bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Viable Cells of Ralstonia solanacearum in Soil Using a Semiselective Medium and a PCR Technique
Authors: Ito S. , Ushuima Y. , Fujii T. , Tanaka S. , Kameya‐Iwaki M. , Yoshiwara S. , Kishi F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA semiselective medium (PCCG) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique were combined to detect viable cells of Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum E. F. Smith (synonym Burkholderia solanacearum) in soil. DNA was extracted from 92 strains of soil bacteria including R. solanacearum that grew on PCCG and then used as template for PCR with a pair of primers designed to amplify a single fragment (281 bp) of R. solanacearum DNA. The 281‐bp fragment was amplified only from DNA of R. solanacearum (12 strains). For DNA from soil bacteria other than R. solanacearum, the PCR amplification generated no products for 66 strains, a single DNA band with different sizes from 281 bp for 2 strains, and several DNA bands for 12 strains. Southern analysis showed that any of those products other than the 281‐bp fragment had no homology with the 281 ‐bp fragment of R. solanacearum, indicating the specificity of the primers to generate the 281‐bp fragment from R. solanacearum. A simple method consisting of a plating step using PCCG and succeeding PCR for amplifying the 281‐bp fragment from colonies on PCCG was described.
Genetic Instability of Rishitin Metabolism and Tolerance and Virulence on Potato Tubers of a Strain of Gibberella pulicaris
Authors: Weltring K.‐M. , Loser K. , Weimer J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTwo strains of the potato pathogen Gibberella pulicaris were analysed for the ability to metabolize the phytoalexin rishitin and for virulence on potato tubers. While strain R‐6380 was always virulent and able to metabolize the phytoalexin, strain R‐7843 showed significant variation in both traits. Analysis of eight sectors of a radially grown culture of this strain revealed that six had a virulent, rishitin‐metabolizing phenotype, one had an avirulent, rishitin‐nonmetabolizing phenotype, and one had an intermediate phenotype for both traits. Similar results were found for single spores isolated from one of two spore suspensions from different agar cultures. In all cases high virulence was associated with fast metabolism of rishitin; weakly virulent strains only slowly degraded the phytoalexin. Restriction‐fragment‐length‐polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of sectors with contrasting phenotypes and measurement of the nuclear DNA content from these sectors indicate that the sectors were identical to the original strain (R‐7843) with respect to these traits. It is therefore concluded that the variations observed in virulence and in the ability to metabolize rishitin are the result of spontaneous genetic changes in strain R‐7843, The concurrent changes in tolerance, metabolism and virulence are further indicators of a relationship among these traits and lend support to the hypothesis that phytoalexin metabolism is important in pathogenicity.
Induced Resistance to Apple Scab: Microscopic Studies on the Infection Cycle of Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.
Authors: Ortega F. , Steiner U. , Dehne H.‐W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractApplication of Methyl 2,6‐Dichlorisonicotinate (DCINA) induced resistance in apple against Venturia inaequalis. The effects of induced resistance on the infection cycle of the fungus were investigated by fluorescence microscopy. Induced resistance interfered with all stages of infection except conidial germination and appressorium formation. The establishment of primary stromata after penetration of the cuticle was affected by induced resistance as indicated by a delay in the visualisation of these structures. Only 10% of the primary stromata further expanded and differentiated runner hyphae in induced resistant plants. Contrarily in unprotected plants, runner hyphae were formed at 100% of the successful penetration sites. Characteristically, circular fluorescing structures appeared associated with stunted penetration sites. The epidermal cells underneath these infection sites showed no hypersensitive response. On induced resistant plants the number and length of runner hyphae was reduced. In most cases neither colonisation nor sporulation occurred due to the inhibition of secondary stroma formation. Possible mechanisms of induced resistance in apple plants are discussed.
Taxonomy and Pathogenicity of Phoma exigua var. populi var. nov. Causing Necrotic Bark Lesions on Poplars
Authors: Gruyter J. de , Scheer P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA Phoma disease causing necrotic lesions on poplars has been observed in The Netherlands in the period of 1993–96. The disease symptoms as well as the morphology of this Phoma correspond with previous records from Germany and Italy. The disease has been ascribed to Phoma urens Ell. & Ev. but the American holotype of P. urens contained a Sclerophoma species. In vivo and in vitro the European fungus most resembles the plurivorous Phoma exigua Desm., therefore it is classified as a variety of the latter. The differentiating characteristics are presented. In pathogenicity tests on Populus (x) euramericana“Robusta”, Phoma exigua var. populi proved to be an opportunistic pathogen, causing distinct necrotic lesions after inoculation on injured cuttings. In a pathogenicity test on nine clones of four poplar species using two isolates of P. exigua var. populi differences of susceptibility were observed. Among five clones of P. (x) euramericana tested, disease development was most severe on the clones ‘Robusta”, ‘Florence Biondi’ and ‘Agathe F’. The clones ‘Ellert’ and especially “Spijk” proved to be less susceptible. The two P. exigua var. populi isolates showed differences in pathogenicity when tested on two Populus nigra clones. Inoculation with the most pathogenic isolate showed a moderate to high susceptibility of the P. nigra clones ‘Ankum’ and ‘Vereecken’, respectively. Populus (x) inter‐americana‘Donk’ and Populus trichocarpa‘Blom’ proved to be moderately susceptible to both P. exigua var. populi isolates.
Severity of Alternaria Leaf Spot and Seed Infection by Alternaria sesami (Kawamura) Mohanty and Behera, as Affected by Plant Age of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Ojiambo P. S. , Ayiecho P. O. , Nyabundi J. O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAlternaria leaf spot incited by Alternaria sesami, was monitored to determine the effect of plant age on disease severity and seed infection by A. sesami in plots containing sesame accession SPS SIK 110 plants of five different ages. The increase in percentage leaf area blighted and percentage defoliation fit the Gompertz model more closely than the logistic model. Rates of increase in blighted leaf area and defoliation, and areas under disease curves (AUDPC) varied among the five different plant ages. Plant ages with larger AUDPCs generally had faster rates of disease progress. Plants inoculated at 8 and 12 weeks of age were most susceptible to the disease and those inoculated at 4 weeks exhibited the least susceptibility. Seed infection was determined by the oat‐meal agar plate method and the infection was highest in plants infected at 8 and 10 weeks of age and least in plants infected at 4, 6 and 12 weeks of age.
Real‐time Quantitative PCR: DNA Determination in Isolated Spores of the Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus mosseae and Monitoring of Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora citricola in their Respective Host Plants
Authors: Böhm J. , Hahn A. , Schubert R. , Bahnweg G. , Adler N. , Nechwatal J. , Oehlmann R. , Obszwald W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSpecific primers and dual‐labelled fluorogenic probes were designed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based detection of both, mycorrhizal and pathogen DNA. Based on the on‐line connection with an automated ABI Prism 7700 sequence detector, amplicon quantification was directly performed during the PCR. The starting copy numbers of target sequences present in each reaction were calculated by comparing the Ct‐values of unknown samples to the Ct‐values of standards with known amounts of DNA. The Ct‐value depends on the input of starting copies and is defined as that cycle number at which a statistically significant increase in the reporter fluorescence can first be detected. DNA was extracted from 11 as well as 100 spores of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and quantified by using the fluorescent PCR technology. Furthermore, DNA of Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of late blight of potatoes, was quantified after extraction from artificially infected potato tubers and naturally infected field plants. Phytophthora citricola DNA, causing root‐rot diseases, was quantified after isolation from artificially inoculated seedling roots of beech and oak. The results demonstrate that novel real‐time PCR techniques are a powerful universal tool in modern phytopathological research.
Symptomless Resistant Response Instead of the Hypersensitive Reaction in Tobacco Leaves after Infiltration of Heterologous Pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae
Authors: Klement Z. , Bozsó Z. , Ott P. G. , Kecskés M. L. , Rudolph K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFollowing the infiltration of heterologous pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae two localized responses develop in a parallel manner in tobacco leaves: an early form of induced resistance (EIR) and the hypersensitive reaction (HR). The EIR inhibits the metabolic activity of infiltrated bacteria and the leaf tissue remains symptomless whereas HR also inhibits bacteria, but the leaf tissue shows confluent necrosis or necrosis of individual plant cells, depending on the inoculum concentration. After infiltration of a heterologous strain the rapid development of HR usually masks the effects of EIR which is developing at the same time. The aim of this study was to characterize the conditions in which EIR occurs in the absence of HR following the infiltration of heterologous pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars. A study was made of numerous experimental interactions of heterologous bacteria/tobacco leaves in which the HR induction time of the bacteria and/or the EIR response of the plant were modified. When (a) the HR induction time was extended by chloramphenicol treatment of bacterial cells or by using transposon mutants (Tn5), or (b) the time needed for the development of EIR was shortened (at 30°C or in young leaves) the heterologous strains were unable to induce visible HR. But when the EIR was suppressed in tobacco leaves by pretreatment with cycloheximide or thermal shock (50°C for 13 s) the HR appeared. Comparison of results of numerous experiments revealed that solely EIR was present if its development time was shorter than the induction period of HR. This interpretation was confirmed by the infiltration of partially purified harpinPss into tobacco leaves, where it caused plant cell death in the presence of EIR.
Aphid Transmission of Potato aucuba mosaic virus Strains Mediated by Different Strains of Potato virus Y
Authors: Manoussopoulos I. N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThree British strains of potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV) were tested for transmissibility by the aphid Myzus persicae. None was aphid transmissible on its own but all three were transmitted in the nonpersistent manner by aphids that had previously been fed on a source of the potyvirus potato virus Y (PVY). Different PVY strains mediated PAMV transmission from Nicotiana clevelandii to Capsicum annuum to different degrees, and different PAMV strains were transmitted at different frequencies when assisted by the same PVY strain. These results are compatible with the idea that subtle differences in the PAMV coat protein and in the PVY helper component are responsible for diffrences in frequencies of transmission of PAMV, without however, excluding the possibility of effects of other undefined factors. Transmission of PAMV was no less frequent when mediated by a PVY strain that was unable to infect C. annuum than when a C. annuum‐infecting PVY strain was used.
Prophylactic intratubal injection of methotrexate after linear salpingostomy for prevention of persistent ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Akira Shigeo , Negishi Yasuyuki , Abe Takashi , Ichikawa Masao , Takeshita Toshiyuki 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim:  To examine the efficacy of local methotrexate (MTX) administration following linear salpingostomy for tubal pregnancy in the prevention of persistent ectopic pregnancy (PEP).Methods:  Patients who underwent a laparoscopic linear salpingostomy between January 1996 and December 2006 were enrolled in the study. Patients who were assigned to the prophylaxis group were administered MTX (50 mg) into the tubal wall in the vicinity of the lesion immediately following linear salpingostomy (n = 41). Patients who were treated without MTX were assigned to the control group (n = 40). Serum human chorionic gonadotrophin levels were followed in both groups postoperatively once every 3 days until they became undetectable. The incidence of PEP was compared between the two groups.Results:  Persistent ectopic pregnancy occurred in seven patients (17.5%) in the control group compared with zero patients in the prophylaxis group (P < 0.05). There were no side‐effects attributable to MTX in the prophylaxis group.Conclusion:  A single prophylactic intratubal injection of MTX following laparoscopic linear salpingostomy is a safe and effective regimen for the prevention of PEP.
Efficiency of follicle‐stimulating hormone, commenced in the luteal phase, for overcoming a poor response in assisted reproduction
Authors: Kucuk Tansu , Göktolga Ümit , Sozen Eran 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim:  The efficacy of commencement of recombinant follicle‐stimulating hormone (recFSH) during the luteal phase in the long‐protocol gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist regimen in poor responders was compared with the conventional protocol in a prospective, randomized, controlled study.Methods:  Forty‐two women who responded poorly to previous conventional controlled ovarian hyperstimulation were included in the study. Recombinant FSH (150 IU) was started simultaneously with the GnRH agonist long protocol in the study group. The control group was started recFSH on Day 2 of menstruation in the long‐protocol GnRH agonist regimen. The number of metaphase (M) II oocytes, the number of embryos transferred, and the pregnancy rate were analyzed as main outcome measures.Results:  Patients in the study group had a higher number of MII oocytes compared with the control group (6.8 vs 3.2, respectively; P < 0.005), received a higher number of embryos (2.7 vs 1.2, respectively; P < 0.05), and had higher pregnancy rates (38% vs 15%, respectively; P < 0.005).Conclusions:  Commencement of recFSH during the luteal phase simultaneously with the long‐protocol GnRH agonist regiment in poor responder women produces better results compared with the conventional long‐protocol GnRH agonist plus high‐dose recFSH regimen.
Environmental genomics reveals a functional chlorite dismutase in the nitrite‐oxidizing bacterium ‘Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii’
Authors: Maixner Frank , Wagner Michael , Lücker Sebastian , Pelletier Eric , Schmitz‐Esser Stephan , Hace Karin , Spieck Eva , Konrat Robert , Le Paslier Denis , Daims Holger 
Published: May 2008

SummaryNitrite‐oxidizing bacteria of the genus Nitrospira are ubiquitous in natural ecosystems and also in wastewater treatment plants. Nitrospira are members of a distinct phylum, not closely related to other nitrifiers, and no genomic sequences from this genus have been available so far. Here we applied an environmental genomics approach to sequence and assemble a 137 kbp‐long genome fragment of ‘Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii’, which had been enriched from activated sludge and belongs to Nitrospira sublineage I without isolated representatives. The annotation of this contig, which carried the 16S rRNA gene of N. defluvii, offered first insight into the genome of Nitrospira. Surprisingly, we found a gene similar to genes encoding chlorite dismutase (CLD), an enzyme degrading chlorite (ClO2‐) to Cl‐ and O2. To date, CLDs with high catalytic activity have been found only in perchlorate‐ and chlorate‐reducing bacteria but not in nitrifiers. Heterologous expression in E. coli followed by enzymatic tests confirmed that this gene of Nitrospira encodes a highly active CLD, which is also expressed in situ by Nitrospira, indicating that this nitrite oxidizer might be involved in the bioremediation of perchlorate and chlorite. Phylogenetic analyses showed that CLD and related proteins are widely distributed among the Bacteria and Archaea, and indicated that this enzyme family appeared relatively early in evolution, has been subject to functional diversification and might play yet unknown roles in microbial metabolism.
Incipient Reproductive Isolation between Geographic Populations of Ophryotrocha labronica (Polychaeta, Dorvilleidae)
Authors: Åkesson Bertil 
Published: May 2008

AbstractÅkesson, B. (Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.) Incipient reproductive isolation between geographic populations of Ophryotrocha labronica (Polychaeta, Dorvilleidae). Zocl. Scripta 1 (5): 207–210, 1972.–The mechanism of sex determination and the incipient reproductive isolation between geographic populations of Ophryotrocha labronica are studied in intra‐ and interpopulation crosses. Two populations from the Naples area and one from Leghorn are employed in the crosses. The considerable genetic difference between the Leghorn population and any of the Naples populations is reflected in some crossing combinations by changes in sex ratios, by occurrence of individuals with a reduced viability in the progeny, by a decreased mating propensity, and by discrimination of mates from alien populations. It is stated that the changes in sex ratios, the decreased mating propensity, the dwarfed individuals in the progeny, and the preferential mating all reflect the incompatibility of gene complexes. The differences between reciprocal crosses are not fully explained. The occurrence of extranuclear DNA, as well as the existence of a maternal heredity in intrapopulation crosses, indicate that cytoplasmic inheritance may be one of the factors behind these reciprocal differences.
Zur Kenntnis von Morphologie und Systematik einiger Arten der Gattung Diaptomus (s. restr.) (Crustacea, Copepoda)
Authors: Kiefer Friedrich 
Published: May 2008

AbstractKiefer, F. (Staatliches Institut fur Seenforschung und Seenbewirtschaftung, Abteilung Max‐Auerbach‐Institut, Kcnstanz Bodensee, GFR) Zur Kenntnis von Morphologie und Systematik einiger Arten der Gattung Diaptomus (s. restr.) (Crustacea, Copepoda). Zool. Scripta 1 (5): 229–240, 1972.–Based on a detailed morphological comparison of the type material of Diaptomus mirus Lilljeb. and of some Diaptomus‐populations from SE Europe and Anatolia, the author has distinguished 3 species of this group: Diaptomus mirus Lilljeb., occurring in western Sibiria and perhaps in the central region of the European USSR; D. falsomirus sp. n. in Bulgaria and in Anatolia; D. serbicus Gjorg. being found in Italy, in Yugoslavia, in the island of Corfu (Greece), in Bulgaria, in Rumania and perhaps in Ukraina. In addition, a more exact description is given of Diaptomus glacialis Lilljeb. based on the type material.–In an appendix Diaptomus kostromanus sp. n. is described on material from the European USSR.ZusammenfassungEine eingehende vergleichend‐morphologische Untersuchung des ori‐ginalen Materiales von Diaptomus mirus Lilljeb. und mshrerer Diap‐fom‐5‐Populationen aus Siidosteuropa und Anatolien führt zum Ergebnis, daß drei verschiedene Arten dieser Gruppe zu unterschei‐den sind: Diaptomus mirus Lilljeb. mit Vorkommen in W. Sibirien und vielleicht im mittleren Teil der europäischen USSR; D. falsomirus sp. n. in Bulgarien und Anatolien; D. serbicus Gjorg., ge‐funden in Italien, Jugoslawien, Bulgarien, Rumänien, auf der lnsel Korfu (Griechenland) und vielleicht in der Ukraine. Zusätzlich wird Diaptomus glacialis Lilljeb. ausführlicher gekennzeichnet. –Diaptomus kostromanus sp. n. wird in einem Nachtrag beschrieben (Material aus der europäischen USSR).
The Latero‐sensory Component of the Dermal Skeleton in Lower Vertebrates and Its Phyletic Significance
Authors: Ørvig Tor 
Published: May 2008

AbstractØrvig, T. (Section of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.) The latero‐sensory component of the dermal skeleton in lower vertebrates and its phyletic significance. Zool. Scripta 1(3–4): 139–155, 1972.–A latero‐sensory component of the dermal skeleton is met with not only in teleostomian fishes, but also in arthrodires, holocephalians (the lateral line canal “rings”), some fossil selachians, bradyodonts and acanthodians, and a few, at least, of the Osteostraci. Although not yet traceable with certainty in the Heterostraci, such a component probably existed even in early stages of vertebrate history. The persistence in the adult of this component as separate ossicles embracing the lateral line canals is surely the result of regression or other modifications of the dermal skeleton in fishes like arthrodires, coelacanthids and actinopterygians, but is apparently a primitive feature in e.g. acanthodians. In discussing the phyletic relations between the latero‐sensory and membranous components of the dermal skeleton, it is concluded that these probably were separate formations from the very beginning. A condition (exemplified by certain acanthodians) where separate latero‐sensory ossicles of the lateral line canals are surrounded by a mosaic of small scales of membranous origin is presumably that from which the various dermal bone‐patterns in lower vertebrates are all derived. A discussion is also included in this paper of the scales and otoliths in acanthodians.
Faerlea echinocardii sp. n. und Diskussion der Gattungen Avagina Leiper und Faerlea Westblad (Turbellaria Acoela)
Authors: Dörjes Jürgen 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDörjes, J. (Institut für Meeresgeotogie u. Meeresbiotogie ˝Senckenberg”, Wilhelmshaven, GFR.) Faerlea echinocardii sp. n. und Diskussion der Gattungen Avagina Leiper und Faerlea Westblad (Turbellaria, Acoela). Zool. Scripta 1 (3–4): 185–189, 1972.–In the present paper Faerlea echinocardii, a parasite in the heart‐urchin Echinccardium flavescens, is described. The description of Faerlea echinocardii as well as the incomplete description of Avagina tenuissima by Westblad (1946) are used to discuss the known genera Avagina Leiper and Faerlea Westblad. Based on more recent information Avagina tenuissima has been eliminated from the genus Avagina. For this species the new genus Proaphanostoma gen.n. has been erected. For the genus Proaphanostoma gen.n. a diagnosis is given.ZusammenfassungIn der vorgelegten Arbeit wird die in dem Herzigel Echinocardium flavescens parasitierende Acoele Faerlea echinocardii sp. n. be‐schrieben. Sowohl die Neubeschreibung von Faerlea echinocardii als auch die unvollständige Beschreibung von Avagina tenuissima durch Westblad (1946) werden zum Anlaß genommen, die Gattungen Avagina Leiper und Faerlea Westblad neu zu diskutieren. Avagina tenuissima (Westblad) mußte aufgrund neuerer Erkenntnisse aus der Gattung Avagina eliminiert werden. Für sie wird die neue Gattung Proaphanostoma gen. n. eingerichtet, da sie in keine der bestehenden Gattungen eingereiht werden konnte. Für die Gattung Proaphanostoma gen. n. wird eine Diagnose gegeben.
Classification, Convention and Logic
Authors: Løvtrup Søren 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAn attempt has been made to establish axiomatically the principles of biological classification. It is shown that if phylogenetic classification is based on the notion of dichotomous origin of new taxa implied in Hennig's theory of cladism then the outcome must be a hierarchy in the form of a dichotomous dendrogram. Since the rules of traditional classification do not lead to this type of “phylogenetic tree” it is concluded that the conventions of ordinary systematics do not permit the erection of a “natural system”.