bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heated fats. IV. Chemical changes in fats subjected to deep fat frying processes: Cottonseed oil
Authors: Perkins E. G. , van Akkeren L. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of deep fat frying processes on the formation of polymeric and oxidized materials were determined under practical conditions. Experiments which determined the effect of continuous heating, turnover rate, intermittent heating, steam, and deep frying were carried out. The amounts of polymeric material and other parameters of fat deterioration were determined. The results obtained indicated that the amount of polymeric material formed increased regularly as heating time increased. A high overall turnover of used oil may not increase the useful life of a frying fat when the specific daily turnover of fat is small. Intermittent heating of a fat alternated with cooling cycles increased the deterioration of cottonseed oil. The act of frying a food product (potatoes) or simple addition of water to hot fat exerts a strong deteriorative effect on heated cottonseed oil.
Precision and accuracy in gas liquid chromatography of C14‐C18 fatty methyl esters
Authors: Pons W. A. , Frampton V. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRepetitive analyses of four primary standards for fatty methyl esters by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) with polyester columns and thermal conductivity detection established standard deviations ranging from ŷ0.3舑0.5% corresponding to coefficients of variation of 1.0舑2.0%. These data, representing a relative error of measurement of 1.5舑3.0% at a 99% confidence level, suggest a precision approaching that of conventional spectrophotometric measurements.Proportionality factors, calculated from known mass or molar concentration divided by area % from GLC analysis, were found to be reproducible erratum factors which may be generally applicable to GLC analysis of fatty methyl esters with polyester columns and thermal conductivity detectors.Mass response to a thermal conductivity detector was found to decrease with either increasing molecular weight for saturated C14舑C18 fatty methyl esters or with unsaturation among the C18 unsaturated esters, while molar response increases with molecular weight and decreases with degree of unsaturation.The use of uncorrected area % data can introduce significant absolute mass errors ranging from about +11% for myristic acid to 蜢17% for linolenic acid.
Quantitative estimation of isomeric monoglycerides by thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Thomas A. E. , Scharoun J. E. , Ralston Helma 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the analysis of isomeric monoglycerides by thin‐layer adsorption chromatography. Isomeric monoglycerides are separated on silica gel impregnated with boric acid; a mixed solvent system is used. The interaction of hydroxy compounds with boric acid allows the separation of 1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides which cannot be resolved on silica gel alone. In order to make the method quantitative, the resolved components are charred and their spot densities measured. Glycerol, fatty acids, diglycerides, and triglycerides do not interfere. The method does not induce isomerization.
Alpha sulfo fatty esters in biologically soft detergent formulations
Authors: Knaggs E. A. , Yeager J. A. , Varenyi L. , Fischer E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSalts of ॅ‐sulfo tallow and coconut esters were subjected to river die‐away, activated sludge and Warburg tests, and results show these derivatives to be biologically soft detergents with disappearance curves approximating those of the fatty alcohol sulfates.Selection of the proper fatty acid starting material, alcohol of esterification, and alkali for neutralization provides for a high degree of flexibility in tailor‐making biologically soft surface active agents for a wide range of applications. Selected compounds have been found which exhibit remarkable foaming, lime soap dispersing, fabric and hard surface detergency, wetting and related surface‐active properties. These properties allow the formulation of a variety of synthetic and soap‐synthetic combinations.Primary emphasis is given to the presentation of data on surfactant formulation application studies. Salts of short chain alkyl esters of ॅ‐sulfo tallow acid are ideally suited for 舠combo舡 soap bar and built heavy‐duty detergent applications. Salts of short chain alkyl esters of selected coconut fatty acids are uniquely suitable for light duty liquids, cosmetic and related surfactant applications.An improved process for the manufacture of these sulfo esters has been developed which produces high yield, high purity and light colored products, and which should provide for their acceptance on a large scale in the detergent field.
The composition of the difficultly extractable soybean phosphatides
Authors: Nielsen Kaj 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe object of the present work has been to study those soybean phosphatides which cannot be extracted by means of nonpolar solvents but only be means of mixtures of nonpolar and polar solvents, for instance hexane and ethanol. These phosphatides were fractionated by the countercurrent distribution technique, and the following groups of substances were found: a) carbohydrates with d‐inositol in the form of the methyl ether called pinitol; b) a number of nitrogen‐containing substances, the nature of which is not as yet fully elucidated but which is perhaps merely decomposition products of proteins; c) a glyceroinositophosphatidic acid which contains equimolar quantities of glycerophosphoric acid and inositolmonophosphoric acid and phosphorus and fatty acids at a ratio of about 1 to 2; d) a high‐molecular phosphatide acid; and e) a mixture of the three glycerophosphatides: phosphatidylcholine,‐ethanolamine, and‐serine.
Studies in the development of antibacterial surfactants. I. institutional use of antibacterial fabric softeners
Authors: Linfield W. M. , Sherrill J. C. , Casely R. E. , Noel D. R. , Davis G. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt has been determined that the incorporation of a highly active antibacterial agent, phenylmercuric propionate, into an aqueous solution of a fabric softener of the quaternary ammonium type results in a most effective antibacterial laundry rinse additive. The presence of the quaternary ammonium compound appears to enhance the antibacterial activity of the mercurial. When applied at a level of 63 parts of available mercurial to one million parts of fabric, the treated cloth is rendered bacteriostatic to several strains ofS. aureus and to ammonia‐producing organisms of theProteus group, also mildewstatic toChaetomium globosum. The formulated antibacterial softener as well as the treated linens appear to be entirely safe to humans.In longer‐term application tests in a hospital laundry the total bacterial load carried by the soiled treated linens is practically zero. There is no excessive build‐up of antibacterial agent on fabric upon repeated applications, and it is readily washed out of the fabric by conventional laundering.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of fatty derivatives. IV. Quantitative analysis of n‐alcohols
Authors: Link W. E. , Morrissette R. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe separation of fatty alcohols has been accomplished by using a nonpolar substrate on a solid support treated with alkali to reduce adsorptivity. By this technique well‐resolved symmetrical peaks are obtained, and the stability of a nonpolar substrate is retained. Relative detector sensitivity factors have been determined for the alcohols with chain lengths of C8 through C18, permitting a correction of peak areas. The response of the detector is approximately a linear function of chain length for the n‐alcohols.The accuracy and precision of the determination have been studied by a statistical comparison of the results of replicate values with values from known compositions.
The a‐sulfonation of pelargonic, stearic, and substituted stearic acids
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G. , Ault Waldo C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDirect sulfonation of higher fatty acids with sulfur trioxide or chlorosulfonic acid, without use of solvent, is possible, but the product must then be isolated as the sodium salt. Use of a chlorinated solvent permits isolation of the α‐sulfo acid. Sulfonation with dioxane sulfur trioxide in place of sulfur trioxide gave a nearly colorless α‐sulfostearic acid.Substituted stearic acids derived from oleic or elaidic acids (phenyl‐, 9,10‐dichloro‐, and 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acids) were α‐sulfonated with dioxane sulfur trioxide. Solubility, detergent, and surface‐active properties were examined and related to structure.The surface‐active properties of sodium α‐sulfopelargonic acid are not very evident, but the octyl ester, with a much lower critical micelle concentration (0.08% compared to 1.00%), was found to be a very efficient wetting agent.
Collaborative study of the oil stability index analysis
Authors: Jebe Tod A. , Matlock Mark G. , Sleeter Ronald T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Oil Stability Index Analysis method was subjected to a fifteen‐laboratory collaborative study in which the participants used currently available commercial and home‐built instruments to provide data to support the approval process as an Official Method of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. The overall average coefficient of variation was 11.3% for samples from 7 to 80 h of stability testing at 110°C.
On the kinetics of the autoxidation of fats. II. Monounsaturated substrates
Authors: Brimberg Ulla I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe autoxidation of methyl oleate and oleic acid shows some differences as compared to the autoxidation of linoleate,e.g., the formation of water at an early stage. Linearization of experimental data on the autoxidation to high oxidation degrees of methyl oleate and other monounsaturated substrates shows that the rate equations previously derived for methyl linoleate in the range of 1–25% oxidation are valid, provided the correct expression for the remaining unreacted substrate is used. With monounsaturated substrates, part of the oxygen is consumed by a secondary oxidation reaction almost from the beginning, and only a certain constant fraction α of the total O2 consumption is consumed in hydroperoxide formation. The fraction α is different for methyl oleate, oleyl alcohol, oleic acid andcis 9‐octadecene, but the rate constant for the hydroperoxide formation is the same for all of them when experimental conditions are the same. The main difference between oleate and linoleate autoxidation is the much faster decomposition of the oleate hydroperoxides relative to their slow formation.
Fatty acid composition of thirty‐five Icelandic fish species
Authors: Sigurgisladóttir Sjöfn , Pálmadóttir Heida 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFat content and fatty acid composition were determined in 35 fish species caught in Icelandic waters from November 1987 to March 1988. These were not only commonly edible species, but also underutilized and less common species, in which the fatty acid composition have not been reported before. The variation int he fat content and the fatty acid composition was found to be large between and within species. The fat content and n‐3 fatty acid content varies sevenfold and twentyfold, respectively. An inverse relationship was obtained between the n‐3 fatty acids content and the total fat content of the fish species studied. We believe that the data reported here on 35 fish species can be useful for nutritionists and food scientists, to aid them in dietary formulation, nutrient labelling, processing and product developments, as well as for the consumers.
The preparation of polyglycerol esters suitable as low‐caloric fat substitutes
Authors: Dobson Kevin S. , Williams Kerry D. , Boriack Clinton J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMedicinal research has linked dietary fats with such maladies as cancer, heart disease and stroke. The overconsumption of fats has been declared one of the major dietary health concerns in the United States by the Surgeon General. As a result, there is an increased awareness by consumers of their need to reduce the intake of calories derived from fat. The food industry has shown much interest in the development of substitutes for dietary fats and oils. To date, no substitute that can be used as a full fat replacement has entered the marketplace. Linear polyglycerols (LPGs) have been prepared by a proprietary polymerization process. Fatty acid esters prepared from LPGs were found to resist hydrolysis by digestive enzymes and were poorly absorbed in animal feeding tests. When esterified with fatty acids, LPG esters are similar to natural triglycerides in color, odor, taste and other physical characteristics. These properties make LPG oils good candidates for use in nonnutritive edible oil applications, particularly in uses that require stability at high temperatures.
Gas chromatography of triacylglycerols in palm oil fractions with medium‐polarity wide‐bore columns
Authors: Sassano G. J. , Jeffrey B. S. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWide‐bore (WBOT, 0.53 mm i.d.) capillary columns, operated with helium carrier gas, are a viable alternative to narrow‐bore (0.25 mm i.d.) equivalents operated with hydrogen carrier gas in high‐resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) of triacylglycerols (TAG). Resolution and quantitation proved to be similar for the two types of columns. WBOT HRGC with automatic cold‐on‐column injection has strong potential for precise real‐time control of oils and fats processing and offers a reliable approach to automated HRGC of TAG. The technique has been used to characterize palm oil and palm oil fractions.
The relationship between the oxidative polymers of soybean oil and flavor reversion
Authors: Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe polymers formed during the autoxidation of soybean oil at 60°C. were isolated by a solvent‐extraction method, using diethyl ether and pentanehexane as solvents. The more polar polymer fraction was further oxidized by air at 30°C., and the volatile material obtained was fractionated and characterized. It contained the same carbonyl compounds as the volatile material which has previously been obtained from reverted soybean oil, namely acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n‐hexanal, and 2‐pentenal.The more polar polymer fraction contained 21.04% of oxygen and degraded to volatile carbonyl compounds under vacuum as well as under oxygen‐free nitrogen. Depolymerization and ethanolysis of these polymers were carried out in ethyl alcohol which had been adjusted to a normality of 3.5 with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The polymeric substance formed on the filter presses of a soybean oil refinery could be depolymerized in a similar manner. It is therefore evident that oxidative polymers could be unintentionally introduced into soybean oil in various ways and serve as precursors of reversion compounds.
A modified liquid‐liquid extractor for routine oil analysis
Authors: Buerki Charles R. , Holt Kenneth E. 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. A continuous liquid‐liquid extractor was designed and procedures were devised for the determination of total fatty acids, oxidized acids, and unsaponifiable matter. These procedures give results that are in agreement with the present A.O.C.S. Methods.2. The continuous liquid‐liquid extractor has the following advantages:

It is simple in design, easy to operate and keep clean. The inner tube which gives better solvent dispersion than standard commercial pieces can be made out of ordinary glass tubing at relatively low cost.

The operation is automatic. Once a bank of these extractors is set up, the operator is free to do other work.

The extractions are made rapidly without troublesome emulsions.

Greater accuracy is possible because of limited handling.

The enclosed system minimizes health and fire hazards inherent in the present A.O.C.S. Methods.
The effect of electrolytes on soil redeposition in laboratory and laundry practice
Authors: Vitale Peter T. 
Published: May 2007

Conclusions1. Fatty acid soaps and pure synthetic detergents have a far greater suspending power for Aquadag soil than either of these types when used in the presence of inorganic salts.2. Any inorganic salts of the type of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium, or magnesium salts, the common alkali or phosphate builders, all tend to cause deposition when used alone or with surface‐active materials.3. Fatty acid soaps are self‐protecting against hard water salt effects.4. Synthetic detergents require protection against calcium and magnesium salts, which can be achieved by adding calcium ion suppressants. The effect of neutral salts, such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, can be eliminated by omitting them from the composition. When these salts are present in minor amounts, the use of protective colloids, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, affords some protection.
Methanolysis of triglycerides
Authors: Hartman L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAlkali‐catalyzed methanolysis of fats as a means of preparing methyl esters for analytical purposes has been investigated. Of the various catalysts employed sodium methoxide and ignited potassium carbonate have been found to set free 99–99.5% of total glycerol and to cause the least degree of saponification.
Some esters of mono‐, di‐, and tricarboxystearic acid as lubricants: Preparation and evaluation
Authors: Dufek Edward J. , Parker W. E. , Koos R. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConditions were determined for selective alkaline transesterification of methyl 9(10)‐carbomethoxystearate. With 2,2‐dimethylpentanol and 2‐ethylhexanol, the corresponding alkyl 9(10)‐carbomethoxystearates were obtained in good yield. These two mixed alkyl diesters, along with other alkyl esters of mono‐9(10)‐, di‐ and tricarboxystearic acids prepared by conventional methods, were evaluated as lubricants. Several esters compared favorably with dioctyl sebacate used as the control. The esters had high viscosity indices and low American Society for Testing and Materials slopes. The pour point of purified dimethylpentyl 9(10)‐carbomethoxystearate is below −70 C. Several esters have antiwear properties when added to the control oil.
Hydrosilylation of long chain unsaturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Saghian Nasser , Gertner David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe addition of a series of silicon hydrides: trichlorosilane, methyldichlorosilane, dimethylchlorosilane, phenyl dichlorosilane, and methyl phenyl chlorosilane to esters of long chain unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic, linoleic acids, and 10‐undecenoic acid, was studied with respect to catalysts, temperature, and solvents. Higher yields were obtained on carrying out the hydrosilylation reactions in the presence of chloroplatinic acid or Pt on C catalysts in bulk without solvent, as compared with peroxide catalysts. The addition reaction with methyl 10‐undecenoate, which has a terminal double bond, gave a higher yield than that with methyl oleate. NMR data of the products from methyl 10‐undecenoate and methyl oleate, as well as their reduction products with lithium aluminum hydride, have shown that, with the former ester, the silyl moiety added exclusively to the terminal carbon atom, while, with the latter, no migration of the silyl moiety to the terminal carbon atom was observed.
Analytical separation of nonlipid water soluble substances and gangliosides from other lipids by dextran gel column chromatography
Authors: Siakotos A. N. , Rouser George 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA column chromatographic procedure is reported utilizing a dextran gel (Sephadex) for the complete separation of the major lipid classes from water‐soluble nonlipids. Lipids other than gangliosides are eluted first with chloroform/methanol 19/1 saturated with water, gangliosides with chloroform/methanol/water containing acetic acid, and water‐soluble nonlipids with methanol/water 1/1. Results for adult human whole brain, grey and white matter, and normal infant whole brain lipids are presented. With beef brain lipid as sample the ganglioside fraction is essentially pure, but with human brain lipid samples only about 70% of the second fraction is ganglioside. All ganglioside and water soluble nonlipid of a human spleen chloroform/methanol extract was separated from lipids with the procedure. Control studies with P32O4蠁 and C14 labelled glucose showed that all counts were present in fraction 3. Similar studies with C14 labelled amino acids (glycine, serine, alanine, phenylalanine) showed that only phenylalanine counts were eluted in fraction 2 along with the gangliosides. The procedure was applied for removal of large amounts of ammonium acetate from DEAE cellulose column fractions and for complete removal of adsorbent and salts from lipids eluted from thin‐layer chromatograms. After passage through the dextran gel columns, lipids eluted from thin‐layer chromatograms were found to give infrared spectra identical to those of pure samples obtained by other procedures.
Application of the ritter reaction to petroselinic acid
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Moreau J. P. , Sumrell G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubstituted amidostearic acids were prepared from petroselinic acid by reaction, in the presence of sulfuric acid, with hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, propionitrile, acrylonitrile and benzonitrile. The products were crystalline solids. Attempts to obtain monoamides containing a nitrile group by the use of dinitriles were unsuccessful.
N,N‐dialkylamides of long chain fatty acids as plasticizers
Authors: Mod R. R. , Magne F. C. , Skau E. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA number of N,N‐dialkylamides have been prepared, characterized and evaluated as plasticizers for poly (vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate) copolymer. Among these are the N‐oleoyl derivatives of diisopropyl, dibutyl, diisobutyl, diamyl, dihexyl, diheptyl, dioctyl, di‐2‐ethylhexyl and didecylamines. Also included are the N,N‐dibutylamides of 2‐ethylhexanoic, neodecanoic, neotridecanoic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, erucic, ricinoleic, naphthenic, dimer, pinic, epoxystearic, animal, cottonseed, hydrogenated cottonseed, rapeseed,Limnanthes douglasii seed and parsley seed acids. Optimum low‐temperature plasticizing properties are achieved for the N‐oleoyl derivatives of dibutyl, diamyl and dihexyl amines. These low‐temperature properties are comparable to those of the adipate and sebacate plasticizers without the adverse volatility characteristics of the adipates. Compatibility of the N,N‐dialkyloleamides extends through the dihexyl derivative. A brief heat stability study of some selected plasticized polylvinyl chloride copolymer compositions indicates that the thermal stabilization of amide plasticizers is not an insurmountable problem.
Some detersive properties of model straight chain sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates
Authors: Gray Frederick W. , Krems Irving J. , Gerecht J. Fred 
Published: May 2007

AbstractModel long chain sodium ortho and para alkylbenzenesulfonates having primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms attached to the phenyl group have been evaluated for foam, wetting and detergency. The data indicate that the surface active properties of these three classes of compounds which are primarily linear in structure are dependent upon sulfonate position, phenyl position and chain length. Each of these factors contributes to performance. Ortho sulfonates are better wetting agents than para sulfonates but the para compounds generally foam better and appear to have superior detergency properties than their respective ortho isomers. Ortho sulfouate in a detergent composition may have a greater influence on surface active properties than had been heretofore recognized.