bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defending Calvinism: 1626–33
Authors: Ford Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
On 29 January 1625, James Ussher was appointed Archbishop of Armagh. Initially, he spent much of his time in England, where he was sucked in to the controversy surrounding Richard Montagu and the rise of ‘Arminianism’. Ussher made his opposition to Montagu plain, preaching an outspoken sermon before the King in 1626 attacking the toleration of such views. When he returned to Ireland he continued the fight, albeit rather obliquely, by publishing in 1631 a Latin history of the 9th-century monk Gottschalk of Orbais, who had been persecuted for his firm predestinarian views. Ussher launched a more direct attack on official policy in 1627, when he and two of his fellow Irish bishops preached publicly against the ‘Graces’ — particularly the proposal to grant toleration to Catholics. The evangelical success of presbyterian clergy within in north-east Ulster — some of whom had been accommodated within the Church of Ireland by tolerant bishops — led to further pressure upon the modus vivendi, which had been reached between nonconformists and the Church of Ireland in the early 17th century, as Henry Leslie, the Dean of Down, pressed for firm action to be taken against them by Ussher and the Irish authorities.
The Case Study Companies in Their Organizational Context
Authors: Butler Peter , Collings David , Peters René , Quintanilla Javier 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of the companies forming the basis of the analysis. The sketches are grouped into three categories: core, secondary, and minor studies. The precise ranking is a function of two factors: the number of international subsidiaries taking part in the research, and whether or not the data were supplemented with material gathered at corporate HQ in the US and/or international business or European HQ.
Innovation and the Transfer of Organizational Learning
Authors: Edwards Tony , Collings David G. , Quintanilla Javier , Tempel Anne 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIt is commonly argued that a key factor shaping the competitive position of multinationals is their capability to identify innovations made within the firm, and subsequently transfer these across their operations. This chapter examines the process of innovation and the transfer of innovations in US multinationals. It focuses on the ways in which innovative employment practices are identified in one part of a firm’s operations, and then transferred to sites in different countries. In doing so, it examines the contribution of different perspectives on organizational learning, contrasting the information-processing, contingency, national business system, and micro-political approaches. The evidence concerning the transfer of practices from the domestic operations of American multinationals to their foreign subsidiaries is reviewed, drawing on the findings of earlier chapters. The extent to which the case study firms transfer across borders practices that originated in their overseas operations is considered.
Commissives
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on a third type of ditransitive: commissives, with meanings like ‘promise’. The commissives are interesting in that finite clauses are still their preferred complement in Present-day English, unlike the other subject-controlled verbs where finite clauses have been ousted completely by the to-infinitive. Closer investigation suggests that this survival is due to the fact that coreference of the subject of the subclause and an argument of the main clause is less frequent than with the verbs discussed in the previous chapters, i.e., the embedded subject is not ‘controlled’. Secondly, the ratio of modals versus simple subjunctive form is far higher in Old English after the commissives than after other ‘control’ verbs, which suggests that there is a need to distinguish between these types by using different modals for different types, which explains the continued survival of finite clauses.
The category of theto-infinitive
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that the to-infinitive cannot be analysed as a prepositional phrase in Old English. Its distribution is no longer that of a to-PP, its dative inflection has fossilized and does not behave like the dative inflection found on true N-heads, and it takes accusative objects rather than the genitive objects that would be expected if it was still nominal. Evidence from relative clauses, the position of the to-infinitival object, and the emergence of an overt complementizer — for — in early Middle English all argue for clausal rather than phrasal status. The most telling piece of evidence is the fact that the to-infinitive has entered into competition with the finite subjunctive clause and can be seen to gradually oust it in a number of environments. All the available evidence suggests that the to-infinitive was being analyzed as a non-finite subjunctive already in OE.
Summary and conclusions
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis final chapter wraps up the main conclusions of the book: the origin of the to-infinitive and its reanalysis as a non-finite subjunctive clause, and its rise and spread at the expense of the finite subjunctive clause. It also reflects on wider issues to do with the interpretation of historical linguistic data, especially the absence of certain constructions (the problem of ‘negative evidence’) and how we can make the most of the data we have. The key to these problems is not to look at syntactic constructions in isolation, but to focus on their function in the language. This means that historical linguists sometimes have to cast their nets wide and look at other fields — discourse, theories of textual cohesion, translation studies, and pragmatics — in order to find the answers to syntactic problems.
Studying Organizational Knowledge
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter develops a three-lens framework to describe and observe knowledge-based phenomena in a systematic fashion. This consists of the following: time, breakdowns, and narratives. The three lenses provide operational devices for disentangling organizational knowledge from the tacit background against which it is utilized on a day-to-day basis. The chapter contains five sections. Section 3.2 outlines the main issues related to the application of interpretative, ethnography-based approaches to the study of organizations. Section 3.3 provides an illustration of how thick description generates interpretation. Section 3.4 presents the three-lens framework deployed in this research to study knowledge as an empirical phenomenon. The concluding section addresses issues of validity and rhetorical representation of theory.
Local Players in Global Games
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
What happens when previously autonomous firms from different countries, each with their own identities, routines, and capabilities, come together inside a single multinational corporation? Can a cooperative strategy be established that advances the development of the multinational as a whole, or do mutual misunderstandings and the unintended consequences of strategic interaction among the players lead instead to endemic conflict and disintegration? This book tackles these questions through an empirical study of the strategic constitution of an ‘actually existing’ multinational. It does so by tracing the historical construction of the multinational corporation from the confluence of multiple formerly independent firms and analyzing the interacting web of strategies pursued by different actors within it. The analysis reveals how workers, unionists, subsidiary managers, and corporate executives pursue separate strategic games rooted in their local contexts, whose global outcome contrasts sharply with idealized views of the multinational as an integrated and coordinated organization. By comparing these findings to those of the broader literature, the book proceeds to a theoretical examination of the challenges of managing the multinational, and the difficulties of resolving them through conventional organizational means. The book proposes new procedural solutions aimed at fostering mutual recognition and knowledge exchange within the multinational corporation, and explore how a multinational public may be created to press for the necessary reforms in corporate governance. As the success of such reforms is far from preordained, the book concludes with a series of alternative scenarios that illustrate the many obstacles to a smooth continuation of the globalization process.
Lake Mills: Self-limiting Strategies of a Solidaristic Plant Community
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The strength of Lake Mills' plant-community identity, its historic vertical integration, and its domestic market orientation all combined to inhibit cooperation with other plants within APV to improve the effectiveness of the parent company as a multinational association. There was, in short, no American equivalent to the Danish Mafia, nor could such a network be easily imagined from the perspective of Lake Mills. Without the institutional resources and external allies to support a more expansive vision of the plant's future, local unionists and managers understandably fell back on a slew of defensive carrot-and-stick strategies for maintaining its position within APV. On the positive side, they sought to reinforce Lake Mills' indispensability to the multinational by providing a quick turnaround service to the company's large US customer base, and by developing new products tailored to US technical standards.
Strategic Positions and Positional Strategies
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The preceding chapters have narrated the ongoing struggles for position within APV as a global game seen from the perspective of four local players: three national subsidiaries and the corporate headquarters itself. This chapter develops a comparative analysis of the subsidiaries' positional strategies and struggles for place across three distinct levels of action: in relation to other units within the MNC; in relation to other actors and institutions within the regional and national business system; and in relation to the various actors within the local site itself. The central finding is that the strategic possibilities and capacities for action of local players within the global game of the MNC depended crucially on their ability to establish collaborative relationships at each of these three levels.
The Functions of the Executive Revisited: Contributions, Inducements, and Constitutional Ordering
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that the HQ of APV — and possibly also many other MNC HQs — did not participate in the managerial processes whereby contributions and inducements may be balanced, constitutional ordering may proceed, authority may be exercised without overstepping the boundaries of zones of indifference, and goal setting may generate mutual commitment. Thus, they did not create or cultivate the infrastructure for institutionalizing the collaboration that may emerge spontaneously from the informal organization of their subsidiaries or by their mutual interactions conducive to cooperation, such as those associated with repeated games.
Epilogue: Reception and the Political
Authors: Leonard Miriam 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHow far can reading the Greeks politically get us? This concluding chapter questions whether an innovative approach to the political — a new theory of democracy — has emerged from the French post-war encounter with 5th century Athens. Did post-war France rediscover Greece in the shadow of German tyranny to write the script of a truly emancipatory politics for the future? Can one see beyond the humanist appropriation of classical culture or is the return to antiquity inevitably a revisiting of the worst exclusionary narratives of the enlightenment? The chapter contrasts the reception of antiquity in the work of Jean-Paul Sartre with the later investment in the classical past explored in this book.
Introduction
Authors: Gregoric Pavel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
If your five senses — sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch — were completely independent from one another, you would not be a creature that wakes or sleeps because your senses would not all be operating in the state of waking or all resting in the state of sleep. Your body would be housing five yous, a visual you, an auditory you, an olfactory you, and so forth. Should your perceptual abilities be accompanied by other capacities, such as imagination and memory, these capacities would be bereft of their unity. Your body simply would not be able to serve all the yous at once, and there would be no means of reaching an agreement as to which you is going to use the body at what time. This scenario is developed from a suggestion made by Plato in his dialogue Theaetetus. The unpalatable suggestion is that the senses are sitting in us ‘as in a wooden horse’. Aristotle proposed to avoid this scenario by postulating a perceptual power over and above the five senses which monitors their states and co-ordinates their reports. This perceptual power is known as the ‘common sense’. Plato's Theaetetus is examined to see why Aristotle decided to avoid the described scenario in this particular way, rather than in the way proposed by his master.
Aristotle's Project and Method
Authors: Gregoric Pavel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Since souls are forms of living beings, according to Aristotle, a scientific study of living beings requires first and foremost a systematic account of the soul. Such an account is supplied in the treatise De Anima, where the soul is divided into distinct parts or aspects. In this chapter it is argued that the soul is only conceptually divided, that is divided for the sake of analysis, whereas in reality each soul is a unity. The notion of conceptual division of the soul, its principles and consequences are examined, often in contrast with the spatial division of the soul advocated by Plato in the Timaeus. Conceptual division of the soul enables Aristotle to avoid the problems detected in Plato's division, and to preserve the unity both of each soul and of each organic body.
De Partibus Animalium IV.10 686a31
Authors: Gregoric Pavel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In PA IV.10 Aristotle explains the upright posture of human beings with reference to physiological factors that determine the abilities to think and behave intelligently. A detailed interpretation of Aristotle's explanation is supplied by drawing on his physiological theory and contrasting it with Plato‗s explanation of human posture in the Timaeus. In the crucial passage Aristotle seems to couple ‘thinking’ with the rational capacity of the soul and ‘intelligence’ with the common sense. It is argued that the phrase ‘common sense’ is best taken with reference to the sensory capacity of the soul, that is the capacity of the soul which comprises perception and imagination. This capacity exhausts the cognitive repertoire of non-rational animals, and it accounts for their intelligent behaviour. In the next two chapters it will be argued that Aristotle uses the phrase koine aisthesis two more times in the same way, as a proper name for the sensory capacity of the soul, both times in the context of complex non-rational cognitive activities.
De Anima III.7 431b5
Authors: Gregoric Pavel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines whether De Anima 431 b 5 contains an elliptical occurrence of the phrase ‘common sense’, and if so, what is its exact reference. As a starting point, it is assumed that the main purpose of the passage is to show that the thinking capacity of the soul can determine what is to be pursued and avoided both in the presence and in the absence of perception. In the presence of perception, the thinking capacity determines what is to be pursued and avoided with respect to things that are given to us by perception. There are good reasons to take the phrase ‘ommon sense’ with reference to a non-rational cognitive ability by which accidental perceptibles, such as alarm signals, are grasped, and this should be identified with the sensory capacity of the soul.
Other Roles of the Common Sense
Authors: Gregoric Pavel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers two perceptual operations which can be plausibly related to the common sense. These two perceptual operations are often regarded as functions of the common sense. In fact, the first one, perception of the common perceptibles, is usually regarded as the most salient function of the common sense, a view that is largely based on an erroneous reading of Aristotle's argument in De Anima III.1 425 a 12-27. It is argued that Aristotle gives us no reason to think that the common sense is necessary for perception of all types of common perceptibles, although it may be necessary for perception of some types. Moreover, it is plausible to suggest that the common sense enhances the sensitivity of the individual senses to the common perceptibles in a number of ways. The other perceptual operation in which the common sense might play a role is accidental perception. Both forms of accidental perception — perception of the accidental perceptibles, and perception of the special perceptibles of one sense by another sense (here called ‘cross-modal perception’) — are probably achieved not by the higher-order perceptual power, but by the sensory capacity of the soul, since these operations seem to require joint operation of perception and imagination.
Constructing the Narrative: Authorial Objectives and the Use of Rome
Authors: Mariah Yarrow Liv 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In the contemporary histories of the Late Republic written by non-Romans, we can find preserved the attitudes of those dispossessed of their power by the establishment of Roman hegemony. The historical texts themselves, like any intellectual product, have a distinctive form. The genre employed by each author and the structural choices made reflect the nature of the historian's objectives and political position. Choices regarding the integration of Rome into the narrative structure are of particular significance. Two categories have been recognized in Hellenistic historical writing: universal history and local chronicles.
Conclusion
Authors: Mariah Yarrow Liv 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe authors at the core of this analysis — Nicolaus, Memnon, Diodorus, Trogus, Posidonius, and the author of 1 Maccabees — are from geographically diverse origins on the periphery of the Roman world. Nevertheless, scrutiny of their texts has brought to light significant thematic cohesion: all accept Roman rule. This open and clear acknowledgement of Roman hegemony throughout the Mediterranean basin may not seem surprising given the political and military realities of the day. However, in contrast to the scholarly trends towards identifying this type of literature as hostile to the new ruling power, the clear acceptance of Roman rule as the foremost conclusion of the preceding analysis is emphasized.
The Fourth Edict in the West and the Date of the Council of Elvira
Authors: Croix G. E. M. De Ste. , Streeter Joseph 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter responds to criticisms by W.H.C. Frend of the conclusions of Chapter 1 by investigating whether Diocletian's so-called fourth edict against the Christian Church was ever promulgated in the western part of the Roman Empire. Of particular importance for the enforcement of persecution in the West is the evidence for martyrdoms from Numidia, and the various Canons of Elvira, a Church Council held in Spain at some point between the 290s and the mid 4th century. Ste. Croix demonstrates that all western evidence for persecution is compatible with enforcement under Diocletian's first edict, an argument which involves reconstructing the administrative history of the province of Numidia. Ste. Croix also dissects the Canons of Elvira in an attempt to establish the chronological parameters for the Council, an investigation which is perused further in an appendix which considers Elvira's significance as the earliest attested Church Council.
The Council of Chalcedon by Michael Whitby
Authors: Croix G. E. M. De Ste. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Ste. Croix continued his challenge to traditional views about the history of the early Church through an exhaustive study of the Council of Chalcedon, which Emperor Marcian summoned in 451 in an attempt to resolve disputes about how the divine and human elements combined in the single person of Christ. His investigation revealed that proceedings were kept under close imperial control, which was implemented through the presiding officer, the general Anatolius. Far from being a neutral referee, Anatolius emerges as a significant correspondent of Bishop Theodoret, one of the key individuals at Chalcedon where he was reinstated in spite of doubts about his doctrinal views. Church Councils are revealed to have been particularly unruly events, with the attending bishops repeatedly shouting down their opponents, the detailed records being subject to manipulation, and violence or intimidation never far away.
Early Christian Attitudes to Property and Slavery
Authors: Croix G. E. M. De Ste. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter reprints a 1975 contribution to Studies in Church History, which had also appeared with minimal changes in Ste. Croix's Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World. Ste. Croix sets the early Church in the context of the dominant Greek culture of the eastern Mediterranean, with particular reference to the cities which constituted the dominant form of social organization. Although Jesus came from rural Galilee and never seemed to have visited a proper Greek city, the strongest groups among the early Christians emerged in the Greek cities of the eastern Roman Empire so that the early Church had to reach an accommodation with current attitudes to property, and especially the difficult question of human property. Ste. Croix analyses how almost all early Christian writers managed to find Biblical support for the maintenance of slavery while arguing away the apparently radical messages of the Gospels.
Beyond infixation
Authors: Yu Alan C. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the ramifications of the phonological subcategorization approach to infixation. It examines the possibility of the so-called ‘genuine’ infixation. It then takes a brief foray into the realm of infixal ludlings and endoclisis. Finally, it explores further the ramifications of adopting a phonological subcategorization approach to infixation.
Words with Suffix ‐το‐
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the formation of words with -to-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. An analysis of simplex words formed historically with -to- shows that the adjectives are all accented on the final syllable. Two groups of nouns are consistently recessive: those formed on an o-grade root (type phórtos ‘load’), and two with a laryngeal-final root in CVRV form (kámatos ‘toil’; thánatos ‘death’). The other nouns are predominantly accented on the final syllable, but some are recessive; those with -eto- show the same pattern. A prima facie correlation between accentuation and first attestation in or after Homer does not demonstrate a chronological shift, but word frequency and accentuation are correlated in the same non-linear fashion as for words with -ro-.