bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Web Search Technology
Authors: Yu Clement , Meng Weiyi 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The World Wide Web has become the largest information source in recent years and search engines are indispensable tools for finding needed information from the Web. The coverage of the Web by a single search engine may be limited. One effective way to increase the search coverage of the Web is to combine the coverage of multiple search engines. Systems that do such combination are called metasearch engines. When a metasearch engine receives a query from a user, it invokes the underlying search engines to retrieve useful information for the user and combines the returned results from multiple search engines into a single ranked list before displaying it to the user. In this chapter, we describe the inner workings of search engines and metasearch engines. Specifically, we describe techniques used to build search engines and metasearch engines.
Wireless Communications Applications
Authors: Guizani Mohsen 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Visionaries predict mobile links as good as those that office computer users enjoy, enabling high‐speed Internet access, CD quality sound, and crystal clear video. Even more exciting are the new applications unique to mobile devices: location‐based maps, personalized weather forecast, even real‐time medical monitoring. Electronic currency could allow a cellular phone to become a virtual wallet, transmitting the equivalent of cash to stores both in real world and online. This chapter examines what is possible with present‐day and future wireless systems. It introduces the importance of wireless technologies. It focuses on the applications and the underlying technology.
Innocent but proven guilty: Eliciting internalized false confessions using doctored‐video evidence
Authors: Nash Robert A. , Wade Kimberley A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMore powerful computers and affordable digital‐video equipment means that desktop‐video editing is now accessible and popular. In two experiments, we investigated whether seeing fake‐video evidence, or simply being told that video evidence exists, could lead people to believe they committed an act they never did. Subjects completed a computerized gambling task, and when they returned later the same day, we falsely accused them of cheating on the task. All of the subjects were told that incriminating video evidence existed, and half were also exposed to a fake video. See‐video subjects were more likely to confess without resistance, and to internalize the act than told‐video subjects, and see‐video subjects tended to confabulate details more often than told‐video subjects. We offer a metacognitive‐based account of our results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Band‐Edge Engineered Hybrid Structures for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on SnO2 Nanowires
Authors: Gubbala Suresh , Chakrapani Vidhya , Kumar Vivekanand , Sunkara Mahendra K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this report, we show for the first time that SnO2 nanowire based dye sensitized solar cells exhibit an open circuit voltage of 560 mV, which is 200 mV higher than that using SnO2 nanoparticle based cells. This is attributed to the more negative flat band potential of nanowires compared to the nanoparticles as determined by open circuit photo voltage measurements made at high light intensities. The nanowires were employed in hybrid structures consisting of highly interconnected SnO2 nanowire matrix coated with TiO2 nanoparticles, which showed an open circuit voltage of 720 mV and an efficiency of 4.1% compared to 2.1% obtained with pure SnO2 nanowire matrix. The electron transport time constants for SnO2 nanowire matrix were an order of magnitude lower and the recombination time constants are about 100 times higher than that of TiO2 nanoparticles. The higher efficiency observed for DSSCs based on hybrid structure is attributed to the band edge positions of SnO2 relative to that of TiO2 and faster electron transport in SnO2 nanowires.
Synthesis of Cu2PO4OH Hierarchical Superstructures with Photocatalytic Activity in Visible Light
Authors: Cho In‐Sun , Kim Dong Wook , Lee Sangwook , Kwak Chae Hyun , Bae Shin‐Tae , Noh Jun Hong , Yoon Sung Hun , Jung Hyun Suk , Kim Dong‐Wan , Hong Kug Sun 
Published: July 2008

AbstractUsing a wet‐chemical method and without any surfactants or templates, various 3D hierarchical superstructures of Cu2PO4OH were synthesized by simply adjusting the pH. The resulting hierarchical superstructures were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution‐TEM (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. With an increase in pH from 2.5 to 7.0, the morphology of Cu2PO4OH varied from microrods to walnut‐shaped microspheres of self‐assembled nanoparticles. A possible mechanism for the formation of the Cu2PO4OH hierarchical superstructures was also proposed. The optical properties of the Cu2PO4OH hierarchical superstructures were strongly related to their morphologies and the size of the assembled crystallites. We further demonstrated the useful photocatalytic activity of these complex structures in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light irradiation (λ > 410 nm). The best photocatalytic performance was achieved by Cu2PO4OH with a walnut‐shaped morphology due to the excellent absorption of visible light as well as a high BET surface area.
Formation of Methanofullerene Cation in Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Studied by Transient Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Yamamoto Shunsuke , Guo Jiamo , Ohkita Hideo , Ito Shinzaburo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPhotogenerated charge carriers for blend films of poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(3,7‐dimethyloctyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene] (MDMO‐PPV) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) have been investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy. The blend film with a low PCBM fraction (<10 wt %) exhibits a wide absorption that ranges from 900 to 1000 nm, which is characteristic of the MDMO‐PPV hole polaron and PCBM radical anion. On the other hand, the blend film with a higher PCBM fraction (> 30 wt %) exhibits a major absorption band at ∼900 nm, which is characteristic of the PCBM radical cation. For identification of charge carriers, the absorption spectrum and molar absorption coefficient of each charged species have been evaluated separately using various combinations of electron donor and acceptor materials. Consequently, the MDMO‐PPV hole polaron has been found to have a broad absorption at ∼950 nm and the PCBM radical anion and cation show a distinct absorption at 1020 and 890 nm, respectively. On the basis of these absorption spectra, the transient spectra observed for the blend films have been simulated. The spectrum for a low PCBM fraction is well reproduced by superposition of the absorption spectra of the MDMO‐PPV hole polaron and PCBM radical anion. On the other hand, the spectrum for a high PCBM fraction is well reproduced by superposition of the absorption spectra of the MDMO‐PPV hole polaron, PCBM radical anion, and PCBM radical cation, which indicates that the PCBM radical cation is formed in the blend films with PCBM at a high concentration. Possible mechanisms for the formation of the PCBM radical cation in the blend are also discussed.
Characterization of a glucocorticoid receptor gene (GR, NR3C1) promoter polymorphism reveals functionality and extends a haplotype with putative clinical relevance
Authors: Kumsta Robert , Moser Dirk , Streit Fabian , Koper Jan Willem , Meyer Jobst , Wüst Stefan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHyperactivity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has been associated with the etiology of major depression. One of the factors underlying altered glucocorticoid signaling might be variability of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (GR, NR3C1). GR polymorphisms have been associated with variability in glucocorticoid sensitivity and endocrine responses to psychosocial stress. Furthermore, a common GR SNP (rs10482605), located in the promoter region, has been associated with major depression. We performed functional characterization of this SNP in vitro using a reporter gene assay under different stimulation conditions. Furthermore, we genotyped 219 subjects previously genotyped for four common GR SNPs to further characterize GR haplotype structure. The minor C allele of the rs10482605 SNP showed reduced transcriptional activity under unstimulated conditions and under different stimulation conditions in two brain derived cell lines. Linkage analyses revealed that the rs10482605 SNP is in high linkage disequilibrium with a A/G SNP in exon 9beta (rs6198), associated with relative glucocorticoid resistance and increased GRbeta mRNA stability. We provide evidence that two functional GR SNPs in linkage disequilibrium are responsible for both regulation of GR expression and mRNA stability. This newly characterized haplotype could increase the risk for the development of stress related disorders, including major depression. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The performance coupling of nonlinear materials and nonlinear geometries
Authors: Hase Kevin R. , Graham Alan L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe nonlinear properties of materials can couple with nonlinear geometries in component applications producing surprising overall system responses. Hence materials must be designed for particular, component level, applications, taking into account the component geometry, to achieve optimal performance. Here we focus on the compressive stress–strain and load‐deflection characteristics of soft, polymeric foams in nonlinear geometries. The model system for these coupled nonlinearities is the thin layer of foam contained between two initially concentric spheres. We find that a nonlinear component‐level response is exhibited with nonlinear geometries, even with a material whose compressive stress–strain response is linear. Polymeric foams exhibit a modified system‐level response that is not apparent from standard viscometric testing results. The spherical geometries tend to concentrate the force in a more localized area of the foam, as opposed to the force distribution seen in linear materials, and this gives greater importance to the higher strain regions of the foam stress–strain response. In addition the geometry diminishes the contribution to the mechanical response in the low to middle range of the stress–strain response curve. These findings have provided critical insights to material designers who are engineering new generations of materials with enhanced component‐level performance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Changes in human EEG alpha activity following exposure to two different pulsed magnetic field sequences
Authors: Cook C.M. , Saucier D.M. , Thomas A.W. , Prato F.S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe present study investigates the effects of a weak (±200 µTpk), pulsed, extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) upon the human electroencephalogram (EEG). We have previously determined that exposure to pulsed ELF MFs can affect the EEG, notably the alpha frequency (8–13 Hz) over the occipital–parietal region of the scalp. In the present study, subjects (n = 32) were exposed to two different pulsed MF sequences (1 and 2, used previously) that differed in presentation rate, in order to examine the effects upon the alpha frequency of the human EEG. Results suggest that compared to sham exposure, alpha activity was lowered over the occipital–parietal regions of the brain during exposure to Sequence 1, while alpha activity over the same regions was higher after Sequence 2 exposure. These effects occurred after approximately 5 min of pulsed MF exposure. The results also suggest that a previous exposure to the pulsed MF sequence determined subjects' responses in the present experiment. This study supports our previous observation of EEG changes after 5 min pulsed ELF MF exposure. The results of this study are also consistent with existing EEG experiments of ELF MF and mobile phone effects upon the brain. Bioelectromagnetics 30:9–20, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxygen Microscopy by Two‐Photon‐Excited Phosphorescence
Authors: Finikova Olga S. , Lebedev Artem Y. , Aprelev Alexey , Troxler Thomas , Gao Feng , Garnacho Carmen , Muro Silvia , Hochstrasser Robin M. , Vinogradov Sergei A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHigh‐resolution images of oxygen distributions in microheterogeneous samples are obtained by two‐photon laser scanning microscopy (2P LSM), using a newly developed dendritic nanoprobe with internally enhanced two‐photon absorption (2PA) cross‐section. In this probe, energy is harvested by a 2PA antenna, which passes excitation onto a phosphorescent metalloporphyrin via intramolecular energy transfer. The 2P LSM allows sectioning of oxygen gradients with near diffraction‐limited resolution, and lifetime‐based acquisition eliminates dependence on the local probe concentration. The technique is validated on objects with a priori known oxygen distributions and applied to imaging of pO2 in cells.
Real‐time hybrid testing using the unconditionally stable explicit CR integration algorithm
Authors: Chen Cheng , Ricles James M. , Marullo Thomas M. , Mercan Oya 
Published: July 2008

AbstractReal‐time hybrid testing combines experimental testing and numerical simulation, and provides a viable alternative for the dynamic testing of structural systems. An integration algorithm is used in real‐time hybrid testing to compute the structural response based on feedback restoring forces from experimental and analytical substructures. Explicit integration algorithms are usually preferred over implicit algorithms as they do not require iteration and are therefore computationally efficient. The time step size for explicit integration algorithms, which are typically conditionally stable, can be extremely small in order to avoid numerical stability when the number of degree‐of‐freedom of the structure becomes large. This paper presents the implementation and application of a newly developed unconditionally stable explicit integration algorithm for real‐time hybrid testing. The development of the integration algorithm is briefly reviewed. An extrapolation procedure is introduced in the implementation of the algorithm for real‐time testing to ensure the continuous movement of the servo‐hydraulic actuator. The stability of the implemented integration algorithm is investigated using control theory. Real‐time hybrid test results of single‐degree‐of‐freedom and multi‐degree‐of‐freedom structures with a passive elastomeric damper subjected to earthquake ground motion are presented. The explicit integration algorithm is shown to enable the exceptional real‐time hybrid test results to be achieved. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution copy number arrays in cancer and the problem of normal genome copy number variation
Authors: Gorringe Kylie L. , Campbell Ian G. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHigh‐resolution techniques for analysis of genome copy number (CN) enable the analysis of complex cancer somatic genetics. However, the analysis of these data is difficult, and failure to consider a number of issues in depth may result in false leads or unnecessary rejection of true positives. First, segmental duplications may falsely generate CN breakpoints in aneuploid samples. Second, even when tumor data were each normalized to matching lymphocyte DNA, we still observed copy number polymorphisms masquerading as somatic alterations due to allelic imbalance. We investigated a number of different solutions and determined that evaluating matching normal DNA, or at least using locally derived normal baseline data, were preferable to relying on current online databases because of poor cross‐platform compatibility and the likelihood of excluding genuine small somatic alterations. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different telomere maintenance mechanisms in alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Ohali Anat , Avigad Smadar , Naumov Inna , Goshen Yacov , Ash Shifra , Yaniv Isaac 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe activation of a telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) is crucial for the immortalization of tumor cells. Most human cancers apply telomerase‐dependent TMM but some use a mechanism called alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). The latter was suggested to be mainly characterizing sarcomas with nonspecific complex karyotypes, whereas telomerase activation is typical of sarcomas generated by specific translocations. In this study, we investigated the TMM and its association with survival in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), which is characterized by two major subtypes: one that is harboring a specific translocation (alveolar) and one that has a nonspecific karyotype (embryonal). Telomerase activity (TA), using telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay, and telomere length (TRF), using Southern blotting, were analyzed in tumor samples from 31 patients (16 embryonal and 15 alveolar). Alveolar RMS tumors exhibited no ALT phenotype and the majority presented TA. Some embryonal tumors exhibited an ALT or “ALT‐like” phenotype which lacked TA, whereas others expressed telomerase‐dependent TMM, and neither TA nor ALT correlated with outcome. The average TRF length of the embryonal tumors was significantly higher than that of the alveolar tumors (10.8 vs. 7.2 kb, P = 0.003). Interestingly, some tumors of both subtypes presented no TMM. These observations suggest that alveolar RMS predominantly use telomerase‐dependent TMM, whereas in embryonal tumors both telomerase and ALT may play a role. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of TMM in the development of RMS tumors, and for future designing adapted treatment strategies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization in early‐stage mycosis fungoides: Recurrent deletion of tumor suppressor genes BCL7A, SMAC/DIABLO, and RHOF
Authors: Carbone Angelo , Bernardini Laura , Valenzano Francesco , Bottillo Irene , De Simone Clara , Capizzi Rodolfo , Capalbo Anna , Romano Francesca , Novelli Antonio , Dallapiccola Bruno , Amerio Pierluigi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe etiology of mycosis fungoides (MF), the most frequent form of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), is poorly understood. No specific genetic aberration has been detected, especially in early‐stage disease, possibly due to the clinical and histological heterogeneity of patient series and to the different sources of malignant cells (skin, blood, or lymph node) included in most studies. Frozen skin biopsies from 16 patients with early‐stage MF were studied using array‐based comparative genomic hybridization. A DNA pool from healthy donors was used as the reference. Results demonstrated recurrent loss of 19, 7p22.1‐p22.3, 7q11.1‐q11.23, 9q34.12, 12q24.31, and 16q22.3‐q23.1, and gain of 8q22.3‐q23.1 and 21q22.12. The 12q24.31 region was recurrently deleted in 7/16 patients. Real‐time PCR investigation for deletion of genes BCL7A, SMAC/DIABLO, and RHOF—three tumor suppressor genes with a putative role in hematological malignancies—demonstrated that they were deleted in 9, 10, and 13 cases, respectively. The identified genomic alterations and individual genes could yield important insights into the early steps of MF pathogenesis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A community based survey of cognitive functioning, highway‐code performance and traffic accidents in a cohort of older drivers
Authors: Ingley Sanjay , Chinnaswamy Srinivasan , Devakumar Manikarassa , Bell Diana , Tranter Richard 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe DVLA allows driving in early dementia contingent on regular medical assessment. GPs and psychiatrists require validated and accessible assessments. Some studies have suggested that cognitive testing has utility in the assessment of driving capacity in elderly drivers. One study raises the possibility of using a highway‐code questionnaire as an adjunct to these tests.MethodTwo hundred drivers over the age of 65 were randomly selected from two GP surgeries. Baseline assessment comprised completion of a Highway Code questionnaire (DPHC‐98), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and an abbreviated version of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive Subsection (EURO‐ADAS). A history of road traffic accidents (RTAs) over the preceding 5 years was obtained. At 12‐month follow‐up interview driving status of the subject and occurrence of RTAs were recorded. Predictive power of DPHC‐98 and cognitive testing with regards RTAs were examined through logistic regression analysis.ResultsPerformance on the Highway Code questionnaire was identified as the only significant regression factor in the prediction of prospective RTAs. However, none of the logistic regression models were able to identify any drivers involved in RTAs either retrospectively or prospectively.ConclusionCognitive tests are not linked with risk of driving accidents in older adults in any useful way. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic antitumor effects of transarterial viroembolization for multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma in rats
Authors: Altomonte Jennifer , Braren Rickmer , Schulz Stephan , Marozin Sabrina , Rummeny Ernst J. , Schmid Roland M. , Ebert Oliver 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising strategy for safe and effective treatment of malignancy. We have reported previously that recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors are effective oncolytic agents that can be safely administered via the hepatic artery in immunocompetent rats to treat multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), resulting in tumor necrosis and prolonged survival. Though the results were encouraging, complete tumor regression was not observed, which led us to explore alternative approaches to further enhance the efficacy of VSV treatment. Transarterial embolization techniques have been shown to improve the efficiency and tumor selectivity of anticancer treatments. Degradable starch microspheres (DSM) are one such embolic agent that provides transient embolization of the therapeautic agent before being degraded by serum amylases. Here we demonstrate via dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging that in our rat model of multifocal HCC, DSM injection into the hepatic artery results in a substantial reduction in tumor perfusion of systemically applied contrast agent. VSV, when administered in combination with DSM, results in enhanced tumor necrosis and synergistically prolongs survival when compared with VSV or DSM monotherapy.

Conclusion:

This regimen of viroembolization represents an innovative therapeutic modality that can augment the future development of transarterial oncolytic virus therapy for patients with advanced HCC. (Hepatology 2008;48:1864-1873.)
Highly Selective Fluorescence Detection for Mercury (II) Ions in Aqueous Solution Using Water Soluble Conjugated Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Lu Haiyan , Tang Yanli , Xu Wei , Zhang Deqing , Wang Shu , Zhu Daoben 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA highly selective assay method has been developed to detect mercury (II) (Hg2+) ions using cationic conjugated polymer (CCP). The transduction mechanism is based on a Hg2+ promoted reaction. In the absence of Hg2+ ions, the CCP can form the complex with an anionic 1,3‐dithiole‐2‐thione derivative through electrostatic interactions. The fluorescence of CCP is efficiently quenched by 1,3‐dithiole‐2‐thione derivative via an electron transfer process. Upon adding Hg2+ ions, the transformation of 1,3‐dithiole‐2‐thione into 1,3‐dithiole‐2‐one inhibits the quenching, and the fluorescence of CCP is recovered. Distinguishing aspects of this assay include the signal amplification of CCPs and a specific Hg2+ promoted reaction. By triggering the change in the emission intensity of CCP, it is possible to detect Hg2+ ions in aqueous solution.magnified image