bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of candy moisture content on texture
Authors: Figiel Adam , Tajner‐Czopek Agnieszka 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNowadays, the texture of food products has become an important feature influencing consumers’ acceptance of a food. It is a complex feature that depends on a number of chemical and physical properties of the product. The properties and distribution of water in food products affects their structure and texture. Even the small amounts of water that occur in candies may have a marked effect on their texture. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of moisture on the textural properties of candies (hard candies with filling). The critical moisture content of about 2% was shown in the results obtained, using shear strength test and texture profile analysis. An increase in moisture content in candies within the range 1.3–2.0% was found to decrease all the parameters investigated, such as maximum cutting force, hardness, cohesiveness, elasticity, gumminess and chewiness. Further increase in moisture, over 2.0%, did not cause a significant change in candy texture. The knowledge of how moisture affects candy texture may be helpful in meeting the customer’s expectations regarding the texture of consumed products.
Clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam for canine hip radiography
Authors: Leppänen M. K. , McKusick B. C. , Granholm M. M. , Westerholm F. C. , Tulamo R. , Short C. E. 
Published: October 2006

Objectives:To investigate the usefulness of dexmedetomidine for restraint and sedation during hip radiographic examination of hip‐extended or stress‐radiography views when combined with either buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam.Methods:One hundred and twenty‐seven client‐owned clinically healthy golden retrievers or rottweilers were enrolled in a clinical trial that compared hip‐extended and PennHIP methods for diagnosing hip dysplasia and were randomly allocated to receive dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in combination with buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam. Subjective assessments were made for response to pain, response to noise, palpebral reflex, muscle tone and overall quality of sedation; non‐invasive physiological variables were also recorded.Results:Overall quality of sedation was graded as good or excellent for dogs administered with a combination of butorphanol or diazepam. However, more dogs that received a combination involving buprenorphine had overall a relatively poorer quality of sedation and required additional administration of buprenorphine before the radiographic procedure could commence. Once sedated, clinically sufficient muscle relaxation accompanied by a very low proportion of dogs responding to pain or noise stimuli were observed in all treatment groups. Heart and respiratory rate, and procedure and recovery times were similar for all treatment groups, and no adverse events were observed during the study.ClinicalSignificance:Dexmedetomidine sedative protocols, particularly in combination with butorphanol and diazepam, can be used effectively and safely in dogs for radiographic procedures.
The value of oblique versus ventrodorsal myelographic views for lesion lateralisation in canine thoracolumbar disc disease
Authors: Gibbons S. E. , Macias C. , De Stefani A. , Pinchbeck G. L. , McKee W. M. 
Published: October 2006

Objective: To determine the value of oblique versus ventrodorsal myelographic views for lesion lateralisation in canine thoracolumbar disc disease. Methods: The ventrodorsal and oblique views from 196 lumbar myelograms of dogs with single thoracolumbar disc extrusions or protrusions were blindly and independently reviewed by two of the authors for evidence of lesion lateralisation. Medical records were reviewed for details regarding hemilaminectomy surgery. The side (left versus right) of the surgery and whether or not the disc material was retrieved were noted. Results: Both reviewers lateralised significantly more disc lesions from the oblique views (93 and 95 per cent) than from the ventrodorsal views (59 and 70 per cent) (P<0·001). Using a combination of oblique and ventrodorsal views, 194 (99 per cent) and 195 (99·5 per cent) lesions were lateralised. Unilateral hemilaminectomy was performed in 193 dogs with myelographic lateralisation and in one dog without myelographic lateralisation. The side of spinal cord decompression corresponded with the myelographic findings in all dogs showing lateralisation on myelography. In the dog without myelographic lateralisation, a left (randomly chosen) hemilaminectomy revealed dorsal protrusion of the annulus fibrosus. Clinical Significance: Myelography, including oblique, ventrodorsal and lateral views, is an accurate method for determining lateralisation of extruded or protruded disc material in the vertebral canal before decompressive surgery. Combined oblique and ventrodorsal views are more useful than either view alone and should be routinely obtained in all lumbar myelographic studies when investigating thoracolumbar disc disease.
Viscous Shocks in the Destabilized Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Equation
Authors: Rademacher Jens D. M. , Wittenberg Ralf W. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We study stationary periodic solutions of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) model for complex spatio-temporal dynamics in the presence of an additional linear destabilizing term. In particular, we show the phase space origins of the previously observed stationary “viscous shocks” and related solutions. These arise in a reversible four-dimensional dynamical system as perturbed heteroclinic connections whose tails are joined through a reinjection mechanism due to the linear term. We present numerical evidence that the transition to the KS limit contains a rich bifurcation structure even within the class of stationary reversible solutions.
Comparison of the Proteosomes and Antigenicities of Secreted and Cellular Proteins Produced byMycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Cho Donghee , Collins Michael T. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe protein expression profiles and antigenicities of both culture filtrates (CF) and cellular extracts (CE) ofMycobacterium paratuberculosiswere compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), one-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE) and 2-DE immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The CF proteins were harvested from supernatants of stationary-phase liquid cultures and concentrated by size exclusion filtration. The CE proteins were extracted by mechanical disruption of cells using glass beads and a high-speed agitator. Analysis of SDS-PAGE gels showed that the majority of CF proteins had low molecular masses (<50 kDa), whereas CE protein mass ranged more evenly over a broader range up to 100 kDa. By 2-DE, CF proteins had a narrow array of pI values, with most being between pH 4.0 and 5.5; CE proteins spanned pI values from pH 4.0 to 7.0. The antigenicities of CF and CE proteins were first determined by 1-DE and 2-DE immunoblotting with serum from a cow naturally infected withM. paratuberculosis. The serum reacted strongly to more proteins in the CF than the CE. Sera from 444 infected and 412 uninfected cattle were tested by ELISA with CF and CE as solid-phase antigens. Receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis of the ELISA results showed a significantly greater area under the curve for CF compared to CE (P< 0.05). A high degree of variability in protein binding patterns was shown with 1-DE immunoblot analysis with 31 sera fromM. paratuberculosis-infected cattle. Collectively, these results indicate that serologic tests for bovine paratuberculosis may be improved by using proteins derived from CF instead of CE. To maximize the diagnostic sensitivity of serologic tests, multiple proteins will be required. Even so, a CF ELISA may not be able to detect allM. paratuberculosis-infected cattle, in particular those in the early stages of infection that have yet to mount an antibody response.
Analysis of Antibody Response in Humans to the Type A OspC Loop 5 Domain and Assessment of the Potential Utility of the Loop 5 Epitope in Lyme Disease Vaccine Development
Authors: Buckles Eric L. , Earnhart Christopher G. , Marconi Richard T. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

The OspC protein of
Borrelia burgdorferi
is an immunodominant antigen. Here we demonstrate that the loop 5 domain of type A OspC is surface exposed, elicits bactericidal antibody in mice, and is antigenic in humans. The data suggest that loop 5 may be suitable for inclusion in a polyvalent, chimeric OspC vaccinogen.
Evaluation of a Rapid Fecal PCR Test for Detection ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin Dairy Cattle
Authors: Wells Scott J. , Collins Michael T. , Faaberg Kay S. , Wees Carrie , Tavornpanich Saraya , Petrini Kristine R. , Collins James E. , Cernicchiaro Natalia , Whitlock Robert H. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTA high-throughput TaqMan PCR assay for detection of bovine paratuberculosis was evaluated by using fecal samples from 1,808 dairy cattle in seven naturally infected herds and 347 dairy cattle in seven herds considered free of paratuberculosis. Fecal, blood, and milk samples were submitted to laboratories where the PCR-based assay, three different fecal culture procedures forMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis(centrifugation, sedimentation, and the BACTEC filter concentration method), two serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and one milk ELISA were performed. Results from testing of dairy cattle in herds free ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisshowed that the PCR assay's specificity was 99.7%. Twenty-three percent of the dairy cows that were fecal culture positive by at least one of the three methods were positive by the PCR assay. By Bayesian non-“gold standard” analysis methods, the TaqMan PCR assay had a higher specificity than the serum ELISAs (99.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 98.6 to 99.7%) and a test sensitivity similar to that of the serum ELISAs (29%; 95% CI = 24 to 35%). By classical methods, the estimated relative sensitivity of the fecal PCR assay was 4% for light and moderate fecal shedders (compared to 12 to 13% for the ELISAs) and 76% for heavy fecal shedders (compared to 67% for the milk ELISA). The PCR assay has higher sensitivity for detection of heavy fecal shedders than the evaluated milk ELISA but lower sensitivity than a serum or milk ELISA for detection of light and moderate fecal shedders. This assay can be used as a quick test for detection of cattle with heavy fecal shedding, those cattle with the highest risk of transmitting infection to susceptible cattle.
Serum Antibodies to Pneumococcal Neuraminidase NanA in Relation to Pneumococcal Carriage and Acute Otitis Media
Authors: Simell Birgit , Jaakkola Teija , Lahdenkari Mika , Briles David , Hollingshead Susan , Kilpi Terhi M. , Käyhty Helena 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
Pneumococcal neuraminidase, NanA, is a pneumococcal vaccine candidate. Prior culture-confirmed pneumococcal contacts were shown to induce serum anti-NanA antibodies during the first 2 years of life. The antibody concentrations at neither 12 nor 18 months were significantly associated with the risk of subsequent pneumococcal carriage or acute otitis media.
Total Lightning Observations with the New and Improved Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA)
Authors: Shao Xuan-Min , Stanley Mark , Regan Amy , Harlin Jeremiah , Pongratz Morrie , Stock Michael 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Since 1998, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has deployed an array of fast electric field change sensors in New Mexico and Florida in support of LANL’s satellite lightning observations. In April 2004, all the sensors were significantly upgraded and improved, and a new array was deployed in north-central Florida. This paper describes the operations of the new array and reports the first 12 months of lightning observations. The new array is about 10 times more sensitive than the previous one and can capture millions of discharge events during a stormy day in Florida. In this paper, the array’s lightning location accuracy, minimum detectable peak current, and ratio of intracloud-to-cloud-to-ground flashes are analyzed. Some case studies that illustrate the storm evolution, lightning classification, and radar comparisons are presented. A new three-dimensional capability of the array is demonstrated.
A GPM Dual-Frequency Retrieval Algorithm: DSD Profile-Optimization Method
Authors: Rose C. R. , Chandrasekar V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) will be included on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite, which will succeed the highly successful Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite launched in 1997. New dual-frequency drop size distribution (DSD) and rain-rate estimation algorithms are being developed to take advantage of the enhanced capabilities of the DPR. It has been shown that the backward-iteration algorithm can be embedded within a single-loop (SL) feedback model. However, the SL model is unable to correctly estimate DSD profiles for a significant portion of global median volume diameter Do and normalized DSD intercept parameter Nw combinations in rain because of a multiple-value solution space. For the remaining Do, Nw pairs, another retrieval method is necessary. This paper proposes a supplementary profile-optimization technique to find those DSD profiles in the rain region that the SL model cannot correctly determine. The optimization method is based on a model that both Do and log(Nw) are linear vertical profiles, and that the profiles can be found using an optimization technique from the input reflectivity profiles. Using those assumptions, the optimization method finds the top and bottom Do, log(Nw) values such that a cost function related to the input-measured reflectivity is minimized. A random-restart method is used to generate random top-and-bottom DSD seed values for each optimization cycle. Example cases are shown to demonstrate the performance with and without error in the input reflectivity profiles. Limitations of the method are discussed, including its performance when the input reflectivity profiles are based on nonlinear DSD profiles and values of shape factor μ different than the algorithm assumed value.
Cancer-testis antigens are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma and induce systemic immunity following allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Atanackovic Djordje , Arfsten Julia , Cao Yanran , Gnjatic Sacha , Schnieders Frank , Bartels Katrin , Schilling Georgia , Faltz Christiane , Wolschke Christine , Dierlamm Judith , Ritter Gerd , Eiermann Thomas , Hossfeld Dieter Kurt , Zander Axel R. , Jungbluth Achim A. , Old Lloyd J. , Bokemeyer Carsten , Kröger Nicolaus 
Published: October 2006

AbstractImmunotherapies using cancer-testis (CT) antigens as targets represent a potentially useful treatment in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who commonly show recurrent disease following chemotherapy. We analyzed the expression of 11 CT antigens in bone marrow samples from patients with MM (n = 55) and healthy donors (n = 32) using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). CT antigens were frequently expressed in MM with 56% (MAGEC2), 55% (MAGEA3), 35% (SSX1), 20% (SSX4, SSX5), 16% (SSX2), 15% (BAGE), 7% (NY-ESO-1), and 6% (ADAM2, LIPI) expressing the given antigen. Importantly, CT antigens were not expressed in healthy bone marrow. Analyzing patients with MM (n = 66) for antibody responses against MAGEA3, SSX2, and NY-ESO-1, we found strong antibody responses against CT antigens preferentially in patients who had received allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). Antibody responses against NY-ESO-1 correlated with NY-ESO-1–specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses against peptide NY-ESO-151-62 and CD4+ responses against NY-ESO-1121-140 in 1 of these patients. These allogeneic immune responses were not detectable in pretransplantation samples and in the patients' stem cell donors, indicating that CT antigens might indeed represent natural targets for graft-versus-myeloma effects. Immune responses induced by alloSCT could be boosted by active CT antigen–specific immunotherapy, which might help to achieve long-lasting remissions in patients with MM.
IL-7–induced proliferation of recent thymic emigrants requires activation of the PI3K pathway
Authors: Swainson Louise , Kinet Sandrina , Mongellaz Cedric , Sourisseau Marion , Henriques Telmo , Taylor Naomi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe IL-7 cytokine promotes the survival of a diverse T-cell pool, thereby ensuring an efficient immune response. Moreover, IL-7 induces the proliferation of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) in neonates. Here, we demonstrate that the survival and proliferative effects of IL-7 on human RTEs can be distinguished on the basis of dose as well as duration of IL-7 administration. A dose of 0.1 ng/mL IL-7 is sufficient to promote viability, whereas cell-cycle entry is observed only at doses higher than 1 ng/mL. Moreover, a short 1-hour exposure to high-dose IL-7 (10 ng/mL) induces long-term survival but continuous IL-7 exposure is necessary for optimal cell-cycle entry and proliferation. We find that distinct signaling intermediates are activated under conditions of IL-7–induced survival and proliferation; STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation does not correlate with proliferation, whereas up-regulation of the glucose transporter Glut-1 as well as increased glucose uptake are markers of IL-7–induced cell cycle entry. Glut-1 is directly regulated by PI3K and, indeed, inhibiting PI3K activity abrogates IL-7–induced proliferation. Our finding that the survival and proliferation of RTEs are differentially modulated by the dose and kinetics of exogenous IL-7 has important implications for the clinical use of this cytokine.
Gene-expression signature of benign monoclonal gammopathy evident in multiple myeloma is linked to good prognosis
Authors: Zhan Fenghuang , Barlogie Bart , Arzoumanian Varant , Huang Yongsheng , Williams David R. , Hollmig Klaus , Pineda-Roman Mauricio , Tricot Guido , van Rhee Frits , Zangari Maurizio , Dhodapkar Madhav , Shaughnessy John D. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) can progress to multiple myeloma (MM). Although these diseases share many of the same genetic features, it is still unclear whether global gene-expression profiling might identify prior genomic signatures that distinguish them. Through significance analysis of microarrays, 52 genes involved in important pathways related to cancer were differentially expressed in the plasma cells of healthy subjects (normal plasma-cell [NPC]; n = 22) and patients with stringently defined MGUS/smoldering MM (n = 24) and symptomatic MM (n = 351) (P < .001). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of 351 patients with MM, 44 with MGUS (24 + 20), and 16 with MM from MGUS created 2 major cluster branches, one containing 82% of the MGUS patients and the other containing 28% of the MM patients, termed MGUS-like MM (MGUS-L MM). Using the same clustering approach on an independent cohort of 214 patients with MM, 27% were found to be MGUS-L. This molecular signature, despite its association with a lower incidence of complete remission (P = .006), was associated with low-risk clinical and molecular features and superior survival (P < .01). The MGUS-L signature was also seen in plasma cells from 15 of 20 patients surviving more than 10 years after autotransplantation. These data provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of plasma-cell dyscrasias.
Targeting PKC in multiple myeloma: in vitro and in vivo effects of the novel, orally available small-molecule inhibitor enzastaurin (LY317615.HCl)
Authors: Podar Klaus , Raab Marc S. , Zhang Jing , McMillin Douglas , Breitkreutz Iris , Tai Yu-Tzu , Lin Boris K. , Munshi Nikhil , Hideshima Teru , Chauhan Dharminder , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn multiple myeloma (MM) protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways have been implicated in cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Here we investigated the novel, orally available PKC-inhibitor enzastaurin for its anti-MM activity. Enzastaurin specifically inhibits phorbol ester–induced activation of PKC isoforms, as well as phosphorylation of downstream signaling molecules MARCKS and PKCμ. Importantly, it also inhibits PKC activation triggered by growth factors and cytokines secreted by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), costimulation with fibronectin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), or interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as MM patient serum. Consequently, enzastaurin inhibits proliferation, survival, and migration of MM cell lines and MM cells isolated from multidrug-resistant patients and overcomes MM-cell growth triggered by binding to BMSCs and endothelial cells. Importantly, strong synergistic cytotoxicity is observed when enzastaurin is combined with bortezomib and moderate synergistic or additive effects when combined with melphalan or lenalidomide. Finally, tumor growth, survival, and angiogenesis are abrogated by enzastaurin in an in vivo xenograft model of human MM. Our results therefore demonstrate in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the orally available PKC inhibitor enzastaurin in MM and strongly support its clinical evaluation, alone or in combination therapies, to improve outcome in patients with MM.
Coloring the Mu transpososome
Authors: Darcy Isabel K , Chang Jeff , Druivenga Nathan , McKinney Colin , Medikonduri Ram K , Mills Stacy , Navarra-Madsen Junalyn , Ponnusamy Arun , Sweet Jesse , Thompson Travis 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Tangle analysis has been applied successfully to study proteins which bind two segments of DNA and can knot and link circular DNA. We show how tangle analysis can be extended to model any stable protein-DNA complex.

Results
We discuss a computational method for finding the topological conformation of DNA bound within a protein complex. We use an elementary invariant from knot theory called colorability to encode and search for possible DNA conformations. We apply this method to analyze the experimental results of Pathania, Jayaram, and Harshey (Cell 2002). We show that the only topological DNA conformation bound by Mu transposase which is biologically likely is the five crossing solution found by Pathania et al (although other possibilities are discussed).

Conclusion
Our algorithm can be used to analyze the results of the experimental technique described in Pathania et al in order to determine the topological conformation of DNA bound within a stable protein-DNA complex.