bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Trends in the Structure and Levels of Compensation Costs
Authors: Schwenk Albert E. 
Published: March 2007

The United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics produces two measures of the cost of compensation, neither of which is easily understood-not even by compensation professionals. The Employment Cost Index (ECI) measures pure wage rate and compensation cost changes, while the second measure, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (cost levels) provides information on compensation cost trends not available from the ECI and is generally a better measure of the changes affecting the welfare of workers. Differences between the cost levels and ECI indices in year-to-year changes can be explained by differences in the way the two measures are constructed-that is, the set of weights used and the way the data are linked from quarter to quarter. This article summarizes data collection for these two measures and notes the major trends reflected. It also discusses the differences between the measures and how they can be used, both separately and side-by-side.
The New New Year: or, How a Tradition was Tempered
Authors: Sklevicky Lydia 
Published: March 2007

Hommage à Milovan Gavazzi, on the fiftieth anniversary of Godina dana hrvatskih narodnih običaja (A Year of Croatian National Customs) “New Year's Day, the socialist holiday of the peoples of Yugoslavia, is a day of joy for all workers of our land, for on that day we sum up the results of our labor. Every new year is one step higher in our ascent toward socialism. We are transforming ourselves from a technically and culturally backward land into an advanced, economically independent, and cultured land.” “We have our days of celebration, such as November 29, March 8, May 1, and New Year's Day, and on those days we will give our children presents and organize a children's holiday.” “In the cities, on squares or intersections, one could decorate a large fir tree, which would be especially well decorated with the five-pointed star, hammer and sickle, and so forth.” “This year's celebration of the day of `Children's Joy' ” must have a mass character, therefore our organization, along with all other organizations, must seek to make the celebration succeed and to become in time a national custom and replace the former religious holiday. ” “The celebration of the New Year must also acquire a political character. ”
The Reconstruction and Development Programme
Authors: Cameron Robert 
Published: March 2007

The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) is the major policy initiative of the Government of National Unity (GNU). The RDP is an integrated, coherent socio-economic framework which attempts to integrate development, reconstruction, redistribution and reconciliation into a unified programme. The aim of this paper is to assess the performance of the RDP in the first 18 months of GNU rule. An overview is given of the RDP White Paper as well as the initial RDP projects, the Presidential Lead Projects (PLPs). This is followed by an evaluation of the performance of the RDP. Specific attention is paid to institutional deficiencies, local government, community participation, centralization and budgeting. The paper concludes that although the RDP has not performed according to expectations, it is too soon to make a definitive evaluation. However, there is heavy pressure on the government to deliver tangible benefits soon. If this is not done the GNU's image will be badly tarnished.
Prescribing Behaviour of Physicians
Authors: Sharma Sangeeta , Gupta Usha , Roy Chaudhury R. , Bapna J.S. 
Published: March 2007

To improve drug-use-related problems appropriately, demonstration of the inap propriate use of drugs alone is not sufficient. Data on its causation and suitable interventions are essential. Hence, a prospective randomised controlled study was conducted with the objective to identify drug-use-related problems in acute upper respiratory infections and non-specific acute diarrhoea with a special focus on use of antibiotics in 32 dispensaries and seven colony (15-bedded) hospitals in Delhi. An educational intervention in the form of small group discussions was introduced in the study group to improve the appropriate use of antibiotics. The control group did not participate in the small group discussions. The principal finding of the qualitative assessment was that the prescriber's knowledge of anti biotic use and risks was generally sufficient, yet they overused antibiotics. The reasons or underlying factors encouraging the use of antibiotics in ARI and non- rehydration therapy (antidiarrhoeals, antibiotics, antiamoebics) and hindering the use of oral rehydration therapy in diarrhoea were worries regarding precise aetiology, to prevent secondary infections, the deterioration of the patient's con dition, to meet the demand of patients and the fear of losing patients. The aver age number of drugs prescribed in ARI reduced significantly in both the groups (control group 2.82±0.88 vs. 2.63±0.58; study group 2.72±0.38 vs. 2.54±0.38) following intervention (p < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in the use of antibiotics in ARI in the study group from 64.86 to 51.30 per cent after inter vention (p < 0.003). There was no change (60.5 vs. 63.9 per cent) in the control group in ARI. In diarrhoea too the average number of drugs prescribed reduced significantly (p < 0.0001) in both the groups (study group 2.25±0.59 vs. 2.27±0.77; control group 2.31±1.76 vs. 2.76±0.73). Antibiotic use declined significantly in all health facilities in both the study groups (intervention group 82.1 per cent vs. 68.90 per cent; control group 80.3 vs. 62.3 per cent). In diarrhoea all the health facilities in the study group fell in the category of 50 to 80 per cent or more antibiotic use before intervention. About 75 per cent of the drugs were prescribed by generic names and more than 90 per cent were from the essential drugs list. The results of the study show that though antibiotic use declined after inter vention, there is a need for such interventions regularly to bring about long- lasting changes in prescribing behaviour.
The Roles of Returned Foreign Education Students in Chinese Higher Education
Authors: Guo Yugui 
Published: March 2007

This article presents an overview, of the historical background and social context in which Chinese higher education has evolved and how foreign ideas and models hate influenced its modem and contemporary history. Special attention is paid to policies of the state and the influences and roles of `the five generations" of Chinese foreign-educated returned students in the social, economic" scientific and political modernization of China in general and the modernization of higher education in particular As the introduction of modern higher education in China was a direct result of China s contact with the outside world, Chinese foreign-educated students have played key roles in this international interaction. This articles emphasizes the unique contributions of these students and predicts their influence and role in the future.
Co-Essence Model of Vocational Assessment for Racial/Ethnic Minorities (CEMVA-REM): An Existential Approach
Authors: Highlen Pamela S. , Sudarsky-Gleiser Carina 
Published: March 2007

The CEMVA-REM (Co-Essence Model of Vocational Assessment for Racial/Ethnic Minorities) is proposed as an existential approach to vocational counseling for racial/ethnic minority clients. Barriers such as structural/cultural influences, the non-conscious ideology of dominant European-American culture, racism, and multiple oppressors are explored as they impact on vocational choice. CEMVA- REM formulates vocational counseling as multicontextual, specifically that clients must be considered within the context of extended self, as well as the environmental contexts of family and pluralistic cultures. CEMVA-REM proponents consider the degree of acculturation, communalism (the importance of family and community in the client's life), client values, communication style, and high- versus low-context cultural background. Within CEMVA-REM, clients are considered coinvestigators. Self-exploration and qualitative assessment is valued. Indirect approaches, such as sandplay, art, metaphors, and stories are utilized. Vocational counselors act as facilitators to explore the client's multiple identities. A six-phase process is introduced to support the client's connection with his or her true calling and capacity to manifest this calling through vocational selection. El modelo de asesoría vocacional para minorías étnicas y raciales basado en la co-esencia del ser, "Co-Essence Model of Vocational Assessment for Racial/Ethnic Minorities: CEMVA-REM," se propone como un método existencial de consejería vocacional para clientes de grupos raciales/étnicos minoritarios. Ciertas barreras tales como las influencias culturales y estrucurales, la ideología poco conciente de la cultura dominante Euro-Americana, el racismo, y las opresiones múltiples, deben ser exploradas en relación a su impacto en la selección vocacional. El modelo CEMVA-REM propone la necesidad de ver la consejería vocacional dentro de contextos múltiples. Especialmente, se propone que el cliente sea considerado dentro del contexto de un ser extenso e inclusivo y bajo el contexto ambiental de la familia y las diversas culturas a las cuales el cliente pertenece. Los supuestos de CEMVA-REM consideran el grado de aculturación y comunalismo (la importancia de la familia y la comunidad en la vida del cliente), los valores, estilos de comunicación y el contexto cultural del cliente (culturas de alto vs. bajo contexto). Bajo CEMVA-REM, los clientes se consideran co-investigadores. Se valora la auto-exploración y la evaluación cualitativa. Se utilizan métodos indirectos como el uso de la caja de arena, arte, metáforas y historias. Los consejeros vocacionales facilitan la exploración de las múltiples identidades del cliente. CEMVA-REM propone un proceso compuesto de seis faces como apoyo a la conexión que el cliente tiene con su verdadero Ilamado ocupacional y a su capacidad de manifestar este Ilamado en la selección vocacional.
Chemical Wastes in our Atmosphere—An Ecological Crisis
Authors: Likens Gene E. 
Published: March 2007

A large variety of chemical wastes is added to our atmosphere from nu merous human activites. Some of these, such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides (which produce acid rain), ozone, metals, and hydrocarbons, have reached high concentrations in industrialized and urbanized regions of the globe and are causing an ecological crisis. Acid rain and snow have been falling on increasingly widespread areas of the world during the past several decades. Large areas of North America, Europe, and Asia now receive rain that is, on average, 10 to greater than 30 times more acidic than would be expected for unpolluted atmospheres. Fre quently, individual rainstorms or cloudwater events have pH values of less than 3. Dry deposition of acidic substances (gases and particles) to natural ecosystems may equal inputs from rain and snow. Effects of air pollution on surface waters, forests, and crops are very difficult to quantify because these natural systems are exceedingly variable and complex. Nevertheless, thousands of lakes and streams in North America and Europe have become so acidic that they cannot support viable populations of fish and other organisms. Highly acidic precipitation events coupled with high atmospheric concentrations of ozone and metals can cause plant damage. Crop loss from ozone damage in the United States is estimated at 6 to 7% annually. The environmental and economic conse quences of air pollution have yet to be evaluated fully, but atmospheric ozone and inputs of acids and metals to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems clearly represent a potential ecological crisis. Various historical and transboundary aspects of these air pollution problems have become controversial political and economic issues, particu larly between states within the United States, between the United States and Canada, and between various countries in Europe. The solution to this many-faceted environmental problem represents an enormous scientific and political challenge.
Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Cell Shape on Heat and Mass Transfer through Elastomeric Foams
Authors: Khanpara J.C. , Sirdeshpande G. 
Published: March 2007

Wide usage of cellular foam as low temperature thermal insulating material warrants good understanding of its thermal and water vapor transmission behavior. An attempt has been made to experimentally observe the effect of cell shape on heat and mass transfer characteristics of cellular foams. The foam samples used in this study were derived from elastomeric foam The thermal conductivity and water vapor transmission data were taken on foams with three different cell shapes. one having spherical cells and two having elliptical cells, with varied degree of elon gation. The thermal conductivity measurements on the samples described above were ob tained using Thin-Heater thermal conductivity apparatus, otherwise known as the ASTM C-1114 test. The thermal measurements were performed in the temperature range of 35 to 153°F. The experimental data indicated no significant effect of the cell elongation on thermal conductivity of foam. This could be attributed to the follow ing : a) the densities of the foam were roughly the same, and therefore conduction heat transfer was not significantly changed; b) the possible decrease in the radiation component of thermal conductivity because of elongated cells was nullified by the increase in transmission of heat attributable to relatively thinner walls resulting from the stretching of the foams during sample preparation. Additionally, the change in the shape of cells could have changed the radiation heat transfer characteristic of the samples. Water vapor permeabilities of the foams with elongated cells were measured with Permatran® and compared to that of the foam with uniform cells. It was found that the foams with elongated cells had almost twice the permeability as the foams with uniform cells Also, the two foams with elongated cells had about the same perme abilities, although their degrees of elongation differed. The difference between the permeabilities of the foams with elongated cells and foams with uniform cells could be attributed to the different strain and thermal histories undergone during the prep aration of the foam samples The results of water vapor transmission measurements of the foams underscore the importance of transmission properties of the cell walls in offering the primary resis tance to mass transport From thermal conductivity measurements, it appears that the thermal properties of the foam arc not affected as significantly by the changes in properties of the cell wall.
Heat Flux Transducers Measure in-situ Building Thermal Performance
Authors: Flanders Stephen N. 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an overview of heat flux transducers (HFTs) used for in-situ measurements of building performance. HFTs that are mounted in labora tory testing apparatuses are beyond the scope of the paper. The overview is based on HFT literature from the past five years. The overview covers how HFTs are constructed to measure heat flow and touches on the near relatives of HFTs, portable calorimeters and thermal probes. The question of calibration is key to the appropriate use of HFTs. The paper discusses the range of building thermal performance applications for HFTs from roofs to foundations to mechanical systems. A variety of ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards exist that relate to characterizing the building thermal context the HFT is used in. They pertain to: • Using thermography • HFT measurements • Calculatmg thermal resistance from in-situ data • Calibrating the HFT The paper discusses key elements to consider in the use of HFTs for in-situ measure ments and addresses current developments in the construction and use of HFTs.
Review : Children's nurse education: dilemmas and future visions
Authors: Rushforth Helen , Powell Catherine 
Published: March 2007

■ The use of the term 'general nurse' in a recent national recruitment advertising campaign may reveal a hidden agenda with significant implications for children's nursing ■ This concern presents a catalyst for re-examining the preparation of children's nursing practitioners ■ Children's nurses on part 15 of the register face professional discrimination both nationally and internationally ■ Reform of the preparation of children's nurses is needed to take such discrimination into account in order to optimise their education and to maximise the national and international currency of their qualification ■ The fundamental principle that children must be cared for by children's nurses must remain inviolate
Mapping diarrhoeal disease in Nepal
Authors: Littlewood Jenny , Pokhrel Durga 
Published: March 2007

■ Nepal has an isolated population where diarrhoeal disease is one of the main causes of infant death. ■ The distinctions made about causes and consequences of abdominal problems are considered. ■ Cognitive mapping was used to elicit mothers' ideas of diarrhoea, constipation and vomiting. ■ Literacy programmes have been introduced. ■ Diagrammatic research can be useful in a culture which is predominantly oral in tradition.
Conversational Techniques Used in Transferring Knowledge between Medical Experts and Non-experts
Authors: GÜLICH ELISABETH 
Published: March 2007

Unlike a great deal of research on expert/non-expert communication, most of which is based on written materials, this article focuses on face-to-face communication. The analysis is based on a large corpus of transcribed recordings of medical seminars in rehabilitation centres and of interviews with chronically ill patients suffering from heart conditions. The focus is on procedures of illustration, which are often combined with reformulation procedures. Four main types are described: metaphors, exemplification, `scenarios', concretization. Whatever the type of illustration used, participants in face-to-face interaction show a marked preference for procedures which relate abstract medical information to everyday life and experience. After a brief outline of the theoretical approach adopted the analysis proceeds in two steps: first, the emphasis is on techniques employed by the `experts', then on those used by `non-experts', i.e. patients. This is followed by an examination of the question how the roles of expert and non-expert are constituted in and by interaction.
Influence of Thoracoabdominal Movement on Pulmonary Function in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Comparison with Healthy Subjects
Authors: Tamaki Akira , Matsuo Yoshimi , Yanagihara Takehiko , Abe Kazuo 
Published: March 2007

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) may develop pulmonary dysfunction, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. We investigated a correlation between thoracoab dominal movements and pulmonary function in seven patients with PD and 14 healthy controls. We measured vital capacity (VC) and forced vital capacity (FVC) using an autospirometer, and measured chest and abdominal movements using a respiraory in ductance plethysmography by fixing transducers on the rib cage and umbilicus. Pa tients with PD had significantly decreased % VC (90.3 ± 17.1 vs 105.8 ± 13.9%), chest movement (271.3 ± 79.6 vs. 375.2 ± 126.7% VT) and abdominal movement (217.6 ± 93.5 vs. 247.4 ± 100.2% VT) with 100% VT being an average volume of chest and abdomen at rest during measurement of VC. Patients with PD also had sig nificantly decreased % FVC (74.4 ± 20.6 vs. 97.6 ± 14.1%), chest movement (246.2 ± 115.2 vs. 344.5 ± 126.4% VT) and abdominal movement (160.3 ± 105.6 vs 207.6 ± 104.7% VT) with 100% VT being an average volume of chest and abdomen at rest during forced maximal inspiration. Based on the results, we conclude that a reduction of % VC in patients with PD correlated with chest movements, while a reduction of % FVC correlated with ab dominal movement in patients with PD.
Coextrusion With Barrier Resin Scrap: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Djordjevic Dragan 
Published: March 2007

The development of multilayer barrier materials and adhesives together with coex trusion and forming technology have generated substantial growth in the production of plastic containers. As a result of current interest in such plastic barrier products, intensive study is being made on the feasibility for the recovery of scrap which con tains barrier resins, such as polyvinylidene chloride copolymers (PVDC) and ethyl ene vinyl alcohol (EVOH). Since thermoforming of containers from coextruded sheet generates 30-50% scrap, an economically feasible barrier container requires a technically successful recycle system. Recycling of multilayer structures containing barrier resins is technically more complex than recycling scrap containing two different polymers particularly with an asymmetrically positioned scrap layer. This paper describes the development of a new system for barrier coextruded products with asymmetrical structures containing 50-60% (by volume) in the recycle layer, particularly PVDC. A study model for con tinuous recycling of composite regrind is developed to provide good quality retort- able containers at reasonable costs; industrial trial results are also discussed.
Self-Monitoring, Gender, and the Personal Consequences of Impression Management
Authors: RIORDAN CATHERINE A. , GROSS TAMARA , MALONEY CATHLIN C. 
Published: March 2007

For an actress to be a success, she must have the face of a Venus, the brains of a Minerva, the grace of Terpsichore, the memory of a Macauley, the figure of Juno and the hide of a rhinoceros. —Ethel Barrymore
The Performance on the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal of University Students Classified According to Sex, Type of Course Pursued, and Personality Score Category
Authors: Simon A. , Ward L.O. 
Published: March 2007

Seventy-nine third year British university students were randomly selected and tested on the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Men did perform at a significantly higher level than women did on the Watson-Glaser instrument, and this performance was associated with their significantly higher level of performance in the subtests of Inference and Evaluation of Arguments. There was no difference in performance which could be related to enrollment in an Arts or Science course, except for the test of Inference in which Science students did have a very significantly higher score than Arts students did. Performance on the Watson-Glaser instrument was not significantly associated with scores of extroversion-introversion on the Eysenck Personality Inventory.
Overt Expectancies in a Classroom Setting: Implications for the Validity of Responses Obtained from an Attitudinal Scale
Authors: Dolly John P. , Page D. Patricia 
Published: March 2007

Subjects were given either positive, negative, or neutral information concerning an attitudinal questionnaire that they were asked to complete. The positive information group obtained the lowest scores, followed by the negative information group, with the neutral information group obtaining the highest mean score. An analysis of variance revealed that the differences among the mean scores of the three groups were significant. This outcome was contrary to what most of the literature predicts. The subjects acted in opposition to what they had been told. It was concluded that the validity of affective measures could be affected by instructions given to examinees who may develop different interpersonal expectancies of the outcome.