bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil Recovery With MERCO Fluids
Authors: Klins M. A. , Ireland M. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The major objective of this study was to evaluate a new fluid injection scheme for recovering tertiary oil. These fluids, developed by the Molecular Energy Research Company (MERCO), appear to be composed primarily of sodium silicate and ammonia as well as other undisclosed, unidentified additives.
In particular, a series of core flood experiments were conducted along with various fluid property measurements. Two of the MERCO fluids were tested with Delaware–Childers crude oil (35°API), two others with Bakersfield crude oil (15°API). Prior to tertiary flooding the cores were water-flooded with sodium chloride brine.
Recoveries for the Delaware–Childers floods using a continuous injection of Merco of Si-Na (NH2CONH2) fluids recovered from 3.9 to 35.4% of the tertiary oil. Oil response increased as the flooding rate increased from 1 to 5 ft/d. Much of this recovery could be credited to the gas drive created when the hydrogen peroxide used in the tertiary fluid decomposed in the core. Floods utilizing hydrogen peroxide alone recovered 6.4 to 20.5% of the tertiary oil and showed the same rate dependence .
The core floods conducted with Bakersfield crude oil and slugs of C–4–L and C–8–5 test fluids chased by polymer had recoveries ranging from 14.3 to 18.8% of the tertiary oil in place. Recoveries with C–4–L increased as slug size was increased from 1.6 to 10.0% of the pore volume, while C–8–5 flooded cores showed no change in recovery. Most of this recovery was attributable to the polymer buffer used for mobility control. Polymer injection alone recovered 14.1% of the tertiary oil.
Crude oil – aqueous phase interfacial tensions were reduced 58 to 92 percent with the MERCO fluids. This is not enough to significantly alter recovery. The MERCO type fluids were also able to break water–oil emulsions more quickly than gravity alone. However, a commercial demulsifier was much more efficient than any of the MERCO fluids tested for this oil–water system.
Foamed Anhydrous Methanol Stimulation
Authors: Craighead M. S. , Hossaini Mohammad , Watson R. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Laboratory studies have indicated that foamed anhydrous methanol may be an effective stimulation technique for the sands and shales of the Appalachian Basin and the Eastern Overthrust Belt. These formations are characterized by low pressures, low permeabilities, and sensitivity to injected water. Conventional aqueous fracturing foams pumped into these formations result in fluid retention, clay swelling, and migration, along with capillary pore blockage. To forego such problems, some operators instead pump strictly nitrogen (N2) gas or liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) as the stimulation fluid. Such treatments minimize formation damage but are incapable of transporting appreciable quantities of proppant for the created fractures. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine a more effective stimulation fluid. Results indicate that foamed anhydrous methanol may be such a fluid because it is nonaqueous and capable of transporting proppant.
The Application of Manufactured Proppants in Moderately Permeable Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Norman M. E. , Cipolla C. L. , Webb M. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An analysis is made to determine the effectiveness of new manufactured proppants as compared to sand in a variety of moderately permeable oil reservoirs. Results of laboratory tests on permeability, conductivity, crush resistance and physical properties of sand and manufactured proppants are presented. The technical and economic aspects concerning the application of these proppants in oil well fracturing is explored. This is accomplished through the use of a reservoir simulator and a fracture design program. Oil producing formations between 4,000 feet and 10,000 feet having effective permeabilities between 0.10 md and 10 md are simulated. The simulations indicate that production and optimal hydraulic fracture design can be substantially improved in the higher permeability cases by using high performance manufactured proppants. Economic analysis indicates that the incremental present value obtained by fracturing can be increased by using a high performance proppant, even though proppant costs are increased.
The impact of conductivity damage and embedment are also studied with the simulator. It is shown that the affect of these factors on fractured well performance is reduced through the use of high performance manufactured proppants.
The combined results of the simulations indicate that some of the new proppants can be technically and economically effective in improving well productivity in a variety of oil well applications.
South East Asia in a Changing Oil World
Authors: Meloe Tor 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Economic growth in South East Asia accelerated in the past ten years. But a period of adjustment lies ahead, as it does for most of the Third World countries. Escalation of oil prices has slowed expansion of world oil demand and encouraged major consuming countries to switch to alternate fuels and to seek diversification of supplies in the interest of energy independence. Petroleum sales in Japan, the major outlet for oil exports from South East Asia, have stagnated, but exports to the United States offer a substantial alternate market as future domestic supply in that country falls off. By the year 2000, petroleum imports into the United States may total over 10 million barrels daily, double the level of 1982, if U.S. oil production declines as forecast. Greater penetration of this market by South East Asian producers may require a re-orientation of marketing strategies.
South East Asia: has an Activity Plateau Been Reached?
Authors: Keplinger H. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
South East Asia is now preparing for one of the greatest periods of exploration activity in its history. Next to the United States, it will be the second largest area for new well activity in the world. Many are excited about the prospects because of some recent successes and because so little seismic activity has been done throughout the area.
If there is any plateau, it should only be considered as occurring for a brief period and due primarily to the worldwide recession and the lack of capital for investment. This problem has been shared by many other developing countries all over the world. As a result, many energy development plans have not undertaken as planned in South East Asia. However, overall exploration and rig activity has been stable during the last year. The results have been encouraging with finds in the South China Sea and the North West Shelf of Australia.
As a result of the push to develop their own energy sources, these countries will become prime areas for new investment. The energy investment needs will be substantial. Petroleum exploration and development may require as much as $28.2 billion in annual expenditures by 1990. (Ref 1)
Automated Production Control in Arun Gas Field
Authors: Scholz Warren E. , Aspoor Safri P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the objectives, equipment and functions of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system installed by Mobil Oil Indonesia (MOI) during the first half of 1983.
The SCADA system provides operations, management, and engineering personnel with various applications of automatic production control such as production reports, field and cluster status, and flow calculations.
This paper concludes with a discussion of the particular benefits gained by MOI in the Arun Field as well as the features of the SCADA system which make it a potential model for similar systems throughout the petroleum industry.
The Development of a Highly-Integrated Offshore Oil and Gas Production System in the North Sea
Authors: Holding John 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper covers a description of the evolvement and of the technical details of a highly-integrated offshore oil and gas oroduction system. The technical aspects of the specific oil and gas processing systems, which are located in the Danish sector of the North Sea, are the main areas covered by this paper. The intent of the original oil field establishment which is now some 11 years old, recent developments of other oil and gas fields, and a description of the offshore production capabilities for handling future fields, are presented herein. The aim is to show how significant offshore process integration of independent oil and gas fields has been achieved.
Malaysian Custody Transfer Metering Philosophy
Authors: Danir Nusral Bin 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Custody transfer metering is part and parcel of the petroleum production operations. Every cubic metre of hydrocarbon produced has to be accurately measured. Measurement systems in the oil and gas industry have developed rapidly in terms of sophistication and usage of modern technology and Malaysia has to keep abreast of this development to ensure not only the accuracy of measurement, but also the reliability and accountability of the measurement systems.
A Review of Well Log Interpretation Techniques for Carbonate Reservoirs of South-East Asia
Authors: Cooke-Yarborough P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Carbonate reservoirs, particularly those of Tertiary age, contribute significantly to South-East Asia's oil and gas production. There is considerable potential for more carbonate fields to be discovered in the future, because much of the region is still under-explored. Well logs recorded in these formations con, in many cases, be very difficult to interpret. Limestones and dolomites are hydrocarbon-bearing in Indonesia and the Philippines, as well as having good potential for hydrocarbon reservoirs around the fringes of the Indian and Australian land masses. Specific examples of recent well logging problems and their passible solutions ere drawn from these areas.
The choice of optimum well logging suites, to maximise the amount of petrophysicol information obtained from the carbonates, is discussed with some of the new, as well as the traditional, interpretation techniques, used in many other areas of the world. Some recent advances in logging tool technology are featured, and a variety of interpretation techniques are shown to have good applications, particularly natural gamma ray spectroscopy and formation testing by wireline methods. Much of this advance has been in the last five years, in large part due to the advent of digital computer wellsite recording. Methods to identify fractures and permeability indication techniques are reviewed, as well as potential uses of dip tools.
Structural Development and Hydrocarbon Entrapment in the Surma Basin/Bangladesh (Northwest Indo Burman Fold Belt)
Authors: Hiller K , Elahi M 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Surma Basin in the Northeast of Bangladesh is a proven Miocene Gasprovince and was structurally stamped by the contemporaneous interference of two major tectonic movements, ie. the emerging Shillong Massif in the North and the West-progroding mobile Indo-Burman Fold Belt. Basin relief, structural elements, growth and style as well as geochemical data with respect to hydrocarbons, source rocks and maturity are discussed. Related to the clear cut pre- and post-early Pliocene situation, change of migration pattern and coincidence between hydrocarbon generation, migration, accumulation and trap growth are analysed. Finally, the further prospectivity of the Surma Basin is commented upon.
Reservoir Compaction and Surface Subsidence in the Central Luconia Gas Bearing Carbonates, Offshore Sarawak, East Malaysia
Authors: van Ditzhuijzen P. J. D. , de waal J. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the Central Luconia area, offshore Sarawak, substantial gas reserves are present in Miocene carbonate buildups. The carbonates consist of limestones and dolomites with porosities ranging from 0 to 40 percent. From core analysis it became evident that there exists a potential problem with regard to the compaction of the carbonate reservoir matrix as a result of effective stress increase as the reservoirs are depleted. Triaxial compaction tests were carried out on core samples from several carbonate reservoirs. It was found that highly porous mouldic limestones show pore collapse at relatively low effective stresses. After pore collapse the uniaxial compressibility coefficient increases significantly.
Reservoir compressibility parameters can be derived from core data, for collapsing as well as non-collapsing rocks. These can be used to calculate reservoir compaction from well logs for o particular pressure decline. An estimate of the expected surface subsidence can be made based on the theory of poro-elasticity and the nucleus of strain concept as described by Geertsma. Predicted subsidence figures have been taken into account in platform design.
The gas reservoirs have large aquifers within the carbonate buildups. As these aquifers have not all been fully appraised, there exists some uncertainty concerning their actual compaction behaviour.
Application of Jack-Up Rigs to Offshore Porduction
Authors: Harrail J. W. , Boon B. , Worley M. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper discusses the application of self-elevating platforms (jack-up rigs) to offshore production.
Particular emphasis is placed on South East Asia, where marginal field development of short life fields in relatively shallow water depth is a prime consideration.
Cost comparison between a jack-up rig and a fixed platform are discussed using an actual estimate of installed costs for σ specific field development. The technical features and limitations of the jack-up rig are also dealt with.
The Experimental Study on the Seakeeping and Capsizing of Self-Elevating Drilling Platforms
Authors: Tiecheng Feng , Shangsan Yu , Limin Dai 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Self-elevating drilling platform is one of the types of offshore drilling units. In this paper, we describe briefly the problems regarding motion and shipping water on deck of platforms in waves. The causes of capsizing of a damaged platform are investigated by experiment, in which the ocean environments are simulated in the towing tank, and various influences of wave height, motions of the platform, damaged tank and shipping water on capsizing have been analysed.
The suggestion and conclusions on the seakeeping and the capsizing of platforms presented in the paper can be used in the design of platforms and operations under tow.
Feasibility Study: Pressure Maintenance of E-22 Reservoir, Ardjuna Field – Offshore Northwest Java
Authors: Harjadiwinangun Rukmana 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a feasibility study for pressure maintenance in the E-22 reservoir of the Ardjuna Field, Offshore Northwest Java. Results of a black-oil reservoir simulation study have been used as the basis for evaluation of pressure maintenance project alternatives.
Various operating schemes have been examined for their efficiencies in terms of recovery and cost. Alternatives considered are: 1) continued natural depletion, 2) gas injection, 3) water injection, and 4) simultaneous injection of gas and water. Production is derived from a combination of gas cap expansion, gravity drainage, solution gas drive, and water influx. The study concludes that gas injection into the gas cap will be the most efficient pressure maintenance program. Water injection only and/or simultaneous injection of gas and water would be either less efficient or economically unattractive.
An Experimental Study Of Linear Unsteady State Gas Flow Through Low Permeability Porous Media
Authors: Millheim Keith , Menzie D.E. 
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved
This paper was to be presented at the 40th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Denver, Colorado, October 3–6, 1965, and is considered to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of the Journal of Petroleum Technology or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract elsewhere after publication in the Journal of Petroleum Technology or Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study of linear unsteady state gas flow through a low permeability porous medium. Results of a series of controlled tests indicate that a steady state approximation technique for the solution of linear unsteady state gas flow is the most accurate and convenient method. s tests confirm the validity of using finite difference equations for solving the nonlinear partial differential equation for the unsteady state gas flow. Also the results these tests indicate that the modified solution of the partial differential equation relating slightly compressible fluid flow does not represent gas flow in a low permeability porous medium.

Introduction
The investigation of unsteady state gas flow has been restricted almost entirely to mathematical analysis. Basically, there are three types of solutions which approximate gas flow:
The first method is a modified solution of the differential equation representing slightly compressible fluid flow. Certain critical assumptions are used to force the liquid solutions to exemplify gas flow. For the second type of solution, finite difference equations are used to represent and solve the non-linear partial differential equation for gas flow. The most recent analysis of transient gas flow involves forcing the steady state flow equation for gas to predict pressure decay with time.
Since all three types of analyses are not true solutions to the differential equation relating gas flow in porous media, they are restricted to certain limiting assumptions and methods of calculation. For example, method number one has the limitation that small pressure drawdowns must occur in the reservoir. In the case of low permeability formations, this is almost an impossibility.
A Parametric Evaluation of Steam Followed by Water Process for Heavy and Light Oils
Authors: Huang W S , Hermes C E 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A commercial reservoir simulator capable of simulating operational changes in a steam flood was used to investigate the effect of steam slug size, water injection temperature, water injection rate and pattern lifting capacity in converting from steam to water injection. Inverted seven-spot and five-spot patterns were used for heavy oils and light oils reservoirs, respectively. The optimum steam slug size which is dependent on the injection, production and reservoir parameters was determined for both the heavy and light oil reservoir cases based on economic studies for realizing the maximum revenue on a project.
A Reliability Approach for Design and Evaluation of Offshore Structures
Authors: Chen Y N , Takla R M , Jan H Y 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper is intended to discuss the basic issues involved in structural reliability in conjunction with a limit state approach for design and analysis of offshore structures. Emphasis will be placed on a systematic semiprobabilistic approach suitable for strength evaluation of major structural elements. Problems arising from quantification of uncertainties of the pertinent random variables, load combination, and in the development of limit state functions involving both ultimate failure and fatigue, will also be discussed.
Design Considerations of Permanently Moored Semi-Submersibles
Authors: Bainbridge C. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The semi-submersible has been adapted to perform numerous functions offshore unconnected with drilling but still operating as a mobile unit. When used as an early production unit however, it is required to remain on a particular site for several years. The strength and fatigue of one such unit is considered for three different locations in the North Sea. For completeness, several other typical design features have been incorporated into the structure. Existing and proposed fatigue criteria are investigated and the results discussed. The principal conclusion is that major structural modifications will be required if the proposed changes are implemented.
Behaviour of Tension Leg Platform in South China Seas
Authors: Qi Xin-Yuen , Lin Ji-Ru , He Cheng-Yuen , Sun Be-Qi 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This caper is the first phase report in the investigation of Tension Leg Platform in CSSRC. A series of tests and computational work have been performed for a four column TLP in 256m water depth under the influence of waves.
Attention was paid to investigate the effect of variation of pretension of tether load and pontoon configuration on the behaviour of TLP in waves. Survival condition for the TLP was also investigated, including a case study of leg failure in storm waves.
Results of computations based on 3D potential theory by CRS-WAVE are compared with results of model tests. The applicability of the method is confirmed.
Design And Tank Test Of A Compactly Designed Semi-Submersible Drilling Unit
Authors: Miwa Elichi , Isozaki Yoshio 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The design water depth of recent jack-up drilling units have remarkably increased and it enables the compact semi-submersible drilling units to compete with these large jack-up rigs economically.
Taking consideration of this trend, we developed a compact semi-submersible drilling unit, named MD-I 02, which has the box type configuration to be different from he conventional semi-sub rigs; and we carried out the computer analysis and the model tank test to confirm the motion characteristics in waves.
As a result, it was clarified that the experimental motion characteristics have a good agreement with the calculated ones and the downtime of the design is almost the same as that for the other large semi-sub rigs in the comparatively moderate seas such as off South East Asia. It was also clarified that it is not possible to apply the added mass coefficient of heaving in infinite fluid to that for such special lower hulls and it is necessary to pay particular attention to it.

Introduction
The design water depth of the recent jack-up type drilling units have remarkably increased and the jack-up rig for 400 ft water depth has been constructed.
The tendency of increase of operating water makes the building cost grow in geometrical progression. In other words, the water depth in such area is too deep for the jack-up rig to operate economically.
So, the operation of the competitive semi-submersible drilling unit with jack-up rig is able to be taken into consideration. However, it is too shallow for the large semi-sub rig to operate economically. It is therefore necessary to develop the compactly designed semi-sub rig which is not achieved by the reduced scale version of large semi-sub rig due to stability and performance.
We have developed the compactly designed semi-submersible drilling unit, to meet the marketability above-mentioned, which has the box type columns and lower hulls.
To confirm the motion characteristics in waves of this compact semi-submersible unit which has a different configuration from the conventional semi-sub, the model tank tests were carried out in the regular and irregular waves.
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