bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome profiling of grapefruit flavedo following exposure to low temperature and conditioning treatments uncovers principal molecular components involved in chilling tolerance and susceptibility
Authors: MAUL PILAR , McCOLLUM GREGORY T. , POPP MICK , GUY CHARLES L. , PORAT RON 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTA pre‐storage conditioning (CD) treatment of 16 °C for 7 d enhanced chilling tolerance of grapefruit and reduced the development of chilling injuries during storage at 5 °C. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the responses of citrus fruit to low temperatures, we performed genome‐wide transcriptional profiling analysis of RNA isolated from grapefruit flavedo using the newly developed Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip microarray. Utilizing very restrictive cut‐off criteria, including pair‐wise anova comparisons significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 and induction or repression of transcript levels by at least fourfold, we found that out of 30 171 probe sets on the microarray, 1345 probe sets were significantly affected by chilling in both control and CD‐treated fruits, 509 probe sets were affected by chilling specifically in the CD‐treated fruits, and 417 probe sets were specifically expressed in chilling‐sensitive control fruits. Overall, exposure to chilling led to expression arrest of general cellular metabolic activity, including concretive down‐regulation of cell wall, pathogen defence, photosynthesis, respiration, and protein, nucleic acid and secondary metabolism. On the other hand, chilling enhanced adaptation processes that involve changes in the expression of transcripts related to membranes, lipid, sterol and carbohydrate metabolism, stress stimuli, hormone biosynthesis, and modifications in DNA binding and transcription factors.
Evolution of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Flaveria: determinants for high tolerance towards the inhibitor L‐malate
Authors: JACOBS BIANCA , ENGELMANN SASCHA , WESTHOFF PETER , GOWIK UDO 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTDuring the evolution of angiosperms, C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases have evolved several times independently from ancestral non‐photosynthetic isoforms. They show distinct kinetic and regulatory properties when compared with the C3 isozymes. To identify the evolutionary alterations which are responsible for C4‐specific properties, particularly the increased tolerance towards the allosteric inhibitor L‐malate, the photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Flaveria trinervia Mohr (C4) and its ortholog from the closely related C3 plant Flaveria pringlei Gand. were examined using reciprocal enzyme chimeras. The main determinants for a high tolerance towards L‐malate were located in the C‐terminal region of the C4 enzyme. The effect of interchanging the region between amino acids 296 and 437 was strongly dependent upon the activation of the enzyme by glucose‐6‐phosphate. This confirms earlier observations that this region is important for the regulation of the enzyme by glucose‐6‐phosphate and that it harbours determinants for the different response of the C3 and the C4 enzyme towards this allosteric activator. In addition, it was possible to demonstrate that the only C4‐specific amino acid, a serine in the C‐terminal part of the enzyme, is not involved in conferring an increased L‐malate tolerance to the C4 enzyme.
Initiation of stimulant and antidepressant medication and clinical presentation in juvenile bipolar I disorder
Authors: Pagano Maria E , Demeter Christine A , Faber Jon E , Calabrese Joseph R , Findling Robert L 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  The primary purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which the initiation of stimulant and antidepressant medication was associated with the subsequent onset of juvenile bipolar I disorder (BP I). Another aim was to investigate differences in clinical presentation between youths prescribed stimulant or antidepressant medication before and after the onset of juvenile BP I disorder.Methods:  Youths between the ages of 5 and 17 years meeting full, unmodified DSM‐IV diagnostic symptom criteria for BP were included in this study. Data regarding the age of onset of BP I, psychiatric comorbidities, and current symptoms of mania and depression were obtained. Medication history was recorded as part of the assessment interview with parents and youths.Results:  Of the 245 youths with BP I, 65% (n = 160) were treated with stimulant medication; 32% (56/173) were treated after the onset of BP I, and 19% (32/173) were treated before the onset of BP I. Forty‐six percent (113/245) were treated with antidepressant medication; 33% (67/206) were treated after the onset of BP I, and 3% (7/206) were treated before the onset of BP I. Patients who were treated with stimulants after the onset of BP I were significantly more likely to be younger (p < 0.0001). Patients who were treated with antidepressants before the onset of BP I were significantly more likely to be older and to have lower levels of mania on the Young Mania Rating Scale at assessment (p < 0.01).Conclusions:  Data from this retrospective case series do not support the association between initial stimulant or antidepressant use and the onset of BP I or presenting symptoms of depression or manic symptoms.
Cryptic diversification in ancient asexuals: evidence from the bdelloid rotifer Philodina flaviceps
Authors: FONTANETO D. , BOSCHETTI C. , RICCI C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBdelloid rotifers, darwinulid ostracods and some oribatid mites have been called ‘ancient asexuals’ as they speciated and survived over long‐term evolutionary timescale without sexual recombination. Data on their genetic diversification are contrasting: within‐species diversification is present mostly at a continental scale in a parthenogenetic oribatid mite, whereas almost no genetic diversification at all seems to occur within darwinulid ostracod species. Strangely enough, no clear data for bdelloid rotifers are available so far. In this paper, we analyse partial COI mtDNA sequences to show that a bdelloid rotifer, Philodina flaviceps, so far considered a single traditional morphological species, has actually been able to diversify into at least nine distinct evolutionary entities, with genetic distances between lineages comparable with those between different traditional species within the same genus. We discovered that local coexistence of such different independent lineages is very common: up to four lineages were found in a same stream, and up to three in a single moss sample of 5 cm2. In contrast to the large‐scale geographic pattern that has recently been reported in the oribatid mite, the spatial distribution of the bdelloid lineages provided evidence of micro‐phylogeographic patterns. If the mtDNA diversity indicates that the lineages are independent and represent sympatric cryptic species within P. flaviceps, then the actual bdelloid diversity can be expected to be much greater than that recognized today.
Mandible asymmetry and genetic diversity in island populations of the common shrew,Sorex araneus
Authors: WHITE T. A. , SEARLE J. B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMandibles from 13 island and six mainland populations of common shrews from the west coast of Scotland were subjected to geometric morphometric analysis in order to investigate the relationship between genetic diversity and fluctuating asymmetry. Although population mean shape fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and size FA were significantly inversely correlated with population genetic diversity this result was substantially due to one island. Sanda, the smallest island with by far the lowest genetic diversity, also had the highest FA. When Sanda was removed from the analysis, the relationship was not significant. There was no relationship between genetic diversity and FA at the individual level, whether measured as mean locus heterozygosity ord2. In general, if genetic variation affects FA at all, the effect is weak and may only be of biological interest in very small populations.
Body size evolution in Mesozoic birds
Authors: HONE D. W. E. , DYKE G. J. , HADEN M. , BENTON M. J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe tendency for the mean body size of taxa within a clade to increase through evolution (Cope’s Rule) has been demonstrated in a number of terrestrial vertebrate groups. However, because avian body size is strongly constrained by flight, any increase in size during the evolution of this lineage should be limited – there is a maximum size that can be attained by a bird for it to be able to get off the ground. Contrary to previous interpretations of early avian evolution, we demonstrate an overall increase in body size across Jurassic and Cretaceous flying birds: taxon body size increases from the earliest Jurassic through to the end of the Cretaceous, across a time span of 70 Myr. Although evidence is limited that this change is directional, it is certainly nonrandom. Relative size increase occurred presumably as the result of an increase in variance as the avian clade diversified after the origin of flight: a progression towards larger body size is seen clearly within the clades Pygostylia and Ornithothoraces. In contrast, a decrease in body size characterizes the most crownward lineage Ornithuromorpha, the clade that includes all extant taxa, and potentially may explain the survival of these birds across the Cretaceous‐Palaeogene boundary. As in all other dinosaurs, counter selection for small size is seen in some clades, whereas body size is increasing overall.
FRACTURE MECHANICS APPLICATIONS TO DRILLING AND BLASTING
Authors: Rossmanith H. P. , Daehnke A. , Nasmillner R. E. K. , Kouzniak N. , Ohtsu M. , Uenishi K. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— This paper gives a brief review of research in rock fracture mechanics as conducted at the Fracture and Photo‐Mechanics Laboratory (FPML) at Vienna University of Technology. The mechanisms pertaining to percussion drilling and blasting are investigated, with specific reference to the application of fracture mechanics. In order to gain an improved understanding of the mechanisms controlling rock fragmentation, a multidisciplinary approach is followed which includes laboratory experiments conducted in plexiglass and rock, in‐situ field experiments and analytical/numerical modelling techniques.Field experiments revealed that percussively drilled holes exhibit a very shallow region of damaged rock. An analytical model to simulate damage accumulation and crack initiation due to elastic waves generated by impacting drill bits was developed. This model, based on damage and fracture mechanics, was incorporated into a numerical finite difference code. Fracture and damage mechanics parameters are related to the moment tensor which is determined experimentally by means of acoustic emission. Small scale model blasts were used to investigate the blast‐induced fractures in the near‐borehole zone as well as in the far field. Analytical and numerical investigations give insight into stress wave and gas driven fracturing. The applicability of the dynamic finite difference program SWIFD to the interaction between stress waves and cracks is illustrated.
THE INFLUENCE OF AGEING AT INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURES ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF A DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL: Part II. FATIGUE LIFE AND FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH
Authors: Iturgoyen L. , Anglada M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— The mechanical behaviour of AISI 329 steel has been investigated for ageing times up to 20,000 h at temperatures of 475, 425, 375, 325 and 275°C. The study has concentrated on the changes in the response to cyclic strains, in the low‐and the high‐cycle fatigue regimes, and in the resistance to fatigue crack propagation as a function of temperature and time of ageing.It is shown that ageing increases the fatigue resistance in the high‐cycle fatigue regime, but the opposite occurs in the low‐cycle fatigue regime. Ageing increases the LEFM threshold stress intensity factor range for fatigue crack propagation which reaches high values in these alloys, and is influenced by the fatigue load ratio. Crack closure contributes to the LEFM threshold stress intensity factor range for crack propagation only in the annealed condition of the AISI 329 steel.
The influence of body mass index on the long‐term survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma after tumour nephrectomy
Authors: Haferkamp Axel , Pritsch Maria , Bedke Jens , Wagener Nina , Pfitzenmaier Jesco , Buse Stephan , Hohenfellner Markus 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVETo assess whether under‐ or overweight at the time of surgery has any effect on the survival of the patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), as obesity increases the risk of developing RCC.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe prospectively evaluated 780 patients who had nephrectomy for RCC between 1990 and 2005. We used uni‐ and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models to assess the effect of body mass index (BMI), tumour stage, Fuhrman grade, age, sex, histological type and performance status on cancer‐specific survival (CSS). Patients were grouped according to BMI (in kg/m2), as underweight (<18.5), normal (18.5–<25), overweight (25–<30) and obese (≥30).RESULTSThe median (range) follow‐up was 5.3 (0.5–15.4) years, the patients being followed until June 2006; 254 patients died during the follow‐up. Multivariate analyses of all patients showed that tumour stage, Fuhrman grade, Karnofsky performance status, age, sex and BMI were independent prognostic factors for CSS. While underweight patients had a significantly worse prognosis than those of normal weight, overweight or obese patients had a similar outcome to that of patients of normal weight. In a subgroup analyses including patients with localized RCC only, there was a strong tendency to less aggressive disease in the overweight group (P = 0.081).CONCLUSIONSBeing underweight is an unfavourable and new risk factor for CSS in patients with RCC treated by nephrectomy. Although not significant, there seems to be a limited favourable prognostic effect of overweight on CSS in patients with localized RCC.
Conversing with pedagogical agents: A phenomenological exploration of interacting with digital entities
Authors: Veletsianos George , Miller Charles 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the meaning of conversing with pedagogical agents. Previous research has focused on examining cause and effect relationships, failing to take into account the meaning of the experiences individuals have when holding a dialogue with conversational agents for educational purposes. To understand these experiences, we have conducted a phenomenological examination of what it means to converse with a pedagogical agent. In phenomenological terms, findings suggest the experience is complex, engrossing, virtual yet real, human‐like, and social. Implications for the future design, implementation, and research of conversational agents in educational and other settings are discussed.
The effectiveness of multimedia programmes in children's vocabulary learning
Authors: Acha Joana 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe present experiment investigated the effect of three different presentation modes in children's vocabulary learning with a self‐guided multimedia programmes. Participants were 135 third and fourth grade children who read a short English language story presented by a computer programme. For 12 key (previously unknown) words in the story, children received verbal annotations (written translation), visual annotations (picture representing the word), or both. Recall of word translations was better for children who only received verbal annotations than for children who received simultaneously visual and verbal annotations or visual annotations only. Results support previous research about cognitive load in e‐learning environments, and show that children's learning processes are hindered by limited working memory. This finding implies a challenge for multimedia programmes designed for children and based on self‐regulated learning.
Political Entrepreneurs and Co‐Managers: Labour Transnationalism at Four Multinational Auto Companies
Authors: Greer Ian , Hauptmeier Marco 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article examines labour transnationalism within four multinational automakers. In our sample, we find different forms of labour transnationalism, including transnational collective bargaining, mobilization, information exchange and social codes of conduct. We explain the differences through the interaction between management and labour in the context of the company structure; of particular importance are transnational coercive comparisons by management and the orientations of worker representatives as political entrepreneurs or co‐managers. We conclude that, although intensified worker‐side cross‐border co‐operation has not prevented wage‐based competition in general (due to the lack of between‐firm co‐ordination), it has reshaped employment relations within these multinational corporations.
The Future of Freedom of Information in the United Kingdom
Authors: WORTHY BENJAMIN 
Published: February 2008

This article investigates the future of Britain's Freedom of Information Act [FOIA]. It argues that the UK FOI regime faces a set of unique opportunities and challenges that may decisively impact upon the shape of FOI policy in Britain.On the one hand, the increasingly assertive FOIA appeal bodies, constant pressure from requesters, alongside the more open habits practised within the Civil Service, may serve together to ‘open up’ government information access. This in turn may widen and strengthen the British FOI regime.On the other hand, a series of potential obstacles may inhibit or undermine the new FOI regime. Delay and inconsistency, potential record management problems and ‘gaps’ within the scope of the Act, all present possible barriers to further openness. Most of all, following the two recent attempts to limit the scope of the legislation, the intentions and actions of the government will be crucial in shaping the future of FOI policy.
3. MENTALITY AS A SOCIAL EMERGENT: CAN THE ZEITGEIST HAVE EXPLANATORY POWER?1
Authors: FØRLAND TOR EGIL 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper probes the explanatory value of mentality as a social emergent in general and of the Zeitgeist in particular. Durkheim's contention that social facts have emergent properties is open to the charge that it implies logically inconsistent “downward causation.” on the basis of an analogy with the brain‐mind dilemma and mental emergentism, the first part of the essay discusses and dismisses the notion of social emergent properties that cannot be reduced to the properties of their component parts—individuals—and their internal relations. However, ontological individualism need not compel us to methodological individualism. The second part introduces two challenges to methodological individualism. The most radical is Rajeev Bhargava's assertion that the meaning of a belief is determined not by the individual holding the belief but by the entire linguistic community. Bhargava's “contextualism” is closely related to the (post)structural demand that we focus on discourse as a communal entity instead of continuing a delusive quest for the intentions of individual speakers. a more modest alternative is Margaret Gilbert's plea for using “plural subjects”—social groups in which “participant agents” act jointly or have a jointly accepted view—in the practical syllogisms that are central to rationalizing action explanation. The notion of plural subjects lends credence to, and is reinforced by, “situationist” social psychology, which shows how people conform to peer groups, authorities, and roles. building on Wesley Salmon's and Peter Railton's ecumenical accounts of explanation, the essay argues that both individual rationalizing action explanations and explanations based on plural agents can give explanatory information: we need not choose one or the other. The third part discusses how the Zeitgeist can provide added explanatory value in an analysis of the New left. This is possible if the “spirit of the sixties” is seen as representing the values and worldviews of the “sixties generation” as a social group in Gilbert's terms. Radical youth would suspend judgment and pool their wills to conform to what they perceived were the views of the imagined “sixties community” or—rendering more explanatory force—to smaller parts of it in the guise of peer groups and organizations.
4. THREE DOGMAS (MORE OR LESS) OF EXPLANATION1
Authors: ROTH PAUL A. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTWhat ought to count as an explanation? Such normative questions—what “ought to be” the case?—typically mark the domain that those with a type of philosophical aspiration call their own. Debates in the philosophy of history have for too long been marred by bad advice from just such aspirants. The recurrent suggestion has been that historians have a particular need for a theory of explanation since they seem to have none of their own. But neither the study of the natural sciences nor the study of narrative compels or even makes plausible the view that it will be possible to adduce the norms of explanation, either in history or elsewhere, in advance of identifying theories that explain. I readily concede to Stueber, Carr, and Førland the use of a certain vocabulary when speaking of others. But it is one thing to point to a pervasive habit of explaining behavior in certain terms. It is quite another to document that these explanations have any value as explanations.What apart from habit or philosophical dogma establishes any of their proposals as explanatory? Explanation by invoking the myth of the shared should be replaced by explanations that have empirical content.
Knowledge is a Dangerous Thing: Authority Relations, Ideological Conservatism, and Creativity in Confucian‐Heritage Cultures
Authors: HO DAVID YAU FAI , HO RAINBOW TIN HUNG 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThroughout history, the generation, exercise, and dissemination of knowledge are fraught with dangers, the root causes of which are traceable to the definition of authority relations. The authors compare Greek myths and Chinese legends, setting the stage for a metarelational analysis of authority relations between teacher and students and between scholar‐teachers and political rulers in Confucian‐heritage cultures. These two relations are rooted in ideological conservatism. They are related in a higher‐order relation or metarelation: Political control and the definition of the teacher‐student relationship reinforce each other in consolidating authoritarian values. Thus, ideological conservatism shapes educational philosophy and socialization. It conflicts with present demands for creativity in the service of knowledge‐based economies. Hence, a major issue in cultural change to be addressed concerns the dilemma between maintaining authoritarian control and enhancing creativity.