bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Drilling-Production-Construction Operations: Managing Safety vs. Deliverability on the Peciko Gas Field, Indonesia
Authors: Saintpère S. , Faget J. -B. , Payer N. , Vergnot D. , Baranthol C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The PECIKO gas field is situated offshore East Kalimantan – Indonesia and is a major contributor to the gas production of the region.
Its phased development, scheduled between 1999 and 2008, is based on 7 wellhead production platforms, representing 100 wells (standard and splitter wells). Currently, 58 wells are in production on the 6 different platforms already installed.
Two cantilever Jack-up rigs are permanently assigned to the development of the field and Drilling – Production Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPS) is the common rule.
The Drilling department is Responsible for the Safety and Environment on Site (RSES), inside a 500 m radius zone around the rig, through the drilling supervisor who is officially appointed RSES by the top management of the subsidiary. The RSES is assisted by a "Well Permit Coordinator" offshore and has the full support of the drilling safety & methods teams based onshore.
The first part of this paper will describe the specific measures implemented as standard procedures to reduce the production disturbances while drilling with a jack-up rig on a production platform. In particular, the concurrent drilling, production and well servicing (perforations, clean-up….) activities will be discussed through illustrated examples of both improvements and drawbacks.
The second part of the paper will cover the specific case when a heavy construction program (commissioning of new platforms and their connection to the production network via new export lines) had to be conducted simultaneously with the "usual" SIMOPS described in the first part of the paper. In particular, the different phases will be reviewed: -Coordination between the different entities (operators technical departments, drilling contractors, construction barges contractors….) involved under the leadership of the Drilling department,-Systematic detailed Hazards Identification / Risks Assessment (HIRA),-On-site dissemination of the information and clarification of supervision lines.
The conclusion will insist on the positive financial impact of a well prepared SIMOPS campaign (evaluated in millions of dollars) but also on the HSE aspects thanks to a better evaluated risk (no recordable injury nor major material or environmental incident occurred).
Prevention of Tick Bites on Offshore Wellhead Towers; An Integrated Health, Safety and Environmental Approach
Authors: Newson-Smith M. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Tick bites represent a significant problem on offshore wellhead towers for the company and its contractors. Over 50 cases per year were reported from one supercomplex alone over a 5 year period.
The health risks to employees are tick bite reactions (including blistering, ecchymosis and gangrene), tick bite paralysis (beginning around 2 days after the bite with weakness in the lower extremities, progressing to falling episodes and incoordination), and tick borne infections (eg Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, the last outbreak in the UAE having a mortality of over 70%).
The ticks were mainly carried by the Socotra cormorant, a migratory bird protected by law.
The approach taken to reduce the incidence of tick bites was to try to reduce the occupancy of the sites by the birds, to reduce the level of faeces containing bird ticks, to reduce worker stay times, and to provide appropriate personal protective equipment.
Bird scaring devices were ineffective and the use of wires would have presented a safety hazard to helicopter operations. Tactile repellents would be ineffective because of the usage of the towers leading to its rapid removal.
Manual cleaning, steam cleaning and grit blasting to clear bird faeces carried increased health risks to the employees carrying out the work which would have had to be frequently repeated given the speed at which the ticks return following cleaning.
The use of insectides would have had an adverse environmental impact and, as with cleaning, would have to be rereated frequently.
Stay times were reduced and instructions given to reduce exposed skin areas by more effective use of overalls. A system of treating overalls using permethrin was developed utilizing onshore laundries given the space limitations of offshore laundry facilities. DEET based insect repellants were also provided. Over a two year period the number of reported cases has reduced by 50%.
Vehicle Data Recorders for Addressing "Driving Behaviors"
Authors: Kazmi S. M. A. , Shaikh A. , Wenspy S. , Rafiq R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Driver behavior contributes to major road incidents, around the world. As behaviors are intangible and very difficult to gauge, for BP Pakistan it was a challenge to introduce right tool for gauging, monitoring and sustaining driver behaviors. This is a case of how behaviors could be molded with fruitful results.
Improve Facility Project Delivery With Methods for Manufacturing Excellence
Authors: Patty R. M. , Denton M. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Facility project management and control systems can be improved by the infusion of execution planning methods typical of Toyota production preparation. The value of Toyota's just-in-time process is found in its reliability improvement of planning and supply systems, not just that some materials come just as they are needed. Toyota cut the industry standard 3 million man-hour project time (to design and setup a line for a new automobile), by 15 months. Lowered its cost by 1.3 million man hours, and reduced startup time to design production rates and specifications by 62%. Building on last planner1 and lean production2 introduced for construction, by others, the authors present herein, production-level project-execution-planning methods for facilities typical of the oil industry. Early application put a 3000 person project team in the tar sands area of Alberta, Canada on the path to 6 months and 10% savings.
Managing Major Incident Risks
Authors: Smith D. , Zijlker V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Alexander Keilland (1980), Ocean Ranger (1982), Piper Alpha (1988), P36 in Brazil (2001) and a recent major blowout (H2S release) in China (2003) are all well-known examples of incidents that have resulted in major loss of life.
The Safety Management Systems the industry utilises should be equally applicable to the management of all types of risk: from the high frequency, low consequence ‘slips, trips and falls’ to the rare, high consequence incidents. However, the review of past major incidents has shown that the complexity of the failure path is such that questions arise as to how adequate a traditional SMS based approach is to managing these types of incident.
This paper presents some of the major challenges associated with managing major incident risks. It draws upon the findings of a recent workshop organised by the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) that specifically addressed key challenges in this area, and identified issues that warrant further review and development.
Target-Time-Based Performance Contract Reduces Well Times and Project Cost
Authors: Lischuk V. Y. , Bakici M. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many forms of "beat-the-curve" incentive contracts are in use in the drilling industry to reduce cost and improve project performance. A successful variation involved drilling conventional deviated wells from pads in less than two-thirds of the budgeted time for a lump-sum fee. Modulators, included in the contract to account for nonproductive times (NPT), were subsequently used to adjust the lump-sum fee, depending on the party responsible for the NPT.
Historically, the deviated hole sections were drilled with turbines and local tricone bits requiring multiple trips for bit changes, turbine bent-housing setting changes, and directional surveys. The new plan included the use of a telemetry system, positive displacement motors, and polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) drill bits. One run per section was targeted, and results were achieved after a few wells by experimenting with several bottomhole assembly (BHA) configurations and PDC design combinations. The wells were drilled in 22 to 26 days instead of the originally planned 40 days.
These results are attributable to a concerted effort by the operator, drilling contractor, and the service companies to identify and eliminate "invisible" NPT by applying fit-for-purpose technology and better planning. Several time-saving practices were also adopted. A main contributor to the success was that the local drilling contractor adopted the mind-set change for all the contractor rigs, including those not associated with the project. Cooperation developed the means to overcome the limitations of the drilling equipment belonging to the drilling contractor: first, an external audit identified critical areas needing immediate improvement, and then these areas were subsequently remedied jointly without creating a heavy financial burden on the drilling contractor.
Start-up of Broom Field as Subsea Satellite to Mature Heather Field, Northern North Sea, UKCS
Authors: Morel E. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Broom field commenced production in August 2004. As the first subsea satellite development of Heather field, which has been on production since 1978, significant changes have had to be made to the Heather platform to accommodate the new production. Broom is now producing about 25 Mbopd from three production wells, compared to Heather's 2500 bopd from eight producers.
Broom development costs were kept to a minimum in order to minimise borrowing requirements and reduce financial exposure in case only low-case reserves were realised. This low-cost strategy has meant that post-development production has been less easy to optimise than in more conventional developments. Examples of this are the lack of inter-field fiscal metering, and use of low resolution instrumentation on the Broom manifold. However, the inclusion of a subsea multiphase flowmeter, and downhole gauges, has helped to maximise Broom production by providing information on reservoir connectivity and well lift performance. Actual performance has been close to the Development Plan's P50 expectations.
By contrast Heather production has suffered significantly as a result of the Broom development. Initial plans anticipated that Heather platform process capacity would not be much affected during topsides modifications. However, this has not proved to be the case, and the water injection and gaslift required to sustain production have not been available during much of the modifications' period. Other major factors have been manning restrictions on the platform, the lack of deck space for well intervention during platform topsides modifications, and the requirement to minimise gas flaring during commissioning. These have had the impact of reducing Heather production to about half the pre-Broom era rate, with consequential impact on field economic performance.
This paper describes the impact that the modifications required for Broom field development have had on the Heather field production, and the performance of Broom field in the first year of production. The relative benefits and difficulties created by the use of turnkey contracts for the drilling and subsea elements of the Broom development are compared to a more traditional contract for the brown-field modifications on the Heather platform.
Floating Units Integrity Management And Life Cycle Enhancement
Authors: Lanquetin B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Floating units are an integral part of offshore field development schemes. This paper describes the tailor-made methodology developed by our Company for the integrity management of eight major complex floating units in operation worldwide and four units under construction.
This program is being progressively implemented throughout 2004-05 with the assistance of selected service companies providing efficient modeling tools as a part of life cycle management and emergency response. These units cover converted and new built FPSOs, concrete and steel structures, shallow and deep water locations, moderate and severe environment conditions, ship and box shaped units as well as one TLP and one Liquefied Petroleum Gas unit.
The Dynamic Bottomhole Pressure Management: A Necessity to Gravel Packing Long Horizontal Wells With Low Fracture Gradients
Authors: Chen Z. , Novotny R. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Unconsolidated formations are commonly found in offshore reservoirs where long and ultra-long horizontal wells are required to produce heavy oil economically. The main characteristics of these reservoirs include high permeability, large porosity, low fracture gradients and sand production. Gravel packing is proven as an efficient and cost-effective sand control practice for these completions and formations. The quality of the gravel pack and effective sand control play a major rule on the ultimate success of oil and gas production from these reservoirs.
Successful placement of the gravel pack completion requires that these low fracture gradient wells not be fractured during gravel placement to avoid excess leak-off and premature screenouts. This paper addresses several key factors that must be considered carefully in installing a successful gravel pack completion. The dynamic pressure management scheme becomes critical to maintain the bottomhole pressures in the required range for a successful implementation of the gravel pack. These include designing an optimal screen-wash pipe annulus during Alpha-Beta wave packing, an optimal Alpha wave height, the use of mechanical device to reduce frictional pressure during Beta wave building up, and the use of multiple Beta wave packing rates.
Several job designs and application histories are also presented in the paper to demonstrate the design considerations and valuable lessons learnt. The overall system of fluid dynamics is discussed and treatment guidelines are presented to provide the Completion Engineers the necessary information for designing successful treatments.
Acute Leukemia and Benzene Exposure—A Case Study
Authors: Al-Qahtani S. Y. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses an actual case that occupational (industrial) hygienists may encounter during their professional career. The case involves establishing a cause and effect relationship of a medical condition that had already taken place in the past. An approach is discussed where an attempt was made to reconstruct the workplace environment within which the medical condition in question may have occurred.
Cognitive Biases in the Petroleum Industry: Impact and Remediation
Authors: Welsh M. B. , Bratvold R. B. , Begg S. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It has been repeatedly demonstrated [1–5] that humans are prone to what are called cognitive biases - discrepancies between calculated, optimal decisions and those made using intuition. Such demonstrations of cognitive bias in expert decision makers, however, are often criticized on the basis of their content being irrelevantto the participants.
We present results of a study, based on a range of questions designed to highlight a number of well-known biases and including an extension of Capen's [1] study of overconfidence in SPE members, put to industry personnel from a variety of companies. To limit the objection raised above, all questions related to the O&G industry. The authors discuss the biases exhibited and their potential impact on Oil and Gas industry decisions with a special focus on remediation.
Despite domain familiarity, industry personnel exhibited a range of cognitive biases indicating that, in accordance with the literature, familiarity with subject material does not remove their impact; nor does industry experience alleviate it. The authors conclude that the biases demonstrated are likely to already be impacting industry decisions.
The effect of having had specific risk training is also discussed in light of the results herein with the conclusion that, if risk training does have a beneficial effect, said effects are largely eroded by the passage of time.
Finally, we argue that a better understanding of the biases that can affect decisions made within the industry, not just in terms of their existence but also their mechanism of action, will allow more meaningful attempts at remediation. It would also allow current techniques designed to lessen bias impact to be examined critically and both the strengths and weaknesses of these processes to be exposed.
Understanding the Environmental Impact of De-Commissioning; the Established Marine Ecosystem Associated with Offshore Platforms, Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Holyoak S. , Oakley S. , Elder J. , Bell D. , Miller L. 
Published: December 2007

Proposal
To many, the offshore production facilities punctuating the skyline are probably seen as something of an eyesore. However, the divers who have viewed these structures beneath the waves realize that they provide the foundations for a well- established marine ecosystem.
The Platform Environmental Project commenced in early 2003. The objectives were to document the species distribution on the platforms, and develop an understanding of the controlling influences. The team of divers executing the project received training and ongoing technical supervision from the Tropical Research and Conservation Centre, based in Kuching, Sarawak.
Separate survey techniques were developed to address the following: Small Non-Mobile Species (such as small sponges, ascidians and hydroids)Large Non-Mobile Species (for example black corals, large sponges and gorgonians)Fish Species (Reef Dwelling, Reef Associated and Pelagic)
Environmental parameter surveys were combined with historical Brunei Shell Petroleum wave, current and temperature data to assist in developing an understanding of the species distribution.
The project has demonstrated that there is a diverse and well-established ecosystem beneath the platforms. Approaching 100 fish species were photographed and identified. The majority of these are resident, but pelagic species such as trevally and barracuda regularly visit. Hawksbill Turtles are often seen feeding on sponges and soft corals on the bracings. All available sub-stratum is populated by a diverse range of small non-mobile species, and certain platforms are characterized by impressive growth of black coral. A marked vertical zonation is also evident, due to variation in factors such as ambient light levels, salinity and turbidity. Large numbers of juvenile species have been recorded, pointing towards the platforms as being both producers and attractors of fish.
Ultimately Brunei's offshore structures will be decommissioned. Globally, various options exist, ranging from complete removal to leaving in place. However, opinions and legislation are strongly divided with respect to the best course of action.
With several thousand offshore structures worldwide, decommissioning will become an increasingly important issue. This project and others like it will play a role in ensuring that balanced decisions are made, based on all the available evidence.
Responding to a Potentially Trans Boundary Oil Spill
Authors: Sintian C. , Yusof M. R. , Othman A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
On 18th October 2004, crude oil leak from a sub-sea pipeline transporting crude from offshore oil fields to an onshore crude oil terminal spilled into the South China Sea, 2km off the southwest coast of Labuan Island. Within one hour, oil slick landed on a public beach, and two days later was spotted on a Marine Park beach, about 35 km from Brunei waters.
PETRONAS Carigali's Emergency Control Centers were activated, and relevant agencies were notified immediately. A Tier 1 response was upgraded quickly to a Tier 2 response coordinated by Labuan Beach Cleanup Committee, consisting of members from various government authorities, oil and gas industries, NGOs and the Petroleum Industry Malaysia Mutual Aid Group (PIMMAG). Great efforts were put in to prevent the spill from moving to Brunei waters, which could have escalated into a more complicated Tier 3 response, and activated the Malaysia National Oil Spill Control Contingency Plan and Standard Operating Procedure for Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam.
Established Emergency Response Plan, Oil Spill Contingency Plan and Notification Procedures, coupled with established working relationship with the members of Labuan Beach Cleanup Committee has contributed to the quick 18-day cleanup operations. The use of proper equipment and dispersant, deployment of oil spill response experts and more than 500 oil spill responders has also contributed to the successful cleanup operations.
A post cleanup environmental impact assessment was conducted and concluded that impacts were localized and temporary, with no significant damage to the marine environment. The presence of gastropods, crustacean and fishes at the spills sites within weeks after the cleanup operations indicates good biological recovery.
This paper demonstrates the importance of collaboration between the government agencies and the industries in order to effectively respond to the spill. It also discussed the problems encountered and overcome along the way. This experience proves that an oil spill event can be responded quickly to, economically, and with minimum environmental damage if there is proper planning, effective communication, coupled with a highly cooperative response organization.
Going from "Good to Great" in a Good Industry
Authors: Burtch S. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil and gas industry has achieved safety performance beyond most other industries. Yet, the journey from "good to great" safety management can create the foundation for great business performance.
The journey goes beyond technical excellence to cultural transformation. Leadership must build the case for becoming "great", and engage their workers to create a safety vision, understand barriers and co-lead implementation.
Oil Spill Response Management and Transboundary Issues in Malaysia
Authors: Wing C. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With nearly 4800 kilometers of coastline, Malaysia is particularly exposed to marine oil pollution. Nearly 60,000 ships transited the Straits of Malacca annually and the depth at One Fathom Bank is barely six feet. The Malacca Straits is congested with shipping and many cases of piracy had occurred. Imagine a scenario where a laden crude oil tanker were to run aground or collide with another ship for whatever reason, and release thousands of barrels of crude oil. Unlike the Prestige incident, the littoral states cannot tow the stricken tanker to deep water and sink it there. We have seen that the action or inaction of a littoral state can jeopardise the coastline of the entire region.
The Malaysian National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCP) was formulated to control oil spill occurring within Malaysian waters, including the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) located within the Straits of Malacca and South China Sea, as well as Brunei Bay, Sabah and Sarawak waters and the Sulawesi Sea. The NOSCP aligns with the ASEAN Oil Spill Response Action Plan (ASEAN - OSRAP) for regional cooperation to deal with transboundary oil spills in the Straits of Malacca and bordering Asean countries.
However, the ASEAN-OSRAP is yet to be tested under real Tier-3 oil spill conditions.
Canopy Bridges Along a Rainforest Pipeline in Ecuador
Authors: Thurber M. , Ayarza P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
One of the most significant social-environmental and construction challenges for pipeline installation in primary tropical rainforest is preventing the secondary impact of deforestation and land-use conflicts. Occidental Petroleum in Ecuador and WALSH developed an innovative technique of constructing a pipeline right-of way (ROW) in the lowland rainforest of the Ecuadorian Amazon without a permanent road and leaving canopy bridges to facilitate migration of arboreal mammals.