bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of in Vitro Peptide Binding Profiles and in Silico Ligand-Receptor Interaction Profiles to Describe Ligand-Induced Conformations of the Retinoid X Receptor α Ligand-Binding Domain
Authors: Folkertsma Simon , van Noort Paula I. , de Heer Arnold , Carati Peter , Brandt Ralph , Visser Arie , Vriend Gerrit , de Vlieg Jacob 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
It is hypothesized that different ligand-induced conformational changes can explain the different interactions of nuclear receptors with regulatory proteins, resulting in specific biological activities. Understanding the mechanism of how ligands regulate cofactor interaction facilitates drug design. To investigate these ligand-induced conformational changes at the surface of proteins, we performed a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay with 52 different cofactor peptides measuring the ligand-induced cofactor recruitment to the retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα) in the presence of 11 compounds. Simultaneously we analyzed the binding modes of these compounds by molecular docking. An automated method converted the complex three-dimensional data of ligand-protein interactions into two-dimensional fingerprints, the so-called ligand-receptor interaction profiles. For a subset of compounds the conformational changes at the surface, as measured by peptide recruitment, correlate well with the calculated binding modes, suggesting that clustering of ligand-receptor interaction profiles is a very useful tool to discriminate compounds that may induce different conformations and possibly different effects in a cellular environment. In addition, we successfully combined ligand-receptor interaction profiles and peptide recruitment data to reveal structural elements that are possibly involved in the ligand-induced conformations. Interestingly, we could predict a possible binding mode of LG100754, a homodimer antagonist that showed no effect on peptide recruitment. Finally, the extensive analysis of the peptide recruitment profiles provided novel insight in the potential cellular effect of the compound; for the first time, we showed that in addition to the induction of coactivator peptide binding, all well-known RXRα agonists also induce binding of corepressor peptides to RXRα.
Impact of Small Chemistry Variations in Plate and Weld Filler Metal on the Corrosion Performance of Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys2
Authors: Fix DV , Rebak RB 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The ASTM standard B 575 provides the requirements for the chemical composition of Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum (Ni-Cr-Mo) alloys such as Alloy 22 (N06022) and Alloy 686 (N06686). The compositions of each element are given in a range. For example, the content of Mo is specified from 12.5 to 14.5 weight percent for Alloy 22 and from 15.0 to 17.0 weight percent for Alloy 686. It is important to determine how the corrosion rate of welded plates of Alloy 22 using Alloy 686 weld filler metal would change if heats of these alloys were prepared using several variations in the composition of the elements even though still in the range specified in B 575. Seven heats of plate were welded with seven heats of wire. Immersion corrosion tests were conducted in a boiling solution of sulfuric acid plus ferric sulfate (ASTM G28 A) using both as-welded (ASW) coupons and solution heat-treated (SHT) coupons. Results show that, for practical purposes, the corrosion rate was not affected by the chemistry of the materials in the range specified in the standard B 575.
Measuring Stress Strain Curves to Large Strains on Sheet Metal
Authors: Bacha A , Feuerstein M , Desrayaud C , Klöcker H 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The stress-strain response of aluminium sheet has been determined by a novel plane strain compression test on laminated samples up to equivalent strains of 1.2. The test sample is composed of several sheet layers glued together, machined to shape, and then compressed in a lubricated channel die along the “thin” directions. This simple test has been validated by a comparison of finite element simulations and experimental results. The stress-strain curves can be considered accurate up to strains of 1.2.
Enhanced Yield of Neuroepithelial Precursors and Midbrain-Like Dopaminergic Neurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Using the Bone Morphogenic Protein Antagonist Noggin
Authors: Sonntag Kai-Christian , Pruszak Jan , Yoshizaki Takahito , van Arensbergen Joris , Sanchez-Pernaute Rosario , Isacson Ole 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
It is currently not known whether dopamine (DA) neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can survive in vivo and alleviate symptoms in models of Parkinson disease (PD). Here, we report the use of Noggin (a bone morphogenic protein antagonist) to induce neuroectodermal cell development and increase the yield of DA neurons from hESCs. A combination of stromal-derived inducing activity and Noggin markedly enhanced the generation of neuroepithelial progenitors that could give rise to DA neurons. In addition, Noggin diminished the occurrence of a fibroblast-like Nestin-positive precursor population that differentiated into myocytes. After transplantation of differentiated hESCs to a rodent model of PD, some grafts contained human midbrain-like DA neurons. This protocol demonstrates hESC derivation and survival of human DA neurons appropriate for cell therapy in PD.
Über ein Tetrathia‐anthrachinon
Authors: Fickentscher K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDas Dinatrium‐Salz des cis‐1,2‐Dimercapto‐1,2‐dicyan‐äthens reagiert mit Chloranil in Dimethylformamid/Eisessig zum symmetrischen 1,4,5,8‐Tetrahydro‐1,4,5,8‐tetrathia‐2,3,6,7‐tetracyan‐anthrahydrochinon. Die Verbindung zeigt monotrope Dimorphie und läßt sich mit Salpetersäure/Eisessig zum Chinon oxydieren. Aus diesem werden bei Behandlung mit Hydrogenperoxid/Eisessig unter Bildung des entsprechenden Dithiophen‐Derivates 2 Schwefel‐Atome eliminiert.
Erfahrung und Vorurteil im naturwissenschaftlichen Denken Johannes Keplers
Authors: Krafft Fritz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe change from ancient and medieval to modern natural science, called Wende (instead of ‘revolution’), must be associated with the work of Johannes Kepler and not that of Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus merely showed the way, introducing heliocentricity as the order of the planets. This Wende resulted from the synthesis of several disciplines formerly isolated from each other, namely mathematical (i.e. hypothetical) astronomy, new physics, mathematical harmony, astrology, new physical optics, and natural theology. Whereas Copernicus united mathematical astronomy and peripatetic (Aristotelian) physics, Kepler was first to see the necessity for providing a physical explanation and an ontological foundation to the heliocentric system. He was the first to consider and measure the movement of the planets in depth. The elements for his new physics Kepler obtained not from newly observed data, but from a harmonic archetypus of the regular polyhedra fitted in between excentric planetary spheres. On the basis of this archetypus (which he considered to be God's model in creating the universe) he accepted the new heliocentric planetary system as a physical reality. That is why astronomy, by way of taking into account stereometric quantities, is, in Kepler's eyes, a kind of divine worship. Later, the best empirical data had also to be taken into consideration as a means of proving this a priori archetypus (Vorurteil, preconception).The result was, on the one hand, a universal natural science able to explain natural processes in grater abundance than ever before or since in the history of science. Although accepted only in parts, it resulted in founding a new natural science with adherent mathematical and empirical methods. It also led Kepler to establish, step by step, the elliptical path of the planets, thereby overcoming, for the first time, the two axioms of ancient astronomy, requiring uniform and circular planetary motion.It has been shown that this Keplerian Wende was possible only within the Historischen Erfahrungsraum (‘historical field of experience’) of Renaissance Humanism (cf. this Journal 9/1986, p. 201), which came about itself as the result of reactivating the scientific and philosophical thinking of the ancient Greeks and was accomplished by three steps (phases) relating to the revival of (1) original ancient writings, (2) the ancient knowledge of natural facts and data, and (3) the ancient scientific and philosophical ideas and mentalities (Drei‐Phasen‐Modell).
Prescriptive specialized accreditation: Implications for urban community colleges
Authors: Bonnell Allen T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHighly prescriptive policies, procedures, and standards imposed on baccalaureate institutions by specialized agencies have made it increasingly difficult for community college students to transfer to four‐year colleges without loss of credit, time, and money. Most adversely affected are nontraditional urban community college students, especially minorities and women.
In good company: A ten‐year odyssey in pursuit of civic purpose
Authors: Ottenritter Nan , Parsons Michael H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn 1986, Hagerstown Junior College embarked on a ten‐year process of renewal. Through community‐based programming and the facilitation of community problem solving, the college redefined its civic purpose and formulated and executed an action agenda that will lead the college into the twenty‐first century.
Transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure using the premere PFO occlusion system
Authors: Donti Andrea , Giardini Alessandro , Salomone Luisa , Formigari Roberto , Picchio Fernando M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate the safety and efficacy profile of the new Premere patent foramen ovale (PFO) occlusion system. Background: Several different devices have been used so far for transcatheter PFO closure but no data has been published so far on the efficacy and safety of the Premere PFO occlusion system. Methods: Since September 2005, 15 patients (seven males, eight females; mean age 51.2 ± 10.8 years) at our institution underwent transcatheter PFO closure because of cryptogenic stroke, using the Premere PFO occlusion system. The procedure was performed under fluoroscopic and transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) guidance in all patients. Seven patients (47%) had an associated atrial septal aneurysm and two patients had had >1 stroke. Five patients (33%) had an associated thrombophilia, whereas three patients (20%) had a diagnosis of migraine headache with aura, by the referring neurologist. Residual shunt was assessed immediately after and 1 month (only in 11 patients) after the procedure by both transcranial Doppler and TEE. Results: Premere PFO devices could be implanted in all patients (20 mm size in seven patients, 25 mm size in eight). Fluoroscopy time was 7.3 ± 1.9 and procedural time was 11 ± 3 min (range 7–17 min), reflecting our initial learning curve with this device. No complication occurred during the procedure or at follow‐up. A residual shunt was noted immediately after the procedure in eight patients (53%) and at 1 month in 4/11 patients (36%). Residual shunt was mild in all patients. After a median follow‐up of 4.2 months (0.2–5.8 months), no patient had a recurrent stroke. All patients with migraine headache with aura had resolution of symptoms. Conclusions: Our preliminary experience with the Premere PFO occlusion system shows that this device is safe and effective. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the First Polyarsenic Organic Compound from Nature: Arsenicin A from the New Caledonian Marine Sponge Echinochalina bargibanti
Authors: Mancini Ines , Guella Graziano , Frostin Maryvonne , Hnawia Edouard , Laurent Dominique , Debitus Cecile , Pietra Francesco 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReported here is the first polyarsenic compound ever found in nature. Denominated arsenicin A, it was isolated along a bioassay‐guided fractionation of the organic extract of the poecilosclerid sponge Echinochalina bargibanti collected from the north‐eastern coast of New Caledonia. In defining an adamantine‐type polyarsenic structure for this compound, deceptively simple NMR spectra were complemented by extensive mass spectral analysis. However, it was only the synthesis of a model compound that provided the basis to discriminate structure 4 from other spectrally compatible structures for arsenicin A; to this end, a comparative ab initio simulation of IR spectra for the natural and the synthetic compounds was decisive. Arsenicin A is endowed with potent bactericidal and fungicidal activities on human pathogenic strains. All this may revive pharmacological interest in arsenic compounds while prompting us to rethink the arsenic cycle in nature.
Neoplastic stem cells: A novel therapeutic target in clinical oncology
Authors: Schulenburg Axel , Ulrich‐Pur Herbert , Thurnher Dietmar , Erovic Boban , Florian Stefan , Sperr Wolfgang R. , Kalhs Peter , Marian Brigitte , Wrba Friedrich , Zielinski Christoph C. , Valent Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCancer is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Despite recent advances, most therapeutic approaches fail to eradicate the entire neoplastic clone. The remaining cells often develop metastasis and/or recurrences and therefore may represent attractive targets of therapy. A new exciting concept in this regard suggests that each neoplasm represents a heterogeneous population of cells that pertain to long‐term tumor growth both in vivo in the natural host and in experimental animals. This concept postulates the existence of small fractions of ‘tumor stem cells’ that exhibit a capacity for self‐renewal and unlimited growth and therefore are distinct from their progeny. Based on these hypotheses, the targeting of neoplastic stem cells is considered indispensable for eradication of the entire clone and for the development of curative treatment approaches. However, tumor stem cells often may be quiescent cells and may express a different profile of targets compared with ‘more mature’ tumor cells. Therefore, current efforts have attempted to characterize target expression profiles in cancer stem cells in various malignancies. In the this review, the authors have provided a brief summary of the current knowledge of neoplastic stem cells and the application of respective concepts in translational oncology with the ultimate objective of improving anticancer therapy. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Origin and characteristics of glycogen cells in the developing murine placenta
Authors: Coan P.M. , Conroy N. , Burton G.J. , Ferguson‐Smith A.C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe junctional zone (Jz) of the mouse placenta consists of two main trophoblast populations, spongiotrophoblasts and glycogen cells (GCs), but the development and function of both cell types are unknown. We conducted a quantitative analysis of GC size, number, and invasion of cells into the decidua across gestation. Furthermore, we identified markers of GC function to investigate their possible roles in the placenta. While the spongiotrophoblast cell volume doubles, and cell number increases steadily from E12.5 to E16.5, there is a remarkable 80‐fold increase in GC numbers. This finding is followed by a notable decrease by E18.5. Surprisingly, the accumulation of GCs in the decidua did not fully account for the decrease in GC number in the Jz, suggesting loss of GCs from the placenta. Glucagons were detected on GCs, suggesting a steady glucose release throughout gestation. Connexin31 staining was shown to be specific for GCs. GC migration and invasion may be facilitated by temporally regulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and the imprinted gene product, Decorin. Expression of the clearance receptor for type II insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐II), IGF2R, in a short developmental window before E16.5 may be associated with regulating the growth effects of IGF‐II from glycogen cells and/or labyrinthine trophoblast on the expansion of the Jz. Thus stereology and immunohistochemistry have provided useful insights into Jz development and function of the glycogen cells. Developmental Dynamics 235:3280–3294, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The systems approach, incentive relations, and university management
Authors: Backoff Robert W. , Mitnick Barry M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractApplications of the systems approach in the form of systems technologies have a mixed record in the management of universities and other organizations and have sometimes been identified with the much broader general systems approach. This chapter critically reviews some of the major issues in the challenges to the general systems approach, argues that uses of that approach may not suffer the faults attributed to the systems technologies, and, as an illustration of thekinds of useful systems models that may be developed, presents an incentive systems model and orgues in utility in university settings.
Preservation: The forgotten problem
Authors: Battin Patricia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractContinuing disintegration of portions of our research collections printed on unstable paper threatens our national capacity for productive scholarship. Effective solutions will require a heightened awareness of the basic fragility of the modern book and a coalition of scholars, university administrators, and librarians committed to cooperative action on a national scale.Preservation of printed matter is, I think, the great forgotton problem of our age. It has been forgotten, not by specialists and librarians, but, to a surprising extent, by scholars, men of affairs, and those who use the materials of civilization.
The development of reflective thinking in the college years: The mixed results
Authors: King Patricia M. , Kitchener Karen Strohm 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes evidence on how college students become increasingly able to reason about complex problems and discusses its implications for strengthening teaching and learning in the major.Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college: Thingsyou will need to know in later life (2 hours) … and Things you will not need to know in later life (1198 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in “ology,” “osophy,” “istry,” “ics,” and so on. The idea is, you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books, then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have to stay in college for the rest of your life.
Money magazine, U.S. news & world report, and steve martin: What do they have in common?
Authors: Mallette Bruce I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn examination of popular publications that rate and rank collegiate undergraduate education reveals several methodological concerns. The challenges for consumers and researchers are to know what shortcomings exist in these ratings, what impact these shortcomings have on the rankings, and what methodological changes might improve the evaluations.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled 10‐[3‐(dimethylamino)‐propyl]‐2‐nitrodibenz [b,f] [1,4] oxazepin‐11‐(10 H)‐one (nitroxazepine)hydrochloride
Authors: Maller R. K. , Nagarajan K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFor pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies in animals and humans, nitroxazepine, an antidepressant, was labelled with carbon‐14 at the 11‐position of the dibenzoxazepine ring system in an overall yield of 12% starting with potassium [14C] cyanide. The labelled preparation had a specific activity of 0.95 μCi/mg. 14C Label was also introduced in the methyl group of the terminal nitrogen atom in the side chain of nitroxazepine, starting from its des‐methyl derivative and using [14C] paraformaldehyde. In this case the overall yield of the final compound was 20%, and its specific activity 1.84 μCi/mg.
A comparative study of the preparation of radioactive 4‐bromoantipyrine and 4‐iodoantipyrine for the measurement of cerebral blood flow
Authors: Shiue Chyng‐Yann , Wolf Alfred P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract4‐[82Br]Bromoantipyrine has been synthesized by three methods:the melt method, the isotopic exchange in acidic medium method and the silica gel catalyzed method. The melt method is the simplest one and gives the highest radiochemical yield (∼ 90%). 4‐[131I]‐Iodoantipyrine has also been synthesized by these three methods with higher radiochemical yield than the bromo analog. The radiochemical yield of 4‐[131I]iodoantipyrine synthesized by the silica gel catalyzed method depends on the reaction time of antipyrine with [131I]NaI solution, but does not depend largely on the contact time between antipyrine‐[131I]NaI solution with silica gel. I2 or I+ was proposed as an intermediate for this reaction.The mean octanol/pH 7 buffer solution partition coefficient of 4‐[82Br]bromoantipyrine is 9.78.
Préparation de desoxyribonucléosides marqués au 14C sur la base
Authors: Cardinaud R. , Viswanathan K. V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLa méthode employée présentant L'avantage de ne pas entraǐner de dilution isotopique, L'activité spécifique des produits obtenus est celle de la base marquée de départ. La technique de purification employée garantit une pureté supérieure à 99,5%.La formation épisodique de substances secondaires radioactives indique que certaines cultures contiennent une désaminase active sur les desoxyribonucléoside puriques. Une activité nucléosidasique agissant sur thymidine et d‐uridine a été mise en évidence.
Synthesis of 2, 4, 7‐triamino‐6‐phenylpteridine (triamterene) labelled with tritium or carbon‐14
Authors: Blackburn D. , Burghard G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe diuretic drug triamterene was labelled with carbon‐14 by condensing the intermediate phenylacetonitrile‐1‐14C with 2,4,6‐triamino‐5‐nitrosopyrimidine.The tritiated triamterene was prepared by direct synthesis from toluene‐3,4‐3H1/2 and toluene‐3‐3H. The 3H‐toluenes were prepared in excellent radiochemical yield by hydrolyzing the dry Grignard reagent of the appropriate bromotoluene with tritium oxide.
The labelling with tritium of 2‐(dimethylamino)ethanol and of some drugs containing the 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl group as a structural part
Authors: Hespe W. , Nauta W. Th. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOrphenadrine hydrochloride and a related ether were labelled with tritium in the 2‐(dimethylamino)‐ethyl moiety, by reduction of the corresponding amides with tritiated lithium aluminium hydride (yields 72 and 51 %, resp., specific radioactivity 57,8 m C/g in both cases). Hydrolysis of one of the labelled ethers afforded tritiated 2‐(dimethylamino) ethanol (yield 80 %, specific radioactivity 146 m C/g).
A synthesis of cytidine‐5‐3H
Authors: van Zanten B. , den Hollander W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCytidine‐5‐3H was synthesized, by the incorporation of 1.1‐diethoxy 2‐cyanoethane‐2‐3H (cyanoacetal‐2‐3H), using an adaption of the procedure described by Codington (1) for the synthesis of cytidine‐2‐14C. The final step in this procedure was the coupling of the mercuric compound of the base with the blocked chloro‐sugar in a toluene‐benzene solvent. The fact that this reaction can be used indicates that mercuric‐salt catalyzed hydrogen exchange between benzene‐toluene solvent and nucleoside, as described by LePage and Junga (2), does not occur with cytidine at least at the 5‐position. Furthermore the present investigation shows that dimethyl acetamide is an excellent aprotic solvent and can be used as such for reactions involving exchange of labile tritium under alkaline conditions.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labeled S‐(O, O‐diisopropyl‐phosphorodithioate) of N‐(2‐mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide
Authors: Gutman A. D. , Brokke M. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLabeled 14C‐benzene S‐(O, O‐diisopropylphosphorodithioate) of N‐(2‐mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide of a specific activity of 0.1 mC/m mole was prepared for residue and metabolism studies. The overall yield was 60% of a 95% radiochemically pure product.