bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiologic and behavioral studies of the cutaneous nerves of the concave surface of the pinna and the external ear canal of the dog
Authors: Whalen L. R. , Kitchell R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The investigation used 2 methods to study the cutaneous innervation of the concave surface of the pinna of the dog: electrophysiologic and behavioral. The cutaneous innervation of the external ear canal was studied, using electrophysiologic methods. On one side of each dog, the area of remaining sensitivity for the 3 internal auricular branches of the facial nerve (InAuB-fn) was determined by sectioning the rostral auricular nerve, dorsal cutaneous branch of the second cervical nerve, and great auricular nerve and then examining the dogs 1 week later. The cutaneous area (ca) of each branch of the InAuB-fn was then determined electrophysiologically. These individual ca were combined to obtain a composite cutaneous area (Comp-ca) for the InAuB-fn. By comparing the Comp-ca with the area of remaining sensitivity, it was determined that they defined essentially the same regions. On the opposite side of each dog, the InAuB-fn were surgically transected and the resultant areas of anesthesia were determined approximately 1 week after the sectioning was done. The cutaneous region thus delineated represented a zone solely innervated by these branches of the fn. Next, the ca for the rostral auricular nerve, dorsal cutaneous branch of the second cervical nerve, and great auricular nerve to the pinna’s concave surface were determined electrophysiologically in each dog. The cutaneous zone enclosed by the margins of the ca of these 3 nerves represented the composite autonomous zone for the InAuB-fn. The behaviorally determined area of anesthesia was essentially the same area as the composite autonomous zone. The skin lining the vertical portion of the external ear canal was supplied by all 3 branches of the InAuB-fn. The skin lining the horizontal portion of the external ear canal was supplied by the lateral branch of the InAuB-fn and the external acoustic meatus branch of the auriculotemporal nerve.
Evaluation of evoked-muscle potentials from stimulation of ulnar nerves of the dog
Authors: Nafe L. A. , Lee A. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Evoked muscle potentials were evaluated in 19 anesthetized dogs after stimulation of the ulnar nerve. Subsequently, unilateral dorsal rhizotomy was performed on 6 dogs, and ulnar nerve stimulation was repeated. The evoked muscle potentials were begun at 1 V and increased. Threshold, optimum, and maximum stimuli for the M wave, and the reflex-evoked response (H reflex) were recorded. Threshold voltages for the M wave and the H reflex were 4.4 V and 4.0 V, respectively. The latencies for these stimuli also were recorded for the H reflex from proximal and distal sites. The optimal latency for the proximal and the distal sites were 15.4 ± 2.5 ms and 18.3 ± 2.6 ms, respectively (mean ± sd). The motor nerve conduction velocity was 68 ± 11 m/s. In addition, a mixed orthodromic sensory-antidromic motor conduction velocity was 75.2 ± 13.3 m/s. Ratios between thoracic limb length and H reflex latency were 27.5 ± 3.9 from the proximal site and 23 ± 2.7 from the distal site. A waveform with a latency less than that of the H reflex, but greater than that of the M wave was observed inconsistently.
An additional group of low amplitude waves was observed with a latency greater than the H reflex latency. The H reflex latency/limb length ratio may be clinically useful in evaluation of proximal neuropathies in the dog.
Identification of the carrier of the Bedlington Terrier copper disease
Authors: Owen Charles A. , McCall John T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Copper (Cu) was assayed in serial liver biopsy specimens of 5 pups resulting from a mating of 2 Bedlington Terrier carriers of inherited Cu toxicosis; the latter were sibling offspring of an affected Bedlington Terrier and a normal dog. Between 5 and 7 months of age, 1 of the pups had acceptable hepatic Cu values in each of 6 specimens. The hepatic concentration of Cu in another pup increased steadily from 801 to 3,874 μg/g dry weight.
The other 3 pups may be heterozygotes (carriers); in 1—the hepatic Cu peaked at 1,043 μg/g at 9 months, in the 2nd—at 636 μg/g at 7 months, and in the 3rd—at 492 μg/g at 7 months. Acceptable concentrations were present in these 3 dogs at 9 to 14 months. Results in the present study indicate that heterozygotes may have 1 normal and 1 abnormal controller gene for regulating their hepatic Cu metabolism, thus accounting for the increased hepatic Cu concentration only in the early months of life.
The affected Bedlington Terrier with 2 abnormal genes was unable to suppress the progressive hepatic accumulation of Cu. Paired liver biopsy specimens obtained at 5 to 7 months and at 14 or 15 months of age might distinguish the heterozygote from the normal and the affected Bedlington Terrier pups.
Ultrastructure of parathyroid glands of growing chickens with vitamin D deficiency rickets
Authors: Okada K. , Fujimoto Y. , Itakura C. , Goto M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ultrastructural studies were conducted on the parathyroid glands (ptg) of 2- to 7-week-old nontreated control growing broiler chickens (group A, 6 chickens); the same aged chickens with experimentally induced vitamin D deficiency rickets (18 morbid chickens each from groups B, C, and D); and in 4- to 9-week-old chickens naturally affected with rickets (group E, 8 chickens). Four types of principal cells were classified in the ptg of clinically normal birds and in ptg of birds with secondary hyperparathyroidism as follows: Type I cell (small cell in the resting phase); type II cell (medium-sized cell with well-developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the synthesizing phase); type III cell (large cell with well-developed Golgi apparatus and cytoplasmic organelles in the packaging and secretory phase); and type IV cell (mediumsized cell with poor cytoplasmic organelles in the involuting phase).
Many coated vesicles were observed in type II and type III cells. In young control chickens, principal cells of the ptg were considered in the resting phase; in older control chickens, there were increased numbers of cells in the synthesizing phase. In the vitamin D deficiency groups, principal cells were in the synthesizing and packaging and secretory phases. In birds with naturally occurring rickets, principal cells were in packaging and secretory phases, with a small number of cells in the involuting phase. The ultrastructural changes of the ptg from the initial to final phases in growing chickens with secondary hyperparathyroidism were demonstrated.
Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin: Production by recognized serotypes and neutralization by type-specific rabbit antisera
Authors: Shewen Patricia E. , Wilkie Bruce N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A sterile culture supernatant from each of the 12 recognized serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica was toxic to bovine alveolar macrophages when assayed by 51Cr release. Types appeared to differ in their ability to liberate cytotoxin, although this may have reflected strain variation rather than serotype-related differences. Toxicity was partially neutralized by type-specific rabbit antisera, with neutralization of the homologous toxin being more effective than that of the heterologous serotype.
Comparison of sulfobromophthalein and indocyanine green clearances in the dog
Authors: Center S. A. , Bunch S. E. , Baldwin B. H. , Hornbuckle W. E. , Tennant B. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sulfobromophthalein (bsp) and indocyanine green (icg) were given in single-dose iv injections to dogs and plasma disappearances were measured. The bsp was given at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight, and icg was given at doses of 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg. The half-life for bsp was 4.2 ± 0.8 minutes, and for icg at the 1.0 mg/kg dose, 9.0 ± 2.0 minutes, and at the 1.5 mg/kg dose, 8.4 ± 1.9 minutes. The disappearance rate (percentage per minute) for bsp was 17.0 ± 3.2, and for icg at the small dose level, 8.1 ± 1.7, and at the large dose level, 8.7 ± 2.2. The clearances (ml/min/kg) for bsp were 15.4 ± 6.2 and for icg at the small dose level, 3.7 ± 0.7, and at the large dose level, 3.9 ± 0.7. The 30-minute percentage retentions for bsp were 1.9 ± 1.1 and for icg at the small dose level, 14.7 ± 5.0, and for icg at the large dose level, 11.4 ± 3.0. All of the differences between bsp and icg means for these values measured were statistically significant (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between sexes or between the icg doses for any of the values (P > 0.05).
Survival of carrier erythrocytes in splenectomized calves
Authors: DeLoach John R. , Wagner G. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Carrier erythrocyte survival was investigated in intact and splenectomized calves. Survival curves for both were biphasic, with a characteristic early loss of 10% to 15% of the carrier cells in intact calves followed by a half-life of 22 to 24 days. In splenectomized calves, 50% to 75% of the carrier cells disappeared from circulation in the first 24 hours. The 2nd phase of survival showed a 44-day half-life for the remaining carrier cells. Erythrocytes from splenectomized calves appeared to be permeable to [14C]sucrose and were more susceptible to irreversible hemolysis from the dialysis encapsulation procedure. Blood volume determination showed a 22% decrease after splenectomy.
Effect of gastrointestinal parasite infection in calves on the preparation of carrier erythrocyte ghosts and on erythrocyte survival
Authors: DeLoach John R. , Fincher G. Truman 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves were inoculated with helminths to induce a severe anemia. Increased erythrocyte mean cell volume caused by acute parasitism made erythrocytes more resistant to osmotic stress as reflected in the percentage of encapsulation parameters. Preparation of resealed carrier erythrocytes before and during parasitosis was studied. Low percentage of encapsulation of the marker [14C]sucrose could be corrected by extended dialysis time. Typically, 40% encapsulation was found in erythrocytes from healthy calves, whereas only 20% encapsulation was found for erythrocytes from helminth-infected animals.
Effects of dietary aluminum on magnesium status of cows
Authors: Kappel L. C. , Youngberg Helen , Ingraham R. H. , Hembry F. G. , Robinson D. L. , Cherney J. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Observations made on 32 cows at 5 locations within 200 km of Baton Rouge, La, indicated that cows with clinical grass tetany had significantly higher concentrations of aluminum (Al) in the ruminal dry matter than did hypomagnesemic cows without clinical signs or control cows (3,382 vs 1,442 vs 1,666 μg/g). Cows with grass tetany had significantly lower concentrations of plasma calcium than did asymptomatic, hypomagnesemic cows (5.57 vs 8.51 mg/dl).
Blood and rumen samples were obtained 7 times during a 51-day period from a herd of 20 lactating beef cows. Significant changes occurred over time in ruminal dry matter Al and plasma magnesium (Mg). The minimal-maximal limits of mean ruminal Al and plasma Mg concentrations were 708 and 4,374 μg/g and 1.97 to 2.33 mg/dl, respectively. Increases in ruminal Al were not associated with a lowering of plasma Mg. Correlations between Al and Mg at each sampling day ranged from 0.24 to −0.30.
Six nonlactating Holstein or Jersey cows were used in each of 5 experiments to determine the effect of ingested aluminum sulfate and sodium (Na) sulfate on plasma Mg. Treatment provided Al in an amount equivalent to 4,000 μg/g of the diet and sodium sulfate provided sulfate in an amount equivalent to that provided by the Al treatment. When administered once daily for 4 days via rumen cannula to cows given a Bermuda grass hay diet, both compounds reduced plasma Mg by 34%. When mixed in the feed or administered via stomach tube, these compounds had no effect on plasma Mg of cows given a mixed ration containing a higher amount of available Mg. Both Al and Na sulfate caused a significant reduction in feed intake. When feeding levels were used as treatments, there was no significant difference in plasma Mg between cows given 5.5 or 2.25 kg of hay/day.
Effects of large doses of phenylbutazone administration to horses
Authors: MacKay Robert J. , French T. W. , Nguyen Hai T. , Mayhew I. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of large doses of phenylbutazone were evaluated in clinically normal horses. The drug was given to 4 groups of 2 horses each at the rate of 30 mg/kg of body weight, orally, or 30, 15, or 8 mg/kg iv daily for up to 2 weeks. All horses became anorectic and depressed after 2 to 4 phenylbutazone treatments, and the horses given 15 or 30 mg/kg died on or between days 4 and 7 of treatment. A decrease in total blood neutrophil count occurred in all horses, and was associated with toxic left shift in horses given the 2 larger dosage schedules. The horses also had progressive increases in serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphorus concentrations, accompanied by decreasing serum calcium concentrations. There was a progressive decrease in total serum protein in all 8 horses. Gastrointestinal ulcerations, renal papillary necrosis, and vascular thromboses were the predominant postmortem findings.
Cumulative dose responses to gallamine, pancuronium, and neostigmine in halothane-anesthetized horses; Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects
Authors: Klein Lin , Hopkins Judy , Beck Ernest , Burton Bridget 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Relative neuromuscular potency, recovery rate, and pharmacologic reversibility of blockade with gallamine and pancuronium were studied in halothane-anesthetized horses. A cumulative dose-response method was used, and individual curves were plotted on a log-probit scale. The rate of spontaneous recovery to 50% control twitch tension was recorded. The degree of pharmacologic reversibility and dose requirements for neostigmine were compared, and cardiovascular responses to the blocking agents and antagonist were reported.
Demonstration of Anaplasma marginale in hemolymph of Dermacentor andersoni by animal inoculation and by fluorescent-antibody technique
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Oberst Richard D. , Ewing S. A. , Hair Jakie A. , Barron Selwyn J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hemolymph was collected from adult Dermacentor andersoni Stiles that had been infected with Anaplasma marginale Theiler as nymphs. Before hemolymph was collected, the adult ticks were either incubated and unfed at 37 C for 2.5 days or fed for 6 days on sheep. Hemolymph collected from groups of 100 ticks was inoculated into susceptible splenectomized calves. Smears of hemolymph from the same groups of ticks were prepared for examination by fluorescent antibody technique. Hemolymph from incubated ticks caused anaplasmosis in 2 of 4 trials, and hemolymph from feeding ticks caused anaplasmosis in 4 of 4 trials. Moderately fluorescing bodies were demonstrated in some hemocytes from incubated ticks, whereas hemocytes from feeding ticks contained numerous clusters of brightly fluorescing bodies. Fluorescing bodies were not observed in hemocytes from control ticks.
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage before and after abdominal surgery in dogs
Authors: Bjorling D. E. , Latimer K. S. , Rawlings C. A. , Kolata R. J. , Crowe D. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Complete blood cell counts and peritoneal lavage (pl) were done 2 days before and 2 days after abdominal surgery. Abdominal surgery consisted of intestinal resection/anastomosis and cystotomy in 18 dogs in group 1 and gastrotomy, pyloromyotomy, and repair of diaphragmatic laceration in 20 dogs in group 2.
Insertion of the dialysis catheter for pl preoperatively in a right paramedian location resulted in more pl samples contaminated with blood than when the catheter was inserted on the abdominal midline. The number of nucleated cells found in pl fluid when the catheter was inserted in a right paramedian location was not significantly different (P < 0.05) from that observed in pl fluid collected after insertion of the catheter through the abdominal midline. The predominant cell type in preoperative pl fluid was the segmented neutrophil.
In groups 1 and 2, wbc counts and nucleated cell counts in pl fluid were significantly increased (P < 0.05) postoperatively, Segmented neutrophils and macrophages were most frequently present in postoperative pl fluid. Degenerative neutrophils in postoperative pl fluid were associated with the appearance of immature neutrophils in the blood and increased rectal temperature. Dogs with these findings appeared to have more peritoneal inflammation at necropsy than did others in their groups.
Concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, amylase, and creatinine in preoperative pl fluid were extremely low. Except for creatinine in group 2, all of these were significantly increased (P < 0.05) post-operatively,
The complication rate associated with the performance of pl on dogs postoperatively was not greater than that which was observed preoperatively.
Reduction in mitogenic response of bovine lymphocytes by ketone bodies
Authors: Targowski S. P. , Klucinski W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of toxic or subtoxic concentrations of ketone bodies (acetone, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate) in blood on function of bovine lymphocytes was studied in vitro. Lymphocytes separated from peripheral bovine blood were distributed into the wells of Linbro Microtiter plates containing control medium and test medium with various concentrations of ketones and/or phytohemagglutinin. The mitogenic response of lymphocytes was measured by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA of lymphocytes. Toxic and subtoxic concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate or the toxic concentration of acetoacetate significantly affected the mitogenic response of bovine lymphocytes. The reduction in the mitogenic response also occurred when lymphocytes were only preincubated for 2 hours or longer with β-hydroxybutyrate or acetoacetate. The presence of the toxic concentration of acetone in the medium did not affect the mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes.
Effect of surgery on the in vitro response of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Medleau Linda , Crowe Dennis T. , Dawe Donald L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of surgery (ovariohysterectomy) and anesthesia on phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis were studied in vitro in 12 dogs. Four dogs had depressed lymphocyte blastogenic responses after surgery. This suppression was transient with normal blastogenic responses occurring in cells from all dogs 24 hours after surgery. Seemingly, T-lymphocyte function may be depressed, only transiently, after surgery.
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for occult dirofilariasis in a population of naturally exposed dogs
Authors: Scholtens Robert G. , Patton Sharon 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dogs seen at a veterinary teaching hospital were classified on the basis of their apparent exposure to filarial worms, and their sera were examined in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, using a Dirofilaria immitis-derived antigen. The geometric mean titers of 103 dogs varied from 30 (61 noninfected dogs) to 2,896 (in 8 dogs without microfilaremia, but with signs of occult dirofilariasis [respiratory insufficiency, radiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension] and a history of possible exposure to the mosquito vectors of heartworms). The mean titer of 28 dogs with patent filarial infections was 122, slightly higher than the mean titer of 64 in 8 dogs with a history of previous heartworm infection. The titers of dogs with evidence suggestive of occult dirofilariasis were significantly higher (P = 0.05) than the mean titers of those without evidence of filarial infections, with patent filarial infections, or with a history of dirofilariasis.
Antigenic relationship between porcine and canine parvoviruses
Authors: Mengeling W. L. , Bunn T. O. , Paul P. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Porcine parvovirus and canine parvovirus were found to have a minor, reciprocal antigenic relationship. One or more common or similar antigens were demonstrated by serum-neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition tests and immunofluorescence microscopy.
Effect of chlorpyrifos on Holstein steers and testosterone-treated Holstein bulls
Authors: Haas Paul J. , Buck William B. , Hixon James E. , Shanks Roger D. , Wagner William C. , Weston Patricia G. , Whitmore Howard L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of chlorpyrifos application was studied in a high-testosterone (testosterone-treated bulls) and a low-testosterone group (com oil-treated steers). Frequent sampling of blood before and after 2 chlorpyrifos applications was used to monitor plasma testosterone concentrations and blood cholinesterase activities.
Bulls had significantly higher testosterone concentrations (P < 0.01) than did the steers, before and after the 1st and 2nd chlorpyrifos applications. Bulls had higher cholinesterase activities (P < 0.01) than did steers before the 1st chlorpyrifos application. However, cholinesterase activity decreased more in bulls when compared with that in steers (P < 0.01) after the 1st and 2nd chlorpyrifos application. Abnormal clinical signs were not observed in the steers, but 2 of 4 bulls had severe clinical signs of organophosphorus insecticide toxicosis after the 2nd application. Seemingly, chlorpyrifos is more toxic for testosterone-treated bulls than for com oil-treated steers of similar age and weight.
Improved method for recovering ascarid and other helminth eggs from soil associated with epizootics and during survey studies
Authors: Kazacos Kevin R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two noncentrifugal and 5 centrifugal flotation methods for the recovery of infective Baylisascaris procyonis eggs from contaminated soil were evaluated after an epizootic of fatal cerebrospinal nematodiasis in bobwhites. All involved the use of inexpensive, readily available materials and routine procedures. In all but 1 of the methods, sizes of the soil samples were 30 g; in 1 centrifugal method, the sample size was 1 g. The centrifugal methods included various combinations of (i) anionic detergent (Tween) pretreatment of the soil, (ii) 3x washing of the sediment, (iii) NaNO3 or ZnSO4 flotation solution, and (iv) resuspension and reexamination of the sediment.
By the 30-g sample centrifugal methods, significantly more eggs (av 251 to 448) were recovered than by the noncentrifugal methods (av 7 and 12) or the 1-g sample method (av 44). In the most efficacious method, the combination of Tween pretreatment, washed sediment, NaNO3 flotation solution, and resuspension/reexamination of the sediment was used.
This method was tested against the 1-g sample method on soil from a naturally occurring infection of Toxocara cati visceral larva migrans in a child. On initial examination of 5 areas, 3 to 10 eggs were recovered by the 30-g sample method vs 0 eggs by the 1-g sample method. Using sandbox soil and 10 replicates each, recoveries by the 30-g sample method averaged 9.2 eggs/replicate (range 5 to 12) and those by the 1-g sample method, 0.1 eggs (range 0 to 1).