bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized Comparison Between Open Irrigation Technology and Intracardiac‐Echo‐Guided Energy Delivery for Pulmonary Vein Antrum Isolation: Procedural Parameters, Outcomes, and the Effect on Esophageal Injury
Authors: MARROUCHE NASSIR F. , GUENTHER JENS , SEGERSON NATHAN M , DACCARETT MARCOS , RITTGER HARALD , MARSCHANG HARALD , SCHIBGILLA VOLKER , SCHMIDT MARTIN , RITSCHER GUIDO , NOELKER GEORG , BRACHMANN JOHANNES 
Published: May 2007

Introduction:
We performed a prospective study to compare efficacy and safety of both open irrigation tip (OIT) technology with intracardiac echo (ICE)‐guided energy delivery in patients presenting for PVAI.
Methods and Results:
Fifty‐three patients presenting for PVAI were randomized to ablation using an OIT catheter (Group 1, 26 patients; temperature and power were set at 50° and 50 W, respectively, with a saline pump flow rate of 30 mL/min) or radiofrequency (RF) energy delivery under ICE guidance (Group 2, 27 patients; energy was titrated based on microbubbles formation). The mean procedure time and fluoroscopy exposure were lower in Group 1 (164 ± 42 min and 7,560 ± 2,298 μGraym2 vs 204 ± 47 min and 12,240 ± 4,356 μGraym2; P = 0.005 and 0.008, respectively). Moreover, the durations of RF lesions applied per PV antrum was lower in Group 1 compared with Group 2 (5.1 ± 2.2 min vs 9.2 ± 3.2 min, P = 0.03, respectively). Within 24 hours after PVAI in 35.7% (all erythema) of Group 1 and 57.1% (21.4% erythema and 35.7% necrosis) of Group 2, patients' esophageal wall changes were documented. After 14 ± 2 months of follow up, recurrences were documented in 19.2% of Group 1 and 22.2% of Group 2 patients.
Conclusion:
Although both OIT and ICE‐guided energy delivery possess a similar effect in treating AF, OIT seems to be superior in terms of achieving isolation and shortening fluoroscopy exposure. Moreover, a lower incidence of esophageal wall injury was observed utilizing OIT for PVAI.
Trichodina myicola n. sp., a Peritrichous Ciliate from the Marine Bivalve Mya arenaria L.
Authors: UZMANN J. R. , STICKNEY A. P. 
Published: May 2007

A new ciliate from the marine clam Mya arenaria is described and figured. The form is designated Trichodina myicola with specific characters as follows: Bell‐shaped to discoidal; length 31–86 microns; diam. 62–103 microns; diam. denticulate ring 29–46 microns; 26–36 denticles; diam. of basal disk 42–79 microns; adoral ciliary spiral performs slightly more than one turn; posterior ciliature in three closely applied, concentric tiers: an anterior circlet of marginal cilia, a middle circlet of overlapping membranelles, and a posterior circlet of inner cilia; macronucleus C‐shaped; micronucleus small, round, lying near outer curvature of left arm of macronucleus; large contractile vacuole present near end of left arm of macronucleus.Taxonomy in the genus Trichodina is discussed and outlined. Special attention is given to details of the oral ciliature. T. myicola is compared with other members of the genus. A checklist of Trichodina species is presented.
Hypotrichomonas acosta (Moskowitz) Gen. nov. from Reptiles. I. Structure and Division.*
Authors: LEE JOHN J. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Hypotrichomonas gen nov., with a feeble undulating membrane but lacking a costa, is placed in the family Monocercomonadidae Kirby of the order Trichomonadida Kirby. H. acosta (Moskowitz) from squamate reptiles is designated as the type species. It has 3 unequal anterior flagella. The proximal part of its recurrent flagellum is attached to the surface of the body along an accessory filament. A low membrane with typically a few undulations extends between the accessory filament and the body surface. The membrane, which varies greatly in length in relation to the length of the body among strains of the species, is not supported by a costa. The recurrent flagellum continues as a free posterior flagellum beyond the end of the undulating membrane and terminates in an acroneme. The capitulum of the axostyle, spatulate or scoop‐shaped, is closely applied to the anteriorly located nucleus. The capitulum extends anteriorly into a crescent‐shaped pelta. The relatively stout trunk of the axostyle is straight or twisted. It projects for some distance from the posterior body surface, and the terminal segment of the projecting part tapers gradually to a point. The parabasal apparatus consists of a rod‐ or shaped body and of a filament or filaments.In division, the full complement of flagella in each of the mastigonts is restored relatively late during division but before cytokinesis. One of the daughter individuals retains the parental undulating membrane; the other develops a new organelle. The development of the new membrane is first marked by the appearance of an acroneme, presumably recurrent flagellum, early in division. The proximal part of this flagellum becomes progressively attached to the body surface. The process of attachment is paralleled by differentiation of the accessory filament and is followed by the appearance of the undulating membrane. The parental axostyle is resorbed during division, and each daughter individual develops this organelle de wove. In the very early stages of division the parabasal consisted of two arms and in all more advanced stages of a single rod‐shaped body applied to a single filament.The significance of Hypotrichonionas in the evolution of trichomonads is discussed. Its morphology and morphogenesis suggest that this genus may represent an important step in the evolution of Trichomonadidae from Monocercomonadidae.
Conditions for Mating and Inheritance of Mating Type in Variety Seven of Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: OUTKA DARRYLL E. 
Published: May 2007

Induction of conjugation in clones of variety 7 of Tetrahymena pyriformis required more precise control than was necessary for the classical variety 1 clones, WH‐6 and WH‐14. Axenic methods are herein described which were successful in eliciting the mating response; especially important was a period of growth under optimal nutritional conditions, and use of animals in the logarithmic phase of growth.Three cases of presumptive age‐induced selfing are reported, along with the discovery of new mating types III and IV. The isolation of a stage intermediate between a “pure” marine type and a selfing condition offers additional evidence for mating type instability. An analysis of the system of mating‐type inheritance shows a pattern similar to that seen in Paramecium aurelia (Group B), and variety 9 of Tetrahymena pyriformis.
The Biology and Morphology of Crithidia acanthocephali n. sp., Leptomonas leptoglossi n. sp., and Blastocrithidia euschisti n. sp.*
Authors: HANSON WILLIAM L. , McGHEE R. BARCLAY 
Published: May 2007

Three new species of Trypanosomatidae were isolated from three species of bugs: Leptomonas leptoglossi from Leptoglossus phyllopus, Crithidia acanthocephali from Acanthocephala femorata, and Blastocrithidia euschisti from Euschistus servus. All were cultured axenically and on avian embryo membranes. In addition to differences in morphology the three organisms displayed different growth rates in the chorio‐allantoic fluids of duck and chick embryos incubated at 30°C. L. leptoglossi grew most abundantly. B. euschisti barely maintained itself while C. acanthocephali occupied an intermediate position.When the temperature of incubation was raised to 37°C, there was continued multiplication of L. leptoglossi and C. acanthocephali, but there was no growth of B. euschisti in either duck or chick embryos.It is suggested that the criteria of morphology, cultural characteristics in vitro and in vivo, plus physiological characters be used as future aids in classification of the Trypanosomatidae.
The Role of the Cytoplasm during Reproduction in a Malarial Parasite (Plasmodium lophurae) as Revealed by Electron Microscopy*
Authors: RUDZINSKA MARIA A. , TRACER WILLIAM 
Published: May 2007

An electron microscope study of Plasmodium lophurae maintained in vivo and in vitro provided information concerning the sequence of events during reproduction, and the role of the cytoplasm in this process.Contrary to the generally held opinion that nuclear fissions precede cytoplasmic division, it was found that the last nuclear fission takes place during advanced stages of cytoplasmic segmentation. This study also supplied evidence that in addition to repeated nuclear divisions, a number of changes occur in all major components of the cytoplasm. These changes are considered as preparatory for reproduction. The cytoplasm continues to be active during the formation of merozoites. At this stage a segregation of cytoplasmic components takes place resulting in the incorporation into the offspring of a condensed cytoplasm containing all the organelles. The watery part of the cytoplasm with the lipids and food vacuoles is withheld and at the end of reproduction forms the residual body, a separate structure bound by a membrane.
Formation of Ciliature in Excystment and Induced Re‐encystment of Oxytricha fallax Stein
Authors: HASHIMOTO KANEJI 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In excystment the primordium of adoral membranelles (AZM) arises as one granular row stretching meridionally toward the cortical axial poles, growing to several rows. Then the AZM's primordial granules become compactly aggregated with a leaf‐like form. A separate primordium for the undulating membrane also appears as well as cirral primordia, all in arrangement similar to that in dividers and regenerators of the present species. Though it is difficult clearly to decide from where all these primordia are derived, their formation seems to have a morphogenetic relation to the thickening of certain fibrillar structures appearing only in resting cystic stages.Re‐encystment is induced when the excysting cysts after the appearance of a contractile vacuole are transferred to Osterhout's solution from hay infusion employed for excystment induction. Re‐encystment follows after the final step of excystment differentiation is accomplished but with aborted rupture of cyst walls. In the resulting re‐encysted cyst, the secondary cyst walls are enclosed within the original ones. Repeated treatment can produce cysts with further supernumerary cyst walls by additional formation of third walls.Protoplasts in re‐encystment show characteristics similar to animals prior to and after precystic stages. When their original cyst walls are removed, the naked protoplasts obtained take any one of the following courses: 1. recovery of normal form; 2. physiological regeneration; 3. irreversible encystment. Case (1) occurs in naked protoplasts from early stages of re‐encystment; case (2), in those prior to the extrusion of excretory granules seen in the course of re‐encystment; and the case (3), in those after their extrusion. From these results, presumably the removal of an incipient state of physiological regeneration in the course of re‐encystment may be essential for dedifferentiation of the ciliature that redifferentiated fully in the preceding excystment without escapement.
Pinocytotic Uptake and the Digestion of Hemoglobin in Malaria Parasites*†
Authors: RUDZINSKA MARIA A. , TRAGER WILLIAM , BRAY R. S. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Electron micrographs of sections of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax schwetzi and P. ovale in chimpanzees, and of P. gonderi in mangabeys and P. coatneyi in rhesus monkeys showed that all these malaria parasites feed on their host cell by pinocytosis. As in P. lophurae and P. berghei droplets of host cytoplasm are engulfed by the parasites through invaginations of the plasma membrane with the subsequent formation of food vacuoles. Digestion of the content of the food vacuoles follows two patterns. In P. falciparum as in P. lophurae digestion takes place within the food vacuoles, in which hemozoin, the residue of hemoglobin digestion, accumulates. In P. vivax schwetzi, P. ovale, P. gonderi and P. coatneyi vesicles are pinched off from the food vacuoles and digestion takes place in these small vesicles. As in P. berghei hemozoin is not present in the food vacuole proper but only in the small vesicles, indicating that they are the site of hemoglobin digestion.Malaria parasites are surrounded by two membranes, and they contain all the major nuclear and cytoplasmic organelles present in other cells with the exception of mitochondria, which were found only in P. lophurae and possibly in P. falciparum. All other plasmodia possess instead a structure composed of concentric double membranes. It is assumed that this structure performs mitochondrial functions.
An Analysis of Macrostome Production in Tetrahymena vorax Strain V2S‐Type*
Authors: BUHSE HOWARD E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tetrahymena vorax is a small polymorphic holotrichous ciliate capable of transforming to macrostomes when microstomes are washed and suspended with prey in distilled water.Extrinsic factors having an effect on this transformation were examined; maximum yields of macrostomes (in excess of 90%) were obtained under the following conditions: populations of both prey, T. pyriformis, and potential predator, T. vorax microstomes, were grown on Loefer's medium for 48 hours prior to washing in distilled water. The density of the prey was adjusted to 300,000 cells/ml and the predator density to 2,000–3,000 cells/ml. Five ml of prey suspension and 5 ml of T. vorax microstome suspension were mixed together in a large petri dish because a high surface‐volume ratio is important for high yields of macrostomes. The pH was adjusted to 6.0 and the petri dish was placed at 20 C for 12 hr. Macrostomes then appeared about 6 hr after addition of the prey.A dialyzable, heat stable substance released by the prey which can induce the microstome‐macrostome transformation was isolated. This material was effective after being stored for weeks in the cold; its activity was not affected by the protein digesting enzymes pepsin or trypsin. This factor was called stomatin because its first visible effect in producing microstome‐macrostome transformation appeared to be to incite reorganization of the oral structures.
Induction of Trichocyst Discharge in Paramecium bursaria*
Authors: SCHUSTER FREDERICK L. , PRAZAK BESSEMARIE , EHRET CHARLES F. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A method is described for obtaining trichocyst discharge in Paramecium using an extract of geranium leaves. The extract is easily prepared, gives readily reproducible results, and is only slightly toxic to the cells. Using this method, large quantities of trichocysts can be obtained for a variety of analyses.Preliminary evidence suggests that the component of the extract active in causing trichocyst discharge is geranium tannic acid.
The Effect of a Eugregarine Gregarina polymorpha (Hammerschmidt) on the Mealworm Larva of Tenebrio molitor (L.)
Authors: HARRY OWEN G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The larva of the beetle Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), commonly referred to as the mealworm, harbors considerable numbers of gregarines in its midgut. These are not necessary for normal growth, nor do they prolong the life of larvae grown under optimal conditions of temperature, relative humidity and diet. When the larvae were grown under optimal conditions there was no significant difference between the length of larval life or the final pupal weight of mealworms harboring gregarines when compared with mealworms which had been reared free from gregarines. This applied both to infected and non‐infected larvae grown singly and in communal cultures.When, however, larvae were grown on a sub‐optimal diet, the gregarines had a considerable effect on the final pupal weight and the ability of the larva to complete development.
Carbohydrate Transport in Trypanosoma gambiense*
Authors: SOUTHWORTH G. CLARK , READ CLARK P. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The uptake of 14C‐labeled carbohydrates by Trypanosoma gambiense was studied. Glucose, mannose, glycerol, 2‐deoxyglucose and fructose were rapidly absorbed by the parasite, and all had saturation kinetics. The glucose analog 3‐O‐methylglucose was not taken up by T. gambiense.Competitive inhibition experiments indicate that there are 2 transport loci for the tested substrates. It is suggested that there is a “glucose site” thru which glucose, mannose and glycerol, but not fructose, are transported and a “fructose site” thru which only fructose is transported. The specificity of the glucose‐transporting mechanism appears to differ from those of other animals.
Glucose Utilization by Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris at Higher pH*
Authors: HURLBERT RONALD E. , BATES ROBERT C. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris is able to grow luxuriantly on glucose in a mineral salts medium at pH 6.8–7.1 following an adaptation period of about 200 hr. If adapted cells are used as an inoculum or if 0.1% glycine is included in the medium, the lag is shortened to 70–100 hr. Inclusion of 0.1% acetate in the medium produces a diphasic growth pattern, with acetate being metabolized first, followed by the later (about 400 hr) utilization of the glucose. Glucose utilization was found to be sensitive to pH as compared to growth on ethyl alcohol. However, glycine partially overcame this sensitivity. Glycine is maximally stimulatory with regard to growth on glucose at pH 7.0 at a concentration of 0.03%, thus suggesting that it functions as a sparking substance. Glycine markedly stimulates the assimilation of 14C‐glucose. A number of Krebs cycle acids and amino acids were also found to stimulate 14C‐glucose assimilation at neutral pH.Adaptation to glucose utilization at neutral pH was due to the appearance of mutants able to grow more rapidly under these conditions. The nature of this mutation was not determined.
Kinetics of Incorporation of DNA Precursors from Ingested Bacteria into Macronuclear DNA of Paramecium aurelia12
Authors: BERGER JAMES D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The kinetics of transfer of tritium‐labeled material from the DNA of ingested bacteria into macronuclear DNA of Paramecium was examined by autoradiography. Bacteria labeled with tritiated thymidine were almost immediately incorporated into food vacuoles, thus becoming available for digestion and a potential source of labeled DNA precursors. Soluble label derived from food vacuoles appeared in low concentrations in the cytoplasm soon after cells were transferred to medium with labeled bacteria; incorporation of labeled precursors into macronuclear DNA began within 5 min.Labeled food vacuoles remained as potential sources of tritiated DNA precursors for a long and variable period after removal of labeled cells to non‐labeled medium. The activity of the soluble cytoplasmic DNA precursors decreased parallel to the loss of labeled food vacuoles and no soluble DNA precursors were carried over from one macronuclear DNA synthetic period to the next.Labeling experiments were designed, using this information, which allowed determination of the pattern of macronuclear DNA synthesis and nuclear mass increase during the cell cycle. Macronuclear DNA synthesis began 25–30% of the way thru the cell cycle, continued at a constant rate during the middle half, and decreased in rate during the last quarter. Macronuclear mass increased in an approximately linear fashion, beginning with the onset of DNA synthesis and doubling by the time of karyokinesis.
Cultivation and Morphogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi in Improved Liquid Media1
Authors: PAN CHIA‐TUNG 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two liquid media (F‐29 and F‐32) have been developed for the serial cultivation of T. cruzi amastigotes. F‐29 consists of synthetic tissue culture fluid 199, trypticase, hemin and bovine fetal serum; F‐32 is F‐29 plus chicken plasma.The inocula for serial cultivation in both media contained over 99% epimastigotes. The proportion of structural types in the original inocula did not change significantly during 10 serial passages in F‐29 medium at 29.5 C. However, in the 2nd passage in F‐29 medium at 35.5 C most of the organisms becme amastigotes, and after several more subcultures over 92% were amastigotes.During the original passage in F‐32 medium at 35.5 C. over 90% of the organisms were trypomastigotes with terminal kinetoplasts. After several more passages, and regardless of incubation temperature (29.5–35.5C), over 94% became amastigotes.In either F‐29 or F‐32 a 7‐fold increase of amastigotes may be obtained after 4‐day incubation at 35.5 C.
Melatonin: Inhibition of Microtubule‐Based Oral Morphogenesis in Stentor coeruleus
Authors: BANERJEE S. , KERR V. , WINSTON M. , KELLEHER J. K. , MARGULIS L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The temporal separation of macromolecular syntheses from protein assembly into microtubular structures has permitted the use of the Stentor ciliated oral membranellar band regenerating system as an assay for mitotic spindle inhibitors (Banerjee & Margulis, 1971). Melatonin, the pineal gland hormone, is additive to Colcemid in this assay; like Colcemid it specifically inhibits band migration as a sensitive function of developmental stage and concentration. Altho the entire process of band formation and cilia regeneration (stages 0–8) is inhibited by melatonin, stage 3 is especially sensitive.Delay in morphogenesis at stage 3 can be measured as a precise function of inhibitors (Colcemid, podophyllotoxin, melatonin) of the form y=kxn, where y is delay in hours and k is the concentration of inhibitor in moles. Riboflavin (0.2 μM) and nicotinamide (0.2 μM) in combination reversed Colcemid‐induced delay in band regeneration, but (unlike melatonin) the vitamins alone were totally without effect on the regenerating system. Therefore melatonin probably interacts with microtubule protein whereas the B vitamins interact in some way with Colcemid to nullify its activity.
In vitro Maintenance of the Trophonts and Sporozoites of Pyxinia crystalligera*
Authors: COLLINS RICHARD L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In a study of in vitro maintenance of the trophonts and sporozoites of the cephaline gregarine, Pyxinia crystalligera, a basal medium consisting of salts, reducing agents, and antibiotics was supplemented by fetal bovine serum, serum protein fraction IV‐4, or protein hydrolysates. Motility was used as the viability criterion. The tests were terminated when viability was ∼30% of the original inoculum.Two‐week survival of trophonts was observed with 0.75% protein fraction, 80% of organisms remaining viable at the end of 1 week. Similar results were noted with 2% casein hydrolysate. With lactalbumin hydrolysate and Casamino acids trophonts remained viable for 6 days, and with fetal bovine serum the results were similar to those obtained with lower concentrations of protein fraction IV‐4.Sporozoites remained motile for up to 5 days in the basal medium supplemented by both protein fraction IV‐4 and diluted haemocoelic contents of the host, Dermestes vulpinus, but only for 3 days or less in that supplemented by the protein fraction alone.The characteristic crystals of trophonts were dissolved or possibly utilized during in vitro maintenance. A new type of crystal, however, was observed in forms kept in the presence of higher protein hydrolysate concentrations. Smaller trophonts were more adaptable to maintenance than larger ones, for rapid depletion of paraglycogen and resorption of the deutomerite often was observed in the latter.Results of cytochemical tests for carbohydrates, neutral lipids, and proteins indicated that the trophonts were capable of paraglycogen synthesis in vitro.