bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRANSFERENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND ITS IMPACT ON MEXICO
Authors: Diaz‐Guerrero Rogelio 
Published: September 2007

The impact of the transfer of the psychological knowledge from the developed countries to Mexico, is briefly described. It is clear that scientific psychological methodology and contents were introduced to Mexico at the end of the 19th Century. The impetus to the National Educational System was primarily derived from psychometric methods and secondarily from modern conceptions of education. The professional psychological practice in Mexico today is practically indistinguishable from its exercise in the developed nations as far as client services are concerned. On the other hand, there is relatively scarce and often inept use of professional or applied research techniques to the social problems of groups or to the evaluation of programs. The impact on pure and applied research, none the less, has been extensive and a relatively large number of people are doing research in several areas of psychology, particularly cross‐cultural, neuro‐psychological, the experimental analysis of behavior, action and interdisciplinary research in social and educational psychology.Priorities are: (1) Systematic teaching at the graduate level of the statistical and computational methodology of psychology in the context of research design and evaluation; (2) The operationalization or transferring to every day language of the concepts and techniques of psychology for use of the general public; (3) The better staffing of many, particularly the private schools of professional psychology.
CONSCIOUSNESS IN EXTREMITY: DISCOURSE ON MADNESS AMONG THE TABWA OF ZAIRE
Authors: Davis‐Roberts Christopher 
Published: September 2007

The madman makes it possible for us to grasp the radical potential of consciousness at its limits. He contradicts the other person's discursive thinking towards the virtually inarticulable or unthought self.The Lakeside Tabwa of Shaba, Zaire, apprehend madness in three rather different, discursive domains. There is, firstly, wazimu, or its ‘mature’, incurable form, kizenzezia, considered as a fact of social life. It is seen as inverting the norms or functions of personhood and undoing those of mentality. It breaks down reciprocity, it is the negative function of ‘Death’. Secondly, it is in the prodromal illness, mubulibuli, and certain related emotion states, that madness appears as the artefact of another's malicious and intrusive ‘Desire’: the madman is said to have ‘closed anger’ in his heart alienating him from ongoing experience and interaction. Finally, in the diviner, the ‘otherness’ of gaze and speech is transformed into the normative power of clairvoyance bringing about its own logic and historicity. Here, the inversion of personhood becomes an emblem of insight and ‘Law’, but at the risk of insanity. The ethnographic encounter with the very otherness of the thinking of madness and of another culture toward the unthought itself is, in a sense, epistemogenic.
Why Women Approve of Affirmative Action: The Study of a Predictive Model
Authors: Tougas Francine , Beaton Ann M. , Veilleux France 
Published: September 2007

The self‐interest model has often been used to predict the reactions of advantaged groups to affirmative action. It is argued that self‐interest also plays a role in the genesis of attitudes of disadvantaged groups, such as women. More precisely, it is hypothesised that considerations of personal interest have an impact on considerations of collective interest which in turn have an impact on the sense of collective relative deprivation (CRD).In the past, it was shown that women who felt collectively deprived approved of strategies designed to eliminate systemic barriers. No link was found, however, between CRD and preferential treatment. Women, in majority, were opposed to this strategy. On the basis of a model introduced by Taylor and McKirnan (1984), it is argued that women who have experienced discrimination on the basis of sex in spite of the introduction of affirmative action strategies may support preferential treatment. The hypotheses were integrated in a model and tested using LISREL causal modelling.In total, 197 female francophone workers participated in the study. They were all employed in a large firm where in the last five years attempts were made to reduce sex asymmetries. These efforts however were not successful; the percentage of women in non‐traditional jobs increased by only 2%.The proposed model was tested successfully. The results are discussed in light of previous paradigms and practical implications.
Experimenter—Subject Interaction: The Influence of a Request for Assistance on Subjects' Attitudes
Authors: Rijsman John B. , Bruin Ralph H. 
Published: September 2007

Based on role‐theory and social comparison theory, it is hypothesized that assistance deception techniques, which are sometimes used in social psychological research, can alter subjects' self‐positioning on relevant dimensions of comparison and, consequently, affect connected dependent variables such as the attitude towards a task.Two experiments are reported in which subjects carried out the same task in two different status positions (ordinary subject or co‐experimenter). For exploratory reasons autonomy (experiment 1) and power (experiment 2) were also manipulated. The dependent measure was the evaluation (attitude) of the task. In both experiments significant differences between high and low status were found that were generally in line with the predictions. With respect to autonomy, no support for the hypothesized relationship was found; as to the power variable, the results indicate that, contrary to predictions, both high power and high status need to be combined in order to make the subjects evaluate the task more positively. Possible explanations for the obtained results are discussed, and possible consequences for one of the types of experiments in which assistance‐deception is sometimes used (i.e., dissonance experiments) are described.
Self‐concept in Profoundly Deaf Adolescent Pupils
Authors: Martinez Maite , Silvestre Núria 
Published: September 2007

This study compares the concept of self of profoundly deaf adolescents with that of their hearing companions of the same age. The technique originally designed by Khun and Portland was used: “Who am I?” The chief results indicate on the one hand some significant differences between the hearing and the deaf, and on the other hand the difficulties of the latter in defining themselves as deaf. However, it is necessary to point out that the few references to hearing deficiency do not carry a negative connotation.These data are interpreted in the framework of the educational conditions of the country in which integration is a general mode of schooling and frequently the deaf pupil has no opportunity to have class or school companions who are also deaf.It concludes with some considerations of an educational nature about the future lines of research in which a greater variety of educational and social conditions could be taken into account.
Reconstruction of fig wasp mating structure: how many mothers share a fig?
Authors: ZAVODNA MONIKA , KNAPP SHANNON M. , COMPTON STEPHEN G. , ARENS PAUL , VOSMAN BEN , Van DIJK PETER J. , GILMARTIN PHILIP M. , Van DAMME JOS M. M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract 1. Fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) represent an important model system for studies of sex ratio evolution, mainly because they may adjust their sex ratios in response to the numbers of ovipositing females (foundresses) that enter a fig and their clutch size.2. Until recently, it was assumed that all foundresses fail to re‐emerge from the figs that they have entered to oviposit, but there is increasing evidence that such re‐emergence may be routine. The common practice of counting the number of dead foundresses present in a fig in order to deduce the number of foundresses is therefore questionable in species where failure to re‐emerge has not been confirmed.3. In this study, the alternative approach of microsatellite markers was used to reconstruct the within‐fig breeding structure of a pollinating fig wasp by genetic analysis of the offspring. Broods of Liporrhopalum tentacularis, a species where foundresses regularly re‐emerge from figs, were collected from figs of Ficus montana in their natural habitat in Indonesia as well as from an experimental glasshouse population in Leeds (U.K.).4. The estimated foundress densities in the glasshouse population were similar to those in the field and ranged from one to six foundresses per brood.5. Nearly 40% of all broods were produced by a single foundress, indicating that mating in these broods occurs exclusively between full siblings. High levels of inbreeding are therefore common in this species.
Roles of endothermy in niche differentiation for ball‐rolling dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) along an altitudinal gradient
Authors: VERDÚ JOSÉ R. , ARELLANO LUCRECIA , NUMA CATHERINE , MICÓ ESTEFANÍA 
Published: September 2007

Abstract 1. An analysis of whether niche differentiation in ball‐rolling dung beetles can be explained by the way in which they regulate their body temperature was conducted.2. A priori assumptions were: (i) if thermoregulation affects niche partitioning, sympatric species must have different endothermic strategies that minimise encounters; or, alternatively (ii) if two co‐occurring species show the same thermoregulation pattern and their flight periods overlap, they might be avoiding competition by exhibiting different resource preferences or different food relocation behaviour.3. The ball‐rolling dung beetles studied showed a hierarchical structure based on the species’ endothermic capacity, measured as temperature excess [Tex= difference between body temperature (Tb) and ambient temperature (Ta)]. Those with a high Tex (10–15 °C) were located exclusively at altitudes >1000 m a.s.l. On the coastal plains, species with a high Tex were restricted to flying at night when the Ta was lower. Species with a lower Tex (less than 10 °C higher than Ta) were found in the coastal plains zone.4. Where there was sympatry with similar trophic habits, the species involved showed very different thermal niches, and where there was significant overlap of thermal niches between sympatric species, trophic habits of species were very different.5. The results suggest that it is possible to use the concept of the thermal niche as a tool to explain interspecific interactions and the spatial distribution of species.
Transcription‐coupled nucleoid architecture in bacteria
Authors: Ohniwa Ryosuke L. , Morikawa Kazuya , Takeshita Sayaka L. , Kim Joongbaek , Ohta Toshiko , Wada Chieko , Takeyasu Kunio 
Published: September 2007

The circular bacterial genome DNA exists in cells in the form of nucleoids. In the present study, using genetic, molecular and structural biology techniques, we show that nascent single‐stranded RNAs are involved in the step‐wise folding of nucleoid fibers. In Escherichia coli, RNase A degraded thicker fibers (30 and 80 nm wide) into thinner fibers (10 nm wide), while RNase III and RNase H degraded 80‐nm fibers into 30‐nm (but not 10‐nm) fibers. Similarly in Staphylococcus aureus, RNase A treatment resulted in 10‐nm fibers. Treatment with the transcription inhibitor, rifampicin, in the absence of RNase A changed most nucleoid fibers to 10‐nm fibers. Proteinase‐K treatment of nucleoids exposed DNA. Thus, the smallest structural unit is an RNase A‐resistant 10‐nm fiber composed of DNA and proteins, and the hierarchical structure of the bacterial chromosome is controlled by transcription itself. In addition, the formation of 80‐nm fibers from 30‐nm fibers requires double‐stranded RNA and RNA–DNA hetero duplex. RNA is evident in the architecture of log‐phase uncondensed and stationary‐phase condensed nucleoids.
Cavitation resistance and seasonal hydraulics differ among three arid Californian plant communities
Authors: JACOBSEN ANNA L. , PRATT R. BRANDON , DAVIS STEPHEN D. , EWERS FRANK W. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTVulnerability to water stress‐induced cavitation was measured on 27 woody shrub species from three arid plant communities including chaparral, coastal sage and Mojave Desert scrub. Dry season native embolism and pre‐dawn water potential, and both wet and dry season xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were measured. Cavitation resistance, estimated as water potential at 50% loss in conductivity (Ψ50), was measured on all species during the wet season and on a subset of species during the dry season. Cavitation resistance varied with sampling season, with 8 of 13 sampled species displaying significant seasonal shifts. Native embolism and water potential were useful in identification of species displaying seasonal shifts. The Ks was not different among sites or seasons. The Ψ50 varied among species and communities. Within communities, interspecific variation may be partially explained by differences in rooting depth or leaf habit (evergreen, semi‐deciduous, deciduous). Communities diverged in their Ψ50 with chaparral species displaying the greatest cavitation resistance regardless of sampling season. The greater cavitation resistance of chaparral species is surprising, considering the greater aridity of the Mojave Desert site. Adaptation to arid environments is due to many plant traits, and aridity does not necessarily lead to convergence in cavitation resistance.
Aquaporins and unloading of phloem‐imported water in coats of developing bean seeds
Authors: ZHOU YUCHAN , SETZ NATHAN , NIEMIETZ CHRISTA , QU HONGXIA , OFFLER CHRISTINA E. , TYERMAN STEPHEN D. , PATRICK JOHN W. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTNutrients are imported into developing legume seeds by mass flow through the phloem, and reach developing embryos following secretion from their symplasmically isolated coats. To sustain homeostasis of seed coat water relations, phloem‐delivered nutrients and water must exit seed coats at rates commensurate with those of import through the phloem. In this context, coats of developing French bean seeds were screened for expression of aquaporin genes resulting in cloning PvPIP1;1, PvPIP2;2 and PvPIP2;3. These genes were differentially expressed in all vegetative organs, but exhibited their strongest expression in seed coats. In seed coats, expression was localized to cells of the nutrient‐unloading pathway. Transport properties of the PvPIPs were characterized by expression in Xenopus oocytes. Only PvPIP2;3 showed significant water channel activity (Pos = 150–200 µm s−1) even when the plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) were co‐expressed in various combinations. Permeability increases to glycerol, methylamine and urea were not detected in oocytes expressing PvPIPs. Transport active aquaporins in native plasma membranes of seed coats were demonstrated by measuring rates of osmotic shrinkage of membrane vesicles in the presence and absence of mercuric chloride and silver nitrate. The functional significance of aquaporins in nutrient and water transport in developing seeds is discussed.
Market and Welfare Effects of Second‐Generation, Consumer‐Oriented GM Products
Authors: Giannakas Konstantinos , Yiannaka Amalia 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe examine the economic effects of the introduction of consumer‐oriented genetically modified (GM) products into the food system by developing a model of heterogeneous consumers and producers that allows for vertical and horizontal differentiation between the products available to consumers. The model facilitates the estimation of consumer and producer surpluses in the product/utility and product/net returns spaces. Results show that the introduction of consumer‐oriented GM products can change the relationship between GM and conventional and organic products from one of vertical to one of horizontal product differentiation and can enhance both economic welfare and the market acceptance and growth of agricultural biotechnology.
Experiments on Damage‐Based Ambient Taxes for Nonpoint Source Polluters
Authors: Suter Jordan F. , Vossler Christian A. , Poe Gregory L. , Segerson Kathleen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article presents experimental tests of a linear and a nonlinear ambient tax mechanism that involve modest information requirements for the regulator. When agents are not allowed to communicate, both tax mechanisms result in emission levels that approximate the social optimum. When agents can communicate, emissions are considerably below the optimum, but we show that the tax function can be scaled to achieve social efficiency. Finally, by disaggregating the overall efficiency measure, we show that changing the pollution threshold that triggers the tax increases the inefficiency resulting from variation in agent‐level decisions, but does not affect average emissions.
Farmers' Perceived Costs of Wetlands: Effects of Wetland Size, Hydration, and Dispersion
Authors: Gelso Brett R. , Fox John A. , Peterson Jeffrey M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe survey landowners to investigate the costs associated with the presence of permanent or seasonal wetland areas in cropland. We find, as predicted by our conceptual model, that dispersion of wetland areas imposes substantial inconvenience costs for producers but that costs respond nonlinearly and irregularly to changes in the frequency of hydration. Producer attitudes toward conservation and environmental regulation have a significant impact on perceived costs, as do some demographic attributes. The analysis suggests that incentives to aggregate dispersed wetlands into larger contiguous areas could benefit landowners and at the same time provide a net increase in wetland area.
Pesticide Use and Fish Harvests in Vietnamese Rice Agroecosystems
Authors: Klemick Heather , Lichtenberg Erik 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCriticisms of the Green Revolution have focused on environmental and human health problems associated with pesticides. Pesticides may also have adverse effects on wild fish and other aquatic animals in rice paddies that supply an additional source of food and income for some farm households and provide natural pest control. We use survey data from the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam to estimate the impact of pesticides on fish harvests from rice fields. The results confirm findings of ecological studies that pesticide use harms fish populations. However, fish harvest losses are small enough that ignoring them is likely economically rational.
Traceability, Liability, and Incentives for Food Safety and Quality
Authors: Pouliot Sébastien , Sumner Daniel A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRecent food scares such as the discoveries of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and E. coli‐contaminated spinach have heightened interest in food traceability. Here, we show how exogenous increases in food traceability create incentives for farms and marketing firms to supply safer food by increasing liability costs. We model a stylized marketing chain composed of farms, marketers, and consumers. Unsafe food for consumers can be caused by either marketers or farms. We show that food safety declines with the number of farms and marketers and imperfect traceability from consumers to marketers dampens liability incentives to supply safer food by farms.
Algorithms for Optimal Allocation of Bets on Many Simultaneous Events
Authors: Whitrow Chris 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The problem of optimizing a number of simultaneous bets is considered, using primarily log-utility. Stochastic gradient-based algorithms for solving this problem are developed and compared with the simplex method. The solutions may be regarded as a generalization of ‘Kelly staking’ to the case of many simultaneous bets. Properties of the solutions are examined in two example cases using real odds from sports bookmakers. The algorithms that are developed also have wide applicability beyond sports betting and may be extended to general portfolio optimization problems, with any reasonable utility function.
HISTORY IN THE SIKH PAST1
Authors: MURPHY ANNE 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThis article offers a reading of an early eighteenth‐century Punjabi text—Gur Sobha or “The Splendor of the Guru”—as a form of historical representation, suggesting reasons for the importance of the representation of the past as history within Sikh discursive contexts. The text in question provides an account of the life, death, and teachings of the last of the ten living Sikh Gurus or teachers, Guru Gobind Singh. The article argues that the construction of history in this text is linked to the transition of the Sikh community at the death of the last living Guru whereby authority was invested in the canonical text (granth) and community (panth). As such a particular rationale for history was produced within Sikh religious thought and intellectual production around the discursive construction of the community in relation to the past and as a continuing presence. As such, the text provides an alternative to modern European forms of historical representation, while sharing some features of the “historical” as defined in that context. The essay relates this phenomenon to a broader exploration of history in South Asian contexts, to notions of historicality that are plural, and to issues particular to the intersection of history and religion. Later texts, through the middle of the nineteenth century, are briefly considered, to provide a sense of the significance of Gur Sobha within a broader, historically and religiously constituted Sikh imagination of the past.
Reversal of heroin neurobehavioral teratogenicity by grafting of neural progenitors
Authors: Katz Sophia , Ben‐hur Tamir , Ben‐Shaanan Tamar L. , Yanai Joseph 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA major objective in identifying the mechanisms underlying neurobehavioral teratogenicity in an animal model is the possibility of designing therapies that reverse or offset teratogen‐induced neural damage. In our previous studies, we identified deficits in hippocampal muscarinic cholinergic receptor‐induced translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) γ as the likely central factor responsible for the adverse behavioral effects of pre‐natal heroin exposure. Neural progenitors (NP) have the ability to recover behavioral deficits after focal hippocampal damage. Therefore, we explored whether behavioral and synaptic defects could be reversed in adulthood by neural progenitor grafting. Pregnant mice were injected daily with 10 mg/kg of heroin on gestational days 9–18. In adulthood, offspring showed deficits in the Morris maze, a behavior dependent on the integrity of septohippocampal cholinergic synaptic function, along with the loss of the PKCγ and PKCβII responses to cholinergic stimulation. Mice that were exposed pre‐natally to heroin and vehicle control mice were then grafted in adulthood with NP. Importantly, most grafted cells differentiated to astrocytes. NP reversed the behavioral deficits (p = 0.0043) and restored the normal response of hippocampal PKCγ and PKCβII (p = 0.0337 and p = 0.0265 respectively) to cholinergic receptor stimulation. The effects were specific as the PKCα isoform, which is unrelated to the behavioral deficits, showed almost no changes. Neural progenitor grafting thus offers an animal model for reversing neurobehavioral deficits originating in septohippocampal cholinergic defects elicited by pre‐natal exposure to insults.