bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Steepness of Regular and Irregular Waves on an Oil Containment Boom
Authors: Walker G.E. 
Published: December 2007

As part of the study described here, a mathematical model was used in an effort to predict splashover. Although the general motion of the boom can be simulated, we have a long way to go before a model will be sophisticated enough to take into account the interaction between the wave and the boom and to predict mathematically what it takes to swamp it.

Introduction
Shell Oil Co.'s concern with environmental pollution and more specifically the prevention of pollution of our lakes, rivers, and oceans resulted in an investigation to evaluate the effectiveness of commercial oil containment and removal devices. One phase of this extensive investigation, conducted by the Shell Pipe Line Research and Development Laboratory in Houston, was the evaluation of oil containment booms in the presence of waves. The evaluation consisted of presence of waves. The evaluation consisted of experimentally testing the commercially available booms in a wave tank; offshore testing in the Gulf of Mexico; scale model testing, at the Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J.; and attempting to mathematically model the boom response in waves.

Laboratory Wave-Tank Tests
The initial test phase consisted of evaluating, the performance of commercially available prototype and performance of commercially available prototype and production oil containment booms in long-crested production oil containment booms in long-crested regular waves generated in a laboratory wave tank. The wave tank built specifically for this purpose was 50 ft wide× 120 ft long and 5 ft deep, with a flapper wave generator at one end and a beach (wave absorber) at the other. This facility made it possible to generate regular waves with heights up possible to generate regular waves with heights up to 20 in. and periods ranging from 0.98 to 2.1 seconds. The following data were recorded during the wave-tank testing: wave height, wave length, wave period, the conditions at failure, and the mode of boom failure. The term "failure," of course, is subject to interpretation. Here failure relates to the operational characteristics rather than to the structural characteristics or strength of the boom and is defined as the passage of any oil either over or under the boom. The initial mode of failure for all of the booms tested was the splashing of oil over the top of the boom, with the exception of those booms that were marginally stable and that capsized without righting themselves after the first wave. For wave conditions more severe than those causing the initial splashover, the booms were swamped by the waves as was expected. An examination of these test data showed that the relationship between the wave length and the wave period of the long-crested regular waves agreed well with the mathematical relationship obtained using Airy wave theory for both intermediate- and deep-water conditions."Deep water" is defined by
,.........................(1)
where
d = water depth, Ld = wave length for deep water.
JPT
P. 1007
Some Strategies to Apply the Stehfest Algorithm for a Tabulated Set of Numbers
Authors: Ozkan Erdal , Raghavan Rajagopal S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A method to use a tabulated set of numbers to analyze pressure tests by the Laplace transformation is outlined. This method is consistent with the Stehfest algorithm, which is commonly used in the literature. Because the method is self-consistent with the Stehfest algorithm, issues concerning polynomial fits to approximate tabular information, methods to approximate the tail of the Laplace transformation, etc., are avoided.
Quantification of Reservoir Connectivity for Reservoir Description Applications
Authors: Hird K. B. , Dubrule Olivier 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This study investigates means for efficiently estimating reservoir performance characteristics of heterogeneous reservoir descriptions with reservoir connectivity parameters. We use simulated primary and waterflood performance for two-dimensional (2D) vertical, two- and three-phase, black oil reservoir systems to identify and quantify spatial characteristics that control well performance. The reservoir connectivity parameters were found to correlate strongly with secondary recovery efficiency and drainable hydrocarbon pore volume. We developed methods for estimating primary recovery and water breakthrough time for a waterflood. We can achieve this estimation with three to five orders of magnitude less computational time than required for comparable flow simulations.
Experimental Determination of the Biot Elastic Constant: Applications in Formation Evaluation (Sonic Porosity, Rock Strength, Earth Stresses, and Sanding Predictions)
Authors: Klimentos Theodore , Harouaka Abdallah , Mtawaa Bechir , Saner Salih 
Published: December 2007

Summary
We developed an experimental method to obtain the Biot elastic constant of rocks from laboratory dynamic and static measurements. The Biot constant often has been calculated with various empirical equations. The experimental determination of the Biot elastic constant is very important to engineering problems associated with sand control, hydraulic fracturing, wellbore stability, earth stresses, sonic porosity, and estimation of compressional-, P, and shear-, S, wave velocity. Both the dynamic and static moduli of actual reservoir sandstone core samples, jacketed and mounted in a triaxial cell under vacuum, were measured at various confining and overburden stresses. The results obtained show that the Biot constant is a complex function of porosity, permeability, pore-size distribution, and overburden and confining stress, which means that it is not really a constant. Also, the static Biot constant is greater than the dynamic one and their difference increases with increasing overburden stress according to the equation αstatic = [1 + 0.05*(σz)ef]*αdynamic (where σz is in Ksi). Moreover, both the experimental static and dynamic Biot constants may be significantly different from values calculated with empirical equations. This study suggests that quantifying the Biot constant in the laboratory may enhance the determination of rock-strength/fracturing, earth stresses, rock subsidence, sanding predictions, P- and S-wave velocities, porosity, and pore fluid from sonic and seismic data.
An Experimental Analysis of the Transport of Drilled Particles
Authors: Zeidler Udo H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An experimental apparatus was developed to determine the settling velocity of drilled particles in a Newtonian fluid and also to study the transport of drilled particles in an annulus using both water and drilling mud.
Correlations were developed for the settling velocity of the drilled particles and for the recovery fraction of the drilled particles subjected to turbulent flow of water in an annulus. The introduction of pipe rotation and drilling muds produces changes pipe rotation and drilling muds produces changes in the recovery fractions compared to the recovery fractions observed in the case of water where no pipe rotation is performed. No correlations were pipe rotation is performed. No correlations were developed, and the data is treated only qualitatively in these cases.

Introduction
The ability of a drilling mud to remove drilled particles (cuttings) from a wellbore annulus has particles (cuttings) from a wellbore annulus has been discussed by various authors, Williams and Bruce, Pigott and Hall, Thompson and Nuss.
The extension of this work to predict the net upward velocities of irregular shaped particles from various settling velocity equations has yielded inconclusive results with large differences between expected and observed values. Some explanation for these differences has been given, but further attempts to predict rise times under actual or simulated conditions have not been made.
By simulating a wellbore annulus in the laboratory, I have attempted to extend the present knowledge and present empirical relationships, when possible w predict the recovery fractions for drilled particles in a wellbore simulated annulus.
Hydrodynamics of Two-Phase Flow in Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Separators
Authors: Arpandi Inta A. , Joshi Ashutosh R. , Shoham Ovadia , Shirazi Siamack A. , Kouba Gene E. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper presents new experimental data and an improved mechanistic model for the Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC) separator. The data were acquired utilizing a 3" ID laboratory-scale GLCC, and are presented along with a limited number of field data. The data include measurements of several parameters of the flow behavior and the operational envelope of the GLCC. The operational envelope defines the conditions for which there will be no liquid carry-over or gas carry-under. The developed model enables the prediction of the hydrodynamic flow behavior in the GLCC, including the operational envelope, equilibrium liquid level, vortex shape, velocity and holdup distributions and pressure drop across the GLCC. The predictions of the model are compared with the experimental data. These provide the state-of-the-art for the design of GLCC's for the industry.
Measurement and Correlation of Gas Condensate Relative Permeability by the Steady-State Method
Authors: Henderson G. D. , Danesh Ali , Tehrani D. H. , Al-Shaidi Salman , Peden J. M. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryHigh-pressure core flood experiments using gas condensate fluids in long sandstone cores have been conducted. Steady-state relative permeability points were measured over a wide range of condensate-to-gas ratios (CGR; volume of condensate per unit volume of gas, both at test pressure and temperature), and the velocity and interfacial tension (IFT) were varied between tests to observe the effect on relative permeability. The experimental procedures ensured that the fluid distribution in the cores was representative of gas condensate reservoirs. Hysteresis between drainage and imbibition during the steady-state measurements also was investigated, as was the repeatability of the data.A relative permeability rate effect for both gas and condensate phases was observed, with the relative permeability of both phases increasing with an increase in flow rate. The relative-permeability-rate effect was still evident as the IFT increased by an order of magnitude. The influence of end effects was shown to be negligible under the IFT conditions used in the tests, with the Reynolds number indicating that flow was well within the so-called laminar regime under all test conditions. The observed rate effect was contrary to that of conventional non-Darcy flow, where the effective permeability should decrease with increasing flow rate. A generalized correlation between relative permeability, velocity, and IFT has been proposed.The results highlight the need for appropriate experimental methods and relative permeability relations where the distribution of the phases are representative of those in gas condensate reservoirs.
The Effects of Heterogeneity and Wettability on Oil Recovery from Laminated Sedimentary Structures
Authors: Huang Y. , Ringrose P. S. , Sorbie K. S. , Larter S. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sedimentary structure and wettability of clastic rocks at the laminaset scale may have an important influence on oil recovery by waterflooding. Previous work from this laboratory reported results for oil displacements in water-wet laminated systems. In this paper, results from a full cycle of drainage-imbibition floods in a cross-laminated rock slab are reported where the wettability of the slab was changed by ageing the system with a "synthetic crude oil". The distribution of fluid saturation was monitored using CT scanning techniques. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of both the laminaset heterogeneity and wettability alteration on the displacement efficiency and oil trapping mechanisms for such systems. Results from from these floods are compared with previous findings for water-wet laminated system.
In these altered wettability experiments, the recovery efficiency significantly increased, due to the slab becoming more oil-wet. In contrast to the strongly water-wet case, an analysis of the remaining oil saturation shows that (a) no significant oil trapping occurred behind low permeability laminae in this flood, and (b) there was a higher remaining oil in the low permeability regions. Numerical simulations were performed to help our understanding and interpretation of the wettability changes. An excellent match of experiment with numerical simulation was obtained for a particular model case with the lower permeability laminae being more oil-wet than the higher permeability ones in general. We have termed this a heterogeneously-wet (or het-wet) system. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such behaviour has been demonstrated and analysed in detail.
Analysis of Rising-Bubble Experiments To Determine Minimum Miscibility Pressures
Authors: Zhou Dengen , Orr Franklin M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
We report an analysis of rising-bubble (RB) experiments for ternary systems. We present experimental evidence that observations of changes in bubble appearance are primarily controlled by changes in interfacial tension (IFT) that occur as components transfer from the surrounding liquid to the RB. We report experimental observations for an analog ternary system (brine/isopropanol/iso-octane) that confirm the influence of IFT on bubble appearance.
We describe also a simple diffusion model of composition changes during bubble rise. A combination of experimental results and model calculations indicates that RB experiments can be used to detect the minimum miscibility pressure (or enrichment) for ternary vaporizing drives. Similar analysis shows, however, that falling drop experiments are more appropriate for ternary condensing displacements. Questions that remain to be resolved for systems with more than three components also are outlined.
Oil Production After Breakthrough as Influenced by Mobility Ratio
Authors: Dyes A.B. , Caudle B.H. , Erickson R.A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The study of the influence of fluid mobilities on the sweepout pattern resulting from the injection of gas or water has been extended to cover the production period which follows breakthrough of the injected material. Mobility ratios over the range common in field operations (0.1 to 17) were studied for several pattern floods (five-spot, staggered, and direct line drive). The experimental data required for these studies were obtained by the use of the x-ray shadow graph technique using miscible oil phases of different viscosities in porous plate models of a reservoir element. From the shadowgraph pictures obtained before and after breakthrough of the injected fluid, flowing ratios at the producing well and cumulative volumes injected were calculated.
The method for applying such data in predicting field behavior is illustrated for a water flood of a five-spot. For this case a range of mobility ratios of 0.5 to 5.0 results in:nearly complete (95 to 100 per cent) sweepout pattern efficiencies at abandonment conditions,production after breakthrough being responsible for as much as one-third of the total recovery at the lower mobility ratios, anda twofold variation in the operating life of the reservoir.
A Novel Liquid Permeameter for Measuring Very Low Permeability
Authors: Sanyal S.K. , Pirnie R.M. , Chen G.O. , Marsden S.S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A liquid permeameter for very tight rocks is described. High upstream pressures are achieved by a "pump" based on the thermal expansion of liquid. Confining pressures to 10,000 psi may be maintained with a modified Hassler sleeve. Pressure is measured with a low displacement, diaphragm-type transducer. Permeability is measured indirectly through pressure decline over a time period.

Introduction
Permeability is an important property in petroleum engineering, as well as in several branches of science. Ground water hydrology studies and some geological problems are concerned with permeability. Permeability measurement often is very difficult. In Permeability measurement often is very difficult. In this paper we describe an instrument designed and developed to measure liquid permeabilities of very tight Precambrian rocks. These are currently of importance in the study of the origin of life. Permeabilities in the submillidarcy range are also Permeabilities in the submillidarcy range are also of importance to the petroleum industry in the study both of cap rocks of oil and gas reservoirs and fluid flow and migration through source rocks.

Design Considerations
From knowledge of these samples, we felt no other known permeameter would give reliable values. A liquid permeameter was necessary because gas might dehydrate the chert or other minerals, causing a shrinkage and an unnaturally high permeability. Thomas et al. reported air and water permeabilities of very tight rocks, with the air permeability value always being much higher than the water. Also, the expected low permeability would lead to low flow rates even at high pressure differentials. Ordinary pumps would seem to be unsuitable. Casual examination of the samples revealed fractures and without sign of a pore structure; hence, permeabilities would be strongly sensitive to external or overburden pressures. A method of varying this latter factor seemed desirable. Finally, since other physical measurements might be made on the sample, nonpermanent methods of sample mounting were desirable.
We decided on a novel approach to determine permeability. This involved a pump based on the permeability. This involved a pump based on the thermal expansion of liquid and the use of pressure decline to calculate permeability.
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Ratios (K-Values) of Light Hydrocarbons at Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Woertz Byron B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A set of five methane K-charts has been developed for reservoir-type systems, for pressures above 1,000 psia and temperatures of 0 to 300 degrees F. Convergence psia and temperatures of 0 to 300 degrees F. Convergence pressures used in development of the charts ranged pressures used in development of the charts ranged from 3,800 to 15,200 psia. The highest experimental pressure used was 12,000 psia. pressure used was 12,000 psia. Seven references from the literature were used as data sources for the charts. Three other sources (one consisted of unpublished data) were used in checking K-values predicted from use of the charts. The charts predicted the data points used in their development to predicted the data points used in their development to an average deviation of 3.77 percent. However, the deviation of the charts from the three independent data sources was 11.88 percent for 13 points from one reference, 6.47 percent for two points from another and 4.16 percent from 10 points from the third reference. The form of the methane K-charts was selected to avoid crossover and to promote ease of reading at high pressures. However, some interpolation and use of Kp products is involved in obtaining the desired K-values. Use of the charts should be restricted initially to systems that are somewhat similar to those from which the charts were developed. Experience will indicate how much the range of usage can be extended. Data from six of the references have been used to develop a set of K-charts for ethane through mixed hexanes at pressures above 1,000 psia and at temperatures of 33 to 250 degrees F. No correlation with convergence pressure was observable. Therefore, the charts were plotted as log K vs log pressure with lines of constant temperature. pressure with lines of constant temperature. The original data were fitted to an average deviation of 8.46 percent with respect to K-values for ethane and heavier. In a comparison of these charts with unpublished Atlantic data, data of Kilgren and data of Evans and Harris, the average deviations between related values were found to be 18.05 percent, 7.23 percent and 18.44 percent, respectively. These were about as good as the Natural Gas Processors Assn. (NGPA) chart deviations for similar systems. The present charts for ethane through mixed hexanes may be useful in the high-pressure region where the NGPA charts are difficult to read. No restrictions have been placed on the present charts other than that they placed on the present charts other than that they should not be used on systems greatly different from those of the six original references.
Measurement and Correlation of Gas Condensate Relative Permeability by the Steady-State Method
Authors: Henderson G. D. , Danesh A. , Tehrani D. H. , Al-Shaidi S. , Peden J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
High pressure core flood experiments using gas condensate fluids in long sandstone cores have been conducted. Steady-state relative permeability points were measured over a wide range of condensate to gas ratio's (CGR), with the velocity and interfacial tension (IFT) being varied between tests in order to observe the effect on relative permeability. The experimental procedures ensured that the fluid distribution in the cores was representative of gas condensate reservoirs. Hysteresis between drainage and imbibition during the steady-state measurements was also investigated, as was the repeatability of the data.
A relative permeability rate effect for both gas and condensate phases was observed, with the relative permeability of both phases increasing with an increase in flow rate. The relative permeability rate effect was still evident as the IFT increased by an order of magnitude, with the relative permeability of the gas phase reducing more than the condensate phase. The influence of end effects was shown to be negligible at the IFT conditions used in the tests, with the Reynolds number indicating that flow was well within the so called laminar regime at all test conditions. The observed rate effect was contrary to that of the conventional non-Darcy flow where the effective permeability should decrease with increasing flow rate. A generalised correlation between relative permeability, velocity and IFT has been proposed, which should be more appropriate for condensing fluids than the conventional correlation.
The results highlight the need for appropriate experimental methods and relative permeability relations where the distribution of the phases are representative of those in gas condensate reservoirs. This study will be particularly applicable to the vicinity of producing wells, where the rate effect on gas relative permeability can significantly affect well productivity. The findings provide previously unreported data on relative permeability and recovery of gas condensate fluids at realistic conditions.