bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in skin cell wall composition during the maturation of four premium wine grape varieties
Authors: Ortega‐Regules Ana , Ros‐García José María , Bautista‐Ortín Ana Belén , López‐Roca José María , Gómez‐Plaza Encarna 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Grape skin cell walls form a barrier against the diffusion of colour. The colour of red wines is mainly due to anthocyanins, although their concentration in wine is not always correlated with the anthocyanin content of grape skins. The cell wall composition changes during fruit ripening, so it was thought that a study of the ripening behaviour of four premium varieties might provide information on how the composition changes during ripening and explain the technological differences.RESULTS: The largest quantities of skin cell wall material (CWM) were isolated from Monastrell grapes, probably owing to the greater number of cell layers they contain and the thicker cell walls. During ripening, a loss of skin CWM (e.g. 120–60 and 65–45 mg CWM g−1 fresh skin for Monastrell J and Cabernet Sauvignon respectively) and galactose (e.g. 36–20 and 55–30 mg g−1 CWM for Cabernet Sauvignon and Monastrell J respectively) was observed, together with a decrease in the degree of pectin methylation and acetylation, except in Syrah, in which pectin methylation remained unchanged. These changes were accompanied by the accumulation of glucose, while other neutral sugars showed no significant variations. A correlation was found between the degree of ripening and those constituents changing in the grape skin cell wall.CONCLUSION: The cell wall composition differs sufficiently between grape varieties to allow discrimination between them. Ripening was associated with a decrease in the quantity of CWM and galactose in the cell walls. Monastrell showed the largest quantities of both throughout ripening. The differences observed between Monastrell and the other varieties would explain the technological differences between them. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of extraction temperature, ionic strength and contact time on efficiency of bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micellar backward extraction of soy protein and isoflavones from soy flour
Authors: Zhao Xiaoyan , Chen Fusheng , Gai Gusoheng , Chen Junqi , Xue Wentong , Lee Lite 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Soy protein enriched with isoflavones has been linked to various disease‐preventing and health‐promoting activities owing to the antihypertensive, hypocholesterolaemic, antiobesity and antioxidative properties of isoflavones. The isoflavone profiles of soy‐based products are known to be highly dependent on the various chemical and physical treatments to which the products have been subjected. The aim of this research was to increase the efficiency of backward extraction of soy protein and isoflavones from bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles by studying the effects of extraction temperature, ionic strength of the aqueous stripping solution and contact time on the amounts of soy protein and isoflavones backward extracted from an AOT/H2O/isooctane reverse micellar system.RESULTS: By modifying the extraction temperature, ionic strength and contact time, 47.0–60.2% of protein, 43.3–68.4% of daidzin, 43.8–74.6% of genistin, 39.0–88.8% of glycitin, 20.8–92.6% of malonyl genistin, 20.2–52.0% of malonyl glycitin, 32.7–75.6% of acetyl genistin, 49.7–76.8% of daidzein and 19.6–38.1% of genistein present in the AOT reverse micellar solution were backward extracted into the aqueous stripping phase. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant linear and interactive effects of temperature and contact time on the backward extraction of daidzin, genistin, glycitin and daidzein. Significant linear and interactive effects of ionic strength and contact time were found in the backward extraction of daidzin and genistin. The backward extraction of genistein was only influenced by contact time and its interaction with temperature.CONCLUSION: This study showed the potential of reverse micelles as a protocol for extracting isoflavones from soy samples for analytical purposes. By modifying the extraction temperature, contact time and ionic strength, soy protein enriched with daidzin, genistin, daidzein and genistein could be produced from soy flour. The results represent an important contribution to current knowledge on utilising reverse micellar extraction in food technology. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of lipase‐catalysed synthesis of ascorbyl benzoate in cyclohexanone using response surface methodology
Authors: Lv Long‐Xian , Chen Shao‐Yun , Li Yong‐Quan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND:Compared with ascorbic acid, ascorbyl esters exhibit many advantages. Their biosynthesis in organic media has been widely studied owing to its many advantages over chemosynthesis. However, since the natural substrates of lipase are fatty acid triacylglycerols, few data are available on the lipase‐catalysed esterification of ascorbic acid with aromatic acids. Furthermore, although many reports can be found on the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid with fatty acids, few deal with the interactions between important reaction factors. The aim of the present study was to optimise the biosynthesis process of ascorbic acid with an aromatic acid, benzoic acid, in cyclohexanone using a statistical approach and to investigate the interactions among variables.RESULTS:Among the five factors studied, only substrate concentration, water activity and temperature had a significant effect on the reaction. Enzyme concentration affected the process slightly, while the effect of reaction time became minor after equilibrium. For the first time, using a partial derivative method, it was quantitatively demonstrated how the optimum of the variable studied depended on the constant values of fixed variables used in a single‐factor experiment. Statistical analysis predicted a maximal conversion rate (47.66%) at enzyme concentration 10 g L−1, substrate concentration 0.1031 mol L−1, water activity 0.4896, reaction time 48 h and temperature 66.63 °C.CONCLUSION:This study illustrated possible factor interactions during the lipase‐catalysed synthesis of ascorbyl benzoate in cyclohexanone, and a maximal conversion rate was achieved under optimal reaction conditions. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Matrix glycan depolymerisation and xyloglucan endohydrolase activities in ethylene‐treated watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit
Authors: Karakurt Yasar , Muramatsu Noboru , Jeong Jiwon , Hurr Brandon M , Huber Donald J 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Ethylene‐induced placental tissue water soaking in harvested watermelon fruit is accompanied by cell separation and collapse, depolymerisation of water‐ and chelator‐soluble pectins, a reducton in total uronic acids and increased polygalacturonase activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ethylene‐induced changes in placental tissue cell walls also affected matrix glycans (hemicelluloses).RESULTS: Polymers from 0 and 6 day air‐treated fruits were similar in molecular mass distribution, with the majority of polymers eluting within the void volume of Sepharose 6B. Polymers from ethylene‐treated fruit showed significant molecular mass downshifts involving xyloglucan. Xylose and glucose together comprised nearly 70% of 2 mol L−1 alkali‐soluble neutral sugars. Treatment of watermelon fruit with ethylene was not accompanied by changes in matrix glycan composition, indicating that in situ depolymerisation did not result in altered solubility and/or loss of xyloglucan. Cell‐free protein extracts from watermelon placental tissue from both air‐ and ethylene‐treated fruits degraded tamarind seed xyloglucan, resulting in significant molecular mass downshifts without production of oligomers and monomers. The capacity of cell‐free extracts to degrade tamarind xyloglucan and watermelon matrix glycans was similar for 6 day ethylene‐ and air‐treated fruits.CONCLUSION: Collectively the data suggest that enhanced depolymerisation of xyloglucan in ethylene‐treated watermelon fruit arises from factors other than altered enzyme levels. Accordingly, the depolymerisation of pectin and matrix glycans would not appear to be solely responsible for ethylene‐induced water soaking in watermelon. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The school‐based health center as a resource for prevention and health promotion
Authors: Brown Michael B. , Bolen Larry M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe importance of school‐based health centers (SBHCs) in overall prevention and health promotion programming is growing as they become increasingly common in schools. SBHCs can improve access to comprehensive physical and mental health services for children and families, and make a significant contribution to universal prevention efforts in schools. Partnering with school‐based health centers in the overall prevention and health promotion programming provides an opportunity for school psychologists to broaden their impact on the entire school population. This article describes the role and primary functions of SBHCs and how these centers can provide important prevention and health promotion services for children and adolescents. Research regarding SBHCs' primary prevention outcomes is also reviewed with the goal of providing school psychologists the necessary background to work collaboratively with SBHCs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of internal standard charge state on the accuracy of mass measurements in orthogonal acceleration time‐of‐flight mass spectrometers
Authors: Charles Laurence 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAccuracy of mass measurements performed in orthogonal acceleration time‐of‐flight (oa‐TOF) mass spectrometers highly depends on the quality of the signal and the internal calibration. The use of two reference compounds which bracket the targeted unknown, give rise to ions with sufficient signal‐to‐noise ratio while avoiding detector saturation and produce signals of similar intensity as compared to the target is a common requirement which allow a 5 ppm accuracy on a routine basis. Ion charge state is demonstrated here to be an additional and particularly critical parameter. Using internal references of lower charge state than the target ion systematically yielded overestimated data. Errors measured for quadruply charged molecules were in the range 16–18 ppm when mass calibrants were singly charged ions while accuracy was below 5 ppm when references and target ions were in the same charge state. Magnitude of errors was found to increase with the difference in charge state. This phenomenon arises from the orthogonal acceleration of ions in the TOF analyzer, an interface implemented in all TOF mass spectrometers to accommodate continuous beam ionization sources. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shortest path stochastic control for hybrid electric vehicles
Authors: Tate Edward Dean , Grizzle Jessy W. , Peng Huei 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWhen a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is certified for emissions and fuel economy, its power management system must be charge sustaining over the drive cycle, meaning that the battery state of charge (SOC) must be at least as high at the end of the test as it was at the beginning of the test. During the test cycle, the power management system is free to vary the battery SOC so as to minimize a weighted combination of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. This paper argues that shortest path stochastic dynamic programming (SP‐SDP) offers a more natural formulation of the optimal control problem associated with the design of the power management system because it allows deviations of battery SOC from a desired setpoint to be penalized only at key off. This method is illustrated on a parallel hybrid electric truck model that had previously been analyzed using infinite‐horizon stochastic dynamic programming with discounted future cost. Both formulations of the optimization problem yield a time‐invariant causal state‐feedback controller that can be directly implemented on the vehicle. The advantages of the shortest path formulation include that a single tuning parameter is needed to trade off fuel economy and emissions versus battery SOC deviation, as compared with two parameters in the discounted, infinite‐horizon case, and for the same level of complexity as a discounted future‐cost controller, the shortest‐path controller demonstrates better fuel and emission minimization while also achieving better SOC control when the vehicle is turned off. Linear programming is used to solve both stochastic dynamic programs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing dialogic argumentation in online environments to relate structure, grounds, and conceptual quality
Authors: Clark Douglas B. , Sampson Victor 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe national science standards, along with prominent researchers, call for increased focus on scientific argumentation in the classroom. Over the past decade, researchers have developed sophisticated online science learning environments to support these opportunities for scientific argumentation. Assessing the quality of dialogic argumentation, however, has proven challenging. Existing analytic frameworks assess dialogic argumentation in terms of the nature of students' discourse, formal argumentation structure, interactions, and epistemic forms of reasoning. Few frameworks, however, connect these assessments to conceptual quality. We present an analytic framework for assessing argumentation in online science learning environments that relates levels of opposition with discourse moves, use of grounds, and conceptual quality. We then apply the proposed framework to students' dialogic argumentation within a representative online science learning environment to investigate the framework's potential affordances as well as to assess issues of reliability and appropriateness. The results suggest that the framework offers significant affordances and that it also offers high interrater reliability for trained coders. The applicability of the framework for offline contexts and future extensions of the framework are discussed in light of these results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 293–321, 2008
Physikalisch‐chemische und mikrobiologische Wirkung gesputterter photokatalytischer Titanoxid‐Schichten
Authors: Frach Peter , Glöß Daniel , Vergöhl Michael , Hund‐Rinke Kerstin , Trick Iris 
Published: December 2007

AbstractKristalline TiO2‐Schichten können aufgrund ihrer herausragenden Eigenschaften für verschiedenste Anwendungen Einsatz finden. Schichten der Rutil‐Modifikation weisen einen hohen Brechungsindex und eine hohe Härte auf und sind daher für optische Anwendungen und als transparente Kratzschutzschicht interessant. Sowohl Anatas als auch Rutil sind Fotohalbleiter und zeigen photokatalytische, photoinduziert hydrophile und Antibeschlag‐Eigenschaften.Für die Abscheidung der TiO2‐Schichten wurde ein spezielles Puls‐Magnetron‐Sputtersystem (PMS‐System) entwickelt. Titanoxidschichten mit unterschiedlichem Anteil der kristallinen Phasen Rutil und Anatas wurden bei einer dynamischen Beschichtungsrate von etwa 45 nmmiddot;m/min abgeschieden (entspricht etwa 160 nm/min in einer stationären Beschichtungsanlage). Weiterhin gelang die anionische Dotierung der Schichten durch Stickstoff sowie die kationische Dotierung durch verschiedene Metalle.Die Schichtstruktur wurde durch XRD‐Untersuchungen aufgeklärt. An den Schichten wurden weiterhin verschiedene Eigenschaften untersucht, die an die zugrunde liegenden Effekte photoinduzierte Hydrophilie und Photokatalyse geknüpft sind. Dazu gehören die photoinduzierte Abnahme des Wasserkontaktwinkels, die Zersetzung von Methylenblau und Lumogen‐Orange sowie die Algen hemmende und antimikrobielle Wirkung. Diese Eigenschaften lassen sich durch Dotierung teilweise signifikant gegenüber reinen TiO2‐Schichten verbessern. Darüber hinaus zeigten einige der dotierten Schichten eine hohe Aktivität auch bei Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht ohne UV‐Anteil.
Living the Mission: Medical Assistance to Nigeria
Authors: Patterson Jan 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTIN 2001, A TEAM of health care providers from Tennessee undertook a medical mission to the Nigerian Christian Hospital in Aba, Nigeria.DURING A 10‐DAY PERIOD, the surgical team applied US and AORN standards when possible, but found they also had to accept some of the local standards because of the lack of medical supplies, cleaning supplies, and properly functioning equipment in this impoverished area.THE 60 SURGERIES PERFORMED by the team was a small number relative to the community's overwhelming needs, but the team members were rewarded with the knowledge that they had helped many patients by providing them with quality care that normally would have been unavailable. AORN J 86 (November 2007) 735–743.
Surgical Site Infection: The Host Factor
Authors: Fry Donald E. , Fry Rosemary V. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTMORE THAN 30 MILLION surgical procedures are performed annually in the United States, and surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a major postoperative complication.ALTHOUGH BACTERIA contaminate all surgical wounds, not all wounds become infected. In most cases, the host response eradicates the microbes. The patient's (ie, host's) responsiveness, therefore, is an important variable in the equation of factors that influence the rate of infection.OPTIMIZING THE PATIENT'S PHYSIOLOGICAL condition can help prevent SSIs. Initiatives that show promise in reducing SSI rates include use of supplemental oxygen, maintenance of core body temperature, and rigorous management of blood sugar. Perioperative nurses play an important role as the patient's infection control advocate. AORN J 86 (November 2007) 801–810.
The Effect of Health Insurance Disparities on the Health Care System
Authors: Thompson Julia A. , Lee Veronikia 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTUNINSURED PATIENTS put a strain on the health care system that ultimately results in increased health care costs for everyone.THE CHALLENGES faced by the Harris County Hospital District in Houston, TX, as a result of an increasing number of uninsured and underinsured patients include overcrowding in its health care facilities, decreased reimbursement from government programs, and patients who postpone seeking medical treatment until their situation is emergent and whose care is therefore more expensive.STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING these problems may include instituting an “everybody pays” program, improving access to care for the uninsured, and reducing or eliminating unnecessary services. AORN J 86 (November 2007) 745–756.
A review of the literature surrounding the provision of interpreters in health care, focusing on their role in translating information for non-English-speaking cancer patients and issues relating to informed consent
Authors: Gargan Niamh , Chianese Janette 
Published: December 2007

AbstractInformed consent is a fundamental principle of health care ethics. All patients should have equal opportunities in accessing information to help them make informed decisions about their treatments.Literature on informed consent, translators in health care, non-English-speaking patients and the importance of communication and information, most specifically in radiotherapy, were reviewed. Western studies published between 1995 and 2005 were accessed and filtered though two eligibility screens and a critique framework to assess quality.The evidence suggested that many non-English-speaking patients are not in a position to give true informed consent due to lack of interpreters. This may lead to health care professionals giving treatment without full consent. Written information for radiotherapy patients was often only available in English, apart from inner city areas.There appears to be a scarcity of professional interpreters used in the health care setting; the most common practice is to use family members and friends to interpret. This practice results in breach of patient confidentiality, extra pressure on family members and filtration of information.This patient group is often excluded from certain treatment opportunities such as clinical trials. Ideally, a fully accessible professional interpreting service should be available to allow non-English patients equal rights in accessing appropriate health care options and treatments.
Comparison of a Semipermeable Dressing Bonded to an Absorbent Pad and a Semipermeable Dressing Over a Separate Gauze Pad for Containment of Vaccinia Virus at the Vaccination Site
Authors: Savona Michael R. , Cruz Wilfred P. Dela , Thornton Jennifer A. , Danaher Patrick J. 
Published: December 2007

Objective.To compare the ability of 2 types of dressings to contain vaccinia virus after smallpox vaccination.Design.Prospective, nonrandomized trial.Setting.The smallpox vaccination clinic in a medium-sized military hospital.Participants.Ninety-seven active-duty military members who received smallpox vaccination in accordance with US Department of Defense and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines.Methods.The first 40 participants enrolled were instructed to cover their vaccination sites with a semipermeable membrane placed over a separate gauze pad, and the subsequent 57 participants were given a semipermeable membrane bonded to an absorbent pad. Swab samples of the external surface of the dressing were collected 7 and 21 days after vaccination. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect vaccinia DNA in the samples.Results.The rate of vaccinia DNA detection was significantly higher for samples obtained from vaccinees who were using the separate gauze and semipermeable membrane, compared with the vacinees who were using the gauze-impregnated semipermeable membrane (22% vs 2.2%;P= .008; odds ratio, 12.3 [95% confidence interval, 1.4-567.4]).Conclusion.A gauze-impregnated semipermeable membrane more effectively reduced viral passage to the external surface of the dressing than did a semipermeable membrane placed over a separate gauze pad. Routine use of such dressings following smallpox vaccination might reduce the incidence of autoinoculation and secondary transmission.
Rfold: an exact algorithm for computing local base pairing probabilities
Authors: Kiryu Hisanori , Kin Taishin , Asai Kiyoshi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Motivation: Base pairing probability matrices have been frequently used for the analyses of structural RNA sequences. Recently, there has been a growing need for computing these probabilities for long DNA sequences by constraining the maximal span of base pairs to a limited value. However, none of the existing programs can exactly compute the base pairing probabilities associated with the energy model of secondary structures under such a constraint.
Results: We present an algorithm that exactly computes the base pairing probabilities associated with the energy model under the constraint on the maximal span W of base pairs. The complexity of our algorithm is given by in time and in memory, where N is the sequence length. We show that our algorithm has a higher sensitivity to the true base pairs as compared to that of RNAplfold. We also present an algorithm that predicts a mutually consistent set of local secondary structures by maximizing the expected accuracy function. The comparison of the local secondary structure predictions with those of RNALfold indicates that our algorithm is more accurate. Our algorithms are implemented in the software named ‘Rfold.’
Availability: The C++ source code of the Rfold software and the test dataset used in this study are available at http://www.ncrna.org/software/Rfold/
Contact: kiryu-h@aist.go.jp
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.