bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracorporeal Shockwave for Intermittent Claudication and Quality of Life
Authors: Cai Paris , Pymer Sean , Ibeggazene Said , Raza Ali , Hitchman Louise , Chetter Ian , Smith George 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceIntermittent lower limb claudication limits function and quality of life. Supervised exercise programs are not readily available, and a noninvasive alternative is needed.ObjectiveTo assess extracorporeal corporeal shockwave therapy in improving quality of life in patients with claudication.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, patients in the outpatient setting at a single tertiary center for vascular surgery were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to extracorporeal shockwave therapy or placebo therapy with no shockwaves delivered. Recruitment was between June 2015 and January 2020, with 12-week follow-up ending in March 2020. A convenience sample of patients with claudication and conservative treatment requirements who refused or were unable to participate in supervised exercise were eligible. Patients receiving anticoagulation therapy or with an active cancer were excluded. Of 522 patients screened, 389 were eligible, 138 were enrolled, and 110 completed follow-up and were included in the primary analysis. Statistical analysis was completed by May 2021.InterventionIn the intervention group, patients received 100 impulses of 0.1mJ/mm/cm2 in an area of the gastrocnemius muscle 3 times weekly for 3 weeks. The steps for treatment were replicated for the control group without delivering the treatment.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the Physical Functioning domain of the 36-item Short-Form Quality of Life Questionnaire at 12-week follow-up. Secondary outcomes included walking distances, ankle brachial pressure index, and other quality-of-life measures.ResultsOf 138 patients recruited and randomized, 92 (67%) were male, and the mean (SD) age of the study population was 67 (9.6) years. The intervention group had a significantly higher physical function score at 12 weeks (estimated median difference 3.8; 95% CI, 0.0-7.7; P = .03). However, this significance did not remain when adjusting for covariates. At 12 weeks, the intervention group had significantly longer pain-free and maximum walking distances (pain-free estimated median difference, 34.1, 95% CI, 11.4-56.8; P = .004; maximum estimated median difference, 51.4; 95% CI, 10.7-86.5; P = .01).Conclusions and RelevanceTo our knowledge, this is the first double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial to consider extracorporeal shockwave therapy for the management of intermittent claudication. It demonstrated efficacy for walking distances, may have a positive effect on quality of life, and may provide a safe, noninvasive alternative therapy for patients with intermittent claudication.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02652078
Ecological restoration at the University of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum and beyond: Building and sharing collective knowledge through a participatory leadership framework
Authors: Farrior Marian , Kingsbury Judy , Herrick Bradley M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

The Society for Ecological Restoration defines restoration as “the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed.” The United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration is an “all‐hands‐on‐deck” call to revive imperilled ecosystems around the world. The task at hand is more than professional practitioners and organizations can handle alone. Volunteers play a critically important role in restoring the structure and function of the world's most degraded ecosystems.

The 485 ha University of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum is the site of some of the oldest restored ecological communities in the world. Like many restoration sites, long‐term management of these communities requires expertise and sustained volunteer engagement. The Arboretum fosters expertise and engagement with a two‐pronged approach. This includes (1) the Arboretum's Restoration Team Leader Program, which trains and empowers restoration volunteers to lead community members in on‐the‐ground restoration, and (2) the Restoration Managers Who Work with Volunteers group that convenes restoration managers from multiple organizations for collaborative projects. These programs facilitate ecological restoration by working directly with volunteers and are models of participatory leadership and communities of practice.

Here, we share the principles, practices and frameworks behind these programs and illustrate how this model can be replicated to strengthen community‐based restoration around the globe.
Nonlinear control of electro‐hydraulic screw conveyor system for shield machine based on disturbance observer and back‐stepping method
Authors: Xuanyu Liu , Xunlei Cheng 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn order to improve the precision of earth pressure balance control and anti‐interference ability of shield sealing chamber, this paper proposes a nonlinear control strategy for the screw conveyor based on disturbance observer and back‐stepping method, so as to ensure the safe and efficient tunneling of the shield machine. According to the hydraulic flow dynamic balance principle of shield machine, the mechanism model of electro‐hydraulic screw conveyor system is established, and the system state space model is derived. The nonlinear controller of the screw conveyor is designed by using the inverse step method and the disturbance observer compensation characteristic, so that the system responds quickly and compensates for the flow disturbance and external force disturbance in real time. At last, the system stability is proven by using the Lyapunov function. The experimental results show that the method has high control accuracy with fast response and strong anti‐interference ability.
Synthesis of the 2D Ternary Topological Insulator Bi2‐xSbxSe3 with a Low Carrier Concentration and Ultrahigh Carrier Mobility
Authors: Saeed Muhammad Zeeshan , Zhang Zimei , Zhang Hongmei , Qin Biao , Hossain Mongur , Huangfu Ying , Liu Jialing , He Kun , Lu Ping , Li Wei , Ding Feng , Wu Ruixia , Li Bo , Li Jia , Duan Xidong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHighcarrier concentration and low mobility in Bi2Se3 hide thetopological surface states (TSS). In the 2D ternary topological insulator (TI) Bi2–xSbxSe3,compensatory Sb doping regulates the carrier concentration and mobility withambipolar performance, together with the ultrathin thickness; these factorsmake the TSS in the 2D ternary TI Bi2–xSbxSe3 more observable. Here, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is provided for synthesizing ultrathin Sb‐doped Bi2Se3 nanoplates with dimensions of 2–126 nm in thickness, 3–100 µm in lateral size, and an average Sb doping ranging from 0.15 ≤ x ≤ 0.75. Bi2–xSbxSe3 field effect transistors and Hall devices are manufactured to determine the carrier concentration and mobility of the obtained Bi2–xSbxSe3 nanoplates. These findings demonstrate that the 2D carrier concentration for Bi2–xSbxSe3 nanoplates can decrease up to 1.6 × 1012 cm–2. Furthermore, field‐effect mobility and Hall mobility of up to 3411 cm2 V–1s–1 and 6462 cm2 V–1 s–1, respectively, are realized. A strong ambipolar field effect is found in low‐carrier‐density Bi2–xSbxSe3 nanoplates, proving that these nanostructures may be freely controlled in terms of carrier type and concentration. The synthesis of high‐quality Bi2–xSbxSe3 nanoplates with low‐carrier concentration and high‐mobility provides a platform for investigating TI characteristics more clearly.
In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy for Sodium Batteries
Authors: Ma Xiaochun , Dong Derui , Guo Siqi , Cheng Ningyan , Zhang Binwei , Ge Binghui 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSodium batteries, encompassing sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and sodium metal batteries (SMBs), have emerged as a significant trend in the advancement of secondary batteries owing to the natural abundance and economical characteristics of sodium. Despite significant strides in enhancing the electrochemical performance of sodium batteries, understanding their sodium storage mechanism and the factors contributing to capacity degradation remains a challenge. The utilization of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables direct observation and a comprehensive investigation of the structure and chemical evolution of electrodes and interfaces during dynamic electrochemical processes. This review first systematically explores the fundamental mechanism of in situ TEM in the context of rechargeable batteries. Then, recent advancements in applying in situ TEM to sodium batteries including SIBs and SMBs are detailed. Finally, this review emphasizes potential opportunities and challenges for the future development of in situ TEM in the realm of sodium batteries, highlighting its significance in unraveling crucial aspects of their operation and guiding further advancements in the field.
Lanthanide Ion‐Doped Perovskite Nanocrystals in Electroluminescent Device
Authors: Pan Jia‐Lin , Yu Yan‐Jun , Wang Ya‐Kun , Liao Liang‐Sheng 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLanthanide ions doped in perovskite (LIDP) nanocrystals (NCs) provide an effective way to utilize the emission of lanthanide metals in a solution‐processable way, combining the theoretical photoluminance quantum yield (PLQY) of ≈200%. To utilize advantages, LIDP‐NCs have inspired studies exploring the fundamental physics of energy transfer, including the up‐conversion or down‐conversion process, and the optoelectronic applications of solar cells and white light‐emitting didoes. This review broadens the scope of LIDP nanocrystal matrix semiconductors in electroluminescence devices in the near‐infrared (NIR) range (>900 nm). A research is summarized on the synergistic effect of lanthanide ions and perovskite matrix in the near‐infrared region, and discuss from the perspective of fabrication of lanthanide‐based electroluminescent devices using perovskite materials as the matrix. The multiple optical transitions, bandgap tunability, and quantum‐cutting effect to provide a tutorial on understanding LIDP‐NCs are started. The details of synthesizing LIDP materials and aim to lay the foundation for preparing NIR electroluminescent devices with high efficiency and application value are then illustrated. The scientific issues that limit the performance of LIDP NCs‐based electroluminescent devices and discuss the potential strategies for the future development of LIDP material are focused on.
Atomically Precise Bottom‐Up Fabrication of Ultra‐Narrow Semiconducting Zigzag BiP Nanoribbons
Authors: Zhou Dechun , Feng Yisui , Zhang Lei , Gao Wenjin , Li Heping , Li Hui , Zhou Miao , Niu Tianchao 
Published: April 2024

Abstract1D semiconductors with atomically precise edge and well‐controlled width hold significant promise as channel materials for next‐generation electronics. Here a method to fabricate the narrowest zigzag‐edged bismuth phosphide (BiP) nanoribbons (NRs) is presented, achieving widths of three atoms (≈0.7 nm), through molecular beam epitaxy on bismuthene in a wide P coverage range. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and first‐principles calculations, it is revealed that these BiP NRs exhibit a blue‐phosphorene‐like structure, with a theoretical bandgap of 0.38 eV. Notably, first‐principles calculations reveal spin‐polarized states located on the zigzag edges, presenting an option for spintronics applications. Formation of these uniform BiP NRs is attributed to tensile strain from lattice‐registry confinement. During epitaxial growth, P clusters act dually as feedstock and catalysts, suggesting a self‐catalyzed growth mechanism. The bottom‐up strategy offers an effective approach for the atomically precise fabrication of 1D BiP NRs, paving the way for the creation of diverse low‐dimensional binary materials with tailored chemical and electronic properties, facilitated by selecting suitable elemental 2D materials as substrates.
Formation and Microwave Losses of Hydrides in Superconducting Niobium Thin Films Resulting from Fluoride Chemical Processing
Authors: Torres‐Castanedo Carlos G. , Goronzy Dominic P. , Pham Thang , McFadden Anthony , Materise Nicholas , Masih Das Paul , Cheng Matthew , Lebedev Dmitry , Ribet Stephanie M. , Walker Mitchell J. , Garcia‐Wetten David A. , Kopas Cameron J. , Marshall Jayss , Lachman Ella , Zhelev Nikolay , Sauls James A. , Mutus Joshua Y. , McRae Corey Rae H. , Dravid Vinayak P. , Bedzyk Michael J. , Hersam Mark C. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSuperconducting niobium (Nb) thin films have recently attracted significant attention due to their utility for quantum information technologies. In the processing of Nb thin films, fluoride‐based chemical etchants are commonly used to remove surface oxides that are known to affect superconducting quantum devices adversely. However, these same etchants can also introduce hydrogen to form Nb hydrides, potentially negatively impacting microwave loss performance. Here, comprehensive materials characterization of Nb hydrides formed in Nb thin films as a function of fluoride chemical treatments is presented. In particular, secondary‐ion mass spectrometry, X‐ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy reveal the spatial distribution and phase transformation of Nb hydrides. The rate of hydride formation is determined by the fluoride solution acidity and the etch rate of Nb2O5, which acts as a diffusion barrier for hydrogen into Nb. The resulting Nb hydrides are detrimental to Nb superconducting properties and lead to increased power‐independent microwave loss in coplanar waveguide resonators. However, Nb hydrides do not correlate with two‐level system loss or device aging mechanisms. Overall, this work provides insight into the formation of Nb hydrides and their role in microwave loss, thus guiding ongoing efforts to maximize coherence time in superconducting quantum devices.
Organic Anodes with Nearly 100% Initial Coulombic Efficiency Enabled by Wet‐Chemically Constructed Artificial Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase Film toward High‐Energy‐Density Organic Full Batteries
Authors: Hu Zhongli , Liu Junjie , Zhao Xiaolin , Zhan Xiao , Wang Huiqun , Yang Huiping , Wu Jiedu , Fang Xiaoliang , Zhang Qiaobao , Liu Jianjun , Zhang Li 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) built on inorganic anodes have achieved great commercial success. By contrast, the practical application of organic anode materials encounters key bottlenecks including electronic insulation, high solubility, and poor initial coulombic efficiency (ICE). Among them, improving ICEs (normally 30–60%) faces enormous challenges in both theory and technology, and there has been no substantial breakthrough yet. Herein, a wet chemical pretreatment technology to increase the ICE of maleic acid (MA)‐based anodes from 43.2% to nearly 100% is proposed for the first time, and this strategy demonstrates universal applicability. Typically, the wet chemical pretreatment involves reacting with lithium‐biphenyl to form LixMA intermediates (x = 4–6) and further forming a compact artificial solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) film through the spontaneous reaction between active LixMA and battery organic electrolytes. This wet chemically‐constructed artificial SEI layer can almost completely suppress lithium loss in the initial cycle of the MA electrode and significantly boost the actual output energy density, rate capability, and cycling durability of MA anode‐based full batteries. Significantly, the study further demonstrated that a series of organic anode materials with high ICEs can be achieved through similar wet chemical pretreatment. This work will open up the true application of high‐ICE organic anodes in LIBs.
Ultrafast Molecular Diagnosis‐Based Solid‐Phase Photonic PCR for Respiratory Pathogen Variant Discrimination
Authors: Seo Sung Eun , Kim Kyung Ho , Oh Hanseul , Kim Jinyeong , Kim Soomin , Kim Yu Kyung , Hong Jung Joo , Ko Kyong‐Cheol , Cho Haein , Lee Do‐Yeon , Kim Hyoung‐il , Lee Kyoung G. , Kwon Oh Seok 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe need for an accurate and rapid diagnosis platform for highly contagious viruses, such as pandemic viruses, has rapidly increased. Conventional diagnostic methods in the initial stage of quarantine for the prevention of epidemic spread have encountered limitations such as a long operation time, occupation of a large space, and high cost per single operation. Here, a highly sensitive and selective portable diagnostic platform based on solid‐phase photonic polymerase chain reaction (SP‐PCR) is reported. The thermal cycle is operated by the photothermal energy converted from the photon energy of a light‐emitting diode (LED) through a gold layer to phonons. The formation of an amplicon, which is immobilized through N‐heterocyclic carbene, is confirmed through fluorescence on the surface of the miniaturized SP‐PCR chip. The practical applicability of the newly developed diagnosis platform for the recognition of the presence of a SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific genome sequence is demonstrated utilizing 100 clinical samples, including 72 COVID‐19‐positive clinical samples and 28 negative samples.
Revealing the Indispensable Role of In Situ Electrochemically Reconstructed Mn(II)/Mn(III) in Improving the Performance of Lithium‐Carbon Dioxide Batteries
Authors: Liu Limin , Shen Shenyu , Zhao Ning , Zhao Hongyang , Wang Ke , Cui Xiaofeng , Wen Bo , Wang Jiuhong , Xiao Chunhui , Hu Xiaofei , Su Yaqiong , Ding Shujiang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLi‐CO2 batteries are regarded as promising high‐energy‐density energy conversion and storage devices, but their practicability is severely hindered by the sluggish CO2 reduction/evolution reaction (CORR/COER) kinetics. Due to the various crystal structures and unique electronic configuration, Mn‐based cathode catalysts have shown considerable competition to facilitate CORR/COER. However, the specific active sites and regulation principle of Mn‐based catalysts remain ambiguous and limited. Herein, this work designs novel Mn dual‐active sites (MOC) supported on N‐doped carbon nanofibers and conduct a comprehensive investigation into the underlying relationship between different Mn active sites and their electrochemical performance in Li‐CO2 batteries. Impressively, this work finds that owing to the in situ generation and stable existence of Mn(III), MOC undergoes obvious electrochemical reconstruction during battery cycling. Moreover, a series of characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the different electronic configurations and coordination environments of Mn(II) and Mn(III) are conducive to promoting CORR and COER, respectively. Benefiting from such a modulating behavior, the Li‐CO2 batteries deliver a high full discharge capacity of 10.31 mAh cm−2, and ultra‐long cycle life (327 cycles/1308 h). This fundamental understanding of MOC reconstruction and the electrocatalytic mechanisms provides a new perspective for designing high‐performance multivalent Mn‐integrated hybrid catalysts for Li‐CO2 batteries.
Enhancing Conversion Kinetics through Electron Density Dual‐Regulation of Catalysts and Sulfur toward Room‐/Subzero‐Temperature Na–S Batteries
Authors: Luo Sainan , Ruan Jiafeng , Wang Yan , Chen Min , Wu Limin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractRoom‐temperature sodium–sulfur (RT Na/S) batteries have received increasing attention for the next generation of large‐scale energy storage, yet they are hindered by the severe dissolution of polysulfides, sluggish redox kinetic, and incomplete conversion of sodium polysulfides (NaPSs). Herein, the study proposes a dual‐modulating strategy of the electronic structure of electrocatalyst and sulfur to accelerate the conversion of NaPSs. The selenium‐modulated ZnS nanocrystals with electron rearrangement in hierarchical structured spherical carbon (Se‐ZnS/HSC) facilitate Na+ transport and catalyze the conversion between short‐chain sulfur and Na2S. And the in situ introduced Se within S can enhance conductivity and form an S─Se bond, suppressing the “polysulfides shuttle”. Accordingly, the S@Se‐ZnS/HSC cathode exhibits a specific capacity of as high as 1302.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and ultrahigh‐rate capability (676.9 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1). Even at −10 °C, this cathode still delivers a high reversible capacity of 401.2 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 and 94% of the original capacitance after 50 cycles. This work provides a novel design idea for high‐performance Na/S batteries.
Wafer‐Scale CMOS‐Compatible Electro‐Thermally Actuated Nanomechanical Non‐Volatile Switch with Out‐of‐Plane Electrode Configuration
Authors: Lee Yong‐Bok , Choi Pan‐Kyu , Kang Min‐Ho , Kim Su‐Hyun , Lee Seung‐Jun , Kim Tae‐Soo , Lee So‐Young , Yoon Jun‐Bo 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe rapid growth of data‐intensive applications has significantly heightened the concerns about power consumption in current computing systems. From this perspective, there have been substantial efforts to implement ultra‐low power systems by integrating nanoelectromechanical non‐volatile switches (NEM‐NVS) with near‐zero leakage current into standard complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) circuits. To practically harness the potential of the NEM‐NVS, it is imperative to achieve high performance, such as low voltage, high on/off ratio, and high reliability, while simultaneously ensuring wafer‐scale CMOS compatibility. However, achieving these requirements is still challenging, primarily due to their electrostatic operation, in‐plane electrode configuration, and conventional fabrication methods. Here, an electro‐thermally actuated nanomechanical non‐volatile switch (ETAN‐NVS) with an out‐of‐plane electrode configuration along with an 8‐inch wafer‐scale CMOS‐compatible fabrication method is reported. By introducing the electrothermal mechanism into a vertically actuated buckling nanostructure, the fabricated ETAN‐NVS attains CMOS‐level voltage (<2.4 V), a high on/off ratio (>108), and exceptional reliability (>1300 cycles). Moreover, a successful wafer‐scale demonstration of the ETAN‐NVS using only a CMOS‐compatible process paves the way for 3D integration with CMOS logic.
4‐Phenylthiosemicarbazide Molecular Additive Engineering for Wide‐Bandgap Sn Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with a Record Efficiency Over 12.2%
Authors: Pandey Padmini , Cho SungWon , Bahadur Jitendra , Yoon Saemon , Oh Chang‐Mok , Hwang In‐Wook , Song Hochan , Choi Hyosung , Hayase Shuzi , Cho Jung Sang , Kang Dong‐Won 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe utilization of wide bandgap (WBG) tin halide perovskites (Sn‐HPs) offers an environmentally friendly alternative for multi‐junction Sn‐HP photovoltaics. Nonetheless, rapid crystallization leads to suboptimal film morphology and substantial creation of defect states, which undermine device efficiency. This study introduces 4‐Phenylthiosemicarbazide (4PTSC) as an additive to achieve a densely packed Sn‐HP film with fewer imperfections. The strong chemical coordination between SnI2 and the functional groups S═C─N (Sn···S═C─N), NH2, and phenyl conjugation enhances solution stability and supports the delay of perovskite crystallization through adduct formation. This process yields pinhole‐free films with preferred grain growth. 4PTSC acts as a strong coordination complex and a reducing agent to passivate uncoordinated Sn2+ and halide ions and reduce the formation of SnI4, thereby reducing defect formation. The π‐conjugated phenyl ring in the 4PTSC facilitates the preferred crystal growth orientation of perovskite grains. Furthermore, the hydrophobic nature of 4PTSC mitigates Sn2+ oxidation by repelling moisture, enhancing stability. The open circuit voltage significantly increased from 0.78 to 0.94 V, resulting in achieving the champion efficiency of 12.22% (certified 11.70%), surpassing all previously reported efficiencies for WBG Sn halide perovskite solar cells. Additionally, the unencapsulated 4PTSC‐1.0 device maintained outstanding stability over 1200 h under ambient atmospheric conditions.