bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractionation of palm oil
Authors: Deffense E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBecause of its fatty acid composition, which includes 50% saturated and 50% unsaturated fatty acids, palm oil can readily be fractionated, i.e. partially crystallized and separated into a high melting fraction or stearin and a low melting fraction or olein.Three main commercial processes for fractionating palm oil are in use: the fast dry process, the slow dry process and the detergent process. All these processes lead to specific products of different quality with different yield and operating costs. The physical and chemical characteristics as well as the triglyceride compositions by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of palm oil fractions from these industrial fractionation processes are given.Other varieties of products produced by specific fractionation are presented with analytical data: the superoleins, palm‐mid‐fractions and cocoa butter substitutes.
Preparation and properties of sulfonate salt‐type cleavable surfactants with a 1,3‐dioxane ring
Authors: Wang Guan‐Wu , Yuan Xian‐You , Liu You‐Cheng , Lei Xue‐Gong 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA series of di‐anionic cleavable surfactants were prepared by the condensation of aldehydes with 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐1,3‐propanediol, followed by reaction with 1,3‐propanesultone in the presence of sodium hydride. Surfactant 5a had a different1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in D2O than products 5b−d. This was rationalized by its different conformation, which originates from the self‐coiling of its alkyl chain. The critical micelle concentrations, Krafft points and hydrolysis properties of these surfactants were determined.
The influence of sodium tripolyphosphate and zeolites on detergency of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the presence of Mg++
Authors: Cohen L. , Vergara R. , Moreno A. , Berna J. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe influence of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and zeolites on the detergency performance of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) has been evaluated at different water magnesium ion levels. This study demonstrates that LAS/STPP gives better results in the presence of calcium than in the presence of magnesium, whereas the LAS/zeolite mixture gives better results in the presence of magnesium than in the presence of calcium.
Foam enhancement by short‐chain hydrophobe alcohol ethoxylates in light‐duty liquids
Authors: Condon Brian D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study examined linear alcohol ethoxylates as foam‐enhancing agents in light‐duty liquids. The ethoxylates were formulated as supplementary surfactants to an anionic main surfactant system. The relationship between ethoxylate structure and performance was elucidated, comparisons were made between ethoxylates and other recognized foam‐enhancing agents, and a representative light‐duty liquid formula was optimized. Performance evaluation focused on manual plate washing capacity but also included agitation foam volume, surface activity, cloud and clear temperatures, viscosity and grease cutting. Shortchain alcohol ethoxylates with a high degree of ethoxylation (such as C8 with 70% or 7 moles of ethylene oxide) gave optimum performance that was comparable to or better than acknowledged foam‐enhancing agents. The substitution of an alcohol ethoxylate for a fatty acid ethanolamide in the test formulation resulted in substantially lower formulation viscosity.
Fatty acid distribution of fats, oils and soaps by high‐performance liquid chromatography without derivatization
Authors: George Edmund D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure without derivatization was developed for quantitating fatty acid components of various soap‐related fats and oils, as well as for the direct quantitation of fatty acids from soap. The fatty acids are detected by refractive index after isocratic reverse‐phase chromatography. The method has been developed with radial compression and stainless‐steel column technology. The triglycerides are saponified and acid‐hydrolyzed into fatty acids, and they are dissolved in a solvent and injected. The soaps are dissolved in methanol and injected into the HPLC, where they are acid‐hydrolyzed directly on the column by an acid‐modified mobile phase. The total run time after injection is approximately 20 min, with quantitation performed on an NEC Powermate® computer driven by PE/Nelson Analytical Software. The typical carbon chains analyzed are from C6 to C20.
Chemical changes in unsaturated oils upon aging and subsequent effects on fabric yellowing and soil removal
Authors: Choe Park Eun Kyung , Obendorf S. Kay 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAging of unsaturated oily soils on polyester/cotton fabric was explored with oleic acid, triolein and squalene as model soils in terms of the relationship between changes in their chemical structure and fabric appearance. Among the three unsaturated oily soils studied, yellowing was observed only with squalene‐soiled and aged fabric swatches after aging for 2 to 46 wk. The yellow material formed upon aging was not completely removed by laundering or organic solvent extraction. In extraction, the more polar solvents removed more yellow material from the fabric. Radiotracer analysis of labeled oily soils showed that all three soils volatilized from fabric upon aging with their characteristic volatility patterns. The amount volatilized increased with aging time and temperature. Removal of triolein and squalene increased remarkably after aging when applied as single soil. Higher aging temperature (40°C) increased soil removal more dramatically than a lower temperature (21°C). In a mixed soil system, removal of triolein by detergency increased up to 8 wk of aging; a decrease in removal was oberved for a specimen aged from 8 to 26 wk at 21°C. Removal of oleic acid decreased gradually during aging in both single and mixed soil systems. Separation of aged products by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) revealed that unsaturated oily soils chemically changed into various polar oxidation products that were more easily removed by detergency. Infrared (IR) spectra of the aged oils substantiated the appearance of polar groups, such as O−H, C=O and C−O. Osmium tetroxide treatment proved disappearance of double bonds of unsaturated oils upon aging. The fabric yellowing observed for squalene‐soiled fabric is related to the formation of yellow, polar, resinous material due to rapid oxidation, as evidenced by TLC, IR spectra, volatility pattern and rigidity of aged fabric. Oxidation products of squalene with conjugated C=O groups are proposed as the cause of fabric yellowing upon aging, and a possible mechanism for their formation is proposed.
Influence of surfactants on an extracellular lipase fromPythium ultimum
Authors: Mozaffar Z. , Weete J. D. , Dute R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe activity of an extracellular lipase from the fungusPythium ultimum was studied as a function of emulsion properties, and the amount and type of surfactants used in preparing the emulsions. The highest emulsified globule surface area as a function of surfactant concentration and emulsion stability were in the order taurocholic acid >Triton X‐100>3‐[(3‐cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]‐1‐propanesulfonate (CHAPS). Lipase activity was dependent on both the type and the concentration of surfactant, with taurocholic acid and CHAPS giving tenfold stimulation over the control at 0.1 and 0.8 mM, respectively. The evidence suggests that the influence of surfactant is related more to interaction with the enzyme at the oil‐water interface than to providing greater interfacial surface area.
Fatty acid composition inCuphea seed oils from brazil and nicaragua
Authors: Graham S. A. , Kleiman R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeed oils ofCuphea are characterized by a diverse assemblage of fatty acid patterns emphasizing short‐ and medium‐chain fatty acids. For this report, seed oils of 19 populations from 14 species were analyzed. Thirteen species are from Brazil and one from Nicaragua. Fatty acid compositions of oils of eight species are reported for the first time. Lauric acid predominates in 10 species, myristic acid in one, and linoleic acid in three. Small amounts of C20:0 and C20:1 are recorded in one species. The major fatty acid for each taxonomic section is consistent with that reported earlier as characteristic of the section. Seed oil compositions of species previously reported from North or Central American populations are comparable to those of the Brazilian populations.
Development of a pilot plant process for the preparation of a soy trypsin inhibitor concentrate
Authors: Baker E. C. , Rackis J. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA pilot‐plant procedure was developed to prepare a soy trypsin inhibitor (TI) concentrate in sufficient quantities to support a lifetime (2‐yr) feeding trial in which diets containing varying amounts of TI would be fed to rats to assess the physiological effects on the pancreas and other organs. Starting with water dispersions of commercial defatted soy flour, separation of TI (MW<21,500) from non‐TI protein (MW 180,000–350,000) by virtue of their MW difference was attempted using ultrafiltration techniques but was not successful. However, good separation was obtained when selective acid precipitation coupled with “salting in” of the TI with 0.1 N sodium chloride was employed. Low MW components were separated successfully by ultrafiltration using a 1,000 MW cutoff membrane. The final soy TI concentrate obtained by freeze drying exhibited a 9‐fold increase in TI activity.
A comparison of the fatty acids and sterols of seeds of weedy and vegetable species ofAmaranthus spp.
Authors: Fernando Tudor , Bean George 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe seeds of weedy and vegetable species ofAmaranthus were analyzed for sterols and fatty acids. The major sterol was spinasterol, which ranged from 46 to 54% by weight of the total sterol mixture. Δ−7 stigmasterol occurred in the next higher amount with lesser amounts of Δ−7 ergosterol, stigmasterol and 24‐methylene‐cycloartenol. There was little difference in the sterol composition of the vegetable species compared to the weedy species. The fatty acid compositions of the species were essentially all the same. Linoleic acid was present in the greatest amount, with lesser amounts of oleic, palmitic, stearic, myristic, linolenic, arachidic and lignoceric acids.
Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration of stillage solubles from dry‐milled corn fractions
Authors: Wu Y. V. , Sexson K. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGrits, flour, degerminated meal and hominy feed from corn were fermented to make ethyl alcohol. The stillage, remaining after distillation of alcohol, was separated by screening and centrifuging into insoluble and soluble fractions. The stillage solubles contained 0.036 to 0.080% nitrogen and 1.4 to 7.2% total solids. Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes separated stillage solubles into permeate and concentrate fractions. Permeates from stillage solubles accounted for 85 to 95% of the original volume, 44 to 67% of the total solids and 40 to 75% of the total nitrogen. Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes separated the UF permeate into RO permeate and RO concentrate fractions. The RO permeate accounted for 70 to 92% of the original volume, 5 to 15% of the total solids and 5 to 21% of the total nitrogen in the UF permeate. Conductivity of some RO permeate fractions was lower than that of tap water. The combination of UF and RO processing of stillage solubles from corn dry‐milled fractions appears to be an attractive method to recover most of the solids and nitrogen in small volumes of concentrate, and produces a final permeate with a low concentration of solids and nitrogen. The RO permeate may be reused as water, treated further or discharged.
Comparative studies of three solvent mixtures for the extraction of soybean lipids
Authors: Khor H. T. , Chan S. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoybean seeds were extracted with chloroform‐methanol (2:1), methylene chloride‐methanol (2:1) and hexane‐isopropanol (3:2) mixtures. The seed lipids were then fractionated by column chromatography. Neutral lipids were further separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and quantified by acid charring method. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Our results show that methylene chloride‐methanol (2:1) was as good as chloroform‐methanol (2:1) for the extraction of soybean lipids, but hexane‐isopropanol (3:2) was somewhat inferior.
Microemulsions with excellent water solubilizing capacity at high hydrocarbon levels with quaternary ammonium salts as surfactants
Authors: Venable Raymond L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn W/O microemulsions prepared by adding dry surfactant to a mixture of 85% heptane or toluene and 15% pentanol, then titrating with water, systems using quaternary ammonium salts have been shown to be capable of solubilizing much larger amounts of water than systems using the anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate. In homologous series in the range C12 to C16 it would appear that, with one exception, longer chain length quaternary salts are more effective at solubilizing water than are shorter chain length compounds. With quaternary salts of equal chain length, pyridinium salts are more effective at solubilizing water at high surfactant concentrations than are corresponding trimethyl salts.
Triterpene alcohols and sterols of Spanish olive oil
Authors: Itoh T. , Yoshida K. , Yatsu T. , Tamura T. , Matsumoto T. , Spencer G. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNine Spanish olive oils, including three each of virgin (pressed oil), refined virgin, and B‐residue (solvent‐extracted pomace oil) oils from different commercial sources, have been analyzed for their unsaponifiable matter (USM). Four sterolic fractions separated from the oils have been analyzed by preparative thin‐layer chromatography (TLC); these fractions are triterpene alcohols, 4‐methylsterols, sterols and triterpene dialcohols. The compositions of the four sterolic fractions were determined as their acetates by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) on an OV‐17 glass capillary column. Identification of each component was carried out by argentation TLC, GLC and combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS); 44 components were identified, of which four: 24‐methylene‐31‐nor‐9(11)‐lanostenol, 24‐methyl‐31‐nor‐E‐23‐dehydrocycloartanol, 24‐ethyl‐E‐23‐dehydrolophenol and 5,E‐23‐stigmastadienol, were considered to be new sterols from natural sources. Several characteristics, including the content of triteterpene dialcohols in the USM and that of C‐24(28) unsaturated sterols in each of the four sterolic fractions, which can be used to distinguish between virgin and B‐residue olive oils, were observed.
Geometrical isomerization of linolenic acid during heat treatment of vegetable oils
Authors: Grandgirard A. , Sebedio J. L. , Fleury J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHeat treatment of rapeseed (primor) and soybean oils resulted in the geometrical isomerization of linolenic acid. The geometrical isomers were isolated from a rapeseed oil heated at 240 C for 10 hr by a combination of thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the methoxy bromomercuric adducts of the total methyl esters and AgNO3‐TLC. Three major isomers were identified after hydrazine reduction followed by ozonolysis in BF3‐MeOH as 18:3Δ9c, 12c, 15t, 18:3Δ9t, 12c, 15c and 18:3Δ9t, 12c, 15t. These were accompanied by minor amounts of 18:3Δ9c, 12t, 15c, 18:3Δ9c, 12t, 15t and 18:3Δ9t, 12t, 15c. The 18:3 isomers were detected in both soybean and rapeseed oil heated at 240 C for 10 hr. At this temperature, the increase in time of the heat treatment from 10 to 40 hr resulted in a relative increase of the di‐trans and in a decrease of the mono‐trans isomers. Only minor quantities of these isomers were detected in the oils heated at 200 C for 10 hr. At this temperature, the increase in time of the heat treatment resulted in an increase of both the mono‐ and di‐trans isomers.
Total phospholipids in crude palm oil: Quantitative analysis and correlations with oil quality parameters
Authors: Goh S. H. , Tong S. L. , Gee P. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPhospholipids, selectively extracted from crude palm oil and free of colored carotenoids, can be quantitatively determined by the phospholipid‐molybdenum blue complex in hexane. A study of the phospholipid in crude palm oil in relationship to other components affecting oil quality shows that they have a beneficial effect while any detrimental effect may be of an indirect nature.
A convenient preparaton ofγ‐lactones and dialkyltetrahydrofurans from the reaction of fatty acids with epoxides using lithium naphthalenide
Authors: Fujita T. , Watanabe S. , Tohtani M. , Suga K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFatty acids reacted with epoxides using lithium naphthalenide in the presence of diethylamine to give corresponding 4‐hydroxy acids. These 4‐hydroxy acids easily tended to cyclize into their correspondingγ‐lactones by refluxing in benzene. Reduction of theseγ‐lactones with lithium aluminum hydride followed by intramolecular dehydration with potassium bisulfate afforded corresponding dialkyl tetrahydrofuran derivatives in high yields. For example, 4‐methyl‐2‐(8‐nonenyl)γ‐butyrolactone (III) was obtained from 10‐undecylenic acid and propylene oxide. 2‐Methyl‐4‐(8‐nonenyl) tetrahydrofuran (IV) was produced from (III). 2‐Methyl‐4‐(8‐nonenyl) and 2‐ethyl‐4‐(8‐nonenyl) tetrahydrofurans are woody smelling and may be used as perfumery materials.
Flavor and oxidative stability of continuously hydrogenated soybean oils
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Koritala S. , Warner K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoybean oil was partially hydrogenated in a continuous system with copper and nickel catalysts. The hydrogenated products were evaluated for flavor and oxidative stability. Processing conditions were varied to produce oils of linolenate contents between 0.4 and 2.7%, as follows: oil flow, 0.6–2.2 liters/hr; reaction temperature, 180–220 C; hydrogen pressure, 100–525 psig, and catalyst concentration, 0.5–1% copper catalyst or 0.1% nickel catalyst.Trans unsaturation varied from 8 to 20% with copper catalyst and from 15.0 to 27% with nickel catalyst. Linolenate selectivity was 9 with copper catalyst and 2 with nickel catalyst. Flavor evaluation of finished oils containing 0.01% citric acid (CA), appraised initially and after accelerated storage at 60 C, showed no significant difference between hydrogenated oils and nonhydrogenated oil. However, peroxide values and oxidative stability showed that hydrogenated oils were more stable than the unhydrogenated oil. CA+TBHQ (tertiary butylhydroquinone) significantly improved the oxidative stability of test oils over oils with CA only, but flavor scores showed no improvement. Dimethylpolysiloxane (MS) had no effect on either flavor or oxidative stability of the oils.
Seeds of the east african savannah bushBalanites orbicularis as a possible new source of lipids for commercial use
Authors: Radunz A. , Grosse W. , Mevi‐Schütz J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe fruits of the native East African savannah bushBalanites orbicularis Sprague were analyzed for their chemical composition. The seeds of these fruits were found to be rich in triacylglycerols with a high content of oleic and linoleic acids. Due to the high essential fatty acid content and the absence of toxic cyclic and oxy fatty acids, the oil from these seeds could be an extremely valuable form of nutrition. The significance of this plant is discussed briefly pertaining to its importance as a food and energy source in countries with arid regions.
A13C‐NMR study of the crystal polymorphism and internal mobilities of the triglycerides, tripalmitin and tristearin
Authors: Bociek S. M. , Ablett S. , Norton I. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe combined NMR technique of cross‐polarization, high power decoupling and magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) has been used in the study of the polymorphic forms of the two triglycerides, tripalmitin and tristearin. Variations in the13C chemical shift values for the different polymorphic forms have been found and used to obtain molecular information, and to distinguish between chain orientations. Information on the relative mobilities of particular regions within the molecule for the different polymorphs also is presented.
Isolation and chemical investigation of teak (Tectona grandis linn) seed proteins
Authors: Laskar S. , Majumdar S. Ghosh , Basak B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractProteins were extracted from the deoiled seeds ofTectona grandis Linn., Fam. Verbenaceae, a quality lumber source, in aqueous solutions of various pH's or by different concentrations of NaCl at pH 8.0. Chemical analysis of isolated protein identified 15 amino acids, of which eight were essential. Gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200 revealed the presence of six components, whose molecular weights were determined by two comparable standard methods. Seven components were resolved electrophoretically (SDS‐PAG electrophoresis) and their molecular weights were found to be 118,900, 92,300, 72,400, 62,400, 43,600, 39,800 and 32,400.
Detergency performance comparison between LAS and ABS using calcium sulfonate precipitation boundary diagrams
Authors: Matheson K. Lee 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDetergency performance comparisons of dodecyl‐type LAS and ABS show that at typical conditions for countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia, LAS gives better cleaning performance than ABS. The differences in carbon chain distribution between dodecyl‐type LAS and ABS account for some of the improvement in performance. An additional factor is the solubility of the calcium sulfonate salts. At high use level wash conditions, LAS is less hardness‐sensitive than ABS. This increase in Ca+2 tolerance by LAS can result in improved cost/performance of HDP formulations.
Crystallization of waxes during sunflowerseed oil refining
Authors: Rivarola G. , Añón M. C. , Calvelo A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCooling conditions and wax content in oil determine the morphologies adopted by crystals. At high cooling rates (K) and low temperatures of the refrigerant (Tf), nucleation temperatures are low. This induces the formation of a great number of small nuclei. However, at low K and high Tf, nucleation temperatures are high, producing a few large nuclei. The wax/oil equilibrium curve was determined; it allows the evaluation of the wax remaining in the oil after a given treatment. In addition, experiments were performed to evaluate crystal separation from oil. The increase of temperature from 10 to 25 C and the presence of soaps in the oil facilitate wax separation. These results give additional information that can improve operating conditions and make the choice of technological alternatives in wax separation easier.
Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of alkyl hydrogen sulphates
Authors: Roberts D. W. , Fairclough C. S. , Conroy J. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFirst order rate constants and Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for the thermal decomposition of 1‐hexadecyl hydrogen sulphate. From published data on thermal decomposition of lauryl hydrogen sulphate and lauryl ether hydrogen sulphate, first order rate constants and Arrhenius parameters have been obtained. The agreement between the two sets of data for the two alkyl hydrogen sulphates is within the 95% confidence limits, a combined Arrhenius plot giving an activation energy of 12.69 ± 1.97 K cal mol−1 and pre‐exponential factor of 10(4.68 ± 1.24) sec−1. For lauryl ether hydrogen sulphate, a 3‐point Arrhenius plot gives an activation energy of 9.4 K cal. mol−1 and a pre‐exponential factor of 102 sec−1.