bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sound-producing oscillations of round underexpanded jets impinging on normal plates
Authors: Powell Alan 
Published: October 2005

The results of acoustical and optical experiments in which ‘‘moderately’’ underexpanded sonic round jets impinge on flat plates normal to the jet axis are presented and analyzed. Periodic unstable oscillations of the jet flow, with the resultant radiation of sound of discrete frequencies, occur over a wide variation of control parameters, namely, pressure ratio, plate size, and spacing of the plate from the jet nozzle. For ‘‘small’’ plates, the principal oscillations with λ/D about 4 (λ=acoustic wavelength, D=nozzle diameter) occur when the standoff shock wave lies in a pressure recovery region of the periodic cellular structure of the choked jet and is, therefore, highly unstable; then the oscillations have key characteristics in common with the high-harmonic excitation of Hartmann’s acoustic air-jet generator. An analogous feedback mechanism in the standoff zone is suggested in which pressure waves reflected from the plate trigger the motion of the unstable shock wave. For ‘‘large’’ plates, acoustic feedback to the nozzle occurs, and the principal tones have λ/D about 2 with frequencies nearly independent of pressure ratio (velocity) and plate size. They exhibit the sawtooth characteristic familiar in similar situations (edge tone, hole tone, and for subsonic jets interacting with flat plates), there being at least seven stages, frequently with frequency jumps between them.
A feedback mechanism is suggested, and a formula for the frequency of oscillation is derived, the form of which is consistent with experimental data. Secondary tones also occur, at least some of those of higher frequency (λ/D≊1) appearing to be extensions of the large-plate principal tones, but those of lower frequency, while of the precisely same character, presumably are from a differing instability mode. The characteristics of these principal and secondary tones provide the means of analysis of the limited existing pertinent literature. Several sets of data can be classified into the small- and large-plate classes for ‘‘moderate’’ and ‘‘high’’ degrees of underexpansion. For ‘‘very highly’’ underexpanded jets, the mechanism for small and large plates appears to merge, and, correspondingly, there is no longer the distinction between the phenomena for small and large plates as pertains at lower pressure ratios.
Human Meniscus Allografts’ in Vivo Size and Motion Characteristics
Authors: Rankin Marc , Noyes Frank R. , Barber-Westin Sue D. , Hushek Stephen G. , Seow Albert 
Published: October 2005

Background Although many reports have described clinical outcome of meniscus transplants, their size and motion patterns are not well understood. This study assessed postoperative in vivo size and motion patterns of meniscus transplants under full weightbearing conditions. Hypothesis The human meniscus transplant has size and motion characteristics similar to the native menisci. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Eight meniscus transplants in 7 knees were studied 15 to 34 months postoperatively. The knees were scanned in an open magnetic resonance imaging 0.5-T superconducting magnet while standing. Single slice sagittal and coronal images were obtained at 0 °, 30 °, 60 °, and 90 ° of flexion in the operative and contralateral knees. Results The mean height and width of the anterior and posterior horns of the transplants were similar to those of native menisci. The millimeters of coronal displacement of motion of the midbody were also similar between the transplants and the native menisci. The anterior horn of the native medial menisci moved a mean of 5 mm more (total anterior to posterior translation, P<. 05) than did the transplants. The posterior horn of the native medial menisci, and both horns of the native lateral menisci, also tended to move more than the corresponding horns of the transplanted menisci, although this result could not be confirmed statistically, given the number of menisci studied. Conclusion Meniscus transplants had similar size and midbody motion characteristics as the native menisci. The horns of the meniscus transplants tended to show decreased motion compared with the native menisci. The operative techniques and subsequent healing of the graft bone and peripheral attachments provided a stable meniscus construct.
Pectoralis Major Tears
Authors: Zvijac John E. , Schurhoff Matthias R. , Hechtman Keith S. , Uribe John W. 
Published: October 2005

Background Controversy exists in the diagnosis and treatment of pectoralis major tear patterns. Hypothesis Magnetic resonance imaging is useful in determining the grade and the location of pectoralis major tears and in guiding toward an appropriate treatment plan. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Between January 1998 and December 2002, 27 patients were treated for pectoralis major tears. All patients were evaluated by history and physical examination. A clinical impression was formed regarding the location and grade of injury, and a treatment plan was established. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging, and images were reviewed by an orthopaedic surgeon and a board-certified musculoskeletal radiologist, resulting in a final treatment plan. The mean follow-up was 12 months. All patients were evaluated by questionnaire and clinical examination to assess pain, function, deformity, and overall satisfaction. Results In 19 of 27 patients, the clinical impression and magnetic resonance imaging agreed regarding the location and the grade of the injury. A total of 19 patients underwent surgical repair, and 8 patients were treated nonoperatively. The magnetic resonance imaging result changed the treatment plan in 3 patients from operative to nonoperative. Conclusion The clinical impression appeared to overestimate the severity, the location, and the grade of the injury. Magnetic resonance imaging provided a more accurate assessment and, in conjunction with the clinical examination, helped to identify those patients who would benefit most from surgical repair.
An Evaluation of the Provocative Tests for Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Lesions
Authors: Parentis Michael Andrew , Glousman Ronald E. , Mohr Karen S. , Yocum Lewis A. 
Published: October 2005

Background Although our understanding of superior labral anterior posterior lesions has grown, the physical diagnosis remains imperfect. Study Design Cohort study (diagnostic); Level of evidence, 2. Purpose To determine the most effective provocative maneuver with which to diagnose superior labral anterior posterior lesions. Methods A series of 132 consecutive patients scheduled to undergo diagnostic shoulder arthroscopy were examined preoperatively over a 6-month period, and the final diagnosis in each case was made arthroscopically. The following assessments were included: active compression (O'Brien), anterior slide, pain provocation, crank, Jobe relocation, Hawkins, Neer, Speed, and Yergason tests. Results The most sensitive diagnostic tools for type II superior labral lesions were the active compression, Hawkins, Speed, Neer, and Jobe relocation tests. When type I and type II lesions were combined, the results were similar. However, none of the sensitive tests were specific for either type I or type II lesions. Conclusions The authors’ results contradict the current literature regarding provocative testing for both stable and unstable superior labral lesions. There is no single maneuver that can accurately diagnose superior labral anterior posterior lesions; arthroscopy remains the standard by which to diagnose such lesions.
The Use of a Single Osteochondral Autograft Plug in the Treatment of a Large Osteochondral Lesion in the Femoral Condyle
Authors: Burks Robert T. , Greis Patrick E. , Arnoczky Steven Paul , Scher Courtney 
Published: October 2005

Background The use of osteochondral autograft plugs can be restricted because of limited amount of donor material. Hypothesis A small osteochondral autograft plug placed in the center of a large defect in a sheep femoral condyle will yield results superior to either an untreated or a bone-grafted defect. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twelve adult sheep underwent bilateral hindlimb surgery. On 1 limb, a 6-mm circular osteochondral autograft plug was placed in the center of a 10-mm circular defect in the medial femoral condyle. The gap between the plug and the condyle was filled with bone graft. On the contralateral side, the defect was either left untreated or filled with bone graft (control specimens). Animals were studied at 6 and 12 months under gross examination, high-resolution radiography, and histologic evaluation. Results At 6 months, 4 of 6 plugs healed and showed good maintenance of the joint surface and cartilage viability in the plugs. One plug fractured and resorbed, and 1 plug settled but healed. At 1 year, all 5 plugs healed, 1 having settled slightly (1 animal died earlier). The plug specimens showed better maintenance of the condyle contour at both times, and the central plug had hyaline-appearing cartilage. The control specimens were more irregular, had a fibrocartilage fill, and appeared flatter, although no gross cavitation or collapse was indicated. Composite cartilage scores on histologic evaluation were significantly higher for the plug specimens after 6 months (P =. 02) and 1 year (P =. 036) compared with controls. Conclusion At 6 months and 1 year, a 6-mm osteochondral plug placed in a 10-mm defect better preserved the articular surface and contour of the condyle compared to untreated or bone-grafted defects. Clinical Relevance Osteochondral autograft plugs may be able to treat larger articular lesions without complete fill of the defect.
Elbow Range of Motion in Professional Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Wright Rick W. , Steger-May Karen , Wasserlauf Brett L. , O'Neal Mark E. , Weinberg Barry W. , Paletta George A. 
Published: October 2005

Background Physicians involved with the care of baseball players have noted elbow range of motion changes in pitchers. Objective data regarding the extent of these changes have rarely been documented. Hypothesis Dominant and nondominant elbow range of motion differences are common in baseball pitchers, and these differences are related to player age, amount and length of time professionally pitched, and history of surgical procedures on the dominant extremity. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Thirty-three professional pitchers were evaluated for elbow range of motion during spring training preseason physical examination. Dominant and nondominant elbow range of motion including flexion, extension, supination, and pronation were measured with a goniometer. Range of motion measures from the dominant and nondominant sides were compared. Baseball records were reviewed for arm dominance, age, years of professional pitching, professional innings pitched, and history of elbow surgery. These factors were evaluated for their possible association with range of motion for each side and the difference between sides. Results Statistically significant differences between dominant and nondominant sides were noted for elbow extension (dominant decreased 7.9° ± 7.4°, P <. 0001), flexion (dominant decreased 5.5° ± 7.8°, P =. 0003), and total flexion-extension arc (dominant decreased 13.3° ± 13.7°, P <. 0001). No significant difference between sides was found for the supination or pronation measures. No correlation was noted for age, pitching history, surgery, or arm dominance and the motion differences. Conclusion Professional pitchers demonstrate elbow flexion and extension differences between dominant and nondominant elbows. No correlation was found between motion differences and age, pitching history, surgery, or arm dominance.
Risk Factors for Noncontact Ankle Sprains in High School Athletes
Authors: McHugh Malachy P. , Tyler Timothy F. , Tetro Danielle T. , Mullaney Michael J. , Nicholas Stephen J. 
Published: October 2005

Background Ankle sprains are among the most common sports injuries. Hypothesis Poor balance as measured on a balance board and weakness in hip abduction strength are associated with an increased risk of noncontact ankle sprains in high school athletes. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods One hundred sixty-nine high school athletes (101 male athletes, 68 female athletes) from football, men's basketball, men's soccer, women's gymnastics, women's basketball, and women's soccer were observed for 2 years. Balance in single-limb stance on an instrumented tilt board and hip flexion, abduction, and adduction strength (handheld dynamometer) were assessed in the preseason. Body mass, height, generalized ligamentous laxity, previous ankle sprains, and ankle tape or brace use were also documented. Results There were 20 noncontact inversion ankle sprains. Balance ability (P= .72), hip abduction strength (P= .66), hip adduction strength (P= .41), and hip flexion strength (P= .87) were not significant risk factors for ankle sprains. The incidence of grade II and grade III sprains was higher in athletes with a history of a previous ankle sprain (1.12 vs 0.26 per 1000 exposures, P< .05). A higher body mass index in male athletes was associated with increased risk (P< .05). The combination of a previous injury and being overweight further increased risk (P< .01). Conclusion Balance as measured on a balance board and hip strength were not significant indicators for noncontact ankle sprains. The apparent high injury risk associated with the combination of a history of a previous ankle sprain and being overweight in male athletes warrants further examination.
Are Pain Location and Physical Examinations Useful in Locating a Tear Site of the Rotator Cuff?
Authors: Itoi Eiji , Minagawa Hiroshi , Yamamoto Nobuyuki , Seki Nobutoshi , Abe Hidekazu 
Published: October 2005

Background Pain is the most common symptom of patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy, but little is known about the relationship between the site of pain and the site of cuff pathologic lesions. Also, accuracies of physical examinations used to locate a tear by assessing the muscle strength seem to be affected by the threshold for muscle weakness, but no studies have been reported regarding the efficacies of physical examinations in reference to their threshold. Hypothesis Pain location is useful in locating a tear site. Efficacies of physical examinations to evaluate the function of the cuff muscles depend on the threshold for muscle weakness. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical charts of 160 shoulders of 149 patients (mean age, 53 years) with either rotator cuff tears (140 shoulders) or cuff tendinitis (20 shoulders). The location of pain was recorded on a standardized form with 6 different areas. The diagnostic accuracies of the following tests were assessed with various thresholds for muscle weakness: supraspinatus test, the external rotation strength test, and the lift-off test. Results Lateral and anterior portions of the shoulder were the most common sites of pain regardless of existence of tear or tear location. The supraspinatus test was most accurate when it was assessed to have positive results with the muscle strength less than manual muscle testing grade 5, whereas the lift-off test was most accurate with a threshold less than grade 3. The external rotation strength test was most accurate with a threshold of less than grade 4+. Conclusion The authors conclude that pain location is not useful in locating the site of a tear, whereas the physical examinations aiming to locate the tear site are clinically useful when assessed to have positive results with appropriate threshold for muscle weakness.
Stem cell transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Cooper Nichola , Rao Kanchan , Gilmour Kimberly , Hadad Lema , Adams Stuart , Cale Cathy , Davies Graham , Webb David , Veys Paul , Amrolia Persis 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAllogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is curative for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). However, patients frequently have significant morbidity before transplantation and there is high transplant-related mortality (TRM). Because first-degree HLH is caused by immune dysregulation, a reduced-intensity conditioned (RIC) regimen might be sufficient for cure while decreasing the TRM. Twelve patients with HLH underwent RIC SCT from a matched family/unrelated or haploidentical donor. Eleven were conditioned with fludarabine/melphalan with additional busulphan for haploidentical grafts. One received fludarabine and 2-Gy total body irradiation (TBI). All patients showed engraftment at a median of 14 days. Nine of 12 (75%) are alive and in complete remission (CR) a median of 30 months (range, 9-73 months) after SCT. Two patients died from pneumonitis and one from hepatic rupture. Four patients developed acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and 3 have chronic GVHD. Three of 9 survivors have mixed chimerism but remain free of disease. In summary, RIC compares favorably to conventional SCT with long-term disease control in surviving patients despite a significant incidence of mixed chimerism.
Loss of Tie2 receptor compromises embryonic stem cell–derived endothelial but not hematopoietic cell survival
Authors: Hamaguchi Isao , Morisada Tohru , Azuma Masaki , Murakami Kyoko , Kuramitsu Madoka , Mizukami Takuo , Ohbo Kazuyuki , Yamaguchi Kazunari , Oike Yuichi , Dumont Daniel J. , Suda Toshio 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTie2 is a receptor-type tyrosine kinase expressed on hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial cells. We used cultured embryonic stem (ES) cells to determine the function of Tie2 during early vascular development and hematopoiesis. Upon differentiation, the ES cell–derived Tie2+Flk1+ fraction was enriched for hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells. To investigate lymphatic differentiation, we used a monoclonal antibody against LYVE-1 and found that LYVE-1+ cells derived from Tie2+Flk1+ cells possessed various characteristics of lymphatic endothelial cells. To determine whether Tie2 played a role in this process, we analyzed differentiation of Tie2-/- ES cells. Although the initial numbers of LYVE-1+ and PECAM-1+ cells derived from Tie2-/- cells did not vary significantly, the number of both decreased dramatically upon extended culturing. Such decreases were rescued by treatment with a caspase inhibitor, suggesting that reductions were due to apoptosis as a consequence of a lack of Tie2 signaling. Interestingly, Tie2-/- ES cells did not show measurable defects in development of the hematopoietic system, suggesting that Tie2 is not essential for hematopoietic cell development.
Down-regulating constitutive activation of the NF-κB canonical pathway overcomes the resistance of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma to apoptosis
Authors: Sors Aurore , Jean-Louis Francette , Pellet Claire , Laroche Liliane , Dubertret Louis , Courtois Gilles , Bachelez Hervé , Michel Laurence 
Published: October 2005

AbstractConstitutive activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway has been shown to be involved in the resistance of tumor cells to apoptosis in several human malignancies of the hematopoietic lineage. By using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and confocal microscopic analysis, we demonstrate that NF-κB is constitutively activated in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cell lines HuT-78, MyLa, and SeAx and in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from patients with Sézary syndrome (SS) presenting a high ratio of tumor cells, with evidence of p50 and RelA/p65 in DNA-linked complexes. Transfection of SeAx line with a κB/luciferase reporter plasmid showed that translocated NF-κB complexes were functional. Selective inhibition of NF-κB, by transfecting CTCL cell lines with a super-repressor form of IκBα, led to apoptosis. We evidenced down-regulation of NF-κB activation and induction of CTCL cell apoptosis in the presence of proteasome 26S inhibitors ALLN, MG132, and bortezomib. Bortezomib at nanomolar concentrations inhibited constitutive activation of NF-κB and induced apoptosis of CTCL cells, with evidence of an upregulation of Bax expression. These results demonstrate the key role played by NF-κB in the resistance of CTCL to apoptosis and suggest that bortezomib might be useful for the treatment of patients with advanced stages of CTCL refractory to standard antineoplastic chemotherapy.
Accuracy of Helical Computed Tomography and [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography for Identifying Lymph Node Mediastinal Metastases in Potentially Resectable Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Pozo-Rodríguez Francisco , Martín de Nicolás José L. , Sánchez-Nistal María A. , Maldonado Antonio , García de Barajas Santiago , Calero-García Rosa , Pozo Miguel A. , Martín-Escribano Pedro , Martín-García Isabel , García-Lujan Ricardo , Lopez-Encuentra Angel , Arenas de Pablo Angel 
Published: October 2005

Purpose Computed tomography (CT) and [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) are considered suitable methods for the noninvasive staging of the mediastinum. Our study was intended to estimate the efficacy of contrast-enhanced helical CT (hCT) and FDG-PET, alone and combined, in the diagnosis of lymph node mediastinal metastases. Methods This study was a prospective and blind comparison of the efficacy of hCT and FDG-PET with two alternative reference standards, mediastinoscopy, and mediastinoscopy plus thoracotomy plus a 6-month follow-up to diagnose lymph node mediastinal metastases in 132 consecutive patients with potentially resectable non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The metastatic disease was assessed histopathologically. Further clinical information was obtained postoperatively after a median follow-up of 42 months. Results The prevalence of cN2,3 is 0.28. For hCT the sensitivity and specificity are 0.86 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.93) and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.75), for PET 0.94 (95% CI, 0.81 to 0.98) and 0.59 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.68), and for hCT and PET combined in-parallel 0.97 (95% CI, 0.84 to 0.99) and 0.44 (95% CI, 0.34 to 0.53), which translate into a negative predicted probability of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.88 to 1.00). The crude diagnostic odds ratio of PET in the total sample studied is 13.1, in the subgroup hCT+ 11.04 (3.0 to 40 0.1), and in the hCT- 3.5 (0.5 to 21.5). Similar results were obtained for hCT stratified by PET. Conclusion hCT and PET perform similarly in the mediastinal staging of NSCLC, both tests are conditionally dependent and provide complementary information, and their diagnostic value mainly resides on the negative results.