bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative studies on the effect of a protein‐synthesis inhibitor on aluminium‐induced secretion of organic acids from Fagopyrum esculentum Moench and Cassia tora L. roots
Authors: YANG JIAN LI , ZHENG SHAO JIAN , HE YUN FENG , YOU JIANG FENG , ZHANG LEI , YU XUE HUI 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTAluminium (Al)‐induced secretion of organic acids from plant roots is considered a mechanism of Al resistance, but the processes leading to the secretion of organic acids are still unknown. In the present study, a protein‐synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHM), was used to investigate its effect on Al‐induced organic acid secretion in a pattern I (rapid exudation of organic acids under Al stress) plant buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and a pattern II (exudation of organic acids was delayed by several hours under Al stress) plant Cassia tora L. A dose–response experiment showed that the secretion of oxalate by buckwheat roots was not affected by CHM when added in the range from 0 to 50 µm, with or without exposure to 100 µm Al, but the secretion of citrate was completely inhibited by 30 µm CHM in C. tora. A time‐course experiment showed that even prolonged exposure to 20 µm CHM did not affect oxalate secretion in buckwheat, but significantly inhibited citrate secretion in C. tora. However, citrate synthase (CS) activity in C. tora was not affected during 12 h exposure to 100 µm Al when compared with that in control roots, although CHM can inhibit CS activity effectively. These results indicated that CS activity was not related to Al‐regulated citrate efflux in C. tora. The total protein was decreased by 14.0% and 32.3% in C. tora and buckwheat root tip, respectively, after 3‐h treatment with 20 µm CHM. A 3‐h pulse with 20 µm CHM completely inhibited citrate efflux in C. tora during the next 6‐h exposure to Al, although a small amount of citrate was exuded after 9‐h exposure. However, oxalate efflux in buckwheat was not influenced by a similar treatment. In buckwheat, a 3‐h pulse with 100 µm Al maintained oxalate secretion at a high level during the next 9 h, with or without CHM treatment. Conversely, in C. tora a 6‐h pulse with 100 µm Al induced significant secretion of citrate which was inhibited by the CHM. Taken together, these findings suggest that both de novo synthesis and activation of an anion channel are needed for Al‐induced secretion of citrate in C. tora, but in buckwheat the plasma membrane protein responsible for oxalate secretion pre‐exists.
Characterization of Macrophomina phaseolina, the charcoal rot pathogen of cluster bean, using conventional techniques and PCR‐based molecular markers
Authors: Purkayastha S. , Kaur B. , Dilbaghi N. , Chaudhury A. 
Published: December 2005

Phenotypic and genetic diversity of 59 Macrophomina phaseolina isolates collected from various host species growing in or near cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) fields in four states of north and north‐west India were characterized using RAPD and PCR–RFLPs of the ITS region. These isolates, and 11 from various hosts from culture collections, were classified into three mycelial phenotypes: dense, feathery and restricted, based on variable growth patterns on nutrient agar containing 120 mm chlorate. Pathogenicity of isolates was evaluated by measuring the length of stem lesions 21 days post‐inoculation on the susceptible cluster bean genotype FS 277. Isolates showed considerable variation in aggressiveness, with the isolates from cluster bean with dense chlorate phenotype producing relatively higher lesion lengths on cluster bean plants. The results of the RAPD assay clearly distinguished the isolates on the basis of chlorate phenotype and host origin. Isolates from a single host were generally similar to each other, but differed distinctly from those from other hosts. Chlorate‐sensitive isolates were distinct from chlorate‐resistant isolates within a given host. A high degree of polymorphism in restriction patterns of the ITS region, including part of 25S rDNA, has been reported for the first time in the charcoal rot fungus.
Mucosal Leishmaniasis Patients Display an Activated Inflammatory T‐cell Phenotype Associated with a Nonbalanced Monocyte Population
Authors: Gaze S. T. , Dutra W. O. , Lessa M. , Lessa H. , Guimarães L. H. , De Jesus A. R. , Carvalho L. P. , Machado P. , Carvalho E. M. , Gollob K. J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Leishmania braziliensis is a parasite that can induce at least two clinical forms of leishmaniasis in humans: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). In humans, the specific mechanisms that determine which form will develop following infection are not well established. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 17 CL and 9 ml patients were compared both ex vivo and after culture with soluble leishmania antigen (SLA). Patients with ML presented a higher frequency of activated T cells as measured by ex vivo frequencies of CD4+CD69+, CD4+CD28–, CD4+CD62L– and CD8+CD69+ than those with CL. Moreover, after stimulation with SLA, patients with ML presented a higher frequency of TNF‐α‐producing CD4+ and CD14+ cells than CL individuals. While CL patients displayed a positive correlation between the frequency of IL‐10 and TNF‐α‐producing monocytes, the ML patients did not. This lack of a positive correlation between IL‐10‐producing and TNF‐α‐producing monocytes in ML patients could lead to a less controlled inflammatory response in vivo. These results corroborate with a model of an exacerbated, unregulated, immune response in ML patients and point to key immunomodulatory leucocyte populations and cytokine networks that may be involved in the development of immunopathology in ML patients.
Gastritis in Neonatal BALB/cCrSlc Mice Induced by Immunization Without Adjuvant can be Transferred to Syngeneic nu/nu Recipients
Authors: Greenwood D. L. V. , Sentry J. W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe popularly exploited murine neonatal thymectomy experimental autoimmune gastritis (nTx:EAG) model requires the animal to be in a state of lymphopenia. Here we report on a novel murine immunization (without adjuvant) model that can establish a lasting gastritis. We demonstrate that the immunization model (imm:EAG) results in a bona fide autoimmune disease and define the resulting pathology and serology observed and compare it with that reported for human autoimmune gastritis. Immune cells present in the stomachs of imm:EAG gastritic mice include CD8 T cells, CD11b and Gr1 (granulocytes/monocytes) and B cells. We detected circulating antibodies of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) subclass, with some IgG2a and IgG2b reactive to stomach membranes and the parietal cell proton pump. The class and subclass of autoreactive antibodies resulting from imm:EAG suggest a T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 immune response. We establish that both self‐reactive T and B cells from BALB/cCrSlc imm:EAG gastritic mice have the potential to induce a gastritis in BALB/c syngeneic nu/nu recipients. We conclude that this model is likely to be superior to the currently popularly exploited nTx:EAG and provide insight into and an understanding of the mechanisms of and remedies for autoimmunity in an intact immune system.
Effect of X‐ and Y‐Box Deletions on the Development of Diabetes in H‐2Eα‐Chain Transgenic Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: O'Shea H. , Yousaf N. , Altmann D. , Fehervari Z. , Tonks P. , Hetherington C. , Harach S. , Bland C. , Cooke A. , Lund T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe development of type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is influenced by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes. The NOD‐E transgenic mouse, which expresses H2‐E as a result of the introduction of an Ead gene, is protected from development of type 1 diabetes. While the mechanism of protection remains unclear, the effect has been regarded as a model system for MHC protection from autoimmunity. We have investigated the effect of deletions of the Ea promoter region, which, in turn, affect H2‐E expression patterns in transgenic NOD mice. We have constructed transgenic NOD mice where the X (ΔX) and Y (ΔY) boxes of the Ead gene have, respectively, been functionally deleted. Previous reports, using X‐ or Y‐box‐deleted H2‐E transgenic mice, made by crossing the appropriate transgenes onto the NOD background from C57BL/6 transgenic mice, indicated that promoter mutation abrogated the H2‐E‐mediated protection seen in NOD‐E. The NOD ΔX and NOD ΔY transgenic mice generated in the present study differ in susceptibility to diabetes from wild‐type NOD mice. NOD ΔY1 animals are protected from diabetes development, while ΔX mice remain susceptible, albeit to a lesser extent than the parental NOD strain.
Transport and accumulation of actinide elements in the near‐shore environment: field and modelling studies
Authors: MARSDEN OLIVIA J. , ABRAHAMSEN LIAM , BRYAN NICHOLAS D. , PHILIP DAY J. , KEITH FIFIELD L. , GENT CLARISSA , GOODALL PHILLIP S. , MORRIS KATHERINE , LIVENS FRANCIS R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNuclear facilities in coastal locations often discharge low‐level liquid wastes into the sea and the radioisotopes in these discharges are of interest both in assessing possible environmental impacts and as tracers for coastal processes. The distributions of a range of artificial radionuclides, derived from the authorized discharges from British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL) Sellafield, have been determined in the sediments of an intertidal salt marsh in the Esk Estuary, Cumbria, UK. Where published discharge histories exist (for 137Cs, 238Pu, 239,240Pu and 241Am), the sediment core‐profile distributions of these radionuclides have been compared with the releases from Sellafield, and consistent values of the accumulation rate (0·226 ± 0·007 g cm−2 yr−1) are obtained. A quantitative model has been developed, describing association of radionuclides with suspended particulate material, which is then accumulated and mixed in an offshore mud patch before resuspension and deposition in the salt marsh. The model has been used to describe radionuclide distributions observed in both the mud patch and the salt marsh, and to identify isotopes for which post‐depositional remobilization or solution transport from the discharge point are important. The behaviour of the commonly studied isotopes (137Cs, 238Pu, 239,240Pu and 241Am) is similar to that observed at this and other nearby locations. The activation product isotope 236U is enhanced in these sediments over the natural baseline by four to eight orders of magnitude, and the results suggest that Sellafield‐derived uranium is comparably mobile to 137Cs in these sediments although the processes governing the behaviour of these two elements may be different. In situ production of 241Am by decay of its 241Pu parent has generated only 17% of the current sediment inventory of this isotope, insufficient to account for the increase over the last 20–25 years, and suggesting that the input material for these sediments is preferentially enriched in Am relative to Pu during transport from the offshore mud patch. The discharge history of 244Cm, which is unknown, has also been reconstructed from the sediment profile and the model.
Direct triggers for ulceration in patients with venous insufficiency
Authors: Shai Avi , Halevy Sima 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackground  More than 80% of leg ulcers are caused by venous insufficiency. The actual causes of venous ulcers, beyond the presence of venous insufficiency, are rarely referred to in the literature. This study evaluates the direct triggers for ulceration in patients with venous insufficiency.Methods  Sixty‐four patients with 110 chronic venous ulcers, treated in the Chronic Wounds Clinic of Soroka University Medical Center from 1999 through 2002, were included in the study. In each patient, the actual trigger of ulceration was determined by history taking and reviewing of the medical chart.Results  The actual triggers of ulceration, based on data for 64 patients with an overall total of 110 ulcers, were identified as follows: cellulitis (or erysipelas), 17 ulcers (15.4% of 110 ulcers); penetrating injury, 13 ulcers (11.8%); contact dermatitis, 12 ulcers (10.9%); rapidly aggravating leg edema, 12 ulcers (10.9%); burn wound, seven ulcers (6.3%); dry skin with subsequent scratching, six ulcers (5.4%); blunt trauma, five ulcers (4.5%); deliberately self‐inflicted trauma, five ulcers (4.5%); insect bite, two ulcers (1.8%); bleeding from a supeficial varicose vein, two ulcers (1.8%). In 29 ulcers (26.3%) no specific trigger was identified.Conclusions  The development of a cutaneous ulcer is not necessarily “spontaneous” and should not be attributed solely to the presence of venous insufficiency. In many cases, it is possible to identify a specific trigger that causes the ulceration. Clinical implementation of the above findings in routine examination and treatment of patients with venous insufficiency may prevent the development of venous ulcers.
Supertree analyses of the roles of viviparity and habitat in the evolution of atherinomorph fishes
Authors: Mank J. E. , Avise J. C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Using supertree phylogenetic reconstructions, we investigate how livebearing and freshwater adaptations may have shaped evolutionary patterns in the Atherinomorpha, a large clade (≈1500 extant species) of ray-finned fishes. Based on maximum parsimony reconstructions, livebearing appears to have evolved at least four times independently in this group, and no reversions to the ancestral state of oviparity were evident. With respect to habitat, at least five evolutionary transitions apparently occurred from freshwater to marine environments, at least two transitions in the opposite direction, and no clear ancestral state was identifiable. All viviparous clades exhibited more extant species than their oviparous sister taxa, suggesting that transitions to viviparity may be associated with cladogenetic diversification. Transitions to freshwater were usually, but not invariably associated with increased species richness, but the trend was, overall, not significant among sister clades. Additionally, we investigated whether livebearing and freshwater adaptations are currently associated with elevated risks of extinction as implied by species’ presence on the 2004 IUCN Red List. Despite being correlated with decreased brood size, livebearing has not significantly increased extinction risk in the Atherinomorpha. However, freshwater species were significantly more likely than marine species to be listed as endangered.
Good reinnervation of motoneurons but poor recovery of gait after delayed as well as immediate sciatic nerve transplant in rats
Authors: Barham M. , Andermahr J. , Lee J. , Neiss W. F. 
Published: December 2005

Surgeons agree that interrupted peripheral nerves should be reconstructed ‘soon’ to enable neural regeneration. Delayed nerve repair will result in impaired outcome, but experimental data on such detriment due to delay are scarce. In a quantitative study we transected the right sciatic nerve of 80 adult female Lewis rats (LEW/SsNHsd), transflected the proximal nerve stump into a muscle pouch and let the animals wait 0 (immediate repair), 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after axotomy, until reconstruction was performed with a 5‐mm long allograft from congenic age‐matched donors. All hosts were studied with two different methods. First, the functional outcome of sciatic nerve reconstruction was evaluated 4–12 weeks after transplant by walking track analysis, calculating de Medinaceli's Sciatic Functional Index (SFI). Second, 12 weeks after transplantation the fibular communal nerve and the soleus branch of the tibial nerve close to its muscle entry were cut and the proximal stumps labelled with the retrograde neuronal tracers DiI or Fast‐Blue. Fourteen days later the rats were perfused with formaldehyde, and the numbers of fluorescently labelled motoneurons were counted in 50 μm serial vibratome sections of the spinal cord. All measurements were done on coded material and codes broken only at the end of the study. Our results are clear‐cut and deeply disappointing. The SFI was around 0 (normal value) in all rats before transection of the sciatic nerve; expectedly dropped to −85 to −125 after denervation, but stayed at −108 to −130 up to 12 weeks after transplantation. No improvement of gait at all occurred after sciatic nerve transplant performed immediately or 3, 6, 9 or 12 months after denervation.This failure of functional recovery is not due to lack of regeneration, as the numbers of labelled motoneurons prove. In normal rats we have labelled 549 ± 83 motoneurons by DiI and Fast‐Blue. After immediate nerve repair we counted 533 ± 95 labelled motoneurons; after repair delayed for 12 months we still counted 474 ± 108 motoneurons that had regenerated. In all rats the labelled motoneurons were randomly interspersed with a complete lack of myotopic distribution. This misdirection of reinnervation sadly prevents recovery of motor function.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF VALUE THEORY: B. F. SKINNERS SCIENCE OF VALUES
Authors: Rottschaefer William A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract.The thesis that the sciences are value neutral has recently been criticized severely. However, both the critics of the value‐neutrality thesis and its upholders share the separatist position that there is a fundamental dichotomy between fact and value, differing only on the degree to which science is impregnated with values. Skinner's claim that the science of operant behavior is the science of values rejects this dichotomy and is opposed to both the value‐neutrality thesis and criticisms of it. I examine Skinner's claim that psychology is value‐laden in the radical sense of providing a foundation for a theory of values and conclude that Skinner is arguing for an ethics and theory of values which is naturalistic, teleological, and both substantively and methodologically objective.
Seasonal population changes of five parasitoids attacking the scale insect Nipponaclerda biwakoensis on the common reed, with special reference to predation by wintering birds
Authors: KANEKO Shuji 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSeasonal changes in the abundance of five species of hymenopterous parasitoids (four species of Encyrtidae and one species of Eulophidae) attacking the scale insect Nipponaclerda biwakoensis on the common reed were investigated for 2 years in Lake Biwa, with special reference to predation by the reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus, during winter. The scales settled on reed shoot stems under sheath leaves, passing through three discrete generations per year. The abundance of adult female scales increased exponentially from July (first generation) to December (third generation). Adult female scales of the third generation overwintered on reed shoots. During winter, female scale abundance dramatically declined, whereas the number of predation marks made by reed buntings using their bills on reed sheath leaves increased. The generations of all five parasitoids were synchronized with the host scale generations, and the five parasitoids overwintered as larvae inside the scale bodies. The abundance of parasitized scales and parasitoid adults emerging from the scales also increased from July to December, but greatly decreased during winter. The overall parasitism rate of the female scales remained at relatively low levels (less than 40%) throughout the year, including before and after winter. A bird exclusion experiment revealed that the dramatic winter decrease of the abundance of the scale and its five parasitoids was due to intensive and non‐selective predation by the buntings on unparasitized and parasitized scales. Additionally, the proportion of immature parasitoids removed by birds varied between the five parasitoid species. Thus, seasonal population changes of the five scale parasitoids are considerably affected by bird predation on overwintering immature parasitoids.
Substrate selection for pit making and oviposition in an antlion, Myrmeleon bore Tjeder, in terms of sand particle size
Authors: MATSURA Toshiaki , YAMAGA Yoshitaka , ITOH Madoka 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe larvae of the pit‐making antlion Myrmeleon bore Tjeder live in open sand in riverbeds with a substratum consisting of various particle sizes. We analyzed the spatial distribution of their pits in a sandy floodplain to determine their larval and adult responses to the heterogeneous substrate. The spatial distribution pattern of their pits had an aggregated distribution, and there was a significant positive correlation between pit density and the ratio of medium‐size sand particles to total weight of sand. We examined the size of sand particles selected in the larval pit‐building behavior and the oviposition behavior of the adult. Both larvae and adults selected medium‐size sand particles. The larvae of M. bore are relatively sedentary predators and rarely move great distances. Thus, the present results suggest that habitat selection by adult females is a major factor causing the aggregative distribution of the pits.
Role of chemical cues and natal rearing effect on host recognition by the parasitic wasp Melittobia digitata
Authors: Da SILVA TORRES Christian S. A. , MATTHEWS Robert W. , RUBERSON John R. , LEWIS W. Joe 
Published: December 2005

AbstractParasitoids are expected to have the ability to find, recognize, and perhaps to discern potential hosts that can best support the development of their progeny. Melittobia Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are gregarious ectoparasitoids, which primarily attack mud daubers (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). How Melittobia females locate their host is not well known, but the process may involve host‐related  chemical signals. In this study, we investigated the roles of host chemical cues and natal rearing effect in host recognition by Mel. digitata Dahms. In an olfactometer that contained prepupae of Trypoxylon  politum Say (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), puparia of Neobellieria bullata (Parker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), empty or intact host cocoons, or nest mud, Mel. digitata females spent significantly more time in air fields that contained T. politum (prepupae + cocoon) and Meg. rotundata (prepupae + cocoon) than in N. bullata and control fields. Nest mud and natal host had no attraction for parasitoid host choice. Most first and last choices of Mel. digitata females in the olfactometer were not consistent, suggesting an initial random dispersion, although they responded positively towards hosts in cocoons.
Biochemical characterization of α‐amylase of the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps
Authors: KAZZAZI Majid , BANDANI Ali R. , HOSSEINKHANI Saman 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe α‐amylase in the midgut and salivary glands of Eurygaster integriceps was isolated and characterized. The specific activity of α‐amylase in the midgut was 1.77 U/mg protein and in the salivary glands was 1.65 U/mg protein. Sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis showed that both midgut and salivary glands contain isozymes. Only a trace amount of α‐amylase activity was detected in the first nymphal stage (0.19 U/mg protein), whereas α‐amylase activity was highest in the third nymphal stage (1.21 U/mg protein). The results show that α‐amylase activity in the immature stages increase constantly to the third instar stage. There was no significant difference in enzyme activity between the third, fourth and fifth nymphal stages and adults. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity was determined to be 6.5 and 35°C, respectively. The enzyme activity was inhibited by addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, urea, sodium dodecylsulfate and Mg2+, but NaCl and KCl enhanced enzyme activity.