bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of genes modulated in rheumatoid arthritis using complementary DNA microarray analysis of lymphoblastoid B cell lines from disease‐discordant monozygotic twins
Authors: Haas Christian S. , Creighton Chad J. , Pi Xiujun , Maine Ira , Koch Alisa E. , Haines G. Kenneth , Ling Song , Chinnaiyan Arul M. , Holoshitz Joseph 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo identify disease‐specific gene expression profiles in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), using complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray analyses on lymphoblastoid B cell lines (LCLs) derived from RA‐discordant monozygotic (MZ) twins.MethodsThe cDNA was prepared from LCLs derived from the peripheral blood of 11 pairs of RA‐discordant MZ twins. The RA twin cDNA was labeled with cy5 fluorescent dye, and the cDNA of the healthy co‐twin was labeled with cy3. To determine relative expression profiles, cDNA from each twin pair was combined and hybridized on 20,000‐element microarray chips. Immunohistochemistry and real‐time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of selected gene products in synovial tissue from patients with RA compared with patients with osteoarthritis and normal healthy controls.ResultsIn RA twin LCLs compared with healthy co‐twin LCLs, 1,163 transcripts were significantly differentially expressed. Of these, 747 were overexpressed and 416 were underexpressed. Gene ontology analysis revealed many genes known to play a role in apoptosis, angiogenesis, proteolysis, and signaling. The 3 most significantly overexpressed genes were laeverin (a novel enzyme with sequence homology to CD13), 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (a steroid pathway enzyme), and cysteine‐rich, angiogenic inducer 61 (a known angiogenic factor). The products of these genes, heretofore uncharacterized in RA, were all abundantly expressed in RA synovial tissues.ConclusionMicroarray cDNA analysis of peripheral blood–derived LCLs from well‐controlled patient populations is a useful tool to detect RA‐relevant genes and could help in identifying novel therapeutic targets.
N‐methylation of Nα‐acylated, fully Cα‐methylated, linear, folded peptides: Synthetic and conformational aspects
Authors: Moretto Alessandro , Crisma Marco , Kaptein Bernard , Broxterman Quirinus B. , Toniolo Claudio 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPeptides characterized by single or multiple N‐methylated, Cα‐trisubstituted (e.g., protein) amino acids are of great interest in medicinal chemistry. Several naturally occurring peptides, remarkably stable to enzymatic attacks, are based on N‐methylated residues. The classical conditions (CH3I/Ag2O in DMF, 24 h, room temperature) for N‐methylation of the peptide function are useful tools for distinguishing solvent exposed from intramolecularly H‐bonded –CO–NH– groups in peptides. In this work we have extended this reaction to Nα‐acylated, linear peptides based exclusively on helicogenic Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acids, e.g., Aib (α‐aminoisobutyric acid) or (αMe)Nva (Cα‐methyl norvaline) residues. Under the experimental conditions used, only amide monomethylation (on the N‐terminal, acylated, residue) takes place. Methylation of internal peptide groups linking two Cα‐tetrasubstituted residues was not observed. Our FT–IR absorption, NMR, and X‐ray diffraction investigations support the view that the β‐turn and 310‐helical conformations preferred by the original peptides are not dramatically perturbed in the derivatives monomethylated at position 1. In particular, the tertiary amide bonds are trans. Conversely, the packing modes in the crystals are strongly influenced by the reduction of the number of H‐bonding donors. The MeXxx–Xxx peptide bond is readily disrupted under mild acidic conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 553–565, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Calcite Mesocrystals: “Morphing” Crystals by a Polyelectrolyte
Authors: Wang Tongxin , Antonietti Markus , Cölfen Helmut 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCrystallization of calcite from different concentrated calcium chloride solutions by the CO2vapor diffusion technique in the presence of polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) yields defined assemblies of nanoparticles with unusual morphology. From the typical calcite rhombohedra, the morphology can be systematically varied via rounded edges and truncated triangles to concavely bent lens‐like shapes. Although these “crystals” are apparently well facetted as observed in light microscopy, electron microscopy analysis and BET isotherms reveal that the structures are highly porous and are composed of almost perfectly three‐dimensionally aligned calcite nanocrystals, scaffolded to the final, partly curved structures. The formation of all mesostructures is discussed within the framework of a polymer‐mediated structure‐formation process, in which the polymer is acting in four different ways. The present model case also provides evidence for the importance of nonclassical mesoscopic processes in polymer‐controlled crystallization in general.
Covalent Connection of Individualized, Neutral, Dendronized Polymers on a Solid Substrate Using a Scanning Force Microscope
Authors: Al‐Hellani Rabie , Barner Jörg , Rabe Jürgen P. , Schlüter A. Dieter 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a neutral, high‐molar‐mass, acrylamide‐based, third‐generation dendronized polymer (denpol) with a defined number of azide groups at its periphery is reported. An attach‐to route is used in which a first‐generation denpol is reacted with second‐generation (G2) dendrons. The degree of structure perfection of the resulting denpol is quantified as 99.8 %. This value was obtained after the introduction of a fluorescence label at the sites that remained unaffected by the dendronization. The high coverage was independently confirmed for the dendronization of another first‐generation polymer and a closely related G2 dendron. The third‐generation denpol resulting from the first dendronization experiment was spin‐coated as a sub‐monolayer onto highly oriented graphite precoated with an ultrathin layer of C12H25NH2, which was introduced to provide a well‐defined substrate for denpol adsorption and manipulation. Scanning force microscopy revealed single denpols, which could be moved across the surface and “welded” by covalent cross‐linking induced by photochemical decomposition of the azides into highly reactive nitrenes. The successful formation of covalent bonds between two denpols was confirmed by mechanically challenging the link with the scanning force microscope (SFM) tip. This is the second reported case of a move–connect–prove sequence using polymers and the SFM, which for the first time employs noncharged denpols, thus widening the applicability of this method significantly.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Enantiopure Diacetylated C2‐Symmetric Diols by Ruthenium‐ and Enzyme‐Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation (DYKAT)
Authors: Martín‐Matute Belén , Edin Michaela , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHighly efficient synthesis of enantiopure diacetates of 2,4‐pentanediol and 2,5‐hexanediol starting from commercially available mixtures of the diols (dl/meso ≈1:1) has been realized by combining a fast ruthenium‐catalyzed epimerization with an enzymatic transesterification. The in situ coupling of these two processes produces the diacetates in high yield in >99 % enantiomeric excess.
Fluorogenic 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition within the Hydrophobic Core of a Shell Cross‐Linked Nanoparticle
Authors: O'Reilly Rachel K. , Joralemon Maisie J. , Hawker Craig J. , Wooley Karen L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUsing either nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) or reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) techniques, novel block copolymers that present terminal acetylenes, in the side chain of the styrenic block, were obtained with narrow polydispersities and targeted molecular weights. For the conversion of these acetylene‐functionalized polymers to amphiphilic block copolymers, RAFT techniques were preferred. Mild protection/deprotection chemistries were employed which were compatible with the incorporation of the acetylene functionality in the hydrophobic segment. These acetylene‐functionalized, Click‐readied amphiphilic block copolymers were then self‐assembled and cross‐linked to afford shell cross‐linked knedel‐like (SCK) nanoparticles that contained acetylene groups in the core domain. The hydrodynamic diameters (Dh) of the block copolymer micelles and nanoparticles were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the dimensions of the nanoparticles were characterized using tapping‐mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical availability of the Click functionality within the core domain of the SCKs was investigated using the copper(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar fluorogenic cycloaddition with a non‐fluorescent 3‐azidocoumarin profluorophore to afford intensely fluorescent nanoparticles.
Conjecture: Imines as Unidirectional Photodriven Molecular Motors—Motional and Constitutional Dynamic Devices
Authors: Lehn Jean‐Marie 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCompounds containing the CN group, such as imines and their derivatives, may undergo syn–anti isomerization by two different routes: 1) photochemically, by out‐of‐plane rotation around the carbon‐nitrogen double bond through a “perpendicular” form, and 2) thermally, by in‐plane nitrogen inversion through a “linear” transition state. When the two interconversions occur in sequence, a full, closed process is accomplished, restoring the initial state of the system along two different steps. In a chiral imine‐type compound, for example, with an asymmetric center next to the CN function, photoinduced rotation may be expected to occur in one sense in preference to the opposite one. Thus, photoisomerization followed by thermal isomerization in a chiral imine compound generates unidirectional molecular motion. Generally, imine‐type compounds represent unidirectional molecular photomotors converting light energy into mechanical motion. As they are also able to undergo exchange of the carbonyl and amine partners, they present constitutional dynamics. Thus, imine‐type compounds are double dynamic, motional, and constitutional devices.
Patient treatment preferences in localized prostate carcinoma: The influence of emotion, misconception, and anecdote
Authors: Denberg Thomas D. , Melhado Trisha V. , Steiner John F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Multiple therapeutic options exist for localized prostate carcinoma, without conclusive evidence to guide the choice of treatment. Thus, treatment should reflect trade‐offs between the probability of curing disease and the desire to avoid treatment‐associated side effects. Factors that actually influence patient treatment preferences are poorly understood.METHODS.We reviewed medical records and carried out in‐depth, semistructured interviews of 20 men with newly‐diagnosed, clinically‐localized prostate carcinoma in a Veterans Affairs Hospital following their first consultations with urologists and before treatments were initiated. Six to eight months after treatment, we carried out follow‐up interviews. Interviews explored beliefs and attitudes about prostate cancer and treatment options, emotional reactions to the diagnosis, treatment preferences, information sources, and perceptions of interactions with urologists.RESULTS.Patient treatment preferences were not based on careful assessments of numerical risks for various clinical outcomes. Instead, feelings of fear and uncertainty contributed to a desire for rapid treatment, and specific preferences were profoundly influenced by misconceptions, especially about prostatectomy, and by anecdotes about the experiences of others with cancer. Few patients wanted to seek second opinions. Most patients received treatments that matched their initial preferences. Afterwards, they justified their choices in terms of the same misconceptions and anecdotal influences invoked during treatment deliberation.CONCLUSIONS.For men with localized prostate carcinoma, the treatment decision‐making process would benefit from interventions that moderate feelings of fear and a desire for rapid treatment, dispel common and powerful misconceptions about prostate cancer and its therapies, and help patients avoid over‐reliance on anecdotes. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Overexpression of podoplanin in oral cancer and its association with poor clinical outcome
Authors: Yuan Ping , Temam Stephane , El‐Naggar Adel , Zhou Xian , Liu Diane D. , Lee J. Jack , Mao Li 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Podoplanin is a mucin‐like glycoprotein that is important in lymphangiogenesis but not blood vessel formation. Recent studies suggested a potential role of podoplanin in certain tumor cells. The purpose of the current study was to determine the role of podoplanin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).METHODS.Podoplanin expression was analyzed in 35 patients with HNSCC including 16 oral tumors and 19 hypopharyngeal tumors by immunohistochemical analysis and the association between the podoplanin expression status and patients' clinical and pathologic characteristics was evaluated. An independent set of 60 patients with oral tongue cancer was then analyzed for associations between the podoplanin expression status and patients' clinical and pathologic characteristics, including survivals.RESULTS.Podoplanin was not expressed in normal oral epithelial cells but was detected in some hyperplastic and dysplastic lesions. High podoplanin expression was found in 20 (57%) of the 35 tumors and was more frequent in tumors with lymph node metastasis, particularly for tumors in the oral cavity. In the second set of 60 oral tongue cancers, 36 (60%) expressed high levels of podoplanin. Patients whose tumors expressed high levels of podoplanin had a statistically significantly higher rate of lymph node metastasis (P < .0001). Patients with lymph node metastasis and high‐level podoplanin showed the shortest disease‐specific survival (P = .0004) than other patients.CONCLUSIONS.Podoplanin is involved in oral tumorigenesis and may serve as a predictor for lymph node metastasis and poor clinical outcome. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Patterning of coronary arteries in wildtype and connexin43 knockout mice
Authors: Clauss Sarah B. , Walker Diana L. , Kirby Margaret L. , Schimel Dan , Lo Cecilia W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAbnormal patterning of coronary arteries (CAs) is a clinically significant problem, and as yet, few animal models have been systematically investigated for coronary patterning defects. Here we characterized coronary artery (CA) insertion and branching patterns of the proximal coronary stems in the hearts of wildtype and heterozygous connexin43 knockout (Cx43α1 KO) mice. This study entailed the use of high‐resolution micro CT imaging for three‐dimensional coronary reconstructions. MicroCT of 17 wildtype mice showed a remarkably consistent pattern of CA deployment in the normal mouse heart. Two main CA stems are inserted from the left and right into the aorta. The right coronary artery then branches immediately into the right main and the septal‐conal branch, while the left coronary artery branches further distally into the circumflex and the anterior descending CA. This patterning of CA anatomy was confirmed by histology, and by using a vascular smooth muscle or endothelial cell specific lacZ reporter gene to delineate the CAs. A parallel analysis of 25 heterozygous Cx43α1 KO mouse hearts showed 22 had defects in patterning of the CAs. They exhibited a wide variation in CA anatomy, including abnormal origin and course of the main CA stems, multiple accessories, and dual septal‐conal branches. Overall, these studies show loss of one Cx43α1 allele (haploinsufficiency) leads to a high incidence of coronary patterning defects. These findings suggest CA patterning is sensitive to Cx43α1 gene dosage. Developmental Dynamics 235:2786–2794, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: Rigid Bisphenanthrolines: Synthesis, Structure and Self‐Assembly at a Solid–Liquid Interface (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 14/2006)
Authors: Schmittel Michael , Kalsani Venkateshwarlu , Jäckel Frank , Rabe Jüurgen P. , Bats Jan W. , Fenske Dieter 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows a comparison between 2D and 3D architectures of bisphenanthrolines. The architecture of 2D self‐assembled surface monolayers was explored by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the solid–liquid interface, while 3D structures of the same compounds were elucidated in the solid state by X‐ray structure analysis. Details are discussed in the article by M. Schmittel et al. on p. 3079 ff.
Photo‐Fries Rearrangement of Carbazol‐2‐yl Sulfonates: Efficient Tool for the Introduction of Sulfonyl Groups into Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Crevatín Laura K. , Bonesi Sergio M. , Erra‐Balsells Rosa 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSystematic studies on the photo‐Fries rearrangement of different 9H‐carbazol‐2‐yl sulfonates 2 have shown that this type of conversion can be readily used for the preparative‐scale introduction of alkyl‐ or arylsulfonyl groups into polycyclic aromatic compounds under very mild conditions. A series of new 1‐sulfonyl‐ (3) or 3‐sulfonyl‐9H‐carbazoles (4) were prepared in medium‐to‐good yields, and characterized by UV/VIS, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, as well as by elemental analysis. Effects of irradiation wavelength, solvent polarity, presence or absence of O2, and photosensitizers were studied in detail.
Development of the tumor vascular bed in response to hypoxia‐induced VEGF‐A differs from that in tumors with constitutive VEGF‐A expression
Authors: Roodink Ilse , van der Laak Jeroen , Kusters Benno , Wesseling Pieter , Verrijp Kiek , de Waal Robert , Leenders William 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTumors arise initially as avascular masses in which central hypoxia induces expression of vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) and subsequently tumor vascularization. However, VEGF‐A can also be constitutively expressed as a result of genetic events. VEGF‐A is alternatively spliced to yield at least 6 different isoforms. Of these, VEGF‐A121 is freely diffusible whereas basically charged domains in the larger isoforms confer affinity for cell surface or extracellular matrix components. We previously reported that in a mouse brain metastasis model of human melanoma, VEGF‐A121 induced a qualitatively different tumor vascular phenotype than VEGF‐A165 and VEGF‐A189: in contrast to the latter ones, and VEGF‐A121 did not induce a neovascular bed but rather led to leakage and dilatation of preexistent brain vessels. Here, we correlate vascular phenotypes with spatial VEGF‐A expression profiles in clinical brain tumors (low grade gliomas; n = 6, melanoma metastases; n = 4, adenocarcinoma metastases; n = 4, glioblastoma multiforme; n = 3, sarcoma metastasis; n = 1, renal cell carcinoma metastasis; n = 1). We show that tumors that constitutively express VEGF‐A present with different vascular beds than tumors in which VEGF‐A is expressed as a response to central hypoxia. This phenotypic difference is consistent with a model where in tumors with constitutive VEGF‐A expression, all isoforms exert their effects on vasculature, resulting in a classical angiogenic phenotype. In tumors where only central parts express hypoxia‐induced VEGF‐A, the larger angiogenic isoforms are retained by extracellular matrix, leaving only freely diffusible VEGF‐A121 to exert its dilatation effects on distant vessels. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PTEN, Akt, and GSK3β signalling in rat primary cortical neuronal cultures following tumor necrosis factor‐α and trans‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal treatments
Authors: Rickle A. , Behbahani H. , Ankarcrona M. , Winblad B. , Cowburn R.F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPTEN is a dual phosphatase that negatively regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway important for cell survival. We determined effects of the inflammation and oxidative stresses of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) and trans‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE), respectively, on PTEN, Akt, and GSK3β signalling in rat primary cortical neurons. The inhibitors bisperoxovanadium [bpV(Pic)] and LY294002 were also used to determine PTEN and PI3K involvement in TNFα and HNE modulation of neuronal cell death. PTEN inhibition with bpV(Pic) alone did not affect Ser473Akt or Ser9GSK3β phosphorylation. Instead, effects of this inhibitor were manifest when it was used together with TNFα and to a lesser extent with HNE. TNFα together with PTEN inhibition increased phosphorylation of Ser473Akt and Ser9GSK3β. TNFα and HNE both gave decreased numbers of viable and increased numbers of early apoptotic neurons. PTEN inhibition partially reversed the toxic effect of TNFα as shown by an increased number of viable and a decreased number of early apoptotic neurons. All effects were reversed by PI3K inhibition. HNE together with inhibition of PTEN gave increased Ser473Akt but not Ser9GSK3β phosphorylation and no effects on the number of viable or early apoptotic cells. In conclusion, PTEN inhibition gives a mild reversal of TNFα‐ but not HNE‐induced cell death via the PI3K pathway. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of the proteinaceous wheat xylanase inhibitor XIP‐I on the performances of an Aspergillus niger xylanase in breadmaking
Authors: Rouau Xavier , Daviet Stéphanie , Tahir Tariq , Cherel Benjamin , Saulnier Luc 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe functionality of the proteinaceous wheat xylanase inhibitor XIP‐I in Aspergillus niger endoxylanase‐aided breadmaking was investigated using small‐scale breadmaking and in vitro experiments. At an optimal dosage for an increase in bread volume, the endoxylanase provoked a ∼15% increase of loaf volume in standard flour experiments, but the dough was significantly more sticky than in the control. No variations in bread volumes were observed in the presence of added XIP‐I in endoxylanase dough but stickiness was much reduced. Arabinoxylan (AX) solubilisation from flour cell wall material was practically unaffected with XIP‐I, and the viscosity of dough water extracts and AX intrinsic viscosity were slightly enhanced. In other breadmaking experiments using a flour from which water extractable material was inactivated, or a reconstituted flour (starch, gluten, water extractable arabinoxylans (WEAXs), water unextractable arabinoxylans (WUAXs)), no differences in loaf volumes were observed between control, endoxylanase and endoxylanase/XIP‐I breads, but the high stickiness induced by endoxylanase was totally corrected by XIP‐I. In these doughs, AX solubilisation was slightly affected by XIP‐I whereas water extract viscosity and WEAX intrinsic viscosity were much higher than in endoxylanase doughs. In vitro experiments with purified AX and A. niger endoxylanase and XIP‐I confirmed these findings, showing that the endoxylanase inhibition by XIP‐I had more effect on the characteristics measured on WEAX (specific and intrinsic viscosities) than those measured on WUAX (AX solubilisation). Premixing substrate, endoxylanase and inhibitor in different combinations showed that XIP‐I had a tendancy to bind WUAX, but not WEAX, which changed the balance between enzymic AX solubilisation and AX depolymerisation. As a result, a high viscosity of water extracts was preserved, which is beneficial for dough handling properties. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry