bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MAIZE YIELDS RESPONSE TO APPLICATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC INPUT UNDER ON-STATION AND ON-FARM EXPERIMENTS IN CENTRAL KENYA
Authors: MUGWE JAYNE , MUGENDI DANIEL , KUNGU JAMES , MUNA MONICAH-MUCHERU 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThis study investigated the feasibility of using sole organics or a combination of organics with inorganic fertilizer to improve maize production in on-station and on-farm experiments in central Kenya. In the on-station experiment, combined application of Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena trichandra and Tithonia diversifolia at 30 kg N ha−1 plus inorganic fertilizer (30 kg N ha−1) consistently gave significantly higher maize grain yields than the recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer (60 kg N ha−1). Sole application of calliandra, leucaena and tithonia also increased maize yields more than the recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer. In the on-farm experiment, calliandra, leucaena, tithonia and cattle manure either alone or combined with inorganic fertilizer increased maize yields with a similar magnitude to that of inorganic fertilizer. These organic resources could therefore be used to supplement inorganic fertilizer as a whole or in part. There was a yield gap between on-station and on-farm trials with on-station yields having, on average, 65% greater yields than the on-farm yields. There is therefore potential for increasing yields at the farm level by closing the yield gap.
The Political Activities Of A Trade Union, 1906–1914
Authors: Williams J. E. 
Published: December 2008

The British Labour Party was not explicitly socialist until 1918. In February of that year a Special Conference adopted a new constitution which stated that the ultimate aim of the party was:-“To secure for the producers by hand or by brain the full fruits of their industry, and the most equitable distribution thereof that may be possible, upon the basis of common ownership of the means of production and the best obtainable system of popular administration and control of each industry or service.”Before this change, Ramsay MacDonald, writing in 1911, had said: “The Labour Party is not Socialist. It is a union of Socialist and trade-union bodies for immediate political work…” The new party, founded in 1900 as the Labour Representation Committee, was in many ways un manage de convenance of militant Socialists and Glad-stonian Liberal trade-union leaders. The “immediate political work” for which these groups came together was the representation of the working class in parliament. Of the need for such representation both sides were firmly convinced: the Socialists because they hoped to convert the trade unions to their own way of thinking; the trade-union leaders because they were disappointed by the failure of the official Liberal party constituency caucuses to adopt more working-class candidates.
Les Arabes Israéliens et les élections a la quatrième Knesset
Authors: Landau Jacob M. 
Published: December 2008

Aux élections à la quatrième Knesset (tel est le nom du Parlement de l'Etat d'Israël), le 3 novembre 1959, 7 Arabes ont été élus sur un total de 120 législateurs, répartis Comme suit:C'est le résultat d'un tableau intéressant de participation de la population arabe en Israël ainsi que de l'influence exercée sur cette population par les partis juifs. L'étude des modalités de cette participation nous permettra aussi à connaître les préoccupations et les attitudes politiques de la minorité arabe d'Israël. En raison du secret du vote, les possibilités de pression ou de captation perdent en efficacité, et les conditions socio-économiques ainsi que les attitudes politiques de cette minorité se réflètent avec une asse grande clarté. Chaque membre des minorités est en mesure d'influer sur le résultat des élections générales israéliennes, puisque le système electoral adopté par Israël est la représentation proportionnelle, et que le pays tout entier forme une seule circonscription électorale.
Tyranny, Work and Politics: The 1818 Strike Wave in the English Cotton District
Authors: Hall Robert G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYCritics of E. P. Thompson have questioned his emphasis on the ties between radicalism and trade unionism in early nineteenth-century England; historians have likewise described the 1818 strikes as simple wage disputes in which the radicals played a negligible role. This essay challenges these assumptions about the 1818 strikes and radicalism. In the summer of 1818, when a wide range of grievances touched off the strike wave, the radicals rallied to the side of the trades and sometimes served as leaders of the strikes; that summer the radicals and striking trades also drew upon and contributed to a shared repertoire of old and new tactics and forms of action.
Strike Action and Working-Class Politics on Clydeside 1914–1919
Authors: Foster John 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe record of strike activity on Clydeside is used to explore the interaction between workplace organisation and political attitudes in working-class communities, focussing in particular upon the shipyard labour force in the years immediately preceding the 1919 General Strike. The findings are used to question research by Iain McLean which minimised the political significance of industrial militancy during the period of the Red Clyde and that by Alastair Reid, which argued that the main consequences of wartime industrial experience were to strengthen social democratic perspectives. It is suggested that a limited but significant radicalisation did occur and that this was related to the specific labour relations practices of employers in the west of Scotland and the structural weakness of Clydeside's economy.
The Image of Jesus in the Russian Revolutionary Movement
Authors: Bergman Jay 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThis article explores how Russian revolutionaries, in particular the Russian Marxists, used the image of Jesus to explain their political choices and commitments. These revolutionaries were almost uniformly hostile to institutional Christianity. Yet a number of Russian Marxists, such as Anatolii Lunacharskii, considered Jesus a genuine precursor of socialism. In 1917 many Bolsheviks and Bolshevik sympathizers interpreted the October Revolution in Christian terms, principally as a spiritual resurrection and rebirth. And in 1924, following Lenin's death, some Bolsheviks analogized Lenin to Jesus, and claimed that both were revolutionary martyrs. Finally, the article argues that Russian revolutionaries invested the Russian lower classes with a Christlike virtue, making it easier for the revolutionaries, once in power, to justify everything they did as advancing the interests of these classes.
The Disadvantaged and the Hussite Revolution
Authors: Klassen John 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe following survey regards the upper nobility, urban patricians and the clergy of medieval Bohemia as the more privileged, and groups such as the gentry, peasants and urban poor and women as the disadvantaged. There were exceptions within each group. The ethical and moral ideals of Hussite leaders addressed social and economic inequalities and gave hope that a society with greater benefits for the disadvantaged was possible. People from all groups participated in the revolution which in the end however did not produce the hoped for community. Economically, socially and politically Hussite society was not that different from the rest of Europe. Nevertheless, ideas such as religious toleration, popular sovereignty, the dignity of the common man and woman and the destructive powers of greed and violence all raised by the Hussites have survived within European civilization.
Beyond Exceptionalism: Notes on the Artisanal Phase of the Labour Movement in France, England, Germany and the United States
Authors: Lenger Friedrich 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe early labour movements in Western Europe and North America were all dominated by urban artisans, a fact reflected most clearly at the programmatic level by the prominence of demands for producers' cooperatives. This article presents a proposal for and an extremely brief sketch of a comparative investigation of this first phase of the labour movement in England, France, Germany, and the United States. Different aspects of class formation, such as the economic situation of the trades, the social relationships within them, or the role of artisanal and corporate traditions in artisanal politics and trade-union organization, are discussed. Comparative labour history, it is argued, must employ such a theoretical framework, one that allows the integration of the many dimensions of class formation; otherwise it will have to sacrifice whatever progress the last generation of labour historians has achieved.
The Orange Order in Scotland Between the Wars
Authors: Walker Graham 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThis paper focuses on the theme of religious conflict within the working class in inter-war Scotland. It pays particular attention to the Protestant working class of the industrial lowlands and to the role of the exclusively Protestant secret society of Irish origin, the Orange Order. It attempts to explain why the inter-war period saw an upsurge in membership of sectarian organisations like the Orange Order and their activities; and at the same time was notable for a broadening of Labour Party support among the working class which transcended religious divisions. It argues that sectarian and class loyalties often went together and in some ways reinforced each other. The Orange Order leadership's Conservative politics is stressed but it is contended that the Order's appeal to the working class was to a large extent based on issues such as education and mixed marriages and perceived Irish Catholic immigration, issues which did not break down neatly into party political terms. It is argued that the Orange Order's social role was of great significance in this period of economic austerity and mass unemployment.
Clytia hummelincki(Hydroidomedusae: Leptomedusae) in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Gravili Cinzia , D'Ambrosio Paolo , Di Camillo Cristina , Renna Giuseppina , Bouillon Jean , Boero Ferdinando 
Published: December 2008

The inconspicuous hydrozoanClytia hummelincki, first recorded from the Mediterranean Sea in 1996, is presently widespread throughout the middle Mediterranean Sea and the Adriatic Sea. Two surveys carried out in 2003 and 2004 along the coast of the Salento Peninsula, Italy, showed that this species inhabits a belt between 0.5 and 2 m depth in sea urchin barrens and in areas damaged by date mussel fisheries. The comparison between the two surveys indicates that the frequency of the alien increased from 2003 to 2004. The life cycle ofC. hummelinckiis described for the first time.
Herbivory in small carnivores: benthic hydroids as an example
Authors: Gili Josep-Maria , Duró Alicia , García-Valero Josep , Gasol Josep M. , Rossi Sergio 
Published: December 2008

Previous evidence has shown that benthic hydroids capture all kinds of available prey and the only known constraint was prey size. Among the prey captured are phytoplankton cells but it is not known whether they are digested and assimilated. To test the hypothesis that benthic hydroids assimilate phytoplankton cells, a series of feeding experiments was carried out with the Mediterranean speciesEudendrium racemosum. Ingestion rates and assimilation efficiency were determined by analysing the14C incorporated from a labelled population of the diatom speciesThalassiosira weissflogii. Eudendrium racemosumfed onT. weissflogii, after a period of starvation, and with the diatoms as the sole food item. In the presence of approximately 15,000 diatoms ml−1,Eudendriumfed at rates ranging from 16 to 55 diatoms polyp−1hour−1. Accumulation of radioactivity in the hydrocaulus and the polyps of the hydroids were observed. A maximum ingestion of 31.6 diatoms per μgC of polyp (i.e. 175 diatoms per polyp) was observed in the experiments. Most of the diatom14C ingested would have ended up in theEudendriumtissue (efficiency 94%), and it was expected that a certain percentage would have been respired by the polyps. These data show thatEudendriumfeed on phytoplankton, which can satisfy almost 100% of their energy demand when this type of food is sufficiently abundant.
Schreckensherrschaften und ihre Presse Eine zeitungs-geschichtliche Studie
Authors: Baschwitz Kurt 
Published: December 2008

This essay, as a section out of the history of the Newspaper-Press, deals with the collaboration between agitational papers and street-terrorism on the basis of characteristic examples. The author draws a distinction between partial and absolute terrorism. In the case of the former, a minority by means of intimidation with violence, presses the majority and their prominent leaders to political actions which in all human probability they would never have decided upon on their own initiative.The American War of Independence is quoted as an example, or rather the deeds of violence which, as practised by a radical minority, influenced the course of event.A sketch is then given of the importance of the American Press, at that time in its infancy, with regard to the political successes of the young government, both at home and abroad.As an instance of absolute terrorism, the reign of terror of the French Revolution is taken. There the terrorists themselves seized the power. A survey is given of the various agitational papers and their methods, Their development is described up to the institution of a press-dictatorship by Napoleon Bonaparte. Finally the attention is drawn to the causes of the intimidating effect of the War-Press in times of political tension, all of which is based on historical instances taken from the latter half of the 19th century.The essay endeavours to prove that in social-psychological descriptions it frequently occurs that insufficient attention is paid to the part played by coercion and intimidation.The periodical press offers adequate information to permit of ascertaining the leading ideas and their modifications during agitated times. At the same time, its pages reveal the modifications in the views of the leading men and their influence on the masses.Accurate and specialized research on the basis of similar material taken from the history of the Newspaper-Pres, will complete and justify many a theory on mass-passions and mass-disturbances of reason in the field of social psychology.
D'Argenson et la question sociale
Authors: Weill Georges 
Published: December 2008

In 1789, d'Argenson (1771–1842) who was a grandson of one of the ministers of Louis XV, embraced the new ideas. For a considerable time he held himself aloof from public life, while conscientiously managing his
extensive estates. All the same he was a “prefét” unter Napoleon. It is only with the Restauration, however, that he started out on his political career. Elected a deputy, he was a member of the leftist opposition, though paying far more attention than his faction to social questions, and particularly to the lot of the peasants whom he had come to know very well. In 1824 he announced the birth of a new science, viz. “the Science of Social Justice”, which was to correct the evils of inequality.The revolution of 1830 fired him with passionate ardour in the defence of his ideas. He was encouraged, moreover, through his intimate connection with the aged Buonarotti, a friend of Babeuf's.D'Argenson published a brochure of a revolutionary character entitled Boutades d'un riche à sentiments populaires, and defended this before the jury—by which he was acquitted—and before the Chamber. As he was not re-elected in 1834, he retired to his properties, remaining true to the socialist doctrines, however, up to the end of his life.
Le mouvement ouvrier en France pendant les années 1852—1864 d'après les rapports politiques des procureurs généraux. Documents inédits
Authors: Bernard Paul 
Published: December 2008

From the reports of the Solicitor-Generals on the “moral and political conditions”, extracts are being published, which throw a light on the reawakening of the labour movement during the first years of Napoleon the Third's reign.After a short period of great confusion a sense of solidarity grows up among the working classes in almost every part of the country, but particularly in the growing industrial centres, resulting from the contrast between labour and capital, which feeling often manifests itself in the formation of some or other organization. The working classes rise in opposition against the employers and the State-institutions, in so far as they act as employers, without however constituting a political opposition against the régime itself. Napoleon's general policy, and above all his foreign policy, is often even approved of by the lower classes. The manifestations of this awakening solidarity among the working classes are various: able management of the imperial charitable institutions, coalitions, hunger demonstrations, strikes etc. In times of economic prosperity such practices are little observed, but they become more general in times of economic depression.
Determining the specific microbial populations and their spatial distribution within the stromatolite ecosystem of Shark Bay
Authors: Goh Falicia , Allen Michelle A , Leuko Stefan , Kawaguchi Tomohiro , Decho Alan W , Burns Brendan P , Neilan Brett A 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The stromatolites at Shark Bay, Western Australia, are analogues of some of the oldest evidence of life on Earth. The aim of this study was to identify and spatially characterize the specific microbial communities associated with Shark Bay intertidal columnar stromatolites. Conventional culturing methods and construction of 16S rDNA clone libraries from community genomic DNA with both universal and specific PCR primers were employed. The estimated coverage, richness and diversity of stromatolite microbial populations were compared with earlier studies on these ecosystems. The estimated coverage for all clone libraries indicated that population coverage was comprehensive. Phylogenetic analyses of stromatolite and surrounding seawater sequences were performed in ARB with the Greengenes database of full-length non-chimaeric 16S rRNA genes. The communities identified exhibited extensive diversity. The most abundant sequences from the stromatolites were α- and γ-proteobacteria (58%), whereas the cyanobacterial community was characterized by sequences related to the genera Euhalothece, Gloeocapsa, Gloeothece, Chroococcidiopsis, Dermocarpella, Acaryochloris, Geitlerinema and Schizothrix. All clones from the archaeal-specific clone libraries were related to the halophilic archaea; however, no archaeal sequence was identified from the surrounding seawater. Fluorescence in situ hybridization also revealed stromatolite surfaces to be dominated by unicellular cyanobacteria, in contrast to the sub-surface archaea and sulphate-reducing bacteria. This study is the first to compare the microbial composition of morphologically similar stromatolites over time and examine the spatial distribution of specific microorganismic groups in these intertidal structures and the surrounding seawater at Shark Bay. The results provide a platform for identifying the key microbial physiology groups and their potential roles in modern stromatolite morphogenesis and ecology.
Thermodynamic targeting of microbial perchlorate reduction by selective electron donors
Authors: Van Trump James Ian , Coates John D 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Here we describe 2,6-anthrahydroquinone disulfonate (AH2DS) as a model thermodynamically ‘targeting’ electron donor capable of selectively stimulating respiratory processes relevant to the bioremediation of perchlorate. Pure cultures of Dechloromonas aromatica, Dechloromonas agitata and Azospira suillum, as well as uncharacterized microbial consortia, were capable of stoichiometrically reducing perchlorate to chloride upon oxidation of AH2DS to the corresponding quinone 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate (AQDS). No degradation of the anthraquinone structure was observed, and no organism tested grew by this metabolism. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that AH2DS oxidation should support nitrate and perchlorate reduction, whereas sulfate reduction and methanogenesis are predicted to be unfavorable. Mixed community microcosms oxidizing AH2DS reduced nitrate and perchlorate, whereas sulfate reduction never occurred. In contrast, microcosms amended with acetate respired nitrate, perchlorate and sulfate, as would be predicted by thermodynamic calculation. Our results suggest that the thermodynamic properties of hydroquinones allow for targeted stimulation of only a subset of potential respiratory processes. This observation could help improve enhanced in situ bioremediation of perchlorate by negating many of the detrimental aspects of biofouling.
NAADP-mediated channel ‘chatter’ in neurons of the rat medulla oblongata
Authors: Brailoiu G. Cristina , Brailoiu Eugen , Parkesh Raman , Galione Antony , Churchill Grant C. , Patel Sandip , Dun Nae J. 
Published: December 2008

NAADP (nicotinic acid–adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a potent Ca2+-mobilizing messenger that stimulates Ca2+ release in a variety of cells. NAADP-sensitive Ca2+ channels are thought to reside on acidic Ca2+ stores and to be functionally coupled to IP3 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate) and/or ryanodine receptors located on the endoplasmic reticulum. Whether NAADP-sensitive Ca2+ channels ‘chatter’ to other channels, however, is not clear. In the present study, we have used a cell-permeant NAADP analogue to probe NAADP-mediated responses in rat medulla oblongata neurons. NAADP-AM (NAADP-acetoxymethyl ester) evoked global cytosolic Ca2+ signals in isolated neurons that were reduced in amplitude by removal of external Ca2+, abolished by disruption of acidic compartments and substantially inhibited by blockade of ryanodine receptors. In rat medullary slices, NAADP-AM depolarized neurons from the nucleus ambiguus in the presence of intracellular EGTA, but not of the faster Ca2+ chelator BAPTA [1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetra-acetic acid]. Depolarization was also dependent upon extracellular Ca2+, acidic stores and ryanodine receptors. In voltage-clamp mode, NAADP-AM induced an inward current with a reversal potential of approx. 0 mV. The results of the present study reveal the presence of acidic NAADP-sensitive Ca2+ stores in medulla neurons, the mobilization of which results not only in global Ca2+ signals but also in local signals that activate non-selective cation channels on the cell surface resulting in depolarization. Thus NAADP is capable of co-ordinating channels both within the cell interior and at the cell membrane representing a novel mechanism for excitation of central neurons.