bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Epinephrine Only, Arginine Vasopressin Only, and Epinephrine Followed by Arginine Vasopressin on the Survival Rate in a Rat Model of Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Dewachter Pascale , Raëth-Fries Isabelle , Jouan-Hureaux Valérie , Menu Patrick , Vigneron Claude , Longrois Dan , Mertes Paul Michel 
Published: April 2007

Background
Epinephrine and more recently arginine vasopressin (AVP) alone or in combination have been proposed in patients with anaphylactic shock, but few experimental data exist. The authors investigated the effects of epinephrine only, AVP only, or epinephrine followed by AVP in a model of anaphylactic shock.

Methods
Ovalbumin-sensitized Brown Norway rats were anesthetized, intubated, and shock induced with ovalbumin. Rats (n = 6/group) were randomly allocated to receive 5 min after shock onset: (1) saline (no-treatment group); (2) two boluses of epinephrine followed by continuous infusion (epinephrine group); (3) AVP bolus followed by continuous infusion (AVP group); (4) epinephrine bolus followed by AVP continuous infusion (epinephrine + AVP group). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and skeletal muscle oxygen pressure (PtiO2) were measured. Continuous infusion rates were titrated to reach MAP values of 60 mmHg. Survival was analyzed.

Results
Without treatment, MAP and PtiO2 decreased rapidly with 0% survival. In the epinephrine group, MAP and PtiO2 recovered after an initial decrease, with 84% survival. In the AVP group, MAP was partially restored and subsequently decreased; PtiO2 values decreased to values similar to those in the no-treatment group; survival was 0%. In the epinephrine + AVP group, MAP and PtiO2 values increased more slowly as compared with the epinephrine group; survival was 100%.

Conclusions
In this model of anaphylactic shock, early treatment with epinephrine followed by continuous epinephrine or vasopressin infusion resulted in an excellent survival rate, whereas vasopressin only resulted in a 100% death rate. These experimental results suggest that epinephrine must still be considered as the first-line drug to treat anaphylactic shock.
Oral Donepezil Reduces Hypersensitivity after Nerve Injury by a Spinal Muscarinic Receptor Mechanism
Authors: Clayton Bridgette A. , Hayashida Ken-ichiro , Childers Steven R. , Xiao Ruoyu , Eisenach James C. 
Published: April 2007

Background
Cholinesterase inhibitors which reach the central nervous system produce pain relief but are poorly tolerated because of gastrointestinal side effects. Here, the authors tested whether donepezil, a central nervous system penetrant cholinesterase inhibitor with a low incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, would relieve hypersensitivity in an animal model of neuropathic pain.

Methods
Male rats were anesthetized, and the L5 and L6 spinal nerves were ligated unilaterally. Hypersensitivity was measured by withdrawal threshold to von Frey filament application to the hind paw after oral donepezil, and antagonists administered centrally and peripherally. Efficacy of chronic oral donepezil to relieve hypersensitivity was tested, and activation of G proteins by M(2) muscarinic receptors was determined by carbachol-stimulated [(35)S]guanosine triphosphate (gamma)S autoradiography in brain and spinal cord.

Results
Spinal nerve ligation resulted in hypersensitivity that was more severe ipsilateral than contralateral to surgery. Oral donepezil reduced hypersensitivity bilaterally in a dose-dependent manner for 2 h, and this effect was blocked by spinal but not supraspinal or peripheral muscarinic receptor antagonism. Oral donepezil maintained efficacy over 2 weeks of twice daily administration, and this treatment did not lead to desensitization of muscarinic receptor-coupled G proteins in brain or spinal cord.

Conclusions
Donepezil, a well-tolerated cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimer dementia, reduces hypersensitivity in this rat model of neuropathic pain by actions on muscarinic receptors in the spinal cord. Lack of tolerance to this effect, in contrast to rapid tolerance to direct receptor agonists, suggests that cholinesterase inhibition may be useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Effects of Intermittent Femoral Nerve Injections of Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine, and Ropivacaine on Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism and Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis in Rat Psoas Muscle
Authors: Nouette-Gaulain Karine , Sirvent Pascal , Canal-Raffin Mireille , Morau Didier , Malgat Monique , Molimard Mathieu , Mercier Jacques , Lacampagne Alain , Sztark François , Capdevila Xavier 
Published: April 2007

Background
Long-acting local anesthetics cause muscle damage. Moreover, long-acting local anesthetics act as uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in isolated mitochondria and enhance sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release. The aim of the study was to evaluate effects of perineural injections of local anesthetics on mitochondrial energetic metabolism and intracellular calcium homeostasis in vivo.

Methods
Femoral nerve block catheters were inserted in adult male Wistar rats. Rats were randomized and received seven injections (1 ml/kg) of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, or isotonic saline at 8-h intervals. Rats were killed 8 h after the last injection. Psoas muscle was quickly dissected from next to the femoral nerve. Local anesthetic concentrations in muscle were determined. Oxidative capacity was measured in saponin-skinned fibers. Oxygen consumption rates were measured, and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis rate was determined. Enzymatic activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes were evaluated. Local calcium release events (calcium sparks) were analyzed as well as sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content in saponin-skinned fibers.

Results
Eight hours after the last injection, psoas muscle concentration of local anesthetics was less than 0.3 microg/g tissue. Adenosine triphosphate synthesis and adenosine triphosphate-to-oxygen ratio were significantly decreased in the muscle of rats treated with local anesthetics. A global decrease (around 50%) in all of the enzyme activities of the respiratory chain was observed. Levobupivacaine increased the amplitude and frequency of the calcium sparks, whereas lower sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content was shown.

Conclusion
Bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine injected via femoral nerve block catheters induce a deleterious effect in mitochondrial energy, whereas only levobupivacaine disturbs calcium homeostasis.
ADVANCED AND REFINED TECHNIQUE IN THE PETROGRAPHIC STUDY OF CRYSTALLINE REFRACTORIES*
Authors: McCormick R. B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe new technique for the determination of the refractive indices of minerals, as developed by R. C. Emmons of the University of Wisconsin, is described. The paper contains a discussion of immersion media and a description of the double‐variation apparatus, the modified universal stage, and the smithsonite refractometer. Application of the technique to crystalline refractories is considered.
OPAL GLASS. II, SILICON, CALCIUM, SODIUM, ALUMINUM, OXYGEN, AND FLUORINE SERIES*
Authors: Blau Henry H. , Silverman Alexander , Hicks Victor 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe influence of alumina on the behavior of simple fluoride glasses is investigated. Analytical melting studies indicate that the fluorine may be liberated by at least three typical mechanisms. X‐ray diffraction studies reveal influences of alumina on crystallization.
A GRAPHICAL METHOD OF CALCULATING HEAT LOSS THROUGH FURNACE WALLS*
Authors: Weinland Clarence E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWhen a wide range of temperatures is considered, difficulty is encountered in accurately representing the thermal conductivity of any material, the temperature‐conductivity function of which is not a straight‐line relation. This difficulty can be obviated by use of the “true” conductivity function as defined herein.The use of the “true” conductivity function confers the additional advantage that it makes possible a graphical method for the calculation of heat transmission through compound structures, under conditions of equilibrium heat flow. Though this is still a trial‐and‐error process, from the theoretical viewpoint it is more sound and from the practical angle more easily usable than the arithmetical method generally employed heretofore. The new method is illustrated by the solution of a typical problem.
RAPID METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF GLASS SAND*
Authors: Vilensky Michel B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe classical method for the analysis of glass sand, based on fusion of the pulverized material with sodium carbonate, dehydration of the silica with HCl, and determination of the other components from the filtrate, while accurate, requires considerable time. The method outlined by the writer, using HNO3 and HF, gives satisfactory results and requires only about one‐fourth the time.
FURTHER DATA ON ENAMEL ADHERENCE*
Authors: Kautz Karl 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExperiments designed to test the theories of gripping and electrochemical displacement as factors in the adherence of enamels to metals were performed. Rough surfaces on chromium, the stainless steels, and nickel produced no better adherence than smooth surfaces. Rough and smooth surfaces on iron enameled in vacuo and in nitrogen gave extremely poor adherence. Gripping action apparently functions on enameled noble metals.Poor adherence on chromium, a metal higher than cobalt in the electrochemical series, and good adherence on copper, a metal below cobalt in the series, tend to show that electrolytic reactions, if they do occur, are not the fundamental cause of adherence. Enamels fired on iron in vacuo or in nitrogen are given the most advantageous conditions for electrolytic reactions to take place, yet the adherence in these cases is extremely poor.Gripping action or electrolytic reactions could not function properly on oxidizable alloys and metals due to oxide layers which formed under the glass layer in firing. The importance of oxygen in enameling metals is emphasized by these experiments.A brief review of the work of Pfeil, Castro and Portevin, and Mathewson, Spire, and Milligan on the constitution of iron scale is given. It is shown that metallic iron particles may exist in ferrous‐oxide scale as true primary dendrites, as rounded grains of residual α‐iron from the base, and as minute specks or thin layers of secondary α‐iron.Microscopic study of iron‐enamel contact zones showed no true dendrites of iron to be present. In underfired enamels was found the α‐iron phase from the initial scale, but in the scale underlying this enamel both residual α‐iron phase and secondary α‐iron were found. In normally fired enamels only detached surface iron produced by slow oxidation of the iron base surface was found. The iron surface and the detached surface iron particles after proper etching showed a film of ferrous phase approximately 3 × 10‐5 inch thick between the glass and metal. This film of ferrous phase is believed to be the medium which bonds the enamel and iron together.Microscopic study also showed the effect of an increased diffusion of oxygen as the enamel became richer in iron oxide. Cobalt oxide in the enamel is believed to promote solution of ferrous phase and also to act as an oxygen carrier through the molten glass layer.A description of the six stages in the complete firing of cobalt ground‐coat enamels on iron is given and also the reactions which occur in each stage.
THE FLOW OF CERAMIC BODIES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study is made of the flow characteristics of a porcelain over a considerable range of stress and temperature. In the range of these tests, where the rate varied by a million to one, no lower limit was found to the flow. The flow always reached a steady rate, but this look as much as 400 hours in some cases. The relation of plastic flow‐to other types is discussed as well as the application of the flow diagram to the load test and the fusion point.
THE FLUXING EFFECT OF FELDSPAR IN WHITEWARE BODIES*
Authors: Schramm E. , Hall F. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA review is given of literature dealing with the melting relations of the feldspars, the solubility of quartz and clay in feldspar, the use of feldspar in bodies, and the direct determination of viscosity. An experimental study is reported, based on the determination of vitrification curves and viscosity at high temperature for several types of bodies, employing different typical feldspars alone and in mixtures. Various potash feldspars give similar results when allowance is made for free quartz content. The action of several natural feldspars of intermediate soda content was duplicated with chemically identical blends of pure microcline and pure albite. The validity of chemical control is confirmed. The action of feldspar is best considered, not as a simple melting and solution process, but as providing a source of fluxing elements needed to bring about glass‐forming reactions.
QUARTZ AS A DEVITRIFICATION PRODUCT OF VITREOUS SILICA*
Authors: Trostel L. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractQuartz has been observed as a devitrification product of vitreous silica prepared from glass sand when heated for four hours at 1300°C. Another type of commercial vitreous silica did not devitrify under the same conditions. Examination of the various properties of the two samples of vitreous silica by means of the microscope, interferometer, and X‐ray did not disclose differences which would explain the cause of the devitrification. Several theories arc advanced to explain the phenomena observed.
DE‐AIRING SEWER PIPE*
Authors: Rankin J. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Steele method of de‐airing sewer pipe features an air‐tight, inclosed mud chamber, fed by an inclosed chute from the de‐airing unit, which is connected in a straight line with a 12‐foot pug mill. Tempering clay with two wet pans has been discontinued. The plasticity has been increased, the pipes emerge straighter from the press, dry straighter, and are stronger and tougher with a resultant decrease in waste in house and kilns. The outer surface is smoother with practically no lamination or visible blisters. The crushing strength is increased and the absorption decreased.
SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF CERAMIC POWDERS AS DETERMINED BY A PARTICLE‐SIZE AIR ANALYZER*
Authors: Roller Paul S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of air as a fluid for analytical separation of microscopic‐size particles has been given a new impetus by the development of a system involving a dynamic relationship between the powder sample and the air jet. This relationship is such that the powder charge is caused to circulate automatically and at the same time to translate in a direction opposite to that of the incoming air. Particle‐size analysis embodying this principle is described with the samples consisting of ceramic materials. Advantages of the air‐separation method of analysis are discussed.
PART V, NOTES ON CASTING ALL‐KAOLIN BODIES OF TRUE PORCELAIN AND CHINA TYPES
Authors: Hedquist A. J. , Gould R. E. , Wilson E. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA description is given of the methods used in casting bodies in which the clay content consists of North Carolina and Florida kaolins and of the effect of various electrolytes on this type of body. The trouble was found to lie in the type of electrolyte used. Sodium carbonate and sodium silicate were unsuccessful, but sodium tannate and sodium gallate and various organic dispersing agents produced casting slips which appeared to have excellent commercial possibilities.
SOME STUDIES ON REACTIONS BETWEEN GLASSES AND PHOSPHATE SOLUTIONS*
Authors: Brown J. B. , Watts Arthur S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA technique is described for determining the durability of glass exposed to phosphate solutions. Inactivation of solutions exposed to glass is reported on the basis of time and temperature and is accompanied by solution (or peptization) of certain glass constituents, especially sodium, magnesium, and silicon. Small additions of sodium‐silicate to phosphate solutions cause, inactivation. If water is heated with powdered glass, any phosphate solution in which it is used will be inactive. One explanation for these phenomena is suggested.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PARTICLE SIZE WITHIN THE CLAY FRACTION*
Authors: Bray R. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe method of Steele and Bradfield for the determination of particle‐size distribution, which gives five size fractions within the clay fraction, has been applied to some ceramic clays. Each clay is found to have a characteristic size‐distribution curve. Wide variations in size distribution within clays containing similar amounts of clay (< 1 μ material) are found. One of the possible practical uses of this type of study is in the blending of clays either to produce a new product having the desired qualities or to reproduce a natural clay.
Tramadol does not prolong the effect of ropivacaine 7.5 mg/ml for axillary brachial plexus block
Authors: Kesimci E. , Izdes S. , Gozdemir M. , Kanbak O. 
Published: April 2007

Background:  The aim of this prospective, randomized, double‐blind study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of tramadol to ropivacaine on the onset and duration of sensory and motor block, and duration of analgesia, for axillary brachial plexus block.Methods:  After institutional approval and informed consent had been obtained, 45 patients scheduled for forearm or hand surgery under axillary brachial plexus block were randomly allocated into two groups. The ropivacaine group received 40 ml of ropivacaine 7.5 mg/ml plus 2 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution, and the tramadol group received 40 ml of ropivacaine 7.5 mg/ml plus 2 ml (100 mg) of tramadol. The onset and duration of sensory and motor block in the distribution of the musculocutaneous, radial, median and ulnar nerves, the duration of analgesia, the time to first pain medication, hemodynamics and side‐effects were recorded.Results:  The addition of tramadol did not improve the speed of onset or increase the duration of sensory and motor block. The durations of analgesia were 631 ± 33 min and 633 ± 37 min (mean ± standard deviation) in the ropivacaine and tramadol groups, respectively (P > 0.05). Hemodynamic parameters and side‐effects did not differ between the groups.Conclusion:  The addition of 100 mg of tramadol to 7.5 mg/ml of ropivacaine, for axillary brachial plexus block, does not prolong the duration of motor and sensory block and analgesia.
INDUCTION OF CYP3A IN PRIMARY CULTURES OF HUMAN HEPATOCYTES BY GINKGOLIDES A AND B
Authors: He Nu , Cai Hong‐Bo , Xie Hong‐Guang , Collins Xavior , Edeki Timi I , Strom Stephen C 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY

The present study was designed to determine the effects of ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and quercetin on CYP3A protein expression and enzyme activity in primary cultures of human hepatocytes.
Hepatocytes were pretreated with ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and quercetin (at 1, 3, 10 and 30 µmol/L) for 48 h and then exposed to testosterone (250 µmol/L) for 30 min. Rifampin (10 µmol/L) and phenobarbital (2 mmol/L) were used as positive controls. The CYP3A activity was measured by the amount of 6β‐hydroxytestosterone in the culture medium and CYP3A protein in hepatocyte lysate was semiquantified by immunoblotting.
Compared with the vehicle control, ginkgolides A and B, at 30 µmol/L, significantly induced CYP3A protein expression (2.1‐ and 2‐fold, respectively; both P < 0.01) and markedly induced CYP3A‐mediated testosterone 6β‐hydroxylation (2.5‐fold each; P < 0.05 for ginkgolide A; P > 0.05 for ginkgolide B). Quercetin had no apparent induction.
Ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B can induce CYP3A protein expression and enzyme activity in primary cultures of human hepatocytes at higher doses.
TOCOLYTIC EFFECT OF PARECOXIB, A NEW PARENTERAL CYCLO‐OXYGENASE‐2‐SPECIFIC INHIBITOR, ON THE SPONTANEOUS AND PROSTAGLANDIN‐INDUCED CONTRACTIONS OF RAT ISOLATED MYOMETRIUM
Authors: Ayar A 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effects of parecoxib, a novel cyclo‐oxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitor, on spontaneous and prostaglandin‐induced contractions of uterine smooth muscle.
Non‐pregnant adult Wistar rats were decapitated and dissected to isolate myometrial strips. The tissue was mounted in 5 mL organ baths filled with Krebs’ solution that was maintained at 37°C and bubbled continuously with a mixture of 95% O2–5% CO2 to give pH 7.4. Contractions were recorded through transducers for isometric tension recording. The dose‐dependent effects of parecoxib on contractility were quantified by changes in the mean amplitude, frequency and area under the contractile curve (AUC; percentage of control conditions) of the isometric tension recordings, averaged over 5 min intervals. Statistical analyses were performed using anova.
Application of parecoxib (50–900 µmol/L) caused dose‐dependent decreases in mean amplitude, mean frequency and mean AUC of both spontaneous and prostaglandin‐induced contractions. Mean percentage inhibition of the AUC of spontaneous contractions was found to be 29, 56, 74 and 84% in the presence of 50, 150, 300 and 600 µmol/L parecoxib, resepctively (n = 8). In the case of prostaglandin (PG) F2α‐induced contractions, 100, 300, 600 and 900 µmol/L parecoxib resulted in a 27, 43, 61 and 73% inhibition, respectively (n = 9). Moreover, pretreatment with parecoxib (600 µmol/L) reduced the responsiveness and maximum contractility to PGF2α compared with non‐treated strips.
The data from the present study indicate, for the first time, that parecoxib inhibits spontaneous and prostaglandin‐induced contractions of rat myometrium in vitro. These results raise the possibility that parecoxib may be of therapeutic use in the management of preterm labour and dysmenorrhoea.
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF PEROXYNITRITE
Authors: Uppu Rao M , Nossaman Bobby D , Greco Anthony J , Fokin Alex , Murthy Subramanyam N , Fonseca Vivian A , Kadowitz Philip J 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPeroxynitrite (PN) is formed in biological systems from the reaction of nitric oxide (·NO) with superoxide (·) and both exist as free radicals. By itself, PN is not a free radical, but it can generate nitrogen dioxide (·NO2) and carbonate radical (·) upon reaction with CO2.The reaction of CO2constitutes a major pathway for the disposition of PN producedin vivoand this is based on the rapid reaction of PN anion with CO2and the availability of CO2in both intra‐ and extracellular fluids. The free radicals ·NO2and·, in combination with ·NO, generated from nitric oxide synthase, can bring about oxidation of critical biological targets resulting in tissue injury. However, the reactions of ·NO2,· and ·NO with carbohydrates, protein and non‐protein thiols, phenols, indoles and uric acid could result in the formation of a number of nitration and nitrosation products in the vasculature. These products serve as long‐acting ·NO donors and, therefore, contribute to vasorelaxant properties, protective effects on the heart, inhibition of leucocyte–endothelial cell interactions and reduction of reperfusion injury.Herein, we review the chemistry of PN, the observations that the effects of PN could be mediated by formation of an ·NO donor‐like substance and review the physiological and beneficial effects of PN.