bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standardization as a factor in information transfer
Authors: French E.J. 
Published: March 2007

"Standardization: an activity giving solutions for repet itive application to problems essentially in the spheres of science, technology and economics, aimed at the optimum degree of order in a given context. Generally the activity consists of the processes of formulating, issuing and implementing standards." [ 1 ] Standardization seeks to avoid repetitive solutions of the same problem and to aid simplification, communication, economy, safety and health, consumer protection and the elimination of trade barriers. The standard as a document has much in common with the technical regulation and shares certain features with patents and legislation. Users need information about standards in order to apply them, or as a basis for new standards or because they are affected by their results. Together these groups of user represent, directly or indirectly, the whole community. Standardization takes place at national, regional and inter national levels. The organizational structure is complex, differ ing from country to country. ISO is the specialized inter national agency for standardization with a coordinating role. ISO has a member in each of 87 countries and liaisons with 300 other international organizations. International Stand ards result from the work of 163 ISO technical committees. ISONET links national and international standards information centres to make information on standards and technical regulations universally available. GATT is encourag ing similar measures. International and foreign standards are readily available for reference or purchase in most countries. Many documentary and institutional aids exist for informa tion about, or related to standards. Special standards for terminology, documentation, data processing and some others are of particular interest since they aid the processing of information.
SDI software package on a minicomputer
Authors: Chen S. , Omer Y. , Sered I. , Branse J. 
Published: March 2007

Since 1970, the Israeli National Center of Scientific and Technological Information (COSTI) has provided a com puterized SDI service to academic, research, industrial and governmental users in Israel. The system's uniqueness is that it is run on a minicomputer (a PDP 11/70). Six databases are offered as of March 1981: Chemical Abstracts Search, COMPENDEX, INSPEC, Science Citation Index Search, AGRIS and U.S. Government Reports An nouncements. Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS) will be added soon. Current editions of the database tapes are run against personal profiles in order to retrieve items of interest to individual clients. This paper surveys the process of executing SDI at COSTI, focusing on search-profile construction and update techniques and on the SDI production process.
Language barriers, literature usage and the role of reviews: an international and interdisciplinary study
Authors: Gordon M.D. , Santman A. 
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the languages in which primary and review literature is read by Dutch and UK Natural Scientists (Biochemists), Engineers (Numerical Control Production Engineers) and Social Scientists (the Study of Work and Occupations). The nature of the language barriers experi enced by each of these six groups is inter-compared, and the roles of translations and review articles in overcoming language barriers are investigated. It is concluded that in subjects where important non- English language primary literatures exist, greater resources should be invested in the identification, translation and publi cation in English of good quality non-English review articles which give extensive coverage of non-English primary litera ture.
The cooked and the raw
Authors: Hammarberg Robert 
Published: March 2007

The notion of data and information being different in kind is based on the Foundationalist thesis that there exist raw, brute, facts which constitute the data that form the basis for information, and, ultimately, of knowledge. Foun dationalism fails, however, because if these data are really different in kind from information and knowledge, then no comparisons are possible between the former and the latter, and the notion of data (in the sense of raw, brute, fact) becomes useless. If, on the other hand, comparisons can be made between data and information or knowledge, the data would have to be of the same kind as the latter. Given that an Information Processing System (IPS) cannot process data except in terms of whatever representational language is inherent to it, data could not even be apprehended by an IPS without becoming representational in nature, and thus losing their status of being raw, brute, facts. The representational language of the IPS provides the categories in terms of which the IPS 'views' reality, and thus this language will define what constitutes reality for the IPS in question. Consequently, this language will define what constitutes signals, signs, and information for the IPS, as well. Any definition of information must therefore be relative to a given IPS, and, in the case of a human IPS, what is regarded in common sense terms as linguistically encoded information cannot be independently characterized in purely physical terms.
Commercial introduction of digital optical disk technology
Authors: Ledieu Jean 
Published: March 2007

The accelerated growth of information and the rapid devel opment of digital coding techniques have given rise to a new need for greater information storage. This has led to the expansion of the peripheral storage market which today represents one of the fastest growing sectors of the electronics industry. The rise of commercial optical technology is creating dramatic increases in information storage capacity, particularly m the area of graphics storage. This technology is presently being introduced to the high-end and midrange drives market but will be expanded to low-end and mass-storage systems production (i.e., 'juke boxes') as early as 1985.
Comparison of search techniques (printed and computerised) with specific reference to the RTECS databank
Authors: Costigan Anne , Wood Frances E. , Bawden David 
Published: March 2007

A comparative evaluation of three implementations of a large databank, the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem ical Substances, has been carried out. The three implementa tions are: a printed index, a text searching computer system, and a computerised chemical databank system, with substruc ture searching facilities. Seven test queries were used, with the aim of drawing conclusions of general relevance to chemical databank searching. The computer systems were shown to have advantages over printed indexes for several of the queries, including those involving an element of browsing. Substructure search facilities were especially advantageous. Aspects of indexing of data present, and the criteria for inclusion of types of data, were also highlighted.
Electronic information systems analysis
Authors: Bell Simon 
Published: March 2007

This paper is largely concerned with analysis of a question naire which was distributed to academics and information staff involved in Development Studies. The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a database concerned solely with development issues. Section 1 gives a general background to the exercise and to key issues at present under discussion. The questionnaire's objective and distribution procedures are given in Section 2. Section 3 deals with the types of user group who responded. Section 4 deals with current access and Section 5 looks at the user—specified details of a future service. Finally, the paper presents some general conclusions and a list of specifications which emerge as being considered to be of value in any new system.
Use of COALDATA to help retrieve and estimate the physical properties of coals, coal liquids and coal chemicals
Authors: Hildebrandt L. , Langer H. , Eckermann R. 
Published: March 2007

COALDATA, a factual databank of the properties of coal samples, coal liquids (distillation cuts from coal liquefaction products) and coal chemicals (pure chemical compounds con tained in the coal liquids) was developed. It contains data on: (i) physical properties of coals, such as calonfic values, ash content, ash properties, maceral analyses, ultimate analyses. (ii) thermophysical properties of coal liquids and coal chem icals, e.g. vapour pressures, vapour-liquid-equilibrium data, heat capacities, transport properties, surface ten sions, densities. The databank is managed by DECHEMA's Data Retrieval System DEDARS, which stores numerical data as well as non-numerical data, such as bibliographic information. Data and substances are labelled by "tags" which characterize the kind of stored data and substances. All the information is organized in the form of documents. Each document refers, for example, to a scientific paper or book and is composed of a bibliographic part, a list of descriptors, an abstract, a compo nent description, numerical values and their units. Besides literature data COALDATA contains recom mended property values. These are stored as regression coeffi cients and with the help of implemented correlation methods it is possible to calculate the properties.
Towards data modelling in information retrieval
Authors: Agosti Maristella , Crestani Fabio , Gradenigo Girolamo 
Published: March 2007

The diffusion of automated information retrieval (IR) ap plications and of applications which share many of the peculiarities of IR applications is increasing. The demand for these types of applications draws attention to the lack of methodologies available for IR data design. The data modell ing of an IR application, that is, the data modelling of the IR part of a complete information system, has not yet been approached and studied as a complete process and in a struc tured way. The first part of this paper introduces the motivations and the scope of the DIRD (Design of Information Retrieval Data) project, which is devoted to the development of an environ ment for the design of advanced applications of IR. The second part of the paper addresses the design of the IR part (or IR application) of an information system. The concep tual paradigm necessary for the design of advanced IR applica tions is investigated. The Entity Relationship (ER) approach is compared with that conceptual modelling paradigm and is examined as a candidate data model for the conceptual design of IR data. A new ER approach is then introduced: this new approach extends the constructs of the ER model to manage the complexity of IR data. Two design examples are given to present the use of the new ER approach in designing IR data.
An experimental study of GDSS support application effectiveness
Authors: Beauclair Renee A. 
Published: March 2007

This study exammes the effect of two computerized appli cations, voting/rating and brainstorming, on small decision making groups. A review of the literature on Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) provides Justification and back ground for the study. A theoretical rationale for predictive hypotheses based on social psychological theories of small group interaction is developed, and an experimental design to test the hypotheses is presented. Four sets of small groups receive different treatments. The "control" groups receive no computerized support, the second receive computerized voting/rating, the third computerized brainstorming, and the fourth a combination of the two. Group level dependent variables are decision time and quality of decision; individual level dependent variables are quality of interaction, proclivity to participate and attitude toward deci sion. The individual dependent variables are analyzed using the MANOVA procedure and the group dependent variables using the Kruskal-Wallis procedure. There were no significant re sults on any of the analyses; alpha was set at 0.05. It concludes that this study helps build upon past studies by narrowing the scope of GDSS effectiveness and could be used as a guide for future GDSS research.
Object-oriented data models: a perspective and comparative review
Authors: Bhalla Neelam 
Published: March 2007

An object-oriented database management system supports complex objects with identity and allows arbitrary connectivity amongst objects The behavioural aspects of ob jects are incorporated into modelling formalisms by associating operations with classes of objects. These features favour data base modelling in application areas such as engineering design, office information systems and knowledge base management systems. This paper reviews the research efforts in the area of object-oriented database modelling. The object-oriented para digm and abstraction mechanisms are briefly discussed. The conceptual schema and data operations in an object-oriented data model are described. Ongoing efforts in creating object- oriented DBMS are classified into three categories. (1) those that are directly based on the object-oriented paradigm; (2) exten sions to relational systems. (3) experimental toolkits (or stor age systems). A review of the salient features of some sample prototype efforts is presented. This is followed by a compan son of these prototype models on the basis of criteria essential to database modelling.
Industrial Democracy in Europe: Differences and Similarities Across Countries and Hierarchies
Authors: IDE International Research Group  
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to present the focus, methodology, and preliminary results of an international collaborative research project on industrial democracy involving twelve countries in Europe including Yugoslavia and Israel. Rather than explaining variations in participation, power, and influence in terms of contingencies such as personal attributes and characteristics of participants, on the one hand, or structural and tech nological features of organization, on the other hand, the research looks at both de jure and de facto participation in terms of participative structure (PS), power distribution (PO), and their outcomes (O). Initial findings with respect to differences and similarities across countries are presented. One of the main conclusions to be derived from the research is that, whereas all countries reveal a consistent hierarchy in the organizations studied, political and economic environments institutionally reflected in de jure participation can, however, significantly modify hierarchical patterns in organizations, but apparently not dissolve them as such. Another finding reported is that workers' satisfaction is unaffected by their own direct influence or that of their works council. But workers value representa tive participation for its own sake, the more their influence or involvement. Further democratization may require a change in national legal arrangements.
A Concept of Administrative Futures
Authors: Cabatoff Kenneth 
Published: March 2007

The problems of development in new organizations are examined by considering a case study — Radio-Québec, the educational television authority of the Canadian province of Quebec. The typical process of organizational growth and development is one wherein the initial confusion, uncertainties, and inefficiencies come to be replaced by a degree of goal certainty, efficiency in the performance of the organization's tasks, and more 'self- confidence' with respect to the organization's role in its operating environment. Yet in Radio-Québec these 'normal' processes of bureaucratic growth and development seemed not to occur. Instead of development leading to less confusion in the perfor mance of organizational tasks, it led to a breakdown of internal consensus. The Radio-Québec managing elite was forced, in effect, to create an entirely 'new' organiza tion a second time. The study demonstrates that growth of maturity may be accompanied by dysfunctions produced by attempts to bring about more rapid developments of the organization.
Sociology of Organizations Around the Globe. Similarities and Differences Between American, British, French, German and Dutch Brands
Authors: Lammers Cornelis J. 
Published: March 2007

Sociological thought on organizations exhibits considerable similarity with respect to modes of analysis: most studies of organizations represent either the model of a socio-cultural system, or a conglomerate of interest groups, or a mixture of the two. Furthermore, certain basic types such as the traditional organization, the 'classic' and the 'flexible bureaucracy' recur in one form or another in various typologies, theories or treatises. These and other types reflect three ubiquitous dimensions (traditional/modern, hierarchical/democratic, mechanical/organic) of sociological thinking on organizational forms and processes. The sociology of organizations consists of a hard core to which national varieties add their own local products. The sociology of organizations as developed in the U.S., the U.K., France, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Netherlands is characterized with reference to the model(s) and types emphasized in these countries. Furthermore, the degree of 'Americanization' (cosmopolitanism?) and of 'ethnocentrism' (localism) of organizational sociology in these five countries is illustrated by data on the references occurring in textbooks in use in the nations in question. It is concluded that the more the sociological approach to organization becomes popular as a point of view, the less viable it is in the form of a specific, well organized sociological sub-discipline.
Control Mechanisms in Cross-border Acquisitions: An International Comparison
Authors: Calori Roland , Lubatkin Michael , Very Philippe 
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the influence of national culture on the integration mechan isms exercised in international acquisitions. The study of 75 international acquisi tions in Europe (France and the United Kingdom) shows that firms are influenced by their national administrative heritage when they acquire companies abroad. For instance, the French exercise higher formal control of the strategy and the operations, and lower informal control through teamwork than the Americans when they buy firms in the United Kingdom. The Americans exercise higher formal control through procedures than the British when they buy firms in France. As some of these aspects of control were found to be linked with the attitudinal and/or economic performance of the acquired company, we argue that being conscious of the influence of a national administrative heritage should help anticipate cultural problems in the integration process following international acquisitions.
Technology, International Stratification, and the Politics of Growth
Authors: Mazrui Ali A. 
Published: March 2007

The politics of stratification are part of the history of interdependence within and between human communities. Primitive or primordial interdependence concerns reciprocal reli ance among kith and kin or within face-to-face societies. Feudo-imperial interdependence includes both feudal relations in single societies and imperial relations between societies. These are based on exploitation and hierarchy. Mature interdependence comes with egalitarianism and a rational division of labor based on equity under modern conditions. While technology helped to demoralize individual Western societies, it also consoli dated Western control of other societies. The internal democratization of the West coin cided with the stratification of the world under Western dominion. How can the Third World escape this dominion? One approach is that of disengage ment ; another is that of counterpenetration. The West's Achilles' heel is its need of energy from the Third World. This need could make the West at least responsive to Third World demands for greater equity. Successful energy conservation in the West would, on the other hand, be detrimental to Third World interests in the short run. The oil-rich Third World countries may have beencast by history as temporary leaders of the oppressed in the global system. Inequality within the Third World could be a neces sary precondition for the liberation of the Third World.
The Management Structure Review
Authors: Waters Robert , Kirkpatrick Jenny , Wells Owen , Carney A.M. 
Published: March 2007

The Management Structure Review (MSR for short) is an important document because it is likely to have a major influence on the future shape, structure and style of the organisation of the Probation Service. That means that the lives of probation officers and the service they offer to the public may be crucially affected by decisions made on the basis of it. It is vital that its conclusions and recommendations be widely and thoroughly debated. (They were summarised in the NAPO Newsletter for September 1980). In the following pages we print contributions representing a range of views of the MSR. We cannot hope to represent all views, but hope that others will be moved to continue the debate among colleagues, in branches, and in these pages. It may be a long time before these issues are again discussed nationally, and we must not miss the opportunity of having a voice in a vital aspect of our future. That voice may be heard most strongly by representation of views to HQ through branches.
DEALE-ing and Discounting
Authors: Durand-Zaleski Isabelle , Zaleski Stéphane 
Published: March 2007

Researchers agree on the importance of discounting costs and of including mortality rates in the cost computations. The authors present a simplified mathematical model that allows both DEALE-ing and discounting and permits easy computations of accrued and incremental costs. The general formula of the accrued discounted cost of treating over time of life expectancy is: A systematic discussion of the errors involved in the DEALE approximation shows that it will in most cases truly describe the ordering of the costs of various treatments. The DEALE are compared with the costs obtained by using actual mortality statistics. It was found that when two strategies have actual costs CA and CB such as CA greater than CB and C A/CB superior to 1.25, the ordering of CA and CB will always be kept in this simplified model. Key words: DEALE; costs; economics; discounting. (Med Decis Making 1994;14:98-103)
The IFLA Medium-Term Programme. A Summary
Authors: Reedijk C. 
Published: March 2007

At the 42nd General Council meeting at Lausanne the professional meetings will be mainly concentrated on the implementation of the IFLA Medium-Term Programme, compiled by the Programme Development Group, which has been published recent ly. For the information of the members the introduction and the summary of the report are reprinted in IFLA Journal. The complete report can be ordered from the IFLA Secretariat. The price is D.fl. 15.00 or US $ 6. 00.
Semiologie et grammatologie
Authors: Derrida Jacques 
Published: March 2007

Trois livres d'une visée particulièrement profonde ont imposé récemment une pensée dont l'intérêt pour la sémiologie nous semble capital : celle de Jacques Derrida. L'écriture et la différence (Paris, Éd. du Seuil, collection Tel Quel, 1967), De la grammatologle ( Paris, Éd. de Minuit, collection Critique, 1967), La voix et le phénomène ( Paris, P.U.F., Collection Épimé thée, 1967) ouvrent un nouvel espace de réflexion sur le signe, ses présupposés et ses procédés, et par conséquent, sur la sémiofogie ainsi que sur la science en général. Pour mieux présenter. en résumant, les lignes de force de ces livres qui contestent une certaine étape de la sémiologie. mais qui tracent aussi, en avant d'elle, de nouvelles perspectives, nous avons posé à Jacques Derrida quelques questions qui nous ont paru être une première approche de l'essen tiel de sa réflexion. On lira ici les réponses de l'auteur. Remarquons que la rigueur de la problématique soulevée par Jacques Derrida suscite et, sans doute, provoquera des questiolls et des discussions sur les fondements théoriques de la sémiologie et plus particulièrement sur le modèle du signe qui définit sa démarche. "Recherches sémiotiques" ouvrira les pages de ses prochains numéros à un tel débat.