bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What direction for Continuing Professional Development?
Authors: Newby David 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodsA questionnaire survey of attitudes to Continuing Professional Development (CPD) was addressed to all 58 non-training grade psychiatrists working in a large teaching community mental health trust. Ninety-three per cent provided responses. Views were sought on the value of various teaching methods, how CPD should be organised, what barriers to participation colleagues encounter and whether CPD should be made mandatory.ResultsThese showed strong support for the personal study element of CPD, indicated the range of other teaching modalities used by practitioners including industry supported symposia and found a significant majority in favour of making CPD mandatory. Pressure of time was the main obstacle to participation for most.Clinical implicationsThe survey provides pointers for the key Issues which are likely to affect the readiness of practitioners to participate in CPD, as well as informing decisions on the type of ongoing educational activity that psychiatrists see as relevant.
The Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Bhatti Vijay , Kenney-Herbert Jeremy , Cope Rosemarie , Humphreys Martin 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodA one-in-five random sample (n=104) of practitioners approved under Section 12(2) of the Mental Health Act 1983 in the West Midlands was selected. Opinions were sought on issues relating to current law and potential reform.ResultsEighty-three (80%) doctors were interviewed. Over half (52%) stated that the term ‘mental illness' in the Act was unsatisfactory. Two-thirds (68%) specified the need for a review of legislation relating to treatment in the community.Clinical implicationsThere was a diversity of views. This is likely to be reflected in the clinical practice of those interviewed. Many respondents believed that there was a need for reform in specific areas of the Act.
Audit of a recently introduced stimulus dosing policy in an electroconvulsive therapy clinic
Authors: Shaikh G. , Ireland R. , McBreen M. , Ramana R. 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodTo audit the clinical practice of seizure threshold estimation and subsequent stimulus dose adjustment in the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) clinic. Case notes of patients who had ECT over a six-month period were audited. Results were discussed at an audit meeting and guidelines and training modified appropriately prior to the second cycle of the audit.ResultsInitial dose titration was poor in the first period, but improved in the second. The majority of patients were insufficiently stimulated after missed seizures in both periods and stimulus doses were not being reduced following prolonged seizures.Clinical implicationsThe audit identified the need for continuing supervision of trainees in addition to clear training and guidelines.
Construction of 1D Chain from Diphosphopentamolybdate Cluster and Copper Complex: Synthesis and Characterization of {Cu(DETA)}2[{Cu(DETA)(H2O)}Mo5P2O23]·4.5H2O
Authors: Wang Jingping , Wang Jianjuan , Ma Pengtao , Niu Jingyang 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A novel organic–inorganic hybrid based on diphosphopentamolybdate cluster, {Cu(DETA)}2[{Cu(DETA)(H2O)}Mo5P2O23]·4.5H2O [DETA: diethylenetriamine] (1), has been synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray crystallography, showing that the [Mo5P2O23]6− cluster, which supported by the {Cu(DETA)(H2O)}2+ unit, is linked through two {Cu(DETA)}2+ bridging units to construct a 1D chain-like infinitely extended structure. Each chain is further linked to two adjacent chains by hydrogen bonds to yield a 2D layer parallel to the ac plane.
Superposition Principle and Reciprocity for Pressure Transient Analysis of Data from Interfering Wells
Authors: von Schroeter Thomas , Gringarten Alain C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Based on a linearized model for the isothermal flow of a single, compressible phase through a reservoir of arbitrary shape with impermeable or constant-pressure boundaries and spatially varying, anisotropic rock properties, we develop a multi-well extension of the superposition principle and re-examine the question of reciprocity between wells which may be modelled as point sinks or as extended sinks. In the latter case, we find that the answer depends on the wellbore boundary conditions: Reciprocity holds for infinite conductivity wells, but fails to hold for spatially uniform sink strength. We also derive a multi-well generalization of the fractional transform in the Laplace domain which adds skin and wellbore storage to a reservoir model and find that its impact on reciprocity is neutral: It preserves reciprocity if it holds for the reservoir model.
Semistationary and stationary reflection
Authors: Sakai Hiroshi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe study the relationship between the semistationary reflection principle and stationary reflection principles. We show that for all regular cardinals λ ≥ ω2 the semistationary reflection principle in the space [λ]ω implies that every stationary subset of ≔ {α ∈ λ ∣ cf(α) = ω} reflects. We also show that for all cardinals λ ≥ ω3 the semistationary reflection principle in [λ]ω does not imply the stationary reflection principle in [λ]ω.
Nondiversity in substructures
Authors: Schmerl James H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFor a model of Peano Arithmetic, let Lt() be the lattice of its elementary substructures, and let Lt+ () be the equivalenced lattice (Lt(),≅), where ≅ is the equivalence relation of isomorphism on Lt(). It is known that Lt+() is always a reasonable equivalenced lattice.Theorem. Let L be a finite distributive lattice and let (L, E) be reasonable. If 0 is a nonstandard prime model of PA, then 0 has a cofinal extension such that Lt+() ≅ (L,E).A general method for proving such theorems is developed which, hopefully, will be able to be applied to some nondistributive lattices.
On LP-models of arithmetic
Authors: Paris J. B. , Sirokofskich A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe answer some problems set by Priest in [11] and [12], in particular refuting Priest's Conjecture that all LP-models of Th(ℕ) essentially arise via congruence relations on classical models of Th(ℕ). We also show that the analogue of Priest's Conjecture for IΔ0 + Exp implies the existence of truth definitions for intervals [0, a] ⊂eM ⊨ IΔ0 + Exp in any cut [0, a] ⊂eK ⊆eM closed under successor and multiplication.
κ-stationary subsets of , infinitary games, and distributive laws in Boolean algebras
Authors: Dobrinen Natasha 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe characterize the (κ, λ, < μ)-distributive law in Boolean algebras in terms of cut and choose games , when μ ≤ κ ≤ λ and κ<κ = κ. This builds on previous work to yield game-theoretic characterizations of distributive laws for almost all triples of cardinals κ, λ, μ with μ ≤ λ, under GCH. In the case when μ ≤ κ ≤ λ and κ<κ = κ, we show that it is necessary to consider whether the κ-stationarity of in the ground model is preserved by . In this vein, we develop the theory of κ-club and κ-stationary subsets of . We also construct Boolean algebras in which Player I wins but the (κ, ∞, κ)-d.1. holds, and, assuming GCH, construct Boolean algebras in which many games are undetermined.
On very high degrees
Authors: Ng Keng Meng 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper we show that there is a pair of superhigh r.e. degree that forms a minimal pair. An analysis of the proof shows that a critical ingredient is the growth rates of certain order functions. This leads us to investigate certain high r.e. degrees, which resemble ∅′ very closely in terms of ∅′-jump traceability. In particular, we will construct an ultrahigh degree which is cappable.
Diabetic Patients’ Medication Underuse, Illness Outcomes, and Beliefs About Antihyperglycemic and Antihypertensive Treatments
Authors: Aikens James E. , Piette John D. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to determine how patients’ beliefs about antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive medications relate to medication underuse and health status.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In diabetic patients from an economically distressed region, we assessed perceived necessity and harmfulness for antihyperglycemic (n = 803) and antihypertensive (n = 573) medications, past year's medication underuse, A1C, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).
RESULTS—After correction for multiple analyses, multivariate models indicated that perceived need for antihyperglycemic medication was associated with being younger, being prescribed insulin, and being prescribed multiple medications. Concern about antihyperglycemic medications was associated with being younger, African American, dissatisfied with information received about medication, and of low health literacy. For antihypertensives, perceived necessity was associated with having numerous medical comorbidities and being dissatisfied with medication information; concern was associated with being younger, dissatisfied with information received about medication, and of low health literacy. Up to one-half of patients underused at least one of the types of medication; many of these patients attributed this underuse to cost. For both types of medications, concern was significantly associated with both cost-related and non–cost-related underuse, and antihypertensive concern was associated with higher SBP and DBP.
CONCLUSIONS—Even after adjustment for economic factors, patients who are younger, African American, or of low health literacy are especially concerned about medication harmfulness, which is in turn associated with medication underuse and higher blood pressure. To enhance adherence and outcomes, interventions should address patients’ underlying concerns about potential adverse treatment effects and focus on both cultural factors and health literacy.
Intimate social behavior in infant interactions in Cebus apella
Authors: Byrne Gayle , Suomi Stephen J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe development and individual stability of three intimate social behaviors (Lipsmacking, Carrying Attempts, and Facial Inspection) were examined for 43 group‐housed Cebus apella infants from birth to 2 years of age. Occurrence of these behaviors was scored from 10‐min videotape samples recorded three times a week over that time. Frequency of Lipsmacking and Carrying Attempts by adult males, adult females, and juveniles were all highest in early months and decreased to low levels by the end of the first year. Facial Inspection of partners by infants, in contrast, first began at 3–4 months and increased over time, at least to adult males and juveniles. Correlational analyses indicated stable individual differences in these interactions with infants and outlined a relationship between these intimate behaviors and more general social patterns reported previously for these animals. Results suggest that adult males may play a special role in affording juveniles opportunities for social learning of foraging and manipulative skills. Am. J. Primatol. 71:77–85, 2009. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In situ surfactant generation as a means of miniemulsification?
Authors: Saygı‐Arslan Öznur , Sudol E. David , Daniels Eric S. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. , Klein Andrew 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn situ emulsification, where the surfactant is synthesized spontaneously at the oil/water interface, has been put forth as a simpler method for the preparation of miniemulsions‐like systems. Miniemulsions are relatively stable oil‐(e.g., monomer)‐in‐water emulsions having droplet sizes anywhere in the range of 50–500 nm, and are typically created with high shear and stabilized by the combination a surfactant and a costabilizer. Using the in situ method of preparation, emulsion stability and droplet and particle sizes were monitored and compared with conventional emulsions and miniemulsions. Styrene emulsions prepared by the in situ method do not demonstrate the stability of a comparable miniemulsion. Upon polymerization, the final particle size generated from the in situ emulsion did not differ significantly from the comparable conventional emulsion polymerization; the reaction mechanism for in situ emulsions is more like conventional emulsion polymerization rather than miniemulsion polymerization. Similar results were found when the in situ method was applied to controlled free radical polymerizations (CFRP), which have been advanced as a potential application of the method. Molecular weight control was found to be achieved via diffusion of the CFRP agents through the aqueous phase owing to limited water solubilities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Microencapsulation of Zanthoxylum limonella oil (ZLO) in genipin crosslinked chitosan–gelatin complex for mosquito repellent application
Authors: Maji Tarun K. , Hussain Md R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEssential oil containing chitosan gelatin complex microcapsules crosslinked with genipin were prepared by complex coacervation process. The effects of various parameters such as oil loading, ratio of chitosan to gelatin, degree of crosslinking on oil content, encapsulation efficiency, and the release rate of the essential oil were studied. Scanning electron microscopy study indicated that the surface of the microcapsules were more irregular as the amount of oil loading increased. Thermal stability of microcapsules improved with the increase in the amount of chitosan in chitosan–gelatin matrix as revealed by thermogravimetric analysis. FT‐IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry study indicated that there was no significant interaction between chitosan–gelatin complex and oil. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Study on the thermal conductive polyoxymethylene/graphite composites
Authors: Zhao Xiaowen , Ye Lin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe thermal conductive composites of polyoxymethylene (POM)/graphite were prepared through four intercalation methods, including melt (MI), solution (SM), pan milling (SMI), and in situ intercalation (IM). For the purpose of improving the interfacial compatibility of POM/graphite, realizing the exfoliation and nano‐dispersion of graphite in POM matrix, the effect of the type and the content of the graphite, the nature of the coupling agents used in graphite modification on the properties of the composites was studied. The results showed that the thermal conductive properties of POM were improved remarkably from the value of 0.36 W/(m K) for neat POM to the value of 1.15 W/(m K) in presence of 30 wt % graphite, and the composites filled with the coupling agent T‐1 or T‐2 surface‐modified colloidal graphite displayed better thermal conductivity. The degree of layers exfoliation of the graphite was enhanced in the order of MI, SM, SMI, and IM. And the composites prepared by SM, SMI, and IM methods presented much more decreased size, more narrow size distribution, thinner overlapped sheets, and better dispersion of the graphite than that prepared by MI method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of excellent transparency poly(urethane‐methacrylate)
Authors: Fang Shaoming , Gao Lijun , Zhou Liming , Zheng Zexin , Guo Baosong , Zhang Chenggui 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA series of novel crosslinked poly(urethane–methacrylate) (PUA) was synthesized. PUA was polymerized in a three‐step process: The low number average molecular weight unsaturated polyester (UPE) containing hydroxyl groups was synthesized by 1,2‐propanediol (PG), 2‐butyl‐2‐ethyl‐1,3‐propanediol (BEPD) and maleic anhydride (MA). A series of prepolymers, which had double bonds at the end of the chain, was prepared from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), UPE, and β‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in the presence of dibutytin dilaurate (DBTL) as catalyst. The novel functional prepolymer was initiated by 2,2‐azobis‐isobutyronitrile(AIBN) to form thermosetting materials. The structure of the thermosetting materials was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Mechanical, thermal, and optical properties were tested. The results showed that the advanced PUA had good thermal and mechanical properties and high transparence. The throughput of PUA was above 90%, thus the PUA was possible to be used as excellent optical material. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Morphological distribution of polymeric nucleating agents in injection‐molded isotactic polypropylene plates and its influence on nucleating efficiency
Authors: Su Zhi‐Qiang , Chen Xiao‐Nong , Yu Zhong‐Zhen , Zhang Liang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe morphological development of a special polymeric nucleating agent [acrylonitrile–styrene copolymer (SAN)] in the isotactic polypropylene (iPP) matrix in the process of injection molding has been investigated by means of wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The current experimental results indicate that the shear field, in combination with the temperature gradient, has great influence on the morphological distribution of SAN in the process of injection molding. For injection‐molded SAN/iPP specimens with higher SAN concentration (≥4%), SAN assembles to many microspheres and disperses uniformly in the isotropic core region; while from isotropic core region to oriented skin region, these SAN microspheres are gradually stretched into fibrils as a result of shear effect. On the contrary, for the specimens with lower SAN concentration (<4%), only microspheres can be observed in the core region and the skin region. At the same time, SAN has been proved to be a kind of special β‐nucleating agent. The addition of SAN into iPP helps enhances the crystallinity and the content of β crystal form of injection‐molded specimen. The morphology and the distribution of SAN in iPP matrix have great influence on the SAN's nucleating activity, which will ultimately affect the final crystalline structures of injection‐molded specimens. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of hyperbranched organo‐montmorillonite and its application into high‐temperature vulcanizated silicone rubber systems
Authors: Wang Jincheng , Chen Yuehui , Wang Jihu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractN,N‐Di(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N‐dodecyl‐N‐methyl ammonium chloride was used as intercalation agent to treat Na+‐montmorillonite and form a type of organic montmorillonite (OMMT). Hyperbranched OMMT (HOMMT) was prepared by condensation reaction between OMMT and the monomer we synthesized. It was then used in the preparation of high‐temperature vulcanizated silicone rubber (HTV‐SR)/HOMMT nanocomposite. Different types of HTV‐SR/HOMMT nanocomposites were prepared with different amounts of HOMMT and compared with the composites directly incorporated with OMMT. Tensile properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, permanent distortion, and shore A hardness were researched and compared. A combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide angle X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy studies showed that HTV‐SR/HOMMT composites were on the nanometer scale, and the structure of HTV‐SR was not interfered by the presence of HOMMT. Results showed that the tensile properties of HTV‐SR/HOMMT systems were better than that of the HTV‐SR/HOMMT and HTV‐SR. This was probably due to the surface effect of the exfoliated silicate layers and anchor effect of HOMMT in the SR matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
In situ compatibilization of polypropylene/polystyrene blend by controlled degradation and reactive extrusion
Authors: Li Rongbo , Zhang Xiuqin , Zhou Lijuan , Dong Jinyong , Wang Dujin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn situ compatibilization of polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) was achieved by combinative application of tetraethyl thiuram disulfide (TETD) as degradation inhibitor and di‐tert‐butyl peroxide as degradation initiator in the process of reactive extrusion. The PP/PS blends obtained were systematically investigated by rheological measurement, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicate that peroxide‐induced degradation of PP can be effectively depressed by adding TETD, which may favor the formation of PP‐g‐PS copolymer during melt processing. The PP‐g‐PS copolymer formed may act as an in situ compatibilizer for PP/PS blends, and subsequently decreases the size of dispersed PS phase and changes both rheological and thermal properties of the blends. Based on the present experimental results, the mechanisms for the controlled degradation of PP and in situ formation of PP‐g‐PS copolymer in the PP/PS blends have been proposed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Understanding the properties of aerobic sludge granules as hydrogels
Authors: Seviour Thomas , Pijuan Maite , Nicholson Timothy , Keller Jürg , Yuan Zhiguo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAerobic sludge granules are larger, denser microbial aggregates than activated sludge flocs with a smoother and more regular surface, which facilitates greater wastewater treatment intensity. Factors important in their growth are still poorly understood, which is an impediment to the construction and operation of full‐scale aerobic sludge granule processes. Data in this article obtained with granules treating an abattoir wastewater provide evidence that aerobic sludge granules are hydrogels. The results also demonstrate a method for characterizing macromolecular associations. The rheological profile of these granules was found to be analogous with that of typical polymer gels. Water uptake or swelling reflects an equilibrium between granule elastic modulus and osmotic pressure, whereby uptake is increased by reducing solute concentration or the elastic modulus. A weakening of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix as demonstrated with mechanical spectroscopy was induced by several environmental factors including temperature, pH and ionic strength. Uniform and elastic deformation was observed at low strain. Enzymatic degradation studies indicate that proteins and α‐polysaccharides were the major granule structural materials. The aerobic sludge granules in the current study were therefore protein–polysaccharide composite physical hydrogels. While aerobic sludge granules treating an abattoir wastewater are used as a case study, many of the fundamental principles detailed here are relevant to other granulation processes. The paradigm established in this study can potentially be applied to better understand the formation of aerobic sludge granules and thus overcome a hurdle in the acceptance of aerobic sludge granulation as an alternative to more traditional wastewater treatment processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 1483–1493. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.