bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delgamuukw: A Legal Straightjacket for Oral Histories?
Authors: Napoleon Val 
Published: January 2007

RésuméC'est avec désolation qu'on constate l'ethnocentrisme continu des cours dans leur traitement des histoires orales autochtones comme artefacts culturels, en dépit des recommandations de tenir compte des perspectives des peuples autochtones et d'y adapter les règles de la preuve. Dans cet article, je décris comment le Juge en chef McEachern de la Cour suprême de la Colombie Britannique répondait à un témoin gitksan, Gwaans, lorsqu'elle présentait sonadaawkcomme preuve de l'organisation sociale Gitksan et de leur propriété sur les terres. La cour fut incapable d'entendre ni d'accepter l'adaawktel que présenté—une institution juridique et politique plutôt qu'un simple artefact culturel ou le rapport d'une histoire chronologique. Les formes d'expression, le symbolisme et les liens entre les mondes des esprits, des humains et des animaux dépassaient la compréhension du juge. Est-ce que lors de litiges futures leadaawksera traité différemment? L'article aborde un ensemble de questions inquiétantes, notamment le fait que le pouvoir judiciaire (1) adopte une approche réductionniste face auadaawket (2) évalue l'adaawkselon les règles de la cour plutôt que celles propres auadaawk.
When Precaution Points Two Ways : Confronting “West Nile Fever”
Authors: Scott Dayna Nadine 
Published: January 2007

RésuméCette étude examine le rôle d'une doctrine juridique émergente, le principe de précaution, dans l'élaboration du plan de gestion du virus du Nil occidental dans la ville de Toronto, en 2003. Elle soulève la question si le principe de précaution, duquel on s'attend généralement à ce qu'il transforme la prise de décision en matière d'environnement et de santé publique, peut servir de feuille de route ou de guide aux agents responsables au travers les incertitudes associées tant au virus qu'au ‘traitement’. Bien que la recherche se concentre sur un contexte local particulier, elle aborde également des défis plus vastes posés aux gouvernements qui espèrent pouvoir s'appuyer sur le principe de précaution pour guider leurs politiques face à la controverse. Dans le cas du virus du Nil occidental, les responsables de santé publique semblaient se trouver devant un problème insoluble: opter pour la précaution face au virus, une menace incertaine à la santé publique, signifiait s'exposer à des risques pour l'environnement et la santé associés à l'utilisation de pesticides chimiques. La recherche s'appuie sur des données empiriques qualitatives recueillies par observation participante lors de séances du conseil municipal de Toronto et par entrevues semi-structurées avec près d'une douzaine des principaux acteurs politiques. L'objet de cette analyse empirique détaillée est d'évaluer le potentiel du principe de précaution comme instrument politique à la lumière de l'argument couramment invoqué par les détracteurs du principe. Peut-il nous sortir de la controverse? Ou bien, est-ce que le principe de précaution, comme le soutiennent certains chercheurs en droit, notamment Cass Sunstein, «ne mène nulle part»?
From Layered Basic Zinc Acetate Nanobelts to Hierarchical Zinc Oxide Nanostructures and Porous Zinc Oxide Nanobelts
Authors: Song R.‐Q. , Xu A.‐W. , Deng B. , Li Q. , Chen G.‐Y. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNovel hierarchical ZnO nanostructures, porous ZnO nanobelts, and nanoparticle chains are prepared from a precursor of synthetic bilayered basic zinc acetate (BLBZA) nanobelts. BLBZA nanobelts are obtained by a simple synthetic route under mild conditions. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis are used to characterize the BLBZA nanobelts and ZnO nanostructures. The obtained BLBZA precursor consists of a lamellar structure with two interlayer distances of 1.33 and 2.03 nm, exhibits a beltlike morphology, and has widths of 200 to 600 nm, thicknesses of 10 to 50 nm, and lengths of up to 50 μm. Refluxing an aqueous dispersion of BLBZA nanobelts at 120 °C for 12 h leads to the formation of well‐defined hierarchical ZnO nanostructures. The time‐dependent shape‐evolution process suggests that spindlelike ZnO particles form first, and then the ringlike nanosheets grow heterogeneously on the backbone of these spindles. In addition, calcination in air can remove ligand molecules and intercalated water molecules from BLBZA nanobelts, resulting in the formation of porous ZnO nanobelts and nanoparticle chains. The BLBZA nanobelts serve as templates during the transformation to form ZnO beltlike nanoparticle chains without morphological deformation. Photoluminescence results show that both the as‐synthesized hierarchical ZnO nanostructures and porous ZnO nanobelts show a narrow and sharp UV emission at 390 nm and a broad blue–green emission at above 466 nm when excited by UV light.
Tailoring the Optical Properties of Epitaxially Grown Biaxial ZnO/Ge, and Coaxial ZnO/Ge/ZnO and Ge/ZnO/Ge Heterostructures
Authors: Yin L.‐W. , Li M.‐S. , Bando Y. , Golberg D. , Yuan X. L. , Sekiguchi T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHeterostructures of epitaxially grown biaxial ZnO/Ge, and coaxial ZnO/Ge/ZnO and Ge/ZnO/Ge heterostructured nanowires with ideal epitaxial interfaces between the semiconductor ZnO sublayer and the Ge sublayer have been fabricated via a two‐stage chemical vapor–solid process. Structural characterization by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction indicates that both the ZnO and Ge sublayers in the heterostructures are single crystalline. A good epitaxial relationship of (100)ZnO∥(2$ \bar 2 $0)Ge exists at the interface between ZnO and Ge in the ZnO/Ge biaxial heterostructure. There is also an epitaxial relationship of (0$ \bar 1 $0)ZnO∥(020)Ge at the interface between the ZnO and Ge substructures in the coaxial ZnO/Ge/ZnO heterostructures, and a good epitaxial relationship of (0$ \bar 1 $0)ZnO∥(0$ \bar 2 $0)Ge at the interface between ZnO and Ge in the Ge/ZnO/Ge coaxial heterostructure. Structural models for the crystallographic relationship between the wurtzite‐ZnO and diamond‐like cubic‐Ge subcomponents in the heterostructures are given. The optical properties for the synthesized heterostructures are studied by spatially resolved cathodoluminescence spectra at low temperature (20 K). Excitingly, the unique biaxial and coaxial heterostructures display unique new luminescence properties. It is concluded that the ideal epitaxial interface between ZnO and Ge in the prepared heterostructures induces new optical properties. The group II–VI Ge‐based nanometer‐scale heterostructures and their interesting optical properties may inspire great interest in exploring related epitaxial heterostructures and their potential applications in lasers, gas sensors, solar energy conversion, and nanodevices in the future.
Inside Front Cover: Inkjet Printing of Luminescent CdTe Nanocrystal–Polymer Composites (Adv. Funct. Mater. 1/2007)
Authors: Tekin E. , Smith P. J. , Hoeppener S. , van den Berg A. M. J. , Susha A. S. , Rogach A. L. , Feldmann J. , Schubert U. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSchubert and co‐workers have performed a detailed investigation on ink‐jet printing of well‐defined dots of luminescent CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) embedded in a poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix, as reported on p. 23, and subsequently made studies of their morphology and photoluminescence. The inside cover shows a photograph of an ink‐jet‐printed combinatorial library of differently sized CdTe NCs emitting at different wavelengths, and a 3D profilometer image of an array of printed dots.Inkjet printing is used to produce well‐defined patterns of dots (with diameters of ca. 120 μm) that are composed of luminescent CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) embedded within a poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) matrix. Addition of ethylene glycol (1–2 vol %) to the aqueous solution of CdTe NCs suppresses the well‐known ring‐formation effect in inkjet printing leading to exceptionally uniform dots. Atomic force microscopy characterization reveals that in the CdTe NC films the particle–particle interaction could be prevented using inert PVA as a matrix. Combinatorial libraries of CdTe NC–PVA composites with variable NC sizes and polymer/NC ratios are prepared using inkjet printing. These libraries are subsequently characterized using a UV/fluorescence plate reader to determine their luminescent properties. Energy transfer from green‐light‐emitting to red‐light‐emitting CdTe NCs in the composite containing green‐ (2.6 nm diameter) and red‐emitting (3.5 nm diameter) NCs are demonstrated.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of New 7‐Piperazinyl‐quinolones Containing a Functionalized 2‐(Furan‐3‐yl)ethyl Moiety
Authors: Foroumadi Alireza , Mohammadhosseini Negar , Emami Saeed , Letafat Bahram , Faramarzi Mohammad Ali , Samadi Nasrin , Shafiee Abbas 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA number of 7‐piperazinylquinolones carrying a functionalized 2‐(furan‐3‐yl)ethyl moiety attached to the piperazine ring have been synthesized and evaluated as antibacterial agents against a panel of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited significant antibacterial activity, and this activity can be modulated through the nature of the functionality on ethyl spacer attached to piperazine ring and the type of side chain present at the N‐1 position of quinolone ring.
In Vitro Study of Magnesium‐Calcite Biomineralization in the Skeletal Materials of the Seastar Pisaster giganteus
Authors: Gayathri Subramanyam , Lakshminarayanan Rajamani , Weaver James C. , Morse Daniel E. , Kini R. Manjunatha , Valiyaveettil Suresh 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe mechanisms of formation of biogenic magnesium‐rich calcite remain an enigma. Here we present ultrastructural and compositional details of ossicles from the seastar Pisaster giganteus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Powder X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and elemental analyses confirm that the ossicles are composed of magnesium‐rich calcite, whilst also containing about 0.01 % (w/w) of soluble organic matrix (SOM) as an intracrystalline component. Amino acid analysis and N‐terminal sequencing revealed that this mixture of intracrystalline macromolecules consists predominantly of glycine‐rich polypeptides. In vitro calcium carbonate precipitation experiments indicate that the SOM accelerates the conversion of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) into its final crystalline product. From this observation and from the discovery of ACC in other closely related taxa, it is suggested that substitution of magnesium into the calcite lattice through a transient precursor phase may be a universal phenomenon prevalent across the phylum echinodermata.
Zweistufige Mikroverkapselung von Rinderserumalbumin auf Trägerpartikeln in der Hochdruckwirbelschicht
Authors: Rosenkranz K. , Rodríguez Rojo S. , Kasper M. M. , Werther J. , Brunner G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDie lösungsmittelfreie Ausfällung wasserlöslicher Substanzen und deren nachfolgende Verkapselung erlaubt es, rückstandsfreie Verbindungen mit definierbarem Auflösungsverhalten herzustellen. Eine mit überkritischem CO2 betriebene Hochdruckwirbelschicht bietet dabei eine Möglichkeit, auch temperaturempfindliche Substanzen wie Proteine zu behandeln. Im Beitrag wird die Proteinausfällung aus wässriger Lösung auf biokompatible Trägerpartikel mit nachgeschalteter Paraffinbeschichtung beschrieben. Es zeigt sich, dass sich in einem Zweistufenprozess nahezu agglomerationsfreies beschichtetes Produkt herstellen lässt.
Embryonic differentiation of serotonin‐containing neurons in the enteric nervous system of the locust (Locusta migratoria)
Authors: Stern Michael , Knipp Sabine , Bicker Gerd 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe enteric nervous system (ENS) of the locust consists of four ganglia (frontal and hypocerebral ganglion, and the paired ingluvial ganglia) located on the foregut, and nerve plexus innervating fore‐ and midgut. One of the major neurotransmitters of the ENS, serotonin, is known to play a vital role in gut motility and feeding. We followed the anatomy of the serotonergic system throughout embryonic development. Serotonergic neurons are generated in the anterior neurogenic zones of the foregut and migrate rostrally along the developing recurrent nerve to contribute to the frontal ganglion. They grow descending neurites, which arborize in all enteric ganglia and both nerve plexus. On the midgut, the neurites closely follow the leading migrating midgut neurons. The onset of serotonin synthesis occurs around halfway through development—the time of the beginning of midgut closure. Cells developing to serotonergic phenotype express the serotonin uptake transporter (SERT) significantly earlier, beginning at 40% of development. The neurons begin SERT expression during migration along the recurrent nerve, indicating that they are committed to a serotonergic phenotype before reaching their final destination. After completion of the layout of the enteric ganglia (at 60%) a maturational phase follows, during which serotonin‐immunoreactive cell bodies increase in size and the fine arborizations in the nerve plexus develop varicosities, putative sites of serotonin release (at 80%). This study provides the initial step for future investigation of potential morphoregulatory functions of serotonin during ENS development. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:38–51, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β‐secretase expression in normal and functionally deprived rat olfactory bulbs: Inverse correlation with oxidative metabolic activity
Authors: Yan Xiao‐Xin , Xiong Kun , Luo Xue‐Gang , Struble Robert G. , Clough Richard W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCerebral hypometabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) accumulation are well‐characterized manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD). β‐Secretase (BACE) is a prerequisite for amyloidogenesis, and it is up‐regulated in sporadic AD. To explore a potential in vivo mechanism by which Aβ production is modulated by neuronal activity and/or oxidative metabolism, we compared BACE expression with cytochrome c oxidase (CO) or succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in normal and functionally deprived adult rat olfactory bulb. In normal bulb, BACE was expressed predominantly in the glomerular layer, but labeling intensity within individual glomeruli varied substantially. A strong negative correlation existed between BACE labeling intensity and CO or SDH activity among individual glomeruli. Unilateral naris occlusion resulted in elevated glomerular BACE labeling in the deprived bulbs relative to the nondeprived counterparts, which was correlated with decreased CO activity in the same anatomic location. Enhanced BACE labeling was confirmed by measurements of elevated protein levels, enzymatic activity, and β‐site cleavage products of amyloid precursor protein in bulb extracts. Our findings reveal a negative regulation of BACE expression by physiological neuronal activity and an intrinsic inverse correlation between BACE expression and oxidative metabolism at the first synapse on the olfactory pathway. The results point to a biological role of BACE in synapse function and plasticity as well as a potential mechanism whereby reduced neuronal activity or metabolism could lead to amyloid overproduction in synaptic terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:52–69, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The expression pattern of nuclear receptors during cerebellar development
Authors: Qin Jun , Suh Jae Mi , Kim Bum‐Jun , Yu Cheng‐Tai , Tanaka Toshiya , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Tsai Ming‐Jer , Tsai Sophia Y. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe cerebellum is essential for fine control of movement and posture, and it has been a useful model for studying many aspects of neural development because of its relatively simple anatomy and developmental program. However, the roles of nuclear receptors (NRs) underlying formation of the cerebellum and maintenance of cerebellar functions are still poorly characterized. As a contribution to the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas (NURSA), we employed immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression pattern of 18 NRs in the cerebellum. Ten receptors were demonstrated to be expressed in the postnatal day 21 (P21) cerebellum. Among them, five receptors (COUP‐TFI, COUP‐TFII, RORα, ERβ, and ERRγ) were expressed at all stages (embryonic stage, P0, P7, and P21) examined. Interestingly, COUP‐TFI and COUP‐TFII show differential anterior‐posterior expression patterns during cerebellar development. Taken together, our results suggest that members of the nuclear receptor superfamily might play importantly physiological roles in the cerebellum. Developmental Dynamics 236:810–820, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anion‐Dependent Structural Diversity in Silver(I) Complexes of 4‐Amino‐3,5‐diisopropyl‐1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Yang Guang , Wang Ying‐Li , Li Jin‐Peng , Zhu Yu , Wang Shao‐Min , Hou Hong‐Wei , Fan Yao‐Ting , Ng Seik Weng 
Published: January 2007

AbstractReactions of silver salts with 4‐amino‐3,5‐diisopropyl‐1,2,4‐triazole (L) afford dinuclear complex [Ag2L2(NO3)2(CH3CN)], triangular complex [Ag3L3](CF3SO3)3, and cyclic tetranuclear complexes [Ag4L6](BF4)4 and [Ag4L6](ClO4)4. On the basis of the X‐ray analyses, anions are found to play an important role in determining the structures. Through coordination/noncoordination, anions can impart their influence on the coordination geometry of Ag atoms and the angles of N–Ag–N, which seems to be the main factor controlling the nuclearity of the reaction products in this system. 1H NMR and MS measurements suggest that these complexes probably retain their structural integrities in CH3CN solution. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Rapid and accurate measurement for phase‐change optical recording bits
Authors: Chen Sy‐Hann 
Published: January 2007

AbstractConducting atomic force microscopy (CAFM) and scanning surface potential microscopy (SSPM) have been used to image the phase‐change optical recording bits. Commercially available digital versatile discs (DVD) + rewritable (RW) with initialization process were measured in experiments. Comparing the measurement results of both, the measurement resolution of CAFM is far superior to that of SSPM. With the DVD + RW disc rotating at a linear speed of 3.5 m/s, appropriate writing laser power range, may be precisely identified by CAFM as 10–15 mW. This is sufficient to verify the high‐resolution recording bits research method. This new method may also be applied to the development of new types of phase‐change recording materials. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stress analysis of the anterior tibial post in posterior stabilized knee prostheses
Authors: Huang Chang‐Hung , Liau Jiann‐Jong , Huang Chun‐Hsiung , Cheng Cheng‐Kung 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRecent retrieval studies have indicated a high incidence of polyethylene wear on the anterior tibial post caused by impingement. This study investigated the influences of post‐cam design features and component alignment on the stress distribution in the anterior tibial post when subjected to the impingement loading. Two three‐dimensional finite element models of posterior stabilized knee prostheses were constructed, one with flat on flat (FF) and another with curve on curve (CC) contact surfaces between anterior tibial post and femoral cam. The polyethylene insert was modeled with elastoplastic properties. Nine cases, three hyperextension angles (0°, 5°, and 10°) combined with three axial tibial rotations (0°, 2.5°, and 5°) simulating different component alignments were analyzed. A vertical compressive load of 2,000 N and an extension moment of 45 Nm were applied simultaneously. The FF model had larger stress increases than the CC model in both hyperextension and tibial rotation compared with the neutral position. The maximum increase for the FF model was 68% in peak contact stress, 125% in von Mises stress, and 58% in tensile stress in the extreme case of 10° of hyperextension combined with 5° of axial rotation. Stress concentration was found at the anterior corner of the post in the FF model; this was not found in the CC model. The curve on curve design can reduce edge loading on the tibial post, especially during axial tibiofemoral rotation. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:442–449, 2007
Development and validation of an RP‐HPLC method for quantitative determination of vanillin and related phenolic compounds in Vanilla planifolia
Authors: Sinha Arun Kumar , Verma Subash Chandra , Sharma Upendra Kumar 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple and fast method was developed using RP‐HPLC for separation and quantitative determination of vanillin and related phenolic compounds in ethanolic extract of pods of Vanilla planifolia. Ten phenolic compounds, namely 4‐hydroxybenzyl alcohol, vanillyl alcohol, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, p‐coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and piperonal were quantitatively determined using ACN, methanol, and 0.2% acetic acid in water as a mobile phase with a gradient elution mode. The method showed good linearity, high precision, and good recovery of compounds of interest. The present method would be useful for analytical research and for routine analysis of vanilla extracts for their quality control.
Atypical reconstructions with free jejunum flap after circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy
Authors: Benazzo Marco , Bertino Giulia , Gatti Patrizia , Alessiani Mario , Occhini Antonio , Spasiano Roberto 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe ideal reconstruction after circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy is represented by the jejunum free flap, but when the resection extends to the oro‐ or nasopharynx, the discrepancy between the lumen of the flap and the pharyngeal defect represents a disadvantage. Two reconstructions to overcome this problem are presented: end‐to‐side anastomosis between the pharynx and the antimesenteric side of the jejunum; and a jejunal “reservoir.” The type 1 technique is quicker to perform, but can result in dysphagia; the type 2 technique is more complex, but usually no dysphagia is observed. In our opinion, no ideal surgical technique exists to equal the jejunum loop. The choice must be tailored to the single patient, bearing in mind the degree of the defect, the stage of the tumor removed, the general conditions of the patient, and personal surgical experience. Whatever procedure is chosen, it should provide the best possible quality of life for the expected life span of the patient. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 27, 2007.
The distal lateral arm flap for resurfacing of extensive defects of the digits
Authors: Atzei Andrea , Pignatti Marco , Udali Giorgio , Cugola Landino , Maranzano Massimo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe distal lateral arm flap (DLAF) was used to reconstruct six extensive defects of the digits: 2 degloving injuries of the thumb and 4 major skin losses of the fingers. Two adjacent fingers were involved in 1 patient. Flap size ranged from 3 × 7 cm to 9 × 14 cm. Four flaps were reinnervated using the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm. All flaps survived, though 1 showed marginal necrosis. Average follow‐up was 53.4 months. Thumb opposition scored 5 according to Kapandji; finger ROM averaged 50.75%; pinch strength 72.5%. Protective sensation with touch localization was restored. Patient satisfaction for resurfaced digits averaged 8.9 on a 10‐points visual analogic scale. All donor sites resulted in a painless scar with good patient satisfaction. The DLAF offers a thin, pliable skin ideal for digit reconstruction, with low rate of donor site morbidity and can be considered when toe‐to‐hand flap transfer is not advisable or refused by the patient. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.