bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONCENTRATION OF WATERMELON JUICE
Authors: HUOR S. S. , AHMED E. M. , CARTER R. D. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTA high temperature short time process was used to produce a 65° Brix concentrate from watermelon juice. Color of the reconstituted juice was similar to color of the fresh juice. The concentrate could be stored at ‐21°C for 18 months without color loss. The dominant pigment in the concentrate is lycopene and it could be extracted in a relatively pure form. Watermelon concentrate showed a psuedoplatic behavior with apparent viscosities lower than orange and grapefruit juice concentrates within the shear rates of 2‐100 set‐1.
interaction of salt, potassium sorbate and temperature ON THE OUTGROWTH OF Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679 SPORES IN A PRE‐REDUCED MEDIUM
Authors: ROBACH M. c. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of potassium sorbate alone and in combination with sodium chloride on the growth of Clostridium sporogenes PA 3619 spores was studied. Two experiments were conducted in pre‐reduced trypticase soy broth (pH 6.0), one at 37°C, another at 24°C. Outgrowth of the spores was monitored in a Spectronic 20 at 600 nm. At 37°C the addition of 3 or 5% NaCl potentiated the anticlostridial effectiveness of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% sorbate. The addition of 1, 3, or 5% NaCl enhanced the functionality of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% sorbate against the outgrowth of PA 3679 spores at 24°C.
RIBOFLAVIN DETERMINATION IN MILK
Authors: RASHID INAYAT , POTTS DONALD 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTA new method to determine riboflavin in skimmed, 2% partially skimmed, homogenized, 2% partially skimmed chocolate, and nonfat dry milk has been developed. Compared to both the organoleptic method and the AOAC method, it is simple, inexpensive and sufficiently rapid to permit the assay of a large number of samples in one day. Quantification of the extracted samples is performed fluorometrically. Recoveries in the range 90–110% and standard deviations from 1.71–3.16 were obtained depending on the product.
CHALCONES FROM Butea frondosa L. FLOWER EXTRACT AS YELLOW FOOD COLORANTS
Authors: OKE M. S. , THOMAS PAUL , SHRIKHANDE A. J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe possibility of using the water‐soluble flavonoid pigments from Butea frondosa L. flowers as a natural food colorant in the yellow‐orange range, in place of the synthetic food colors currently being used, was evaluated. Paper chromatography revealed isobutrin as the major component with an intense yellow color. Except for the relatively poor stability in the presence of SO2 and ascorbic acid, the pigment was stable under varying conditions of pH, heat, and light. At identical concentrations, comparable color intensity was produced by the flower extract and the synthetic coal tar dye. Results suggest that the flower extract could be used as a colorant in place of synthetic coal tar colors.
The social construction of illness experience: families with a chronically‐ill child
Authors: Anderson Joan M. 
Published: December 2006

This paper examines how parents constructed the illness of a child with chronic sickness. The focus is on eliciting the parents’ explanatory model of illness, that is, how they understood and described their child's illness, and how they managed their interactions with the child.The data were collected by using an ethnographic approach. In addition to obtaining parents' accounts, naturally occurring interactions between parents and children were observed and tape recorded. The paper discusses the parents’ semantic definition of the ‘child as normal’. In actual practice, however, the child's life was regulated by the parents’ understanding of the biomedical model, and included time schedules dictated by the sickness and seclusion from other children. Adjustment in family lifestyle was seen as necessary to accommodate the child's health problem. It is argued that the parents’ interactions with the child contain the essential feature of paradoxical communication. An ethnographically‐based theoretical model of the social construction of sickness careers is introduced.The paper gives verbatim accounts of naturally occurring interactions so that the reader has access to the data upon which the author's interpretations are based. The implications for nursing practice are discussed.
Assessment of recovery: with special reference to a study with post‐operative cardiac patients
Authors: Wilson‐Barnett Jenifer 
Published: December 2006

The recovery process is dependent on many psychological and physical factors. In this paper recovery refers to major, short‐term illness often treated by surgery, which is not expected to result in permanent disability or handicap. Research reviewed which attempts to identify influences on recovery also shows how many patients are left with a degree of disability, usually for psychological reasons. It is suggested that the stress and impact of severe illness and surgery may have a long lasting, previously unrecognized effect.Nursing which studies the interaction of physical and psychological aspects of illness and care is seen as the most suitable discipline from which to assess recovery and identify risk factors. A study reported here with patients after coronary artery grafting, provides information on recovery and illustrates how many aspects of a patients’ experience may help or hinder this process. Data is obtained from patients’ interviews to give a wider, more humanistic evaluation of outcome than is usually employed for this type of surgery.
Eye opening of the newborn at and up to 20 minutes after birth
Authors: Lamberg B. R. 
Published: December 2006

Early eye contact between mother and baby is considered important in the attachment process between mother and baby. How soon after birth is it possible for eye contact to occur? How soon after birth will a baby open his eyes spontaneously? Where is the baby physically at that time? Is hospital labour ward routine conducive to early eye‐to‐eye contact between mother and baby?Discussing these questions with midwifery colleagues, it became apparent that we were unable to answer with any degree of certainty, the question ‘How soon after birth will a baby open his eyes spontaneously?’ It was felt that ‘most babies open their eyes at or very soon after birth’. How soon was ‘very soon’? and did all babies open their eyes soon after birth? Were there any observable influencing factors? If so, what were they?In this study of 104 babies, 30 babies opened their eyes at birth, and the remainder, except three, opened their eyes ranging from within 1 minute of birth to within 20 minutes of birth (20 minutes being the time limit set for the study). Some babies were observed to open their eyes momentarily only the very first time, keeping their eyes open longer subsequently.
Where angels fear to tread — nursing and the concept of creativity
Authors: Jones Jennifer Andree 
Published: December 2006

In the United Kingdom at the present time, there are radical changes taking place in the nursing profession. In order to cope with these new ideas, it has been suggested that nursing needs to attract into its ranks individuals who are not only highly intelligent but also highly creative.This paper examines the concept of creativity as it has been used in the fields of education and psychology and seeks to examine whether or not nurses with creative attributes are desirable or acceptable in current nursing practice. The ability of the nurse educator to provide for the needs of the highly divergent thinker is also questioned. The paper concludes with a suggested alternative for the use of creativity within the profession, that of the creation of innovative, original and humanistic approaches to the education of the student of nursing.
A study to evaluate the intervention of a nurse visiting patients with disabling chest disease in the community
Authors: Heslop A. P. , Bagnall P. 
Published: December 2006

This paper describes the work of two nurses visiting patients with chronic respiratory disease at home. The outcome measures suggested that there were fewer deaths in the nurses' group but failed to show any changes in quality of life.The nurses chose the nursing mode) devised by Roper et al. as a framework for their intervention. Initial assessment by the nurses showed the patients had a number of problems which could be grouped into physical health, knowledge, psychosocial and social. The nurses' monthly visits were used to assist the patients to plan strategies for resolving their problems. Advice was directed at helping patients promote and control their own health and measurable goals were set. Most of the patients achieved the goals set, valued the visits and said they wished them to continue. Psychosocial problems proved most difficult to solve. Patients' knowledge was demonstrated to have increased. A nursing audit found the patients had received ‘excellent’ quality of care. The nursing method used in this study would be appropriate for such work as it focuses attention on the indiviudal patient and his problems. Application of this approach will require education and support for nurses.
Mothers' working models of infant feeding: description and influencing factors
Authors: Pridham Karen F. , Berger Knight Catherine , Stephenson Gordon R. 
Published: December 2006

This study examined four aspects of mothers’ working models of infant feeding: (1) infant behaviour that cues feeding decisions; (2) infant self‐regulative behaviour; (3) importance of infant self‐regulative behaviour and maternal effort directed to it; and (4) maternal effort and value given to task‐oriented and efficient feeding. The relation of these aspects to maternal experience, age, formal education, family income, and feeding method was also explored. Subjects were 122 mothers of healthy, term infants between 14 and 60 days old. A telephone interview obtained demographic and attribute data and assessed the four aspects with 30 scaled items. Crying before and sleepiness during feeding were relatively compelling cues for maternal action. Most mothers gave only moderate ratings to the importance of infant self‐regulative behaviour and to task‐oriented and efficient feeding. Parity and feeding method affected response to specific items, with primiparae more concerned about length and regularity of feedings. Mothers who bottle‐fed their infants were more concerned about maintaining a feeding once initiated than mothers who breast‐fed their infants. Four‐factor analysis yielded two item clusters with good internal consistency: Cluster a. Maternal Effort to Accomplish Feeding Goals; and Cluster b. Importance of Infant Self‐Regulative Behaviour.Cluster a. and b. were strongly correlated. Feeding method influenced both clusters, and the interaction of parity and feeding method had an effect on Cluster a. Mothers with lower family income had higher scores on Cluster b; multiparae with lower family income on Cluster a. How and when infant self‐regulation develops as a goal is a question in need of study.
Reminiscence and life review: analysing each concept
Authors: Burnside Irene , Haight Barbara K 
Published: December 2006

Gerontological nurses are currently using life review and reminiscence with clients The terms are used interchangeably in practice and in the literature as though both were the same modality Much confusion has resulted from lack of definitions of the modalities Therefore, potentially effective nursing interventions are neither clearly understood nor correctly operationalized This paper presents an analysis of each modality in an effort to clarify differences and further elucidate the current usage of them as concepts in nursing practiceSUMMARYThe purpose of this paper was to shed further light on the two concepts — reminiscence and life review It was slanted towards nursing interventions, although, as stated in the beginning of the paper, both authors are aware of the wide application of both modalities among a variety of disciplines However, the authors believe that each requires concept analysis so that ‘those who use it in practice will be able to clearly understand what is meant by the concepts’ (Walker & Avant 1988) Wilson (1980) wrote the classic book on concept analysis, and statedConceptual analysis gives framework and purposiveness to thinking that might otherwise meander indefinitely and purposelessly among the vast marshes of intellect and cultureTo increase our understanding further, the authors believe these two modalities need both qualitative and quantitative research by nurses Nurses are in ideal positions to improve the quality of life for elderly people and promote health by understanding both concepts in depth, and knowing which one is more appropriate to implement with the elderly client(s)
Middle‐Eastern immigrant parents’ social networks and help‐seeking for child health care
Authors: May Kathleen M 
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this research was to describe (a) Arab‐American immigrant parents’ perceptions of their social networks, including social support, and (b) Arab–American immigrant parents’ perceptions of their help‐seeking related to child health care Seventy‐three immigrant parents who were Egyptian‐American (n= 17), Palestinian–American (n= 44) and Yemeni–American (n= 12) completed the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire, four Supplementary Social Support Questions, a Support System Map and a Child Health Interview Guide Family and relatives were perceived as the major source of support and comprised the highest percentage of social network members Compared with published scores of a normative American sample, the immigrant parents’ scores were lower (P < 0 01) on all social network and social support variables There was a moderate negative correlation (r=0 47) between parents’ number of years of residence in the USA and percentage of network members living outside the USA (P < 0 01) and a weak positive correlation (r=0 36) between number of years in the USA and percentage of network members living close to the parent (P < 0 01) Parents’ help‐seeking for child health care involved use of a variety of resources, with reliance on some long‐distance support from family in the Middle‐East This descriptive research provides a basis for further research on patterns of support and help‐seeking in immigrant parentsSummaryIn summary, networks reflect immigrants’ sense of identity and may be used as a source of information Ethnic composition of the network corresponds with density of the network and the immigrant's level of acculturation and level of education Sources of support for immigrants change over time, and there are limited data on immigrants’ perceptions of social support Help‐seeking is related to the composition of the network and involves use of various resources There has been little research reported on immigrant parents’ social networks and help‐seeking related to child health care
‘Mere Auxiliaries to the Commonwealth’: Women and the Origins of Liberalism
Authors: Brennan Teresa , Pateman Carole 
Published: December 2006

Married women pose an acute, but now unacknowledged, problem for liberal theory. The character and magnitude of the problem can only be fully understood if the development of liberal theory is examined in the context of the impact of the consolidation of capitalism upon the socio-economic position of married women. Because the conception of ‘natural’ individual freedom and equality was central to contract theory, Hobbes and Locke had to deal with the problem of married women in their argument with the patriarchalists. Their acceptance of patriarchal claims and assertions about women stands at the beginning of the reconciliation of liberal and patriarchal theory, a reconciliation which is now attacked by certain feminists in terms which echo Hobbes' original attack on patriarchalism. …the peculiar character of man's domination over woman in the modern family, and the necessity, as well as the manner, of establishing real social equality between the two, will be brought out into full relief only when both are completely equal before the law. F. Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the Slate.
Marital Status, Sex and the Formation of Political Attitudes in Adult Life
Authors: Chapman Jenny 
Published: December 2006

Little is known about the effect of adult experience on political attitude formation. Recent work on political and social change asks us to take on trust a quantum leap from personality and childhood experience to adult political preference and neither accounts for rapid political change nor acknowledges the variety of experience which may produce a spurious ‘time-lag’ effect in political response to change. In this study the attitudes of divorced and separated people, a social group recently formed out of the existing adult population, are compared with those of persons without those attributes. The results show that a satisfactory theoretical model of political attitude formation must incorporate adult experience as an important determinant and distinguish carefully between social conditions in general and the specific social experience of individuals.
History and Theory: The Norman Conquest in Early Stuart Political Thought
Authors: Sommerville Johann P. 
Published: December 2006

Orthodoxy maintains that English political thinking before Hobbes was based upon an unphilosophical, precedent-bound reading of history. According to J. G. A. Pocock, Sir Edward Coke typically held that English customary law was pre-historical and that the continuity of English traditions had never been broken by conquest. Conquerors possessed sovereign power; in England there had been no conqueror; so there was no supra-legal sovereign. English liberty was deducible from history. Pocock's thesis is inadequate since Coke and many others admitted that there had been a conquest. Their claims rested not upon English history but upon theoretical premises characteristic of Continental thought. Coke's concept of custom was itself theory-laden. Rival theories were largely indifferent to the question of the Norman Conquest, a non-issue in political debate.
The Gnomes of Washington: Four Myths of the 1976 IMF Crisis
Authors: Ludlam Steve 
Published: December 2006

The IMF settlement of December 1976 looms large in popular and partisan views of the politics of the 1970s. It is argued here that conventional academic wisdom has come to embody several misleading myths about its impact on economic policy. Evidence is presented to challenge four such myths which suggest that the IMF forced the Labour government to launch an attack on public spending, introduce cash limits to control public spending, introduce monetary targets and abandon the pursuit of full employment through demand management. Although the language of the [IMF] negotiations reflected the arcane terms of international finance … the decisions required of the British Government were profoundly political … behind the technical financial decisions lay fundamental differences over the appropriate balance between the private and public sectors, the priority between capital accumulation and social welfare, the relative weight to be given to incentives and equality … What was at issue was the future shape of the political economy of Great Britain.1
Reviews
Authors: Boote Rene , Lewis Christine , Pumfrey P. D. , Ryan Airinne 
Published: December 2006

Marcus, Marie (1977). Diagnostic Teaching of the Language Arts.Ball, F. (1977). The Development of Reading Skills, A Book of Resources for Teachers.Hart, N. W. M., Walker, R. F. and Gray, B. (1977). The language of children: A key to literacy.Berg, Leila (1977). Reading and loving.
Young Children's Attention to Textual Context when Reading
Authors: Browne Ann 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAn attempt was made to measure children's attention to text when reading. Attention was measured by observing the children's ability to reflect on text during and after the reading task. Questions were asked to determine how far children had assimilated new information from the text. It was felt that perhaps children do not know why they have learned to read and regard competent performance rather than understanding or personal gain as the object of reading, especially when reading aloud to the teacher. Children were, therefore, also asked why they thought they had been taught to read. The possibility of a relationship between the degree of attention manifested and the number of purposes for reading nominated was also considered. The results revealed no relationship between individual's ability to attend to text and to nominate a greater number of purposes for learning to read. However, the evidence suggested that the ability to attend to text and the understanding of the uses of reading might both be improved.
Using a TTNS Electronic Mailbox in a Junior Class: A Case Study
Authors: Wishart Elizabeth 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis account attempts to assess the benefits of a TTNS electronic mailbox to the everyday work of a junior class. Electronic mail is explained briefly and the reasons for its introduction and method of use are examined. Lastly some of the advantages and problems associated with its use are discussed and set against the implications for resourcing and maintenance. This assessment was made after regular visits for informal observation and discussion with the pupils and their teacher over two school years.
The‘Real Books’Approach: Is Apprenticeship a Weak Analogy?
Authors: Coles Martin 
Published: December 2006

SummaryIf, when considering reading, we treat apprenticeship as a suggestive, rather than exact, analogy, there are useful insights to be drawn from traditional apprenticeship. Two features particularly hold messages for how we help children learn to read.First, the movement in traditional apprenticeship from observation, through coaching, to practice can act as a model for reading instruction. It highlights, for instance, that a‘real books’approach is not laissez‐faire, that coaching is required and that, in a cognitive area, part of this coaching involves making explicit to the learner processes which are usually internalised in skilled performance. The implications for teachers are radical. A number of traditional practices, such as hearing children read as a kind of ritual, almost a magical laying on of hands, require major revision.Second, a close look at traditional apprenticeship provides evidence for the importance of the social context in which learning takes place. Again teachers of beginning readers can use the model of traditional apprenticeship to reflect on their own school/classroom practices, to see whether they help create a culture of expert practice for instance, and offer the opportunity for learners to realise the value of their increasing skills. Practices such as peer‐tutor schemes and the increasing involvement of parents in reading teaching illustrate that many schools are already working out the implications of this understanding.If teachers are more aware of those areas of relative weakness and strength in the apprenticeship analogy they will have a more principled basis for using the approach in their teaching and a more stout defence against those who might argue that if the analogy is weak, a‘real books’approach is to be avoided.