bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics and Structure of Mesoscale Error Covariance of a Winter Cyclone Estimated through Short-Range Ensemble Forecasts
Authors: Zhang Fuqing 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Several sets of short-range mesoscale ensemble forecasts generated with different types of initial perturbations are used in this study to investigate the dynamics and structure of mesoscale error covariance in an intensive extratropical cyclogenesis event that occurred on 24–25 January 2000. Consistent with past predictability studies of this event, it is demonstrated that the characteristics and structure of the error growth are determined by the underlying balanced dynamics and the attendant moist convection. The initially uncorrelated errors can grow from small-scale, largely unbalanced perturbations to large-scale, quasi-balanced structured disturbances within 12–24 h. Maximum error growth occurred in the vicinity of upper-level and surface zones with the strongest potential vorticity (PV) gradient over the area of active moist convection. The structure of mesoscale error covariance estimated from these short-term ensemble forecasts is subsequently flow dependent and highly anisotropic, which is also ultimately determined by the underlying governing dynamics and associated error growth. Significant spatial and cross covariance (correlation) exists between different state variables with a horizontal distance as large as 1000 km and across all vertical layers. Qualitatively similar error covariance structure is estimated from different ensemble forecasts initialized with different perturbations.
High-Resolution Simulations and Microphysical Validation of an Orographic Precipitation Event over the Wasatch Mountains during IPEX IOP3
Authors: Colle Brian A. , Wolfe Justin B. , Steenburgh W. James , Kingsmill David E. , Cox Justin A. W. , Shafer Jason C. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This paper investigates the kinematic flow and precipitation evolution of a winter storm over and upstream of the Wasatch Mountains [Intermountain Precipitation Experiment third intensive observing period (IPEX IOP3)] using a multiply nested version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)––National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). Validation using in situ aircraft data, radiosondes, ground-based radar, and surface observations showed that the MM5, which featured four domains with 36-, 12-, 4-, and 1.33-km grid spacing, realistically simulated the observed partial blocking of the 8–12 m s−1 ambient southwesterly flow and development of a convergence zone and enhanced lowland precipitation region upwind of the initial Wasatch slope. The MM5 also properly simulated the advance of this convergence zone toward the base of the Wasatch during the passage of a midlevel trough, despite not fully capturing the westerly wind shift accompanying the trough.
Accurate simulation of the observed precipitation over the central Wasatch Mountains (within 25% of observed at all stations) required a horizontal grid spacing of 1.33 km. Despite close agreement with the observed surface precipitation, the Reisner2 bulk microphysical scheme produced too much supercooled cloud water and too little snow aloft. A model microphysical budget revealed that the Reisner2 generated over half of the surface precipitation through riming and accretion, rather than snow deposition and aggregation as implied by the observations. Using an intercept for the snow size distribution that allows for greater snow concentrations aloft improved the snow predictions and reduced the cloud water overprediction.
Sensitivity studies illustrate that the reduced surface drag of the Great Salt Lake (GSL) enhanced the convergence zone and associated lowland precipitation enhancement upstream of the Wasatch Mountains. The presence of mountain ranges south of the Great Salt Lake appears to have weakened the along-barrier flow and windward convergence, resulting in a slight decrease in windward precipitation enhancement. Diabatic cooling from falling precipitation was also important for maintaining the blocked flow.
A Climatology of Snow-to-Liquid Ratio for the Contiguous United States
Authors: Baxter Martin A. , Graves Charles E. , Moore James T. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A 30-yr climatology of the snow-to-liquid-equivalent ratio (SLR) using the National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Summary of the Day (COOP) data is presented. Descriptive statistics are presented for 96 NWS county warning areas (CWAs), along with a discussion of selected histograms of interest. The results of the climatology indicate that a mean SLR value of 13 appears more appropriate for much of the country rather than the often-assumed value of 10, although considerable spatial variation in the mean exists. The distribution for the entire dataset exhibits positive skewness. Histograms for individual CWAs are both positively and negatively skewed, depending upon the variability of the in-cloud, subcloud, and ground conditions.
The Joint Polarization Experiment: Polarimetric Radar in Forecasting and Warning Decision Making
Authors: Scharfenberg Kevin A. , Miller Daniel J. , Schuur Terry J. , Schlatter Paul T. , Giangrande Scott E. , Melnikov Valery M. , Burgess Donald W. , Andra David L. , Foster Michael P. , Krause John M. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
To test the utility and added value of polarimetric radar products in an operational environment, data from the Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN), polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) were delivered to the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office (WFO) in Norman as part of the Joint Polarization Experiment (JPOLE). KOUN polarimetric base data and algorithms were used at the WFO during the decision-making and forecasting processes for severe convection, flash floods, and winter storms. The delivery included conventional WSR-88D radar products, base polarimetric radar variables, a polarimetric hydrometeor classification algorithm, and experimental polarimetric quantitative precipitation estimation algorithms. The JPOLE data collection, delivery, and operational demonstration are described, with examples of several forecast and warning decision-making successes. Polarimetric data aided WFO forecasters during several periods of heavy rain, numerous large-hail-producing thunderstorms, tornadic and nontornadic supercell thunderstorms, and a major winter storm. Upcoming opportunities and challenges associated with the emergence of polarimetric radar data in the operational community are also described.
Out-of-home food outlets and area deprivation: case study in Glasgow, UK
Authors: Macintyre Sally , McKay Laura , Cummins Steven , Burns Cate 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
There is a popular belief that out-of-home eating outlets, which typically serve energy dense food, may be more commonly found in more deprived areas and that this may contribute to higher rates of obesity and related diseases in such areas.

Methods
We obtained a list of all 1301 out-of-home eating outlets in Glasgow, UK, in 2003 and mapped these at unit postcode level. We categorised them into quintiles of area deprivation using the 2004 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation and computed mean density of types of outlet (restaurants, fast food restaurants, cafes and takeaways), and all types combined, per 1000 population. We also estimated odds ratios for the presence of any outlets in small areas within the quintiles.

Results
The density of outlets, and the likelihood of having any outlets, was highest in the second most affluent quintile (Q2) and lowest in the second most deprived quintile (Q4). Mean outlets per 1,000 were 4.02 in Q2, 1.20 in Q4 and 2.03 in Q5. With Q2 as the reference, Odds Ratios for having any outlets were 0.52 (CI 0.32–0.84) in Q1, 0.50 (CI 0.31 – 0.80) in Q4 and 0.61 (CI 0.38 – 0.98) in Q5. Outlets were located in the City Centre, West End, and along arterial roads.

Conclusion
In Glasgow those living in poorer areas are not more likely to be exposed to out-of-home eating outlets in their neighbourhoods. Health improvement policies need to be based on empirical evidence about the location of fast food outlets in specific national and local contexts, rather than on popular 'factoids'.
Fas receptor signaling is requisite for B cell differentiation
Authors: Pasqualetto Valérie , Vasseur Florence , Zavala Flora , Schneider Elke , Ezine Sophie 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway has been largely implicated in the homeostasis of mature cells. However, it is still unclear whether it plays a role at the progenitor level. To address this issue, we created chimeric mice by transferring C57BL/6 bone marrow (BM) cells of the lpr (Fas−FasL+) or gld (Fas+FasL−) genotype into Rag-2−/− hosts of the same genetic background. In this model, the consequences of a deficient Fas/FasL pathway on lymphoid differentiation could be evaluated without endogenous competition. Analysis of the chimerism revealed a differential sensitivity of hematopoietic lineages to the lack of Fas receptor signaling. While donor-derived myelo-monocytic cells were similarly distributed in all chimeric mice, mature B cells were deleted in the BM and the spleen of lpr chimera, leading to the absence of the marginal zone (MZ) as detected by immunohistology. In contrast, B cell hematopoiesis was complete in gld chimera but MZ macrophages undetectable. These defects suggest a direct and determinant dual role of FasL regulation in negative selection of B cells and in maintenance of the MZ.
Involvement of neutrophil recruitment and protease-activated receptor 2 activation in the induction of IL-18 in mice
Authors: Ikawa Keiji , Nishioka Takashi , Yu Zhiqian , Sugawara Yumiko , Kawagoe Junichi , Takizawa Toshiaki , Primo Valeria , Nikolic Boris , Kuroishi Toshinobu , Sasano Takashi , Shimauchi Hidetoshi , Takada Haruhiko , Endo Yasuo , Sugawara Shunji 
Published: October 2005

AbstractActivated neutrophils produce serine proteases, which activate cells through protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). As proteinase 3 (PR3) induces the secretion of interleukin (IL)-18 from epithelial cells in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro, we examined whether neutrophils, serine proteases, and PAR2 are involved in the induction of serum IL-18 and IL-18-dependent liver injury in mice treated with heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes and LPS. LPS-induced serum IL-18 levels in P. acnes-primed mice were reduced significantly by anti-Gr-1 injection (depletion of neutrophils and macrophages) but not by a macrophage “suicide” technique, using liposomes encapsulating clodronate. The IL-18 induction was decreased significantly by coadministration of a serine protease inhibitor [Nafamostat mesilate (FUT-175)] with LPS. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α and liver enzymes induced by P. acnes and LPS were abolished by anti-Gr-1 treatment, and concomitantly, liver injury (necrotic change and granuloma formation) and Gr-1+ cell infiltration into the liver were prevented by the treatment. A deficiency of PAR2 in mice significantly impaired IL-18 induction by treatment with P. acnes and LPS, and only slight pathological changes in hepatic tissues occurred in the PAR2-deficient mice treated with P. acnes and LPS. Furthermore, coadministration of exogenous murine PR3 or a synthetic PAR2 agonist (ASKH95) with LPS in the anti-Gr-1-treated mice restored the serum IL-18 levels to those in control mice treated with P. acnes and LPS. These results indicate that neutrophil recruitment and PAR2 activation by neutrophil serine proteases are critically involved in the induction of IL-18 and IL-18-dependent liver injury in vivo.
Interferon-activated neutrophils store a TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo-2 ligand) intracellular pool that is readily mobilizable following exposure to proinflammatory mediators
Authors: Cassatella Marco A , Huber Veronica , Calzetti Federica , Margotto Daniela , Tamassia Nicola , Peri Giuseppe , Mantovani Alberto , Rivoltini Licia , Tecchio Cristina 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Neutrophils are versatile cells, which play a role, not only in inflammatory processes but also in immune and antitumoral responses. Recently, we have reported that interferon (IFN)-activated neutrophils are able to release biologically active tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/APO2 ligand), a molecule exerting selective, apoptotic activities toward tumor and virus-infected cells, as well as immunoregulatory functions on activated T lymphocytes. Herein, we show that only a minor fraction of the total TRAIL, newly synthesized by IFN-activated neutrophils within 24 h, is released outside, the rest being retained intracellularly, mainly in secretory vesicles and light membrane fractions. We demonstrate that the intracellular pool of TRAIL present in IFN-pretreated neutrophils is rapidly mobilizable to the cell surface and can be secreted following exposure to proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, lipopolysaccharide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, CXC chemokine ligand 8/interleukin-8, insoluble immunocomplexes, and heat shock protein Gp96. These various proinflammatory agonists functioned as effective secretagogue molecules only, in that they failed to augment TRAIL mRNA expression or TRAIL de novo synthesis in freshly isolated neutrophils or cultured with or without IFN. In addition, supernatants from IFN-treated neutrophils stimulated with proinflammatory mediators induced the apoptosis of target cells more effectively than supernatants from neutrophils activated with IFNs alone. Collectively, our results uncover a novel mechanism, whereby the release of soluble TRAIL by neutrophils can be greatly amplified and further reinforce the notion that neutrophils are important cells in tumor surveillance and immunomodulation.
Mind the gap: service transition and interface problems for patients with eating disorders
Authors: Treasure Janet , Schmidt Ulrike , Hugo Pippa 
Published: October 2005

SummaryRecent reports and guidelines that have an impact on the management of people with eating disorders are summarised. The core competencies of every psychiatrist should include: the ability to assess acute risk (including a medical evaluation) and long-term prognosis, and to know what treatments effectively address these needs.
Prognostic Significance of Tumor Regression After Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Rödel Claus , Martus Peter , Papadoupolos Thomas , Füzesi Laszlo , Klimpfinger Martin , Fietkau Rainer , Liersch Torsten , Hohenberger Werner , Raab Rudolf , Sauer Rolf , Wittekind Christian 
Published: October 2005

Purpose We assessed the impact of tumor regression grading (TRG) and its value in correlation to established prognostic factors in a cohort of rectal carcinoma patients treated by preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Patients and Methods TRG was evaluated on surgical specimens of 385 patients treated within the preoperative CRT arm of the CAO/ARO/AIO-94 trial: 50.4 Gy was delivered, fluorouracil was given in the first and fifth week, and surgery was performed 6 weeks thereafter. TRG was determined by the amount of viable tumor versus fibrosis, ranging from TRG 4 when no viable tumor cells were detected, to TRG 0 when fibrosis was completely absent. TRG 3 was defined as regression more than 50% with fibrosis outgrowing the tumor mass, TRG 2 was defined as regression less than 50%, and TRG 1 was defined basically as a morphologically unaltered tumor mass. We performed an initially unplanned, hypothesis-generating analysis with respect to the prognostic value of this TRG system. Results TRG 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 was found in 10.4%, 52.2%, 13.8%, 15.3%, and 8.3% of the resected specimens, respectively. Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) after CRT and curative resection was 86% for TRG 4, 75% for grouped TRG 2 + 3, and 63% for grouped TRG 0 + 1 (P = .006). On multivariate analysis, the pathologic T category and the nodal status after CRT were the most important independent prognostic factors for DFS. Conclusion In this exploratory analysis, complete (TRG 4) and intermediate pathologic response (TRG 2 + 3) suggested improved DFS after preoperative CRT. TRG assessment should be implemented in pathologic evaluation and prospectively validated in further studies.
Retinoid cycles in the cone-dominated chicken retina
Authors: Trevino Simon G. , Villazana-Espinoza Elia T. , Muniz Albert , Tsin Andrew T. C. 
Published: October 2005

SUMMARYIn past decades, the role of retinoids in support of rod photopigment regeneration has been extensively characterized. In the rhodopsin cycle,retinal chromophore from bleached rod pigments is reduced to retinol and transferred to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to store as all-trans retinyl ester. This ester pool is subsequently utilized for visual pigment regeneration. However, there is a lack of information on the putative cone visual cycle. In the present study, we provide experimental evidence in support of a novel retinoid cycle for cone photopigment regeneration. In the cone-rich chicken, light exposure resulted in the accumulation of 11-cis retinyl esters to the retina and all-trans retinyl esters to the RPE. Both the rate of increase and the amount of 11-cis retinyl esters in the retina far exceeded those of the all-trans retinyl esters in the RPE. In response to dark adaptation, this 11-cis retinyl ester pool in the retina depletes at a rate several times faster than the all-trans retinyl ester pool in the RPE. In vitro, isolated, dark-adapted retinas devoid of RPE show both an accumulation of 11-cis retinyl ester and a concomitant reduction of 11-cis retinal chromophore in response to light exposure. Finally, we provide experimental results to elucidate a cone visual cycle in chicken by relating the change in retinoids (retinal and retinyl ester) with time during light and dark adaptation. Our results support a new paradigm for cone photopigment regeneration in which the 11-cisretinyl ester pool in the retina serves as the primary source of visual chromophore for cone pigment regeneration.
Fluid Composition Impacts Standardized Testing Protocols in Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Knee Wear Testing
Authors: Schwenke T , Kaddick C , Schneider E , Wimmer M A 
Published: October 2005

Wear of total knee replacements is determined gravimetrically in simulator studies. A mix of bovine serum, distilled water, and additives is intended to replicate the lubrication conditions in vivo. Weight gain due to fluid absorption during testing is corrected using a load soak station. In this study, three sets of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene tibial plateau were tested against highly polished titanium condyles. Test 1 was performed in two different institutions on the same simulator according to the standard ISO 14243-1, using two testing lubricants. Test 2 and test 3 repeated both previous test sections. The wear and load soak rates changed significantly with the lubricant. The wear rate decreased from 16.9 to 7.9 mg weight loss per million cycles when switching from fluid A to fluid B. The weight gain of the load soak specimen submersed in fluid A was 6.1 mg after 5 × 106 cycles, compared with 31.6 mg for the implant in fluid B after the same time period. Both lubricants were mixed in accordance with ISO 14243 ( Implants for surgery - wear of total knee-joint prostheses), suggesting that calf serum should be diluted to 25 ± 2 per cent with deionized water and a protein mass concentration of not less than 17 g/1. The main differences were the type and amount of additives that chemically stabilize the lubricant throughout the test. The results suggest that wear rates can only be compared if exactly the same testing conditions are applied. An agreement on detailed lubricant specifications is desirable.
Platinum and Palladium Complexes with Metal–Silicon Bonds. New Bonding, Structures, and Chemical Properties
Authors: Osakada Kohtaro , Tanabe Makoto 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Studies on the Pt and Pd complexes with Si-containing ligands by the authors are reviewed. trans-[Pt(SiHPh2)2(PMe3)2], the first Pt(II) complex with two silyl ligands at trans positions, is equilibrated with the thermodynamically more stable cis isomer in solution. The reaction of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (Z–C≡C–Z, Z=COOMe) with [Pt(SiHPh2)2(PMe3)2] produces 3-sila-1-propenylplatinum complex, cis-[Pt(CZ=CZSiHPh2)(SiHPh2)(PMe3)2], and 4-sila-3-platinacyclobutene, , depending on the reaction conditions. The former product is turned into the latter, accompanied by elimination of H2SiPh2. The spectroscopic data of cis-[Pt(CZ=CZSiHPh2)(SiHPh2)(PMe3)2] as well as the crystallographic structure of the 3-sila-1-propenylplatinum with a chelating bisphosphine, [Pt(CZ=CZSiHPh2)(SiHPh2)(dmpe)] (dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane), indicate intramolecular interaction of the γ-Si–H hydrogen of the ligand with the Pt center. The 4-sila-3-platinacyclobutene reacts with mono-substituted alkynes to produce various 5-sila-2-platina-1,4-cyclohexadienes via insertion of the C≡C bond into the Pt–Si bond of the four-membered ring. [Pt(SiHPh2)2(PMe3)2] reacts with nitriles to cause double addition of the Si–H bonds to the C≡N triple bond, yielding (R = Me and Ph). The reactions of H2SiPh2 and H2SiPhMe with [PdEt2(PMe3)2] afford dinuclear Pd complexes with bridging silyl ligands, [{Pd(PMe3)}{Pd(PMe3)n}(μ-HSiPhR)2] (R = Me and Ph; n = 1 and 2). Pd–Pt heterobimetallic complexes with bridging diphenylsilyl ligands, [{Pd(PR3)}{Pt(PR3)n}(μ-HSiPh2)2] (R = Et and Cy (cyclohexyl); n = 1 and 2), are obtained from the reactions of bis(silyl)platinum(II) complexes with palladium(0)–phosphine complexes. The heterobimetallic complex with PEt3 ligands reacts with t-butyl isocyanide to afford a new disilaplatinacyclopentane, . Heating of [Pt(SiHPh2)2(PMe3)2] at 80 °C in solution produces a trinuclear Pt complex with bridging diphenylsilylene ligands, [{Pt(PMe3)}3(μ-SiPh2)3], which was characterized by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations.
Discrimination of Copper(II) Ions and Humate Complexes by Successive Desorption from Thiacalix[4]arenetetrasulfonate-Loaded Sephadex A-25
Authors: Matsumiya Hiroaki , Hiraide Masataka 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A facile method for the analytical fractionation of copper humates and free copper(II) species is described. A chelating agent, thiacalix[4]arenetetrasulfonate (TCAS, 20 μmol), was electrostatically immobilized onto a strongly basic anion-exchanger, QAE-Sephadex A-25 (50 mg). The resulting TCAS-loaded Sephadex A-25 was packed into a column (6 mm i.d. × 7 mm high) and a water sample (10–50 cm3) was passed through the column to collect both copper humates and free copper(II) species. A 1.0-cm3 volume of 0.01 mol dm−3 nitric acid was passed through the column to selectively desorb the copper complexed with humic substances. Subsequently, 1.0 cm3 of 1 mol dm−3 nitric acid was passed through the same column to desorb the remaining copper, the fraction of free copper(II) species. The proposed two-step desorption method was successfully applied to the speciation analysis of copper in natural water samples by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.