bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pattern of shedding of two noncultivable viruses in stools of newborn babies
Authors: Cameron D. J. S. , Bishop R. F. , Veenstra A. A. , Barnes G. L. , Holmes I. H. , Ruck B. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNoncultivable viruses have been associated with diarrhea affecting newborn babies in obstetric hospital nurseries. Persisting infection in a special care nursery in Melbourne, Australia, permitted a study of the pattern of excretion of these viruses. Ten babies admitted to the nursery within 2 hr of birth were randomly selected for prospective study. Feces were collected daily for 14 days and were examined by electron microscopy. All ten babies excreted detectable amounts of duovirus (rotavirus, HRVL agent, IGV) for at least 1 day. Age at onset of excretion varied from 2 to 13 days. Eight of the ten babies developed diarrhea. Excretion of duovirus preceded the onset of diarrhea by 12–72 hr and persisted for at least 3 days.Seven of the ten babies also excreted detectable amounts of a 28‐nm virus‐like particle for 3–8 days. The identity of this particle is unknown. Morphologically it resembles Norwalk agent and “astrovirus.” Excretion of this 28‐nm particle coincided with symptoms of diarrhea in four babies, all of whom were also excreting duovirus.It is concluded that most newborn babies admitted to a nursery where duovirus infection is endemic will excrete this virus at least once during the first 2 weeks of life. Excretion of virus particles will either precede development of diarrhea or be asymptomatic. Selective isolation of babies with diarrhea is thus unlikely to control spread of duovirus infection within a hospital nursery.
Cytomegalovirus proteins: II. Polypeptide composition of cytomegalovirus complement‐fixing antigen
Authors: Fiala Milan , Heiner Douglas C. , Murnane John , Guze Lucien B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractComplement‐fixing (CF) antigen, prepared from cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐ infected cells and solubilized by urea and Tween‐20, was fractionated on agarose gel columns. Its molecular weight was 1.5−5 × 107 daltons, and it contained 5 major peptides with molecular weights from 60,000–90,000 daltons. The peptide with a molecular weight of 70,000 daltons which was present in the solubilized CF antigen was absent in a soluble fraction from infected cells without CF activity and may be, therefore, important in this respect. The antigens present in the CF antigen did not elicit neutralizing antibody.
Pathogenesis of a Venezuelan encephalitis virus strain lethal for adult white rats
Authors: Jahrling Peter B. , DePaoli Alexander , Powanda Michael C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe pathogenesis for adult rats of a Venezuelan encephalitis virus (VEE) strain, V‐198, was studied. This virus strain was chosen following virulence‐testing of 12 prototype alphavirus strains, selected from the Semliki Forest, Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western encephalitis virus complexes; only VEE strain V‐198 killed all adult rats when inoculated subcutaneously (sc) with 6.0–6.5 log10 plaque‐forming units (PFU). Lower doses of strain V‐198 by the same route were also lethal: 5.0 and 3.0 log10 PFU killed 100%, and 1.0 log10 PFU killed 70% of rats. Viral infectivity titrations of tissues obtained from V‐198 straininfected rats demonstrated that virus replicated early in thymus and spleen, but did not replicate in bone marrow or liver. Following a brief viremia, virus infectivity titers peaked in brain, but did not persist there. A biphasic neutrophilia also occurred. Lower doses of inoculum virus affected the timing but not the degree of neutrophil fluctuations, virus replication, and clinical disease. Rats, moribund seven days after inoculation of 4.3 log10 PFU, exhibited central nervous system signs and histologic evidence of encephalomyelitis. Significant proportions of rats, otherwise lethally infected with V‐198 virus, were protected by a single intraperitoneal inoculation of hyperimmune V‐198 antiserum, administered 3 or 4, but not 5 days after virus.Since the rat has been well characterized with respect to metabolic alterations following other infectious diseases, it is anticipated that this model for lethal virus‐induced disease will be useful for defining more precisely the functional relationships between viral growth, tissue destruction, metabolic alterations, and clinical course of disease, and that it may suggest specific approaches for effective treatment of viral diseases in general.
Enhanced parainfluenza I (6/94) virus detection in latently infected human brain cell cultures by treatment with cytochalasin D and dimethyl sulfoxide
Authors: Wroblewska Zofia , Wellish Mary , Gilden Donald H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ability of cytochalasin D (CD) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to enhance parainfluenza I (6/94) virus replication was studied in various cell culture systems. Treatment of CV1 cells with CD (1 μg/ml) dissolved in DMSO prior to primary 6/94 virus exposure at 100–105 multiplicities of infection did not substantially enhance virus replication. However, there was a transient increase in cell associated virus one day after infection of DMSO‐treated cultures. CD treatment of cultures of human brain cells latently infected with 6/94 virus (LIHB cells) did not enhance 6/94 virus detection. Cocultivation of CV1 cells with CD‐treated LIHB cell cultures, and cocultivation of LIHB cell cultures with CD‐treated CV1 cells, resulted in the production of both cell‐associated and cell‐free 6/94 virus three and five days after cocultivation. No virus was detected after similar cocultivation of untreated LIHB cell cultures with untreated CV1 cells. The usefulness of CD‐DMSO treatment in the rescue of virus from 6/94 LIHB cell cultures appears limited to a cocultivation system. The use of these techniques to enhance virus rescue from human tissues suspected of harboring latent viral genomes is discussed.
Relationship of human adenoviruses 12, 18, and 31 as determined by hemagglutination inhibition
Authors: Wigand R. , Keller Doris 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAdenoviruses 12 and 31, but not Ad 18, agglutinate rat blood cells at high titer, providing suitable blood cells be available and a prolonged contact period of virus with the erythrocytes is allowed. Purified virus particles show direct, and virus‐free supernatants show direct and indirect, hemagglutination, ie, enhancement of HA by heterologous antiserum. Hemagglutination inhibition with rabbit antisera shows cross‐reactions between Ad12 and Ad31 with liters 4–32 times lower than with homologous antigens; Ad18 antisera react with antigens from both of the other serotypes. No cross‐reactions were seen with antisera from other adenoviruses. This suggests an antigenic relationship of the three viruses of subgroup IV in their fiber antigen γ, in addition to the known relation in the hexon (ϵ), which is apparent in cross‐neutralization.
Glycoproteins of representative paramyxoviruses: Isolation and antigenic analysis using a zwitterionic surfactant
Authors: Dyke Saleh F. , Williams Wanda , Seto J. T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new method for the isolation of biologically active envelope antigens from paramyxo‐ and myxoviruses was developed using a zwitterionic detergent Empigen BB. Essentially complete recovery of hemagglutinin and sialidase from representative paramyxoviruses (PMY, NDV, and Sendai virus) and influenza virus X7 was achieved. The glycoproteins (HN and F) of PMY were purified in a DEAE‐Bio‐Gel A column equilibrated with bicarbonate buffer containing Empigen, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of pooled HN fractions revealed one band, indicating that it is a common glycoprotein. Gels of pooled F‐enriched fractions revealed three bands corresponding to LGP, HN, and F. Gels of PMY virus revealed six polypeptides, and they have been tentatively designated L, LGP, HN, F, NP, and M. LGP, a large glycoprotein, was not detected in gels of NDV and Sendai virus. It has been proposed that LGP may consist of a complex of F. Antiserum was prepared against purified HN and it was found to be monospecific. The antiserum inhibited both hemagglutination and enzyme activities of PMY, which is in support of the hemagglutinin and sialidase of PMY being associated with a common glycoprotein. By enzyme inhibition analysis of PMY, NDV, and Sendai virus, it was shown that the enzymes of these viruses are antigenically distinct. The methods described for the isolation and purification of PMY glycoproteins may be useful for the preparation of myxo‐ and paramyxovirus subunit vaccines.
The coating of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus‐infected cells in the respiratory tract by immunoglobulins
Authors: Gardner P. S. , McQuillin J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDuring the course of 26 respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infections, infected cells in the respiratory tract become coated with immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), IgA being predominant. Methods are described for detecting both intracellular virus and coating immunoglobulin using a double staining technique and immunofluorescence.IgA coating antibody appears in small amounts very early in the illness. The relationship of coating antibody to pathogenesis, prevention, and recovery from RS virus infection is discussed.
Antigenic sites related to human serum proteins in HBsAg: Isolation from normal human serum of a high‐molecular‐weight glycoprotein reacting with antialbumin
Authors: Neurath A. R. , Strick N. , Huang C. Y. , Prince A. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA novel minor constituent was isolated from normal human serum by affinity chromatography on columns of insolubilized concanavalin A and antibodies to albumin, followed by rate zonal centrifugation. This component has the following properties: a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 31; a diameter of 14–22 nm, and a buoyant density of 1.302 gm/cu cm. It contains about 1% neutral sugars and is electrophoretically heterogeneous, since two populations of particles with isoelectric points of pH 4.95 and 5.75 were separated by isoelectric focusing. It contains a single major glycopeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 72,000 daltons. Its amino acid composition is distinct from that of albumin. It elicited the formation of antibodies that also reacted with HBsAg.
Effect of ethanol during hepatitis B virus infection in chimpanzees
Authors: Tabor Edward , Gerety Robert J. , Barker Lewellys F. , Howard Colin R. , Zuckerman Arie J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine whether the use of ethyl alcohol (ethanol, C2H5 OH) may increase the liver damage caused by hepatitis B virus infection, ethanol was infused into four chimpanzees on one or two occasions during the course of natural or experimentally induced hepatitis B virus infections. A fifth chimpanzee, without active hepatitis B virus infection, served as a control. Moderate elevations of serum aspartate or alanine aminotransferases occurred in four of the five chimpanzees, including the control chimpanzee, in direct association with ethanol infusion; pre‐existing enzyme elevations persisted in a fifth chimpanzee. No alteration occurred in the titers of hepatitis B surface antigen or of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in three of the four infected chimpanzees. There was no significant alteration in the course of hepatitis B virus infection by ethanol infusion in these chimpanzees.
Association of normal serum protein antigens with chimpanzee hepatitis B surface antigen particles
Authors: Vnek John , Prince Alfred M. , Hashimoto Nobuo , Ikram Hafeez 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHBsAg/adw was purified from 2.6 liters of pooled plasma from a single chimpanzee carrier by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation followed by isopycnic and rate zonal centrifugation. The different morphological populations of HBsAg separated in the final rate zonal centrifugation step were combined into seven pools: two fractions rich in filaments and Dane particles, two pools composed of filaments and 20–28‐nm spheres, and three fractions containing mostly 20–28‐nm spheres.The purified preparations of HBsAg analyzed for normal serum protein contaminants revealed albumin and traces of IgG. The same samples, analyzed after Tween‐80 treatment, revealed enhanced quantities of the previous two contaminants, and in addition, transferrin, traces of α2‐macroglobulin, IgM, and complement (C3/C3c). The residual contaminants were mostly removed by further purification and fractionation after detergent treatment using zone convection electrofocusing and rate zonal centrifugation.Our findings indicate that conventional purification techniques will not provide preparations of HBsAg free of traces of serum protein contaminants. Many of these are released only by detergent treatments and subsequent purification. It is not yet clear whether detergents release these contaminants from the interior of the particles or from firm association or incorporation within the membranes.
CNS disease following dissemination of SSPE measles virus from intraperitoneal inoculation of suckling hamsters
Authors: Carrigan Donald R. , McKendall Robert R. , Johnson Kenneth P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAcute encephalitis was observed in suckling Golden Syrian hamsters following intraperitoneal (ip) inoculation of a hamster brain adapted strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) measles virus (HBS). Virus was isolated from the brains of all encephalitic animals by cocultivation of tissue with Vero cells. The histopathology of the encephalitis was characterized by perivascular mononuclear infiltrates, necrosis, eosinophilic inclusion bodies, and rare giant cells. Association of encephalitis with systemic viral infection was observed with virus present in lung and a kidney‐spleen pool in addition to brain.Viral dissemination in asymptomatic animals was documented with virus being isolated from multiple non‐neural tissues (spleen, lung, liver) of animals having no recoverable virus in their brains and no signs of encephalitis. Treatment of animals with cyclophosphamide prior to ip virus inoculation did not increase dissemination to brain. Absence of encephalitis in asymptomatic animals with proven viral dissemination to parenchymal organs indicates that neither viremia alone, nor viremia in conjunction with dissemination are sufficient conditions to establish central nervous system disease.The association of encephalitis with systemic viral infection and the dissemination to brain establish this model's potential value for the study of the pathogenesis of measles encephalitis.
Antibodies to single‐stranded DNA: An aid in diagnosis of viral hepatitis
Authors: Villarejos Victor M. , Arquembourg Pierre C. , Visoná Kirsten A. , Gutiérrez D. Alvaro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn clinical and subclinical viral hepatitis a significant increase of antibodies to single‐stranded DNA revealed the prepatent stage of the disease before any elevation of serum transaminases. In type A hepatitis, a rise in anti‐DNA titers was detectable one to two weeks before onset of clinical and biochemical signs; in type B hepatitis, the rise of anti‐DNA coincided with or preceded the appearance of HBsAg, several weeks before the onset of clinical illness. In both hepatitis types anti‐DNA titers reached a peak (640–2,560) at onset and dropped shortly after serum transaminases returned to normal at the end of acute illness. The anti‐DNA response in non‐A/non‐B hepatitis was of similar magnitude. Anti‐DNA elevation was the only positive sign found in most silent infections of either type that later showed specific seroconversion. Anti‐DNA levels in noninfected contacts were in the same range as those found in a group of healthy individuals.The anti‐DNA test is useful for early diagnosis of viral hepatitis and should be a valuable addition to current epidemiological and clinical procedures.
Developments in viral hepatitis
Authors: Zuckerman Arie J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractViral hepatitis is a major public health problem occurring endemically in all parts of the world. The general term viral hepatitis refers to infections caused by hepatitis virus type A, type B and a more recently identified infection referred to as “non‐A:non‐B” hepatitis. These clinically and pathologically similar forms of hepatitis have been studied intensively following the discovery of a specific antigen, Australia antigen, one of the markers of infection with hepatitis B virus.
Potentiation of coxsackievirus B3 infection in adult mice pretreated with a gold salt
Authors: Kabiri M. , Basiri E. , Kadivar D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn mice treated with sodium aurothiomalate (myocrisin), prior to infection with Coxsackievirus B3, 90% of the animals died by the 11 th day postinfection (p.i.) A mortality of 10% was noted in mice receiving myocrisin only, and no deaths occurred in animals infected with virus alone.The highest amount of virus was recovered from the pancreas of myocrisin‐treated mice on day 3 p.i. This was over 500‐fold higher than the virus titer found in the pancreas of mice infected with virus only. Generally the titer of virus present in different organs was higher at every point in drug‐treated animals as compared to intact mice infected with the virus. A high and persistent viremia was present in myocrisin‐treated mice; in contrast a low viremia followed by virus clearance from the blood was observed in intact mice infected with the virus.The antibody response was studied in intact and myocrisin‐treated mice infected with the virus. In both groups, no neutralizing antibodies were detected on days 1, 2, and 3 p.i. On day 7 after infection, the titers of antibodies were 1:16 and 1:12 in intact and myocrisin‐treated mice, respectively.Administration of hyperimmune anti‐Coxsackievirus B3 serum 6 hours after infection protrected the myocrisin‐treated group of mice against lethal disease.The results of these studies suggest that (1) antibodies alone may not be sufficient to limit the spread and persistence of virus in natural infections and (2) in the absence of any apparent histopathological differences the increased multiplication of Coxsackievirus B3 could be the cause of death in myocrisintreated mice.
Cross‐reactive and type‐specific complement‐fixing structures of oriboca virions
Authors: Karabatsos Nick , Shope Robert E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCharacteristics of two components of Oriboca virus were studied after they were separated and semipurified by velocity centrifugation. A component of low infectivity and broad cross‐reactivity in the complement‐fixation (CF) test had a sedimentation coefficient of 6–7S. Infectious Oriboca virions with hemagglutinating (HA) activity had a sedimentation coefficient of 457S. These virions cross‐reacted broadly with Murutucu viral antibody. The crossreactive, virion‐associated component and a type‐specific CF fragment were released from virions by disruption with Nonidet P‐40. These CF fragments separated by sucrose gradient equilibrium centrifugation had densities of 1.245 gm/ml and 1.181 gm/ml, respectively, and were both interpreted to be envelope structures. The type‐specific CF antigen appeared to be related to the viral hemagglutinin in that it blocked hemagglutination‐in‐hibiting (HI) antibody, whereas the cross‐reactive CF fragment did not.
Clinical evaluation of a rubella passive hemagglutination test system
Authors: Kilgore James M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA recently marketed passive hemagglutination (PHA) test (Rubacell, Abbott Laboratories) was compared to the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for the detection of antibody to rubella virus. The performance of the PHA system in determining immunity to rubella was evaluated by comparing the PHA results and HI results on 1,086 randomly selected sera submitted for routine premarital and prenatal testing. Of the 1,079 specimens assayable by both procedures, 1,053 of the results (97.6%) were in agreement on initial testing. When the 26 initially discrepant specimens were retested for clarification, there was final agreement in 1,067 of the specimens (98.9%). Twelve specimens were classified as persistently discrepant (five were not retested by PHA) and seven were unassayable by HI. Seven of the specimens with discrepant results were PHA positive and HI negative, and five were PHA negative and HI positive. Discussion of the two tests with respect to technical difficulty, cost, and controls is also included.
Solid‐phase radioimmunoassay of IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies to human rotavirus
Authors: Sarkkinen Hannu K. , Meurman Olli H. , Halonen Pekka E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for the detection of human rotavirus‐specific IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies. Nebraska calf diarrhea virus grown in LLC‐MK2 cell cultures in the presence of trypsin was directly adsorbed onto polystyrene balls, and antibodies that attached to the virus‐coated balls were detected by subsequent binding of 125I‐labeled antibodies specific to human alpha, gamma or mu chains of human IgA, IgG, or IgM immunoglobulins. A total of 116 serum specimens from 58 adult patients were tested. Binding ratios between the positive and the negative serum varied between 5 and 15, occasionally being 20 or more in the IgA and IgG assays, but rarely exceeding 3 in the IgM assay. The RIA was found to be more sensitive in detecting antibodies to rotavirus than the complement fixation (CF) test, the RIA titers obtained being 50–100 times as high as the CF titers. The method described offers a possibility of evaluating the immune response to human rotavirus and of detecting recent infection.
ECHOvirus 33 replication in human peripheral white blood cells
Authors: Gnann John W. , Hayes Edward C. , Smith Joan Z. , Wilfert Catherine M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractECHOvirus 33 isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with agammaglobulinemia was shown to replicate in vitro in peripheral leukocyte suspensions from a normal antibody negative donor. Replication was demonstrated by use of sequential dilution experiments. Washed glass adherent mononuclear cell cultures from a normal antibody negative donor were also capable of supporting ECHOvirus 33 replication in vitro. Leukocyte suspensions from the infected agammaglobulinemic patient extinguished detectable infectious virus in vitro.
OC43 strain‐related coronavirus antibodies in different age groups
Authors: Hovi Tapani , Kainulainen Helena , Ziola Barry , Salmi Aimo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerum antibodies against human coronavirus OC43 in different age groups were measured by complement fixation (CF), haemagglutination inhibition (HI), radial diffusion haemolysis‐in‐gel (HIG), and solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods. Antigen grown in suckling mouse brain was used in all tests. Results obtained by the CF and HIG tests, and the RIA, were in good agreement with regard to the presence or absence of antibodies. Similar results were also obtained with the HI test if nonspecific haemagglutination inhibitors were first removed by treatment with phospholipase C and only titers of 1:20 or greater were considered positive.Children 6–23 months of age (n = 45) were without measurable coronavirus antibodies in all four assays. A rapid increase in the prevalence of antibodies then occurred in subsequent age groups, and practically all persons 6 years of age or older were found to have OC43 antibodies as measured by the HIG test or the RIA. The mean antibody levels determined by these two methods continued to increase, however, up to the age group of 10–14 years. This increase in antibody levels after the initial antibody incidence plateau may be due to boosting effects caused by related coronavirus strains, since OC43 antigens are known to cross‐react with antibodies induced by other human coronaviruses. Taken together, these data suggest that OC43 virus, or an antigenically related coronavirus strain, is very common in Finland.