bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rb6LiPr11Cl16[SeO3]12: Ein chloridisch derivatisiertes Rubidium‐Lithium‐Praseodym(III)‐Oxoselenat(IV)
Authors: Lipp Christian , Schleid Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRb6LiPr11Cl16[SeO3]12: A Chloride‐Derivatized Rubidium Lithium Praseodymium(III) Oxoselenate(IV)Transparent green square platelets with often truncated edges and corners of Rb6LiPr11Cl16[SeO3]12 were obtained by the reaction of elemental praseodymium, praseodymium(III,IV) oxide and selenium dioxide with an eutectic LiCl–RbCl flux at 500 °C in evacuated silica ampoules. A single crystal of the moisture and air insensitive compound was characterized by X‐ray diffraction single‐crystal structure analysis. Rb6LiPr11Cl16[SeO3]12 crystallizes tetragonally in the space group I4/mcm (no. 140; a = 1590.58(6) pm, c = 2478.97(9) pm, c/a = 1.559; Z = 4). The crystal structure is characterized by two types of layers parallel to the (001) plane following the sequence 121′2′1. Cl− anions form cubes around the Rb+ cations (Rb1 and Rb2; CN = 8; d(Rb+−Cl−) = 331 – 366 pm) within the first layer. One quarter of the possible places for Rb+ cations within this CsCl‐type kind of arrangement is not occupied, however the Cl− anions of these vacancies are connected to Pr3+ cations (Pr4) above and below instead, forming square antiprisms of [(Pr4)O4Cl4]9− units (d(Pr4−O) = 247–249 pm; d(Pr4−Cl) = 284–297 pm) that work as links between layer 1 and 2. Central cations of the second layer consist of Li+ and Pr3+. While the Li+ cations are surrounded by eight O2− anions (d(Li−O5) = 251 pm) in the shape of cubes again, the Pr3+ cations are likewisely coordinated by eight O2− anions as square antiprisms (for Pr1, d(Pr1−O2) = 242 pm) and by ten O2− anions (for Pr2 and Pr3), respectively. The latter form tetracapped trigonal antiprisms (Pr2, d(Pr2−O) = 251–253 pm and 4 × 262 pm) or bicapped distorted cubes (Pr3, d(Pr3−O) = 245–259 pm and 2 × 279 pm). The non‐binding electron pairs (“lone pairs”) at the two crystallographically different Ψ1‐tetrahedral [SeO3]2− anions (d(Se4+−O2−) = 169–173 pm) are directing towards the empty cavities between the layer‐connecting [(Pr4)O4Cl4]9− units.
Nanometer Channels and Cages within the Extended Basic Mercurous Cations [(Hg2)3(OH)2]4+ and [(Hg2)2O]2+
Authors: Meyer Gerd , Nolte Matthias , Berners Rebecca 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe two‐ and three‐dimensional mercurous cations [(Hg2)3(OH)2]4+ and [(Hg2)2O]2+ crystallize with channels and cages of roughly 1 nm diameter from aqueous solutions dependent upon the acidity of the solution. Crystal structures were determined, for example, for [Zn(H2O)6][(Hg2)3(OH)2](NO3)6 (trigonal, space group P321, a = 1183.5(2) pm, c = 534.8(1) pm, Z = 1, R1 = 0.0351 for I0 > 2σ(I0)) and for [(Hg2)2O][Pb(NO3)3]2 (cubic, space group ${\rm Fd}{\bar 3}\rm m$, a = 1543.1(2) pm, Z = 8, R1 = 0.0534 I0 > 2σ(I0)).
Crystal Structures of [Bu2Sn(O2PPh2)2], [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2], and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2. Raman Spectra of [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2] and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2
Authors: Shihada Abdel‐Fattah , Weller Frank 
Published: October 2006

Abstract[(n‐Bu)2Sn(O2PPh2)2] (1), and [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2] (2) have been synthesized by the reactions of R2SnCl2 (R=n‐Bu, Ph) with HO2PPh2 in Methanol. From the reaction of Ph2SnCl2 with diphenylphosphinic acid a third product [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2 (3) could be isolated. X‐ray diffraction studies show 1 to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 1303.7(1) pm, b = 2286.9(2) pm, c = 1063.1(1) pm, β = 94.383(6)°, and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes triclinic in the space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$, the cell parameters being a = 1293.2(2) pm, b = 1478.5(4) pm, c = 1507.2(3) pm, α = 98.86(3)°, β = 109.63(2)°, γ = 114.88(2)°, and Z = 2. Both compounds form arrays of eight‐membered rings (SnOPO)2 linked at the tin atoms to form chains of infinite length. The dimer 3 consists of a like ring, in which the tin atoms are bridged by methoxo groups. It crystallizes triclinic in space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$ with a = 946.4(1) pm, b = 963.7(1) pm, c = 1174.2(1) pm, α = 82.495(6)°, β = 66.451(6)°, γ = 74.922(6)°, and Z = 1 for the dimer. The Raman spectra of 2 and 3 are given and discussed.
Oxorhenium(V) Complexes with 1,3,4‐Triphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐ylidene
Authors: Braband Henrik , Blatt Oliver , Abram Ulrich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReactions of the oxorhenium(V) complexes [ReOX3(PPh3)2] (X = Cl, Br) with the N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3,4‐triphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐ylidene (LPh) under mild conditions and in the presence of MeOH or water give [ReOX2(Y)(PPh3)(LPh)] complexes (X = Cl, Br; Y = OMe, OH). Attempted reactions of the carbene precursor 5‐methoxy‐1,3,4‐triphenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (1) with [ReOCl3(PPh3)2] or [NBu4][ReOCl4] in boiling xylene resulted in protonation of the intermediately formed carbene and decomposition products such as [HLPh][ReOCl4(OPPh3)], [HLPh][ReOCl4(OH2)] or [HLPh][ReO4] were isolated.The neutral [ReOX2(Y)(PPh3)(HLPh)] complexes are purple, airstable solids. The bulky NHC ligands coordinate monodentate and in cis‐position to PPh3. The relatively long Re–C bond lengths of approximate 2.1Å indicate metal‐carbon single bonds.
Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen mit Cyanidionen? Die Strukturen von 1,3‐Diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazoliumcyanid und 1‐Isopropyl‐3,4,5‐trimethylimidazoliumcyanid
Authors: Kuhn Norbert , Eichele Klaus , Steimann Manfred , Al‐Sheikh Ahmed , Doser Bernd , Ochsenfeld Christian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHydrogen Bonds with Cyanide Ions? The Structures of 1,3‐Diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazolium Cyanide and 1‐Isopropyl‐3,4,5‐trimethylimidazolium Cyanide1,3‐Diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazolium cyanide (2a) and 1‐isopropyl‐3,4,5‐trimethylimidazolium cyanide (2b) are obtained from the reaction of the corresponding 2,3‐dihydrodimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidenes (1) and hydrogen cyanide in excellent yield. Their crystal structure analyses reveal the presence of ion pairs linked by hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure analysis of 2a reveals a near colinear orientation of the C(1)‐H bond axis and the cyanide ion while in 2b this orientation is perpendicular. In both cases, the interionic distances are in the expected range for hydrogen bonds. Ab‐initio calculations of the total energy of the salts 2 indicate small differences in energy between the colinear and perpendicular orientation of the ions as well as between the colinear C‐H···C‐N and C‐H···N‐C orientations. The comparison of calculated and measured 13C and 15N NMR chemical shifts does not allow the distinction between the possible orientations.
Effects of Coordinating Solvents on the Supramolecular Assembling of Tectons arised from the Metallation of Sulfamethoxazole: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Polymeric [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(L)2]n {L = N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF); Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)} and [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(Py)2]n·n(Py)(Py =pyridine)
Authors: Marques Lenice L. , de Oliveira Gelson Manzoni , Schulz Lang Ernesto 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCadmium acetate reacts with sulfamethoxazole (5‐methyl‐3‐isoxazolyl sulfanilamide) and with DMF / DMSO / pyridine to give the crystalline polymers [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(L2)]n {L = DMF (1), DMSO (2)} and [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(Py)2]n·n(Py) (3). Complexes 1, 2 and 3 confirm the tectonic character of the [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(L)2] moieties and the remarkable ability of the {Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)4} fragments to be non selectively stabilized by monodentate ligands. In the polymeric assemblies of the title complexes the cadmium(II) atoms are linked through sulfamethoxazolato anions which alternate in their coordination with the isoxazolic N‐atoms and the aromatic amino groups. The chains of vicinal rings build tunnels along the crystallographic c axis.
Spiro Compounds of Tin, Selenium and Tellurium Containing 1,3,2‐Diazaelement‐[3]ferrocenophane Units
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Klimkina Elena V. , Milius Wolfgang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe reactions of 1,1′‐bis[Li(trimethylsilyl)amino]ferrocene (2a) with selenium‐ or tellurium tetrahalides gave the 1,1′,3,3′‐tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)‐1,1′,3,3′‐tetraaza‐2‐selene‐ and 2‐tellura‐2,2′‐spirobi[3]ferrocenophanes 5 and 6, respectively. The analogous reaction with tin dichloride afforded the corresponding 2‐stanna‐2,2′‐spirobi[3]ferrocenophane (9) rather than the expected stannylene 8. The reaction of 2,2‐dichloro‐1,3‐bis(trimethylsilyl)‐1,3,2‐diazastanna‐[3]ferrocenophane (10) with the dilithio reagent 2b also gave the spirotin compound 9, of which the molecular structure was determined by X‐ray analysis. The formation of the products and their solution‐state structures was deduced from multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies (1H, 13C, 15N, 29Si, 77Se, 125Te, 119Sn NMR spectroscopy).
MnO3Cl, Isolation and Crystal Structure
Authors: Spandl Johann , Supeł Joanna , Drews Thomas , Seppelt Konrad 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMnO3Cl is prepared from KMnO4 und ClSO3H. The thermally very unstable compound is identified by its Raman spectrum and a single crystal structure determination: a = 715.4(5), b = 1008.3(7), c = 500.9(4) pm, space group Cmc21. Solid MnO3Cl consists of molecules with only weak intermolecular interactions. The M–Cl bond length is 209.9(4) pm. The crystal structure is compared to those of MnO3F, CrO2Cl2, and ReO3Cl, the X‐ray crystal structure determinations of which are also submitted in this article.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Magnetic and Photoelectric Properties of Two Cobalt(II) Coordination Polymers
Authors: Jin Jing , Niu Shu Yun , Yang Guang Di , Ye Ling 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo cobalt(II) coordination polymers, {[Co(μ‐4,4′‐bipy)(4,4′‐bipy)2(H2O)2]·(OH)3·(Me4N)·4,4′‐bipy·4H2O}n (1) and {[Co(μ‐4,4′‐bipy)(H2O)4]·suc·4H2O}n (2) (4,4′‐bipy = 4,4′‐bipyridine, suc = succinate dianions), were hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis, UV‐Vis‐NIR, and ICP. The main structure feature common to the both polymers is presence of the infinite linear chains, [Co(μ‐4,4′‐bipy)(4,4′‐bipy)2(H2O)2]n (1) and [Co(μ‐4,4′‐bipy)(H2O)4]n (2), respectively. In 1, the chains are further linked by the hydrogen‐bond and π‐π stacking interaction, producing extended layer structure. The 4,4′‐bipy molecules in 1 play three different roles. In 2, the chains are linked into three‐dimensional network structure via complicated hydrogen bonding system. The variable temperature (2.0∼300 K) magnetic susceptibility of 1 indicates a tendency of spin‐transition in the temperature range of 110 K to 22 K, which attributes to the transition of high‐spin to low‐spin from Co2+(d7) ion. Also, the result of surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS) reveals that the polymer 1 has significant photoelectric conversion property in the region of 300‐800 nm.
York Bowen's Viola Concerto
Authors: Talbot John 
Published: October 2006

YORK BOWEN: Viola Concerto in C minor, op.25. CECIL FORSYTH: Viola Concerto in G minor. Lawrence Power (vla), BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra c. Martyn Brabbins. Hyperion CDA67546.BOWEN: Viola Concerto; Viola Sonata No.2 in F major; Melody for the C string, op.51 no.2. Doris Lederer (vla), with Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra c. Paul Polivnick, Bruce Murray (pno). Centaur CRC 2786.BOWEN: Viola Concerto. WALTON: Viola Concerto in A minor. HOWELLS: Elegy for viola, string quartet and string orchestra. VAUGHAN WILLIAMS: Suite for viola and orchestra (Group I). Helen Callus (vla), New Zealand Symphony Orchestra c. Marc Taddei. ASV CD DCA 1181.
Computed tomography of the human pineal gland for study of the sleep–wake rhythm: reproducibility of a semi-quantitative approach
Authors: Schmitz S. A. , Platzek I. , Kunz D. , Mahlberg R. , Wolf K.-J. , Heidenreich J. O. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To propose a semi-quantitative computed tomography (CT) protocol for determining uncalcified pineal tissue (UCPT), and to evaluate its reproducibility in modification of studies showing that the degree of calcification is a potential marker of deficient melatonin production and may prove an instability marker of circadian rhythm. Material and Methods: Twenty-two pineal gland autopsy specimens were scanned in a skull phantom with different slice thickness twice and the uncalcified tissue visually assessed using a four-point scale. The maximum gland density was measured and its inverse graded on a non-linear four-point scale. The sum of both scores was multiplied by the gland volume to yield the UCPT. The within-subject variance of UCPT was determined and compared between scans of different slice thickness. Results: The UCPT of the first measurement, in arbitrary units, was 39±52.5 for 1 mm slice thickness, 44±51.1 for 2 mm, 45±34.8 for 4 mm, and 84±58.0 for 8 mm. Significant differences of within-subject variance of UCPT were found between 1 and 4 mm, 1 and 8 mm, and 2 and 8 mm slice thicknesses ( P<0.05). Conclusion: A superior reproducibility of the semi-quantitative CT determination of UCPT was found using 1 and 2 mm slice thicknesses. These data support the use of thin slices of 1 and 2 mm. The benefit in reproducibility from thin slices has to be carefully weighted against their considerably higher radiation exposure.
Iodine-123 BMIPP scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with heart failure
Authors: Nakae I. , Matsuo S. , Koh T. , Mitsunami K. , Horie M. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To investigate whether cardiac parameters obtained by I-123 15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-methyl pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP, a radioactive fatty acid analogue) myocardial scintigraphy are useful as indicators of disease severity and predictors of cardiac events in congestive heart failure (CHF). Material and Methods: Thirty-two CHF patients (functional class: 17 in NYHA II and 15 in NYHA III at the time of this study) were compared with 18 normal control subjects. Myocardial scintigraphy was performed 15 min and 3 hours after I-123 BMIPP injection. The heart-to-mediastinum count ratio of I-123 BMIPP on the initial (H/Mi) and delayed (H/Md) images and the washout rate (WR) were calculated. Results: Both H/Mi and H/Md were lower in CHF than in controls (H/Mi 1.96±0.18 vs. 2.30±0.29; H/Md 1.72±0.15 vs. 1.97±0.21; both P<0.001), but WR was higher in CHF than in controls (WR (%) 23.7±5.7 vs. 18.2±6.0, P<0.01). Both H/Mi ( R = 0.42, P<0.05) and H/Md ( R = 0.45, P<0.05) correlated positively with the left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF), estimated by echocardiography. The WR correlated positively with the plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level ( R = 0.47, P<0.01). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed an earlier CHF progression for patients with a lower H/Mi (<1.94). Conclusion: Myocardial metabolic abnormality evaluated by I-123 BMIPP scintigraphy is related to the severity of CHF. Furthermore, it may be useful as a predictor for cardiac events.
The politics of urban water reform in Ghana
Authors: Whitfield Lindsay 
Published: October 2006

This article highlights the interaction between the domestic political system and the aid system in Ghana and the implications of this interaction for democratic governance. It is illustrated using the example of urban water reform as a case study of the policymaking process and captures the complexities of this interaction which the ‘choiceless democracy’ thesis fails to do. The term ‘aid system’ refers to all aid organisations and their regular operations within a specific country, where aid organisations include both official bilateral and multilateral agencies as well as international NGOs. The article examines the government’s plan for water privatisation and the public debate and opposition that it continues to generate. The politics of urban water reform is revealing about the politics of economic reform more generally.
This article is based on a chapter of the author's doctoral dissertation (Politics, 2005, University of Oxford).
Characteristics of Tissue‐Engineered Cartilage on Macroporous Biodegradable PLGA Scaffold
Authors: Baek Chung‐Hwan , Ko Ye‐Jeung 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground: The purpose of this study was to establish in vivo culture of chondrocytes on biodegradable, poly‐D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffolds and to analyze the characteristics of the reconstructed cartilage.Methods: In vitro cultured chondrocytes that were grown on a polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (poly‐HEMA) coated dish were seeded onto the PLGA scaffolds to make a cell–polymer construct before implantation. One cell scaffold construct was carefully implanted in the subcutaneous pocket of a nude mouse and another cell‐free scaffold was implanted in the opposite side of the same nude mouse as the control. Morphologic, biochemical, and immunohistochemical characteristics of cells cultured within the PLGA constructs were examined after 8 weeks and 16 weeks of harvesting in the nude mouse.Results: New cartilage began to be generated in the period of 8 weeks and the neocartilage formation was accomplished in 4 months with the exact dimensions of the original scaffold in this in vivo study. All the explants showed the irregular shape of viable chondrocytes within normal lacunae and a mature cartilaginous matrix, and they positively immunostained for collagen type II.Conclusion: The new tissue‐engineered cartilage in vivo on PLGA scaffolds displayed the biochemical characteristics of cartilage tissue, and it showed chondrocyte‐specific phenotypes and morphology that were similar to the native cartilage.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Tinnitus: A Case Study
Authors: Richter Gresham T. , Mennemeier Mark , Bartel Twyla , Chelette Kenneth C. , Kimbrell Timothy , Triggs William , Dornhoffer John L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Correlate subjective improvements in tinnitus severity with restoration of cortical symmetry and sustained attention after neuronavigated low‐frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).Study Design: Case study.Methods: Positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging (PET‐CT) guided rTMS was performed on a 43‐year‐old white male with more than a 30 year history of bilateral tinnitus. rTMS was administered to the area of increased cortical activation visualized on PET‐CT at a rate of 1 Hz for 30 minutes (1,800 pulses/session) for each of 5 consecutive days, with optimization applied on day 5 using single pulses of TMS to temporarily alter tinnitus perception. Subjective tinnitus severity was rated before and after rTMS using the tinnitus severity index with analogue scale. Attention and vigilance were assessed before and after therapy using the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), a simple reaction time test that is sensitive to thalamocortical contributions to sustained attention. Posttherapy PET‐CT was used to evaluate any change in asymmetric cortical activation.Results: The most marked reduction in tinnitus severity occurred after rTMS optimization; this persisted up to 4 weeks after rTMS. PVT testing showed the patient exhibited a statistically significant improvement in mean slowest 10% reaction times after rTMS (P = .004). PET‐CT imaging 2 days after the cessation of rTMS showed no changes in cortical blood flow or metabolic asymmetries.Conclusions: Low‐frequency rTMS applied to the primary auditory cortex can reduce tinnitus severity, with rTMS optimization yielding the most favorable results. Beneficial changes occurring in the patient's slowest reaction times suggest that attentional deficits associated with tinnitus may also respond to low‐frequency rTMS.
Staining Membrane-Bound Proteins with Colloidal Gold
Authors: Stochaj Wayne R. , Berkelman Tom , Laird Nancy 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONColloidal Gold is the most sensitive staining technique for proteins bound on membranes, detecting as little as 1-3 ng of protein. Protein spots are permanently stained a dark red after incubation with the Colloidal Gold solution. Colloidal Gold staining can detect proteins on both nitrocellulose and PVDF membranes, but it is not recommended for nylon membranes.
Purification of Peptides from Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis with RP-HPLC
Authors: Boysen Reinhard I. , Hearn Milton T.W. 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONPurification of peptides derived from solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) requires the removal of deletion peptides resulting from incomplete coupling/deprotection steps, from racemization or side-chain rearrangement, and from various chemical substances introduced during the deprotection or cleavage stages of an SPPS procedure. This protocol details the purification and analysis of many synthetic peptides of 2-65 amino acid residues. These peptides contain a number of ionizable or polar side chains, but do not contain secondary structural elements (such as β-sheets) that favor supramolecular assembly.
Fragmentation of Protein Using Trypsin
Authors: Simpson Richard J. 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONIn this protocol, the highly specific protease trypsin is used to hydrolyze a protein completely. Proteolysis is carried out with high levels of trypsin to ensure total proteolysis. (Trypsin is a robust enzyme; hence, proteolysis can also be carried out under denaturing conditions such as 2 M guanidine-HCl, 0.1% SDS, and >10% acetonitrile to ensure complete digestion.) Trypsin cleaves the peptide bond between the carboxyl group of arginine or the carboxyl group of lysine and the amino group of the adjacent amino acid. The rate of cleavage occurs more slowly when the lysine and arginine residues are adjacent to acidic amino acids in the sequence or cystine. Cleavage does not occur when lysine or arginine is followed by proline. The sites of trypsin cleavage can be limited to arginine peptide bonds by succinylation. or citraconylation prior to trypsin digestion.
Modification of Lysyl Side Chains Using Citraconic Anhydride: Figure 1.
Authors: Simpson Richard J. 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONReversible masking of ϵ-amino groups of lysine is a valuable procedure for limiting trypsin hydrolysis of proteins to arginine peptide bonds. Citraconic anhydride is a reversible blocking agent of lysyl side chains. A major advantage of citraconylation is the ease with which the blocking group can be removed under conditions that will not lead to protein denaturation.
Digestion of Insoluble Protein Fractions for Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MuDPIT) Analysis
Authors: Schieltz David M. , Washburn Michael P. 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONProteins associated with insoluble particulate matter from a whole-cell lysate, or carefully prepared membrane samples, can be analyzed using MuDPIT analysis. However, the preliminary steps provided in this protocol are required to prepare a usable complex protein mixture from these types of samples.
Fluorescent Staining of Proteins with SYPRO Ruby
Authors: Simpson Richard J. 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONSYPRO Ruby is a sensitive ruthenium-based fluorescent dye that, similar to silver stains, interacts with basic amino acids, including lysine, arginine, and histidine. Recent studies have shown that this dye is as sensitive as silver staining and completely compatible with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectroscopy. The staining method has only three steps: fixation, staining, and destaining. Since SYPRO Ruby is very expensive, this dye might be limited to micropreparative gels, as the cost to run the large number of gels done in quantitative studies is prohibitive.
Preparative 2D Gel Electrophoresis with Immobilized pH Gradients: Rehydration of IPG Strips for Isoelectric Focusing of Proteins
Authors: Stochaj Wayne R. , Berkelman Tom , Laird Nancy 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for rehydration of IPG gel strips in preparation for their use for isoelectric focusing (IEF) on immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels. Following rehydration, IEF can be performed using either a flatbed unit or a self-contained instrument.