bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operating and testing a combined SO2 and NOX removal facility
Authors: Frank Norman W. , Miller Gray A. , Reed David A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTest results and operational procedures of a 32,000 Nm/hr combined SO2 and NOX removal facility utilizing electron beam technology and dry ammonia injection are discussed in detail, showing how the facility can be operated to give maximum removal efficiencies and optimum utility requirements. To date, the overall plant design efficiencies of 90% SO2 and NOX removal efficiency have been achieved. A brief history of the development of the process along with a description of the plant is presented. Performance of the plant is compared to previous similar pilot plants operated in Japan and the influences of process parameters on the plant operation and removal efficiencies are discussed. Use of an alternative reagent and its effect on removal efficiencies and plant operation is presented followed by results of analysis of the fertilizer by‐product yielded by the process.
Fluid flow and gas absorption in an ejector venturi scrubber
Authors: Atay Iclal , Lewandowski Gordon , Trattner Richard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEmpirical models were developed to describe the fluid flow characteristics and gas absorption efficiency of an ejector venturi scrubber. The empirical constants were determined experimentally using stop action photographs of the spray, static pressure measurements, and sulfur dioxide absorption efficiencies.Experiments were conducted on a commercial scrubber, 24 inches (61 cm) high, with a 4 inch (10 cm) diameter gas inlet and outlet. Liquid flow rates varied from 3 to 8 gallons/min (.0114 to .0303 m3/min) in the atomizing range of the scrubber, and gas flows from 24 to 64 cubic feet/min (.680 to 1.81 m3/min). The liquid‐to‐gas ratio was constant at .0167.Droplet sizes ranged from 34 to 563 microns, with a volume mean diameter of 155 microns, at a liquid rate of 6 gpm (.0227 m3/min).The sulfur dioxide mass transfer coefficient varied from 25 to 800 lb‐mole/hr‐ft3(400 to 12,800 kg‐mole/hr‐m3).
A comparison of the UCB sulfur recovery process with conventional sulfur recovery technology for treating recycle gas from a crude oil residuum hydrotreater
Authors: Lynn Scot , Neumann Dan W. , Sciamanna Steven F. , Vorhis Frederick H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper the University of California, Berkeley, Sulfur Recovery Process (UCBSRP) is compared to conventional technology for the case of the removal of H2S from the recycle gas of a high‐pressure petroleum residuum hydrotreater. The conventional technology selected for this comparison consists of an absorber/stripper operation using diethanol amine as the absorbent, a Claus sulfur plant, and a SCOTT tail‐gas treating unit. Flowsheets, stream flows and conditions, and the total purchased cost of the major items of equipment are presented for both processes. From this comparison it is estimated that the direct fixed capital (DFC) for the UCBSRP would be about 61% of that for the conventional technology. The utility costs for this application of the UCBSRP are estimated to be less than the credit for the high‐pressure steam produced whereas the utility costs for the conventional process are substantially more.
Wet gas scrubbing: State of the art in FCCU emission control
Authors: Cunic J. D. , Bienstock M. G. , Edelman A. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractParticulates and SO2 in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) flue gas can be controlled via wet gas scrubbing. Wet Gas Scrubbers (WGS) are compatible with the gaseous emission control devices such as CO boilers or High Temperature Regeneration (HTR) now in use on FCCU's and require no changes in FCCU operating procedures. Compared with a combination of particulate control with electrostatic precipitators and SO2 control by FCCU feed desulfurization, WGS require less investment and have lower operating costs. Other advantages for WGS include higher service factor, smaller onsite plot space requirement, and simpler operation than electrostatic precipitators.Purged scrubber liquid must be treated by conventional waste water treatment technology to reduce suspended solids and COD. Even after such treatment, the purge stream will still contain dissolved solids. However, at many locations, the disposal of the purge stream can be accommodated without adverse environmental problems. Four commercial scrubbers, now in operation in Exxon Company, U.S.A. refineries, reduce particulate emissions to compliance levels with all pertinent regulations. SO2 removals are in excess of 90%. Currently, four licensee companies are also applying the Exxon scrubbing process. More are anticipated. These commercial units have accumulated over 64 years of combined operations (as of February 1, 1987).
Adsorptive capacities of activated carbon for organic constituents of wastewaters
Authors: Ying Wei‐chi , Dietz Edward A. , Woehr George C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe adsorptive capacities of activated carbon for major organic constituents (target compounds) of a wide variety of wastewater were measured in pure water and in actual wastewater samples. Competitive adsorption due to the presence of other orgnic components of total organic carbon of the wastewater (background TOC) reduced carbon capacities for all target compounds in the wastewaters from the respective pure water isotherms. The capacity reduction for a target compound was found to depend on the relative adsorptivity of the target compound versus competing compounds (poorly adsorbed TOC components produced a small reduction in capacity for a more strongly adsorbed target compound), and the fraction of the background TOC attributable to the target compound. Those findings were validated by carbon column adsorption breakthrough data.
Gas reburning‐sorbent injection for controlling SOx and NOx in utility boilers
Authors: Bartok W. , Folsom B. A. , Elbl M. , Kurzynske F. R. , Ritz H. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs part of DOE's Clean Coal Technology program, a field evaluation of Gas Reburning‐Sorbent Injection (GR‐SI) technology is being carried out by Energy and Environmental Research Corporation. The project is cofunded by the Gas Research Institute and the State of Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. GR‐SI technology is applicable to the control of emissions of acid rain precursor species, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur from coal fired utility boilers. Three units representative of pre‐NSPS design practices, a 117 MWe wall, a 71 MWe tangentially, and a 33 MWe cyclone fired boiler located in Illinois will be the host sites for this three‐phase demonstration project.Process specification studies have confirmed that GR‐SI technology is capable of achieving the stated goals of the project, 60 percent reduction in NOx and 50 percent reduction in SO2 emissions. NOx emissions will be reduced by staged fuel addition using natural gas as the reburn fuel, while SO2 emissions will be reduced by capturing sulfur by dry, calcium based sorbent injection which will be augmented by the displacement of about 15–20 percent of the coal input by natural gas firing.Phase 1, Design and Permitting, was completed earlier this year. In addition to process specifications which focused on injection system design criteria and precipitator enhancement approaches, detailed environmental information has been developed, including the assessment of waste disposal options and performing permitting work. In phase 2 of the project, anticipated to be initiated in 1989, installation and check‐out will be performed. The project will culminate in sustained 12‐month demonstrations of the technology on each host unit. Results of Phase 1 and plans for subsequent work will be discussed.
EPA's assessment of European contaminated soil treatment techniques
Authors: Pheiffer Thomas H. , Nunno Thomas J. , Walters Janette S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSite remediation is a pressing issue in European countries due to limited availability of land. Therefore, much progress is being made in the development of effective technologies for remediating contaminated sites. The purpose of the program described in this paper was to investigate the most successful and innovative European technologies for potential introduction into U.S. markets. Phase I of this EPA–sponsored project was a 9‐month research effort which identified 95 innovative technologies in use or being researched in foreign countries. During Phase II, the most promising technologies identified in Phase I were studied in–depth through personal interviews with the engineers who research and apply these technologies, and through tours of laboratory models and full–scale installations. Phase III of the assessment effort culminated in the first forum on innovative domestic and international hazardous waste treatment technologies on June 19–21, 1989, in Atlanta, Georgia. The most successful full–scale technologies investigated were developed in the Netherlands and West Germany. These technologies include vacuum extraction of hydrocarbons from soil, in situ washing of cadmium‐polluted soil, in situ steam stripping, and a number of landfarming and soil washing operations. The paper provides description of 11 soil remediation techniques that have shown such promise in laboratory studies or in practice to warrant consideration of their use in the United States, and summary information on the international technologies selected for presentation at the Phase III forum as they relate to soils remediation.
Estimation of multimedia environmental contamination of 2,3,7,8‐TCDD emissions from municipal waste incinerators
Authors: Hwang Steve T. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo–p–dioxin (2,3,7,8–TCDD) is known to be most toxic among congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo–p–dioxins (CDD), and is known to cause cancer to humans upon prolonged exposure—even at extremely low dosag. The municipal waste incinerator is one of the combustion devices where literature test result have shown the presence of 2,3,7,8‐TCDD or CDDs in flue gas or ash. A recent report compiled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [13] also lists other combustion devices such as smelters, sewage sludge incinerators, wire reclamation incinerators, and drum and barrel furnaces. In addition, Sheffield [11] mentions forest fires and several types of chemical production facilities as sources. Des rosier and Lee [2] cite PCB transformer fires as a potential source of 2,3,7,8–TCDD formation. The primary focus of this paper is to present the potential of environmental contamination due to emissions of 2,3,7,8‐TCDD and disposal of fly ash generated from the incineration of municipal waste. Example assessments for municipal incinerators presented in this paper are based on presently available estimation techniques and hence represent estimates for environmental concentrations. exposures and health risks. Although actual emission data are used, uncertainties associated with the estimates cannot be fully assessed until these estimates are compared with some monitoring data, especially concerning environmental concentrations related to indirect exposure pathways.
PCB detoxification technologies: A critical assessment
Authors: Woodyard John P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractManagement of PCBs under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) since promulgation of the first regulations in 1978 has cost industry and government over $1 billion. A significant portion of that expense has been associated with disposal of PCB liquids and PCB articles, ranging from routine PCB removal and replacement to disposal of debris from PCB spills and fires.Since the first PCB incineration permit was granted by the U.S. EPA in 1979, PCBs have also been one of the most expensive chemicals to dispose of commercially. High prices combined with the limited permitted disposal capacity has prompted scientists and engineers to continue the search for less expensive ways to detoxify PCB‐contaminated material. Ironically, these factors have also driven the development of innovative technology for other less expensive waste streams that would otherwise have been passed over.The search for improved PCB detoxification technology continues as disposal capacity continues to shrink and PCB–related cleanups approach the remediation stage. This paper looks at the state of PCB detoxification technology, reviewing past and present technology development efforts and relating these technologies to the industry's remedial needs in the coming years.
Minimization of chromium‐contaminated wastewater at a plating facility in the Eastern United States
Authors: Walker J. F. , Wilson J. H. , Brown C. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is conducting a hazardous waste minimization program at an industrial plating facility located in the Eastern United States. A. Detailed investigation of the existing facility was conducted by ORNL which indicated that chromium was the major source of contamination. Several improvements in the operation of the facility were implemented which reduced the quantity of chromium lost from the facility by ∼85%. The remaining chromium–Contaminated wastewater streams will be treated by reverse osmosis (RO) followed by evaporation of the RO concentrate for further volume reduction. This paper discusses (1) the plating shop modifications which resulted in an 85% reduction of the quantity of chromium contamination exiting the plating facility, (2) the results of RO pilot–scale tests, and (3) start up of the full–scale RO/evaporator system the plating facility.
Removal of organics from offshore produced waters using nanofiltration membrane technology
Authors: Dyke Charles A. , Bartels Craig R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe separation of oil and produced water mixtures from oil and gas producing wells has traditionally been accomplished by gravity settlers (e.g., multi‐phase separators, skimmers, and flotation cells). However, current EPA regulations on the organic content of discharged produced water have reached the limits of these separation techniques. The industry is in need of new technologies to treat these waters. One such technology that we have found promissing is organics/water separation by nanofiltration membranes.
Design considerations for soil cleanup by soil vapor extraction
Authors: Ball Raymond , Wolf Steve 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe development and application of innovative technologies for soil remediation is rapidly evolving. Soil vapor extraction has been identified as one of the most attractive technologies for remediating volatile organic compounds in unsaturated zone (above the groundwater table) soil, because it is effective and economical. However, the design basis for applying this technology is not well documented. This paper presents a state‐of‐the‐art approach for design and implementation of a soil vapor extraction system to remediate soil at a federal site in the Midwest contaminated with tetrachloroethylene.
The effect of oxidants on UV destruction of chlorophenols
Authors: Ku Young , Ho Shu‐Chu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUltraviolet treatment is used for the destruction of refractory wastewater components. This paper addressed its application on the destruction of nonbiodegradable chlorophenols with the presence of different oxidants. The experiments were carried out in a batch photoreactor under various pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) time, and oxidant types and concentrations. Experimental result indicates that the dissolved oxygen levels has little effect on the destruction of chlorophenols by UV irradiation. The presence of some oxidants (e.g., H2O2) significantly increases the destruction efficiencies of chlorophenols by UV treatment. The reaction kinetics are studied and discussed. Proper reactor design is essential to the successful application of UV/oxidant treatment.
The incineration system “Thermal siphon” effect
Authors: Kroll Peter J. , Chang Robert C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn anomalous phenomenon known as the “thermal siphon” effect has been observed in four operational incinerators with vertical secondary combustion chambers (SCCs). The kiln and air pollution control (APC) system pressures in all four cases have, under certain conditons, been observed to be negative while the pressure at the top of the SCC is positive. This paper will focus on an explanation of this unusual fluid flow phenomenon.
RBC nitrification of high ammonia leachates
Authors: Opatken Edward J. , Bond James J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA study was conducted on treating a simulated leachate that contained high concentrations of ammonia‐nitrogen ranging between 20 and 1000 mg/L. A pilot sized rotating biological contractor (RBC) was used to treat a surrogate leachate composed of primary effluent that was adjusted with glucose and ammonium chloride to achieve various concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ammonia‐nitrogen. Experiments were conducted to determine:

The rate of ammonia conversion
The drop in pH at high ammonia concentrations
The effect of low pH on ammonia conversion
The effect of high ammonia levels (1000 mg/L) on ammonia conversion
The effect of temperature on the reaction rate constant The results from these experiments and the applicability of a RBC to treat leachates containing high concentrations of ammonia‐nitrogen are reported.
MIN‐CYANIDE: An expert system for cyanide waste minimization in electroplating plants
Authors: Huang Y. L. , Sundar G. , Fan L. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRapid development of technologies and production systems is often accompanied by the increased generation of hazardous or toxic wastes. Among these wastes, waste solutions containing cyanide cause a particularly serious problem, threatening both public health and environment. It appears that the best way to minimize the cyanide‐containing wastes is to reduce their production in electroplating plants. Numerous techniques have been developed for this purpose, and much experience has been gained by applying such techniques. An expert system, MIN‐CYANIDE, has been constructed to assist engineers and technicians in the source reduction of cyanide‐waste solutions in an electroplating plant by resorting to these techniques and experience, and to train plant operators in the application of the techniques. MIN‐CYANIDE evaluates options, such as dragout minimization, bath‐life extension, rinse‐water reduction, replacement with a non‐cyanide solution, use of an alternative plating technique, and improvement of the operating procedure; furthermore, it identifies the most effective among them. The knowledge about the cyanide source reduction is acquired from available publications, represented by numerous fuzzy or non‐fuzzy heuristic rules, and codified into a commercial export system shell, Personal Consultant Plus, on an IBM PC/AT compatible computer. MIN‐CYANIDE provides a userfriendly interface; in operating it, the user answers various questions concerning the operational situations of the production and/or current equipment and techniques in the plant. In response, MIN‐CYANIDE will present instantaneously a series of options for cyanide minimization and eventually rank them.
Field verification of predictive modeling of organic compound removal by biological wastewater treatment processes
Authors: Barton Douglas A. , McKeown James J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a field study conducted to examine the accuracy achieved when modeling the removal of organic compounds by biological wastewater treatment processes. Special emphasis is placed on determining the specific removal pathway, accuracy for three compounds, believed to the removed primarily by only one pathway. Off‐gas chloroform measurements made through use of a surface isolation flux chamber were modeled to within two percent, as were measurements reflecting the biodegradative removal of methanol. Varying degrees of accuracy were obtained for the chlorophenolic compounds examined.
Competivive sorption of benzene, toluene and the xylenes onto soil
Authors: Stuart B. J. , Bowlen G. F. , Kosson D. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractKnowledge of contaminant soil‐groundwater partitioning is of crucial importance in determining contaminant transport. The majority of studis to date examine only single contaminant partitioning. Studies presented in this paper investigated single contaminant and multiple, competitive contaminant partitioning of benzene, toluene, and xylenes with a sandy loam soil. Batch serum bottle and flow soil column studies were utilized. Significant competitive effects were observed.
Biological process design and pilot testing for a carbon oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification system
Authors: Givens Silas W. , Brown Eric V. , Gelman Steven R. , Grady C. P. Leslie , Skedsvold Daniel A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn response to a new NPDES permit incorporating Organic Chemical, Plastic, and Synthetic Fiber (OCPSF) effluent limits for BOD (carbonaceous and nitrogenous), TSS, and priority pollutants, a treatability study was conducted to establish design criteria for a new process wastewater treatment plant for DSM Chemicals North America, Inc. The permit also requires partial removal of total nitrogen. Based on the discharge criteria, a two‐stage biological process configuration was selected. The configuration consisted of an anoxic followed by an aerobic reactor with mixed liquor recirculation. To establish design criteria, a two‐phase study was conducted. The first phase involved determining wastewater characteristics and kinetic and stoichiometric coefficients. These values were used as input to “Simulation of Single‐Sludge Processes” (SSSP), a computer model that was used to evaluate potential process configurations. In the second phase, a pilot‐scale system was operated to verify performance. With a volume distribution of 40 percent anoxic and 60 percent aerobic and a recirculation ratio of 2, BOD, COD, and total nitrogen removal efficiencies of 99, 88, and 80 percent were obtained, respectively. Approximately 84 percent of the biodegradable COD was removed through denitrification.
Bioreactor design effects on biodegradation capabilities of VOCs in wastewater
Authors: Hill G. A. , Tomusiak M. E. , Quail B. , Van Cleave K. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVolatile organic chemicals are a wastewater pollution problem that can be handled by ultrafiltration, stripping, or biodegradation. Ultrafiltration and stripping transfer the dissolved organics to another phase which should then be further treated to finally destroy or utilize the organic chemicals. Biodegradation, on the other hand, converts the water soluble molecules to bio‐molecules which can then be separated or directly discharged. Biodegradation of aromatic chemicals requires air and tests have conclusively shown that traditional biodegradation designs result in VOC stripping losses to the air stream rather than biodegradation.Computer models and experimental data are presented comparing batch (plug flow), CSTR and packed bed bioreactor designs for their abilities to degrade VOC chemicals. Batch or plug flow reactors are shown to be a very poor method for biodegradation. CSTRs work well but require a large process residence time.A new packed bed column bioractor will be shown to provide much faster biodegradation and still minimize air stripping losses. Mass transfer and fluid mechanic parameters have been measured with and without biomass and compared to traditional chemical engineering correlations. The packed column minimizes the demand for air flow while increasing the throughput rate of wastewater as compared to a CSTR design. The efficiency of VOC biodegradation will be seen to be greatly improved.