bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of IRF-3 on Ser 339 Generates a Hyperactive Form of IRF-3 through Regulation of Dimerization and CBP Association
Authors: Clément Jean-François , Bibeau-Poirier Annie , Gravel Simon-Pierre , Grandvaux Nathalie , Bonneil Éric , Thibault Pierre , Meloche Sylvain , Servant Marc J. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT
The IκB kinase-related kinases, TBK1 and IKKi, were recently shown to be responsible for the C-terminal phosphorylation of IRF-3. However, the identity of the phosphoacceptor site(s) targeted by these two kinases remains unclear. Using a biological assay based on the IRF-3-mediated production of antiviral cytokines, we demonstrate here that all Ser/Thr clusters of IRF-3 are required for its optimal transactivation capacity. In vitro kinase assays using full-length His-IRF-3 as a substrate combined with mass spectrometry analysis revealed that serine 402 and serine 396 are directly targeted by TBK1. Analysis of Ser/Thr-to-Ala mutants revealed that the S396A mutation, located in cluster II, abolished IRF-3 homodimerization, CBP association, and nuclear accumulation. However, production of antiviral cytokines was still present in IRF-3 S396A-expressing cells. Interestingly, mutation of serine 339, which is involved in IRF-3 stability, also abrogated CBP association and dimerization without affecting gene transactivation as long as serine 396 remained available for phosphorylation. Complementation of IRF-3-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts also revealed a compensatory mechanism of serine 339 and serine 396 in the ability of IRF-3 to induce expression of the interferon-stimulated genes ISG56 and ISG54. These data lead us to reconsider the current model of IRF-3 activation. We propose that conventional biochemical assays used to measure IRF-3 activation are not sensitive enough to detect the small fraction of IRF-3 needed to elicit a biological response. Importantly, our study establishes a molecular link between the role of serine 339 in IRF-3 homodimerization, CBP association, and its destabilization.
An active school model to promote physical activity in elementary schools: Action schools! BC
Authors: Naylor P-J , Macdonald H M , Warburton D E R , Reed K E , McKay H A 
Published: February 2008

Objective:To assess the impact of an active school model on children’s physical activity (PA).Design:16-month cluster randomised controlled trial.Setting:10 elementary schools in Greater Vancouver, BC.Participants:515 children aged 9–11 years.Intervention:Action Schools! BC (AS! BC) is an active school model that provided schools with training and resources to increase children’s PA. Schools implemented AS! BC with support from either external liaisons (liaison schools, LS; four schools) or internal champions (champion schools, CS; three schools). Outcomes were compared with usual practice (UP) schools (three schools).Main outcome measurements:PA was measured four times during the study using pedometers (step count, steps/day).Results:Boys in the LS group took 1175 more steps per day, on average, than boys in the UP group (95% CI: 97 to 2253). Boys in the CS group also tended to have a higher step count than boys in the UP group (+804 steps/day; 95% CI: −341 to 1949). There was no difference in girls’ step counts across groups.Conclusions:The positive effect of the AS! BC model on boys’ PA is important in light of the current global trend of decreased PA.
Oral administration of the probioticLactobacillus fermentumVRI-003 and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes
Authors: Cox A J , Pyne D B , Saunders P U , Fricker P A 
Published: February 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the ability of a probioticLactobacillus fermentumVRI-003 (PCC) to enhance the mucosal immune system of elite athletes.Design and settingA double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted over a 4-month period of winter training.Participants20 healthy elite male distance runners.InterventionsPCC was given at a daily dose of 1.26×1010as a freeze-dried powder in gelatin capsules. Placebo capsules contained an inert excipient.Main outcome measuresTreadmill performance (monthly), mucosal and systemic immunity (monthly), training (daily) and illness (daily) were assessed. Serum cytokine levels, salivary IgA levels and incidence, duration and severity of respiratory tract infections were measured.ResultsSubjects reported less than half the number of days of respiratory symptoms during PCC treatment (30 days) compared with placebo (72 days, p<0.001). Illness severity was also lower for episodes occurring during the PCC treatment (p = 0.06). There were no significant differences in the mean change in salivary IgA and IgA1 levels, or in interleukin (IL)4 and IL12 levels, between treatments. However, PCC treatment elicited a twofold (p = 0.07) greater change in whole-blood culture interferon gamma (IFNγ) compared with placebo. No substantial changes in running performance measures were seen over the study period.ConclusionsProphylactic administration of PCC was associated with a substantial reduction in the number of days and severity of respiratory illness in a cohort of highly trained distance runners. Maintenance of IFNγ levels may be one mechanism underpinning the positive clinical outcomes.
An examination of the smoking identities and taxonomies of smoking behaviour of youth
Authors: Okoli C T C , Richardson C G , Ratner P A , Johnson J L 
Published: February 2008

Objective:To address observations that the smoking identities of youth are valid descriptors of their smoking behaviour, we examined the relationships between self-reported smoking identities, perceived levels of addiction, and established taxonomies of smoking behaviour of youth.Method:Cross-sectional data were collected on demographics, perceived extent of addiction to tobacco, smoking history, and self-reported smoking identity from questionnaires administered to 8225 students in British Columbia, Canada. A total of 7246 participants were categorised according to four smoking taxonomies established in the literature. Differences in perceived physical and mental addiction between smoking identity groups were calculated. The strength of the associations between the taxonomies of smoking and the smoking identity groups was also assessed.Results:There were significant differences in perceived levels of physical (Kruskal–Wallis χ2  3985.02, p<0.001) and mental (Kruskal–Wallis χ2  4046.09, p<0.001) addiction to tobacco by the participants’ self-reported smoking identity. Youth smoking identities were modestly associated with the established smoking taxonomies (Pearson C contingency coefficient  0.64–0.72).Conclusion:Self-reported smoking identities appear to provide valid characterisations of the smoking behaviour of youths that complement and elaborate existing taxonomies of smoking behaviour. Questions about self-reported smoking identity should be used in conjunction with smoking behaviour taxonomies when investigating youth smoking behaviours.
Approximation Methods for Common Fixed Points of Mean Nonexpansive Mapping in Banach Spaces
Authors: Gu Zhaohui , Li Yongjin 
Published: February 2008

AbstractLet "Equation missing" be a uniformly convex Banach space, and let "Equation missing" be a pair of mean nonexpansive mappings. In this paper, it is proved that the sequence of Ishikawa iterations associated with "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" converges to the common fixed point of "Equation missing" and "Equation missing".
The Cumulus, Photogrammetric, In Situ, and Doppler Observations Experiment of 2006
Authors: Damiani R. , Zehnder J. , Geerts B. , Demko J. , Haimov S. , Petti J. , Poulos G. S. , Razdan A. , Hu J. , Leuthold M. , French J. 
Published: February 2008

The finescale structure and dynamics of cumulus, evolving from shallow to deep convection, and the accompanying changes in the environment and boundary layer over mountainous terrain were the subjects of a field campaign in July–August 2006. Few measurements exist of the transport of boundary layer air into the deep troposphere by the orographic toroidal circulation and orographic convection. The campaign was conducted over the Santa Catalina Mountains in southern Arizona, a natural laboratory to study convection, given the spatially and temporally regular development of cumulus driven by elevated heating and convergent boundary layer flow. Cumuli and their environment were sampled via coordinated observations from the surface, radiosonde balloons, and aircraft, along with airborne radar data and stereophotogrammetry from two angles.
The collected dataset is expected to yield new insights in the boundary layer processes leading to orographic convection, in the cumulus-induced transport of boundary layer air into the troposphere, and in fundamental cumulus dynamics. This article summarizes the motivations, objectives, experimental strategies, preliminary findings, and the potential research paths stirred by the project.
Analog European Heat Waves for U.S. Cities to Analyze Impacts on Heat-Related Mortality
Authors: Kalkstein Laurence S. , Greene J. Scott , Mills David M. , Perrin Alan D. , Samenow Jason P. , Cohen Jean-Claude 
Published: February 2008

Europe experienced an unprecedented excessive heat event (EHE) in 2003, raising the question: What if a similar EHE were experienced in U.S. cities?
This study used an airmass-based meteorological method to develop analogs to the 2003 European EHE for five U.S. cities: Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Washington, D.C.; and calculated the potential excess mortality for these analogs.
Analogs capture the 2003 EHEs characteristics by determining daily deviations from long-term averages for meteorological variables in Paris, France, expressed as a multiple of the standard deviation for each variable s long-term average.
The 2003 daily multiples of the standard deviation measured in Paris for 12 meteorological variables, and daily maximum and minimum temperatures, were transferred to each U.S. city, and multiplied by the corresponding standard deviation calculated for each variable, to produce analog meteorological variables. With these data, an airmass calendar for each city was developed, and excess mortality was calculated using existing city-specific airmass algorithms.
Results show the analog EHEs breaking all-time records for maximum and high minimum temperatures in all five cities. Excess heat-related mortality for the analog summer is 2 to over 7 times the long-term average, with New York showing the greatest increases. In all cities, calculated excess heat-related mortality for the analog summer exceeds the hottest recorded summer in 35 yr.
These study results could be valuable for public health planning and a wide range of additional reliability or sensitivity analyses.
Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Eccentric Exercises in the Treatment of Recreational Athletes with Chronic Achilles Tendinopathy
Authors: Stergioulas Apostolos , Stergioula Marianna , Aarskog Reidar , Lopes-Martins Rodrigo A. B. , Bjordal Jan M. 
Published: February 2008

Background Eccentric exercises (EEs) are recommended for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy, but the clinical effect from EE has a slow onset. Hypothesis The addition of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to EE may cause more rapid clinical improvement. Study Design Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods A total of 52 recreational athletes with chronic Achilles tendinopathy symptoms were randomized to groups receiving either EE + LLLT or EE + placebo LLLT over 8 weeks in a blinded manner. Low-level laser therapy (Λ = 820 nm) was administered in 12 sessions by irradiating 6 points along the Achilles tendon with a power density of 60 mW/cm2 and a total dose of 5.4 J per session. Results The results of the intention-to-treat analysis for the primary outcome, pain intensity during physical activity on the 100-mm visual analog scale, were significantly lower in the LLLT group than in the placebo LLLT group, with 53.6 mm versus 71.5 mm ( P = .0003) at 4 weeks, 37.3 mm versus 62.8 mm ( P = .0002) at 8 weeks, and 33.0 mm versus 53.0 mm ( P = .007) at 12 weeks after randomization. Secondary outcomes of morning stiffness, active dorsiflexion, palpation tenderness, and crepitation showed the same pattern in favor of the LLLT group. Conclusion Low-level laser therapy, with the parameters used in this study, accelerates clinical recovery from chronic Achilles tendinopathy when added to an EE regimen. For the LLLT group, the results at 4 weeks were similar to the placebo LLLT group results after 12 weeks.
Simulated Type II Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Lesions Do Not Alter the Path of Glenohumeral Articulation
Authors: Youm Thomas , Tibone James E. , Attrache Neal S. El , McGarry Michelle H. , Lee Thay Q. 
Published: February 2008

Background Previous studies have demonstrated increased glenohumeral translations with simulated type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions, which may explain the sensation of instability in the overhead-throwing athlete. It is unknown whether this amount of increased translation alters glenohumeral kinematics. Purpose To determine whether type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions significantly alter glenohumeral kinematics as defined by path of glenohumeral articulation in a simulated cadaveric model of the throwing shoulder. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Six cadaveric shoulders were tested for glenohumeral rotational range of motion and translation using a custom shoulder testing system and the Microscribe 3DLX. The path of glenohumeral articulation was measured by calculating the humeral head center with respect to the glenoid articular surface at maximal internal rotation, 30°, 60°, 90°, and maximal external rotation. Data were recorded for vented intact shoulders, shoulders with arthroscopically created type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions, and shoulders with arthroscopically repaired superior labral anterior posterior lesions. Results A subtle but significant increase in external rotation (2.7°) was seen after creating a type II lesion. Small increases in glenohumeral translation were found in the anterior (0.9 mm) and inferior (0.9 mm) directions with application of a 15-N force in the superior labral anterior posterior group. Increases in glenohumeral rotation and translation were restored to the intact state after repair of the lesion. No significant differences were found in the path of glenohumeral articulation for the superior labral anterior posterior condition compared with the intact shoulder. Conclusion The small amounts of increased external rotation and translation found with arthroscopically created type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions do not significantly affect glenohumeral kinematics in this passive motion model as quantified by the path of glenohumeral articulation. Clinical Relevance Findings suggest that in the absence of pain or mechanical symptoms, type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions that do not significantly involve the superior and middle glenohumeral ligaments may not need surgical repair.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Reconstruction
Authors: Diamantopoulos Andreas P. , Lorbach Olaf , Paessler Hans H. 
Published: February 2008

Background Although techniques and options for suitable graft substitutes for anterior cruciate ligament surgery continue to improve, failures occur because of many reasons. Errors in surgical techniques seem to be important reasons. Hypothesis Inappropriate positioning of the tunnels may be the most important reason for these failures. Anatomical anterior cruciate ligament revision reconstruction, using autografts, may yield acceptable outcomes. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods This retrospective study involved 148 anterior cruciate ligament revision reconstructions performed in our hospital using autografts. One hundred and seven patients were followed up at a mean of 72.9 ± 20.6 months. Clinical evaluation was performed using the Lysholm score, the Tegner rating system, the International Knee Documentation Committee evaluation form, and the KT-1000 arthrometer. Radiographs were evaluated for signs of osteoarthritis according to the Jaeger and Wirth classification. Results Inappropriate positioning of the tunnels was the most important reason (63.5%) for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction failure. The average Lysholm score improved significantly at the follow-up (88.5±12.4 vs 51.5±24.9; P < .001). Moreover, the average Tegner activity score improved significantly compared with the activity score before revision surgery (6.3±1.8 vs 2.8±1.8; P < .001). The International Knee Documentation Committee score was A in 17 cases, B in 45, C in 37, and D in 8. Radiographic evaluation revealed that 33 patients had degenerative findings of grade I, 35 of grade li, 16 of grade III, and 2 of grade IV. Conclusion Anatomical anterior cruciate ligament revision reconstruction provides satisfactory midterm results as far as stability and function of the knee are concerned. In spite of these favorable subjective and objective results, the radiological evaluation revealed a significant progression of osteoarthritis.
Minimally Invasive Coracoclavicular Stabilization with Suture Anchors for Acute Acromioclavicular Dislocation
Authors: Choi Sung Wook , Lee Tong Joo , Moon Kyoung Ho , Cho Kyu Jung , Lee Seung Yeol 
Published: February 2008

Background The management of acute acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation is controversial. Purpose The authors describe a surgical technique involving securing the clavicle to the coracoid process using suture anchors for the treatment of acute AC joint injury. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Twenty patients were evaluated retrospectively, clinically, and radiographically, for a mean of 41.2 months. Results At last follow-up, the mean Constant score for the 20 patients was 89.5. Eighteen patients (90%) maintained complete AC joint reduction in both anteroposterior and axillary views. Slight loss of reduction was noted in 2 patients (10%), but their functional outcomes were good. No fixation failure or pulling out of suture anchors was encountered. Conclusion This minimally invasive technique using a suture anchor for the treatment of acute AC dislocation is easily performed.
Elbow Valgus Laxity May Result in an Overestimation of Apparent Shoulder External Rotation during Physical Examination
Authors: Minata Teruhisa , Safran Marc R. , McGarry Michelle H. , Abe Muneaki , Lee Thay Q. 
Published: February 2008

Background The contributions of the scapulothoracic articulation and spine when measuring shoulder range of motion have been well described; however, the effect of elbow valgus laxity has not. Hypothesis Increased elbow valgus laxity affects the assessment of shoulder external rotation measured during physical examination at 90° of elbow flexion. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Seven cadaveric upper extremities were tested with an elbow valgus laxity-testing device. Shoulder external rotation was assessed with 2.8 Nm of external torque by measuring a change in the angle of the forearm axis at 90° of elbow flexion. Elbow valgus laxity was measured in degrees of valgus angulation with 1.5 N.m of valgus torque with the humerus fixed. Shoulder external rotation and elbow valgus laxity were recorded at each of the following conditions: (1) intact, (2) after splitting the pronator muscles and venting the capsule, (3) after cutting the posterior band of the anterior oblique ligament of the ulnar collateral ligament, and (4) after cutting the anterior oblique ligament completely. Results After the posterior band of the anterior oblique ligament of the ulnar collateral ligament was cut, apparent shoulder external rotation and elbow valgus laxity were increased by 4.1° ± 1.7° ( P < .01) and 3.1° ± 1.3° ( P < .001), respectively, when compared with the intact condition. Complete cutting of the anterior oblique ligament resulted in an apparent increased shoulder external rotation and an increased elbow valgus laxity of 11.0° ± 1.1° ( P < .001) and 9.1 ° ± 1.2° ( P < .001), respectively, when compared with the intact condition. Conclusion Shoulder external rotation as assessed by physical examination, which was defined as the angle of the forearm axis, as well as elbow valgus laxity, was significantly increased after the anterior oblique ligament of the ulnar collateral ligament was cut, although the glenohumeral joint condition was not changed. Clinical Relevance Elbow valgus laxity may cause an overestimation of shoulder external rotation on clinical examination of the shoulder.
The Influence of Arthroscopic Subscapularis Tendon and Capsule Release on Internal Rotation Strength in Treatment of Frozen Shoulder
Authors: Liem Dennis , Meier Felix , Thorwesten Lothar , Marquardt Bjoern , Steinbeck Joern , Poetzl Wolfgang 
Published: February 2008

Background Arthroscopic release of the capsule is a popular treatment option for chronic refractory frozen shoulder. Additional release of the intra-articular part of the subscapularis is controversial regarding possible impairment of subscapularis function. Hypothesis Arthroscopic release of the intra-articular part of the subscapularis produces good clinical results and does not lead to reduced internal rotation strength. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Twenty-two patients were retrospectively evaluated 53 months (range, 12–106) after undergoing arthroscopic anterior capsular release, including release of the intra-articular portion of the subscapularis. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score and the Constant score. Isometric and isokinetic strength for internal and external rotation were determined at the time of follow-up in both shoulders using a Cybex dynamometer. Results The Constant score was improved significantly from 17.7 points to 82.8 points ( P < .0001) and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score increased significantly from 23.5 points to 76.8 points ( P < .0001). The mean range of motion was significantly improved for external rotation from 16° to 58°, from 66° to 142° for abduction, and from 76° to 155° for forward flexion. Isometric and isokinetic strength in the standard abduction position of the Cybex dynamometer showed no significant side-to-side difference. Conclusion Arthroscopic capsular release combined with a release of the intra-articular portion of the subscapularis tendon revealed good clinical results in the arthroscopic treatment of adhesive capsulitis without significant loss of internal rotation strength.