bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous determination of amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with positive/negative ion‐switching electrospray ionisation
Authors: Song Min , Hang Taijun , Zhao Hua , Wang Li , Ge Ping , Ma Pengcheng 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA new method for simultaneous determination of amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) operated in positive and negative ionization switching mode was developed and validated. Protein precipitation with acetonitrile was selected for sample preparation. The analytes were separated on a Phenomenex Curosil‐PFP (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column by a gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of 0.15% formic acid solution containing 0.23% ammonium acetate and methanol pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min−1. Rizatriptan was used as the internal standard (IS) for quantification. The determination was carried out on a Waters Quattro‐micro triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using the following transitions monitored simultaneously: positive m/z 230 → 171 for amiloride, m/z 270 → 158 for rizatriptan, and negative m/z 296 → 205 for hydrochlorothiazide. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) were 0.1 and 1.0 ng·mL−1 for amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively, which were lower than other published methods by using ultraviolet (UV), fluorimetric or mass spectrometric detection. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy were studied at three different concentration levels and were always better than 15% (n = 5). This simple and robust LC/MS/MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of compound amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide tablets in healthy male Chinese volunteers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodological limitations in measuring childhood and adolescent obesity and overweight in epidemiological studies: does overweight fare better than obesity?
Authors: Serra-Majem Lluís , Ribas-Barba Lourdes , Pérez-Rodrigo Carmen , Ngo Joy , Aranceta Javier 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectivesInternational definitions of childhood obesity based on body mass index (BMI) are intended to be used for international comparisons of obesity prevalence. In general, they are not appropriate to be used in clinical practice. The objective of this study is to compare international-ecological vs. national-clinical reference data of obesity in Spain, as well as to describe trends.DesignCross-sectional study from a representative national random sample of Spanish children and youth conducted between 1998 and 2000. Prevalence estimates of obesity in a national random sample of Spanish children and youth are presented in this paper, defined by age- and sex-specific BMI national reference standards for the 85th percentile (overweight) and 95th percentile (obesity), as well as by Coleet al. criteria. The study protocol included personal data, data on education and socio-economic status for the family and anthropometric measurements.SettingPopulation-based study set in Spain.SubjectsA random sample of 3534 individuals, aged 2–24 years.ResultsPrevalence of obesity using national reference data was higher (15.3%) than using international data (5.8%), but overweight rates were similar. Agreement observed for both definitions was low for obesity but higher for overweight. Obesity trends among children and adolescents in Spain show increasing patterns in boys but not in girls.ConclusionsResults indicate the need to standardise the definitions of obesity and overweight in childhood and recommend the use of overweight due to the greater degree of agreement observed among the different methods used. The IOTF reference method underestimates obesity rates in Spanish schoolchildren.
Metabolic syndrome in childhood
Authors: Crespo Pablo Sanjurjo , Prieto Perera Jose Angel , Lodeiro Fernando Andrade , Azuara Luis Aldámiz-Echevarría 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe so-called epidemic of childhood obesity has increased the interest in the metabolic syndrome (MS) due to the potential projection into adulthood. Prevalence of the MS in adolescents has been estimated to be 6.7% in young adults and 4.2% in adolescents. Figures rise up to 28.7% in overweight and obese adolescents.The most widely accepted hypothesis links the syndrome to obesity. In the Bogalusa study, the best predictors were obesity and being in the upper quartile of basal insulin levels. Ethnic and genetic factors play a role in order to explain the syndrome in the non-obese population and the differences of interobesity.The relationship between MS and type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease is well established in adults. This association can be suggested in children as well, although the syndrome in childhood urgently needs to be clearly defined. In this age group, it is also of great interest to identify diagnosis criteria of the so-called pre-MS.Detection of the syndrome focuses mainly on obese and overweight young people. Other population groups such as newborns with low or high birth weight, infants with accelerated growth, or children of obese or with gestational diabetes mothers are at a higher risk of developing peripheral insulin resistance. The measurement of abdominal circumference can be a useful screening tool.Physical exercise and restriction of saturated and trans fatty acids are basic for treatment. If reducing weight is necessary, a reduction of carbohydrate intake, especially for refined sugars, must be emphasised. Dietary fibre improves insulin sensitivity.
Inflammation, obesity and comorbidities: the role of diet
Authors: Bulló Mónica , Casas-Agustench Patricia , Amigó-Correig Pilar , Aranceta Javier , Salas-Salvadó Jordi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe adipocyte metabolism has been shown to change during the fat enlargement process associated to obesity. Several procoagulant proteins such as plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, tissue factor or factor VII and also inducible nitric oxide synthase show higher expression in adipose tissue of obese people in comparison to lean. This overexpression could explain at least a part of the atherogenic and cardiovascular risk associated with obesity.In addition to cytokine secretion, many other features have been observed to be common to adipocyte and monocyte/macrophage lines: for example, phagocytic and microbicidal activities, and possibly a cellular plasticity of adipose precursors.Overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of such metabolic abnormalities as dyslipidemia, hypertension or type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, common features of the metabolic syndrome. Initially, insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia was suggested as the origin of these abnormalities. More recent studies indicate that adipokynes have an important role in obesity-associated metabolic complications, and suggest that chronically elevated local or systemic concentrations of adipokynes contribute to the development of complications associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.Considering all the evidence relating to diet and inflammation, the best diet for protecting against the metabolic derangements associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome would be high in fibre-rich cereals, fruit, vegetables, fish, virgin olive oil and nuts; moderate in wine; and low in meat, processed meat foods and trans-fatty acids.
Imitative Production of Rising Speech Intonation in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients
Authors: Peng Shu-Chen , Tomblin J. Bruce , Spencer Linda J. , Hurtig Richard R. 
Published: September 2007

Purpose
This study investigated the acoustic characteristics of pediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients' imitative production of rising speech intonation, in relation to the perceptual judgments by listeners with normal hearing (NH).

Method
Recordings of a yes–no interrogative utterance imitated by 24 prelingually deafened children with a CI were extracted from annual evaluation sessions. These utterances were perceptually judged by adult NH listeners in regard with intonation contour type (non-rise, partial-rise, or full-rise) and contour appropriateness (on a 5-point scale). Fundamental frequency, intensity, and duration properties of each utterance were also acoustically analyzed.

Results
Adult NH listeners' judgments of intonation contour type and contour appropriateness for each CI participant’s utterances were highly positively correlated. The pediatric CI recipients did not consistently use appropriate intonation contours when imitating a yes–no question. Acoustic properties of speech intonation produced by these individuals were discernible among utterances of different intonation contour types according to NH listeners' perceptual judgments.

Conclusions
These findings delineated the perceptual and acoustic characteristics of speech intonation imitated by prelingually deafened children and young adults with a CI. Future studies should address whether the degraded signals these individuals perceive via a CI contribute to their difficulties with speech intonation production.
Functional-Communicative Grammar (Spanish-German) for Translators and/or Interpreters
Authors: Sánchez Karin Vilar 
Published: September 2007

In the present research project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture we are working on the elaboration of a contrastive functional-communicative grammar (Spanish-German) for translators and/or interpreters on CD Rom which is considered a valuable working tool for this group.
It is well-known that one does not translate words and structures but tekst or discourse. In order to do so, the translator/interpreter must understand the communicative intention of the original tekst or discourse and reproduce it in the target tekst. That means, not only does he/she need a solid idiomatic knowledge (knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, phonology, suprasegmental and extralinguistic elements)in both languages but also a good knowledge of the expressive aspect of all these linguistic resources (i.e. which resources are used to express which function in what kind of situation or tekst and with what effect).
However, the existing grammar books do not help him/her in an effective way because none of them offer him/her easily accessible information about the resources (lexical, grammatical, phonological, orthographic, suprasegmental, extralinguistic) that exist in each language for the expression of specific functions (e.g. “make a request”), determined by the type of tekst or discourse and adding information about the frequency of use and the pragmatic connotations of each linguistic form.
Rosalía de Castro's Galician poems
Authors: Rodrigues Louis J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Two Galician poems (one from each of two collections: Cantares Gallegos and Follas novas) by Spain’s most renowned poetess are examined in this critical essay, which includes translations into English, Spanish and Catalan together with an analysis of both poems and a commentary on each with a discussion of such technicalities as metre, rhyme, imagery, lexis and syntax insofar as they aff ect the end-product in each case. The essay discusses the linguistic features of Galician as a preliminary to the appreciation of the poems, draws attention to Rosalia’s statements on her art and works, and concludes with a review of the pertinent aspects of poetry in translation — its theory and practice.
Résumé
Deux poèmes galiciens (tires de chacune des deux collections: Cantares Gallegos et Follas novas) de la poétesse la plus célèbre d’Espagne, sont étudiés dans cet essai critique qui comprend des traductions en anglais, en espagnol et en catalan, ainsi qu’une analyse des deux poèmes et un commentaire de chacun, avec une discussion sur certains points techniques comme la metre, le rythme, l’imagerie, le lexique et la syntaxe, dans la mesure ou ils affectent, dans chaque cas, le product fini. L’essai traite des caractéristiques linguistiques du galicien, avant de passer à l’évaluation des poèmes. Il attire l’attention sur les déclarations de Rosalia à propos de son art et de ses oeuvres et conclut en passant en revue les aspects pertinents de la poésie en traduction — sa théorie et sa pratique.
Translation of English idioms into Arabic
Authors: Abu-Ssaydeh Abdul-Fattah 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper consists of three parts; the first part examines the definition of “idiom” as a technical term, primarily from a translational perspective, and the strategies usually employed by Arab translators when translating English idioms. The second part analyses the Arabic translations given in a sample of two hundred and fifty-three English idioms in terms of strategies and the significance of their frequency. This analysis reveals four important things:
1. Statistically, the most common strategy applied is paraphrasing, followed closely by literal translations and semantic equivalence, with omission, compensation and other strategies being of significantly less importance;
2. Literal translation has allowed certain English idioms to become part of Arabic lexis;
3. A disproportionately large number of the translations are literal and, therefore, sound “foreign” or are deemed void of sense to the Arab reader,
4. Literal (and therefore erroneous) translations in the target language arise primarily from the failure of the translator to decipher the meaning of the idiom in question. The last part revisits literal translation in order to understand its nature, reasons for its prevalence, its effect on the translated text and its impact on the Arabic language.
Résumé
Cet article comprend trois parties. La première partie examine la définition de «l’idiome » comme terme technique, essentiellement du point de vue de la traduction, et les stratégies généralement utilisées par les traducteurs arabes quand ils traduisent des idiomes anglais. La seconde partie analyse les traductions arabes données dans un échantillon de deux cent cinquante-trois idiomes anglais, en fonction des stratégies et de la signification de leur fréquence. Cette analyse révèle quatre éléments importants:
1. Statistiquement, la stratégie la plus couramment utilisée est la paraphrase, suivie de près par les traductions littérales et l’équivalence sémantique, l’omission, la compensation et autres stratégies étant d’une importance moins significative.
2. La traduction littérale a permis à certains idiomes anglais d’entrer dans le lexique arabe.
3. Un nombre disproportionné de traductions sont littérales et, par conséquent, elles ont une consonance «étrangère» ou elles sont jugées vides de sens par le lecteur arabe.
4. Les traductions littérales (et donc erronées) dans la langue cible viennent principalement de l’incapacité du traducteur à déchiffrer la signification de l’idiome en question.La dernière partie réexamine la traduction littérale afin de comprendre sa nature, les raisons de sa fréquence, son effet sur le texte traduit et son impact sur la langue arabe.
Translation, Equivalence and Fidelity
Authors: Emery Peter G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Translation and equivalence are defined in terms of text-author’s pragmatic meaning (intention). Translation is a complex construct comprising both process (translating) and product (equivalent). The translation process is characterized as a double negotiation, consisting of two phases: 1. interpretation of a source text’s pragmatic meaning and 2. rendering this into a target text in line with target-language expectancy norms. As an intertextual negotiator, the translator should be highly sensitive to both sourcelanguage and target-language conversational and conventional implicatures. The operation of both types of implicatures is illustrated through examples from Arabic/English translation praxis. Finally, a distinction is made between the descriptive and evaluative senses of equivalence, the latter being seen as synonymous with fidelity, which is defined in translation in terms of pragmatic success or failure (infidelity).
Résumé
La traduction et l’équivalence sont définies en tant que signification pragmatique (intention) du texte-auteur. La traduction est une construction mentale complexe qui englobe à la fois l’acte de traduire et le produit (équivalent). Le processus de traduction se caractérise par une double négociation comportant deux phases: 1) l’interprétation de la signification pragmatique d’un texte-source et 2) sa traduction dans un texte-cible qui respecte les normes escomptées dans la langue-cible. Le traducteur, négociateur intertextuel, doit être extrêmement sensible aux significations implicites en matière de conversation et de convention de la langue-source et de la langue-cible. Le fonctionnement des deux types de significations implicites est illustré par des exemples tirés de la pratique de la traduction arabe-anglais. Enfin, nous établissons une distinction entre le sens descriptif et le sens évaluatif de l’équivalence, ce dernier étant considéré comme un synonyme de la fidélité qui, en traduction, est définie en tant que réussite ou échec pragmatiques (infidélité).
Translating (dis)ordered speech in drama
Authors: Cunico Sonia 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Although the topic of the representation of madness is a rich and much studied one in literary criticism, so far there has been no systematic attempt to analyse the language of madness in dramatic texts, either within the same language and culture or across them. This paper compares the strategies used to characterise the growing insanity of the king and the dynamics of his interaction with Willis, the doctor, in Alan Bennett’s successful play The Madness of George III (1992) with those in its published translation into Italian (1996). The article shows how an analysis of the strategies used in the source text is a necessary initial step 1) to reveal the systematic patterns of linguistic deviance (drawn from the language of real schizophrenia) which characterise King George’s madness, and 2) to highlight the battle for power between the two characters shown in their linguistic choices. These are key themes of the play which must be successfully transferred across in the target text.
Résumé
Bien que le thème de la représentation de la folie soit riche et ait été beaucoup étudié dans le domaine de la critique littéraire, il n’y a pas eu jusqu’ici de tentative systématique d’analyser le langage de la folie dans des textes dramatiques, ni dans la même langue et culture, ni dans des langues et cultures étrangères. Cet article compare les stratégies utilisées pour caractériser la folie grandissante du roi et la dynamique de son interaction avec le médecin Willis, dans la pièce à succès d’Alan Bennett, Th e Madness of George III (1992), avec celles de sa traduction publiée en italien (1996). L’article montre comment une analyse des stratégies utilisées dans le texte-source est une étape initiale nécessaire pour 1) révéler les modèles systématiques de déviance linguistique (tirés du langage de la véritable schizophrénie) qui caractérisent la folie du Roi George, et pour 2) souligner la lutte de pouvoir entre les deux personnages, qui se manifeste dans leurs choix linguistiques. Ce sont des thèmes-clés de la pièce qu’il faut réussir à transférer dans le texte cible.
Teaching of specialized translation courses in Hong Kong
Authors: Li Defeng 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This article presents a survey of specialized translation courses in tertiary institutions in Hong Kong. By way of an example, a curricular analysis is made of the course Commercial/Business Translation offered at various translation programs in seven universities, following which recommendations are put forth for improving teaching of specialized translation courses. The author argues for the adoption of a combination of Kiraly’s social-constructivist approach and the conventional cognitive approach to bring about the best result of translator training, that is, ascertaining that translation trainees will receive the needed translation methods handed down from our predecessors and meanwhile develop in themselves the learner autonomy which is so crucial for professional translation. In order to strengthen the social-constructive aspect of translation teaching, which is rarely seen in translator training today, a task-based curriculum should be adopted and authentic training promoted. While striving to augment the development of learner autonomy in translation teaching in general and teaching of specialized translation in particular, attention should be given to the training of translation students’ reference finding skills.
Résumé
Cet article presente une etude sur les cours de traduction specialisee dans les institutions tertiaires de Hong-Kong. Au moyen d’un exemple, il analyse le programme d’etudes de la traduction commerciale, offert dans differents programmes de traduction de sept universites. Ensuite, des recommandations sont formulees en vue d’ameliorer l’enseignement des cours de traduction specialisee. L’auteur preconise d’adopter une combinaison de l’approche socio-constructive de Kiraly et de l’approche cognitive conventionnelle, afin d’obtenir le meilleur resultat de la formation du traducteur. Cela veut dire qu’on doit veiller a ce que les traducteurs stagiaires beneficient des methodes de traduction et des competences necessaires, transmises par nos predecesseurs, tout en developpant chez les etudiants en traduction, l’autonomie d’apprentissage, si cruciale dans la traduction professionnelle. Pour renforcer l’aspect socioconstructif de l’enseignement de la traduction, que l’on rencontre rarement dans la formation actuelle des traducteurs, il faudrait adopter un programme d’etudes base sur des taches et promouvoir une formation authentique. Tout en s’efforcant d’augmenter le developpement de l’enseignement de la traduction en vue d’une autonomie de l’apprenant, en general, et de l’enseignement de la traduction specialisee, en particulier, il faudrait preter attention a la formation des etudiants en traduction en ce qui concerne les aptitudes a rechercher des references.
Thematic Items Referring to Research and Researchers in the Discussion Section of Spanish Biomedical Articles and
English-Spanish Translations
Authors: Williams Ian A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This corpus-based contrastive study examines the thematic use of the semantic field of research and researchers in the Discussion
section of biomedical reports in Spanish native texts and English-Spanish translations. This semantic field was divided into
integral reference (specific named researchers), general nouns for researchers, and singular and plural nouns referring to
research. Themes containing these lexical items were examined with regard to their syntactic manifestations and their
lexicogrammatical relations with the main finite verb. Quantitative analysis was used to establish reference values for the native
texts and to reveal differences between the two subcorpora. Qualitative contextual analysis then investigated how the data might
be applied to the translated texts. The quantitative study showed that the Spanish texts had more integral references and more
general researcher nouns in their themes whereas the translations had more singular research nouns, especially those referring to
the current study. Singular research nouns were associated with more prepositional adjuncts in the Spanish texts but with more
subject themes, either as head or as modifier, in the translations. The distribution of tenses was different in all categories
except for plural research nouns, with a higher percentage of present and present perfect in the Spanish texts and more past
indefinite in the translations. Differences were also found in the distribution of lexical verbs related to integral references
and singular research nouns. The contextual analysis revealed that awareness of these differences and strategic choices based on
them could lead to thematic and discourse patterns that come closer to the target-language norms for this genre.