bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Of Mice and Manuscripts: A Memoir of the National Archives of Zimbabwe
Authors: King Anthony 
Published: May 2006

Readers of Leslie Bessant's article in HA 24 (1997) on the National Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ) might have been alarmed by one of the photographs opposite the opening page, which depicted an archive in a state of advanced decay. If they had expected the photograph to be a pictorial representation of the current condition of NAZ, they would have been disappointed. The photograph was taken in the Sāo Tomé e Príncipe archives and accompanied a short note detailing the recovery work undertaken in those archives to make them usable. NAZ is a flourishing national archive which is a pleasure to work in, staffed by professional and conscientious personnel, but it is also bearing the brunt of cuts in funding and government suspicion of researchers. I worked intensively at NAZ for nine months in 1994-95, and again for five months in 1996. This paper is by way of an informal engagement with Bessant's article; in it I aim to sketch out my own reminiscences of NAZ and also address some of the issues which face overseas researchers in Zimbabwe.Bessant spent a sizeable part of his article discussing tea, and the notions of privilege associated with tea at NAZ. Tea under the flagpoles became an institution for me. Not only was the tea absurdly cheap (Z$0.40/US$0.04 in 1994, rising to Z$1 a few months later), but the break was a useful refueling exercise during grueling days looking at dusty files. Rather than fading in significance as Bessant suggested, tea was extremely prominent in the day of the typical researcher. Tea was also the best way of networking with other scholars in the Archives, and almost all the useful conversations I had there revolved around the tea break—which sometimes became the lunch break if debates were intense. I made many professional contacts and personal friendships over tea at the Archives.
Une Critique “Beachienne” de la Littérature d'Expression Anglaise Récente Portant sur les Femmes et la Sexualité en Afrique Subsaharienne
Authors: Epprecht Marc 
Published: May 2006

Cet article a trois objectifs. Premièrement, attirer l'attention sur quelques contributions de David Beach à l'historiographie de l'Afrique subsaharienne. Deuxièmement, faire reconnaître l'importance de quelques travaux portant sur l'Afrique subsaharienne inspirés par le féminisme et la théorie “queer”. Et troisièmement, démontrer une démarche d'historien qui promet de renforcer une analyse qui est généralement déjà solide. Je conclus avec quelques suggestions “beachiennes” pour faire augmenter l'intérêt chez les intellectuels et universitaires africains pour l'étude de l'histoire des femmes, de la différence sexuelle, et de la sexualité.Commençons par une explication du mot “beachien.” David Beach était un des pionniers de l'étude de l'histoire des Shona du Zimbabwe et, plus récemment, de la province du Zambèze au Mozambique. Il était moderniste jusqu'au bout des ongles. Il croyait en la valeur et la possibilité de la quête de la vérité. Ce n'était pas une croyance naïve en une vérité immuable. Il avait plutôt conscience du fait que certaines assertions sont moins véridiques que d'autres. Selon David c'est la vocation de l'historie(ne) de lutter contre les distorsions, les erreurs et la démagogie autant des politiciens que des autres historien(ne)s. Alors, quand j'utilise le terme “critique beachienne”, je parle de méfiance envers les métanarrations simplistes et de l'histoire efficace (ou “usable” comme on dit en anglais). Ce parti pris implique la résolution—voire un fanatisme—pour vérifier chaque mot (et chaque chiffre) des données sans exception. Enfin, l'exemple de Beach évoque une loyauté profonde envers l'Afrique et une foi en l'apport positif du travail sérieux et honnête des historiens et historiennes au peuple du continent et pour leur bien.
Palmar carpal osteochondral fragments in racehorses: 31 cases (1994–2004)
Authors: Getman Liberty M. , Southwood Louise L. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate records of racehorses with palmar carpal osteochondral fragments and determine whether the fragments were indicators of the severity of pathologic joint changes or prognosis.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—31 racehorses.
Procedures—Medical records, radiographs, and videos of arthroscopic procedures were reviewed. Information gathered included signalment; location, number, and size of the primary lesion; number and size of palmar carpal fragments; and details pertaining to surgical procedures. Outcome variables were obtained from race records.
Results—31 horses met the selection criteria. Multiple palmar fragments were diagnosed in 58% of horses; small fragments (< 3 mm in diameter) were most common (52% of horses). Fifty-two percent of the horses returned to racing, 48% returned to racing and earned money, and 32% had at least 5 more starts. Horses with multiple fragments had significantly less earnings per start and lower performance index values after surgery than those with 1 fragment. Horses with palmar fragments < 3 mm in diameter were significantly less likely to return to racing and have 5 starts or to win money after surgery than horses with larger fragments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Palmar carpal osteochondral fragments can be used as an indicator of clinically important joint pathology and as a prognostic indicator in racehorses. Horses with multiple small fragments were less likely to successfully return to racing than horses with only dorsally located carpal fragments or horses with 1 or 2 large palmar fragments. When possible, removal of palmar carpal osteochondral fragments should be considered.
Effects of modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines containing either type 1 or types 1 and 2 BVDV on heifers and their offspring after challenge with noncytopathic type 2 BVDV during gestation
Authors: Ficken Martin D. , Ellsworth Michael A. , Tucker Cassius M. , Cortese Victor S. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare the efficacy of modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines containing either type 1 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) or types 1 and 2 BVDV in protecting heifers and their offspring against infection associated with heterologous noncytopathic type 2 BVDV challenge during gestation.
Design—Randomized controlled study.
Animals—160 heifers and their offspring.
Procedures—After inoculation with a placebo vaccine, 1 or 2 doses of an MLV vaccine containing type 1 BVDV, or 1 dose of an MLV vaccine containing both types 1 and 2 BVDV, heifers were bred naturally and challenge exposed with a type 2 BVDV field isolate between 62 and 104 days of gestation. Pregnancies were monitored; after parturition, virus isolation and immunohistochemical analyses of ear-notch specimens were used to determine whether calves were persistently infected. Blood samples were collected at intervals from heifers for serologic evaluation and virus isolation.
Results—Persistent infection was detected in 18 of 19 calves from heifers in the control group and in 6 of 18 calves and 7 of 19 calves from heifers that received 1 or 2 doses of the type 1 BVDV vaccine, respectively. None of the 18 calves from heifers that received the type 1–type 2 BVDV vaccine were persistently infected.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the incidence of persistent BVDV infection among offspring from dams inoculated with 1 dose of the MLV vaccine containing types 1 and 2 BVDV was decreased, compared with 1 or 2 doses of the MLV vaccine containing only type 1 BVDV.
Evidence for disease‐regulated transgene expression in the brain with use of lentiviral vectors
Authors: Jakobsson Johan , Rosenqvist Nina , Mårild Karl , v. Agoston Denes , Lundberg Cecilia 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this study we have developed and validated a novel approach of transgene regulation in the brain. By using lentiviral vectors that incorporate promoters of genes that are up‐regulated during different pathological states, we were able to regulate transgene expression in accordance with the disease process. When using a glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter, efficient disease regulation in glial cells was achieved after an excitotoxic lesion or a 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesion. Transgene expression was physiologically regulated and displayed a dose‐dependent increase depending on the severity of lesion. Efficient regulation was also achieved in neurons when using a preproenkephlin promoter in 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats, allowing combined regulation and targeting. This disease‐regulated approach allows control of transgene expression in the brain without the use of inducer molecules and without overexpression of transactivator proteins. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the spectrum of a weak class of operator pencils of waveguide type
Authors: Hasanov M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe paper introduces a new class of two parameter non‐overdamped operator pencils arising from evolution equations. We investigate spectral properties, including variational principles for “interior” points of the spectrum. Examples leading to pencils of the new class are given. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlation of visinin‐like‐protein‐1 expression with clinicopathological features in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
Authors: Wickborn Carla , Klein‐Szanto Andres J. , Schlag Peter M. , Braunewell Karl‐Heinz 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEF‐hand Ca2+‐sensor proteins are key molecules for transducing Ca2+ signals into physiological answers and changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration control a variety of cellular responses, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation, which are relevant for tumor progression. The Ca2+‐sensor visinin‐like protein‐1 (VILIP‐1) has recently attracted major interest due to its putative tumor suppressor function. Whereas VILIP‐1 is expressed in normal skin, it is downregulated in skin tumors in a murine tumor model. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the Ca2+‐sensor VILIP‐1 in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and to correlate expression levels with clinicopathological features of the tumor. We examined VILIP‐1 expression in 54 specimens of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and 24 normal esophagus tissues, with immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence co‐staining techniques. VILIP‐1 expression was completely lost or significantly reduced in esophageal tumor tissue compared with normal squamous epithelium. Correlation with clinicopathological features indicated that there was significantly less VILIP‐1 expression in lymph node positive (N = 1) versus lymph node negative (N = 0) tumors (P = 0.002). Although there was no significant difference between highly (G1), moderately (G2) and poorly differentiated (G3) tumors (P = 0.177), VILIP‐1 expression in tumors is significantly correlated with the depth of tumor invasion (P = 0.028 between T1, T2, T3, and T4). In contrast, co‐staining with the proliferation marker Ki‐67 indicated no significant correlation with proliferation rates in tumors (Ki‐67 index of the tumor). In summary, the expression of the Ca2+‐sensor VILIP‐1 was found to be lost during development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The protein expression level significantly correlates with invasive features, such as depth of tumor invasion and local lymph node metastasis, but not with proliferation rate of tumor cells. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperproinsulinaemia in normoglycaemic lipodystrophic HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Haugaard S. B. , Andersen O. , Hales C. N. , Halsall I. , Rosenfalck A. M. , Iversen J. , Madsbad S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground  We aimed to investigate whether the insulin precursors, intact (IP) and 32–33 split proinsulin (SP), which are elevated in states of insulin resistance and predict type 2 diabetes, would be elevated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients with lipodystrophy (LIPO).Materials and methods  Forty‐three normoglycaemic HIV‐infected patients [18 LIPO and 18 without lipodystrophy (NONLIPO) receiving antiretroviral drugs, and seven patients naïve to antiretroviral drugs (NAÏVE)] were examined. Insulin precursors were measured during fasting, during an intravenous glucose tolerance test and during a hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp, respectively. Insulin secretion rates (ISR) were determined by deconvolution of C‐peptide concentrations. Disposition index (DI) was calculated as insulin sensitivity (SiRD) multiplied by the first‐phase insulin response to intravenous glucose.Results  LIPO exhibited increased fasting IP and SP (P < 0·05), a higher proportion of elevated fasting IP (3·1 pmol L−1, 66% vs. 33% and 28%, P < 0·05) and SP (7·2 pmol L−1, 50%, 11% and 0%, P < 0·01), reduced SiRD (> 50%, P < 0·001) and increased ISR (P < 0·001) compared with NONLIPO and NAÏVE. Fasting SP and IP correlated positively with ISR (P < 0·001) and inversely and hyperbolically with SiRD (P < 0·001). Fasting SP/insulin ratio correlated inversely with SiRD (P < 0·05). Incremental IP + SP/insulin ratio after an intravenous glucose bolus correlated inversely with DI (P < 0·01), but did not differ between study groups.Conclusions  Proinsulin appeared to be increased in HIV‐lipodystrophy, but no more than caused by the increased ISR. Nevertheless, the inverse correlations between SP/insulin ratio versus SiRD and incremental total proinsulin/insulin ratio versus DI may argue for a subtle β‐cell dysfunction in those patients with insulin resistance and low DI.
Influence of stand age and physical environment on the herb composition of second‐growth forest, Strouds Run, Ohio, USA
Authors: Harrelson Sarah M. , Matlack Glenn R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim  Historical land use in eastern North America and much of Europe has created a mosaic of successional forest stands of widely varying age. An estimate of the rate of successional community development would allow the conservation value of individual stands to be assessed. We estimate the rate of herb community development in secondary forests in our region, and the extent to which physical gradients determine herb distributions.Location  Second‐growth forest in the Appalachian Oak section of the Central Hardwoods Region, southeastern Ohio, USA.Methods  Thirty‐five plots were surveyed in old (82–193 years) and young (35–40 years since pasture) deciduous forest stands and pine plantations. In each plot, herb species cover and environmental factors were measured.Results  Herb community composition was clearly distinguishable between oak‐dominated upland sites and mixed mesophytic stands in moist ravines. In both community types, young stands were compositionally distinct from old stands. Species lacking obvious seed dispersal mechanisms were disproportionately uncommon in young stands, implying dispersal limitation in the process of recolonization. Among old stands, distributions of many species showed significant regressions on the environmental variables, whereas few showed significance in young stands. Species with weak dispersal tended to be more frequently linked to environmental gradients in old stands than in young stands.Main conclusions  Early arriving forest species appear to assort rapidly along physical gradients, defining communities early in the successional trajectory. The re‐assembly of the full forest community continues over a longer period as individual species assort on environmental gradients at rates determined by their dispersal abilities. Thus, long‐established stands show more spatial variation than successional stands, and offer greater opportunities for conservation of the forest community.
Target detection and driving behaviour measurements in a driving simulator at mesopic light levels
Authors: Alferdinck Johan W. A. M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDuring night‐time driving hazardous objects often appear at mesopic light levels, which are typically measured using light meters with a spectral sensitivity that is only valid for photopic light levels. In order to develop suitable mesopic models a target detection experiment was performed in a driving simulator. While subjects drove along a winding road they had to respond to randomly presented circular targets at various eccentricities. The background luminance ranged between 0.01 and 10 cd m−2, and was either white, yellow, red or blue. The RT, number of missed targets, and driving behaviour were measured. The results show that target detection and driving performance get poorer with decreasing background luminance and increasing eccentricity of the target, in particular for the red colour. At high driving speeds and low luminances subjects tend to neglect left off‐axis targets. Luminance calculated with existing reaction‐time‐based mesopic models fits better to RT data than the widely‐used photopic luminance.
Changes in reaction time and search time with background luminance in the mesopic range
Authors: Walkey H. C. , Harlow J. A. , Barbur J. L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractVision relies on both rod and cone signals over a large range of ambient illumination that encompasses a number of common situations. It is important, therefore, to understand how performance changes with light level in functional visual tasks. We measured reaction times and search times using achromatic targets to examine the relationship between latency and luminance contrast as a function of background luminance. Visual search was more robust to changes in luminance than reaction time; search performance could be made invariant by scaling the effects of contrast, but the range of reaction time changed significantly over the mesopic range. We also investigated the extent to which two mesopic visual performance models described the dependence of reaction time and search time on stimulus spectra, using coloured stimuli. The ‘effective contrast’ model that we examined described the spectral dependence of both reaction time and search time well. A model for mesopic luminous efficiency based on reaction times described the spectral dependence of each response only in conditions where there was little influence of chromatic signals.
A Note on the Tax Treatment of Private Pensions and Individual Savings Accounts
Authors: EMMERSON CARL , TANNER SARAH 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe UK government is planning to introduce stakeholder pensions from April 2001 as an alternative to existing personal pensions for people on moderate earnings. But stakeholder pensions are only one way to save for retirement; the new tax‐free Individual Savings Account (ISA) is another. This note compares the tax treatments of pensions and ISAs and assesses the conditions under which the tax treatment of private pensions is more generous than that of an ISA to a basicrate taxpayer – the typical target for stakeholder pensions. The abolition of dividend tax credits paid to pension funds in July 1997 reduced the relatively tax‐favoured position of pensions, but the tax‐free lump sum means that private pensions continue to be a tax‐favoured form of saving at most reasonable rates of return. We show that employer contributions to private pensions are particularly tax‐favoured.
Periodontal disease in the oldest‐old living in Kungsholmen, Sweden: findings from the KEOHS project
Authors: Holm‐Pedersen Poul , Russell Stefanie Luise , Avlund Kirsten , Viitanen Matti , Winblad Bengt , Katz Ralph V. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAims: The Kungsholmen Elders Oral Health Study evaluated the oral health status of generally healthy, community‐dwelling persons aged 80 years and over living in Stockholm, Sweden. This paper reports periodontal disease findings and evaluates the distribution by sociodemographic factors.Methods: Eligible persons were identified through the Kungsholmen Project, an ongoing, longitudinal, population‐based study of older adults. A total of 121 study subjects received a periodontal examination.Results: The mean pocket probing depth was 2.6 mm and the mean clinical attachment loss was 3.7 mm. Gingival bleeding was common. Over half of all study participants met the criteria used for “serious periodontitis” (SP). In the best fit adjusted odds ratio (OR) model, males were 3.1 times more likely than females to have “SP” (OR=3.1, 95% CI 1.2, 8.0), a statistically significant observation. A sub‐analysis of the differences in proportion of participants with SP revealed that the difference by sex also increased by age.Conclusions: These findings document the substantial and ongoing impact of periodontal disease in a sample of generally healthy, community dwelling older adults and underscore the importance of continued periodontal disease prevention and treatment in the oldest‐old.
Incidence of bacteremia after chewing, tooth brushing and scaling in individuals with periodontal inflammation
Authors: Forner Lone , Larsen Tove , Kilian Mogens , Holmstrup Palle 
Published: May 2006

AbstractScientific rationale for study: Bacteremia occurs with various frequency after oral procedures. Periodontal disease may affect the incidence, magnitude, duration and bacterial spectrum of bacteremia.Principle findings: The incidence and magnitude of bacteremia after scaling was significantly higher in periodontitis than in gingivitis patients and healthy control individuals. In periodontitis patients, the magnitude of bacteremia was associated with gingival index, plaque index and number of sites with bleeding on probing, but not with probing pocket depth measurements.Practical implications: The prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases appear to be crucial for the prevention of bacteremia associated with oral procedures.
To What Extent Can Raindrop Size Be Determined by a Multiple-Frequency Radar?
Authors: Meagher Jonathan P. , Haddad Ziad S. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In this paper, an analytical treatment of the atmospheric remote sensing problem of determining the raindrop size distribution (DSD) with a spaceborne multifrequency microwave nadir-looking radar system is presented. It is typically assumed that with two radar measurements at different frequencies one ought to be able to calculate two state variables of the DSD: a bulk quantity, such as the rain rate, and a distribution shape parameter. To determine if this nonlinear problem can indeed be solved, the DSD is modeled as a Γ distribution and quadratic approximations to the corresponding radar–rain relations are used to examine the invertibility of the resulting system of equations in the case of two as well as three radar frequencies. From the investigation, it is found that for regions of DSD state space multiple solutions exist for two or even three different frequency radar measurements. This should not be surprising given the nonlinear coupled nature of the problem.
Rain Initiation Time in Turbulent Warm Clouds
Authors: Falkovich Gregory , Stepanov Mikhail G. , Vucelja Marija 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A mean field model is presented that describes droplet growth resulting from condensation and collisions and droplet loss resulting from fallout. The model allows for an effective numerical simulation. The numerical scheme that is conservative in water mass and keeps accurate count of the number of droplets is applied, and the way in which the rain initiation time depends on different parameters is studied. In particular, it is shown that the rain initiation time depends nonmonotonically (has a minimum) on the number of cloud condensation nuclei. Also presented is a simple model that allows one to estimate the rain initiation time for turbulent clouds with an inhomogeneous concentration of cloud condensation nuclei. It is argued that by overseeding even a part of a cloud by small hygroscopic nuclei one can substantially delay the onset of precipitation.