. , Marshall Andrew R. , Carr Jeff 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study describes changes in woody vegetation in the Mwanihana forest, Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania, over an altitude range of 470–1700 m. Two methods, fixed‐ and variable‐area plots, are compared to elucidate altitudinal variation in tropical forest structure, diversity and community composition. Six 25 m × 100 m fixed area plots recorded a total of 2143 woody stems of ≥3 cm d.b.h. from 204 species. The 78 variable‐area plots recorded the nearest twenty trees of ≥20 cm d.b.h. to an objectively chosen point, giving a total of 1560 stems in 9.1 ha from 156 species. A linear trend of increasing stem density with altitude was seen for variable‐area plots. Species diversity is highest at high elevations. There was no clear zonation of elevational vegetation types. Restricted range taxa occur at all altitudes sampled. The study also revealed some methodological considerations. Bias in sample size and plot area can be tested by employing two sampling methods. Of the two methods used, fixed area plots are preferred as variable area plots are impractical in tangled understorey. Plot size must be controlled for in order to make reliable observations of diversity. Sampling along a continuous or near‐continuous altitudinal gradient with sufficient replication is also important.
Dynamics of male residence and female oestrus during a breeding season of blue monkeys in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya
Authors: Mugatha S. M. , Ogutu J. O. , Cords M. , Maitima J. M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBlue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) are seasonal breeders with a dynamic mating system in which typical one‐male social units are regularly disrupted and replaced by multi‐male ones. The number of males in the group is correlated with the number of oestrous females. We used observations of male presence and female oestrus on individual days during a 6‐month period to assess whether the presence of multiple males in a group stimulates female oestrus or whether oestrous females attract multiple males to the group. We confirmed prior observations with our finding that the number of males in a group was significantly correlated (rs = 0.435, P < 0.0001) with the number of oestrous females across 126 observation days. A transition matrix did not show an obvious relationship between day‐to‐day changes in the numbers of oestrous females and males. However, cross‐correlation analysis provided stronger support for the idea that the number of oestrous females attracts males to a group than for the idea that the influx of strange males stimulates oestrus in female blue monkeys. Autocorrelation analysis showed that while female oestrus appeared to show a high degree of synchrony, as expected in a seasonal breeder, there was no evidence that the number of males accompanying a group of females influenced the likelihood of other males joining or leaving the group. Overall, our results confirm that female oestrous behaviour stimulates changes in male residence patterns. However, other observations suggest that changes in male residence may also stimulate female oestrus in some circumstances.
Amphibian abundance and diversity in Meru National Park, Kenya
Authors: Victor Wasonga D. , Bekele Afework , Lötters Stefan , Balakrishnan Mundanthra 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe diversity and abundance of amphibians were investigated in Meru National Park, Kenya, using transect sampling, drift‐fence and pitfall trapping and opportunistic collecting. A total of 430 individuals under seven genera (Amietophrynus, Hemisus, Hyperolius, Phrynobatrachus, Phrynomantis, Ptychadena, Xenopus) comprising eleven species were sampled in three different habitats (apart from this, two additional species are known from Meru National Park): Acacia‐wooded grassland; Combretum‐wooded grassland; Acacia–Commiphora bushland. The sex ratio for almost all species was balanced (chi‐square, χ2; P > 0.5) and was not affected by habitat type (ANOVA: F = 8.3026, P = 0.6914). Shannon–Weaver Index (2.227) and Simpson's Index (8.244) were relatively high, and most of the eleven species sampled appeared to have a relatively even distribution (Shannon's Evenness Index, E = 0.927). However, Hemisus marmoratus and Phrynomantis bifasciatus were exclusively recorded in Acacia‐wooded grassland and in low abundances. There was a positive linear relationship of body weight against snout–vent length for two randomly selected anurans (Hyperolius glandicolor, Phrynobatrachus natalensis) among all three vegetation communities.