bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enterprise Risk Management, Insurer Value Maximisation, and Market Frictions
Authors: Yow Shaun , Sherris Michael 
Published: June 2008

Enterprise risk management has become a major focus for insurers and reinsurers. Capitalization and pricing decisions are recognized as critical to firm value maximization. Market imperfections including frictional costs of capital such as taxes, agency costs, and financial distress costs are an important motivation for enterprise risk management. Risk management reduces the volatility of financial performance and can have a significant impact on firm value maximization by reducing the impact of frictional costs. Insurers operate in imperfect markets where demand elasticity of policyholders and preferences for financial quality of insurers are important determinants of capitalization and pricing strategies. In this paper, we analyze the optimization of enterprise or firm value in a model with market imperfections. A realistic model of an insurer is developed and calibrated.Frictional costs, imperfectly competitive demand elasticity, and preferences for financial quality are explicitly modelled and implications for enterprise risk management are quantified.
Latent structure of fear of pain: An empirical test among a sample of community dwelling older adults
Authors: Asmundson Gordon J.G. , Hadjistavropoulos Thomas , Bernstein Amit , Zvolensky Michael J. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTRecent findings from a sample of patients with acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain and headache indicate that fear of pain is characterized by latent continuity; that is, it is non‐taxonic. It remains to be determined whether the latent structure of fear of pain is consistent between patients seeking treatment for pain versus those drawn from representative community samples.The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if the latent structure of fear of pain is characterized by latent continuity in a representative community sample of older adults.Using taxometric methods in a sample of 459 community dwelling older adults, we sought to evaluate the latent structure of fear of pain as indexed by the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale. Results from analyses of simulated Monte Carlo data, MAXEIG‐HITMAX, and L‐mode consistency tests indicated that the latent structure of fear of pain in this sample was the same as that previously reported in clinical samples, being non‐taxonic and characterized by latent continuity. These findings confirm initial findings that fear of pain, at least as measured by the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, is continuous, occurring along a latent continuum ranging from low to high. Results are discussed in relation to the conceptual understanding of fear of pain, implications for assessment and treatment, and future research directions.
Evidence of temperature depression and hydrological variations in the eastern Sierra Nevada during the Younger Dryas Stade
Authors: MacDonald Glen M. , Moser Katrina A. , Bloom Amy M. , Porinchu David F. , Potito Aaron P. , Wolfe Brent B. , Edwards Thomas W.D. , Petel Amanda , Orme Antony R. , Orme Amalie Jo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSediment records from two lakes in the east-central Sierra Nevada, California, provide evidence of cooling and hydrological shifts during the Younger Dryas stade (YD; ~ 12,900–11,500 cal yr BP). A chironomid transfer function suggests that lake-water temperatures were depressed by 2°C to 4°C relative to maximum temperatures during the preceding Bølling–Allerød interstade (BA; ~ 14,500–12,900 cal yr BP). Diatom and stable isotope records suggest dry conditions during the latter part of the BA interstade and development of relatively moist conditions during the initiation of the YD stade, with a reversion to drier conditions later in the YD. These paleohydrological inferences correlate with similar timed changes detected in the adjacent Great Basin. Vegetation response during the YD stade includes the development of more open and xeric vegetation toward the end of the YD. The new records support linkages between the North Atlantic, the North Pacific, and widespread YD cooling in western North America, but they also suggest complex hydrological influences. Shifting hydrological conditions and relatively muted vegetation changes may explain the previous lack of evidence for the YD stade in the Sierra Nevada and the discordance in some paleohydrological and glacial records of the YD stade from the western United States.
New Structures, New Strategies: CSIRO’s Changing Role in Australian Innovation
Authors: Upstill Garrett , Spurling Thomas H. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
CSIRO’s role in Australian innovation has evolved over the years in response to changes in the external environment and within Australia’s national innovation system. The process of organisational change has been characterised by a series of restructurings—in 1978, 1988, 1996 and 2001—and accompanying shifts in the organisation’s strategic directions. In this paper we look at the process of organisational change in an historical context, looking at the evolving external environment, the legislative and management background, and the shifts in the organisation’s strategic directions. The change process is interpreted from a punctuated equilibrium perspective. We propose that discontinuous, rather than continuous change, is the way that a complex and diversified organisation like CSIRO adjusts to a changing external environment and, moreover, that independent public reviews have an important role in this process. In the light of major changes in the Australian and scientific landscapes over the past two decades we suggest it is time to look again at CSIRO’s role and the sustainability of its internal management arrangements.
Community Participation in Australian Science and Technology Policy: The Case of Nanotechnology
Authors: Harwood Jeff , Schibeci Renato 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Nanotechnology is widely considered to offer enormous competitive advantages to those countries that possess the knowledge and capacity to harness its potential. As in many other countries, Australia’s nanotechnology policy is in its infancy and lags international research in the field. We examine the role of community engagement in the development of nanotechnology in Australia, and argue that if Australia is to establish a sustainable nanotechnology policy, then it must broaden its perspective and more carefully consider the social, ethical and environmental aspects of nanotechnology. We support the goal of shared economic growth through technological advancement; however, this seems unlikely as long as the Australian government persists with what is essentially a technical and socially exclusive approach to stimulating innovation in nanotechnology. While opposition to nanotechnology is still ‘thin on the ground’, it is starting to emerge and the Commonwealth and State governments would do well to treat it with respect.
Time‐Intensive Information Technology and Human Welfare in Developing Countries
Authors: James Jeffrey 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the scope for developing countries to benefit from the Internet in non‐synchronous ways that is, in cases where some delay is involved in the delivery of information, as compared with the real‐time alternative used in developed countries. The first part of the paper draws on insights from Becker and others, to argue that poor people in poor countries are wont to exchange (relatively abundant) time for reductions in the cost of Internet use. The second part of the paper then examines whether such time‐intensive products actually exist and to the extent they do, how the required degree of cost reductions are effected in practice. I conclude that time‐intensive Internet technology represents a highly promising opportunity for developing countries to close the digital divide, an opportunity that warrants serious academic scrutiny.
Beating the Bounds? The Introduction of Pharmacist Supplementary Prescribing in the UK National Health Service
Authors: Tann Jennifer , Blenkinsopp Alison , Evans Amanda , Grime Janet 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Pharmacists in the UK were granted supplementary prescribing rights in 2003, subject to further training. Most of those now qualified are practising in general medical practices and hospitals. This qualitative study explores GP and pharmacist perceptions of the introduction of pharmacist supplementary prescribing, focusing on the consequences for professional boundaries, power relations and knowledge. GPs have delegated some routine work in specific chronic conditions, and a limited amount of decision making, to pharmacists, (albeit within tightly controlled boundaries). But diagnosis has remained firmly in the hands of GPs; work being delegated in areas where the pharmacist was minimally required to exercise diagnosis and clinical judgement. GPs have continued to exercise control over inter‐professional boundaries.
The influence of cannabis use expectancies on cannabis use and psychotic symptoms in psychosis
Authors: HIDES LEANNE , KAVANAGH DAVID J. , DAWE SHARON , YOUNG ROSS McD. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Little is known about motives or expectancies for cannabis use in psychotic populations, despite these cognitive factors being a central focus of the treatment for substance misuse in psychosis. This study examined the relationship between cannabis use expectancies, cannabis use and psychotic symptoms among cannabis using psychotic inpatients. A secondary aim was to determine if there were significant differences in the cannabis use expectancies of psychotic patients with and without Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM‐IV) cannabis dependence. Design and Methods. Participants consisted of 101 in‐patients with psychosis who had used cannabis more than five times in the past year. Expectancies were assessed using the Cannabis Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ). The frequency of cannabis use, severity of cannabis dependence, presence of DSM‐IV cannabis dependence and severity of psychotic symptoms were also assessed using standardised measures. Results and Conclusions. Results suggested that cannabis use expectancies were associated with cannabis use but not symptom variables. Expectances for cannabis use predicted recent cannabis use and the presence and severity of cannabis dependence. Psychotic patients with DSM‐IV cannabis dependence had significantly higher expectancies for negative effects from cannabis use. Prospective research examining the influence of motives and expectancies for cannabis use on cannabis use and psychotic symptoms is required to obtain a greater understanding of substance use in psychosis and assist with the development of innovative treatment interventions.[Hides L, Kavanagh DJ, Dawe S, Young RMcD. The influence of cannabis use expectancies on cannabis use and psychotic symptoms in psychosis. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:250–256]
Theoretical Models of Microvascular Oxygen Transport to Tissue
Authors: GOLDMAN DANIEL 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTTo improve understanding of microvascular O2 transport, theoretical modeling has been pursued for many years. The large number of studies in this area attests to the complexities (i.e., biochemical, structural, and hemodynamic) involved. This article focuses on theoretical studies from the last two decades and, in particular, on models of O2 transport to tissue by discrete microvessels. A brief discussion of intravascular O2 transport is first given, highlighting the physiological importance of intravascular resistance to blood‐tissue O2 transfer. This is followed by a description of the Krogh tissue cylinder model of O2 transport by a single capillary, which is shown to remain relevant in modified forms that relax many of the original biophysical assumptions. However, there are many geometric and hemodynamic complexities that require the consideration of microvascular arrays and networks. Multivessel models are discussed that have shown the physiological importance of heterogeneities in vessel spacing, O2 supply, red blood cell flow path, as well as interactions between capillaries and arterioles. These realistic models require sophisticated methods for solving the governing partial differential equations, and a range of solution techniques are described. Finally, the issue of experimental validation of microvascular O2 delivery models is discussed, and new directions in O2 transport modeling are outlined.
The Atypical Zeta (ζ) Isoform of Protein Kinase C Regulates CD11b/CD18 Activation in Human Neutrophils
Authors: CHAKRABARTI SUBHADEEP , PATEL KAMALA D. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study was to examine the role of protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) in interleukin (IL)‐8‐mediated activation of Mac‐1 (CD11b/CD18) in human neutrophils.Materials and Methods: Neutrophils were stimulated with IL‐8 in the presence or absence of pharmacologic inhibitors of PKC or a myristoylated PKCζ pseudosubstrate. The resulting changes in Mac‐1 surface expression, affinity, and avidity, as measured by clustering, were determined by using a combination of flow cytometry and immunofluorescence (IF). Colocalization of Mac‐1 with PKCζ was also probed using IF. Finally, neutrophil adhesion to matrix proteins was examined under static conditions and adhesion to tumor necrosis factor‐alpha‐stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells was examined under flow conditions, using a parallel‐plate flow chamber.Results: PKCζ and Mac‐1 colocalized following stimulation with IL‐8. Blocking PKCζ prevented IL‐8‐induced Mac‐1 clustering while simultaneously increasing Mac‐1 affinity. To determine the relative contribution of affinity versus avidity in neutrophil adhesion, we examined adhesion under both static and flow conditions, and found that blocking PKCζ prevented neutrophil adhesion, despite increased affinity of Mac‐1.Conclusions: These data suggest that PKCζ is a negative regulator of Mac‐1 affinity and a positive regulator of Mac‐1 avidity. Further, Mac‐1 avidity is more important than increased affinity alone in regulating neutrophil firm adhesion.
Survey of complementary and alternative therapies used by children with specific learning difficulties (dyslexia)
Authors: Bull Leona 
Published: June 2008

Background: Dyslexia is a common learning difficulty affecting up to 10% of British children that is associated with a wide range of cognitive, emotional and physical symptoms. In the absence of effective conventional treatment, it is likely that parents will seek complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to try and help their children. However, little is known about the level of CAM use or the type of CAM used by dyslexic children.Aims: This study assessed: (1) the lifetime use of CAM by dyslexic children, (2) the role of socio‐demographic factors in CAM use by dyslexic children, (3) parental attitudes towards CAM use in the treatment of dyslexia, and (4) how parents' understanding of dyslexia affects CAM use.Methods & Procedures: A semi‐structured questionnaire‐based survey of parents of 148 dyslexic school children was undertaken. The children had been recruited to a university research programme investigating the effectiveness of a complementary therapy for the treatment of learning difficulties.Outcomes & Results: Lifetime use of CAM was 55.4% (82 children). The most popular CAM approaches were nutritional supplements/special diets (63 children) followed by homeopathy (29 children) and osteopathy/chiropractic manipulation (29 children). Socio‐demographic factors did not predict CAM use. In total, parents of 101 dyslexic children reported that an interest in CAM for the treatment of dyslexia was based on their preference for CAM for their families more generally. Parents who thought that dyslexia was a ‘medical/health’ disorder were more likely to have used CAM with their children (p<0.01) than other parents in this survey.Conclusions & Implications: Educational and health professionals should be aware that many dyslexic children use CAM. Parents of dyslexic children should be provided with evidence‐based advice to help them make informed therapeutic choices.
How students’ perceptions of teachers’ autonomy‐supportive behaviours affect physical activity behaviour: an application of the trans‐contextual model
Authors: Pihu Maret , Hein Vello , Koka Andre , Hagger Martin S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess a modified version of the trans‐contextual model (Hagger, Chatzisarantis, Culverhouse, & Biddle, 2003) based on self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) and the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1985). The modified version included two additional components: use of learning strategies and positive general feedback. It was hypothesized that students’ perceptions of how they use learning strategies taught by their physical education (PE) teachers and perceived positive general feedback would influence students’ intrinsic motivation, intentions, and physical activity behaviour in a leisure‐time context through intrinsic motivation in PE. A structural equation model supported the hypotheses and demonstrated that the use of learning strategies and perceived positive general feedback in PE indirectly influenced intrinsic motivation in leisure time through the effect of intrinsic motivation in PE. There was a direct effect of perceived positive general feedback on physical activity behaviour as well as an indirect effect through the motivational sequence.
Effect of a preventive intervention programme on the prevalence of anterior knee pain in volleyball players
Authors: Cumps E. , Verhagen E. A. , Duerinck S. , Devillé A. , Duchene L. , Meeusen R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractChronic knee disorders, such as patellofemoral pain syndrome and patellar tendinosis, are common injuries in volleyball players. Using a randomized clinical trial, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a 4‐month in‐season intervention programme on the prevalence of anterior knee pain in volleyball players. No significant differences were observed between the intervention and control group for the prevalence of anterior knee pain after the intervention programme (odds ratio =1.58 [95% confidence interval: 0.60–4.20]). Also, no significant differences were observed for individuals with previously sustained anterior knee pain (OR =0.81 [95% CI: 0.33–2.20]). It was revealed that the risk for recurrent anterior knee pain is significantly higher than the risk for newly sustained anterior knee pain (OR =5.79 [95% CI: 1.59–21.00]). In conclusion, we were unable to confirm any preventive effect of the intervention programme on the prevalence of anterior knee pain. However, a previous study using the same intervention and measuring the effect on the intrinsic risk factors of anterior knee pain showed a positive effect.
Defining and categorizing emotional abuse in sport
Authors: Stirling Ashley E. , Kerr Gretchen A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this study, we used a qualitative research design to explore athletes’ experiences of emotional abuse in sport. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 14 retired, elite female swimmers, and data were analysed inductively using open, axial, and selective coding procedures. Findings revealed that emotionally abusive behaviours of the coach occurred in three ways: through physical behaviours, verbal behaviours, and the denial of attention and support. Based on our findings, a definition of emotional abuse in sport is proposed. This definition of emotional abuse is the first definition derived from the experiences of emotional abuse within an athletic environment. It encapsulates previous definitions of emotional abuse, types of emotionally abusive behaviours, and outcomes of these behaviours. The need for an athlete protection initiative in sport is discussed and recommendations are made for future research.
Post‐exercise coincidence anticipation in expert and novice Gaelic games players: the effects of exercise intensity
Authors: Lyons Mark , Al‐Nakeeb Yahya , Nevill Alan 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWithin the current scientific literature, there is a distinct lack of empirical data examining the effects of exercise intensity on coincidence anticipation and, to date, no study has examined this in Gaelic games. Furthermore, many previous studies failed to consider fully sport specificity. The aims of this study were to examine the effect of moderate‐ and high‐intensity exercise on coincidence anticipation and to determine whether post‐exercise changes in coincidence anticipation were the same in novice and expert Gaelic games players (hurlers).Eleven expert and nine novice hurlers participated in this study. After familiarization, coincidence anticipation was measured using the Bassin Anticipation Timer at rest, following moderate‐ and high‐intensity exercise. Exercise intensities were set using an incremental running protocol until the participants reached steady‐state 70% and 90% heart rate reserve. To simulate hitting a ball, participants swung or “pulled” using a continuous swing at full speed with a standard hurley through a photoelectric beam as close to the actual arrival time of the stimulus at the target location as possible. Immediately following each exercise condition, participants performed 20 anticipation trials. All testing was randomized and counterbalanced.Raw scores were transformed to three error scores – constant error, absolute error, and log variable error. The effect of exercise intensity on constant error, absolute error, and log variable error was analysed using separate 3 (exercise intensities)×20 (trials)×2 (levels of skill) repeated‐measures analyses of variance. The results showed no between‐ or within‐group differences for constant error (P>0.05). For both absolute error and log variable error there were highly significant between‐group differences (both P<0.01), which indicated that the expert hurlers at all exercise intensities exhibited significantly better coincidence anticipation than novice players probably due to experience among other factors. Further within‐group analyses showed no differences in the expert players’ performance across exercise intensities. However, within‐group analyses on the novice players’ data showed a significant difference between performance at rest and performance following moderate‐intensity exercise. The results suggest that expert players are capable of maintaining coincidence anticipation performance across exercise intensities but the novice players performed optimally following moderate‐intensity exercise.