bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical response decision tree for the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringeii) as a model for great apes
Authors:   Decision Tree Writing Group
Published: August 2006

AbstractDisease is one of the main threats to the remaining great ape populations of the world. The decision to intervene in the health of the great apes for population sustainability is controversial. Humans' increasing negative influence on great ape health has mandated the reevaluation of current management policies. The Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project (MGVP) has been making health intervention decisions since 1986. The decision to intervene has often been made subjectively due to poorly defined criteria that are often influenced by emotion. This paper provides a consistent framework for evidence‐based health intervention decision‐making. The decision tree is a five‐tier process consisting of routine sentinel health observation, intensive follow‐up veterinary health observation, outbreak assessment, risk assessment, and risk management. Although this paper focuses on the mountain gorillas, it serves as a basis for evidence‐based decision‐making in other species. Am. J. Primatol. 68:909–927, 2006.© 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cystatin C in cerebrospinal fluid and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hansson Sara F. , Simonsen Anja Hviid , Zetterberg Henrik , Andersen Oluf , Haghighi Sara , Fagerberg Inger , Andréasson Ulf , Westman‐Brinkmalm Ann , Wallin Anders , Rüetschi Ulla , Blennow Kaj 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectiveA recent study using surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight analysis of cerebrospinal fluid identified a 12.5kDa truncated isoform of cystatin C (CysC) as a specific biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsSurface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight analysis of cerebrospinal fluid samples from 43 MS patients and 46 healthy control subjects.ResultsFull‐length CysC (13.4kDa) concentration was similar in MS and control samples. The 12.5kDa CysC protein was produced from full‐length CysC by N‐terminal cleavage during storage at −20°C.InterpretationThe 12.5kDa CysC isoform is a storage‐related artifact and is not useful as a diagnostic marker for MS. Ann Neurol 2007;62:193–196
Web links and search engine ranking: The case of Google and the query “jew”
Authors: Bar‐Ilan Judit 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe World Wide Web has become one of our more important information sources, and commercial search engines are the major tools for locating information; however, it is not enough for a Web page to be indexed by the search engines—it also must rank high on relevant queries. One of the parameters involved in ranking is the number and quality of links pointing to the page, based on the assumption that links convey appreciation for a page. This article presents the results of a content analysis of the links to two top pages retrieved by Google for the query “jew” as of July 2004: the “jew” entry on the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia, and the home page of “Jew Watch,” a highly anti‐Semitic site. The top results for the query “jew” gained public attention in April 2004, when it was noticed that the “Jew Watch” homepage ranked number 1. From this point on, both sides engaged in “Googlebombing” (i.e., increasing the number of links pointing to these pages). The results of the study show that most of the links to these pages come from blogs and discussion links, and the number of links pointing to these pages in appreciation of their content is extremely small. These findings have implications for ranking algorithms based on link counts, and emphasize the huge difference between Web links and citations in the scientific community.
Total rain accumulation and rain‐rate analysis for small tropical Pacific islands: a case study of Suva, Fiji
Authors: Kumar Vickal V. , Deo Ravinesh C. , Ramachandran Visagaperuman 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRain‐rate analyses using hourly data from 1990 to 2002 predict rain occurrence for ∼15% of the year while minute data for the period Apr '02–Mar '03 resolve rain‐rate more accurately and show rain occurrence of ∼2% of the year. It is estimated that <1% of the rain at the site is mainly convective. Rainfall analysis confirms its dependence on El Niño Southern Oscillation and convergence zones. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Luftionen in Gebäuden – elektroionisches Mikroklima
Authors: Jokl Miloslav V. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIm atmosphärischen elektrischen Feld der Erde werden Luftionen gebildet, sie sind Bestandteil der Umwelt. Der Mensch ist ihnen ausgesetzt und sein Allgemeinbefinden wird von ihnen beeinflußt. Der Beitrag beschreibt die elektrostatischen Eigenschaften der Raumluft und ihre Auswirkungen auf den Menschen sowie die Funktionsweisen von Luftionisatoren.
The impact of industrial biotechnology
Authors: Soetaert Wim , Vandamme Erick 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this review, the impact of industrial (or “white”) biotechnology can have on our society and economy is discussed. An overview is given of industrial biotechnology and its applications in a number of product categories ranging from food ingredients, vitamins, bio‐colorants, solvents, plastics and biofuels. The use of fossil resources is compared with renewable resources as the preferred feedstock for industrial biotechnology. A brief discussion is also given of the expected changes in society and technology, ranging from the shift in the supply of resources, the growing need for efficiency and sustainability of the production systems, changing consumer perception and behaviour and changing agricultural systems and practices. Many of these changes are expected to speed up the transition from a fossil‐based to a bio‐based economy and society.
White Biotechnology: Ready to partner and invest in
Authors: Kircher Manfred 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIt needs three factors to build an industry: market demand, product vision and capital. White biotechnology already produces high volume products such as feed additive amino acids and specialty products like enzymes for enantioselective biocatalysis. It serves large and diverse markets in the nutrition, wellness, pharmaceutical, agricultural and chemical industry. The total volume adds up to $ 50 billion worldwide. In spite of its proven track record, white biotechnology so far did not attract as much capital as red and even green biotechnology. However, the latest finance indicators confirm the continuously growing attractiveness of investment opportunities in white biotechnology. This article discusses white biotechnology's position and potential in the finance market and success factors.
Propagation of fluorescent viruses in growing plaques
Authors: Alvarez Luis J. , Thomen Philippe , Makushok Tatyana , Chatenay Didier 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTo study virus propagation, we have developed a method by which the propagation of the Lambda bacteriophage can be observed and quantified. This is done by creating a fusion protein of the capsid protein gpD and the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP). We show that this fusion allows capsid formation and that the modified viruses propagate on a surface covered with host bacteria thus forming fluorescent plaques. The intensity of fluorescence in a growing plaque determines the distribution of phages. This provides a new tool to study the propagation of infection at the microscopic level. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 615–621. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐immobilization of different enzyme activities to non‐woven polyester surfaces
Authors: Nouaimi‐Bachmann Meryem , Skilewitsch Olga , Senhaji‐Dachtler Saida , Bisswanger Hans 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCo‐immobilization was applied to combine complementary enzyme reactions. Therefore, trypsin was co‐immobilized together with both, lipase and α‐amylase, onto the surface of non‐woven polyester material. The progress of the immobilization reaction was directly monitored by investigating covalent fixation of the enzymes to the polyester flees using1H‐MAS‐NMR. Co‐immobilization of the different types of enzymes to the polyester support showed retained enzymatic activity. However, a competition of binding to the support was observed. Increasing amounts of one type of enzyme reduced the degree of immobilization for the other type. In order to investigate the distribution of trypsin and α‐amylase on the polyester support, the flees was treated with a mixture of rhodamine isothiocyanate labeled with anti‐trypsin antibodies and fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled with anti‐α‐amylase antibodies. Using fluorescence microscopy, the co‐immobilization was analyzed by selective excitation of both chromophores at 480 and 530 nm, respectively. In addition, fluorescence spectroscopy was applied by direct labeling of trypsin and lipase prior to co‐immobilization to the polyester support. A special prism of plexiglass was constructed, which fit into a 10 × 10 mm fluorescence cuvette in that way that a diagonal plane was formed within the cuvette. The non‐woven support was fixed in the cuvette and fluorescence spectra were obtained to characterize the amount of different enzymes linked to the support. Using FRET it was demonstrated that a uniform distribution of the various enzyme species was achieved, where the different enzyme activities are bound on the support in close neighborhood to one another. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:623–630. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Significance of micrometastases on the survival of women with T1 breast cancer
Authors: Maibenco Douglas C. , Dombi George W. , Kau Tsui Y. , Severson Richard K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe most important factor in predicting survival among women with newly diagnosed breast cancer is the status of the axillary lymph nodes. Although straightforward to define, the impact of micrometastases on survival remains to be completely determined.METHODSA review of data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute was performed using 43,921 cases diagnosed from January 1988 through December 2001. Among women with invasive breast carcinomas ≤2 cm undergoing a resection of the primary malignancy and an axillary lymph node dissection, there were 42,197 cases without lymph node metastases and 1724 cases with micrometastases. Survival differences among these 2 groups were evaluated and are reported here.RESULTSSurvival at 12 years was modestly affected by the presence of either solitary (5.0%) or multiple lymph nodes (3.6%) with micrometastases when compared with lymph node‐negative cases. In subgroup analyses, the decreased survival associated with micrometastases was inconsistent. The most significant survival disadvantage associated with micrometastases was found in cases with Grade 3 carcinomas.CONCLUSIONSThe modest and variable impact of micrometastases on long‐term survival indicates that micrometastases are an important, but not a dominant, prognostic indicator. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Liu Jeffrey , Singh Bhuvanesh , Tallini Giovanni , Carlson Diane L. , Katabi Nora , Shaha Ashok , Tuttle R. Michael , Ghossein Ronald A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere is continuous debate regarding the optimal classification, prognosis, and treatment of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC). The objective of this study was to assess the behavior of FVPTC, especially its encapsulated form, and shed more light on its true position in the classification scheme of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma.METHODSAll patients with FVPTC, follicular thyroid adenoma (FTA), and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) who were diagnosed between 1980 and 1995 were reviewed and reclassified according to the currently accepted definition of FVPTC. The tumors were separated into encapsulated and nonencapsulated (infiltrative/diffuse) types. Encapsulated tumors were subdivided further into tumors with or without capsular/vascular invasion. These different subtypes of FVPTC were correlated with outcome and with other clinicopathologic parameters.RESULTSAfter review by 4 pathologists, 78 patients were included in the study. Sixty‐one of 78 patients (78%) had encapsulated tumors (18 invasive, 43 noninvasive), and 17 patients had nonencapsulated tumors (infiltrative/diffuse). The gender distribution, age at presentation, and tumor size did not differ between patients with encapsulated and nonencapsulated FVPTC. Patients who had encapsulated FVPTC had a significantly lower rate of marked intratumor fibrosis (18%), extrathyroid extension (5%), and positive margins (2%) compared with patients who had nonencapsulated tumors (88%, 65%, and 50% respectively; P < .0001). Regional lymph node metastases were present in 14 of 78 patients (18%), and no patients had distant metastases. The lymph node metastatic rate was significantly higher in patients who had nonencapsulated tumors (11 of 17 patients; 65%) compared with patients who had encapsulated neoplasms (3 of 61 patients; 5%; P < .0001). In addition, lymph node metastases were not detected in any noninvasive, encapsulated FVPTCs. With a median follow‐up of 10.8 years, only 1 patient developed a recurrence, which occurred in an encapsulated FVPTC that had numerous invasive foci. None of the patients with noninvasive, encapsulated FVPTCs developed recurrences, including 31 patients who underwent lobectomy alone, with a median follow‐up of 11.1 years.CONCLUSIONSFVPTC appeared to be a heterogeneous disease composed of 2 distinct groups: an infiltrative/diffuse (nonencapsulated) subvariant, which resembles classic papillary carcinoma in its metastatic lymph node pattern and invasive growth, and an encapsulated form, which behaves more like FTA/FTC. Patients who had noninvasive, encapsulated FVPTCs did not develop lymph node metastases or recurrences and could be treated by lobectomy alone. If the current findings are confirmed, then strong consideration should be given to reclassifying encapsulated FVPTC as an entity that is close to the FTA/FTC class of tumors. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Decay estimates for the wave and Dirac equations with a magnetic potential
Authors: D'Ancona Piero , Fanelli Luca 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe study the electromagnetic wave equation and the perturbed massless Dirac equation on ℝt × ℝ3:

where the potentials A(x), B(x), and V(x) are assumed to be small but may be rough. For both equations, we prove the expected time decay rate of the solution

where the norm ‖f‖X can be expressed as the weighted L2‐norm of a few derivatives of the data f. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of Redhat IPv6 router on heterogeneous host connections
Authors: Syed Mohamed Sulaiman , Buhari M. I. , Badhusha Akbar 
Published: August 2006

AbstractInternet's popularity has been expanding on dramatic pace and the number of people getting connected to it multiplies regularly. With this high demand, the current Internet Protocol (IPv4) has reached its limits. The next generation Internet Protocol version6 (IPv6) has been incorporated into various operating systems. The motivation behind this work is how well IPv6 co‐operates with various operating systems. The performance of the IP stack, together with the behaviour of the OS greatly affects the efficiency of network applications built on top of it. The acceptance of IPv6 implementations on various operating systems heavily relies on the end‐user performance. In this paper, we propose to analyse these various IPv6 implementations for its host and router‐level supports. In this paper, we investigate the impact of Redhat‐based IPv6 router on IPv6 stacks of three different operating systems namely, Windows2003, Redhat Linux 9.0 (Redhat9.0) and FreeBSD4.9. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mathematical framework towards the analysis of a generic traffic marker
Authors: Rikli Nasser‐Eddine 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDiffServ architecture has been widely adopted for the provision of QoS over the Internet. This makes the full understanding of its operation imperative. We believe that only mathematical analysis may have the power of such goal. As the heart of a DiffServ router is the token bucket algorithm, a generic one, with two‐colours marking, is to be considered here. A mathematical framework will be first developed for its analysis. Then, assuming an input traffic with Poisson arrivals and Exponential packet lengths, and a memoryless token bucket system, the two types of generated streams will be statistically characterized through their distributions and averages. This analysis will be carried out for two types of buckets, one with infinite size and a second with finite size. It will be shown how the derived equations will allow the prediction of the output traffic streams for given bucket and input traffic stream parameters. The paper will be then complemented by conclusions and suggestions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of authentication interworking methods among multiple WLAN service providers
Authors: Lee Wan Yeon , Lee Heejo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe interworking technologies to combine multiple WLANs into a single virtual system have not been studied extensively, particularly for legacy wireless networks. In this paper, we study how to provide the inter‐domain authentication among multiple WLAN service providers with minimum overhead. We introduce five inter‐domain authentication methods, referred to as Info‐Sharing, AP‐Seq, AP‐Con, AS‐Seq and AS‐Con, which are designed in the form of an extension to the standard IEEE 802.1x and EAP protocols. In order to evaluate these methods, we compare their authentication time, implementation cost, confidentiality, flexibility and increment of messages. From the evaluation with analysis and experiments, we show that the AS‐Con method can provide the authentication interworking function with minimal overhead on legacy network equipments. Also it is shown that, even though the authentication of AS‐Con takes longer than the previous method, their difference is under one second and insensitive to users. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic buffer management using per‐queue thresholds
Authors: Gazi B. , Ghassemlooy Z. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractShared buffer switches consist of a memory pool completely shared among output ports of a switch. Shared buffer switches achieve low packet loss performance as buffer space is allocated in a flexible manner. However, this type of buffered switches suffers from high packet losses when the input traffic is imbalanced and bursty. Heavily loaded output ports dominate the usage of shared memory and lightly loaded ports cannot have access to these buffers. To regulate the lengths of very active queues and avoid performance degradations, threshold‐based dynamic buffer management policy, decay function threshold, is proposed in this paper. Decay function threshold is a per‐queue threshold scheme that uses a tailored threshold for each output port queue. This scheme suggests that buffer space occupied by an output port decays as the queue size of this port increases and/or empty buffer space decreases. Results have shown that decay function threshold policy is as good as well‐known dynamic thresholds scheme, and more robust when multicast traffic is used. The main advantage of using this policy is that besides best‐effort traffic it provides support to quality of service (QoS) traffic by using an integrated buffer management and scheduling framework. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Worm‐like artifacts in exfoliative cytology
Authors: Martínez‐Girón Rafael , González‐López José Rafael , Esteban José‐Guillermo , García‐Miralles María Teresa , Álvarez‐de‐los‐Heros Carlos , Ribas‐Barceló Andrés 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe presence of worms in cytological smears is occasionally reported, although various other structures exist that may be confused with such parasites. We present eight worm‐like artifacts observed in routine Papanicolaou smears. Recognition of these structures is important to avoid overvaluation or confusion with true worms. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:636–639. © 2006 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
A case of mucinous spherulosis of the breast diagnosed retrospectively in FNA material
Authors: Laforga Juan B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe describe for the first time the cytologic features of mucinous spherulosis (MS), a variant of collagenous spherulosis (CS) of the breast characterized by cribiform structures containing lightly basophilic material, embedded in a loosely mucinous acellular background. Histologically, the lesion was part of a complex hyperplasia containing foci of sclerosing adenosis, and foci of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH). Immunohistochemical study showed reactivity with smooth muscle actin and focally for cytokeratin 14. Cytologic features of MS were recognized retrospectively and consisted of intermediate to large round hyaline spherules, naked or surrounded by myoepithelial cells. A fibrillary radial appearance was observed with Diff‐Quick stain.We draw attention to the importance of recognizing these features because they can easily pose problems either by being overlooked or overdiagnosed as mucinous carcinoma. Differential diagnosis is briefly discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:626–630. © 2006 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
αN‐catenin deficiency causes defects in axon migration and nuclear organization in restricted regions of the mouse brain
Authors: Uemura Masato , Takeichi Masatoshi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractαN‐catenin is a cadherin‐binding protein, widely expressed in the nervous system; and it plays a crucial role in cadherin‐mediated cell‐cell adhesion. Here we report the effects of αN‐catenin gene deficiency on brain morphogenesis. In addition to the previously reported phenotypes, we found that some of the axon tracts did not normally develop, in particular, axons of the anterior commissure failed to cross the midline, migrating, rather, to ectopic places. In restricted nuclei, a population of neurons was missing or their laminar arrangement was distorted. The ventricular structures were also deformed. These results indicate that αN‐catenin has diverse roles in the organization of the central nervous system, but only in limited portions of the brain. Developmental Dynamics, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Summary of ‘Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care’
Authors: Milne Andrea 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Arnold SR, Straus SE. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003539. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003539.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Expert Commentary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentary on ‘Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care’
Authors: Robinson Joan L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Arnold SR, Straus SE. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003539. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003539.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.