bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on the distribution of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in calves
Authors: Potgieter L. N. D. , McCracken M. D. , Hopkins F. M. , Walker R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four calves (control animals) were inoculated (by aerosol) with Cooper's strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus given with an ultrasonic nebulizer. Seven other calves (principals) were inoculated (by aerosol) with a noncytopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus and 7 days later, with ibr virus. The calves were killed 3 to 8 days after the latter virus was inoculated. Various tissues were collected from the calves during necropsy and assayed for ibr virus.
In the control calves, the ibr virus was recovered only from the cranial part of the respiratory tract and, in much lower concentrations, from the caudal part of the respiratory tract. In contrast, the same virus was widely disseminated in most tissues, usually in high concentrations, of the calves first inoculated with bvd virus (principals). These observations indicate that initial bvd virus infection may impair the ability of calves to clear ibr virus from the lungs and to contain the latter virus at the local infection site. The pathogenesis of various forms of ibr virus-induced diseases in calves is discussed.
Peripheral distribution of virus in dogs inoculated with two strains of rabies virus
Authors: Fekadu Makonnen , Shaddock John H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty-seven Beagles were inoculated im with an Ethiopian strain or a Mexican strain of rabies virus to study the pathogenesis of street rabies virus in dogs. Thirty-nine dogs died of rabies, with incubation periods lasting 9 to 69 days. Of the dogs that died, 82% had shown typical signs of rabies, but 18% died without any noticeable signs of illness. Eight dogs that remained healthy during an observation period lasting more than 2 years did not produce detectable amounts of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies; however, when challenge exposed with a large dose of the homologous rabies virus inoculum, these 8 dogs responded with high antibody titers, but challenge-exposed control dogs died of rabies.
Infective virus was isolated from the saliva and cerebrospinal fluid of dogs before any signs of rabies were noticed; rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies were not detected in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid before illness. In this study, viral antigen was not detected in the skin biopsy specimens taken before signs of rabies were noticed. At necropsy of the 39 dogs, rabies virus was detected in most tissues examined.
Viral antigen was detected in the skin tissues of 14 (36.8%) of the 38 dogs examined. The presence of viral antigen in the skin seemed to correlate with the presence of virus in the salivary glands, but virus in the salivary glands did not indicate the presence of virus in the skin. Eleven (44%) of the 25 dogs which had virus in the salivary glands did not have any detectable amount of viral antigen in the skin. The distribution of virus seemed to depend on the dose of inoculum and the strains used.
Lipopolysaccharides of the Heddleston serotypes of Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Rimler R. B. , Rebers P. A. , Phillips M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lipopolysaccharides (lps) were extracted from 13 of the 16 Heddleston serotypes of Pasteurella multocida by phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (pcp). Serotypes 3, 9, and 13 were extracted only by phenol-water (pw). After extraction of lps of serotype 9 by pw, an additional lps was isolated by pcp. All lps contained glucose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, and heptose. Two isomers of heptose, d-glycero-d-mannoheptose and l-glycero-d-mannoheptose, were found in serotypes 2 and 5. Antisera made against purified lps of serotypes 2 and 5 reacted with both heat-stable antigens and lps from serotypes 2 and 5 in the gel-diffusion precipitin test. Antisera against serotype 2 lps protected turkeys against challenge with capsulated serotype 5, indicating that a structural relationship exists between lps of strains that cause hemorrhagic septicemia and fowl cholera.
Rhamnose was a component of serotype 9 lps, and galactose was found in all lps, except for serotype 11. The lps of serotype 13 contained an isomer of heptose that has not been identified.
The lps had buoyant densities in CsCl of 1.40 ± 0.0148 g/ml, and all hemagglutinated chicken and turkey, but not sheep or horse, rbc.
Control of Boophilus ticks on heifers with two pyrethroids applied as sprays
Authors: Davey R. B. , Ahrens Ε. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pyrethroid permethrin (25% cis to 75% trans) was sprayed on Hereford heifers infested with all parasitic stages of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) at 0.05% and 0.1% active ingredient. At 0.05%, control was 66.7%; whereas at 0.1%, control was 93.3%. Replete females were collected daily for 28 days after treatment at both concentrations, indicating that at least some ticks treated as larvae or nymphs were able to reach repletion.
The pyrethroid fenvalerate was sprayed on Hereford heifers infested with all parasitic stages of B microplus or B annulatus (Say) at 0.025% and 0.05% active ingredient. Fenvalerate was as effective as permethrin at a lower concentration. At 0.025%, control was 89.2% and 86.6% and at 0.05% was 92.5% and 90.1% for B microplus and B annulatus, respectively.
Both these pyrethroids could provide adequate reduction in programs in which control is the aim; however, in an eradication program, both acaricides failed to provide the necessary reduction to achieve complete elimination.
Uterotonic effect of prostaglandin F2α and oxytocin on the postpartum cow
Authors: Eiler Hugo , Hopkins Fred M. , Armstrong-Backus Cindy S. , Lyke Wilfred A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Uterine motility was measured in 6 mixed-breed beef cows 48 to 72 hours after parturition, using an intrauterine balloon technique. Baseline uterine motility was measured for 30 minutes after a stabilization period. After 25 mg of prostaglandin F2α, (pgf2α) was given im, motility was recorded for 2 to 4 hours. After pgf2α injection, 200 IU of oxytocin was given im and motility was recorded for 2 to 4 hours.
Twenty-four hours later, oxytocin treatment was administered, and 2 to 4 hours later, pgf2α was given. The tension-time index was calculated.
When pgf2α was given initially, it did not affect (P > 0.05) uterine motility. However, oxytocin after pgf2α increased uterine motility an average of about 225% of that of base line 20 minutes after injection. When oxytocin was given before pgf2αtreatment, the average increment of uterine motility was 875% above base line 20 minutes after oxytocin injection. The injection of pgf2α did not affect uterine motility significantly (P > 0.05), whether given before or after oxytocin treatment. There was a linear decrease in the uterotonic effect of oxytocin between 10 minutes and 2 hours. When oxytocin was injected first, the correlation coefficient for the time-response relationship was −0.98. When oxytocin was injected after pgf2α, the correlation coefficient was −0.84.
Seemingly, pgf2α should not be used as a uterotonic agent in the postpartum cow; however, oxytocin was an effective uterotonic agent.
Morphologic, cytochemical, and functional studies of peripheral blood cells of young healthy American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)
Authors: Mateo M. R. , Roberts E. D. , Enright F. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Samples of peripheral blood collected from healthy young American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) were studied to determine baseline values and characterize cell types. Mean total leukocyte counts were 6.4 ± 2.9 × 103/mm3, with mean differential values of 54.7 ± 47.5% heterophils, 10.4 ± 6.0% eosinophils, 12.7 ± 16.8% basophils, 23.9 ± 4.9% lymphocytes, and 0.7 ± 0.5% monocytes. Mean total thrombocyte counts were 23.0 ± 7.0 × 103/mm3, and mean total erythrocyte counts were 3.84 ± 8.7 × 105/mm3. Morphologic descriptions of Wright-Giemsa-stained alligator blood cells generally corresponded to those of their counterparts in other reptiles, birds, and mammals. Cytochemical tests were positive as follows: chloroacetate esterase-lymphocytes and monocytes; nonspecific esterase-heterophils and monocytes; acid phosphatase-heterophils, basophils, and monocytes; and alkaline phosphatase-heterophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Phagocytic and microbiocidal capacity was tested by adding live Staphylococcus aureus to whole blood. Subsequent staining with acridine orange and observation with fluorescence microscopy showed in vitro phagocytic and microbiocidal activity of monocytes, heterophils, and to a lesser degree, eosinophils.
Experimentally induced Cooperia oncophora infection in calves: Lymphocyte blastogenic and delayed hypersensitivity responses
Authors: Hanrahan L. A. , Benz G. W. , Schultz R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lymphocytic responses in peripheral blood and visceral lymph to Cooperia oncophora antigen and skin tests were determined in 35 Holstein male calves that were inoculated orally with single or multiple doses of C oncophora infective larvae. Several calves were vaccinated or given immune serum before larvae were inoculated. Antigen-specific in vitro blastogenesis of blood and lymph lymphocytes and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions were observed in several inoculated, vaccinated, and/or passively immunized calves. Most calves that had delayed skin reactions also had in vitro lymphocyte responses to C oncophora antigen. The lymphocyte and skin responses were inconsistent and variable in time of onset—the earliest lymphocyte response occurring 7 days after calves were inoculated. A cellular immune response was induced by both dermal vaccination and oral inoculation however, passive immunization by iv administration of immune serum simultaneously with inoculation did not have an apparent effect on the cellular response, as measured by the lymphocyte blastogenesis test or dermal testing. Although cellular immune responses were observed in several calves infected with C oncophora, there was no apparent relationship between the specific responses and number of nematodes establishing infection in calves after either single- or multiple-dose oral inoculations.
Functional anatomy of the equine tarsocrural collateral ligaments
Authors: Updike Susan J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Equine tarsocrural collateral ligaments (cl were dissected grossly. The areas of attachment and fiber arrangements were described for the long lateral cl, long medial cl, 3 short lateral cl, and 3 short medial cl. Sequential cutting of cl in any order indicated that the short medial cl were responsible for the snap-joint phenomenon observed at the equine tarsocrural joint.
Stride characteristics of horses competing in Grand Prix jumping
Authors: Leach D. H. , Ormrod K. , Clayton H. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An investigation was made of the stride characteristics of horses jumping 2 obstacles during a Grand Prix competition. One obstacle was a picket fence and rail 1.3 m high (fence 2), and the other was a coop and rail 1.52 m high (fence 11). Thirteen distance and 22 timing measurements of 17 horses were extracted from high-speed films, using computer-aided analysis. These data were used to compare takeoff and landing of the lead and nonlead legs, the thoracic limbs and pelvic limbs, and fence 2 and fence 11. Paired t-tests were used to compare means and a stepwise regression analysis was done for each fence, using the total horizontal distance jumped as the dependent variable.
Stride timing and distance measurements did not differ (P < 0.05) between the 2 fences. Each horse approached the fences in a moderately fast canter and, at takeoff, placed the nonlead thoracic limb earlier and farther from the fence than the lead thoracic limb (P < 0.05). The nonlead leg stance phase lasted longer than the lead leg stance phase (P < 0.05). The lead and nonlead pelvic limbs acted more in unison than the thoracic limbs and did not differ in their time of placement, stance phase duration, or position from the fence (P < 0.05). The overlap of the stance phases of the pelvic limbs was greater than that of the thoracic limbs (P < 0.05). The pelvic limbs remained on the ground for a longer period of time and were placed closer to the jump than the thoracic limbs (P < 0.05), but the total stance phase of the thoracic limbs did not differ from the total stance phase of the pelvic limbs (P < 0.05).
In 15 of 29 jumps studied, the lead thoracic limb changed during the jump. In the landing phase the lead thoracic limb was positioned further from the jump and had a longer stance phase and single support than did the nonlead thoracic limb (P < 0.05). The overlap increased and advanced placement decreased between these limb pairs on landing as compared with the takeoff (P < 0.05). The distance between the pelvic limbs at landing was greater than at takeoff (P < 0.05), but was not significantly different from the distance between the thoracic limbs at landing.
The stepwise regression analysis selected different independent variables for the 2 fences. The final regression equation for fence 2 included 5 independent variables and had an adjusted R2 value of 0.999. Four of these independent variables were distance measurements and 4 described the thoracic limbs. The R2 value of the final regression equation for fence 11 was 0.953 and all 3 independent variables selected were distance measurements of the pelvic limbs.
Cellular constituents of clinically normal foal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid during postnatal maturation
Authors: Zink M. C. , Johnson J. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 5 times, sequentially, on 3 healthy foals when each was between 2 and 63 days of age. Total and differential counts were performed on recovered cells. The lungs of foals < 19 days of age contained few alveolar macrophages recoverable by bronchoalveolar lavage. This number increased sharply during the first 2 to 3 weeks of life, but remained relatively constant subsequently. Approximately 86% of the alveolar cells in the lungs of foals up to 3 weeks of age were alveolar macrophages. During the first 2 months of life, this number decreased to approximately 71%, whereas the relative percentage of lymphocytes increased from 5% to 20%.
Noneffectiveness of verapamil in preventing halothane-induced malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine
Authors: McGrath C. J. , Lee J. C. , Rempel Wm. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pietrain pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (mh; porcine stress syndrome) were treated with the slow-channel calcium blocker verapamil and then subjected to halothane testing. There was no significant delay in the onset of mh among pigs (3 groups) given different doses of verapamil (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) and saline control Pietrain pigs. The mortality due to mh (83.3%) was significantly higher among the pigs given the largest dose (10 mg/kg) than in the other groups. Verapamil was not effective in preventing or delaying a mh reaction. This antiarrhythmic drug should be used cautiously during a mh reaction in susceptible individuals.
Maximum-distention retrograde urethrocystography in healthy male dogs: Occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux
Authors: Feeney Daniel A. , Johnston Gary R. , Osborne Carl A. , Tomlinson Michael J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-four healthy, mature male Beagles were examined radiographically for vesicoureteral reflux (vur) by maximum-distention retrograde urethrocystography. Bilateral vur was observed in 9 dogs and unilateral vur was observed in 3 dogs. The vur occurred when the bladder was füll or nearly full when maximum bladder filling was defined by trigonal-prostatic urethral dilation. The refluxed contrast medium reached the renal pelves in all but 3 of the 21 affected ureters.
Rapid purification of avian influenza virus for use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Abraham Albert , Sivanandan V. , Newman J. A. , Maheswaran S. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A rapid and easy purification method was developed to obtain avian influenza antigen for use in immunochemical assays. This was achieved by rapid concentration of virus from infective allantoic fluid, using 8% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 8000, and later, by purification on gel permeation chromatography through controlled-pore glass beads. Rabbit anti-turkey globulins were made specific for turkey globulins, using affinity chromatography, conjugated to hor seradish peroxidase and used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
A significant increase in specificity and sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was observed when purified antigen was used in place of a crude antigen preparation. This purified antigen eliminated the false-positives obtained as a result of the turkeys being previously vaccinated with egg-grown virus vaccines (Newcastle disease virus), The details of the technique and the importance of antigen preparation are discussed.
Effect of aztreonam on the growth of Pasteurella multocida in the lung
Authors: Collins Frank M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Specific-pathogen-free ICR mice were infected aerogenically with Pasteurella multocida and, beginning 1 hour later, were treated with aztreonam (50 mg/kg of body weight). The number of viable bacilli in the lungs, liver, and spleen were determined at intervals for up to 36 hours. Aztreonam was bactericidal for growing bacilli in vitro and, when injected 1 and 5 hours after aerogenic exposure, provided > 80% protection after dosage at the level of 12.5 mg/kg. Below this dosage level, viable organisms persisted in the lungs and the spleen and many of the minimally treated mice eventually died of pasteurellosis. The survivors developed active immunity as a result of the continued sublethal infection. Aztreonam protects mice against an aerogenic infection with highly virulent Ρ multocida and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of pasteurellosis in cattle.
Relationship of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity to protection from challenge exposure with Salmonella typhimurium in calves
Authors: Merritt Frank F. , Smith Bradford P. , Reina-Guerra Mario , Habasha Faisal , Johnson Eugene 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The purpose in this investigation was to relate cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the degree of immunity induced in calves given a live virulent or a modified-live strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Calves were placed into 1 of 5 groups on the basis of the vaccinal strain given and route of the vaccination: (I) nonvaccinated controls, (II) vaccinated twice by im inoculation with small doses of the live virulent strain, (III) vaccinated (im) twice with the modified-live strain, (IV) vaccinated (orally) twice with the modified-live strains, and (V) vaccinated (im, and then orally) twice with the modified-live strain. Skin testing was performed by intradermal injection of fragmented S typhimurium as antigen. Double skin fold thickness and visual assessments were recorded at 3, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after antigen was administered. Biopsy samples for histopathologic evaluation were obtained. After vaccination and skin testing were complete, calves were orally challenge exposed with 1.5 × 1011 virulent S typhimurium.
Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (48 hours) were observed in all except controls (group I) and 2 of 3 calves vaccinated orally with the modified-live vaccine strain (group IV). Significant correlations between positive skin tests and protection from challenge exposure were observed except in group V calves, in which positive skin test results were seen, but adequacy of the immunity (or survival after challenge exposure) was inconsistent.
Controlled and clinical evaluations of the anthelmintic activity of a levamisole pour-on formulation against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle
Authors: Guerrero Jorge , Seibert Barbara P. Campbell , Newcomb Kathleen M. , Michael Bruce F. , Garcia-Naranjo Fernando , Rogiers Marcel 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Beef-type calves (n = 107) with naturally occurring helminth infections were used in a series of 3 controlled experiments to study the anthelmintic activity of a new pour-on formulation of levamisole. In the 1st experiment, the efficacy of a single treatment of levamisole pour-on at a rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight was determined, using a placebo pour-on in a similar volume as a control. In the 2nd experiment, calves were treated with levamisole pour-on at doses of 0 (nontreated control), 7.5, 10, or 12.5 mg/kg of body weight. In the 3rd experiment, the anthelmintic efficacy of the optimal dose of levamisole pour-on (10 mg/kg of body weight) was compared with that of injectable levamisole at the recommended rate (6 mg/kg of body weight). In all 3 studies, levamisole pour-on, at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, was efficacious (90% to 100%) against the adult forms of Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Nematodirus spp, and Bunostomum phlebotomum. Efficacy was moderate to good against Capillaria bovis, and poor or inconsistent against Strongyloides papillosus and Trichuris ovis.
Clinical tests of anthelmintic efficacy and local tolerance of levamisole pour-on were conducted in 371 beef and dairy cattle in Mexico. Fecal egg counts were consistently reduced 2 weeks after a single application of levamisole pour-on at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Local reactions were limited to various degrees of dry hair coat for up to 2 weeks at the application site. Hair loss or skin abnormalities were not observed in any of the treated cattle.
Responses of equine neutrophils to contagious equine metritis organism and its lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Bertram Timothy A. , Jensen Allen E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Morphology and function of equine neutrophils were evaluated after combination with contagious equine metritis organism (cemo) or 1 of 2 cemo lipopolysaccharides (lps). The 2 lps (lps-a; lps-p) isolated from the cemo contained 14- and 16-carbon fatty acids, ketodeoxyoctanate, hexose, and heptose, but were morphologically distinct. Neutrophils exposed to lps had fewer granules, whereas those exposed to cemo had more granules than did the controls (phosphate-buffered saline solution). Neutrophil iodination was significantly increased with 10 and 25 μg of lps-a, but not significantly altered by lps-p or cemo. Staphylococcus aureus ingestion was not influenced by cemo and was mildly decreased by lps-a. These results indicate that cemo may have at least 2 functionally and morphologically distinct, but chemically similar, lps and that 1 of these lps (lps-a) may enhance neutrophil killing by stimulating neutrophil iodinating mechanisms.