bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle actin isoforms are differentially expressed in human satellite cells isolated from donors of different ages
Authors: Lancioni Hovirag , Lucentini Livia , Palomba Antonella , Fulle Stefania , Micheli Maria Rita , Panara Fausto 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMyogenesis is mainly sustained by a subpopulation of myogenic cells known as satellite cells (SC). In this paper we studied α‐smooth muscle (αSMA) and α‐sarcomeric muscle (αSRA) actin isoform expression in cultures of human satellite cells (HSC) isolated from skeletal muscle biopsies from a 5‐day‐old newborn, a 34‐year‐old young adult and a 71‐year‐old donor. Myogenicity of cultures was assessed using immunocytochemical detection of desmin and myosin heavy chain. Time‐course expression of αSRA and αSMA were studied with both immunocytochemistry and western blotting procedures. Although αSMA was never detected in whole skeletal muscle, both αSMA and αSRA were detected in proliferating and differentiating HSC derived from donors of all examined ages. The expression level experiments showed that αSRA was gradually up‐regulated during HSC differentiation, but no significant differences were observed between newborn, young, and elderly HSC cultures. Our data demonstrated that HSC, isolated from subjects of different ages, re‐expressed αSMA, but its levels and expression pattern varied considerably in the newborn with respect to the young adult and elderly donors. These results are discussed in relation to the myogenic differentiation capability of HSC during human muscle senescence.
New approach to ocean sciences draws on efficiency and partnership
Authors: Nelson Thomas 
Published: October 2006

A paradigm shift is underway among the federal agencies that is changing the way we do business in the ocean sciences. This innovation, the National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP), is a legislatively mandated program that has produced new interactions between agencies, increased visibility for ocean issues on the national agenda, and achieved a level of coordinated community effort and a synergy never before seen.NOPP will hold an open forum at the AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting in San Antonio, Texas, on Wednesday, January 26, from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. This session will provide an opportunity to learn more about NOPP and the topics on which the program is now focused.
The Moon: Resources, Future Development, and Colonization
Authors: Mendell Wendell 
Published: October 2006

During the Apollo Program, NASA funded studies for future lunar surface activities beyond the initial landings. After rejection of the Space Task Group Report in 1969 by the Nixon Administration and after truncation of the Apollo landing sequence, NASA shut down internal work on permanent lunar facilities.A decade later, a community of lunar base advocates arose, consisting largely of people outside the traditional NASA funding base. Following the seminal 1984 Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century, the Aerospace Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers began a continuing series of biennial specialty conferences under the title of Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space. The conferences are better known as Space88, Space90, and so forth, including the upcoming Space2000. The proceedings contain papers by professionals who work on terrestrial infrastructure and who apply their experience to lunar scenarios.
Earth history and the evolution of life must be taught: Creationism is not science
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The American Geophysical Union affirms the central importance of scientific theories of Earth history and organic evolution in science education. An educated citizenry must understand these theories in order to comprehend the dynamic world in which we live and nature's complex balance that sustains us.Science employs a logical and empirical methodology to understand the natural world. Scientific research entails observation of natural phenomena, formulation of hypotheses as tentative, testable statements to explain these phenomena, and experiments or observations to test these hypotheses. Scientific theories, like evolution and relativity and plate tectonics, are hypotheses that have survived extensive testing and repeated verification. Scientific theories are therefore the best substantiated statements that scientists can make to explain the organization and operation of the natural world.Thus, a scientific theory is not equal to a belief, a hunch, or an untested hypothesis. Our understanding of Earth's development over its 4.5 billion‐year history and of life's gradual evolution has achieved the status of scientific theory.
Effort explores 130 Million years of Antarctic paleoenvironment
Authors: Kristoffersen Yngve , Goodwin Ian D. , Cooper Alan K. 
Published: October 2006

Antarctic climate history has been dominated by events and turning points with causes that are poorly understood. To fill the gaps in our knowledges new effort is underway in the international geologic community to acquire and coordinate the circum‐Antarctic geologic data needed to derive and model paleoenvironments of the past 130 m.y. The effort, which focuses principally on using shallow (<100 m) stratigraphic drilling and coring to acquire the geologic data, is being led by the Antarctic Offshore Stratigraphy Project (ANTOSTRAT), a group that works under the aegis of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).About 40 scientists from 12 countries met this past summer in Wellington, New Zealand, at an ANTOSTRAT meeting to discuss strategies for implementing the desired paleoenvironmental field and modeling studies. The meeting was held in conjunction with the 8th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences.
Renaming D double prime
Authors: Chao Benjamin F. 
Published: October 2006

“Knowledge about the dynamics of the D double prime region is a key to unlocking some fundamental mysteries of the Earth's heat engine which governs a wide range of global geophysical processes from tectonics to the geodynamo.”This benign sentence makes complete sense to many geophysicists. But for many others, it all makes sense except for the odd nomenclature “D double prime.” One knows about the crust, upper and lower mantle, outer and inner cores, but where is the D double prime region? What meaning does it convey? Where is the D prime region, or the D region, or the A, B, and C regions for that matter, and are there higher‐order primes? How did such an odd name come about anyway?
Intense magnetic storms: The topic of intense scientific discussion
Authors: Daglis Ioannis A. 
Published: October 2006

The upcoming solar maximum, which is expected to peak around mid‐2000, causes concerns among users of spaceborne research and technological systems. Intense magnetic storms will most probably increase in number and magnitude and will affect the operation and integrity of scientific, commercial, and military spacecraft as well as ground‐based technology systems. Intense magnetic storms will be among the major natural hazards for today's society, which is increasingly connected to and dependent on space technology.In order to address the particulars of storm development and dynamics, an international group of scientists who are especially active in storm research participated in the Workshop on Magnetic Storm Dynamics “Brazil VI.”
Solomon to receive 1999 National Medal of Science
Authors: Grant Shermonta L. 
Published: October 2006

Last month, The White House named AGU Fellow Susan Solomon as one of 12 recipients of the 1999 National Medal of Science, the highest science honor in the nation. Established by Congress and managed by the National Science Foundation, the award recognizes individuals for contributions to the current state of knowledge across a broad spectrum of science frontiers.We honor these exceptional U.S. scientists and engineers for their achievements, contributions, and innovations that have sustained U.S. leadership across the frontiers of scientific and technological knowledge, thereby enhancing our ability to shape and improve our nations future, said President Clinton.
Clean air act and acid precipitation receiving increased attention
Authors: Burns Douglas A. , Lawrence Gregory B. , Murdoch Peter S. 
Published: October 2006

In 1990 the U.S. Congress passed Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments, which was intended to reduce the adverse effects of acid deposition by reducing emissions of the acid precursors,sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (Nox). Passage of Title IV was a response to the findings of a decade of research performed in large part through the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), which concluded that acid deposition posed a current and future threat to vulnerable forest and aquatic ecosystems [NAPAP, 1991].Now,with reauthorization of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments scheduled for 2000, Congress is considering several bills that would further reduce emissions to ensure the restoration of damaged ecosystems.Title IV requires a 10 million ton per year reduction in SO2 emissions below 1980 levels by 2010 and establishes a national cap of 8.95 million tons per year on utility emissions by 2010. Atmospheric sulfur deposition began to decline in the late 1970s as a result of energy conservation and provisions of the Clean Air Act of 1980. Since implementation of Phase I of Title IV in 1995, SO2 emissions have dropped from more than 20 million tons per year in the early 1990s to 18.3 million tons in 1995 [NAPAP, 1998].Consequently, reductions in atmospheric sulfur deposition have accelerated throughout the United States since 1995.
National ocean partnership project advances real‐time coastal ocean forecasting
Authors: Thiebaux Jean , Katz Bert , Kelley John , Breaker Laurence , Balasubramaniyan Bhavani 
Published: October 2006

A 1999–2000 National Ocean Partnership Project (NOPP) has demonstrated highly accurate predictions of ocean temperatures, currents, and surface elevation through a model that integrates the state of the ocean to routinely produce real‐time nowcasts and forecasts. The success is attributed to a new technology for model‐assimilation of satellite‐derived surface observations with observations from in situ equipment.Because the Chesapeake Bay and the northwestern Atlantic boarding the east coast of the United States is an area of intense ocean harvest, recreational boating, and major shipping —activities that depend on near‐term prediction of near‐surface conditions of the waters off the eastern coast—it served as the test‐bed for the “Coastal Marine Demonstration Project”
New focus on biogeosciences
Authors: McKnight Diane 
Published: October 2006

At the 1999 Fall Meeting the AGU Council voted to create a new section called Biogeosciences. This vote is the first of two Council votes required to change the bylaws by adding the new section name (see Eos, Vol.81, No. 13, March 28, 2000). The second vote may be taken as early as the 2000 Spring Meeting.Biogeosciences is currently a technical committee that serves as an organizational structure for current and new members to participate in meeting sessions and other activities. This section will explore the coupling of biological and geophysical processes to develop a more complete and fundamental understanding of the Earth and other planets. It is now widely recognized that the understanding of the Earth system can only be achieved by consideration of the role of biological agents and processes and interactions with geophysical and geochemical processes.
The Earth's Magnetic Field
Authors: McElhinny Michael W. 
Published: October 2006

The study of the Earth's magnetic field is one of the oldest scientific disciplines. Research in geomagnetism enabled information to be deduced about the Earth's interior, the electrodynamics of the upper atmosphere at altitudes above 100 km, and the processes at work in interplanetary space and even on the surface of the Sun.Regular recordings of the geomagnetic field elements were commenced on a global scale in 1841, initially with hourly recordings, but 5 years later, continuous recordings were introduced. One of the oldest of these continuous recording stations is the Colaba‐Alibag magnetic observatory in India. The Earth's Magnetic Field was commissioned to commemorate 150 years (1841–1991) of continuous, uninterrupted observations of the Earth's magnetic field by that observatory. Therefore, it is inevitable that the book emphasizes much of the Indian contributions to studies in geomagnetism. Two of the eight chapters are devoted to this aspect: Chapter 5 on the historical aspects of geomagnetism in India and chapter 7 on the Indian contributions to modern geomagnetism.
Stepping Stones: Evolving the Earth and Its Life
Authors: McKay Christopher P. 
Published: October 2006

In recent years, science has begun to consider more system‐level studies that cross disciplines. These studies challenge our traditional disciplinary training. It is no longer enough to be just a geologist when the problems of interest deal with an entire planet. Indeed, a knowledge of biology, geology astronomy, and myriad subfields is needed.In Stepping Stones, Stephen Drury steps up to the daunting task of writing a general treatment of the science of the entire Earth. He not only ranges through all of the relevant physical sciences but also reaches to economics and political theory. The material is presented at a general level with reading lists but no specific references. Equations have been minimized.
Scientists push for an integrated ocean observing system
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Some elements of a U.S. system to monitor the world s oceans already are in place. For instance, the El Niæo‐Southern Oscillation Observing System provided important data to scientists and planners tracking the 1998 El Niæo in the Pacific Ocean. The VENTS program, established in 1984, is helping to increase understanding of the spreading of the sea floor in the Pacific. The Long‐Term Ecosystem Observatory in 15 meters of water (LEO‐15) monitors the marine environment off the coast of New Jersey. Additional programs include a federal network of 22 National Estuarine Research reserve monitoring sites, the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), RIDGE (Ridge Inter‐Disciplinary Global Experiments), and other projects and observing stations maintained by research institutions and government agencies.These pieces, however, do not yet add up to an integrated ocean observing system (IOOS), according to proponents, who argue that an investment to create a national ocean information system that fits in with an international oceans system would be similar to existing national and global weather information systems. While the price tag for an IOOS and an international oceans system could be expensive, the human, ecological, and economic benefits far outweigh the costs, these individuals say.
Principles of Hydrogeology, Second Edition
Authors: Ferø Paul 
Published: October 2006

Hydrogeology is a broadbased field of study, bringing together geology, physics, hydraulics, chemistry, geography, biology, and many branches of engineering. As a result, practicing hydrogeologists come from diverse back‐grounds and must work closely with professionals with skills and experiences different from their own. Thorough understanding of the underlying physical, geological, and chemical principles of hydrogeology is a requisite basis for technical communication among hydrogeologists. A convenient source of working definitions and commonly used parameters is a useful tool for hydrogeologic practice.Principles of Hydrogeology falls somewhere between a complete introduction to the underlying concepts of hydrogeology and a detailed description of hydrogeologic methods. The simplified, schematic figures used throughout the text are clear and readable, well‐suited for use in classroom instruction. Many sample calculations are provided together with tables of useful parameter values. A wide range of topics relevant to the practice of hydrogeology are introduced. Its clarity and brevity will make this book a useful primer for professionals working in fields related to hydrogeology for students at the beginning of their careers, and for hydrogeologic technicians who need an accessible source of definitions of hydrogeologic concepts.
Trish' Rogers Campbell (1963–2000)
Authors: Campbell Bruce A. 
Published: October 2006

Patricia Grizzaffi Campbell (Rogers), a planetary scientist with RAND and NASA, passed away at her home March 9 after a long and courageous struggle with cancer. She was 37 years old.Dr. Campbell received her B.A. in geological sciences from Harvard University in 1985, and her M.S. in planetary geology from Brown University in 1987. From 1988 to 1991, she worked for RAND in Santa Monica California, on a variety of planetary science programs, including geodetic control networks for Mars, Mercury Triton, and Venus, and Magellan mission planning and data analysis. She also participated in the development of mission concepts and architectures for the NASA Space Exploration Initiative.
Fifty‐five million years of Tibetan evolution recorded in the Indus Fan
Authors: Clift Peter , Shimizu Nobu , Layne Graham , Gaedicke Christoph , Schlter H.‐U. , Clark Marin , Amjad Shahid 
Published: October 2006

Although the Indus Fan is only about one‐third of the volume of its giant neighbor in the Bay of Bengal, it is one of the largest sediment bodies in the ocean basins, totaling ∼5×106 km3. Its detrital sedimentary record is an important repository of information on the uplift and erosion of the western Himalaya. New seismic and provenance data from the Pakistan margin now suggest that the Indus River and fan system was initiated shortly after the India‐Asia collision at ˜5 Ma.The modern Indus drainage basin is dominated by the high peaks of the Karakoram, Kohistan, and other tectonic units of the Indus Suture Zone rather than the High Himalaya. The Indus River, which rises in western Tibet near Mount Kailas, follows the Indus Suture Zone along strike before cutting orthogonally through the Himalaya to the Arabian Sea. The other tributaries to the Indus, such as the Chenab and Sutlej, do drain the crystalline High Himalayan range, but do so in an area where its topography is much reduced (Figure 1). In contrast, the Bengal Fans main feeder rivers, the Ganges and Brahmaputra, follow the High Himalaya along strike for much of the length of the orogen. In practice, this means that the Bengal Fan is swamped by the large volume of material derived from the rapidly unroofing High Himalaya [France‐Lanord et al, 1993], while the Indus Fan is dominated by tectonic units adjacent to the suture zone, including western Tibet. This allows their erosional signal to be more readily isolated in the Indus Fan compared to in the Bengal.
Apparent water formations in Mars images elicit puzzlement, enthusiasm
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Scientists poring over images of Mars taken by NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) have detected geological features which they say could have been formed by liquid water flowing in the recent geological past—anywhere from millions of years ago to moments ago.While some earlier evidence has indicated that some water likely exists on Mars in the form of ice and vapor, the new findings set the clock forward by suggesting the presence of geologically recent liquid water.
Exhibit created by scientists brings planet Earth to public
Authors: Mathez E. A. , Webster J. D. , Kinzler R. , Sloan H. 
Published: October 2006

On June 12, 1999, the American Museum of Natural History opened a new permanent exhibit about the Earth. The exhibit, the Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth (HOPE), describes how the Earth works (Web site: http://www.amnh.org/rose/hope). In other words, it is the story of modern Earth science.How does one go about telling such a broad and complex story in an exhibit where the audience ranges from school children to adults? The first challenge was to devise a structure for the story itself. The hall was organized around a series of questions that would both engage the visitors and span current knowledge. The questions were eventually distilled to five: How has the Earth evolved? How do we read the rocks? Why are there ocean basins, continents, and mountains? What causes climate and climate change? And, why is the Earth habitable?
What lies beneath: Studying a U.S. impact crater and its effects on groundwater
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va., August 3, 2000 Today, the team drilling for its version of gold hauled up another 18 meters of sediment samples as super‐hardened carbide disks welded onto a coring bit pushed through a Virginia unit of the St. Mary's Formation, which dates from the Late Miocene Epoch 8 5 million years old. The drilling, which began on July 23 and is expected to grind on at this site until September, has now reached about 107 meters below land surface.The scientists and heavy equipment handlers hope that by the end of August they will reach the layer of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater where breccia lies. This is a jumble of redistributed and angular broken rock fragments they expect to find that was deposited in the aftermath of a bolide strike 35 million years ago, during the Late Eocene epoch. The breccia could lie anywhere from 640 to 820 meters down, scientists believe. Drillers working the coring rig may continue down as far as 1370 or 1675 meters to take up a long sample of underlying crystalline rocks, according to geologist Greg Gohn of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), a co‐leader of the Chesapeake Bay Impact Crater (CBIC) project.
International Geodynamics Research Center opens in Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Zeigarnik Vladimir A. , Schelochkov Gennady G. , Molnar Peter 
Published: October 2006

On June 10, 2000, the International Research Center‐Geodynamic Proving Ground was inaugurated near Bishkek, the capital city of the Kyrgyz Republic.The centers purpose will be to facilitate collaborative research in geodynamics, not only between Kyrgyz and Russian scientists, but involving scientists from other countries as well.The new center takes advantage of existing capabilities in geophysical research at both the Scientific Station of the Associated Institute of High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, and at Kyrgyz institutes. For instance, the Kyrgyz Seismograph Network, operated by the Kyrgyz Institute of Seismology (KIS) and the Scientific Station, with support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF),consists of 10 state‐of‐the‐art broadband seismographs whose data are transmitted in near‐real time to the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of California in San Diego.
The Earth's Plasmasphere with Contributions from D. L. Carpenter and V. Bassolo
Authors: Ganguli Gurudas 
Published: October 2006

The plasmasphere is a region of enduring scientific interest and considerable practical importance. A number of communications, navigation, and military satellites that are becoming indispensable to routine human activities are stationed in this region.To ensure the reliability of these assets, it is important to understand the plasmaspheric environment comprehensively Recently, there has been renewed interest in the plasmasphere as evidenced by a number of imaging missions, such as the NASA/Imager for Magnetopauseto‐Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE), the U.S. Department of Defense/Advanced Research & Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS), and the proposed Magnetospheric Imager (MI), whose objectives include imaging the plasmasphere. To fully use the information obtained by remote sensing, we must develop more accurate models of the plasmaspheric structure than are currently available. Hence, an emphasis on plasmaspheric research is particularly timely.