bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of different degrees of arytenoid cartilage abduction on equine upper airway characteristics
Authors: RAKESH V. , DUCHARME N. G. , CHEETHAM J. , DATTA A.K. , PEASE A. P. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryReason for performing study: The necessary degree of arytenoid cartilage abduction (ACA) to restore airway patency at maximal exercise has not been determined.Objectives: Use computational fluid dynamics modelling to measure the effects of different degrees of ACA on upper airway characteristics of horses during exercise.Hypothesis: Maximal ACA by laryngoplasty is necessary to restore normal peak airflow and pressure in Thoroughbred racehorses with laryngeal hemiplegia.Methods: The upper airway was modeled with the left arytenoid in 3 different positions: maximal abduction; 88% cross‐sectional area of therima glottis;and 75% cross‐sectional area of therima glottis.The right arytenoid cartilage was maximally abducted. Two models were assumed:Model 1: no compensation of airway pressures; andModel 2: airway pressure compensation occurs to maintain peak airflow. The cross‐sectional pressure and velocity distributions for turbulent flow were studied at peak flow and at different positions along the airway.Results: Model 1: In the absence of a change in driving pressure, 12 and 25% reductions in cross‐sectional area of the larynx resulted in 4.11 and 5.65% reductions in peak airflow and 3.68 and 5.64% in tidal volume, respectively, with mild changes in wall pressure.Model 2: To maintain peak flow, a 6.27% increase in driving tracheal pressure was required to compensate for a cross‐sectional reduction of 12% and a 13.63% increase in driving tracheal pressure was needed for a cross‐sectional area reduction of 25%. This increase in negative driving pressure resulted in regions with low intraluminal and wall pressures, depending on the degree of airway diameter reduction.Conclusion: Assuming no increase in driving pressure, the decrease in left ACA reduced airflow and tidal volume. With increasing driving pressure, a decrease in left ACA changed the wall pressure profile, subjecting the submaximally abducted arytenoid cartilage and adjacent areas to airway collapse.Clinical relevance: The surgical target of ACA resulting in 88% of maximal cross‐sectional area seems to be appropriate.
Accuracy of the TurfTrax Racing Data System for determination of equine speed and position
Authors: SPENCE A. J. , TAN H. , WILSON A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary Reasons for performing study: The speed and position data collected by TurfTrax Racing Data Limited during UK Thoroughbred racing have potential to benefit equine science and welfare. The size (the 2006 data set alone consists of 30,932 individual horse starts across 2667 races) and nature (speed and 2D position for each horse at 4 updates per second) of the data make it a unique resource for questions in equine safety, welfare, performance, and animal locomotion. Objective: To determine the accuracy of the TurfTrax tracking system in estimating the speed and position of horses during racing. Methods: Measurements from the TurfTrax wireless tracking system were compared with those of a survey‐grade global positioning system (GPS) receiver. Results: The TurfTrax system was found to give position measurements to within ± 11 and ± 64 cm in the fore‐aft and lateral directions, respectively, averaging ± 38 cm (interquartile range) and speed to within 0.15 m/s. Potential relevance: The data collected by the TurfTrax system are of sufficient accuracy to inform new diagnoses, training regimens and basic locomotor scientific studies. The position data can provide the precise distance, going, inclination, rate of turn and pack positioning through which each horse has raced. The speed profile can be used to examine the level of exertion, effect of training regimens and influence of racecourse features on performance. A first clinical application would be to analyse retrospectively these factors on occurrence of injury to compare with past training regimens, levels of exertion, and/or racecourse conditions.
Deep erosions of the palmar aspect of the navicular bone diagnosed by standing magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: SHERLOCK C. , MAIR T. , BLUNDEN T. 
Published: November 2008

Summary Reasons for performing study: Erosion of the palmar (flexor) aspect of the navicular bone is difficult to diagnose with conventional imaging techniques. Objectives: To review the clinical, magnetic resonance (MR) and pathological features of deep erosions of the palmar aspect of the navicular bone. Methods: Cases of deep erosions of the palmar aspect of the navicular bone, diagnosed by standing low field MR imaging, were selected. Clinical details, results of diagnostic procedures, MR features and pathological findings were reviewed. Results: Deep erosions of the palmar aspect of the navicular bone were diagnosed in 16 mature horses, 6 of which were bilaterally lame. Sudden onset of lameness was recorded in 63%. Radiography prior to MR imaging showed equivocal changes in 7 horses. The MR features consisted of focal areas of intermediate or high signal intensity on T1‐, T2*‐ and T2‐weighted images and STIR images affecting the dorsal aspect of the deep digital flexor tendon, the fibrocartilage of the palmar aspect, subchondral compact bone and medulla of the navicular bone. On follow‐up, 7/16 horses (44%) had been subjected to euthanasia and only one was being worked at its previous level. Erosions of the palmar aspect of the navicular bone were confirmed post mortem in 2 horses. Histologically, the lesions were characterised by localised degeneration of fibrocartilage with underlying focal osteonecrosis and fibroplasia. The adjacent deep digital flexor tendon showed fibril formation and fibrocartilaginous metaplasia. Conclusions: Deep erosions of the palmar aspect of the navicular bone are more easily diagnosed by standing low field MR imaging than by conventional radiography. The lesions involve degeneration of the palmar fibrocartilage with underlying osteonecrosis and fibroplasia affecting the subchondral compact bone and medulla, and carry a poor prognosis for return to performance. Potential relevance: Diagnosis of shallow erosive lesions of the palmar fibrocartilage may allow therapeutic intervention earlier in the disease process, thereby preventing progression to deep erosive lesions.
Pharmacokinetics of carbetocin, a long‐acting oxytocin analogue, following intravenous administration in horses
Authors: SCHRAMME A. R. , PINTO C. R. F. , DAVIS J. , WHISNANT C. S. , WHITACRE M. D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary Reason for performing study: Current therapy protocols to treat persistent post mating endometritis and retained fetal membranes in mares typically include the administration of ecbolic drugs. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of carbetocin, a long‐acting oxytocin analogue, after i.v. administration is required. Objectives: To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters (principally half‐life) of carbetocin in horses. Methods: Five mature mares and one gelding received 0.175 mg carbetocin i.v. All animals were monitored periodically throughout the study for elevation in rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and signs of pain or discomfort. Plasma samples were collected for determination of carbetocin concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Results: Administration of carbetocin was well tolerated by all horses and its half‐life was 17.2 min. Conclusions: The half‐life of carbetocin is greater than that previously reported for oxytocin (6.8 min). Potential relevance: Carbetocin is an attractive alternative to oxytocin therapy in broodmare management.
Histological and ultrastructural evidence that recurrent laryngeal neuropathy is a bilateral mononeuropathy limited to recurrent laryngeal nerves
Authors: HAHN C. N. , MATIASEK K. , DIXON P. M. , MOLONY V. , RODENACKER K. , MAYHEW I. G. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) is a common and debilitating peripheral nerve disease of horses, but it remains unclear if this disease is a mono‐ or polyneuropathy. An understanding of the distribution of the neuropathological lesions in RLN affected horses is fundamental to studying the aetiology of this very significant disease of tall horses.Objective: To determine whether RLN should be classified as a mono‐ or polyneuropathy.Methods: Multiple long peripheral nerves and their innervated muscles were examined systematically in 3 clinically affected RLN horsesResults: Severe lesions were evident in the left as well as right recurrent laryngeal nerves in all horses, both distally and, in one case, also proximally. No primary axonal lesions were evident in other nerves nor were changes found in their innervated muscles.Conclusions: RLN is not a polyneuropathy but should be classified as a bilateral mononeuropathy.Potential relevance: Genetic and local factors specifically affecting the recurrent laryngeal nerves in RLN‐affected horses should now be investigated further.
Days lost from training by two‐ and three‐year‐old Thoroughbred horses: A survey of seven UK training yards
Authors: DYSON P. K. , JACKSON B. F. , PFEIFFER D. U. , PRICE J. S. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: The first major epidemiological study of injury incidence in the UK flat racing Thoroughbred (TB), published in 1985, found lameness to be the single largest reason for days when horses failed to train. It was considered advisable to ascertain if progress has been made in reducing the problem of musculoskeletal injuries in the intervening period.Objective: To quantify injury incidence and days lost from training by 2‐ and 3‐year‐old TBs in UK training yards during 2002 and 2003.Methods: One‐hundred‐and‐eighty‐two yearling TBs were recruited at the end of 2001 and daily training and injury records maintained over the following 2 training and racing seasons. Days were defined as lost from training when a horse failed to train at a slow canter speed or faster, and could be assigned to one of 4 categories: lameness, medical, traumatic and unknown. The incidence and number of days lost due to specific injuries and medical conditions was determined by further subdividing the lameness and medical categories.Results: The study period provided a total of 52,601 2‐year‐old and 29,369 3‐year‐old days available for training, with 2‐year‐olds failing to train on a significantly greater proportion of days available than 3‐year‐olds. Lameness was the most important condition causing horses to miss training, with stress fractures being the most important cause of lameness. Medical conditions were a relatively minor cause of days lost from training, accounting for approximately 5% of untrained days in the 2 age groups.Conclusions: In UK flat racehorses there has been little change in the proportion of days lost from training due to lameness over the last 20 years.Potential relevance: This study highlights the need for further efforts to reduce the problem of lameness in the racing TB.
Epidemiological study design and the advancement of equine health
Authors: FOSGATE G.T. , COHEN N. D. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe primary purposes of epidemiological investigations are to learn about causal mechanisms related to disease incidence and identify factors for therapy and prevention. Epidemiological studies can be observational — further categorised as descriptive or analytical — or experimental. Investigators performing experimental studies, or randomised controlled trials (RCTs), randomly assign treatments or exposures to study participants for the expressed purpose of the study.The most frequently encountered observational epidemiological studies employed to investigate issues of equine health are cohort, case‐control, cross‐sectional and case series. A cohort study is an investigation in which the researcher follows (observes) a group, termed the cohort, over time to measure incidence of a particular outcome. A case‐control study is an investigation in which the researcher selects a group of affected individuals (cases) and a comparison group (controls) to investigate factors associated with being a case. A cross‐sectional study investigates a group of individuals for study that is often defined by membership in a target population and data concerning outcome and exposure are either collected related to the same time‐point or data are collected by investigators at the same time. Case series are descriptive studies used to generate hypotheses concerning predictors of disease or recovery that can be performed retrospectively or prospectively. The best evidence for clinical practice is often derived from patient‐centred observational epidemiological studies and it is imperative that equine veterinarians become familiar with study designs for the appropriate interpretation of epidemiological findings.
Clinical trials using a telemetric endoscope for use during over‐ground exercise: A preliminary study
Authors: FRANKLIN S. H. , BURN J. F. , ALLEN K. J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryDynamic collapse of the upper respiratory tract (URT) is a common cause of poor performance in horses. These conditions occur predominantly during strenuous exercise when the URT is unable to maintain dilation in the face of high inspiratory pressures. In most cases, these disorders cannot be accurately diagnosed during a resting endoscopic examination. To date, a definitive diagnosis of dynamic URT obstructions has been possible only by performing an endoscopic examination during high‐speed treadmill exercise. However, recent technological advances now enable URT endoscopy to be performed while the horse is exercising in its normal environment.
Primary haemangiosarcoma in the proximal humerus of a Clydesdale gelding
Authors: Cottle H. J. , Hughes K. J. , Philbey A. W. , Pollock P. J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryAn 11‐year‐old Clydesdale gelding was presented for investigation of left forelimb lameness of 2 weeks' duration. The use of scintigraphic imaging helped to localise the source of lameness to the left proximal humerus. In this report, the clinical and diagnostic imaging features of a primary osseous haemangiosarcoma in a horse are described, along with the challenges of establishing a definitive diagnosisante mortem.In addition, neoplasia of the appendicular skeleton should be considered a differential cause of lameness in the horse.
Tracheal rupture in a native pony mare associated with a condition resembling tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica
Authors: Spanton J. A. , Henderson I. S. F. , Krudewig C. , Mair T. S. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA 5‐year‐old pony presented with sudden onset of severe respiratory distress associated with tracheal rupture and peritracheal emphysema. Subsequent endoscopic examination revealed multiple mucosal nodules protruding into the tracheal lumen. Biopsy of the tracheal wall revealed well‐demarcated submucosal cartilagenous/osseous nodules. The appearance was considered to resemble tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica.
Occupational disability and job satisfaction in the equine veterinary profession: How sustainable is this ‘tough job’ in a changing world?
Authors: Loomans J. B. A. , van Weeren‐Bitterling M. S. , van Weeren P. R. , Barneveld A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis study used a questionnaire to evaluate the working situation, associated injuries and diseases of equine practitioners in the Netherlands. Equine veterinary work is physically demanding, strenuous and predisposes to diseases and injuries. Despite this, male and female equine practitioners alike appreciate their jobs and hardly ever take sick leave. There was no cynical attitude towards their own profession, but there was awareness of the risks and physical consequences, which are more or less taken for granted by the contemporary equine veterinarians. The profession still appeals to new generations of young practitioners, at least in most European countries, but there is no guarantee that this will remain so. It is the task of the profession itself to anticipate the impending changes, by improving conditions for pregnancy and childcare, for example, and to put more effort in educating (future) equine veterinary professionals about their personal health situation and work‐associated risks. The objectives will be to attract well‐prepared professionals and veterinary entrepreneurs.
Recurrent colics in a 9‐year‐old Arabian stallion due to several congenital anomalies
Authors: Robert M. P. , Benamou‐Smith A. E. , Cadore J. L. , Rosengarten M. S. , Lepage O. M. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA 9‐year‐old Arabian stallion was presented for evaluation of recurrent colic problems of 2 years' duration. These colic episodes were associated with a right sided abdominal distension. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a colonic diverticulum that was resected en bloc. Two days later, following signs of acute colic, a second laparotomy showed incarceration of the distal jejunum into a mesodiverticular band combined with haemorrhage of a mesenteric arterial branch. In addition, an abnormally short jejunum (10 m) was also observed. An end‐to‐end jejunojejunostomy was performed. Following surgery the horse developed septic peritonitis, ptyalism and became dysphagic. Ten days after the second surgery, an infected oesophageal diverticulum causing regional inflammation was diagnosed endoscopically and euthanasia was performed. Post mortem examination showed a 40 cm long diverticulum lateral to the oesophagus. Histology suggested a congenital nature of the colonic and oesophageal diverticuli.
Rupture of a penile artery and erectile body. An uncommon cause of dysuria in a horse
Authors: Ferris R. , Franklin R. , Adams A. , Miller C. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn this case report, we describe the clinical features and treatment of a Thoroughbred gelding presented for dysuria caused by rupture of a penile artery, with subsequent tear to the bulbospongiosus muscle and corpus spongiosum due to suspected blunt force trauma.
The use of acupuncture beads to control exuberant granulation tissue in equine skin wounds: A preliminary study
Authors: Frauenfelder H. 
Published: November 2008

SummarySkin lacerations on the hind legs of horses often cause large defects on the cranial surface of the hock and cannon regions. The treatment of these present significant logistic problems due to the amount of movement of the area and the difficulties of bandaging and immobilisation, as well as a tendency to form exuberant granulation tissue (or ‘proud flesh’)Acupuncture beads were used as a means of suppressing granulation and maximising epithelial ingrowth, using the principle that ‘acupuncture has been shown to help bring the body back towards normality’. The aim in these cases was healing of the skin lesions with the least effort and cost possible.The technique eliminated the need for resection of any granulation tissue after the beads were implanted, the amount of bandaging was drastically reduced and eliminated in a lot of cases, and the results were cosmetically very acceptable and functional. Digital photography and measurements of the changes in the size of the lesions were used to document the results.This study shows that the formation of exuberant granulation tissue or ‘proud flesh’ in equine skin wounds on the cranial surface of the hock and cannon bone can be controlled by a single acupuncture bead treatment. Long‐term follow‐up of the cases over 18+ months confirms the ongoing effects of the acupuncture beads, resulting in the completion of wound healing and reduction of fibrosis.
Diagnosis of bacterial infections. Part 1: Principles of sample collection and transportation
Authors: Hodgson J. L. , Hughes K. J. , Hodgson D. R. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryBacterial infections are common in equine practice, therefore it is important that diseases caused by these organisms are diagnosed accurately. Collection of appropriate samples in a correct and timely manner is fundamental to determining the causative agent. Furthermore, transportation of samples to the laboratory must ensure that the agents survive and can be identified. This paper outlines a recommended diagnostic approach when bacteria are suspected, the samples that may be obtained in order to confirm their presence, and the transportation requirements to facilitate their isolation in diagnostic laboratories.
Nerve atrophy and a small cerebellopontine angle cistern in patients with trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Park Seong-Hyun , Hwang Sung-Kyoo , Lee Sun-Ho , Park Jaechan , Hwang Jeong-Hyun , Hamm In-Suk 
Published: October 2008

Object
The aim of this study was to provide information to help confirm the diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) using MR imaging.

Methods
The authors evaluated atrophy of the trigeminal nerve, the cross-sectional area of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) cistern, and the length of the cisternal segment of the trigeminal nerve on the affected side in 26 consecutive patients with TN who were treated using Gamma Knife surgery.

Results
The mean volume of the trigeminal nerve on the affected side was significantly smaller than the mean volume of the trigeminal nerve on the unaffected side (p < 0.001). Nerve atrophy was present in 25 patients (96.2%) on the affected side and in 1 patient on the unaffected side. The mean cross-sectional area of the CPA cistern on the affected side (188.5 mm2) was significantly smaller than the mean volume on the unaffected side (232.8 mm2) in 25 of the 26 patients (p = 0.001). The mean length of the cisternal segment of the trigeminal nerve on the affected side (7.9 mm) was significantly shorter than the mean length on the unaffected side (9.6 mm) in 25 of the 26 patients (p = 0.001).

Conclusions
Among the patients with TN, there was a statistically significant difference in the MR imaging findings of the affected side compared with the unaffected side of the trigeminal nerve. Atrophy of the trigeminal nerve and a small CPA cistern in patients with TN provides additional markers for the diagnosis of TN and helps confirm the diagnosis based on clinical examination.