bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Fat and Weight Gain Among Women in the Nurses’ Health Study
Authors: Field Alison E. , Willett Walter C. , Lissner Lauren , Colditz Graham A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the association of dietary fat and weight gain among adult women and to investigate whether offspring of overweight parents have a greater predisposition to weight gain due to intake of dietary fat.Research Methods and Procedures: This was an 8‐year follow‐up of 41,518 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), a population‐based, prospective cohort. The women were 41 to 68 years of age, free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes in 1986 when “baseline” weight and diet were assessed. Eight years later (1994), changes in weight and dietary intake were assessed. Linear regression models were used to relate change in weight to fat intake and change in fat intake, using the percentage of energy from carbohydrate as the comparison, adjusted for age, BMI in 1986, leisure time physical activity, time spent sitting, percent of calories from protein, and change in percentage of calories from protein.Results: Overall, there was a weak positive association between total fat intake (β = 0.11) and weight gain. Increases in monosaturated and polyunsaturated fat were not associated with weight gain, but increases in animal fat, saturated fat, and trans fat had a positive association with weight change. There was not strong evidence of effect modification by parental weight status (p = 0.7 to 0.8 for percentage of calories from total fat, animal fat, and vegetable fat); however, the associations were stronger among the overweight compared with leaner women (p < 0.05 for percentage of calories from each type of fat). Among overweight women, for every one percentage increase in percentage of calories from trans fat, women gained an additional 2.3 lb (95% confidence interval, 1.80 to 2.86).Conclusion: Our results show that, overall, percent of calories from fat has only a weak positive association with weight gain; however, percentage of calories from animal, saturated, and trans fat has stronger associations. There was no clear evidence that the diet‐weight gain association was stronger among offspring of overweight parents, but dietary fat was associated with greater weight gain among overweight women.
Effect of NPY5R Antagonist MK‐0557 on Weight Regain after Very‐low‐calorie Diet‐induced Weight Loss
Authors: Erondu Ngozi , Wadden Thomas , Gantz Ira , Musser Bret , Nguyen Allison Martin , Bays Harold , Bray George , O'Neil Patrick M. , Basdevant Arnaud , Kaufman Keith D. , Heymsfield Steven B. , Amatruda John M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective:To evaluate whether MK‐0557, a highly selective, orally administered neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor antagonist, could limit weight regain after very‐low‐calorie diet (VLCD)‐induced weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures:We enrolled 502 patients 18 to 65 years of age with a BMI of 30 to 43 kg/m2. Patients were placed on a VLCD (800 kcal/d liquid diet) for 6 weeks. Patients who lost ≥6% of initial body weight (n= 359) were randomized to 52 weeks of 1 mg/d MK‐0557 or placebo and maintained on a hypocaloric diet (300 kcal below weight maintenance requirements).Results:In randomized patients, the VLCD was associated with an average weight loss of 9.1 kg. After 12 weeks of double‐blind treatment, weight began to gradually increase for both placebo‐ and MK‐0557‐treated patients. The mean weight change (95% confidence interval) from baseline at the end of the VLCD to Week 52 was +3.1 (2.1, 4.0) and +1.5 (0.5, 2.4) kg for patients treated with placebo and MK‐0557, respectively. The difference of 1.6 kg between the two groups was significant (p= 0.014). Secondary endpoints, such as blood pressure, lipid profile, insulin, and leptin, as well as waist circumference and quality‐of‐life measurements, did not show significant differences between MK‐0557 and placebo treatments.Discussion:Although the difference in weight regain between placebo‐ and MK‐0557‐treated patients was statistically significant, the magnitude of the effect was small and not clinically meaningful. Antagonism of the neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor is not an efficacious treatment strategy for reducing weight regain after VLCD.
Trends in Pre‐pregnancy Obesity in Nine States, 1993–2003
Authors: Kim Shin Y. , Dietz Patricia M. , England Lucinda , Morrow Brian , Callaghan William M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Pre‐pregnancy obesity poses risks to both pregnant women and their infants. This study used a large population‐based data source to examine trends, from 1993 through 2003, in the prevalence of pre‐pregnancy obesity among women who delivered live infants.Research Methods and Procedures: Data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System in nine states were analyzed for trends in pre‐pregnancy obesity (BMI > 29.0 kg/m2) overall and by maternal demographic and behavioral characteristics. Pre‐pregnancy BMI was calculated from self‐reported weight and height on questionnaires administered after delivery, and demographic characteristics were taken from linked birth certificates. The sample of 66,221 births was weighted to adjust for survey design, non‐coverage, and non‐response, and it is representative of all women delivering a live birth in each particular state. The sampled births represented 18.5% of all births in the United States.Results: Pre‐pregnancy obesity increased 69.3% during the study period, from 13.0% in 1993 to 1994 to 22.0% in 2002 to 2003. The percentage increase ranged from 45% to 105% for individual states. Subgroups of women with the highest prevalence of obesity in 2002 to 2003 were those who were 20 to 29 years of age, black, had three or more children, had a high school education, enrolled in Women, Infants, and Children, or were non‐smokers. However, all subgroups of women examined experienced at least a 43% increase in pre‐pregnancy obesity over this time period.Discussion: The prevalence of pre‐pregnancy obesity is increasing among women in these nine states, and this trend has important implications for all stages of reproductive health care.
A Comparison of Adiposity Measures as Predictors of All‐cause Mortality: The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study
Authors: Simpson Julie A. , MacInnis Robert J. , Peeters Anna , Hopper John L. , Giles Graham G. , English Dallas R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Our goal was to examine five different measures of adiposity as predictors of all‐cause mortality.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 16,969 men and 24,344 women enrolled between 1990 and 1994 in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (27 to 75 years of age). There were 2822 deaths over a median follow‐up period of 11 years. BMI, waist circumference, and waist‐to‐hip ratio were obtained from direct anthropometric measurements. Fat mass and percentage fat were estimated by bioelectric impedance analysis.Results: Comparing the top quintile with the second quintile, for men there was an increased risk of between 20% and 30% for all‐cause mortality associated with each of the anthropometric measures. For women, there was an increased risk of 30% (95% confidence interval for hazard ratio, 1.1–1.6) observed for waist circumference and 50% (1.2–1.8) for waist‐to‐hip ratio, but little or no increased risk for BMI, fat mass, and percentage fat. Waist‐to‐hip ratio was positively and monotonically associated with all‐cause mortality for both men and women. There was a linear association between waist circumference and all‐cause mortality for men, whereas a U‐shaped association was observed for women.Discussion: Measures of central adiposity were better predictors of mortality in women in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study compared with measures of overall adiposity. We recommend measuring waist and hip circumferences in population studies investigating the risk of all‐cause mortality associated with obesity. The use of additional measures such as bioelectric impedance is not justified for this outcome.
Field Validation of the MTI Actigraph and BodyMedia Armband Monitor Using the IDEEA Monitor
Authors: Welk Gregory J. , McClain James J. , Eisenmann Joey C. , Wickel Eric E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Accelerometers offer considerable promise for improving estimates of physical activity (PA) and energy expenditure (EE) in free‐living subjects. Differences in calibration equations and cut‐off points have made it difficult to determine the most accurate way to process these data. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of various calibration equations and algorithms that are currently used with the MTI Actigraph (MTI) and the Sensewear Pro II (SP2) armband monitor.Research Methods and Procedures: College‐age participants (n = 30) wore an MTI and an SP2 while participating in normal activities of daily living. Activity patterns were simultaneously monitored with the Intelligent Device for Estimating Energy Expenditure and Activity (IDEEA) monitor to provide an accurate estimate (criterion measure) of EE and PA for this field‐based method comparison study.Results: The EE estimates from various MTI equations varied considerably, with mean differences ranging from −1.10 to 0.46 METS. The EE estimates from the two SP2 equations were within 0.10 METS of the value from the IDEEA. Estimates of time spent in PA from the MTI and SP2 ranged from 34.3 to 107.1 minutes per day, while the IDEEA yielded estimates of 52 minutes per day.Discussion: The lowest errors in estimation of time spent in PA and the highest correlations were found for the new SP2 equation and for the recently proposed MTI cut‐off point of 760 counts/min (Matthews, 2005). The study indicates that the Matthews MTI cut‐off point and the new SP2 equation provide the most accurate indicators of PA.
Association of Childhood Sexual Abuse With Obesity in a Community Sample of Lesbians
Authors: Aaron Deborah J. , Hughes Tonda L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Our goal was to examine the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and obesity in a community‐based sample of self‐identified lesbians.Research Methods and Procedures: A diverse sample of women who self‐identified as lesbian was recruited from the greater Chicago metropolitan area. Women (n = 416) were interviewed about sexual abuse experiences that occurred before the age of 18. Self‐reported height and weight were used to calculate BMI and categorize women as normal‐weight (<25.0 kg/m2), overweight (25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2), obese (30.0 to 39.9 kg/m2), or severely obese (≥40 kg/m2). The relationship between CSA and BMI was examined using multinomial logistic regression analysis.Results: Overall, 31% of women in the sample reported CSA, and 57% had BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2. Mean BMI was 27.8 (±7.2) kg/m2 and was significantly higher among women who reported CSA than among those who did not report CSA (29.4 vs. 27.1, p < 0.01). CSA was significantly related to weight status; 39% of women who reported CSA compared with 25% of women who did not report CSA were obese (p = 0.004). After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and education, women who reported CSA were more likely to be obese (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–3.4) or severely obese (odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–5.2).Discussion: Our findings, in conjunction with the available literature, suggest that CSA may be an important risk factor for obesity. Understanding CSA as a factor that may contribute to weight gain or act as a barrier to weight loss or maintenance in lesbians, a high‐risk group for both CSA and obesity, is important for developing successful obesity interventions for this group of women.
Fat Stigmatization in Television Shows and Movies: A Content Analysis
Authors: Himes Susan M. , Thompson J. Kevin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the phenomenon of fat stigmatization messages presented in television shows and movies, a content analysis was used to quantify and categorize fat‐specific commentary and humor.Research Methods and Procedures: Fat stigmatization vignettes were identified using a targeted sampling procedure, and 135 scenes were excised from movies and television shows. The material was coded by trained raters. Reliability indices were uniformly high for the seven categories (percentage agreement ranged from 0.90 to 0.98; kappas ranged from 0.66 to 0.94).Results: Results indicated that fat stigmatization commentary and fat humor were often verbal, directed toward another person, and often presented directly in the presence of the overweight target. Results also indicated that male characters were three times more likely to engage in fat stigmatization commentary or fat humor than female characters.Discussion: To our knowledge, these findings provide the first information regarding the specific gender, age, and types of fat stigmatization that occur frequently in movies and television shows. The stimuli should prove useful in future research examining the role of individual difference factors (e.g., BMI) in the reaction to viewing such vignettes.
The Q121/Q121 Genotype of ENPP1/PC‐1 Is Associated with Lower BMI in Non‐diabetic Whites
Authors: Prudente Sabrina , Chandalia Manisha , Morini Eleonora , Baratta Roberto , Dallapiccola Bruno , Abate Nicola , Frittitta Lucia , Trischitta Vincenzo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study investigated the role of the ENPP1/PC‐1 gene K121Q polymorphism in predicting BMI (kg/m2) in non‐diabetic individuals. Three independent samples (n = 631, n = 304, and n = 505) of adult whites were analyzed. Selection criteria were fasting plasma glucose level <126 mg/dL, absence of severe obesity (BMI ≥40 kg/m2), and lack of treatment known to modulate BMI. In Sample 1, BMI values were different in individuals carrying the K121/K121 (KK), K121/Q121 (KQ), and Q121/Q121 (QQ) genotypes (25.5 ± 4.3, 25.3 ± 4.1, and 22.8 ± 2.5 kg/m2, respectively (adjusted p = 0.022); BMI values in Samples 2 and 3 also tended to be different, although the differences, after adjustment for age and sex, did not reach statistical significance. When data were pooled, BMI values were 25.8 ± 4.4, 25.6 ± 4.4, and 23.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2 in KK, KQ, and QQ individuals (adjusted p = 0.029). According to a recessive model, QQ individuals had lower BMI values than KK and KQ individuals combined (23.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2 vs. 25.7 ± 4.4 kg/m2; adjusted p = 0.008). These data suggest that the QQ genotype of the ENPP1/PC‐1 gene is associated with lower BMI. If similar results are confirmed in prospective studies, the K121Q polymorphism may help identify people at risk for obesity.
The SH2B Gene is Associated with Serum Leptin and Body Fat in Normal Female Twins
Authors: Jamshidi Yalda , Snieder Harold , Ge Dongliang , Spector Tim D. , O'Dell Sandra D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSrc‐homology‐2 (SH2)‐B, a Janus tyrosine kinase 2‐interacting protein, has been identified recently as a key regulator of leptin and insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, and body weight in mice. The aim of this study was to determine whether single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human SH2B gene are associated with these variables. A tagging SNP (tSNP), Ala484Thr (rs7498665), was selected to represent five common SNPs (minor allele frequency > 0.05) in perfect linkage disequilibrium in a 16‐kb region encompassing the SH2B gene. The tSNP was genotyped in 2455 white female twins (mean age, 47.4 ± 12.6 years) from the St. Thomas’ United Kingdom Adult Twin Registry (Twins United Kingdom). Ala484Thr (minor allele frequency, 0.38) was associated with serum leptin, total fat, waist circumference, and body weight (P = 0.02 to 0.04). The coding SNP has no predicted effect on protein structure or function and is likely to be in linkage disequilibrium with an as‐yet unidentified functional variant in the SH2B gene. Our results support a role for SH2‐B in modulating the regulation of body weight and fat by leptin in this female population. If SH2‐B signaling is attenuated in diet‐induced obesity, it could become a target for drug‐induced leptin sensitization.
Short‐Term Effects of a “Health‐At‐Every‐Size” Approach on Eating Behaviors and Appetite Ratings
Authors: Provencher Véronique , Bégin Catherine , Tremblay Angelo , Mongeau Lyne , Boivin Sonia , Lemieux Simone 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the effects of a “Health‐At‐Every‐Size” (HAES) intervention on eating behaviors and appetite ratings in 144 premenopausal overweight women.Research Methods and Procedures: Women were randomly assigned to one of the 3 groups: HAES group, social support (SS) group, and control group (N = 48 in each group). Interventions were conducted over a 4‐month period, and measurements were taken before and after this period. Eating behaviors (cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition, and susceptibility to hunger) were evaluated by the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire. Appetite ratings (desire to eat, hunger, fullness, and prospective food consumption) were assessed by visual analogue scales before and after a standardized breakfast.Results: More important decreases in susceptibility to hunger and external hunger were observed in the HAES group when compared with the SS group (p = 0.05, for susceptibility to hunger) and the control group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.005, for susceptibility to hunger and external hunger, respectively). In addition, women from the HAES group had more important decreases in postprandial area under the curve for desire to eat (p = 0.02) and hunger (p = 0.04) when compared with the control group. The change in the desire to eat noted in the HAES group was also different from the one observed in SS group (p = 0.02). Women from the HAES group experienced significant weight loss at 4 months (−1.6 ± 2.5 kg, p < 0.0001), which did not differ significantly from the SS and control groups (p = 0.09). An increase in flexible restraint was significantly related to a greater weight loss in both HAES and SS groups (r = −0.39, p < 0.01; and r = −0.37, p < 0.05, respectively). A decrease in habitual susceptibility to disinhibition was also associated with a greater weight loss in HAES and control groups (r = 0.31, p < 0.05; and r = 0.44, p < 0.05, respectively).Discussion: These results suggest that a HAES intervention could have significant effects on eating behaviors and appetite ratings in premenopausal overweight women, when compared with an SS intervention or a control group.
Exercise Prescription for Dysphagia: Intensity and Duration Manipulation
Authors: Sapienza Christine , Wheeler-Hegland Karen , Stewart Kim , Nocera Joseph 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This paper briefly reviews information available on exercise stimulus intensity and its interaction with stimulus duration, as well as reviews the current information on different dysphagia treatment modalities as they relate to treatment intensity and duration. The available literature in this area suggests that exercise modalities are distinct and different with regard to the metabolic pathways accessed as a function of both stimulus intensity and duration. Defining treatment prescriptions for dysphagia is difficult at this time, however, because only limited data on stimulus duration or intensity is available for existing indirect and direct treatments. Acknowledgment of exercise physiology paradigms and mechanisms of muscle response to treatment is critical to design of rehabilitation protocols.
Overview of Results From the Largest Clinical Trial for Dysphagia Treatment Efficacy
Authors: Robbins JoAnne , Hind Jacqueline 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Information presented herein provides an overview of the largest randomized clinical trial ever completed in dysphagia. The two-part sequential randomized clinical trial studied the effect of two common dysphagia interventions (chin tuck and thickened liquids) for immediate prevention of aspiration during videofluorographic assessment and also for the incidence of pneumonia at 3-months for patients with Parkinson's disease and/or dementia. Results indicated that thickened liquids (nectar-thick or honey-thick) prevented aspiration during the radiographic study more frequently than chin-down posture; however, both interventions were equally successful at preventing pneumonia. Adverse events such as urinary tract infection and dehydration were more common with thickened liquids. Median length of hospital stay due to pneumonia was three times longer for patients drinking honey-thick liquids compared to nectar-thick and chin-tuck arms of the study. Several important secondary outcomes are discussed as well as implications for clinical practice. The reader is encouraged to refer to other published works for detailed information that is highlighted in this overview.
What Speech-Language Pathologists and Caregivers Can Do to Encourage the Eating Process
Authors: Cooke Paul 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This article highlights key factors individuals with dysphagia face on a daily basis and discusses ways in which speech-language pathologists, other health care professionals, and family members can encourage these individuals to eat and drink. The present focus is on those patients who are partially or totally eating and drinking orally. They may or may not be feeding themselves and may reside in a variety of settings, including: their home, with family members, at various levels within the hospital system, in a rehabilitation facility, and/or in a nursing home. Various proactive strategies are provided that will benefit caregivers assisting individuals with dysphagia.
Semantic reclassification of the UMLS concepts
Authors: Fan Jung-Wei , Friedman Carol 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Summary: Accurate semantic classification is valuable for text mining and knowledge-based tasks that perform inference based on semantic classes. To benefit applications using the semantic classification of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) concepts, we automatically reclassified the concepts based on their lexical and contextual features. The new classification is useful for auditing the original UMLS semantic classification and for building biomedical text mining applications.
Availability: http://www.dbmi.columbia.edu/~juf7002/reclassify_production
Contact: fan@dbmi.columbia.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data is available at http://www.dbmi.columbia.edu/~juf7002/reclassify_production.
Variations in Amino Acid and Protein Contents of Wheat During Milling and Northern‐Style Steamed Breadmaking
Authors: Jiang Xiaoling , Hao Zhi , Tian Jichun 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTTo determine the variations of amino acid and protein during milling and steamed breadmaking, two types of wheat cultivars belonging to soft and hard wheat types were used. The results showed that losses occurred in 17 amino acids during milling. The mean loss of threonine (18.0%) was the highest, which was followed by proline (15.5%), methionine (15.1%), and histidine (15.1%). The losses of tyrosine and lysine were the lowest (8.1 and 9.7%, respectively). Losses were also found for 17 amino acids during steamed breadmaking. The highest loss was observed in alanine (17.1%), with tyrosine (12.5%) close behind, and leucine (4.3%) exhibiting the lowest loss. The mean protein contents for whole‐wheat meal, flour, and steamed bread prepared from the test materials were 15.25, 14.27, and 14.33%, respectively. This meant that protein content decreased during milling; however, a slight increase was observed during steamed breadmaking. Amino acid scores of lysine in whole‐wheat meal, flour, and steamed bread prepared from the test materials were 45.4, 41.0, and 38.2, respectively. The general trend in the variations of protein and amino acids was similar in the two wheat cultivars tested.