bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF ALUMINA ON THE DEVITRIFICATION OF A SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASS1
Authors: Morey George W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of Al2O3 the devitrification temperature of a soda‐lime‐silica glass approximately of the composition Na2O.CaO.6SiO2 has been studied in two series of experiments. In one of these CaO was partially replaced by Al2O3 until the final glass had the composition of the mineral albite, Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2; and in this series of experiments the melting point of the glass was first lowered, until the glass passed from the tridymite into the Na2O.3CaO.6SiO2 field; then rose slightly to a maximum, fell until the glass entered the field of CaO.SiO2, and then rose rapidly until the field of albite was reached. Glasses near albite in composition are practically impossible to crystalliie in the dry way. In the second series of experiments, Al2O3 was added to the same glass, and it was found that the fields of tridymite and Na2O.3CaO.6SiO2 were quickly passed through, with a smaller lowering of melting point than in the preceding series, after which the melting point rapidly increased, with CaO.SiO2 as primary phase. It is shown that no generalizations can be made as to the effect of alumina on the devitrification of soda‐lime glass. The problem is one of the freezing‐point relations in a four‐component system, and in the absence of definite knowledge of the liquidus temperatures and corresponding stability regions in that four‐component system general statements would probably be misleading. In addition, the devitrification of some five‐component soda‐lime glasses containing both Al2O3 and MgO is discussed.
THE CASTING OF CLAY WARE—A RÉSUMÉ*
Authors: Hall P. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTConsiderable difficulty has been encountered in developing methods suitable for determining the properties of a casting slip that in turn define the casting quality of the slip. A survey of the literature is made, especially that dealing with the colloidal phenomena of clay suspensions, which might be of assistance in solving some of the problems encountered in the use of the casting process.The term, casting quality of slip, is detined and the factors which influence this property are considered in detail. Control methods proposed by various investigators are discussed critically. A new method of slip control is suggested. The sources and remedies of some troubles encountered in the casting process are discussed.
VAPOR GLAZING AND COLOR FLASHING OF PRE‐CAMBRIAN SHALES1
Authors: Longenecker Hilton L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe demand for colors in brick was first met by the manufacturers of red face brick by fire‐flashing their normally red firing material, producing a range of brown and brownish red colors. Later they used vapor glazing with zinc and color flashing with coal tar. The red face brick color range includes green, mustard, purple, and glossy black. This paper describes the materials, methods, and results obtained at the Sea‐board Shale Brick and Tile Company plant at Monroe, N. C., and was checked at other plants in the same district.
ALTERING THE PROPERTIES OF HEAVY CLAYS BY THE USE OF ELECTROLYTES1
Authors: Husain Tajamul 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSome heavy clays otherwise adaptable to industrial use have poor working properties. The possibility of altering these properties beneficially, by the addition of electrolytes to the clays, was investigated. The effects of acids and bases, or those salts which when hydrolyzed, reacted as acids or bases, gave the most promise. Physical properties were determined in the laboratory, on three clays in the green and fired states, without electrolytes and with hydrochloric acid, tannic acid, sodium carbonate, and calcium chloride. Some plant tests were also made, particularly on drying. It was found that the addition of electrolytes improved the properties of some clays, the electrolyte and amount required being individual with each clay.
THE RELATION OF BRINELL HARDNESS AND TRANSVERSE STRENGTH TO THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BUILDING BRICK1
Authors: McBurney J. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the results of Brinell hardness determinations on twenty‐five makes of brick together with their transverse and flat compressive strengths. These data indicate that though there is somewhat better correlation between Brinell numbers and flat compressive strength than exists between transverse strength and flat compressive strength, yet the relation is not sufficiently exact to permit the accurate estimation of flat compressive strength from a measured Brinell number.
AIR CONDITIONING IN CERAMICS1
Authors: Matzen H. B. , Parmelee C. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper outlines the general factors considered in an air‐conditioning problem. The present type of applications in the ceramic industry include (1) complete drying of ware, (2) conditioning of material and formed pieces, (3) humidifying and dehumidifying of manufacturing departments, (4) air washing, (5) cooling for comfort. Illustrations showing details of some of these cases are included. The present progress indicates the general line of future development of air conditioning in the manufacture of ceramic products.
A RAPID‐FIRE TUNNEL KILN DESIGNED FOR SMALL PRODUCTION1
Authors: Donnenwirth A. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA miniature tunnel kiln was designed to fire spark plug porcelain to cone 17. It is capable of producing about 10,000 porcelains daily. The total firing time is only slightly more than two hours. The kiln, its operation and efficiency is detailed.
TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF BALL CLAY‐SAND AND BALL CLAY‐FLINT MIXTURES1
Authors: Collin L. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTests of dry transverse strength on 30 ball clays using mixtures of 50% ball clay + 50% flint, and 50% ball clay + 50% standard silica sand, which demonstrate the method adopted as a tentative standard and which specify the use of silica sand as the nonplastic, are unsatisfactory for determining the dry transverse strength of highly plastic clays. More consistent results were obtained with flint as the nonplastic.
OBSERVATIONS OF CAUSES FOR INCONSISTENT RESULTS IN COMMERCIAL FINENESS TESTS OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS1
Authors: Wolfram H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTResults are given of commercial tests showing inconsistencies in results obtained. Investigation proved these differences to be due to careless manipulation, clogging of screen openings in the original cloth as manufactured, and distortion of the mesh in fastening the cloth to the frame.
METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE FIRING RANGE OF VITREOUS ENAMELS USED IN WET‐PROCESS ENAMELING1
Authors: Kinzie C. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSeveral methods for making firing range studies in case of wet‐process enamels are described. The methods used in producing enamel deposits of predetermined weights are given. The use of these methods has shown that enamels used in wet‐process enameling of metal vary widely in action under various conditions of heat and a general discussion of the subject is included.
CONSTRUCTION OF WATER‐TIGHT BRICK MASONRY1
Authors: Anderegg F. O. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAbout 300 panels have been erected to determine the effect of some of the various factors of different brick, mortars, workmanship. and design in causing leaky brick walls. The brick varied in absorption from 0.6 to over 12% of their weight when placed flat side down in 1/8 inch water for ten minutes. The mortars included both lean and the richest mixes of lime and Portland cement in varying proportions and of a large number of masonry cements. Most of the panels one brick in thickness leaked in half an hour on being sprayed with a hose. A very few mortars were found that were quite tight. Those panels with an air space between the front and the backing allowed no water to pass clear through the wall. Many panels have been broken in flexure with very interesting and important results. Other panels have been built to test out interior ventilation of walls, and many other points have been studied.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FLUXING OXIDES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF PORCELAIN1
Authors: Fessler A. H. , Navratibl Hans 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis article deals in a general way with the constitution of siliceous porcelain. The influence of the different fluxing oxides on the formation of the glass phase is indicated by solubility and specific gravity determinations as well as by microphotographs.
RECOVERY OF PILLARS IN CLAY MINING1
Authors: Augsrurcer Clyde 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAfter a brief review of the history of former operations and the general layout of a mine, the methods used in National Mine No. 21 at East Canton, Ohio, are described in detail. The plan of the mine, panel layout, and the removal of an individual pillar are described with illustrations showing how more than 80° of the clay is recovered. Conditions and results in a number of other mines are given with illustrations of the methods. The relation of a high percentage of extraction to costs and safety is discussed.
METHOD OF MEASURING STRAINS BETWEEN GLAZES AND CERAMIC BODIES1
Authors: Schurbcht H. G. , Pole G. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA new test was developed for comparing the strains existing between different glazes or other ceramic finishes and the bodies to which they are applied. By its use these strains may be so adjusted that the finishes will be in suflicient compression to prevent crazing from subsequent expansion of the body without causing initial shivering. The new test is particularly valuable because the measuremen & are made on combinations of glaze and body prepared and treated almost exactly like those intended for regular use and because of the simplicity and cheapness of the apparatus required. A modification of the test provides a comparison of the moisture expansions of different bodies.
BERYLLIUM GLASS, II POTASSIUM‐BERYLLIUM SERIES1
Authors: Lai Chi Fano , Silverman Alexander 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper includes a triaxial diagram for the potash series, containing two good glass areas in contrast with a single area in the soda series.3 One area is in the region of low beryllia and high silica; the other in the region of high beryllia and low silica. The latter contains the better glasses. Areas are also shown in which the tendency to increase silica produces opalescence while that toward an increase of beryllis promotes divitrification. Great difficulty has been experienced in obtaining pure beryllium oxide. Material that was supposedly pure contained as much as 20° of moisture. Difficulty has been encountered also through such impurities as the oxides of iron and manganese. One sample of supposedly C.P. beryllium oxide contained over 90° alumina. Optical data are not yet available. As was the case with the sodium beryllium silicates. so here again the announcement is the first of the potassium‐beryllium glasses, t o the best knowledge of the authors.
PRODUCTION OF A SALT GLAZE BY THE APPLICATION OF A SLIP TO THE WARE1
Authors: Everhart J. Otis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTGlazed surfaces can be produced on the face of ware mode from practically any clay or shale having maturing temperature of cone 1 or more by coating the face of the ware with a slip containing sodium chloride. Various concentrations of salt in the slip have been used. Lower concentrations do not produce glazes but develop interesting surface and color effects. Metallic oxides may be used to produce variation in color of the glaze. This method shows promise as a means of securing salt glazes in kilns which have heretofore been considered impractical for salt‐glazing purposes, although it has been developed only in the lahoratory stage at the present time. Sodium carbonate has also been used successfully.
SOME SIMULATIVE SERVICE TESTS FOR GLAZED BUILDING MATERIALS1
Authors: Evbrhart J. Otis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSeveral methods of freezing and thawing tests have been compared with each other and with the standard autoclave test with regard to type and rate of failure. Data indicate that the autoclave test alone is not sufficient to predict behavior of glazed ware in service, especially in the more severe climates.Glazes follow very definite laws as to rate of failure under conditions of freezing and thawing. Curves have been developed which indicate the nature of these laws very clearly. Considerable data have also been obtained on the effect of freezing on the porosity of brick and on the nature of failure of glazes.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACID‐RESISTING WHITE SHEET STEEL ENAMELS1
Authors: Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMany of the commercial sheet steel enamels are readily attacked by such weak acid solutions as fruit juices and are stained by milk and by some city waters.This paper gives the development of a number of acid‐resisting enamels. It shows that acid resistance is the result of the right combinations of raw materials rather than the presence or absence of any particular constituent. Acid resistance is not affected by fineness of grinding or by the smelting conditions if the enamel is properly smelted. Mill additions of clay reduce the acid resistance but opacifiers added in this manner have no effect. Temperature and time of firing may or may not affect the acid resistance depending on the composition of the enamel.
THERMAL EXPANSION OF SILICA BRICK AND MORTARS1
Authors: Coler Sandford S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThermal expansion from 20 to 950°C and physical data of silica brick from various producing districts in the United States and Europe are presented. The variations in thermal expansion of brick from various parts of kilns are given for plants in the United States.The magnitude of variation of the thermal expansion of silica brick is quite small, the expansion ranging between 1.15% and 1.30% at the highest point of expansion. The expansion of the silica mortars varied between 1.30 to 1.52% depending upon variations in clay, quartzite, and bats.The variations in thermal expansion of silica mortars from various producing plants are also shown. Data on the effect of size of grain, clay content, and P.C.E. on the thermal expansion of mortars are given. An extensive bibliography on thermal expansion of silica brick appears with the paper.
THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF CaO AND MgO ON ENAMEL GLASSES1
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Shaw D. T. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn attempt to determine quantitatively the effects of various additions of CaO and MgO to a simple soda‐lead‐silica glass upon the physical properties of the glass and the working properties of the Same when used as an enamel was made in this investigation. The tests on glass consisted of thermal expansion, softening range, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, solubility in acid and alkali, and index of refraction.
DIMENSIONAL CHANGES CAUSED IN GLASS BY HEATING CYCLES1
Authors: Tool A. Q. , Lloyd D. B. , Merritt G. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn obtaining expansivity curves for a medium flint glass, samples of the glass were tested which had previously received one or another of several different heat treatments, and in these tests heating cycles were employed which made it possible to determine that the magnitude of the so‐called “permanent” changes in length are caused either by the annealing or the “disannealing” which may result from the heat treatment imposed on the glass by the heating cycle employed. Annealing decreases the length and specific volume, while disannealing increases them. It is shown that these effects are related to certain ice‐point shifts observed in thermometers, and to other effects sometimes observed in various types of glassware.
COLD CRUSHING STRENGTH OF FIRE BRICK1
Authors: Mitra Himansu K. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTData on cold crushing strength in three directions, viz., flat, edge, and endwise of six brands of fire brick are given. Transverse strength data of all these brands are also given. Porosities of all the brick used in these tests were determined by the air‐expansion method. The purpose of the investigation was to find whether it is possible to translate the values obtained for crushing strength of fire brick in one direction (flat) into values for the other directions (end and edge); to determine whether transverse strength data can similarly be transformed to crushing strength data and vice versa and whether porosity and crushing strength of fire brick are correlated. The data herein presented do not show the existence of any such simple mathematical relationship between the different properties of the brick.A new capping material, a mixture of sand and molten sulphur, was used for the crushing tests, and was found to be more satisfactory than the other materials commonly used for the purpose.It is recommended that in reporting crushing strength data of fire brick, the brick be tested on end.
DETERMINATION OF THE ALKALIS IN VITREOUS ENAMEL1
Authors: Schaal Robert B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSodium and potassium comprise from 5 to 25%, of the total composition of vitreous enamels. The other 75% is comprised of a wider variety of other elements than is found usually in materials which are analyzed for their alkali content. No less than twentyfive oxides are used commonly in enamel glass, and often fifteen of these are in a single enamel.The task of removing all interfering elements from the alkalis is an analytical problem of more than ordinary difficulty. The process is necessarily long and tedious. It calls for the most exact attention to detail and the most careful manipulation.This article tells of attempts to use the usual methods for determination of alkalis in vitreous enamel, and also the procedures found to be most useful and accurate for all classes of enamels.
PROGRESS IN THE ELIMINATION OF SAGGERS IN THE FIRING OF GLOST AND BISQUE GENERAL WARE AND GLOST WALL TILE1
Authors: Dressler Philip 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDuring the past fourteen years the use of saggers has been largely eliminated in the sanitary ware industry by the use of cars equipped with permanent superstructures of slabs and posts in muffle tunnel kilns.Methods are described by which saggers can be eliminated for firing general ware and wall tiles with correspondinn benefits.
SOME DATA ON THE WHITEWARE INDUSTRY OF WEST VIRGINIA1
Authors: Koehler W. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMost of the usual types of whiteware are manufactured in West Virginia by 24 different firms. Data are given on the kinds of body raw materials used, and their geographic sources; the materials used for glazes; lawn meshes used; number and kinds periodic bisque kilns and glost kilns; number of car tunnel bisque and glost kilns; horns kilns are on fire and the cones reached in each of the various types of whiteware.
AN ELECTRIC SPALLING FURNACE1
Authors: Baumann Henry N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn electric spalling furnace, heated by means of a graphite resistor and holding twelve test brick at a time, is part of the equipment for the routine testing of refractories in the Research Laboratory of The Carborundum Company at Niagara Falls, N. Y. It is more compact, more easily handled and repaired, more closely controlled, free of flame impingement, and much to be preferred to the fuel‐oil fired type of furnace which it replaced.
GEOLOGY OF THE FIRE CLAYS OF SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN1
Authors: Hutt G. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe fire clays belong to the Whitemud formation, which is of Lance (late Cretaceous) Age. The formation is usually represented by three zones: at the bottom a maximum 45 feet of partly kaolinized feldspathic sands, a thin carbonaceous zone in the middle, and at the top a maximum of 35 feet of plastic clays intercalated with fine sands and silts. Increase of the sands in coarseness eastward implies an eastern source of the sediments, possibly the pre‐Cambrian of northern Canada. The plastic clays are probably derived from the feldspathic sands and are due to a reworking of the sands and their kaolinization in Whitemud time. The strata are practically flat lying, with a regional eastward, and possibly northward, dip. The eastern clays, having fusions as high as cone 33, are more refractory than the western ones.
A QUICK METHOD OF DETERMINING THE WATER CONTENT OF CLAYS1
Authors: Deeds C. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe water content of clay is determined by taking a representative sample of the material, weighing out 2 kg. of it and adding 4 kg. of water. The sample is blunged quickly. A 250‐cc. flask is filled with the resulting slip and weighed. The amount of dry clay is determined from the relation: D= (P−250)(G/G−1)where D= weight of dry clay P= weight of slip G= specific gravity of dry clay.From this the per cent water in the moist clay is readily computed.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF THE ALUMINA CONTENT OF DIASPORES AND HIGH ALUMINA CLAY1
Authors: Phelps Stuart M. , Hughes A. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA simple but rapid method is presented for the estimation of the alumina content of diaspores and high alumina clay. A comparison of results between chemical and physical analyses is given and even closer accuracy is promised with the use of an improved apparatus in process of construction.
ABSORPTION: ITS RELATION TO DURABILITY1
Authors: Whittemore O. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper shows instances of Iowa tile of variance from general classifications, of maximum absorption limits below which building tile are durable against freezing and thawing. Exception is taken to the A.S.T.M. Specification C34‐27 as to nomenclature and tests by which tile are classified.
THE RELATION OF METAL CLEANING TO PERFECT ENAMELING1
Authors: McIlhenny Edw. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe importance of the cleaning phase of the enameling process as related to production of uniformly good work is not always appreciated. Many troubles encountered commonly in porcelain enameling plants can be traced to the pickling department turning out unclean work. In order to control the cleaning properly there are a number of points which should he considered, such as type of lubricant used, production schedule, evidence of water hardness, and selection of proper type of cleaner.A method has been suggested which applies to the water‐break test for determining the exhaustion point of the cleaning tank. Rinsing, packing or racking, and electrolytic cleaning are also of importance and merit consideration.
REFRACTORIES AND REFRACTORY CEMENTS FOR THE NONFERROUS FOUNDRY1
Authors: White Harold E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDevelopment in refractory linings for the various furnaces encountered in the nonferrous foundry industry is outlined, and figures given showing the present trend. These include open‐flame, crucible, and electric furnaces. The open‐flame furnaces formerly used firebrick linings, but silicon‐carbide and high alumina refractories are coming into use. The crucible furnace linings show a decided preference for silicon‐carbide refractories, while the electric furnaces are partial to the alumina and mullite bearing types.Progress in the manufacture of refractory cements and their use in the various types of furnaces is discussed. Data are given which indicate that the use of the proper types of cements for maintaining furnace linings of similar composition is becoming more general.
OPACIFYING EFFECT OF SOME FLUORIDES IN ENAMEL MILL ADDITIONS1
Authors: Pearce R. Melville , King R. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the results of a study of the effect of barium fluoride and zinc fluoride on enamels when added in the mill. These fluorides were used with high silica, high borax, high lead oxide, and high antimony oxide enamels. The effect of these fluorides upon opacity and the creation of such defects as crawling and crazing are shown by triaxial diagrams and photographs.