bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between gross domestic product and duration of
untreated psychosis in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Large Matthew , Farooq Saeed , Nielssen Olav , Slade Tim 
Published: September 2008

BackgroundThe duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), the period between the first
onset of psychotic symptoms and treatment, has an important influence on
the outcome of schizophrenia.AimsTo compare the published studies of DUP in low- and middle-income (LAMI)
countries with the DUP of high-income countries, and examine a possible
association between DUP and per capita income.MethodWe used six search strategies to locate studies of the DUP from LAMI
countries published between January 1975 and January 2008. We then
examined the relationship between DUP and measures of economic activity,
which was assessed using the LAMI classification of countries and gross
domestic product (GDP) purchasing power parity.ResultsThe average mean DUP in studies from LAMI countries was 125.0 weeks
compared with 63.4 weeks in studies from high-income countries
(P=0.012). Within the studies from LAMI countries,
mean DUP fell by 6 weeks for every $1000 of GDP purchasing power
parity.ConclusionsThere appears to be an inverse relationship between income and DUP in
LAMI countries. The cost of treatment is an impediment to care and
subsidised antipsychotic medication would improve the access to treatment
and the outcome of psychotic illness in LAMI countries.
Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for major depressive disorder: population-based study
Authors: Pasco Julie A. , Williams Lana J. , Jacka Felice N. , Ng Felicity , Henry Margaret J. , Nicholson Geoffrey C. , Kotowicz Mark A. , Berk Michael 
Published: September 2008

BackgroundSmoking is disproportionately prevalent among people with psychiatric illness.AimsTo investigate smoking as a risk factor for major depressive disorder.MethodA population-based sample of women was studied using case–control and retrospective cohort study designs. Exposure to smoking was self-reported, and major depressive disorder diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV–TR (SCID–I/NP).ResultsAmong 165 people with major depressive disorder and 806 controls, smoking was associated with increased odds for major depressive disorder (age-adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.46, 95% CI 1.03–2.07). Compared with non-smokers, odds for major depressive disorder more than doubled for heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes/day). Among 671 women with no history of major depressive disorder at baseline, 13 of 87 smokers and 38 of 584 non-smokers developedde novomajor depressive disorder during a decade of follow-up. Smoking increased major depressive disorder risk by 93% (hazard ratio (HR)=1.93, 95% CI 1.02–3.69); this was not explained by physical activity or alcohol consumption.ConclusionsEvidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal data suggests that smoking increases the risk of major depressive disorder in women.
Injectable opiate prescribing in Cornwall
Authors: White Rupert , Shearman Lizzie 
Published: September 2008

Aims and MethodTo compare local practice with national guidelines, examine the areas of divergence, and establish complication rates for methadone and diamorphine. Fifty-one patients from Cornwall treated with injectable methadone or diamorphine were interviewed using a standard questionnaire.ResultsFewer problems were reported by individuals using injectable diamorphine, though for both drugs intramuscular injection was more problematic than intravenous injection. Injections into the groin were common, as was problem drinking.Clinical ImplicationsIntramuscular administration of medications may be more likely to cause abcesses or cellulitis. Ongoing groin injecting and alcohol misuse is common, but should probably be tolerated if other harm reduction benefits accrue. It may be prohibitively expensive to set up injecting rooms in rural parts of the UK and future policy should reflect this.
Survey of long-stay patients on acute psychiatric wards
Authors: Commander Martin , Rooprai Dharjinder 
Published: September 2008

Aims and MethodTo describe the profile of patients staying on acute wards for longer than 6 months and to compare staff appraisals of accommodation needs with patients' placements at 2 years.ResultsLong-stay patients consistently occupied around a fifth of all acute beds. the nursing and medical staff recommendations and patients' placements at 2 years showed only moderate agreement. Aside from remaining in hospital, patients were most likely to be living in a residential or nursing home at follow-up.Clinical ImplicationsThere is a need to sharpen the focus of mental health strategy on non-acute hospital provision and 24-h-staffed community facilities. In particular, it is important to recognise the contribution of clinical expertise to the assessment and placement of long-stay in-patients.
Vitamin D deficiency in psychiatric in-patients and treatment with daily supplements of calcium and ergocalciferol
Authors: Tiangga Eleanor , Gowda Asha , Dent John A. 
Published: September 2008

Aims and MethodThis study examines the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in a group of male psychiatric in-patients and follows 16 of them prospectively during treatment with calcium and ergocalciferol tablets.ResultsOf 17 male patients, 15 had vitamin D deficiency and two had borderline deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with Black and minority ethnic background. Improvement in vitamin D status was observed following replacement therapy.Clinical ImplicationsVitamin D deficiency may be widespread in the psychiatric population particularly in Black and minority ethnic but also in White European in-patients. Vitamin D level should be routinely monitored in psychiatric in-patients. for those with vitamin D deficiency, replacement therapy can be commenced with calcium and ergocalciferol tablets (containing 10 μg of ergocalciferol), which is safe and well tolerated. All psychiatric in-patients should have adequate exposure to sunlight and attention to diet to ensure that they receive their recommended daily allowance of vitamins and minerals.
The results of the titanium-coated RM acetabular component at 20 years
Authors: Ihle M. , Mai S. , Pfluger D. , Siebert W. 
Published: September 2008

In a prospective study, 93 unselected consecutive uncemented hip arthroplasties were performed in 80 patients using the titanium-coated RM acetabular component and the CLS femoral component. The mean age of the patients at operation was 52 years (28 to 81). None were lost to follow-up. In the 23 patients who had died (26 hips) only one acetabular component had been revised. In the 57 living patients (67 hips), 13 such revisions had been performed. Of the 14 revisions, seven were for osteolysis, five for loosening and two for infection. Survival analysis of this implant showed a total probability of survival of 83% (95% confidence interval 73 to 90), with all revisions as the endpoint, and a probability of 94% (95% confidence interval 87 to 98) with revision for aseptic loosening as the endpoint, indicating reliable long-term fixation of the titanium-coated RM acetabular component.
The NexGen LPS-flex to the knee prosthesis at a minimum of three years
Authors: Kim T.-H. , Lee D.-H. , Bin S.-I. 
Published: September 2008

We carried out a prospective study to assess the clinical outcome, complications and survival of the NexGen Legacy posterior-stabilised-Flex total knee replacement (TKR) in a consecutive series of 278 knees between May 2003 and February 2005. Mean follow-up for 259 TKRs (98.2%) was 3.8 years (3.0 to 4.8). Annual follow-up showed improvement in the Knee Society scores (paired t-test, p < 0.05). At the last follow-up, the mean maximum flexion was 135° (110° to 150°). Two knees showed radiolucent lines, but revision was not required because the patients were asymptomatic. Revision was required in one case because of infection, but there were no prosthesis-related revisions. There were no other complications. The estimated survival rate at four years with revision for any reason and prosthesis-related problems was 99.6% and 100%, respectively. This relatively large study indicates that the legacy posterior stabilised-Flex design provides excellent short-term outcome but warrants ongoing evaluation to confirm the long-term durability and functioning of the implant.
Gli indirizzi e l'attività principale della «Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie» nei suoi primi decenni
Authors: Holtus Günter 
Published: September 2008

Riassunto
Il processo della costituzione della romanistica è accompagnato e promosso dalla fondazione di riviste specializzate. Si illustrerà, in sintesi, in che misura la ZrP ha contribuito a indirizzare gli studi di romanistica nei decenni fondativi della disciplina, indicandone i metodi e mettendo a fuoco temi essenziali di ricerca per gli anni successivi. Con ciò si mostra che la ZrP, nei primi decenni della sua esistenza, non si è occupata solamente degli ambiti tradizionali della filologia (romanza), ma ha rappresentato anche un forum per temi nuovi e innovativi della ricerca, promuovendo così, fin dall'inizio, gli scambi scientifici della romanistica in Germania e all'estero.
Der Atlante linguistico ed etnografico del Piemonte occidentale – ALEPO
Authors: Pfister Max 
Published: September 2008

Zusammenfassung
Den beiden verantwortlichen Herausgebern Sabina Canobbio und Tullio Telmon kann man gratulieren zu diesem viel versprechenden Publikationsbeginn des ALEPO: Die Bände Presentazione e guida alla lettura des ALEPO und I rilevamenti sociovariazionali. Linee progettuali (Palermo, Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani, 2005) von Mari D'Agostino und Giovanni Ruffino sind die beiden besten und methodologisch wegweisenden Publikationen für soziovariationale Spracherhebungen in der Italoromania. Für Sprachaufnahmen und Ethnotext haben die im ALEPO angewandte Aufnahmemethode («sociolinguistica areale») und die kartographische Darstellung (Farbfotos, Verbreitungskarten der Pflanzen) Modellcharakter. Als Anregung für die weiteren ALEPO-Bände sollte die Lesbarkeit der Sprachkarten verbessert werden. Man kann vom Benutzer nicht erwarten, dass er den gedruckten Text mit der Lupe lesen muss. Die Interpretation der lexikalischen Typisierungen sollte nicht allein den zwar kompetenten und versierten Artikelbearbeitern überlassen werden. Ähnlich wie dies Pierre Gardette und Paulette Durdilly im Kommentarband des Atlas Linguistique du Lyonnais praktiziert haben, darf für jeden Worttypus ein Verweis auf von Wartburgs FEW nicht fehlen.
In einer Zeit der knappen finanziellen Mittel ist es entscheidend, die folgenden ALEPO-Bände in regelmäßigem Rhythmus zu publizieren und das wertvolle Kartenmaterial angemessen zu interpretieren und möglichst rasch einem interessierten Publikum zugänglich zu machen.
Changing Use of Surfactant Over 6 Years and Its Relationship to Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: Chong Euming , Greenspan Jay , Kirkby Sharon , Culhane Jennifer , Dysart Kevin 
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVES. Our goals were to identify the trend of surfactant use over a 6-year period and to determine whether a relationship exists between the incidence of chronic lung disease in infants born weighing &lt;1000 g who receive surfactant and those who do not.
METHODOLOGY. Data regarding surfactant use, incidence of chronic lung disease, nasal continuous positive airway pressure use and duration, and demographic data were collected from the Alere (formerly ParadigmHealth) database from 2001 to 2006 (n = 3086). Groups were compared by using χ2 test, analysis of variance, or Student's t test.
RESULTS. Use of surfactant has decreased over time from 67% in 2001 to 59.9% in 2006. Infants who received surfactant were more likely to develop chronic lung disease. Those who received &gt;1 dose of surfactant were more likely to develop chronic lung disease when compared with infants treated with only 1 dose. Chronic lung disease rates have risen over time from 47.8% in 2001 to 57.8% in 2006. There was no difference in survival between groups.
CONCLUSIONS. Despite the findings that surfactant use decreased during the study period and the rate of chronic lung disease increased, the data do not support a connection. Infants who receive surfactant are more likely to develop chronic lung disease, and chronic lung disease rates are stable in those infants not treated with surfactant. It is concerning, however, that 60% of infants not receiving surfactant developed chronic lung disease.
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Uterovaginal Duplication: A Series of 32 Cases
Authors: Capito Carmen , Echaieb Anis , Lortat-Jacob Stephen , Thibaud Elisabeth , Sarnacki Sabine , Nihoul-Fékété Claire 
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVES. Obstructive uterovaginal duplication is rare and frequently misdiagnosed. The aims of this study were to review all the patients managed for this malformation in our institution, evaluate their long-term outcomes, and discuss the embryologic origin of this malformation.
METHODS. From 1984 to 2007, we treated 32 patients for obstructive uterovaginal duplication in our institution. We separated them in 2 groups (prepubertal [n = 8] and pubertal [n = 24]) and analyzed their clinical and radiologic presentations and their treatments. Patients &gt;18 years of age (n = 22) were recontacted.
RESULTS. For the prepubertal group, the median age at diagnosis was 6 months. Postnatal ultrasound showed an absent ipsilateral kidney in 6 case subjects, although 4 patients had a prenatal diagnosis of ipsilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. This renal anomaly was associated with a pelvic sonolucent mass in 3 case subjects, allowing us to prenatally suspect the diagnosis. All of the patients were cured by vaginal approach. For the pubertal group, the median delay of diagnosis after menarche was 9 months. Among patients managed in an emergency setting (n = 11), there were 9 misdiagnoses with inappropriate abdominal surgeries, including 3 hysterectomies of the obstructed hemiuterus. Concerning long-term results, 5 patients were attempting to have children, with successful pregnancies for 4 of them. One patient suffered from infertility attributable to contralateral isthmic stenosis after a hysterectomy of the obstructed hemiuterus.
CONCLUSIONS. Obstructive uterovaginal duplication is a benign pathology when properly managed. Therefore, management of abdominal pain in peripubertal girls should include systematic abdominal and gynecologic examinations completed by radiologic pelvic and renal evaluation. Surgical treatment should be performed by vaginal approach to avoid infertility. Concerning the origin of the malformation, the high association of prenatal dysplastic kidneys and postnatal absent kidneys suggests anomalies of both wolffian and müllerian duct development, contrasting with the classic definition of this malformation.
Somatosensory, motor, and reaching/grasping responses to direct electrical stimulation of the human cingulate motor areas
Authors: Chassagnon Serge , Minotti Lorella , Kremer Stéphane , Hoffmann Dominique , Kahane Philippe 
Published: September 2008

Object
Surgery for frontal lobe drug-resistant epilepsies is often limited by the apparent widespread distribution of the epileptogenic zone. Recent advances in the parcellation of the medial premotor cortex give the opportunity to reconsider “seizures of the supplementary motor area” (SMA), and to assess the contribution of cingulate motor areas (CMAs), SMA proper (SMAp), and pre-SMA to the symptomatology of premotor seizures.

Methods
The authors reviewed the results of extraoperative electrical stimulation (ES) applied in 52 candidates for epilepsy surgery who underwent stereotactic intracerebral electroencephalographic recordings, focusing on ES of the different medial premotor fields; that is, the anterior and posterior CMA, the SMAp, and the pre-SMA. The ES sites were localized by superposition of the postoperative lateral skull x-ray and the preoperative sagittal MR imaging studies.

Results
Among 94 electrodes reaching the medial premotor wall, 57 responses were obtained from the anterior CMA (13 cases), the posterior CMA (11), the pre-SMA (18), and the SMAp (15). The ES of the pre-SMA and SMAp gave rise most often to a combination of motor (31 cases), speech-related (22), or somatosensory (3) elementary symptoms. The ES of the CMA yielded simple (17 of 24) more often than complex responses (7 of 24), among which sensory symptoms (7) were overrepresented. Irrepressible exploratory reaching/grasping movements were elicited at the vicinity of the cingulate sulcus, from the anterior CMA (3 cases) or the pre-SMA (1). Clinical responses to ES were not predictive of the postoperative neurological outcome.

Conclusions
These findings might be helpful in epilepsy surgery candidates, to better target investigation of the CMA, pre-SMA, and SMAp, and therefore to provide a better understanding of premotor seizures.
Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of obesity
Authors: Halpern Casey H. , Wolf John A. , Bale Tracy L. , Stunkard Albert J. , Danish Shabbar F. , Grossman Murray , Jaggi Jurg L. , Grady M. Sean , Baltuch Gordon H. 
Published: September 2008

Obesity is a growing global health problem frequently intractable to current treatment options. Recent evidence suggests that deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be effective and safe in the management of various, refractory neuropsychiatric disorders, including obesity. The authors review the literature implicating various neural regions in the pathophysiology of obesity, as well as the evidence supporting these regions as targets for DBS, in order to explore the therapeutic promise of DBS in obesity.
The lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus are the appetite and satiety centers in the brain, respectively. Substantial data support targeting these regions with DBS for the purpose of appetite suppression and weight loss. However, reward sensation associated with highly caloric food has been implicated in overconsumption as well as obesity, and may in part explain the failure rates of conservative management and bariatric surgery. Thus, regions of the brain's reward circuitry, such as the nucleus accumbens, are promising alternatives for DBS in obesity control.
The authors conclude that deep brain stimulation should be strongly considered as a promising therapeutic option for patients suffering from refractory obesity.
Factors involved in long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation of the thalamus for essential tremor
Authors: Pilitsis Julie G. , Metman Leo Verhagen , Toleikis John R. , Hughes Lindsay E. , Sani Sepehr B. , Bakay Roy A. E. 
Published: September 2008

Object
Although nucleus ventralis intermedius stimulation has been shown to be safe and efficacious in the treatment of essential tremor, there is a subset of patients who eventually lose benefit from their stimulation. Proposed causes for this phenomenon include tolerance, disease progression, and suboptimal location. The goal of this study was to assess the factors that may lead to both stimulation failure, defined as loss of meaningful tremor relief, and less satisfactory outcomes, defined as leads requiring voltages > 3.6 V for effective tremor control.

Methods
The authors present their clinical outcomes from 31 leads in 27 patients who had effective tremor control for > 1 year following nucleus ventralis intermedius stimulation. All patients postoperatively had a mean decrease in both the writing and drawing subscales of the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale (p < 0.001).

Results
After a mean follow-up of 40 months, 22 patients continued to have tremor control with stimulation. Four patients eventually lost efficacy of their stimulation at a mean of 39 months. There was no difference in age, duration of disease, or disease severity between the groups. Examination of perioperative factors revealed that suboptimal anteroposterior positioning as evidenced on intraoperative fluoroscopy occurred significantly more frequently in patients with stimulation failure (p = 0.018). In patients with less satisfactory outcomes, no difference was seen between group demographics. Fluoroscopy again revealed suboptimal positioning more frequently in these patients (p = 0.005).

Conclusions
This study provides further evidence that suboptimal lead position in combination with disease progression or tolerance may result in less satisfactory long-term outcomes.
Relationship of “dose” of intracranial hypertension to outcome in severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Vik Anne , Nag Torbjørn , Fredriksli Oddrun Anita , Skandsen Toril , Moen Kent Gøran , Schirmer-Mikalsen Kari , Manley Geoffrey T. 
Published: September 2008

Object
It has recently been suggested that the degree of intracranial pressure (ICP) above the treatment goal can be estimated by the area under the curve (AUC) of ICP versus time in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The objective of this study was to determine whether the calculated “ICP dose”—the ICP AUC—is related to mortality rate, outcome, and Marshall CT classification.

Methods
Of 135 patients (age range 1–82 years) with severe TBI treated during a 5-year period at the authors' institution, 113 patients underwent ICP monitoring (84%). Ninety-three patients with a monitoring time > 24 hours were included for analysis of ICP AUC calculated using the trapezoidal method. Computed tomography scans were assessed according to the Marshall TBI classification. Patients with Glasgow Outcome Scale scores at 6 months and > 3 years were separated into 2 groups based on outcome.

Results
Sixty patients (65%) had ICP values > 20 mm Hg, and 12 (13%) developed severe intracranial hypertension and died secondary to herniation. A multiple regression analysis adjusting for Glasgow Coma Scale score, age, pupillary abnormalities and Injury Severity Scale score demonstrated that the ICP AUC was a significant predictor of poor outcome at 6 months (p = 0.034) and of death (p = 0.035). However, it did not predict long-term outcome (p = 0.157). The ICP AUC was significantly higher in patients with Marshall head injury Categories 3 and 4 (24 patients) than in those with Category 2 (23 patients, p = 0.025) and Category 5 (46 patients, p = 0.021) TBIs using the worst CT scan obtained.

Conclusions
The authors found a significant relationship between the dose of ICP, the worst Marshall CT score, and patient outcome, suggesting that the AUC method may be useful in refining and improving the treatment of ICP in patients with TBI.