bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geometry and formation of gypsum veins in mudstones at Watchet, Somerset, SW England
Authors: PHILIPP SONJA L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractGypsum veins and faults were studied in red mudstones of the Upper Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group, in the Bristol Channel Basin, exposed in E–W-trending cliffs at Watchet on the Somerset Coast (SW England). In nodular gypsum horizons, individual gypsum nodules are connected by subhorizontal gypsum veins. In evaporite-free mudstone layers, however, dense anastomosing networks of gypsum veins occur. In a 300 m long profile dissected by 28 (mostly) normal faults with small displacements, 24 faults have veins following them, indicating palaeofluid transport along the fault planes. Ninety-seven cross-cutting relationships and mostly perpendicular vein fibres indicate that the veins are primarily extension fractures. The thickest veins in the vein network are subhorizontal (160 measurements), indicating a vertical orientation of the minimum principal compressive stress (horizontal basin compression). Such a stress state may have existed during basin inversion associated with Alpine compression (late Cretaceous to early Tertiary). I propose that the gypsum veins are the result of hydrofracturing. In the gypsum nodules, then presumably consisting of anhydrite, overpressure was generated related to the hydration of anhydrite to gypsum. Stress concentration around the nodules led to rupturing and injection of thin subhorizontal hydrofractures. Some of the calcium-sulphate saturated fluids were then transported upwards along the faults and gained access to evaporite-free mudstone layers where dense anastomosing vein networks developed. Most veins were arrested during their propagation by layers with contrasting mechanical properties (stress barriers). Some veins, however, propagated through the barriers along faults to shallower levels. The dense networks of mineral veins observed in Watchet indicate that hydrofractures can generate a very high temporary permeability in fluid reservoirs.
Age and composition of the Rushan intrusive complex in the northern Sulu orogen, eastern China: petrogenesis and lithospheric mantle evolution
Authors: TANG HUA-YUN , ZHENG JIAN-PING , YU CHUN-MEI 
Published: August 2008

AbstractZircon U–Pb age, whole-rock elemental and Sr–Nd isotopic data are presented for the Rushan intrusive complex from the northern Sulu orogen, China. The intrusion, emplaced at c. 111 Ma, consists mainly of biotite-bearing gabbro and pyroxene-bearing diorite. The rocks are high-K calc-alkaline in major elements, and enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE), depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE), and possess narrow ranges of initial 87Sr/86Sr (0.70746–0.70827) and ɛNd(t) (−12.37 to −8.26). The complex is interpreted to originate from decompression melting of spinel-facies cratonic mantle that was metasomatized by the subducted Yangtze crustal materials and the melts experienced fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene, apatite and Fe–Ti oxides. The Rushan complex is similar in composition to other Early Cretaceous mafic-intermediate complexes from the southern margin of the North China Craton, such as the Fangcheng basalts and Yinan gabbros, implying the mantle source of the Rushan intrusion is tectonically affiliated to the southern wedge of the Craton. We infer that the Rushan complex formed in an extensional regime corresponding to the asthenosphere upwelling during gradual erosion and replacement of the cratonic mantle by the fertile lithosphere beneath the eastern North China Craton.
Analysis of branched nucleic acid structure using comparative gel electrophoresis
Authors: Lilley David M. J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractElectrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels provides a simple yet powerful means of analyzing the relative disposition of helical arms in branched nucleic acids. The electrophoretic mobility of DNA or RNA with a central discontinuity is determined by the angle subtended between the arms radiating from the branchpoint. In a multi-helical branchpoint, comparative gel electrophoresis can provide a relative measure of all the inter-helical angles and thus the shape and symmetry of the molecule. Using the long–short arm approach, the electrophoretic mobility of all the species with two helical arms that are longer than all others is compared. This can be done as a function of conditions, allowing the analysis of ion-dependent folding of branched DNA and RNA species. Notable successes for the technique include the four-way (Holliday) junction in DNA and helical junctions in functionally significant RNA species such as ribozymes. Many of these structures have subsequently been proved correct by crystallography or other methods, up to 10 years later in the case of the Holliday junction. Just as important, the technique has not failed to date. Comparative gel electrophoresis can provide a window on both fast and slow conformational equilibria such as conformer exchange in four-way DNA junctions. But perhaps the biggest test of the approach has been to deduce the structures of complexes of four-way DNA junctions with proteins. Two recent crystallographic structures show that the global structures were correctly deduced by electrophoresis, proving the worth of the method even in these rather complex systems. Comparative gel electrophoresis is a robust method for the analysis of branched nucleic acids and their complexes.
DNA topoisomerases: harnessing and constraining energy to govern chromosome topology
Authors: Schoeffler Allyn J. , Berger James M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDNA topoisomerases are a diverse set of essential enzymes responsible for maintaining chromosomes in an appropriate topological state. Although they vary considerably in structure and mechanism, the partnership between topoisomerases and DNA has engendered commonalities in how these enzymes engage nucleic acid substrates and control DNA strand manipulations. All topoisomerases can harness the free energy stored in supercoiled DNA to drive their reactions; some further use the energy of ATP to alter the topology of DNA away from an enzyme-free equilibrium ground state. In the cell, topoisomerases regulate DNA supercoiling and unlink tangled nucleic acid strands to actively maintain chromosomes in a topological state commensurate with particular replicative and transcriptional needs. To carry out these reactions, topoisomerases rely on dynamic macromolecular contacts that alternate between associated and dissociated states throughout the catalytic cycle. In this review, we describe how structural and biochemical studies have furthered our understanding of DNA topoisomerases, with an emphasis on how these complex molecular machines use interfacial interactions to harness and constrain the energy required to manage DNA topology.
The balancing act: Framing gendered parental identities at dinnertime
Authors: KENDALL SHARI 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTA framing analysis of family interaction during dinnertime demonstrates that the mother and father linguistically create gendered identities through the number and types of discursive positions they take up within the frames they create and maintain. The mother accomplishes numerous tasks and activities by taking up multiple discursive positions within several interactional frames, whereas the father takes up fewer positions within fewer frames. Furthermore, the positions they take up are gendered, reflecting a sex-based division of labor, even though both parents work full-time outside the home. Through these gendered patterns of participation, the parents create gendered parental identities and negotiate their parental authority with their daughter and with each other. The attention to speech acts, footings, positioning, and framing reveals the intricate and dynamic details of interaction. Furthermore, this discourse model captures and explicates the process through which individuals create gendered identities as they enact and constitute other social identities.
Stochastic resonance aided tactile sensing
Authors: Ohka Masahiro , Kondo Shingo 
Published: August 2008

SUMMARYStochastic resonance (SR) is one of the basic principles intrinsically possessed by any living thing to highly adapt to complicated environments including various disturbances. Although a noise is inevitably mixed by contact with an object and a sensor's movement on it in tactile sensing, a human being can evaluate the several micrometers of unevenness on the object surface by means of SR. We intend to apply SR to tactile sensing and to develop a tactile sensing system capable of measuring an object surface with high precision in not only a controlled environment like a precision measurement room but also in a living environment. First, we investigate the SR characteristic possessed by a Hodgkin–Huxley model capable of emulating squid's neuron activities. According to the simulation results, we develop a new electronic circuit capable of generating the SR. We perform the object surface scan using a linear stage equipped with a tactile sensor and the circuit. A series of object surface scanning tests is repeated while changing the intensity of applied noise, and the signal to noise ratio (SNR, hereafter) is calculated from the obtained measurement data to check the effect of the SR. In the experiment, striped textures with a height of δ = 5 ~ 30 μm are used as specimens. The SNR changes depending on the noise intensity, and the local maximum appears under a proper noise. It is found that the sensing accuracy is improved according to the aforementioned SR theory. Therefore, SR, which is usually applied to noisy environments, is effective for a tactile sensing system.
Intersecting Families are Essentially Contained in Juntas
Authors: DINUR IRIT , FRIEDGUT EHUD 
Published: August 2008

A family$\J$of subsets of {1, . . .,n} is called aj-junta if there existsJ⊆ {1, . . .,n}, with |J| =j, such that the membership of a setSin$\J$depends only onS∩J.In this paper we provide a simple description of intersecting families of sets. Letnandkbe positive integers withk<n/2, and let$\A$be a family of pairwise intersecting subsets of {1, . . .,n}, all of sizek. We show that such a family is essentially contained in aj-junta$\J$, wherejdoes not depend onnbut only on the ratiok/nand on the interpretation of ‘essentially’.Whenk=o(n) we prove that every intersecting family ofk-sets is almost contained in a dictatorship, a 1-junta (which by the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem is a maximal intersecting family): for any such intersecting family$\A$there exists an elementi∈ {1, . . .,n} such that the number of sets in$\A$that do not containiis of order$\C {n-2}{k-2}$(which is approximately$\frac {k}{n-k}$times the size of a maximal intersecting family).Our methods combine traditional combinatorics with results stemming from the theory of Boolean functions and discrete Fourier analysis.
A Semantic Scattering model for the automatic interpretation of English genitives
Authors: BADULESCU ADRIANA , MOLDOVAN DAN 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAn important problem in knowledge discovery from text is the automatic extraction of semantic relations. This paper addresses the automatic classification of thesemantic relationsexpressed by English genitives. A learning model is introduced based on the statistical analysis of the distribution of genitives' semantic relations in a corpus. The semantic and contextual features of the genitive's noun phrase constituents play a key role in the identification of the semantic relation. The algorithm was trained and tested on a corpus of approximately 20,000 sentences and achieved an f-measure of 79.80 per cent for of-genitives, far better than the 40.60 per cent obtained using a Decision Trees algorithm, the 50.55 per cent obtained using a Naive Bayes algorithm, or the 72.13 per cent obtained using a Support Vector Machines algorithm on the same corpus using the same features. The results were similar for s-genitives: 78.45 per cent using Semantic Scattering, 47.00 per cent using Decision Trees, 43.70 per cent using Naive Bayes, and 70.32 per cent using a Support Vector Machines algorithm. The results demonstrate the importance of word sense disambiguation and semantic generalization/specialization for this task. They also demonstrate that different patterns (in our case the two types of genitive constructions) encode different semantic information and should be treated differently in the sense that different models should be built for different patterns.
Ordering the suggestions of a spellchecker without using context
Authors: MITTON ROGER 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHaving located a misspelling, a spellchecker generally offers some suggestions for the intended word. Even without using context, a spellchecker can draw on various types of information in ordering its suggestions. A series of experiments is described, beginning with a basic corrector that implements a well-known algorithm for reversing single simple errors, and making successive enhancements to take account of substring matches, pronunciation, known error patterns, syllable structure and word frequency. The improvement in the ordering produced by each enhancement is measured on a large corpus of misspellings. The final version is tested on other corpora against a widely used commercial spellchecker and a research prototype.
The role of the ‘on treatment’ review radiographer: what are the requirements?
Authors: Lees Laura 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPurpose: The aims of this study were to describe the scope of practice of the radiotherapy ’on treatment’ review radiographer. This included trying to gain an insight in to what knowledge, skills and characteristics are needed to operate in this role extension and to establish whether the role requires skills in areas of patient care and support which are beyond the generic training of a treatment floor therapy radiographer.Method: A qualitative grounded theory methodology was employed using semi-structured interviews with ’on treatment’ review radiographers from three different departments. The departments were selected to maximise the amount of data collected, consequently they were chosen due to the differences in the way their review service was set up. This ranged from full time, to team led, to part time review. Using coding and constant comparative analysis based on grounded theory, categories were developed describing attributes of the role.Results: The scope of practice and challenges of the role varied slightly between the departments. The core categories needed to operate in the role were identified as knowledge, listening skills and characteristics with sub categories of self-reflection, interpersonal skills and attitudes.Conclusions: To be a review radiographer requires advanced knowledge at Masters level, with well developed listening and interpersonal skills and enjoyment of the people side of the profession. These skills need to be regularly practised, updated and reflected upon. The requirements for further training needs are noted and recommendations for further research are identified along with the limitations of this research. The role appears to require knowledge and skills in areas of patient care and support, which are above the level of practice of a treatment floor therapy radiographer.
Population pharmacokinetics of oral diclofenac for acute pain in children
Authors: Standing Joseph F. , Howard Richard F. , Johnson Atholl , Savage Imogen , Wong Ian C. K. 
Published: August 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Diclofenac is an effective oral analgesic for acute postoperative pain. In adults 25 mg is half as effective as 50 mg, but 50 mg and 100 mg are similarly effective (ceiling effect). Diclofenac has linear pharmacokinetics in this range.• Diclofenac is frequently used ‘off‐label’ in children for acute pain but optimum dosing is unclear (dosing of diclofenac in clinical paediatric studies ranges from 0.5–2.5 mg kg−1). There is currently no licensed oral paediatric formulation of diclofenac. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Using a new diclofenac oral suspension, a dose of 1 mg kg−1 in children aged 1 to 12 years gives a similar exposure to 50 mg in adults; paediatric patients are unlikely to benefit from higher doses.AIMSTo develop a population pharmacokinetic model for a new diclofenac suspension (50 mg 5 ml−1) in adult volunteers and paediatric patients, and recommend a dose for acute pain in children.METHODSBlood samples were drawn at the start and end of surgery, and on removal of the venous cannula from 70 children (aged 1 to 12 years, weight 9 to 37 kg) who received a preoperative oral 1 mg kg−1 dose; these were pooled with rich (14 post‐dose samples) data from 30 adult volunteers. Population pharmacokinetic modelling was undertaken with NONMEM. The optimum adult dose of diclofenac for acute pain is 50 mg. Simulation from the final model was performed to predict a paediatric dose to achieve a similar AUC to 50 mg in adults.RESULTSA total of 558 serum diclofenac concentrations from 100 subjects was used in the pooled analysis. A single disposition compartment model with first order elimination and dual absorption compartments was used. The estimates of CL/F and VD/F were 53.98 l h−1 70 kg−1 and 4.84 l 70 kg−1 respectively. Allometric size models appeared to predict adequately changes in CL and VD with age. Of the simulated doses investigated, 1 mg kg−1 gave paediatric AUC(0,12 h) to adult 50 mg AUC(0,12 h) ratios of 1.00, 1.08 and 1.18 for ages 1–3, 4–6 and 7–12 years respectively.CONCLUSIONSThis study has shown 1 mg kg−1 diclofenac to produce similar exposure in children aged 1 to 12 years as 50 mg in adults, and is acceptable for clinical practice; patients are unlikely to obtain further benefit from higher doses.
Public awareness and views on unlicensed use of medicines in children
Authors: Mukattash T. L. , Millership J. S. , Collier P. S. , McElnay J. C. 
Published: August 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • There is increasing concern about the use of those medicines in children which have not been fully studied and licensed for childhood use. Such use is not uncommon, due in large part to a lack of availability of fully licensed products and formulations that are suitable for children.• There is little published information on the views of the public on this important area of paediatric care. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • A survey of 1000 members of the public in Northern Ireland indicated that such use of medicines in children is not well known.• However, when informed about this practice, the majority believed that it would compromise safety and increase the likelihood of adverse effects. They also believed that parents/guardians should be told if their child was prescribed a medicine that had not been fully tested in children.• Participants in the survey indicated that they would be reluctant to involve their child in a clinical trial to help with the licensing process unless the child was suffering from a life‐threatening illness.AIMSTo explore awareness and views of the general public on unlicensed use of medicines in children and on the participation of children in clinical trials.METHODSMembers of the public completed a questionnaire survey administered by face‐to‐face interview in public areas in N. Ireland. The main outcome measures were the views on unlicensed use of medicines in children and on clinical trials in children.RESULTSOne thousand participants (59.2% female) took part; 610 were parents. Most participants (86%) had no previous knowledge about unlicensed use of medicines in children. Being a parent did not influence this nor did being a parent of a child who suffered from a health problem (P > 0.05). Most participants (92%) felt that parents should be told about unlicensed use of medicines, with the doctor most frequently selected as the person who should inform parents. At the outset, only 1.8% of participants felt that the use of medicines in children was unsafe. However, having been informed about unlicensed use of medicines, this proportion increased dramatically (62.4%; P < 0.001). Views on whether participants would enter a child of their own into a clinical trial varied according to the health status of the child (P < 0.05) i.e. a child in good health (3.9%) vs a child with a life‐threatening condition (41.9%).CONCLUSIONSThere is limited public knowledge of unlicensed use of medicines in children and a general reluctance to involve children in clinical trials unless the child to be involved has a life‐threatening condition.
Predictive factors for generalized seizures after deliberate citalopram overdose
Authors: Waring W. Stephen , Gray Julie A. , Graham Ann 
Published: August 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Citalopram is a common means of self‐poisoning in young adults.• Generalized seizures are a recognised complication after selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor overdose (including citalopram overdose). WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The minimum stated citalopram dose associated with seizures in the absence of co‐ingested drugs was 400 mg.• Co‐ingestion of a tricyclic antidepressant or venlafaxine confers a 15‐fold increased risk of seizures.AIMSSeizures are a recognized complication of citalopram overdose. The present study sought to establish risk factors for seizures in this high‐risk patient group, including stated dose ingested, co‐ingested drugs or ethanol, and electrolyte disturbances.METHODSA retrospective casenote review was carried out of patients who attended the Emergency Department due to citalopram overdose between January 2000 and July 2007 inclusive. Stepwise logistic regression analysis considered age, gender, stated citalopram dose, acute ethanol consumption, co‐ingested drugs, administration of activated charcoal, and hyponatraemia.RESULTSThere were 241 patients (177 women), and the median (interquartile range) stated citalopram dose was 300 mg (200 to 600 mg). Generalized seizures occurred in 18 patients (7.5%). Logistic regression analysis found co‐ingested tricyclic antidepressants or venlafaxine predicted seizures with odds ratio = 15 (95% confidence interval 3, 75). In the absence of co‐ingested drugs, the minimum citalopram dose associated with seizures was 400 mg. Odds ratio for seizures = 1.1 (95% confidence interval 1.0, 1.2) for every 100 mg increment in citalopram dose. Seizures were associated with a greater need for invasive ventilatory support, higher creatine kinase activity, and prolonged hospital stay.CONCLUSIONSGeneralized seizures are an important manifestation of citalopram toxicity, and cannot be explained solely by electrolyte disturbances or co‐ingestion of other drugs or ethanol. The strongest predictors of seizures in this patient series were ingestion of high citalopram dosages and co‐ingestion of drugs capable of lowering seizure threshold.