bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ion Pairing Between the Chain Ends Induces Folding of a Flexible Zwitterion in Methanol
Authors: Schmuck Carsten , Dudaczek Jürgen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA well defined folded loop structure can be induced in a flexible zwitterion 10 in the polar and protic solvent methanol by charge interactions between the two termini of the zwitterion. In 10 a (guanidiniocarbonyl)pyrrole moiety, a highly efficient oxoanion binding site, and a pyrrole‐2‐carboxylate unit serve as complementary binding sites at the ends of a flexible strand in which two amino acids, alanine and valine, are linked via a butylene spacer in a head‐to‐head orientation. Intramolecular ion pair formation between the carboxylate and the (guanidiniocarbonyl)pyrrole cation leads to the formation of a well defined loop as could be shown by NMR analysis (NOESY and H/D‐exchange experiments) as well as molecular modelling calculations. Without this intramolecular charge interaction, as in the protected and hence uncharged precursor 9, no loop is formed but rather weak intermolecular dimerization is observed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour
Authors: Turner John C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent studies have reported that the variable of social categorization per se is sufficient for intergroup discrimination. This paper presents an explanation of these findings in terms of the operation of social comparison processes between groups based on the need for a positive ingroup identity. The relationship between perceived social identity and intergroup comparison is elaborated theoretically, and it is argued that social comparisons give rise to processes of mutual differentiation between groups which can be analyzed as a form of ‘social’ competition. Social competition is distinguished from realistic competition (conflict of group interests). New data is reported which strengthens this interpretation of the ‘minimal’ categorization studies. It is found that minimal intergroup discrimination takes place in the distribution of meaningless ‘points’ as well as monetary rewards and that social categorization per se does not lead to intergroup behaviour where the subjects can act directly in terms of ‘self’. Other studies on intergroup biases are reviewed to argue for the generality of social competition in intergroup situations.
A reconsideration of the achievement‐motivation theory
Authors: Nygård Roald 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a reconsideration of the achievement‐motivation theory it is assumed that moderate stimulation releases positive affects and very low or high stimulation negative affects. It is further assumed that as far as the achievement‐motivation system is concerned the most stimulating situation is that where the probability of success (Ps) is about .50, the least stimulating that where Ps is near 1.00 or .00. The motive to achieve success (Ms) and the motive to avoid failure (Mf) are thought of as moderators of the stimulation provided by a given situation. Ms‐dominated individuals should experience positive affects (moderate stimulation) where Ps is about .50 and should therefore engage in such situations. Ps near 1.00 or .00 implies very low stimulation; hence, negative affects should be released, resulting in resistance to such situations. Mf‐dominated individuals should experience negative affects (very high stimulation) where Ps is about .50, while they should experience moderate stimulation, and thus positive affects, if at any point, only where Ps is either very high or very low. This implies that the relationship between Ms strength, respectively Mf strength, and degree of engagement should vary from positive to negative, depending on the probability of success in the situation. Results from previous investigations are related to these viewpoints.
Aggressive slides can induce a weapons effect
Authors: Jacques‐Philippe‐Leyens  , Parke Ross D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis experiment aims at testing the relationship between the aggressive meaning of slides and the viewers' behavior. Three sets of slides varying in their perceived aggressive content (revolver, whistle and a box of chocolate milk) were shown to three groups of Ss who had to choose the intensity of electric shocks they wanted to administer to a partner. As expected, viewing a highly aggressive slide increased the aggressive behavior of the Ss who had been insulted. These results broaden the generalizability of the Berkowitz and LePage (1967) original finding, and they cannot be explained by Page and Scheidt's (1971) criticisms.
Attribution of intentionality as a function of age, outcome quality and affect for the actor
Authors: Imamoǧlu E. Olcay 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the degree to which 40 children (half boys, half girls) in each of three age groups of 5–6, 7–8 and 9–10 years would be affected by the qualities of the actors and the outcomes in perceiving certain acts as either intentional or accidental. Each subject was randomly assigned to either the liked‐actor or the disliked‐actor conditions and was then administered both the good‐ and the bad‐outcome stories, represented by pictures. Upon listening to each story in which the motivation of the actor was left ambiguous, the subject was asked to specify whether the act was meant to be done or not. The results indicate that in general all children showed a significant tendency to interpret a bad outcome caused by a liked actor as being accidental and that caused by a disliked actor as being intentional; conversely, when the outcome was good, the behavior of the disliked actor was interpreted as being accidental and that of the liked one as being intentional. Although there were no age differences within the experimental conditions, differences were observed between the conditions for different age groups. In general a developmental lag was revealed in the attributive behavior with respect to the disliked‐actor condition. One important implication of the study is that children by 5 years of age seem to have learned the evaluative difference between causing something intentionally or accidentally, depending on the outcome quality. The results were interpreted in terms of Heider's ‘balance principles’ which were suggested to serve as a vehicle for making causal inferences.
Wilhelm Dilthey: Forerunner of humanist social thought
Authors: Brown Richard H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHumanist social thought is as a meadow in the forest of positivist science. Much of this space was cleared by Wilhelm Dilthey, not only through his attack on the fundamental assumptions of positivism, but also through his formulation of a critical method by which the works of free human consciousness could be understood.The first tenet of positivism is that the world is made up of ‘out there’ objectively knowable ‘facts’. Dilthey undercut this notion by asserting that the subject matter of the human studies was not mere facts of nature, but rather objectified expressions of the human mind. The second central assumption of positivism is that these facts are explainable or determined by general causal laws. In contrast, Dilthey asserted that, while we can explain the natural world, human action must be understood through an interpretive rather than a causal logic. In demonstrating and specifically describing such an interpretive procedure, Dilthey provided an epistemological and methodological grounding fur a humanistic science of the person and of the social world. His ideas illuminate the works even of his critics and his influence, though largely unacknowledged, continues to be widespread in all the human studies.
Norms and attitude change I: Polarization and styles of behaviour
Authors: Paichler Geneviève 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present article relates some of the conclusions obtained from a series of studies on the relation between normative climate and polarization. Emphasis is put on the fact that the introduction of norms in social psychology experiments must be linked to the place of norms in society. Similarly, styles of behaviour and their consistency are only effective in terms of their contents, which are socially determined. Those are the hypotheses confirmed by our experimental design: a confederate is introduced into group discussions, the experimental variables being defined by means of his role: radicalism, position with respect to the norms, and consistent or inconsistent styles of behaviour. The results shed some light on the conditions of the appearance of polarization.
Pointing the way to a fictional place: A study of direction giving in Iran and England
Authors: Collett Peter , O'shea Gregory 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study was concerned with the popular impression that Near Easterners will give directions to a place even if they do not know its whereabouts. It confirmed the hypothesis that significantly more Iranians than English people will give directions to a fictional place, and offered experimental evidence to show that this cultural difference could not be explained in terms of the greater mischievousness of Iranians. Instead, it was suggested that the difference in behaviour between Iranians and English people could be traced to a difference in value systems. The study examined direction giving, avoidance of the experimenters, and time spent with experimenters in relation to nationality, sex and social class.
Decentration as a means for reducing aggression after exposure to violent stimuli
Authors: Leyens Jacques‐Philippe , Cisneros Teresa , Hossay Jean‐François 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the effects of decentration as a self‐control process to reduce the aggression subsequent to exposure to filmed violence. 48 Belgian French‐speaking military recruits were run in four groups of subjects. Two saw either aggressive or neutral slides without special instructions. The other two groups saw only aggressive slides but one underwent the decentration training while the fourth one performed a subsidiary task instead. The famous ‘weapons effect’ is replicated for those subjects who did not receive the special instructions (<.025 one‐tailed test) and decentration significantly reduces aggression (<.05 one‐tailed test). The absence of a change in the meaning of the slides is interpreted in terms of reappraisal of the stimuli. Besides practical questions, theoretical implications are raised concerning the social context of viewing filmed violence.
Effects of leadership style, personality characteristics and method of leader selection on members' and leader's behavior
Authors: Pandey Janak 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to show the effects of the method of leader selection, leader's personality characteristics and styles of leadership and the combined effects of these variables on selected behaviors of leaders and members in discussion groups. One hundred and forty‐four Ss selected from a pretested subject pool of 306 male participated in the experiment. The methods of leadership selection done on the basis of experimental manipulation were varied in one of three ways, i.e., appointment, election, and rotation. The findings suggest that the relatiomhip‐oriented style leader were more effective than the taskoriented style leaders in making the discussion group to generate more ideas. The rotational and elected leaders showed more democratic and accommodative attitudes and behaviors in comparison to appointed leaders. Significant interactions among the variables indicated that predictions of leaders' and members' behaviors are most accurate when the joint effects of such factors are considered.
Norms and attitude change II: The phenomenon of bipolarization
Authors: Paicheler Geneviève 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a preceding article we discussed the links between norm and attitude change: a particular phenomenon in this relation will be developed in the present article. During a group discussion, and in the presence of a consistent confederate defending positions which follow the trend of the norms on the global level of society, subjects tend to polarize their attitudes much more than in control groups. In the opposite situation, we observe a division of the group: a number of subjects are sensitive to the confederate's reactionary positions; these subjects are initially, that is, before the interaction, ‘moderate’. The other subjects, with firmer initial positions, resist the consistent confederate, thus resigning themselves to not reaching the consensus demanded of them by the experimenter, and enduring the conflict resulting from the standstill in the group negotiation.
Dimensions of welsh identity
Authors: Giles Howard , Taylor Donald M. , Bourhis Richard Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA multidimensional scaling procedure was used to explore the role of cultural background, language and geographical region in the process of Welsh identity. Welsh bilinguals and Welshmen who could speak only English made similarity judgments among stimulus people represented by all possible combinations of these three factors and the anchor stimulus MYSELF. The results showed that language spoken was the most important dimension of ethnic identity for both groups, with cultural background and geographical region playing subordinate roles. These findings were discussed in relation to similar research conducted in Canada.
Aggression in dyadic interaction
Authors: da Gloria Jorge , da Ridder Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt is shown that the notions of aggressive behavior as ‘intentional emission of noxious stimulation’ (Buss, 1961, 1963, 1966, 1971) and that of ‘injuriating goal response’ (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mower and Sears, 1939) are identical. The usefulness of these theories to predict S's reaction to the reception of a given noxious stimulation is questioned. It is suggested that S's reactions to noxious stimulation may or may not be aggressive, depending on whether the noxious stimulation S receives is interpreted as being a behavior justified by the nom in the situation, or as reflecting an aggressive intent of O. It is hypothesized that the norms established in the situation depend on (i) victim's perception of the noxious stimulation received as being instrumental for O's goal attainment, (ii) victim's perception of the value of O's goal, and (iii) the value of victim's own goal. The establishment of norms regulating the exchange of noxious stimulation between Ss is operationalized in two experiments. Aggression, defined as an infringement of these norms, is measured. In Experiment I, participate 56 female students, and in Experiment 2, 80 male students. Subject is alternately victim (he performs a sensorimotor task and receives an electric shock) and aggressor (he shocks the other S). In Experiment I it is found that Ss counteraggress faster and more frequently if they interpret the shock received from the partner as an infringement of the norm. In Experiment 2, Ss do not counteraggress more frequently, but they do counteraggress faster and evaluate O more negatively. It is concluded that the results clearly contradict current positions and favor the authors' cognitive reformulation of the determinants of aggressive behavior.
The effects of fear arousal, fear position, fear exposure, and sidedness on compliance with dietary instructions
Authors: Skilbeck Clive , Tulips James , Ley Philip 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInvestigated the effects of fear arousal and sidedness variables on compliance with a dietary regimen.Experiments involved 202 women volunteers who were 10 per cent or more overweight, and aged 20‐60 years. Experiment 1 involved a 3 (low, medium, high fear) × 2 (single, multiple exposure to fear message) × 2 (one‐, two‐sided communication) design. The fear levels involved discussing the health hazards of obesity. Experiment 2 manipulated the fear‐message position relative to the recommendations (fear‐recommendations, recommendations‐fear, fear‐delay‐recommendations).Persuasive impact was measured via follow‐up weight checks at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks.Results indicate nonsignificant effects from sidedness and pre‐standardised fear levels. Using subjects' fear arousal ratings medium fear is significantly better (p < .025), supporting Janis's curvilinear hypothesis. A single exposure to the fear message is superior (p < .025) to multiple exposures, the interaction with time being highly significant (p < .001). Experiment 2 results indicate the optimum position for the fear message as immediately prior to recommendations (p < .025). Results support both cognitive and fear‐reduction hypotheses, but the latter is favoured.
Modeling, vicarious reinforcement and extraversion on blood donating in adults: Immediate and long‐term effects
Authors: Rushton J. Philippe , Campbell Anne C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the immediate and long‐term effects of modeling on adult altruism using a quasi field experiment in a naturalistic setting. Forty‐three female trainee occupational therapists aged 18‐21 observed or did not observe a female model volunteer to donate blood. Modeling significantly increased the number of female observers who (a) also agreed to donate and (b) in turn actually gave their blood. The opportunity to donate blood occurred in a naturalistic situation on average six weeks after the commitment. It was concluded that observing a model could produce generalizable and durable behavior change in adults using an altruistic behavior of some cost to the individual. Personality and vicarious reinforcement effects however were not found.
Perceived probability and evaluation of balance, agreement, and attraction: Toward a solution of conflicting results
Authors: Davidson Andrew R. , Sussmann Mario 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFifty‐four subjects rated sixteen hypothetical situations on four evaluative and four probability scales. The situations were of the P‐O‐X type, consisting of two persons and an issue. A2×2×2×2 factorial design was used to test the relative importance of attitude (P to × relation), issue (marijuana or premarital sex), agreement (P to × and O to × relations), attraction (P to O relation), and balance (agreement × attraction interaction) on the evaluation and probability variables. As predicted from a critical review of past research on balance theory, balance was the main determinant of perceived probability. Attraction was the main determinant of evalution. In light of a review of past balance research and of the present data, we propose to restrict the balance hypothesis to cognitive variables, i.e., expectancy and perceived probability. In addition, support was obtained for the hypothesis that the more dogmatic a person is, the more frequently he will perceive balanced relationships as occurring and the more positively he will evaluate balanced situations.
On problems of context and attribution in verbal reasoning
Authors: Marková I. , Farmer J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInvestigated the effect of the verb on inferences in reasoning tasks with conditionals. Subjects were 60 pupils, both male and female, aged 17 to 18 years. Six verbs (buy, have, understand, ignore, hate, avoid) served as independent variables in conditional tasks consisting of two premises. The results which are statistically, highly significant, show an effect due to the verb depending upon the logical form of the task (2Î = 86.1, df= 30). indicate that certain semantic characteristics implicit in verbs determine the way in which a reasoning task is interpreted.A second experiment investigated why verbs differ in this way. Interviews were carried out with subjects using the verbs ‘buy’ and ‘ignore’. It is suggested that implicit meanings acquired through processes of social attribution play an essential role in verbal reasoning. In the present case, such attributions concern the depositional and episodic character of verbs and appear to be responsible for the interpretation of the premises of our tasks. It is concluded that any logical model aiming at an adequate representation of language in reasoning must take these implicit social attributions into account.
Individual and group choices among solutions of a problem when solution verifiability is moderate or low
Authors: Zaleska Maryla 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCompared choices among solutions of problem by individuals andgroups from two populations: 251 university students, aged 18 to 25 years, and 364 trade school students, aged 15 to 18 years. All subjects gave first their solution of Maiers horsetrading problem. Discussing groups were composed of one individual holding the correct answer while other members held each a different wrong solution. In one of the further individual conditions, single subjects were provided with all solutions without comment, and in the other, together with a brief summary of supportive arguments. As predicted, in the population of university students, the proportion of correct answers increases in all experimental conditions (p < .05). No significant difference is observed between individual and group choices. Group members defending the correct answer are more certain of their solution, talk more and are perceived as more confident than supporters of wrong solutions. In groups of trade school students, the reverse is true, and the proportion of correct answers decreases following both discussion (p < .01) and exposure to all solutions (p < .02). In this population, performance improves only when single subjects are provided with written arguments in favour of various solutions (p < .01). Results are analysed in terms of low solution verifiability depending on task, situational, and population factors.
The effect of normative models on individual and group choice
Authors: Dickson John W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the effect of a normative model (maximization of expected value) upon group and individual choice. 109 MBA students in a Lain square research design chose between two alternatives differing in expected value and in range of outcomes. Group choices were significantly (p < .05) closer to those predicted by the normative model than were individual choices. This difference was not due only to information about the presence and applicability of the normative model but rather it was due to the persuasiveness of the model in a group as a cogent and correct solution to the choice dilemma. Task instructions emphasizing the rewards from risk taking produced significantly more choices (p < .05) of the riskier alternative, particularly by individuals as opposed to groups, than did instructions emphasizing the penalties of risk taking. ‘Risky’ and ‘conservative’ shifts in choice between groups and individuals were explicable through knowledge of the influence of the normative model in individual and group choice.
Perceived persuasiveness as a function of response style: Multi‐issue consistency over time
Authors: Allen Vernon L. , Wilder David A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis experiment studied the effect of an individual's response style on different issues over a long period of time. A hypothetical situation depicted the repeated responses given by one person on a target issue and on four other issues for one year. The 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design varied consistency of the stimulus person's position on the target issue during the year (consistent or variable); his consistency on other issues during the year (consistent or variable); and social context (alone or dissenting group). Subjects were 155 college students. Results showed an interaction between consistency on the target issue and consistency on other issues for the three dependent measures (p < .001). That is, significantly greater persuasiveness, confidence, and dis‐positional causality were attributed to stimulus persons whose opinions were either completely consistent or completely variable on all issues during the year. Results suggest that the consistency of response style across issues—and not the constant advocacy of a specific position–is the crucial factor in the effectiveness of a long‐term minority influence.