bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Size exclusion chromatographic and UV-VIS absorption analyses of unbleached and bleached softwood kraft pulps using LiCl/1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone as a solvent
Authors: Yanagisawa Masahiro , Isogai Akira 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Unbleached and bleached kraft pulps and holocellulose prepared from softwood were totally soluble in 8% LiCl/1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (LiCl/DMI). The solutions were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography with photodiode array and multi-angle laser light scattering detection (SEC-PDA-MALLS). The mobile phase consisted of 1% LiCl/DMI. The degree of polymerization (DP) and DP distribution of the softwood kraft pulps were determined, as well as the DP distribution of residual lignins based on their UV-VIS absorption patterns. Changes in DP for kraft pulps after a conventional bleaching sequence were evaluated, and the residual lignins were analyzed in the same way. Approximately half of the residual lignin in unbleached and bleached kraft pulps was present in polysaccharide fractions with high DP, which represented approximately 90% of the total yield. Some characteristic differences in the UV-VIS absorption pattern were observed between kraft pulps bleached with oxygen and chlorine. DP, DP distribution of polysaccharides, and distribution of residual lignin were clearly different for unbleached kraft pulp, unbleached sulfite pulp, and holocellulose. An unbleached kraft pulp prepared from hardwood showed different properties to the corresponding softwood preparation. The UV-VIS absorption patterns due to residual lignins were also very characteristic for the various pulps and holocellulose.
Improved quantitative determination of benzalkonium chloride in treated wood by liquid chromatography
Authors: Miyauchi Teruhisa , Mori Mitsunori 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ) wood preservatives contain benzalkonium chloride (BAC) as the active ingredient. BACs in commercial ACQ products comprise mainly benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride (C12 homologue) and benzyldimethyltetradecyl ammonium chloride (C14 homologue). Previously, we developed solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Oasis MCX as a strong cation exchanger, followed by liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC-UV) for the quantitative determination of C12 and C14 homologues in treated wood. In this study, the previous method was modified. Samples were cleaned up before analysis, and a weak cation exchanger, Oasis WCX, was employed. C12 and C14 homologues were added to 500 mg of powdered wood samples of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis), Sakhalin fir (Abies sachalinensis), and Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis) at levels of 10, 1, and 0.1 mg g-1 wood. Treated wood samples were then extracted with HCl/EtOH, and the extracts were filtered and subjected to SPE with Oasis MCX and Oasis WCX, followed by LC-UV analysis. Recovery rates ranging from 90% to 111% were achieved for SPE using both cation exchangers for active ingredient concentrations of 0.1–10 mg g-1.
Detection of β-1-4-galactan in compression wood of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière] by immunofluorescence
Authors: Altaner Clemens , Hapca Adrian I. , Knox J. Paul , Jarvis Michael C. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
β-1-4-Galactan has been detected in Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière] by an immunofluorescence procedure. The anti-β-1-4-galactan monoclonal antibody LM5 was found to bind to compression wood (CW) tissue as identified by cell morphology features. In cross-sections, year rings with very fine bands of galactan-containing tissue were found. Cells in these bands expressed no morphological CW features. This finding was interpreted to imply that β-1-4-galactan synthesis is one of the first physiological reactions of CW formation. In cases where the CW character was pronounced, galactan was exclusively located in the outer cell-wall layers and was absent from the majority of the inner S2 layer.
Dynamic behaviour of cork and cork-filled aluminium tubes: Numerical simulation and innovative applications
Authors: Gameiro Celina Pires , Cirne José , Miranda Victor , Pinho-da-Cruz Joaquim , Teixeira-Dias Filipe 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Cork is a unique and complex natural cellular material with many industrial applications. The purpose of this paper is to explore a new application field for the use of micro-agglomerate cork as an energy-absorbing medium. A numerical study on the energy absorption capabilities of square and circular cork-filled aluminium tubes with a width or diameter of 80 mm, length of 300 mm and variable thickness was performed with the finite element method code LS-DYNA™. The tubes were impacted uniaxially at 10 and 15 m s-1. The same analysis was carried out on aluminium foam-filled tubes. The results demonstrate that cork filling leads to a considerable increase in the energy absorbed for both section geometries, and that tube thickness plays an important role in the deformation modes and energy absorption. The investigation revealed better results for aluminium foam-filled structures, but demonstrated that micro-agglomerate cork has high potential as an energy-absorbing medium in crash protection applications.
Material point method simulations of transverse fracture in wood with realistic morphologies
Authors: Nairn John A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A new numerical method called the material point method (MPM) is well suited for modeling problems with complex geometries and with crack propagation in arbitrary directions. In this paper, these features of MPM were used to simulate transverse fracture in solid wood. The simulations were run on the scale of growth rings. The ease with which MPM handles complex geometries was helpful for modeling realistic morphologies of earlywood and latewood. Because MPM discretizes a body into material points, it was possible to go directly from a digital image of wood to a numerical model by assigning the location and properties of material points based on the intensity or color of pixels in an image. Because the description of cracks in MPM is meshless, it can handle a variety of crack propagation and direction criteria and can simulate complex crack paths that are a consequence of the morphology of the specimen. MPM simulations were run for cracks in the radial direction, the tangential direction, and at two angles to the radial direction. The specimens were loaded by axial displacement or by wedge opening. The MPM simulations fully included contact effects during wedge loading. Finally, the potential for coupling such simulations to new experiments as a tool for characterization of wood is discussed.
Engineering Nanostructures for Single‐Molecule Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Moskovits Martin , Jeong Dae‐Hong , Livneh Tsachi , Wu Yiying , Stucky Galen D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), an effect discovered in the 1970s and studied systematically in the 1980s, received a significant “second wind” with the report (primarily by Nie and by Kneipp) of enhancements large enough to allow the Raman spectrum of single molecules to be obtained. It is now understood that this occurs as a result of the extremely high electromagnetic fields that can exist at appropriately configured gaps and interstices between nanoparticles and other nanostructures composed of suitable materials (such as silver). With this insight one is now in a position to fabricate structures that will dependably and repeatably produce single‐molecule SERS. We describe three such strategies: using molecular linkers to self‐assemble silver clusters possessing the correct geometry; fabricating nanowire rafts in which the gaps between nanowires are “hot”; and structuring the interior of nanopores so as to produce finely‐architectured nanostructured arrays.
Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering on Silver Nanoparticles in Different Aggregation Stages
Authors: Kneipp Katrin , Kneipp Harald 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEnhancement factors of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are compared for crystal violet attached to 15–60‐nm‐sized colloidal silver particles in various aggregation stages using 830 nm and 407 nm laser excitation. Enhancement factors on the order of 106–107 have been measured at 407 nm excitation for molecules adsorbed on spatially‐isolated silver spheres exhibiting strong, sharp, single‐sphere plasmon resonance at 395 nm. Extremely large SERS enhancement factors on the order of 1014 are obtained at near infrared excitation for molecules on clusters built from colloidal particles. The SERS enhancement factor is demonstrated to be independent of the size of the clusters. The increase of SERS enhancement factors by 7–8 orders of magnitude by the formation of aggregates, as well as the extremely small density of “hot sites” exhibiting this high level of enhancement, provide further strong arguments for the electromagnetic origin of the hot spots and for strongly enhanced local optical fields as a key effect in SERS at an extremely high enhancement level.
Feasts of Becoming: Imagining a Literacy Classroom Based on Dialogic Beliefs
Authors: Fecho Bob , Botzakis Stergios 
Published: March 2007

Bakhtin's language theories give educators a view into how people develop and communicate with language through dialogue. These conceptions can be applied to teaching in a variety of positive ways.The authors explore how teaching based on Bakhtinian concepts might function in the classroom, paying particular attention to the concepts of dialogue, heteroglossia, carnival, and hybridity. Although they do not provide a specific model, they refer to five pedagogical practices that might take place:
Raising questions and authoring responses by and among all participants
Embracing the importance of context and the non‐neutrality of language
Encouraging multiples perspectives
Flattening or creating disturbance within existing hierarchies
Agreeing that learning is under construction and evolving rather than reified and static
The authors argue that a dialogic classroom is one where language is central to a meaning‐making process that, in turn, informs us about language. By opening up dialogue within classroom contexts by reference to Bakhtinian theories, the authors see opportunities for increased student engagement, more voices within classrooms, and more invigorating academic activities.
Changes in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Cancer Mortality Rates Among French Men Between 1968 and 1996
Authors: Menvielle Gwenn , Leclerc Annette , Chastang Jean-François , Melchior Maria , Luce Danièle 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We investigated changes in socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality rates among men in France between 1968 and 1996. Methods. We used a representative sample of 1% of the French population and studied 4 periods (1968–1974, 1975–1981, 1982–1988, and 1990–1996). Causes of death were obtained by direct linkage with the French national death registry. The socioeconomic position of men aged 35 to 59 years was measured by using the occupational class reported at the time of the census at the beginning of each period. Analyses were conducted for all cancers and specifically for lung, upper aerodigestive tract, esophageal, colorectal, and other cancers. Results. In all analyses, we observed socioeconomic inequalities during the 4 periods considered; the inequalities increased between the first and the last period. Most of the total increase occurred between 1968 and 1981, and inequalities remained stable thereafter. Inequalities were larger when men out of the labor force were included in the analysis. The strongest increase in socioeconomic inequalities over time was observed for upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Conclusions. Although cancer mortality rates have decreased, substantial socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality among men remain.
ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels Regulate the Release of GABA in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus During Hypoglycemia
Authors: Chan Owen , Lawson Marcus , Zhu Wanling , Beverly Joseph Lee , Sherwin Robert S. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine whether alterations in counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia through the modulation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP channels) in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) are mediated by changes in GABAergic inhibitory tone in the VMH, we examined whether opening and closing KATP channels in the VMH alter local GABA levels and whether the effects of modulating KATP channel activity within the VMH can be reversed by local modulation of GABA receptors.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Rats were cannulated and bilateral guide cannulas inserted to the level of the VMH. Eight days later, the rats received a VMH microinjection of either 1) vehicle, 2) the KATP channel opener diazoxide, 3) the KATP channel closer glybenclamide, 4) diazoxide plus the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol, or 5) glybenclamide plus the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BIC) before performance of a hypoglycemic clamp. Throughout, VMH GABA levels were measured using microdialysis.
RESULTS—As expected, diazoxide suppressed glucose infusion rates and increased glucagon and epinephrine responses, whereas glybenclamide raised glucose infusion rates in conjunction with reduced glucagon and epinephrine responses. These effects of KATP modulators were reversed by GABAA receptor agonism and antagonism, respectively. Microdialysis revealed that VMH GABA levels decreased 22% with the onset of hypoglycemia in controls. Diazoxide caused a twofold greater decrease in GABA levels, and glybenclamide increased VMH GABA levels by 57%.
CONCLUSIONS—Our data suggests that KATP channels within the VMH may modulate the magnitude of counterregulatory responses by altering release of GABA within that region.
Does Patient Behavior or Access Factors Have the Largest Influence on Screening in Type 1 Diabetes?
Authors: Dorsey Rashida , Songer Thomas , Zgibor Janice , Kelsey Sheryl , Ibrahim Said , Orchard Trevor 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Successful disease management is heavily influenced by access to care issues and patient behavior. Screening tests to detect chronic complications are part of diabetes management and may be influenced by access to care or patient decisions. The objective of this research was to examine how strongly access to care and patient behavior predict screening practices.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Information on screening practices, access to care, and diabetes management were identified from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study at two time points: 1998–2001 and 2002–2006. Information on access to care and patient behavior identified in 1998–2001 were examined relative to screening practices observed in 2002–2006.
RESULTS—Access-to-care issues positively predicted subsequent screening practices. Specifically, specialist care visits, number of doctor visits, and intensive insulin therapy were all strong predictors for screening use. Receipt of the recommended level of screening tests was also positively associated with the patient behavior of daily blood glucose testing.
CONCLUSIONS—The findings of this study show that access to care, in general, and access to quality diabetes care, in specific, play a key role in the use of recommended screening tests in type 1 diabetic patients. These data suggest that future efforts to improve screening practices in the type 1 diabetic population should address issues related to access to care.
Sex Differences in the Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes by Inflammatory Markers
Authors: Thorand Barbara , Baumert Jens , Kolb Hubert , Meisinger Christa , Chambless Lloyd , Koenig Wolfgang , Herder Christian 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Although sex differences have been reported for associations between obesity and inflammation, the question of whether there is an effect modification by sex in the association between inflammation and type 2 diabetes has not been investigated in detail. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare associations of markers of inflammation with type 2 diabetes risk between men and women.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Following a case-cohort design, cases of incident type 2 diabetes were identified from 7,936 subjects aged 35–74 years at baseline who participated in the population-based Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA)/Cooperative Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) studies conducted between 1984 and 2002. Concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured in 527 cases of incident type 2 diabetes (305 men and 222 women) and 1,698 noncases (889 men and 809 women).
RESULTS—After adjustment for age and survey and lifestyle factors including smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activity, elevated concentrations of CRP showed a considerably stronger association with risk of type 2 diabetes in women (hazard ratio comparing tertile extremes 7.60 [95% CI 4.43–13.04]) than in men (1.84 [1.27–2.67]). The P value for the sex interaction was &lt;0.001. Further adjustment for metabolic risk factors considerably attenuated these associations, and they became nonsignificant in men but remained significant in women. IL-6 was also more strongly associated with type 2 diabetes in women, but there was no significant sex interaction.
CONCLUSIONS—Our data suggest that inflammatory processes may be of particular importance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in women.
Fasting Glucose in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Aronson Doron , Hammerman Haim , Kapeliovich Michael R. , Suleiman Abeer , Agmon Yoram , Beyar Rafael , Markiewicz Walter , Suleiman Mahmoud 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Elevation of blood glucose is a common metabolic disorder among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and is associated with adverse prognosis. However, few data are available concerning the long-term prognostic value of elevated fasting glucose during the acute phase of infarction.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We prospectively studied the relationship between fasting glucose and long-term mortality in patients with AMI. Fasting glucose was determined after an ≥8 h fast within 24 h of admission. The median duration of follow-up was 24 months (range 6–48). All multivariable Cox models were adjusted for the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score.
RESULTS—In nondiabetic patients (n = 1,101), compared with patients with normal fasting glucose (&lt;100 mg/dl), the adjusted hazard ratio for mortality progressively increased with higher tertiles of elevated fasting glucose (first tertile 1.5 [95% CI 0.8–2.9], P = 0.19; second tertile 3.2 [1.9–5.5], P &lt; 0.0001; third tertile 5.7 [3.5–9.3], P &lt; 0.0001). The c statistic of the model containing the GRACE risk score increased when fasting glucose data were added (0.8 ± 0.02–0.85 ± 0.02, P = 0.004). Fasting glucose remained an independent predictor of mortality after further adjustment for ejection fraction. Elevated fasting glucose did not predict mortality in patients with diabetes (n = 462).
CONCLUSIONS—Fasting glucose is a simple robust tool for predicting long-term mortality in nondiabetic patients with AMI. Fasting glucose provides incremental prognostic information when added to the GRACE risk score and left ventricular ejection fraction. Fasting glucose is not a useful prognostic marker in patients with diabetes.
Efficacy of Sertraline in Prevention of Depression Recurrence in Older Versus Younger Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Williams Monique M. , Clouse Ray E. , Nix Billy D. , Rubin Eugene H. , Sayuk Gregory S. , McGill Janet B. , Gelenberg Alan J. , Ciechanowski Paul S. , Hirsch Irl B. , Lustman Patrick J. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Sertraline maintenance therapy effectively delays recurrence of major depressive disorder in adult diabetic patients when data are examined across all age-groups. A secondary analysis was performed to assess this effect in younger and older subsets of patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Younger (aged &lt;55 years, n = 85) and older (aged ≥55 years, n = 67) subsets were identified from a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, maintenance treatment trial of sertraline in diabetic participants who achieved depression recovery with open-label sertraline treatment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine differences in time to depression recurrence between treatment arms (sertraline or placebo) for each age subset and between age subsets for each treatment.
RESULTS—In younger subjects, sertraline conferred significantly greater prophylaxis against depression recurrence than placebo (hazard ratio 0.37 [95% CI 0.20–0.71]; P = 0.003). Benefits of sertraline maintenance therapy were lost in older participants (0.94 [0.39–2.29]; P = 0.89). There was no difference in time to recurrence for sertraline-treated subjects between age subsets (P = 0.65), but older subjects had a significantly longer time to recurrence on placebo than younger subjects (P = 0.03).
CONCLUSIONS—While sertraline significantly increased the time to depression recurrence in the younger diabetic participants, there was no treatment effect in those aged ≥55 years because of a high placebo response rate. Further research is necessary to determine the mechanisms responsible for this effect and whether depression maintenance strategies specific for older patients with diabetes should be developed.
Depressive Symptoms and Stressful Life Events Predict Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Räikkönen Katri , Matthews Karen A. , Kuller Lewis H. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—We evaluated whether psychosocial factors that are related to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes predict prospectively the risk for the metabolic syndrome using the different clinical criteria available for defining the syndrome.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Women were enrolled in a population-based prospective cohort study called the Healthy Women Study and were followed for an average of 15 years after baseline. Metabolic syndrome was defined via the World Health Organization, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, and the International Diabetes Foundation clinical criteria.
RESULTS—Among women who did not have the metabolic syndrome at the baseline, the risk for the metabolic syndrome defined in multiple ways varied from 1.21- to 2.12-fold ([95% CI 1.00–4.25], P &lt; 0.05) for more severe depressive symptoms or very stressful life event(s). These associations were largely the same, regardless of the clinical criteria used to define the metabolic syndrome. Those who at the baseline reported feeling frequently and intensely angry, tense, or stressed also had an increased risk for developing the metabolic syndrome at least by one definition (relative risk 1.19–1.66 [1.00–2.39]).
CONCLUSIONS—These are the first data to demonstrate that psychosocial factors predict the risk for developing the metabolic syndrome by multiple definitions. Psychosocial factors may play a causal role in the chain of events leading to the metabolic syndrome.