bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of magma supply to Kīlauea volcano, Hawai‘i: integrating seismic, geodetic and eruption data
Authors: Wright Thomas L. , Klein F. W. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
We focus on movement of magma beneath Kīlauea from the long summit eruption in 1967–1968 through the first historical sustained eruption on the east rift zone (Mauna Ulu 1969–1974), ending with the occurrence of a magnitude 7.2 earthquake beneath Kīlauea's eastern south flank. Magma from the Hawai‘iian hot spot continuously moves upward to summit storage and drives seaward spreading of Kīlauea's south flank on a 10–12 km deep décollement. Spreading creates dilation in Kīlauea's rift zones and provides room to store magma at depths extending to the décollement surface. During the period of study three types of eruptions – normal (short-lived), episodic and sustained – and three types of intrusions – traditional (summit to rift), inflationary and slow – are classified. Rates of sustained eruption are governed by the geometry of the magmatic plumbing. Swarms of earthquakes beneath the south flank signal increased pressure from magma entering Kīlauea's adjacent rift zone. Magma supply rates are obtained by combining the volume of magma transferred to sites of eruption or intrusion with the volume opened by seaward spreading over the same increment of time. In our interpretation the varying character of eruptions and intrusions requires a gradual increase in magma supply rate throughout the period augmented by incremental increases in spreading rate. The three types of eruptions result from different combinations of magma supply and spreading rate.
Magnetic signatures associated with magma ascent and stagnation at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico, during 2006
Authors: Pozzo Ana Lillian Martin-Del , Cifuentes Gerardo , González Eduardo , Martinez Alicia , Mendiola Fabiola 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMonitoring of real-time magnetic signals at Popocatepetl during 2006 has allowed discrimination of magma injection and dome growth. Magnetic signals correlated with seismic, volcanotectonic events and harmonic tremor, as well as number of small emissions, spring water pH, ash components and dome evolution helped define upward magma transport and yield a better understanding of the volcanic plumbing system. Magma ascent occurs mostly in periods of 7±3 days associated with harmonic tremor and decreasing magnetic signals between −1.1 and −15 nT, followed by increasing signals linked to cooling of the domes and increased seismicity over periods of 1 to more than 3 months. The dome clogs the vent after the negative magnetic anomaly–harmonic tremor period associated with magma ascent and forces an explosive crater-reopening explosion. Larger negative changes in the magnetic signals occurred in April (−6 nT), August (−3 to −6 nT) and October to December (−5 to −15 nT), associated with dome formation and growth. Negative magnetic anomalies preceded eruptions by 3 days in 2006.
Understanding crystal populations and their significance through the magma plumbing system
Authors: Jerram Dougal A. , Martin Victoria M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Crystals are rarely composed of a single crystal population that have grown solely from the batch of magma in which they are resident on emplacement, either by eruption or shallow intrusion. Close investigation of the majority of crystal populations reveal that they comprise up to four main components: phenocrysts, crystals co-genetic with their magmatic host; xenocrysts, crystals wholly, or in part, foreign to the magmatic host and magma system; antecrysts, crystals which are recycled one or several times before inclusion in the host magma but have an origin within the magmatic system; and microlites, which represent small co-genetic crystals which nucleate and grow rapidly on decompression and eruption. Textural analysis techniques are employed to quantify key aspects of the crystal population, including crystal shape, crystal size distributions, spatial distribution patterns and textural modification using dihedral angles. Santorini provides a case study of an active volcanic system where a combined textural analysis study has been developed, highlighting how the crystal population is being continuously modified by a series of replenishment and mixing events. Developing textural and microgeochemical techniques provides the next stage in the interrogation of crystal populations, linking textures to isotopic heterogeneities and providing fingerprints of where crystals are sourced and re-cycled.
Evidence for a short-lived stratified magma chamber: petrology of the Z-To5 tephra layer (
c
. 5.8 ka) at Zao volcano, NE Japan
Authors: Ban Masao , Sagawa Hiyori , Miura Kotaro , Hirotani Shiho 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Volcanic rocks from the Z-To5 tephra layer of Zao volcano, NE Japan, preserve petrological information that reflects the magmatic processes under the volcano. The Z-To5 rocks were formed by the mixing of three magmas that differed in composition and phenocryst assemblage: basalt (1150–1200 °C), with high Mg (Fo

c
. 81

) olivine; basaltic andesite (1020–1100 °C), with Mg-rich orthopyroxene (Mg#=
c
. 78) and clinopyroxene (Mg#=
c
. 78), lower Mg olivine (Mg#=
c
. 78), and calcic (An

c
. 85

) plagioclase; and andesite (900–1000 °C) with Mg-poor orthopyroxene (Mg#=61–66) and clinopyroxene (Mg#=64–68), and An-poor plagioclase. The basaltic magma was formed through fractionation of Fo

c
. 85

olivine from a less differentiated basaltic magma during its fast ascent from the depths. The andesitic magma, which occupied a shallow magma chamber, was heated by underplating of the basaltic magma, resulting in dissolution of some minerals. Subsequently, the basaltic andesite magma was formed by mixing of the basaltic and andesitic magmas in the chamber. Petrological evidence for the rapid growth of phenocrysts in the basaltic andesite magma suggests that the magma residence time was short. The basaltic andesite magma, mixing with a small portion of the andesitic magma, was withdrawn upon eruption. The rates of these processes are inferred to be rapid based on petrological considerations.
Uranium-series isotope and thermal constraints on the rate and depth of silicic magma genesis
Authors: Dosseto A. , Turner S. P. , Sandiford M. , Davidson J. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Uranium-series isotopes provide important constraints on the timescale of magma differentiation and this can be used to identify where in the crust and silicic magmas acquire their geochemical characteristics. Timescales of differentiation can be inferred from the observed co-variations of U-series disequilibria with differentiation indexes. When crustal assimilation of secular equilibrium material is involved, inferred timescales will generally decrease. In turn, they will increase if periodical recharge (>20 wt% relative volume) of the magma body occurs. If crustal assimilation and magma recharge occur concurrently, inferred timescales for differentiation can be similar to that of closed system differentiation. We illustrate the approach with data from Mount St Helens which suggest that dacitic compositions are produced in
c
. 2000 years. Combining this with recent evidence for an important role for amphibole fractionation suggests that differentiation of a
c
. 10 km
3
magma body at this volcanic centre occurs at 8–10 km depth in the crust.
The Gospel of Judas: Its Polemic, its Exegesis, and its Place in Church History
Authors: Williams Frank 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Gospel of Judas is a Sethian gnostic revelation dialogue which contains an unusual amount of narrative movement and casts Judas as recipient of the revelation. It is in large part polemic and is comparable to other early polemics, both of the gnostics and of their opponents. It inveighs against the eucharist and the clergy who celebrate it, attempts to substitute, for the supposedly inaccurate passion narrative of the four gospels, an account of the events as they really transpired, and sharply contrasts the character and fate of gnostic with those of catholic Christians. We treat first of its attack on the eucharist, next of its handling of the gospel narratives, and then of its polemic stance, comparing this with that of three other gnostic polemics, The Testimony of the Truth, The Apocalypse of Peter, and The Second Treatise of the Great Seth. In the light of this comparison we conclude with suggestions concerning the sort of situation our document might reflect, and the reasons for the selection of Judas as its protagonist.
Regional Projections of Future Seasonal and Annual Changes in Rainfall and Temperature over Australia Based on Skill-Selected AR4 Models
Authors: Pitman A. J. , Perkins S. E. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Daily data from climate models submitted to the Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are compared with daily data from observations over Australia by measuring the overlap of the probability density functions (PDFs). The capacity of these models to simulate maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation is assessed. The resulting skill score is then used to exclude models with relatively poor skill region by region over Australia. The remaining sample of coupled climate models is then used to determine the seasonal changes in these three variables under a high- (A2) and low- (B1) emission scenario for 2050 and 2100. The authors demonstrate that some projected phenomena, such as the projected drying over southwest Western Australia, are robust and not caused by the inclusion of some weak models in earlier assessments. Some other results, such as the projected change in the monsoon, are more consistent among the good climate models. Consistent with earlier work, a consistent pattern of mean warming is identified in the projections. The amount of warming in the 99.7th percentile is not dramatically higher than the warming in the mean. However, while the mean warming is generally least in the south, the amount of warming in the 99.7th percentile is substantially higher along the southern coast of Australia. This is due to a coupling of the temperature response with reduced rainfall, which causes drying and allows extreme maximum temperatures to increase dramatically. The authors show that, in general, the amount of rainfall is projected to change relatively little, but the frequency of rainfall decreases and the intensity of rainfall at the upper tail of the distribution increases. However, the scale of the increase in extreme rainfall is not large on the time scales analyzed here. The range in projected temperature changes among those climate models with skill in simulating the observations is at least twice as large for the 99.7th/0.3rd percentiles as for the mean. For rainfall, the range among the good models is of order 10 times greater in the 99.7th percentile than in the mean. Since the impact of changes in extremes is increasingly recognized as societally important, this result strongly limits the use of climate model data to explore sectors that are vulnerable to extremes. This suggests an evaluation strategy that focuses on model capacity to simulate whole PDFs since capacity to simulate the mean is a necessary but insufficient criterion for determining a model’s value for future projection.
The Frontogenetical Forcing of Secondary Circulations. Part II: Properties of Q Vectors in Exact Linear Solutions
Authors: Davies-Jones Robert 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
An exact solution of the primitive equations (PEs) and the corresponding exact solutions of the alternative balance (AB), geostrophic momentum (GM), and quasigeostrophic (QG) equations are presented. The PE solution illustrates how the temperature and horizontal vorticity fields evolve in a linear horizontal flow with constant deformation and vertical vorticity when the initial temperature field is also linear, as well as how ageostrophic circulations are produced. The other exact solutions show the errors produced by the various approximations and confirm that the AB solution is more accurate than the GM one and that the QG solution is almost always the most inexact. The utility of the Q vector and similar vectors is examined for each solution.
The PE solution verifies that in a hyperbolic wind field (i) the isotherms eventually parallel the outflow axis, (ii) the ageostrophic circulation ultimately becomes normal to the outflow axis, (iii) thermal-wind balance becomes established in the direction normal to the isotherms, and (iv) the rotational component of the vector frontogenetical function decays.
Bad, mad or sad? Mothers who kill and press coverage in Israel
Authors: Cavaglion Gabriel 
Published: August 2008

Israeli scholars have found that a lenient and paternalistic perception of violent mothers has been characteristic of Israeli court decisions over the last few decades and the general public. Mothers, in comparison to fathers, are perceived as being more influenced by mental disorders and therefore deserving of cure and care rather than punishment. As part of a wider research that compares the construction of fathers and mothers who kill, this article analyzed 19 articles from the three most popular secular Israeli daily newspapers that covered six notorious cases of filicide by mothers between 1992 and 2001. The coverage during the first few days, at the significant initial stages of the process of covering the events, received more in-depth examination. This research shows that the local press tends to stress the psychopathological etiology for the rare Jewish married mother who kills. It also suggests that this attitude is not present in cases of marginalized `criminal' women: women from ethnic minorities (e.g. Arab women), and mothers who do not fill the traditional role of wife inside the `well ordered family', as is true of young and unwed girls.
Immobilization of Polythiophene Chirality Induced by a Helix-Forming β-1,3-Glucan Polysaccharide (Schizophyllan) through Sol–Gel Reaction
Authors: Haraguchi Shuichi , Numata Munenori , Kaneko Kenji , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
It is known that an achiral water-soluble polythiophene (PT-1) is chirally twisted by complexation with a natural helix-forming polysaccharide, shizophyllan (SPG). We found that the chirality can be immobilized by sol–gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with benzylamine as a catalyst (“solution mechanism”), where SPG acts not only as a chirality inducer for PT-1 but also as a chemical glue to adsorb silica particles onto the composite surface. When a complex with amine-appended SPG (SPG-NH) was used as a template, the sol–gel reaction proceeded according to the “surface mechanism,” where silica particles were formed mainly on the composite surface due to the catalytic effect of the covalently bound amino groups and thus the reaction conditions became milder. It was confirmed that under the “surface mechanism” the chemical and physical properties of the original PT-1/SPG-NH composite are maintained more efficiently.
Virgaurols A–D: Novel Asymmetric Eremophilane Dimers from the Roots of Ligularia virgaurea
Authors: Zhang Zhan-Xin , Fei Dong-Qing , Jia Zhong-Jian 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Virgaurols A–D (1–4), four novel asymmetric eremophilane sesquiterpene dimers were isolated from the roots of Ligularia virgaurea. Especially, virgaurols A (1) and B (2) possessed novel carbon skeleton in which the two sesquiterpene units are uniquely connected by a single C–C bond directly. The structures of these dimers were determined on the basis of comprehensive spectral analysis. Compounds 1 and 3 were found to exhibit weak cytotoxicity against human leukemia (HL-60), human hepatoma (SMMC-7721), and human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells.
Preparation of Tethered Palladium Catalysis Supported on Gold(111) and Its Surface Characterization by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
Authors: Gulam Rabbani M , Hamada Masahiro , Takamiya Ikuko , Shimoda Masahiko , Shuto Satoshi , Nishida Atsushi , Tsukamoto Shiro , Arisawa Mitsuhiro 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Chelated tethering ligands were confined on a Au(111) substrate, and the confinement of the ligands was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Palladium was anchored to the ligands to construct heterogeneous {Pd}–L–Au(111) catalysts (L = ligand). A {Pd}–Au(111) catalyst was also prepared by adsorbing the Pd complex directly on the Au(111) substrate without a tethering ligand. Both types of catalysts were used in the Mizoroki–Heck reaction to evaluate their catalytic activities. The tether-ligated Pd catalyst {Pd}–L–Au(111) activity decreased with recycling, whereas the {Pd}–Au(111) catalyst was quite stable upon reuse. The surfaces of both catalyst types were evaluated using XPS to determine the presence of tethering ligands and/or Pd on the Au(111). The ligands of the tether-ligated Pd catalysts could not be detected on the Au(111) surface after the Mizoroki–Heck reaction, which suggests weak bonding of the S–Au by which the ligand is bound to the Au(111) substrate.
Stepwise Palladium-Catalyzed 1,4-Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Enones and Regioselective Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation for Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Diaryl Esters and (+)-(R)-Tolterodine
Authors: Kobayashi Kenya , Nishikata Takashi , Yamamoto Yasunori , Miyaura Norio 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of chiral β-diaryl ketones synthesized by 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to β-aryl-α,β-unsaturated ketones catalyzed by a palladium(2+)–chiraphos complex provided optically active β-diaryl esters up to 98% ee. The protocol was applied to the synthesis of a potent competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist, (R)-tolterodine (21), which has a chiral center consisting of two aryl rings.
20-N-Methylpurpuramine E: New Bromotyrosine-Derived Metabolite from Okinawan Marine Sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea
Authors: Teruya Toshiaki , Iwasaki Arihiro , Suenaga Kiyotake 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A new bromotyrosine-derived metabolite, 20-N-methylpurpuramine E (1), was isolated from the marine sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. 20-N-Methylpurpuramine E (1) showed weak cytotoxicity against HeLa S3 cells.
Synthesis and Solid-State Polymerization of Triyne and Enediyne Derivatives with Similar π-Conjugated Structures
Authors: Mizukoshi Kana , Okada Shuji , Kimura Tatsumi , Shimada Satoru , Matsuda Hiro 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Three diacetylene monomer model compounds with similar π-conjugation systems, 10-phenyl-5,7,9-decatriynyl N-phenylcarbamate (1), (E)-10-phenyldec-9-en-5,7-diynyl N-phenylcarbamate (2), and (E)-10-phenyldec-5-en-7,9-diynyl N-phenylcarbamate (3), were synthesized and their properties and solid-state polymerization were investigated. Based on the absorption spectra of the monomers, it was found that the conjugation effect of a double bond was different from that of a triple bond in solution. Monomers 1, 2, and 3 gave one, two, and five crystal forms, respectively, of which 1 and one of the crystal forms of 2 (2a) could be polymerized in the solid state. The conversions after γ-ray irradiation (1 MGy dose) were 53% and 20%, respectively. The longest-wavelength absorption maxima of the polymers prepared from 1 and 2a were 645 and 655 nm, respectively. The polymerizable crystals 1 and 2a were found to have layered monomer structures with spacing of 3.1–3.6 nm. Based on solid-state 13C NMR spectra, the polymerization sites of 1 were determined to be the 1,4- and 3,6-positions with respect to the phenyl ring, and that of 2a was determined to be the 3,6-position with respect to the phenyl ring.
Photochromism and Molecular Mechanical Devices
Authors: Irie Masahiro 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
It is a dream for chemists to synthesize molecular systems, which can transform changes of molecular shape induced by external stimuli, such as chemicals, photons, and electrons (or holes), to macro-scale motion of the materials and perform mechanical work. To realize this dream we first prepared photoresponsive polyamides having azobenzene chromophores in the main chain. Although the polyamides changed conformation in solution upon photoinduced trans–cis isomerization, we failed to link the conformational change to macro-scale motion of polymer films and gels. During the course of study on photochromism of diarylethene single crystals we found that the surface morphology as well as the bulk shape of the single crystals reversibly changes upon photoisomerization of the component diarylethene molecules in the crystals. The photoinduced shape changes of the molecules in the densely packed crystals give rise to mechanical motion of the crystals and launch a tiny silica-particle. This is the first molecular system, which directly transforms changes of molecular shape to macro-scale motion of the materials and performs mechanical work. This account describes the progress of the research.
Surface Modification of TaON with Monoclinic ZrO2 to Produce a Composite Photocatalyst with Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Activity under Visible Light
Authors: Maeda Kazuhiko , Terashima Hiroaki , Kase Kentaro , Higashi Masanobu , Tabata Masashi , Domen Kazunari 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A composite material consisting of tantalum oxynitride (TaON) and monoclinic zirconium oxide (m-ZrO2) is prepared by a surface modification method as a photocatalyst with enhanced activity for H2 evolution from water under visible light (λ&gt;420 nm). The composite is prepared by loading particulate Ta2O5 with nanoparticulate m-ZrO2 followed by nitridation at 1123 K for 15 h under NH3 flow. The activity of the m-ZrO2/TaON composite for H2 evolution from aqueous methanol solution is higher than that of either m-ZrO2 or TaON when loaded with nanoparticulate ruthenium as a H2 evolution site. The highest activity is obtained using a composite prepared with a Zr/Ta molar ratio of 0.1. The optimized material also provides elevated activity when used as an H2 evolution photocatalyst in Z-scheme overall water splitting in combination with Pt-loaded WO3 as an O2 evolution photocatalyst and an IO3−/I− shuttle redox mediator. The improvement in activity is attributed to the suppression of surface defect formation by inhibiting tantalum reduction during nitridation.
Study of the Temperature Dependence of the Reaction of NO3 with CH3I and the Estimation of Its Impact on Atmospheric Iodine Chemistry
Authors: Nakano Yukio , Ukeguchi Hiromi , Ishiwata Takashi , Kanaya Yugo , Tachikawa Hiroto , Ikeda Atsushi , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Kawasaki Masahiro 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The rate constants of the reaction of NO3 with CH3I, which can affect iodine chemistry in the atmosphere, were measured in the temperature range of 298–323 K with cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The reaction has a rate constant of k=(4.1±0.2)×10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 298 K. Uncertainties reported herein are one standard deviation. On the basis of an Arrhenius plot in the region of 298–323 K, the reaction has an activation energy (Ea=13±3 kJ mol−1). Density functional and coupled-cluster calculations suggest that the reaction proceeds via a transition state in which the hydrogen atom is nearly located at the middle position between the carbon atom of CH3I and the oxygen atom of NO3 to give HNO3+CH2I. On the atmospheric implications, box model simulations indicate that the present reaction has an important effect on the levels and diurnal patterns of the mixing ratios of NO3 and CH3I, and also on the activation of iodine chemistry in the atmosphere.