bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of the rate of successful dispersal of a phytoseiid mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on the persistence in the interactive system between the predator and its prey
Authors: Takafuji Akio 
Published: November 2006

SummaryDispersal behaviour was studied on a predacious phytoseiid mite, Phytoseiulus persimilisAthias‐Henriot in response to the density of its prey, Tetranychus kanzawaiKishida. And the effect of the change in the rate of successful dispersal of the predators among patches was tested on the persistence of the predator‐prey system. The results of the study are summarized as follows:
With a severe decline in prey density available per individual predator, the predators exhibited a marked behavioural change and dispersed to other areas.
When two neighboring host plants did not touch with each other and the dispersal of the predators was possible only through a 20cm plywood “bridge” which connected the two plants, the rate of successful dispersal of the predators was only 20 to 25%, whereas it was 95% when the plants touched with each other.
In the system where 32 host plants touched with each other, the predators succeeded in immigrating into all the plants by the 16th day, and they completely eliminated all the prey by the 33rd day.
In another system, the 32 plants were equally divided into eight “patches” which were connected with each other with two of the bridges and the predators could move between them only through the bridges as mentioned above. In such a system the predators and their prey coexisted about three times longer than in the other one.
It is suggested that for a longer continued coexistence of the predators and prey, it would be necessary to introduce more physical barrier against the dispersal of the predators and to provide more chances for the prey to disperse.
Quantitative demography of copperheads, Agkistrodon contortrix (Serpentes: Viperidae)
Authors: Vial James L. , Berger Thomas L. , McWilliams William T. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA quantitative analysis of population characteristics is applied to a previously published descriptive natural history of the copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix).Mathematical applications have permitted an expanded interpretation of the original field data to a number of dynamic, age‐specific, parameters including life tables, survivorship curves, natality and mortality, rate of population increase, age distribution and reproductive value. Similar data available for other snake populations are meager and only limited comparisons can be made.The results obtained from our procedures firmly establish the value of reexamining the existing herpetological literature for potential application of methods that will generate quantitative expressions of population dynamics.
Analysis of spatial association between two species based on the interspecies mean crowding
Authors: Iwao Syun'iti 
Published: November 2006

Summary and ConclusionThe measurement of spatial association between two species is considered on the basis of interspecies mean crowding. Two indices of overlapping, γ and Cp, are derived as geometric and weighted arithmetic means of the same component ratios related to inter‐and intraspecies mean crowdings. Both indices behave in a similar way, ranging from 1 when the distributions of two species are completely overlapped to 0 when they are completely exclusive with each other. The former is essentially identical with indices proposed byKuno (1968) andPianka (1973), and the latter is a modified form ofMorisita's (1959)Cσ index. Indices to measure the degree of spatial correlation between species, Ω and Rμ, are then derived for both kinds of overlapping indices, which vary from 1 in complete overlapping, through 0 in independent occurrence, to −1 in complete exclusion.Various kinds of interspecies association are analyzed using these indices and an extended form of the regression graph which provides a convenient way of indicating the spatial interrelation between two species as well as distribution patterns of respective species.The method presented in this paper may also be applicable to compare temporal distribution patterns between species, similarity between communities, etc. For such a wider application which includes continuous as well as discrete distributions, the interpretation of intra‐and interspecies mean crowdings is not necessarily appropriate, and hence the concept of mean concentration with the symbols and for intraspecies relation and and for interspecies relation is suggested.
The avoidance of superparasitism in four species of parasitic wasp—Mathematical models and experimental results
Authors: Maindonald J. H. , Markwick Ngaire P. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryExperimental results, and interpretation, are presented which relate to oviposition behaviour in four species of parasitic wasp (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). All lay their eggs in pupae of the common house fly (Musca domestica) and of other flies associated with man. Probability models suggested byD. J. Daley for describing the avoidance of superparasitism are used to analyse the data. Certain of the models considered by previous authors appear as specieal cases. A satisfactory fit was obtained either by assuming a fixed probability of oviposition in an already parasitised pupa, or by using a model motivated by supposing that a female will tolerate without oviposition some fixed number of visits to already parasitised pupae. A third model was considered which makes the probability depend on the number of previous ovipositions in the pupae now visited. In all four species the presence of other females (with parasite: host ratio unchanged) increased the probability of oviposition upon encountering an already parasitised pupa. In the presence of other females Spalangia endius laid an increased number of eggs, whereas the other three species laid fewer eggs.
The importance of non‐linearity: A comment on the views of Taylor
Authors: Itô Yosiaki , Kitching R. L. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryTaylor's (1984) view that his power law is better measurement of the distribution pattern of animals than 1/k, Iρ and relation because almost all the data on means and variances of given species could be fitted by the power low, was critisized. Changes in values of 1/k, Iρ and suggest the change of distribution pattern of the species, but the data can still be fitted by the power law because of the great linearizing power of log‐log plots, and, using the power law only, we shall overlook the information on the meaningful changes in the distribution pattern.
Reproductive properties of the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus Okajima (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), in relation to its wing polymorphism
Authors: Fujisaki Kenji 
Published: November 2006

SummaryReproductive properties of the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus, were investigated for three types of female adults: brachypters produced in both high and low density populations and macropters produced in high density populations. With respect to egg‐laying potential in terms of clutch size, clutch number, and total fecundity, macropters were superior to brachypters produced in the same high density population, although inferior to brachypters produced in the low density population. The mean fecundity of female adults in each type was positively correlated with mean body length.Macropterous females markedly prolonged their initiation of both copulation and oviposition and had a much longer life span compared with both types of brachypters. However, there was no fundamental difference in reproductive schedules between the two types of brachypters.
Impact of developmental variance on behavior of models for insect populations I. Models for populations with unrestricted growth
Authors: Bellows T. S. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe concept of developmental variance is discussed with reference to its use in models for insect populations. When included in a model, developmental variance is typically used to describe the variation of developmental periods among individuals. However, its presence in a model can also have indirect impact on survival and fertility schedules. This impact can lead to significant changes in population growth rates and generation times. These relationships between developmental variance and population growth in models are quantified and discussed.
Resource exploitation of larvae of Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motschulsky and galerucella vittaticollis Baly (Coleoptera: Chrisomelidae) under a limited resource condition
Authors: Suzuki Nobuhiko 
Published: November 2006

SummaryResource exploitation by and intraspecific competition in larvae of Gastrophysa atrocyanea and Galerucella vittaticollis were investigated in field and laboratory experiments. Larvae of both species frequently suffered from food shortages in the field. When G. atrocyanea larvae suffered from a food shortage, severe intraspecific competition occurred because of lack of predation and parasitism. This exploitive competition was caused by a local food shortage of the host plant. Individuals survived by fast exploitation when food became abundant (contest type competition). the G. atrocyanea larvae were wasteful of the food resource, and no mechanism by which to economize on the utilization of the resource was acquired because of their exploitation of the abundant resource. In contrast, the G. vittaticollis population probably is regulated by extrinsic factors such as predation and parasitism. Those larvae grew into smaller adults than those of G. atrocyanea under a food shortage, so that their wasted food consumption was lower than that of G. atrocyanea. Although intraspecific competition was similar to that for G. atrocyanea, it was not as severe. The food for G. vittaticollis was apt to be appropriated by other wasteful exploitators such as G. atrocyanea, which was superior in resource exploitation; therefore G. vittaticollis frequently suffered a food shortage. Consequently selection in relation to tolerance to starvation became more acute for G. vittaticollis than for G. atrocyanea, and individuals of G. vittaticollis that could endure starvation better may have been selected.
Effectiveness of second mating for two incompatible types of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor)
Authors: Takafuji Akio 
Published: November 2006

SummaryTwo types of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (M.) occur in some pear orchards in the intermediate latitudal areas in Japan during a certain period of the year (Takafuji andMorimoto, 1983): one is a diapausing type (DP) and the other a non‐diapausing type (C). These two types are incompatible: no adult females are produced from the crosses between them (Takafuji andFujimoto, 1985). In the present study, females of each type were doubly crossed, first with a male of the other type, and then with a male of the same type, to examine the effectiveness of the second mating. In the females of the DP type, the second mating with a male of the same type was almost totally ineffective. In contrast, for the females of the C type the effectiveness of the second mating depended on the durations of the first and second matings: the famles produced female offspring only when the duration of the first copulation with a male of the DP type was brief and the second copulation with a male of the C type lasted relatively long. The results suggested that if the two types coexist, the intercrossing between them will favour the C type over the DP type.
A rigorous population model for the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homoptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Khor K. E. , Chua T. H. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA rigorous mathematical model is formulated for describing population growth of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugensStål, Homoptera), a major rice pest in Asia. The model is based on the assumption that the life history of a population can be approximated by breaking it into constant intervals corresponding to the natural stages of the insect's development. Starting with the balance equation ofvon Foerster
urn:x-wiley:14383896:pope0103:equation:pope0103-math-0001
We derived a set of differential equations for the model. The model incorporates density effects on the proportion of macropterous adults and on the nymphal survival rate. The basic biological data used in the model was taken from Japanese sources. The simulation results of the model agree with the main features of Japanese field data. For example, the predicted adult populations for the three generations in a rice crop are 0.16, 1.69 and 3.09 compared to the field data of 0.16, 1.38 and 5.40. Sensitivity experiments have also been carried out to show (i) the effect of the initial immigrant population and (ii) the relative importance of biological vital rates such as fecundity, egg survival rate, nymphal survival rate and adult death rate.
Population ecology of the gall‐forming aphid, Aploneura lentisci (Pass.) in Israel
Authors: Wool David , Manheim Ora 
Published: November 2006

Summary
Aploneura lentisci (Passerini) (Homoptera, Aphididae) forms kidney‐shaped galls on the leaflets of its primary host, Pistacia lentiscus (Anacardiaceae). Observations on its population dynamics and ecology werecarried out in 1980–1985.
The galls are formed annually on newly‐growing shoots of the same year. Each gall is founded by a single nymph and contains its parthenogenetic offspring. The infestation period (late March‐early April) is short relative to the period of appearance of new shoots. The distribution of galls on the shoots is non‐random (“clumped”). Early shoots emerging near pruning cuts, when the rest of the buds are still dormant, are often very heavily infested.
Clone size within galls increases from 1 in April to several hundred in September (at least 2 parthenogenetic generations). Alates of the last generation leave the galls gradually as they form. By the following March, previous‐year galls contain no live aphids.
Population density of galls varied greatly among years. Possible causes of this variation are discussed.
Strain differences in the hypolipemic action of dietary calcium in mature male rats
Authors: Fleischman A. I. , Yacowitz H. , Bierenbaum M. L. , Hayton T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo strains of rats, Holtzman and Wistar, were found to differ significantly in serum and fecal lipid response when fed a corn‐soya diet containing 18% added cocoa butter or corn oil and 0.08% or 1.2% calcium. Interactions of strain with fat and with calcium were noted. The Holtzman rat usually had lower serum and tissue lipid levels and higher fecal lipid levels than the Wistar rat. The magnitude of the strain differences is sufficient to explain the incompatibility of results of the different investigators who have been studying lipid metabolism.
Chloroplast pigments of the marine dinoflagellateGyrodinium resplendens
Authors: Loeblich Alfred R. , Smith V. Elliott 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe photosynthetic marine dinoflagellate,Gyrodinium resplendens, was grown axenically and harvested during logarithmic growth for analysis of its lipid‐soluble pigments. Chlorophylla and 8 carotenoids were isolated from the methanol and acetone extract by column and thin‐layer chromatography. Chlorophyllc was isolated by partitioning the total extract between saline aqueous acetone and hexane.Absorption spectra taken in hexane, ethanol, methanol and carbon disulfide confirm the presence of β‐carotene, peridinin, dinoxanthin and diadinoxanthin as major carotenoids.Four new minor xanthophylls are also described, one of which, namedpyrrhoxanthin, resembles an alkali‐labile keto‐epoxide. At least one of the minor xanthophylls occurs as an ester.Diadinoxanthin fromGyrodinium and antheraxanthin fromEuglena gracilis seem to be identical with respect to absorption curves, polarity, number of 5, 6‐epoxy groups and lack of allylic hydroxyl groups; however, co‐chromatography of stereoisomers after iodine‐isomerization showed slight differences.Most of the carotenoids are further characterized here by their partition ratios between hexane and 95% methanol. Several of the carotenoids were tested for the presence of 5, 6‐epoxy and allylic hydroxyl groups. Four of the pigments, comprising 91% of the total carotenoids are revealed as 5,6‐monoepoxides by their instability toward dilute acid. One carotenoid resembles a diepoxide
Phospholipid distribution in blood and tissues of some submammalian species
Authors: Belsare D. K. , Roy Chowdhuri D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe pattern of phospholipid distribution in blood and tissues such as liver, heart, and kidney of four representative species of fish, toad, turtle, and pigeon has been studied. The percentage of phosphatidylcholine in plasma was similar, but in erythrocytes the difference was striking. Ethanolamine and serine plasmalogens were absent in the plasma of all the species. In erythrocytes the highest concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine was noted in the toad. The greatest difference in sphingomyelin and plasmalogen concentrations was found between toad and turtle erythrocytes.In the liver, phosphatidylcholine accounted for more than 55% of the total lipid phosphorus. The percentage of all individual phospholipids except sphingomyelin in kidney was comparable in all the species.
Caltha palustris L. Seed Oil. A source of four fatty acids withcis‐5‐unsaturation
Authors: Smith C. R. , Kleiman R. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seed oil ofCaltha palustris L. yields two unusual polyunsaturated components, all‐cis‐5,11,14‐eicosatrienoic acid (23%) and all‐cis‐5,11,14,17‐eicosatetraenoic acid (1%). The C18 monoene fraction (26%) is a mixture ofcis‐5‐ andcis‐9‐octadecenoic acids (2∶1). The C20 monoene fraction (12%) is a mixture ofcis‐11‐ andcis‐5‐isomers (3∶1).
Search for new seed oils. XV. Oils of boraginaceae
Authors: Miller Roger Wayne , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Barclay A. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a search for a preferred source of γ‐linolenic (all‐cis‐6,9,12‐octadecatrienoic) acid, seed oils of 33 species of Boraginaceae were examined. The desired triene was found primarily in the subfamily Boraginoideae in amounts ranging from 0.2 to 18%. Oils of this subfamily also contain 0.2 to 15% of the tetraene, all‐cis‐6,9,12,15‐octadecatetraenoic acid. Total unsaturation and the relative proportions of the common acids varied widely in oils of the family. Monoene predominated in the subfamily Cordioideae, diene in Heliotropioideae, and a diverse composition among the Boraginoideae; seven had iodine values of 200 or above.Cordia verbenacea seed oil was unique among those examined in having 43% of C20 acids and 23% of components more volatile in gas chromatography than the usual triglycerides.
The occurrence and biosynthesis of gamma‐linolenic acid in a blue‐green alga,Spirulina platensis
Authors: Nichols B. W. , Wood B. J. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe acyl‐lipid and fatty acid composition of six blue‐green algae, namely,Spirulina platensis, Myxosarcina chroococcoides, Chlorogloea fritschii, Anabaena cylindrica, Anabaena flos‐aquae, and Mastigocladus laminosus is reported.All contain major proportions of mono‐and digalactosyl diglyceride, sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride, and phosphatidyl glycerol, but none possess lecithin, phophatidyl ethanolamine, or phosphatidyl inositol. Trans‐3‐hexadecenoic acid was absent from all extracts.The analyses provide further evidence that there is no general chemical or physical requirement for any specific fatty acid in photosynthesis.S. platensis is unique among photoautotrophic organisms so far studied, containing major quantities of γ‐linolenic acid (6,9,12‐octadecatrienoic acid). This acid is synthesized by the alga by direct desaturation of linoleic acid and is primarily located in the mono‐ and digalactosyl diglyceride fractions.The possible phylogenetic relationship betweenS. platensis and other plant forms is discussed.
The fatty acid and aldehyde composition of the major phospholipids of mouse brain
Authors: Sun Grace Y. , Horrocks Lloyd A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhospholipid classes were separated from mouse brain lipid extracts by preparative thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). Methyl esters were prepared from the intact phospholipids by direct transesterification at room temperature in the presence of silica gel by using 0.5m NaOH‐methanol in order to prevent interference by aldehydes or derivatives. Dimethyl acetal derivatives of phosphoglyceride alkenyl ethers (alkenyl moiety with a double bond in 1,2‐position relative to oxygen linkage) were prepared, using 5% concentrated HCl in methanol, followed by preparative TLC for isolation.The major phospholipids present were ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) 39.8%, choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) 39.7%, serine phosphoglycerides (SPG) 15.0%, and sphingomyelin (Sph) 5.4%. One‐fifth of the total phospholipids (PL) were in the form of plasmalogens, mainly EPG. Choline and serine plasmalogens were present in trace quantities. The major aldehyde components of the plasmalogens were 16∶0, 18∶0, and 18∶1.The EPG were rich in long‐chain poly‐unsaturated fatty acids, including 28.8% of 22∶6 and 17.0% of 20∶4, but contained only 7.2% of 16∶0. In contrast, the CPG contained 39.6% of 16∶0, and 31.0% of 18∶1 with a small content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The SPG exhibited a still different pattern containing 38.2% of 18∶0, 23.2% of 18∶1, 24.3% of 22∶6, 2.9% of 16∶0, and 3.8% of 20∶4.
Rapid determination of double‐bond positions in monoenoic fatty acids by periodate‐permanganate oxidation
Authors: Downing Donald T. , Greene Richard S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTetramethylammonium hydroxide has been used in the extraction and pyrolysis methylation of the carboxylic acids produced by periodate‐permanganate oxidation of monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. This modification of the von Rudloff procedure allows rapid determination of double‐bond positions and analysis of mixtures of positional isomers of monoenoic fatty acids.
Dihydrosterculic acid, a major fatty acid component ofEuphoria longana seed oil
Authors: Kleiman R. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seed oil ofEuphoria longana, Sapindaceae, contains 17.4% of 9,10‐methyleneoctadecanoic (dihydrosterculic) acid. This identification is based on information from thin layer chromatography, infrared analysis, gas liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Since GLC of the oil showed components that emerged between the usual triglycerides, the cyclopropanoid acid is apparently a triglyceride constituent. The presence of smaller amounts, less than 1%, of cyclopropanoid fatty acids of different chain lengths is indicated by GLC and TLC analyses of the methyl esters. The other major fatty acids in this oil are: 16∶0 (19%), 18∶0 (7%), 18∶1 (36%), 18∶2 (6%), 18∶3 (5%) and 20∶0 (4%).Euphoria oil contains considerably larger amounts of cyclopropanoid fatty acids than previously reported in other seed oils.
The role of lipids in membrane transport inMycoplasma laidlawii
Authors: Smith Paul F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPulse labeling of metabolizing cells ofMycoplasma laidlawii, strain B with14C‐glucose results in rapid turnover of the glucose moiety in carotenyl glucoside and phosphatidyl glucose. Pulse labeling also occurs in the fatty acid radicals of carotenyl esters. No labeling of phosphatidyl glycerol, carotenol or monoglucosyl diglyceride occurs. No turnover of14C occurs in diglucosyl diglyceride. Rapid turnover of32P in phosphatidyl glucose, but not in phosphatidyl glycerol, also occurs. The rate of14CO2 evolution is equivalent to the rate of disappearance of14C in total lipids of cells prelabeled with14C‐glucose. β‐Glucosidase inhibition results in inhibition of glucose utilization. The reverse effect is not seen. A theory involving lipids as carriers in the transport of glucose into the cell and acetate, the end product of glucose metabolism, out of the cell is presented. This theory is compatible with known information concerning membrane structure, membrane transport and metabolism in Mycoplasmas.