bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Getting to the root of neuronal signalling in plant-parasitic nematodes using RNA interference
Authors: Fleming Colin C. , McKinney Susan , McMaster Steven , Johnston Michael J.G. , Donnelly Philip , Kimber Michael J. , Maule Aaron G. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
A variety of genes expressed in preparasitic second-stage juveniles (J2) of
plant-parasitic nematodes appear to be vulnerable to RNA interference (RNAi)
in vitro by coupling double-stranded (ds)RNA soaking with the artificial
stimulation of pharyngeal pumping. Also, there is mounting evidence that the
in planta generation of nematode-specific double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) has
real utility in the control of these pests. Although neuronally-expressed
genes in Caenorhabditis elegans are commonly refractory to RNAi, we have
discovered that neuronally-expressed genes in plant-parasitic nematodes are
highly susceptible to RNAi and that silencing can be induced by simple
soaking procedures without the need for pharyngeal stimulation. Since most
front-line anthelmintics that are used for the control of nematode parasites
of animals and humans act to disrupt neuromuscular coordination, we argue
that intercellular signalling processes associated with neurons have much
appeal as targets for transgenic plant-based control strategies for
plant-parasitic nematodes. FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) are a large family
of neuropeptides which are intimately associated with neuromuscular
regulation, and our studies on flp gene function in plant-parasitic
nematodes have revealed that their expression is central to coordinated
locomotory activities. We propose that the high level of conservation in
nervous systems across nematodes coupled with the RNAi-susceptibility of
neuronally-expressed genes in plant-parasitic nematodes provides a valuable
research tool which could be used to interrogate neuronal signalling
processes in nematodes.
A scaled-up Seinhorst elutriator for extraction of cyst nematodes from soil
Authors: Been Thomas H. , van Bekkum Petra J. , van Beers Thea G. , Beniers Annelies 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn order to process large soil samples containing potato cyst nematodes, the Seinhorst (1964) cyst elutriator was scaled up to process both sandy and marine-clay soils in batches of up to 2.5 kg. Several modifications were implemented. To maintain the required upward current of 3.01 min−1, an inflow of 8.01 min−1 was necessary in the enlarged, 7.5 cm diam. sedimentation tube. Also water inflow is now regulated using a flow meter with pressuriser. Several experiments were undertaken, using artificial sandy soil and marine-clay soil, both naturally infested with potato cyst nematodes. In the final experiment, using the 8.01 min−1 inflow for 4 min, there was a loss of 0.65% and 0.74% of cysts, and eggs and juveniles, respectively. This indicates that the yield (99%) of the scaled-up elutriator matches that of the original Seinhorst elutriator and, therefore, is suitable for statutory and scientific research.
Estimation of virulence of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) based on its reproductive ability
Authors: Aikawa Takuya , Kikuchi Taisei 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs a means for estimating the virulence level of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, we focused on its reproductive ability. Using six nematode isolates, which had high, intermediate or low levels of virulence, the number of nematodes that reproduced on Botrytis cinerea and in branch sections of Pinus thunbergii during 5 days was investigated. A significant positive correlation was found between nematode virulence and the number of nematodes reproducing either on the fungal culture or in the branch section. However, the rate of population increase with rise of virulence was clearly faster on the fungal culture than in the branch section. Our results suggest that the virulence level of B. xylophilus can be estimated approximately by evaluating the reproductive ability on B. cinerea or in branch sections of P. thunbergii tree. The effectiveness of branch section as a material for estimating the nematode virulence is discussed, taking into account the various factors associated with nematode virulence.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Chromolaena odorata act as nematicidal agents and reduce infection of lettuce roots by Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Thoden Tim C. , Boppré Michael , Hallmann Johannes 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) represent a class of secondary plant
compounds that are active in defence against herbivory. They are present in
Chromolaena odorata, one of the most invasive weeds of Asia and Africa. In
vitro studies demonstrate that pure PAs from C. odorata roots have
nematicidal effects on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, even at
concentrations of 70-350 ppm. In vivo experiments show that mulch or aqueous
crude extracts from C. odorata roots reduce the infection of lettuce by M.
incognita. Thus, the use of PA-containing plants appears to be a valuable
element for integrated nematode management.
Steinernema texanum n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Texas, USA
Authors: Nguyen Khuong B. , Stuart Robin J. , Andalo Vanessa , Gozel Ugur , Rogers Michael E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSteinernema texanum n. sp. is characterised by morphometrics of the infective juvenile with body length = 756 μm, distance from anterior end to the excretory pore = 59 μm, tail = 73 μm, ratio a = 25, H% = 59 and E% = 81. The lateral field pattern of the new species is 2, 7, 2, and is typical for the species. The male of the first generation can be recognised by the spicule and the gubernaculum lengths and shapes, position of the excretory pore, D% = 67 and GS% = 75. The female can be recognised by the vulva with very low epiptygma and two wart-like structures anterior to the tail tip that are always present on the ventral side. Steinernema texanum n. sp. is characterised genetically by the sequence of the ITS region (sequence length = 956 bp, the length of ITS1 = 263 bp, ITS2 = 286 bp, composition of its sequence and by 18 autapomorphies) and by sequence of D2D3 regions (sequence length = 860 bp, its composition and 15 autapomorphies). Steinernema texanum n. sp. is closely related to species in the feltiae-group, which include S. akhursti, S. feltiae, S. hebeiense, S. jollieti, S. kraussei, S. kushidai, S. litorale, S. monticolum, S. oregonense, S. sangi, S. silvaticum and S. weiseri. Isolates of the new species were obtained using the Galleria-baiting technique from soil samples taken near Kingsville, Texas, USA.
Identification of reference genes for qRT-PCR studies of gene expression in giant cells and syncytia induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Hofmann Julia , Grundler Florian M.W. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes, such as cyst and root-knot nematodes,
induce feeding structures in the host root that undergo extensive changes in
the gene expression. This phenomenon has previously been studied by gene
chip analysis and qRT-PCR. Housekeeping genes are often used routinely as
internal references for relative qRT-PCR analyses. However, due to the
strong influence of nematode infection on host cell metabolism and
physiology, expression of housekeeping genes may be altered considerably,
thus limiting reliability of qRT-PCR analyses. Therefore, in the present
work we tested UBQ10, ACT2, EF1a, UBP22 and 18S rRNA as potential candidates
for relative qRT-PCR studies of gene expression in nematode infection sites
in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Among the tested candidates only UBP22 and
18S rRNA were stably expressed and, therefore, are reliable reference genes
for studying cyst and root-knot nematode infections.
The control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) by Pseudomonas oryzihabitans and its immunological detection on tomato roots
Authors: Vagelas Ioannis K. , Pembroke Barbara , Gowen Simon R. , Davies Keith G. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, a bacterium associated with the entomopathogenic
nematode Steinernema abbasi, was evaluated for its potential to colonise
roots and thereby control a field population of root-knot nematodes.
Immunological techniques were developed to detect root colonisation of P.
oryzihabitans on tomato roots using a specific polyclonal antibody raised
against vegetative bacterial cells. In vitro, bacterial cell filtrates were
also shown significantly to inhibit juveniles hatching. In a glasshouse pot
experiment, there were 22 and 82% fewer females in roots of plants treated
with suspensions containing 103 and 106 cells ml−1 of P. oryzihabitans,
respectively. In addition, there were significantly fewer egg masses
produced; however, the numbers of eggs per egg mass did not differ
significantly. The relationship between root colonisation and nematode
control is discussed.
Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) on golf courses in eastern Canada
Authors: Simard Louis , Bélair Guy , Stock S. Patricia , Mauléon Hervé , Dionne Julie 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes from 38 golf courses was conducted in
different climatic areas of Ontario and Québec provinces, Canada, during
autumn 2002 and 2003. Soil samples were collected on golf course greens,
fairways and roughs. Entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated from soil
using wax moth (Galleria mellonella) and carrot weevil (Listronotus
oregonensis) larvae as bait. Of the 436 samples (218 sites), 11 contained
entomopathogenic nematodes for this study. All entomopathogenic
nematode-positive samples were isolated from roughs. Isolates were
characterised using DNA satellite probes and 28S rDNA sequence data. Both
methods confirmed the identities of nematode isolates as Steinernema
carpocapsae, S. feltiae and S. kraussei.
Application of a real-time PCR method for the detection of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in wood samples from lodgepole pine
Authors: Leal Isabel , Green Margaret , Allen Eric , Humble Leland , Rott Michael 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
A real-time PCR polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) method was
developed to detect and differentiate Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood
nematode, PWN) from other wood-inhabiting nematode species. A primer set and
a specific Taqman® fluorescent probe were designed to amplify target B.
xylophilus heat shock protein 70 sequences. After optimization, this
real-time PCR assay was shown to be highly specific and sensitive, detecting
at least 0.005 ng of B. xylophilus genomic DNA, as well as DNA extracted
from single nematodes. The practical application of this real-time PCR
diagnostic method for the detection of B. xylophilus from actual wood
samples of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta, Dougl. var. latifolia) trees
containing a heterogeneous population of nematodes, rather than pure
cultures or individual nematodes, is demonstrated. This method works well in
the presence of potential inhibitors associated with wood after Baermann
extraction and thus eliminates the need to produce pure nematode samples
through further culturing and/or isolation of nematodes with a high-power
microscope.
Chance and Legal History
Authors: van Caenegem R.C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe author presents four cases, where he analyses the role of chance. (1) An accident of chronology caused a dynamic king, interested in legal matters, to rule in England in the second half of the twelfth century. Consequently a modernized English common law was established before the neo-Roman law of the Schools and the officialities could intervene. (2) Finding the complete Corpus iuris civilis in northern Italy in the second half of the eleventh century, was the result of a chance discovery and not due to a search party sent to Greece in order to obtain a copy of Justinian's lawbook. (3) The 'reception' of Roman law in late fifteenth-century Germany was caused, inter alia, by the circumstance that Emperor Maximilian happened to be surrounded by an 'Academy' of humanists and to have Roman-imperial ambitions. (4) The formation of the Seventeen Provinces of Emperor Charles V was the result of a conscious Burgundian and Habsburg policy. But their sixteenth-century separation into present-day Belgium and Holland was the result of their Spanish ruler, King Philip II. He himself had come to rule over the Low Countries because of a fortuitous series of infant deaths in the Spanish dynasty in 1497–1499, which led to the accession of a Habsburg prince to the Spanish throne and eventually to a Spanish king ruling over the Low countries.
The oldest part of the Lois des pers dou castel de Lille (1283–1308/1314) and the infancy of case law and law reporting on the continent
Authors: Heirbaut D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe 'Lois des pers dou Castel de Lille' is a very interesting source of medieval law, which has been neglected by historians, as it is a very chaotic document. However, several chronological layers can be distinguished and the oldest part, the bulk of the 'Lois de Lille', dates from 1283–1308 and is very rich in information not found in other sources. It expressly mentions the spokesmen of the Lille castelleny court, the intellectual authors of its judgements. In fact, the very first version of the 'Lois de Lille' were the notes taken by these spokesmen, with originally two separate sets because of the gulf between the knights and the other judges of the court. Thus, the 'Lois de Lille' prove that occasional law reporting was not that much younger on the continent than in England and it is to be wondered how many other texts which look like mere collections of legal rules hide case law and embryonic law reports.
The political responsibility for Royal pardons in Belgium during the 19th century (1830–1900)
Authors: Monballyu J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn Belgium, the Royal Prerogative of pardoning convicted criminals was legally embedded in the Constitution of 14th February, 1831. It allowed the King to reduce a sentence or to grant a discharge of a sentence given by a court. Any Royal decision to pardon had, however, to be countersigned by a member of the Government, who took on the political responsibility of the decision towards Parliament. In most cases, the task fell upon the Minister of Justice. During the 19th century, in both Houses of the Belgian Parliament, the Minister of Justice was repeatedly questioned about the way the prerogative of pardoning was exercised. This usually occurred when a death sentence had been commuted to a lesser sentence. In such cases, members of the Chamber of Representatives or of the Senate would ask for an explicit justification of a particular pardon. Only exceptionally would a Government Minister be challenged about the legality of a decision either granting or refusing a pardon.
Because of the constitutional convention which prevents exposing directly the political position of the King, Jules d'Anethan (Minister of Justice 1843–1847) defended the Minister's right to refuse to give any reasons for a decision regarding a pardon. He only acknowledged Parliament's right to question a Minister about his general policy on pardons. In his view, it was not within Parliament's powers to ask a Minister of Justice why a pardon had been granted or refused in a specific case. That view tended to limit considerably a Minister's responsibility for Royal pardons: it became no more than an empty shell.
Another Minister of Justice, Théophile De Lantsheere (1871–1878), took an opposite view. He refused to state his general policy on pardons, but he accepted to explain the specific reasons why a Royal decision granting or refusing a pardon had been made. In his view, a pardon was in the first place a matter for the Minister's conscience. Parliament was therefore entitled to assess his particular actions. However, in the line of his predecessors' and successors' view, he believed that the reasons why the King had insisted on a pardon or refused to grant a pardon should not be mentioned to Parliament. Pardon was an issue between King and Government, not between King and Parliament. As the saying goes in Belgian constitutional law: The Crown should never be laid 'bare'.
Causa in D. 44,4,2,3
Authors: Waelkens Laurent 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn Roman law, D. 44,4,2,3 is the reference-text for stipulation without cause. Causality is a characteristic feature of early-modern legal thinking, but it may seem alien to a text from the 3rd century A.D. Would it therefore be possible to understand that text without reading into it the stipulation without cause? If one looks for a single meaning of causa in all the passages of the Digest where the phrase appears, the term seems to have a complex significance, including both a law-suit, litigation, a legal act and a legal fact. In that light, D. 44,4,2,3 takes on another dimension, as the text explains a particular feature of the exceptio doli. This study may thus offer a caveat for differentiating, when reading a text of Roman law, between its original ancient use and its reception during the ius commune era.
An unedifying monument? J.M. Kemper and some early controversies around the French civil code
Authors: Wijffels Alain 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAgainst allegations that the 1820 draft of a Civil code for the Kingdom of the Netherlands was too doctrinal and theoretical, one of J.M. Kemper's arguments during the parliamentary discussions consisted in pointing out that far from being academic, the provisions of the draft which further elaborated on general principles expressed in the French Civil Code were in fact meant to settle through legislation controversies which had appeared in French legal practice and case law after the enactment of that code. Kemper's unsuccessful argumentation was especially developed in the course of the debate in the Lower House on the draft's preliminary articles relating to (i) the non-retrospective effect of statutes and (ii) nullity as a default-sanction for violation of statutory rules.
Bibliotheca frisica juridica, Bio-bibliografische notities over enkele weinig bekende Friese juristen
Authors: Feenstra R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis is the first part of a series on little known Frisian jurists from the end of the 15th until the beginning of the 17th century who have left printed editions of their works. The present contribution deals with three of them: Haring Sinnema (ca. 1465 – 1513), professor in Cologne and member of the Reichskammergericht, author of a primer on civil and canon law (1491); Boëtius Epo (1529 – 1599), professor at the counter-reformist University of Douai since its erection in 1562, whose works mainly concern canon law; Johannes Basius (ca. 1540 – 1596), agent and adviser of Prince William of Orange, author of Paradoxarum disputationum iuris civilis libri IIII (1575), known for excessive criticism on some wellknown humanist contemporaries.
Arthroscopic Evaluation of Radiofrequency Chondroplasty of the Knee
Authors: Voloshin Ilya , Morse Kenneth R. , Allred C. Dain , Bissell Scott A. , Maloney Michael D. , DeHaven Kenneth E. 
Published: July 2007

Background Considerable debate exists over the use of radiofrequency-based chondroplasty to treat partial-thickness chondral defects of the knee. This study used second-look arthroscopy to evaluate cartilage defects previously treated with bipolar radiofrequency—based chondroplasty. Hypothesis Partial-thickness articular cartilage lesions treated with bipolar radiofrequency—based chondroplasty will show no progressive deterioration. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods One hundred ninety-three consecutive patients underwent bipolar radiofrequency—based chondroplasty over 38 months; 15 (25 defects treated with bipolar radiofrequency—based chondroplasty) underwent repeat arthroscopy for recurrent or new injuries. Time from the initial to repeat arthroscopy ranged from 0.7 to 32.7 months. At both procedures, the location, size, grade, and stability of lesions were evaluated, recorded, and photographed arthroscopically. Results At the initial procedure, 25 lesions treated using bipolar radiofrequency—based chondroplasty ranged from 9 to 625 mm2 (mean, 170.2 ± 131.2 mm2; median, 120 mm2); at second look, lesion size was 9 to 300 mm2 (mean, 107.7 ± 106.7 mm2; median, 100 mm2). At second look, 3 (12%) demonstrated unstable borders with damage in the surrounding cartilage that appeared to be progressive. Eight (32%) lesions were unchanged in size. Eight (32%) demonstrated partial filling with stable repair tissue, and 6 (24%) demonstrated complete filling with stable repair tissue. Lesions in the tibiofemoral compartments showed better response to radiofrequency chondroplasty than did those within the patellofemoral joint (P < .05). Conclusion Only 3 of 25 lesions demonstrated progression. More than 50% showed partial or complete filling of the defect. Bipolar radiofrequency chondroplasty is an effective way to treat partial-thickness cartilage lesions; however, long-term effects of this treatment on cartilage remain unknown.
A Modified Operation for Achilles Tendon Ruptures
Authors: Uchiyama Eiji , Nomura Akiko , Takeda Yasushi , Hiranuma Kenji , Iwaso Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

Background Treatment of Achilles tendon rupture has long been at the center of debate. Hypothesis A new technique in surgical Achilles tendon repair allows for more stability and earlier rehabilitation. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods One hundred Achilles tendon rupture patients (70 men, 30 women; age range, 16-54 years; mean age, 32 years) were treated by a newly modified method of repair. Twenty-one of these patients were high-level athletes, and 79 were recreational-level athletes. The average length of follow-up was 2.4 years (range, 1-6.3 years), and none of the ruptures included avulsion fractures. After adjusting the tendon to an adequate length using a Tsuge suture, each fibrous bundle was gathered in a longitudinal direction and fixed with a Bunnell-type suture. The same postoperative physical therapy protocol was applied to all patients: at 1 week, early full weightbearing with a walking cast was initiated, and at 2 weeks, patients began range of motion (ROM) exercises and were instructed to wear a hinged ankle-foot orthosis that permitted full plantar flexion but limited full dorsiflexion. From 6 weeks, patients started practicing double-legged heel raises. Results At an average of 10 weeks, ankle ROM was comparable to that of the nonoperated leg, and double-legged heel raises were achieved at an average of 7.6 weeks. On average, patients were able to do 20 continuous single-legged heel-raising motions (equivalent to manual muscle testing grade 5) at 15.4 weeks, and jogging started at 12.3 weeks. High-level athletes returned to their original sports level at an average of 5 months. Two reruptures (2%) were experienced, but no other complications occurred. Conclusion This surgical technique allows for strong repair stability and subsequent early weightbearing and ROM exercises.