bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circuit breakers for addiction
Authors: Foy A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe phenomenon of addiction is complex, although its expression clinically is relatively straightforward. There is a series of neurophysiological changes that mediate changes in the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems which in turn lead to disturbances in reward mechanisms. These then act to perpetuate the cycle of intoxication and reinforcement, withdrawal, craving and compulsive use. As our understanding of the pathophysiology of this process has improved, new pharmalogical agents have been developed with the potential to moderate or even reverse it. This article briefly reviews the treatment of addiction with particular reference to emerging pharmaceutical agents.
Is right heart thromboemboli another indication for thrombolysis?
Authors: Agarwal R. , Aggarwal A. N. , Gupta D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPulmonary embolism (PE) is a common and a potentially life‐threatening disease. Diagnosis is challenging because the signs and symptoms are non‐specific. Moreover treatment of PE is shrouded in controversy. Even at presentation the role of thrombolysis in managing patients with PE remains unclear. In those patients with right heart thromboemboli, thrombolysis is usually suggested, but the evidence remains unclear. We report a 34‐year‐old man who was diagnosed with right heart thromboemboli on echocardiography and was successfully managed with thrombolysis and anticoagulation. We also review the current published work on the management of patients with right heart thromboemboli.
The influence of surrounding environment on the fatigue properties for a high pressure die cast AlSi9Cu3 alloy
Authors: LINDER J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe influence of mechanical strength for aluminium castings is often correlated in the literature to the occurrence of cast defects like porosity. However, because aluminium castings in the automotive industry are often used without surface treatment such as painting etc., the influence of corrosion and its effect on fatigue properties are required. Basically a surrounding environment can affect fatigue strength either by enhancing initiation or by increasing fatigue crack propagation properties. In this study, the influence of pre‐exposure prior to fatigue testing has been evaluated. This implies that environmental enhancement of fatigue initiation due to corrosion has been studied.Two different environments [seawater acidified test (SWAAT) and Volvo Indoor Corrosion Test (VICT)] often employed for assessment of corrosive properties in the automotive industry have been used for pre‐exposure of specimens. Based on experimental results, it is shown that fatigue strength is reduced by approximately 50% for specimens pre‐exposed to SWAAT environment, while insignificant influence was found for specimens pre‐exposed to VICT environment. The degradation of fatigue strength was found to be due to localized corrosive attacks. Propagation of these corrosive attacks takes place preferably in the eutectic phase and especially at the borderline between primary aluminium dendrites and the eutectic phase.
Clarifying the TNM staging of rectal cancer in the context of modern imaging and neo‐adjuvant treatment: ‘y’‘u’ and ‘p’ need ‘mr’ and ‘ct’
Authors: Moran B. , Brown G. , Cunningham D. , Daniels I. , Heald R. , Quirke P. , Sebag‐Montefiore D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent developments in cross‐sectional imaging, particularly computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have provided increasingly accurate noninvasive preoperative staging, especially for rectal cancer. Image‐based TNM staging, by definition a pathological system, has entered both the literature and everyday usage with no universal agreement as to the exact terminology. Clarification of the current terminology and suggestions to reflect recent developments are outlined to facilitate multidisciplinary team decision processes and objective stratification for entry to, and monitoring of, future clinical trials in rectal cancer.
A molecular phylogenetic approach to the phylum Cycliophora provides further evidence for cryptic speciation in Symbion americanus
Authors: Baker Jessica M. , Giribet Gonzalo 
Published: May 2007

Cryptic speciation is a phenomenon that has been reported in a wide range of marine invertebrates, including the American cycliophoran Symbion americanus. Although cryptic speciation is often proposed based on phylogeographical analyses, here we demonstrate the utility of multilocus molecular phylogenetic approaches in identifying cryptic lineages within the phylum Cycliophora. Thirteen individuals from three putative cryptic lineages of S. americanus, as well as two individuals each from the European species S. pandora and a new species of Symbion living on Homarus gammarus, were sequenced for up to 4.8 kb of genomic DNA over four loci (COI, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA). Phylogenetic analyses of individual loci as well as combined data clearly support a division between American and European cycliophorans. Moreover, the American cycliophorans consistently form three well‐supported clades, which is congruent with the presence of three putative reproductively isolated lineages in a species complex. Further studies are necessary to more precisely describe the evolution of reproductive isolation within S. americanus.
Body composition in young female adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. A prospective case‐control study
Authors: Särnblad S. , Ingberg C.M. , Åman J. , Schvarcz E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAims  Overweight is common during late puberty in female patients with Type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine the change in body composition from late puberty to early adulthood in such female patients in comparison with age‐matched control subjects.Methods  Eighteen females with Type 1 diabetes and 19 healthy female control subjects were recruited for a case‐control study at the age of 16–19 years (baseline). Six years later, 16 of the diabetic females and 17 of the control subjects were re‐examined (follow‐up). Body composition was assessed by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry.Results  Body mass index (BMI) and fat mass index (total fat mass/height2) were significantly higher at baseline in the diabetic patients than in the control subjects (26.4 ± 2.6 vs. 23.9 ± 3.7 kg/m2, P < 0.05, and 10.0 ± 2.4 vs. 8.0 ± 2.8 kg/m2, P = 0.04, respectively). At follow‐up, these parameters still tended to be higher in the diabetic group (27.8 ± 4.9 vs. 24.6 ± 5.7 kg/m2, P = 0.09, and 11.8 ± 5.6 vs. 8.7 ± 4.9 kg/m2, P = 0.05, respectively). BMI at baseline was strongly correlated to BMI at follow‐up in both diabetic patients (r = 0.60; P < 0.05) and control subjects (r = 0.83; P < 0.01).Conclusions  Increased fat mass in pubertal girls with Type 1 diabetes seems to persist in young adulthood. This study emphasizes the need for new strategies to prevent the development of overweight during puberty in diabetic girls.
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE “CROWDING OUT” EFFECT OF FISCAL POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
Authors: Cebula* Richard J. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThis paper uses both single‐equation and multi‐equation systems to examine whether fiscal policy ‘crowds out’ private investment. It is found that, for both the United States and Canada, this is in fact the case. In addition, it is shown that this crowding out leads to long term inflation.
EFFECTS OF COUNTERTRADE‐DIVERGENT PERCEPTIONS BETWEEN PRACTITIONERS AND NON‐PARTICIPANTS[1]
Authors: Neale C. W. , Shipley David 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis article provides a theoretical discussion of countertrade benefits and problems. It then comments on data collected in a 1985 study of large British firms which demonstrate that actual countertrades have perceptions of the effects of this practice which differ markedly from the perceptions of companies that do not countertrade. Throughout, the findings on benefits and problems are compared as between international and domestic cotmtertraders and non‐countertraders. It is concluded that many more UK firms could benefit from participation in countertrade.
THE IMPACT OF OWNERSHIP AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON MANAGERIAL MOTIVATION AND STRATEGY IN MANAGEMENT BUY‐OUTS: A CULTURAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Green Sebastian 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examines, from a cultural perspective, owner‐managers’and other stakeholders’interpretations of the partial fusion of ownership and control through high leverage in eight UK management buy‐outs (MBOs). Owner‐control and debt‐control are interpreted as having positive effects on managerial motivation, organizational decision‐making processes and implementation of cost reduction strategies and negative ones on fundamental changes in strategy and acquisition. These interpretations accord broadly with agency theory propositions but show that owner‐managers place less emphasis on wealth incentive effects and more emphasis on the enabling and facilitating roles of collective ownership and the freedom it gives from inappropriate corporate control.
Return Migration: Theory and Empirical Evidence from the UK
Authors: Dustmann Christian , Weiss Yoram 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this article, we discuss forms of migration that are non‐permanent. We focus on temporary migrations where the decision to return is taken by the immigrant. These migrations are likely to be frequent, and we provide some evidence for the UK. We then develop a simple model that rationalizes the decision of a migrant to return to his/her home country, despite a persistently higher wage in the host country. We consider three motives for a temporary migration: (i) differences in relative prices between host and home country, (ii) complementarities between consumption and the location where consumption takes place, and (iii) the possibility of accumulating human capital abroad, which enhances the immigrant's earnings potential back home. For the last return motive, we discuss extensions that allow for immigrant heterogeneity, and develop implications for selective in‐ and out‐migration.
Informal Work and Protest: Undocumented Immigrant Activism in France, 1996–2000
Authors: Iskander Natasha 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNominally, the wave of protests by undocumented immigrants that swept through France in the late 1990s successfully challenged the restrictive Pasqua immigration laws. However, despite appearances, the mass movement was at base a labour protest: undocumented workers demonstrated against immigration laws that undermined the way they navigated informal labour markets and, in particular, truncated their opportunities for skill development. Furthermore, it is proposed in this article that examining social movements for their labour content can reveal erosions of working conditions and worker power in informal sector employment. A case study of the Paris garment district is presented to demonstrate how the spread of ‘hybrid‐informality’ made legal work permits a prerequisite for working informally and relegated undocumented immigrants to lower quality jobs outside the cluster.
A Marriage Made in Heaven? Mismatches and Misunderstandings between Worker Centres and Unions
Authors: Fine Janice 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWorker centres, community‐based mediating institutions that provide support to low‐wage workers in the United States, have grown from five in 1992 to 160 in 2007. With unions increasingly targeting low‐wage immigrant workers employed in non‐footloose industries for organizing drives, it would seem that worker centres and unions are a match made in heaven. On the ground, however, it has been more of a mismatch. This article examines the underlying sources of the mismatch embodied in the structures, ideologies and cultures of worker centres and unions.
From Coping Strategies to Tactics: London's Low‐Pay Economy and Migrant Labour
Authors: Datta Kavita , McIlwaine Cathy , Evans Yara , Herbert Joanna , May Jon , Wills Jane 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article examines the means by which low‐paid migrant workers survive in a rapidly changing and increasingly unequal labour market. In a departure from the coping strategies literature, it is argued that the difficulties migrant workers face in the London labour market reduces their ability to ‘strategize’. Instead, workers adopt a range of ‘tactics’ that enable them to ‘get by’, if only just, on a day‐to‐day basis. The article explores these tactics with reference to the connections between different workers’ experiences of the workplace, home and community, and demonstrates the role of national, ethnic and gender relations in shaping migrant workers’ experiences of the London labour market and of the city more widely.
ENDOGENOUS GROWTH, HUMAN CAPITAL, AND INDUSTRY WAGES
Authors: Winter‐Ebmer Rudolph 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTLucas' model (1988) of external effects of human capital formation is taken as a starting point for looking at the impact of human capital on wages. Even though most empirical tests of New Growth Theory are made using time‐series and cross‐sections of countries — with good reasons — I suggest a microeconometric approach in order to test Lucas' basic assumption of external effects of human capital. As a first step, internal effects of education are filtered out by using wage functions for individuals in Austria. In the second step, resulting industry wage premiums are regressed on industry‐specific characteristics and, above all, on average human capital in the industry to account for external effects of human capital.
The application of a research project selection method
Authors: Bell D. C. , Read A. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the application of a linear programming model to project selection and resource allocation problems in two industrial R & D laboratories. Mathematical models have not been widely used in practice because of the inherent uncertainty of research. The model discussed here yields information about the outcome of decisions under conditions of uncertainty. The elements of the model are developed, using simple examples, and the form of the complete model outlined. Benefit evaluation is carried out using probabilistic networks and uncertainty in benefits included by utilizing the concept of certainty equivalence. The use of the model in practical situations is discussed, with examples of the information obtained from the solution, and sensitivity studies to investigate the uncertain environment are described. The result is a flexible model, which produces information necessary for planning purposes and which is acceptable to practising R & D Managers.
An R & D planning and control servosystem: A case study*
Authors: Souder William E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a planning and control system (PACS) to aid R & D decision‐making which has been developed and used at the Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. The planning model portion of the integrated system is a two‐dimensional dynamic programming resource allocation algorithm which performs project selection, budgeting and scheduling. Behavioral parameters that can be used to simulate certain organizational factors are included in the planning model. The control model portion of the integrated system develops cost‐effectiveness measures of variances between actual and planned performances for ongoing projects over time, which provide early warnings of pending project failures and guide control action. Applications of the system at Monsanto indicate that it significantly aids the development of satisfactory organizational decisions and also provides a laboratory for pretesting decisions.
A simple model of R & D project dynamics
Authors: Roberts E. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA simple dynamic model is developed that describes some of the important aspects of research and development projects. Its purpose is illustration of the applicability of dynamic modelling to understanding the key factors affecting R & D performance. The model recognizes the differences among real, perceived, and reported progress on the job. It also includes the effect of schedule pressures on productivity. Simulation results are presented that, among other things, illustrate the trade‐off between meeting schedule and maintaining organizational stability, the effects of rapid problem detection and response, and the difficulties due to the intangible nature of R & D progress.
Costs and benefits of an agricultural research institute
Authors: Simmonds N. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper represents an attempt to assess the economic impact of a publicly funded agricultural research institute in cost‐benefit terms. The institute is the Scottish Plant Breeding Station which was responsible for breeding two successful main‐crop potato varieties. Benefits, achieved and prospective, from new crop varieties are calculated from estimates of resources saved in producing constant crops at reduced acreages but with higher yields. Over the timescale 1951‐97, costs (discounted at 10/SL to 1972) total 9‐7 M/SL and benefits total 29‐8 M/SL (of which 21‐1 M/SL is attributable to the two successful potatoes). The net present value is estimated as 20‐1 M/SL (B/C 3‐1) (very probably in the range 12‐37 M/SL, B/C 2‐2‐4‐8).In discussion it is pointed out that few cost‐benefit studies of agricultural research are available and that the administrative implications of the present study are far from clear. Plant breeding, in general, being largely free of environmental or welfare effects, seems to be economically attractive and socially benign; and it must become even more attractive with rising food prices and land values.
Three‐dimensional representation of company business and investigational activities
Authors: Carson J. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a management aid devised to illustrate the inter‐relationships between present company business activities and the investigational activities of the various company R&D functions. It is based on the‐ construction of a three‐dimensional model in which the raw material, process and market parameters are the axes. Use of the model can facilitate project definition and selection in R and D departments and can be extended as a management aid in studies of R & D resource allocation and acquisition studies.
Technical information, technical assistance, and technology transfer—the need for a synthesis*
Authors: Rubenstein A. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the literature and often in practice, technical assistance, technical information, and technology transfer are treated as three separate activities. This paper discusses the relationship between them. Illustrations are given of the inability of overspecialized systems to effectively serve a broad range of needs. Some suggestions are made for research that is needed in this area. to help improve the design of systems and institutions and the training of people to carry out these functions. Some experimental ideas are presented which can help to resolve some of the policy and design problems in this area.
Innovation in acceptable doses: problems of supplementing educational technology innovations in firms
Authors: Bierfelder W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper gives the interim results of a research study of innovation in educational technology, and of obstacles to such innovation, based on interviews with senior management in 160 major firms. The special characteristics of innovation in this area are considered, including the duality between hardware and software, and the need to proceed by large steps. An analysis is made of the nature and sources of resistance to innovation, and of the possible means of overcoming it, including ‘gatekeeper’ activities. It is concluded that simple analyses and solutions are unlikely to be successful, and that a multi‐dimensional approach is required.
The Creative Catastrophe
Authors: Bergen S. A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract: The literature of creativity consists mainly of prescriptive techniques and catalogues thereof. No unifying framework or vocabulary has emerged to enable comparisons to be made. It is suggested that the Catastrophe Theory of Thorn, though controversial, can contribute to this end.A version of the theory is used in an attempt to describe factors influencing success or failure in new product development and design in manufacturing industry and to indicate the position of de Bono's Lateral Thinking’ in the field of creativity.
Correlates of turnover propensity of software professionals in small high tech companies
Authors: Garden Anna‐Maria 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe intent of this study is to shed some empirical light on the turnover propensity of software professionals in small software companies. Different sized firms were included to examine whether organizational size affected the relationships between the time the employees expected to stay in their present company, and a range of personal and organizational characteristics. A sample of 339 employees completed a questionnaire on their experience of and reactions to working in their current firm. None of the usual demographic indicators, e.g. age or tenure, was related to turnover propensity. The more time spent on programming, debugging or implementation, the shorter the time expected to stay. Satisfaction with both job and senior management was strongly related to expecting to stay longer, although satisfaction with project team or immediate boss showed virtually no relationship at all. The effect of organizational size occurred primarily with different company atmosphere qualities and certain work conditions. A warm atmosphere, fun and enjoyment, and friends in the company were important correlates only for the companies with below 50 people. Autonomy was a critical theme in the companies with 150–250 people, and recognition and advancement were important in the large company with approximately 2,000 employees. This suggests that the critical issues managers are confronted with would be different in organizations of different sizes.
The Effect of Different Cultural Lenses on Reliability and Validity in Observational Data: The Example of Chinese Immigrant Parent–Toddler Dinner Interactions
Authors: Wang Yan Z. , Wiley Angela R. , Zhou Xiaobin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study used a mixed methodology to investigate reliability, validity, and analysis level with Chinese immigrant observational data. European‐American and Chinese coders quantitatively rated 755 minutes of Chinese immigrant parent–toddler dinner interactions on parental sensitivity, intrusiveness, detachment, negative affect, positive affect, and parents' confidence. They also gave qualitative coding rationales for their quantitative ratings. Analysis of quantitative ratings indicated systematic differences associated with coder ethnicity. Such differences could threaten the reliability between coders with different ethnicities. Analysis of qualitative rationales revealed different cultural links between concepts and behavior cues, which could challenge the cross‐cultural validity of a macro‐level coding system. When a coding system is incongruous with coders' cultural schemata, even after intensive training, the effect of culture cannot be eliminated. Implications of these findings for observational cultural research are discussed.