bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Fair Employment Practices: The Search for a “Figure of Merit”
Authors: Rittenouke R. Lynn 
Published: July 2006

AbstractQuantitative measures of equal employment opportunity in the bureaucracy are of quite recent vintage, even though data have been collected on minority employment since the early 1960s. Such measures as have been developed are useful in the sense that they are simple and easy to comprehend. Concentrating as they do on integration alone, however, they do not capture a sufficiently wide variety of personnel practices to truly assess equal employment opportunity. This paper presents a new measure which retains the basic simplicity required of a figure of merit but expands the dimensions of former measures to include an index of the occupational distribution of minorities within an organization. The measure presented implies a policy goal of income parity for minority groups within the bureaucracy and assesses progress toward that goal. It is argued that a worthy figure of merit can promote cost‐effective implementation of public policy with regard to fair employment within the civil service.
The Law of the Sea and Ocean Resources
Authors: Ishimine Tomotaka 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFrom time immemorial, the ocean has provided food, adventure, and inspiration to humanity. In recent years, the nations began to recognize the ocean as an important source of resources. The immense potential of the ocean in providing food and nutrition, particularly protein, began to be reexamined. However the ocean also contains a seed of conflict among nations since claims over ocean resources are overlapping. Attempts to establish the law of the sea have failed to reach an accord with regard to the definition of territorial waters and economic zones. At stake are the freedom of navigation, the right of fishing, and claims over mining deep seabed resources. It is imperative to examine the conflicting claims over ocean resources and to foresee the possible outcome of the law of the sea to avoid scrambles over the ocean resources among nations.
Problems in Estimating the Value of Household Services
Authors: Peterson R. D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCurrent estimates of the value of household services (VHS) as a percent of Gross National Product(GNP) are overestimations, it is contended. They are based on a zero (or low) supply price whereas if such services by family members usually commanded a price, the quantity demanded might be substantially less. Also the total output of goods and services (real GNP) against which VHS is measured is GNP sans VHS; if measurement is justified, it should be GNP plus VHS, yielding a smaller percentage.
Site Value Taxation and Manvel's Land Value Estimates
Authors: Douglas Richard W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractReplacement of the existing property tax with a. tax on site value requires that the site value base be sufficiently large to generate the same revenue as the existing tax. The adequacy of the site value base is examined in view of Manvel's land value/property value estimates. The conclusion is that only partial replacement may be feasible in many cases, but this may still produce a desirable effect.
Multinational Corporations and Culture in Liberia
Authors: Bonaparte T. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe proportion of multinational corporations (MCs) in a developing country (DC) has little to do with the degree of corruption of local culture that takes place. Rather, policy decisions taken by governments of DCs determine whether or not multinationals have a positive or negative impact, according to the author's research in Liberia among foreign managers, African supervisors, and Liberian workers. Even though Liberia has an “open door” policy toward MCs, very little violence has been done to Liberian culture. The reason is two‐fold: 1) multinationals have maintained tight enclaves and have generally refused to integrate their values, managerial and otherwise, with those of the Liberian society; and 2) Liberian government officials have done little to generate Liberian interest in the business field or to force multinationals to play a more participative role in the society. The result has been “growth without development,” in the sense that the country's growth rate has increased over the years, but the Liberian people remain very much underdeveloped. A change of policy could bring about continued growth with development and without cultural disintegration.
The Role of Social Scientific Inquiry in Technology Transfer
Authors: LONG FRANK 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Technology, the application of science to achieve practical results in the area of production (as economists use the term), can be understood only in a limited way from a strict disciplinary framework such as those prevailing in the social sciences. Perhaps the most restrictive is the limitation from the viewpoint of economics. The author (an economist) illustrates this contention with some interdisciplinary dimensions of technology encountered in developing countries, such as those pertaining to indigenous technological generation and technology transfer. A development framework incorporating such interdisciplinary dimensions, it is argued, is a prerequisite for formulating meaningful technology policies which help to promote an improved quality of life in developing countries.
Government Budgets and Public Services: Some Criteria for Determining the Sources and Levels of Public Goods, including Transport Services
Authors: Renshaw Edward , Reeb Donald 
Published: July 2006

AbstractInstances of non‐optimal consumption of public goods and services can easily arise if individual demand curves are not identical. It does not follow, however, that the best solution to the problem of too little consumption is an increase in government expenditure. Special user charges and voluntary contributions of time, goods, and money on the part of persons that value public goods more highly than the general population have long been important ways of supplementing government spending for social goods. The work trip appears to be a good example of a service area where existing cost structures and pricing methods may be biased against the voluntary associations which are needed to make the United States less dependent on foreign oil. This bias could be corrected by using an income‐tax‐surcharge to help finance the fixed costs associated with mass transit and other types of work trip pooling arrangements.
On the Measurement of Discrimination Against Women
Authors: Davis Joe C. , Hubbaed Carl M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSocio‐economic measurements implicity invite individuals and governments to base decisions on them. We attempt to show that estimates of discrimination represent poor guides to decision‐making when discrimination is defined too broadly, when earnings differentials are not properly adjusted for changes in relative productivity, and when the present‐value method used is not well‐suited to the problem.
Structural‐Functional Dynamics in the Analysis of Socio‐economic Systems: Development of the Approach to Understanding the Processes of Systemic Change
Authors: Chase Richard 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Theory can be equated with analogy. Both attempt to convey the unfamiliar and/or the complex through use of more familiar and/or simple constructs. The theoretical analogies of “modern” economics have been by and large patterned after a prestigious and powerful Newtonian model, i.e. they have been of the mechanical genre. It has been argued, however, that models of a biological, or evolutionary, nature would be more appropriate to analyzing economic processes and systems. This article is the first of two aimed at suggesting a form for such an evolutionary model. In this article, the analytical concepts of structure and function and their interrelationships are discussed as they apply to non‐human biological systems. Resulting feedback effects which produce dynamic change are placed within the context of the evolutionary model of stratified stability. This model explains developmental change as always tending toward more complex but more stable levels of structure, and thus unidirectional. However, the process of societal change is non‐teleological in that the particular path of change is not deterministic.
The Compatibility of Laissez‐faire With Distributive Justice
Authors: Daniel Coldwell 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAt least some of the more prominent proponents of laissezfaire advocate governmental intervention for the purpose of comprehensively and substantially redistributing income in order to achieve distributive justice. It is questionable, however, that a laissez‐faire system would function in the way that is described by these same proponents if a leveling of income of the sort advocated were to be instituted. This is so because the postulates of human behavior on which the proper workings of the system are based would be rendered ineffectual as a consequence of such intervention. Indeed, if a system of laissez‐faire is to work well, there is required a certain ethos which precludes significant intervention in the name of distributive justice.
Incremental vs. Comprehensive Reform of Economic Regulation: Predictable Outcomes and Unintended Consequences
Authors: Jones L. R. , Thompson Frederick 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Examination of the theory and politics of reform of government regulatory policy leads to the conclusion that comprehensive reform of economic regulation is desirable and possible, given that we understand how existing regulatory decision‐making processes operate and how reform efforts in the past have failed. Options exist along a dimension of magnitude of change: incremental versus comprehensive reform. Under certain conditions regulatory reform is best achieved through comprehensive change and equilibration to new policy, rather than marginal adjustments to existing policy that often lead to more rather than less government regulation.Comprehensive reform is held to be complete or nearly complete relaxation of government control over price, market entry and other aspects of competition among firms across an entire industry, or assumption by government of new, broad‐scale controls over private lector market behavior. Comprehensive reduction of government control, i.e., deregulation, is in accord with the observation that government decision‐makers sometimes behave as if economic efficiency were an important objective.
What Was Driving the 1982–88 Boom In Temporary Employment?
Authors: Golden Lonnie , Appelbaum Eileen 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The level of temporary help employment rose two‐and‐a‐half fold between 1982 and 1988, was quite variable and had a disproportionately larger effect on employment flows. One conventional explanation suggests that changing demographic composition of the labor force in favor of groups preferring nontraditional employment arrangements fueled the temporary help boom. Demand‐side views emphasize the volatility in labor demand, intensified price competition and the absence of employee benefit contributions.Empirical estimation confirms that demand‐side forces predominate. Yet no labor supply variable is found to be positively associated with the extent of temporary employment. Cyclical fluctuation in output, intensified foreign competition and the magnitude of nonwage labor costs are all positively associated with temporary employment levels. The diminishing bargaining power of labor unions allows employers to exploit the labor cost savings of temporary hires, and the extent of paid time‐off and the lack of flexibility in weekly hours of work play a weak role. The findings suggest why temporary job growth accelerated in the 1980s, as more firms employed a “core‐periphery” human resource strategy. Public policy should adopt measures that attempt to limit the creation of temporary jobs to a level that accommodates the worker need for flexible annual work schedules.
Links between the abundance and distribution of birds
Authors: Newton I. 
Published: July 2006

The relationship between overall abundance, local abundance and distribution is examined for several taxonomic groups of birds in Britain Among closely‐related species, all three measures were correlated those species with the highest overall numbers also had the highest local numbers and the widest distributions Within each group, the relationship between overall abundance and distribution was extremely tight (with all the species points close to the trend line) in plots of log distribution (numbers of 10 km squares occupied) against log numbers The pattern held in summer and winter, and in both resident and migratory species Moreover, species which, over a period of years, underwent marked change in status showed parallel changes in both breeding numbers and distribution, and followed the pattern found from comparisons between related species Conversely, species which changed little in numbers over a period of years also changed little in extent of distributionAn explanation of the findings is proposed, based on density‐dependent growth of local numbers and dispersal The relevance of the findings to the limitation of geographical ranges is discussed The distributional extent of many species seems to depend primarily on their overall numbers, rather than vice versa
Rarity within taxonomie lineages and the use of taxa above the level of species
Authors: Edwards Will 
Published: July 2006

Studies which attempt to explain rarity lineages are becoming increasingly popular. An ability to explain causative factors for rarity based on shared characteristics in an intuitively attractive concept, since it may greatly reduce the number of studies needed to understand rarity in all species. Most studies have used the taxonomic unit of family as the level at which patterns in the distribution of rarity re examined, though no justification for the use of family has been provided. To date, No evidence has been produced to show that family‐based patterns represent patterns at lower taxonomic levels.To test whether family‐based levels of rarity reliably reflected generic levels. J compared the incidence of rarity within 114 genera from 47 families, 113 genera (<99%) within 46 families showed no difference from family means in the proportion of rare species they contained, indicating that the incidence of rarity is consistent between the taxonomic levels of family and genus. This result suggests family level patterns reflect pattern at lower taxonomic levels and supports the use of family as an appropriate level to investigate patterns in the distribution of rarity within a flora
Temporal genetic structure of an intergrade largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) population
Authors: Brown M. L. , Murphy B. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSince 1972, numerous impoundments throughout Texas have been stocked with Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus. In order to examine some of the long‐term effects of such efforts, the present study summarizes past studies and complements those with more current observations on the intergrade largemouth bass population in Aquilla Lake, Hill Country, Texas. The reservoir received 4 annual stockings during the month of May from 1982 to 1985. Collections occurred periodically from February 1984 to June 1987, February to August 1988, and monthly from August 1991 to November 1992. Horizontal starch‐gel electrophoresis was conducted to determine allele frequencies at loci sAAT‐B*, SOD*1. Mean heterozygosity and percent introgression were highest for age‐0 fish of the 1986 year class. Assortative mating was not apparent in 1991 or 1992 year classes. Collections of specific year classes over time consistently indicated decreases in the relative abundance of the northern phenotype. Relative to the northern phenotype, the abundance of Florida year classes remained relatively constant over time. Relative abundances of F1 hybrids and Fx, intergrades (i. e., F1) from specific year glasses were observed to generally increase with age.
Seasonal dynamics of habitat use by an airbrathing catfish (Claris liocephalus) in a papyrus swamp
Authors: Chapman L. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractI examined the effects of extreme hypoxia and water level fluctuations on the distribution and movement of an air‐breathing clariid catfish, Clarias liocephalus, in a papyrus swamp in western Uganda. Monthly records of the distribution and relative abundance of C. liocephalus across 28 swamp stations were used to examine seasonal trends in habitat use and movement. My results suggest that dissolved oxygen did not directly limit use of, or dispersal through, the papyrus swamp. C. liocephalus were found at most stations in the dry season, and there was no significant relationship between the number of stations used per month and mean monthly dissolved oxygen levels. In addition, there was no evidence for a significant effect of oxygen on the relative abundance of fish among stations during the driest months, or during peak flood conditions. However, relative abundance was positively correlated with water depth during the dry season. Fish from deeper habitats exhibited fewer injuries and lower rates of disappearance than fish from shallower waters. This may reflect the risk of aerial predation for surfacing fish. A comparison of habitat use and movements of C. liocephalus with the only other fish species found in the papyrus swamp, Barbus neumayeri, supports the idea that respiratory mode can affect the use of hypoxic papyrus swamps. B. neumayeri, is a small water‐breathing cyprinid that uses aquatic surface respiration in response to severe hypoxia. The air‐breathing capabilities of C. liocephalus permitted more widespread use of swamp waters than B. neumayeri. This study demonstrates that an understanding of the respiratory mode of fish species may be useful in predicting patterns of habitat use.
Behavioral changes associated with suboptimal prey densities for larval American shad
Authors: Ross R. M. , Johnson J. H. , Bennett R. M. , Dropkin D. S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLaboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of suboptimal prey density and length of prey‐deprivation period on swimming, feeding, and social behavior in larval American shad. Alosa sapidissima. Replicated prey‐density treatments of 1,000, 500, and 0 Artemia nauplii/liter and deprivation periods of 0,2, and 4 days were established for an 8‐day period. The duration or frequency of 11 behavior patterns was quantified with an event recorder during the experiment. Exposure to suboptimal prey densities affected three categories of larval behavior: swimming activities (pivot and dart), interaction with other larvae (escape or avoid), and stereotypical feeding responses (sigmoid and lunge). Location of a food patch, simulated by the sudden introduction of prey to aquaria, affected the frequency of feeding responses more than other categories of behavior. The patch model was supported as a foraging strategy in larvae. The ontogeny of prey deprivation was evidenced primarily by changes in swimming activity (reduced pivot and dart frequencies), though feeding responses (particularly fixate) were also diminished. Deprivation‐induced loss of pivot and fixate was an irreversible, pathological effect of starvation. Deprivation also resulted in greater vertical orientation (head up, 42°) of larvae than non‐deprived larvae (21–29°). These changes in behavior may result in less effective escape from predators, location of food patches, or pursuit and capture of prey items in riverine habitats.
Mutations in OSTM1 (Grey Lethal) Define a Particularly Severe Form of Autosomal Recessive Osteopetrosis With Neural Involvement
Authors: Pangrazio Alessandra , Poliani Pietro Luigi , Megarbane André , Lefranc Gérard , Lanino Edoardo , Di Rocco Maja , Rucci Francesca , Lucchini Franco , Ravanini Maria , Facchetti Fabio , Abinun Mario , Vezzoni Paolo , Villa Anna , Frattini Annalisa 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We report three novel osteopetrosis patients with OSTM1 mutations and review two that have been previously described. Our analysis suggests that OSTM1 defines a new subset of patients with severe central nervous system involvement. This defect is also present in the gl mouse, which could represent a good model to study the role of the gene in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Introduction: Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a severe hereditary bone disease whose cellular basis is in the osteoclast, but with heterogeneous molecular defects. In addition to the TCIRG1 and the ClCN7 genes, whose mutations account for ∼55% and 10% of cases, respectively, the OSTM1 gene has been described thus far in only two ARO patients.
Materials and Methods: We report here three novel ARO patients presenting with severe primary central nervous system involvement in addition to the classical stigmata of severe bone sclerosis, growth failure, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and visual impairment with optic atrophy. In addition we analyzed the brain morphology and histology of the grey lethal mutant mouse.
Results: The analysis of the OSTM1 gene in two patients, both from Kuwait, showed homozygous two nucleotide deletion in exon 2, leading to a frameshift and premature termination. The third (Lebanese) patient showed a single point mutation in exon 1, leading to a nonsense mutation. The clinical neurological evaluation of the two Kuwaiti patients by CT and MRI scans showed a defect in the white matter, with a specific diagnosis of severe cerebral atrophy. The gl brain showed a diffuse translucent appearance with loss of the normal demarcation between the white and the grey matter, features consistent with myelin loss or hypomyelination. Histological and myelin staining analysis evidenced an atrophy of the corpus callosum with loss of myelin fibers, and in cortical areas, loss of the normal lamination consistent with multiple foci of cortical dysplasia.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that OSTM1-dependent ARO defines a new subset of patients with severe central nervous system involvement leading to a very poor prognosis. The fact that central nervous system involvement is also present in the gl mouse mutant suggests that this mouse is a good model to test possible therapies.