bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte subpopulations in sheep with lymphosarcoma resulting from experimental infection with bovine leukaemia virus
Authors: Dimmock C. K. , Ward W. H. , Trueman K. F. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySheep were experimentally infected with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) and developed leukaemia and lymphosarcoma 30–88 weeks later. Ten sheep with lymphosarcoma were necropsied and lymphocyte subpopulations were evaluated in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and lymphocyte suspensions prepared from a range of lymph nodes, tumours and spleen. The leukaemic phase of BLV infection was characterized by an increase in the number of circulating B lymphocytes. The number of T lymphocytes was also increased with the CD8+ subpopulation proliferating at a much greater rate than the CD4+ subpopulation. In PBL the CD4:CD8 ratio fell rapidly as leukaemia developed, being 1·15 (±0·18) 5–8 weeks before necropsy and 0·38 (±0·09) at necropsy. During this period the number of B lymphocytes increased from 11·2 (± 0·7) to 379·4 (± 85·8)x 109/L. CD4: CD8 ratios were also low in all lymph nodes and spleens of leukaemic sheep at necropsy. Most of the cells in solid tumours were B lymphocytes but a small population of T lymphocytes with a low CD4: CD8 ratio was identified.
Prevention of adjuvant‐induced cachexia in rats by cyclosporin A
Authors: Rofe A. M. , Whitehouse M. W. , Bourgeois C. S. , Haynes D. R. , Vernon‐Roberts B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe changes in food intake and biochemistry following Freund's adjuvant (AJ)‐induced inflammation in rats were investigated. Injection of AJ into rats resulted in a transient anorexia but a sustained decrease in body weight. Within 14 days, body weight decreased by 12% (P<0·05) and adipose tissue (retroperitoneal fat pads) decreased by more than 50%. Biochemical changes seen in association with the AJ‐induced wasting included decreased plasma concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol. Injection of cyclosporin‐A (CS) (20 mg/kg) with the AJ decreased the anorexia, prevented the sustained loss of body weight and adipose tissue and reversed the effects on plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. Insulin concentrations were not significantly affected by the AJ or AJ/CS treatments. Peritoneal macrophages from AJ‐treated rats produced 3‐fold more tumour necrosis factor‐α (cachectin) than control rats. This effect was not observed in rats treated with AJ plus CS. The results are consistent with CS preventing the release of cytokines which have anorectic and catabolic actions (IL‐1, TNF), although there is also the possibility that CS has effects involving endocrine mechanisms.
Growth, reproductive cycle, and movement of berried European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) in a local stock off southwestern Norway
Authors: Agnalt Ann-Lisbeth , Kristiansen Tore S. , Jørstad Knut E. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Agnatt, A-L., Kristiansen T. S., and Jorstad K. E. 2007. Growth, reproductive cycle, and movement of berried kuropean lobsters (Homarus gammarus) in a local stock off southwestern Norway. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 288–297. The Norwegian fishery for the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) collapsed between 1960 and 1980, to <10% of its pre-1960 level, and since then the spawning stock seems to be too low to generate good recruitment. In 1998, a project to evaluate the feasibility and effect of protecting berried female lobsters as a management restriction was initiated. The study area selected was previously an important fishing ground in Kvitsøy off southwestern Norway, and 125 000 hatchery-reared juveniles were released between 1990 and 1994. From spring 1998 to spring 2000, a total of 942 wild and 480 cultured berried females was purchased from fishers, individually tagged with a streamer-tag, and released. The proportion of berried females in the landings varied annually from 19 to 58% for wild females, and from 22 to 44% for cultured females. By spring 2000, 23% of the tagged females had been recaptured at least once, and 3% twice or more. Average moult increment was 7 mm carapace length (CL), independent of pre-moult size in both wild and cultured females. Reproduction (spawning) and growth (moulting) alternated in a 2 y cycle for >90% of the females. A small number moulted and spawned a few weeks after hatching. More than 95% of the recaptures were taken within a radius of 1 km of the release area. Egg production varied considerably between seasons. Reproductive potential (RP) of landed berried females underestimated egg production compared with what was actually produced (AE). For the entire period, RP was estimated to be about 15.0 million eggs, and AE to be 17.2 million eggs. Cultured females contributed 27% of AE. To reduce the fishing mortality in a heavily fished and depleted population is vital. A ban on landing berried females would be a valuable first step in attempting to increase the spawning biomass.
Identification of Girella punctata and G. leonina by PCR-RFLP analysis
Authors: Itoi Shiro , Saito Takashi , Shimojo Mai , Washio Sayaka , Sugita Haruo 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Itoi, S., Saito, T., Shimojo, M., Washio, S., and Sugita, H. 2007. Identification of Girella punctata and G. leonina by PCR-RFLP analysis. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 328–331. Two Girella species, Girella punctata and G. leonina, are sympatric sister species with an extensive overlap in their respective distributions on shallow rocky reefs from Hong Kong to the south of the Japanese Islands. Juveniles of the two species cannot be discriminated easily on the basis of external characters. In this study, after morphological identification of the species, sequencing analysis was carried out for the partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene and for the D-loop region in mitochondrial DNA. A total of 109 specimens was examined. Restriction site mapping of the sequences suggested that the electrophoretic patterns of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the gene products would produce a species-specific banding pattern. Subsequently, the PCR-RFLP analysis showed that the method was as effective for separating the two morphologically similar species of the genus Girella as the sequencing analysis.
Collapse of the fishery for Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) in Breidafjordur, West Iceland
Authors: Jonasson Jónas P. , Thorarinsdottir Gudrun , Eiriksson Hrafnkell , Solmundsson Jon , Marteinsdottir Gudrun 
Published: July 2007

AbstractJonasson, J. P., Thorarinsdottir, G., Eiriksson, H., Solmundsson, J., and Marteinsdottir, G. 2007. Collapse of the fishery for Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) in Breidafjordur, West Iceland. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 298–308. The stock index of the Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) in Breidafjordur on the west coast of Iceland has declined drastically in recent years. Total fishing mortality was very high throughout the study period from 1993 to 2003, a period characterized by a steady increase in summer sea surface temperature, in 2003 reaching the highest estimated level of the previous century. Between 1998 and 2005, estimates of chlorophyll a (food availability) fluctuated with periods of low chlorophyll followed by a reduction in muscle weight and high natural mortality. High levels of natural mortality were observed in the main fishing area in the southern part of Breidafjordur. There the stock index had been declining since 1994. Recruitment to the fishable stock was highly variable during the study period, with low recruitment towards the end of the 1990s. Subsequently the fishery has been on relatively few year classes, and the stock has been fragile because of several years of poor recruitment and high natural mortality. Consequently, the stock appeared unable to withstand the fishing pressure and declined to historically low levels, leading to a halt to fishing in 2004.
Can traditional harvesting methods for cockles be accommodated in a Special Area of Conservation?
Authors: McLaughlin Emma , Portig Alex , Johnson Mark P. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
McLaughlin, E., Portig, A., and Johnson, M. P. 2007. Can traditional harvesting methods for cockles be accommodated in a Special Area of Conservation? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 309–317. The European Natura 2000 project attempts to balance conservation and exploitation by permitting activities that do not affect the conservation status of designated sites. Given the scale of Natura 2000, guidelines are needed to facilitate the drafting of simple site management plans. This need is particularly acute for traditional harvesting methods for which there is usually strong local opposition to the imposition of controls. These issues were examined in Strangford Lough, a special area of conservation where cockles have traditionally been harvested by hand-raking. Raking was found not to affect the ability of cockles to rebury. There were significant reductions in Zostera biomass when raking was carried out within eelgrass beds (a 90% reduction in biomass available to winter migrant birds from summer raking). Traditional harvesting methods could therefore be accepted in Strangford as long as Zostera beds are avoided. A relatively low intensity of harvesting activity in Strangford Lough probably reflects low cockle densities (average 91.8 m−2), with the most economically valuable individuals at some distance from points of access to the shore. An economically feasible management plan could sanction traditional harvesting and result in the implementation of more resource-intensive management only if increases in cockle stocks and market prices stimulate large increases in harvesting activity.
Sexual maturity of the edible crab (Cancer pagurus) in the Skagerrak and the Kattegat, based on reproductive and morphometric characters
Authors: Ungfors Anette 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Ungfors, A. 2007. Sexual maturity of the edible crab (Cancer pagurus) in the Skagerrak and the Kattegat, based on reproductive and morphometric characters. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 318–327. The size at the onset of sexual maturity of female and male edible crab (Cancer pagurus) from the Skagerrak and the Kattegat and the fecundity of females were estimated. Physiological maturity of females, i.e. ovary development, was at a larger size than behavioural maturity (indications of successful copulation). The carapace width (CW) at which 50% of females were mature (CW50), based on development of the gonads, was 132 mm, sperm presence gave a CW50 of 107 mm, and the presence of sperm plugs a CW50 of 118 mm. Changes in relative abdominal width were found at approximately 100 and 130 mm, and CW50 was 104 mm. A smaller fraction (25%) of the females is functionally mature at sizes <140 mm. However, male physiological and functional maturity was more synchronized: CW50s based on advanced sperm production and allometric changes in the chelae were within 5 mm (117–122 mm). Size-specific fecundity increases with CW (0.5–2.5 million eggs). Recommendations for a minimum landing size (MLS) of 140 mm and a change of escape gap size to 90 mm are given. Legislation of a MLS of 140 mm CW for females and males will reduce future potential landings more in the Skagerrak than in the Kattegat.
Acoustic characterization of seafloor habitats on the western continental shelf of India
Authors: Chakraborty Bishwajit , Mahale Vasudev , Navelkar Gajanan , Rao B. Ramalingeswara , Prabhudesai R. G. , Ingole Baban , Janakiraman G. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Chakraborty, B., Mahale, V., Navelkar, G., Rao, B. R., Prabhudesai, R. G., Ingole, B., and Janakirinam, G. 2007. Acoustic characterization of seafloor habitats on the western continental shelf of India. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 551–558. This is a study of the interaction effects of the dual-frequency (210 and 33 kHz) backscatter signal with seafloor sediment and benthic biota along a transect in water 27–83 m deep offshore of the Goa region of India's central west coast. Estimation of the power-law exponent using seafloor topographic data provided equivalent values even when using dual high-frequency systems for different grain-size sediments. Backscatter signals corrected from system-related gain, etc., reveal better correlations with sedimentary and benthic parameters than the estimated coherence parameters (using echo peaks). Statistically, correlations are significant for the 210 kHz backscatter signal with sand and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) sediment content. Also, correlations are higher for macrobenthic biomass (wet weight) and population density with a 210 kHz backscatter strength, emphasizing the dominant seawater–seafloor interface scattering process. For 33 kHz backscatter strength, the absence of such correlations indicates a different scattering process, i.e. dominant sediment volume scattering attributable to the comparatively lower signal attenuation. Additionally, to validate the results, the backscatter signals from other locations in the vicinity of this transect were considered.
Evaluating the science behind the management advice for North Sea cod
Authors: Reeves Stuart A. , Pastoors Martin A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Reeves, S. A. and Pastoors, M. A. 2007. Evaluating the science behind the management advice for North Sea cod. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 671–678. Since 1974, annual assessments have constituted the core of the scientific advice underpinning management of the North Sea cod stock. Here, we base our evaluation of the assessments' performance on the quality of the advice and on the wider issue of how science is used to produce management advice. At the same time, we consider catch-at-age analyses and catch forecasts in the context of the amount of person-time and expertise available at the relevant working group meetings. The results indicate that, generally, the catch forecasts have been positively biased and that the bias has been driven by three main factors: (i) substantial overestimates of terminal stock size since the late 1990s, (ii) overestimates of incoming recruitment, and (iii) overestimates of growth. Information for other North Sea stocks (haddock, plaice, and sole) suggests that bias is a problem generally, not one unique to cod. Our results include a discussion of ways to use science more effectively in supplying management advice.
Viewpoint: the interface between scientific advice and fisheries managementa
Authors: Hoydal Kjartan 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Hoydal, K. 2007. Viewpoint: the interface between scientific advice and fisheries management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 846–850.
Basic elements in responsible, robust, and sustainable fishery management frameworks are well understood and easily listed. Common sense and international law underline the prominent role of science in management. Most managers request peer-reviewed advice based on an objective assessment of the impact of fisheries on marine ecosystems, to create a basis for sustainable and profitable fisheries. Management systems in the North Atlantic rely extensively on advice on total allowable catches (TACs) to control fishing mortality in stocks under regulation. This leads to an unhelpful focus on inherently uncertain catch forecasts. With the wisdom of hindsight, TACs have rarely led to the predicted reduction in fishing mortality. And because of the focus on TACs, other elements in the management framework, notably overcapacity and other economic and social constraints, do not receive the necessary attention. A comparison of the way fishing advice is acquired with the same process in the hydrocarbon extraction industry draws attention to the multi-user problem in marine fisheries management.
Influences of discourse on decision-making in EU fisheries management: the case of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Delaney Alyne E. , McLay H. Anne , van Densen Wim L. T. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Delaney, A. E., McLay, H. A., and van Densen, W. L. T. 2007. Influences of discourse on decision-making in EU fisheries management: the case of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 804–810. Does public debate have an influence on decision-making in European fisheries management? Our premise is that for fisheries management to be viewed as legitimate, stakeholders should be included in the process. Because the first step towards stakeholder participation is letting their voices be heard, we analysed the public debate surrounding the management of North Sea cod, focusing on two aspects: the mixed fisheries problem of total allowable catch management and the causes of cod decline. Using standard social-science methodologies including discourse analysis, participant observation, and qualitative interviews, we suggest that the public debate has not had a direct effect on year-to-year management decisions. Still, it can be argued that the debate has influenced the attitude of those involved in the management system and, therefore, has had an impact on the changes in the management and advisory system that are taking place, although these take place at different levels and speeds than expected.
Quantitative assessment of the area of shallow habitat for fish on the Swedish west coast
Authors: Stål Johan , Pihl Leif 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Stål, J., and Pihl, L. 2007. Quantitative assessment of the area of shallow habitat for fish on the Swedish west coast. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 446–452. Much effort has been focused recently on juvenile and adult fish habitat use in shallow coastal areas. However, to understand fully the importance of such habitats for fish production it is necessary also to quantify the area of existing habitat types. We inventory and quantify the area of major habitat types in a 1000 km2 area of the Swedish west coast, on a scale appropriate for coastal-zone management. An echosounder and GPS-transmitter mounted on a small boat were used to estimate the distribution of habitat along transects in seven regions of differing coastal morphology. The signal from the echosounder separated major habitat types, and recordings were verified by video documentation and visually. The information was used with GIS-software to estimate the quantitative extent of bottom habitats at depth ranges of 0–3, 3–6, and 6–10 m. Of the major habitat types, soft substrata dominated all except one region, and increased in size with depth in all regions. There were rocky substrata in all regions, but as steep rock walls in the north and more gently sloping substrata with pebbles and boulders in the south. Approximately half the rocky habitat was in the shallowest depth range. Seagrass meadows on soft substrata were mainly in the shallow protected archipelago of the central coast.
Policy and knowledge in fisheries management: a policy briefa
Authors: Schwach Vera , Bailly Denis , Christensen Anne-Sofie , Delaney Alyne E. , Degnbol Poul , van Densen Wim L. T. , Holm Petter , McLay H. Anne , Nielsen Kåre Nolde , Pastoors Martin A. , Reeves Stuart A. , Wilson Douglas C. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Schwach, V., Bailly, D., Christensen, A-S., Delaney, A. E., Degnbol, P., van Densen, W. L. T., Holm, P., McLay, H. A., Nielsen, K. N., Pastoors, M. A., Reeves, S. A., and Wilson, D. C. 2007. Policy and knowledge in fisheries management: a policy brief. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 798–803. The EU project Policy and Knowledge in Fisheries Management investigated the use of biological knowledge in various parts of the fisheries system, using North Sea cod as a case study. The project examined the way scientific advice was generated from technical and institutional perspectives, as well as the way claims about science appeared in both policy-setting and in public debate through the press. The results suggested that many people involved in the system want a new way to reflect about science in management. People from all major stakeholder groups are calling for a more interactive system of producing a common knowledge base. Such a system could bring uncertainty from its current marginal role as the leftovers of certainty to the heart of the science process. It would require stakeholders to help address uncertainty and to negotiate a more realistic placement of burden of proof.
Management strategies for reducing variation in annual yield: when can they work?
Authors: Skagen Dankert W. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Skagen, D. W. 2007. Management strategies for reducing variation in annual yield: when can they work? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 698–701. Management with permanently fixed quota, an extreme form of a catch-stabilizing strategy, poses the risk of severely depleting a stock. Simulation studies of artificial populations are conducted to show that the maximum fixed total allowable catch (TAC) consistent with a low risk of depletion is related to biological properties of the stock and to the fishing mortality (F) at the time the regime is introduced. If the stock can be assumed to be fully exploited, a safe fixed TAC can be derived as a percentage of the mean catch obtained previously under a constant-F regime. This percentage will be in the order of 50–100%, and is largely independent of the previous F-value. The lower end of the range is associated with large variations in recruitment and short lifespans, but is insensitive to the growth rate of a species. The relationship between previous catch and a safe fixed TAC can be used as a guideline in setting a precautionary TAC in data-poor situations.
The Australian government's harvest strategy policy
Authors: Rayns Nick 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Rayns, N. 2007. The Australian government's harvest strategy policy. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 596–598. In December 2005, the Australian government announced its Implementation Policy for the sustainable use of its fishery resources, specifically aimed at addressing overfishing, recovering overfished stocks, and managing the impacts of fishing on the marine environment. The policy articulates the level of risk the government is willing to accept in utilizing its resources. A key part is setting default target and limit reference points for stock biomass (Btarg and Blim). The policy is currently being expanded to ensure that control rules should always return stocks to Btarg, and that target fishing will cease if Blim is reached. The expanded policy is also intended to link fisheries management and conservation law to define their respective application to fisheries better. Guidelines explain how the policy should be applied, and permit the preparation of fishery-specific harvest strategies that are scheduled to be in place by 1 January 2007.
Tips and tricks in designing management procedures
Authors: Rademeyer Rebecca A. , Plagányi Éva E. , Butterworth Doug S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Rademeyer, R. A., Plagányi, É. E., and Butterworth, D. S. 2007. Tips and tricks in designing management procedures. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 618–625. Management procedures (MPs) are becoming widely used in fisheries management, but guidelines to assist in their construction, evaluation, and implementation are few. We provide simple guidelines by drawing on experience from developing and applying MPs in southern Africa and internationally. Suggestions are provided on how to choose between candidate MPs and on key trade-offs in selecting between data-based (empirical) and model-based formulations. Assistance is also provided in dealing with different sources of uncertainty, such as deciding which operating models should be included in a reference set used for primary simulation testing and tuning (in contrast to robustness or sensitivity tests), and on how weights for the associated alternative hypotheses are most practically assigned. Finally, some guidelines are given for presenting the results effectively, which is one of the key challenges of a successful implementation process.