bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Theoretical Determination of Residual Saturations After a Water-Driven Carbon Dioxide Flood
Authors: Deo M. D. , Deans H. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An approach similar to the determination of residual gas saturation by single well injection/production technique has been investigated to determine saturations of trapped phases after a water-driven CO2-enhanced oil recovery process. Theoretically, the theory of multicomponent, multiphase flow in porous media was applied to the flow reversal situation to show that the interaction of phase behavior and flow reversal leads to nonreversing composition paths, which can be used to obtain meaningful information about the state of the reservoir before the test. Experimentally, a single residual phase of various compositions was first established in the core and the saturations determined by volumetric balance. The saturation so established was then measured by using the fluid injection/production test and was in good agreement with the saturations established by volumetric balances. Extensions of the method to determine two residual phases simultaneously in the pore space in the three- and four-component cases was explored theoretically.
Design and Results of a Shallow, Light Oilfield-Wide Application of CO2 Huff ‘n’ Puff Process
Authors: Miller B. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A CO2 huff and puff process has shown to be economic at current oil prices in. a shallow oil field in the Appalachian Basin. Design and field results are reviewed.
The project shows excellent results for a tight, light oil reservoir at immiscible conditions. The results of 200 treatments (340 to 4130 Mscf [9630 to 116,900 m3] each) over a four year period are investigated. The results of a second treatment on wells that had been treated over three years prior are also shown. Mechanical failures have been published as attributing to partial failure of other huff and puff projects; thus, prescreening and small treatments have been used to minimize this problem. The mechanics of the treatment will be reviewed with an emphasis on simplicity and safety.
The production response from the treatments have been from one to four years. The response developed from field tests of different sizes will be reviewed and correlated with reservoir parameters. The complex relationships among these factors leads to the need for modeling that will not only predict the ultimate recovery efficiency but also the response curve for specific wells for project optimization. The optimum treatment or combination of treatments for a well is not where the CO3 utilization efficiency for the total treatment is maximized but where the net revenue is maximized. With the high cash turnover rate, a project can be designed to minimize the working capital exposed and maximize the project cash flow.
The primary project area covers over 400 wells in the same reservoir with varying reservoir and production parameters. Initial treatments have been set up to test all the wells. Information from these treatments are helping to supply data for modeling and multiple linear regression analysis.
Simulation of Heat Flow in Porous Media Using Numerical Models
Authors: Nicholson F.R. , Jones W.W. , Schwabe Klaus 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers Inc.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Generalized heat and fluid flow models are useful in evaluating the effects of heat upon crude oils in a reservoir environment and more particularly that area immediately surrounding a wellbore. The model described allows fluid and heat flow in the two dimensions of a vertical plane. As in other numerical models, each cell is assumed to be homogeneous in pressure, viscosity, temperature, etc. This paper describes how the flow of heat from one cell to another has been superimposed upon the unsteady-state flow of oil, gas, water, and steam between cells. Solutions to problems using this reservoir simulator are shown.

Introduction
During the last several years the use of numerical models to simulate reservoir conditions have become very commonplace and simulators of several types and configurations have been developed for solution on high speed digital computers. During these same years, thermal recovery techniques have received a great deal of attention, and numerical simulator solutions applied also to this area. The broad term of thermal recovery covers a spectrum from in situ combustion to hot water alteration of fluid saturations around wellbores. Thermal recovery, like many other popular techniques, has a certain amount of "romance" surrounding it. The benefits can be very substantial; however, like any new technique it is subject to misapplication. The purpose of this paper is to describe a numerical simulator that accounts for both fluid and heat flow, and further to relate some of the observations that have evolved from its use.

DISCUSSION OF THE THERMAL MODEL
The concept used in designing this thermal model was to combine fluid and heat flow into one model. The continuity equations written for each mobile phase (oil, gas, and water) were summed employing the method proposed by Fogin et al. The equations were arranged for an implicit solution of the potential distributions using the alternating direction procedure of Peaceman and Rachford. Following the calculation Peaceman and Rachford. Following the calculation of the potential distributions, the saturation distribution and temperature distribution are calculated explicitly. An iterative procedure of the entire calculation sequence permits the use of conductance and expansion coefficients calculated forward in time. This forward approximation is particularly important in the model discussed here because expansion and phase changes are not only functions of pressure but also of temperature. This approach permitted the use of relatively long time increments which are essential for the use of the simulator in the solution of practical engineering problems. problems.
General Computerized Well Control Kill Sheet for Drilling Operations with Graphical Display Capabilities
Authors: Leitão H. C. F. , Maidla E. E. , Bourgoyne A. T. , Negrão A. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A rigorous method of pressure calculations was used in a general well control procedure for drilling operations with the drillbit on bottom. A computer program was developed to handle the calculations and graphics interactively to allow speed and flexibility of choices throughout a kick situation. A well control procedure was developed to handle from vertical to horizontal wells for many drilling situations. All pertinent equations are presented and unlike other publications the computer source code is given in the Appendix.
Concepts of Directional Drilling Data Management
Authors: Winther A. , Roper D. J. , Sjaaholm A. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A breakthough in directional drilling data management for large, multiplatform field developments is introduced. The need for accurate directional surveying has been recognized throughout the oil industry and new practices of survey data acquisition and quality control introduced which have resulted in the proliferation of survey and related data. Aspects of this data, namely its safety critical nature, its longevity, its redundancy and its volume, are discussed. The importance of correct management of this information to safe drilling and the avoidance of well collision are stated. Additional justification is made through the examples of planning and execution of the drilling program.
To date operators have attempted to manage directional drilling data through routes including paper files, mainframe and personal computer systems and contracting to directional drilling service companies. The failure modes of each mechanism are outlined.
The concept of a distributed, networked system of high performance personal computers to support directional drilling operations is introduced. Using suitable software the operator stores field, structure and slot geometries together with target details, slot to target allocations and all well plans and directional surveys. This database and all relevant engineering tools, for example survey computation, projection ahead, bottom hole assembly simulations and inter well clearances, are provided both in the office and at the rigsite. The requirement for local data storage to support high performance graphics and the problems of data replication and currency control which this implies are mentioned.
Finally, the utility of extending the rig to office network to provide a data feed to directional drilling contractors and the importance of technical prequalification of contractors in ensuring they can use this data is stated.
Systems for Automated Drilling AFE Cost Estimating and Tracking
Authors: Shilling R. B. , Lowe D. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
As part of a strategic effort in drilling computer technology1, ARCO Oil and Gas Company is developing automated systems to produce drilling AFE cost estimates and allow detailed tracking of actual booked costs. Retrievals of booked costs from mainframe accounting databases, along with retrievals of drilling performance data from ARCO's Drilling Database System2 (DDS) are used to provide "calibrated" input to an automated well planning and cost estimating system. All AFE documentation is automatically generated by the system.
Historically the preparation of drilling cost estimates, associated AFE documentation, and the verification of booked costs has required significant time and effort within drilling organizations. Moreover drilling costs are a major portion of total expenditures. A consistent, calibrated cost estimating tool combined with an efficient cost tracking program improves well planning, estimating accuracy and cost control. On a work load basis, these systems also increase productivity by reducing the time and effort required to review booked costs and produce drilling AFE's, thereby freeing time for other important engineering, operations and business tasks.
CASE Technology is Used in the Development of a General Completion Simulator
Authors: Ben-Naceur K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The major cause of the increasingly higher software development costs resides in the lack of reuse of existing technology in new applications combined with the costs of maintaining existing codes. Related to these considerations, Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) was introduced in the software industry as a methodology aimed at improving the software productivity. Some of these concepts have been used in the development of a modular software architecture to simulate completion operations, such as cementing, gravel packing, and coiled tubing. The open architecture was designed to host, at a minimal cost, incremental developments in the physics of the underlying processes as well as major modifications. The methodology of the development and the choice of the software technology are discussed: this includes the language specifications, the steps in documenting the project and the actual implementation. Compromises between "quick prototyping" and maintenance considerations/code performance have often to be made. The criteria for selecting a given strategy are discussed in terms of software metric.
Customization is the Key to Successful CAD
Authors: Byrd C. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Rolling cutter bit design is an iterative process in which a designer must balance bearing and cutting structure components within the available space to satisfy specific service requirements. In the last ten years bit designers have exchanged then-drawing boards for CAD terminals. While traditional CAD has a positive effect on the design process, custom software written to address specific design functions has been the key to realizing maximum benefit of the technology. Utilizing programs written in a modem graphics interface language, bit designers are able to consider more design concepts in the initial design process, select from existing tooling for manufacture, and fine tune or revise designs quickly. Specific details of the implementation of CAD at one rock bit manufacturer are given. Problems in implementing the system described and their solutions are also discussed.
International Workstation Network Improves Drilling Tool Quality and Responsiveness
Authors: Clench M. , Spacek E. , Felton J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a sophisticated computer network which integrates drill bit design, manufacture and quality control on a global basis. This work station based system links Aberdeen (UK) and Houston (U.S.A.). Product quality, scrap rates, product competition times, costs, customizing and standardization, have all been improved by use of this system.
Theory of Lost Circulation Pressure
Authors: Morita N. , Black A. D. , Fuh G -F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Conventional theories predicting borehole breakdown pressure assume breakdown occurs when the tangential stress at the borehole exceeds the tensile strength of the formation. Fracturing tests conducted during the DEA-13 joint industry project, however, showed that when drilling fluid was used as an injection fluid, borehole breakdown did not occur until the well pressure significantly exceeded the pressure which resulted in a tangential stress equal to the rock tensile strength even with a large surface flaw. The test results have shown that all drilling muds have a tendency to seal narrow natural fractures or fractures created by high borehole pressure. The sealing effect of the mud stabilizes fractures and prevents fracture propagation. This effect is one of the primary factors for controlling wellbore stability. In this paper, a theory of fracture initiation and fracture propagation around a borehole whose stability is enhanced by drilling fluid interaction, has been developed and shown to be consistent not only with all the DEA-13 laboratory results, but also with various field evidence. The results show that lost circulation pressure is highly dependent on the Young's modulus of the formation, wellbore size, and type of the drilling fluid, although the conventional theories have ignored these facts.
Unique Articulated Downhole Motor Holds Promising Future for Short Radius Horizontal Drilling
Authors: Trichel D. K. , Ohanian M. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper will introduce the industry to a unique articulated downhole motor system designed to drill lateral extensions out of a short radius build curve.1 For the sake of clarity, a short radius build curve will be defined as a curve having a radius between 19' - 60' (6m - 18m). This equates to build rates of 3°/ft - 1°/ft (9.8°/m - 3.2°/m).
The theoretical build radius of the articulated motor system is 39’ (12m), or a build rate of 1.467ft (4.79°/m). Lateral extensions up to 929 ft (283m) have been drilled using the system. With significant improvements in drilling efficiency and lateral lengths, the articulated motor system opens up a wide range of opportunities for short radius horizontal drilling.2
The paper discusses the industry needs that brought about the system's conception and design. The development of the articulated motor system is explained through a series of case histories so that the reader will gain a better understanding of the overall nature of short radius horizontal drilling. Important points from the overall learning curve will be detailed. The paper assumes that the reader is familiar with basic directional drilling terminology.1
The paper will discuss the different options associated with hole size and casing programs. Techniques for horizontal re-entries will be presented, along with project planning considerations for new and existing wells. Rig requirements and operating parameters will be outlined. Unusual mathematical survey and projection considerations unique to this system are presented as well as hole drag observations from the field.
The Offshore Directional Drilling Advisor: An Expert System for Directional Drilling Optimization
Authors: Amara M. H. , Martin B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
ODDA is an expert system designed to assist the drilling engineer, at the drilling site, in the engineering base or in the research center during the 4 functional phases of his work.
Early planning phase, for designing the number and position of the different platforms or well clusters. (Field planning expert system). During a well planning phase, for determining the optimum well trajectory in a single or multiwell environment. (Trajectory planning expert system). During the operational phase: 3-1) for designing the bottom hole assembly suited to drill a given well section while minimizing the BHA make up time and implying no restriction on the drilling parameters to be applied. 3-2) for deciding to pursue or interrupt the current bottom hole assembly run, ODDA will evaluate and extrapolate the assembly's trends, account for operational and geometrical constraints and eliminate unnecessary trips. (Drill Ahead/Pull Out Of Hole expert system). During the evaluation phase, for running queries and statistics, comparing actual and predicted behaviours and identifying trends in the effects of different formations and drilling parameters on bottom hole assemblies (Post Analysis Module).
The post analysis facility includes a survey validation process consisting in visually aided or fully automatic filtration of survey errors.
The drilling engineer can also design his own assemblies by accessing the mechanical analysis module. This module is an upgraded version or TOTAL’S BHA2 program, which includes an enhanced graphical interface, a link with the system's central database and the possibility to run batch calculations while working with other functionalities.
The system's relational database allows the recording and processing of the well programs, the prognosed and actual geological data, the drilling parameters, the surveys and associated error parameters, the bits and bottom hole assemblies. Reports of predefined or customized format can be generated at any time.
Its graphics capabilities and user environment, together with the above functionalities, make the ODDA system an integrated tool covering most aspects of directional drilling engineering.
Design and Application of a High-Temperature Mud System for Hostile Environments
Authors: Mitchell R. K. , Bethke M. E. , Dearing H. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the design and field application of an environmentally safe water base mud system for hostile environments with bottom hole temperatures in excess of 400°F (204°C). The paper discusses the basic mud formulation and modifications to handle high temperatures and a variety of contaminants. Toxicity, thermal stability, reaction to contaminants, wellbore stability, formation damage, and system maintenance are also addressed in the paper. The significance of product quality assurance, importance of cooperative lab and field testing, and solids control equipment requirements are also highlighted. A case history utilizing this mud system is detailed throughout the paper that highlights its usage in a zero discharge, hostile environment area.
Evaluation of a CO2 Foam Field Trial: Rangely Weber Sand Unit
Authors: Jonas T. M. , Chou S. I. , Vasicek S. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A CO2 foam field trial was conducted in the Rangely Weber Sand Unit, located in northwestern Colorado. Chevron began the CO2 flood on a 1:1 water-alternating-gas, WAG, injection scheme in October 1986. Currently the project injects 250 MMCFD CO2. Forty percent of this is recycled CO2. CO2 production is a major concern and is caused by thief zones between injectors and producers. The objective of the field trial was to investigate whether foam may block some of the thief zones and thereby improve sweep efficiency and CO2 utilization.
A pattern exhibiting severe CO2 breakthrough was chosen for the field trial. The injector, Gray A 10, is in communication with several offset producers. One of these wells, A.C. McLaughlin 4, produced more than 2 MMCFD gas within 10 days of placing Gray A10 on a CO2 cycle with virtually no tertiary oil. Gray A 10 was hydraulically fractured twice while it was a producer in the 1950's, but the fracture is not believed to be the sole cause of breakthrough in the pattern.
The foam project started in April 1989 at the end of a water cycle. The treatment consisted of a 12,000 BBL surfactant slug followed by 55,000 BBL of 79% quality foam. Average surfactant concentration was about 0.46%, and Chevron Chaser CD1040 was used. Foam was emplaced by simultaneously injecting CO2 and surfactant solution through a coarse mixing device in the tubing.
Results are encouraging. Injectivity and pressure transient data indicated that foam was emplaced in the reservoir. CO2 production in McLaughlin 4 was much lower during the trial while oil production was slightly higher. In contrast, both CO2 and oil production in the other offset producers increased somewhat. This could be evidence of CO2 diversion and improved sweep efficiency. Finally, foam reduced CO2 injectivity for as long as two months in the subsequent C02 chase after foam.
A Recursive Method for Estimating Single and Multiphase Permeabilities
Authors: Mohanty S. , Sharma M. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A method is proposed for obtaining effective permeabilities of heterogeneous porous media at many length scales. The real space renormalization group method (RSRG) has been modified to determine the effective properties of both uncorrelated and correlated permeability fields. The model shows excellent sensitivity to directional permeabilities and to the type of heterogeneity. In addition to two component shale-sand sequences, the method is extended to calculate effective properties of as many as four components. The method is also applied to obtain the ‘effective’ two phase relative permeability curves for porous media that are heterogeneous at the macroscopic or megascopic length scales. These effective properties are inputs into numerical simulators and can be used to interpret log and core derived properties.