bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results and analysis of magnetic observations during the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919.—Summary I
Authors: Bauer Louis A. 
Published: February 2008

INTRODUCTION.1. The total solar eclipse of June 8, 1918, was the recurrence of the one of May 28, 1900, for which the writer planned and directed the first systematic observations arranged to detect a possible appreciable magnetic effect connected directly with the eclipse of the Sun. For both eclipses, 1900 and 1918, the results were affirmative, as well as instructive. The total eclipse of the Sun on May 29, 1919, was the recurrence of the one of May 18, 1901, the belt of totality of which began in the Indian Ocean, about where the totality‐belt for May 29, 1919, ended, and continued across Sumatra to New Guinea. The international magnetic observations for May 18, 1901, made in accordance with the writer's appeal and directions, again led to positive results and gave additional information.
Earth‐resistivity measurements in the copper country, Michigan
Authors: Rooney W. J. 
Published: February 2008

During the summer of 1927 the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Michigan College of Mines and Technology engaged in conducting jointly a series of earth‐resistivity measurements in the Copper Country of northern Michigan, where the geological structure is well known, to determine the value of measurements of resistivity and its variations as indications of the geological structure below the surface. The work done may be roughly divided in two parts: First, measurement and study of the variations in resistivity with depth, or with volume, to establish such general relations as exist between the two; and, second, the determination of the resistivity of specific rock‐flows, in order that more fundamental data be made available as an aid to the interpretation of the results of the former type of measurement.The results of the first part of the investigation bear out the evidence from previous work that resistivity‐determinations may be used to advantage in determining the location of certain underground discontinuities. The data obtained in the second part on the resistivity of specific rocks are also in line with previous results. The resistivity of porous, sedimentary rocks was usually under 20,000 ohms per centimeter cube, while traps and associated rocks of volcanic origin were found to have resistivities from five to twenty times as great.
Giant micropulsations at Abisko
Authors: Rolf Bruno 
Published: February 2008

At the Geophysical Observatory of Abisko, Swedish Lapland, a set of Toepfer variometers has been in operation since midsummer 1921, with a break of one month only in October to November 1927, when more rigid mountings were made. The time‐scale has been 20 mm per hour and sensitivities of 5γ in eastward, 10γ in northward, and 8γ in vertical component per mm most of the timeThe portions of records reproduced in Figure 1 were obtained on September 10 and 12, 1930, and illustrate a special kind of rare perturbation, which occurs distinctly only three or four times a year at Abisko. Its characteristic feature is a regularly emerging and vanishing sinusoid with period of order of one minute. With more sensitive instruments, somewhat regular pulsations are not uncommon, and their existence is well known to scientists even at lower latitudes. My first acquaintance with similar phenomena dates back to August 1914, when in charge of the temporary magnetic station erected in connection with the solar eclipse at Strömsund, Central Sweden. Professor V. Carlheim‐Gyllensköld at once directed my attention to the explanation of Eschenhagen's “Elementarwellen” given by Professor C. Störmer2 in 1906. The sensitivity in the Strömsund records for all elements was about 1.67 per mm, and in a fortnight similar micropulsations were conspicuous several times with a range of about 1γ. The pulsations of September 12, 1930, at Abisko, however, had ranges of 14γ in the northward component, 34γ in the eastward, and 23γ in the vertical component. True giant amongst dwarfs! There were about 50 full swings with a mean period of 111 seconds, and the phenomenon lasted for 1 hour and 27 minutes.
On pulsations of terrestrial magnetism and their possible explanation by periodic orbits of corpuscular rays
Authors: Störmer Carl 
Published: February 2008

(1) In a paper published in 19061 I suggested as a possible explanation of the terrestrial‐magnetic disturbance called “Eschenhagens Elementarwellen” the action of clouds of electric corpuscles moving along periodic orbits in space far away from the Earth.A rough calculation of the periods from certain types of calculated orbits gave periods of the same order as those observed, and the fact that these waves are a phenomenon which occurs simultaneously all over the Earth2 seems to indicate that their origin must lie far out in space and must be of a cosmical nature.
Magnetic work of the Dominion Observatory, Ottawa, Canada, 1907–1932
Authors: French C. A. 
Published: February 2008

The decision to make the September issue of the JOURNAL a memorial number in honor of Dr. Bauer, the greater part of whose life was devoted to the study of problems relating to the Earth's magnetism, is to be commended. On account of his great interest in magnetic work in Canada as well as that carried on by organizations generally, it seems fitting that a review be given of the work of the Dominion Observatory, touching upon some of the problems encountered in an endeavor to make a systematic magnetic survey of the Dominion of Canada. It is, moreover, considered as an opportunity of paying some slight tribute to the memory of Dr. Bauer, who, in Canada, was so well known as a scientist and highly esteemed as a man.In tracing the history of terrestrial magnetism, or for that matter any other line of endeavor, it is noted that with every advance there is invariably the personal as well as the historical aspect. Thus it is that our knowledge of the declination of the compass is credited to Columbus; with the announcement in 1600 that the Earth itself is a great magnet is associated the name of Gilbert; Halley, who realized the practical importance of the science, was responsible for the first chart of magnetic declination which appeared in 1701; and with the impetus given to the study of terrestrial magnetism during the first half of the nineteenth century is associated the name of Gauss, especially noted for his theoretical discussions in which he was ably assisted by Humboldt, Sabine, and other eminent investigators whose record of achievement was a fine example of cooperative effort.
Solar eruptions and their ionospheric effects—A classical observation and its new interpretation
Authors: Bartels J. 
Published: February 2008

The important discovery that bright eruptions in the solar chromosphere cause simultaneous radio fade‐outs and distinct terrestrial magnetic effects has been announced and discussed in the last issues of this JOURNAL. J. A. Fleming, giving an outline of the bearing of this new evidence on theories of the ionosphere and terrestrial‐magnetic variations, mentions that Carrington and Young nearly 80 years ago interpreted certain observations as indicating the simultaneity of solar eruptions and magnetic disturbances, but that this opinion was abandoned by other investigators because they looked for it in vain in the great magnetic storms. If the radio fade‐outs had not given such strong evidence of ionospheric disturbances simultaneous with solar eruption, it is not impossible that the comparatively small, though distinct terrestrial‐magnetic effects would still have escaped detection.This discovery has been made possible by the increase in the program of spectroscopic, ionospheric, and terrestrial‐magnetic observations, and by the comparative frequency with which intense fade‐outs occur (21 fade‐outs in the year 1936, of which at least 13 were accompanied by visible solar eruptions). As the observational material for great magnetic disturbances increases much more slowly, with only a few cases during each sunspot‐maximum, we have still to rely on the numerous discussions of the relationship to sunspots, which may be interpreted 2 evidence for solar corpuscles, traveling about a day from the Sun 1 the Earth. Because of the rarity mentioned, and not only for historic reasons, it may be of interest to recall here the original records of the classical case which started the controversy.
Magnetic Observatory, Capetown July to December, 1938
Authors: Ogg A. 
Published: February 2008

July 1—Bays developed in all elements at 22h 37m GMT, July 1. The following changes occurred: D, +8′ in twenty minutes and −8′ in sixty‐five minutes; H, +26 gammas in fifteen minutes and −8 gammas in sixty minutes; Z, +56 gammas in fifteen minutes and −36 gammas in sixty minutes.July 13–14—A sudden commencement was recorded at 20h 24m GMT, July 13. H increased 16 gammas in five minutes. The storm lasted for eight hours during which the ranges were: H, 60 gammas; Z, 50 gammas.
Noise observed during radio fade‐out, August 17, 1945
Authors: Watts J. M. 
Published: February 2008

Observations were made on B.A.D. Type‐249 ionospheric recorder, two signal‐intensity recorders, and by monitoring on the HRO receivers of the signal‐intensity recording equipment during a sudden fade‐out on August 17, 1945, at the Maui (Hawaii) Ionospheric Station.The fade‐out commenced at 20h 20m GCT (10h 20m, 150° west meridian time) when the signal strength of KQF, 13.495 Mc/sec (Oahu) and KGEX, 15.13 Mc/sec (San Francisco) as received at Maui dropped abruptly to threshold value. The fade‐out was also observed at Washington from 20h 20m to 21h 45m GCT on circuits to Ohio, England, Mexico, Brazil, and Chile, as well as at vertical incidence. At the Christmas Island Ionospheric Station total absorption began abruptly with the vertical‐incidence observation at 20h 30m GCT and continued for 20 minutes. Partial fadeout was still evident through the record taken at 21h 30m GCT. The fadeout also is visible on vertical‐incident observations at College, Alaska, beginning at 20h 22m GCT.
A Note on the Average Probability of Extreme Events
Authors: Appel Charles A. 
Published: February 2008

In a recent paper, Benson [1967] has shown that the limiting value of the average probability of all floods above the k‐year flood is equal to 1/2k; when the California, Weibull, or Hazen formulas are used to determine plotting positions. The purpose of this article is to show that the limiting value of the average probability is 1/2k; for any plotting‐position‐probability formula of the form
p = (m + a) /(n + b) where m is the rank with the highest value taken as 1, n is the number of ranked events, and a and b can be selected arbitrarily, except that b cannot be a negative integer.Table 1, adapted from Chow [1964], gives some important plotting‐position formulas.
John Keill's View of the Hydrologic Cycle, 1698
Authors: White George W. 
Published: February 2008

In the latter part of the 17th century a number of men in England were becoming impressed by the extent of sedimentary strata and by the presence of fossil shells in them. They realized that the material had been deposited in water at a time when the seas had different boundaries. Many thought that the greater extent of the seas had been only ephemeral and was related to the Noachian Deluge; they assumed that the waters rose very rapidly and persisted for only a short time.Among these writers was Thomas Burnet, whose work on Sacred Theory of the Earth., first published in 1681, went through many editions in several languages in the next 20 or 30 years. William Whiston, in his New Theory of the Earth [1686], was concerned with the same matters, as was John Woodward, in his An Essay Towards a Natural History of the Earth [1695].
An Economically Meaningful and Workable System for Calculating Flood Insurance Rates
Authors: Kunreuther Howard , Sheaffer John R. 
Published: February 2008

The passage of the Flood Insurance Act of 1968 [U.S. Congress, 1968] has set the stage for the inclusion of flood insurance as a viable floodplain management alternative. As of March 1969, insurance is being marketed in parts of five urban areas: Fairbanks, Alaska; New Orleans, Louisiana; Alexandria and Arlington, Virginia; Matewan, West Virginia and Baytown, Texas. The program determines rates in the following fashion.Preparatory to determining rates, three sets of information are established:1. Profile of the 100‐year flood.2. A stage‐frequency curve.3. Depth‐percent damage curves by class of structure. (At present, policies are only written for 1–4 family residences so that the number of classes is limited. Rate tables have been developed for the following classes of structures: (a) one‐story, no basement; (b) two‐story, no basement; (c) one‐story with basement; (d) two‐story with basement; and (e) tri‐level.)
A Mean Value Theorem in Potential Theory
Authors: Young E. G. 
Published: February 2008

Ransford [1970] discusses the flow through a rectangular domain of a conductor with sinks or sources located on the center line between two of the sides that are streamlines, and shows that the mean potential measured transversally varies linearly from one sink or source to the next. This is a particular case of a much more general mean value theorem that is applicable to any distribution of sources and sinks of any shape in the rectangular domain and is not restricted to the small circular sources and sinks located on the center line as required in Ransford's proof by the method of images. The more general theorem may be stated as follows:For any arrangement of sources and sinks of any shape disposed between straight parallel boundaries which are themselves streamlines, the mean value of the potential function evaluated transversally across the strip at right angles to the parallel boundaries varies linearly between one source or sink and the next.
Flow through a Tailings Pond Embankment
Authors: Kealy C. Dan , Williams Roy E. 
Published: February 2008

Mathematical models that solve the LaPlace or Richards' equation numerically have been used in two ways: to locate the phreatic surface within a mine tailings pond embankment, and to define the subsurface flow system that transports water outward from the pond. Input data needed for the finite element model include the saturated hydraulic conductivity (permeability) distribution within, and beneath, the embankment; the fluid potential values at both upgradient and downgradient boundaries of the embankment; and the geometry and elevation of an approximately impermeable layer at some depth beneath the surface of the embankment.This technique has been applied to a tailing disposal system in northern Washington. Laboratory tests were used to obtain permeability values from samples collected by the Shelby tube method. Pond boundaries were examined by drillholes and piezometers. Piezometers were also used to validate the configuration of the phreatic surface predicted by the model. Of particular importance to slope stability analysis is the fact that both the model and the check piezometers indicate that a significant portion of the phreatic surface within the embankment is concave upward. Experimentation with the finite element model revealed that the concave upward portion is a consequence of the upstream boundary in a tailings pond being a flow line and embankment permeability being lower near the upstream boundary; the upstream boundary of the flow region in an earth dam is normally an equipotential line.
Water losses from an irrigated soybean field by deep percolation and evapotranspiration
Authors: Carvallo H. O. , Cassel D. K. , Bauer A. 
Published: February 2008

Soil water flux below the root zone of a soybean crop was measured in the field at Oakes, North Dakota, during the crop season in 1972 for four water treatments. Amounts of 0, 30.6, 38.1, and 47.0 cm of water were applied in addition to the 19.5‐cm rainfall occurring during the growing season to treatments W‐1, W‐2, W‐3, and W‐4, respectively. Specific in situ unsaturated hydraulic conductivity for each plot of the Maddock sandy loam soil and hydraulic gradients measured with tensiometers in the field during the growing season were used to compute the soil water flux. Knowledge of the amount of water applied by irrigation and rainfall, of the water loss to deep percolation, and of the changes in soil water content in the soil profile permitted estimation of evapotranspiration from the soil‐plant systems.This summary and the entire article are available on microfiche. Order as document W‐75‐001 from American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Payment ($1.00 must accompany order.
Successful use of heparin and warfarin in the treatment of cholesterol crystal embolization
Authors: WAKABAYASHI Toshiteru , YOSHIZAWA Yuusuke , KAWANA Seiji 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTWe report an 81‐year‐old male with cholesterol crystal embolization (CCE). He had been treated with warfarin for atrial fibrillation and an old cerebral infarction but had recurrence of cerebral infarction after warfarin was discontinued as treatment of CCE. Anticoagulation therapy by heparin in addition to warfarin was restarted, with the result that symptoms of cerebral ischemic damage did not recur and skin manifestations of CCE rapidly improved. These results suggest the possibility that heparin may be effective in the treatment of CCE, because CCE is not the result of pure embolization by cholesterol crystals but is a result of a combination with simultaneous thrombi.
DNA repair dysfunction in gastrointestinal tract cancers
Authors: Maehara Yoshihiko , Egashira Akinori , Oki Eiji , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Tsuzuki Teruhisa 
Published: February 2008

The DNA repair system surveys the genome, which is always suffering from exposure to both exogenous as well as endogenous mutagens, to maintain the genetic information. The fact that the basis of this DNA repair system is highly conserved, from prokaryote to mammalian cells, suggests the importance of precise genome maintenance mechanisms for organisms. In the past 15 years, considerable progress has been made in understanding how repair processes interact and how disruptions of these mechanisms lead to the accumulation of mutations and carcinogenesis. In 1993, two groups reported that DNA mismatch repair could be associated with hereditary non‐polyposis colorectal cancer, indicating a connection between faulty DNA repair function and cancer. More recently, an inherited disorder of DNA glycosylase, which removes mutagenic oxidized base from DNA, has been reported in individuals with a predisposition to multiple colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. This is the first report that directly indicates the role of the repair of oxidative DNA in human inherited cancer. Studies from gene knockout mice have elucidated the principal role of these repair systems in the process of carcinogenesis. Moreover, clinical samples derived from cancer patients have shown the direct involvement. This review focuses on the function of DNA mismatch repair and oxidative DNA/nucleotide repair among various DNA repair systems in cells, both of which are essentially involved in the carcinogenesis of gastrointestinal tract cancer. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 451–458)
Induction of ErbB2 by ultraviolet A irradiation: Potential role in malignant transformation of keratinocytes
Authors: Han Chang Yeob , Lim Sung Chul , Choi Hong Seok , Kang Keon Wook 
Published: February 2008

Ultraviolet (UV) A (320–400 nm), which constitutes more than 90% of UV radiation in the sunlight that reaches the earth's surface, is considered a major cause of human skin photo‐aging and skin cancer. Exposure of keratinocytes to UVA has previously been reported to lead to the activation of a variety of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), including ErbB2, and ErbB2 activation is involved in skin tumor development. Here, we demonstrate that ErbB2 expression is enhanced by low‐energy UVA (300–3000 mJ/cm2) irradiation in the skin tissues of both hairless mice and HaCaT keratinocytes. Luciferase reporter‐gene activity using the 756‐bp flanking region of the human erbB2 gene was increased by UVA irradiation. UVA irradiation also selectively increased the levels of activator protein (AP)‐2α, but not AP‐2β and AP‐2γ. The increase in the reporter gene activity of HaCaT cells exposed to UVA was abolished by mutation of the two AP‐2 binding sites in the promoter region of the erbB2 gene. Inhibition of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase caused complete blockage of ErbB2 induction and AP‐2α activation by UVA irradiation. Finally, we reveal that pre‐exposure of HaCaT cells to UVA potentiates EGF‐inducible anchorage‐independent growth of the keratinocytes, which is significantly suppressed by ErbB2 inhibition. These results support the hypothesis that UVA enhances the expression of ErbB2 via cAMP‐ and protein kinase‐dependent AP‐2α activation in keratinocytes, which may serve as a key mechanistic basis for the malignant transformation of keratinocytes exposed to UVA irradiation. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 502–509)
Systematic review and meta‐analyses of strategies targeting alcohol problems in emergency departments: interventions reduce alcohol‐related injuries
Authors: Havard Alys , Shakeshaft Anthony , Sanson‐Fisher Rob 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To critique the methodological adequacy of evaluations of emergency department (ED)‐based interventions for alcohol problems and to conduct a meta‐analysis to examine the extent to which interventions in this setting are effective in reducing alcohol consumption and related harm.Methods  An electronic search of 11 databases and a manual search of reference lists were conducted to identify studies published in peer‐review journals between January 1996 and July 2007 (inclusive). Studies evaluating the outcome of an intervention designed to reduce alcohol problems in patients presenting to the ED were eligible for inclusion. Methodological data were extracted using review criteria adapted from the both the Center for Disease Control (CDC) Guide to Community Preventive Services Data Collection Instrument and the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care Review Group Data Collection Checklist. Continuous outcomes were pooled using a fixed effect inverse variance approach while binary outcomes were pooled in a generic inverse variance meta‐analysis.Results  Thirteen studies were identified for inclusion in the review. Methodological quality was found to be reasonable, with the exception of poor reporting of effect‐size information and inconsistent selection of outcome measures. Meta‐analyses revealed that interventions did not significantly reduce subsequent alcohol consumption, but were associated with approximately half the odds of experiencing an alcohol‐related injury (odds ratio = 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.42–0.84).Conclusions  There are few evaluations of emergency department‐based interventions for alcohol problems. Future evaluations should use consistent outcome measures and report effect sizes. The existing evidence suggests that interventions are effective in reducing subsequent alcohol‐related injuries.