bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Real-Time Rig-Sensor Data To Improve Daily Drilling Reporting, Benchmarking, and Planning—A Case Study
Authors: Thonhauser G. , Wallnoefer G. , Mathis W. , Ettl J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
State of the art drilling operations analysis is mostly dependent on conventional daily activity reporting. However, these activity reports are based on human observations and judgment. This fact implies a number of limitations such as the coarse level of detail and subjective coding systems. To overcome these problems a rule-based system has been applied to autonomously analyze real time surface sensor data. The system evaluates the sensor data stream and acquires crucial process information as a basis for further analysis. Scope of the system is the recognition of drilling operations, such as tripping, making connections, reaming, washing etc. to extend and enhance standard reporting. This way a standardized and objective categorization of the drilling process can be achieved at a level of accuracy and detail not reached so far.
Another benefit is the automated reporting feature. By the recognition of the rigs current state, the system is able to propose an impartial process description. This automatism leads to a reduction of the time spent on reporting and leaves more time to focus on unexpected events and lessons learned. Analysis of field data allowed introducing new key performance indicators (e.g. wellbore treatment time per depth interval) for benchmarking, which are determined automatically during the evaluation process. This type of benchmarking does not rely on company specific activity coding systems. This way cost and time-consuming data management effort e.g. to compare operated and non-operated wells are eliminated.
The new system was applied to wells drilled in the Vienna Basin during the past year. As a conclusion it can be stated that the application of this system significantly improves the accuracy and resolution of the drilling process description reducing data management effort. The objective categorization of process information is a key enabler for benchmarking specifically when identifying hidden lost time.
Development of a Tapered-OD Coiled-Tubing System
Authors: Domann R. E. , Kalman M. D. , Sharma A. , Stephens R. K. , Edmonstone G. , Chambers M. J. , Martin J. R. , McWhorter D. , Melancon J. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Tapered outside diameter coiled-tubing (TODCT) systems have distinct advantages in ultra-deep wells (30,000-ft range) Introduced in 2004, the TODCT system includes: (1) a modified injector that can handle more than one diameter of tubing and maintain a constant grip on the tubing throughout the length of the TODCT string, (2) an ODT "transition tube" that allows sections of tubing with different ODs to be joined together, (3) well pressure control equipment (i.e., blowout preventer and stripper) with the capability to grip and seal more than one diameter of tubing and also grip and seal the transition tube, and (4) an operator control house that allows remote control of the stripper elements and injector gripper elements to open or close to different diameters of tubing while still maintaining control of well pressures inside the wellbore and grip on the tubing.
This paper presents a review of the yard testing completed on the TODCT system equipment and then describes a subsequent field trial conducted onshore in south Texas. The end result is a tested and qualified TODCT system capable of safely running tubing strings into ultra-deep wells.
28% Chrome, 32% Nickel: A Case History on the Downhole Cutting of Exotic Completions
Authors: Portman L. N. , Blades C. J. , Laba A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Cutting production tubing using coiled tubing-conveyed cutting tools is a relatively common practice in today’s industry. However, the move towards higher and higher chrome and nickel content in the completion metallurgy has meant that the existing tools and techniques require further revaluation and refinement. Cutting material with 28% chrome is much more difficult than cutting material with 13% chrome.
A major international operator in Malaysia recently had a requirement to remove two production strings of 28-chrome tubing from two offshore wells. The two wells were to be worked over, requiring that the tubing be retrieved.
High-chrome tubulars present problems for not only mechanical cutting techniques, but also chemical and explosive techniques. This paper lists the considerations that led to the adoption of the mechanical cut method. Because of the technical difficulties of the operations, significant equipment testing was carried out prior to the work. This paper further details the results of that testing and describes the execution of the work offshore.
Finally, the findings and learnings derived from the interventions will be discussed.
Experimental and Simulation Studies of SAGD Process in Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Bagci A. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Experimental studies present the effect of horizontal and vertical fractures and well configurations on the SAGD process in a three-dimensional model using 12.4 ° and 18 °API gravity crude oils. A total of eleven runs were conducted, using a 30 cm x 30 cm x 10 cm rectangular-shaped box model. Temperature distributions, the rise and growth of the initial steam chamber were observed by using 25 thermocouples. Three different well configurations were investigated – a horizontal injection and production well pair, a vertical injection – vertical production well pair and a vertical injection – horizontal production well pair with and without fractures that provided a vertical path through the horizontal producer for 12.4 °API gravity crude oil. The effect of fracture orientation (vertical or horizontal) on steam-oil ratio (SOR) and oil recovery was studied using horizontal well pair scheme.
The experimental results indicated that vertical fractures improved SAGD. Maximum oil recovery was observed during the horizontal injection – horizontal production well scheme with a fractured model, because of the favourable steam-chamber geometry. Runs showed that the location of the fractures affects the performance of the process. During the early stages of the runs, the fractured model gave significantly higher SORs than those observed in the uniform permeability reservoir. The fractures were successful in shortening the time to generate near breakthrough condition between the two wells.
In this study, numerical simulation of the SAGD process is performed. The CMG-STARS thermal simulator was used to simulate the data from the present SAGD experiments for fractured reservoirs. The simulation uses a two-component (water and heavy oil) black oil, three-phase (water, heavy oil and steam) and three-dimensional numerical model. The results from the history-matched numerical simulation are found to be in reasonable agreement with those of the experiment for oil production rate, cumulative oil production, steam chamber and temperature profiles in the model. The numerical simulation using STARS has provided relatively good result for the history matching of the experimental SAGD process using with scaled reservoir model.
Openhole Completion Options: The Niger Delta Experience
Authors: Arukhe J. , Nwoke L. , Uchendu C. , Imie S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Within the Niger Delta clastic environment, horizontal well completions have been widely used with success. Although, conventional wells have been applied to drain reservoirs in Niger-Delta extensively, in recent years, horizontal wells have also gained acceptance as a proven reservoir management and well completion method. Production improvement factors (compared to conventional wells) of two or higher is not uncommon. To make decisions on the correct completion type to select, it is important to be aware of the many sand control issues and the relative strengths/weaknesses of the systems available. Production hotspots arising from partially plugged screens are often a problem, giving rise to the challenge of installing rugged sand face completions, which again could also compromise production.
When it comes to selecting a sand face completion strategy, several operators have a number of concerns. This paper examines sand control options (barefoot, standalone predrilled liner / screens or slotted liners, gravel pack and expandables) for the Niger-Delta, a high activity region in openhole applications. Typical key learning is presented. The openhole completions are preffered over casedhole completions in the relatively high transmissibility reservoirs of the Niger Delta as they will allow higher well productivity to be attained and their greater inflow area is also advantageous in solutions where scaling can occur like in water injection for pressure maintenance.
Wells drilled and completed with a fully integrated study were profitable, emphasing that planning drilling and completion as a discrete system, performing drill-in-fluids QA/QC, ensuring a stable hole, and that all engineers take active roles to make proactive decisions / choices that can impact operations are keys to success for a typical completion method.
Small independents that operate marginal oil wells will find openhole completion on horizontal wells useful to enhance production rates. Even the majors will agree that prevention based on experience and sound engineering practices is better than cure for most sand control problems. A common score card item, irrespective of the category of well owner is to deliver best-in class producers that quickly pay back investment capital.
Buoyancy-Dominated Multiphase Flow and Its Impact on Geological Sequestration of CO2
Authors: Bryant S. L. , Lakshminarasimhan S. , Pope G. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We have previously proposed the "inject low and let rise" strategy of storing CO2 in deep saline aquifers. The idea is to maximize the amount of CO2 stored in immobile forms by letting CO2 rise toward the top seal of the aquifer but not reach it. The distance that the CO2 rises depends on the uniformity of the displacement front. In this paper, we address the question of whether the intrinsic instability of a buoyancy-driven immiscible displacement leads to fingering. Fingers could reach the top seal of the aquifer, leading to an accumulation of CO2 at large saturations. We study the mechanisms governing this type of displacement in a series of very fine-grid numerical simulations. Each simulation begins with a finite volume of CO2 placed at large saturation at the bottom of a two-dimensional aquifer. Boundaries are closed, so that CO2 rises and brine falls as the simulation proceeds. Several fine-scale geostatistical realizations of permeability are considered, and the effects of capillary pressure, anisotropy and dip angle are examined. In these simulations, buoyant instability has very little effect on the uniformity of the displacement front. Instead, the CO2 rises along preferential flow paths that are the consequence of spatially heterogeneous rock properties (permeability, drainage capillary pressure curve, and anisotropy). Capillary pressure broadens the lateral extent of the flow paths. If the formation beds are not horizontal, capillary pressure and anisotropy can cause the CO2 to move predominantly along the bedding plane, rather than vertically. Accurate assessment of CO2 migration after injection ends will therefore require accurate characterization of the spatial correlation of permeability in the target formation, and of the capillary pressure and relative permeability curves.
Simulation While Drilling: Utopia or Reality?
Authors: Primera A. , Perez-Damas C. , Kumar S. , Rodriguez J. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Numerical Reservoir Simulation has been used in the industry as a powerful production planning tool over the last 20 years, and its efficiency for reservoir production forecasts is very well known. Nevertheless, simulation models are the final result of multiple data sources representing considerable time efforts in model building and updating. This restricts the technique to processes and decisions that can only be held inside level of days, weeks and even months; and depending on the resolution of the geological description and the complexity of the fluid behavior, simulation runs could be very time consuming.
This paper address the possibility to use reservoir simulation while drilling to simulate the reservoir conditions in real-time and dynamically improve the well trajectory and completion strategy based on the well performance predictions. During this study a critical review of the techniques that can improve the reservoir simulation speed and the real-time model updates is presented.
To better quantify the impact of this technique, a synthetic model based on real information from a North Sea Field was used and the reservoir model was continuously updated by assuming new information from well logs and structural markers. Advanced simulation techniques, as boundary conditions and grid refinement, were combined to improve the speed of the simulation runs while preserving an acceptable level of accuracy in the well performance predictions. Multiple wells deviations and configurations can be planned using this methodology while drilling a well.
Case History of a Successful Pipe-Cutting Campaign in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Mayol J. , MacKinlay G. , Sportelli M. , Baccon G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper will present the results of an extensive pipe cutting campaign in the Adriatic Sea for a major Italian operator, where previous pipe cutting tools failed and where explosive severing tools were not permitted for offshore operations.
The main objective of the pipe cutting campaign was to sever the 2 3/8-inch dual string completions on platforms in the Adriatic Sea. Most of these strings are stressed during the production stage due to buckling. All the cutting operations were to be conducted using the Coiled Tubing (CT) conveyed 1 11/16-inch hydraulic pipe cutter in highly deviated zones, on the order of 45 to 70 degrees, with the production strings in compression.
The new CT conveyed hydraulic pipe cutter has proven to be an excellent alternative to conventional severing options which can be ineffective or are not permitted due to offshore regulations.
The pipe cutter features durable knives dressed with specially designed tungsten carbide inserts to engage and quickly sever tubing, casing or drill pipe. The knife design produces lower point loading across the cutting surface resulting in longer life, completing cutting operations in a single run.
A detailed description of the CT conveyed hydraulic pipe cutter, the challenges and results of this campaign will be presented in this paper.
Model-Based Framework for Oil Production Forecasting and Optimization: A Case Study in Integrated Asset Management
Authors: Zhang C. , Orangi A. , Bakshi A. , Da Sie W. , Prasanna V. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the design and implementation of a prototype toolkit that demonstrates Integrated Asset Management (IAM) functionality through an integrated production and forecasting workflow. A graphical modeling environment specially configured for this domain is used to instantiate the asset model. Automatic conversion of legacy data into structured model representations is facilitated through a model synthesis tool. The actual optimization is performed using a commercially available solver. For an oilfield with about 75 wells, the tool requires only a few seconds to read the model information and produce the forecast. The time required to generate the forecast output in the desired format depends on the duration of forecasting, the size of the field, and whether the output is to be produced as a text file or a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
Consumer Food Safety Risk Perceptions and Attitudes: Impacts on Beef Consumption across Countries
Authors: Schroeder Ted C. , Tonsor Glynn T. , Pennings Joost M.E. , Mintert James 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Beef food safety events have contributed to considerable market volatility, produced varied consumer reactions, created policy debates, sparked heated trade disputes, and generally contributed to beef industry frustrations. Utilizing data from a total of 4,005 consumers in the United States, Canada, Mexico and Japan in a Double-Hurdle modeling framework, we examine whether consumers altered their beef consumption behavior because of their risk aversion and risk perceptions stemming from information about beef food safety in recent years. Results reveal stark differences in risk perceptions and risk aversion regarding beef food safety across consumers in the four countries and that these differences are revealed through different beef consumption behavior. An improved understanding of food safety perceptions and attitudes will enable policy makers and agricultural industries to better anticipate consumers changing consumption behavior, if a food safety event occurs. Food safety management strategies vary across countries because of identified differences in food safety risk attitudes and risk perceptions.
Mucosal Remodeling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Rehl Ryan M. , Balla André A. , Cabay Robert J. , Hearp Matthew L. , Pytynia Kristin B. , Joe Stephanie A. 
Published: January 2008

Background Despite pathophysiologic similarities, mucosal remodeling is well described in asthma but not chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Objective This study attempts to identify mucosal remodeling in CRS and correlate it with clinical information. Methods Charts and histopathology from 53 CRS patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery were reviewed. Clinical data and basement membrane (BM) thickness were recorded. BM thickness was graded as 0 (no thickening), 1 (mild thickening), 2 (moderate thickening), or 3 (marked thickening). Control mucosae from ten patients without CRS were analyzed for comparison. Results Duration of CRS symptoms positively correlated with BM thickness (p = 0.007). Also, patients with a markedly thickened BM (score of 3) had a significantly greater duration of CRS symptoms (120 months) compared to patients with a thinner BM (score ≤2) (33 months) (p = 0.010). Markedly thickened BM was associated with increased coincidence of asthma (p = 0.019) and aspirin sensitivity (p = 0.003). No correlation was found between BM thickness and preoperative Lund-MacKay score. There was no statistically significant difference between markedly thickened BM and thinner BM with respect to coincidence of polyps, course of preoperative systemic steroids, estimated blood loss at surgery, and number of prior surgeries. Conclusion Increased BM thickness is correlated with prolonged duration of symptoms and the coincidence of asthma. This may indicate paranasal sinus remodeling akin to that which occurs in the bronchioles of persistent asthmatic sufferers.
Effects of Topical Antifibrinolytics in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Athanasiadis Theodore , Beule Achim G. , Wormald Peter J. 
Published: January 2008

Background Bleeding in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) may increase the risk of intraoperative complications and is associated with poorer outcomes Antifibrinolytic agents have been shown to reduce bleeding if administered systemically. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of topical epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) and tranexamic acid (TA) on bleeding in the surgical field during ESS. Methods A prospective blind randomized controlled trial was performed. Thirty patients undergoing ESS were randomized to receive either 2.5 g of EACA, 100 mg of TA, or 1 g of TA while the contralateral side received saline. The solution was applied as a spray at the conclusion of operating on each side. Bleeding was documented using standardized videoendoscopy and grading scales. Results EACA did not show a significant effect on intraoperative bleeding. TA at 100 mg showed a clinically significant improvement in the surgical field at 2, 4, and 6 minutes after application. The mean for 2 minutes was TA, 1.6 ± 1.08, and control, 2.2 ± 1.3; at 4 minutes was TA, 1.25 ± 1.2, and control, 1.7 ± 1.2,; and at 6 minutes was TA, 0.75 ± 1.2, and control, 1.3 ± 1.4 (p < 0.05). TA at 1 g also approached significance at all time points. Combined results from the two TA groups showed a significant improvement in the surgical field at 2, 4, 6, and 8 minutes after application. TA was regarded by the blinded surgeon as more effective than saline in 80% of cases. No adverse effects were encountered after topical application of either drug. Conclusion Topical application of TA is effective in achieving hemostasis and improving the surgical field. In contrast to EACA, TA is a valuable tool in ESS that merits additional evaluation.
The Frontal Wishbone: Anatomic and Clinical Implications
Authors: Goldsztein Hernan , Pletcher Steven D. , Reh Douglas D. , Metson Ralph 
Published: January 2008

Background The interfrontal septal cell, which often takes the shape of a wishbone on axial CT scan, was first described by Van Alyea more than 50 years ago; however, its potential role in disease of the frontal sinus was only recently recognized. The purpose of this study was to correlate the incidence and dimensions of this “frontal wishbone” (FWB) with the presence of frontal sinus disease. Methods The dimensions, drainage pathways, and disease state of the FWB were measured in 150 consecutive sinus CT scans performed at a tertiary care referral center. Statistical analysis was performed to correlate the FWB configuration to the presence of frontal sinus disease. Results A FWB was present in 77.3% of patients. The wishbone drained through a discrete ostium into either the left (54.8%), the right (45.2%), or the bilateral (0.8%) frontal sinuses. In those scans with mucosal thickening or opacification of the frontal sinus (36%), concurrent FWB disease was found in 82%. Patients with a large (>1 cm) FWB in the anterior–posterior dimension were more likely to have a diseased frontal sinus (p = 0.02). Conclusion The term FWB is used to describe an air cell within the interfrontal septum, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of frontal sinus disease.
Proteomics of Nasal Mucus in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Tewfik Marc A. , Latterich Martin , DiFalco Marcos R. , Samaha Mark 
Published: January 2008

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is among the three most common chronic diseases in North America. The area of proteomics research is providing tremendous insight into the mechanisms of a variety of physiological processes and disease states. The purpose of this study was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative differences in protein content of nasal mucus in patients with chronic hypertrophic sinusitis with nasal polyposis when compared with control subjects. Methods A case-control study was performed in a tertiary academic center. Nasal mucus was collected from four patients with CRS and nasal polyposis as well as four control subjects. The protein content was digested using proteolytic enzymes, labeled with iTRAQ reagents, and subjected to mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Results A total of 35 proteins were identified, many of which were related to innate and acquired immunity. Lysozyme C precursor was found to be down-regulated by a ratio (R) of 0.65 (p = 0.016) in CRS patients, as was Clara cell phospholipid-binding protein (R = 0.23; p = 0.0018), and antileukoproteinase 1 (R = 0.47; p < 0.0001). A detailed analysis and characterization of the protein isolates is outlined. Conclusion The field of proteomics has great potential in leading to a better understanding of the mechanism of the disease process in CRS. Differences in the expression of proteins related to regulation of immune cells and mediators merit additional investigation.