bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective Radius of Ice Cloud Particle Populations Derived from Aircraft Probes
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew J. , Schmitt Carl , Bansemer Aaron , van Zadelhoff Gerd-Jan , McGill Matthew J. , Twohy Cynthia , Baumgardner Darrel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effective radius (re) is a crucial variable in representing the radiative properties of cloud layers in general circulation models. This parameter is proportional to the condensed water content (CWC) divided by the extinction (σ). For ice cloud layers, parameterizations for re have been developed from aircraft in situ measurements 1) indirectly, using data obtained from particle spectrometer probes and assumptions or observations about particle shape and mass to get the ice water content (IWC) and area to get σ, and recently 2) from probes that derive IWC and σ more directly, referred to as the direct approach, even though the extinction is not measured directly.This study compares [IWC/σ] derived from the two methods using datasets acquired from comparable instruments on two aircraft, one sampling clouds at midlevels and the other at upper levels during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers (CRYSTAL) Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (FACE) field program in Florida in 2002. A penetration by one of the aircraft into a cold midlatitude orographic wave cloud composed of small particles is further evaluated. The σ and IWC derived by each method are compared and evaluated in different ways for each aircraft dataset. Direct measurements of σ exceed those derived indirectly by a factor of 2–2.5. The IWC probes, relying on ice sublimation, appear to measure accurately except when the IWC is high or the particles too large to sublimate completely during the short transit time through the probe. The IWC estimated from the particle probes are accurate when direct measurements are available to provide constraints and give useful information in high IWC/large particle situations.Because of the discrepancy in σ estimates between the direct and indirect approaches, there is a factor of 2–3 difference in [IWC/σ] between them. Although there are significant uncertainties involved in its use, comparisons with several independent data sources suggest that the indirect method is the more accurate of the two approaches. However, experiments are needed to resolve the source of the discrepancy in σ.
Quantifying the Airflow Distortion over Merchant Ships. Part II: Application of the Model Results
Authors: Moat Bengamin I. , Yelland Margaret J. , Molland Anthony F. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Wind speed measurements obtained from ship-mounted anemometers are biased by the presence of the ship, which distorts the airflow to the anemometer. Previous studies have simulated the flow over detailed models of individual research ships in order to quantify the effect of flow distortion at well-exposed anemometers, usually sited on a mast in the ship's bows. In contrast, little work has been undertaken to examine the effects of flow distortion at anemometers sited on other merchant ships participating in the voluntary observing ship (VOS) project. Anemometers are usually sited on a mast above the bridge of VOS where the effects of flow distortion may be severe. The several thousand VOS vary a great deal in shape and size and it would be impractical to study each individual ship.
This study examines the airflow above the bridge of a typical, or generic, tanker/bulk carrier/general cargo ship using computational fluid dynamics models. The results show that the airflow separates at the upwind leading edge of the bridge and a region of severely decelerated flow exists close to the bridge top with a region of accelerated flow above. Large velocity gradients occur between the two regions.
The wind speed bias is highly dependent upon the anemometer location and varies from accelerations of 10% or more to decelerations of 100%. The wind speed bias at particular locations also varies with the relative wind direction, that is, the angle of the ship to the wind. Wind speed biases for various anemometer positions are given for bow-on and beam-on flows.
In Situ Atmospheric Turbulence Measurement Using the Terrestrial Magnetic Field—A Compass for a Radiosonde
Authors: Harrison R. Giles , Hogan Robin J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A method for in situ detection of atmospheric turbulence has been developed using an inexpensive sensor carried within a conventional meteorological radiosonde. The sensor—a Hall effect magnetometer—was used to monitor the terrestrial magnetic field. Rapid time scale (10 s or less) fluctuations in the magnetic field measurement were related to the motion of the radiosonde, which was strongly influenced by atmospheric turbulence. Comparison with cloud radar measurements showed turbulence in regions where rapid time-scale magnetic fluctuations occurred. Reliable measurements were obtained between the surface and the stratosphere.
Calibrating the Spatial Response of Bio-Optical Sensors
Authors: Wolk Fabian , Yamazaki Hidekatsu , Li Hua , Lueck Rolf G. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This article describes an experimental method used to establish the spatial wavenumber response of in situ fluorometers. The method is applied to a fluorometer developed to measure the structure of the fluorescence field at high spatial wavenumbers. This fluorometer detects fluorescence variations on centimeter scales by creating a sampling volume in the undisturbed flow region, outside of the sensor housing. The sampling volume is created by intersecting beams of blue excitation light. To establish the size of the sampling volume and the amount of spatial averaging, the fluorometer and a fast response thermistor are towed repeatedly through a warm, fluorescent plume in a tow tank. The ratio of the measured fluorescence and temperature spectrum determines the wavenumber response of the fluorometer. The measured spectral ratio is well described by the transfer function of a first-order, low-pass filter with a half-power point at 22 cpm. The equivalent spatial resolution is 7 mm. The transfer function model can be used to correct measured fluorescence spectra for the limited wavenumber response of the sensor.
Highly Selective Reduction of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol Using Nanometric Alkali Metal Hydrides
Authors: Fan Yinheng , Wu Qiang , Jin Dan , Zou Yunling , Liao Shijian , Xu Jie 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Under mild reaction conditions, cinnamaldehyde was reduced to cinnamyl alcohol with high selectivity and conversion using nano-LiH or nano-NaH as a reducing agent. Selectivity of 99.8% was obtained as reduced by nano-LiH with conversion of 99.4% in short reaction times.
Strikingly Extended Morphology of Cells Grown on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Aoki Naofumi , Yokoyama Atsuro , Nodasaka Yoshinobu , Akasaka Tsukasa , Uo Motohiro , Sato Yoshinori , Tohji Kazuyuki , Watari Fumio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The morphology of cells cultured on carbon nanotube (CNTs) scaffolds was investigated using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and it was shown that the cells extended strikingly in all directions and numerous filopodia extended far from the cells.
Synthesis of Conducting Mesoporous Materials Implanting Carbon Nanotubes inside Particles
Authors: Lee Hyung Ik , Youm Chul , Pak Chanho , Kim Sung Soo , Chang Hyuk , Seoung Doyoung , Kim Jae-Ho , Kwon Young-Uk , Kim Ji Man 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Carbon nanotubes have been successfully implanted inside mesoporous particles as conducting nanowires by one-step synthetic strategy, giving dramatically reduced sheet resistances.
Water Conditioner Adjuvant and Fertilizer Formulation Effect on Micronutrient-Glyphosate Tank Mixtures
Authors: Bernards ML , Penner D , Michael J 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Tank-mixing foliar micronutrient fertilizers with glyphosate may reduce weed control because of antagonistic cations present in the spray solution. This research was conducted (1) to quantify the antagonism caused by various formulations of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), and (2) to determine the extent that water conditioner adjuvants may prevent the antagonism from occurring. Most formulations of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc antagonized glyphosate efficacy on giant foxtail and velvetleaf. Formulations containing EDTA, HEDTA, or flavonol were the least antagonistic; those containing the sulfate salt or a lignosulfonic acid chelate were the most antagonistic. Tank mixtures including the adjuvant NT2 overcame the antagonism more often than those containing ammonium sulfate (AMS) or CANG3. Two micronutrient blends, one with (MC) and one without (MS) the chelates citric acid and EDTA, both reduced glyphosate efficacy on giant foxtail and velvetleaf. The addition of AMS or NT to these blends increased velvetleaf control, but neither adjuvant overcame the antagonism.
Qualität für Messergebnisse – Messunsicherheit nach GUM (Quality for Measurement Results – Measurement Uncertainty According to GUM)
Authors: Weckenmann Albert , Sommer Klaus-Dieter , Siebert Bernd R. L. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Der wichtigste und am häufigsten verwendete Parameter zur Beschreibung der Qualität eines Messergebnisses ist die Messunsicherheit. Um die Vergleichbarkeit von Werten der Messunsicherheit zu gewährleisten, wird diese seit 1993 bestimmt entsprechend dem Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, kurz GUM [1], welcher international vereinbarte und anerkannte grundlegende Zusammenhänge zur Messunsicherheitsermittlung beinhaltet. Die Grundlagen und die Teilschritte der GUM-konformen Berechnung der Messunsicherheit werden dargelegt.
Phosphorus‐Containing Polymers and Oligomers
Authors: Weil Edward D. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Phosphorus polymers and oligomers are surveyed with emphasis on methods of synthesis and utility. Red phosphorus is a useful flame‐retardant insoluble polymer. Polyphosphoric acid has catalytic utility, and its salts find use in chelation and flame retardancy. Phosphorus‐nitrogen polymers and oligomers may be involved in the synergistic flame‐retardant action of combinations of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, such as on cellulose. Lower‐oxidation‐state organic phosphorus polymers and oligomers such as phosphines and phosphites have stabilizer and catalyst utility. Higher‐oxidation‐state phosphorus polymers and oligomers such as phosphates and phosphonates, made mainly by condensation reactions, have flame‐retardant utility in plastics as additives and reactive modifiers, and also in as textile additives and finishes.
Biomedical Electronics
Authors: Min Mart , Parve Toomas , Salo Rodney 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe unique requirements of biomedical electronics develop from its electrical interface with living tissue, which may involve cutaneous electrodes for an external instrument or wearable device or subcutaneous electrodes in implantable devices as well as other sensors and electrical or mechanical actuators. The overarching requirement for safety and reliability demands designs that include electrical isolation, fault tolerance, and tightly controlled outputs. Additional requirements include small size and low weight without reduced longevity. These needs are normally addressed by using the latest low‐power technology with high‐power density batteries. Integration of electronic devices into medical systems requires fast, reliable, low‐power communication between medical devices and a base station or between multiple implanted or wearable medical devices. Strategies to meet these requirements with low‐voltage CMOS integrated circuit techniques and micropower circuit and system design are developed in this chapter.
Autologous Platelet‐Based Therapies
Authors: Arm Douglas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHealing and fusion in challenging bone grafting procedures is not guaranteed using the gold standard of autogenous iliac crest bone, and clinicians are increasingly interested in tissue engineering solutions using cells and signaling factors to enhance both overall success rate and time to fusion. The potential role in wound repair from application of cytokines contained in platelets was initially described more than 20 years ago. A rapid, simple preparation method to perioperatively separate and collect the platelet‐rich fraction was developed a decade later, expanding the potential range of clinical applications. Numerous additional point‐of‐care techniques have since been introduced, potentially providing a cost‐effective alternative to single recombinant proteins. As with many emerging technologies, clinicians are confronted with a frequently conflicting array of largely anecdotal claims for clinical utility. With a focus on structural bone graft repair, this chapter will present the therapeutic basis for clinical use of topically applied autogenous growth factor preparations and summarize existing experimental and application‐specific clinical outcomes reports.
Cognitive Systems
Authors: Viirre Erik 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Cognitive systems may be described as technology in support of cognitive abilities or as tools for thinking. The entire range of such technologies is large and crosses a wide variety of disciplines. In this article, an outline for bioengineering contributions to cognitive systems will be provided. In the discipline of engineering, several areas are dedicated to development of tools for cognition, such as human–computer interaction, ergonomics, and many components of computer science. Beyond engineering, many disciplines are dedicated to the study and improvement of thinking, from education and psychology to neuroscience and cognitive science. Bioengineering contributions to cognitive systems combine the engineering approach to human–computer interaction with the biophysical information from neuroscience and cognitive science. In this article, the functional aspects of cognitive science will be reviewed: basic physiology of the nervous system, sensory inputs, motor control, and the cognitive functions: attention, memory, language and speech, emotion, consciousness, and higher cognitive functions. How we might interact at a bioengineering level with cognitive processes involves working with the brain as an organ and detecting its action: through behavior and direct recording methods. Finally, bioengineers should keep applications of cognitive science in mind as technologies are developed to interact with the brain.
Pressure Sensors
Authors: Mootanah Rajshree , Bader Dan L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPressure sensors in biomedical applications are very important because they provide data that may be used to assess physiological function, diagnose disease, and provide for appropriate treatment regimens. Pressure sensors have a large number of applications in biomedicine, in particular, for the measurement of interface pressures and internal pressures. The interface pressures can be measured using conductive polymer pressure sensors, semiconductor strain gauges, metal strain gauges, capacitive pressure sensors, and optoelectronic pressure sensors. Internal pressures can be measured, using the needle manometer method, the Wick catheter method, integrated circuit implantable sensors, and fiber‐optic catheters. The packaging materials of internal pressure sensors are manufactured from biocompatible covering materials to avoid tissue infection and change in sensor characteristics over time. The first section of the chapter outlines the general forms of pressure measurement systems and their characteristics, including performance, accuracy, loading effects, noise, and reliability, which is followed by a detailed summary of instruments and measurement systems in biomedical applications for specific types of pressure measurements. The final section presents the theory behind the components used to form the measurement systems, in particular, the pressure‐sensing elements, transduction.
Pulse Oximetry
Authors: Mendelson Yitzhak 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Noninvasive monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO
2
) was first adopted by anesthesiologists in the early 1980s in an effort to optimize patient safety. The goal of this technology was to identify as early as possible unrecognized episodes of hypoxemia (insufficient blood oxygenation) that often resulted in irreversible tissue damage and costly malpractice insurance claims. During the past decade, pulse oximetry has become a rapidly growing practice in many fields of clinical medicine, including subacute and long‐term care. Whether used as a safety guard or as a diagnostic tool, this new modality is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important technological advances in patient monitoring. The most important advantage of pulse oximetry is the capability to provide continuous, safe, and cost‐effective monitoring of blood oxygenation noninvasively at the patient bedside. It is particularly useful when a patient is unstable and subject to rapid or unpredictable oxygen desaturation. Pulse oximeters are easy to use, require no user calibration, and provide virtually maintenance‐free operation.
Vascular Networks
Authors: Kannan Ruben Y. , Seifalian Alexander M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The holy grail of artificial tissue is currently limited by the absence of a viable vascular network to sustain it. Although a growing amount of interest exists in engineering such a construct, they are essentially in their infancy. In this chapter, the basic concepts of microcirculation are laid down, along with current state‐of‐the‐art technology used to develop an artificial capillary bed. A major limitation is the poor patency rates, especially at low‐flow states, of contemporary microvascular grafts. Newer options for microvessels including the use of nano‐engineered materials are explored and tissue engineering biological microvessels are also discussed. At the lower end of the spectrum, biomedical researchers have also used angiogenic factors to stimulate capillary development. More recently, stem cell technology has also come into vogue with the potential to promote arteriogenesis. In the future, it is foreseen that all these factors would be synergized to bridge the “missing link” between the arterial system and tissue‐engineered scaffolds.
Vascular Growth and Remodeling
Authors: Humphrey J.D. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The goal of this brief review is to highlight the basic structure and function of large blood vessels, to discuss the homeostatic mechanical environment, and to compare five examples of mechanically induced vascular growth and remodeling. By growth, we mean an increase in mass that is achieved locally via an increase in the number or size of cells and/or via a synthesis of extracellular matrix that exceeds removal. Atrophy, then, can be thought of as negative growth. By remodeling, we mean a change in structure that is achieved by reorganizing existing constituents or by synthesizing new constituents that have a different organization. If we track local turnover of material, as we should, growth and remodeling are seen to typically occur hand in hand, and thus should be considered together. It is hoped that this review stimulates the reader's interest in vascular mechanics and mechanobiology, a field of study with great promise to contribute to improving health care delivery.
Rehabilitation Biomechanics
Authors: Koontz Alicia M. , McCrory Jean L. , Cham Rakié , Yang Yusheng , Wilkinson Matthew 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRehabilitation biomechanics is a field of study that addresses the impact of disability and the effectiveness of rehabilitation therapies and interventions on human performance. Engineering and physics principles are applied to evaluate and analyze body movement and manipulation. This article describes biomechanical evaluation as a clinical and research tool for assessing the effect of disability on task performance, evaluating the risk of injury, and optimizing the fit of an assistive device to an individual. Methods and tools for measuring human kinematics, kinetics, energy expenditure, and muscle activity in rehabilitation applications are presented in addition to the use of biomechanical models and computer simulation as tools to determine parameters that cannot be measured with current technology or are difficult to measure directly. An introduction to gait analysis is reviewed with specific examples of cases where biomechanical analyses have led to new knowledge and improvements in clinical practices. Lastly, future trends and needs in rehabilitation biomechanics applications and research are discussed in relation to the increasing age of the population and persons aging with a disability.
Phase Unwrapping
Authors: Ying Leslie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPhase unwrapping is the reconstruction of the original true phase of a wave from its modulo 2πvalues. It originates in a variety of applications, such as synthetic aperture radar, magnetic resonance imaging, and adaptive optics. In this article, the problem of two‐dimensional phase unwrapping is defined and the challenges are addressed. A variety of established approaches to the problems are reviewed and compared, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Among the many phase unwrapping applications, the article focussed on magnetic resonance imaging and explains how phase unwrapping is used in field mapping, inversion recovery, and flow imaging.