bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexing sooty terns on Ascension Island from morphometric measurements
Authors: Reynolds S. J. , Martin G. R. , Wallace L. L. , Wearn C. P. , Hughes B. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSooty terns Onychoprion fuscata are one of the most abundant seabirds but breeding populations in many colonies have diminished. Rapid sexing of sooty terns in the field could be crucial in advancing our understanding of their reproductive biology, and in promoting conservation. However, sooty tern males and females are identical in their plumage and, thus, difficult to sex in the field. Morphometric measurements were taken from 63 adult sooty terns breeding on Ascension Island in 2005. A small blood sample was taken from the brachial vein to determine the bird's sex using standard PCR‐based molecular techniques. Males were consistently larger in all morphometric measurements than females but considerable overlap between the sexes resulted in no single measurement being a useful discriminator of sex. A principal components analysis on a correlation matrix of seven morphometric measurements indicated that the first principal component (PC1) was a good ‘body size’ axis explaining 40.5% of the variance in the original matrix. The suite of head measurements all had high character loadings on PC1 and were, therefore, good indicators of the body size of sooty terns. Tarsus length and wing length were less reliable predictors of sex. Discriminant analyses revealed that a disciminant function incorporating head measurements and wing length allowed 77.8% of sooty terns to be sexed correctly based upon morphometric measurements alone. Further morphometric approaches to sexing should be explored with sooty terns captured in subsequent years.
A Bayesian estimate of harbour seal survival using sparse photo‐identification data
Authors: Mackey B. L. , Durban J. W. , Middlemas S. J. , Thompson P. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSurvival rates have rarely been estimated for pinniped populations due to the constraints of obtaining unbiased sample data. In this paper, we present an approach for estimating survival probabilities from individual recognition data in the form of photographic documentation of pelage patterns. This method was applied to estimate adult (age 2+) survival for harbour seals in the Moray Firth, NE Scotland. An astronomical telescope was used to obtain digital images of individual seals, and high‐quality images were used to document the annual presence or absence of individuals at a single haul‐out site over a 4‐year period. A total of 95 females, 10 males and 57 individuals of unknown sex were photographically documented during the study period. Survival and recapture probabilities were estimated using Jolly–Seber mark–recapture models in a Bayesian statistical framework. Computer‐intensive Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods were used to estimate the probability distributions for the survival and recapture probabilities, conveying the full extent of the uncertainty resulting from unavoidably sparse observational data. The deviance information criterion was used to identify a best‐fitting model that accounted for variation in the probability of capture between sexes, with constant survival. The model estimated adult survival as 0.98 (95% probability interval of 0.94–1.00) using our photo‐identification data alone, and 0.97 (0.92–0.99) with the use of an informative prior distribution based on previously published estimates of harbour seal survival. This paper represents the first survival estimate for harbour seals in the UK, and the first survival estimate using photo‐identification data in any species of pinniped.
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Epilepsy: A Population‐Based Analysis
Authors: Tellez‐Zenteno Jose F. , Patten Scott B. , Jetté Nathalie , Williams Jeanne , Wiebe Samuel 
Published: July 2007

Summary
Purpose: The estimated prevalence of mental health disorders in those with epilepsy in the general population varies owing to differences in study methods and heterogeneity of epilepsy syndromes. We assessed the population‐based prevalence of various psychiatric conditions associated with epilepsy using a large Canadian national population health survey.
Methods: The Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 1.2) was used to explore numerous aspects of mental health in persons with epilepsy in the community compared with those without epilepsy. The CCHS includes administration of the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview to a sample of 36,984 subjects. Age‐specific prevalence of mental health conditions in epilepsy was assessed using logistic regression.
Results: The prevalence of epilepsy was 0.6%. Individuals with epilepsy were more likely than individuals without epilepsy to report lifetime anxiety disorders or suicidal thoughts with odds ratio of 2.4 (95% CI = 1.5–3.8) and 2.2 (1.4–3.3), respectively. In the crude analysis, the odds of lifetime major depression or panic disorder/agoraphobia were not greater in those with epilepsy than those without epilepsy, but the association with lifetime major depression became significant after adjustment for covariates.
Conclusions: In the community, epilepsy is associated with an increased prevalence of mental health disorders compared with the general population. Epilepsy is also associated with a higher prevalence of suicidal ideation. Understanding the psychiatric correlates of epilepsy is important to adequately manage this patient population.
Magnetoencephalography Is More Successful for Screening and Localizing Frontal Lobe Epilepsy than Electroencephalography
Authors: Ossenblok Pauly , De Munck Jan C. , Colon Albert , Drolsbach Willem , Boon Paul 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPurpose:The diagnosis of frontal lobe epilepsy may be compounded by poor electroclinical localization, due to distributed or rapidly propagating epileptiform activity. This study aimed at developing optimal procedures for localizing interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) of patients with localization related epilepsy in the frontal lobe. To this end the localization results obtained for magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) were compared systematically using automated analysis procedures.Methods:Simultaneous recording of interictal EEG and MEG was successful for 18 out of the 24 patients studied. Visual inspection of these recordings revealed IEDs with varying morphology and topography. Cluster analysis was used to classify these discharges on the basis of their spatial distribution followed by equivalent dipole analysis of the cluster averages. The locations of the equivalent dipoles were compared with the location of the epileptogenic lesions of the patient or, if these were not visible at MRI with the location of the interictal onset zones identified by subdural electroencephalography.Results:Generally IEDs were more abundantly in MEG than in the EEG recordings. Furthermore, the duration of the MEG spikes, measured from the onset till the spike maximum, was in most patients shorter than the EEG spikes. In most patients, distinct spike subpopulations were found with clearly different topographical field maps. Cluster analysis of MEG spikes followed by dipole localization was successful (n = 14) for twice as many patients as for EEG source analysis (n = 7), indicating that the localizability of interictal MEG is much better than of interictal EEG.Conclusions:The automated procedures developed in this study provide a fast screening method for identifying the distinct categories of spikes and the brain areas responsible for these spikes. The results show that MEG spike yield and localization is superior compared with EEG. This finding is of importance for the diagnosis and preoperative evaluation of patients with frontal lobe epilepsy.
The Impact of Cerebral Source Area and Synchrony on Recording Scalp Electroencephalography Ictal Patterns
Authors: Tao James X. , Baldwin Maria , Ray Amit , Hawes‐Ebersole Susan , Ebersole John S. 
Published: July 2007

Summary
Purpose: To determine the cerebral electroencephalography (EEG) substrates of scalp EEG seizure patterns, such as source area and synchrony, and in so doing assess the limitations of scalp seizure recording in the localization of seizure onset zones in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Methods: We recorded simultaneously 26 channels of scalp EEG with subtemporal supplementary electrodes and 46–98 channels of intracranial EEG in presurgical candidates with temporal lobe epilepsy. We correlated intracranial EEG source area and synchrony at seizure onset with the corresponding scalp EEG. Eighty‐six simultaneous intracranial‐ and scalp‐recorded seizures from 23 patients were evaluated.
Results: Thirty‐four intracranial ictal discharges (40%) from 9 patients (39%) had sufficient cortical source area (namely > 10 cm2) and synchrony at seizure onset to produce a simultaneous or nearly simultaneous focal scalp EEG ictal pattern. Forty‐one intracranial ictal discharges (48%) from 10 patients (43%) gradually achieved the necessary source area and synchrony over several seconds to generate a scalp EEG ictal pattern. These scalp rhythms were lateralized, but not localizable as to seizure origin. Eleven intracranial ictal discharges (13%) from 4 patients (17%) recruited the necessary source area, but lacked sufficient synchrony to result in a clearly localized or lateralized scalp ictal pattern.
Conclusions: Sufficient source area and synchrony are mandatory cerebral EEG requirements for generating scalp‐recordable ictal EEG patterns. The dynamic interaction of cortical source area and synchrony at the onset and during a seizure is a primary reason for heterogeneous scalp ictal EEG patterns.
Central serous chorioretinopathy
Authors: Wang Maria , Munch Inger Christine , Hasler Pascal W. , Prünte Christian , Larsen Michael 
Published: July 2007

Abstract.Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a disease of the retina characterized by serous detachment of the neurosensory retina secondary to one or more focal lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). CSC occurs most frequently in mid‐life and more often in men than in women. Major symptoms are blurred vision, usually in one eye only and perceived typically by the patient as a dark spot in the centre of the visual field with associated micropsia and metamorphopsia. Normal vision often recurs spontaneously within a few months. The condition can be precipitated by psychosocial stress and hypercortisolism. Ophthalmoscopic signs of CSC range from mono‐ or paucifocal RPE lesions with prominent elevation of the neurosensory retina by clear fluid – typical of cases of recent onset – to shallow detachments overlying large patches of irregularly depigmented RPE. The spectrum of lesions includes RPE detachments. Granular or fibrinous material may accumulate in the subretinal cavity. Serous detachment often resolves spontaneously. From first contact, counselling about the potential relation to stress and glucocorticoid medication is warranted. After 3 months without resolution of acute CSC or in chronic CSC, treatment should be considered. Resolution of detachment can usually be achieved in acute CSC by focal photocoagulation of leaking RPE lesions or, in chronic CSC, by photodynamic therapy. The effect of therapy on long‐term visual outcome is insufficiently documented. Reattachment within 4 months of onset is considered a relevant therapeutic target because prolonged detachment is associated with photoreceptor atrophy. This suggests that the value of treatment depends upon proper selection of cases that will not resolve without therapy. Chronic CSC may be difficult to differentiate from occult choroidal neovascularization secondary to CSC. Patients with chronic CSC who receive glucocorticoid treatment for systemic disease can often be managed without having to discontinue this medication.
Prevalence of myelinated retinal nerve fibres in urban and rural adult Chinese populations: the Beijing Eye Study
Authors: You Qisheng , Xu Liang , Jonas Jost B. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To determine the prevalence of myelinated retinal nerve fibres in the elderly Chinese population.Methods:  The Beijing Eye Study, a population‐based, cross‐sectional cohort study, included 4439 subjects out of the 5324 invited to participate (response rate 83.4%) with an age of > 40 years. The present investigation consisted of 8663 eyes of 4378 (98.6%) subjects for whom readable fundus photographs were available.Results:  Myelinated retinal nerve fibres were detected in 35 eyes (29 subjects) with a prevalence rate of 0.4 ± 6.3%[95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27, 0.54] per eye and 0.7 ± 8.1% (95% CI: 0.42, 0.90) per subject. The myelinated nerve fibres were located most often in the temporal inferior region, followed by the temporal superior region and the nasal region. Prevalence of myelinated nerve fibres was not associated statistically with age, gender, refractive error, visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure, cataract, glaucoma and age‐related macular degeneration.Conclusion:  Myelinated retinal nerve fibres are present in about seven out of 1000 elderly Chinese in northern China, without association to VA, refractive error, glaucoma and macular degeneration.
CULTURALLY‐FOCUSED BATTERER COUNSELING FOR AFRICAN‐AMERICAN MEN*
Authors: GONDOLF EDWARD W. 
Published: July 2007

Research Summary:Clinicians and researchers have strongly recommended culturally‐focused counseling with African‐American men arrested for domestic violence. An experimental clinical trial tested the effectiveness of this approach against conventional cognitive‐behavioral counseling in all‐African‐American groups and in racially‐mixed groups (N = 501). No significant difference was found in the reassault rate reported by the men's female partners over a 12‐month follow‐up period (23% overall). During that period, men in the racially‐mixed groups were, moreover, half as likely to be rearrested for domestic violence as the men in the culturally‐focused groups. The men's level of racial identification did not significantly affect the outcomes of the counseling options.Policy Implications:Simply adding a culturally‐focused counseling group to domestic violence programs does not seem in itself to improve outcomes. In the current study, the culturally‐focused counseling was an appendage to an existing agency closely linked to the criminal justice system. Culturally‐focused counseling may prove to be more effective within community‐based organizations tied to local services and supports.
Correlation of the MIC and Dose/MIC Ratio of Fluconazole to the Therapeutic Response of Patients with Mucosal Candidiasis and Candidemia
Authors: Rodríguez-Tudela Juan L. , Almirante Benito , Rodríguez-Pardo Dolors , Laguna Fernando , Donnelly J. Peter , Mouton Johan W. , Pahissa Albert , Cuenca-Estrella Manuel 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
We report on the correlation of the outcomes for two cohorts of patients who had been treated for candidemia (126 episodes) or oropharyngeal candidiasis (110 episodes) with various doses of fluconazole and the MIC of fluconazole obtained by using the EUCAST standard for fermentative yeasts. Of 145 episodes caused by an isolate with a fluconazole MIC ≤2 mg/liter, 93.7% (136 of 145) responded to fluconazole treatment. The response for those infected with a strain with a MIC of 4 mg/liter was 66% but reached 100% when the dose was greater than 100 mg/day, whereas the response for those infected with strains with MICs ≥8 mg/liter was only 12%. Hence, a MIC of 2 mg/liter or 4 mg/liter was able to predict successful treatment. A cure rate of 93.9% (140 of 149) was achieved when the dose/MIC ratio was ≥100 but fell to 14.6% (16 of 109) when the ratio was less. The dose/MIC required to achieve a response rate of 50% (the 50% effective concentration) was 43.7 for the cohort of patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Classification and regression analysis indicated that a dose/MIC of 35.5 was the threshold for the prediction of cure or failure. However, an increase in exposure above this threshold further increased the probability of cure, and all patients were cured when the dose/MIC exceeded 100. Monte Carlo simulations showed a probability of target attainment of 99% at MICs ≤2 mg/liter and a pharmacodynamic target of a dose/MIC ratio of 100, which was equivalent to an unbound fraction of the fluconazole area under the curve versus the MIC of 79.
Pharmacokinetics of Penicillin G in Infants with a Gestational Age of Less than 32 Weeks
Authors: Muller Anouk E. , DeJongh Joost , Bult Ymka , Goessens Wil H. F. , Mouton Johan W. , Danhof Meindert , van den Anker John N. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
The pharmacokinetics of penicillin G were studied in 20 preterm neonates with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks on day 3 of life by using a population approach performed with the nonlinear mixed effects modeling program NONMEM. The derived population estimates and the correlation matrix of these estimates were used to perform Monte Carlo simulations and obtain the probability of target attainment (PTA). The pharmacokinetics of penicillin G were best described by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The population estimates of the central volume of distribution, the peripheral volume of distribution, the intercompartmental clearance, and the total body clearance were 0.359 ± 0.06 liter, 0.152 ± 0.03 liter, 0.774 ± 0.28 liter/h, and 0.103 ± 0.01 liter/h (mean ± standard error), respectively. The terminal half-life was 3.9 h. Clearance increased significantly with increasing birth weight. Assuming the percentage of time that the concentration of unbound drug remained above the MIC of 50% for preterm neonates, the susceptibility breakpoint based on a 100% PTA was ≤4 mg/liter, simulating the current dosing regimen of 50,000 U/kg every 12 h. This regimen is therefore adequate for the treatment of common infections in neonates on the third day of life.
Reduction of
Streptococcus mutans
Adherence and Dental Biofilm Formation by Surface Treatment with Phosphorylated Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Shimotoyodome Akira , Koudate Takashi , Kobayashi Hisataka , Nakamura Junji , Tokimitsu Ichiro , Hase Tadashi , Inoue Takashi , Matsukubo Takashi , Takaesu Yoshinori 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Initial attachment of the cariogenic
Streptococcus mutans
onto dental enamel is largely promoted by the adsorption of specific salivary proteins on enamel surface. Some phosphorylated salivary proteins were found to reduce
S. mutans
adhesion by competitively inhibiting the adsorption of
S. mutans
-binding salivary glycoproteins to hydroxyapatite (HA). The aim of this study was to develop antiadherence compounds for preventing dental biofilm development. We synthesized phosphorylated polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives and examined the possibility of surface pretreatment with them for preventing
S. mutans
adhesion in vitro and dental biofilm formation in vivo. Pretreatment of the HA surface with methacryloyloxydecyl phosphate (MDP)-PEG prior to saliva incubation hydrophilized the surface and thereby reduced salivary protein adsorption and saliva-promoted bacterial attachment to HA. However, when MDP-PEG was added to the saliva-pretreated HA (S-HA) surface, its inhibitory effect on bacterial binding was completely diminished.
S. mutans
adhesion onto S-HA was successfully reduced by treatment of the surface with pyrophosphate (PP), which desorbs salivary components from S-HA. Treatment of S-HA surfaces with MDP-PEG plus PP completely inhibited saliva-promoted
S. mutans
adhesion even when followed by additional saliva treatment. Finally, mouthwash with MDP-PEG plus PP prevented de novo biofilm development after thorough teeth cleaning in humans compared to either water or PP alone. We conclude that MDP-PEG plus PP has the potential for use as an antiadherence agent that prevents dental biofilm development.
Steady-State Pharmacokinetic and Safety Profiles of Voriconazole and Ritonavir in Healthy Male Subjects
Authors: Liu Ping , Foster Grover , Gandelman Kuan , LaBadie Robert R. , Allison Mark J. , Gutierrez Maria J. , Sharma Amarnath 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSince there is a likelihood of coadministration of voriconazole and ritonavir, two studies were conducted to evaluate the potential of drug interaction. Study A was a randomized, placebo-controlled, two-period, parallel-group trial (n= 34). Study B had the same design without the placebo group (n= 17). In period 1, subjects received 200 mg voriconazole or placebo twice daily (BID) for 3 days (400 mg BID on day 1). In period 2, following a 7-day washout, subjects received ritonavir alone at 400 mg BID (study A) or 100 mg BID (study B) for 10 days (days 11 to 20), and then ritonavir was coadministered with 200 mg BID voriconazole or placebo for the next 10 days (days 21 to 30). Serial plasma samples were collected on days 3, 20, and 30, and safety data were collected throughout the study. High-dose (400 mg BID) ritonavir substantially reduced the steady-state mean voriconazole exposure (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h [AUC0-12], −82%; maximum concentration [Cmax], −66%). However, the effect of low-dose (100 mg BID) ritonavir was less pronounced (AUC0-12, −39%;Cmax, −24%). The decrease in voriconazole exposure was probably due to the induction of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 by ritonavir. It is interesting that one subject in each study exhibited the opposite effect of ritonavir on voriconazole exposure (a 2.5- to 3-fold increase), probably due to lack of CYP2C19. Voriconazole had no apparent effect on the exposure of high-dose ritonavir but slightly decreased the exposure of low-dose ritonavir (AUC0-12, −14%;Cmax, −24%). The safety profile of combination therapy was not notably different from that of voriconazole or ritonavir alone. Due to the significant effect of ritonavir on voriconazole exposure, coadministration of voriconazole with 400 mg BID ritonavir is contraindicated; coadministration with 100 mg BID ritonavir should be avoided, unless an assessment of the benefit/risk to the patient justifies the use.