bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traumatic responses among battered women who kill
Authors: Dutton Mary Ann , Hohnecker Laura C. , Halle Paulin M. , Burghardt Kimberly J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study compared levels of violence, social support, and post‐traumatic stress between battered women charged with a violent crime against an abusive partner and those seeking help from a mental health clinic. Results indicated that forensic battered women were more likely than clinical battered women to report experiencing severe violence, including sexual abuse, in their relationships. Women in the forensic sample also reported less social support and greater post‐traumatic stress than women in the clinical sample. However, when social support and level of violence were accounted for, levels of general post‐traumatic stress indicators (MMPI‐PTSD, CR‐PTSD, GSI) were no longer different between groups, although levels of specific post‐traumatic stress indicators (intrusion, avoidance) remained higher for battered women in the forensic sample. Implications for understanding battered women's response to violence and their post‐traumatic reactions to it are discussed.
Emergency work experience and reactions to traumatic incidents
Authors: Moran Carmen , Britton Neil R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study examined the association between volunteer emergency work experience, personality, and reactions to a past traumatic incident. Participants from randomly selected State Emergency Services and Volunteer Bushfire Brigade Units in New South Wales (Australia) completed four questionnaires. The data did not support the idea that emergency workers are hardier than most, or have particular coping styles. Length of volunteer emergency service was associated with both severity and length of reaction to a past traumatic incident. The number of emergency callouts and current general symptom severity were associated with severity of reaction to a past incident.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder: Evaluation of a behavioral treatment program
Authors: Richards David A. , Lovell Karina , Marks Isaac M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe relative values of imaginal and real‐life exposure exercises were tested in this study by randomizing 14 patients who met DSM‐III‐R criteria for PTSD at least 6 months after the initiating trauma to one of two groups. Group 1 (n = 7) had four, weekly, hour‐long sessions of imaginal exposure followed by four, weekly, hour‐long sessions of live exposure. Group 2 (n = 7) had the reverse order of four live exposure sessions followed by four imaginal exposure sessions. Both groups improved significantly on both PTSD‐specific measures and measures of general health post‐treatment, and significantly further on 7 out of 12 measures at follow up 12 months post‐treatment. Clinical improvement was in the order of 65–80% reduction in target symptoms. On one measure only (problem 2—phobic avoidance), live exposure yielded more improvement than imaginal exposure whether given first or second. The importance of both live and imaginal exposure to all relevant cues, behavioral and cognitive, is discussed, together with the value of self‐exposure homework for patients with PTSD.
The reported prevalence of physical and sexual abuse among a sample of children and adolescents at a public psychiatric hospital
Authors: Randall Elizabeth J. , Chowanec Gregory , Thyer Bruce A. , Josephson Allan M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this retrospective analysis of inpatient charts, a total of 298 children and adolescents admitted to a public psychiatric hospital over a 1‐year period were examined for the prevalence of reported histories of physical or sexual abuse. Physical abuse was reported in 15% of the cases, while sexual abuse occurred in 13%. A variety of comparisons were made examining possible differences in gender, age, race, diagnosis, and personality trait disturbance among the abused and nonabused patients. Relative to known prevalence rates as reported to child protective agencies, physical or sexual abuse occurred much more frequently among our sample of patients, suggesting the need for careful assessment of such histories upon admission and during treatment.
Hearing people through their pain
Authors: Egendorf Arthur 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe first goal in this clinical and theoretical essay is to specify what it means to hear people through their pain, by articulating intuitions that are seldom put in formal terms. “What” and “how” and “whom” we hear shift depending on whether we are (1) uncovering the facts, (2) appreciating their meaning with another's life, (3) drawing out and enlivening the one who has to live with and make sense of traumatic experience, or (4) engendering, by having others hear that they are heard, enough relatedness to establish a meaningful precedent for their lives. A second goal here is to show how the meaning of trauma changes as hearing deepens. Accordingly, we may hear in people's trauma (1) psychophysical reactions to events; (2) the playing out of themes from a lifetime; (3) violations whose inner message is a demand to awaken beyond self‐protective ways of being; and (4) a uniquely powerful opening for communion.
When disaster strikes, acute stress disorder may follow
Authors: Koopman Cheryl , Classen Catherine , CardeN¯ta Etzel , Spiegel David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDuring and immediately following a traumatic event, people may manifest a pattern of dissociative and anxiety symptoms and other reactions, referred to as Acute Stress Disorder. A review of the empirical literature on psychological reactions to trauma suggest that this pattern of symptoms has often been identified across different kinds of traumatic events. It is likely to constitute a psychological adaptation to a stressful event, limiting painful thoughts and feelings associated with the event and allowing the person to function at least minimally. Continuation of these symptoms, however, may impair the person's quality of life and disrupt social and other functioning. If symptoms last beyond a month following the traumatic event, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may ensue, continuing for months or even years after the precipitating event. Hence, it is important to be able to identify this pattern of reactions that may be manifested in reaction to trauma, so that appropriate intervention can be provided. Although it was not officially recognized in the 3rd edition Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM‐III‐R), Acute Stress Disorder is included as a separate diagnosis in the DSM‐IV.
Psychological adaptation among residents following restart of Three Mile Island
Authors: Prince‐Embury Sandra , Rooney James F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPsychological adaptation is examined in a sample of residents who remained in the vicinity of Three Mile Island following the restart of the nuclear generating facility which had been shut down since the 1979 accident. Findings indicate a lowering of psychological symptoms between 1985 and 1989 in spite of increased lack of control, less faith in experts and increased fear of developing cancer. The suggestion is made that reduced stress might have been related to a process of adaptation whereby a cognition of emergency preparedness was integrated by some of these residents as a modulating cognitive element. Findings also indicate that “loss of faith in experts” is a persistently salient cognition consistent with the “shattered assumptions” theory of victimization.
Differential effects of trauma on spouses of traumatized households
Authors: Baker Ahmad M. , Kevorkian Nadera S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe responses of 60 households subjected to varying degrees of traumatic events were examined. Specific attention was given to the differential effect that traumatic events have on spouses, especially in terms of general anxiety, state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, and other symptoms related to trauma. The findings showed that degree of traumatization was proportional to number and intensity of stress related symptoms. Mothers, however, manifested depression and anxiety levels twice as high as fathers. The validity of these results was discussed in terms of cultural beliefs and practices.
The development of a clinician‐administered PTSD scale
Authors: Blake Dudley David , Weathers Frank W. , Nagy Linda M. , Kaloupek Danny G. , Gusman Fred D. , Charney Dennis S. , Keane Terence M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeveral interviews are available for assessing PTSD. These interviews vary in merit when compared on stringent psychometric and utility standards. Of all the interviews, the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS‐1) appears to satisfy these standards most uniformly. The CAPS‐1 is a structured interview for assessing core and associated symptoms of PTSD. It assesses the frequency and intensity of each symptom using standard prompt questions and explicit, behaviorally‐anchored rating scales. The CAPS‐1 yields both continuous and dichotomous scores for current and lifetime PTSD symptoms. Intended for use by experienced clinicians, it also can be administered by appropriately trained paraprofessionals. Data from a large scale psychometric study of the CAPS‐1 have provided impressive evidence of its reliability and validity as a PTSD interview.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder and the MMPI‐2
Authors: Munley Patrick H. , Bains Dharm S. , Bloem William D. , Busby Rebecca M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study compared the MMPI‐2 profiles of 27 veterans diagnosed with post‐traumatic stress disorder with a non‐PTSD comparison group of 27 veteran patients receiving inpatient treatment for other mental disorders. Three multivariate analyses of variance were conducted comparing the two groups on the 10 traditional clinical scales, the 12 supplemental scales and the 15 new content scales on the MMPI‐2. The PTSD group obtained a mean profile with peak elevations on the F validity scale and on clinical Scales 2 (D) and 8 (Sc). The multivariate analysis of variance comparing the PTSD and non‐PTSD groups across the 10 traditional clinical scales was not significant. The multivariate analyses of variance comparing the two groups on the 12 supplemental scales and the 15 content scales were significant. Significant univariate supplemental scale differences were found on the Keane PTSD scale (PK) and the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PS) scale with the PTSD group scoring higher on PK and PS. Significant univariate content scale differences were found for the Anger (ANG) scale with the PTSD group scoring higher. A cut‐off score of 28 on the PK scale correctly classified 76% of the overall sample, 67% of the PTSD group and 85% of the non‐PTSD‐comparison group.
Adult trauma survivors and post‐traumatic stress sequelae: An analysis of reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal criteria
Authors: Ullman Sarah E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe relationship of traumatic events to DSM‐III criteria symptoms for post‐traumatic stress disorder was examined in a randomized community survey (N = 2,364) of Los Angeles residents. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that both demographic factors and the type of traumatic event influenced respondents' reports of reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal symptoms after the event.
Posttraumatic stress disorder, flashbacks, and pseudomemories in closed head injury
Authors: Bryant Richard A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is rarely diagnosed in patients with significant head injury. This paper reviews two patients who were amnesic for events surrounding their motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) but developed delayed‐onset PTSD. Symptoms included vivid images of the MVAs that were based on information learnt following the trauma. These cases indicate that amnesic head injured patients can suffer pseudomemories that are phenomenologicalfy similar to flashbacks observed in PTSD. Implications for understanding the nature of flashbacks are discussed.
Traumatic events and physical health in a community sample
Authors: Oilman Sarah E. , Siegel Judith M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe relationship of traumatic events to physical health was examined in a randomized community survey (N = 2,364) of Los Angeles residents, 16% of whom had experienced a lifetime traumatic event. This study tested hypotheses that individuals experiencing traumatic events have poorer physical health and that the negative impact of traumatic events on physical health is greater among disadvantaged sociodemographic groups. Regression analyses showed that respondents with a traumatic event history indicated poorer perceptions of their physical health, more chronic limitations in physical functioning, and more chronic medical conditions compared with respondents without such a history, while controlling for demographics, psychiatric history, and other stressful life events. The association of traumatic events with poorer physical health among vulnerable sociodemographic groups was partially supported.
Factors in the cycle of violence: Gender rigidity and emotional constriction
Authors: Lisak David , Hopper Jim , Song Pat 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA sample of 595 men were administered self‐report assessments of childhood sexual and physical abuse, perpetration history, gender rigidity and emotional constriction. Including noncontact forms of sexual abuse, 11% of the men reported sexual abuse alone, 17% reported physical abuse alone, and 17% reported both sexual and physical abuse. Of the 257 men in the sample who reported some form of childhood abuse, 38% reported some form of perpetration themselves, either sexual or physical; of the 126 perpetrators, 70% reported having been abused in childhood. Thus, most perpetrators were abused, but most abused men did not perpetrate. Both sexually and physically abused men who perpetrated manifested significantly more gender rigidity arid emotional constriction than abused nonperpetrators. Men who reported abuse but not perpetration demonstrated significantly less gender rigidity, less homophobia and less emotional constriction than nonabused men.
Crisis support following the Herald of free‐enterprise disaster: A longitudinal perspective
Authors: Dalgleish Tim , Joseph Stephen , Thrasher Sian , Tranah Troy , Yule William 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCrisis support was assessed with survivors of the Herald of Free Enterprise ferry sinking at 3 and 6 years postdisaster. It was found that reported levels of support received from family and friends decreased over the first 3 years after the event but increased over the subsequent 3 years. In addition, higher retrospective ratings of crisis support received in the immediate aftermath of the disaster were found to predict lower levels of posttraumatic symptomatology as assessed by the Impact of Event Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory and the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory at a later period. The results replicate earlier findings following the Jupiter Cruise ship disaster and are thought to have implications for the assessment and treatment of survivors at high risk of disturbance.
Posttraumatic stress, mental health professionals, and the clergy: A need for collaboration, training, and research
Authors: Weaver Andrew J. , Koenig Harold G. , Ochberg Frank M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article addresses the need for improved clergy‐mental health professional collaboration in the assessment and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Tens of millions of North Americans with personal problems seek the counsel of clergy. There is an absence of research on the function of clergy as helpers with the traumatized and on the psychological dynamics of religious coping among the traumatized. Psychological trauma presents the mental health and religious communities with unique opportunities to work together in the best interest of those they serve.
Modification of CAPS‐1 for diagnosis of PTSD in Afghan refugees
Authors: Samad Malekzai A. Bazger , Niazi John M. , Paige Stephen R. , Hendricks Shelton E. , Fitzpatrick Denis , Leuschen M. Patricia , Millimet C. Raymond 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA DSM‐III‐R based instrument for the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS‐1), was modified to accommodate cultural differences and translated into the Afghan languages Pushto and Farsi (Dari) and administered to 30 Afghan refugees living in the United States. The modified CAPS‐1 was found to be practical and reliable. Inter‐item correlations were calculated on the frequency and intensity scores for the 17 cardinal symptoms and the eight associated features items of the modified CAPS‐1. The four reexperiencing items demonstrated significant independence from the avoidance and arousal symptom clusters. However, the avoidance and arousal symptom clusters were not found to be independent cardinal components of PTSD in our participants. The CAPS‐1 criteria for diagnosis of PTSD were met by 50% of the subjects evaluated.
PTSD: How frequently should the symptoms occur? The effect on epidemiologic research
Authors: Karam Elie G. , Noujeim Jina C. , Saliba Sabah E. , Chami Adel H. , Rached Sana Abi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe definition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), like most other psychiatric disorders, relies on descriptive methodology; the formulation of the criteria needed to establish a diagnosis is based on clinical and research findings. We used our data from a community study in Beirut, Lebanon to look at the effect that the frequency of occurrence of individual PTSD symptoms might have on the total PTSD prevalence. We found that the prevalence of PTSD decreased by half if symptoms were required to have occurred at least twice per week. This phenomenon was true whether we considered war or nonwar traumata and was true for the DSM‐III‐R and the DSM‐IV definitions of PTSD.
Trauma‐related dissociative states and long‐term psychopathology in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Bremner J. Douglas , Brett Elizabeth 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDissociative responses to trauma have been hypothesized to be associated with long‐term increases in psychopathology. The purpose of this study was to examine dissociative responses to premilitary, combat‐related and postmilitary traumatic events and long‐term psychopathology in Vietnam combat veterans with (n = 34) and without (n = 28) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD patients reported higher levels of dissociative states at the time of combat‐related traumatic events than non‐PTSD patients. Higher levels of dissociative states persisted in PTSD patients in the form of higher levels of dissociative states in response to postmilitary traumatic events. In addition, dissociative responses to combat trauma were associated with higher long‐term general dissociative symptomatology as measured by scores on the Dissociative Experience Scale, as well as increases in the number of flashbacks since the time of the war. These findings are consistent with previous formulations that dissociation in the face of trauma is a marker of long‐term psychopathology.
The impact of Hurricane Andrew on deviant behavior among a multi‐racial/ethnic sample of adolescents in Dade County, Florida: A longitudinal analysis
Authors: Khoury Elizabeth L. , Warheit George J. , Hargrove Mary C. , Zimmerman Rick S. , Vega William A. , Gil Andres G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFindings from a longitudinal study are presented on the relationships between the problems and stresses resulting from Hurricane Andrew and posthurricane minor deviant behavior. The sample (N = 4,978) included Hispanic, African‐American, and White non‐Hispanic middle school students enrolled in Dade County, Florida public schools. Two waves of data were collected prior to the hurricane; a third was obtained approximately 6 months following the storm. Results indicated that females were likely to report higher levels of hurricane‐related stress symptoms than males. After controlling for prehurricane levels of minor deviance, family support, and race/ethnicity, hurricane stress symptom level remained a significant predictor of posthurricane minor deviant behavior. The findings lend support to stress theories of social deviance.
The validity of posttraumatic stress disorder among vietnamese refugees
Authors: Fawzi Mary Catherine Smith , Pham Thang , Lin Lien , Nguyen Tho Viet , Ngo Dung , Murphy Elizabeth , Mollica Richard F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the validity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Vietnamese refugees. The study population included 74 Vietnamese refugees who had resettled in the metropolitan Boston area. The previously validated Harvard Trauma Questionnaire was used to assess traumatic events and trauma‐related symptoms. The number of traumatic events experienced was positively correlated with the severity of PTSD‐related symptoms in this population. Internal consistency estimates and principal components analysis provided results that generally supported DSM‐IV symptom dimensions of arousal, avoidance, and reexperiencing. However, the emergence of two separate dimensions of avoidance reflected the important contribution of depression to the traumatic response.
Race, combat, and PTSD in a community sample of New Zealand Vietnam war veterans
Authors: MacDonald Carol , Chamberlain Kerry , Lon Nigel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), combat exposure, and race was examined in a New Zealand community sample of 756 Vietnam War veterans. Maori veterans reported higher levels of PTSD than their non‐Maori counterparts. However, the race effect was shown to be mediated by combat exposure level, rank, and combat role. These findings support differential experience explanations for the relationship between postwar adjustment and race, suggesting that higher levels of psychological symptoms reported by minority group veterans can be accounted for by their experience of higher levels of combat stressors.
Posttraumatic stress symptoms in nonexposed, victims, and spontaneous rescuers after an avalanche
Authors: Johnsen Bjørn Helge , Eid Jarle , Løstad Terje , Michelsen Leif Tore 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA company from the Norwegian Army was investigated 2 weeks and 4 months after they were hit by an avalanche during a winter exercise. The subjects were divided into victims, spontaneous rescuers, and nonexposed subjects. The results showed that exposed subjects (victims and rescuers) reported higher levels of symptoms compared to nonexposed subjects. No differences were found among exposed subjects. The level of symptoms was also higher than comparable previous research both on victims and professional rescuers or nonprofessionals assigned a role as rescuers. All groups showed decrement in symptoms on the 4‐month follow‐up.
Prediction of remission of acute posttraumatic stress disorder in motor vehicle accident victims
Authors: Blanchard Edward B. , Hickling Edward J. , Forneris Catherine A. , Taylor Ann E. , Buckley Todd C. , Loos Warren R. , Jaccard James 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOne hundred forty five individuals who sought medical attention as a result of a motor vehicle accident (MVA), and who were initially assessed 1 to 4 months post‐MVA, were followed up prospectively for 6 months to determine how many of the 55 with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the 43 with sub‐syndromal PTSD would remit and what variables would predict remission. Thirty (55%) of those with initial PTSD had remitted at least in part by 6 months while 67% of those with sub‐syndromal PTSD had remitted (and 5% had worsened). Four variables, including severity of initial symptoms, degree of initial physical injury, relative degree of physical recovery by 4 months and whether a close family member suffered a trauma during the follow‐up interval, combined to classify 6‐month clinical status of 84% of those with initial PTSD secondary to MVAs.