bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel synthesis of rod‐coil block copolymers by combination of coordination polymerization and ATRP
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Hatoyama Naomasa , Uchida Satoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCombination of coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was applied to a novel synthesis of rod‐coil block copolymers. The procedure included the following steps: (1) monoesterification reaction of ethylene glycol with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide yielded a α‐bromo, ω‐hydroxy bifunctional initiator, (2) CpTiCl3 (bifunctional initiator) catalyst was prepared from a mixture of trichlorocyclopentadienyl titanium (CpTiCl3) and bifunctional initiator. Coordination polymerization of n‐butyl isocyanate initiated by such catalyst provided a well‐defined macroinitiator, poly(n‐butyl isocyanate)‐Br (PBIC‐Br), and (3) ATRP method of vinyl monomers using PBIC‐Br provided rod (PBIC)‐coil block copolymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4037–4042, 2007
Amphiphilic conetworks. III. Poly(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl methacrylate)–polyisobutylene and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate–polyisobutylene based hydrogels prepared by two‐step polymer procedure
Authors: Janata Miroslav , Toman Luděk , Spěváček Jiří , Brus Jiří , Sikora Antonín , Látalová Petra , Vlček Petr , Michálek Jiří , Dvořánková Barbora 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article describes the synthesis and characterization of new amphiphilic polymer conetworks containing hydrophilic poly(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl methacrylate) or poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) and hydrophobic polyisobutylene chains. This conetworks were prepared by a two‐step polymer synthesis. In the first step, a cationic copolymer of isobutylene and 3‐isopropenyl‐α,α‐dimethylbenzyl isocyanate (IDI) was prepared. The isocyanate groups of the IB‐IDI random copolymer were subsequently transformed in situ to methacrylate (MA) groups in reaction with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). In the second step, the resulting MA‐multifunctional PIB‐based crosslinker, PIB(MA)n, with an average functionality of approximately four per chain, was copolymerized with 2,3‐dihydroxypropyl methacrylate or poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate by radical mechanism in tetrahydrofuran giving rise to amphiphilic conetworks containing 11–60 mol % of DHPMA or 10–12 mol % of PEGMA. The synthesized conetworks were characterized with solid‐state 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The amphiphilic nature of the conetworks was proved by swelling in both water and n‐heptane. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4074–4081, 2007
Extensive Chemometric Investigations of the Multidrug Resistance in Strains of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Penicillium Digitatum
Authors: Kiralj Rudolf , Ferreira Márcia M. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMultidrug resistance activities pEC50 of sensitive, resistant, and moderately resistant strains of the pathogenic fungus Penicillium digitatum against triflumizole, fenarimol, bitertanol, pyrifenox, cycloheximide, acriflavine, and 4‐nitroquinoline‐N‐oxide were studied by principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses. Genome descriptors for fungal cytochrome P450 sterol 14α‐demethylase and multidrug efflux pump PMR1 were generated and correlated with pEC50 by partial least squares. Toxicants were modeled at the PM3 level. Novel Activity–Structure Relationships (ASRs) were established to predict toxicant structural features from biological activities and to identify and classify the strains. New types of relationships to model and predict biological activities are Quantitative Genome–Activity Relationship (QGAR) and Quantitative Genome/Structure–Activity Relationship (QGSAR). QGAR for demethylation inhibitors had a reasonable regression [Q2=0.79, R2=0.81, Standard Error of Validation (SEV)=0.34] and was extended into QGSAR with improved statistics (Q2=0.85, R2=0.87, SEV=0.29). Conformers of toxicants with common hydrogen bonding and aromatic ring geometry indicate possible interactions with receptors such as cytochromes, efflux pumps, and regulatory proteins which activate fungal multidrug resistance.
Electrospray‐assisted laser desorption/ionization and tandem mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins
Authors: Peng Ivory X. , Shiea Jentaie , Loo Rachel R. Ogorzalek , Loo Joseph A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe have constructed an electrospray‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (ELDI) source which utilizes a nitrogen laser pulse to desorb intact molecules from matrix‐containing sample solution droplets, followed by electrospray ionization (ESI) post‐ionization. The ELDI source is coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and allows sampling under ambient conditions. Preliminary data showed that ELDI produces ESI‐like multiply charged peptides and proteins up to 29 kDa carbonic anhydrase and 66 kDa bovine albumin from single‐protein solutions, as well as from complex digest mixtures. The generated multiply charged polypeptides enable efficient tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS)‐based peptide sequencing. ELDI‐MS/MS of protein digests and small intact proteins was performed both by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and by nozzle‐skimmer dissociation (NSD). ELDI‐MS/MS may be a useful tool for protein sequencing analysis and top‐down proteomics study, and may complement matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)‐based measurements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the adaptive performance of flexible sample size designs with treatment difference in an interval
Authors: Liu G. Frank , Zhu G. Ray , Cui Lu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn clinical trials, the study sample size is often chosen to provide specific power at a single point of a treatment difference. When this treatment difference is not close to the true one, the actual power of the trial can deviate from the specified power. To address this issue, we consider obtaining a flexible sample size design that provides sufficient power and has close to the ‘ideal’ sample size over possible values of the true treatment difference within an interval. A performance score is proposed to assess the overall performance of these flexible sample size designs. Its application to the determination of the best solution among considered candidate sample size designs is discussed and illustrated through computer simulations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A competing risks analysis of bloodstream infection after stem‐cell transplantation using subdistribution hazards and cause‐specific hazards
Authors: Beyersmann Jan , Dettenkofer Markus , Bertz Hartmut , Schumacher Martin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAfter peripheral blood stem‐cell transplantation, patients treated for severe haematologic diseases enter a critical phase (neutropenia). Analysis of bloodstream infection during neutropenia has to account for competing risks. Separate Cox analyses of all cause‐specific hazards are the standard
technique of choice, but are hard to interpret when the overall effects of covariates on the cumulative incidence function (CIF) are of interest. Proportional subdistribution hazards modelling of the subdistribution of the CIF is establishing itself as an interpretation‐friendly alternative. We apply both methods and discuss their relative merits. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing keyword search to semantic search: a case study in solving crossword puzzles using the Google™ API
Authors: Goldschmidt David E. , Krishnamoorthy Mukkai 
Published: July 2007

AbstractKeyword‐based search engines such as Google™ index Web pages for human consumption. Sophisticated as such engines have become, surveys indicate almost 25% of Web searchers are unable to find useful results in the first set of URLs returned (Technology Review, March 2004). The lack of machine‐interpretable information on the Web limits software agents from matching human searches to desirable results. Tim Berners‐Lee, inventor of the Web, has architected the Semantic Web in which machine‐interpretable information provides an automated means to traversing the Web. A necessary cornerstone application is the search engine capable of bringing the Semantic Web together into a searchable landscape. We implemented a Semantic Web Search Engine (SWSE) that performs semantic search, providing predictable and accurate results to queries. To compare keyword search to semantic search, we constructed the Google CruciVerbalist (GCV), which solves crossword puzzles by reformulating clues into Google queries processed via the Google API. Candidate answers are extracted from query results. Integrating GCV with SWSE, we quantitatively show how semantic search improves upon keyword search. Mimicking the human brain's ability to create and traverse relationships between facts, our techniques enable Web applications to ‘think’ using semantic reasoning, opening the door to intelligent search applications that utilize the Semantic Web. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the unsaponifiable oil fraction obtained from a number of cultivars of safflower
Authors: Conte L. S. , Frega N. , Capella P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComposition of the unsaponifiable matter obtained from oil ex‐tracted from six safflower cultivars (UC‐1, Tara, S‐541, S‐202, S‐317 and S‐918) was determined. The composition of the fractions of sterols was related to fatty acid composition, and significant correlations were found between campesterol, Δ7‐stigmastenol, oleic and linoleic acids. The composition of the fractions of terpenic alcohols and methyl sterols is also reported.
Viscosity of magnesium soap solutions in n‐ Propanol and butanol
Authors: Varma R. P. , Kumar K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe critical micelle concentration (CMC) of mag‐nesium soaps in n‐propanol and butanol have been determined by viscosity measurements. The equations of Vand and Moulik are applicable only above CMC. The parameters of equations may be used to calcu‐late the viscosity of soap solutions in the concentra‐tion range in which the equations hold good. The temperature effect on viscous flow follows Arrhenius’ equation. The effect of soap concentration on fluidity of soap solutions has been discussed in the light of Eyring’s equation and the activation param‐eters of viscous flow, ΔH*, ΔS*, and ΔG* with respect to the solvent have been calculated.
Programmed multiple development: High performance thin layer chromatography
Authors: Jupille T. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPoor resolution and sensitivity are not inherent in thin layer chromatography (TLC). They merely re‐flect the fact that TLC, as normally practiced, is not a high performance (efficient) technique. When efforts are made to improve the efficiency of TLC, the re‐sulting improvements in resolution and sensitivity make high performance TLC fully comparable to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two approaches to improved TLC performance are the use of small‐particle TLC plates and the technique of Programmed Multiple Development (PMD). Prelimi‐nary PMD methods for limonin in citrus juice and for caffeine in cola beverages clearly illustrate the use of PMD.
Steam (physical) refining deodorizer for malaysian palm oil
Authors: Gavin Arnold M. , Toeh K. T. , Carlin G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe production of Malaysian palm oil is expected to increase 20% per year for the next 5 yr. Already planted are more than a million acres which will start to produce in the next few years. Recent plantings of new strains will produce 2400 to 3000 lb of palm oil per acre. Palmex Industries, Penang, Malaysia started in operation in August, 1975, a physical refining system to produce a deodorized palm oil with 0.03% free fatty acid (FFA) from crude palm oil containing 5.0% FFA. Production records confirm the feasibility of physical refining crude palm oil in Malaysia, ex‐porting the oil to the United States, and producing a quality product with a minimum of additional pro‐cessing.
Fractionation of rapeseed meal into hour and hull components
Authors: Sosulski F. , Zadernowski R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFine‐ground rapeseed meal can be fractionated by liquid cyclone processes into flour and hull fractions. The process can be applied to expeller meal or to the marc after solvent extraction. A nonpolar solvent such as hexane is particularly effective because residual oil in the products is also substantially reduced. The flour, obtained in yield of about66% of the meal, contained over 45% protein and 5‐8% of crude fiber. Rapeseed meal is relatively low in digestible energy and the flour fraction would have greater application as a protein supplement in pig and poultry feeds.
The technical developments of the oil solvent extraction industry in China
Authors: Au Guo Xiang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development of the oil solvent extraction industry in China is described. The first continuous oil solvent extraction plant (modeled on a Rotocel extractor) was built in 1955. Since then, other types of extractors have been installed and processes such as the desolventizing of extracted meal, the evaporation of miscella and the recovery of solvent vapor have been adopted. This essay documents improvements in technology and machinery and discusses future developments in the industry.
Cell‐wall architecture of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cotyledon parenchyma cells and resistance to crushing
Authors: Yatsu L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLight microscopy of peanut cotyledon tissue showed some unusual profiles that were interpreted to be cell walls. Comparable tissue was treated with enzymes to eliminate cellular contents and examined in a scanning electron microscope. These parenchyma cells had walls which were bizarre, resembling scalariform xylem elements. Crushing tests on tissue whose cellular contents were removed showed that these cells provided insignificant resistance to crushing.
Wool wax hydrocarbons: A review
Authors: Motiuk K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA review of the literature on wool wax hydrocarbons reveals that the hydrocarbons represent about 0.5% of wool wax and that they consist of a large number of normal and branched homologs. This, in turn, shows a structural similarity between the hydrocarbons and the wool wax acids or wool wax aliphatic alcohols: all three materials contain normal, iso and anteiso series. The wool wax hydrocarbons also contain highly branched alkanes as well as cycloalkanes.
Effect of enzyme inactivation on the extracted soybean meal and oil
Authors: Rice R. D. , Wei L. S. , Steinberg M. P. , Nelson A. I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe objective was prevention of lipoxygenase activity prior to oil extraction in order to obtain a meal of superior flavor quality and a crude oil of superior oxidative stability. Accordingly, experiments were performed in which soybeans were heated at various moisture contents and times to inactivate the enzyme system. Once the optimal conditions were determined, heat treated and raw beans were extracted in a laboratory system designed to simulate conditions in commercial solvent extraction and the component oil and meal were evaluated. Oxidative stability of the oil from heat‐treated beans was increased as determined by the Swift stability test and an organoleptic evaluation. Similarly, organoleptic blandness ratings of the heat‐treated meal were also superior to the meal produced from raw beans. It was concluded that steam heat treatment of soybeans prior to extraction was beneficial to quality of both oil and flake.
Determination of solid fat index of fats and oils using the anton paar density meter
Authors: Mills B. L. , van de Voort F. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Anton Paar Density Meter was investigated for its potential use in the determination of Solid Fat Index (SFI) of fats and oils. By deriving equations for the behavior of instrument constants as a function of temperature, the specific volume of a fat could be determined as it underwent heating at a controlled rate of 2 C/min. The specific volume data obtained as a function of temperature could be converted into SFI data by minor modifications to the AOCS dilatometry equations, and hence provide a smooth SFI curve for fats and oils. The method was capable of providing more detailed dilation data in a shorter period of time and the SFI values determined related well to the conventional dilatometric technique.
Characteristics and composition of libyan olive oil
Authors: Rana M. S. , Ahmed A. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemical and physical characteristics of local olive oil (both virgin and refined) were determined. The moisture levels in olive fruit, cake and oils were 11.77, 12.7 and 0.16% respectively. The total crude fat on dry basis was: fruit, 39%; and cake, 7%. The free fatty acids (FFA) in both virgin and refined oils were high (4.4 and 4.3%). The samples of virgin as well as refined oil were found to have relatively low oleic acid contents (43.7 and 46.4%). However, linoleic acid was found to be higher than expected and the total of oleic and linoleic acids was more than 75% in the fraction of neutral lipids. The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in olive oil samples was ca. 20 and 80%, respectively.
A gas chromatographic method for the assessment of used frying oils: Comparison with other methods
Authors: Paradis A. J. , Nawar W. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe application of a simple and rapid method, based on gas chromatographic measurement of dimer triglycerides, is proposed for evaluation of the quality of used frying oils. The technique involves complete conversion of the oil to its methyl esters followed by analysis on a short column packed with 3% JXR. Parameters are adjusted to provide a pattern in which the dimeric esters emerge as a doublet peak with a retention time of ca. 3 min, whereas all other monomeric esters elute with the solvent peak. The relative heights of the two components of the doublet peak appear to reverse as the frying time is increased. The test correlated well with changes in dielectric constant measurements, as well as with “altered triglycerides” in continuously heated corn oil.
Determination of molar mass distribution of alkyl polyethylene glycol ethers
Authors: Farkas L. , Morgós J. , Sallay P. , Rusznák I. , Bartha B. , Veress G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA process based on gas chromatographic separation and on the computerized evaluation of the results has been developed for the determination of the distribution and distribution coefficients of alkyl polyglycol ethers, formed in the competitive, consecutive reaction of fatty alcohol and ethylene oxide. A comparison of experimental and theoretical distributions showed that the distribution is the Weibull‐Nycander‐Gold type for potassium hydroxide catalyst, and the Flory type in the antimony pentachloride catalyst. The characteristic of the distribution does not change with reaction parameters in either type of distribution, though actual distribution is slightly modified by temperature. In determinations of Weibull‐Nycander‐Gold's c and Natta‐Mantica's ci‐s distribution coefficients, the Weibull‐Törnquist effect, i.e., the changing of the distribution coefficients with ethoxylation, has been experimentally proven in the example of ethoxylation catalyzed with potassium hydroxide.
An introduction to NMR
Authors: Proctor W. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNuclear magentic resonance (NMR) is a physical method for exploring the magnetic environment of the atomic nuclei of the atoms in a molecule. The substance is placed in a strong magnetic field and the nuclei take on an orientation with respect to this field. The reason for this is that the nuclei have angular momentum (spin) and, being charged, have magnetic moments like small compass needles. By subtle radio‐frequency (r‐f) techniques the nuclei are simply made to reorient (resonate) in this field. The reorientation involves a change of energy, which is supplied by the r‐f quantum,hv. The frequency of resonance is therefore proportional to the reorienta tion energy and hence to the magnetic field in which the nucleus is found. As in other forms of spectro‐scopy, the width of the absorption line depends on a
Conjugation of polyunsaturated fats: Methyl linoleate with tris(triphenylphosphine) chlororhodium
Authors: DeJarlais W. J. , Gast L. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTris(triphenylphosphine) chlororhodium in methanol produces nearly 95% conjugated dienes from methyl linoleate. The dienes are principally cis,trans‐ and cis,cis‐conjugated. Since deuterium is introduced into the products when deuterated methanol is the solvent, a dihydride complex is the probable intermediate. The reaction is sluggish in chloroform, possible because the dihydride cannot easily form. The catalyst is activated in chloroform with hydrogen. Since no reduction occurs in the absence of hydrogen, hydrogenation likely occurs by hydrogenolysis of the alkyl complex of the dihydride olefin rather than a transfer of both hydrogens from the hydride complex.
Dust control
Authors: Rockwell C. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGood dust control in a solvent plant includes control at the grain receiving pits, the storage area, the grain drier preparation building and the meal handling area. The techniques and equipment required are fairly stan‐dardized. The four types of collectors available are the cyclone, wet scrubber, filter and electrostatic precipita‐tor. Most State Air Pollution Codes are set up on the basis that a certain emission rate of dust into the atmosphere is allowed for a given amount of product being handled. In most cases collector efficiencies must be greater than 90% to meet the code. This makes the use of cyclones questionable.
Meal and Grain Sampling
Authors: Wheaton B. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA short history of grain sampling is given and the recent U.S. Grain Standards Act. per U.S.D.A. publi‐cation of 1968, is reviewed briefly. Inspection tech‐nique depends on the type of sample being used: official sample, type sample or warehouseman’s sample. Terms, such as, permissive inspection and exception, are explained. Mechanical grain and meal sampling methods and the equipment used are dis‐cussed. A close look is given to their practical application and the mathematics of operation. Facts that point to the future of sampling are given.