bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Road Not Taken? Changes in Welfare Entry During the 1990s*
Authors: Acs Gregory , Phillips Katherin Ross , Nelson Sandi 
Published: November 2005

Objective. This article examines how welfare entry rates changed during the 1990s, and also assesses whether changes in entry rates are accompanied by improvements in the circumstances of families that choose not to receive welfare.Methods. This analysis uses data from the 1990 and 1996 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to identify three cohorts of low‐income single mothers who are potentially eligible for welfare but are not receiving benefits. Multivariate (competing risk) regression models and decomposition techniques are used to identify the factors responsible for changes in welfare entry patterns over the 1990s.Results. We find that welfare entry rates declined during the 1990s with the largest declines coming toward the end of the decade. Neither changes in the characteristics of low‐income single mothers nor improvements in the economy directly account for this shift. Rather, the introduction of new policies like time limits, full‐family sanctions, and family caps under welfare reform, along with unmeasured factors such as changes in attitudes toward work and welfare, account for the drop in welfare entry rates. The analysis also shows that declining entry rates are not accompanied by substantial improvements in the circumstances of low‐income single mothers who are not on welfare.Conclusions. Welfare reform policies adopted during the 1990s reduced entry into welfare, but single mothers who stayed off welfare remained in precarious economic circumstances.
Welfare Reform and Child Fostering: Pinpointing Affected Child Populations*
Authors: Jagannathan Radha , Camasso Michael J. , McLanahan Sara S. 
Published: November 2005

Objective. The objective of our research is to examine the impact of New Jersey's welfare reform called the Family Development Program (FDP) on child fostering among children on welfare.Methods. The research and analytical methods we use include an experimental design and probit regressions.Results. Our results show that FDP impacts are confined to children of short‐term welfare recipients (new cases) but affects both African‐American and white children in this welfare group. Among new cases, FDP decreases the probability of African‐American children living in foster families, resulting in a 28 percent change from the baseline prevalence rate of 7.2 percent. In contrast, FDP increases the likelihood of white children living in foster families, leading to a 70 percent change from the baseline occurrence rate of 1.4 percent.Conclusions. We conclude by discussing the policy implications of such segmented impacts of welfare reform for vulnerable child populations.
Does Welfare Participation Affect Women's Wages?*
Authors: Noonan Mary C. , Heflin Colleen M. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. This study examines how welfare participation and employment affect women's wages.Methods. We use longitudinal data from the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation and fixed‐effects regression models to test our hypotheses.Results. Our results indicate that time spent on welfare while unemployed results in a wage penalty that is similar to the penalty associated with nonwelfare work breaks. Time spent on welfare while employed has no effect on wages, unlike the strong positive impact of nonwelfare work periods.Conclusions. Working while on welfare does appear to prevent further wage deterioration, but does not lead to substantial wage growth.
The Labor Market Consequences of Childhood Maladjustment*
Authors: Fronstin Paul , Greenberg David H. , Robins Philip K. 
Published: November 2005

Objective. This article uses data from the National Child Development Survey on a cohort of individuals born in Great Britain during the first week of March 1958 to investigate whether educational attainment and labor force behavior 33 years later are affected by childhood behavioral problems that are exhibited at both age 7 and age 16.Method. Regression methods are used to test hypotheses concerning these effects.Results. Our results indicate that maladjusted children suffer economically when they reach adulthood. Maladjusted children perform worse on aptitude tests and have lower educational attainment. Maladjusted children also are less likely to be employed at age 33 and to have lower wages when employed. Part of the reduced employment and wages is the result of lower education, but part is also due to other factors.Conclusion. Future research should investigate whether adult labor market outcomes vary with the type of behavioral problems exhibited at younger ages.
Employment Exits and the Race Gap in Young Women's Employment*
Authors: Reid Lori L. , Padavic Irene 
Published: November 2005

Objective. A race gap in employment that disadvantages young African‐American women has emerged for the first time in U.S. history. This article addresses the extent to which race differences in employment entry, exits, or both are responsible for the gap.Methods. The article relies on event‐history analysis using NLSY data.Results. Analyses show that differences in rates of exit, not entry, explain the race gap. Factors encouraging higher exit rates among African‐American than white women include lower AFQT scores and greater numbers of children.Conclusion. These findings raise questions about the utility of focusing on employment processes at the point of employment entry, at least for processes involving young women. The importance of exits in understanding race differences in women's employment calls attention to processes within firms that present barriers to African‐American women.
Women's Wages: Cohort Differences in Returns to Education and Training Over Time*
Authors: Hamil‐Luker Jenifer 
Published: November 2005

Objective. This article examines the effects of education and work‐related training on wage‐growth trajectories for two cohorts of women as they aged from their early 20s and 30s into their early 30 s and 40 s. I test whether occupational training compensates for an earlier lack of education, thereby decreasing earnings inequality over time within cohorts. Because the broader economic context may influence the relationship between wages, education, and training, I test the assumption that the experiences of a given cohort may be generalized to others.Methods. Following NLS Young Women between 1977 and 1987 and NLSY79 Women between 1988 and 1998, growth‐curve analyses test whether returns to investments in human capital vary over time, across and within cohorts. Results. Women who did not update their skills over time experienced stagnation or declines in real wages, leading to growing wage inequality within education levels. However, women without a high school degree who engaged in on‐the‐job training experienced the greatest returns to training, thus reducing the initial education‐based wage gap.Conclusion. Education and training in adulthood can deflect the accumulation of disadvantage, but can also solidify an already uneven distribution of resources across social strata.
Market Transition and Gender Segregation in Urban China*
Authors: Shu Xiaoling 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. This article analyzes the impact of the new form of economic segmentation, which emerged in urban China during the market transition, on gender segregation and earnings differentials.Methods. I compare both over‐time and across‐city change in gender segregation, and use a series of multi‐level cross‐classified models based on data at three levels: a 1995 national sample of individual workers, industry‐sector data for 1990 and 1995, and city‐level data for 1995.Results. Gender segregation by ownership sector has declined over time now that the state sector has become differentiated and its relative economic advantages wanes. Both earnings differentiation and gender segregation among industries have increased with marketization. In the most marketized cities, the earnings of workers of both sexes in jobs with high rates of female entry are penalized, indicating that marketization exacerbated the negative effect of job feminization on earnings.Conclusions. These findings lend support for the “queuing” perspective that a decline in jobs' relative wages leads to feminization. The making of the Chinese market economy has created a new set of institutional arrangements, which includes that between job feminization and wages.
Metropolitan Earnings Inequality: Union and Government‐Sector Employment Effects*
Authors: Volscho Thomas W. , Fullerton Andrew S. 
Published: November 2005

Objective. This study examines the effects of union density and government‐sector employment on earnings inequality in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States.Methods. Data on 167 MSAs from the 2000 Census are analyzed using standard regression techniques. Four measures of Atkinson's index (e=0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0) are used as the measure of earnings inequality for full‐time, year‐round workers.Results. MSAs with greater union density and greater government‐sector employment have lower earnings inequality. The progressive effect of union density is strongest for earners in the middle of the distribution and less beneficial for workers at the bottom of the distribution. Government employment is generally associated with lower levels of earnings inequality, but state and federal government employment have the strongest effects.Conclusion. Even in the late 1990s, unions and government‐sector employment remain effective at reducing earnings inequality.
Determinants of Household Insurance Coverage Among Low‐Income Families from Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio: Evidence from the Three‐City Study*
Authors: Angel Ronald J. , Frias Sonia M. , Hill Terrence D. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. In this article we examine correlates of health insurance coverage for low‐income households.Methods. Using data from the Welfare, Children, and Families Project (1999–2001), a sample of 2,402 low‐income families from Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio, we estimate two logistic regressions, one that predicts health insurance coverage for one focal child in each household and another that assesses the odds that all children in the household have coverage.Results. The children of poorly‐educated, immigrant, and Mexican‐origin parents are at an elevated risk of lacking insurance. These characteristics also increase the risk of incomplete household coverage. Mexican‐origin children and households are at particularly high risk of lacking complete coverage, a fact partially reflecting their residential concentration in states with high uninsurance rates, such as Texas.Conclusions. Serious holes in the health‐care safety net affect poor Americans differently based on their state of residence, race, ethnicity, and household structure.
Extremely Poor Neighborhoods and Homicide*
Authors: Hannon Lance E. 
Published: November 2005

Objective. This study explores the wide variation in homicide rates among extremely poor neighborhoods.Methods. Using cross‐sectional Census tract data for New York City (N= 2,042), the present analysis employs robust regression techniques to estimate the relationship between community resource deprivation and homicide for a subsample of 227 neighborhoods with poverty rates 40 percent and greater.Results. The main finding is that even at extreme levels of neighborhood poverty, variation in disadvantage is positively associated with variation in homicide rates. Moreover, the disadvantage‐homicide relationship appears especially strong in extremely poor areas (and in predominately African‐American neighborhoods).Conclusion. Consistent with W. J. Wilson's perspective on inner‐city disadvantage, the results imply that reducing the concentration of poverty will reduce overall homicide rates.
Are Naturalized Voters Driving the California Latino Electorate? Measuring the Effect of IRCA Citizens on Latino Voting*
Authors: Barreto Matt A. , Ramírez Ricardo , Woods Nathan D. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. The 1990s witnessed the growth and maturation of the Latino electorate in California and many scholars have posited as to the reasons. One argument is that naturalizations by way of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) drove the increases in Latino participation. In this article we investigate the extent to which this is the case.Methods. Using unpublished INS data, we offer the first empirical test of the IRCA theory by examining Latino IRCA petitions by zipcode to determine whether or not IRCA legalizations and subsequent naturalizations were the force behind increased Latino turnout, and the overall growth of the Latino vote. We merge IRCA data with Registrar of Voter data to examine real growth in the Latino vote at the zipcode level from 1996–2000 in southern California.Results. Although Latino voting grew substantially, we find that IRCA naturalizations did not spur the increases in Latino voting in the 1990s as some have expected. Instead, demographic and mobilization variables explain why the Latino vote grew between 1996 and 2000.Conclusions. As Congress debates new proposals to “legalize” the millions of undocumented immigrants living and working in this country, many will inevitably ask what impact their citizenship will have on the electorate. This study sheds some light on the relationship between amnesty programs, citizenship, and voting among Latinos.
In God We Trust: Religion and Optimism Toward Biotechnology*
Authors: Scheitle Christopher P. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. Biotechnology has been called a new industrial revolution. This revolution has and will produce many ethical and moral questions. Religion could have a significant role in these debates, yet little is known about how religion affects views of biotechnology.Methods. The 1997–1998 U.S. Biotechnology Study, a nationally representative data set resulting from telephone interviews, is analyzed to see how belief in a personal God and other religion variables affect scores on an optimism scale.Results. The analysis shows that church attendance and personal religiosity do not affect optimism. However, holding an image of a personal God who hears individual prayers produces a more optimistic view of biotechnology.Conclusions. I argue this finding is because holding an image of a personal and powerful God makes one more confident due to the safety net of having a God that could help guide biotechnology and protect against any negative consequences.
Asian‐Pacific Islander Adolescent Sexual Orientation and Defensive Aggression*
Authors: Pinhey Thomas K. , Brown Marilyn M. 
Published: November 2005

Objective. This study used the differential‐outcomes hypothesis as a theoretical guide to examine the association of Guam's same‐sex‐ and both‐sex‐oriented Asian‐Pacific Islander adolescents and their participation in defensive aggression.Methods. Using ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis we tested the hypothesis with a probability sample of Guam's Asian‐Pacific high school students.Results. The results of the study demonstrated that same‐sex‐oriented males were less likely to participate in physical aggression and that same‐sex‐oriented adolescent females were significantly more likely to report that they had participated in defensive aggression.Conclusions. Same‐sex‐oriented females are more likely than same‐sex‐oriented males to participate in defensive aggression, primarily because they may be more likely to experience threatening situations on Guam's high school campuses.
Return to Empire: The New U.S. Imperialism in Comparative Historical Perspective
Authors: Steinmetz George 
Published: November 2005

The widespread embrace of imperial terminology across the political spectrum during the past three years has not led to an increased level of conceptual or theoretical clarity around the word “empire.” There is also disagreement about whether the United States is itself an empire, and if so, what sort of empire it is; the determinants of its geopolitical stance; and the effects of “empire as a way of life” on the “metropole.” Using the United States and Germany in the past 200 years as empirical cases, this article proposes a set of historically embedded categories for distinguishing among different types of imperial practice. The central distinction contrasts territorial and nonterritorial types of modern empire, that is, colonialism versus imperialism. Against world-system theory, territorial and nonterritorial approaches have not typi-cally appeared in pure form but have been mixed together both in time and in the repertoire of individual metropolitan states. After developing these categories the second part of the article explores empire's determinants and its effects, again focusing on the German and U.S. cases but with forays into Portuguese and British imperialism. Supporters of overseas empire often couch their arguments in economic or strategic terms, and social theorists have followed suit in accepting these expressed motives as the “taproot of imperialism” (J. A. Hobson). But other factors have played an equally important role in shaping imperial practices, even pushing in directions that are economically and geopolitically counterproductive for the imperial power. Postcolonial theorists have rightly empha-sized the cultural and psychic processes at work in empire but have tended to ignore empire's effects on practices of economy and its regulation. Current U.S. imperialism abroad may not be a danger to capitalism per se or to America's overall political power, but it is threatening and remaking the domestic post-Fordist mode of social regulation.
Review article: population screening for colorectal cancer
Authors: NICHOLSON F. B. , BARRO J. L. , ATKIN W. , LILFORD R. , PATNICK J. , WILLIAMS C. B. , PIGNONE M. , STEELE R. , KAMM M. A. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryColorectal cancer is a common cancer and common cause of death. The mortality rate from colorectal cancer can be reduced by identification and removal of cancer precursors, adenomas, or by detection of cancer at an earlier stage.Pilot screening programmes have demonstrated decreased colorectal cancer mortality; as a result many countries are developing colorectal cancer screening programmes. The most common modalities being evaluated are faecal occult blood testing, flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. Implementation of screening tests has been hampered by cost, invasiveness, availability of resources and patient acceptance. New technologies such at computed tomographic colonography and stool screening for molecular markers of neoplasia are in development as potential minimally invasive tools.This review considers who should be screened, which test to use and how often to screen.
Efficacy and tolerability of oral iron therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective, comparative trial
Authors: DE SILVA A. D. , TSIRONI E. , FEAKINS R. M. , RAMPTON D. S. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryBackground : In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, oral iron is anecdotally reported to be less effective and less well tolerated than in those without inflammatory bowel disease, and to increase disease activity.Aim : To study prospectively the effects of oral iron in patients with and without inflammatory bowel disease.Methods : Patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and non‐inflammatory bowel disease controls, all with iron deficiency anaemia, were assessed with symptom diaries, a quality of life questionnaire (Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire; inflammatory bowel disease patients only) and blood tests to measure iron repletion, disease activity and antioxidant capacity before and after starting 4 weeks of oral iron. In patients with ulcerative colitis, sigmoidoscopic scoring and rectal biopsies for reactive oxygen metabolite production were performed before and after iron therapy.Results : All groups showed increases in haemoglobin and ferritin. Iron intolerance occurred in about a quarter of patients in each group. Two of 33 (6%) of inflammatory bowel disease patients had a relapse during treatment. Symptoms worsened in ulcerative colitis, but not in Crohn's disease or non‐inflammatory bowel disease patients; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire scores improved in ulcerative colitis. Laboratory markers of disease activity, sigmoidoscopic scores, histological scores, antioxidant capacity levels and reactive oxygen metabolite production did not change.Conclusions : Oral iron is equally efficacious and well tolerated in inflammatory bowel disease and non‐inflammatory bowel disease patients. A tiny minority of inflammatory bowel disease patients relapse in association with use of oral iron therapy.
Impact of citrus soft drinks relative to grapefruit juice on ciclosporin disposition
Authors: Schwarz Ute I. , Johnston Philip E. , Bailey David G. , Kim Richard B. , Mayo Gail , Milstone Aaron 
Published: November 2005

AimsA recent case report had suggested a citrus soft drink (Sun Drop®) may have caused clinically relevant elevations in ciclosporin levels through a grapefruit juice‐like mechanism via inactivation of intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). This study was conducted to investigate the effect of grapefruit juice and citrus sodas Sun Drop®and Fresca®, the latter soda containing 83‐fold higher concentration of the proposed CYP3A4 inhibitor bergamottin than Sun Drop®, relative to water on oral ciclosporin pharmacokinetics.MethodsIn a randomized four‐way crossover study with a washout of at least 1 week, 12 healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of ciclosporin (Neoral®) with Sun Drop®, Fresca®, grapefruit juice and water (control). Each drink (591 ml) was consumed twice on the prior day and three times on the study day. Whole blood concentrations of ciclosporin were measured up to 24 h with a fluorescence polarization immunoassay.ResultsGrapefruit juice increased area under the concentration–time curve by 186% (P < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval of mean difference 3302–6240 ng ml h−1) and peak concentration by 150% (P < 0.0001) of ciclosporin with a significant decrease in oral clearance of 43% (P < 0.0001) when compared with water. Neither citrus soda altered significantly ciclosporin pharmacokinetic variables; changes in mean values ranged from ± 3 to 11% of the corresponding water value.ConclusionAlthough our results do not support a clinically relevant grapefruit juice‐like interaction between oral ciclosporin and citrus constituent containing sodas Sun Drop®or Fresca®, an effect in the setting of chronic ciclosporin therapy cannot be ruled out.
Quantification of infant exposure to celecoxib through breast milk
Authors: Gardiner Sharon J. , Doogue Matthew P. , Zhang Mei , Begg Evan J. 
Published: November 2005

AimsTo determine the milk‐to‐plasma (M/P) concentration ratio of celecoxib, and estimate likely infant exposure.MethodsBlood and milk were sampled for 48 h after oral administration of celecoxib 200 mg to six lactating volunteers. The M/P ratio was derived from the area under the concentration–time curves (0–∞) and the infant ‘dose’ estimated from celecoxib concentrations in milk.ResultsThe median (range) M/P ratio was 0.18 (0.15–0.26). The median (range) infant ‘dose’ was 0.23% (0.17–0.30%) of the maternal dose, adjusted for weight.ConclusionThe relative ‘dose’ of celecoxib to which infants are exposed via milk is very low, suggesting that breastfeeding during routine dosing would pose minimal risk.