bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impairment of microglial responses to facial nerve axotomy in cathepsin S–deficient mice
Authors: Hao Hai Peng , Doh‐ura Katsumi , Nakanishi Hiroshi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCathepsin S (CS) is a lysosomal/endosomal cysteine protease especially expressed in cells of a mononuclear lineage including microglia. To better understand the role of CS in microglia, we investigated microglial responses after a facial nerve axotomy in CS‐deficient (CS−/−) and wild‐type mice. Microglia in both groups accumulated in the facial motor nucleus following axotomy. However, the mean number of microglia in CS−/− mice on the axotomized side was significantly smaller than that in wild‐type mice. Microglia were found to adhere to injured motoneurons in wild‐type mice, whereas microglia abutted on injured motoneurons without spreading on their surface in CS−/− mice. At the same time, the axotomy‐induced down‐regulation of tenasin‐R, an antiadhesive perineuronal net for microglia, was partially abrogated in CS−/− mice. Primary cultured microglia prepared from CS−/− mice showed that CS deficiency caused significant suppression of migration and transmigration of microglia. In CS−/− mice, impaired recruitments of circulating monocytes and T lymphocytes and reduced expression of the class II major compatibility complex on the axotomized side were observed. Interestingly, cathepsin B, a typical lysosomal cysteine protease, was markedly expressed on the axotomized side in CS−/− but not in wild‐type microglia. Finally, we compared axotomy‐induced neuronal death in the two groups and found that the percentage of motoneurons that survived in CS−/− mice was significantly smaller than that in wild‐type mice. The present study strongly suggests that CS plays a role in the migration and activation of microglia to protect facial motoneurons against axotomy‐induced injury. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deviations in gait pattern in experimental models of hindlimb paresis shown by a novel pressure mapping system
Authors: Boyd Benjamin S. , Puttlitz Christian , Noble‐Haeusslein Linda J. , John Constance M. , Trivedi Alpa , Topp Kimberly S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInjuries to the central and peripheral nervous system result in varying degrees of paresis and as such alter gait. We developed novel quantitative measures to assess compensatory patterns of gait in experimental models of unilateral and bilateral hindlimb paresis. We hypothesized that hindlimb paresis results in unique alterations in the gait cycle that reflect the symmetry of the initial lesion. To test this hypothesis, adult, male Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to a unilateral sciatic nerve crush injury or a moderately severe spinal cord contusion injury at T8. Kinematic and timing parameters were captured simultaneously in all four limbs and alterations in gait were then compared to relevant sham controls. Gait analysis consisted of walking trials through a gait tunnel positioned over a Tekscan pressure sensor grid. After sciatic nerve injury, animals unweighted the injured limb by shifting their center of mass toward the contralateral forelimb and hindlimb. These changes in weight‐bearing occurred simultaneously with an increase in stance time on the contralateral limbs. As might be expected spinal cord injured animals unweighted their hindlimbs, as shown by reduced hindlimb contact force and contact pressure. These adjustments coincided with a shortening of forelimb stance time and stride length. These findings show both alterations and compensatory changes in gait that reflect the symmetry of the initial injury. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three-Quarters of Right Liver Donors Experienced Postoperative Complications† ‡
Authors: Yi Nam-Joon , Suh Kyung-Suk , Cho Jai Young , Lee Hae Won , Cho Eung-Ho , Yang Sung Hoon , Cho Yong Beom , Lee Kuhn Uk 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A donor right hepatectomy (RH) is associated with a higher rate of morbidity than a left hepatectomy. Therefore, the precise morbidity should be known to improve the success of donor RH implementation. However, the rate of complication varies according to the individual definition of morbidity. This study prospectively analyzed the outcomes of 83 consecutive living donor RHs between January 2002 and July 2004 using a standardized classification of the severity of complications. The morbidity was classified using the modified Clavien system: grade I for minor complications; grade II for potentially life-threatening complications requiring pharmacological treatment; grade III for complications requiring invasive intervention; grade IV for complications causing organ dysfunction requiring intensive care unit management; and grade V complications resulting in the death of the patient. The donors were followed-up regularly for at least 12 months. No donor death or relaparotomy was noted. Overall, 65 out of 83 donors (78.3%) experienced postoperative complications: grades I, II, III, IV, and V complications in 64 (77.1%), 11 (13.3%), 1 (1.2%), 0, and 0 patients, respectively. The most common grade I complications were hyperbilirubinemia (n = 31) and pleural effusion (n = 31), and bile leakage in grade II (n = 7). The bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase levels were normal in 92.7% of donors at the 1-year follow-up. In conclusion, although most of these adverse events were minor and self-limited, 78% of right liver donors still experienced morbidity. Therefore, continuous standardized reporting of the donor morbidity as well as meticulous surgery and intensive care are essential for the success of donor RH implementation. Liver Transpl 13:797–806, 2007. © 2006 AASLD.
Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid in Liver Transplant Patients After Intravenous and Oral Administration of Mycophenolate Mofetil†
Authors: Jain Ashok , Venkataramanan Raman , Kwong Tai , Mohanka Ravi , Orloff Mark , Abt Peter , Kashyap Randeep , Tsoulfas Georgios , Mack Cindy , Williamson Mary , Batzold Pam , Bozorgzadeh Adel 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The bioavailability of mycophenolic acid (MPA) after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been reported to be more than 90% in healthy volunteers, and in kidney and thoracic organ transplant patients. Such information is limited in liver transplant (LTx) patients. The present study compares the pharmacokinetics of MPA after intravenous (IV) and oral administrations of MMF in LTx recipients. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using WinNonlin software. A total of 12 deceased donor LTx patients initially received IV MMF and were switched to oral MMF after 2-7 days (mean, 3.3 ± 1.7) when oral feeds were started. Multiple blood samples were drawn immediately prior to and after IV or oral MMF and the plasma concentration of MPA was measured. The mean peak plasma concentrations and the area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC) were significantly higher after IV MMF compared to oral MMF (peak plasma concentrations of 10.7 ± 2.1 μg/mL for IV vs. 4.5 ± 2.8 μg/mL for oral; P = 0.0001; and AUC of 28.9 ± 7.1 μg · hr/mL for IV vs. 12.8 ± 4.2 μg · hr/mL for oral; P = 0.0001). The oral bioavailability of MPA was 48.5 ± 18.7%. The systemic clearance, half-life, and steady state volume of distribution of MPA were 26.9 ± 6 L/hour, 5.5 hours, and 85 liters, respectively. The terminal disposition half-life was not significantly different between the 2 routes of administration. In conclusion, during the early postoperative period, LTx recipients have MPA exposure with oral MMF of less than half that of IV MMF. Use of IV MMF immediately post-LTx may provide an immunological advantage. Liver Transpl 13:791–796, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder—the Great Mimic in Liver Transplantation
Authors: Koch David G. , Christiansen Lydia , Lazarchick John , Stuart Robert , Willner Ira R. , Reuben Adrian 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Case series describing posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after liver transplantation (LTx) have been limited in number because of the rarity of the disorder. The prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and its detection, the clinical and histological diversity of disease, and survival have varied. The aim of this study is to define the clinical and pathological spectrum of PTLD after LTx, and evaluate EBV prevalence, impact of infection, and patient survival. A retrospective analysis of all LTx recipients at our institution diagnosed with PTLD from January 1990 until May 2005, recording clinical presentations, times of presentation after transplantation, histological findings, results of EBV assessment, and survival, as well as the interrelationship of these variables. Among 621 LTx recipients were 22 cases of PTLD in 21 patients, of whom 5 were children and 16 were adults. Extranodal disease was present in 17 of 22 cases (77%) involving a wide variety of organ systems, while 5/22 (23%) had lymphadenopathy. The spectrum of PTLD histopathology was equally varied. In situ hybridization for EBV showed negativity in 8 of 13 (62%) and positivity in 5 of 13 (38%) cases tested. Neither time interval from transplantation to presentation (median 33 months) nor mortality (average 32%) was influenced by EBV status. In conclusion, PTLD in LTx recipients is predominantly extranodal and can involve a wide variety of organ systems, which may confound initial diagnosis. The lymphoproliferative histological spectrum is also diverse. Nowadays, PTLD is frequently EBV-negative, and EBV status does not appear to influence clinical or pathological presentation, or survival. Liver Transpl 13:904–912, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
A New Priority Policy for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Awaiting Liver Transplantation Within the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease System
Authors: Piscaglia Fabio , Camaggi Valeria , Ravaioli Matteo , Grazi Gian Luca , Zanello Matteo , Leoni Simona , Ballardini Giorgio , Cavrini Giulia , Pinna Antonio Daniele , Bolondi Luigi 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The best prioritization of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) waiting for liver transplantation under the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) allocation system is still being debated. We analyzed the impact of a MELD adjustment for HCC, which consisted of the addition of an extra score (based on the HCC stage and waiting time) to the native MELD score. The outcome was analyzed for 301 patients with chronic liver disease listed for liver transplantation between March 1, 2001 and February 28, 2003 [United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)-Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) era, 163 patients, 28.8% with HCC] and between March 1, 2003 and February 28, 2004 (HCC-MELD era, 138 patients, 29.7% with HCC). In the HCC-MELD era, the cumulative dropout risk at 6 months was 17.6% for patients with HCC versus 22.3% for those patients without HCC (P = NS), similar to that in the UNOS-CTP era. The cumulative probability of transplantation at 6 months was 70.3% versus 39.0% (P = 0.005), being higher than that in the UNOS-CTP era for patients with HCC (P = 0.02). At the end of the HCC-MELD era, 12 patients with HCC (29.3%) versus 57 without HCC (58.8%) were still on the list (P = 0.001). Both native and adjusted MELD scores were higher (P < 0.05) and progressed more in patients with HCC who dropped out than in those who underwent transplantation or remained on the list (the initial-final native MELD scores were 17.3-23.1, 15.5-15.6, and 12.8-14.1, respectively). The patients without HCC remaining on the list showed stable MELD scores (initial-final: 15.1-15.4). In conclusion, the present data support the strategy of including the native MELD scores in the allocation system for HCC. This model allows the timely transplantation of patients with HCC without severely affecting the outcome of patients without HCC. Liver Transpl 13:857–866, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Psychological Strain in Urgent Indications for Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: Erim Yesim , Beckmann Mingo , Kroencke Sylvia , Valentin-Gamazo Camino , Malago Massimo , Broering Dieter , Rogiers Xavier , Frilling Andrea , Broelsch Christoph E. , Schulz Karl-Heinz 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The ethical soundness of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in urgent indications is still under discussion. The aim of the survey was to investigate the psychological distress of donors in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or acute liver failure (ALF). In a prospective multicenter study (n = 123), health-related quality of life (QOL), anxiety, and depression were measured. The psychological distress of donors was correlated to the degree of urgency of the recipients' indication, which was classified as nonurgent, HCC, or ALF. During the donor evaluation prior to LDLT, the donors with recipients for HCC and ALF demonstrated significantly reduced mental QOL in comparison to donors for a nonurgent indication and to the German normative sample. Compared to healthy controls, anxiety and depression were significantly increased in donors for ALF. Three months after the transplantation, scores for mental QOL as well as for anxiety and depression improved and were within the normal range for the whole group as well as for the ALF donors. In conclusion, the psychological burden was temporary in nature. Our findings can be considered as arguments for the current practice to address family members as donors in cases of HCC and ALF. Liver Transpl 13:886–895, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Thrombolysis for Early Hepatic Artery Thrombosis
Authors: Perkins James D. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Hepatic artery thrombosis is an uncommon complication of liver transplantation. However, it is a major indication for re-transplantation. The use of transcatheter thrombolysis and subsequent surgical revascularization as a graft salvage procedure is discussed. Four of 5 cases (80%) were successful in re-establishing flow and uncovering underlying arterial anatomic defects. None were treated definitively by endoluminal measures due to an inability to resolve the underlying anatomic defects. However, 2 of 5 cases (40%) went on to a successful surgical revascularization and represent successful long-term outcome of transcatheter thrombolysis followed by definitive surgical revascularization. We conclude that, definitive endoluminal success cannot be achieved without resolving associated, and possibly instigating, underlying arterial anatomical defects. However, reestablishing flow to the graft can unmask underlying lesions as well as assess surrounding vasculature thus providing anatomical information for a more elective, better planned and definitive surgical revision.
Initial Clinical Results of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation for Hepatic Alveolar Echinococcosis
Authors: Li Fuqiang , Yang Meng , Li Bo , Yan Lunang , Zen Yong , Wen Tingfu , Zao Jichun 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
We analyzed the features of 7 patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) from April 2001 to April 2006 for incurable hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in view of the technical features of the OLT, incidence, and type of complications, as well as patient survival. All 7 patients had biliary diseases that resulted from parasitic involvement of the hilum or a large parasitic lesion that invaded the lobes of the liver due to parasitic involvement of the hepatic veins, which are all typical syndromes of hepatic AE. Five patients had previously undergone surgery for hepatic AE and were at the end stage of liver functional disorder. Four patients' operations were performed under venovenous bypass. The mean duration of surgery was 9.1 hours. After transplantation, one patient experienced biliary leakage but was successfully treated with reoperation. One patient died 21 days later of septicemia caused by pneumonia and multiple organ failure, and another patient died 3 months after OLT from heart failure. The other 5 patients are alive and in good condition after transplantation. Although the transplantation procedure was more difficult than usual in these patients, most achieved prolonged survival and a good quality of life. This study suggests that OLT is feasible for incurable AE of the liver and that this procedure ensures a good clinical outcome. Liver Transpl 13:924–926, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Living Donor Liver Transplantation of the Right Lobe for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhosis in a European Center
Authors: Jonas Sven , Mittler Jens , Pascher Andreas , Schumacher Guido , Theruvath Tom , Benckert Christoph , Rudolph Birgit , Neuhaus Peter 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Living donor liver transplantation of the right lobe might offer the possibility to extend the eligibility criteria of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhosis without penalizing patients who are waiting for a graft from a deceased donor. From 1988 to 2005, surgical treatment of HCC was performed in 580 patients (187 transplantation, 393 resection) in a European center. In the transplantation group, 21 patients with HCC in cirrhosis underwent LDLT (11% of all transplantations for HCC; 22% of 96 LDLT). Solitary HCC were accepted irrespective of their diameter unless vascular invasion was detectable. Multiple HCC nodes were considered acceptable up to a diameter of the largest node of 6 cm and a total tumor diameter of 15 cm. The median follow-up period was 26 months (range, 1-65 months). Vascular invasion had occurred in 12 patients (57%). One patient (4.8%) died within 60 days after transplantation from sepsis. Rates of 3-year survival and 3-year recurrence-free survival were 68% and 64%, respectively. Overall 3-year survival rates in patients with HCC in cirrhosis not meeting the Milan criteria (n = 13) or the San Francisco criteria (n = 8) were 62% and 53%, respectively. LDLT is a safe procedure. However, small sample sizes do not yet permit a definitive comparison to be made between the former results obtained after cadaveric donation. So far, the outcome of the patients is in favor of a careful extension of the selection criteria for HCC in cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 13:896–903, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Consequences of Schanuel's condition for zeros of exponential terms
Authors: Wolter Helmut 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAssuming “Schanuel's Condition” for a certain class of exponential fields, Sturm's technique for polynomials in real closed fields can be extended to more complicated exponential terms in the corresponding exponential field. Hence for this class of terms the exact number of zeros can be calculated. These results give deeper insights into the model theory of exponential fields. MSC: 03C65, 03C60, 12L12.
On the Relations Between Discrete and Continuous Complexity Theory
Authors: Meer Klaus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRelations between discrete and continuous complexity models are considered. The present paper is devoted to combine both models. In particular we analyze the 3‐Satisfiability problem. The existence of fast decision procedures for this problem over the reals is examined based on certain conditions on the discrete setting. Moreover we study the behaviour of exponential time computations over the reals depending on the real complexity of 3‐Satisfiability. This will be done using tools from complexity theory over the integers.
Feasible Graphs and Colorings
Authors: Cenzer Douglas , Remmel Jeffrey 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe problem of when a recursive graph has a recursive k‐coloring has been extensively studied by Bean, Schmerl, Kierstead, Remmel, and others. In this paper, we study the polynomial time analogue of that problem. We develop a number of negative and positive results about colorings of polynomial time graphs. For example, we show that for any recursive graph G and for any k, there is a polynomial time graph G′ whose vertex set is {0,1}* such that there is an effective degree preserving correspondence between the set of k‐colorings of G and the set of k‐colorings of G′ and hence there are many examples of k‐colorable polynomial time graphs with no recursive k‐colorings. Moreover, even though every connected 2‐colorable recursive graph is recursively 2‐colorable, there are connected 2‐colorable polynomial time graphs which have no primitive recursive 2‐coloring. We also give some sufficient conditions which will guarantee that a polynomial time graph has a polynomial time or exponential time coloring.
An Axiomatisation of the Conditionals of Post's Many Valued Logics
Authors: Surma Stan J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe paper provides a method for a uniform complete Hilbert‐style axiomatisation of Post's (m, u)‐conditionals and Post's negation, where m is the number of truth values and u is the number of designated truth values (cf. [5]). The main feature of the technique which we employ in this proof generalises the well‐known Kalmár Lemma which was used by its author in his completeness argument for the ordinary, two‐valued logic (cf. [2]).
A Gap Cohomology Group
Authors: Morgan Charles 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDan Talayco has recently defined the gap cohomology group of a tower in p(ω)/fin of height ω1. This group is isomorphic to the collection of gaps in the tower modulo the equivalence relation given by two gaps being equivalent (cohomologous) if their levelwise symmetric difference is not a gap in the tower, the group operation being levelwise symmetric difference. Talayco showed that the size of this group is always at least 2N0 and that it attains its greatest possible size, 2N1, if ⋄ holds and also in some generic extensions in which CH fails, for example on adding many Cohen or random reals. In this paper it is shown that there is always some tower whose gap cohomology group has size 2N1. It is still open as to whether there are models in which there are towers whose gap cohomology group has size less than 2ω1.
On End‐Extensions of Models of ¬exp
Authors: Ferreira Fernando 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEvery model of IΔ0is the tally part of a model of the stringlanguage theory Th‐FO (a main feature of which consists in having induction on notation restricted to certainAC0. sets). We show how to “smoothly” introduce in Th‐FO the binary length function, whereby it is possible to make exponential assumptions in models of Th‐FO. These considerations entail that every model of IΔ0+ ¬exp is a proper initial segment of a model of Th‐FO and that amodicumof bounded collection is true in these models.Mathematics Subject Classification: 03F30, 03C62, 68Q15.
Asymmetric Interpretations for Bounded Theories
Authors: Cantini Andrea 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe apply the method of asymmetric interpretation to the basic fragment of bounded arithmetic, endowed with a weak collection schema, and to a system of “feasible analysis”, introduced by Ferreira and based on weak König's lemma, recursive comprehension and NP‐notation induction. As a byproduct, we obtain two conservation results.Mathematics Subject Classification: 03F30, 03F35.
On Overspill Principles and Axiom Schemes for Bounded Formulas
Authors: Borrego‐Díaz Joaquín , Fernández‐Margarit Alejandro , Pérez‐Jiménez Mario 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe study the theories I∇n, L∇n and overspill principles for ∇n formulas. We show that IEn ⇒ L∇n ⇒ I∇n, but we do not know if I∇n L∇n. We introduce a new scheme, the growth scheme Crγ, and we prove that L∇n ⇒ Cr∇n⇒ I∇n. Also, we analyse the utility of bounded collection axioms for the study of the above theories.Mathematics Subject Classification: 03F30, 03H15.
An Intuitionistic Version of Cantor's Theorem
Authors: Maguolo Dario , Valentini Silvio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn intuitionistic version of Cantor's theorem, which shows that there is no surjective function from the type of the natural numbers N into the type N → N of the functions from N into N, is proved within Martin‐Löf's Intuitionistic Type Theory with the universe of the small types.Mathematics Subject Classification: 03B15, 03B20.