bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote weather associated with North Pacific subtropical sea level high properties
Authors: Grotjahn Richard , Osman Muhtarjan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRemote events influencing North Pacific (NP) subtropical high properties in monthly and daily data are identified. Variability in the NP during summer is far more strongly dominated by midlatitude events than in South Pacific (SP); low‐pass filtering is required to see tropical associations.The dominant pattern in composites, correlations, and regressions is a midlatitude wave train. A stronger NP high was led by higher sea‐level pressure (SLP) just east of Japan and lower SLP over central Canada and to a lesser extent over western tropical Pacific.Various mechanisms have been proposed to force the NP high:

Heating over southwestern North America (with cooling off the west coast). However, higher temperatures over North America follow stronger SLP over the NP high and occur much further east than postulated. Higher SLP occurs where temperatures are lower over western North America and adjacent ocean. Thermal pattern is consistent with temperature advection between NP high and Canadian low.
Precipitation over and near Central America. However, SLP increase on the SE side of the high is led by higher SLP (and higher outgoing longwave radiation (OLR)) along the west coast of Mexico and Central America. Normalized regressions find a very weak lower OLR in North American monsoon preceding stronger NP high, but the region is much smaller in size and magnitude than other significant areas.
Precipitation over Indonesia and southeast Asia. Statistics provide some support for lower SLP and OLR over Indonesia preceding higher SLP in the center, west, and northwest sides of NP high. The lower SLP and OLR appear to migrate into southeast Asia, perhaps independently, perhaps from stronger NP high.
The NP high has a strong connection to El Niño during winter, but no significant link during summer. Only the south side of NP high appears (weakly) linked to the Madden Julian oscillation (MJO). Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Urinary profiling investigation of metabolites with cis‐diol structure from cancer patients based on UPLC‐MS and HPLC‐MS as well as multivariate statistical analysis
Authors: Zhao Xinjie , Wang Wenzhao , Wang Jiangshan , Yang Jun , Xu Guowang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNucleosides are an important class of metabolites and have been investigated as potential tumor biomarkers. A method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)‐TOF MS was developed to analyze urinary nucleosides and other metabolites with cis‐diol structure to distinguish between cancer patients and healthy persons and compare the results with those obtained by HPLC. The data showed that the UPLC method used about one third of the time required by HPLC and achieved a much better chromatographic resolution and increased sensitivity, the number of peaks detected by UV being 79 and 94 for HPLC and UPLC, respectively. With UPLC‐TOF MS, more information was obtained about metabolites, the separation of cancer patients from healthy persons was significantly improved, and more potential biomarkers were found. The method based on UPLC‐TOF MS is a powerful technique for the study of metabolite profiles.
Performance of octadecylsilylated monolithic silica capillary columns of 530 μm inner diameter in HPLC
Authors: Motokawa Masanori , Ohira Masayoshi , Minakuchi Hiroyoshi , Nakanishi Kazuki , Tanaka Nobuo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMonolithic silica capillary columns were successfully prepared in a fused silica capillary of 530 μm inner diameter and evaluated in HPLC after octadecylsilylation (ODS). Their efficiency and permeability were compared with those of columns packed with 5‐μm and 3‐μm ODS‐silica particles. The monolithic silica columns having different domain sizes (combined size of through‐pore and skeleton) showed 2.5–4.0‐times higher permeability (K = 5.2–8.4×10–14 m2) than capillary columns packed with 3‐mm particles, while giving similar column efficiency. The monolithic silica capillary columns gave a plate height of about 11–13 μm, or 11 200–13 400 theoretical plates/150 mm column length, in 80% methanol at a linear mobile phase velocity of 1.0 mm/s. The monolithic column having a smaller domain size showed higher column efficiency and higher pressure drop, although the monolithic column with a larger domain size showed better overall column performance, or smaller separation impedance (E value). The larger‐diameter (530 μm id) monolithic silica capillary column afforded a good peak shape in gradient elution of proteins at a flow rate of up to 100 μL/min and an injection volume of up to 10 μL.
Navier–Stokes equations with degenerate viscosity, vacuum and gravitational force
Authors: Duan Renjun , Yang Tong , Zhu Changjiang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe global existence of weak solutions to the compressible Navier–Stokes equations with vacuum attracts many research interests nowadays. For the isentropic gas, the viscosity coefficient depends on density function from physical point of view. When the density function connects to vacuum continuously, the vacuum degeneracy gives some analytic difficulties in proving global existence. In this paper, we consider this case with gravitational force and fixed boundary condition. By giving a series of a priori estimates on the solution coping with the degeneracy of vacuum, gravitational force and boundary effect, we give global existence and uniqueness results similar to the case without force and boundary. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction of cell apoptosis in 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes by flavonoids is associated with their antioxidant activity
Authors: Hsu Chin‐Lin , Yen Gow‐Chin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObesity is biologically characterized at the cellular level by an increase in the number and size of adipocytes differentiated from fibroblastic pre‐adipocytes in adipose tissue. In this study, we focused on the relationship between the influence of flavonoids on cell population growth and their antioxidant activity. The results showed that the inhibition of flavonoids (naringenin, rutin, hesperidin, resveratrol, naringin and quercetin) on 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes was 28.3, 8.1, 11.1, 33.2, 5.6 and 71.5%, respectively. In oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, quercetin had the highest ORACROOvalue among the six flavonoids tested. Apoptosis assays showed that quercetin increased apoptotic cells in time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Treatment of cells with quercetin decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in the courses of time and dose. The cell apoptosis/necrosis assay showed that quercetin increased the number of apoptotic cells, but not necrotic cells. Quercetin treatment of cells caused a significant time‐ and dose‐dependent increase in the caspase‐3 activity. Western analysis indicated that treatment of quercetin markedly down‐regulated PARP and Bcl‐2 proteins, and activated caspase‐3, Bax, and Bak proteins. These results indicate that quercetin efficiently inhibits cell population growth and induction of apoptosis in 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes.
Lack of human muscle architectural adaptation after short‐term strength training
Authors: Blazevich Anthony J. , Gill Nicholas D. , Deans Nathan , Zhou Shi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe mechanisms governing the increases in force production in response to short periods of strength training have yet to be fully elucidated. We examined whether muscle architectural adaptation was a contributing factor. Ultrasound imaging techniques were used to measure quadriceps muscle architecture at 17 sites in vivo in trained and untrained legs of men and women after 2.5 and 5 weeks of unilateral knee extension training, as well as in a nontraining control group. Despite increases in knee extensor strength of the trained and untrained (women only) legs, there were no changes in muscle thickness, fascicle angle, or fascicle length in any of the muscles tested. The moderate correlation between vastus lateralis thickness (middle site) and eccentric (r = 0.55; P < 0.05) and concentric (r = 0.46; P < 0.1) torque after, but not before, training is suggestive of neural rather than architectural adaptations predominating in the early phase of training. Muscle Nerve, 2006
The two‐edge connected hop‐constrained network design problem: Valid inequalities and branch‐and‐cut
Authors: Huygens David , Labbé Martine , Mahjoub A. Ridha , Pesneau Pierre 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article deals with the Two‐edge connected Hop‐constrained Network Design Problem (or THNDP for short). Given a weighted graphG= (N,E), an integerL≥ 2, and a subset of pairs of nodesD, the problem consists of finding the minimum cost subgraph inGcontaining at least two edge‐disjoint paths of at mostLhops between all the pairs inD. First, we show that the THNDP is stronglyNP‐hard even when the demands inDare rooted at some nodesand the costs are unitary. However, if the graph is complete, we prove that the problem in this case can be solved in polynomial time. We give an integer programming formulation of the problem in the space of the design variables whenL= 2, 3. Then we study the associated polytope. In particular, we consider the case where all the pairs of nodes ofDare rooted at a nodes. We give several classes of valid inequalities along with necessary and/or sufficient conditions for these inequalities to be facet defining. We also derive separation routines for these inequalities. We finally develop a branch‐and‐cut algorithm based on these results and discuss some computational results forL= 2, 3. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(1), 116–133 2007
Re‐calibration of Engelmaier's Model for Leadless, Lead‐free Solder Attachments
Authors: Salmela Olli , Andersson Klas , Perttula Altti , Särkkä Jussi , Tammenmaa Markku 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the solder attachment fatigue model created by Werner Engelmaier is re‐calibrated in order to make it applicable in conjunction with leadless, lead‐free solder attachments. Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder attached ball‐grid‐array components are addressed to three thermal cycling test profiles. Based on the results, both physical and statistical parameters are obtained and compared with the values relevant to tin–lead solder assemblies. The validity of the statistical distribution selection (two‐parameter Weibull) is studied. Acceleration factors correlating different test profiles are obtained, and they are found to be only weakly dependent on the test vehicle type. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idle speed control of port‐injection enginesviathe polynomial equation approach
Authors: Albertoni Leonardo , Balluchi Andrea , Casavola Alessandro , Gambelli Claudio , Mosca Edoardo , Sangiovanni–Vincentelli Alberto L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe design of an idle speed controller for automotive engines is considered. A hybrid nonlinear model of the engine is presented. Based on suitable (nonlinear) change of variables, the idle speed control design problem can satisfactorily be addressedvialinear time invariant (LTI) techniques. Specifically, the design problem has been formalized as a finite‐dimensional discrete‐time𝓁∞optimal control problem, whereby the fuel consumption is minimized. Polynomial techniques have been used to convert the control design formulation to a linear ‘least absolute data fitting’ problem, for which solution very efficient and stable numerical methods exist. Experimental results on a commercial car have been finally reported. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Career development of science teachers
Authors: Lee Eugene C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn June, 1958, the U.S. Office of Education made a grant to the Harvard Graduate School of Education to undertake a five‐year study of career development, with special attention to scientific careers. Its general purpose has been to examine the process of becoming a scientist, from elementary school through four years after college graduation, in order to determine the major factors affecting that process. The study reported here by Dr. Lee is the first of several related investigations to be undertaken by doctoral students at Harvard. The five‐year study is under the direction of William W. Cooley.
Piaget rediscovered
Authors: Duckworth Eleanor 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe author, Eleanor Duckworth, is a former student of Piaget at the Institute of Genetic Epislemology in Geneva, Switzerland. She served as Piaget's translator at both the Cornell and California Conferences. In “Piaget Rediscovered” Miss Duckworth has summarized Piaget's contributions at the, conferences with an emphasis on the implications of his approach for educational practice.
Part III. Curriculum project reports: The science curriculum improvement study‐report to the Piaget conference
Authors: Karplus Robert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe question of spontaneous development from preoperational to formal thinking as opposed to deliberate instruction to insure and accelerate this development is Karplus' topic. The aim of the Science Curriculum Improvement Study is described as that of fostering development of thinking to the formal operational level from natural philosophy to scientific literacy. Karplus, a physicist at the University of California, discusses the program of the Science Curriculum Improvement Study for grades K‐2 in Piagelian terms.
The use of motor activity as an index of curiosity in children
Authors: Peterson Rita W. , Lowery Lawrence F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe curiosity of 120 elementary school children, aged five through thirteen years, was assessed by three measures: (1) the amount of coordinated sensory‐motor activity directed toward designated objects in a waiting room environment during a 10‐minute waiting period, (2) the number of unsolicited questions asked within the same time period and environment, and (3) teacher ratings, where classroom teachers estimated children's curiosity based on their normal classroom behavior.In a three‐way analysis of variance, the amount of curiosity expressed through motor activity was found significantly related to groups based on racial‐ethnic origins, but not to groups based on age or sex.The amount of curiosity expressed through motor activity was negatively correlated with teacher ratings in one class but not significantly correlated in three other classes. Children who asked most questions were rated highest in curiosity by their teachers, but exhibited least curiosity through motor activity in the waiting room.
The use of motor activity learning in the development of science concepts with slow learning fifth grade children
Authors: Humphrey James H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study compared the motor activity technique of learning, using physical education activities, with traditional ways of developing science concepts with fifth grade slow learning children.Two groups of ten children each were equated on the basis of pretest scores. Both groups were taught by the same classroom teacher. One group was taught through motor activity learning and the other by traditional procedures.Both groups were retested after a two‐week teaching period, and again after a three‐month extended interval. The difference in the posttest scores favored the motor activity learning group, p < .01 (t = 4.33, df 9). The difference in the extended interval test also favored the same group, p < .001 (t = 6.37, df9).Using the differences in test scores as criteria for learning, the children in the motor activity learning group learned and retained significantly more than those in the traditional group.
The effect of subsuming concepts on student achievement on unfamiliar science learning material
Authors: Graber Richard A. , Means Robert S. , Johnsten Thomas D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStudents enrolled in an undergraduate chemistry class were rank ordered by their performance on a test of organizing ability. The median break was used to form two groups: good organizers (GO) and poor organizers (PO). Students within these groups were randomly assigned to treatments. Treatment I subjects received an advance organizer followed by a learning passage. Treatment II subjects received the same organizer preceeded by the learning passage. Treatment in subjects received an historical nonorganizer and the learning passage. No significant differences were observed on treatment or interaction, but GO group achieved significantly higher learning passage scores than PO group.
The development and evaluation of physical science curriculum materials designed to improve student attitudes
Authors: Milson James L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPhysical science curriculum materials designed to improve the attitudes of below‐average students were developed from guidelines which reflected the strengths and weaknesses of these students. The materials were administered to ninth and tenth grade students in three average‐low ability physical science classes. Students in these classes had I.Q. scores of less than 100, reading achievement below grade placement, and eighth grade science averages of C or below. A control group of three physical science classes was employed. A form of the Semantic Differential was administered as a pretest and posttest. The student who received the materials demonstrated significant improvement in attitudes toward science class and science laboratory.
The power of statistical tests in science teachnig research
Authors: Penick John E. , Brewer James K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA calculation of the probability of rejecting H0 when it should be rejected (power) was completed on each of the 66 applicable articles in Volumes 6 and 7 (1969, 1970) of the Journal of Research in Science Teaching. These power calculations utilized the effect size definitions and tables developed by Cohen (1969). The mean power of each article to detect small, medium, and large effect sizes was determined from its major statistical tests. These mean powers were then compiled and analyzed. The powers calculated for the different effect sizes were disturbingly low (small, 0.22; medium, 0.71; large, 0.87) but not generally as low as Cohen (1962) found in an analysis of another behavioral journal. Recommendations for improving confidence in research in science teaching is provided and centers on significant increases in sample sizes and an understanding of power and its relation to a, effect size and sample size.
The effect of direct experience with objects on middle class, culturally diverse, and visually impaired young children
Authors: Linn Marcia C. , Peterson Rita W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPiaget's theory of equilibration is investigated by comparing the effect of direct experience with objects on the logical reasoning ability of middle class (MC), culturally diverse (CD), and visually impaired (VI) children. In experiment 1 a Piagetian task with floating and sinking objects was used to compare the classificatory ability of MC, CD, and VI groups of children studying SCIS Material Objects with those who had not studied the unit. Experimental CD and VI children performed significantly better on the task than CD and VI controls; no significant differences were found between MC experimentals and controls. MC groups performed better than CD and VI groups in both experimental and control conditions.Experiment 2 measured students' ability to name properties and materials and to sort objects. It was found that both MC and VI subjects improved in ability to describe objects and sort them using a descriptor of their own choice. Further, there were no differences between MC and VI subjects on these tasks after they had studied Material Objects.
Relation of wait‐time and rewards to the development of language, logic, and fate control: Part II‐Rewards
Authors: Rowe Mary Budd 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn Part I it was shown that by varying the duration of pauses in two locations the length of student statements increased, the number of alternative explanations offered multiplied, and the overall probability of receiving a reply increased. It was noted, as well, that in natural situations where there was a high incidence of teacher sanctioning behavior, regardless of whether it was predominantly positively toned, the verbal performance of students engaged in inquiry appeared to be negatively influenced even when there were reasonable wait‐times. That is, even in those rare naturally occurring cases where pauses were longer than the mean of one second, and in experiments where pauses and rewards were independently manipulated if sanctioning behaviors were intense, the positive influence on inquiry of the longer pauses appeared to be somewhat mitigated. It became necessary, then, to study reward patterns in the context of inquiry in order to discover whether, in general, overt verbal rewards which we found occurring with tremendous frequency in natural settings, helped or hindered the progress of student inquiry.
Development and validation of the conceptions of scientific theories test
Authors: Cotham Joseph C. , Smith Edward L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid instrument for use with elementary and secondary teachers of science that would have the following characteristics: 1) sensitivity to alternative conceptions of particular philosophic aspects of scientific theories, and 2) applicability in inferring understanding of the tentative and revisionary conception of the nature of science. This conception, which has educational and social importance, may be a significant influence in the teaching of science as inquiry. Thus, concern with teachers' conceptions of the nature of science and their teaching served as justification for this study. The instrument, which was applied to samples of preservice elementary teachers, college philosophy of science students, and college chemistry students, consisted of items that were adapted to the contexts of particular scientific theories by prefacing them with a brief description of a theory and episodes drawn from its history. Items were written to discriminate between alternative conceptions of the following philosophic aspects of scientific theories: testing, generation, ontological implications, and choice. Evidence in support of the validity of the instrument constructs was obtained using two approaches: discrimination between contrasting groups and the multi‐trait and multi‐method matrix of Campbell and Fiske. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients and standard errors of measurement were computed for the instrument and its subtests. Reliability data indicates that an adequate degree of accuracy may be attributed to instrument scores.
The effects of a diagnostic‐prescriptive teaching strategy on student achievement and attitude in biology
Authors: Long Joe C. , Okey James R. , Yeany Russell H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to measure the effects of three variations in the use of diagnostic‐prescriptive teaching on the cognitive and affective biology achievement of high school students. These variations included (a) no diagnostic‐prescriptive assistance, a control group, (b) teacher‐managed diagnosis and prescription, and (c) student‐managed diagnosis and prescription.Specific questions addressed in this study included:

What are the effects of differing types of diagnostic‐prescriptive learning assistance on the biology achievement of students?
What are the effects of aptitude on the biology achievement of students?
What are the effects of locus of control perception on the biology achievement of students?
What are the effects of differing types of diagnostic‐prescriptive learning assistance on the attitudes of high school biology students toward subject matter and instruction?