bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunolocalization of the Ca2+‐activated K+ channel Slo1 in axons and nerve terminals of mammalian brain and cultured neurons
Authors: Misonou Hiroaki , Menegola Milena , Buchwalder Lynn , Park Eunice W. , Meredith Andrea , Rhodes Kenneth J. , Aldrich Richard W. , Trimmer James S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCa2+‐activated voltage‐dependent K+ channels (Slo1, KCa1.1, Maxi‐K, or BK channel) play a crucial role in controlling neuronal signaling by coupling channel activity to both membrane depolarization and intracellular Ca2+ signaling. In mammalian brain, immunolabeling experiments have shown staining for Slo1 channels predominantly localized to axons and presynaptic terminals of neurons. We have developed anti‐Slo1 mouse monoclonal antibodies that have been extensively characterized for specificity of staining against recombinant Slo1 in heterologous cells, and native Slo1 in mammalian brain, and definitively by the lack of detectable immunoreactivity against brain samples from Slo1 knockout mice. Here we provide precise immunolocalization of Slo1 in rat brain with one of these monoclonal antibodies and show that Slo1 is accumulated in axons and synaptic terminal zones associated with glutamatergic synapses in hippocampus and GABAergic synapses in cerebellum. By using cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons as a model system, we show that heterologously expressed Slo1 is initially targeted to the axonal surface membrane, and with further development in culture, become localized in presynaptic terminals. These studies provide new insights into the polarized localization of Slo1 channels in mammalian central neurons and provide further evidence for a key role in regulating neurotransmitter release in glutamatergic and GABAergic terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:289–302, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification, physiological actions, and distribution of VYRKPPFNGSIFamide (Val1‐SIFamide) in the stomatogastric nervous system of the American lobster Homarus americanus
Authors: Christie Andrew E. , Stemmler Elizabeth A. , Peguero Braulio , Messinger Daniel I. , Provencher Heather L. , Scheerlinck Pieter , Hsu Yun‐Wei A. , Guiney Maureen E. , de la Iglesia Horacio O. , Dickinson Patsy S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this study, the peptide VYRKPPFNGSIFamide (Val1‐SIFamide) was identified in the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI‐FTMS). When bath‐applied to the stomatogastric ganglion (STG), synthetic Val1‐SIFamide activated the pyloric motor pattern, increasing both burst amplitude and duration in the pyloric dilator (PD) neurons. To determine the distribution of this novel SIFamide isoform within the lobster STNS and neuroendocrine organs, a rabbit polyclonal antibody was generated against synthetic Val1‐SIFamide. Whole‐mount immunolabeling with this antibody showed that this peptide is widely distributed within the STNS, including extensive neuropil staining in the STG and commissural ganglia (CoGs) as well as immunopositive somata in the CoGs and the oesophageal ganglion. Labeling was also occasionally seen in the pericardial organ (PO), but not in the sinus gland. When present in the PO, labeling was restricted to fibers‐of‐passage and was never seen in release terminals. Adsorption of the antibody by either Val1‐SIFamide or Gly1‐SIFamide abolished all Val1‐SIFamide staining within the STNS, including the STG neuropil, whereas adsorption by other lobster neuropeptides had no effect on immunolabeling. These data strongly suggest that the staining we report is a true reflection of the distribution of this peptide in the STNS. Collectively, our mass spectrometric, physiological, and anatomical data are consistent with Val1‐SIFamide serving as a locally released neuromodulator in the lobster STG. Thus, our study provides the first direct demonstration of function for an SIFamide isoform in any species. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:406–421, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architectonic organization of the inferior parietal convexity of the macaque monkey
Authors: Gregoriou Georgia G. , Borra Elena , Matelli Massimo , Luppino Giuseppe 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe inferior parietal lobule (IPL) of the macaque monkey constitutes the largest part of Brodmann's area 7. Functional, connectional, and architectonic data have indicated that area 7 is comprised of several distinct sectors located in the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus and on the IPL cortical convexity. To date, however, attempts to parcellate the IPL based on architectonic criteria have been controversial, and correlation between anatomical and functional data has been inadequate. In the present study we aimed to determine the number and extent of cytoarchitectonically distinct areas occupying the IPL convexity. To this end, we studied the cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture of this region in 28 hemispheres of 17 macaque monkeys. Four distinct areas were identified at different rostrocaudal levels along the IPL convexity and were defined as PF, PFG, PG, and Opt, with area PF corresponding to the rostralmost area and area Opt to the caudalmost one. All areas extend dorsally up to the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus, for about 1–2 mm. Areas PF, PFG, and PG border ventrally on opercular areas, whereas area Opt extends ventrally into the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Analysis of the distribution of SMI‐32 immunoreactivity confirmed the proposed parcellation scheme. Some additional connectional data showed that the four areas project in a differential way to the premotor cortex. The present data challenge the current widely used subdivision of the IPL convexity into two areas, confirming, but also extending the subdivision originally proposed by Pandya and Seltzer J. Comp. Neurol. 496:422–451, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis and synthesis of perturbed Duffing oscillators
Authors: Savov V. N. , Georgiev Zh. D. , Todorov T. G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAnalysis and synthesis of perturbed Duffing oscillators have been presented. The oscillations in such systems are regarded as limit cycles in perturbed Hamiltonian systems under polynomial perturbations of sixth degree and are analysed by using the Melnikov function. It has been proved that there exists a polynomial perturbation depending on the zeros of the Melnikov function so that the system considered can have either two simple limit cycles, or one limit cycle of multiplicity 2, or one simple limit cycle. A synthesis of such oscillators based on the Melnikov's theory has been proposed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Affect modulates appetite‐related brain activity to images of food
Authors: Killgore William D.S. , Yurgelun‐Todd Deborah A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjective:We examined whether affect ratings predicted regional cerebral responses to high and low‐calorie foods.Method:Thirteen normal‐weight adult women viewed photographs of high and low‐calorie foods while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Regression analysis was used to predict regional activation from positive and negative affect scores.Results:Positive and negative affect had different effects on several important appetite‐related regions depending on the calorie content of the food images. When viewing high‐calorie foods, positive affect was associated with increased activity in satiety‐related regions of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, but when viewing low‐calorie foods, positive affect was associated with increased activity in hunger‐related regions including the medial orbitofrontal and insular cortex. The opposite pattern of activity was observed for negative affect.Conclusion:These findings suggest a neurobiologic substrate that may be involved in the commonly reported increase in cravings for calorie‐dense foods during heightened negative emotions. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Do supplementary items on the eating disorder examination improve the assessment of adolescents with anorexia nervosa?
Authors: Couturier Jennifer L. , Lock James 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjective:Given that adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) typically have lower scores on the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) than expected, the current study examined whether the inclusion of eight supplementary items developed by the authors of the EDE better captured the symptoms of adolescents with AN.Method:A dataset consisting of EDEs from 86 adolescents was examined by 3 primary methods: (1) baseline subscale scores were compared before and after the addition of the supplementary items, (2) the internal consistency of the EDE with the addition of these items was examined, and (3) each of these items was compared before and after treatment.Results:After the addition of the supplementary items, the Eating Concern and Weight Concern subscales were significantly increased, whereas the Restraint subscale was significantly decreased, and the Shape Concern subscale was unchanged. Internal consistency was improved on the Eating Concern, Weight Concern, and Shape Concern subscales, and was decreased on the Restraint subscale. Three of eight items showed a significant decrease with treatment.Conclusion:Although the addition of some of these eight supplementary items better captured the psychopathology of adolescents with AN, scores were still substantially below expected, indicating that the exploration of other methods of assessment is needed. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
5‐Substituted 4,5‐Dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐3(2H)‐ones from the Unprecedented Reaction between α‐N‐Protected Amino Acid Hydrazides and NaBH4
Authors: Verardo Giancarlo , Geatti Paola , Merli Marcello , Strazzolini Paolo 
Published: March 2006

Abstractα‐N‐Protected amino acid hydrazides (1) readily reacted with NaBH4 to afford 5‐substituted 4,5‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐3(2H)‐one derivatives 2 in good yields. Unfortunately, the reaction caused partial racemization at the α‐amino acidic carbon atom of the starting hydrazide. A mechanism, supported by experimental evidence, has been proposed in an attempt to explain this to date unprecedented reaction. The structure of compounds 2 was confirmed by X‐ray structural analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Oxidoreductases and Hydroxynitrilase Lyases: Complementary Enzymatic Technologies for Chiral Alcohols
Authors: Daußmann T. , Rosen T. C. , Dünkelmann P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBiocatalytic processes are useful methods for the production of chiral intermediates. As an example, alcohol dehydrogenases are applied for the production of chiral alcohols by asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones. From this class of enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis will be described with respect to its industrial application. The process for the production of methyl (R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate using this enzyme is discussed in more detail. The application of alcohol dehydrogenases can be limited by the commercial availability of the starting material as, for instance, in the case of the synthesis of chiral α‐hydroxy acids. For these products asymmetric addition of hydrocyanic acid to aldehydes catalyzed by hydroxynitrile lyases such as (S)‐oxynitrilase from Manihot esculenta is a complementary approach. Also, this enzyme will be characterized in more detail with respect to its industrial production and application.
Evaluators as educators: Articulating program theory and building evaluation capacity
Authors: Monroe Martha C. , Fleming M. Lynette , Bowman Ruth A. , Zimmer Jeanne F. , Marcinkowski Tom , Washburn Julia , Mitchell Nora J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis chapter recommends an educational role for evaluators in nonformal settings, including the development of program theory and long‐term evaluation capacity building.
HBM functional imaging analysis contest data analysis in wavelet space
Authors: Aston John A.D. , Turkheimer Federico E. , Brett Matthew 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn analysis of the Functional Imaging Analysis Contest (FIAC) data is presented using spatial wavelet processing. This technique allows the image to be filtered adaptively according to the data itself, rather than relying on a predetermined filter. This adaptive filtering leads to better estimation of the parameters and contrasts in terms of mean squared error. It will be shown that by introducing a slight bias into the estimation, a large reduction in the variance can be achieved, leading to better overall mean squared error estimates. As no single filter needs to be preselected, results containing many scales of information can be found. In the FIAC data, it is shown that both small‐scale and large‐scale (smoother, more dispersed) effects occur. The combination of small‐ and large‐scale effects detected in the FIAC data would be easy to miss using conventional single filter analysis. Hum Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of distance to provider on employee response to changes in mental health benefits
Authors: Lindrooth Richard C. , Lo Sasso Anthony T. , Lurie Ithai Z. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe assess whether distance to provider moderates the effect of a change in mental health benefits on treatment initiation of employees of a large US‐based company for psychiatric disorders. Mental health treatment administrative claims data plus eligibility information provided by a Fortune 50 company for the years 1995–1998 are used for the analysis. The effect of distance is measured using the relative effect of the initiative on residents living far from providers compared to those living close to providers. We model the probability of treatment initiation using a random effects logit specification. We find that the effect of distance to provider has the potential to over‐shadow other incentives to initiate treatment, especially at distances greater than 4 miles. These results lend further support to the notion that geographic dispersion of providers should be an important consideration when forming a selective contracting network. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Monofunctionalized Fluorescein Derivatives for the Efficient High‐Throughput Screening of Lipases and Esterases in Aqueous Media
Authors: Yang Yongzheng , Babiak Peter , Reymond Jean‐Louis 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMonoalkylation or acylation of fluorescein (1) with various acyloxymethyl or acyl halides afforded, respectively, a series of ether‐ (2) and ester‐functionalized (3) fluorogenic probes. The highly reactive and water‐soluble substrates release fluorescein (1) upon reaction with lipases and esterases within seconds or minutes, both under fully aqueous conditions or in the presence of DMSO (20%) as a co‐solvent. The most‐reactive substrates in the two series were the octanoic acid derivatives 2f (= 2‐{6‐[(octanoyloxy)methoxy]‐3‐oxo‐3H‐xanthen‐9‐yl}benzoic acid) and 3a (= 2‐[6‐(octanoyloxy)‐3‐oxo‐3H‐xanthen‐9‐yl]benzoic acid). Esterases were found to generally react faster under aqueous conditions, while lipases were more reactive in the presence of DMSO as a co‐solvent.
Temperature Influence on the Morphology and Roughness of Silver Deposit Formed by Cementation
Authors: Sulka Grzegorz D. , Jaskuła Marian 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe morphology and surface roughness of silver deposits formed by cementation in 0.5M H2SO4 solution containing 0.5M CuSO4 was investigated at various temperatures. The influence of O2 on the morphology of deposited Ag on the Cu surface was studied in solutions containing 20 or 100 mg/dm3 initial Ag+. Surface‐height‐distribution diagrams were calculated from scanning‐electron‐microscopic (SEM) images. For the lower Ag+ concentration, the formation of granular deposits occurred in the presence of O2. In contrast, under anaerobic conditions, rather flat deposits with tiny Ag crystals were observed. For the higher Ag+ concentration, the presence of O2 did not significantly affect the morphology of the Ag deposit, but increasing temperature resulted in more‐compact and denser dendrites. Differences in the Ag‐deposit morphology and surface roughness were attributed to a different mechanism in the absence of O2. Under anaerobic conditions, a competitive reaction between Ag+ and Cu+ occurs in bulk solution, which consumes additional Ag+ ions. The SEM images and, especially, distribution diagrams of the surface height provided useful information on the formation and expansion of anodic sites on the Cu surface at various temperatures.
Regio‐ and Stereoselectivity in the Lewis Acid‐ and NaH‐Induced Reactions of Thiocamphor with (R)‐2‐Vinyloxirane
Authors: Fedorov Alexey , Fu Changchun , Heimgartner Heinz 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe reaction of the enolizable thioketone (1R,4R)‐thiocamphor (= (1R,4R)‐1,7,7‐trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane‐2‐thione; 1) with (R)‐2‐vinyloxirane (2) in the presence of a Lewis acid such as SnCl4 or SiO2 in anhydrous CH2Cl2 gave the spirocyclic 1,3‐oxathiolane 3 with the vinyl group at C(4′), as well as the isomeric enesulfanyl alcohol 4. In the case of SnCl4, an allylic alcohol 5 was obtained in low yield in addition to 3 and 4 (Scheme 2). Repetition of the reaction in the presence of ZnCl2 yielded two diastereoisomeric 4‐vinyl‐1,3‐oxathiolanes 3 and 7 together with an alcohol 4, and a ‘1 : 2 adduct’ 8 (Scheme 3). The reaction of 1 and 2 in the presence of NaH afforded regioselectively two enesulfanyl alcohols 4 and 9, which, in CDCl3, cyclized smoothly to give the corresponding spirocyclic 1,3‐oxathiolanes 3, 10, and 11, respectively (Scheme 4). In the presence of HCl, epimerization of 3 and 10 occurred to yield the corresponding epimers 7 and 11, respectively (Scheme 5). The thio‐Claisen rearrangement of 4 in boiling mesitylene led to the allylic alcohol 12, and the analogous [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement of the intermediate xanthate 13, which was formed by treatment of the allylic alcohol 9 with CS2 and MeI under basic conditions, occurred already at room temperature to give the dithiocarbonate 14 (Schemes 6 and 7). The presented results show that the Lewis acid‐catalyzed as well as the NaH‐induced addition of (R)‐vinyloxirane (2) to the enolizable thiocamphor (1) proceeds stereoselectively via an SN2‐type mechanism, but with different regioselectivity.
Triterpenoid Saponins from Schefflera arboricola
Authors: Guo Fu‐Jiang , Chen Pin , Peng Shu‐Ying , Li Yuan‐Chao 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFour new triterpenoid saponins, named scheffarboside A – D (1–4), along with five known saponins were isolated from the stems of Schefflera arboricola. The structures of the four new saponins were determined as 3‐O‐(O‐β‐glucuronopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐O‐α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐α‐arabinopyranosyl)oleanolic acid (1), 3‐O‐(O‐α‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐O‐α‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐O‐α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐α‐arabinopyranosyl)oleanolic acid (2), 3‐O‐(O‐α‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐O‐α‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐O‐α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐α‐arabinopyranosyl)hederagenin (3), 3‐O‐(O‐α‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐O‐α‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐O‐α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐α‐arabinopyranosyl)oleanolic acid O‐α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐O‐β‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐glucopyranosylester (4), respectively, on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical degradation methods.
Synthesis of Optically Active, Cyclic α‐Hydroxy Ketones and 1,2‐Diketones from Verbenone Epoxide
Authors: Il'ina Irina V. , Volcho Konstantin P. , Korchagina Dina V. , Barkhash Vladimir A. , Salakhutdinov Nariman F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe reactivity of verbenone epoxide (5), a terpenoid from the pinane series, towards different aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of natural montmorillonite (askanite–bentonite) clay has been studied. A series of mechanistically different transformations afforded a number of new, optically active, polyfunctional compounds (7, 8, 10–14, 16). These products are potentially interesting synthons in asymmetric synthesis.
Three New Indole Alkaloids from the Leaves of Kopsia officinalis
Authors: Zhou Hua , He Hong‐Ping , Kong Ning‐Chuan , Wang Yue‐Hu , Liu Xiang‐Dong , Hao Xiao‐Jiang 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThree new indole alkaloids, 11,12‐de(methylenedioxy)danuphylline (1), methyl (2β,11β,12β,19α)‐6,7‐didehydro‐8,21‐dioxo‐11,21‐cycloaspidospermidine‐2‐carboxylate (2), and (2β,5β)‐aspidofractinin‐16‐ol (3) were isolated from Kopsia officinalis, together with 16 known compounds. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. The isolated known compound (−)‐12‐methoxykopsinaline displayed antimanic effects in Drosophila, with an IC50 value of 12.5 μg/ml.
Practical Stereo‐ and Regioselective, Copper(I)‐Promoted Strecker Synthesis of Sugar‐Modified α,β‐Unsaturated Imines
Authors: Zhou Guobin , Zheng Weixin , Wang Dong , Zhang Pengfei , Pan Yuanjiang 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe regio‐ and stereoselective, Lewis acid catalyzed Strecker reaction between Me3SiCN and different aldimines incorporating a 2,3,4,6‐tetrakis‐O‐pivaloyl‐D‐glucopyranosyl (Piv4Glc) chiral auxiliary has been worked out. Depending on the conditions used, high yields (up to 95%) and good diastereoselectivities (de > 86%) were achieved under mild conditions (Table 1), especially with CuBr ⋅ Me2S as catalyst. Our protocol allows the ready preparation of asymmetric β,γ‐unsaturated α‐amino acids such as (R)‐2‐amino‐4‐phenylbut‐3‐enoic acid (13; Scheme 2) and congeners thereof.
Three New Polyketide Metabolites from the Endophytic Fungal Strain Cladosporium tenuissimum LR463 of Maytenus hookeri
Authors: Dai Huan‐Qin , Kang Qian‐Jin , Li Guo‐Hong , Shen Yue‐Mao 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThree new polyketide metabolites, the twelve‐membered macrolides (6R,12S)‐6‐hydroxy‐12‐methyloxacyclodoecane‐2,5‐dione (1), (10S,12S)‐10‐hydroxy‐12‐methyloxacyclododecane‐2,5‐dione (2), and 4,5‐dihydroxy‐12‐methyloxacyclododecan‐2‐one (3), were isolated from the endophytic fungal strain Cladosporium tenuissimum LR463 of Maytenus hookeri, together with three known compounds, cladospolide A, cladospolide B, and isocladospolide B. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments, and the absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by the Mosher ester method.
Terpenoids from Eupatorium fortuneiTurcz
Authors: Jiang Hai‐Xia , Li Ya , Pan Jing , Gao Kun 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFour new terpenoids, namely, rel‐(1R,2S,3R,4R,6S)‐p‐menthane‐1,2,3,6‐tetrol (1), rel‐(1R,2R,3R,4S,6S)‐p‐menthane‐1,2,3,6‐tetrol (2), 9‐hydroxythymol 3‐O‐angelate (3), and (3β,20R)‐20‐hydroxylanost‐25‐en‐3‐yl palmitate (4), together with fourteen known compounds, were isolated from the AcOEt part of the MeOH extracts of Eupatorium fortunei. In addition, two other monoterpenoids, ‘acetone thymol‐8,9‐diyl ketal’ (19) and 8‐methoxy‐9‐hydroxythymol 3‐O‐angelate (20) were also obtained which were probably artifacts but have never been reported in the literature. The structures of the new compounds, including their relative configurations, were established by an extensive study of their spectral data, especially 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR. The cytotoxic activity of the new compounds against human hepatoma (SMMC‐7721), human leukemia (HL‐60), and human hepatocyte (LO2) cells was investigated.