bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fasting‐induced glycogen depletion in different fibre types of red and white pig muscles—relationship with ultimate pH
Authors: Wittmann Werner , Ecolan Patrick , Levasseur Pascal , Fernandez Xavier 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present work was to study the effect of fasting times (0, 24, 48 and 72 h) on glycogen level in different fibre types of a predominantly white (Longissimus, LD) and a predominantly red (Semispinalis, SS) pig muscle, and on ultimate pH (pHu, 24 h post mortem). Thirty two individually housed Large White castrates (eight pigs per treatment) were slaughtered individually under minimal stressful conditions. Muscle samples were taken during bleeding for enzymic determination of muscle metabolites and histological examination using computerised image analysis. Myofibres were classified by a combination of metabolic (W, white; R, red) and contractile (α, fast‐twitch; β, slow‐twitch) characteristics. The SS showed higher glycogen depletion after 24 h fasting than the LD (−55 versus −26%, respectively). No further significant changes in glycogen level were recorded with enhanced fasting times (up to 72 h), although in the SS a marked trend towards glycogen depletion was observed. Fasting for 24 h resulted in significantly increased pHu in the SS whereas for the LD, a significant increase in pHu occurred only after 48 h fasting. In response to fasting, significant decrease in histochemical staining intensity for glycogen occurred in the three fibre types of the SS. The βR fibres of the SS showed an almost complete glycogen depletion after 24 h fasting. With increasing fasting time, glycogen was further depleted in fast‐twitch fibres (αW and αR). In the LD, only fast‐twitch fibres exhibited significant decrease in glycogen level after 24 h fasting. However, this was of a much lower magnitude than that observed in the SS and furthermore, no further variation was recorded with increasing fasting time, regardless of fibre type. The present work is the first to report a significant interaction between muscle type and fasting‐induced glycogen depletion in pig. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that within each muscle, the extent of fasting‐induced glycogen depletion is strongly fibre‐type‐dependent.
In‐vitro and in‐vivo studies on digestion of dietary fibre components in a broiler chicken diet based on rye
Authors: Pettersson D , Frigård T , Åman P 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn an in‐vitro system, endogenous enzymes, as well as an added enzyme preparation, degraded both soluble and insoluble dietary fibre components in a diet based on rye endosperm, insoluble arabinose and xylose residues were not as efficiently degraded in vitro by the endogenous enzymes as the insoluble glucose residues. Broiler chickens were fed on the diet with or without the supplementary enzyme. Enzyme supplementation generally improved the apparent ileal digestibility of the insoluble dietary fibre components while soluble dietary fibres, especially arabinoxylans, were enriched in the ileal digesta leading to negative digestibility values. 1H‐NMR spectra of arabinoxylans in digesta from chickens in combination with sugar analyses corroborated the results from the in‐vitro study which indicated that the enzyme preparation preferentially degraded the soluble mono‐substituted xylose residues while un‐ and disubstituted xylose residues were enriched.
Forage quality variation among maize inbreds: Relationships of cell‐wall composition and in‐vitro degradability for stem internodes
Authors: Jung Hans‐Joachim G , Buxtono Dwayne R 
Published: November 2006

AbstractForty‐five inbred maize (Zea mays L) lines were evaluated for genetic variation in stem cell‐wall concentration, composition and degradability, and for relationships among cell‐wall components and polysaccharide degradability. Cell‐wall neutral sugars, uronic acids, Klason lignin, and ester‐ and ether‐linked phenolic acids were measured on lower stem internode samples collected at the time of silking in 2 years. Twenty‐four and 96 h in‐vitro ruminal fermentations were used to determine the rapidly and potentially degradable cell‐wall polysaccharide fractions, respectively. Genetic variation (P < 0.05) was found for all measures of cell‐wall composition and many estimates of rapidly and potentially degradable cell‐wall polysaccharide components. Inbred line means varied by 50–300% for most traits. Three brown midrib mutant inbred lines included in the study were not the lowest in lignin content nor did they exhibit the greatest cell‐wall degradabilities in this population of inbred maize. Year of growth (environment) influenced (P < 0.05) cell‐wall traits even though reproductive physiological maturity at sampling was similar in both years. Degradability of the cell‐wall polysaccharide components were intercorrelated (P < 0.05) within the rapidly and potentially degradable fractions, but rate and extent of degradation of the cell‐wall components were not correlated (P > 0.05), except for uronic acids. A multiple regression model of principal components (R2 = 0.41, P < 0.05) indicated that cell‐wall lignification and substitution of wall polymers with phenolic and uronic acids were negatively associated, and pectic substances were positively related with rapid polysaccharide degradation. Very little of the variation (R2 = 0.15, P < 0.05) in potential cell‐wall polysaccharide degradation could be explained by this multiple regression analysis. There is a large degree of genetic variation among current inbred maize lines for stem cell‐wall quality traits, which should allow improvement of maize as a forage crop. Because of the complex matrix interactions in cell‐wall organization, however, no single cell‐wall component, or simple combination, can accurately predict degradability of maize cell walls.
Proximate composition and seed lipid components of some Prosopis (leguminosae) from argentina
Authors: Lamarque Alicia L , Maestri Damian M , Grosso Nelson R , Zygadlo Julio A , Guzmán Carlos A 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeeds of Prosopis chiiensis, P argentina, P nigra, P flexuosa, P caldenia and P alba were analysed for proximate composition, fatty acids and sterols. Protein content varied between 242 and 356 g kg−1 (DW), and oil content from 107 to 172 g kg−1 (DW). The seed lipids contained a relatively large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic and oleic acids as the predominant fatty acids. β‐Stitosterol was the major component in all species studied.
Effect of frozen storage on the chemical and physical properties of black and silver scabbardfish
Authors: Dias Jorge , Nunes Maria L , Mendes RogéRio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBlack scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) and silver scabbardfish (Lepidopus caudatus) were frozen and stored at −18°C for 8 weeks. Samples were withdrawn weekly and analysed for protein insolubilisation, electrophoretic profile, texture and colour. A considerable decrease in the percentage of protein nitrogen extractable in 50 g litre−1 sodium chloride was observed in both species during frozen storage, which was also reflected in the decrease of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar fractions. On the other hand, the alkali‐soluble and stroma fractions tended to increase. This behaviour was considered as an indicator of protein denaturation. The analysts of the electrophoretic profiles only showed slight differences either between species or during frozen storage. A highly significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found between soluble protein and texture parameters. This correlation allowed the derivation of a statistical expression which permits the prediction of textural quality during frozen storage of both scabbardfish species from the soluble protein content.
Effect of drying method and condensed tannin on detergent fiber analysis of sericea lespedeza
Authors: Terrill Thomas H , Windham William R , Evans John J , Hoveland Carl S 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of forage drying method on interrelationships between condensed tannins and fiber as determined by the detergent system of analysis was studied in a randomized block field experiment with three cultivars of sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) (Dum‐Cours) G Don). Harvested forage was ovendried and freeze‐dried, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was determined with and without sodium sulfite added during the extraction. Acid detergent fiber (ADF), permanganate lignin, cellulose, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (N) were determined by separate and sequential ADF analyses. Without sodium sulfite, oven‐drying, compared with freeze‐drying, increased NDF, neutral detergent insoluble N, and sequentially‐analyzed ADF and lignin, due to precipitation of condensed tannins and protein in neutral detergent. Acid detergent fiber, lignin, and acid detergent insoluble N were higher in sequentially‐analyzed oven‐dried and freeze‐dried forages, compared with separate‐sample analyses, with a greater effect in oven‐dried samples. Neutral detergent fiber of both oven‐dried and freeze‐dried samples contained tannin‐protein complexes (precipitants), with more occurring in oven‐dried samples. When sodium sulfite was included in the neutral detergent extraction, all drying treatment differences in NDF, neutral detergent insoluble N, ADF, acid detergent insoluble N, and lignin were removed. Sequential NDF‐ADF analysis with sodium sulfite is recommended to minimize influence of condensed tannin on the detergent fiber system for sericea lespedeza.
Immunological characterisation of barley polypeptides in lager foam
Authors: Kauffman Juliet A , Mills E N Clare , Brett Gary M , Fido Roger J , Tatham Arthur S , Shewry Peter R , Onishi Akiko , Proudlove Michael O , Morgan Michael R A 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEight monoclonal antibodies (mAb) recognising barley polypeptides have been identified from a library developed to wheat prolamins. The specificity or the mAb has been determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. Six were of broad specificity, recognising D, B, C and γ‐hordeins to varying degrees by both techniques. IFRN 0610 preferentially recognised γ‐hordeins by ELISA but was highly specific for this hordein group by immunoblotting. Another mAb, IFRN 0624, bound to a Mr ∽ 18000 polypeptide belonging to the CM protein (trypsin/α‐amylase inhibitor) family by immunoblotting. This, or a related protein, was detected by 0624 in all hordein fractions using ELISA. These mAb, together with two others described previously and found to recognise the repeat motif of C hordein, were used in ELISA and immunoblot analysis of Octyl‐Sepharose fractions of lager foam. Hordein polypeptides were found in all foam fractions, indicating that much foam protein originates from the malt. The CM‐like protein was found present in a virtually unmodified form. In contrast, the repeat motif of C hordein was not detected, indicating that it had either been destroyed or masked by other beer constituents. The foam stabilising agent, propylene glycol alginate (PGA), increased the apparent hydrophobicity of hordein fragments suggesting that at least part of the activity of PGA is mediated by interactions with the hordein components of foam.
Supercritical fluid extraction of australian‐grown ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Authors: Bartley John P , Foley Philomena 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe volatile compounds responsible for the flavour of Australian‐grown ginger have been extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide. Fluid densities above 0.8 g ml−1 result in the co‐extraction of significant amounts of triglyceride material. Analysis of the extract by GC‐MS indicates that the major components are neral and geranial, zingiberene, α‐bisabolene and β‐sesquiphellandrene which together account for 73% of the extract. The low concentration of gingerol degradation products attests to the mild nature of the extraction procedure.
Detoxification of jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis): I.—Extrusion and canavanine elimination
Authors: Tepal Justo A , Castellanos Rutilo , Larios Alfredo , Tejada Irma 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn order to remove canavanine from jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) the authors conducted extrusion and extraction experiments. In the extrusion experiments, using jack bean without testa and conditioned to 240 g kg−1 moisture content, different temperatures of the compression section of the extruder and screw rates were tried. Under these conditions the parameters measured were expansion, final moisture, haemagglutinins, urease activity, available lysine and soluble nitrogen index. The screw rate did not affect the extrusion of jack bean. The best temperature was 110°C. The extraction experiments were carried out with extruded jack bean (EJB) at 110°C and 70 rpm using one or two acid or formalin extractions. EJB amount, times and pH were evaluated with a surface response model in one acid extraction experiment. The best results were observed with 100 g kg−1 of EJB, at pH 55 for 2 h (1AEJB), which reduced the canavanine content to 8.5 g kg−1. In the same conditions using a second acid extraction (2AEJB) we obtained a product with 4.9 g kg−1 of canavanine. With the formalin extraction at pH 5.5 and 7.5, and a molar ratio of canavanine: formalin 1 : 1 and 1 : 2, we obtained a product with 8.2 g kg−1 of canavanine.
Thermal inactivation parameters for alkaline proteinases from north sea cod (Gadus morhua) and bovine α‐chymotrypsin
Authors: Amiza Mat Amin , Apenten Richard K Owusu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe heat inactivation of a mixture of alkaline proteinases from North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) viscera and bovine α‐chymotrypsin were compared at 40–60°C, pH 8.0. Fish digestive proteinases were at least 10‐fold less heat resistant than chymotrypsin mainly as a result of a lower apparent activation enthalpy (ΔH#) for the thermoinactivation of the former proteinases.
Effects of wheat pentosans on endogenous amino acid losses in chickens
Authors: Angkanaporn Kris , Choct Mingan , Bryden Wayne L , Annison E Frank , Annison Geoffrey 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of wheat pentosans on protein digestibility and endogenous amino acid losses in precision‐fed chickens was investigated using the homo‐arginine marker technique. Addition of pentosans equivalent to 15 g and 35 g of wheat arabinoxylans per kg diet significantly depressed (P < 005) the overall digestibility of amino acids and increased (P < 0‐05) endogenous losses of amino acids, but the inclusion of cellulose or polyethylene polymer (92 g per kg diet) had no measurable effects.
Lead content in grapefruit juice and its uptake upon storage in open containers
Authors: Stilwell David E , Musante Craig L 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lead contents of 52 samples of grapefruit juice, 14 packaged in glass, eight in waxed paperboard, and 30 in tin‐coated carbon steel containers, were determined. Only those juices packaged in metal cans contained measurable amounts of lead, (< 1–27 μg litre‐1) averaging 7‐7 μg litre‐1. Leaching studies were carried out on juices stored, under refrigeration, in opened containers for up to 30 days. The lead content increased considerably with time in juices stored in tin‐coated cans. For example, after 6 days of storage the lead contents of these juices ranged from 3 to 90 μg litre‐1, and averaged 30 μg litre‐1. The lead content did not increase in juices that were stored in glass, paperboard or polyethylene containers. The source of lead in the cans was traced to lead impurities in the tin coating. Higher lead impurities in the tin coating produced higher lead contents in the juice. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Production of a horse‐specific monoclonal antibody and detection of horse meat in raw meat mixtures by an indirect ELISA
Authors: García Teresa , Martín Rosario , Morales Paloma , Haza Ana I , Anguita Gonzalo , González Isabel , Sanz Bernabé , Hernández Pablo E 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA stable hybridoma cell line (DD3) has been produced secreting a monoclonal antibody specific for horse muscle proteins. The DD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) did not show significant cross‐reactivity when tested against beef, chicken, pig and soya proteins or bovine caseins, gelatine and bovine serum albumin. The DD3 mAb was used in an indirect ELISA format for the detection of defined amounts of horse meat (10–500 g kg‐1) in beef meat mixtures. Immunorecognition of monoclonal antibodies adsorbed to horse meat adsorbed onto the ELISA plate was made with rabbit anti‐mouse immunoglobulins conjugated to the enzyme horseradish peroxidase. Subsequent enzymic conversion of the substrate gave clear optical density differences when assaying mixtures of minced beef containing different amounts of horse meat.
The variation of glucosinolate concentration during a single day in young plants of Brassica oleracea var Acephala and Capitata
Authors: Rosa Eduardo A S , Heaney Robert K , Rego Francisco C , Fenwick G Roger 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChanges in the total and individual glucosinolate concentrations of Portuguese leaf type cabbage (Brassica oleracea var acephala cv Galega) and white cabbage (B oleracea var capitata cv Predena) were monitored throughout the day. In the first experiment (experiment 1) conducted during two hot days, plants of Galega were grown to the four‐leaf stage, harvested at 06:00 h, 10:00 h, 14:00 h, 18:00 h and 22:00 h and analysed for glucosinolate concentration. In a second experiment (experiment 2) in milder circumstances, Predena and Galega were grown and harvested similarly. Five glucosinolates were detected using a high‐performance liquid chromatography method. In experiment 1 the major compound found in Galega was 3‐methylsulphinylpropyl glucosinolate (glucoiberin) followed by allyl‐ (sinigrin) and indol‐3‐ylmcthyl (glucobrassician) glucosinolates whilst in experiment 2, indol‐3‐ylmcthyl‐ was the major compound in both cultivars, followed by allyl‐ and 4‐methoxyindol‐3‐ylmethyl glucosinolates. A significant decrease in total glucosinolate concentration was noted between 10:00 h and 14:00 h, and the highest concentrations occurred at 18:00 h in experiment 1 and between 06:00 h and 10:00 h in experiment 2. For the total glucosinolate concentration and each of the detected glucosinolates there were very high significant differences (P < 0‐001) across the five sampling times in experiment 1. In experiment 2, Galega showed significant differences for total glucosinolate (P < 001), allyl glucosinolate(P < 005), indol‐3‐ylmethyl‐ (P < 0‐05) and 1‐methoxyindol‐3‐ylmethyl‐ (P < 0‐05), whilst in Predena only 4‐methoxyindol‐3‐ylmethyl concentrations were significantly different (P < 0‐01) across sampling times.
Determination of free fatty acids in foods by flow injection
Authors: Puchades Rosa , Suescun Alicia , Maquieira Angel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA flow injection manifold has been developed for the spectrophotometric determination of free fatty acids (FFA) at 716 nm after continuous extraction into an organic phase of soaps formed by the reaction of copper acetate with the analytes. The carrier system stream was toluene and the reagent stream aqueous copper acetate‐pyridine (50 g litre−1). The calibration graph was linear over the range 1 × 10−4 to 5 × 10−3 M oleic acid using an injection volume of 115 μl. The injection rate was 75 samples h−1 with a precision of 109% (RSD). Though this procedure does not permit the total recovery of short‐chain fatty acids it is very effective in reflecting the total concentration of FFA. The system has been applied to the determination of total FFA in olive oil, milk fat and cocoa butter. Although the values obtained by the proposed method are lower than those obtained by the reference method (titration) and by chromatography, their comparison shows good linearity.
Toxicity of the Alternaria spp metabolites, tenuazonic acid, alternariol, altertoxin‐i, and alternariol monomethyl ether to brine shrimp (Artemia salina L) larvae
Authors: Panigrahi Shantanu , Dallin Stephen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicities of several Alternaria spp metabolites to brine shrimp (Artemia salina L) larvae were determined using the disc method of inoculation and an exposure period or 18 h. The 50% lethal concentration dose of tenuazonic acid, alternariol, altertoxin‐I and altenuene were around 75, 100, 200 and 375 μg ml−1, respectively. Although alternariol monomethyl ether was found not to produce any mortality, its poor solubility in the common solvents posed testing difficulties, making assessment of its toxicity unreliable.
Correlation for pigment content through colour determination using tristimulus values in a green leafy vegetable, swiss chard
Authors: Ihl Mónica , Shene Carolina , Scheuermann Erick , Bifani Valerio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relationship between colour parameters of the chlorophylls and carotenoids in the green leaves of Swiss chard was studied. Using the Hunter colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, chroma and hue angle) we found a correlation coefficient r2 = 0.9264 for the chlorophylls and r2 = 0.8595 for carotenoids. The chlorophyll a, b plus chlorophyllide a, b extraction and the carotenoid extraction were carried out on the whole tissue using N,N‐dimethylformamide as solvent. Using between 10 and 50 mg tissue, the extractions with 3 ml solvent for 14–16 h at 4°C in darkness were quantitative for the chlorophylls; for the carotenoids, the same procedure indicated a content approximating to the level of provitamin A present in the leafy vegetable.
Mechanical and optical assessment of the ripening of tomato fruit with reduced polygalacturonase activity
Authors: Langley Keith R , Martin Alan , Stenning Robert , Murray Angus J , Hobson Graeme E , Schuch Wolfgang W , Bird Colin R 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ripening characteristics of modified tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Ailsa Craig), which express antisense RNA to polygalacturonase (PG) and thus have very low activity of this enzyme, were compared with control fruit. Previous studies of these fruits showed that although PG activity was reduced to approximately 1% of that in untransformed tomatoes, this reduction had no effect on softening. Further detailed mechanical assessments have now been performed which revealed small, but significant differences in the fruit ripening characteristics between control and antisense fruits. Compression along the polar axis of the PG antisense fruit was significantly reduced relative to the control. Deformation at failure (h), ‘modulus’ (M), coefficient of compression (Kc), and coefficient of shear (Ks) values from probe tests along the equatorial axis also indicated that the antisense fruit was firmer. Although these significant differences in texture properties were observed between the antisense fruit and the control, they were quite limited in extent, as compared to the normal evolution observed during ripening. Scanning electron microscope studies on the sub‐exocarpic region of the pericarp showed that cell wall separation was reduced in the ripe antisense tomatoes, and this may explain the change in mechanical properties. Optical measurements made with both Hunter Color Difference (Hunter Lab Ltd, Fairfax. VA, USA) and Micromatch 2000 (ICS Texicon Ltd. Altrincham, UK) spectrophotometer systems showed that the ‘a’ (green/red) component of colour of the antisense tomatoes was increased relative to that of the control samples. The effect of PG on softening and of cell wall breakdown on mechanical and optical properties is also considered.