bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strains, BXO1 and BXO8 that Show Varying Degrees of Virulence in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Singh V. B. , Kumar A. , Isaac Kirubakaran S. , Ayyadurai N. , Sunish Kumar R. , Sakthivel N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe present study describes the compositional difference of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strains, BXO1 and BXO8 that show varying degrees of virulence in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The EPS of X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains, BXO1 and BXO8 was extracted, estimated and characterized using Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high‐performance size exclusion chromatography and high‐performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). The 1H‐NMR spectra showed the presence of α‐ or β‐anomeric carbon of hexose or pentose, hydrogen next to hydroxyl group and uronic acid of hexose and pentose in the EPS of both BXO1 and BXO8. HPAEC with PAD revealed the presence of arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid in both EPSs. In addition, only EPS of BXO8 contained rhamnose and xylose. The most virulent strain, BXO8 produced higher amount of EPS (43.62 μg/ml) than did BXO1 (32.5 μg/ml). Compositional difference of EPS produced by different strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzae might play an important role in host or cultivar specificity and might determine the spectrum of their virulence. Knowledge on EPS may help to understand the mode of action of bacterial pathogens.
Bioprospection of Cationic and Anionic Antimicrobial Peptides from Bell Pepper Leaves for Inhibition of Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis Growth
Authors: Teixeira F. R. , Lima M. C. O. P. , Almeida H. O. , Romeiro R. S. , Silva D. J. H. , Pereira P. R. G. , Fontes E. P. B. , Baracat‐Pereira M. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBioprospection of natural compounds to be used as plant protection offers exciting possibilities in agribusiness. ‘Samara’ (SM) and ‘Sunshine’ (SH) cultivars of bell pepper are resistant against some plant pathogens, and leaf antimicrobial peptides could account for their defence system. In the present study, 5–7 kDa peptides were partially purified from cell wall extract (CWE) of bell pepper leaves and further resolved by ion‐exchange chromatography. The cationic and anionic peptide‐enriched fractions from both SM‐CWE and SH‐CWE strongly inhibited in vitro growth of Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis.
First Report of the Natural Occurrence of the Teleomorph of Leptosphaeria maculans on Oilseed Rape and Airborne Dispersal of Ascospores in Hungary
Authors: Magyar D. , Barasits T. , Fischl G. , Fernando W. G. D. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Leptosphaeria maculans (anamorph Phoma lingam) causes blackleg disease of oilseed rape. The teleomorph stage of the blackleg pathogen on oilseed rape in Hungary is reported for the first time. Airborne ascospores of the pathogen were monitored in the infected source area using a portable Hirst‐type spore trap in different horizontal and vertical sampling points. Meteorological conditions influencing airborne spore dispersal of the fungus were analysed. Airborne ascospores of pathotypes A/Tox+ and B/Tox0 groups of L. maculans were identified using a modified germination test. A mixed population of L. maculans A/Tox+ and B/Tox0 groups were found in Hungary. The occurrence of the fungus on a wide range of its wild cruciferous hosts appears to be an important factor in the outbreak of the disease on oilseed rape. High relative humidity, rainfall, melting snow and moderate wind were the most important factors in the dissemination of the ascospores.
Cytological Alterations Produced by Sweet Potato Mild Speckling Virus
Authors: Nome C. F. , Laguna I. G. , Nome S. F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe potyvirus sweet potato mild speckling (SPMSV) has the biological properties and the coat protein sequence already described. In this work, cytological alterations and the intracellular localization in Ipomoea setosa and Ipomoea batatas was studied. The observations were carried out by means of transmission electron microscopy, complemented with immunogold techniques for the viral localization with SPMSV antiserum of local production. The observations carried out showed almost no alteration on cell components but the presence of cylindrical inclusion in the cytoplasm (bundles, laminate aggregates, and pinwheels, neither circles nor scrolls) belonging to the type‐2 in the classification of Edwardson and Christie (Cylindrical Inclusions. Bulletin 894, 1996, pp. 1–11). Gold particles were localized in cytoplasms of all tissues of the leaf.
Clinical, Pathological and Toxicological Findings of a Iatrogenic Selenium Toxicosis Case in Feeder Pigs
Authors: Casteignau A. , Fontán A. , Morillo A. , Oliveros J. A. , Segalés J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryHistopathological and toxicological analyses confirmed a clinical diagnosis of selenium (Se) intoxication in pigs from a farm in Spain. After an initial episode of diarrhoea, animals presented both dermatological and neurological signs; the most obvious sign was a marked hind limb paresis. Cutaneous lesions consisted on diffuse alopecia, multifocal skin necrosis and coronary band necrosis of the hooves. Central nervous system lesions involved the cervical and lumbar intumescences of the spinal cord and consisted of a severe, bilateral symmetrical poliomyelomalacia of the ventral horns;ponsandmedulla oblongataalso presented lesions of polioencephalomalacia. Analyses of feed and sera from clinically affected pigs revealed a marked increase in Se concentration. Clinical investigations indicated that a failure in Se dosage in feed was the cause of the toxicosis.
Small bowel CT‐enteroclysis: Technique, pitfalls and pictorial review
Authors: Parrish FJ 
Published: July 2006

SummaryComputed tomography small bowel enteroclysis has been carried out at Noosa Hospital since July 2003, and more recently at St George Private Hospital, Kogarah. Over 125 cases have been carried out. This article describes the different techniques, the pitfalls and a pictorial review of small bowel pathology.
Anatomical variations of the internal jugular veins and their relationship to the carotid arteries: A CT evaluation
Authors: Lim CL , Keshava SN , Lea M 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe right internal jugular vein (IJV) is a common vessel to obtain venous access. It is important to have a clear understanding of the anatomy of the IJV and its relationship to the common carotid arteries (CCA) to avoid inadvertent arterial puncture. This study aims to objectively evaluate the variations in the anatomy of IJV and its relation to the CCA. A total of 176 right and left IJV were retrospectively evaluated using CT imaging with the CentraRad Diagnostic Viewer Version 4.09.0190 (CDN Telemedicine Solutions, Wollongong, Australia). The data were recorded and analysed. The right IJV (80.5%) was more often larger than the left IJV. With reference to the CCA, 85.2% of the IJV were found in the lateral position, 12.5% anteriorly, 1.1% medially and 1.1% posteriorly. Seven IJV were found to be hypoplastic, and in one case this was seen bilaterally in both the right and left IJV. The maximum depth of IJV from the skin was 27.9 mm. More than half (69.5%) of the IJV were less than 1 mm from the carotids. Computed tomography is an excellent method to delineate the anatomy of IJV. Variations in the anatomy of the IJV and their correlation to the CCA are common.
Concurrent end‐phase boost high‐dose radiation therapy for non‐small‐cell lung cancer with or without cisplatin chemotherapy*
Authors: Graham PH , Clark C , Abell F , Browne L , Capp A , Clingan P , De Sousa P , Fox C , Links M 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study was to audit the results of a high‐dose, combined‐modality prospective protocol for non‐small‐cell lung cancer in terms of survival, disease‐specific survival and toxicity. One hundred and twenty‐one patients with non‐small‐cell lung cancer were treated with a concurrent, end‐phase, boost, high‐dose radiotherapy protocol with 65 Gy in 35 fractions for more than 5 weeks. Sixty‐six patients received radiotherapy alone (group 1), 29 received concurrent chemoradiation (group 2) and 26 received neoadjuvant and concurrent chemotherapy (group 3). Thirty‐four patients had stage I disease, six had stage II and 81 had stage III. Overall median survival was 23 months: 75% at 1 year and 23% at 5 years. Median survivals for patients with stage I and stages II and III disease were 43 and 19 months, respectively. For stages II and III patients by groups 1–3, median survivals were 18, 25 and 18 months, respectively, and 2‐year survivals were 36, 52 and 38%, respectively. Toxicity was acceptable. Overall, 9% had symptomatic pneumonitis and 7% had grades 3 and 4 oesophagitis. For those who had the mediastinum included in the volume, grade ≥3 oesophagitis occurred in 0, 11 and 22% (n = 110, P = 0.001), respectively, for treatment groups 1–3. Overall treatment‐related mortality was 3%, consisting of two septic deaths, one pneumonitis and possibly one late cardiac event, all occurring in patients who had chemotherapy (7% of 55 patients). Treatment‐related mortality declined over the study period. Accelerated radiotherapy was well tolerated, with only moderate increased acute toxicity when combined with concurrent platinum chemotherapy. Toxicity was enhanced by induction chemotherapy. Overall survival outcomes were excellent for this condition. Continued use of this radiotherapy schedule is recommended as the platform for assessment of other chemotherapy schedules.
Assessment of abstracts submitted to the annual scientific meeting of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists
Authors: Bydder S , Marion K , Taylor M , Semmens J 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe process for selecting abstracts submitted for presentation at annual scientific meetings should ensure both the quality of these meetings and fairness to prospective presenters. The aim of the present study was to review the assessment of radiation oncology abstracts submitted for oral presentation to the 2004 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists annual scientific meeting. Selection criteria were developed that were primarily focused on the subjective aspects of abstract quality. All research abstracts were reviewed blindly by five individual reviewers (four radiation oncologists and a statistician), scoring each abstract in five categories. The scores of three reviewers were used to select the top 30 general and top eight trainee entries. For comparison, cluster analysis using the scores of all five reviewers was used to group papers into two ranks. There was a strong correlation in total scores for each paper, between all reviewers. Similarly, the study design subscale was strongly correlated between all reviewers. Abstracts belonging to the first‐rank cluster were generally selected. Most trainee entries would have been successful in being accepted into the general programme. The selection process described appears feasible and fair and may improve the quality of meetings.
Use of intra‐arterial multi‐detector row CT angiography for the evaluation of an ischaemic limb in a patient with renal impairment
Authors: Bell KW , Heng RC , Atallah J , Chaitowitz I 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe vastly improved scanning speed and z‐axis resolution afforded by multi‐detector technology has allowed CT to refine its traditional roles and to explore many new applications in imaging. We present a case report of a patient with renal failure and an ischaemic leg, which illustrates a useful new CT vascular imaging application. By carrying out 16‐channel multi‐detector row CT angiography through a sheath introduced into the common femoral artery, we obtained a high‐quality angiographic image of the affected leg, using only 30 mL of iodinated contrast material. The examination definitively showed the number, distribution and patency of the tibial run‐off arteries, with significant influence on the patient‘s subsequent clinical management. This simple and relatively minimally invasive technique is useful in peripheral vascular imaging, when conventional CT angiography using a large volume of i.v. contrast and MR angiography are unsuitable or unavailable.
Haemophilic pseudotumour presenting with large bowel obstruction
Authors: O’Dowd M , Geoghegan T , Munk PL , McAuley G , Torreggiani WC 
Published: July 2006

SummaryOsseous haemophilic pseudotumours are uncommon. The commonest sites of involvement are the femur and the pelvis. Trauma is the initiating factor in most reported cases and repeated bleeding into the lesion contributes to their growth. Most lesions grow slowly and are often asymptomatic. Complications include massive haemorrhage, infection and pathological fracture. We present an extremely unusual presentation where a large haemophilic pseudotumour of the pelvis extended to impinge the adjacent colon, resulting in large bowel obstruction.
Iatrogenic secondary post‐partum haemorrhage: Apropos of two uncommon cases
Authors: Mammen T , Shanthakumari H , Gopi K , Lionel J , Ayyappan AP , Kekre A 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn this article we would like to highlight uterine pseudoaneurysm as a cause of secondary post‐partum haemorrhage following Caesarean section. We would like to stress Doppler ultrasound scan as the initial screening modality for this condition. We also describe angioembolization as the prudent treatment option for this condition rather than resorting to surgery.
Recognition and management of childhood overweight and obesity by clinicians
Authors: Spurrier Nicola J , Magarey Anthea , Wong Catherine 
Published: July 2006

Aim:  (i) To determine the ability of general practitioners (GPs) and paediatricians to correctly identify children as overweight or obese by visual cues alone; (ii) to describe the current management practices of overweight and obese children by these practitioners; and (iii) to compare these with National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical Practice Guidelines.Methods:  Forty‐four GPs and 29 paediatricians participated in the study. Respondents completed a questionnaire based on a series of body images, rating the size of the child as acceptable weight, overweight or obese and indicating the likelihood of carrying out a series of management options.Results:  There was considerable variation in ability to rate images correctly with the total number of correct responses being 72% and 68%, respectively, for GPs and paediatricians. There were statistically significant differences in management between GPs and paediatricians in terms of conducting appropriate anthropometry and screening for co‐morbidities, with paediatricians performing closer to the NHMRC Clinical Practice Guidelines.Conclusion:  GPs and paediatricians have the opportunity to screen children for overweight and obesity during their everyday practice. Accurate determination of weight status cannot be performed by visualisation alone and all children should have height and weight measured and correctly interpreted. Some areas of current GP and paediatrician management of overweight and obese children fall short of the NHMRC clinical guidelines and areas for improvement are highlighted in this paper.
Continuous SvO2 measurement in infants undergoing congenital heart surgery – first clinical experiences with a new fiberoptic probe
Authors: MÜLLER MATTHIAS , LÖHR TOBIAS , SCHOLZ STEFAN , THUL JOSEF , AKINTÜRK HAKAN , HEMPELMANN GUNTER 
Published: July 2006

SummaryBackground:  SvO2‐guided therapy, using fiberoptic oximetric catheters can help to improve the outcome after complex congenital heart surgery especially in infants undergoing the Stage 1‐Norwood‐Procedure. So far, fiberoptic catheters have to be placed transthoracically by the surgeon into the vena cava or the pulmonary artery putting the infant at an additional risk of bleeding at the time of catheter removal.Methods:  We used a new percutaneously applicable fiberoptic probe for continuous monitoring of central venous saturation in three infants undergoing modifications of the Stage 1‐Norwood‐Procedure (reconstruction of the aortic arch), two in combination with a bidirectional cavopulmonary connection (Glenn shunt), the third with reconstruction of the pulmonary arteries (biventricular repair). The approved clinical monitoring system consisted of a small (2 F) fiberoptic probe and a bed‐side‐monitor. The probe was inserted via the routine central venous access for such a case.Results:  Continuous SvO2 measurement is feasible in infants using the CeVOX system in combination with routine central venous access, and the advantages of continuous monitoring are discussed.Conclusions:  We believe that compared with transthoracically inserted oximetric catheter, the presented percutaneous technique avoids additional risks at the time of catheter removal (i.e. bleeding) and has become part of our standard management.
Tramadol infusion for the pain management in sickle cell disease: a case report
Authors: ERHAN ELVAN , INAL MEHMET T. , AYDINOK YESIM , BALKAN CAN , YEGUL IBRAHIM 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWe present the analgesic management of a 4‐year‐old child who suffered from severe abdominal and leg pain during his first vaso‐occlusive crisis with sickle cell disease, diagnosed as β/S disease when he was 1 year old. His mother and father were carriers of β‐thalassemia and hemoglobin S, respectively. He had an upper respiratory tract infection in which a vaso‐occlusive crisis was precipitated. On admission to hospital, fever, severe abdominal and leg pain were noted. Hemoglobin was 4 g·dl−1 with accompanying prominent reticulocytosis and acute spleen enlargement. These findings indicated a sequestration crisis as well as vaso‐occlusive disease. He was transfused with packed red cells. Paracetamol (40–60 mg·kg−1·day−1) and ibuprofen (20 mg·kg−1·day−1) were administered to relieve pain. The child experienced moderate to severe pain (Oucher score 60–80) despite nonopioid analgesics, so a tramadol infusion (0.25 mg·kg−1·h−1) was started. During the tramadol infusion no morphine was required, the intensity of pain gradually decreased (Oucher score 20) and the child was able to move his legs. At the end of 3 days splenomegaly regressed, no fever and pain were observed and the infusion was stopped. In conclusion, tramadol infusion i.v. (0.25 mg·kg−1·h−1) combined with nonopioids was effective to relieve moderate to severe pain due to vaso‐occlusive crisis and can be recommended before using morphine in a pediatric sickle cell crisis.
Plant–soil feedbacks and invasive spread
Authors: Levine Jonathan M. , Pachepsky Elizaveta , Kendall Bruce E. , Yelenik Stephanie G. , Lambers Janneke Hille Ris 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPlant invaders have been suggested to change soil microbial communities and biogeochemical cycling in ways that can feedback to benefit themselves. In this paper, we ask when do these feedbacks influence the spread of exotic plants. Because answering this question is empirically challenging, we show how ecological theory on ‘pushed’ and ‘pulled’ invasions can be used to examine the problem. We incorporate soil feedbacks into annual plant invasion models, derive the conditions under which such feedbacks affect spread, and support our approach with simulations. We show that in homogeneous landscapes, strong positive feedbacks can influence spreading velocity for annual invaders, but that empirically documented feedbacks are not strong enough to do so. Moreover, to influence spread, invaders must modify the soil environment over a spatial scale larger than is biologically realistic. Though unimportant for annual invader spread in our models, feedbacks do affect invader density and potential impact. We discuss how future research might consider the way landscape structure, dispersal patterns, and the time scales over which plant–soil feedbacks develop regulate the effects of such feedbacks on invader spread.
Poverty Reduction: The Missing Piece of Pension Reform in Latin America
Authors: Barrientos Armando 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Employment‐based pension plans constitute the main form of pension provision in Latin America. Although recent pension reform in the region has focused on strengthening these, old‐age poverty remains high in most countries in the region, with older people over‐represented among the poor. The article argues that ensuring old‐age support for poor and vulnerable groups involves a different set of priorities and options for pension reform, namely a strong focus on tax‐financed public cash transfer programmes. Cash transfer programmes focused on poor older people are the missing piece of pension reform in the region. The article examines the experience of the handful of countries with such programmes in place, and draws the lessons for the future of social policy in the region.
Equality and Income Security in Market Economies: What's Wrong with Insurance?
Authors: Haagh Louise 
Published: July 2006

Abstract This article critically assesses the marketization of income security, and identifies links between equality, self‐reliance and welfare reform. Marketization in emergent economies is distinguished by a strong separation between the use of insurance for the mainstream economy and relief for the poor. The impact of this model on the shaping of working lives and on market rigidity is discussed through a review of implications in the areas of subsistence, integrity interests and employment transitions. The broad faith in insurance solutions is argued to derive from a highly abstract approach to welfare reform and to result in a lack of attention to uneven and unstable markets, and to self‐government as a motive to work. Evidence of this emerges from a comparison of insurance in its more ideal form (in Chile) with modified models (Brazil and Korea). In the last two cases a developmental orientation has aided in the provision of broad‐based security. Other factors that appear to enhance the importance of direct assistance are also discussed, including aspects of state administration and labour services that limit work opportunity and individual autonomy in uneven economies. The segregated dual approach to income security is argued to be broadly deficient, but not because insurance is inherently wrong. Countries as diverse as Barbados and Denmark show that more cohesive economies are a better foundation for integrating insurance with general welfare and for income security and individual enterprise broadly conceived.
Mothers at the Service of the New Poverty Agenda: Progresa/Oportunidades, Mexico's Conditional Transfer Programme
Authors: Molyneux Maxine 
Published: July 2006

Abstract This article considers some of the changes and continuities in social protection in Latin America through a focus on the ways in which motherhood is positioned as key to the success of the new anti‐poverty programmes that have followed structural reform. It examines a flagship cash transfer programme known as Progresa/Oportunidades (Opportunities) established in Mexico in 1997 and now being widely adopted in the region. Characterized by some commentators as a quintessentially neo‐liberal programme, it is argued that Oportunidades represents a novel combination of earlier maternalist social policy approaches with the conditional, co‐responsibility models associated with the recent approaches to social welfare and poverty relief endorsed by international policy actors. In the first section, the gendered assumptions that have governed Latin American social policy are described; the second outlines social policy provision in Latin America and identifies the key elements of the new approaches to poverty; and the third critically examines the broader implications of the Mexican programme's selective and gendered construction of social need premised, as it is, on re‐traditionalizing gendered roles and responsibilities.