bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resident and transient dynamics, site fidelity and survival in wintering BlackcapsSylvia atricapilla: evidence from capture–recapture analyses
Authors: BELDA EDUARDO J. , BARBA EMILIO , MONRÓS JUAN S. 
Published: April 2007

In their winter quarters, migrant birds may either remain within a small area (resident strategy) or move frequently over a large area looking for locally abundant food (transient strategy). It has been suggested that both strategies could simultaneously occur in the same population. We used time‐since‐marking capture–recapture models to infer the coexistence of these two behavioural strategies (transient and resident) among wintering BlackcapsSylvia atricapillausing weekly recapture data over a 7‐year period. A related question is whether Blackcaps, if surviving to the next winter, always return to the same wintering area, so we also used this approach to analyse winter site fidelity and to estimate annual survival probabilities. Model selection supported the existence of heterogeneity in survival estimates for both the within‐season and the interannual survival probabilities, i.e. there was evidence for the existence of transients. It was estimated that 26% of the Blackcaps were resident during the winter. Mean apparent annual survival probability was 0.46 (se = ±0.11). However, there was some evidence suggesting that not all individuals showed winter site fidelity. The estimated proportion of individuals that, if alive, returned to the wintering area was 28%. This is the first study to show the existence of these two behavioural strategies (residence and transience) among wintering Blackcaps, and the first confirming this pattern using capture–recapture models. These models considering transient and resident dynamics may become an important tool with which to analyse wintering strategies.
Kantian Virtue
Authors: Baxley Anne Margaret 
Published: April 2007

AbstractKant's most familiar and widely read works in practical reason are theGroundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals(1785) and theCritique of Practical Reason(1788). His principal aims in these works are to analyze the nature and ground of morality and to justify its supreme principle (the categorical imperative). Nevertheless, in these texts, Kant also paints a picture of what it means to have a good will or good character, and it is this account of the good will and the associated theory of moral motivation that have been the target of many of the historical and contemporary objections to Kant's rationalism. From the perspective of these foundational works in Kant's moral theory, it appears that all that is required for Kantian character is a firm commitment to do one's duty from the motive of duty in the absence of inclination, or in the teeth of countervailing inclination. Kant's defenders have rightly insisted that it would be hasty to draw any final conclusions about his considered views on character and moral psychology on the basis of theGroundworkand the secondCritique. An adequate assessment of these kinds of charges against Kant, they have argued, must address his theory of virtue, as it is set out in his other important ethical texts, especially theDoctrine of Virtue(1797) andReligion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason(1793). In his theory of virtue, Kant presents a detailed account of virtue as a character trait, provides lengthy discussions of the various virtues he sees as central for the ethical life, and maintains that there are moral feelings that are part of a virtuous character and serviceable for morality. For these reasons, those interested in gleaning a more complete picture of Kant's ethics await a detailed, systematic account of Kant's views about virtue. This entry aims to sketch the outlines of such an account.
Comparative proteomic analysis for the detection of biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas
Authors: Qi T , Han J , Cui Y , Zong M , Liu X , Zhu B 
Published: April 2007

Aims:To search for novel potential protein biomarkers for the early detection and better intervention of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).Methods:Eight pairs of matched PDAC and non-cancerous pancreas tissues were profiled with two-dimensional electrophoresis; differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Expression patterns of TBX4 (T-box transcription factor TBX4) and HSP60 (60 KDa heat shock protein) were studied with immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays.Results:A total of 48 differentially expressed proteins were identified; 30 of them are novel potential biomarkers. Immunohistochemistry showed that TBX4 expression could be seen in both centroacinar cells and small ducts in normal pancreas and tumour cells in 5/5 (100%) well differentiated, 35/38 (92.1%) moderately differentiated, and 11/18 (61.1%) poorly differentiated PDAC tissues with different staining intensity. However, in normal acinar cells and tumour cells in the other 3/38 (7.9%) moderately differentiated and 7/18 (38.9%) poorly differentiated PDAC tissues, there was no visible TBX4 expression. The expression difference of TBX4 between moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated PDAC tissues was statistically significant (p<0.01). In addition, there was obvious morphology difference between TBX4 negatively stained and positively stained tumour cells, which suggests different cellular origins. Strong expression of HSP60 could be seen in both acinar cells and small ducts in normal pancreas tissues and tumour cells in PDAC tissues except for islets and tumour stoma; no correlation was found between HSP60 expression and differentiation of PDAC tissues.Conclusions:30 novel potential biomarkers differentially expressed in PDAC tissues were identified. TBX4 may be a differentiation related protein; its prognostic value for PDAC deserves further study.
Comparing subjective and digital image analysis HER2/neu expression scores with conventional and modified FISH scores in breast cancer
Authors: Skaland I , Øvestad I , Janssen E A M , Klos J , Kjellevold K H , Helliesen T , Baak J P A 
Published: April 2007

Background:HER2/neu expression and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) amplification have therapeutic significance.Aims:To compare subjective HER2/neu expression scores with digital image analysis (DIA) and conventional and modified FISH scores in breast cancer.Methods:Sixty HercepTest-immunostained breast carcinomas, prospectively scored as consensus 2+ and 3+ (DAKO protocol) by two observers, were analysed with DIA, and conventional (Vysis) and modified FISH scoring protocols.Results:With consensus scoring, 23 (38%) of the 60 cases were 2+ and 37 (62%) were 3+. Agreement with DIA scores was 100%. With conventional FISH scoring, 4 of the 3+ cases did not show amplification, but all of those negative cases had high HER2/neu copy numbers. With the modified FISH scoring protocol, all HercepTest immunohistochemical 3+ cases were amplified. Of the 2+ cases, 3 were amplified with the modified FISH protocol and 4 with the conventional FISH protocol.Conclusions:Modified FISH scores were better correlated with HercepTest 3+ consensus and DIA scores than were conventional FISH scores. HER2/neu DIA scoring is a cost-effective supplementary tool in surgical pathology.
Antigenicity testing by immunohistochemistry after tissue oxidation
Authors: Blind C , Koepenik A , Pacyna-Gengelbach M , Fernahl G , Deutschmann N , Dietel M , Krenn V , Petersen I 
Published: April 2007

Aims:Archived tissue blocks preserve the antigenicity of samples for a long time under normal storage conditions, whereas tissue sections may show a diminished immunoreactivity over time. Little is known about the processes responsible for antigenicity loss and how tissue sections should be conserved for extended storage. Oxidation and drying are presumed mechanisms of antigenicity loss. To prove this, degradation of immunoreactivity was provoked by chemical oxidation, photo-oxidation and artificial drying.Methods:First, paraffin sections of an oestrogen receptor (ER) positive breast carcinoma were subjected for variable time periods to H2O2, ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation and dry heat (56°C) prior to ER immunohistochemistry. Second, using heat and UVA irradiation several other antigens (ER, PR, HER-2neu, p53, p63, p16, PSA, CK5/6, CK7, CK20, SMA, Fli-1, c-kit, CD20 and EGFR) were tested, using internal control tissue microarray sections.Results:While H2O2had no effect on the ER-staining intensity, extended drying showed a detectable decrease in staining after 10 days, and UVA irradiation induced a decrease after 3 days. Entire antigenicity loss was not observed. Except for HER-2neu, PSA and Fli-1, all antigens showed some diminution in antigenicity, but no entire antigenicity loss, after heating and UVA irradiation.Conclusions:This study confirms that photo-oxidation and drying have an influence on immunohistochemistry outcome, and protocols for testing the stability of specific antigens are provided.
Lifetime Weight History and Endometrial Cancer Risk by Type of Menopausal Hormone Use in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study
Authors: Chang Shih-Chen , Lacey James V. , Brinton Louise A. , Hartge Patricia , Adams Kenneth , Mouw Traci , Carroll Leslie , Hollenbeck Albert , Schatzkin Arthur , Leitzmann Michael F. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Obesity and menopausal estrogen therapy are established risk factors for endometrial cancer. However, the joint effects of obesity and menopausal hormone therapy on endometrial cancer risk are incompletely understood. We addressed this issue in a cohort of 103,882 women ages 50 to 71 years at baseline in 1995 to 1996. During a median of 4.6 years, which contributed to a total of 455,304 person-years of follow-up through 2000, 677 cases of endometrial cancer were ascertained. Both baseline body mass index (BMI) and adult weight gain were associated with increased endometrial cancer risk. The multivariate relative risk (RR) comparing obese with normal weight women (BMI &gt;30 versus &lt;25 kg/m2) was 3.03 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.50-3.68]. Compared with women with stable weight (gained or lost &lt;5 kg) between age 18 and baseline, women who gained ≥20 kg had a RR of 2.75 (95% CI, 1.96-3.86). Menopausal hormone therapy significantly modified the relations of BMI (Pinteraction &lt; 0.001) and adult weight gain (Pinteraction = 0.004) to endometrial cancer risk. Compared with normal weight, the RRs for obesity were 5.41 (95% CI, 4.01-7.29) among women who never used menopausal hormone therapy, 2.53 (95% CI, 1.21-5.30) among former menopausal hormone therapy users, and 1.44 (95% CI, 1.00-2.05) among current users. Compared with a stable weight between age 18 and baseline, the RRs for weight gain of ≥20 kg among never users and ever users of menopausal hormone therapy were 5.35 (95% CI, 3.01-9.52) and 1.43 (95% CI, 0.96-2.15), respectively. We conclude that both current adiposity and adult weight gain are associated with substantial increases in the risk of endometrial cancer, with relations particularly evident among never users of menopausal hormone therapy. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):723–30)
The UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 Gene Deletion Polymorphism: Sex-Specific Association with Urinary 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol Glucuronidation Phenotype and Risk for Lung Cancer
Authors: Gallagher Carla J. , Muscat Joshua E. , Hicks Amy N. , Zheng Yan , Dyer Anne-Marie , Chase Gary A. , Richie John , Lazarus Philip 
Published: April 2007

Abstract4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone is a potent and abundant procarcinogen found in tobacco smoke, and glucuronidation of its major metabolite, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) including UGT2B17 is an important mechanism for 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone detoxification. Both copies of the UGT2B17 gene are deleted in ∼10% of Whites and the deletion is associated with a reduction in NNAL glucuronidation activity in vitro. In this study, we examined the effects of the UGT2B17 deletion (0/0) on NNAL glucuronidation rates in a sample of 82 healthy cigarette smokers and further examined its effects on lung cancer risk in a separate case-control study. In the healthy smokers study, a lower urinary ratio of NNAL-glucuronide to NNAL was observed in women with the UGT2B17 deletion (0/0) as compared with women with either the wild-type or heterozygous genotypes (P = 0.058). There were no significant differences in this ratio by genotype in men (P = 0.597). In the case-control study of 398 lung cancer patients and 697 community controls, the UGT2B17 deletion (0/0) was associated with a significant increase in risk of lung cancer in women (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-4.0). The risk for the subset of women with lung adenocarcinoma was 2.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.3). The deletion was not associated with other lung histologic types in women and was not associated with the risk for any lung histologic types in men. The association of the UGT2B17 deletion with increased lung adenocarcinoma in women is consistent with its association with decreased NNAL glucuronidation rates in women and with studies showing that NNAL is a selective inducer of lung adenocarcinoma in experimental animals. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):823–8)
Grilled Meat Consumption and PhIP-DNA Adducts in Prostate Carcinogenesis
Authors: Tang Deliang , Liu Jason J. , Rundle Andrew , Neslund-Dudas Christine , Savera Adnan T. , Bock Cathryn H. , Nock Nora L. , Yang James J. , Rybicki Benjamin A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is the major heterocyclic amine generated from cooking meats at high temperatures, and dietary exposures have been shown to induce prostate cancer in rats. PhIP derives its carcinogenic potential through the formation of PhIP-DNA adducts. The purpose of this study was to examine whether self-reported consumption and preparation doneness of grilled meats were associated with PhIP-DNA adduct levels in prostate epithelial cells. The study population consisted of 268 African-American and Caucasian men who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. PhIP-DNA adducts in tumor and adjacent nontumor cells were measured using immunohistochemical methods, and dietary meat intake information was based on food frequency questionnaires. Data were analyzed using multivariate linear regression models. After adjusting for age at prostatectomy and race, grilled meat consumption (P = 0.002) was significantly associated with higher adduct levels in tumor cells, but this association seemed to be primarily due to consumption of grilled red meats (P = 0.001) as opposed to grilled white meat consumption (P = 0.15). Among the specific food items, grilled hamburger consumption had the most significant association with adduct level in tumor cells (P = 0.002). Similar trends in positive associations with grilled meat consumption and adduct levels were observed in nontumor cells, but none of these associations reached statistical significance. Our results suggest that dietary interventions targeted at lower consumption of grilled red meats may reduce prostate cancer risk via the PhIP prostate carcinogenic pathway. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):803–8)
Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Incident Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Tworoger Shelley S. , Lee I-Min , Buring Julie E. , Rosner Bernard , Hollis Bruce W. , Hankinson Susan E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFew modifiable factors are known to reduce ovarian cancer risk. Ecologic studies and experimental data suggest that vitamin D may reduce ovarian cancer risk. Therefore, we examined whether plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (a measure of overall vitamin D status) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (biologically active form) were associated with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in a nested-case control study using data from three prospective cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHSII, and the Women's Health Study (WHS). The analysis had 224 cases (161 from NHS/NHSII and 63 from WHS) and 603 controls (matching ratio, 1:3 for NHS/NHSII and 1:2 for WHS). Women ranged in age from 34 to 73 years (mean, 56 years). We did not observe significant associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [top versus bottom quartile: relative risk (RR), 0.83; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.49-1.39; Ptrend = 0.57] or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels (RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.70-1.85, Ptrend = 0.93) and ovarian cancer risk. Study-specific associations were not statistically significant and no statistical heterogeneity existed between studies (P = 0.66, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; P = 0.40, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D). However, there was a significant inverse association among overweight and obese women for 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (RR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16-0.93; Ptrend = 0.04). Further, those with adequate (≥32 ng/mL) versus inadequate 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels had a modestly decreased risk of serous ovarian cancer (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.39-1.05). Overall, our results do not suggest that plasma vitamin D levels are associated with risk of ovarian cancer. However, we observed significant associations in some subgroups, which should be evaluated further in other studies because increasing vitamin D intake is an easy preventive measure to adopt. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):783–8)
Dynamics of the Southern Tsuchiya Jet*
Authors: Furue Ryo , McCreary Julian P. , Yu Zuojun , Wang Dailin 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The Tsuchiya jets (TJs) are narrow eastward currents, located a few degrees on either side of the equator at depths from 200 to 500 m in the Pacific Ocean. In this study, non-eddy-resolving, oceanic general circulation models (OGCMs) are used to investigate the dynamics of the southern TJ. Most solutions are found in a rectangular basin extending 100° zonally and from 40°S to 10°N. They are forced by idealized zonal and meridional winds representing the trades and the southerly winds near the South American coast, by a prescribed interocean circulation (IOC) that enters the basin through the southern boundary and exits through the western boundary from 2° to 6°N (the model’s Indonesian passages), and by surface heating that warms the ocean in the Tropics. A suite of solutions is presented to isolate effects of each forcing and mixing process. A few solutions are also found to a global OGCM driven by realistic forcings. Solutions forced by all of the aforementioned processes and with minimal diffusion resemble the observed flow field in the tropical South Pacific. A narrow eastward current, the model southern TJ, flows across the basin along the southern edge of a thick equatorial thermostad, and upwells at the eastern boundary. Its deeper part is supplied by water that leaves the western boundary current somewhat south of the equator. Its shallower part originates from water that diverges from the deep portion of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC); as a result, the TJ transport increases to the east and the TJ warms as it flows across the basin. A major part of the water that upwells at the eastern boundary is supplied by the TJ with a minor contribution from the southern boundary region. In idealized-basin solutions without forcing either by the IOC or meridional wind, the TJ is weak or absent. These, and other, properties suggest that the dynamics of the model’s TJ are those of an arrested front, which in a 2½-layer model are generated when characteristics of the flow merge or intersect. When diffusivity is increased to commonly used values, the thermostad is less well defined or even absent and the TJ is weak, suggesting that excessive diffusion is the reason why TJs are not present in many previous OGCMs. In the solution to a global OGCM, the southern TJ still exists without the IOC, although it is warmed by 1°C, indicating that much of its water is supplied by an overturning cell confined within the Pacific basin.
Recombinant ST2 boosts hepatic Th2 response in vivo
Authors: Amatucci Aldo , Novobrantseva Tatiana , Gilbride Kevin , Brickelmaier Margot , Hochman Paula , Ibraghimov Alexander 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExcessive scarring or fibrosis is a common feature of a wide spectrum of diseases characterized by an exaggerated Th2 response. The TLR/IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-related protein ST2 is expressed in a membrane-bound form selectively by Th2 cells and was shown to be indispensable for some in vivo Th2 responses. ST2 was also found to block TLR signaling. We addressed the impact of the ST2 pathway on fibrogenesis using a mouse model of hepatic injury and fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). We showed that cytokine production by intrahepatic lymphocytes from CCl4-injured liver is abrogated in the absence of TLR-4. Interfering with the ST2 pathway using an ST2-Fc fusion protein accelerated and enhanced hepatic fibrosis, paralleled by the increasing ex vivo secretion of Th2 cytokines IL-4, -5, -10, and -13 by intrahepatic lymphocytes of ST2-Fc-treated, CCl4-gavaged mice. Absence of IL-4/13 signaling in IL-4Rα-deficient mice obliterated this ST2-Fc effect on fibrogenesis. Moreover, depletion of CD4+ T cells abrogated ST2-Fc-enhanced Th2 cytokines and accelerated fibrosis. Thus, ST2-Fc caused overproduction of Th2 cytokines by intrahepatic CD4+ T cells, possibly by modifying TLR-4 signaling in injured liver. This ST2-Fc-driven Th2 response exacerbated CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis.
Identification of Angiogenesis/Metastases Genes Predicting Chemoradiotherapy Response in Patients With Laryngopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Ganly Ian , Talbot Simon , Carlson Diane , Viale Agnes , Maghami Ellie , Osman Iman , Sherman Eric , Pfister David , Chuai Shaokun , Shaha Ashok R. , Kraus Dennis , Shah Jatin P. , Socci Nicholas D. , Singh Bhuvanesh 
Published: April 2007

Purpose To identify genes related to angiogenesis/metastasis that predict locoregional failure in patients with laryngopharyngeal cancer (LPC) undergoing chemoradiotherapy (CRT) treatment. Methods Tumor tissue was collected and snap-frozen from 35 sequential patients with histologically confirmed LPC being treated with CRT. Gene expression analysis was performed using a novel cDNA array consisting of 277 genes functionally associated with angiogenesis (n = 152) and/or metastasis (n = 125). Locoregional response was correlated to the gene expression profiles to identify genes associated with outcome. These genes were internally validated by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and validated externally by immunohistochemistry analysis on an independent set of patients. Results Locoregional failure occurred in nine of 35 patients. Seventeen genes from the cDNA microarray correlated with locoregional failure (two-sample t test, P < .05). Seven genes were chosen for additional analysis based on the availability of antibodies for immunohistochemistry. Of these seven genes, real-time RT-PCR validated four genes: MDM2, VCAM-1, erbB2, and H-ras (Wilcoxon rank sum test, P = .008, .02, .04, and .04, respectively). External validation by immunohistochemistry confirmed MDM2 and erbB2 as being predictive of locoregional response. Controlling for stage of disease, positivity for MDM2 or erbB2 was an independent negative predictor of locoregional disease-free survival. Conclusion Genomic screening by cDNA microarray and validation internally by real-time RT-PCR and externally by immunohistochemistry have identified two genes (MDM2 and erbB2) as predictors of locoregional failure in LPC patients treated with CRT. The role of these genes in treatment selection and the functional basis for their activity in CRT response merit additional consideration.