bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast reconstruction with the TRAM flap: Pedicled and free
Authors: Serletti Joseph M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackgroundBreast cancer is a ubiquitous disease affecting one in seven women. While breast conservation techniques are available for local control of the disease for many patients, not all patients are good candidates for these techniques. Mastectomy, therefore, remains a common method of breast cancer treatment. Methods of reconstruction include implant reconstruction and autogenous reconstruction. The advantages of autogenous reconstruction include the creation of a soft, ptotic breast mound, which tends to match a native contralateral breast both in and out of bra support. Autogenous reconstructions do not tend to change with time and usually do not require periodic revision as seen in implant reconstructions.MethodsThe most common method of autogenous reconstruction is the TRAM flap, either pedicled or free. The TRAM flap employs the redundant excess lower abdominal tissue typically removed during a cosmetic abdominoplasty. This tissue is brought to the mastectomy defect as a pedicled flap, passing subcutaneously from the upper abdomen and into the defect site. The pedicled flap is based upon the superior epigastric vessels. A free TRAM is harvested with the overlying muscle and the attached inferior epigastric vessels. This flap is completely separated from the abdomen and brought to the chest defect where it is anastomosed to either the thoracodorsal or internal mammary vessels. The donor defect within the abdominal wall is repaired with an inlay mesh with both the pedicled and free techniques.ResultsPatient selection criteria usually help determine which technique is used. The advantage of the free flap technique is improved blood supply to the skin island. The free flap, therefore, is used in patients at higher risk for partial flap loss with the pedicled technique. Such high‐risk patients include smokers, the obese, patients with significant medical comorbidities, and patients with prior abdominal surgery. Patients without these risk factors can be expected to achieve good results with either the pedicled or free flap technique.ConclusionAutogenous breast reconstruction with the TRAM flap achieves long lasting satisfactory results in most patients with the creation of a soft, naturally ptotic breast mound, which typically matches well a contralateral native breast. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:532–537. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Self‐Assembly of Hydroxypropylcellulose and Carboxyl‐Ended Surfactants to Multi‐Morphological Nanoparticles
Authors: Dou Hongjing , Sun Kang , Yang Weihai 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: The self‐assembly of HPC and carboxyl‐ended surfactants such as Deac was studied in the present paper. Nanoparticles with multi‐morphologies were fabricated from HPC and Deac, and their diameter and morphology can be controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of glucose units and Deac and the environmental pH value. We also demonstrated the ubiquity of fabricating multi‐morphological nanoparticles from HPC and other carboxyl‐ended surfactants by substituting PDFOA for Deac, and it was confirmed by DLS characterization that nanoparticles with multi‐morphologies were formed at pH = 0.1. Thus the proposed approach shows a considerable potential to fabricate polysaccharide‐based multi‐morphological nanoparticles from water‐soluble polysaccharides and carboxyl‐ended surfactants.A schematic illustration of the self‐assembly of HPC and Deac to multi‐morphological nanoparticles.magnified imageA schematic illustration of the self‐assembly of HPC and Deac to multi‐morphological nanoparticles.
Soluble and Colorless Poly(ether‐imide)s Based on a Benzonorbornane Bis(ether anhydride) and Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Aromatic Bis(ether‐amine)s
Authors: Chen Ya‐Yin , Yang Chin‐Ping , Hsiao Sheng‐Huei 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: A series of organosoluble and colorless fluorinated poly(ether imide)s (IVa‐g) were prepared from 3,6‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)benzonorbornane dianhydride (I) and various trifluoromethyl (CF3)‐substituted aromatic bis(ether amine)s IIa‐g by a standard two‐step process with thermal and chemical imidization of poly(amic acid) precursors. These poly(ether imide)s had inherent viscosities of 1.02–1.28 dL · g−1 and showed excellent solubility in many organic solvents. They could be solution‐cast into transparent, flexible, and tough films with good mechanical properties. These films were virtually colorless, with an ultraviolet‐visible absorption edge of 372–381 nm and a very low b* value (a yellowness index) of 10.8 to 18.2. The glass‐transition temperatures (Tg) and softening temperatures (Ts) were recorded between 216–292 °C and 209–285 °C, respectively. The decomposition temperature for 10% weight loss all occurred above 472 °C in nitrogen and 481 °C in air, and the char yields at 800 °C in nitrogen were more than 51%. They also showed low dielectric constants of 2.84–3.58 (1 MHz) and moisture absorptions in the range of 0.05–0.19%. In comparison with analogous V series poly(ether imide)s without the CF3 substituents, the IV series ones showed better solubility, lower color intensity, and lower dielectric constants.A novel series of fluorinated poly(ether imide)s.magnified imageA novel series of fluorinated poly(ether imide)s.
Multilayer Thin Films by Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly of Hole‐ and Electron‐Transport Polyelectrolytes: Optical and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Choi Kyungsun , Zentel Rudolf 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: In this paper, we present the synthesis of a series of p‐type and n‐type semiconducting polyelectrolytes with triarylamine, oxadiazole, thiadiazole and triazine moieties. The synthesized polymeric hole and electron transport materials were examined optically and electrochemically using UV/Vis spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy and CV. Based on the optical and electrochemical data, each of the energy levels were calculated and all values suggested that they were promising hole‐ (p‐type) or electron‐transport (n‐type) materials for devices. Moreover, the synthesized ionic polymers were suitable for LBL thin film deposition from dilute polymer solutions and the multilayers were fully characterized by UV/Vis, PL spectroscopy and CV.
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Controlled Radical Ab Initio Emulsion Polymerization of n‐Butyl Acrylate by Reverse Iodine Transfer Polymerization (RITP): Effect of the Hydrolytic Disproportionation of Iodine
Authors: Tonnar Jeff , Lacroix‐Desmazes Patrick , Boutevin Bernard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: Controlled radical polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate by reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP) was achieved in ab initio emulsion polymerization to yield a stable and uncolored latex (particle diameter dp = 106 nm). Hydrolysis of iodine, I2, was responsible for an upward deviation from the targeted molecular weight $\overline M _{{\rm n},{\rm targeted}}$ = 10 400 g · mol−1. The iodide concentration [I−] was followed by an iodide selective electrode and the amount of efficient iodine (33%) was successfully correlated with the experimental molecular weight $\overline M _{{\rm n},{\rm exp}}$ = 31 000 g · mol−1. Finally, a simplified mechanism of RITP in ab initio emulsion polymerization taking into account the iodine hydrolysis was proposed.Evolution of molecular weight and polydispersity index in RITP of BuA in ab initio emulsion.magnified imageEvolution of molecular weight and polydispersity index in RITP of BuA in ab initio emulsion.
Proton NMR assignments for R,S‐1,1′‐binaphthol (BN) and R,S‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diyl hydrogen phosphate (BNDHP) interacting with bile salt micelles
Authors: Eckenroad Kyle W. , Thompson Laura E. , Strein Timothy G. , Rovnyak David 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe report proton chemical shifts for two model chiral analytes that are commonly used in the study of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), R,S‐1,1′‐binaphthol (1, BN) and R,S‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diyl hydrogen phosphate (2, BNDHP), in the absence and presence of monomers and micelles of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate. The analytes undergo fast exchange in and out of the micelles, which perturbs the analytes' chemical shifts, and which we use to resolve some resonances that are degenerate at both 300 and 600 MHz. Although BN and BNDHP are simple molecules, the proton assignments are only unambiguously established with the aid of the exchange with micelles, an attractive alternative to other methodologies such as the use of paramagnetic shift reagents which may also cause spectral distortions. We rely also upon 2D‐NOE spectra of samples in the presence of micelles to perform these assignments. Recently published assignments, which were based upon 2D‐COSY spectroscopy, appear to be in error and are corrected here. Finally, we note that these shifts are information‐rich reporters on the nature of the interactions of these model analytes with the micelles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurodevelopment and chronic illness: Mechanisms of disease and treatment
Authors: Armstrong F. Daniel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSuccessful treatment of many childhood diseases once considered terminal has resulted in the emergence of long‐term effects of the disease or consequences of treatment that were previously unrecognized. Many of these long‐term effects involve the central nervous system (CNS) and are developmental in the way that they emerge over time. Because we are now able to observe the natural history of childhood diseases such as sickle cell anemia or HIV, or the consequences of treatment of disease such as leukemia, brain tumors, or kidney disease, we are also able to study a number of biological mechanisms that result in long‐term neurocognitive impairment. While some of the neurodevelopmental outcomes can be directly linked to structural damage of the CNS, other systems (e.g., hematologic, immunologic, pulmonary) appear to play crucial indirect roles in the development of the CNS and neurocognitive abilities because of the way that they affect the course of brain development and activity of the brain across time. Important interactions between acute disease factors, biological mechanisms, age at the time of disease or treatment effect, and disruptions in patterns of development after successful treatment or management all provide support for a neurodevelopmental model of childhood chronic illness. Testing this model may make it possible to more accurately predict the timing and degree of severity of long‐term neurodevelopmental consequences, provide guidance for improved treatment and prevention, and offer better understanding of neurodevelopmental disruptions that occur in other non‐chronic illness related disabilities. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:168–173. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metric‐driven mesh optimization using a local simulated annealing algorithm
Authors: Acikgoz Nazmiye , Bottasso Carlo L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe report on results obtained with a metric‐driven mesh optimization procedure for simplicial meshes based on the simulated annealing (SA) method. The use of SA improves the chances of removing pathological clusters of bad elements, that have the tendency to lock into frozen configurations in difficult regions of the model such as corners and complex face intersections, prejudicing the overall quality of the final grid. A local version of the algorithm is developed that significantly lowers the computational cost.Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, which is compared to a classical greedy Gauss–Seidel optimization. Substantial improvement in the quality of the worst elements of the grid is observed for the local simulated annealing optimization. Furthermore, the method appears to be robust to the choice of the algorithmic parameters. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cure behavior of unsaturated polyester/modified montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Zhou Yan , Yang Xiaoyun , Jia Demin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDynamic rheology, differential scanning calorimetry and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to study the cure behavior of unsaturated polyester/modified montmorillonite nanocomposites. The results showed that their gel times increased markedly at the same cure temperature, and that the activation energy of the nanocomposites was higher than that of the pure unsaturated polyester. Their peak temperatures of enthalpy increased as well. The total exotherm of the cure reaction declined and the cure rate decreased. In the curing process of pure unsaturated polyesters, the conversion of styrene was higher than that of the double bonds on unsaturated polyester macromolecular chains. The cure mechanism of the unsaturated polyester/modified montmorillonite changed because of the presence of double bonds in the layers of modified montmorillonite. However, the conversion of styrene in the nanocomposites was lower than that of double bonds on unsaturated polyester chains during cure at room temperature, and the conversion of styrene was increased after post‐curing and was higher than that of the double bonds on unsaturated polyester chains at the end of the cure reaction. Moreover, the degree of reaction of double bonds on unsaturated polyester chains of the nanocomposites was higher than that of unsaturated polyesters. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Oncology nurses' perceptions of their supportive care for parents with advanced cancer: challenges and educational needs
Authors: Turner Jane , Clavarino Alexandra , Yates Patsy , Hargraves Maryanne , Connors Veronica , Hausmann Sue 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDespite the emotional impact for children with a parent with advanced cancer, most families receive limited information and support to assist them. A project is underway to determine the acceptability and effectiveness of a supportive and educational intervention for parents with advanced cancer to be delivered by specially trained oncology nurses.To assess the perceptions of oncology nurses about this role, explore potential challenges, and understand their educational needs, oncology nurses were recruited from three metropolitan hospitals to participate in focus groups. This data was supplemented with data from individual interviews conducted with rurally based nurses unable to participate in focus groups held in a metropolitan location. Four focus groups were held, with 24 participants. Individual telephone interviews were conducted with five nurses.Nurses identified the emotional burden of the supportive care role as a key challenge, along with health care systems which were not attuned to the needs of families. Attention to self‐care and professional confidence, and access to role‐models emerged as key elements required in education, along with information about the impact of parental cancer on children and their developmental stages, and ways to promote more open parental communicate with children. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Electrical Capacitance Tomography for Bulk Solids Flow Analysis in Silos
Authors: Chaniecki Zbigniew , Dyakowski Tomasz , Niedostatkiewicz Maciej , Sankowski Dominik 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe paper presents application of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) for imaging solids distribution in a laboratory scale silo. The data were obtained for both non‐cohesive (dry) and cohesive (wet) sand particles. The static tests show how the local material compression zone influences the distribution of dielectric permittivity in the whole volume of a silo. The images obtained during the dynamic tests show the formation of different flow patterns. Particularly the influence of the roughness of the silo wall, the initial bulk density and the outlet silo's diameter on the changes of the solid concentration profiles have been derived. These results provide useful information for controlling the silo discharging and structural safety.
Application of CT‐Processing to Neutron Radiography Imaging of a Fluidized‐Bed
Authors: Umekawa Hisashi , Furui Shuji , Ozawa Mamoru , Takenaka Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCT‐processing is very effective in obtaining 3‐dimensional information for industrial instruments, and several trials have also been applied to fluidized‐beds. In the CT‐processing of fluidized‐beds, X‐rays are used mainly because they are readily availability. Similar processing can be performed by neutron‐rays which penetrate most metals, but not some chemical substances, such as hydrogen, boron, gadolinium, which are opaque to the neutrons. Due to these unique characteristics, neutron radiography can be considered as a suitable visualization method of actual industrial instruments made of metal. Thus, neutron radiography also has significant advantages for the visualization of fluidized‐beds. However, neutron radiography requires a nuclear reactor or an accelerator as the neutron source in order to obtain high quality images, which means that the real time CT‐processing of multiphase flows by neutron radiography is quite difficult. Consequently, CT‐images in this investigation were reconstructed by using time‐averaged visualization images. Although time averaging makes the understanding of the void movement difficult, 3‐dimensional characteristics of the void fraction propagation in fluidized‐beds could be clearly visualized by using test sections with significant non‐uniformity of the fluidized‐gas distribution.
On the existence of non‐supersymmetric black hole attractors for two‐parameter Calabi‐Yau's and attractor equations
Authors: Kaura P. , Misra A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe look for possible nonsupersymmetric black hole attractor solutions for type II compactification on (the mirror of) CY3(2,128) expressed as a degree‐12 hypersurface in WCP4[1,1,2,2,6]. In the process, (a) for points away from the conifold locus, we show that the existence of a non‐supersymmetric attractor along with a consistent choice of fluxes and extremum values of the complex structure moduli, could be connected to the existence of an elliptic curve fibered over C8 which may also be “arithmetic” (in some cases, it is possible to interpret the extremization conditions for the black‐hole superpotential as an endomorphism involving complex multiplication of an arithmetic elliptic curve), and (b) for points near the conifold locus, we show that existence of non‐supersymmetric black‐hole attractors corresponds to a version of A1‐singularity in the space Image(Z6→R2/Z2 (↪R3)) fibered over the complex structure moduli space. The (derivatives of the) effective black hole potential can be thought of as a real (integer) projection in a suitable coordinate patch of the Veronese map: CP5→CP20, fibered over the complex structure moduli space. We also discuss application of Kallosh's attractor equations (which are equivalent to the extremization of the effective black‐hole potential) for nonsupersymmetric attractors and show that (a) for points away from the conifold locus, the attractor equations demand that the attractor solutions be independent of one of the two complex structure moduli, and (b) for points near the conifold locus, the attractor equations imply switching off of one of the six components of the fluxes. Both these features are more obvious using the attractor equations than the extremization of the black hole potential.
Aharonov–Bohm effects in multiwall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Strunk C. , Stojetz B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe investigate quantum transport phenomena in multiwall carbon nanotubes in perpendicular and parallel magnetic field. An efficient gating technique allows for a considerable tuning of the nanotube doping level. We show that the weak localization is strongly suppressed at peaks at certain gate voltages which can be linked with the bottoms of one‐dimensional electronic subbands. In large parallel magnetic field, we observe a superposition of h /2e ‐periodic Altshuler‐Aronov‐Spivak oscillations and an additional h /e ‐periodic contribution, which we attribute to the magnetic field dependence of the band structure. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
13C NMR and EPR of carbon nanofoam
Authors: Blinc R. , Cevc P. , Arčon D. , Zalar B. , Zorko A. , Apih T. , Milia F. , Madsen N. R. , Christy A. G. , Rode A. V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe 13C NMR spectra of a carbon nanofoam sample, exhibiting a peak in the ZFC magnetic susceptibility, show a single 13C line at room temperature and a two peak structure at 100 K. The splitting and the NMR shifts are however much too small to be associated with true ferromagnetism as for instance observed in TDAE‐C60 below T C. The X‐band EPR spectra show the presence of a least three different paramagnetic clusters with g a = 2.0016, g b = 2.0031, g c = 2.0036 and very different electronic spin–lattice relaxation times. In some samples the CW EPR spectra show an additional rather broad and strongly temperature dependent line shifted to lower fields, which is characteristic of ferromagnetic systems. The results thus show an inhomogeneous super‐paramagnetic or spin‐glass like nature of magnetism in cluster assembled carbon nanofoam rather than homogeneous ferromagnetism. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron transport in Ar+‐irradiated single wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Skákalová V. , Woo Y.‐S. , Osváth Z. , Biró L. P. , Roth S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe study the effect of Ar+‐irradiation on electrical transport in an individual single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT), a thin SWNT network and a thick SWNT film. The damage to SWNT structure induced by Ar+‐irradiation is characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The electrical conductance both in an individual SWNT and in a thin SWNT network is strongly reduced by highly energetic Ar+ ions. On contrary, a thick SWNT film exhibits an increase of its conductivity as well as of its Young modulus after irradiation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strong coupling in artificial semimagnetic Cd(Mn,Mg)Te quantum dot molecule
Authors: Zaitsev S. V. , Welsch M. K. , Forchel A. , Becker C. R. , Molenkamp L. W. , Bacher G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExciton photoluminescence in a pair of strongly coupled artificial asymmetric quantum dots (QDs) has been studied in a magnetic field up to 8 T. The QD molecules have been fabricated by a selective interdiffusion technique applied to asymmetric semimagnetic CdTe/Cd(Mg,Mn)Te double quantum wells. The lateral confinement potential within the plane, induced by the diffusion, gives rise to effective zero‐dimensional exciton localization. In contrast to a typically positive exciton Lande g ‐factor, an exciton transition in the non‐magnetic QD demonstrates a nearly zero g ‐factor, indicating a strong electron tunnel coupling between the QDs. The strong coupling results in the formation of an inter‐QDs indirect exciton, which is a ground exciton state at high magnetic field, as found in the experiment and confirmed by our calculations. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theory of spin states in coupled quantum dots
Authors: Ponomarev I. V. , Scheibner M. , Stinaff E. A. , Bracker A. S. , Doty M. F. , Badescu S. C. , Ware M. E. , Korenev V. L. , Reinecke T. L. , Gammon D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe coherent quantum coupling of carriers in vertically stacked asymmetric pairs of quantum dots in applied electric fields manifests itself in rich photoluminescence spectral patterns of level crossings and anticrossings. These patterns arise from configurations of charges and spins in optically excited coupled quantum dots. We present a theoretical model that provides a useful picture of these optical properties including spin structure in terms of a minimal number of physical parameters. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)