bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The multidimensionality of cell behaviors underlying morphogenesis: a case study in ascidians
Authors: Di Gregorio Anna , Hadjantonakis Anna‐Katerina 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDatabases where different types of information from different sources can be integrated, cross‐referenced and interactively accessed are necessary for building a quantitative understanding of the molecular and cell biology intrinsic to the morphogenesis of an embryo. Tassy and colleagues1 recently reported the development of software tailor‐made to perform such a task, along with the generation and integration of three‐dimensional anatomical models of embryos. They convincingly illustrated the utility of their approach by applying it to the early ascidian embryo. BioEssays 28: 874–879, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
A role for genetic accommodation in evolution?
Authors: Braendle Christian , Flatt Thomas 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWhether evolutionary change can occur by genetic assimilation, or more generally by genetic accommodation, remains controversial. Here we examine some of the experimental evidence for both phenomena. Several experiments in Drosophila suggest that assimilation is possible, and a new paper1 shows that a color polyphenism in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, can evolve by genetic accommodation. We argue that genetic accommodation, including assimilation, is a plausible mechanism in evolution; however, more work is required to test how this mechanism acts and how often it is involved in evolutionary change. BioEssays 28: 868–873, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
The isoform‐specific functions of the c‐Jun N‐terminal Kinases (JNKs): differences revealed by gene targeting
Authors: Bogoyevitch Marie A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. In mammalian genomes, three genes encode the JNK family. To evaluate JNK function, mice have been created with deletions in one or more of three Jnk genes. Initial studies on jnk1−/− or jnk2−/− mice have shown roles for these JNKs in the immune system whereas studies on jnk3−/− mice have highlighted roles for JNK3 in the nervous system. Further studies have highlighted the contributions of JNK1 and/or JNK2 to a range of biological and pathological processes. These include bone remodelling and joint disease, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver disease and tumorigenesis in addition to effects in neurons. These results emphasise the differences in the roles played by JNK isoforms in vivo and suggest that the design of JNK inhibitors for subsequent therapeutic uses may benefit from selective inhibition of individual JNK isoforms. BioEssays 28: 923–934, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
The nuclear barrier is structurally and functionally highly responsive to glucocorticoids
Authors: Shahin Victor 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNuclear pore complexes mediate and control transport between the cytosol and the nucleus. They form a highly selective and, thus, tight nuclear barrier between these compartments. The nuclear barrier provides the cell with the opportunity to control access to its DNA, a defining feature of eukaryotes. The tightness of the nuclear barrier is therefore physiologically pivotal and any remarkable change in its structure and permeability can prove pathophysiological, e.g. as a result of viral attack. However, there is accumulating evidence that nuclear barrier structure and permeability are highly responsive to hydrophobic cargos of crucial physiological and therapeutic relevance, glucocorticoids (steroid hormones). The present review highlights the glucocorticoid‐induced effects on the nuclear barrier structure and permeability concluding that they are physiologically essential to mediate glucocorticoid action. BioEssays 28: 935–942, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
Membrane fouling by cell‐protein mixtures: In situ characterisation using multi‐photon microscopy
Authors: Hughes David J. , Cui Zhanfeng , Field Robert W. , Tirlapur Uday K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFouling of the membrane by cell and protein mixtures can result in severe flux declines, leading to the eventual need to clean or replace the membrane. In this study multi‐photon microscopy, a fluorescence‐based technique is used to 3‐D image in situ the fouling of microfiltration membranes by suspensions containing combinations of washed yeast, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin. Appropriate fluorescent labelling allows the three foulant species to be clearly identified. Images correlate well with filtration data and clearly show the cake of yeast cells capturing protein aggregates. The proteins exhibited very different filtration behaviour. When filtering washed yeast together with ovalbumin and/or a 50:50 mixture by mass of BSA and ovalbumin, the ovalbumin fouling dominates the system. Capture of aggregates by the cake did not reduce fouling of the membrane by the protein and increased the resistance of the cake. For mixtures of BSA and washed yeast, the presence of a cake of yeast cells did reduce fouling of the membrane by the protein, however, the extra resistance due to the cake resulted in a flux lower than that when filtering BSA alone. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:1083–1091. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
α,β‐Unsaturated δ‐Lactones from Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Vinylogous Mukaiyama Reactions of Aldehydes: Scope and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Bazán‐Tejeda Belén , Bluet Guillaume , Broustal Garance , Campagne Jean‐Marc 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA direct regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantiocontrolled access to α,β‐unsaturated δ‐lactones is described, based on the reaction of a silyl dienolate and an aldehyde in the presence of 10 % of Carreira's catalyst. The scope and limitations of this reaction, as well as mechanistic insights concerning the reactivity of an allyl copper species, are discussed.
Diastereomeric Discrimination in the Lifetimes of Norrish Type II Triplet 1,4‐Biradicals and Stereocontrolled Partitioning of Their Reactivity (Yang Cyclization versus Type II Fragmentation)
Authors: Moorthy Jarugu Narasimha , Koner Apurba L. , Samanta Subhas , Singhal Nidhi , Nau Werner M. , Weiss Richard G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe stereochemistry at C2 and C3 carbons controls the partitioning of triplet 1,4‐biradicals of ketones 2 among various pathways. Differences in the major reaction pathways, for example, cyclization (syn) and fragmentation (anti), adopted by the diastereomeric 1,4‐radicals of ketones 2 have permitted unprecedented diastereomeric discrimination in their lifetimes to be observed by nanosecond laser flash photolysis. From quantum yield measurements and transient lifetime data, the absolute rate constants for cyclization and fragmentation of a pair of diastereomeric triplet 1,4‐biradicals have been determined for the first time.
Outcomes and diffusion of doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy among elderly patients with aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Grann Victor R. , Hershman Dawn , Jacobson Judith S. , Tsai Wei‐Yann , Wang Jian , McBride Russell , Mitra Nandita , Grossbard Michael L. , Neugut Alfred I. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.In the past 25 years, clinical trials have demonstrated the benefits of chemotherapy for patients with aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. The authors analyzed the predictors and outcomes of chemotherapy among elderly patients with lymphoma.METHODS.Patients age ≥65 years who were diagnosed with Stage III and IV diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma [according to the SEER Summary Staging Manual, 2000] between 1991 and 1999 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare data base were categorized by treatment: no chemotherapy, a doxorubicin‐containing regimen, a regimen without doxorubicin, or chemotherapy not otherwise specified. Among the patients who survived for >6 weeks after diagnosis and who had a chemotherapy regimen specified, logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of doxorubicin‐based treatment, and Cox proportional‐hazards regression was used to analyze outcomes.RESULTS.Less than 66% of patients received any chemotherapy in the 6 months after diagnosis, and 42% of untreated patients died within 6 weeks. Older age, congestive heart failure, and other comorbidities were strong predictors of treatment without doxorubicin. From 1991 to 1999, the proportion of patients who received doxorubicin increased from <20% to >50%. Patients who received doxorubicin survived more than twice as long (24.4 months) as patients who did not receive doxorubicin (11.2 months). Survival was no better among patients who received chemotherapy without doxorubicin than among patients who received no chemotherapy.CONCLUSIONS.By 1999, doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy had gained general acceptance for use among the elderly, although nearly 50% of elderly patients still were not receiving it. Given the clinical trial‐based evidence of its benefits, in the absence of specific contraindications, most patients, including the elderly, should be treated with regimens that include doxorubicin. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Treatment algorithm for locally recurrent osteosarcoma based on local disease‐free interval and the presence of lung metastasis
Authors: Nathan Saminathan S. , Gorlick Richard , Bukata Susan , Chou Alex , Morris Carol D. , Boland Patrick J. , Huvos Andrew G. , Meyers Paul A. , Healey John H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Local recurrence in osteosarcoma is clinically distinct from metastasis, although associated with a similar reduction in survival. The prognostic factors in locally recurrent osteosarcoma were investigated and these factors were translated into a management strategy.METHODS.In all, 407 consecutive patients with skeletal osteosarcoma between 1977 and 2002 were analyzed. Twenty‐three patients with resectable local recurrence were analyzed. Clinical and tumor‐related factors were assessed for significance in relation to survival and a management strategy was formulated based on factors found to be independently significant for survival.RESULTS.Seventeen of the 23 patients underwent primary resections and initial treatment, yielding an overall local recurrence rate of 4.2% for resectable cancer. Median time to local recurrence was 13 months (95% confidence interval, 9–16 months). The 5‐year and 10‐year survival rates in the recurrent cases were 29% and 10%, respectively. All patients received chemotherapy both for their primary and recurrent disease. Increased risk of local recurrence (P < .0001) was strongly correlated with positive margins of resection. The rate of local recurrence was not related to chemotherapy‐associated necrosis in the primary tumor. Nevertheless, neoadjuvant therapy halved the risk of local recurrence (odds ratio, 1.92; P = .3, power 10%). The strongest correlate with poor survival was local recurrence within the first year after primary resection (P = .001), followed by metastasis at the time of first local recurrence (P = .04) and failure to achieve clinical remission after disease recurrence (P = .04). Chemotherapy‐associated necrosis and margins of resection of the primary tumor were not significant prognostic variables for survival. Survival differed significantly among patients defined by local disease‐free interval and lung metastasis (P = .0001). They required an individualized approach as captured in the management algorithm.CONCLUSION.There is a residual risk of local recurrence in patients despite favorable chemotherapy‐associated necrosis and negative margins of resection. A treatment strategy emphasizing clinical remission at all identifiable sites offers the highest likelihood of survival in this patient population. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
An optimization approach for decentralized QoS‐based scheduling based on utility and pricing in Grid computing
Authors: Chunlin Li , Layuan Li 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an optimization approach for decentralized Quality of Service (QoS)‐based scheduling based on utility and pricing in Grid computing. The paper assumes that the quality dimensions can be easily formulated as utility functions to express quality preferences for each task agent. The utility values are calculated by the user‐supplied utility function that can be formulated with the task parameters. The QoS constraint Grid resource scheduling problem is formulated into a utility optimization problem. The QoS‐based Grid resource scheduling optimization is decomposed into two subproblems by applying the Lagrangian method. In the Grid, a Grid task agent acts as a consumer paying for the Grid resource and the resource providers receive profits from task agents. A pricing‐based QoS scheduling algorithm is used to perform optimally decentralized QoS‐based resource scheduling. The experiments investigate the effect of the QoS metrics on the global utility and compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with other economical Grid resource scheduling algorithms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kit signaling is essential for development and maintenance of interstitial cells of Cajal and electrical rhythmicity in the embryonic gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Beckett Elizabeth A. H. , Ro Seungil , Bayguinov Yulia , Sanders Kenton M. , Ward Sean M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractInterstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are specialized cells in smooth muscle organs that generate and propagate pacemaker activity, receive inputs from motor neurons, and serve as mechanosensors. In the gastrointestinal tract, development and maintenance of the ICC phenotype have been linked to intracellular signaling via Kit, but its role in development of ICC during embryogenesis is controversial. Here we have studied the development of functional ICC‐MY during the late gestational period in mice. Blocking Kit with a neutralizing antibody before and after development of spontaneous electrical activity (E17 to P0) caused loss of ICC‐MY networks and pacemaker activity. ICC‐MY and pacemaker activity developed normally in W/+ and WV/+ heterozygotes, but failed to develop between E17 to P0 in W/WV embryos with compromised Kit function. Muscles treated with Kit neutralizing antibody or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib mesylate (STI571), from E17‐P0 for 3 days caused loss of functionally developed ICC‐MY networks, but ICC‐MY and pacemaker activity recovered within 9 days after discontinuing treatment with neutralizing antibody or imatinib mesylate. These data suggest that Kit signaling is an important factor in lineage decision and in the development of functional ICC in late gestation. ICC‐MY demonstrate significant plasticity in gastrointestinal tissues. Manipulation of the ICC phenotype might provide useful therapies in gastrointestinal disease where the Kit‐positive cell population is either lost or amplified. Developmental Dynamics, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Math6 expression during kidney development and altered expression in a mouse model of glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Ross Michael D. , Martinka Scott , Mukherjee Amitava , Sedor John R. , Vinson Charles , Bruggeman Leslie A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMath6 is a tissue‐restricted member of the Atonal family of basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors and has been implicated in specification and differentiation of cell lineages in the brain. We identify here Math6 as a podocyte‐expressed bHLH protein that was down‐regulated in human immunodeficiency virus–associated nephropathy (HIVAN); a collapsing glomerulopathy characterized by podocyte dedifferentiation. Early in metanephric development, Math6 was expressed in metanephric mesenchyme but not ureteric bud‐derived cells, with overall Math6 expression most abundant in the nephrogenic zone, including developing glomeruli. In adult kidney, Math6 expression was restricted to podocytes. In adult podocyte cell lines and kidneys from the transgenic mouse model of HIVAN, Math6 podocyte expression was reduced concurrent with previously reported reductions in Nephrin and Synaptopodin expression, suggesting a correlation between the loss of Math6 expression and typical podocyte terminal differentiation markers. These studies suggest that Math6 may participate in kidney development and may be a permissive factor for podocyte differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 235:3102–3109, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human CD4+ T cells stimulated by conserved adenovirus 5 hexon peptides recognize cells infected with different species of human adenovirus
Authors: Veltrop‐Duits Louise A. , Heemskerk Bianca , Sombroek Claudia C. , van Vreeswijk Tamara , Gubbels Sophie , Toes René E. M. , Melief Cornelis J. M. , Franken Kees L. M. C. , Havenga Menzo , van Tol Maarten J. D. , Schilham Marco W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe immune response against human adenovirus (HAdV) has gained interest because of the application of HAdV‐based vectors in gene therapy and the high incidence of infections in pediatric recipients of allogeneic stem cell grafts. Because antiviral medication is frequently ineffective, the option of adoptive transfer of HAdV‐specific donor‐derived T cells in these immunocompromised patients is investigated. To generate good manufacturing practice‐compatible reagents, a panel of 63 long, overlapping, peptides of the hexon protein was screened for recognition by T cells. Five conserved peptides of 30 amino acids were identified that were recognized by the majority of adult donors. CD4+ T cells from long‐term cultures of PBMC, stimulated with this set of five peptides, recognized cells infected with HAdV serotypes belonging to different species. These data demonstrate that adult human T cells preferentially recognize conserved sequences of amino acid residues from a structural protein of HAdV. In the context of gene therapy, this observation may limit the beneficial effect of switching to HAdV‐based vectors derived from less common serotypes of HAdV in an attempt to circumvent pre‐existing immunity. However, this cross‐reactivity benefits the application of HAdV‐specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy in immunocompromised transplant recipients.
Regulatory T cells control autoimmunity following syngeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Bénard Angèle , Ceredig Rhodri , Rolink Antonius G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSublethally irradiated, immunodeficient, C57BL/6 RAG‐2 gene‐deleted recipient mice reconstituted with T cell‐depleted bone marrow (BM) grafts frequently developed diarrhea, lost weight and showed signs of autoimmunity, dying between 4 and 7 weeks after reconstitution. Mice died despite evidence of efficient donor‐derived hemato‐lymphoid reconstitution, and disease was associated with the presence of IgG anti‐nuclear antibodies. Autoimmunity was initiated by T cells, but could be prevented by transfer of naturally arising regulatory T cells. In contrast, lethally irradiated, BM‐reconstituted immunocompetent, C57BL/6 mice survived without signs of autoimmunity. Survival of immunocompetent mice was shown to be due to the presence of residual, extra‐thymically located, radio‐resistant, functional regulatory T cells. The importance of regulatory T cells was further shown by the reduced survival of immunocompetent BM recipients whose CD25+ T cells had been depleted prior to bone marrow transplantation. The implications of these results in the context of syngeneic graft‐versus‐host disease following BM transplantation are discussed.See accompanying commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636571
Strategic decision‐making in healthcare organizations: it is time to get serious
Authors: Young David W. , Ballarin Eduard 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNew and continuing environmental demands and competitive forces require healthcare organizations to be increasingly careful in thinking about their strategies. They must do so in a highly unusual (multi‐actor) marketplace where a variety of system interdependencies complicate decision‐making. A good strategy requires an attempt to understand the real, as distinct from the perceived, environment, and is characterized by explicit tradeoffs along three dimensions: service or program variety, patient needs, and patient access. The quality of these tradeoffs can be assessed in terms of whether the strategy is (a) attuned to critical success factors in the organization's environment, (b) highly focused, (c) linked to the organization's capabilities, and (d) accompanied by an activity set that is difficult for competitors to imitate. An organization also must be capable of adapting appropriately to changes in its environment. Thus, even the best strategy must be reviewed constantly if it is to remain viable. A strategy's sustainability can be adversely affected by increased buyer or supplier power, lowered barriers to entry, growing rivalry, the threat of substitutes, and increased slack in resource usage. By thinking more creatively in the future than they have in the past, healthcare organizations can make tradeoffs and choose a focused strategic position. They then can design an activity set that is appropriate for that position, and that will assist them to achieve both financial viability and superior programmatic performance. A well‐designed activity set also will assist them to sustain their performance in the face of changing environmental demands and competitive forces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban employee health insurance reform and the impact on out‐of‐pocket payment in China
Authors: Liu Gordon G. , Zhao Zhongyun 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSince the middle of the 1990s, China has undertaken a significant reform in urban employee health insurance programs. Using data from the pilot experiment conducted in Zhenjiang, this study examines changes in the pre‐ and post‐reform distributions of out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenditures across four representative groups by chronic disease, income, education, and job status. Major findings suggested increased OOP expenditures for all groups after the reform. However, the redistributions in OOP appear to be in favor of the disadvantaged groups, suggesting a more equitable change led by the reform. This study concludes that the post‐reform insurance model did not compromise equity in cost‐sharing while containing cost inflation and increasing insurance coverage for the urban population. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment and treatment of persistent pain in persons with cognitive and communicative impairment
Authors: Snow A. Lynn , Jr. John L. Shuster 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPain management is a challenge when working with persons who have cognitive impairment that affects their ability to understand and communicate. This article focuses on pain assessment and treatment in persons who have dementia, but the challenges and principles are relevant to the spectrum of cognitive impairment. Fundamental principles guiding pain assessment and treatment in this population are (1) that behavioral disturbance is the result of an unmet need that causes discomfort, (2) that the behavioral disturbances that result from the unmet need of uncontrolled pain may be identical to those caused by other unmet needs (e.g., thirst, needing to toilet, understimulation, overstimulation, depression, psychosis, uncomfortable clothing), and therefore (3) that any pain treatment protocol for this population must target discomfort behaviors in general and then attempt to determine their causes. Pain assessment and treatment approaches based on these principles are outlined, and then two cases are presented to illustrate the application of these approaches. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 1379–1387, 2006.