bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of dermatologists who read dermatopathology slides
Authors: Brauer Jeremy A. , Shin Daniel B. , Troxel Andrea B. , Shapiro Michael , Levy Ross M. , Ming Michael E. 
Published: December 2006

Background:  The characteristics and prevalence of dermatologists reading dermatopathology slides are not well understood.Methods:  We surveyed 1406 members of the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), including all 497 who were also members of the American Society of Dermatopathology (ASDP) along with a random sample of the remaining AAD members who were not ASDP members. Seven hundred and thirty of 1406 (51.9%) responded with a usable survey. Logistic regression was used to analyze responses by ASDP member dermatologists, non‐ASDP member dermatologists and in a weighted analysis for dermatologists as a whole.Results:  A total of 32.7% of dermatologists as a whole generated at least one final microscopic diagnosis in the preceding year. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that men were significantly more likely to read dermatopathology slides (odds ratio (OR) = 1.90; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–3.12; p = 0.01). Additionally, there was significant variation by region (p < 0.001); compared with dermatologists in the Midwest, dermatologists in the Southeast (OR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.19–0.80) were significantly less likely to read slides, while those in the Mountain (OR = 3.09; 95% CI 1.10–8.72) and West (OR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.04–3.90) regions were significantly more likely. There were no significant associations found between reading slides and the year of residency completion, the number of patients seen per week or being primarily in academics.Conclusions:  The practice of dermatologists reading dermatopathology slides is relatively common, with significant regional and sex differences.
Expression of Cytochromes P450 3A and P‐Glycoprotein in Human Large Intestinse in Paired Tumour and Normal Samples
Authors: Canaparo Roberto , Nordmark Anna , Finnström Niklas , Lundgren Stefan , Seidegård Janeric , Jeppsson Bengt , Edwards Robert J. , Boobis Alan R. , Rane Anders 
Published: December 2006

Abstract: Our objective was to investigate the expression of different cytochromes P450 3A (CYP3A4,CYP3A5, andCYP3A7)andP‐glycoprotein (ABCB1) genes along the human large intestine in paired tumour and normal samples. Real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction was used to measureCYP3A4‐,CYP3A5‐,CYP3A7‐ andABCB1‐specific mRNA expression, and Western blot analysis was used to measure membrane protein levels of CYP3A4/7, CYP3A5 and P‐glycoprotein. Levels of mRNA and membrane protein fractions in the large intestine were compared with those of normal human liver. The mRNA expressions ofCYP3A4,CYP3A5,CYP3A7andABCB1in the large intestine were found to be highly variable, but overall the levels were significantly lower than those measured in liver (P < 0.0001,P < 0.001,P < 0.0001 andP < 0.01, respectively). At the membrane protein level, CYP3A4/7 was detected in all large intestine samples examined and the levels were substantially higher than those of the liver (P < 0.01). Although expression of CYP3A5 was detected in all large intestine samples, in most the levels were too low to allow quantification. P‐glycoprotein was readily detected at levels slightly higher than those of liver (P < 0.05). Comparison between paired samples of normal and tumour in large intestine showed no significant differences in either the mRNA or membrane protein levels of these genes. In conclusion, this work suggests a potential role of the large intestine in the absorption and metabolism of xenobiotics and nutrients and no difference in the CYP3A and P‐glycoprotein membrane protein fractions and mRNA expression between normal and tumour tissues.
Asparagine in plants
Authors: Lea P.J. , Sodek L. , Parry M.A.J. , Shewry P.R. , Halford N.G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInterest in plant asparagine has rapidly taken off over the past 5 years following the report that acrylamide, a neurotoxin and potential carcinogen, is present in cooked foods, particularly carbohydrate‐rich foods such as wheat and potatoes which are subjected to roasting, baking or frying at high temperatures. Subsequent studies showed that acrylamide could be formed in foods by the thermal degradation of free asparagine in the presence of sugars in the Maillard reaction. In this article, our current knowledge of asparagine in plants and in particular its occurrence in cereal seeds and potatoes is reviewed and discussed in relation to acrylamide formation. There is now clear evidence that soluble asparagine accumulates in most if not all plant organs during periods of low rates of protein synthesis and a plentiful supply of reduced nitrogen. The accumulation of asparagine occurs during normal physiological processes such as seed germination and nitrogen transport. However, in addition, stress‐induced asparagine accumulation can be caused by mineral deficiencies, drought, salt, toxic metals and pathogen attack. The properties and gene regulation of the enzymes involved in asparagine synthesis and breakdown in plants are discussed in detail.
A PATHOLOGIST'S ODYSSEY
Authors: Karnovsky Morris J. 
Published: December 2006

I am honored to write the prefatory chapter for the inaugural volume of the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. This publishing venture signals that pathology takes its rightful place alongside the other biomedical sciences.I thought it may be of interest to some to delineate how a circuitous path led me into a career in experimental pathology and to give some of the flavor of a past era in experimental approaches. Thus, my title.
Combination therapy with IFN-α plus bortezomib induces apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis in human bladder cancer cells
Authors: Papageorgiou Angela , Kamat Ashish , Benedict William F. , Dinney Colin , McConkey David J. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
In a recent study, we showed that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib sensitizes human bladder cancer cells to IFN-induced cell death. Here, we characterized the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumoral effects of the combination in more detail. Bortezomib synergized with IFN-α to promote apoptosis via a tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand–associated mechanism but did not inhibit production of proangiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and interleukin-8) in human UM-UC-5 cells. In contrast, exposure to the combination did not increase the levels of apoptosis in human UM-UC-3 cells but did inhibit the production of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Studies with tumor xenografts confirmed that combination therapy with bortezomib plus IFN-α was effective in both models but that the effects were associated with differential effects on tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand–associated apoptosis (predominant in UM-UC-5) versus inhibition of angiogenesis (predominant in UM-UC-3). Together, our results show that combination therapy with IFN-α plus bortezomib is effective but can work via different mechanisms (apoptosis versus angiogenesis inhibition) in preclinical models of human bladder cancer. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(12):3032–41]
RNA interference–mediated simultaneous down-regulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and cathepsin B induces caspase-8–mediated apoptosis in SNB19 human glioma cells
Authors: Gondi Christopher S. , Kandhukuri Neelima , Kondraganti Shakuntala , Gujrati Meena , Olivero William C. , Dinh Dzung H. , Rao Jasti S. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The invasive character of gliomas depends on proteolytic cleavage of the surrounding extracellular matrix. Cathepsin B and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) together are known to be overexpressed in gliomas and, as such, are attractive targets for gene therapy. In the present study, we used plasmid constructs to induce the RNA interference (RNAi)–mediated down-regulation of uPAR and cathepsin B in SNB19 human glioma cells. We observed that the simultaneous down-regulation of uPAR and cathepsin B induces the up-regulation of proapoptotic genes and initiates a collapse in mitochondrial Δψ. Cathepsin B and uPAR down-regulated cells showed increases in the expression of activated caspase-8 and DFF40/caspase-activated DNase. Nuclear translocation of AIF and Fas ligand translocation to the cell membrane were also observed. Ki67 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein levels decreased, thereby indicating apoptosis. These results suggest the involvement of uPAR-cathepsin B complex on the cell surface and its role in maintaining the viability of SNB19 glioma cells. In conclusion, RNAi-mediated down-regulation of uPAR and cathepsin B initiates a partial extrinsic apoptotic cascade accompanied by the nuclear translocation of AIF. Our study shows the potential of RNAi-mediated down-regulation of uPAR and cathepsin B in developing new therapeutics for gliomas. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(12):3197–208]
Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 prevents melanoma development and promotes melanoma regression in the transgenic TPRas mouse model
Authors: Bedogni Barbara , Welford Scott M. , Kwan Andrea C. , Ranger-Moore James , Saboda Kathylynn , Powell Marianne Broome 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A number of human melanomas show hyperactivation of the Ras pathway due to mutations of the molecule or alteration of upstream or downstream effectors. In this study, we evaluated the effect of blocking the two Ras downstream pathways phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt and Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal–regulated kinase on melanoma development and regression in the TPRas mouse model. The inhibition of these two signaling cascades by topically applied Ly294002 and U0126 significantly delayed melanoma development and significantly decreased the tumor incidence, particularly when the drugs were applied in combination. Treatment with the inhibitors of established melanomas resulted in complete remission in 33% of mice and partial regression in 46% of mice when drugs were delivered in combination. These responses correlated with increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation both in vitro and in vivo and reduced tumor angiogenesis. In conclusion, this study strongly supports the role of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt and Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal–regulated kinase pathways in the development and maintenance of Ras-dependent melanomas and supports the notion that specific inhibition of these effectors may represent a very promising avenue for the treatment and prevention of the disease. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(12):3071–7]
Influence of small interfering RNA corresponding to ets homologous factor on senescence-associated modulation of prostate carcinogenesis
Authors: Park Chaehwa , Lee Inkyoung , Kang Won Ki 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Senescence is thought to be an inherent tumor-suppressive mechanism. In the process of identifying senescence-associated genes, we found significant suppression of the ets homologous factor (EHF) in cancer cells in a state of DNA damage–induced senescence. In this study, we show that EHF provides substantial drug resistance in PC-3 prostate cancer cells by inhibiting senescence and cell cycle arrest. Knockdown of EHF by small interfering RNA inhibited cell proliferation and induced a premature cellular senescence characterized by hypophosphorylation of Rb and increased level of p27, with concomitant decreases of cyclin A, cdc2, and E2F1. Telomeric repeat amplification protocol analysis showed that transient EHF knockdown significantly decreased telomerase activity, whereas this activity was increased by overexpression of EHF. In vivo tumorigenesis analyses revealed that tumors derived from EHF knockdown cells were significantly smaller than those derived from control cells (P &lt; 0.0001). Further, the preestablished tumors were reduced after the injection of small interfering RNA corresponding to EHF (P = 0.0122). Collectively, these observations indicate that aberrant expression of EHF and the subsequent disruption of p27-mediated senescence and telomerase activity is likely to contribute significantly to tumor progression, and furthermore that EHF might be a promising target for future cancer therapeutics. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(12):3191–6]
Acute First-Time Hamstring Strains during High-Speed Running
Authors: Askling Carl M. , Tengvar Magnus , Saartok Tönu , Thorstensson Alf 
Published: December 2006

Background Hamstring muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in sports. Still, knowledge is limited about the progression of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics and their association with recovery time in athletes. Hypothesis Knowing the anatomical location and extent of an acute first-time hamstring strain in athletes is critical for the prognosis of recovery time. Study Design Case series (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Eighteen elite sprinters with acute first-time hamstring strains were prospectively included in the study. All subjects were examined, clinically and with magnetic resonance imaging, on 4 occasions after injury: at day 2 to 4, 10, 21, and 42. The clinical follow-up period was 2 years. Results All sprinters were injured during competitive sprinting, and the primary injuries were all located in the long head of the biceps femoris muscle. There was an association between the time to return to pre-injury level (median, 16; range, 6-50 weeks) and the extent of the injury, as indicated by the magnetic resonance imaging parameters. Involvement of the proximal free tendon, as estimated by MRI, and proximity to the ischial tuberosity, as estimated both by palpation and magnetic resonance imaging, were associated with longer time to return to pre-injury level. Conclusion Careful palpation during the first 3 weeks after injury and magnetic resonance imaging investigation performed during the first 6 weeks after injury provide valuable information that can be used to predict the time to return to pre-injury level of performance in elite sprinting.
Herod Antipas in Galilee: Friend or Foe of the Historical Jesus?
Authors: Jensen Morten 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe quest for the secrets of first-century Galilee has recently attracted much intense interest, fuelling not least the occasionally heated debate about the cultural and socio-economic setting of the historical Jesus. Interest centres in particular on Herod Antipas’ impact on the region’s socio-economic stability. Was he good or bad news for the ordinary rural peasant population, and did his urbanization pro-gramme critically impact on Jesus and his movement? No consensus has been reached regarding this and similar questions, and Antipas is presently promoted as the key figure in conflicting views of first-century Galilee as either enjoying good and stable conditions, or subject to heavy economic pressure aggravating indebt-edness and tenancy. Surprisingly, the reign of Antipas has only been treated cur-sorily, with Harold Hoehner’s dissertation from 1972 being the one exception, since when intense archaeological activity has produced much new insight on ancient Galilee. Building on a larger study, this article therefore explores the sources, both literary and archaeological, of Antipas’ reign with a view to deter-mining its socio-economic consequences. It will be argued that Antipas’ impact on early first-century Galilee was probably more moderate than often assumed by scholars of the historical Jesus.
Integration of Motor Imagery and Physical Practice in Group Treatment Applied to Subjects With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Tamir Ruth , Dickstein Ruth , Huberman Moshe 
Published: December 2006

Background and Purpose. The application of motor imagery practice in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a novel treatment approach for improving motor function. The purpose of this study was to compare group treatment using a combination of physical and motor imagery practice with group treatment using only physical practice in subjects with PD. Methods. Of 23 patients with idiopathic PD, 12 received combined therapy, whereas 11 received physical therapy alone. Exercises for both groups were applied during 1-h sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks. Comparable motor tasks provided to both groups included callisthenic exercises, functional tasks, and relaxation exercises. However, the experimental group was treated with both imagery and real practice, whereas the control group received only physical exercises. Outcome measures included the time required to complete sequences of movements, the performance of balance tasks, impairment and functional scores on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and specific cognitive abilities (Stroop and clock drawing tests). Results. Following the intervention, the combined treatment group exhibited significantly faster performance of movement sequences than the control group. In addition, the experimental subjects demonstrated higher gains in the mental and motor subsets of the UPDRS and in the cognitive tests. Both groups improved on the activities of daily living scale. Conclusions. The combination of motor imagery and real practice may be effective in the treatment of PD, especially for reducing bradykinesia. The implementation of this treatment regimen allows for the extension of practice time with negligible risk and low cost.
The Evolution of Walking-Related Outcomes Over the First 12 Weeks of Rehabilitation for Incomplete Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: The Multicenter Randomized Spinal Cord Injury Locomotor Trial
Authors: Dobkin B. , Barbeau H. , Deforge D. , Ditunno J. , Elashoff R. , Apple D. , Basso M. , Behrman A. , Fugate L. , Harkema S. , Saulino M. , Scott M. , Trial Group the Spinal Cord Injury Locomotor 
Published: December 2006

Background. The Spinal Cord Injury Locomotor Trial (SCILT) compared 12 weeks of step training with body weight support on a treadmill (BWSTT) that included overground practice to a defined but more conventional overground mobility intervention (CONT) in patients with incomplete traumatic SCI within 8 weeks of onset. No previous studies have reported walking-related outcomes during rehabilitation. Methods. This single-blinded, randomized trial entered 107 American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) C and D patients and 38 ASIA B patients with lesions between C5 and L3 who were unable to walk on admission for rehabilitation. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM-L) for walking, 15-m walking speed, and lower extremity motor score (LEMS) were collected every 2 weeks. Results. No significant differences were found at entry and during the treatment phase (12-week mean FIM-L = 5, velocity = 0.8 m/s, LEMS = 35, distance walked in 6 min = 250 m). Combining the 2 arms, a FIM-L ≥ 4 was achieved in < 10% of ASIA B patients, 92% of ASIA C patients, and all of ASIA D patients. Walking speed of ≥ 0.6 m/s correlated with a LEMS near 40 or higher. Conclusions. Few ASIA B and most ASIA C and D patients achieved functional walking ability by the end of 12 weeks of BWSTT and CONT, consistent with the primary outcome data at 6 months. Walking-related measures assessed at 2-week intervals reveal that time after SCI is an important variable for entering patients into a trial with mobility outcomes. By about 6 weeks after entry, most patients who will recover have improved their FIM-L to >3 and are improving in walking speed. Future trials may reduce the number needed to treat by entering patients with FIM-L < 4 at > 8 weeks after onset if still graded ASIA B and at > 12 weeks if still ASIA C.
Die Berechnung kristallchemischer Strukturformeln von 2:1-Schichtsilikaten unter Berücksichtigung der gemessenen Zwischenschichtladungen und Kationenumtauschkapazitäten, sowie die Darstellung der Ladungsverteilung in der Struktur mittels Dreieckskoordinaten
Authors: Köster Heinrich Martin 
Published: December 2006

ZusammenfassungDie kristallchemischen Strukturformeln von 2:1-Schichtsilikaten werden unter Voraussetzung der idealen Struktur mit 22 negativen Ladungen von 10 Sauerstoffen und 2 Hydroxylgruppen berechnet. Für die Verteilung der 22 Kationenladungen auf Tetraeder-, Oktaeder- und Zwischenschichtpositionen werden unter Berücksichtigung der direkt gemessenen Zwischenschichtladungen (Lagaly & Weiss 1971) bzw. Kationenumtauschkapazitäten Voraussetzungen und Berechnungsregeln angegeben. Als Beispiele werden die Formeln eines Glaukonits und eines Nontronits berechnet.Die Verteilung der Kationenladungen in der Kristallstruktur von 2:1-Schichtsilikaten wird am besten in einem Dreiecksdiagramm mit den Ecken Pyrophyllit-Seladonit-Muskowit dargestellt. Jeder Punkt im Dreieck stellt die gesamte Kationenladung in der Formeleinheit gleich 22 dar. Es ist die Summe der Ladungen aus Tetraeder-, Oktaeder- und Zwischenschichtkationen.
Transient scattering studies on crocidolite suspensions
Authors: Jennings B. R. , Bhanot M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractElectric fields were imposed on aqueous suspensions of the rigid asymmetric particles of crocidolite. Orientational order resulted in the field and the intensity of the light scattered by the medium changed. Such intensity changes were recorded for pulsed electric fields of up to 500 V cm−1 amplitude and 1·5 kHz frequency. When combined with data for the scattered intensity prior to the application of the field, the average particle mass (8 × 10−15 g), length of the rod-like particles (1·3 µm), rotary diffusion coefficient (2·4 s−1) and electrical polarizability (22 × 10−29 Fm2) were all evaluated for this sample. The relationship of the polarizability to the electric double layer structure of the sols is briefly discussed. The transient scattering method offers a reliable and rapid means of characterizing mineral sols.
Essai d'etude structurale de phyllosilicates suivant la normale aux feuillets a l'aide de la diffraction electronique
Authors: Eberhart J. P. , Haehnel C. , Ehret G. 
Published: December 2006

RésuméAssociée à une méthode de coupes minces effectuées normalement aux feuillets, la microscopie électronique permet de visualiser les feuillets avec ses différentes couches. Mais sa résolution, limitée à 2 ou 3 Å, ne permet pas d'étude structurale véritable.Le diagramme de diffraction électronique 001 contient théoriquement toutes les informations sur la structure suivant la normale aux feuillets. Mais étant donné l'épaisseur relativement élevée des préparations, l'effet dynamique rend l'interprétation difficile. Les auteurs ont testé la méthode sur un mica, muscovite, phyllosilicate particulièrement bien cristallisé. En utilisant comme étalons des cristallites de NaCl, de même aisseur éaisseur équivalente, ils ont pu montrer que l'approximation de la théorie dynamique à deux faisceaux éait valable. En comparant à des résultats obtenus par traitement thermique, ils ont pu mettre en évidence une rapide déshydroxylation et un départ du potassium sous l'effet du bombardement électronique dans le microscope.