bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Bonus‐Malus Allieviate Insurance Fraud?
Authors: Moreno Ignacio , Vázquez Francisco J. , Watt Richard 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTraditionally, insurance companies attempt to reduce (or even eliminate) fraud via audit strategies under which claims may be investigated at some cost to the insurer, with a penalty imposed upon insureds who are found to report claims fraudulently. However, it is also clear that, in a multiperiod setting, bonus‐malus contracts (increases in subsequent premiums whenever a claim is presented) also provide an incentive against fraud. In this article, we consider a model in which, conditional upon the client renewing his contract, the only mechanism used to combat fraud is bonus‐malus. In this way, our model provides the opposite pole to the pure audit model. We show that in our simplified setting there exists a bonus‐malus contract that will eliminate all fraud in all periods, while guaranteeing nonnegative expected profits to the insurer and participation by the insured. We also consider the dynamics of the solution, the effect of an increase in risk aversion on the solution, and the welfare implications.
Does Reinsurance Need Reinsurers?
Authors: Plantin Guillaume 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe reinsurance market is the secondary market for insurance risks. It has a very specific organization. Direct insurers rarely trade risks with each other. Rather, they cede part of their primary risks to specialized professional reinsurers who have no primary business. This article offers a model of equilibrium in reinsurance and capital markets in which professional reinsurers arise endogenously. Their role is to monitor primary insurers credibly, so that insurers can raise capital more easily. In equilibrium, the financial structure of primary insurers consists of a mix of reinsurance and outside capital. The comparative statics yield empirical predictions which are broadly in line with a number of stylized facts from the reinsurance market.
Romanticism and War
Authors: Ramsey Neil 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis article examines recent Romantic scholarship that has begun to explore the connections between British Romantic period writing and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Countering traditional views that writers were largely unconcerned with the events of these wars, such scholarship has argued that the wars had a significant impact on the writing of the period. Though some critics have viewed the period's writers as unquestioningly reproducing the wars as an exciting spectacle, others have drawn attention to the ways in which the meanings of war were contested through the period. Particularly central to these discussions has been the issue of suffering and the extent to which such suffering was either foregrounded or rhetorically elided from the public's view. The article concludes by looking at some of the most recent trends in this scholarship.
“The Sun Shines on a World Re‐Arisen to Pleasure”: The Fin‐de‐Siècle Metaphysical Revival
Authors: Seeley Tracy 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe 1890s witnessed an explosion of interest in the metaphysical and other seventeenth‐century poets, a fact that warrants further scholarly exploration. This article outlines the background of the revival: the cultural and religious politics that shape mid‐century commentary on the metaphysicals, and Coleridge's marginalia which rehabilitate the poets, especially Donne. It then presents an overview of criticism by Gosse, Symons, Meynell, Thompson, and Johnson, tracing the similarities and differences among aesthetic and decadent visions of the seventeenth century. Finally, it suggests a number of areas for new work on the topic.
Access and Agency in Elizabeth Cary's The Tragedy of Mariam: Early Modern Closet Drama and the Spatialization of Power1
Authors: Mejia‐LaPerle Carol 
Published: February 2006

Abstract This essay was runner‐up in the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Renaissance Section. Numerous critics have explored the stoic sentiments in Elizabeth Cary's The Tragedy of Mariam (1613), especially the ways in which female characters negotiate the demands of patriarchal force, while expressing a conscience contrary to those demands. However, this essay examines the material conditions necessary for pursuing stoic ideals, prompted by the fact that Cary uniquely depicts female resistance of tyrannical conditions in distinctly spatial terms. Her closet drama consistently deploys literary representations of space to ask important questions about gendered subjects: How is space an expression and enforcement of power upon women? How can spatial configurations be manipulated to alter or circumvent the effects of tyranny? This essay argues that Cary's closet drama depicts power as a force that organizes environments; that is, spatial arrangements that regulate characters’ behaviors are also the material manifestations of authority through which the discourses expressing female agency are constructed and contained. Since closet dramas were not written for public performance but for consumption within a domestic setting, spatial arrangements are apprehended through, indeed are never prior to, the act of reading. The reader perceives the play's landscape – the play's space – through the characters’ language. This study tests the reciprocity between space and words, specifically the way spatialization in the play facilitates the processes and practices of female speech.
“I Can neither Write nor Be Silent:” The Circulation of Women's Texts in Sidney's Old Arcadia*
Authors: Ghita Lucian 
Published: February 2006

Abstract This essay won the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Renaissance Section. The production, circulation, and reception of women's texts in early modern Europe probe important questions about the status of women as writers of public influence within a male‐dominated manuscript and print culture. Insofar as it foregrounds the semiotic exchanges between author, text, and reader in Phillips Sydney's Old Arcadia, Derrida's concept of supplementarity opens up new ways of interpreting the political and gender economy of Sidney's language in relation to the socio‐cultural positions of women in early modern England. The Old Arcadia presents several scenes in which women, specifically Pamela, use writing as a self‐reflective mode of negotiating a position of authority within an unstable semiotic space.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED Katherine Philips's Politicised Coterie Writing
Authors: Kirschbaum Robin 
Published: February 2006

Abstract This essay was runner‐up in the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Seventeenth Century Section. Private epistolary exchange took place as part of a more encompassing social exchange in the early modern period. For a royalist such as Katherine Philips, coterie exchange was a conscious means of creating and maintaining a sympathetic literary community based on common ideology. Philips's coterie production, spanning her socially isolated time in both Wales and Ireland, represents not only an attempt to further individual literary reputation, but as an enabling space from which to form a community of ideologically minded individuals. Such coterie production can be seen as a dynamic construction of a public space as an alternative site of power. Drawing from the Habermasian model of the literary public sphere and Hannah Arendt's notion of public space, I argue that the politicised coterie overturns the binaries of author/reader, manuscript/print, and public/private, offering strategies for royalist women writers to enter into a public discourse from within a ‘private’ production and circulation. Replacing the historical narratives of the political uprisings of the 1650s with narratives of heroism and friendship, Philips's coterie is not necessarily a retreat from a troubled social and political atmosphere, but a refiguring of the heroic and social traditions of Royalists from within a contemporary position of exile and isolation. Philips's poetry of female friendship is not only a response to the separation and loss of the Civil War, but an active construction of an alternative community based upon politicised friendship. Writing in a period of change and in the face of personal isolation, friendships based on literary exchange constituted an alternative society in which the participants imaginatively shed the differences which separate them in the larger, public world. Examining the coterie verse and epistolary writing of Katherine Philips in the context of an alternative political community reveals the need for renewed critical focus upon collectivities and alliances which shaped early modern women's writing.
Short gamma-ray bursts in old populations: magnetars from white dwarf—white dwarf mergers
Authors: Levan Andrew J. , Wynn Graham A. , Chapman Robert , Davies Melvyn B. , King Andrew R. , Priddey Robert S. , Tanvir Nial R. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Recent progress on the nature of short-duration gamma-ray bursts has shown that a fraction of them originate in the local Universe. These systems may well be the result of giant flares from soft gamma-repeaters (highly magnetized neutron stars commonly known as magnetars). However, if these neutron stars are formed via the core collapse of massive stars then it would be expected that the bursts should originate from predominantly young stellar populations, while correlating the positions of BATSE short bursts with structure in the local Universe reveals a correlation with all galaxy types, including those with little or no ongoing star formation. This is a natural outcome if, in addition to magnetars formed via the core collapse of massive stars, they also form via accretion-induced collapse following the merger of two white dwarfs, one of which is magnetic. We investigate this possibility and find that the rate of magnetar production via white dwarf–white dwarf (WD–WD) mergers in the Milky Way is comparable to the rate of production via core collapse. However, while the rate of production of magnetars by core collapse is proportional to the star formation rate, the rate of production via WD–WD mergers (which have long lifetimes) is proportional to the stellar mass density, which is concentrated in early-type systems. Therefore magnetars produced via WD–WD mergers may produce soft gamma-repeater giant flares which can be identified with early-type galaxies. We also comment on the possibility that this mechanism could produce a fraction of the observed short-duration burst population at higher redshift.
The infrared glow of the first stars
Authors: Salvaterra Ruben , Magliocchetti Manuela , Ferrara Andrea , Schneider Raffaella 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Kashlinsky et al. find a significant cosmic infrared background fluctuation excess on angular scales ≳50 arcsec that cannot be explained by instrumental noise or local foregrounds. The excess has been tentatively attributed to emission from primordial, very massive (Population III, hereafter PopIII) stars formed ≤ 200 Myr after the Big Bang. Using an evolutionary model motivated by independent observations and including various feedback processes, we find that PopIII stars can contribute &lt;40 per cent of the total background intensity (νJν∼ 1–2 nW m−2 sr−1 in the 0.8–8 μm range) produced by all galaxies (hosting both PopIII and PopII stars) at z≥ 5. The infrared fluctuation excess is instead very precisely accounted for by the clustering signal of galaxies at z≥ 5, predominantly hosting PopII stars with masses and properties similar to the present ones.
Near-infrared spectroscopy of a young super-star cluster in NGC 6946: chemical abundances and abundance patterns
Authors: Larsen S. S. , Origlia L. , Brodie J. P. , Gallagher J. S. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Using the NIRSPEC spectrograph at Keck II, we have obtained H- and K-band echelle spectra for a young (∼10–15 Myr), luminous (MV∼−13.2) super-star cluster in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 6946. From spectral synthesis and equivalent width measurements we obtain for the first time accurate abundances and abundance patterns in an extragalactic super-star cluster. We find [Fe/H]=−0.45 ± 0.08 dex, an average α-enhancement of ≈+0.22 ± 0.1 dex, and a relatively low 12 C/13 C ≈ 8 ± 2 isotopic ratio. We also measure a velocity dispersion of ≈9.1 km s−1, in agreement with previous estimates. We conclude that integrated high-dispersion spectroscopy of massive star clusters is a promising alternative to other methods for abundance analysis in extragalactic young stellar populations.
Upper limits on the central black hole masses of 47 Tuc and NGC 6397 from radio continuum emission
Authors: De Rijcke S. , Buyle P. , Dejonghe H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe present upper limits on the masses of the putative central intermediate-mass black holes in two nearby Galactic globular clusters: 47 Tuc (NGC 104), the second brightest Galactic globular cluster, and NGC 6397, a core-collapse globular cluster and, with a distance of 2.7 kpc, quite possibly the nearest globular cluster. These upper limits are obtained using a technique suggested by T. Maccarone. These mass estimates have been derived from 3σ upper limits on the radio continuum flux at 1.4 GHz, assuming that the putative central black hole accretes the surrounding matter at a rate of between 0.1 and 1 per cent of the Bondi accretion rate. For 47 Tuc, we find a 3σ upper limit of 2060–670 M⊙, depending on the actual accretion rate of the black hole and the distance to 47 Tuc. For NGC 6397, which is closer to us, we derive a 3σ upper limit of 1290–390 M⊙. While estimating mass upper limits based on radio continuum observations requires making assumptions about the gas density and the accretion rate of the black hole, their derivation does not require complex and time-consuming dynamical modelling. Thus, this method offers an independent way of estimating black hole masses in nearby globular clusters. If, generally, central black holes in stellar systems accrete matter faster than 0.1 per cent of the Bondi accretion rate, then these results indicate the absence of black holes in these globular clusters with masses as predicted by the extrapolated M•–σc relation.
Metaphor in the Mind: The Cognition of Metaphor1
Authors: Camp Elisabeth 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe most sustained and innovative recent work on metaphor has occurred in cognitive science and psychology. Psycholinguistic investigation suggests that novel, poetic metaphors are processed differently than literal speech, while relatively conventionalized and contextually salient metaphors are processed more like literal speech. This conflicts with the view of “cognitive linguists” like George Lakoff that all or nearly all thought is essentially metaphorical. There are currently four main cognitive models of metaphor comprehension: juxtaposition, category‐transfer, feature‐matching, and structural alignment. Structural alignment deals best with the widest range of examples; but it still fails to account for the complexity and richness of fairly novel, poetic metaphors.
On Sense and Direct Reference*
Authors: Caplan Ben 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMillianism and Fregeanism agree that a sentence that contains a name expresses a structured proposition but disagree about whether that proposition contains the object that the name refers to (Millianism) or rather a mode of presentation of that object (Fregeanism). Various problems – about simple sentences, propositional‐attitude ascriptions, and sentences that contain empty names – beset each view. To solve these problems, Millianism can appeal to modes of presentation, and Fregeanism can appeal to objects. But this raises a further problem: namely, to explain why the proposition expressed by a sentence that contains a name matters in some cases but not in others.
Epitope Mapping of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 gH/gL Defines Distinct Antigenic Sites, Including Some Associated with Biological Function
Authors: Cairns Tina M. , Shaner Marie S. , Zuo Yi , Ponce-de-Leon Manuel , Baribaud Isabelle , Eisenberg Roselyn J. , Cohen Gary H. , Whitbeck J. Charles 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT
The gH/gL complex plays an essential role in virus entry and cell-cell spread of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Very few immunologic reagents were previously available to either identify important functional regions or gain information about structural features of this complex. Therefore, we generated and characterized a panel of 31 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against HSV type 2 (HSV-2) gH/gL. Fourteen MAbs bound to a conformation-dependent epitope of the gH2/gL2 complex, and all blocked virus spread. The other 17 MAbs recognized linear epitopes of gH (12) or gL (5). Interestingly, two of the gL MAbs and six of the gH MAbs were type common. Overlapping synthetic peptides were used to map MAbs against linear epitopes. These data, along with results of competition analyses and functional assays, assigned the MAbs to groups representing eight distinct antigenic sites on gH (I to VIII) and three sites on gL (A, B, and C). Of most importance, the MAbs with biological activity mapped either to site I of gH2 (amino acids 19 to 38) or to sites B and C of gL2 (residues 191 to 210). Thus, these MAbs constitute a novel set of reagents, including the first such reagents against gH2 and gL2 as well as some that recognize both serotypes of each protein. Several recognize important functional domains of gH2, gL2, or the complex. We suggest a common grouping scheme for all of the known MAbs against gH/gL of both HSV-1 and HSV-2.
Intranasal Vaccination with Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 against Human Papillomavirus Type 16 L1
Authors: Kuck Dirk , Lau Tobias , Leuchs Barbara , Kern Andrea , Müller Martin , Gissmann Lutz , Kleinschmidt Jürgen A. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have been developed and evaluated as recombinant vectors for gene therapy in many preclinical studies, as well as in clinical trials. However, only a few approaches have used recombinant AAV (rAAV) to deliver vaccine antigens. We generated an rAAV encoding the major capsid protein L1 (L1h) from the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16), aiming to develop a prophylactic vaccine against HPV16 infections, which are the major cause of cervical cancer in women worldwide. A single dose of rAAV5 L1h administered intranasally was sufficient to induce high titers of L1-specific serum antibodies, as well as mucosal antibodies in vaginal washes. Seroconversion was maintained for at least 1 year. In addition, a cellular immune response was still detectable 60 weeks after immunization. Furthermore, lyophilized rAAV5 L1h successfully evoked a systemic and mucosal immune response in mice. These data clearly show the efficacy of a single-dose intranasal immunization against HPV16 based on the recombinant rAAV5L1h vector without the need of an adjuvant.
Suppression of Viral RNA Recombination by a Host Exoribonuclease
Authors: Cheng Chi-Ping , Serviene Elena , Nagy Peter D. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT

RNA viruses of humans, animals, and plants evolve rapidly due to mutations and RNA recombination. A previous genome-wide screen in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, a model host, identified five host genes, including
XRN1
, encoding a 5′-3′ exoribonuclease, whose absence led to an ∼10- to 50-fold enhancement of RNA recombination in
Tomato bushy stunt virus
(E. Serviene, N. Shapka, C. P. Cheng, T. Panavas, B. Phuangrat, J. Baker, and P. D. Nagy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
102:
10545-10550, 2005). In this study, we found abundant 5′-truncated viral RNAs in
xrn1Δ
mutant strains but not in the parental yeast strains, suggesting that these RNAs might serve as recombination substrates promoting RNA recombination in
xrn1Δ
mutant yeast. This model is supported by data showing that an enhanced level of viral recombinant accumulation occurred when two different 5′-truncated viral RNAs were expressed in the parental and
xrn1Δ
mutant yeast strains or electroporated into plant protoplasts. Moreover, we demonstrate that purified Xrn1p can degrade the 5′-truncated viral RNAs in vitro. Based on these findings, we propose that Xrn1p can suppress viral RNA recombination by rapidly removing the 5′-truncated RNAs, the substrates of recombination, and thus reducing the chance for recombination to occur in the parental yeast strain. In addition, we show that the 5′-truncated viral RNAs are generated by host endoribonucleases. Accordingly, overexpression of the Ngl2p endoribonuclease led to an increased accumulation of cleaved viral RNAs in vivo and in vitro. Altogether, this paper establishes that host ribonucleases and host-mediated viral RNA turnover play major roles in RNA virus recombination and evolution.
Inhibition of Interferon Signaling by Rabies Virus Phosphoprotein P: Activation-Dependent Binding of STAT1 and STAT2
Authors: Brzózka Krzysztof , Finke Stefan , Conzelmann Karl-Klaus 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT

Rabies virus (RV) phosphoprotein P is an interferon (IFN) antagonist counteracting transcriptional activation of type I IFN (K. Brzózka, S. Finke, and K. K. Conzelmann, J. Virol
79:
7673-7681, 2005). We here show that RV P in addition is responsible for preventing IFN-α/β- and IFN-γ-stimulated JAK-STAT signaling in RV-infected cells by the retention of activated STATs in the cytoplasm. Expression of IFN-stimulated response element- and gamma-activated sequence-controlled genes was severely impaired in cells infected with RV SAD L16 or in cells expressing RV P protein from transfected plasmids. In contrast, a recombinant RV expressing small amounts of P had lost the ability to interfere with JAK-STAT signaling. IFN-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 was not impaired in RV P-expressing cells; rather, a defect in STAT recycling was suggested by distinct accumulation of tyrosine-phosphorylated STATs in cell extracts. In the presence of P, activated STAT1 and STAT2 were unable to accumulate in the nucleus. Notably, STAT1 and STAT2 were coprecipitated with RV P only from extracts of cells previously stimulated with IFN-α or IFN-γ, whereas in nonstimulated cells no association of P with STATs was observed. This conditional, IFN activation-dependent binding of tyrosine-phosphorylated STATs by RV P is unique for a viral IFN antagonist. The 10 C-terminal residues of P are required for counteracting JAK-STAT signaling but not for inhibition of transcriptional activation of IFN-β, thus demonstrating two independent functions of RV P in counteracting the host's IFN response.
Annexin 2: a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Binding Protein Involved in Replication in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages
Authors: Ryzhova Elena V. , Vos Robin M. , Albright Andrew V. , Harrist Alexia V. , Harvey Thomas , González-Scarano Francisco 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in the major natural target cells, CD4
+
T lymphocytes and macrophages, is parallel in many aspects of the virus life cycle. However, it differs as to viral assembly and budding, which take place on plasma membranes in T cells and on endosomal membranes in macrophages. It has been postulated that cell type-specific host factors may aid in directing viral assembly to distinct destinations. In this study we defined annexin 2 (Anx2) as a novel HIV Gag binding partner in macrophages. Anx2-Gag binding was confined to productively infected macrophages and was not detected in quiescently infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in which an HIV replication block was mapped to the late stages of the viral life cycle (A. V. Albright, R. M. Vos, and F. Gonzalez-Scarano, Virology 325:328-339, 2004). We demonstrate that the Anx2-Gag interaction likely occurs at the limiting membranes of late endosomes/multivesicular bodies and that Anx2 depletion is associated with a significant decline in the infectivity of released virions; this coincided with incomplete Gag processing and inefficient incorporation of CD63. Cumulatively, our data suggest that Anx2 is essential for the proper assembly of HIV in MDM.