bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial therapy in Dermatology
Authors: Sunderkötter Cord , Herrmann Mathias , Jappe Uta 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe extensive and sometimes indiscriminate use of antibiotics sometimes without strict indications has led to increases in both bacterial resistance and sensitization of patients. Systemic antibiotics in skin infections are indicated when a severe local infection occurs which spreads into the surrounding tissue or when there are signs of systemic infection. There are special indications in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease,diabetes or immunosuppression. Topical use of antibiotics should be abandoned and replaced by antiseptics. The β‐lactam antibiotics are the antibiotics of first choice for many skin infections. They are usually effective, have a well‐defined profile of adverse events and most are affordable. Penicillin G or V are the first line treatment for erysipelas. Infections with Staphylococcus aureus are usually treated with isoxazolyl penicillins or second generation cephalosporins. In mixed infections in patients with diabetes or peripheral arterial occlusive disease,the treatment of choice is metronidazole plus β‐lactam‐/β‐lactamase inhibitor antibiotics, but quinolones or second generation cephalosporins can also be used, once again with metronidazole.The aim of this review is to define the indications for antibiotics in dermatology, to highlight their modes of action and adverse effects and to make suggestions for rational antibiotic therapy in cutaneous infections frequently encountered in the practice of dermatology.
Rethinking the Victorian Sage: Nineteenth‐Century Prose and Scottish Common Sense Philosophy
Authors: Budge Gavin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe label of the ‘Victorian sage’ has been employed increasingly widely in recent criticism to describe the tradition of oracular rhetoric in nineteenth‐century prose deriving from Carlyle. This ‘sage discourse’ has up till now only been defined in formalist terms, as consisting of certain characteristic assumptions about the use and validity of rhetoric. This article suggests that it is possible to historicize the notion of the ‘Victorian sage’ by linking it to the Scottish tradition of ‘Common Sense philosophy’ that was extremely influential in Britain up till the 1870s. The key feature of Common Sense philosophy from this perspective is the importance it attaches to the use of language in philosophical argument. Rhetoric in the Common Sense school's view embodies an implicit form of knowledge, an attitude which the article suggests also underlies the markedly rhetorical forms of argument used by ‘Victorian Sages’. Common Sense philosophy assesses philosophical arguments from an ontological perspective, namely what kind of relationship to a thinker's social environment a philosophy promotes, and this perspective can be seen to underlie the turn to biographical and autobiographical modes of writing in nineteenth‐century prose.
Naturalizing the Supernatural: Faith, Irreverence and Magical Realism
Authors: Warnes Christopher 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStarting from a basic understanding of magical realism as a mode of narration that seeks to naturalize the supernatural, this essay draws a distinction between faith and irreverence in magical realist discourse. It offers a brief account of magical realism's conceptual and literary history, analyses the state of current critical discourse and suggests ways in which nuanced modes of reading magical realist literature can be developed. Drawing from the early theorizing of Alejo Carpentier, the article proposes that one strand of magical realism is characterized by the desire to affirm non‐western world views and cultural modalities. On the other hand, Carpentier's contemporary, Jorge Luis Borges, provides the paradigm for an alternative view of magical realism that sees it as similar in key respects to postmodern literary projects. These contrasting approaches are then tested with reference to the magical realism of Ben Okri and Salman Rushdie.
‘To create and cherish a true southern literature’: Genre, Gender and Authorship in William Gilmore Simms's Answer toUncle Tom's Cabin
Authors: Weller Saranne 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSince its publication in 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe'sUncle Tom's Cabinhas challenged its readers to respond to the interlocking rhetorics of gender and genre in the aesthetics of sentimentality. Whilst critical reclamations of the novel at the end of the twentieth century have located the novel in a tradition of female readers and writers, few readings have sought to understand the novel's aesthetics within the specific context of southern male responses and criticisms of the novel. This article interrogates William Gilmore Simms's self‐proclaimed answer to Stowe through his refiguring of established notions of gender and genre in the aesthetic claims of his southern plantation hero Captain Porgy for men of the South. Contextualised within the critical discourses of fact and fiction voiced by leading southern intellectuals published in the southern press and Simms's own developing critical language in the 1840s and 1850s, this article identifies Simms's ‘sensible’ southern man as a model of southern male authorship that sought to reconcile Stowe's antithetical aesthetic spaces of the masculine marketplace and the feminine home.
An Infant Nation: Childhood Studies and Early America
Authors: Duane Anna Mae 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe child, it has been said, is the last acceptable “other.” While minority scholarship has made us aware of the injustice and inaccuracy of infantilizing colonized and marginalized people, we have only begun to look with a critical eye at the narratives of sentimentality, emotionality, and inferiority attached to children. This article traces at the prevalence of the child‐as‐symbol in early American literature and culture in order to elucidate the stubborn stereotypes attached to children – and the study of children – and to introduce the groundbreaking work that has begun to analyze the complex cultural work performed by the American child. Finally, I argue that attending to the vulnerability and dependence of childhood offers the opportunity to rethink the fictive assumption that any one of us can fully occupy the position of the self‐reliant, wholly independent subject.
Shakespearean Editing and Why It Matters
Authors: Marcus Leah 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA generation ago, many Shakespearean scholars simply accepted the versions of the play that they were provided with by editors. So long as the label was right – Arden, Oxford, Cambridge, Penguin, Riverside, Pelican – the content was assumed to be reliable. But editing can never be transparent – it is always influenced by the cultural assumptions of the editor and his or her era, however submerged those assumptions may be in terms of the editor's stated textual practices. In the late twentieth and twenty‐first centuries, as a result of feminist and postcolonial critical approaches to Shakespearean texts, we have begun to realize the degree to which our inherited editions are shaped in accordance with assumptions about colonialism, race, and the status of women that are no longer acceptable to us, and that in fact distort elements of Shakespeare's plays as they exist in early printed quarto and folio versions. As earlier disciplinary boundaries between editing and criticism have broken down, Shakespearean critics have increasingly turned to editing in order to undo some of the racist and sexist assumptions behind our received texts of the plays.
Men Who Weep and Wail: Masculinity and Emotion in Sidney's New Arcadia
Authors: Vaught Jennifer C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay explores the topic of masculinity and emotion, which has generated a considerable amount of scholarly interest over the past decade, in relation to men who weep and wail in Sir Philip Sidney's New Arcadia (1593). Sidney's romance reflects shifting definitions of manhood toward the end of the sixteenth century when aristocratic men tended to define themselves less as warriors and more as humanists, statesmen, and emotionally expressive courtiers. He alludes to the increasing remoteness of the feudal ideal of the violent warrior by exposing the futility rather than glory of armed violence in some cases and by using the term “armor” in a figurative rather than literal sense. A number of men in the New Arcadia tell stories as well as fight and exhibit a broad range of emotions – desire, rage, pity, and grief. Thoughtful men of action who know when and where to cry are ideal in Sidney's romance.
‘Creating new flesh on the Demon cold’: Blake's Milton and the Apotheoses of a Poet
Authors: Fallon David 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTraditional readings of the so‐called ‘Bard's Song’, which opens Milton, construe it as a biographical or historical allegory. To counter such interpretations, I place Blake's poem in the context of a Whiggish literary tradition in which Milton's enthusiastic Protestantism is downplayed, producing a cultural icon who is distanced from the militant expressions of ‘mental fight’ in his prose. Likewise, I identify how poetic apotheoses produced an abstract and disembodied Milton in the guise of a God, an angel or a hero. By a commitment to grotesque realism, Blake's Milton reclaims the enthusiastic and tangibly physical metaphors of Milton's prose. Noting the allusions to Milton's works in the ‘Bard's Song’ suggests a reading of Milton in which Blake portrays a self‐divided poet composing Paradise Lost. Blake's grotesque Milton reverses this process of his apotheosis and reaffirms the renewal of a collective and distinctly physical human body.
Cultural Geography and American Studies
Authors: Jarvis Brian 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe past quarter century has witnessed a renaissance in the geographical imagination. This ‘new geography’, evident across the humanities and social sciences, builds on the pioneering work of Henri Lefebvre and Michel Foucault. The ‘spatial turn’ is characterised by cross‐fertilisation between cultural geography and forms of critical theory and it centres on dialectical relations between space, society and the body. The work being carried out in this field often sees space in textual terms – as a system of meaning – and also insists on a profoundly politicised understanding of its subject. This approach is conspicuous in contemporary American Studies. Area studies encourage sensitivity to the imbrications of space and culture and the key words in academic and popular understandings of America have always been geocentric. The coalescence of new geography and American Studies has produced a significant body of work: Marxist mappings, macro‐studies of U.S. cultural imperialism and globalisation alongside meticulous case studies of vernacular localities, diverse cartographies charting the impact of economics and technology, race and region, gender and sexuality on cities, suburbs and nature. The burgeoning interest in cultural geography in American Studies and elsewhere offers vital means of understanding, cherishing and challenging local and global spaces.
A Cursory Consideration of William Godwin
Authors: O'Shaughnessy David 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWilliam Godwin (1756–1836) was a radical philosopher and novelist whose fame rests largely on his Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793) and Caleb Williams (1794). Married to Mary Wollstonecraft and father of Mary Shelley, his oeuvre is significant for both its impact on the political and social landscape of the period and its influence on his family and other literary contemporaries.
Recent Critical Approaches to Sidney's Literary Production
Authors: Sillitoe Peter 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article surveys recent critical approaches to the life, and particularly the writing, of Philip Sidney during the last three years. As such, the piece reviews the work of a variety of familiar and less familiar critics, whose work spans a multitude of critical positions and schools of thought. Taken together as a whole, modern work on Sidney appears to be rich and, occasionally, groundbreaking, with many critics approaching Sidney's texts with fresh perspectives that sometimes challenge supposed orthodoxies in former studies. Consequently, topics covered here include updated psychoanalytic approaches to the sonnet sequence, feminism and allegory in the Arcadia, intellectual and religious influences on Sidney's life and works, and a particularly interesting utilization of aspects of Elizabethan law in Tudor writing.
Reasons to Remember Sydney Owenson
Authors: Donovan Julie 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA marble bust of Sydney Owenson (?1776–1859, known as Lady Morgan after her marriage in 1812) is one of the images included in a current exhibition at London's National Portrait Gallery, running from 9 March to 19 June 2005, entitled ‘Conquering England’: Ireland in Victorian London. Owenson's inclusion in the exhibit recognizes her significant role as part of an influential Irish cultural presence in nineteenth‐century Britain – in her case one that spanned the Romantic and Victorian periods.
The Manuscripts ofPiers Plowman
Authors: Eyler Joshua R. , Benson C. David 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPiers Plowmanis one of the most highly regarded late medieval English poems, although at times it can also be one of the more frustrating works, in large part because of its existence in three distinct versions (A, B, and C) and its complex transmission history. In this essay we examine the scholarship regarding the manuscripts and the scribes ofPiers Plowman, from W. W. Skeat onwards, and we also explore new tools now available for the study of the manuscripts, such as thePiers Plowman Electronic Archive, which promise to change the way we read, teach, and research the poem.
Short Shrift: Religion and Materialist Criticism
Authors: Benson Sean 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis review essay examines the upsurge of materialist criticism in Renaissance literary studies over the last 20 years as well as the limitations of such criticism vis‐à‐vis religion. Sensitive to these limitations, two recent authors employ solid historical scholarship to uncover the mundane realities as well as the no less real, though harder to quantify, spiritual aspects of Renaissance religious practice. Ramie Targoff's Common Prayer (2001) examines the Reformation production and distribution of the Book of Common Prayer, paying special attention to how the reformers balanced both economic and devotional considerations. Second, Jeffrey Knapp's Shakespeare's Tribe (2002) challenges the prevailing view in contemporary scholarship that Shakespeare's stage was largely secularist, even secularizing. Knapp argues that a considerable amount of early modern drama, including Shakespeare's, was written with the sacramental purposes of uniting religious believers of various stripes and of illustrating by example on the stage many of the precepts of the religious life. Knapp specifically counters materialist accounts in which religion is either a mask for power politics or is simply eviscerated of its spiritual content by representing it on an allegedly profane stage. Implicit in Knapp's argument is the odd coupling of Puritan antitheatricalists such as Philip Stubbes and Anthony Munday with some current scholars who rely heavily on Puritan polemics as an accurate characterization of the Renaissance stage. Finally, I cite Stephen Greenblatt's biography, Will in the World (2004), for its reiteration of the claim that Shakespeare was a secular playwright who invoked the language and trappings of religion merely for comic, commercial entertainment; I suggest that the plays can be read in a more devotional light.
“Nowhere is a Place”: Travel Writing in Sixteenth‐Century England*
Authors: Mitsi Evi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTravel is an experience of cultural encounters; the account that witnesses and represents that experience is not only a literary text but also a cultural document, involving issues of power, knowledge, and identity. In sixteenth‐century England the popularity of travel accounts, which documented colonial aspirations, quixotic voyages, and mercantile ventures, manifests that the book as an integral part of the voyage has the power to inform and instruct. Narratives by authors such as Sir Walter Ralegh, Robert Dallington, Fynes Moryson, and Thomas Dallam, depended on the pun between travel ( journeying) and travail (toil, pain), presenting the adventures and adversities of travelers together with information on geographical areas with their human societies and cultures, linked to questions of nationality, race, and gender.  The written record of the great number of early travels, represented in Richard Hakluyt's and later in Samuel Purchas's collections, attests to the rise of England's colonial and commercial power, as well as to the significance of travel writing in English literary history. Despite the contemporary debate over the purpose of going abroad and representing foreign countries, travel, like translation – a word semantically related to it – functioned as a cross‐cultural process challenging the boundaries of both geographical and ideological insularity.
Early Modern Historiography
Authors: Breen Dan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay surveys recent work by literary critics on early modern English history writing and attempts to provide a perspective on the relatively marginal status of historiography within early modern literary studies. In associating the emergence of humanism closely with the beginning of early modernity, historians and literary critics have created a division within early modern historiography that elevates the “humanist” history at the expense of the chronicle, often dismissively characterized as a “medieval” literary form and neglected as a focus of study. This division has in turn produced a narrowly specific understanding of the forms of writing that qualify as humanist histories, omitting drama, philosophical dialogues, and much of the period's Latin‐language historiography. Many contemporary critics, however, have undertaken projects that attempt both to broaden current understandings of humanist historical thought and to integrate chronicle texts more fully into the study of early modern literature. These projects include formal analytical studies that survey more and more genres of writing as well as new editions of early modern historiographical texts, produced across a wide range of media.
Marian and Jacobean Literature
Authors: Dunnigan Sarah 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLiterature of the late Renaissance period in Scotland is best understood in the light of the two monarchs, mother and son, who governed the nation between 1561 and 1603. Scottish court culture in this period was alternately shaped, inhibited and nurtured by the political fortunes of Mary Stewart, Queen of Scots (1542–87) and James VI (1566–1625). Within four decades, the Catholic queen from a powerful Franco‐Scottish dynasty was first deposed, then beheaded; a succession of Protestant regents reigned calamitously; and the young king, exiled and estranged from his mother, inherited a politically and religiously troubled crown which, after twenty‐four years of relatively successful governance, would find union with England's in 1603. The political vicissitudes of the Marian and Jacobean periods in Scotland charted an erratic path for artistic culture. Perhaps because of this, the idea of a ‘Renaissance’ in Scotland, the counterpart of England's Elizabethan one, has yet to find firm root in the literary historiography of later sixteenth‐century Britain. Yet the conventional meaning of the term, ‘Renaissance’, as ‘rebirth’, accurately sums up the prolific efforts of Scottish poets to create art which had national, as well as aesthetic, currency. This essay begins by exploring literary culture in Mary's reign, suggesting that, despite its relative fragility, the long shadow which it cast over subsequent decades proved the necessary impetus for the ‘Renaissance’ of James VI's reign. That ‘Renaissance’ was relatively short‐lived, since regal union in 1603 dictated the end of Scotland's independent monarchy, and of literary art which had emerged out of the enriching conditions of sovereignty. This survey of the distinctive nature of Scottish literature in the reigns of Mary and James traces the major themes and preoccupations of a culture which was geographically placed at the periphery of Europe but which increasingly sought to prove its artistic centrality in the face of political change.1
Modern Problems of Editing: The Two Texts of Marlowe's Doctor Faustus
Authors: Duxfield Andrew 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChristopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, as well as being one of the most popular and enduring dramatic works of the English Renaissance, is also among its most textually problematic. The fact of the play's existence in two greatly differing and notoriously unreliable texts has long been a challenge for editors, and one that has traditionally been overcome by the production of amalgamated editions that seamlessly blend the ‘best’ elements of both texts. Over recent years, however, the role of the editor has begun to change significantly, and modern developments in textual scholarship have made it very unlikely that this method can survive. This article will examine the influence of post‐structuralist theory on the editing of early modern drama, and the affect that this has had on our perception of Faustus as a single and unified entity.
‘That Every Man May Knaw’: Reformation and Rhetoric in the Works of Sir David Lyndsay
Authors: McGinley Kevin J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDavid Lyndsay's writings, while often lashing the corruption of the Scottish Catholic clergy, nonetheless engage subtly with the politics of pre‐Reformation Scotland. Lyndsay's attacks on the clergy are not so much religiously motivated as based on conflict between the Scottish Church and the secular authorities. Lyndsay's writings repeatedly urge measures to reduce the Church's wealth and political influence, and shift power towards the Crown and the nobility (and, later, the Parliament). But this underlying political motive is pursued via social, moral and religious arguments, expressed with considerable rhetorical sensitivity to their effects on different audiences. Lyndsay's writing is consequently multi‐layered in voice and significance, opening in different ways for different readerships, addressing both prince and pauper, often simultaneously. The nuanced interaction, on both a formal and thematic level, of different socio‐political interests, moral values and religious debates, illustrates the complex negotiations that characterize the political culture of pre‐Reformation Scotland.