bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population studies ofBrevicoryne brassicae(L.), its parasites and hyperparasites in England
Authors: Chua T. H. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryStudies on populations ofBrevicoryne brassicae(L.), its parasites and hyperparasites were carried out by actual counting in the sprouts field and by sticky and water traps.B. brassicaewas found to be attacked by one primary parasite,Diaretiella rapae(McIntosh), which in turn is parasitized byAlloxysta brassicae(Ashm.),Asaphes vulgarisWalker,A. suspensus(Nees),Pachyneuron minutissimum(Förster) andDendrocerus carpenterii(Curtis). The aphid population in the field was started by immigrant alates which were found flying too early to be synchronized with the sprouts plants. SimilarlyD. rapaewas not synchronized with the aphids although many individuals could have been carried into a plot through parasitized immigrant alates, of which less than 30% were found parasitized. Because of high hyperparasitism (especially byA. brassicae)D. rapaewas not able to maintain a high rate of parasitism to curb the aphid population growth. The maximum percentage mummies being 27.8%, while the maximum, percentage parasitism being 56.6% recorded only during the early 1974 season (mean=12.9%). The decline of aphid population from September onwards was largely due to the cold weather, Syrphid predation and occasionally fungal attack. The high rate of hyperparasitism byA. brassicaeis attributed to its better synchronization withD. rapae. The mean percentage of parasite that emerged from mummies collected during 1973–74 wereD. rapae31.3%,A. brassicae64.3%,A. vulgarisandA. suspensus4.3%,D. carpenterii0.2% andP. minutissimum0.1%.
System influences on posthomicide beliefs and distress
Authors: Thompson Martie P. , Norris Fran H. , Barry Ruback R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCriminal justice system experiences in 150 family members of homicide victims were investigated. The study had two goals: (a) to document the experiences of homicide survivors in the criminal justice system, including case outcomes, criminal justice system activities, and satisfaction with system personnel; and (b) to determine if experiences with the police impacted posthomicide beliefs (cognitive assumptions about the world and one's relationship to it) and psychological distress. The sample, which was identified through the Medical Examiner's Office, was drawn from all criminal homicides from 1.5 to 5 years prior to selection. Results showed that family members of homicide victims were very dissatisfied with their experiences in the criminal justice system. Additionally, whereas objective system outcomes (e.g, arrest) did not directly affect posthomicide beliefs and distress, subjective system outcomes (e.g., police satisfaction) directly affected beliefs and indirectly affected distress. There was some support for both equity theory and a cognitive theory of change, the two theories that guided the model specification.
Interspecific competition among larvae of Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Calliphoridae) and Boettcherisca formosensis (Sarcophagidae) (Diptera)
Authors: So Ping‐Man , Dudgeon David 
Published: October 2006

Summary
The effects of larval rearing density and species relative proportions on life‐history parameters of two necrophagous Diptera, Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae) and Boettcherisca formosensis Kirner and Lopes (Sarcophagidae), were investigated in mixed cultures. Larval rearing density had a significant effect on larval to adult survivorship, duration of immature development, adult size and relative performance (measured by the composite index of performance, r′) of both species. However, species relative proportions affected adult size of both flies and the duration of immature development of B. formosensis only.
B. formosensis had a higher survivorship than H. ligurriens in all mixed cultures and showed a similar survivorship pattern to that in pure cultures. By contrast, survivorship of H. ligurriens was lower in mixed than in pure cultures.
H. ligurriens adults reared from mixed cultures were smaller than those from pure cultures of comparable density, but B. formosensis adults from pure and mixed cultures were of similar size.
The results suggest that competition between B. formosensis and H. ligurriens larvae was asymmetric and the former was the superior competior.
At low larval densities in mixed cultures, the presence of H. ligurriens enhanced the performance (as measured by r′) of B. formosensis, a consequence of suspected interspecific facilitation of larval growth.
Foraging for patchily‐distributed leaf miners by the parasitic wasp, Dacnusa sibirica
Authors: Sugimoto Tuyosi , Minkenberg Oscar P. J. M. , Takabayashi Junji , Dicke Marcel , van Lenteren Joop C. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryWe studied the rules used by the female parasitoid, Dacnusa sibirica Telenga (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), for deciding when to leave a tomato leaflet on which she is searching for larvae of the leafminer, Liriomyza bryoniae Kalt. (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Females would deposit a marking pheromone on the leaflet and would leave the leaflet when the amount of the pheromone accumulated to the threshold L, which is proportional to the amount of search effort on the leaflet. L appears to increase with host density since it rises after every encounter with a host (or mine).D. sibirica would employ an area‐concentrated search, which is advantageous in foraging for hosts showing a clumped distribution.
Contagious egg‐distribution on host pods and avoidance of pods received eggs in a wild bruchid Kytorhinus sharpianus
Authors: Shimada Masakazu , Ishihara Michihiro 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe present study investigated the way a wild bruchid, Kytorhinus sharpianus, distributes its eggs on host pods. First, we counted the number of eggs per pod on the host plant (Sophola flavescens) in the field. The egg‐distributions by the overwintered‐generation adults in July and by the second‐generation adults in mid October did not deviate from Poisson distribution because of small numbers of eggs laid. However, the egg‐distribution in late August when many first‐generation adults emerged was significantly contagious.The deposition of eggs was determined for three types of pods: (A) clean pods, (B) pods with eggs, and (C) those which eggs had been laid on but were removed from later. The numbers of eggs laid newly on three types of pods were significantly different; A>C>B, suggesting that an oviposition marker pheromone (O.M.P.) caused females to avoid pods on which eggs were deposited. Egg‐shells reinforced that response.Monte Carlo simulations for the egg‐distribution on pods predicted that even if females avoid pods with heavy egg‐load through O.M.P., the egg‐distribution becomes contagious when there is a large heterogeneity in quality of the pods.
A field experiment on dispersal of newly emerged adults of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Togashi Katsumi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryNewly‐emerged adults of Monochamus alternatus aged 1 to 5 days were code‐numbered with lacquer paint and released by placing them on the trunks of one or two trees in a Pinus thunbergii stand at weekly intervals during the beetle emergence period from 1980 to 1983. Beetles were captured at weekly intervals from one week after the first day of release. Determinations were made on the distance and direction of beetle dispersal during a week after release and analysed by a method of Inoue (1978). When the stand canopy was closed, the rate of beetle's stay on trees was 0.56 per week. The beetles dispersed at random by walk and flight. When the pine stand was sparse, the rate of beetle's stay on trees was 0.02–0.30 per week. They dispersed at random by flight. The average distances traversed were estimated to be 7.1–37.8 m for the first week after emergence. Using other method, the average distance traversed was estimated to be 10–20 m for each week through the first 3 weeks after release. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis and a simple field experiment suggested that the dispersal of newly‐emerged beetles was affected by stand density, number of beetles emerging from individual dead trees, maximum air temperature, and precipitation.
Modeling plant disease increase as a function of vector numbers: Nonpersistent viruses
Authors: Madden L. V. , Raccah B. , Pirone T. P. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryAn understanding of most plant virus disease epidemics requires a consideration of the population dynamics of insect vectors that transmit the viruses and the relationship between vector and disease dynamics. Some simple analytical (continuous‐time) models are proposed for nonpersistently transmitted viruses that center on the absolute
Estimation of contemporaneous mortality factors
Authors: Buonaccorsi John P. , Elkinton Joseph S. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryWe present methods for solving and making statistical inferences about marginal attack rates based on observed death rates for contemporaneous mortality factors. The general method of solution involves solving a system of nonlinear equations which depend in part on competition coefficients that express the outcome when more than one agent attacks the same host individual. For two factors, we present a detailed analysis of the effect of varying this competition coefficient. Statistical inferences are illustrated using standard large sample approximations (the delta method) and the bootstrap, which is a resampling technique. We also extend the results to allow inferences for k‐values.
Geographical variation of elytral spot patterns in the phytophagous ladybird, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the Province of Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
Authors: Abbas Idrus , Nakamura Koji , Katakura Haruo , Sasaji Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2006

SummaryGeographical variation in the elytral spot patterns of a phytophagous ladybird, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata, was studied in the Province of Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Populations of E. vigintioctopunctata were divided into four major groups (I–IV) by the incidence of spot pattern variations. Group I, occurring in the coastal plains and inland lowlands, and Group IV, confined to the highlands, were the extremes of the spot pattern variations, the latter had many more non‐persistent spots and confluences with larger body size and advanced melanism than the former. These two groups were connected with each other via the intermediate groups. A positive relationship was detected between the elevations of sample sites and the average number of non‐persistent spots per elytron. Consequently, present results favor the view that the two previously recognized forms of E. vigintioctopunctata (formae A and B inKatakura et al., 1988) represent a complicated intraspecific variation rather than two distinct sibling species. Elytral spot pattern variations were not different between the sexes or between the beetles collected from different kinds of host plants.
Incidence of Nonsustained and Sustained Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Patients with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
Authors: ZHOU XIAOHONG , GUNDERSON BRUCE D. , OLSON WALTER H. ,   GEM DR ICD CLINICAL WORLDWIDE INVESTIGATORS
Published: October 2006

Introduction: Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) is a frequent phenomenon in some patients with heart disease, but its association with sustained ventricular tachycardias (ventricular tachycardia [VT]/ventricular fibrillation [VF]) is still not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether NSVT incidence was associated with sustained VT/VF in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Methods and Results: Retrospective data analysis was conducted in 923 ICD patients with a mean follow‐up of 4 months. NSVT and sustained VT/VF were defined as device‐detected tachycardias. The incidence rates of NSVT and sustained VT/VF as well as ICD therapies were determined as episodes per patient. The NSVT index was defined as the product of NSVT episodes/day times the mean number of beats per episode, i.e., total beats/day. The NSVT index peak was defined as the highest value on or prior to the day with sustained VT/VF episodes. Patients (n = 393) with NSVT experienced a higher incidence of sustained VT/VF (17.2 ± 63.0 episodes/patient) and ICD therapies (15.2 ± 61.4 episodes/patient) than patients (n = 530) without NSVT (sustained VT/VF: 0.5 ± 6.6 and therapies: 0.5 ± 5.6; P < 0.0001). Approximately 74% of NSVT index peaks occurred on the same day or <3 days prior to sustained VT/VF episodes. The index was higher for peaks ≤3 days prior to the day with sustained VT/VF (94.3 ± 140.1 total beats/day) than for peaks >3 days prior to the day with sustained VT/VF (32.7 ± 55.9 total beats/day; P < 0.0001). Conclusion: ICD patients with NSVT represent a population more likely to experience sustained VT/VF episodes with a temporal association between an NSVT surge and sustained VT/VF occurrence. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 14‐20, January 2004)
Impact of Age on the Outcome of Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation Using Circular Mapping Technique and Cooled‐Tip Ablation Catheter:
Authors: BHARGAVA MANDEEP , MARROUCHE NASSIR F. , MARTIN DAVID O. , SCHWEIKERT ROBERT A. , SALIBA WALID , SAAD EDUARDO B. , BASH DIANNA , WILLIAMS‐ANDREWS MICHELLE , ROSSILLO ANTONIO , ERCIYES DEMET , KHAYKIN YAARIV , BURKHARDT J. DAVID , JOSEPH GEORGE , TCHOU PATRICK J. , NATALE ANDREA 
Published: October 2006

Introduction: A retrospective analysis was performed to define the impact of age on the outcomes and complications in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). PVI is an evolving technique for the management of atrial fibrillation (AF). The impact of age on the risks, outcomes, and complications of PVI has not been well defined. Methods and Results: A total of 323 patients (259 men and 64 women; age 18–79 years) underwent PVI for treatment of drug‐refractory symptomatic AF. An ostial isolation of the pulmonary veins was done using a cooled‐tip ablation catheter guided by circular mapping. The patients were divided into three groups based on age (group I: <50 years, group II: 51–60 years, group III: >60 years) and the results were compared. There were 106 patients in group I, 114 patients in group II, and 103 patients in group III (mean age 41.3 ± 7.8 years, 55.4 ± 2.75 years, and 66.6 ± 4.18 years, respectively) who underwent PVI for paroxysmal (53.8%), persistent (10.8%), or permanent (35.3%) AF. Baseline characteristics were similar except for a higher prevalence of hypertension and/or structural heart disease in groups II and III (58% and 63% vs 33% in group I, respectively). The procedural variables were similar in all age groups. The overall risk of complications was similar in the three groups, except that the risk of stroke was significantly higher in patients >60 years of age (3% vs 0%; P < 0.05). The recurrence rates of AF were similar in the three age groups (15.1%, 16.7%, and 18.4%, respectively; P > 0.05). The risk of severe pulmonary vein stenosis (1.8%, 2.6%, and 0.9%, respectively) was low and did not vary with age. Conclusion: PVI is a safe and effective treatment for patients with drug‐refractory symptomatic AF, and its benefits extend to all age groups. The risk of procedural complications, especially thromboembolic events, appears to be higher in the elderly age group. This observation needs to be considered while assessing potential candidates for the procedure. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 8‐13, January 2004)
Repolarization Abnormality in Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation:
Authors: FUJIKI AKIRA , SUGAO MASATAKA , NISHIDA KUNIHIRO , SAKABE MASAO , TSUNEDA TAKAYUKI , MIZUMAKI KOICHI , INOUE HIROSHI 
Published: October 2006

Introduction: We evaluated the characteristics of QT‐RR and QaT (apex of T wave)‐RR relationships in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF) compared with control subjects. We hypothesized that IVF patients have unique repolarization dynamics related to a reduced fast Na current and a prominent transient outward current. Methods and Results: The study group consisted of 9 men (age 47 ± 10 years) with IVF (6 with Brugada type and 3 with non‐Brugada type) who had experienced nocturnal episodes of VF. The control group consisted of 28 healthy age‐matched men (age 44 ± 12 years). The relationships between QT and RR intervals and between QaT and RR intervals were analyzed from 24‐hour Holter ECG data using an automatic measurement system. Both QT and QaT at RR intervals of 0.6, 1.0, and 1.2 seconds were determined from QT‐RR and QaT‐RR linear regression lines. Both QT‐RR and QaT‐RR slopes were lower in the IVF group than in the control group (QT‐RR: 0.092 ± 0.023 vs 0.137 ± 0.031, P < 0.001; QaT‐RR: 0.109 ± 0.025 vs 0.153 ± 0.028, P < 0.001). QT at an RR interval of 0.6 second did not differ between two groups, but QT at RR intervals of either 1.0 or 1.2 seconds was significantly shorter in the IVF group than in the control group (RR 1.0 s: 0.384 ± 0.018 vs 0.399 ± 0.017, P < 0.05; RR 1.2 s: 0.402 ± 0.019 vs 0.426 ± 0.020, P < 0.01). QaT at RR intervals of either 1.0 or 1.2 seconds also was shorter in the IVF group (RR 1.0 s: 0.289 ± 0.022 vs 0.312 ± 0.021, P < 0.01; RR 1.2 s: 0.311 ± 0.024 vs 0.343 ± 0.024, P < 0.01). In four patients, oral administration of disopyramide (300 mg/day) was effective in suppressing VF episodes and increased slopes of QT‐RR and QaT‐RR relationships. Conclusion: IVF patients had lower slopes of QT‐RR and QaT‐RR regression lines and impaired prolongation of QT and QaT at longer RR intervals compared with control subjects. These unique repolarization dynamics may be related to the frequent occurrence of VF episodes at night. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 59‐63, January 2004)
ChromoScan: a scan statistic application for identifying chromosomal regions in genomic studies
Authors: Sun Yan V. , Jacobsen Douglas M. , Kardia Sharon L. R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Summary: ChromoScan is an implementation of a genome-based scan statistic that detects genomic regions, which are statistically significant for targeted measurements, such as genetic associations with disease, gene expression profiles, DNA copy number variations, as well as other genome-based measurements. A Java graphic user interface (GUI) is provided to allow users to select appropriate data transformations and thresholds for defining the significant events.
Availability: ChromoScan is freely available from
Contact: yansun@umich.edu
Doping in fitness sports: estimated number of unreported cases and individual probability of doping
Authors: Simon Perikles , Striegel Heiko , Aust Fabian , Dietz Klaus , Ulrich Rolf 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTAims  Recent studies have suggested that the use of doping substances and particularly of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is often practised by fitness centre visitors. These studies employed direct interview techniques and questionnaires to assess the estimated number of unreported cases of doping. Because people hesitate to provide compromising information about themselves, these techniques are subject to response errors. In this study we applied an alternative interview technique to assess more accurately unreported cases of doping in fitness centres.Design and participants  The present investigation employed the randomized response technique (RRT) to reduce response errors. A cohort of 500 people from 49 fitness centres participated in this study.Finding  The RRT revealed a high prevalence of doping (12.5%). In addition, and most importantly, the present RRT study revealed an alarmingly high prevalence of illicit drug use, specifically of cocaine use, that has been severely underestimated by previous studies.Conclusions  The RRT confirmed previously estimated rates of AAS use assessed by direct interview techniques and voluntary questionnaires, but uncovered a much higher usage rate of illicit drugs among fitness centre visitors. This outcome enabled us to construct a ‘probability’ rating for the use of doping substances in fitness centre visitors. Given its high prevalence and the predominant use of AAS, doping among fitness centre visitors is an issue of extreme relevance for the health care system. Our study may help to characterize further doping substance users and to develop and apply prevention and intervention programmes specifically to individuals at high risk.
Addiction to apomorphine: a clinical case‐centred discussion
Authors: Téllez Carlos , Bustamante M. Leonor , Toro Pablo , Venegas Pablo 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTAim  To report the case of a patient, who in the context of an anti‐Parkinsonian therapy, developed addiction to apomorphine.Methods  Clinical case description.Results  Apomorphine is a dopaminergic agonist that acts directly on D2 receptors. It has been used in alcoholism, male sexual dysfunction and with diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in Parkinson’s disease (PD).Conclusions  The present work describes the case of a woman with PD who developed a loss of control over the consumption of apomorphine that resulted in a significant impairment of her functioning. PD patients with high frequency develop different psychiatric symptoms. Conversely, anti‐Parkinsonian drugs also generate psychiatric symptoms that can be experienced by the patient as pleasant sensations (‘alerting’, ‘awakening’, ‘activating’, hypomania and hypersexuality). In spite of this, addiction to these drugs in patients with PD is a very rare phenomenon. Currently, the prescription of apomorphine has been extended to patients with erectile dysfunction, which may increase the prevalence of addiction cases or of severe psychiatric symptoms.
Abstinence and moderate use goals in the treatment of marijuana dependence
Authors: Lozano Brian E. , Stephens Robert S. , Roffman Roger A. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTAims  The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of personal goals (abstinence or moderation) on treatment outcomes for marijuana use. Hypotheses regarding self‐efficacy for goal attainment were tested.Design  Adult marijuana users seeking treatment were assigned randomly to three treatment conditions: (1) cognitive‐behavioral relapse prevention support group; (2) individualized brief motivational enhancement; and (3) delayed treatment control group. Follow‐up assessments were conducted at 4, 7, 13 and 16 months.  Setting  University research offices. Participants  Participants were 291 adult marijuana users. Measurements  Marijuana use, personal treatment goals and self‐efficacy for achieving one’s goal were assessed across the 16‐month follow‐up.Findings  Greater marijuana related problems and dependence symptoms were associated with an initial goal of abstinence. Participants were more likely to achieve outcomes consistent with their personal goals. Participants with abstinence goals reported greater self‐efficacy for goal achievement than those with moderation goals after participating in the abstinence oriented treatment; self‐efficacy for goal success predicted goal achievement for both moderate use and abstinence goals.Conclusions  Marijuana users approaching an abstinence‐oriented treatment varied in the extent to which they were actively seeking abstinence as the outcome. Differences in goals were predictable from severity of problems related to use. Goal preference and self‐efficacy for achieving goals predicted outcomes. Future research should incorporate personal goals into treatment and assess their effects on outcomes.