bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human P2X7 Pore Function Predicts Allele Linkage Disequilibrium
Authors: Denlinger Loren C , Coursin Douglas B , Schell Kathleen , Angelini Giuditta , Green Dawn N , Guadarrama Arturo G , Halsey Jennifer , Prabhu Usha , Hogan Kirk J , Bertics Paul J 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Background: Innate immune response amplification is achieved by leukocyte expression of the purinergic nucleotide receptor P2X7, an extracellular nucleotide-gated pore. Previously, low P2X7 pore activity in whole blood was associated with loss-of-function genotypes in correlation with a decreased ratio of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α to interleukin-10, of relevance to a variety of infectious and inflammatory disorders. We hypothesized that evaluation of participants with discordance between the P2X7 genotype and pore status would disclose additional alleles, linkage disequilibrium, and novel functional correlates of genotype to phenotype.
Methods: Comparison of whole-blood pore results with restriction fragment length polymorphism data for known loss-of-function genotypes from 200 healthy participants optimized the diagnostic threshold for low pore activity by ROC curve analysis. We identified novel alleles and inferred haplotypes by sequencing outlier genomic templates and by linkage analysis.
Results: With a refined threshold of low activity, a normal pore result had only a 2% probability of association with known loss-of-function variants. By contrast, the positive predictive value of low pore activity was 59% for identifying known alleles. DNA samples from this discordant group contained 28 P2X7 sequence variations. Linkage analysis demonstrated that A1513C, T1729A, and G946A are inherited independently from one another, although these loss-of-function variants are in disequilibrium with other alleles. When we segregated pore activity data according to genotypes, nonsynonymous sequence variations (G474A and A1405G) appeared to exhibit modulatory effects on P2X7 pore activity.
Conclusions: Direct analysis of pore activity demonstrates functional interactions between P2X7 alleles. The performance characteristics of the whole-blood pore assay enables correlation of genomic variation with concomitant investigation of functional performance in clinical studies.
T-Cell/Histiocyte-Rich B-Cell Lymphoma: Biology, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Abramson Jeremy S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Distinguish T/HRBCL from other lymphomas based on clinical characteristics.Distinguish T/HRBCL from other lymphomas based on immunohistochemical features.Discuss the importance of a prompt diagnosis of T/HRBCL and select an appropriate treatment.Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.comT-cell/histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma (T/HRBCL) is an uncommon morphologic variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Pathologically, it is distinguished by &lt;10% malignant B cells amid a majority population of reactive T lymphocytes and histiocytes. Diagnosis of this entity is occasionally difficult, as it may appear similar to other lymphoid diseases, such as nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma and classic Hodgkin's lymphoma. Accurate diagnosis therefore rests with careful immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor cells and the inflammatory microenvironment. Clinically, T/HRBCL occurs in younger patients, predominantly affects men, and involves the liver, spleen, and bone marrow with greater frequency than traditional DLBCL. Despite the unique clinical features and robust host inflammatory response, T/HRBCL follows a natural history similar to those of other DLBCLs and responds similarly to therapy. Recent gene expression analysis demonstrates that a productive relationship with the host immune response may extend beyond this small DLBCL variant to include as many as one third of all DLBCLs. At present, T/HRBCL should be treated similarly to other stage-matched DLBCLs, though future therapies will likely be targeted at the relationship of the tumor cells with their inflammatory microenvironment.
The Promise of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Does Not Confer Immunity Against Ethical Reflection
Authors: de Melo-Martín Inmaculada 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The recent announcement of an experimental vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) has raised great hopes and expectations. Promising trial results, however, should not obscure ethical issues related to a vaccine's ultimate dissemination. Although lay media might view an HPV vaccine as a panacea, a more complicated ethical reality exists, touching upon public knowledge, health care disparities, and parental consent for childhood vaccination.
Ultradeepwater Hydraulics and Well-Control Tests with Extensive Instrumentation: Field Tests and Data Analysis
Authors: Rommetveit Rolv , Bjørkevoll Knut S. , Gravdal Jan Einar , Goncalves Clemente J.C. , Lage Antonio Carlos V.M. , Campos Jose E.A. , Aragão Átila F.L. , Arcelloni Alberto , Ohara Shiniti 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Detailed measurements of downhole pressures and temperatures have been performed during simulated drilling operations at ultradeepwater offshore Brazil. Sensors were placed at six different positions along the drillstring,which made high-frequency recordings of pressure and temperature during
Surges and swabs at different depths. Gel-breaking tests. Circulation sweeps. Migration of gas in the riser.
It was expected that the special conditions in ultradeep wells with low temperature along most of the very long riser would cause some significant deviations from corresponding measurements in more-normal wells. The measurements aimed at identifying, understanding, and quantifying such effects. This is considered very important because a narrow window between pore and fracture pressure is common in very deep waters.
Advanced transient models were used to identify the most interesting effects. Effects that are reliably reproduced by advanced transient models are also important, but operators are able to do calculations to prepare for them.
A remote-operated vehicle (ROV) recorded temperature outside the riser during experiments to give input to a detailed study of heat transfer from drilling fluid inside the riser to the seawater outside.
The purpose of the tests was to obtain detailed measurements of physical effects that may be important in ultradeepwater wells.
This paper presents a detailed analysis of the recorded data, including comparing them to advanced computer models for transient pressure and temperature during drilling, circulation, and surge/swab. In addition, the gas migration is simulated with an advanced kick simulator.
Predicting and Monitoring Fluid Invasion in Exploratory Drilling
Authors: Waldmann A. T. A. , Martins A. L. , Aragão Á. F. L. , Lomba R. F. T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis study proposes, through the coupling of a linear filtration formulation (laboratory configuration) and a radial single-phase formulation (wellbore vicinity), to predict fluid-invasion depth-of-drilling fluid filtrate in the reservoir rock. Modeling is validated with linear and radial laboratory tests, as well as with resistivity logs run in offshore wells from Campos basin, offshore Brazil.The proposed methodology is required for optimum drilling-fluid design to be used in the drilling of reservoir sections in both exploratory and developmental wells in Campos basin.
Evaluation of Heave-Induced Dynamic Loading on Deepwater Landing Strings
Authors: Everage S. DeWayne , Zheng Nanjiu , Ellis Sean 
Published: April 2006

Summary
With current landing-string tensile loads approaching 1,500 klbf, deepwater drilling programs are quickly eliminating comfortable design margins. Consideration of static loading alone in these cases can sometimes be insufficient. This paper provides a mathematical model to predict dynamic axial loads imposed on a deepwater landing string by a drillship's response to ocean waves. The model can be adapted to a given landing string's geometric and mechanical constraints. The model will help the user identify the correct opportunity for pausing a landing operation when seastates are increasing in intensity, or alternatively, may enable the user to continue deepwater landing operations with increased confidence during what may be considered marginal conditions.
Hydraulic Optimization of Foam Drilling For Maximum Drilling Rate in Vertical Wells
Authors: Kuru E. , Okunsebor O. M. , Li Y. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA transient-mechanistic model of cuttings transport with foam has been recently developed and solved numerically. In this study, the new model has been used to revisit the classical theory of hydraulic optimization (i.e.,maximum bit-hydraulic-horsepower/jet-impact-force criteria).A new methodology has been suggested to determine the optimum gas-/liquid-injection rates for maximizing drilling rates when drilling withfoam in vertical wells while keeping the bottomhole pressure at minimum.The new method can be easily used in the field to determine the bestcombination of gas-/liquid-injection rates and total-bit flow area (i.e.,jet-nozzle sizes), such that the maximum drilling rate is achieved.
Reflection on the Asian Scene
Authors: Galbraith J. K. 
Published: April 2006

Mr. Chairman; My Friends:I much appreciate your invitation to speak today. And I appreciate it even more as the result of coming to know so many of your members in these last years. Our disposition is to attach a good deal of importance to practical economic, political, social, and diplomatic experience in areas of overseas study. I, by contrast, have emerged from these last years, which have been fairly rich in practical experience, with a much enhanced respect for the role of scholarship.
Zaibatsu, Prewar and Zaibatsu, Postwar
Authors: Yamamura Kozo 
Published: April 2006

The Zaibatsu are said to be reviving in Japan. In his widely-readNippon Keizai Nyumon (Introduction to the Japanese Economy)Professor Nagasu wrote in 1959:The Zaibatsu have steadily built their power and have revived. No, more than that. Before the war, the Zaibatsu had to share their hegemony with large landowners and were under the Emperor and the militarists, but now there are no militarists or large landowners. The Emperor, too, has become an accessory. The power of Japan now rests squarely in the hands of the Zaibatsu, the sponsors of the Conservative Party.
Some Dualistic Phenomena in Shang Society
Authors: Chang Kwang-Chih 
Published: April 2006

“The study of ancient China, particularly from the historic period on, requires A the collaboration of historians, archaeologists, palaeographers, as well as specialists in other disciplines.“Isolated phenomena of a dualistic nature in various Shang institutions have long been recognized (see below), but their interrelationship and their possible relevance to a coherent dualistic system generally prevalent in Shang society cannot be clearly understood unless the various specialists on ancient China break disciplinary boundaries and collaborate with vigor and mutual understanding. This paper attempts to bring attention to some of these phenomena and to define the probable areas of research for a highly important problem in Shang studies. To begin, let us examine some interesting features at the archaeological sites of Hsiao-t'un and Hsi-pei-kang.
Magical-animism and Buddhism: A Structural Analysis of the Sinhalese Religious System
Authors: Ames Michael M. 
Published: April 2006

This paper is intended to present in outline form a structural analysis of the total religious system of the Sinhalese of Ceylon.The Sinhalese, excluding those few who are Hindu, Christian, or Muslim, are Theravada Buddhists who also indulge in a rich array of magical-animistic and other “non-Buddhist” practices. Descriptive accounts of these various practices are readily available in the literature. But until now no one has examined the various beliefs and rituals to see whether and how they are related to one another, to what extent they combine to form an integrated system of “Sinhalese religion,” and how this system actually functions. I will attempt such an examination by focusing on the primary religious ideals, their practical implementation, and the problems involved in this implementation. Perhaps the most crucial problem facing Sinhalese religion is that the central ideal, salvation, which legitimates all religious action, is itself practically unattainable. This fact must have far-reaching implications for the total religious system.
Reflections on a Centennial
Authors: Hall John Whitney 
Published: April 2006

Our Association has met this year in Philadelphia, a city of historic memories, an appropriate place in which to contemplate anniversaries. There are several which come to mind.First, the Association for Asian Studies is itself twenty years old this spring, a fact in which we can all take pride; for we have grown as a professional society from a mere handful of scholars in 1948 to an organization of over 4000 members today.Next there is Japan, which in its modern incarnation is one hundred years old this year—a memorable national and even international event.And finally, I am put in mind by our presence in Philadelphia, that by a bit of stretching we can think of the United States as being roughly 200 years old. (In fact it was just 200 years ago that the citizens of this city banded together to prevent imports from Britain. And in 8 more years we shall be able to celebrate the bicentennial of the moment when Philadelphia's Liberty Bell rang out the news of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.)
The Principles and Operational Code of Communist China's International Conduct
Authors: Houn Franklin W. 
Published: April 2006

Mao Tse-tung and his associates in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) appear to have a penchant for reducing an important and complex policy or strategy to a relatively simple set of rules that their followers can easily understand and implement without undue deviation. In the military field, for example, Mao laid down, at a very early stage of his revolutionary career, the now well-known rules governing guerrilla warfare which read in part:… The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue.To extend stable base areas, employ the policy of advancing in waves; pursued by a powerful enemy, employ the policy of circling around.Arouse the largest numbers of the masses in the shortest possible time and by the best possible methods.
Militant Public Service Trade Unionism in a New State: The Case of Ceylon
Authors: Kearney Robert N. 
Published: April 2006

Rapid growth in the size and militancy of trade union movements has been a common development in the newly independent states of Asia since the end of colonial rule less than two decades ago. In these states, and in the more recently independent African states as well, government employees frequently constitute one of the principal groups of organized workers. Public servants' right of association and right to strike or demonstrate have been among the insistent questions confronting the governments of the new states.In the areas of Asia formerly under British rule, public servants enjoy the right to form trade unions with some restrictions and, except in Pakistan, trade unionism in the public service has expanded considerably. In India, government employees other than industrial workers are allowed to organize subject to restrictions limiting membership or leadership in their trade unions to public servants and prohibiting political activity by the unions.
Some Comments on Style in the Meanings of the Past
Authors: Errington Shelly 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLike the European written genrehistory, court literature from the traditional kingdoms of Southeast Asia often relates historical events and possible or probable genealogies. Yet, like the myths of tribal peoples, these accounts are characterized by mythical elements and a somewhat repetitious style, and were recited aloud rather than read in private silence. But if we regard them as mixtures of historical and mythical elements, our understanding of their inner structure and meaning is inevitably compromised, for the notion of a mixture already imposes assumptions about the shape of the past and criteria of reality which are implicit in a historical consciousness.The formin which thought is couched, after all,isthe thought, not a representation of something behind or outside it. This paper therefore attempts a rhetorical analysis of a Classical Malay text of the type calledhikayat, one which dates from about the seventeenth century. It begins with an analysis of grammar and sentence structure, then moves to certain stylistic features ofhikayat, contrasting them with some stylistic features of historical writing. I then comment on the context of texts—the meaning of audience, of performance, of language, of author—and end with some speculation about the notion of the past as revealed in Classical Malayhikayat.
Points of Departure: Comments on Religious Pilgrimage in Sri Lanka and Japan
Authors: LaFleur William 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe anthropologist Victor Turner has proposed a new theory of religious pilgrimage, holding that people on pilgrimage have entered into a social modality that contrasts sharply with the one they ordinarily experience at home; roles, ranks, and social hierarchy have all been left behind, and what Turner calls communitas has come into being en route. Studies in Japanese by Eiki Hoshino confirm the cross-cultural applicability of Turner's theory, and show that it most adequately explains an ancient and famous pilgrimage tradition in Japan, that to the eighty-eight sites on Shikoku. It especially helps us account for the unusual tensions between pilgrims and government during the Tokugawa era. These materials and analyses are used, then, to suggest that in his study of the Kataragama pilgrimage, Bryan Pfaffenberger has misinterpreted Turner's theory and has overlooked ways in which it does, in fact, explain the materials from Sri Lanka.
Modernization and Reactionary Rebellions in Northern Siam
Authors: Ramsay Ansil 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTed Robert Gurr's hypotheses on political violence and James C. Scott's on patron-client relations are used to explain why modernizing policies of the Siamese government provoked rebellions in Chiang Mai in 1889 and in Phrae in 1902. The article suggests that the rebellions resulted from Siamese government attempts to increase its revenues and control in the North. In Chiang Mai and Phrae these attempts simultaneously threatened the livelihood and security of ordinary peasants, who formed the base of the rebellions, and groups outside the ranks of ordinary peasants, who provided leadership. Modifications of Gurr's and Scott's work are suggested which can be tested and further refined, or rejected, in the study of other rebellions.
Varṇas in Angkor and the Indian Caste System
Authors: Mabbett I. W. 
Published: April 2006

“In order to decide whether one can speak of a caste system in a society, one must ask: are status and power completely dissociated, can one find the equivalent of a Brahman/Ksatriya relationship? This question, though it may appear improper, has the virtue of immediately fixing a limit to Indian influence in South-East Asia. Important as this influence has been from the cultural and even social point of view, it would seem, roughly speaking, that nowhere in Indochina and Indonesia has the king been dispossessed of his religious prerogatives.”This claim concerns the important question of the degree to which the Indian caste system can be, or has been, exported—a question that elicits deep-rooted and contentious problems inhering in our understanding of the nature of the caste system itself. Two propositions may here be identified and distinguished. The first is that, in India, kings—however powerful politically—did not formally possess religious or ritual authority; whereas in Indochina, however weak they were, kings formally possessed religious as well as political prerogatives. This is the contention cited above. The second is that, the first being true, it is also true that in Indochina kings possessed and exercised a degree of real control over social organization, by virtue of their ritual position (which was foreign to India): they were social engineers. In brief, they were oriental despots. The first proposition does not entail the second, but the two tend to go together; many writers have shown an inclination to accept the second, sometimes on the evidence of the first, sometimes on the evidence of facts about Indochinese kingdoms.
Maruyama's Achievement: Two Views
Authors: Harootunian H. D. 
Published: April 2006

The long-awaited English-language publication of Maruyama's famous study is a major event for scholars of Tokugawa Japan. Those of us engaged in teaching Toku-gawa intellectual history have often known a malaise and even frustration which this work will ease considerably. Faced with English-language material that is sparse and often of limited usability, communicating the richness or simply a sense of the vitality and development of Tokugawa thought to students who know no Japanese often becomes a problem. This work, however, opens for them the possibility of new levels of sophisticated analysis and discussion.For over three decades now this seminal work, consisting of three long essays written between 1940 and 1944, has dominated Tokugawa intellectual studies. As the translator, Mikiso Hane, rightly suggests, Maruyama's stature in this field is comparable to the place occupied in Tokugawa thought by the main figure of his work, Ogyū Sorai (1666–1728). Just as Sorai is seen as the “discoverer of politics,” Ma-ruyama can be regarded as the pioneer of intellectual history in Japan, especially of political thought.
Yü Chi and His Mongol Sovereign: The Scholar as Apologist
Authors: Langlois John D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper, a study of the career of Yii Chi (1272–1348), explores the nature of Chinese literati support of Mongol rulers during the Yiian period. Yii Chi served as the leading apologist for the usurper Tugh Temiir (Wen-tsung, r. 1328 and 1329–1332). The most prominent court scholar of his time, Yii Chi devoted himself to the enhancement of Tugh Temiir's prestige, authority, and legitimacy. The paper explores Yii's activities in detail and speculates on his motivations in serving his Mongol emperor. In particular, it suggests that Yii Chi's ultimate aim in bolstering the usurper's claims to the throne, as well as in encouraging imperial support of Chinese cultural symbols and values, was to make Mongol rule more predictable and stable and thus to benefit the Mongols' Chinese subjects.
Presidential Address: The Structure of Chinese History
Authors: Skinner G. William 
Published: April 2006

AbstractsThe developmental trajectories of North China and the Southeast Coast during the middle and late imperial periods are surveyed to illustrate the recurrence of regional macrocycles of development and decline and to show that such cycles may be unsynchronized as between regions. These cases provide a basis for arguing that economic macrocycles are a systemic property—not of provinces or of the empire as a whole but of regional economies viewed as internally differentiated and interdependent systems of human interaction. An exploration of the relation between regional developmental cycles and the Chinese dynastic cycle concludes that the latter was mediated by the former. It is suggested that regional developmental cycles are cycles not only of economic prosperity and depression but also of population growth and decline, of social development and devolution, and of peace and disorder. China's historical structure, then, is seen as an internested hierarchy of local and regional histories whose scope in each case is grounded in the spatial patterning of human interaction, and whose critical temporal structures are successive cyclical episodes. The uses of such an historiographic model are briefly explored.