bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of bioactive compounds from fungi in the South China Sea
Authors: Pan Jia-Hui , Jones E.B. Gareth , She Zhi-Gang , Pang Ji-Yan , Lin Yong-Cheng 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A diverse array of bioactive metabolites have been isolated and characterized from fungi isolated from countries surrounding the South China Sea. From extensive studies of marine fungi of the South China Sea, 25 fungal strains (comprising endophytes, obligate and marine-derived fungi) were screened for bioactive compounds. This resulted in the reporting of 42 new or novel compounds and 35 known compounds (data from 1999–2007). Their biological activities, structural and stereochemical assignments and syntheses of some structurally unique natural products are reported.
The Genetic Basis of Developmental Abnormalities in Interpopulation Hybrids of the Moss Ceratodon purpureus
Authors: McDaniel Stuart F , Willis John H , Shaw A Jonathan 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Divergent populations are intrinsically reproductively isolated when hybrids between them either fail to develop properly or do not produce viable offpring. Intrinsic isolation may result from Dobzhansky–Muller (DM) incompatibilities, in which deleterious interactions among genes or gene products lead to developmental problems or underdominant chromosome structure differences between the parents. These mechanisms can be tested by studying marker segregation patterns in a hybrid mapping population. Here we examine the genetic basis of abnormal development in hybrids between two geographically distant populations of the moss Ceratodon purpureus. Approximately half of the hybrid progeny exhibited a severely reduced growth rate in early gametophyte development. We identified four unlinked quantitative trait loci (QTL) that interacted asymmetrically to cause the abnormal development phenotype. This pattern is consistent with DM interactions. We also found an excess of recombination between three marker pairs in the abnormally developing progeny, relative to that estimated in the normal progeny. This suggests that structural differences in these regions contribute to hybrid breakdown. Two QTL coincided with inferred structural differences, consistent with recent theory suggesting that rearrangements may harbor population divergence alleles. These observations suggest that multiple complex genetic factors contribute to divergence among populations of C. purpureus.
Identification of Clb2 Residues Required for Swe1 Regulation of Clb2-Cdc28 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hu Fangfang , Gan Yan , Aparicio Oscar M 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Wee1 kinases regulate the cell cycle through inhibitory phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Eukaryotic cells express multiple CDKs, each having a kinase subunit (Cdk) and a regulatory “cyclin” subunit that function at different stages of the cell cycle to regulate distinct processes. The cyclin imparts specificity to CDK–substrate interactions and also determines whether a particular CDK is subject to Wee1 regulation. Saccharomyces Wee1 (Swe1) inhibits Cdc28 (Cdk1) associated with the mitotic cyclin, Clb2, but not with the G1 (Cln1, -2, and -3) or the S-phase (Clb5 and -6) cyclins. Here, we show that this specificity depends on two amino acids associated with a conserved “hydrophobic patch” (HP) motif on the cyclin surface, which mediates specificity of CDK–substrate interactions. Mutation of Clb2 residues N260 and K270 largely abrogates Clb2-Cdc28 regulation by Swe1, and reciprocal mutation of the corresponding residues in Clb5 can subject Clb5-Cdc28 to regulation by Swe1. Swe1 phosphorylation by Clb2-Cdc28, which is thought to activate Swe1 kinase, depends on N260 and K270, suggesting that specific regulation of Clb2-Cdc28 by Swe1 derives from the specific ability of Clb2 to target Swe1 for activating phosphorylation. The stable association of Swe1 with Clb2-Cdc28 also depends on these residues, suggesting that Swe1 may competitively inhibit Clb2-Cdc28 interactions with substrates, in addition to its well-known function as a regulator of CDK activity through tyrosine phosphorylation.
Comparative Analyses of Human Single- and Multilocus Tandem Repeats
Authors: Ames Darren , Murphy Nick , Helentjaris Tim , Sun Nina , Chandler Vicki 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Using the compiled human genome sequence, we systematically cataloged all tandem repeats with periods between 20 and 2000 bp and defined two subsets whose consensus sequences were found at either single-locus tandem repeats (slTRs) or multilocus tandem repeats (mlTRs). Parameters compiled for these subsets provide insights into mechanisms underlying the creation and evolution of tandem repeats. Both subsets of tandem repeats are nonrandomly distributed in the genome, being found at higher frequency at many but not all chromosome ends and internal clusters of mlTRs were also observed. Despite the integral role of recombination in the biology of tandem repeats, recombination hotspots colocalized only with shorter microsatellites and not the longer repeats examined here. An increased frequency of slTRs was observed near imprinted genes, consistent with a functional role, while both slTRs and mlTRs were found more frequently near genes implicated in triplet expansion diseases, suggesting a general instability of these regions. Using our collated parameters, we identified 2230 slTRs as candidates for highly informative molecular markers.
Pleiotropic Effects of Drosophila neuralized on Complex Behaviors and Brain Structure
Authors: Rollmann Stephanie M , Zwarts Liesbeth , Edwards Alexis C , Yamamoto Akihiko , Callaerts Patrick , Norga Koenraad , Mackay Trudy F C , Anholt Robert R H 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Understanding how genotypic variation influences variation in brain structures and behavioral phenotypes represents a central challenge in behavioral genetics. In Drosophila melanogaster, the neuralized (neur) gene plays a key role in development of the nervous system. Different P-element insertional mutations of neur allow the development of viable and fertile adults with profoundly altered behavioral phenotypes that depend on the exact location of the inserted P element. The neur mutants exhibit reduced responsiveness to noxious olfactory and mechanosensory stimulation and increased aggression when limited food is presented after a period of food deprivation. These behavioral phenotypes are correlated with distinct structural changes in integrative centers in the brain, the mushroom bodies, and the ellipsoid body of the central complex. Transcriptional profiling of neur mutants revealed considerable overlap among ensembles of coregulated genes in the different mutants, but also distinct allele-specific differences. The diverse phenotypic effects arising from nearby P-element insertions in neur provide a new appreciation of the concept of allelic effects on phenotype, in which the wild type and null mutant are at the extreme ends of a continuum of pleiotropic allelic effects.
Functionally Redundant Isoforms of a Yeast Hsp70 Chaperone Subfamily Have Different Antiprion Effects
Authors: Sharma Deepak , Masison Daniel C 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Why eukaryotes encode multiple Hsp70 isoforms is unclear. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ssa1p and Ssa2p are constitutive 98% identical Hsp70's. Stress-inducible Ssa3p and Ssa4p are 80% identical to Ssa1/2p. We show Ssa1p-4p have distinct functions affecting [PSI+] and [URE3] prions. When expressed as the only Ssa, Ssa1p antagonized [URE3] and Ssa2p antagonized [PSI+]. Ssa3p and Ssa4p influenced [URE3] and [PSI+] somewhat differently but overall their effects paralleled those of Ssa1p and Ssa2p, respectively. Additionally, Ssa3p suppressed a prion-inhibitory effect of elevated temperature. Our previously described Ssa1-21p mutant weakens [PSI+] in SSA1-21 SSA2 cells and abolishes it in SSA1-21 ssa2Δ cells. To test if the same mutation affected other prions or altered Ssa2p similarly, we compared effects of a constructed Ssa2-21p mutant and Ssa1-21p on both prions. Surprisingly, [URE3] was unaffected in SSA1-21 SSA2 cells and could propagate in SSA1-21 ssa2Δ cells. Ssa2-21p impaired [URE3] considerably and weakened [PSI+] strongly but in a manner distinct from Ssa1-21p, highlighting functional differences between these nearly identical Hsp70's. Our data uncover exquisite functional differences among isoforms of a highly homologous cytosolic Hsp70 subfamily and point to a possibility that variations in Hsp70 function that might improve fitness under optimal conditions are also important during stress.
Food preferences of wild mountain gorillas
Authors: Ganas Jessica , Ortmann Sylvia , Robbins Martha M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDetermining the nutritional and phenolic basis of food preference is important for understanding the nutritional requirements of animals. Preference is a measure of which foods would be consumed by an animal if there was no variation in availability among food items. From September 2004 to August 2005, we measured the food preferences of four wild mountain gorilla groups that consume foliage and fruit in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, to determine what nutrients and phenols are preferred and/or avoided. To do so, we asked the following questions: (1) Which plant species do the gorillas prefer? (2) Considering the different plant parts consumed of these preferred species, what nutrients and/or phenols characterize them? (3) Do the nutritional and phenolic characteristics of preferred foods differ among gorilla groups? We found that although some species were preferred and others were not, of those species found in common among the different group home ranges, the same ones were generally preferred by all groups. Second, all groups preferred leaves with relatively high protein content and relatively low fiber content. Third, three out of four groups preferred leaves with relatively high sugar amounts. Fourth, all groups preferred pith with relatively high sugar content. Finally, of the two groups tested, we found that the preferred fruits of one group had relatively high condensed tannin and fiber/sugar contents, whereas the other group's preferred fruits were not characterized by any particular nutrient/phenol. Overall, there were no differences among gorilla groups in nutritional and phenolic preferences. Our results indicate that protein and sugar are important in the diets of gorillas, and that the gorillas fulfil these nutritional requirements through a combination of different plant parts, shedding new light on how gorillas balance their diets in a variable environment. Am. J. Primatol. 70:927–938, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic variations of the median nerve in carpal tunnel release
Authors: Beris A.E. , Lykissas M.G. , Kontogeorgakos V.A. , Vekris M.D. , Korompilias A.V. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractCarpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a well‐known clinical entity. Release of the transverse carpal ligament is considered to be the treatment of choice. Both open and endoscopic release of the transverse carpal ligament in CTS has yielded satisfactory results. Although these procedures are very common in surgical practice, inadequate release and intraoperative damage to neural elements are very frustrating complication for both the patient and the surgeon. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate incidental intraoperative findings of variations of the standard median nerve anatomy. We obtained incidental intraoperative identification of median nerve variations in 110 consecutive patients operated with open release of the transverse carpal ligament in CTS. Using the Amadio classification, we found intraoperatively variations of median nerve at the wrist in 11 patients. In three patients, there was an aberrant sensory branch arising from the ulnar side of the median nerve and piercing the ulnar margin of the transverse carpal ligament. Neural variations arising from the ulnar aspect of the median nerve were common and could be a cause of iatrogenic injury during endoscopic or open release. Surgeons should be aware of anomalous branches, which should be recognized and separately decompressed if needed. Clin. Anat. 21:514–518, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
JTruss: A CAD‐oriented educational open‐source software for static analysis of truss‐type structures
Authors: Romeo Francesco , Padoan Gianluca 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA CAD‐oriented software (JTruss) for the static analysis of planar and spatial truss‐type structures is presented. Developed for educational purposes, JTruss is part of an open‐source project and is characterised by complete accessibility (i.e. platform independent) and high software compatibility. CAD methodologies are employed to implement commands for handling graphic models. A student friendly graphical interface, tailored mainly for structural mechanics introductory courses in engineering and architecture programs, is conceived. Accordingly, the standard sequence involved in the software design, namely pre‐processing, processing and post‐processing, is implemented aiming to improve the structural behaviour interpretation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 280–288, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20150
Linear and non‐linear simulations of feedback control in plane Poiseuille flow
Authors: McKernan J. , Papadakis G. , Whidborne J. F. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the performance of optimal linear quadratic state and output feedback controllers in stabilizing two‐dimensional perturbations in a plane Poiseuille flow. The synthesis of the controllers is based on a linearized model of the flow using a new set of interpolating polynomials in the wall‐normal direction, which automatically satisfy the homogeneous Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions at the walls and eliminate spurious eigenvalues. The controllers are implemented into a non‐linear Navier–Stokes solver, which is modified to compute the evolution of the flow perturbations. Two cases are examined, one with small initial disturbances that do not violate the linearity assumptions and the other with much larger disturbances that trigger the non‐linear convection terms. For the smallest disturbances, the solver accurately reproduced the results of the linear simulations of open‐ and closed‐loop systems. The simulations for the larger disturbances without control showed a rapid initial growth but the flow soon reached a saturated state in agreement with previous findings in the literature. The large initial growth is a consequence of the non‐normal nature of the system dynamics. The state feedback and output feedback controllers were able to reduce significantly the perturbation energy. For the larger disturbances, the energy calculated from the state variables is well below the energy evaluated by direct integration of the velocity field. This is probably due to the non‐linear terms transferring energy to harmonics of the considered wavenumber, which are not sensed by the linear controller. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some speculations on the Paleogene and Neogene tectonics of Jamaica
Authors: Draper Grenville 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMany neotectonic structures (<15 Ma) in Jamaica are best understood as reactivations (or inversion) of Paleogene structures (65–22 Ma). In the Paleocene, Jamaica underwent crustal extension which formed north‐northwest‐trending listric normal faults, including those of the Wagwater Belt which occupied a half‐graben formed over the northeast‐dipping Wagwater Fault. From the Middle Eocene (45 Ma) to Late Oligocene (23 Ma), further subsidence (possibly thermally induced following lithospheric thinning) resulted in the accumulation of a carbonate bank. Beginning in the Early to Middle Miocene, the tectonic regime changed to one of active east–west‐trending, left‐lateral, strike‐slip motion that persists to the present day. New east–west‐trending faults formed during this phase, but secondary northeast–southwest shortening produced in this regime reactivated many of the older, Paleogene north‐northwest‐trending structures. In eastern Jamaica, oblique thrust motion is concentrated on the Wagwater Fault, tectonically inverting the Wagwater Belt. The Long Mountain anticline may be a fault propagation fold over a thrust that branched from the main Wagwater Fault surface. Motion on the Silver Hill Plantain Garden Fault system resulted in the northward rotation of the Blue Mountain Block around an approximately horizontal axis and revealing the upper crustal structure of eastern Jamaica. In the central part of Jamaica, north‐northwest‐trending faults divide the terrane into a series of blocks. Evidence of right‐lateral, horizontal‐slip on some of the faults and palaeomagnetic results may suggest a domino‐style, anticlockwise rotation around vertical axis by about 10°. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alcohol-induced alterations in hepatic microtubule dynamics can be explained by impaired histone deacetylase 6 function
Authors: Shepard Blythe D. , Joseph Rohan A. , Kannarkat George T. , Rutledge Tara M. , Tuma Dean J. , Tuma Pamela L. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

We have been using polarized, hepatic WIF-B cells to examine ethanol-induced liver injury. These cells polarize in culture and maintain numerous liver-specific activities including the ability to metabolize alcohol. Previously, we found that microtubules were more highly acetylated and more stable in ethanol-treated WIF-B cells and that increased microtubule acetylation required ethanol metabolism and was likely mediated by acetaldehyde. This study was aimed at identifying the mechanism responsible for increased microtubule acetylation. We examined the expression of two known microtubule deacetylases, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and Sirtuin T2 (SirT2), in WIF-B cells. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, and assays using the SirT2 inhibitor nicotinamide revealed that WIF-B cells do not express SirT2. In contrast, HDAC6 was highly expressed in WIF-B cells. Addition of trichostatin A (TSA), an HDAC6 inhibitor, induced microtubule acetylation to the same extent as in ethanol-treated cells (approximately threefold). Although immunofluorescence labeling revealed that HDAC6 distribution did not change in ethanol-treated cells, immunoblotting showed HDAC6 protein levels slightly decreased. HDAC6 solubility was increased in nocodazole-treated cells, suggesting impaired microtubule binding. Direct microtubule binding assays confirmed this hypothesis. The decreased microtubule binding was partially prevented by 4-methyl pyrazole, indicating the effect was in part mediated by acetaldehyde. Interestingly, HDAC6 from ethanol-treated cells was able to bind and deacetylate

exogenous

tubulin to the same extent as control, suggesting that ethanol-induced tubulin modifications prevented HDAC6 binding to

endogenous

microtubules.

Conclusion:

We propose that lower HDAC6 levels combined with decreased microtubule binding lead to increased tubulin acetylation in ethanol-treated cells. (Hepatology 2008.)
Non‐spatial expertise and hippocampal gray matter volume in humans
Authors: Woollett Katherine , Glensman Janice , Maguire Eleanor A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPrevious work suggests that spatial expertise in licensed London taxi drivers is associated with differences in hippocampal gray matter volume relative to IQ‐matched control subjects. Here we examined whether non‐spatial expertise is associated with similar hippocampal gray matter effects. We compared medical doctors who, like taxi drivers, acquire a vast amount of knowledge over many years, with IQ‐matched control subjects who had no tertiary education. Whole brain analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) failed to identify any differences in gray matter volume between the groups, including in the hippocampus. Moreover, amount of medical experience that ranged from 0.5 to 22.5 yr did not correlate with gray matter volume in the hippocampus or elsewhere in the brain. We conclude that intensively acquiring a large amount of knowledge over many years is not invariably associated with hippocampal gray matter volume differences. Instead it would seem that hippocampal gray matter volume effects are more likely to be observed when the knowledge acquired concerns a complex and detailed large‐scale spatial layout. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2‐mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Lian Fuzhi , Wang Xiang‐Dong 
Published: June 2008

AbstractLycopene can be cleaved by carotene 9′,10′‐oxygenase at its 9′,10′ double bond to form apo‐10′‐lycopenoids, including apo‐10′‐lycopenal, ‐lycopenol and ‐lycopenoic acid. The latter has been recently shown to inhibit lung carcinogenesis both in vivo and in vitro, however, the mechanism(s) underlying this protection is not well defined. In the present study, we report that treatment with apo‐10′‐lycopenoic acid, in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner, results in the nuclear accumulation of transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2) protein in BEAS‐2B human bronchial epithelial cells. The activation of Nrf2 by apo‐10′‐lycopenoic acid is associated with the induction of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase‐1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, glutathione S‐transferases, and glutamate–cysteine ligases in BEAS‐2B cells. Furthermore, apo‐10′‐lycopenoic acid treatment increased total intracellular glutathione levels and suppressed both endogenous reactive oxygen species generation and H2O2‐induced oxidative damage in BEAS‐2B cells. In addition, both apo‐10′‐lycopenol and apo‐10′‐lycopenal induced heme oxygenase‐1 gene expression in BEAS‐2B cells. These data strongly suggest that the anti‐carcinogenic and antioxidant functions of lycopene may be mediated by apo‐10′‐lycopenoids via activating Nrf2 and inducing phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
WUA training and support in the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Johnson Sam H. , Stoutjesdijk Joop 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disbanding of state farms, on‐farm irrigation was in chaos. Many republics replaced their production brigades with water user associations (WUAs). In the Kyrgyz Republic, with World Bank support, the Department of Water Resources (DWR) established WUAs to take over on‐farm irrigation operation and maintenance (O&M). To ensure these were participatory, in 2002 the Republic passed a WUA Law. To date 451 WUAs have been legally registered under this law. As farmers had no experience with participatory associations, an intensive capacity development program was critical for success. Within the DWR WUA Support Units (SUs) at the central (1), provincial (7) and district (40) level were formed. International consultants and Central SU staff members provided more than 3000 days of training for staff members of SUs. In turn, SUs have provided more than 47 000 days of training for WUAs. Interactions with SUs and intensive training have strengthened WUA boards and encouraged member participation. Monitoring data documents increased the efficiency of water delivery, while fees paid by WUA members have increased annually in every province. WUAs have now formed 14 WUA federations responsible for off‐farm O&M. The success of these federations requires advanced capacity development for leaders and management staff. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.