bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positionierung eines Fahrzeugs in unbekannten Gebieten mit Hilfe von Laserscannern Localization in Unknown Environments Using Laser Scanner
Authors: Weiss Thorsten , Dietmayer Klaus 
Published: November 2008

Zusammenfassung
Viele Komfort- und Sicherheitsapplikationen benötigen eine präzise Information über die Eigenbewegung des Fahrzeugs. Aus den Daten von serienmäßig in heutigen Fahrzeugen verbauten Sensoren kann die Eigenbewegung bestimmt werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden Algorithmen vorgestellt, die die Genauigkeit der Eigenbewegungsbestimmung mit Hilfe eines Laserscanners verbessern. Ein rasterbasierter und ein merkmalsbasierter SLAM Algorithmus für den robusten Einsatz im realen Straßenverkehr erlaubt die präzise Eigenbewegungsbestimmung in Innenstadt-, Landstraßen und Autobahnszenarien und auch in extremen Fahrmanövern wie Schleudern oder Drift.
Hilbert’s Independence Theorem and the Proof of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Authors: Dickel Gerhard 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Hamilton taking time and velocity as co-ordinates of optics induced Jacobi to take these as co-ordinates of dynamics too. Considering Hilbert’s paper „Transition of the Method of the independent integral to double Integrals“ the force dxdt double integral can be presented by an action integral thus avoiding the splitting of classic and action integrals.
Parallel Genetic Evolution Within and Between Bacteriophage Species of Varying Degrees of Divergence
Authors: Bollback Jonathan P , Huelsenbeck John P 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Parallel evolution is the acquisition of identical adaptive traits in independently evolving populations. Understanding whether the genetic changes underlying adaptation to a common selective environment are parallel within and between species is interesting because it sheds light on the degree of evolutionary constraints. If parallel evolution is perfect, then the implication is that forces such as functional constraints, epistasis, and pleiotropy play an important role in shaping the outcomes of adaptive evolution. In addition, population genetic theory predicts that the probability of parallel evolution will decline with an increase in the number of adaptive solutions—if a single adaptive solution exists, then parallel evolution will be observed among highly divergent species. For this reason, it is predicted that close relatives—which likely overlap more in the details of their adaptive solutions—will show more parallel evolution. By adapting three related bacteriophage species to a novel environment we find (1) a high rate of parallel genetic evolution at orthologous nucleotide and amino acid residues within species, (2) parallel beneficial mutations do not occur in a common order in which they fix or appear in an evolving population, (3) low rates of parallel evolution and convergent evolution between species, and (4) the probability of parallel and convergent evolution between species is strongly effected by divergence.
Pds1p Is Required for Meiotic Recombination and Prophase I Progression inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Cooper Katrina F , Mallory Michael J , Guacci Vincent , Lowe Katherine , Strich Randy 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSister-chromatid separation at the metaphase–anaphase transition is regulated by a proteolytic cascade. Destruction of the securin Pds1p liberates the Esp1p separase, which ultimately targets the mitotic cohesin Mcd1p/Scc1p for destruction. Pds1p stabilization by the spindle or DNA damage checkpoints prevents sister-chromatid separation while mutants lacking PDS1 (pds1Δ) are temperature sensitive for growth due to elevated chromosome loss. This report examined the role of the budding yeast Pds1p in meiotic progression using genetic, cytological, and biochemical assays. Similar to its mitotic function, Pds1p destruction is required for metaphase I–anaphase I transition. However, even at the permissive temperature for growth, pds1Δ mutants arrest with prophase I spindle and nuclear characteristics. This arrest was partially suppressed by preventing recombination initiation or by inactivating a subset of recombination checkpoint components. Further studies revealed that Pds1p is required for recombination in both double-strand-break formation and synaptonemal complex assembly. Although deleting PDS1 did not affect the degradation of the meiotic cohesin Rec8p, Mcd1p was precociously destroyed as cells entered the meiotic program. This role is meiosis specific as Mcd1p destruction is not altered in vegetative pds1Δ cultures. These results define a previously undescribed role for Pds1p in cohesin maintenance, recombination, and meiotic progression.
Dual Excitatory and Inhibitory Serotonergic Inputs Modulate Egg Laying inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hapiak Vera M , Hobson Robert J , Hughes Lindsay , Smith Katherine , Harris Gareth , Condon Christina , Komuniecki Patricia , Komuniecki Richard W 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSerotonin (5-HT) regulates key processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Previously, four 5-HT receptors that contributed to the 5-HT modulation of egg laying were identified in Caenorhabditis elegans. Therefore, to assess potential receptor interactions, we generated animals containing combinations of null alleles for each receptor, especially animals expressing only individual 5-HT receptors. 5-HT-stimulated egg laying and egg retention correlated well with different combinations of predicted excitatory and inhibitory serotonergic inputs. For example, 5-HT did not stimulate egg laying in ser-1, ser-7, or ser-7 ser-1 null animals, and ser-7 ser-1 animals retained more eggs than wild-type animals. In contrast, 5-HT-stimulated egg laying in ser-4;mod-1 animals was greater than in wild-type animals, and ser-4;mod-1 animals retained fewer eggs than wild-type animals. Surprisingly, ser-4;mod-1;ser-7 ser-1 animals retained the same number of eggs as wild-type animals and exhibited significant 5-HT-stimulated egg laying that was dependent on a previously uncharacterized receptor, SER-5. 5-HT-stimulated egg laying was absent in ser-5;ser-4;mod-1;ser-7 ser-1 animals, and these animals retained more eggs than either wild-type or ser-4;mod-1;ser-7 ser-1 animals. The 5-HT sensitivity of egg laying could be restored by ser-5 muscle expression. Together, these results highlight the dual excitatory/inhibitory serotonergic inputs that combine to modulate egg laying.
Leptin Predicts Diabetes but Not Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Welsh Paul , Murray Heather M. , Buckley Brendan M. , de Craen Anton J.M. , Ford Ian , Jukema J. Wouter , Macfarlane Peter W. , Packard Chris J. , Stott David J. , Westendorp Rudi G.J. , Shepherd James , Sattar Naveed 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—To clarify the association of circulating levels of leptin with risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and new-onset diabetes in men and women.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We related baseline leptin levels to CVD events (n = 864) and incident diabetes (n = 289) in an elderly population (n = 5,672) over 3.2 years of follow-up.
RESULTS—In treatment-, age-, and country-adjusted models, leptin was not associated with risk of CVD in men (hazard ratio 1.02 [95% CI 0.90–1.16] per unit log-leptin increase) or women (1.05 [0.91–1.20]) but was associated with risk of diabetes in men (2.75 [2.14–3.52]) and women (1.54 [1.22–1.94]). After adjusting for classic risk factors and BMI, C-reactive protein, and glucose, the diabetes association retained significance in men (1.85 [1.30–2.63]) but not in women (0.89 [0.64–1.26]).
CONCLUSIONS—Leptin, similar to other markers of adiposity in general, is more strongly related to risk of diabetes than CVD in the elderly.
Heterogeneity of Patients With Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: Linkage to Autoimmunity Is Apparent Only in Those With Perceived Need for Insulin Treatment
Authors: Radtke Maria A. , Midthjell Kristian , Nilsen Tom I. Lund , Grill Valdemar 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—Subjects with the diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) are more prone to need insulin treatment than those with type 2 diabetes. However, not all patients with LADA develop the need for insulin treatment, indicating the heterogeneity of LADA. We investigated this heterogeneity by comparing phenotypes of LADA with and without perceived need for insulin treatment (data obtained at times when diagnosis of LADA was not investigated) and also compared LADA and type 2 diabetes phenotypes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used data from the all population–based Nord-Trøndelag Health study (n = 64,931), performed in 1995–1997. Data were assembled for individuals with LADA (n = 106) and type 2 diabetes (n = 943).
RESULTS—In the comparison of individuals with LADA both with and without the need for insulin, insulin-treated subjects had higher titers of GAD antibodies (P &lt; 0.001) and lower fasting C-peptide levels (P &lt; 0.001). GAD antibodies and C-peptide correlated negatively (r = −0.40; P = 0.009). In the comparison of individuals with LADA and type 2 diabetes, all without the need for insulin, markers of metabolic syndrome were equally prevalent and pronounced. Age, C-peptide, and glucose levels were also similar. In the comparison of insulin-treated individuals with LADA and type 2 diabetes, more patients with LADA received insulin (40 vs. 22%, P &lt; 0.001) and C-peptide levels were lower (P &lt; 0.001). Patients with LADA were leaner but were still overweight (mean BMI 28.7 vs. 30.9 kg/m2 in type 2 diabetes, P &lt; 0.001). In the comparison of type 2 diabetic patients with and without insulin, insulin-treated subjects were more obese and had higher A1C and lower C-peptide levels (P &lt; 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—Our conclusions are that 1) the need for insulin treatment in LADA is linked to the degree of autoimmunity and β-cell failure, 2) subjects with LADA and type 2 diabetes without the need for insulin treatment are phenotypically similar, and 3) insulin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients is associated with both insulin resistance and β-cell insufficiency.
On the Effect of Tether Composition on cis/trans Selectivity in Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Paddon‐Row Michael N. , Longshaw Alistair I. , Willis Anthony C. , Sherburn Michael S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIntramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) transition structures (TSs) and energies have been computed at the B3LYP/6‐31+G(d) and CBS‐QB3 levels of theory for a series of 1,3,8‐nonatrienes, H2CCHCHCHCH2XZCHCH2 [XZ=CH2CH2 (1); OC(O) (2); CH2C(O) (3); OCH2 (4); NHC(O) (5); SC(O) (6); OC(S) (7); NHC(S) (8); SC(S) (9)]. For each system studied (1–9), cis‐ and trans‐TS isomers, corresponding, respectively, to endo‐ and exo‐positioning of the CXZ tether with respect to the diene, have been located and their relative energies (ErelTS) employed to predict the cis/trans IMDA product ratio. Although the ErelTS values are modest (typically <3 kJ mol−1), they follow a clear and systematic trend. Specifically, as the electronegativity of the tether group X is reduced (XO→NH or S), the IMDA cis stereoselectivity diminishes. The predicted stereochemical reaction preferences are explained in terms of two opposing effects operating in the cis‐TS, namely (1) unfavorable torsional (eclipsing) strain about the C4C5 bond, that is caused by the CXC(Y) group’s strong tendency to maintain local planarity; and (2) attractive electrostatic and secondary orbital interactions between the endo‐(thio)carbonyl group, CY, and the diene. The former interaction predominates when X is weakly electronegative (XN, S), while the latter is dominant when X is more strongly electronegative (XO), or a methylene group (XCH2) which increases tether flexibility. These predictions hold up to experimental scrutiny, with synthetic IMDA reactions of 1, 2, 3, and 4 (published work) and 5, 6, and 8 (this work) delivering ratios close to those calculated. The reactions of thiolacrylate 5 and thioamide 8 represent the first examples of IMDA reactions with tethers of these types. Our results point to strategies for designing tethers, which lead to improved cis/trans‐selectivities in IMDAs that are normally only weakly selective. Experimental verification of the validity of this claim comes in the form of fumaramide 14, which undergoes a more trans‐selective IMDA reaction than the corresponding ester tethered precursor 13.
Secondary motoneurons in juvenile and adult zebrafish: Axonal pathfinding errors caused by embryonic nicotine exposure
Authors: Menelaou Evdokia , Svoboda Kurt R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNicotine is a drug of abuse that has been reported to have many adverse effects on the developing nervous system. We previously demonstrated that embryonic exposure to nicotine alters axonal pathfinding of spinal secondary motoneurons in zebrafish. We hypothesize that these changes will persist into adulthood. TheTg(isl1:GFP) line of zebrafish, which expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a subtype of spinal secondary motoneurons, was used to investigate potential long‐term consequences of nicotine exposure on motoneuron development. Anatomical characterization ofTg(isl1:GFP) zebrafish ranging between 3 and 30 days postfertilization (dpf) was initially performed in fixed tissue to characterize axonal trajectories in larval and juvenile fish.Tg(isl1:GFP) embryos were transiently exposed to 5–30 μM nicotine. They were then rescued from nicotine and raised into later stages of life (3–30 dpf) and fixed for microscopic examination. Morphological analysis revealed that nicotine‐induced abnormalities in secondary motoneuron anatomy were still evident in juvenile fish. Live imaging ofTg(isl1:GFP) zebrafish using fluorescent stereomicroscopy revealed that the nicotine‐induced changes in motoneuron axonal pathfinding persisted into adulthood. We detected abnormalities in 37‐dpf fish that were transiently exposed to nicotine as embryos. These fish were subsequently imaged over a 7‐week period of time until they were ≈3 months of age. These pathfinding errors of spinal secondary motoneuron axons detected at 37 dpf persisted within the same fish until 86 dpf, the latest age analyzed. These findings indicate that exposure to nicotine during embryonic development can have permanent consequences for motoneuron anatomy in zebrafish. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:305–322, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasensitive Voltammetric Detection of Trace Lead(II) and Cadmium(II) Using MWCNTs‐Nafion/Bismuth Composite Electrodes
Authors: Xu He , Zeng Liping , Xing Sujie , Xian Yuezhong , Shi Guoyue , Jin Litong 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMultiwall carbon nanotubes were dispersed in Nafion (MWCNTs‐NA) solution and used in combination with bismuth (MWCNTs‐NA/Bi) for fabricating composite sensors to determine trace Pb(II) and Cd(II) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The electrochemical properties of the MWCNTs‐NA/Bi composites film modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were evaluated. The synergistic effect of MWCNTs and bismuth composite film was obtained for Pb(II) and Cd(II) detection with improved sensitivity and reproducibility. Linear calibration curves ranged from 0.05 to 100 μg/L for Pb(II) and 0.08 to 100 μg/L for Cd(II). The determination limits (S/N=3) were 25 ng/L for Pb and 40 ng/L for Cd, which compared favorably with previously reported methods in the area of electrochemical Pb(II) and Cd(II) detection. The MWCNTs‐NA/Bi composite film electrodes were successfully applied to determine Pb(II) and Cd(II) in real sample, and the results of the present method agreed well with those of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Sm3+ Potentiometric Membrane Sensor as a Probe for Determination of Some Pharmaceutics
Authors: Ganjali Mohammad Reza , Memari Zahra , Faridbod Farnoush , Dinarvand Rassoul , Norouzi Parviz 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe increase use of ion sensors in the fields of environmental, agricultural, and medical analysis is stimulating analytical chemists to develop new sensors for fast, accurate, reproducible, and selective determination of various ions. In this study a new samarium membrane sensor was constructed and for the first time, it was applied as a probe in indirect determination of hyoscine, homatropine, and tramadol drugs in their pharmaceutical formulation. The proposed membrane sensor was constructed based on a membrane containing 2% sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB) as an anionic additive, 63% dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as solvent mediator, 5% ionophore, and 30% poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The proposed Sm(III) electrode exhibits a Nernstian response of 19.35±0.2 mV per decade of samarium concentration, and has a lower detection limit of 1.0×10−7 M. The linear range of the sensors was 1.0×10−7–1.0×10−1 M. It works well in the pH range of 3.0–8.0.
c‐Jun blocks cell differentiation but not growth inhibition or apoptosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells induced by STI571 and by histone deacetylase inhibitors
Authors: Huang Huei‐Mei , Liu Juo‐Chuan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe constitutively active Bcr‐Abl tyrosine kinase plays a crucial role in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) pathogenesis. The Bcr‐Abl protein induces the upregulation of proto‐oncogene c‐Jun, which is involved in Bcr‐Abl transforming activity in Bcr‐Abl positive cells. Recent studies reported that c‐Jun inhibited hemoglobin synthesis in human CML cell line K562. However, c‐Jun also plays a critical role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the physiological roles of c‐Jun in cell proliferation, apoptosis and erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. Firstly, we generated K562 cell lines stably overexpressing c‐Jun. These clones have the same proliferation rate as the parental cell line in general culture medium. Endogenous c‐Jun expression was analyzed to determine the effective concentration of STI571 for inhibiting Bcr‐Abl signaling. Western blots show that STI571 inhibited c‐Jun expression in a dose‐dependent manner, reaching a maximum inhibition at 1 µM. STI571 could inhibit c‐Jun expression in K562 cells, but not in c‐Jun‐overexpression cells. c‐Jun did not alter growth inhibition and apoptotic induction by STI571 treatment, but inhibited STI571‐induced erythroid differentiation. Moreover, c‐Jun did not alter growth inhibition and apoptotic induction by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (apicidin, sodium butyrate, and MS275) treatment, but inhibited HDAC inhibitors‐induced erythroid differentiation. These results suggest that c‐Jun may modulate anticancer drugs‐induced cell differentiation but not growth inhibition and apoptosis in CML cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 568–574, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human embryonic stem cells and cardiac cell fate
Authors: Nury David , Neri Tui , Pucéat Michel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHuman embryonic stem (HES) cells are pluripotent and give rise to any cell lineage. More specifically, how the first embryonic lineage (i.e., cardiac lineage) is acquired remains in many aspects questionable. Herein, we summarize the protocols that have been used to direct the fate of HES cells toward the cardiomyocytic lineage. We further discuss the regulation of transcriptional pathways underlying this process of differentiation. Finally, we propose perspectives of this research in the near future. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 455–459, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CRF1 receptor splicing in epidermal keratinocytes: Potential biological role and environmental regulations
Authors: Zmijewski Michal A. , Slominski Andrzej T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCorticotropin releasing factor receptor type 1 (CRF1), a coordinator of the body responses to stress, is also expressed in human skin, where it undergoes alternative splicing. Since the epidermis is continuously exposed to the environmental stress, human keratinocytes were chosen to study the biological role of CRF1 alternative splicing. The expression pattern of CRF1 isoforms depended on cell density, presence or absence of serum, and exposure to ultraviolet irradiation (UVR). Only two isoforms α and c were predominantly localized to the cell membrane, with only CRF1α being efficient in stimulating cAMP responding element (CRE). CRF1d, f and g had intracellular localization, showing no or very low (g) activation of CRE. The co‐expression of CRF1α with d, f or g resulted in intracellular retention of both isoforms suggesting dimerization confirmed by detection of high molecular weight complexes. The soluble isoforms e and h were diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm or localized to the ER, respectively, and additionally found in culture medium. These findings suggest that alternatively spliced CRF1 isoforms can interact and modify CRF1α subcellular localization, thus affecting its activity. We suggest that alternative splicing of CRF1 may play an important role in the regulation of skin cell phenotype with potential implications in pathology. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 593–602, 2009. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imparting Ultra‐Low Friction and Wear Rate to Epoxy by the Incorporation of Microencapsulated Lubricant?
Authors: Guo Qing Bing , Lau Kin Tak , Zheng Bing Fa , Rong Min Zhi , Zhang Ming Qiu 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe incorporation of microcapsules containing lubricant oil into epoxy composites leads to materials with ultra‐low friction and wear performance. During sliding wear tests, the capsules are damaged by the asperities of the counterface, releasing the oil to the contact area. The lubrication effect of the released oil and the entrapment of wear particles in the cavities left by the ruptured capsules leads to a significant reduction of both the frictional coefficient and the specific wear rate. The approach provides the merits of fluid lubrication but excludes the drawbacks of external lubrication. A minute amount of lubricant oil is sufficient to improve the tribological properties significantly.magnified image
Modeling the Interactions between Membranes and Inclusions: Designing Self‐Cleaning Films and Resealing Pores
Authors: Balazs Anna C. , Kuksenok Olga , Alexeev Alexander 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe design of responsive membranes whose interactions with inclusions can be controlled through the application of an external stimulus is reviewed with the aim to establish guidelines for introducing functionality into the materials. For a photo‐reactive AB membrane, we find that a gradient in light intensity can be harnessed to clean the system of any C “impurities”, or target the delivery of C to specific locations. By modeling the interactions between a lipid bilayer and Janus nanoparticles, we design a synthetic membrane with stable pores that can be controllably opened and closed. This leads to design rules for creating nanoparticle‐bilayer assemblies where the pores open and the cargo is released only when local environmental conditions reach a critical value.magnified image
An update on products and mechanisms of lipid peroxidation
Authors: Schneider Claus 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe free radical reaction of polyunsaturated fatty acids with molecular oxygen leads to hydroperoxides as the first stable products. From linoleic acid the two conjugated diene hydroperoxides at carbons 9 and 13 were considered the only primary products until the recent discovery of the bis‐allylic 11‐hydroperoxide. The 11‐carbon is the site of the initial hydrogen abstraction, and the 11‐hydroperoxide is formed without isomerization of the 9,10 and 12,13 cis double bonds. In the autoxidation reaction, bis‐allylic hydroperoxides are obtained only in the presence of an efficient antioxidant, for example, α‐tocopherol. The antioxidant functions as a hydrogen atom donor, necessary to trap the fleeting bis‐allylic peroxyl radical intermediate as the hydroperoxide. Understanding of the mechanism of formation of bis‐allylic hydroperoxides has led to increased appreciation of the central role of the intermediate peroxyl radical in determining the outcome of lipid peroxidation.