bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood power in the capitol: Advisory neighborhood commissions in Washington, D.C.
Authors: Henderson Lenneal J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInitiated in 1975 under the provisions of D.C. Law 1‐21, Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs) have faced challenges heady enough to test any citizen institution in urban America. What has been the role of ANCs in the District's quest for full autonomy and power in the intergovernmental system of the nation?
Training for elected leadership: Heading into the 1990s
Authors: Kunde James E. , Shanahan Marjorie , Wolfe Marie P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMany of the leadership qualities and skills demonstrated by elected officials prior to their public roles are not transferable to the public sector. Meanwhile, the challenges to local governments—legal, fiscal, risk and conflict management, environmentai—have reached heretofore unknown levels of urgency and complexity. Elected officials need access to training for effective, collaborative group decision making.
The role of colleges and universities in developing a new kind of public leader
Authors: Morse Suzanne W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevailing cynical attitudes toward politics as it is too often practiced—a “win/lose” game, based more on personalities than policies—have made citizens, especially youthful ones, suspicious of public life and active leadership. This article presents an innovative Wake Forest University (Winston‐Salem, N.C.) program designed to supplement traditional post‐secondary education with preparation for public life, and first‐hand participation in community issues.
Voting patterns in a tri‐ethnic community: Conflict or cohesion?. The case of Austin, Texas, 1975‐1985
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Macmanus Susan A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examines the level of intergroup electoral conflict and cohesion in a triethnic community over a ten‐year period. Two measures of behavior are used: 1) the frequency with which possible pairs of groups agree on a candidate in opposition to the third group, and 2) the number of times that an individual was the most preferred candidate within each group. While blacks and Hispanics often share candidate preferences, the politics are not universally “minority versus white” The most frequent pattern is for all three groups to support the same candidate. A minority coalition that opposes whites is most likely when an Hispanic is elected, but is infrequent when a black wins. Blacks are more likely to support Hispanic candidates than Hispanic voters are to support black candidates. The most important finding, however, may be the high level of consensus. This is especially important in light of the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of most U.S. communities.
Alternative local electoral systems
Authors: Zimmerman Joseph F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the absence of ideality, communities—and indeed Congress and the Justice Department—have taken action to enhance the “representativeness” of local policy‐making bodies. In spite of widespread preference for the single‐member district over the at‐large system where inequitable representation can be demonstrated historically, electoral reformers have other options with proven track records. This article reviews the various electoral systems with which communities have experimented during this century and offers some alternatives to “winner takes all”.
The achieving organization in local government
Authors: Epstein Paul D. , Cutchin Deborah A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAchievement is a continuous process: An organization cannot become “excellent” or “high‐achieving” and then decide it needs no further changes. Internal communication fosters organizational achievement, but external communication — outreach to both the public and policy makers—is vital for sustained support of productivity‐improvement programs. Solid executive and community leadership are needed to develop and sustain such an environment.
Small town ‐ rural America and congressional redistricting for 1992
Authors: Saffell David C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe significant growth in nonmetropolitan population experienced during the 1970s was a demographic oddity we are not likely to experience again. The population‐growth patterns of the 1980s resembled trends more characteristic of the 20th century. The danger of a return to the malapportionment of the pre‐1960s era is slim indeed. As the U.S. population continues to “metropolitanize,” we should consider limited relaxation of the equal population principal in redrawing congressional district lines.
Reinvigorating democratic values: Challenge and necessity
Authors: Cisneros Henry G. , Parr John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCitizen democracy implies an active and activist model of citizenship, in terms of personal habits and attitudes. Apart from personal behaviors, current patterns of civic involvement are also shaped by features of our democratic system, such as voter registration and campaign regulation practices — or the availability of the initiative, referendum, and recall‐affecting perceptions of citizen access to the governance process. Beyond shortcomings of the campaign process and election practices, the changing nature of our communities, in terms of demographics and economics, also affect citizens' perceptions of both their relationships with their neighbors and the impact they can have on public decision making.
California healthy cities project: Piloting community‐based health promotion statewide
Authors: Twiss Joan M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGiven the steadily rising costs of medical care — and increasing recognition of the role of individual responsibility in maintaining personal health — the concept of the “healthy city” may indeed be an idea whose time has come. The problem‐solving approach emphasizes prevention, an expansive definition of health and broad‐based participation.
Santa monica a decade later: Urban progressives in office
Authors: Gilderbloom John I. , Capek Stella M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractKey characteristics of a “healthy community” are the availability of decent, affordable housing, the maintenance of a “human‐scale” urban environment, and freedom for all members to participate meaningfully in community life. Ten years after launching its urban progressive experiment, Santa Monica, California has made substantial progress toward these goals.
The Americans with disabilities act of 1990: A compliance overview
Authors: Levitan Donald , Pfeiffer David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHailed by most but condemned by some, the Americans with Disabilities Act extends formal civil rights proteections to a large and hitherto neglected segment of the U.S. population. With implementation of the Act underway, this overview tests our knowledge and attempts to estimate the costs of compliance to public and private sector organizations.
Work force preparedness and future economic development. The North Carolina case
Authors: Vasu Michael L. , Fraizer Andy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIncreasing or merely halting the decline of the nation's standard of living depends on the ability of the U.S. work force to raise its productivity in an increasingly competitive global economic environment. Failing the establishment of a national human resource policy, states have significant responsibility in the arena of preparing non‐college‐bound high school students for the industrial work force.
A conversation about our public priorities
Authors: Yankelovich Daniel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGovernment lacks the resources and reach to address all the innumerable public crises, social ills and worthy causes that concern mobilized Americans. Even so, the nation is moving in too many directions at once. If we fail to set priorities, the public's level of frustration — already perilosly high — could undermine even a balanced agenda for constructive progress.
Election systems and representative democracy. Reflections on the voting rights act of 1965
Authors: Zimmerman Joseph F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Voting Rights Act, as orginally conceived and through its various amendments, has proved an extraordinarily effective tool for eliminating the most egregious barriers to, and abuses of, minorities' rights to register and vote. But access to the process and guaranteed representation are two fundamentally different concepts. Repeated recent legal challenge to the single‐member district remedy should occasion a fresh look at means of reforming representative government.
Study of process parameters for starch, gluten, and glycerol mixtures
Authors: Corradini Elisângela , de Morais Luís C. , Demarquette Nicole R. , Agnelli José A. M. , Mattoso Luiz H. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis work involved a study of the effect of processing variables (temperature, water content, rotor speed, and time) on the mechanical properties of starch:gluten:glycerol mixtures in the weight ratio of 40:40:20. The properties of the materials were affected by the processing variables. The torque decreased with water content, indicating that water facilitates the plasticization of mixtures, whereas the increase in temperature accelerated the evaporation of water, thus increasing the torque. Ultimate tensile strength was achieved at the lowest temperature (110°C) and the highest water content (20%), whereas maximum elongation was achieved for the material processed at the highest temperature, 150°C, and the fastest rotor speed, 70 rpm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic influence of minimal residual disease detected by flow cytometry and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation by CD34+ selection in childhood advanced neuroblastoma
Authors: Cai Jiao‐Yang , Tang Yan‐Jing , Jiang Li‐Min , Pan Ci , Chen Jing , Tang Jing‐Yan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether neuroblastoma (NB) minimal residual disease (MRD) in bone marrow (BM) detected by flow cytometry could predict prognosis and whether tumor cell purging by CD34+ cell selection prior to transplantation will impact on disease‐free survival.MethodsNB MRD in BM was evaluated by flow cytometry with CD45‐FITC‐/CD81‐PE+/CD56‐PECy5+ monoclonal antibodies cocktail. Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) was enriched via positive CD34+ cell selection by magnetic‐activated cell separation system (MACS).ResultsEleven of 31 patients with CD45−/CD81+/CD56+ cells by flow cytometry at diagnosis became negative after an average of four courses of chemotherapy. All 11 patients remained alive without evidence of disease. Thirteen of the 20 patients with positive MRD relapsed and 1 patient died from disease (mean 25.8 months). There was a significant difference between these two groups. MRD in BM was tested before PBSC transplantation (PBSCT) for 19 NB patients. Fourteen was negative, 4 of them relapsed and 10 patients remained alive without evidence of disease. Another 5 patients with positive MRD, all of them relapsed (mean 17 months after PBSCT) with a significant difference between these two groups. Fourteen of 19 PBSC were purged with CD34+ selection procedure. Six of 14 relapsed (mean 18.43 months after PBSCT). Five patients did not purge for CD34+ selection, and 3 of them relapsed with no significant difference between these two groups.ConclusionsPositive MRD in BM after an average of four courses of chemotherapy and before PBSCT is an unfavorable factor for stage IV NB. CD34+ selection purging for PBSCT may not improve the prognosis for children with neuroblastoma in advanced stage. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:952–957. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluoranthene metabolism and associated proteins in Mycobacterium sp. JS14
Authors: Lee Sung‐Eun , Seo Jong‐Su , Keum Young‐Soo , Lee Kwang‐Jun , Li Qing X. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) commonly present in PAH‐contaminated soils. We studied fluoranthene catabolism and associated proteins in Mycobacterium sp. JS14, a bacterium isolated from a PAH‐contaminated soil in Hilo (HI, USA). Fluoranthene degrades in at least three separated pathways via 1‐indanone, 2′,3′‐dihydroxybiphenyl‐2,3,‐dicarboxylic acid, and naphthalene‐1,8‐dicarboxylic acid. Part of the diverse catabolism is converged into phthalate catabolism. An increased expression of 25 proteins related to fluoranthene catabolism is found with 1‐D PAGE or 2‐DE and nano‐LC‐MS/MS. Detection of fluoranthene catabolism associated proteins coincides well with its multiple degradation pathways that are mapped via metabolites identified. Among the up‐regulated proteins, PAH ring‐hydroxylating dioxygenase α‐subunit and β‐subunit and 2,3‐dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2‐dioxygenase are notably induced. The up‐regulation of trans‐2‐carboxybenzalpyruvate hydratase suggests that some of fluoranthene metabolites may be further degraded through aromatic dicarboxylic acid pathways. Catalase and superoxide dismutase were up‐regulated to control unexpected oxidative stress during the fluoranthene catabolism. The up‐regulation of chorismate synthase and nicotine‐nucleotide phosphorylase may be necessary for sustaining shikimate pathway and pyrimidine biosynthesis, respectively. A fluoranthene degradation pathway for Mycobacterium sp. JS14 was proposed and confirmed by proteomic study by identifying almost all the enzymes required during the initial steps of fluoranthene degradation.
Evolution of 2‐DE protein patterns in a mussel hybrid zone
Authors: Diz Angel P. , Skibinski David O. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProtein expression patterns were compared in mussels from a hybrid zone between the two species Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis using 2‐DE. Significant differences in expression pattern were observed between species and between mussels within species. Hybrid mussels had more variable protein expression patterns than mussels of each species. This could be due to segregation at expression modifier loci in the hybrids. It is proposed that unusual hybrid expression patterns might contribute to postzygotic isolation, if such patterns reduce fitness. The use of proteomic data for testing evolutionary models, as in many transcriptomics studies, is explored with results consistent with the expectations of neutral theory.
Valsartan reverses post‐translational modifications of the δ‐subunit of ATP synthase during in vivo canine reperfused myocardial infarction
Authors: Sawicki Grzegorz , Jugdutt Bodh I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo determine whether reperfused myocardial infarction (RMI) induces PTM of the δ‐subunit of the mitochondrial metabolic enzyme ATP synthase (ATP/δ) in the ischemic zone (IZ) and whether this can be reversed by the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker valsartan, we applied a pharmaco‐proteomics approach in canine RMI hearts with or without valsartan pretreatment. Using the 2‐DE technique, we identified differential regional expression of ATP/δ in the IZ compared to the non‐ischemic zone (NIZ), with an approximately 2‐fold increase in the IZ that was normalized by valsartan. Furthermore in the IZ, RMI triggered S‐nitrosylation of cysteine‐100, nitration of the two tyrosines 88 and 225, and hydroxylation of lysine‐182 in ATP/δ followed by its myristoylation. Importantly, valsartan abolished these modifications of ATP/δ in the IZ, triggered phosphorylation of serine‐76 in both the IZ and NIZ, and decreased necrosis, apoptosis, left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling. Thus, AT1R‐blocker‐induced cardioprotection during RMI is associated with phosphorylation of ATP/δ and inhibition of nitric oxide‐related chemical modifications such as S‐nitrosylation, nitration and hydroxylation. Targeting specific PTMs during RMI, such as those of ATP/δ with AT1R blockade, might be a potentially powerful novel therapeutic approach. However, the identification of S‐nitrosylation was putative and requires MS/MS verification.
Synthesis and characterization of norbornene–ethylene–styrene terpolymers with a substituted ansa‐fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium‐based catalyst
Authors: The Ban Hoang , Nishii Kei , Tsunogae Yasuo , Shiono Takeshi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article reports a synthetic method for a norbornene–ethylene–styrene (N‐E‐S) terpolymer, which has not been well investigated so far, via incorporation of styrene (S) into vinyl‐type norbornene–ethylene (N‐E) copolymers catalyzed by a substituted ansa‐fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium [Me2Si(3,6‐tBu2Flu)(tBuN)]TiMe2 catalyst (I) activated with a [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]/Al(iBu)3 cocatalyst at room temperature in toluene. The resulting terpolymerization product contained the targeted N‐E‐S terpolymer and the contaminated homopolymers, which were then able to be completely removed by solvent fractionation techniques. While homopolystyrene was easily extracted by fractionation with methylethylketone as a soluble part, homopolyethylene and a trace amount of homopolynorbornene could be perfectly separated by fractionation with chloroform as insoluble parts. The detail characterizations of a chloroform‐soluble polymer with gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses proved that it contained a true N‐E‐S terpolymer with long N‐E sequences incorporated with isolated or short styrene sequences. The homogeneity of the morphology together with a single glass transition temperature that proportionally decreased with the increase of the styrene contents indicated that the N‐E‐S terpolymer obtained in this work is a random polymer with an amorphous structure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2765–2773, 2007
Synthesis and properties of sulfonated polyimides from homologous sulfonated diamines bearing bis(aminophenoxyphenyl)sulfone
Authors: Chen Shouwen , Yin Yan , Kita Hidetoshi , Okamoto Ken‐Ichi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree homologous sulfonated diamines bearing a bis(aminophenoxyphenyl)sulfone structure, namely, bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone‐3,3′‐disulfonic acid (pBAPPS‐3DS), bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid (pBAPPS‐2DS), and bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)‐2‐(3‐sulfobenzoyl)phenyl]sulfone (pBAPPS‐2DSB), were synthesized. A series of sulfonated polyimides (SPIs) were synthesized from 1,4,5,8‐naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride, these sulfonated diamines, and nonsulfonated diamines, and their properties were investigated in comparison with those reported for the SPIs from another homologous diamine or bis[4‐(3‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone‐3,3′‐disulfonic acid (mBAPPS‐3DS). These SPIs were soluble in common aprotic solvents and showed reasonably high proton conductivity, except for pBAPPS‐2DS‐based SPIs, the conductivity of which was slightly lower because of the lower water uptake. The water stability of these SPIs considerably depended on the structure of the sulfonated diamines and was in the order of pBAPPS‐2DSB ≈ pBAPPS‐2DS > pBAPPS‐3DS ≫ mBAPPS‐3DS. Their water stability was much lower than that of the SPIs from 4,4′‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)biphenyl‐3,3′‐disulfonic acid. The reason was discussed on the basis of the basicity of the sulfonated diamine and the solubility property of the SPIs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2797–2811, 2007
Pulse oximetry coupled with spirometry in the emergency department helps differentiate an asthma exacerbation from possible vocal cord dysfunction
Authors: Nolan Paul K. , Chrysler Marjorie , Phillips Gary , Goodman Deborah , Rusakow Lee S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPurposeSpirometry performed by adolescents with refractory wheeze or stridor and respiratory distress, with normal room air oxygen saturation, may differentiate subjects not having an acute asthma exacerbation (AE−) from those who are (AE+). A subpopulation may also be identified that has flow volume loop (FVL) patterns consistent with vocal cord dysfunction (VCD).MethodsSpirometry was performed by adolescents who presented to a pediatric emergency department (ED) with respiratory distress attributed to an acute AE who, after therapy, were still symptomatic and had room air oxygen saturation ≥97%. Spirometry findings were classified as: (a) consistent with an acute AE, (b) variable extrathoracic airway obstruction pattern consistent with VCD, (c) a combination of the two, or (d) normal airflow.ResultsOf 2,073 adolescent visits for asthma seen in the ED in 2005, 20 encounters among 17 adolescents were examined during the period of 0700–2200 on weekdays when an investigator was available, of which, 15 encounters were classified as AE−. In the AE− group, nine had FVL evidence of variable extrathoracic airway obstruction consistent with VCD, and six had normal spirometry. Three of the five encounters that were AE+ had FVL evidence consistent with VCD.ConclusionsSpirometry, performed on therapy‐resistant wheezing or stridorous adolescent patients in respiratory distress with oxygen saturation ≥97%, may help differentiate patients who are not having an acute AE from those who are. In those subjects not having an acute AE, respiratory distress may prove to be due to VCD. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:605–609. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exchange‐spring behavior of nanocrystalline (NdPr)4Fe71Co5Cu0.5Nb1B18.5
Authors: Manjura Hoque S. , Khan F. A. , Hakim M. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn amorphous alloy of composition (NdPr)4Fe71Co5Cu0.5Nb1B18.5 prepared by a melt spinning technique in an argon atmosphere has been studied to observe exchange‐spring behavior in the nanocrystalline state. Hysteresis loop measurements at room temperature revealed that the highest value of the coercivity, Hc, of 4.08 kOe has been obtained for the sample annealed at 913 K for 10 min. At this annealing temperature (BH)max and Mr/Ms have been found to be 11.06 MGOe and 0.716, respectively. Steep recoil curves of the samples annealed at 873 and 973 K show typical characteristics of the exchange‐spring mechanism having smaller loop area. The temperature dependences of Hc, Mr/Ms and (BH)max in the range of 5 to 380 K generally decrease with the increase of temperature. From the temperature dependence of the hysteresis loop parameters, it has been found that at 5 K the values of Hc and (BH)max are 6.89 kOe and 13.72 MGOe respectively for the sample annealed at 873 K for 10 min and 6.69 kOe and 13.74 MGOe respectively for the sample annealed at 923 K for 10 min. A change in the shape of the hysteresis loops was observed at temperatures below 100 K, related to the spin reorientation in the hard magnetic phase. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly reliable blue‐violet inner stripe laser diodes using planar regrowth of AlGaN/GaN superlattice cladding layer
Authors: Fukuda K. , Kohmoto S. , Matsudate M. , Tsukuda T. , Yamada M. , Ohya M. , Naniwae K. , Akagawa T. , Masumoto I. , Sasaoka C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe describe highly reliable operation of a novel planar inner stripe blue‐violet laser diode (BV‐LD). A planar regrowth technique makes it possible to simultaneously fabricate a low‐resistive superlattice (SL) structure both on the current‐injecting narrow stripe area and on the AlN current‐blocking layer. This allows for low operating voltage and over 1000 h stable operation at a single‐mode output power of 200 mW at 80 °C. The results obtained here clearly indicate that this inner stripe laser structure is a desirable candidate for a reliable high‐power light source for the next generation of optical disc systems. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)