bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for creating a food safety HACCP program in zoos or aquaria
Authors: Schmidt Debra A. , Travis Dominic A. , Williams J. Jason 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) monitoring system has been used traditionally to increase quality control in human food production operations and there is pressure to implement it at the producer and purchaser levels of the food chain. Recently, the concept of HACCP monitoring has extended to food fed to domestic animals. Captive wildlife facilities, such as zoos and aquaria, would benefit from a well‐organized, food safety and nutritional monitoring system. Zoos and aquaria spend significant resources in time and money on maintaining the health of their animals; much of this energy is focused on disease prevention and adequate nutrition. The result of these combined efforts is the implementation of a HACCP program in zoo food management. Although zoo food handling standards have been implemented through the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) accreditation process, food borne disease outbreaks and malnutrition still exist. By implementing an organized approach to monitoring the quality of food delivered to the animals, the safety and nutritional value of the foods will increase, while decreasing the financial loss due to food waste and time spent caring for ill animals. This report provides a framework for implementing a HACCP program into the food preparation and handling system of zoos and aquaria. Zoo Biol 0:1–11, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fungicide and cultivar affect post-anthesis patterns of nitrogen uptake, remobilization and utilization efficiency in wheat
Authors: GOODING M. J. , GREGORY P. J. , FORD K. E. , PEPLER S. 
Published: December 2005

Three successive field experiments (2000/01–2002/03) assessed the effect of wheat cultivar (Consort, Hereward and Shamrock) and fungicide (epoxiconazole and azoxystrobin) applied at and after flag leaf emergence on the nitrogen in the above-ground crop (Total N) and grain (Grain N), net nitrogen remobilization from non-grain tissues (Remobilized N), grain dry matter (Grain DM), and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtEg=Grain DM/Total N). Ordinary logistic curves were fitted to the accumulation of Grain N, Grain DM and Remobilized N against thermal time after anthesis and used to simultaneously derive fits for Total N and NUtEg.When disease was controlled, Consort achieved the greatest Grain DM, Total N, Grain N and NUtEg; in each case due mostly to longer durations, rather than quicker rates, of accumulation. Fungicide application increased final Grain DM, Grain N, Total N and Remobilized N, also mostly through effects on duration rather than rate of accumulation. Completely senesced leaf laminas retained less nitrogen when fungicide had been applied compared with leaf laminas previously infected severely with brown rust (Puccinia recondita) and Septoria tritici, or with just S. tritici. Late movement of nitrogen out of fungicide-treated laminas contributed to extended duration of both nitrogen remobilization and grain N filling, and meant that increases in NUtEg could occur without simultaneous reductions in grain N concentration.
Analytical electron microscopy and focused ion beam: complementary tool for the imaging of copper sorption onto iron oxide aggregates
Authors: Mavrocordatos D. , Steiner M. , Boller M. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryNanometre‐scale electron spectroscopic imaging has been applied to characterize the operation of a copper filtration plant in environmental science. Copper washed off from roofs and roads is considered to be a major contributor to diffuse copper pollution of urban environments. A special adsorber system has been suggested to control the diffusion of copper fluxes by retaining Cu with a granulated iron hydroxide. The adsorber was tested over an 18‐month period on facade runoff. The concentrations range of Cu in the runoff water was measured between 10 and 1000 p.p.m. and could be reduced by between 96% and 99% in the adsorption ditch. Before the analysis of the adsorber, the suspended material from the inflow was ultracentrifuged onto TEM grids and analysed by energy‐filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM). Copper was found either as small precipitates 5–20 nm in size or adsorbed onto organic and inorganic particles. This Cu represents approximately 30% of the total dissolved Cu, measured by atomic emission spectrometry. To locate where the copper sorption takes place within the adsorber, the granulated iron oxide was analysed by analytical electron microscopy after exposure to the roof run‐off water. A section of the granulated iron hydroxide was prepared by focused ion beam milling. The thickness of the lamina was reduced to 100 nm and analysed by EFTEM. The combination of these two techniques allowed us to observe the diffusion of Cu into the aggregate of Fe. Elemental maps of Fe and Cu revealed that copper was not only present at the surface of the granules but was also sorbed onto the fine particles inside the adsorber.
Electron spectroscopy imaging to study ELNES at a nanoscale
Authors: Bayle‐Guillemaud P. , Radtke G. , Sennour M. 
Published: December 2005

SummarySeries of energy‐filtered TEM images have been acquired with very narrow energy slit using a post‐column energy filter. This allowed us to reconstruct spectra with an energy resolution estimated to 2 eV, and a spatial resolution in the order of 0.5 nm. In that way, fine structures of the N‐K edge in AlN/GaN heterostructures have been investigated and compared to EELS spectra. The fine structure in the two nitrides is very sensitive to the local environment. Very good agreement between ESI and EELS spectra was found. Moreover, this technique allowed analysis of the AlN/GaN interface at a nanoscale. The second example is an application of the technique to construct bonding maps. In this case, maps differentiating AlN nanoprecipitates with either the cubic or the hexagonal phase were created.
Electron energy‐loss near edge structure (ELNES) of InGaN quantum wells
Authors: Keast V. J. , Kappers M. J. , Humphreys C. J. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryLasers and light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit in the blue to green region are often based on InxGa1–xN quantum well structures. Ionization edges in the electron energy‐loss spectrum contain fine structures (called the energy‐loss near edge structure (ELNES)) and provide information about the electronic structure. In this paper we compare the experimental and calculated ELNES for the N‐K ionization edge of InxGa1–xN quantum wells. When the effects of the core‐hole are included in the calculations, agreement between experimental and calculated spectra is very good. Strain has been shown to accentuate the effects of In on the ELNES and moves the ionization edge onset down in energy, relative to the other features. These results suggest that ELNES may provide an alternative method to lattice imaging to determine the presence of strain in this system.
Bandstructure approach to near edge structure
Authors: Paxton A. T. , Craven A. J. , Gregg J. M. , McComb D. W. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryWe review the current state of the art in EELS fingerprinting by computer simulation, focusing on thebandstructureapproach to the problem. Currently calculations are made using a one electron theory, but we describe in principle the way to go beyond this to include final state effects. We include these effects within the one electron framework using the Slater transition state formula and assess the errors involved. Two examples are then given which illustrate the use of the one electron approximation within density functional theory. Our approach is to combine predictedatomicstructure with predictedelectronicstructure to assist in fingerprinting of complex crystal structures.
N‐butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin reduces neonatal brain ganglioside content in a mouse model of GM1 gangliosidosis
Authors: Kasperzyk Julie L. , El‐Abbadi Mohga M. , Hauser Eric C. , D'Azzo Alessandra , Platt Frances M. , Seyfried Thomas N. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractGM1 gangliosidosis is a glycosphingolipid (GSL) lysosomal storage disease caused by a genetic deficiency of acid β‐galactosidase (β‐gal), the enzyme that catabolyzes GM1 within lysosomes. Accumulation of GM1 and its asialo form (GA1) occurs primarily in the brain, leading to progressive neurodegeneration and brain dysfunction. Substrate reduction therapy aims to decrease the rate of GSL biosynthesis to counterbalance the impaired rate of catabolism. The imino sugar N‐butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin (NB‐DGJ) is a competitive inhibitor of the ceramide‐specific glucosyltransferase that catalyzes the first step in GSL biosynthesis. Neonatal C57BL/6J (B6) and β‐gal knockout (–/–) mice were injected daily from post‐natal day 2 (p‐2) to p‐5 with either vehicle or NB‐DGJ at 600 mg or 1200 mg/kg body weight. These drug concentrations significantly reduced total brain ganglioside and GM1 content in the B6 and the β‐gal (–/–) mice. Drug treatment had no significant effect on viability, body weight, brain weight, or brain water content in the B6 and β‐gal (–/–) mice. Significant elevations in neutral lipids (GA1, ceramide, and sphingomyelin) were observed in the NB‐DGJ‐treated β‐gal (–/–) mice, but were not associated with adverse effects. Also, NB‐DGJ treatment of B6 and β‐gal (–/–) mice from p‐2 to p‐5 had no subsequent effect on brain ganglioside content at p‐21. Our results show that NB‐DGJ is effective in reducing total brain ganglioside and GM1 content at early neonatal ages. These findings suggest that substrate reduction therapy using NB‐DGJ may be an effective early intervention for GM1 gangliosidosis and possibly other GSL lysosomal storage diseases.
Crystal structures of the tryptophan repressor binding protein WrbA and complexes with flavin mononucleotide
Authors: Gorman Jason , Shapiro Lawrence 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe tryptophan repressor binding protein WrbA binds to the tryptophan repressor protein TrpR. Although the biological role of WrbA remains unclear, it has been proposed to function in enhancing the stability of TrpR–DNA complexes. Sequence database analysis has identified WrbA as a founding member of a flavodoxin‐like family of proteins. Here we present crystal structures of WrbA from Deinococcus radiodurans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their complexes with flavin mononucleotide. The protomer structure is similar to that of previously determined long‐chain flavodoxins; however, each contains a conserved inserted region unique to the WrbA family. Interestingly, each WrbA protein forms a homotetramer with 222 symmetry, unique among flavodoxin‐like proteins, in which each protomer binds one flavin mononucleotide cofactor molecule.
Protein surface analysis for function annotation in high‐throughput structural genomics pipeline
Authors: Binkowski T. Andrew , Joachimiak Andrzej , Liang Jie 
Published: December 2005

AbstractStructural genomics (SG) initiatives are expanding the universe of protein fold space by rapidly determining structures of proteins that were intentionally selected on the basis of low sequence similarity to proteins of known structure. Often these proteins have no associated biochemical or cellular functions. The SG success has resulted in an accelerated deposition of novel structures. In some cases the structural bioinformatics analysis applied to these novel structures has provided specific functional assignment. However, this approach has also uncovered limitations in the functional analysis of uncharacterized proteins using traditional sequence and backbone structure methodologies. A novel method, named pvSOAR (pocket and void Surface of Amino Acid Residues), of comparing the protein surfaces of geometrically defined pockets and voids was developed. pvSOAR was able to detect previously unrecognized and novel functional relationships between surface features of proteins. In this study, pvSOAR is applied to several structural genomics proteins. We examined the surfaces of YecM, BioH, and RpiB from Escherichia coli as well as the CBS domains from inosine‐5′‐monosphate dehydrogenase from Streptococcus pyogenes, conserved hypothetical protein Ta549 from Thermoplasm acidophilum, and CBS domain protein mt1622 from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum with the goal to infer information about their biochemical function.
The crystal structure of a bacterial Class II ketol‐acid reductoisomerase: Domain conservation and evolution
Authors: Tyagi Rajiv , Duquerroy Stephane , Navaza Jorge , Guddat Luke W. , Duggleby Ronald G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractKetol‐acid reductoisomerase (KARI; EC 1.1.1.86) catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of branched‐chain amino acids. Amino acid sequence comparisons across species reveal that there are two types of this enzyme: a short form (Class I) found in fungi and most bacteria, and a long form (Class II) typical of plants. Crystal structures of each have been reported previously. However, some bacteria such as Escherichia coli possess a long form, where the amino acid sequence differs appreciably from that found in plants. Here, we report the crystal structure of the E. coli enzyme at 2.6 Å resolution, the first three‐dimensional structure of any bacterial Class II KARI. The enzyme consists of two domains, one with mixed α/β structure, which is similar to that found in other pyridine nucleotide‐dependent dehydrogenases. The second domain is mainly α‐helical and shows strong evidence of internal duplication. Comparison of the active sites between KARI of E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and spinach shows that most residues occupy conserved positions in the active site. E. coli KARI was crystallized as a tetramer, the likely biologically active unit. This contrasts with P. aeruginosa KARI, which forms a dodecamer, and spinach KARI, a dimer. In the E. coli KARI tetramer, a novel subunit‐to‐subunit interacting surface is formed by a symmetrical pair of bulbous protrusions.
Comparison of hospital episodes with ‘drug‐induced’ disorders and spontaneously reported adverse drug reactions
Authors: Barrow Paul , Waller Patrick , Wise Lesley 
Published: December 2005

AimsTo compare Hospital Episode Statistics for ‘drug‐related’ admissions with spontaneously reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) using UK Yellow Card data for the period 1996–2000.MethodsThis was a descriptive study for which we matched the relevant datasets in respect of time, place, evidence of hospitalization and disease terminology. The principal outcome was the ratio of ADRs leading to hospitalization which had been reported spontaneously during the whole study period.ResultsTwenty types of ADR were included and between them there was a wide spread of overall ratios (range 0–130%). The general tendency was for under‐reporting on Yellow Cards but for ADRs with a fatal outcome this appeared to be less (range 7–168%).ConclusionsThis study provides some broad indications of the degree of under‐reporting of ADRs that occurs despite a clinical diagnosis of a serious ADR being made and recorded.
Expression of ACTH receptor pathway genes in glucose‐dependent insulinotrophic peptide (GIP)‐dependent Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Antonini Sonir R. , Baldacchino Valérie , Tremblay Johanne , Hamet Pavel , Lacroix André 
Published: December 2005

SummaryObjective  The molecular mechanisms responsible for glucose‐dependent insulinotrophic peptide receptor or gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) ectopic expression and function in GIP‐dependent Cushing's syndrome (CS) are still unknown. GIPR presumably acts, like the ACTH receptor (ACTHR), through the Gs protein/cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway to stimulate steroidogenesis. We studied the expression of several genes involved in this pathway in the adrenal tissues of patients with GIP‐dependent CS.Design and methods  RNA was extracted from adrenal tissues from nine patients with GIP‐dependent CS [seven ACTH‐independent bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH), two adenomas], two control whole adult adrenals, two fasciculata cell‐enriched preparations from normal adrenals, seven patients with Cushing's disease (CD) and two normal pancreas. Multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) evaluated the expression of GIPR, ACTHR, SF‐1, Nur77, DAX‐1, CYP11A, 3β‐HSD, CYP21, CREB and CREM genes.Results  GIPR mRNA was overexpressed in all GIP‐dependent cases. In normal adrenals and in the adrenal tissues from patients with CD, minimal amounts of GIPR mRNA were detected. ACTHR mRNA expression was observed in all GIP‐dependent adrenal tissues. The expression of steroidogenic enzymes and some specific and ubiquitous transcription factors (TFs) involved in the ACTHR cascade was significantly reduced.Conclusions  Our results indicate that the expression of ACTHR and other genes located downstream in the ACTHR cascade, including steroidogenic enzymes genes and some transcription factors, are relatively suppressed in GIP‐dependent CS. Although the expression of aberrant receptors plays an important role in steroidogenesis and initiation of cell proliferation, additional genetic events might occur, altering the activity of the ACTHR pathway.
Clothing size as an indicator of adiposity, ischaemic heart disease and cardiovascular risks
Authors: Han T. S. , Gates E. , Truscott E. , Lean M. E. J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective  To relate subjects’ clothing sizes to waist circumference, body mass index (BMI) and to the risks of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and to derive cut‐off levels of clothing size that correspond to increased health risks.Design  Cross‐sectional study.Setting  Glasgow Royal Infirmary.Participants  A stratified subsample of 201 men and 161 women aged 27–67 years from the Glasgow monitoring coronary (MONICA) risk factor survey.Main outcome measures  Measured waist, weight and height, blood pressure and history of ischaemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction or angioplasty), hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and medications.Results  There were 15.5% of men and 11.2% of women with ischaemic heart disease, 14.9% of men and 12.4% of women with hypertension, and 4.5% of men and 3.1% of women with diabetes mellitus. Age and smoking adjusted prevalences of these cardiovascular risks, as well as increased adiposity (waist circumference ≥102 cm in men, ≥88 cm in women or BMI ≥ 30 kg m−2) rose with increasing clothing size. Clothing size correlated (P < 0.001) linearly with indices of adiposity. Clothing sizes which correspond to waist circumference action level 1 (94 cm in men, 80 cm in women) and action level 2 (102 cm in men, 88 cm in women) or to standardized BMI cut‐offs (25 and 30 kg m−2) were estimated. Height has minimal influences on clothing size. Compared with men with trouser waist below 36 inches or women with UK dress size below 16, the age and smoking adjusted odds ratios for the risk of having at least one of the major health problems (ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or diabetes mellitus) were 3.9 (95% CI: 1.8–8.3) in men and 7.0 (95% CI: 2.5–19.4) in women who had trouser size ≥38 inches or UK dress size ≥18, respectively.Conclusions  The present study showed that men and women with large clothing size are at increased risk of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Men's trouser size equal or larger than 38 in the UK and USA or 97 in Europe and women's dress size equal or larger than 18 in the UK or 16 in the USA or 48 in Europe could be used to promote self‐awareness of increased health risks by the general public.
Dietary problems in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Grönberg A. M. , Slinde F. , Engström C.‐P. , Hulthén L. , Larsson S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackground and aims  Low body weight and low fat‐free mass‐index (FFMI) are common in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several factors seem to contribute. The aims of the present observational study were to investigate dietary problems in patients with severe COPD and to compare dietary problems to nutritional status, energy intake and smoking habits.Methods  Nutritional status was assessed in 73 stable outpatients using body mass index and FFMI by single‐frequency bioelectrical impedance. Lung function, smoking habits, energy intake and dietary problems were also assessed.Results  The most frequently reported dietary problems were ‘anorexia’, ‘dyspeptic symptoms other than diarrhoea’, ‘slimming’, ‘fear of gaining weight’, ‘dyspnoea’, ‘diarrhoea’, ’depression, anxiety, solitude’. Smoking habits and gender had impact on the kind of dietary problems reported. Reporting two dietary problems correlated to low FFMI, whereas reporting one or more dietary problems correlated to decreased energy intake.Conclusion  Dietary problems are common in the group studied and related to smoking habits and gender. Dietary problems affect energy intake and FFMI negatively. It is important to recognize dietary problems and to offer intervention of the dietary problems as a part of the dietary intervention.
Older women and dietary advice: occurrence, comprehension and compliance
Authors: Gustafsson K. , Ekblad J. , Sidenvall B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackground  When a person becomes ill, traditional food habits may come into conflict with the disease‐related recommended diet.Aim  The aim was to study perceptions of receiving dietary advice, the occurrence and comprehension of such advice and compliance among older women diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, stroke or rheumatoid arthritis.Methods  The study took an ethnographic approach. Fifty‐four community‐dwelling women, 64–88 years of age, were interviewed using an open‐ended interview technique during visits to their homes.Findings  Two themes were found: ‘dietary advice – occurrence and comprehension’ describes whether the women had received dietary advice and, if so, how they understood the information. In the theme ‘compliance with dietary advice’, two principal reasons for complying or not complying with advice were found: First, women expressed a ‘food interest’, such that they were either ‘interested in disease‐related diet’ or held a general view of the significance of foods and complied with the advice for their own ‘health interest’. Secondly, the women were ‘uninterested in food changes’. This could be because of ‘poor appetite’, ‘food and disease ambivalence’, ‘habitual and preferred foods’.Conclusion  Dietary advice should be based on women's food preferences and habitual foods. It is important to inform about known relations between food and disease, but also to support eating favourite foods, thereby facilitating women's well‐being.