bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vapor Phase Method for Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile Coated Cotton Yarn and Physical Properties of the Product
Authors: Haydel Chester H. , Janssen Hermann J. , Seal Jeuel F. , Vix Henry L. E. , Gastrock Edward A. 
Published: March 2007

Acrylonitrile vapors were polymerized within and upon the individual fiber surfaces of scoured cotton yarns to yield coated products having new and interesting properties. The uniformity of the polyacrylonitrile coating is shown in electron micrographs of the fiber surfaces. Breaking strengths were increased appreciably, particularly when the process was applied to prestretched yarns. High frictional characteristics were ex hibited when one coated yarn was pulled against another. Excellent resistance to rot and flat abrasion was obtained in conjunction with a relatively minor improvement in resistance to acid degradation. No essential change in heat and weather resistance was noted. Resistance to flexing, however, was adversely affected by the presence of the polyacrylonitrile. These polymer coated yarns can be prepared with essentially the same equipment and procedures as required for the vapor phase cyanoethylation of cotton ; the only exception is that a different catalyst is employed. This illustrates the utility of acrylonitrile for preparation of a variety of useful cotton products,
Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fibers and Their Response to Mercerization1
Authors: Rebenfeld L. 
Published: March 2007

Fifty fibers from twelve widely different cottons were mercerized by a single fiber mercerization treatment at 0.1 g. tension. The changes in the fiber extensibility prop erties brought about by this treatment were related to the degree of fibrillar orientation as estimated by the initial Young's modulus of elasticity. Although the fiber strength was increased by this treatment, no relationship was found between the magnitude of this increase and the degree of orientation. Three of the cottons were mercerized at several tension levels ranging from no tension to 1.0 g. tension. The changes in fiber mechanical properties due to mercerization were found to be highly dependent upon the tension exerted on the fiber during the treatment. A tension of 0.1-0.2 g. appears to be the proper restraining force to overcome the tendency of cotton fibers to shrink during mercerization.
A Pneumatic Method of Measuring Cotton Fiber Staple Length
Authors: Brown Hugh M. 
Published: March 2007

A pneumatic device for measuring the mean and upper-half mean fiber lengths is described. Air is drawn through a cotton fiber beard (formed with two combs) placed over a narrow slit to form the fourth arm of a pneumatic Wheatstone bridge. It is shown that the unbalanced deflection of the "pneumatic galvanometer" across the bridge varies correctly with the number of fibers over it to enable measurement of the mean value from curves automatically drawn by the device. For seventeen cottons data are presented which compare the results of this method with those obtained with the Fibrograph.
A Comparison of Three Methods (Single and Double Rip) for the Determination of Tearing Strength of Fabrics
Authors: Turl L.H. 
Published: March 2007

Three essentially similar methods for measuring the tearing strength of fabrics have been examined on a comparative basis. The experimental difficulties arising in the tear ing of certain fabrics have been studied with a series of fabrics exhibiting different tear ing characteristics. The study has confirmed the advantage claimed for the experi mental principle of the "wing-rip" method. The records of tearing force obtained by each method on an inertialess testing machine have been analyzed by the procedures stated in each of the three methods. It is shown that the essential differences among numerical values derived from the three methods are due primarily to differences in the analytical treatment of the data. It is concluded that all three methods measure the same fabric property. A single new method, comprising a combination of the experimental and analytical procedures now required by different methods is recommended (1) to accommodate the tearing char acteristics of a wider range of fabrics. (2) as equally suitable for use with testing ma chines involving a high degree of mechanical inertia and others of the inertialess type, and (3) to yield a practical maximum of stability in the average values derived.
At the Edge
Authors: BROWN WENDY 
Published: March 2007

Here lies the vocation of those who preserve our understanding of past theories, who sharpen our sense of the subtle, complex interplay between political experience and thought, and who preserve our memory of the agonizing efforts of intellect to restate the possibilities and threats posed by political dilemmas of the past. —Sheldon S. Wolin, “Political Theory as a Vocation” In the same way in which the great transformation of the first industrial revolution destroyed the social and political structures as well as the legal categories of the ancien regime, terms such as sovereignty, right, nation, people, democracy, and general will by now refer to a reality that no longer has anything to do with what these concepts used to designate—and those who continue to use these concepts uncritically literally do not know what they are talking about. —Giorgio Agamben, Means without Ends: Notes on Politics Looking obliquely at the edges of things, where they come together with other things, can tell you as much about them, often, as can looking at them directly, intently, straight on. —Clifford Geertz, “The Near East in the Far East”
Liberalism and Multiculturalism
Authors: KUKATHAS CHANDRAN 
Published: March 2007

My business in this state Made me a looker-on here in Vienna, Where I have seen corruption boil and bubble Till it o'errun the stew: laws for all faults, But faults so countenanc'd that the strong statutes Stand like the forfeits in a barber's shop, As much in mock as in mark. Shakespeare The greatest liberty of subjects, dependeth on the silence of the law. Hobbes
Developments in the Behavioural Codes between the Sexes: The Formalization of Informalization in the Netherlands, 1930-85
Authors: Wouters Cas 
Published: March 2007

This article is about changes in dominant modes of social conduct, particularly involving relationships between the sexes. Changes in behavioural codes and ideals were noted in the course of a comparative analysis of etiquette books published in the Netherlands from 1930 to 1985. There was a gap of approximately thirteen years (1966-79) during which, with one exception, no books on this subject were published. There was, however, an upsurge of books on liberation and self-realization, coupled with a relative loosening of behavioural codes and ideals. Since the start of the 1980s, there appears to have been a tightening of these codes and ideals, both as regards relationships between men and women and in general. These changes are presented as developments in the sense of informalization and formalization, aspects of civilizing processes. The article commences with a short elaboration upon the concepts of informalization and formalization, goes on to present the results of the comparative analysis of the etiquette books, and concludes that nowadays a (re)formalization of preceding informalization is taking place, a stage in the long-term process of informalization.
EQUALITY WITHOUT LIMITS? WOMEN'S WORK IN THE SOCIALIST SOCIETY OF THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Authors: Meier Uta 
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the transformation as well as the reproduction of conventional role sets of women in the family and in the larger society, particularly at work. The analysis is based on a representative sample of families belonging to different social classes and strata. The empirical research strategy was to compare socio-economic status and gender, and thereby to identify typical patterns according to the criteria `socially homogeneous' (spouses with the same SES) and `socially heterogeneous' (spouses with different SES). Inequalities of employed women, especially regarding income distribution and power relations, also persist in a socialist society though the participation of the female workforce is indispensable. They are closely linked with an unequal division of household tasks. In conclusion, social policy concepts are discussed to empower women at work, with special emphasis on the use of their acquired high level of general and vocational knowledge and skills (`qualifications'), and to empower men, particularly those belonging to the working class, to change conventional patterns at home.
MODERNISATION: EXHUMETUR IN PACE (RETHINKING MACROSOCIOLOGY IN THE 1990s)
Authors: Tiryakian Edward A. 
Published: March 2007

An important challenge for macrosociology in the 1990s is to account for the cluster of social movements in different post-World War II settings, most recently those that intend structural changes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. To account for these extraordinary phenomena of historical significance calls for a new global synchronic and diachronic analysis. After discussing three major waves of these movements that have in common a challenge to the authority of the modern state, this paper proposes that `neo-modernisation analysis' may be the most appropriate macro-paradigm to relate sociology to the comparative study of cycles of modernisation and of centres of modernity. It is highly relevant since many regions of the world are undergoing an important new phase of modernisation and since there may be taking place an important shift in the epicentre of modernity. State socialism is bankrupt in Eastern Europe. Governments, ruling parties, of the opposition, experts, and expert committees are desperately searching... for a new paradigm, a new social and economic model with which to launch these countries onto a new course of dynamic development. (Hankiss 1990: 183)
Toward an Integrated Theory of Consumer Regulation
Authors: Venkatesh Alladi , Burger Philip C. 
Published: March 2007

This article examines a wide body of research concerning the process and effects of consumer regulation. Contributions from Economics, Sociology, Law and other areas are examined and four major theoretical approaches to regulation are presented. It is our position that none of them deals effectively with the consumer's viewpoint. For example, in the capture theory, the producer's interest (or that of any other interest group) dominates. Public interest theory fails to develop a mechanism that links theory and practice. The social control theory of regulation explicitly assigns power to the government to control consumers. Consumer protection theory suggests that there could be considerable potential for government abuse of power when it assumes a paternalistic role. What is needed is a consumer model of regulation that incorporates a non-paternal approach. Maintaining that the present approach of consumer research is too micro-empirically oriented, we propose a holistic approach that incorporates the goals of the government, industry and the consumer.
Direct Kinematics and Assembly Modes of Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Merlet J-P. 
Published: March 2007

In this article we address the problem of the direct kinematics of parallel manipulators and the corollary problem of their assembly modes (i.e., the different ways of assembling these mechanisms when their geometry are fixed). As an example we consider first a 6-DOF manipulator with a trianglular mobile plate and variable links lengths. A geometric proof is presented to show that the number of assembly modes is at most 16. Then we show that solving the direct kinematics problem is equivalent to solve a l6th-order polynomial in one variable, which is presented. We exhibit one example for which there are effectively 16 assembly modes. We extend then the results of this example to various architec tures of parallel manipulators with a triangular mobile plate (among them the famous Stewart platform). Unfortunately the method used in those cases cannot be extended to the most general parallel manipulators. We introduce a more general approach and present the results of this method on a particular case.
Parallel-Coupled Micro-Macro Actuators
Authors: Morrell John B. , Salisbury J. Kenneth 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a new actuator system consisting of a micro- actuator and a macro-actuator coupled in parallel via a compliant transmission. The system is called the parallel-coupled micro-macro actuator, or PaCMMA. In this system, the micro-actuator is capable of high-bandwidth force control owing to its low mass and direct-drive connection to the output shaft. The compliant transmission of the macro-actuator reduces the impedance (stiffness) at the output shaft, and increases the dynamic range of force. Performance improvement over single- actuator systems was expected in force control, impedance control, force distortion, and transient impact force reduction. Several theoretical performance limits are derived from the sat uration limits of the system. A control law is presented. A prototype test bed was built and an experimental comparison was performed between this actuator concept and two single-actuator systems. A set of quantitative measures is proposed and the actuator system is evaluated against them with the following results: force bandwidth of 56 Hz, torque dynamic range of 800: 1, peak torque of 1,040 mNm, and minimum torque of 1.3 mNm. Peak impactforce, fonce distortion, and back-driven impedance of the PaCMMA system are shown to be better than either of the single-actuator configurations considered.
A Practical Quality Index Based on the Octahedral Manipulator
Authors: Lee Jaehoon , Duffy Joseph , Hunt Kenneth H. 
Published: March 2007

The octahedral manipulator is a "3-3" device that is fully in parallel. It has a linear actuator on each of its six legs. The legs connect an equilateral platform triangle to a similar base triangle in a zigzag pattern between vertices. Our proposed quality index takes a maximum value of 1 at a central symmet rical configuration that is shown to correspond to the maxi mum value of the determinant of the 6 x 6 Jacobian matrix of the manipulator. This matrix is none other than that of the nor malized line coordinates of the six leg-lines; for its determi nant to be a maximum, the platform triangle is found to be half of the size of the base triangle, and the perpendicular distance between platform and base is equal to the side of the platform triangle. When the manipulator is actuated so that the octahedron departs from this central configuration, the determinant al ways diminishes, and, as is well known, it becomes zero when a special configuration is reached (the platform then gain ing one or more uncontrollable freedoms). Our quality index λ, 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1, is a constructive measure of acceptable design proportions. The double-spherical joints (there are six) are the source of the critical practical difficulties. Kinematic substitutions can circumvent this problem, but often there is no reasonable alternative to accepting a reduction of maximum quality index through separation by fairly short distances of some or all of the double-ball joints. Too great a separation easily leads too far toward generality; any fully-in-parallel manipulator of more general proportions should be tested for quality against our octahedral form simply because no different form can be superior to a well-designed octahedron from the points of view of structural soundness and ability to apply both forces and controlled displacements to the end-effector platform.
The Effects of Accompanying Harmonic Context on Vocal Pitch Accuracy of a Melody
Authors: Sterling Pam 
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of five stylistically diverse vocal harmonisations (traditional tonal, chromatic, dissonant, quartal, and chords with extensions) on a singer's ability to sing an accompanying melodic line. Twenty-five college female sopranos enrolled in various university choral ensembles learned three unfamiliar melodies in an isolated setting, then sang each melody with each of the five different harmonisations. Performances were measured against a prerecorded reference tape using the Micro Music Pitch Master. Results indicated a statistically significant difference among performances with the various harmonic accompaniments and suggested a higher degree of vocal pitch accuracy oni melodies accompanied by traditional tonal harmony. Secondary findings indicated a statistically significant inverse relationship between years of choral ensemble experience and the number of trials needed to learn an unfamiliar melody, and between the number of trials needed to learn an unfamiliar melody and total performance score for each melody.
Group Psychotherapy with Immigrants from Turkey
Authors: Battegay Raymond , Yilmaz Ali Tarik 
Published: March 2007

Group psychotherapy with immigrants from Turkey began in Switzerland at the University Psychiatric Outpatient Department, Basel, 1991. At this time two groups were formed for depressed Turkish patients with psychosomatic symptoms: a women's group in November 1991, and a men's group in January 1992. The need for psychotherapeutic care stemmed from the large number of immigrants in this city who came from Turkey beginning in the late 1960s but particularly in the late 1970s. The authors describe the psychodynamics and psychopathological aspects of the members during the group process, and the impact of the phenomenon of migration on them and on the stages of group psychotherapy.
Information System Design and Implementation: Strategies for Success
Authors: Pollack Gail R. 
Published: March 2007

Agency managers depend upon reliable data for planning, evaluation and funding accountability. Since changes in data requirements are unpredictable, output flexibility must be a goal of information system design. This process is often frustrating and costly as the desire to be all-inclusive may lead to an impractical solution. Successful design and implementation require clear articulation of objectives, ongoing communication with and involvement of all levels of staff, and a supportive organizational climate. One community agency serving frail elderly identified the need for an integrated information system. Structural considerations affecting the design process included the agency's decen tralized nature, multidisciplinary treatment teams and the existence of multiple information systems. Although common frustrations were experienced early in the process, later strategies led to successful implementation of the system's first phases, intake and case tracking. Other results have included meaningful management reports, uniform definitions multipurpose record-keeping forms and improved communication among staff.
Legal Services and Materials for Line Personnel, Administrators and Offenders in United States Prisons: An Update
Authors: Holbert Fred , Cada James A. 
Published: March 2007

U. S. Courts in recent years have been rejecting the "hands off doctrine" and getting involved in civil suits and writs filed by prison inmates. As a result more and more inmates are becoming legally active and increasingly knowledgeable of Substantive and procedural law. This study is an effort to see what the reaction of U. S. prison acdministrators is to inmate legal activism. A survey of 329 state prison adlmiinistrators addressed such issues as: institutional comlpliance wdith significant court decisions regarding inmate legal services and materials, sources of legal counselor administrators, line staffand inmates and the effects of the above e variables on the numbers of inmate suits filed and judgments entered in favor of inmates.
The Effects of Prison Crowding upon Infraction Rates
Authors: Clayton Obie , Carr Tim 
Published: March 2007

During the 1970s the prison populations grew at an alarming rate and researchers became interested in the effects of crowding on inmate behavior. Paulus, McCain, and Cox (1975; 1978) and D'Atri and Ostfeld (1975)found empirical evidence physiological changes occurring in crowded prison populations. Other researchers have also uncovered deleterious effects due to crowded prison conditions. Unfortunately, the work in crowding has lagged behind other areas in corrections and there are few accepted paradigms.This research attempts to expand the current studies and, in doing so, examine the effects of crowding upon several groups ofcriminal offenders. The research is based upon a sample of 21,500 inmates, plus a subsample of 1,300 teenage prisoners. Ananalysis of variance and covariancefound no crowding effectsfor the prison population as a whole. However, strong crowdingeffects were found among young black violent offenders. For this group, crowding was a stronger predictor of infraction ratesthan any of our control variables (age, time served, home county population density, race, or type of crime). We interpret theseresults as artifacts placing high-risk inmates in the largest, most crowded prisons.
Accommodating Science
Authors: FAHNESTOCK JEANNE 
Published: March 2007

Commentary: When this essay first appeared more than 10 years ago, it built on a small but substantial body of scholarship that declared scientific writing an appropriate field for rhetorical analysis. In the last 10 years, studies of scientific writing for both expert and lay audiences have increased exponentially, drawing on the long-established disciplines of the history and philosophy of science. These newer studies, however, differ widely in approach. Many take the perspective of cultural critique (e.g., the work of Bruno Latour and Stephen Woolgar), whereas others use the tools of discourse analysis (e.g., Greg Myers, M.A.K. Halliday, and J. R. Martin). But, application of rhetorical theory also thrives in the work of John Angus Campbell, Alan Gross, Charles Bazerman, Jean Dietz Moss, Lawrence J. Prelli, Carolyn Miller, and many others. Randy Allen Harris offers a useful introduction to this field in Landmark Essays on Rhetoric in Science (1997). “Accommodating Science” applies ideas from classical rhetoric and techniques of close reading typical of discourse analysis to the question of what happens when scientific reports travel from expert to lay publications. This change in forum causes a shift in genre from forensic to celebratory and a shift in stasis from fact and cause to evaluation and action. These changes in genre, audience, and purpose inevitably affect the material and manner of re-presentation in predictable ways. Two concerns informed this study 10 years ago: the impact of science reporting on public deliberation and the nature of technical and professional writing courses. These concerns have, if anything, increased (e.g., the campaign on global warming), warranting continued scholarly investigation of the gap between the public's right to know and the public's ability to understand.
Reasons for Adult Participation in Group Educational Activities
Authors: Burgess Paul 
Published: March 2007

Additional information on why adults participate in educational activities appears to be necessary if the field of adult education is to continue to improve educational offerings. Consequently, this study was designed and conducted to explore further the total framework of educational orientations as developed by Cyril O. Houle, Professor of Education at The University of Chicago. The results reported here were to test the hypothesis that reasons chosen by men and women for participating in educational activi ties will factor into eight groups. To test the hypothesis, 1,046 adult learners responded to an instrument developed by the author— Reasons for Educational Participation. The results were factor analyzed and seven groups of reasons were identified. Based on the nature of the items comprising each, the factors were named: The Desire to Know; The Desire to Reach a Personal Goal; The Desire to Reach a Social Goal; The Desire to Reach a Religious Goal; The Desire to Escape; The Desire to Take Part in an Activity; and The Desire to Comply with Formal Requirements.