bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying Segregation in Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements Using Rolling Nuclear Gage Measurements and Infrared Imaging
Authors: Stroup-Gardiner M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Previous research indicated that density, gradation, and asphalt content change due to segregation. A rolling nuclear gage capable of measuring both density and hydrogen count was evaluated for its ability to detect and measure both density and asphalt content. Eight projects (four recently constructed pavements and four during construction) were used to evaluate this instrument. Longitudinal density profiles were obtained for each project at transverse quarter points across the lane. Additional testing included infrared thermography and traditional destructive testing of cores.
Visual observations of texture differences were used to identify areas with no, low, medium, and high levels of segregation. At least three core locations were then identified from each of these areas; cores were taken always from the longitudinal paths tested with the nuclear gage. Cores were used to determine changes in air voids, asphalt content, aggregate gradation, and mix stiffness as a result of the various levels of segregation.
Results indicate it was difficult to use air voids alone to detect and measure segregation, regardless of how densities (air voids) were determined (i.e., nuclear density or core properties). The rolling nuclear density measurements showed that while densities may be uniform longitudinally, there were significant differences in densities transversely for several projects.
A second type of temperature segregation was found using this gage in combination with the infrared thermographs. During paving operations, the paver may be stopped to change or wait for the haul truck or to adjust the equipment. The mix immediately behind the paver cools off but cannot be compacted since the paver is in the way of the roller. This results in a localized transverse region of very low density.
Remedial Sealant Procedures for Fixed Glass and Curtain Walls
Authors: Beers PE , Yarosh KF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A commonly prescribed remedy for fixed glass (non-operable windows) and curtain walls that are experiencing water leakage is to install new exterior sealants throughout the system. This is commonly referred to as “wet sealing.” This method is commonly used on both new construction with water leakage problems and existing construction with aged sealants. Unfortunately, this repair solution is not always as easy as it sounds as there can be several complex details that must be addressed.
When “wet sealing,” the design concept of a system that was originally designed to collect and drain water is changed to a barrier system. With a barrier system, the concept is that all water will be shed at the exterior surface. Accordingly, if any water were to penetrate the outside face, it will be trapped inside the assembly. Therefore a retrofit that stops less than 100% of the water will not function.
This paper will present the factors to evaluate when considering a “wet seal” application. It also includes a discussion about how to properly seal various types of joints when “wet sealing.” Finally, other considerations that may affect the performance and longevity of the wet seal will be outlined.
An Improved Capping Technique for Excavatable Controlled Low Strength Material Compressive Strength Cylinders
Authors: Sauter HJ , Crouch LK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
ASTM D 4832: Standard Test Method for Preparation and Testing of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Test Cylinders currently permits three types of capping for CLSM cylinders: sulfur mortar (ASTM C 617), gypsum plaster (ASTM C 617), and unbonded neoprene restrained by rigid retainers (ASTM C 1231). These cappings were developed for portland cement concrete (PCC) cylinders and all produce good estimates of PCC potential strength. However, these cappings are inappropriate for excavatable CLSM cylinders. Sulfur mortar and gypsum plaster methods often result in cylinder damage during capping due to the low strength of excavatable CLSM cylinders. The recommended 50 to 70 durometer neoprene pads are far too stiff at low stress levels, which are common in testing excavatable CLSM cylinders. The neoprene pads essentially act as a rigid plate rather than a capping material. The authors developed an unbonded capping system using a much softer neoprene that is more malleable at lower stress levels.
To evaluate the effectiveness of the new capping system, ten batches of an air-entrained and ten batches of a non-air-entrained excavatable CLSM were produced. Each batch was approximately 0.0453-m3, allowing 20 100-by-200 mm cylinders as well as flow consistency (ASTM D 6103) and gravimetric air tests (ASTM D 6023). Five pairs of cylinders were tested at 7 days and five pairs at 28 days. At each age, one pair was capped with each of the following materials: sulfur mortar, gypsum plaster, 50-durometer neoprene, nothing, and the new softer neoprene unbonded capping system.
The average 28-day compressive strength of the cylinders using the proposed capping system was 275 kPa (39.83 psi) for non-airentrained and 345 kPa (50.01 psi) for the air-entrained mix design. The proposed capping system was not significantly different than the sulfur mortar or gypsum plaster. It was significantly superior to 50-plaster durometer neoprene and the no-cap technique.
Evaluation of the Autofrettage Effect on Fatigue Lives of Steel Blocks with Crossbores Using a Statistical and a Strain-Based Method
Authors: Badr EA , Sorem JR , Tipton SM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A problem of fundamental and industrial interest is the effect of autofrettage on fatigue lives and the structural integrity of engineering components. The component considered is a steel block containing crossbores, a situation found in many industrial applications such as the fluid ends of positive displacement pumps. Twenty-one steel blocks containing intersecting perpendicular crossbores were autofrettaged with pressures ranging from 79 to 172 MPa. The specimens were subsequently fatigue tested on a specially designed test facility under 53 and 69-MPa pressures. Statistical procedures based on analysis of variance were used to analyze the effect of the different autofrettage pressure levels on fatigue lives of specimens. The reverse plasticity criterion was also used to investigate the fatigue enhancement limit of the autofrettage process. Results of the statistical methodology correlated with results of the reverse plasticity criterion showed the existence of an “optimal” autofrettage pressure.
A New Assessment Method for the Bulk Modulus and the Poisson's Ratio of Porous Ceramics
Authors: Yeheskel O , Tevet O 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new assessment method for the elastic moduli of porous materials is proposed. This method is based on a linear correlation between the Young's and the shear moduli of a given porous material. It is shown that such a correlation prevails for ceramics (Al2O3,ThO2,andZnO) and for glass (SiO2) having Poisson's ratios of the solid bulk in the range of 0.15&lt;ν0≤0.36. The outcome of the new assessment method is the use of either an elastic modulus or a sound velocity as the parameter for non-destructive assessment of the bulk and the Poisson's ratio of porous ceramics. These findings open a simplified route to quantitative non-destructive evaluation (QNDE) of the elastic moduli of porous materials.
A New Technique for Measurement of the Strength of Ceramic Shells in the Precision Casting Process
Authors: Reddy AC , Murti VSR , Jebaraj PM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses the development of a new technique for measuring the strength of ceramic shells. In this technique, compressed air was passed into the ceramic shells and the bursting pressure was measured using a diaphragm pressure gage. The hoop stresses were calculated. The results of the new technique realistically match the actual failure rate of shells in the precision casting process.
Development of Small Punch Tests for Creep Property Measurement of Tungsten-Alloyed 9%Cr Ferritic Steels
Authors: Komazai S , Hashida T , Shoji T , Suzuki K 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A small punch creep (SP-C) testing technique using miniaturized specimens has been demonstrated for evaluating creep properties and material deterioration due to thermal aging. This technique has been applied to tungsten-alloyed 9%Cr ferritic steels. Experimental results revealed that the overall shapes of the creep curves obtained from the SP-C tests were qualitatively similar to those obtained from conventional uniaxial creep tests and reflected closely the degradation of creep rupture strength of the materials. A correlation with uniaxial creep was also determined in terms of stress (load) exponent and apparent activation energy for creep deformation. The correlation suggests that the SP-C testing technique may provide a useful tool for evaluating degradation of creep properties for structural components in-service.
Repeatability Analysis of Road Roughness Measurements
Authors: Divinsky M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A roughness of the road profile as an inherent pavement surface characteristic is of importance in pavement management. Roughness measurements are used for dividing the road section into statistically homogeneous units, establishing the preferences for maintenance and rehabilitation, and in other aspects of pavement surface characterization. Roughness characteristics are variable, and the method of obtaining the measurements as well as equipment specifications have significant effect on the processing and interpretation of the results. The most basic aspect of measurement capability is repeatability, and the measurement system cannot be accepted without a relatively high level of repeatability. For the purposes of repeatability studies, paired series of roughness measurements have been collected at the Israeli Public Works Department at the same road section under the same conditions for the section, device, and operator. The results of the repeatability studies include descriptions of statistical peculiarities of roughness measurements for each profile involved in the analysis, mutual behavior of compared measurements, as well as repeatability characteristics of the measurement system.
Testing of Thermal Imagers for Nondestructive Thermal Testing Applications
Authors: Chrzanowski K , Fischer J , Gutschwager B , Wrona W 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
One of the important areas of application of commercial thermal imagers is nondestructive thermal testing. An analysis of two standards published by the American Society for Testing and Materials describing measurement procedures of the minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) and the minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) was made in this paper. It was shown that in the case of modern thermal imagers, the measurement results of these parameters carried out according to the ASTM recommendations may be unreliable. Proposals to update the standards and to enable accurate measurement of the parameters mentioned above are presented. A laboratory setup for measurement of the MRTD and the MDTD that fulfills requirements of the proposals is described. Measurement results of the parameters for a modern commercial imager according to updated procedures are presented.
Erratum to this paper appears in 28(6).
An On-Line Correction Technique of Random Loading with a Real-Time Signal Processor for a Laboratory Fatigue Test
Authors: Li M , Wu Y-S , Xu B-H , Jia W , Zhao W 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The authors present an application of the Solartron 1200 Real Time Signal Processor to correcting the on-line random loading in a fatigue test system. By inputting a power spectrum described by a data file to a computer, its corresponding random process may be simulated. Since the processor is connected with a computer, results of signal processing done by the processor are sent to the computer periodically during the test. The computer performs pattern matching using the correlation coefficient value (CCV) between a loading spectrum and its predetermined target. If a CCV exceeds its threshold, the old data file will be replaced with a new one and the random loading exerted on a specimen will be updated. When the new data file is obtained based on optimal control strategy, the updated loading spectrum will approach its target. Therefore, an electrohydraulic fatigue test system equipped with a real-time signal processor can realize an on-line correction of a random loading based on the target spectrum desired. Since this updating does not change the original software package and hardware of the system, the performance of the system and testing quality are safely improved.
Transverse Vibration of a Simply Supported Frustum of a Right Circular Cone
Authors: Murphy JF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Presently, there is no efficient mechanical method in the United States to sort small-diameter logs. This paper explores the problem theoretically using transverse vibration as one such method. The numerical solution to the frequency equation for the transverse vibration of a simply-supported frustum of a right circular cone is found. We refer to this solid as a tapered cylinder with constant taper. The numerical solution is found as a function of cylinder taper, and an approximation to the solution of the frequency equation for slight taper is presented and compared with the numerical solution. This simple yet accurate approximation is most useful to determine the tapered cylinder's flexural stiffness or modulus of elasticity by freely vibrating a simply supported tapered cylinder.
Effect of Zeolitization on Compaction, Consolidation, and Permeation Characteristics of a Lagoon Ash
Authors: Kolay PK , Singh DN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A common method of disposing of ash generated from coal-fired thermal power plants is wet disposal, where the ash is mixed with water to make a slurry and is disposed of in ash ponds or lagoons. Such a disposal system allows for ash-water interaction, and alkalis present in the ash react with water, leading to the formation of ash zeolites. Formation of zeolites alters the overall properties of the ash. Controlled laboratory experiments have been conducted on a lagoon ash to determine the effects of zeolitization on its physico-chemico-mineralogical properties. Further investigations have been carried out to demonstrate the effect of zeolitization of the ash on its geotechnical properties such as its compaction, consolidation, and permeation characteristics. Such a study is required for bulk utilization of the ash (as a fill material) where compaction, consolidation, and permeation properties are most important.
Evaluation of Density Gradients in Loaded Wheel Tester Samples
Authors: Cooley LA , Kandhal PS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Asphalt Pavement Analyzer is a tool used to estimate the rutting potential of hot mix asphalt (HMA). This device is essentially the second generation of the Georgia Loaded Wheel Tester. It measures rutting potential by applying a moving wheel load to the surface of an HMA sample through a pressurized linear hose.
This study was conducted to evaluate the density gradients in samples compacted with methods common to the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer. Both beams compacted with the Asphalt Vibratory Compactor (AVC) and cylinders compacted with the Superpave Gyratory Compactor were included. In order to realistically compare the two modes of compaction, cylindrical specimens compacted with the AVC were also included.
Data accumulated from this study showed that the two compaction methods did produce different density gradients within samples. Vibratory compaction produced a density gradient where the highest density was at the top of the sample and subsequently the density was less toward the bottom of the sample. Gyratory compaction resulted in less density in the top and bottom of samples and more compaction in the middle of the sample.
Assessment of Misalignments in Some Selected Buildings in Jordan and Their Structural Effects
Authors: Abdel-Halim MAH , Obaidat MT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A field survey was performed to assess horizontal and vertical misalignments and their structural effects in some selected buildings in Irbid City, Jordan. Fifty-two building units were selected as representative of the construction practice of residential buildings in Jordan after the Gulf War during the nineties. Buildings in the inventory were low-rise with one to four stories above ground. Story height ranged typically from 2.80 to 3.30 m. Field measurements for misalignments in the exterior elements of twentyone buildings were collected. Twelve of these buildings have concrete-backed stone masonry walls that serve as bearing walls, and nine buildings have skeletons which serve as reinforced concrete frames in-filled with hollow concrete blocks. Also, field measurements for misalignments in the interior elements of thirty-one buildings with skeletons of reinforced concrete frames filled in with hollow concrete blocks have been collected using the concept of the intersection algorithm.
Average values of measured misalignments for every type of construction are compared with the tolerances according to the Jordanian Standards, General Technical Specifications for Buildings, and ACI Standards. All measured misalignments exceed the tolerances in both standards except for the vertical alignment of the interior reinforced concrete frames filled in with hollow concrete blocks. The maximum values for the ratio between the measured misalignments and the tolerances were in the exterior concretebacked stone masonry walls, which reached 31.5 for the horizontal misalignment, and 3.4 for the vertical misalignment, according to the Jordanian Code. The reason for the different ratios between the interior and the exterior misalignments is due to more difficult environmental conditions for outside construction compared with inside construction. The value 3.4 for vertical misalignment compared with 31.5 for horizontal misalignment reflects the importance of using checking and surveying equipment (such as level and plumb) for every stone course (25 cm height), while lines and other checking equipment are used for horizontal distances which range between 12 and 15 m.
Moreover, misalignment sensitivity analysis was carried out for a typical reinforced concrete frame, which consisted of three spans continuous beam and four-story height, for the purpose of studying its effect on the static actions in the plane frame. Results indicated that horizontal misalignments have negligible effect on the static actions, however, vertical misalignment starts to have an effect at a value of 2.5% (e.g., at 3% vertical misalignment and 2.5% horizontal misalignment the required ratio of steel in the column has increased from 0.0100 to 0.0219).
Condition Monitoring of a Water Hydraulic Cylinder by Vibration Analysis
Authors: Tan ACH , Chua PSK , Lim GH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper attempts to lay some groundwork on reciprocating machines with particular emphasis on a water hydraulic cylinder. The objective is to diagnose a worn-out piston seal by means of vibration analysis. Pulsation theory is used to explain the harmonics produced in reciprocating machines. The cylinder piston seal was removed to simulate actual wearing of the seal. This mod ified machine was tested for its vibration signals and compared against the “healthy condition” state under some loading. LabVIEW® was used as the software interface. Results show that removing the piston seal caused an increase in magnitude at a fundamental fault-dependant frequency in the amplitude spectra.
Method-Specific Precision and Bias Relationships Developed from Data Submitted During USEPA Wastewater Laboratory Performance Evaluation Studies
Authors: Britton PW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper documents the process used the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to estimate the mean and standard deviation of data reported by in-control wastewater laboratories during Water Pollution (WP) studies. This process is then applied to the data reported for each specific sample, analyte, and method in ten WP studies and linear relationships between the mean response and true analyte concentration, and between the interlaboratory standard deviation of responses and true analyte concentration, are presented. Such relationships can be invaluable as background information for anyone who must conduct an interlaboratory study using the same methods to analyze similar interference-free samples, or who must evaluate the analytical quality of such data.
Repeatability and Bias of Two Walkway Safety Tribometers
Authors: Powers CM , Kulig K , Flynn J , Brault JR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Falls resulting from slips on walkway surfaces are a significant source of injury in society. To measure friction between the floor and the shoe, various types of tribometers and ASTM standards have been developed to assess walkway slip-resistance with the goal of improving pedestrian safety. The purpose of this study was to determine the repeatability and bias of the PIAST and VIT tribometers under both dry and wet conditions. Both devices were tested on an AMTI force platform over a wide range of angles. Bias was assessed by comparing the tribometer slip resistance reading to the actual Fx/Fz ratio measured by the force plate, while reliability was established by evaluating the ability of the tribometers to reproduce Fx, Fz, and the Fx/Fz ratio. Both tribometers demonstrated high degrees of bias and repeatability under both wet and dry conditions; however, each measured different slip-resistance values for the same surface. Further study should be directed at establishing which tribometer best simulates initial foot contact during gait with respect to measuring slip resistance.
On the Application of the Indirect Compliance Measurement Technique to Flexure Specimens Containing a Chevron Notch
Authors: Sarrafi-Nour GR , Coyle TW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Various fracture tests employing chevron-notched flexure specimens require accurate measurement of the specimen loading-point compliance at least through the achievement of the maximum load. Conventionally this compliance is determined by monitoring the center-point deflection on the specimen and then correcting the measured displacements for the compliance of the test setup, determined through separate calibration tests. A simple and accurate indirect determination of the compliance under flexure load condition, which is not affected by the compliance of the test setup used for fracture testing, was introduced previously. This method has been verified for flexure specimens containing throughthickness cracks. The present work deals with the application of the indirect compliance measurement method to chevron-notched flexure specimens. The original governing relation, previously verified for a specimen with a through-thickness crack, is modified based on finite element analysis results so as to be applicable to the chevronnotched specimens. After modification, this method is shown to lead also to accurate determination of the loading-point compliance in tests involving chevron-notched specimens.