bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Availability of essential amino acids from proteins. II.—food proteins
Authors: Dvořák Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe availability of leucine from L‐leucinamide hydrochloride, L‐leucyl‐glycyl‐glycine and glycyl‐L‐leucine as substrates for leucine aminopeptidase and glycyl‐leucine dipeptidase was studied with Streptococcus faecalis, S. zymogenes and Lactobacillus arabinosus. The results indicate that these micro‐organisms have their own activity of exopeptidases through which they may utilise amino acids of peptides, released from the proteins by hydrolysis by endopeptidases. The availability of leucine from the proteins of beef muscle, hydrolysed by pepsin, trypsin, pancreatin or papain was also studied. The amount of available leucine found differed according to the enzyme and micro‐organism used. Most efficient were pancreatin and papain. The calculated total amount of leucine present in the proteins studied was not found experimentally by digestion with any of these enzymes. Further hydrolysis by leucine aminopeptidase increased the availability of leucine to 84.6‐100%. By using leucine aminopeptidase simultaneously with prolidase, complete availability with all micro‐organisms was reached. It is suggested that the availability of essential amino acids in the proteins may be determined microbiologically after total enzymic hydrolysis by papain, leucine aminopeptidase and prolidase. By this method the proteins of beef muscle freeze‐dried and stored for 4 years, and those of meat bone meal and blood meal were analyzed.
Removal of limonin from bitter orange juice
Authors: Chandler B. V. , Kefford J. F. , Ziemelis G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolyamides are shown to be effective adsorbents for removal of the bitter principle, limonin, from pasteurised Washington Navel orange juice. The extent of limonin removal varies with different juices, but sufficient can be removed by one or two treatments to bring the concentration below the organoleptically detectable level. The commercial use of polyamides to prepare non‐bitter juices from Navel oranges is discussed.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies XIX.—gibberellic acid and amylase formation in kaffircorn
Authors: Daiber K. H. , Novellie L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGibberellic acid had little effect on amylase development in normal kaffircorn. Only immature seeds and very large grains produced more amylase when treated with gibberellic acid, but this effect was much smaller than that found with barley. Addition of gibberellic acid to isolated sorghum endosperms failed to stimulate significant amylase formation. Isolated endosperms also failed to produce amylase after normal contact with their embryos for up to 48 hours of germination. Amylase formation in sorghum appears, therefore, to be preponderantly a function of the embryo.
Physico‐chemical aspects of the availability of pesticides in soil. II.—controlled release of pesticides from granular formulations
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L. , Hill A. C. , Osgerby J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe extent to which formulation factors control the release of a toxicant from granular formulations, under the leaching action of rain, has been investigated. Using granules prepared by an agglomeration process and containing the herbicide chlorthiamid, the rate of release can be varied by changing the filler base and by the use of different binding agents. By varying the binding agent a considerable degree of control can be exercised over the release of chlorthiamid.The release of toxicant is partly by direct leaching from the granule and partly by disintegration of the granule in water which renders the toxicant more accessible.The extent to which the release of other toxicants may be controlled in a similar way has been examined using ‘Bidrin’, fenuron, 2,4‐D, chlorfenvinphos and N‐tritylmorpholine. Toxicant release appeared to be governed by the filler/binding agent combination used in the granule and by the water solubility of the toxicant. Where the toxicant solubility is high, control over release is difficult to achieve but where the solubility is below 2000 ppm, a considerable control is possible.
Effect of reducing sugar (glucose) on the biuret colorimetric reaction
Authors: O'Hara C. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA highly significant interaction between concentration of free reducing sugar (glucose) and total time of the biuret reaction has been found by following absorbence changes. However, concentrations of up to 12.5 mg glucose/25 ml biuret reagent subjected to a reaction period of 1 1/2 hours caused no interference in absorbence value. Conditions for the specific application of the biuret colorimetric reaction for the determination of wheat flour proteins in the presence of free reducing sugars have been defined.
Chemical changes and losses during the ensilage of wilted grass
Authors: McDonald P. , Henderson A. R. , MacGregor A. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out; in the first, wilted Italian ryegrass at two different dry matter (DM) levels (34% and 47%) was ensiled; in the second, fresh grass (15.9% DM) and similar herbage wilted to 30.3% DM were ensiled. Total edible DM losses from the wilted silages were low and ranged from 6.7 to 10.4%. Changes in individual sugars and organic acids were followed. The residual amounts of sugars in the wilted silages were directly related to the degree of wilting. All silages were well preserved, but little fermentation had occurred in the material wilted to 47 % DM. From a knowledge of the sugars lost and amounts of mannitol and ethanol formed it has been possible to examine quantitatively the main chemical changes during the ensilage of the wilted materials. The results confirm the efficiency with which wilted grass is anaerobically conserved.
Integrity of gluten components labelled with 14c
Authors: Lee J. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWheat protein was labelled with 14C by exposing immature wheat ears to uniformly labelled 14C glycine. Labelled gluten proteins were fractionated on carboxymethyl cellulose, and the labelled fractions obtained were mixed with unlabelled and unfractionated protein. Study of the distribution of 14C after electrophoresis on starch gel showed that each protein band examined retained its identity, and there was no evidence of in vitro protein hybridization.
Chemical tests for potentially available nitrogen in soil
Authors: Jenkinson D. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrevious work on the distribution of radioactivity in the organic matter of soils incubated with 14C labelled ryegrass suggested that the amount of organic matter extracted by barium hydroxide might serve as an index of potentially available N in soil. This suggestion was tested on a set of soils for which the amounts of N mineralised during incubation, and the amounts of N taken up by ryegrass grown in the soils, were known. The amounts of organic C and non‐nitrate N extracted by barium hydroxide were correlated fairly closely with the amounts of N released by the soils; polysaccharide (measured as the glucose equivalent) extracted by barium hydroxide was more closely correlated with release of N. The amount of ‘glucose’ extracted was significantly correlated with the yield of unfertilised barley in 36 field experiments (r = 0.83**); the correlation with response of barley to N was smaller (r = −0.54**).The amount of ‘glucose’ extracted from soil by barium hydroxide increased during air‐drying, but once air‐dry no further change occurred, even on prolonged storage.Barium hydroxide‐extractable ‘glucose’ is proposed as an index of potentially available N in soil. The correlation coefficients between uptake of N by ryegrass grown in pots (14 soils) and soil measurements were 0.70**, 0.65**, 0.70**, 0.67**, and 0.28, respectively, for barium hydroxide‐extractable ‘glucose’, N extractable by boiling water, or sodium bicarbonate, ammonia released by hot aqueous calcium hydroxide, and ammonia released by alkaline permanganate. None of the chemical tests were correlated as closely with uptake of N by grass, as the N mineralised when the re‐wetted air‐dried soil was incubated.
Comparison of wheat varieties by starch‐gel electrophoresis of their grain proteins
Authors: Doekes G. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSingle extraction of wheat flour with water proved to be necessary for obtaining clear electropherograms of the albumin/globulin fraction; triple extraction was required to obtain a clear distinction of the gliadin components. As the ‘electrophoretic mobility’ does not have a constant value, a different characteristic, the Rv value, analogous to the Rt value in chromatography, is suggested as a measure of the relative mobility of the components, a characteristic which is not affected by experimental factors.From densitograms of gliadin fractions, 80 wheat varieties and selected lines from various parts of the world were arranged into five main groups, which formed a morphological series. Each main group comprised of a number of sub‐groups which in certain cases were found to be based on genetic relationships. Densitograms of the albumin/globulin fractions could be used in conjunction with those of the gliadins for determination of wheat varieties.
Mineral composition of apples. VI.—Changes in the composition of seeds and stems of Cox's orange pippin apples during development and near picking time
Authors: Perring M. A. , Wilkinson B. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMineral analyses have been made of the seeds of developing Cox's Orange Pippin apples in three seasons. Some results are also given for stems and flesh. There are unexplained variations in the Na content of seeds in that the Na concentration appears to be at a minimum in the three or four weeks near harvest.Changes in mineral composition of the fruit as a whole, though similar in direction, were different in magnitude from those previously reported for fruit from the same source. This further emphasises the marked effect of season on the chemical composition of apples.
Method for quantitative determination of p‐hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate in digests of seed meal of Sinapis alba L.
Authors: Josefsson E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method has been developed for the quantitative determination of p‐hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate in enzymic digests of seed meal of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). The isothiocyanate was treated with sodium hydroxide and the released thiocyanate was determined by use of ferric nitrate reagent. A sample in which the ferric thiocyanate complex was destroyed by addition of mercuric chloride was used as a control for the colorimetric determinations. The yields of isothiocyanate obtained after hydrolysis of p‐hydroxybenzylglucosinolate at different pH have been studied. A relative standard deviation of 0.9% was found when the method was applied to micro‐ quantitities. The simplicity and rapidity of the method and its applicability to small samples make it well suited for use in connexion with plant breeding.
Insecticides on single seeds treated with liquid dressings
Authors: Jeffs K. A. , Lord K. A. , Tuppen R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for determining insecticide on seeds treated with liquid formulations by extraction and gas chromatography of the extract was devised and used to estimate the amount of the insecticide on single seeds.Eight solvents were tested for their ability to extract aldrin from wheat seeds treated with a liquid formulation. Acetone‐hexane was chosen for further investigation because in 24 hours at room temperature it extracted at least 95% of the aldrin from treated seeds. This solvent almost quantitatively extracted chlorfenvinphos and carbophenothion at room temperature and γ‐BHC at 45° in 24 hours, without extracting substances which interfere with gas chromatography of the insecticides.The amount of insecticide found on single seeds varied widely, in seeds dressed both in the laboratory with commercial preparations (range 4‐ to 7‐fold) and in 2 commercial plants (range 40‐ to 200‐fold).
Fractionation of plant material. III.—Two schemes for chemical fractionation of fresh leaves, having special applicability for isolation of the bulk protein
Authors: Jennings A. C. , Pusztai A. , Synge R. L. M. , Watt W. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNearly all the protein of broad‐bean leaves other than cell‐wall protein was readily extracted into phenol‐acetic acid‐water mixtures, and further purified by free‐solution eletrophoresis therein, using the continuous apparatus of Hannig. Under these conditions RNA migrated cationically in association with the protein. Adding salt did not greatly improve the separation, but it reversed the relative cationic migration rates of phaeophytin a and protein. Liquid‐liquid partition between phenol and aqueous buffer phases gave good separation of the protein from RNA.Scheme I involved successive extraction of the leaves with 5% (w/v) aqueous trichloroacetic acid, ethanol and phenol‐acetic acid‐water; the bulk of the protein went into this last solvent mixture and did not require further electrophoretic treatment. In Scheme II, components of low molecular weight were washed out from the plasmolysed leaves with water. Extraction was then carried out with phenol‐acetic acid‐water, and this extract was further fractionated by electrophoresis. The non‐migrating fraction should be valuable starting material for studies of a variety of leaf constituents. The extraction residues are promising starting material for studies of the leaf polysaccharides and other cell‐wall components.The protein preparations contained little phosphorus or carbohydrate but were brown and had high C/N ratios and higher ultra‐violet absorption than corresponded to the aromatic amino acids present. This was decreased, but not abolished, by keeping the work under nitrogen. Model experiments showed good electrophoretic separation of protein from polyphenols and tannic acid under the same conditions. The extraneous aromatic material is therefore presumed to be bound covalently to the protein. Coupling of oxidatively polymerising quinones to side‐chains of amino acid residues, especially lysine, seems probable. The occurrence of such reactions in leaves has implications for the nutritive value of their proteins. Such products may also contribute directly to the ‘humic acid’ fraction of soil.
Fractionation of plant material. IV.—Distribution of amino acid residues in fractions obtained from leaves of broad bean (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Clarke Eileen M. W. , Ellinger Gabrielle M. , Synge R. L. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe quantitative distribution of amino‐acid residues amongst some fractions derived from broad‐bean leaves was determined. Among the free amino acids, asparagine predominated and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) was abundant. DOPA was absent from the protein fractions. Aggregated N recovery and amino acid composition resembled those found for leafy materials by previous workers. Material extracted by ethanol from the TCA‐precipitated fraction resembled the bulk protein in molecular size and amino acid composition. A fraction not migrating during electrophoresis in phenol‐acetic acid‐water gave, on hydrolysis, amino acids presumed to be bound in neutral or weakly acid compounds, mostly of low molecular weight.
Organochlorine insecticide residues in earthworms from arable soils
Authors: Wheatley G. A. , Hardman J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSix species of earthworms from an arable soil were analysed for residues of aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and γ‐BHC. The ratios between the concentrations of γ‐BHC, aldrin + dieldrin and p,p′‐DDT + p,p′‐DDE in the earthworms and in the soil (concentration factors) were similar but the residue concentrations were consistently higher in the smaller more shallow‐living species Allolobophora caliginosa, A. chlorotica and A. rosea than in the larger deeper‐living species Lumbricus terrestris, A. longa and Octolasion cyaneum.In arable field plots, dieldrin residues in A. longa and A. chlorotica increased with increasing concentrations in the soil but the concentration factors decreased. The concentrations of residues in earthworms (W) appear to be related to those in the soil (S) by an equation of the form W = aSb where a and b are constants, the latter being about 0.79 for a wide range of residue data embracing the uptake of aldrin‐dieldrin, DDT components, and γ‐BHC by earthworms.
Fractional extraction of cereal flour proteins
Authors: Ewart J. A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWheat (Wichita), rye, barley, oat and maize flours were successively extracted with 0.04 m sodium chloride solution (3 × ), water (3 × ), 70% ethanol (3 ×) and 0.1 N acetic acid. The fractions and residues were analysed for nitrogen and subjected to starch‐gel electrophoresis. Saline extractions chiefly removed the albumins and globulins of all five cereals. The prolamins of wheat, rye and barley appeared mostly in the three aqueous extracts but also, particularly, those of very low mobility, occurred in the alcoholic solutions. The acetic acid‐soluble fractions of wheat, rye and barley were shown by electrophoresis under reducing conditions to be crosslinked by S.S bonds; those of rye and barley showed some characteristic differences from glutenin. Oats and maize were practically devoid of this fraction. Most of the protein of oats and maize was insoluble. Electrophoresis patterns after reduction were obtained from insoluble fractions, though there were differences among the genera. Both overall protein solubility and the quantity of the acetic acid‐soluble fraction were correlated with baking quality. The presence of covalent crosslinks other than S.S in glutelin fractions is suspected.
Grazing trials on paraquat‐treated pasture
Authors: Calderbank A. , McKenna R. H. , Stevens M. A. , Walley J. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCattle suffered no toxic effects over a four‐week period when turned loose on pasture immediately after it had been sprayed with paraquat at 1 lb/acre, and continued to graze the brown dried herbage as they would have grazed hay. It can be calculated that the animals were consuming approximately half their acute oral LD50 of paraquat every day, for the first two weeks at least, without showing any signs of toxic effects. This result, together with the low levels of paraquat detected in the urine of animals on sprayed pasture and high levels in the faeces indicates that when paraquat is administered as a residue on grass very little is available for absorption. No significant residues of paraquat could be detected in the carcass of an animal slaughtered three days after return to unsprayed pasture. Residues of 0.02 ppm paraquat were found in the milk of the two cows on the first day after spraying only, when initial residues on the herbage were just over 1000 ppm. Thereafter no residues were detected by a method capable of detecting 0.005 ppm.Horses showed definite ill effects, namely local lesions of the mouth and increased mucous secretions, after grazing the newly sprayed pasture. On return to normal pasture they quickly recovered, and a horse slaughtered 5 months later showed no post mortem abnormalities. Results of a further trial, in which the symptoms were much less marked, suggested that a short period of weathering of the pasture after spraying would reduce the harmful effects on horses.
Deterioration of β‐carotene in certain hydrogenated fats. I.—Incidence of green discoloration during storage
Authors: McWeeny D. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation of the stability of β‐carotene in 111 samples of hydrogenated edible fats revealed that during storage at temperatures in the range of +20° to —20°, green discoloration of the yellow fats occurred in 38 samples during the first year of storage. The green discoloration was found mostly in hydrogenated palm kernel oil and coconut oil; samples of hydrogenated marine and soyabean oils were much less susceptible to colour change. The rate of development of the colour change was generally a maximum in the temperature range +6° to —6° and decreased rapidly as the temperature was raised.
Influence of dietary linoleic acid on egg fatty acid composition in hens deficient in essential fatty acids
Authors: Balnave D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect on egg yolk lipids of adding linoleic acid in the form of corn oil to the diet of hens depleted of essential fatty acids over a prolonged period was examined. There was an immediate increase in the amount of linoleate deposited in all yolk lipid fractions. The addition of 8% corn oil resulted in a maximum value of about 20% lineoleic acid in the egg yolk fatty acids being attained over a period of 14 days. This increase in lineoleate deposition was accompanied by a reduction in the level of oleic acid. Minor adjustments in the other egg fatty acids accompanied these major changes.
Seaweed extracts as fertilisers
Authors: Blunden G. , Challen S. B. , Woods D. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe growth‐promoting effect of extracts of Laminaria saccharina, Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum was due largely to the cations present, but this effect was modified by organic substances in the extracts. The concentrations of amino acids and mannitol in seaweed extracts had little effect on plant growth. The compounds extracted with organic solvents appear to be responsible in part only for the modification of the growth‐promoting effect. Alginic acid and its salts were indicated as being the main organic compounds responsible for reducing the effect of the metals with mustard plants. It is suggested that alginic acid competes with the plants by ion‐exchange for the metals in the extract.
Estimation of Triticum aestivum in pasta flours: Interspecific limits for sitosteryl palmitate content
Authors: Garcia‐Faure R. , Garcia‐Olmedo F. , Vallejo‐Acevedo J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSitosteryl palmitate (SP) content of flour was shown to be not significantly affected by normal variations in milling yield. Since the distribution of fat in a wheat kernel does not follow the same pattern as does SP, it is preferable to consider SP content on the basis of DM content of the flour. A survey of 46 Triticum aestivum and 24 T. durum flours showed that the latter contained SP, but its level did not exceed 1.5 mg/100 g. T. aestivum varieties show a two‐peak distribution, with the maxima at approximately 4 mg/100 g and at 12 mg/100 g, respectively. Three T. aestivum flours were within the T. durum range and three others were close to it. Limits for sitosteryl palmitate content in T. aestivum and T. durum were tentatively established at 16.5 mg/100 g and 1.5 mg/100 g respectively. Based on these limits, a method is proposed for the estimation of the minimum amount of T. Aestivum in a mixture.
Digestibility in vitro and available lysine contents of Indian oilseed meals
Authors: Venkatesan N. , Rege D. V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments with untreated and autoclaved meals of mowra (Bassia latifolia), pisa (Actinodaphne hookeri) and undi (Calophyllum inophyllum) are reported. The three meals were digested by pepsin to approximately the same extent as casein. While pisa and undi meals were fairly rapidly degraded by trypsin, mowra meal was cleaved slowly, but did not possess any trysin inhibiting activity. Destruction and inactivation of amino acids were caused by autoclaving the meals. The presence of naturally occurring trypsin‐resistant bonds in mowra meal protein is inferred. The nutritional significance of the amounts of FDNB‐reactive lysine units in these meals is discussed.
Organophosphorus compounds. IV.—2‐[Diethoxy or ethoxy (ethyl) phosphinylthio‐ and diethoxy or ethoxy (ethyl) phosphinothioylthio‐methyl] benzimidazoles
Authors: Pianka M. , Edwards J. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral 2‐chloromethylbenzimidazoles were prepared and condensed with potassium diethyl phosphoro‐ and phosphono‐ thiolothionates and thiolates for inseeticidal and acaricidal studies.