bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Multispectral Technique for Detecting Low-Level Cloudiness near Sunrise
Authors: Schreiner Anthony J. , Ackerman Steven A. , Baum Bryan A. , Heidinger Andrew K. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A technique using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) sounder radiance data has been developed to improve detection of low clouds and fog just after sunrise. The technique is based on a simple difference method using the shortwave (3.7 μm) and longwave (11.0 μm) window bands in the infrared range of the spectrum. The time period just after sunrise is noted for the difficulty in being able to correctly identify low clouds and fog over land. For the GOES sounder cloud product this difficulty is a result of the visible reflectance of the low clouds falling below the “cloud” threshold over land. By requiring the difference between the 3.7- and the 11.0-μm bands to be greater than 5.0 K, successful discrimination of low clouds and fog is found 85% of the time for 21 cases from 14 September 2005 to 6 March 2006 over the GOES-12 sounder domain. For these 21 clear and cloudy cases the solar zenith angle ranged from 87° to 77°; however, the range of solar zenith angles for cloudy cases was from 85° to 77°.
The success rate further improved to 95% (20 out of 21 cases) by including a difference threshold of 5.0 K between the 3.7- and 4.0-μm bands, requiring that the 11.0-μm band be greater than 260 K, and limiting the test to fields of view where the surface elevation is below 999 m. These final three limitations were needed to more successfully deal with cases involving snow cover and dead vegetation. To ensure that only the time period immediately after sunrise is included the solar zenith angle threshold for application of these tests is between 89° and 70°.
Estimation of Thin Ice Thickness and Detection of Fast Ice from SSM/I Data in the Antarctic Ocean
Authors: Tamura Takeshi , Ohshima Kay I. , Markus Thorsten , Cavalieri Donald J. , Nihashi Sohey , Hirasawa Naohiko 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Antarctic coastal polynyas are important areas of high sea ice production and dense water formation, and thus their detection including an estimate of thin ice thickness is essential. In this paper, the authors propose an algorithm that estimates thin ice thickness and detects fast ice using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data in the Antarctic Ocean. Detection and estimation of sea ice thicknesses of &lt;0.2 m are based on the SSM/I 85- and 37-GHz polarization ratios (PR85 and PR37) through a comparison with sea ice thicknesses estimated from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. The exclusion of data affected by atmospheric water vapor is discussed. Because thin ice and fast ice (specifically ice shelves, glacier tongues, icebergs, and landfast ice) have similar PR signatures, a scheme was developed to separate these two surface types before the application of the thin ice algorithm to coastal polynyas. The probability that the algorithm correctly distinguishes thin ice from thick ice and from fast ice is ∼95%, relative to the ice thicknesses estimated from AVHRR. Although the standard deviation of the difference between the thin ice thicknesses estimated from the SSM/I algorithm and AVHRR is ∼0.05 m and thus not small, the estimated ice thicknesses from the microwave algorithm appear to have small biases and the accuracies are independent of region and season. A distribution map of thin ice occurrences derived from the SSM/I algorithm represents the Ross Sea coastal polynya being by far the largest among the Antarctic coastal polynyas; the Weddell Sea coastal polynyas are much smaller. Along the coast of East Antarctica, coastal polynyas frequently form on the western side of peninsulas and glacier tongues, downstream of the Antarctic Coastal Current.
Responses of hyperthermophilic crenarchaea to UV irradiation
Authors: Götz Dorothee , Paytubi Sonia , Munro Stacey , Lundgren Magnus , Bernander Rolf , White Malcolm F 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background
DNA damage leads to cellular responses that include the increased expression of DNA repair genes, repression of DNA replication and alterations in cellular metabolism. Archaeal information processing pathways resemble those in eukaryotes, but archaeal damage response pathways remain poorly understood.

Results
We analyzed the transcriptional response to UV irradiation in two related crenarchaea, Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Sulfolobus species encounter high levels of DNA damage in nature, as they inhabit high temperature, aerobic environments and are exposed to sunlight. No increase in expression of DNA repair genes following UV irradiation was observed. There was, however, a clear transcriptional response, including repression of DNA replication and chromatin proteins. Differential effects on the expression of the three transcription factor B (tfb) genes hint at a mechanism for the modulation of transcriptional patterns in response to DNA damage. TFB3, which is strongly induced following UV irradiation, competes with TFB1 for binding to RNA polymerase in vitro, and may act as a repressor of transcription or an alternative transcription factor for certain promoters.

Conclusion
A clear response to DNA damage was observed, with down-regulation of the DNA replication machinery, changes in transcriptional regulatory proteins, and up-regulation of the biosynthetic enzymes for beta-carotene, which has UV protective properties, and proteins that detoxify reactive oxygen species. However, unlike eukaryotes and bacteria, there was no induction of DNA repair proteins in response to DNA damage, probably because these are expressed constitutively to deal with increased damage arising due to high growth temperatures.
Histomorphometric and μCT Analysis of Bone Biopsies From Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women Treated With Strontium Ranelate
Authors: Arlot Monique E , Jiang Yebin , Genant Harry K , Zhao Jenny , Burt-Pichat Brigitte , Roux Jean-Paul , Delmas Pierre D , Meunier Pierre J 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Strontium ranelate is a new anti-osteoporotic treatment. On bone biopsies collected from humans receiving long-term treatment over 5 yr, it has been shown that strontium ranelate has good bone safety and better results than placebo on 3D microarchitecture. Hence, these effects may explain the decreased fracture rate.
Introduction: Strontium ranelate's mode of action involving dissociation of bone formation and resorption was shown in preclinical studies and could explain its antifracture efficacy in humans.
Materials and Methods: One hundred forty-one transiliac bone biopsies were obtained from 133 postmenopausal osteoporotic women: 49 biopsies after 1–5 yr of 2 g/d strontium ranelate and 92 biopsies at baseline or after 1–5 yr of placebo.
Results and Conclusions: Histomorphometry provided a 2D demonstration of the bone safety of strontium ranelate, with significantly higher mineral apposition rate (MAR) in cancellous bone (+9% versus control, p = 0.019) and borderline higher in cortical bone (+10%, p = 0.056). Osteoblast surfaces were significantly higher (+38% versus control, p = 0.047). 3D analysis of 3-yr biopsies with treatment (20 biopsies) and placebo (21 biopsies) using μCT showed significant changes in microarchitecture with, in the strontium ranelate group, higher cortical thickness (+18%, p = 0.008) and trabecular number (+14%, p = 0.05), and lower structure model index (−22%, p = 0.01) and trabecular separation (−16%, p = 0.04), with no change in cortical porosity. The changes in 3D microarchitecture may enhance bone biomechanical competence and explain the decreased fracture rate with strontium ranelate.
Biological Co-Adaptation of Morphological and Composition Traits Contributes to Mechanical Functionality and Skeletal Fragility
Authors: Tommasini Steven M , Nasser Philip , Hu Bin , Jepsen Karl J 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A path analysis was conducted to determine whether functional interactions exist among morphological, compositional, and microstructural traits for young adult human tibias. Data provided evidence that bone traits are co-adapted during ontogeny so that the sets of traits together satisfy physiological loading demands. However, certain sets of traits are expected to perform poorly under extreme load conditions.
Introduction: Previous data from inbred mouse strains suggested that biological processes within bone co-adapt morphological and compositional traits during ontogeny to satisfy physiological loading demands. Similar work in young adult humans showed that cortical tissue from slender tibias was stiffer, less ductile, and more susceptible to accumulating damage. Here we tested whether the relationships among morphology and tissue level mechanical properties were the result of biological processes that co-adapt physical traits, similar to those observed for the mouse skeleton.
Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional morphology, bone slenderness (Tt.Ar/Le), and tissue level mechanical properties were measured from tibias from 14 female (22–46 yr old) and 17 male (17–46 yr old) donors. Physical bone traits measured included tissue density, ash content, water content, porosity, and the area fractions of osteonal, interstitial, and circumferential lamellar tissues. Bivariate relationships among traits were determined using linear regression analysis. A path analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis that Tt.Ar/Le is functionally related to mineralization (ash content) and the proportion of total area occupied by cortical bone.
Results: Ash content correlated negatively with several traits including Tt.Ar/Le and marrow area, indicating that slender bones were constructed of tissue with higher mineralization. Path analysis revealed that slender tibias were compensated by higher mineralization and a greater area fraction of bone.
Conclusions: The results suggest that bone adapts by varying the relative amount of cortical bone within the diaphysis and by varying matrix composition. This co-adaptation is expected to lead to a particular set of traits that is sufficiently stiff and strong to support daily loads. However, increases in mineralization result in a more brittle and damageable material that would be expected to perform poorly under extreme load conditions. Therefore, focusing attention on sets of traits and the relationship among traits may advance our understanding of how genetic and environmental factors influence bone fragility.
Clinical and Cellular Manifestations of OSTM1-Related Infantile Osteopetrosis
Authors: Maranda Bruno , Chabot Gilles , Décarie Jean-Claude , Pata Monica , Azeddine Bouziane , Moreau Alain , Vacher Jean 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Infantile ARO is a genetic disorder characterized by osteoclast dysfunction that leads to osteopetrosis. We describe a novel mutation affecting the OSTM1 locus responsible for ARO. In addition to common clinical features of osteopetrosis, the patient developed a unique neuronal pathology that provided evidence for an essential role of OSTM1 in normal neuronal cell development.
Introduction: Infantile autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a genetic disorder characterized by osteoclast dysfunction that leads to osteopetrosis. We describe a novel mutation affecting the OSTM1 locus responsible for ARO. In addition to common clinical features of osteopetrosis, the patient developed a unique neuronal pathology that provided evidence for an essential role of OSTM1 in normal neuronal cell development.
Materials and Methods: We report a new case of ARO caused by an homozygous mutation in OSTM1. In addition to osteopetrosis and bone marrow failure, this patient also had neurological impairment not related to bone entrapment. Retinal dystrophy with absent evoked visual potentials and sensorineural deafness were documented, as well as cerebral atrophy and bilateral atrial subependymal heterotopias.
Results: The patient developed generalized seizures and had a profound developmental delay. Nerve biopsy failed to show inclusion material suggestive of neuroaxonal dystrophy. Bone marrow transplantation was declined considering the severe neurological compromise. The patient died at 1 yr of age. Osteoclasts derived from peripheral blood were mature and multinucleated. Expression analysis showed that the amount of OSTM1 cDNA transcript was significantly lowered but not absent.
Conclusions: These results support the role of OSTM1 in osteoclast function and activation. However, they also suggest that OSTM1 has a primary role in neural development not related to lysosomal dysfunction.
Laborautomation im Krankenhaus: Systeme, IT, Potenziale und Perspektiven / Hospital laboratory automation: systems, IT, potentials, and perspectives
Authors: Plecko Thomas , Pfeiffer Andreas , Wieland Eberhard 
Published: October 2007

Zusammenfassung
Mit der Entwicklung von Analysenautomaten, die eine große Anzahl von Proben in kurzer Zeit bearbeiten können, haben die Diagnostikagerätehersteller ein Tor zur industriellen Massenproduktion im klinischen Labor geöffnet. Manuelle Arbeit wurde auf Maschinen übertragen, wodurch sich die Produktivität der Laboratorien enorm steigerte und die Kosten sanken. Der wachsende ökonomische Druck der letzten Jahre hat in Europa einen Trend ausgelöst, der vor 20 bis 30 Jahren in Japan und in den USA seinen Anfang nahm. Der technische Fortschritt der letzten Jahrzehnte, vor allem in der Informationstechnologie (IT), hat zu Laborautomationskonzepten geführt, die über den analytischen Schritt hinaus auch die präanalytischen Schritte (Probenscanning, Zentrifugation, Entstöpseln etc.) automatisiert durchführen können sowie die Probe automatisiert, meist durch ein Förderband, den Analysegeräten zuführen und diese nach der Prozessierung archivieren. Heute muss jedes größere Krankenhauslabor die Einführung einer Automation erwä gen, da so Personalkosten gespart werden, die bis zu 70% des Laborbudgets beanspruchen können. Um das passende Konzept auszuwählen, bedarf es im Vorfeld einer sorgfältigen Erhebung der Analysenzahlen und des Workflows sowie genauer Überlegungen, welche Systeme und Diagnostikanbieter in Betracht kommen. Ein wichtiger Punkt ist auch die IT-Steuerung der Automatenstraßen und deren Einbindung in das IT-Konzept des jeweiligen Labors. Ein gutes Automationskonzept führt zu einer Qualitätsverbesserung in der Patientenversorgung und reduziert die wenig wertschöpfenden Tätigkeiten. Wenn es in Zukunft um eine wirtschaftliche Erbringung von Laborleistungen in einem großen Krankenhauslabor geht, wird das ohne Automation kaum mehr möglich sein. Mit der richtigen Automation kann ein Labor einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Reduktion der Kosten im Krankenhaus leisten.
Erhöhte basale Serumtryptasekonzentration oder Mastozytose als Risikofaktor der Hymenopterengiftallergie Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI) (AWMF-Leitlinie 061/018) / Elevated basal serum tryptase concentration or mastocytosis as a risk factor in Hymenoptera venom allergy (AWMF-Guideline 061/018)
Authors: Przybilla Bernhard , Müller Ulrich , Jarisch Reinhart , Ruëff Franziska 
Published: October 2007

Zusammenfassung
Hymenopterengift-allergische Patienten mit Mastzellerkrankung, das heißt Mastozytose und/oder erhöhtem basalen Serumtryptasespiegel, haben ein hohes Risiko schwerer, lebensbedrohender Stichreaktionen. Bei ihnen ist eine spezifische Immuntherapie mit Bienen- oder Wespengift besonders dringlich. Die Wirksamkeit der Hyposensibilisierung ist bei diesen Patienten grundsätzlich nicht eingeschränkt. Allerdings benötigen sie häufiger eine höhere Erhaltungsdosis als die Standarddosis von 100 μg, so dass eine Therapiekontrolle durch Stichprovokation besonders wichtig ist. Bei Bienengifthyposensibilisierung, die weniger wirksam ist als Wespengifthyposensibilisierung, wird von vornherein eine Erhaltungsdosis von 200 μg gegeben. Weiter ist bei Mastzellerkrankungen eine lebenslange Fortführung der spezifischen Immuntherapie indiziert. Um das Vorliegen einer Mastzellerkrankung zu erkennen, sind vor allem eine sorgfältige Inspektion der Haut hinsichtlich einer kutanen Mastozytose sowie die Messung der basalen Serumtryptasekonzentration erforderlich. Besteht eine Mastzellerkrankung, so sind weitere Untersuchungen nötig, um gegebenenfalls eine systemische Mastozytose zu erfassen.
Popular music history on screen
Authors: Inglis Ian 
Published: October 2007

The current popularity of popular music biopics in British and American cinema (and TV) has re-awakened discussions over the accuracy and reliability of the stories they tell. Using illustrations and examples from past and present productions, the paper explores the relationship between music, film and history; the inevitability of interpretation, imagination and invention in the films’ portrayals of history; the inevitable tensions between historical accuracy and commercial considerations; the options open to film-makers in their reconstruction of musical performances; and the attractions of the genre for producers and consumers of film and popular music. Many of these issues are applicable to cinema’s treatment of historical themes and events in general, but the success of films like Ray, Walk the Line and Beyond the Sea, and the large number of projects in various stages of production and pre-production, have given the popular music biopic a very specific place in the current debate.
The Clash of the German Hunting Community and the Anti-Hunting Movement: Its Political and Social Dimensions
Authors: Anderson Gary 
Published: October 2007

On a frozen field 35 kilometers east of Dortmund, members of Germany’selite—government officials, business leaders, and royalty—assemble in the medieval city of Arnsberg for a 1,000 year ritual: theArnsberg Treibjagd (driven hunt). Like live-sized Hummelfiguren,adorned in Bavarian-style Loden coats, expensive Zeiss binoculars,priceless weapons, and accompanied by the German hunter’s bestfriend, the Dackel, they ready themselves for the ancient and hairraisingwail of the hunting horns—the hunt is on! The playing out ofthis medieval scene is soon interrupted, however, by an unlikelygroup of fast-moving, jean-clad “hunting saboteurs” who, wieldingsigns that read “Hunting is Murder,” proceed to barricade huntingareas and to risk life and limb before high-powered rifles. The sceneplays itself out in the usual way: heated words are exchanged, thepolice arrive, and the hunt is cancelled. Over the past few years, thisscenario has become more common in German forests. For the firsttime in its deeply rooted existence, German hunting is under siegeby the anti-hunting movement, begging the question of whether thisage-old hunting culture will survive in the new century.
Votes and Resources: Political Finance in Germany
Authors: Pulzer Peter 
Published: October 2007

“Votes count,” Stein Rokkan asserted many years ago, “but resourcesdecide.”1 Political finance is one of the many arenas in which Alexanderand Shiratori’s “conflict between real inequalities in economicresources and idealized equalities in political resources” is fought out.2Yet the battleground is more complex than either of these authoritiessuggests. Votes are also a resource. They legitimate, and they can alsopunish, if those who cast them think that economic resources arebeing used unreasonably. Above all, the determination of electoraloutcomes involves players others than voters and moneyedinterests. In almost all modern democracies there are referees ofvarying effectiveness. In general, the referee is “the state,” but muchdepends on the organs through which the state operates. Governmentsare not necessarily neutral agents; they and the parliamentsthat legislate on the regulation of political finance may merely reflectthe interests of dominant or established parties. Political finance can,however, also be regulated, as for instance in Germany or the UnitedStates, by judicial review. In addition the media almost everywhereplay an unpredictable role as spectator, watchdog or interested participant.
The PDS after Gysi: A Report from the PDS Congress in Cottbus
Authors: Olsen Jonathan 
Published: October 2007

The Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) stands at a political crossroad.In October 2000, Gregor Gysi resigned as parliamentary leaderof the PDS, and, though pledging to remain active in the party, hewill no longer hold any important party post. Gysi’s resignation wasno surprise, since he had already announced his intentions at thePDS’s controversial Parteitag in Münster in March 2000. Nevertheless,the reality of a “post-Gysi” PDS has only now begun to settle in.More than any other politician in Germany—and perhaps more thanany German politician in recent memory—Gysi personified his party.The sense of anxiousness among PDS leaders and the majority ofthe party rank-and-file in the wake of Gysi’s departure is palpable.
Patriarchy Within a Patriarchy: Women and the Stasi
Authors: Cooper Belinda 
Published: October 2007

Public debate in Germany, particularly in the western Germanmedia, grew heated in 1991 and 1992 over the role of intellectuals inEast German society and their collaboration with or resistance to theStasi. Sparks flew with particular intensity when Wolf Biermann,former East German dissident musician and poet, accused SaschaAnderson, erstwhile East German dissident poet, of being a Stasiinformant and an “asshole” (while there was some disagreementover the latter charge, the former, at least, turned out to be accurate).As the debate raged, some observers commented that it seemedmore a clash of male egos than a serious attempt to analyze the past.In a 1993 book on the dissident literary community, a West Germancommentator suggested the Stasi debate was a conflict among “threeegomaniacs … [Wolf] Biermann, [writer Lutz] Rathenow, [Sascha]Anderson.” East German author Gabriele Stötzer-Kachold hadmade a similar suggestion in 1992.
Art, Consumption, and the Representation of Evil: New Views on Nazi and Post-Nazi Modernism
Authors: Betts Paul 
Published: October 2007

Eric Michaud, Un Art de L’Éternité: L’image et le temps du national-socialisme (Paris: Gallimard, 1996).Omer Bartov, Murder in Our Midst: The Holocaust, Industrial Killing and Representation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).Michael Wildt, Vom kleinen Wohlstand: Eine Konsumgeschichte der fünfziger Jahre (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1996).
Daniel Jonah Goldhagen Comments on Birn
Authors: Goldhagen Daniel Jonah 
Published: October 2007

To continue refuting Ruth Bettina Birn’s specific falsehoods point bypoint is to feed the charade that she is engaged in a scholarly discussion.Thirty examples (many containing multiple instances) of herfabrications, which I have documented in “The Fictions of Ruth BettinaBirn” should be sufficient to establish this. Nevertheless, just soothers cannot say that I have not responded to them, an addendumto this article taking up her individual misrepresentations, as well asmy original reply, can be found on the Internet at goldhagen.com.Here I will briefly put Birn’s commentary in its appropriate generalperspective, so that people may know what she is up to: attackingmy book and my character by ascribing to me views and ideas thatare the opposite of my own.