bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Leptin Expression in the Dorsal Vagal Complex Suppresses Adiposity without Affecting Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones
Authors: Boghossian Stéphane , Lecklin Anne , Dube Michael G. , Kalra Pushpa S. , Kalra Satya P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Increased leptin transgene expression locally in hypothalamic sites suppresses weight and energy intake, enhances thermogenic energy expenditure, and differentially modulates metabolic hormones for an extended period. We evaluated whether a similar localized expression of leptin transgene in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) in the caudal brain stem that also displays the biologically relevant leptin receptor would reproduce these varied responses and thus demonstrate functional connectivity between the hypothalamus and DVC.Research Methods and Procedures: Adult female rats were microinjected with a recombinant adeno‐associated virus encoding either rat leptin or green fluorescent protein gene (control) in the DVC. Food intake and body weight were monitored weekly, and metabolic variables were analyzed at the end of 10 weeks.Results and Discussion: Increased leptin transgene expression in the DVC suppressed the time‐related increase in body weight accompanied by a transient decrease in food intake at week 1 post‐injection and little effect on thermogenic energy expenditure. That suppression of weight was due to decreased adiposity is shown by the markedly suppressed white adipose tissue‐derived hormones, leptin and adiponectin. Circulating concentrations of pancreatic insulin, gastric ghrelin, and glucose levels were unchanged. This segregation of the varied effects of leptin expression in hypothalamic sites vs. DVC endorses the view that among the various endocrine organs under sympathetic nervous system control, only those leptin‐activated neural circuits in the hypothalamus that suppress weight and adiposity on a long‐term basis transverse through DVC en route to white adipose tissue.
Early Decreases in Plasma Lipid Transfer Proteins During Weight Reduction
Authors: Tzotzas Themistoklis , Dumont Laure , Triantos Athanasios , Karamouzis Michael , Constantinidis Theodoros , Lagrost Laurent 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the effect of short‐term weight loss in obese women on concentrations of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), two new risk factors for cardiovascular disease.Research Methods and Procedures: Plasma CETP and PLTP mass concentrations were measured in 38 obese, non‐diabetic women before and after a moderate, 4% weight loss that was obtained by a 1250 kcal/d diet for 4 weeks. Anthropometric and biological parameters were measured before and after weight loss.Results: Plasma CETP concentration decreased substantially after weight loss (2.76 ± 0.79 before and 2.31 ± 0.69 mg/L after; p = 0.000), and the same was true for plasma PLTP concentration (9.01 ± 2.44 mg/L before vs. 8.34 ± 2.57 after; p = 0.043). The HDL profile shifted toward the small‐sized range, with significant decreases in the relative abundance of HDL2b and HDL2a at the expense of HDL3b after weight loss. A significant, positive correlation between CETP and PLTP mass concentrations is reported for the first time in obese patients (r = 0.43, p = 0.004), and weight reduction was accompanied by early, concomitant, and parallel decreases in plasma CETP and PLTP levels (r = 0.47, p = 0.003). The significant relationship between CETP and PLTP levels was lost after the dietary intervention (r = 0.27; p = 0.11).Discussion: CETP and PLTP correlate positively and significantly in obese patients. The hypocaloric dietary manipulation constitutes a relevant intervention to reduce rapidly and simultaneously plasma levels of CETP and PLTP. The impact of reduced PLTP activity on HDL size appeared to be more prominent than the impact of concomitant reduction in CETP activity.
Changes in Intra‐abdominal Fat in Early Postmenopausal Women: Effects of Hormone Use
Authors: Gower Barbara A. , Muñoz Julian , Desmond Renee , Hilario‐Hailey Tena , Jiao Xiuxiang 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Intra‐abdominal fat (IAF) accumulates with age, is greater among postmenopausal vs. premenopausal women, and is linked to risk for both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) prevents or attenuates changes in IAF and related risk factors is not clear. The objectives of this observational study were to 1) determine whether HRT attenuated the expected age‐related increase in IAF and 2) identify the independent effects of HRT and fat distribution on changes in disease risk factors.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were early postmenopausal white women 45 to 55 years of age. Women either used HRT at the time of enrollment (n = 33) or did not (n = 17). Subjects were evaluated at baseline and 2 years for body composition (DXA), body fat distribution (computed tomography), insulin sensitivity (Si; minimal model), and serum lipids.Results: IAF increased significantly over 2 years, and this increase was not attenuated by HRT. HRT users had less IAF throughout the study. HRT users showed an increase in Si, whereas non‐users showed a decrease. Superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue was significantly and independently related to total cholesterol, whereas IAF was related to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and Si.Discussion: HRT users had less IAF at baseline and throughout the study. Whether HRT altered the relationship between total body fat and IAF or whether differences between groups existed before the study should be addressed through a randomized, interventional study design. HRT had a significant effect on Si; IAF and superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue were significant determinants of disease risk factors.
Aerobic Exercise Is Necessary to Improve Glucose Utilization with Moderate Weight Loss in Women
Authors: Ryan Alice S. , Nicklas Barbara J. , Berman Dora M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the effects of weight loss (WL) alone and combined with aerobic exercise on visceral adipose tissue (VAT), intramuscular fat, insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake, and the rate of decline in free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations during hyperinsulinemia.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 33 sedentary, obese (BMI = 32 ± 1 kg/m2) postmenopausal women who completed a 6‐month (three times per week) program of either WL alone (n = 16) or WL + aerobic exercise (AEX) (n = 17). Glucose utilization (M) was measured during a 3‐hour hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp (40 mU/m2 per minute). M/I, the amount of glucose metabolized per unit of plasma insulin (I), was used as an index of insulin sensitivity.Results: Body weight, total fat mass, and percentage fat decreased similarly in both groups (p < 0.01). VAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, mid‐thigh subcutaneous fat, and intramuscular fat decreased to a similar extent in both groups and between 14% and 27% after WL and WL+AEX (p < 0.05). WL alone did not change M or M/I; however, M and M/I increased 15% and 21% after WL+AEX (p < 0.05). Fasting concentrations and rate of decline of FFA did not change in either group. In stepwise regression models to determine the independent predictors of changes in M and M/I, the change in VAT was the single independent predictor of M (r2 = 0.30) and M/I (r2 = 0.33).Discussion: Intramuscular fat decreases similarly with 6 months of moderate WL alone or with aerobic exercise in postmenopausal women. In contrast, only WL combined with exercise results in increased glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity. These findings should be validated in a larger population.
Economic Evaluation of Weight Loss Interventions in Overweight and Obese Women
Authors: Roux Larissa , Kuntz Karen M. , Donaldson Cam , Goldie Sue J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:To conduct a clinical and economic evaluation of outpatient weight loss strategies in overweight and obese adult U.S. women.Research Methods and Procedures:This study was a lifetime cost‐use analysis from a societal perspective, using a first‐order Monte Carlo simulation. Strategies included routine primary care and varying combinations of diet, exercise, behavior modification, and/or pharmacotherapy. Primary data were collected to assess program costs and obesity‐related quality of life. Other data were obtained from clinical trials, population‐based surveys, and other published literature. This was a simulated cohort of healthy 35‐year‐old overweight and obese women in the United States.Results:For overweight and obese women, a three‐component intervention of diet, exercise, and behavior modification cost $12,600 per quality‐adjusted life year gained compared with routine care. All other strategies were either less effective and more costly or less effective and less cost‐effective compared with the next best alternative. Results were most influenced by obesity‐related effects on quality of life and the probabilities of weight loss maintenance.Discussion:A multidisciplinary weight loss program consisting of diet, exercise, and behavior modification provides good value for money, but more research is required to confirm the impacts of such programs on quality of life and the likelihood of long‐term weight loss maintenance.
Weight Gain Induced by High‐Fat Feeding Involves Increased Liver Oxidative Stress
Authors: Milagro Fermín I. , Campión Javier , Martínez J. Alfredo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the effects of high‐fat feeding on white adipose tissue gene expression and liver oxidative stress.Research Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were fed on standard pelleted or high‐fat diet to produce a diet‐induced obesity model. Therefore, body composition, serum biochemical values and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined after 56 days of feeding. Expression (mRNA) values of three genes were also determined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction in white adipose tissue.Results: Animals fed on the high‐fat diet showed more body weight, higher fat deposition and total liver weight, and increased energy intake compared with those on the standard‐fat diet. Serum fasting measurements (glucose, insulin, leptin) and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index were significantly increased by the high‐fat diet consumption. As an indicator of oxidative stress, peroxide decomposition in liver was analyzed, showing an increase of MDA concentrations in rats fed on high‐fat diet in comparison with control rats. Interestingly, liver MDA levels correlated positively with body weight gain, serum leptin, and homeostasis model assessment. Finally, leptin and glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels, but not fatty acid synthase, were increased by high‐fat diet in comparison with the control‐fed group.Discussion: These results show a link among increased fat depots, insulin resistance, and liver oxidative stress. Thus, liver oxidative stress probably contributes to hepatic disorders and aggravates the metabolic syndrome, which is accompanied by a stimulation of the esterification of fatty acids as measured by glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase in the adipose tissue, providing support to the hypothesis that not only calories count in the induction of weight gain or metabolic syndrome and that other factors such as oxidative stress may be involved.
Glucose‐Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Modulates Adipocyte Lipolysis and Reesterification
Authors: Getty‐Kaushik Lisa , Song Diane H. , Boylan Michael O. , Corkey Barbara E. , Wolfe M. Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin released from intestinal K‐cells during the postprandial period. Previous studies have suggested that GIP may play an etiologic role in obesity; thus, the GIP receptor may represent a target for anti‐obesity drugs. The present studies were conducted to elucidate mechanisms by which GIP might promote obesity by examining the effect of GIP on both glycerol release (indicative of lipolysis) and free fatty acid (FFA) release (indicative of both lipolysis and reesterification), as well as the ability of a GIP‐specific receptor antagonist (ANTGIP) to attenuate these effects.Research Methods and Procedures: Isolated rat adipocytes were perifused on a column with 10 nM GIP alone or in combination with 10 μU/mL insulin, 1 μM isoproterenol, or 1 μM ANTGIP. Samples were collected every minute and assayed for FFA, glycerol, and lactate.Results: GIP significantly increased FFA reesterification (decreased FFA release by 25%), stimulated lipolysis (increased glycerol release by 22%), and attenuated the lipolytic response to isoproterenol by 43%. These properties were similar to those of insulin in vitro, suggesting that GIP possesses insulin‐like lipogenic effects on adipocytes. Finally, ANTGIP reversed the effects of GIP on both basal and stimulated adipocyte metabolism.Discussion: These studies provide further evidence for an important physiological role for GIP in lipid homeostasis and possibly in the pathogenesis of obesity. They also suggest that the GIP receptor may represent an excellent target for the prevention and treatment of obesity and obesity‐related type 2 diabetes.
Binge Eating and Weight Loss in a Self‐Help Behavior Modification Program
Authors: Delinsky Sherrie Selwyn , Latner Janet D. , Wilson G. Terence 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the occurrence of binge eating and its impact on weight loss outcomes among obese participants in the Trevose Behavior Modification Program, a lay‐administered, lay‐directed self‐help weight loss program offering continuing care.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants completed questionnaires, and weight loss data were recorded prospectively.Results: Although objective bulimic episodes were reported by 41% of the sample, objective bulimic episodes were not associated with worse weight loss outcomes. Mean weight loss after 12 months was 18.2 kg (18.8% of initial body weight) for the treatment completers and 10.3 kg (10.5% of initial body weight) for the full sample (using intent‐to‐treat analyses, with baseline scores carried forward).Discussion: Substantial long‐term weight loss, resulting from a continuing care treatment program, occurred in individuals both with and without frequent binge eating.
Secular Change in Size at Birth from 1973 to 2003: National Data from Denmark
Authors: Schack‐Nielsen Lene , Mølgaard Christian , Sørensen Thorkild I.A. , Greisen Gorm , Michaelsen Kim F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To explore whether birth weight (BW) has been increasing in Denmark at the same level as in other countries and whether this increase is paralleled by an increase in birth length (BL) or whether body proportionality, expressed as ponderal index (PI), has changed.Research Methods and Procedures: This study used data analysis of information from The Danish Medical Birth Registry including all single live births in Denmark from 1973 to 2003 (n = 1,863,456). BW, BL, gestational age, maternal age, and smoking status (only from 1991 on) were measured.Results: Mean BW increased steadily during the period (160 grams; equivalent to ∼5 g/yr) at a rate higher than that reported from other countries. BL showed only a minor increase (2.4 mm), leading to an increase in PI (0.8 kg/m3) during the period. Controlling for the effect of increasing maternal age and decreasing gestational age and maternal smoking prevalence (only data after 1991), there was still an increase in BW of ∼4 g/yr.Discussion: During the last 30 years, neonates have become bigger, with a larger relative increase in BW than BL, leading to an increase in PI. The increasing BW and PI, which may be caused by increased maternal weight, could further promote the obesity epidemic.
Effect of Exercise on Hepatic Gene Expression in an Obese Mouse Model Using cDNA Microarrays
Authors: Lee Kyoung‐Young , Kim Su‐Jong , Cha Youn‐Soo , So Ju‐Ryun , Park Joon‐Suk , Kang Kyung‐Sun , Chon Tae‐Won 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the effect of exercise training, we examined hepatic transcriptional profiles using cDNA microarrays in exercise‐trained and untrained mice with diet‐induced obesity. C57BL/6J male mice (n = 10/group) were fed with a normal diet, high‐fat diet (HFD), or HFD with exercise training for 12 weeks. The expression level of ∼10,000 transcripts in liver tissues from each group was assessed using cDNA microarray analysis. Exercise training improved lipid profiles and hepatic steatosis and decreased body fat mass induced by the HFD. Seventy‐three genes were differentially expressed in the HFD‐ and/or HFD with exercise training‐treated groups, compared with the normal diet‐ and HFD‐fed groups, respectively. Interestingly, the expression profiles involved in metabolism, such as elongation of very long chain fatty acids‐like 2, lipin, and malic enzyme, were changed by exercise training. In addition, expression of genes altered by exercise training related to defense and stress response, including metallothionein 1 and 2 and heat shock protein, showed interesting findings. Our study showed beneficial effects of exercise training in preventing the development of obesity and metabolic disorders in mice with diet‐induced obesity.
Modulation and Lack of Cross‐Talk between Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 and Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling‐3 in Insulin and Growth Hormone Signaling in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Story David J. , Stephens Jacqueline M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)‐3 in the cross‐talk between growth hormone and insulin (INS) signaling in fat cells.Research Methods and Procedures: Fully differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were exposed to INS, growth hormone (GH), or both of these growth factors, and the activation of STAT5 proteins and mitogen‐activated protein kinase was examined using phospho‐specific antibodies. The induction of SOCS‐3 mRNA was assessed by Northern blot analysis. INS‐stimulated glucose transport was also measured.Results: We observed that GH, not INS, induced STAT5 activation in adipocytes in a manner that was independent of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) activation or new protein synthesis. GH strongly induced SOCS‐3 mRNA expression, whereas INS had a much less potent effect on SOCS‐3 mRNA expression. Because SOCS‐3 has been implicated in the attenuation of GH and INS signaling, we examined the cross‐talk between these signaling pathways. GH pretreatment of adipocytes inhibited GH signaling. Similarly, INS pretreatment inhibited INS signaling. However, INS did not block the GH‐induced activation of STAT5, and GH did not block the INS induction of ERK activity or of increased glucose uptake. We observed that neither new protein synthesis nor activation of ERKs 1 and 2 were required for the inhibition of GH signaling.Discussion: These results demonstrate that blocking the induction of the SOCS‐3 protein has no effect on the attenuation of GH signaling and support recent studies suggesting that SOCS proteins have additional functions. In addition, these studies demonstrate that GH‐induced SOCS‐3 expression is insufficient to inhibit INS‐induced glucose uptake in adipocytes.
Predictors of Health‐Related Quality of Life in Obese Youth
Authors: Zeller Meg H. , Modi Avani C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Recent literature has documented the psychosocial consequences of pediatric obesity, including poor health‐related quality of life (HRQOL). The present study examines HRQOL and its association with depressive symptoms and perceived social support in African‐American and white youth pursuing weight management treatment.Research Methods and Procedures: Study participants were 166 obese youth (mean = 12.7 years, 70% females, 57% African American, mean BMI = 37.0) referred to a pediatric weight management program. Parents of participants completed a demographics form and the parent‐proxy Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Youth completed the Children's Depression Inventory, PedsQL, and Perceived Social Support Scale for Children.Results: HRQOL scores were quite impaired relative to published norms on healthy youth (p < 0.001). Approximately 11% of the sample met criteria for clinically significant depressive symptoms. Simultaneous regression analyses revealed that depressive symptoms, perceived social support from classmates, degree of overweight, and socioeconomic status seem to be strong predictors of HRQOL.Discussion: Obesity has a clear impact on HRQOL regardless of respondent (e.g., parent, youth) or racial group. It is likely that assessing and treating depressive symptoms and fostering social support in the context of pediatric intervention have implications for both improved HRQOL and weight management outcomes.
Plasma Adipokines and Body Composition in Response to Modest Dietary Manipulations in the Mouse
Authors: Silha Josef V. , Weiler Hope A. , Murphy Liam J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The relationship between adipokine levels and body composition has not been carefully examined. Most studies in humans are cross‐sectional, and the few studies in mice have been restricted to a comparison of control animals with markedly obese, insulin‐resistant mice. Our objective was to study changes in adipokine levels and body composition in response to modest dietary intervention.Research Methods and Procedures: Plasma resistin, adiponectin, and leptin levels were examined in mice fed ad libitum, a 75% restricted diet, or a diet supplemented with 10% sucrose. Body composition was determined by whole‐body DXA.Results: The percentage body fat was reduced in mice subjected to the restricted diet and increased in mice supplemented with 10% dextrose. Adipokine levels were not different in either of these groups compared with the control mice. A significant inverse correlation was observed between resistin levels and total body fat, whereas there was no significant correlation between body fat and adiponectin levels. Positive correlations were observed between leptin levels and percentage body fat, total body fat, and abdominal fat. Leptin levels correlated with plasma glucose, but multivariate analysis revealed that this correlation was the result of a strong positive correlation between leptin and insulin levels. There were no correlations between glycemia and resistin or glycemia and adiponectin levels, and no correlation was observed between any of the adipokine levels and bone mineral content or density.Discussion: These data suggest that in the mouse, modest dietary perturbations have little effect on resistin and adiponectin levels despite significant effects on glycemia, insulin levels, and bone parameters.