bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF ENDOMETRIAL SENSITIVITY DURING THE INDUCTION OF THE DECIDUAL CELL REACTION IN THE MOUSE
Authors: FINN C. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The decidual cell reaction (DCR) of ovariectomized mice treated with hormones and stimulated by the intrauterine injection of oil was investigated to obtain information about the control of uterine sensitivity during implantation. Three factors were studied; oestrogen given at the time of oestrus, progesterone and oestrogen given at the time of the nidatory surge.
For the induction of the DCR by oil both 'oestrous' oestrogen and 'nidatory surge' oestrogen were essential, whereas neither were necessary for the traumatic DCR. The quantity of nidatory surge oestrogen was very critical; 0·01 μg. were effective, 0·0625 μg. inhibitory. There was no quantitative interaction between nidatory surge oestrogen and progesterone, indicating that in this situation the two hormones are acting independently. The optimum time interval between initiating the oestrogen surge and injecting the oil was between 4 and 8 hr.
No response was obtained when the oestrogen surge was produced and the stimulus applied on the second day of treatment with progesterone; maximal responses were obtained on the fourth and fifth day and a reduced response on the seventh day. After an oestrogen surge on the fourth day, it was not possible to elicit an oil DCR to a further dose of oestrogen on the fifth day, indicating that the period of sensitivity induced by the surge on the fourth day is followed by a period of refractoriness.
THE EFFECT OF ADENOHYPOPHYSECTOMY ON THE EXTRARENAL AND RENAL EXCRETION OF THE SALINELOADED DUCK (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS)
Authors: WRIGHT A. , PHILLIPS J. G. , HUANG D. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Domestic ducks were adenohypophysectomized and 2–3 weeks later were loaded with hypertonic saline. Normal intact ducks and sham-operated ducks were similarly treated. For 2 hr. nasal gland secretion was almost completely inhibited (0·20 g.) in the adenohypophysectomized ducks and was significantly reduced (4·93 g.) in the sham-operated ducks compared with the normal intact controls (14·74 g.).
When the renal response of the adenohypophysectomized ducks was compared with that of the normal intact controls no significant difference was found as far as volume of urine and concentration of Na+ and K+ were concerned. When compared with sham-operated controls, however, these values were significantly lower in adenohypophysectomized ducks.
The adrenal weight was not significantly reduced in the adenohypophysectomized ducks, but the weights of thyroid, nasal gland and testis decreased significantly. Histological examination of the adrenal glands of the adenohypophysectomized ducks showed that the central regions were atrophic while the peripheral regions remained normal. Nasal glands, thyroid glands and testes were also examined.
It is concluded that the adenohypophysis plays a major part in regulating extrarenal excretion.
IODINE EXCRETION IN URINE, SALIVA, GASTRIC JUICE AND SWEAT IN DEHALOGENASE DEFICIENCY
Authors: PAPADOPOULOS S. , MacFARLANE S. , HARDEN R. McG. , MASON D. K. , ALEXANDER W. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The excretion of iodine in urine, saliva, gastric juice and sweat has been studied by using 131I-labelled monoiodotyrosine in a patient with the dehalogenase type of dyshormonogenesis. Iodinated components 'x', iodide, monoiodotyrosine and 'y' were found in the urine. A previously undescribed component (compound 'u') accounted for a large fraction of the urinary radioactive iodine. Organic iodinated compounds were not excreted in the saliva. Only inorganic iodide was found in the gastric juice. No organic iodine was detected in the sweat. The plasma inorganic iodine (PII) derived from salivary iodine measurements gave low values indicative of iodine deficiency. The PII values obtained from the urinary iodine were falsely high due to the presence of organic iodinated compounds.
ARTERIAL CONCENTRATION, OVARIAN SECRETION AND MAMMARY UPTAKE OF PROGESTERONE IN GOATS DURING THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
Authors: HEAP R. B. , LINZELL J. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Plasma progesterone concentration was measured in arterial, jugular, mammary venous and ovarian venous blood of 20 goats, together with measurements of mammary and ovarian blood flow.
The level in arterial plasma in conscious normal and in castrated males was less than 2·6 ng./ml.; in anoestrous and oestrous females it was 3·4 ± 0·8 (s.e.) ng./ml. In the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle the level rose to 10·7 ± 2·2 ng./ml. and during pregnancy it remained above 10 ng./ml. until near term. In a goat that aborted at 15 weeks of pregnancy no progesterone was detected 3 days before or at the time of abortion.
When an active corpus luteum was present in the ovaries, the mammary venous level of progesterone was lower than the arterial concentration in 38 out of 44 instances, the mean difference being 23 ± 4% of the arterial level. In two goats the concentration in jugular vein blood was 80 and 85% of the arterial level but the mammary venous levels were lower still (57 and 75 % of the arterial concentration, respectively). In three goats sampled repeatedly during the whole reproductive cycle, simultaneous measurement of mammary blood flow showed that during pregnancy the udder was taking up to 2–30 ng. progesterone/min./10 g. tissue from the plasma. In a fourth, much older goat (in early pregnancy, but not lactating), the uptake was consistently lower. In all four animals the arteriovenous difference was linearly related to the arterial plasma concentration (r = 0·84).
In ovarian venous blood, collected under spinal anaesthesia, the plasma concentration was not significantly different from that in peripheral blood during anoestrus and oestrus, but when active corpora lutea were present the concentration was 620–1600 ng./ml. Simultaneous measurement of ovarian venous outflow suggested that 9–10·5 mg. progesterone/day was being produced by the ovaries, and about 20 % of this was taken up by the udder.
Peripheral blood progesterone levels were unaffected by chasing the animal but were raised by spinal anaesthesia and were raised still further after laparotomy.
THE METABOLISM OF [1,2-3H]17α-METHYLTESTOSTERONE IN HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: QUINCEY R. V. , GRAY C. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The metabolism of [1,2-3H] 17α-methyltestosterone (MeT) has been studied in adult human subjects, most of whom had cancer of the breast.
The rates of disappearance of MeT from plasma and of the appearance of metabolites of MeT in plasma have been measured after intravenous injection of [1,2-3H]MeT. In addition, the rate of appearance of [1,2-3H]MeT and of metabolites of MeT in urine and in faeces has been measured after intravenous injection of [1,2-3H]MeT and in urine after oral administration of the steroid. The results show that MeT is metabolized more slowly than testosterone.
Identification of metabolites of MeT which were isolated from the urine of patients to whom this steroid was administered has been attempted. Three compounds, 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (tetrahydro-MeT), 17α-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (allotetrahydro-MeT) and unchanged MeT have been identified, three other compounds have been partially characterized and several others have been isolated. The most abundant metabolites of MeT are hydroxylated compounds reduced in ring A.
THE EFFECT OF BLOOD-BORNE FACTORS ON ADRENAL STEROID SYNTHESIS IN THE GOLDEN HAMSTER (MESOCRICETUS AURATUS NEHRING)
Authors: WHITEHOUSE BARBARA J. , VINSON G. P. , JANSSENS P. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Incubation of hamster adrenal tissue in Krebs bicarbonate Ringer solution gave rapid conversion of added [4-14C]cortisol to cortisone. Moreover, incubation in Ringer solution with [4-14C]progesterone as precursor invariably yielded cortisone in greater amounts than cortisol. On the other hand it has been confirmed that cortisol is the major free ultraviolet absorbing steroid in the adrenal venous blood of the hamster. Incubation of adrenal tissue with [4-14C]progesterone in hamster whole blood gave relatively greater amounts of cortisol which were more in keeping with the findings in vivo. This suggested that the blood contains factors which affect the cortisone-cortisol equilibrium by modifying adrenal enzyme activity. Some reduction of [3H] cortisone to cortisol was also observed during incubation with blood alone.
THYROCALCITONIN AND ITS ROLE IN CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
Authors: CARE A. D. , DUNCAN T. , WEBSTER D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In pigs, the control of hypercalcaemia was significantly impaired by thyroidectomy.
Hypercalcaemic perfusion of the pig thyroid (which contains no parathyroids) in situ produced a systemic hypocalcaemic response which reached its maximum after about 2 hr. perfusion and which persisted for as long as the hypercalcaemic stimulus was applied. Thyroid venous plasma from a gland so perfused, when cross-transfused into a second pig, caused a hypocalcaemic reaction similar to that produced by the intravenous injection of porcine thyrocalcitonin preparations.
Hypermagnesaemia did not appear to influence the release of thyrocalcitonin.
A hypocalcaemic response to hypercalcaemic perfusion of the thyroid, similar to that seen in intact pigs, occurred in parathyroidectomized pigs, provided that the initial plasma calcium level was maintained by suitable calcium supplement to the diet.
Hypocalcaemic perfusion of the thyroid, in either intact or parathyroidectomized pigs, resulted in a rise in the systemic plasma calcium concentration, although this rise was only consistently observed when the systemic plasma calcium level was already low as a result of thyrocalcitonin secretion.
It is suggested that the secretion of thyrocalcitonin is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism operating through the plasma calcium concentration, and that because of the rapidity of its release, action and elimination, relative to parathyroid hormone, thyrocalcitonin acts as a fine regulator of calcium homeostasis.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND HEPATIC CHANGES IN RELATION TO PROLONGED ALDOSTERONE ADMINISTRATION
Authors: BEDRAK E. , SAMOILOFF V. , GOLDBERG G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Prolonged aldosterone administration to mice was investigated in relation to liver function. Daily injections of 2 μg. d-aldosterone monoacetate/g. body weight for 60 days adversely affected oxidative phosphorylation of liver mitochondria. The value for the P:O ratio of controls, 3·21, dropped to 2·01, 2·86, 2·45 and 2·79 for mice treated with aldosterone for 20, 30, 50 and 60 days, respectively. The impaired oxidative phosphorylation was neither accompanied by an increase in adenosine triphosphatase activity of liver mitochondria nor by a change in plasma transaminases. Corresponding morphological changes were observed in liver parenchyma starting with hydropic degenerations in early lesions, and single cell necrosis accompanied by mitotic activity (regeneration) in advanced lesions. It seems therefore that hyperaldosteronism might be noxious to liver parenchyma and hepatic function.
THE INDUCTION OF WITHDRAWAL BLEEDING WITH QUINESTRADOL (PENTOVIS) IN SPAYED MONKEYS, AND SOME OBSERVATIONS ON ITS EXCRETION AND THAT OF OESTRIOL IN THE URINE
Authors: ECKSTEIN P. , GREIG MARION , BUTT W. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Daily oral administration of between 0·1 and 0·5 mg. quinestradol (3-cyclopentyl ether of oestriol) for 14 days to four spayed monkeys induced macroscopic uterine haemorrhage in three and microscopic bleeding in the fourth. This is in marked contrast to the finding that in women this compound seems to act only on the lower genital tract and does not cause uterine withdrawal bleeding.
Oestriol, given in the same way at a daily dosage of 0·82 mg., also induced withdrawal bleeding in one monkey.
2. The urinary excretion of quinestradol and oestriol was studied in two of the monkeys and that of quinestradol alone in a post-menopausal woman. The findings indicate that some quinestradol is excreted as oestriol, which in monkeys, unlike women, appears to be unconjugated.
3. Possible reasons for the observed differences in the biological effects of quinestradol in the two species are briefly discussed.
BLASTOCYST IMPLANTATION DURING POST-PARTUM PSEUDOPREGNANCY IN THE RAT
Authors: MANTALENAKIS S. J. , KETCHEL M. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Five-day blastocysts were transferred to the uteri of rats during post-partum pseudopregnancy. Low implantation rates were observed when blastocysts were transferred on days 5 to 11 of lactation pseudopregnancy to recipients which were suckling their litters. Two incidents of asynchronous implantation occurred. If the suckling young were removed at the time of blastocyst transfer, high rates of implantation were obtained. If the cervix of the recipients was electrically stimulated at the time of the post-partum oestrus, implantation, while delayed, occurred at a high rate even though the recipients were suckling their litters. These results suggest that the cervical stimulation which occurs at copulation is a requirement for implantation in normally mated lactating rats.
UTERINE CHANGES AFTER INTRALUMINAL ADMINISTRATION OF HISTAMINE AND OESTROGEN
Authors: CECIL HELENE C. , BITMAN J. , HANNUM J. A. , TREZISE LOIS 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Uterine vascular permeability changes, measured quantitatively by trypan blue accumulation, and measurements of uterine water content, were used to study the postulated role of histamine as a mediator of oestrogen action. Histamine (H), oestradiol (E), 1·3% NaCl solution, an antihistamine (AH—diphenhydramine hydrochloride—Benadryl) or xylene (X), was injected intraluminally into each uterine horn of ovariectomized rats. At intervals of 1/4–24 hr. after treatment uterine vascular changes were determined by comparing the trypan blue concentration of treated uteri with the concentration in ovariectomized controls. In the 1/4–1 hr. time periods 1·0 mg. H and 0·5–2·5 mg. AH showed increases 2 to 6 times greater than the slight permeability change induced by 0·04 μg. E or 1·3% NaCl, and were similar to that evoked by the inflammatory tissue irritant xylene. The characteristic uterine permeability effect of oestrogen was evident at 4 hr. at which time H and AH produced similar responses. However, histological examination showed a complete loss of epithelium of the uterine lumen caused by 1·0 mg. H, 0·5–2·5 mg. AH, and X during the first 4 hr. but only a partial loss with NaCl or E. When lower doses of histamine were administered, epithelial loss was reduced, and with 0·1 mg. histamine epithelial loss, uterine permeability, and water content approached those of rats treated with the 1·3% NaCl solution.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF HISTOLOGICALLY DEFINED ZONES IN THE ADRENAL CORTEX: CORTISOL SYNTHESIS IN THE HORSE
Authors: CAMERON E. H. D. , GRANT J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ability of cells from the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the horse adrenal cortex to transform [7α-3H]pregnenolone, [4-14C]progesterone, [7α-3H]17α-hydroxypregnenolone and [4-14C]17α-hydroxyprogesterone to cortisol in vitro was investigated.
It was found that: (1) Both types of cell form cortisol from these steroids. (2) The transformation is greater in fascicular cells. (3) The formation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone from pregnenolone (via either progesterone or 17α-hydroxypregnenolone) is slower that the subsequent formation of cortisol from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. (4) The formation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone from 17α-hydroxypregnenolone is rate-limiting in cortisol formation, but is about 2·4 times faster in fascicular than in reticular cells. (5) 17α-Hydroxylation of progesterone is also faster in fascicular than in reticular cells.
THE ACUTE PANCREATIC EFFECT OF ALLOXAN IN THE RABBIT
Authors: HOWELL S. L. , TAYLOR K. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The origin of the pronounced hypoglycaemic phase during the onset of alloxan diabetes in the rabbit has been investigated.
Blood sugar and serum insulin levels were recorded 6, 12 and 24 hr. after alloxan administration and were related to changes in the insulin content of the pancreas and to the rate of insulin release from pancreas slices in vitro at similar time intervals. During the phase of hypoglycaemia, serum insulin levels were elevated, and insulin release from the pancreas slices was markedly increased, but a decrease in the quantity of insulin extractable from the pancreas occurred during the same 6 hr. period.
These results indicate that the hypoglycaemia may result from an unregulated release of preformed insulin from the β cells, during their destruction after the administration of alloxan.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF THE URINARY OXOPREGNANE DERIVATIVES IN THE PREGNANT RABBIT
Authors: ALLEN J. G. , THOMAS G. H. , WRIGHT A. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The oxosteroid metabolites of the pregnant rabbit were identified by gas chromatography using a combination of chromatographic runs involving examination of the free and acetylated material on QF-1, the alcohols on SE-30 and the trimethylsilyl ethers on neopentyl glycol adipate (NGA). The oxidized material was run on QF-1 and NGA. The ketonic fraction consisted mainly of pregnanes, some of which were 20-oxosteroids (3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one, 3α,6α-dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one and its 5β-epimer, and 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnane-11,20-dione), and two of which were 20α-ol-3-ones (20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and 20α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-3-one). The detection of the latter two compounds directs attention to the catabolic pathway for pregnanediol which involves initially reduction of the 20-ketone.
SERUM AND URINE INSULIN IN LATE PREGNANCY AND IN A FEW PREGNANT LATENT DIABETICS
Authors: TRAYNER IRIS M. , WELBORN T. A. , RUBENSTEIN A. H. , FRASER T. RUSSELL 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
As measured both by immunoassay and bioassay during a glucose tolerance test (50 g.) on ten subjects in the third trimester of pregnancy, the serum insulin levels fasting, 1 and 2 hr. after glucose were raised at least threefold compared with the levels in 23 non-pregnant women.
The renal clearance of immunoassayable insulin was lower than that in the non-pregnant state (the mean in the pregnant subjects was 0·18 ml./min. compared with 0·45 ml./min. in the normal non-pregnant subjects).
In the same subjects the mean serum non-suppressible insulin-like activity, which is unaltered by oral glucose, was 1·5 times higher than the non-pregnant mean level, but this difference was not significant.
Four pregnant latent diabetics, tested similarly in the latter part of pregnancy, showed even higher fasting serum insulin levels than the normal pregnant subjects, but a lessened response to the same glucose load.
HORMONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SURVIVAL OF BLASTOCYSTS IN THE UTERUS OF THE RAT
Authors: DICKMANN Z. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
It is shown that the uterus of the cyclic rat can be transformed into a 'delayed-implantation' uterus (i.e. a uterus in which blastocysts are maintained in a dormant condition) by ovariectomizing females and then injecting them with 2 mg. progesterone/day, for several days. Blastocysts transferred into the uteri of females so treated remained dormant for as long as the progesterone treatment was continued. Upon injecting 1 μg. oestrone together with 2 mg. progesterone, the blastocysts implanted and developed into normal foetuses.
When blastocysts were transferred on the day of ovariectomy without previous progesterone treatment, they did not survive. Apparently ovariectomy followed by progesterone injections neutralized a uterine factor detrimental to blastocysts. The number of daily progesterone injections required to neutralize this factor depended on the day of the cycle on which ovariectomy was done. Based on the latter finding, it is postulated that the endogenous oestrogen (which fluctuates during the cycle) is the factor which renders the uterus inimical to blastocysts.
GLYCOGEN SYNTHETASE ACTIVITY IN THE RAT UTERUS
Authors: BO W. J. , MARASPIN L. E. , SMITH MAVIS S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Glycogen synthetase, phosphorylase and glycogen were determined biochemically in the smooth muscle of the rat uterus following a single s.c. injection (10 μg.) of oestradiol dipropionate. The ovariectomized animals were killed 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr. after the hormone treatment. From 12 to 96 hr. glycogen synthetase activity was significantly greater than in the untreated control rats. Phosphorylase activity was significantly less than in the controls at 12 hr. and greater from 48 to 96 hr. After the initial drop, control phosphorylase values were obtained between 24 and 48 hr. From 12 to 96 hr. the glycogen concentration was greater than in the control animals.
The results show that oestrogen increased glycogen synthetase activity in the smooth muscle of the uterus soon after the hormone treatment, and with the increase in enzymic activity the glycogen concentration was also increased. They indicate that, during the early phase of glycogen synthesis, oestrogen stimulates glycogenesis by increasing glycogen synthetase activity and suppresses glycogenolysis by inhibiting phosphorylase activity. The glycogen concentration at later stages did not alter significantly, and this may have been due to the build-up and breakdown of the carbohydrate by the action of glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase, respectively.
STEROID METABOLISM OF A SERTOLI CELL TUMOUR OF THE TESTIS OF A DOG WITH FEMINIZATION AND ALOPECIA AND OF THE NORMAL CANINE TESTIS
Authors: PIERREPOINT C. G. , GALLEY JEAN McI. , GRIFFITHS K. , GRANT J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The metabolism of [7α-3H]pregnenolone and [4-14C]dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) by a Sertoli cell tumour of the testis from a dog with signs of feminization has been studied in vitro and compared with the metabolism of the normal canine testis.
The tumour formed oestrone and oestradiol-17β from DHA thus providing direct evidence for the synthesis of oestrogen by this type of neoplasm.
Relative or complete inactivity of several enzyme systems involved in the synthesis of testosterone was found in the tumour tissue, and the conversion of either precursor to testosterone was considerably less than in the normal testis.
Suggestive evidence is presented for the occurrence of steroid-specific 17α-hydroxylase and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase systems in canine testicular tissue.
The formation of sulphates of pregnenolone and DHA was shown both in normal and in neoplastic tissues and, in addition, the tumour either formed the sulphate of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone or caused the 17α-hydroxylation of pregnenolone sulphate.
DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES IN THE PLACENTAE AND FOETAL MEMBRANES OF VARIOUS MAMMALS
Authors: FERGUSON M. M. , CHRISTIE G. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The distribution of dehydrogenases acting on 3α-, Δ5-3β-, 3β-, 11β-, 16β(androgen)-, 16β(oestrogen)-, 17β-, and 20β-hydroxysteroids in the placentae and foetal membranes of the horse, sheep, goat, cat, dog, ferret, rat, rabbit, guinea-pig and man at various stages of pregnancy is described, and some attempt is made to relate their presence in the tissues with their function.
Δ5-3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, of particular interest in view of its important function in steroid biosynthesis, was found in the trophoblast of the horse, cat, dog and man, in the thickened maternal endothelium of the ferret placenta, in the trophoblastic giant cells of the rat, and in isolated cells in the uterine lumen of the guinea-pig in early pregnancy. The enzyme was absent from all other sites examined. Correlation is sought between the distribution of this enzyme, the steroid hormone requirements for the maintenance of pregnancy after ovariectomy, and the chemical processes of steroid production by the placentae of the species examined.