bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Competencies for Specialists in Dental Public Health
Authors: Weintraub Jane A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the process of developing new competency statements and performance indicators for the specialty of dental public health. These competencies help define the specialty and provide a base for educational curricula and the specialty board examination. The process included a survey of four target groups: all board members, all directors or co‐directors of advanced education programs in dental public health, people who had become diplomates in the last three years, and all students currently enrolled in dental public health programs. Many constituencies were represented at the workshop, conducted in May 1997, to develop the competency document. After the workshop, the document underwent a series of review activities.
Prevention of Early Childhood Caries—Results of a Fluoride Toothpaste Demonstration Trial on Chinese Preschool Children after Three Years
Authors: Schwarz Eli , Lo Edward C. M. , Wong May C. M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: This field demonstration trial evaluates the long‐term effects of introducing daily toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste in a Chinese kindergarten (test group) compared to caries development in children who had no organized preventive program (control group). Methods: In the test group teacher‐supervised toothbrushing was initiated with 1,000 ppm MFP toothpaste in addition to oral health education activities. Test and control children were examined at baseline (n=289, aged 3 years) and annually thereafter. Results: After three years, 251 children (87%) were still in the trial. Caries development (dmfs) calculation included only those children who were present at both baseline and subsequent annual examinations. At baseline the mean dmfs was 4.8 in the test group and 6.5 in the control group (NS). After three years the caries increment was 6.2 and 8.4 in the test group and the control group, respectively (P<.05). Adjusting for reversals, the net caries increment was 3.6 and 6.3, respectively (P<.01). Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis indicated that both baseline dmfs, the program and plaque level had a significant effect on the net caries increment. The use of hierarchical caries severity zones was useful for the identification of those children most at risk for further caries development. Conclusion: We conclude that a daily toothbrushing with limited involvement of professional staff was feasible in a Chinese kindergarten and that caries development was significantly slowed in the test children. Caries severity zones may possibly assist in determining levels of intervention.
Dental Utilization by Low‐income Mothers
Authors: Kuthy Raymond A. , Odom John G. , Salsberry Pamela J. , Nickel Jennie L. , Polivka Barbara J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objective: This study examines the influence of predisposing, enabling, and need variables on whether low‐income mothers sought dental care during the past year. This report is a substudy of mothers and children on their self‐reported health status, utilization, access, and satisfaction with health care in general. Methods: A convenience sample of 502 mothers and youngest child younger than 6 years old was administered a face‐to‐face questionnaire in four Ohio counties. Information was collected at county human services offices and WIC clinics between November 1995 and July 1996. Using whether or not the mother sought dental care as the dependent variable, logistic regression models were created for the variables within the predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics separately and together. Results: Fewer than one‐half of the mothers sought dental care during the past year. Variables associated with the predisposing characteristic explained little about who sought care. Those mothers who have Medicaid coverage are 2.7 times more likely to have a dental visit than those without insurance. Moreover, those mothers who perceive any dental need are several times less likely to have received dental care than those who have no perceived need. Conclusion: Even among a somewhat homogeneous population of low‐income women, source of payment for dental services and perceived need for dental care are discriminating variables in determining who seeks dental care.
The Efficiency of Semiannual Silane Fluoride Varnish Applications: a Two‐year Clinical Study in Preschool Children
Authors: Petersson Lars G. , Twetman Svante , Pakhomov Gennady N. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objective: The aim of this two‐year community demonstration trial was to study the caries inhibitory effects of semiannual applications of a fluoride varnish in preschool children. Methods: Twenty‐four public dental health clinics in the county of Halland, Sweden, with 5,137 preschool children, 4 and 5 years of age, were matched and equally allocated to a fluoride varnish group (n=2,535) and a reference group (n=2,602). The children in the fluoride varnish group were treated every six months with topical applications of a silane fluoride varnish, Fluor Protector (0.1% F), while no fluoride varnish was used in the reference group. Both groups received a basic preventive program at annual checkups consisting of dietary counseling and instructions to parents to brush their children's teeth at least once daily with fluoridated dentifrice. Caries data were collected by clinical examinations at baseline and after one and two years. Results: Caries prevalence at baseline did not differ significantly between the groups. After two years, the mean caries incidence was low and no statistical difference was found in the total number of carious and filled surfaces (dfs) between the two groups. However, the incidence of approximal lesions (dfsa) was significantly lower (P<.05) in the fluoride varnish group than the reference group. Children in the fluoride varnish group with dfs scores of 1–4 and ≥5 at the start of the study exhibited a statistically significant (P<.05) reduction in approximal caries incidence of 19 percent and 25 percent, respectively, when compared with the reference group. Conclusion: Preschool children 4 and 5 years of age with clinical caries who receive semiannual applications of a silane fluoride varnish containing 0.1 percent F experience a reduced incidence of approximal caries over two years.
Determinants for Dental Visit Behavior among Hong Kong Chinese in a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Lo Edward C. M. , Schwarz Eli 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: The aim of this research was to study the major determinants for dental services utilization among middle‐aged Hong Kong Chinese in a longitudinal study using an expanded Andersen and Newman model as the theoretical framework. Methods: A random sample of 372 middle‐aged Hong Kong Chinese were interviewed and clinically examined in an oral health survey. The findings were explained to the subjects and they were advised to seek care from their own dentist as appropriate. Results: A total of 322 subjects were interviewed over the telephone after 12 months. About half had visited a dentist within the study period. Results of the bivariate analysis showed that proportionally more subjects who had dental benefit coverage, had prevention‐oriented attitudes, were regular users of dental services, had received counseling from a dentist, or had more filled teeth at the baseline examination had visited a dentist within the study period. Logistic regression analysis produced a final model consisting of seven factors and three interaction terms that was able to classify 68 percent of the subjects into the correct user category. Conclusion: The expanded Andersen and Newman model was useful as a theoretical framework in studying the dental services utilization behaviors of the Hong Kong adults.
Patterns of Dietary Fluoride Supplement Use During Infancy
Authors: Levy Steven M. , Kiritsy Mary C. , Slager Susan L. , Warren John J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: This paper reports on patterns of dietary fluoride supplement use during infancy. Methods: Data were collected by mail for a birth cohort (n=1,072) studied at 6 weeks and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Results: Percentages using supplements were 13.7 at 6 weeks, 13.4 at 3 months, 16.5 at 6 months, 13.0 at 9 months, and 12.1 at 12 months. Among those receiving supplements, mean proportions of weeks that supplements were received during the different time periods varied from 0.59 to 0.80. Number of days per week receiving supplements averaged 4.8 to 5.0. Mean fluoride dosages when supplements were received were 0.22 mg to 0.24 mg. Estimated average daily fluoride ingestion per day (among those receiving supplements during that time period and factoring in those days and weeks that supplements were not received) was 0.11 mg at 6 weeks, 0.15 mg at 3 months, 0.12 mg at 6 months, 0.11 mg at 9 months, and 0.14 mg at 12 months. Among the subset of 129 children with complete data at all time points who used supplements sometime during their first year of life, mean annual daily supplement dosage was 0.07 mg fluoride, with 75 percent having less than or equal to 0.10 mg. Those infants with mothers and fathers with more education were more likely to receive supplements. Conclusion: Group average use of fluoride supplements was fairly consistent over the 12 months; however, individual patterns varied substantially. Estimated actual mean daily fluoride intake when including days that supplements were not received was substantially less than the recommended 0.25 mg per day.
Preventive Oral Health Behaviors among African‐Americans and Whites in Detroit
Authors: Ronis David L. , Lang W. Paul , Antonakos Cathy L. , Borgnakke Wenche S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objective: This study compared the preventive oral health behaviors of African‐Americans and whites. Methods: Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with a probability sample of 384 African‐American and 358 white adults living in the greater Detroit area. Questions focused on brushing, flossing, and dental visits. Results: More than 95 percent of both groups reported brushing daily; however, whites were more likely to brush all teeth, including parts that do not show. Frequency of flossing did not differ between groups. African‐Americans, however, were less likely to floss all of their teeth. Whites were more likely than African‐Americans to get dental check‐ups at least once a year and much less likely to indicate they had never had a dental check‐up. African‐Americans tended to have less education and lower family income than whites and were more likely than whites to have Medicaid. Race differences in brushing thoroughness and annual check‐ups were greatly reduced when income, education, and insurance were controlled statistically. Conclusion: African‐Americans are less likely than whites to brush thoroughly, floss thoroughly, and get dental check‐ups. These differences are partly traceable to differences in socioeconomic status and access to professional oral health care.
Coverage and Quality of Oral Cancer Information in the Popular Press: 1987–98
Authors: Canto Maria T. , Kawaguchi Yoko , Horowitz Alice M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: National data show a lack of knowledge and misinformation about oral cancer and its early detection among the general public. A major source of health information is the popular press. For that reason this study reviewed coverage and quality of news items on the topic of oral cancer in the popular press. In addition, the number and types of tobacco advertisements in women and men's magazines were recorded for a one‐year period. Methods: Articles from magazines and newspapers were retrieved from the Magazine Index (1987 to April 1998), Newspaper Abstract (1989 to April 1998) and the Health & Wellness (1987 to April 1998) databases. The articles were analyzed both for adequacy of content and information. Results: A total of 50 articles and news items including oral cancer were identified and analyzed, 18 from newspapers and 32 from magazines. Ninety‐four percent of the articles mentioned at least one risk factor for oral cancer. More than half of the articles (56%) identified spit tobacco (chewing tobacco or snuff) as the major risk factor for oral cancer, while far fewer mentioned either cigarettes (32%) or cigars (12%). Over 50 percent of the articles did not mention warning signs for oral cancers. Fourteen percent suggested clinical oral cancer examinations by a health professional; only 8 percent advised the use of self‐examination. A total of 417 tobacco advertisements (482 pages) were found among 22 magazines for the one‐year period. They included 410 cigarette ads, seven cigar ads, and no spit tobacco ads. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the lack of coverage about oral cancer in the popular press in the past decade and provides a partial explanation of the public's lack of knowledge and misinformation about oral cancers.
Changes in Dental Health and Dental Health Habits from 3 to 5 Years of Age
Authors: Mattila Marja‐Leena , Paunio Päivi , Rautava Päivi , Ojanlatva Ansa , Sillanpää Matti 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: This study sought to determine how dental health and dental health habits change from 3 to 5 years of age and to consider whether preventive dental health care helped in preventing or halting caries in children. Methods: The study included 67 maternity health care clinics, 72 well‐baby clinics, and 69 dental health care clinics. Of the 1,292 newborn children, 1,003 (90.8%) were included in this study. Results: Preventive dental health care contributed to dental caries being halted in only 13.2 percent of those children who had enamel caries at 3 years of age. The dmft index did not increase in 22.6 percent of those children who had dentinal caries at 3 years of age. For all others, the disease became more severe. Toothbrushing habits of 3‐year‐old children were very consistent over the two years studied. Children were at a risk for caries when their mothers had nine years of basic education, when they already had plaque and caries at 3 years of age, and when the frequency of eating sweets increased the most during the two‐year study period. Conclusion: Among 3‐year‐old children, plaque is an indicator of caries risk and therefore should be a key element in health education. Those children who already have evidence of caries at 3 years of age should be the target of preventive dental services because of their increased risk.
Components of Self‐reported Oral Health and General Health in Racial and Ethnic Groups
Authors: Atchison Kathryn A. , Der‐Martirosian Claudia , Gift Helen C. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the validity of the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI), a self‐reported oral health measure, when used in an all‐age adult sample of Hispanics and African‐Americans. Methods: The study groups were 506 disadvantaged Hispanic and African‐American adults who were recruited at low‐cost medical and dental clinics. To explore the validity of the GOHAI in an all‐age, ethnically diverse sample, principal component and principal factor analyses were conducted on the 12 items of the GOHAI and the 14 items constituting the MOS physical/social and mental health components. Results: Four factors accounted for 40 percent of the total variance of health as measured by the MOS and GOHAI items: general health, physical/worry oral health, mental health, and social oral health. An association between socioeconomic variables and each subscale was found to be significant except for the physical/worry oral health subscale. Conclusion: This study confirms that the GOHAI is valid when used in younger and ethnically diverse samples. The findings also emphasize that oral health is distinct from general health and that the use of generic self‐reported measures of health may miss important aspects of oral health that are valuable for dental health professionals.
Oral/Pharyngeal, Laryngeal, and Lung Cancer Discharge Trends in Department of Veterans Affairs Hospitals
Authors: Fedele Denise J. , Jones Judith A. , Niessen Linda C. , Guo Ingrid Y. , Harrison Kathleen 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objective: This paper describes trends in oral and pharyngeal (O/P) cancer diagnoses in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals from 1983 to 1993 and compares these trends to those of laryngeal and lung cancers. Methods: The VA patient treatment file was used to identify unique hospital discharges from 1983 to 1993 having ICD‐9‐CM codes for O/P, laryngeal, and lung cancers. Descriptive statistics were tabulated to determine prevalence and distribution. Trends of change over time were analyzed using regression analyses of the percent rate on year. Results: Between 1983 and 1993 the annual number of O/P cases among users of VA hospitals decreased from 4,983 to 3,298. Despite overall declines in O/P cancer discharges in VA, cancer of the pharynx, tongue, and salivary gland continues to increase. O/P cancer in younger persons also continues to increase in VA. Overall, laryngeal cancers significantly increased, while no significant change was associated with lung cancer. Conclusion: VA needs to evaluate the changes in the patterns of O/P cancer to ascertain whether this represents a shift in care from inpatient to outpatient care. VA should seek further information regarding these trends to better plan, implement, and evaluate programs to provide early diagnosis and treatment targeted to veterans.
A Step Towards a Better Understanding of Silicon Passivated (100)Ge p-Channel Devices
Authors: Pourtois Geoffrey , Houssa Michel , De Jaeger Brice , Leys Frederik , Kaczer Ben , Martens Koen , Caymax Matty , Meuris Marc , Groeseneken Guido , Heyns Marc 
Published: April 2007

An asymmetric shift of the capacitance-voltage characteristics of	n-Ge/Si/SiOx/HfO2/TaN p-FET is reported, namely a shift of the threshold voltage (Vth) towards positive values in inversion, while the flat-band voltage (Vfb) remains constant. First-principles calculations on silicon-passivated germanium surfaces reveal the formation of a dipole layer at the Ge/Si interface, which leads to a decrease of the substrate work-function/threshold voltage by 0.5-0.6V. Silicon-induced surface states are also found in the germanium band-gap. When the substrate Fermi level is located near these states, electrons are transferred to the silicon layer and compensate the work-function shift, explaining the absence of Vfb shift. We propose a possible remedy for this asymmetry by inverting the strain at the Ge/Si interface. The growth of Si/strained- Ge/Si layers reduces the interface dipole and cleanses the electronic gap from interface states. The combination of these two factors is expected to restore the symmetry between Vth and Vfb.
Silicon Nanowire: Technology Platform, Devices, Applications and Challenges
Authors: Lo Patrick , Singh Navab , Rustagi Subhash , Balasubmaramian Narayanan , Kwong Dim-Lee , Ngyuen Hoi 
Published: April 2007

This paper gives a brief overview of the semiconductor nanowires, in particular the Si- and Ge-nanowires, and summarizes the status of CMOS-compatible nanowire devices. Results were based on the research conducted recently in the Institute with the nanowire technology platform. To facilitate the realization of controllable, scalable and increasing functionality, top-down approach was adopted for the platform establishment on our 8	CMOS fabrication line. Gate-All-Around (GAA) nanowire FET is chosen as test vehicle, which is projected as the final architecture carrying the CMOS towards the end-of-the-roadmap for Si-devices. Fabrication technology is presented with various gate stacks. Excellent transistor characteristics of GAA Si-nanowire FETs are illustrated with near-ideal subthreshold, low DIBL, high ION/IOFF, accompanied with the demonstration of high gain CMOS Inverter. Impact of low temperature on device behavior is discussed. Ge-wire devices are also presented along with the well behaved vertically stacked device structures. Lastly, the challenges are also discussed.
Investigations of Work Function Shift in Lanthanum Silicate High-K Dielectric MIS Capacitors
Authors: Jur Jesse S. , Lichtenwalner Daniel , Kingon Angus 
Published: April 2007

The effective work function for lanthanum silicate high-k dielectric MIS capacitors with TaN electrodes is reported in comparison to devices with thin lanthanum oxide capping layers on HfSiO and HfSiON dielectric layers.	For the hafnium-based dielectrics, La2O3 capping results in a Vfb shift of up to -184 mV after a 1000 {degree sign}C, 5 sec anneal in nitrogen. LaSiOx films were formed by reacting La2O3 and a chemical oxide. Annealing of these films resulted in a negative Vfb shift of higher magnitude. Ozone or ammonia pretreatment of the chemical oxide prior to silicate formation reduces the magnitude of the shift, allowing for effective work function values between 3.75 and 4.25 eV after annealing. After a 700 {degree sign} C, 10 sec anneal, work function tuning of +/- 150 mV was a achieved while maintaining EOT (0.9 nm) and leakage (0.6 A/cm2 at Vfb + 1 V) for all samples with and without pretreatments.
Nickel Silicide and Nickel Germanosilicide Processing in a Near-Isothermal Cavity: Sheet Resistance Curves for Blanket Ni/Si and Ni/SiGe Substrates and Electrical Data for CMOS Devices
Authors: Malik Igor J. , Ouaknine Michel , Fukada Takashi , Ueda Takeshi , Yoo Woo Sik , Press Patrick , Binder Robert 
Published: April 2007

NiSi has become the preferred material in CMOS technology for source and drain contacts and is being considered as a metal gate material as well.	With strain engineering demanding different types of strain for NMOS and PMOS transistors, Ni metal reacts with substrates that have a wide variety of properties (i.e. chemical composition, doping level, different crystalline phases). All of the relevant material combinations need to be taken into account when designing and optimizing an IC manufacturing process. The first part of this study was performed on 300 mm diameter blanket wafers and focuses on Ni metal reactions with lightly doped single-crystal Si and Si0.8Ge0.2. The former is typically used for sources and drains for NMOS transistors (need tensile stress in the channel for electron mobility enhancement), the latter for PMOS transistors (need compressive stress in the channel for hole mobility enhancement).	The phase transformation curves for Ni/Si and Ni/Si0.8Ge0.2 are used for identifying the IC process window. In the second part of this study, we used 300 mm diameter device wafers (K8 microprocessor, 65 nm design rule) and targeted four distinct annealing conditions that were chosen based on the blanket wafer experiments.
Toward Understanding the Wide Distribution of Time Scales in Negative Bias Temperature Instability
Authors: Kaczer Ben , Grasser Tibor , Fernandez Raul , Groeseneken Guido 
Published: April 2007

Difficulties with evaluating Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) are linked to fast effects occurring at microsecond or possibly faster time scales. The wide distribution of time scales involved in NBTI relaxation suggests participation of some sort of dispersion in the underlying NBTI mechanism. A universal behavior of the relaxation is observed and used to benchmark several models incorporating dispersion. The impact of the boundary condition on the model based on dispersive transport is also briefly discussed. Furthermore, on-chip circuits are designed and fabricated to measure the effect of AC NBTI up to 2 GHz on individual devices. The results on both single pFET's and inverters indicate that AC NBTI is independent of the frequency in the entire 1 Hz - 2 GHz range.	This suggests that any characteristic time scale of the NBTI mechanism must be below 1 ns.