bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management and research efforts are failing dolphins, porpoises, and other toothed whales
Authors: Temple Andrew J. , Langner Ute , Berumen Michael L. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDespite being subject to intensive research and public interest many populations of dolphins, porpoises, and other toothed whales (small cetaceans) continue to decline, and several species are on the verge of extinction. We examine small cetacean status, human activities driving extinction risk, and whether research efforts are addressing priority threats. We estimate that 22% of small cetaceans are threatened with extinction, with little signs of improvement in nearly thirty years. Fisheries and coastal habitat degradation are the main predictors of extinction risk. Contrary to popular belief, we show that the causal impact of small-scale fisheries on extinction risk is greater than from large-scale fisheries. Fisheries management strength had little influence on extinction risk, suggesting that the implementation of existing measures have been largely ineffective. Alarmingly, we find research efforts for priority threats to be vastly underrepresented and so a major shift in research focus is required. Small cetaceans are among the lower hanging fruits of marine conservation; continued failure to halt their decline bodes poorly for tackling marine biodiversity loss and avoiding an Anthropocene mass extinction.
Supercontinuum generation in bulk solid-state material with bursts of femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Momgaudis B. , Marčiulionytė V. , Jukna V. , Tamošauskas G. , Barkauskas M. , Dubietis A. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWe report on experimental and numerical investigation of burst-mode supercontinuum generation in sapphire crystal. The experiments were performed using bursts consisting of two 190 fs, 1030 nm pulses with intra-burst repetition rates of 62.5 MHz and 2.5 GHz from an amplified 1 MHz Yb:KGW laser and revealed higher filamentation and supercontinuum generation threshold for the second pulse in the burst, which increases with the increase of intra-burst repetition rate. The experimental results were quantitatively reproduced numerically, using a developed model, which accounted for altered material response due to residual excitations remaining after propagation of the first pulse. The simulation results unveiled that residual free electron plasma and self-trapped excitons contribute to elevated densities of free electron plasma generated by the second pulse in the burst and so stronger plasma defocusing, significantly affecting its nonlinear propagation dynamics. The presented results identify the fundamental and practical issues for supercontinuum generation in solid-state materials using femtosecond pulse bursts with very high intra-burst repetition rates, which may also apply to the case of single pulses at very high repetition rate, where residual material excitations become relevant and should be accounted for.
Phosphorus applications adjusted to optimal crop yields can help sustain global phosphorus reserves
Authors: McDowell R. W. , Pletnyakov P. , Haygarth P. M. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWith the longevity of phosphorus reserves uncertain, distributing phosphorus to meet food production needs is a global challenge. Here we match plant-available soil Olsen phosphorus concentrations to thresholds for optimal productivity of improved grassland and 28 of the world’s most widely grown and valuable crops. We find more land (73%) below optimal production thresholds than above. We calculate that an initial capital application of 56,954 kt could boost soil Olsen phosphorus to their threshold concentrations and that 28,067 kt yr−1 (17,500 kt yr−1 to cropland) could maintain these thresholds. Without additional reserves becoming available, it would take 454 years at the current rate of application (20,500 kt yr−1) to exhaust estimated reserves (2020 value), compared with 531 years at our estimated maintenance rate and 469 years if phosphorus deficits were alleviated. More judicious use of phosphorus fertilizers to account for soil Olsen phosphorus can help achieve optimal production without accelerating the depletion of phosphorus reserves.
Segmentation versus detection: Development and evaluation of deep learning models for prostate imaging reporting and data system lesions localisation on Bi‐parametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Min Zhe , Bianco Fernando J. , Yang Qianye , Yan Wen , Shen Ziyi , Cohen David , Rodell Rachael , Barratt Dean C. , Hu Yipeng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAutomated prostate cancer detection in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans is of significant importance for cancer patient management. Most existing computer‐aided diagnosis systems adopt segmentation methods while object detection approaches recently show promising results. The authors have (1) carefully compared performances of most‐developed segmentation and object detection methods in localising prostate imaging reporting and data system (PIRADS)‐labelled prostate lesions on MRI scans; (2) proposed an additional customised set of lesion‐level localisation sensitivity and precision; (3) proposed efficient ways to ensemble the segmentation and object detection methods for improved performances. The ground‐truth (GT) perspective lesion‐level sensitivity and prediction‐perspective lesion‐level precision are reported, to quantify the ratios of true positive voxels being detected by algorithms over the number of voxels in the GT labelled regions and predicted regions. The two networks are trained independently on 549 clinical patients data with PIRADS‐V2 as GT labels, and tested on 161 internal and 100 external MRI scans. At the lesion level, nnDetection outperforms nnUNet for detecting both PIRADS ≥ 3 and PIRADS ≥ 4 lesions in majority cases. For example, at the average false positive prediction per patient being 3, nnDetection achieves a greater Intersection‐of‐Union (IoU)‐based sensitivity than nnUNet for detecting PIRADS ≥ 3 lesions, being 80.78% ± 1.50% versus 60.40% ± 1.64% (p < 0.01). At the voxel level, nnUnet is in general superior or comparable to nnDetection. The proposed ensemble methods achieve improved or comparable lesion‐level accuracy, in all tested clinical scenarios. For example, at 3 false positives, the lesion‐wise ensemble method achieves 82.24% ± 1.43% sensitivity versus 80.78% ± 1.50% (nnDetection) and 60.40% ± 1.64% (nnUNet) for detecting PIRADS ≥ 3 lesions. Consistent conclusions are also drawn from results on the external data set.
Graph theory‐based synchronization for stochastic uncertain complex dynamical networks via inverse optimal adaptive control
Authors: Guo Xuhui , Yao Zhiyi , Wang Di , Wang Huaizhu 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the synchronization of stochastic uncertain complex dynamic networks with time‐varying delays. In contrast to existing synchronization network models, the current study considers both internal time‐varying delays and coupling time‐varying delays. By analyzing the two factors (i.e. time‐varying delays and uncertainties) on the synchronization performance of stochastic uncertain complex dynamic networks, a new inverse optimal adaptive control is proposed. The analysis tool developed in this paper is based on Lyapunov technique, algebraic graph theory and inverse optimality, which does not need to solve Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Bellman equation. Some sufficient conditions are established for the synchronization of stochastic uncertain complex dynamic networks with time‐varying delays. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the present approach, simulation results are illustrated.
A generalizable method for estimating meteor shower false positives
Authors: Shober P. M. , Vaubaillon J. 
Published: March 2024

Context. The determination of meteor shower or parent body associations is inherently a statistical problem. Traditional methods, primarily the similarity discriminants, have limitations, particularly in handling the increasing volume and complexity of meteoroid orbit data.
Aims. We introduce a new more statistically robust and generalizable method for estimating false positive detections in meteor shower identification, leveraging kernel density estimation (KDE). The method is applied to fireball data from the European Fireball Network, a comprehensive photographic fireball observation network established in 1963 for the detailed monitoring and analysis of fireballs across central Europe
Methods. Utilizing a dataset of 824 fireballs observed by the European Fireball Network, we applied a multivariate Gaussian kernel within KDE and Z-score data normalization. Our method analyzes the parameter space of meteoroid orbits and geocentric impact characteristics, focusing on four different similarity discriminants: DSH, D′, DH, and DN.
Results. The KDE methodology consistently converges toward a true established shower-associated fireball rate within the EFN dataset of 18–25% for all criteria. This indicates that the approach provides a more statistically robust estimate of the shower-associated component.
Conclusions. Our findings highlight the potential of KDE combined with appropriate data normalization in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of meteor shower analysis. This method addresses the existing challenges posed by traditional similarity discriminants and offers a versatile solution adaptable to varying datasets and parameters.
Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials through Severe Plastic Deformation of Powders: Process, Significance, and Future Development
Authors: Cleophas Obara , Bayode Abiodun , Fredrick Mwema , Jen Tien-Chien 
Published: March 2024

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a remarkable invention in materials science and engineering, that offers unique properties useful in various applications. Having the ability to gradually change properties, like composition, microstructure, or mechanical properties of materials, gives FGMs unparalleled adaptability, making them suited for a wide range of high-strength applications. One of the novel methods of creating FGMs is to use severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques on powdered materials. The SPD of powders involves a few critical steps; The process begins with selecting materials with varied compositions and phases then mixing the powders, cold compaction, SPD methods, and, if necessary, heat treatment. The process is completed with characterization and testing, to evaluate the microstructure and characteristics of the final FGM formed.
FGMs will continue transforming materials engineering and pushing the boundaries of their applications in many engineering fields and industries since they exhibit attractive capabilities like improved efficiency, durability, and performance. Therefore, this article explores the process of fabricating FGMs by SPD and emphasizes its significance and future trends in FGM production.
Return to the Pre-Injury Level of Sport after Anterior Cruciate
Ligament Reconstruction: A Practical Review with Medical
Recommendations
Authors: Solie Braidy S. , Tollefson Luke V. , Doney Christopher P. , O'Keefe Jeremy M. J. , Thompson Will C. , LaPrade Robert F. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractReturning to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) can be
a challenging and complex process for the athlete, with the rate of return to
the pre-injury level of sport observed to be less than athlete expectations. Of
the athletes that do return to sport (RTS), knee re-injury rates remain high,
and multiple studies have observed impaired athletic performance upon RTS after
ACLR as well as reduced playing time, productivity, and career lengths. To
mitigate re-injury and improve RTS outcomes, multiple RTS after ACLR consensus
statements/clinical practice guidelines have recommended objective RTS testing
criteria to be met prior to medical clearance for unrestricted sports
participation. While the achievement of RTS testing criteria can improve RTS
rates after ACLR, current criteria do not appear valid for predicting safe RTS.
Therefore, there is a need to review the various factors related to the
successful return to the pre-injury level of sport after ACLR, clarify the
utility of objective performance testing and RTS criteria, further discuss safe
RTS decision-making as well as present strategies to reduce the risk of ACL
injury/re-injury upon RTS. This article provides a practical review of the
current RTS after ACLR literature, as well as makes medical recommendations for
rehabilitation and RTS decision-making after ACLR.
Electronic, direct optical, and phonon-assisted optical properties of 4H Si from first principles
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Kioupakis Emmanouil 
Published: March 2024

The cubic polytype of silicon (Si) is the most commercialized semiconductor material and finds applications in numerous electronic and optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells. However, recent reports on the synthesis of the hexagonal 4H Si polytype have attracted the attention of the scientific community to understand its functional properties. Here, we report the electronic, vibrational, and optical properties of the 4H Si polytype obtained with predictive first-principles calculations, with an emphasis of phonon-assisted absorption in the indirect regime. Compared to the cubic polytype, 4H Si shows a slightly narrower indirect gap by ∼0.05 eV. The calculated phonon-assisted optical spectra show that 4H Si exhibits a stronger absorption coefficient than cubic Si across the visible and IR spectral regions. We further evaluate the short-circuit current density of textured thin-films. We demonstrate that 4H Si can achieve the same short-circuit current density for a five times thinner film compared to the cubic polytype, which mainly resulted from absorption in the indirect gap regime. Our work demonstrates the advantages of 4H Si for thin-film silicon-based solar-cell applications.
Microvariation in verbal rather
Authors: Wood Jim 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper uses survey results to analyze patterns of judgments across different versions of the non-standard
verbal use of the word rather, which can take participial morphology, as in rathered. Across
numerous possible instantiations of the construction, there appear to be in fact a quite limited number of grammars, which are
generated by an implicational hierarchy of functional heads, along with the availability of a silent verb have. The
overall picture supports several broader conclusions. First, bare-infinitive–selecting verbs are nearly “closed class” because
they have special syntactic properties that go beyond semantic or even syntactic selection: they must value the temporal verbal
features of the embedded verb, or else provide a structural context for such valuation. Second, silent verbs can be licensed by
head-moving to a modal head in the extended projection. This movement is freely available, but silence demands recoverability,
which limits its application only to certain verbs, and certain uses/meanings of those verbs. Third, in addition to previously
known configurations for building parasitic participle constructions, movement of a lower verb to a higher verb can extend the
phase of the lower verb and lead to its silence. Fourth, the distribution of rather suggests that volitional
meaning is not a primitive, but is constructed from smaller primitives. Finally, microvariation reveals a tight connection among
logically distinct functional heads, suggesting that they are not acquired independently of each other, but interact in
significant ways.
DDAGCN: an unsupervised cross-domain identification method for tie rod bolt loosening in a rod-fastening rotor system under different working conditions
Authors: Zhou Chen , He Jun , Yang Shixi , Xiong Xin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The cross-domain diagnosis of tie rod bolt loosening is essential for guaranteeing the healthy operation of rod-fastening rotor (RFR) systems. The unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) method effectively alleviates the impact of domain discrepancy and has been applied for cross-domain diagnosis. Traditional UDA methods mainly focus on the marginal and conditional distributions with fixed weights to adapt the domain distribution discrepancy. However, the fixed distribution combination cannot satisfy the requirement of feature domain alignment under different working conditions, and the relative importance of the two distributions cannot be evaluated quantitatively. This paper proposes an improved dynamic distribution adaptive graph convolutional network (DDAGCN) for the cross-domain diagnosis of tie rod bolt loosening under different working conditions. This method can quantitatively evaluate the relative significance of each distribution in representing the distribution discrepancy. First, it combines the convolutional neural network and the graph convolutional network to extract the features in the graph structure by using the connection relationship between nodes, and realizes the full extraction of neighbourhood information of nodes. Then, the dynamic distribution adaptive alignment strategy is introduced to construct the dynamic linear combination of marginal and conditional distributions, so as to measure the distribution discrepancy between domains. Meanwhile, the domain adversarial module is combined to further reduce the domain gap and finally realize feature alignment. The extracted domain invariant features can effectively enhance the generalization ability and fault identification ability of the model. The case of the public bearing dataset verifies that the effectiveness and generalization ability of the proposed method for cross-domain fault diagnosis under different working conditions is superior to other compared methods. In addition, the identification ability of the proposed method for the degree of tie rod bolt loosening is verified by the self-made bolt loosening dataset of the RFR system.
Generation of auto-focusing vortex beam via segment vortex phase for imaging edge-enhancement
Authors: Lin Danping , Tao Shaohua 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The auto-focusing beam based on the circular Airy beam and segmented vortex phase, termed circular Airy segmented vortex beam (CASVB), was generated. During propagation, the focusing properties of the CASVB can be flexibly tunable for multiple degrees of freedom. The results show that the segmentation type of the vortex phase are determined by the number and position of phase jumps, which results in the beam split. Moreover, the number and position of the CASVB gaps coincide with the number and position of the phase jumps. In addition, the edge images can be enhanced by combining the phase of the beam with the phase of the lens. Due to its adjustable number and position of gaps, the CASVB will likely give rise to potential applications in manipulating particles along different segmented intensity trajectories.
Detecting causal relationships between fine particles and ozone based on observations in four typical cities of China
Authors: Qi Ling , Yin Jikun , Li Jiaxi , Duan Xiaoli 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As the concentration of fine particles (PM2.5) is declining, ozone (O3) concentration has been increasing in China in recent years. To collaboratively control PM2.5 and O3, it is critical to understand the relationship between the two and identify major controlling factors. We use a convergent cross-mapping method to detect the causal relationship between daily PM2.5 and maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) O3 concentrations in Beijing, Taizhou, Shenzhen and Chengdu, China, in the four seasons in 2015–2021. In addition, we also examined causal effects of atmospheric oxidation capacity, precursors and meteorological elements on PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 in the four cities. PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 are strongly positively correlated and show bidirectional causal relationships during the Beijing and Taizhou summer and in the four seasons in Shenzhen, due mainly to the strong photochemical reactions in the daytime. During the Beijing winter, PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 show bidirectional causal relationships, but the two are significantly negatively correlated, driven by NO2 and relative humidity. Weak bidirectional, unidirectional and no causal effects between PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 are detected in other seasons in the four cities. In these seasons and cities, the top three causal factors of PM2.5 differ from those of MDA8 O3. Season-, city- and pollutant-specific control measures of PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 are required.
A review on coisotropic reduction in symplectic, cosymplectic, contact and co-contact Hamiltonian systems
Authors: de León Manuel , Izquierdo-López Rubén 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this paper we study coisotropic reduction in different types of dynamics according to the geometry of the corresponding phase space. The relevance of coisotropic reduction is motivated by the fact that these dynamics can always be interpreted as Lagrangian or Legendrian submanifolds. Furthermore, Lagrangian or Legendrian submanifolds can be reduced by a coisotropic one.
Drag on circular cylinders with porous outer layers in turbulent cross-flow
Authors: Cohen Alexandre , Blais Donovan , Mydlarski Laurent , Baliga B Rabi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The effects of free-stream turbulence intensity and porosity on the drag on cylinders with porous outer layers in cross-flow was investigated experimentally. This work is motivated by the need to better model spotting—a forest fire propagation mechanism in which burning branches and other debris (termed firebrands) are transported away from the main fire by the prevailing wind and ignite new fires. Multiple levels of background turbulence were studied by using no grid, passive grids, and an active grid to generate turbulence intensities of 0.4%, 1.7%, 2.7% and 12.4%. The porous char-layer on the outer surface of firebrands was mimicked by wrapping wire meshes (of 10, 20 and 40 pores per cylinder diameter or PPD) around the cylinders, each to three different layer-thickness fractions (

1

/

16

,

1

/

8

and

1

/

4

) of the cylinder’s outer diameter. The drag on one smooth cylinder and nine cylinders with porous outer layers was measured for Reynolds numbers in the range 7000–17 000, at the aforementioned four turbulence intensities. The results showed that (i) the free-stream turbulence intensity and PPD of the wire meshes affect the Reynolds number dependence of the drag coefficient; (ii) the drag coefficient increases with free-stream turbulence intensity when it is relatively low (0.4%–2.7%), then decreases at high intensities (12.4%), and this decrease is more pronounced as the PPD increases; (iii) the drag coefficient increases with the thickness of the porous layer, and asymptotes to an effectively constant value after a critical thickness of about

1

/

8

of the cylinder’s diameter; and iv) the drag coefficient exhibits a non-monotonic dependence on the PPD of the wire mesh. These results demonstrate the importance of accounting for free-stream turbulence intensity and the parameters that characterize the porous outer layers of cylinders when modeling the drag on firebrands, or in other applications in which there is cross flow over cylinders with porous outer surfaces.