bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Crimp of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Alexander E. , Lewin M. , Litav Y. , Peres H. , Shiloh M. 
Published: March 2007

An investigation of the crimp properties of cotton fibers is presented. Two independent groups of parameters are used: one describing the geometry of the fiber and the other the dynamic behavior of its crimp. The static parameters—the crimp diameter and the crimp ratio—are measured on a crimp meter. The dependence of these parameters on the applied load is determined, and some functional relationships are suggested. The dynamic parameters used are the uncrimping energy and the uncrimping force. Both are determined from the load-elongation curves, recorded on the Instron tester. The coefficients of immediate and retarded recovery of crimp of fibers subjected to tensile deformation are determined. Two varieties of cotton are tested: Deltapine 15 and Acala 1517. A significant diff ference between the mean static parameters of these varieties is found. The more crimped appearance of the Deltapine fibers is confirmed by the higher values of these parameters. Furthermore, the force necessary to draw out these fibers from the lot is found to be higher than for the Acala fibers. The values of the uncrimping energies of the Deltapine fibers are also found to be significantly higher than those of the Acala. The values of the recovery coefficients show that about 50% of the uncrimping energy of the Deltapine fibers is recovered immediately after stretching. The corresponding recovery of the Acala fibers is about 25%. After 24 hr of relaxation, the fibers of both varieties show a recovery of 55%. The uncrimping force and its recovery coefficient are found td be less sensitive parameters for characterizing these cotton varieties.
The Physical Properties of Wool Fibers at Various Regains
Authors: Feughelman M. , Haly A.R. 
Published: March 2007

Each water molecule in the keratin-water system is considered to have four asso ciations, each of which may be either an association directly with the keratin structure or an association with another water molecule. By assuming, as a first approximation, that the energy of binding of a water-keratin association is a fixed value above that of a water-water association, and using available data on the differential heats of wetting of keratin, the change in the proportion of keratin-water and water-water associations with change of regain may be calculated. From this, the proportion of water molecules with four, three; two, one, or no associations with keratin at any regain may be estimated. If the water not associated at all with' the keratin structure is considered "free" or "liquid" water, and the associated water "bound" or "localized" water, then reasonable agreement is found with the corresponding water fractions estimated by Cassie. Experi mental data are presented which appear to indicate that these two fractions have a definite physical Significance Nuclear magnetic resonance results are also discussed, to show where disagreement exists with the earlier concept of water sorption. The model presented is shown to be compatible with. these results and with other evidence from experiments on the drying of wool from saturation and from intermediate relative humidities.
Fatigue in Textile Fibers
Authors: Prevorsek Dusan C. , Lyons W. James 
Published: March 2007

Experimentation has meluded investigation of the effects of frequency on the hfetime distributions of an acrylic sample and Types 52 and 420 Dacron2 fibers. Increase of frequency of cyclic loading was found to result In an increase in the dispersion of life times (in number of cycles) in the acryhe sample. The effect of mereasing the frequency was to raise the general level of the lifetime distributions of both Types 52 and 420 Dac ron. In general, the scatter in lifetimes at any one frequency was found to be much smaller for these samples than it was for the acrylic. The distributions for the two Dacrons were observed to be virtually unimodal. The third asymptotic function was acordmgly assumed to be apphcable. Estimates of parameters of this distribution. at various frequencies, were caculated and tabulated. A noteworthy finding was that while Type 420 Dacron has higher average lifetimes at various frequencies than Type 52, the minimum lifetimes of both are effectively zero. The average number of cycles to failure was found to increase with frequency in all three samples, although not in expected accord with a simple linear relationship. A possible explanation for the deviations is offered. Auxiliary tests, made in an attempt to account for the large differences in fatigue behavior between Type 52 and 420 Dacron, showed the latter to have substantially higher molecular weight and better orientation.
Persulfate Degradation of Wool
Authors: Needles H.L. 
Published: March 2007

Degradation and discoloration of wool by persulfate in aqueous solution are greater at pH 1.6 than at pH 4.6. The main damage is believed to be due to attack by hy droxyl-free radicals resulting from decomposition of persulfate, since little damage can be attributed to hydrolytic action. Amino acid analyses on untreated and on degraded wool show significant attack of cystine, methionine, arginine, histidine, proline, tyrosine, and possibly phenylalanine. Evidence for non-hydrolytic cleavage of the protein chain and attack of terminal amino acids is presented. N,N-Dimethylacetamide greatly moderates the action of persulfate on wool, probably through preferential reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Polyacrylamide on wool gives no protection against persulfate, but poly-N,N-dimethylacrylamide gives some protection.
The Estimation of Mothproofing Agents in Wool
Authors: Williams V.A. 
Published: March 2007

Techniques for the removal of dieldrin from wool are compared and methods of analysis are described. A culorimetric method [19] is satisfactory, when proceeded by prior cleanup of the extract. Gas chromatography on a silicone oil column, without any preliminary cleanup, gives an excellent separation of dietdrin. This method has been used to measure fastness properties of dieldrin-treated wool, and data obtained earlier with radioactive dieldrin [28] have been confirmed.' The gas chromatographic procedure may also be used for the determination of other chlorinated mothproofing agents in wool, and the fastness properties of DDT and Dilene (TDE) on wool have been determined by this method. The washfastness of dieldrin, Dilene and DDT on wool are all similar, but fastness to dry cleaning is in the order dieldrin>Dilene>DDT.
Mechanics of Elastic Performance of Textile Materials
Authors: Freeston W. Denney , Platt Milton M. , Butterworth G.A.M. 
Published: March 2007

Theoretical analyses of the torsional recovery of filaments and singles yarns and the ply back-twist required to give balanced plied yarns are presented. The methodology employed parallels that previously reported for filament bending recovery [4]. The filaments are assumed to be linearly elastic for shear stresses below the yield stress, to have a sharply defined yield point, and to exhibit linear work-hardening beyond the yield. Time effects, although not explicitly included, are discussed. The torsional behavior of small-diameter metal wire and some polymeric filaments is, approximated by these assumptions. The effects of bending stresses and tensile stresses imposed on fibers during spinning or throwing are neglected. The yarn torque which develops from the application of a tensile stress to a twisted singles yarn, which would otherwise not exhibit any residual torque, is also neglected. However, the magnitudes of the possible effects of tension on filament torque, and filament bending on yarn torque are noted. The analytical expressions obtained for the twist recovery of filaments as a function of filament diameter, material properties, and initial twist are verified experimentally. The analytical expressions for the twist recovery of singles yarns and the ply back- twist required to give balanced plied yarns are experimentally investigated. The causes of differences between the theoretical and experimental results are discussed.
Moisture Transfer Through Chemically Treated Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Mecheels Jürgen H. , Demeler Renate M. , Kachel Eberhard 
Published: March 2007

A thermoregulatory model of the human skin is described, which allows quantitative measurements of moisture transfer through textile layers and its thermal effect on the heat loss of the human body. The influence of various finishes on the moisture-transfer properties of cotton fabrics was investigated with multiple-layer combinations. Finish ing processes which fundamentally change the behavior of fibers with respect to moisture were used. Cross-linking of. the cotton produces no decline in moisture transfer. Water-repellent finishing reduces the moisture transfer substantially, since the wettabil ity of the fibers is a parameter of the capillary conductivity of yarns and fabrics., To clarify this, measurements were carried out on viscose fabrics (extremely high-absorptive fiber) and on glass-fiber fabrics (of high wettability). The water-vapor permeability, according to the control-dish method was also investigated for comparison. Controlled wear tests to estimate the significance of these laboratory measurements are also described. They show that cross-linking of cotton improves the body-comfort prop erties of fabrics and garments.
Chemical Changes in the Cuticle of Oxidized Wool
Authors: Andrews M.W. , Inglis A.S. , Williams V.A. 
Published: March 2007

A simple method for obtaining cuticle from wool shrinkproofed by oxidative methods is described. Amino acid analyses of cuticle preparations show that the cuticle is modified far more than the rest of the fiber by successful treatments of this type. Cystine, tyrosine, and methionine are extensively changed by most treatments, but per monosulfuric acid oxidation mainly affects the content of cystine. The extent to which cystine is modified varies with the shrinkproof treatment. The analyses suggest that, although treatments with permanganate/salt, permonosulfuric acid, and hypochlorite at pH 4.2 effect marked changes in the chemical nature of the cuticle, they are not as severe as dry chlorination or acid chlorinations with either hypochlorite or bromate/salt.
Wearability of Acala 1517C Cotton
Authors: Lee Julia S. , Finkner Morris D. 
Published: March 2007

Experimental cotton fabries made from four lots of Acala 1517C cotton fiber selected for strength and fineness were used for constructing 192 gingham dresses. One dress of each fabric was assigned to each of 48 wearers. A schedule for regular wear and care was established. Over a series of 16 wear periods, dresses were withdrawn in replicates of three according to a random sampling plan. The worn fabries were tested at each of the wear periods for qualities pertaining to durability and appearance. Regression equations were calculated and trends of change plotted. Properties of the fabries from the four fiber lots were compared. Fiber fine ness was of greater importance than strength in maintaining desirable wearing qualities of the fabries.
Catalysts from Aluminum Alums in Crosslink Finishing
Authors: Kottes Andrews B.A. , Frick J.G. 
Published: March 2007

Aluminum alums have been investigated as catalysts in the crosslink finishing of khitted and woven fabrics. Alums that were considered include potassium, ammonium, hydroxylaminium, and pyridinium aluminum alums, and the pseudo alum, magnesium aluminum alum. A number of treatments were employed, and the effects on fabric properties of ratios of monovalent cation to aluminum within a given sulfate mixture, of total catalyst concentration, and of curing times and temperatures were compared. The alums are as effective catalysts as magnesium chloride under conventional curing conditions. Some are also effective at curing conditions that are less rigorous or more rigorous than usual. The catalysis is provided at low total concentrations Loss of strength is not in excess of that found with conventional catalysts and varies with the alum system used.
Ozone Fading of Disperse Blue 3 on Nylon 6 Fibers. The Influence of Physical Fiber Properties
Authors: Heuvel H.M. , Huisman R. , Schmidt H.M. 
Published: March 2007

Based on the diffusion concept of the dyestuff molecule, a model is presented to account for the influence of the physical properties of nylon 6 fibers on the ozone-fading phenomenon. To develop the model, a special series of fibers was made using widely different cross sectional shapes and texturing conditions. The fibers were dyed in a bath containing Disperse Blue 3 as the ozone-fading sensitive dyestuff. In order to study situations closely related to practice, we confined our selves to carpet yarn like types of fiber, both before and after steam heat-setting. Fitting of a mathematical model, relating structural parameters to ozone fading, showed that the molecular porosity of the structure and the specific area of the surface are the main factors involved. The contribution of the orientation did not turn out to be significant in our model. Another series, containing yarns from a considerable variety of bulking processes and producers, was analyzed in the same way to check the applicability of the model Although a rather good fit was found for most samples, some dis crepancies remained. Suggestions are given for the interpretation of these deviations.
Studies on the Shrink-Resist Treatment of Wool with Potassium Permanganate
Authors: Kantouch A. , Bendak A. , Sadek M. 
Published: March 2007

A detailed investigation of the shrink-resist effect imparted to wool by potassium permanganate solution is described. The KMnO4 consumed by the wool increased with time, temperature, and concentration of the treating bath. The addi tion of a relatively small amount of sodium chloride in the range of 10 g/l. to the KMnO4 treatment bath incrased to some extent the KMnO4 consumed by the wool. The acidic KMnO4 treatment imparted better shrink resist properties to the wool, as well as less yellowing when compared with an alkaline treatment. The treatment produced some bleach ing effects to wool that makes it possible to use milder bleaching conditions subsequently without effecting the level of whiteness. Amino acids cystine, tyrosine, and tryptophan were greatly affected by the KMnO4 treatment. This observation may be compared with the changes associated with chlorinated or H2O2 treated wool. Nitrogen and sulfur contents decreased with increased extent of KMnO4 treatment. Alkali and urea bisulfite solubilities of the treated wool increased and were favored by increase in pH, temperature, and concentration of the KMnO4 solution. Tensile strength and elongation of the treated wool were decreased slightly by the KMnO4 treatment. The affinity of treated wool to dyeing increased, and brighter colors were imparted to dyed wool in the case of pale and medium shades as compared to untreated wool. No change in the color of the treated wool after suitable KMnO4 treat ment was observed.
Dyeing of Modified Polypropylene—Cationic Dyes on Brominated Polypropylene
Authors: Shah C.D. , Jain D.K. 
Published: March 2007

Polypropylene fiber was photobrominated by the action of bromine under specific conditions. With bromination, the moisture content of the fiber increased, but there was no effect on the fiber's mechanical properties and a marked affinity was created in the fiber for cationic dyes from an alkaline medium. Eight different cationic dyes were used on the brominated product under different dyebath pH conditions. Dyeings tended to show that the mechanism of application of cationic dyes on brominated polypropylene was a reactive type, i.e., through the formation of a covalent bond between the fiber and the dye.Of the eight cationic dyes, seven possessed poor to moderate lightfastness; only Methylene Blue (CI Basic Blue 9) gave very good lightfastness. In all the eight dyeings, fastness to washing, bleach, sea water, and soda boil were good. All the eight dyeings were aftertreated with iodine which increased lightfastness. Of the eight dyes, three produced photodegrading action on the fiber and five afforded photoprotection. Meth ylene Blue gave very good photoprotective action to the brominated polypropyl ene fiber.
Tourism - The World's Peace Industry
Authors: D'Amore Louis 
Published: March 2007

The city of Vancouver, B. C., will be host to the First Global Conference: Tourism — A Vital Force For Peace in October 23-2 7, 1988. The aim ofthe conference is to search out, explore, discuss, and propose new initiatives through which the diverse sectors of the world's tourism industry can facilitate and contribute further to the goal of "Global Peace through Tourism. " Tourism, along with its obvious international economic impact transcends governmental boundaries by bringing peoples of the world closer together through the understanding of different cultures, environments and heritage. It is potentially one of the most important vehicles for promating understanding, trust, and goodwill among peoples of the world. Delegates to the conference will be senior executives from both the public and private sectors of tourism as well as related fields such as parks, heritage, culture, arts, recreation, the full range ofexchangeprograms, community development, urban design, and environment. The Vancouver conference is the result of a resolution unanimously endorsed by the Tourism Industry Association of Canada (TIA C) in support ofthe United Nations declara tion of 1986 as the "International Year of Peace. " The conference theme builds on the philosophy and principles expressed in the 1980 Manila Declaration ofthe World Tourism Organization. The Declaration challenged the industry with a concept of tourism that emphasizes its social, cultural, economic, educational and political values. An earlier version appeared in Business Quarterly published by School of Business Administration, the University of Western Ontario, Canada, Ontario, Canada.
Reliability and Validity of the Diabetes Family Behavior Scale (DFBS)
Authors: McKelvey Jane , Waller David A. , North Alvin J. , Marks James F. , Schreiner Barbara , Travis Luther B. , Murphy Jayn. 
Published: March 2007

The Diabetes Family Behavior Scale (DFBS) was designed to measure diabetes-specific family support. The purposes of this study were to refine the scale and to assess reliability and criterion validity in terms of relationship to metabolic control. The DFBS was administered to 321 children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Blood was drawn for determination of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Based on an item-analysis procedure, the DFBS was revised to include 47 items with two subscales, one to reflect guidance-control and one to reflect warmth-caring. Acceptable internal consistency was found for the DFBS total score (.86), and for the guidance-control (.81) and warmth-caring (.79) subscales. There was a statistically significant relationship in the expected direction between DFBS total score and HbA1c (r = -.12, P<.03), and between the guidance-control subscale and HbA1c. (r=-.17, P<.002).
A Clinical Path for Adult Diabetes
Authors: Courtney Lisa , Gordon Malcolm , Romer Louise 
Published: March 2007

The use of clinical paths for patient care management was explored by this development team as a mechanism to provide consistent, high-quality care to hospitalized patients in high-volume, high-risk diagnostic categories. Reviewing the historical aspects and importance of clinical paths helped expand the team's perspective to incorporate pre-and posthospitalization phases of patient care into the clinical path being developed. A multidisciplinary team of physicians, nurses, health educators, and dietitians from both inpatient and outpatient departments of Kaiser-Santa Teresa Medical Center in San Jose, California, devised and implemented an Adult Diabetes Mellitus care path. Staff education preceded the implementation of the care paths. Measurements of quality indicators showed improvements in patient satisfaction, patient education, patient knowledge, and nutrition assessments.
A two-phase approach to making decisions involving goal uncertainty
Authors: Kleyle R. , de Korvin A. 
Published: March 2007

The main purpose of the present work is to present and discuss a model for a decision maker who is using feedback information and is subjected to goal uncertainty. The decision maker is allowed to choose one of a finite number of courses of action and observe one of a finite number of possible outcomes resulting from his choice. Two alternatives are available to 'learn' the best course of action. One is to assign a subjective score to each course of action, outcome pair and follow the courses of action that lead to the highest current estimates of the expected score. This approach quickly establishes a dominant course of action which under certain circumstances may not be optimal. The other alternative forces much more switching between courses of action and no dominant action arises. These alternatives are combined in a two-phase approach to zeroing in on the optimal course of action. In phase one the decision maker cycles until enough information has accu mulated. In phase two he follows the highest expected utilities. The algonthm is written out in detail in the appendix.
Information systems planning and operation in Less Developed Countries. Part 2: Case study, information systems, evaluation
Authors: Bell Simon 
Published: March 2007

Aimed primarily at academics working in the field of development studies. First, it is intended to give an overview of the major issues involved in the diffusion of information to less developed countnes (LDCs), and a review of the types of organization that operate in the field, their accessibility and specializations. It is hoped that this presentation will encour age academics to become interested in the value and power of information as a thing in itself, and correspondingly to dedi cate greater efforts to making use of, and furthenng the cause of those information services which are appropriate and cost effective Second, the paper is an attempt to pull together the various aspects of the subject of 'information for LDCs', encouraging librarians and information specialists to consider issues other than those concerned mainly with technical access to facilities, (e.g. the political control of information, the 'privatization of information' and appropriate information systems for local populations, etc.). Generally, recent literature (1978-84) is used throughout This is partly in order to demonstrate the latest thinking on the subject, but also due to the relative sparseness of earlier matenal which is still relevant.
A document retrieval system based on nearest neighbour searching
Authors: Lucarella Dario 
Published: March 2007

Document filing and retrieval systems can be designed using advanced techniques resulting from recent research in information retneval. In this paper, a document retneval system is presented, based upon the vector processing model. The system employs an automatic indexing procedure with a weighting scheme to reflect term importance. Documents are stored using an in verted file organization. Natural language quenes are sup ported with a retrieval strategy based on best match techniques and relevance feedback. The emphasis is on nearest neighbour searching to locate documents closest to a given query. That means, after having defined a sirrularitv function, the identification of those docu ments in the collection which exhibit a higher degree of re semblance to the query. The problem is introduced with reference to a straightfor ward search procedure that returns the nearest neighbour set manipulating the inverted file entnes. Then. an improved al gorithm is presented which optimizes both the number of documents to be evaluated and the number of inverted lists to be inspected.