bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Internationalization of the Us Wage Process*
Authors: Cha Baekin , Himarios Daniel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper explains the wage‐growth slowdown that occurred in the US in the 1980s. Using the vector auto regression method, it is shown that (I) a substantial portion of variations in the growth rate of average hourly earnings and other sectoral wages in the US can be attributed to exchange‐rule changes; (2) during the 1983‐1985 period the strong appreciation significantly reduced the growth rate of wages, but the subsequent depreciation had only modest effects; and (3) sectors like construction and services, traditionally assumed to be immune to foreign competition, have become sensitive to exchange‐rate developments.
Technology Choice, Overtaking, and Comparative Advantage*
Authors: Ohyama Michihiro , Jones Ronald W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper argues that the basic concept of comparative advantage, used in international trade theory to establish choices of commodities exported, can also be used to explain choice of technology by a firm. A firm with a current leading position in a given technology may spurn a new technology, which is developed by a currently lagging firm, leading to future overtaking.
Some Implications of Imperfect Competition For Recent Trade Theory*
Authors: Shimomura Koji 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper argues that in a general‐equilibrium context, it is not sensible for oligopolistic (and mono‐polistically competitive) firms to maximize profit, because the outcome would be sensitive to the choice of the numeraire. the natural objective of these firms would be to maximize the utility of the shareholders if the shareholders are identical. I show that even if each firm takes the representative individual's marginal utility of income as given, the outcome of the utility maximization objective is Pareto optimal, and in equilibrium, each firm equates price with marginal cost.
Bargaining In International Trade Under Exchange‐Rate Uncertainty
Authors: Donnenfeld Shabtai , Zilcha Itzhak 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the implications of various contracting alternatives between exporting and importing firms on the volume of international transactions. the contracts that we study are determined in a bargaining situation under exchange‐rate uncertainty. First we look at contracts which entail an ex ante commitment on price and quantity of exports without the possibility of renegotiation ex post. Second, spot contracts, i.e., the price and the quantity of exports are negotiated after the exchange the rate is known. A third type of contracts consists of ex ante commitment and ex post renegotiation.
Constant Consumption Paths In Open Economies With Exhaustible Resources
Authors: Hartwick John M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe examine the effects of international trade on the paths of investment which maintain consumption constant over time in each country, each of which produces an essential exhaustible resource such as oil. For countries identical except for the sizes of their oil stocks, the investing of own oil rents in machine capital will not result in constant consumption in each country. Adjusted rent‐investment strategies are developed which do yield constant consumption in each country. We also report results on the link in each country between its consumption levels and aggregate current wealth.
Internal Quota‐Allocation Schemes and the Costs of the Mfa*
Authors: Trela Irene , Whalley John 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper suggests that schemes used within developing countries to allocate textile export quota among domestic producers typically have more severe negative effects on developing‐country economic performance than the MFA export quotas themselves. We summarize allocation schemes in 16 countries, highlighting common “lock‐in” and “rent‐dissipation” effects of such schemes. We then use a global general‐equilibrium model to evaluate the effects of MFA removal with and without these additional effects. Results indicate that estimates of gains to developing countries from an MFA removal increase sharply when internal quota‐allocation schemes are taken into account.
Environmental Degradation As an Incentive For Trade*
Authors: Leger Lawrence A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA modified Heckscher‐Ohlin‐Samuelson model is used in which industries are allocated by historical accident to geographical regions and agents care about their environment. Incentives for international trade arise when economies with identical factor endowments and geophysical characteristics differ in the allocation of industries to regions, and economies will tend to export goods produced in regions with higher environmental assimilative capacity.
Export Bans, Environment, and Developing Country Welfare
Authors: Dean Judith M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDeforestation is a serious problem in several developing countries which are timber exporters. Export bans on logs, therefore, have been hailed by some as a welfare‐improving policy relative to free trade. This paper explores the case for an export ban on an intermediate good whose production generates environmental damage. In this two‐good model, a trade‐off emerges between achieving the environmental target and raising national welfare. When environmental damage grows rapidly with output, an export ban is likely to raise welfare. However, it is also likely to lead to higher rates of harvesting than are sustainable.
Linking Absolute and Comparative Advantage to Intra‐Industry Trade Theory*
Authors: Weder Rolf 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo countries, which differ with respect to domestic demand for two groups of differentiated products, are considered in a setting of monopolistic competition where international trade is subject to transaction costs. It is shown that relative differences in demand determine the trade pattern. Each country is a net exporter of that group for which domestic demand is relatively larger‐where the country has a comparative home‐market advantage. Absolute differences in demand determine relative wages. Thus, the paper argues that the notions of absolute and comparative advantage as found in traditional trade theory also have meaning in new trade theory.
Quota Wars In Conjectural Variations*
Authors: Csaplar Wilfrid W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper uses a two‐country, two‐good, conjectural‐variations model of trade to show that a quota war will not end in autarky as Rodriguez (1974) and Tower (1975) concluded. Since both countries expect retaliatory responses to reductions in their quotas, both countries are willing to stop the trade war before autarky is reached. the possible equilibria are free trade, two equilibria in which one country has its optimal quota while the other country chooses free trade, and an interior solution. It is possible that some, all, or none of these equilibria will exist.
Explaining Managed Trade as Rational Cheating
Authors: Dick Andrew R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPostwar “managed‐trade” policies feature low baseline tariffs combined with selective nontariff protection. This paper interprets managed trade as a rational strategy to undermine trade‐liberalization agreements in the absence of credible external enforcement. Analyzing the Kennedy GATT Round, I explore the calculus that led the United States to undermine across‐the‐board tariff reductions selectively by introducing nontariff barriers in industries with rapidly rising import demand. I show empirically that nontariff barrier dynamics across 216 industries support a rational‐cheating interpretation of managed‐trade policy.
Inflationary Expectations, Variable Output, and Exchange‐Rate Dynamics
Authors: Levin Jay H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper develops a model of exchange‐rate dynamics characterized by inflationary expectations held with perfect foresight, sticky wages, and sluggish output adjustment. In this framework monetary expansion initially lowers interest rates because of sluggish output and price adjustment but quite surprisingly produces exchange‐rate overshooting or undershooting. Moreover, after its initial depreciation in the overshooting case, the domestic currency temporarily appreciates beyond its new long‐run equilibrium level. In the undershooting case, the home currency temporarily appreciates away from its new long‐run equilibrium level. Finally, the dynamic real exchange rate‐real interest rate relationship at times becomes inverse.
The Real Yen Exchange Rate and Japanese Productivity Growth
Authors: Ceglowski Janet 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the time‐series properties of five real yen exchange rates by testing for stationarity in the context of a single structural shift. It finds that all but one of the series are stationary in conjunction with a trend‐ or mean‐break in the late 1950s or early 1970s. By comparison, most real rates for five other industrialized countries are stationary around a constant mean. These findings suggest that the behavior of the real yen exchange rate is unique among the six currencies in the sample, a difference that may originate in the exceptional productivity performance of the Japanese traded‐goods sector.
Entry into a Foreign Market: Foreign Direct Investment versus Licensing
Authors: Saggi Kamal 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe compare foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology licensing as two modes of entry into a foreign market. While direct entry via FDI dissipates rents in the host country, opportunistic competition from a licensee may erode rents in the entrant's other markets. Since FDI increases competition in the host country while licensing stifles it. welfare is higher under FDI than under licensing.
Measurements of the anaplerotic rate in the human cerebral cortex using 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy and [1‐13C] and [2‐13C] glucose
Authors: Mason Graeme F. , Petersen Kitt Falk , De Graaf Robin A. , Shulman Gerald I. , Rothman Douglas L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecent studies in rodent and human cerebral cortex have shown that glutamate‐glutamine neurotransmitter cycling is rapid and the major pathway of neuronal glutamate repletion. The rate of the cycle remains controversial in humans, because glutamine may come either from cycling or from anaplerosis via glial pyruvate carboxylase. Most studies have determined cycling from isotopic labeling of glutamine and glutamate using a [1‐13C]glucose tracer, which provides label through neuronal and glial pyruvate dehydrogenase or via glial pyruvate carboxylase. To measure the anaplerotic contribution, we measured 13C incorporation into glutamate and glutamine in the occipital‐parietal region of awake humans while infusing [2‐13C]glucose, which labels the C2 and C3 positions of glutamine and glutamate exclusively via pyruvate carboxylase. Relative to [1‐13C]glucose, [2‐13C]glucose provided little label to C2 and C3 glutamine and glutamate. Metabolic modeling of the labeling data indicated that pyruvate carboxylase accounts for 6 ± 4% of the rate of glutamine synthesis, or 0.02 μmol/g/min. Comparison with estimates of human brain glutamine efflux suggests that the majority of the pyruvate carboxylase flux is used for replacing glutamate lost due to glial oxidation and therefore can be considered to support neurotransmitter trafficking. These results are consistent with observations made with arterial–venous differences and radiotracer methods.
Leptin: a diverse regulator of neuronal function
Authors: Harvey Jenni 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIt is well documented that leptin is a circulating hormone that plays a key role in regulating food intake and body weight via its actions on specific hypothalamic nuclei. However, leptin receptors are widely expressed in the CNS, in regions not generally associated with energy homeostasis, such as the hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum. Moreover, evidence is accumulating that leptin has widespread actions in the brain. In particular, recent studies have demonstrated that leptin markedly influences the excitability of hippocampal neurons via its ability to activate large conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BK) channels, and also to promote long‐term depression of excitatory synaptic transmission. Here, we review the evidence supporting a role for this hormone in regulating hippocampal excitability.
Laser Scanning Photostimulation: New Evidence for Enhanced Recurrent Excitation in a Model of Posttraumatic Epilepsy
Authors: Dudek F. Edward , Staley Kevin J. 
Published: October 2006

Enhanced Excitatory Synaptic Connectivity in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically Injured Epileptogenic Neocortex in Rats Jin X, Prince DA, Huguenard JR J Neurosci 2006;26:4891–4900 Formation of new recurrent excitatory circuits after brain injuries has been hypothesized as a major factor contributing to epileptogenesis. Increases in total axonal length and the density of synaptic boutons are present in layer V pyramidal neurons of chronic partial isolations of rat neocortex, a model of posttraumatic epileptogenesis. To explore the functional consequences of these changes, we used laser-scanning photostimulation combined with whole-cell patch-clamp recording from neurons in layer V of somatosensory cortex to map changes in excitatory synaptic connectivity after injury. Coronal slices were submerged in artificial CSF (23°C) containing 100 μM caged glutamate, APV (2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid), and high divalent cation concentration to block polysynaptic responses. Focal uncaging of glutamate, accomplished by switching a pulsed UV laser to give a 200–400 μs light stimulus, evoked single- or multiple-component composite EPSCs. In neurons of the partially isolated cortex, there were significant increases in the fraction of uncaging sites from which EPSCs could be evoked (“hot spots”) and a decrease in the mean amplitude of individual elements in the composite EPSC. When plotted along the cortical depth, the changes in EPSCs took place mainly between 150 and 200 μm above and below the somata, suggesting a specific enhancement of recurrent excitatory connectivity among layer V pyramidal neurons of the undercut neocortex. These changes may shift the balance within cortical circuits toward increased synaptic excitation and contribute to epileptogenesis.
Immunohistochemical staining of CD10 in atypical fibroxanthomas
Authors: Hultgren Tricia L. , DiMaio Dominick J. 
Published: October 2006

Background:  The histologic diagnosis of atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) may be difficult at times with a differential diagnosis including spindle cell/desmoplastic melanoma and a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While there are immunohistochemical stains that may be used to support a diagnosis of either melanoma or carcinoma, the diagnosis of AFX tends to be one of exclusion.Methods:  A total of 35 cases including 16 AFXs, 10 poorly differentiated SCCs and nine spindle cell/desmoplastic melanomas were stained with the antibody against CD10.Results:  There was strong (3+) diffuse expression of CD10 in 15/16 (94%) AFXs, weak (1+) to moderate (2+) patchy expression of CD10 in 5/10 (50%) SCCs and weak (1+) expression of CD10 in 3/9 (33%) spindle cell/desmoplastic melanomas.Conclusion:  CD10 expression is helpful in distinguishing between AFXs, carcinomas and melanomas and will be useful in a panel of antibodies when distinguishing between these entities.
Nondermatoscopic digital imaging of pigmented lesions
Authors: Stoecker William V. , Moss Randy H. , Ercal Fikret , Umbaugh Scott E. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Pigmented lesions are often difficult to evaluate clinically. Improvement of diagnostic accuracy by dermatoscopy has attracted much interet. With advanced digital imaging measurement of assymmetry, border irregularity and relative color as well as texture characteristics, lesional depth and changes in lesional area are now possible, the object of this review is to conclude the present status of these techniques and their potential.Conclusions: Digital imaging of pigmented lesions to this date include acquiring and storing of images, quantification of clinical features including asymmetry, and teledermatology with transfer of images. Predicted uses include malignancy evaluation, delineation of depth of invasion and the development of large collections of pigment lesions observations. The field is rapidly expanding. As of 1994, it is unknown what role digital imaging will ultimately play in clinical dermatology.
Instrumental evaluation of subclinical responses to 0.05% NiSO4 patch tests
Authors: Nardo A. di , Schiavi M. E. , Seidenari S. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: The possibility of identifying allergic reactions while they are not clinically evident could prove extremely useful in studying the evolution of skin responses in experimentally‐induced contact dermatitis. In drug research and in cosmetological research, the sensitizing properties of new molecules or haptens present in the product in a low concentration also need be clarified. The object of the present study was to validate noninvasive techniques and their use for the study of subclinical allergic reactions. Methods: 70 nickel‐sensitized subjects previously standard tested with 5% nickel sulphate in petrolatum were challenged with a 0.05% nickel sulfate solution on the volar aspect of the forearm, application for 24 h and measurement at 72 h. Colorimetry, evaporimetry (transepidermal water loss, TEWL) and high‐frequency echography were used to characterize reactions. Results: Colorimetry and TEWL did not show any significant differences between patch test areas and control areas. Skin thickness determination, conversely, evidenced a significant increase both with respect to baseline values and control areas. Conclusion: Echographic evaluation is able to detect modification of skin thickness of subclinical allergic patch test reactions to nickel sulfate while colorimetry and TEWL failed to detected such minute changes.
Erythema‐index of clinical patch test reactions
Authors: Jemec Gregor B. E. , Johansen Jeanne D. 
Published: October 2006

Background: Methods for the precise non‐invasive and continuous grading of disease intensity are potentially of great use in a clinical setting. The erythema index offers a good method for assessing UVR induced erythema. Due to the development of a convenient hand‐held spectrometer, it is possible that the method could be used for the grading of eczematous reactions in a clinical setting as well.Objective: To assess the usefulness of the erythema index for the quantification of eczematous reactions using the Derma‐Spectrometer (Cortex technology, Hadsund, Denmark) in a clinical setting.Method: The erythema index of 56 patch test reactions ranging from +? to +++, was compared to regional controls and negative patch tests (189). The effects of intrumental application pressure was studied in 5 volunteers. Statistical analysis was carried out using Mann‐Whitney and Jonckheere‐Terpstra tests.Results: The erythema‐index was significantly higher in all degrees of patch test reactions than in uninvolved regional skin or negative patch tests. It also showed a significant positive trend for higher values in +, ++ and +++ reactions (P<0.0001). In direct comparison, the erythema index was unable to distinguish between?+ and +, or between ++ and +++ reactions. Only the distinction between + and ++ appeared significant (P<0.04). It is suggested that application pressure of the instrument is only of importance in high grades of erythema.Conclusion: Measurement of erythema index in eczematous reactions appear to be related to the intensity of the reaction, although the method does not reflect the many other changes which occur with increasingly strong reactions (oedema, etc.). The method therefore offers an objective quantitative supplement to clinical grading, especially in weak reactions. It is suggested that the method is better suited for experimental studies with a strict control of confounding factors.
Skin irritancy classification of body cleansing products
Authors: Paye M. , Morrison B. M. , Wilhelm K.‐P. 
Published: October 2006

Background/Aims: Mildness of skin cleansing products is often claimed although difficult to substantiate. Both the society and the producer share a common interest that cleansing products are safe in use and that valid methods are used for premarketing evaluation of new products. The object of the present study was to evaluate methodological aspects when three products were compared using two different test systems to characterize their irritant properties.Methods: A modified soap chamber test (M‐SCT) and an iterative short‐term patch test (IPT) were performed. Eight healthy female volunteers aged 18 to 55 selected as having responsive skin were studied. Colorimetry and measurement of transepider‐mal water loss was employed. A soap, a synthetic detergent bar and a facial cleanser were studied with deionized water as a reference.Results: The IPT appeared more sensitive than the M‐SCT for the detection and discrimination of irritation. The techniques allowed the ranking of the irritant properties of the products relative to water, which showed low values in both systems.Conclusion: Ranking of irritant properties of cleansing products was possible even in a limited number of individuals. Iterative short‐term patch test was more sensitive than a modified soap chamber test.
Monitoring wound healing of venous stasis leg ulcers by in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Zemtsov Alexander , Dixon Lisa 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Venous stasis ulcers is a frequent clinical problem. Objective techniques for characterization and monitoring of wound healing are needed including noninvasive study of biochemical changes associated with the healing process. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy was not used in the past to study human wound healing in vivo.Methods: 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy with study of intracellular pH, phosphocreatine, and the phosphocreatine/inor‐ganic phosphate ratio was used. Six patients with venous leg ulcer and three controls were studied.Results: Both intracellular pH, phosphocreatine and the phos‐phocreatine/inorganic phosphate ratio were found sensitive indicators of wound healing. Surprisingly the intracellular pH in healing ulcers was in the alkali range.Conclusion: 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy was found useful for the study of biochemical changes associated with wound healing. pH in the alkali range was an unexpected observation.
Measurements of limb oedema in chronic venous disease
Authors: Mani R. , Ross J. N. , Keefe M. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Limb oedema is of major importance in the development, healing rate and reoccurrence of chronic venous insufficiency and venous leg ulcer. The pathophysiology of limb oedema, and methods of measuring and managing oedema are revisited.Conclusion: Despite oedeme being a symptom of major importance in venous leg ulcer, our knowledge is still limited. Research and renewed clinical interest in this symptom is predicted in the future.
Non‐invasive methods for determination of oedema and water behaviour in the skin
Authors: Gniadecka Monika 
Published: October 2006

Background/Aim: In an accompanying review, Mani and coworkers discuss methods for measurement of global oedema of the limb. Here, we have concentrated on methodology enabling investigation of oedema and water compartment selectively in the skin and its layers. Results of the studies with magnetic resonance and ultrasound based methods are reviewed.Conclusion: The behaviour of water in normal young and aged skin has been characterised with magnetic resonance and ultrasonography. Little is yet known about water distribution and behaviour in skin oedema characteristic e.g. for the post‐thrombotic syndrome and lymphoedema. Further research in this field is likely to be carried out in the future.