bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transnational Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Public Laws
Authors: Carter P. B. 
Published: January 2009

The title of this article is not felicitous, but the author has not been able to think of one which would be palpably less infelicitous.The word “transnational” is used simply to indicate that the article is not concerned with inter-state or inter-Provincial situations of the sort liable to arise in federal or composite constitutional structures.
Beyond O'Reilly V. Mackman: The Foundations and Nature of Procedural Exclusivity
Authors: Forsyth C. F. 
Published: January 2009

The position of applicants for judicial review has been drastically ameliorated by the new Order 53. It has removed all those disadvantages, particularly in relation to discovery, that were manifestly unfair to them and had, in many cases, made applications for prerogative orders an inadequate remedy if justice was to be done … Now that those disadvantages to applicants have been removed and all remedies for infringements of rights protected by public law can be obtained upon an application for judicial review, as can also remedies for infringements of rights under private law if such infringements should also be involved, it would in my view as a general rule be contrary to public policy, and as such an abuse of the process of the court, to permit a person seeking to establish that a decision of a public authority infringed rights to which he was entitled to protection under public law to proceed by way of an ordinary action and by this means to evade the provisions of Order 53 for the protection of such authorities.(per Lord Diplock in O'Reilly v. Mackman [1983] 2 A.C. 237 at 285)
Pleading and Proof at Common Law
Authors: Hollond H. A. 
Published: January 2009

Few laymen know that the expression ‘the pleadings’ in an action denotes the written allegations of fact which each party is required to communicate to his opponent before trial, in order that each may know what contentions he will have to meet, if possible, by evidence, and that an issue, or issues, of fact or of law may emerge. This unexpected meaning comes down in direct descent from the Middle Ages, when opposing counsel strove in Court to extract an issue from the conflicting pleas (placita) submitted by them orally.Thirteenth century.During the earlier part of this country proof was formal and the function of the Court was to declare which of the parties must go to proof and how. In certain classes of cases proof by battle was appropriate, in others proof by oath—either the oath of the party, supported by oath-helpers, or the oath of witnesses.
New Forms, New Relationships
Authors: Crea Teresa 
Published: January 2009

DID YOUR DESIRE to start up an Italian theatre in Australia arise from your visiting the town your parents came from in Calabria?No, but certainly visiting that town in Calabria influenced the type of Italian theatre I wanted to make. My desire to do Italian theatre was a desire to do something I was interested in – I'd been studying drama and also studying Italian formally, both were of interest to me, and I felt that the two could be combined. At the time, strategically, I also met Christopher Bell, who was interested in both things as well.
Running to Touch the Horizon
Authors: Cieslak Ryszard 
Published: January 2009

At the moment, you're working with young actors teaching a course in experimental theatre at New York University. What are you trying to teach them?How to be true in performance, that above all. I struggle to plant in them the principle that Grotowski handed on to me: we act so much in our daily lives that to make theatre what we need to do is to stop acting. Another very important thing to understand is that an actor must concentrate on his own body. The actor's instrument is not his voice or his diction, it's his whole body. Theatre can be a combination of all the arts – music, dance, painting, writing – but above all it is moving visual art. So long as an actor has elementary problems with his body, he is limited. So just as a musician has to exercise his fingers every day, so an actor has to exercise his body almost to the point of overcoming it, that is, being in complete control of it.
Lagos bat virus virulence in mice inoculated by the peripheral route
Authors: MARKOTTER W. , KUZMIN I. V. , RUPPRECHT C. E. , NEL L. H. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYLagos bat virus (LBV) constitutes genotype (gt) 2 in theLyssavirusgenus. In contrast to the gt1 lyssavirus, rabies virus (RABV), LBV was reported to have markedly reduced levels of peripheral pathogenicity. However, this opinion was based on a study of one isolate of LBV only and the reduction in pathogenicity was essentially attributed to the amino-acid substitution at position 333 of glycoprotein ectodomain. In the present study we have demonstrated that peripheral pathogenicity of representatives of LBV in a murine model is as high as that of RABV. Comparison of amino-acid substitutions among the viral glycoproteins, demonstrated significant differences within two antigenic sites between different phylogenetic lineages of LBV. Such molecular variability potentially contributes to differences in peripheral pathogenicity of lyssaviruses.
Attachment and selective attention: Disorganization and emotional Stroop reaction time
Authors: Atkinson Leslie , Leung Eman , Goldberg Susan , Benoit Diane , Poulton Lori , Myhal Natalie , Blokland Kirsten , Kerr Sheila 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAlthough central to attachment theory, internal working models remain a useful heuristic in need of concretization. We compared the selective attention of organized and disorganized mothers using the emotional Stroop task. Both disorganized attachment and emotional Stroop response involve the coordination of strongly conflicting motivations under conditions of emotional arousal. Furthermore, much is known about the cognitive and neuromodulatory correlates of the Stroop that may inform attempts to substantiate the internal working model construct. We assessed 47 community mothers with the Adult Attachment Interview and the Working Model of the Child Interview in the third trimester of pregnancy. At 6 and 12 months postpartum, we assessed mothers with emotional Stroop tasks involving neutral, attachment, and emotion conditions. At 12 months, we observed their infants in the Strange Situation. Results showed that: disorganized attachment is related to relative Stroop reaction time, that is, unlike organized mothers, disorganized mothers respond to negative attachment/emotion stimuli more slowly than to neutral stimuli; relative speed of response is positively related to number of times the dyad was classified disorganized, and change in relative Stroop response time from 6 to 12 months is related to the match-mismatch status of mother and infant attachment classifications. We discuss implications in terms of automatic and controlled processing and, more specifically, cognitive threat tags, parallel distributed processing, and neuromodulation through norepenephrine and dopamine.
Moderating effects of family environment on the association between children's aggressive beliefs and their aggression trajectories from childhood to adolescence
Authors: Andreas Jasmina Burdzovic , Watson Malcolm W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study explored how children's aggressive beliefs and their family environments combine to influence the development of child aggression from middle childhood into adolescence. We utilized a “variable-centered” empirical approach, specifically examining whether children's aggressive beliefs represent a risk factor for their aggressive behaviors and whether this risk can be moderated by children's family environment. These questions were tested with individual growth modeling, using the data from a community-representative sample of 440 mother–child dyads, interviewed four times over a 6-year study period. The accelerated longitudinal design of the study enabled examination of children's aggression trajectories from age 7 to age 19. The results supported the hypothesis that elevated aggressive beliefs in children represent a risk factor for aggression, as higher aggressive beliefs were associated with greater aggression at the youngest age, as well as with increased aggression over time. However, as hypothesized, family environment moderated this association, such that changes in children's aggression over time were contingent upon the interaction of their aggressive beliefs with family environment. Specifically, aggression was reduced in children with high aggressive beliefs if they experienced better than average family environment, which included less family conflict and more family cohesion.
Food deprivation is integral to the ‘hand to mouth’ existence of homeless youths in Toronto
Authors: Tarasuk Valerie , Dachner Naomi , Poland Blake , Gaetz Stephen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo describe homeless youths’ experiences of food insecurity and examine the relation between chronic food deprivation and food acquisition practices.DesignA cross-sectional survey of homeless youths was conducted in 2003 to assess their nutritional vulnerability and describe their food acquisition practices.SettingToronto, Canada.SubjectsTwo hundred and sixty-one youths, aged 16–24 years, who had spent ten or more of the past thirty nights sleeping in a temporary shelter, public space or friend’s place, because they had no place of their own. Most participant recruitment (70 %) occurred outdoors, but 30 % were recruited in drop-in centres.ResultsOver the past 30 d, 28 % of males and 43 % of females experienced chronic food deprivation (i.e. reduced food intake for ≥10 d), and 32 % of females and 48 % of males reported problems obtaining water to drink. Most youths routinely obtained meals at charitable programmes and panhandled for money for food, and many routinely stole food or ate day-old food obtained from restaurants. In contrast, eating food discarded by others and postponing debt payments were strategies of desperation, more common among youths experiencing chronic food deprivation. Additionally, for males, deliberately seeking the company of friends, relatives or acquaintances to obtain food, and for females, borrowing money or trading sex for food, were associated with chronic food deprivation.ConclusionsThe pervasiveness and severity of food insecurity experienced by the youths and their desperate means of food acquisition highlight the need for more effective responses to the plight of homeless youths in Canadian cities.
Jhamarkotra phosphate ore processing plant
Authors: Dmr Sekhar , Jain C.L 
Published: January 2009

AbstractABSTRACT: Low grade phosphate ore of Jhamarkotra that analyzes 16.5% P~2~O~5~ is upgraded to 34% P~2~O~5~ by a two stage flotation process after size reducing the ore to 90% passing through 200mesh using conventional equipment such as jaw and cone crushers followed by ball mills. Re-engineering the flotation circuit reduced the power consumption from 55 kWh per metric ton of ore treated to 50 kWh. Incorporation of roller press in the grinding circuit resulted into further reduction of power consumption to 32 kWh per metric ton of ore treated.
National laboratories, universities and the AEC
Authors: Kolstad George A. 
Published: January 2009

THE NEED FOR A CLOSER RELATIONSHIP between universities and national laboratories was very well expressed by AEC Chairman Glenn Seaborg in a speech in June 1963 at the University of Colorado:
In the competition that exists today for top quality manpower, that laboratory or institution which falters or lags behind in its struggle for excellence or preeminence rapidly falls farther behind due to the “snowball effect.” Just as success breeds success, so does failure beget failure. In a period such as this, when we are faced with serious shortages of engineers, mathematicians and physical and biological scientists, as well as with rapidly increasing research costs, it is particularly important that serious thought be given to maintaining our pace of advancement by strengthening our existing centers of excellence and increasing the level and quality of coöperation between the universities and the national laboratories. In this way I believe the AEC, in concert with the universities and national laboratories, can contribute both directly and indirectly toward meeting the goal of an accelerated rate of training of engineers, mathematicians and physical and biological scientists.
Mathematics: A Socratic dialogue
Authors: Rényi Alfréd 
Published: January 2009

Socrates: My dear Hippocrates, are you looking for somebody?
Hippocrates: Nay, Socrates, because I have already found him; namely, you. I looked for you in many places. At the agora I was told that you had been seen walking here along the river Ilissos. Thus it happened that I came here alter you.
Communicative gestures and vocabulary development in 36‐month‐old children with Down's syndrome
Authors: Zampini Laura , D'Odorico Laura 
Published: January 2009

Background: Children with Down's syndrome seem to show a preference for the use of gestural rather than vocal productions during the first stages of language development. This ‘gestural advantage’ could actually be due to a developmental strategy used to compensate the difficulties in verbal production that are typical of language development in this population.Aims: The principal aim of the present study is to analyse the relationships between gesture production and vocabulary development in children with Down's syndrome, verifying the existence of any similarities with the processes that characterize typical development.Methods & Procedures: Twenty 36‐month‐old Italian children with Down's syndrome participated in the study. Each child's spontaneous gestural and vocal production was assessed during a mother‐and‐child play session. Their psychomotor development was evaluated using the Brunet–Lézine Scale of Infant Development; and their vocabulary size, with regards both production and comprehension, was assessed using the Italian version of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (CDI). Following a longitudinal perspective, parents were requested to complete the inventory at 6 months after the first evaluation (i.e., at 42 months). Data analyses focused both on the concurrent relations of gesture production, vocabulary size and psychomotor development, and on the longitudinal relations between gesture production and subsequent vocabulary development.Outcomes & Results: As regards concurrent relationships, gesture production appeared to be related both to psychomotor development and to word comprehension, but not to word production. Nevertheless, as regards longitudinal relationships, gesture production at 36 months was significantly correlated to the subsequent vocabulary production, assessed at 42 months using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (CDI), though this relationship appeared to be mediated by word comprehension.Conclusions & Implications: Two processes in the gesture production of children with Down's syndrome appear to be similar to those previously identified in typically developing children: (1) the role of gestures as a ‘bridge’ between word comprehension and word production; and (2) the predictive role of gestures, in association with comprehension, on vocabulary development.
Real‐word repetition as a predictor of grammatical competence in Italian children with typical language development
Authors: Dispaldro Marco , Benelli Beatrice , Marcolini Stefania , Stella Giacomo 
Published: January 2009

Background: Non‐word repetition in children is a skill related to, but separable from grammatical ability. Lexical skill may bridge the gap between these two abilities.Aims: The main aim was to determine whether real‐word‐repetition tasks could be better as predictors of grammatical ability than non‐word‐repetition tasks in children with typical language. This proposal was pursued because lexical knowledge was assumed to make performance in repetition tasks more representative of other language abilities, whereas non‐word‐repetition tasks are heavily influenced by phonological short‐term memory.Methods & Procedures: In order to investigate this possibility, three repetition tasks (two real‐word lists characterized by different lexical knowledge and one non‐word list), were compared in three groups of three‐ to four‐year‐olds with typical language (42 children). Grammatical ability was tested through probes for third‐person plural inflection and direct‐object clitic use.Outcomes & Results: Real words were repeated more accurately than non‐words and the non‐words were more sensitive to Syllable length than real words. Performance on all repetition tasks was correlated with grammatical ability, but real words predicted variance in grammatical ability to a greater extent than non‐words.Conclusions & Implications: Given the lexical information contained in real words, repetition of such words was a better predictor of grammatical ability than non‐word repetition. Future research should replicate and extend these results. Tasks using real words may also have considerable clinical potential; for this reason, these tasks might also be included in studies of children with language impairment.
Influence of Extreme Temperatures During Grain Filling on Protein Fractions, and Its Relationship to Some Quality Characteristics in Bread, Biscuit, and Durum Wheat
Authors: Labuschagne M. T. , Elago O. , Koen E. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTExtreme temperatures during grain filling have been identified as a major source of variation in wheat quality characteristics. In this study one biscuit, two bread, and one durum wheat cultivars were evaluated in two consecutive seasons for reaction to extreme high and low temperatures during grain filling. In both years, the soft biscuit wheat cultivar showed the largest reaction to low temperature stress, where the monomeric proteins were significantly increased and the polymeric proteins significantly decreased. The effect of temperature stress was more pronounced in the second year, with an earlier planting date. The durum wheat reacted to both heat and cold stress in the second year, where the small polymeric proteins were significantly reduced, and the small and large monomeric proteins were increased with stress. The effect of wheat type was much more pronounced than the effect of temperature treatments on the protein fractions. The protein fractions of the tetraploid durum wheat were very different from the hexaploid cultivars, with much less polymeric proteins, and more monomeric proteins. The soft biscuit wheat had significantly less large polymeric proteins and more large monomeric proteins than the bread wheat cultivars for both years.
Childhood Esophagitis: Then and Now
Authors: Lee Joyce J , Baker Robert D , Khan Abdur R , Baker Susan S 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTObjectives:It is not known whether the prevalence of childhood esophagitis has changed over time. In children, the intraepithelial eosinophil is considered the hallmark of esophageal inflammation. This study compares the prevalence of intraepithelial eosinophils in esophageal biopsies obtained from 1980–1988 and 2001–2002.Patients and Methods:This study reevaluated all of the esophageal biopsies obtained at a single center during 2 periods: 1980–1988 and 2001–2002. Histological appearances were characterized and eosinophils per high‐power field were quantified.Results:In total, 1058 esophageal biopsies from 510 subjects were reviewed. Between 1980 and 1988, 247 biopsies from 188 subjects were evaluated. Of these, 62 subjects met the criteria for esophageal disease, and 106 had no specific pathological changes. Between 2001 and 2002, 811 biopsies from 322 subjects were evaluated. Of these, 132 subjects met the criteria for esophageal disease, and 182 had no specific pathological changes. A statistically significant increase in the prevalence of esophageal inflammatory disease was observed comparing the recent group with the remote group. Eosinophilic esophagitis is thought to be distinct from other types of esophagitis in pathogenesis, epidemiology, histology, and treatment. Some suggest the prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis has increased in recent years. We sought evidence for an increase in histological changes consistent with eosinophilic esophagitis. No matter whether histology consistent with eosinophilic esophagitis was defined as 25, 20, 15, or 10 eosinophils per high‐power field, no increase in prevalence was found.Conclusions:This study demonstrated no evidence for a change in the density of eosinophilic infiltrates in esophageal biopsies during the 22‐year study period. The study showed a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of esophageal inflammatory disease across the same period.
Human Nei‐like protein NEIL3 has AP lyase activity specific for single‐stranded DNA and confers oxidative stress resistance in Escherichia coli mutant
Authors: Takao Masashi , Oohata Yoshitsugu , Kitadokoro Kengo , Kobayashi Kumiko , Iwai Shigenori , Yasui Akira , Yonei Shuji , Zhang Qiu‐Mei 
Published: January 2009

Oxidative base damage leads to alteration of genomic information and is implicated as a cause of aging and carcinogenesis. To combat oxidative damage to DNA, cells contain several DNA glycosylases including OGG1, NTH1 and the Nei‐like proteins, NEIL1 and NEIL2. A third Nei‐like protein, NEIL3, is composed of an amino‐terminal Nei‐like domain and an unknown carboxy‐terminal domain. In contrast to the other well‐described DNA glycosylases, the DNA glycosylase activity and in vivo repair function of NEIL3 remains unclear. We show here that the structural modeling of the putative NEIL3 glycosylase domain (1–290) fits well to the known Escherichia coli Fpg crystal structure. In spite of the structural similarity, the recombinant NEIL3 and NEIL3(1–290) proteins do not cleave any of several test oligonucleotides containing a single modified base. Within the substrates, we detected AP lyase activity for single‐stranded (ss) DNA but double‐stranded (ds) DNA. The activity is abrogated completely in mutants with an amino‐terminal deletion and at the zinc‐finger motif. Surprisingly, NEIL3 partially rescues an E. coli nth nei mutant from hydrogen peroxide sensitivity. Taken together, repair of certain base damage including base loss in ssDNA may be mediated by NEIL3.
A new preparation method to study fresh plant structures with X‐ray computed tomography
Authors: LEROUX O. , LEROUX F. , BELLEFROID E. , CLAEYS M. , COUVREUR M. , BORGONIE G. , VAN HOOREBEKE L. , MASSCHAELE B. , VIANE R. 
Published: January 2009

SummarySince the development of X‐ray computed tomography as a medical diagnostic tool, it was adapted and extended for many scientific applications, including plant structure research. As for many biological studies, sample preparation is of major importance to obtain good‐quality images. Therefore, we present a new preparation method for fresh material which includes critical point drying and heavy metal staining. This technique enhances the contrast of fresh tissues, prevents artefacts such as tissue compression, and requires no embedding.