bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF POST‐EMERGENCE HERBICIDES ON THE VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF CENTROSEMA FUBESCENS BENTH. IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: BAILEY D. R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. 2,4‐D‐amine, 2,4‐D ethyl ester, 2.4‐DB‐potassium. MCPA‐sodium, diquat and a 1:1 mixture of 2,4,5‐T butyl ester and 2,4‐D ethyl ester were applied to the tropical pasture legume Centrosema pubescens Benth. (centro) grown either alone or with Panicum maximum Jacq. (guinea grass). Even at 0.5 Ib/ac (total) the 2,4,5‐T/2,4‐D mixture caused severe damage to seedling and mature centro. 2,4‐D‐amine, 2,4‐D ethyl ester and 2,4‐DB‐potassium were less damaging and there were only slight differences in response to these. Diquat at 0.25 Ib/ac desiccated centro seedlings, but most plants survived and grew satisfactorily. There was some evidence that the growth of mature centro was depressed least when the herbicides were applied during vegetative quiescence.Application just after the start of flowering altered the flowering pattern but did not reduce seed yields significantly. 2,4‐D‐amine at 0.75 and 1–5 lb/ac and 2,4‐D ethyl ester at 1.5 Ib/ac decreased the percentage germination of abraded seed. Diquat 0.25 Ib/ac applied at the start of flowering caused significant increases in top growth and seed pod numbers, possibly the result of modification of the normal flowering pattern.
THE ADSORPTION OF FOUR HERBICIDES BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANIC MATTER AND A BENTONITE CLAY*
Authors: DOHERTY P. J. , WARREN G. F. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A bioassay was used to study, adsorption of prometryne, simazine, linuron and pyrazon by fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, muck soil and bentonite as 1 % mixtures with quartz sand. Of these bentonite caused least reduction in bioactivity, and sphagnum moss reduced it only slightly more. Fibrous peat and muck soil were the most adsorptive. Prometryne, simazine and pyrazon were more highly adsorbed by fibrous peat than by muck soil, while for linuron the opposite occurred. Fibrous peat was approximately three, seven, thirteen and three times more adsorptive than bentonite for pyrazon, linuron, prometryne and simazine, respectively, while for muck soil the corresponding values were two, fourteen, seven and two.Studies with prometryne and five different soils indicated that percentage organic matter, cation‐exchange capacity and specific surface area were all highly correlated with adsorption.
INCORPORATED VERSUS SUBSURFACE VERNOLATE FOR WEED CONTROL TN PEANUTS*
Authors: HAUSER E. W. , SAMPLES L. E. , PARHAM S. A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Under dry field conditions, vernolate (S‐propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) incorporated by conventional methods controlled less yellow nutsedge (Cyperusesculentus L.) and injuied peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L., groundnuts) more than when injected in lines under the soil or subsurface‐applied through sweep applicators. In glasshouse studies, vernolate eliminated production of new nutsedge tubers if it was applied below the soil surface either 1 in. above or 1 in. below the parent tuber. Method of placement was less critical in determining control of most annual weeds.When averaged over two soil types and 2 years, peanuts yielded 14% more after subsurface applications than after incorporated treatments of vernolate. In comparison with the optimum subsurface placement, the yield from incorporation was significantly lower in three of four field studies, the reduced yields probably resulting from a combination of herbicide injury and poor weed control. Factors affecting the distribution of vernolate vapours (such as method of placement, soil type and amount of rainfall after treatment) apparently determine the differential toxicity of this herbicide. Neither market quality nor germination of peanut seed was adversely affected by vernolate treatment.
THE EFFECT OF SIMAZINE ON THE PHOTOFIXATION OF CO2 AND ON TRANSLOCATION OF ASSIMILATES IN NORWAY SPRUCE (PICEA ABIES)
Authors: LUND‐HÖIE K. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A method of exposing seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) to 14CO2 is described. Within the 1st hr alter 14CO2 exposure, no translocation of the 14C out of the treated branch could be observed. After a 24‐hr period, however, the 14C in dormant seedlings had been translocated basipetally to part of the root system only, with no lateral diffusion of the 14C‐compounds in the stem. About a week after exposure, both symplastic and apoplastic patterns of translocation had caused a more uniform distribution of 14C. In seedlings at active internode elongation, the translocation patterns were fundamentally identical to those in dormant seedlings, but the active shoot growth had led to a more uniform distribution of the 14C.Simazine at 20 ppm had apparently stimulated both the photofixation of 14CO2 and the rate of translocation of the 14C‐assimilates. At 30 ppm, however, simazine had blocked the translocation of nutrients to the roots. On the other hand, the 14CO2 uptake was not influenced. The simazine incubation had apparently no influence on the synthesis of cationic photosynthate.
GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS OF OATS INDUCED BY BROMACIL
Authors: ASHTON F. M. , GUTTER ELIZABETH G. , HUFFSTUTTER DONNA 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Dry seeds of oat (Avena sativa L.) were placed in various concentrations of bromacil for 4 hr and then placed either on glasscloth which dipped into the herbicide solution, or with the roots in aerated herbicide solution. Root elongation was measured by two methods. Alter various exposure periods, selected portions of the plants were prepared by classical methods for examination with the light or electron microscope.Total root elongation was inhibited by the concentrations used (10−6 to 10−3 M), and the degree of inhibition increased with increasing concentration. The inhibition was almost entirely restricted to the terminal 0.5 mm, the region of greatest elongation in untreated roots. Treated roots were swollen or necrotic and collapsed, with neerotic cells in the meristem, procambium and epidermis. There was also precocious vacuolation of cells in most tissues of the root tip, and inhibition of cell wall formation resulted in cells with multiple nuclei. The development of the chloroplast grana and fret system was inhibited by bromacil. The loculi of the grana and fret vesicles progressively swelled, and there was modification of the chloroplast envelope. These effects appear to be associated with loss of integrity of membranes.Résumé.Des semences sèches d'avoine (Avena sativa L.) furent placées dans diverses concentrations de bromacile pendant 4 heures puis placées ensuite soit sur de la laine de verre qui trenipait dans la solutjon herbicide, soit avec les racincs plongées dans une solution herhieide aérée. L'élongation des racines fut mesuree par detix methodes. Aprèa des periodes variees d'exposition, des portions choisies des plantes furent preparees par les methodes classiques pour cxamen au microscope ordinaire ou au microscope electronique. L'elongation totale des racines fut inhibde par les concentrations utilisees (10−6à 10−3 M), et le degré d'inhibition s'accrut avec l'augmentation des concentrations. L'inhibition fut presque entièrement localisée sur 0,5 mm á l'extrémité de la racine, région où se manifeste la eroissance la plus importante dans les racines non traitées. Les racines traitées apparuient gonflées, ou nécrosées et flasques, avec des cellules nécrosées dans le méristéme, le procambium et l'épiderme. Il apparut également une formation précoce de vacuoles dans les cellules dans la plupart des tissus de l'extrémité cs racines; de plus, l'inhibition de la formation de la paroi cellulaire provoqua la formation de cellules à noyaux multiples. Le développement des grana chloroplastes et du systéme lamellaire inter‐grana fut inhibé par le bromacile. Les cavités des grana et les vésicules du système lamellaire inter‐grana grossirent progressi vement et l'enveloppe des chloroplastes fut modifiée. Ces effets semblent être associés à la perte de l'intégrité des membrances.
INTERAKTION ZWISCHEN EINIGEN HERBIZIDEN BEI VORSAAT‐ UND VORAUFLAUFBEHANDLUNG IN ZUCKERRÜBEN
Authors: ZEMANEK J. 
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung.Im modifizierten logarithmischen Feldversuch mit ‘Kreuzparzellen’ wurden die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Vorsaatbehandlung mit NaTCA bzw. Dalapon und Vorauflaufbehandlung mit Pyrazon bzw. Lenacil untersucht. Für jedes Kombinationspaar (NATCA+Pyrazon, Dalapon+Pyrazon, NaTCA+Lenacil, Dalapon+Lenacil) entstanden sechunddreissig Varianten. Dabei zeigte sich, dass auch NaTCA und Dalapon allein eine gewisse Wirkung gegen dikotyle Arten haben. Mit Steigenden Aufwandmengen an NaTCA bzw. Dalapon nahm in der Kombination mit Pyrazon bzw. Lenacil die Unkrautwirkung und in geringerem Masse auch die Phytotoxizität gegen die Rüben zu. Da bei der kombinierten Anwendung der genannten Vorsaat‐ und Vorauflaufherbizide die Empfindlichkeit der Rüben weniger Stark zunahm als die der Unkräuter, wurde zumindest unter den im Versuch gegebenen Bedingungen die Selektiviät nicht vermindert.The interaction between herbicides applied before sowing and pre‐emergence in sugar beet
EFFECTS OF CONSTITUENTS OF GRAMOXONE W ON RATES OF RESPIRATION OF SOIL FUNGI
Authors: WILKINSON VALERIE , LUCAS R. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The effects were determined of paraquat dichloride and Lissapol NX, consutuents of the commercial formulation Gramoxone W, on the rate of oxygen uptake by cultures of Fusarium cutmanmt and Trkkoderma viride. When applied separately, paraquat dichode was less inhibitory than the wetting agent; when applied together, the inhibitory effect was greater than the sum of those obtained separately. Synergism was also observed between paraquat dichloride of commercial purity and a solution containing the additives used m Gramoxone W but without the paraquat dichloride. This effect is thought to be due to increased permeation of paraquat dichioride into fungal mycelia in the presence of a wetting agent. Older cultures were less affected than younger ones by the coniponents of Gramoxone W. The results suggest that the additives used in formulating herbicides may be critical in determining fungitoxicity.Effets des constituants du Gramoxone W sur les taux de respiration de champignons du sol
ABSORPTION, TRANSLOCATION AND METABOLISM OF DICHLOBENIL IN BEAN SEEDLINGS
Authors: VERLOOP A. , NIMMO W. B. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A quantitative study was carried out on the absorption, translocation and metabolism of 2,6–dichlorobenzonitriie‐14G (dichlobenil) in seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris L. From an aqueous solution dichlobenil is absorbed by the roots and accumulates about three‐fold; metabolism in the roots is of minor importance. From the roots the herbicide is translocated throughout the plant. In the leaves two competitive processes take place: the main part (90%) of the dichlobenil evaporates and another part is metabolized. The principal metabolic pathway is hydroxylation, followed by conjugation, 3–hydroxy‐2,6–clichlorobenzonitriIe and 4–hydroxy‐2,6–dichlorobenzonitrile analogues being formed in a ratio of about 4:1. Hydrolysis of dichlobenil into 2.6–dichlorobenzamide and 2,6–dichlorobcnzoic acid is only a minor metabolic route.From a saturated atmosphere dichlobenil is taken up rapidly through the leaves but little translocation occurs to the roots. Following foliage application more of the applied dichlobenil Is metabolized because evaporation of dichiobenil as a competitive process is virtually eliminated.Absorption, migration ei métabolisme du dichlobenil dans les plantules de haricot
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF IMPERATA CYLINDRICA (L.) BEAUV. IN MALAYSIA*
Authors: SETH A. K. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Paraquat‐based treatments were evaluated for the control of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., a perennial grass with extensive rhizomes of great regenerative power. Single applications of 0–5 lb/ac paraquat gave good initial control, but regeneration was rapid. Increases up to 2–0 lb/ac had little effect on the duration of control, nor did the volume rate from 40 to 120 gal/ac. When an initial application of 05 lb/ac was followed by two further applications of 0–25 lb/ac, when the level of control had decreased to 50%, lasting control was obtained. Application of 6–8 lb/ac dalapon followed by 0–25 lb/ac paraquat also gave good control, comparable with that achieved by the conventional treatment of dalapon alone at 15–20 lb/ac. La lutte chimique contre Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. en MalaisieRésumé. Des traitements utilisant le paraquat ont étè essayés pour lutter contre Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., graminée pérenne avec des rhizomes importants qui manifestent un pouvoir de régénération élevé, Des applications uniques de paraquat à la dose 0,56 kg/ha ement un bon eifel initial mais la régéneration fut rapide. L'accroissement de la dose jusquà 2,2 kg/ha n'eut qu'une faible incidence sur la durée de l'action herbicide, l'augmentation du volume de traitement de 450 à 1350 1/ha ne provoqua pas non plus d'augmentation de I'efficacité. Une seule application de paraquat à 0,56 kg/ha, quand le niveau de I'efficacité eut décru jusquà 50%, suivie de deux applications supplémen‐taires à 0,275 kg/ha, donna une efficacité plus durable. Des applications de dalapon de 6,7 à 9,0 kg/ha suivies de traitements au paraquat à 0,275 kg/ha donnèerent un résultat aussi bon que celui obtenu par les traitements habituels au dalapon seul, à la dose dc 16 à 22 kg/ha. Chemisehe Bekampfung von Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. in MalaysiaZusammenfassung. Es erfolgten Untersuchungen zur Bekämpfung von Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., einem mehrjährigen Gras mit einem ausgedehnten Rhizomsystem und starker Regenerationskraft, mit Paraquat, Einmalige Applikation von 0,56 kg/ha Paraquat hatte zwar eine gute Anfangswirkung, doch erfolgte rasche Regeneration. Eine Erhöhung bis auf 2,2 kg/ha war ebenso wie eine Änderung der Spritzbrühmenge von ca 450–1350 I/ha von geringem Einfluss auf die Nachhaltigkeit der Bekämpfungs‐massnahmen. Eine einmalige Anwendung von 0,56 kg/ha Paraquat gefolgt von zwei weiteren Applikationen von 0,28 kg/ha, wenn die Regeneration ungelahr 50% erreicht hatte, ergab nachhaltige Wirkung. Behandlungen mit 6,7‐9 kg/ha Dalapon gefolgt von 0,28 kg/ha Paraquat hatten ebenfalis eine gute Wirkung, die mit der einer konven‐tionellen Behandlung mit 16,8‐22 kg/ha Dalapon vergleiehbar war.
THE HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF 2‐AMINO‐3‐CHLORO‐1,4‐NAPHTHOQUINONE
Authors: HAGIMOTO H. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Incubation of 2‐ammo‐3‐chloro‐l,4‐naphthoquinone (ACNQ), a potential herbicide for transplanted paddy rice (Qryza sativa L.), with rice seedlings led to rapid inactivation; in the absence of plants, the concentration was unaltered.The rate of disappearance increased with seedling age, and with number of seedlings per unit volume of solution. Only small proportions of the amounts disappearing could be extracted from the plants. Fresh homogenates of rice and Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. also caused inactivation, while heated homogenates had less effect. It is suggested that AGNQ is inactivated in the course of its herbicidal action and that if plants remain alive after complete inactivation, they can resume normal growth.Activity herbicide de la 2‐amitto‐3‐ckloro‐1,4‐napktoquinone. III. Mode d'action et inactivationRésumé. L'incubation, en présence de plantules de riz, de la 2‐amino‐3‐chIoro‐1,4‐naphtoquinone, herbicide utilisable sur le riz repiqué, aboutit à une rapide inactivation du produit, alors qu'en I'absence de plantes, la concentration resta inchangée.Le taux de destruction s'accrut avec l'âge des plantules et avec le nombre de plantules par unité de volume de la solution. Il ne put être extrait des plants que de faibles fractions des quantités du produit disparu. Des homogénats frais de riz et d'Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. provoquèrent également une inactivation; cependant des homogénats chauffés se montrèrent moins actifs, II est suggéré que l'AGNQ est inactive au cours de son action herbicide et que, si des plantes restent encore en vie après inactivation complète, elle peuvent recouvrer leur croissance normale.Die herbizide Aktivität von 2‐Amino‐3‐chlor‐1,4‐Naphthoquinon. III. Wirkungsweise und InaktivierungZusammenfassung. Inkubation von 2‐Amino‐3‐chlor‐1,4‐naphthoquinon (ACNQ), einem potenticllen Herbizid für gepflanzten Sumpfreis (Oryza sativa L.), mit Reiskeim‐pflanzen, führte zu einer raschen Inaktivierung der Substanz, während die Herbizidkonzentration in Abwesenheit von Pflanzen unverändert blieb.Die Verlustmenge nahm mit dem Alter der Keimpflanzen und deren Anzahl pro Volumeneinheit der Nährlösung zu. Nur geringe Teile der verschwundenen Herbizidmenge konnten aus den Pflanzen extrahiert werden. Frische Homogenisate von Reis und Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. inaktivierten das Herbizid ebenfalls, während erhitzte Homogenisate weniger wirksam waren. Es wird vermutet, dass ACNQ im Verlaufe seiner herbiziden Wirkung inaktiviert wird und dass die Pflanzen, wenn sie nach der vollständigen Inaktivierung am Leben bleiben, ihr normalea Wachstum wieder aufnehmen können.
SEASONAL GERMINATION PATTERNS OF POA TRIVIALIS L. AND SUBSEQUENT PLANT BEHAVIOUR
Authors: BUDD E. G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Seeds of Poa trivialis L. were sown monthly on bare ground in South‐East England during 1967–68 and the germination and development patterns recorded. The seeds germinated under a wide range of atmospheric temperature and soil moisture conditions. In winter, however, germination was slower to begin and more prolonged than during the summer. Seedlings germinating before the winter produced more and earlier seed heads the following spring than those germinating during the winter and spring.It is suggested that spring‐sown cereal crops, and delayed stubble cultivations of old infested grass seed crops, should be investigated as measures to control Poa trivialis. Aspects de la germination saisonnière de Poa trivialis L. et comportement vltérieur de la planteRésumé. Des graines de Poa trivialis L. ont été semées chaque mois sur le sol nu, dans le sud‐est de l'Angleterre en 1967–68; la germination et le développement ont été notés. Les semences germèrent dans des conditions très variés de température de I'air et d'humidité du sol. Toutefois, en hiver, la germination fut plus lente à démarrer et se prolongea plus longtemps que durant l'été. Les plantes provenant de germination avant l'hiver produisirent au printemps suivant des tiges fertiles plus précocement et en plus grande quantityqué celles issues de germinations durant l'hiver et le printemps.Ceci suggére que la culture des céréales de printemps et les déchaumages tardifs des terres infestées depuis longtemps par des gramintées devraient être étudiées comme moyens de lutte contre Poa trivialis. Verlauf der Keimung von Poa trivialis L. in Abhängigkeit von der Jahreszeit und das nachfolgende Verhalten der PflanzenZusammenfassung. Während der Jahre 1967–68 wurden in Südostengland monatlich Samen von Poa trivialis L. auf unbewachsenen Boden gesät und der Verlauf von Keimungund Entwicklung aufgezeichnet. Die Samen keimten innerhalb eines weiten Bereichs der Lufttemperatur und Boden Feuchtigkeit. Jedoch begann die Keimung im Winter langsamer und erstreckte sich uber einen langeren Zeitraum als im Sommer. Noch vor dem Winter gekeimte Sämlinge bildeten im folgenden Frühjahr die Samenstände früher und in grösserer Anzahl aus als jene, die erst während des Winters und Frühjahrs keimten. Es wird vorgeschlagen, Frühjahrsaussaat des Getreides und verzögerten Stoppelumbruch befallener Getreideanbauflächen als Massnahmen zur Bekämpfung von Poa trivialis zu überprüfen.
THE TOXICITY OF PARAQUAT TO A RANGE OF SPECIES FOLLOWING UPTAKE BY THE ROOTS*
Authors: DAMANAKIS M. , DRENNAN D. S. H. , FRYER J. D. , HOLLY K. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The sensitivity of eight species to paraquat taken up through the roots was tested in nutrient solution experiments. Ryegrass, lettuce and carrot, which were found to be the most sensitive, were assessed for response to paraquat in a peat soil. Lettuce and ryegrass were the most suitable of the eight species for soil bioassays.Toxicité du paraquat pour diverses espéces aprés absorption par les racinesRésumé. La sensibilité de huit espéces au paraquat absorbé par les racines a étéétudiée dans des experiences en solutions nutritives. Le ray‐grass, la laitue et la carotte qui se sont montrés les plus sensibles furent employés pour évaluer la réaction au paraquat dans un sol tourbeux. La laitue et le ray‐grass furent, parmi les huit espéces, les plus appropriate aux essais biologiques.Phytotoxizitdt von Paraquat gegeniiber einer Anzahl von Arten nach WurzelaufnahmeZusammenfassung. Die Empfindlichkeit von acht Arten gegenuber Paraquat nach Wurzel Aufnahme wurde in Wasserkulturversuchen untersucht. Weidelgras, Salat und Möhren hat ten sich als am empfindlichsten erwiesen und wurden auf ihre Reaktion gegenuber Paraquat in einem Lehmboden untersucht. Salat und Weidelgras erwiesen sich von den acht untersuchten Arten als die beiden geeigneuten für Bodenbiotests.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SUBTERRANEAN RESIDUES OF CYNODON DACTYLON L., SORGHUM HALEPENSE L. AND CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L.*
Authors: HOROWITZ M. , FRIEDMAN THERESA 
Published: July 2006

Summary. .Dried subterranean organs of Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus and Sorghum halepense were incubated in light and heavy soils for 1, 2 or 3 months. After removal of the decayed plant material, the residual bioactivity of the soil was assayed by barley sown directly into the soil and by a barley radicle‐length test on an ethanolic extract of the soil. The two assays gave similar results. In general, the inhibition of growth was proportional to the concentration of plant material in the soil, and was greater in light than in heavy soil. Greater inhibition was caused by C. rotundus and S. halepense than by C. dactylon. A few instances of growth stimulation were recorded.
STUDIES ON WEED SPECIES OF THE GENUS POLYGONUM VII. EFFECT OF NUTRITION AND OTHER FACTORS ON SEED CHARACTERISTICS AND GERMINATION BEHAVIOUR OF P. LAPATHIFOLIUM
Authors: HAMMERTON JOHN L. , NUTTALL M. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. .Plants of Polygonum lapathifolium were grown either in a glasshouse or outside, at a high or a low level of mineral nutrition, and either with or without competition from barley. The viability and percentage emergence of seedlings from germinated seeds (planted in sterile compost) were higher with seed from glasshouse‐grown plants. High nutrition increased plant weight, seed production and seed weight, and also increased seedling emergence. Competition reduced plant weight, but had only a small, non‐significant, effect on seed production. Seed from plants grown with competition had a greater percentage seedling emergence from germinated seeds.
RESIDUAL ACTIVITY OF PARAQUAT IN SOILS II. ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION
Authors: WATKIN E. M. , SAGAR G. R. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryGlasshouse studies showed that low doses of paraquat inhibited the germination of Lolium perenne L. broadcast directly onto the paraquat‐sprayed surfaces of a sphagnum and a peat soil, but that higher doses were necessary to produce phytotoxic symptoms on mineral soils, a compost and a loam. On all soils residual activity increased rapidly with increasing dose once the minimum phytotoxic dose was reached. On a sandy soil, residual activity increased almost linearly from the lowest to the highest dose applied.At 9·0, 4·5 and 2·24 kg/ha phytotoxicity on a compost was not affected by changes in the volume of application, but at 1·68 kg/ha and lower, reducing the volume from 562 1/ha to 281 and 112 1/ha resulted in increased phytotoxicity.Phytotoxic residues were eluted from paraquat‐treated compost surfaces by percolating de‐ionized water up soil columns but residual activity was not removed from the eluted surfaces. Surface irrigation of paraquat‐treated surfaces with water previously percolated through columns of untreated soil reduced residual activity by 45%.