bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infectious haemolytic anaemia causes jaundice outbreaks in seawater‐cultured coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), in Chile
Authors: Smith P A , Larenas J , Contreras J , Cassigoli J , Venegas C , Rojas M E , Guajardo A , Pérez S , Díaz S 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the last 9 years, epizootics of an icterus condition has affected coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), reared in seawater cages in southern regions of Chile. At necropsy, fish from field cases exhibited signs of jaundice accompanied by pale light‐brown livers and dark spleens. Histopathological and haematological results indicated that these fish presented haemolytic anaemia. After microbiological examination no bacterial or viral agents could be identified as aetiological agents of this disease. In an infectivity trial, coho salmon, Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were inoculated intraperitoneally with a filtrate of an organ homogenate (0.45 μm) from a diseased coho salmon and held for 60 days in tanks supplied with fresh water. The disease was only reproduced in coho salmon in which mortalities, beginning at day 23 post‐inoculation (p.i.), reached a cumulative value of 24% at day 27 p.i. This condition was transmitted to non‐inoculated cohabiting coho salmon suggesting that it is a waterborne disease. Thus, this icteric condition is caused by an infectious form of haemolytic anaemia, probably of viral aetiology, and coho salmon are more susceptible than either Atlantic salmon or rainbow trout.
Presumptive detection of yellow head virus by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and dot‐blot hybridization in Litopenaeus vannamei and L. stylirostris cultured on the Northwest coast of Mexico
Authors: De La Rosa‐Vélez J , Cedano‐Thomas Y , Cid‐Becerra J , Méndez‐Payán J C , Vega‐Pérez C , Zambrano‐García J , Bonami J‐R 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn order to assess the presence of yellow head virus (YHV) in shrimp farms along the Pacific coast of Mexico, 39 samples from 26 randomly chosen farms were analysed by means of reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and dot‐blot hybridization. Eleven samples were positive for YHV. The disease was reproduced by means of an infectivity bioassay performed with an extract of pleopods from the positive samples. Cumulative mortality reached 50% in 14 days. Four pairs of primers which amplified several YHV genome regions were designed and used to test dead and surviving shrimp from the bioassay by RT‐PCR, resulting in positive results for every expected amplicon. The results of this study provide presumptive evidence of the presence of YHV in Mexican shrimp farms at least during 1999–2000.
Whole body net ion fluxes, plasma electrolyte concentrations and haematology during a Loma salmonae infection in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Powell M D , Speare D J , Becker J A 
Published: November 2006

Abstract Loma salmonae infections of salmonids culminate in the development of branchial xenomas and subsequent focal hyperplasia of the lamellar or filament epithelium following xenoma rupture and spore release. The effects of this acute branchial disruption upon net ionic flux rates and plasma electrolyte concentrations were determined in juvenile rainbow trout given an experimental oral exposure to L. salmonae. Mean numbers of branchial xenomas peaked at week 5 post‐exposure (PE), which coincided with a reduction in the specific growth rate, although there were no significant differences in mass, length or condition of Loma‐exposed fish compared with unexposed controls. Following exposure, negative net whole body Na+ and K+ fluxes decreased, whereas net Cl− fluxes remained unchanged compared with non‐exposed control fish. At week 3 PE during the initial branchial xenoma formation stage, there was a significant negative whole body net K+ flux in Loma‐exposed trout compared with other points during the exposure and subsequent infection. Additionally, Loma‐exposed fish had marginally elevated plasma Na+ and Cl− concentrations, whilst K+ levels remained unchanged, compared with control fish. Although there was a progressive decrease in leucocrit, haematocrit remained unchanged over the course of the Loma exposure and subsequent infection. These results suggest that ionic compensation can occur at the gills during the development of xenomas during exposure to L. salmonae and the resultant infection, therefore allowing defence of plasma electrolyte concentrations, unlike the acute ionic disturbances seen with some other parasitic diseases.
Treating experimentally induced vibriosis (Listonella anguillarum) in cod, Gadus morhua L., with florfenicol
Authors: Seljestokken B , Bergh Ø , Melingen G O , Rudra H , Hetlelid Olsen R , Samuelsen O B 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study was performed to determine the efficacy of orally administered florfenicol in the treatment of experimentally induced vibriosis (Listonella anguillarum) in cod, Gadus morhua. The L. anguillarum strain HI‐610 was used. This strain has a minimal inhibitory concentration value of 0.5 mg L−1 against florfenicol. Fifteen groups of 40 fish each were challenged by bath with 1.7 × 105 CFU mL−1 for 1 h. Three days following challenge, medication with florfenicol was introduced in 12 of the groups. The dosages used were 10 mg kg−1 day−1 for 10 consecutive days in marine or salmonid pellets, 10 mg kg−1 day−1 for five consecutive days in marine pellets or administered at days 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 following initiation of treatment. Among challenged unmedicated fish mortality started at day 3 post‐challenge reaching a final cumulative mortality of 77% at day 15. The experiment was terminated at day 26. In the medicated groups, the majority of deaths occurred from days 3–7 post‐challenge reaching final cumulative mortalities of 31% and 52%, respectively, for the fish given marine and salmonid pellets for 10 consecutive days. The fish treated with medicated marine pellets for five consecutive days and at days 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 (sequential feeding) following initiation of treatment had cumulative mortalities of 52% and 38%, respectively. Survival of medicated fish in all groups was significantly (P < 0.005) greater than survival of challenged unmedicated fish. Furthermore, a significant difference (P < 0.001) in survival was found between fish treated for 10 consecutive days using marine pellets and the groups using marine pellets for five consecutive days and salmonid pellets for 10 consecutive days. Twenty four hours following last medication, six fish had mean plasma concentrations of 3.3 ± 1.7 and 3.5 ± 2.8 μg mL−1, respectively, in fish treated for 10 consecutive days using marine and salmonid pellets. Corresponding values for fish treated for five consecutive days and by sequential feeding were 2.2 ± 2.3 and 1.7 ± 0.7 μg mL−1, respectively.
Queensland psychiatrists’ attitudes and perceptions of adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Edwards N. , Lennox N. , White P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground  Quality mental health care for adults with an intellectual disability (ID) depends upon the availability of appropriately trained and experienced psychiatrists. There have been few surveys of psychiatrists working with this population.Method  This Australian study obtained psychiatrists’ attitudes to and perceptions of the mental health needs of adults with an ID. Training needs were also sought. The survey instrument used was a purposely designed, 28‐item self‐administered questionnaire featuring multiple‐choice and open‐ended questions.Results  The majority of psychiatrists expressed concerns about treatment of this group, describing unmet needs. A total of 75% considered that antipsychotics were overused to control aggression, and 34% of psychiatrists were reluctant to treat adults with an ID. In total, 85% agreed that mental health in ID should be offered as a training option for psychiatric registrars, and that specialized mental health services would provide a high standard of care for this population.Conclusion  Broad concerns are raised regarding pathways to mental health care for adults with an ID in Australia. An Australia‐wide training strategy needs to be developed. Partnerships between mental health, disability and community services that serve the mental health needs of this population, should actively seek to engage psychiatrists.
Risk factors for psychiatric disturbance in children with intellectual disability
Authors: Koskentausta T. , Iivanainen M. , Almqvist F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground  Children with intellectual disability (ID) have a higher risk for psychiatric disturbance than their peers with normal intelligence, but research data on risk factors are insufficient and partially conflicting.Method  The subjects comprised 75 children with ID aged 6–13 years. Data were obtained from case files and the following four questionnaires completed by their parents or other carers: Developmental Behaviour Checklist, American Association of Mental Deficiency (AAMD) Adaptive Behavior Scale, a questionnaire on additional disabilities, and a questionnaire on family characteristics and child development.Results  The risk of psychopathology was most significantly increased by moderate ID, limitations in adaptive behaviour, impaired language development, poor socialization, living with one biological parent, and low socio‐economic status of the family.Conclusions  The risk of psychopathology in children with ID is increased by factors related to family characteristics and child development. Identifying these factors will help diagnose and possibly prevent psychiatric disorders in these children.
Melatonin and sleep disorders associated with intellectual disability: a clinical review
Authors: Sajith S. G. , Clarke D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground Melatonin is used to treat sleep disorders in both children and adults with intellectual disability (ID), although it has no product license for such use. The evidence for its efficacy, potential adverse effects and drug interactions are reviewed in the context of prescribing to people with ID.Methods A literature search was performed using multiple electronic databases. More literature was obtained from the reference lists of papers gathered through the searches.Results Most of the studies were uncontrolled and the few controlled trials available were of small size. Melatonin appears effective in reducing sleep onset latency and is probably effective in improving total sleep time in children and adolescents with ID. It appears to be ineffective in improving night‐time awakenings. Melatonin is relatively safe for short‐term use. Its safety for long‐term use is not established. Potential drug interactions, possible effects on puberty and concerns regarding the use of melatonin in epilepsy, asthma and depressive disorders are discussed.Conclusions Melatonin appears to be an effective sleep‐initiator for children and adolescents with ID and probably has a similar effect for adults. There may be heterogeneity of response depending on the nature of the sleep problem and cause of the ID or associated disabilities. Further studies are necessary before firm conclusions can be drawn and guidelines for the use of melatonin for people with ID formulated.
Behavioural equivalents of anxiety in children with fragile X syndrome: parent and teacher report
Authors: Sullivan Kelly , Hooper Stephen , Hatton Deborah 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground Identifying many of the diagnostic criteria for anxiety and depression in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) can be challenging because they may be unable to recognize and communicate their emotional experiences accurately. The purpose of this study is to identify behavioural equivalents of anxiety in children with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the leading inherited cause of ID.Methods Parents and teachers of 43 children (aged 6–14 years) with full mutation FXS completed two standardized questionnaires on children’s problem behaviour and psychiatric symptoms. Items from the questionnaires thought to be possible behavioural equivalents of anxiety were identified and grouped into four domains: Avoidance Behaviours – Confrontational; Avoidance Behaviours – Non‐confrontational; Anxiety Continuum Behaviours; and Behavioural Dysregulation. The mean rating for the four groups of items was used to predict the children’s status for exhibiting significant problems with anxiety as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐oriented Anxiety Subscale from the problem behaviour scale.Results The predictor variables classified 81% (parent rating) and 86% (teacher rating) of the children correctly. Avoidance Behaviours – Confrontational and Avoidance Behaviours – Non‐confrontational (teacher rating) and Anxiety Continuum Behaviours (parent and teacher rating) made unique contributions to the models.Conclusions Children who are unable to identify and communicate that they worry about general day‐to‐day events may exhibit more observable behaviours resembling active and passive avoidance (e.g. arguing, avoiding difficult tasks, staring off) or have specific phobias and compulsions. These findings suggest that there are behavioural equivalents for anxiety disorder in children with FXS and, more generally, support the notion of behavioural equivalents in ID.
Learning from health system reforms: lessons from Burkina Faso
Authors: Haddad Slim , Nougtara Adrien , Fournier Pierre 
Published: November 2006

SummaryObjectives Burkina Faso has implemented a macroeconomic adjustment programme (MAP) along with an ambitious reform of the health care system. Our aim was (1) to verify whether MAPs led to a reduction in health resources, and (2) to analyze the consequences of health policies implemented.Method Cross‐sectional and retrospective study, spanning the years 1983–2003. The macro aspect is based upon documents from national and international sources, a database of secondary socioeconomic data, and interviews of key informants working in upper management. Household and health facility surveys were conducted in three regions covering 53 communities.Results Within the reforms, the health sector benefited from an important flow of resources. There were significant increases in public expenditures, health care staff, the number of primary care facilities and the availability of generic drugs. However, health facilities in the public sector remain underused and major inequities subsist. Access to health care is constrained by the population's ability to pay. Health expenditures impoverish households, creating new poor and impoverishing the already poor.Conclusions The success of reforms depends largely on the extent to which they remove financial barriers to access to services. The experience of Burkina Faso also reveals the need for fundamental changes that will motivate staff, improve productivity, and ensure good quality services. Integrating health development policies with strategic plans for poverty reduction can provide new opportunities for African countries to redesign their health systems within this type of perspective.
Modulation of nociceptive dural input to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis via activation of the orexin 1 receptor in the rat
Authors: Holland P. R. , Akerman S. , Goadsby P. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMigraine pathophysiology is thought to involve the trigeminal innervation of the dura mater and intracranial blood vessels. Electrical stimulation of dural blood vessels is painful in humans and causes activation of neurons in the caudal‐most portion of the trigeminal nucleus in experimental animals. The hypothalamic neuropeptides orexin A and B are selectively synthesized in the lateral and posterior hypothalamus, and recent findings have implicated their involvement in nociceptive processing. To evaluate the potential for orexin receptor modulation of trigeminovascular nociceptive afferents, we examined the effects of intravenous orexin A and B on responses of neurons in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. To dissect the receptor pharmacology of responses to stimulation we utilized the novel orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist N‐(2‐methyl‐6‐benzoxazolyl)‐N′′‐1,5‐naphthyridin‐4‐yl urea (SB‐334867). Orexin A 30 µg/kg (F1.9,9.8 = 21.93,P < 0.001) and 50 µg/kg (F3.2,16.4 = 3.28,P < 0.045) inhibited the A‐fibre responses to dural electrical stimulation over 60 min. Maximum inhibition was achieved at 25 min for both 30 µg/kg (t5 = 19.83,n = 6,P < 0.001) and 50 µg/kg (t5 = 7.74,n = 6,P < 0.001). The response with orexin A 30 µg/kg was reversed by pretreatment with the OX1R antagonist SB‐334867 (F3.5,17.5 = 0.49,P = 0.73), which had no effect when given alone. Orexin B and control vehicle administration had no significant effect on trigeminal neuronal firing. The current study demonstrates that orexin A is able to inhibit A‐fibre responses to dural electrical stimulation via activation of the OX1R.
Visual functions without the occipital lobe or after cerebral hemispherectomy in infancy
Authors: Werth Reinhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates whether and to what extent vision with awareness is still possible in the whole visual field after loss of the occipital lobe of one or both cerebral hemispheres or after hemispherectomy in childhood. The visual functions of four children who suffered from unilateral or bilateral loss of the occipital lobe or who had been hemispherectomized were examined. The results show that even after unilateral loss of the striate and prestriate cortex the extent of the visual field may still be in the normal range. The residual visual functions may be mediated by intact extrastriate areas such as V5 and LO of the damaged cerebral hemisphere. It is also shown that even after complete hemispherectomy in early life the visual field may have a normal extent and that conscious visual perception in the whole visual field may be preserved. In hemispherectomized children, the remaining cerebral hemisphere or neural structures in the midbrain, including the superior colliculi and the praetectum, may be able to mediate these visual functions.
Telencephalon and geometric space in goldfish
Authors: Vargas Juan Pedro , Bingman Verner Peter , Portavella Manuel , López Juan Carlos 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNeuroanatomical evidence indicates that the lateral pallium (LP) of ray‐finned fishes could be homologous to the hippocampus of mammals and birds. Recent studies have found that hippocampus of mammals and birds is critical for learning geometric properties of space. In this work, we studied the effects of lesions to the lateral pallium of goldfish on the encoding of geometric spatial information. Goldfish with telencephalic lesions were trained to search for a goal in a rectangular‐shaped arena containing one different wall that served as the only distinctive environmental feature. Although fish with lateral pallium lesions learned the task even faster than sham and medial pallium (MP)‐lesioned animals, subsequent probe trials showed that they were insensitive to geometric information. Sham and medial pallium‐lesioned animals could use both geometric and feature information to locate the goal. By contrast, fish with lateral palium lesions relied exclusively on the feature information provided by the wall of a different colour. These results indicate that lesions to the lateral pallium of goldfish, like hippocampal lesions in mammals and birds, selectively impair the encoding of geometric spatial information of environmental space. Thus, the forebrain structures of teleost fish that are neuroanatomically equivalent to the mammalian and avian hippocampus also share a central role in supporting spatial cognition. Present results suggest that the presence of a hippocampal‐dependent memory system implicated in the processing of geometric spatial information is an ancient feature of the vertebrate forebrain that has been conserved during the divergent evolution of different vertebrate groups.
Difference in organization of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal synapses between patch and matrix compartments of rat neostriatum
Authors: Fujiyama Fumino , Unzai Tomo , Nakamura Kouichi , Nomura Sakashi , Kaneko Takeshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe neostriatum, which possesses a mosaic organization consisting of patch and matrix compartments, receives glutamatergic excitatory afferents from the cerebral cortex and thalamus. Differences in the synaptic organization of these striatopetal afferents between the patch and matrix compartments were examined in the rat using confocal laser scanning and electron microscopes. Thalamostriatal terminals immunopositive for vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) 2 were less dense in the patch than in the matrix compartment, although the density of VGluT1‐immunopositive corticostriatal terminals was almost evenly distributed in both the compartments. Quantitative analysis of ultrastructural images revealed that 84% of VGluT2‐positive synapses in the patch compartment were formed with dendritic spines, whereas 70% in the matrix compartment were made with dendritic shafts. By contrast, VGluT1‐positive terminals display a similar preference for specific synaptic targets in both compartments: about 80% made synapses with dendritic spines. In addition, VGluT2‐positive axospinous synapses in the patch compartment were larger than the VGluT1‐positive axospinous synapses in both compartments. As axospinous synapses are generally found in neuronal connections showing high synaptic plasticity, the present findings suggest that the thalamostriatal connection requires higher synaptic plasticity in the patch compartment than in the matrix compartment.
Absence of carotid rete mirabile in small tropical ruminants: implications for the evolution of the arterial system in artiodactyls
Authors: Fukuta Katsuhiro , Kudo Hiroshi , Sasaki Motoki , Kimura Junpei , Ismail Dahlan bin , Endo Hideki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe intracranial carotid rete (or rete mirabile epidurale) is a unique blood vascular system supplying the brain of artiodactyls, which have either an involuted or no internal carotid artery. Although the lesser and greater mouse deer (Tragulus javanicusandT. napu, respectively) are ruminants, the rete mirabile epidurale is absent. In these animals, as in non‐artiodactyls, such as canines, equines and humans, the complete internal carotid artery supplies the brain. It is currently uncertain whether the absence of the rete is confined to mouse deer among ruminants. The absence of the rete in mouse deer provides new insights into the evolution of the arterial system in artiodactyls.
Activity patterns of springhares from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Brown C. R. , Peinke D. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe activity patterns of springhares Pedetes capensis (Rodentia: Pedetidae) from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, were investigated by counting the number of springhares active above ground at regular intervals throughout the night at different times of the year and under different weather conditions and phases of the moon. A combination of time of year, time of night and level of illumination best explained springhare activity, accounting for 43% of the variation in springhare numbers. Springhare activity generally reached its peak soon after dark, thereafter remaining fairly constant throughout most of the night and only decreasing in the 2–4‐h period before sunrise. On those nights when the moon either rose or set during the night, this pattern was modified by the level of illumination. Springhares responded to moonlight by reducing above‐ground activity, shifting activity to dark, moonless periods of the night, and by reducing their use of open space. Except for extremes, other weather conditions had no significant effect on springhare activity.