bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excavaciones en el Tepalcate, Chimalhuacan, Mexico
Authors: Noguera Eduardo 
Published: April 2006

El Tepalcate, an archaeologic site on a low flat peninsula situated just off the eastern shore of Lake Texcoco and near the town of Chimalhuacan, is the site described by Ola Apenes in the preceding article.The excavations made at the site consisted of fifteen separate pits and trenches by which an attempt was made to find stratified materials and to determine the nature of the circular heaps of stone and the alignments of stone forming large rectangles which are the only architectural features visible on the surface of the site.
The De Luna Expedition and Southeastern Ceremonial
Authors: Waring Antonio J. 
Published: April 2006

James B. Griffin, in his recent paper, “The De Luna Expedition and the Buzzard Cult in the Southeast,“ advances the hypothesis that the ceremonial material characteristic of such mound sites as Etowah, Georgia; Moundville, Alabama; and Spiro, Oklahoma, is the result of proselytizing efforts of escaped Mexican Indian servants ’ imported with the De Luna Expedition (1559–1561). He states that “the De Luna Expedition might well have furnished the impetus that resulted in the adoption in the Southeast of various Mexican art styles and concepts.“This question is of course a basic one in Southeastern archaeology. These Mexicanoid elements are graphic focalizations of a cult which swept over the Southeast from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes and from the Plains to the Atlantic. Taken at face value, this hypothesis of Griffin's is a simple tool for explaining the otherwise puzzling stylistic resemblances between Southeastern ceremonial art and the Mixteca-Pueblo “culture” of Mexico.
Yucatecan Chronological Systems
Authors: Weitzel R. B. 
Published: April 2006

The natives of Yucatan employed successively three different chronological systems that had Maya nomenclature. These systems will be designated in the order of their appearance: the old Maya calendar, distinguished by a long count; the Mexicanized calendar, distinguished by a shift in the month coefficients; and the Europeanized calendar, distinguished by the fixation of 10 Chen on January 1 and of 1 Pop on July 16.The old Maya calendar is a system with an ascending order of units based on twenty, except the tun where eighteen is used. The value of each order is expressed by a coefficient that may range from zero to nineteen, excepting the uinal where the range is from zero to seventeen.
Ecuadorean Figurines and the Ceramic Mold in the New World
Authors: Willey Gordon R. 
Published: April 2006

In an issue of El Palacio, Mr. Edwin N. Ferdon presents an interesting discussion of a group of pottery figurines from the province of Esmeraldas on the coast of Ecuador. Most of these figurines were made entirely, or partially, with the use of the mold, and they are quite representative of the region. In attempting the assign approximate dates to the figurines Ferdon states (p. 225):“Mould-made figurines made their appearance in the Valley of Mexico in Teotihuacan 3 times and in the Peten region of the Mayas in the Tepeu phase of Uaxactun Late 3 period, or about 900 A.D. Assuming that the mould-making technique spread southward from the Maya area, its arrival on the Ecuadorean coast must have been after 900 A.D. and possibly around 1000 or 1100 A.D. With the advent of the mould in Esmeraldas, new figurine types appeared, or else the earlier hand-modeled counterparts have not yet been found.“
Pinto Basin Points in Utah
Authors: Botelho Eugene 
Published: April 2006

A little-known territory is the Four Corners area, where the states of Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado join. There are few roads in this area, and it is inhabited chiefly by Navaho Indians, still living in primitive conditions. It was while I was living in this region — maintaining a small school, a very active clinic, a chapel, and a sort of hostel for travelers passing through on horse or in wagon from trading posts or going from one hogan to another — that certain artifacts came to light.The first points submitted for classification to H. Marie Wormington, of the Denver Museum, included Yuma, Silver Lake, and Pinto Basin types, among others. During the 1951-53 period, a large number of points were sent to Dr. Wormington. Many were points I picked up, but a good percentage came as the result of training Navaho shepherds and certain of my pupils to recognize the Pinto Basin types.
Copper Specimens from Yadkin River in Piedmont, North Carolina
Authors: Rights Douglas L. 
Published: April 2006

In the upper Piedmont region of North Carolina, along the Yadkin River, specimens of copper have been found at three village sites.As illustrated, the largest specimen appears to be a copper breast plate. Five tubular beads are represented. Seven pieces are roughly cone-shaped and could be classified as decorative bangles, although those which are more proportional and smoothly finished could have been used as arrow tips. The two triangular pierced pendants were found at sites forty miles apart. The copper hawk's bell, a trader's piece evidently of English origin, still rings merrily when shaken. A broken half of the same design was found forty miles away at a other site. Two fragments of unfinished copper are illustrated (Fig. 135).
Salvage Archaeology on Highway 66 in Eastern Arizona
Authors: Wasley William W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBetween May 11 and June 10, 1959, the Arizona State Museum conducted salvage excavations along a section of U.S. Highway 66 from the Arizona-New Mexico state line westward through Lupton for about 5.8 miles. Work in 10 sites with heavy equipment and a large crew of Navajo laborers resulted in the excavation of 16 pit houses, 43 surface rooms, 7 kivas (two only partially excavated), 6 trash deposits, 18 burials, and 21 miscellaneous architectural features. These ranged from Basket-maker III to Pueblo III, with no Pueblo I representation, and included an early Basketmaker III village with Mogollon affiliations. It was possible to clarify the definition of the White Mound phase and to demonstrate a specific front-oriented village plan for the Wingate phase. This intensive excavation produced a large quantity of material and data, thus raising the problems of how to accomplish the analysis of them and the publication of the results. This preliminary report is only a partial answer.
Burins from Texas
Authors: Epstein Jeremiah F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBurins have recently been discovered in several Texas sites, in Central Texas, associated with Angostura points and in the Trans-Pecos area, in a Desert Culture context. A few parallels are seen with Alaskan burins. The data indicate that in Texas, burins are part of the paleo-Indian and Archaic complexes. There is also a possibility that they were made as late as the 16th century along the Rio Grande.Burins have been considered a significant trait of many early lithic complexes in northern North America ever since Giddings (1951) discovered them at Cape Denbigh. Within the past year burins have also been recognized in the Archaic and paleo-Indian cultures in the Trans-Pecos and Central parts of Texas.
The Type-Variety Method of Ceramic Classification as an Indicator of Cultural Phenomena
Authors: Gifford James C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis discussion deals with the theoretical reasoning that underlies the type-variety method of ceramic analysis. Not only do pottery "types" and “varieties” embody sets of recognizably distinct attributes and impart particular cultural, areal, and temporal connotations, but they are also meaningful entities of cultural interpretation.1.“Varieties” that have been tested by continued close study and by increases in knowledge concerning their nature and range of variation are close approximations and reliable indicators of original ceramic manifestations due to individual or small social group variation in a society.2.Ceramic "types" represent the combining of a number of attributes into abstract conceptions which, when executed in clay by potters, are acceptable to them and a majority of others within their cultural configuration. Types are summations of individual or small social group variation consistent with boundaries imposed by the interaction of individuals on a societal level and determined by the operative value system present in any society. Pottery types are therefore representative of cultural phenomena.3.Ceramic types are cultural derivatives and can be related one to another through space and time. Relationships of this kind are recognized as “ceramic systems” and “ceramic sequences.”
The Paleo-Eskimo Culture of Northeast Greenland Elucidated by Three New Sites
Authors: Knuth Eigil 
Published: April 2006

Prinsesse Ingeborg Halvø is a low peninsula, situated on lat. 81°35'N., long. 16°35'W. in northernmost east-Greenland. From the west it wedges into the large local icecap Flade Isblink, which forms the easternmost corner of Greenland. The peninsula lies 70 miles southeast of the northernmost region in Greenland, Pearyland, separated from it by a bay, the joint mouth of two big fjords: Danmarks Fjord and Independence Fjord. The latter cuts its way westward from the Greenland Sea as the southern border of Pearyland (Fig. 101).At three places on Prinsesse Ingeborg Halvo (Fig. 102, A, B, C) paleo-Eskimo flint implements were spotted by the author of this article during the summer of 1952. The localities were all situated at a height of 40-50 feet above sea level and at a distance of 370-810 yards from the present coastline. Thus, from a geological point of view they belonged to the same horizon in the system of old raised beach terraces of the peninsula.
Comment on A. C. Spaulding, “Statistical Techniques for the Discovery of Artifact Types”
Authors: Ford James A. 
Published: April 2006

First let me say that I am thoroughly sympathetic to all efforts toward development of more accurate methodology. But the application of statistics and other techniques to our problems, without regard for basic culture theory, cannot be regarded as an advance in technique.For years there have been arguments as to whether cultural types — pottery types to be specific — were pre-existing units in culture history that could be discovered by a good archaeologist and missed by an incompetent one. I have been on the negative side in these debates — which arise, it seems to me, because people are talking about two different things.It is well known that any given culture is a classificatory device which offers its bearers patterned ways of meeting the problems of existence.
An Olmec Design on an Early Peruvian Vessel
Authors: Coe Michael D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough it has been considered possible that certain elements originating in the Olmec culture of Mexico were added to older Peruvian traditions to produce the Chavin civilization, the radiocarbon dates on Olmec and Chavin make them approximately coeval. A black-ware bottle found at Kotosh, in the central Peruvian highlands, bears a design of an ear of maize, a motif of probable Olmec origin. Since this vessel was from a phase immediately preceding the Chavin horizon, it is suggested that the Olmec culture began earlier than did Chavin and, in fact, could have been the progenitor for civilization in the Andean Area.
Thomas Watson's Adaptation of an Epigram by Martial
Authors: Austin Warren B. 
Published: April 2006

The lively Neo-Latin epigram appended to Thomas Watson's Amyntas merits more than passing mention as ‘an interesting set of verses'. It offers an illuminating case of Elizabethan literary criticism in action and one that involves a highly provocative problem in identification.The poem is an imitation of an epigram of Martial. The Roman poet had satirized, in his usual uninhibited fashion, a certain meddlesome moralist who was too busy decrying the vices of other men to put his own house in order. Adapting Martial's format adroitly to his purposes, Watson makes it the vehicle for a sharp attack on a contemporary literary critic who has exasperated him by carping continually at his writings:In invidum quendam, sub Oli nomine, quern taxat Martialis.Epigramma.Antigonen Sophoclis malè vertimus? Ole quid ad te,Quid faciat versu nostra Thalia suo?Peccavi patriis in rithmis? Ole quid ad te?Non tua, quae scripsit, sed mea pluma fuit.Vulnus amatori sanavimus? Ole quid ad te?Est illo solus carmine laesus Amor.Non dignè psalmos transcripsimus? Ole quid ad te?Non tua proptereà, sed mea fama perit.Phyllida tarn ploro iuvenillius? Ole quid ad te?Non tua, quam ploro, sed mea Phyllis erat.Noster hiat versus, vel claudicat? Ole quid ad te?Forsan at exemplis linea nulla caret.
Who Were the Eight Saints?
Authors: Trexler R. C. 
Published: April 2006

The immediate occasion for the hostilities which broke out in 1375 between Florence and the church was the plundering activity of the English mercenary company under John Hawkwood. This ‘santa compagnia’, employed by the church during its struggle with the Visconti, was now without income and consequently moved into Tuscany, plundering and robbing. The costs of ransoming Florentine territory by a series of payments to Hawkwood were met by loans forced partly from the clergy of Florence and Fiesole.To carry out this task of collecting taxes from reluctant citizens and clergy, the government appointed a balia, or commission, of eight men.
The Identity of ‘Zuan Piero’
Authors: Mumford Ivy L. 
Published: April 2006

In a long letter written from London on May 19, 1517, to Alvise Foscari in Venice, Nicolo Sagudino describes a number of incidents showing how Italian musicians were faring at the court of Henry VIII. Among those he mentions were the Venetian organist, Dionisio Memo; and a lutenist, Zuan Piero. Memo had composed a vocal quartet for the king with a Latin title beginning:Memor est verbi tuiServo tuo perpetuoIn quo mihi spem dedisti.He had also brought to the court ‘a lad, so excellent a performer on the lute, that his majesty never wearied of listening to him’. The lad's identity is unknown, but the king's delight at his skill on the lute was the despair of Zuan Piero, who thought of returning to Italy because of it.
The Idea of Progress: Some Elizabethan Considerations
Authors: Strathmann Ernest A. 
Published: April 2006

If we investigate Elizabethan thought on the nature of human progress only in terms of J. B. Bury's strict definition of that idea as “a theory which involves a synthesis of the past and a prophecy of the future,” the results are likely to be no more fruitful than Bury found them. By these terms, a complete grasp of the idea of progress requires “an interpretation of history which regards men as slowly advancing … in a definite and desirable direction, and infers that this progress will continue indefinitely.”Admittedly many Elizabethan concepts were unfavorable to the idea of progress. The Fall of Man accounted not only for original sin but also for intellectual and physical imperfections. It was a common belief, supported by the prophecies of Daniel and other religious teachings, that the end of the world was imminent.
Thomas More's ‘Utopia’ and Protestant Polemics
Authors: Pineas Rainer 
Published: April 2006

The only references by Reformers to More's Utopia listed in R. W. Gibson's St. Thomas More: A Preliminary Bibliography (New Haven, 1961) are two by Tyndale and two by Foxe. Actually Tyndale makes five direct references to Utopia and a large number of indirect references. At least two other Reformers besides the two listed who refer to Utopia are John Frith and William Roy. Each of the direct and indirect references to the Utopia made by Reformers is polemical. The usual point made is that since More has once passed off fiction as truth, he is quite capable of continuing to do so—especially in religious controversy.Tyndale uses More's authorship of the Utopia to attack both More himself and the Catholic Church in general. For instance, he very conveniently dismisses an entire chapter of More's Dialogue by saying that it ‘is as true as his story of Utopia & all his other Poetrie….’ Here the reference serves as shorthand; it saves Tyndale from the necessity of entering into extended argument.
Political Science in Four Presidential Elections
Authors: Devine Donald J. 
Published: April 2006

Political science has its laws, and they can predict what will happen in politics. One such law can predict whether George Bush will be reelected President in 1992.It is true that political science is not politics. This relationship between the two is no different than that between any science and the reality which it analyzes. Every science is a repository of abstractions which model the critical aspects of a much more complex underlying phenomena. While some political scientists have expected a one-to-one, deterministic relationship between the science and the material it studied, most anticipated the “deterministic randomness” (or “chaos”) paradigm becoming popular even in the physical sciences today. Deterministic, because the science assumes that there are intrinsic underlying laws; but random because, with the inherent complexity, much will necessarily remain unpredictable (in statistical terms, that there always will be an “e” in the equation).
Knowledge and Power
Authors: Galston William A. 
Published: April 2006

The relation between knowledge and power was already complex when Plato wrote his Seventh Letter. It hasn't gotten any simpler since. Having served in three presidential campaigns (all losing), I am moved to offer a personal report from the front-line. Two opening caveats. I write in the mode of reckless generalization, knowing full well that counterexamples are legion, and I assimilate political scientists to the broader category of “intellectuals,” even though academic political science diverges in some respects from the classic sociological account of that class.My point of departure is an inescapable fact: most politicians don't trust intellectuals. This is so for three reasons. Faced with a hostile world, politicians crave absolute loyalty, which they suspect intellectuals are constitutionally incapable of offering. Politicians prize realism, but they see intellectuals as infatuated with words that have become disconnected from the world. Politicians think that the quest for, and use of, power is the most serious thing in the world, and they have what amounts to contempt for intellectuals whom they see as shielded from the harsh realities of power. (This metaphysics of power ramifies through campaign organizations, whose “political” wings typically display a thinly veiled contempt for the “issues” shops.)
Schizotypy and creativity in visual artists
Authors: Burch Giles St J. , Pavelis Christos , Hemsley David R. , Corr Philip J. 
Published: April 2006

‘Every work of art is an uncommitted crime’Adorno (1951). Cited inJulius (2002).Given the putative relationship between creativity and schizotypy/psychoticism, the current study set out to investigate differences in scores on a range of personality and creativity measures between visual artists and non‐artists. Results found that the visual artists group scored higher on measures of positive‐schizotypy, disorganized‐schizotypy, asocial‐schizotypy, neuroticism, openness and divergent thinking (uniqueness) than did the non‐artist group and lower on agreeableness. These findings lend support to other studies reporting higher schizotypy scores in artistic and creative cohorts, although provide some of the first evidence of higher unusual experiencesandimpulsive nonconformity scores on the Oxford‐Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O‐LIFE) in visual artists. The relationship between creativity and schizotypy is discussed in terms of unusual ideasanda propensity to endorse socially undesirable responses.
Synthesis of a novel protein‐based plastic using sub‐critical water technology
Authors: Abdelmoez Wael , Yoshida Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel biodegradable plastic synthesized from the serum albumin of bovine blood (BSA) by using the sub‐critical water technology in batch reactors. The optimum synthesis conditions were found to be in the range of 250‐275°C for a reaction time of 1 min using 160 g/L BSA as an initial concentration. After a reaction time of only 0.5 min, all water‐soluble BSA molecules were completely transformed into water‐insoluble solids without hydrolysis or decomposition. A variety of techniques have been used to study the nature of the formed solids. The obtained results reveled that such solids showed many plastic properties and could be processed to produce a biodegradable plastic. The produced solids were recovered, dried, and thermally processed to produce a plastic BSA (PBSA). In this way, it was possible to obtain a material with a variety of mechanical properties that might allow for its application in both the biomedical as well as the traditional biodegradable plastic fields. The average values of the yield strength and modulus of elasticity of the processed samples synthesized at 250°C for 1‐min reaction time were 31.2 and 780 MPa, respectively. The biodegradability was confirmed by measuring the methane gas production and weight losses during an anaerobic fermentation of the processed plastic samples. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Drop sizes during turbulent mixing of toluene–heavy oil fractions in water
Authors: Angle Chandra W. , Hamza Hassan A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe properties of heavy oil emulsions produced in heavy oil extractions processes often fluctuate, thus making treatments difficult. We investigated whether oil‐phase ratios and flow conditions might influence these emulsions. We studied turbulent mixing effects on droplet sizes in real time, using a fully baffled stirred tank with a Rushton turbine in bench‐scale batch experiments. Breakup/coalescence of various volume fractions of toluene diluted heavy oil in model process water was measured at four mixing speeds. The range of oil volume fractions was 0.01 to 0.3, where 0.01 is the Kolmogorov limit and 0.3 the upper limit for oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions. Results showed that size distributions depended on mixing time, rpm, and oil fractions. Breakage dominated at low oil fraction 0.01 and high mixing intensities produced bimodal distributions. The persistence of finer droplets was attributed to reduced coalescence. Steady state was not reached. The middle range oil fractions (0.05, 0.1) approached steady state more quickly and followed a first‐order breakage model at 800 rpm. The size distributions narrowed before the end of the mixing time. The highest oil fractions and lowest mixing speeds produced the largest droplet sizes. Plots of d32 vs. rpm for 75 min mixing showed that as the volume fraction of oil phase increased the shapes of the curves changed from concave to linear to convex. The d32 vs. energy dissipation curves suggested that turbulent dampening reduced breakage. However, drop coalescence from erosive collisions as well as droplet surface elasticity were factors affecting droplet sizes. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006