bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Ethnic Appeals
Authors: Fox Colm A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 explains the creation of unique datasets on ethnic appeals which are used in the book. It first reviews how other scholars have measured the politicization of ethnicity, highlighting their use of ethnic voting data, the ethnic composition of political parties, and campaign reports and materials. It then explains how ethnic appeals from regional newspapers and election posters were measured. It discusses campaign newspaper coverage and the use of election posters in Indonesia; how thousands of reports and election posters were gathered for this book; and how content analysis was used to code these materials. After presenting an overview of the coded ethnic appeal data, the chapter highlights how non-Islamic Indonesian candidates are socially constrained from appealing to non-Islamic religious groups. The chapter explains this constraint as rooted in the historical development of minority religions and political parties, as well as more contemporary incentives facing candidates and voters.
Electoral Rules
Authors: Fox Colm A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 analyzes the impact of candidate-centric electoral rules on the politicization of religious and indigenous groups using two tests. The first test draws on coded newspaper reports to examine how legislative campaigns changed after the electoral system shifted from party-centric to semi-candidate-centric in 2009. The results indicate that candidates played a more central role in directing campaigns after the change, and that the religious and indigenous nature of their campaign events, endorsements, and appeals became more prevalent. The second test draws on the dataset of election posters to compare candidates’ campaign appeals between the semi-candidate-centric legislative elections of 2009 and the highly candidate-centric regional head elections that were held the following year. The results reveal that posters produced by regional head candidates used a richer variety of religious and indigenous images and messages. The analysis shows that whereas the candidate-centric nature of the electoral rules can explain a rise in religious and indigenous appeals, the competing explanations cannot.
Cyberspace Is Ideal for the Strategy of Deception
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The same secrecy and inexpensiveness that make offensive cyber operations attractive, at first blush, also undermine their utility for compellence or deterrence. But this does not mean that cyberconflict is not useful. On the contrary, cyberspace increases the salience of the undertheorized problem of deception. This chapter argues that the logic of deception differs fundamentally from deterrence and defense, even as all three strategies can be combined in practice. As a fundamentally informational domain, cyberspace is especially well suited for strategies of deception, which can benefit both offense (espionage and subversion) and defense (counterintellgence). The central role of deception in cyber conflict necessitates a reconsideration of the notion of the offense-defense balance in cyberspace, which is not as lopsided as widely believed.
Sea
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Renewed Sino-US strategic antagonism invites a reassessment of arguments about the use of naval power, its characteristics, and its effectiveness as a political and economic tool. The chapter argues that naval nations are tempted to intervene in more places, especially where warships can create locally favorable concentrations of power, but it is not clear whether they will intervene in any given place, which raises questions about commitment. Consistent with this argument, the chapter reports empirical evidence that countries with disproportionately large navies tend to receive more diplomatic recognition and project power further from home, consistent with navalist expectations. Yet it also finds that maritime nations tend to be involved in more militarized disputes, which runs counter to conventional wisdom about the stabilizing influence of sea power. The chapter further assesses the heterogeneous effects of specific naval platforms on influence and stability.
Gray Zone
Authors: Gannon J. Andrés , Schram Peter 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Gray-zone conflict, exemplified in Russian interventions in Eastern Europe prior to 2022, is neither novel nor inherently a deterrence failure. Rather than repudiating deterrence, limited challenges could actually reflect a certain respect for existing frameworks, both to avoid major war and preserve interests in common with status quo powers. Based on a game theory model, the chapter finds that actors will behave differently depending on if the actor is constrained by their internal cost-benefit balancing (i.e. driven by costs, efficacy, innovation, etc.) or if the actor is constrained by an external deterrent threat. The chapter then derives a series of observations that connect empirically observable behavior to the challengerÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s constraints and motivations for gray-zone conflict (i.e., whether a challenger is constrained internally or externally). It finds evidence that the external deterrent threat of NATO intervention seemed to shape recent Russian moves into the gray zone.
We Need to Be Telling Our Own Stories
Authors: Jesus Julien De 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe guiding question for this chapter is: How can Linguistics be made to feel like a home, intellectually and otherwise, for Filipinx American students and scholars? The author takes a simultaneously ethnographic and autoethnographic approach to answering this question, utilizing a combination of reflections on their own experiences as a Filipinx American linguist in the US and qualitative IRB-approved interviews with seven other Filipinx American scholars in Linguistics and adjacent fields. The author describes how they ended up writing this project in the first place, then delves into several themes from the interviews that reveal ways in which colonial structures and thinking impact Filipinx Americans in academia. Finally, the chapter ends with recommendations and actionable steps for faculty who work with and/or hope to work with Filipinx American students.
An Action-Based Roadmap for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Teaching Linguistics
Authors: Sanders Nathan , Konnelly Lex , Umbal Pocholo 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses a three-year pedagogical initiative at the University of Toronto to bring more equity, diversity, and inclusion into the linguistics classroom and to address linguistic injustice more generally in teaching beyond linguistics courses. In an effort to provide a model for anyone interested in doing similar work in their own departments, the authors focus on implementational details, concrete steps, outcomes, and generalizable action-based advice on how individual pieces of our project can be adapted in different contexts. They provide an overview of the initiative and details of a number of its resulting products, including a variety of materials that they developed and collected into a publicly accessible online repository. The authors also discuss numerous connections and collaborations that helped expand the scope of the initiative, and conclude by offering helpful suggestions and further reflections on why this work is important and why linguists must prioritize it.
Race and the American Story
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Race and the American Story interrogates contemporary race relations in the United States through the lenses of history, politics, music, and diverse lived experiences. The book relates the joint efforts of two professors at the University of Missouri—a white, male political scientist and a Black, female ethnomusicologist—to heal a college campus torn apart by racism in the aftermath of the killing of Michael Brown in 2014. It explores the insights the authors gained through this experience into the personal and social effects of racism, as well as the means and prospects for successfully addressing racism in the future. Combining an open acknowledgment of the realities of racism with a hopeful approach to confronting it, Shonekan and Seagrave offer a perspective on issues of race that cuts across recent debates. In so doing, Race and the American Story offers a historically sensitive, culturally informed, and refreshingly novel treatment of race in the United States.
The Practical Self
Authors: Gomes Anil 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We are self-conscious creatures thrown into a world which is not of our making. What is the connection between being self-conscious and being related to an objective world? Descartes and Kant, in different ways and with different emphases, argued that self-conscious subjects must be related to an objective world. Philosophers in the twentieth century were less ambitious: self-conscious subjects must only think or experience the world as objective. The Practical Self argues that the key to self-consciousness lies in a set of enigmatic remarks by the eighteenth-century philosopher, physicist, and aphorist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. ‘One should say it is thinking, just as one says, it is lightning’, Lichtenberg writes. ‘To say cogito is already too much … To assume the I, to postulate it, is a practical requirement’. Lichtenberg raises a puzzle here about our grounds for recognizing ourselves as the agents of our thinking. Its solution is to understand that we have practical grounds to think of ourselves as intellectual agents. We are thus practical selves: intellectual agents who have distinctively practical grounds to recognize ourselves as such. And our faith in ourselves as practical selves is sustained through interaction with others. The argument of this book is that self-consciousness requires faith in ourselves as the agents of our thinking and that this faith is sustained by practices which relate us to other thinkers. Self-consciousness connects us to a world of others.
Program units and procedures
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A description of how a complete program is built from a main program and, optionally, subroutines and functions, some or all of which may be packaged into modules. They may themselves contain internal subroutines and functions. The methods by which information is transmitted between these components via arguments, host association, and use association are described. The concepts of scope and recursion are introduced
Data transfer
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The means whereby data are transferred to or from an internal or external file are fully described. The definitions of a file and/or unit are introduced, and the various forms of data transfer, sequential, direct, asynchronous, and stream are described. Formatted and unformatted data are differentiated. Non-advancing and namelist input/output are introduced.
Submodules
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Modules may be split into separate program units called submodules, which can be in separate files. Module procedures can then be split so that the interface information remains in the module, but the bodies can be placed in the submodules. A change in a submodule cannot alter an interface, and so does not cause the recompilation of program units that use the module. A submodule has access via host association to entities in the module, and may have entities of its own in addition to providing implementations of module procedures
Coarrays
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We describe the coarray programming model, which provides a simple syntactic extension from the point of view of both work distribution and data distribution. For work distribution, it adopts the Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) programming model, with multiple “images” (usually processes) executing identical programs. For data distribution it allows each image to access data on another image with coarray syntax that is similar to Fortran array syntax. The programmer is responsible for synchronization by using special statements known as “image control” statements. These subdivide the executions on the images into segments within each of which the compiler is free to use its optimization techniques as if the image were executing on its own. Consideration is given to recovery from image failure. A collective is an intrinsic procedure in which the images collaborate for its stated task. Atomic intrinsic procedures allow different images to access or change data in turn without synchronization
The Literary Mirroring of Aboriginal Australia and the Caribbean
Authors: Moore Dashiell 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Literary Mirroring challenges the structural opposition of rootedness and rootlessness through a historical and literary analysis of the connections between the ‘First and Last of the New Worlds’: the Caribbean and Australia. It explores literary and historical continuities between Australia and the Caribbean through the work of Caribbean writers such as Édouard Glissant, Wilson Harris, Sylvia Wynter, and Kamau Brathwaite, alongside Aboriginal writers like Alexis Wright, Ali Cobby Eckermann, and Lionel Fogarty. The author examines how these authors’ use of opacity and projection reimagines the inter-colonial other as a mirror image, a projection that presents readers with fresh perspectives of the movement to Indigenization in post-Independence Caribbean literature and inter-Indigenous encounters beyond the Australian nation in Aboriginal literature. By upending the simulated opposition of the Caribbean and Australia, this book offers radically new perspectives of the world generated by literary relation.
Introduction
Authors: Schoenberger Casey 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Introduction introduces principles, concepts, and historical periodization that shape the individual chapters and the work as a whole. Principles include treating speech and music as a spectrum of propositional communication and expressivity, comments on methodology of cross-cultural comparisons, and an introduction of a digital database, titled Nine Modes Manual Online. Concepts include the theory of minds as extending beyond individual brains to include material and social worlds (extended mind thesis), prediction as a key mechanism of the mind (predictive coding/processing), and the memory function of “recoding” and “decoding” “chunks” of information. A rough five-part periodization of Chinese musical-poetic history roughly corresponding with major technological and socio-political shifts is suggested. The book’s focus being on the middle three of these periods, associated stylistic tendencies of each, further detailed in chapters, are previewed: ancient “sameness,” medieval “contrast,” and late imperial “naturalness.”
Britain's Slavery Debt
Authors: Banner Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book argues that Britain owes reparations to the Caribbean. The case depends on an historical and a moral claim. The historical claim is that the exploitation of generations of the islands’ inhabitants under slavery and colonialism wronged those people while enriching Britain—and crucially that, as we are the inheritors of these riches, so present generations in the Caribbean are inheritors of relative poverty. The moral claim is that where such a moral wrong has been done, moral repair or reparations are due. Racism was the enabling doctrine for slavery and colonialism, and racism is a part of its history which Britain has failed to confront. There are many familiar objections to the very idea of making reparations: ‘It was a long time ago’, ‘slavery was legal back then’, etc. There are also practical objections, especially to any monetary payment which may form part of reparations—who will pay what to whom? Taking as a starting point the £20m which the British government paid to slave owners at abolition, the book proposes a provisional sum as the starting point for negotiations with the Caribbean nations. And while the final settlement must be a matter between national governments, it is argued that other institutions, such as universities and churches, can advance the case for reparations by themselves understanding and addressing their own entanglements with enslavement and its enduring legacies.
On sexual citizenship
Authors: Langdridge Darren 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the central focus on sexual citizenship by locating this concept within the broader citizenship literature. This includes consideration of early theories of citizenship—liberalism, communitarianism, and civic republicanism—before moving on to consider more recent developments in citizenship theory. The concept of identity is also introduced within the context of the tension between the particular and the universal in political theory. Feminist and sexual citizenship are then introduced as attempts to work with this tension in the service of a radical programme of political transformation. Attempts to queer citizenship are discussed, and the central focus on a dialectic of ideology and utopia (as tradition and critique) is introduced.
Conservative claims for citizenship
Authors: Langdridge Darren 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes two cases that evidence how critique may reproduce tradition, effectively mimicking the language and practice of normative sexual life. The first example concerns bondage and discipline, domination and submission, sadism and masochism (BDSM) and the way that kink communities have readily embraced a therapy narrative to story their experience just at the point that the pathologizing gaze of psychiatry has receded. While recognizing that this may have value for some folk, it is argued that the embrace of a therapy narrative risks reinscribing pathology within and upon this sexual minority community. The second case concerns polyamory and how this increasingly well-known nondyadic model of relating has embraced a rather conservative narrative focused on love while claiming to offer a radical challenge to the norm. Both examples serve to demonstrate how critique may become indistinguishable from the conservative ideology it claims to overthrow.
Housing Matters
Authors: de Maaker Erik 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
‘Being Garo’ finds expression first and foremost in terms of relatedness. This chapter explores relational categories, and how these are experienced across distinct social domains. Proceeding from ethnographic narrative, I discuss how roles and responsibilities are shaped, in part, to fit real-life needs. Garo express relatedness with reference to matrilineal descent and affinity. Marriages that can be continued across generations provide shape to hierarchically structured residential groups. Belonging to such groups brings access to resources, the most important of which is land. While the relationships within these groups might appear immutable, over time they can be adapted and reinterpreted in accordance with changing political and economic strengths and weaknesses. Kin groups shape people’s relationships to one another, but at the same time these groups are defined by the actions of those who are part of them.
Niam, Houses, and Land
Authors: de Maaker Erik 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In rural West Garo Hills, how do people relate to the environment? The traditional Garo community religion provides strategies and (ritual) techniques to live with omnipresent spirits. These integrate with religio-political structures, carried over from the precolonial era, that have been assimilated and transformed by the modern state. Focusing on Garo animism, I discuss how contemporary land relations are anchored in the past, and show how religious responsibilities and matrilineal relatedness shape residential groups. Specifying the relationships which people trace to the forest and its spirits, and the ritual techniques mandatory for the followers of the traditional Garo community religion to cultivate swidden crops, I discuss how some of these rituals take on new forms and attain new significances in a variety of contemporary contexts.
The Modernity of Garo Niam
Authors: de Maaker Erik 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The last chapter revisits the main questions explored in this book. In rural West Garo Hills niam (custom) continues to be upheld, shaping moral principles that define relations among relatives which have a major impact on how land is valued, and how it can be used, while also defining many other aspects of life. As long as niam is perceived as traditional, deep-rooted, and authoritative, it can continue to underpin the relationships that people trace among one another, which influence how they share, or sometimes compete for, the resources they depend on in everyday life.
Agricultural Workers, Tenant Farmers, and the Midcentury U.S. Welfare State: A View from the Lower Mississippi Valley
Authors: Iyer Samantha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This article reconsiders what is often seen as a defining feature of the mid-twentieth-century welfare state in the United States: its exclusion of agricultural workers and tenant farmers. It shows that in the cotton-producing regions of the Mississippi Valley, agricultural workers and tenants were not excluded from the welfare state but unequally incorporated into and disciplined by it. In the absence of other government protections, agricultural workers and tenant farmers leaned heavily on food assistance in the form of federal surplus commodities and, from the mid 1960s, food stamps. These food programmes mimicked older agrarian credit relations between black workers and tenants and their employers and landlords. In this way, they affirmed hierarchies of race and class even amidst the region’s rapid transformation toward mechanized and petrochemical-based agricultural production. Civil rights protests against the workings of food distribution programmes in the lower Mississippi Valley would eventually spark a national movement that instigated a massive expansion of federal food assistance programmes by the 1970s. And yet the paternalistic form of these programmes would not be fully broken.