bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insect biogeography in the south‐western Sea of Korea with comments on the insect fauna of Kwanmae Island
Authors: LEE Sung‐Jin , YEO Jin‐Dong , SHIN Hyunchur 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe insect species richness of each island in the south‐western Sea of Korea was considered on the background of the equilibrium theory. The species number of insects on Kwanmae Island in the present study (140 species) was much higher compared with a previous survey. Based on a literature survey of island biota surveys published in the 1980s, of 47 islands, the lowest species number (12 species) was on Kwanmae Island, and the most diverse insect fauna (254 species) was on Baekryong Island. The mean species number of surveyed islands was approximately 54 (53.96 with a standard deviation of 46.95). The median species number was 38 with a skew of +2.56. Insects, including the orders Odonanta, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, occurred on 32 of the 47 surveyed islands, and had an occurrence rate of more than 0.68. This indicates that these insects are distributed widely on the islands in the south‐western Sea of Korea. The species number showed a significant linear relationship with both area of an island and its distance from the mainland (P < 0.05), with an extremely low determinant coefficient (r2 = 0.13 for area vs species number and r2 = 0.28 for distance vs species number). Other factors tested in the study failed to show a significant relationship with species number. A multiple‐regression model established using area and distance as independent variables showed significant relationship with species number, with a relatively higher determinant coefficient (r2 = 0.70, P < 0.05). We present possible explanations to explain the difference between estimated and observed species number in Kwanmae Island.
Endangered species and nature conservation: science issues and challenges
Authors: SZARO Robert C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe issues and challenges facing us in ensuring the survival of as many species and ecosystems as possible call for a renewed research focus to address how to improve management strategies and policy making now and into the future. The key issues to be addressed by activities of the International Union of Forest Research Organization's (IUFRO) Task Force on Endangered Species and Nature Conservation include such issues as: (i) preventing species from being listed by maintaining species populations at sufficient levels that they do not require listing; (ii) recovering threatened and endangered species; (iii) developing management practices and strategies; (iv) balancing actions affecting suites of threatened or endangered species; (v) developing conservation strategies for species without definitive taxonomic treatments; (vi) dealing with global change; (vii) dealing with invasive species; and (viii) restoring critical habitats.
Restraint Effect of Fluid in the Annular Region Formed by Coaxial
Circular Cylinders
Authors: Ito T. , Fujita K. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Many studies have been made with regard to added mass and added damping of the fluid in the case of simple circular cylinders by Chen, Fritz, Mulcahy, etc.; but those effects for the noncircular cylinders are hardly available. In this study, added mass and added damping of the fluid for the coaxial circular cylinders with projection are investigated by both the experiment utilizing one-degree of freedom cylindrical models and the analysis by comparing those for the simple circular cylinders. Also, the method to evaluate the damping ratio of the beam which has the fluid restraint was derived.
The Influence of Residual Stress on Fatigue Cracking
Authors: Okamoto A. , Nakamura H. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The influence of residual stress on fatigue crack growth was experimentally and analytically investigated for surface cracks. Fatigue tests were performed on straight pipes of low-carbon steel with a circumferential inner surface crack in laboratory air environment. Some of the test pipes had been subjected to special heat treatments so as to have compressive or tensile residual stresses along inner surface. The results show that the compressive residual stress remarkably suppresses the surface crack growth, while the tensile residual stress does not accelerate the crack growth very much. The crack growth analyses were conducted by the application of power relationship between ΔK and da/dN. The stress intensity factors due to the nonlinear stress field were calculated by the weight function method. The analyses resulted in a confirmation of the behavior of the crack growth observed in the experiments.
Theoretical Investigation of Internal Wall Cooling of a Pressure
Vessel Engulfed in Fire
Authors: Birk A. M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
When a pressure vessel is exposed to an engulfing fire, the vessel can fail due to a combination of high internal pressure and material degradation due to high wall temperatures. In fire-engulfed vessels containing pressurized liquids in equilibrium with their vapors, high wall temperatures will occur in the upper regions of the vessel where the wall is in contact with vapor. Several methods exist for thermal protection of vessels, including thermal insulation and external water spray cooling. Recent tests have shown internal spray cooling to be potentially effective as thermal protection. The present paper presents a theoretical evaluation of a new concept in thermal protection which involves cooling the upper regions of vessel during fire engulfment by directing 2-phase fluid along the upper regions of the vessel wall during pressure relief. Based on observations of the internal cooling device from small-scale tests, a model was formulated and integrated with an existing vessel-in-fire computer model. This model was then used to study the effectiveness of internal spray cooling on an example system consisting of a rail tank-car carrying propane. Simulation results indicate that internal wall cooling could be effective at reducing the risk of thermal ruptures of vessels. The simulation results for internally cooled vessels are compared with previously validated simulations of an uninsulated tank-car filled with propane exposed to engulfing fires.
Reliability of Thermally Loaded Cylinders
Authors: Zibdeh H. S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Cylinders often contain fluids at various temperatures. Temperature gradients develop across the cylinder which in turn produce thermal stresses. Using a perturbation technique, expressions for means and standard deviations of thermal stresses in cylinders are presented in this paper. These expressions include the probabilistic effects of changes due to inner and outer radii, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, coefficient of thermal expansion, and temperature. It is found out that the cylinder is more sensitive to the geometrical changes than the mechanical and thermal changes. It is also noticed that the effect of variation in the inner radius is more than the outer radius at the inner half of the cylinder. On the other hand, the effect of variation in the outer radius is more than the inner radius at the outer half of the cylinder. Probabilities of failure are calculated for normal and log-normal distributions.
Risk-Based Considerations in Developing Strategies to Ensure Pipeline
Integrity—Part I: Theory
Authors: Leis B. N. , Rahman S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
As pipelines age, a flaw population that varies initially along the pipeline can advance in size and number. Analysis of the serviceability of pipelines based on either inline inspection or hydrotesting can lead to overly conservative decisions or an excessive risk of failure when the random nature of this population and the pipeline’s properties are represented by a “typical” flaw and “average” properties. It follows that decisions on serviceability should reflect the random nature of the variables involved or be justified by demonstrating that the uncertainty in these parameters does not adversely affect cost and safety. This is the first in series of two papers generated from a recent study on risk-based analysis for developing strategies to ensure pipeline integrity. In this paper (Part I—Theory), a new probabilistic methodology is developed to conduct fracture evaluations of pipelines subjected to ductile flaw growth in service. The study is made under the assumption that continuing serviceability is based on the use of hydrotesting. The analysis involves time-dependent elastic-plastic fracture mechanics for the underlying deterministic model, and Monte Carlo simulation for structural reliability analysis. Using these models, pipe fracture evaluations will be conducted in the light of a hydrotest-based approach to ensure pipeline integrity. They will be discussed in the companion paper, Part II—Applications (Rahman and Leis, 1994).
Residual Stress Estimation and Shakedown Evaluation Using GLOSS
Analysis
Authors: Seshadri R. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A simple method for estimating residual stresses using the GLOSS analysis is presented, and a shakedown assessment method is proposed. Practical pressure components exhibit some local elastic follow-up, and thereby induce smaller residual stresses than implied by uniaxial models. In this context, the effectiveness of “autofrettaging” is examined by studying a thick-walled cylinder subjected to an internal pressure. Modifications to the P + Q stress-intensity limit are suggested, and compared with Roche’s criterion. The method presented here is useful for configurations experiencing small to medium amounts of follow-up, which covers many practical situations.
Dynamic Behavior of Elastic-Plastic Simply Supported
Pipes
Authors: Gau J. S. , Scavuzzo R. J. , Lam P. C. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Nonlinear responses of the dynamic behavior of simply supported pipes were analyzed using a nonlinear finite element program. In the first model, a 1 1/2-in. schedule 40 stainless steel pipe 48 in. long was studied. An elastic-plastic material was specified. The dynamic response of the pipe to a sinusoidal force input was calculated. There was no internal pressure and the magnitude of the force input was held constant as the frequency was varied. A total of 26 cases were studied starting with low frequencies that exhibited static behavior to twice the natural frequency. In addition, a 1-in. straight piping system studied experimentally by Beaney (1985a, b) was modeled analytically. Calculations are compared to experiment. The response of the piping at input frequencies of one-quarter and one-half of the natural frequency exhibited resonance behavior. At one forced frequency, an almost chaotic behavior of the dynamic pipe response was observed. However, at all other specified excitation frequencies, the system reaches a steady-state response. Output in the form of strain and displacement time histories and force displacement plots is developed. In addition, both work and equivalent viscous damping are calculated and presented.
Turbulence-Induced Vibration of Tube Arrays in Two-Phase
Flow
Authors: Papp L. , Chen S. S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Two-phase flow exists in many engineering systems and is a dominant type of flow in heat exchangers, steam generators, and condensers. A flowing two-phase fluid is a source of energy that can cause vibration of tube bundles of these systems. A simple correlation is presented to predict the response of tube bundles in two-phase flow. The model correlates with experimental data reasonably well and is a useful tool in the prediction of tube response.
Reverse Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Monoclonal Antibodies against SAG1-Related Sequence, SAG2A, and p97 Antigens fromToxoplasma gondiiTo Detect Specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA Antibodies in Human Sera
Authors: Carvalho Fernando R. , Silva Deise A. O. , Cunha-Júnior Jair P. , Souza Maria A. , Oliveira Taísa C. , Béla Samantha R. , Faria Gabriele G. , Lopes Carolina S. , Mineo José R. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to evaluate the performance of three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in reverse enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detecting immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies againstToxoplasma gondiiin 175 serum samples from patients at different stages ofT. gondiiinfection, as defined by both serological and clinical criteria, as follows: recent (n= 45), transient (n= 40), and chronic (n= 55) infection as well as seronegative subjects (n= 35). The results were compared with those obtained by indirect ELISA using solubleToxoplasmatotal antigen (STAg). Our data demonstrated that MAb A3A4 recognizes a conformational epitope in SAG1-related-sequence (SRS) antigens, while A4D12 and 1B8 recognize linear epitopes defined as SAG2A surface antigen and p97 cytoplasmatic antigen, respectively. Reverse ELISA for IgG with A3A4 or A4D12 MAbs was highly correlated with indirect ELISA for anti-STAg IgG, whereas only A4D12 reverse ELISA showed high correlation with indirect ELISA for IgM and IgA isotypes. To our knowledge, this is the first report analyzing the performance of a reverse ELISA for simultaneous detection of IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes active toward native SAG2A, SRS, and p97 molecules from STAg, using a panel of human sera from patients with recent and chronic toxoplasmosis. Thus, reverse ELISA based on the capture of native SAG2A and SRS antigens of STAg by MAbs could be an additional approach for strengthening the helpfulness of serological tests assessing the stage of infection, particularly in combination with highly sensitive and specific assays that are frequently used nowadays for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy or congenital infection in newborns.
Influenza Virus Vaccination Induces Interleukin-12/23 Receptor β1 (IL-12/23Rβ1)-Independent Production of Gamma Interferon (IFN-γ) and Humoral Immunity in Patients with Genetic Deficiencies in IL-12/23Rβ1 or IFN-γ Receptor I
Authors: de Boer Tjitske , van Dissel Jaap T. , Kuijpers Taco W. J. , Rimmelzwaan Guus F. , Kroon Frank P. , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTTo investigate whether protective immune responses can be induced in the absence of normal interleukin-12/23/gamma interferon (IL-12/23/IFN-γ) axis signaling, we vaccinated with the seasonal influenza virus subunit vaccine two patients with complete IL-12/23 receptor β1 (IL-12/23Rβ1) deficiencies, two patients with partial IFN-γ receptor I (pIFN-γRI) deficiencies, and five healthy controls. Blood samples were analyzed before, 7 days after, and 28 days after vaccination. In most cases, antibody titers reached protective levels. Moreover, although T-cell responses in patients were lower than those observed in controls, significant influenza virus-specific T-cell proliferation, IFN-γ production, and numbers of IFN-γ-producing cells were found in all patients 7 days after the vaccination. Interestingly, influenza virus-specific IFN-γ responses were IL-12/23 independent, in striking contrast to mycobacterium-induced IFN-γ production. In conclusion, influenza virus vaccination induces IL-12/23-independent IFN-γ production by T cells and can result in sufficient humoral protection in both IL-12/23Rβ1- and pIFN-γRI-deficient individuals.
Development of a More Efficient Algorithm for Identifying False-Positive Reactivity Results in a Dengue Virus Immunoglobulin M Screening Assay
Authors: Prince Harry E. , Yeh Cindy , Lapé-Nixon Mary 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
Of 2,692 sera screened for dengue virus immunoglobulin M by using a μ-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 954 had equivocal (index from 0.90 to 1.10) or positive (index of >1.10) results and were retested using a background subtraction (BS) ELISA that identifies screen false positives. No false positives were found among 427 sera with screen ELISA indices of >6.00; thus, retesting this specimen subset by BS ELISA is unnecessary.
Marked Variability of BK Virus Load Measurement Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR among Commonly Used Assays
Authors: Hoffman Noah G. , Cook Linda , Atienza Ederlyn E. , Limaye Ajit P. , Jerome Keith R. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
BK virus (BKV) is the infectious cause of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. Screening guidelines for renal-transplant recipients define levels of viremia and viruria that are actionable for additional testing or intervention. However, standardized real-time PCR primers, probes, and standards are unavailable, and the extent of agreement among published assays is unknown. We compared seven TaqMan real-time PCR primer/probe sets (three designed at this institution, three described in the literature, and one purchased) in conjunction with two different standards to prospectively measure BKV titers in 251 urine specimens submitted to our clinical laboratory. We observed substantial disagreement among assays attributable both to features of primer and probe design and to choice of reference material. The most significant source of error among individual specimens was primer or probe mismatch due to subtype-associated polymorphisms, primarily among subtype III and IV isolates. In contrast, measurement of the most abundant subtypes (Ia, V, and VI) were typically uniform among all seven assays. Finally, we describe and validate a new clinical assay designed to reliably measure all subtypes encountered in our study population (Ia, Ic, III, IV, and VI). Consideration of available BKV sequence information in conjunction with details of subtype distribution allowed us to develop a redesigned assay with markedly improved performance. These results suggest that both accurate BKV measurement and the uniform application of BKV screening guidelines could be significantly improved by the use of standardized reference materials and PCR primers and probes.
Development and Validation of a Negative-Strand-Specific Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of a Chicken Strain of Hepatitis E Virus: Identification of Nonliver Replication Sites
Authors: Billam P. , Pierson F. W. , Li W. , LeRoith T. , Duncan R. B. , Meng X. J. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

As a positive-strand RNA virus, hepatitis E virus (HEV) produces an intermediate negative-strand RNA when it replicates. Thus, the detection of negative-strand viral RNA is indicative of HEV replication. The objective of this study was to develop a negative-strand-specific reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay for the identification of extrahepatic sites of HEV replication. Briefly, a 494-bp fragment within the
orf1
gene of a chicken strain of HEV (designated avian HEV) was amplified and cloned into a pSK plasmid. A synthetic negative-strand viral RNA was generated from the plasmid by in vitro transcription and was used to standardize the assay. A nested set of primers was designed to amplify a 232-bp fragment of the negative-strand viral RNA. The assay was found to detect up to 10 pg and 10
−5
pg of negative-strand HEV RNA in first- and second-round PCRs, respectively. The standardized negative-strand-specific RT-PCR assay was subsequently used to test 13 conveniently obtained tissue specimens collected sequentially on different days postinoculation from chickens experimentally infected with avian HEV. In addition to the liver, the negative-strand-specific RT-PCR assay identified replicative viral RNA in gastrointestinal tissues, including the colorectal, cecal, jejunal, ileal, duodenal, and cecal tonsil tissues. The detection of replicative viral RNA in these tissues indicates that after oral ingestion of the virus, HEV replicates in the gastrointestinal tract before it reaches the liver. This is the first report on the identification of extrahepatic sites of HEV replication in animals after experimental infection via the natural route. The assay should be of value for studying HEV replication and pathogenesis.
Duplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
in Clinical Samples and Determination of Penicillin Susceptibility
Authors: Harris Kathryn A. , Turner Paul , Green Elaine A. , Hartley John C. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

We have developed a duplex real-time PCR for the rapid diagnosis of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
infection from culture-negative clinical samples with the simultaneous determination of penicillin susceptibility. The assay amplifies a
lytA
gene target and a penicillin binding protein 2b (
pbp2b
) gene target in penicillin-susceptible organisms. The assay was shown to be sensitive (detects 0.5 CFU per PCR) and specific for the detection of
S
.
pneumoniae
DNA. The assay was validated by comparing
pbp2b
PCR results with MIC data for 27
S
.
pneumoniae
isolates. All 5 isolates with penicillin MICs of >1.0 mg/liter were
pbp2b
real-time PCR negative, as were 9 of the 10 isolates with penicillin MICs of 0.12 to 1.0 mg/liter. One isolate with a penicillin MIC of 0.12 to 1.0 mg/liter gave an equivocal
pbp2b
real-time PCR result. Twelve isolates were penicillin susceptible (MICs of ≤0.06 mg/liter) and
pbp2b
real-time PCR positive. These data were used to establish an algorithm for the interpretation of penicillin susceptibility from the duplex PCR result.
pbp2b
real-time PCR results were also compared to an established PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method previously applied to these 27 isolates and 46 culture-negative clinical samples (containing
S
.
pneumoniae
DNA by broad-range 16S rRNA gene PCR). Discordant results were seen for four isolates and six culture-negative clinical samples, as PCR-RFLP could not reliably detect penicillin MICs of 0.12 to 1.0 mg/liter. We report prospective application of the duplex PCR assay to the diagnosis of
S
.
pneumoniae
infection from 200 culture-negative clinical specimens sent to the laboratory for diagnostic broad-range 16S rRNA gene PCR. One hundred six were negative in the duplex PCR. Ninety-four were
lytA
PCR positive, and 70 of these were also
pbp2b
PCR positive and interpreted as penicillin susceptible. Fourteen were
pbp2b
PCR negative and interpreted as having reduced susceptibility to penicillin. For the remaining 10 samples, susceptibility to penicillin was not determined.
West Nile Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Inhibits TLR3 Signal Transduction
Authors: Wilson Jason R. , de Sessions Paola Florez , Leon Megan A. , Scholle Frank 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
The innate immune response is the first line of defense against foreign pathogens. The recognition of virus-associated molecular patterns, including double- and single-stranded RNA, by pattern recognition receptors initiates a cascade of signaling reactions. These result in the transcriptional upregulation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that induce an antiviral state. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to antagonize these responses in order to help them establish a productive infection. We have previously shown that West Nile virus (WNV) is able to inhibit Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-mediated activation of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) (F. Scholle and P. W. Mason, Virology 342:77-87, 2005). In the present study, the WNV nonstructural (NS) proteins were analyzed individually for their ability to antagonize signal transduction mediated by TLR3. We report that expression of WNV NS1 inhibits TLR3-induced transcriptional activation of the IFN-β promoter and of an NF-κB-responsive promoter. This inhibition was due to a failure of the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C) to induce nuclear translocation of IRF3 and NF-κB. Furthermore, NS1 expression also inhibited TLR3-dependent production of interleukin-6 and the establishment of an antiviral state. The function of NS1 in flavivirus infection is not well understood. NS1 is required for viral RNA replication and is also secreted from mammalian cells but not from insect cells. Here, we identify a previously unrecognized role for NS1 in the modulation of signaling pathways of the innate immune response to WNV infection.