bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum cholinesterase activities and inhibition profiles of nonhuman primates
Authors: Becker Charles E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerum cholinesterase activities and inhibition profiles of 169 chimpanzees, 15 gorillas, 26 orangutans, seven gibbons, and 12 rhesus monkeys were determined. Mean values of activities against benzoylcholine (μmols/min/ml) and dibucaine, fluoride, and Ro 2‐0683 numbers (percentage inhibition of benzoylcholine hydrolysis) are: chimpanzee, 2.276, 80, 64, and 97; gorilla, 9.403, 82, 71, and 96; orangutan, 0.747, 94, 6, and 98; gibbon, 0.071, 89, 7, and 94; and rhesus monkey, 0.859, 95, 10, and 99, respectively. Sernylan numbers were determined of the last 100 chimpanzee serums collected and of each of the gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, and rhesus monkey serums. Mean values of Sernylan numbers are: chimpanzee, 80; gorilla, 81; orangutan, 95; gibbon, 94; and rhesus monkey, 96. The chimpanzee and the gorilla have dibucaine, fluoride, Ro 2‐0683, and Sernylan numbers within the range found in men who are homozygotes for the usual cholinesterase (genotype E1uE1u). No cholinesterase variant was found in any chimpanzee or gorilla. The orangutan, gibbon, and rhesus monkey have inhibition profiles that resemble one another, with higher dibucaine and Sernylan numbers and much lower fluoride numbers than the chimpanzee or the gorilla. The results of the inhibition tests suggest that the African apes, chimpanzee and gorilla, are related more closely to man than are the Asian apes, orangutan and gibbon.
Comparison of the increase in body size between 1899 and 1970 in a specially selected group with that in the general population
Authors: Malina Robert M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHeight and weight data for varsity football players from 1899 to 1970 were analyzed for evidence of a secular trend in such a specialized sample. Recent football teams ('61–'70) are, on the average, 2.6 inches (6.6 cm) taller and 35.3 pounds (16.05 kg) heavier than the teams at the turn of the century (1899–1910). The estimated trend over the 70 year span was 0.37 inches (0.94 cm) per decade for stature and 5.04 pounds (2.29 kg) per decade for weight. Unfortunately, it is not possible to partition these trends and obtain separate estimates for the “secular” effects and for those effects that might be attributed to “recruiting practices.” The observed trend for stature in football players corresponds with the upper limit of the estimated range for adult secular trend data for stature from Western European countries, and is greater than that reported for American young adult males both in college and in the general population.
The role of basicranial synchondroses in flexure processes and ontogenetic development of the skull base
Authors: Michejda Maria 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe contribution of the basicranial synchondroses in the growth of neurocranial length and ontogenetic development of the cranial base were investigated. The study concentrated on the midsphenoidal synchondrosis and its delayed fusion in nonhuman primates when compared to man, and on the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis. The mode and time of fusion of both growth centers were observed, and their role in the ontogenetic growth changes (flattening processes) of the cranial base were established. The chondrogenic ossification of midsphenoidal and spheno‐occipital synchondroses was studied on 20 skulls of Macaca mulatta females, ranging in age from newborn specimens to those 24 months old. The technique of in vivo tetracycline bone labeling was used for histologic evaluation of the material. Different chondrogenic growth patterns were observed in both synchondroses. The endochondral activity of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis increased with age, from a nonactive narrow cartilaginous column in the neonatal specimen to a broad band with high chondrogenic ossification in the 24‐month‐old specimens. This growth center contributes to elongation of the posterior portion of the cranial base and is a secondary factor in its flexion.The midsphenoidal synchondrosis seems to be the primary factor in the mode of flexure of the cranial base in Macaques. This growth center is very active in the first ten months of life but later exhibits cessation of chondrogenic activity and long remains unfused. The first signs of fusion were observed as late as 72 months of age. At the same time, the continuous process of cranial base flattening showed the first signs of tapering off.
Diet and attrition in the natufians
Authors: Smith Patricia 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is a high correlation between the rate of dental attrition and the physical consistency of the diet. Hypotheses concerning types of diet and methods of food preparation in prehistoric populations may therefore be tested by comparing attrition rates in the specimens under investigation with standards derived from groups of known dietary status. For such comparisons the age factor is of paramount importance, but difficult to assess accurately in fragmentary skeletal material. The use of attrition gradients rather than mean attrition scores provides an age independent method for comparison of attrition rates. When Natufian specimens from three different sites (Kebara, El Wad and Eynan) were compared by this method, significant differences in the gradient of attrition were found at one site, Kebara. The incidences of caries and periodontal disease were also lower at this site, and taken in conjunction with the low level of attrition were considered to relate to differences in the vegetable content of the diet between the individuals recovered from Kebara and those recovered from El Wad and Eynan.
On the systematic bias in skeletal sexing
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractComparison of a large series of sexed adult skeletal populations and a similar series of adult pre‐industrial peoples shows that there is a regular and systematic bias in the sexing of adult skeletons. This bias, which is about 12% in favor of males, is due to the nature of secondary sex characteristics in bone. It should be corrected in skeletal series before demographic analysis is made of them. Application of this knowledge and the same data to problems of age‐specific male and female mortality rates is inconclusive, but points to an area for important future investigation. Application to the fossil record confirms some ecological ideas about human evolution.
Blood pressure of Amerindians from Surinam
Authors: Glanville E. V. , Geerdink R. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlood pressures of members of the Trio and Wajana tribes from Surinam have been analysed in relation to age, stature and weight. The sample is representative of a group living in a hunting and gathering economy but beginning to come into jarring contact with an alien culture. Diastolic pressure does not alter significantly with age in adults of either sex. There is a small but significant increase in systolic pressure with age in adult females but in males there is an apparent decrease. This decrease is probably an artifact of the cross‐sectional survey approach. The high pressure in some young adults is discussed with reference to psychosocial stress. Mean blood pressures are given for children from five years of age onwards.
Electromyography of knuckle‐walking: Results of four experiments on the forearm of Pan gorilla
Authors: Tuttle Russell , Basmajian John V. , Regenos Eleanor , Shine Glenn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPreliminary results of electromyographic (EMG) studies on the forearm of a gorilla provisionally support the hypothesis that special closepacked positioning mechanisms may characterize the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints II–V in extant knuckle‐walkers (chimpanzees and gorillas).We recommend that once the bony features, related to these close‐packed positions are clearly identified, they may be employed strategically to discern evidence of a knuckle‐walking heritage in the hands of extant hominoids, including man, and to trace the history of knuckle‐walking in available fossils.This report contains results of the first successful employment of indwelling fine‐wire electrode techniques to elucidate problems on the functional and evolutionary biology of great apes.
Size reduction associated with brachymesophalangia‐5: A possible selective advantage
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Nagy Jerrold M. , Poznanski Andrew K. , McCann Mary B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSubjects with brachymesophalangia‐5 (the short middle segment trait of the fifth digit) are systematically reduced in the length of the second metacarpal and in stature, by approximately 0.5 standard deviations, in contrast with unaffected individuals or unaffected siblings of affected propositi. There is conclusive evidence for axial and appendicular length reduction in affected individuals, and the smaller body size associated with brachymesophalangia‐5 may confer a selective advantage during growth under conditions of chronic caloric or protein‐calorie malnutrition.
Histological examination of experimentally mummified tissues
Authors: Zimmerman Michael R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTissue mummified by desiccation can be examined histologically after rehydration with Ruffer's solution, and a number of natural mummies have been studied by this technique. In order to study the efficacy of the rehydration process, and to evaluate the degree of artefact introduced, normal human tissues were desiccated, rehydrated, and examined histologically. There was generally good preservation of architecture and moderate preservation of cellular detail, with some organ specific variability. The prospect of an atlas of mummified pathological lesions is discussed, as an aid to the determination of disease patterns in prehistoric populations.
Polymorphism of erythrocyte G‐6‐PD in the baboon
Authors: Gourdin D. , Vergnes H. , Bouloux C. , Ruffie J. , Gherardi M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlood samples from several populations of baboons (genus Papio) were examined for G‐6‐PD variants. Several G‐6‐PD phenotypes were detected by starch gel electrophoresis. The so‐called fast variant phenotypes of G‐6‐PD in baboons differ from human variant phenotypes in several physicochemical constants.
Third molar agenesis in a trihybrid Brazilian population
Authors: Crispim J. , Trigueiro K. G. , De Sá e Benevides Filho F. R. , Salzano F. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frequency of missing third molars is about eight per cent per quadrant in a sample of 490 males of the mixed White/Negro/Indian population of Natal, Brazil. Absence of the four third molars appears in two per cent of the individuals of the sample. The degree of asymmetry for the trait was not marked. No differences were observed when the persons were separated on morphological grounds as Whites or Negroids suggesting that these segregants may be genetically homogeneous in relation to this and other characteristics.
Affinities of the Swartkrans 847 hominid cranium
Authors: Clarke R. J. , Howell F. Clark 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFurther evidence of the presence of a second hominid species at the Swartkrans locality was obtained in 1969 when the SK.847 specimen was discovered by us to represent the same individual as the SK.80 maxilla. The SK.847 specimen had previously been regarded as robust australopithecine, whereas the latter was first attributed to Telanthropus capensis and subsequently to a species of the genus Homo. Recent criticism of our interpretation of these remains has not evaluated and analyzed critically the primary fossil evidence. Instead it relies on a strict adherence to an as yet unsubstantiated hypothesis that posits only a single hominid species at any point in space and time in the Cenozoic history of Hominidae.
Population studies on Southwestern Indian tribes V. Tooth morphology as an indicator of biological distance
Authors: Sofaer J. A. , Niswander J. D. , MacLean C. J. , Workman P. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe value of phylogenetic comparisons between populations based on tooth morphology depends on a knowledge of the extent to which the observed morphological variation is genetic in origin. This knowledge can be derived unequivocally only from the analysis of family data. However, in the absence of such knowledge the ability of tooth morphology to distinguish biological differences can be evaluated directly by testing its discriminating power in practice on populations between which the degrees of genetic difference are already known. The results of such an evaluation show that different degrees of subjectivity of scoring are associated with different characters, but that moderately good correspondence between known genetic differences and differences based on tooth morphology can be achieved when characters showing the least subjectivity of scoring are used.
A population genetic study of cleft chin in India
Authors: Bhanu B. Vijaya , Malhotra K. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe paper reports data on cleft chin in 900 individuals from Kerala. The results of all surveys in India in which the cleft chin was observed have been tabulated. Gene frequency analysis has been attempted. Wide variations in gene frequencies were found for the gene cl. The major racial groups in India tend to follow definite trends. The trait varies from dimples to furrows, and is independent of age but reveals sex differences. A plea is made to collect more family, twin and population data.
Models of race and cline
Authors: Brues Alice M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractComputer models have been constructed to depict in the form of two‐dimensional maps the effect of local selection on gene frequencies, particularly where partial barriers to gene flow are present at some points in an area.It was found that small amounts of uniform gene flow between foci of contrasting selection tend to produce evenly spaced isogenes, giving a “clinal” pattern. The interposition of partial barriers causes isogenes to become closer together in the region of the barriers and to become parallel to the barriers. A corollary result is that in the region of the barriers the isogene systems for different genes tend to become parallel to one another even though the exact foci of active selection for the genes do not coincide. This resembles a “racial” rather than “clinal” trait distribution.It was further observed that if a focus of active selection was peripheral in position (i.e., far from a genetic barrier) a clinal pattern extended across the area it affected between it and the barrier. If such a focus lies close to the barrier, the area it affects becomes rather uniform in gene frequency, with the “hinterland” approximating the gene frequency of the focus of active selection.On the basis of these models interpretation of the distribution of cold‐adapted Mongoloid traits, and of the distribution of skin color across Europe and Africa, are suggested.
Multivariate analysis of anthropometric data and classifications of British Columbian natives
Authors: Hall Roberta L. , Macnair Peter L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnthropometric data collected in native populations of British Columbia in the late 19th century by Franz Boas were analyzed by two multivariate techniques. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to test physical classificatory units devised by Boas and an ad hoc classification based on local cultural units. Both were found to have some empirical validity. Mahalanobis' D (Mahalanobis, '30) was computed between pairs of local groups, for both sexes. From these a matrix of differences was prepared and diagrams drawn to illustrate phenetic relationships among samples. By this means one cluster of groups, Interior B.C. peoples, could be distinguished and other local samples appeared distinctly different from each other. It was concluded that in the absence of genealogical data by which to identify local populations, local cultural units are preferable to more inclusive units for making empirical comparisons and classifications.
Chromosomes of lemuriformes. I. A chromosome complement of Lepilemur mustelinus (I. Geoffroy 1851)
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Hamilton Andrew E. , Bergeron Jan A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe diploid chromosome number of two specimens of Lepilemur mustelinus (I. Geoffroy 1851) is 2N = 20. All of the chromosomes, except the Y chromosome, are metacentric or submetacentric; the Y chromosome is acrocentric and is the shortest chromosome in the complement. Satellites on autosomal pair 5 provide marked chromosomes for the animals studied and may be a marked pair for the species.
Biochemical variation of hair keratins in man and non‐human primates
Authors: Hrdy Daniel , Baden Howard P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHuman hair from various racial groups was investigated using the following techniques: amino acid analysis, acrylamide gel electrophoresis, x‐ray diffraction studies, stress‐strain analysis. Each of these techniques yielded identical results for all samples, indicating that the variables producing phenotypic differences in human hair form are probably not on the level of primary or secondary biochemical structure. Hair samples of a variety of primates were examined electrophoretically, with each taxonomic family investigated exhibiting a different pattern. These biochemical results are consistent with accepted primate phylogeny.
A reconsideration of the Fontéchevade fossils
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: February 2006

AbstractReconstructions of the Fontéchevade fossils normally depict them as adults without neandertaloid brow ridges. A reconsideration of the size of the frontal sinus, the interorbital breadth, and the frontal squamous thickness of the gracile Fontéchevade I fragment suggests that it could represent either an adolescent or an adult. Similarly, a reconstruction of the Fontéchevade II cranium indicates that it could equally possess or lack a supraorbital torus. Unfortunately, absolute proof of either reconstruction is not available, and therefore, the evolutionary significance of the fossils is uncertain.
Relationships between lengths of long bones among recent Americans and early medieval Alamannic Germans
Authors: Huber N. M. , Jowett D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRelationships between lengths of long bones in early medieval Alamanns and in recent white Americans do not differ significantly. Lacking evidence of any differences between the contribution of trunk length to stature in the two samples, formulas for estimating stature based on relationships of bone lengths to stature in an American sample thus appear applicable to the Alamannic material.
Forty‐five Northern Irish families: A cephalometric radiographic study
Authors: Brown W. A. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe individual bones that are identifiable from lateral skull radiographs have been analysed for the parents and growing children of 45 families. There were at least four children in each family and altogether there were 95 sons and 102 daughters. The youngest child was not less than seven years of age. Traced outlines were made of the bones and 24 linear and angular measurements were made; the raw data were transformed into scores to overcome differences due to age and sex. Analyses of variance of within and between families showed that for all the variables, the scores for persons in different families were significantly less similar, (P < 0.001), than scores to be found within families. Correlations were then computed for each variable between the mothers and fathers, the mothers and sons, the mothers and daughters, the fathers and sons, the fathers and daughters, brothers and sisters, paired brothers and paired sisters. It was found that there were no statistically significant correlations between the mothers and fathers, but for all the other combinations that were examined there were many correlations significant at a 0.1% and 1.0% level.
Osteoporotic bone loss in two prehistoric Indian populations
Authors: Perzigian Anthony J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo examine the demineralizing effects of the ageing process on the human skeleton, a photon absorptiometric method was employed which measured bone mineral mass. Rates and amounts of demineralization were compared in two prehistoric Indian populations: Indian Knoll (dated between 2500 and 2000 B.C.) of the Archaic Period and Pete Klunk (dated between 50 B.C. and 250 A.D.) of the Middle Woodland or Woodland or Hopewell Period. The former was exclusively a hunting and gathering group while the latter supplemented its hunting and gathering with part‐time agriculture. Archaeological and osteometric data suggest that Hopewell had a more nutritionally adequate and reliable diet than Indian Knoll.By regression slope analysis it was shown that, as in modern populations, trabecular and female rates of loss are greater, respectively, than cortical or male rates. Hopewell males and females lost bone at a faster rate than Indian Knoll males and females. When amounts of demineralization in these two groups were compared to that of a contemporary group, the Indian Knoll and contemporary populations were found to lose the same amount while Hopewell lost the greatest amount. It is suggested from these comparisons that dietary sufficency does not contribute significantly to skeletal maintenance during ageing.
The dating of Lantian man and his significance for analyzing trends in human evolution
Authors: Aigner Jean S. , Laughlin William S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Lantian fossil hominid cranium from Southern Shensi Province, China, provides the earliest record of Homo erectus in northern east Asia, and is morphologically the most primitive specimen in the entire world. Importantly, the Kungwangling Lantian cranium (calvarium plus face), with associated stone tools in good geologic and paleontological context, is demonstrably both earlier and more primitive than the Choukoutien I remains. Faunal and palynological evidence support a mid‐Mosbachium equivalent age (some 700,000 years). These facts are not recognized in the original Chinese reports.The Chenchiawo Lantian mandible, like the Choukoutien I remains, is attributable to the Holstein‐equivalent in China (some 300,000 years ago), and therefore should no longer be temporally associated with the Kungwangling Lantian cranium. However, that the mandible may be morphologically associated with either calls attention to the relative independence of the mandible in human evolution. A comparative study of some modern Mongoloid populations in which very large mandibles may or may not be associated with a scaphoid keel or sagittal elevation depending upon the size and shape of the cranium demonstrates the relative autonomy of the mandible.Continuing selection pressure for a masticatory complex with large jaws provides another point of continuity between East Asian fossil and modern Mongoloid hunting populations such as Eskimos and Aleuts.A number of morphological features of the cranium, especially vault thickness, cranial capacity and reinforcement system, conform to expectation and confirm a general trend of reduction in vault thickness and reinforcement system with increase in cranial capacity over time within the single human species.