bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validating management simulation models and implications for communicating results to stakeholders
Authors: Pastoors Martin A. , Poos Jan Jaap , Kraak Sarah B. M. , Machiels Marcel A. M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Pastoors, M. A., Poos, J. J., Kraak, S. B. M., and Machiels, M. A. M. 2007. Validating management simulation models and implications for communicating results to stakeholders. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 818–824. Simulations of management plans generally aim to demonstrate the robustness of the plans to assumptions about population dynamics and fleet dynamics. Such modelling is characterized by specification of an operating model (OM) representing the underlying truth and a management procedure that mimics the process of acquiring knowledge, formulating management decisions, and implementing those decisions. We employ such a model to evaluate a management plan for North Sea flatfish proposed by the North Sea Regional Advisory Council in May 2005. Focus is on the construction and conditioning of OMs, key requirements for such simulations. We describe the process of setting up and validating OMs along with its effects on the ability to communicate the results to the stakeholders. We conclude that there is tension between the level of detail required by stakeholders and the level of detail that can be provided. In communicating the results of simulations, it is necessary to make very clear how OMs depend on past perceptions of stock dynamics.
The Effectiveness of an Individualized, Home-Based Functional Exercise Program for Patients With Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis
Authors: Johnson Liam G , Edwards Dylan J , Walters Susan , Thickbroom Gary W , Mastaglia Frank L 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of a functional exercise program on muscle strength and mobility in a group of patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM).

Methods and Materials:
Seven patients with sporadic IBM were tested for muscle strength and functional capacities before and after a 16-week, patient-specific, home-based exercise program involving mild, daily, functional exercises.

Results:
Significant improvements in isometric strength were demonstrated in all muscle groups tested and were maximal in the hip flexor muscles. In addition, walking and stair climbing times improved in all patients. The exercise program was well-tolerated, and there was no significant change in the serum creatine kinase level following the exercise period.

Conclusion:
The findings of this study indicate that an individually prescribed home exercise program can be safely implemented and can result not only in significant gains in muscle strength but also in useful improvements in functional capabilities and is therefore beneficial in the management of patients with IBM.
What can we learn about crustal structure from thermal data?
Authors: Vigneresse Jean Louis , Cuney Michel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThermal data represent a valuable remote sensing aid in studying crustal evolution. Heat flow (Q) results from the heat loss by the cooling earth and from the heat production (A) of the radiogenic elements brought to the upper crust by magmatic intrusives. Heat flow is often observed to be linearly related to heat production. The slope of this relation, or thermal depth (D), has been used to infer a global upward enrichment in heat‐producing elements. This thermal depth has been equated with the thickness of granites, but such an interpretation has not been confirmed everywhere. The depth to which granitic plutons are rooted can be computed from the inversion of gravity data. It averages 7±2 km and is much smaller than the thermal depth. Granulite facies rocks are assumed to be present in the lower crust on the basis of seismic and geochemical data. These rocks are generally depleted or initially poor in radiogenic elements (U, Th, K). It is suggested that the thermal depth reflects the depth to the depleted layer in continental regions and that it corresponds to the granulitic layer in most places. Worldwide thermal and seismic data support this relationship, although surface heterogeneities introduce complications. Thermal data can therefore be used to constrain the structure of the crust and its evolution through time.
Atoll magnetostratigraphy: calibration of their eustatic records
Authors: Aïssaoui D.M. , Kirschvink J.L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResults of palaeomagnetic measurements of a core from Mururoa atoll, French Polynesia, led us to document for the first time the atoll's magnetostratigraphy. Periods of slow aggradation, correlated with sea‐level low‐stands, show that atolls are accurate recorders of sea level fluctuations. The timing and amplitude of sea level fluctuations may be reconstructed on the basis of precise dating of atolls and shallow‐water platforms. Magnetostratigraphy is therefore a first step towards a quantitative calibration of the eustatic records of coral atolls.
The Georges Bank Basin: a quantitative basin analysis study
Authors: Liu J. , Lerche I. , Bissada K.K. , Lacey J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUsing a one‐dimensional (1D) fluid flow/compaction model applied to wells of the Georges Bank Basin, east coast, USA, has enabled a simulation to be made of the history of the sedimentation, basement subsidence, tectonic activity, geoheat flux evolution, maturation of organic matter, hydrocarbon generation, and migration tendency.Based on the analysis of the basement tectonic activity, the basin's development is related to the formation and the evolution of the east edge of the North American plate. Through the simulation of geoheat flux variation, maturation of organic material and hydrocarbon generation at different positions in the basin at different time periods are analysed. Additionally, from the modelling of excess fluid pressure, porosity and permeability variations in the strata, the potential hydrocarbon migration tendency and stratigraphic traps in the basin are discussed.
The growth of Early Proterozoic crust: new evidence from Svecofennian detrital zircons
Authors: Huhma H. , Claesson S. , Kinny P.D. , Williams I.S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIon microprobe U‐Pb analyses of zircons from the 1.9 Gyr old Svecofennian metasediments demonstrate the presence of both Archaean and early Proterozoic grains, whereas all conventional multi‐grain analyses give apparent U‐Pb ages of about 2.3 Gyr. Most zircons are 1.9–2.0 Gyr old suggesting that a major, still unknown early Proterozoic terrain older than 1.9 Ga supplied detritus to the early orogenic Svecofennian turbidites. These results imply that the formation of early Proterozoic felsic crust started c. 100 Myr earlier than has previously been inferred from isotopic data. Models in which Nd model ages of 2.1–2.4 Gyr have been interpreted as real crustal formation ages are not supported by our results.
Cashew nut causes more severe reactions than peanut: case‐matched comparison in 141 children
Authors: Clark A. T. , Anagnostou K. , Ewan P. W. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Cashew nut allergy is becoming common, but the risk of severe reactions in comparison with peanut allergy is unknown.Method:  A case‐matching study of children with a recent history of a reaction after definite nut ingestion, with positive skin prick test. Children whose worst ever reaction was to cashew nut (cashew group), were matched with two children each whose worst ever reaction was to peanut (peanut group) for sex, age of reaction and presentation, amount ingested, and asthma. Severity of the worst clinical reactions to date was compared.Results:  A total of 47 children in the cashew group were matched to 94 in the peanut group. There were no differences in clinical features between groups for matching criteria, except asthma (more prevalent in the peanut group). Wheezing and cardiovascular symptoms were reported more frequently during reactions in the cashew compared with the peanut group: odds ratios (OR) 8.4 (95% CI: 3.2–22.0) and 13.6 (95% CI: 5.6–32.8), respectively. The cashew group received intramuscular adrenaline more frequently: OR 13.3 (95% CI: 5.5–32.2). Overall, the OR for a severe reaction (severe dyspnoea and/or collapse) in the cashew group was 25.1 (95% CI: 3.1–203.5).Conclusions:  Previous studies show cashew nut can cause severe reactions; this is the first study to show by case‐matching that severe clinical reactions occur more frequently in cashew compared with peanut allergy. The nut type which caused the worst reaction to date should be considered when providing emergency medication.
DECREASED THRESHOLD FOR THE NITRIC OXIDE DONOR GLYCERYL TRINITRATE IN CORTISOL‐INDUCED HYPERTENSION IN HUMANS
Authors: Kelly JJ , Tam SH , Williamson PM , Whitworth JA 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY

Decreased nitric oxide (NO) availability is thought to be a feature of cortisol‐induced hypertension in humans.
We hypothesized that, accordingly, the threshold for a depressor response to NO should be decreased by cortisol treatment.
We re‐analysed data from a study of baroreflex function in normal men treated with cortisol using glyceryl trinitrate (GTN).
Cortisol treatment increased blood pressure and decreased the threshold dose of GTN for a fall in systolic and mean blood pressure.
These data support the notion that glucorticoid hypertension is associated with reduced NO bioavailability.
Subcellular location of heme oxygenase 1 and 2 and divalent metal transporter 1 in relation to endocytotic markers during heme iron absorption
Authors: West Adrian R , Oates Phillip S 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Heme is an important dietary micronutrient, although its absorptive mechanisms are poorly understood. One hypothesis suggests enterocytes take up heme by receptor‐mediated endocytosis (RME) which then undergoes catabolism by heme oxygenase (HO) inside internalized vesicles. This would require the translocation of HO‐1 or HO‐2 to endosomes and/or lysosomes and the presence of a transporter, possibly divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), to transfer released iron to the cytoplasm. Currently, the location of HO‐1 and HO‐2 in enterocytes is unknown.Methods:  We studied the subcellular location of HO‐1, HO‐2, and DMT1 in the proximal small intestine of rats by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy up to 4 h after a dose of heme or ferrous iron. Double‐labeling was performed with endocytotic (EEA1, Lamp1) and structural markers (F‐actin).Results:  HO‐1 was distributed evenly throughout the cytoplasm of enterocytes and did not colocalize with endocytotic markers in any condition. HO‐2 staining remained constant with dosing, presenting as a dense band in the apical cytoplasm that colocalized extensively with endosomes. DMT1 staining was markedly reduced by ferrous iron, but not heme and did not exhibit colocalization with endocytotic markers.Conclusion:  The subcellular location of HO‐2 is consistent with the RME hypothesis for heme uptake and may suggest a possible role for this enzyme in heme degradation. The lack of translocation of DMT1 with heme dosing suggests another protein may be present to transport iron released from heme.
Eclampsia in the United Kingdom 2005
Authors: Knight M 
Published: July 2007

Objectives  To estimate the national incidence of eclampsia in the UK and to describe the management and associated outcomes since the introduction of magnesium sulphate.Design  A population‐based descriptive study using the newly established UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS).Setting  All 229 hospitals with consultant‐led maternity units in the UK.Population  All women in the UK delivering between February 2005 and February 2006.Methods  Prospective case identification through the monthly mailing of UKOSS.Main outcome measures  Incidence and mortality rates with 95% confidence intervals.Results  Data collection was complete for 94% of women. The incidence of eclampsia was 2.7 cases per 10 000 births (95% CI 2.4–3.1). Thirty‐eight percent of women had established hypertension and proteinuria in the week before their first fit. Ninety‐nine percent of women were treated with magnesium sulphate. No women in the study died. Fifty‐four women (26%) had recurrent fits. One hundred and nineteen women (56%) were admitted to intensive care or obstetric high dependency units for a median of 2 days (range 1–9). Twenty‐two women (10%) were reported to have other severe morbidity after the eclamptic episode. Outcomes were known for 222 infants (204 singletons and 18 twins). Eight infants were stillborn and five died in the neonatal period (perinatal mortality 59/1000 births [95% CI 32–98]).Conclusions  The incidence of eclampsia and its complications have decreased significantly in the UK since 1992, following the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre‐eclampsia. These results are consistent with the findings of the randomised controlled trials of magnesium sulphate. This study has shown the practical benefits of the incorporation of research evidence into practice.
Party before Burke: Shute Barrington
Authors: Gunn J. A. W. 
Published: July 2007

HISTORIANS AND POLITICAL SCIENTISTS HAVE CLEARLY ESTABLISHED that party as an institution developed slowly, and thus the term took in a wide variety of social forms. We also know that the acceptance of party competition and constitutional opposition was an equally gradual process, aided, but certainly not secured, by the writings of Bolingbroke or Burke. Throughout the 18th century, most references to party as such were unfavourable, although some echoed Bolingbroke's judgement that the efforts of a virtuous opposition were vita until, and only until, it triumphed. But before Burke, even before Bolingbroke, there was a theory of party nonetheless incisive because of its discontinuity with most writings of the time.The general disrepute of party needs no elaboration. There has also been some valuable research into the much rarer genre of literature that showed a limited appreciation of the virtues of party conflict. A number of these sources were limited to the fleeting expression of an attitude rather than a coherent theory.
Franciscan Advice to the Papacy in the Middle Ages
Authors: Power Amanda 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe famous image of Francis of Assisi holding up the falling Church has come to symbolise the nature of the relationship between the Franciscans and the papacy in the thirteenth century. Deliberately manufactured by Franciscan propagandists at a time when they were becoming indispensable in almost every area of Christian activity, it represented a complex set of ideas about medieval spirituality, power and responsibility. This article investigates the ideals, concerns and ambitions of the order through examination of a number of occasions on which prominent Franciscans offered criticism and advice to the papal curia. In the process, light is shed on the anxieties of Christendom in an age of crisis.
The History of Prophecy in West Africa: Indigenous, Islamic, and Christian
Authors: Tishken Joel E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article examines the role of prophecy in the religious history of West Africa. Examples of prophecy are provided from indigenous religions, Islam, and Christianity. Prophetic movements were less common in the history of Islam due to Islamic theology, however, they were quite common in the history of West African indigenous religions and Christianity.
Measuring Media Bias: A Content Analysis of Time and Newsweek Coverage of Domestic Social Issues, 1975–2000*
Authors: Covert Tawnya J. Adkins , Wasburn Philo C. 
Published: July 2007

Objective. This study is an effort to produce a more systematic, empirically‐based, historical‐comparative understanding of media bias than generally is found in previous works.Methods. The research employs a quantitative measure of ideological bias in a formal content analysis of the United States' two largest circulation news magazines, Time and Newsweek. Findings are compared with the results of an identical examination of two of the nation's leading partisan journals, the conservative National Review and the liberal Progressive.Results. Bias scores reveal stark differences between the mainstream and the partisan news magazines' coverage of four issue areas: crime, the environment, gender, and poverty.Conclusion. Data provide little support for those claiming significant media bias in either ideological direction.
The Right Side of the Tracks: Affluent Neighborhoods in the Metropolitan United States*
Authors: Lee Barrett A. , Marlay Matthew 
Published: July 2007

Objectives. We describe the geography, population composition, and housing stock of extremely affluent neighborhoods and evaluate the extent to which conclusions about these neighborhoods differ across definitions of affluence.Methods. Using Census 2000 data on tracts in the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas, we compare neighborhoods at the very top of the income distribution (highest 2 percent) to their counterparts in lower‐income categories. The distributions for median household income, median family income, per‐capita income, and the household income ratio allow us to define affluence in alternative ways.Results. Contrary to past findings, rich neighborhoods are no longer concentrated in the Northeast, and they exhibit substantial proportions of foreign‐born and Asian residents and average labor force participation rates. Other of their characteristics (e.g., educational level, professional‐managerial employment, housing size and value) seem more predictable. Although certain results vary depending on how affluence is defined, the majority do not.Conclusion. Our analysis lays an empirical foundation for future work on affluent neighborhoods, which have received scant research attention. It also makes a conceptual contribution, demonstrating that such neighborhoods stand out irrespective of the definitional approach taken.
The Impact of Direct Election on Reform Votes in the U.S. Senate*
Authors: Sanders Romero Francine 
Published: July 2007

Objective. This investigation examines the extent to which direct election rendered the U.S. Senate more supportive of Progressive reforms, as indicated through roll‐call outcomes.Methods. Pre‐ and postaggregate support coalitions are compared in a 16‐year period bifurcated by passage of the Seventeenth Amendment (1905–1921), utilizing difference in means and ordinary least squares regression. An alternate test considers the aggregate impact of the rising percentage of states adopting pre‐Amendment direct‐election mechanisms. A difference in means test between Senate and House votes on similar bills is also provided.Results. Neither the Amendment nor the statewide movement toward direct election exerted the conventionally assumed, positive impact on reform support; House and Senate support scores were similar throughout the period.Conclusions. The data suggest a strong pro‐reform tendency in the Senate throughout the timeframe. The probable reason direct election demonstrates so little of the expected impact on outcomes is that the Senate had already begun to move in that direction.
Anglo Voting on Nativist Ballot Initiatives: The Partisan Impact of Spatial Proximity to the U.S.‐Mexico Border*
Authors: Branton Regina , Dillingham Gavin , Dunaway Johanna , Miller Beth 
Published: July 2007

Objective. In this study, we examine how contextual factors influence voting behavior on nativist ballot initiatives using California's Propositions 187 and 227. We argue that spatial proximity to the border is associated with voting behavior on nativist initiatives.Methods. To examine the influence of environmental factors on Anglo voting behavior on nativist ballot initiatives, we utilize California Field Polls, U.S. Census data, and spatially referenced data generated using GIS software.Results. The results indicate that spatial proximity to the border is an important component in individual‐level voting on nativist initiatives and that the impact of proximity to the border on the vote for Propositions 187 and 227 varies as a function of individual‐level partisan affiliation.Conclusions. These findings hold implications for future research regarding the influence of geospatial boundaries and political behavior.
Probing the formation of the first low-mass stars with stellar archaeology
Authors: Frebel Anna , Johnson Jarrett L. , Bromm Volker 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We investigate the conditions under which the first low-mass stars formed in the Universe by confronting theoretical predictions governing the transition from massive Population III to low-mass Population II stars with recent observational C and/or O abundance data of metal-poor Galactic stars. We introduce a new ‘observer-friendly’ function, the transition discriminant Dtrans, which provides empirical constraints as well as a powerful comparison between the currently available data of metal-poor halo stars and theoretical predictions of the formation of the first low-mass stars (≲ 1 M⊙). Specifically, we compare the empirical stellar results with the theory that fine-structure lines of C and O dominate the transition from Population III to Population II in the early Universe. We find the currently available data for halo stars as well as for dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies and globular clusters to be consistent with this theory. An explanation for the observed lack of metal-poor stars in dSph galaxies and globular clusters is also suggested. Finally, we predict that any star to be found with [Fe/H]≲−4 should have enhanced C and/or O abundances. The high C and O abundances of the two most iron-poor stars are in line with our prediction.
Intracellular Uptake and Phototoxicity of 31,32‐Didehydrophytochlorin‐fullerene Hexaadducts
Authors: Rancan Fiorenza , Helmreich Matthias , Mölich Andreas , Jux Norbert , Hirsch Andreas , Röder Beate , Böhm Fritz 
Published: July 2007

AbstractC60‐fullerene derivatives are potential building blocks in modular carrier systems for selective tumor targeting. In [5:1] fullerene hexakis adducts, one position can be occupied by an addressing unit (e.g. monoclonal antibody) while the other five positions are suitable for dendrimers or spacers loaded with several drug moieties. This article reports intracellular uptake and phototoxicity of three fullerene hexakis adducts coupled with a different number of photosensitizers: a bis(31,32‐didehydrophytochlorin)‐fullerene [5:1]‐hexaadduct (FHP1), a fullerene [5:1]‐hexaadduct with six 31,32‐didehydrophytochlorin groups (FHP6) and a fullerene [6:0]‐hexaadduct that carries 12 31,32‐didehydrophytochlorin units (FHP12).The most promising complex, the hexa‐31,32‐didehydrophytochlorin fullerene hexaadduct FHP6, was also compared with its fullerene‐free analogous derivative P6. It was found that the extent of intracellular uptake is influenced by both nanomolecular size and asymmetry (amphiphilicity) of the fullerene complexes. The degree and mechanism of phototoxicity was found to depend on intracellular concentrations and singlet oxygen quantum yields.