bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticidal activity of fatty acid constituents of fixed vegetable oils against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on cowpea
Authors: Don‐Pedro Kio N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe insecticidal activity of lauric, oleic and linoleic acids against Callosobruchus maculatus on cowpea was investigated in laboratory bioassays. In pre‐oviposition grain treatments, it was found that, at dosages between 1.96 and 11.59 kg‐lauric acid had no effect on progeny development, while the oily oleic and linoleic acids were active in reducing progeny development. The active fatty acids had no effect on oviposition (in no‐choice experiments) or on mortality of adults or larvae that successfully penetrated treated cowpea seeds, and their insecticidal activity, like that of fixed vegetable oils, depended mainly on ovicidal action. When applied to cowpeas in a pure state, oleic acid had an LC50 value of 1.64mlkg−1, which made it approximately 3 and 8 times more toxic against eggs of C. maculatus than groundnut oil and linoleic acid respectively. When the ovicidal activities of the three fatty acids were tested by dipping egg‐infested seeds in acetone‐ based solutions, they were all found to be similarly toxic, lauric, oleic and linoleic acids having LC50, values of 40, 38 and 26 ml litre−1 respectively (with overlapping 95% C.L.). These values made them 2‐4 times more toxic than acetone‐based solutions of groundnut and traditional coconut oils. The possibility of employing fatty acids in large‐scale and traditional small‐scale food storage systems is discussed.
Methacrifos as a grain protectant: A comparison of the vapour effects of some organophosphorus insecticides used in grain protection
Authors: Price Nicholas R. , Hoppe Thomas , Watson Helen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple Sradiochemical method was devised for the estimation at ambient temperatures of vapour uptake and toxicity of relatively non‐volatile organophosphorus insecticides to the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Over a three‐day period the insecticides pirimiphos‐methyl and chlorpyrifos‐methyl exhibited no vapour activity and only small amounts of vapour were accumulated by test insects. Methacrifos appeared to be much more active as a vapour and much of its toxic action in an ideal situation could be attributed to this phenomenon.
Enhancement of neurotransmitter release from invertebrate synaptosomes by pyrethroids during pulsed‐depolarization: A functional assay for effects on repolarization
Authors: Clark J. Marshall , Matsumura Fumio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe release of [3H]neurotransmitters was used as a functional assay to assess the actions of selected neurotoxins on the synaptosomal membranes prepared from the invertebrate nervous systems of squid and house fly. A reproducible release of [3]neurotransmitter was evoked by pulsed‐depolarization in the presence of elevated K+ or of veratridine. Pretreatment with deltamethrin resulted in a substantial enhancement of [3H]neuro‐transmitter release during pulsed‐depolarization. This enhanced neurotransmitter release was greatly reduced or absent when synaptosomes of knockdown‐resistant house flies were examined. No enhanced neurotransmitter release due to deltamethrin pretreatment was apparent from any synaptosomal preparation under non‐depolarizing conditions. Under similar conditions, collaborative experiments demonstrated that deltamethrin causes a significant change in protein phosphorylation activities which follow depolarization. The most significant change caused by deltamethrin was the prolonged elevation of the level of phosphorylation on a number of key synaptic proteins beyond the normal time of their recovery to the dephosphorylated state. The most notable protein reacting to deltamethrin in this manner was calcium‐cadlmodulin‐dependent protein kinase.
Metribuzin degradation in soil: I—effects of soybean residue amendment, metribuzin level, and soil depth
Authors: Locke Martin A. , Harper Sidney S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPlant residue and soil depth effects on metribuzin degradation were investigated. Dundee silt loam soil collected at depth increments of 0–10 cm (SUR) and 10–35 cm (SUB) was treated with labeled [5−14 C]metribuzin. Samples were assayed at several time points up to 140 days after treatment. Soybean residue was added to half of the SUR samples (RES), with remaining SUR unamended (NORES). None of the SUB samples were amended with soybean residue. Metribuzin mineralization to 14CO2 proceeded more slowly in RES and SUB than in NORES and SUR, respectively. Extractable components in SUR samples included polar metabolites, plus deaminated metribuzin (DA) in the RES, and parent metribuzin in the NORES. Deaminated diketometribuzin (DADK) and metribuzin comprised major 14C components extracted from SUB, while in SUR, faster degradation of metabolites resulted in metrizubin as the primary identifiable compound. Unextractable 14C increased until day 35 for both RES and NORES, after which it remained constant for NORES. but declined for RES. A corresponding rise in RES polar 14C suggested that as soybean residue decomposed, 14C bound in the residue was released as extractable polar material. Soil with soybean residue accumulation may alter metabolite degradation patterns, but does not impede initial metribuzin degradation. Depth differences in metribuzin degradation were attributed to reductions in microbial activity with increasing soil depth.
Metribuzin degradation in soil: II—effects of tillage
Authors: Locke Martin A. , Harper Sidney S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA 140‐day laboratory incubation, using surface soil from a long‐term soybean tillage study, evaluated tillage influence on [14C]metribuzin degradation. Higher plant residue conditions in no‐tillage (NT) soil inhibited metribuzin mineralization to [14C]carbon dioxide as compared to metribuzin degradation patterns observed in conventional tillage (CT) soil. At 140 days, relative abundance of extractable 14C components in NT included polar metabolites > metribuzin = deaminated metribuzin (DA) = deaminated diketometribuzin (DADK), while in CT, components included metribuzin > polar metabolites > DADK≫DA. Conditions in NT apparently inhibited polar 14C degradation, and resulted in its accumulation, while in CT polar 14C degradation proceeded relatively rapidly. For both NT and CT, more 14 C was measured in an unextractable fraction than in any other fraction. A greater portion of the unextractable fraction in NT was associated with decomposed plant residue than in CT. Surface accumulation of crop residue, such as occurs under NT, provided a soil environment which altered metribuzin degradation patterns.
Inhibition of acetolactate synthase in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Stellaria media
Authors: Devine Malcolm D. , Maries M. A. Susan , Hall Linda M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcetolactate synthase (ALS) from one susceptible and two chlorsulfuronresistant biotypes of Stellaria media(L.) Vill. was assayed in the presence of eight known ALS inhibitors. As expected, ALS from the chlorsulfuronresistant biotypes (R1 and R2) showed reduced sensitivity to chlorsulfuron and other sulfonylurea herbicides. The patterns of cross‐resistance varied, however, indicating that the alteration in ALS that confers chlorsulfuron resistance does not confer the same level of resistance to other sulfonylurea herbicides. The resistant biotypes were highly cross‐resistant to sulfometuron‐methyl and DPX‐A7H81, but less cross‐resistant to triasulfuron. Both R1 and R2 were highly cross‐resistant to DTPS (N‐[2,6‐dichlorophenyl]‐5,7‐dimethyl‐1,2,4‐iriazolo[1,5a]pyrimidine‐2‐siilfoiiamide), but only slightly cross‐resistant to imazamethahenz, an imidazolinone herbicide. The differences in the patterns of cross‐resistance observed presumably reflect differences in the binding affinity of the herbicides for the altered ALS. The data presented suggest, but do not confirm, that R1 and R2 contain the same ALS mutation.
Development and validation of a modified fugacity model of pesticide leaching from farmland
Authors: Brooke David , Matthiessen Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo test whether a simple model could provide reasonable quantitative estimates of chemical concentrations in a dynamic situation, Mackay's fugacity model was adapted to represent an agricultural field. The intention was to determine the extent of modification required to obtain reasonable agreement with experimental results, or indeed if such agreement could be achieved. The validity of the model was tested at Rosemaund Experimental Husbandry Farm in Herefordshire, where the chemical input and output could be monitored and meteorological and other parameters measured regularly. Results from monitoring concentrations of two pesticides at this site in recent years, and changes that have been made to the model in attempting to fit the observed behaviour are described.
Application and validation of pesticide leaching models
Authors: Klein Michael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo lysimeter studies with the pesticides cloethocarb and bentazone were used to validate a modified version of the computer model SESOIL (Seasonal Soil Compartment Model), developed by Bonazountas and Wagner and to transfer the results of the lysimeter study to another climate scenario. For cloethocarb, an experimental insecticide without marked mobility in the soil, as indicated by the lysimeter study, the simulations were in excellent agreement with the lysimeter study. Calculations for bentazone revealed higher leaching than found in the lysimeter study. This discrepancy was resolved by a more careful and realistic inclusion of sorption in the lysimeter soil into the simulation model.
Synthetic and mechanistic studies on fungal metabolic pathways: A guide to fungicide design
Authors: Simpson Thomas J. , Dillon Michael P. , Donovan Tessa M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe polyketide biosynthetic pathway is responsible for the formation in microorganisms and plants of a vast array of diverse structures, many of which display important biological activity. A brief overview of the pathway, with emphasis on present problems and future developments, is presented and the impact of genetics on chemical and biochemical studies of polyketide biosynthesis is highlighted.Biosynthetic and mechanistic studies on three pathways are described, to illustrate how these studies may provide an insight into the mode of action of particular compounds, or how particular pathways may be inhibited. LL‐D253α is an antibiotic chromanone produced by a number of Phoma species. Stable isotope labelling studies have indicated the involvement of cyclopropylcyclohexadienyl intermediates in the formation of the hydroxyethyl side chain indicating a possible mode of action. Similar studies of monocerin indicate the involvement of quinone methide intermediates. A synthesis of monocerin, modelled on the biosynthetic pathway, is described. Scytalone and vermelone are intermediates on the pathway to melanin in certain pathogenic fungi, e.g. Pyricularia oryzae. Progress with biosynthetic studies on this pathway is described.
Dialkyl phosphorofluoridates and alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates as disruptants of moth sex pheromone‐mediated behavior
Authors: Malik Mangel S. , Vetter Richard S. , Baker Thomas C. , Roy Fukuto T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of dialkyl phosphorofluoridates and alkyl methylphosphono‐fluoridates in which one or two of the alkyl moieties were long‐chain alkyl groups were synthesized and examined for their ability to disrupt moth sex pheromone‐mediated behavior of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta. Disruption of pheromone‐mediated behavior was found only for those compounds containing a (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl moiety, i.e. the alkyl substituent of the principal pheromone component ((Z)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate) of the oriental fruit moth. Di‐((Z)‐8‐dodecenyl) phosphorofluoridate was nearly as disruptive as (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate.
Efficacies of low‐ to high‐volume (960‐10 700 litre ha− 1) citrus sprayers for applying petroleum spray oil to control chinese wax scale
Authors: Beattie G. Andrew C. , Clift Alan D. , Allender William J. , Jiang Laura , Wang Ye A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPetroleum spray oil (2, 4 and 6% in water) was applied to Valencia orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, for the control of Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis del Guercio, using a low‐volume ( <2000 litre ha−1)air‐blast (LV AB) sprayer, a low‐ to high‐volume (L‐HV) (up to 7000 litre ha−1) sprayer with four fan‐assisted rotary atomiser (FARA) spray heads mounted on a vertical tower, and a high‐volume (>7000 litre ha−1) oscillating boom (HV OB) sprayer. The most effective sprayer was the L‐HV FARA sprayer. The most cost‐effective treatment was a 20 ml litre−1 (60 litre oil ha−1) spray applied at 3000 litre ha−1 by the L‐HV FARA sprayer. It gave mortality equivalent to a standard 20 ml litre−1, 10 700 litre ha−1 spray (214 litre oil ha−1) applied by the HV OB sprayer but with 72% less spray and significantly less oil deposited per cm2 of leaf area. Equivalent or significantly (P = 0·05) higher mortality than that given by the 10 700 litre ha−1 HV OB spray was given by the 40 ml litre−1, 3000 (120 litre oil ha−1) and 60 ml litre−1, 2180 and 3000 litre ha−1 (130·8 and 180 litre oil ha−1) L‐HV FARA sprays, but the 60 ml litre−1 sprays deposited more oil per cm2 than the 20 ml litre−1 HV OB spray and were considered to be potentially phytotoxic. The least effective sprayer was the LV AB sprayer, which applied a 60 ml litre−1 spray (57·6 litre oil ha−1) at 960 litre ha−1. Linear relationships were established for Chinese wax scale mortality, transformed using an angular transformation (arcsin proportion), versus log10 spray volume for the 20, 40 and 60 ml litre−1 sprays applied by L‐HV FARA at 1260,2180 and 3000 litre ha−1, mortality versus log10 μg oil cm−2 and log10 μg oil versus log10 volume of oil sprayed.
Synthesis and herbicidal activity of 2‐(1,3‐dimethyl‐4‐substituted‐5‐pyrazolyl)sulfonylimino‐5,7‐disubstituted‐2H‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolo[2,3‐a]pyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Okajima Nobuyuki , Aoki Isao , Kuragano Takashi , Okada Yoshiyuki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of 2‐(1,3‐dimethyl‐4‐substituted‐5‐pyrazolyl)sulfonylimino‐5,7‐disubstituted‐2H‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolo[2,3‐a]pyrimidines was synthesized and tested for herbicidal effects. The compounds showed potent activity and improved selectivity to rice when compared with analogous sulfonylurea derivatives.
Lethal disturbances in larval development of Neobellieria bullata caused by metyrapone derivatives
Authors: Darvas Béla , Bélai Iván , Fónagy Adrien , Kulcsár Péter , Tag El‐Din Mahmoud H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLarvae of Neobellieria bullata (Parker) were reared from hatching on a diet containing metyrapone derivatives. Metyrapone, A‐phenyl‐B‐imidazolylmetyrapone (PIM) and A‐phenyl‐B‐triazolyl metyrapone (PTM) inhibited the first moult of N. bullata. The larvae died within two days during an extended 1st instar. PIM and PTM caused malformation of anterior and posterior spiracles, and mandibles of larvae. PIM was more active than metyrapone, PTM or piperonyl butoxide.
Herbicidal activity of derivatives of 9‐aminofluoren‐9‐ylphosphonic acid
Authors: Wojtasek Hubert , Wieczorek Piotr , Lejczak Barbara , Boduszek Bogdan , Gancarz Roman , Kafarski Pawel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of derivatives of 9‐aminofluoren‐9‐ylphosphonic acid (phosphonic analogues of morphactins) were synthesized and screened for herbicidal activity against Lepidium sativum, Cucumis sativus and Lycopersicon esculentum. Ethyl 9‐(N‐alkylamino)fluoren‐9‐yl(phenyl)phosphinates appeared to be equipotent with glyphosate and thus may be recognized as new lead compounds for further structural modifications.
Toxicity, retention and distribution of [14c]hexaflumuron in the last larval instar of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Spodoptera littoralis and Spodoptera exigua
Authors: Auda Mahroussa , El Saidy M. Fekry , Degheele Danny 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of the benzoylphenylurea hexaflumuron to newly ecdysed last‐instar larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Spodoptera littoralis and Spodoptera exigua was determined, together with the rate of retention and distribution of hexaflumuron during a 72‐h period. The results of the latter were considered in connection with the toxicity of this compound. Hexaflumuron was 54 and 19 times more toxic to L. decemlineata and S. littoralis respectively than to S. exigua. The amount of radioactivity, expressed as [14C]hexaflumuron retained in the larval body of L. decemlineata was high compared to that in the two other insect species. After 72h, >90% of ingested [14C]hexaflumuron was excreted by last‐instar larval S. littoralis and S. exigua, compared with 76% excreted by L. decemlineata larvae. The amount of radiolabelled residues recovered from the different tissues of L. decemlineata was more than five times greater than that recovered from S. littoralis and S. exigua after 24 h. This difference substantially increased after 48 and 72 h, reflecting a faster excretion, especially in S. exigua. These results suggest that the greater toxicity of hexaflumuron towards L. decemlineata is probably due to a greater retention of hexaflumuron in the larvae. Similarly, the greater toxicity of hexaflumuron towards S. littoralis compared with S. exigua larvae may result from a greater retention of pesticide in the former species.
Effects of certain herbicides on the fate of sporangiospores of Mucor piriformis and conidia of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum
Authors: Michailides Themis J. , Spotts Robert A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of several herbicides used in pome fruit orchards on the germination of spores and growth of mycelia of Botrytis cinerea, Mucor piriformis and Penicillium expansum in vitro and the survival of propagules of these fungi in soil were studied. Diuron in agar at 4–128 μg ml−1 reduced germination of spores of B. cinerea and M. piriformis, and 2,4‐D and paraquat at 32 μg ml−1 similarly affected B. cinerea and P. expansum. Several herbicides at 128 μg ml−1 in agar reduced growth of B. cinerea and M. piriformis but were ineffective against P. expansum. Propagule survival levels of the three fungi generally were lower in both autoclaved and non‐autoclaved soil amended with herbicides than in non‐amended soil. This effect was greatest in non‐autoclaved soil, suggesting involvement of microbial antagonists. The most effective herbicides for reduction of fungal propagules in soil were 2,4‐D, diuron, and paraquat.
Permethrin treatments in canadian forests. Part 3: Environmental fate and distribution in streams
Authors: Kreutzweiser David P. , Wood Glen A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAerial applications of permethrin at 17.5 g ha−1 resulted in maximum concentrations of 0.07–2.50 μg litre−1 in stream water. The median maximum concentration was 0.54 μg litre−1 in oversprayed streams (n = 35, mean = 0.66) and 0.25 μg litre−1 1–1.4 km downstream of treated areas (n = 11, mean=0.33). Permethrin residues in stream water declined with time and distance, with a mean disappearance rate of 0.106 h−1 and mean half‐life of 10.3 h at oversprayed sites, and a mean disappearance rate of 0.202 h−1 and half‐life of 3.9 h at downstream sites. Less than 8% of sediment samples from treated streams contained detectable permethrin concentrutions ( > 5 ng g−1). Approximately 50% of fish from streams in treated areas contained measurable residues ( > 5 ng g−1) up to 28 days post‐treatment. No residues were detected in fish at 69 or 73 days after the applications. In fish that contained measurable residues, the median bioconcentration factor was 98 (mean = 148).
Aldicarb residue degradation rates at three depths of a Wisconsin central sand plain aquifer
Authors: Kraft George J. , Helmke Philip A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFirst‐order oxidation and hydrolysis rate constants for aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone were measured in laboratory studies representing three depths of a Wisconsin central sand plain aquifer with aerobic groundwater at pH 7‐6. Aldicarb sulfoxide or aldicarb sulfone were added to incubations containing sediment and groundwater from 0‐5, 5‐0, and 10‐0 m below the water table, and their concentrations followed with time. Rate constants were similar for all three depths, averaging 0‐0018, 0‐0004, and 0‐0029 day−1for aldicarb sulfoxide hydrolysis, aldicarb sulfoxide oxidation and aldicarb sulfone hydrolysis, respectively. Hydrolysis values were close to those of abiotic aqueous systems, indicating chemical and biological catalysis were minimal. Assuming typical initial total aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone concentrations in groundwater were 100 μg liter−1beneath treated fields and groundwater velocity was 0‐5 m day−1, 1000 days and 500 m groundwater travel distance would be required for residue levels to attain the Wisconsin regulatory standard of 10 μg liter−1at the studied location.
Acaricidal potential of piquerols A and B against Boophilus microplus
Authors: la Parra Mario Gonzalez‐de , Chavez‐Peña Daniel , Jimenez‐Estrada Manuel , Ramos‐Mundo Carlos 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBioassays with aqueous solutions of the natural compounds, piquerols A and B, at concentrations of 300 μg ml−1 were carried out on larvae and gravid female ticks of Boophilus microplus. Piquerols A and B were both found to have acaricidal potential on larvae. However, neither compound prevented oviposition. Piquerol A was observed to cause significant mortality in gravid female ticks.
Method for the determination of butachlor residues in water, soil and rice
Authors: Liu Weiping , Xu Huiqing , Chen Ziwen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the analysis of water, soil and crops for residues of the herbicide butachlor. Residues were extracted with acetone + light petroleum distillate. The extracts were concentrated and purified on a chromatographic column containing aluminum oxide, silver–aluminum oxide and Florisil. Finally, they were quantitated by gas chromatography using an electron‐capture detector. The detection limits of various samples were between 0.001 and 0.015 mg kg−1. The average recoveries ranged from 79.4 to 104.6%.
Development of an atom mapping procedure for similarity searching in databases of three‐dimensional chemical structures
Authors: Pepperrell Catherine A. , Poirrette Andrew R. , Willett Peter , Taylor Robin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses a procedure for calculating the degree of similarity between an input target molecule and each of the molecules in a database of 3D chemical structures. A mapping procedure is used to identify pairs of atoms, one from each of the molecules that are being compared, that lie at the centre of topographically similar volumes of 3D space. Experiments are reported to validate the significance of the similarities that result from the use of the procedure and to determine the effect on the calculated similarities of the structural representation that is used to characterise the molecules in a database.
Different in‐planta and ex‐planta activities of 7‐chloro‐4‐(2‐[trifluoromethyl]phenoxy)quinoline against Pyricularia grisea due to volatilization
Authors: Schneegurt Mark A. , Waldron Clive 
Published: November 2006

Abstract7‐Chloro‐4‐[2‐(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinoline (L Y248908) strongly inhibits mycelial growth of Pyricularia grisea in ex‐planta assays but, when applied to the foliage of rice seedlings, its protective and curative properties against P. grisea are poor. The principal cause for this difference was found to be volatilization of LY248908 from treated foliage. Variations in fungal sensitivity (due to strain or development stage) and compound loss due to translocation, sequestration, metabolism, or degradation were shown not to be significant.