bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The processing of audio-visual speech: empirical and neural bases
Authors: Campbell Ruth 
Published: September 2007

In this selective review, I outline a number of ways in which seeing the talker affects auditory perception of speech, including, but not confined to, the McGurk effect. To date, studies suggest that all linguistic levels are susceptible to visual influence, and that two main modes of processing can be described: acomplementarymode, whereby vision provides information more efficiently than hearing for some under-specified parts of the speech stream, and acorrelatedmode, whereby vision partially duplicates information about dynamic articulatory patterning.Cortical correlates of seen speech suggest that at the neurological as well as the perceptual level, auditory processing of speech is affected by vision, so that ‘auditory speech regions’ are activated by seen speech. The processing of natural speech, whether it is heard, seen or heard and seen, activates the perisylvian language regions (left>right). It is highly probable that activation occurs in a specific order. First, superior temporal, then inferior parietal and finally inferior frontal regions (left>right) are activated. There is some differentiation of the visual input stream to the core perisylvian language system, suggesting that complementary seen speech information makes special use of the visual ventral processing stream, while for correlated visual speech, the dorsal processing stream, which is sensitive to visual movement, may be relatively more involved.
Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular mortality accounting for possible misclassification of intake: 11‐year follow‐up of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study
Authors: Harriss Linton R. , English Dallas R. , Hopper John L. , Powles John , Simpson Julie A. , O'Dea Kerin , Giles Graham G. , Tonkin Andrew M. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate the relationship between usual daily alcohol intake, beverage type and drinking frequency on cardiovascular (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, accounting for systematic misclassification of intake.Design  Prospective cohort study with mean follow‐up of 11.4 years.Setting  The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, Australia.Participants  A total of 38 200 volunteers (23 044 women) aged 40–69 years at baseline (1990–1994).Measurements  Self‐reported alcohol intake using beverage‐specific quantity–frequency questions (usual intake) and drinking diary for previous week.Findings  Compared with life‐time abstention, usual daily alcohol intake was associated with lower CVD and CHD mortality risk for women but not men. For women, the hazard ratio [HR (95% CI)] for CVD for those drinking > 20 g/day alcohol was 0.43 (0.19–0.95; P trend = 0.18), and for CHD, 0.19 (0.05–0.82; P trend = 0.24). Male former drinkers had over twice the mortality risk for CVD [HR = 2.58 (1.51–4.41)] and CHD [HR = 2.91 (1.59–5.33)]. Wine was the only beverage associated inversely with mortality for women. Compared with drinkers who consumed no alcohol in the week before baseline, drinking frequency was associated inversely with CVD and CHD mortality risk for men but not women. HR for men drinking 6–7 days/week was 0.49 (0.29–0.81; P trend = 0.02) for CVD, and 0.49 (0.26–0.92: P trend = 0.23) for CHD.Conclusions  Usual daily alcohol intake was associated with reduced CVD and CHD mortality for women but not men. This benefit appeared to be mainly from wine, although comparison of beverages was not possible. Drinking frequency was associated inversely with CVD and CHD death for men but not women.
Randomized sanctions to reduce re‐offense among repeat impaired‐driving offenders
Authors: Lapham Sandra C. , C'de Baca Janet , Lapidus Jodi , McMillan Garnett P. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims  This study, conducted within a driving under the influence (DUI) court intervention, evaluated the degree to which removing electronic monitoring (EM) and/or mandatory vehicle sales requirements increased rates of post‐sentence traffic violations among repeat DUI offenders.Design  Randomized trial.Setting and participants  A total of 477 repeat DUI offenders entering the Driving under the Influence of Intoxicants (DUII) Intensive Supervision Program (DISP), Multnomah County, Oregon.Intervention  Subjects were randomized into four intervention groups. Group 1: standard DISP with EM and vehicle sales requirements; group 2: standard DISP with mandatory vehicle sale, but without EM; group 3: standard DISP with EM, but without mandatory vehicle sale; and group 4: standard DISP without EM or mandated vehicle sale. Standard DISP includes treatment for alcohol abuse and dependence, polygraph testing, regular court appearances, and probation or court‐based monitoring.Measurements  The risk of re‐arrest for traffic violations was compared among the four groups using hazard ratio estimates from complementary log–log regression models.Findings  Compared with group 1, subjects in group 2 initially had increased re‐arrest risks, but this effect dissipated within 3 years of entering DISP. Group 3 subjects had a 96% increase in re‐arrest rates. Group 4 subjects had smaller increased risks than predicted, with re‐arrest rates similar to those of group 1 at the end of the follow‐up period.Conclusions  Although some of the findings suggest that mandatory vehicle sales may deter future traffic violations, inconsistent results across groups make this finding equivocal. Positive effects of EM, while large in the short term, appear to have a relatively small long‐term value in reducing traffic arrest rates.
Poisoning for production: how effective is fox baiting in south‐eastern Australia?
Authors: GENTLE MATTHEW N. , SAUNDERS GLEN R. , DICKMAN CHRIS R. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

The European red fox Vulpes vulpes represents a continuing threat to both livestock and native vertebrates in Australia, and is commonly managed by setting ground‐level baits impregnated with 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) poison. However, the long‐term effectiveness of such control campaigns is likely to be limited due to the ability of foxes to disperse over considerable distances and to swiftly recolonize areas from where they had been removed.
To investigate the effectiveness of fox baiting in a production landscape, we assessed the potential for foxes to reinvade baited farm property areas within the jurisdiction of the Molong Rural Lands Protection Board (RLPB), an area of 815 000 ha on the central tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. The spatial distribution and timing of fox baiting campaigns between 1998 and 2002 was estimated from RLPB records and mapped using Geographical Information System software. The effectiveness of the control campaign was assessed on the basis of the likely immigration of foxes from non‐baited farms using immigration distances calculated from published relationships between dispersal distance and home range size.
Few landholders undertook baiting campaigns in any given year, and the area baited was always so small that no baited property would have been sufficiently far from an unbaited property to have been immune from immigrating individuals. It is likely, therefore, that immigration onto farms negated any long‐term effects of baiting operations. This study highlights some of the key deficiencies in current baiting practices in south‐eastern Australia and suggests that pest management programmes should be monitored using such methods to ensure they achieve their goals.
Non‐target impacts of poison baiting for predator control in Australia
Authors: GLEN A. S. , GENTLE M. N. , DICKMAN C. R. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Mammalian predators are controlled by poison baiting in many parts of the world, often to alleviate their impacts on agriculture or the environment. Although predator control can have substantial benefits, the poisons used may also be potentially harmful to other wildlife.
Impacts on non‐target species must be minimized, but can be difficult to predict or quantify. Species and individuals vary in their sensitivity to toxins and their propensity to consume poison baits, while populations vary in their resilience. Wildlife populations can accrue benefits from predator control, which outweigh the occasional deaths of non‐target animals. We review recent advances in Australia, providing a framework for assessing non‐target effects of poisoning operations and for developing techniques to minimize such effects. We also emphasize that weak or circumstantial evidence of non‐target effects can be misleading.
Weak evidence that poison baiting presents a potential risk to non‐target species comes from measuring the sensitivity of species to the toxin in the laboratory. More convincing evidence may be obtained by quantifying susceptibility in the field. This requires detailed information on the propensity of animals to locate and consume poison baits, as well as the likelihood of mortality if baits are consumed. Still stronger evidence may be obtained if predator baiting causes non‐target mortality in the field (with toxin detected by post‐mortem examination). Conclusive proof of a negative impact on populations of non‐target species can be obtained only if any observed non‐target mortality is followed by sustained reductions in population density.
Such proof is difficult to obtain and the possibility of a population‐level impact cannot be reliably confirmed or dismissed without rigorous trials. In the absence of conclusive evidence, wildlife managers should adopt a precautionary approach which seeks to minimize potential risk to non‐target individuals, while clarifying population‐level effects through continued research.
Estimating abundance of introduced Chinese muntjacMuntiacus reevesiand native roe deerCapreolus capreolususing portable thermal imaging equipment
Authors: HEMAMI MAHMOUD R. , WATKINSON ANDREW R. , GILL ROBIN M. A. , DOLMAN PAUL M. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTManaging the conservation impacts of deer requires knowledge of their numbers. However, estimating densities in forested areas is problematic, with pellet‐group‐based methods subject to error and uncertainty in estimating defecation and decay rates in addition to sampling variance. Use of thermal imaging equipment allows direct census by distance sampling.Densities of introduced Chinese muntjacMuntiacus reevesiand native roe deerCapreolus capreoluswere estimated in 12.8 km2of conifer forest in eastern England by thermal imaging distance transects. Estimated density of introduced muntjac (±95% confidence intervals [CI]: 20 ± 8 km−2) exceeded that of native roe deer (16 ± 6 km−2); 95% CI ofc. 40% were achieved in 10 days of fieldwork.Density estimates were not sensitive to the number of width bands applied during analysis. Detectability functions differed, with narrower effective strip widths (ESW) for muntjac (74 m) than roe deer (123 m). Thus, it is important to discriminate between species when censusing mixed assemblages. Detectability and ESW also differed among plantation growth stages. Stratification by habitat may therefore improve accuracy of density estimates but would require additional survey effort.
An inclusive fitness analysis of altruism on a cyclical network
Authors: GRAFEN A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA recent model studies the evolution of cooperation on a network, and concludes with a result connecting the benefits and costs of interactions and the number of neighbours. Here, an inclusive fitness analysis is conducted of the only case solved analytically, of a cycle, and the identical result is obtained. This brings the result within a biologically familiar framework. It is notable that the benefits and costs in the inclusive fitness framework need to be derived, and are not the benefits and costs that are the parameters in the original model. The relatedness is a quadratic function of position in a cycle of size N: an individual is related by 1 to itself, by (N − 5)/(N + 1) to an immediate neighbour, and by very close to −1/2 to the most distant individuals. The inclusive fitness analysis explains hitherto puzzling features of the results.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation of microsatellite loci from the kelp, Saccorhiza polyschides (Heterokontophyta, incertae sedis)
Authors: ENGEL C. R. , GUILLEMIN M.‐L. , JACOB A.‐M. , VALERO M. , VIARD F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractKelps are ecologically important seaweeds that dominate the subtidal zones of rocky coasts. In Northern Europe, Saccorhiza polyschides is a pioneer species suspected of outcompeting the harvested kelp, Laminaria digitata. To examine how the process of species competition affects species distribution and genetic diversity in coastal environments, we developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers for S. polyschides using an enriched library (microsatellites are already available for L. digitata). These loci showed from three to 24 alleles with heterozygosities ranging from 0.36 to 0.92. This polymorphism is high enough for fine‐scale population analyses including assignment tests to determine the origin of recruits.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation and characterization of 12 microsatellite markers in the middle‐spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos medius)
Authors: VILA M. , ROBLES H. , CIUDAD C. , OLEA P. P. , BAGLIONE V. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTwelve polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for Dendrocopos medius. Polymorphism was assessed for 27 individuals from the southwesternmost population of this woodpecker species. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven, with observed heterozygosity values from 0.444 to 0.852. Genotypic frequencies conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and no evidence for linkage disequilibrium was observed. Multilocus genotypes resulting from this set of markers will be useful to determine genetic diversity and differentiation within and among habitat patches inhabited by D. medius. Three of the loci were polymorphic for Picoides articus.
Evaluation of Three Algorithms to Identify Incident Breast Cancer in Medicare Claims Data
Authors: Gold Heather T. , Do Huong T. 
Published: September 2007

Objective. To test the validity of three published algorithms designed to identify incident breast cancer cases using recent inpatient, outpatient, and physician insurance claims data.Data. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry data linked with Medicare physician, hospital, and outpatient claims data for breast cancer cases diagnosed from 1995 to 1998 and a 5 percent control sample of Medicare beneficiaries in SEER areas.Study Design. We evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of three algorithms applied to new data compared with original reported results. Algorithms use health insurance diagnosis and procedure claims codes to classify breast cancer cases, with SEER as the reference standard. We compare algorithms by age, stage, race, and SEER region, and explore via logistic regression whether adding demographic variables improves algorithm performance.Principal Findings. The sensitivity of two of three algorithms is significantly lower when applied to newer data, compared with sensitivity calculated during algorithm development (59 and 77.4 percent versus 90 and 80.2 percent, p<.00001). Sensitivity decreases as age increases, and false negative rates are higher for cases with in situ, metastatic, and unknown stage disease compared with localized or regional breast cancer. Substantial variation also exists by SEER registry. There was potential for improvement in algorithm performance when adding age, region, and race to an indicator variable for whether the algorithm determined a subject to be a breast cancer case (p<.00001).Conclusions. Differential sensitivity of the algorithms by SEER region and age likely reflects variation in practice patterns, because the algorithms rely on administrative procedure codes. Depending on the algorithm, 3–5 percent of subjects overall are misclassified in 1998. Misclassification disproportionately affects older women and those diagnosed with in situ, metastatic, or unknown‐stage disease. Algorithms should be applied cautiously to insurance claims databases to assess health care utilization outside SEER‐Medicare populations because of uneven misclassification of subgroups that may be understudied already.
Madelung's Disease in a Patient With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Dökmetas Hatice Sebila , Korkmaz Serdal , Ozcelik Sedat , Koyuncu Ayhan 
Published: September 2007

A 51‐year‐old woman was admitted to the hospital due to progressive increase of fatty tissue for 4 years especially to the upper arms, thorax, back, neck, and abdomen. She was morbidly obese, with a body mass index of 41 kg/m2. The patient had no history of alcohol and nicotine consumption, and her nutritional habits have not changed recently. Results of physical examination showed diffuse painless symmetric tumors in the area of the upper arms, back, thorax, neck, and abdomen (Figure). Biochemical laboratory parameters were normal except for hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride level, 610 mg/dL; very‐low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, 122 mg/dL) and poor glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c, 15.1%). Thyroid and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were normal. Although the blood cortisol level was slightly high (32 µg/dL), there was adequate suppression response (0.6 µg/dL) with the low‐dose (2 mg) dexamethasone test, which was performed to exclude a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed no abnormal findings. Computed tomography of the thorax showed no accumulation of fatty tissue within the mediastinum. She was referred to the dermatology department. Madelung's disease was diagnosed, and deep biopsy including the fatty subcutis was taken to rule out a malignancy. The specimen was evaluated by a pathologist, and the result was compatible with a diagnosis of fibrolipoma. The patient complained of fatigue, weakness, and burning pain in the feet. Neurologic examination revealed diabetic neuropathy and hypoesthesia and hypoalgesia of the right leg. We established the diagnosis of Madelung's disease concomitant with diabetes mellitus of 4 years' duration, hypertension of 20 years' duration, and hyperlipidemia of 6 years' duration. Glycemic control appeared to be improved with insulin treatment. Appropriate medication for hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia were initiated and maintained. Also, the patient was advised of other suggestions associated with her illnesses. The appearance of the patient with Madelung's disease. image
Anti‐Inflammatory Dose Doxycycline (40 mg Controlled‐Release) Confers Maximum Anti‐Inflammatory Efficacy in Rosacea
Authors: Theobald Klaus , Bradshaw Mark , Leyden James 
Published: September 2007

Background.

Two large clinical trials have recently demonstrated the efficacy of a 40‐mg controlled‐release formulation of doxycycline in the treatment of rosacea, a dose well below the conventional level of 100 to 200 mg/d. Since no formal dose‐response studies have been conducted, the authors analyzed phase 3 data to determine whether a dose‐efficacy relationship exists.
Methods.

Standard parametric regression analyses were used to estimate the correlations between dose (mg/kg body weight) and overall drug exposure (area under the curve [AUC]) in a phase 1 pharmacokinetic study and between dose and efficacy (mean change from baseline in total inflammatory lesion count at week 16) in 2 pooled phase 3 clinical efficacy studies. Additional regressions were run at each visit for the clinical efficacy studies to determine whether results differed across visits. A regression analysis was also performed in a subset of patients who showed a greater efficacy response.
Results.

We found overall drug exposure (AUC) to have a highly significant correlation with dose (mg/kg) (r=0.49; P=.006). In contrast, clinical efficacy did not correlate with dose at any of the visits at week 3 (r=0.01; P=.85), week 6 (r=0.04; P=.53), week 12 (r<0.01; P=.98), and week 16 (r=0.03; P=.64) or among the subset of patients who showed greater clinical benefit.
Conclusions.

Higher mg/kg doses led to higher plasma concentrations but did not lead to increased clinical efficacy. Anti‐inflammatory dose doxycycline (40‐mg controlled‐release formulation) conferred peak anti‐inflammatory efficacy in the treatment of rosacea.
(SKINmed. 2007;6:221–226)
Effects of fluorides on Candida albicans
Authors: Flisfisch S , Meyer J , Meurman JH , Waltimo T 
Published: September 2007

Aims:  To assess whether a short exposure of Candida albicans to commonly used fluorides would affect growth, cell surface hydrophobicity, and adherence to buccal epithelial cells.Methods:  Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and 11 clinical isolates were used. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of sodium fluoride (NaF) and of an amine fluoride / stannous fluoride combination (AmF / SnF2) were determined. Yeasts were exposed to MICs of tested agents for 1 h. Subsequently, their growth was recorded spectrophotometrically. Their cell surface hydrophobicity was assessed with n‐hexadecane. Adherence to buccal epithelial cells was determined microscopically. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) served as controls. All results were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA.Results:  MICs of AmF / SnF2 and CHX varied between 1 and 4 μg ml−1, whereas those of NaF were 15 000 μg ml−1. Statistically significant growth inhibition was detected after AmF / SnF2 (OD24 h ± SD 0.457 ± 0.059) and CHX (0.175 ± 0.065) in comparison with PBS (0.925 ± 0.087) and NaF (0.813 ± 0.081). All strains demonstrated uniform behavior. Only minor changes in cell surface hydrophobicity and adherence to buccal epithelial cells (BEC) were detected.Conclusion:  Growth inhibition of AmF / SnF2 was comparable with that of CHX whereas NaF had a weaker effect. Exposure to the fluorides did not seem to alter the cell surface hydrophobicity nor adherence to BEC.
A retrospective study of 61 cases of spontaneous canine epistaxis (1998 to 2001)
Authors: Mylonakis M. E. , Saridomichelakis M. N. , Lazaridis V. , Leontides L. S. , Kostoulas P. , Koutinas A. F. 
Published: September 2007

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and identify possible clinicopathologic indicators of the diseases associated with canine epistaxis. Methods: The medical records of 61 dogs with epistaxis were reviewed. Results: Systemic diseases, diagnosed in fifty‐six dogs, included canine leishmaniasis in twenty‐three dogs, canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in twenty‐two, concurrent canine leishmaniasis and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in six, rodenticide toxicity in two and primary immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia, suspected oestrogen toxicity and systemic arterial hypertension in one dog each. Intranasal diseases were documented in the remaining five dogs, including transmissible venereal tumour in three dogs, and nasal adenocarcinoma and nasal aspergillosis in one dog each. Mucosal pallor and a generalised bleeding tendency were significantly more common among dogs with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis compared with those with canine leishmaniasis, whereas the opposite was true for peripheral lymphadenomegaly. Also, dogs with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis presented with pancytopenia more frequently compared with those with canine leishmaniasis; in the latter dogs, the median values of haematocrit, leucocyte and platelet counts and serum total protein concentrations were higher. Clinical Significance: Canine leishmaniasis and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis are the leading causes of canine epistaxis in Greece. Mucosal pallor, bleeding tendency and pancytopenia are more likely to be indicative of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, as opposed to peripheral lymphadenomegaly and hyperproteinaemia in canine leishmaniasis.