bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BLACK MARKET AND OFFICIAL EXCHANGE RATES: AN EXAMINATION OF LONG‐RUN DYNAMICS IN INDIA
Authors: Love Jim , Chandra Ramesh 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis study is the first to use Johansen's cointegration approach for India in the analysis of the long‐term dynamics between the black and official exchange rates for the period 1953–1993. The study also estimates the long‐run elasticity of the official rate with respect to the black market rate. As monthly data over 40 years are used, and a more robust methodology is employed, the results are likely to be more reliable as compared with the earlier work on India. The results of our study suggest that while there is a long‐term relationship between the two rates, the direction of causality is from the black rate to the official exchange rate. This is plausible in the Indian context where policy has generally lagged behind events in the black market. The hypothesis of a constant black market premium is rejected, implying that there is a mismatch between the percentage change in the official exchange rate and the percentage change in the black market rate.
Information Integration for Constructing Social Statistics: History, Theory and Ideas Towards a Research Programme
Authors: Judson D. H. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryMore precise policy making at all levels of government has fuelled tremendous demand for small area data—smaller than ever before. At the same time, there has been an unprecedented accumulation of data in geographic information systems, administrative records databases and more sophisticated survey sampling schemes. Researchers and practitioners have been trying to combine these diverse sources of data. But how should these diverse sources of data be combined in a way that is policy relevant and statistically principled? The paper illustrates these questions with several example applications at the state, county and local level: emerging geographic information systems databases, the need for estimates of small area income, poverty, demographic and uninsurance data by health authorities, and how administrative records databases (such as licensed day care facilities, traffic counts and unemployment insurance records) are being harvested for their information content. Finally, the paper proposes approaches for integrating these diverse sources of data with different error, uncertainty and quality profiles, and surveys persistent challenges in this area.
The Development And Application Of A Simple Methodology For Recording Rock Art Using Consumer‐Grade Digital Cameras
Authors: Chandler Jim H. , Bryan Paul , Fryer John G. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract A simple methodology for recording rock art has been recently developed in Australia and tested on Aboriginal rock art, including both petroglyphs and pictographs (engraved and painted images, respectively). The approach was based on commercial photogrammetric software and consumer‐grade digital cameras, because it was believed that archaeologists, conservators and site managers need simple and cost‐effective methods to record and document rock art. This methodology has been adopted subsequently by the Northumberland and Durham Rock Art Project working in conjunction with English Heritage, to assist in recording 1500 prehistoric engraved panels located across the north‐east of England. Significantly, the fieldwork was carried out by enthusiastic volunteers, willing to sacrifice their weekends to capture imagery suitable for digital photogrammetry. This paper explains briefly how the recording technique was developed in Australia before indicating how expertise and equipment were integrated to allow UK‐based volunteers to carry out data acquisition and, perhaps surprisingly, also the photogrammetry. This will demonstrate the value of mobilising the voluntary sector for heritage recording, which is feasible only if recording methodologies are based on cheap and simple instrumentation.
Homosexuality between Men in Britain since the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Cocks H. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHistorians have tended to agree that homosexuality is defined more by culture than nature. However, they disagree over the question of how exactly culture and history shape sexual practices and identity. A few years ago, historians sought to find the origins of modern homosexuality, and tended to treat homosexuality as one thing. It was assumed that modern homosexuality meant an association with effeminacy, and that the effeminate homosexual was a creation of the eighteenth century. Now, however, historians see homosexuality as a diverse phenomenon, encompassing a wide range of behaviour and identity, and have tried to dismantle the idea that it must have a unitary history. Historians have also become much more interested in the continuities between present and past behaviour. They have also given a new prominence to social factors, rather than sexual ones, in the formation of sexuality.
Magic and Impotence: Recent Developments in Medieval Historiography
Authors: Rider Catherine 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThere has been a great deal of scholarship on medieval magic published in the last twenty years. This article discusses the author's recent book, Magic and Impotence in the Middle Ages, and surveys how it fits into other recent research on medieval magic. This recent research has taken three directions in particular: research on the medieval origins of the early modern witch‐hunts; on the contents and circulation of magical texts in medieval Europe; and on the various ways in which historians have related magic to other areas of medieval religion and culture.
Historical Anthropology of Modern India
Authors: Dube Saurabh 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe last three decades have seen acute interchanges between history and anthropology in theoretical and empirical studies. Scholarship on South Asia has reflected these patterns, but it has also reworked such tendencies. Here, significant writings of the 1960s and 1970s brought together processes of history and patterns of culture as part of mutual fields of analysis and description. These emphases have been critically developed more recently. Anthropologists and historians have rethought theory and method, in order not only to crucially conjoin but to explore anew the ‘archive’ and the ‘field’. The blending has produced ‘historical anthropology’: writings that approach and explain in new ways elaborations of caste and community, colonialism and empire, nation and nationalism, domination and resistance, law and politics, myth and kingship, environment and ethnicity, and state and modernity – in the past and the present. Work in historical anthropology focuses on practice, process, and power, and often combines perspectives from gender, postcolonial, and subaltern studies.
Recent Thomistic Epistemology and Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Macdonald Paul 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to show the contribution of recent Thomistic epistemology – that is, an epistemology rooted in the philosophical theology of Thomas Aquinas – makes to contemporary philosophy of religion. In particular, I show how recent philosophers and theologians (most of them of a distinctly analytic persuasion) are appropriating insights in Aquinas's philosophical theology in order to address perennial epistemological issues: most broadly, how it is that human persons know the world as well as the divine. One of the main conclusions of the article is that recent Thomistic epistemology (including the various species of recent Thomistic epistemology) offers powerful resources for properly understanding both the mind‐world and mind‐God relationship.
The Psychology of Scientific Explanation
Authors: Trout J. D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPhilosophers agree that scientific explanations aim to produce understanding, and that good ones succeed in this aim. But few seriously consider what understanding is, or what the cues are when we have it. If it is a psychological state or process, describing its specific nature is the job of psychological theorizing. This article examines the role of understanding in scientific explanation. It warns that the seductive, phenomenological sense of understanding is often, but mistakenly, viewed as a cue of genuine understanding. The article closes with a discussion of several new paths of research that tie the psychology of scientific explanation to cognate notions of learning, testimony, and understanding.
Implicature During Real Time Conversation: A View from Language Processing Research
Authors: Sedivy Julie C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGrice's notion of conversational implicature requires that speaker meaning be calculable on the basis of sentence meaning, and presumptions about the speaker's adherence to cooperative principles of conversation and the ability of the hearer to work out the speaker's meaning. However, the actual real‐time consideration of cooperative principles by both the hearer and speaker runs up against severe temporal constraints during language processing. This article considers the role of language processing research in the shaping of a theory of implicature, and provides an empirical overview of pertinent current work in real‐time language production and comprehension.
Analysis of Tones in Cantonese Speech Based on the Command-Response Model
Authors: Gu Wentao , Hirose Keikichi , Fujisaki Hiroya 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAs one of the major Chinese dialects, Cantonese has a tone system consistingof nine lexical tones and three additional changed tones, which is considerablymore complex than that of Mandarin. The most important acoustic feature characterizingthese tones is the contour of the voice fundamental frequency (the F₀ contour).In this article we present an approach to modeling F₀ contours of Cantoneseutterances, based on an extension of the command-response model. Analysis-bysynthesisof F₀ contours of the utterances with a fixed carrier frame, in which a targetsyllable with each tone type is embedded, shows that each tone type can berepresented by a specific pattern (polarity, timing, and amplitude) of tone commands.These patterns are found to be essentially maintained in F₀ contours of theutterances with unconstrained text. With the definition of these tone commandpatterns, the command-response model not only provides a novel phonologicaldescription of tones, but also gives high accuracy of approximations to F₀ contoursof Cantonese utterances and allows one to analyze various tonal phenomenain quantitative terms. Quantitative distinctions between various tones are thenrevealed by statistical analysis of the timing and amplitude of tone commands.Especially, systematic alignment in timing is found between the onsets/offsets oftone commands and the rhyme of a syllable, and hence a set of constraints can beintroduced, which together with those on tone command amplitudes and phrasecommand parameters, is then applied for generating F₀ contours of Cantoneseutterances. The validity of the approach is verified by perceptual evaluation of thesynthetic speech stimuli with model-generated F₀ contours, both on the intelligibilityof tones and on the naturalness of prosody.
Interaction of Mesoscale Variability with Large-Scale Waves in the Argentine Basin
Authors: Fu Lee-Lueng 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The Argentine Basin of the South Atlantic Ocean is a region of complicated ocean dynamics involving a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Previous studies reported the existence of a basin mode of topographic barotropic Rossby waves with a period close to 25 days in the region. Using observations of sea level anomalies from satellite altimeter measurements, the present study provides evidence of interaction between the large-scale 25-day waves and the energetic mesoscale variability of the region. The amplitude of the 25-day waves is highly intermittent with dominant periods in the range of 110–150 days. Within this period band, the wave amplitude is coherent with the energy level of the mesoscale variability: when the mesoscale energy level goes down, the wave amplitude goes up, and vice versa, suggesting an exchange of energy between the two scales. This coherence is linked to the first three empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the sea level anomalies. The spatial patterns of these EOFs are characterized by eddies and meanders associated with the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence. The findings of the study suggest a mechanism of energy exchange at work between the mesoscale variability and the large-scale waves in the Argentine Basin.
Effect of Bathymetric Curvature on Gulf Stream Instability in the Vicinity of the Charleston Bump
Authors: Xie Lian , Liu Xiaoming , Pietrafesa Leonard J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of the isobathic curvature on the development and evolution of Gulf Stream frontal waves (meanders and eddies) in the vicinity of the Charleston Bump (a topographic rise on the upper slope off Charleston, South Carolina; referred to as CB hereinafter) is studied using the Hybrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Baroclinic and barotropic energy transfers from the Gulf Stream to its meanders and eddies that appear as cold and warm anomalies are computed for four different cases. In case I, the curvature of the isobaths is artificially reduced and the CB is removed from the bathymetry. In this simulation, the simulated Gulf Stream meanders were barely noticeable in the study region. Energy transfer from the Gulf Stream to meanders and eddies was negligible. In case II, the curvature of the isobaths was the same as in case I, but a bump of the scale of the CB was added to the bathymetry. In this simulation, Gulf Stream meanders were amplified while passing over the CB. In case III, the CB was removed from the bathymetry as in case I, but the curvature of the isobaths was similar to the actual bathymetry, which was larger than that of cases I and II. In this simulation, large meanders were simulated, but the development of these meanders was not confined to the region of the CB. The total baroclinic and barotropic energy transfer rate in this case was an order of magnitude greater than in case II, suggesting that isobathic curvature was able to generate Gulf Stream meanders and eddies even without the presence of the CB. In case IV, actual bathymetry data, which contain both the CB and the isobathic curvature, were used. In this case, large-amplitude Gulf Stream meanders were simulated and there was also a tendency for the amplification of the meanders to be anchored downstream of the CB, consistent with observations. The results from this study suggest that the formation of the “Charleston Trough,” a Gulf Stream meander that appears as a low pressure or depressed water surface region downstream of the bump, is the result of the combined effect of the CB and the isobathic curvature in the region. The isobathic curvature plays a major role in enhancing the baroclinic and barotropic energy transfer rates, whereas the bump provided a localized mechanism to maximize the energy transfer rate downstream of the CB.
Equilibration of Two-Dimensional Double-Diffusive Intrusions
Authors: Simeonov Julian , Stern Melvin E. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
This paper considers the equilibration of lateral intrusions in a doubly diffusive fluid with uniform unbounded basic-state gradients in temperature and salinity. These are density compensated in the horizontal direction and finger favorable in the vertical direction. Previous nonlinear studies of this effect have qualitative and quantitative limitations because of their fictitious parameterizations of the weak “turbulence” that arises. Here, two-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) that resolve scales from the smallest to the intrusive are used to predict the equilibrium state. This is achieved by numerically tilting the x–z computational box so that the mean intrusion is represented by a mode with no lateral variation, but smaller-scale 2D eddies comparable to the intrusion thickness are resolved. The DNS show that the initial plane wave intrusion evolves to an equilibrium state containing both a salt finger interface and a diffusive interface, surrounded by well-mixed layers. The inversion of the horizontally averaged density in the mixed layer is negligibly small, but the salt finger buoyancy flux produces large transient density inversions that drive the mixed layer convection. For the considered values of horizontal/vertical gradients, the calculations yield small Cox numbers and buoyancy Reynolds numbers [comparable to those measured in staircases during the Caribbean-Sheets and Layers Transects (C-SALT) program]. An important testable result is the time-averaged maximum velocity of the fastest-growing intrusion Umax = 18.0 (Σ*z/Σ*x)+1/2KT(gΘ*z/νKT)1/4. Here Θ*z is the undisturbed vertical temperature gradient in buoyancy units, Σ*z and Σ*x are the corresponding vertical and horizontal salinity gradients, g is the gravity acceleration, and ν and KT are the respective values of the molecular viscosity and heat diffusivity. The paradoxical inverse dependence on the horizontal gradient results from the assumption that the latter is unbounded.
Reconstructing the Meridional Overturning Circulation from Boundary Densities and the Zonal Wind Stress
Authors: Hirschi J. , Marotzke J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Numerical models are used to test whether the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) can be reconstructed from boundary densities and the wind stress. In idealized model setups without topography the strength as well as the temporal and spatial variability of the MOC cell can largely be reproduced from boundary densities and the zonal wind stress. With added slopes along the meridional boundaries, most of the depth-averaged flow is missed and neither strength nor spatial structure of the MOC is well reproduced. However, the temporal evolution of both MOC and its estimate are similar. In an eddy-permitting model with realistic bottom topography the contribution of the depth-averaged meridional flow to the MOC is captured at some places while it is missed at others. Nevertheless, boundary densities and the zonal wind stress allow the leading modes of the temporal and spatial MOC variability to be reproduced. On seasonal time scales most of the MOC variability is due to the wind stress but changes in the boundary density affect the MOC as well. On interannual time scales the MOC variability largely reflects changes in the boundary density. Generally, the MOC reconstructions are accurate when bottom velocities are small, an assumption made in the reconstruction approach. The results are relevant for estimates of both the modern and the past MOC. In the real ocean, boundary densities can be obtained from measurements of temperature, conductivity, and pressure in the water column, whereas past seawater densities have left their imprint in sea sediments.
On the Existence of Solitary Wave Solutions to the Shallow-Water Equations on the f Plane
Authors: Stastna Marek , Poulin Francis 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
In a recent paper Li argued that the inviscid shallow-water equations on the f plane exhibit a class of zonally propagating solitary wave solutions, referred to by the author as “geosolitary waves.” These solutions have propagation speeds that are slower than the shallow-water speed gH, and as constructed by Li, have a cusp in the height and zonal velocity field at the origin. The meridional velocity is found to be discontinuous at the origin, though its magnitude is much smaller than the magnitude of the zonal velocity. The authors reconsider the existence of geosolitary waves from the point of view of dynamical system theory and demonstrate that the cusp discontinuity at the origin is an unavoidable property of the solutions. Moreover, it is shown that, in contrast to suggestions made by Li, adding viscosity and diffusivity does not yield smooth, bounded solitary wave solutions. Last, the reason why geosolitary waves cannot be expected to exist in a continuously stratified fluid is discussed.
Summertime Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Stress in the California Current System
Authors: Chelton Dudley B. , Schlax Michael G. , Samelson Roger M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Satellite observations of wind stress and sea surface temperature (SST) are analyzed to investigate ocean–atmosphere interaction in the California Current System (CCS). As in regions of strong SST fronts elsewhere in the World Ocean, SST in the CCS region is positively correlated with surface wind stress when SST fronts are strong, which occurs during the summertime in the CCS region. This ocean influence on the atmosphere is apparently due to SST modification of stability and mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer and is most clearly manifest in the derivative wind stress fields: wind stress curl and divergence are linearly related to, respectively, the crosswind and downwind components of the local SST gradient. The dynamic range of the Ekman upwelling velocities associated with the summertime SST-induced perturbations of the wind stress curl is larger than that of the upwelling velocities associated with the mean summertime wind stress curl. This suggests significant feedback effects on the ocean, which likely modify the SST distribution that perturbed the wind stress curl field. The atmosphere and ocean off the west coast of North America must therefore be considered a fully coupled system. It is shown that the observed summertime ocean–atmosphere interaction is poorly represented in the NOAA North American Mesoscale Model (formerly called the Eta Model). This is due, at least in part, to the poor resolution and accuracy of the SST boundary condition used in the model. The sparse distribution of meteorological observations available over the CCS for data assimilation may also contribute to the poor model performance.
Novel RUNX1 isoforms determine the fate of acute myeloid leukemia cells by controlling CD56 expression
Authors: Gattenloehner Stefan , Chuvpilo Sergei , Langebrake Claudia , Reinhardt Dirk , Müller-Hermelink Hans-Konrad , Serfling Edgar , Vincent Angela , Marx Alexander 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCD56high acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) have a poor prognosis, but it has been unclear how CD56 expression is controlled and how it relates to clinical aggressiveness. We show that CD56 expression on AML cells correlates with an abnormal expression pattern of runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) isoforms. Whereas full-length p48 RUNX1 (p48) up-regulated CD56 in AML cells, 3 previously unknown shorter RUNX1 isoforms, p38a, p30, and p24, suppressed CD56 expression. Both p48 and CD56 induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)–κB and increased bcl2L12 expression, and inhibition of this pathway by small inhibitory RNA-mediated p48 knock down or NF-κB blockade substantially increased apoptosis in CD56+ AML cell lines. These findings indicate the potential for new therapy of CD56high AML by suppression of the “overactive” RUNX1/CD56/NF-κB signaling pathway(s).
Nitroso and Azo Compounds in Modern Organic Synthesis: Late Blooming but Very Rich
Authors: Yamamoto Hisashi , Kawasaki Masanori 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The catalytic enantioselective oxidation is an extremely important process in organic synthesis and numbers of effort to improve this process have been reported so far. Although nitroso and azo compounds are attractive tools for hydroxylation and amination of organic compounds, no reports on a catalytic asymmetric version of these reactions had been reported until recently. The main issues were their high and unique reactivities. In this review, we would like to introduce the recent advances in this area.