bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate genetic analysis of the causes of temperance board registrations
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Karkowski Laura M. , Prescott Carol A. , Neale Michael C. , Pedersen Nancy L. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe Temperance Boards in Sweden registered individuals for three reasons: public drunkenness, driving under the influence of alcohol and committing a crime in connection with alcohol. We wanted to ascertain whether these three forms of alcohol-related problems result from similar or different genetic and environmental risk factors.MethodWe conducted a trivariate twin analysis of these three causes of registration in all male-female twin pairs of known zygosity born in Sweden, 1926–1949 (n=5177 twin pairs).ResultsPrevalences of registration for public drunkenness, drink-driving and alcohol-related crime were, respectively, 9.0, 3.6 and 4.0%. The best-fitting model had one general genetic and one general familial – environmental factor with specific genetic risk factors for drink-driving and specific familial – environmental risk factors for alcohol-related crime.ConclusionsThe three causes for alcohol registration in Sweden largely reflect the same genetic and environmental risk factors. Estimated heritabilities were similar for the three forms of registration. However, specific genetic risk factors exist for drink-driving and specific familial – environmental risk factors for alcohol-related crime. Genetic factors are somewhat less important and familial –environmental factors more important for public drunkenness than for drink-driving and alcohol related crime.
Prefrontal cortex activity in people with schizophrenia and control subjects
Authors: Spence Sean A. , Hirsch Steven R. , Brooks David J. , Grasby Paul M. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundHypo-activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is inconsistently found in neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia. As the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in the generation of action, disordered function in this region may be implicated in schizophrenic symptomatology.MethodWe used H215O positron emission tomography to study dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function in men with schizophrenia (n=13) and male control subjects (n=6) performing joystick movements on two occasions, 4–6 weeks apart. The patients were initially in relapse. To clarify dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function we also scanned another group of control subjects (n=5) performing mouth movements.ResultsThe control subjects performing hand or mouth movements activated the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to a maximum when the movements were self-selected. The men with relapsed schizophrenia exhibited left dorsolateral prefrontal cortical hypo-activation, which remitted with symptomatic improvement.ConclusionsHypofrontality in these patients is a dynamic phenomenon across time, possibly related to current symptomatology. The most appropriate question about the presence of hypofrontality in schizophrenia may be when, rather than whether, it will occur.
Outcomes of Depression International Network (ODIN)
Authors: Dowrick Christopher , Casey Patricia , Dalgard Odd , Hosman Clemens , Lehtinen Ville , Vázquez-Barquero José-Luis , Wilkinson Greg 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundODIN aims (a) to provide data on the prevalence, risk factors and outcome of depressive disorders in rural and urban settings within the European Union (EU) based on an epidemiological sampling frame; and (b) to assess the impact of two psychological interventions on the outcome of depression and on service utilisation and costs.MethodFive centres across the EU are participating in ODIN. The centres are linked electronically and members meet regularly for training and strategic reviews. Urban and rural areas have been identified in each centre. The sampling frame is of adults aged 18–64, identified via primary care databases or electoral registers. Potential cases of depressive disorders are identified using the Beck Depression Inventory. SCAN II and other validated measures are used to assign caseness against DSM–IV and ICD–10 criteria; assess comorbidity, disability, genetic/familial susceptibility, psychosocial stressors, personality traits and cognitive factors; and utilisation of local health care services. A randomised controlled trial of individual problem-solving treatment and a group educational programme is undertaken for respondents identified as cases of depressive disorder. Individuals are followed-up at six and 12 months.Results and ConclusionsODIN has already stimulated the development of an effective international research partnership.
Home self-assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Marks Isaac M. , Baer Lee , Greist John H. , Park Je-Min , Bachofen Martin , Nakagawa Akiko , Wenzel Keith W. , Parkin J. Richard , Manzo Peter S. , Dottl Susan L. , Mantle Julia M. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundTwo studies tested whether subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder could successfully use BT STEPS, a computer-aided system, to perform self-assessment for self-treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder by exposure and ritual prevention.MethodSubjects were given a self-guiding manual and could use a touch-tone telephone to access computer-controlled Interactive Voice Response interviews at their convenience from home. Using the BT STEPS system, patients rated themselves and worked out a plan for individually tailored self-exposure therapy.ResultsOutcomes were similar in the two studies. Of the 63 subjects who used BT STEPS, 84% completed the self-assessment module. Most calls were made outside usual office hours. As expected, subjects did not improve merely by completing self-assessment. However, completion of self-assessment predicted later improvement with self-exposure therapy.ConclusionsMost subjects successfully completed self-assessment using BT STEPS from their homes.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents following road traffic accidents
Authors: Mirza K. A. H. , Bhadrinath B. R. , Goodyer Ian M. , Gilmour Carol 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a persistent and disabling psychiatric disorder. There is little systematic research into the psychiatric consequences of road traffic accidents (RTAs) in children and adolescents.MethodA consecutive sample of 8–16-year-olds attending an accident and emergency department following RTAs were screened for PTSD. Potential cases and their parent(s) were interviewed with semi-structured research instruments about six weeks and six months after the accident.ResultsFifty-three (45%) of the 119 subjects fell above PTSD cut-off on the Frederick's Reaction Index. Thirty-three (75%) of the 44 cases met DSM–IV criteria for PTSD. In half of these other psychiatric disorders were present, including major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. Being female, involvement in car accidents and pre-existing depression and anxiety were associated with developing PTSD. Seventeen per cent of the sample continued to be symptomatic six months after the accident.ConclusionsPTSD is a common consequence of RTAs. Liaison with accident and emergency departments would enhance the early detection and follow-up of children at risk of developing PTSD.
Home-based versus hospital-based care for serious mental illness
Authors: Knapp Martin R. J. , Marks Isaac M. , Wolstenholme Jane , Beecham Jennifer K. , Astin Jack , Audini Bernard , Connolly Joseph , Watts Vik 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe Daily Living Programme (DLP) offered intensive home-based care with problem-centred case management for seriously mentally ill people facing crisis admission to the Maudsley Hospital, London. The cost-effectiveness of the DLP was examined over four years.MethodA randomised controlled study examined cost-effectiveness of DLP versus standard in/out-patient hospital care over 20 months, followed by a randomised controlled withdrawal of half the DLP patients into standard care. Three patient groups were compared over 45 months: DLP throughout the period, DLP for 20 months followed by standard care, and standard care throughout. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted (the latter to standardise for possible inter-sample differences stemming from sample attrition and to explore sources of within-sample variation).ResultsThe DLP was more cost-effective than control care over months 1–20, and also over the full 45-month period, but the difference between groups may have disappeared by the end of month 45.ConclusionsThe reduction of the cost-effectiveness advantage for home-based care was perhaps partly due to the attenuation of DLP care, although sample attrition left some comparisons under-powered.
Pindolol augmentation of antidepressant therapy
Authors: McAskill Robyn , Mir Shameem , Taylor David 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundAntidepressant therapy is not always effective and is slow to take effect. In theory, these shortfalls may be caused by induction of neuronal negative feedback via pre-synaptic 5-HTIA receptors. Pindolol, an antagonist at somatodentritic pre-synaptic 5-HTIA receptors has been investigated as a potential accelerator and augmenter of antidepressant response.MethodA Medline search was conducted in November 1997.ResultsSix open-label studies and six controlled studies were identified for review Conclusions Open-label studies strongly suggest that pindolol may accelerate and augment antidepressant response, but controlled studies do not wholly support these findings: only three of six studies clearly demonstrate benefit. Larger, well-designed, controlled trials are needed to determine definitively the effectiveness of pindolol in this context.
Methods used for suicide by farmers in England and Wales
Authors: Hawton Keith , Fagg Joan , Simkin Sue , Harriss Louise , Malmberg Aslög 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundFarmers in the UK have an elevated risk of suicide. It has been suggested that this may be related to their ease of access to dangerous means for suicidal behaviour. The extent to which farmers use these means and changes in their use may be relevant to suicide prevention.MethodData on 719 deaths in farmers of both genders in England and Wales between 1981 and 1993 in which a verdict of suicide or undetermined cause (open verdict) was recorded were analysed.ResultsOf 702 deaths in male farmers, farms were involved in 40.0%, hanging in 29.6%, carbon monoxide in 16.4%, poisoning in 8.0% (over half of which involved agricultural or horticultural poisons) and other methods in 6.1%. There was a considerable excess of deaths due to firearms compared with the distribution of methods of suicide and open verdict deaths in males in the general population. Hanging was also somewhat more frequent. During the study period there was a reduction in firearm death rates, particularly after 1989 when there was national legislation on firearm ownership, registration and storage. There were also fewer farming suicides after this date. By the end of the study period hanging was more frequent than deaths involving firearms.ConclusionsFarmers who commit suicide tend to use methods to which they have easy access. Restriction of the ready availability of such methods, particularly in farmers known to be depressed or otherwise at risk, might prevent some suicides.
Rationale and design
Authors: Thornicroft Graham , Strathdee Geraldine , Phelan Michael , Holloway Frank , Wykes Til , Dunn Graham , McCrone Paul , Leese Morven , Johnson Sonia , Szmukler George 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThis paper sets out the rationale for the PRiSM Psychosis Study, and the research design used. Nine accompanying papers present the main results. The questions addressed by the PRiSM Psychosis Study are: can the gains of experimental studies which have demonstrated benefits arising from treatment by community mental health teams be translated to routine settings? If so, are the benefits diluted in ordinary clinical practice? What are the costs?MethodA prospective non-randomised controlled trial of two types of community mental health service, in two phases: case identification followed by patient interviews. For the case identification the research team conducted the complete ascertainment of all prevalent cases of psychosis in the two study catchment areas in the index year (1991–1992). From all 514 patients with psychotic disorders thus identified, 302 were randomly allocated for interview, along with a key informant clinician and a carer. Interviews were undertaken at two time points, two years apart.ResultsThis paper presents the socio-demographic, clinical and ethnic characteristics of the patients.ConclusionsThe people with psychosis interviewed for the PRiSM Psychosis Study are representative of the whole epidemiologically based patient population identified.
Utilisation and costs of community mental health services
Authors: McCrone Paul , Thornicroft Graham , Phelan Michael , Holloway Frank , Wykes Til , Johnson Sonia 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe costs and the effectiveness of mental health services need to be evaluated if provision is to be efficient. Service use and costs are described for two geographical areas in south London.MethodService use was measured comprehensively for clients in both sectors for two six-month time periods using the Client Service Receipt Interview This information was combined with unit costs to calculate service costs. The ‘hidden’ costs of informal care and unsupported accommodation were also calculated.ResultsAt baseline significantly more intensive sector clients had in-patient stays but by the follow-up this difference had disappeared. There was significantly more use of supported accommodation in the intensive sector during both time periods. Baseline and follow-up total service costs were significantly higher for the intensive sector. Costs were spread disproportionately and a small number of services accounted for a large proportion of cost.ConclusionsWhile the cost at Time 2 was significantly greater in the intensive sector, this was largely due to the high use of supported accommodation. There was some convergence in cost between the sectors over time.
User perspective on needs and satisfaction with mental health services
Authors: Leese Morven , Johnson Sonia , Slade Mike , Parkman Sue , Kelly Frank , Phelan Michael , Thornicroft Graham 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundMeasurement of the impact of different types of service provision on the views of service users is important in planning mental health services.MethodNeeds (met and unmet) and satisfaction with services, were assessed. People with psychosis (n=131) were interviewed before (Time 1) and after (Time 2) the introduction of two community mental health services in south London. One was intensive, with two specialist teams, the other standard. Outcomes were compared at Time 2, controlling for the Time 1 values.ResultsOverall, 70% of needs were met and mean satisfaction was between ‘mixed’ and ‘mainly satisfied’. There was evidence for higher met needs in the intensive sector, but no evidence for lower unmet needs in the intensive sector or for differences in satisfaction. The additional needs met by the intensive service were associated with aspects of basic living situation. Satisfaction was negatively correlated with both unmet and met needs.ConclusionsBoth services were reasonably successful, with little difference from the user perspective. The intensive service provided benefits in terms of met needs, but this has to be balanced against a possible increase in unmet needs.
Family burden of schizophrenia and depressive illness
Authors: Jenkins Janis H. , Schumacher John G. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe burdens experienced by relatives of mentally ill persons are substantial.AimsTo study the relationship between family burden and sociocultural context.MethodA comparative study of Euro-Americans and Latinos ascertained whether dimensions of family response are (a) non-specific to diagnostic groups; and/or (b) variable across cultural settings.ResultsRegardless of diagnosis or ethnicity, patient misery was found most burdensome and distressing. However, considerable difference in shades of meaning and nuance across groups appears in relation to what is classed similarly as ‘misery’. Only gender was significantly associated with social performance (males reported to have greater deficits). A complex cultural – ecological effect was observed among the Latino–schizophrenia group.ConclusionsFindings suggest similarities and differences in levels of family burden in relation to socio-cultural factors across cultural and diagnostic groups. The specificity of results by objective and subjective measures, types of burden, gender, ethnicity, diagnosis, and living situation confirm the importance of context and heterogeneity in understanding family burden and distress.
Genetic basis of attention deficit and hyperactivity
Authors: Thapar Anita , Holmes Jane , Poulton Kay , Harrington Richard 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundHyperkinetic disorder or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an important clinical condition.AimsThe research evidence for a genetic contribution to ADHD is reviewed.MethodMeasurement of the phenotype, the extent to which attention deficit and hyperactivity are heritable and molecular genetic findings are discussed. Future research directions are also considered.ResultsADHD is a familial disorder. Available adoption evidence suggests genetic influences are important. Twin studies have primarily focused on trait measures which have consistently been found to be highly heritable. Molecular genetic studies of clinical disorder so far have suggested the involvement of the dopamine DRD-4 receptor gene and dopamine transporter gene (DATI). However, these findings await further replication.ConclusionsAdvances in psychiatric genetics and current research interest in the genetics of ADHD should improve our understanding of aetiological factors and have an impact on treatment.
Prevalence of substance misuse in first-episode psychosis
Authors: Cantwell Roch , Brewin John , Glazebrook Cristine , Dalkin Tim , Fox Richard , Medley Ian , Harrison Glynn 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundReports suggest a high prevalence of substance misuse in psychotic disorders but few studies examine comorbidity at onset of psychosis.AimsTo identify the prevalence and pattern of substance use and misuse in first-episode psychosis, and relationships with diagnosis, mode of presentation and demographic variables.MethodConsensus diagnoses for 168 subjects presenting with first-episode psychosis were made using ICD–10 diagnostic criteria. Information on substance use and misuse was obtained from multiple sources. We examined associations between substance misuse, diagnosis and demographic factors.ResultsCriteria for drug use, drug misuse or alcohol misuse were met by 37% of the sample. One-year prevalence rates were 19.5% (drug misuse) and 11.7% (alcohol misuse). Thirteen subjects (8.4%) received a primary diagnosis of substance-related psychotic disorder; a significant increase compared with an earlier cohort from the same catchment area. Drug misuse was associated with younger age of onset of psychosis, male gender and non–African–Caribbean ethnicity.ConclusionsThis study confirms high rates of substance misuse at onset of psychosis. There is evidence for an increase in diagnosis of substance-related psychotic disorders over time. Those most at risk of substance misuse are young males.
Neurobehavioural symptoms one year after a head injury
Authors: Deb Shoumitro , Lyons Ita , Koutzoukis Charis 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundNeurobehavioural symptoms are common immediately after a minor head injury but have not been studied one year after the injury.AimsTo estimate the rate and pattern of neurobehavioural symptoms one year after a head injury of varying severity.MethodAdults who had been hospitalised after a head injury (n=196, 164 of whom had a face-to-face interview) and showed indirect evidence of brain assault were assessed for the presence of neurobehavioural symptoms with the help of a behaviour rating scale.ResultsAbout 40% had three or more symptoms. Individual symptoms varied among 3% (social disinhibition), 15% (lack of initiative) and 35% (irritability) of the cohort. Premorbid factors such as lower social class and lower educational achievement, head-injury-related factors such a low Glasgow coma score, and outcome-related factors such as the presence of a disability according to the Edinburgh Rehabilitation Status Scale and psychiatric caseness according to the Clinical Interview Schedule–Revised, significantly influenced the rate and the pattern of behavioural symptoms. The pattern of symptoms varied between age groups and according to the severity of the head injury.ConclusionsA significant proportion of patients with varying degrees of severity of head injury showed behavioural symptoms after one-year of head injury.
Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Elderly People (HoNOS 65+)
Authors: Burns Alistair , Beevor Anne , Lelliott Paul , Wing John , Blakey Andrew , Orrell Martin , Mulinga John , Hadden Stuart 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundHealth of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) have been developed to measure outcomes in people with mental health problems.AimsThe particular physical and cognitive problems affecting older people requires a specific scale for their measurement. We describe the development of such a scale, named HoNOS 65+.MethodPilot, validity and reliability studies were carried out on an amended scale. Validity was assessed by comparison with existing scales reflecting depression, cognitive function, psychiatric symptomatology, activities of daily living and functional abilities. Reliability was measured in two centres.ResultsHoNOS 65+ was successfully amended to include specific aspects of mental health problems in older people including the phenomenology of depression, delusions occurring in the presence of dementia, incontinence and agitation/restlessness. HoNOS 65+ was able to discriminate between people suffering from organic and functional illnesses. Correlations with other scales indicated reasonable validity. Reliability was satisfactory.ConclusionsAversion of HoNOS 65+ is presented (see pp. 435–438, this issue) which is appropriate for use in elderly people with mental health problems.
Durability of the effects of cognitive–behavioural therapy in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia: 12-month follow-up
Authors: Tarrier Nicholas , Witttkowskj Anja , Kinney Caroline , McCarthy Eilis , Morris Juue , Humphreys Lloyd 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundPersistent drug-resistant psychotic symptoms are a pervasive problem in the treatment of schizophrenia.AimsTo evaluate the durability of the treatment effects of cognitive–behavioural therapy for chronic schizophrenia one year after treatment termination.MethodA comparison of clinical outcomes was made at one-year follow-up from a randomised trial of cognitive–behavioural therapy, supportive counselling and routine care alone in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.ResultsSeventy out of the 72 patients (97%) who completed treatment were assessed at follow-up. There were significant differences between the three groups when positive and negative symptoms were analysed by means of ANCOVAs. Between-group comparisons indicated significant differences between cognitive–behavioural therapy and routine care at follow-up for positive symptoms. There was a trend towards significance for both cognitive–behavioural therapy and supportive counselling to be superior to routine care alone on negative symptoms.ConclusionsAt 12-month follow-up the significant advantage of cognitive– behavioural therapy compared to routine care alone remained.