bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jordan
Authors: Masri Rawan , Khamees Almu’atasim 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As the second highest refugee host in the world, Jordan, a middle eastern country has been on the spot due to its political stability despite conflicted neighbouring countries. Jordan has been struggling financially due to natural resource insufficiency and a disturbing water crisis. Jordan has a population of 11,057,000. Over 20% of Jordanians are unemployed, though most Jordanians are educated, and the country has a very high literacy rate of 98%. Regarding medical education, there are currently six medical schools in Jordan all of which are public. Medical education consists of six years (three preclinical and three clinical). Even though medical education is very costly, medical schools are overloaded with students and there is an accelerating growth of undergraduate and postgraduate physicians in Jordan. As a result, Jordanian physicians are facing high levels of unemployment and low income. For this and many other reasons, medical students are suffering from stress as high as 92% shown in one study. Mental health services are facing challenges due the insufficiency of mental health providers and the huge number of flowing refugees. Rapid access to mental health services should be one of Jordan’s main strategies in fighting mental illness and establishing preventive and screening methods should be highlighted.
Aisha and the Ḥadīth Tradition An Emergent Methodology
Authors: Rehman Sofia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The research thus far has been invested in analysing the various themes and topics presented in al-Ijāba in an attempt to critically engage with Aisha’s correctives. Chapters 4–6 have foregrounded key reoccurring techniques Aisha invoked when responding to ḥadīth. This chapter seeks to clearly delineate the emergent methodology of Aisha in approaching the ḥadīth tradition as well as examining her emergent technical terminology (muṣṭalaḥ) as well. This chapter argues that Aisha measures the validity of an alleged Prophetic statement against the Quran, her knowledge of the Sunnah more broadly, her logic, and her ethic of care towards the Muslim community, both her peers and generations to come. It is proposed that this emergent methodology be considered in tandem with the reopening of the canon.
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Structural Change in European Regions
Authors: Schrijvers Mirella Theresia , Bosma Niels S. , Stam Erik 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The process of structural change is investigated in six European regions that have been confronted with a severe decline in manufacturing jobs. The chapter focuses on entrepreneurs, the agents driving the creative destruction that is needed to transform the economy. The entrepreneurial ecosystem of each of the regions is analysed using ecosystem metrics and case study methods. Having a strong entrepreneurial ecosystem helps regions to be resilient to shocks, such as a decline in traditional industries or closures of large, focal firms. Institutions, knowledge, and skilled labour play key roles in a successful economic transformation. Formal institutions can provide the leadership and investment needed to quickly adapt to shocks, as shown in the West Midlands (United Kingdom), Eindhoven (Netherlands), and Oulu (Finland). The cases of Sofia (Bulgaria) and the Ruhr region (Germany) show however that a strong ecosystem does not guarantee a swift structural transformation. To explain these exceptions, it is important to consider the economic history and regional context. For example, a strong dependence on one industry or firm can create a lock-in effect that prevents resilience in the face of shocks. When diagnosing ecosystems to inform policies, it is therefore crucial to combine metrics with a thorough understanding of the regional context.
Demystifying Silicon Valley
Authors: Scheidgen Katharina , Hruskova Michaela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Silicon Valley is widely recognized as a leading entrepreneurial ecosystem as it provides a plethora of key resources that promote entrepreneurship. Although the existing ecosystem debate implicitly assumes that entrepreneurs have equal access to resources, we argue that this is not necessarily the case. We explore how entrepreneurs access ecosystem resources, specifically risk capital, and compare Silicon Valley with Berlin. We find that each ecosystem has a different ecosystem entry threshold at which start-ups become investable and can access financial resources. Entrepreneurs share an understanding of investors’ criteria: in Silicon Valley start-ups must demonstrate venture traction, while in Berlin a strong founding team is sufficient. Consequently, they undertake legitimizing activities to fulfil these anticipated investment criteria accordingly prior to fundraising. Our study demonstrates how Silicon Valley is a highly selective and demanding ecosystem, and argues that it excludes many entrepreneurs, fosters inequality, and leads to homogeneity among start-ups.
Uncovering Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Mechanisms
Authors: Kapturkiewicz Agata , Helanummi-Cole Heli 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
One of the challenges in existing research on entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) is that it can strongly emphasize either the structure aspect of the EEs or agency—especially that of entrepreneurs. These emphases can sometimes make it difficult to untangle the mechanisms of how various EE actors interact with and co-create their EEs, and understand how such mechanisms might vary across locations and bring about different types of entrepreneurial and socio-economic outcomes. In this chapter, we follow in the footsteps of several pioneering EE studies using the theoretical lens of organizational fields (e.g. Thompson et al., 2018; Auschra et al., 2019). We elaborate on how the focus on fields’ institutional infrastructure (Hinings et al., 2017) can be a useful analytical tool to examine the link between EE actors’ agency and EE elements and structures. Our discussion highlights how the institutional infrastructure concept can help researchers to uncover key EE mechanisms, their variations, and diverse outcomes. We illustrate our conceptual propositions with case vignettes from comparative contexts of Japan, India, and Finland, which are based on in-depth empirical studies conducted by the authors of this chapter. The vignettes from these diverse contexts, coupled with insights from relevant past literature on organizational fields and EEs, highlight a spectrum of possible modes of engagement—and outcomes of such engagement—of EE actors with their EEs’ institutional infrastructure. Overall, this chapter offers a contribution to how researchers can better understand EE processes by using the theoretical lens of organizational fields—especially the institutional infrastructure concept.
The Trumpian Exception of Trade Protection in the USA
Authors: Rathgeb Philip 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how trade protection acted as a functional equivalent of social protection in the welfare state agenda of the Trump administration. Although the Republican Party (GOP) radicalized towards a nativist-authoritarian agenda similar to European radical right parties, it diverged in its social and economic policy impact. Rather than enhancing the social protection of labour market insiders or expanding familialist policies, the Trump administration connected the GOP’s traditional reliance on tax cuts and deregulatory reform with a new focus on trade protection and immigration control. Understanding Trump’s policy impact requires an understanding of long-standing dynamics within the Republican Party as well as a comparative contextualization of America’s hostility to a European-style welfare state. Without strong public support for collective risk protection, the radical right’s ambition to protect ‘deserving’ social groups—typically the male white core workforce—may shift its attention to questions of trade rather than welfare.
Introduction
Authors: Ladkin Sam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The introduction establishes the monograph’s main thesis and method. O’Hara is a mannerist—a mannerist poet, critic, and late-modernist courtier—and the New York School understood in its aggregation of art forms (painting, poetry, music, dance, photography, and film) constitutes a ‘mid-century Mannerism’. Perfectly Disgraceful offers close comparative readings across a number of art forms illuminated by a genealogy of rhetorical terms: sprezzatura, grace, parrhesia, the agon, the figura serpentinata, the ornate, the marvellous. Rhetoric itself mediates aesthetics, poetics, and styles of sociability. Mannerist style—maniera—understands artworks to be inherently rhetorical; artworks stage complex forms of sociability and aspiration, just as the self-presentation of the artist involves a performative aesthetics.
Figura Serpentinata
Authors: Ladkin Sam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 interprets Frank O’Hara’s canonical ‘In Memory of My Feelings’ in the light of the art-historical term figura serpentinata. The figura serpentinata names the torsion in figuration popular in mannerist art, including statuary. Readings of the ancient statuary that inspired mannerist statuary helps trace the recovery of the figura serpentinata to the mediating influence of rhetoric: for Quintilian, praise of the figura serpentinata in statuary inspires techniques of eloquent language. The figure continues to be significant through the Enlightenment development of a ‘scientific’ art history from out of the discourse of rhetoric. The translation of formal tropes across aesthetic mediums (sculpture, painting, poetry) in the history of the figura serpentinata discloses a queer genealogy within that history of the history of art, drawing on the criticism of Johan Joachim Winckelmann and Walter Pater.
Frank Speech
Authors: Ladkin Sam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The ornate privileges movement and animacy. O’Hara’s ornate poetics are a way to avoid the deathly statuary he abhors, to maintain mobility, and to rhetorically persuade the reader of the vividness and vivacity of his poetry, its enargeia. Rather than luxuriating in ornamentation, however, O’Hara’s poetics work by offsetting onrushing energy: lines unwind themselves only to be cut off by moments of parrhesia, of ‘frank speech’. Paul Goodman’s account of grief and anger offers one stimulus for this parrhesia, Vladimir Mayakovsky’s poetry another. The tension between the ornate and the sudden—even the expletive—aligns with the discordia concors of Mannerism rather than the organic, folding and unfolding infinity of the ornate during the Baroque, and is the topic of Chapter 5. The tension between the ornate and parrhesiastic is discerned in close readings of ‘In Memory of My Feelings’ and ‘To Hell with It’.
Natural Law as a Theory of Practical Philosophy
Authors: Grunert Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter aims to show that Wolff’s ethics were normatively based on natural law arguments from the very beginning to his last works. Natural law as a concept was defined as a “science of good and bad actions” which lends its normative substance to ethics as the means to harmonize actions with the norms of natural law. The reconstruction of the development of Wolff’s idea of the relationship between natural law and ethics indicates that after the elaboration of the natural law in his monumental Jus Naturae, Wolff cedes the general normative justificatory function of the natural law partly to Philosophia practica universalis. The natural law, on the other hand, is more focused on the theoretical justification of law. Natural law as a distinct work became a philosophy of law while ethics still received its norms from natural law as a concept, which now is incorporated in the Philosophia practica universalis.
Wolff’s Powerful Concept of Perfection and its Roots
Authors: Goldenbaum Ursula 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
It is the aim of this chapter to show that Wolff’s approach to morals from naturally equal individuals who strive for perfection is not teleological but rests on Hobbes’s and Spinoza’s striving to persevere and to act. Increasing one’s power to act means greater perfection and relates to joy, and decreasing it causes lesser perfection and relates to sadness. Making progress in understanding is the path to greater perfection. Wolff considers constant progress as the highest good humans can reach by natural means. Thereby, he can secure the objectivity of moral values, provide valid concepts of obligation as well as of accountability, and secure human freedom as self-determination based on rational knowledge instead of free will. Given that traditional morality, based on free will as the precondition for responsibility, is increasingly questioned by modern science, I am convinced we can still learn much from Wolff: to find a new foundation of morals.
Perfectionism and Duties to Self in Wolff and Kant
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Kant rejects Wolff’s perfectionism as a general approach to morality. At the same time, Kant models his specific account of our duty to ourselves as self-perfection on Wolff’s account of our duties to ourselves. Is this a contradiction? No, because Kant’s approach to moral philosophy can also be considered a form of perfectionism, but one on which our primary goal is the—collective—perfection of our ability to set our own ends freely rather than merely the perfection of our natural faculties as naturally given and empirically known. This general difference is explored and illustrated with differences in the two philosophers’ treatments of the highest good and the specific duty of self-perfection.
Introduction
Authors: Wager Alan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The idea that ‘England does not love coalitions’ is something approaching a common-sense understanding of how British politics operates. Inter-party politics are nearly always seen as deviations from the norm, and the assumption is that cross-party co-operation comes with high political costs attached. Yet, as this chapter sets out, this has not stopped many different politicians attempt coalitions, electoral pacts, and formal deals with their competitors. This chapter sets out a theory for how the pluralist politics of cross-party politics operates in the majoritarian institutional culture of politics at Westminster. It then goes on to introduce seven flashpoints since 1945 where coalition politics has become a central feature of British politics.
Churchill and the Liberal Party, 1945–1951
Authors: Wager Alan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Between 1946 and the formation of his first peacetime cabinet in October 1951, as leader of the opposition Winston Churchill made a concerted effort to form an electoral arrangement with the Liberal Party. The basis for his efforts was the shifting promise of shared policy principles; a reconstruction of the electoral system; mutually assured short-term electoral benefits for both parties; and, with increasing traction as his time in opposition progressed, a belief in the logic, practicality, and inevitable implications of forming an ‘Anti-Socialist Front’ against the Labour Party. Led by Clement Davies, the Liberal Party—close to extinction—rejected back-channel attempts at an arrangement, and many within Churchill’s own party consistently resisted his attempts to co-operate with a party they assumed could soon be subsumed within the Conservatives. This case study demonstrates that enduring concerns about electoral repercussions stopped the co-operation—at a key historical juncture in the development of the British party system.
Efficient and Properly Functioning Capital Markets
Authors: Veil Rüdiger 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Allocation efficiency is the fundamental objective of capital market regulation. This chapter explains that efficient allocation of capital requires efficient and properly functioning markets. EU law does not define these regulatory objectives in more concrete terms. The ECJ has not yet shed light on the regulatory objectives, either. However, we do not recommend that a European Capital Markets Code (ECMC) specifies both regulatory goals. Nevertheless, it is important to include both objectives in the recitals of an ECMC because they shape the courts’ interpretation of standards and norms and supervisory measures of the NCAs or ESMA. To that end, the ECMC should provide for elements indicating market efficiency and the proper functioning of markets and a procedural mechanism requiring an exchange of views between NCAs and ESMA with a coordinating role by ESMA.
Regulatory Goals in Capital Markets Law
Authors: Ventoruzzo Marco 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers whether it is desirable and useful an explicit indication of regulatory goals, and efficiency in particular, in the text of a possible Consolidated Law on Financial Markets Regulation at the European Union level. After a brief introduction on the concept of efficiency, it is argued that while these references are useful to make explicit the intentions of the legislature, they rarely offer a concrete guide to the interpreter to fill in statutory lacunae and or use analogy effectively, due to both the difficulty of translating them—and efficiency in particular—in specific criteria, and because they might point to alternative solutions without giving a clear ranking among the different options. In addition, efficiency as a general provision might lead to interpretative options that are in tension or in conflict with other values of the legal system, such as legal certainty. In short, it is suggested that while regulatory goals are useful in preambles or general clauses, in most cases they should not and cannot offer specific solutions to the interpreter to fill in regulatory gaps.
Firms and households in Tanzania’s development
Authors: Morrissey Oliver , Semboja Joseph , Were Maureen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter gives a broad description of the chapters in the book. The overall focus is the analysis of development experiences in Tanzania since 2000—considering perspectives of firms and households—offering insights informing Tanzania’s path to sustainable development. Have firms and households in Tanzania been successful in building resilience to economic shocks and a changing environment to sustain their growth and development? Export competitiveness, innovation, and developing linkages contribute to the resilience and sustainability of firms, whereas income diversification and financial inclusion promote resilience and sustainability of households. The concept of sustainable development originated at the 1992 Earth Summit. Managing natural resources and reducing adverse impacts on biodiversity and the environment became increasingly important global issues—by 2000 climate change was firmly on the development agenda. The SDGs represent a culmination of incorporating development and environmental concerns to provide a broader global conception of sustainable development.
Mr. Dombey and Mr. Dickens
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie , Davis Philip 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The study of Dombey and Son introduces Dickens as a sudden and delicate improviser who creates psychological space through small instinctive moves like paragraph shifts, pronoun play, and manuscript revisions that deepen the insights of his sentences on quick second thought. It concentrates on two fraught and intertwined relationships: between Mr. Dombey and his neglected daughter Florence, and between Dickens himself and Mr. Dombey. As Dickens feels his way into Dombey’s inward life, the character begins to hold some of Dickens’s own conflicts during the emotionally troubled period of the late 1840s. The later part of the chapter concentrates on Florence’s inner life during crisis moments in her story, finding the psychological intelligence in what often passes for Dickens’s sentimental writing about virtuous young heroines.
His Favourite Child—David Copperfield
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie , Davis Philip 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The David Copperfield chapter meditates on the novel closest to Dickens’s heart, and closest to ‘the mind of the heart’ as it brings shadowy memories and obscure feelings into language. It considers pathos as a literary emotion, when the feelings of a sufferer are beheld and expressed by an observer or reader who protects the sufferer from self-pity, and keeps the passing emotion alive and valued in another’s memory. The retrospective older David is a witnessing reader of his younger self, treating his early dilemmas with tenderness, just as character-David treats the betrayers whom he’s loved with tenderness rather than bitterness. Moments when comedic characters melt into active human sympathy add to this novel’s special generosity of heart and mind.
Do Beliefs Need Justification?
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter gives a critique of the widespread use of the word “justification” to discuss the epistemic standing of belief. Drawing on the idea that words can carry powerful unintended meanings, the chapter argues that the ubiquitous post-Gettier invocation of “justification” for beliefs carries, via semantic presupposition, a hidden negative message: the idea that belief is presumptively wrong—that it is something that stands in need of justification or excuse. The assumption is ideological, furthering conservative bias. Epistemologists’ terminological practice here is more recent, and more contingent, than epistemologists sometimes realize. This chapter advocates reforming it. As a generic matter, belief should not be treated as suspect. Most typically, beliefs constitute knowledge.
Moral and Pragmatic Encroachment
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines pragmatic encroachment and moral encroachment in epistemology. According to these views, epistemic norms are sensitive to the moral and practical stakes and costs of believing. In particular, pragmatic encroachment theorists typically argue that when the practical stakes of a question are high, one should require higher-than-usual evidential support in order for belief to be appropriate. And moral encroachment theorists argue that when certain moral or political considerations are implicated, one should also be slower to believe, lest one commit a “doxastic wrong.” Both thoughts contribute to the negative bias in epistemology, assuming that suspension of judgment is safe, and belief is dangerous. This chapter critically examines that assumption, and develops a case for versions of moral and pragmatic encroachment whereby, in certain cases, due to the importance of a question, one should be quicker to believe, rather than slower.
Higher-Order Metaphysics
Authors: Peter Fritz , Jones Nicholas K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to higher-order metaphysics as well as to the contributions to this volume. We discuss five topics, corresponding to the five parts of this volume, and summarize the contributions to each part. First, we motivate the usefulness of higher-order quantification in metaphysics using a number of examples, and discuss the question of how such quantifiers should be interpreted. We provide a brief introduction to the most common forms of higher-order logics used in metaphysics, and indicate a number of questions which can be raised in such systems using logical vocabulary alone. Using a further example, we return to applications of higher-order logics in metaphysics. We also mention key developments in the history of higher-order logic as it pertains to metaphysics. Finally, we mention certain arguments which have been raised against the use of higher-order logic, and some ways of responding to them.