bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phishwish: a simple and stateless phishing filter
Authors: Cook Debra L. , Gurbani Vijay K. , Daniluk Michael 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe definephishingas the practice of directing unsuspecting users to fraudulent websites with the intent of obtaining personal information to be used for illicit purpose by a spammer. We introduce a new anti‐phishing filter, phishwish, that has a number of advantages over existing phishing filters: it does not need to be trained, as is the case with Bayesian filters, nor does it consult centralized white or blacklists to determine whether an email is suspect. Phishwish uses a set of only 11 rules to determine the veracity of an incoming email; the results can be used to quarantine the email or to alert the user. We compare the performance of phishwish to SpamAssassin, a popular open source filter, as well as the Google phishing filters accessed from the Firefox browser. Our results indicate that phishwish outperforms existing filters in identifying phishing emails, even identifying those originated by the ‘rock phish’ gang, and that it aids in detection of zero‐day attacks that were not caught by existing filters. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steam Purification for the Removal of Graphitic Shells Coating Catalytic Particles and the Shortening of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ballesteros Belén , Tobias Gerard , Shao Lidong , Pellicer Eva , Nogués Josep , Mendoza Ernest , Green Malcolm L.H. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPurification and shortening of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is carried out by treatment with steam. During the steam purification the graphitic shells coating the catalytic metal particles are removed. Consequently, the exposed catalytic particles can be easily dissolved by treatment with hydrochloric acid. No damage to the carbon nanotube tubular structure is observed, even after prolonged treatment with steam. Samples are characterized by HRTEM, TGA, magnetic measurements, Raman spectroscopy, AFM, and XPS.
Student Opportunity: Short-Term Exposure to International Agriculture
Authors: Phillips Ronald L. , Magor Noel P. , Shires David , Leung Hei , McCouch Susan R. , Macintosh Duncan 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Opportunities abound to apply crop science to solving many of the world’s food problems. International agricultural research centers (IARCs) provide a window through which students can see the need for improved agricultural productivity and briefly experience the rewards of working on difficult but important issues. In today’s world of highly technical graduate education, students find it difficult to obtain exposure to international agriculture due to the extreme constraints on their time. Programs for students that provide a short-term exposure to IARC strategies can have long-term benefits for the student as well as the international center. A short-term student exchange program between a US university and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and a special course on rice (research to production) offered at IRRI provide students with unique insights for averting food riots in the future. Details of these educational efforts are described in this paper.
Florigen and the Photoperiodic Control of Flowering in Rice
Authors: Tsuji Hiroyuki , Tamaki Shojiro , Komiya Reina , Shimamoto Ko 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Flowering time is a key trait for geographical and seasonal adaptation of plants and is an important consideration for rice breeders. Recently identified genetic factors provide new insights into this complex trait. The list of genes involved in flowering and their functions tells us that the molecular basis of day-length measurement includes both of the evolution of unique factors and the regulatory adaptation of conserved factors in rice. This information helped identify rice florigen, a mobile flowering signal. Our current view of flowering time regulation incorporates the presence of complex layers of gene networks integrated with the synthesis of florigen protein and its subsequent transport and perception.
THE DISCRETE COAGULATION EQUATIONS WITH MULTIPLE FRAGMENTATION
Authors: Laurençot Philippe 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe present an alternative proof of the existence of density-conserving solutions to the discrete coagulation–fragmentation equations when the coagulation rates grow at most linearly. The proof relies on the study of the propagation of some moments of the solutions to approximating equations and simplifies the previous argument of Ball and Carr which involves rather delicate estimates. The case of multiple fragmentation is also considered, and the question of uniqueness as well.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 34A34; 82C22
CONFORMAL $\mathcal{s}$$\mathcal{l}$2 ENVELOPING ALGEBRAS AS AMBISKEW POLYNOMIAL RINGS
Authors: O’Neill Martin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe study a three parameter deformation $\mathcal{U}_{abc}$ of $\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{sl}_2)$ introduced by Le Bruyn in 1995. Working over an arbitrary algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, we determine the centres, the finite-dimensional irreducible representations, and, when the parameter $a$ is not a non-trivial root of unity, the prime ideals of those $\mathcal{U}_{abc}$, with $ac\neq0$, which are conformal as ambiskew polynomial rings.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 16W35; 17B37. Secondary 16S36; 16S80
NORMAL SEMIGROUPS OF ENDOMORPHISMS OF PROPER INDEPENDENCE ALGEBRAS ARE IDEMPOTENT GENERATED
Authors: Araújo João 
Published: August 2008

AbstractLet $\mathcal{A}$ be a proper independence algebra of finite rank, let $G$ be the group of automorphisms of $\mathcal{A}$, let $a$ be a singular endomorphism and let $a^G$ be the semigroup generated by all the elements $g^{-1}ag$, where $g\in G$. The aim of this paper is to prove that $a^G$ is a semigroup generated by its own idempotents.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20M20; 20M10; 08A35
Phased activity in Heterorhabditis megidis infective juveniles
Authors: DEMPSEY C. M. , GRIFFIN C. T. 
Published: August 2008

The infectivity of Heterorhabditis megidis infective juveniles (IJs) increases during storage in water. We investigated whether this change can be related to other features of the IJs' behaviour. IJs were stored in water for 4 weeks at 20 °C, and the following parameters were assessed at intervals: infectivity for Galleria mellonella, dispersal in sand, host-finding on agar, and the percentage of IJs active in water. In addition, the behaviour of the IJs in water was described using 7 categories. Immediately after emerging from the host cadaver, IJs were highly active (99% of IJs in water were active and 65% displayed ‘waving’, the normal method of forward movement). Maximum responsiveness to host volatiles in an agar plate assay was recorded on day 2 (69% of IJs moved from the point of application and 44% of all IJs in the agar arena moved towards a host) and maximum dispersal in sand (5·8 cm) on day 0. These tendencies declined gradually with age, while infectivity underwent a significant increase from 11 nematodes per insect on day 0 to 38 nematodes per insect on day 9. Three phases could be distinguished in the behaviour of H. megidis IJs: an initial dispersal phase, during which infectivity was low; an infective phase, during which dispersal tendency was declining, and a third phase during which all behaviours (dispersal, infectivity and activity) were declining. Over the 4-week storage period, infectivity of H. megidis IJs was correlated (R2 = 0·83) with the percentage time IJs engaged in ‘head thrusting’ (a behaviour that resembles penetration). There is no evidence that the observed increase in infectivity of H. megidis strain UK211 could be accounted for by a generally greater level of motor activity, nor by an increase in responsiveness to volatile host cues, and it is suggested that it is due to an increased tendency to attempt penetration.
Seasonality of suicide in Singapore: data from the equator
Authors: PARKER G. , GAO F. , MACHIN D. 
Published: August 2008

Background. Studies in the northern and southern hemispheres consistently identify seasonal patterns in suicidal deaths. In many such studies, bimodal yearly peaks have been described for females as against unimodal ones for males. The current study examines the monthly variation in suicidal deaths in Singapore to determine if any seasonal patterns exist in an equatorial region.Methods. Monthly suicidal death data over the decade 1989–98 were examined for the whole sample and for gender- and age-specific subgroups. Both von Mises' distribution and harmonic analysis techniques were used to interpret the data.Results. Among the 2013 male and 1382 female suicides, there was minimal variation in patterning of suicidal deaths. We found a weak suggestion of a later peak for the females in mid-May as opposed to mid-February for the males, and the peaks for those less than 25 years of age were 5–6 months later than for the older age groups. The magnitude of all peaks was, however, very small suggesting chance variation. The harmonic analyses confirmed that patterning was ‘randomly' rather than ‘seasonally' determined.Conclusion. In an equatorial region, there was no evidence of any ‘seasonal' patterning of suicidal deaths.
Life events and depression in a community sample of siblings
Authors: RIJSDIJK F. V. , SHAM P. C. , STERNE A. , PURCELL S. , McGUFFIN P. , FARMER A. , GOLDBERG D. , MANN A. , CHERNY S. S. , WEBSTER M. , BALL D. , ELEY T. C. , PLOMIN R. 
Published: August 2008

Background. The overall aim of the GENESiS project is to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for anxiety/depression, and to examine the interaction between these loci and psychosocial adversity. Here we present life-events data with the aim of clarifying: (i) the aetiology of life events as inferred from sibling correlations; (ii) the relationship between life events and measures of anxiety and depression, as well as neuroticism; and (iii) the interaction between life events and neuroticism on anxiety/depression indices.Methods. We assessed the occurrence of one network and three personal life-event categories and multiple indices of anxiety/depression including General Health Questionnaire, Anhedonic Depression, Anxious Arousal and Neuroticism in a large community-based sample of 2150 sib pairs, 410 trios and 81 quads. Liability threshold models and raw ordinal maximum likelihood were used to estimate within-individual and between-sibling correlations of life events. The relationship between life events and indices of emotional states and personality were assessed by multiple linear regression and canonical correlations.Results. Life events showed sibling correlations of 0·37 for network events and between 0·10 and 0·19 for personal events. Adverse life events were related to anxiety and depression and, to a less extent, neuroticism. Trait-vulnerability (as indexed by co-sib's neuroticism, anxiety and depression) accounted for 11% and life events for 3% of the variance in emotional states. There were no interaction effects.Conclusions. Life events show moderate familiality and are significantly related to symptoms of anxiety and depression in the community. Appropriate modelling of life events in linkage and association analyses should help to identify QTLs for depression and anxiety.
No evidence of increased risk for schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder in persons with aneuploidies of the sex chromosomes
Authors: MORS O. , MORTENSEN P. B. , EWALD H. 
Published: August 2008

Background. Several case reports and reviews have suggested an increased incidence of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder among persons with sex chromosome aneuploidies, but this observation may have been caused by biased sampling.Methods. The 1122 individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidies registered in the Danish Cytogenetic Central Register were screened in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register for admissions with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder. Both registers are population based and have existed since 1968 and 1969 respectively. Relative risks were calculated for schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder and either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder combined as one phenotype. Since hospitalization for a psychiatric disorder increases the probability that a cytogenetic examination is performed, the relative risks could be inflated, and they were therefore adjusted accordingly.Results. Aneuploidies of the X or Y chromosomes were not associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The occurrence of the combined phenotype including both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder was significantly reduced among persons with Turner's syndrome and significantly increased among individuals with the 47, XYY karyotype.Conclusions. This population-based study did not find evidence supporting the presence of risk alleles for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder on the X chromosome or the pseudoautosomal region on the Y chromosome. The findings of an increased risk for the combined phenotype to XYY males and the reduced risk for persons with Turner's syndrome are interesting but difficult to explain with present neurobiological knowledge and inconsistent with the other findings of the study.
Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance
Authors: NORMAN ROSS M. G. , MALLA ASHOK K. 
Published: August 2008

Background. The concept of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) has recently attracted much interest because of its possible relationship to treatment outcome and implications for preventive efforts with reference to psychotic disorders, especially schizophrenia. In this paper we review critically the literature concerning the concept and its importance.Methods. Articles concerned with measuring DUP and those that have been suggested to provide indirect or direct evidence of the effect of DUP on treatment outcome are reviewed.Results. Evidence thus far suggests that DUP may be related to ease of reducing psychotic symptoms once treatment begins for first episode patients, but there is no evidence of a relationship to likelihood of relapse. There has been little investigation of the relationship of DUP to other long-term outcomes such as negative symptoms and cognitive functioning neither have the possible confounds of DUP been widely investigated or controlled.Conclusions. It is important that there should be more thorough investigations of DUP, its correlates, and the extent to which it does mediate any advantages of earlier intervention.
Face processing in schizophrenia: defining the deficit
Authors: WHITTAKER J. F. , DEAKIN J. F. W. , TOMENSON B. 
Published: August 2008

Background. Abnormalities of face affect naming and face recognition occur in schizophrenia but it is not clear whether the deficits reflect wider underlying impairments of perception, memory, language or executive function.Method. Twenty-six patients with schizophrenia were compared with 23 healthy volunteers on neuropsychological tests and tests of face and affect processing. Face and non-face tests were compared at four levels of processing: visuo-spatial perception, recognition memory, language and naming, and executive function. We examined relationships with drug dose, duration of illness and pre-morbid and current IQ.Results. Patients and controls did not differ in estimated pre-morbid IQ but current IQ was 12 points lower in patients. At each level of processing there were correlated deficits of face and non-face processing in the patients that were mostly independent of IQ decline. Impaired face and non-face visuo-spatial function and recognition performance were generally correlated with drug dose. Impairments in naming face emotions were correlated with other non-face naming tasks independently of drug dose. Patients performed less well than controls in classifying faces by emotion while ignoring identity and this was associated with poorer performance in Wisconsin Card Sorting.Conclusions. The pattern of results suggests that deficits in face processing reflect three wider neuropsychological impairments: a drug-related impairment of visual imagery, and disease-related impairments of semantic retrieval and executive function.
Stratum-specific likelihood ratios of two versions of the General Health Questionnaire
Authors: FURUKAWA T. A. , GOLDBERG, D. P. , RABE-HESKETH S. , ÜSTÜN T. B. 
Published: August 2008

Background. In other branches of epidemiology, stratum specific likelihood ratios (SSLRs) have been found to be preferable to fixed best threshold approaches to screening instruments. This paper presents SSLRs of GHQ-12 and GHQ-28 and compares the SSLR method with the traditional optimal threshold approach.Methods. Random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression were used to obtain pooled estimates of SSLRs of the two questionnaires for the 15 centres participating in the WHO study of Psychological Problems in General Health Care. We illustrated the use of SSLRs by applying them to random samples of patients from centres with different backgrounds.Results. For developed and urban centres, the estimates of SSLRs were homogeneous for 10 out of 12 strata of the GHQ-12 and GHQ-28. For other centres, the overall results, which were heterogeneous for six out of 12 strata, were deemed the currently available best estimates. When we applied these results to centres with different prevalences of mental disorders and backgrounds, the estimates matched the actually observed closely. These examples showed how the SSLR approach is more informative than the traditional threshold approach.Conclusions. Those working in developed urban settings can use the corresponding SSLRs with reasonable confidence. Those working in non-urban or developing areas may wish to use the overall results, while acknowledging that they must remain less certain until further research can explicate heterogeneity. These SSLRs have been incorporated into nomograms and spreadsheet programmes so that future researchers can swiftly derive the post-test probability for a patient or a group of patients from a pre-test probability and GHQ score.
Stability and change in milder psychiatric disorder over 7 years in a birth cohort
Authors: PAYKEL E. S. , HAYHURST H. , ABBOTT R. , WADSWORTH M. 
Published: August 2008

Background. Relatively little is known regarding stability or change over time in milder psychiatric disorder identified in epidemiological studies.Methods. Data were analysed on 2890 subjects from the 1946 British birth cohort study. Psychiatric disorder was identified at age 36 years using the Present State Examination Index of Definition and 7 years later at age 43 using a symptom scale, employing a threshold to give identical 6% prevalence of disorder. Predictors were derived from recent social data and information collected earlier in childhood and younger adulthood.Results. Over 7 years, there was considerable movement between case and non-case status. Only 1·7% of the sample satisfied case criteria at both points. Approximately two-thirds of cases at age 36 had fallen below case levels at age 43 and two-thirds of cases at age 43 were new cases. Most onsets and remissions were between definite case and non-case levels, rather than around the threshold. The strongest predictors of onset and remission were recent demographic, social and life stress variables, and earlier reported nervous disorder, with contributions from parental social background, and life history variables in adolescence.Conclusions. There is considerable change over 7 years in milder psychiatric disorder, with around two-thirds of it episodic or fluctuating and one-third chronic. Recent social variables are strong predictors of change or chronicity, with some lasting contributions from childhood social setting and earlier life history.
The neuroendocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia
Authors: PARKER A. J. R. , WESSELY S. , CLEARE A. J. 
Published: August 2008

Background. Disturbance of the HPA axis may be important in the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia. Symptoms may be due to: (1) low circulating cortisol; (2) disturbance of central neurotransmitters; or (3) disturbance of the relationship between cortisol and central neurotransmitter function. Accumulating evidence of the complex relationship between cortisol and 5-HT function, make some form of hypothesis (3) most likely. We review the methodology and results of studies of the HPA and other neuroendocrine axes in CFS.Method. Medline, Embase and Psychlit were searched using the Cochrane Collaboration strategy. A search was also performed on the King's College CFS database, which includes over 3000 relevant references, and a citation analysis was run on the key paper (Demitrack et al. 1991).Results. One-third of the studies reporting baseline cortisol found it to be significantly low, usually in one-third of patients. Methodological differences may account for some of the varying results. More consistent is the finding of reduced HPA function, and enhanced 5-HT function on neuroendocrine challenge tests. The opioid system, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) may also be abnormal, though the growth hormone (GH) axis appears to be intact, in CFS.Conclusions. The significance of these changes, remains unclear. We have little understanding of how neuroendocrine changes relate to the experience of symptoms, and it is unclear whether these changes are primary, or secondary to behavioural changes in sleep or exercise. Longitudinal studies of populations at risk for CFS will help to resolve these issues.
Late-onset depression: genetic, vascular and clinical contributions
Authors: HICKIE I. , SCOTT E. , NAISMITH S. , WARD P. B. , TURNER K. , PARKER G. , MITCHELL P. , WILHELM K. 
Published: August 2008

Background. Neuropsychiatric research needs to examine the relationships between aetiological, genotypic and clinical risk factors and behavioural phenotypes. These relationships can now be examined in older patients with depressive disorders.Methods. Key behavioural features, clinical and vascular risk factors and putative genotypes for late-onset neurodegenerative disorders and/or vascular disease were recorded in 78 older patients with depression (mean age = 54·9 years, S.D. = 14·1) and 22 healthy control subjects (mean age = 55·5 years, S.D. = 9·6).Results. Two or more vascular risks were more common in older patients (65% v. 26% of control subjects, P < 0·01), and in patients with late-onset disorders (82% v. 57% in patients with early-onset disorders, P < 0·05). Patients with late-onset depression had a higher prevalence of the homozygous or heterozygous forms of the C677T mutation of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme (MTHFR)(74% v. 48% in patients with early-onset disorders, P < 0·05). In a multivariate model, only presence of the MTHFR gene mutation predicted late-onset depression (odds ratio = 3·8, 95% CI = 1·1–12·9). Neither apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 or epsilon 2 was associated with depression, late-onset depression, cognitive impairment, or psychomotor change. Patients with apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 were less likely to have psychotic forms of depression.Conclusions. Patients with late-onset depression had an increased rate of the C677T MTHFR gene mutation and other vascular risk factors. This suggests that a proportion of these patients may have genetically-determined and/or other vascular aetiologies. Patients at risk of these disorders may be assisted by currently-available preventative strategies.