bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypnoanalgesia with R 8110/fentanyl in the dog: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions
Authors: MONBALIU J. , DEGRYSE A.‐D. , OOMS L. A. A. , DIJK. P. VAN , LAGERWEIJ. E. , MICHIELS M. , WOESTENBORGHS R. , HEYKANTS J. 
Published: April 2008

Monbaliu, J., Degryse, A.‐D., Ooms, L.A.A., Van Dijk, P., Lagerweij, E., Michiels, M., Woestenborghs, R. & Heykants, J. Hypnoanalgesia with R 8110/ fentanyl in the dog: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.11, 63–70.The pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of the short‐acting hypnotic R 8110 and of the narcotic analgesic fentanyl were studied in the dog. The effects of separate intravenous (i.v.) injections of R 8110 (4 mg/kg) and fentanyl (0.015 mg/kg) and of concurrent i.v. injection of the two were studied. After administration of R 8110, induction of hypnosis occurred within 1 min, maximal depth of anaesthesia and satisfactory analgesia and muscle relaxation were obtained after 5 min. The effects had decreased within 15 min and full recovery occurred within 30 min. Fentanyl alone produced neither hypnosis nor muscle relaxation. When fentanyl and R 8110 were given simultaneously, the duration of hypnosis was doubled in comparison with R 8110 alone. Moreover, markedly improved and longer lasting analgesia and muscle relaxation were observed with the combination. When the drugs were injected together, the plasma concentrations of R 8110 were initially much higher than after separate injection of R 8110, but they became similar after 30 min. Although statistically non‐significant, fentanyl reduced the total plasma clearance of R 8110 (31.1 ± 6.9 MS. 21.9 ± 2.3 ml/kg/min) and decreased the volume of distribution (3.78 ± 1.83 vs. 2.23 ± 0.90 1/kg, P < 0.05). Fentanyl did not alter the elimination half‐life ofR8110. R8110 had no apparent influence on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl.
Pharmacokinetics of ketamine HC1 and metabolite I in the cat: a comparison of i.v., i.m., and rectal administration
Authors: HANNA R. M. , BORCHARD R. E. , SCHMIDT S. L. 
Published: April 2008

Hanna, R.M., Borchard, R.E. & Schmidt, S.L. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine HC1 and metabolite I in the cat: a comparison of i.v., i.m., and rectal administration. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 11, 84–93.Ketamine HC1 [2‐(o‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(methylamino) cyclohexanone HC1] concentrations in whole blood were used to study the pharmacokinetics of i.v., i.m., and rectal administrations, at a dose of 25 mg/kg, in normal domestic cats. Absorption was rapid with both the i.m. and rectal routes. Systemic availability was 51% (SEM 10) for the i.m. dose and 43.5% (SEM 6.1) for the rectal dose. The first‐pass effect had a minimal influence on the metabolism of ketamine HC1 administered rectally. The elimination rate constant (β) of the drug was statistically similar in the i.v., i.m., and rectal groups, at a 95% level of significance (P < 0.05). At the dosage rates studied, ketamine HC1 produced an anesthetic effect in the cat following i.v., i.m. and rectal administration.
Effects of paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid on the post‐operative course after experimental orthopaedic surgery in dogs
Authors: MBURU D. N. , MBUGUA S. W. , SKOGLUND L. A. , LOKKEN P. 
Published: April 2008

Mburu, D.N., Mbugua, S.W., Skoglund, L. & Lökken, P. Effects of paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid on the post‐operative course after experimental orthopaedic surgery in dogs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.11, 163–171.In placebo‐controlled cross‐over trials in dogs, two ‘identical’ operations were performed on the forelimbs of each animal with an interval of 28 days, to evaluate how daily doses of 1.5 g paracetamol, 1.5 g acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and 0.5 g ASA might modulate an acute post‐operative inflammatory reaction. On the third post‐operative day the reductions in swelling compared with placebo averaged 33% with 1.5 g paracetamol (P = 0.02), 24% with 1.5 g ASA (P = 0.03) and 15% with 0.5 g ASA (P= 0.18); while the reductions in pain estimates averaged 47% with 1.5 g paracetamol (P= 0.01), 32% with 1.5 g ASA (P= 0.07) and 28% with 0.5 g ASA {P= 0.21). There were no clinical signs of adverse drug effects, such as vomiting, haematochezia, cyanosis or depression. The results disagree with the traditional view that paracetamol has little or no anti‐inflammatory effect, and demonstrate that paracetamol may reduce an acute inflammatory reaction, at least as efficiently as ASA. The potential proinflammatory effect of ASA in low doses is discussed. It is concluded that paracetamol appears to be a valuable drug against post‐operative or post‐traumatic sequelae in the veterinary as well as in the human clinic.
Pharmacokinetics of a long‐acting chloramphenicol formulation administered by intramuscular and subcutaneous routes in cattle
Authors: SANDERS P. , GUILLOT P. , MOUROT D. 
Published: April 2008

Sanders, P., Guillot, P. & Mourot, D. Pharmacokinetics of a long‐acting chloramphenicol formulation administered by intramuscular and subcutaneous routes in cattle. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 11, 183–190.The pharmacokinetic properties of a long‐acting formulation of chloramphenicol were determined in six yearling cattle after a single intravenous (i.v.) administration (40 mg/kg body weight) and after two sequential subcutaneous (s.c.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administrations (90 mg/kg/48 h). The two extra vascular routes were studied during a crossover trial for a bioequivalence test. After i.v. administration, the plasma concentration‐time graph was characteristic of a two‐compartment open model. Mean values were a half‐life of 4.1 h, a volume of distribution of 0.86 1/kg and a body clearance of 0.128 l/kg/h. Plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol following i.m. and s.c. administrations increased slowly to a broad peak at 10–15 Hg/ml between 9 and 12 h. Bioavailability was 19.1% after i.m. injection and 12.4% after s.c. administration. The extent of absorption from the two routes did not differ significantly. The rate of absorption was significantly lower after s.c. application than it was after i.m. injection. The time necessary for the plasma concentration to exceed 5 μg/ml was the same for the two routes. Thus, i.m. and s.c. routes are bioequivalent.
Investigation of the effects of histamine inhalation on the tracheobronchial tree of calves by the forced oscillation technique
Authors: GUSTIN P. , DHEM A. R. , LEKEUX P. , LOMBA F. , LÁNDSÉR F.J. , WOESTIJNE K. P. VAN DE 
Published: April 2008

Gustin, P., Dhem, A.R., Lekeux, P., Lomba, F., Lándsér, F.J. & Van de Woestijne, K.P. Investigation of the effects of histamine inhalation on the tracheobronchial tree of calves by the forced oscillation technique. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 11, 374–380.Effects of histamine inhalation were investigated with two different techniques in nine conscious, healthy calves. The oesophageal balloon technique was used to measure the dynamic respiratory compliance (Cdyn) and the pulmonary resistance (RL). The reactance (Xrs) and the resistance (Rrs) of the respiratory system were measured at high frequencies by the forced oscillation technique. These parameters were recorded before and after histamine inhalation. Three histamine dihydrochloride solution concentrations were used (16 mg/ml; 32 mg/ml; 64 mg/ml). Histamine inhalation induced a decrease in Cdyn and Xrs an increase in Rrs, RL and of the resonant frequency and a negative frequency dependence of Rrs. Some of these changes were satisfactorily correlated with the histamine solution concentrations. The resonant frequency was well correlated with Cdvn. It was concluded that histamine inhalation induces a decrease of the calibre of small and large airways and a non‐homogeneous behaviour of the pulmonary ventilation in awake calves. The forced oscillation technique can be used to perform an inhalation provocation test in unsedated animals.
Pharmacokinetic behaviour of netobimin and its metabolites in sheep
Authors: LANUSSE C. E. , PRICHARD R. K. 
Published: April 2008

Lanusse, C.E. & Prichard, R.K. Pharmacokinetic behaviour of netobimin and its metabolites in sheep.J, vet. Pliarmacol. Therap.13, 170–178.The pharmacokinetics and the profile of urine excretion of netobimin (NTB) and its metabolites were investigated after its intraruminal (i.r.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration to sheep at 20 mg/kg. Plasma and urine concentrations of NTB, albendazole (ABZ), albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) and albendazole sulphone (ABZSO2) were measured serially over a 120‐h period by HPLC. NTB showed a similar pharmacokinetic profile in both treatments, being detected between 0.5 and 12 h post‐treatment, but the tmaxwas achieved significantly earlier (P < 0.05) after s.c. treatment. ABZ was detected in plasma only after i.r. treatment, resulting in a low area under the curve (AUC).The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) andAUCfor ABZSO and ABZSO2were significantly higher after i.r. administration of NTB. In both treatments, the ABZSO Cmaxwas reached earlier than the ABZSO2Cmax. The ratio ofAUCABZSO2:ABZSO was higher following s.c. administration (1.33) than following i.r. administration (0.35). The percentages of total dose excreted in the urine as NTB, ABZ, ABZSO and ABZSO2, were 17.05 (i.r.) and 8.16 (s.c). There was a less efficient conversion of NTB into ABZ metabolites after s.c. administration. The detection of ABZ in plasma and the high ABZSOAUCobtained after i.r. treatment may be of major importance for anthelmintic efficacy.C. E. Lanusse, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald College, 21 III Lakeshore Road, Ste‐Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X ICO.
Drug plasma levels following administration of trimethoprim and sulphonamide combinations to broilers
Authors: LÖSCHER W. , FABBENDER C. P. , WEISSING M. , KIETZMANN M. 
Published: April 2008

Löscher, W., Faßbender, C.P., Weissing, M. & Kietzmann, M. Drug plasma levels following administration of trimethoprim and sulphonamide combinations to broilers. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 13, 309–319.Trimethoprim (TMP) was administered in combination with either sulphadiazine or sulphadimidine to broilers, and plasma concentrations were determined simultaneously by newly developed thin‐layer and/or high‐performance liquidchromatographic procedures, which also allowed quantification of the N4‐acetyl metabolites of the sulphonamides. After i.v. injection of TMP (20 mg/kg body wt) and sulphadiazine (100 mg/kg body wt), both compounds were rapidly eliminated from plasma with half‐lives of 1 and 2.7 h, respectively. Apparent volumes of distribution (3.3 and 0.96 1/kg, respectively) indicated that the tissue distribution of TMP was more extensive than that of the sulphonamide. After oral administration of the same dosages, elimination appeared to be slower compared to the i.v. injection, but this was obviously related to delayed absorption. Bioavailability after oral administration was approximately 100% of sulphadiazine, but only about 60% for TMP. Oral dosing of TMP in combination with sulphadimidine yielded similar maximum plasma concentrations of both compounds to those obtained with the combination of TMP with sulphadiazine, but the plasma concentration decline of sulphadimidine appeared to be more rapid than that of sulphadiazine after oral administration. During prolonged administration of different dosages of TMP‐sulphadiazine combinations via drinking water, only low plasma concentrations were attained by the recommended dosage of the combination. Up to 10‐fold higher dosages were tolerated by the animals without side‐effects. In view of the fact that the sensitivity of bacterial strains to TMP‐sulphonamide combinations differs widely, the plasma concentrations determined in the present study during prolonged drinking‐water medication with different dosages of a TMP‐sulphadiazine combination can be used to select effective doses for treatment of different poultry diseases. Prof. W. Löscher, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D‐3000 Hannover 71, FRG
Effects of monensin on the bioavailability and elimination of selenium from blood in lambs
Authors: WANG J. H. , MIDDLETON D.J. , HUMPHREYS D.J. 
Published: April 2008

Wang, J.H., Middleton, D.J. & Humphreys, D.J. Effects of monensin on the bioavailability and elimination of selenium from blood in lambs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap, 13, 378–385.A bioavailability study was conducted in lambs following intravenous and oral administration of sodium selenite (0.4 mg selenium/kg body weight) with and without concurrent oral monensin. Two‐or three‐compartment open models with first‐order absorption after oral administration adequately described plasma selenium disposition irrespective of whether monensin was being administered. No significant differences were observed between groups of lambs receiving intravenous selenium with or without monensin with respect to distribution or elimination half‐lives of selenium, areas under the concentration‐time curve (AUC), volumes of distribution (Vd(ss), or clearances (CI). In lambs given selenium per os, no significant differences were observed with animals receiving monensin as well with respect to absorption and elimination half‐lives, Vd(ss), or the time at which peak selenium concentrations occurred (tmax). However, peak selenium levels (Cmax) and AUC values were significantly higher in the group given monensin. The bioavailability of selenium with and without monensin was estimated to be 60% and 43%, respectively. Dr D. J. Middleton, Department of Veterinary Pathology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts. AL9 7TA, UK.
The pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in the sheep
Authors: WELSH E. M. , McKELLAR Q. A. , NOLAN A. M. 
Published: April 2008

Flunixin meglumine was administered intravenously and intramuscularly in sheep and the pharmacokinetics of the drug studied. Plasma concentrations of flunixin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The decline in plasma‐ flunixin concentration with time was best fitted by a triexponential equation. The pharmacokinetics following intravenous administration of 1.0 mg/kg indicate that flunixin has a rapid distribution half‐life (t½π= 2.3 min), a slow body clearance rate (Clb= 0.6 ml/kg/min) and an elimination half‐life of 229 min. Similarly, at 2.0 mg/kg, flunixin is rapidly distributed from the plasma, t½π= 2.7 min, has a slow body clearance rate (C/b = 0.7 mk/lg/min) and an elimination half‐life of 205 min.Following intramuscular injection flunixin is rapidly and well absorbed from the injection site. It had a mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of ≫5.9 μg/ml when administered at a dose rate of 1.1 mg/kg, and a relative bioavailability of 70%. Plasma concentrations increase proportionally to dose over the range 1.1 mg/kg‐2.2 mg/kg when administered by the intramuscular route.
The influence of Ostertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections on the pharmacokinetics of febantel in lambs
Authors: DEBACKERE M. , LANDUYT J. , VERCRUYSSE J. , McKELLAR Q. 
Published: April 2008

Plasma concentrations of febantel and its major metabolites fenbendazole, oxfendazole and oxfendazole sulphone were determined after oral administration of 7.5 mg/kg febantel in lambs before and 28 days after infection with 50 000 L3 larvae of Ostertagia circumcincta or Trichostrongylus colubriformis. The febantel concentrations were always very low and only in a few samples higher than the detection limit. The mean decrease in AUC for the three metabolites for the infected sheep in comparison to the parasite naive sheep was 13.9%± 4.1% (mean± SEM) and 23.7%± 5.3% in the 0. circumcincta infected and the T. colubriformis infected lambs respectively. This reduction was only significant for the T. colubriformis infected group.In order to determine a more complete pharmacokinetic profile, febantel was injected intravenously at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg in a further study.
Influence of yohimbine and tolazoline on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and sedative effects of xylazine in the horse
Authors: KOLLIAS‐BAKER C. A. , COURT M. H. , WILLIAMS L. L. 
Published: April 2008

To determine the effects of yohimbine and tolazoline on the cardiovascular, respiratory and sedative effects of xylazine, four horses were sedated with xylazine and treated with either yohimbine, tolazoline or saline. Xylazine was administered as an intravenous (i.v.) bolus (1.0 nig/kg) followed by a continuous infusion at the rate of 12 μg/kg/min. Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, arterial blood gases, and the chin‐to‐floor distance were recorded throughout the experiment. After 60 min, either yohimbine or tolazoline was administered i.v. in incremental doses until reversal of sedation (defined as the return of the chin‐to‐floor distance to baseline values) was achieved. A control group in which a saline bolus was administered instead of an antagonist drug was included for comparison.The average dose of yohimbine administered was 0.12 ± 0.02 (SEM) mg/kg. While the average dose of tolazoline was 7.5 ± 1.1 mg/kg. Both tolazoline and yohimbine antagonized the ventricular bradycardia and A‐V conduction disturbances observed with xylazine administration. No change in mean arterial pressure was observed with xylazine or yohimbine administration, but tolazoline caused persistent mild systemic hypertension. There were no clinically significant changes in respiratory rate or arterial blood gas values with administration of either xylazine, yohimbine or tolazoline. The chin‐to‐floor distance decreased significantly with xylazine administration and increased significantly with administration of either yohimbine or tolazoline. In conclusion, both yohimbine and tolazoline successfully antagonized the cardiovascular and CNS depression associated with xylazine administration.
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in dogs
Authors: KÜNG K. , RIOND J.‐L. , WANNER M. 
Published: April 2008

Rung, K., Riond, J.‐L. & Wanner, M. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in dogs. J. vetFour dogs were given 5 mg/kg body weight enrofloxacin intravenously (i.v.) and orally (p.o.) in a cross‐over study. Plasma concentrations of the active ingredient enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin were determined by a reversed phase liquid chromatographic method. Pharmacokinetic parameters of both substances were calculated by use of statistical moments and were compared to those of enrofloxacin described in the veterinary literature. Mean enrofloxacin t½λZ was 2.4 h, mean Cls was 27.1 ml/min‐kg, and mean Vss was 7.0 1/kg. After i.v. and p.o. administration, concentrations of ciprofloxacin exceeding minimal inhibitory concentrations of several microorganisms were reached (Cmax= 0.2 ng/ml, max = 2.2 h after intravenous administration; Cmax= 0.2 (ig/ml, tmax= 3.6 h after oral administration). A considerable part of the antimicrobial activity is due to ciprofloxacin, the main metabolite of enrofloxacin.
Urinary excretion of metals during treatment with D‐penicillamine and 2‐mercaptopropionylglycine in normal and cystinuric dogs
Authors: HOPPE A. , DENNEBERG T. , FRANK A. , KÅGEDAL B. , PETERSSON L. R. 
Published: April 2008

Urinary excretion of nietals during treatment with 2‐rnercaptopropioiiylglycine (2‐MPG) was studied in 11 normal and 20 cystinuric male dogs. 'Ihe resultswere compared with those obtained during D‐penicillamine treatment.Twenty‐four‐h urine and morning samples of urine were taken for determina‐tion of 13 metals before and during treatment. After single intravenous and oralD‐penicillamine treatment of the normal dogs, significant increases were foundin the 24‐11 urinary excretion of Ca, Cu and Zn. Oral intake of D‐penicillamineincreased the excretion of Ch, Cr, Fe and Mg as well. No effect on renal metalexcretion was observed after single intravenous and up to 2 months of daily oraltreatment with 2‐MPG.In 14 cystinuric dogs no effect was found after single intravenous and oraladministrations of 2‐MPG. However, after oral treatment of six cystinuric dogswith 2‐MPG for 2–4 months, significantly increased excretions of Ca and Mgwere found. Fourteen of the cystinuric dogs were also investigated after 2–6years of continuous 2‐MPG treatment, and after this period no significantelevation in the urinary excretion of metals was found. The present study showsthat in contrast to D‐penicillamine, 2‐MPG does not increase the urinaryexcretion of metals to any appreciable extent. Observed increases in theexcretion of Ca and Mg seemed to be a temporary effect only.
Effects of dopamine receptor agonists on food intake and rumen motility in dwarf goats
Authors: KAYA F. , DUIN C T M VAN , MIERT A. S. J. P. A. M. VAN 
Published: April 2008

Kaya, F., Van Duin, C.T.M. & Van Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M. Food intake and rumen motility in dwarf goats. Effects of some dopamine receptor agonists. J. vet. PharmacolTherap, 17, 120–126.In ruminants, the dopaminergic regulation of feeding behaviour has not been investigated. Therefore, the effects of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists on food intake and forestomach motility were studied in dwarf goats Goats treated i.v. with bromocriptine (1 μg or 2.5 μg/kg body wt/min during 10 min) ate less food than when treated with saline. This inhibitory effect on food intake could not be prevented by the peripheral dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone (0.5 mg/kg body wt i.v.). In contrast, dopamine (i.v. 20 μg/kg body wt/min during 15 min), levodopa (i.v. 40 μg/kg body weight during 10 min), apomorphine (i.v. 2 μg/kg body wt/min during 10 min) and lisuride (i.v. 0.2 μg/kg body wt/min during 15 min and 0.5 μg/kg body wt during 10 min) failed to modify food intake. Given in association with benserazide, a decarboxylase inhibitor (i.v. 20 μg/kg body wt/min during 10 min), levodopa was still inactive as an anorectie agent. Levopoda, bromocriptine and lisuride administered at similar dose rates to those which were used in the food intake experiments, induced some clinical signs including inhibition of forestomach contractions. The inhibition of rumen contractions induced by these drugs was completely antagonized by domperidone pretreatment. These results, together with earlier in vivo and in vitro observations, suggest that the inhibitory effects of dopamine receptor agonists on forestomach contractions are due to interactions with peripheral dopaminergic receptors. The change in smooth muscle tension, which leads to a change in the signals transmitted via vagal afferents to the central nervous system, probably does not modify feeding behaviour in dwarf goats. Furthermore, i.v. infusion of lisuride induced rumination when the inhibition of the forestomach contractions was prevented by domperidone; this effect may involve α2‐adrenoceptor activation.