bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Practical Method for the Sanitarians'Review of Design of Small Public Water‐Supply Systemsa
Authors: Courchaine C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe design of small water systems requires the application of basic hydraulic principles. To prevent excessive head losses in piping systems created by pyramiding peak flows, the Cross method of successive approximations is used. This is a relatively simple means of checking the ability of the system to supply an adequate quantity of water at sufficient pressure. An example problem is worked out in detail to show how the method is applied to a trailer coach park water distribution system.Hydropneumatic storage tanks do not operate at maximum efficiency without prepressuring. Since Boyle's Law is applicable to all gases including air, it is used to determine the amount of prepressuring required to obtain the greatest amount of water from storage between pump cycles at predetermined pressure settings. A graph has been developed to determine the volume of water in a tank at various levels of prepressuring.
Geologic Classification of Aquifers
Authors: Blank Horace R. , Schroeder Melvin C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis classification of aquifers is based upon the properties of rocks which affect ground water. In any region the rocks may be consolidated or unconsolidated. They may be uniform in lithology, or they may consist of alternating layers of different lithologies. They may have been tilted, fractured, or altered in various ways since their formation.Consequently the occurrence of ground water depends not only on the fundamental nature of the rocks but also on their geologic history. The ground water may be found under confined (artesian) or unconfined (water table) conditions. The permeability of an aquifer may be uniform, or it may vary in some regular way, or it may be very irregular because most of the water is in secondary openings.As most geologic situations do not fit well into precise categories, some aquifers may fall into more than one subdivision of this classification.
Salt Water Intrusion in the Summerside Area, P.E.I.
Authors: Tremblay J. J. , D'Cruz J. , Anger H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSalt water intrusion is an acute problem in the coastal areas of Prince Edward Island. In the town of Summerside, ground‐water supplies are developed from an aquifer hydraulically connected with the sea. Over the past ten years, there has been progressive contamination of the aquifer, particularly in wells close to the seashore.Investigations including test drilling, aquifer testing and chemical studies were undertaken in Summerside to study the nature and extent of the salt water intrusion.Landward encroachment of the saline water is aided by the relatively high transmissivity of the fractured Permo‐Carboniferous sandstone which comprises a semiconfined aquifer. Two separate zones of salt water contamination exist—namely an upper zone from a depth of 0 to 80 feet caused by a landward hydraulic gradient of the fresh water due to heavy pumping and a second zone at a depth of 350 to 400 feet due to intermittent pumping resulting in a raising and thickening of the zone of diffusion. The extent of salt water intrusion is depicted, using hypothetical sections.
Increasing Well Yield with Hybrid Wells
Authors: Helweg Otto J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTHybrid wells (a type of collector well) offer a method of increasing the specific capacity of a deep well. A regular deep well is combined with a gallery constructed similar to the qanats, a labor‐intensive technology found in the Middle East. Qanats, tunnels that tap ground water for water supplies, are described. The author explains: (1) the method of constructing hybrid wells, (2) some theoretical considerations using the nonequilibrium equation for pumping tests and the Donnan equation for drain design, and (3) the economic gains from hybrid wells.
Evaluation of a Shallow Leaky Water Table Aquifer in a Subhumid Region of France
Authors: Saint‐Pé Max A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe Arcachon Bay Plio‐Quaternary aquifer, located in a flat poorly‐drained region which receives one m annual precipitation, has a shallow water table which impedes agricultural development. It is composed of a 50‐100 m thick body of well‐sorted clean sand and gravel which has excellent hydrodynamic properties and much fresh ground water in storage. This affluent aquifer is underlain by, and interconnected with, a relatively poor calcareous aquifer of Miocene age.Leakage to the Miocene aquifer, inferred from geologic and hydrogeologic observations, was calculated by water budgeting and Darcy's law to be on the order of 1.5 m3/s. This rate, about 15 percent of the annual precipitation, is nearly half the recharge rate to the Plio‐Quaternary aquifer.Schoeller's chloride method was used to estimate recharge to the Plio‐Quaternary aquifer, and indicated that this recharge amounts to more than 35 percent of the annual precipitation. The calculation of the water budget supported this finding. The evapotranspiration rate, based on Thornthwaite's method, is more than 55 percent of the annual precipitation. High recharge and evapotranspiration rates, a direct consequence of the relief, permeability of soils, and occurrence of hot summers, are coupled with a low surface runoff.Exploitation of the Plio‐Quaternary aquifer can be planned confidently for irrigation and water‐supply purposes. Drainage improvement, needed for extensive farming of the lands, will also result from such exploitation. These development measures are suggested to be tailored and staged in the framework of the master plan aimed to develop and conserve the Arcachon Bay area and the region it is part of.Descriptors: subhumid environment, shallow water table, multiple‐aquifer systems, leaky aquifers, Darcy's law, aquifer recharge, Schoeller's chloride method, water budget, ground‐water quality, environmental hydrogeology, development and conservation.Identifiers: shallow leaky aquifers in subhumid environment.
Flow to Wells Near Streams in the Presence of Delayed Yield from Storage and Analysis of Pumping Test Data
Authors: Yotov I. G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA solution is obtained for drawdown around pumping wells in aquifers near streams in the presence of delayed yield from storage using the image theory. Two methods (the second one with two variants) are presented for determining the aquifer constants. The first method is based on the type curves for the initial moments of pumping and for later ones. The Carson‐Laplace transforms of drawdown field data are required for applying the other method. A field example Ts used for illustration.
Ground‐Water Nitrate Pollution in Rural Areas
Authors: Walker William H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn humid regions, chemical pollutants such as nitrate readily enter surficial aquifers as slugs during nongrowing season precipitation recharge periods and move slowly through the aquifer to nearby drainage tiles, streams, or pumping wells. Little mixing, with native ground water seems to occur, and for this reason, fairly small quantities of pollution in bulb form may enter a well as a high‐concentration slug long after its initial entry into the aquifer. Nitrate slug concentrations in excess of 6000 ppm have been delineated in one surficial aquifer in Illinois.Recent ground‐water pollution studies indicate that trees and plants may temporarily store large quantities of nutrients during the growing season for release to aquifers during subsequent nongrowing seasons. Considering this, it appears imperative that farm fertilizer application and human or animal waste disposal on farmlands be limited only to the growing season of each year and only in quantities that will not ultimately cause ground‐water nitrate concentrations to rise above toxic levels.
Effects of Well Injection on a Basaltic Ghyben‐Herzberg Aquifer
Authors: Hargis David R. , Peterson Frank L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn recent years, the practice of artificially recharging wastewater such as storm runoff, sewage effluent, and various industrial wastes into the subsurface has become of growing importance in Hawaii. In 1970 the Kahului Development Company began construction of a collection basin and four deep injection wells for the disposal of storm runoff from a residential development in Kahului, Maui. This presented a unique opportunity to evaluate the response of a basaltic Ghyben‐Herzberg aquifer to well injection, and to measure the rate of movement of injected water in the aquifer. The results of pumping and injection tests of one completed well and one test hole indicate that the finished injection wells should be able to transmit sediment‐free water at rates in excess of 5500 gallons per minute per well. Observation well measurements indicate that injected water moves at a gross velocity of one foot per minute in the basalt aquifer in the vicinity of the injection wells.
Ground‐Water Quality Models: What They Can and Cannot Doa
Authors: Evenson Donald E. , Orlob Gerald T. , Lyons T. Clark 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe development and application of mathematical models to simulate water quality behavior in ground‐water basins is at a very youthful stage. There is still much to be learned and a great deal of experience to be gained. However, in the last few years, models have been developed to simulate conservative and some nonconservative constituents under both saturated and unsaturated soil conditions. In addition, models have been found to provide additional information for calibration of quantity models, to identify major data gaps and deficiencies, to be useful in the design of data collection programs and in the interpretation of collected data, to be valuable to watershed planners and managers through evaluation of alternative regulatory policies, physical facilities and management operational plans, and to point out where future research efforts are needed.
Protracted Recharge of Treated Sewage into Sand Part II—Tracing the Flow of Contaminated Ground Water with a Resistivity Survey
Authors: Fink William B. , Aulenbach Donald B. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTo aid in determining the direction of ground‐water flow after the effluent from the Lake George Village sewage treatment plant is discharged onto natural delta sand beds, resistivity studies were made in the soil (sand) in the vicinity of the recharge beds. Ground water having high dissolved solids is identified as producing lower resistivity readings. The sewage effluent has a higher dissolved solids content than the existing ground water in the area. The path of the recharged sewage effluent, as identified by lower resistivity readings, appears to flow in a northerly direction from the sewage treatment plant along Gage Road toward West Brook. Due to interferences, the resistivity studies could not show whether the high conductivity ground water flows into or under West Brook.
Tests of a Ground‐Water Optimization Technique
Authors: Remson Kenneth A. , Aguado Eduardo , Remson Irwin 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTResults obtained from a linear programming ground‐water management model are tested against those obtained using numerical and electrical analog ground‐water models. The optimal distributions of pumping and head as predicted by the management model are verified.An improved optimal solution could be obtained by reformulating the management model using different constraints or a finer grid spacing.
Protracted Recharge of Treated Sewage into Sand Part III—Nutrient Transport Through the Sanda
Authors: Aulenbach Donald B. , Ferris James J. , Clesceri Nicholas L. , Tofflemire T. James 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTUpon the information provided by the resistivity survey indicating that the most probable direction of flow of the sewage effluent discharged onto the sand beds at the Lake George Village sewage treatment plant is northerly along Gage Road toward West Brook, a survey was made of the West Brook flood plain, both upstream and downstream from Gage Road. Considerable seepage was found emanating from the base of the sand hill which delineates the West Brook valley. The high dissolved solids of this seepage plus other chemical parameters and the configuration of the land suggested that this seepage represented the effluent applied to the sand beds. Wells were placed in the sand beds and between the beds and West Brook. Measurement of the quality of the ground water in these wells indicates that phosphates are effectively removed in passing through approximately 2,000 feet (600 m) of sand, that chlorides are essentially unchanged, and that organic and ammonia nitrogen are effectively converted to nitrate which is not removed. Phage particles were also found. Substances not removed exerted an influence on the quality of water in West Brook. An additional source of chloride appears to be salt stored at the nearby highway department garage. This interferes with the use of chloride as a tracer of the sewage treatment plant effluent.
Deprivation Contribution and Interference Effects of Multiple Wells in a Common Aquifer
Authors: Harp J. F. , Laguros J. G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to present a method of assessing ground‐water interference effects of multiple wells upon any given well in an aquifer. The method specifically relates to depleted aquifers and attempts to assign the responsibility for the depletion effects to all users on a reliable basis. This basis entails the fundamental relationships between the pertinent variables and is not a simple percentage of water usage rates. The method takes into account both flow magnitude and radial distances from all users to the given depleted well. Large flows at longer distances, in general, affect a given well less than smaller flows at closer distances.The methodology applied in this paper was developed as a result of a legal suit where relative responsibility among several users for depletion effects had to be assigned. The method will assign the effects, or deprivation contribution, of all water users on any given well in an aquifer common to all the wells. The limitations of the method are also discussed.
Approximation for Steady Interface Beneath a Well Pumping Fresh Water Overlying Salt Water
Authors: Haubold Reiner G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA mathematical expression was developed which would approximate the steady position and shape of a sharp, upconed interface between fresh and salt water in an aquifer when the fresh water only is being pumped from a well. The computation of the interface shape was based on an empirically derived modification of Muskat's approximation for the height of the cone beneath a well. Differing depths of well penetrations and their effect on the upconed interface were investigated with the approximation. The computed interfaces were compared with corresponding interfaces determined experimentally in a Hele‐Shaw model. Close agreements could be achieved for interfaces which penetrated as much as 50% of the distance between the bottom of the well and the initial interface position. Changing the length of the producing interval of the well while keeping its pumping rate constant did not have a significant influence on the shape or position of the upconed interface. Even though the shape and position of the upconed interface could be approximated, a refinement of the analytical methods used in deriving the approximation for the interface may be necessary before it can be applied reliably.
Ground‐Water Quality in the Shiraz Basin, South Iran
Authors: Nejand Said , Khan Rashid A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGround water of Shiraz alluvial basin in Zagros range (south Iran) shows three principal anion types, namely chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate. Intermediate types between these groups are also present, which seem to represent modifications in ground water due to diagenesis.Possible chemical origin of the ground water is mainly due to two major processes either acting individually or collectively, i.e. solution of minerals of the geological formation and mixing of ground water accompanied by the precipitation of some constituents such as calcium.
Filter‐Pack Installation and Redevelopment Techniques for Shallow Recharge Shaftsa
Authors: McCormick Robert L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe potential for artificial ground‐water recharge through shallow shafts is being conducted at the Leaky Acres Recharge Project in Fresno, California. The research is directed toward developing methods for constructing and placing filter‐pack materials and procedures for periodically cleaning filter materials to regenerate initial intake rates. This report presents preliminary results of two differently constructed shallow shafts.Over a period of 94 days, 50.8 X 103 cu m (13.4 million gals) of screened canal water was recharged. Redevelopment with a submersible pump regenerated one shaft to 109 percent of its original intake rate. Piezometric observations indicated that most of the clogging occurred within the filter‐pack material.
Hydrogeology of a Portion of the Sand Hills and Ogallala Aquifer, South Dakota and Nebraska
Authors: Rahn Perry H. , Paul Howard A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe Pliocene Ogallala Formation and the Quaternary Sand Hills Formation cover an extensive area in the north‐central prairie states. The area studied in this investigation includes only that portion between the Little White River, South Dakota, and the Niobrara River, Nebraska, where the saturated thickness is about 100 feet and a five‐day aquifer test showed that the coefficient of permeability is 439 gpd/ft2. The water has a total dissolved solids content of only 90 ppm. An average of 18 inches of precipitation falls on this arid country annually, and the average annual recharge to these permeable deposits is calculated at 2 to 3 inches.Little ground‐water development has occurred in the area to date, but the aquifer has considerable potential. The aquifer is exceptionally permeable, close to the surface and easy to drill, and has exceptionally good recharge and good quality water. Data on recharge rates and theoretical distance‐drawdown curves support the conclusion that irrigation of more than 1 quarter‐section for every 2 sections of land would cause a depletion of the aquifer.
Water Monitoring – Jim Bridger Project – Sweetwater County, Wyominga
Authors: Florquist Bruce A. , Hilbelink Paul A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTBeginning in February of 1974 and continuing to and through the start‐up of the first generating unit at the Jim Bridger Power Plant on August 8, 1974, the authors were drilling monitoring holes, collecting water samples and evaluating water quality and ground‐water levels at the project. During the course of this evaluation, considerable data was developed. Some unique and unusual problems were encountered and some of the results are interesting.As of this writing, there are over 25 water quality stations being monitored. Most of these stations are monitoring wells drilled into Tertiary or Cretaceous sedimentary rocks although some monitoring wells are drilled into recent stream alluvium. Also, there are surface‐water monitoring sites on two major streams, the freshwater surge pond and the evaporation ponds that receive the blow‐down water from the power plants' cooling towers.These waters were analyzed for at least 21 minerals and/or ions as well as pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature and such exotics as phenols, hydrazine and ammonia.The indigenous water quality of the area is poor with total dissolved solids ranging to 15,000 mg/l and pH values from 7.3 to 12.3. pH values were found to vary as much as four points between two monitoring stations fifteen feet apart. This water quality is expected to be improved by the importation of relatively high‐quality water from the Green River via a 41‐mile pipeline.Graphs have been prepared showing some of the concentrations of the more important minerals and their relationship to human, cattle, sheep, crop and boiler tolerances. A water suitability chart also shows how the water quality in the various geologic units as well as the surface water relates to various limitations of water use.Seven of the nine toxic substances cited by the Public Health Service standards were analyzed. Of these, silver, arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium and cyanide were not present in objectionable quantities. Lead, however, was excessive during some months at all well sites and two surface sites on a stream that parallels an interstate highway for more than 6 miles.The water quality was found to have a definite relationship to the geology. Similarly, the geologic conditions are expected to be the governing factor in the rate and direction of flow of subsurface water. This factor will be of major significance when the blow‐down water in design concentrations of 30,500 mg/l TDS is discharged into the evaporation pond during the projected thirty‐five‐year life of the project.
Change in Drawdown Caused by Enlarging a Well in a Dolomite Aquifer
Authors: Norris Stanley E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTStep‐drawdown tests of a well in a dolomite aquifer in north‐central Ohio, before and after it was enlarged from 10 to 12 inches (250 to 300 millimetres) in diameter, indicate changes in the well‐loss constant, the exponent for turbulent flow, and the formation loss factor. The calculated difference in drawdown resulting from enlarging the well is of little practical importance at rates of 300 to 500 gallons per minute (19 to 31 litres per second), the range of rates at which the well is expected to be pumped, but for higher rates the decrease in drawdown and consequent reduction in power costs could be significant. For a pumping rate of 1,500 gallons per minute (95 litres per second), the decrease in drawdown would be 20.4 feet (6.2 metres).
Ground‐Water and Surface‐Water Relationships in the Glacial Province of Northern Wisconsin—Snake Lake
Authors: Jaquet Neil G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLake rejuvenation efforts in the Upper Midwest are important to the area's economic dependence on high‐quality lakes for tourism. In developing eutrophication studies for lakes in this area, it is essential to determine the thickness of aquifer communicating with the lake, as a preliminary to calculation of the lake flushing rate. The thickness of communicating aquifer is particularly critical for lakes fed primarily by ground‐water recharge, e.g. Snake Lake, Wisconsin. Through use of observation wells and chloride tracer analysis, effective aquifer thickness at Snake Lake is determined to be 30 to 50 feet. However, the local flow systems are additionally found to be highly variable through the progression of seasons. The possible effect of such dynamic seasonal fluctuations on the local flow system should be considered in eutrophication studies to avoid possible improper siting of underground chemical and/or petroleum storage facilities and septic tanks in glacial deposit environments.
Fibonacci Search for High‐Yield Well Sites
Authors: Helweg Otto J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn areas where the bedrock is irregular, depressions in the bedrock formation can yield significantly higher amounts of water because the aquifer has a greater saturated thickness. Finding these areas by drilling test holes is a common practice but one that can be conducted more economically if an efficient search procedure is utilized. This paper describes such a technique called the Fibonacci Search and shows that it can save thousands of dollars in the cost of drilling test holes when compared to “brute‐force” methods.