bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography: I. Analysis with use of thermal conductivity detector
Authors: Watanabe S. , Hayano S. , Akiya T. , Mimura K. , Nakasato S. , Seino H. , Usui Y. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFor the purpose of establishing a standard method for the gas chromatographic determination of fatty acid composition, a collaborative study team has carried out replicate analyses of specified samples using gas chromatographs equipped with thermal conductivity detectors and has examined the entire set of experimental data by a statistical method. From the results of the four collaborative works it was found that deviation of analytical values from exact composition and interlaboratory scattering of data may be considerably decreased by the following means: (a) enlarging the size of narrow peaks (less than 5 mm at a half height) or peaks with low height by adjusting the attenuator range or chart speed; (b) correcting the analytical values by using correction factors determined from analysis of known mixtures having composition similar to that of an unknown sample.
Determination of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography: II. Analysis with use of flame ionization detector
Authors: Watanabe S. , Nakasato S. , Hayano S. , Kuwamura H. , Nagai T. , Negishi M. , Sasamoto Y. , Seino H. , Shiraishi S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this study known mixtures of four or five fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed collaboratively by gas chromatography with flame ionization detectors. The experimental data was treated statistically to examine inter‐ and intralaboratory scattering. More‐over the effect of the use of correction factors was investigated. Even if only the specific analytical values that scattered a little were chosen, the averages of such values did not always approach the actual values. In some laboratories a sort of regularity was observed in the deviation of analytical values from real values throughout the analyses of four samples. The application of correction factors to the analytical values obtained by these laboratories resulted in a considerable decrease of interlaboratory scattering and deviation from the real values. When a constant amount of sample was injected, intralaboratory scattering was decreased, whereas interlaboratory scattering was not. Injection of large sample sizes caused deviation. From this collaborative study it was recommended that 0.5–1.0 μl of 20% solution be injected.
Comparison of oxygen bomb method to other methods for measuring oxidative stability of peanuts and peanut products
Authors: Blankenship B. R. , Holaday C. E. , Barnes P. C. , Pearson J. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe active oxygen method of the American Oil Chemists' Society has been used extensively to evaluate the oxidative stability of fats and oils. The AOM lacks versatility, however, in that it can be used for only a few products such as lard and vegetable oils. Experience in our laboratory has shown that results also can differ widely, even on the same sample. Recent work with the oxygen bomb at the National Peanut Research Laboratory has shown that it is both reliable and accurate when compared to other methods for measuring the oxidative stability of peanuts and peanut products. Results with the oxygen bomb were compared to the active oxygen method and iodine value of the peants.
Bauer mill operation and its effect on the percentage of oil found in soybeans
Authors: Collins F. I. 
Published: June 2007

Summary and ConclusionsA Bauer Mill officially approved by the A.O.C.S. for grinding samples of soybeans to be used for oil determinations was used to grind duplicate series of the 10 check samples of soybeans sent out each year by the Smalley Foundation Committee. When the mill was operated at high temperature and forced to grind at its maximum rate, the 10 samples averaged 18.03% of oil. A duplicate series of 10 samples ground in a water‐cooled mill at about one‐half the maximum possible rate of grinding for the mill averaged 17.57% oil. Improper operation of a Bauer Mill when preparing soybean seed samples for analysis can cause abnormally high oil percentages. A simple mechanical device to reduce the rate of feed is suggested for use with the mill.A Bauer Mill is satisfactory for use in grinding samples of soybeans for oil analysis when it is properly operated.
The importance of chromaticity in the evaluation of whiteness
Authors: Hemmendinger Henry , Lambert Joseph M. 
Published: June 2007

ConclusionsThe factor of paramount importance in the visual evaluation of whiteness of laundered goods is yellowness. This yellowness has in practice been neutralized in various ways, first by the use of bleaches and/or blueing dyes and more recently by means of fluorescent dyes. Any such additive provides at best however an imperfect solution to the problem of obtaining maximum whiteness. Bleaches may cause fiber damage, and blueing dyes are undesirable because their absorption prevents attainment of maximum whiteness; fluorescent dyes are not permanent because of their limited light‐fastness and, more fundamentally, because a sample containing sufficient fluorescent dye to be neutral under a given illumination will necessarily appear colored when viewed under another light source containing a different ratio of ultraviolet to visible light. It is therefore essential, in the search for the best detergents, to evaluate them first in the absence of any additives and to employ bleaches, blueing, or fluorescent dyes only to minimize their limitations.The formulation of suitable soiling procedures and the application of reliable methods for measuring the washed cloth samples represent two important steps in the development of satisfactory laboratory tests for evaluating detergents. These steps are necessarily related to one another in a fundamental way. The procedures used in the past for detergency evaluation, involving the measurement of reflectance alone, have been appropriate with the soiling methods relying on carbon black as primary soiling agent but are not useful if realistic soiling techniques are employed and the degree of whiteness is to be determined.While the colorimetric principles for an adequate objective rating of whiteness have been developed, the actual working methods should be based on a modern re‐evaluation of the relative importance of the various colorimetric and psychological factors related to visual estimates of the whiteness of textiles. Such a reevaluation, coupled with more appropriate soiling and measuring techniques, will lead to improved procedures for the laboratory evaluation of detergents.
Analysis of alpha olefins using a gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer combination
Authors: Teeter R. M. , Spencer C. F. , Green J. W. , Smithson L. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer (GCMS) combination with and without catalytic hydrogenation is the most effective way to obtain detailed analysis of commercial alpha olefin mixtures. Previous descriptions of this technique presented examples only up to C10 alpha olefins. We have extended this technique to include alpha olefins up to C20. The complete analysis of a C11舑C14 alpha olefin mixture is given as an example.
Determination of aflatoxins in individual peanuts and peanut sections
Authors: Cucullu Alva F. , Lee Louise S. , Mayne Ruth Y. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSubsamples of a given lot of peanuts may vary greatly in aflatoxin content due to extreme variability in the degree of contamination of individual kernels. A micro method, adapted from the aqueous acetone procedure recently proposed by Pons and Goldblatt for the determination of aflatoxins in cottonseed products, was developed to permit accurate determination of aflatoxins in individual kernels and kernel sections.Use of this procedure permitted the topographic distribution of aflatoxins within single kernels to be mapped and indicated that the toxins are not uniformly distributed within contaminated kernels, even when the kernel contains a high level of aflatoxins. Although wrinkling or discoloration sometimes indicated that a kernel was contaminated, this type of physical damage was not found to be a reliable indication of aflatoxin content. Also it was noted that a few apparently sound and mature kernels contained high levels of aflatoxins.
Epoxidation of methyl linoleate. I. The question of positional selectivity in monoepoxidation
Authors: Maerker G. , Haeberer E. T. , Ault W. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe mixture of compounds resulting from the expoxidation of one of the double bonds of methyl linoleate has been examined to determine possible positional selectivity in moneopoxidation. The analysis, which depended on periodic acid cleavage of saturated epoxides or saturated vicinal glycols, has revealed that the two monoepoxidation products, methyl vernolate and methyl coronarate, are produced in essentially equal amounts.
Synthesis and isolation of methyl esters ofa‐branched acids
Authors: Maerker G. , Kenney H. E. , Bilyk A. , Ault W. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA series of esters ofa‐branched fatty acids containing 28舑38 carbon atoms has been synthesized by free radical‐catalyzed addition of saturated aliphatic esters to terminal aliphatic olefins. Methods of purification of methyla‐decyloctadecanoate have been studied. The structure of methyla‐decyloctadecanoate has been established by nuclear magnetic resonance and by independent synthesis.
Some etiological factors in obesity
Authors: Kaunitz Hans 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe frequent occurrence of obesity, which is associated with shortened life expectancy, has made the condition a main topic of research. Simple explanations, such as a reliable correlation between overeating and overweight, are incorrect for the majority of the severely obese. Obesity goes hand in hand with increased lipogenesis, decreased fat mobilization, and metabolic inertia of the triglycerides deposited, which may be related to genetic enzymatic and hormonal factors. From rat studies, one can speculate that fat deposition may be influenced by the individual's reaction to qualitatively different foodstuffs. Although no explanation is as yet possible for the metabolic inertia of depot fat in the obese, some evidence has accumulated which suggests studies of its molecular structure. The obese are capable of adapting to decreased intake more rapidly than normal persons; increased activity can be handled more efficiently than in normal persons, while the metabolic inertia of their triglycerides interferes with their mobilization. No way of overcoming this vicious cycle has as yet been found.
Weight loss and body composition
Authors: Sarett Herbert P. , Longenecker John B. , Harkins Robert W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBody fat accounts for much of the excess weight in obese persons; but the amount of lean body tissue (muscle and other protein tissue) in the obese individual is similar to that found in the normal individual. In weight loss primarily excess fat should be lost; not essential protein tissue.Complete fasting has been proposed as a technique for losing weight, in lieu of partial caloric restriction. The present studies were carried out to evaluate these techniques for weight loss. Changes in body composition of obese rats were determined after the animals lost one third of their body weight on different regimens. Obese animals which were restricted to 37.5 and 60% of ad libitum caloric intakes required 53 and 93 days, respectively, to lose this weight, whereas those which were totally fasted required only 24 days. There were significant differences in body composition of these groups after weight loss.Fasted animals lost more protein and less fat than did animals restricted in caloric intake; the fasted animals lost 18% of their total body protein, whereas the calorically restricted animals lost only 8舑9%. Epididymal fat pads were twice as large in the fasted animals as in the calorically restricted animals. In fasted animals, liver weight loss was greater than in restricted animals, but liver fat levels were still high, as in the obese rats. Liver cholesterol levels were also elevated in fasted animals.Neither the amount of fat nor the type of fat (unsaturation) in the diet had any significant effect on the rate of weight loss or on gross body composition. Type of fat affected fatty acid composition of plasma, but not of liver or depot fat.The development of new methods for determining body composition in man has permitted reasonably accurate estimates of the amount of excess body fat in obese individuals. In obese subjects who lost weight on restricted caloric intakes of an otherwise nutritionally complete diet, most of the weight loss was as body fat, without significant loss of lean body tissue. The studies in man confirm the findings in animals.The extra weight in obesity is mainly fat, with very little protein and some water; when weight is lost by restricted intake of a good diet, the composition of the tissue burned is quite similar to that comprising the extra weight. Fasting gives more rapid weight loss, but apparently less favorable changes in body composition.
Analysis for sulfur compounds in lipid extracts from the orgueil meteorite
Authors: Teresa Joseph Murphy Sister Mary , Nagy Bartholomew 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSolvent extracts of the Orgueil carbonaceous meteorite were investigated by thin‐layer chromatography, ultraviolet, infrared, and mass spectrometry, and by ultramicro elemental analysis for sulfur. Long chain thiols were absent but trace amounts of open‐chain sulfides and some heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur appear to be present in the meteorite lipid fraction. The conditions for the formation of the sulfur compounds are in agreement with the generally accepted concepts regarding the environment of the meteorite parent body (ies). The meteorite lipid fraction appears to differ in part from petroleum.
Methodology for the separation o plant lipids and application to spinach leaf and chloroplast lamellae
Authors: Freeman Allen C. , Good Pearl , Davis Harry F. , Chisum Patricia , Fowler Stanley D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProcedures for separation of complex plant lipids and results obtained are reviewed.Procedures based on DEAE cellulose and silicic acid chromatography, which may be preceded by countercurrent distribution, are presented for separation of the individual glyceroland sphingolipid classes of spinach leaf and chloroplast lamellae. These procedures appear to be generally applicable to photosynthetic tissue of plants and algae.The separation and infrared spectra of mono‐and digalactosyl diglycerides, lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, plant sulfolipid, cerebroside, and sterol glycosides from spinach are recorded. Chloroplast lamellae lipids are in the molar ratio monogalactosyl diglyceride (14.0), digalactosyl diglyceride (8.0), phosphatidyl glycerol (5.5), sulfolipid (3.9), lecithin (2.0), phosphatidyl inositol (1.0). Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cerebrosides, and sterol glycosides were not detected in chloroplast lamellae. Fatty acid composition of individual lamellae lipids have been determined: The galactosyl lipids contain more than 90% trienoic acids.Trans‐3‐ hexadecenoic acid is restricted almost exclusively to phosphatidyl glycerol.In this report techniques which have been applied to the isolation of plant glycero‐ and sphingolipids are reviewed and a new scheme presented for the separation of several of the plant lipid classes. Results obtained with spinach leaf and its photosynthetic apparatus are presented and discussed.
Adsorptivity and rinsability of built detergents using radiotracers. I
Authors: Gordon B. E. , Gillies G. A. , Shebs W. T. , Hartwig G. M. , Edwards G. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLinear, primary alcohol sulfates and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates tagged with radioactive sulfur or, in one case, tritium, were employed to determine adsorptivity and rinsability characteristics.In the rinsability studies it was found that when using scoured cotton as substrate the linear, primary alcohol sulfates leave a slightly lower residue than the sulfonates. Both surfactants almost reach an equilibrium after the first washdry cycle. The surfactants are present on the surface in a reversibly adsorbed state as shown by exchange experiments with unlabelled surfactants.In the adsorption experiments, run under the same conditions as the rinsability experiments, Langmuir‐type isotherms are obtained whose equilibrium values are comparable to the rinsability values.The effect of free detergent alcohol concentration on adsorptivity and rinsability in linear, primary alcohol sulfate built detergent formulations was also studied.
Carbonyls in oxidizing fat. X. Quantitative differences in individual aldehydes isolated from autoxidized lard by mild methods of extraction
Authors: Gaddis A. M. , Ellis Rex , Currie G. T. , Thornton F. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMajor aldehydes characteristic of the oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids present in lard differed somewhat in proportions isolated by the mild methods of separation. This indicated an extra sensitivity of specific fatty acid primary oxidation products to conditions, and some deviation from the normal in the breakdown caused by the methods. Linolenate primary oxidation products showed the greatest sensitivity to separation conditions and the stage of oxidation. The mild methods differed in the amounts of individual aldehydes separated to a degree dependent on the stage of oxidation. These results favor the Girard T method for the isolation of free aldehydes from autoxidized lard.
Steric configurations of parinaric and punicic acids
Authors: Takagi Toru 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGLC analysis of the scission products from the fractions separated by silver nitrate‐silicic acid column chromatography of the hydrazine reduced products has shown that parinaric and punicic acids have (cis‐9,rans‐11,trans‐13 andcis‐15) and (cis‐9,trans‐11 andcis‐13) configurations, respectively.
Triterpene alcohols and sterols of vegetable oils
Authors: Fedeli E. , Lanzani A. , Capella P. , Jacini G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTriterpene alcohols and sterols were separated by thin‐layer chromatography and gas‐liquid chromatography from the unsaponifiable fractions of the following 18 vegetable oils: linseed, peanut, olive, rice bran, palm kernel, corn, sesame, oiticica, palm, coconut, rapeseed, grape seed, sunflower, poppy seed, castor, tea seed, cocoa butter and soybean. Two triterpene alcohols, cycloartenol and 24‐methylene cycloartanol, were found in all of the oils except soybean oil, which contained only cycloartenol. Triterpene alcohols such as ॅ‐ and ॆ‐amyrin, euphorbol, butyrospermol and cyclolaudenol also were encountered occasionally. Three sterols, ॆ‐sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol were present in all of the oils. In addition a fourth sterol, not yet idenfified, was found in oils of palm, palm kernel and sunflower in varying amounts. This unknown sterol and brassicasterol were found in rapeseed oil in addition to the three sterols that were common to all of the oils studied.
Quantitative fatty acid analysis of vegetable oils by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Craig B. M. , Murty N. L. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe fatty acid composition of a number of vegetable oils and of two synthetic mixtures of methyl esters are compared by gas‐liquid chromatography and by standard methods. The calculated iodine values from G.L.P.C. results are in good agreement with measured iodine values and are indicative of the reliability of the G.L.P.C. values. Standard methods gave lower values for linoleic acid and higher values for linolenic acid than did G.L.P.C. This deviation was particularly evident in oils with a high proportion of linolenic acid,e.g., linseed oil. The results of G.L.P.C. are considered to be accurate to within one unit percentage. Thermal stability of the polyester polymers can be improved by using 1,4‐butanediol or ethylene glycol as the polyols instead of diethylene glycol.
Intrinsic viscosity‐number average molecular weight relationship for poly (n‐Octadecyl acrylate) and poly (N‐n‐octadecylacrylamide)
Authors: Jordan Edmund F. , Monroe Harry A. , Artymyshyn Bohdan , Wrigley A. N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIntrinsic viscosity‐number average molecular weight relationships have been measured, at 30C in benzene, for poly (n‐octadecyl acrylate) as [॑]=2.72ȕ10蜢4 Mn0.638 and for poly (N‐n‐octadecylacrylamide) as [॑]=0.82ȕ10蜢4 Mn0.676. Whole polymers of various molecular weights were prepared in benzene solution at 65C with dodecyl mercaptan as primary regulator. By the use of these parameters, the molecular weight of such polymers and their homologs may now be measured by simple solution‐viscosity determinations.In the expression {} (relating degrees of polymerization {} to the mercaptan/monomer ratio), intercept {} and apparent transfer constant Cs for n‐octadecyl acrylate were 6.28ȕ10蜢3 and 0.68; for N‐n‐octadecylacrylamide 1.10ȕ10蜢3 and 0.62 respectively. These parameters permit preparation of homopolymers of chosen molecular weight.
Water absorption of soybeans
Authors: Smith Allan K. , Nash Arlo M. , Wilson Letta I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe rate of water absorption of U.S. and Japanese soybeans has been measured at 10° and 25°C. and at initial moisture levels ranging from 7.5 to 14.0%. The principal controlling factor in absorption of water is the seed coat. However the rate of water absorption of sound whole beans is also influenced by the initial moisture level in the beans; the lower the moisture the slower the rate of water absortion. The presence of hard beans also reduces the rate of water absorption. U.S. soybeans usually have lower moisture and contain more hard ones than do Japanese beans. These factors are attributed to the climatic differences of the two countries. No fundamental differences were found in the rate of water absorption of U.S. and Japanese soybeans.
Removal of fatty soil from glass by surfactants and surfactant‐builder compositions
Authors: Harris J. C. , Anderson R. M. , Satanek J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrevious papers have reported radiotagged fatty soil removal from glass either by solvents or by aqueous solutions of sodium tripolyphosphate and other builders. This paper provies soil‐removal data for aqueous systems of both pure and built surfactant compositions of the nonionic and alkylbenzene sulfonate types. In general, nonionics are the most effective detergents for the system fatty soil/glass; the 10‐mole ethylene oxide adduct products show peak soil‐removal. Nonionic surfactants appear most effective for soil removal when used in baths closely approaching their cloud‐points. Though modification of hydrophobe by EO addition can affect cloud point, peak soil‐removal effectiveness seems to be controlled by hydrophobe selection. Highest soil removal for the alkylbenzene series occurred with the longer alkyl chain (pentadecyl).Admixture of surfactant and sodium tripolyphosphate provided synergistic compositions with certain 10‐EO surfactants. Building of anionics markedly improved soil removal over the pure material but seldom exceeded the removal by STP alone.