bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid Electrochemical Screening of Engine Coolants. Correlation of Electrochemical Potentiometric Measurements with ASTM D 1384 Glassware Corrosion Test
Authors: Doucet GP , Jackson JM , Kriegel OA , Passwater DK , Prieto NE 
Published: March 2009

Engine coolants are typically subjected to comprehensive performance evaluations that involve multiple laboratory and field tests. These tests can take several weeks to conduct and can be expensive. The tests can involve everything from preliminary chemical screening to long term fleet tests. An important test conducted at the beginning of coolant formula development to screen the corrosion performance of engine coolants is described in ASTM D 1384. If the coolant formula passes this test, it is then subjected to more rigorous testing. Conducting the test described in ASTM D 1384 takes two weeks, and determining the coolant corrosion performance under several test parameters can take resources and time that users seldom have. Therefore, it is very desirable to have tests that can be used for rapid screening and quality assurance of coolants.
The purpose of this study was to conduct electrochemical tests that can ultimately be used for quick initial screening of engine coolants. The specific intent of the electrochemical tests is to use ASTM D 1384 as a model and to attempt to duplicate its results. Implementation of the electrochemical tests could accelerate the process of selecting promising coolant formulas and reduce coolant evaluation time and cost.
Various electrochemical tests were conducted to determine the corrosion performance of several engine coolant formulas. The test results were compared to those obtained from the ASTM D 1384 test. These tests were conducted on the same metal specimens and under similar conditions as those used in the ASTM D 1384 test. The electrochemical tests included the determination of open circuit potential (OCP) for the various metal specimens, anodic and cathodic polarization curves for the various metal specimens, corrosion rate for metal specimens involved in a galvanic triad, and critical pitting potential (CPP) for aluminum (pitting of aluminum engine components and cooling systems is a cause for concern).
The details for the methods and the correlation of the results to ASTM D 1384 tests results will be presented.
Fleet Test Evaluations of an Automotive and Medium-Duty Truck Coolant Filter Conditioner
Authors: Wright AB 
Published: March 2009

The use of coolant filtration and supplemental coolant additives (SCA) to replenish depleted protective chemistry has been applied in the heavy duty diesel arena for many years. Some filtration of coolant and SCA usage in light gasoline engine and automotive diesel engine vehicles has taken place using off-board equipment to filter and recondition coolant. As concerns about the environment have increased, disposal of spent coolant that is replaced on a scheduled basis is a burden on fleets as well as individuals. In addition, as the efforts by vehicle manufacturers to extend or eliminate routine service intervals of vehicle systems increase, the use of an on-board system has become more attractive.
A number of filtration/conditioning designs have been developed for light and medium duty use and have been on field tests for over a year. These field tests are described and reported, along with background on the filter design and chemistry package used. Field testing included: low and high mileage vehicles; newer and older vehicles; well and poorly maintained vehicles; and an assessment of the possibility of overcharging of the coolant chemistry.
Documentation of Ground-Water Models in Relationship to National Digital Geospatial Metadata Standards
Authors: Hansen DT 
Published: March 2009

Standards have been adopted for the documentation and description of ground-water models to site specific applications. These guide lines identify the content and suggest format for material in a report on the ground-water model's application. The report is intended to provide a comprehensive description of the entire process followed in the development of a ground-water model application. The report is to contain sufficient information with reference to basic model files to permit an independent assessment of the ground-water model application.
The Federal government has adopted Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata. The intent of these Federal standards is to provide sufficient information for the application and use of geospatial data sets. They were developed in response to the need for adequate documentation of information developed with geographic information systems (GIS). GIS has been increasingly used as a tool in the process of developing site specific ground-water applications. These Standards can complement the existing ASTM guides for the documentation of ground-water model applications. The Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata are used to describe GIS data sets. This metadata can assist in the use of GIS data sets in ground-water applications. The spatial domain of the model is often represented by a GIS data set. This representation is used in the evaluation of other data, in model calibration, and in the display of model simulations. Metadata about the representation of the spatial domain of the ground-water model provides documentation on the lineage and development of the model grid. It can provide documentation for the model report on data sets and other materials involved in the model application. The metadata can identify individuals involved in the modeling process. This information can assist in the development of the report on the ground-water model application.
Metadata on other GIS data sets that are involved in the ground-water model application can provide supporting information for the model report. This supporting information will be on the content and quality of those geospatial data sets. They provide links to descriptions in the ground-water model report on the use and application of these data sets in the modeling process.
This paper examines standards developed for the description and documentation of the modeling process for ground-water flow systems and the Federal Content Standards for Geospatial Metadata. They are examined with respect to two ground-water applications in use by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
Recharge of Valley-Fill Aquifers in the Glaciated Northeast from Upland Runoff
Authors: Williams JH , Morrissey DJ 
Published: March 2009

Channeled and unchanneled runoff from till-covered bedrock uplands is a major source of recharge to valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeastern United States. Streamflow measurements and model simulation of average steady-state conditions indicate that upland runoff accounted for more recharge to two valley-fill aquifers in moderately high topographic-relief settings than did direct infiltration of precipitation. Recharge from upland runoff to a modeled valley-fill aquifer in an area of lower relief was significant but less than that from direct infiltration of precipitation.
The amount of upland runoff available for recharging valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated Northeast ranges from about 1.5 to 2.5 cubic feet per second per square mile of drainage area that borders the aquifer. Stream losses from tributaries that drain the uplands commonly range from 0.3 to 1.5 cubic feet per second per 1,000 feet of wetted channel where the tributaries cross alluvial fans in the main valleys.
Recharge of valley-fill aquifers from channeled runoff was estimated from measured losses and average runoff rates and was represented in aquifer models as specified fluxes or simulated by head-dependent fluxes with streamflow routing in the model cells that represent the tributary streams. Unchanneled upland runoff, which includes overland and subsurface flow, recharges the valley-fill aquifers at the contact between the aquifer and uplands near the base of the bordering till-covered hillslopes. Recharge from unchanneled runoff was estimated from average runoff rates and the hillslope area that borders the aquifer and was represented as specified fluxes to model-boundary cells along the valley walls.
Development of a Graphical User Interface in GIS Raster Format for the Finite Difference Ground-Water Model Code, Modflow
Authors: Heinzer T , Hansen DT , Greer W , Sebhat M 
Published: March 2009

A geographic information system (GIS) was used in developing a graphical user interface (GUI) for use with the U.S. Geological Survey's finite difference ground-water flow model, MODFLOW. The GUI permits the construction of a MODFLOW based ground-water flow model from scratch in a GIS environment. The model grid, input data and output are stored as separate raster data sets which may be viewed, edited, and manipulated in a graphic environment. Other GIS data sets can be displayed with the model data sets for reference and evaluation.
The GUI sets up a directory structure for storage of the files associated with the ground-water model and the raster data sets created by the interface. The GUI stores model coefficients and model output as raster values. Values stored by these raster data sets are formatted for use with the ground-water flow model code. Simulations can be run and model output retrieved for visual display and analysis in the interface as raster data sets.
The use of a graphical user interface with a GIS assists in several steps of a ground-water flow model application. The development of the GIS representation of the model's spatial dimensions with other data sets defining the ground-water flow system ensures the proper placement and orientation of that mesh. Boundary conditions and model coefficients can be rapidly assigned values and input files for the model code produced. The assignment of values to model cells can be graphically reviewed and verified against other geospatial data sets during model calibration and verification. The results of model simulations can be displayed and these values contoured.
This interface and the data sets created with it assist in the preparation of the report on the ground-water flow model as called for in ASTM Standard Guide for Application of a Ground-Water Flow Model to a Site Specific Problem (ASTM D 5447). Graphics files and maps can be prepared of the values in the raster data sets and associated GIS vector data sets. Metadata prepared for the GIS data sets within the interface can provide supporting information on the values carried in the raster data sets. This information includes persons responsible for preparing the data sets, the coordinate system, and the manipulations required for the spatial representation of the ground-water flow model.
Tools to Improve Models for Design and Assessment of Soil Vapor Extraction Systems
Authors: Thrupp GA , Gallinatti JD , Johnson KA 
Published: March 2009

Although soil vapor extraction (SVE) is well established as an effective method of removing volatile organic compounds from soil, the spatial extent of extraction influence is often poorly understood. Typically, the limit of a detectable vacuum response in vadose monitoring wells is used to define radius of influence without regard for the pneumatic conductivity, vacuum measurement limitations, or barometric pressure effects. Vapor flow conditions are often assumed to be confined, but even beneath surface pavement or clay layers, vertical leakance of air is usually a dominant influence.
Transient-response pneumatic testing and analysis with a leaky aquifer solution can quantify vertical leakance of air as well as the horizontal pneumatic conductivity of the primary extraction zone. An additional benefit of automated transient-response testing is that the extent of SVE influence detected is usually substantially larger, because much smaller pressure changes can be detected and attributed to SVE than is possible with manual static measurements. Simple vapor flow models incorporating leakance based on the results of pneumatic testing can be developed as tools for design and evaluation of SVE systems.
Soil gas tracer (SGT) investigations utilizing sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) can be used to determine vapor travel times for assessing variability of pneumatic conductivity at an SVE site. The SGT technique can also be used evaluate extent of SVE influence, to investigate relative influence of extraction wells, and evaluate flow within and between different horizons. In a case study, the tracer data indicated the presence of preferential flow through macropores and provided the opportunity to calibrate and verify models of subsurface vapor flow.
Mirror Figure of Merit (MFM): An Alternative Measure of Groundwater Model Calibration Error
Authors: Laase AD , Davidson JR 
Published: March 2009

Scatter plots of model-predicted verses target (measured) values are used to qualitatively evaluate groundwater flow model calibration error. Often a 45° line representing complete agreement between model-predicted and target values is drawn on the plot for reference. The model is considered calibrated when, based on visual observation, the data points composing the scatter plot are all clustered tightly around the 45° line representing complete model agreement. Because model calibration error is assessed visually, the degree to which the model is calibrated is purely subjective.
The mirror figure of merit (MFM), a number between minus one and one, was developed to quantify how close measured verses model-predicted values are to a 45° line when plotted. To calculate the MFM, the data constituting the scatter plot are mirrored around the 45° line. A best-fit regression line is determined for the mirrored scatter plot. The best-fit regression line is then mirrored around the 45° line. The ratio of the slopes of the best-fit regression and mirrored lines yields the MFM value. For the ideal case, where the measured and model-predicted values are identical and fall on the 45° line, the MFM will equal one. For all other cases, the MFM will be less than one. For very poorly calibrated models, the MFM can be negative, but typically is a positive value.
Calibration of a number of groundwater flow models have been evaluated using the MFM. Because the MFM is scaled between minus one and one, when correctly applied, it is a convenient calibration parameter for comparing model calibration errors associated with individual model layers, for comparing model calibration errors associated with individual time steps, and for comparing both of these types of errors to the overall model calibration error. The MFM is not a panacea for detecting all problems of model calibration and is best used in conjunction with other measures of model calibration.
Verification of A Groundwater Flow Model Application Using Recovery Data and Infiltration Tests
Authors: Johnson JA , Weimer DJ 
Published: March 2009

Model application verification is important because it establishes the predictive capability of the model. In the verification process, the model conceptualization and parameter values determined during the calibration process are used to simulate independent conditions for which a set of field data exist. To fully assess the predictive capabilities of the model, several different hydrologic conditions which represent various time and space scales should be utilized during verification. This paper describes the verification of a groundwater flow model application in a heterogeneous, anisotropic aquifer. The computer code ARMOS was used because of its ability to simulate spatial heterogeneity, anisotropy and complex recovery systems configurations, which are present at the subject site.
In the modeling effort, water levels from three different time periods, water recovery from pumping well and trench systems, cumulative water recovery from extraction systems located in different areas, and infiltration tests at two different locations were used for model verification. The model successfully predicted all of the observed values within the range observed during calibration, except for one of the infiltration tests. Small-scale local heterogeneities, on the order of a few meters, may not be accurately simulated by the model. However, because of the comprehensive scope of the verification process, the model developed and calibrated for this site is demonstrated to be a useful and accurate tool for predicting groundwater flow at a scale of several meters or larger.
A Postaudit of Groundwater Plow Models Used in Design of A Groondwater Capture/Containment System
Authors: Weaver JD , Digel RK , Rosasco PV 
Published: March 2009

Groundwater models are increasingly being used in design of remediation systems for contaminated sites. A postaudit was performed on two groundwater flow models, one analytical and one numerical, used to design a well array for a groundwater capture and containment system installed along the boundary of a manufacturing facility.
The system was initially designed based on the results of an analytical well field simulation model. Due to unexpected occurrences of light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL), emulsions and resultant treatment limitations, and lower well efficiencies, pumping rates and drawdowns were lower than predicted. Enhancements to the system, including additional extraction and LNAPL recovery wells and additional treatment components, were designed and constructed based on the results of a numerical model.
A postaudit was performed on the analytical model used to design the initial system. After system performance did not meet expectations, a numerical model was used to design an enhanced system. Because the enhanced system has been in place for only a short time, a detailed postaudit of the numerical model was not performed. However, a cursory review of numerical model results versus observed conditions was performed.
Results of the postaudit indicated that the following factors contributed to the observed differences between actual and predicted water levels: (1) reduced system pumping rates due to unanticipated treatment problems, (2) limitations on total available drawdown due to well construction techniques, (3) variations in well efficiencies, (4) unexpected variations in pumping rates due to system maintenance activities, and (5) aquifer heterogeneities.
Predicting Exterior Crack-Bridging Performance of Textured Elastomeric Coatings
Authors: Demarest VA , Gordon SJ , Montgomery DJ 
Published: March 2009

Laboratory duplication of the exterior crack-bridging performance of textured elastomeric coatings is difficult due to low exterior deformation rates (10-4 in. (10-4 cm)/min), the cyclic nature of sample deformations (diurnal and seasonal) and the temperature variations that produce these deformations (50 mil (0.13 cm) change in crack width per 30°F (17°C) change in temperature). We are developing a test method, based on ASTM C-836, which addresses these issues and helps to predict long term exterior performance.
Textured elastomeric films are drawn onto precracked concrete blocks and tested on an ATS (Applied Testing Systems, Inc.) instrument capable of varying crack width and temperature simultaneously. Samples are subjected to cyclic variations of crack width, from 0 to 50 to 0 mils (0 to 0.13 to 0 cm) with an accompanying temperature variation of 30°F (17°C). The rate of change of the crack width is 1×10-3 in (4×10-4cm)/min. Comparisons of ATS data to exterior crack-bridging results suggest that the modified version of ASTM C-836 may be a useful indicator of exterior performance; adaptable to a wide variety of coatings and useful as a screening tool for both polymer and formulation development.
Since the word “textured elastomeric coating” in the title of this paperimplies elongation and recovery characteristics which a textured coating maynot have, we have adopted the term “flexible textured coating” instead.
Combined evaluation of resting IGF1, N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen and C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen levels might be useful for detecting inappropriate GH administration in female athletes
Authors: Di Luigi Luigi , Rigamonti Antonello E , Agosti Fiorenza , Mencarelli Monica , Sgrò Paolo , Marazzi Nicoletta , Cella Silvano G , Müller Eugenio E , Sartorio Alessandro 
Published: March 2009

ObjectiveTo detect exogenous recombinant human GH (rhGH) abuse in female athletes.DesignGH-dependent markers were assayed in serum of 100 female athletes (control group) and in a subgroup of nine female subjects treated with rhGH (0.09 IU/kg body weight, 6 days/week for 3 weeks).MethodsCut-off values (mean+2 s.d.) for IGF1, N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) were calculated and arbitrary scores (1.5 or 2.0) were assigned to abnormal markers. By using the sum of individual marker scores, positive (≥3) or negative (<3) scores were obtained.ResultsNone of the control group obtained a positive score (≥3). Abnormal IGF1, PIIINP and ICTP levels were found in 61.4, 54.5 and 11.4% samples of the treated group. Overall, positive cases were present in 43.2% blood samples drawn in subjects treated with rhGH and in 26% of samples after rhGH withdrawal. The sensitivity of the detection approach was 66.6% at the end of 3-week rhGH treatment and 11.1% at the 15th day of rhGH withdrawal, while the specificity was 100%.ConclusionDetection test for rhGH administration appears less sensitive in female (66.6%) than in male athletes (previous observation, 100% after 3 weeks of comparable rhGH dose), but shows a similar specificity (98.5–100%). Since athletes supposedly use very high doses and long-term administration of rhGH for doping purposes, it is foreseen that the here-in detection test would in future increase its strength.
Successful laparoscopic management of a non-communicating rudimentary horn pregnancy
Authors: Szabó István , Börzsönyi Balázs , Demendi Csaba , Langmár Zoltán 
Published: March 2009

A csökevényes méhszarv terhessége ritka kórkép, legjelentősebb veszélye az életveszélyes hasűri vérzéssel járó ruptura. Hüvelyi ultrahangvizsgálat segítségével még tünetmentes, korai állapotban lehetséges a felismerés. A diagnózist követően a csökevényes méhszarv és az abban elhelyezkedő terhesség laparoszkópos reszekciója javasolt, az érintett oldali kürt eltávolításával együtt. A szerzők egy rudimenter szarvban kialakult, 9 hetes terhességgel jelentkező beteg esetét ismertetik, amelyet laparoszkópia segítségével sikeresen oldottak meg.