bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eeg sleep correlates of recurrence of depression on active medication
Authors: Kupfer David J. , Frank Ellen , McEachran Ann B. , Grochocinski Victoria J. , Ehlers Cindy L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this study we sought to examine whether reduced slow wave sleep (delta sleep) parameters were related to the risk of recurrence of major depression in patients receiving pharmacologic maintenance treatment. The EEG sleep of 53 patients was examined on three occasions: while drug‐free during an index episode, while on imipramine at the point of stabilization of the index episode, and after 20 weeks of continuation therapy on imipramine. While a trend for total delta wave counts at the index episode evaluation was noted with time to recurrence using the Cox proportional hazards model, a stronger association was found with delta wave counts after 20 weeks of imipramine therapy (P =. 019). The intraclass correlation for the 3 time points was very high (.78) indicating that the amount of total delta sleep remained stable throughout all conditions. These findings support the notion that specific slow wave sleep measures may represent persistent or “trait‐like” abnormalities with prognostic significance in recurrent depression. Depression 1:300–308 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral and electrophysiological effects of early repeated maternal separation
Authors: Kaneko W. M. , Riley E. P. , Ehlers C. L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMaternal deprivation or “lack of care” has been identified as one possible risk factor in the development of psychopathology. Animal models of maternal deprivation have been developed in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying its possible long‐term physiological and/or behavioral effects. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of chronic early maternal separation on electrophysiology and behavior in adult male and female rats. Sprague‐Dawley rats were maternally separated 6 h each day from postnatal day 2 (PN2) to PN6 and from PN9 to PN13. Rats were evaluated at 15 to 18 weeks of age. Overall, adult female rats were found to have higher amounts of slow waves, displayed increased locomotor behavior in photocell cages, and exhibited decreased “anxiety” in novel environments. Adult rats who had experienced early maternal separation were found to have increases in slow wave sleep. Early, repeated maternal separation was also found to reduce the amplitude of the NI component of the event related potential. Behaviorally, the maternally separated rats were less “anxious” as revealed by the open field assessment, but not by the elevated plus maze test. This study suggests that early, repeated maternal separation of 6 h/day may produce behavioral and electrophysiological effects that may be long‐lasting, but not necessarily detrimental to sleep or behavioral regulation. Depression 2:43–53 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of emergent suicidal ideation during treatment: A comparative, controlled, double‐blind analysis employing several distinct antidepressants
Authors: Tollefson Gary D. , Tollefson Sherrie L. , Sayler Mary E. , Luxenberg Michael G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe investigated 243 patients from a series of comparator and/or placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trials of several mechanistically distinct antidepressants. Data were analyzed for changes in suicidal ideation during trial participation.Ambulatory referrals with a current DSM‐III‐R major depression, corroborated by a structured interview, were screened; those fulfilling entrance criteria began a 1‐week, single‐blind placebo run‐in. Pool 1 (placebo comparator) subjects who continued to meet entrance criteria at their baseline visit were blindly randomized to receive either placebo (n = 49) or one of several novel antidepressant drugs (n = 81). Pool 2 subjects (active comparator) were randomized to either a novel antidepressant (n = 66) or a tricyclic antidepressant comparator (n = 57). Trial duration ranged from 5 to 8 weeks. Patient compliance was monitored by a regular pill count from each subject's blister pack.Analyses were conducted on Pool 1 and Pool 2 separately. Ego‐dystonic suicidal preoccupation or acts were not reported in either group. There was a statistically significant treatment difference in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale item 3 mean peak change (Pool 1); patients treated with a novel antidepressant demonstrated a mean decrease in HDRS item 3 (improvement), those patients randomized to placebo experienced a mean score increase (worsening). No statistically significant treatment difference in mean peak change difference factors (CDFs) between the novel antidepressants and conventional tricyclic antidepressant comparators (Pool 2) was observed. A statistically significant correlation between item 3 change and total HDRS‐17 change also emerged (both treatments within each pool).Increased suicidal ideas/behaviors may emerge during depression “treatment.” However, in this study it occurred more frequently among placebo recipients, suggesting a change in suicidal ideation was a reflection of the underlying disease process. Not surprisingly, antidepressants improved suicidal ideation to a greater extent than placebo. Depression 2:73–79 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiating affective and characterologic DSM‐III‐R psychopathology in non‐treatment, community unipolar depressives
Authors: Kaye Arthur L. , McCullough James P. , Roberts W. Christopher , McCune Kathleen J. , Hampton Christianne , Kornstein Susan G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated affective and characterologic psychopathology in a sample of 41 community, non‐treatment unipolar depressed subjects. Based on DSM‐III‐R diagnostic criteria, subjects were placed into one of three groups: pure dysthymia, double depression, or pure major depression. All subjects were then administered the Personality Disorder Examination (PDE) to determine DSM‐III‐R, Axis II comorbidity. State depression and anxiety were also assessed at the Axis II interview. Depressive personality features were assessed as well. The groups with pure dysthymia or double depression exhibited proportionally higher Axis II rates and more depressive personality features than the pure major depression group. However, when Axis II prevalence rates were statistically compared among the three groups no statistically significant differences were found, a result that may be attributable to the small sample size. Overall, 37% of the subjects met criteria for one or more Axis II diagnoses. Results indicate substantial characterologic as well as affective features in unipolar depressives with dysthymia in the course. Depression 2:80–88 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current understanding of the mechanism of action of classic and newer antidepressant drugs
Authors: Brunello Nicoletta , Langer Salomon Z. , Perez Jorge , Racagni Giorgio 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUntil 1980, the two major classes of antidepressant drugs were the tricyclics (TCAs) and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). During the 1980s several additional classes of drugs appeared. Among these, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have a distinct and well‐characterized mechanism of action, and have become among the most widely prescribed antidepressant drugs.A common factor in the action of antidepressants with different chemical structures is the ability to increase the synaptic availability of one or more neurotransmitters, as a result either of blockade of the reuptake process or inhibition of metabolic degradation. However, the delay in clinical response to antidepressants suggests that, even if the acute pharmacologic effects of antidepressants may be essential for efficacy, symptom resolution requires some adaptive changes in neurotransmission. More recent studies, therefore, have focused on the signal transduction process beyond the receptor level, and on the regulation of gene expression of specific proteins.The side‐effect profiles of antidepressants are related to their acute mechanisms of action. TCAs lack specificity of their pharmacological action, and are associated with antimuscarinic, antihistaminic, and alpha‐adrenergic blocking actions, that account for many unwanted side effects but do not contribute to their therapeutic profile. The SSRIs, as a result of their selective action to inhibit serotonin reuptake, appear to have more tolerable side effects than TCAs and are less likely to be lethal when taken in overdose. SSRIs have little or no affinity for neurotransmitter receptors. The most common side effect is gastrointestinal discomfort. Depression 2:119–126 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of pharmacotherapy on suicidal ideation and behavior
Authors: Judd Lewis L. , Rapaport Mark H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSuicide has become an important public health issue. It is the eighth leading cause of death among adults and varies between the second and third leading cause of death for youth under the age of 24 years. Suicidal ideation is a common symptom of psychiatric disorders; over 55% of individuals with mental disorders report suicidal ideation at some point in their lives. Fully 25% of individuals with mental disorders make at least one lifetime suicide attempt and over 12% make multiple suicide attempts. Suicidal ideation and suicidal acts are most prevalent in individuals with mood disorders. Almost 17% of individuals with either major depression or dysthymia make at least one suicide attempt while over 28% of individuals with bipolar disorders attempt suicide. Intensification of suicidal thoughts and behavior can occur in depressed patients undergoing active treatment, including antidepressant pharmacotherapy, and the risk may persist until remission occurs. Within this context, it is likely that reports linking the SSRI fluoxetine (and other antidepressants) with intensification of suicidal ideation represent random occurrences rather than causation. Although it is possible that some type of aberration in CNS serotonergic function in rare individuals might be associated with an idiosyncratic response to serotonin‐specific medications, the retrospective meta‐analyses of a number of databases indicate there is no causal relationship between SSRI or other antidepressant medication treatment and the emergence of suicidal ideation or behavior. Rather, the available data support the conclusion that antidepressant pharmacotherapy diminishes suicidal ideation and acts. Depression 2:169–172 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Economics of depression and cost‐benefit comparisons of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants
Authors: Judd Lewis L. , Rapaport Mark H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe social and economic impact of depression on society at large has only recently been elucidated. The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Epidemiology Catchment Area (ECA) Program demonstrated that the 1 year prevalence of DSM‐III mood disorders was almost 10% in the adult population of the United States—or that in any year over 17 million adults suffer from a major mood disorder. Moreover, data gathered by the Cross‐National Collaborative Group suggest further that the incidence of depression is increasing, not only in the United States, but in many countries all over the world. And results from the Medical Outcomes Study, which assessed the level of disability associated with depression compared with other common medical disorders, suggested that patients with major depression and dysthymia suffer greater levels of impairment than patients with hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, lung disease, and GI disorders.A number of recent investigations have sought to quantify the costs of depression in the United States and the United Kingdom, and found that depression has remarkably high direct and indirect economic costs, comparable to those associated with other major public health problems. This paper reviews depression within this larger framework and evaluates the impact of treatment advances on the costs of depression. Both pharmaceutical‐sponsored and non‐sponsored cost‐benefit analyses reveal that while the classical anti‐depressants cost less on a per‐pill basis, ultimately treatment may be less expensive with the newer SSRIs because of improved compliance leading to better outcomes. Depression 2:173–177 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrimination of recovery in the treatment of elderly patients with recurrent major depression: Limits of prediction
Authors: Reynolds Charles F. , Frank Ellen , Dew Mary Amanda , Perel James M. , Mazumdar Sati , Buysse Daniel J. , Begley Amy , Houck Patricia R. , Miller Mark D. , Cornes Cleon , Kupfer David J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe aim of this work was to determine: (1) the temporal course of recovery in elderly patients with recurrent major nonpsychotic depression treated with combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy; (2) the point at which recovering patients can be reliably distinguished from those who will not recover; and (3) the limits of accuracy in predicting recovery. The study group consisted of 101 elderly patients: 82 recovered, 19 no recovered. The method used was random regression and discriminant junction analyses. Reliable and persistent differences between recovering and no recovering elderly patients in Hamilton depression ratings were detected by week 4 of treatment in a random regression model. Discrimination of final outcome, using Hamilton ratings, current age, episode duration, and personality pathology score (derived from the Personality Assessment Form) increased greatly between weeks 4 and 5 of treatment, reaching a ceiling of 75‐80%. The ability to predict eventual treatment outcome for major depressive episodes in late life rests upon changes in clinical condition during the first 4 to 5 weeks of treatment. Under highly standardized treatment conditions, 75‐80% of patients can be reliably discriminated during early treatment with respect to eventual treatment outcome. Depression 2:218–222 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of single case analyses in off‐on‐off‐on trials in affective illness: A demonstration of the efficacy of nimodipine
Authors: McDermut Wilson , Pazzaglia Peggy , Huggins Teresa , Mikalauskas Kirstin , Leverich Gabriele S. , Ketter Terrence A. , Bartko John , Post Robert M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper 1) demonstrates the efficacy of nimodipine in the treatment of a patient with rapid‐cycling bipolar disorder using an intensive single subject design, and 2) evaluates three statistical techniques that are useful in the analysis of single case data. The patient is a 42‐year‐old bipolar II female refractory to multiple medication trials who underwent double‐blind treatment with placebo (B), nimodipine (A), and verapamil (C) in a B‐A‐B‐A‐C‐A design. The use of statistics in single subject studies has been the subject of controversy. One problem with single subject data is that data points are often correlated with data points from adjacent time periods (i.e., nonindependent), and therefore such data have been considered inappropriate for statistics that assume independence of error terms. One statistical technique we examined was a t‐test in the context of repeated on‐offdrug trials suggested by Gentile, Roden, and Klein (1972), in which all data points from treatment phases are aggregated and then compared to aggregated data from baseline or placebo phases. We compared this t‐test to a variant of meta‐analysis in which each phase is statistically compared to its adjacent phases and the t‐values from those comparisons are summed and converted to a z‐score. As illustrated with this patient, the t‐test method tended to be more conservative than the z‐score method in instances where there is an overall time trend for improvement or deterioration. The Chassen technique also provides an alternative for analysis of data with time trends. The 2 method was more conservative than the single aggregated t‐test if the direction of predicted change on a given measure (i.e., improvement during an active drug phase and deterioration during a placebo phase) did not occur as expected at each medication transition. These statistical techniques, in combination with the sequential off‐on‐off‐on clinical trial design, provide strong evidence for the mood‐stabilizing effect of nimodipine in this rapid‐cycling BP II female. Depression 2:259–271 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluoxetine in tricyclic refractory depression in adolescents
Authors: Ghaziuddin Neera , Naylor Michael W. , King Cheryl A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn an open cross‐over trial, six hospitalized adolescents (15–18 years) with a DSM‐III‐R diagnosis of major depression, who had failed to respond to a trial of tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) with or without lithium augmentation, were treated with fluoxetine. Fluoxetine treatment (20–60 mg/day) was associated with a reduction in depression severity after 4 weeks, as measured by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores (HRSD) reduced significantly after 4 weeks, from 15.8 ± 2.3 to 8.1 ± 3.4 (Z = 2.2, P < 0.02; Wilcoxin signed rank test). Fluoxetine was well tolerated and no subject required discontinuation of medication. One patient became hypomanic on 60 mg/day but responded to dose reduction. Data suggest that, as in the adult age group, there may be a subgroup of TCA non‐responsive depressed adolescents who respond to fluoxetine. Shortcomings of the present report are a small number of subjects, open nature of study design, and absence of standardized treatment before commencing trial of fluoxetine. Findings of this report suggest that controlled trials using a placebo‐controlled design and involving a larger number of subjects are indicated. Depression 2:287–291 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polysomnogram in major depressive and obsessive‐compulsive disorders: A preliminary study
Authors: Armitage Roseanne , Debus John , Kiger Bonnie , Trivedi Madhukar , Cain John , Roffwarg Howard P. , Rush A. John 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe sleep macroarchitecture of 10 outpatients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) was compared to a group of symptomatic, unmedicated outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 10). No group main effects were observed. Gender by group interactions were observed on the amount of wakefulness and total sleep period. Male patients with MDD had the highest amount of wakefulness, whereas female patients with OCD showed the least amount of wakefulness. Of the REM sleep parameters, only the duration of the individual REM periods showed between‐group differences, interacting with gender. Gender main effects were also obtained on the amount of Stage 1 sleep, which was lower among females. REM latency did not differentiate the groups. These findings suggest that selected sleep EEG parameters may differentiate patients with MDD from those with OCD, but that these effects are moderated by gender. Depression 2:291–302 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis revisited: Role of gonadal steroids
Authors: Young Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSex differences in HPA axis regulation have been documented in other species, particularly in rats, where estrogen regulates cortisosteroid binding globulin (CBG). Given that depression is more common in women, gonadal steroids may impact upon the HPA axis dysregulation often seen in depression. A number of our studies comparing HPA axis dysregulation in depressed men and women suggest that there are differences. We suggest that gonadal steroids may play a modulatory role in premenopansal depressed women. In particular, estrogen increases the level of CBG providing a greater buffering capacity against hypercortisolemia. In addition, progesterone can function as a glucocorticoid antagonist, thus blocking some of the negative sequellae of hypercortisolemia. Following menopause, the incidence of resistance to dexamethasone suppression increases to almost 100%, suggesting that loss of gonadal steroids is an important aspect of the age‐HPA axis interaction. Depression 3:20–27 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex hormones, orcadian rhythms, and depressive vulnerability
Authors: Parry Barbara L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe objective of this review is to delineate the chronobiologic studies of mood disorders linked to the reproductive cycle in women. The experimental designs range from baseline studies of sleep and melatonin circadian rhythms to challenge designs utilizing light therapy and sleep deprivation as experimental perturbations. In summary, melatonin profiles, the best marker for circadian rhythmicity in humans, are abnormally blunted in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Further, light therapy and sleep deprivation, chronobiologic interventions designed to correct underlying circadian rhythm disturbances, are effective in reducing particularly depressive symptoms in PMDD and may have benefit in other reproductive‐related depressions in women such as postpartum or menopausal depressions. Depression 3:43–48 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive‐behavioral treatment of premenstrual syndrome and chronic gynecologic pain
Authors: Stout Anna L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMood disorders have been associated with reproductive events and gynecologic conditions which specifically affect women. Somatic therapies have dominated treatment for these disorders, possibly because of the commonly held belief that the accompanying mood changes are primarily related to physiological states. Some women, however, may receive inadequate symptom relief from currently available pharmacologic therapies, or find other treatment options, such as surgical or hormonal therapies, unacceptable because of the negative impact on their future reproductive or health status. Based on the documented effectiveness of cognitive‐behavioral therapies in the treatment of other mood disorders, exploratory studies of the efficacy of cognitive‐behavioral treatment strategies for gynecologically related mood disorders have been initiated. This review focuses on the problem areas of premenstrual syndrome and chronic pelvic pain.A number of cognitive‐behavioral strategies for treating premenstrual mood symptoms have been reported in the literature; however, few have been subjected to controlled studies with well‐evaluated and well‐described subjects. Preliminary findings suggest that a combination of cognitive‐behavioral interventions and relaxation training, when administered in an adequate number of treatment sessions, may significantly improve premenstrual mood disorders and possibly maintain benefits for a longer period time than pharmacologic treatments. Few therapeutic modalities specific for pelvic pain beyond medical/ surgical approaches have been evaluated. Depending on the treatment setting, general pain management approaches may be applied to pelvic pain patients; however, there is some evidence that chronic pelvic pain patients may differ from other chronic pain conditions and may have special therapeutic needs. Reports of controlled trials of psychological interventions are quite limited; however, several studies report that combined multidisciplinary approaches result in improved levels of functioning. A proposed model for chronic pelvic pain and suggested intervention strategies are also discussed. Depression 3:60–65 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.