bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stringfellow leachate treatment with RBC
Authors: Opatken E. J. , Howard H. K. , Bond J. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA study was conducted with a rotating biological contactor (RBC) for treatment of leachate from the Stringfellow hazardous waste site in Riverside County, California. The leachate was transported from California to Cincinnati, where a pilot sized RBC was installed at the U.S. EPA's Testing and Evaluation (T&E) Facility.A series of kinetic runs were made with primary effluent from the City of Cincinnati's Mill Creek Sewage Treatment Plant to develop a biomass on the disks and to obtain a standard kinetic removal rate. These runs were then followed with Stringfellow leachate experiments that included.Operations at various ratios of leachate to primary effluent.Operations at 100% leachate.Operations to increase the percentage removal of dissolved organics.This paper reports on the results from these experiments and the effectiveness of an RBC to adequately treat leachate from the Stringfellow hazardous waste site.
Pilot process variable study of coolside desulfurization
Authors: Yoon H. , Stouffer M. R. , Rosenhoover W. A. , Withum J. A. , Burke F. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Coolside desulfurization process is a dry sorbent injection technology developed for retrofit SO2 control in coal‐fired utility power stations. The process is low in capital and space requirements since, in its ideal configuration, the existing ductwork and particulate collector are used as the SO2‐sorbent reaction spaces. It has been developed through laboratory and 1 MW‐scale field tests using hydrated lime as the primary process sorbent by Consolidation Coal Company (Consol). The field work showed promising results with observed SO2 removal ranging up to 80%. In order to optimize the process performance through improved understanding of the process fundamentals, Consol constructed and is operating a 0.15 MW pilot test unit. This paper describes the results of a process variable test program, a first series of tests made in the pilot unit, and the unit operability observed during the test work.
Removal of pollutants from dilute wastewater by the PACTTM treatment process
Authors: Dietrich M. J. , Copa W. M. , Chowdhury A. K. , Randall T. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe PACTTM wastewater treatment system, which incorporates the use of powdered activated carbon in a conventional activated sludge system, has been in use for the treatment of wastewaters from both municipal and industrial sources. The combination of physical adsorption with biological oxidation and assimilation in the PACT system has been shown to be particularly effective in treating dilute wastewaters which are variable in concentration and composition, highly colored, or contain materials which are refractive or potentially toxic to biological growth.Dilute wastewaters treated successfully in bench‐scale PACT systems include those from organic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, metal coating, shale oil retort water, evaporation ponds, leachates, and rainwater runoff. The COD of these wastewaters ranged from a low of 643 mg/l to 23,700 mg/l. Specific pollutants present included compounds such as phenols, cyanides, thiocyanate, pesticides, and priority pollutants. The PACT wastewater treatment process has successfully treated these wastewaters and produced effluents meeting POTW or direct environmental discharge requirements. Operational parameters and performance results obtained for a number of bench‐scale PACT systems are presented.
Elevated, concrete buildings for long‐term management of hazardous wastes
Authors: Walters James V. , Moffett Tola B. , Sellers Jerry D. , Lovell W. Adrian 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLarge, permanent buildings that are constructed of prestressed concrete, can withstand hurricane‐force wind loadings, and have extremely long lives can be used for long‐term storage of hazardous wastes. The buildings protect against seepage of leachate into soils and ground waters, emissions of volatiles, and contact of wastes with precipitation. Materials stored within the buildings would be available when technology and economics make recycling feasible. Hazardous wastes would be stored almost 10 feet (3.05 m) above land surface in a building designed for sub‐floor, walk‐through inspections for leaks. The proposed buildings can be as large as 250 feet (76.2 m) on a side and 70 feet (21.3 m) high and can support 9,000 pounds (40,000 N) of waste loading per square foot (0.305 m) of floor area. Each building, which can be constructed at virtually any location, would hold enough hazardous wastes to provide millions of dollars of return from construction of each building.
In‐situ extraction of industrial sludges
Authors: Legiec I. A. , Kosson D. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn‐situ extraction for the removal of organic contaminants from impounded industrial sludges has been carried out at pilot‐scale at a Superfund site. Laboratory studies were carried out on split‐spoon core samples obtained at the end of the operational year and on untreated sludges. Pilot plant results and sludge characteristics before and after treatment are presented, focusing on the effectiveness of the forced extraction process.
Anaerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewaters
Authors: Lee John W. , Peterson David L. , Stickney A. Ray 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSecondary treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewaters for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal worldwide has traditionally been accomplished, and particularly in North America, by aerobic treatment processes, including aerated stabilization basin and activated sludge. In recent years, however, interest in applying anaerobic processes to treat pulp and paper mill effluents has increased, with at least 25 full‐scale installations currently operating or under construction.
Effective reduction of emissions from resource recovery operations
Authors: Teller Aaron J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe emission control system for the Commerce California Resource Recovery Facility is a Teller semi‐dry unit using lime as neutralizing agent and a phonolite (Tesisorb) dry venturi injection material. The system, installed in 1987, has exhibited a 98% on‐line reliability. The system emissions for particulate and acid gases were approximately one‐third of the California regulations. The uniqueness in performance was the reduction of the respirable particulates to less than 0.5 mg/Nm3 and the reduction of dioxins, toxic equivalent to less than 0.009 ng/Nm3.
Innovative thermal destruction technologies
Authors: Lee C. C. , Huffman George L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFive innovative technologies for thermally destroying hazardous wastes were selected and are described. They are oxygen‐enriched incineration, Westinghouse/O'Connor combustor, circulating bed combustion, infrared system, and plasma arc. Two important criteria used in selecting these technologies are that they are at least at the stage of pilot‐scale demonstration and appear to be promising in terms of destruction effectiveness.
Use of carbon adsorption processes in groundwater treatment
Authors: Stenzel Mark H. , Merz William J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne of the leading treatment technologies for reduction of organic contaminants in groundwater has become the adsorption process utilizing granular activated carbon (GAC).This paper presents a methodology for selecting the proper adsorption system design. The use of the isotherm test for evaluation of carbon adsorption is discussed, with new data on adsorption of VOCs presented. The use of the dynamic column study for system design and its relationship to the isotherm test is reviewed using actual case studies. Design and economics for full‐scale GAC systems are discussed. The use of adsorption to remove organic contaminants from vapor sources resulting from groundwater treatment is also reviewed.
Reduction of volatile organic compounds in aqueous solutions through air stripping and gas‐phase carbon adsorption
Authors: Fang C. S. , Khor Sok‐Leng 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAqueous solution of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) is a waste stream of many chemical process industries. Conventionally, it is treated with a costly liquid‐phase activated carbon adsorption process. An alternative process is studied, which is the combination of air stripping and gas‐phase activated carbon adsorption. The removal of VOC's from waste‐water can be as high as 99.8%, using a packed column for air stripping at room temperature. These VOC's include vinyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, trichlorethylene, 1,1‐dichloroethane, toluene, chloroform, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, benzene and xylene. These VOC's are separated from air and recovered through a carbon adsorption‐regeneration cycle. The cost of VOC removal and recovery is in the range from $0.457 to $0.899 per 1000 liters.
Research investigations at the municipal and clinical waste incinerators in Sheffield, UK
Authors: Swithenbank J. , Nasserzadeh V. , Ewan B. C. R. , Delay I. , Lawrence D. , Jones B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAfter recycle of spent materials has been optimized, a proportion of waste must be dealt with in the most environmentally friendly manner available. For materials such as municipal waste, clinical waste, toxic waste and special wastes such as low radioactive wastes, incineration is often the most appropriate technology. The study of incineration must take a process system approach covering the following aspects:

Collection and blending of waste
The two stage combustion process
Quenching, scrubbing and polishing of the flue gases
Dispersion of the flue gases and disposal of any solid or liquid effluent
The design of furnaces for burning a bed of material is being hampered by lack of an accurate mathematical model of the process, and some semi‐empirical correlations have to be used at present. The prediction of the incinerator gas phase flow is in a more advanced stage of development using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, although further validation data is still required. Unfortunately, it is not possible to scale down many aspects of waste incineration, and tests on full scale incinerators are essential. Thanks to a close relationship between SUWIC and Sheffield Heat & Power Ltd., an extended research program has been carried out at the Bernard Road Incinerator plant in Sheffield. This plant consists of two Municipal (35 MW) and two Clinical (5 MW) Waste Incinerators which provide district heating for a large part of city. The heat is distributed as hot water to commercial, domestic (>5000 dwellings) and industrial buildings through 30 km of 14′ pipes plus a smaller pipe distribution system. To improve the economics, a 6 MW generator is now being added to the system.During the last decade, many investigations have been carried out [1–6] and a SUWIC laboratory is located at the plant.
New techniques for solvent recovery and elimination of wastewater emissions during vacuum process operations
Authors: Perlmutter Barry A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe pharmaceutical and chemical process industries are concerned with controlling volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions for several reasons: to meet environmental regulations, for increased worker safety, and to minimize product losses. Various methods can be used including flaring and carbon adsorption. These techniques are end‐of‐the‐pipe solutions and are not integral with the process operation itself.An improved technique for the recovery of solvents during reaction, distillation, evaporation, drying, filtration, mixing, and other vacuum operations is the APO‐VAC vacuum/gas compressor system. The skid‐mounted, engineered package is based upon a single stage liquid ring vacuum pump. The system allows for the recovery and reuse of clean solvent with minimum air emissions and zero liquid emissions. VOC and biological oxygen demand (BOD) regulations are met by this technology.The paper reviews the technical details of the system and presents test results and on‐site operational data. Specific case histories involving methylene chloride recovery and acid/toxic gas neutralizations are also included.In the chemical processing industry (CPI) the generation of vacuum is a necessity. Many chemical processes take place more easily, more quickly and more efficiently under vacuum than under atmospheric pressure, thus allowing better product quality at lower production cost. If it is a “wet” process involving the use of solvents then solvent recovery becomes an important consideration because of cost savings associated with its recovery as well as environmental benefits.These objectives have stimulated the development of the APOVAC system concept which is based on the principle of closed loops or circuits. Since its development, the APOVAC system has enhanced today's chemical process technology through solvent recovery and recycling, elimination of wastewater effluent, and reduction of gas emissions thus contributing to a technically efficient and environmentally acceptable operation.
Important design considerations in wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Vacker Don 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany wastewater treatment plants, over the years, have been designed and constructed with little thought being given to details that allow the whole to work as a system, and often provides little ease of operation and maintenance. Based on over 35 years experience in the field, the following are some observations of often overlooked details which a design engineer should consider. This will be categorized into the following: Front End Design, Treatability Studies, Primary Treatment, Biological Treatment, Secondary Clarification, VOC Control, Solids Dewatering and Disposal, Recycle/Reuse, and Spent Caustic Treatment.
Modeling of acetone biofiltration process
Authors: Hwang Shyh‐Jye , Tang Hsiu‐Mu , Wang Wen‐Chuan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBiofiltration has been validated as a promising alternative to other conventional air pollution control technologies [1–3]. The objective of this research was to investigate the kinetic behavior of the biofiltration process for the removal of acetone, which was used as a model compound for highly water‐soluble gas pollutants. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory‐scale biofilter with a mixture of sieved compost and inert porous particles as the filter material. It was found that the elimination capacity of this biofilter could reach up to a high value of 80 g/(m3hr).A mathematical model was developed by taking into account diffusion and biodegradation of acetone and diffusion of oxygen in the biofilm, mass transfer resistance in the gas film, and flow pattern of the bulk gas phase. The simulated results obtained from the proposed model indicated that mass transfer resistance in the gas phase was negligible for this biofiltration process. Analysis of the relative importance of individual rate steps indicated that the overall acetone removal process was primarily limited by the oxygen diffusion rate. Moreover, the gas phase acetone concentration profile along the biofilter and the elimination capacity predicted by the proposed model agreed well with the experimental results.
Cesium‐removal flow studies using ion exchange
Authors: Lee D. D. , Walker J. F. , Taylor P. A. , Hendrickson D. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe development, selection, and implementation of technologies to be used in removing cesium from radioactive liquid wastes in preparation for their final disposition is discussed.The methodology involved testing several proposed sorbents in ion‐exchange columns using actual liquid wastes from underground storage tanks at U.S. Department of Energy sites. The sorbents initially tested included resorcinolformaldehyde resin (RF), CS‐100 resin, SuperLig 644C resin, 3M WEB with embedded SuperLig 644, granular potassium cobalt hexacyanoferrate, and granular crystalline silicotitanates (CSTs).The results of the bench‐scale testing were used to select the sorbent for the full‐scale Cesium Removal Demonstration Project (CsRD). This project will treat up to 25,000 gal of radioactive supernatant stored in the Melton Valley Storage Tanks (MVSTs) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The demonstration system is modular in design and will process supernatant at flows up to 5 gal/min through 12‐in.‐diam columns. Following the demonstration the system will be used for routine processing of tank waste at ORNL.To show their applicability to wastes at other sites, RF and CST sorbents were tested in a bench‐scale column using a diluted Hanford supernatant liquor (double‐shell slurry feed) from tank 241‐AW‐101. The results are compared with those from tests of MVST supernatant.
Bench‐scale treatment of lurgi gasifier and H‐coal wastewaters by the PACT system
Authors: Randall Tipton L. , Canney Patrick J. , Berndt Craig L. , Rollins Richard M. , Soukup Charles L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA revealing progress report on the continuing effort to develop a cost‐effective process for the production of synfuels by the coal‐gasification route.
Polymer flotation and activated carbon adsorption treatment for in situ tar sand process water
Authors: McTernan W. F. , Blanton W. E. , Boardman G. D. , Nolan B. T. , Kocornik D. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProcess waters collected during a Department of Energy's in situ tar sand extraction experiment near Vernal, Utah were treated by polymer assisted induced air flotation and activated carbon adsorption. The flotation process removed over 99 percent of the organic load as emulsified bitumen but did little to reduce residual toxicity in the effluents. Activated carbon adsorption was needed to remove the toxic materials from the waste stream.GC/MS analysis, using a modification of the EPA Method 625, yielded an estimated 2000 compounds in the untreated process water. Internal and recovery standards present at 10 ppm were totally obscured in the chromatogram. Flotation effluents contained 39 identified organic compounds; none of which was listed on EPA's hazardous chemicals list. Internal and recovery standards were immediately visible in the chromatogram. The GC/MS analysis was unable to determine the chemical basis for the toxic properties present.
Development of a combined ultrafiltration and carbon adsorption system for industrial wastewater reuse and priority pollutant removal
Authors: Van Gils G. , Pirbazari M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article describes a work‐in‐progress. The development work described herein has culminated in the construction of a full‐scale treatment system which is currently in operation and is being optimized in both its practical operating as well as its treatment process aspects.
Retrofit SO2 and NOx control technologies for coal‐fired power plants
Authors: Miller Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe United States currently depends on coal for over half of its electric power generation. Current legislative and regulatory initiatives related to acid rain and other environmental concerns have focused on retrofit controls on existing plants and increasingly stringent requirements for new plants. This paper focuses on some of the technological approaches United States utilities are using and could be using in the future to generate electric power cleanly and reliably. Those technologies discussed include precombustion controls (physical coal cleaning and coal switching/blending), combustion controls (low NOx combustion, furnace sorbent injection, and fluidized bed combustion), and postcombustion controls (flue gas NOx control, wet and dry flue gas desulfurization, and post‐furnace dry sorbent injection) The commercial status, economics, and critical issues for retrofit and new commercial application of these technologies to utility systems are discussed.
Coal desulfurization in a fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Ravindram M. , Kalvinskas John J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFluidized bed reactor technology was investigated as a means of developing a new simple and low cost process for coal desulfurization. Preliminary experimental results obtained in a 2.54 cm batch fluidized bed reactor have shown that over 80% total sulfur reductions can be achieved by sequential chlorination and dechlorination/hydrodesulfurization of high sulfur pulverized coals. Proximate and ultimate analyses of desulfurized coals have revealed enhanced carbon and fixed carbon levels and substantially reduced volatile, oxygen and hydrogen contents. While there was a minor increase in the ash content and heating value, nitrogen and chlorine contents were essentially unchanged.Compared to an earlier slurry phase process, the fluidized bed reactors process has specific advantages such as shorter reaction times, fewer processing steps and reduced reactant requirements. A fluidized bed reactor process may thus have a potential of being developed into a simple and economic means of converting high sulfur coals to environmentally acceptable fuels.
Flue gas scrubbing process for sulfur dioxide and particulate emissions preceding CO2 absorption
Authors: Brady Jack D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article describes a 2‐stage scrubbing process which utilizes sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate as the neutralizing chemical for sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide emissions to remove contaminants from gas streams preceding CO2 absorption processes.Amine absorption processes are adversely affected by sulfur dioxide in the gas stream, and it is desirable to reduce sulfur dioxide concentrations to less than 5 ppm (vol).Conventional flue gas desulfurization processes do not achieve outlet concentrations at this level. With appropriate controls on pH, ionic strength, and liquid recirculation rates, the sodium alkalies can achieve these outlet concentrations. When concentrations of sulfur dioxide absorbed become sufficiently large to make the economics of a simple throw‐away process uneconomical, the waste solutions can be regenerated in the double‐alkali process by reacting them externally from the scrubbing system with calcium compounds. This process is also described. Particular emphasis is placed on process design for reliability. Materials of construction, process controls, and process chemistry are discussed.
The hazardous waste research center at louisiana state university
Authors: Segesta Rosalind , Thibodeaux Louis J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHazardous waste and the problems associated with its proper disposal are the concerns of the Hazardous Waste Research Center (HWRC), located on the Baton Rouge Campus of Louisiana State University.The Center is a part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's “Centers of Excellence” program to conduct long‐term fundamental research in 3 major areas: (1) incineration/combustion; (2) alternate methods of treatment/destruction; (3) chemicals/materials interaction and stabilization.The projects are interdisciplinary in scope, with faculty members from civil, mechanical, and chemical engineering, chemistry, and the marine sciences participating.Future research directions will change to keep pace with the problems and needs of industry, waste handlers, government, and the public. The Hazardous Waste Research Center, in dealing with current problems and anticipating future needs, will help reduce the risk and/or extent of negative impact on the environment, on human health, or on the economy of the nation due to improper management or disposal of hazardous wastes.