bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collection tubes with or without gel separator did not interfere with detection of rubella virus antibodies IgM and IgG
Authors: Oliveira L.C. , Kawasato K.H. , Otta M.S. , Lima L.P. , Okay T.S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRubella infection is an exanthematic disease, with high prevalence in the adult population. The only modality of disease that causes serious consequences is congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), which happens when a pregnant woman seronegative to rubella virus acquires the infection during early pregnancy. Due to the lack of signals and characteristic symptoms of disease, diagnosis of rubella is based essentially on laboratory tests: antibodies detection and/or virus isolation. Results of serologic tests should always be interpreted with caution, because they can be affected by the quality of blood samples, processing and storage of sera, the equipment and reagents used to perform tests, and finally by the technical expertise and training of biologists. The collection tubes with gel seem to facilitate serum separation, but on the other hand gels can retain and consequently decrease antibody titers. Therefore, we decided to investigate whether the use of collection tubes containing gel separator might interfere with rubella virus antibody detection in blood samples from children. We did not observe statistically significant differences with respect to rubella virus antibody detection (immunoglobulin M [IgM] and immunoglobulin G [IgG]) for samples collected in tubes with or without gel separator, from the two evaluated manufacturers. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:330–334, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isotopic chemistry at Eli Lilly and Company – a look back at the past fifty years
Authors: Wheeler William J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis review will chronicle the genesis and the next fifty years or so of the Isotopic Chemistry effort at Eli Lilly and Company. It all began from a seed planted in Bob McMahon's mind while a post‐doctoral fellow at MIT in 1949 and was later cultivated when he joined the Lilly Research Laboratories in 1954. From the humble beginnings of a few part‐time radiochemists/part time metabolism scientists (Bob McMahon and Hugh Sullivan), the group has evolved to the eleven dedicated scientists that we have today. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot – contributions to PET chemistry over the years
Authors: Roeda Dirk , Kuhnast Bertrand , Hammadi Akli , Dollé Frédéric 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (SHFJ) (CEA‐Orsay, France) has been a stimulating interdisciplinary research platform in medical imaging for almost half a century and particularly in the field of positron emission tomography (PET). In this context, PET chemistry, the driving force in molecular imaging, has occupied the front stage, especially where it concerns the short‐lived radioisotopes carbon‐11 and fluorine‐18. In this review, important marks left by the SHFJ actors over the years will be highlighted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of N‐(2,5‐dimethoxybenzyl)‐N‐(5‐fluoro‐2‐phenoxyphenyl)[carbonyl‐11C]acetamide ([carbonyl‐11C]DAA1106) and analogues using [11C]carbon monoxide and palladium(0) complex
Authors: Rahman Obaidur , Långström Bengt 
Published: September 2007

AbstractN‐(2,5‐Dimethoxybenzyl)‐N‐(5‐fluoro‐2‐phenoxyphenyl)acetamide (DAA1106), a potent and selective ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, and eight structurally related analogues were labelled with 11C at the carbonyl position using a low concentration of [11C]carbon monoxide and the micro‐autoclave technique. A combinatorial approach was applied to synthesize the analogues using similar reaction conditions. Palladium‐mediated carbonylation using tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, various amines and methyl iodide or iodobenzene was employed in the synthesis. The 11C‐labelled products were obtained with 10–55% decay‐corrected radiochemical yields and the final product was more than 97% pure in all cases. Specific radioactivity was determined for the compound [carbonyl‐11C]DAA1106 using a single experiment and a 10‐µA h bombardment. The specific radioactivity, measured 36 min after end of bombardment, was 455 GBq/µmol. Synthetic routes to the precursors and reference compounds were also developed. The presented approach is a novel method for the synthesis of [carbonyl‐11C]DAA1106 and its analogues, and allows the formation of a library of 11C‐labelled DAA1106 analogues which can be used to optimize the performance as a potential positron emission tomography tracer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of rigid or flexible linkage between two ligands on the effective affinity and avidity for reversible interactions with bivalent receptors
Authors: Bobrovnik S. A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBivalent or polyvalent cooperative binding between ligand and receptor is much tighter and more efficient than monovalent binding of the same counterparts. Because of this, many biological processes involve polyvalent binding for realization of regulatory mechanisms. For this reason it is necessary to develop a general formalism for prediction of the relationship between the binding affinities of each ligand subunits, the length of the flexible linker between them and avidity of the interaction. Here, we consider an approach that is based on the description of the state of equilibrium for the reaction of mono‐ and multivalent ligand‐receptor binding of algebraic equation systems. This approach allows the evaluation of the avidity of bivalent binding and to determine the concentrations of ligand–receptor complexes, which will be obtained at the equilibrium state. The analysis presented here may be useful in analysing the binding behaviour of a bivalent receptor and a ligand consisting of two subunits covalently connected with a rigid or flexible linker. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid, sensitive and effective quantitative method for simultaneous determination of cationic surfactant mixtures from river and municipal wastewater by direct combination of single‐drop microextraction with AP‐MALDI mass spectrometry
Authors: Shrivas Kamlesh , Wu Hui‐Fen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA rapid, simple, sensitive, and effective quantitative method for simultaneous determination of cationic surfactants (CS+) from river and municipal wastewater by direct combination of single‐drop microextraction (SDME) with atmospheric pressure (AP)‐MALDI mass spectrometry has been successfully demonstrated without the requirements of tedious sample pre‐ or post‐treatment or separation by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). This quantitative method can greatly enhance the signal‐to‐noise ratio for analysis of small molecules of CS+ owing to the strong suppression of matrix ions by the analytes. In addition, SDME assisted in the isolation and preconcentration of CS+ from water samples, which could effectively reduce the background interferences from the matrices present in waste and river water. The SDME conditions were optimized for achieving high extraction efficiency of CS+ from aqueous samples, in terms of solvent selection, stirring speed, extraction time, exposure volume of acceptor phase, and salt addition. The enrichment factors for CS+ were found to be 40–64‐folds for 7 min of extraction time with no salt addition and at room temperature. This method was found to yield a linear calibration curve in the concentration range from 50 to 1500 µg/l CS+ with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 µg/l. The relative recoveries in river and municipal wastewater were found to be 93.8–103.6% and 91.0–98.7%, respectively. These results indicate that the combination of SDME with AP‐MALDI/MS is effective for the simultaneous determination of CS+ from river and municipal wastewater. In addition, a comparison of enrichments and LOD values for this method with hollow‐fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF‐LPME) was also demonstrated. The present approach is easy to operate, rapid, sensitive, and suitable for high‐throughput of analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The glutamate‐glutamine cycle is not stoichiometric: Fates of glutamate in brain
Authors: McKenna Mary C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlthough glutamate is usually thought of as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in brain, it is important to note that glutamate has many other fates in brain, including oxidation for energy, incorporation into proteins, and formation of glutamine, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutathione. The compartmentation of glutamate in brain cells is complex and modulated by the presence and concentration of glutamate per se as well as by other metabolites. Both astrocytes and neurons distinguish between exogenous glutamate and glutamate formed endogenously from glutamine via glutaminase. There is evidence of multiple subcellular compartments of glutamate within both neurons and astrocytes, and the carbon skeleton of glutamate can be derived from other amino acids and many energy substrates including glucose, lactate, and 3‐hydroxybutyrate. Both astrocytes and neurons utilize glutamate, albeit for cell‐specific metabolic fates. Glutamate is readily formed in neurons from glutamine synthesized in astrocytes, released into the extracellular space, and taken up by neurons. However, the glutamate‐glutamine cycle is not a stoichiometric cycle but rather an open pathway that interfaces with many other metabolic pathways to varying extents depending on cellular requirements and priorities. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid activation of ERK by 6‐hydroxydopamine promotes survival of dopaminergic cells
Authors: Lin Eva , Cavanaugh Jane E. , Leak Rehana K. , Perez Ruth G. , Zigmond Michael J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIsoforms of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase ERK have been implicated in both cell survival and cell death. In the present study we explored their role in cell viability in response to oxidative stress. Using the dopaminergic MN9D cell line, we determined that cell death occurred in a concentration‐dependent manner after exposure to 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA). The toxicity of 6‐OHDA was mediated through generation of reactive oxygen species and was accompanied by a large increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2 but no significant increase in phosphorylated ERK5. 6‐OHDA produced a distinct temporal pattern of ERK1/2 activation, with phosphorylated ERK1/2 peaks occurring after 10–15 min (25‐fold increase) and 6–24 hr (13‐fold increase). Inhibition of the early phosphorylated ERK1/2 peak with U0126 increased the generation of reactive oxygen species by 6‐OHDA as well as 6‐OHDA‐induced toxicity, whereas inhibition of the late peak did not affect 6‐OHDA‐induced cell death. The time course of phosphorylation of the prosurvival protein CREB mimicked the temporal profile of ERK1/2 activation after 6‐OHDA, and blocking the early phospho‐ERK1/2 peak also abolished CREB activation. In contrast, activation of caspase‐3 by 6‐OHDA was delayed, occurring after about 6 hr, and this activation was increased by inhibition of the first phosphorylated ERK1/2 peak. These results suggest that the rapid activation of ERK1/2 in dopaminergic cells by oxidative stress serves as a self‐protective response, reducing the content of reactive oxygen species and caspase‐3 activity and increasing downstream ERK1/2 substrates. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presynaptic evidence for zinc release at the mossy fiber synapse of rat hippocampus
Authors: Ketterman Joshua K. , Li Yang V. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractVesicular zinc (Zn2+) is found in a subset of glutamatergic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian forebrain and is colocalized with glutamate. Despite well‐documented neuromodulatory roles, exocytosis of endogenous Zn2+ from presynaptic terminals has never been directly demonstrated, because existing studies have measured elevated Zn2+ concentrations by examining the perfusate. Thus, the specific origin of synaptic Zn2+ remains a controversial subject. Here, we describe synaptic Zn2+ trafficking between cellular compartments at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses by using the fluorescent indicator Zinpyr‐1 to label the hippocampal mossy fiber boutons. We determined endogenous Zn2+ exocytosis by direct observation of vesicular Zn2+ as decreasing fluorescence intensity from presynaptic axonal boutons in the stratum lucidum of CA3 during neural activities induced by the stimulation of membrane depolarization. This presynaptic fluorescence gradually returned to a level near baseline after the withdrawal of moderate stimulation, indicating an endogenous mechanism to replenish vesicular Zn2+. The exocytosis of the synaptic Zn2+ was also dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and was sensitive to Zn2+‐specific chelators. Vesicular Zn2+ loading was sensitive to the vacuolar‐type H+‐ATPase inhibitor concanamycin A, and our experiments indicated that blockade of vesicular reloading with concanamycin A led to a depletion of that synaptic Zn2+. Furthermore, synaptic Zn2+ translocated to the postsynaptic cell body upon release to produce increases in the concentration of weakly bound Zn2+ within the postsynaptic cytosol, demonstrating a feature unique to ionic substances released during neurotransmission. Our data provide important evidence for Zn2+ as a substance that undergoes release in a manner similar to common neurotransmitters. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemokine receptors and neurotrophic factors: Potential therapy against aids dementia?
Authors: Mocchetti Italo , Bachis Alessia , Masliah Eliezer 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChemokine receptors, in particular, CXCR4 and CCR5, mediate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infection of immunocompetent cells and the apoptosis of these cells. However, the virus does not infect neurons. Yet through a variety of mechanisms, HIV promotes glial cell activation, synaptodendritic alterations, and neuronal loss that ultimately lead to motor and cognitive impairment. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are abundant in the adult central nervous system and play a role in neuronal apoptosis evoked by HIV proteins. Thus, reducing the availability of chemokine receptors may prevent the neuronal degeneration seen in HIV‐positive patients. In this article, we present and discuss a recent experimental approach aimed at testing effective neuroprotective therapies against HIV‐mediated neuronal degeneration. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between ribosomal RNA gene transcription activity and motoneuron death: Observations of avulsion and axotomy of the facial nerve in rats
Authors: Nagasao Jun , Hayashi Yuichi , Kawazoe Yoko , Kawakami Emiko , Watabe Kazuhiko , Oyanagi Kiyomitsu 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMotoneuron number and expression of cytoplasmic RNA and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene transcription activity in the facial nucleus were examined quantitatively and chronologically for up to 4 weeks in rats after facial nerve axotomy and avulsion in order to elucidate interrelationships in axonal changes. The right facial nerves of adult Fischer rats were avulsed at a portion of the outlet or axotomized at a portion of the foramen stylomastoideus. The number of large motoneurons in the facial nucleus was reduced by 40% 2 weeks after avulsion and by 70% 4 weeks after avulsion but displayed a 19% loss even 4 weeks after axotomy. The amount of cytoplasmic RNA decreased significantly and progressively from 1 day after avulsion. rRNA gene transcription activity in the large motoneurons of the facial nucleus decreased significantly beginning 30 min after both axotomy and avulsion, but the severity of the decrease was far more marked in the avulsion group, showing a 59% loss from the control value 4 weeks after avulsion. These findings indicate that rRNA gene transcription activity, expression of cytoplasmic RNA, and the number of motoneurons that survive are interrelated and that the decrease in rRNA gene transcription activity is a very early event in the phenomena observed in the axonal reactions of motoneurons. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial transport proteins of the brain
Authors: Berkich D.A. , Ola M.S. , Cole J. , Sweatt A.J. , Hutson S.M. , LaNoue K.F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this study, cellular distribution and activity of glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport as well as oxoglutarate transport across brain mitochondrial membranes were investigated. A goal was to establish cell‐type‐specific expression of key transporters and enzymes involved in neurotransmitter metabolism in order to estimate neurotransmitter and metabolite traffic between neurons and astrocytes. Two methods were used to isolate brain mitochondria. One method excludes synaptosomes and the organelles may therefore be enriched in astrocytic mitochondria. The other method isolates mitochondria derived from all regions of the brain. Immunological and enzymatic methods were used to measure enzymes and carriers in the different preparations, in addition to studying transport kinetics. Immunohistochemistry was also employed using brain slices to confirm cell type specificity of enzymes and carriers. The data suggest that the aspartate/glutamate carriers (AGC) are expressed predominantly in neurons, not astrocytes, and that one of two glutamate/hydroxyl carriers is expressed predominantly in astrocytes. The GABA carrier and the oxoglutarate carrier appear to be equally distributed in astrocytes and neurons. As expected, pyruvate carboxylase and branched‐chain aminotransferase were predominantly astrocytic. Insofar as the aspartate/glutamate exchange carriers are required for the malate/aspartate shuttle and for reoxidation of cytosolic NADH, the data suggest a compartmentation of glucose metabolism in which astrocytes catalyze glycolytic conversion of glucose to lactate, whereas neurons are capable of oxidizing both lactate and glucose to CO2 + H2O. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the scaffolding PDZ protein glutaminase‐interacting protein in mammalian brain
Authors: Olalla Lucía , Gutiérrez Antonia , Jiménez Antonio J. , López‐Téllez Juan F. , Khan Zafar U. , Pérez Juan , Alonso Francisco J. , de la Rosa Vanessa , Campos‐Sandoval José A. , Segura Juan A. , Aledo J. Carlos , Márquez Javier 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA human brain cDNA clone coding for a novel PDZ‐domain protein of 124 amino acids was previously isolated in our laboratory. The protein was termed glutaminase‐interacting protein (GIP), because it interacts with the C‐terminal region of the human L‐type glutaminase (LGA). The pattern of expression and functions of GIP in brain are completely unknown, so its significance remains undefined. Here we describe the expression of GIP mRNA and protein in mammalian brain. Northern blot analysis revealed that GIP mRNA was ubiquitous in most regions of human brain but was particularly abundant in spinal cord. The presence of the protein in rat and monkey brain was studied at the regional, cellular, and subcellular level by immunocytochemistry. The protein was found to be present in both neurons and astrocytes, with a cytosolic and mitochondrial subcellular localization. Double immunofluorescence labeling with anti‐GIP and anti‐LGA antibodies using confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of both proteins in astrocyte cell processes and their perivascular end feet. Electron microscopy of rat brain neurons revealed GIP immunoreactivity concentrated also in the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane. The multiple locations for GIP in mammalian brain are in agreement with known protein interaction partners reported for this PDZ protein. The findings presented here support a role of GIP as an important scaffold in both astrocytes and neurons and point toward astrocytic processes and perivascular end feet as plausible anatomical substrates for interaction with glutaminase. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification of normal range of inflammatory changes in morphologically normal pediatric muscle
Authors: Varsani Hemlata , Newton Katy R. , Li Charles K. , Harding Brian , Holton Janice L. , Wedderburn Lucy R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to define normal ranges of histological features in pediatric muscle in comparison with muscle demonstrating inflammatory changes. Sixteen pediatric muscle biopsy samples, considered normal by standard histology, were analyzed for the presence of inflammatory cells, and the expression of neonatal myosin and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class 1. Normal findings were defined for each feature. These data will facilitate quantitative analysis of inflammatory changes in pediatric muscle biopsy. Muscle Nerve, 2007
The immersed/fictitious element method for fluid–structure interaction: Volumetric consistency, compressibility and thin members
Authors: Wang Hongwu , Chessa Jack , Liu Wing K. , Belytschko Ted 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA weak form and an implementation are given for fluid–structure interaction by the immersed/fictitious element method for compressible fluids. The weak form is applicable to models where the fluid is described by Eulerian coordinates while the solid is described by Lagrangian coordinates, which suits their intrinsic characteristics. A unique feature of the method is the treatment of the fictitious fluid by a Lagrangian description,
which simplifies the interface conditions. Methods for enforcing volumetric consistency between the fluid and solid and treating thin members are given. Although a compressible viscous fluid is considered here, the new developments can be applied to incompressible fluids. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mixed stress model for linear elastodynamics of arbitrarily curved beams
Authors: Cannarozzi M. , Molari L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis work presents a mixed stress finite element for linear elastodynamics of arbitrarily curved beams based on a modified Hellinger–Reissner functional. A rational approach to choose the stress approximation is proposed. In particular, the self‐equilibrated stress is augmented by some stress modes obtained from the lower‐order displacement approximation using the equilibrium equations, in such a way that the total number of stress modes is equal to the number of strain modes. The rationale is to preserve all the interactions among the stresses, proper of a curved structure without compromising the flexibility of the element. An arbitrarily curved geometry is described using a parametric Hermitian interpolation scheme tuned by minimizing the initial curvature of the arch. The effectiveness of the present approach is numerically demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meshfree and finite element nodal integration methods
Authors: Puso M. A. , Chen J. S. , Zywicz E. , Elmer W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNodal integration can be applied to the Galerkin weak form to yield a particle‐type method where stress and material history are located exclusively at the nodes and can be employed when using meshless or finite element shape functions. This particle feature of nodal integration is desirable for large deformation settings because it avoids the remapping or advection of the state variables required in other methods. To a lesser degree, nodal integration can be desirable because it relies on fewer stress point evaluations than most other methods. In this work, aspects regarding stability, consistency, efficiency and explicit time integration are explored within the context of nodal integration. Both small and large deformation numerical examples are provided. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.