bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Analysis of Automatic Transmission Engagement
Dynamics-Nonlinear Case Including Validation
Authors: Deur Joško , Asgari Jahan , Hrovat Davor 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A typical control-oriented automatic transmission model does not include some mostly nonlinear effects such as transmission component friction and backlash, Stribeck clutch friction, clutch drag, and engine block dynamics. It is shown in this paper that such a model cannot provide an accurate description of the power train dynamics during park/reverse and park/drive engagements. An analysis of the influence of various nonlinear effects on the engagement dynamic behavior is presented. The relevant nonlinear effects are incorporated in the basic power train model. The extended model is experimentally validated for typical engagement operating modes.
Controlling Chaos by Hybrid System Based on FREN and Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Treesatayapun C. , Uatrongjit S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper presents a direct adaptive controller for chaotic systems. The proposed adaptive controller is constructed using the network called fuzzy rules emulated network (FREN). FREN’s structure is based on human knowledge in the form of fuzzy rules. Parameter adaptation algorithm based on the steepest descent method is presented to fine tune the controller’s performance. To improve the system stability, the modified sliding mode algorithm is applied to estimate the upper and lower bounds of the control effort. The suitable control effort is generated by FREN and kept within these bounds. Some computer simulations of using the controller to control the Hénon map have been performed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed controller.
Stable Reconfigurable Generalized Predictive Control With Application to Flight Control
Authors: Shi Jianjun , Kelkar Atul G. , Soloway Don 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper presents the development of a multiinput multioutput generalized predictive control (GPC) law and its application to reconfigurable control design in the event of actuator saturation. The stability of the GPC control law without reconfiguration is first established using an end-point state weighting. Based on the constrained nonlinear optimization, an end-point state weighting matrix synthesis method is derived. A novel reconfiguration strategy is developed for systems that have actuator redundancy and are faced with actuator saturation type failure. An elegant reconfigurable control design is presented with stability proof. A numerical simulation using a short-period approximation model of a civil transport aircraft is presented to demonstrate the reconfigurable control architecture.
Pushing Manipulation for Multiple Objects
Authors: Harada Kensuke , Nishiyama Jun , Murakami Yoshihiro , Kaneko Makoto 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper discusses the manipulation of multiple objects by pushing. When multiple objects are placed on the flat floor and manipulated simultaneously by pushing, relative motion between two objects such as sliding and rotation may occur. The set of the pusher motion manipulating objects stably is obtained as an intersection of multiple sets of pusher motion where each set prevents the relative motion at one of the contact areas. Experimental results are also included to show the effectiveness of our idea.
Output Feedback Neural Network Adaptive Robust Control With
Application to Linear Motor Drive System
Authors: Gong J. Q. , Yao Bin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In this paper, neural networks (NNs) and adaptive robust control design method are integrated to design a performance oriented control law with only output feedback for a class of single-input-single-output nth order nonlinear systems in a normal form. The nonlinearities in the system include repeatable unknown nonlinearities and nonrepeatable unknown nonlinearities such as external disturbances. In addition, unknown nonlinearities can exist in the control input channel as well. A high-gain observer is employed to estimate the states of system. All unknown but repeatable nonlinear functions are approximated by the outputs of multilayer neural networks with the estimated states as inputs to achieve a better model compensation. All NN weights are tuned on-line. In order to avoid possible divergence of on-line tuning, discontinuous projections with fictitious bounds are used in the weight adjusting law to make sure that all the weights are adapted within a prescribed range. Theoretically, the resulting controller achieves a guaranteed output tracking transient performance and a guaranteed final tracking accuracy in general. Certain robust control terms is then constructed to effectively attenuate various model uncertainties and estimate errors. Furthermore, if all the states are available and the unknown nonlinear functions are in the functional ranges of the neural networks, an asymptotic output tracking is also achieved to retain the perfect learning capability of NNs in the ideal situation provided that the ideal NN weights fall within the prescribed range. The output feedback neural network adaptive robust control is then applied to the control of a linear motor drive system. Experiments are carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the excellent output tracking performance.
Baroreceptor Reflex Sensitivity Estimated by the Sequence Technique is Reliable in Rats
Authors: Stauss Harald M. , Moffitt Julia A. , Chapleau Mark W. , Abboud Francois M. , Johnson Alan Kim 
Published: June 2006

The following is the abstract of the article discussed in the subsequent letter: The function of the arterial baroreflex has traditionally been assessed by measurement of reflex changes in heart rate (HR) or sympathetic nerve activity resulting from experimenter-induced manipulation of arterial blood pressure (the Oxford method, also termed the pharmacological method). However, logistical and flexibility limitations of this technique have promoted the development of new methods for assessing baroreflex function such as the evaluation of changes in spontaneous arterial pressure and HR. Although this new spontaneous method has been validated in dogs and humans, it has not been rigorously tested in rats. In the present study, the method of correlating spontaneous changes in systolic blood pressure and HR was evaluated in resting, normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. This technique was found to be neither reliable nor valid under the conditions employed in the present protocol. We also tested a variation of the spontaneous method that evaluates particular sequences of data during which arterial pressure and pulse interval are changing in the same direction for at least three consecutive heart beats (the sequence method). The sequence method did not provide extra reliability or validity over the spontaneous method. We conclude that due to the restricted range of variability obtained by measuring spontaneous blood pressure fluctuations, the spontaneous and sequence techniques do not provide data that are comparable to the traditional method of assessing HR changes triggered by arterial blood pressure increases and decreases induced by vasoactive drugs. However, it is possible that surgical stress obscured the relationship between blood pressure and HR, and therefore additional studies are needed to determine whether the spontaneous and sequence methods can be applied to rats during different behavioral states.
Dynamic Gain Changes During Attentional Modulation
Authors: Sripati Arun P. , Johnson Kenneth O. 
Published: June 2006

Attention causes a multiplicative effect on firing rates of cortical neurons without affecting their selectivity (Motter, 1993; McAdams & Maunsell, 1999a) or the relationship between the spike count mean and variance (McAdams & Maunsell, 1999b). We analyzed attentional modulation of the firing rates of 144 neurons in the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) of two monkeys trained to switch their attention between a tactile pattern recognition task and a visual task. We found that neurons in SII cortex also undergo a predominantly multiplicative modulation in firing rates without affecting the ratio of variance to mean firing rate (i.e., the Fano factor). Furthermore, both additive and multiplicative components of attentional modulation varied dynamically during the stimulus presentation. We then used a standard conductance-based integrate-and-fire model neuron to ascertain which mechanisms might account for a multiplicative increase in firing rate without affecting the Fano factor. Six mechanisms were identified as biophysically plausible ways that attention could modify the firing rate: spike threshold, firing rate adaptation, excitatory input synchrony, synchrony between all inputs, membrane leak resistance, and reset potential. Of these, only a change in spike threshold or in firing rate adaptation affected model firing rates in a manner compatible with the observed neural data. The results indicate that only a limited number of biophysical mechanisms can account for observed attentional modulation.
Implications of Neuronal Diversity on Population Coding
Authors: Shamir Maoz , Sompolinsky Haim 
Published: June 2006

In many cortical and subcortical areas, neurons are known to modulate their average firing rate in response to certain external stimulus features. It is widely believed that information about the stimulus features is coded by a weighted average of the neural responses. Recent theoretical studies have shown that the information capacity of such a coding scheme is very limited in the presence of the experimentally observed pairwise correlations. However, central to the analysis of these studies was the assumption of a homogeneous population of neurons. Experimental findings show a considerable measure of heterogeneity in the response properties of different neurons. In this study, we investigate the effect of neuronal heterogeneity on the information capacity of a correlated population of neurons. We show that information capacity of a heterogeneous network is not limited by the correlated noise, but scales linearly with the number of cells in the population. This information cannot be extracted by the population vector readout, whose accuracy is greatly suppressed by the correlated noise. On the other hand, we show that an optimal linear readout that takes into account the neuronal heterogeneity can extract most of this information. We study analytically the nature of the dependence of the optimal linear readout weights on the neuronal diversity. We show that simple online learning can generate readout weights with the appropriate dependence on the neuronal diversity, thereby yielding efficient readout.
A Study of Certified Diabetes Educators
Authors: Funnell Martha M. , Anderson Robert M. , Nwankwo Robin , Gillard Mary Lou , Butler Patricia M. , Fitzgerald James T. , Feathers Jackie Two 
Published: June 2006

Purpose There were 2 related goals for this study. The first purpose was to describe the structure (type, staffing, and number of educational sessions provided), process (preferred learning approaches), and outcome measures commonly used to provide patient education. The second purpose was to identify the influences, resources, and constraints that affect and alter the attitudes and practices of diabetes educators. Methods A 30-item questionnaire that addressed 4 areas— demographics, practice characteristics, education program structure, and educational processes—was mailed to a sample of American Association of Diabetes Educators members. Three hundred sixty-one registered nurse and registered dietician certified diabetes educators completed the questionnaire and were included in the final analysis. Results This survey indicated that this group of certified diabetes educators has incorporated new research findings and innovative teaching methods into their practices. They experience few barriers and tend to make changes in their attitudes and practices based on scientific and experiential evidence. The 3 most highly rated influences on these changes were related to patient responses to their teaching, followed by continuing education conferences and new research findings. Conclusions Based on these findings, providing continuing education that first and foremost incorporates experience-based examples of effective strategies supported by research published in professional journals appears to have the most influence on the practice of educators.
Exercise for Low-Income Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Boyd Steven T. , Scott David M. , Augustine Sam C. 
Published: June 2006

Purpose The specific aim of this project was to form a partnership between a community health center (CHC) to improve access to exercise for low-income patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods Eligible participants were members of the Siouxland Community Health Center (SCHC), 19 years of age or older, with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Patients were medically waived and received an invitation to exercise at the Siouxland YMCA. An exercise coach (pharmacist, registered nurse, or medical assistant) met with each patient and scheduled and conducted exercise visits for participating patients 2 times each week. Patients’ baseline clinical variables were taken and assessed quarterly over a 12-month period. Results This collaboration established an ongoing exercise program with a total of 1297 exercise encounters in a 12-month period. Forty-eight of 130 eligible patients (36.9%) visited theYMCA on at least 1 occasion. Patients were categorized as experimental (56.3%), involved (25%), and regular (18.8%) exercisers. Nine (18.8%) of the 48 patients attended supplementary YMCA exercise encounters. Five (11%) of the 48 patients renewed and purchased a membership at the YMCA and adopted a self-management approach to regular exercise. Conclusion The creation of a partnership between a community health center and an exercise organization permitted disadvantaged patients with diabetes an affordable exercise program and contributed to improved clinical measurements. The exercise program can be used as a model for other community health centers and health professionals who desire to improve the implementation of an exercise program for patients with diabetes.
Improving Hyperglycemia Management in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Osburne Robert C. , Cook Curtiss B. , Stockton Lawrence , Baird Marianne , Harmon Valerie , Keddo Annie , Pounds Teresa , Lowey Linda , Reid Joyce , McGowan Kathryn A. , Davidson Paul C. 
Published: June 2006

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of a nurse-driven effort to improve hyperglycemia management in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Methods The setting was the ICU of a large urban hospital. The program was composed of 3 components: nurses as leaders, a clinical pathway to identify patients in need of hyperglycemia therapy, and implementation of a redesigned insulin infusion algorithm (the Columnar Insulin Dosing Chart). Time to reach a target glucose range of 80 to 110 mg/dL (4.4-6.1 mmol/L) was evaluated. Results One hundred sixteen ICU nurses were trained in the project. The Columnar Insulin Dosing Chart was applied to 20 patients. The average time required to reach the target blood glucose range was 12.8 hours. Below-target blood glucose levels were 6.9% of all blood glucose levels recorded, but only 0.9% were below 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L). There was no sustained hypoglycemia, and no persistent clinical findings attributable to hypoglycemia were noted. Barriers to implementing the project included an increased nursing workload, the need for more finger-stick blood glucose monitors, and the need to acquire new finger-lancing devices that allowed for shallower skin puncture and increased patient comfort. Conclusions Tighter glycemic control goals can be attained in a busy ICU by a nurse-led team using a pathway for identifying and treating hyperglycemia, clear decision support tools, and adequate nurse education. The novel chart based insulin infusion algorithm chosen as the standard for this pilot was an effective tool for reducing the blood glucose to target range with no clinically significant hypoglycemia.
Physiologic Insulin Replacement in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Robertson Carolyn 
Published: June 2006

Purpose The purpose of this article is to review physiologic insulin replacement using a basal-prandial approach and focus on the role of postprandial glucose control. In addition, therapeutic options for optimizing glycemic control are described, including diabetes education, currently available agents, treatment regimens, and strategies. Methods This article reviews the benefits of treating with a basal-prandial insulin approach and focuses on post prandial glucose-targeted therapies, including rapid- acting insulin analogs. Results Data from landmark clinical trials in type 2 diabetes suggest that intensive glycemic control can reduce the frequency and severity of diabetes complications. A basal-prandial insulin regimen combines a long-acting insulin analog with a rapid-acting insulin to mimic normal physiologic insulin secretion, providing a flexible tool to enhance patient self-management. Conclusions Strategies that include patient education, improved health care provider/patient communication, and basal-prandial insulin treatment can help patients achieve good glycemic control. The optimal setting for successful diabetes treatment is a team approach with the health care provider, nurse/certified diabetes educator, and patient as essential members.
Youth WAVE Screener
Authors: Isasi Carmen R. , Soroudi Nafisseh , Wylie-Rosett Judith 
Published: June 2006

Purpose This study evaluated the feasibility of using the youth Weight, Activity, Variety, and Excess (WAVE) screener in a classroom setting for assessing student weight control intentions and the extent to which they used the WAVE strategies to control their weight. Methods The Youth WAVE Screener was administered to fifth-grade students in an inner-city school located in the Bronx, New York. The study was conducted in part to increase student awareness of snack foods and sugary beverages in relation to weight. Results Of the 169 students who completed the survey, 45.5% (n = 77) were trying to lose weight. Students who were trying to lose weight were more likely to have low-fat dairy products, less likely to have sugary beverages, and less likely to eat junk foods than those who were not trying to lose weight. Students who reported exercising 3 times weekly were more likely to report healthier dietary patterns and less sedentary behaviors than were students who exercise less often. Feedback and dialogue with fifth graders addressed the relationship between TV viewing and eating behavior, advertisement, availability, and preferences of fruits and vegetables. Conclusions The Youth WAVE Screener can be used to quickly identify children who are concerned about their weight as well as those with dietary and physical activity patterns that may increase the risk of obesity. Diabetes educators can use this screener to start a dialogue with children about their weight-related behaviors.
Therapeutic bronchoscopy with immediate effect: laser, electrocautery, argon plasma coagulation and stents
Authors: Bolliger C. T. , Sutedja T. G. , Strausz J. , Freitag L. 
Published: June 2006

Minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in medicine have been applied for a more selective and tailored approach to reduce patients' morbidity and mortality. The efficacy of interventional pulmonology for palliation of patients with central airways obstruction has been established and its curative potential for intralesional treatment of early cancer has raised great interest in current screening programmes.This is due to the fact that surgical resection and systemic nodal dissection as the gold standard is relatively morbid and risky, especially when dealing with individuals with limited functional reserves due to smoking-related comorbidities, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Furthermore, such comorbidities have been proven to harbour early stage lesions of several millimetres in size without involvement of nodal disease that may be amenable to local bronchoscopic treatment.Therefore, the success of minimally invasive strategies for palliation and treatment with curative intent strongly depends on the diligent identification of the various factors in lung cancer management, including full comprehension of the limits and potential of each particular technique. Maximal preservation of quality of life is a prerequisite in successfully dealing with individuals at risk of harbouring asymptomatic early lung cancer, to prevent aggressive surgical diagnostic and therapeutic strategies since overdiagnosis remains an issue that is heavily debated.In the palliative setting of alleviating central airway obstruction, laser resection, electrocautery, argon plasma coagulation and stenting are techniques that can provide immediate relief, in contrast to cryotherapy, brachytherapy and photodynamic therapy with delayed effects. With curative intent, intraluminal techniques that easily coagulate early stage cancer lesions will increase the implementation of interventional pulmonology for benign and relatively benign diseases, as well as early cancer lesions and its precursors at their earliest stage of disease.
Adult pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis
Authors: Tazi A. 
Published: June 2006

Adult pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis is a rare disorder of unknown aetiology that occurs predominantly in young smokers, with an incidence peak at 20–40 yrs of age. In adults, pulmonary involvement with Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis usually occurs as a single-system disease and is characterised by focal Langerhans’ cell granulomas infiltrating and destroying distal bronchioles.High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest is essential to the diagnosis, typically showing a combination of nodules, cavitated nodules, and thick- and thin-walled cysts. A high macrophage count in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is a common but nonspecific finding that merely reflects exposure to tobacco smoke. BAL is useful for eliminating infections and the other infiltrating lung disorders that can be seen in young adults. Langerhans’ cells can be identified in BAL fluid, but, in contrast to what was initially hoped, this test shows a very low sensitivity and is rarely useful in the diagnosis of the disease.The definite diagnosis of pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis requires identification of Langerhans’ cell granulomas, which is usually achieved by surgical lung biopsy at a site selected by chest HRCT. In practice, however, lung biopsy is performed on a case-by-case basis.No effective treatment is available to date, and improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis is urgently needed, and should help in the development of specific therapeutic strategies for patients with this orphan disease.
Endothelial, inducible and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis
Authors: Hoehn T. , William M. , McPhaden A. R. , Stannigel H. , Mayatepek E. , Wadsworth R. M. 
Published: June 2006

Abnormal growth and development of lymphatic pulmonary structures leads to severe hypoxia in congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis (CPL).This case study aims to determine the cellular source and topographical distribution of the nitric oxide synthases in CPL. It studies thepost mortemtissue of a term newborn with the clinical course and histological findings of CPL and three controls without pulmonary pathology.It was found that endothelial cells of pulmonary arteries and lymphatic structures stained significantly more for endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein in the CPL patient compared to the controls.The authors conclude that synthesis of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is upregulated in vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells in congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis.