bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conflicting Movements in the Early Church as Reflected in Philippians
Authors: Jewett Robert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAssuming the dispatch of one letter from Ephesus to Philippi around 54-55 A.D., the article seeks to determine the character of the groups Paul discusses. The critics of Paul's imprisonment in Ph. i 15 ff. are linked to those "who look after their own interests" in ii 21 and identified as divine-man missionaries who felt his humiliating imprisonment jeopardized the mission. The references to the Philippian congregation are seen to reveal a piety marked by Hellenistic enthusiasm. The opponents in iii 17 ff. are identified as libertinists expelled during Paul's initial mission in Philippi who deny the saving efficacy of the cross and boast in immoral behavior. The opponents in iii 2 ff. are Judaizing missionaries who potentially threaten the congregation by offering circumcision as a means to gain perfection. The enthusiastic piety of the Philippian congregation thus lent itself to an appeal from both the libertinists and the Judaizers, and Paul's argument is seen as an attempt to establish a cross-oriented concept of humility and an apocalyptically-grounded sense of history to counter their propaganda and at the same time to correct the Philippians' viewpoint.
Biochemical studies on the relationships of the Gastric-brooding Frogs, genus Rheobatrachus
Authors: Hutchinson Mark N. , Maxson Linda R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo species of gastric-brooding frogs, Rheobatrachus silus and R. vitellinus, currently constitute the subfamily Rheobatrachinae of the Australian leptodactyloid family Myobatrachidae. The relationships of Rheobatrachus to other myobatrachids have remained obscure due to the specializations for aquatic life and unique gastric-brooding behavior of Rheobatrachus and to the rare and endangered status of R. silus, until recently the only known species. An antiserum to the serum albumin of R. vitellinus was used in micro-complement fixation analyses comparing R. vitellinus to R. silus, and to representatives of most of the myobatrachid genera as well as to select representatives of the South American and South African leptodactyloid fauna. The two species of Rheobatrachus are each others closest relative and no other lineage is distinctly associated with these two species. Albumin comparisons involving other leptodactyloids show that Rheobatrachus is part of the Australian fauna, but as all of the major lineages appear to have arisen in the late Cretaceous, no single sister lineage to Rheobatrachus can be unambiguously identified.
Reproductive ecology, body fat reserves and foraging mode in females of two contrasted snake species: Vipera aspis (terrestrial, viviparous) and Elaphe longissima (semi-arboreal, oviparous)
Authors: Naulleau Guy , Bonnet Xavier 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe reproductive ecology of two snakes, female Vipera aspis (terrestrial) and Elaphe longissima (semi-arboreal), was compared. Mean clutch sizes were close in the two species; 6.17 ± 2.50 (n = 69) in the asp viper, and 6.59 ± 1.38 (n = 29) in the Aesculapian snake. When controlled for body size, body condition (hence amounts of body reserves), measured at the beginning of vitellogenesis, correlated positively with litter size in the asp viper but with clutch size in the Aesculapian snake. As in most species, maternal body length positively influenced clutch or litter size. Thus, the trade-off between maternal reserves and growth may favour reserves in the asp viper, and growth in the Aesculapian snake. The asp viper is a bi- or triennial breeder (33% of reproductive-females each year), the Ausculapian snake is an annual breeder (77% of reproductive females each year). These differences may be related to their contrasting foraging ecology. The asp viper is a terrestrial ambush predator with a specialized diet (98% Microtus) based on un-predictable prey availability. This species moves slowly (9.07 ± 8.40 m/day during the active season), and has a small home range (3,024 m2); an increasing body mass (large body reserves) should not affect its activity abilities. The Aesculapian snake is a semi-arboreal predator, which feeds on a large range of prey including birds and eggs, and which is often active (118, 11 ± 134,55 m/day during the active season). This species has a large home range (11,400 m2); an increasing body mass (large body reserves) should be a handicap during arboreal displacements. Vitellogenesis depends on body reserves in the asp viper, while it depends on foraging success in the Aesculapian snake.
Molecular markers and species delimitation: examples from the European batrachofauna
Authors: Veith Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMolecular techniques have revolutionised zoological systematics since the beginning of the seventies. Within the last twenty years numerous new amphibian species have been described in Europe almost solely on the basis of molecular data. This paper focuses on the use of molecular character state and genetic distance data for the delimitation of species. Case studies of European anurans (Discoglossus, water frogs of the genus Rana) are discussed in the framework of concurring species concepts to illustrate problems of assigning species status to divergent populations on the basis of molecular data.
The Motivational Organisation Controlling the Mobbing Calls of the Blackbird (Turdus Merula)
Authors: Andrew R.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI. The factors causing A to rise tend to increase for at least 60 sec. after the appearance of the owl (although there is some effect on calling in a second or less), and the values of T tend to increase for at least 15-30 sec. 2. The changes following the disappearance of the owl are similar to those occurnng in waning (disappearance of bouts given when perched, and calls before take-off ; lengthening of intervals between calls) but occur much more quickly (e.g. within 5 sec.). It is unnecessary therefore to postulate a progressive change in the system directly controlling calling in order to explain waning (although this cannot be excluded) ; the change could be solely in the perceptual organisation responsible for recognition of the owl. 3. Differences between calling in flight towards and away from the owl depend solely on differences in distance from the owl at take-off. There is no evidence that flights away from the owl are caused by an increase in the frightening effect of the owl; at least, calling shows no effect due to such an increase. Flight, like calling, is probably directly controlled by a system which is affected by a number of factors besides the sight of the owl.
The Measuring Function of the First Legs of Araneus Diadematus Cl
Authors: Reed Charles F. , Witt Peter N. , Jones Robert L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Spiders deprived of one first leg or two front legs on the same side built webs changed in specific ways and never recovered. Web components were changed from control values to a statistically significant degree as follows: angle regularity and the number of radii decreased, the median central angle increased in size; the number of spiral turns and, in some cases, the spiral regularity decreased; the spiral area decreased relative to frame and central areas; the thread length decreased. No change could be detected in web shape or in the position of the hub. It is concluded that the first leg has a measuring as well as a locomotor function, that the second leg can partly substitute for that measuring function. Web changes following delegging reflect loss of normal adequacy in both of these functions. No evidence of right-left differences in leg function were found. All adaptation to the absence of one or two legs had occurred in the first web after the operation. The variation in control webs and the differential severity in reaction to delegging require evaluation of several animals and many webs; such extensive evaluation is made feasible by computer analysis of an array of points defining a web.
The Nursing. Posture of Domestic Sows and Related Behaviour
Authors: Fraser D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe nursing behaviour of the sow commonly involves upward rotation of the udder, movements of the head and legs, and rhythmic grunting. Aspects of this behaviour were studied in several experiments with pregnant females, juveniles males, and suckling piglets. Many pregnant females lay down and assumed the nursing posture when their udders were first rubbed by hand. Those which initially appeared agitated in the experimenter's presence often failed to do so until after some habituation to the procedure. When the upper and lower rows of teats were rubbed alternately, the udder was usually rotated toward the stimulation. This rotation, like the rate of grunting and milk ejection, was greatest when the most anterior teats were stimulated. Juvenile male pigs showed very similar behaviour. When housed alone they lay down in response to manual stimulation of the belly, but only after some habituation to the experimenter. They rotated their bellies toward the stimulation, and gave most grunts in response to stimulation of the anterior teats. Sleeping piglets often gave an attenuated form of the nursing posture when their bellies were rubbed gently. Rotation of the belly was the most common response, with the movements of the head and legs apparently occurring as elaborations.
Aspects of Attention, Orientation, and Status Hierarchy in Mandrills (Mandrillus Sphinx) and Gelada Baboons (Theropithecus Gelada)
Authors: Emory Gary R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSocial visual attention, body orientation, and the status hierarchy were studied in groups of baboons, Mahdrillus sphinx and Theropithecus gelada. In the gelada group, social attention of the dominant male was found to be directed more to his group than was the case in the mandrill group. This was correlated with a greater amount of mutual visual attention between the dominant male and his harem in geladas, relative to the mandrills. A general discussion of the Importance of vigilance for external danger in group living primates was presented, with particular reference to the role of the dominant male. Secondary referents (statistically significant peaks of social attention) were found to occur in the lower levels of the status hierarchy in both groups. This was related to a current theory of primate aggression. Body orientation was related to avoidance of presenting a potentially threatening posture in mandrills and to sexual advertisement in geladas.
The Ontogeny of Predatory Behaviour in the Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus a. Auratus)
Authors: Polsky Richard H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn attempt was made to delineate the nature of the experiences involved in the ontogeny of the predatory response in golden hamsters (M. a. auratus). Two principal experiential phases were identified: pre-capture and post-capture. Encompassed within the pre-capture phase was the process of fear attentuation through habituation and the processes involved in the perfection of the prey-capture technique. Encompassed within the post-capture phase was prey-consumption. The experiments in this paper were designed to allow subjects to experience the pre-capture and post-capture phases independently or both together before being tested for the capture of locust nymphs (Locusta migratoria). Results showed: 1. Hamsters fed dead prey prior to test onset (post-capture phase) captured with relatively low latencies concomitant with high frequencies of the behaviours needed for capture. 2. Hamsters which experienced only the pre-capture phase showed the reverse: high latencies concomitant with low frequencies. 3. The response of capture became extinguished through prey removal after capture in hamsters with weak dispositions for capture. 4. Consumption of prey did not have to immediately follow capture in order for the predatory response to develop. Conclusions were: a) the act of capture was self-reinforcing, b) dead feed before capture, or eat following capture, served to strengthen the tendency for capture but not permit the perfection of the behaviours needed for capture. Similarities and differences between predation in the rat and predation in the hamster were discussed and the prevalence of the various types of learning in the ontogeny of mammalian predation was briefly noted.
Vocal Communication Between Ewes and Their Own and Alien Lambs
Authors: Shillito Walser Elizabeth , Walters Eurof , Hague Peter 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Vocal communication and consequent recognition between ewes and their own lambs or alien lambs was investigated by recording the bleating of one ewe and one lamb separated by a canvas barrier. Border Leicester, Dalesbred, Jacob and Soay, ewes were tested once when their lambs were 20-27 days and once when they were 70-80 days old. The number of bleats made by ewes and lambs over 3 min. was recorded, and the number of times they answered each others bleats within 2 sec. of hearing the first bleat, was calculated. Both ewes and lambs bleated more and answered more bleats when they were bleating to own rather than alien animals. Vocalisations were less with older lambs, particularly in the Soay sheep. The Dalesbred ewes answered significantly more of their own lambs' bleats than alien lambs, compared with other breeds. The Dalesbred lambs answered more of their own ewes' bleats when they were 70-78 days old. It is concluded that this vocal behaviour of answering bleats may help the lambs to identify their ewes more easily.
Extra-Territorial Movements of a Perennially Territorial Damselfish, Eupomacentrus Dorsopunicans Poey
Authors: Bartels Paul Jon 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Dusky damselfish, Eupomacentrus dorsopunicans spend the majority of their time in very small, perennial territories but long forays to other territories are common. 2. Adults living on discrete habitats often forayed to continuous habitats, and were lost more frequently during a six month census. 3. Continuous habitat occupants participated in more courtship activity. 4. Following experimental habitat disruption the number of forays increased prior to the establishment of new territories, thus demonstrating that foraying is associated with territorial reestablishment. 5. Territorial shifts are essential for perennially territorial individuals in inferior habitats, and foraying is apparently a territorial monitoring mechanism. Presumably, forays optimally time territorial shifts and reduce their inherent costs.
Rudimentary Representational Vocal Signalling of Fellow Group Members in Spider Monkeys
Authors: Masataka Nobuo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpider monkeys vocalize trills to each other when they attempt to make contact. These vocalizations have traditionally been considered to be a manifestation of a particular level of arousal in animals. Playback experiments suggest, however, that each group member is able to distinguish trills to which he originally responded from others, and that anticipation of responding animals is possible by voice alone in every animal on a truly individual basis. Results indicate that trills given by spider monkeys may function in a rudimentary representational manner to designate fellow group members.
Contrasts in the Songs of Two Sympatric Chaffinch Species
Authors: Sellar P.J. , Slater P.J.B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRecordings have been made of 13 blue chaffinches Fringilla teydea and of 19 Canary islands chaffinches F. coelebs tintillon at various different sites on Tenerife. These are compared with chaffinch songs from elsewhere, where the blue chaffinch does not occur, as well as with each other. In both species on Tenerife, the final elements in the song are often repeated, and hybrid songs can occur on the transition from a bout of one song type to a bout of another. Neither of these features is typical of chaffinches in Britain: they may have arisen in their common ancestor or be due to convergence. In many other respects the two species have diverged so that they differ from chaffinches in Britain and Europe in opposite ways. The blue chaffinch typically has only a few brief elements of only one or two types in the trill. These are separated by long gaps and there is a long, stereotyped and very characteristic flourish. Individuals have a small repertoire of 1-3 song types. In the Canary islands chaffinch the song has very long elements and the flourish is not clearly separated from the rest of the song. Some birds have 7 song types, more than any recorded elsewhere; in others sequencing is variable so that the songs cannot be easily split into types. These results suggest divergence in sympatry, but data are not yet sufficient to decide whether the divergence is greater were territories of the two species overlap than it is elsewhere. An alternative explanation, that the differences have arisen through differences in habitat between the two species, is less likely.
A Study of Social Transmission in Juvenile Dicentrarchus Labrax (Pisces, Serranidae), in an Operant Conditioning Situation
Authors: Anthouard Michel 
Published: April 2008

Abstractjuvenile Dicentrarchus labrax having achieved good or poor performance in a task involving pushing a lever to obtain food served as demonstrators for conspecifics naive to the task. The results show that fish exposed to good demonstrators were subsequently more likely to engage in the same operant act than same-aged fish that observed poor demonstrators. Thus the development of traditions is shown to be possible in small groups of fish of the same age, originating in the appearance of a novel, adaptive behaviour by certain innovative individuals.
Laboratory and Field Studies of the Effect of Predation Risk On Foraging in Three-Spined Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus Aculeatus)
Authors: Ibrahim A.A. , Huntingford F.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article describes a series of experiments carried out in both field and laboratory on the effects of predators on foraging in threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). In a field experiment on habitat use, predation risk did not cause the fish to abandon their preference for vegetated habitat, but led them to increase the use of the lake bed. However, in the presence of a predator, the fish still fed mainly on zooplankton rather than on benthos. In a field experiment on diet choice, predation risk suppressed the amount of food eaten and caused a shift to different prey species and smaller prey. In a laboratory experiment, predation risk slowed the response to the food and caused the fish to cease discrimination in favour of the more profitable food items. The number of feeding attempts was not affected, which could mean that the fish were compensating for their slow start by a higher subsequent rate of bites once feeding began. Thus, predation risk affected the foraging behaviour in such a way that energetic intake was reduced in the interest of predator avoidance.
Satellites and Transients: Ecological Constraints On Alternative Mating Tactics in Male Grasshoppers
Authors: Shelly Todd E. , Greenfield Michael D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Alternative tactics of male mating behaviour, broadly classifiable as "dominant/ territorial" versus "subordinate/non-territorial", have now been described for numerous species. Furthermore, across diverse taxa the mating tactics of subordinate/non-territorial males often appear as one of two distinct types, satellite or transient behaviour. Despite general recognition of this dichotomy, though, little effort has been made to identify the circumstances under which one of these behaviours is adopted over the other. We compared the mating systems of two congeneric species of desert grasshoppers (genus Ligurotettix) to investigate specifically the role of resource dispersion in shaping the behaviour of subordinate males. The utility of the comparative approach derives from two basic similarities between the species: both Ligurotettix coquilletti and Ligurotettix planum feed almost exclusively on a single host plant species, and the majority of males in both species defend individual host plants to gain access to females. However, the two species are associated with host plants that are dispersed very differently; i.e., L. coquilletti encounter a small number of large plants and L. planum a large number of small ones. In L. coquilletti, subordinate males, individuals noted by their lack of success in aggression and in obtaining matings, were characterized as satellites that remained silent on host plants defended by territorial males. Subordinate males in L. planum, however, were transients that sang regularly but moved frequently among different host plants. We propose that this behavioural discrepancy results from (1) the large difference between the number of potential female encounter sites (i.e., individual host plants) available to the males of the two species and (2) the large difference between the sizes of resource patches defended by the two species, which influences the ability of dominant males to eject subordinates.
Memory for the Spatial Position of an Imprinting Object in Junglefowl Chicks
Authors: VAN KAMPEN Hendrik S. , DE VOS Gerrit J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The characteristics of memory for the position of an imprinting object were investigated in junglefowl chicks (Gallus gallus spadiceus). Subjects were exposed individually and continuously to an imprinting object located in one of the two back quadrants of their home cage ('training quadrant'). Positioning of chicks in a test cage was studied from 7 to 1 days after hatching. In experiment 1 chicks preferred the training quadrant over the other back quadrant when tested in an empty cage, but not when two identical training objects were present, one in each back quadrant. In tests with one training object present, chicks showed more shrill calling when the object was in a novel position than when it was in the training position, but only during the first minute of a 5-min test. The strength of position preferences was independent of the effectiveness of the training object as an imprinting stimulus. In experiment 2a, chicks switched the position preference in an empty cage from the training quadrant to the other back quadrant after 2 h of exposure to the training object in that back quadrant of the home cage. In experiment 2b however, chicks still preferred the original training shape to a novel shape, after 2 h of exposure to an object with that novel shape. These results show that position memory in filial behaviour is less stable than memory for the physical properties of the imprinting object, and that position responses occur when chicks are motivated to seek contact with the object.
Analysis of the Brooding Cycle of Broody Jungle Fowl Hens With Chicks
Authors: Hogan-Warburg A.J. , Panning Linda , Hogan Jerry A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Broody hens with chicks show a sequence of behaviors that is cyclical in nature: brooding, preening, feeding with drinking, exploring, dustbathing, and then brooding once again. In inexperienced hens, the average cycle length was about half an hour, with brooding and feeding taking up about 90% of the time. The amount of brooding, preening, and feeding correlated positively with the length of the cycle, whereas exploring and dustbathing had no significant effect on cycle length. Hens with previous experience brooding chicks showed a significantly shorter cycle length, but the sequence of behaviors was unaltered. The results were discussed in the context of ultradian rhythms in behavior. A clock mechanism was not able to account for the results. A model that included the interaction of causal factors provided by the chicks and by the hen's dustbathing system was more successful.