bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Series of One‐ to Three‐Dimensional Copper Coordination Polymers Based on N‐Heterocyclic Ligands
Authors: He Xiang , Lu Can‐Zhong , Wu Chuan‐De , Chen Li‐Juan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA family of copper coordination polymers containing different N‐heterocyclic ligands, namely [Cu(CN)(dmpyz)]n (1),[Cu2(CN)2(imz)]n (2), [Cu3(CN)(trz)2]n (3), [Cu6(CN)6(dmtrz)3]n(4), [Cu2(CN)(5‐metta)]n (5), [Cu2(CN)(5‐phtta)]n (6), and {[Cu6(CN)6(dmtrz)]2[Cu2(CN)2(dmtrz)2]}n (7) has been prepared and structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 are 1D chain frameworks. Compound 3 is a twofold interpenetrating 2D supramolecular framework in which the cyanide groups act as bridging ligands to link the copper centers into an unusual bilayer motif with large channels. Compounds 4–6 all possess 3D networks. Compound 4 is constructed by two parts: 2D rectangular‐grid layers and {Cu2(CN)2(dmtrz)2} building blocks. Compound 5 is built up by X‐shaped chains that connect each other in an ABAB arrangement to generate the3D network. The structure of 6 is a 3D network includingone‐dimensional square‐grid channels, with a shortest Cu2···Cu2A (A: –x + 1, –y + 1, –z) distance of about 2.347(1) Å. Compound 7 features a peculiar 3D + 1D network in which 1D guest metal‐organic polymer chains are filled in an unusual 3D architecture constructed by double helical host tubes. Compounds 1–7 show a systematic variation in dimensionality from 1D to 3D to 3D + 1D. The luminescence properties of these compounds have been also studied. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Locally acquired hepatitis E virus infection, El Paso, Texas
Authors: Amon Joseph J. , Drobeniuc Jan , Bower William A. , Magaña Jorge C. , Escobedo Miguel A. , Williams Ian T. , Bell Beth P. , Armstrong Gregory L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enterically transmitted RNA virus that causes both epidemic and sporadic cases of acute hepatitis. Despite sero‐surveys showing antibody to HEV in up to 36% of the US population, acute hepatitis E has been reported among individuals with no history of international travel only three times in the United States. We report a case of apparently locally‐acquired hepatitis E that occurred in El Paso, Texas that was 98% similar to a previously isolated HEV found in swine in the United States. Like the three previous cases, a thorough investigation found no conclusive sources of infection. Active case surveillance found no additional cases.J. Med. Virol. 78:741–746, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlations between synthetic peptide‐based enzyme immunoassays and immunofluorescence assay for detection of human herpesvirus 8 antibodies in different Argentine populations
Authors: Pérez Celeste , Tous Mónica , Benetucci Jorge , Gómez Jorge 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHuman herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8) antibody tests vary in sensitivity and specificity, depending on the population tested and on the type of assay. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of two peptide enzyme immunoassays using a multiple antigenic peptide (PK8.1‐MAP) or a chimeric peptide (PK8.1‐orf65) as the antigens and determined the HHV‐8 seroprevalence in different Argentine polulations using an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) as reference. For analysis, when either or both of the peptide EIAs were positive, the specimen was considered positive (PEIA). We estimated the sensitivity and specificity of PEIA to be 97% using Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) patients and healthy individuals as positive and negative controls respectively. Then, we expanded the control groups to include IFA positive men who have sex with men (MSM) and IFA negative blood donors. The sensitivity decreased to 83% but specificity remained high at 98%. Concordance between PEIA and IFA was 77% for 1/40 IFA titers and increased to 90% for titers ≥1/160. Seroprevalences for HHV‐8 performed in the HIV positive MSM were (IFA 73.1%; PEIA55.2%); heterosexuals (52.5%, 22.2%), which includes injecting drug users (IDU) (54.0%, 32.4%) and non‐IDU (51.6%, 16.1%). The inclusion of non‐KS HHV‐8 IFA positive individuals to the positive controls may be a substantial improvement towards the realistic assessment of assay sensitivity. These peptide EIAs can be used for trends in populations with high probablity of being HHV‐8 infected and negative results should be confirmed by IFA. IFA test is still the most suitable test for populations with low probabilities of being infected. J. Med. Virol. 78:806–813, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phantom Chain Simulations of Realistically Sized Polymer‐Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Vacatello Michele 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: Phantom chain MC simulations have been performed for realistically sized systems of polymer chains filled with solid nanoparticles. The results of the simulations and simple theoretical considerations are used to rationalize a number of parameters relevant to the characterization of these systems. Even when the average number of nanoparticles in contact with a chain is very small (much less than unity), the nanoparticles are nodes of highly interconnected transient networks bridged by the polymer chains.
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Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data for seven arylnaphthalide lignans from Justicia procumbens
Authors: Yang Meihua , Wu Jun , Cheng Fan , Zhou Yuan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree new arylnaphthalide lignans named 6′‐hydroxy justicidin A (1), 6′‐hydroxy justicidin B (2) and 6′‐hydroxy justicidin C (3) have been isolated from the whole plant of Justicia procumbens, together with four known ones, neojusticin A (4), chinensinaphthol methyl ester (5), isodiphyllin (6) and taiwanin C (7). The complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts for the new lignans and the 13C NMR chemical shifts for the known lignans were obtained for the first time by means of 2D NMR techniques, including HSQC and HMBC. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuously improving PSM effectiveness—A practical roadmap
Authors: Arendt Steve 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPSM practices and formal management systems have been in place in many companies for more than 20 years. PSM is widely credited for perceived reductions in major accident risk and in improved chemical industry performance. Nevertheless, many companies continue to be challenged by resource pressures, inadequate management system audit results, and stagnant process safety incident performance.While most companies claim to advocate Continuous Improvement, few have actually put substance into these words and succeeded in practice. This is partly because there is no clear vision of what PSM performance and continuous improvement are. This article defines the following function:PSM Effectiveness = f [PSM performance + PSM efficiency]Continuous improvement can address performance issues or efficiency issues or both. Companies are seeking new ways to improve process safety management activities. This article defines these terms and gives examples and lessons that show ways companies are improving performance, efficiency, and effectiveness. © American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Fate of the herbicides glyphosate, glufosinate‐ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron in two Finnish arable soils
Authors: Laitinen Pirkko , Siimes Katri , Eronen Liisa , Rämö Sari , Welling Leena , Oinonen Seija , Mattsoff Leona , Ruohonen‐Lehto Marja 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe fate of five herbicides (glyphosate, glufosinate‐ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron) was studied in two Finnish sugar beet fields for 26 months. Soil types were sandy loam and clay. Two different herbicide‐tolerant sugar beet cultivars and three different herbicide application schedules were used. Meteorological data were collected throughout the study and soil properties were thoroughly analysed. An extensive data set of herbicide residue concentrations in soil was collected. Five different soil depths were sampled. The study was carried out using common Finnish agricultural practices and represents typical sugar beet cultivation conditions in Finland. The overall observed order of persistence was ethofumesate > glyphosate > phenmedipham > metamitron > glufosinate‐ammonium. Only ethofumesate and glyphosate persisted until the subsequent spring. Seasonal variation in herbicide dissipation was very high and dissipation ceased almost completely during winter. During the 2 year experiment no indication of potential groundwater pollution risk was obtained, but herbicides may cause surface water pollution. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid bidirectional allele‐specific PCR identification for triazine resistance in higher plants
Authors: Tian Xin , Darmency Henri 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTriazine resistance is reported to be due to chloroplast herbicide target insensitivity in most species, and this is most often caused by a Ser264–Gly mutation at the D1 protein. In order to ascertain whether this mutation is really predominant amongst resistant plants, and also for gene flow studies, a rapid test is needed that allows the testing of large quantities of plants. Here a bidirectional allele‐specific PCR (polymerase chain reaction) identification is proposed. The designed primers were shown to be universal in the three grass and three broadleaf species examined. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Stability of developing flow in a pipe: non-axisymmetric disturbances
Authors: Garg Vijay K. 
Published: April 2006

Spatial stability results for the developing flow in a rigid circular pipe are presented for the velocity profile obtained by the Hornbeck (1963) method and compared with the available temporal stability results for the velocity profile obtained by Sparrow, Lin & Lundgren (1964). The disturbance is taken to be non-axisymmetric, and Gram–Schmidt orthonormalization is used to remove the parasitic errors during numerical integration.It is found that the stability characteristics are very sensitive to the velocity field in the inlet region. At all axial locations investigated the critical frequency and critical wavenumber for the Hornbeck profile are larger than the corresponding values for the Sparrow profile while the critical Reynolds number is smaller. The minimum critical Reynolds number for the Hornbeck profile is only 13250 and occurs at $\overline{X} = 0.0032$ compared with 19780 at $\overline{X} = 0.0049$ for the Sparrow profile. The maximum difference between the two velocity profiles occurs near the boundary-layer edge but is within 5%. Results for the Hornbeck profile are found to be closer to the experimental data of Sarpkaya (1975).
Conditional statistics of Reynolds stress in rough-wall and smooth-wall turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Raupach M. R. 
Published: April 2006

Quadrant analysis has been used to investigate the events contributing to the Reynolds shear stress in zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers over regularly arrayed rough surfaces of several different densities, and over a smooth surface. By partitioning the stress into ejections, sweeps, and inward and outward interactions, it is shown that sweeps account for most of the stress close to rough surfaces, and that the relative magnitude of the sweep component increases both with surface roughness and with proximity to the surface. The sweep-dominated region delineates a ‘roughness sublayer’ with a depth of up to several roughness element heights, in which the turbulence characteristics depend explicitly on the roughness. In the remainder of the inner (or constant-stress) layer, and in the outer layer, the flow obeys familiar similarity laws with respect to surface roughness.The difference ΔS0between the fractional contributions of sweeps and ejections to the stress is shown to be well related everywhere to the third moments of the streamwise and normal velocity fluctuations. Experimental proportionalities are established between the third moments and δS0, and are shown to agree with predictions made from cumulant-discard theory.The time scale for the passage of large coherent structures past a fixed point,T, is assumed proportional to the mean time between occurrences in a specified quadrant of an instantaneous stressu'w’at leastHtimes the local mean stressu'w’, whereHis a threshold level. For both the ejection and sweep quadrants and for any choice ofH, it is found thatTscales with the friction velocityu*and the boundary-layer thickness δ, such thatTu*/δ is invariant with change of surface roughness.
Oscillatory flow around disks and through orifices
Authors: de Bernardinis B. , Graham J. M. R. , Parker K. H. 
Published: April 2006

Two examples of unsteady, axisymmetric, separated flows are studied: unbounded oscillatory flow around a disk and bounded oscillatory flow through a sharp-edged orifice. Calculations are made assuming that the flow is inviscid and that the shed vortex sheets can be represented by sequences of discrete vortex rings. The solid bodies (i.e. the disk or the orifice and bounding tube) are also represented by a distribution of bound discrete vortex rings whose strengths are chosen to satisfy the Neumann or zero normal velocity boundary condition.The results of flow visualization experiments and, for the orifice, pressure drop measurements are also reported. In general, the gross properties of the flows are predicted accurately.
Transport near a vertical ice surface melting in saline water: experiments at low salinities
Authors: Carey Van P. , Gebhart Benjamin 
Published: April 2006

Time-exposure photographs of the buoyancy-driven flow adjacent to a submerged vertical ice surface melting in 10‰ saline water are presented for ambient water temperatures between 1 and 15°C. For ambient temperatures greater than 1·9°C, the thermal and saline components of the buoyancy force are at least partially opposed to each other. Since most past studies of ice melting in saline water have concentrated on oceanic salinities, little is known about the complicated flow behaviour which results from these opposed buoyancy effects at ambient water salinities between fresh water and oceanic salinities (35‰).The results presented here provide new insight concerning the subtle mechanisms which arise in such flows. Photographs of the entire flow field document the many different and complicated flow configurations that arise. At 10‰, as the ambient temperature is increased from 1 to 15°C, regimes of upward, bi-directional and split flow are observed. In the latter circumstance, the flow is laminar and bi-directional over part of the ice surface and turbulent over the rest of the surface. Bi-directional flow results from reversal of part of the upward wake above the top of the ice surface. Split flow appears to be a consequence of the transition to turbulence of either the inner or outer portion of the laminar bi-directional flow. Measured velocity profiles, surface heat-transfer rates and interface temperatures agree well with the analytical results reported in a previous study for conditions that result in conventional boundary-layer flow. These experimental results, together with those of previous studies, indicate the approximate extent of the different flow regimes that arise for a vertical ice surface melting in cold, low-salinity water.
Self-generation of organized waves in an impinging turbulent jet at low Mach number
Authors: Rockwell Donald , Schachenmann Andreas 
Published: April 2006

Self-generation of highly organized waves in a nominally turbulent jet at very low Mach number can arise from its impingement upon the downstream orifice of an axisymmetric cavity, having an impingement length much shorter than the corresponding acoustic wavelength. The oscillation frequencies are compatible with the resonant modes of a long pipe located upstream of the cavity and with jet-instability frequencies based on the column mode (0·3 [siml ] SD [siml ] 0·6), as well as the near-field shear layer mode (0·016 [siml ] Sθ0 [siml ] 0·03). Moreover, the frequency of the organized wave is constant from separation to impingement; consequently vortex pairing does not occur.Within the cavity, the pressure amplitude associated with the organized wave is directly related to the phase difference between the organized velocity fluctuations at separation and impingement. Maximum pressure amplitude occurs when this phase difference, measured along the cavity (i.e. jet) centre-line, is 2nπ. Streamwise amplitude and phase distributions of the organized wave cannot be explained from purely hydrodynamic considerations; however, they can be effectively modelled by superposing contributions from hydrodynamic and acoustic waves. This aspect has important consequences for externally excited jets as well.
One-dimensional self-similar solution of the dynamics of axisymmetric slender liquid bridges
Authors: Rivas D. , Meseguer J. 
Published: April 2006

Liquid bridges appear in a large variety of industrial processes such as the so-called floating-zone technique, used in recent years in crystal growth and in purification of high-melting-point materials.In this paper the dynamics of axisymmetric, slender, viscous liquid bridges having volume close to the cylindrical one, and subjected to a small gravitational field parallel to the axis of the liquid bridge, is considered within the context of one-dimensional theories. Although the dynamics of liquid bridges has been treated through a numerical analysis in the inviscid case, numerical methods become inappropriate to study configurations close to the static stability limit because the evolution time, and thence the computing time, increases excessively. To avoid this difficulty, the problem of the evolution of these liquid bridges has been attacked through a nonlinear analysis based on the singular perturbation method and, whenever possible, the results obtained are compared with the numerical ones.
Unsteady measurements in a separated and reattaching flow
Authors: Cherry N. J. , Hillier R. , Latour M. E. M. P. 
Published: April 2006

Measurements of fluctuating pressure and velocity, together with instantaneous smoke-flow visualizations, are presented in order to reveal the unsteady structure of a separated and reattaching flow. It is shown that throughout the separation bubble a low-frequency motion can be detected which appears to be similar to that found in other studies of separation. This effect is most significant close to separation, where it leads to a weak flapping of the shear layer. Lateral correlation scales of this low-frequency motion are less than the reattachment length, however; it appears that its timescale is about equal to the characteristic timescale for the shear layer and bubble to change between various shedding phases. These phases were defined by the following observations: shedding of pseudoperiodic trains of vortical structures from the reattachment zone, with a characteristic spacing between structures of typically 60% to 80% of the bubble length; a large-scale but irregular shedding of vorticity; and a relatively quiescent phase with the absence of any large-scale shedding structures and a significant ‘necking’ of the shear layer downstream of reattachment.Spanwise correlations of velocity in the shear layer show on average an almost linear growth of spanwise scale up to reattachment. It appears that the shear layer reaches a fully three-dimensional state soon after separation. The reattachment process does not itself appear to impose an immediate extra three-dimensionalizing effect upon the large-scale structures.
Axisymmetric compressible flow in a rotating cylinder with axial convection
Authors: Ungarish Marius , Israeli Moshe 
Published: April 2006

The steady compressible flow of an ideal gas in a rotating annulus with thermally conducting walls is considered for small Rossby number ε and Ekman number E and moderate rotational Mach numbers M. Attention is focused on nonlinear effects which show up when σ and εM2 are not small (σ = ε/HE½, H is the dimensionless height of the container). These effects are not properly predicted by the classical linear perturbation analysis, and are treated here by quasi-linear extensions.The extra work required by these extensions is only the numerical solution of one ordinary differential equation for the pressure.Numerical solutions of the full Navier–Stokes equations in the nonlinear range are presented, and the validity of the present approach is confirmed.
A dopamine transporter polymorphism is a risk factor for borderline personality disorder in depressed patients
Authors: JOYCE PETER R. , McHUGH PATRICK C. , McKENZIE JANICE M. , SULLIVAN PATRICK F. , MULDER ROGER T. , LUTY SUZANNE E. , CARTER JANET D. , FRAMPTON CHRISTOPHER M. A. , ROBERT CLONINGER C. , MILLER ALLISON M. , KENNEDY MARTIN A. 
Published: April 2006

Background. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often co-morbid with major depression and may complicate its treatment. We were interested in differences in genetic and developmental risk factors between depressed patients with or without a co-morbid BPD.Method. Out-patients with major depressive disorder were recruited for two treatment trials. Assessment of depressed patients included the assessment of personality disorders, developmental risk factors and DNA samples for genetic analyses.Results. In each study there was a significant association between the 9-repeat allele of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) and BPD, with odds ratios (OR) >3 and p[les ]0·02. This association remained significant when developmental risk factors for BPD (childhood abuse and neglect and borderline temperament) were also included in the analyses. The OR was even larger in the depressed patients aged [ges ]35 years (OR 9·31, p=0·005).Conclusion. This replicated association in depressed patients between the 9-repeat allele of DAT1 and BPD may provide clues to understanding the neurobiology of BPD. The finding that the association is larger in the older depressed patients, suggests that the 9-repeat allele may be associated with a poorer prognosis BPD, rather than a young adult limited variant of BPD.
Triage in the emergency department – a qualitative study of the factors which nurses consider when making decisions
Authors: Andersson Anna‐Karin , Omberg Monica , Svedlund Marianne 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTriage, as a concept, is relatively new in Sweden and means ‘sorting’. The triage process was developed to grade patients who needed immediate care. Triage is currently important for the emergency treatment system, and nurses are expected to work with it professionally. The aim of this study is to describe how nurses implement triage when patients arrive at the emergency department of a county hospital, situated in a rural area of Sweden, as well as to highlight the factors considered when prioritizing, in connection with nurses’ decision‐making. The method used was observations of 19 nurses, with minimal disturbance in their triage work, followed by a short tape‐recorded interview, during which the nurses were asked to reflect upon their decision of priorities. Qualitative content analysis of data has been used. The results were divided into two areas, internal factors and external factors. The internal factors reflect the nurse skills and personal capacity. The external factors reflect work environment, including high workload and practical arrangements, and should always be perceived and taken into consideration. Using these factors as a basis, the patients’ clinical condition, clinical history, various examinations and tests form an assessment, which subsequently results in a prioritization.