bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiplanar supramalleolar osteotomy in the management of complex rigid foot deformities in children
Authors: Nelman Kyle , Weiner Dennis S. , Morscher Melanie A. , Jones Kerwyn C. 
Published: January 2009

Purpose Residual midfoot and hindfoot deformities in rigidly deformed feet present a very complicated surgical dilemma. A plantigrade foot is desirous for proper lower extremity mechanics in a child with ambulatory potential. In this group of patients, soft tissue procedures are no longer an appropriate option, and well-recognized hindfoot procedures, such as talectomy, have many disadvantages. This study reviews the results obtained using multiplanar supramalleolar osteotomy as a salvage procedure to correct deformities of the complex rigid foot in children. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of 27 multiplanar supramalleolar osteotomies in 18 children. The underlying diagnosis of the patients included seven severely rigid idiopathic clubfeet, five arthrogryposis, two myelodysplasia, one Ellis-van Creveld, one Streeter's, one cerebral palsy, and one severe burn contracture. The average age at surgery was 5.6 years, and follow-up averaged 8 years. A successful outcome was deemed a plantigrade foot on physical exam with follow-up of at least 2 years and no subsequent tibial surgeries. All failures were included regardless of the length of follow-up. Results A plantigrade attitude of the hindfoot was obtainable at the time of surgery in all cases. Eighteen of the 27 feet had a successful outcome. Nine of 27 (33%) feet had recurrence of the foot deformity requiring additional surgery. Time to recurrence averaged 5.7 years (9 months–13 years). Complications from the surgery included four minor wound healing problems, two delayed unions, and one screw recession, all of which healed without consequences. There was no evidence of nonunion, growth plate closure, infection, or fracture above or through screw holes. Conclusion The multiplanar supramalleolar osteotomy appears to be a reasonable salvage procedure for severely scarred and complex rigid foot deformities and can be reinstituted for failures due to remaining growth.
Adult tonsillectomy: Current indications and outcomes
Authors: Hoddeson Elizabeth K. , Gourin Christine G. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVELimited data exist with respect to the current prevalence of indications for tonsillectomy in adults. We sought to determine the indications for adult tonsillectomy and to identify factors associated with postoperative complications.METHODSThe medical records of 361 adult patients who underwent tonsillectomy from 2001 to 2007 were reviewed.RESULTSIndications for surgery were chronic infection in 207 (57%) patients, upper airway obstruction secondary to tonsillar hypertrophy in 98 (27%) patients, and suspected neoplasm in 56 (16%) patients. Postoperative complications occurred in 54 (15%) cases with hemorrhage in 19 (5%) patients, followed by dehydration in 16 (4%) patients, and admission for postoperative oxygen desaturations in 9 (3%) patients. Hospitalization beyond 24 hours occurred in 18 (5%) cases, with emergency room visits for pain and dehydration in 16 (4%) patients, and readmission for pain control in 17 (5%) cases. Patients who underwent tonsillectomy for upper airway obstruction had an increased incidence of prolonged hospitalization or readmission (19% vs 6%; P = 0.01), whereas patients who underwent tonsillectomy for infection had an increased incidence of postoperative bleeding (6% vs 4%; P = 0.02).CONCLUSIONSChronic infection remains the most common indication for adult tonsillectomy in contrast to the pediatric population. Complication rates vary according to the indication for surgery.
Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity in Nicaraguan children: Patient risk Factors and Mitochondrial DNA Results
Authors: Saunders James E. , Greinwald John H. , Vaz Sharon , Guo Yinshi 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVEAminoglycoside ototoxicity remains a major problem in developing countries and accounts for 3 percent to 30 percent of hearing loss. This high prevalence rate may be related to genetic susceptibility from mitochondrial mutations in the 12S rRNA gene, comorbidity factors, or unregulated use of the medication. This study investigates the risk factors and prevalence of mtDNA mutations in serum from rural Nicaragua children with aminoglycoside‐related hearing loss.STUDY DESIGNCross sectional study.SUBJECTSDeaf children from rural Nicaragua.METHODSMitochondrial DNA isolated from serum collected from 31 deaf children with childhood or in utero exposure to gentamicin was amplified, sequenced, and analyzed for mutations in the 12S rRNA gene.RESULTSNo known pathologic mutations of the 12S rRNA gene were identified in this subpopulation of deaf children. In addition, patients with gentamicin exposure were often likely to have other comorbidity factors.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that genetic susceptibility is not a major factor in the high rate of gentamicin ototoxicity in this population sample. The high prevalence of gentamicin ototoxicty in this population is presumed to be due to unrestricted access to the drug.
Impact of voice and swallowing problems in the elderly
Authors: Turley Richard , Cohen Seth 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVES1) Evaluate the prevalence and quality‐of‐life impact of voice and swallowing problems in the elderly; 2) determine treatment trends and barriers to treatment.STUDY DESIGNCross‐sectional study of independent‐living residents in two retirement communities. Prevalence of dysphonia and dysphagia, voice‐related quality of life (VRQOL), 7‐point Likert scale of dysphagia severity, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale, and barriers to treatment were collected. Spearman correlation and ANOVA statistics were performed.RESULTSA total of 248 residents responded with a mean age of 82.4 years; 19.8 percent had dysphonia, 13.7 percent dysphagia, and 6 percent both. Respondents with more severe swallowing difficulty had greater impairment on the VRQOL (P = 0.04, Spearman correlation = −0.4). Respondents with both dysphonia and dysphagia had greater depression scores than those with neither symptom (mean CES‐D score 15.5 vs 9.9, P = 0.009, ANOVA, P < 0.05, Bonferroni t test). Only 22.4 percent and 20.6 percent had sought treatment for dysphonia and dysphagia, respectively. Being unaware of treatment options and viewing voice and swallowing trouble as a normal part of aging were the most common reasons for not seeking treatment.CONCLUSIONSVoice and swallowing problems are common in the elderly, but they are not realizing potential treatment benefits.
Effects of host characteristics and parasite intensity on growth and fecundity ofTrichostrongylus retortaeformisinfections in rabbits
Authors: CHYLINSKI C. , BOAG B. , STEAR M. J. , CATTADORI I. M. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYHost-mediated responses and parasite density-dependent processes can have a major influence on the growth and fecundity of parasitic nematodes. However, host characteristics and parasite intensity consistently change during the course of an infection and these could affect worm length and number of eggs in a non-constant way. We used a free-living population of rabbits naturally infected withTrichostronglyus retortateformisand examined how adult nematode length and the number of eggsin uterowere affected by host characteristics (i.e. age, sex, breeding status) and parasite intensity, in a seasonal environment, between 2004 and 2007. Nematode length and number of eggsin uterodecreased exponentially with host age; in contrast, parasite intensity increased, peaked in juveniles and decreased in older hosts. These patterns were consistent between rabbit cohorts. A negative relationship was observed between parasite intensity and nematode length, as well as number of eggs. Nematode length was strongly affected by nematode sex and host age, while the number of eggs was mainly influenced by nematode length. The direct influence of host-mediated effects appeared quantitatively more important than parasite density dependence in controlling length and egg production in naturally infected wild rabbits. However, their relative contribution changed during the course of the infection such that, while host immunity still influenced worm numbers, the direct effect of density-dependent interactions contributed the most at high parasite intensities.
FVB/N mice are highly resistant to primary infection withNippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: KNOTT M. L. , HOGAN S. P. , WANG H. , MATTHAEI K. I. , DENT L. A. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYNippostrongylus brasiliensislarvae are particularly susceptible to immunological attack during the pre-lung stage of primary and secondary infections in mice. Whilst most of the common laboratory strains of mice are permissive hosts for the parasite, in this study we report for the first time, the strong resistance of naïve FVB/N mice toN. brasiliensis. Damage to larvae is evident within the first 24 h of infection and this may be critical to later larval development and reproductive success. Inflammatory responses in the skin, and larval escape from this tissue were comparable in susceptible CBA/Ca and resistant FVB/N mice, with most larvae exiting within 4 h of a primary infection. Lung larval burdens were also similar between strains, but larvae recovered from FVB/N mice were smaller and less motile. In FVB/N mice, larval colonization of the gut was impaired and worms produced very few eggs. However FVB/N mice did not show enhanced resistance toHeligmosomoides bakeri(also known asHeligmosomoides polygyrus), a nematode largely restricted to the gut. Damage done in the pre-lung or lung stages of infection withN. brasiliensisis likely to contribute to ongoing developmental and functional abnormalities, which are profoundly evident in the gut phase of infection.
Angiostrongylus vasorumfrom South America and Europe represent distinct lineages
Authors: JEFFERIES R. , SHAW S. E. , VINEY M. E. , MORGAN E. R. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYAngiostrongylus vasorumis a nematode parasite of sylvan and domestic species of the family Canidae. It has a broad but patchy distribution worldwide, and there is evidence for geographical spread and increasing incidence of infection in recent years. While historicallyAngiostrongylus-like nematodes identified in dogs and foxes have been described asA. vasorumin Europe andAngiocaulus raillietiin South America, more recent taxonomic revision has amalgamated these into a single species,A. vasorum. Here we report, for the first time, the molecular characterization of isolates ofA. vasorumfrom Germany, Portugal, Denmark and the United Kingdom on the basis of the mitochondrial COI gene and the second ribosomal internal transcribed spacer. When compared with isolates from Brazil, sequence analysis revealed 2 distinct genotypes. Estimated rates of evolution based on COI sequences for both nematode and host are consistent with the hypothesis that the presence ofA. vasorumin South America is a result of an ancient evolutionary event.Angiostrongylus vasorumin South America potentially represents a separate species to that observed in Europe.
Gertrude Cox in Egypt: A Case Study in Science Patronage and International Statistics Education during the Cold War
Authors: Hunter Patti W. 
Published: January 2009

ArgumentGertrude Cox, first chair of North Carolina State University's Department of Experimental Statistics, worked as a consultant for the Ford Foundation to Cairo University's Institute of Statistical Studies and Researches in 1964. An analysis of this work provides a case study in the internationalization of the statistics profession, the systems of patronage available to scientists in the second half of the twentieth century, and the history of women in science. It highlights some of the complexities in the process of internationalization in science, showing that even when scientists cross national boundaries to promote their discipline, they may have as a goal the advancement of their own nationalistic interests, or those of their patrons. In documenting Cox's commitment to serving her professional community, this case study will show that some particularly feminine qualities of Cox's approach to her work enabled her to accomplish what her male colleagues tried unsuccessfully to do.
Migrations and Boundary Work: Harvard, Radical Economists, and the Committee on Political Discrimination
Authors: Mata Tiago 
Published: January 2009

ArgumentIn the late 1960s, in the midst of campus unrest, a group of young economists calling themselves “radicals” challenged the boundaries of economics. In the radicals' cultural cartography, economic science and politics were represented as overlapping. These claims were scandalous because they were voiced from Harvard University, drawing on its authority. With radicals' claims the subject of increasing media attention, the economics mainstream sought to re-assert the longstanding cultural map of economic science, where objectivity and advocacy were distinguishable. The resolution of the contest of credibility came with a string of cases of dismissals and denial of tenure for radicals. The American Economic Association's investigations of these cases, imposing the conventional cultural map, concluded that personnel decisions had not been politically motivated. Radicals were forced to migrate from the elite institutions from which they had emerged to less prestigious ones. “Place” became a marker of their marginalization within the profession.
Distribution, status and conservation of the Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis in Cambodia
Authors: GRAY THOMAS N. E. , COLLAR NIGEL J. , DAVIDSON PETER J. A. , DOLMAN PAUL M. , EVANS TOM D. , FOX HARRY N. , CHAMNAN HONG , BOREY RO , KIM HOUT SENG , VAN ZALINGE ROBERT N. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe Bengal Florican is a ‘Critically Endangered’ bustard (Otididae) restricted to India, Nepal and southern Indochina. Fewer than 500 birds are estimated to remain in the Indian subcontinent, whilst the Indochinese breeding population is primarily restricted to grasslands surrounding the Tonle Sap lake, Cambodia. We conducted the first comprehensive breeding season survey of Bengal Florican within the Tonle Sap region (19,500 km2). During 2005/06 and 2006/07 we systematically sampled 1-km squares for territorial males. Bengal Florican were detected within 90 1-km squares at a mean density of 0.34 males km−2 which, accounting for unequal survey effort across grassland blocks, provides a mean estimate of 0.2 males km−2. Based on 2005 habitat extent, the estimated Tonle Sap population is 416 adult males (333–502 ± 95% CI), more than half of them in Kompong Thom province. Tonle Sap grasslands are rapidly being lost due to intensification of rice cultivation and, based on satellite images, we document declines of 28% grassland cover within 10 grassland blocks between January 2005 and March 2007. Based on mean 2005 population densities the remaining grassland may support as few as 294 adult male florican, a decline of 30% since 2005. In response to these habitat declines almost 350 km2 of grassland have been designated as protected areas, set aside for biodiversity and local livelihoods. Conservation activities in these areas include participatory land-use zoning, patrols reporting new developments to government officials, awareness-raising and incentive-led nest protection schemes.
Use of trained dogs to determine the age structure and conservation status of kiwi Apteryx spp. populations
Authors: ROBERTSON HUGH A. , FRASER JAMES R. 
Published: January 2009

SummarySpecially trained dogs are used to locate many threatened bird species in New Zealand during conservation management and research projects. Systematic searches were made in four forest patches in Northland where many Brown Kiwi Apteryx mantelli had been fitted with bands, wing tags, transponders or radio-transmitters over a 12-year period of experimental management. The percentage of subadult birds found by dogs increased in line with predictions from population models of the changing age structure of the population. The dogs independently found radio-tagged adults and subadults in close proportion to their known abundance. Dogs proved to be an excellent tool to determine the age structure of a kiwi population. With knowledge of the life history of the species involved, this information was used to make an accurate assessment of the conservation status of the study population of Brown Kiwi in Northland. Our results also support the recent downgrading of Little Spotted Kiwi Apteryx owenii from ‘Vulnerable’ to ‘Near Threatened’, which was based partly on healthy age ratios found during dog searches on Kapiti Island, rather than on results from a study of their breeding biology on the island which showed unsustainably low chick recruitment.
An assessment of land cover and threats in Important Bird Areas in Africa
Authors: BUCHANAN GRAEME M. , DONALD PAUL F. , FISHPOOL LINCOLN D. C. , ARINAITWE JULIUS A. , BALMAN MARK , MAYAUX PHILIPPE 
Published: January 2009

SummaryOver 1,200 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) have been identified in Africa, each meeting at least one of four objective criteria that identify it as an area of high conservation importance for birds. Despite their biodiversity value, many IBAs are threatened by habitat degradation and a high proportion lack legal protection. We integrate an inventory of these IBAs with remote sensing data to identify patterns that could be used to assess priorities for monitoring and conservation. Land cover composition in IBAs differed significantly from that in buffer zones of the same area immediately surrounding them and was significantly more homogeneous. Agriculture and deforestation were the most prevalent threats to IBAs, particularly in IBAs containing a high proportion of dense forest or shrub. Human population density within IBAs was no lower than that immediately outside IBAs, and was around three times higher than the average for sub-Saharan Africa. However, projected human population growth was lower than the average for sub-Saharan Africa, with the projected increase greatest in IBAs with a high proportional cover of dense forest and mosaic woodland and lowest in IBAs with a higher grassland component. Fifty seven percent of IBAs fell within or overlapped Protected Areas, though this percentage differed between different categories of IBA. IBAs that were included within Protected Areas supported a greater number of globally threatened bird species and contained proportionally more dense forest, woodland and shrub than IBAs falling outside Protected Areas. IBAs outside Protected Areas contained a high proportion of mosaic woodland and open water, suggesting that such habitats are under-protected in Africa. We suggest that because the most prevalent threats to IBAs involve changes in land cover that could be detected from satellites, remote sensing could play an important role in the monitoring of African IBAs. This would permit monitoring of a wider range of sites than is possible solely by conventional, ground-based approaches.
Cumulus cell features and nuclear chromatin configuration of in vitro matured canine COCs and the influence of in vivo serum progesterone concentrations of ovary donors
Authors: Rodrigues B. A. , Silva A. E. F. , Rodriguez P. , Cavalcante L. F. , Rodrigues J. L. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryPhenotype integrity is viewed as an indicator of cumulus–oocyte complex (COC) viability. The objectives of this study were: (a) to observe the influence of cumulus investment expansion on the nuclear chromatin configuration of canine oocytes matured in vitro; (b) to examine the relationship between cumulus cell (CC) expansion and its morphology after in vitro maturation (IVM); (c) to ascertain the influence of in vivo serum progesterone (SP) concentrations of ovary donors on oocyte nuclear maturation, CC phenotypes and degrees of CC expansion of in vitro matured COCs. After 48 h of IVM in modified TCM 199, CCs from grade 1 and 2 COCs were stained with propidium iodide. Oocyte chromatin configuration was visualized by Hoechst 33342 stain. Results showed that oocyte IVM was not influenced by degree of CC expansion (D1, D2 and D3) in COCs. From the CC types (C1, C2 and C3), number of C1 types was higher at D1 expansion and differed from those observed at D2 and D3 expansions. Additionally, rates of apoptosis in D1 CCs were lower than those observed in D2 CCs (p < 0.05). Oocyte nuclear maturation was not influenced by in vivo SP concentrations of ovary donors. On the other hand, D3 expansion prevailed in COCs from bitches at SP > 2.5 ng/ml (p < 0.001). Moreover, in vitro CC apoptosis was associated both with low (0–1 ng/ml) and with high (>5 ng/ml) in vivo SP levels. These findings indicate that morphology of CCs from in vitro matured dog oocytes gives valuable information on viability of COCs and could possibly be used as a parameter in predicting the quality of oocytes destined for in vitro fertilization (IVF) and their outcomes.
Economic constraints to effective livestock waste management and policy implications.
Authors: Osei E. , Keplinger K. O. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Livestock operations contribute significantly to the agricultural output of many developed and developing nations. Over the past several decades, increased concentration of livestock farms, particularly in the USA, Europe, Canada and Australia, has spurred greater concern over the environmental implications of animal feeding operations. Manure generated as a by-product of livestock production has been linked to water and air pollution problems in many watersheds around the world. Location of confined livestock operations in close proximity to urban areas has also had impacts on nearby residential property values. Practices designed to reduce adverse environmental impacts of manure production and handling show varying degrees of promise. However, the usefulness of these practices is limited in some areas by various economic constraints such as cost to livestock operations, lack of adequate land for crop utilization of manure nutrients, and lack of incentives to promote uses of manure that are beneficial both from an environmental standpoint and from the farmer's point of view. This paper presents a review of the literature with an emphasis on the economic constraints livestock producers face in relation to manure management and how effective policies can be designed to encourage adoption of cost-effective livestock waste handling practices.
Modelling herbage utilization.
Authors: Holden N. M. , Brereton A. J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This review addresses models associated with the utilization of herbage by grazing animals. Animal products from grazed herbage are economically and socially important throughout the world. The review focuses on the role of modelling at farm level and provides a broad picture of herbage utilization while focusing on grazing, with the objective of assessing how modelling contributes to increasing the efficiency of livestock production in systems where herbage utilization is the principal source of feed. Systems of production can vary widely according to climate, soil and social conditions, yet the review does not attempt to deal with all possible systems of herbage utilization, rather the focus is on livestock production in temperate climates. In this regard, the scope might be considered somewhat restricted, but it still presents a general assessment that is relevant to a wide range of circumstances. By focusing on the grazing component, the review addresses neither the mechanical harvesting of herbage as silage or hay, nor the environmental aspects of livestock systems that have become very important in recent years. These subjects constitute major areas of investigation in themselves and should be reviewed separately.