bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Origin and Evolution of the Police Function In Society: Notes Toward a Theory
Authors: Robinson Cyril D. , Scaglion Richard 
Published: June 2006

Our theory states that the police function, in its modern form, is linked to economic specialization and differential access to resources that occur in the transition from a kinship- to a class-dominated society. This theory shows the incremental steps by which this transition may come about, both historically and cross-culturally. In addition, we examine the implications of these steps for modern police-community relations.Our theory is constructed from both anthropological and historical materials. It consists of four interdependent propositions: (1) The origin of a specialized police function depends upon the division of society into dominant and subordinate classes with antagonistic interests; (2) specialized police agencies are generally characteristic only of societies politically organized as states; (3) in a period of transition, the crucial factor in delineating the modern specialized police function is an ongoing attempt at conversion of the social control (policing) mechanism from an integral part of the community structure to an agent of an emerging dominant class; and (4) the police institution is created by the emerging dominant class as an instrument for the preservation of its control over restricted access to basic resources, over the political apparatus governing this access, and over the labor force necessary to provide the surplus upon which the dominant class lives.We argue that the police institution has a double and contradictory origin and function, for at the same time and in the same society it may be both the agent of the people it polices and of the dominant class controlling these same people. An analysis linking the origin of the modern police function to social change in classless societies has important implications for an understanding of contemporary problems in police-community relations. It allows the dynamics of the social control function of police in small, homogeneous social units to be integrated with a consideration of its role in a complex society. Such an analysis also illuminates how an understanding of this specialized role may be obscured by the more general social control function of police displayed in simple social units, resulting in differential and conflicting expectations about the role and functions of police in the modern world.
Popular Use of Yugoslav Labor Courts and the Contradiction of Social Courts
Authors: Hayden Robert M. 
Published: June 2006

A basic tenet of communist legal theory is that the judicial function should be socialized, that is, executed by laymen rather than by professional judges. Social courts have been created in all of the Eastern European socialist countries to fulfill this mandate. However, the little empirical evidence available on the use of these courts indicates that they are rarely used voluntarily by individuals, but rather are primarily instruments of state social control over individuals.The major exception to this pattern of use is exhibited by the Yugoslav version of social labor courts, the Courts of Associated Labor (hereafter CAL). These courts are heavily used, and over 90 percent of their cases are brought by individual workers. This paper discusses why the CAL are attractive to individual workers, drawing on ethnographic research in the trial CAL in Belgrade and on the political arguments surrounding a 1982 parliamentary effort to “reform” the CAL out of effective existence. The basic conclusion is that the CAL are successful in attracting individual workers as litigants because they are not really social courts. Further, it is suggested that the idea of social courts is contradictory: Such courts can offer little to most members of society, but instead are even more prone than regular courts to be used as mechanisms for social control by politically powerful elites.
Doing the Right Thing? Toward a Postmodern Politics
Authors: Hutchinson Allan C. 
Published: June 2006

“We have learned the answers, all the answers: It is the question that we do not know.”—Archibald MacLeish (1928)Joel Handler would have had big problems with Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing, It is an auteurial tour-de-force by way of a postmodern fable for the ages that is self-consciously perplexing and inconclusive. While focusing on the competing imperatives of the pacificism of Martin Luther King's assimilationist politics and the violence of Malcolm X's cultural nationalism, Lee poses the more general and debilitating dilemma that faces those committed to decisive action in an opaque world. In a pivotal scene, the flip and up-and-coming Mookie is harangued by a local and elderly busybody. In hushed and conspiratorial tones, he advises Mookie to “Always do the right thing.” The exasperated Mookie complains, “That's it? Do the right thing? O.K., I got it. I'm gone …” As the film advances to its climactic and chaotic denouement, Mookie is forced to confront the excruciating accuracy and infuriating elusiveness of this absolutely trite piece of sage advice. Determined to “do the right thing,” he acts in a way that both he and almost everyone else will forever question and second-guess. In this appropriately cryptic manner, Lee suggests the fecundity and fragility of political action in a postmodern world.
On Rattling Cages: Joel Handler Goes to Philadelphia and Gives a Presidential Address
Authors: Macaulay Stewart 
Published: June 2006

Joel Handler is a friend, and I have appreciated his work for almost 30 years. I had dinner with him two nights before he gave his presidential address in Philadelphia. He knew that he was taking a chance by doing something different, and he hoped that he could bring it off. He did. Even if those he challenged raise valid objections to his position—and I'm not the one to judge this—he raised important questions and started us toward important answers.A presidential address at a professional association is an odd art form. Beginners and those completely outside of the group's tradition don't get to be president. Nonetheless, if all you do is celebrate the mainstream, you put the audience to sleep. You must give the speech during a lunch. You compete with dessert and waiters removing plates. You talk after awards and other ceremonies have taken more time than planned. Entertainment may be more appropriate than challenging thought." Despite all these hazards, Joel Handler flattered his audience by demanding our attention and offering ideas clearly worth it.
Legislating Adequacy: The Impact of Child Support Guidelines
Authors: Pearson Jessica , Thoennes Nancy , Tjaden Patricia 
Published: June 2006

Three major child support guideline models are currently used in the United States to stimulate adequate levels of child support. To evaluate the effects of these guidelines, we examined cases filed before and after their introduction in three states that enacted different models. Overall, we found a modest increase in child support awards and few differences across models. The most substantial increases occurred in low-income cases in settings in which awards had historically been low. Guidelines also appeared to decrease the likelihood of a zero dollar award in cases that had previously lacked orders: those in which the father was unemployed and in which the obligor was female.Post-guideline order levels in low-income families still fall short of the best available estimates of expenditures on children in intact households; they match expenditures in intact households in middle-and upper-income families. We consider several factors that may explain the limitations as well as the successes of guidelines in stimulating change.
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Patient–Clinician Discordance Among Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Initiating Advanced Therapy
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , McLean Robert R. , Lee I‐Heng , Mackey Rachel H. , Moore Page C. , Haubrich Richard , Greenberg Jeffrey D. , Wu Alicea 
Published: March 2024

ObjectiveTo describe and identify associated factors for patient–clinician discordance of disease assessment at biologic or Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) initiation and over 12 months following initiation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from a US RA registry.MethodsAnalyses included CorEvitas RA Registry patients who initiated their first biologic or JAKi on or after February 1, 2015, and had 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up visits. Positive discordance was defined as patient global assessment (visual analog scale [VAS‐100]) minus physician's global assessment (VAS‐100) equal to 30 points or more. Persistent discordance was defined as positive discordance at all three visits. Mixed‐effects logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for positive discordance at initiation and for persistent discordance.ResultsAmong 2227 first‐time biologic/JAKi‐initiating patients, 613 had both follow‐up visits available and were included in initiation visit analyses, and of these, 163 had positive discordance at initiation and were included in persistent discordance analyses. About 30% of all patients had positive discordance at any visit, and one third of these (10% total) were persistent at all three visits. Multivariable analyses revealed that worse scores on the Clinical Disease Activity Index, greater patient‐reported pain and fatigue, and greater functional impairment were associated with positive discordance at the time of therapy initiation. Being disabled versus working full‐time and being female were associated with higher odds and having Medicare versus no insurance was associated with lower odds of having persistent positive discordance.ConclusionResults suggest positive discordance is common among real‐world patients with RA initiating their first biologic or JAKi. The identified risk factors associated with patient–clinician discordance will help clinicians foster a more patient‐centric discussion in treatment decisions.
DDoS attack detection in cloud using ensemble model tuned with optimal hyperparameter
Authors: Reddy K. Balachandra , Meera S. 
Published: March 2024

SummaryDDoS attacks are a type of cloud incursion that lessen service degradation. DDoS attacks target the cloud network with invalid requests, rejecting legitimate requests. Such attacks disrupt the entire cloud architecture, thus it needs efficient detection methods to spot their presence. This study proposes a novel ensemble classification model for DDoS incursion detection. Pre‐processing, feature extraction, and attack detection are the three main components of the suggested intrusion detection system. Improved data imbalance processing is processed during pre‐processing. Features including HOS‐based features enhanced entropy‐based features, correlation features, and raw features are extracted from the pre‐processed data. The generated features are trained using an ensemble model, which integrates classifiers like SVM, RF, NN, LSTM, and DRN, during the attack detection phase. A new hybrid approach known as TUDMA optimally trains the model by setting the ideal weight because DRN provides the final detected outcome. By reducing errors, this ideal training will guarantee an improvement in detection results. The suggested hybrid optimization combines the two techniques, TDO and DMO. The accuracy of the methods FS‐WOA‐DNN, RBF‐PSO, SMA, BRO, SLO, and NMRA was 86.73%, 85.69%, 84.58%, 87.43%, 88.91%, and 89.78%, respectively, while the accuracy of the TUDMA was 95.34% in the 80th learning percentage. Finally, for many measurements, the suggested efficiency is superior to the traditional methods.
Modulating Perfluorinated Ionomer Functionality via Sidechain Chemistry
Authors: Bird Ashley , Lindell Matthew , Kushner Douglas I. , Haug Andrew , Yandrasits Michael , Kusoglu Ahmet 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIonomers are important to electrode function in energy conversion devices, such as fuel cells and electrolyzers, as the catalyst‐binding nanometer‐thick films under confinement, which compromises mass transport of species. Mitigating confinement effects is necessary for improved performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Studies on perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers provided insights into origins of transport resistances, but limited improvements by current strategies necessitate a need for alternative chemistries to enhance film function. This work investigates new ionomers based on sidechain modifications of PFSA to tune local acidity and structure. Their application‐relevant properties (hydration, thermal‐transition) and nanomorphology are systematically characterized using environmental ellipsometry and grazing‐incidence X‐ray scattering, respectively, to develop chemistry‐structure‐property relationships in thin‐film motif (≤100 nm). Introducing acid sites to sidechains improves hydration and nano‐phase‐separation but reduce chain mobility. Replacing the hydrophilic end‐groups with hydrophobic perfluoro‐groups enhances mobility but disrupts phase‐separation. Although modifying sidechain functional groups alters ionomer‐substrate interactions (Pt/C), chemistry has greater influence on structure‐properties. Proton conductivity correlates with hydration, regardless of chemistry. This work improves the fundamental understanding of chemistry‐function relationships of ionomers by providing a novel means to independently control their side‐chain vs. end‐group and observe resulting effects on interfacial properties to modulate electrode function in electrochemical technologies.
Harnessing Gravity‐Induced Instability of Soft Materials: Mechanics and Application
Authors: Lü Chaofeng , Li Kecheng , Du Yangkun , Zhang Haoran , Liu Congshan , Zhan Haifei 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis work offers a comprehensive overview of how gravity affects soft materials, with a particular emphasis on gravity‐induced instability. Soft materials, including biological tissues, elastomers, and gels, are characterized by low elastic moduli and the ability to undergo significant deformations. These large deformations can lead to instabilities and the emergence of distinctive surface patterns when even small perturbations are introduced. An in‐depth understanding of these gravity‐induced instabilities in soft materials is of paramount importance for both fundamental scientific research and practical applications across diverse domains. The underlying mechanisms governing these instabilities are delved in and elucidate the techniques employed to study and manipulate them. Further, the gravity‐induced wrinkling and the Rayleigh‐Taylor (RT) instability in soft materials are zoomed in, highlighting how altered gravity environments impact natural and synthetic systems. Lastly, current and potential applications are underscored where gravity‐induced instabilities are already making an impact or may hold promise in the near future. In sum, the exploration of gravity‐induced instabilities in soft materials paves the way for innovative applications and advancements in a wide range of fields.
Construction of Efficient Cs2AgBiBr6 Perovskite Solar Cells by Enhancing Hole‐Selective Contact with Deep‐Level Dopant‐Free Hole Transport Material
Authors: Zhai Mengde , Ma Lunliang , Cai Cheng , Xia Ziyang , Peng Dan , Wang Linqin , Chen Cheng , Wu Tai , Hua Yong , Wang Haoxin , Cheng Ming , Sun Licheng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe mismatched energy level alignment at the hole transport interface is recognized to be a prominent limitation for the Cs2AgBiBr6‐based perovskite solar cell (PSC) to achieve high power conversion efficiency (PCE) but has not been well investigated yet. In order to solve this problem to some extent, it is proposed to balance the energy offset at the Cs2AgBiBr6 and hole transport material (HTM) interface to reduce the hole transport barriers, and a novel HTM TPTI‐TPA2F with deep level is designed to implement this strategy. The research demonstrates that, on the one hand, the planar π‐conjugation and the presence of multiple heteroatoms on TPTI‐TPA2F facilitate the formation of well‐oriented film and surface defect passivation; on the other hand, the higher film ionization potential of TPTI‐TPA2F effectively balances the energy barrier for hole transport. As a result, improved hole‐selective contact is achieved with TPTI‐TPA2F as HTM, and the interfacial energy loss is suppressed. Correspondingly, the optimized Cs2AgBiBr6 PSCs using the TPTI‐TPA2F HTM without doped feature an excellent PCE of 4.05% and a high open circuit voltage of 1.15 V, with much improved long‐term humidity and thermal stability. This work provides an attractive strategy for developing efficient Cs2AgBiBr6 PSCs.
Mass Transfer Modulation by Hollow Multi‐Shelled Structures for High Space‐Time Yield Synthesis of Light Olefins from Syngas
Authors: Wang Zijian , Wei Yanze , Qi Jian , Wan Jiawei , Wang Zumin , Yu Ranbo , Wang Dan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe separation of CO activation and C─C coupling enables oxide–zeolite catalyzed tandem reaction toward direct conversion of syngas into light olefins to be a promising alternative for the traditional Fischer–Tropsch process with elevated selectivity. Utilizing controlled mass transfer to match the activation of reactants and the coupling of intermediates presents an appealing strategy to break the limitation on space‐time yield in this tandem process. In this work, ZnCrOx hollow multi‐shelled structures (HoMS) are fabricated to enhance the adsorption and enrichment ability of syngas, thereby strengthening the rate‐determining activation step of reactants and resulting in an accelerated generation of intermediates. When coupled with SAPO zeolite, quintuple‐shelled ZnCrOx HoMS‐based catalysts exhibit a record high C2 = ‐C4 = space‐time yield of 559 mg·gcat−1·h−1 with a selectivity of 90%. This work demonstrates the advantages of precise nanostructure sculpturing on the mass transfer behavior in the microenvironment and provides a new strategy for highly selective direct conversion of syngas to light olefins, based on efficient activation of reactants and sufficient feeding of intermediates through enrichment effects within HoMS.
Electrochemically Mediated Lithium Extraction for Energy and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Zeng Yiwen , Li Wanpeng , Wan Zhixin , Qin Shaoyi , Huang Qinlin , Cai Wenlong , Wang Qian , Yao Meng , Zhang Yun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe demand for lithium resources is growing rapidly due to the continuous development of the lithium‐ion battery, which plays an important part in the renewable energy industry. Global sources of lithium are ores and brine, of which 59% are distributed in saline brine. However, the significant lithium resources in saline brine have not been fully utilized. The electrochemical deintercalation method (EDM) for lithium extraction from saline brine is a promising technique because of its environmental friendliness, high selectivity, and cost‐effectiveness. Nevertheless, the application of EDM is greatly limited by the easy dissolution of electrode materials like LiMn2O4 and the cost of mass production. Also, there are a few existing review articles on the EDM for lithium extraction. To address this gap, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current methods for lithium extraction from saline brine, systematically summarizes the technical status of the EDM, and pays special attention to the preparation method and modification of electrode materials. This review gives new insight into the mechanism of EDM and provides a new design strategy for the evaluation methods of EDM.
Gel‐Derived Amorphous Precursor Enables Homogeneous Pure‐Phase α‐FAPbI3 Films for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Bo , Liu Yang , Pu Wei , Li Yawen , Yue Hanyu , Zhang Meng , Tian Jianjun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPure‐phase α‐formamidinium lead iodide (α‐FAPbI3) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) possess potential high efficiency because of suitable bandgap. However, achieving high‐quality α‐FAPbI3 films during the spin‐coating process is challenging without anti‐solvent extraction, due to the spontaneous formation of the more stable δ‐FAPbI3 phase and the complexity of multi‐component perovskite precursor solutions. Here a gel precursor with an amorphous structure to eliminate the need for anti‐solvent extraction in achieving the homogeneous and highly oriented pure‐phase α‐FAPbI3 is devised films. The incorporation of N,N′‐dimethylpropyleneurea, and alkylammonium chloride results in extended iodoplumbate clusters in the perovskite precursor solution. In situ, spectroscopic analysis reveals that the emergence of the stable amorphous gel precursor during the initial solidification stage ensures a uniform solute distribution. This effectively prevents preferentially oriented growth in the crystal phase precursor, leading to a significant enhancement in film homogeneity. As a result, power conversion efficiencies of 24.17% for the PSC, and 19.3% for the module are achieved, along with superior operational stability, retaining 96.1% of their initial efficiency after 850 h at the maximum power point tracking. These demonstrate the best performance for the reported pure‐phase α‐FAPbI3 PSCs without anti‐solvent extraction, showing great promise for scalable manufacture.
Heat‐Resistant Air Filters Based on Self‐Sustained Electrostatic and Antibacterial Polyimide/Silver Fiber Mats
Authors: Lyu Pei , Ju Zheng , Hu Jun , Pan Heng , Li Xing , Liu Yuemei , Ren Jie , Shang Bin , Liu Xin , Xu Weilin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAir pollution containing microorganisms poses a major hazard to human health. It is critical to develop air filters that are both highly efficient for indoor use and suitable for use in industrial settings. Developing long‐lasting electrostatic force‐assisted filtration while keeping high‐temperature resistance and antibacterial qualities is still challenging. Here, centrifugal spinning is used to fabricate fiber mats consisting of polyimide with silver incorporation (PI/Ag). The electrostatic force remained over –700 V after 330 days. The strong electrostatic effect improves the filtration efficiency, resulting in a high PM0.3 removal efficiency of 99.1% with a low‐pressure drop of 103.67 Pa. The high filtration efficiency remains above 91.3% for PM0.3 after placing it for 330 days and heating it at 280 °C. The PI/Ag fiber mats also show antimicrobial properties against the E. coli (Gram‐negative) and S. aureus (Gram‐positive) with prominent bacteriostatic zones >1.2 mm. The PI/Ag fiber mat filters are expected to have great potential for multi‐scenario air filtration.