bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognition in Children With Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Etiologic Considerations
Authors: Pierson Suzanne K. , Caudle Susan E. , Krull Kevin R. , Haymond Jody , Tonini Ross , Oghalai John S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectives: A considerable amount of literature has documented the impact of hearing impairment on spoken language skills in deaf children referred for cochlear implantation. Critical areas of neurocognitive development in the acquisition of visual (manual) language also appear to be impacted, although the evidence is less robust. The present study focused on the development of visual and fine motor skills in a sample of preschool‐age children diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss with no known neurologic conditions (n = 36).Study Design: Analysis of data collected as part of a standardized screening process for cochlear implantation at an academic medical center.Method: Children underwent a standardized neuropsychological assessment battery. Children were classified into three groups based on the etiology of their deafness (Connexin = 15, Structural Malformation = 11, and Unknown = 10).Results/Conclusions: Correlational analyses replicated previous research on the reduction in visual reception and fine motor skills as deaf children age. Children with genetic (Connexin) etiology exhibited a significant reduction in fine motor skills with age, whereas those with an etiology of Structural Abnormality exhibited a significant reduction in visual reception skills with age. Results of planned comparisons conducted as part of a multivariate analysis of variance (Skill × Group) indicated that the Connexin group was significantly better than the Unknown group with regard to fine motor skills. Implications for these findings and future studies are discussed.
Angiogenesis in skin aging and photoaging
Authors: CHUNG Jin Ho , EUN Hee Chul 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAngiogenesis, the process of generating new blood vessels, is affected by various physiological and pathological conditions of skin. The skin aging process can be divided into intrinsic aging and photoaging. With aging, cutaneous blood vessels undergo pronounced alterations. A reduction of the cutaneous microvasculature has been observed in the skin of elderly individuals. Human skin is exposed daily to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, infrared rays and heat, and these stimuli are known to induce skin angiogenesis. Interestingly, although acute UV irradiation stimulates skin angiogenesis, cutaneous blood vessels are decreased in chronically photodamaged skin. The reason for the differential effects of acute and chronic UV exposure on skin angiogenesis remains to be elucidated. This review discusses the vascularization changes in intrinsically aged and photoaged human skin, the effects of UV irradiation, infrared rays and heat on skin angiogenesis, and the effects of topical retinoic acid treatment on UV‐induced angiogenesis and cutaneous vascularity in aged and photoaged human skin. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms of aging‐ and photoaging‐dependent changes of skin angiogenesis may provide us with new insights to prevent and treat the skin aging process.
Paraneoplastic pemphigus presenting as erythrodermic lichenoid dermatitis with concomitant features of pemphigus foliaceus
Authors: FUKUMOTO Takaya , SHIROYAMA Yoshimi , NIIZEKI Hironori , KOBAYASHI Nobuhiko , ASADA Hideo , ISHII Norito , HASHIMOTO Takashi , MIYAGAWA Sachiko 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe describe a patient with paraneoplastic pemphigus who presented with erythrodermic lichenoid dermatitis, later developing blisters of pemphigus foliaceus type and oral erosive lesions. In addition to antibodies against the plakin family proteins, the patient's serum was positive for anti‐desmoglein 1 antibodies without coexisting anti‐desmoglein 3 activities by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which is a very rare autoantibody profile in paraneoplastic pemphigus.
Somatically mutated immunoglobulin IGHV@ genes without intraclonal heterogeneity indicate a postgerminal centre origin of primary intraocular diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Malumbres Raquel , Davis Janet , Ruiz Phillip , Lossos Izidore S. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryPrimary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) is a type of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that is related to primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Whether their pathogenesis is similar is presently unknown. Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable genes (IGHV@) somatic mutations were analysed in five patients with PIOL, one patient with concomitant PCNSL and one patient with systemic DLBCL involving the eye. Six in‐frame mutated clonal IGHV@ rearrangements were cloned from PIOL specimens. The sequences showed no evidence of antigen selection and revealed absence of intraclonal heterogeneity in four of five cases, suggesting that PIOL and PCNSL may differ in their ontogeny.
Non‐optimal animal movement in human‐altered landscapes
Authors: FAHRIG LENORE 
Published: August 2007

Summary

I synthesize the understanding of the relationship between landscape structure and animal movement in human‐modified landscapes.
The variety of landscape structures is first classified into four categories: continuous habitat, patchy habitat with high‐quality matrix, patchy habitat with low‐quality matrix, and patchy, ephemeral habitat. Using this simplification I group the range of evolved movement parameters into four categories or movement types. I then discuss how these movement types interact with current human‐caused landscape changes, and how this often results in non‐optimal movement.
From this synthesis I develop a hypothesis that predicts the relative importance of the different population‐level consequences of these non‐optimal movements, for the four movement types.
Populations of species that have inhabited landscapes with high habitat cover or patchy landscapes with low‐risk matrix should have evolved low boundary responses and moderate to high movement probabilities. These species are predicted to be highly susceptible to increased movement mortality resulting from habitat loss and reduced matrix quality.
In contrast, populations of species that evolved in patchy landscapes with high‐risk matrix or dynamic patchy landscapes are predicted to be highly susceptible to decreased immigration and colonization success, due to the increasing patch isolation that results from habitat loss.
Finally, I discuss three implications of this synthesis: (i) ‘least cost path’ analysis should not be used for land management decisions without data on actual movement paths and movement risks in the landscape; (ii) ‘dispersal ability’ is not simply an attribute of a species, but varies strongly with landscape structure such that the relative rankings of species’ dispersal abilities can change following landscape alteration; and (iii) the assumption that more mobile species are more resilient to human‐caused landscape change is not generally true, but depends on the structure of the landscape where the species evolved.
Behavioural syndromes differ predictably between 12 populations of three‐spined stickleback
Authors: DINGEMANSE NIELS J. , WRIGHT JONATHAN , KAZEM ANAHITA J. N. , THOMAS DAWN K. , HICKLING RACHAEL , DAWNAY NICK 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAnimals often differ in suites of correlated behaviours, comparable with how humans differ in personality. Constraints on the architecture of behaviour have been invoked to explain why such ‘behavioural syndromes’ exist. From an adaptationist viewpoint, however, behavioural syndromes should evolve only in those populations where natural selection has favoured such trait covariance, and they should therefore exist only in particular types of population.A comparative approach was used to examine this prediction of the adaptive hypothesis. We measured behavioural correlations in 12 different populations of three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and assessed whether they indeed varied consistently according to the selective environment, where population was unit of analysis.For a sample of fry from each population, we measured five different behaviours within the categories of (i) aggression (towards conspecifics); (ii) general activity; and (iii) exploration–avoidance (of novel foods, novel environments and altered environments).We show that behavioural syndromes are not always the same in different types of stickleback population: the often‐documented syndrome between aggressiveness, activity and exploratory behaviour existed only in large ponds where piscivorous predators were present. In small ponds where predators were absent, these behaviours were not (or only weakly) associated.Our findings imply that population variation in behavioural syndromes does not result from stochastic evolutionary processes, but may result instead from adaptive evolution of behaviour favouring what should prove to be optimal trait combinations.
Intravenous fluid therapy: a randomized controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of the IV2TM flow medical device
Authors: Fraser Nesta , Snyman Jacques R , Wessels Francois , Nel George 
Published: August 2007

Objectives.  To investigate the hypothetical benefits of the IV2TM flow medical device.Background.  Intravenous fluid administration is a standard hospital procedure with assumed inadequacies. The IV‐Event Study [Fraser N, Nel G, Snyman J & Wessels F (2004) IV‐EVENT Study: Intravenous Infusion Therapy – Management and Adverse Events. Data on File: Varori International (Pty) Ltd., Centurion, South Africa] quantified these inadequacies; The ‘Stargait’ intervention trial investigated the effectiveness and possible cost‐benefit of the IV2TM flow. The IV2TM flow is intended for routine use with gravitational intravenous infusion sets. The IV2TM flow should reduce the incidence rate of adverse events and maintain a set flow rate.Method.  Nursing staff assisted by study assessors captured relevant data. Consented patients were enrolled for the period of their prescribed infusions.Intervention.  The Stargait Trial compared the treatment group (standard gravitational sets with the IV2TM flow) with the control group (standard gravitational infusion sets without IV2TM flow). The difference in observed events and the cost benefit derived from this were measured.Results.  A total of 2387 drip hours were observed in 52 patients. The adverse event rates were: Control group (without IV2TM flow) 33·8%. The treatment group (IV2TM flow) 15·4%. This 55% reduction is statistically significant (p = 0·0069). Adverse event related monetary wastage (labour and consumables) is reduced by 76% for infusion bags in the intervention group (with IV2TM flow). There was a significant difference between the treatment group and control group as far as deviation in flow rate was concerned (p = 0·00818). The mean deviation of the IV2TM flow group was just more than 5 ml per hour. The standard line group had a mean deviation of more than 30 ml per hour.Conclusion.  Gravitational intravenous therapy compromises quality of patient care. The Stargait Trial has proven the care‐effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of the IV2TM flow.Relevance to clinical practice.  The IV2TM flow improves quality of patient care and reduces associated wastage.
Relatives’ struggle for an improved and more just care for older people in community care
Authors: Häggström Elisabeth , Kihlgren Annica , Kihlgren Mona , Sörlie Venke 
Published: August 2007

Aims and objectives.  The aim of the present study was to describe the relatives’ experience concerning older family members living in special housing facilities.Background.  During the 21st century, the relatives of older people and their efforts related to the care and nursing of older people have been observed. The interest in these relatives is because of factors such as demographic changes, where the number of older people has increased and the increasing gap between the resources that are available for geriatric care and the care needed for older people.Design.  The present study has a descriptive design and is part of a project including 24 specific residences, called special housing facilities.Method.  The study focused on the narratives supplied by the relatives that were analysed using qualitative latent content analysis, an interpretative process where the researcher considers the content of the text.Results.  The relatives’ experience of having an older person in a special housing facility that emerged from the study, was expressed in one main theme: The relatives’ struggle for an improved and just care for older people and four sub‐themes: (i)‘To trust in caregivers’; (ii) ‘To be confirmed’; (iii) ‘To trust in care’; (iv) ‘To receive the kind of care that one considers one has the right to receive’.Conclusions.  The study shows that the relatives need more support and more opportunities, so that they can participate in the care. The study shows the relatives engagement in working for a just society's obligation towards the protection of older peoples rights and the staff's working conditions.Relevance to clinical practice.  It is important that caregivers and management working with older people realize that they, together with them and their relatives, are a part of society and that all individuals are influenced by the discourse of that society.
Differentiation of tundra/taiga and boreal coniferous forest wolves: genetics, coat colour and association with migratory caribou
Authors: MUSIANI MARCO , LEONARD JENNIFER A. , CLUFF H. DEAN , GATES C. CORMACK , MARIANI STEFANO , PAQUET PAUL C. , VILÀ CARLES , WAYNE ROBERT K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe grey wolf has one of the largest historic distributions of any terrestrial mammal and can disperse over great distances across imposing topographic barriers. As a result, geographical distance and physical obstacles to dispersal may not be consequential factors in the evolutionary divergence of wolf populations. However, recent studies suggest ecological features can constrain gene flow. We tested whether wolf–prey associations in uninterrupted tundra and forested regions of Canada explained differences in migratory behaviour, genetics, and coat colour of wolves. Satellite‐telemetry data demonstrated that tundra wolves (n = 19) migrate annually with caribou (n = 19) from denning areas in the tundra to wintering areas south of the treeline. In contrast, nearby boreal coniferous forest wolves are territorial and associated year round with resident prey. Spatially explicit analysis of 14 autosomal microsatellite loci (n = 404 individuals) found two genetic clusters corresponding to tundra vs. boreal coniferous forest wolves. A sex bias in gene flow was inferred based on higher levels of mtDNA divergence (FST = 0.282, 0.028 and 0.033;P < 0.0001 for mitochondrial, nuclear autosomal and Y‐chromosome markers, respectively). Phenotypic differentiation was substantial as 93% of wolves from tundra populations exhibited light colouration whereas only 38% of boreal coniferous forest wolves did (χ2 = 64.52,P < 0.0001). The sharp boundary representing this discontinuity was the southern limit of the caribou migration. These findings show that substantial genetic and phenotypic differentiation in highly mobile mammals can be caused by prey–habitat specialization rather than distance or topographic barriers. The presence of a distinct wolf ecotype in the tundra of North America highlights the need to preserve migratory populations.
GRA7 provides protective immunity in cocktail DNA vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: JONGERT E. , DE CRAEYE S. , DEWIT J. , HUYGEN K. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARY In a previous study, single‐gene vaccination with GRA1, GRA7 or ROP2 was shown to elicit partial protection against Toxoplasma gondii. In this study, the contribution of each antigen in the evoked humoral and cellular immune responses was evaluated after vaccination with plasmid mixtures containing GRA1, GRA7 and ROP2. Cocktail DNA vaccinated mice developed high antibody titers against the antigens from two‐gene DNA vaccine cocktails, but lower titres when immunized with the three‐gene cocktail. High numbers of IFN‐γ secreting splenocytes were generated predominantly against GRA7. Brain cyst burden was reduced by 81% in mice vaccinated with the three‐gene mixture and they were completely protected against acute toxoplasmosis. Similar high levels of brain cyst reductions were obtained after vaccination with cocktails composed of GRA1 and GRA7 (89% reduction), or GRA7 and ROP2 (79% reduction), but not with the cocktail composed of GRA1 and ROP2. In low dose single‐gene vaccinations, IFN‐γ and strong protection could only be elicited by GRA7. Hence, the presence of GRA7 in the DNA vaccine formulation was important for optimal protection and this was correlated with GRA7‐specific IFN‐γ production. We propose GRA7 as a main component in cocktail DNA vaccines for vaccination against T. gondii.
Differential regulation of IgG subclasses and IgE antimalarial antibody responses in complicated and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Authors: TANGTEERAWATANA P. , MONTGOMERY S. M. , PERLMANN H. , LOOAREESUWAN S. , TROYE‐BLOMBERG M. , KHUSMITH S. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to assess the immunoglobulin (Ig)‐subclass distribution of antimalarial antibody responses in 110 and 169 Thai patients with complicated and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, respectively. Antimalarial plasma IgG subclasses and IgE antibody levels against a crude malaria blood stages, and antigen preparation were determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). On admission, the levels of anti‐P. falciparum IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 were significantly lower in patients with complicated malaria than uncomplicated malaria (IgG1, P < 0·0001; IgG2, P < 0·0001; IgG3, P < 0·0001). The levels of antimalarial IgE were slightly lower, but not statistically significant (P = 0·389) in the complicated malaria. After adjusting all antibody levels and age, anti‐P. falciparum IgG3 levels remained significantly associated with complicated malaria. None of the other antibody concentrations showed statistically significant associations with complicated malaria. The anti‐P. falciparum IgG3 levels were related to the IgG1 as well as IgG2 levels. A correlation between anti‐P. falciparum IgG2 and IgE was observed in the complicated malaria group, and this may indicate their roles in the severity of disease. Our data suggest that anti‐P. falciparum IgG3 is associated with a reduced risk of complicated malaria and that antimalarial Ig‐subclasses are differently regulated in patients with complicated and uncomplicated malaria.
A Survey of Regenerating Capacity in Patchy Liver and in Nodular Liver—with Special Reference to DNA Synthesis Estimated by BrdU Labeling Index—
Authors: TARAO Kazuo , SHIMIZU Akio , KUNI Yukifusa , ITO Yoshihiko , TAMAI Setsuo , IIMORI Kazuto , KUBO Kiyoshi , TAKAGI Seiichi , OIKAWA Yuko , KIYOHASHI Atsushi , UNAYAMA Shiro , HOSHINO Hiroshi , MIZUNO Tadaoki , SHINDO Kunihiko 
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Laparoscopically, patchy liver and nodular liver were considered as features of regeneration of liver cells. In this study, the regenerating capacity of liver cells obtained by a liver biopsy from laparoscopically identified patchy liver and nodular liver was estimated by Bromodeoxvuridine (BrdU)‐anti‐BrdU method. BrdU labeling indices (L. I.), of liver cells in biopsy specimens from 6 normal livers, 12 patchy livers, and from 15 nodular livers were examined using an in‐vitro labeling technique. Liver biopsy specimens obtained by a Tru‐cut needle were immediately incubated for 45 min. in 0.1% BrdU solution in RPMI 1640 at 37°C under a pressure of 3 atmospheres in a mixture of 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Immunohistochemical detection of BrdU was performed by the Avidin‐Biotin‐Peroxidase Complex (ABC) method. The mean BrdU L. I. (±SE) of normal liver, patchy liver, and of nodular liver was 0.25±0.09%, 1.4±0.2%, and 1.7±0.4% respectively. Among the nodular liver, flat shaped ones showed a low level (0.5±0.1%), in contrast to the high level (2.4±0.7%) in the semispherical nodular liver. The BrdU L. I. of both the patchy liver and the nodular liver was significantly higher than that in the normal liver (p<0.001, p<0.01 respectively).Interesting enough, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between flat shaped nodular livers and semispherical ones. The semispherical nodular liver demonstrated the highest capacity of DNA synthesis in all the groups examined.
Endoscopic Variceal Injection Sclerotherapy for Liver Cirrhosis with Hepatocellular Carcinoma—A Prognostic Evaluation—
Authors: ISHIDA Motoo , MASUYAMA Hironori , SUZUKI Takuji , EBIHARA Tetsuro , UENO Akihiko , KATOH Yoshihisa , HARADA Takashi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract:The prognostic evaluation of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) for patients with severe esophageal varices in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma complicated with advanced liver cirrhosis (HCC c̄ LC) was studied. (1) Cumulative survival rate and cause of death were compared in cases of variceal bleeding managed by EIS (18 cases) to cases with variceal bleeding without EIS (12 cases). (2) Cumulative percentage of patients free of bleeding, cumulative survival rate and cause of death were compared in cases managed by prophylactic EIS (14 cases) to cases without prophylactic EIS (30 cases). In the two bleeding groups with and without EIS, and in the non‐bleeding groups with and without prophylactic EIS, patients of each group were comparable in respect to sex ratio, age, and Child's classification. In the bleeding groups, cumulative survival rate at 30 days after EIS was significantly higher in cases with EIS than cases without EIS (P < 0.01). The rate of death after initial bleeding was 16. 7% in cases with EIS and 66.7% in cases without EIS: statistical significance was demonstrated in these two groups (P < 0.01). In the non‐bleeding groups, cumulative percentage of patients free of bleeding and cumulative survival rate were significantly higher in cases with EIS than those without EIS (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, no bleeding fatalities from varices were seen in cases with prophylactic EIS. We suggest that EIS improves survival rate and prophylactic EIS prevents variceal bleeding leading to death in cases of unresectable HCC c̄ LC.
Six Cases of Small Leiomyoma of the Rectum
Authors: ITO Ryo , KODAMA Koh , CHIBA Mitsuro , MASAMUNE Osamu , UESAKA Yoshiyuki , IGARASHI Kiyoshi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract:Six cases of rectal leiomyoma, measuring less than 10 mm in diameter, are reported. The color of the overlying mucosa was similar to that of the surrounding mucosa. No central depression or ulceration was observed endoscopically in any of the six cases. In five cases, the tumors were sessile or semipedunculated and mobile, and were thus snare polypectomised. In the remaining case, the tumor was flat‐elevated and immobile, and removed surgically by transanal wedge‐resection. All six cases were benign leiomyoinas without malignant changes such as cellular atypia or mitosis.