bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering crystals built from molecules containing boron
Authors: Maly Kenneth E. , Malek Nadia , Fournier Jean-Hugues , Rodríguez-Cuamatzi Patricia , Maris Thierry , Wuest James D. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The study of compounds containing boron continues to have an important impact on virtually every area of chemistry. One of the few areas in which compounds of boron have been neglected is crystal engineering, which seeks to develop and exploit an understanding of how the structure and properties of crystals are related to the individual atomic or molecular components. Although detailed predictions of crystal structures are not yet reliable, crystal engineers have developed a sound qualitative strategy for anticipating and controlling structural preferences. This strategy is based on the design of special molecules, called tectons, which feature carefully selected cores and multiple peripheral functional groups that can direct association and thereby place neighboring molecules in predetermined positions. Recent work has demonstrated that molecular crystals with unique properties can be constructed logically from tectons with boron in their cores or sticky sites of association. In particular, the -B(OH)2 group of boronic acids engages in reliable patterns of hydrogen bonding, and its use as a sticky site in tectons has emerged as an effective tool for controlling association predictably. In addition, replacement of tetraphenylsilyl or tetraphenylmethyl cores in tectons by tetraphenylborate leaves the overall molecular geometry little changed, but it has the profound effect of introducing charge. Tectons derived from tetraphenylborate can be used rationally to construct porous charged molecular networks that resemble zeolites and undergo selective ion exchange. In such ways, boron offers chemists exciting new ways to engineer molecular crystals with predetermined structures and properties.
Reactions of alkynes with metallaboranes: Novel reactivities lead to new structure types
Authors: Fehlner Thomas P. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reactions of alkynes with nido-dimetallaboranes containing monocyclopentadienyl metal fragments are highly dependent on metal identity. Typical metals from groups 6 and 7 do not react under mild conditions, Rh gives exclusively alkyne cyclotrimerization via a cluster-catalyzed reaction, and Ru reacts predominantly via insertion to give new ruthenacarborane clusters. The facile reaction observed for Ru permits the characterization of intermediates exhibiting novel structural features, e.g., external cluster-bridging monoborane or alkylidene fragments. Despite the large differences in reactivity, circumstantial evidence suggests the alkyne adds to and opens the metallaborane to an arachno-structure. The metal present determines the character of the metallaborane, which in turn determines whether further reaction occurs. For Ru, it is the hydrogen-rich character fostered by the metal fragment that leads to the copious chemistry observed.
Metallacarboranes: New synthetic strategies and structural patterns
Authors: Hosmane Narayan S. , Maguire John A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A summary of the latest results in the authors' laboratories covering three areas is presented. The results of the controlled syntheses of oxide ion encapsulating lanthanacarboranes, by the introduction of stoichiometric amounts of H2O in the synthesis reactions, and the strictures of the resulting compounds were discussed. The scope and limitations of a general method for the synthesis of the open pentadienyl complexes were presented. In addition, the results of a systematic study of the reactions of the [2,n-(SiMe3)2-nido-2,n-C2B4H4]2- (n = 3, 4) with the late transition-metal salts MCl2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) were discussed.
Construction of nitrogen bicyclic and cage compounds with the use of allylic organoboranes
Authors: Bubnov Yu. N. , Kuznetsov N. Yu. , Gurskii M. E. , Semenova A. L. , Kolomnikova G. D. , Potapova T. V. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
It is shown that reactions of triallylborane with pyrrole, pyridines, isoquinolines, lactams, 1-pyrroline, and acetylenes offer versatile methodology for the construction of various bicyclic and polycyclic nitrogen compounds, some of which are skeletally related to important classes of alkaloids. Optically active 3-borabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-enes are useful precursors for synthesis of chiral 3-aza- and 3-thiabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-enes, as well as derived chiral cyclohexenoid systems. The convenient methodology for the transformation of 1-boraadamantanes into 1-azaadamantanes is also discussed.
The Relationship Between Attachment Style, Anxiety Sensitivity and Interpretive Bias Among Adolescent Nonclinical Panickers
Authors: Austin David W. , Jamieson Rachel S. , Richards Jeffrey C. , Winkelman John 
Published: July 2006

AbstractElevated anxiety sensitivity and the tendency to catastrophically misinterpret ambiguous bodily sensations has been demonstrated in people who experience nonclinical levels of panic (Richards, Austin, & Alvarenga, 2001), and anxiety sensitivity has been shown to be associated with insecure attachment in adolescents and young adults (Weems, Berman, Silverman, & Saavedra, 2001). This study investigated the relationship between attachment style, anxiety sensitivity and catastrophic misinterpretation among 11 nonclinical panickers and 58 nonanxious controls aged 18 to 19 years. Participants completed the Brief Bodily Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire (BBSIQ), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and an attachment questionnaire. The hypothesis that insecurely attached individuals would demonstrate greater catastrophic misinterpretation and higher anxiety sensitivity than securely attached individuals was not supported; however, nonclinical panickers gave more anxiety-related interpretations of ambiguous internal stimuli than nonanxious controls. Results do not support the notion that attachment style is related to anxiety sensitivity or catastrophic misinterpretation (regardless of panic experience). Results do, however, support the notion that anxiety-related misinterpretation of ambiguous somatic sensations precedes the onset of panic disorder.
Two novel GnRHR gene mutations in two siblings with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Authors: Antelli Alessandra , Baldazzi Lilia , Balsamo Antonio , Pirazzoli Piero , Nicoletti Annalisa , Gennari Monia , Cicognani Alessandro 
Published: July 2006

Objective: Mutations in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene are the cause of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). We describe the molecular investigations of the GnRHR gene in two siblings affected by HH and their clinical course.
Design: The female was referred at age 14 for pubertal delay with no secondary sexual signs, whereas the male had been followed since prepuberty. Hormonal evaluation showed very low levels of gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone test (LHRH test) and sexual steroids in both patients, suggesting a possible defect in the mechanism of action of the GnRH gene on its receptor.
Methods: The GnRHR gene of the two siblings and their parents were analyzed by PCR followed by direct sequencing.
Results: Two new single nucleotide substitutions resulting in the T104I and the Y108C substitutions in the first extracellular loop (ECL1) were identified in both siblings. The molecular analysis confirmed the carrier status of the parents.
Conclusions: We identified two new missense mutations in the GnRHR gene in two siblings with HH. The nature of the substitutions lying in the ECL1 involved in the ligand–receptor interaction, as well as the high conservation of the two residues in all mammalian GnRHR, are suggestive of some implications in the phenotype observed.
Evaluation of metabolic risk markers in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin and body composition in hirsute PCOS patients and controls
Authors: Glintborg Dorte , Andersen Marianne , Hagen Claus , Frystyk Jan , Hulstrøm Veronica , Flyvbjerg Allan , Hermann Anne Pernille 
Published: July 2006

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients are abdominally obese and are at increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome. Low adiponectin and ghrelin levels in PCOS patients could be caused by insulin resistance as well as high testosterone levels.
Design: Adiponectin and ghrelin levels were evaluated in 51 hirsute PCOS patients referred to the outpatient clinic of an academic, tertiary care medical centre and in 63 weight-matched female controls. Relationships between adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, body composition, testosterone and insulin were examined.
Methods: Measurements of body composition including waist-hip-ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI) and whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan measures of body fat mass. Measurements of fasting levels of adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, androgen status, oestradiol, lipid variables and insulin during follicular phase.
Results: Adiponectin levels were significantly decreased in obese PCOS patients compared with weight-matched controls (geometric mean (−2 to 2 s.d.) 5.3 (2.5–11.1) vs 7.3 (3.0–17.4) mg/l, P<0.05). Mean ghrelin was significantly lower in hirsute PCOS patients than in controls (0.6 (0.3 to 1.4) vs 0.8 (0.4 to 1.7) μg/l, P<0.001) and this remained significant after subdividing subjects according to waist circumference and BMI. During multiple regression analysis, testosterone correlated positively with adiponectin and negatively with ghrelin independent of BMI, WHR and total fat mass.
Conclusion: Obese hirsute PCOS patients demonstrated significantly lower adiponectin levels than weight-matched controls suggesting a very high risk for the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, ghrelin levels were decreased in hirsute PCOS patients and showed a significant, negative correlation with testosterone independent of body composition.
Investigation of adrenal functions in patients with idiopathic hyperandrogenemia
Authors: Atmaca Hulusi , Tanriverdi Fatih , Unluhizarci Kursad , Bayram Fahri , Kelestimur Fahrettin 
Published: July 2006

Objective: Some patients with hyperandrogenemia had no identifiable cause, which was named as idiopathic hyperandrogenemia (IHA). The role of the adrenal glands in these patients was investigated.
Design: Clinical study in patients with IHA at the Endocrinology Department of a University Hospital.
Patient(s): In this study, 26 pre-menopausal women with IHA and 20 healthy women were included. Basal hormonal investigations, ACTH test and a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed. Basal levels of total testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione (A4), sex hormone-binding globulin, DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), 11-deoxycortisol (11-S) and ACTH-stimulated levels of cortisol, A4, DHEAS, 17-OHP, and 11-S were measured. Additionally, glucose and insulin responses to OGTT were obtained.
Results: The patients and the control subjects had similar age and body mass index. Peak and area under the curve (AUC) responses of 11-S (P < 0.05), DHEAS (P < 0.005), and A4 (peak, P < 0.005; AUC, P < 0.001) to ACTH test were significantly higher in the patients with IHA than in the control subjects. There was a significant correlation between the basal DHEAS levels, peak 11-S, and AUC11-S, in response to ACTH-stimulation test in patients with IHA (P < 0.005, r, 0.6). Four (16.6%) patients with IHA had glucose intolerance.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that adrenal androgen excess may playanimportant role in patients with IHA and these patients exhibit increased prevalence of glucose intolerance.
Long-term outcome in 46 gene carriers of hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma after prophylactic thyroidectomy: impact of individual RET genotype
Authors: Frank-Raue K , Buhr H , Dralle H , Klar E , Senninger N , Weber T , Rondot S , Höppner W , Raue F 
Published: July 2006

Objective: In children with RET proto-oncogene mutation, curative treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is possible by prophylactic thyroidectomy. Recommendations on the timing and extent of thyroidectomy are based upon a model that utilises genotype–phenotype correlations to stratify mutations into three risk groups.
Design: We evaluated the long-term outcome (mean follow-up 6.4 years, 15 patients more than 10 years, 26 patients more than 5 years) of operated gene carriers stratified into two risk groups (levels 1 and 2) based on the biological aggressiveness of MTC.
Results: In 46 RET gene carriers, prophylactic thyroidectomy was carried out between the ages of 4 and 21 years. Level 1 mutations were harboured by 11 patients (codons 790, 791, 804 and 891). Histology was completely normal in two patients; in seven patients C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) and in two patients T1 tumours were diagnosed. All patients with level 1 mutations were cured. Level 2 mutations were harboured by 35 patients (codons 618, 620, 630 and 634). Histology of these patients showed CCH in 11 patients, T1 tumours in 21, T2 tumour in 1, T3 tumour in 1 and Tx in 1 patient. Histology showed no lymph node involvement. Five patients with level 2 mutations failed to be cured; in two patients, persistence of MTC was diagnosed directly after thyroidectomy and in three during follow-up. In two patients carrying a 634 mutation, other endocrinopathies (hyperparathyroidism and bilateral pheochromocytoma) manifested during follow-up.
Conclusions: If prophylactic thyroidectomy is done at early ages, cure rate is high. Timing and extent of prophylactic thyroidectomy can be modified by individual RET mutation.
Changes in bioactive IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-1 during an oral glucose tolerance test in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Chen Jian-Wen , Nielsen Michael F , Caumo Andrea , Vilstrup Hendrik , Christiansen Jens Sandahl , Frystyk Jan 
Published: July 2006

Objective: Liver cirrhosis is characterized by reduced circulating IGF-I and this has been linked to an adverse clinical outcome. Therefore, we investigated the dynamic changes in circulating total, free, and bioactive IGF-I, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-1-bound IGF-I (binary complex) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Methods: Seven Caucasian males with liver cirrhosis and seven healthy males matched for age (54.4 ± 3.2 vs 54.6 ± 4.4 years) and body mass index (25.3 ± 1.2 vs 25.9 ± 1.3 kg/m2) were studied. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min for determination of serum total and free IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and binary complex, while bioactive IGF-I was measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min.
Results: In comparison with healthy subjects, baseline levels of total (47%), free (36%), and bioactive IGF-I (51%) were lower, while IGFBP-1 (268%) was higher (P < 0.05), IGFBP-2 (172%) tended to be higher (P > 0.05), and the binary complex unchanged (~100%) in cirrhotic patients. Serum total and free IGF-I, and IGFBP-2 remained unchanged in both study groups during the OGTT. Bioactive IGF-I decreased by 29% from baseline to 60 min in cirrhotic patients and remained low at the end of the OGTT (P < 0.05). A similar tendency was observed in healthy controls (P = 0.052). Concomitantly, IGFBP-1, binary complex, and IGFBP-1 saturation index decreased significantly in both groups. The disappearance of the binary complex was about twofold faster than that of IGFBP-1 (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Despite unchanged concentrations of total and free IGF-I, bioactive IGF-I declined significantly after an oral glucose load in patients with liver cirrhosis and the same tendency was observed in healthy subjects. We speculate that the reduction in bioactive IGF-I may be related to the higher levels of free IGFBP-1 and the faster disappearance of IGFBP-1-bound IGF-I.
International Relations an a World of Revolutionary Change
Authors: Rothwell Charles Easton 
Published: July 2006

A PROJECT of collaborative research concerning major world trends affecting international relations has been launched this year at the Hoover Institute and Library. This project has been made possible by a three-year grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York.1Beneath the original planning for the project lay the conviction born of wartime experience, that a deeper understanding of the dynamics of international relations could be obtained by pooling the contributions of the social sciences and related disciplines and by taking account of practical experience in the international field. The need for new and more penetrating approaches to international relations had been put by Arnold Toynbee in a few challenging words: “There is nothing to prevent our Western Civilization from following historical precedent, if it chooses, by committing social suicide. But we are not doomed to make history repeat itself; it is open to us through our own efforts, to give history, in our case, some new unprecedented turn.” Natural scientists, as well as social scientists are agreed that any “new unprecedented turn” must be sought in deeper understanding of relations among people and among nations.
France in Defeat: Causes and Consequences
Authors: Padover Saul K. 
Published: July 2006

France's defeat in 1940 was one of those events that ‘shook the world.” Its swiftness and completeness amazed even the Germans. But the mere fact of the defeat is, in long range terms, perhaps less important than the factors that caused it and the reactions that followed it.At the outset, it should be remarked that this whole subject, involving as it does the field of socio-psycho-politics, is still wide open, at least so far as France is concerned. Except for tendentious tracts, some technical military monographs, and the expected autobiographic apologias, there is little to go on. French scholars have not done much objective research on the causes and consequences of the tragedy of 1940.
The Strategy of Communist Infiltration: Czechoslovakia, 1944–48
Authors: Duchacek Ivo 
Published: July 2006

Between 1944 and 1948, six European countries experienced Communist seizures of power. Three were enemies and three friends and allies of Soviet Russia during the war; four were Slav countries; five were predominantly peasant with some remnants of feudalism; with the exception of industrial Czechoslovakia, their prewar record in democratic government was far from exemplary. In all of them, however, the Communists were successful.What were the components of Communist success and democratic defeat? The case of Czechoslovakia shows clearly that the active interest and impressive display of Soviet power in contrast to the West's hesitant policy not only formed the background but were the chief bases for Communist successes in Eastern Europe. Careful, professional infiltration of democratic institutions and the wishful thinking of the democrats did the rest.
The Fall of China
Authors: Michael Franz 
Published: July 2006

The Communist conquest of China has been the topic of a heated American debate. This debate has been concerned mainly with American politics, and has often been based more on opinion than on knowledge and has dealt more with political argument than with historical fact. The result has been a good deal of confusion and of misinformation, which is always hard to eradicate. However, as we gain more perspective on the events of the Chinese tragedy, it is becoming possible to reconstruct the basic story of the fall of China.This story cannot be understood merely by tracing Chinese postwar developments: the moves of the Chinese Communists, the obvious weaknesses of the National government, the question of American support to the Nationalist side, and of aid given by the Russians to their fellow Communists. These developments have to be seen against the double background of world Communism and the modern history of China. The Communist victory in China is but one case of a worldwide struggle, the special problems of which must be examined within the setting of the Communist system, its general aims, its strategy and tactics, its use of dogma, and its inner conflicts.
Some Notes On The Evolution of Air Doctrine
Authors: Brodie Bernard 
Published: July 2006

Military strategy is of all the human sciences at once the most ancient and the least developed. It could hardly be otherwise. Its votaries must be men of decision and action rather than of theory. Victory is the payoff, and is regarded as the most telling confirmation of correct judgment. There is no other science where judgments are tested in blood and answered in the servitude of the defeated, where the supreme authority is the leader who has won or can instill confidence that he will win.Some modicum of theory there always had to be. But like much other military equipment, it had to be light in weight and easily packaged to be carried into the field. Thus, the strategic ideas which have from time to time evolved have no sooner gained acceptance than they have been stripped to their barest essentials and converted into maxims. Because the baggage that was stripped normally contained the justifications, the qualifications, and the instances of historical application or misapplication, the surviving maxim had to be accorded a substitute dignity and authority by treating it as an axiom, or, in latter-day parlance, a “principle.”
Russia and China Under Communism
Authors: Rostow W. W. 
Published: July 2006

This article is an effort to set forth certain major similarities and differences between the societies of the Soviet Union and Communist China as of January 1955.It is evident that the Soviet Union and Communist China have many characteristics in common. They stem mainly from parallel or identical concepts of power and its purposes, internal and external, accepted by the respective top leadership groups. These concepts have been translated into similar methods of societal organization, imposed value standards, and lines of day-to-day policy at home and abroad. Differences between the two countries arise from the nature of the economies controlled by Moscow and Peking; from the length of time the Communist regimes have been established; from certain characteristics of each top leadership group; from elements in the Russian and Chinese cultures that even modern totalitarianism has not wholly erased; and from problems presented by the goal of external expansion that the Soviet Union and Communist China share.
Who Gets Power and Why
Authors: Pool Ithiel de Sola 
Published: July 2006

A Feature of Western ideology, particularly its American variant, is consciousness of tension between ideals and reality. One source of this tension is a propensity to seek social goals by way of adventitious motives. Education seeks marks not knowledge; business seeks profits not products; politics seeks power not the good life. To protest this lack of what Max Weber called substantive rationality, and to demand that first things be put first is labelled “idealism,” while acceptance of the immediate incentive and disregard for the final end is labelled “realism.”Thus in political science the name “realistic” has been largely applied to that tradition which concentrates on power relations and assumes that its subjects behave as “political men,” that is, that they strive to maximize power. The “realist” assumes that all men in politics share the same drive. So deeply ingrained is this identification of politics and power that it appears even in the unconscious where the state is a father symbol. It appears also in everyday idioms where to be in the government is “to be in power” and to go into politics means not to pave streets but to enter a game of hierarchical advancement. It appears also in scholarly thought. Unlike Aristotle, who defined the polis as that association formed for the highest good and which comprehends the rest, most modern scholars find in a monopoly of coercion the distinctive attribute of the state.