bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser Analytical Spectroscopy
Authors: Bolshov Michael A. , Kuritsyn Yuri A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

1.1.

Properties of Laser Light

1.1.1.

Tunability

1.1.2.

Intensity

1.1.3.

Time Resolution

1.1.4.

Temporal Coherence

1.1.5.

Spatial Coherence

1.2.

Types of Laser Analytical Techniques

1.3.

Peculiarities of Resonance Laser Radiation Absorption

2.

Tunable Lasers

2.1.

Dye Lasers

2.2.

Semiconductor Diode Lasers

3.

Laser Techniques for Elemental Analysis

3.1.

Laser‐Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

3.1.1.

Physical Principles

3.1.2.

Atomizers

3.1.3.

Limits of Detection

3.1.4.

Real Sample Analysis

3.2.

Laser‐Enhanced Ionization

3.2.1.

Physical Principles

3.2.2.

Atomizers

3.2.3.

Limits of Detection

3.2.4.

Real Sample Analysis

3.3.

Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy

3.3.1.

Physical Principles

3.3.2.

Atomizers

3.3.3.

Limits of Detection: Real Samples

3.4.

Diode Lasers in Elemental Analysis

3.4.1.

Physical Principles of Absorption Spectrometry

3.4.2.

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Diode Lasers

3.4.3.

Element Specific Detection by DLAAS

3.4.4.

Isotope Selective Detection with Diode Lasers

3.4.5.

Commercial System

4.

Laser Techniques for Molecular Analysis

4.1.

Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy with Diode Lasers

4.1.1.

Detection of Molecular Gas Impurities with Lead‐Salt Diode Lasers

4.1.2.

Near IR Gas Sensors

4.1.3.

Advanced Developments

4.2.

Laser Optoacoustic Spectroscopy

4.3.

Thermal Lens Spectroscopy

4.4.

Fluorescence Analysis of Organic Molecules in Solid Solutions

5.

Laser Ablation
Bioremediation
Authors: Henke Gustav Adolph 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Microbiology3.Fundamentals of Biodegradation Processes4.Processes4.1.On‐Site Methods4.2.In‐Situ Methods4.3.Off‐Site Methods5.Use of the Cleaned Soil6.Case Examples6.1.Remediation of a Tank Farm6.2.Remediation of Soil Contaminated with TNT
Biosafety Practices Associated with Potential Agents of Biocrime and Biowarfare
Authors: Burnett LouAnn C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractConducting research in a manner that guards against theft and intentional misuse of biological materials requires a process of hazard identification and risk assessment to most effectively identify and implement a risk management plan. Procedures describing physical security, personnel reliability, and material control and accountability define a security plan for this type of research.
LacZ‐Based Detection of Acyl‐Homoserine Lactone Quorum‐Sensing Signals
Authors: Joelsson Adam C. , Zhu Jun 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMany bacteria use quorum‐sensing regulatory systems to monitor their population density and to coordinate their genetic expression under certain conditions. Acyl‐homoserine lactones are often produced by many Gram‐negative bacteria and serve as quorum‐sensing signal molecules. This unit describes two commonly used methods to detect acyl‐homoserine lactones from laboratory or environmental bacterial cultures.
Measuring the velocity field in film‐splitting flows of Newtonian liquids
Authors: Becerra Melisa Z. , Romero Oldrich Joel , Azevedo Luis Fernando A. , Carvalho Marcio S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRigorous mathematical analysis of viscous free surface flows and comprehensive experimental analysis have been used to develop coating technology in the last 30 years. Theoretical analysis usually require advanced numerical methods to solve the mass and momentum‐conservation equations coupled with the appropriate boundary conditions for flows with liquid‐gas interfaces. Experimental analysis usually requires pilot plant trials and bench‐top flow visualization experiments to reveal details of the flow inside the coating bead. The first attempts to visualize a coating flow were limited to displaying the free‐surface configuration as a function of the operating parameters. Later, careful experiments were used to visualize streamlines with vortices inside a coating bead for different coating processes. Streamline visualization were crucial on enhancing the fundamental understanding of different coating flows. However, the application of quantitative methods capable of providing instantaneous measurements of the velocity field inside a coating bead is still rare. Velocity measurements in coating flows are extremely challenging because of the small scale, and the presence of liquid‐air interfaces. In this work, the particle‐image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to study the flow between a rotating roll and a stationary plate, a prototype forward roll coating flow. Theoretical predictions of the same flow were obtained by solving the Navier‐Stokes equations with the appropriate boundary conditions for free‐surface flows. The velocity and the rate of deformation at each point were measured at different operating parameters. Some of the results were compared with the theoretical predictions. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007.
Clinical‐etiologic correlation in children with Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS): An interdisciplinary study
Authors: Torrado Maria , Araoz Veronica , Baialardo Edgardo , Abraldes Karina , Mazza Carmen , Krochik Gabriela , Ozuna Blanca , Leske Vivian , Caino Silvia , Fano Virginia , Chertkoff Lilien 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPrader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) is a multisystemic disorder caused by the loss of expression of paternally transcribed genes within chromosome 15q11‐q13. Most cases are due to paternal deletion of this region; the remaining cases result from maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) and imprinting defects. To better understand the phenotypic variability of PWS, a genotype–phenotype correlation study was performed in 91 children with PWS. Patients were diagnosed by Southern Blot Methylation assay and genetic subtypes were established using FISH and microsatellite analyses. Fifty‐nine subjects with deletion (31/28 males/females; mean age 3.86 years), 30 with UPD (14/16 males/females; mean age 3.89 years) and 2 girls with a presumed imprinting defect (mean age 0.43 yrs) were identified. For correlation purposes patients were grouped as “deleted” and “non‐deleted.” An increased maternal age was found in the UPD group. Four of Holm's criteria were more frequently present in the deleted group: need for special feeding techniques, sleep disturbance, hypopigmentation, and speech articulation defects. Concerning cognitive assessments, only 9.52% of subjects with deletion had Full‐Scale IQ (FSIQ) ≥70, while 61.53% of subjects without deletion had FSIQ ≥70. Similar results were found in behavioral measures. Sleep disorders and carbohydrate metabolism were systematically assessed. Polysomnoghaphic studies revealed a higher frequency of central events with desaturations ≥10% in the deleted group (P = 0.020). In summary, the phenotype was significantly different between both groups in certain parameters related to the CNS. These results might be related to the differences in brain gene expression of the genetic subtypes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subtelomeric analysis detects a familial 10p;12p rearrangement in two relatives with a distinct syndrome
Authors: Battaglia A. , Novelli A. , Ceccarini C. , Bernardini L. , Carey J.C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn recent years, subtelomeric rearrangements have been identified as a major cause of multiple congenital anomalies (MCA)/mental retardation (MR) syndromes. Currently, more than 2,500 individuals with MR have been tested and subtelomeric rearrangements were detected in about 6%. Therefore, subtelomeric FISH analysis is indicated as a second tier test after high‐resolution G‐banding analysis, in subjects with otherwise unexplained developmental delay/MR and/or MCA. We describe a female patient and her maternal aunt, both showing a distinct phenotype, associated with the same complex subtelomeric rearrangement. Subtelomeric FISH testing performed between 1 year 9 months and 20 years after the initial karyotype showed, in both patients, distal trisomy 12p and distal monosomy 10p as follows: 46,XX.ish der(10)t(10;12)(p15.3;p13.31). Parental subtelomeric FISH analysis showed the proposita's mother (sister of Patient 2) and grandmother (mother to Patient 2), to have a balanced 10p:12p translocation. Both girls showed a similar phenotype with pre/postnatal growth retardation, moderate‐to‐severe developmental delay/MR, very poor/absent speech, hypotonia, lax ligaments, and a distinct pattern of malformation. On examination there were blepharophimosis; bilateral ptosis/epicanthus; broad, depressed nasal bridge with a beaked nose; short philtrum; low‐set, posteriorly rotated, overfolded ears; micrognathia; mild webbing of the neck; mild broadening of thumbs; puffy hands/feet; long hallux; and sacral/coccygeal dimples. A slow overall improvement was seen in both patients over time. To our knowledge, a complex subtle rearrangement as the one seen in our patients has not been reported thus far. Our patients show features of partial 10p deletion syndrome rather than those of partial duplication 12p, confirming the general rule that deletions are more phenotypically penetrant than duplications. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapeutic potential of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 antagonists as multifunctional agents
Authors: Tsutsumi Hiroshi , Tanaka Tomohiro , Ohashi Nami , Masuno Hiroyuki , Tamamura Hirokazu , Hiramatsu Kenichi , Araki Takanobu , Ueda Satoshi , Oishi Shinya , Fujii Nobutaka 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe chemokine receptor CXCR4 possesses multiple critical functions in normal and pathologic physiology. CXCR4 is a G‐protein‐coupled receptor that transduces signals of its endogenous ligand, the chemokine CXCL12 (stromal cell‐derived factor‐1, SDF‐1). The interaction between CXCL12 and CXCR4 plays an important role in the migration of progenitors during embryologic development of the cardiovascular, hemopoietic, central nervous systems, and so on. This interaction is also known to be involved in several intractable disease processes, including HIV infection, cancer cell metastasis, leukemia cell progression, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and pulmonary fibrosis. It is conjectured that this interaction may be a critical therapeutic target in all of these diseases, and several CXCR4 antagonists have been proposed as potential drugs. Fourteen‐mer peptides, T140 and its analogues, were previously developed in our laboratory as specific CXCR4 antagonists that were identified as HIV‐entry inhibitors, anti‐cancer‐metastatic agents, anti‐chronic lymphocytic/acute lymphoblastic leukemia agents, and anti‐RA agents. Cyclic pentapeptides, such as FC131 [cyclo(D‐Tyr‐Arg‐Arg‐L‐3‐(2‐naphthyl)alanine‐Gly)], were also previously found as CXCR4 antagonist leads based on pharmacophores of T140. This review article describes the elucidation of multiple functions of CXCR4 antagonists and the development of a number of low‐molecular weight CXCR4 antagonists involving FC131 analogues and other compounds with different scaffolds including linear‐type structures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 279–289, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Biological hydrogen production from nitrogen‐deficient substrates
Authors: Hafner Sasha D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDark fermentation of biomass using mixed bacterial cultures is one approach to producing renewable H2. The objective of this work was to determine if this approach could be applied to N‐deficient feedstocks using an N2‐fixing mixed culture. A mixed culture produced up to 240 mL H2/g glucose (1.9 mol H2/mol glucose) from a medium initially lacking combined N. Yields from sugarcane were also promising: 170 mL H2/g volatile solids (7.5 mmol H2/g volatile solids). This approach could reduce economic and environmental costs of fermentative H2 production, provide combined N for subsequent bioconversion stages, and improve effluent suitability for subsequent uses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 435–437. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microscopic examination of changes of plant cell structure in corn stover due to hot water pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: Zeng Meijuan , Mosier Nathan S. , Huang Chia‐Ping , Sherman Debra M. , Ladisch Michael R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractParticle size associated with accessible surface area has a significant impact on the saccharification of plant cell walls by cellulolytic enzymes. Small particle sizes of untreated cellulosic substrate are more readily hydrolyzed than large ones because of higher specific surface area. Pretreatment enlarges accessible and susceptible surface area leading to enhanced cellulose hydrolysis. These hypotheses were tested using ground corn stover in the size ranges of 425–710 and 53–75 µm. Ultrastructural changes in these particles were imaged after treatment with cellulolytic enzymes before and after liquid hot water pretreatment. The smaller 53–75 µm corn stover particles are 1.5× more susceptible to hydrolysis than 425–710 µm corn stover particles. This difference between the two particle size ranges is eliminated when the stover is pretreated with liquid hot water pretreatment at 190°C for 15 min, at pH between 4.3 and 6.2. This pretreatment causes ultrastructural changes and formation of micron‐sized pores that make the cellulose more accessible to hydrolytic enzymes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 265–278. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi‐gene engineering: Simultaneous expression and knockdown of six genes off a single platform
Authors: Greber David , Fussenegger Martin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIncreases in our understanding of gene function have greatly expanded the repertoire of possible genetic interventions at our disposal with the consequence that many genetic engineering applications require multiple manipulations in which target genes can be both overexpressed and silenced in a simple and co‐ordinated manner. Using synthetic introns as a source of encoding short‐interfering RNA (siRNA), we demonstrate that it is possible to simultaneously express both a transgene and siRNA from a single polymerase (Pol) II promoter. By encoding siRNA as an intron between two protein domains requiring successful splicing for functionality, it was possible to demonstrate that splicing was occurring, that the coding genes (exonic transgenes) resulted in functional protein, and that the spliced siRNA‐containing lariat was capable of modulating expression of a separate target gene. We subsequently extended this concept to develop pTRIDENT‐based multi‐cistronic vectors that were capable of co‐ordinated expression of up to three siRNAs and three transgenes off a single genetic platform. Such multi‐gene engineering technology, enabling concomitant transgene overexpression and target gene knockdown, should be useful for therapeutic, biopharmaceutical production, and basic research applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:821–834. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thickness Recognition of Bolaamphiphiles by α‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Müller Axel , Wenz Gerhard 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe minimum internal diameters of α‐, β‐, and γ‐cyclodextrin were calculated by a space filling algorithm, MolShape, from the electron density maps created by semiempirical AM1 and PM3 calculations using Gaussian03. In addition, the minimum diameters of a series of dicationic bolaamphiphiles were calculated by MolShape as well. The calculated diameters of these hosts and guests allowed prognosis about the stabilities of the corresponding inclusion compounds. The experimental binding data, obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), revealed indeed a very pronounced thickness recognition and correlate well with the calculated diameters.
Muon Implantation of Metallocenes: Ferrocene
Authors: Jayasooriya Upali A. , Grinter Roger , Hubbard Penny L. , Aston Georgina M. , Stride John A. , Hopkins Gareth A. , Camus Laure , Reid Ivan D. , Cottrell Stephen P. , Cox Stephen F. J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMuon Spin Relaxation and Avoided Level Crossing (ALC) measurements of ferrocene are reported. The main features observed are five high field resonances in the ALC spectrum at about 3.26, 2.44, 2.04, 1.19 and 1.17 T, for the low‐temperature phase at 18 K. The high‐temperature phase at 295 K shows that only the last feature shifted down to about 0.49 T and a muon spin relaxation peak at about 0.106 T which approaches zero field when reaching the phase transition temperature of 164 K. A model involving three muoniated radicals, two with muonium addition to the cyclopentadienyl ring and the other to the metal atom, is postulated to rationalise these observations. A theoretical treatment involving spin‐orbit coupling is found to be required to understand the Fe–Mu adduct, where an interesting interplay between the ferrocene ring dynamics and the spin‐orbit coupling of the unpaired electron is shown to be important. The limiting temperature above which the full effect of spin‐orbit interaction is observable in the μSR spectra of ferrocene was estimated to be 584 K. Correlation time for the ring rotation dynamics of the Fe–Mu radical at this temperature is 3.2 ps. Estimated electron g values and the changes in zero‐field splittings for this temperature range are also reported.
Quantitative Data on the Effects of Alkyl Substituents and Li–O and Li–N Chelation on the Stability of Secondary α‐Oxy‐Organolithium Compounds
Authors: Monje Pablo , Graña Paula , Paleo M. Rita , Sardina F. Javier 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA ΔGeq stability scale of secondary α‐oxy‐organolithium compounds was established from measurements of tin–lithium exchange equilibria in THF, and the quantitative effects of substituents at the anionic center on carbanion stability are presented. A new lead–lithium exchange equilibrium reaction was also investigated and shown to be a very useful alternative for the determination of the relative stability of the more sterically hindered organolithium compounds. Alkyl groups adversely affect the stability of organolithium compounds when attached to the carbon bearing the negative charge, but the extent of this effect is highly dependent on the nature of the rest of the substituents attached to the anionic center. Quantitative data on the stabilization imparted to organolithium compounds by Li–O and Li–N chelation have been determined for a variety of systems. The formation of four‐ and five‐membered chelate rings leads to a considerable stabilization of the organolithium compound, while chelation through the formation of six‐membered rings affords no extra stabilization to this type of organometallics. Multinuclear NMR experiments carried out on several α‐oxy‐organolithium compounds to determine their aggregation state are supportive of these species being monomers in THF solution.
Structural Characterization of Modern and Fossilized Charcoal Produced in Natural Fires as Determined by Using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Cohen‐Ofri Ilit , Popovitz‐Biro Ronit , Weiner Steve 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCharcoal produced in natural fires is widespread, but surprisingly little is known about its structure and stability. TEM and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to characterize the organized graphite‐like microcrystallites and amorphous nonorganized phases of modern charcoal that had been produced in natural fires. In addition, a semiordered structure was identified in two modern charcoal samples. Fossilized charcoal contains fewer graphite‐like microcrystallites than modern samples. EELS spectra confirmed that the dominant structure in fossilized charcoal is amorphous carbon. EELS measurements also revealed that only the nonorganized phase contains oxygen, which indicates that the degradation of the fossilized charcoal structure occurs mainly through oxidation processes. The few graphite‐like microcrystallites found in fossilized charcoal were composed of onion‐like structures that are probably less prone to oxidation owing to their rounded structures.
Hole Transfer Rates in A‐Form DNA/2′‐OMeRNA Hybrid
Authors: Kawai Kiyohiko , Osakada Yasuko , Sugimoto Akira , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Majima Tetsuro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe hole transfer rates in the DNA/DNA B‐form duplex and DNA/2′‐OMeRNA A‐form duplex were measured which occurred in the time range of ≈100 μs. The hole transfer rates in the A‐form duplexes were slower and more strongly dependent on the temperature compared to those in the B‐form duplexes, suggesting that the A‐form is more rigid than the B‐form duplex in this time scale.
Enantiomeric separation of imidazolinone herbicides using chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Lin Kunde , Xu Chao , Zhou Shanshan , Liu Weiping , Gan Jay 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChiral high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most powerful tools to prepare enantiopure standards of chiral compounds. In this study, the enantiomeric separation of imidazolinone herbicides, i.e., imazethapyr, imazapyr, and imazaquin, was investigated using chiral HPLC. The enantioselectivity of Chiralpak AS, Chiralpak AD, Chiralcel OD, and Chiralcel OJ columns for the three analytes was compared under similar chromatographic conditions. Chiralcel OJ column showed the best chiral resolving capacity among the test columns. The resolved enantiomers were distinguished by their signs of circular dichroism detected at 275 nm and their structures confirmed with LC‐mass spectrometric analysis. Factors affecting the chiral separation of imidazolinones on Chiralcel OJ column were characterized. Ethanol acted as a better polar modifier than the other alcohols including 2‐propanol, 1‐butanol, and 1‐pentanol. Although the acidic modifier in the mobile phase did not influence chiral recognition, it was necessary for reducing the retention time of enantiomers and suppressing their peak tailing. Thermodynamic evaluation suggests that enantiomeric separation of imidazolinones on Chiralcel OJ column is an enthalpy‐driven process from 10 to 40°C. This study also shows that small amounts of pure enantiomers of imidazolinones may be obtained by using the analytical chiral HPLC approach. Chirality 19, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.