bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of dexamethasone on body fluid and electrolyte composition of rats
Authors: Kenyon Christopher J. , Brown William B. , Fraser Robert , Tonolo Giancarlo , McPherson Fiona , Davies David L. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Low-dose infusions of dexamethasone (2 μg/day for 2 and 4 weeks) increased systolic blood pressure and decreased body weight gain in male rats. Total body sodium, calcium and magnesium were increased by dexamethasone treatment; potassium was unaffected. These changes have been evaluated bearing in mind that glucocorticoids have profound catabolic effects. Relative to pretreatment values, dexamethasone decreased exchangeable body sodium for the first two weeks of treatment although values were not significantly different from vehicle-treated controls. Hematocrit, plasma cholesterol and transaminase activities were increased by dexamethasone; white cell numbers and plasma volumes were decreased; plasma Na+, K+ and Ca2+, red cell numbers, extracellular fluid volume, and glomerular filtration rate were not significantly affected. It is concluded that glucocorticoids cause plasma volume to contract, possibly as a result of glucocorticoid-induced natriuresis. Any effects of dexamethasone on whole-body ionic composition are obscured by simultaneous changes of intermediary metabolism.
The effects of antithyroid drugs on intercellular mediators
Authors: Wilson Rhoda , McKillop James H , Travers Mark , Smith John , Smith Ewan , Thomson John A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The antithyroid drugs methimazole and propylthiouracil have been shown to affect the function of monocytes and B and T lymphocytes in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism responsible for signalling between these various cell types. Propranolol, a drug known to have no effect on the immune system, was also included as a control against which the effects of the other drugs could be monitored. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from control subjects were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin in the presence or absence of antithyroid drugs. Propranolol was found significantly to inhibit β2 microglobulin production. In addition it was also found to be a very weak scavenger of free oxygen radicals. Methimazole significantly increased interleukin 2 levels (p<0.01), but had no significant effect on either y-interferon or β2 microglobulin production. Propylthiouracil also increased interleukin 2 levels (p<0.001) and significantly decreased β2 microglobulin production (p<0.01). Both drugs were found to be scavengers of free O2 radicals. It would appear that IL-2 is involved in intercellular signalling and this process may involve free radicals.
Hydrogen peroxide inhibits iodide influx and enhances iodide efflux in cultured FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells
Authors: Sugawara Masahiro , Yamaguchi Dean T. , Lee Hsin Y. , Yanagisawa Kurumi , Murakami Saburo , Summer Craig N. , Johnson Daisy G. , Levin Seymour R. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
This study describes the effects of hydrogen peroxide on the two iodide transport systems, I− influx and I− efflux, in the cultured FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. I− influx was measured by the amount of I− taken up by the cells during incubation with Na125I and NaI for 7 min, and I− efflux was measured by calculating the rate of 125I release from the 125I-loaded cells in the presence and absence of 5 mmol/l H2O2. Exposure to greater than 100 μmol/l H2O2 for 40 min caused a significant inhibition of I− influx; the inhibition was reversible and non-competitive with iodide. Thyroid Na+K+ATPase activity, a major mechanism to drive I− influx, decreased by 40% after the cells were exposed to 5 mmol/l H2O2 for 10 min. H2O2 enhanced I− efflux only when Ca2+ was present in the medium. The mechanism of an enhanced I− efflux by H2O2 appears to be mediated through the elevation of free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Our data indicate that H2O2 can affect I− transport by inhibiting I− influx and enhancing I− efflux.
Is thyrotropin-releasing hormone as reliable a calcitonin stimulant as pentagastrin in medullary thyroid carcinoma?
Authors: Ahuja S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Calcitonin determination is of central importance in the diagnosis and follow-up of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Stimulation tests must be applied, particulary for early recognition of familial medullary thyroid carcinomas and for early diagnosis of relapses/metastases, since the basal calcitonin levels are still within the normal range initially. The pentagastrin stimulation test has proven to be the most effective one, though it is associated with considerable adverse effects. TRH is also able to stimulate calcitonin secretion in medullary thyroid carcinoma. The present study examines the value of TRH stimulation compared with pentagastrin stimulation in patients with occult or manifest metastases of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Both patients with occult metastases displayed a marked calcitonin increase after pentagastrin stimulation, but not after TRH stimulation. While calcitonin increased after pentagastrin in the two patients with manifest metastases, TRH produced a clear rise in only one of them and even caused the serum calcitonin concentration to drop continuously in the other one. Thus, TRH cannot be regarded as a reliable calcitonin stimulant in medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Current perspectives of inhibin biology
Authors: Risbridger Gail P. , Robertson David M. , de Kretser D. M. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Inhibin is generally considered to be a feedback regulator of FSH secretion, but significant progress in the field of inhibin biology over the past four years has widened our perspective of inhibin and its production, regulation and action. Firstly, inhibin is a member of a larger family of hormones, secondly it is produced by organs other than the gonads, and thirdly its action is not confined to the pituitary gland. In this review we will outline the isolation and characterization of inhibin related peptides and their production by the Sertoli and granulosa cells of the testis and ovary. With this information in mind, more recent studies concerning the measurement, production, regulation and action of inhibin and inhibin-related proteins will be discussed, in an effort to alert the reader to the contemporary and controversial issues concerning inhibin biology.
Enhancement of plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone in pregnancy-induced hypertension
Authors: Jeske W. , Soszyński P. , Lukaszewicz E. , Dȩbski R. , Latoszewska W. , Rogoziński W. , Snochowska H. , Zgliczyński S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The role of a high CRH level in normal pregnancy remains unknown. Therefore we evaluated the concentrations of CRH and the related hormones in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Fourteen women with pregnancy-induced hypertension, aged 20-39, at 30-39 gestational week, were investigated. The control group consisted of 20 healthy pregnant women matched according to gestational age. Plasma CRH, β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity, cortisol, and human placental lactogen were measured by radioimmunoassay, ACTH by an immunoradiometric method. It was found that in hypertensive patients the mean CRH concentration was significantly higher (4257±840 (sem) ng/l) than that in healthy pregnant women (1083±227 ng/l, p<0.001). The concentration of ACTH, however, was only slightly higher 65.0±6.0 vs 50.7±2.5 ng/l, p<0.025, whereas the differences in β-endorphin, cortisol and human placental lactogen were not significant. In both groups there was no correlation between the CRH level and those of the related hormones. In healthy pregnant women the CRH level closely correlated with gestational age (r=0.76, p<0.001), whereas in patients with hypertension no such correlation was present (r=0.29). We assume that the marked enhancement of plasma CRH in pregnancy-induced hypertension is probably caused by its decreased breakdown in ischemic placental tissue, but its increased synthesis in the placenta and its indirect counterregulatory hypotensive role must also be considered.
Growth hormone and somatostatin gene expression in pituitary adenomas with active acromegaly and minimal plasma growth hormone elevation
Authors: Pagesy Patrick , Li Jacques Y. , Rentier-Delrue Françoise , Delalande Olivier , Le Bouc Yves , Kujas Michèle , Joubert(Bression) Dominique , Martial Joseph , Peillon Françoise 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Some patients with active acromegaly have elevated plasma IGF-I concentrations with only minimal elevation of plasma GH. We compared adenomatous GH and SRIH expression in 3 such patients (patients No. 1, 2 and 3; basal plasma GH level < 4 μg/l) and in 3 acromegalic patients with high basal plasma GH level (patients No. 4, 5 and 6; 51.7 ± 16.1 μg/l, mean ± sem). By immunocytochemistry, all the tumours proved to be somatotropic adenomas. At the ultrastructural level, signs of low secretory activity were observed in adenomas from patients No. 2 and 3. Perifused adenoma cells of patients No. 1, 2 and 3 released very little GH compared with those of patients No. 4, 5 and 6 (1± 0.37 vs 51.5± 34.1 μg · (10−6 cells) · min−1, p< 0.001). Adenoma SRIH content was 65.7 and 30.6 pg/mg proteins in patients No. 1 and 2, whereas it was undetectable in the others (patients No. 4, 5 and 6). Northern blot analysis showed that the GH gene was poorly expressed in the adenomas from patients No. 1, 2 and 3 compared with the adenomas from patients No. 4, 5 and 6. SRIH mRNA was detected in all 6 adenomas. However, the signal was more intense in the adenomas from patients No. 1, 2 and 3 than in those from patients No. 4, 5 and 6. In conclusion, because of the variability of the biosynthetic and secretory potential of the somatotropic adenomas, patients harbouring this type of pituitary tumours can exhibit a wide range of plasma GH levels. In acromegaly with minimal elevation of plasma GH, the synthesis of SRIH by the adenoma cells themselves could play a role in the inhibition of GH expression.
Metabolism of cortisol in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Vierhapper H. , Kiss A. , Nowotny P. , Wiesnagrotzki S. , Monder C. , Waldhäusl W. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
In patients with anorexia nervosa 24-h mean plasma concentration of cortisol were 0.44± 0.09 μmol/l (normal < 0.28 μmol/l). Following stimulation by ACTH (1–24) urinary excretion rates of cortisol were stimulated from 0.22 ± 0.08 to 4.85 ± 2.78 μmol/24 h. Similarly, plasma concentrations of the glucocorticoid metabolite, tetrahydrocortisone, increased from 23.3 ± 9.0 to 47.3 ± 30.2 nmol/l; urinary excretion rates of tetrahydrocortisone increased from 3.61 ± 0.90 to 8.40 ± 1.72 μmol/24 h. The relative share of the sulphate, glucuronide and free fractions of tetrahydrocortisone in the patients' urine did not indicate any defect in metabolization of this steroid metabolite. Excretion rates of the four glucocorticoid tetrahydro-metabolites, tetrahydrocortisone, allotetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydrocortisol, and allo-tetrahydrocortisol, expressed as percent of total steroid excretion, were similar in patients with anorexia and in healthy women under basal conditions (24 ± 6 vs 23 ± 6%) and during stimulation by ACTH (1–24) (36 ± 10 vs 45 ± 6%). The share of the two androgen metabolites, androsterone and etiocholanolone, was 24 ± 5% of total steroid excretion (basal; healthy women: 27 ± 8%) and 13 ± 2% (ACTH stimulation; healthy women: 12 ± 4%) in patients with anorexia nervosa. Thus, analysis of urinary steroid excretion rates did not indicate a shift in adrenocortical function. The results confirmed enhanced secretion of cortisol in patients with anorexia nervosa under basal conditions and during/following stimulation by ACTH. The ACTH-induced increase in the concentrations of the tetrahydro-glucocorticoid metabolites in urine was less pronounced than that of cortisol. The data strongly suggest a rate-limiting step in the transformation of cortisol into its main metabolites, most likely an impaired reduction of the double bond in positions C4/C5.
Postpartum return of pituitary and ovarian activity during lactation inhibition with the new dopamine agonist CV 205-502 and during normal lactation
Authors: Kremer Jan A. M. , van der Heijden Pieter F. M. , Schellekens Louis A. , Thomas Chris M. G. , Brownell Judith , Rolland Rune 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The new nonergot dopamine agonist CV 205-502 appears to be a promising alternative in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia. Regarding the potential use of CV 205-502 in infertility practice, we studied the influence of CV 205-502 on the return of endocrine fertility parameters during the physiological hyperprolactinemia of the puerperium. The resumption of pituitary and ovarian activity in 18 CV 205-502 treated women was compared with that in 10 bromocriptine-treated women. LH was measured by a new specific assay, which does not cross-react with hCG. This assay was also used in a second part of the study in which the pituitary function of 10 breast-feeding women was investigated. Both dopamine agonists adequately suppressed PRL. Pituitary secretion returned in the second week and was initially characterized by a high FSH/LH ratio. There were no major differences between CV 205-502 and bromocriptine. Ovulations occurred from day 18 on. The PRL rebound at the end of treatment seemed to play a role in the ovulation process. An acute increase of PRL just before midcycle was able to prevent ovulation. Breastfeeding women showed a delayed return of pituitary secretion: after a hypogonadotropic period, FSH returned in the third week and was followed by a period with a high FSH/LH ratio and follicular inactivity.
WATER RETENTION IN OBESITY
Authors: Bansi H. W. , Olsen J. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In 27 cases of obesity, renal function was examined by clearance methods with a constant plasma level. The results showed that, as compared with normal controls, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration and the filtration fraction were significantly reduced.
Therapy with L-tri-iodothyronine (TIT) covered 17 cases of obesity. The influence of the drug on renal function, total body fluids and extracellular fluids was examined. Statistical probability indicated that total body fluid and glomerular filtration were nearly normalised and renal blood flow was significantly increased while the extracellular fluids volume remained unchanged at a low level.
SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ANTIDIURETIC MATERIAL IN THE URINE OF RATS
Authors: Thorn Niels A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Marked antidiuretic activity was present in the urine of rats after oral loading with 5 % NaCl solution. The antidiuretic material was in part retained by an ultrafilter and was destroyed by thioglycolate. In its reaction to pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin and pancreatic carboxypeptidase the material showed a »pattern« similar to that of vasopressin.
EFFECTS OF ARGININE-, LYSINE- AND LEUCINE-VASOPRESSIN ON URINARY OSMOLALITY AND RATE OF URINE FLOW IN HYDRATED RATS AND DOGS
Authors: Thorn Niels A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Arginine-, lysine- and leucine-vasopressin, injected i. v. into hydrated rats or dogs caused different patterns of response in that urine osmolality fell much more slowly after the maximum increase following arginine-vasopressin, than after the other two preparations. Using 3 different parameters for antidiuretic response, arginine-vasopressin was somewhat more potent than leucine-vasopressin in both rats and dogs, considerably more potent than lysine-vasopressin in rats, and much more so in dogs.
SUR LES 3:3′:5′-TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T′3) ET 3:3′-DIIODOTHYRONINE (T′2) CONSIDEREES COMME CONSTITUANTS DE L'HORMONE THYROIDIENNE CIRCULANTE
Authors: Roche Jean , Michel Raymond , Nunez Jacques 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Using radiochromatography, 3:3′-diiodothyronine (T′2) and 3:3′:5′-triiodothyronine (T′3) have been identified in plasma of rats injected with 131INa. These compounds are present in very small quantities. l-thyroxine represents in general three quarters of the hormonal iodine just as in the thyroid gland.
3:3′-diiodothyronine and 3:3′:5′-triiodothyronine are secreted into plasma by the gland. However the former, whose formation in the tissues from 3:5:3′-triiodothyronine has been established, can also be partly of peripheral origin and present together with very small quantities of various thyroid hormone metabolites which can accompany them in plasma.
THE EFFECT OF SUPRASELLAR TUMOURS ON THE REGULATION OF ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION
Authors: Hökfelt Bernt , Luft Rolf 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of distorsion of the hypothalamus on the hormone production by the adrenal cortex was studied in ten patients, nine of whom had tumours involving the suprasellar region.
The spontaneous urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids, 17-ketogenic steroids and Porter-Silber chromogens was normal in six out of the nine patients with suprasellar tumour, as well as in two without suprasellar involvement.
The diurnal rhythm in 17-hydroxy-corticosteroids in plasma was absent in four out of seven patients with suprasellar tumour, and present in three such cases. Normal diurnal rhythm was also found in the patient without distortion of the hypothalamus.
The capacity to increase steroid production on intravenous administration of ACTH was not impaired in any of the patients studied. The ability to increase ACTH secretion following depression of cortisol production by an 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor was present in five out of six patients with suprasellar tumour. The exception was a patient with clinical evidence of panhypopituitarism including low values for steroid hormones in blood and urine.
Aldosterone was excreted by all patients, but six out of eight with suprasellar tumour failed to increase aldosterone excretion following salt restriction.
THE METABOLISM OF 21-HYDROXY-5β-PREGNANE-3,20-DIONE BY RABBIT LIVER HOMOGENATE
Authors: Taylor W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The metabolism of 21-hydroxy-5β-pregnane-3,20-dione by rabbit-liver homogenate has been investigated. The major metabolite was 3α,21-dihydroxy-5β-pregnane-20-one. Evidence has been presented to show that small amounts of 5β-pregnane-3α,20,21-triol and an oxygenated derivative of the substrate were also formed. The significance of the results is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE »DIFFERENTIAL« HYDROLYSIS OF STEROID CONJUGATES IN URINE
Authors: Teller W. , Staib W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The conditions for optimal yields from human urine of corticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids were investigated by means of different methods of hydrolysis and extraction. With β-glucuronidase hydrolysis and simultaneous dialysis, almost all tetrahydro derivatives of cortisone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, as well as etiocholanolone, androsterone and 11-oxygenated 17-ketosteroids are liberated. The dialysis does not proceed quantitatively, particularly with regard to the isolation of 17-ketosteroids. Hydrocortisone and cortisone seem to occur as free steroids in human urine. They can be extracted at pH 7.0 without preceding hydrolysis. The continuous extraction with ether or ethyl acetate at pH 1.0 hydrolyses the sulphuric acid esters of dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone, but no measurable amounts of corticosteroid conjugates. Extraction at an acid pH leads to considerable spoiling of the extracts by unspecific tetrazolium blue positive chromogens. For the simultaneous hydrolysis and extraction of corticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids from one urine sample the following procedure is proposed: β Glucuronidase hydrolysis and dialysis for three days; extraction at pH 7.0 with ether of the watery contents of the dialyzing tube; continuous extraction with ether at pH 0.5 for 48 hours.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) IN BODY FLUIDS: A CRITICAL REVIEW
Authors: Brown Judith R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A large number of methods for estimation of thyrotrophin (TSH) have been proposed. The reliability criteria of some of these methods are reviewed and their applicability to clinical studies discussed. The chief difficulty in the clinical application of TSH assays lies in the lack of methods of sufficient sensitivity to detect the hormone in the very small quantities in which it is present in body fluids. Results of TSH assays should now be expressed in terms of the International Standard. Much of the confusion which exists in the literature arises from the use of various «animal units» and from the fact that results obtained in one centre cannot be compared with those in another. Techniques depending on radiometric criteria are generally sensitive, rapid and simple to perform. For these reasons they are probably the procedures of choice for clinical investigations. In euthyroid subjects TSH levels in blood are low and range from zero to 0.5 ImU/ml of serum. In patients with untreated myxocdema higher levels are generally found; these lie in the range 2.0 to 8.0 ImU/ml. In thyrotoxicosis, the TSH concentration in serum is variable but frequently found to be higher than that in euthyroid subjects; values quoted in the literature range from zero to 1.5 ImU/ml. No correlation has been demonstrated, in patients with exophthalmos, between the degree of exophthalmos and the level of circulating TSH. Future work in the field of TSH investigations will probably be concerned with the development of further in vitro assay methods and with the improvement of fractionation techniques by means of which concentrated extracts containing the hormone can be prepared from blood and urine.
PLASMA LEVELS OF GROWTH HORMONE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS, HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIA AND LIVER DISEASES
Authors: Forsman Olof , Gemzell Carl A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
From the plasma of 30 out of 51 patients with various metabolic disorders a »growth-hormone-like« factor was concentrated which when injected into hypophysectomized rats increased the width of the tibial epiphysis. A similar factor had previously been concentrated from the plasma of acromegalic patients. It was tentatively concluded that this factor was identical with human growth hormone (HGH).
Diabetes mellitus. Of 40 patients with diabetes mellitus 24 showed elevated plasma levels of human growth hormone (HGH). The frequency of elevated plasma levels was higher in young diabetics than in older diabetic patients; in many cases a nondiabetic complication was associated with an elevated level.
In the plasma of 4 patients with diabetes mellitus and liver diseases an elevated plasma level of HGH was found while in 3 patients with Kimmelstiel-Wilson's syndrome no increase of HGH was found.
Liver diseases. In the plasma of 4 patients with various liver diseases an elevated plasma level of HGH was found while in the plasma of another 4 patients no increase of HGH was found.
Hypercholesterolaemia. In the plasma of 2 patients with familiar hypercholesterolaemia elevated levels of HGH was found while no HGH was found in a patient with an idiopathic type of the disease.
PREGNANETRIOL IN URINE: DETERMINATION AS A 17-KETOGENIC STEROID
Authors: Morris R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A new method has been described for the determination of pregnanetriol in urine. It depends on the oxidation of pregnanetriol glucuronide to aetiocholanolone and its measurement as a Zimmermann chromogen after chromatography on silica gel.
The method was applied to the urine from normal individuals and patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and the results were compared with a method using enzymic hydrolysis of the steroid conjugate.