bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VISUALISING THE EFFECT OF PRIVATE‐SECTOR INVOLVEMENT ON REDEVELOPED PUBLIC SPACES IN THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: VAN MELIK RIANNE 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTMany squares in Dutch city centres have been redeveloped in recent years. Their design and management have often changed, resulting in places characterised by dimensions of ‘fear’ and ‘fantasy’ such as the rise of camera surveillance and sidewalk cafés. The private sector is increasingly involved in these redevelopment projects. This paper visualises to what extent private‐sector involvement affects redeveloped public spaces. Six‐dimensional diagrams are set up as an analytical tool that enables the comparison of public spaces on a number of criteria. Eight squares are examined in the city centres of Rotterdam, Dordrecht, Enschede and 's‐Hertogenbosch. Four are solely redeveloped by the local government; the other four are the result of public‐private partnership. The diagrams show that the private sector mainly participates in the redevelopment of retail squares, but its involvement does not result in more fear or fantasy in public space.
GOD INCARNATE AND THE DEFEAT OF EVIL
Authors: MACDONALD JR. PAUL A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this essay, I assess Marilyn McCord Adams's important and provocative incarnation‐centered approach to the problem of evil. In particular, I examine the central theological components of her approach: her novel but also problematic conceptions of creation, sin, redemption, grace, and eschatological consummation. My further goal is to use my critical analysis of Adams's approach in order to begin to articulate and defend an alternative incarnation‐centered approach, based on a more classically orthodox conception of divine defeat of evil, which is both immune to the criticisms I raise against Adams's approach and possesses a higher degree of explanatory power.
REPARATIVE REASONING: FROM PEIRCE'S PRAGMATISM TO AUGUSTINE's SCRIPTURAL SEMIOTIC
Authors: OCHS PETER 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA genealogical study that traces a “broadly Cartesian” pattern of argumentation: from Augustine's scriptural semiotic to the “narrowly Cartesian” practice of foundationalism to Charles Peirce's pragmatic and reparative semiotic. The essay argues (1) that Augustine transformed Stoic logic into a scriptural semiotic; (2) that this semiotic breeds both Cartesian foundationalism and the pragmatic semiotic that repairs it; (3) that Peirce's semiotic displays the latter. In sum, Augustine's inquiry risks foundationalism but also breeds a self‐corrective “reparative reasoning.” This reasoning is at once scriptural and philosophic.
SIMONE WEIL'S CONCEPT OF GRACE1
Authors: ESTELRICH BARTOMEU 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article explores three models used by Simone Weil to describe the concept of grace. In these models grace is depicted as a divine movement that (a) persuades the person to look for transcendent unity behind contradictions; that (b) redirects human attention to God; and that (c) transforms the soul through a process of passivity and waiting. By analyzing the differences and similarities of these three models and by connecting them to two geometric figures (triangle and cross), this article points out the noetic, cosmological, theological, phenomenological, and mystical implications of Weil's philosophy.
“OPENNESS TO THE WORLD”: KARL BARTH'S EVANGELICAL THEOLOGY OF CHRIST AS THE PRAY‐ER1
Authors: McDOWELL JOHN C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWhat is at stake in accounts of “prayer” is reflection on a practice that cannot be readily spoken of free from the most important considerations of God, world, human identity and the shape of its performance. Instead, if prayer “is not to become a harmless game and an endlessly babbling chatter” (Karl Rahner), attention needs to be paid to the god or gods that practices of so‐called “prayer” encounter, and it may be that much of what moves in the name of the God of Jesus Christ is, in Barth's terms, no‐god. For Barth not only has the knowledge of the practice of prayer, in a sense, been taken out of our hands in its Christ‐grounding, but its Christ‐shaped performance involves the determination of Christian life and its self‐reflective thought in the pattern of the new life that might be characterised as the properly ordered freedom of self‐dispossessing obedience.
RULE‐GOVERNED CHRISTIAN GNOSIS: HANS URS VON BALTHASAR ON VALENTIN TOMBERG'S MEDITATIONS ON THE TAROT
Authors: MONGRAIN KEVIN 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe essay examines Hans Urs von Balthasar's little‐known Foreword to the Christian esoteric text, Meditations on the Tarot by Valentin Tomberg. It argues that von Balthasar respected and advocated this ostensibly occult text because he found its capacious understanding of Christian faith as true gnosis similar to his own. The essay explains that both Tomberg and von Balthasar practice a rule‐governed Christian esotericism whose goal is support for a fruitful ecclesial spirituality and resistance to non‐ecclesial esoteric Gnosticism. Both Tomberg and von Balthasar believe that esotericism without prayer and institutional grounding can become narcissistic and self‐righteous to the point of megalomania, and consequently it tends to become manipulative and coercive to the point of violence. Both authors maintain that authentic esotericism, by contrast, is marked by radical humility and non‐violence; it is biblical, ecclesial, and committed to the unity of metaphysical reason and prayerful faith. The essay also draws attention to Tomberg's innovatively irenic approach to Christian anti‐Gnosticism.
SOME RECENT WORKS BY CHRISTOS YANNARAS IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION1
Authors: LOUTH ANDREW 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article reviews four recent English translations of works by the Greek thinker, Christos Yannaras. It sets Yannaras' work in its historical context, and draws out some of his fundamental themes: the centrality of the notion of the person, which is fulfilled in the self‐transcendence of love, the place of the apophatic, and the use of imagery and poetry in theology. It also seeks to contextualize the sometimes quite strident anti‐Westernism of Yannaras' thought, and show how he draws on themes from patristic theology to provide a viable solution to the problems caused by Western individualism and consumerism.
Revisiting Error‐Autocorrelation Correction: Common Factor Restrictions and Granger Non‐Causality*
Authors: McGuirk Anya , Spanos Aris 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe paper questions the appropriateness of the practice known as ‘error‐autocorrelation correcting’ in linear regression, by showing that adopting an AR(1) error formulation is equivalent to assuming that the regressand does not Granger cause any of the regressors. This result is used to construct a new test for the common factor restrictions, as well as investigate – using Monte Carlo simulations – other potential sources of unreliability of inference resulting from this practice. The main conclusion is that when the Granger cause restriction is false, the ordinary least square and generalized least square estimators are biased and inconsistent, and using autocorrelation‐consistent standard errors does not improve the reliability of inference.
In conversation with a family carer
Authors: Holman Andrew 
Published: February 2009

The minister was too busy to be able to do an interview about Valuing People Now, instead this is a talk with a parent about her son’s story.
No one could give a good enough service to Donald.
In the end his parents got Direct Payments and organised it themselves, even though it was a lot of work for them.
It started to work and he was happy, but then the authority cut his money and they could not afford so many staff.
Donald is now doing less again and is being given more drugs.
Heterochrony and patterns of cranial suture closure in hystricognath rodents
Authors: Wilson Laura A. B. , Sánchez‐Villagra Marcelo R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSutures, joints that allow one bone to articulate with another through intervening fibrous connective tissue, serve as major sites of bone expansion during postnatal craniofacial growth in the vertebrate skull and represent an aspect of cranial ontogeny which may exhibit functional and phylogenetic correlates. Suture evolution among hystricognath rodents, an ecologically diverse group represented here by 26 species, is examined using sequence heterochrony methods, i.e. event pairing and parsimov. Although minor nuances in suture closure sequence exist between species, the overall sequence was found to be conserved both across the hystricognath group and, to an increasing degree, within selected clades. At species level, suture closure pattern exhibited a significant positive correlation with patterns previously reported for hominoids. Patterns for most clades revealed the first sutures to close are those contacting the exoccipital, interparietal, and palatine bones. Heterochronic shifts were found along 19 of 35 branches within the hystricognath phylogeny. The number of shifts per node ranged from one to seven events and, overall, involved 21 of 34 suture sites. The topology generated by parsimony analyses of the event pair matrix yielded only one grouping that was congruent with the evolutionary relationships, compiled from morphological and molecular studies, taken as framework. Sutures contacting the exoccipital displayed the highest levels of most complete closure across all species. Level of suture closure is negatively correlated with cranial length (P < 0.05). Differing life history and locomotory strategies are coupled in part with differing suture closure patterns among several species.
Peptidergic not monoaminergic fibers profusely innervate the young adult human testis
Authors: Gong Yong‐Guang , Feng Ming‐Ming , Hu Xiang‐Nong , Wang Yi‐Qiu , Gu Min , Zhang Wei , Ge Ren‐Shan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNumerous studies have reported that intratesticular nerves exert important regulatory effects on the functions of the male gonad; however, as yet little is known about their distribution in the young adult human testis. The purpose of this study was to explore whether peptidergic and adrenergic nerves occur in the male gonad of this age, and, if present, to depict their distribution further. Thirty testes were collected from 15 reproductively healthy donors aged 21–32 years. Antibodies against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), neuropeptide Y (NPY), C‐terminal flanking peptide of NPY (CPON) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were employed for immunohistochemical detection of intratesticular peptidergic nerves, and those against dopamine‐beta‐hydroxylase (DBH) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) for monoaminergic ones. The testicular parenchyma exhibited a rich innervation by PGP 9.5‐positive fibers, mainly associated with Leydig cell nests, blood vessels, and seminiferous tubules. Numerous NPY‐ and CPON‐immunoreactive (IR) nerves also appeared in the gonads, but the vast majority were confined to blood vessels. A small number of VIP‐IR fibers were detected in some arterioles. By contrast, however, no fibers displaying DBH or 5‐HT immunoreactivity were observed within the testis. Additionally, expression of PGP‐9.5, NPY, CPON, VIP, DBH and 5‐HT was found in Leydig cells, PGP 9.5 in spermatogonia, and NPY and CPON in peritubular myoid cells. Our results suggest that the young adult human testis is devoid of monoaminergic nerves but profusely innervated by peptidergic fibers, which may serve as major neuronal regulators for testicular functions at this age.
Influence of salinity on the localization and expression of the CFTR chloride channel in the ionocytes of Dicentrarchus labrax during ontogeny
Authors: Bodinier Charlotte , Boulo Viviane , Lorin‐Nebel Catherine , Charmantier Guy 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe expression and localization of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) were determined in four osmoregulatory tissues during the ontogeny of the sea‐bass Dicentrarchus labrax acclimated to fresh water and sea water. At hatch in sea water, immunolocalization showed an apical CFTR in the digestive tract and integumental ionocytes. During the ontogeny, although CFTR was consistently detected in the digestive tract, it shifted from the integument to the gills. In fresh water, CFTR was not present in the integument and the gills, suggesting the absence of chloride secretion. In the kidney, the CFTR expression was brief from D4 to D35, prior to the larva–juvenile transition. CFTR was apical in the renal tubules, suggesting a chloride secretion at both salinities, and it was basolateral only in sea water in the collecting ducts, suggesting chloride absorption. In the posterior intestine, CFTR was located differently from D4 depending on salinity. In sea water, the basolateral CFTR may facilitate ionic absorption, perhaps in relation to water uptake. In fresh water, CFTR was apical in the gut, suggesting chloride secretion. Increased osmoregulatory ability was acquired just before metamorphosis, which is followed by the sea‐lagoon migration.
Is it possible to identify early predictors of the future cost of chronic arthritis? The VErA project
Authors: Flipon E. , Brazier M. , Clavel G. , Boumier P. , Gayet A. , Le Loët X. , Fardellone P. ,   on behalf of the VErA group
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study was conducted to identify early predictors of the total cost of inflammatory arthritis (IA). One hundred and eighty patients affected by undifferentiated arthritis (UA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were included in the French Very Early rheumatoid Arthritis (VErA) cohort between 1998 and 2001. Health economic data for 2003 were collected using a patient self‐questionnaire. Results were analysed in terms of direct, indirect and total costs in 2003 euros (2003€) for the population as a whole and in diagnostic subgroups. A payor perspective (the French National Health Insurance, in this case) was adopted. Multiple linear regression models were used to identify predictors of total cost from among the criteria assessed on recruitment. Results of the study showed that for the study population as a whole, the mean total cost was €4700 per patient. The costs attributable to the RA and UA sub‐groups were €5928 and €2424 per patient, respectively. In a univariate analysis, certain parameters were significantly correlated with a higher cost of illness. In the multivariate analysis, some of these parameters were further identified as being predictive of higher cost. Two strong significant, early predictors of total cost were identified: higher pain (P = 0.002) and the presence of rheumatoid factor (P = 0.004). In the RA sub‐group, lower grip strength of the dominant hand (P = 0.039) was another predictor of the illness’s subsequent economic impact. In conclusion, our data show that simple clinical and laboratory parameters can be used early in the course of IA to predict the condition’s impact on healthcare budgets.
Different dietary restriction regimens extend lifespan by both independent and overlapping genetic pathways in C. elegans
Authors: Greer Eric L. , Brunet Anne 
Published: February 2009

SummaryDietary restriction (DR) has the remarkable ability to extend lifespan and healthspan. A variety of DR regimens have been described in species ranging from yeast to mammals. However, whether different DR regimens extend lifespan via universal, distinct, or overlapping pathways is still an open question. Here we examine the genetic pathways that mediate longevity by different DR regimens in Caenorhabditis elegans. We have previously shown that the low‐energy sensing AMP‐activated protein kinase AMPK/aak‐2 and the Forkhead transcription factor FoxO/daf‐16 are necessary for longevity induced by a DR regimen that we developed (sDR). Here we find that AMPK and FoxO are necessary for longevity induced by another DR regimen, but are dispensable for the lifespan extension induced by two different DR methods. Intriguingly, AMPK is also necessary for the lifespan extension elicited by resveratrol, a natural polyphenol that mimics some aspects of DR. Conversely, we test if genes previously reported to mediate longevity by a variety of DR methods are necessary for sDR‐induced longevity. Although clk‐1, a gene involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis, is also required for sDR‐induced lifespan extension, we find that four other genes (sir‐2.1, FoxA/pha‐4, skn‐1, and hsf‐1) are all dispensable for longevity induced by sDR. Consistent with the observation that different DR methods extend lifespan by mostly independent genetic mechanisms, we find that the effects on lifespan of two different DR regimens are additive. Understanding the genetic network by which different DR regimens extend lifespan has important implications for harnessing the full benefits of DR on lifespan and healthspan.
NQR1 controls lifespan by regulating the promotion of respiratory metabolism in yeast
Authors: Jiménez‐Hidalgo María , Santos‐Ocaña Carlos , Padilla Sergio , Villalba José M. , López‐Lluch Guillermo , Martín‐Montalvo Alejandro , Minor Robin K. , Sinclair David A. , De Cabo Rafael , Navas Plácido 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe activity and expression of plasma membrane NADH coenzyme Q reductase is increased by calorie restriction (CR) in rodents. Although this effect is well‐established and is necessary for CR's ability to delay aging, the mechanism is unknown. Here we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog, NADH‐Coenzyme Q reductase 1 (NQR1), resides at the plasma membrane and when overexpressed extends both replicative and chronological lifespan. We show that NQR1 extends replicative lifespan in a SIR2‐dependent manner by shifting cells towards respiratory metabolism. Chronological lifespan extension, in contrast, occurs via an SIR2‐independent decrease in ethanol production. We conclude that NQR1 is a key mediator of lifespan extension by CR through its effects on yeast metabolism and discuss how these findings could suggest a function for this protein in lifespan extension in mammals.
Developing the Primary Mental Health Worker Role in England
Authors: Hickey Nicole , Kramer Tami , Garralda Elena 
Published: February 2009

Background:  The Primary Mental Health Worker (PMHW) interface role was introduced in England 13 years ago. This study evaluated the development of the role.Method:  415 English PMHWs (64% of workforce) completed a survey about the services they provide, management organisation, training and development, and job satisfaction.Results:  PMHWs perceive their role to involve successful collaboration with primary care staff, offering improved access to mental health services, and being supported by a generally good infrastructure; although training opportunities remain an area of need.Conclusions:  The workforce development policy appears, from the PMHWs’ perspective, to be successful although training opportunities need consideration.
Data construction method for the analysis of the spatial distribution of disastrous earthquakes in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Hsiao‐Fan , Huang Chun‐Jung 
Published: February 2009

AbstractConsidering a disastrous earthquake as a rare event, the aim of this study is to apply the proposed data construction method (DCM) to determine the possible distribution pattern of disastrous earthquakes in Taiwan. Owing to the availability of only a limited amount of data and based on the multiset division of DCM, virtual samples have been generated. The procedure is illustrated by a numerical experiment that consists of data from 12 disastrous earthquakes in Taiwan from 1990 to 1999. The results show that the pattern constructed by DCM is geologically consistent with the actual phenomenon, which was caused by the collision of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Continental Plate. A case study of disastrous earthquakes in East Taiwan is then conducted by studying three near‐source regions. Based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, the constructed spatial distribution has shown its validity and capability in providing useful information for the risk assessment of disastrous earthquakes as rare events.
Simulating Coxian phase‐type distributions for patient survival
Authors: Marshall Adele H. , Zenga Mariangela 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCoxian phase‐type distributions are a special type of Markov model that can be used to represent survival times in terms of phases through which an individual may progress until they eventually leave the system completely. Previous research has considered the Coxian phase‐type distribution to be ideal in representing patient survival in hospital. However, problems exist in fitting the distributions. This paper investigates the problems that arise with the fitting process by simulating various Coxian phase‐type models for the representation of patient survival and examining the estimated parameter values and eigenvalues obtained. The results indicate that numerical methods previously used for fitting the model parameters do not always converge. An alternative technique is therefore considered. All methods are influenced by the choice of initial parameter values. The investigation uses a data set of 1439 elderly patients and models their survival time, the length of time they spend in a UK hospital.
Integrated bus transit scheduling for the Beijing bus group based on a unified mode of operation
Authors: Shen Yindong , Xia Jiahong 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper presents an applied study of scheduling buses and drivers for the Beijing Bus Group (BJBUS), the largest bus company in China. This is pioneering research in China for bus transit scheduling using computers based on a unified mode of operation. It is anticipated that the research fruits and experiences obtained would be of benefit to other bus operators in China. The bus transit scheduling problem in BJBUS is first presented in the paper. The particular characteristics are pointed out, which are different from those in developed countries, while many are common in China. After a brief review and analysis of the appropriateness of some currently successful approaches, the paper focuses on reporting the solution ideas and methods for BJBUS, especially those developed to solve the specific problems of BJBUS, such as scheduling buses with built‐in meal periods, multi‐type bus scheduling, restricting drivers to one or two particular buses, etc. Finally, the implementation and computational results are reported before the concluding remarks.