bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sub-lethal and chronic salinity tolerances of three freshwater insects: Cloeon sp. and Centroptilum sp. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)and Chironomus sp. (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Hassell Kathryn L. , Kefford Ben J. , Nugegoda Dayanthi 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARY
Increased salinity in rivers and streams is a serious environmental concern, and in Australia there is growing information about the acute tolerances to salinity for freshwater macroinvertebrates, but much less information about chronic and sub-lethal tolerances. The effects of increased salinity on the growth and survival of two mayflies, Cloeon sp. and Centroptilum sp. and one midge Chironomus sp. are reported. In both mayfly species survival was variable. Complete mortality was observed in salinities with electrical conductivity of 10 mS cm–1 and higher. Salinities causing chronic mortality in mayflies were measured as 21-day LC50, and ranged from 0.90 to 2.7 mS cm–1. Growth rates were not significantly different between treatments. In Chironomus, salinity affected the mean number emerging as flying adults as well as the time to emergence. An inverted `U' shape response was observed for percentage emergence, with the greatest numbers emerging at intermediate salinities (0.65–5.0 mS cm–1). No emergence occurred at salinities of 20 mS cm–1 and higher. Time to emergence was delayed by 15–88% with increased salinity, however the size of emerged adults was the same for all treatments. Growth rates were reduced with increased salinity, showing a slow, steady reduction up to 10 mS cm–1 then a steep decline between 10 and 15 mS cm–1. The implications of altered growth rates and changes in developmental times are discussed. This study illustrates the variability in responses to increased salinity, and highlights the need to continue studying sub-lethal and chronic exposures in a range of freshwater invertebrates, in order to predict impacts of salinisation on freshwater biodiversity.
Plasticity of osmoregulatory function in the killifish intestine:drinking rates, salt and water transport, and gene expression after freshwater transfer
Authors: Scott Graham R. , Schulte Patricia M. , Wood Chris M. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYWe have explored intestinal function in the euryhaline killifish Fundulus heteroclitus after transfer from brackish water (10%seawater) to fresh water. Plasma Na+ and Cl–concentrations fell at 12 h post-transfer, but recovered by 7 days. Drinking rate decreased substantially at 12 h (32% of control value) and remained suppressed after 3 and 7 days in fresh water (34 and 43%). By contrast, there was a transient increase in the capacity for water absorption measured across isolated intestines in vitro (3.3- and 2.6-fold at 12 h and 3 days),which returned to baseline after 7 days. These changes in water absorption could be entirely accounted for by changes in net ion flux: there was an extremely strong correlation (R2=0.960) between water absorption and the sum of net Na+ and net Cl–fluxes (3.42±0.10 μl water μmol–1 ion). However,enhanced ion transport across the intestine in fresh water would probably not increase water uptake in vivo, because the drinking rate was far less than the capacity for water absorption across the intestine. The increased intestinal ion absorption after freshwater transfer may instead serve to facilitate ion absorption from food when it is present in the gut. Modulation of net ion flux occurred without changes in mRNA levels of many ion transporters (Na+/K+-ATPase α1a,carbonic anhydrase 2, CFTR Cl– channel,Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter 2, and the signalling protein 14-3-3a), and before a measured increase in Na+/K+-ATPase activity at 3 days, suggesting that there is some other mechanism responsible for increasing ion transport. Interestingly, net Cl– flux always exceeded net Na+ flux, possibly to help maintain Cl– balance and/or facilitate bicarbonate excretion. Our results suggest that intestinal NaCl absorption from food is important during the period of greatest ionic disturbance after transfer to fresh water, and provide further insight into the mechanisms of euryhalinity in killifish.
What explains the trot–gallop transition in small mammals?
Authors: Iriarte-Díaz José , Bozinovic Francisco , Vásquez Rodrigo A. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThe transition from trot to gallop in quadruped mammals has been widely hypothesized to be a strategy to minimize the energetic costs of running. This view, however, has been challenged by some experimental evidence suggesting instead that this transition might be triggered by mechanical cues, and would occur when musculoskeletal stresses reach a certain critical value. All previous experiments to test those hypotheses have used relatively large species and their results, therefore, may not be applicable to small mammals. In this study we evaluated the effect of carrying loads on the locomotor energetics and gait transitions of the rodent Octodon degus running on a treadmill. Metabolic rate and cost of transport increased about 30% with a 20% increment in body mass. This increment was higher than expectations based on other mammals, where energy consumption increases in proportion to the added mass, but similar to the response of humans to loads. No abrupt change of energy consumption between gaits was observed and therefore no evidence was found to support the energetic hypothesis. The trot–gallop transition speed did not vary when subjects were experimentally loaded,suggesting that the forces applied to the musculoskeletal system do not trigger gait transition.
Escape responses in juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L.: the effects of turbidity and predator speed
Authors: Meager Justin J. , Domenici Paolo , Shingles Alex , Utne-Palm Anne Christine 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARY
We examined the effect of turbidity (0.5–14 beam attenuation m–1) and predator attack speed (150 and 296 cm s–1) on escape responses of juvenile cod Gadus morhua in the laboratory. We triggered escape responses using a predator model and measured escape timing, direction and locomotor performance. We also measured responsiveness and estimated the likelihood of fish escaping the`predator attack' (putative escape success, PES).
Turbidity affected both PES and the type of escape response used by the fish, but these effects depended on predator speed. PES for the fast predator attack declined from 73% in clear water to 21% in highly turbid water, due to decreased responsiveness and poorly timed escapes. Intermediate turbidity enhanced PES and responsiveness to the slow predator attack. Locomotor performance was reduced by turbidity, whereas predator speed had the opposite effect. Our results suggest that both predator attack speed and turbidity have important roles in determining the vulnerability of fish attacked by piscivorous predators.
Nutritional concepts in the management of the head and neck cancer patient. II. Management concepts
Authors: Sobol Steven M. , Conoyer J. Michael , Zill Roberta , Thawley Stanley E. , Ogura Joseph H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEssential to the management of the head and neck cancer patient is carefully monitored nutritional support. Traditionally, enteral alimentation, using the nasogastric feeding tube, has been the mainstay of treatment. Tube feedings should provide ample amounts of essential nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and adequate calories and protein. Knowledge of the tube feedings available and problems associated with their administration helps to avoid the pitfalls which limit their effectiveness. The inadequacies of enteral alimentation preclude its use in selected circumstances of severe nutritional depletion. Parenteral hyperalimentation, as a primary or adjuvant mode of therapy, may be capable of rapidly reversing deficits, improving postoperative morbidity and increasing tolerance to radiation and chemotherapy. Postoperative deglutition abnormalities may prolong the nutritional problems of head and neck cancer patients as well.
Nasal and paranasal presentations of chordomas
Authors: Campbell Winston M. , Mcdonald Thomas J. , Unni Krishnan K. , Laws Edward R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEight patients with chordomas whose initial manifestations were caused by nasal and paranasal extension of the tumor are presented. Their ages ranged from 24 to 51 years. Disturbances of vision developed subsequently in all eight patients, and headache was present in each patient. Roentgenograms showed bony erosion of the sphenoid sinus or a naso‐pharyngeal mass. Because chordomas can be confused with chondrosarcomas histopatho‐logically, differentiation is important. Treatment consists of surgical debulking or radiotherapy (or both). Despite such treatment, six patients died from their disease. The average survival was five years. This emphasizes the well‐known poor prognosis for patients with clival chordomas.
Estrogen receptors in nasopharyngeal angiofibromas
Authors: Johns Michael E. , Macleod Robert M. , Cantrell Robert W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNasopharyngeal angiofibromas, which occur exclusively in pubescent males, are frequently treated with estrogens in an effort to decrease their size and vascularity. It has been presumed by some that estrogen has a direct effect on the tumor itself. Others have felt that hormone acts by affecting the pituitary‐gonadal axis.In this study, six male patients with nasopharyngeal angiofibromas had their tumors analyzed for estrogen receptors and none were found. Despite this fact, two of these patients treated with estrogens showed clinical evidence of a decrease in tumor size and vascularity. This response occurring in the absence of estrogen receptors suggests that the action of estrogen on nasopharyngeal angiofibromas is indirect. Alternatively these tumors may be testosterone dependent, and the administration of estrogen suppresses the normal male testosterone levels, with a resultant reduction in tumor size and vascularity.Twenty‐four patients with nasopharyngeal angiofibroma have been treated at the University of Virginia in the past 22 years. The average blood loss at operation was 1900 cc. When estrogens were administered preoperatively in 3 patients, the average blood loss was 1135 cc. Those patients who received no estrogens averaged 2000 cc blood loss. These figures do not reflect the size or extent of the disease, both of which greatly influence blood loss.
Midline destructive granuloma: Factor fiction
Authors: Harrison D. F. N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlthough differentiation of Wegener's granulomatosis from other destructive midline lesions is now clearly recognized by clinicians and pathologists, confusion persists regarding the management of what has erroneously been called “lethal midline granuloma.” The experiences of 36 patients with destructive midline granuloma supports the view that probably all are manifestations of malignant lymphoma and should be treated as such. Although radical dosage radiotherapy will control most local lesions, dissemination of lymphoma may still occur despite absence of systemic disease at initial diagnostic work‐up. Subsequent control with cytotoxic drugs is frequently unsuccessful, and it is suggested that chemotherapy should be given routinely to every patient with primary nasal lymphoma and possibly to those with polymorphic reticulosis or necrosis with atypical cellular exudate (NACE).
Petrous apex and subarcuate fossa maturation
Authors: Hilding David A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDuring the first year of life, the bone of the petrous apex grows rapidly. At birth, only 5 mm of bone separates the cochlea from Dorello's canal as compared to 2 cm in the adult. More than half this growth occurs during the first year of life. The subarcuate fossa is a cavity within the superior semicircular canal which reaches from the posterior fossa to the future mastoid in fetuses and nearly to the mastoid antrum in newborns. During the second year of left it is nearly obliterated to form a shallow depression or slit on the posterior aspect of the temporal bone and the variable petromas‐toid canal which contains the subarcuate artery and vein. Clinical petrositis of infants less that 1 year of age is rare, and provides a challenge for surgery. A case is reported and discussed.
Bis(formamidine–urea) Complexes of NiII and CuII:Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity
Authors: Díaz David D. , Sen Gupta Sayam , Kuzelka Jane , Cymborowski Marcin , Sabat Michal , Finn M. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA novel chelating chiral bis(formamidine–urea) ligand was synthesized and used to prepare the corresponding NiII and CuII complexes. Spectroscopic and X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the former revealed that the urea moiety of the acyclic tetradentate ligand is deprotonated and binds to the square‐planar Ni2+ ion through amide nitrogen atoms. This complex showed quasi‐reversible redox behavior in cyclic voltammetry, with E1/2 = 640 mV vs. Cp2Fe+/Cp2Fe corresponding to the NiIII/NiII couple. The Cu complex was shown by EPR spectroscopy to also adopt a square‐planar geometry [g∥ = 2.25 (A∥ = 184 G), g⟂ = 2.06 at 6 K], and reduction was found to be irreversible, perhaps due to the rigid nature of the tetradentate ligand. The nickel complex was found to be a modestly active catalyst for epoxidation of electron‐richalkenes under Mukaiyama’s conditions, likely involving a radical mechanism. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Resist Intercalation Whereas Pyrolytic Graphite Can Exfoliate in Propylene Carbonate: Electroanalysis Without the Deleterious Effects of Intercalation for the Detection of Ammonia
Authors: Ji Xiaobo , Banks Craig E. , Hu Gang , Crossley Alison , Compton Richard G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA generic approach is presented allowing the sensing of electroactive species at carbon based electrodes in otherwise potentially intercalating media. Graphite electrodes are known to suffer intercalation leading to exfoliation in propylene carbonate solution containing tetra‐n‐butylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte. However, we report contrasting behaviour at bamboo multiwalled carbon nanotubes, where intercalation/exfoliation does not occur, so allowing useful electroanalytical measurements to be made, in particular for the amperometric determination of ammonia.
Adaptive Euler simulations of airfoil–vortex interaction
Authors: Tang Lei , Baeder James D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA grid redistribution method is used together with an improved spatially third‐order accurate Euler solver to improve the accuracy of direct Euler simulations of airfoil–vortex interaction. The presented numerical results of two airfoil–vortex interaction cases indicate that with combination of the two methods, the numerical diffusion of vorticity inherent in the direct Euler simulations is drastically reduced without increasing the number of grid points. With some extra works due to grid redistribution, the predicted vortex structure is well preserved after a long convection and much sharper acoustic wave front resulting from airfoil–vortex interaction is captured. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preoperative evaluation of the hepatic vascular anatomy in living liver donors: Comparison of CT angiography and MR angiography
Authors: Lee Min Woo , Lee Jeong Min , Lee Jae Young , Kim Se Hyung , Park Eun‐Ah , Han Joon Koo , Kim Young Jun , Shin Kyung‐Sook , Suh Kyung‐Suk , Choi Byung Ihn 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo compare the diagnostic performance of CT angiography (CTA) and MR angiography (MRA) for preoperative hepatic vascular evaluation in living liver donors.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐eight living donor candidates underwent preoperative CTA and MRA. Two blinded radiologists evaluated the anatomic types of the hepatic artery (HA) and portal vein (PV), and the number of aberrant hepatic veins (HVs) on both CTA and MRA, independently. Four grades of confidence levels were used to indicate the clarity of depiction of the HA and PV. Surgical findings were used as a standard of reference.ResultsFor determining the anatomic types of the HA and PV, and the number of aberrant HVs, CTA and MRA did not significantly differ in terms of accuracy ([89%, 96%, and 68% on CTA] vs. [86%, 93%, and 68% on MRA] for reader 1, P > 0.05; and [93%, 100%, and 86% on CTA] vs. [89%, 93%, and 79% on MRA] for reader 2, P > 0.05). Confidence for the depiction of major branches of HA and PV did not differ between CTA and MRA, except for a better depiction of the left HA (LHA) on CTA (P < 0.05)ConclusionIn living donor candidates, both CTA and MRA can provide a complete evaluation of the hepatic vascular anatomy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Boundary conditions of the impact of a hypervigilant coping style on the subjective decision‐making experience
Authors: Kozup John C. , Creyer Elizabeth H. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract Two experiments explored how characteristics of the task environment and the consumer's propensity to a use a hypervigilant coping style interacted to influence ratings of perceived information amount, choice difficulty, decision‐process–related satisfaction,choice deferral, and the desire for decision assistance. Results indicate a series of main effects of time pressure on the dependent measures across two different choice scenarios. In addition, the findings suggest that a propensity to use a hypervigilant coping style seems to have little influence on the subjective decision‐making experience. Theoretically, this research establishes boundary conditions under which decision‐process–related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are not likely to be influenced by coping style, and extends prior work on the determinants of choice deferral and the desire for decision assistance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exciton luminescence of boron nitride nanotubes and nano‐arches
Authors: Berzina B. , Trinkler L. , Korsak V. , Krutohvostov R. , Carroll D. L. , Ucer K. B. , Williams R. T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe report photoluminescence (PL) and PL‐excitation spectroscopy of BN nanotubes (nt‐BN) mixed with some residual hexagonal crystalline (h‐BN) starting material, and of pure h‐BN microcrystalline powder. The nanotube phase exhibits a broad‐band PL near 380 nm, in agreement with a published report of cathodoluminescence from a sample comprising >90% nanotubes. This emission is almost 3 eV lower in energy than unrelaxed exciton states found in recent all‐electron theories of nt‐BN and h‐BN and about 1.4 eV lower than the lowest (perturbed dark?) exciton seen in absorption of nt‐BN. This may suggest that excitons in nt‐BN vibrationally relax to self‐trapped states before emitting, a path found in many wide‐gap solids, especially in quasi‐1‐dimensional forms. Exciton emission from bulk single‐crystal h‐BN has been shown to occur from vibrationally unrelaxed (free‐exciton) states. We suggest a hypothesis in which known nano‐arch reconstructions on the surface of h‐BN may provide the low‐dimensional environment to make exciton self‐trapping on the surfaces of h‐BN likely. This allows consistent interpretaton of the surface‐related 380 nm emission from h‐BN powder within a half‐nanotube self‐trapped exciton hypo‐ thesis. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coherent destruction of the current through molecular wires using short laser pulses
Authors: Kleinekathöfer Ulrich , Li Guang Qi , Welack Sven , Schreiber Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA molecular wire coupled to two electron reservoirs is investigated within a tight‐binding approach including spin and Coulomb interaction. Under the assumption of weak coupling to the electron reservoirs a quantum master equation can be derived for the electron transport through the wire. Motivated by the phenomenon of coherent destruction of tunneling for monochromatic laser fields, the influence of Gaussian laser pulses on the transport through the wires is studied. For situations in which the maximum amplitude of the electric field fulfills the conditions for the destructive quantum effect the average current through the system can be suppressed. Turning on the electron correlation does not destroy the suppression of the current by the laser. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Symbol error rate calculation and data pre‐distortion for 16‐QAM transmission over nonlinear memoryless satellite channels
Authors: Alasady Hisham , Ibnkahla Mohamed , Rahman Quazi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a simplified mathematical approach to evaluate the performance of any given circular constellation of 16‐level quadrature amplitude modulation (16‐QAM) in terms of symbol error rate (SER). Following this approach, with the aim to work with memoryless nonlinear satellite channels, a model is derived as a generalized form for both linear and nonlinear channels in the presence of down link additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The analysis provides means to calculate the optimal ring ratio (RR) and phase difference (PD) for several possible candidates of 16‐QAM circular constellations. The effects of RR and PD on the SER performance are investigated in the analysis. To overcome the nonlinear distortion, data pre‐distortion is taken into account in the study. The paper gives a general procedure for data pre‐distortion implementation for all circular 16‐QAM constellations. The analytical formulation has been extended for total degradation (TD) performance measure as a function of input back‐off (IBO) of the nonlinear amplifier. A SER performance‐comparison between different constellations for 16‐QAM systems has also been presented in this paper. The analytical results are validated by simulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tYNA platform for comparative interactomics: a web tool for managing, comparing and mining multiple networks
Authors: Yip Kevin Y. , Yu Haiyuan , Kim Philip M. , Schultz Martin , Gerstein Mark 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Summary: Biological processes involve complex networks of interactions between molecules. Various large-scale experiments and curation efforts have led to preliminary versions of complete cellular networks for a number of organisms. To grapple with these networks, we developed TopNet-like Yale Network Analyzer (tYNA), a Web system for managing, comparing and mining multiple networks, both directed and undirected. tYNA efficiently implements methods that have proven useful in network analysis, including identifying defective cliques, finding small network motifs (such as feed-forward loops), calculating global statistics (such as the clustering coefficient and eccentricity), and identifying hubs and bottlenecks. It also allows one to manage a large number of private and public networks using a flexible tagging system, to filter them based on a variety of criteria, and to visualize them through an interactive graphical interface. A number of commonly used biological datasets have been pre-loaded into tYNA, standardized and grouped into different categories.
Availability: The tYNA system can be accessed at . The source code, JavaDoc API and WSDL can also be downloaded from the website. tYNA can also be accessed from the Cytoscape software using a plugin.
Contact: mark.gerstein@yale.edu
Supplementary information: Additional figures and tables can be found at