bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemistry and strontium isotopic composition of basalts from the Eastern Deccan volcanic province, India
Authors: Alexander P. Oliver , Paul Dalim K. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryTen rather uniform tholeiitic basalt flows totalling a thickness of 190 m from Sagar, India, contain two stratigraphical breaks. Major element variation allows the flows to be grouped into two eruption cycles. Due to intraflow variation, however, chemical composition is unlikely to be useful in widespread correlation of flow sequence. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios vary from 0·7039 to 0·7084 with Rb and Sr averaging 6·5 and 184 ppm respectively and Rb/Sr ratios ranging from 0·002 to 0·224, with no systematic relationship between the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and other chemical parameters. Bulk crustal contamination is considered unlikely; selective introduction of 87Sr from the granitic basement is postulated.
Petrological aspects of the correlation between potash content of orogenic magmas and earthquake depth
Authors: Cawthorn R. Grant 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe petrological interpretation of the variation of K2O content with depth to the Benioff zone in orogenic magmas is complicated by several factors: (1) Magmas may not be true primary liquids but have under-gone differentiation. K2O contents, at a specific SiO2level, will depend upon the SiO2content of the parental magma and the natureof the crystallizing phases more than on original K2O content. (2) The depth to the Benioff zone may not give a true reflection of the depth of melting. Magmas may not be derived from the uppermost layer of subducted oceanic crust but rather the overlying upper mantle. Earthquakes may not occur in the uppermost layer of the subducted plate, but in its colder, central parts. Hence, earthquake depth may not be related to the source of the magma. (3) It is difficult to envisage how the temporal increase in K2O may occur in certain areas (e.g.Aleutian I., Fiji) if it is primarily controlled by the depth to the Benioff zone.There may be some correlation between K2O content of magmas and earthquake depth, but its cause is difficult to determine. None of the existing explanations is entirely satisfactory, and it is suggested that varying degrees of fractional crystallization may play an important role in controlling K2O contents.
The geochemistry of basalt-sea-water interactions: evidence from Deception Island, Antarctica, and Reykjanes, Iceland
Authors: Elderfield H. , Gunnlaugsson E. , Wakefield S. J. , Williams P. T. 
Published: December 2006

SummarySea-water from Deception Island was found to contain 0·55–1·48 mg Mn 1−1 and 10·2-64·3 mg Si 1−1. Reaction of Deception Island basalt and sea-water at 190 °C and 500 bars simulated the measured water composition but leaching experiments suggest that much of the Mn etc. may derive from local volcanic ash. Mn and Mg in thermal waters at Reykjanes have concentrations compatible with equilibrium with components of montmorillonite present as an alteration mineral of average composition . However, Fe is controlled by equilibrium with sulphides. Flux calculations based on these and other data place upper limits on hydrothermal Mn input to the oceans of 5–36×1011 g yr−1 and Mn accumulation in metalliferous sediments of 2–9×1011 g yr−1.
Geothermometry and oxygen barometry using coexisting iron-titanium oxides: a reappraisal
Authors: Powell Roger , Powell Marjorie 
Published: December 2006

SummaryEquilibrium thermodynamic methods are used to develop an independent iron-titanium oxide geothermometer and oxygen barometer from the experimental data of Buddington and Lindsley (1964). The geothermometer and oxygen barometer are presented graphically for coexisting ilmenite solid solution and magnetite solid solution in the system FeO-Fe2O3-TiO2. Equations are also given for calculating temperature and oxygen activity for natural coexisting iron-titanium oxides containing other components. Large departures in composition from the system FeO-Fe2O3-TiO3 result in large uncertainties in the calculated temperature and activity of oxygen.
The crystal structure of ferrinatrite, Na3(H2O)3[Fe(SO4)3] and its relationship to Maus's salt, (H3O)2K2{K0.5(H2O)0.5}6[Fe3O(H2O)3(SO46](OH)2
Authors: Scordari F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryFerrinatrite crystallizes in space group P, with a = 15·566(5), c = 8·69(1) Å, and Z = 6. The crystal structure was solved by three-dimensional Patterson and Fourier syntheses, and refined by least squares employing 2378 independent reflexions to a final R value of 0·068. The iron ions occupy special positions and are surrounded octahedrally by oxygen atoms. Fe3+O6 octahedra and SO4, tetrahedra are linked together to form infinite chains of Fe-O-S linkages in the [0001] direction. These chains are linked to each other by [NaO5(H2O)2] polyhedra and probably by hydrogen bonds. The topology of the arrangement is the same as that of the hypothetical P312 structure proposed by Moore and Araki (1974).
Unusual sulphide replacement textures in altered olivine-rich rocks of the Bulong Complex near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
Authors: Moeskops P. G. , Davis G. R. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryUnusual replacement-type sulphide mineralization occurs in the northern part of the Bulong Complex, about 30 km east of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. The mineralization is non-economic (up to 0·5% Ni, 0·4% Cu, 0·1% Co, and 8·6% S) and occurs in altered unlayered olivine-rich rocks immediately above a thin sheet-like inclusion of country rock. The supergene-modified primary opaque assemblage pyrrhotine-magnetite-pyrite-chalcopyrite-(pentlandite) is texturally unusual in that the opaques are largely pseudomorphic after primary olivine grains, mainly within irregular fracture networks in a manner similar to ‘early’ serpentine. Textural relations between opaques and silicates indicate that the mineralization was introduced during the early stages of serpentinization prior to the onset of deformation and regional metamorphism. Monoclinic pyrrhotine is the main opaque phase, with some grains containing relict cores of the hexagonal variety. Magnetite associated with the mineralization is Ni-poor (< 0·1% Ni) compared with ‘serpentinization magnetite’ from elsewhere in the Bulong Complex, which contains 0·5–0·8% Ni. As the mineralization was intersected at relatively shallow depth, supergene alteration effects are evident; pyrrhotine is locally altered to pyrite and marcasite (texturally and chemically distinct from the primary pyrite), and pentlandite is largely replaced by cupriferous violarite.Textural features and consideration of phase relations in the system Cu-Fe-S-O suggest that the mineralization is of low-temperature (350± °C) hydrothermal origin. By contrast, the more commonly developed Fe-Ni-Cu sulphide mineralization of the Kalgoorlie region is generally considered to be of high-temperature (1200± °C) magmatic origin.
A celadonite-vermiculite series from the volcanic rocks of the Ochils, Stirlingshire
Authors: French W. J. , Hassan M. D. , Westcott J. E. 
Published: December 2006

SummarySpherulitic and felted green to brown minerals are described from various volcanic rocks of the Western Ochils, Stirlingshire. They fill amygdales and replace pyroxenes and appear to be an interlayered series of sheet silicates from celadonite to vermiculite. The minerals are hydrothermal in origin and suggest the presence of a potassium-rich hydrous fluid at a late stage in the volcanic history.
Janggunite, a new manganese hydroxide mineral from the Janggun mine, Bonghwa, Korea
Authors: Kim Soo Jin 
Published: December 2006

SummaryJanggunite occurs as radiating groups of flakes, flower-like aggregates, colloform bands, dendritic or arborescenl masses in the cementation zone of the supergene manganese oxide deposits. The flakes average 0·05 mm. Colour black, lustre dull, streak brownish black to dark brown. Cleavage one direction perfect. H = 23, very fragile.Dmeas= 3·59,Dcalc= 3·58. Under reflected light anisotropic and bireflectant. No internal reflections. Etching reactions: positive - HC1, HNO3, SnCl2, H2O2, H2SO4+ H2O2. Chemical formula,on the basis of O = 14, or ideally. The mineral has an orthorhombic unit cell witha9·324,b14·05,c7·956 Å, Z = 4,a:b:c= 0·663:1:0·566. Important diffraction lines are 9·34(s), 7·09(s), 4·62(m), 4·17(m), 3·547(s), 3·101(s), 2·597(w), 2·469(m), 1·863(w), 1·664(w), 1·525(m), 1·405(m), D.T.A. curve shows the endothermic peaks at 250–370°C and 955°C Infra-red absorption spectral curve shows vibrations at 515 cm−1, 545 cm−1, 1025 cm−1, and 3225 cm−1. The mineral and name have been approved before publication by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, I.M.A.
The Pten/PI3K pathway governs the homeostasis of Vα14iNKT cells
Authors: Kishimoto Hiroyuki , Ohteki Toshiaki , Yajima Nobuyuki , Kawahara Koichi , Natsui Miyuki , Kawarasaki Satoru , Hamada Koichi , Horie Yasuo , Kubo Yoshiaki , Arase Seiji , Taniguchi Masaru , Vanhaesebroeck Bart , Mak Tak Wah , Nakano Toru , Koyasu Shigeo , Sasaki Takehiko , Suzuki Akira 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe tumor suppressor PTEN is mutated in many human cancers. We previously used the Cre-loxP system to generate mice (LckCrePten mice) with a Pten mutation in T-lineage cells. Here we describe the phenotype of Pten-deficient Vα14iNKT cells. A failure in the development of Vα14iNKT cells occurs in the LckCrePten thymus between stage 2 (CD44highNK1.1−) and stage 3 (CD44highNK1.1+), resulting in decreased numbers of peripheral Vα14iNKT cells. In vitro, Pten-deficient Vα14iNKT cells show reduced proliferation and cytokine secretion in response to αGalCer stimulation but enhanced inhibitory Ly49 receptor expression. Following interaction with dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with αGalCer, Pten-deficient Vα14iNKT cells demonstrate activation of PI3K. Indeed, the effects of the Pten mutation require intact function of the PI3K subunits p110γ and p110δ. In vivo, LckCrePten mice display reduced serum IFNγ after αGalCer administration. Importantly, Vα14iNKT cell–mediated protection against the metastasis of melanoma cells to the lung was impaired in the absence of Pten. Thus, the Pten/PI3K pathway is indispensable for the homeostasis and antitumor surveillance function of Vα14iNKT cells.
TLR agonists induce regulatory dendritic cells to recruit Th1 cells via preferential IP-10 secretion and inhibit Th1 proliferation
Authors: Qian Cheng , An Huazhang , Yu Yizhi , Liu Shuxun , Cao Xuetao 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) and chemokines are important mediators linking innate and adaptive immunity on activation by Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. We previously identified a kind of regulatory DC subset (diffDCs) that differentiated from mature DCs under splenic stroma and that inhibited T-cell proliferation. The responsiveness of such regulatory DCs to TLR agonists and their pattern of chemokine production remain to be determined. Here, we report that the regulatory DCs secrete a higher level of CXCR3 chemokine IFN-γ–induced protein-10 (IP-10) than immature DCs (imDCs), and more IP-10 is produced after stimulation with TLR-2, -4, -3, and -9 ligands. Blockade of IFN-α/β inhibits IP-10 production by TLR agonist-activated regulatory DCs. We show that the increased IRF-3 and IFN-β–induced STAT1 activation are responsible for the autocrine IFN-β–dependent preferential production of IP-10 by regulatory DCs. In addition, stimulation with recombinant mouse IFN-α/β induces more IP-10 production in regulatory DCs than that in imDCs. Moreover, the regulatory DCs selectively recruit more Th1 cells through IP-10 and inhibit Th1 proliferation. Our results demonstrate a new manner for regulatory DCs to down-regulate T-cell response by preferential IP-10 production and inhibition of recruited Th1 cell proliferation.
Consequences of over-expression of rat Scavenger Receptor, SR-BI, in an adrenal cell model
Authors: Reaven Eve , Nomoto Ann , Cortez Yuan , Azhar Salman 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
The plasma membrane scavenger receptor, SR-BI, mediates the 'selective uptake' process by which cholesteryl esters (CE) from exogenously supplied HDL are taken up by target cells. Recent work suggests that dimer and higher order oligomeric forms of the SR-BI protein are important to this process. SR-BI has been shown to be particularly associated with microvilli and microvillar channels found at the cell surface of steroidogenic cells, and a study with the hormone stimulated adrenal gland has shown impressive changes in the size and complexity of the microvillar compartment as the mass of CE uptake (and accompanying steroidogenesis) fluctuates. In the present study, we examine a cell line in which we overexpress the SR-BI protein to determine if morphological, biochemical and functional events associated with SR-BI in a controlled cell system are similar to those observed in the intact mammalian adrenal which is responsive to systemic factors.

Methods
Y1-BS1 mouse adrenocortical cells were transiently transfected using rat SR-BI-pcDNA6-V5-His, rat SR-BI-pcDNA6-cMyc-His or control pcDNA6-V5-His vector construct using a CaPO4 precipitation technique. Twenty four hours after transfection, cells were treated with, or without, Bt2cAMP, and SR-BI expression, CE uptake, and steroidogenesis was measured. SR-BI dimerization and cell surface architectural changes were assessed using immunoelectron microscopic techniques.

Results
Overexpression of the scavenger receptor protein, SR-BI, in Y1-BS1 cells results in major alterations in cell surface architecture designed to increase uptake of HDL supplied-CEs. Changes include [1] the formation of crater-like erosions of the surface with multiple double membraned channel structures lining the craters, and [2] dimerized formations of SR-BI lining the newly formed craters and associated double membraned channels.

Conclusion
These data show that overexpression of the scavenger receptor protein, SR-BI (accompanied by suitable hormone treatment and lipoproteins) in susceptible mammalian cells – is associated with increased cholesterol uptake and SR-BI dimerization within a much enlarged and architecturally complex microvillar compartment. These changes duplicate the structural, biochemical and functional changes related to the uptake of HDL CEs normally signaled by the action of ACTH on intact adrenal tissue.
Eg5 steps it up!
Authors: Valentine Megan T , Fordyce Polly M , Block Steven M 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Understanding how molecular motors generate force and move microtubules in mitosis is essential to understanding the physical mechanism of cell division. Recent measurements have shown that one mitotic kinesin superfamily member, Eg5, is mechanically processive and capable of crosslinking and sliding microtubules in vitro. In this review, we highlight recent work that explores how Eg5 functions under load, with an emphasis on the nanomechanical properties of single enzymes.
Oxytocin Receptors Differentially Signal via Gq and Gi Proteins in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Rat Uterine Myocytes: Implications for Myometrial Contractility
Authors: Zhou Xiao-Bo , Lutz Susanne , Steffens Frank , Korth Michael , Wieland Thomas 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOxytocin (OT) receptors are important regulators of myometrial contractility. By using the activity of large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels as readout, we analyzed OT signaling in cells from nonpregnant (NPM) and pregnant (PM) rat myometrium in detail. In nystatin-perforated whole-cell patches from NPM cells, which leave the intracellular integrity intact, OT transiently increased BKCa-mediated outward currents (Iout). This OT-evoked Iout was caused by the Ca2+ transients in response to the Gq/11-mediated activation of phospholipase C and was inhibited by activation of protein kinase A (PKA). In an open-access whole-cell patch (OAP), the OT-induced transient rise in Iout was disrupted whereas the regulation of BKCa by the cAMP/PKA cascade remained intact. OT counteracted the isoprenaline, i.e. the β-adrenoceptor/Gs-mediated effect in NPM cells measured in OAP. In contrast, OT further enhanced the β-adrenoceptor/Gs-mediated effect on BKCa activity in PM cells. All OT effects in the OAP were mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi proteins and PKA. By quantitative real-time PCR and overexpression of the recombinant protein, we demonstrate that an up-regulation of the Gβγ-stimulated adenylyl cyclase II during pregnancy is most likely responsible for this switch. By studying the OT-evoked Iout in nystatin-perforated whole-cell patches of PM cells, we further detected that the OT receptor/Giβγ-mediated coactivation of adenylyl cyclase II enhanced the β-adrenoceptor/Gs-induced suppression of the OT-evoked Ca2+ transients and thus diminishes and self-limits OT-induced contractility. The differential regulation of the PKA-mediated suppression of OT-evoked Ca2+ transients and BKCa activity likely supports uterine quiescence during pregnancy.
On the semantic motivation of syntactic verb movement to C in German
Authors: Truckenbrodt Hubert 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Introduction

Like Bierwisch 1980, Altmann 1987, Grewendorf and Zaefferer 1991, Wechsler 1991, Brandt, Reis, Rosengren and Zimmermann 1992, Lohnstein 2000, Gunlogson 2001, Zaefferer 2001 and much related work, the present paper contributes to sorting out the relation of syntactic properties of clauses (syntactic sentence types) to the ways in which the clauses can be used (illocutionary force, speech acts). The focus of this paper is on the role of movement of the finite verb to C (V-to-C).
How far can pragmatic mechanisms take us?
Authors: Potts Christopher 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

1. Truckenbrodt's challenge

Hubert Truckenbrodt issues a substantive challenge near the start of his contribution:
The variation we observe in the connection between syntactic sentence types and their possibilities of use, while showing some flexibility, is not arbitrary or unrestricted. Narrow restrictions on this relation exist, which cannot plausibly stem from general purpose pragmatic mechanisms.
This is a bold statement. The field is only just now beginning to understand what general pragmatic mechanisms are like once we dig deeper than intuitive statements. One wonders: to what extent could a precise set of pragmatic mechanisms (maxims), interacting with semantic denotations, produce the “narrow restrictions” that Truckenbrodt carefully documents?
On Truckenbrodt on Interrogatives
Authors: Plunze Christian , Zimmermann Thomas Ede 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Introduction

In his contribution to the present volume, Hubert Truckenbrodt presents a novel and elegant account of the connection between the syntactic structure of an utterance and the illocutionary force signalled by it. In this short note we cannot do justice to the entire approach with its intricate architecture, which is why we decided to confine ourselves to a few scattered remarks relating to the analysis of interrogatives — partly fore-shadowed in Truckenbrodt's (2004) earlier work, to which we will occasionally refer.
Mimetic gemination in Japanese: A challenge for Evolutionary Phonology
Authors: Kawahara Shigeto 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

1. Introduction

Blevins's Evolutionary Phonology attempts to derive most if not all synchronic phonological patterns from diachronic changes: “[R]ecurrent synchronic sound patterns are a direct reflection of their diachronic origins, and, more specifically … regular phonetically based sound change is the common source of recurrent sound patterns. Evolutionary Phonology … investigates this hypothesis and explores its consequences for phonological theory” (Blevins 2006: 120). Evolutionary Phonology suggests that, to avoid duplication in linguistic theory, diachronic explanations must take priority over synchronic explanations whenever possible: “[P]rincipled diachronic explanations for sound patterns replace, rather than complement, synchronic explanations, unless independent evidence demonstrates, beyond reasonable doubt, that a separate synchronic account is warranted” (Blevins 2004a: 5).
Evaluation of a Stress Response for Use in a Selective Breeding Program for Improved Growth and Disease Resistance in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Weber Gregory M , Silverstein Jeffrey T 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A breeding program to develop improved germplasm for the U.S. rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aquaculture industry is being conducted at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture. Although current selection efforts are based on growth and disease resistance, stress responsiveness is also a concern. Previous work has shown that heritable differences in stress response can be identified by measuring blood levels of cortisol after exposure to a 3-h crowding stress. We characterized this stress response and measured plasma glucose concentrations in 64 of our broodstock families. We found the method reliable for identifying differences in this stress response. Values for both cortisol and glucose response were similar for replicates of families. The size of the fish within the range examined and the sex of the animals, which were reproductively immature, did not appear to affect response. Variation in poststressor plasma cortisol and glucose was observed among families (11.6–93.9 ng cortisol/mL and 5.2–10.9 mM glucose) and individuals. The cortisol and glucose responses to the stressor were not correlated. Resting and poststressor plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly correlated among families, but glucose concentrations were not. Survival rate was 70% and there was no association between survival and poststressor cortisol or glucose concentration. There was a significant positive association between cortisol response and growth performance, and mean plasma cortisol concentrations in response to the stress challenge were significantly greater for families selected for faster growth rate than for those not selected.