bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural course of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia: A long‐term follow‐up study with sonography
Authors: Kuo Yuan‐Hung , Wang Jing‐Houng , Lu Sheng‐Nan , Hung Chao‐Hung , Wei Yu‐Ching , Hu Tsung‐Hui , Chen Chien‐Hung , Yen Yi‐Hao , Lee Chuan‐Mo , Eng Hock‐Liew 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPurpose.We aimed to investigate the natural course of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) in a long‐term follow‐up study with sonography.Method.This study comprised 30 patients (24 women and 6 men) with 34 FNHs. Diagnosis of FNH was made using color Doppler sonography, contrast‐enhanced CT, or MRI in combination with needle biopsy. Patients were followed every 3 to 6 months with sonography. Regression or progression of tumor was defined as a change of over 30% in maximal diameter. Disappearance was defined as no vizualization of the tumor on at least 3 follow‐up sonographic examinations.Results.Thirty‐four FNHs were followed over a mean period of 42 months (range, 7–95 months). Twenty‐four lesions (70.6%) were stable in size, 1 (2.9%) progressed, and 9 (26.5%) regressed. Of those that regressed, 6 (17.6%) disappeared over a mean period of 59 ± 30 months (range, 20–95 months). Older age (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02–1.56; p < 0.05) and longer follow‐up time (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.21; p < 0.05) were the independent factors associated with complete regression of FNH.Conclusion.Most FNHs were stable or regressed/disappeared after a long follow‐up period. Based on the benign course, conservative treatment for asymptomatic FNH should be advocated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009.
Up‐regulation of P‐glycoprotein by HIV protease inhibitors in a human brain microvessel endothelial cell line
Authors: Zastre Jason A. , Chan Gary N.Y. , Ronaldson Patrick T. , Ramaswamy Manisha , Couraud Pierre O. , Romero Ignacio A. , Weksler Babette , Bendayan Moise , Bendayan Reina 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA major concern regarding the chronic administration of antiretroviral drugs is the potential for induction of drug efflux transporter expression (i.e., P‐glycoprotein, P‐gp) at tissue sites that can significantly affect drug distribution and treatment efficacy. Previous data have shown that the inductive effect of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors (PIs) is mediated through the human orphan nuclear receptor, steroid xenobiotic receptor (SXR or hPXR). The objectives of this study were to investigate transport and inductive properties on efflux drug transporters of two PIs, atazanavir and ritonavir, at the blood–brain barrier by using a human brain microvessel endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3. Transport properties of PIs by the drug efflux transporters P‐gp and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) were assessed by measuring the cellular uptake of3H‐atazanavir or3H‐ritonavir in P‐gp and MRP1 overexpressing cells as well as hCMEC/D3. Whereas the P‐gp inhibitor, PSC833, increased atazanavir and ritonavir accumulation in hCMEC/D3 cells by 2‐fold, the MRP inhibitor MK571 had no effect. P‐gp, MRP1, and hPXR expression and localization were examined by Western blot analysis and immunogold cytochemistry at the electron microscope level. Treatment of hCMEC/D3 cells for 72 hr with rifampin or SR12813 (two well‐established hPXR ligands) or PIs (atazanavir or ritonavir) resulted in an increase in P‐gp expression by 1.8‐, 6‐, and 2‐fold, respectively, with no effect observed for MRP1 expression. In hCMEC/D3 cells, cellular accumulation of these PIs appears to be primarily limited by P‐gp efflux activity. Long‐term exposure of atazanavir or ritonavir to brain microvessel endothelium may result in further limitations in brain drug permeability as a result of the up‐regulation of P‐gp expression and function. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms underlying Li+ effects in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmissions in the adult rat brain and in primary cultures of neural cells as revealed by 13C NMR
Authors: Fonseca Carla P. , Sierra Alejandra , Geraldes Carlos F. G. C. , Cerdán Sebastion , Castro M. Margarida C. A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe investigated by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) the mechanisms underlying Li+ effects on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission systems in the adult rat brain and in primary cultures of cortical neurons and astrocytes during the metabolism of (1‐13C) glucose or (2‐13C) acetate. Adult male rats receiving a single dose of Li+ intraperitoneally (7 mmol/kg) were infused 2 hr later, for 60 min, with (1‐13C) glucose (80 μmol/min/kg) or (2‐13C) acetate (240 μmol/min/kg). High‐resolution 13C NMR spectra of brain extracts prepared after the infusion revealed that Li+ significantly decreased the incorporation of 13C in glutamate and GABA (γ‐aminobutyric acid) carbons from (1‐13C) glucose, but not from (2‐13C) acetate. To complement the in vivo approach, primary cultures of cortical neurons or astrocytes were incubated with 1 mM uniformly 13C‐labeled glucose or 5 mM (2‐13C) acetate, in the absence and presence of increasing Li+ concentrations up to 15 mM. Under these conditions, Li+ significantly decreased neuronal glucose uptake in a concentration‐dependent manner without apparent effects on astrocytic acetate uptake. Extracts prepared at the end of the incubations showed that Li+ significantly decreased the incorporation of 13C labeling into GABA carbons from its precursor glutamate in neurons, but such a decrease into glutamine carbons in astrocytes was not statistically significant. Our results indicate that the effects of Li+ are mediated through a reduction of neuronal glucose uptake, resulting in a decrease of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission without apparent effects on astrocytic metabolism. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spinal p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase mediates allodynia induced by first‐degree burn in the rat
Authors: Sorkin Linda , Svensson Camilla I. , Jones‐Cordero Toni L. , Hefferan Michael P. , Campana W. Marie 
Published: October 2008

AbstractActivation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the spinal cord has been implicated in the development and maintenance of pain states. In this study, we tested whether p38 MAPK is involved in the response to first‐degree burn of the hind paw. This injury induces central sensitization leading to tactile allodynia and is mediated by activation of Ca2+ permeable AMPA/kainate receptors through PKC and PKA. We demonstrate that p38 MAPK is rapidly and robustly activated in the superficial spinal dorsal horn after mild thermal injury to the hind paw. Activated p38 MAPK was localized primarily to microglia and to a lesser extent in oligodendrocytes and lamina II neurons. Astrocytes were not involved in the p38 MAPK response. Intrathecal pretreatment of pharmacological inhibitors of p38 MAPK (SB203580, SD‐282) dose‐dependently blocked development of tactile allodynia, a characteristic of the first‐degree burn model. The effects of the inhibitors on tactile allodynia were lost when they were administered after injury. These studies identify p38 MAPK as a major mediator of tactile allodynia, most likely activated downstream of AMPA/kainate receptors. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A spatial analysis of extreme hourly precipitation patterns in India
Authors: Sen Roy Shouraseni 
Published: October 2008

AbstractStation level hourly precipitation data from 1980 to 2002 spread across the Indian subcontinent were analysed for trends in extreme hourly precipitation events. The analyses were conducted for the main seasons of winter, dry‐summer, and wet‐summer monsoon seasons, respectively. The results of the study indicated rising trends in extreme heavy precipitation events, mostly in the high‐elevation regions of the northwestern Himalaya as well as along the foothills of the Himalaya extending south into the Indo‐Gangetic basin. In general, the lowest positive trends to slightly neutral to negative trends in extreme precipitation events were observed during the winter season, while stronger positive trends were found for both dry‐summer and wet‐summer monsoon seasons. Along the west coast, the southern part experienced a declining trend, whereas the northern section of the coast experienced an increasing trend of extreme precipitation events. Most of Deccan Plateau extending towards south central coastal regions of the subcontinent also experienced a positive trend in the occurrence of extreme heavy precipitation events. Furthermore, the trends affecting large, million‐plus‐population urban agglomerations were examined separately, and these trends were found to be pre‐dominantly positive during dry‐summer and wet‐summer monsoon seasons, but showed neutral to negative trends during the winter season. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of ovariectomy on bone turnover, porosity, and biomechanical properties in ovine compact bone 12 months postsurgery
Authors: Kennedy Oran D. , Brennan Orlaith , Rackard Susan M. , Staines Anthony , O'Brien Fergal J. , Taylor David , Lee T. Clive 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCompact bone makes up approximately 80% of the human skeleton by mass; but there are little data available on the effects of increased bone turnover on compact bone mechanical and material properties. This study addresses this question by measuring intracortical remodeling, resorption cavity number, and porosity in an ovariectomized (OVX) sheep model, and measures changes in biomechanical properties. Thirty‐eight sheep were divided into two groups. Group 1 were controls (n = 19), and Group 2 were ovariectomized (OVX; n = 19). Fluorochrome dyes were administered intravenously to both groups at five time points over 12 months post‐OVX to label sites of bone turnover. At 12 months post‐OVX all animals were euthanized. Samples were harvested from the left metatarsal and were analyzed for intracortical bone turnover at five time points, the number of resorption cavities, and the level of intracortical porosity. The effects of these parameters on bone biomechanical properties were then measured. Bone turnover was increased in the OVX group at 6, 9, and 12 months (p < 0.05). Resorption was also higher in the OVX group at 12 months (p < 0.05). Furthermore, porosity was significantly increased in the OVX group at 12 months (p < 0.05). Stiffness and yield strength were reduced in the OVX group compared to controls (p = 0.05). Ultimate compressive strength and work to fracture did not differ between groups. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms and effects of increased bone turnover on bone material and microstructural properties. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:303–309, 2009
Adaptive patterns of movement during stair climbing in patients with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Asay Jessica L. , Mündermann Annegret , Andriacchi Thomas P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine if there is a distinctive characteristic in the pattern of movement (forward trunk lean to reduce demand on the quadriceps muscle) during stair climbing in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) that is associated with the severity of the disease. Twenty‐three patients with radiographically diagnosed knee OA and 20 physically active adults performed stair ascending trials without support at their self‐selected speed. Standard gait analysis was used to calculate three‐dimensional lower extremity joint kinematics and kinetics. Forward trunk lean, or trunk flexion, was defined as the sagittal plane projection of the angle between a line connecting the midpoint of the trans‐acromion line and the midpoint of the trans‐iliac crest line and the global vertical axis. Patients with more severe knee OA (KL ≥ 3) had greater forward trunk lean (+6.3°, p = 0.045) and lower knee net quadriceps moments (−35.2%, p = 0.001) than controls. In more severe patients, the forward trunk lean was correlated with a reduction in the net quadriceps moment during stair climbing (R2 = 0.590, p = 0.006). The results of this study identified a distinctive compensatory pattern of movement to reduce the quadriceps demand during stair climbing in patients with more severe knee OA by increasing forward trunk lean. Assessing forward trunk lean during stair climbing may be a useful functional marker for evaluating osteoarthritis status and quadriceps function that appears to be a more sensitive indicator of disease severity than perceived pain. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:325–329, 2009
Coversand and Pleistocene palaeosols in the Landes region, southwestern France
Authors: Bertran Pascal , Allenet Giselle , Gé Thierry , Naughton Filipa , Poirier Philippe , Goñi Maria F. Sanchez 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNew sections in the coversand of the Landes region, southwestern France, show at least two main depositional phases corresponding to the Upper Pleniglacial and the Lateglacial, which are separated by palaeosols. The lower palaeosol, a gleyic to histic cryosol overlying a net of sand wedges and dated to ca. 23 14C ka BP, testifies to a short occurrence of permafrost. Impeded drainage due to the frozen subsoil is assumed to be the main factor involved in lowered aeolian transport and soil formation. Pollen analysis indicates a shrub tundra‐type environment. The overlying coversand unit is associated with small transverse ridges or sheet‐like deposits, and corresponds to the maximal extension of the sands, Upper Pleniglacial in age. An incipient podzol developed on the dunes under a boreal pine forest, and has been dated to 11.5–12 14C ka BP, i.e. to the Allerød period. This has been buried by the second coversand unit during the Younger Dryas, typified by abundant denivation features and root imprints. Although preliminary, the chronology of sand deposition in the Landes region appears thus to be roughly similar to that found for the other European coversands, showing that all were the result of similar western European climatic changes, i.e. repeated episodes of increasing aridity related to the Upper Pleniglacial and the Younger Dryas episode. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining the spatial and temporal patterns of climate changes in China's western interior during the last 15 ka from lacustrine oxygen isotope records
Authors: Yu Shi‐Yong , Ricketts Richard D. , Colman Steven M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractChina's western interior is a climatologically complex region, where climatic conditions are primarily controlled by the westerly jet stream and the Asian monsoon system. Observations reveal that the δ18O signatures of these atmospheric elements as expressed in their meteoric waters are different, and these differences are reflected in the lacustrine systems that are ultimately fed by the meteoric waters. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition of 17 lacustrine δ18O records from this area clearly reveals the spatial and temporal structures of climate changes during the last 15 ka. The first EOF mode, dominated by sites in the NW sector, captures the temperature effect on the variability of the δ18O dataset. We interpret the variations through time in the amplitude of this mode to be indicative of changes in summer air temperature. The second EOF mode, heavily weighted by sites in the SE sector, reveals the ‘amount effect’ on δ18O, and thus its amplitude time series indicates changes in the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon. Our EOF‐based reconstructions of regional climate are generally consistent with the δ18O records of ice cores, cave speleothems and marine carbonates. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing business transformation to deliver strategic agility
Authors: Morgan Robert E. , Page Kelly 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

For some time, it has been claimed that information and communication technologies (ICTs) provide the means for transforming the way business is conducted in many industries, but our understanding still remains unclear how this form of change can be managed. This paper seeks to explore ICT‐based business transformation and in trying to understand better this concept, it is established that there is no ‘one best way’ to set about change.

Moreover, every transformation programme is unique, presenting distinct opportunities and challenges. While there are a number of ways in which executives can seek to better understand how they can engage in business transformation, the true measure of successful business transformation is in the nature of its implementation. Even in those organizations where there is a universal recognition that business transformation is important and responses are implemented, performance may still suffer.

This syndrome, which is common in organizations, has been described as ‘active inertia’ and can be characterized as an organization's inability to take the appropriate action in the face of shifting market and business changes. The emphasis here is on the term ‘appropriate’ rather than ‘action’ per se. The paper develops a framework which illustrates that successful ICT‐based business transformation programmes are generally founded upon changing behaviour, changing thinking, and changing perceptions of all key personnel.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leadership development: integration in context
Authors: Thomas Howard , Carnall Colin 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

The study and practice of leadership development has been influenced by models of leadership which emphasize behavioural perspectives. The need to understand the impact of a leader on the people they lead is important if it leads people to reflect on how they interact with others. But the models tend to be either limited to a focus on how to engage others or to be based on a rather static competence framework. Yet leaders must learn to make choices within a more dynamic context.

The practice of leadership development needs to pay attention to integration in at least two important senses. One relates to the design and delivery of leadership development and the need to focus on both the development of leaders and the development of leadership as it is practised in the organization. The latter requires a focus on the choices leaders make and the assumptions and skills they bring to decision‐making.

The second arises out of the first and is based on the assumption that integrated and effective leadership development must be a joint process where responsibility is shared between senior leadership of the company and leadership development professionals. The paper illustrates these ideas through a number of case illustrations drawn from the authors' recent practice in this field.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of corrosion protective performance of nanostructured polyaniline and poly(1‐naphthylamine)‐based alkyd coatings on mild steel
Authors: Riaz U. , Ahmad S. , Ashraf S. M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNanostructured materials have been establishing themselves as modern generation of high performance materials in many areas ranging from automotive engineering to bioengineering owing to a vast array of their unique properties. Improvements in environmental impact can also be achieved utilizing nanostructure particulates in coating and eliminating the requirement of toxic inhibitors such as chromates. The paper reports a comparative study on the corrosion resistance performance of soya oil alkyd containing nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) and poly(1‐naphthylamine) (PNA) composite coatings. The corrosion protective performance was evaluated by physico‐mechanical properties, corrosion rate, open circuit potential measurements, and SEM studies. The PNA/alkyd composite coatings were found to show far superior corrosion resistance performance as compared to PANI/alkyd system.
In vitro electrochemical evaluation and phase purity of natural hydroxyapatite coating on medical grade 316L stainless steel
Authors: Javidi M. , Bahrololoom M. E. , Javadpour S. , Ma J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNatural hydroxyapatite (HA) has been electrophoretically deposited on the surface of medical grade 316L stainless steel (SS). Deposition was performed at various applied voltages of 30, 60, and 90 V for 3 min. After deposition the samples were dried at room temperature and sintered in a vacuum furnace (10−4–10−5 Torr) at 800 °C for 1 h. In vitro electrochemical studies were performed in the Hank's solution. The results showed that corrosion potential and breakdown potential of the coated samples shifted toward nobler potential compared with the uncoated 316L SS. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigations revealed a higher polarization resistance, total impedance, and lower capacitance values for the coated samples compared to the bare one which indicated the improvement of corrosion resistance of the coated samples. The surface morphology of the samples was studied by a scanning electron microscope, and also phase purity and crystallinity of the coating material were investigated by X‐ray diffraction. Deposition at 60 V for 3 min was found to be an optimum coating condition which led to the uniform, continuous, and crack‐free coatings. The crystallinity of the coating materials was measured to be high, and quantitative analysis of the coatings after sintering showed some partial decomposition of natural HA to tricalcium phosphate.
Comparison of tic characteristics between children and adults
Authors: Cubo Esther , Chmura Teresa , Goetz Christopher G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThere are limited data about clinical characteristics of tics in adults. We performed a video and chart retrospective longitudinal review of patients diagnosed with tics from a tertiary referral medical center to compare tic characteristics between adults and children. Tic severity in 40 children and 31 adults was assessed using the modified Rush videotape rating scale and the Yale global tic severity scale (YGTSS). Baseline tic severity scores were similar in adults when compared with children (P = 0.11). In follow‐up visits, compared to baseline total YGTSS scores were significantly reduced in both children (P < 0.003) and adults (P < 0.0009), but children were less frequently treated with medications for tics (P = 0.004) when compared with adults. Tic phenomenology and severity were similar between children and adults, but pharmacological tic management was different, perhaps reflecting a practice trend to avoid medications in children. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Objective measurement of muscle rigidity in parkinsonian patients treated with subthalamic stimulation
Authors: Levin Johannes , Krafczyk Siegbert , Valkovič Peter , Eggert Thomas , Claassen Jens , Bötzel Kai 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been shown to be an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). The intraoperative positioning of DBS electrodes and postoperative adjustment of the stimulation parameters, however, require continuous, precise evaluation. Moreover, ambulatory measurements of the symptoms would also help to evaluate changes in the progression of PD in these patients. To this aim, we objectified rigidity measurements via surface EMG recordings of the Mm. biceps (bic) and triceps brachii (tric) in patients treated with chronic stimulation of the STN. We show that cessation and initiation of DBS have effects on the EMG profile during standardized extension and flexion movements in the elbow joint. These data correlate significantly with clinical ratings. Thus, EMG recordings of the Mm. bic and tric during this standardized extension‐flexion movement can be used to objectively measure rigidity and to monitor its course over time. In view of its low technical requirements, this technique lends itself to use during DBS implantation surgery and in the clinical environment. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society