bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urinary fluoride levels and prevalence of dental fluorosis in three Brazilian cities with different fluoride concentrations in the drinking water
Authors: Heintze Siegward D. , Bastos José Roberto de Magalhães , Bastos Roosevelt 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –Urine samples from three daytime periods were collected from 545 5–50‐year‐old residents of three different Brazilian cities: Garça had fluoridated drinking water since 1973, Bauru since 1975 and Itápolis was not fluoridated. Dental fluorosis was examined in 985 5–24‐year‐olds using the Thylstrup‐Fejerskov index (TF). The subjects were asked to estimate their daily intake of liquids and frequency of beverage consumption. The analysis of 94 water samples showed high variations in the fluoride content of the drinking water. The mean fluoride concentration of the water samples in Garça was 0.9 mg/L (range 0.75–1.2), in Bauru 0.64 mg/L (range 0.01–1.3), and in Itápolis 0.02 mg/L. Mean urinary fluoride concentration was 1.31 mg/L (s 0.61) in Garça, 0.88 mg/L (s 0.49) in Bauru, and 0.39 mg/L (s 0.21) in Itápolis. Self‐reported daily liquid intake was not related to urinary fluoride concentration. The mean prevalence of fluorosis was 13.3% in Garça, 6.8% in Bauru, and 1.7% in Itápolis, with mainly categories TF 1 and TF 2 being recorded. Subjects with dental fluorosis tended to show a higher mean urinary fluoride concentration but the difference was not statistically significant. The study showed that fluoride exposure measured by urinary fluoride excretion was within the range expected for the level of fluoride concentration in the drinking water. However, enamel fluorosis tended to be markedly lower than expected. This study revealed that fluoride levels in the two cities with fluoridated drinking water were variable. To optimise anticaries benefits and minimise the risk of fluorosis greater control of the fluoride dosing of the drinking water is required.
Oral hygiene in the control of occlusal caries
Authors: Arrow Peter 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –Occlusal pit and fissure caries accounts for a high proportion of the total caries burden among children. Studies from Denmark suggested that oral hygiene measures may be effective in the control of occlusal caries in permanent teeth. This study reports on the findings after 24 months of a controlled field trial comparing the caries‐preventive effects of a professional tooth‐cleaning and dental health education programme (test) with a standard preventive programme (control), comprising selective fissure sealing and application of topical fluorides. School Dental Service clinics of the Health Department of Western Australia, in Perth, were assigned to four test or four control clinics. Schoolchildren, mean age 6 years, with sound newly erupted first permanent molars were included in the study (207 test, 197 control). After 24 months, 179 test and 156 control children were examined by a calibrated examiner who was ‘blind’ to the test or control status of the child. Thirty‐two test and 31 control children developed occlusal caries on the first permanent molars; the estimated risk ratio was 0.90 (95% CI 0.58–1.41). Children in both groups had an average DMFT score of 0.30. The 24‐month results suggest that the two preventive programmes did not differ with respect to the control of occlusal caries in newly erupted molars.
Oral hygiene as a risk indicator of enamel and dentin caries
Authors: Mascarenhas Ana Karina 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –Dental researchers have postulated that the risk factors for enamel and dentin caries may not be the same. A review of the literature ascertained that data to support this theory are lacking. Objectives: To evaluate the risk indicators of enamel and dentin caries of the permanent dentition in a study group who had limited access to fluorides and made limited use of dental services. Methods: The study was conducted in Goa, India. Data came from a cross‐sectional survey of 1189 seventh grade children, which consisted of a clinical dental examination and a self‐administered questionnaire to their parents. The cavitated and non‐cavitated criteria were used to score for caries, and the Silness‐Loe index for plaque. Results: The mean age of the children was 12.2 years. The percentage of children caries free in the permanent dentition was 22.2%, the mean±s for dmfs, enamel and dentin lesions were 4.20±5.10, 2.59±2.89 and 1.61±3.30 respectively, and the mean plaque score was 1.00±0.48. Results of regression analyses showed that the risk indicators of prevalence and severity of caries differed depending on lesion type. The only variable that was consistently a risk indicator of presence and severity of both dentin and enamel caries was poor oral hygiene. Mother's highest level of education and presence of fluorosis were also risk indicators of enamel and dentin caries. The presence of decayed primary teeth was a risk indicator of enamel caries; and fluorosis severity, use of fluoride toothpaste at the time of the survey, and toothbrushing frequency were risk indicators of dentin caries. The observed caries‐oral hygiene association seen is explored further.
The Dental Subscale of the Childrens Fear Survey Schedule: a factor analytic study in the Netherlands
Authors: ten Berge Maaike , Hoogstraten Johan , Veerkamp Jaap S. J. , Prins Pier J. M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –The Dental Subscale of the Childrens Fear Survey Schedule (CFSSDS) is a well‐known instrument for assessing dental fear in children. Previous studies have shown that the scale has acceptable reliability and validity. Factor analysis using scores of a group of Finnish schoolchildren resulted in three factors. No other data on the factor structure have been published. In order to report on the factor structure of the Dutch parental version of the CFSS‐DS, the present study was undertaken. Factor analysis using scores from a group of Dutch children (n=150) demonstrated a factor pattern fairly similar to the results found in the Finnish study. Three factors were found: 1) fear of highly invasive dental procedures, 2) fear of less invasive aspects of treatment and 3) fear of medical aspects. Considering that almost all items load substantially (≥0.20) on more than one factor, it seems that one primary underlying dimension exists: fear of invasive treatment aspects. The CFSS‐DS is proposed as a reliable, one‐dimensional measure of dental fear.
Reliability and validity of the short version of the Dental Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Aartman Irene H. A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –The present study focused on a newly developed questionnaire to assess dental anxiety. The short version of the Dental Anxiety Inventory (S‐DAI) contains nine items of the Dental Anxiety Inventory (DAI), which was designed to take into account three situations that may evoke dental anxiety, four time elements in which dental anxiety may be provoked, and three reactions. The aim was to assess the validity and reliability of the S‐DAI in a sample of highly anxious dental patients applying for treatment at a dental fear clinic in the Netherlands. Three hundred and twenty‐one patientslled out several questionnaires assessing dental anxiety (S‐DAI, DAS, and a 10‐point Likert‐scale) and psychological complaints. Total mean score on the S‐DAI for women (mean=40.5, s=5.7) was some‐what higher than for men (mean=38.8, s=6.9) (t(306)=2.35; P=0.019). Cronbach's α for the present sample was 0.88. Correlations with other measures of dental anxiety were 0.73 with the DAS (P < 0.001) and 0.69 (P < 0.001) with the 10‐point scale. The results indicated that the S‐DAI has good reliability and construct validity. It was concluded that the S‐DAI is easy to administer in general dental practices and dental fear clinics and has satisfactory psychometric qualities.
ART restorations and glass ionomer sealants in Zimbabwe: survival after 3 years
Authors: Frencken Jo E. , Makoni Fiona , Sithole Wilson D. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) consists of removing demineralised tooth tissues with hand instruments only, restoring the prepared cavity and sealing the adjacent pits and fissures with an adhesive filling material. This relatively painless, no‐handpiece, minimal intervention approach to controlling dental caries is described. ART was applied in an oral health care programme in Zimbabwe that was carried out amongst secondary school students from 1994 to 1997. A new glass ionomer (Fuji IX) was used as the restorative and sealant material. Sealants were placed in high caries risk students using the ‘press‐finger’ technique. A total of 297 one‐surface ART restorations and 95 glass ionomer sealants were placed in 142 and 66 students, respectively. After 3 years, the lost‐to‐follow‐up percentages for one‐surface ART restorations and glass ionomer sealants were 30.6% and 30.5%, respectively. Actuarial (life table) analysis resulted in 3‐year survival rates of one‐surface ART restorations of 88.3% (95% CI: 92.4%–84.2%), ranging from 94.3% to 65.4% per operator. A total of 28 ART restorations placed in 25 students failed. Reasons for failure related to the material and the operator (11 restorations or 5.3% each), and to caries adjacent to the restoration (one restoration or 0.5%). Reasons for failure were not recorded for five restorations (2.3%). Seal‐ants were placed on surfaces diagnosed as early enamel lesions. After 3 years, 71.4% (95% CI: 81.7%–61.1%) of the fully and partially retained sealants survived with a range of 100% to 55.6% per operator. Of the sealed surfaces 96.3% (95% CI: 100%–92.2%) survived 3 years without developing caries. Experienced operators placed better ART restorations than inexperienced operators. This study has demonstrated that ART with a glass ionomer restorative material and sealants provided high quality preventive and restorative dental care to this student population. ART has become one of the treatment modalities available to oral health workers in managing dental caries.
Compliance in dentistry: general adherence, specific adherence and perceived dental health
Authors: Verweij Thaloen A. , Oosterveld Paul , Hoogstraten Johan 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –In this study it was attempted to replicate findings on the relationship between general and specific adherence and perceived health in the context of dental treatment. Furthermore the psychometric characteristics of a modied adherence scale for use in dental populations were investigated. A sample of 167 freshmen completed a questionnaire containing a general adherence scale (GAS) developed by DiMatteo et al. (Oncology 1992;6:507), a perceived health scale, a perceived dental health scale, and two items about adherence to recommendations on dental behaviour. The GAS showed adequate internal consistency. Positive correlations were found for general adherence on the one hand and for specific adherence, perceived health, and perceived dental health on the other. The results concerning the GAS and specific adherence do not correspond with the findings of DiMatteo et al. It is suggested that this discrepancy is due to the situation‐specificity of adherence in combination with differences in the samples and the specific adherence measures used in both studies.
Measuring patient satisfaction with mandibular prostheses
Authors: Awad Manal A. , Feine Jocelyne S. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract – Objectives: Previous research has shown that patients' evaluations of their prostheses correlate poorly with the clinicians' assessments, as well as with intraoral anatomic factors. It has been recommended that researchers conduct more studies that use patient satisfaction as the primary outcome measure in treatment evaluation and that more attention be paid to understanding exactly what measures of patient satisfaction represent. In this study, the relationship between patients' ratings of general satisfaction and their perceptions of different aspects of mandibular prostheses is investigated. Methods: One hundred and twenty subjects applied to participate in a randomized controlled clinical trial comparing two types of mandibular prostheses: conventional dentures and implant prostheses. At baseline, they were asked to rate on 100 mm visual analog scales (VAS) factors that edentulous patients indicated were important to them. These included comfort, ability to chew, stability, esthetics, ability to speak and ease of cleaning of their conventional dentures. Subjects were also asked to rate their general satisfaction with their dentures. In addition, they selected the one quality of their denture that they considered to be most important. Results: Multiple regression methods revealed that gender, as well as patients' ratings of comfort, stability, esthetics, ability to chew and ability to speak with their prostheses contributed significantly to general satisfaction (F < 0.0001). Furthermore, 89% of the variation in ratings of general satisfaction was explained by these factors. In addition, patients who considered ability to chew as the most important factor associated with their dentures rated their general satisfaction significantly higher than the other subjects (P < 0.0003). Conclusion: Patient satisfaction with conventional dental prostheses is highly dependent on gender, and the appearance and functionality of the appliance. The combined effect of these factors explained most of the variation in the satisfaction ratings.
The influence of toothbrushing frequency and post‐brushing rinsing on caries experience in a caries clinical trial
Authors: Chestnutt Ivor G. , Schäfer Fred , Jacobson Alyson P. M. , Stephen Kenneth W. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract – Objectives: To examine the effect of reported toothbrushing frequency and method of rinsing after brushing on caries experience and increment. Methods: Data are presented from 2621 adolescents (mean age 12.5 years at outset) participating in a 3‐year double‐blind caries clinical trial. At baseline, examiners questioned each participant about their toothbrushing habits, and at subsequent examinations, this information was obtained using a self‐administered computer‐based questionnaire. Participants used a fluoride‐containing dentifrice through‐out and clinical examinations were conducted using a mirror, CPITN probe and fibre‐optic transillumination. Results: The reported brushing frequency increased throughout the trial. Caries experience at baseline was inversely related to tooth‐brushing frequency with mean DMFS=9.66, 8.12 and 7.63 respectively for < 1/day, 1/day and > 1/day brushers (P < 0.001). Mean 3‐year DMFS increments of 8.90, 6.63 and 5.48 (P < 0.01) were observed in those reporting to brush < 1/day, 1/day or > 1/day, on not less than two of the three clinical examinations during the trial. Caries increment was also significantly related to the claimed method used to rinse post‐brushing. Overall frequency of brushing and rinsing method accounted for over 50% of the explained variance in the ANOVA model used to analyse the DMFS increments. Conclusions: Stated toothbrushing frequency and rinsing method after brushing were found to be strongly correlated with caries experience and caries increment. These factors should be reflected in the design of oral health education material and taken into account in the design and analysis of caries clinical trials.
Association of salivary mutans streptococci with discoloured pits and fissures
Authors: Steiner Marcel , Helfenstein Ulrich , Menghini Giorgio 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –Experimental studies have demonstrated that mutans streptococci play a major role in caries etiology. Several previous epidemiologic studies found a positive association of salivary mutans streptococci with caries prevalence. The present epidemiologic study aimed at detecting a possible association of salivary mutans streptococci with brown discoloured pits and fissures, supposing that discolouration indicates caries. In the Canton of Zurich 1035 schoolchildren, aged 6.5–12.5, were examined with regard to caries prevalence and presence of discolourations in pits and fissures. A commercially available, semi‐quantitative test was used to estimate the salivary level of mutans streptococci in each child. The salivary level (low/high) of mutans streptococci was significantly associated with the presence of slightly brown discoloured (C1), clearly brown discoloured (C2) and cavitated (C3) pits and fissures. The odds ratios were 1.5 (P < 0.01) for C1, 2.5 (P < 0.001) for C2 and 5.0 (P < 0.001) for C3 pits and fissures. Then fidings are consistent with the hypothesis that brown discolouration indicates caries. Further‐more, then fidings suggest that this type of discolouration at elementary school age indicates increased caries activity.
Orthodontic treatment need prior to treatment and 5 years postretention
Authors: Al Yami Essam A. , Kuijpers‐Jagtman Anne M. , Hof Martin A. van't 
Published: February 2007

Abstract – Objectives: To assess orthodontic treatment need prior to treatment and 5 years postretention in a large university sample. Methods: A random sample of 920 patients (400 male and 520 females) from the Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands, were included in this study. Dental casts were evaluated using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) at the pretreatment (TP) and 5‐year postretention stages (T5). The mean age at TP was 12.2±3.0 years and at T5 21.6±3.1 years. At TP and T5 the aesthetic component (AC) and the dental health component (DHC) were assessed The difference between TP and T5 was compared for males and females and tested by the t‐test. The changes in AC, DHC and treatment need categories were described at TP and at T5. Results: On the basis of combined AC and DHC treatment need categories, 83% of the patients fell into the Definite e need d category prior to treatment and 10% of the treated patients were categorised as having “Definite need” 5 years postretention. No significant differences were found between males and females for the change in AC and DHC between TP and T5. Conclusions: The results indicate that the policy used in the department for patient selection gives priority to patients with a high treatment need. The results also provide a general impression of treatment outcome utilising the IOTN to analyse the change in the treatment need categories.
Caries conditions among 2–5‐year‐ old immigrant Latino children related to parents' oral health knowledge, opinions and practices
Authors: Watson Maria‐Rosa , Horowitz Alice M. , Garcia Isabel , Canto Maria T. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract – Objectives: To collect baseline data prior to initiating a community‐based, oral health promotion program in an inner city Latino community in Washington DC, populated by Central American immigrants. Methods: In 1995, an oral survey of a convenience sample of children 2–5 years of age (n= 142) and a survey of the knowledge, opinions and practices (KOP) of their parents (n= 121) were completed. Clinical data of children were matched with parent respondents of the KOP survey. Data were analyzed for statistical associations using univariate odds ratios, Fisher's exact tests, and multiple logistic regression. Results: Only 53% of the children were caries free. Eighteen percent of all children were in need of immediate dental care and 26% were in need of early or non‐urgent dental care. Only 7% of the parents knew the purpose of sealants and 52% knew the purpose of fluorides. Further, only 9% thought that brushing with toothpaste can prevent tooth decay. The strongest predictors of dental caries in this population, after adjusting for child's age and mother's education, were recency of mother's residence in the United States and report of an uncooperative child when attempting toothbrushing. Conclusions: Regimens of caries prevention have been successful in reducing dental decay for a large segment of the US population, yet this disease remains prevalent especially among low socioeconomic groups. The oral health status of the children and the oral health KOP of the parents in this community are disturbingly deficient.
Cigarette smoking and periodontitis: methodology to assess the strength of evidence in support of a causal association
Authors: Gelskey Shirley C. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –Identication of the cause of the development and progression of periodontitis has received extensive attention, with notable advances over the past decade in clinical, microbiological, immunological, biochemical, and behavioral knowledge. However, it is still largely unknown which factors lead to the conversion of non‐destructive forms of periodontal disease into destructive forms and disease progression. Chronic adult periodontitis is believed to be inuenced by an interaction of host defense and environmental factors. Although these variables have been studied extensively, no study has employed randomized controlled prospective human or randomized controlled community intervention designs, methodologies necessary to prove a variable to be a cause of periodontitis. Owing to the absence of literature employing rigorous experimental design, this article assesses systematically observational, cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies to examine the potential causal association between cigarette smoking and periodontitis. The methodology of Sir Bradford Hills's criteria for causation was used as the framework. Results suggest that cigarette smoking is causally associated with periodontitis. That is, cigarette smoking is consistently associated with an increased prevalence/severity of periodontitis and is suspected on theoretical grounds of playing a causal role. Hills criteria provide a useful methodology to better understand the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and may be applied to study the pathogenesis of other dental diseases as well.
Fluoride supplements and fluorosis: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Ismail Amid I. , Bandekar Rajesh R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –This paper presents a systematic review of the dental literature that was carried out to investigate whether the regular use of fluoride supplements in non‐fluoridated communities during the period of tooth development increases the risk of dental fluorosis. A MEDLINE search was organized for all documents published, in English, between January 1966 and September 1997 using the following key words: fluorosis, dental, fluoride, fluoride supplement or supplements, drop or drops, and tablet or tablets. Twenty‐four studies that assessed the development of dental fluorosis in children who had used fluoride supplements earlier in their life were included in this review. Of the 24 studies, 10 were crosssectional/case control studies and four were follow‐up studies. These studies had data that allowed a quantitative estimation of the risk of developing dental fluorosis in users of fluoride supplements. The other 10 studies were excluded because they either did not present enough data or had other methodological problems. A qualitative review of the studies found a consistent and strong association between the use of fluoride supplements and dental fluorosis. The meta‐analyses of the cross‐sectional/case‐control studies estimated that the odds ratio of dental fluorosis in users of fluoride supplements compared with non‐users ranged between 2.4 and 2.6. The meta‐analyses of the follow‐up studies estimated that the relative risk in long‐term users was between 5.5 and 12.2. This review confirmed that in non‐fluoridated communities the use of fluoride supplements during the first 6 years of life is associated with a significant increase in the risk of developing dental fluorosis.