bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yogācāra Strategies against Realism: Appearances (ākti) and Metaphors (upacāra)
Authors: Gold Jonathan C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper describes and elucidates two philosophical parallels: the first between two early Yogācāra Buddhist positions, and the second between these positions and a contemporary discussion in analytic philosophy. The two Yogācāra positions are (1) that reality is a mere appearance (ākti); and (2) that all language is metaphorical (upacāra). First, the distinctive Yogācāra belief in the reality of mere appearances is clarified by carefully distinguishing the terminological uses in Vasubandhu's Three Natures Exposition (Trisvabhāvanirdeśa) from the terms used to make parallel conceptual moves in a very similar passage from the Ornament to the Mahāyāna Sūtras (Mahāyānasūtrāla kāra). Second, the theory of language advocated by Sthiramati in his commentary to Vasubandhu's Thirty Verses (Triśikākārikā) is explained as a counter to arguments that Yogācāra non‐realism is self‐defeating. This latter view shows how Yogācāra may be fruitfully brought into dialogue with Hilary Putnam's famous antiskeptical Brain‐in‐a‐Vat argument. The paper finds basic accord within Vasubandhu's ontology and theory of reference, and shows how they represent a new, coherent Yogācāra response to Putnam's realist challenge.
Caribbean Children's Geographies: A Case Study of Jamaica
Authors: Ferguson Therese 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUnderstanding children's lives within the various spaces, places, and environments they inhabit is critical to making their worlds safer, facilitating their participatory roles in society, and implementing policies relevant to their realities. While the children's geographies scholarship is rapidly growing, much of the research is still centred on children in the ‘West’, with less focus on those in developing countries. Within the Third World, the Caribbean itself is slightly marginalised. This article uses the island‐nation of Jamaica as a case study within the Caribbean region, examining some of the areas of interest in research on children's environments, and reflecting upon progress made in the range of methodological and theoretical approaches brought to the research agenda. It suggests prospective directions for future research to further a critical approach to this expanding field, both within Jamaica and the wider region. It ends by briefly raising some ethical issues for consideration, arising from advancing a research agenda with children at its fore.
ENACTMENTS IN THE COUNTERTRANSFERENCE: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RESCUE FANTASIES WITH HYSTERICAL PATIENTS
Authors: Gerrard Jackie 
Published: December 2006

abstract  This paper describes enactments in the countertransference – spanning fantasies, actions, words and sexual responses to patients. It will explore the origins and reverberations of the analyst’s enactments in an effort to understand whether they have obstructed progress or created special moments in the therapy where shifts in the patients’ inner world, or further understanding on the part of the analyst could be created.Clinical vignettes will be used from work with several patients, although the analyst will focus mainly on work with patients who present with hysterical personality. The paper is an endeavour to tease out what, if any, differences there may be in working with hysterical patients, as opposed to patients with other personality types, in the nature of countertransference enactments. The author examines the role of rescue fantasies in the c reation of an enactment.
Adomian Decomposition Method for Solving a Cantilever Beam of Varying Orientation with Tip Mass
Authors: Yaman Mustafa 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A uniform cantilever beam of varying orientation with a tip mass at the free end can be used as a basic model of many practical structures such as flexible robot arm or antenna mast. The aim of the study described here is to investigate the influence of the orientation effect on the natural frequency of the cantilever beam carrying a tip mass. An analytic solution is obtained by using the Adomian decomposition method. The accuracy of the Adomian decomposition method with a varying number of terms in the series is investigated by comparing its results with those generated by the finite element method.
Mixed Slip-Deceleration Control in Automotive Braking Systems
Authors: Savaresi Sergio M. , Tanelli Mara , Cantoni Carlo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn road vehicles, wheel locking can be prevented by means of closed-loop anti-lock braking systems (ABS). Automatic braking is extensively used also for electronic stability control (ESC) systems. In braking control systems, two output variables are usually considered for regulation purposes: wheel deceleration and wheel longitudinal slip. Wheel deceleration is the controlled output traditionally used in ABS, since it can be easily measured with a simple wheel encoder; however, the dynamics of a classical regulation loop on the wheel deceleration critically depend on the road conditions. A regulation loop on the wheel longitudinal slip is simpler and dynamically robust; moreover, slip control is perfectly suited for both ABS and ESC applications. However, the wheel-slip measurement is critical, since it requires the estimation of the longitudinal speed of the vehicle body, which cannot be directly measured. Noise sensitivity of slip control hence is a critical issue, especially at low speed. In this work a new control strategy called mixed slip-deceleration (MSD) control is proposed: the basic idea is that the regulated variable is a convex combination of wheel deceleration and longitudinal slip. This strategy turns out to be very powerful and flexible: it inherits all the attractive dynamical features of slip control, while providing a much lower sensitivity to slip-measurement noise.
Increase in Nalidixic Acid Resistance among Non-Typhi
Salmonella enterica
Isolates in the United States from 1996 to 2003
Authors: Stevenson Jennifer E. , Gay Kathryn , Barrett Timothy J. , Medalla Felicita , Chiller Tom M. , Angulo Frederick J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Fluoroquinolones commonly are used to treat adult
Salmonella
infections. Fluoroquinolone treatment has failed for persons infected with nalidixic acid-resistant
Salmonella
. From 1996 to 2003, state public health laboratories forwarded 12,252 non-Typhi
Salmonella enterica
isolates to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 203 (1.6%) of the isolates were nalidixic acid resistant, and 14 (7%) of those were ciprofloxacin resistant. Resistance to nalidixic acid significantly increased from 0.4% in 1996 to 2.3% in 2003. All ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates had at least one point mutation in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of
gyrA
and did not harbor
qnr
or have point mutations in the QRDR of
gyrB
,
parC
, or
parE
. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among non-Typhi
S. enterica
isolates is needed to mitigate the increasing prevalence of nalidixic acid resistance.
Combination of Amphotericin B with Flucytosine Is Active In Vitro against Flucytosine-Resistant Isolates of
Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Schwarz Patrick , Janbon Guilhem , Dromer Françoise , Lortholary Olivier , Dannaoui Eric 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The combination of flucytosine and amphotericin B was tested against 10 flucytosine-resistant isolates of
Cryptococcus neoformans
by checkerboard, killing curves, and Etest. Although differences were observed depending on the technique used, antagonism was never observed. The synergistic interaction was related to the mechanism of flucytosine resistance of the isolates.
High-Level Vancomycin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusIsolates Associated with a Polymicrobial Biofilm
Authors: Weigel Linda M. , Donlan Rodney M. , Shin Dong Hyeon , Jensen Bette , Clark Nancye C. , McDougal Linda K. , Zhu Wenming , Musser Kimberlee A. , Thompson Jill , Kohlerschmidt Donna , Dumas Nellie , Limberger Ronald J. , Patel Jean B. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTGlycopeptides such as vancomycin are the treatment of choice for infections due to methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus. This study describes the identification of high-level vancomycin-resistantS. aureus(VRSA) isolates in a polymicrobial biofilm within an indwelling nephrostomy tube in a patient in New York.S. aureus,Enterococcus faecalis,Enterococcus faecium,Micrococcusspecies,Morganella morganii, andPseudomonas aeruginosawere isolated from the biofilm. For VRSA isolates, vancomycin MICs ranged from 32 to >128 μg/ml. VRSA isolates were also resistant to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, penicillin, and tetracycline but remained susceptible to chloramphenicol, linezolid, rifampin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. ThevanAgene was localized to a plasmid of ∼100 kb in VRSA andE. faeciumisolates from the biofilm. Plasmid analysis revealed that the VRSA isolate acquired the 100-kbE. faeciumplasmid, which was then maintained without integration into the MRSA plasmid. The tetracycline resistance genestet(U) andtet(S), not previously detected inS. aureusisolates, were identified in the VRSA isolates. Additional resistance elements in the VRSA isolate included a multiresistance gene cluster,ermB-aadE-sat4-aphA-3,msrA(macrolide efflux), and the bifunctional aminoglycoside resistance geneaac(6′)-aph(2")-Ia. Multiple combinations of resistance genes among the various isolates of staphylococci and enterococci, includingvanA,tet(S), andtet(U), illustrate the dynamic nature of gene acquisition and loss within and between bacterial species throughout the course of infection. The potential for interspecies transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes, including resistance to vancomycin, may be enhanced by the microenvironment of a biofilm.
Transcriptional Profiles of the Response to Ketoconazole and Amphotericin B in
Trichophyton rubrum
Authors: Yu Lu , Zhang Wenliang , Wang Lingling , Yang Jian , Liu Tao , Peng Junping , Leng Wenchuan , Chen Lihong , Li Ruoyu , Jin Qi 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Trichophyton rubrum
is a pathogenic filamentous fungus of increasing medical concern. Two antifungal agents, ketoconazole (KTC) and amphotericin B (AMB), have specific activity against dermatophytes. To identify the mechanisms of action of KTC and AMB against
T. rubrum
, a cDNA microarray was constructed from the expressed sequence tags of the cDNA library from different developmental stages, and transcriptional profiles of the responses to KTC and AMB were determined.
T. rubrum
was exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of KTC and AMB for 12 h, and microarray analysis was used to examine gene transcription. KTC exposure induced transcription of genes involved in lipid, fatty acid, and sterol metabolism, including
ERG11
,
ERG3
,
ERG25
,
ERG6
,
ERG26
,
ERG24
,
ERG4
,
CPO
,
INO1
, DW700960,
CPR
, DW696584, DW406350, and
ATG15
. KTC also increased transcription of the multidrug resistance gene
ABC1
. AMB exposure increased transcription of genes involved in lipid, fatty acid, and sterol metabolism (DW696584, EB801458,
IVD
, DW694010, DW688343, DW684992), membrane transport (
Git1
, DW706156, DW684040,
DMT
, DW406136,
CCH1
, DW710650), and stress-related responses (
HSP70
,
HSP104
,
GSS
,
AOX
, EB801455, EB801702,
TDH1
,
UBI4
) but reduced transcription of genes involved in maintenance of cell wall integrity and signal transduction pathways (
FKS1
,
SUN4
, DW699324,
GAS1
, DW681613,
SPS1
, DW703091,
STE7
, DW703091, DW695308) and some ribosomal proteins. This is the first report of the use of microarray analysis to determine the effects of drug action in
T. rubrum
.
Sublethal Concentrations of the Aminoglycoside Amikacin Interfere with Cell Division without Affecting Chromosome Dynamics
Authors: Possoz Christophe , Newmark Jason , Sorto Nohemy , Sherratt David J. , Tolmasky Marcelo E. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Aminoglycosides bind to the 16S rRNA at the tRNA acceptor site (A site) and disturb protein synthesis by inducing codon misreading. We investigated
Escherichia coli
cell elongation and division, as well as the dynamics of chromosome replication and segregation, in the presence of sublethal concentrations of amikacin (AMK). The fates of the chromosome
ori
and
ter
loci were monitored by visualization by using derivatives of LacI and TetR fused to fluorescent proteins in
E. coli
strains that carry operator arrays at the appropriate locations. The results showed that cultures containing sublethal concentrations of AMK contained abnormally elongated cells. The chromosomes in these cells were properly located, suggesting that the dynamics of replication and segregation were normal. FtsZ, an essential protein in the process of cell division, was studied by using an ectopic FtsZ-cyan fluorescent protein fusion. Consistent with a defect in cell division, we revealed that the Z ring failed to properly assemble in these elongated cells.
Posaconazole Prophylaxis in Experimental Systemic Zygomycosis
Authors: Barchiesi Francesco , Spreghini Elisabetta , Santinelli Alfredo , Fothergill Annette W. , Pisa Eleonora , Giannini Daniele , Rinaldi Michael G. , Scalise Giorgio 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Three isolates of zygomycetes belonging to two different genera (
Rhizopus oryzae
and
Absidia corymbifera
) were used to produce a systemic infection in neutropenic mice. On days −2 and −1 and at 2 h prior to infection, the mice received either posaconazole (POS) at doses ranging from 20 to 80 mg/kg of body weight/day or amphotericin B (AMB) at 1 mg/kg/day. Antifungal drug efficacy was assessed by determination of the prolongation of survival, determination of the percentage of infected organs (brain, lung, spleen, and kidney), and histological examination for the number of infection foci and their sizes in brain and kidney tissues. AMB significantly prolonged the survival of mice infected with all isolates. POS significantly prolonged the survival of mice infected with zygomycetes. Cultured organs from mice infected with
R. oryzae
were all positive, while treated mice challenged with
A. corymbifera
generally showed lower percentages of infected organs compared with the percentages for the controls. Zygomycete isolates established an active infection (the presence of hyphae) in the brains and the kidneys of all controls. In mice challenged with
R. oryzae
, both antifungal drugs were effective at reducing the number and the size of infection foci in the kidneys. Only AMB reduced the numbers, but not the sizes, of infection foci in the brain. Finally, both drugs significantly reduced the numbers and the sizes of infection foci in both tissues of mice infected with
A. corymbifera
. Our data suggest that prophylaxis with POS has some potential to prevent zygomycosis.
Simple Colorimetric Inhibition Assay of Heme Crystallization for High-Throughput Screening of Antimalarial Compounds
Authors: Huy Nguyen Tien , Uyen Dinh Thanh , Maeda Atsushi , Trang Dai Thi Xuan , Oida Tatsuo , Harada Shigeharu , Kamei Kaeko 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT
Current assays for screening new antimalarials need initiators of β-hematin formation that require laborious preparation, special devices, and substrates. In this study, based on reduction of heme absorption in β-hematin formation, we developed a simple colorimetric assay using Tween 20 as an initiator and a microplate reader for high-throughput screening of inhibitors of β-hematin formation.
Signature-Tagged Transposon Mutagenesis Identifies Novel
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Genes Involved in the Parasitism of Human Macrophages
Authors: Rosas-Magallanes Vania , Stadthagen-Gomez Gustavo , Rauzier Jean , Barreiro Luis B. , Tailleux Ludovic , Boudou Frédéric , Griffin Ruth , Nigou Jérome , Jackson Mary , Gicquel Brigitte , Neyrolles Olivier 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Using signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis, we isolated 23
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
mutants, corresponding to 21 genes or genetic regions, attenuated in their ability to parasitize human macrophages. Mutants disrupted in the ABC transporter-encoding genes Rv0986 and Rv0987 were further characterized as being impaired in their ability to bind to host cells.
Cellular Recognition of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ESAT-6 and KatG Peptides in Systemic Sarcoidosis
Authors: Drake Wonder P. , Dhason Mary S. , Nadaf Michele , Shepherd Bryan E. , Vadivelu Sangeetha , Hajizadeh Rana , Newman Lee S. , Kalams Spyros A. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Sarcoidosis is an enigmatic disease with a pathology similar to that of tuberculosis. We detected Th-1 immune responses to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ESAT-6 and KatG peptides from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 15/26 sarcoidosis, 1/24 purified-protein-derivative-negative (PPD−) (
P
< 0.0001, Fisher's exact test), and 7/8 PPD-positive (PPD+) subjects (
P
= 0.21). This finding provides immunologic links between mycobacteria and systemic sarcoidosis.
Proteome and Antigen Profiling of
Coxiella burnetii
Developmental Forms
Authors: Coleman Sherry A. , Fischer Elizabeth R. , Cockrell Diane C. , Voth Daniel E. , Howe Dale , Mead David J. , Samuel James E. , Heinzen Robert A. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

A biphasic developmental cycle whereby highly resistant small-cell variants (SCVs) are generated from large-cell variants (LCVs) is considered fundamental to the virulence of
Coxiella burnetii
, the causative agent of human Q fever. In this study a proteome analysis of
C. burnetii
developmental forms was conducted to provide insight into their unique biological and immunological properties. Silver-stained gels of SCV and LCV lysates separated by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis resolved over 675 proteins in both developmental forms. Forty-eight proteins were greater than twofold more abundant in LCVs than in SCVs, with six proteins greater than twofold more abundant in SCVs than in LCVs. Four and 15 upregulated proteins of SCVs and LCVs, respectively, were identified by mass spectrometry, and their predicted functional roles are consistent with a metabolically active LCV and a structurally resistant SCV. One-dimensional and 2-D immunoblots of cell form lysates probed with sera from infected/vaccinated guinea pigs and convalescent-phase serum from human patients who had recovered from acute Q fever, respectively, revealed both unique SCV/LCV antigens and common SCV/LCV antigens that were often differentially synthesized. Antigens recognized during human infection were identified by mass spectroscopy and included both previously described immunodominant proteins of
C. burnetii
and novel immunogenic proteins that may be important in the pathophysiology of clinical Q fever and/or the induction of protective immunity.
AMycobacterium marinum mel2Mutant Is Defective for Growth in Macrophages That Produce Reactive Oxygen and Reactive Nitrogen Species
Authors: Subbian Selvakumar , Mehta Parmod K. , Cirillo Suat L. G. , Bermudez Luiz E. , Cirillo Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTMacrophages produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in response to bacterial infections. Mycobacteria are relatively resistant to ROS, but RNS inhibit growth of, and possibly even kill, mycobacteria in activated macrophages. We recently constructed aMycobacterium marinum mel2locus mutant, which is known to affect macrophage infection. We found previously that themel2locus confers resistance to ROS and RNS in laboratory medium, suggesting that this locus might play a similar role during growth in macrophages. Since J774A.1 murine macrophages produce high levels of ROS and RNS upon activation with gamma interferon (IFN-γ), we examined the effects of IFN-γ on ROS and RNS production by these cells as well as the effects on growth ofM. marinumin these cells. We found that anM. marinummutant with mutation of the first gene in themel2locus,melF, is defective for growth in IFN-γ-plus-lipopolysaccharide-treated J774A.1 cells and that this defect is abrogated by the presence of either inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase or ROS scavengers. Furthermore, theM. marinum melFmutant displays a defect at late stages in the mouse footpad model of infection. These phenotypic characteristics could be complemented fully by the entiremel2locus but only partially by the presence ofmelFalone, supporting data suggesting that this insertion mutation has polar effects on downstream genes in themel2locus. These observations demonstrate that theM. marinum mel2locus plays a role in resistance to ROS and RNS produced by activated macrophages.
Identification of Genes Involved in the Expression of Atypical Lipooligosaccharide Structures from a Second Class of
Haemophilus ducreyi
Authors: Post Deborah M. B. , Munson Robert S. , Baker Beth , Zhong Huachun , Bozue Joel A. , Gibson Bradford W. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Haemophilus ducreyi
is a gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of chancroid. Strain 35000HP has been well characterized and is representative of the majority of
H. ducreyi
strains. Strain 35000HP produces a lipooligosaccharide (LOS) that contains
d
-
glycero
-
d
-
manno
-heptose in the main oligosaccharide chain extension; the
lbgB
gene has been shown to encode the
dd
-heptosyltransferase. The
lbgB
gene is found in a gene cluster together with the
lbgA
gene, which encodes for the galactosyltransferase I. These two genes are flanked by two housekeeping genes,
rpmE
and
xthA
, encoding the ribosomal protein L31 and the exonuclease III, respectively. Recently, a second group of
H. ducreyi
strains have been identified. Strain 33921, a representative of the class II strains, produces an LOS that lacks
dd
-heptose in the oligosaccharide portion of its LOS. To better understand the biosynthesis of the
dd
-heptose-deficient 33921 LOS, we cloned and sequenced the corresponding
lbgAB
genomic region from strain 33921. Similar to strain 35000HP, the 33921 genome contains
xthA
and
rpmE
. However, between these two genes we identified genes encoding two putative glycosyltransferases that were not highly homologous to the 35000HP
lbgAB
genes. In this study, we demonstrate that the product of one of these genes encodes a galactosyltransferase. In addition, dot blot hybridization determined that 3 of 35 strains tested had the atypical transferases present, as did 4 strains characterized as class II strains by other criterion. These data indicate that the
lbgAB
genes can serve as one indicator of the classification of
H. ducreyi
strains.