bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cohort mortality study of leather tanners in Tuscany, Italy
Authors: Iaia Tonina E. , Bartoli Dusca , Calzoni Paola , Comba Pietro , De Santis Marco , Dini Flavia , Farina Giuseppe A. , Valiani Mauro , Pirastu Roberta 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundWork in leather tanning may involve exposure to a wide range of chemicals. Some of these are carcinogens or suspected carcinogens. Increased risk for a number of cancers have been reported, although there are considerable inconsistencies between studies. The present study investigates the mortality of leather tanners in Tuscany, Italy.MethodsTanneries were selected from the 1996 Valdarno Inferiore Tanneries Census and were in operation since December 31, 1970. Employees were followed until December 31, 1998 through company records, and the National and Regional Death Index. Demographic and work history data were abstracted from company payrolls. Regional mortality rates were used to calculate Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR). Analyses were completed for the overall cohort (men and women) and for men who ever worked as of finisher, chrome tanners, and vegetable tanner (only men).ResultsThe cohort consisted of 4,874 workers (4,150 males and 724 females) employed in 92 tanneries active in 1996 and operating on December 31, 1970. Ascertainment of vital status and cause of death were completed for all individuals by the end of follow‐up, December 31, 1998. Males showed increases for cancer of the endocrine glands (SMR 5.67, 4 observed (obs), 90% Confidence Intervals (CI) 195–1,308), blood diseases (SMR 3.29, 4 obs, 90% CI 112–753), mental disorders (SMR 1.95, 6 obs, 90% CI 85–385), violence and accidents (SMR 1.30, 54 obs, 90% CI 102–163). Mortality from myeloid leukemia was increased in males (SMR 2.08, 5 obs, 90% CI 82–437) and in females (SMR 5.99, 2 obs, 90% CI 106–1,887). One death from nasal cancer was observed versus 0.2 expected. Mortality from lung cancer was increased among finishers (SMR 1.45, 19 obs, 90% CI 95–212), an increase was observed also for bladder cancer (SMR 1.25, 2 obs, 90% CI 22–393) and pancreatic cancer (SMR 1.20, 2 obs, 90% CI 21–379).ConclusionsThe study confirms previous observations among tanners of increased mortality from lung, bladder, and pancreatic cancer. Noteworthy are the increased mortality from myeloid leukemia together with the new findings of an increased mortality from endocrine glands tumors, blood diseases, and psychiatric disorders which should be considered with caution because of the small number of cases and the novelty of the observation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational endotoxin‐exposure and possible health effects on humans (review)
Authors: Liebers Verena , Brüning Thomas , Raulf‐Heimsoth Monika 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundEndotoxins are commonly found at workplaces where large amounts of bioaerosols are generated. In Germany, especially since the Ordinance on Safety and Health Protection related to work involving biological agents (Biostoff‐Verordnung) became effective (1999), threshold limit values are widely discussed. Up to the present, endotoxin values are measured with non‐uniform methods and therefore values are of limited benefit for classification of exposure groups. In Germany there is no threshold limit value for endotoxin.MethodsRelevant literature of the last 20 years was selected from Medline and discussed.ResultsIn this review we focused on the impact of endotoxin exposure on human health with special respect to the measurements on workplace and methodological aspects of endotoxin determination. Methods for sampling and endotoxin determination have to be validated, optimized, and standardized first.ConclusionThe adverse health effects of endotoxins are known, standardization of measurements is a necessary goal and protection measures should be established immediately. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
International study on low‐grade primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: Jahnke Kristoph , Korfel Agnieszka , O'Neill Brian Patrick , Blay Jean‐Yves , Abrey Lauren E. , Martus Peter , Poortmans Philip M. P. , Shenkier Tamara N. , Batchelor Tracy T. , Neuwelt Edward A. , Raizer Jeffrey J. , Schiff David , Pels Hendrik , Herrlinger Ulrich , Stein Harald , Thiel Eckhard 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to characterize the clinical presentation, course, and outcome of low‐grade primary central nervous system lymphoma.MethodsCases were assessed in a retrospective series collected from 18 cancer centers in 5 countries.ResultsForty patients (18 men, 22 women; median age, 60 years [range, 19–78]) were identified. Involvement of a cerebral hemisphere or deeper brain structures was seen in 37 patients, only leptomeningeal involvement in 2 patients, and spinal cord disease in 1 patient. Chemotherapy/radiotherapy was conducted in 15 patients, radiotherapy alone in 12, chemotherapy alone in 10, and tumor resection alone in 2, whereas 1 patient received no treatment. The median progression‐free, disease‐specific, and overall survival were 61.5 (range, 0–204), 130 (range, 1–204), and 79 (range, 1–204) months, respectively. Only age 60 years or older was associated with shorter progression‐free (p = 0.009), disease‐specific (p = 0.015), and overall survival (p = 0.001) in multivariate analysis.InterpretationLow‐grade primary central nervous system lymphoma differs from the high‐grade subtype in its pathological, clinical, and radiological features. It has a better long‐term outcome than primary central nervous system lymphoma in general with age 60 years or older adversely affecting survival. Ann Neurol 2006
Synthesis of Some Novel Azo Derivatives of 3,5‐Dimethly‐1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)pyrazole as Potent Analgesic Agents
Authors: Oruç E. E. , Koçyigit‐Kaymakçioglu B. , Oral B. , Altunbas‐Toklu H. Z. , Kabasakal L. , Rollas S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazolylazo derivatives, incorporating thiosemicarbazide 2a–c, 1,3,4‐thiadiazole 3a–c, and 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione 4a–c were synthesized. The structure of these novel synthesized compounds 2a–c, 3a‐c, and 4a–c was confirmed by spectral analysis. All these compounds were screened for their analgesic activity. Hot‐plate and tail‐immersion tests were used for the determination of the analgesic activity. Morphine, an analgesic through both spinal and supraspinal pathways, was used as a standard test drug. All compounds were administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. Among the compounds, 2‐(butylamino)‐5‐[((1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazole‐4‐yl)azo)phenyl]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole 3a and 4‐[((1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazole‐4‐yl)azo)phenyl]‐4‐(2‐phenethyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione 4c showed analgesic effects in both tests. Especially 4c exerted strong analgesia starting at 30 min after injection.
C‐(2‐Chloroquinoline‐3‐yl)‐N‐phenyl Nitrone: New Synthetic Antioxidant Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis of Breast Carcinoma MCF‐7 Cells
Authors: Ramadan Mohamed , Gamal‐Eldeen Amira M. , Abdel‐Aziz Mohamed , Abuo‐Rahma Gamal El‐Din , Abdel‐Nabi Hisham , Nagib Abdel‐Hamid 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this work, a new quinoline nitrone derivative, C‐(2‐chloroquinoline‐3‐yl)‐N‐phenyl nitrone (CQPN) was successfully prepared and proved by spectral analysis. The antioxidant activity of CQPN against various radicals was investigated and its anti‐cancer properties against different human tumor cell lines including the solid tumor cell lines hepatocarcinoma (Hep‐G2) and breast carcinoma (MCF‐7); the hematopoietic tumor cell line lymphoblastic leukemia (1301) was also explored. CQPN activities were compared to that of the known nitrone C‐phenyl‐N‐tert‐butyl nitrone (PBN). Our results showed that although PBN was the stronger antioxidant than CQPN, the latter was an effective scavenger of different non‐physiological (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhyrazyl) and physiological (peroxyl and hydroxyl) radicals. Both of CQPN and PBN possess a significant inhibitory property against LPS‐stimulated NO production in macrophage. CQPN and PBN treatment resulted in a growth inhibition in Hep‐G2 cells (IC50 31.42 μM and 18.6 μM, respectively). Unlike PBN, CQPN strongly inhibited the growth of MCF‐7 cells (IC50 14.01 μM) in a dose‐dependent manner. On contrary, CQPN and PBN exhibited a proliferative stimulatory activity of the immune cells including macrophages and lymphocytes. Exploring the cytotoxic effect of CQPN against MCF‐7 cells indicated that CQPN led to a major time‐dependent disturbance in the cell‐cycle phases including progressive arrest in both S‐ and G2/M‐phases. This disturbance was found to be associated with a kinetic induction of apoptosis. The novel nitrone derivative CQPN is a strong antioxidant, though less than PBN, and it may be an effective anti‐proliferative compound against breast carcinoma.
Investigation of the potential pharmacokinetic and pharmaco‐dynamic drug interaction between AHN 1‐055, a potent benztropine analog used for cocaine abuse, and cocaine after dosing in rats using intracerebral microdialysis
Authors: Raje Sangeeta , Cornish Jennifer , Newman Amy H. , Cao Jianjing , Katz Jonathan L. , Eddington Natalie D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPurpose. AHN 1‐055, a benztropine (BZT) analog, binds with high affinity to the dopamine transporter (DAT), possesses behavioral, pharmacokinetic (PK) and brain microdialysate dopamine (DA) profiles distinct from cocaine. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and dopamine release of AHN 1‐055, in the presence of cocaine.Methods. Male Sprague Dawley rats (∼300 g) were administered 5 mg/kg of AHN 1‐055 and cocaine i.v. and blood and brain samples were collected over 36 h. In addition, dialysis probes were stereotaxically implanted into the nucleus accumbens and extracellular fluid (ECF) DA levels were measured. PK and PD models were used to describe the relationship between the AHN 1‐055, cocaine and DA levels.Results. No significant (p<0.05) differences were found in the PK parameters of AHN 1‐055 alone (Vdss=18.7 l/kg,Cl=1.8 l/h/kg andt1/2=7.69 h) or AHN 1‐055 with cocaine (Vdss=17.4 l/kg,Cl=1.9 l/h/kg andt1/2=6.82 h). The brain‐to‐plasma (B/P) ratios (B/PAHN 1−055=4.8 vs B/Pwith cocaine=4.4) and half‐lives (t1/2(AHN 1−055)=6.2 h vst1/2(cocaine)=5.6 h for AHN 1‐055 alone and with cocaine were comparable. AHN 1‐055 DA profiles were significantly different after co‐administration with cocaine. There were no differences in theIC50for AHN 1‐055, with cocaine, however, theIC50for cocaine was significantly reduced with AHN 1‐055.Conclusions. The PK parameters of AHN 1‐055 were not changed, however, the effect on DA levels was affected when cocaine was administered with AHNDA profile is affected when dosed with cocaine. This latter effect is a desirable attribute in the development of a medication as a potential substitute therapeutic medication for the treatment of cocaine abuse. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of enzyme inducers and inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous omeprazole in rats
Authors: Lee Dae Y. , Shin Hyun S. , Bae Soo K. , Lee Myung G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of experiments using various inducers and inhibitors of the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes were conducted to find CYP isozymes responsible for the metabolism of omeprazole in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Omeprazole, 20 mg/kg, was administered intravenously. In rats pretreated with SKF 525‐A (a nonspecific CYP isozyme inhibitor in rats), the time‐averaged nonrenal clearance (Clnr) was significantly slower (77.1% decrease) than that in untreated rats. This indicated that omeprazole is metabolized via CYP isozymes in rats. Hence, rats were pretreated with various enzyme inducers and inhibitors. In rats pretreated with 3‐methylcholanthrene and dexamethasone (main inducers of CYP1A1/2 and 3A1/2 in rats, respectively), theClnrvalues were significantly faster (43.8% and 26.3% increase, respectively). In rats pretreated with troleandomycin and quinine (main inhibitors of CYP3A1/2 and 2D1 in rats, respectively), theClnrvalues were significantly slower (20.9% and 12.9% decrease, respectively). However, theClnrvalues were not significantly different in rats pretreated with orphenadrine, isoniazid and sulfaphenazole (main inducers of CYP2B1/2 and 2E1, and a main inhibitor of 2C11, respectively, in rats) compared with those of respective control rats. The above data suggested that omeprazole could be mainly metabolized via CYP1A1/2, 3A1/2 and 2D1 in male rats. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rat strain differences in stereospecific 2‐oxidation of RS‐8359, a reversible and selective MAO‐A inhibitor, by aldehyde oxidase
Authors: Sasaki Takamitsu , Masubuchi Akiko , Yamamura Mayumi , Watanabe Nobuaki , Hiratsuka Masahiro , Mizugaki Michinao , Itoh Kunio , Tanaka Yorihisa 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAldehyde oxidase catalysed 2‐oxidation activity of the (S)‐enantiomer of RS‐8359, a selective and reversible monoamine oxidase A (MAO‐A) inhibitor, was investigated in liver cytosolic fractions from ten rat strains. Remarkably large strain differences were observed with approximately a 230 variation between the highest activity in the Wistar‐Imamichi strain and the lowest activity in the Slc:Wistar strain. The activities of Crj:SD and Slc:SD strain rats were considerably low, and that of the F344/DuCrj strain was very low. Among six Wistar strains, Crj:Wistar, Slc:Wistar, WKY/Izm, WKAH/Hkm, Jcl:Wistar and Wistar‐Imamichi, the Slc:Wistar strain rats showed exceptionally low 2‐oxidation activity that was comparable to that of the F344/DuCrj strain. The rat strain differences in the catalytic activity of aldehyde oxidase could correlate in part with the expressed levels of protein based on the mRNA of aldehyde oxidase. However, no small discrepancy existed in the almost negligible catalytic activity and the fairly high expression levels of protein and mRNA in the F344/DuCrj and Slc:Wistar strain rats. Some genetic factors might possibly be one of reasons for the discrepancy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioavailability of an extemporaneous suspension of propafenone made from tablets
Authors: Olguín Hugo Juárez , Pérez Carmen Flores , Pérez Janett Flores , Mendiola Blanca Ramírez , Portugal Miriam Carrasco , Chávez Jesús Bobadilla 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPropafenone is an effective antiarrhythmic agent used in children, while in Mexico no specific formulation for children is available, which causes errors in adequate dosage. The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability of a suspension prepared extemporaneously using commercial tablets of propafenone. The bioavailability was determined in two groups of rabbits (n = 8): the first group received a single intravenous dose of 2 mg/kg of propafenone; the second was orally administered an extemporaneous suspension of propafenone prepared from commercial tablets. Blood samples were drawn at several times during the next 24 h and analysed by HPLC to determine drug levels. The extemporaneous suspension was tested previously with satisfactory results regarding physicochemical and microbiologic stability. The area under the curve (AUC) for the i.v. route was 5600.6 ng/ml.h and for oral administration the AUC was 3327.6 ng/ml.h. The bioavailability was calculated at 59.41%. These results are consistent with previous reports for solid dosage forms. The propafenone suspension prepared extemporaneously using commercial tablets is bioavailable using an animal model; nevertheless, it is necessary to carry out human studies either in volunteers or in patients to confirm these results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dampening effect of uncertainty on positive and negative emotions
Authors: van Dijk Eric , Zeelenberg Marcel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this article we investigate how uncertainty about outcomes affects feelings with respect to these outcomes. The results of two experimental studies suggest that uncertainty about positive outcomes (Experiment 1) and negative outcomes (Experiment 2) leads to a dampening of emotions that are felt in response to these outcomes. The results are interpreted in terms of the ‘disjunction effect’ (Shafir & Tversky, 1992; Tversky & Shafir, 1992). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regret in economic and psychological theories of choice
Authors: Connolly Terry , Butler David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNumerous studies have shown that choice can be influenced by expectations of regret or disappointment (or, for positive outcomes, of rejoicing or elation). Psychological researchers measure these expectations with self‐report instruments, economists infer them from observed choice behavior. The present study examines whether the emotion postulates embodied in economic choice models correspond to expected and experienced emotions as measured by self‐report. In a laboratory study (n = 50) of student participants playing real‐money lotteries, we included questionnaire measures of expected emotions for each possible lottery outcome. These emotion measures are reliable and well behaved, and modestly predictive of actual choices. They did not, however, conform well to the specific postulates of economic choice models, though they did show some of the juxtaposition effects proposed in such models. Emotional reactions to decision outcomes may be better characterized by broad measures of positive and negative affect than as nuanced mixtures of distinct emotions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Portrait of the angry decision maker: how appraisal tendencies shape anger's influence on cognition
Authors: Lerner Jennifer S. , Tiedens Larissa Z. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews the impact of anger on judgment and decision making. Section I proposes that anger merits special attention in the study of judgment and decision making because the effects of anger often diverge from those of other negative emotions. Section II presents an Appraisal‐Tendency Framework for predicting and organizing such effects. Section III reviews empirical evidence for the uniqueness of anger's relations to judgment and decision making. Section IV connects the Appraisal‐Tendency Framework to associated mechanisms and theories. Drawing on the evidence, Section V presents the question of whether anger should be considered a positive emotion. It also proposes the hypothesis that anger will be experienced as relatively unpleasant and unrewarding when reflecting back on the source of one's anger but experienced as relatively pleasant and rewarding when looking forward. Section VI synthesizes the evidence into a new portrait of the angry decision maker. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visceral influences on risk‐taking behavior
Authors: Ditto Peter H. , Pizarro David A. , Epstein Eden B. , Jacobson Jill A. , MacDonald Tara K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractVisceral cues indicating proximity to objects of desire can lead people to be disproportionately influenced by the anticipated rewards of immediate gratification rather than the risks of consummatory behavior. Two studies examined this hypothesis. In Study 1, participants were given the choice of playing a game in which they risked time in the lab to win chocolate chip cookies. Participants who could see and smell the cookies while they made their decision were less sensitive to risk information than were participants for whom the cookies were merely described. In Study 2, male condom users either saw a video or read a description depicting a young couple deciding whether to have sex without a condom. Participants seeing the video expressed a greater likelihood of having unprotected sex in the situation than did participants reading the description. The underappreciated role of visceral factors in social cognition theory and research is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Affect and decision making: a “hot” topic
Authors: Peters Ellen , Västfjäll Daniel , Gärling Tommy , Slovic Paul 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe seven papers in this special issue represent the breadth and complexity of approaches to the study of affect in judgment and decision processes. Four papers examine the role of arousal or specific emotions in decision making. The three other papers investigate the impacts of uncertainty, time course, and thinking about mood. We briefly describe four functions of affect in decision making (affect as information, as a spotlight, as a motivator, and as common currency) and relate them to the seven special‐issue papers. The role of affect in decisions and decision processes is quite nuanced and deserves careful empirical study in basic and applied research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of folate pathway genes in the cartilage ofHoxd4andHoxc8transgenic mice
Authors: Kruger Claudia , Talmadge Catherine , Kappen Claudia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDHox transcription factors are well known for their role in skeletal patterning in vertebrates. They regulate gene expression during the development of cartilage, the precursor to mature bone. We previously reported that overexpression of the homeobox genesHoxc8andHoxd4results in severe cartilage defects, reduced proteoglycan content, accumulation of immature chondrocytes, and decreased maturation to hypertrophy. We have also shown thatHoxd4transgenic mice whose diets were supplemented with folate had their skeletal development restored. Since folate is required for growth and differentiation of chondrocytes, we hypothesized that the beneficial effect of folate inHoxd4transgenic mice might indicate a local deficiency in folate utilization, possibly caused by deregulation of genes encoding folate transport proteins or folate metabolic enzymes.METHODSWe assayed the prevalence of transcripts for 22 folate transport proteins and metabolizing enzymes, here collectively referred to as folate pathway genes. Quantitative real‐time PCR was performed on cDNA samples derived from RNA isolated from primary chondrocytes of individual rib cartilages fromHoxd4andHoxc8transgenic mice, respectively.RESULTSThis study shows that theHoxtransgenes produce overexpression ofHoxd4andHoxc8in primary chondrocytes from perinatal transgenic mice. However, no differences were found in expression levels of the folate pathway genes in transgenic cells compared to littermate controls.CONCLUSIONSOur results provide evidence that folate pathway genes are only indirect targets ofHoxtransgene overexpression in our transgenic animals. These expression studies provide a baseline for future studies into the role of folate metabolism in chondrocyte differentiation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supramolecular Hybrids of [60]Fullerene and Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Guldi Dirk M. , Menna Enzo , Maggini Michele , Marcaccio Massimo , Paolucci Demis , Paolucci Francesco , Campidelli Stéphane , Prato Maurizio , Rahman G. M. Aminur , Schergna Stefano 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNoncovalent interactions between purified HiPCO single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and a [60]fullerene–pyrene dyad, synthesized through a regioselective double‐cyclopropanation process, produce stable suspensions in which the tubes are very well dispersed, as evidenced by microscopy characterization. Cyclic voltammetry experiments and photophysical characterization of the suspensions in organic solvents are all indicative of sizeable interactions of the pyrene moiety with the SWNT and, therefore, of the prevalence in solution of [60]fullerene–pyrene⋅SWNT hybrids.