bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The California Child Health and Development Studies of the School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley*
Authors: van den Berg BEA J. , Christianson ROBERTA E. , Oechsli FRANK W. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe Child Health and Development Studies are prospective longitudinal studies on medical and social aspects of pregnancies and on the health and development of children. Data have been assembled on about 20 000 pregnancies occurring in one hospital between 1959 and 1967, and on follow‐up of the children through adolescence. A currently ongoing project updates certain vital statistics of the entire study population. The data assembled in this longitudinal study supported a wide range of research projects, several of which proved to be important for the health of mothers and children. Notwithstanding, subsets of the assembled data, with potential value for public health, have not yet been explored. The data archive has been made accessible to the research community at large so that other significant research topics can be investigated. In the following article, brief descriptions are given of the history and design of the Child Health and Development Studies, of the contents of the data archive, and of the major areas of research that have been explored. Procedures to obtain access to the data and to the user's manual are explained, and a bibliography is included.
Lack of evidence of endosymbiotic toxin‐producing bacteria in clinical Rhizopus isolates
Authors: Partida‐Martinez Laila P. , Bandemer Sabine , Rüchel Reinhard , Dannaoui Eric , Hertweck Christian 
Published: April 2008

SummaryInfections by Rhizopus spp. account for about 90% of zygomycoses, many of which are lethal in immunocompromised patients. We recently noted that several strains of Rhizopus microsporus harbour rare bacterial endosymbionts (Burkholderia sp.) for the production of ‘mycotoxins’, which might play a role as virulence factors in human Rhizopus infections. In this study eight clinical Rhizopus spp. isolates have been investigated for the presence of toxin‐producing bacterial endosymbionts. By metabolomic data, PCR targeting bacterial 16S rDNA and microscopic investigations with fluorescence dyes we provide three lines of evidence showing that the fungal strains are not associated with endofungal bacteria. Consequently, toxin‐producing bacteria are not essential for Rhizopus infections and the development of zygomycoses in humans.
Equivalent and sufficient effects of leuprolide acetate and goserelin acetate to suppress serum testosterone levels in patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Fujii Yasuhisa , Yonese Junji , Kawakami Satoru , Yamamoto Shinya , Okubo Yuhei , Fukui Iwao 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVETo compare the effects of leuprolide acetate and goserelin acetate for suppressing serum testosterone levels in Japanese patients with prostate cancer, as several recent studies suggested that serum testosterone is not always suppressed below the upper limit of the castration range in patients using luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LH‐RH) agonists, especially leuprolide acetate.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 232 patients with prostate cancer, whose serum testosterone levels were measured before and during treatment using a 1‐ or 3‐monthly formulation of leuprolide or goserelin, were enrolled in a retrospective study. The mean age of the patients was 69.8 years and the mean testosterone level before the LHRH treatment was 4.54 ng/mL. The patients had their testosterone levels assessed a mean (range) of 5.4 (1–35) times during the LHRH treatment. A castrate serum testosterone level was defined as ≤0.5 ng/mL.RESULTSThe mean maximum testosterone level during 1‐monthly leuprolide (40 patients), 3‐monthly leuprolide (68), 1‐monthly goserelin (50), or 3‐monthly goserelin (74) treatment was 0.22, 0.20, 0.19 and 0.20 ng/mL, respectively (not significant). Four patients, including two treated with 1‐monthly leuprolide, one with 3‐monthly leuprolide and one with 3‐monthly goserelin, had serum testosterone above the castrate level, with a maximum of 0.5–0.65 ng/mL. Three of these patients had elevated testosterone only once or twice during the follow‐up, and the remaining patient had serum testosterone fluctuating at 0.4–0.6 ng/mL throughout the follow‐up.CONCLUSIONSOne‐ and 3‐monthly formulations of leuprolide and goserelin have equivalent and sufficient effects to suppress serum testosterone levels in men with prostate cancer. There were testosterone levels just outside the castrate range in a few patients during treatment.
Immunological profiles of immune restoration disease presenting as mycobacterial lymphadenitis and cryptococcal meningitis
Authors: Tan DBA , Yong YK , Tan HY , Kamarulzaman A , Tan LH , Lim A , James I , French M , Price P 
Published: April 2008

ObjectivesA proportion of HIV patients beginning antiretroviral therapy (ART) develop immune restoration disease (IRD). Immunological characteristics of IRD were investigated in a cohort of HIV patients beginning therapy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected at weeks 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 of ART from five patients experiencing IRD [two with cryptococcal and three with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) disease], eight non‐IRD controls who had begun ART with CD4 T‐cell counts of <100 cells/μL and 17 healthy controls. Leukocytes producing interferon‐gamma (IFNγ) were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunospot assay after stimulation with purified protein derivative (PPD), early secretory antigenic target‐6 (ESAT‐6), Cryptococcus neoformans or Cytomegalovirus antigens. Plasma immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies reactive with these antigens were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Proportions of activated (HLA‐DRhi) and regulatory (CD25 CD127lo and CTLA‐4+) CD4 T‐cells were quantified by flow cytometry.ResultsPlasma HIV RNA declined and CD4 T‐cell counts rose within 8–27 weeks on ART. Mtb IRD patients displayed elevated IFNγ responses and/or plasma IgG to PPD, but none responded to ESAT‐6. Cryptococcal IRD occurred in patients with low baseline CD4 T‐cell counts and involved clear IFNγ and antibody responses to cryptococcal antigen. Proportions of activated and regulatory CD4 T‐cells declined on ART, but remained higher in patients than in healthy controls. At the time of IRD, proportions of activated CD4 T‐cells and regulatory CD4 T‐cells were generally elevated relative to other patients.ConclusionsCryptococcal and Mtb IRD generally coincide with peaks in the proportion of activated T‐cells, pathogen‐specific IFNγ responses and reactive plasma IgG. IRD does not reflect a paucity of regulatory CD4 T‐cells.
Cross‐reactivity between pollen allergens from common Pooideae grasses and rye
Authors: Hrabina M. , Sieber J. , Gouyon B. , Bergmann K‐C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIn Germany, specific pollen extracts are currently used for immunotherapy of rye (Secale cereale) allergy. Like most common grasses, S. cereale belongs to the Pooideae subfamily. Using sera from grass pollen‐allergic patients, immunoblotting and ELISA inhibition studies demonstrate that a five‐grass allergenic extract from Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense inhibits over 90% of IgE binding to rye allergens. This result confirms the high degree of homology between allergens from S. cereale and common grass species. We conclude that a five‐grass pollen mixture is appropriate for desensitization of patients who are allergic to rye pollen without the need for additional rye pollen extracts.
Dissimilar effects of prostacyclin on cardiac output and forearm blood flow in healthy men
Authors: Eklund B. , Joreteg T. , Kaijser L. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Cardiac output, heart‐rate, stroke volume, pressures in the brachial artery, right ventricle and pulmonary artery, forearm blood flow and in addition arterial concentrations of lactate, glucose and free fatty acids were measured in eight healthy male volunteers during i.v. infusion of prostacyclin in doses corresponding to 2 ng, 6 ng and 12 ng min‐1 kg‐1 b.w. The highest dose almost doubled cardiac output and this was achieved by similar increases in stroke volume and heart‐rate. Arterial diastolic and mean pressures decreased slightly while systolic pressure was unaffected. The calculated total systemic vascular resistance decreased to half the initial level. However, forearm blood flow increased insignificantly and forearm vascular resistance was not significantly altered. Pulmonary artery pressure rose only minimally, which in the presence of a great increase in cardiac output indicates pulmonary vasodilatation.Arterial lactate and glucose concentrations were not significantly altered while free fatty acid concentration increased slowly during the infusion period to a similar degree as previously shown in fasting individuals undergoing catheterisation.It is concluded that prostacyclin decreases both pulmonary and total systemic vascular resistance but unlike the most potent vasodilator of the ‘classical’ prostaglandins, PGE17 it has dissimilar vasoactive potency in different systemic vascular beds as evidenced by the insignificant decrease in forearm, simultaneous with the pronounced decrease in total systemic vascular resistance.
Comparison of 133Xenon radiospirometry with quantitative 99mTecnnetium‐macroaggregated albiimin perfusion scintigraphy
Authors: Vitting Karen , Nielsen Steen Levin , Munck Ole , Rasmussen Erik 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Radiospirometry with 133Xenon and perfusion scintigraphy with 99mTech‐netium‐labelled macroaggregated albumin were compared in 22 patients with lung diseases scheduled for surgery. The tracers were given intravenously and, with a gamma camera coupled to a computer, regional lung function was obtained from the count rate in the upper and lower halves of the lungs.There were no significant differences in regional lung function as estimated from the 99mTc perfusion scintigraphy and from the 133Xe method taking perfusion as well as ventilation into account. When the initial lMXe distribution alone was employed, the regional perfusion was underestimated in the right lower lung region and overestimated in the left lung. This is probably due to difficulties in placing the regions of interest.When a gamma camera is used, perfusion scintigraphy with “Technetium macro‐aggregated albumin is easy to perform aad has good counting statistics. This method is therefore advocated for the pre‐operative assessment of regional lung function.
Central and peripheral haemodynamic effects of prenalterol in patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Svendsen T. L. , Carlsen J. E. , Hartling O. J. , Trap‐Jensen J. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The acute haemodynamic effects of prenalterol, a selective adrenergic beta‐1‐receptor agonist were studied in eight patients with coronary heart disease. Prenalterol was administered intravenously in four increasing doses to a cumulative dose of 5.6 mg. Fifteen minutes after the last dose of prenalterol two doses of the selective adrenergic beta‐1‐receptor antagonist metoprolol were administered intravenously to a cumulative dose of 17.5 mg. Ten minutes after each dose cardiac output, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, systolic time intervals and forearm blood flow were determined.Haemodynamic effects of prenalterol: cardiac index and heart rate increased maximally by 38% and 39% respectively. Stroke index was increased by 6–9% after the first and second dose. Mean blood pressure was increased by 9‐8 mmHg. Total peripheral resistance index was reduced by 19%. The mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased by 3–8 mmHg and pulmonary resistance index was reduced by 48%. Systolic time intervals were all reduced significantly after the second dose, which reflected the positive inotropic effects of prenalterol. Forearm blood flow increased by 29% and forearm vascular resistance was decreased by 20%.Haemodynamic effects of metoprolol: the haemodynamic changes induced by prenalterol were stepwise counteracted by metoprolol. After the second dose all the haemodynamic variables had returned to the control levels.It is concluded that prenalterol possesses a considerable positive inotropic as well as positive chronotropic effect on the myocardium. Both the chronotropic and inotropic effect of prenalterol was counteracted by metoprolol.
Subcutaneous blood flow over 24‐hour periods in patients with severe leg ischaemia
Authors: Bjerre‐Jepsen K. , Faris I. , Henriksen O. , Lassen N. A. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. This paper describes a method for studying the clearance of 133Xenon from the subcutaneous tissue of the calf and foot over 24‐h periods. The average blood flow over this period can be estimated from the clearance constant obtained. Two series of measurement of the radioactivity are made, the first 2 h after the injection of 1–2 mCi 133Xenon in saline and the second 18–24 h later. The distance between the detector and the depot is reproduced using a cylinder 20 cm long. The median washout rate of the isotope (k) in 25 patients was 2–57 × 10‐3 min‐1 for the calf and 2·39 × 10‐3 min‐1 for the foot. The median difference between repeated measurements in the same patient was 0·24 × 10‐3 min‐1 in the calf and 0·43 × 10‐3 min‐1 in the foot.This method, which can be used to estimate the average blood flow over 24 h while the patient undertakes his normal activities, should be useful in assessing the effect of therapy on the blood flow to the limb.
Pulmonary angiotensin II production in respiratory failure
Authors: Wiberg‐Jørgensen F. , Klausen N. O. , Hald A. , Qvist J. , Giese J. , Nielsen M. Damkjær 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Plasma angiotensin II concentration gradients across the pulmonary vascular bed, plasma renin concentration and serum converting enzyme activity were measured in 19 patients. The majority of the patients were critically ill. Nine patients had septicemia with acute respiratory failure, six patients had severe chronic lung disease and four patients had other serious disorders requiring haemodynamic monitoring. Pulmonary angiotensin II generation rates were calculated as the products of the pulmonary plasma flow and the angiotensin II concentration gradient across the lung.Several patients had a highly activated renin‐angiotensin system. There was a strictly linear correlation between the plasma angiotensin II concentrations in mixed venous blood and in systemic arterial blood across a wide range, the concentration in arterial blood being 14·1·5 times that in mixed venous blood in each of the three groups of patients. Serum converting enzyme activity was not different from the level observed in a group of control patients above 50 years of age, but lower than in younger normal individuals. The maximal angiotensin II production rates in the pulmonary vascular bed of patients with life‐endangering pulmonary disease were similar to the rates previously measured in hypertensive patients with renovascular or renal parenchymal disease. In conclusion, the process of angiotensin I conversion in the lung operates without impediment in spite of severe pulmonary injury.
Effect of cigarette smoking on reactive hyperaemia in the human finger
Authors: Carlsson Inger , Wennmalm Åke 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The effect elicited by cigarette smoking on the reactive hyperaemia that develops following release of arterial occlusion in human skin was investigated, and compared to the corresponding effects elicited by oral administration of indomethacin (an inhibitor of the prostaglandin‐forming enzyme cyclo‐oxygenase) or nicotine, or by smoking of nicotine‐free cigarettes. Finger blood flow was determined in human volunteers, using venous occlusion plethysmography, in the basal state and after 5 min of arterial occlusion. All subjects were studied before and after they had smoked two tobacco cigarettes, two herbal (nicotine‐free) cigarettes, or chewed a nicotine chewing gum. The determinations before and after tobacco smoking were repeated after administration of indomethacin. In separate series, the effects of smoking on heart rate and systemic blood pressure were recorded.The basal finger blood flow was significantly (P< 0·05) diminished following cigarette smoking, by about 35%, and so was the reactive hyperaemia (P<0·05), by about 55%. The reactive hyperaemia after administration of indomethacin in combination with cigarette smoking did not differ from that obtained after cigarette smoking alone. The reactive hyperaemia was not affected by oral administration of nicotine, or by smoking of two herbal cigarettes. Cigarette smoking elicited increases in heart rate and systemic blood pressure that were of similar magnitude before and after indomethacin.From these data, we conclude that cigarette smoking elicits an inhibitory effect on the reactive hyperaemia in the human finger. This effect is probably not caused by nicotine, and seems to act via blockade of the vascular relaxation normally mediated by locally formed cyclo‐oxygenase products.
PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW DETERMINATION WITH SELECTIVE REBREATHING OF CO2
Authors: Linnarsson Dag , Larsson Hans 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYA new CO2‐based non‐invasive method for pulmonary blood flow has been developed. Selective rebreathing of CO2 was obtained in an open‐circuit system by measuring the expired instantaneous CO2 flux in the expired air and by mixing pure CO2 into the inspired air. The time course of the inspired PCO2 was altered so that end‐tidal PCO2 changed as a linear function of time (ramp). Pulmonary blood flow was computed as the ratio between the rate of change in net CO2 elimination (or uptake) and the concomitant rate of change of estimated arterial CO2 content. In comparison to simultaneous ly determined cardiac output by means of the O2 Fick method, the proposed CO2 ramp method underestimated cardiac output by some 20 per cent in 22 supine sedated patients with valvular heart disease.Differences in PCO2 between end‐tidal gas and the gas in perfused alveoli are thought to be the main cause of this underestimation.
Ammonia metabolism during exercise in man
Authors: Eriksson Ljusk Siw , Broberg Sylvia , Björkman Ola , Wahren John 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Physical exercise is accompanied by increased plasma levels of ammonia but it is not known whether this rise primarily reflects accelerated formation in muscle or decreased removal by the liver. Consequently, leg and splanchnic exchange of ammonia was examined, using the catheter technique, in 11 healthy subjects at rest, during three consecutive 15 min periods of bicycle exercise at gradually increasing work loads (35%, 55% and 80% of maximum oxygen uptake) and for 60 min during post‐exercise recovery. The basal arterial ammonia level was 22±2 umol/1, the concentration rose curvilinearly in response to increasing work loads (peak value 84±12 umol/1), and fell rapidly after exercise, reaching basal levels after 30–60 min. A linear regression was found for ammonia levels in relation to lactate concentrations at rest and during exercise (r=0–85, P<0001). A significant relationship was also observed between arterial ammonia and alanine levels (r=0–75, P<0001). Leg tissues showed a net uptake of ammonia in the basal state (2–4±0–5 umol/min). During exercise this changed to a net production, which increased curvilinearly with rising work intensity (peak value 46±15 umol/min) but reverted to a net ammonia uptake at 30–60 min after exercise. Splanchnic ammonia uptake (basal 12±2 umol/min) did not change in response to exercise but increased transiently during the early post‐exercise period.From the above observations we conclude that the hyperammonaemia of exercise comes primarily from muscle release, while the splanchnic removal of ammonia is essentially unaltered. Part of the ammonia formed in contracting muscle is most likely used in the synthesis of amino acids, mainly glutamine and probably alanine.
Do substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) play a role in the acute occlusive or chronic ischaemic vasodilation in man?
Authors: Henriksen J. H. , Bülow J. B. , de Muckadell O. Schaffalitzky , Fahrenkrug J. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The concentrations of substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were determined in plasma in normal volunteers during acute occlusive ischaemia (n= 5) and in patients with chronic ischaemia (n= 5) due to obliterative arterial disease in the lower limbs. Venous SP, but not VIP, increased significantly in the early post‐occlusive period in normal volunteers (P < 0·02). In the patients no significant veno‐arterial difference in plasma concentration of SP or VIP could be detected across normal or chronic ischaemic areas.The results may suggest a role for SP in the acute post‐occlusive vasodilatation and/or in the post‐occlusive heat‐pain sensation. A role for SP in chronic ischaemia could not be defined. Plasma VIP was unchanged in both acute and chronic ischaemia.
Use of vectorcardiography in determination of the left ventricular muscle mass
Authors: Granfeldt H. , Nylander E. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Many studies have investigated different ECG and vectorcardiographic (VCG): criteria for diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). In some investigations VCG was more sensitive than ECG in this respect. This study was performed to elucidate whether it is possible also to determine the degree of LVH using VCG. Eighty cardiovascularly healthy subjects aged 15–39 were investigated with ECG, VCG (Frank system) and echocardiography. The echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) mass has been shown by others to correlate closely to the anatomical and the angiographically determined LV mass and was used as reference standard. Thirty‐eight of the subjects were endurance sportsmen and had a LV mass above standard reference limits.The measured ECG variables were R‐amplitude in aVL, I, V5, V6, S‐amplitude in VI and SV1 + RV5/V6 and the VCG variables were QRS spatial area and circumference and left maximal spatial vector.The sensitivity and specificity of single criteria tested were similar for ECG and VCG in the quantitative determination of LVH. The correlations between ECG‐amplitudes and the magnitude of the LV mass were weak. The correlations were higher with the VCG‐variables, QRS spatial circumference being superior to the others, but not good enough to permit an estimation of the LV mass in individual subjects. In conclusion, normal VCG variables were highly specific for a normal LV mass but in individuals with LVH, VCG was not useful for the estimation of the LV mass.