bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical transport measurements and emission properties of freestanding single crystalline CVD diamond samples
Authors: Deferme W. , Bogdan A. , Bogdan G. , Haenen K. , De Ceuninck W. , Nesládek M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this work time‐of‐flight (TOF) measurements are performed on freestanding single crystalline (100) CVD diamond layers with different surface terminations. The transit properties and electron and hole mobility are measured for completely oxidised and completely hydrogenated diamonds. The results clearly show that the different terminations of the diamond surface have an influence on the electrical transport properties. Furthermore, evidence is given that oxygen‐induced surface states influence the TOF spectra. Light emission at 235 nm and around 430 nm is observed when applying a pulsed electric field on the diamond. The small peak at 235 nm is attributed to free exciton recombination while the broad band at 430 nm is contributed to A‐band luminescence. Emission spectra at voltages as high as 1.4 V/μm are given and compared. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered n‐ and p‐type bismuth telluride alloys
Authors: Böttner Harald , Ebling Dirk G. , Jacquot A. , König J. , Kirste L. , Schmidt J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSpark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is used for the fabrication of wafers of n‐ and p‐type thermoelectric V2VI3 materials. The SPS process did not change the overall chemical composition. X‐ray diffraction analysis and the electron backscattered selected area diffraction prove the preferential orientation after the SPS procedure expecting anisotropic thermoelectric prop‐ erties. The mechanical properties of the SPS material are enormously enhanced, so that the fabrication of thin wafers with only 100 µm thickness suitable for the development of Peltier devices with high cooling power density will be possible. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effect of experimental flow reductions on macroinvertebrate drift in natural and streamside channels
Authors: James A. B. W. , Dewson Z. S. , Death R. G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractUnderstanding how much water must remain in a stream to maintain a healthy functioning ecosystem has become an important focus in stream ecology research. The drift of stream invertebrates is important as a mechanism of dispersal, recolonization and as a food source for fish in flowing water. Drift behaviour of stream invertebrates in response to flow reduction was examined in natural and streamside channels in two countries (Canada and New Zealand). We hypothesised that the drift of some taxa would increase following flow reduction as they attempted to avoid unfavourable conditions. Taxa such as Baetis sp. (Ephemeroptera) in Canadian streamside channels and Coloburiscus humeralis (Ephemeroptera) and Austrosimulium sp. (Simulidae) in streams in New Zealand exhibited a short‐term increase in drift following flow reduction. This appears to be in response to decreased velocities and available habitat in flow reduced areas. The majority of taxa displaying this response were filter feeders, suggesting a decline in food delivery with reduced flow contributed to increased drift. Some taxa (e.g. the amphipod Paracalliope fluviatilis) had a sustained increase in drift throughout the reduced flow period, probably because a preference for reduced flows increased their abundance or levels of activity. Water allocation decisions should consider potential impacts on the drift behaviour of the more commonly drifting taxa in a stream. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of segregation phase on a batch hot‐dip‐coated Zn/0.1Al/0.2Sb surface
Authors: Wang Xinhua , Lu Jintang , Che Chunshan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe segregation of antimony in a batch hot‐dipped regular‐spangle galvanized coating from a Zn‐0.1Al‐0.2Sb bath was investigated. The samples were characterized by using SEM/EDS. The nature of the segregation phase was determined by XRD as βSb3Zn4. Assisted with SbZn phase diagram, the behavior of antimony during the solidification process of the Zn‐0.1Al‐0.2Sb coating is examined. It is suggested that the coating solidification proceeds in three stages. Owing to the cooling rate of batch hot dip galvanizing process smaller than that of continuous hot dip galvanizing line (CGL), the resulting structure of the segregation phase in current work is βSb3Zn4 instead of metastable ζSb2Zn3 for CGL. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient generation of constrained block allocation sequences
Authors: Salama Ibrahim , Ivanova Anastasia , Qaqish Bahjat 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSelection bias is a potential problem, especially in trials where blinding is not possible. Randomization with a constrained block of large size provides better protection from selection bias than using a sequence of blocks of small size with the same maximum imbalance. We propose an algorithm that efficiently generates constrained block allocation sequences, and we describe two clinical trials in which such a constrained randomization was used. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frontomaxillary facial angle in chromosomally normal fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks
Authors: Borenstein M. , Persico N. , Kaihura C. , Sonek J. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo establish the normal range of the frontomaxillary facial (FMF) angle at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation.MethodsIn this prospective study, three‐dimensional (3D) volumes of the fetal head were obtained from 500 pregnancies before fetal karyotyping by chorionic villus sampling (CVS), after screening by fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness and maternal serum free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks. Only cases with a normal karyotype were included in this study. The FMF angle was measured off‐line. In a subgroup of 150 cases the FMF angle was measured using 2D ultrasound before obtaining a 3D volume. In 50 cases the 3D volumes were used to measure the FMF angle by the same examiner twice and by another examiner once.ResultsThe mean FMF angle decreased with crown–rump length (CRL) from 84.3° at CRL 45 mm to 76.5° at CRL 84 mm. There was no significant association between the FMF angle and fetal NT or serum PAPP‐A or β‐hCG. In the volumes with paired measurements, the difference between two measurements by the same or two sonographers was < 5% in 95% of the cases. In the cases with paired 3D and 2D ultrasound measurements, the difference in FMF angles was < 8% in 95% of the cases.ConclusionsAt 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks the FMF angle decreases with fetal CRL but is not related to fetal NT or serum biochemistry. The measurement is reproducible and the results obtained by 3D and 2D ultrasound are similar. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the lipids of triticale, wheat and rye grown under similar ecological conditions
Authors: Zeringue H. J. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSamples of triticale, wheat and rye grown in the same season at the same location in southern United States were analyzed for amounts and types of lipids and for fatty acid composition. Selected kernels of the 3 cereals were separated into anatomical parts (bran, endosperm and germ) and analyzed for amounts and types of lipids, and the anatomical parts of triticale were analyzed for fatty acid composition. The triticale contained several times more phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine than did the wheat and rye. Marked differences in lipid composition were found in the bran, endosperm and germ fractions; and some differences were found among corresponding fractions of the 3 cereals. The bran fractions were rich in steryl esters and contained no glycolipids or phospholipids. Fatty acid compositions of the lipids from the anatomical parts of triticale exhibited some difference.
The determination of optical brighteners in laundry detergents by reverse phase and ion pair high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: McPherson B. P. , Omelczenko N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEleven optical brighteners have been qualitatively and quantitatively determined using C18, C8, or C2 reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns. Comparable results also were obtained using radially compressed reverse phase HPLC cartridges. Mobile phases consist of acetonitrile and methanol in water with 0.05 M phosphate buffer. Quaternary ammonium salts also are added to the mobile phase for ion pair formation. Ultraviolet (UV) detection at 340 nm gives more than adequate sensitivity for brighteners formulated between 0.05 and 2.0%. Sample preparation is simple and all components can be eluted within 15 min. Powdered and liquid detergents, fabric softeners, and bleach boosters have been routinely analyzed and results closely agree with those obtained using thin layer chromatography and densitometry.
Sunflower oil processing from crude to salad oil
Authors: Sullivan Frank E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWorld‐wide use of sunflower oil is second only to soybean oil. Interest in domestic use as a premium salad oil is very recent. The high ratio of polyunsaturated‐to‐saturated fatty acids makes sunflower oil a premium salad oil. Sunflower oil, however, contains a small amount of high melting wax which must be removed to avoid settling problems. It is possible to produce a brilliant, dewaxed, deodorized sunflower oil with over a 100‐hr cold test at 0 C. This quality oil can be produced by conventional caustic refining, dewaxing, bleaching and deodorization. A quality finished oil may also be produced by dewaxing and steam refining. This paper reviews various methods for processing sunflower oil from the crude state through the finished, dewaxed, deodorized salad oil.
Winterization of oils and fats
Authors: Puri Pushpinder S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe process of winterization consists of fractional crystallization of oils and fats followed by the separation of solids to make high quality salad oils. To design a winterization process, the rate of cooling of oil, the temperature of crystallization and the mobility of triglyceride molecules in the oil mass are crucial. These variables play a significant role both in separating the solid fats as distinct crystals and facilitating their filtration from the oil. Thus, the main emphasis in this paper is on the effect of the above variables on the performance of the winterization process.
Soaps and detergents and the environment
Authors: Taylor A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFor more than a quarter of a century there has been a constantly growing awareness of, and interest in, the effects of the detergent industry, by the nature and use of its products on the environment. This interest has largely been in terms of the aquatic environment, but also, as with other industries, in terms of other socioecological issues. This paper concentrates on a review of detergents and their components, both organic and inorganic, and their impact on the aquatic environment in different parts of the world. It deals in particular with sodium tripolyphosphate, a major inorganic component in detergents, and presents an up‐to‐date and critical review of technical, environmental, sociological and legislative aspects of this product on a worldwide basis and a comparison of it with some of its proposed partial substitutes.
Conventional Versus Invaginated Stripping of the Great Saphenous Vein: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Scheltinga Marc R. , Wijburg Edwin R. , Keulers Bram J. , de Kroon Karin E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundAn invaginated strip of the great saphenous vein (GSV) may be associated with diminished blood loss and less discomfort compared to conventional stripping in patients with unilateral primary GSV varicosis.MethodsNinety‐two patients were randomized for conventional (CON) or invaginated (INVAG) stripping and were followed for 26 weeks postoperatively.ResultsBoth groups (n = 46) were well balanced for age, gender distribution, and body mass index. The CON group lost twice as much blood compared to the INVAG group (CON: 28 ± 4 g, INVAG: 15 ± 2 g, p < 0.001). Infragenual incision length following a conventional strip was twice as long (CON: 16 ± 1 mm, INVAG: 8 ± 1 mm, p < 0.001). Pain as measured with a visual analog scale (minimal 0, max 10) decreased in both groups in a similar fashion from 3.2 ± 0.3 preoperatively to 0.6 ± 0.2 after 26 weeks (p < 0.001). Saphenous nerve damage after one month was observed in four CON patients compared to no patients following invagination. Return to work was not different (CON: 13 ± 2 days, INVAG: 11 ± 2 days).ConclusionInvagination of the GSV in uncomplicated primary varicosis may be associated with less surgical trauma compared to a conventional stripping technique.
Tree spatial patterns and environmental relationships in the forest–alpine tundra ecotone at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA
Authors: Humphries Hope C. , Bourgeron Patrick S. , Mujica‐Crapanzano Laura R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractForest–alpine tundra ecotones (FTEs) are dynamic transition zones between forest and alpine tundra ecosystems that play an important role in regulating ecological processes, which are in turn directly influenced by the spatial patterns of trees and environmental constraints such as topography and climate. Our objectives were to characterize the spatial patterns of tree species and size classes, determine whether spatial patterns of trees differed among three FTE types, and examine FTE‐ and tree‐environmental relationships in our study area on Niwot Ridge, CO, USA. Overall, spatial aggregation was more extensive for seedlings than saplings or trees. Distributions were largely random in limber pine but were highly aggregated in Engelmann spruce and especially subalpine fir, reflecting these species’ relative shade tolerance and expected sequence of establishment following disturbance. Fragmented and patchy tree distributions were observed in the FTE with the most heterogeneous topography, characterized by high relief and associated physical disturbances. The least patchy distributions were associated with the FTE containing a relative absence of disturbance. Intermediate levels of tree aggregation were associated with low topographic relief and presence of meadows and wetlands. Our results emphasize the importance of spatial structure as an initial controlling factor of vegetation pattern in FTEs occurring in the same landscape.
Imaging the Detergency of Single Cotton Fibers with Confocal Microscopy: the Effect of Surfactants and Lipases
Authors: Sonesson Andreas W. , Callisen Thomas H. , Elofsson Ulla M. , Brismar Hjalmar 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDetergency mechanisms of lipids from single cotton fibers were visualized by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Fibers were soiled with different types of lipids: olive oil, lard and tri‐C10, and subsequently stained with the fluorescent probe Nile Red. A surfactant composition of 300 μM C12E6/LAS (1:2 mol%) was used to mimic the surfactants used in a common washing solution. It was evident from the captured image series that the different kinds of soiling were removed by different mechanisms by the surfactants, depending on the fluidity of the lipid. Roll‐up was the main mechanism when removing olive oil, whereas emulsification (necking) and/or solubilization were observed in the removal of lard and tri‐C10. Only 20–25% of the olive oil remained after treatment with surfactants, which was much less compared to the solid fats where roughly 50% remained at end of treatment. The effect of adding lipases to the detergent formulation was clearly seen, both by an apparently higher rate of removal of olive oil but also using double injection when removing lard. A first injection of only surfactants removed a certain part of the lard as emulsion droplets stuck onto the fiber. A second injection of both lipases and surfactants was able to remove some of the preformed emulsion particles and reduce the overall remaining lard content on the cotton fiber.
Orally disintegrating olanzapine induces less weight gain in adolescents than standard oral tablets
Authors: Crocq Marc-antoine , Guillon Marie-Sa , Bailey Paul Ernest , Provost Dominique 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe compared the changes in weight (kg) and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) in 52 hospitalized adolescents between baseline and after 12 weeks of monotherapy with either (i) olanzapine (OLZ) orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) (N = 16; 16.6 mg/day ± 4.4 [SD]), or (ii) OLZ standard oral tablets (SOT) (N = 10; 18.0 mg/day ± 4.2), or (iii) risperidone (N = 26; 2.8 mg/day ± 1.2). Significantly greater increases in mean weight and BMI were observed in the patients treated with OLZ SOT (8.9 ± 5.1 [SD] kg; 1.9 ± 0.6 kg/m2, respectively) than in those with ODT (3.0 ± 2.1 kg; 1.1 ± 0.8 kg/m2). Similarly, OLZ ODT treatment was associated with significantly greater increases in weight and BMI than risperidone (1.0 ± 1.8 kg; 0.4 ± 0.7 kg/m2). These findings suggest that adolescents gain less weight with OLZ ODT than OLZ SOT, possibly because the former formulation shortens the time of interaction with digestive serotonin receptors mediating satiety.
Reviewing the diagnostic validity and utility of mixed depression (depressive mixed states)
Authors: Benazzi Franco 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo review the diagnostic validity and utility of mixed depression, i.e. co-occurrence of depression and manic/hypomanic symptoms.MethodsPubMed search of all English-language papers published between January 1966 and December 2006 using and cross-listing key words: bipolar disorder, mixed states, criteria, utility, validation, gender, temperament, depression-mixed states, mixed depression, depressive mixed state/s, dysphoric hypomania, mixed hypomania, mixed/dysphoric mania, agitated depression, anxiety disorders, neuroimaging, pathophysiology, and genetics. A manual review of paper reference lists was also conducted.ResultsBy classic diagnostic validators, the diagnostic validity of categorically-defined mixed depression (i.e. at least 2–3 manic/hypomanic symptoms) is mainly supported by family history (the current strongest diagnostic validator). Its diagnostic utility is supported by treatment response (negative effects of antidepressants). A dimensionally-defined mixed depression is instead supported by a non-bi-modal distribution of its intradepression manic/hypomanic symptoms.DiscussionCategorically-defined mixed depression may have some diagnostic validity (family history is the current strongest validator). Its diagnostic utility seems supported by treatment response.
The role of quality in e‐procurement performance: An empirical analysis
Authors: Vaidyanathan Ganesh , Devaraj Sarv 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWhile the adoption and use of e‐procurement has been prevalent in supply chain management, there is very little research examining the critical role of quality in this context. e‐Procurement promises to cut operational costs all across the supply chain, but it also raises the expectations of buyers posing a challenge for buyer satisfaction and supply chain performance. Using the theoretical lens of Dynamic Capabilities Theory and Resource‐Based View, we postulate that online information and process act as resources that result in logistics fulfillment capabilities. These capabilities in turn lead to satisfaction with e‐procurement. We estimate our research model using structural equation modeling with survey data collected from 131 purchasing and procurement managers. We empirically examine these linkages by analyzing data collected from procurement managers. Our results indicate strong support for the relationships between information flow process quality, logistics fulfillment quality processes, and e‐procurement satisfaction performance. One of the surprising findings of our study is that fulfilled order timeliness has a significantly greater impact on satisfaction than fulfilled order accuracy. This finding points to the increasingly important role that the dimension of time plays in today's competitive environment.
In‐Office Laryngeal Surgery with the 585nm Pulsed Dye Laser (PDL)
Authors: Mouadeb Debbie Aviva , Belafsky Peter C. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVESThe 585nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) is a promising tool for in‐office laryngeal surgery. Data with respect to the safety and efficacy of the PDL for office laryngeal use is sparse. The purpose of this study is to review our experience with unsedated office PDL surgery.METHODSRecords of individuals undergoing in‐office PDL between September 1, 2004, and September 1, 2006 were abstracted from a clinical database.RESULTSForty‐seven patients underwent 117 treatments. The most common indications were recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), Reinke's edema, and vocal fold polyps. One hundred and four of 117 procedures were felt to be a success ablating all disease. Thirteen treatments requred early termination. The most common factor responsible for termination was an inability to achieve a comfortable level of anesthesia. One patient with Reinke's edema developed postprocedure stridor that required a 3‐day hospital admission for observation and corticosteroids. There was no incidence of any vocal fold scarring, web formation, or other complications.CONCLUSIONSThe 585nm PDL is a promising tool for in‐office treatment of various laryngeal disorders. Complications are rare.
Pretherapeutic Staging of Recurrent Laryngeal Carcinoma: Clinical Findings and Imaging Studies Compared with Histopathology
Authors: Zbären Peter , Christe Andreas , Caversaccio Marco D. , Stauffer Edouard , Thoeny Harriet C. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVETo assess the accuracy of preoperative imaging studies and clinical and endoscopic examinations for recurrent laryngeal carcinoma evaluation.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGA retrospective comparative study was performed at a university department on 42 recurrent laryngeal carcinomas. Surgical specimens were cut into whole‐organ slices. Histologic findings were compared with the findings of the different preoperative diagnostic modalities.RESULTSThe craniocaudal tumor spread was correctly evaluated by endoscopy and imaging studies in 52% and 24%, respectively, and the contralateral tumor spread in 50% and 52%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detection of tumor infiltration of the thyroid was 48%, 88%, and 64% and of the cricoid 47%, 80%, and 67%. The accuracy of recurrent tumor classification (crT) was 50%; most tumors were underclassified.CONCLUSIONThe inadequately evaluated tumor spread and the inadequately classified recurrent tumors were underestimated and underclassified in most cases, respectively.