bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Etruscan graffiti on Oxford 213
Authors: Cristofani Mauro 
Published: May 2006

The very full recent publication of the Athenian black figure amphora, Ashmolean Museum 213, invites reflection on the graffiti beneath its foot which might offer information about the find place of the vase. It was formerly in the Castellani Collection and taken by Beazley as the name piece of his Painter of Oxford 213.Of the four inscriptions (see Fig. 1) three are obviously interrelated: the most complete (1) reads cravnas; 2 is probably an incorrect version of the same name with a mistake over the first nu (cranna), while 3 has simply the first two letters cr followed by an incomplete a. Despite the hesitant script it is clear that the writer made three attempts to write the name and succeeded only with the last which is correctly written. The fact that in each case the rho is written in the reverse direction to the rest of the name shows that the three inscriptions are by one hand. This is the first evidence for the name cravnas. The suffix -s suggests Cravna as the owner of the object, this usage being normal for south Etruria. The variant cranna, intended for cra(v)nna (cra(u)nna), may be compared with the occasional doubling of nu met in seventh-century Cerveteri, perhaps a peculiarity of pronunciation.
Empedocles' Fertile Fish
Authors: Longrigg James 
Published: May 2006

In a recent article in the Journal of Hellenic Studies Dr O'Brien rejects a suggestion I made some time ago in an attempt to explain the apparent contradiction in our evidence for Empedocles' distribution of living-creatures among the elements. Whereas Aëtius tells us that this distribution took place on the principle of ‘like to like’, Aristotle informs us that Empedocles held that certain aquatic creatures are very fiery and take to the water to cool themselves. It was suggested then that these aquatic creatures mark an exception to the general rule of ‘like to like’ and took to the water to cool themselves, because they have an excessive endowment of the element fire and, therefore, require a rather more powerful cooling-system; in their case, the inspiration of air is inadequate to cool their internal heat.Although O'Brien is willing to accept that it is ‘very possible’ that Empedocles subscribed to the doctrine of innate heat, he nevertheless does not find this suggestion persuasive. It is not my intention directly to defend my standpoint here. Let it suffice for me to stress again that there are exceptions to the general rule of ‘like to like’ and that Empedocles himself points them out, namely that in the case of such creatures as shellfish and turtles, which manifestly do exist at our present stage of the world's evolution (i.e. when Strife is gaining predominance), it is the earthy part which is uppermost.
The Table of Mên
Authors: Levick B. 
Published: May 2006

On my first journey in Turkey, in 1955, I copied and photographed the following inscription, which to my knowledge has never been published. The letters are very roughly cut on the upper surface (102 cm. by 51 cm.) of a stone which now forms part of a stairway in a house of Kizilca Mahalle (ward), Yalvaç, not far from the site of Pisidian Antioch. The irregularity of the lettering is clearly shown in the photograph (Plate XIa).This is not the only epigraphic document that connects a man named Protion with Mên. There is also an altar built into a house wall in Abecilar Mahalle and published by W. M. Calder (Plate Xlb):
Io's World: intimations of theodicy inPrometheus Bound
Authors: White Stephen 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe conflict between Prometheus and Zeus has long dominated critical discussion of the play and diverted attention from the only mortal to appear onstage. Prometheus is widely applauded as humanity's saviour and Zeus condemned as an oppressive tyrant, but the fate of the maiden Io is largely discounted. Her encounter with Prometheus, however, is the longest and most complex episode in the play, and it provides a very different perspective on events. The elaborate forecast of her journeys delivered by Prometheus deploys the ‘discourse of barbarism’ to picture a primitive world ravaged by savage violence and hostile monsters. The lands through which Io is to travel are devoid of the civil and religious institutions of the classical Greekpolisandoikos.Yet the episode also foretells how this barbaric world will evolve under the aegis of Zeus. Argive Io, as ‘wife’ of Zeus, will found a ‘new family’ of mortals who will introduce and champion the norms of Greek civic culture in his and her name alike. Prophecy, allusion and foreshadowing thus reveal the Zeus of this play to be not the harsh and destructive despot imagined by most today, but the benevolent source and ultimate arbiter of justice for both gods and humanity.
Εκτημοροι: partners in crime?
Authors: Rihll T.E. 
Published: May 2006

In or around 594 BC Solon was given extraordinary powers as διαλλακτὴς καὶ νομοθέτης, mediator and lawgiver, to try to solve a crisis in archaic Athenian society. His solution was termed the σεισάχθεια, disburdenment; it was a liberation of the land and the people.The primary literary evidence on this most important episode in Athenian history is Solon's own testimony. For more information recourse must be had to authors who were writing not less than one hundred and fifty years—or five (30-year) generations—after Solon's reforms were enacted. The most important of these later sources is the author of theAthenaion Politeia, henceforth AP, who was writing about two hundred years after the event.
Response
Authors: Lobban Richard 
Published: May 2006

I would like to take the liberty of responding to a “statement” which appeared at the end of Issue, number 4 [Winter 1975] which was recently sent to the ASA membership. Since the authors have often sought to keep “politics” out of the Association I was rather surprised to see them taken by a “matter of conscience” which is perhaps one of the most politically charged issues of the day. In any case I was annoyed with the inference that the fight against colonialism, racism, apartheid, and fascism was a “partisan urge” while attributing only the noblest sentiments to their “statement”.It was particularly ironic for the authors to note that they will withdraw their “support” from nationalist organizations and governments which identify Zionism as a form of racism since they stood against a resolution raised and passed in the 1973 ASA meetings calling upon the United States government to recognize the Republic of Guinea Bissau.
An Inside Look at the Sanctions Campaign
Authors: Lockwood Edgar 
Published: May 2006

There are some things in life that do yield visible, satisfying results; in building a room, painting a picture, or baking a cake, we are able to control most of the elements that contribute to the desired result. But if we try to restore sanctions against Rhodesia, we will find the effort frustrated by countless factors which concerned citizens are powerless to regulate.At the outset of our endeavors to strengthen sanctions legislation, we knew that Administration support was critical particularly in the House of Representatives. We have always needed Republican votes. In 1973, Senator McGee (who in 1972 had initiated the attempt to repeal the Byrd Amendment to the Military Procurement Bill), was reluctant to try again unless he could obtain assurances from Secretary of State Kissinger that the Administration meant business this time.
Collective Memory and Selective Amnesia in a Transmutational Paradox
Authors: Soyinka-Airewele Peyi 
Published: May 2006

Akin to myth, only tangentially related to the empirical truth, collective memory plays a key role in the symbolic discourse of politics, in the legitimation of political structures and action and in the justification of collective behavior.This article is a tentative incursion into the making and workings of collective memory in the recent Nigerian elections. The crisis of memory—construction, distortion, exploitation, and suppression—is evident in the Nigerian “transmutation” process—the perpetuation in power, through civilianization, of a military regime. The term “transmutation” is used here to convey the sense of a political mutation, a process of uncertain nature or progeny, certainly a transition, but one emanating from an unlikely parentage, a brutal and militarized past.
On the Complexity of the Classification Problem for Torsion-Free Abelian Groups of Finite Rank
Authors: Thomas Simon 
Published: May 2006

In this paper, we shall discuss some recent contributions to the project [15, 14, 2, 18, 22, 23] of explaining why no satisfactory system of complete invariants has yet been found for the torsion-free abelian groups of finite rank n ≥ 2. Recall that, up to isomorphism, the torsion-free abelian groups of rank n are exactly the additive subgroups of the n-dimensional vector space ℚn which contain n linearly independent elements. Thus the collection of torsion-free abelian groups of rank at most n can be naturally identified with the set S (ℚn) of all nontrivial additive subgroups of ℚn. In 1937, Baer [4] solved the classification problem for the class S(ℚ)of rank 1 groups as follows.Let ℙ be the set of primes. If G is a torsion-free abelian group and 0 ≠ x ϵ G, then the p-height of x is defined to behx(p) = sup{n ϵ ℕ ∣ There exists y ϵ G such that pny = x} ϵ ℕ ∪{∞}; and the characteristic χ (x) of x is defined to be the function
A Cybele Altar in London
Authors: Tillyard E. M. W. 
Published: May 2006

The altar here published is in the possession of Mr. G. A. Warren of Streatham Hill, to whom I am very much indebted for permission to make this publication. It belonged formerly to a Mr. Morgan and passed into Mr. Warren's possession in 1892. Mr. Morgan is no longer alive, and enquiries I have made about the origin of his collection have had no result. I have therefore nothing to say about provenance.The altar has the shape which is usually given to such monuments of late Republican and Imperial times, except that there is no moulding above, and the reliefs are not sunk in panels. It dates perhaps from the second century A.D. and seems to be Roman.
The Reign of Trajan Decius
Authors: Salisbury F. S. , Mattingly H. 
Published: May 2006

The general chronology of the reign of Decius has been described by Arthur Stein in a recent paper, based principally on the evidence of papyri, inscriptions and coins.Grenfell and Hunt had already pointed out (Ox. Pap. i, 35), in connexion with a papyrus giving a list of emperors from Augustus to Decius with the number of years of each reign, that ‘in reckoning the length of reigns, the months after the last Thoth I (Aug. 29) in an emperor's reign are neglected, since the interval between the death of an emperor and the next Thoth I counted as the 1st year of his successor.’ The latter half of the reign of Decius extended as we shall see for nearly a year after Aug. 29, A.D. 250. As, therefore, he has only two years (α and β) both on the papyri and on the coins of the Alexandrian mint, it follows that his reign in Egypt begins at a date after Aug. 29, 249. In other words, although Decius had been proclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions at the close of 248 or in the first part of 249, the authority of Philip was maintained in Egypt until his overthrow and death at Verona in the autumn of 249. This is confirmed by the dating of Philip's coins which enter on a seventh year in Egypt and by Pap. Brit. Mus. 950-1 which, however, gives no month.
The Three Graces on a fluted Sarcophagus
Authors: Rodenwaldt G. 
Published: May 2006

At the suggestion of Professor T. B. L. Webster these lines deal with the reliefs of a sarcophagus which, through the kindness of the owner, J. Baskervyle-Glegg, Esq., of Withington Hall, Chelford, is illustrated on Plates vi–viii. It has stood in the garden of Withington Hall since it was brought from Italy by the grandfather or great-grandfather of the present owner, perhaps when on his Grand Tour.It is a fluted sarcophagus. The central relief shows the group of the three Graces before a curtain. The spaces on either side contain the figures of husband and wife, who were buried in the sarcophagus—on the left, the woman in the manner of the ‘petite Herculanaise,’ on the right, the man in classical toga. Both stand before the usual curtain (pl. vii). Only the main forms of the head are blocked out; the man was intended to have a beard. By the woman stands a little girl holding a box; by the man a boy is represented in an unusual running posture, carrying a vessel. Even if the final processes, which were still to come, are taken into account, the heads of the man and woman are disproportionately large, as is common in Roman art when the artist is a local craftsman. The corners of the sarcophagus are rounded; on each of the ends vertical fluting is followed by a pair of crossed shields, behind which axes and spears can be seen (pl. viii).
A Few Notes on the Currency of Britain
Authors: Milne J. G. 
Published: May 2006

In connexion with the preceding paper, a summary of the numismatic evidence as to the currency of Britain, in its relation to that of the Continent, till the establishment of the Saxon scheme, based on the silver penny, may be found useful. It is derived almost entirely from published material.1. Greek and Roman coins of the third to first centuries B.C. are found sporadically in England: there is no sign that they were used for the purpose of currency, or related in any way to the British and Gaulish money.2. Late Republican and Augustan coins occur fairly often, and their types are borrowed by British mints.
A Bust of an Antonine Boy
Authors: Toynbee J. M. C. 
Published: May 2006

In 1944 Father Joseph Jarzebowski, M.I.C., now headmaster of a school for Polish boys at Fawley Court, near Henley, acquired, at an antique-dealer's (Galeria Ordáz) in Mexico City, a draped marble bust of an Antonine boy, which is now displayed in the hall of the Court. It is by Father Jarzebowski's kind permission that I am able to publish the portrait here (pls. 1, 1, 2, 11, 1, 2).The piece is certainly antique, cleaned, but not reworked, and carved, it seems, in Luna (Carrara) marble. It stands 1 ft. 11 in. high, including the base and pedestal, which appear to be modern. At the back a new portion has been inserted at the bottom of the column that runs up inside the hollow of the bust, so that the sculpture can rest steadily upon the base.
Some Pisones in Tacitus
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: May 2006

At this late date there is not much prospect of producing new and cogent emendations in Tacitus. ‘Hoc artificium periit.’ Past excesses counsel sobriety, and there has been a strong revulsion. Among the items which scholars unjustly impugned and prematurely corrected were a number of proper names, their sole offence often being rarity or an unusual shape. However strange a name may look, it should not lightly be altered. The vast and vivid nomenclature of ancient Italy invades the lower orders of the Roman Senate well before the Republic ends, and proliferates under the Caesars.Names of a more familiar contour can still be a source of perplexity. The senatorial annals of Tiberius' principate carry a plethora of persons, among them the recurrent and aristocratic members of a few families. The consular historian, however, was adequately equipped for his task. He knew the methods of documentary inquiry, he was ferociously accurate, and he was interested in all the characters of his narrative, down to the most obscure—‘originem non repperi’ (VI, 7, 4). That being so, two Aemilii Lepidi, a Marcus and a Manius (the consuls of 6 and of 11), gave him no trouble. That he could avoid error everywhere, too much to hope. There are slips. And he might be held guilty of inadvertence. For example, it is an annoyance that the same person should appear as ‘Cotta Messallinus’ in the year 16 (11, 32, 1), as ‘Aurelius Cotta consul’ in 20 (III, 17, 4).
Some Early Examples of the Composite Capital
Authors: Strong D. E. 
Published: May 2006

The Composite capital was described by D. S. Robertson in his Handbook of Greek and Roman Architecture (2nd ed., 1945) as ‘essentially a mixture of four-sided Ionic and Corinthian, in varying proportions. The invention is probably Augustan, but the earliest strictly datable examples are perhaps to be found at Rome in the Colosseum, dedicated in A.D. 80, and in the slightly later Arch of Titus: both these have a double row of acanthus leaves which gives them a more Corinthian look’.Since the Handbook was written, very little has been added to the history of the Composite capital. Robertson's explanation of the origin of the type, which seems to have been pointed out first by Patroni, is still the accepted one.
Imperial Deportment: Two Texts and Some Questions
Authors: Charlesworth M. P. 
Published: May 2006

A scholar usually manages at some period in his life to read Xenophon's Cyropaedia, but probably rarely re-reads it. For the Cyropaedia has suffered from a change of fashion; once it was regularly read, and an admirable school commentary upon it by H. A. Holden is still purchasable. Now it is certainly not a school book, and it was mere chance brought me upon a passage which seems to raise questions about the development and propagation of a tradition, which may interest the great and friendly scholar to whom this volume is dedicated. But the topic ranges over so many territories into which I have no right to enter that I must ask him to forgive me for offering him a short essay rather than a rigorously reasoned and documented statement; I wish merely to put before him two texts, with brief observations.In the Cyropaedia Xenophon depicts an ideal ruler. One important thing about that ruler is that he must not only be in every way a better man than those whom he commands, but must be admittedly and visibly so.
The Wicked Guardian
Authors: Jolowicz H. F. 
Published: May 2006

Counsel often open their address with the words ‘May it please your Lordship’, though they doubt whether their client's merit justifies such conventional optimism. In submitting this slight tribute of admiration and gratitude to Norman Baynes, I have similar feelings, but I hope that the subject at least will find favour with one who, as lawyers are proud to remember, is one of themselves as well as a famous historian.It may not be actually stated that the wicked uncle of the fairy tale was also a guardian, but probably he was; for uncles are the commonest guardians in all ages, and their perfidy is a typical example of human wickedness. Among those who suspected them most were, according to our tradition, the ancient lawgivers of Greece; for guardianship and the connected subject of second marriages occupy quite a noticeable place in the scanty records of both Solon and Charondas. Solon, according to Diogenes Laertius, laid down that a guardian must not marry the mother of his ward, and that the person who would inherit from the ward must not be his guardian.
Rome and the Ager Pergamenus: The Acta of 129 B.C.
Authors: Tibiletti Gianfranco 
Published: May 2006

The so-called Senatus Consultum of Adramyttium, a fragmentary inscription which was found in that city and has been known for some eighty years, contains part of a letter sent by a Roman authority. This letter records the report of a κρῖμα emanating from a praetor ex S.C., περὶ χώρας, ἥ|[τις ἐν ἀντι]λογία(ι) ἐστὶν δημοσιώ|[ναις πρὸς] Περγαμηνούς, and its terminus post querm was generally held to have been the Lex Sempronia de provincia Asia (123 or 122 B.C.), on which the excellent discussion by Hugh Last in Cambridge Ancient History should be consulted.Twenty years ago A. Passerini published and discussed some other fragmentary texts, which had been found together in the Agora of Smyrna and had received only brief notice. The first contains two fragments of the Senatus Consultum and of the κρῖμα περὶ τῆς χώρας already mentioned.
The Elections under Augustus
Authors: Jones A. H. M. 
Published: May 2006

The Tabula Hebana already has a bibliography more than six pages long, in which figure the names of most of the eminent scholars of Europe. It may seem, therefore, both superfluous and presumptuous to add to it. But very few of the studies hitherto produced have attempted to deal with the political implications of the document, and of these few only one, Professor Tibiletti's monograph, Principe e magistrati repubblicani, has tackled them seriously. As will appear, I owe much to Professor Tibiletti's acute analysis of the procedure laid down in the Tabula, but as I differ profoundly on several points from his interpretation of the political background, I have thought it worth while to propound my views.It is almost accepted doctrine that Augustus throughout his reign systematically gerrymandered the elections, those at any rate for the higher offices, especially the consulate. What I may call the prosopographical school of historians, in particular, assume that the consuls were de facto the nominees of Augustus, and regard the consular fasti as a barometer of his personal policy or that of the narrow group which controlled affairs. I would challenge this view. The liberty of the elections was, I would agree, to some extent limited by the predominant influence of the Princeps, but the evidence, I maintain, strongly suggests that genuine electoral contests continued, not only for the lower offices, but for the praetorship and the consulate, with which alone the Tabula Hebana is concerned.
Diocletian's Price-Edict at Ptolemais (Cyrenaica)
Authors: Caputo Giacomo , Goodchild Richard 
Published: May 2006

Introduction.—The systematic exploration of Ptolemais (modern Tolmeita), in Cyrenaica, began in 1935 under the auspices of the Italian Government, and under the direction of the first-named writer. The general programme of excavation took into consideration not only the important Hellenistic period, which gave the city its name and saw its first development as an autonomous trading-centre, but also the late-Roman age when, upon Diocletian's reforms, Ptolemais became capital of the new province of Libya Pentapolis and a Metropolitan See, later occupied by Bishop Synesius.As one of several starting-points for the study of this later period, there was selected the area first noted by the Beecheys as containing ‘heaps of columns’, which later yielded the monumental inscriptions of Valentinian, Arcadius, and Honorius, published by Oliverio. Here excavation soon brought to light a decumanus, running from the major cardo on the west towards the great Byzantine fortress on the east. Architectural and other discoveries made in 1935–36 justified the provisional title ‘Monumental Street’ assigned to this ancient thoroughfare. In terms of the general town-plan, which is extremely regular, this street may be called ‘Decumanus II North’, since two rows of long rectangular insulae separate it from the Decumanus Maximus leading to the West Gate, still erect. The clearing of the Monumental Street and its frontages revealed the well-known Maenad reliefs, attributed to the sculptor Callimachus, a late-Roman triple Triumphal Arch, and fragments of monumental inscriptions similar in character to those previously published from the same area.