bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criteria for components of a function space to be homotopy equivalent
Authors: LUPTON GREGORY , SMITH SAMUEL BRUCE 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe give a general method that may be effectively applied to the question of whether two components of a function space map(X, Y) have the same homotopy type. We describe certain group-like actions on map(X, Y). Our basic results assert that if maps f, g: X → Y are in the same orbit under such an action, then the components of map(X, Y) that contain f and g have the same homotopy type.
A new basal actinopterygian fish from the Middle Devonian Aztec Siltstone of Antarctica
Authors: Long John A. , Choo Brian , Young Gavin C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA new basal actinopterygian fish,Donnrosenia schaefferigen. et sp. nov., is described from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) Aztec Siltstone of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica.Donnroseniagen. nov. is characterized by the large parietals which are of almost equivalent size to the frontals, very small intertemporals, a small accessory operculum situated dorsally to the prominent anterodorsal process of the suboperculum, a deep dentary with anterior flexure, porous ornamentation on the clavicle, an elongate body form with macromeric squamation, an absence of paired fringing fulcra on the fins, and pectoral lepidotrichia which are unsegmented for much of their length. A phylogenetic analysis based on dermal skeletal features of Devonian actinopterygians indicates thatDonnroseniagen. nov. is the sister taxon toHowqualepisfrom the Middle Devonian of Victoria, Australia, and is embedded within a possible clade containing the actinopterygians from the Gogo Formation, Western Australia. This supports the concept of an endemic radiation of East Gondwanan actinopterygians, and reinforces the already strong biogeographical similarities between the Middle Devonian palaeofaunas of Australia and Antarctica.
High Sodium Intake Enhances Insulin‐stimulated Glucose Uptake in Rat Epididymal Adipose Tissue
Authors: Fonseca‐Alaniz Miriam H. , Takada Julie , Andreotti Sandra , De Campos Tarcila B.F. , Campaña Amanda B. , Borges‐Silva Cristina N. , Lima Fabio B. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: This study investigated the effect of different sodium content diets on rat adipose tissue carbohydrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity.Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were fed on normal‐ (0.5% Na+; NS), high‐ (3.12% Na+; HS), or low‐sodium (0.06% Na+; LS) diets for 3, 6, and 9 weeks after weaning. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a computerized tail‐cuff system. An intravenous insulin tolerance test (ivITT) was performed in fasted animals. At the end of each period, rats were killed and blood samples were collected for glucose and insulin determinations. The white adipose tissue (WAT) from abdominal and inguinal subcutaneous (SC) and periepididymal (PE) depots were weighed and processed for adipocyte isolation and measurement of in vitro rates of insulin‐stimulated 2‐deoxy‐d‐[3H]‐glucose uptake (2DGU) and conversion of ‐[U‐14C]‐glucose into 14CO2.Results: After 6 weeks, HS diet significantly increased the BP, SC and PE WAT masses, PE adipocyte size, and plasma insulin concentration. The sodium dietary content did not influence the whole‐body insulin sensitivity. A higher half‐maximal effective insulin concentration (EC50) from the dose‐response curve of 2DGU and an increase in the insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation rate were observed in the isolated PE adipocytes from HS rats.Discussion: The chronic salt overload enhanced the adipocyte insulin sensitivity for glucose uptake and the insulin‐induced glucose metabolization, contributing to promote adipocyte hypertrophy and increase the mass of several adipose depots, particularly the PE fat pad.
Association of Postpartum Depression With Weight Retention 1 Year After Childbirth
Authors: Herring Sharon J. , Rich‐Edwards Janet W. , Oken Emily , Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Kleinman Ken P. , Gillman Matthew W. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To examine the extent to which early postpartum depression is associated with weight retention 1 year after childbirth.Methods and Procedures: In a prospective cohort study of 850 women enrolled in Project Viva, mothers reported depressive symptoms on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at midpregnancy and 6 months postpartum. A score >12 indicated probable depression. We assessed associations of antenatal and postpartum depression with risk of substantial weight retention (at least 5 kg) 1 year after childbirth.Results: Seven‐hundred thirty‐six women (87%) were not depressed during or after pregnancy, 55 (6%) experienced antenatal depression only, 22 (3%) experienced both antenatal and postpartum depression, and 37 (4%) experienced postpartum depression only. At 1 year, participants retained a mean of 0.6 kg (range −16.4 to 25.5), and 12% retained at least 5 kg. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, after adjustment for weight‐related covariates, maternal sociodemographics, and parity, new‐onset postpartum depression was associated with more than a doubling of risk of retaining at least 5 kg (odds ratio (OR): 2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 6.09). Antenatal depression, either alone or in combination with postpartum depression, was not associated with substantial weight retention.Discussion: New‐onset postpartum depression was associated with substantial weight retention in the first postpartum year. Interventions to manage depressive symptoms may help reduce excess weight retained postpartum and aid in the prevention of obesity among women.
External Liberalization, Economic Performance, and Social Policy
Authors: Berg Janine , Taylor Lance 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEconomic policy in developing and postsocialist economies during the last ten to fifteen years of the 20th century had one dominating theme: wave of external deregulation showing up as packages aimed at liberalizing the balance of payments on both current and capital accounts, along with large but highly volatile foreign capital movements. This chapter draws together recent historical evidence from nine developing and transition economies (Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, India, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, Turkey, and Zimbabwe) to study and assess these changes and their economic and social consequences, summarizing the findings from several perspectives, with findings from Latin America brought in where they add information. It begins with a review of different ways of analyzing liberalization and globalization, and then the basic approach of the country papers and their key results on growth and inequality are presented. These points are elaborated in the form of a simple macroeconomic model that captures the flavor of liberalization on the ground, and an initial application of the model is followed by a review of decomposition exercises for effective demand, employment, productivity growth, and functional income distribution from the country papers; the results of the decompositions and other salient indicators of the effects of liberalization are displayed in a set of tables, which are used to construct country vignettes. Next comes a discussion of the social policy issues emphasized by the country authors, and the chapter closes with a review of open questions regarding macroeconomic and external policy alternatives, and whether social policy can ameliorate the worst effects of globalization and balance of payments deregulation.
Argentina: Balance‐Of‐Payments Liberalization: Effects on Growth, Employment and Income
Authors: Frenkel Roberto , González Rozada Martín 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter gives a summary analysis of the growth process, the performance of the labor market, and the evolution of income and wages in the context generated by the market‐friendly structural reforms of the early 1990s in Argentina, which targeted the privatization of a large proportion of state‐owned enterprises, as well as trade and financial openings; the stabilization policies that were applied in the 1990s are also discussed. There are seven sections to the chapter: the first presents some aspects of the macroeconomic dynamics, mainly in the form of graphs that facilitate the comparison between the 1980s and 1990s; the second presents an econometric model that describes the macroeconomic performance in the 1990s and summarizes the estimation results; the third focuses on the behavior of the urban labor market at the national level and in Greater Buenos Aires (GBA); the fourth includes the formulation and estimation of an econometric model of the aggregate urban labor market; the fifth uses GBA data to analyze variations in urban employment by sector of activity and sociodemographic characteristics; the sixth studies the performance of production, employment, and productivity in the manufacturing sector using data from the industrial survey, and an econometric model of labor demand in this sector is presented – the econometric estimations, together with the trade information on the manufacturing sector, are utilized to separate and calculate the different effects on the employment contraction in this sector. The last section focuses on income and its distribution.
Cuba: External Opening, Labor Market and Inequality of Labor Incomes
Authors: Ferriol Muruaga Angela 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The external opening that took place in the Cuban economy in the 1990s has unique characteristics that differentiate it from the experience of other countries: the Cuban opening was accompanied by a severe external adjustment of magnitude, much greater than that experienced by other economies of the region, and this opening was also part of a wider process of modification of the economic model, since there was a transformation from a highly centralized system based on balancing the distribution of material resources, to a system based mainly on financial mechanisms and a greater degree of managerial autonomy. So, Cuba's external opening has had a strong impact on all social and economic structures, and has become an important stimulating factor in helping to reinsert the Cuban economy into the international economy. This chapter gives an exposition of the main characteristics of the economic reforms, with emphasis on the external opening, changes in the labor market, and social policy measures. Subsequently, three aspects are analyzed (macroeconomic performance; mesoeconomic dynamics; and changes in the labor market, including workers’ remuneration); all those cases that reflect a direct relationship between the opening of the economy and labor revenues obtained by the population are also examined. Lastly, an analysis is made of the relationship between the labor revenues of households and their economic situation.
India: Globalization and Its Social Discontents
Authors: Dutt Amitava Krishna , Rao J. Mohan 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the historical record with a view of assessing the diverse views about India's economic reforms, which have aimed to liberalize and globalize its economy. First, the content of reforms undertaken are briefly examined and then an account is given of how the effects of globalization are to be explored in the following sections. The third section looks at some macroeconomic dimensions of performance, including the realized effects of openness on external transactions, on economic growth, and on trends in the rural sector, which remains the mainstay of employment. The fourth section summarizes trends in employment and unemployment, and the changing commodity composition of employment and its distribution across the formal/informal divide. The fifth section delves into some controversies surrounding the assessment of changes in income distribution and poverty under the impact of reforms, and the sixth turns to the government policy toward social safety nets.
Conclusion: Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractGiven the large body of research, psychology's curiosity in interest is clearly flourishing. This concluding chapter reviews the major themes in the psychology of interest and suggests productive directions for future research. Some themes include the functional value of interest in learning and motivation, the usefulness of emotion theories for understanding what interest is and how it works, and the emerging role of cognitive processes in explaining the origins of stable interests. For future research, psychologists should bring together the diverse bodies of work on interest. Suggestions for research are given for intersecting research on emotion, learning, reading, personality, aesthetics, vocational interests, and the development of interests.
Molecular Approaches in Crustacean Evolutionary Ecology
Authors: Neigel Joseph , Mahon Brian 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMolecular markers provide powerful means to analyze relationships of descent both among individuals and among taxa. Microsatellite loci have become the standard for studies of paternity and kinship (allowing analysis of mating systems) because they are highly polymorphic and codominant. Phylogenetic comparative methods are intended to separate instances of convergent or parallel evolution from shared evolutionary history by analyzing the phylogenetic distributions of traits. They have been criticized for the assumptions they make about how traits evolve, although not all of these methods make the same assumptions. Most assume that an accurate phylogeny is known. However, crustacean phylogenies have mostly been based on small numbers of sequences that do not have the most desirable properties for phylogenetic inference. This situation is likely to be remedied by the ongoing development of PCR primers that amplify additional independently segregating nuclear loci.
Agonistic Behavior in Freshwater Crayfish
Authors: Moore Paul A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFighting success and dominance in crayfish depends on a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Most intrinsic factors studied to date are related to the physical size of the crayfish. Larger crayfish or those with larger chelae often have advantages in agonistic interactions. Age, sex, and reproductive status can influence the physical size of the carapace and major chelae. These and other factors (e.g., social history) may also influence the intrinsic neurochemistry of individuals. Extrinsic factors that lead to increased dominance include the availability of resources, signal transmission properties, and status pheromones in the environment. Presently, it is largely unknown how these factors interact together to produce dominance. From an ultimate perspective, the evolutionary consequence of aggression and dominance is assumed to be tied to reproductive success or increased resource holding potential. This chapter uses a multidisciplinary and multilevel approach to address the question “what makes a crayfish dominant?”
Mating Strategies in Isopods
Authors: Jormalainen Veijo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIsopods show a wide range in mating systems. Mate guarding by males before copulation occurs commonly in most free-living taxa, with the notable exception of the terrestrial Oniscidea. Such guarding prior to copulation is interpreted as a male mate monopolization strategy, evolved as a response to short female receptivity to copulation. Males are able to assess female maturity and to adjust guarding duration accordingly; relatively long guarding duration is often optimal for males. Guarding has no known benefits for females. Moreover, guarding is likely to impose costs for females, thus leading to a sexual conflict. Experimental studies suggest that conflicts over the start of guarding generate sexual selection for traits related to obtaining or resisting mates, as well as for traits related to cryptic female choice. Isopod mating systems can be used to clarify the roles played by traditional female choice and intersexual conflicts in sexual selection.
Sperm Demand and Allocation in Decapod Crustaceans
Authors: Sainte-Marie Bernard 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines trends in male gametic strategies in relation to female sperm demand among gonochoristic decapod crustaceans. Female lifetime fecundity and number of eggs per spawn can vary much more among decapod species than in other taxa in which gametic strategies have been explored. Female anatomy and life history determine a gradient of complexity and potential duration for sperm storage, lasting from a few hours to several years. The spermathecae of some decapods have enormous capacity and filling may be antagonistic to ovary development. Sperm requirements associated with high female fecundity can be met by large sperm investments from individual males, promiscuity, and/or very effective use of sperm. As in many other taxa, male decapods may allocate sperm strategically as a function of female size (fecundity) and mated status, number of mating opportunities, and risk and intensity of sexual (sperm) competition.
Behavioral Ecology of Semiterrestrial Crayfish
Authors: Richardson Alastair M.M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLike a number of the other crustaceans, burrowing crayfish live in a situation that tends to lead to prolonged associations between mother and offspring, and even overlapping generations in some species. Under these situations, social behaviors are likely to evolve, but at this stage the only ones that have been identified among burrowing crayfish are between mother and offspring, in terms of defense and grooming. Burrowing was a pre-adaptation that has allowed crayfish to move out of open waters onto land, but it has also imposed severe restrictions on their movements and dispersal. The development of social behaviors may compensate for these restrictions to some extent. Present knowledge on the behavioral ecology of semi-terrestrial crayfish is scarce, but initial observations suggest that future studies on the reproductive biology of burrowing crayfish may improve our understanding of social evolution in crustaceans.
Anthropogenic Stressors and Their Effects on the Behavior of Aquatic Crustaceans
Authors: van Son Thijs Christiaan , Thiel Martin 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFour categories of anthropogenic stressors affect the behavior and vital functions of crustaceans in aquatic ecosystems: pollution, introduction of non-indigenous species, stock manipulation, and habitat destruction. The most affected vital functions are, in descending order of importance, reproduction, nutrition and growth, and habitat selection. Two principal groups of stressors were distinguished: (i) pollution and species introduction, for which most of the effects on crustacean behavior were observed directly; and (ii) fishing and habitat destruction, for which most of the evidence was circumstantial. In many cases, pollution and species introduction affect individuals directly, whereas fishing and habitat destruction affect crustacean behaviors indirectly, primarily by changes in important population (e.g., sex ratio and population density) or ecosystem (e.g., habitat, physico-chemical, species dominance, species composition) parameters. The information yielded by this review and that of future studies may prove useful in designing efficient conservation plans.
Last Rights
Authors: Branch Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This book examines the business liquidation process — the winding up of the affairs of a company that has either decided voluntarily to liquidate or been forced to liquidate by its creditors. The contributors to the book have substantial hands-on experience in the reorganization and liquidation of businesses, the sale of business assets, and management of commercial litigation. They share their approach to maximizing and creating value in the deteriorating and chaotic business environment that so often leads to a company going out of business. The legal forums for liquidation — bankruptcy, state receivership, federal receivership, and assignment for the benefit of creditors — are explained. The liquidator's role, powers, duties, oversight, and compensation are outlined and the special rules for bankruptcy trustees are set forth. The chapters also cover the major tasks of liquidation including investigation of the company, termination of employees, disposition of assets, evaluation of litigation, resolution of claim, distributions and ultimately, and the dissolution or “winding down” of the company.
Chapter 7 Liquidations
Authors: Branch Dr. Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the liquidation of a business in a proceeding under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code to understand the duties and powers of the Chapter 7 Trustee. The Chapter 7 Trustee serves as the liquidator, and has primary responsibility for the investigation of the debtor. Information on the process for the selection, qualification, and compensation of the Chapter 7 Trustee is also presented.
A Tale of Two Liquidations
Authors: Branch Dr. Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter details two real life liquidations, one under Chapter 7 and one under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. The Chapter 7 case study covers the Bank of New England Corporation, a multi-billion dollar bank holding company with banking operation throughout New England. The Chapter 11 case study covers Friede Goldman Halter, Inc., a large multinational equipment business in the offshore energy and maritime industries. These two cases provide a framework within which to discuss the two primary options for the liquidation process. The financial problems encountered by these businesses, which lead to their bankruptcies and decisions to liquidate are discussed. Asset sales, litigation recoveries, claims resolution, and distributions are also outlined.
Employee Issues
Authors: Branch Dr. Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter outlines the plethora of employee issues with which a liquidator must deal, not the least of which concern unions and labor relations. Retention and compensation of key management and staff to operate the business through liquidation are discussed. Termination of employees, collective bargaining agreements, and retirement, health, and other benefit plans in compliance with applicable regulations such as the WARN Act are addressed.
Day‐to‐Day Management
Authors: Branch Dr. Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes the day-to-day management of a liquidation. It addresses the liquidator's need to secure office space, retain key employees, hire staff, take custody of the company's records, establish internal controls for the handling of funds, maintain records, and comply with federal, state, and local laws. The process for the review and assumption or rejection of executory contracts to which the debtor is a party is outlined. The practical steps for liquidation management are also explained.
Pursuing Litigation
Authors: Branch Dr. Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the types of causes of action which may belong to the failed business. Lawsuits, such as actions against officers and directors for breach of their duties to the company, actions against lawyers and accountants for professional malpractice, actions to avoid preference payments, and fraudulent transfers made by the debtor are discussed. The aim is to provide a framework for the liquidator's economic analysis of the value of each cause of action by determining the cost and time to litigate and the probability of success and collection.