bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Monitoring of Underwater Steel Structures
Authors: Birring A 
Published: December 2008

Deterioration of underwater steel structures due to corrosion is of serious concern because it reduces thickness in structural components, which can degrade structural strength. Inspection programs are necessary to determine the remaining thickness so that action can be taken to repair the damage if required.
An ultrasonic technique using a focused transducer has been developed to find the thickness of steel plates or structures corroded from both sides and having pit sizes as large as 15 mm in diameter and 4 mm deep. The technique was implemented into a system that acquires and processes ultrasonic waveforms reflected from the corroded area and determines the thickness. The system was tested and successfully operated in a harbor environment.
Dependence of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Parent, Heat-Affected Zone, and Weld Metal of HSLA Line-Pipe Steel on Potential
Authors: Hoey GR , Ramsingh RR , Bowker JT 
Published: December 2008

Potentiostatically controlled slow-strain-rate tension tests (∼ 10-6s-1) were conducted on the parent steel, simulated heat-affected zone, and weld metal specimens obtained from a sample of Canadian grades 483 and 414 high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) line pipe. All stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests were conducted in 0.5 mmol/cm3 Na2CO3 + 1.0 mmol/cm3 NaHCO3 solutions at 75°C in a stressed-electrode cell. Percentage reduction in area and apparent secondary cracking velocity were used as measures of SCC susceptibility. The potentials at which cracking occurred were correlated with fast and slow scan anodic potentiodynamic polarization curves in the same environment.
Secondary cracks occurred along the gage length normal to the stress in a narrow potential range with crack growth rate reaching a maximum in the range from — 700 mV to — 650 mV versus saturated-calomel electrode. This maximum in the crack depth versus potential curves occurred near the primary passive potential. Scanning electron microscopy provided unambiguous evidence for the presence or absence of SCC in the parent steel, HAZ and weld metal samples in a CO3-2/HCO3-1 environment.
The results support a mixed dissolution-hydrogen embrittlement model for SCC of HSLA line-pipe steel.
Harmonic Impedance Spectroscopy for the Determination of Corrosion Rates in Cathodically Protected Systems
Authors: McKubre MCH , Syrett BC 
Published: December 2008

The nonlinear current-voltage response which is characteristic of a corroding metal/electrolyte interface prohibits the use of corrosion resistance measurements in conjunction with the Stern-Geary relationship, to provide an in situ determination of corrosion rates, at potentials removed from the free corrosion potential.
In this paper we describe the development of a technique for the electrochemical measurement of the anodic corrosion current (“corrosion rate”) under conditions of an applied cathodic protection potential. Our effort has been directed towards a simplified theoretical treatment of the harmonic current response at frequencies of 1f, 2f, 3f, 4f… to a 20 to 50-mV AC voltage perturbation at frequency f.
Experimental verification of the theoretical treatment was obtained by comparing the results of harmonic analysis with those obtained by mass loss determinations for copper : nickel alloy specimens of varying geometries, in oxygenated synthetic ocean water, at various levels of applied cathodic polarization.
Electrochemical Noise as an Indicator of Anaerobic Corrosion
Authors: Iverson WP , Heverly LF 
Published: December 2008

Anaerobic (bacterial) corrosion is an important cause of failures of underground structures such as pipelines. Pipeline failures could be prevented if better methods for determining the presence and location of areas of bacterial corrosion existed. A technique was developed which permits the detection and recording of rapid potential fluctuations (noise) produced in a corroding metal. It is believed that this noise is mainly caused by the breaking of protective films on the metal surface. Anaerobic bacterial corrosion also produces a type of noise, probably due to the breaking of iron sulfide films.
Preliminary evidence indicates that detection and production of this noise on pipelines may offer promise in locating areas of microbial corrosion as well as other types of corrosion. Differences in the type of noise signal could enable differentiation between biological and nonbiological corrosion. Continuing studies should verify or reject these premises.
Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry and Multivariate Analysis of Several Key World Oil Shale Kerogens and Some Recent Alginites
Authors: Meuzelaar HLC , Windig W , Futrell JH , Harper AM , Larter SR 
Published: December 2008

To demonstrate the potential of modern pyrolysis/mass spectrometry (Py-MS) for rapid characterization of oil shale kerogens and alginites of different geological and depositional origin, four key world oil shale kerogens and three alginites were analyzed by Curie-point Py-MS in combination with multivariate analysis methods such as factor and discriminant analysis.
The pyrolysis mass spectra of the algal coal torbanite and the two recent alginites coorongite and botryococcus rubber reveal similar structural characteristics as observed in previous pyrolysis gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) studies, including signatures of specific aliphatic hydrocarbon moieties produced by Botryococcus braunii. Moreover, application of a new time-resolved Py-MS technique reveals the rather heterogeneous nature of the two recent alginites coorongite and botryococcus rubber which contain several types of oxygen functionalities and exhibit complex thermal decomposition reactions, as opposed to the much more homogeneous nature of torbanite which shows a rather simple thermal decomposition behavior. The thermal decomposition patterns of the four kerogens derived from Green River, kukersite, tasmanite, and messel oil shales show an overall resemblance with torbanite. Factor and discriminant analysis of the pyrolysis mass spectra, however, reveal the existence of relatively minor but highly characteristic differences. For instance, the messel shale kerogen shows a significant hydroxyaromatic component, presumably reflecting contributions of terrestrial plant materials to the depositional environment. In contrast, the high sulfur signals of the tasmanite shale kerogen reveal a strong marine influence.
The relationship between the Py-MS patterns in the discriminant analysis plot shows an overall resemblance with the relative positions of the kerogens in a Van Krevelen diagram. Consequently, it appears feasible to classify oil shale kerogens into the proper Tissot types (I–IV) on the basis of direct Py-MS results.
It is concluded that computerized Py-MS techniques offer a highly promising approach to rapid structural characterization and classification of a potentially broad range of oil shale kerogens and alginites.
An Evaluation of Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) for On-Line Gas Analysis of Trace Sulfur Compounds from Oil Shale Processing
Authors: Wong CM , Crawford RW , Yost RA 
Published: December 2008

To reduce effectively sulfur gas content from shale processing to environmentally acceptable levels, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and methanethiol (CH3SH) plus trace sulfur compounds must be removed. Of these, the trace sulfur compounds have not been well characterized but should be known to ppm levels in order to optimize gas cleanup procedures. Most techniques for analysis of trace sulfur components in oil shale gases have limitations. The applications we describe using triple quadrupole mass spectrometric techniques (TQMS) appear to have overcome many problems of trace sulfur analysis.
Basically, a TQMS produces a mass spectrum of a mass spectrum and is, therefore, highly sensitive, selective, and specific. Tests on a Finnigan TQMS at the University of Florida and on a totally computerized TQMS designed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) using pure standards, mixed gas standards, and Fisher assay gas grab samples show that we can quantitatively as well as qualitatively detect the following components:
1. methanethiol = &lt; 1 ppm
2. ethanethiol = 3 ppm
3. n-propanethiol = &lt; 1 ppm
4. isopropanethiol = 4 ppm
5. carbonyl sulfide = 1 ppm
6. carbon disulfide = 4 ppm
7. dimethyl sulfide = 10 ppm
8. dimethyl disulfide = &lt; 1 ppm
9. thiophene = &lt; 1 ppm
10. 2 or 3 methyl thiophene = &lt; 1 ppm
For a rapidly changing gas stream, timing studies on the LLNL TQMS show that analytical results for 10 sulfur compounds (1000 readings on each parent and key daughter ions) can be acquired and quantitatively calculated in ∼ 30 s. For kinetics studies, data on selected daughters for ten compounds can be acquired in a total of 540 ms.
High-Barrier Flexible Polyvinylidene Chloride Composite Applications
Authors: Samuels JE 
Published: December 2008

Saran polymers, polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)/vinyl chloride copolymers, have long been known for excellent barrier characteristics against both water vapor and oxygen permeation.
This paper covers the development of a new high-barrier PVDC copolymer film (HBPVDC) for lamination use. The film is about ten times more resistant to oxygen transmission and about five times better a barrier to moisture passage than regular Saran film.
Laminations including HBPVDC films as the barrier ply offer a transparent alternative to foil and metallized structures. In addition, HBPVDC laminations have excellent flex performance characteristics while maintaining barrier properties.
Structures can be designed for cooking foods in a microwave oven or in retort pouches. Food packages in HBPVDC laminates may also be used in conjunction with metal detectors for tramp metal detection.
Applications of high-barrier laminates include snack food, drug, and pharmaceutical packaging; retort pouches for food and medical packaging; and bag-in-box packaging for liquids and industrial uses.
Use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry in Developing and Applying Films for Flexible Packaging
Authors: Dunn TJ 
Published: December 2008

The fundamentals of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are presented, with particular emphasis on polymer systems used in flexible packaging. The use of DSC techniques to distinguish film properties from the properties of base polymers is described. Techniques for quantitative determination of melting points, percentage composition of dry-blended film resins, and latent heat of fusion are given. Qualitative analysis of crystallinity characteristics is described.
Application of these analytical techniques to considerations of film extrusion, extrusion coating, and heat seal performance demonstrates the value of DSC in selecting and characterizing films used in flexible packaging.
The Modes of Appearance and Their Attributes
Authors: Hunter RS 
Published: December 2008

To evaluate the appearances of objects and materials, it is necessary to assess both color and geometric attributes of appearance. Color stimuli can be synthesized by mixing proper amounts of three primary colored lights to match visually any unknown. Color is thus tridimensional. By contrast, the geometric attributes (gloss, texture, and distinctness-of-image) cannot be synthesized. Instead, different perceived attributes are selected on the basis of best correlation of measurement results with visual ratings. The best measurement methods are identified by ASTM and other organizations. In practice, however, only the most obvious sources of geometric appearance differences can be measured.
Complete analyses of geometric appearance, based on all directions of light distribution, would be too cumbersome to be usable.
Evaluation of Water Soluble Polymers as Co-Suspending Agents for Flowable Pesticides
Authors: Modi JJ 
Published: December 2008

This work was done to evaluate water soluble polymers (WSP) as cosuspending agents with a commercially available inorganic thickening agent, Van Gel B, for the suspension of pesticide particles in agricultural flowable formulation.
Solutions of WSPs and Van Gel B were evaluated at several concentrations for viscosity stability, compatibility, and determination of yield value. A high yield value at low viscosity is desired for good suspension stability with ease of application. The solutions were prepared in commercial high-speed mixing equipment. The slurries were mixed for three minutes at high speed and then for three additional minutes at low speed. Specific blends of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Van Gel B provide satisfactory yield at low viscosity.
Optimized CMC/Van Gel B blends having high yield values and relatively low viscosities have been further evaluated in actual flowable pesticide formulations. Evaluations in these systems have shown promising results when compared with commercial formulations. Tests such as viscosity stability, solution stability, bloom, suspension, and pH were performed.
Practical Applications of the Particle Measuring Systems Two-Dimensional Imaging Spectrometer
Authors: Young BW 
Published: December 2008

The Particle Measuring Systems two-dimensional PMS 2-D system has been successfully used in a wide variety of applications: for fundamental research, for quality control, and for field work. A number of features of the system make it particularly suitable as a versatile, robust tool for studying spray clouds of toxic materials; yet it can also be used as a highly refined tool for fundamental studies on single droplets. The ability to simultaneously measure droplet size and velocity is a particular advantage of the system.
As with any measuring technique it is necessary to accept the limitations of the system, the necessary precautions in its use, and to correctly interpret the data. Work on calibration of the system has led to a custom-designed graticule being made and to the possibility of a standard to be used on each instrument. This would create a new level of uniformity between the various user groups. Initial cross-calibration work with the Malvern system has also shown the possibility that meaningful comparisons between the different techniques may be made.
Titanium for Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Systems: Testing and Evaluation
Authors: Young CS , Schutz RW , Grauman JS 
Published: December 2008

Titanium is now beginning to be seriously considered as a material of construction for power plant flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubber systems. Corrosion problems have limited the effectiveness of even super-stainless and high nickel alloys, widely used in the last few years for FGD scrubber construction, while initial testing of titanium has shown it to be highly resistant to corrosion in the acidic chloride conditions of FGD systems.
This paper reviews the results of in-situ testing of titanium stainless, and nickel alloys in FGD scrubber systems, providing a basis for comparing relative alloy performance. The results are correlated with the findings of other in-situ tests as well as laboratory tests simulating the FGD scrubber environment.
Zirconium for Nitric Acid Solutions
Authors: Yau T-L 
Published: December 2008

The excellent corrosion resistance of zirconium in nitric acid has been known for over 30 years. Recently, there is an increasing interest in using zirconium for nitric acid services. Therefore, an extensive research effort has been carried out to achieve a better understanding of the corrosion properties of zirconium in nitric acid. Particular attention is paid to the effect of concentration, temperature, structure, solution impurities, and stress.
Immersion, autoclave, U-bend, and constant strain-rate tests were used in this study. Results of this study indicate that the corrosion resistance of zirconium in nitric acid is little affected by changes in temperature and concentration, and the presence of common impurities such as seawater, sodium chloride, ferric chloride, iron, and stainless steel. Moreover, the presence of seawater, sodium chloride, ferric chloride, and stainless steel has little effect on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of zirconium in 70% nitric acid at room temperatures. However, zirconium could be attacked by fluoride-containing nitric acid and the vapors of chloride-containing nitric acid. Also, high sustained tensile stresses should be avoided when zirconium is used to handle 70% nitric acid at elevated temperatures or &gt; 70% nitric acid.
Linking Automated Biomonitoring to Remote Computer Platforms with Satellite Data Retrieval in Acidified Streams
Authors: Morgan EL , Eagleson KW , Weaver TP , Isom BG 
Published: December 2008

Recent advances in site-specific detection of fish's physiological responses to continuous stream flows now complement surveillance programs utilizing remote automated water quality monitoring stations. Developments in automated biosensing provide methods for measuring in situ fish breathing rate changes to stream episodes and add a real-time biological monitoring dimension to remote water quality networks incorporating automated data collection platforms and satellite data retrieval options.
In meeting our objective of developing automated biosensing capabilities for remote monitoring, a series of field trials was designed to test various configurations of in situ fish-holding chambers, breathing rate detectors, and system interface to streamside water quality data collection platforms for satellite data retrieval.
Results were used to design groups of automated biosensing devices for detecting rainbow trout breathing rate responses and to implement eight units at each of two data collection, platform-equipped, water quality stations located along a stream subject to acid precipitation influences in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Remote stations are being maintained for real-time data needs as a part of the 5-year Acid Precipitation Mitigation Program initiated in 1985 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to evaluate stream ecological responses to regulated liming operations.
Consideration of Total Ion Composition in Designing Toxicity Tests Using Aluminum Salts and Mineral Acids
Authors: Young RC 
Published: December 2008

Review of the current literature reveals that many researchers involved in the study of the effects of aluminum and pH on aquatic life are using aluminum salts, that is, sulfate or chloride forms, to obtain the desired aluminum concentration for their experiments. This technique raises some concern for soft water experiments due to the unknown effect of excessive concentrations (in relation to background) of the associated anions SO4= or Cl−. For example, if aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is employed to obtain a concentration of 0.5 mg/L aluminum, the solution also will be increased by 2.0 mg/L Cl−. Likewise, if aluminum sulfate [Al2(SO4)3] is used to achieve the 0.5 mg/L aluminum, SO4= will be increased 2.6 mg/L. For inland streams (that is, not affected by ocean salts), these values appear to be out of proportion. In some instances the use of aluminum salts can easily double or increase by the power of 10 the concentrations of associated anion. SO4= or Cl− concentrations are further increased by the use of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid to adjust pH. Since aluminum is an effective buffer below pH 5.0, solutions containing high concentrations of aluminum also will require larger volumes of acid to achieve pH values below this level, thus compounding the problem.
The question of acid form, that is, sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, etc., in relation to toxicity leads to the consideration that these “strong acids” are only one component contributing to the total acidity of a system. In coniferous forests with deep acid soils, storm water runoff could contribute significantly to the acidity of streams due to fulvic acids. Their chelating ability also could enhance the mobilization of aluminum. How these weak organic acids affect or regulate pH or pH/aluminum toxicity in fish is also unknown.
The paper discusses the importance of total solute concentration and the possible role specific anions play in mediating osmoregulation in acid- and acid/aluminum-stressed fish.
Opportunities with Alkalies in Concrete Testing, Research, and Engineering Practice
Authors: Idorn GM , Roy DM 
Published: December 2008

From about 1940 alkalies have been known as a potentially important species in concrete, despite being a minor cement constituent. The hydration reaction of silica in aggregates in concrete in the presence of alkalies, which may cause deleterious expansion, is chemically similar to the process which makes finely ground cementitious components, such as blast-furnace slag, and mineral admixtures, such as fly ashes, natural pozzolana, and silica fume, able to prevent expansive reactions.
The chemistry of this process is briefly reviewed, and the impact of elevated temperatures, which occur more often in field concrete than in laboratory concrete and mortars, is discussed.
The advantageous effects of alkalies on the rheology of concrete containing mineral admixtures are discussed with reference to recent research regarding the electrochemistry of cement paste. The corresponding effect in densifying the microstructure of the cement paste in hardened concrete is also discussed.
Updating of the application of silicate chemistry is proposed as a basis for development of testing tailored to serve effectively the increased uses of the mineral admixtures.
A Model of Metal Ignition Including the Effect of Oxide Generation
Authors: Yuen WW 
Published: December 2008

A theoretical model is presented to simulate the general behavior of the metal ignition process. The model includes many physical mechanisms (such as the various heat transfer rates, reaction rate, and the effect of oxide formation on the reacting surface) that are known to have influence on metal ignition. Based on numerical solutions, three separate types of metal ignition are identified. They are (1) external heating controlled ignition, (2) convection controlled ignition, and (3) convection and transition temperature controlled ignition. For certain types of metal ignition, such as the external heating controlled ignition, the ignition temperature appears to be an ineffective parameter in illustrating the relative ignitability of the different materials. For such cases, the concept of a minimum ignition heat flux is shown to be useful in correlating the relative ignitability.
Test data for five different alloys generated from the friction-rubbing test apparatus at the White Sands Test Facility are analyzed based on the present model. Qualitatively, almost all observed ignitions are shown to be external heating controlled. Tests with lower rotational speed and higher oxygen pressure are needed to determine the minimum ignition heat flux for the five alloys. Based on the current set of data, some conclusions concerning the minimum ignition heat flux of Type 316 SS and a preliminary ranking of the five alloys in terms of their relative ignitability are generated. These conclusions, however, require further verification by additional test data.
The Use of the Accelerating Rate Calorimeter in Oxygen Compatibility Testing
Authors: McIlroy K , Zawierucha R 
Published: December 2008

A number of different test methods have been utilized to assess the compatibility of various materials or substances with oxygen. Accelerating rate calorimetry is a relatively new analytical technique that has been used to detect adiabatic, self-heating reactions at rates as slow as 0.03°C/min. In this study six materials were tested by the accelerating rate calorimeter and the conventional autoignition apparatus in oxygen over a wide range of pressures.
The results showed that exothermic reactions can occur well before the autogenous ignition temperature (AIT) for some materials. For example, nitrile rubber demonstrated that the onset of adiabatic self-heating occurred about 40 to 53°C below the AIT, and “MOBIL“ DTE 25 compressor oil showed a range of 38 to 73°C below AIT in the 13.6- to 36.7-MPa (2000- to 5400-psi) pressure range.