bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation between radiographie and arthroscopic findings in the equine carpus
Authors: KANNEGIETER NJ , BURBIDGE HM 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The radiographic and arthroscopic findings in 150 carpal joints in 114 lame horses were compared. Chip, slab, or sagittal fractures were identified in 130 (87%) joints. In 101 (78%) of these there was good agreement between radiographie and arthroscopic findings on the number and position of fractures. In 23 (18%) joints, chip fractures additional to those seen radiographically were found arthroscopically. In one joint a large chip fracture from the craniolateral aspect of the distal radius was identified only by arthroscopy, while in 6 joints fractures were identified only by radiography. Observed causes of lameness, other than infra‐articular fractures, included degenerative joint disease, synovitis, ruptured intracarpai ligaments, and haemarthrosis. Correlation between the radiographic and arthroscopic assessment of degenerative joint disease was poor.It was concluded that both radiography and arthroscopy should be used to obtain the most accurate assessment of the equine carpus.
Plasma beta‐endorphin and adrenocorticotrophin in young horses in training
Authors: McCARTHY RN , JEFFCOTT LB , FUNDER JW , FULLERTON M , CLARKE IJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A controlled period of submaximal exercise on a treadmill was used as a standardised stress test in 6 young horses to monitor the effects of training. Circulating plasma concentrations of immunoreactive beta‐endorphin (IR β‐EP) were measured before, during and after the exercise period. The stress test was conducted on 3 occasions during an intensive training program lasting 14 weeks. In week 3 a marked increase in plasma IR β‐EP (P=0.003) was demonstrated as a result of training, but by the last exercise test performed in week 9 no significant increase in plasma IR β‐EP concentrations could be detected. During the training period the basal concentrations of plasma IR β‐EP significantly decreased (P=0.0059). Plasma adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) did not increase during exercise, although there was a trend of decreasing basal plasma ACTH by the end of the training period.It was concluded that a standardised work test acted as a mild stress to unfit horses, but as the horses' fitness increased the hormonal response to exercise diminished. Basal plasma β‐EP concentrations were decreased with increasing fitness.
An immunohistochemical study of canine disseminated aspergillosis
Authors: DAY MJ , PENHALE WJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An Immunohistochemical study of 25 lesions from 7 dogs with disseminated aspergillosis (Aspergillus terreus) is presented. All had multiple fungal granulomas in many viscera, with centres of necrotic tissue and hyphal elements surrounded by a mixed infiltrate of predominantly mononuclear cells.Within these lesions, hyphae coated with immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) and complement (C3, C4) were identified, together with perl‐lesional mononuclear cells that reacted with antisera directed towards either IgG, IgM, IgA or a T lymphocyte marker (MUII).A conspicuous feature was the prominent hyphal fluorescence seen with IgA and C3 antisera. The IgA reagent also marked large numbers of mononuclear cells both around lesions and scattered throughout Interstitial tissue, suggesting an abnormality of IgA production or regulation as a factor predisposing to this condition.
Failure of a single postpartum prostaglandin treatment to improve the reproductive performance of dairy cows
Authors: MORTON JM , ALLEN JD , HARRIS DJ , MILLER GT 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA study was conducted to evaluate the effects of postpartum prostaglandin treatment on reproduction in 3 seasonal calving dairy herds. Recently calved lactating dairy cows were paired on herd, age, calving date and previous production index. One cow in each of the 196 pairs received a single intramuscular injection of 25 mg of the prostaglandin analogue, dinoprost, between 14 and 28 days after calving. Subsequent reproduction was monitored. Within each herd and overall, there was no significant effect of treatment on the intervals from calving to first service, mating start date to first service, calving to conception, mating start date to conception and first service to conception. Treatment also had no significant effect on 21‐day submission and pregnancy rates, on the proportion of each group not pregnant at the end of mating, and on first service pregnancy rates. Responses to treatment did not vary between cows calving within 50 days of mating start date and earlier calving cows or between cows aged less than 5 years and older cows.
A comparison of the pathogenicity of two strains of hog cholera virus: 1. Clinical and pathological studies
Authors: KAMOLSIRIPRICHAIPORN S. , HOOPER PT , MORRISSY CJ , WESTBURY HA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The virulence of a strain of hog cholera virus isolated during an outbreak of mild disease in pigs in New South Wales in 1960/61 (the NSW strain) was compared over 11 days with that of a virulent strain by inoculating 8 pigs with each virus and comparing the ensuing clinical signs and pathology. Both viruses caused persistent pyrexia and leucopoonia, the NSW strain 4 to 5 days and the virulent strain 3 days, after inoculation. Few other clinical signs were observed in the pigs inoculated with the NSW strain. In contrast, all pigs inoculated with the virulent strain became progressively depressed and incoordinated, and were killed between days 6 and 9.Bronchopneumonia and swollen, reddened lymph nodes were observed in pigs inoculated with both viruses. Few other gross lesions were observed with the NSW strain, but some pigs receiving the virulent strain had pustules in the tonsil and the anterior oesophagus, petechial haemorrhages in the kidney, and small infarcts at the margins of the spleen.There were marked differences in the histopathology, both in the variety of organs affected and the severity of lesions in individual organs. Suppurative bronchopneumonia occurred in both groups. Other changes in the pigs affected with the NSW strain were colitis, mild cerebral vasculitis, necrosis, haemorrhage and neutrophil infiltration in some lymph nodes and spleens. In pigs infected with virulent virus the cerebral vasculitis was so severe that there was necrosis of cells within the vessel walls. These pigs also developed focal necrosis of the tonsil and occasionally of the oesophagus, chronic mild tracheitis, mild pancreatic degeneration, and in some, local necrosis of the wall of the ureter.
Evaluation of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antibody in porcine serum
Authors: SHELDRAKE RF , ROMALIS LF 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibody to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in porcine serum is described. The results are presented as an ELISA ratio, calculated by dividing the absorbance of the test sample by the mean absorbance of control negative sera. In known infected pigs, the ELISA ratio was highest when the serum concentration applied to the ELISA plate was diluted 1 in 20 in PBS ‐ Tween.Mean ELISA ratios ranged from 1.2 <0.3 for pigs without porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP) lesions to 5.5 <1.5 for pigs observed with a PEP lesion reacting positively with immunofluorescent histopathology. Pigs observed with typical PEP lesions at slaughter, but not confirmed by immunofluorescent histopathology had a mean ELISA ratio of 4.9 <1.7. The ELISA was highly sensitive (95.6%) and specific (98.8%) when pig sera from commercial piggeries of known M hyopneumoniae infection status were assessed. No cross‐reactivity with serum from a pig hyperimmunised with killed M flocculare was detected, and reactivity with serum from another pig hyperimmunised with killed M hyorhinis showed only weak cross‐reactivity, which failed to reach the ELISA positive threshold (ELISA ratio 3) for M hyopneumoniae.
Resistance to synthetic pyrethroid pour‐on insecticides in strains of the sheep body louse Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis
Authors: JOHNSON PW , BORAY JC , DAWSON KL 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYGroups of sheep infested with strains of Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis were obtained from flocks either with a history of failure to control lice with synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pour‐on insecticides, or from farms where SP compounds were not used. The sheep were treated according to the manufacturer's recommendations with registered “off‐shears” SP formulations. All treatments were applied under ideal conditions with doses calculated on an individual body weight basis and applied to the dorsal mid‐line from the base of the neck to the butt of the tall. Treated sheep were kept in pens and maintained in separate groups. The pour‐on SP treatments significantly reduced the lice population but failed to eliminate the infestation in 7 of 13 experiments in sheep carrying strains of lice with resistance factors of greater than 4 to at least one of the SP compounds. Failures occurred with all three of the SP pour‐ons currently registered for lice control in NSW and with both water‐based and organic solvent‐based formulations.
Respiratory mechanics of horses during stepwise treadmill exercise tests, and the effect of clenbuterol pretreatment on them
Authors: SLOCOMBE RF , COVELLI G. , BAYLY WM 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYNormal Standardbred horses were given an incremental exercise test on a horizontal treadmill to evaluate the influence of exercise on gas exchange, resistance, dynamic compliance and inertance of the respiratory system. The exercise test consisted of 2 min exercise steps at each of the following speeds: 2.4 m/sec (walk), 4.5 m/sec (slow trot), 7.0 m/sec (fast trot) and 10 m/sec (gallop). At rest and after 1 min of exercise at each step, airflow, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, pharyngeal, midoesophageal and transdiaphragmatic pressures and arterial blood gas tensions were measured. The same horses were subsequently treated intravenously with clenbuterol (0.8 μg/kg) and an identical exercise test and measurement performed 10 min after clenbuterol injection. In response to exercise, there were large increases in tidal volume, respiratory frequency, airflow and pressures. Exercise was associated with a decrease in upper airway resistance but total pulmonary resistance was unchanged. Exercise did not alter inertance or dynamic compliance, horses became hypoxaemic, and at 10 m/sec (galloping) also developed hypercarbia. Treatment with clenbuterol did not alter any of these measurements in response to exercise. These data suggest that dilation of upper airways occurs during exercise, and that inertial forces are important in strenuously exercising horses and may influence the accuracy of dynamic compliance determinations at high exercise intensities.
A serological survey to determine the prevalence of infection with Treponema hyodysenteriae in Western Australia
Authors: MHOMA JRL , HAMPSON DJ , ROBERTSON ID 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A serological survey to detect antibody titres against Treponema hyodysenteriae was conducted on pigs from 106 herds in Western Australia. Titres indicating a positive result in the tests were determined by examining 400 sera from 4 herds known to be free of swine dysentery, and sera from immunised or experimentally infected pigs. Samples of serum from 40 bacon‐weight pigs from each of the 106 herds were then collected at 2 abattoirs. Each serum was tested in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) against the lipopolysaccharide of T hyodysenteriae of serogroups A, B and E, respectively. To assist in evaluating the test, 19 herds were resampled and retested, and faecal samples from 17 herds were cultured for Thyodysenteriae.Thirty‐five of the 106 herds (33%) had serological evidence of infection when only one batch of sera from each herd was tested. The ELISA to detect Thyodysenteriae infection in herds using 40 sera was estimated as having a sensitivity of 77.3% and a specificity of 81.8% based on the owners opinion of their herds disease status. Prevalence of infection within herds ranged from 2.5% to 47.5%, with a mean of 18%.
Abnormalities of foetal fluids in sheep: two case reports
Authors: WINTOUR EM , McFARLANE A 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Two cases of abnormal accumulation of foetal fluids in sheep are described. In the first case, a ewe, at 64 days of pregnancy, had 2 sacs of fluid, one at each of the tips of the pregnant and non‐pregnant horns. Neither sac contained a foetus. The composition of the fluids differed from those of the amniotic and allantoic fluids associated with a single foetus. The composition resembled that of foetal plasma. We conclude that the 2 sacs were amniotic sacs from conceptuses that had been resorbed, and that at this early (0.4) stage of pregnancy, amniotic fluid can accumulate in the absence of a viable foetus.The second case was a rare case of hydrallantois in a ewe at 100 days of pregnancy. The volume of allantoic fluid (1800 mL) was more than 10 times normal. The composition was normal, except for high chloride and calcium concentrations and a very low creatinine concentration. The foetus and the volume and composition of the amniotic fluid were normal. The hydrallantois might have occurred as a result of some alteration in function of the allantoic membrane, perhaps as a result of altered hormonal status of the ewe.
Production, behaviour and fertility of Merino wethers, hemi‐castrates with reduced testicular parenchyma and induced cryptorchids
Authors: FOSTER FM , JACKSON RB , HOPKINS DL 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYGreasy wool production, body weight, behaviour and fertility of male, fine wool Merino sheep were studied from 10 to 21 months of age to assess their suitability for wool production.The males were either castrated (wethers), or were hemi‐castrated with a vasectomy and reduction (either partially or in full) of the parenchyma of the retained testicle, or the testicles pushed up into the ingulnal canal and the scrotum shortened (induced cryptorchids).There were significant differences among all groups in body weight, with increases being associated with the larger amounts of testicular tissue present. Fertility was low in the induced cryptorchids at 19 months of age. The hemi‐castrates with reduced testicular parenchyma were infertile.The hemi‐castrates with reduced testicular parenchyma had significantly heavier greasy fleece weights than the wethers and induced cryptorchids, which had similar fleece weights.The wether group suffered a higher prevalence of posthitis in spring and autumn than the hemi‐castrate or induced cryptorchid groups.Those hemi‐castrates with the largest amount of testicular parenchyma retained and the induced cryptorchids exhibited masculine behaviour patterns and had an increased incidence of fly strike to the head.The principle of hemi‐castration and reduction of the testicular parenchyma is shown to be applicable in wool producing flocks with the potential to increase greasy wool production while minimising the management and marketing limitations previously associated with induced cryptorchids.
Aspects of reproduction in female Bos indicus cattle: a review
Authors: CHENOWETH PJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Differences occur between female Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle in various aspects of reproductive physiology and behaviour. These may be associated with different natural and human selection pressures, compounded by strong genotype‐environment interactions. B indicus cattle are better adapted for tropical environments (despite overall poor cattle reproductive rates in these regions) which tend to be more stressful for B taurus genotypes. Conversely, B taurus cattle generally show superior reproductive and productive traits under more favoured, temperate conditions.Despite genotype‐environment effects, B indicus females are generally considered to take longer to achieve puberty and to have longer gestation lengths, exhibit prolonged postpartum anoestrus, show greater seasonality of reproductive traits (tending to be long‐day breeders), display a shorter, less overt oestrus as well as less tendency to allow riding behaviour by subordinate females. Some groups appear to have increased losses both during pregnancy and in the neonatal period.On the positive side, B indicus females respond well to managerial and nutritional interventions, tend to have greater reproductive longevity and they generally exhibit strong maternal traits. Culling of infertile females and selection for greater male scrotal circumference and sex‐drive, in conjunction with the use of target weights, body condition scoring and weaning stratagems can improve reproductive rates in B indicus females.
Rainfall and breed effects on the efficacy of ivermectin jetting fluid for the prevention of fly strike and treatment of infestations of lice in long‐wooled sheep
Authors: THOMPSON DR , RUGG D. , SCOTT PG , CRAMER LG , BARRICK RA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An ivermectin‐based jetting fluid was assessed for its efficacy in the prevention of blowfly strike and treatment of lice in long‐wooled sheep. The ivermectin concentrate was diluted to 0.03 mg/mL and applied via a standard hand jetting technique. In insectary studies, using laboratory‐reared Lucilia cuprina, sheep jetted with ivermectin were protected from induced breech and body strikes for 18 weeks after treatment. Merino and Corriedale sheep were equally protected, as were sheep subjected to 25 mm simulated rainfall at 1, 3 or 6 hours after jetting.Naturally occurring infestations of lice, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis, were successfully treated with ivermectin jetting fluid in Merino and Corriedale sheep using a standard hand jetting technique. In addition, the efficacy of treatment was not affected by simulated rainfall at 1, 3 or 6 hours after treatment.
The effect of delays in feeding colostrum and the relationship between immunoglobulin concentration in the serum of neonatal calves and their rates of growth
Authors: TODD AG , WHYTE PBD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEighty‐five unsuckled newborn calves, were fed 1.5 L of colostrum of known IgG concentration at either 2, 4, 6 or 8 hours after birth with no additional colostrum feeding. Another group of 11 calves were left with their dam for 16 hours after birth, before separation. Blood samples were taken from all calves 24 hours after colostrum feeding or separation from the dam and serum Ig concentrations were measured by electrophoresis.There were no significant differences in mean serum Ig concentrations between calves fed at the different times after birth. Three of the 11 calves left to suckle were hypogamma‐globulinaemic. Other calves in this group had higher serum Ig concentrations than the means of all other groups.All groups had mean serum Ig concentrations higher than the suggested minimum concentration required for adequate calf health. There were a number of calves that did not reach the suggested minimum serum concentration after feeding, but calf mortality was low and all calves were healthy apart from a slight scour for a few weeks after birth.There was no significant relationship between serum Ig concentration 24 to 48 hours after birth and either calf mortality or average growth rate over an 8‐ to 10‐month period.
Modelling the potential impact of exotic diseases on regional Australia
Authors: GARNER MG , LACK MB 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Recent international initiatives for disease control suggest that, in the future, the consequences for trade of an exotic disease outbreak may not be as severe as estimated in the past. If zoning were to be accepted by Australia's trading partners, then the major effects may be felt at the regional rather than the national level. A study, using an integrated epidemiological/economic model, was undertaken to compare the impacts of 3 important exotic diseases (foot‐and‐mouth disease, classical swine fever and sheep pox) in 3 different regions of Australia.The study demonstrated that there are significant differences between the size and effect of different disease outbreaks. Regional factors influence not only the way that the disease will spread and manifest itself, but also the effects on local communities. Foot‐and‐mouth disease caused more economic losses than sheep pox or classical swine fever. The major determinant of differences in the effects of the diseases between regions was the nature of the regional economies. The less diversified the economy, the greater the effect of an exotic disease outbreak in relation to the size of that economy.
Analysis of leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets in cats with naturally‐occurring cryptococcosis but differing feline immunodeficiency virus status
Authors: WALKER C , MALIK R , CANFIELD PJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY:Although cryptococcosis is a well‐characterised disease of cats, the factors predisposing individuals to infection are unknown. As an indication of the immune status of an individual, lymphocyte subsets can be analysed. Reference ranges for feline lymphocyte subsets (Pan T+, CD4+, CDS+ and B cells) were established using a rapid whole blood technique and flow cytometry. There were no effects of age or sex on lymphocyte subset values. The numbers of circulating leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets were determined in FIV‐positive and FIV‐negative cats with cryptococcosis and compared with a group of healthy control cats.There were only minor differences in the numbers of lymphocyte subsets among the subgroups of cats examined in the study and the predisposition to cryptococcosis in cats could not be explained by deficiencies in lymphocyte subsets. There was a tendency for FIV‐negative cats with cryptococcosis to have reduced numbers of circulating CD4+ cells and lower CD4:CD8 ratios compared with normal cats, although the interpretation of this finding was complicated by the wide reference range for normal cats. The extent to which this is the cause of the fungal infection was not determined.The only difference in leucocyte or lymphocytes subset values between FIV‐negative cats with cryptococcosis and FIV‐positive cats with cryptococcosis was that the CD4+ percentage was lower in the FIV‐positive cats. The absolute CD4+ count was similar however, in FIV‐positive and FIV‐negative cryptococcosis cases. On the basis of this and other available information, the categorisation of cryptococcosis as a disease defining the AIDS phase of FIV infection may be incorrect.
Glomerulopathy in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts
Authors: TISDALL PLC , ROTHWELL TLW , HUNT GB , MALIK R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYKidney specimens from 12 dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts were examined histologically. Glomerulopathy of variable severity was present in the kidney sections of all 12. Marked irregular thickening of the glomerular capillary wall was the most prominent pathological change, the renal interstitium being largely unaffected. The severity of lesions was not correlated with the age of dogs at the time of necropsy. An immunoperoxidase technique failed to demonstrate significant IgA or IgG deposition in affected glomeruli. Proteinuria was generally mild or absent despite significant glomerular lesions, except in dogs with concurrent urinary tract infection.