bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal behavior study of methyl methacrylate polymers containing 4‐carbazole substitutes
Authors: Babazadeh Mirzaagha 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA new polymerizable monomer, [4‐(9‐ethyl)carbazolyl]methyl methacrylate (2), was synthesized by reacting of methacrylic acid and 4‐hydroxymethyl‐9‐ethyl carbazole (1) by esterification procedure in the presence of N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The resulting monomer was then polymerized free‐radically to form the poly(methyl methacrylate) containing 4‐(9‐ethyl)carbazolyl pend ent groups. Also, copolymerization of monomer 2 with various acrylic monomers such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and n‐butyl acrylate by azobisisobutyronitrile as a free radical polymerization initiator gave the related copolymers in high yields. The structure of all the resulted compounds was characterized and confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. The average molecular weight of the obtained polymers was determined by gel permeation chromatography using tetrahydrofurane as the solvent. The thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter instruments were used for studying of thermal properties of polymers. It was found that, with the incorporation of bulky 4‐(9‐ethyl)carbazolyl substitutes in side chains of methyl methacrylate polymers, thermal stability and glass transition temperature of polymers are increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4989–4995, 2006
Thermal behavior and morphological characteristics of cationic dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) (CD‐PET)/metallocene isotactic polypropylene (m‐iPP) conjugated fibers
Authors: Shu Yao‐Chi , Hsiao Kai‐Jen 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCationic dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) (CD‐PET) and metallocene isotactic polypropylene (m‐iPP) polymers were extruded (in the proportions of 75/25, 50/50, 25/75) from two melt twin‐screw extruders to prepare CD‐PET/m‐iPP (and m‐iPP/CD‐PET)‐conjugated fibers of the island‐in‐sea type. This study investigated the thermal behavior and mechanical and morphological characteristics of the conjugated fibers using DSC, TGA, WAXD, melting viscosity rheometer, density indicator, tenacity measurement, and a polarizing microscope. Melting behavior of CD‐PET/m‐iPP polyblended polymers exhibited negative‐deviation blends (NDB) and the 50/50 blend showed a minimum value of the melt viscosity. Experimental results of the DSC indicated CD‐PET and m‐iPP molecules formed a partial miscible system. The tenacity of CD‐PET/m‐iPP‐conjugated fibers decreased initially and then increased as the m‐iPP content increased. Crystallinities and densities of CD‐PET/m‐iPP‐conjugated fibers presented a linear relation with the blend ratio. On the morphological observation, it was revealed that the blends were in a dispersed phase structure. In this study, the CD‐PET microfibers were successfully produced with enhanced diameters (from 2.2 to 2.5 μm). Additionally, m‐iPP colored fibers (m‐iPP fibers covered with CD‐PET polymer) were also successfully prepared. Meanwhile, the presence of PP‐graft‐MA compatibilizer improved the tenacity considerably. Blends with 10 wt % compatibilizer exhibited maximum improvement in the tenacity for m‐iPP colored fibers. The dye exhaustions of various fabrics followed the order: m‐iPP colored fibers > conventional CD‐PET fibers > CD‐PET microfibers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5396–5405, 2006
Modification of preparation method for polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) to produce hollow fiber PIM
Authors: Kusumocahyo Samuel P. , Kanamori Toshiyuki , Iwatsubo Takashi , Sumaru Kimio , Shinbo Toshio , Matsuyama Hideto , Teramoto Masaaki 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA new preparation method for polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) was developed. The preparation method—called post‐treatment method—is very convenient to prepare a hollow fiber PIM. Using this method, a commercial cellulose triacetate (CTA) hollow fiber membrane can be easily converted into a hollow fiber PIM. Thus, a CTA hollow fiber membrane was allowed to swell in 2‐nitrophenyl‐n‐octyl ether (NPOE) in the presence of chloroform as a solvent for CTA and N,N,N′,N′‐tetraoctyl‐3‐oxapentane diamide (TODGA) as a carrier. After evaporating chloroform, a hollow fiber PIM containing NPOE and TODGA was obtained. The result of the transport experiment of cerium(III) ions using the hollow fiber PIM showed that cerium ions were effectively transported from the feed solution to the strip solution through the hollow fiber PIM, indicating that the hollow fiber PIM was successfully prepared using the post‐treatment method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4372–4377, 2006
Kinetic studies on free radical polymerization of acrylonitrile, initiated by chloramine‐T/hydrogen peroxide redox system
Authors: Mahadevaiah  , Demappa T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe Kinetics of polymerization of Acrylonitrile initiated by chloramine‐T/H2O2 Redox System was studied in aqueous medium in the temperature range of 35–50°C. The effects of variations such as [Monomer], [CAT], [H2O2], temperature, and chloramine‐T disappearance (−Rm) were measured. The effect of some water‐ miscible organic solvents and surfactants on the rate of polymerization was investigated. The polymerization process is initiated by the free radical arising from oxidation of H2O2 by chloramine‐T and terminated by the mutual combination of the growing polymer radicals. Based on the kinetic results, a suitable reaction scheme is proposed and discussed for the various rates of polymerization and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:5877–5883, 2006
Preparation and characterization of polyurethane microcapsules containing n‐octadecane with styrene‐maleic anhydride as a surfactant by interfacial polycondensation
Authors: Su Jun‐Feng , Wang Li‐Xin , Ren Li , Huang Zhen , Meng Xian‐Wen 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA series of polyurethane microcapsules containing a phase change material (PCM) of n‐octadecane was successfully synthesized by an interfacial polymerization in aqueous styrene‐maleic anhydride (SMA) dispersion with diethylene triamine (DETA) as a chain extender reacting with toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI). The average diameter of microPCMs is in the range of 5–10 μm under the stirring speed of 3000–4000 rpm. Optical and SEM morphologies of microPCMs had ensured that the shell was regularly fabricated with the influence of SMA. FTIR results confirmed that the shell material was polyurethane and the SMA chains associated on core material reacted with TDI forming a part of shell material. The shell thickness was decreasing in the range of 0.31–0.55 μm with the molar ratio of DETA/TDI from 0.84 to 1.35 and the weight of core material increasing from 40 to 80% (wt %). By controlling the weight ratio of PCM as 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% in microPCMs, it was found using DSC that the Tm and Tc of microPCMs were in the range of 29.8–31.0oC and 21.1–22.0°C and an obvious phase change had been achieved nearly the same temperature range of that of PCM. The results from release curves of microPCM samples prepared by 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0 g of SMA indicated the release properties were affected by the amount of the dispersant, which attributed to the emulsion effect and shell polymerization structure. The above results suggest that the shell structure of microPCMs can be controlled and the properties of microPCMs determined by shell will perform proper practical usage. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4996–5006, 2006
Synthesis of poly(vinyl butyral)s in homogeneous phase and their thermal properties
Authors: Fernández M. D. , Fernández M. J. , Hoces P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe condensation reaction of butyraldehyde (BA) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to give poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) was studied in detail using N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent for PVA and PVBs. PVBs having various degrees of acetalization were obtained. The acetalization reaction under a variety of conditions gave at best a polymer with 97% acetalization. The extent of modification and the structure of the polymer, i.e., the ratio of acetal units from meso and racemic dyads of PVA, were determined by 1H‐NMR. The acetalization degree was reflected in the solubility of PVB; all products were soluble in NMP. PVBs were characterized by IR spectroscopy and 1H and 13C‐NMR. The glass transition temperatures of PVBs, determined by DSC, increased as vinyl alcohol units increased and displayed a positive departure from linearity. Thermal degradation of PVBs was studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TGA) under dynamic conditions in nitrogen. The content of hydroxyl groups had an effect on the thermal stability of PVBs; the thermal stability of PVBs decreased as vinyl alcohol units increased. The apparent activation energy of the decomposition was determined by the Kissinger and Flynn–Wall methods, which agree well. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5007–5017, 2006
Structural effect of phenalkamines on adhesive viscoelastic and thermal properties of epoxy networks
Authors: Pathak Sandeep K. , Rao B. S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPhenalkamine, the Mannich reaction products from cardanol, formaldehyde, and polyamines were prepared using ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine and triethlene tetraamine. These products were characterized by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Clearly resolved peaks due to presence of triene, diene, monoene, and saturated side chain containing species of cardanol were observed in HPLC. The presence of characteristic methylene linkages of Mannich bases at δ 3.5–4.0 ppm was observed by 1H NMR. These curing agents were reacted with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A at room temperature and the curing times were optimized. The cured resins showed good adhesion with different metal surfaces particularly higher values were observed with copper due to its high surface energy. The viscoelastic properties of the cured samples were determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The storage modulus (E′) was found to be in the order of 109 Pa and tan δ values are around 90°C. A reduction in storage modulus (E′) and an increase in tan δ values on postcuring were observed. Thermogravimetry analysis showed two‐stage degradation above 250°C for the cured samples. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4741–4748, 2006
Structure and dynamics of polyethylene/clay films
Authors: La Mantia F. P. , Dintcheva N. T. , Filippone G. , Acierno D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe relationships between structure and rheology of polyethylene/clay hybrid composite blown films were investigated through rheological tests both in shear and elongational flow. Two polymer matrices (low density polyethylene, LDPE and linear low density polyethylene, LLDPE) with different relaxation kinetics were used. Independently from the matrix, morphological analyses (TEM, XRD, and SEM) indicate that the hybrid structures are similarly constituted of delaminated platelets or tactoids having a relevant degree of orientation along the draw direction. This strongly affects the rheological behavior of materials. However, despite the similarities emerged from morphological analyses, both shear (steady shear and oscillatory) and elongation measurements show a negligible effect upon the rheology of LDPE‐based nanohybrids. Conversely, relevant increases of shear viscosity, dynamic moduli and melt strength of LLDPE‐based nanohybrids have been detected. The effects of homopolymer relaxation kinetics have been investigated by means of stress relaxation tests. The results obtained seem to be consistent with the existence of a roughly bimodal population of dynamical species: a matrix component behaving like the homopolymer, and a fraction interacting with the filler, whose rheological behavior is controlled by the particles and their interactions with the polymer. Mechanical properties of hybrid films were also investigated. Differently from what happens in the melt state, the solid‐state properties mainly depend on the filler amount. The relative increases of tensile modulus and melt strength are of the same order of magnitude for both the matrices used, indirectly confirming the similarities in hybrids structures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4749–4758, 2006
Self‐curable system of an aqueous‐based polyurethane dispersion via a ring‐opening reaction of azetidine end groups
Authors: Wang Shih‐Chieh , Chen Po‐Cheng , Yeh Jen‐Taut , Chen Kan‐Nan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn azetidine (AZT) containing compound, 3‐azetidinyl propanol was synthesized from methyl acrylate with 3‐amino‐1‐propanol in a four‐step reaction. It was introduced into an isocyanate‐terminated carboxylic acid containing polyurethane (PU) prepolymer as the end group. A single‐component, AZT‐terminated self‐curable aqueous‐based PU dispersion was obtained from the water dispersion process after it was neutralized with triethylamine. Its carboxylic groups served not only as the internal emulsifier stabilizing the aqueous PU dispersion but also as PU self‐curing sites toward its AZT end groups via a ring‐opening reaction. The curing reaction took place on drying and resulted in polymeric network structure formation among the polymers. The performance properties of this self‐cured PU were evaluated in this study. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4383–4393, 2006
The use of experimental design to study the responses of continuous devulcanization processes
Authors: Sutanto P. , Picchioni F. , Janssen L. P. B. M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the use of statistical analysis for studying the responses of two continuous devulcanization processes (of the EPDM roofing sheet and the EPDM profile) in the extruder. The response is represented by the reaction conversion, which is denoted as the relative decrease in crosslink density. Experimental design is considered as a useful tool when the kinetic data for the physical modeling are not available. The models derived show similar tendency of both processes with respect to the temperature and the screw speed. A difference is observed in their responses to the feed rate, which might be the consequence of their different devulcanization rates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:5028–5038, 2006
A novel accelerator combination for the low temperature curing of silica‐filled NBR compounds
Authors: Palaty Shiny , Joseph Rani 
Published: September 2006

AbstractZinc salts of ethyl, isopropyl, and butyl xanthates were prepared in the laboratory. The effect of these xanthates in combination with zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDC) on the vulcanization of silica‐filled NBR compounds has been studied at different temperatures. The cure times of these compounds were compared with that of NBR compounds containing tetramethylthiuram disulphide/dibenzthiazyl disulphide. The rubber compounds with the xanthates and ZDC were cured at various temperatures from 60 to 150°C. The sheets were molded and properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, crosslink density, elongation at break, compression set, abrasion resistance, flex resistance, heat buildup, etc. were evaluated. The properties showed that zinc salt of xanthate/ZDC combination has a positive synergistic effect on the cure rate and mechanical properties of NBR compounds. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5680–5683, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of waterborne polyurethane adhesives containing different amount of ionic groups (I)
Authors: Rahman Mohammad M. , Kim Han‐Do 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA series of waterborne polyurethanes (WBPU) containing different amount of 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (DMPA) were synthesized using prepolymer mixing process. Relationships between the DMPA content and physical, mechanical, and thermal properties as well as adhesive behavior at different condition were investigated. Stable aqueous dispersions of WBPU were obtained when the DMPA content was more than 10 mol %. At higher DMPA content, the particle size of the WBPU dispersion was lower but the viscosity of the dispersion was higher. Water swelling and tensile strength of the films increased with increasing of DMPA content. The optimum adhesive strength of WBPU adhesives was found to be depended on the DMPA content, pressing temperature, and pressure on adhesion process. The adhesive strength of WBPU adhesives increased with increasing DMPA content. The optimum pressing temperature decreased with increasing DMPA content. The adhesive strength of WBPU adhesives increased with increasing pressure up to 15 kg f/cm2 and then leveled off. The optimum pressing temperature of WBPU adhesives samples containing 24.02, 22.05, and 17.05 mol % DMPA was about 100, 120, and 140°C, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5684–5691, 2006
Effect of filler treatments on rheological behavior of calcium carbonate and talc‐filled polypropylene hybrid composites
Authors: Samsudin M. S. F. , Ishak Z. A. Mohd , Jikan S. S. , Ariff Z. M. , Ariffin A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCommercial stearic acid treated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was used to make a comparative study on rheological behavior of the CaCO3 and talc‐filled polypropylene (PP) hybrid composites with nontreated filler. Apparent shear viscosity and extrudate swell were investigated with variation of filler ratio and temperature with 30% by weight total of filler was used in PP composite. The Shimadzu capillary rheometer was used to evaluate shear viscosity and shear rate of the composite. It was found that the shear viscosities decrease with increasing shear rate. The apparent shear viscosity of the composite containing the stearic acid treated is slightly lower than untreated filler. Shear thickening behavior at higher shear rate has also shown by 15/15 treated composites at higher temperature about 220°C and investigation by SEM has proved that filler being densely packed at that condition. Treated composites also exhibit lower swelling ratio value than untreated composite, and swelling ratio also decreases linearly with increasing temperature and the die length–diameter ratio. It is believed that dispersion of filler play an important role not only on shear viscosity but also on swelling ratio of PP composite. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5421–5426, 2006
Treatment of poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid)/poly(4‐vinylpyridine) blends in solution under liquid–liquid phase‐separation conditions. A new method for phase‐separation data attainment from viscosity measurements
Authors: Torrens Francisco , Soria Vicente , Monzó Isidro S. , Abad Concepción , Campos Agustín 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPhase diagrams are contributed for polymer mixture systems in solution. One polymer has proton‐acceptor character and the other has growing proton‐donor nature, which is reflected in the phase diagrams. Usually, these diagrams are obtained from size‐exclusion chromatographic (SEC) measurements. A totally novel application, which is exposed in this report, is the construction of the phase diagram from the viscometric experiments of polymer mixtures. The evaluated binodal or cloud‐point isotherms so built agree well with those from SEC. The results indicate an augmentation in the dimensions of donor polymer B, in the presence of acceptor polymer C, intensifying with the concentration of C, which is interpreted as an B‐C association growing as the number of hydrogen bonds increases. An increment in the Huggins constant for BC, as the proportion of methacrylic acid in the donor copolymer increases, means an augmentation in the interaction for BC, indicating an extension of compatibility. Viscometric experiments evidence hydrogen bonds, intensifying as greater proportion of donor groups has polymer B, equal to that observed in the phase diagrams. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:5039–5049, 2006
Controlled release of diclofenac sodium and ibuprofen through beads of sodium alginate and hydroxy ethyl cellulose blends
Authors: Krishna Rao K. S. V. , Subha M. C. S. , Vijaya Kumar Naidu B. , Sairam M. , Mallikarjuna N. N. , Aminabhavi T. M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractControlled release of diclofenac sodium (DS) and ibuprofen (IB) drugs through sodium alginate (NaAlg)‐hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC) blend polymeric beads has been investigated. Beads were prepared by precipitating the viscous solution of NaAlg and HEC blend in alcohol followed by crosslinking with calcium chloride. Different formulations were developed in bead form by varying the amount of HEC, crosslinking agent, and drug concentration. Swelling studies in water, percent encapsulation of drugs, and release studies were carried out. The DS‐loaded beads have shown better release performance than the IB‐loaded beads. Diffusion parameters were evaluated from the Fickian diffusion theory. Mathematical modeling studies and drug release characteristics through bead matrices were studied by solving Fick's diffusion equation. The results are discussed in terms of drug release patterns and theoretical concentration profiles generated through matrices, considering spherical geometry of the beads. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5708–5718, 2006
Influence of polymerization conditions on the viscosity of polyacrylamide via experimental design
Authors: Rosa Fátima , Bordado João , Casquilho Miguel 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPolyacrylamide was synthesized by a free‐radical inverse emulsion technique and optimized via statistical experimental design, with the objective of developing a polymer with a high viscosity within this synthesis technique. The factors considered to affect the response variable, the viscosity of the polymer, were initiator (K2S2O8) concentration (c), reaction temperature (T), stirring rate (r), and initiator addition method (s, batch or dropwise). An experimental design of the four factors at two levels (24) was carried out to study the effect of these process variables on the viscosity of the polymer. The results show that the main factor having an effect on the viscosity was T, with smaller contributions from r and cs. The optimum combination of values for the factors yielding maximum viscosity was T = 65°C, c = 1 mM, r = 230 rpm, and s = dropwise addition. A close fit was obtained between the experimental and predicted values of the viscosity of the polymer solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5719–5724, 2006
Morphology and thermal properties of liquid crystal p‐PAEB/styrene copolymer
Authors: Gao Jungang , Wang Yong , Hou Guixiang 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe homopolymer of unsaturated liquid crystal (LC) monomer for p‐phenylene di {4‐[2‐(allyloxy) ethoxy] benzoate} (p‐PAEB), and copolymer poly (p‐PAEB/St) of p‐PAEB with styrene (St) have been synthesized. The LC behavior and thermal properties of p‐PAEB and poly(p‐PAEB/St) have been studied by Polarizing Optical Microscopic (POM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X‐Ray Diffractometer (XRD), and Torsional Braid Analysis (TBA). The results demonstrate that LC phase texture and phase transition temperature of copolymers are affected by the composition of LC units in copolymers. The POM and XRD reveal that p‐PAEB has a smectic phase structure; the copolymer of p‐PAEB with styrene reveal deformed focal conics texture of smectic phase. The phase transition temperature range of p‐PAEB is 120.5–191.5°C, but the homopolymer of p‐PAEB has a broad LC temperature range from 77 to 170°C. The LC temperature range of poly(p‐PAEB/St) is broadened with increased content of p‐PAEB. The dynamic mechanical properties of LC polymer networks were investigated with TBA. The results indicate that the peak temperature of maximal mechanical loss is 114°C and is decreased with the addition of styrene © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5731–5736, 2006