bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delivering well-maintained highways
Authors: Kendrick M. , Taggart A. 
Published: June 2006

The highway network is the largest and most visible community asset for which local authorities are responsible. It is used daily by the majority of people and is fundamental to the economic, social and environmental wellbeing of the community. It helps to shape the character and quality of the local areas that it serves and makes an important contribution to wider local authority priorities, including regeneration, social inclusion, community safety, education and health. In order to fulfil its potential it is crucial that the highway network is maintained. Increasing traffic growth has brought increasingly widespread recognition of the importance of highway maintenance and the high value placed on it by users. However, this importance has not generally been reflected in levels of investment, and public concern has been increasing about the implications of this for safety and journey reliability. Recent increases in investment have been welcome but a sustained long-term programme that is efficiently managed and supported by effective technical and management systems is required. The 2005 edition of Well-maintained Highways: Code of Practice for Highway Maintenance Management, together with the updated Well-lit Highways: Code of Practice for Highway Lighting Management and the new Management of Highway Structures: A Code of Practice, provide the basis for these technical and management systems with detailed guidance on standards and procedures. The codes, so far as possible, seek to harmonise approaches in all parts of the UK and between national and local roads, support the new requirements for asset management and link national and local transport policies. For the first time, the code of practice for well-maintained highways includes the management of public rights of way as part of the highway asset. This paper summarises the key features of the code, highlighting areas considered to be of particular importance. Copies of all codes can be viewed on the website of the UK Roads Liaison Group ( www.ukroadsliaisongroup.org ).
Standing Tall in the Estuary
Authors: Nicholson Natasha , Charlick Pamela 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAccompanied by the guest‐editors of this issue, Natasha Nicholson and Pamela Charlick take an exhilarating ride beyond the Thames Estuary, off the coast of Herne Bay, on Bayblast, the rigid hull inflatable boat (RHIB) ‐ a trip that takes in the impressive Kentish Flats wind farm, under construction, and the Maunsell Forts. With substantial‐scale projects already nestled in the estuary, new possibilities for architectural interpretation can be thrown up for the Thames Gateway flood plain. However, what potential contribution might the wind farm also make to the area in terms of power generation?
Mega‐Rural: Made in Sunderland
Authors: Schwinge Jonathan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractJonathan Schwinge anticipates habitation spheres, manufactured like ships from vast modular subassemblies. Floated from covered yards on pontoons, they are airlifted for segmental delivery anywhere in the world by fleets of high‐capacity freight airships from the leading civilian and military logistics companies. A new market, perhaps, for old shipyards, like Pallion shipyard in Jonathan's family home town of Sunderland.
Triumph and Tragedy on the Home Front
Authors: Pawley Martin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe history of the prefabricated is one of complete ‘nonperformance’ for the most renowned designs, produced by the most famous architects. Here, Martin Pawley reviews The Prefabricated Home by Colin Davies and explains how Davies' text reconciles the production failure of seminal works such as Buckminster Fuller's Wichita House and Lloyd Wright's Usonian Houses with the Second World War's prefab boom.
Designer Volumetric at IKEA Prices
Authors: Abley Ian 
Published: June 2006

AbstractVolumetric construction is too associated with ‘affordable’ housing for rent by registered social landlords, or ‘microflats’ for sale to underpaid ‘key workers’. Kisho Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower, in Tokyo, of 1972, is well known, but it was never intended as a main residence, and provided an extra room in the city. Architects interested in volumetric construction might well be designing gorgeous macroflats and spacious houses, developing the functionality of such buildings, while aiming to bring down costs through repetition. However, Ian Abley believes their efforts will continue to be frustrated by the need for site‐specific planning approvals, and the cost of developable land in restricted supply.
What's Wrong with This Approach, Comrades?
Authors: Flowers Bee 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThough strenuously avoiding the ‘Modernist’ and ‘International Style’ labels, postwar USSR, along with its Western counterparts, plunged headlong into a system‐building programme. Today, Russians know of virtually no other form of housing and, as photographer Bee Flowers observes, the construction sector continues to produce ever larger buildings, for no apparent reason other than habit.
Eero Saarinen and the Manufacturing Model
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: June 2006

AbstractJayne Merkel, board member of AD and the author of an authoratitive new book on Eero Saarinen, describes how Saarinen did much to advance the design of mass‐producible architecture in an era of postwar optimism. She traces both the roots of Saarinen's approach and describes how it sits alongside his carefully crafted expressionistic work, such as the TWA Terminal at JFK.
Cedric Price: From the ‘Brain Drain’ to the ‘Knowledge Economy’
Authors: Mathews Stanley 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStanley Mathews looks at Cedric Price's Fun Palace and Potteries Thinkbelt as polemics addressing the changing economic and social character of postwar Britain moving into a period of deindustrialisation, with the expansion of higher education, and the emergence of information technology.
Waltropolis: City in a Box
Authors: Andersen Emily , DeOld Geoff , Hoelker Corey 
Published: June 2006

AbstractReyner Banham now seems premature in declaring the megastructure dead in the early 1970s. Here, theboxtank (Emily Andersen, Geoff DeOld and Corey Hoelker), a collaborative blog about big‐box urbanism and retail, considers the latent architectural possibilities of the now global phenomenon of space enclosing industrially clad megasheds ‐ the potential of which was never underestimated by Cedric Price or Martin Pawley.
Interchange Now
Authors: Stewart Robert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNot for them was the Modernism of neat, smooth, regular solids, notes Banham. ‘The younger megastructuralists clearly saw technology as a visually wild rich mess of piping and wiring and struts and catwalks and bristling radar antennae and supplementary fuel tanks and landing‐pads all carried in exposed lattice frames, NASA‐style. Much of this intellectual underpinning for this picturesque view of advanced technology came, directly or otherwise, from the writings and projects of the Futurist architect Antonio Sant'Elia, in spite of the fact that he had been dead since 1916.’Appreciating Futurism, Robert Stewart of YRM looks at prospects for the modularisation of megastructural transport projects, having been engaged in the vast and largely subterranean development of Terminal 5 at Heathrow Airport, London. He argues for a flexible architecture in the service of mobility.
Appraising, researching and conceptualizing criminal thinking: a personal view
Authors: WALTERS GLENN D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground It is argued that current interest in the concept of criminal thinking has its roots in traditional theories of criminology and criminal justice such as Sutherland's differential association model, neutralization theory, and Yochelson and Samenow's criminal personality.Aim The purpose of this paper is to briefly review and summarize theory, research, and practice on criminal thinking as it relates to the author's work in this area.Conclusions Three self‐report inventories – the Criminal Sentiments Scale (CSS), the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS), and the Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA); three principal areas of research – criminal thinking as a predictor of criminal behaviour, offence as a moderator of criminal thinking, and changes in criminal thinking leading to changes in criminal behaviour; and a general theory of criminal thinking are briefly reviewed in this paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delinquency and the profile of offences among depressed and non‐depressed adolescents
Authors: RITAKALLIO MINNA , KALTIALA‐HEINO RIITTAKERTTU , KIVIVUORI JANNE , LUUKKAALA TIINA , RIMPELÄ MATTI 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground Depression has previously been found to be closely connected to adolescent delinquency, but little is known about how depression is related to different types of delinquency.Aim To investigate patterns of criminal behaviour according to depression among repeatedly delinquent adolescents.Method The sample was 14‐ to 16‐year‐old repeatedly delinquent adolescents (n 3679) taking part in the Finnish School Health Promotion Study, surveyed for versatility and specialization of delinquency in relation to depression.Results Patterns of criminal behaviour differed between depressed and non‐depressed delinquent adolescents. The delinquent behaviour of depressed adolescents was more versatile than that of non‐depressed adolescents who mainly specialized in one offence type. Non‐depressed delinquent boys had most often specialized in violence. Most depressed delinquent boys had committed a variety of offences, but among those who did specialize the specialist category was violent offences. Non‐depressed delinquent girls had specialized in shoplifting. Among depressed delinquent girls vandalism was the most typical offence.Conclusion Differences in the delinquent behaviour of depressed and non‐depressed delinquent adolescents suggest the value of including clinical assessment, and treatment for some, in an appropriately comprehensive pattern of management. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in older adults
Authors: Kiblawi Fuad M. , Sommer Robert J. , Levchuck Sean G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectives:Comparing results of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure in older and younger patient cohorts.Background:The literature pertaining to stroke and PFO has focused on patients <55 years of age.Methods:Between March 2000 and December 2003, 456 consecutive stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients (14.2–91.1 years, mean 51.4 ± 15.5) underwent successful closure of PFO with a CardioSEAL Septal Occluder by one operator at five hospitals. Of the 456 patients, 184 (40.4%) were >55years of age at the time of the procedure (mean 66.9 ± 8.3 years) and comprise the subject group (OLDER). The remaining 272 patients (mean 41.1 ± 7.7) comprise thecontrol group (YOUNGER). Data were collected prospectively in a registry type format.Results:Minor procedural complications were comparable: 7/184 (3.8%) OLDER vs. 12/272 (4.4%) YOUNGER (P = NS). In the follow‐up period (1–45 months, mean = 17.8 ± 11.1), there was no significant difference in the rate of recurrent stroke/TIA, headaches, or late unrelated death. Forty OLDER patients and 47 YOUNGER developed new onset atrial arrhythmia (P = NS). The incidence of new onset atrial fibrillation (AF), however, was significantly higher in OLDER (14/40 OLDER and only 2/47 YOUNGER, P < 0.025). All patients who were in normal sinus rhythm (NSR) before the procedure are in NSR at last follow‐up.Conclusions:Older patients should not be excluded from PFO closure. The procedure seems as safe and effective in preventing recurrent stroke in the older, as in the younger population. Older patients seem more prone to developing AF. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental efficacy of an everolimus eluting cobalt chromium stent
Authors: Carter Andrew J. , Brodeur Anastasia , Collingwood Robin , Ross Sarah , Gibson Lori , Wang Chi‐An , Haller Scott , Coleman Leslie , Virmani Renu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIntroduction: Rapamycin and its analogs are now being coated on different stent platforms, using different polymer matrices to prevent restenosis by impairing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal formation. Methods: We evaluated the feasibility and compared the efficacy of biostable polymeric everolimus and sirolimus (CYPHER®, Cordis) eluting stents in a porcine coronary model. Cobalt chromium balloon expandable stents (ML VISION®, Guidant) were coated with a polymer containing everolimus (190 μg/cm2). Twelve pigs underwent placement of 36 oversized sirolimus (n = 12), everolimus (n = 12), and bare metal (cobalt chromium, n = 12) stents in the coronary arteries. Results: At day 28, vessel injury scores were low (<0.25) and similar between each of the three test groups. The mean neointimal thickness was significantly lower in the everolimus‐ (0.13 ± 0.07 mm, P = 0.02) and sirolimus‐eluting stents (0.13 ± 0.08 mm, P = 0.04) versus the bare metal stents (0.20 ± 0.07 mm). The mean percent area stenosis was similar for the everolimus‐eluting stents [(20.8 ± 6.9)%] and the sirolimus‐eluting stents [(20.8 ± 7.6)%], and each was significantly less than that of bare metal stents [(26.1 ± 7.8)%, P = 0.05]. Conclusion: Stent‐based delivery of sirolimus and everolimus delivered via durable polymeric matrices are equally effective in the suppression of neointimal formation at day 28 in the porcine coronary model. Further study is necessary to document dose response and long‐term comparative effects of these drug‐eluting stents. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Restenosis after stenting of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: Is there a rationale for the use of drug‐eluting stents?
Authors: Zeller Thomas , Rastan Aljoscha , Rothenpieler Uwe , Müller Christian 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPercutaneous stent‐angioplasty has become an accepted therapy for the treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) because of higher acute and long‐term success rates compared with balloon angioplasty alone. Restenosis rates after successful renal stent placement vary from 6 to 20% and depend mainly on the definition of restenosis and the vessel diameter of the renal artery or stent. We recommend that restenosis should be defined as >70%. The safety and efficacy of drug‐eluting stents for the treatment of RAS is poorly defined. The currently partially published GREAT study (Palmaz Genesis peripheral stainless steel balloon expandable stent: comparing a sirolimus‐coated vs. a bare stent in REnal Artery Treatment) examined the effect of a sirolimus‐coated stent on restenosis rate in 102 patients and found a relative risk reduction of angiographic binary in‐stent restenosis by 50% (7% versus 14%, P = ns). Given the lack of outcome data, the considerable expenses associated with drug‐eluting stents, morbidity, and cost associated with prolonged dual antithrombotic therapy, the use of drug‐eluting stents in RAS should be restricted to clinical trials. This is a review on restenosis rate following renal stenting, its definition, and the potential use for implantation of a drug‐eluting stent in RAS, which so far for this indication is not yet commercially available. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and implementation of an activity‐based costing system in a pharmaceutical drug discovery environment
Authors: Coulie Bernard , De Decker Nadine , Maes Vic , Roodhooft Filip 
Published: June 2006

AbstractResearch and Development investments in the pharmaceutical industry are continuously increasing, resulting in mounting pressure to improve efficiency in terms of output versus cost. Overall, traditional cost accounting methods do not improve effectiveness of pharmaceutical development activities. In drug discovery, cost control is often not based on any objectively measured data. This study describes the design and implementation of an activity‐based costing (ABC) system related to drug discovery activities in a large pharmaceutical company. Both the theoretical model adapted to the specifics of drug discovery as well as the outcome of the data collection during one quarter are described. The methodological approach is based on a two‐step allocation process: allocation of resource costs to the actual processes (activities) using these costs based on resource drivers, and allocation of activity costs to the cost objects (projects) based on activity drivers. Activity‐based management (ABM) has been applied to the collected data. ABM refers to the entire set of actions and decisions that can be taken with activity‐based cost information. Major and unexpected cost differences per project were observed. Causes for these cost differences are project stage, project type, activity type, complexity of the project, number of employees involved, and type of molecular target. The cause analysis on cost differences guides management decisions such as strategic project portfolio management based on project cost, benchmarking, identifying value‐adding versus non‐value‐adding activities, outsourcing, and budgeting decisions. In conclusion, the ABC methodology secures cost and time reductions, guides project prioritization decisions, and improves cost effectiveness. Drug Dev. Res. 67:107–118, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of active site loop amino acids of lactate dehydrogenase from Plasmodium vivax by site‐directed mutagenesis studies
Authors: Turgut‐Balik Dilek , Sadak Dilek , Celik Venhar 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe spread of resistance of malaria parasites to conventional chemotherapies necessitates the development of new drugs. The present study analyzes the active site loop of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase from Plasmodium vivax (PvLDH). A five–amino acids insertion was observed in the active site loop of PvLDH, as in other plasmodial LDHs, which is absent in human LDH and is therefore a potential novel target site for new antimalarial drugs. This study describes the mutagenic testing of overproduced Plasmodium vivax lactate dehydrogenase to evaluate the importance of the inserted amino acids in the active site loop, which were previously identified as important residues by crystal structure studies. Deletion of these 5 extra amino acids in the active site loop resulted in an inactive form of the protein, supporting the notion of using this site as a novel target for antimalarial drug design. Drug Dev. Res. 67:175–180, 2006 © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome using WHO, ATPIII and IDF definitions in Asian Indians: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES‐34)
Authors: Deepa M. , Farooq S. , Datta M. , Deepa R. , Mohan V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAimTo compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) using the World Health Organisation (WHO), Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria of MS in an urban south Indian population, and their ability to identify coronary artery disease (CAD) in males and females.MethodsChennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) is one of the largest epidemiological studies on diabetes carried out in India, in which 26 001 individuals aged ≥20 years were screened using systematic random sampling method. Every tenth subject recruited in Phase 1 of CURES was requested to participate in Phase 3, and the response rate was 90.4%. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in all individuals except self‐reported diabetic subjects. Anthropometric measurements and lipid estimations were done in all subjects and the prevalence of MS estimated using the three criteria. Diagnosis of CAD, made by resting 12 lead ECG, was compared by the three criteria of MS.ResultsMS was identified in 546 subjects (23.2%) by WHO criteria, 430 subjects (18.3%) by ATPIII criteria and 607 subjects (25.8%) by IDF criteria. Only 224 of these subjects were identified by all the three criteria. There was an increased risk of probable CAD in MS subjects diagnosed by WHO criteria (odds ratio (OR) 3.86, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 2.37–6.29, p < 0.001), compared to ATPIII criteria (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.30–3.67, p < 0.05) and IDF criteria (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.16–3.12, p < 0.05). The WHO criteria marked out a much higher population for CAD risk compared to ATPIII and IDF criteria in males, but not in females.ConclusionIn Asian Indians, the WHO, ATPIII and IDF criteria of MS identify different individuals. The WHO criteria identify a greater number of CAD subjects in males, but not in females. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A diffusion model with cubic drift: statistical and computational aspects and application to modelling of the global CO2 emission in Spain
Authors: Gutiérrez R. , Gutiérrez‐Sánchez R. , Nafidi A. , Ramos E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work is the study of a new stochastic diffusion model with a cubic‐type drift coefficient. The model is considered as the solution of an Ito stochastic differential equation. Using the Ito's stochastic calculus and properties of the Kummer function, the trend functions and steady‐state distribution for the process are obtained. Statistical estimation and corresponding computational methodology are established. Finally, the model is applied to modelling and prediction of the global CO2 emission in Spain. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New approaches for predicting protein retention time in hydrophobic interaction chromatography
Authors: Lienqueo M. E. , Mahn A. , Navarro G. , Salgado J. C. , Perez‐Acle T. , Rapaport I. , Asenjo J. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is an important technique for the purification of proteins. In this paper, we review three different approaches for predicting protein retention time in HIC, based either on a protein's structure or on its amino‐acidic composition, and we have extended one of these approaches. The first approach correlates the protein retention time in HIC with the protein average surface hydrophobicity. This methodology is based on the protein three‐dimensional structure data and considers the hydrophobic contribution of the exposed amino acid residues as a weighted average. The second approach, which we have extended, is based on the high correlation level between the average surface hydrophobicity of a protein's hydrophobic interacting zone and its retention time in HIC. Finally, a third approach carries out a prediction of the average surface hydrophobicity of a protein, using only its amino‐acidic composition, without knowing its three‐dimensional structure. These models would make it possible to test different operating conditions for the purification of a target protein by computer simulations, and thus make it easier to select the optimal conditions, contributing to the rational design and optimization of the process. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.