bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeted driving using visual tracking on Mars: From research to flight
Authors: Kim Won S. , Nesnas Issa A. , Bajracharya Max , Madison Richard , Ansar Adnan I. , Steele Robert D. , Biesiadecki Jeffrey J. , Ali Khaled S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper presents the development, validation, and deployment of the visual target tracking capability onto the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission. Visual target tracking enables targeted driving, in which the rover approaches a designated target in a closed visual feedback loop, increasing the target position accuracy by an order of magnitude and resulting in fewer ground‐in‐the‐loop cycles. As a result of an extensive validation, we developed a reliable normalized cross‐correlation visual tracker. To enable tracking with the limited computational resources of a planetary rover, the tracker uses the vehicle motion estimation to scale and roll the template image, compensating for large image changes between rover steps. The validation showed that a designated target can be reliably tracked within several pixels or a few centimeters of accuracy over a 10‐m traverse using a rover step size of 10% of the target distance in any direction. It also showed that the target is not required to have conspicuous features and can be selected anywhere on natural rock surfaces excluding rock boundary and shadowed regions. The tracker was successfully executed on the Opportunity rover near Victoria Crater on four distinct runs, including a single‐sol instrument placement. We present the flight experiment data of the tracking performance and execution time. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A small sample study of the STEPP approach to assessing treatment–covariate interactions in survival data
Authors: Bonetti Marco , Zahrieh David , Cole Bernard F. , Gelber Richard D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA new, intuitive method has recently been proposed to explore treatment–covariate interactions in survival data arising from two treatment arms of a clinical trial. The method is based on constructing overlapping subpopulations of patients with respect to one (or more) covariates of interest and in observing the pattern of the treatment effects estimated across the subpopulations. A plot of these treatment effects is called a subpopulation treatment effect pattern plot. Here, we explore the small sample characteristics of the asymptotic results associated with the method and develop an alternative permutation distribution‐based approach to inference that should be preferred for smaller sample sizes. We then describe an extension of the method to the case in which the pattern of estimated quantiles of survivor functions is of interest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voltage stability assessment of grid‐connected offshore wind farms
Authors: Singh Bharat , Singh S. N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWith increased penetration of on‐shore and off‐shore wind power generation in the highly interconnected grid may lead the security, stability and reliability problems of the power system operation. In this paper, two generalized voltage collapse indices, which represent the distance to voltage collapse in terms of loading margin to maximum loading, suitable for offshore wind farms having long transmission system are derived. Generalized dynamic voltage collapse index (GDVCI) is used to initiate the preventive measures for control & protection of wind farm by employing a set of local measurements. The effectiveness of the proposed GDVCI is tested on a detailed and realistic power system having wind farms connected through long submarine/onshore cable. Dynamic responses of offshore wind farms are demonstrated. The effects of on‐load tap changers (OLTC) operation on voltage collapse have also been analysed analytically. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responding to the crisis: RALLY's developmental and relational approach
Authors: Noam Gil G. , Malti Tina 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe authors introduce the RALLY (Responsive Advocacy for Life and Learning in Youth) approach. RALLY is a school‐ and afterschool‐based approach addressing academic success, youth development, and mental health for youth. Based on developmental and relational principles, RALLY's main goals are to promote students' resiliency, development, and academic functioning, as well as to reduce the typical adolescent's risks. By implementing a new professional role of RALLY practitioners, who are developmental specialists and interconnect the different social worlds of students, RALLY creates the resources to provide social opportunities and quality practices to meet students' needs and facilitate their growth. A three‐tiered system helps to implement mental health and educational practice, thus providing differential support for students with different needs. Early identification of risks and resiliencies helps to avoid chronicity and pinpoint adequate treatments as soon as possible.
Program evaluation: Relationships as key to student development
Authors: Malti Tina , Schwartz Sarah E. O. , Liu Cindy H. , Noam Gil G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEvaluation is an important program component of RALLY and helps to document the gains that stem from this program. This article describes the quality of RALLY implementation and selected student outcomes of an exemplary RALLY program at an urban middle school. The findings showed effects on students' resiliency as well as academic success, as indicated by student, practitioner, and teacher reports. The practitioners and teachers also reported a decrease in students' behavioral problems. Relationships to practitioners and a developmental orientation proved to be of key significance for changes in students' resiliency and academic outcomes.
Future systemic transformations
Authors: Noam Gil G. , Malti Tina 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis final article addresses the need to create further evidence that the integration of student support and afterschool programming enhances student learning and thriving inside and outside schools. Many models are being put forward to address student support, but research findings on their effectiveness have been surprisingly mixed and designs have often been flawed. When interventions are tied to classrooms and support students, teachers, and administrators, an increase in effectiveness can be expected as compared to a wraparound model that leaves the classroom and much of the school day as the sole domain of teachers. The authors describe the next steps for the RALLY approach, especially the creation of a train‐the‐trainer model for school districts, after‐school programs, and mental health agencies.
Synthesis and Characterization of New M‐Triazole Complexes (M = Co, Cu, Zn)
Authors: Zhang Yin‐Li , Chen San‐Ping , Gao Sheng‐Li 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThree new complexes with the ligand 3,5‐diamino‐1,2,4‐triazole (Hdatrz), [Co3(μ2‐Hdatrz)6(H2O)6]·(NO3)8·4H2O (1), [Cu3(μ2‐Hdatrz)4(μ2‐Cl)2(H2O)2Cl2]·Cl2·4H2O·2C2H5OH (2) and {[Zn2(μ2‐SO4) (μ3‐datrz)2]·2H2O}n (3) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Complex 1 has a linear trinuclear mixed‐valence cobalt structure with six neutral triazole ligands in the N(1), N(2)‐bridging mode. The central cobalt atom, Co(1), is coordinated to six nitrogen atoms (octahedral) whereas the terminal cobalt atom, Co(2), is coordinated to an N3O3 moiety (octahedral). In complex 1, the uudd cyclic water clusters, nitrate anions and the trimeric cations are linked to a supramolecular structure. Complex 2 features a linear trinuclear copper(II) core, with four N(1), N(2)‐bridging triazole ligands and two chlorido bridges. The central copper atom is coordinated to an N4Cl2 moiety (octahedral) whereas the terminal copper is coordinated to an N2Cl2O moiety (square‐pyramidal). In complex 2, tetrahedral hydrogen bonding interactions play an important role to form a supramolecular network. Complex 3 exhibits a polymeric structure, with N(1), N(2), N(4)‐bridging triazolate ligands and sulfate bridges, in which zinc is coordinated to an N3O moiety (tetrahedral). In complex 3, water molecules and sulfate anions construct the sulfate‐water supramolecular chain with hydrogen bonding interactions. In addition, the complexes were investigated by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopic, and thermogravimetric measurements.
Synthesis, Structure and Photoluminescent Properties of [C6N2H14][Nd2(C2O4)2(SO4)2(H2O)4]·H2O, a New Organically Templated Neodymium(III) Oxalate‐sulfate
Authors: Xu Ning , Xing Yan , Liu Xianchun , Song Danhui , Ma Ling , Sun Xiujuan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn organically templated neodymium oxalate–sulfate [C6N2H14][Nd2(C2O4)2(SO4)2(H2O)4]·H2O (1) has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. In 1, the neodymium(III) ions are interconnected through oxalate and sulfate groups to form a neodymium oxalate–sulfate hybrid structure. A luminescence spectrum of 1 was recorded, and the luminescence decay time was also measured.
Lipid content and fatty acid profiles of various deep‐fat fried foods
Authors: Smith L. M. , Clifford A. J. , Creveling R. K. , Hamblin C. L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractForty‐one brands of nine different types of snack and convenience foods were purchased from food stores and fast service restaurants in the Sacramento area of California. All samples had been prepared by deep‐fat frying. They included potato chips, corn chips, tortilla chips, cheese chips, cheese puffs, cake donuts, french fries, chicken pieces and fish pieces. These samples were analyzed in duplicate for total fat and fatty acid composition. The total lipid content of each type of food varied among different commercial sources; the average percentages were as follows: potato chips, 40; cheese puffs, 38; corn chips, 35; cheese chips, 25; tortilla chips, 24; cake donuts, 22; chicken thighs, 14; french fried potatoes, 14, and fish pieces, 10. The fatty acid profiles of the total lipids in several brands of potato chips were relatively constant. The fatty acid profiles of the total lipids in the corn and cheese snack foods varied widely. Fatty acid compositions of donuts, chicken and fish pieces and french fries were influenced by the amount and fatty acid profile of the lipids in each uncooked food, as well as by the composition of the cooking fat.
Continuous hydrolysis of olive oil by lipase in microporous hydrophobic membrane bioreactor
Authors: Hoq Mohammad Mozammel , Yamane Tsuneo , Shimizu Shoichi , Funada Tadashi , Ishida Shiro 
Published: January 2009

AbstractContinuous hydrolysis of olive oil byCandida cylindracea's lipase was studied in a microporous hydrophobic membrane bioreactor. Olive oil and buffer solution, fed continuously through two compartments partitioned by membrane, caused reaction at the interface of lipase‐adsorbed membrane and buffer solution. Fatty acid was obtained in a single phase without being mixed with components of other phases. At all mean residence times, countercurrent flow mode was superior to cocurrent one. The lipase was adsorbed onto the membrane, and its adsorption was suggested to be partially specific from the experiments with enzymes having various levels of purity. The percent hydrolysis depended hyperbolically on the interfacial enzyme concentration. The hydrolysis seemed to be limited by diffusion of fat or fatty acid through the micropores of the membrane at higher interfacial enzyme concentrations. The lipase was stabilized significantly by glycerol added to the buffer solution. Satisfactory performance of the membrane bioreactor was obtained in a longterm continuous operation which lasted for 24 days by feeding buffer‐glycerol (18.0%) solution over the adsorbed lipase. The operational half‐life of the adsorbed enzyme was 15 days at 40 C.
Factors affecting cloud point analysis of palm oleins
Authors: Siew W. L. , Oh F. C. H. , Ong A. S. H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSome of the factors affecting cloud point determination of palm oleins are described. These are the type of container used, method of stirring, rate of stirring and bath temperature. The repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations of the method are determined from collaborative trials. Recommendations for the test are made to reduce the large variations among laboratories.
Comparison of commercially available quaternary ammonium structures for phase transfer catalysis
Authors: Friedli F. E. , Vetter T. L. , Bursik M. J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA variety of commercially available tetralkyl (R1R2R3R4N+) ammonium chlorides and methyl sulfate salts were examined under phase transfer conditions. For conversion of benzyl chloride to benzyl acetate with aqueous potassium acetate, tri C8–10 methyl ammonium chloride was the most efficient, with tri C16–18 methyl ammonium chloride was next. The alkyl trimethyl ammonium chlorides (particularly C12–14 trimethyl) performed well for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with sodium hypochlorite. Trimethyl tallow, C16–18 partially unsaturated, ammonium chloride was the catalyst of choice for the dichlorocarbene addition to cyclohexene.
Recovery of water‐soluble solvents from oilseeds
Authors: Karnofsky George 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWater‐soluble solvents such as ethanol and isopropanol are recovered from oilseeds in equipment similar to that used for recovering hexane, but the bases for design are considerably different. Present and future commercial processes employing aqueous solvents are described, and desolventizing extracted particulates from them examined, particularly as they are affected by the concentration of alcohol in the solvent.
Fatty acid compositions of seed oils of sevenhibiscus species of malvaceae
Authors: Rao K. Sundar , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe seeds of sevenHibiscus (Malvaceae) species, viz.,H. surattensis, H. vitifolius, H. hirtus, H. punctatus, H. zeylanicus, H. micranthus andH. solandra, contained 13–17% oil. Linoleic acid predominated (43.9–67.6%) in the component fatty acids of all the oils, followed by palmitic (15.1–30.1%) and oleic acids (5.9–24.8%), while malvalic, sterculic, dihydrosterculic and epoxy acids were present in small concentrations (1.7–8.4, 0.6–3.9, trace‐2.1, trace‐0.5%, respectively).
Suitability of hydrogenated soybean oils for prefrying of deep‐frozen french fries
Authors: Keijbets M. J. H. , Ebbenhorst‐Seller G. , Ruisch J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe suitability of hydrogenated soybean oils (fats) for prefrying of deep‐frozen french fries has been investigated in a frying and storage experiment with five hydrogenated oils, of which four were commercially available and one was experimentally prepared. Three frying oils were hydrogenated soybean fats (0% C18:2 and C18:3), one was a partly hydrogenated soybean oil (25% C18:2; 0% C18:3) and one a hydrogenated palm fat (0% C18:2). An intermittent frying and heating procedure was used.Prefried french fries were stored deep‐frozen at −18 to −20 C for a period of one year. Although differences in hydrolysis and oxidation during frying were observed, the five hydrogenated frying oils were quite stable. During the storage period, hydrolytic and oxidative changes in the oil phase of prefried french fries were not detected, regardless of the frying oil used. Only slight changes in sensory quality could be detected in all french fry samples stored for one year at −18 to −20 C.Some differences in odor and taste of finish‐fried french fries observed initially were not observed after prolonged storage. Thus, it has been concluded that hydrogenated soybean oils, including a partly hydrogenated one, are suitable for prefrying french fries and for long‐term storage of deep‐frozen products.
Processing of prepressed solvent extracted oil from indian soybean‐refining loss studies
Authors: Sharma N. K. , Taneja V. K. , Wagle R. D. , Patel S. M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDegumming of soybean oil considerably reduces the free fatty acid (FFA) content of the oil. Lowering of refining loss when oil is degummed prior to caustic treatment is attributed to this reduction in FFA and the excess carry over of neutral oil, because gums are excellent emulsifiers. Pretreatment of solvent extracted soybean oil with phosphoric acid followed by water degumming and caustic refining results in a lower refining loss and considerable reduction in caustic requirement in comparison to the conventional process based on water degumming followed by gum conditioning with phosphoric acid and caustic refining. The process gives sharp and fast separation of gums from the oil.
Effects of processing on physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition ofhibiscus sabdariffa seed oil
Authors: Sarojini G. , Rao K. Chittemma , Tulpule P. G. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractExpeller pressed crudeHibiscus sabdariffa seed oil (mesta oil) is dark and most unappealing. On refining, the appearance of the oil is improved. The unusual fatty acids present in theH. sabdariffa seed oil, cyclopropene acids (malvalic C18H32O2 and sterculic C19H34O2) and epoxy oleic acid (C18H32O3), are not reduced by refining. Partial hydrogenation did not reduce the epoxy oleic acid, but it eliminated the cyclopropene acids. Heating for 10 min was sufficient for complete elimination of cyclopropene acids, but heating up to 60 min did not affect the epoxy acid.
Retention behavior of triglycerides on reverse phase columns using pseudophase liquid chromatography
Authors: Singleton J. A. , Pattee H. E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe use of micellar mobile phases in decreasing the elution time of peanut triglycerides on 10µ reverse phase columns is demonstrated. Both cationic and anionic surfactants were used with “end‐capped” and “non‐end‐capped” reverse phase columns. Surfactants added to both nonaqueous and aqueous organic mobile phases reduced the elution time of all triglyceride peaks when compared to a mobile phase without a surfactant modifier. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the modifier in the mobile phase was the most effective in reducing elution time for triglycerides when an “end‐capped” column was used as the stationary medium. Increasing concentrations of surfactant in the mobile phase resulted in corresponding decreases in elution times. A unique feature of micellar phases is that any increase in concentration only alters the concentration of the micelles in the mobile phase. The objective of this study was to investigate the retention behavior of large, non‐ionic solute molecules and to elucidate the adsorption mechanism on reverse phase columns.
Determination of ascorbyl palmitate by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Vicente Thelma S. , Waysek Edward H. , Cort Winifred M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn HPLC method for the determination of ascorbyl palmitate in vegetable oil and lard has been developed. Chromatographic conditions consist of a diamine column, a mobile phase of 70:30 (v/v) methanol:0.02M monobasic potassium phosphate buffer, pH 3.5, and UV detection. Samples were extracted with methanol. An overall average recovery value of 96.7% was obtained for ascorbyl palmitate in five representative vegetable oils and lard.
Stability studies on methyl and ethyl fatty acid esters of sunflowerseed oil
Authors: Du Plessis L. M. , De Villiers J. B. M. , Van Der Walt W. H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFatty acid esters, high in linoleic acid, were prepared and stored for long‐term engine tests. Storage tests with these esters were undertaken to obtain more information on optimal storage requirements and general stability characteristics.Samples were kept at three temperature levels (20 C, 30 C and fluctuating around 50 C) for a 90‐day period and were removed at regular intervals for chemical and physical analysis. The influence of air, temperature, light, TBHQ and contact with mild steel was evaluated by comparing the free fatty acid, peroxide, anisidine, ultraviolet absorption, viscosity and induction periods. A statistical model was used to evaluate the data and to reduce the large number of data points to comparable curves.Storage of esters in contact with air, especially at a temperature above 30 C, resulted in significant increases in peroxide, ultraviolet absorption, free fatty acid, viscosity and anisidine values. Exclusion of air retarded oxidation at all temperature levels.A direct relationship between viscosity increases and oxidation parameters was evident. Exposure to light caused a small increase in the oxidation parameters of esters stored at the highest temperature level. Addition of TBHQ prevented oxidation of samples stored under moderate conditions. Under unfavorable storage conditions the anti‐oxidant was no longer effective. Mild steel had very little effect on the oxidation parameters. Only the anisidine values of samples stored at the highest temperature level were slightly increased. Methyl esters performed slightly better than ethyl esters during the storage test.The following practical guidelines for storage of fatty acid ester fuels are: (i) airtight containers should be used; (ii) the storage temperature should be <30 C; (iii) mild steel (rust free) containers may be used, and (iv) TBHQ has a beneficial effect on oxidation stability.
Adsorption of soy oil phospholipids on silica
Authors: Brown Helen G. , Snyder Harry E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn experimental method for adsorption of phospholipids from soybean oil was developed based on chromatographic properties of the oil components. The traditional method for removing phospholipids involves hydrating the gums. However, when crude oil in hexane is applied to thin layers or columns of silica, the phospholipids irreversibly adsorb. The triglycerides can be eluted with non‐polar solvents and phospholipids with a polar solvent system. Hence, there is a basis for a selective adsorption of phospholipids on silica.The system involved stirring one hundred milliliters of oil in solvent (i.e., miscella) with one gram of silica for 15 min. The phosphorus content, before and after the reaction, was analyzed by wet ashing and Fiske‐Subbarow colorimetric reaction. Addition of isopropanol (at least 1%) to the hexane miscella caused an increase in phosphorus adsorption, most likely due to liberating triglyceride from adsorption sites. Increased adsorption was achieved by deactivating the silica. Oil concentration did not appear to affect the adsorption. The amount of phosphorus adsorbed depended on the concentration of the phospholipid.When phospholipid adsorbed per gram of silica is plotted vs the residual phospholipid, the plot resembles a Freundlich isotherm for reversible adsorption. Yet the adsorption is irreversible. Possible explanations for this type of adsorptive behavior are explored.
Polymorphism of hydrogenated canola oil
Authors: Naguib‐Mostafa Azza , deMan John M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe polymorphism of hydrogenated Canola oil was investigated using X‐ray diffraction. The effects of hydrogenation conditions (selective: 200 C; 48 kPa hydrogen pressure, and nonselective: 160 C; 303 kPa) and degree of unsaturation on the transformation β′ → β are discussed. A densitometer was used to follow the changes in the relative density of the characteristic short spacings, in an attempt to present a semiquantitative measure of β′ « β transformation during storage. The samples studied were selectively and nonselectively hydrogenated Canola oils of iodine values (IV) 70 and 60, respectively. Among the 4 samples, the selectively hydrogenated sample with IV 70 was the most stable and the nonselectively hydrogenated sample with IV 60 the least stable.