bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism‐Based Approaches for the Reversal of Drug Neurobehavioral Teratogenicity
Authors: YANAI JOSEPH , BEN‐SHAANAN TAMAR L. , HAIMOVITCH HANA , KATZ SOPHIA , KAZMA MEITAL 
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Understanding the mechanism of neurobehavioral teratogenicity is the primary prerequisite for reversal of the defect. Progress in such studies can be best achieved if the investigation focuses on behaviors related to a specific brain region and innervation. Our model focused on teratogen‐induced deficits in hippocampus‐related eight‐arm and Morris maze behaviors. Different “cholinergic” teratogens, mainly heroin, induced both pre‐ and postsynaptic hyperactivity in the hippocampal cholinergic innervation that terminated in desensitization of Protein Kinase C (PKC) isoforms to cholinergic receptor stimulation
. Understanding this mechanism enabled its reversal with a pharmacological therapy—nicotine infusion. Studies by others provided similar findings by targeting the deficits respective to the model investigated. Consistently, destruction of the A10‐septal dopaminergic pathways that downregulate the septohippocampal cholinergic innervation ameliorated maze performance. Grafting of embryonic differentiated cholinergic cells or neural progenitors similarly reversed the biochemical/molecular alterations and the resulting deficits. Reversal therapies offer a model for the understanding of neurobehavioral teratogenicity and, clinically, offer a model for potential treatment of these deficits. Whereas neural progenitor grafting appears to be the most effective treatment, pharmacological reversal with nicotine infusion seems to possess the most feasible and immediate therapy for neurobehavioral birth defects produced by various teratogens, including drugs. This is true even though the effect of pharmacological therapies is diffuse, affecting multiple areas of the brain.
“Everybody is talking about the weather but nobody does anything about it.”(Mark Twain)
Crystal Structure of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Iodide
Authors: Nakakoshi Masamichi , Shiro Motoo , Fujimoto Takashi , Machinami Tomoya , Seki Hiroko , Tashiro Mitsuru , Nishikawa Keiko 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A crystal of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide [bmim]I, a prototype ionic liquid, has been prepared and its crystal structure has been determined at the space group P212121. The butyl-chain has gauche and trans configurations, and only one H atom of cation is linked to the iodide anion through a hydrogen bond. The weak hydrogen-bonded network involving the iodide anion is a characteristic feature of [bmim]I, which could be related to the observation that crystallization was accomplished under 233 K.
Synthesis and Characterization of CeO2–TiO2–Pr6O11 Solid Solutions for Environmentally Benign Nontoxic Red Pigments
Authors: George Giable , Rao Padala Prabhakar , Reddy Mundlapudi Lakshmipathi 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
New inorganic pigments Ce1−(x+y)TixPryO2 (x ranges from 0.05 to 0.195 and y ranges from 0.005 to 0.15) based on CeO2–TiO2–Pr6O11 solid solutions have been synthesized by solid-state route with a goal of preparing environmentally secure red colorants. Characterizations using XRD, UV–vis spectroscopy and CIE 1976 color coordinates assessment reveals the formation of pigments displaying colors ranging from brick red to dark brown. The coloring mechanism is based on the introduction of additional electronic level of energy in the cerianite forbidden band from the unpaired 4f electron of lanthanide ion.
Revision stapes surgery with and without laser: A comparison
Authors: Silverstein Herbert , Bendet Erez , Rosenberg Seth , Nichols Mark 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study, the results of 76 revision stapes surgeries performed from 1974 to 1992 were reviewed. Either the KTP or the argon laser was used in 40 operations. Prosthesis problems were the most common cause for revision (63%) followed by eroded/ necrotic incus (29%) and adhesions (29%). Overall “success” in air‐bone gap closure (air‐bone gap ≤ 10 dB) was 46% for first revisions and 33% for second or greater revisions. The “improvement” rate (air‐bone gap ≤ 20 dB) was 65% for first revisions and 53% for second or greater revisions. There was no statistically significant difference in hearing results between laser surgery and conventional technique. However, an absence of adhesions was noted when the laser had been used in the primary procedure.
Nasal cavity area in term infants determined by acoustic rhinometry
Authors: Buenting John E. , Dalston Rodger M. , Drake Amelia F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to determine whether a modification to commercially available acoustic rhinometry (AR) instrumentation might allow equipment designed for use in adults to determine accurately the nasal cavity configuration of infants and children. The standard wave tube was replaced with a version having a narrow (0.312‐cm2) internal diameter (ID). Before use with neonates, the accuracy of this instrument was evaluated using the nasal cavity of a full‐term infant cadaver. Acoustic nasal area curves were compared to area measurements of polyvinylsiloxane nasal casts and direct volume measurements of the specimen. AR correlated well with nasal cast data (r = .88) for total nasal cavity area. The acoustic method underestimated the total area at the nasal valve by only 1.8 mm2 (22.1 mm2 vs. 23.9 mm2) and overestimated choanal area by 10 mm2 (56.9 mm2 vs. 46.9 mm2). In addition, AR measured total nasal volume to within 5.2% of the value obtained by direct measurement. In a cohort of 10 normal, term infants, the mean acoustic value for total nasal valve area was 19.2 ± 0.05 mm2 and for total nasal volume was 1.76 ± 0.53 cm3. This, the first report of nasal area and volume information in live infants, suggests that the modified AR device has utility both in airway research and as a nasal patency screening tool in the pediatric population.
A review of Polylekithum Arnold, 1934 and its familial affinities using morphological and molecular data, with description of Polylekithum catahoulensis sp. nov.
Authors: Curran Stephen , Tkach Vasyl , Overstreet Robin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe type material of Polylekithum ictaluri, P. halli, and Maculifer chandleri was examined from the United States National Parasite Museum, and we determined that the material was conspecific, making P. halli and M. chandleri junior subjective synonyms of P. ictaluri. Polylekithum catahoulensis sp. nov. was described from material collected from catfishes at the Catahoula Wildlife Refuge, LaSalle Parish, Louisiana, USA, and compared with P. ictaluri collected from catfishes in Reelfoot Lake, Obion County, Tennessee, USA, and the Pearl River, Hancock County, Mississippi, USA. Polylekithum catahoulensis had smaller eggs (77–88 μm long by 51–63 μm wide vs. 94–108 μm by 52–76 μm) and a longer forebody (35–41% of overall body length vs. 29–34%). Comparison of more than 2,400 bp long fragments of nuclear ribosomal DNA (complete ITS and partial 28S regions) strongly supported the status of P. catahoulensis as a new species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of 28S rDNA gene sequences from Polylekithum as well as representative species from Allocreadiidae, Atractotrematidae, Brachycoeliidae, Callodistomidae, Dicrocoeliidae, Encyclometridae, Gorgoderidae, Haploporidae, Opecoelidae, Plagiorchiidae, and Telorchiidae rooted by Monorchiidae and Lissorchiidae demonstrated that of the families tested, Polylekithum was most closely related to Encyclometridae as a gorgoderoid and not to Allocreadiidae as previously reported. Morphological features of three South American allocreadiids, Allocreadium patagonicum, P. percai, and A. pichi were inconsistent with generic diagnoses of Allocreadium and Polylekithum, so we suggested they belonged in a single unnamed genus similar to Creptotrema. Polylekithum catlai from India was assessed from the description and failed to conform to the generic diagnosis of Polylekithum. Morphology of Caudouterina suggested a close relationship with Polylekithum and not Allocreadiidae.
Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and mature spermatozoon of Angularella beema (Clerc, 1906) (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Dilepididae)
Authors: Yoneva Aneta , Miquel Jordi , Świderski Zdzisław , Georgieva Katia , Mizinska Yana , Georgiev Boyko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ultrastructure of the spermiogenesis of a dilepidid cestode species is described for the first time. The spermiogenesis of Angularella beema is characterised by absence of both flagellar rotation and proximodistal fusion. The differentiation zone is surrounded by cortical microtubules and is delimited by a ring of arching membranes. It contains two centrioles, one of which develops the axoneme that grows directly into the elongating cytoplasmic protrusion. This pattern of spermiogenesis was described as the Type IV spermiogenesis of cestodes. Among cestodes, similar pattern of spermiogenesis is known in the family Hymenolepididae and in some representatives of the family Anoplocephalidae. The mature spermatozoon of A. beema consists of five regions differing in their ultrastructural characteristics. It is characterised by the presence of cortical microtubules (spirally arranged at angle of 30–40° to the spermatozoon axis) and a single crested body. There is a periaxonemal sheath in certain parts of the spermatozoon as well as glycogen-like granules between the periaxonemal sheath and the cortical microtubules. The comparisons of the mature spermatozoon of A. beema with those of other two dilepidid species (Dilepis undula and Molluscotaenia crassiscolex) demonstrate some variation within the family: presence of periaxonemal sheath in A. beema and D. undula and its absence in M. crassiscolex; presence of electron-dense rods in D. undula and their absence in A. beema.
New data on the morphology of Nilonema senticosum (Nematoda, Philometridae), a parasite of Arapaima gigas (Pisces), with notes on another philometrid, Alinema amazonicum, in Peru
Authors: Moravec František , Scholz Tomáš , Kuchta Roman , Dyková Iva , Posel Petr 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFemale specimens of a little-known philometrid nematode, Nilonema senticosum (Baylis, 1927), were collected from the swimbladder of the arapaima, Arapaima gigas, from the Amazon River basin (Iquitos, Loreto District) in Peru. Scanning electron microscopical (SEM) examination, used for the first time in this species, made it possible to reveal some taxonomically important, previously unreported features of N. senticosum, such as the presence of minute cephalic papillae (10 papillae in 2 circles) and amphids surrounding the small oral aperture, and to confirm the absence of an anal opening in this species. Males and females of another philometrid, Alinema amazonicum (Travassos, 1960), were recovered from the body cavity of the pimelodid catfishes Calophysus macropterus and Brachyplatystoma juruense (a new host record) from the Amazon River basin (fish market in Iquitos, Loreto District) in Peru. SEM examination, not previously used in the male of A. amazonicum, enabled to study in detail the male cephalic and caudal structures.
Reconfigurable optical multiplexer based on liquid crystals for polymer optical fiber networks
Authors: Lallana P. , Vázquez C. , Pena J. , Vergaz R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this work, different novel 3×1 multiplexer structures for being used in polymer optical fiber networks are proposed. Designs are compact, scalable, and of low consumption, capable of operating in a large wavelength range simultaneously 660, 850, and 1300 nm, due to the use of nematic liquid crystal cells. Light that comes from each input port is handled independently and eight operation modes are possible.Control electronics has been made using a programmable integrated circuit. Electronic system makes available the managing of the optical stage using a computer. An additional four optical sensors have been included for allowing the optical status checking.Finally, a polarization independent multiplexer has been implemented and tested. Insertion losses less than 4 dB and isolation better than 23 dB have been measured. In addition, 30-ms and 15-ms setup and rise times have been obtained. The proposed multiplexer can be used in any polymer optical fiber network, even in perfluorinated graded index one, and it can be specially useful in optical sensor networks, or in coarse wavelength division multiplexing networks.
Tunable properties of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers
Authors: Szaniawska K. , Nasilowski T. , Woliński T. , Thienpont H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTunable properties of light propagation in photonic crystal fibers filled with liquid crystals, called photonic liquid crystal fibers (PLCFs) are presented. The propagation properties of PLCFs strongly depend on contrast between refractive indices of the solid core (pure silica glass) and liquid crystals (LCs) filing the holes of the fiber. Due to relatively strong thermo-optical effect, we can change the refractive index of the LC by changing its temperature. Numerical analysis of light propagation in PLCF, based on two simulation methods, such as finite difference (FD) and multipole method (MM) is presented. The numerical results obtained are in good agreement with our earlier experimental results presented elsewhere [1].
Mechanism of the odor‐adsorption effect of zinc ricinoleate. A molecular dynamics computer simulation
Authors: Kuhn H. , Müller F. , Peggau J. , Zekorn R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractZinc ricinoleate [Zn(Ri)2] is widely used in surfactant and detergent mixtures for the adsorption of odor‐active compounds. The mechanism of this process is not known. In this initial study, we discuss the results of molecular dynamics computer simulations that were performed to get more information and detailed insights into the interaction mechanism between Zn(Ri)2 and odor‐active substances. The calculations, based on simple molecular mechanics approximations, simulated the dynamic features of the molecular structures of Zn(Ri)2 in vacuum, in the oil phase, and in aqueous solution. We determined actual molecular conformations and simulated an adduct of ammonia with Zn(Ri)2. On close inspection, in the vacuum and oil phase structures, the Zn2+ ion is almost completely shielded by the oxygen ligands. Calculated structural transitions caused by the interaction of Zn(Ri)2 with water‐solvent molecules resulted in a weakening of the electrostatic shield. Nucleophilic attack of odor‐active compounds to the relatively unprotected Zn2+ atom is easy to achieve in aqueous solution. Simulation of the addition product of Zn(Ri)2 with ammonia revealed an elementary structural change, resulting in an increase of the solubility and adsorption activity of Zn(Ri)2. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the results coincide with experimental observations.
Polymer‐Induced incompatibility in the mixed micelle formation of cationic surfactants with bulky polar head groups
Authors: Bakshi Mandeep Singh 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe conductances of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB)+tetradecyl triphenylphosphonium bromide (TTPB) mixtures over the entire mole fraction range were measured in aqueous poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) containing 1 to 10 wt% of PVP at 30°C. Each conductivity (κ) curve showed a single break corresponding to the mixed micelle formation in the presence of PVP over the whole mole fraction range. From the conductivity data, various micellar parameters in the presence of PVP were computed and discussed in terms of micelle‐polymer interactions. The mixing behavior of TTAB+TTPB in pure water was close to ideal, whereas in the presence of PVP a significant degree of nonideality was sobserved that was evaluated by computing the mole fraction of TTAB in the mixed micelle state (x1) and the interanction parameter (β) by using the regular solution approach. The former is less than the value in the ideal state, and the latter is much greater, indicating the enhancement in the antagonistic mixing behavior of TTAB+TTPB in the presence of PVP. The results have been explained on the basis of an increase in the incompatibility between the monomers of TTAB and TTPB in the mixed state due to the steric hindrances created by the PVP upon adsorption at the micelle‐solution interface. The results have also been further supported by comparing with those of structurally similar cationic binary combinations in the presence of PVP.
Aggregated assemblies of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and phospholipids at the interface and in the bulk solution
Authors: Sehgal Pankaj , Doe Hidekazu , Bakshi Mandeep Singh 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInteractions between hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) and l‐α‐phosphatidylcholine (PC), 1,2‐didecanoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DPC), and 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (PPC) at the air/water interface and in the bulk solution were evaluated using interfacial tension, fluorescence, and conductivity measurements to study the aggregation processes of HTAB in fixed concentrations of aqueous lipid solutions containing 7–36 μM of each lipid. The interfacial and fluorescence measurements showed the occurrence of two kinds of aggregation processes in HTAB‐PC and HTAB‐DPC systems, which were identified by the three breaks at low lipid concentrations, i.e., 7–14μM. The first aggregation process, C1, involved the incorporation of HTAB monomers into the lipid vesicles and the subsequent disruption of the vesicular structure leading to the formation of mixed micelles. The second aggregation process, C2, which started at the second break, indicated the completion of the mixed micelles and the initiation of independent micelle formation process which was completed at the third break. At higher PC or DPC concentration, i.e., 14–22 μM, the first break, which indicated the initiation of the first aggregation process, was not observed; only the second and third breaks were visible. This is ascribed to the presence of comparatively large vesicles, which were able to accommodate HTAB monomers initially without any drastic change in their architecture. In the presence of PPC, the aggregation process of HTAB was similar to that in pure water as studied from the interfacial tension measurements, whereas the bulk behavior indicated the presence of strong structure transitions upon incorporation of HTAB monomers in the PPC vesicles. A difference between the aggregation behaviors of HTAB with PPC was explained on the basis of the stronger hydrophobicity of PPC over PC and DPC.
Effect of sunflower lecithins on the stability of water‐in‐oil and oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Pan L. G. , Tomás M. C. , Añón M. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLecithins are frequently applied in the food industry as emulsifiers, viscosity regulators, and dispersing agents. The main aim of the present work was to study the emulsifying capability of diverse sunflower lecithins so as to evaluate the functionality of these by‐products, which are not extensively used at present. The experimental results obtained for water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions showe that dispersions containing levels of 0.1% lecithins were more stable against coalescence than a control system, whereas those with 1% emulsifying agent exhibited the opposite behavior. On the other hand, faster sedimentation kinetics were observed at a concentration of 0.1% than at 1%. Lecithins with high phospholipid content, especially phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol, were found to be the best emulsifying agents for W/O dispersions. In the case of oil‐in‐water emulsions, it was possible to observe two processes: creaming of emulsions with the addition of 1% of lecithins, and instant creaming followed by coalescence of the cream phase in those cases corresponding to 0.1% added lecithin.
Commercial synthesis of monoalkyl phosphates
Authors: Tracy David J. , Reierson Robert L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHistorically, phosphate esters have been prepared by the reaction of alcohols with phosphoric anhydride or polyphosphoric acid. Recently, hybrid reagents have been developed. A review of the commercial production of long‐chain monoalkyl phosphate esters is presented. The titled esters are the subject of increased interest, especially in low‐irritation surfactant formulations.
A study on the long‐term stability and removal of quats on treated fabric
Authors: Steiger Phil , Friedli Floyd E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStatic hydrolysis of triethanolamine‐based esterquats was studied in a system where the esterquat was deposited on fabric swatches and stored under ambient conditions in the laboratory for 3 mon. It was concluded that esterquat‐based fabric softeners do not appreciably hydrolyze on the fabrics under ambient conditions. Fabric softeners based on dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium quats were compared to triethanolamine‐based esterquats for removal from fabric during the next wash cycle. It was found that saturated quats did not totally wash off fabrics in cold water but remained mostly as the quat‐anionic complex. Esterquats washed off better than alkyl quats, thereby leaving less residue than alkyl quats.
Upgrading triethanolamine esterquat performance to new levels
Authors: Friedli F. E. , Koehle H. J. , Fender M. , Watts M. , Keys R. , Frank P. , Toney C. J. , Doerr M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTriethanolamine (TEA)‐based esterquat has been the primary ingredient in European fabric softeners for several years and is becoming the global molecule of choice. Although it has an excellent environmental profile, TEA esterquat has been plagued by mediocre performance compared to historical molecules such as dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride and ditallow imidazoline quat. In this study, the chain lengths, the level of unsaturation, and the source of the raw material (tallow or palm stearine) were varied to better understand their effect on softening and dispersion viscosity. Palm stearine derivatives generally soften as well as tallow derivatives despite the lower C18 content of palm. Various additives were examined to improve dispersibility and other properties such as dye transfer inhibition (DTI) and ease of ironing. DTI is normally accomplished in the wash cycle by additives to the laundry detergent such as polyvinylpyrrolidone. In this study, we found that fabric softener molecules themselves provide some color care, or DTI. Certain additives to fabric softeners, such as monoalkylquats, greatly enhance the color care of the fabric. DTI treatment in the rinse cycle of the washing sequence makes more sense scientifically and to the consumers, since fabric softeners are designed to coat the textile. Because no competing detergency operations are occurring during the rinse cycle, color care works well in the fabric softener cycle. Addition of organosilicones to fabric softeners reduces wrinkling of fabrics and makes them easier to iron. Softening increases slightly.