bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bicalutamide 150 mg plus standard care vs standard care alone for early prostate cancer
Authors: MCLEOD DAVID G. , IVERSEN PETER , SEE WILLIAM A. , MORRIS THOMAS , ARMSTRONG JON , WIRTH MANFRED P. ,   the Casodex Early Prostate Cancer Trialists’ Group
Published: December 2005

OBJECTIVETo evaluate, in the ongoing Early Prostate Cancer (EPC) trial programme, the efficacy and tolerability of bicalutamide 150 mg once daily in addition to standard care for localized or locally advanced, nonmetastatic prostate cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe EPC programme comprises three randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials designed for combined analysis. Following standard care, 8113 men with localized (T1‐2, N0/Nx) or locally advanced (T3‐4, any N; or any T, N+) prostate cancer (all M0) received oral bicalutamide 150 mg once daily or oral placebo. The primary endpoints were progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival.RESULTSThe large EPC trial programme is defining men who benefit or do not from early or adjuvant antiandrogen therapy. At a median follow‐up of 7.4 years, in localized disease there is no benefit to PFS by adding bicalutamide to standard care, and there is a trend (hazard ratio, HR, 1.16; 95% confidence intervals, CI, 0.99–1.37; P = 0.07) towards decreased survival in patients otherwise undergoing watchful waiting. However, in locally advanced disease, bicalutamide significantly improved PFS irrespective of standard care. Bicalutamide significantly improved overall survival in patients receiving radiotherapy (HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.44–0.95; P = 0.03); this was driven by a lower risk of prostate cancer‐related deaths. Bicalutamide produced a trend towards improved overall survival in patients with locally advanced disease otherwise undergoing watchful waiting (HR 0.81; 95% CI 0.66–1.01; P = 0.06). No survival difference was evident in the prostatectomy subgroup.CONCLUSIONSThis ongoing programme is clarifying the role of early or adjuvant antiandrogen therapy in prostate cancer. Patients with localized disease do not appear to derive clinical benefit from added bicalutamide. However, adding bicalutamide 150 mg to standard care provides significant clinical benefits in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer, irrespective of primary therapy.
Raloxifene, an oestrogen‐receptor‐β‐targeted therapy, inhibits androgen‐independent prostate cancer growth: results from preclinical studies and a pilot phase II clinical trial
Authors: SHAZER RONALD L. , JAIN ANJALI , GALKIN ANNA V. , CINMAN NADYA , NGUYEN KOO N. , NATALE RONALD B. , GROSS MITCHELL , GREEN LELAND , BENDER LEON I. , HOLDEN STUART , KAPLAN LESLIE , AGUS DAVID B. 
Published: December 2005

OBJECTIVESTo determine, in preclinical in vivo animal and in clinical studies, whether raloxifene (a selective oestrogen‐receptor (ER) modulator that targets ER‐β and induces apoptosis in vitro in androgen‐independent prostate cancer, AIPC cells) affects prostate cell differentiation, proliferation and carcinogenesis, and in the pilot phase II clinical trial, the response rate and duration of patients with AIPC treated with a daily oral dose of raloxifene.PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODSTumour proliferation rate in response to raloxifene treatment, and molecular markers of cell cycle and apoptosis, were evaluated in established ER‐β‐positive androgen‐dependent (AD) CWR22 and AI CWRSA9 human xenograft prostate cancer models. Twenty‐one patients with AIPC and evidence of disease progression were enrolled into the clinical trial and given daily oral raloxifene.RESULTSThere was significant growth inhibition by raloxifene in the ADPC and AIPC xenograft models (CWR22 68%, P < 0.010; CWRSA9 64%, P < 0.001), with no tumour regression. There was evidence of G1 arrest by increased p27kip1 expression in the raloxifene‐treated group. Eighteen patients comprised the efficacy analysis, as three withdrew before the first evaluation. At the first evaluation, five men had stable disease and continued on the study for a median of five cycles. The longest response was 17 cycles. Drug related toxicity was minimal.CONCLUSIONRaloxifene has activity in xenograft models, slowing disease progression. This translated to possible disease stabilization in patients with AIPC. Further studies are warranted.
Towards a Nomadic Geography: Rethinking Space and Identity for the Potentials of Progressive Politics in the Contemporary City
Authors: CUPERS KENNY 
Published: December 2005

This article investigates the concept of the public sphere as a specific way of reading the city. In the light of current ambiguities of the urban condition, it poses the question of whether the concept does still, in fact, generate a solid geography for understanding the urban landscape. It explores the history and concept of the liberal public sphere, uncovers its rigid regime of identity formation in space, and problematizes its performative dimension by illustrating how this tends to envisage space as a merely passive and abstract stage on which dramatization takes place. In search of alternative ways of reading the city, it subsequently explores the complexity in relations between space and identity. It reconceptualizes space as a palimpsest of historical layers and rethinks identity by recognizing the workings of the strange(r) in constructions of space and identity. Finally, the article suggests the development of a nomadic geography that would allow for a progressive politics to open up gaps and folds in the homogeneous space and discover new spaces that are neither friends nor enemies, neither inside nor outside.Cet article étudie le concept de sphère publique comme méthode de lecture spécifique de la ville. Étant donné les ambiguïtés actuelles de la situation urbaine, on peut se demander si ce concept génère encore, dans les faits, une géographie solide permettant de comprendre le paysage urbain. Explorer l’historique et le concept de sphère publique libérale révèle son système rigide de formation des identités dans l’espace, et interroge sa dimension performative en montrant comment l’espace est pensé en tant que simple scène passive et abstraite où a lieu une théâtralisation. Recherchant d’autres modes de lecture de la ville, l’article examine ensuite la complexité des relations entre espace et identité. Il reconceptualise l’espace en tant que palimpseste de couches historiques et repense l’identité en admettant les mécanismes de l’étrange(r) dans les constructions spatiales et identitaires. Pour finir, l’article propose l’élaboration d’une géographie nomade permettant à une politique progressiste de créer fossés et plissements dans un espace homogène et de découvrir de nouveaux espaces qui ne seraient ni amis ni ennemis, ni intérieurs ni extérieurs.
Struggling with the Creative Class
Authors: PECK JAMIE 
Published: December 2005

This article develops a critique of the recently popularized concepts of the ‘creative class’ and ‘creative cities’. The geographic reach and policy salience of these discourses is explained not in terms of their intrinsic merits, which can be challenged on a number of grounds, but as a function of the profoundly neoliberalized urban landscapes across which they have been traveling. For all their performative display of liberal cultural innovation, creativity strategies barely disrupt extant urban‐policy orthodoxies, based on interlocal competition, place marketing, property‐ and market‐led development, gentrification and normalized socio‐spatial inequality. More than this, these increasingly prevalent strategies extend and recodify entrenched tendencies in neoliberal urban politics, seductively repackaging them in the soft‐focus terms of cultural policy. This has the effect of elevating creativity to the status of a new urban imperative — defining new sites, validating new strategies, placing new subjects and establishing new stakes in the realm of competitive interurban relations.L’article présente une critique des concepts de ‘classe créative’ et ‘villes créatives’ publiés récemment. La portée géographique et la pertinence politique de ces discours s’expliquent non par leurs mérites intrinsèques, ceux‐ci pouvant être remis en question à plus d’un titre, mais en tant que fonction des paysages urbains fortement néolibéraux qu’ils ont traversés. Quant à leur manifestation concrète de l’innovation culturelle libérale, les stratégies de créativité dérangent à peine les orthodoxies qui subsistent en politique urbaine, fondées sur une compétition interlocale, un marketing de lieu, une expansion axée sur la propriété et le marché, un embourgeoisement et une inégalité socio‐spatiale normalisée. Mais surtout, ces stratégies toujours plus présentes prolongent et recodifient des tendances bien installées en politique urbaine néolibérale, les rhabillant de manière attrayante dans un flou artistique terminologique de politique culturelle. Ainsi, la créativité est élevée au statut de nouvel impératif urbain pour définir de nouveaux sites, valider de nouvelles stratégies, positionner de nouveaux sujets et instaurer de nouveaux enjeux dans la concurrence interurbaine.
Surviving the Fall of a King: The Regional Institutional Implications of Crisis at Fiat Auto
Authors: WHITFORD JOSH , ENRIETTI ALDO 
Published: December 2005

This article discusses developments in the famously automotive‐centered productive system in Turin and the surrounding Piedmont region in the wake of major crisis at Fiat Auto. This large, articulated and internationally competitive productive system emerged from interactions between Fiat, its suppliers and other regional actors, but has always had Fiat at its center in a directive role, as the sole actor with both the interest and the ability to provide key collective goods. The automaker is today dramatically weakened, leaving the Piedmont region with an essential and unanswered question: what will happen to the networks of relationships and diversity of productive services if Fiat Auto does — as seems likely — cease to play its historic ‘monarchical’ role? To answer this question, we draw on literatures in comparative political economy, economic sociology and institutionalist economic geography concerned with path dependency and the decentralized coordination of production to trace the territorially embedded development of the Piedmontese automotive components industry as it has been constructed through Fiat's contradictory interaction with the productive hinterland. In so doing, we identify possible futures for the region and discuss the feasibility of constructing new associational coordinating institutions.Cet article traite des évolutions du système productif de Turin et de la région environnante du Piémont centré, comme chacun sait, sur l’automobile, alors que Fiat Auto a subi une crise majeure. Ce système productif, vaste, articulé et compétitif au plan international, est né d’interactions entre Fiat, ses fournisseurs et d’autres acteurs régionaux, Fiat assurant toujours un rôle directif, acteur unique ayant à la fois intérêt et aptitude à fournir des biens collectifs essentiels. Le fabricant automobile, aujourd’hui très affaibli, laisse la région piémontaise sans réponse face à une question vitale: qu’adviendra‐t‐il des réseaux relationnels et de la diversité des services à la production si Fiat Auto cesse — cela paraît probable — de jouer son rôle historique ‘monarchique’? Pour répondre, l’article part de textes d’économie politique comparative, de sociologie économique et de géographie économique institutionnaliste traitant de la dépendance de chemin et de la coordination décentralisée d’une production, et retrace l’évolution, inscrite dans le territoire, de l’industrie des composants automobiles piémontaise, puisque celle‐ci est bâtie sur l’interaction contradictoire de Fiat avec l’arrière‐pays productif. Ce faisant, on peut déterminer des avenirs potentiels pour la région et aborder la faisabilité de l’élaboration de nouvelles institutions coordinatrices associatives.
Housing as a Tool of Economic Development since 1929
Authors: ARKU GODWIN , HARRIS RICHARD 
Published: December 2005

Housing policy in the developing world has usually been shaped by social and political considerations, yet housing can also be used to promote economic development. From the 1930s to the 1950s, it was increasingly deployed for this purpose by the agencies of colonial powers, including Britain and France; by the United States in Puerto Rico; and by the US Agency for International Development and the Inter‐American Development Bank in Latin America. By the mid‐1960s, the UN and affiliated agencies, notably the International Labour Office, had a keen and broad appreciation of its significance for economic policy. This understanding was temporarily swamped by rising social concerns and then sidelined when the World Bank began to support sites‐and‐services schemes in the 1970s. It reasserted itself in the 1980s in the form of ‘market enabling’ strategies which, however, too often became an excuse for inaction. This history underlines the importance of paying attention to the potential role of housing as a tool of economic development.Dans le monde en développement, la configuration de la politique du logement tient généralement à des aspects sociaux et politiques, alors que le logement peut aussi servir à promouvoir l’expansion économique. Des années 1930 à 1950, c’est dans ce but qu’elle a été mise en œuvre par les organes des puissances coloniales, dont la Grande‐Bretagne et la France, par les États‐Unis à Puerto Rico, ainsi que par l’agence de développement international des États‐Unis (USAID) et la Banque interaméricaine de développement en Amérique latine. Au milieu des années 1960, l’ONU et ses agences, notamment le Bureau International du Travail, ont émis un avis général tranché quant à son importance en politique économique. Cette idée a été temporairement submergée par l’apparition de problèmes sociaux, puis mise sur la touche lorsque la Banque mondiale a soutenu les projets Sites et services dans les années 1970. Elle s’est réimplantée dans les années 1980 sous la forme de stratégies de stimulation de marché qui, toutefois, ont trop souvent servi d’excuse au manque d’action. Cet historique souligne l’intérêt à accorder au rôle potentiel du logement en tant qu’outil de développement économique.
Collective Action and Property Rights: A Planner's Critical Look at the Dogma of Private Property
Authors: MUKHIJA VINIT 
Published: December 2005

The focus of this essay is success in collective action. It is based on a critical review and synthesis of the literature on collective action and property rights. I make three key arguments in the essay. First, contrary to the narrow conventional wisdom, self‐interested behavior can lead to successful collective action in both commonly managed resources and open‐access situations. The literature documents and explains a number of examples of success. Second, and nonetheless, collective action can be problematic and may require institutional responses, but privatization is not a panacea. Paradoxically, privatism can be a key source of the problems in collective action. And third, since the conventionally postulated, simple one‐to‐one relationship between a private property rights regime and an efficient outcome is not true, and given planners’ institutional interests, they should take a leading role in publicly advocating the potential viability of common property and collective action. Another important   objective   of   the   essay   is   to   introduce   to   the   readers   a   vast   body   of   non‐traditional   literature   that   has   relevance   for   urban   studies   and   planning   practice. I include the literature on private property rights, ‘the tragedy of the commons’, ‘the inverse commons’, ‘the comedy of the commons’, and ‘the tragedy of the anticommons’.Cet essai s’intéresse au succès de l’action collective. Il s’appuie sur une critique et une synthèse des références sur l’action collective et les droits de propriété. Trois arguments sont exposés. D’abord, a contrario d’un avis étroit et conventionnel, l’intérêt personnel peut conduire à une action collective réussie tant pour des ressources gérées en commun que pour des situations en accès libre; des documents retracent et expliquent bon nombre de cas de succès. Ensuite, et néanmoins, une action collective peut poser problème et exiger des réponses institutionnelles, quoique la privatisation ne soit pas la panacée; paradoxalement, le ‘privatisme’ peut se révéler une source essentielle de difficultés en cas d’action collective. Enfin, comme le principe classique de relation simple, un pour un, entre un régime de droits de propriété privée et un résultat efficace n’est pas vérifié, et compte tenu des intérêts institutionnels des urbanistes, ceux‐ci devraient prendre un rôle moteur en défendant publiquement la viabilité de la propriété commune et de l’action collective. L’essai a comme autre objectif important de présenter aux lecteurs un vaste corpus de textes non traditionnels pertinent pour les études urbaines et la pratique de l’urbanisme. La conclusion inclut des références sur les droits de la propriété privée, ‘la tragédie des biens communs’, ‘les communs inversés’, ‘la comédie des communs’ et ‘la tragédie des anti‐communs’.
Loss of metabotropic glutamate receptor‐mediated regulation of glutamate transport in chemically activated astrocytes in a rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Vermeiren Céline , de Hemptinne Isabelle , Vanhoutte Nicolas , Tilleux Sébastien , Maloteaux Jean‐Marie , Hermans Emmanuel 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a selective loss of motor neurones accompanied by intense gliosis in lesioned areas of the brain and spinal cord. Glutamate‐mediated excitotoxicity resulting from impaired astroglial uptake constitutes one of the current pathophysiological hypotheses explaining the progression of the disease. In this study, we examined the regulation of glutamate transporters by type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) in activated astrocytes derived from transgenic rats carrying an ALS‐related mutated human superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1G93A) transgene. Cells from transgenic animals and wild‐type littermates showed similar expression of glutamate–aspartate transporter and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT‐1) after in vitro activation, whereas cells carrying the hSOD1 mutation showed a three‐fold higher expression of functional mGluR5, as observed in the spinal cord of end‐stage animals. In cells from wild‐type animals, (S)‐3,5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) caused an immediate protein kinase C (PKC)‐dependent up‐regulation of aspartate uptake that reflected the activation of GLT‐1. Although this effect was mimicked in both cultures by direct activation of PKC using phorbol myristate acetate, DHPG failed to up‐regulate aspartate uptake in cells derived from the transgenic rats. The failure of activated mGluR5 to increase glutamate uptake in astrocytes derived from this animal model of ALS supports the theory of glutamate excitotoxicity in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Contribution of conserved polar glutamine, asparagine and threonine residues and glycosylation to agonist action at human P2X1 receptors for ATP
Authors: Roberts Jonathan A. , Evans Richard J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe role of conserved polar glutamine, asparagine and threonine residues in the large extracellular loop, and glycosylation, to agonist action at human P2X1 receptors was tested by generating alanine substitution mutants. For the majority of mutants (Q56A, Q95A, T104A, T109A, Q112A, Q114A, T146A, N153A, T158A, N184A, N191A, N242A, N300A) alanine substitution had no effect on ATP potency. The mutants Q95A, Q112A, Q114A and T158A showed changes in efficacy for the partial agonists BzATP and Ap5A, suggesting that these polar residues may contribute to the gating of the channel. The mutants T186A, N204A and N290A had six‐, three‐ and 60‐fold decreases in ATP potency, respectively. For T186A and N290A, the partial agonists BzATP and Ap5A were no longer agonists but still bind to the receptor as shown by the ability to modulate the response to co‐applied ATP. N153, N184 and N242 are glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum and N300 acquires complex glycosylation in the golgi. These results aid in refining a model for ATP binding at the P2X1 receptor where the residues F185T186, and the conserved triplet N290F291R292, are likely to play a role in ATP action at the receptor.
Observer reproducibility and validity of systems for clinical classification of angina pectoris: comparison with radionuclide imaging and coronary angiography
Authors: Christensen Henrik Wulff , Haghfelt Torben , Vach Werner , Johansen Allan , Høilund‐Carlsen Poul Flemming 
Published: December 2005

SummaryObjective:  To assess reproducibility and validity of clinical classification of angina pectoris (AP) patients.Design:  Fifty‐six patients scheduled for coronary angiography because of stable AP were classified by two independent observers with regard to (i) type and (ii) severity of chest pain (Canadian Cardiovascular Society, CCS) and (iii) cardiac functional status (New York Heart Association, NYHA). Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) was performed in 55 including measurement of ejection fraction in 46, angiography was undertaken in 51.Results:  Observers agreed 100% on the presence (n = 45) or absence (n = 11) of angina. They agreed in 52 (93%), 48 (86%), and 42 (75%) patients with regard to type of pain, CCS grade, and NYHA class, respectively. In the remaining patients, they disagreed by one class only. The positive and negative predictive values of typical/atypical angina for perfusion abnormalities and coronary disease were 55%/82% and 53%/82%, respectively.Conclusions:  Observer agreement was excellent for presence, type, and severity of chest pain but moderate with regard NYHA class. Clinical judgment could not predict with reasonable accuracy abnormal perfusion or coronary artery disease.
Modulations of human autonomic function induced by positive pressure‐assisted breathing
Authors: Garet Martin , Barthélémy Jean‐Claude , Degache Francis , Pichot Vincent , Duverney David , Roche Frédéric 
Published: December 2005

SummaryIn order to examine the acute autonomic response in humans during and immediately after positive pressure‐assisted (PPA) breathing, spontaneous cardiac baroreflex (BR) sensitivity was studied through the adaptation of consecutive RR intervals in response to spontaneous systolic blood pressure fluctuations in 11 healthy subjects. The gain (α‐index) in baroreceptor reflex was estimated using cross‐spectral analysis (RR interval variability and systolic blood pressure variability) for the low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) bands. All measurements were made under fixed breathing rate (12 breaths per minute), and realized consecutively at baseline level (20 min), after‐short inspiratory pressure support plus positive end‐expiratory airway pressure (IPS + PEEP) ventilation (15 min), again under normal conditions (20 min; recovery period) and, finally, during a standard upward orthostatic challenge test (15 min; orthostatic challenge). The spontaneous BR gain in the HF band increases slightly during ventilation (+26·1 ± 11·7%, P<0·05) and decreases significantly during recovery without any significant alteration in mean heart rate, systolic or diastolic blood pressure. The spontaneous BR gain in the LF band decreases during IPS + PEEP ventilation (8·4 ± 4·4 versus 12·7 ± 6·2 ms mm−1 Hg; P<0·05) and returns to basal level during recovery. Orthostatic challenge altered significantly the BR gain in both HF and LF bands with significant heart rate acceleration. In humans, while the parasympathetic control of heart rate and blood pressure is found moderately enhanced, the sympathetic BR drive appears significantly and transitory altered under short term IPS + PEEP ventilation with a degree of alteration comparable to those observed during orthostatic challenge.