bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New oxadiazole derivatives as promising electron transport materials: synthesis and characterization of thermal, optical and electrochemical properties
Authors: Liu Chengbin , Zhao Ping , Huang Wei 
Published: October 2006

Abstract2,5-bis-(4-biphenyl)-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (1a), 2,5-bis-(4-(6,8-difluoro)-biphenyl)-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (1b) and 2,5-bis-(4-(spiro-fluorenyl)-phenyl)-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (1c) were designed, synthesized and characterized. 1a–c were easily obtained from Suzuki reactions between 2,5-bis-(4-bromo-phynyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazole (2) and aromatic boronic acids (3). They were characterized by 1H-NMR, DSC, TGA, UV-Vis, photoluminescence (PL) spectrometry and CV. The melting temperatures (T
m) of 1a–c are 237, 208 and 370 °C, respectively, much higher than that of 2-tert-butylphenyl-5-biphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD, T
m = 136 °C). The oxidation potentials of 1a–c are 1.86, 1.94 and 1.18 V, and their reduction potentials are −2.31, −2.22 and −2.27 V, respectively, indicating that the introduction of electronegative oxadiazole unit lowers the electron density in molecules and enhances their stabilities. The LUMO/HOMO energy levels of 1a–c are as low as −2.39/−6.56, −2.48/−6.69 and −2.43/−5.88 eV, respectively. The good thermal stabilities and low orbital levels of 1a–c make them promising electron-transporting or hole-blocking materials for organic optoelectronic devices.
Back to Buckeye: Clarifying an arbitrator's jurisdiction
Authors: McLaughlin Joseph T. , Scanlon Kathleen M. , Clare James 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLooking back to this year's sole ADR‐related U.S. Supreme Court decision, Joseph T. McLaughlin, Kathleen M. Scanlon and James Clare, of New York, revisit Buckeye Check Cashing Inc. v. Cardegna, and explain why it reaches further in supporting an arbitrator's jurisdiction than it initially appeared
Proteinglycosylierung, konserviert von der Bäckerhefe bis zum Menschen: Ein Modellorganismus hilft bei der Aufklärung menschlicher Erbkrankheiten
Authors: Lehle Ludwig , Strahl Sabine , Tanner Widmar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProteinmodifikationen durch Saccharide sind in großer Zahl bekannt. Der vorliegende Aufsatz konzentriert sich auf zwei Typen von Modifikationen, die Protein‐N‐Glycosylierung und die Protein‐O‐Mannosylierung, die mit wenigen Ausnahmen von Hefe bis Mensch im Laufe der Evolution konserviert geblieben sind. Sie sind dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Glycosylierungsprozesse im endoplasmatischen Reticulum der Zellen beginnen und im Golgi‐Apparat fortgesetzt werden und dass die Anfangsschritte über dolicholaktivierte Vorstufen verlaufen. In der gentechnisch einfach handhabbaren Bäckerhefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae sind die beiden Prozesse molekularbiologisch am besten untersucht worden. Dies ist der Hauptgrund dafür, dass zahlreiche genetisch bedingte, schwerwiegende Entwicklungsstörungen bei Kindern, wie das CDG (Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation) und die kongenitalen Muskeldystrophien mit neuronalen Migrationsdefekten, mithilfe der Hefe aufgeklärt werden konnten.
Performance‐related differences of bibliometric statistical properties of research groups: Cumulative advantages and hierarchically layered networks
Authors: Raan Anthony F. J. van 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this article we distinguish between top‐performance and lower‐performance groups in the analysis of statistical properties of bibliometric characteristics of two large sets of research groups. We find intriguing differences between top‐performance and lower‐performance groups, and between the two sets of research groups. These latter differences may indicate the influence of research management strategies. We report the following two main observations: First, lower‐performance groups have a larger size‐dependent cumulative advantage for receiving citations than top‐performance groups. Second, regardless of performance, larger groups have fewer not‐cited publications. Particularly for the lower‐performance groups, the fraction of not‐cited publications decreases considerably with size. We introduce a simple model in which processes at the microlevel lead to the observed phenomena at the macrolevel. Next, we fit our findings into the novel concept of hierarchically layered networks. In this concept, which provides the “infrastructure” for the model, a network of research groups constitutes a layer of one hierarchical step higher than the basic network of publications connected by citations. The cumulative size advantage of citations received by a group resembles preferential attachment in the basic network in which highly connected nodes (publications) increase their connectivity faster than less connected nodes. But in our study it is size that causes an advantage. In general, the larger a group (node in the research group network), the more incoming links this group acquires in a nonlinear, cumulative way. Nevertheless, top‐performance groups are about an order of magnitude more efficient in creating linkages (i.e., receiving citations) than lower‐performance groups. This implies that together with the size‐dependent mechanism, preferential attachment, a quite common characteristic of complex networks, also works. Finally, in the framework of this study on performance‐related differences of bibliometric properties of research groups, we also find that top‐performance groups are, on average, more successful in the entire range of journal impact.
The Mg‐Oppenauer Oxidation as a Mild Method for the Synthesis of Aryl and Metallocenyl Ketones
Authors: Kloetzing Ralf J. , Krasovskiy Arkady , Knochel Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMagnesium alkoxides undergo a hydride‐transfer oxidation with benzaldehyde as the oxidant. This magnesium variant of the Oppenauer oxidation was used for the synthesis of polyfunctional biaryl ketones. LiCl was found to promote this reaction by enhancing the solubility of magnesium alkoxides. This mild oxidation method was especially useful for preparing ketones bearing a metallocenyl unit as well as various new ferrocenyl ketones and tricarbonylchromium complexes. This last class of ketones was reduced with the CBS catalyst (CBS=Corey–Bakshi–Shibata, diphenyl oxazaborolidine) to chiral benzhydrol complexes with high enantioselectivity enabling an asymmetric synthesis of electron‐rich or ‐poor benzhydryl alcohols (up to 94 % ee).
Transitory uptake of serotonin in the developing sensory pathways of the common marmoset
Authors: Lebrand C. , Gaspar P. , Nicolas D. , Hornung J.P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSerotonin (5‐HT) affects brain development during sensitive developmental periods. In rodents, transient sites of high affinity capture of 5‐HT were demonstrated in the primary sensory neurons and in the sensory thalamocortical afferents. This uptake is required to adjust 5‐HT receptor stimulation during the formation of sensory maps. To determine whether similar mechanisms exist in primates, we analyzed staged embryos and postnatal pups in the common marmoset (total gestation time, 142 days). Immunocytochemical analyses were performed using antisera to 5‐HT, to the serotonin transporter (SERT), and to the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2). 5‐HT, SERT, and VMAT2 labeled the raphe neurons and their terminal network from embryonic day (E)70 to adulthood. In addition, from E70–130 VMAT2 and SERT were observed in all the sensory cranial nerves, the olfactory nerve, the gustatory, the trigeminal, the auditory fibers, in the retinal ganglion cells, and the optic tract up to the lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus. All the spinal sensory ganglia and their peripheral sensory branches were labeled. Accumulation of 5‐HT was observed in all the sensory neurons expressing SERT and the corresponding axon tracts. Since these neurons were missing tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the synthesizing enzyme for 5‐HT, they most likely accumulated 5‐HT through the action of the amine transporters, as has been shown in rodents. No transient expression of 5‐HT markers was detectable in the sensory thalamocortical axons at any of the ages examined. Thus, the existence of 5‐HT uptake in nonserotoninergic neurons appears to be a conserved feature in primates, although the topographic extent of this transient expression is more restricted than that previously demonstrated in rodents. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:677–689, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cautions on the overgeneralized application of the NICE and CREST recommendations for the treatment of PTSD in the UK: a reflection from practice in Belfast, Northern Ireland
Authors: Dorahy Martin J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe task of this paper is to present a message of caution regarding the overgeneralized reliance on the NICE (2005) and CREST (2003) recommendations for the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults in the United Kingdom. The socio‐political and ethnocultural context of Northern Ireland is used as a foundation to explore the generalizibility of guideline recommendations. It is argued that clinicians should be mindful of the degree to which they generalize from the recommendations of these guidelines to their clinical work because (1) questions regarding the heterogeneity of PTSD raise as yet unaddressed empirical questions about the generalizability of treatments to all PTSD presentations and (2) ethnocultural and socio‐political factors have not yet played a dominant role in randomized outcome studies of treatment efficacy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mes2, a MADF‐containing transcription factor essential for Drosophila development
Authors: Zimmermann Gregor , Furlong Eileen E. , Suyama Kaye , Scott Matthew P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe development of the Drosophila mesoderm is initiated by the basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor twist. We identified a gene encoding a putative transcription factor, mes2, in a screen for essential mesoderm‐expressed genes that function downstream of twist. Mes2 protein belongs to a family of 48 Drosophila proteins containing MADF domains. MADF domains exist in worms, flies, and fish. Mes2 is a nuclear protein first produced in trunk and head mesoderm during late gastrulation. At later embryonic stages, mes2 is expressed in glia of the central and peripheral nervous systems, and in tissues derived from the head mesoderm. We have identified a null mutation of mes2 that leads to developmental arrest in first instar larvae. Increased production of Mes2 in multiple embryonic and larval tissues almost always causes lethality. The ubiquitous or epidermal misexpression of mes2 in the embryo causes a dramatic loss of epidermal integrity resulting in the failure of dorsal closure. Our data show that the precise regulation of mes2 expression is critical for normal development in Drosophila and implicate Mes2 in the regulation of essential target genes. Developmental Dynamics 235:3387–3395, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural stem cells for the treatment of disorders of the enteric nervous system: Strategies and challenges
Authors: Micci Maria‐Adelaide , Pasricha Pankaj Jay 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe main goal of this review is to summarize the status of the research in the field of stem cells transplantation, as it is applicable to the treatment of gastrointestinal motility. This field of research has advanced tremendously in the past 10 years, and recent data produced in our laboratories as well as others is contributing to the excitement on the use of neural stem cells (NSC) as a valuable therapeutic approach for disorders of the enteric nervous system characterized by a loss of critical neuronal subpopulations. There are several sources of NSC, and here we describe therapeutic strategies for NSC transplantation in the gut. These include using NSC as a relatively nonspecific cellular replacement strategy in conditions where large populations of neurons or their subsets are missing or destroyed. As with many other recent “breakthroughs” stem cell therapy may eventually prove to be overrated. However, at the present time, it does appear to provide the hope for a true cure for many currently intractable diseases of both the central and the peripheral nervous system. Certainly more extensive research is needed in this field. We hope that our review will encourage new investigators in entering this field of research ad contribute to our knowledge of the potentials of NSC and other cells for the treatment of gastrointestinal dysmotility. Developmental Dynamics 236:33–43, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ColVa1 and ColXIa1 are required for myocardial morphogenesis and heart valve development
Authors: Lincoln Joy , Florer Jane B. , Deutsch Gail H. , Wenstrup Richard J. , Yutzey Katherine E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGenetic mutations in minor fibrillar collagen types Va1 (ColVa1) and XIa1 (ColXI) have been identified in connective tissue disorders including Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and chondrodysplasias. ColVa1+/− and ColXIa1−/− mutant mice recapitulate these human disorders and show aberrations in collagen fiber organization in connective tissue of the skin, cornea, cartilage, and tendon. In the heart, fibrous networks of collagen fibers form throughout the ventricular myocardium and heart valves, and alterations in collagen fiber homeostasis are apparent in many forms of cardiac disease associated with myocardial dysfunction and valvular insufficiency. There is increasing evidence for cardiac dysfunction in connective tissue disorders, but the mechanisms have not been addressed. ColVa1+/− and ColXIa1−/− mutant mice were used to identify roles for ColVa1 and ColXIa1 in ventricular myocardial morphogenesis and heart valve development. These affected cardiac structures show a compensatory increase in type I collagen deposition, similar to that previously described in valvular and cardiomyopathic disease. Morphological cardiac defects associated with changes in collagen fiber homeostasis identified in ColVa1+/− and ColXIa1−/− mice provide an insight into previously unappreciated forms of cardiac dysfunction associated with connective tissue disorders. Developmental Dynamics 235:3295–3305, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The emerging market crisis and stock market linkages: further evidence
Authors: Yang Jian , Hsiao Cheng , Li Qi , Wang Zijun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study examines the long‐run price relationship and the dynamic price transmission among the USA, Germany, and four major Eastern European emerging stock markets, with particular attention to the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis. The results show that both the long‐run price relationship and the dynamic price transmission were strengthened among these markets after the crisis. The influence of Germany became noticeable on all the Eastern European markets only after the crisis but not before the crisis. We also conduct a rolling generalized VAR analysis to confirm the robustness of the main findings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability, limb coordination and substrate type: the ecorelevance of gait sequence pattern in primates
Authors: Stevens Nancy Jeanne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe coordination of limb movements during mammalian locomotion has been well documented in the literature. Most mammals use lateral sequence (LS) gaits, in which a forelimb follows an ipsilateral hind limb during the stride cycle. Primates, however, tend to utilize diagonal sequence (DS) gaits, whereby a contralateral forelimb follows a given hind limb during the stride cycle. A number of scenarios have been offered to explain why primates favor DS gaits, most of them relating to the use of the arboreal habitat and, in particular, the exploitation of a terminal branch niche. Yet to date, there is surprisingly little evidence to support the advantage of DS gaits for negotiating different aspects of the terminal branch environment. Nonetheless, it is apparent that primates possess unique morphologies and a higher than typically recognized degree of flexibility in gait sequence pattern, both of which likely offer advantages for moving upon discontinuous and unstable terminal branches. This paper reviews potential explanations for the use of DS gaits in primates and considers mechanisms by which gait sequence may be altered during different types of arboreal challenges. J. Exp. Zool. 305A, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Jessen–Wintner type random variables and fractal properties of their distributions
Authors: Albeverio Sergio , Gontcharenko Yana , Pratsiovytyi Mykola , Torbin Grygoriy 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFormulas are given for the Lebesgue measure and the Hausdorff–Besicovitch dimension of the minimal closed set Sξ supporting the distribution of the random variable ξ = $ \sum ^\infty _{k=1} $ 2–k τk, where τk are independent random variables taking the values 0, 1, 2 with probabilities p 0k , p 1k , p 2k , respectively. A classification of the distributions of the r.v. ξ via the metric‐topological properties of Sξ is given. Necessary and sufficient conditions for superfractality and anomalous fractality of Sξ are found. It is also proven that for any real number a 0 ∈ [0, 1] there exists a distribution of the r.v. ξ such that the Hausdorff–Besicovitch dimension of Sξ is equal to a 0. The results are applied to the study of the metric‐topological properties of the convolutions of random variables with independent binary digits, i.e., random variables ξi = $ \sum ^\infty _{k=1} \, 2^{-k} \eta^i_k $, where ηk are independent random variables taking the values 0 and 1. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Infima of universal energy functionals on homotopy classes
Authors: Bechtluft‐Sachs Stefan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe consider the infima $ \hat E $(f) on homotopy classes of energy functionals E defined on smooth maps f: Mn → Vk between compact connected Riemannian manifolds. If M contains a sub‐manifold L of codimension greater than the degree of E then $ \hat E $(f) is determined by the homotopy class of the restriction of f to M \ L. Conversely if the infimum on a homotopy class of a functional of at least conformal degree vanishes then the map is trivial in homology of high degrees. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The relation between CDw (X)‐space and Whyburn unified space
Authors: Ercan Z. , Önal S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe show that a CDw (X)‐space is isometrically Riesz isomorphic to C (W) for some Whyburn unified space W with its concrete description. We apply this to prove a Banach–Stone type theorem. This generalizes one of the main result in [2]. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generalized Hankel operators and the generalized solution operator to $ \bar \partial $ on the Fock space and on the Bergman space of the unit disc
Authors: Knirsch Wolfgang , Schneider Georg 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper we consider Hankel operators $ \tilde H _{{\bar z}^k}$ = (Id – P 1)$ \bar z^k $ from A 2(ℂ, |z |2) to A 2,1(ℂ, |z |2)⊥. Here A 2(ℂ, |z |2) denotes the Fock spaceA 2(ℂ, |z |2) = {f: f is entire and ‖f ‖2 = ∫ℂ |f (z)|2 exp (–|z |2) dλ (z) < ∞}.Furthermore A 2,1(ℂ, |z |2) denotes the closure of the linear span of the monomials {$ \bar z ^l $z n : n, l ∈ ℕ, l ≤ 1} and the corresponding orthogonal projection is denoted by P 1. Note that we call these operators generalized Hankel operators because the projection P 1 is not the usual Bergman projection. In the introduction we give a motivation for replacing the Bergman projection by P 1. The paper analyzes boundedness and compactness of the mentioned operators.On the Fock space we show that $ \tilde H _{{\bar z}^2}$ is bounded, but not compact, and for k ≥ 3 that $ \tilde H _{{\bar z}^k}$ is not bounded. Afterwards we also consider the same situation on the Bergman space of the unit disc. Here a completely different situation appears: we have compactness for all k ≥ 1.Finally we will also consider an analogous situation in the case of several complex variables. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Asymptotic analysis of solutions of a radial Schrödinger equation with oscillating potential
Authors: Bodine Sigrun , Lutz D. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe are interested in the asymptotic behavior of solutions of a Schrödinger‐type equation with oscillating potential which was studied by A. Its. Here we use a different technique, based on Levinson's Fundamental Lemma, to analyze the asymptotic behavior, and our approach leads to a complete asymptotic representation of the solutions. We also discuss formal simplifications for differential equations with what might be called “regular/irregular singular points with periodic coefficients”. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neurosurgical treatment of tremor in mitochondrial encephalopathy
Authors: Kovacs Norbert , Pal Endre , Balas Istvan , Janszky Jozsef , Nagy Ferenc , Merkli Hajnalka 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA 53‐year‐old woman underwent several ischemic stroke‐like episodes and later developed incomplete, bilateral ophthalmoplegia, left vision deterioration, and bilateral tremor. The clinical course, laboratory data, and muscle histology led to a diagnosis of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. No other etiology could be identified in the background of her disabling bilateral postural–kinetic tremor. As this tremor did not respond to pharmacological therapy, left thalamotomy and subsequently right thalamic deep brain stimulator (DBS) implantation were performed, which resulted in an excellent clinical outcome. The Fahn–Tolosa–Marin Tremor Rating Scale improved from 110 to 11 points. This case suggests that the rare tremor caused by mitochondrial encephalopathy may be treated long‐term with either thalamotomy or thalamic DBS implantation. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Real‐time rigid body motion correction and shimming using cloverleaf navigators
Authors: van der Kouwe André J.W. , Benner Thomas , Dale Anders M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSubject motion during scanning can greatly reduce MRI image quality and is a major reason for discarding data in both clinical and research scanning. The quality of the high‐resolution structural data used for morphometric analysis is especially compromised by subject movement because high‐resolution scans are of longer duration. A method is presented that measures and corrects rigid body motion and associated first‐order shim changes in real time, using a pulse sequence with embedded cloverleaf navigators and a feedback control mechanism. The procedure requires a 12‐s preliminary mapping scan. A single‐path, 4.2‐ms cloverleaf navigator is inserted every repetition time (TR) after the readout of a 3D fast low‐angle shot (FLASH) sequence, requiring no additional RF pulses and minimally impacting scan duration. Every TR, a rigid body motion estimate is made and a correction is fed back to adjust the gradients and shim offsets. Images are corrected and reconstructed on the scanner computer for immediate access. Correction for between‐scan motion can be accomplished by using the same reference map for each scan repetition. Human and phantom tests demonstrated a consistent improvement in image quality if motion occurred during the acquisition. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.