bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Border Control to Migration Management: The Case for a Paradigm Change in the Western Response to Transborder Population Movement
Authors: Taylor Savitri 
Published: October 2005

Abstract Today most international migratory movement is from the rest of the world to the West. Much of this movement is irregular because the opportunities available for authorized migration to Western countries are extremely limited. The main argument made in this article is that Western countries need not, should not and cannot control transborder movement in the manner attempted until now, but that they can and should cooperate with countries of origin, countries of transit and other receiving countries to manage migration in a manner which benefits all stakeholders, including would‐be migrants.
European Union Policy on Asylum and Immigration. Addressing the Root Causes of Forced Migration: A Justice and Home Affairs Policy of Freedom, Security and Justice?
Authors: Lindstrøm Channe 
Published: October 2005

Abstract This paper contributes to the debate on the development of the future common European Union Policy on Asylum and Immigration. It seeks to explain the rationale behind the evolution of the Union's policy outlook on asylum and immigration. It then analyses the most recent Union‐wide policy tools available to address asylum and migration issues, arguing that common European asylum policies thus far have focused on containment of migration flows seen as a threat to the European internal security regime and in response to perceived populist pressures. The return and readmission clauses now being implemented, in agreements with countries outside of the Union, serve to illustrate this point, as does the political willingness to extra‐territorialize asylum processing. However, the focus on eliminating the root causes of migration flows is a relatively new paradigm, developed since the 1999 Tampere European Council. Although off to a slow start, the European Union Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument may become an institutional outlet to create a more normative framework for asylum and migration. The success of such a framework is contingent upon breaking with earlier conceptualizations of “asylum” as a security threat. Implicit in such a framework is the need to retain a clear distinction between asylum‐ and labour‐related migration. Partnerships must also be granted a budget sufficient for their establishment in real terms with countries of origin and transit. Lastly, there must be changes in modes of governance, as well as institutional reform, if efforts to elaborate a strategy on asylum and migration are to be executed successfully. Curiously, while the proposed Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe sought to abolish the pillar structure put in place by the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht, it would have retained the institutional inhibitions imposed by long‐existing tensions between national and community administrations and the “inter‐pillar” battles between the foreign policy, humanitarian and development dimensions of the EU apparatus. The current political debate about moving Europe “closer to its people”, following the rejection of the proposed Constitution at national referenda in France and the Netherlands, appears unlikely to solve any of these tensions.
The Experiences of Frontline Staff Working with Children Seeking Asylum
Authors: Dunkerley D. , Scourfield J. , Maegusuku‐Hewett T. , Smalley N. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract The focus of this paper is welfare professionals’ accounts of their work with children who are seeking asylum. The empirical basis is a commissioned study of children seeking asylum in Wales. As well as qualitative research with children (which is not discussed in this paper), 62 professionals took part in interviews and focus groups. This sample included staff from social services, health, housing, education, police and the voluntary sector. Research findings are presented in relation to the experience of these frontline staff. We attempt to identify some of the sites of tension and the nature of the professional dilemmas, as well as discussing the potential for the exercise of discretion to be exercised. We conclude that there is very little room for manoeuvre within the asylum system for welfare professionals, but that there is evidence of questioning and even minor challenge of current policy from frontline staff. We discuss the extent to which the professional dilemmas raised by the asylum system are of a different order from those experienced throughout social welfare work.
Why It Is Bad to Be Kind. Educating Refugees to Life in the Welfare State: A Case Study from Norway
Authors: Hagelund Anniken 
Published: October 2005

Abstract In Norway, as elsewhere in Europe, the aim of policy‐making is to ensure the integration of immigrants into mainstream society. This paper focuses on one of the most concrete and practical measures Norwegian authorities have ever taken in this field, namely the recent establishment of a compulsory two‐year introduction programme for newly arrived refugees. This is an activation‐style programme involving both a financial and an educational component, where out‐payments depend on participation in a full‐time training programme aimed at enabling participants to become self‐sufficient members of Norwegian society. In the first part of the paper the establishment of this policy is located within a broader context of integration crisis, before it moves on to look more specifically at the background for the programme and the problems it is set up to address. The latter part of the paper addresses the implementation of the introduction programmes in one medium‐sized Norwegian city. The local discourse here is one of before and after, where the failings of previous policies have been overcome and new and productive practices have been established. Connections can be made between public and political discourses on integration crisis and the local discourses of implementation through the notion of kindness and the idea that kindness has hampered the integration efforts of the state. Herein lies a story not only about views on immigrants and diversity, but also about how immigration has challenged the Norwegian welfare state model.
How Studies of the Educational Progression of Minority Children Are Affecting Education Policy in Denmark
Authors: Colding Bjørg , Hummelgaard Hans , Husted Leif 
Published: October 2005

Abstract Over the past decade, the number of ethnic minorities in Denmark has increased rapidly, now accounting for over 8 per cent of the total population. This paper presents results from a number of recent studies regarding the educational choices of minority children from less developed countries. An important social concern is that the educational attainment of these children is much lower than among native Danes. The studies show that that a main reason for the education gap is very high dropout rates from vocational schools among minority children and that inadequate Danish language proficiency of immigrants, parents and their children, is an important reason for the high dropout rates, as are inadequate educational preparedness from grade school and insufficient apprenticeship positions available for minority youth. Socio‐economic background, however, has relatively little effect. Recent policy changes to reduce dropout rates from vocational schools are reviewed and additional policy interventions are proposed.
New Destinations? Assessing the Post‐migration Social Mobility of Minority Ethnic Groups in England and Wales
Authors: Platt Lucinda 
Published: October 2005

Abstract This paper considers the roles of migration and group‐specific ethnic penalties in minority groups’ life chances. In relation to existing knowledge of extensive diversity between ethnic groups, and outlining a range of frameworks within which to understand that diversity, the paper first explores the relationship of class origins to parental educational and economic assets for three groups of migrant parentage and a comparison white non‐migrant group. Second, the paper investigates for the different ethnic groups how the probability of having a professional or managerial class outcome is influenced by class origins and by the educational achievements of the “second generation”. Analysis is based on the ONS Longitudinal Study, which enables the study members to be tracked from 1971, when they were children living with their parents, to their own social class outcomes in 1991 and 2001. Because processes of occupational achievement may take different lengths of time for different groups, occupational outcomes are modelled in both 1991 and 2001, and also outcomes in 2001 conditional on position in 1991. The paper shows that there is evidence of differential processes operating for different ethnic groups that go beyond their class background, but which cannot be attributed to discrimination operating equally against all minority groups.
Reinventing Multiculturalism: Urban Citizenship and the Negotiation of Ethnic Diversity in Amsterdam
Authors: UITERMARK JUSTUS , ROSSI UGO , VAN HOUTUM HENK 
Published: October 2005

A number of authors have recently suggested that cities are becoming increasingly important as sites for the negotiation of ethnic diversity. While multiculturalism has been declared ‘dead’ in many countries, cities are now experimenting with new ways to accommodate ethnic diversity. This article reports on research conducted in Amsterdam. In this city, a ‘minority policy’ has been replaced by a qualitatively different ‘diversity policy’. Even though the diversity policy meets many of the criticisms that have been made against multiculturalism, the new policy also generates its own forms of exclusion. It is concluded that the stress on intercultural interaction and an emphasis on high‐quality policies and projects can in practice produce results that run counter to the intentions of policymakers as well as critical theorists. Ironically, these two features of the diversity policy tend to depoliticize societal problems and frustrate political mobilization of some marginalized groups.Dernièrement, plusieurs auteurs ont suggéré que les villes prennent une importance croissante en tant que lieux de négociation de la diversité ethnique. Alors qu’on a annoncé la mort du multiculturalisme dans bien des pays, les villes connaissent désormais de nouveaux modes d’accueil de la diversité ethnique. Cet article rend compte de recherches menées à Amsterdam. Une ‘politique des minorités’ y a été remplacée par une ‘politique de la diversité’ différente sur le plan qualitatif. Même si cette nouvelle politique répond à plusieurs des critiques formulées à l’encontre du multiculturalisme, elle génère aussi ses propres formes d’exclusion. On peut déduire que l’accent sur l’interaction interculturelle ainsi qu’une priorité aux politiques et projets de qualité peuvent, en pratique, produrie des résultats qui viennent s’opposer aux intentions des décideurs eux‐mêmes et des théoriciens détracteurs. Bizarrement, ces deux caractéristiques de la politique de la diversité tendent à dépolitiser les problèmes sociétaux et à contrarier la mobilisation politique de certains groupes marginalisés.
Colorimetric analysis of pigmented skin lesions: a pilot study with the Visi‐Chroma™ VC‐100 device
Authors: Vereecken P , Mommaerts M , Duez C , Petein M , Laporte M , Hubinon J‐L , Heenen M 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackground  Definition of the colour of pigmented skin lesions (PSLs) with the naked eye remains subjective and may be influenced by lighting. This problem underlines the usefulness of instrumental assessments such as epiluminescence microscopy and colorimetric devices.Objective and methods  We describe here a new method of colour analysis of PSLs with the Visi‐Chroma™ VC‐100 device, which illuminates the surface of the skin with white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and analyses the reflected light by a red–green–blue (RGB) charge‐coupled device (CCD) colour camera. Twenty‐one PSLs to be excised for cosmetic or medical reasons were analysed by this device with clinicopathological correlation.Conclusions  This method is feasible and might be useful to assess the colour of PSLs and allow comparisons for changes over time. Further studies are needed to determine the usefulness of this device in clinical practice.
Quality of life and acne in Scottish adolescent schoolchildren: use of the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index© (CDLQI) and the Cardiff Acne Disability Index© (CADI)
Authors: Walker N , Lewis‐Jones MS 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackground  Acne vulgaris is known to adversely affect all aspects of quality of life. However, although acne is thought to occur in the majority of adolescents, there are few data currently available on the impact of acne in this age group.Objectives  Measurement of the impairment of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in teenage Scottish schoolchildren in a comparative study using two HRQoL questionnaires. A secondary objective was to collect data on the use and perceived efficacy of medical and over‐the‐counter (OTC) preparations.Study design  An anonymous cross‐sectional survey of 200 adolescent (15–18 years) Dundee schoolchildren was conducted by means of two self‐reported questionnaires: the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index© (CDLQI) and the Cardiff Acne Disability Index© (CADI). Data on demographics and therapeutic modalities and their perceived efficacy were also collected.Analysis  Statistical analysis was performed using the package Stata 7.0.Results  Self‐reported acne was present in 83% of teenagers (147/178), with similar sex distribution (54% male, 46% female). The overall mean CDLQI score (max. 30) was low 1.7 {6% impairment} (CI −1 to 0), range 0–19. Nine pupils scored between 5 and 9 {17–30% impairment} suggesting moderate HRQoL impairment and three scored > 10 {> 33% impairment} indicating severe impairment. The overall mean CADI score (max. 15) of 1.9 {13% impairment}, CI 0 to 1 (range 0–15) was also low, but 12 pupils scored between 5 and 9 {33–60% impairment}, one scoring 10 + {> 67% impairment} and one scoring the maximum, 15 {100% impairment}. There was no significant difference in mean scores between the sexes in either questionnaire (P = 0.5). There was good correlation between the results from the two questionnaires (Spearman's rho = 0.62). Three‐quarters (75%) had used OTC products, of which only a third (33%) felt they helped ‘a lot’. Fifteen per cent were receiving prescribed treatment from their doctors of which 66% found it helpful.Conclusions  Self‐reported acne occurred in 83% (147/178) of the Scottish teenagers involved in this study, which confirms previous reports of a high prevalence of acne in teenagers. Cross‐validation of the CLDQI and CADI demonstrated good correlation and both scales were easy to administer and identified 11% (16/147) of teenagers who perceive their lives to be significantly affected by their acne (8% moderately to severely, 3% severely). It is important to identify and treat such teenagers early to reduce the future socio‐economic burden of their acne.
The Long‐Term Use of a Low‐Phenylalanine Diet in Late‐Treated Phenylketonuria: A Single Case Report
Authors: Hewitt Philippa , Cottle Mandy , Coleman Carol 
Published: October 2005

Background  When phenylketonuria (PKU) is not diagnosed and long‐term treatment commenced within the first few weeks of life, permanent brain damage will occur. There is some evidence to show that late diagnosed or untreated people with PKU who have severe challenging behaviours may benefit from a low phenylalanine diet [Harper & Reid (1987)Journal of Mental Deficiency Research vol. 31, pp. 209–212; Hoskins et al. (1992)Journal of Intellectual Disability Research vol. 36, pp. 183–191; Baumeister & Baumeister (1998) Clinical Neuropharmacology vol. 21, pp. 18–27; Fitzgerald et al. (2000)Journal of Intellectual Disability Research vol. 44, pp. 53–59].Method  In the light of this evidence, a woman with late‐diagnosed PKU was treated with a low‐phenylalanine diet in an attempt to reduce her severe challenging behaviour.Results  A reduction in challenging behaviours was observed when phenylalanine levels were maintained within a specific narrow range. Data are reported over a 2‐year period. A dramatic rise in severe challenging behaviour was noticed when her blood phenylalanine levels fell below a certain level.Conclusions  This case report suggests that blood phenylalanine levels need to be maintained within a specific range for maximum benefit.
Isolation and characterization of seven polymorphic microsatellite loci in the box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri, Cubozoa, Cnidaria)
Authors: COUGHLAN J. P. , SEYMOUR J. , CROSS T. F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPopulation structure and migration patterns for the highly venomous cubozoan box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) are unknown. We describe the development of seven polymorphic microsatellites for this species, the first such loci to be characterized for any cubozoan or indeed cnidarian species other than some corals. These markers will be suitable for use in population and behavioural genetic studies.
Short microsatellite DNA markers for the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Authors: WANDELER P. , FUNK S. M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSeven short microsatellite loci (< 165 bp) were characterized for red foxes for the amplification of degraded DNA extracted from historical samples. Following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers developed in the domestic dog, red fox‐specific primers were designed within the flanking regions. The number of detected alleles ranged between six and 15 alleles and the expected heterozygosities ranged between 0.67 and 0.92. No deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were detected for any of the markers.
Six microsatellite loci in forest musk deer, Moschus berezovskii
Authors: XIA SHAN , ZOU FANGDONG , YUE BISONG 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThrough an improved enrichment protocol, 20 microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized in an endangered animal, forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). In which, six loci showed high polymorphism with five to 13 alleles in 48 sampled individuals. The observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.362–0.955 and 0.784–0.906, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.8108 in these six microsatellites and they could be the valuable genetic markers for further investigation of forest musk deer species.
Eight new microsatellite loci for the critically endangered fire‐bellied toad Bombina bombina and their cross‐species applicability among anurans
Authors: STUCKAS H. , TIEDEMANN R. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe describe eight new microsatellite loci for the critically endangered fire‐bellied toad, Bombina bombina. Seven of them are polymorphic with two to seven alleles per locus, an expected heterozygosity between 0.41 and 0.8, and an observed heterozygosity between 0.27 and 0.7. The yield of new loci was relatively low, presumably due to mildly repetitive sequence motifs in microsatellite flanking regions. As typical for anurans, cross‐species amplification was limited (here, to congeners Bombina orientalis and Bombina variegata). Combining these new loci with those already available provides a reasonable number of loci for population studies and pedigree analysis in Bombina.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Eurycorymbus cavaleriei, a dioecious endemic tree species in China
Authors: CHEN J. , WANG Y. , KANG M. , ZHOU J. , HUANG H. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractEleven dinucleotide microsatellites were developed and characterized for Eurycorymbus cavaleriei, a dioecious, rare and endemic tree species in China. A genomic DNA enrichment protocol was used to isolate microsatellite loci and polymorphism was explored using 30 trees from two natural populations. The observed heterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0.379 to 0.931, with an average of 0.625. These markers provide powerful tools for the ongoing population and conservation genetics studies of E. cavaleriei.
So Many Civilizations, So Few Pages: A Review Essay*
Authors: Rothman Hal 
Published: October 2005

Books reviewed in this article:Christian JoppkeSelecting by Origin: Ethnic Migration in the Liberal StateDouglas S. Massey and J. Edward Taylor (EDS.) International Migration: Prospects and Policies in a Global MarketUnited Nations Research Institute For Social DevelopmentGender Equality: Striving for Justice in an Unequal WorldInternational Organization For MigrationArab Migration in a Globalized World
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE SURVIVAL OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN MEXICAN‐STYLE SAUSAGE
Authors: HAJMEER M.N. , BASHEER I.A. , CLIVER D.O. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in chorizos (Mexican‐style sausages) was modeled in relation to initial water activity (aw0) and storage conditions using the Weibull cumulative distribution function. Twenty survival curves were generated from chorizos formulated at aw0 = 0.85–0.97 then stored under four temperature (T) and air inflow velocity (F) conditions. The Weibull model parameters (α and β) were determined for every curve. Predicted survival curves agreed with experimental curves with R2 = 0.945–0.992. Regression models (R2 = 0.981–0.984) were developed to relate α and β to operating conditions. The times to one‐ and two‐log reduction in count (t1D and t2D) were derived from the Weibull model in terms of α and β. A parametric study revealed that L. monocytogenes survival was most sensitive to aw0 between 0.90 and 0.95. The inactivation of L. monocytogenes could be maximized with higher T and lower aw0; however, F did not significantly influence survival.
PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF FOOD RISK ISSUES AND FOOD RISK MESSAGES ON THE ISLAND OF IRELAND: THE VIEWS OF FOOD SAFETY EXPERTS
Authors: DE BOER MARTINE , MCCARTHY MARY , BRENNAN MARY , KELLY ALAN L. , RITSON CHRISTOPHER 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT Food safety experts have a key role in constructing food risk messages and thus their perceptions will influence how food risk issues are communicated to the public. This research examined the perceptions of food safety experts regarding public understanding of food risk issues and food risk messages on the island of Ireland. It also looked into expert views of the barriers to effective food risk communication and how to improve food risk messages. One hundred and forty‐three experts, working in areas related to food safety, completed an online questionnaire. Questionnaire and statement design was guided by the results of four in‐depth interviews with food safety experts. The findings indicate that most experts surveyed have little confidence in the public's understanding of food risk issues, their assessment of food risks, their ability to deal with scientific information and their food safety practices. Experts are of the view that the public under‐assesses the risk associated with some microbiological hazards and over‐assesses the risk associated with other hazards such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The opinion of experts with regard to GMOs is not supported by previous consumer research. Experts noted that the level of education and age were important determinants for the level of understanding of food risk issues and messages. Experts were of the view that early intervention via school curricula was the best method to improve public understanding of food risk messages in the long term. Furthermore, experts are of the view that the media have the ability to improve awareness and knowledge about food risk issues but believe that the media tend to communicate information that is misleading. The majority of experts also believe that they should communicate uncertainty but are not confident that the public is able to cope with this uncertainty. Many of the experts also indicated a desire for training on how to interact with the media. The results may be used by those experts who are involved in the construction of food risk messages to improve the design and communication of food risk messages.