bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutralization of Hepatitis B Virus Infectivity by a Murine Monoclonal Antibody: An Experimental Study in the Chimpanzee
Authors: Iwarson Sten , Tabor Edward , Thomas Howard C. , Goodall Allison , Waters Jenny , Snoy Philip , Wai‐Kuo Shih J. , Gerety Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo study chimpanzees were inoculated intravenously with approximately 1,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis B virus (HBV), one with subtype adr and one with subtype ayw, each previously incubated with 0.1 ml of a murine monoclonal antibody (IgG 1(K) class) directed against a single epitope on hepatitis B surface antigen common to most or all HBV. Two control chimpanzees received identical doses of HBV not incubated with the murine anti‐HBs.Neither study chimpanzee developed HBV infection during 12 months of follow‐up as judged by normal serum aminotransferase activity, normal liver biopsies, and negative serological tests for HBV‐associated antigens and antibodies. In contrast, both control chimpanzees became infected by HBV as evidenced by elevated serum aminotransferase activity, liver biopsy changes characteristic of viral hepatitis, and the appearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in their sera. Both study chimpanzees were shown to be fully susceptible to infection with these same HBV inocula when challenged 15 months after the initial inoculations at a time when passively administered anti‐HBs was no longer detectable. Prior to challenge with HBV, one of the two study chimpanzees received a second injection of the same volume of the murine monoclonal anti‐HBs. The survival of this anti‐HBs in serum was reduced from six weeks (after the initial injection) to approximately two weeks.This study documents the biological efficacy of a murine monoclonal antibody (anti‐HBs) directed against a single epitope on HBsAg in neutralizing the infectivity of Approximately 1,000 infectious doses of either HBV subtype adr or HBV subtype ayw.
An epidemic of influenza in the population of niue
Authors: Nemaia H. , Tukuitonga C. , Kennett M. , White J. , Rodger S. , Gust I. , Taylor R. , Levy S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn epidemic of influenza A occurred in the Niue population during May‐June 1983. The infection was introduced by two index cases returning from New Zealand to the village of Makefu. The epidemic started in this village and then spread rapidly around the island. The incidence of infection was calculated to be 41 per 100 population based on 1981 census figures.There was no predilection for the infection to affect any particular age bracket, although the elderly were over‐represented amongst the hospital admissions because of greater severity of illness in this age group. Two deaths occurred, and 3.4% of cases received treatment in hospital.Apart from generalised symptoms (fever, body pain, and headache), respiratory symptoms, particularly cough, were prominent. Gastrointestinal symptoms were reported in a minority. The average duration of illness was 6 days.Virology results indicated that the epidemic was due to influenza A/Bangkok/ 1/79(H3N3). Paired serological studies also revealed five cases of dengue fever.Previous records reveal that epidemics of influenza are a frequent occurrence in Niue, although not a major cause of mortality since the 1950s.It is suggested that early treatment of complications is the most important measure to decrease the impact of influenza and that measures such as isolation of cases, restriction of population movement and quarantine of incoming cases may be useful to prevent the propagation of epidemics in a small and isolated population.
Diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infection in children and older patients by detection of specific IgM antibody
Authors: Van Der Logt J. T. M. , van Loon A. M. , Heessen F. W. A. , van der Veen J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe significance of detecting specific antibody of the IgM class for the diagnosis of parainfluenza infections was examined. Paired sera from 763 children and adults admitted to the hospital for acute respiratory disease were tested for significant antibody titer rises in the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and for specific IgM antibody with the hemadsorption immunosorbent techniques (HIT). Sera were collected during two 6‐month periods, January through June, 1982 and 1983.Evidence of parainfluenza infections was found in 122 patients (16%): 83 (25%) in 1982 and 39 (9.1%) in 1983. The HIT was superior to the HI test for detection of parainfluenza infection, in particular in infants and aged patients, 94 patients were positive only in the HIT test, 12 in the HI test, and 16 in both tests.In a control group of 120 persons (time‐and age‐matched to the patients of 1982) admitted for nonrespiratory illness, six (5%) showed parainfluenza IgM in their serum. Blocking experiments and retrospective clinical information indicated that the IgM antibody detected in these individuals is specific IgM acquired after a mild parainfluenza infection.Most (66%) patients showed IgM antibody titer rises or high titers (> 1,280) in both sera, and in 23%, a fall in IgM antibody titer was found. Detection of specific IgM antibody by HIT permitted early presumptive diagnosis in 71% of the patients with parainfluenza infection. IgM antibody persisted for 2–11 weeks. The HIT appears to be an important supplement for the diagnosis of parainfluenza infections.
Intrathecal synthesis of IgG antibodies to varicella‐zoster virus in two cases of acute aseptic meningitis syndrome with no cutaneous lesions
Authors: Martínez‐Martín Pablo , García‐Sáiz Alfredo , Rapún José L. , Echevarría José M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIgG antibodies to varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) were detected by indirect enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) in CSF of two patients with acute aseptic meningitis syndrome (AAMS) not associated with evident cutaneous lesion or recent history of zoster infection. Their characteristic features and serological data are compared with those observed in two patients with AAMS and zoster cutaneous lesions, and in 13 patients with AAMS of unknown or other etiology. According to several indexes applied to assess the origin of the detected antibodies, it is concluded that VZV IgG antibodies are of intrathecal production. The possible etiologic relationship between the neurological syndrome and the detection of VZV antibodies in CSF is discussed. Routine serological procedures are proposed for the diagnosis of CNS acute infections of probable viral etiology that should provide additional data on these rarely described cases.
Lack of oral HSV‐2 in a college student population
Authors: Docherty J. J. , Trimble J. J. , Roman S. R. , Faulkner S. C. , Naugle F. P. , Mundon F. K. , Zimmerman D. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA population of individuals with a high incidence of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1), due most likely to oro‐genital contact, was examined to determine the incidence of oral herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) infection. Herpes simplex virus was isolated from the oral cavity of 43 college students whose symptoms ranged from singular lesions of the lips with minimal discomfort to severe oral disease with systemic involvement resulting in lymphadenopathy, chills, sweat, myalgia, and fever. The virus isolated from each case was identified by serum neutralization and typed as HSV‐1 or HSV‐2 using (E)‐5‐(2‐bromovinyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BVDU) sensitivity, monoclonal antibody immunofluorescence, and restriction endonuclease EcoRI digestion of viral DNA. In every instance the isolate was HSV‐1. Additional identification and typing of head and neck isolates as well as oral samples from nonuniversity patients demonstrated that all were also HSV‐1. Therefore, while HSV‐1 appears to be readily transmitted to the genitalia in this group of individuals, the transmission of HSV‐2 to the oral cavity may not be as common, even though clinical histories revealed that several of these patients were engaging in oro‐genital contact.
Serological diagnosis of influenza A/USSR/77 H1N1 infection: Value of ELISA compared to other antibody techniques
Authors: Van Voris Lee P. , Betts Robert F. , Menegus Marilyn A. , Murphy Brian R. , Roth Frieda K. , Douglas R. Gordon 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerologic diagnosis of influenza is an important but imperfect tool. During an outbreak of natural H1N1 A/USSR/77 infection, volunteers who received either amantadine, rimantadine, or placebo were tested to determine serologic response to infection by four different antibody techniques. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and complement fixation (CF) were least sensitive, detecting only about half of the virus‐positive subjects, whereas neutralization detected 81 % and enzyme‐linked immune peroxidase (ELISA) detected 95 %. Failure to detect significant antibody response was associated with a higher titer of antibody in acute serum specimens and with a history of receipt of A/New Jersey/76 Hsw1N1 vaccine. Although antibody response measured by ELISA was of lower magnitude in vaccinees, it still was sufficient to be diagnostic. Thus, in situations where there is no access to viral isolation facilities, ELISA antibody techniques appear to be an excellent measure of assessing the rate of influenza infection.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for detection of enteric adenovirus 41
Authors: Johansson Mats E , Uhnoo Ingrid , Svensson Lennart , Pettersson Carl‐Axel , Wadell Göran 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for direct detection of enteric adenovirus 41 (Ad41) in stool specimens was developed and compared with an Ad40‐specific ELISA described previously [Johansson et al, 1980]. Rabbit antiserum to Ad41 was obtained by immunization with purified virions. To eliminate genus‐specific reactivity the serum was passed through an immunosorbent column containing soluble adenovirus components of members of subgenera A to E. The anti‐Ad41 serum still displayed high reactivity against Ad40 and had to be immunoabsorbed with soluble virus components of Ad40 to be rendered type‐specific. The absorbed antiserum was used in an indirect ELISA and proved to be specific for Ad41. No heterotypic reactivity against Ad40 or Ad1 through Ad35 was found. The Ad41‐specific ELISA proved to be of equal sensitivity to electron microscopy. The type‐specific ELISAs for Ad40 and Ad41 were evaluated by testing 76 stool specimens containing enteric adenoviruses originating from England and Scandinavia. All specimens could be typed‐41 (54%) as Ad40 and 35 (46%) as Ad41. These results were confirmed by DNA restriction site analysis.The type‐specific ELISA proved to be a specific, sensitive, and a rapid technique for detection of Ad41 and allowed clear‐cut discrimination from Ad40 in clinical specimens.
Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in serum of patients with chronic hepatitis B detected by a modified radioimmunoassay
Authors: Chemello L. , Pontisso P. , Fattovich G. , Schiavon E. , Alberti A. , Realdi G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerum hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was investigated in 85 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection using a modified radioimmunoassay technique, based on high molarity treatment of samples to avoid masking of the antigen by the excess homologous antibody. Eighty‐eight percent of HBeAg‐positive cases and 19% of anti‐HBe‐positive cases were HBcAg positive in serum, with a positive correlation with the presence of HBcAg in the liver. Although the sensitivity of the method for the presence of complete virions was not absolute, as shown by the comparison with serum HBV‐DNA testing, this technique may be helpful for assessing virus synthesis in patients with HBV infection.
State of hepatitis B virus DNA in leucocytes of hepatitis B patients
Authors: Gu Jian‐Ren , Chen Yuan‐Ching , Jiang Hui‐Qiu , Zhang Yu‐Lian , Wu Shan‐Ming , Jiang Wei‐Lun , Jian Jia 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in leucocytes from 50 hepatitis patients with various patterns of HBV serological markers and serum HBV DNA and 13 normal controls were examined by Southern blot hybridization with 32P‐labeled 3.2 Kb HBV DNA. A free form of HBV DNA was observed in leucocytes of 8 patients, 7 of whom were positive for serum HBeAg, and in 6 patients an integrated form of HBV DNA was identified. HBV DNA was not identified in leucocytes from 13 normal controls.The free form of HBV DNA in leucocytes existed as a heterogenous smear from 2.0 to 3.2 Kb, similar to the pattern in liver and hepatocellular carcinoma cells but different from serum HBV DNA in which the 3.2 Kb band was absent. The banding pattern of the integrated form of HBV DNA in leucocytes varied among different patients. During preparation of white blood cells and purification of HBV DNA probes, it was important to remove plasma contamination and traces of pBR322, respectively. The presence of extrachromosomal DNA sequences partially homologous to pBR322 could cause false results.The presence of a free and integrated form of HBV DNA in leucocytes is important for explaining the biology of HBV, the harbouring and replication sites of extrahepatic origin, the mechanism of recurrent infection, and the rationale of the treatment of hepatitis B.
Cellular reactivity to respiratory syncytial virus in human colostrum and breast milk
Authors: Scott R. , Scott M. , Toms G. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractColostrum and breast‐milk samples were taken from 23 mothers between 2 days and 7 weeks postpartum and were examined for the presence of cellular reactivity to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus using a lymphocyte transformation assay. Positive responses were detected in nine of the 23 (39%) samples taken at 2–5 days postpartum, but this reactivity was undetectable at 3 weeks. Positive responses developed in a further three mothers during the 3–7‐week period of lactation, suggesting a response to virus infection. Colostral whey was found to suppress the cellular response to RS virus and inhibition was related to the level of specific IgA antibody to RS virus present in the whey. The role of colostral cellular reactivity in protection of breast‐fed infants from RS virus bronchiolitis is discussed.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection in immunosuppressed animals: Implications in human infection
Authors: Wong David T. , Rosenband Michael , Hovey Karen , Ogra Pearay L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeonatal cotton rats were treated with cyclophosphamide parenterally for three weeks before intranasal inoculation of live respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Immunosuppressive therapy resulted in severe depletion of lymphocytes from the peripheral circulation, the spleen, and the thymus. In contrast to normal rats, immunosuppressed animals developed severe pulmonary pathology with marked infiltration of foamy macrophages. Persistent degeneration and regeneration of bronchial epithelial cells were also observed, in which RSV antigens could be demonstrated by the immunoperoxidase technique. In addition, large quantities of live virus were recovered from the respiratory tract of these animals for as long as six weeks after infection. Systematic dissemination of RSV, which has never been documented in immunocompetent control rats, was found in four of the cyclophosphamide‐treated animals. These results support clinical observations that cellular immunity may be very important in the pathogenesis of RSV infection in the human host.
Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal secretions by a biotin‐avidin ELISA more sensitive than the fluorescent antibody technique
Authors: Hornsleth Allan , Friis Birgitte , Krasilnikof Peter Andreas 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was investigated by immunofluorescent antibody (IF) technique and by a biotin/avidin (BA) ELISA in 156 samples of nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) obtained from infants and small children with acute respiratory disease. Of 70 RSV‐IF‐positive NPS, 68 were positive by BA‐ELISA. Of 86 RSV‐IF‐negative NPS, eight were positive by BA‐ELISA. BA‐ELISA could detect 0.5–1.0 ng RSV‐protein.
Multicenter trial on the efficacy of HBIG and vaccine in preventing perinatal hepatitis B. Final report
Authors: Zanetti A. R. , Dentico P. , Del Vecchio Blanco C. , Sagnelli E. , Villa E. , Ferroni P. , Bergamini F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn an attempt to interrupt perinatal transmission of hepatitis B, 92 infants born to HBsAg carrier mothers (49 to HBeAg‐positive mothers, 30 to anti‐HBe‐positive with abnormally elevated ALT levels, and 13 to HBeAg/anti‐HBe‐negative mothers) received 0.5 ml/kg BW of HBIG at birth and at 1 month of age. Three IM injections of hepatitis B vaccine were given at 3, 4, and 9 months of life. All babies who were given the three doses of vaccine developed an active anti‐HBs response: of these, 53 (62.3%) had antibody titers higher than 1,000 mIU/ml, 29 (34.2%) had levels between 100 and 1,000 mIU/ml, and the other three (3.5%) were below 100 mIU/ml. At the end of the 2‐year follow‐up, these three poor responders became anti‐HBs negative, whereas the others still had antibody.All but three babies were protected by HBIG plus vaccine treatment. Two chronic HBV infections occurred within 6 months of life presumably because the babies were already infected when prophylaxis started. The third baby became an HBsAg carrier at 9 months of age in spite of a previous response to the vaccine. Simultaneous presence of HBsAg of y specificity and anti‐HBs (anti‐a) was still detectable at 24 months of age. The vaccine was well tolerated. Passive plus active immunization is an effective procedure for preventing perinatally transmitted HBV infection.
An outbreak of epidemic diarrhoea in adults caused by a new rotavirus in anhui province of China in the summer of 1983
Authors: Chengqin Su , Yilun Wu , Hongkai Shen , Daibao Wang , Yunhua Chen , Dogmin Wu , Lina He , Zaolun Yang 
Published: March 2007

AbstractShexian County of Anhui Province in East China experienced a severe outbreak of nonbacterial diarrhoea in May and June of 1983. Over 20,0000 cases were reported. Most were adults of 20 to 50 years old. The isolated virus was morphologically indistinguishable from ordinary infantile rotavirus, but CF and ELISA tests showed that the new virus lacked the common group‐A antigen shared by ordinary rotavirus. Nine of 10 convalescent‐phase and three paired sera of patients showed antibody positive, with a greater than four‐fold antibody rise against new rotavirus in the CF test. Seventeen faecal samples from patients showed identical, and special, electropherotype. They all had a double‐stranded RNA with 11 discrete segments. The RNA profiles were quite different from those of reference rotavirus Wa strain and ordinary infantile rotaviruses. Third and 4th segments were near to each other, 5th and 6th segments were very close, but 7th, 8th, and 9th segments were widely separated. This study indicates the new virus can be identified as part of a new group of rotaviruses. This new rotavirus has been incriminated as the causative agent of the epidemic.
Routine use of μ‐antibody‐capture elisa for the serological diagnosis of coxsackie b virus infections
Authors: McCartney R.A. , Banatvala J.E. , Bell Eleanor J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe role of coxsackie B viruses (CBV) in myo/pericarditis has been well documented; however, interpretation of static high neutralising antibody titres in individual patients has always been difficult. In introducing the m̈‐antibody capture ELISA test for the detection of CBV‐specific IgM, we hoped to overcome this problem. A regimen for the routine serological diagnosis of CBV infections was introduced, using the CBV IgM ELISA as a screening test, followed by neutralization tests (NT) to confirm the positive results. Seven hundred and sixty patients and 304 healthy adult controls were tested. The percentage CBV IgM positive in each of the clinical categories myo/pericarditis (33%) chest pain (22%), myalgic encephalomyelitis (3 1 %), myalgia/Bornholm (19 %) and controls (9%) was similar to those found in previous studies using NT alone. Cross‐reactions with other enteroviruses, including hepatitis A (Enterovirus 72), were observed but did not prove to be a problem in the illnesses studied, since most involved adults. Both homotypic and heterotypic CBV IgM responses were found. Matching IgM and NT indicated a recent CBV infection. Positive IgM with negative NT titres suggested a recent infection with an enterovirus other than a CBV.
Response to a hepatitis b polypeptide vaccine in micelle form in a young adult population
Authors: Blaine Hollinger F. , Troisi Catherine , Heiberg Dorothy , Sanchez Yanuario , Dreesman Gordon R. , Meinick Joseph L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPolypeptide micelles with relative molecular weights of 25,000 (p25) and 30,000 (gp30) daltons were prepared from native 22‐nm hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles. This p25/gp30 complex was alum‐adsorbed, and three dosage levels (20 m̈g, 4 m̈g, and 0.8 m̈g) were administered at 0, 1, and 6 months to 51 human volunteers. Local and systemic reactions were clinically insignificant, and all vaccinees seroconverted, regardless of dose. As anticipated, antibody responses diminished as the dosage was reduced. Seroconversion rates and geometric mean antibody levels for the 20 m̈g dosage group were significantly better than those observed with a commercial vaccine and were comparable to those achieved after immunization with 40 m̈g of the intact 22‐nm particles used to prepare the polypeptides. By 2 weeks, an anti‐HBs response was elicited in 80% of the group receiving 20 m̈g of the polypeptide vaccine. This rapid response to immunization may be particularly beneficial for postexposure prophylaxis where the early development of immunity is advantageous.
Humoral immune response in hereditary and overt diabetes mellitus
Authors: Montgomery Louise B. , Loria Roger M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe inbred diabetic mutant mouse, C57BL/KsJ db+/db+ (db+/db+), spontaneously develops diabetes mellitus when allowed food ad libitum. However, restriction of food intake prevents the expression of this genetic predisposition for diabetes. This experimental design has been used previously to demonstrate a deficient neutralizing antibody response to coxsackievirus B4 (CB4) in mutants with the genetic predisposition only.These observations demonstrate that in the genetically predisposed diabetic mutant, deficient humoral immunity extends further to a general impairment in both total IgM and IgG production after CB4 infection. Furthermore, these mice are unable to produce a virus‐specific IgG response but do show a high level of nonspecific antibody suggesting a polyclonal activation following CB4 challenge.In addition, we observed an increase in the number of spleen IgM antibody‐forming cells to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in the overtly diabetic animal following CB4 infection with little change apparent in the genetically predisposed animal after infection. These results were identical to the changes seen in total spleen cell numbers. Our animal model provides an opportunity to distinguish between the genetic predisposition to diabetes and the overt disease and suggests that some of the immune impairment found prior to diabetes onset may be partially diminished afterwards.