bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partner Violence Screening in Rural Health Care Clinics
Authors: Coker Ann L. , Flerx Vicki C. , Smith Paige H. , Whitaker Daniel J. , Fadden Mary Kay , Williams Melinda 
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We sought to determine the frequency of intimate partner violence by type in a large, clinic-based, nurse-administered screening and services intervention project. Methods. A brief intimate partner violence screen, which included items to measure sexual and physical assaults and psychological battering (using the Women’s Experience With Battering scale) was administered to consenting women receiving care at 1 of 8 rural clinics in South Carolina. Results. Between April 2002 and August 2005, 4945 eligible women were offered intimate partner violence screening, to which 3664 (74.1%) consented. Prevalence of intimate partner violence in a current (ongoing) relationship was 13.3%, and 939 women (25.6%) had experienced intimate partner violence at some point in the past 5 years. Of those ever experiencing intimate partner violence, the majority (65.6%) experienced both assaults and psychological battering; 10.1% experienced assault only, and 24.3% experienced psychological battering only. Most women (85.5%) currently experiencing both psychological battering and assaults stated that violence was a problem in their current relationship. Conclusions. The intimate partner violence screening technique we used was feasible to implement, acceptable to women seeking health care at the targeted clinics, and indicated a high proportion of women reporting intimate partner violence in the past 5 years, with a majority of those women stating that such violence was a problem in their relationships. These findings demonstrated the viability of the screening technique, which supports the growing importance of implementing intimate partner violence screenings in clinical settings in order to reduce the prevalence of violence in intimate relationships.
Young Incarcerated Men’s Perceptions of and Experiences With HIV Testing
Authors: Kacanek Deborah , Eldridge Gloria D. , Nealey-Moore Jill , MacGowan Robin J. , Binson Diane , Flanigan Timothy P. , Fitzgerald Christine C. , Sosman James M. ,   The Project Start Study Group
Published: May 2007

We analyzed incarcerated men’s perceptions of and experiences with HIV testing. Interviews were conducted with 105 men, aged 18 to 29 years, in 4 states. Most men had received an HIV test while incarcerated because it was convenient or free or because they thought it was mandatory. At most sites, men believed they were HIV-negative because they never received test results. Some men did not know the diseases for which they had been tested. Some men avoided HIV testing outside prison because they lacked time, lacked resources, feared knowing the results, or perceived themselves to not be at risk. HIV testing programs for young men inside or outside prison should address barriers to HIV testing, communicate the meaning and extent of testing, and improve notification of those with HIV-negative results.
Predictors of Condom Use Among Young Adults in South Africa: The Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit National Youth Survey
Authors: Hendriksen Ellen Setsuko , Pettifor Audrey , Lee Sung-Jae , Coates Thomas J. , Rees Helen V. 
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We examined correlates of condom use among a national random probability sample of sexually experienced young adults aged 15 to 24 years (n = 7686) in South Africa. Methods. Using data from the Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit National Youth Survey, we conducted gender-stratified bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine predictors of whether respondents had used a condom during their most recent sexual intercourse. Results. Condom use at sexual debut and talking with one’s first sexual partner about condoms were the most significant predictors of condom use at most recent intercourse. Other significant predictors included high condom use self-efficacy, optimism about the future, and reported behavior change attributable to HIV/AIDS. Young adults who were married or had been involved in a relationship for 6 months or more were significantly less likely to have used a condom during their most recent sexual intercourse. Conclusions. Our findings point to the importance of exposing youths to sexuality education before their sexual debut as well as voluntary counseling and testing and programming that supports young adults, particularly young women, in making informed decisions about sexual intercourse and condoms.
Public Health Surveillance of Fatal Child Maltreatment: Analysis of 3 State Programs
Authors: Schnitzer Patricia G. , Covington Theresa M. , Wirtz Stephen J. , Verhoek-Oftedahl Wendy , Palusci Vincent J. 
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We sought to describe approaches to surveillance of fatal child maltreatment and to identify options for improving case ascertainment. Methods. Three states—California, Michigan, and Rhode Island—used multiple data sources for surveillance. Potential cases were identified, operational definitions were applied, and the number of maltreatment deaths was determined. Results. These programs identified 258 maltreatment deaths in California, 192 in Michigan, and 60 in Rhode Island. Corresponding maltreatment fatality rates ranged from 2.5 per 100000 population in Michigan to 8.8 in Rhode Island. Most deaths were identified by child death review teams in Rhode Island (98%), Uniform Crime Reports in California (56%), and child welfare agency data in Michigan (44%). Compared with the total number of cases identified, child welfare agency (the official source for maltreatment reports) and death certificate data underascertain child maltreatment deaths by 55% to 76% and 80% to 90%, respectively. In all 3 states, more than 90% of cases ascertained could be identified by combining 2 data sources. Conclusions. No single data source was adequate for thorough surveillance of fatal child maltreatment, but combining just 2 sources substantially increased case ascertainment. The child death review team process may be the most promising surveillance approach.
Parenting-Related Stressors and Self-Reported Mental Health of Mothers With Young Children
Authors: Mistry Ritesh , Stevens Gregory D. , Sareen Harvinder , De Vogli Roberto , Halfon Neal 
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We assessed whether there were associations between maternal mental health and individual and co-occurring parenting stressors related to social and financial factors and child health care access. Methods. We used cross-sectional data from the 2000 National Survey of Early Childhood Health. The 5-item Mental Health Inventory was used to measure self-reported mental health. Results. After we controlled for demographic covariates, we found that the following stressors increased the risk of poor maternal mental health: lack of emotional (odds ratio [OR] = 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0, 5.9) or functional (OR=2.2; 95% CI=1.3, 3.7) social support for parenting, too much time spent with child (OR=3.5; 95% CI=2.0, 6.1), and difficulty paying for child care (OR=2.3; 95% CI=1.4, 3.9). In comparison with mothers without any parenting stressors, mothers reporting 1 stressor had 3 times the odds of poor mental health (OR = 3.1; 95% CI = 2.1, 4.8), and mothers reporting 2 or more stressors had nearly 12 times the odds (OR = 11.7; 95% CI = 7.1, 19.3). Conclusions. If parenting stressors such as those examined here are to be addressed, changes may be required in community support systems, and improvements in relevant social policies may be needed.
The Effects of Acculturation on Asthma Burden in a Community Sample of Mexican American Schoolchildren
Authors: Martin Molly A. , Shalowitz Madeleine U. , Mijanovich Tod , Clark-Kauffman Elizabeth , Perez Elizabeth , Berry Carolyn A. 
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We sought to determine whether low acculturation among Mexican American caregivers protects their children against asthma. Methods. Data were obtained from an observational study of urban pediatric asthma. Dependent variables were children’s diagnosed asthma and total (diagnosed plus possible) asthma. Regression models were controlled for caregivers’ level of acculturation, education, marital status, depression, life stress, and social support and children’s insurance. Results. Caregivers’ level of acculturation was associated with children’s diagnosed asthma (P = .025) and total asthma (P = .078) in bivariate analyses. In multivariate models, protective effects of caregivers’ level of acculturation were mediated by the other covariates. Independent predictors of increased diagnosed asthma included caregivers’ life stress (odds ratio [OR] = 1.12, P= .005) and children’s insurance, both public (OR = 4.71, P= .009) and private (OR = 2.87, P= .071). Only caregiver’s life stress predicted increased total asthma (OR = 1.21, P= .001). Conclusions. The protective effect of caregivers’ level of acculturation on diagnosed and total asthma for Mexican American children was mediated by social factors, especially caregivers’ life stress. Among acculturation measures, foreign birth was more predictive of disease status than was language use or years in country. Increased acculturation among immigrant groups does not appear to lead to greater asthma risk.
The Contribution of Preterm Birth to the Black–White Infant Mortality Gap, 1990 and 2000
Authors: Schempf Ashley H. , Branum Amy M. , Lukacs Susan L. , Schoendorf Kenneth C. 
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We evaluated whether the decline of the racial disparity in preterm birth during the last decade was commensurate with a decline in the contribution of preterm birth to the infant mortality gap. Methods. We used linked files of 1990 and 2000 data on US infant births and deaths to partition the gap between Black and White infant mortality rates into differences in the (1) distribution of gestational age and (2) gestational age–specific mortality rates. Results. Between 1990 and 2000, the Black–White infant mortality rate ratio did not change significantly (2.3 vs 2.4). Excess deaths among preterm Black infants accounted for nearly 80% of the Black–White infant mortality gap in both 1990 and 2000. The narrowing racial disparity in the preterm birth rate was counterbalanced by greater mortality reductions in White than in Black preterm infants. Extremely preterm birth (<28 weeks) was 4 times higher in Black infants and accounted for more than half of the infant mortality gap. Conclusions. Substantial reductions in the Black–White infant mortality gap will require improved prevention of extremely preterm birth among Black infants.
Simple method for calculating time dependence of individual radionuclide activities in decay series
Authors: Landa Jiří , Palágyi Štefan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A rapid method for calculating the time dependence of activities of individual radionuclides in genetically coupled decay series has been proposed. The method is based on the mathematical procedure, in which the matrix method is used for calculating a set of decay equations given in the vector form. The developed method is computerized and uses the modern Scilab software. This simple method eliminates certain drawbacks of older methods used previously for this purpose and is applicable to even solve calculations which are not easily treatable with the older methods. Some practical examples of such calculations are presented. Moreover, the new method is universal and it also enables a more general approach to the problem of the calculation of decay series in nuclear chemistry.
Ableitung einer kontinuierlichen Mannigfaltigkeit von Erhaltungssätzen der modifizierten Korteweg‐de‐Vries‐Gleichung nach dem Noetherschen Satz
Authors: Steudel H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEine kürzlich entwickelte Methode zur Ableitung einer kontinuierlichen Mannigfaltigkeit von Erhaltungssätzen aus erweiterten Bäcklundtransformationen nach dem Noetherschen Satz wird auf die modifizierte Korteweg‐de‐Vries‐(m. KdV‐)Gleichung angewendet, die Alfvénwellen in einem Plasma beschreibt. Die entsprechenden Erhaltungsgrößen sind äquivalent den von WADATI, SANUKI und KONNO gefundenen. Es wird gezeigt, daß die erweiterte Bäcklundtransformation B̂α zur m. KdV‐Gleichung – die identisch ist mit der zur Sinus‐Gordon‐Gleichung – durch MIURAS Transformation übergeht in die erweiterte Bäcklundtransformation βx zur Korteweg‐de‐Vries‐Gleichung, wobei x = 1/2α ist.
Meson Production Mechanism at 70 GeV
Authors: Daftari I. K. , Bandyopadhyay B. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPhotoemulsion plates exposed to 70 GeV proton beam from Serpukhov Accelerator, USSR, have been analysed and part of the data has been utilized to obtain the distribution of the secondary particles in order to ascertain their production mechanism in the fireball model. This intermediate state for the production of secondaries has been identified from log tan θ plot and from the target diagram method. The parameters of the fireball were calculated by the method used by AGNESE et al. It is seen that the fireball model is favourable in 16% of the events studied. The average mass of the fireball is found to be (2.80 ± 0.1) GeV and its momentum to equal 169.62 MeV/c. The polar rotated angular distribution gives a good fit to the experimental data.
Investigation of the Fine Structure of the Nb Isochromats within the Electron Energy Range from 0 to 60 eV
Authors: Auleytner J. , Ławniczak K. , Sobczak E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe structure of the Nb bremsstrahlung isochromats has been investigated. The fine structure of the Nb isochromats reflects characteristic energy losses of electrons in niobium and the structure of the valence band of this material.
Physikalische Theorie der Beugung von Materieteilchen
Authors: Landé A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDas physikalische Paradoxon der Dualität mit ihren zwei entgegengesetzten „Manifestationen Als‐Ob”︁ kann durch die einheitliche Quantenmechanik, im besonderen durch die DUANEsche Auswahlregel für den linearen Impuls überwunden werden. Dies wird am Beispiel der Elektronenbeugung am Kristall und am einfachen und Doppelspalt gezeigt. Was Einstein als ‘Beruhigungsphilosophie’ bezeichnete, kann dadurch in objektive Physik verwandelt werden.
Kinetische Herleitung verallgemeinerter Nernst‐Planck‐Gleichungen. IV.) Korrelationen im quasihomogenen System
Authors: West G. , Grauel A. , Schröter J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird gezeigt, daß die Korrelationsgleichungen für Ionen in einer Elektrolytlösung von den Einteilchengleichungen (verallg. Nernst‐Planck‐Gleichungen) soweit entkoppelt werden können, daß die Korrelationsgleichungen unabhängig von den Einteilchengleichungen gelöst werden können: man erhält die Korrelationsfunktionen als Funktionale der Einteilchenfunktionen.
Structure Model of a One‐Dimensional Disordered System with Short‐Range Order
Authors: Unger H.‐J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn ensemble of disordered linear chains is described by a probability density distribution without making use of the laws of thermodynamical equilibrium statistics. Short‐range order is present in the system, because the position of an arbitrary particle depends on the location of the nearest neighbours. The nearest neighbour distance statistics is assumed to be of the Gaussian type. All correlation functions are calculated for finite and infinite systems. The superposition approximation is found to hold rigorously. The pair correlation is of fundamental importance for the system. The radial pair distribution function is investigated thoroughly. The configurational entropy of the system is calculated and discussed.
Inverse Raman Scattering by Polaritons in LiNbO3 Single Crystals
Authors: Bussemer P. , Kneipp K. , Ponath H. E. , Lau A. , Werncke W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExperimental studies of IRS by polaritons in LiNbO3 are reported for the first time. In compliance with the classification of IRS‐scattering geometries by polaritons in uniaxial crystals [3] for different polarisation directions of laser and anti‐Stokes continuum two A1‐type polaritons and also E‐type‐polaritons of the upper and the lower ordinary dispersion branches, respectively, could coherently be generated. Introducing a new polariton specific excitation state instead of the mechanic vibration the shortened IRS equations without small signal approximation are solved in the stationary case and for “responseless” polariton fields.The increase of the laser field and the decrease of the anti‐Stokes field show for αpx ≫ 1 the same behaviour as Stokes growth and laser depletion, respectively, in the case of SRS by dipole inactive levels. Model calculations show the necessity of the used intra cavity arrangement for photographic registration of IRS‐polariton spectra.
Cooperative Spontaneous Emission from a Single‐quantum Excited Three‐atom System
Authors: Richter Th. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe total radiation rate of the cooperative spontaneous emission from an initially single‐quantum excited three‐atom system is calculated using Lehmberg's master equation and taking into account dipole‐dipole near field interaction. We find a strong influence of the precise configuration of the atomic dipoles and of the position of the initially excited atom on the temporal behaviour of the total radiation rate, especially if the atoms are separated by distances much smaller than the resonance wavelength.
Double‐mode Two‐photon Absorption and Enhanced Photon Antibunching Due to Interference
Authors: Bandilla A. , Ritze H.‐H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInspired by results of interfering signal and idler from a nondegenerate parametric amplifier we investigate the photon statistics of the resulting field after interference of two components subjected to double‐mode two‐photon absorption. This absorption process leads to a strong correlation of the participating modes, which can be used to generate fields with photon antibunching in interference experiments. In addition the photon number can be made small, which produces enhanced antibunching.
The Density Matrix for Single‐mode Light after k‐Photon Absorption
Authors: Voigt H. , Bandilla A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn order to continue and generalize the studies of the density matrix of a light field undergoing k‐photon absorption, in this paper we put the emphasis on the off‐diagonal elements. The solution obtained earlier for the diagonal elements describing the photon statistics can be found as a special case but will not be discussed again. The general solution calculated by recursion shows an asymptotic behaviour if the initial photon number is sufficiently high. Only the initial phase information survives. Illustrating the solution we start with coherent light and a generalized coherent state.
High‐frequency Waves in Gravitational Theories with Fourth‐order Derivative Equations
Authors: v. Borzeszkowski H.‐H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor Einstein's gravitational equations with fourth‐order corrections being proportional to the square of an elementary lengthl, we discuss the behaviour of high‐frequency waves. It is shown that (1) only waves with lengths λ ≳ can generate a macroscopic avarage background (for λ <l, only the terms αl2are decisive such that one has the same situation as in a pure fourth‐order theory without Einstein term which cannot be interpreted as gravitational theory), (2) for λ ≳lthe background metric is purely determined via the second‐order derivative Einstein tensor (formally one obtains the same equations for the background as in the non‐modified Einsteinian theory), and (3) only waves corresponding to the massless and the massive spin‐two gravitons contribute to background curvature; in the geometrical‐optics approximation, these both particle sorts are moving independent of each other and satisfy a conservation law for the total number ofm= 0 and massive spin‐two gravitons, respectively.The results obtained in this paper corroborate partly the conclusions drawn in the weak‐field approximation [11, 15, 18].
Gekoppelte molekulare Umlagerungen als Ursache von Relaxation und Fließen
Authors: Holzmüller W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRelaxation und Fließen beruhen auf molekularen Umlagerungen, wobei strukturbedingte Haftstellen gekoppelte Platzwechsel verursachen. Das Verhalten wird durch ein System simultaner Differentialgleichungen beschrieben. Je nach den Anfangs‐ und Randbedingungen treten unterschiedliche in einer Tabelle zusammengefaßte Lösungen auf.
Lebensdauermessungen an Resonanzzuständen im 28Si‐Compoundkern mittels Schatten‐Effekt
Authors: Otto G. , Zschau E. , Al‐Khafaji A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnter Anwendung des Schatten‐Effektes und der Resonanzreaktion 27Al(p, α) 24Mg an einkristallinen, dicken Al‐Targets wurden für drei Resonanzenergien Ep(keV) die Lebensdauern τ(as) der entsprechenden Anregungszustände E★ (MeV) des Compoundkernes 28Si gemessen und die zugehörigen Breiten γ(eV) berechnet: magnified image Als Target dienten 〈110〉‐orientierte Al‐Einkristalle. Die Registierung der α‐Teilchen erfolgte mit großflächigen Festkörperspurdetektoren. Aufgenommen wurden die Winkelverteilungen der α‐Teilchen um zwei 〈110〉‐Achsen des Al‐Targets, die zur Einschußrichtung der Protonen unter 75° bzw. −165° einjustiert waren. Zur Auswertung wurden die Differenzen der Minimumausbeuten Δxmin = xmin (ϕ = 75°) ‐ xmin (ϕ = −165°) und die Verhältnisse der Dip‐Volumina R = ΩE(ϕ = 75°)/ΩN(ϕ = −165°) (bis 70% der Randomausbeute) herangezogen.
Auswertung des Kernresonanzsignals bei Austausch von Molekülen zwischen einem paramagnetischen und einem diamagnetischen Bereich
Authors: Deininger D. , Hopf K. , Winkler H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird der Einfluß des Austausches von Molekülen in paramagnetischen Oberflächensystemen auf das Kernresonanzsignal behandelt. Aus experimentell bestimmter Verschiebung und Linienbreite wird für das Zweibereichsystem ein Intervall für die paramagnetische Verschiebung berechnet. Außerdem wird der Fall diskutiert, daß im paramagnetischen Bereich eine Verteilung von Lorentzlinien vorliegt und folglich die resultierende Resonanzlinie inhomogen verbreitert ist.
Sea Level Muon Spectrum Derived from Bugaev Model Using the Primary Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum of Grigorov et al
Authors: Das A. K. , De A. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a recent paper BHATTACHARYYA has derived the pion and kaon production spectra in the atmosphere using a form of the primary nucleon energy spectrum of the measurements of GRIGOROV et al. and the interaction model of BUGAEV et al. The sea level muon spectrum derived from these meson spectra agrees with the magnetic spectrograph data of ALLKOFER et al. and AYRE et al.In this report a critical analysis of the paper has been made and some obvious mistakes in the formulation have been pointed out. The formulation of BUGAEV et al. and the data of GRIGOROV at al. have been misinterpreted by BHATTACHARYYA. The corrected results have been properly interpreted in this report.
Ein statistisches Modell zum Einfluß der thermischen Bewegung auf NMR‐Festkörperspektren
Authors: Ploss W. , Freude D. , Pfeifer H. , Schmiedel H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird ein statistisches Modell zum Einfluß der thermischen Bewegung auf die NMR‐Linienform vorgestellt, das die Verschmälerung von Festkörper‐Spektren bei wachsender Temperatur beschreibt. Das Modell geht von der Annahme aus, daß nach einer Ortsveränderung eines Kerns infolge thermischer Bewegung jede beliebige Kernresonanzfrequenz mit der durch das Festkörperspektrum vorgegebenen Wahrscheinlichkeit angenommen werden kann. Am Beispiel der Festkörper‐Gaußlinie wird der Unterschied zu dem bekannten Modell von ANDERSON und WEISS verdeutlicht.