bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of tissue viability by polarization spectroscopy
Authors: Nilsson G. , Anderson C. , Henricson J. , Leahy M. , O’Doherty J. , Sjöberg F. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA new and versatile method for tissue viability imaging based on polarization spectroscopy of blood in superficial tissue structures such as the skin is presented in this paper. Linearly polarized light in the visible wavelength region is partly reflected directly by the skin surface and partly diffusely backscattered from the dermal tissue matrix. Most of the directly reflected light preserves its polarization state while the light returning from the deeper tissue layers is depolarized. By the use of a polarization filter positioned in front of a sensitive CCD-array, the light directly reflected from the tissue surface is blocked, while the depolarized light returning from the deeper tissue layers reaches the detector array. By separating the colour planes of the detected image, spectroscopic information about the amount of red blood cells (RBCs) in the microvascular network of the tissue under investigation can be derived. A theory that utilizes the differences in light absorption of RBCs and bloodless tissue in the red and green wavelength region forms the basis of an algorithm for displaying a colour coded map of the RBC distribution in a tissue. Using a fluid model, a linear relationship (cc. = 0.99) between RBC concentration and the output signal was demonstrated within the physiological range 0–4%. In-vivo evaluation using transepidermal application of acetylcholine by the way of iontophoresis displayed the heterogeneity pattern of the vasodilatation produced by the vasoactive agent. Applications of this novel technology are likely to be found in drug and skin care product development as well as in the assessment of skin irritation and tissue repair processes and even ultimately in a clinic case situation.
Metabolic syndrome and incidence of type 2 diabetes in patients with manifest vascular disease
Authors: Wassink Annemarie Mj , Van Der Graaf Yolanda , Soedamah-Muthu Sabita S , Spiering Wilko , Visseren Frank Lj 
Published: June 2008

Risk reduction in patients with clinically manifest vascular disease focuses on preventing new vascular events and not on prevention of type 2 diabetes. However, given the common pathophysiological pathways involved in the development of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes, it is probable that people with atherosclerotic vascular disease have an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes. The present prospective cohort study investigated the incidence of type 2 diabetes and the effect of the presence of metabolic syndrome on the incidence of type 2 diabetes in 4,022 patients with clinically manifest atherosclerosis, included in the study from September 1996 to June 2006. Patients who died (n=456), who were lost to follow-up (n=84) and those with diabetes at baseline (n=558) were excluded, leaving 2,924 patients for analysis. The incidence of diabetes was assessed by questionnaire (self-reported diabetes). During 13,726 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up 4.3 years, range 2.4–7.0 years), there were 152 type 2 diabetes cases (5.2%), corresponding to an incidence rate of 11.1 (95% CI 9.4–13.0) per 1,000 person-years. Patients with metabolic syndrome were at increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes compared to those without metabolic syndrome, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 5.7 (95% CI 3.7–8.9) for Revised National Cholesterol Education Program, 6.0 (4.1–9.0) for National Cholesterol Education Program and 4.0 (2.7–6.1) for International Diabetes Federation definitions of metabolic syndrome. Of all metabolic syndrome components, abdominal obesity was most strongly associated with incident type 2 diabetes (94% higher risk of type 2 diabetes for 1 standard deviation (11.3 cm) increase in waist circumference). In conclusion, patients with manifest atherosclerosis are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome identifies those at the highest risk and is an easy to use clinical tool. Abdominal obesity is a strong individual predictor of type 2 diabetes. Patients with manifest atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome may derive particular benefit from lifestyle interventions focusing on weight reduction.
Does adaptive training work?
Authors: Metzler‐Baddeley Claudia , Baddeley Roland J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPeople intuitively alter the allocation of study time between items of varying difficulty, and such adaptive learning methods are widely used in education and in commercially available memory training programs. We investigated the effectiveness of a computer‐based adaptive learning system that utilises spacing and repetition effects by presenting difficult items with short gaps to establish fast learning, and easy items with long intervals to optimise long‐term retention. The immediate and delayed effects of adaptive training on cued recall were investigated relative to a control condition of non‐adaptive, random spacing. Adaptive training produced significantly higher immediate and delayed recall rates than random spacing. These results encourage the use of adaptive training in education and rehabilitation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eyewitness identification under stress in the London Dungeon
Authors: Valentine Tin , Mesout Jan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEyewitness experiments do not induce the stress experienced by victims of crime. It is important to understand the effect of stress if results of laboratory studies are to be generalised to victims and witnesses of real crimes, but previous research has shown a mixed picture. The ability of visitors to the London Dungeon to describe and identify somebody encountered in the Horror Labyrinth was investigated, as a function of their state anxiety. To validate the measure of state anxiety, participants wore a wireless heart rate monitor whilst in the labyrinth. High state anxiety was associated with a higher heart rate. Subsequently, visitors completed measures of their state anxiety experienced whilst in the labyrinth and a measure of trait anxiety. High state anxiety was associated with reporting fewer correct descriptors of the target person, more incorrect details and making fewer correct identifications from a lineup. There was no effect of trait anxiety on eyewitness memory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role and impact of mental simulation in design
Authors: Christensen Bo T. , Schunn Christian D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAlthough theories of mental simulations have used different formulations of the premises of ‘thought experiments’, they can be fitted under a minimalist hypothesis stating that mental simulations are run under situations of uncertainty to turn that uncertainty into approximate answers. Three basic assumptions of mental simulations were tested by using naturalistic data from engineering design. Results from the design protocols showed (1) initial representations in mental simulation had higher than base‐rate uncertainty, (2) uncertainty in mental simulations were lowered after simulation runs, (3) resulting representations had more approximations than base‐rate or initial representations. Further, the reference to external representational systems (sketches and prototypes) was examined. It was found that prototypes had fewer technical/functional simulations compared to sketches or unsupported cognition. Although prototypes were associated with more approximation than unsupported cognition, the different external representation categories did not differ in information uncertainty. The results support the minimalist hypothesis of mental simulations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of age and professional expertise on working memory performance
Authors: Cavallini Elena , Cornoldi Cesare , Vecchi Tomaso 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDifferences in professional choice and experience may explain age differences in working memory performance of elderly people. The aim of this study was to examine whether expertise and prolonged practice in verbal and visuo‐spatial abilities reduce age differences in laboratory working memory tasks. The effects of age and expertise on working memory performance were examined in three age groups in two different experiments. Firstly, the role of visuo‐spatial expertise was analysed by examining age differences in architects. Secondly, people with extensive experience in verbal abilities (literary people) were tested in order to evaluate the effect of professional verbal experience. Architects and literary people outperformed a group of unselected age peers on tasks related to professional expertise only, but not on general working memory tests. There was no interaction between age and experience, suggesting that professional experience does not increase differences between experts and non experts and cannot modulate age‐related effects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The bounds of cognitive heuristic performance on the geographic profiling task
Authors: Taylor Paul J. , Bennell Craig , Snook Brent 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHuman performance on the geographic profiling task—where the goal is to predict an offender's home location from their crime locations—has been shown to equal that of complex actuarial methods when it is based on appropriate heuristics. However, this evidence is derived from comparisons of ‘X‐marks‐the‐spot’ predictions, which ignore the fact that some algorithms provide a prioritization of the offender's area of spatial activity. Using search area as a measure of performance, we examine the predictions of students (N = 200) and an actuarial method under three levels of information load and two levels of heuristic‐environment fit. Results show that the actuarial method produces a smaller search area than a concentric search outward from students' ‘X‐marks‐the‐spot’ predictions, but that students are able to produce search areas that are smaller than those provided by the actuarial method. Students' performance did not decrease under greater information load and was not improved by adding a descriptive qualifier to the taught heuristic. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Susceptibility to postidentification feedback is affected by source credibility
Authors: Skagerberg Elin M. , Wright Daniel B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHow much a person is affected by postidentification feedback is dependent on the credibility of the person giving the feedback. Seven hundred and ninety participants across three experiments viewed a crime video, made judgments from a line‐up, were provided with co‐witness and/or outcome feedback (from police officers [high credibility] or children [low credibility]), and answered testimony‐relevant questions (e.g. How good a view did you get of the person in the video?). The aim was to find out how high versus low credibility co‐witness feedback affects a witness' retrospective judgments (Experiment 1) as well as estimations of these co‐witnesses' judgments (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 showed that the feedback effect was only observed when the co‐witness responses were attributed to a high credibility source. Experiment 2 showed that high credibility co‐witnesses were estimated to score higher on the testimony‐relevant questions as compared to low credibility co‐witnesses. Experiment 3 showed that outcome feedback (e.g. ‘you identified the suspect’) produces stronger effects on testimony‐relevant questions than co‐witness feedback. The implications of these findings are that when postidentification feedback is present, it is important to determine the source of this feedback. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Driving speed changes and subjective estimates of time savings, accident risks and braking
Authors: Svenson Ola 
Published: May 2008

AbstractParticipants made decisions between two road improvements to increase mean speed. Time saved when speed increased from a higher driving speed was overestimated in relation to time saved from increases from lower speeds. In Study 2, participants matched pairs of speed increases so that they would give the same time saving and repeated the bias. The increase in risk of an accident with person injury was underestimated and the increase in risk of a fatal accident grossly underestimated when speed increased. The increase of stopping distance when speed increased was systematically underestimated. In Study 3, the tasks and results of Study 2 were repeated with engineering students. When forming opinions about speed limits and traffic planning, drivers, the public, politicians and others who do not collect the proper facts are liable to the same biases as those demonstrated in the present study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The new object‐spatial‐verbal cognitive style model: Theory and measurement
Authors: Blazhenkova Olesya , Kozhevnikov Maria 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe current study challenges traditional approaches to Visual‐Verbal cognitive style as a unitary bipolar dimension, and instead suggests a new three‐dimensional cognitive style model developed on the basis of modern cognitive science theories that distinguish between object imagery, spatial imagery and verbal dimensions. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the overall fit to the data of the new three‐dimensional model of cognitive style was significantly better than that of a traditional model. Furthermore, based on the new theoretical model, we designed and validated a new self‐report instrument assessing the individual differences in object imagery, spatial imagery and verbal cognitive styles, the Object‐Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire (OSIVQ). Across a series of studies, the OSIVQ demonstrated acceptable internal reliability as well as construct, criterion and ecological validity. The current study supports the validity of an object‐spatial‐verbal cognitive style dimension and related measures when developed on the basis of modern cognitive science theories. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological Changes in the Chicken Ductus Arteriosi During Closure at Hatching
Authors: Belanger Candace , Copeland Jennifer , Muirhead David , Heinz David , Dzialowski Edward M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe chicken embryo has two functioning ductus arteriosi (DA) during development. These blood vessels connect the pulmonary arteries to the descending aorta providing a right‐to‐left shunt of blood away from the nonrespiring lungs and to the systemic circuit and chorioallanotic membrane. The DA consists of two distinct tissue types along its length, a muscular proximal portion and an elastic distal portion. During hatching, the DA must close for proper separation of systemic and pulmonary circulation. We examined the morphological changes of the chicken DA before, during, and after hatching. Occlusion of the proximal DA began during external pipping and was complete at hatching. Anatomical remodeling began as early as external pipping with fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina and smooth muscle actin appearing in the neointimal zone. By day 2 posthatch, the proximal DA lumen was fully occluded by endothelial cells and smooth muscle actin positive cells. In contrast, the distal DA was not fully occluded by day 2 posthatch. Increases in Po2of the blood serves as the main stimulus for closure of the mammalian DA. The responsiveness of the chicken proximal DA to oxygen increased during hatching, peaking during external pipping. This peak correlated with an increase in blood gas Po2and the initial occlusion of the vessel. The distal portion remained unresponsive to oxygen throughout hatching. In conclusion, the chicken DA begins to close during external pipping when arterial Po2increases and vessel tone is most sensitive to oxygen. Anat Rec, 291:1007–1015, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acrosome Biosynthesis in Spermatocytes and Spermatids Revealed by HPA Lectin Cytochemistry
Authors: Valbuena Galder , Hernández Francisco , Madrid Juan Francisco , Sáez Francisco José 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe origin of the acrosome is controversial, because of both its lysosomal nature and at the moment of its appearance, which seems to be species‐specific. Considering the amazing organization shown by the acrosome of some urodele amphibians, HPA‐colloidal gold cytochemistry was used to analyze the biogenesis of the acrosome in the urodele Pleurodeles waltl at electron microscopy level. The results showed that HPA‐labeling is useful to label the acrosome and its precursor vesicles and, consequently, HPA‐histochemistry could be used as a marker of acrosomal content. Labeling of the Golgi apparatus and precursor vesicles was seen in primary spermatocytes and round (stage I) spermatids, thus contributing solid evidence for the beginning of acrosome biogenesis before meiosis. In both primary spermatocytes and round spermatids, an enigmatic vesicle, probably related to the biosynthesis of the neck piece or the tail, was also labeled. Labeling in elongating spermatids (stage II–IV), showed a homogeneous distribution of colloidal gold particles in the acrosomal cap, but the perforatorium was not positive to the lectin. However, in mature (stage V–VI) spermatids, a regional distribution of labeling in the acrosome was seen, with the apical knob showing a stronger labeling than the lateral barb, and the lateral barb showing a stronger labeling than the principal piece of the acrosomal cap. This regional distribution of the labeling suggests that the acrosome develops several domains with different glycoconjugate compositions. Anat Rec, 291:1097‐1105, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glucocorticoid excess in mice results in early activation of osteoclastogenesis and adipogenesis and prolonged suppression of osteogenesis: A longitudinal study of gene expression in bone tissue from glucocorticoid‐treated mice
Authors: Yao Wei , Cheng Zhiqiang , Busse Cheryl , Pham Aaron , Nakamura Mary C. , Lane Nancy E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectiveGlucocorticoid (GC) excess induces alterations in bone metabolism that weaken bone structure and increase fracture risk. The aim of this study was to identify genes associated with bone metabolism in GC‐treated mice, by performing a microarray analysis.MethodsLong bones from mice exposed to GC excess were collected after 0, 7, 28, and 56 days of treatment, to measure bone microarchitecture and extract RNA for microarray analyses.ResultsBone loss in this animal model was confirmed by changes in bone turnover markers as well as bone architecture, as measured by microfocal computed tomography. GC excess induced an early up‐regulation of genes involved in osteoclast activation, function, and adipogenesis, which peaked on day 7. The expression of genes associated with osteoclast cytoskeletal reorganization and genes associated with matrix degradation peaked on day 28. On day 28 and day 56, the expression of genes associated with osteoblast activation and maturation was decreased from baseline, while the expression of Wnt antagonists was increased. In addition, the expression of genes expressed in osteocytes associated with bone mineralization was significantly higher at the later time points, day 28 and day 56. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction confirmed the results of microarray analysis in selected genes.ConclusionGC excess is associated with early activation of genes associated with osteoclastogenesis and adipogenesis and a later suppression of genes associated with osteogenesis and mineralization. Novel interventions with agents that modulate either Wnt signaling or mineralization may be effective in GC‐induced osteoporosis.
Different T cell subsets in the nodule and synovial membrane: Absence of interleukin‐17A in rheumatoid nodules
Authors: Stamp Lisa K. , Easson Andrea , Lehnigk Ulrike , Highton John , Hessian Paul A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo determine gene expression of the interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) family members (IL‐17A–F) in rheumatoid subcutaneous nodules, and to assess the cytokines involved in regulating IL‐17A expression.MethodsTotal RNA was isolated from 19 nodules obtained from 16 different patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen for gene expression of the IL‐17 subtypes (IL‐17A–F) in all nodules. Quantitative real‐time PCR was used to measure the expression of interferon‐γ (IFNγ), IL‐6, IL‐23, IL‐12, and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), relative to GAPDH as control, in a subset of 10 nodules.ResultsIL‐17A gene expression was present in only 1 of 19 nodules, IL‐17B in 17 of 19 nodules, IL‐17C in 18 of 19 nodules, IL‐17D in 16 of 19 nodules, and IL‐17E in 3 of 19 nodules. IL‐17F was absent in all samples. Cytokines that stimulate IL‐17A production (IL‐6, IL‐23) as well as those that inhibit IL‐17A production (IL‐12, IFNγ, TGFβ) were present in the majority of nodules. Quantitative real‐time PCR showed a similar pattern of gene expression for the individual cytokines between the different nodules. The mean ± SD expression of IL‐6 relative to GAPDH was 2.28 ± 2.2 ng, and that of TGFβ was 2.96 ± 1.14 ng. There was a lower relative expression of IL‐23 (0.05 ± 0.05 ng), while the expression of IFNγ was 0.67 ± 0.68 ng and that of IL‐12 was 0.48 ± 0.23 ng.ConclusionIL‐17 family members are varyingly expressed in rheumatoid nodules. The paucity of IL‐17A in nodules suggests an important difference from that observed in the synovium. The expression of IL‐23 below a critical threshold level seems the most likely explanation for the virtual absence of IL‐17A. The presence of tissue destruction within the nodule despite the absence of IL‐17A suggests that IL‐17A may be an important amplifier rather than an absolute requirement for inflammation in RA.