bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Validity of Self‐Reported Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Problems: A Literature Review
Authors: Midanik Lorraine 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe literature on the validity of self‐reported alcohol consumption and alcohol problems was reviewed. Studies done in this area were analyzed by type of sample, by specific behaviour which was validated and by criterion chosen as the standard to which the behaviour would be compared. Despite the usual conclusion of validity studies that self‐reports are basically valid, variation exists depending upon what is being validated and how its accuracy is measured. Recent reports of consumption are validated more easily than drinking patterns measured in drinking practices surveys (as evidenced by coverage rates of surveys to sales statistics ranging from 40‐60%). In addition, collateral reports by significant others do not necessarily yield better information on consumption. In the area of alcohol problems, only a few, highly‘visible’problems can realistically be validated. Thus, the reporting of drinking driving arrests can be better validated than tremors or other physical manifestations. It is concluded that more emphasis should be placed on developing new ways to validate alcohol consumption and alcohol problems so that researchers can continue to refine their data collection techniques in order to maintain confidence in their findings.
Teaching Coping Skills to Chronic Alcoholics in a Coeducational Halfway House: I. Assessment of Programme Effects
Authors: Sanchez‐Craig M. , Walker K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA study of 104 male and 56 female residents of an alcoholism halfway house investigated the feasibility of programmes for teaching coping skills. In a developmental phase, programmes were created for teaching goal‐setting, interpersonal problem‐solving, and control of drinking tendencies. In a subsequent experimental phase, the problem‐solving strategies were compared to covert sensitization and a discussion control. While most subjects could recite the strategies during programmes, marked decrements in recall were noted within one month of programme completion. No differences were found among the three programmes on any outcome variables at discharge or at 6, 12 or 18 month follow‐ups.
Crossing the Threshold: Factors in Self‐identification as an Alcoholic*
Authors: Skinner Harvey A. , Glaser Frederick B. , Annis Helen M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study compared individuals who identified themselves as ‘alcoholic’ versus ‘non‐alcoholic’ in a clinical sample (N=225) referred for alcohol related problems. The self‐identified alcoholics were more likely to have attended Alcoholics Anonymous and to agree with the A.A. philosophy that abstinence is necessary for improvement. Furthermore, the alcoholics reported a wider range of problems related to alcohol, and both their current and life‐time alcohol consumption were greater than the non‐alcoholics. Nevertheless, the differences would appear to be of degree rather than differences of kind. As the level of alcohol abuse increased beyond a certain threshold there was an increased probability that individuals would consider themselves alcoholic. On the other hand, the self–identified alcoholics and non‐alcoholics were not significantly different with respect to age, sex, intellectual abilities, personality characteristics and measures of psychopathology. This study calls into question the meaningfulness and practical utility of the distinction between ‘alcoholic’ and ‘non‐alcoholic’ with individuals having alcohol related problems.
Controlling Alcohol Abuse in Australia: from Treatment to Prevention
Authors: Grichting Wolfgang L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis article rests on the assumption that effective intervention into alcohol abuse and alcoholism in Australia (and elsewhere) requires greater emphasis on prevention through balanced social policy measures rather than on individual treatment through medically oriented programmes. By means of a household survey of the 12th largest city in Australia (the country with the highest per capita alcohol consumption among all English speaking countries) the pattern of support for various intervention alternatives is analysed. Next, groups which provide or withhold support for these strategies are identified. Finally the support for such hypothetical controls is compared with actual support for existing control measures in other realms of social life. On this basis specific action recommendations are offered.
A Comparative Study of the Amount of Smoke Absorbed From Low Yield (‘Less Hazardous’) Cigarettes Part 2: Invasive Measures
Authors: Robinson J. C. , Young J. C. , Rickert W. S. , Fey G. , Kozlowski L. T. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA group of 22 volunteers who smoked daily more than 20‘high’nicotine (0.8 to 1.1 mg) Canadian cigarettes were switched to lower yield brands in two stages aver an eight‐week period. The control group (six subjects) switched brands with nicotine yields within ± 0.1 mg of their usual brand while the treatment group smoked reduced yield brands (first stage, 33% reduction; second stage 61% reduction).all averages for levels of blood carboxyhemoglobin, plasma thiocyanate and serum cotinine were found to change significantly from week to week but there was no discernible difference between the treatment and the control group in week to week pattern. Although the majority of smokers in this study did not increase their exposure to cigarette smoke by smoking low yield cigarettes, it can not be said that the switch resulted in ‘safer’ smoking.
Why is Abstinence Necessary for the Recovery of Some Problem Drinkers?
Authors: Heather Nick , Robertson Ian 
Published: January 2006

SummaryGiven a paradigm change in the alcoholism field from an irreversible disease to a reversible behavioural disorder, a new theoretical foundation for the abstinence requirement in treatment is needed. Such a foundation might consist of two classes of exceptional circumstances where abstinence is justified, one for permanent and the other for temporary abstinence.
Describing Relationships in Families with Alcohol Problems. The Family Relations Index: 1 Graphic Representation
Authors: Wilson Clare , Mulhall David J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Family Relations Index is a technique for describing family interaction which can provide insight for the family and the investigator into the dynamics of family behaviour and can guide intervention. The technique goes some way towards addressing the issues of complexity, subjectivity, privacy and the management of change over time which are challenges in devising methods of research with families in ‘sensitive areas’, such as alcohol abuse. The nature and requirements of the technique itself make it most suitable for clinical work and process research with small samples.
Family Problems Related to the Treatment and Outcome of Alcoholic Patients
Authors: Vannicelli Marsha , Gingerich Susan , Ryback Ralph 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred alcoholic patients participated in a study to investigate the family problems that patients present upon entry into treatment and the implications of family problems for later recovery. Correlation analyses relating family problems to outcome and aftercare participation showed that family problems are significantly related to outcome and to a lesser extent to treatment involvement beyond the inpatient phase.
Alcohol Dependence and Responsivity to an Ethanol Stimulus as Predictors of Alcohol Consumption*
Authors: Kaplan Richard F. , Meyer Roger E. , Stroebel Charles F. 
Published: January 2006

Summary Withdrawal symptoms during the previous 30 days were examined in relation to psychophysiological arousal, desire to drink, and operant behavior associated with alcohol consumption. The subjects were 16 male alcoholic patients and 16 control subjects that had been randomly assigned to either an alcohol or placebo condition. Alcoholics showed a greater desire to drink than their respective controls. There was also a significant correlation between autonomic arousal and desire to drink among alcoholics but not controls. There was some evidence that arousal was related to alcohol dependence among alcoholics. Placebo responding among alcoholics was also related to alcohol dependence. Of particular significance was that desire to drink, withdrawal symptomatology, and heart rate accounted for over 57% of the variance in predicting which alcoholics would choose the drink reward following the operant task. These results support the notion that disposition to drink in alcoholics should be examined in a multivariate context.
Research into the History of Alcohol Use and Control in England and Wales: The Available Sources in the Public Record Office
Authors: Higgs E.J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe relationship between the state and the use and abuse of alcohol has been a long and complicated one. Alcohol has been seen, at one and the same time, as a product to be taxed, a threat to social order, a danger to public health and an economic activity to be fostered. Differing government departments, with their differing responsibilities, have implemented contradictory policies, and this has been complicated by the interaction of parliament, pressure groups and local government.Records relating to alcohol production and consumption are widely scattered amongst the archives of parliament, local authorities, private companies and individuals. The records of the central departments of state and courts of law on this subject, however, are held together at the Public Record Office, and are an invaluable source for research.The state has taxed the importation, production and retailing of alcohol for many centuries. A record of this activity can be found in the documents produced by the accounting sections of the Exchequer and by the revenue boards. On the other hand, the threat to public order presented by drunkenness and the congregation of the lower orders in inns is amply documented in Elizabethan wine licenses and in the State Papers. This threat was met by licensing retail outlets, an activity supervised by the Home Office from the mid‐19th century, and by the suppression of disorder, as revealed in the records of the Metropolitan Police. More subtle forms of ‘control’ can be seen in the activities of the Central Control Board, established in 1915 in an attempt virtually to nationalize the alcohol industry in areas where munition workers were active. The CCB came under the authority of the Home Secretary and as such its records have been preserved with those of the Home Office. These records also contain information on the Home Secretary's responsibilities for the supervision of retreats for habitual drunkards under the various Inebriates Acts of the late 19th century. At the same time, however, the records of the Board of Trade, and of the Colonial and Dominions Offices, show the state actively fostering the export of alcohol as a valuable component of British trade. Information relating to the commercial production of alcohol can be found in the records of the Companies Registration Office and of the companies liquidation and winding up proceedings in Chancery and the Supreme Court.An overview of policy in these matters can be found in the records of the Cabinet Office and of the Treasury, the latter being responsible for the financial sanction of civil service expenditure. The Treasury appears to have been more interested in the quiet manipulation of price and alcohol content than in outright intervention.The records of many of these bodies are complex and voluminous and the PRO provides readers with explanatory guides and advice.
Obsessed with Moderation: The Drink Trades and the Drink Question (1870–1930)
Authors: Weir R. B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn 1931 the Royal Commission an Licensing concluded that the drink problem was no longer a ‘gigantic evil’. Measured by the reduction in per capita consumption, the resolution of ‘the drink question’ took place mainly in the early years of the twentieth century. This paper contrast* the respective fortune* of the temperance movement and the drink trade* and argues that before 1900 the drink trades displayed little concern about the anti‐drink campaign. Only after 1900 when total demand fell and a wider range, of policy options were proposed, did the drink trades read. Even so, the anti‐drink campaigners greatly overestimated the economic, political and social influence of the drink interest. Business records affirms and trade associations in the Scotch whisky industry show that it was not until ‘the People’ Budbget’ of 1909 which increased excise duty on spirits that the industry began to subscribe to the Conservative party and to attempt to influence shareholders and employees. With the First World War, stringent controls on drink consumption and production were proposed but in direct negotiations with the Government whisky producers were able to modify the proposals. Patent still distillers met a national need far munitions spirit and yeast. Nationalization of the drink industry was not supported by the whisky trade, in contrast to the brewing industry. After the war, Scotch wins by producers continued to see the anti‐drink campaign, especially prohibition, as a threat and developed more effective means of defence. How relevant trade defence and legislation were to the resolution of the drink question remains doubtful as underlying cultural changes altered the use made of leisure time and the distribution of consumer expenditure.
The Impact of Alcohol on Health in the General Population: A Review with Particular Reference to Experience in Malmo
Authors: Kristenson Hans , Hood Bertil 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMore than 30,000 individuals have been investigated in the continuous screening and intervention, study in Malmo. The impact of alcohol an health has been evaluated by comparing alcohol intake as established at the initial interview with results of screening investigations, clinical records, social register data and mortality analysis. In addition, large subsamples of individuals with different levels of serum CGT (gamma‐glutamyl‐transferase) have been followed up. GGT has proved to be a useful and simple tool in identifying and treating heavy drinkers and monitoring their outcome. It also appears to be a strong risk factor for short term mortality in the male population.In the intervention study, counselling and repeated feedback of GGT results in a group of middle‐aged heavy drinkers resulted in a significant reduction in sick absence, hospitalization and mortality, compared with that in a control group over a period of 60 months. As the intervention program seems to be effective in preventing alcoholism on an individual basis, there is need for more manpower and mart intervention attempts within general medicine in reduce the enormous impact of alcohol on health.
A Critique of the Report of the Dickens' Enquiry into the Controlled Drinking Research of the Sobells
Authors: Walker Keith D. , Roach Carol A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA critique is made of the report of the Dickens' enquiry into the controlled drinking research of the Sobells. On the issue of the rehospitalization of patients following treatment, it is suggested that the Committee misinterpreted the allegations presented in the Science article and its earlier draft. On the issue of frequency of follow‐up contacts, it is suggested that the Report does not adequately address the question of why the Sobells failed to provide accurate information concerning the number of subject contacts. On the issue of randomization, the Committee is criticized for its rejection of evidence from the hospital records. It is concluded that the Committee's analysis of these three most central issues leaves many questions unanswered and that the scope of its enquiry was too narrow to permit a conclusive judgement in either direction. It is also concluded that the Committee's scientific defence of the Sobells' research appears in many instances to be ill‐founded.
The Correlates of Serious Alcohol‐Related Consequences and Illicit Drug Use Amongst a Cohort of Scottish Teenagers
Authors: Plant Martin A. , Peck David F. , Stuart Ray 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFurther results are reported from the first phase of a follow‐up study of drinking habits and alcohol‐related consequences amongst 1,036 Scottish teenagers. These data revealed that for both males and females, having serious alcohol‐related consequences was significantly positively correlated with tobacco consumption and with the use of illicit drugs. These results lend support to existing evidence indicating that multiple drug use is commonplace amongst young people whose use of alcohol is heavy or, in the case of males, causes problems.
An Industrial Alcohol Policy: The Characteristics of Worker Success
Authors: Beaumont P. B. , Allsop S. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryCharacteristics associated with success of problem drinkers in workplace treatment settings remain obscure. The development of interventions in such settings tend to rely on generalizations from non‐workplace treatment settings and untested assumptions. The present study seeks to ascertain the characteristics of success in a workplace setting. A company with an alcohol policy provided records of all individuals referred for treatment over a 4 year period (N = 48). Analysis of the data indicated that older, longer service employees were likely to be more successful in this company. It was also evident that self‐referral was associated with ‘poor’ outcome. The significance of this result is discussed in relation to prognostic factors in the industrial setting and the relevance to future development of industrial alcohol policies.
‘Curses of Civilization’: Insanity and Drunkenness in Victorian Britain
Authors: McCandless Peter 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper investigates the sources of the common Victorian belief that drunkenness was the most significant cause of insanity. While acknowledging the role of the Temperance Movement in promoting this belief, the paper argues that its development was rooted in the social conditions and prejudices of the time, as well as in the experience and reasoning of Victorian medical men. The asylums which reported the highest proportions of drink‐induced insanity generally lay in urban, industrial areas where drinking was perceived to be a serious problem and catered to a predominately working‐class clientele. The superintendents of the asylums were inclined to conclude from their experience that drink was the most common cause of insanity. Their tendency to do so was increased by medical uncertainty about the exact relationship between drunkenness and insanity, the habit of many doctors of reasoning in circular fashion, and their proneness to link theories of causation to traditional moral imperatives. These tendencies were evident in speculation about the causes of conditions such as paresis and ‘hereditary’ mental disorders.
A Critique of the Report of the Dickens’ Enquiry into the Controlled Drinking Research of the Sobells
Authors: Walker Keith D. , Roach Carol A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA critique is made of the report of the Dickens’ enquiry into the controlled drinking research of the Sobells. On the issue of the rehospitalization of patients following treatment, it is suggested that the Committee misinterpreted the allegations presented in the Science article and its earlier draft. On the issue of frequency of follow‐up contacts, it is suggested that the Report does not adequately address the question of why the Sobells failed to provide accurate information concerning the number of subject contacts. On the issue of randomization, the Committee is criticized for its rejection of evidence from the hospital records. It is concluded that the Committee's analysis of these three most central issues leaves many questions unanswered and that the scope of its enquiry was too narrow to permit a conclusive judgement in either direction. It is also concluded that the Committee's scientific defence of the Sobells’ research appears in many instances to be ill‐founded.
The Risks of Drunkenness (or, Ebrietas Resurrecta)
Authors: Knupfer Genevieve 
Published: January 2006

SummaryData from nine population samples are combined in order to compare different population sub‐groups as to prevalence of drinking problems among high “frequency of intoxication” drinkers. Various indicators of frequent intoxication and of drinking problems are presented and discussed. Suggestions are made as to fewer, simpler questions about drinking and as to better ways of studying problem risks.
Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy: Baseline Data from a Scottish Prospective Study
Authors: Plant Moira L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results are reported from the first of four phases of a prospective study on the association between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and fetal harm. These data revealed a generally low level of alcohol consumption amongst the 1,008 respondents. Self‐reported alcohol consumption was slightly, but significantly, positively correlated with previous obstetric problems. Evidence from other studies indicates that between 1.8 per cent and 4.8 per cent of the study group may run an enhanced risk of producing damaged babies.
Relapse Prevention: Introduction and Overview of the Model
Authors: Marlatt G. Alan , George William H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAs an introductory overview of the Relapse Prevention (RP) model, this article briefly describes the conceptual and clinical features of the RP approach to altering excessive or addictive behaviour patterns. In contrast with traditional approaches that overemphasize initial habit change, RP focuses more on the maintenance phase of the habit change process. From this perspective, relapse is not viewed merely as an indicator of treatment failure. Instead, potential and actual episodes are key targets for both proactive and reactive intervention strategies. RP treatment procedures include specific intervention techniques designed to teach the individual to effectively anticipate and cope with potential relapse situations. Also included are more global lifestyle interventions aimed at improving overall coping skills and promoting health and well being. Important questions raised by this relatively recent alternative to traditional approaches are discussed.
The Moderating Influence: A Review of Trade‐Sponsored Alcohol Education Programmes
Authors: Grant Marcus 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reviews the aims, target audience and content of alcohol education programmes sponsored by trade associations from the beverage alcohol industry. The predominance of programmes promoting the concept of moderation directed towards young people emerges as the most striking single trend. Whilst the relative scarcity of objective evaluations of the effectiveness of alcohol education is lamentable, the author points to the possibility of establishing useful dialogue between health educators and the beverage alcohol industry over the issue of the limits of moderate consumption.
Lifetime Abstainers, Current Abstainers and Imbibers: A Methodological Note
Authors: Goldman Eli , Najman Jackob M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPrevious population studies of patterns of alcohol consumption have tended to assume that abstainers are a homogeneous group. As part of a Boston‐area probability sample of 5,320 adults, those persons categorized as abstainers were examined on a variety of dimensions.The findings suggest that the abstaining population comprises three groups: lifetime abstainers (58 per cent), current abstainers who have not had a previous drinking problem (34 per cent) and current abstainers who have had a previous drinking problem (9 per cent). This latter group appears, on a number of social and demographic characteristics, to be similar to persons who are frequent drinkers. The assumption of the homogeneity of the abstaining population is refuted and the results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and methodological implications.