bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple callus test to determine the aggressiveness of wood‐destroying fungi
Authors: HŘib Dipl.‐Ing. J. , Rypáček V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple callus test is presented to determine the degree of aggressiveness of parasitic wood‐destroying fungi. The test is based on the growth response of the fungi to in vitro callus culture of the tree species under study.
Irreversible Pathogenitätsverminderung bei Endothia parasitica durch übertragbare Hypovirulenz
Authors: Bazzigher G. , Kanzler Esther , Kübler Th. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Irreversible reduction in pathogenicity of Endothia parasitica through transmissible hypovirulence. Transmissible hypovirulence is an epidemic disease of Endothia parasitica which reduces the pathogenicity of the affected pathogen but not its vitality. The hypovirulence is controlled by a genetic factor in the cytoplasm of the fungus. It has recently been shown that a ds‐RNA (virus‐RNA) is involved. In other cases, virus‐like particles have been found in hypovirulent strains. The effects of hypovirulence can be demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Transmission can occur between Endothia‐strains within the same vegetative compatibility group. Hypovirulence occurs frequently in chestnut stands in southern Switzerland. To date, more than five different compatibility groups have been differentiated.
Schadbild und Ätiologie des Tannensterbens
Authors: Blaschke H. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Symptoms and etiology of dieback of silver fir (fir dying). II. On the mycorrhizal and pathogenic status in fine roots in relation to symptoms of fir dying. Investigations of the fine roots revealed, that pathogenic fungal infections contributed to the dying of feeder roots and the necrosis of woody fine roots. Root damage was associated with a decrease in the root storage capacity and therefore, root regeneration of affected trees was markedly reduced.
A scanning electron microscope study of cell wall degradation in elm wood by aggressive and non‐aggressive isolates of Ophiostoma ulmi
Authors: Scheffer R. J. , Elgersma D. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDegradation of cell walls in elm wood tissue (Ulmus americand) by aggressive and non‐aggressive isolates of Ophiostoma ulmi was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Xylem vessel walls were much more affected after infection with the aggressive isolate than after infection with the non‐aggressive one.
Stammfaulen in Douglasien‐, Kiefern‐, Fichten‐Mischbestanden1
Authors: Von Siepmann R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractButt rot in mixed conifer stands. 70 years old Pseudotsuga menziesii trees on sandy soil, grown together with Pinus syhestris, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica were analysed for butt rot. 73 % resp. 70 % of the Douglas fir, 13% resp. 28% of the Scotch pine and 82% resp. 84% of the Norway spruce showed decay. The most frequent fungi in Pseudotsuga were Heterobasidion annosum, Calocera viscosa, Sparassis crispa, in Pinus Sparassis crispa and in Picea Heterobasidion annosum. In a neighbouring stand with 85 years old Pseudotsuga menziesii ‐ more often thinned than the 70 years old stand ‐ only 23 % of the trees were with decay.
The survival of Ceratocystis fagacearum in South Carolina
Authors: Tainter F. H. , Ham D. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis research, which involved observing and sampling artificially inoculated oak‐wilted turkey oak trees, substantiates previous field observations that C. fagacearum does not quickly kill oak trees in South Carolina. C. fagacearum seems to quickly lose virulence during the first growing season following inoculation. Rather than being quickly killed, as occurs with infected red oaks in more temperate climates, oak trees in South Carolina either survive infection or die much more slowly. Moisture, total carbohydrate, and reducing sugar contents of infected trees indicate that these trees suffer an initial physiologic trauma. Branches die first, followed by upper stems, and in few cases lower stems. Some trees, however, have survived inoculation, and initial partial wilting, but have since recovered.
Antagonistische Wirkung von Candida sp. auf Kiefernschütteerreger und andere Pilze in vitro1
Authors: Kowalski T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAntagonistic effects of Candida sp. on Scots pine needle‐cast fungi and on other fungi in vitroThe influence of Candida sp. on several phytopathogenic and saprophytic fungi was examined in vitro. by different test‐methods. Candida sp. showed strong inhibitory effects on mycelial growth and spore germination of the tested fungi.
First report of the brown root rot disease caused by Phellinus noxius, its distribution and newly recorded host plants in the Amami Islands, southern Japan
Authors: Sahashi N. , Akiba M. , Ishihara M. , Abe Y. , Morita S. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryTo determine whether the brown root rot disease caused by Phellinus noxius is present in the Amami islands, which are situated near Okinawa, we conducted six field surveys from 1999 to 2005. The brown root rot disease was found in 22 tree species in 17 plant families at 25 different sites in all the islands surveyed. Sixteen of these species were newly recorded as host plants of P. noxius. The disease was more common in the low elevation plains and on hills less than 100 m above sea level than in mountainous areas. This is the first report of the brown root rot disease caused by P. noxius in the Amami Islands, Japan, and Ohshima Island is currently the northern‐most distribution point of the disease in the northern hemisphere.
Efficacy of dioctahedral smectite in treating patients of diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Chang Full‐Young , Lu Ching‐Liang , Chen Chih‐Yen , Luo Jiing‐Chyuan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Dioctahedral smectite (DS) is natural adsorbent clay useful in treating acute diarrhea. The aim of this study was to determine DS efficacy on patients with diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D‐IBS in a phase III‐, 8‐week‐randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.Methods:  The 104 patients who met the D‐IBS Rome II criteria were randomized to receive either DS (n = 52) or placebo (n = 52) treatment for 8 weeks (three sachets daily). The primary efficacy endpoint was the changes of the visual analog scale (VAS) score of IBS overall disorder and pain/discomfort‐related symptoms after treatment on days 28 and 56, respectively. Other outcome measures included improvement of bowel movement disorders. The therapeutic global response was assessed by the patients and investigators at each visit, as was drug safety.Results:  Both treatments diminished overall disorder at each visit (P < 0.01), with respect to primary efficacy. This effect was further observed in DS‐treated patients on day 56 (P = 0.0167). Placebo had no effect on the VAS score of pain/discomfort at any visit, whereas DS improved this score on days 28 and 56, respectively (P < 0.05). DS and placebo similarly diminished bowel disorders at each visit; however, only DS improved abdominal bloating (P < 0.01). The global therapeutic responses evaluated by the patients and investigators were similarly distributed. The study drug was well tolerated during the 8‐week period.Conclusion:  DS seems acceptable to treat D‐IBS patients, particularly for pain‐related symptoms.
Relationship between disease severity, quality of life and health‐care resource use in a cross‐section of Australian patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Gibson Peter R , Weston Adèle R , Shann Amelia , Florin Timothy H J , Lawrance Ian C , Macrae Finlay A , Radford‐Smith Graham 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground and Aim: New treatments for Crohn's disease are expensive and place economic strain upon health‐care systems, and ‘value‐for‐money’ needs to be confirmed. This study aimed to correlate disease severity with health‐related quality of life and with health‐care resource use, to allow evaluation of the cost effectiveness of these treatments.Methods: A cross‐sectional, non‐interventional, pharmacoeconomics study was performed with patients completing questionnaires comprising demographic, disease and health‐care utilization questions, together with the disease‐specific Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) and the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) multi‐attribute utility instrument. The Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) was used to assess disease severity.Results: 143 patients with a broad range of disease severity (CDAI 36–446, fistulae 23%) were recruited from referral centers. Stepwise regression analyses demonstrated a negative correlation between disease severity and both IBDQ and AQoL (bothP < 0.0001). Age, gender and years since diagnosis did not impact upon either of the quality‐of‐life outcomes. Mean utility score for non‐fistulizing patients with moderate–severe active disease (CDAI ≥ 220) was 0.45, mild disease (CDAI 150–219) was 0.68 and for remission (CDAI < 150) was 0.77. Health‐care resource utilization increased with increasing CDAI (P < 0.001), with hospital admissions being the largest component cost. Twenty‐seven percent of patients (mean age 38 year) received a government benefit, 51% primarily due to their Crohn's disease.Conclusion: Crohn's disease severity correlates with poor quality of life. Utility scores determined will permit cost–utility analyses to be made in order to best allocate limited health resources.
Expression of MUC2 in gastric carcinomas and background mucosae
Authors: Lee Hae‐Wan , Yang Dae H , Kim Hong K , Lee Bong H , Choi Kyung C , Choi Young H , Park Young E 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Gastric carcinomas contain elements of both intestinal and diffuse types. Such heterogeneous components may distort the evaluation of the role of the mucin MUC2 in gastric carcinoma. The role of MUC2 expression in background mucosa is not yet clarified.Methods:  We analyzed the expression of MUC2 in gastric mucosa and intestinal metaplasia adjacent to the tumoral area and carcinomas (n = 98) using immunohistochemistry. The immunoreactivity was quantified using an immunohistochemical scoring system.Results:  In the intestinal metaplasia adjacent to the tumoral area, MUC2 was detected in 76 (97.4%) of 78 intestinal metaplasia, and MUC2 expression was inversely associated with the depth of wall penetration (P = 0.026) and tumor stage (P = 0.021). Although the expression rate of MUC2 antigens was higher in intestinal‐type adenocarcinoma than in diffuse‐type adenocarcinoma, a significant correlation with pathologic staging of the TNM system (pTNM staging) and MUC2 expression could not be found in each subtype of gastric carcinomas.Conclusion:  The expression of MUC2 in intestinal metaplasia was higher in tumors of earlier stages. These findings suggest that increased MUC2 expression in intestinal metaplasia in the neighborhood of the carcinomas may play an important role in gastric carcinomas. Further investigations regarding the role of MUC2 expression in gastric carcinoma and background mucosae are necessary.
Correlation between expression of leptin and clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Zhao Xiaolong , Huang Kaihong , Zhu Zhaohua , Chen Shuhong , Hu Renming 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground:  The relationship between the expression of leptin in the tissue of gastric cancer and the clinicopathological features as well as patients' outcome were investigated.Methods:  Sixty‐one gastric cancer specimens were investigated by immunohistochemical studies with anti‐leptin and anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies and by monitoring patients for at least 3 years after surgery.Results:  A positive rate of leptin expression was significantly associated with Borrmann classification (Borrmann type 1 and type 2 68.2% vs Borrmann type 3 and type 4 or unclassified 35.3%), tumor histology (well differentiated tumors 87.5% vs poorly differentiated tumors 48.9%), lymph node metastasis (with 69.0% vs without 36.8%) and stage (stage III + IV 69.0% vs stage I + II 36.8%).There was a significant association between leptin expression and VEGF expression. In the poorly differentiated group, the overall survival rate for patients with a weak expression of leptin (histochemistry score <0.5) was significantly higher than that in patients with a strong expression (histochemistry score =0.5). The Cox proportional hazards model identified serosal involvement, tumor size, metastasis, tumor histology, leptin expression, lymph node metastasis, age and postoperative chemotherapy as significant prognostic factors.Conclusions:  The expression of leptin in the tissue of gastric cancer was significantly associated with tumor histology, Borrmann classification, lymph node metastasis and stage of gastric cancer. In patients with poorly differentiated gastric cancer, a poor prognosis was found in those with a strong expression of leptin.
Serrated neoplasias and de novo carcinomas in ulcerative colitis: A histological study in colectomy specimens
Authors: Rubio Carlos A 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Cancer in ulcerative colitis (UC) originates in dysplastic crypts, adenomatous growths (UCAG), and UC‐associated adenomas (UCAD). The aim of the present study was to compare the histological phenotypes between UCAG, UCAD, and sporadic colorectal adenomas in non‐colitics (non‐UCAD), as well as between UC‐associated carcinomas (UCC) and carcinomas in non‐colitic patients (non‐UCC).Methods:  Three thousand and forty nine sections from 96 colectomy specimens in patients with UC‐pancolitis and carcinoma were reviewed.Results:  Villous phenotypes were more frequent in UCAG (48%) than in UCAD (26%) and non‐UCAD (11%), and serrated phenotypes more frequent in UCAD (29%) than in UCAG (12%) and non‐UCAD (8%). Tubular phenotypes were far less frequent in UCAG (14%) than in UCAD (45%) and non‐UCAD (80%). Villous and signet ring cell cancer phenotypes were more frequent in UCC (22% and 8%, respectively) than in non‐UCC (9% and 0.8%, respectively). Six UCC (5.6%) were de novo carcinomas.Conclusions:  Invasive carcinomas were found in one‐half of the UCAG and in one‐third of the UCAD, indicating that both lesions are important in cancer development in UC. The different proportions of histological phenotypes found in UCAG, UCAD, and non‐UCAD on the one hand, and UCC and non‐UCC on the other, suggest that chronic protracted inflammation might have modified the stem cell receptors that receive the molecular signals that program structural configurations in neoplastic glands. This is the first study reporting the occurrence of serrated and microtubular UCAG and of de novo carcinomas in UC.
Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Guo‐Hua , Qian Wei , Song Geng‐Qing , Hou Xiao‐Hua 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a gastrointestinal hormone in the secretin–VIP family. It has been reported that VIP affects some tumor growth, and there is a VIP autocrine regulation in some cancers. However, the effect of VIP on gastric adenocarcinoma is not clear yet. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of VIP on gastric adenocarcinoma, especially autocrine regulation of VIP on gastric adenocarcinoma.Methods:  VIP mRNA and protein, and its receptor mRNA (VIPR1 and VIPR2) were measured in 15 normal antrum mucosa, 20 gastric adenocarcinoma tissues, and the SGC7901 gastric adenocarcinoma cell line by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), immunohistochemistry, or radioimmunoassay methods. The effect of the VIP protein and its antagonist (D‐p‐Cl‐Phe6, Leu17)‐VIP on SGC7901 cell growth was detected by methylthiazolyldiphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The expressions of c‐myc mRNA and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) mRNA in SGC7901 cells before and after the incubated VIP protein and/or its antagonist were also measured by RT–PCR method.Results:  The VIP mRNA expression in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal antrum mucosa (P < 0.01). The VIP‐positive immunoreactivity cells existed in 40% of gastric adenocarcinoma tissues, but not in normal tissues (P < 0.01). The VIP‐positive immunoreactivity nerve fibers were observed in normal tissues, but not in adenocarcinoma tissues (P < 0.01). The expression rate of VIPR1 mRNA in adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly lower than that in normal tissues, but that of VIPR2 mRNA in the two kinds of tissues were similar (P > 0.05). In addition, the expression quantity of VIPR1 mRNA and VIPR2 mRNA in adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly lower than that in normal tissues (P < 0.05). SGC7901 cells expressed not only VIP mRNA and the VIP protein, but also VIPR1 and VIPR2 mRNA. 106 SGC7901 cells secreted 13.15 ± 8.54 pg VIP on average. VIP did not affect the proliferation of SGC7901 cells, but the antagonist stimulated the proliferation of SGC7901 cells from 10−5 to 10−8 mol/L concentration incubated for 24–96 h. VIP downregulated the expressions of c‐myc and ODC mRNA, but its antagonist upregulated their expressions.Conclusions:  The expression of VIP mRNA upregulates, but the expressions of VIPR mRNA downregulates in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues. The gastric adenocarcinoma tissues contain endocrine cells to secrete VIP, which show malignant specialities. The VIP autocrine regulation exists in SGC7901 cells, and potentially inhibits the proliferation of the cells by downregulating the expressions of c‐myc and ODC mRNA. It suggests that VIP may play an important role in the regulation of the growth of gastric cancer cells.
Helicobacter pylori infection induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway
Authors: Zhang Hao , Fang Dian‐Chun , Lan Chun‐Hui , Luo Yuan‐Hui 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground and Aims:  To clarify the role of the mitochondrial pathway in apoptosis induced by H. pylori infection in gastric epithelial cells.Methods:  Cells of a gastric adenocarcinoma cell line SGC‐7901 were co‐cultured with H. pylori NCTC 11637, with or without preincubation with the inhibitors of caspases ‐3, ‐8, and ‐9. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. RT‐PCR was used to determine the expression of Bid, Bax, and Bcl‐2 mRNA, and Western blotting was used to determine the expression of Bid, Bax, and Bcl‐2 proteins, and the activation of caspases ‐3 and ‐9.Results:  H. pylori directly induced apoptosis in SGC‐7901 cells. Apoptotic indices (AIs) were 6.30 ± 0.40%, 11.57 ± 0.78%, 8.63 ± 0.67%, and 7.22 ± 0.97%, respectively, at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after SGC‐7901 cells were co‐cultured with H. pylori. H. pylori up‐regulated the expression of Bid and Bax at both protein and mRNA levels, and induced a time‐dependent activation of caspases ‐3 and ‐9. Apoptosis was inhibited significantly by the preincubation of SGC‐7901 cells with the inhibitors of caspase‐3 (AIs were 1.72 ± 0.59%, 2.97 ± 0.55%, 4.38 ± 1.56%, and 3.29 ± 0.83%, respectively, at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h), and caspase ‐9 (AIs were 2.47 ± 0.53%, 6.68 ± 0.47%, 5.97 ± 0.46%, and 5.43 ± 0.15%, respectively, at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). The caspase‐8 inhibitor also reduced H. pylori‐induced apoptosis by 20%.Conclusions:  H. pylori infection induces apoptosis and the activation of caspases ‐3 and ‐9 in gastric cancer cells. Moreover, the caspase inhibitors significantly suppress H. pylori‐induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that the mitochondrial pathway may be the major pathway in H. pylori‐induced apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells.
Dynamic control of a central pattern generator circuit: a computational model of the snail feeding network
Authors: Vavoulis Dimitris V. , Straub Volko A. , Kemenes Ildikó , Kemenes György , Feng Jianfeng , Benjamin Paul R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCentral pattern generators (CPGs) are networks underlying rhythmic motor behaviours and they are dynamically regulated by neuronal elements that are extrinsic or intrinsic to the rhythmogenic circuit. In the feeding system of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, the extrinsic slow oscillator (SO) interneuron controls the frequency of the feeding rhythm and the N3t (tonic) has a dual role; it is an intrinsic CPG interneuron, but it also suppresses CPG activity in the absence of food, acting as a decision‐making element in the feeding circuit. The firing patterns of the SO and N3t neurons and their synaptic connections with the rest of the CPG are known, but how these regulate network function is not well understood. This was investigated by building a computer model of the feeding network based on a minimum number of cells (N1M, N2v and N3t) required to generate the three‐phase motor rhythm together with the SO that was used to activate the system. The intrinsic properties of individual neurons were represented using two‐compartment models containing currents of the Hodgkin–Huxley type. Manipulations of neuronal activity in the N3t and SO neurons in the model produced similar quantitative effects to food and electrical stimulation in the biological network indicating that the model is a useful tool for studying the dynamic properties of the feeding circuit. The model also predicted novel effects of electrical stimulation of two CPG interneurons (N1M and N2v). When tested experimentally, similar effects were found in the biological system providing further validation of our model.
Long‐term behavioural and molecular alterations associated with maternal separation in rats
Authors: Lippmann Melanie , Bress Aaron , Nemeroff Charles B. , Plotsky Paul M. , Monteggia Lisa M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this study we addressed whether certain behavioural measures, endocrine levels and specific stress‐related proteins exhibit long‐term alterations in adult rats following repeated postnatal maternal separation. Rats were subjected to daily maternal separation for 15 min (HMS15) or 180 min (HMS180) from postnatal day 2–14. Adult HMS180 animals were hypoactive and had increased levels of stereotypy compared to HMS15 and normal animal facility‐reared (AFR) animals. HMS180 animals also had augmented plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) concentrations following an acute stressor, compared to the other two groups. We assessed persistent changes in proteins regulated by stress in hippocampus, cortex, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, striatum and amygdala. Western blotting analysis revealed a decrease in the levels of mature brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus and striatum, but an increase in the ventral tegmental area in the HMS180 rats. Levels of pro‐BDNF were significantly increased in the ventral tegmental area of HMS180 animals but were unchanged in other brain regions compared to the other two groups. Levels of the transcription factors cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and ΔFosB were unchanged in all of the brain regions studied in the maternally separated rats. These data show that maternal separation induces long‐term changes in BDNF expression, and more specifically the processing of BDNF, in the hippocampus, striatum and ventral tegmental area. Recognition of these adaptations begins to define the brain regions, and neural circuitry, associated with persistent alterations induced by early life stressors and the development of mood disorders.