bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of cancer‐associated simple mucin‐type O‐glycosylated antigens in parasites
Authors: Osinaga Eduardo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSimple mucin‐type O‐glycan structures, such as Tn, TF, sialyl‐Tn and Tk antigens, are among of the most specific human cancer‐associated structures. These antigens are involved in several types of receptor‐ligand interactions, and they are potential targets for immunotherapy. In the last few years several simple mucin‐type O‐glycan antigens were identified in different species belonging to the main two helminth parasite phyla, and sialyl‐Tn bearing glycoproteins were detected in Trypanosoma cruzi. These results are of interest to understand new aspects in parasite glycoimmunology and may help identify new biological characteristics of parasites as well of the host‐parasite relationship. Considering that different groups reported a negative correlation between certain parasite infections and cancer development, we could hypothesize that simple mucin‐type O‐glycosylated antigens obtained from parasites could be good potential targets for cancer immunotherapy.
IUBMB Life, 59: 269‐273, 2007
Trypanosoma cruzi: Adhesion to the Host Cell and Intracellular Survival
Authors: Alves Maria Júlia M. , Colli Walter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBoth invasion of the host cell by T. cruzi and its establishment into the mammalian host are critical steps. In this review, the adhesion step and the intracellular survival in non‐professional phagocytes are particularly focused on, with special emphasis on the role of Gp85/trans‐sialidase (Gp85/TS) superfamily. Excellent reviews have been published lately, some covering other aspects of T. cruzi ‐ host interaction and will be cited instead of the original articles due to limited number of listed references.
IUBMB Life, 59: 274‐279, 2007
Autophagy: A Pathogen Driven Process
Authors: Colombo María Isabel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHost cell recognition and eradication of invading pathogens is crucial for the control of microbial infections. However, several microorganisms develop tactics that allow them to survive intracellularly. Autophagy, a process involved in protein turnover and in charge of the removal of aged organelles by degradation of engulfed cytoplasmic portions, was recently shown to play a clear role in the detection and elimination of intracellular pathogens. Yet, some pathogens employ elegant strategies to elude entrapment in autophagosomes, and thus to avoid lysosomal degradation, whereas others utilize the autophagy pathway for their own benefit. In this review some recent findings on the relationship between microorganisms and autophagy are summarized, the underlying assumption being that intracellular infection models may contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the autophagic process.
IUBMB Life, 59: 238‐242, 2007
STAT3/NFκB Interplay in the Regulation of α2‐Macroglobulin Gene Expression During Rat Liver Development and the Acute Phase Response
Authors: Uskokovic Aleksandra , Dinic Svetlana , Mihailovic Mirjana , Grigorov Ilijana , Ivanovic‐Matic Svetlana , Bogojevic Desanka , Grdovic Nevena , Arambasic Jelena , Vidakovic Melita , Martinovic Vesna , Petrovic Miodrag , Poznanovic Goran 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of alpha‐2‐macroglobulin (α2M) is low in adult rat liver and elevated in fetal liver. During the acute‐phase (AP) response it becomes significantly increased in both adult and fetal liver. In this work, the cross talk of STAT3 and NF‐κB transcription factors during α2M gene expression was analysed. Using immunoblotting, their cellular compartmentalization was examined by comparing the cytoplasmic levels of STAT3 and NF‐κB with their active equivalents, the 86 and 91 kDa isoforms and p65‐subunit, respectively, in the nuclear extract and nuclear matrix. Different partitioning dynamics of the transcription factors were observed. At the level of protein‐DNA interactions, studied by α2M promoter affinity chromatography, it was established that different ratios of promoter‐binding STAT3 isoforms participated in elevated hepatic transcription in the basal state fetus and the AP‐adult, but only the 91 kDa isoform in the AP‐fetus. Unchanged levels of DNA‐bound p65 in the control and AP‐fetus suggest that it participated in constitutive transcription. The promoter‐binding of p65 observed in the AP‐adult suggests that it was involved in transcriptional stimulation of α2M expression. The selective enrichment of the AP‐adult nuclear matrix with promoter‐binding STAT3 disclosed the importance of this association in the induction of transcription. Protein‐protein interactions were examined by co‐immunoprecipitation. Interactions between the 86 kDa STAT3 isoform and p65 that were observed in the control and AP‐fetus and of both the 86 and 91 kDa STAT3 isoforms with p65 in the AP‐adult, suggest that protein‐protein interactions were functionally connected to increased transcription. We concluded that α2M gene expression is driven by developmental‐ and AP‐related mechanisms that rely on STAT3/NF‐κB interplay.
IUBMB Life, 59: 170‐178, 2007
Prevention Effects of an Anti-Tobacco Brand on Adolescent Smoking Initiation
Authors: Evans W. Douglas , Renaud Jeanette , Blitstein Jonathan , Hersey James , Ray Sarah , Schieber Beth , Willett Jeff 
Published: May 2007

Health marketing mass media campaigns have been shown to be effective in changing health behavior and behavioral mediators. Tobacco countermarketing mass media campaigns have been effective in reducing smoking initiation and progression to established smoking. Targeted message strategies used by countermarketing campaigns influence specific attitudes and beliefs about smoking. Such strategies have been used to build public health brands modeled on commercial branding strategies, and previous research has shown that adolescent affiliation with anti-tobacco brands is associated with reduced smoking uptake. The current study was a prospective test to determine whether brand equity can serve as a protective factor to prevent youth from initiating smoking. This article reports on a longitudinal study of exposure to the Ohio Tobacco Use Prevention and Control Foundation's stand campaign and affiliation with the stand brand. Youth aged 11–17 were surveyed at baseline and their exposure to brand affiliation as measured by a validated multidimensional brand equity scale, smoking behavior, and other attitudinal, behavioral and sociodemographic characteristics were measured. Youth with higher brand equity in the stand campaign exhibited lower levels of smoking initiation at the first 8-month follow-up. Somewhat reduced, but significant, prevention effects were also observed at a second 20-month follow-up. The brand leadership/popularity subscale had the strongest prevention effect. Descriptive social norms embodied in the individual items within this subscale may be the most important targets for social marketers employing a branding strategy. These results may be applicable to health behavior change communications aimed at other risk behaviors.
Judas
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks at the portraits of Judas that emerge from the Gospel accounts, particularly of Jesus' passion. It examines his roles in the Jesus movies, with emphasis on films in which the relationship between Judas and Jesus is explored in some depth. As one of the few Gospel characters who undergoes emotional development — from devotion to betrayal to remorse to suicide — Judas holds great promise for filmmakers seeking to inject passion and drama into their Jesus biopics. Most pressing is the question of motivation: Why did Judas betray Jesus? Underlying this issue is an even more tantalizing question: What was the nature of Judas's personal relationship with Jesus?
Modern Alchemy
Authors: Morrisson Mark 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhile many alchemists were intelligent and well-intentioned thinkers, their experiments are usually regarded as failed wizardry rather than scientific investigation. The alchemists' extreme goals faded with the rise of scientific pursuits. It has been rarely noted, however, that the birth of atomic science coincided with an efflorescence of occultism and alchemical tropes that attached deep significance to questions about the nature of matter and energy. This book explores this brief revival of scientific interest in alchemy and its surprising connections to the emerging subatomic sciences of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It shows that a resurfacing of occult circles and alchemical tropes had a traceable impact upon the science of the day. It reveals unexpected interactions between science and the occult, such as the Alchemical Society in London (1912-1915), the research program of “clairvoyant chemistry”, and the attempts of academic chemists, inspired by the alchemy revival, to transmute the elements — even to make gold. The author's research uncovers the surprising story of how this alchemical revival influenced, and was in turn profoundly shaped by, conceptions of matter emerging from the new science of radioactivity. Examining scientists' publications, correspondence, talks, and laboratory notebooks as well as the writings of occultists, alchemical tomes, and science fiction stories, the book argues that as modern nuclear physics was born, the trajectories of science and occultism — usually seen as antithetical — briefly converged.
From the Golden Dawn to the Alchemical Society
Authors: Morrisson Mark S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe interests of occult alchemists and mainstream chemists combined in the founding of the Alchemical Society in London in 1912. The mid-19th-century occult understanding of alchemy as primarily about spiritual transformation (so-called spiritual alchemy) and not material transmutation was supplanted by an increasing certitude that ancient and medieval alchemy had always been a material process, though one with spiritual implications. Reciprocally, scientists in the Alchemical Society came to see the relevance and even spiritual significance of alchemy to modern atomic science.
Occult Chemistry, Instrumentation, and the Theosophical Science of Direct Perception
Authors: Morrisson Mark S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses how the close relationship between Theosophical theories of matter and the new atomic science led Theosophists to launch a decades-long research program of “clairvoyant chemistry” in 1895. This research continued in the 20th century and has even occupied contemporary scientists in chemistry and physics.
Chemistry in the Borderland
Authors: Morrisson Mark S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes a “transmutational gold rush” which happened between 1904 and the 1920s. Academic chemists, working in an alchemy revival, attempted to transmute elements, even to make gold. By the 1920s, these blendings of atomic science and occult alchemy begin to affect other domains of knowledge, particularly economics and monetary policy, eventually inspiring concerns about the gold standard in the 1920s and 1930s.
Epilogue
Authors: Morrisson Mark S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses alchemy in the 20th century. The connection of alchemy to atomic science persisted in occult alchemy circles during the 20th century and into the 21st century. Its move into the realms of psychoanalysis and brain chemistry suggests that its ability to destabilize boundaries between religion and science — and even between the sciences — remains alive and well.
The Body Broken
Authors: Jones Beth Felker 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter sets up the problems of the book by giving historical and doctrinal perspective on Christian theologies of the body. It also introduces feminist concerns (dualism, essentialism, and constructivism) to be considered in a theology of the body that accounts for gender. Theologically, the problem of the body is brokenness and death, not materiality as such. Feminism aids in analyzing this problem, but a theological anthropology is needed in order to deal with the problem.
The Body Dying
Authors: Jones Beth Felker 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCalvin's theology of the resurrection of the body represents a conceptual hinge between traditional doctrines of the resurrection and modern denigration of the body. Calvin's experience with the dying body poignantly draws attention to death and brokenness as the enemies to be overcome in the resurrection. Yet Calvin also exposes possible pitfalls for a constructive theology of the body — the dangers of allowing a normative dualism to determine theological anthropology and of failing to recognize that the body of death does not tell the full story of the body.
The Body Sanctified
Authors: Jones Beth Felker 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents a constructive proposal about the theology of the body understood through the doctrine of the resurrection. Using gender as a key illustration, the chapter explores the claim that sanctification is God's action on human beings as psychosomatic unities. Using the framework of Christology and eschatology, it is argued that bodies are meant to bear holy witness to the redemptive intention of the Triune God.
Making Foreign Investment Safe
Authors: Wells Louis T. , Ahmed Rafiq 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In the 1990s, inexperienced firms from rich countries jumped directly into huge projects in some of the world's least developed countries. Their investments reflected almost unbridled enthusiasm for emerging markets and trust in new international guarantees. Yet within a few years, the business pages of the world press were reporting an exploding number of serious disputes between foreign investors and governments. As the expected bonanzas proved elusive and the protections weaker than anticipated, many foreign investors became disenchanted with emerging markets. So bad were the outcomes in some cases that a few notable infrastructure firms came close to bankruptcy; several others hurriedly fled poor countries as projects soured. This book shows why disputes developed, points out how investments and disputes have changed over time, explores why various firms responded differently to crises, and questions the basic wisdom of some of the enthusiasm for privatization. It tells how firms, countries, and multilateral development organizations can build a conflict-management system that balances the legitimate economic and social concerns of the host countries and those of investors. Without these changes, multinational corporations will lose profitable opportunities and poor countries will not gain the contributions that foreign investment can make toward alleviating poverty.
One Berkeley
Authors: Roberts John Russell 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter proposes a dilemma: Berkeley's attack on abstract ideas appears to require an acceptance of a Lockean-style ideational semantics. However, such a semantics would seem to undercut the viability of his central religious convictions. It would seem Berkeley can only save the latter by rejecting the former or vice-versa. The dilemma is removed by a careful examination of Berkeley's famous Introduction to the Principles. It is shown that Berkeley's attack on abstract ideas is actually based on a rejection of ideational semantics. Instead, Berkeley advocates a “use theory” of meaning. This semantic theory is then applied to the interpretation of Berkeley's divine language thesis and shown to help support a pragmatic approach to the ontology of the natural world. This interpretation is defended against competing interpretations by Jonathan Bennett and David Berman.
Knowing Spirits
Authors: Roberts John Russell 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the ramifications that the attribution to Berkeley of a use theory of meaning has for the interpretation of the divine language thesis, the relationship between individual spirits, the nature of spirits themselves. It is shown that the basic relations between spirits are normative in nature. For the purposes of elucidation, Berkeley's approach is compared and contrasted with that of Daniel Dennett's “intentional stance”.
Christian Prophecy
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThroughout the Hebrew Bible, God guides and saves his people through the words of his prophets. When the prophets are silenced, the people easily lose their way. What happened after the incarnation, death, and resurrection of Christ? Did God fall silent? The dominant position in Christian theology is that prophecy did indeed cease at some point in the past — if not with the Old Testament prophets, then with John the Baptist, with Jesus, with the last apostle, or with the closure of the canon of the New Testament. Nevertheless, throughout the history of Christianity there have always been acclaimed saints and mystics, most of them women, who displayed prophetic traits. In recent years, the charismatic revival in both Protestant and Catholic circles has once again raised the question of the place and function of prophecy in Christianity. Mainstream systematic theology, both Protestant and Catholic, has mostly marginalized or ignored the gift of prophecy. This book argues that prophecy has persisted in Christianity as an inherent and continuous feature in the life of the church. Prophecy never died but rather proved its dynamism by mutating to meet new historical conditions. This book presents a history of prophecy and closely examines the development of the theological discourse that surrounds it. Throughout, though, there is always an awareness of the critical discernment required when evaluating the charism of prophecy. It is shown that the debate about prophecy leads to some profound insights about the very nature of Christianity and the church.
Introduction
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMany believe that prophecy ended either with the Old Testament canonical prophets, with John the Baptist, Jesus or the prophets in the early Church. Contrary to this thesis, this book posits from historical evidence and theological argument that Christian prophecy did not cease but has continued throughout Christianity as an inherent and important feature and function in the church. Prophetic charisms, often subsumed in the ambiguous term “private revelations” constitute a great challenge of discernment, but have, when healthy, played a vital historical role, especially in the Catholic tradition. Interest in prophecy continues to grow today, in particular in charismatic circles of the Christian world and especially in developing countries. This interest raises the need for theological elaboration of Christian prophecy.
Prophecy and Theology
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough Christian prophecy has had a significant impact in the life of the church, it has received rather scarce theological elaboration. This is strange, for with Hans Urs von Balthasar one can rightly ask why God continues to provide prophetic revelations, when apparently they hardly need to be heeded by the church and theology. One of the reasons for the scarce theological elaboration of prophecy is that theology has been highly diversified and specialized in different sub-disciplines. Such necessary specialization constitutes a challenge for the unity of theology. It equally constitutes a challenge for Christian prophecy that calls for diversified theological treatment including dogmatic theology, fundamental theology, exegesis, church history, and mystical theology.
Prologue
Authors: Herberg‐Rothe Andreas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe prologue explains the fundamental contrasts between the early and the late Clausewitz by reflecting on his analyses of war campaigns. Unfortunately, the erroneous identification of Clausewitz's wondrous trinity with trinitarian war has been further strengthened by a wrong translation in the English edition of Paret and Howard. It is argued that one might win battles and campaigns against weak adversaries with concepts of Sun Tzu, Clausewitz's most important antagonist in past and present, but that it is difficult to win a war in modern times by following his principles. To the contrary, the book argues that Clausewitz is still important in the 21st century because he developed a theory, which concentrates on transforming military success in a true political settlement.
1 Clausewitz and Napoleon: Jena, Moscow, and Waterloo
Authors: Herberg‐Rothe Andreas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractClausewitz draws different conclusions from his war experiences and analyses of Jena, Moscow, and Waterloo. Jena demonstrated for him the superiority of the strategies of unleashing violence, the attack and the decisive battle, and also the superiority of military power over policy. He developed from this experience an existential construction of war according to which the nation and the people should replace the state. The fundamental change in Clausewitz's thought began with Moscow. The superiority of the defence over attack, the military value of avoiding a decisive battle, and the realization of the immanent limits to what could be achieved by military action suggested a primacy of policy over the military aims. Waterloo finally demonstrated the primacy of policy and the negative side of Napoleon's strategy of unrestrained violence, which — as could now be seen — has led to self-destruction.
5 Polarities and the Asymmetry between Attack and Defence
Authors: Herberg‐Rothe Andreas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractClausewitz intended at the end of his life to write a different chapter on polarity in which he would have disclosed the secret of his method, as Raymond Aron saw it. But this secret is not hidden in the concept of polarity itself, but within what Clausewitz called the ‘true logical antithesis’ of defence and attack. Clausewitz's proposition, ‘that defense is the stronger form of fighting with the negative purpose, attack the weaker form with the positive purpose’ reveals the true secret of his method. By differentiating this proposition, many transitions and intersections between these contrasts are exposed, which enables the formulation of a particular, Clausewitzian sort of dialectic. With the help of Clausewitz's treatment of the ‘true logical antithesis’ of defence and attack, we are able to validate that his different conceptualizations of war are really antithetical tendencies in every war.
The Transconsistent
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe previous chapters advocate a novel logical theory and explore its rationale and some of its applications. By implication, the applications provide a sustained attack on the dominant logical theory of our times, the logic of Frege, Russell, and their successors, or, as it has come to be known, classical logic. It is true that this logic can be seen as a special case of dialetheic logic, and is therefore subsumed by it. Nonetheless, the claims to universality of classical logic must be rejected.
Inconsistent Arithmetic
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe study of formal inconsistent arithmetics has already occasioned a number of interesting technical results, as well as philosophical spin-offs. This chapter looks at some of these. It shows how inconsistent arithmetics are delivered by certain kinds of inconsistent models, and what such models are like. It then turns to more philosophical issues. These concern, importantly, the way that inconsistent arithmetics relate to some of the limitative results of classical metamathematics.