bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A decade of change in breastfeeding in China's far north-west
Authors: Xu Fenglian , Liu Xiaoxian , Binns Colin W , Xiao Cuiqin , Wu Jing , Lee Andy H 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
There have been considerable changes in breastfeeding practices in China over the past forty years. However China is a very large country, and breastfeeding rates in different parts of China vary considerably. The objective of this paper is to identify and compare breastfeeding types and rates between 1994–1996 and 2003–2004 in Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PR China.

Methods
In 1994–1996, a study of breastfeeding (n = 2197) was undertaken in Shihezi, Xinjiang, PR China. A decade later in 2003–2004, a longitudinal study (n = 545) of infant feeding practices was undertaken in the same area.

Results
The 'any breastfeeding' rates at 1, 4 and 6 months were 94%, 82% and 78% respectively in the early 1990s. A decade later, breastfeeding at 1 month was lower, but rates at 4 and 6 months remained the same. In 2004 the 'full breastfeeding' rate at one month was significantly higher (57%) than a decade earlier (38%), but after 3 months there was a rapid decline. This reflected a shift in the way complementary foods are introduced: the initial introduction was later, but by a higher proportion of mothers.

Conclusion
The rate of breastfeeding at one month is significantly lower in 2003–2004 when compared to 1994–1996. The 'full breastfeeding' rates were initially higher, but after 3 months were then lower. The Chinese national breastfeeding targets were not reached in either period of the study. These studies show the need to further promote full or exclusive breastfeeding and further longitudinal studies are necessary to provide the detailed knowledge about risk factors required for health promotion programs.
Children undergoing cardiac surgery for complex cardiac defects show imbalance between pro- and anti-thrombotic activity
Authors: Heying Ruth , van Oeveren Wim , Wilhelm Stefanie , Schumacher Katharina , Grabitz Ralph G , Messmer Bruno J , Seghaye Marie-Christine 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with the activation of inflammatory mediators that possess prothrombotic activity and could cause postoperative haemostatic disorders. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cardiac surgery on prothrombotic activity in children undergoing cardiac surgery for complex cardiac defects.

Methods
Eighteen children (ages 3 to 163 months) undergoing univentricular palliation with total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) (n = 10) or a biventricular repair (n = 8) for complex cardiac defects were studied. Prothrombotic activity was evaluated by measuring plasma levels of prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thromboxane B2 (TxB2), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Anti-thrombotic activity was evaluated by measuring levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) before, during, and after cardiac surgery.

Results
In all patients, cardiac surgery was associated with a significant but transient increase of F1+2, TxB2, TFPI, and MCP-1. Maximal values of F1+2, TxB2, and MCP-1 were found at the end of CPB. In contrast, maximal levels of TFPI were observed at the beginning of CPB. Concentrations of F1+2 at the end of CPB correlated negatively with the minimal oesophageal temperature during CPB. Markers of prothrombotic activity returned to preoperative values from the first postoperative day on. Early postoperative TFPI levels were significantly lower and TxB2 levels significantly higher in patients with TCPC than in those with biventricular repair. Thromboembolic events were not observed.

Conclusion
Our data suggest that children with complex cardiac defects undergoing cardiac surgery show profound but transient imbalance between pro- and anti-thrombotic activity, which could lead to thromboembolic complications. These alterations are more important after TCPC than after biventricular repair but seem to be determined mainly by low antithrombin III.
Pattern for Nobility: The Comte de Brienne
Authors: Doolittle James 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Comte de Brienne (1595-1666), soldier, bureaucrat, secrétaire d'Etat under Marie de Médicis, Louis XIII, Anne d'Autriche, and Louis XIV, wrote, ca. 1661, memoirs in which it appears (1) that he took seriously the principles of feudal polity, (2) that he sought to incarnate the ideal feudal vassal and expected his noble contemporaries to do so, and (3) that while such contemporary fictions as the heroes of d'Urfé and of Corneille were exemplified in fact, the fact was already an anachronism in morality and in politics.
The Interlocutor in La Chute: A Key to Its Meaning
Authors: Whartenby H. Allen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractClose examination of the interlocutor's reflected reactions provides a method for a reading of La Chute which is more consistent with Camus's basic outlook. As he takes part in sporadic although important exchanges with Clamence, the interlocutor is first led generally to see resemblances to the generous lawyer. Later, however, he displays increasingly unfavorable reactions until he finally laughs aloud when Clamence states that he will listen fraternally to the other's confession. By creating an interlocutor who rejects the speaker's views and purposes, Camus affords the reader the pleasure of ridiculing Clamence and of reasserting his own interpretation of life rather than being intimidated into accepting Clamence's degrading portrait as characteristic of modern man.
Our New Poet: Archetypal Criticism and The Faerie Queene
Authors: Gottfried Rudolf B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen the archetypal principles outlined by Northrop Frye in his Anatomy of Criticism have been applied to The Faerie Queene, they have dangerously misrepresented its structure and meaning. The Anatomy subordinates a poet's intention in any given text to the symbolic patterns a critic can discover there; and so it arbitrarily describes Spenser's poem as a romance in six books, covering many of the six phases which make up the archetypal plot of that genre. In a later essay Frye amends his scheme to include the Mutabilitie Cantos as a completed seventh part in the unified imagery of the whole. But the reductive possibilities of his approach are far more fully realized in A. C. Hamilton's Structure of Allegory in The Faerie Queene. Around the poem Hamilton weaves a network of recurring “images”: puns, sexual allusions, and mythological equivalents. He also forces it into various larger molds, asserting that Book One consists of two five-act plays, a tragedy followed by a comedy; that Book One falls into four parts which outline the remaining books; and that the seven books which survive are patterned on the chronological development of human life. Thus, archetypal criticism has made Spenser over into another poet.
A. C. Swinburne's “Hymn to Proserpine”: The Work Sheets
Authors: Peters Robert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecently discovered work sheets for Swinburne's “Hymn to Proserpine” (1866) reveal that the central wave image, foreshadowing the later symbolists and imagists, was wrought by Swinburne with extreme care. Through a careful pruning and a suppression of the simile in favor of metaphor, Swinburne built this passage of eighteen lines so that effects accumulate, distilling his themes of power, fear, evil, and transcendent time with considerable symbolic force.
John Lane's Keynotes Series and the Fiction of the 1890's
Authors: Harris Wendell V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Keynotes Series was the result of one of John Lane's schemes for calling attention to new writers and trends. These fourteen novels and nineteen volumes of short stories published between 1894 and 1897 represent a significant cross section of what Lane, whose Bodley Head Press was regarded as the center of fin de siècle literary attitudes, thought new and modish. An examination of the contents of the Series is useful in seeing the 1890's in perspective: conventional morality is there defended more often than attacked, decadent themes are few but technical experiments in structure and style many, and Hardy, not Wilde or Pater, exercises the greatest influence. (The first complete listing of the Series is included.)
Anarchist, Detective, and Saint: The Possibilities of Action in The Secret Agent
Authors: Fradin Joseph I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn four characters, Conrad undermines all possibility of unambiguous moral action. The Professor, whose anarchism begins in existential emptiness and contains a violent totalitarian impulse, dramatizes the potential for death in the human will when its energies are directed toward power, toward political ends; the capacity for destruction, both private and public, of the Professor's devotion to the “idea” is grotesquely symbolized by the bomb he carries, his hand always on the detonator. The Assistant Commissioner has no “idea,” but his apparent efficiency is thoroughly undermined by the way Conrad exposes the ambiguity both of his motives and of the sources of the energy which enables him to succeed in his hunt for Verloc. Like Winnie, the Commissioner has chosen “respectability”—an inauthentic life. Winnie's own destruction begins in her feeling for Stevie and is hastened by Stevie's angry compassion, since even compassion is dangerous as a motive for action. This is a lesson Michaelis' youthful political experience has taught him, and his withdrawal presents the novel's final paradox: that in an anarchic world, self-preoccupied inertia may become the posture of a saint.
Edward Taylor's Preparatory Meditations: A Decorum of Imperfection
Authors: Mignon Charles W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe problem of assessing Edward Taylor's literary reputation has been made difficult by the claims put forward on his behalf and by the criticisms of these claims because both share the assumption that Taylor's poetry may be compared with Herbert's. But a consideration of Taylor's Prologue (glossed with relevant poems and sermons) reveals the rudiments of Taylor's Puritan theory of the imperfect function of human art, rudiments which form a concept of decorum which is not “metaphysical.” Taylor's theory features the severely limited possibilities of fallen human art not only in dealing with man's condition but even in attempting the praise of God. Accordingly, at the practice of metaphor Taylor is committed to meiosis, and uses amplification for the praise of God with considerable hesitation. On the other hand, Herbert, with a different religious position and with consequently a different subject (the contrast between man's insignificance and his greatness as a child of God), has as a result a much wider metaphoric range. These differences in the range and use of metaphor reveal quite different concepts of decorum and suggest judgments about Taylor's literary reputation based not on “metaphysical” decorum, but rather on a Puritan decorum of imperfection.
“The Hall of Fantasy” and the Early Hawthorne-Thoreau Relationship
Authors: Jones Buford 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe two versions of “The Hall of Fantasy” reveal that the intellectual exchange between Hawthorne and Thoreau at the beginning of the Old Manse period was far more extensive and formative than has hitherto been supposed. The narrator's companion-guide is a strikingly full, thinly disguised fictional portrait of Thoreau as he appeared to Hawthorne in August and September 1842, when their friendship first developed. This portrait provides a new set of insights into their relationship and a more accurate notion of their attitudes toward Emerson, Alcott, and the whole intellectual ferment around Concord. The narrator and his guide assume the precise moral stances of Hawthorne and Thoreau concerning Transcendentalism, technical progress, reform movements, vegetarianism, “Adamism,” and other prominent philosophical and social issues. These discussions largely determined the subjects each would write about for the next year, especially in Hawthorne's “The Old Manse,” “The New Adam and Eve,” and “Earth's Holocaust,” and in Thoreau's two contributions to The Democratic Review. “The Landlord” and “Paradise (to be) Regained.” Their influence can still be seen in the major works of the late 1840's and early 1850's: “The Custom House,” The Bouse of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, and the different versions of Walden.
Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter: The Theory of the Romance and the Use of the New England Situation
Authors: Stubbs John C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo write The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne drew on mid-nineteenthcentury theories of the prose romance and the central situation of New England romances. The romance was distinguished from the novel by the idea of artistic distance; romancers wanted to set human experience at a distance from their readers' world so that the meaning of the experience would be more clear. To get the distance exactly right, they balanced three sets of opposites: verisimilitude and ideality; the natural and the marvelous; and history and fiction. Hawthorne discussed each of the balances and used them as part of his conception of the form of The Scarlet Letter. The central situation of most contemporary romances about Puritanism provided him with the conflict of the “fair Puritan” and the “black Puritan.” Hester is his “fair Puritan” whose capacity for feeling is opposed to the reasoned but harsh justice of his “black Puritan,” Chillingworth. These two characters in their roles as types define the extreme sides of the moral argument Hawthorne synthesizes in the complex characterization of Dimmesdale.
Walt Whitman's Earliest Known Notebook
Authors: Grier Edward F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe notebook, which disappeared from the Library of Congress sometime after its first, incomplete publication in 1921, has been described and analyzed from an imperfect microfilm copy. The new information discloses that, although the notebook was used until 1854–55, the traditional date of 1847 for most of the contents is correct. Although the notebook is close to the 1855 Leaves of Grass in its poetical material, it shows relatively little influence from specific events, politics, or literary ideas in Whitman's formative period.
VII.—The Phonology of the Stressed Vowels of ‘Béowulf'
Authors: Davidson Charles 
Published: November 2006

The value of such an investigation as this depends upon the reliability of the methods employed; these I wish to sketch briefly.Harrison and Sharp's ‘Béowulf,’ after careful collation with Zupitza's ‘Autotypes,’ with additional correction for quantity, has furnished the text of the poem. Every word of this text, every variation of stem, has been, by independent investigation, reduced to the West-Germanic form. The data for this step were furnished by the vocabularies and lexicons cited below, and the processes involved were pursued under the guidance of the grammars also cited in the subjoined list. The lists of words thus obtained were classified, and checked against the lists of Cook, Cosijn, Fischer, and Leioing, and all important disagreements noted. Where further investigation seemed to justify former conclusions, a reference to the author in question has been entered in the work.
Jean de Mairet
Authors: Blume Julius 
Published: November 2006

The third and fourth decades of. the seventeenth century, or more strictly speaking the years from 1625 to 1637, form a rather important period in the history of French literature. This is the time when the great Corneille makes his appearance and the “Académie française” is established. For this reason it is all the more striking that there exists, apparently, a great uncertainty concerning a number of the precursors and contemporaries of Corneille, not only with regard to chronology, but also as to their true merits. One of the poets of that time, about whom opinions seem to be divided as to his literary position and undecided as to the chronology, is Jean de Mairet. of Besançon, who lived from 1604 to 1684. The chief works which Mairet wrote, are in chronological order as follows:Chryséide et Arimand, a tragi-comedy; Sylvie, a pastoral; Silvanire, also a pastoral, or as Mairet himself terms it, a tragicomédie pastorale; Due d'Ossonne, a comedy; Virginie, a tragi-comedy; and the tragedies: Sophonisbe, Marc Antoine Soliman, and Roland furieux.
The Use of Diminutives in -ing by Some Writers in Low German Dialects
Authors: Chamberlain A. F. 
Published: November 2006

William Heyse places as a motto on the title-page of his ‘Mecklenbörger Burhochtid’ the following lines:En Volk aohn Schart,Aohn Klink un Klank,Dat is en BuschAohn Vaogelsank.Certain languages and dialects all over the world—Catalan, Italian, German, Algonkian—relieve themselves from the charge that each is “a bush where no birds sing”, by presenting a peculiar development of diminutives, which gives the speech a noticeable “Klink un Klank”.
Siloxane Copolymers for Nanoimprint Lithography
Authors: Choi P. , Fu P.‐F. , Guo L. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPresented here is the novel use of thermoplastic siloxane copolymers as nanoimprint lithography (NIL) resists for 60 nm features. Two of the most critical steps of NIL are mold release and pattern transfer through dry etching. These require that the NIL resist have low surface energy and excellent dry‐etching resistance. Homopolymers traditionally used in NIL, such as polystyrene (PS) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), generally cannot satisfy all these requirements as they exhibit polymer fracture and delamination during mold release and have poor etch resistance. A number of siloxane copolymers have been investigated for use as NIL resists, including poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐block‐polystyrene (PDMS‐b‐PS), poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐graft‐poly(methyl acrylate)‐co‐poly(isobornyl acrylate) (PDMS‐g‐PMA‐co‐PIA), and PDMS‐g‐PMMA. The presence of PDMS imparts the materials with many properties that are favorable for NIL, including low surface energy for easy mold release and high silicon content for chemical‐etch resistance—in particular, extremely low etch rates (comparable to PDMS) in oxygen plasma, to which organic polymers are quite susceptible. These properties give improved NIL results.
Molecular characterization of rpoB gene mutations in rifampicine‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from tuberculosis patients in Belarus
Authors: Titov Leonid P. , Zakerbostanabad Saeed , Slizen Veranika , Surkova Larisa , Taghikhani Mohammad , Bahrmand Ahmadreza 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, location and type of rpoB mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from patients in Belarus. Tuberculosis cases are increasing every year in Belarus. Moreover, resistance to anti‐tuberculosis drugs, especially to rifampicine, has increased. In this study, 44 rifampicine‐resistance M. tuberculosis clinical isolates (including multidrug‐resistant isolates) were subjected to DNA sequencing analysis of the hypervariable region (hot‐spot) of the rpoB gene originating from different geographical regions in Belarus. Sixteen different types of mutations were identified. The most common point mutations were in codons 510 (47.7%), 526 (45.5%), 523 (40.86%) and 531 (29.5%). Eleven isolates (27.7%) carried one mutation and 23 (52%), 7 (16%), 3 (7%) of isolates carried 2, 3 and 4 mutations, respectively. A characteristic, prominent finding of this study was high frequency of multiple mutations in different codons of the rpoB gene (27.7%) and also the detection of unusual types of mutations in the 510 codon, comprising CAG mutations (deletion or changing, to CTG, CAC or CAT). In our study, the change TTG in codon 531 was found in 92% of isolates and the change TGC in 8% of isolates. A TAC change in codon 526 was not found, but the GAC change was found in all isolates. Isolates of M. tuberculosis isolated in Belarus were characterized by the wide spectrum of the important mutations and might belong to the epidemic widespread clones.
Energieeffiziente emaillierte Rührbehälter
Authors: Reinemuth J. , Heinzmann M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAuf der Grundlage einer Systemanalyse eines emaillierten Rührbehälters werden Maßnahmen abgeleitet, die zu einer effizienteren Nutzung der eingesetzten Energie führen. Anhand eines durchgängigen, einfachen Leitbeispiels werden die Maßnahmen hinsichtlich deren Einsparungspotenzials vergleichend gegenübergestellt.
Sensitive Differential Pulse Polarographic Determination of Molybdenum Using The New Catalytic System Mo(VI)‐Phenantroline‐Chlorate
Authors: Bobrowski Andrzej , Królicka Agnieszka , Zarębski Jerzy 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt was found that in acidic chloride media the complex of Mo(VI) with 1,10‐phenantroline induces catalytic reduction of KClO3. This catalytic effect can be utilized for sensitive differential pulse polarographic determination of Mo(VI) with a low detection limit of 2.9×10−11 M (2.8 ng/L). The optimal Mo(VI) response was obtained at pH 2.8, in the presence of (6–12)×10−5 M 1,10‐phenantroline and 2×10−2 M KClO3. The sensitivity was 1.73 nA/nM and the catalytic response was linear up to 7.5×10−7 M Mo (VI). The interferences from inorganic ions and surface‐active substances were investigated. The results of the determination of Mo(VI) in CRM water sample showed good reproducibility (R.S.D. for standard solution is below 1.2% and for water samples is 8.9%) and accuracy of the elaborated catalytic polarographic method.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Electrode Surfaces Using Carbon Composite Tips
Authors: Rohlfing Dina Fattakhova , Kuhn Alexander 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTips for scanning tunneling microscopy prepared from carbon composite materials were used for nanoscale characterization of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces, both unmodified and modified with adsorbed monolayers of polyoxometalate. A series of different types of carbon (graphite pencil lead, epoxy sealed carbon fiber, pyrolytic graphite) and polishing/etching steps has been investigated in order to produce sharp tips. Atomic resolution is readily obtained for bare HOPG with these tips and also adsorbed monolayers of polyoxometalates can be characterized at the molecular level. As the graphite tips themselves can be easily modified with monolayers of molecules this opens up applications related to tunneling spectroscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy or testing of molecular electronic devices.
Determination of Caffeine at a Nafion‐Covered Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Brunetti Barbara , Desimoni Elio , Casati Paolo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple differential pulse voltammetric method based on a Nafion‐covered glassy carbon electrode was developed for the quantitative determination of caffeine in cola beverages. The modified electrode exhibits a clear improvement of the current response compared to that observed at a bare glassy carbon electrode. The method allows quantifying the analyte in the 9.95×10−7–1.06×10−5 M range, with a detection limit of 7.98×10−7 M in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solutions. The developed procedure was tested by recovery studies. The results are described and discussed in the light of the existing literature.