bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐War Politics and the Historiography of French Strategy and Diplomacy Before the Second World War
Authors: Jackson Peter 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article surveys the evolution of the historical literature on France and the origins of the Second World War. It links history writing about French institutions and policy‐making to wider trends in French politics and society as well as to various approaches to understanding the history and culture of France. It argues that for many years the historiography was dominated by narratives of decline within France which were rooted in long‐standing traditions of interpreting the French past in terms of decline, fall, and renewal. These were exacerbated by war‐time and post‐war political score‐settling and by the increasing political dominance of Gaullism during the 1960s and 1970s. It also identifies a tendency among American and especially British historians to view French history and politics as terminally in a state of crisis as well as a Cold War tendency towards the militarization of historical interpretations of the inter‐war period. It then traces the emergence of a fully fledged revisionist view linked, at least in part, to the growing prominence attributed to financial and industrial issues by the international historians of the 1960s and 1970s. It ends with a plea to move towards methodologies that focus on the interrelationship between cultural and material factors as the most promising means of taking the study of this important subject forward.
Slavery and Unfree Labour in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Carter Marina 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Indian Ocean, a relatively neglected and unexplored theatre of the slave trade, has only belatedly drawn the attention of historians, for so long preoccupied with its Atlantic counterpart. Recent studies have emphasized the African dimension of the trade to the almost complete exclusion of Asian sources of supply and have therefore done little to probe the diverse and unique features of slavery in the region. In particular, the presence and role of Indian slaves has hitherto been given scant attention, despite its significance in the colonial history of the region. The present paper provides an overview of the literature on the slave trade in Indians, and suggests a number of avenues for further research, in particular in developing linkages between the various strands of migration of Indian slaves, convicts, and indentured labourers throughout the Indian Ocean littoral.
“It's All About Perspective”: Using Simulations in Multicultural Teaching
Authors: Williams Kat 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMany feminist pedagogues create a classroom climate that transforms the student from a passive beneficiary of knowledge to an active participant in the classroom community. This objective is accomplished in many different ways and while there is no way to ensure student participation in the classroom and not one technique that works for every situation, the common thread is the rejection of traditional, passive forms of learning in favor of alternative, active teaching methods. History is not experienced the same way by all people – it is not a seamless narrative or a single story, but a series of competing voices. To demonstrate my use of historical simulations in the classroom this article focuses on World War II and the alternative perspectives, including women's baseball, to which students are exposed and ultimately represent in the simulation.
Genetic Testing, Genetic Information, and the Role of Maternal‐Child Health Nurses in Israel
Authors: Barnoy Sivia , Appel Dorit , Peretz Chava , Meiraz Hana , Ehrenfeld Mally 
Published: August 2006

Purpose: To examine the rate of genetic testing, the characteristics of those who had these tests, and to examine the public's openness to the possibility of expanding nurses' roles in maternal‐child health (MCH) clinics to include providing genetic information.
Design: The study was conducted in nine MCH clinics in the central district of Israel. All women attending the clinics during 1 week were requested to complete the questionnaire. The sample consisted of 361 participants.
Findings: A high rate of genetic testing (80.4%) was shown. Higher education, being secular, and native‐born Israeli predicted testing performance. Half of the tested participants reported that they did not understand the test results and were interested in receiving explanations regarding these results. Forty‐four percent of respondents were interested in receiving genetic information from an MCH nurse.
Conclusions: A high rate of genetic testing performance was reported. The public reported lack of information regarding genetic tests and their results. An appropriate setting for providing this information is the maternal‐child health clinics.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Pain Management in the United States
Authors: Ezenwa Miriam O. , Ameringer Suzanne , Ward Sandra E. , Serlin Ronald C. 
Published: August 2006

Purpose: To critically examine research on racial and ethnic disparities in pain management with a focus on who has been studied, the magnitude of disparities, and potential explanations for those disparities.Design: A systematic literature review. Articles included were reports of original research in which at least two racial or ethnic groups were compared on adequacy of pain management.Methods: Review of research articles published between 1990 and 2004 with the primary aim of identifying the influence of race or ethnicity on pain management in the US. Databases were CINAHL, Medline, and Pubmed. Relevant articles were categorized by pain type. Effect sizes were calculated where sufficient data were provided.Findings: Studies were focused on Blacks or African Americans, Whites or non‐Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, and Asians. Terms for describing these groups were neither well defined nor consistently used within and across studies. Disparities in pain management were reported in relation to minority status, but the magnitudes of these disparities were mostly small.Conclusions: Greater clarity and consistency are needed in the use of the terms race, ethnicity, and minority. Groups were treated as if they were homogeneous, and details were lacking about whether subgroups of different races or ethnicities had been studied. Although reported disparities in pain management were small, they were consistent. Further research is needed to examine differences within groups and to explain possible reasons for disparities across groups.
The Relationship of Racism, Chronic Stress Emotions, and Blood Pressure
Authors: Peters Rosalind M. 
Published: August 2006

Purpose: To test a middle‐range theory of chronic stress emotions to examine the effects of perceived racism and emotion‐focused coping on psychological and physiological health outcomes in African Americans.
Design: A descriptive‐correlational, causal modeling study was conducted with a convenience sample of 162 community‐dwelling adults.
Methods: Participants completed the Racism and Life Experience Scale; Krieger Racial Discrimination Questionnaire; Toronto Alexithymia Scale; Emotional Approach Coping Scale; State‐Trait Personality Inventory; and a demographic data sheet. Automated blood pressure (BP) readings were obtained.
Analysis: Structural equation modeling techniques were used to examine the hypothesized causal and correlational links between the theoretical constructs, as well as to examine the relationship between the observed variables and the latent constructs measured.
Finding and Conclusions: The proposed model fits the sample data. Racism was a commonly experienced stressor associated with chronic stress emotions, but not with BP. Emotion‐focused coping was strongly associated with socioeconomic status and chronic stress emotions but not with BP.
Racial Disparities in Acute Outcomes of Life‐Threatening Injury
Authors: NeSmith Elizabeth G. 
Published: August 2006

Purpose: To critically analyze racial and ethnic disparities in acute outcomes of life‐threatening injury in the United States (US).
Design: Integrative review of literature.
Methods: A search of Medline (1966–2005) and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; 1982–2002) scientific literature databases was undertaken to identify research aimed at correlating minority race and ethnicity to acute outcomes of life‐threatening injury in the US.
Results: Although injury is the leading cause of death for adults 15 to 44 years of age, racial and ethnic health disparities in acute outcomes of life‐threatening injury have been relatively unexplored: only seven of 352 (2%) studies. The findings from these studies were mixed. Four studies indicated significant relationships between race or ethnicity to acute outcomes in injury morbidity and mortality, but three studies showed no significant relationships between these variables. Other variables associated with health disparities, such as income and education, were rarely (income) or not (education) addressed.
Conclusions: These inconclusive results indicate the need for more research aimed at investigating racial and ethnic disparities in acute outcomes of life‐threatening injury.
Recruiting and Retaining Arab Muslim Mothers and Children for Research
Authors: Aroian Karen J. , Katz Anne , Kulwicki Anahid 
Published: August 2006

Purpose: To describe successful and not‐so‐successful strategies for recruiting and retaining Arab Muslim immigrant women and their adolescent children for research.
Design and Methods: A longitudinal study of mother‐child adjustment of Arab immigrants to the US is used for illustration. A panel of experts was assembled and provided culturally specific advice about gatekeepers, advertising, data collectors, data collection, and how to track and encourage participation at subsequent time points in the study.
Findings: Most of the strategies recommended by the panel were overwhelmingly positive, including advice about data collectors, how to collect data, financial incentives, avoiding offending families, and personal contacts. Hiring data collectors who were able to establish personal and culturally appropriate relationships with study participants was the single most successful recruitment and retention strategy. Advice from cultural experts about which gatekeepers to engage and how to advertise for study participants was not productive.
Conclusions: Researchers should not only assemble a panel of cultural experts to provide advice about group specific strategies to build trust and maintain cultural sensitivity, but also to budget generously for time for data collectors to build and maintain rapport with study populations who, like Arab immigrant women, highly value personal relationships.
Experiences and Demands of Families With Mentally Ill People at Home in Botswana
Authors: Seloilwe Esther S. 
Published: August 2006

Purpose: To describe the experiences and demands of families who care for their mentally ill relatives at home in Botswana.
Design: Grounded theory design with triangulated data sources.
Methods: A convenience sample was drawn from both urban and rural areas and composed of both men and women. Data‐collection methods included in‐depth interviews, focus group discussions and field observations. Data were collected using an interview protocol in the local language. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and translated into English. Analysis was done by open and axial coding and grouping like data together to generate core categories, using the constant comparison method.
Findings: The interview data revealed a myriad of experiences and problems that families encountered in providing care to their relatives. The situation was perceived as difficult and burdensome because of lack of control and inadequate resources. The complexity of the situation required negotiation between the family members, their ill relatives, and health professionals.
Conclusions: This study indicated some of the difficulties caregivers encounter and the coping mechanisms they use to deal with the day‐to‐day care of their ill relatives. Community resources are needed to assist families to effectively care for their relatives.
Systematic Review of Relaxation Interventions for Pain
Authors: Kwekkeboom Kristine L. , Gretarsdottir Elfa 
Published: August 2006

Purpose: To review randomized trials of relaxation interventions used for the treatment of pain in adults and to synthesize evidence regarding the efficacy of specific techniques.
Design: Integrative review.
Methods: A literature search was conducted using the terms “relaxation” and “pain” in CINAHL, Medline, and PsychInfo from 1996 to March 2005. Studies were reviewed and categorized based on the type of relaxation intervention (progressive muscle relaxation [PMR], autogenic training, jaw relaxation, rhythmic breathing, and other relaxation exercises), and summarized with respect to various study characteristics and results.
Findings: Researchers reported support for relaxation interventions in 8 of the 15 studies reviewed. The most frequently supported technique was progressive muscle relaxation, particularly for arthritis pain. Investigators reported support for jaw relaxation and a systematic relaxation intervention for relieving postoperative pain. Little evidence was found for autogenic training, and no support for rhythmic breathing or other relaxation techniques.
Conclusions: Most of the studies reviewed had weaknesses in methodology, which limited the ability to draw conclusions about interventions. Further research is needed to confirm positive findings related to PMR, jaw relaxation, and systematic relaxation, to address questions related to the dose‐response relationship and the individual differences that might influence response to relaxation interventions. These and other relaxation techniques require testing in carefully designed and conducted trials.
Symptom Perception and Adherence to Asthma Controller Medications
Authors: Ohm Ruth , Aaronson Lauren S. 
Published: August 2006

Purpose: To explore asthma symptom perception and the relationship between asthma symptom perception and adherence to asthma treatment.
Design: Adult patients (N=120) of asthma/allergy specialty clinics, taking Advair® as a controller medication, were enrolled in this cross‐sectional descriptive study.
Methods: Ninety‐seven participants completed 4 weeks of daily diaries to assess subjective symptom perception and measured peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR), both done twice daily. Individual perceptual accuracy scores (PAS) were determined by correlating the subjective symptom perception scores with the PEFRs. Measures included demographic variables, illness identity (personal control and treatment control, consequences, and timeline‐cyclical subscales of the IPQ‐R), asthma severity (FEV1 percentage) and a single‐item indicator of perceived asthma severity. Adherence was measured by the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS) and by an Advair® dose count (percentage of doses taken as prescribed).
Findings: Independent t tests comparing adherence rates of good versus poor perceivers were not significant, using either the percentage Advair® dose count or the MARS. Multiple regression analyses showed that years with asthma, illness identity, and peak flow variability were all significant explanatory variables for perceptual accuracy.
Conclusion: Peak flow variability adds complexity to the relationship between perceptual accuracy and adherence that warrants further investigation.
33 cases of airsoft gun pellet ocular injuries in Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998–2002
Authors: Saunte Jon Peiter , Saunte Mads Egil 
Published: August 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the incidence and ocular effects of blunt trauma due to injury from airsoft gun pellets.Methods:  We conducted a non‐comparative case series based on the files of 33 patients who suffered ocular injury from airsoft guns and were admitted to one university emergency eye clinic in Copenhagen during a 5‐year period.Results:  A total of 33 eyes in 33 patients were examined. Thirty male and three female patients were affected. Mean age was 13 years (range 3–49 years). Mean follow‐up time was 6.5 days (range 1–540 days). On initial examination, we found: hyphaema (n = 28), corneal abrasion (n = 22), retinal oedema (n = 11), subconjunctival haemorrhage (n = 10), palpebral haemorrhage and/or oedema (n = 9), iris dialysis (n = 7), intraocular pressure (IOP) > 31 mmHg (n = 4), IOP < 9 mmHg (n = 4), vitreous haemorrhage (n = 2) and cataract (n = 1). One patient had brown corneal discoloration due to severe chronic hyphaema that required surgery. The final visual acuity was 1.0 in 20 patients and ≤ 0.7 in five patients.Conclusion:  The airsoft gun trauma resulted in anterior and posterior segment ocular injuries that required acute medical intervention and for which some patients were hospitalized. Trauma mainly occurred in children and youths. A longterm risk of glaucoma is expected. Eye care professionals and parents as well as manufacturers of airsoft guns should advise participants to wear adequate protection when involved in this activity.
CD 95 mediated apoptosis in embryogenesis: implication in tooth development
Authors: Matalová E , Šetková J , Blackburn J , Míšek I , Sharpe PT 
Published: August 2006

Structured abstractAuthors –  Matalová E, Šetková J, Blackburn J, Míšek I, Sharpe PTIntroduction –  Understanding of apoptotic mechanisms involved in tissue shaping is of particular interest because of possible targeted modulation of the development of organ structures such as teeth. Research of CD 95 mediated apoptosis has been focused particularly on cell death in the immune system and related disorders. However, CD 95 mediated apoptosis is also involved in embryogenesis of many organs as the kidney, the lung, the intestine and tissue networks such as the nervous system.Design –  Narrative review.Results –  This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge of CD 95 mediated apoptosis in embryogenesis with possible implication in tooth development. CD 95 receptor and CD 95 ligand are found at early stages of tooth development. The data suggest some positive correlations with dental apoptosis distribution, particularly in the primary enamel knot where apoptosis occurs during elimination of this structure. CD 95 deficient (lpr) adult mouse tooth phenotype, however, did not show any alterations in final tooth pattern and morphology.Conclusion –  To date studies of apoptotic machinery during tooth development show spatial localization of many of the components together with precise and localized timing of cell death. There is still much to be learned about the regulation and importance of apoptosis in tooth development. Nevertheless, the involvement of apoptotic regulatory mechanisms interplaying with other molecules participates to the cellular cross‐talk in developing tissues, which opens possible targeted modulations as suggested, e.g. for future molecular dentistry.
Exclusion of coding region mutations inMSX1,PAX9andAXIN2in eight patients with severe oligodontia phenotype
Authors: Gerits A , Nieminen P , De Muynck S , Carels C 
Published: August 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors – Gerits A, Nieminen P, De Muynck S, Carels CPurpose – This paper describes the screening of eight patients with severe oligodontia forPAX9andAXIN2mutations.Subjects and Methods – Anamnestic data and a panoramic radiograph were collected to study the phenotype of eight patients with oligodontia and their first‐degree relatives. A blood sample was taken for a mutational screening forPAX9andAXIN2mutations.Results – No mutations were discovered, but a unique nucleotide change in a conserved 5′ flanking region of PAX9 was revealed. Earlier screening of the same patients forMSX1mutations also had a negative outcome.Conclusions – Considering the discrepancy between the high incidence rate of agenesis and the relatively small number of reported causative mutations inPAX9,MSX1andAXIN2genes, the genetic contribution to oligodontia probably is much more heterogeneous than expected so far. Therefore negative results, like the present exclusion data, should be published more often in order to get a better appreciation of the relative contribution of these specific mutations causing oligodontia. In this context the exact number of tested probands also should be mentioned at all cases. Recent evidence of PAX9–MSX1 protein interactions in odontogenesis as well as other genes and developmental factors should receive more attention.
Effects of aging on RANKL and OPG levels in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Kawasaki K , Takahashi T , Yamaguchi M , Kasai K 
Published: August 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Kawasaki K, Takahashi T, Yamaguchi M, Kasai KObjectives –  To compare the levels of the receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during orthodontic tooth movement in juvenile and adult patients.Design –  Fifteen juveniles and 15 adults served as subjects. GCF was collected from the distal cervical margins of the experimental and control teeth at 0, 1, 24, and 168 h after application of a retracting force. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to determine RANKL and OPG levels in the GCF samples.Results –  The amount of tooth movement for juveniles was larger than for adults after 168 h. Further, after 24 h RANKL levels were increased and those of OPG decreased in GCF samples from the compression side during orthodontic tooth movement in both juveniles and adults. The RANKL/OPG ratio in GCF from adult patients was lower than that in the juvenile patient samples.Conclusion –  Our results suggest that the age‐related decrease in amount of tooth movement may be related to a decrease in RANKL/OPG ratio in GCF during the early stages of orthodontic tooth movement.
Osteoglophonic dysplasia: dental and orthodontic implications
Authors: Roberts TS , Stephen L , Beighton P 
Published: August 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Roberts TS, Stephen L, Beighton PAims and Objectives –  Documentation of dental and orthodontic implications of osteoglophonic dysplasia (OGD).Settings and Participants –  Case report describing oral and dental manifestations of a female with OGD, aged 39 years, who was first documented three decades ago.Results –  This rare genetic disorder manifests with gross stunting of stature, associated with severe craniofacial malformation and multiple unerupted teeth. Radiographically, multiple lucent lesions were present in the tubular bones and mandible as well as several impacted teeth.Conclusion –  We concluded that prosthetic dental replacement in this patient would be difficult because of the distorted jaw relationship and large alveolar ridges. Equally, craniofacial reconstruction might be compromised by obstruction of the nasal airways, difficulty in intubation and postoperative respiratory problems.
Cellular response to force application at craniofacial sutures
Authors: Alaqeel SM , Hinton RJ , Opperman LA 
Published: August 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Alaqeel SM, Hinton RJ, Opperman LAObjectives –  To provide a comprehensive review of the literature describing research done on the responses of suture cells to force application in vitro and in vivo.Design and Results –  This review outlines the types of forces that can be applied, methods of applying the forces, the sutures used in experiments, and the changes in morphology, molecular biology (gene and protein expression), and cell biology (proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis) in response to these forces.Conclusion –  The molecular response of sutures to force needs to be further investigated as these molecules can be used to enhance the way in which craniofacial sutures respond to mechanical force during orthopedic–orthodontic treatment.