bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The frequency of the canine leukocyte adhesion defi‐ciency (CLAD) allele within the Irish Setter population of Australia
Authors: JOBLING AI , RYAN J , AUGUSTEYN RC 
Published: March 2008

The frequency of the canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) allele within the Irish Setter population of AustraliaObjective To determine the frequency of the 107G→C canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) mutation in Irish Setters from the Australian breeding population.Method Genomic DNA was isolated from 87 Irish Setter blood samples and a region of the b ‐2 integrin gene (ITGB2), encompassing the mutation, was amplified using real‐time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Two fluorescently labelled probes were hybridised to the fragment, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used to detect the 107G→ mutation responsible for CLAD.Results Three new heterozygotes were identified among 87 healthy Irish Setters from Australia. All originated from a litter sired by a known heterozygote. A total of seven heterozygotes have now been identified in 92 dogs (7.6%), representing over 90% of all major breeding stock in five Australian states. Two of the heterozygotes were recently imported adult dogs and the others were their offspring.Conclusions The frequency of the 107C allele in the Australian population of Irish Setters is lower than that in Europe. Selective breeding programs should be adopted to eliminate the mutant allele presently in two breeding lines.
Estimate of the sensitivity of an ELISA used to detect Johne's disease in Victorian dairy cattle herds
Authors: JUBB TF , SERGEANT ESG , CALLINAN APL , GALVIN JW 
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the sensitivity of the ELISA used in dairy cattle herds participating in the Victorian Bovine Johne's Disease Test and Control Program (TCP). Procedure The percentage of ELISA reactors in age and test cohorts was estimated from age‐specific test data derived from TCP herds with long testing histories. Age‐distribution data from production‐tested herds enabled estimation of reactor rates in animals that were culled or died. Results ELISA sensitivities at the first test round in herds achieving five, six and seven annual herd tests were 16.1, 14.9 and 13.5% respectively. The ELISA sensitivity in 2, 3 and 4‐year‐old animals at the first test round in herds testing seven times was 1.2, 8.9 and 11.6% respectively but remained between 20 and 30% in older age‐groups. Conclusion The sensitivity of the ELISA is considerably lower than previous estimates, probably because previous estimates were predominantly measured against faecal culture, which has subsequently been shown to have low sensitivity itself, and did not appreciate the long period that appears to precede detectable faecal excretion in most animals.
Effect of mass medication with antibiotics at feedlot entry on the health and growth rate of cattle destined for the Australian domestic market
Authors: CUSACK PMV 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveT o examine the effectiveness of mass medication with long acting antibiotics at feedlot entry on lot‐fed Australian domestic cattle during a period of high risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD).DesignSystematic allocation at feedlot entry of tilmicosin, long acting oxytetracycline or no antibiotic treatment, to cattle lot fed for the Australian domestic market. Comparisons of growth rate, disease occurrence and mortality were made between the groups at the conclusion of the feeding period.ResultsCattle medicated with tilmicosin at 10 mg/kg body weight on entry to the feedlot grew 0.08 kg/d faster than cattle medicated with oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg body weight and non‐medicated cattle. There was no significant difference in growth rate between oxytetracycline medicated cattle and cattle not medicated with antibiotic at feedlot entry. Cattle medicated with tilmicosin at feedlot entry had 8 fewer cases of disease per 100 animals compared with cattle not medicated with antibiotic at feedlot entry. There was no significant difference in disease occurrence between oxytetracycline medicated cattle and those not medicated with antibiotic at feedlot entry.ConclusionMass medication with tilmicosin at feedlot entry of cattle destined for the Australian domestic market may be used to reduce disease occurrence and increase growth rate during periods of high risk for BRD.
Swelling of cattle heel horn by urine
Authors: GREGORY NG 
Published: March 2008

ObjectivesTo understand the likely mechanisms responsible for heel horn softening when cattle stand in their own effluent. To examine the effectiveness of some footbath chemicals in preventing heel horn softening.ProcedureShavings from the heels of cattle were used in a laboratory test to examine the swelling effects of cow urine, urea, sulphide and ammonia. Formalin, glutaraldehyde, glyoxal, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, alum, tannic acid and a compound containing nitrocellulose plus nylon, were compared for their ability to prevent swelling in heel shavings induced by urea plus 2‐mercaptoethanol.ResultsCow urine caused heel horn to swell. Urea caused swelling at concentrations normally found in cow urine. Sulphide caused swelling at concentrations normally found in cow slurry. Low concentrations of ammonia solution also resulted in swelling. Formalin and glutaraldehyde prevented swelling induced by high concentrations of urea plus 2‐mercap‐toethanol. Copper sulphate had a moderate anti‐swelling effect. Zinc sulphate, alum, tannic acid, and nitrocellulose plus nylon were relatively ineffective in preventing swelling.ConclusionsCow urine can cause degradation of heel horn in cattle feet. The chemical agents that cause this could be urea, sulphide anions and ammonia. Degradation by urine can be prevented by pretreating heel horn with formalin. Glutaraldehyde may be an effective noncarcinogenic alternative to formalin.
Virus strains from a flock exhibiting unusually high mortality due to infectious bursal disease
Authors: IGNJATOVIC J , SAPATS S , REECE R , GOULD A , GOULD G , SELLECK P , LOWTHER S , BOYLE D , WESTBURY H 
Published: March 2008

Objective To characterise infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) isolated from commercial broiler flocks exhibiting unusually high mortality due to infectious bursal disease (IBD). Design An IBD outbreak occurred in mid 1999 on two broilers farms (A and B) in northern New South Wales amongst chickens 28 to 38 days of age, with a sharp rise in mortality of 2.5%. Initial histopathological diagnosis indicated acute IBD. Since acute IBD caused by classical pathogenic and very virulent (vv) IBDVs is exotic to Australia, samples from both farms A and B were obtained and used for virus characterisation. Method Tissue homogenates were made from six bursae collected from farm B. One histological sample from farm A was also used. Nucleotide sequencing of the hypervariable region (HVR) within the VP2 gene of IBDVs was determined and the deduced amino acid sequences compared with previously characterised Australian and overseas IBDVs. The phylogenetic relationship between IBDVs from farm B and IBDVs from Australia and overseas was then determined. Pathogenicity of one isolate, N2/99 from farm B, was compared with 3 other local IBDVs, as well as with three pathogenic overseas strains in 3‐week‐old specific pathogen‐free (SPF) chickens. Results Initial histopathological characterisation of a sample of bursa from a bird on farm A showed widespread acute lymphoid necrosis, follicular haemorrhage and stromal oedema, indicative of acute IBD. Subsequent analysis using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), followed by nucleotide sequencing of the same bursal sample, as well as 6 samples from nearby farm B, showed that the IBDVs involved were similar in sequence to Australian vaccine strains and not to classical pathogenic or vvIBDVs. One isolate, N2/99 from farm B, was only marginally more pathogenic than other local IBDVs. It induced mild clinical signs in 30% of chicks and no mortality. In comparison, vvIBDV CS89 and classical pathogenic 52/70 strains induced severe clinical signs in 100% and 80% of chickens, respectively with mortalities of 27% and 12%, respectively. Conclusions The results illustrated the value of nucleotide sequencing as a method for discrimination of local and exotic types of IBDV.
Doxorubicin pharmacokinetics following a single‐dose infusion to sulphur‐crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita)
Authors: GILBERT CM , FILIPPICH LJ , CHARLES BG 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in sulphur‐crested cockatoos, so that its use in clinical studies in birds can be considered. Design A pharmacokinetic study of doxorubicin, following a single intravenous (IV) infusion over 20 min, was performed in four healthy sulphur‐crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita). Procedure Birds were anaesthetised and both jugular veins were cannulated, one for doxorubicin infusion and the other for blood collection. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (2 mg/kg) in normal saline was infused IV over 20 min at a constant rate. Serial blood samples were collected for 96 h after initiation of the infusion. Plasma doxorubicin concentrations were assayed using an HPLC method involving ethyl acetate extraction, reverse‐phase chromatography and fluorescence detection. The limit of quantification was 20 ng/mL Established non‐parametric methods were used for the analysis of plasma doxorubicin data. Results During the infusion the mean ± SD for the Cmax of doxorubicin was 4037 ± 2577 ng/mL. Plasma concentrations declined biexponentially immediately after the infusion was ceased. There was considerable intersubject variability in all pharmacokinetic variables. The terminal (β‐phase) half‐life was 41.4 ± 18.5 min, the systemic clearance (Cl) was 45.7 ± 18.0 mL//min/kg, the mean residence time (MRT) was 4.8 ± 1.4 min, and the volume of distribution at steady state (VSS) was 238 ± 131 mL/kg. The extrapolated area under the curve (AUC0‐∝) was 950 ± 677 ng/mL.h. The reduced metabolite, doxorubicinol, was detected in the plasma of all four parrots but could be quantified in only one bird with the profile suggesting formation rate‐limited pharmacokinetics of doxorubicinol. Conclusions and clinical relevance Doxorubicin infusion in sulphur‐crested cockatoos produced mild, transient inappetence. The volume of distribution per kilogram and terminal half‐life were considerably smaller, but the clearance per kilogram was similar to or larger than reported in the dog, rat and humans. Traces of doxorubicinol, a metabolite of doxorubicin, were detected in the plasma.
Auscultation and echocardiographic findings in Bull Terriers with and without polycystic kidney disease
Authors: O'LEARY CA , MACKAY BM , TAPLIN RH , ATWELL RB 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate a possible association between Bull Terrier polycystic kidney disease (BTPKD) and cardiac disease, to determine the prevalence of mitral valve disease (MVD) and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) in the Australian Bull Terrier population, and to compare auscultation and echocardiography in detection of cardiac disease in Bull Terriers.DesignNinety‐nine Bull Terriers, ranging in age from 8 weeks to 13 years and 11 months were auscultated and examined using renal ultrasonography; 86 were also examined using echocardiography. The prevalence and severity of heart defects in dogs with BTPKD was compared with that in dogs without BTPKD.ResultsNineteen of these 99 dogs were diagnosed with BTPKD. Forty‐two percent of Bull Terriers with BTPKD and 28% of those without BTPKD had murmurs characteristic of mitral regurgitation or LVOTO. How recently an animal was descended from an ancestor with BTPKD was associated with presence (P = 0.008) and loudness of a murmur (P = 0.009). Overall, echocardiography detected MVD in 39% of Bull Terriers, with increased prevalence in older animals (P = 0.003). Mitral stenosis was found in eight cases. Fifty‐three percent of dogs in this study had evidence of LVOTO, with obstruction consisting of a complex of lesions including dynamic or fixed subvalvular LVOTO, significantly narrowed left ventricular outflow tract or valvular aortic stenosis. Dogs with BTPKD, or those descended from dogs with BTPKD, were more likely to have MVD (P = 0.006), and while LVOTO was not more common in these dogs, if they did have LVOTO, they were more likely to have severe obstruction than dogs with no ancestors with BTPKD (analysed in three ways P = 0.028 to 0.001). In this study, 46% of Bull Terriers without a murmur or arrhythmia had cardiac disease detected on echocardiographic examination.ConclusionCardiac disease, especially MVD and LVOTO, was common in Bull Terriers in this study, and those with BTPKD had an increased risk of cardiac abnormalities. Auscultation did not detect a significant number of Bull Terriers with cardiac disease.
A comparison of two ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to bovine leucosis virus in bulk‐milk
Authors: RIDGE SE , GALVIN JW 
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the sensitivity, specificity and detection limits for two bulk‐milk enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, the Svanovir BLV‐gp51‐Ab and the Lactelisa BLV Ab Bi indirect tank 250, for the detection of antibody to bovine leucosis virus in milk. Procedure Milk samples from 27 cows known to have enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) were serially diluted with milk from a herd known to be free from the disease. The dilution at which antibodies could no longer be detected by each test was determined.A total of 1,959 bulk‐milk samples submitted to a laboratory for the Victorian (EBL) eradication program were tested with both the Svanovir and the Lactelisa assays. A Bayesian approach was used to calculate maximum‐likelihood estimates of test sensitivity and specificity.An additional 660 bulk‐milk samples were tested with both the Svanovir and the Lactelisa assays. Herds that had positive results on either or both of the assays were subjected to blood or milk testing of individual cattle. Results The dilution of milk at which the Svanovir assay failed to detect enzootic bovine leucosis antibody in half of the samples was 1 in 40, whereas the comparable value for the Lactelisa was 1 in 200. Computer modeling of the operating characteristics of the Svanovir assay indicated that the sensitivity of that assay would be considerably lower than that for the Lactelisa, and the specificity was estimated to be higher. Evaluation of the assays using 660 bulk‐milk samples showed that the Lactelisa assay detected four infected herds that were not detected by the Svanovir test. No false positive results were recorded for either assay. Conclusion Use of the Lactelisa assay in the Victorian EBL eradication program will enhance disease detection and eradication, but may also result in an increased frequency of false positive bulk‐milk test results.
Determining the sensitivity of abattoir surveillance for ovine Johne's disease
Authors: BRADLEY TL , CANNON RM 
Published: March 2008

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity of abattoir surveillance of intestinal tract lesions for detecting ovine Johne's disease (OJD) under normal meatwork conditions. Design The design of this study was a diagnostic test validation. The three OJD inspectors were the diagnostic test and follow‐up histopathological examination was used for test validation. Procedure Approximately 1200 sheep were procured from known high prevalence OJD infected farms. The sheep viscera were tagged (numbered) and then examined as they were processed on the abattoir line by three experienced meat inspectors. Their observations were independently recorded on a cassette tape. Specified sections of viscera were prepared and subjected to histopathological examination and these results were compared with the inspector diagnoses. Results The sensitivity of abattoir inspection for OJD varied between inspectors from 53 percent to 87 percent. The specificity varied from 97 to 100 percent. It appeared that the level of sensitivity for detecting disease was higher in lines of sheep where the disease was more prevalent. It also appeared that formal training was an important aspect in ensuring a high level of sensitivity. Conclusion Abattoir surveillance is a very economical and rapid method of assessing the OJD status of sheep. On the basis of these results it is reasonable to suggest that abattoir surveillance has a sensitivity of approximately 70 percent. This technique is useful as an ancillary to other testing regimes for negative assurance programs where a sheep identification system is used.
Sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) poisoning in dogs
Authors: GOH CSS , HODGSON DR , FEARNSIDE SM , HELLER J , MALIKIDES N 
Published: March 2008

Sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) is a widely used pesticide for control of feral animals such as the fox. Accidental poisoning of domestic animals occurs despite strict regulations on 1080 usage. Dogs are particularly susceptible to the toxin.The mechanism of 1080 toxicity, susceptibility of target and non‐target species, persistence of 1080 in the environment and risk of accidental poisoning are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on 1080 toxicity in the dog. Early recognition of intoxication is most important for prognosis and relies upon characteristic clinical signs and diagnostic findings.The treatment of 1080 intoxication remains a challenge with no proven antidotes. However, there are possible benefits from monoacetin, acetamide, calcium salts, colestipol, activated charcoal, peritoneal dialysis, sodium bicarbonate, neurotransmitter modulators and four‐methylpyrazole. A recommended treatment protocol for 1080 toxicosis in dogs is included.Safety measures such as the use of wire dog muzzles and investigating alternatives to 1080 in pest control programs may be the key to reducing the incidence of future accidental poisonings.
Orofacial involvement in multiple sclerosis
Authors: FABIANO JUDEA. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeventy‐six patients with multiple sclerosis were questioned as to the occurrence of orofacia1 symptomS. A total of 52 patients (68.4%) reported a positive history after the onset of their neurologic condition, and 5 (6.6%) listed an orofacial symptom as an initial symptom. Dental treatment did not appear to be a precipitating factor in either the onset or exacerbation of MS.
The development of a modular gerontology curriculum for dental health practitioners
Authors: TEITELMAN JODI L. , PARHAM IRIS A. , SHIPMAN BARRY 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe modular gerontology curriculum offers dental students a needed introduction to major issues they will confront in their practices with ever‐increasing numbers of elderly patients. The modular curriculum helps sensitize students and make them aware that the needs of the elderly must be addressed, if the delivery of dental services in the future is to be effective. Students' roles in geriatric care will become better accepted as they receive exposure to information about the older patient population. By familiarizing them with accurate ideas about the elderly, the curriculum can help students eliminate stereotyped thinking and improve their attitudes towards this patient population.As the population becomes progressively more advanced in age, the demand for dental care by practitioners with specialized training in geriatrics will increase. Through the development of structured curriculum in gerontology, dental practitioners will potentially become better prepared to deal with the unique health care needs of this growing population. The development of modular curriculum packages offers a realistic, concise, and timely approach to a cluttered dental curriculum. The appropriate utilization of these packages can stimulate faculty and students to improve and expand their basic gerontologic knowledge, offering improved clinical application. With proper instruction and motivation, the quality of care provided older patients by dentists will improve.
Rehabilitation of the patient after cerebrovascular accident
Authors: WERTSCH JACQUELINE J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAfter a CVA, frequent and obvious deficits include paralysis of an arm or leg. However, there are other possible losses that are not immediately apparent. These include losses in communication (aphasia, dysarthria, and oral motor apraxia), the ability to orally ingest (dysphagia), and to carry out activities. Unless the specific deficit is recognized, the patient may be inappropriately labeled as senile or uncooperative. The central nervous system is an exceptionally complex control area. The more specific the diagnosis, the better the practitioner can understand the prognosis and prescribe appropriate therapy.
A comparative study of clinic attendance for pedodontic treatment of children with orofacial clefts
Authors: RANALLI DENNIS N. , ZULLO THOMAS G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThis paper analyzes attendance, cancellations, and disappointments of children with orofacial clefts who received pedodon‐tic treatment for 18 months compared with three other group— those receiving routine pedodontic services; those receiving interceptive orthodontic treatment; and physically or mentally handicapped patients receiving pedodontic treatment. Additionally, attendance of the patients with orofacial clefts for the 18‐month study is compared with a similar group for the previous 72 months.The data were analyzed statistically by means of frequency distributions and x2 analysis. A total of 4,094 scheduled appointments were evaluated. The patients with orofacial clefts had the lowest frequency for attendance and the highest cancellation rate. x2 results indicate that this group had slightly fewer kept appointments and significantly more cancellations than expected. The comparison of attendance for 18 months with the previous 72 months for patients with orofacial clefts showed that the pattern of clinic attendance for the 18 months is representative for this sample group.
Pediatric dentistry and the child with asthma
Authors: MUNGO RICHARD P. , KOPEL HUGH M. , CHURCH JOSEPH A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA child with asthma who needs dental treatment, can be a source of concern to the pediatric dentist. Recent studies have provided a better understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma as well as the role of emotions in the expression of asthma. The goal in managing the patient with asthma is to prevent an acute asthmatic episode during the dental procedure. Suggestions are made to meet this goal. Asthma does not require alteration of routine dental practices and, most importantly, the well‐managed child with asthma does not need special treatment when it comes to possible behavior problems in the dental office.
Von Willebrand's disease: indication for combined surgical procedures
Authors: RITCHIE JOHN R. , FLORINE BRENT L. , ANDES W. ABE , CUMINALE JOSEPH A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe case presented illustrates several important aspects of von Willebrand's disease. Abnormal bleeding after dental extractions may be the first indication that a patient has a bleeding disorder. When replacement therapy is adequate, normal he‐most sis can be expected at the same time of surgery and after surgery. Multiple surgical procedures should be done where feasible. Orthopedic surgeons would probably hesitate to work simultaneously with dentists because of the perceived risk of joint infection secondary to bacteremia associated with dental procedures. However, many other procedures can be performed with success, as in the case reported here. Finally, until the time when virus‐free therapy (without the need of human donors) is available, the exposure of patients to blood components should be minimized by combining procedures and by using treatments such as Stimate whenever possible.