bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biologically Templated Nanostructure Assemblies
Authors: Behrens Silke S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLiving organisms are able to manufacture a variety of sophisticated inorganic materials with precise control over chemical composition, crystal structure, and shape. Biomolecules offer unique functionalities such as specific recognition capabilities or catalytic activity. On the basis of these recognition capabilities, biological subunits are able to self‐assemble into defined superstructures with unique shapes. Furthermore, they may respond to multiple physical, chemical, or biological stimuli, and therefore provide a potential means for manufacturing nanomachines. However, naturally occurring inorganic materials are typically based on protein scaffolds with inorganic minerals, e.g., iron oxide or calcium carbonate, which limits their technical application. Hence, the knowledge of biological concepts, functions, and design features has recently been exploited for manufacturing new, technologically important, and functional inorganic nanomaterials that have no isomorphous complement in nature.One major challenge in manufacturing nanostructures by biotemplating has been the need to either modify traditional methodologies derived from chemistry or microelectronics, or to develop new synthetic pathways, in order to make the material synthesis compatible with the relatively labile biotemplates. Various chemical procedures illustrated by selected examples have been elaborated to direct the nucleation and deposition of inorganic materials (e.g., metals, alloys, or semiconductors) on bioassemblies or to link preformed inorganic building blocks to functional biomolecules. Bioassemblies template complex, multidimensional, and inorganic nanoarchitectures that are typically not available by conventional material synthesis. Recently, the templating ability of natural bioassemblies has been improved by means of genetic engineering. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the biological functionality of the system may be retained under appropriate conditions, which allows the manufacturing of inorganic nanostructures with motility functions. The use of diverse nanostructured bioassemblies based on both proteins (e.g., cell components such as microtubules, microfilaments, S‐layers) or microorganisms (i.e., viruses, diatoms) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is discussed for their potential of templating of inorganic nanoarchitectures.
Multicolor Quantum Dots in Molecular Profiling of Cancer Cells and Tissues
Authors: Zrazhevskiy Pavel , Gao Xiaohu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCancer represents a serious threat to our health despite considerable effort by scientific and medical community to combat this disease. It has been shown that detection of specific tumor biomarkers is important for cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy. However, a vast genetic and phenotypic variability of cancer first requires appropriate molecular characterization of cancer using conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. Being single color and semiquantitative in nature, IHC methods are unable to address the need of quantitative multiplexed molecular profiling of clinical tissue samples. Therefore, development of new molecular profiling technologies is necessary for quantitative analysis of molecular signatures of individual patient's tumors. Quantum dots are emerging as a new class of fluorescent probes for biomolecular and cellular imaging. Owing to their unique optical properties, such as size‐tunable light emission, simultaneous excitation of multiple colors, improved brightness, resistance to photobleaching, and extremely large Stokes shift, quantum dots represent a highly promising tool for detection and quantification of multiple biomarkers in cells, tissue samples, and even live organisms. This functionality will allow researchers to correlate a panel of cancer biomarkers with cancer behavior and clinical outcome and will open new opportunities for the development of personalized treatment schemes targeted specifically against markers expressed. Multiplexed marker detection will also provide a high‐throughput tool for marker screening in cancer research.
Inorganic Nanobelt Materials
Authors: Yu Shu‐Hong , Yao Wei‐Tang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of current research activities that center around inorganic nanobelts. We begin with an overview of synthetic strategies and principles that have been developed for generating 1‐D nanobelts with vapor‐phase growth as well as solution‐based growth routes. We then discuss the synthesis and structure of various inorganic nanobelts, which include elements, oxides, hydroxyl sulfates, chalcogenides, arsenides, phosphides, nitrides, carbon, and carbides. Toward the end, we highlight a range of innovative applications enabled by the unique combination of different potential properties of inorganic nanobelts. Continued development of the synthesis strategies and the preparation procedures as well as functionalization of nanobelts for novel applications will provide significant breakthroughs.
Nano/Microporous Materials: Transition Metal Cyanides
Authors: Lu Tong‐Bu , Collins David J. , Zhou Hong‐Cai 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Transition metal–cyanide clusters, in which the cyanide anion acts as a bridging ligand, exhibit a rich variety of shapes and sizes, from simple squares to high‐nuclearity cubes and octahedra. Clusters may be homometallic or heterometallic, and a significant fraction of the transition metals are represented among these materials. Magnetic coupling in these clusters is widespread owing to the proximity of the metals and short length of the bridging cyanide. This review examines the structures and magnetic properties of the major types of transition metal–cyanide cluster materials.
Nano/Microporous Materials: Nanostructured Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Leroux Fabrice , Prévot Vanessa 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis review summarizes developments in nanostructured layered double hydroxide (LDH) materials for the period 2004–2007. Particular attention is paid to synthesis aspects, including coprecipitation, urea decomposition, sol‐gel processing and derivative methods as well as the generation of functional materials through delamination either from solvent solution or in situ within a polymer. Coating processes, illustrated by the heterogeneous growth of nanorods onto LDH surfaces, is distinguished from particle nanostructuration. In addition, nanostructuration from LDH frameworks is described for iron‐based oxides and other metal oxides in which catalytic, magnetic, or energy‐storage properties are discussed. Other examples of nanostructuration, such as complex encapsulation, are demonstrated not only with different complexes, such as polyoxometallates and porphyrines but also with rare earth and quantum dot materials, where interest is focused on luminescent and optical properties. Additionally, drug encapsulation and/or release, gene‐reservoir applications, and incorporation of DNA and bioinorganic enzymes into LDH assemblies nicely illustrate biologically related uses of LDH nanoplatelets. Finally, reactions occurring within LDH interlayer spaces are described, and the role of LDH framework as a nanoreactor is illustrated by in situ polymerization of conjugated polymers and thermoplastics. LDH materials can also be used as sacrificial templates for fabricating nanosized polymers and for the synthesis of carbon replica and carbon fibers.
Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas
Authors: Yao Baodian , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) represent a promising new class of organic–inorganic nanocomposite materials in which the organic and inorganic moieties are covalently linked and homogeneously distributed at molecular level. This review retrospected the discovery and development of PMOs in terms of rational synthesis based on the concept of supramolecular self‐assembly. The main focus is on precursors and crystal‐like PMOs. We also highlight the recent achievements regarding compositions and mesostructures, morphologies, and applications in the field. Furthermore, we present an outlook about the promising future perspectives of PMOs that result from the latest developments.
Supramolecular Materials: Assemblies Based on Square‐Complexation
Authors: James Stuart L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Square complexation of metal ions has become a remarkably useful construction motif for the self‐assembly of discrete nanoscopic structures and infinite frameworks. This article covers developments in the area since 2004. Interesting new aspects of self‐assembly methodology include solvent and anion dependence, use of three‐coordinate centers, photolabilization, kinetically controlled assembly, heteroligand structures, and the first very large mesoscopic structures (>20 nm). Also, known types of large self‐assembled cages, mainly based on palladium(II) and platinum(II) have been developed as protective reaction nanovessels in which to observe unusual, even unprecedented, chemistry. Internal and external functionalization of known structure types is leading to rich internal and external supramolecular chemistry. For infinite frameworks, square complexation, not only at single metal ions but also dimetallic units, typified by the dimetal‐tetracarboxylate paddle‐wheel motif, has led to a family of structurally versatile and functionalizable microporous pillared‐layer frameworks. In common with all coordination framework types, those based on square complexation are being increasingly studied with regard to their dynamics, sorption behavior, and catalysis.
Supramolecular Materials: Metal–Quinonoid Complexes
Authors: Kim Sang Bok , Sweigart Dwight A. , Lotz Simon 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Simple quinones such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol can be complexed to a transition metal through the aromatic π‐system. This review focuses on the manganese and rhodium complexes of hydroquinone (H
2
Q), which bind to the metal fragment through all six aromatic carbons (η
6
) to afford (H
2
Q)Mn(CO)
3
+
and (H
2
Q)Rh(COD)
+
. Both of these undergo facile deprotonation to give hydrogen‐bonded semiquinone complexes, which can be deposited on HOPG surfaces. A second deprotonation occurs with concomitant electron transfer to the metal to give anionic η
4
‐benzoquinone complexes that bind to other metals through the quinonoid oxygens. In this way, self‐assembly to metal–organic framework polymer materials results with the (benzoquinone)ML

n

−
moiety serving as the spacer. The resultant polymers are porous and can have tetrahedral, octahedral, and square pyramidal geometries. In the case of rhodium as the metal, the quinonoid complexes are excellent catalysts for carbon–carbon coupling from aryl boronic acids, and activated olefins and aldehydes. The rhodium species also forms self‐supporting coordination networks in the presence of main group alkoxides, and these function as catalysts for acetylene polymerization. The catalysts can also be deposited strongly on silica gel supports. An exciting application of this chemistry is the derivatization of the surfaces of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). In the case of superparamagnetic FePt and ferrite nanoparticles (NPs), the quinonoid–metal complexes bind to the surface and function as centers for the growth of coordination polymers. This provides multiple catalytic centers that are subject to magnetic decantation, and constitutes the first generalized methodology for the combination of organometallics with NP surfaces.
Nano/Microporous Materials: Mesoporous and Surface‐Functionalized Mesoporous Carbon
Authors: Wang Xiqing , Liang Chengdu , Dai Sheng 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Mesoporous carbon materials, a category of porous carbons with pore size between 2 and 50 nm, have attracted considerable attention owing to their wide applications. There are many conventional methods available for the preparation of mesoporous carbons. Generally, the resulting mesoporous carbon materials have a broad pore size distribution. Carbon materials with uniform pore size can be prepared using porous silica gels or colloidal silica nanoparticles as hard templates. Periodically ordered mesoporous carbons are a recent addition to this category. Ordered mesoporous carbons can be made by a hard template method using ordered mesoporous silicas with three‐dimensionally connected pore structures (e.g., SBA‐15) as the templates. Self‐assembly of thermal decomposable block copolymers with thermosetting resol or novalac resin into mesostructured nanocomposites provides an alternative approach for the synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbons. The carbon materials obtained exhibit high Brunauer–Emett–Teller (BET) surface areas, controllable pore diameters with narrow pore size distribution, and large pore volumes. Efforts aimed toward surface modification of mesoporous carbons that integrate unique mesoporosity with other functionalities have led to many interesting materials and some promising results for applications. With the development of mesoporous and surface‐functionalized mesoporous carbon materials, numerous applications are awaiting the exploration of materials research scientists. Herein we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis and surface modification of mesoporous carbons, mainly on the carbon materials with uniform pore size and/or ordered structures.
Inorganic Nanomaterials Synthesis Using Ionic Liquids
Authors: Taubert Andreas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) have been studied for a wide range of applications, including organic synthesis, separation and extraction, and electrochemistry. Inorganic nanomaterials synthesis in and with ILs is still a new but rapidly developing research branch. This article gives an overview over recent developments in the field of inorganic materials synthesis in ILs. Furthermore, the article highlights a few promising approaches that add value to inorganic materials science by giving access to hitherto unknown inorganic materials or materials that have so far only been accessible with great experimental effort via more conventional processes.
Inorganic Nanomaterials Synthesis Using Liquid Crystals
Authors: Boissière Cédric , Grosso David , Prouzet Eric 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Soft matter offers a unique property that combines high order with specific geometry and high dynamics that allows this geometry to adapt easily to rapid changes in physicochemical parameters. This property has been used in many systems for the formation of nanostructures when a soft matter such as liquid crystals acts as a mold that can be easily tuned and also removed once the material has been synthesized. In this review, we describe the general bases of the mechanisms that lead to nanostructured materials. Specific emphasis is given on the evaporation‐induced self‐assembly (EISA) method, where a liquid crystal is obtained upon drying of a complex solution during evaporation in a thin film. We also describe how surface micropatterning can be obtained by coupling solid‐state chemistry and soft matter and perspectives based on versatility of liquid crystals.
In Situ Bioconjugation: Single Step Approach to Tailored Nanoparticle‐Bioconjugates by Ultrashort Pulsed Laser Ablation
Authors: Petersen Svea , Barcikowski Stephan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA single step approach to tailored nanoparticle‐bioconjugates, enabling the generation of gold nanoparticles by laser ablation and their in situ conjugation with any biomolecule bearing an electron donating function (e.g., thiolated oligonucleotides) is established. The integrity of oligonucleotides after conjugation and the stability of bioconjugates in physiological media are investigated. Their size is tailorable via process parameters. This rapid and universal method may provide biochemists with various nanoparticle‐bioconjugates for screening the often unpredictable structure–function relationship.
Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of von Willebrand disease: A synopsis of the 2008 NHLBI/NIH guidelines
Authors: Nichols William L. , Rick Margaret E. , Ortel Thomas L. , Montgomery Robert R. , Sadler J. Evan , Yawn Barbara P. , James Andra H. , Hultin Mae B. , Manco‐Johnson Marilyn J. , Weinstein Mark 
Published: March 2009

AbstractVon Willebrand factor (VWF) mediates blood platelet adhesion and accumulation at sites of blood vessel injury, and also carries coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) that is important for generating procoagulant activity. Von Willebrand disease (VWD), the most common inherited bleeding disorder, affects males and females, and reflects deficiency or defects of VWF that may also cause decreased FVIII. It may also occur less commonly as an acquired disorder (acquired von Willebrand syndrome). This article briefly summarizes selected features of the March 2008 evidence‐based clinical and laboratory diagnostic recommendations from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Expert Panel for assessment for VWD or other bleeding disorders or risks. Management of VWD is also addressed in the NHLBI guidelines, but is not summarized here. The VWD guidelines are available at the NHLBI Web site (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/vwd). Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role and prognostic significance of the Ki‐67 index in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Broyde Adi , Boycov Olga , Strenov Yulia , Okon Elimelech , Shpilberg Ofer , Bairey Osnat 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExpression of Ki‐67, a nuclear antigen protein present in all cycling cells, is used to determine the growth fraction of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role and prognostic significance of the Ki‐67 proliferation index (PI) in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ki‐67 was assayed immunohistochemically in tissue samples of 319 patients with newly‐diagnosed non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. In 268 patients, the Ki‐67 PI was correlated with clinical course and outcome. The mean Ki‐67 PI ranged from 26.6% in indolent lymphomas to 97.6% in very aggressive lymphomas (P < 0.001). The index was <45% in 82.8% of indolent lymphomas and >45% in 85% of aggressive lymphomas (AUC = 0.877, P < 0.001). In patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (n = 141), a Ki‐67 PI of 70% was found to significantly discriminate patients with good or bad prognosis (AUC = 0.65, P = 0.004). Three‐year survival was 75% ± 5.6% in patients with a low Ki‐67 index compared with 55.9% ± 6% in patients with a high index (P = 0.015). In patients with a low IPI (≤2), 3‐year survival was 94% ± 4% in those with a Ki‐67 index ≤70% and 64% ± 8.1% in those with a higher index (P = 0.002); in patients with bulky disease (>10 cm), the corresponding 3‐year survival by Ki‐67 index was 100% and 25% ± 12% (P = 0.012). Our results suggest that the mean Ki‐67 PI differs by type of lymphoma. A cut‐off value of 45% can help differentiate indolent from aggressive disease. In diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, a cut‐off value of 70% can distinguish patients with a good and bad prognosis when combined with other prognostic factors of low IPI score and bulky disease. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cost of health care for children and adults with sickle cell disease
Authors: Kauf Teresa L. , Coates Thomas D. , Huazhi Liu , Mody‐Patel Nikita , Hartzema Abraham G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough sickle cell disease (SCD) is marked by high utilization of medical resources, the full cost of care for patients with SCD, including care not directly related to SCD, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to estimate the total cost of medical care for a population of children and adults with SCD. We used data from individuals diagnosed with SCD enrolled in the Florida Medicaid program during 2001–2005 to estimate total, SCD‐related, and non‐SCD‐related cost per patient‐month based on patient age at the time of health care use. Across the 4,294 patient samples, total health care costs generally rose with age, from $892 to $2,562 per patient‐month in the 0–9‐ and 50–64‐year age groups, respectively. Average cost per patient‐month was $1,389. Overall, 51.8% of care was directly related to SCD, the majority of which (80.5%) was associated with inpatient hospitalizations. Notably, non‐SCD‐related costs were substantially higher than those reported for the general US population. These results suggest a discounted (3% discount rate) lifetime cost of care averaging $460,151 per patient with SCD. Interventions designed to prevent SCD complications and avoid hospitalizations may reduce the significant economic burden of the disease. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel genetic syndrome characterized by pediatric cataract, dysmorphism, ectodermal features, and developmental delay in an indigenous Australian family
Authors: Burdon Kathryn P. , Durkin Shane R. , Burke Mary , Edwards Matthew , Pater John , Straga Tania , Gecz Jozef , Liebelt Jan E. , Craig Jamie E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA novel syndrome initially presenting with cataract and developmental delay within an Indigenous Australian family is described. We present the extended four generation pedigree and describe in detail the phenotypic appearance of five clearly affected male second cousins in this family. The common features of these children include developmental delay, short stature, cortical cataract, facial dysmorphism, clinodactyly, thin hair and an erythematous skin rash. Initial inspection of the pedigree suggested an inherited disorder with possible X‐linked inheritance. However, a thorough scan of the X chromosome failed to reveal linkage. This family represents a new syndrome of familial cataract, dysmorphic features, short stature and developmental delay with probable autosomal inheritance and variable expressivity. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[Pt(topy)(Htopy)(ONO2)] complex (Htopy = 2‐p‐tolylpyridine) and its analogs: 195Pt NMR spectra and fabrication of light‐emitting devices
Authors: Fukuda Hiroto , Yamada Yui , Hashizume Daisuke , Takayama Toshio , Watabe Masatoshi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe report fast, high‐yield syntheses of a series of [Pt(C∧N)(HC∧N)X] complexes, where HC∧N is 2‐phenylpyridine (Hppy) or 2‐p‐tolylpyridine (Htopy) and X− is Cl−, Br−, I−, ONO2−, NO2− or SCN−. The structure of [Pt(topy)(Htopy)(ONO2)] was analyzed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Substitution of Cl− with Br− or I− in our complexes shifted the 195Pt NMR peaks upfield in the order Cl− < Br− < I−, but the magnitudes of their shifts were one‐tenth those observed for non‐cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes. As the two nitrato complexes showed strong emissions in acetonitrile solution—three to six times those of other complexes—they were used to fabricate OLEDs. Although their emissions were not particularly strong, devices fabricated with platinum(II) complexes containing bulky ligands emitted green light with a short lifetime (τ). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrosilylation conditions applied on alkenyl benzylated xyloses: selective reduction and isomerization
Authors: Hadad Caroline , Bouquillon Sandrine , Harakat Dominique , Muzart Jacques 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the presence of triethylsilane and different transition metal catalysts, the main reactive pathways observed from benzylated xyloses bearing an unsaturated tether were the reduction and the isomerization of the double bond without debenzylation of the sugar moiety. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.