bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ceramic Materials for Advanced Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Holtappels Peter , Vogt Ulrich , Graule Thomas 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Solid oxide fuel cells are ceramic fuel cells that convert chemical into electrical energy at temperatures between 650 °C and 1000 °C. Today, this type of fuel cell is receiving ever‐increasing attention due to its principle capability to provide electricity from both fossil and renewable fuel sources. Systems are currently under development for a variety of applications, including small and large‐scale stationary combined heat and power systems, and power generation systems in the automotive area. Materials involved in advanced SOFC cells and their fabrication techniques are described in this contribution. The trends to enable lowering of the SOFC operating temperatures to around 800 °C and the resulting materials, as well as concept‐related solutions, are addressed in particular.
Conflicts, Choices, and Solutions: Informing Risky Choices
Authors: Ricci Paolo F. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article deals with key aspects of informing decision making of what may be the optimal choice, given a set of potential choices, unpredictable events, the value of the consequences (positive or negative) associated with each choice, and criteria for making the choice. This article introduces some of those criteria, methods and measures that can be used to inform policy maker relative to the set of options included in the analysis, and provides examples.
Risk in Credit Granting and Lending Decisions: Credit Scoring
Authors: Soopramanien Didier G.R. , Finlay Steve 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The discipline of credit scoring is concerned with the development and application of predictive models of the likelihood that credit obligations will be met. The likelihood that credit obligations will be met represents the risk attached to granting credit. In this paper, the authors present an overview of the context of credit scoring and how it fits in the wider research area of risk analysis and prediction. The interested reader who wishes to pursue further research in this area will develop a pedagogical appreciation of this growing area of research in predictive risk analysis.
Quantitative Reliability Assessment of Electricity Supply
Authors: Billinton Roy 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
This paper illustrates the hierarchical relationship of the basic functional zones of generation, transmission, and distribution in an electric power system. The techniques used to quantitatively assess the reliability of the overall system and the hierarchical levels are briefly discussed. The importance in reliability assessment of consistent and comprehensive data on relevant equipment, load characteristics, and system constraints is illustrated.
Homeland Security and Transportation Risk
Authors: Steffey Duane L. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The coordinated hijackings and deliberate crashes of airplanes into the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington, DC, on September 11, 2001, dramatically heightened both the perception and the reality of the threat terrorism poses to public transportation systems. Governments of countries that perceive an elevated level of threat are investing considerable resources to implement comprehensive programs to enhance security in all key modes of transportation, including aviation, maritime traffic, highways, and mass transit.
A systems‐based approach to managing such risks involves the assessment of threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences. Assessments are conducted to identify and evaluate potential threats, recognize weaknesses that may be exploited by identified threats, suggest countermeasures to address those weaknesses, and determine which structures or processes are relatively more important to protect from attack. The characterization of security risk is completed through qualitative or quantitative analysis of the consequences associated with the partial or total loss of critical transportation assets because of intentional harmful attacks. Formal methodologies for assessing and managing risks to transportation security provide a conceptual structure and practical tools for allocating resources in cost‐effective ways to improve public safety.
Criteria‐based content analysis of true and suggested accounts of events
Authors: Blandón‐Gitlin Iris , Pezdek Kathy , Lindsay D. Stephen , Hagen Lisa 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWorldwide, the criteria‐based content analysis (CBCA) is probably the most widely used veracity assessment technique for discriminating between accounts of true and fabricated events. In this study, two experiments examined the effectiveness of the CBCA for discriminating between accounts of true events and suggested events believed to be true. In Experiment 1, CBCA‐trained judges evaluated participants' accounts of true and suggestively planted childhood events. In Experiment 2, judges analysed accounts of recent events that were experimentally manipulated to be a (a) true experience, (b) false experience believed to be true and (c) deliberately fabricated experience. In both experiments CBCA scores were significantly higher for accounts of true events than suggested events. However, this difference was not significant for participants classified as experiencing ‘full’ memories for the suggested event. Self‐report memory measures supported the findings of the CBCA analyses. Taken together these results suggest that the CBCA discriminative power is greatly constrained. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer contribution to the delivery of genetic health services
Authors: Nisselle Amy , Forbes Robin , Bankier Agnes , Hughes Eilís , Aitken MaryAnne 
Published: August 2008

AbstractClinical genetics services have been the focus of evaluation and guidelines since the 1970s. In this study we used consumer satisfaction as the evaluative measure with the aim being to seek feedback from consumers of a genetics service to inform quality measures for client‐centered genetic services. In the first phase of the study issues were identified by consumers and health professionals around delivering genetics services and the priorities ranked into five themes: expectations, information, respect, privacy and logistics. These themes then formed the basis of a questionnaire that was distributed to consumers of a genetics service in Victoria, Australia. Three hundred ninety‐seven out of 821 questionnaires were completed (49.8% response rate). More than 85% of consumers were satisfied in the theme of expectations, with the only issue being waiting times for genetic test results (68.6% satisfied). Over 83% of consumers were satisfied with the information received from the genetics service. The matter of interruptions during appointments was the only area in the theme of respect that rated less than 80% satisfactory (79.1%). In relation to privacy, consumers rated over 95% satisfaction. Logistics was the theme where satisfaction was lowest with ratings of less than 75% for issues such as availability of public transport to the clinic, parking and wheelchair access. Consumer satisfaction was related to the information received before and after consultations and also to the attitudes and behaviors of health professionals. These findings have implications for genetics services both in Australia and internationally and recommendations from the findings are outlined. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and molecular studies of patients with characteristics of Opitz G/BBB syndrome shows a novel MID1 mutation
Authors: Hsieh Elena W.Y. , Vargervik Karin , Slavotinek Anne M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractOpitz G/BBB syndrome is characterized by midline abnormalities such as hypertelorism, cleft palate, and hypospadias. This syndrome is heterogeneous with an X‐linked recessive form caused by mutations in the MID1 gene at band Xp22.3. However, mutations in MID1 have only been identified in 47% of familial cases of X‐linked Opitz G/BBB syndrome, and 13% of sporadic cases. We performed a phenotype–genotype analysis of a group of nine new patients with clinical characteristics commonly seen in Opitz G/BBB syndrome, and of previously reported patients. We identified a novel mutation in exon 9 of the MID1 gene, c.1941insTGAGTCATCATCC, leading to a premature termination codon at amino acid 514 in a patient with hypertelorism, apparently low‐set ears, a short philtrum, bilateral cleft of lip and palate and hypospadias. This mutation affects the PRY domain of the C‐terminus of the MID1 protein. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiralitätserkennung zwischen neutralen Molekülen in der Gasphase
Authors: Zehnacker Anne , Suhm Martin A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen sind bei Beteiligung chiraler Moleküle faszinierend, da sie sich auf subtile Weise ändern, wenn einer der Partner durch sein Spiegelbild ersetzt wird. Die Konsequenzen der Chiralitätserkennung sind in der Biologie, in der organischen Synthese und beim Design von Polymeren bedeutsam. Sie lassen sich danach einteilen, ob die Chiralität der wechselwirkenden Partner kurz‐ oder langlebig ist. Dies ermöglicht die Unterscheidung zwischen Chiralitätsdiskriminierung, Chiralitätsinduktion und Chiralitätssynchronisation. Für kleine neutrale Moleküle sind genaue quantenchemische Beschreibungen solcher Vorgänge möglich. Für einen Brückenschlag zwischen Theorie und Experiment empfiehlt sich ihre Untersuchung im Vakuum bei tiefen Temperaturen mit Rotations‐, Schwingungs‐, elektronischer und Photoionisationsspektroskopie. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über Anwendungen solcher Techniken. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf Dimeren permanent chiraler Moleküle und auf dem Einfluss der Molekülkonformation. Es werden Analogien zwischen molekularen Mechanismen und makroskopischen Phänomenen sowie zwischen intra‐ und intermolekularen Beispielen aufgezeigt.
Chirality Recognition between Neutral Molecules in the Gas Phase
Authors: Zehnacker Anne , Suhm Martin A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNoncovalent interactions are particularly intriguing when they involve chiral molecules, because the interactions change in a subtle way upon replacing one of the partners by its mirror image. The resulting phenomena involving chirality recognition are relevant in the biosphere, in organic synthesis, and in polymer design. They may be classified according to the permanent or transient chirality of the interacting partners, leading to chirality discrimination, chirality induction, and chirality synchronization processes. For small molecules, high‐level quantum chemical calculations for such processes are feasible. To provide reliable connections between theory and experiment, such phenomena are best studied in vacuum isolation at low temperature, using rotational, vibrational, electronic, and photoionization spectroscopy. We review these techniques and the results which have become available in recent years, with special emphasis on dimers of permanently chiral molecules and on the influence of conformational flexibility. Analogies between the microscopic mechanisms and macroscopic phenomena and between intra‐ and intermolecular cases are drawn.
Palladium–dppb–borate‐catalyzed regioselective synthesis of cinnamate esters by alkoxycarbonylation of phenylacetylene
Authors: Tijani Jimoh , Suleiman Rami , El Ali Bassam 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe regioselective alkoxycarbonylation of phenylacetylene into various cinnamate esters was achieved with a catalyst system formed from palladium (II), 1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphino) butane (dppb) and salicylborate complex in acetonitrile as a solvent. The influence of various parameters on the overall conversion of phenylacetylene and the selectivity of the reaction were studied systematically by varying the type of palladium complex, acids promoter, CO pressure, temperature and the reaction time. This investigation allowed us to obtain the predominant formation of cinnamate esters with excellent selectivity (90–96%). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition of WO3 thin films from a volatile fluorinated tungsten oxo‐alkoxide precursor, W(O)(OCH2CF3)4
Authors: Molloy K. C. , Williams P. A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe monomeric tungsten oxo‐fluoroalkoxide W(O)(CH2CF3)4 (1) was synthesized from W(O)Cl4 and CF3CH2OH in the presence of ammonia. It was used in atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition experiments to deposit non‐stoichiometric WO2.9 when used as a single‐source precursor or stoichiometric WO3 when O2 was used as co‐reagent. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two novel Ag(I) coordination polymers with triazoles derivatives: synthesis, crystal structures and biological activity
Authors: Han Xinli , An Changxue , Zhang Zhihui 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTwo novel coordination polymers, [Ag(L1)(NO3)]n 1 and [Ag(L2)2(ClO4)]n 2 [L1 = 1‐(1‐benzotriazole‐yl‐)triazole, L2 = 1‐(4‐chloro‐pyridazine‐yl‐)triazole] have been synthesized and characterized. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses show that the Ag(I) atom is in a four‐coordinated distorted tetrahedron environment, which are linked by the coordinated nitrate group and L1 into a two‐dimensional network in complex 1. While in the complex 2, the Ag(I) is also in a distorted tetrahedron environment consisting of four N atoms to present a one‐dimensional infinite chain, the intermolecular π− π stacking action extends further the repeated units into three‐dimensional topological framework. The biological activities of the title compounds have been studied. The results indicate that two ligands exhibit excellent radical‐scavenging activities and certain fungicidal activities, and both Ag(I) complexes only have good antibacterial activities. Furthermore, the studies on luminescent properties of the complexes in the solid state indicate that the Ag(I) complexes exhibit weaker fluoresce intensity than that of ligands at room temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of neutral hydrolytic depolymerization of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) waste at higher temperature and autogenious pressures
Authors: Zope Vishvanath S. , Mishra Satyendra 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNeutral hydrolytic depolymerization of PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) waste was studied using 0.5‐L high pressure autoclave at the temperatures 100, 150, 200, 230, and 250°C at autogenious pressures 15, 80, 230, and 451 psi (pound per square inch) and time intervals of 60, 90, 120, and 150 min, respectively. The obtained terephthalic acid (TPA) was characterized by measuring its acid value and recording FTIR spectra. Depolymerization of the PET by neutral hydrolysis was found to be first order with velocity constant in the order of 10−2 min−1. Energy of activation and frequency factor were obtained by slope and intercept of Arrhenius plot, which were found to be 99.58 KJ mole−1 and 2.9 × 108 min−1respectively. Effect of temperature on rate of depolymerization reaction was also studied and optimized: rate of reaction increased drastically on increase in temperature from 150 to 200°C. Modified shrinking core model based on acid values focused the light on depolymerization of the PET into TPA by fragmentation due to formation of pores and cracks. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Online near‐infrared measurements of an epoxy cure process compared to mathematical modeling based on differential scanning calorimetry measurements
Authors: Friis‐Pedersen H.‐H. , Houmøller L. P. , Storm B. K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAn epoxy resin containing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, dicyandiamide, and an accelerator (diurone) was investigated under different cure cycles. The mathematical prediction of the degree of cure in a thermoset as a function of time and temperature was investigated and compared to measured data. Near‐infrared analysis was used to measure the conversion of epoxy and primary amine and the production of hydroxyl. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the changes in the heat capacity during cure. The measurements revealed differences in the primary amine conversion and hydroxyl production, and close relations to the measurements of heat capacity were found. The measurements of the degree of cure revealed that cure cycles initiated at 80°C produced a lower degree of cure than cure cycles initiated at 90°C, although all cure cycles were postcured at 110°C. These findings were to some degree supported by measurements of the primary amine conversion and hydroxyl production. The characteristics found were attributed to differences in the cure mechanisms. The mathematical model did not incorporate these differences, and this may have led to discrepancies between the predicted and actual values of the degree of cure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Ultraviolet‐curable epoxidized sunflower oil/organoclay nanocomposite coatings
Authors: Jiratumnukul Nantana , Intarat Ravivan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHybrid nanocomposite coating films, prepared by the incorporation of epoxidized sunflower oil into organoclay, can be cured by ultraviolet radiation with either cationic or hybrid initiation. The organoclay used in this study was prepared by a cationic exchange process in which sodium ions were replaced by alkyl ammonium ions. The effects of types of photoinitiators on energy consumption in the curing process were studied. Formulations with a hybrid photoinitiator required less energy in the curing process than those with a cationic photoinitiator. Moreover, the physical properties of dried films were examined as a function of the organoclay incorporation, and it was found that the hardness of the films increased as the amount of organoclay in the formulation increased. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of an ultraviolet‐curable organoclay‐incorporated film showed an exfoliated structure of the organoclay in the ultraviolet‐curable coating film. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis, characterization, and degradation of a novel L‐tyrosine‐derived polycarbonate for potential biomaterial applications
Authors: Xia Huang , Suo Zheng Yuan , Qiang Gao Ji , Chang Cheng Jia 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA novel class of pseudo‐poly(amino acid)s was synthesized with a cyclic dipeptide as new diphenole. Nonpeptide bonds alternating with a peptide bond structure were introduced into the backbone of the pseudo‐poly(amino acid)s. The cyclic dipeptide in this study was obtained from natural L‐tyrosine. L‐Tyrosine is a major nutrient amino acid with a phenolic hydroxyl group, so a polycarbonate derived from the cyclic dipeptide should possess more optimum mechanical properties, bioactivity, and biocompatibility. The hydrolytic specimen of the resulting polycarbonate was prepared by a modified solvent evaporation process. Under strongly alkaline conditions, degradation testing was performed. The tyrosine‐derived polycarbonate possessed a low glass‐transition temperature value and a high thermal decomposition temperature value, which formed a broad mean thermal processing range. The most important results of our study were the effects of the polycarbonate degradation on the local pH values, which were smaller than those of other biodegradable polymers [e.g., poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), and poly(lactic glycolic acid)]. The synthesized polymer and cyclic dipeptide were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, 13C‐NMR, and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy to determine their chemical structures; by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis to determine the thermal properties of the polymer; by gel permeation chromatography to determine the polymer's molecular weight; and by X‐ray diffraction to determine the polymer's morphology. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermal degradation behavior of poly(vinyl chloride) in the presence of poly(glycidyl methacrylate)
Authors: Sabaa Magdy W. , Farag Zeinab R. , Mohamed Nadia A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe thermal degradation behavior of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in presence of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) has been studied using continuous potentiometric determination of the evolved HCl gas from the degradation process from one hand and by evaluating the extent of discoloration of the degraded samples from the other. The efficiency of blending PGMA with dibasic lead carbonate (DBLC) conventional thermal stabilizer has also been investigated. A probable radical mechanism for the effect of PGMA on the thermal stabilization of PVC has been suggested based on data reported by FTIR and elemental analyses. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Poly(butylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposite compatibilized with poly(ethylene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate). I. Isothermal crystallization
Authors: Huang Jiann‐Wen 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPoly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/clay nanocomposite was prepared by blending PBT and commercial modified montmorillonite clays via a extruder by using poly(ethylene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) (PEGMA) as a compatibilizer (PBT/PEGMA/Clay). PEGMA and clay were also blended with PBT to prepare PBT/PEGMA and PBT/Clay, respectively. The morphology was investigated by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The clays were aggregated together and phase separation was observed in PBT/Clay. The clays were exfoliated in PBT/PEGMA/Clay. The equilibrium melting temperature was estimated by linear and nonlinear Hoffman‐Weeks relation. The influence of the PEGMA and clay on the PBT crystallizable ability was also investigated by Avrami model and undercooling (difference between crystallization and equilibrium melting temperature). Hoffman‐Lauritzen relation was used to estimate chain fold surface free energy. The exfoliated silicates cause a large number nucleus center to enhance the crystallization in PBT/PEGMA/Clay. The presence of PEGMA can react with the PBT and an increase in viscosity would reduce molecular mobility and crystallization in PBT/PEGMA. The aggregated clays have a confinement effect on the segmental motion of PBT and hinder the crystallization in PBT/Clay. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Gender differences in ondansetron pharmacokinetics in rats
Authors: Yang Si H. , Yang Kyung H. , Lee Myung G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIt has been reported that ondansetron is primarily metabolized via hepatic CYP2D and 3A1/2 in male Sprague–Dawley rats, and CYP2D1 and 3A2 are male dominant and male specific isozymes, respectively, in rats. Thus, it could be expected that the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron would be changed in male rats compared with those in female rats. Thus, gender‐different ondansetron pharmacokinetics were evaluated after its intravenous or oral administration at a dose of 8 mg/kg to male and female Sprague–Dawley rats. After intravenous administration of ondansetron to male rats, the AUC and time‐averaged non‐renal clearance (Clnr) of the drug were significantly smaller (22.6% decrease) and faster (27.3% increase), respectively, than those in female rats. This probably could be due to faster hepatic blood flow rate in male rats. After oral administration of ondansetron to male rats, the AUC of the drug was also significantly smaller (58.8% decrease) than that in female rats, and this could have been due mainly to increased intestinal metabolism of ondansetron in addition to increased hepatic metabolism of the drug in male rats. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.