bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metastatic carcinoma to the male and female breast
Authors: Muttarak M , Nimmonrat A , Chaiwun B 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYMetastases to the female breast are rare and those to the male breast are even rarer. Differentiating primary from metastatic breast carcinoma is important for rational therapy and avoidance of unnecessary radical surgery. Data on five women and two men with metastases to the breast are presented here. The primary tumours in these seven cases were as follows: three bronchogenic carcinoma and one each from papillary adenocarcinoma of the ovary, adenocarcinoma of the colon, squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. In both men (who had primary lung carcinoma), mammograms showed dense glandular tissue occupying nearly the entire breast. All five women had multiple nodules. Two of these cases were unilateral and three were bilateral. The metastatic nodules were round, with slightly irregular or ill‐defined margins and calcification in the single case from metastatic papillary adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Ultrasonograms demonstrated well‐circumscribed low‐echoic masses in all cases. In a patient with known extramammary malignancy and a breast mass, mammograms and ultrasonograms should be undertaken to exclude a primary breast carcinoma and for proper management.
Magnetic resonance imaging of lumbar vertebral apophyseal ring fractures
Authors: Peh Wilfred CG , Griffith James F , Yip Daniel KH , Leong John CY 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPosterior lumbar vertebral apophyseal ring fractures are described in three adolescents presenting with severe low back pain, spinal tenderness and lower limb neurological deficit. Magnetic resonance imaging showed severe L4/5 posterior disc protrusion in all three patients. The actual fracture fragment was visualized with difficulty on MRI alone. The diagnosis of apophyseal ring fracture was made by either radiography or CT. Computed tomography delineated the size, shape and site of the fracture fragment. Surgical confirmation was obtained in all cases. Posterior lumbar vertebral apophyseal ring fractures may be difficult to visualize on MR imaging. Careful review of radiographs, supplemented by targeted CT, is necessary for the correct diagnosis and management of this entity.
Sacral chordomas: A 10‐year study
Authors: Prabhakaran PS , Misra S , Kannan V , Chandrashekar M , Vijayakumar M , Veerendrakumar KV , Anantha N 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA retrospective analysis of 14 cases of sacral chordoma seen between 1984 and 1993 at the Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology is reported. The mean patient age was 54 years, with 13 males and one female. Seventy‐one per cent of patients presented with symptoms related to a painful sacral mass. Eight patients underwent radical surgery and two had adjuvant radiotherapy. One patient had a partial tumour resection. Three patients received radical radiotherapy. Two patients were offered only pain relief medication. The median follow‐up was 33 months. The actuarial overall survival (OS) at 5 years was 48%. In the 12 patients in whom curative therapy was attempted, the 5‐year OS was 56% and progression‐free survival was 36%. Four patients developed local recurrence and three developed distant metastasis.
Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and 5‐fluorouracil chemotherapy for rectal carcinoma
Authors: Chao Michael WT , Byram David , Bell Richard , Bond Rodney , Vaughan Steven , McLennan Roger , Lim‐Joon Michael , Wada Morikatsu , Joseph David 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPostoperative combined modality therapy with radiotherapy and 5‐fluorouracil (5FU) chemotherapy is an effective adjuvant approach that reduces locoregional and distant metastatic disease in patients with high‐risk rectal carcinoma. However, this approach results in a treatment regimen of at least 6 months’duration. The present prospective study investigates the integration of radiotherapy and 5FU chemotherapy in a protocol designed to minimize toxicity and reduce the overall treatment time. A total of 40 patients with TNM stage II or III disease received postoperative radiotherapy at four fractions per week with weekly 5FU bolus injections delivered on the fifth non‐radiotherapy day. Patients also received systemic chemotherapy with leucovorin both before and after pelvic irradiation, with the total treatment duration extending for only 18 weeks. Patients were able to complete radiotherapy in 90% of cases, while the delivery of full‐dose chemotherapy was achievable in the vast majority. The incidence of haematologic and gastrointestinal toxicities requiring the cessation of treatment was acceptable. With a median follow‐up of 20.9 months among surviving patients, the estimated progression‐free and overall survival at 2 years were 71 % and 79%, respectively.
Traumatic transection of the optic chiasm: Magnetic resonance evaluation
Authors: Sharma Raju , Goyal Mayank , Sharma Aseem , Dada Vijay Kumar , Berry Manorama 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDisruption of the optic chiasm is a rare complication of head trauma. We present the findings on MRI of this entity in a 40‐year‐old patient presenting with bitemporal hemianopia.
Chest wall tuberculosis simulating breast carcinoma: Imaging appearance
Authors: Goyal Mayank , Sharma Raju , Sharma Aseem , Chumber Sunil , Sawhney Sukhpal , Berry Manorama 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTuberculosis of the breast is a rare disease. Tubercular abscesses predominantly affecting the soft tissues are also very infrequent. A case of chest wall tuberculosis secondarily involving the breast presenting as a hard, fixed lump simulating mammary carcinoma is presented here. There was no evidence of pleural or pulmonary tuberculosis.
Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome: Unusual magnetic resonance features
Authors: Srivastava Deep Narayan , Gulati Manpreet Singh , Thulkar Sanjay , Berry Manorama 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYKlippel‐Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a congenital vascular abnormality consisting of a cutaneous naevus, varicose veins and bone and soft‐tissue hypertrophy affecting one or more limbs. A case is presented here with some unusual associated findings seen on MR that, to the best of the authors’knowledge, has not been reported in the literature. Although colour Doppler in addition to venography is frequently used in demonstration of the KT vein, MRI may well have an important role in complete assessment.
Allergic reactions to oral iodinated contrast agents: Reactions to oral contrast
Authors: RIDLEY LJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAllergic reactions can occur with virtually all substances used in medicine. Recently there has been increasing recognition that iodinated oral contrast agents (oral contrast) used in radiology are also capable of inducing an allergic response. Fortunately these are rarely life‐threatening. This paper discusses three cases of mild reactions to oral iodinated contrast (all for computed tomography (CT) scans). The Australian experience of these agents is also reviewed.
Primary non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the uterine cervix: Case report of long‐term survival of two patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy
Authors: Lee KM , Seah ES , Sethi VK 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo patients with Stage 1EA primary non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the uterine cervix were treated by surgery and radiotherapy in 1986 and 1987. On follow‐up, over a period of 10 years, both are well and remain free of recurrence.
Spontaneous intramural haematoma of the oesophagus: CT and MRI appearances
Authors: Yuen EHY , Yang WT , Lam WWM , Kew J , Metreweli C 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 64‐year‐old man with history of ischaemic heart disease and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, but no history of peptic ulcer or liver disease, presented with retrosternal pain and coffee‐ground vomitus. Endoscopy revealed a long column of bluish discolouration with normal mucosa interpreted as a grade IV oesophageal varix. Computed tomography showed a non‐enhancing low‐density submucosal columnar lesion in the mid‐ and lower oesophagus consistent with a submucosal haematoma. This resolved on follow‐up at 10 days. The magnetic resonance features of intermediate signal intensity on T1 ‐weighted images and hyperintense signal on T2‐weighted images of this lesion are also highlighted.
Bilateral subacromial bursitis with macroscopic rice bodies: Ultrasound, CT and MR appearance
Authors: Law TC , Chong SF , Iu PP , Mak KH 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe radiological findings of ultrasound, CT and MR of a case of bilateral subacromial bursitis with macroscopic rice bodies is described. The previous literature is also reviewed.
Favorable outcomes of autoimmune hepatitis in a community clinic setting
Authors: Seo Suk , Toutounjian Raphael , Conrad Andrew , Blatt Larry , Tong Myron J 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an idiopathic disease with diverse clinical manifestations. The aims of the present study were: (i) to describe the clinical characteristics of AIH patients in a community clinic setting; and (ii) to determine factors which were associated with poor clinical outcomes.Methods:  A retrospective review was performed on 72 AIH patients who: (i) had pretreatment sera: (ii) were treatment‐naïve at presentation; and (iii) had a minimum of 24 months of follow up.Results:  On initial presentation, 22 (30%) had an acute onset of symptoms simulating acute viral hepatitis, 34 (47%) had chronic symptoms of greater than 6 months duration, and the remaining 16 (22%) were asymptomatic. Twenty‐six (36%) had coexisting autoimmune diseases. Anti‐nuclear antibody (ANA) was positive in 73% of the patients, and antismooth muscle antibody was positive in 15% of ANA‐negative patients. Those few patients who tested positive for soluble liver antigen, anti‐liver‐kidney, microsomal antibody type‐1, and anti‐mitochondrial antibody were all also ANA positive. The median (range) duration of follow up was 98 (24–331) months. After immunosuppressive therapy, 26 of 72 (36%) remained in remission without further treatment. However, 46 (64%) required maintenance immunosuppression. Three patients who presented under the age of 20 years progressed to liver failure while on therapy and died while waiting for liver transplantation. Two other patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) while on therapy and died.Conclusions:  A majority of AIH patients have an excellent prognosis. However, presentation at a younger age is a predictor of poor disease outcome and, although uncommon, HCC may develop during the late stages of cirrhosis.
Molecular phylogeny of five species of Dremomys (Rodentia: Sciuridae), inferred from cytochrome b gene sequences
Authors: Li Song , Yu Fahong , Yang Su , Wang Yingxiang , Jiang Xuelong , McGuire Peter M. , Feng Qing , Yang Junxing 
Published: March 2008

Analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 bp) showed that Dremomys lokriah, D. pernyi, D. pyrrhomerus, D. rufigenis and D. gularis all are separate species. Dremomys pyrrhomerus showed 8.5% sequence variation from D. rufigenis, and the level of estimated sequence divergence observed among D. gularis, D. lokriah and D. pernyi was > 11%. With Tamiops and Callosciurus as the outgroup taxa, in both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, the five Dremomys species formed one strongly supported monophyletic group and D. pyrrhomerus is closely related to D. rufigenis. The derived divergence times and fossil record suggested that the present geographical distributions of Dremomys owe much to the uplifting of the Himalayas and the successive glacial and interglacial in the Pliocene–Pleistocene.
Employer and Employee Ignorance in Developing Countries: The Case of Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Murphy Anthony , Strobl Eric 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe authors examine the degree of employer and employee ignorance about reservation and offer wages in Trinidad and Tobago and find this to be considerable. On average employers pay more than 26% above workers’ reservation wages, while employees earn 22% less than the maximum wage on offer, ceteris paribus. However, there are some differences across sub‐groups of jobs, particularly with regard to individuals’ lack of information about the best wage offers. Some differences are also found compared to previous results for developed nations, although the level of ignorance does not appear to be higher in Trinidad and Tobago.
POLITICS AND COMMUNITY: CHICAGO'S NEAR WEST SIDE BLACK UNDERCLASS
Authors: WILSON DAVID , BROWNING JEREMY 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe black underclass are one population group that has recently experienced a devastating decay of their built environment. This article examines the attitudes and political response of the black underclass to this process. Our focus on Chicago's Near West Side probes resident perceptions of the problem, resident mobilization around political agendas, leader actions at public forums, and levels of institutionalized obstacles to effective leader participation. The results suggest that this population had little opportunity to reverse this decay. Obstacles to controlling neighborhood change were embedded in everyday social life, communicative discourses, community institutional actions, and local government policy. While formal political procedures prevented this group's meaningful public participation, underclass social life ravaged their incentives to participate. We conclude that opening up community development to the black underclass requires restructuring the game's rules and this group's impoverished condition.
TOWARD MORE FLEXIBLE ORGANIZATION?: CANADIAN RAIL FREIGHT IN THE 1990s
Authors: MILNE SIMON , WADDINGTON RICHARD , PEREY ANDRÉ 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe freight transportation sector has received relatively little attention in recent debates over the nature of the transformations currently affecting contemporary capitalism. This lack of interest is particularly surprising given the fact that certain emergent forms of productive organization appear to be heavily dependent on increasingly flexible and efficient transport services. Within the context of these theoretical debates we review how the two dominant players in the Canadian rail freight sector, Canadian Pacific and Canadian National, are responding to the evolving competitive conditions of the 1990s. Deregulation, recessionary pressures, and changing customer expectations are just some of the factors that are creating an intensifying competitive environment. We then outline the responses adopted by the two companies in their attempts to improve the responsiveness and efficiency of their operations. The concluding sections of the article focus on some of the broader spatial and theoretical implications of the findings. We show that while this sector has undergone considerable change in recent years current ‘post‐Fordist’ theories of industrial restructuring can provide, at best, only a partial explanation of the processes observed.
REFUGEE MIGRATION AND LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN EASTERN ZAMBIA
Authors: BLACK RICHARD 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis article examines the local socio‐economic impact of the arrival of Mozambican refugees in the Eastern Province of Zambia. Previous studies of forced migration elsewhere in Africa have suggested that not only stresses, but also positive gains for local development may be felt in areas hosting significant numbers of refugees. It is suggested here that an appropriate framework from which to analyze the impact of refugees is to focus separately on the effects of population increase on the one hand, and the specific characteristics of refugees on the other. Using this distinction, a model is developed of potential beneficial changes resulting from the arrival of refugees. Key assumptions of this model are then identified to be of relevance to policies designed to promote local economic development under conditions of refugee migration.
NETWORKS IN KNOWLEDGE‐INTENSIVE FIRMS
Authors: MONNOYER‐LONGÉ MARIE‐CHRISTINE , MAYÈRE ANNE 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIs a network a sufficient concept as a model of growth for consultancy firms? To answer this question, the article examines the current functioning of networks created by SMF and the opportunities that could arise from this type of structure in a sluggish economic environment. Networks appear to be an adequate means to satisfy the customers' demand both in terms of competencies and availability in an increasingly competitive world. This study also shows the limitations of networks as it reveals that exchanges of competencies are mostly effected between financially organized groups. The study relies on an investigation involving 350 consultancy firms in six European countries.
THE COMPUTER SERVICES INDUSTRY: RESTRUCTURING FOR A SINGLE MARKET
Authors: GENTLE CHRIS , HOWELLS JEREMY 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe size and strategic importance of computer services, in advanced industrial economies, including the European Community, continues to grow. As a reflection of its growth and deepening strategic importance, computer services have increasingly taken on a more international dimension, in turn losing its former national orientation. This article looks at recent developments in the European computer services industry, in particular at the restructuring taking place in response to the creation of the Single European Market. It attempts to reveal a number of major factors which will influence the reorganisation of the industry in the late 1990s and beyond.
TRANSACTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS SERVICES AND SPATIAL SYSTEMS
Authors: TORDOIR PIETER P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article is concerned with spatial interaction between suppliers and clients of professional business services. It is often suggested that business services transactions require frequent personal interaction and spatial proximity, to the advantage of large urban service complexes. Survey results, presented in this article, show that modes of interaction vary considerably within the professional business services sector, however, leading to complex spatial patterns of services transaction. A typology of professional business services is presented, useful for the explanation of spatial systems of service transactions.
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION IN BUSINESS SERVICES: SOME EMPIRICAL FINDINGS
Authors: CUNAT FEDERICO , THOMAS BERNADETTE 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article presents a typology derived from field work seeking to identify what characterizes the differences between two organizational models based on relationships organized into a hierarchy and relationships arising from cooperation. Services are considered as the determining factor, enabling the specification of the relationship between types of firms and their spatial behaviour. Three contrasting types of organization are explored (network firm and consultancy chain; globalization and consultancy network; technology and consultancy node). They are complemented by intermediary types with influences on extemalization, scientific and technical information and performance specification. Three case studies support this classification. They question various traditionally identified attitudes concerning the re‐qualification of territories. In conclusion, the ‘network’ form of organization plays a multiple role in the relations between firms and territories and has to be taken into account in the understanding of externalities, polarized diffusion and economies of agglomeration.
BUSINESS SERVICE SUPPLY AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION‐COTTBUS, BRANDENBURG
Authors: ELLGER CHRISTOF 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAs sources of expertise for firms, business services play a major role in the transformation process of East Germany from a centrally planned economy to a capitalist market economy, in which entrepreneurial knowledge has to be developed. For Cottbus, the easternmost of the German cities with over 100,000 inhabitants and a centre of brown coal mining and energy production, a study of business services, their origin and linkages was undertaken in 1992. It shows that West German control is strong but not all‐encompassing. The small business service offices in the city, however, work predominantly for small and medium‐sized companies in the region and are not engaged by the surviving large economic units controlled by Treuhand or West German and West European enterprises. The massive degree of external control, which characterizes most sectors in East Germany now, limits the market for regional business service establishments.
DEFINING AND EXAMINING RURAL DIVERSIFICATION: A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS
Authors: KELLY CATHERINE E. , ILBERY BRIAN W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRural change in developed market economies is no longer strictly synonymous only with agricultural restructuring. In the current economic climate, many rural areas may be seen to consist of a number of different competing factions, comprising traditional agricultural, ‘new’ agricultural and non‐agricultural interests. In the past, geographers have tended to study farm diversification and rural industrialization as separate, isolated fields of research. Whilst these foci are of merit, a more holistic conceptualization of rural change is now required. This paper defines the concept of ‘rural diversification’ and offers an agency‐structure conceptualization as a framework for analysis. It is suggested that such structured conceptualization is required for a more informed understanding of the process of rural change in the United Kingdom.
TOURISM REGIONS AND SPACES IN A CHANGING SOCIAL FRAMEWORK
Authors: WILLIAMS ALLAN M. , MONTANARI ARMANDO 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThere has been a neglect of tourism issues in the literature on economic and social restructuring in Europe. To some extent this is being addressed by the RURETOUR project which is linked to the European Science Foundation's RURE project. This special theme issue presents several articles, drawn from different methodological backgrounds, which illuminate the themes of tourism and restructuring of the European space. This introduction sets these articles in the context of some of the wider issues relating to the role of tourism in the economy, space and culture of Western Europe.
TOWARDS A HISTORY OF TOURISM: NAPLES AND SORRENTO (XIX CENTURY)
Authors: DAWES BARBARA , D'ELIA COSTANZA 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTBoth geographical and historical perspectives are necessary to analyze the phenomenon of tourism. This is illustrated by a review of pre modern tourism, and the fascination for ‘the South’, the most explicit expression of what was the Grand Tour. However, a case study of Naples and Sorrento reveals that the Grand Tour changed in its social construction over time, with important implications for the types of visitors attracted, their activity patterns and, consequently, intra‐regional distributions of tourism.
TOURISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT‐LIMITATIONS AND CONTRADICTIONS IN THE EC's MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Authors: MONTANARI ARMANDO 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis article charts growing concern in the EC at the environmental pressures generated by the expansion of tourism. The ability to develop an appropriate policy response is, however, constrained by a neglect, until recently, of tourism issues by both academics and policy makers. The pressures are particularly intense in the Mediterranean region, as is exemplified by a case study of Italy. Despite the public debate on the need to consider the environmental implications of tourism, a commune level analysis shows that the industry has become increasingly spatially polarized in recent years. While this has led to the demand for ‘green’ or ‘sustainable’ tourism alternatives, it is clear that the literature still does not provide clear guidance on this. However, predicted increases in the volume and intensity of Mediterranean tourism make it essential that appropriate tourism policies are designed for the region.