bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making Sense of a Traditional Narrative: Political Disintegration in the Kingdom of Oyo
Authors: Law Robin 
Published: October 2008

R. Law — L'interprétation de la tradition : la désintégration politique du royaume d'Oyo.
On considère ici la nature des dissensions internes qui troublèrent la vie politique d'Oyo aux xvme et xixe siècles et provoquèrent la désintégration du royaume entre 1820 et 1830. L'histoire traditionnelle offre une image acceptable de la suite des événements, mais aucune explication en dehors du caractère et des motifs personnels des rois et des chefs impliqués. A partir d'une reconstruction générale des pratiques politiques à Oyo, basée sur une extrapolation régressive des conditions assez bien connues du XIXe siècle, on peut formuler l'hypothèse qu'au-delà des conflits entre individus, il existait une compétition entre le palais et les quartiers non royaux de la capitale pour la mainmise sur les ressources qui fondaient réellement le pouvoir politique — l'allégeance des dépendants et l'accumulation des richesses. Il semble que l'expansion militaire et commerciale.d'Oyo aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, en fournissant de nouvelles ressources en hommes (les esclaves) et en biens, a compromis l'équilibre des pouvoirs et intensifié la compétition dans ce domaine entre le roi et ses chefs subalternes.
L'agonie d'une culture : les Nzabi de la République populaire du Congo
Authors: Adam Michel 
Published: October 2008

M. Adam — A Culture on the Wane: The Nzabi in the Congo People's Republic.
Presentation of a recent thesis on the Njabi, a forest people on the borders of Gabon and Congo, with a precolonial tradition of iron-working and trade. This work marks to a large extent a welcome return to descriptive anthropology, in contrast to the more recent trend toward sweeping, if somewhat monist, theorization.
Hommes de religion et confréries islamiques dans une société en crise, l'Aïr aux XIXe et XXe siècles. Le cas de la Khalwatiyya.
Authors: Triaud Jean-Louis 
Published: October 2008

J.-L. Triaud — Men of Religion and Tariqat in a Society in Turmoil : The Khalwatiyya in 19th- and 20th-Century Air.
After World War II administrative reports in the Air region of the Niger colony (today's Niger Republic) mention a 'new' brotherhood, Khalwatiyya, which competes successfully with the long-established Qadiriyya. The khalwati shaykh Malam Mu sa Abatul maintains that his way has been introduced in Air by a ioth-century scholar and 'saint', Si Mahmud al-Baghdadi, and transmitted up to him through a regular silsila. Khalwatiyya, rather than Qadiriyya (and even more than Sanusiyya), could well be considered as the 'national' tariqa of Air. It is in fact far more likely that it was introduced or, at least, reactivated by Malam Mu sa, in order to strengthen the influence of the southern, sedentary ineslemen (members of the religious fractions) as against the northern warlike fractions, especially the Kunta. This is evidenced by the stress put upon gardening, modem European-style education and generai policy of co-operation with the French, after the failure of Kawsan's (Kaocen) uprising of 1916-17. The rise of the Khalwatiyya would thus resuit more from a manipulation than from a restauration.
Un monde policé en terre ivoirienne : le cercle toubabou, 1904-1939.
Authors: Tirefort Alain 
Published: October 2008

A. Tirefort — A ' Civilized' World in Ivory Coast : The Tubabu Club, 1904-1939.
Before the actual achievement of penetration and control, a tendency toward association manifested itself among the settlers. In full growth during the twenties, this trend fulfils a need for intensifying 'after work' relationships between indi-viduals. As a focus for entertainment generating a feeling of security, the Tubabu club marks the strong beat in the settlers' daily life. At the same time, it presents the natives with a model of ' civilized' society. Nevertheless, its role as a means of social control among the colonists' group provides a glimpse of the internai divisions which seem to increase in the thirties. On the eve of World War II, the associative trend has spread into the native population, as a socio-economic answer to urban insecurity in a disrupted society rather than a mere mimetism. Among the White settlers' community it is indicative of a mutation: the group as a whole has become less well-ofi, less homogeneous and less easy to penetrate than it was at the beginning of the century. Male-dominated and more and more restricted to 'real White-men', the Tubabu club typifi.es the 'White power' in the lower Ivory Coast, its limits and its evolution toward a double confinement.
The French Conquest of Northwest Ivory Coast. The Attempt of the Rulers of Kabadugu to Control the Situation.
Authors: O'Sullivan John M. 
Published: October 2008

J. M. O'Sullivan - La conquête française dans le nord-ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire. Tentatives des chefs de Kabadugu pour tirer parti de la situation.
Les Français, lancés à la poursuite de Samori Touré, arrivèrent à Odienné en décembre 1897 et y établirent un poste. Le souverain local, Moriba Touré, n'ayant pas réussi à les empêcher d'occuper son royaume, essaya d'utiliser les Français pour consolider sa propre position. Cette politique de « sous-impérialisme » continuait celle qu'avaient menée ses prédécesseurs dans le cadre de l'empire de Samori. Le principal souci des Touré et de leurs alliés dyula était non seulement de maintenir leur domination politique, mais encore de préserver leur mainmise sur les esclaves, qui constituaient la base essentielle de l'économie de Kabadugu. Le paradigme résistance/sous-impérialisme suggéré par certaines recherches récentes sur l'Afrique méridionale est appliqué ici à la situation dans l'Ouest africain.
Two New Religions, One Analytic Frame.
Authors: Ottenberg Simon 
Published: October 2008

S. Ottenberg — Deux religions nouvelles, un cadre d'analyse.
Les Limba de la chefferie de Bafodea, dans le nord de la Sierra Leone, ont été influencés à la fois par l'islam et le christianisme, qui en sont à la phase de contact. Les études antérieures ont généralement sous-estimé les similarités que présentent ces deux religions en Afrique : à Bafodea, elles ont suscité des réactions très analogues, avec cependant certaines différences significatives. L'auteur défend l'emploi d'un cadre d'analyse unique, de niveau « émique », pour les deux religions.
La valise dans le cercueil : l'Afrique et l'avenir des Européens dans les romans de Nadine Gordimer
Authors: Adams Adrian 
Published: October 2008

A. Adams — The Wallet in the Casket : Africa and the White People's Future in the Novels of Nadine Gordimer.
The second part (see CEA 94) of a study of the views that the two foremost South African/British women novelists hold about race relations at the personal and group levels in today's and tomorrow's Africa. Nadine Gordimer's novels are hardly less desperate than those of Doris Lessing, yet in most of them there is still a faint glimmer of hope. Instead of fleeing for good to a meaningless exile, her main characters finally choose to come back to Africa on a hopeless bet of survival in a fearful unknown and unknowable future.
À qui ressemblent-ils ?
Authors: Silva José Carlos Gomes da 
Published: October 2008

J. C. Gomes da Silva—Whom Do they Resemble?
An attempt at delineating the logic inherent to the epical discourse through an examination of Pierre Smith's recent theses. Attention is focused upon the fact that such a study demands a new evaluation of the guiding concepts and principles of anthropology. While P. Smith deals chiefly with African examples, the present essay makes a privileged use of Ossete legends (Northern Caucasus) and Slavic epical traditions.
Un prélude au nationalisme togolais : la révolte de Lomé, 24-25 janvier 1933
Authors: Aduayon Messan Adimado 
Published: October 2008

M. A. Aduayom — A Prelude to Togolese Nationalisme The Lome Riots of 23 and 24 January 1933.
The 1933 'Women's riots' or ' Stoning days' followed an increase in taxes which took place in the context of the great 1929 Depression. There were between 3,000 and 4,000 demonstrators, a majority of them women, and the trouble spread well beyond the city limits, with echoes in the neighbouring colonies of Gold Coast and Dahomey. The Duawo association, which organised the movement, can be considered as a direct predecessor of the post-war nationalist parties.
Ìdáìsà: The Making of a Frontier Yorùbá State.
Authors: Adediran Biodun 
Published: October 2008

'B. Adédirân — Idaisà : la formation d'un État frontalier yorùbâ.
Le processus de création des États précoloniaux dans l'aire culturelle yorùbâ a pris des formes variées. L'article étudie le cas du royaume d'îdâisà (dans l'actuelle république populaire du Bénin) où le groupe dynastique des Omo Jagun a agi comme rassembleur de populations^ d'origines diverses, en dépit, ou à cause de la pression militaire des royaumes d'Oyô et du Danhomè.
B. Malinowski, the Sociology of 'Modem Problems' in Africa and the 'Colonial Situation'.
Authors: Rossetti Carlo 
Published: October 2008

C. Rossetti — Anthropologie et pouvoir colonial: Malinowski et l'École de Manchester.
Réexamen des idées défendues par Malinowski au sujet de la situation coloniale : contrairement à certaines critiques actuelles, il refusait de mettre l'anthropologie au service de la colonisation mais, tout au contraire, lui fixait pour but la protection des peuples assujettis et de leurs cultures contre l'arbitraire de l'expansionnisme européen.
Rêve et réalité en ethnohistoire : note sceptique sur J. Freedman et L. de Heusch.
Authors: Vidal Claudine 
Published: October 2008

C. Vidal — Dream and Fact in Ethno-history : A Skeptical Note on J. Freedman and L. de Heusch.
An analysis, based upon Rwanda materials, of the different ways to infuse historical reality into theoretical fantasies. Two recent essays in ethno-history are consider-ed in a skeptical light insofar as they do not conform to the objectivity rules that historians are used to follow in this, and other fields.
De l'espace et des races à Abidjan, entre 1903 et 1934
Authors: Le Pape Marc 
Published: October 2008

M. Le Pape — On Space and Race in A bidjan, 1903-1934.
The idea of separated European and African housing was accepted in French colonial circles since the beginning of this century. However diverging practices and opinions obtained concerning the opportunity of isolating more or less absolu tely the European neighbourhood. This paper attempts to determine which European fractions were confronted in this controversy and to reconstruct their motivating forces.
Du clandestin à l'officieux. Les réseaux de vente illicite des médicaments au Sénégal.
Authors: Fassin Didier 
Published: October 2008

D. Fassin — Front Clandestine to Unofficial : Illicit Dealings in Medicines on Sene-galese Markets.
The recent development of an illicit trade in medicines in African towns leads to wonder why a society generates and tolerates illegal practices in order to solve its health problems. A study of the sale of medicines on the markets in Pikine, a suburb of Dakar, provides a double answer. On the one hand, the public author-ities are unable to ensure economie access to medicines for the urban poor: hence the multiplication of illicit outlets where drugs are retailed at a lower price. On the other hand, the supply networks and the dealers' training are controlled by the powerful Murid brotherhood whose close political connection with the State authorities hinders officiai intervention. This results in a policy which, in spite of officiai denunciations, alternates passive toleration with casual repression.
Indigenous Currencies and the History of Marriage Payments. A Case Study from Cameroon.
Authors: Guyer Jane I. 
Published: October 2008

J. I. Guyer — Monnaies indigènes et histoire de la dot au Cameroun.
L'histoire précoloniale de la dot est reconstituée à travers une double approche : recours aux différents modèles théoriques de la dynamique dotale pour interpréter la maigre documentation sur le mariage dans la région ethno-linguistique fang-bulu-beti du Sud-Cameroun ; interprétation de l'ethnographie de la dot comme l'intersection de deux flux, celui des femmes et celui de la richesse. Au Sud-Cameroun comme dans une grande partie de l'Afrique équatoriale et centrale, la monnaie de fer indigène (bikie), produite dans le contexte de l'économie métallurgique locale, était un élément de la richesse et un article de base pour le paiement de la dot. Il est suggéré ici que s'est développée, au cours du xixe siècle, une relation entre la forme et la valeur de cette monnaie, son taux d'échange dans le paiement de la dot et les autres transactions, les formes de mariage et de polygynie, et l'organisation sociale d'un commerce à longue distance en expansion.
Tembe-Thonga Kinship : The Marriage of Anthropology and History.
Authors: Webster David Joseph 
Published: October 2008

D. Webster — Le système de parenté tembe-thonga : les noces de l'histoire et de l'anthropologie.
L'auteur dénonce l'usage trop fréquent du « présent ethnographique » en démontrant, par comparaison entre la situation actuelle, les descriptions anciennes comme celle de Junod, et la tradition orale, que les structures familiales du groupe ont changé parallèlement aux transformations politiques, tant endo- qu'exogènes.
La maturité des études créoles
Authors: Kihm Alain 
Published: October 2008

A. Kihm — Creole Studies' Corning of Age.
After a century of existence, Creole studies are fmally reaching maturity, becoming a recognized, as opposed to self-proclaimed, discipline, with a fair amount of inner consensus as to the basic issues which delineate its identity. Evidence of this is the recent publication of a few books which achieve the format of real manuals addressed to a wider audience than just the practitioners of the field. Peter Miihl-hausler's book is one of those, certainly the most important to date.
L'État géomètre : les leydi des Peul du Fuuta Tooro (Sénégal) et du Maasina (Mali).
Authors: Schmitz Jean 
Published: October 2008

J. Schmitz-—The State as Surveyor: The Fulani's leydi in Fuuta Tooro (Senegal) and Maasina (Mali).
The Haalpulaar in the Senegal valley and the Fulani in the Niger inland delta use the same word, leydi, for their minimal territorial unit. The two groups have gone through often parallels destinies, especially on the advent of Moslem States in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. However, while the Haalpulaar built an integrated society where ethnie references were superseded by status distinctions, in Maasina the various population strata kept their autonomy. Hence the territorial organization in the latter zone bears the mark of pastoral hegemony, while in Fuuta Tooro husbandsmen's and fishermen's territories are coterminal since neither did succeed in enforcing an exclusive network; likewise every freemen's group is represented at the level of the micro-State which governs the leydi. One may wonder why no account of such fonction al realities is taken in the preliminary studies of hydraulic and agricultural developments in Senegal.
The Ecology of Swidden Agriculture and Agrarian History in São Tomé.
Authors: Eyzaguirre Pablo B. 
Published: October 2008

P. B. Eyzaguirre — Écologie de l'essartage et histoire agricole de Sâo Tomé.
L'agriculture sur brûlis est le secteur qui se développe le plus vite dans l'économie vivrière de Sâo Tome, cette île ouest-africaine exportatrice de cacao. Sào Tome est une société de plantation caractérisée par un pluralisme socio-culturel où le statut est déterminé par l'ancienneté d'installation et la propriété de lopins (glebas). L'essartage est devenu le principal domaine de développement agricole et commercial dans une île où plus de 90 % des terres appartiennent à de grandes plantations, aujourd'hui nationalisées (roças), tandis que 6 % (les glebas) sont affectés de contraintes sociales qui restreignent leur amélioration. Le passage au système écologique actuel de culture sur brûlis est une réponse aux transformations politiques et à la demande croissante de produits vivriers.
L'histoire agro-écologique de Sâo Tome au cours des cent dernières années contredit les théories qui associent l'essartage à un faible niveau de commercialisation et à des groupes sociaux peu complexes. L'exemple de Sâo Tome attire l'attention sur l'importance de l'essartage pour les entreprises agricoles et suggère que ce phénomène, souvent négligé dans les plans de développement, est également présent dans d'autres sociétés agraires complexes d'Afrique.
Une formation politique précoloniale du Sahel occidental malien : le Baakhunu à l'époque des Kaagoro.
Authors: Ardoin Claude-Daniel 
Published: October 2008

C. D. Ardouin — A Precolonial Political Formation in the Western Sahel of Mali: Baakhunu during the Kaagoro Era.
By using oral traditions and scarce written sources, an analysis is made of how Baakhunu originated and functioned. Like other chieftaincies in the western Sahel of Mali, this small precolonial political formation comprised a heterogeneous population (Kaagoro, Maninka, Sononke, caste members and slaves) and was socially organized largely on the basis of warfare and slavery. Having the char-acteristics of both a segmentary organization and a state, Baakhunu was constantly in conflict with the Moors and easily fell prey to various conquerors (al-Hajj Umar, the French).
Le schème de la naissance à l'envers : scénario initiatique et logique de l'inversion
Authors: Mary André 
Published: October 2008

A. Mary — The 'Reverse Birth' Model : Initiation process and the logic of inversion.
'Reverse birth' constitutes one of the most pervasive models in the initiation process and ritual of the Bwiti cuit of the Fang (Gabon). Enactment of this inversion of biological birth which coincides with death draws less on a dramatization of a return to the mother's womb, Nyingone Mebeghe, than on diverse topological figures which operate on the reversibility of the spatial opposition between 'the wrong side ouf and 'the right side ouf, connected to the crossing of thresholds and of openings in a ritual space, and also on the interplay of inputs/outputs and the displacements of the body as a shifter of inversion. The demultiplication of signifiers of the ceremonial space and the redundancy of the schemes which structure the various temporal dimensions (biological, existential, historical) evoked by the rite, draw on a logic of fragmentation and repetition serving the scheme of the overlap of the opposites life/death. The ambivalence inherent in the model of 'reverse birth' finally appears to be at the basis of the paradoxical superimposition of the 'inversion-regression' into the maternai womb (the path to initiatory conversion and to salvation), and of the 'inversion-subversion' of the order instituted by the ancestor Nzame. By dramatizing the specular relationship between opposites, ritual inversion actualizes the return of the Other to the Same.
Tradition, légende, identité dans les États précoloniaux de la boucle du Niger.
Authors: Terray Emmanuel 
Published: October 2008

E. Terray — Tradition, Legend, Identity in the Precolonial States of the Niger Bend.
The traditions of origin of the Niger bend kingdoms convey in a veiled way a certain idea of the State and its relationships to segmentary society: according to these traditions, State founders are individuals not fully integrated in lineage society. The founding process implies a radical discontinuity between the segmentary society and the State, in space, in time, and in the nature of forces mobiliz-ed. As a model, the State exists from time immemorial, and therefore does not owe anything to the segmentary society. At last, the values of the segmentary society and those of the State are diametrically opposed.
Colonial Mozambique, an Inside View : The Life History of Raúl Honwana
Authors: Isaacman Allen 
Published: October 2008

A. Isaacman — Le Mozambique colonial vu de l'intérieur : l'autobiographie de Raûl Honwana.
L'ouvrage de Raûl Honwana, Memôrias, constitue un témoignage incomparable sur le Mozambique colonial. Lors de sa parution en 1985 il reçut un accueil très élogieux en même temps que controversé. Dans son livre, Honwana aborde plusieurs problèmes importants, par exemple le statut ambigu des « assimilados » ou la manière dont le racisme structure la vie quotidienne des non-Européens, indépendamment de leur position de classe ou des différentes stratégies que les Mozambi-cains adoptent pour faire face ou lutter contre l'oppression coloniale. Cette autobiographie témoigne également de l'ancienneté des liens existant entre les nationalistes du sud Mozambique et l'African National Congress.
La symbolique du sexe : l'identité culturelle au début de l'exploitation des mines d'or du Witwatersrand
Authors: Harries Patrick 
Published: October 2008

P. Harries — The Symbolism of Sex : Cultural Identity in the Early Witwatersrand Gold Mines.
The emphasis given to the mine compound as an institution of social control has tended to efface the vision of the compound as a focus of community life. One way of entering the mental framework of a community that has left no written records is to treat the System of signs produced by its members as « texts » that may be « read ». In this essay I attempt to read proverbs ans aphorisms in this manner and, especially, the System of mine marriages known as bukhontxana. To many European observers bukhontxana was yet another aspect of the brutal life in the compounds. Yet marriages between men conformed to a specifie pattern and were regulated by miners' laws and rituals. For young boys these marriages provided a maie gender socialisation and the brideprice needed to acquire a wife. For the « husbands » they were an assertion of masculinity and pride, and a means of entering into affective relationships. The marriages also reinforced the image of the family, the institution through which maies were able to accumulate wealth and power in the rural areas, as a gendered System of domination and subordination.
Legs colonial, patrimoine national : Nasreddine Dinet, peintre de l'indigène algérien
Authors: Pouillon François 
Published: October 2008

F. Pouillon — Colonial Legacy, National Heritage : Nasreddine Dinet, a Painter of Algerian Natives.
Independent Algeria's rehabilitation of a French « Orientalist » painter, who died in 1929, raises questions about how important the colonial heritage is in the making of Algerian identity. After examining the difficulties encountered in a biography that cannot be reduced to the interpretation of a spectacular conversion to Islam, facts are placed in their political and cultural contexts. Other figures, who have also sucessfully passed on from colonial to independent Algeria, are used to shed light on the issues involved in the portrayal of Algerian native life and in the ways this legacy has been passed down.