bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exfoliation-free Nanosheet Synthesis of Transition-metal Hydroxynitrate and Its Transformation to Oxide Particulate Nanosheet
Authors: Cui Hongtao , Zayat Marcos , Levy David 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A new strategy, epoxide-assisted precipitation route presented in this work, allows the exfoliation-free nanosheet synthesis of Ni3(NO3)2(OH)4 by the control of dynamics of the precipitation reaction. The mechanism of growth limitation in the third direction can be explained by the bonding of the molecule resulting from the ring-opening reaction of the epoxide to the surface of primary nanosheets, preventing the thickening of the layer.
Claisen Rearrangement Strategy in Alkenyl Dihydropyran Leading to Total Synthesis of (+)-α-Vetispirene and (−)-Agarospirol
Authors: Nakazaki Atsuo , Kobayashi Susumu 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Total synthesis of (+)-α-vetispirene and (−)-agarospirol based on a Claisen rearrangement has been achieved. This is the first example of a Claisen rearrangement in an enantio-enriched alkenyl bicyclic dihydropyran system with perfect asymmetric transmission.
Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of Alkynylzinc Reagents to Nitrones
Authors: Konishi Atsuko , Wei Weilin , Kobayashi Masato , Fujinami Shuhei , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric addition of alkynylzinc reagents, which were prepared in situ from dimethylzinc and 1-alkynes, to nitrones was achieved by utilizing di(t-butyl) (R,R)-tartrate as a chiral auxiliary to afford the corresponding optically active (R)-N-(α-substituted)propargylic hydroxylamines. By the addition of methylzinc salt of a product-like racemic hydroxylamine, enantioselectivity of the N-propargylic hydroxylamines was enhanced up to 96% ee.
Estimating Liquid Oxygen Requirements for Aeration of Fasted Channel Catfish
Authors: Pearson Philip R , Beecham Rachel V 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A review of the scientific literature concerning the respiration of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus resulted in development of a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for estimating the volume of oxygen consumed by a given fasted channel catfish biomass. Channel catfish farmers and live haulers using diffused oxygen aeration systems can use computed estimates of oxygen consumption as a guide for setting flow rates for diffusers placed in grading nets and haul tanks. Entry of eight variables into the spreadsheet provides estimates of oxygen gas consumption with respect to time and biomass, the liquid oxygen equivalent of that volume, liquid oxygen expense, and the ratio of liquid oxygen expense to gross revenue.
Preparation of SAMS-CMC-CS bipolar membrane and its application in electro-generating FeO42−
Authors: Ren Yuxi , Chen Zhen , Chen Riyao , Zheng Xi , Geng Yamin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe preparation of SAMS-CMC-CS bipolar membrane grafted onto CMC by SAMS was reported. The cross-section view of SAMS-CMC-CS BM were studied by SEM. FT-IR spectrum indicated that SAMS-CMC-CS BM contained-SO 3−,-COO− and −N=CHR functional groups. Compared with CMC-CS BM, SAMS-CMC-CS BM appears to have better mechanical strength and chemical stability in alkali solution at [OH−]≥9.5 mol/L, with a swelling of 55 %. The electrochemical properties of SAMS-CMC-CS BM were also studied. SAMS-CS-CMC BM not only effectively prevented FeO 42− from diffusing into the cathode chamber, but also played an important role in the supply of OH− consumed during the electro-generated FeO 42− process.
Image-to-patient registration by natural anatomical surfaces of the head
Authors: Marmulla Rüdiger , Mühling Joachim , Eggers Georg 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The use of registration markers in computer-assisted surgery is combined with high logistic costs and efforts.
During the preparation of image guided surgery, automated markerless patient-to-image registration based on anatomical surfaces allows a significant reduction of preoperative effort and of the radiation dose the patient is exposed to. Placement and measurement of radio-opaque fiducial markers becomes unnecessary. The usability of face, auricle, maxilla and mandible for surface-based registration to CT image data was investigated. The present study was performed to evaluate the clinical accuracy in finding defined target points within the surgical site after markerless patient registration in image-guided oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Preoperatively, the spatial position of 20 patients was registered to CT image data using a 3D laser surface scanner. Indications for surgery were tumours, foreign bodies and skeletal malformations. The accuracy of this surface-based registration was verified using additionally placed fiducial markers.
The study showed, that markerless surface-based registration was sufficiently accurate for clinical use when the surface used for matching was the upper jaw, the face, or — with reservations — the auricle. Surface-based registration using the mandible did not yield satisfying results. To conclude, image-to-patient registration based on laser surface scanning is a valuable method for surgery of the head. Multiple sites of the head were identified as appropriate for the method. Hence, dependent on the individual case and the intended surgery, the registration area can be selected with the necessary flexibility.
Estimation of the probability of fighting in fallow deer (Dama dama) during the rut
Authors: Bartoš Luděk , Fričová Barbora , Bartošová‐Víchová Jitka , Panamá José , Šustr Pavel , Šmídová Eva 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFighting between males is a frequent component of the rutting behavior of Cervidae. Frequent conflicts are exhausting; fighting may be risky and can lead to serious injuries or even death. We focused on the process of assessment of the opponent's fighting ability and escalation of the combat, estimating the probability of fighting based on the encounter components such as groaning and parallel walk. In this study, we observed the agonistic behavior of fallow deer bucks (Dama dama) during the rut over four seasons. During this time, we recorded 205 encounters between bucks. Non‐contact display, which allows contestants to assess their opponents fighting ability, occurred in 83% of the encounters. The highest predicted probability of a fight was found when both of the males vocalized and turned into the parallel walk. The chance of a clear outcome decreased when the males were fighting in comparison to when they did not fight. The initiator of the competitive encounter won 41% of the cases, while the attacked buck won 23% of the encounters. If the contestants avoided fighting, however, the initiator won 78% of encounters. Therefore, the initiator was more successful when no fight occurred compared to when the encounters escalated into fighting. In most cases where ritualized behavior occurred, one of the opponents left after vocalization or parallel walk occurred. Thus, vocalization and parallel walk increased the probability for a clear outcome. The probability of a fight was lowest in situations where the males displayed asymmetric behavior. Increased symmetry of the contestants' behavior was strongly correlated with a higher probability of a fight. Thus, these results indicate that fallow deer bucks use efficient tactic during the rut, which, in turn, minimizes the chance of injury while fighting during the breeding season. Aggr. Behav. 33:7–13, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age differences in the prevalence of physical aggression among 5–11‐year‐old Canadian boys and girls
Authors: Lee Kyung‐Hye , Baillargeon Raymond H. , Vermunt Jeroen K. , Wu Hong‐Xing , Tremblay Richard E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIt has been proven extremely difficult in the past to estimate the prevalence of physical aggression in children for two main reasons: (a) a heterogeneous sampling of behaviors (i.e., mix between physically aggressive and non‐physically aggressive antisocial behaviors), and (b) a lack of a “gold standard” to identify children who exhibit physically aggressive behaviors on a frequent basis. The goal of this study was to test for age differences in the prevalence of physical aggression in the Canadian population of school‐aged boys and girls, using cross‐sectional data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY). The first wave of the NLSCY included a representative sample of 12,292 Canadian children aged 5–11 years. We used latent class analysis to identify children whose propensity to exhibit physically aggressive behaviors was much higher than that of other children of the same age and sex in the population. The prevalence of physical aggression was estimated at 3.7% in 5–11‐year‐old boys and ranged from .5% to 2.3% in 11 and 5‐year‐old girls, respectively. Hence, the results show a decreasing trend in the prevalence of physical aggression with age for girls, but not for boys. These findings suggest the importance of considering the developmental pathways of physical aggression for boys and girls separately. Aggr. Behav. 33:26–37, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss; Inc.
Ontogeny of sex differences in defensive burying behavior in rats: effect of social isolation
Authors: Arakawa Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present experiments was to clarify sex differences in socio‐developmental factors that affected defense behavior in rats. Sex differences in the defensive burying behavior of rats, and related social factors, were explored in three developmental stages: juvenile, puberty, and adult; 30, 50, and 80 days of age, respectively. The duration of burying, digging into bedding material, stretch‐attend postures, and crouch/freezing were measured in a shock‐prod test. For males, the duration of burying was longer in the juvenile and pubertal stages than in adulthood. For females, no age differences in the duration of burying were found. Males showed longer burying durations than females in both the juvenile and pubertal stages. For both sexes, the highest duration of digging was found in the juvenile stage, and females showed longer durations of digging than males. Both male and female rats isolated during the juvenile stage, from 26 to 40 days of age, showed smaller durations of burying behavior compared to pair‐reared rats. This effect of juvenile isolation was maintained among both adult males and females even when they were returned to pair rearing after isolation. Isolation during adulthood, from 66 to 80 days of age, increased burying behavior in males, but decreased it in females. The durations of digging, stretch‐attend postures, and crouch/freezing were not affected by isolation. The decrease in defensive burying and its increase resulting from isolation in adult male rats, suggest that the emergence of adult‐like social relationships in males suppressed the duration of burying. Male and female rats isolated during the juvenile stage maintained lower levels of burying, suggesting that social experience as juveniles is important for the emergence of defensive burying behavior. Aggr. Behav. 33:38–47, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss; Inc.
Civic community and violent behavior in Italy
Authors: Gatti Uberto , Tremblay Richard E. , Schadee Hans 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine to what extent community characteristics counterbalance propensities towards homicide and robbery. Data were obtained for each of the 95 Italian provinces on homicide rate and robbery rate from 1992 to 1995. Multiple regressions were used to predict these homicide and robbery rates from a measure of civic engagement (Civicness) assessed during the same period, and from other socioeconomic variables: unemployment, family break up, and geographical characteristics. The predictors explained 77% of the variance among the Italian provinces for robbery, and 61% of the variance for homicide. The predictive patterns were somewhat different for homicide and robbery, but in each case civicness interacted with territorial variables. In the case of homicide, civicness had a preventive impact only in the southern provinces. For robbery, the protective impact was limited to provinces which were urbanized and had large metropolitan areas. Aggr. Behav. 33:56–62, 2007.© 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Officer attitudes towards adult male prisoners who self‐harm: development of an attitudinal measure and investigation of sex differences
Authors: Ireland Jane L. , Quinn Karen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurpose: The aim of the current study was to explore attitudes towards self‐harm in a sample of prison officers, with subsidiary aims of assessing if these attitudes alter as a function of the prisoner's behavior and the sex of the participant.Method: One hundred and sixty‐two officers (100 men and 62 women) completed a general measure of their attitudes towards prisoners and one designed to assess Attitudes towards Prisoners who Self‐Harm (APSH). Participants rated their perceptions of two adult male prisoners depicted in vignettes. The vignettes depicted identical types of self‐harm but varied the behavioral characteristics of the prisoners involved, with one depicted as “well‐behaved” and the other as “disruptive”.Results: Women were more likely than men to report positive attitudes towards self‐harm and in particular were less likely than men to endorse negative myths regarding self‐harm. The prisoner depicted as “disruptive” invoked increased negative attitudes than the “well‐behaved” prisoner. This finding was consistent across sex.Conclusion: The current study indicates that APSH are comprised of a number of components that were influenced by the sex of the participant and the behavioral characteristics of the prisoners depicted. The implications of these findings to practice are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 33:63–72, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applying the concept of lifestyle in association with aggression and violence in Greek cohabitating couples
Authors: Tzamalouka Georgia S. , Parlalis Stavros K. , Soultatou Pelagia , Papadakaki Maria , Chliaoutakis Joannes El. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe current study investigated the role of lifestyle as a significant factor related to the aggression and violence between cohabitating partners. Based on previous research, lifestyle was defined as a special reflection of socialization into society and working life, where different lifestyles should also be able to produce different patterns of socialization into people's roles as partners. It was found that gender and years of cohabitating were significantly related to Emotional aggression and Sexual violence; lifestyle patterns were associated with specific forms of violence. More specifically, the lifestyles of Pleasure & Elegance and the one of Culture–Intellectualism were found to promote Emotional aggression. Also, the lifestyle of Yuppies/Workaholic and that of Physical activities stimulated the appearance of Sexual violence between partners. Moreover, individuals with Tradition–Religiousness lifestyle were more likely to show lower levels of Physical & Sexual violence while the adherents of the Substance abuse lifestyle pattern appeared to have an inclination towards Physical & Sexual Violence. Finally, the occurrence of one form of violent behaviour was likely to be related to the other forms of violent behaviour. Aggr. Behav. 33:73–85, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Molecular Spacers for Efficient Fluorescence Energy Transfer to Dye‐Labeled DNA
Authors: Woo H. Y. , Vak D. , Korystov D. , Mikhailovsky A. , Bazan G. C. , Kim D.‐Y. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTwo water‐soluble conjugated polyelectrolytes, poly(9,9′‐bis(6‐N,N,N‐trimethylammoniumhexyl)fluorene‐alt‐1,4‐(2,5‐bis(6‐N,N,N‐trimethylammoniumhexyloxy))phenylene) tetrabromide (P1i) and poly((10,10′‐bis(6‐N,N,N‐trimethylammoniumhexyl)‐10H‐spiro(anthracene‐9,9′‐fluorene))‐alt‐1,4‐(2,5‐bis(6‐N,N,N‐trimethylammoniumhexyloxy))phenylene) tetrabromide (P2i) are synthesized, characterized, and used in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments with fluorescein‐labeled single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA‐Fl). P1i and P2i have nearly identical π‐conjugated backbones, as determined by cyclic voltammetry and UV‐vis spectroscopy. The main structural difference is the presence of an anthracenyl substituent, orthogonal to the main chain in each of the P2i repeat units, which increases the average interchain separation in aggregated phases. It is possible to observe emission from ssDNA‐Fl via FRET upon excitation of P2i. Fluorescein is not emissive within the ssDNA‐Fl/P1i electrostatic complex, suggesting Fl emission quenching through photoinduced charge transfer (PCT). We propose that the presence of the anthracenyl “molecular bumper” in P2i increases the distance between optical partners, which decreases PCT more acutely relative to FRET.
Highly Organized Mesoporous TiO2 Films with Controlled Crystallinity: A Li‐Insertion Study
Authors: Fattakhova‐Rohlfing D. , Wark M. , Brezesinski T. , Smarsly B. M. , Rathouský J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA study of electrochemical Li insertion combined with structural and textural analysis enabled the identification and quantification of individual crystalline and amorphous phases in mesoporous TiO2 films prepared by the evaporation‐induced self‐assembly procedure. It was found that the properties of the amphiphilic block copolymers used as templates, namely those of a novel poly(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) polymer (KLE) and commercial Pluronic P123 (HO(CH2CH2O)20(CH2CH(CH3)O)70(CH2CH2O)20H), decisively influence the physicochemical properties of the resulting films. The KLE‐templated films possess a 3D cubic mesoporous structure and are practically amorphous when calcined at temperatures below 450 °C, but treatment at 550–700 °C provides a pure‐phase (anatase), fully crystalline material with intact mesoporous architecture. The electrochemically determined fraction of crystalline anatase increases from 85 to 100 % for films calcined at 550 and 700 °C, respectively. In contrast, the films prepared using Pluronic P123, which also show a 3D cubic pore arrangement, exhibit almost 50 % crystallinity even at a calcination temperature of 400 °C, and their transformation into a fully crystalline material is accompanied by collapse of the mesoporous texture. Therefore, our study revealed the significance of using suitable block‐copolymer templates for the generation of mesoporous metal oxide films. Coupling of both electrochemical and X‐ray diffraction methods has shown to be highly advisable for the correct interpretation of structure properties, in particular the crystallinity, of such sol–gel derived films.
Organic Field‐Effect Transistors and Unipolar Logic Gates on Charged Electrets from Spin‐On Organosilsesquioxane Resins
Authors: Huang C. , West J. E. , Katz H. E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractControllable shifting of threshold voltage and modulation of current in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) is demonstrated, resulting in the formation of unipolar inverters by making use of space‐charge electrets. Prior to the deposition of the organic semiconductor (OSC), negative corona charges are injected and trapped in the bulk of the organosilsesquioxane glass resin gate dielectrics. The effective surface potential is controlled by the corona‐charging and subsequent annealing process. It is found that the shift of the transfer characteristics is governed by the electrostatic induction effects of the charged gate electrets, and this observed shift can be related to the surface potential of the layer next to the transistor channel. The process control, efficiency, and long‐term stability of charge storage in spin‐on organosilsesquioxane glass resins are sufficient to enable the construction of simple unipolar inverters and to allow for circuit tuning. New OFET unipolar inverters with an enhancement‐mode driver and a depletion‐mode load are presented, composed of only two simple OFETs with the same channel dimensions and the same p‐type OSC on charged electrets. This design allows the implementation of full‐swing organic logic circuits and illustrates a potential process simplification for organic electronics.
Hemangiomas: Their uses and abuses
Authors: Cohen Jr M. Michael 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHemangiomas are vascular tumors, and are distinct from vascular malformations. The term “hemangioma” is frequently misapplied by various medical specialists. This article briefly summarizes the main types of hemangiomas: infantile, rapidly involuting, and noninvoluting types. More complex conditions are also reviewed, such as hemangiomas of the liver and PHACES. The discussion then focuses on common vascular misnomers and proper descriptive terminology for hemangiomas: solitary (small, large, or diffuse) and multifocal. It is concluded that the term “segmental hemangioma” is imprecise, ill‐advised, misguided, and should be abandoned. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molekulare Erkennung von Phosphaten in der Strukturbiologie
Authors: Hirsch Anna K. H. , Fischer Felix R. , Diederich François 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDie medizinisch‐chemische Forschung hat sich in den letzten Jahren Proteinen zugewandt, die wie Proteinkinasen und Proteinphosphatasen eine Phosphatbindungsstelle aufweisen. Dieser Aufsatz versucht, mithilfe von Datenbankrecherchen einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Prinzipien der molekularen Erkennung von Phosphatgruppen durch Enzyme zu geben. 3003 Kristallstrukturen von Proteinen mit gebundenem organischem Phosphat aus der RCSB‐Proteindatenbank wurden im Hinblick auf H‐Brücken zwischen Protein und Ligand untersucht. Die bekannten Bindungsmotive für Phosphate werden behandelt und Ähnlichkeiten bei der Komplexierung von Phosphaten durch synthetische Rezeptoren hervorgehoben. Eine Analyse der Häufigkeit, mit der spezifische Aminosäuren in unterschiedlichen phosphatbindenden Enzymklassen H‐Brücken eingehen, führt zu einer für die Enzymklasse charakteristischen Verteilung. Der Aufsatz zeigt, dass bei strukturbasierter Ligandenentwicklung und ‐optimierung die Umgebung der Phosphatbindungsstelle sorgfältig mitberücksichtigt werden sollte und weist gleichzeitig auf Alternativen hin, wie diese Bindungstaschen zu füllen sind.
Syntheses, crystal structures and blue emission of three zinc(II) coordination polymers with a 4,4′‐dicarboxybiphenyl sulfone ligand
Authors: Zhuang Wen‐Juan , Jin Lin‐Pei 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThree novel zinc complexes [Zn(dbsf)(H2O)2] (1), [Zn(dbsf)(2,2′‐bpy)(H2O)]·(i‐C3H7OH) (2) and [Zn(dbsf)(DMF)] (3) (H2dbsf = 4,4′‐dicarboxybiphenyl sulfone, 2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, i‐C3H7OH = iso‐propanol, DMF = N,N‐dimethylformamide) were first obtained and characterized by single crystal X‐ray crystallography. Although the results show that all the complexes 1–3 have one‐dimensional chains formed via coordination bonds, unique three‐dimensional supramolecular structures are formed due to different coordination modes and configuration of the dbsf2− ligand, hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions. Iso‐propanol molecules are in open channels of 2 while larger empty channels are formed in 3. As compared with emission band of the free H2dbsf ligand, emission peaks of the complexes 1–3 are red‐shifted, and they show blue emission, which originates from enlarging conjugation upon coordination. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.