bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Thigh Muscle Mass With Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Older Adults and People With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Mathur Sunita , Takai Karen PR , MacIntyre Donna L , Reid Darlene 
Published: December 2007

Background and Purpose
Quantifying muscle mass is an essential part of physical therapy assessment, particularly in older adults and in people with chronic conditions associated with muscle atrophy. The purposes of this study were to examine the relationship between muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume by use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to compare anthropometric estimations of midthigh CSA with measurements obtained from MRI.

Subjects and Methods
Twenty older adults who were healthy and 20 people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), matched for age, sex, and body mass index, underwent MRI to obtain measurements of thigh muscle CSA and volume. Anthropometric measurements (skinfold thickness and thigh circumference) were used to estimate midthigh CSA.

Results
Muscle volumes were significantly lower in the people with COPD than in the older adults who were healthy. Moderate to high correlations were found between midthigh CSA and volume in both groups (r=.61–.94). Anthropometric measurements tended to overestimate midthigh CSA in both the people with COPD (estimated CSA=64.9±17.8; actual CSA=48.3±10.2 cm2) and the older adults who were healthy (estimated quadriceps femoris muscle CSA=65.0±14.0; actual CSA=56.8±13.5 cm2). Furthermore, the estimated quadriceps femoris muscle CSAs were not sensitive enough to detect a difference in muscle size between people with COPD and controls. Thigh circumference alone was not different between groups and showed only low to moderate correlations with muscle volume (r=.19–.47).

Discussion and Conclusion
Muscle CSA measured from a single slice provides a good indication of volume, but the most representative slice should be chosen on the basis of the muscle group of interest. Thigh circumference is not correlated with muscle volume and, therefore, should not be used as an indicator of muscle size. The development of population-specific reference equations for estimating muscle CSA from anthropometric measurements is warranted.
A heterogeneous acid‐catalyzed process for biodiesel production from enzyme hydrolyzed fatty acids
Authors: Su Chia‐Hung , Fu Chun‐Chong , Gomes James , Chu I‐Ming , Wu Wen‐Teng 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this work, biodiesel synthesis via fatty acids esterification with methanol is conducted by using a heterogeneous catalyst made from cation‐exchange resin. The kinetics of esterification is studied at the different levels of catalyst loading (3.65–53.6%, w/w), reaction temperature (333–353 K) and molar ratio of methanol to fatty acids (1:1 to 20:1). The reaction rate and fatty acids conversion increased with increases in catalyst loading, reaction temperature and molar ratio of feeding reactants. A pseudo‐homogeneous kinetic model coupling the effect of catalyst loading, reaction temperature and methanol/fatty acids molar ratio used for describing the process gave a correlation coefficient of 0.95 between experimental and predicted data. The proposed model was further used to predict the optimal operating condition for obtaining equilibrium conversion of 0.99. A reaction temperature of 372.15 K, molar ratio of feeding reactants of 14.9:1 and reaction time of 9.5 h was numerically calculated as the optimal operating condition. Under this optimal operating condition, an experimental verification was carried out and a satisfactory match was observed between experimental data and model prediction. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Formation of carbon nanostructures and spatial‐energy stabilization criterion
Authors: Korablev G. A. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA spatial‐energy criterion of structure stabilization is obtained. The computational results for 100 binary systems correspond to the experimental data. The basic regularity of organic cyclic compound formation is given and its application for carbon nanostructures is shown. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and properties of nano‐CaCO3/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene composites
Authors: Wang Wen‐yi , Wang Guo‐quan , Zeng Xiao‐fei , Shao Lei , Chen Jian‐feng 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCaCO3/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) and CaCO3/ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/ABS nanocomposites were prepared by melting‐blend with a single‐screw extruder. Mechanical properties of the nanocomposites and the dispersion state of CaCO3 particles in ABS matrix were investigated. The results showed that in CaCO3/EVA/ABS nanocomposites, CaCO3 nanoparticles could increase flexural modulus of the composites and maintain or increase their impact strength for a certain nano‐CaCO3 loading range. The tensile strength of the nanocomposites, however, was appreciably decreased by adding CaCO3 nanoparticles. The microstructure of neat ABS, CaCO3/ABS nanocomposites, and CaCO3/EVA/ABS nanocomposites was observed by scanning electron microscopy. It can be found that CaCO3 nanoparticles were well‐dispersed in ABS matrix at nanoscale. The morphology of the fracture surfaces of the nanocomposites revealed that when CaCO3/EVA/ABS nanocomposites were exposed to external force, nano‐CaCO3 particles initiated and terminated crazing (silver streak), which can absorb more impact energy than neat ABS. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Development and validation of a method for the analysis of cafenstrole and its metabolite in brown rice grains and rice straw using high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Lee Go‐Woon , Mamun M. I. R. , Choi Jeong‐Heui , Cho Soon‐Kil , Shin Ho‐Chul , Shim Jae‐Han 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe present work reports the extraction and clean‐up procedures, as well as the chromatographic conditions developed, for the determination of cafenstrole and its metabolite (CHM‐03) residues in brown rice grains and rice straw using HPLC‐UV detection. The method makes use of an Apollo C18 column and acetonitrile : water : acetic acid as a mobile phase for both cafenstrole and its metabolite in rice and rice straw. Using these conditions cafenstrole and its metabolite were resolved with a retention time (Rt) of less than 14 min. The analytes were confirmed using positive atmospheric pressure ionization LC‐MS with selected ion monitoring. The average recoveries of cafenstrole were found to be 87.0–92.5 and 87.6–88.3%. However, they ranged from 81.5 to 81.6% and from 76.1 to 78.5% for cafenstrole metabolite (CHM‐03), in rice grains and rice straw, respectively, with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.4 to 6.6%. The limits of detection (LODs) of both cafenstrole and its metabolite were 0.002 and 0.02 ppm and 0.025 and 0.04 ppm, respectively. Field trials with recommended or double the recommended dose revealed that the herbicide could safely be recommended for application in rice and rice straw as no residues were detected in the harvest samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective and sensitive determination of bis(7)‐tacrine, a high erythrocyte binding acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in rat plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Zhang , Hua Yu , Ming Li Wen , Chun Cheung Man , Ping Pang Yuan , Ge Lin , Tao Wang Yi , Zhong Zuo , Fan Han Yi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe current study aims to develop a specific and sensitive LC‐MS/MS method for determination of bis(7)‐tacrine (B7T) in rat plasma. A 100 µL plasma sample was extracted with ethyl acetate. B7T and the internal standard (IS), pimozide, in the samples were then analyzed with LC‐MS/MS in positive electrospray ionization condition. Chromatographic separation of B7T and IS was achieved in a C18 reversed‐phase HPLC column (150 × 2.1 mm i.d.) by isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of 0.05% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. Multiple‐reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was employed to measure the ion transitions: m/z 247 to 197 for B7T and m/z 462 to m/z 328 for IS, respectively. The method was linear over the studied ranges of 100–5000 and 10–100 ng/mL. The intra‐day and inter‐day variations of the analysis were less than 6.8% with standard errors less than 9.0%. The detection limit of B7T in rat plasma was 1 ng/mL. The developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of B7T after intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg B7T and further proved to be readily utilized for determination of B7T in rat plasma samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constructing the law: discourses and social practices
Authors: Tuffin Keith , Frewin Karen 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of everyday understandings of the law, within the context of a dispute between colonial and indigenous land interests in New Zealand. The analysis is informed by developments in the areas of critical legal studies, methodological critique of legal psychology, the social constructionist movement within social psychology, and the application of discursive psychology to understandings of racism. Data for this work was drawn from a corpus of letters to the editor of a newspaper, published in the city where the land dispute took place. Writers constructed the dispute as a legal issue and deployed two divergent constructions of the law. When the ‘primacy’ of the law was invoked, indigenous interests and the protesters were positioned as lawbreakers. When ‘the law in context’ was the resource used, protesters became positioned as seekers of justice. These variable constructions are discussed in terms of the social practices they engender and their wider contribution to debates regarding indigenous and colonial interests. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gemischte Copolyamide mit verzweigten Diaminen
Authors: Schmidt‐Naake G. , Bode R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPolyamide mit verzweigter Diaminkomponente sind amorphe Materialien mit den Eigenschaften thermoplastischer Elastomere. Glastemperaturen, mechanisches und rheologisches Verhalten sowie Modellrechnungen quantifizieren die Behinderung der Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen. Gemischte aliphatische Copolyamide mit verzweigten und unverzweigten Aminkomponenten sind Kunststoffe, die mit zunehmendem Verzweigungsgrad eine deutliche Modifizierung vom teilkristallinen Thermoplast zum amorphen, thermoplastischen Elastomer zeigen. Die thermischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften, Festigkeit, Elastizität und Transparenz des Materials lassen sich durch das Mischungsverhältnis der Komponenten steuern.
Verkürzte Zeolithsynthese unter Zugabe kleiner Feststoffperlen
Authors: Brehm A. , Zanter K.‐D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGrundsätzlich lässt sich der Mechanismus der Zeolithnukleation im System flüssig/fest in verschiedene Teilbereiche einteilen: homogene bzw. heterogene (primäre) Nukleation, sekundäres Keimwachstum, Agglomerieren mehrerer Keime, begleitet von der Scherbeanspruchung innerhalb des Reaktors. Obwohl Prozesse wie die Scherbeanspruchung, die Agglomeration, das Zerbrechen oder der Abrieb eine Bewegung der Flüssigkeit benötigen, wurde bisher angenommen, dass ein Rühren während der Synthese die Kristallisation nicht entscheidend beeinflusst. In dieser Arbeit wurden ZSM‐5‐ und Na‐A‐Synthesen bei Atmosphärendruck im Reaktionskolben unter Zugabe von feinen Feststoffperlen spektroskopisch verfolgt. Die Rührwerkgeschwindigkeit wird dabei so eingestellt, dass alle Perlen aufgewirbelt werden (N &#62; 300 rpm). Die Zugabe von suspendierten Feststoffperlen besitzt einen Einfluss auf den Kristallisationsprozess, so zerstören diese beispielsweise die lamellenförmigen, amorphen Partikel der Induktionsphase.
Zerstäuben von Suspensionen – Tropfengröße und ‐geschwindigkeit im Spray eines innenmischenden Zweistoffzerstäubers
Authors: Schmidt F. , Mewes D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFür das Zerstäuben von Suspension wird ein Zweistoffzerstäuber mit innerer Mischung verwendet. Die dreiphasige Strömung im Zerstäuber besteht aus Wasser, Luft und Glaspartikeln. In Experimenten wird der Einfluss der volumetrischen Zusammensetzung der drei Phasen auf das erzeugte Spray untersucht. Die Bestimmung der Tropfengröße erfolgt mit Hilfe der Laser‐Beugungs‐Spektrometrie und die der Tropfengeschwindigkeit mittels Laser‐Doppler‐Anemometrie.
Charakterisierung der Geschwindigkeit und Blasengröße von Schäumen mit optischen Fasersensoren
Authors: Ji A. , Landwehr F. , Walzel P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSchäume treten in vielen verfahrenstechnischen Prozessen bei mehrphasiger Betriebsweise auf. Sie sind teils unerwünscht, wie bspw. bei der Rektifikation oder Verdampfung, teils jedoch inhärenter Bestandteil des Verfahrens, wie z. B. bei der Flotation. Daneben werden Schäume auch als Formulierungsform eingesetzt, wie z. B. in der Feuerlösch‐, der Lebensmitteltechnik und in der Kosmetik [1, 2]. Die Eigenschaften von Schäumen, d. h., der Flüssigkeitsanteil, die durchschnittliche Blasengröße oder die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit sind oft nur schwer messbar [3]. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit entwickelte Messtechnik auf der Basis von Lichtleitersensoren ist dafür gut geeignet. Die Schaumgeschwindigkeit und Blasengröße lassen sich durch Kreuzkorrelation der Signale aus zwei Lichtleiterfasern bestimmen, die versetzt in Strömungsrichtung angeordnet sind.
Poly(amido amine)s as Gene Delivery Vectors: Effects of Quaternary Nicotinamide Moieties in the Side Chains
Authors: Mateos‐Timoneda Miguel A. , Lok Martin C. , Hennink Wim E. , Feijen Jan , Engbersen Johan F. J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTo evaluate the effect of quaternary nicotinamide pendant groups on gene delivery properties, a series of poly(amido amine) (co)polymers were synthesized by Michael addition polymerization of N, N′‐cystaminebisacrylamide with variable ratios of 1‐(4‐aminobutyl)‐3‐carbamoylpyridinium (Nic‐BuNH2), and tert‐butyl‐4‐aminobutyl carbamate (BocNH‐BuNH2), yielding poly(amido amine)s (NicX‐NHBoc) with X=0, 10, 30, and 50 % of quaternary nicotinamide groups in the polymer side chains. Deprotection of the pendant Boc‐NH groups afforded an analogous series of polymers (NicX‐NH2) with higher charge density (due to the presence of protonated primary amino groups in the side chains) and subsequent acetylation yielded a series of polymers (NicX‐NHAc) of lower hydrophobicity than the Boc‐protected polymers. The polymers with the Boc‐protected or the acetylated amino groups showed high buffer capacity in the range pH 5.1–7.4, which is a property that can contribute to endosomal escape of polyplexes. The presence of quaternary nicotinamide groups has distinct beneficial effects on the gene vector properties of these polymers. The polymers containing ≥30 % of quaternary nicotinamide groups in their side chains condense DNA into small, nanosized particles (≤200 nm) with positive surface charge (≥+15 mV). Fluorescence experiments using ethidium bromide as a competitor showed that the quaternary nicotinamide groups intercalate with DNA, contributing to a more intimate polymer–DNA binding and shielding. Polyplexes of nicotinamide‐functionalized poly(amido amine)s NicX‐NHBoc and NicX‐NHAc, formed at 12/1 polymerDNA mass ratio, efficiently transfect COS‐7 cells with efficacies up to four times higher than that of PEI (Exgen 500), and with essentially absence of cytotoxicity. NicX‐NH2 polymers, possessing protonated primary amino groups in their side chains, have a higher cytotoxicity profile under these conditions, but at lower 3/1 polymer‐DNA mass ratio also these polymers are capable of efficient transfection, while retaining full cell viability.
Solution of the linear diffusion equation for modelling erosion processes with a time varying diffusion coefficient
Authors: Skianis Georgios Aim. , Vaiopoulos Dimitrios , Evelpidou Niki 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn the present paper the differential equation of the temporal development of a landform (mountain) with a time dependent diffusion coefficient is solved. It is shown that the shape and dimensions of the landform at time t are independent of the specific variation of the diffusion coefficient with time; they only depend on the mean value of the diffusion coefficient in the time interval where the erosion process takes place. Studying the behaviour of the solution of the differential equation in the wave number domain, it is concluded that Fourier analysis may help in estimating, in quantitative terms, the initial dimensions, the age or, alternatively, the value of the diffusion coefficient of the landform. The theoretical predictions are tested on a hill of the southern part of the Ural mountainous region, in order to show how the results of the mathematical analysis can be used in describing, in quantitative terms, the morphological development of landforms due to erosion processes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive interaction in a 3D product structure browsing system for maintenance training
Authors: Dong Wei , Li Zhizhong , Yan Jingbin , Wu Xingwei , Yang Yuhang , Zheng Li 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe traditional maintenance training method with a physical model of the product is costly and inconvenient. Computer‐aided instruction (CAI) technology along with multimedia can provide much help in the training but provides limited interaction between the user and the system. In this article, a 3D model‐based product structure browsing system for maintenance training, CAMT, is developed for complex products adopting desktop virtual reality technology. To improve training performance, the interaction between the trainee and the CAMT system is enhanced by adaptive change of the zoom level, mouse sensitivity, and rotation origin. Details about the implementation of adaptive interaction are discussed. Experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of this adaptive interaction. Seventy participants were arranged randomly into two groups assigned to perform product structure learning tasks using software with or without adaptive interaction functions. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between the groups in task time, operation convenience, and learning satisfaction. Most participants preferred to use the system with adaptive interaction. It may be concluded that using adaptive interaction with maintenance training systems can significantly improve the usability of the systems and the efficiency of interactive learning. Although adaptive interaction has obvious advantages, our experiment also suggested that it is not a good idea to provide only the adaptive interaction mode. It is better to set adaptive interaction as the default mode but also to provide the possibility for a user to switch to a mode without adaptive interaction because a static view scope is also helpful to learn the 3D structure of a complex product. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel approach to assessing percutaneous VX poisoning in the conscious guinea‐pig
Authors: Mumford Helen , Price Matthew E. , Wetherell Janet R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNerve agents like VX (S‐2‐diisopropylaminoethyl‐O‐ethyl‐methylphosphonothiolate) are potent irreversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Following percutaneous nerve agent exposure there is a slower rate of absorption, later onset and longer duration of signs of poisoning. Relatively little is known about the physiological effects of percutaneously applied nerve agent in unanaesthetised laboratory animals. Heart rate (ECG), brain electrical activity (EEG), body temperature, locomotor activity and clinical signs were monitored following percutaneous application of VX to conscious guinea‐pigs.A fall in heart rate (bradycardia) preceded incapacitation following the highest VX dose, and occurred in the absence of incapacitation at the lower doses. Following the highest dose of VX (0.592 mg kg−1) three out of four animals died within 24 h. The lower two doses of VX (0.296 and 0.148 mg kg−1), produced extended periods of bradycardia in the absence of observable signs of poisoning. Bradycardia preceded, or occurred in the absence of, a temperature decrease; seizure‐like EEG changes were not observed at any of the VX doses tested. Acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly inhibited in the blood and most brain areas at 48 h. There were significant dose‐related decreases in body weight at 24 and 48 h following VX. This preliminary study suggests that decreased heart rate may be an early sign of the toxic effects of VX, whereas temperature and observable clinical signs are not good early indicators of percutaneous VX poisoning in this animal model. Future studies will use this model to assess the benefit of administering medical countermeasures in response to a defined decrease in heart rate. © Crown Copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article was published online on 5 December 2007. An error was subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected [30 May 2008].
Calculation of the Segmental Order Parameter for a Polymer Chain in Good Solvent
Authors: Usatenko Zoryana , Sommer Jens‐Uwe 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe have calculated the segmental tensor order parameter (second moment of orientation distribution function) of flexible polymer chains in a weak good solvent with fixed end‐to‐end distance and fixed segment length. Using the Edwards model for polymer chains with excluded volume interaction, we have performed direct perturbation expansions to obtain the two‐vector correlation function in one loop order. Our results indicate that distribution of tensor order parameter is not homogeneous along the chain as expected for ideal Gaussian statistics. Segmental order is lower as compared to Gaussian chains and decays toward the chain ends. These results are in agreement with computer simulation studies.magnified image
Wellness promotion in the schools: Enhancing students' mental and physical health
Authors: Miller David N. , Gilman Rich , Martens Matthew P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWellness promotion addresses both the reduction of disorder and disease and the enhancement of mental and physical health. There is increasing evidence of a strong and reciprocal relationship between mental and physical health, and linking these two areas may be particularly useful for promoting positive youth development in school contexts. This article discusses the relationship between mental and physical health in children and adolescents, and how to promote both within schools. Topics discussed include the benefits of (a) hope and optimism, (b) structured extracurricular activities, and (c) sport and exercise psychology for school‐based health and wellness promotion. These topics are linked in that each has the potential to positively affect both mental and physical health in children and adolescents in schools. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.