bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Handhabung von Teststreifen zur Bestimmung von Drogen und Medikamenten bei klinisch-toxikologischen Fragestellungen / Test strip handling in screening for drugs of abuse in the clinical toxicological setting
Authors: Wilhelm Lars , Jenckel Stefan , Junker Ralf 
Published: June 2008

Zusammenfassung
Teststreifen zum Nachweis von Betäubungsmitteln kommen vermehrt zum Einsatz. Die Anwendung reicht von klinischen Fragestellungen bis zu forensisch relevanten Fällen. Die Analysen werden nicht immer von toxikologisch geschultem Personal durchgeführt. Sowohl zur Analysenplanung als auch zur Interpretation der Ergebnisse sind pharmakologische und toxikologische Grundkenntnisse und Informationen über Testcharakteristika (z.B. cut-off Werte, Kreuzreaktionen) jedoch erforderlich. Insbesondere das Auftreten falsch-negativer Befunde ist bei der Befundinterpretation zu berücksichtigen. Eine Probenmanipulation sollte durch geeignete Maßnahmen weitestgehend ausgeschlossen werden. Um die Richtigkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit der Analysenergebnisse sicherzustellen, sind Qualitätskontrollen durchzuführen. Eine Rückvollziehbarkeit der Analysenergebnisse ist nur durch entsprechende Dokumentationen zu erreichen. Zur Differenzierung und Bestätigung positiver Befunde sollte eine weiterführende Diagnostik mit chromatografischen Methoden durchgeführt werden. Nationale und internationale Regelungen für Entscheidungsgrenzen sollten Beachtung finden.
Molecular modeling of metal complexation by a fluoroquinolone antibiotic
Authors: Aristilde Ludmilla , Sposito Garrison 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
An understanding of the factors controlling the chemodynamics of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in different environmental matrices is a necessary prerequisite to the assessment of their potential impact on nontarget organisms in soils and receiving waters. Of particular interest are the complexes formed between fluoroquinolones and metal cations, which are believed to be important in the mechanism of sequestration of the antibiotic by minerals and natural organic matter. The structures of these complexes have not been fully resolved by conventional spectroscopy; therefore, molecular simulations may provide useful complementary insights. We present results from apparently the first molecular dynamics simulations of a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (Cipro), in aqueous complexes with five metal cations typically found in soils and surface waters: Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Na+, and K+. The interatomic potential functions employed in the simulations were validated by comparison with available structural data for solid-phase Cipro-hexahydrate and for the metal cations in aqueous solution. Although no comprehensive structural data on the aqueous complexes appear to be available, properties of the metal complexes predicted by our simulations agree with available data for solid-phase metal–Cipro complexes. Our results indicate that the ionic potential of the metal cation controls the stability of the complex formed and that the hydration number of the metal cation in aqueous solution determines its coordination number with O atoms in the metal–Cipro complex. In respect to environmental chemodynamics, our results imply that Cipro will form two configurations of bidendate chelates with metal centers on exposed surfaces of mineral oxides, water-bridged surface complexes with exchangeable cations in clay mineral interlayers, and cation-bridged complexes with functional groups in natural organic matter.
Metabolic Phenotypes, Vascular Complications, and Premature Deaths in a Population of 4,197 Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Mäkinen Ville-Petteri , Forsblom Carol , Thorn Lena M. , Wadén Johan , Gordin Daniel , Heikkilä Outi , Hietala Kustaa , Kyllönen Laura , Kytö Janne , Rosengård-Bärlund Milla , Saraheimo Markku , Tolonen Nina , Parkkonen Maija , Kaski Kimmo , Ala-Korpela Mika , Groop Per-Henrik ,   on behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—Poor glycemic control, elevated triglycerides, and albuminuria are associated with vascular complications in diabetes. However, few studies have investigated combined associations between metabolic markers, diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy, hypertension, obesity, and mortality. Here, the goal was to reveal previously undetected association patterns between clinical diagnoses and biochemistry in the FinnDiane dataset.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—At baseline, clinical records, serum, and 24-h urine samples of 2,173 men and 2,024 women with type 1 diabetes were collected. The data were analyzed by the self-organizing map, which is an unsupervised pattern recognition algorithm that produces a two-dimensional layout of the patients based on their multivariate biochemical profiles. At follow-up, the results were compared against all-cause mortality during 6.5 years (295 deaths).RESULTS—The highest mortality was associated with advanced kidney disease. Other risk factors included 1) a profile of insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, high cholesterol, triglycerides, and low HDL2 cholesterol, and 2) high adiponectin and high LDL cholesterol for older patients. The highest population-adjusted risk of death was 10.1-fold (95% CI 7.3–13.1) for men and 10.7-fold (7.9–13.7) for women. Nonsignificant risk was observed for a profile with good glycemic control and high HDL2 cholesterol and for a low cholesterol profile with a short diabetes duration.CONCLUSIONS—The self-organizing map analysis enabled detailed risk estimates, described the associations between known risk factors and complications, and uncovered statistical patterns difficult to detect by classical methods. The results also suggest that diabetes per se, without an adverse metabolic phenotype, does not contribute to increased mortality.
Translating the A1C Assay Into Estimated Average Glucose Values
Authors: Nathan David M. , Kuenen Judith , Borg Rikke , Zheng Hui , Schoenfeld David , Heine Robert J. ,   for the A1c-Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) Study Group
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—The A1C assay, expressed as the percent of hemoglobin that is glycated, measures chronic glycemia and is widely used to judge the adequacy of diabetes treatment and adjust therapy. Day-to-day management is guided by self-monitoring of capillary glucose concentrations (milligrams per deciliter or millimoles per liter). We sought to define the mathematical relationship between A1C and average glucose (AG) levels and determine whether A1C could be expressed and reported as AG in the same units as used in self-monitoring.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 507 subjects, including 268 patients with type 1 diabetes, 159 with type 2 diabetes, and 80 nondiabetic subjects from 10 international centers, was included in the analyses. A1C levels obtained at the end of 3 months and measured in a central laboratory were compared with the AG levels during the previous 3 months. AG was calculated by combining weighted results from at least 2 days of continuous glucose monitoring performed four times, with seven-point daily self-monitoring of capillary (fingerstick) glucose performed at least 3 days per week.
RESULTS—Approximately 2,700 glucose values were obtained by each subject during 3 months. Linear regression analysis between the A1C and AG values provided the tightest correlations (AGmg/dl = 28.7 × A1C − 46.7, R2 = 0.84, P &lt; 0.0001), allowing calculation of an estimated average glucose (eAG) for A1C values. The linear regression equations did not differ significantly across subgroups based on age, sex, diabetes type, race/ethnicity, or smoking status.
CONCLUSIONS—A1C levels can be expressed as eAG for most patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Impact of the lower energy threshold on the NEMA NU2-2001 count-rate performance of a LSO based PET-CT scanner
Authors: Herzog H. , Schäfers K. P. , Käpplinger S. , Schober O. , Eckardt J. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the lower energy threshold (LET) on the NEMA NU2–2001 count-rate performance of a LSO-based PET scanner (Siemens PET-CT Biograph Sensation 16). The quantitative measurements were focused on three different aspects: noise equivalent count rate (NEC), scatter fraction, and absolute sensitivity. Methods: According to the NEMA-NU2–2001 protocol count-rate-performance (NEC-2R, scatter fraction) and sensitivity were evaluated performing serial measurements at LETs of 350, 375, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, and 450 keV (the upper energy threshold was fixed to 650 keV). NEMA protocols were adapted to account for the intrinsic radioactivity of 176Lu in the LSO crystals. Results: Up to a radioactivity concentration of 8 kBq/ml the highest NECrates were obtained at an LET of 410 keV, between 8 and 20 kBq/ml at an LET of 420 keV and above 20 kBq/ml at an LET of 430 keV. The overall NEC maximum was 67 kcps at 430 keV (at 28 kBq/ml). The minimum scatter fraction was measured at a radioactivity concentration of ~ 0.5 kBq/ml. The scatter fraction decreased continuously from 45% at an energy threshold of 350 keV to 24% at 450 keV. The maximum sensitivity of 5.8 kcps/MBq, was obtained at an LET of 350 keV and the minimum sensitivity of 4.2 kcps/MBq at an LET of 450 keV. At the LET with the maximum NEC-rate (430 keV) the sensitivity was 4.8 kcps/MBq. Conclusion: The optimal count-rate performance of the LSO-based PET system was found at LETs between 410 keV and 430 keV depending on the actual radioactivity concentration placed in the scanner. A global maximum in NEC count rate was obtained at an LET of 430 keV.
New Pathway to C2‐Symmetric Atropoisomeric Bipyridine N,N′‐Dioxides and Solvent Effect in Enantioselective Allylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Hrdina Radim , Dračínský Martin , Valterová Irena , Hodačová Jana , Císařová Ivana , Kotora Martin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of 1,7,9,15‐hexadecatetrayne with nitriles catalyzed by dicarbonylcyclopentadienylcobalt(I) opened a new pathway for the synthesis of C2‐symmetrical bis(tetrahydroisoquinolines) that were used as starting material for the preparation of axially chiral bipyridine N,N′‐dioxides. The N,N′‐dioxides (1 mol%) were found to be highly catalytically active and enantioselective (up to 83% ee) for the asymmetric allylation of aldehydes with allyl(trichloro)silane in various solvents. In addition, a dramatic solvent effect was observed where the use of different solvents induced opposite chiralities of the product with the same enantiomer of the catalyst, e.g., 65% ee (S) in acetonitrile (MeCN) vs. 82% ee (R) in chlorobenzene.
Physical work capacity in older adults: Implications for the aging worker
Authors: Kenny Glen P. , Yardley Jane E. , Martineau Lucie , Jay Ollie 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundIn many developed countries, the workforce is rapidly aging. Occupational demands however, have not decreased despite the fact that workers see a decline in physical work capacity with age. The purpose of this review is to examine the physiological adaptations to aging, the impact of aging on performance and the benefits of physical fitness in improving functional work capacity in aging individuals.MethodsAn extensive search of the scientific literature was performed, acquiring published articles which examined the physiological changes associated with age‐related decrements in the physical work capacity of healthy aging adults. The databases accessed included AARP Ageline, AccessScience, Annual Reviews, CISTI, Cochrane Library, Clinical Evidence, Digital Dissertations (Proquest), Embase, HealthSTAR, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and PASCAL and included relevant information sites obtained on the world wide web.ResultsWhile a great deal of variation exists, an average decline of 20% in physical work capacity has been reported between the ages of 40 and 60 years, due to decreases in aerobic and musculoskeletal capacity. These declines can contribute to decreased work capacity, and consequential increases in work‐related injuries and illness. However, differences in habitual physical activity will greatly influence the variability seen in individual physical work capacity and its components. Well‐organized, management‐supported, work‐site health interventions encouraging physical activity during work hours could potentially decrease the incidence of age‐related injury and illness.ConclusionsAge‐associated functional declines and the accompanying risk of work‐related injury can be prevented or at least delayed by the practice of regular physical activity. Older workers could optimally pursue their careers until retirement if they continuously maintain their physical training. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:610–625, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between depression and the Gln460Arg polymorphism of P2RX7 Gene: A dimensional approach
Authors: Hejjas Krisztina , Szekely Anna , Domotor Eszter , Halmai Zsuzsa , Balogh Gabriella , Schilling Boglarka , Sarosi Andrea , Faludi Gabor , Sasvari‐Szekely Maria , Nemoda Zsofia 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe P2RX7 gene (coding for P2X7 purinergic receptor) has been suggested as a novel candidate gene for major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BPD). The proposed risk allele (G‐allele) of the rs2230912 polymorphism results in an amino acid change at the 460th position, marking this genetic variation a possibly functional one. Here we present a case–control analysis of 171 patients diagnosed with MDD or BPD and 178 controls, as well as a dimensional approach using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for studying the Gln460Arg polymorphism of the P2RX7 gene as a genetic risk factor in depression. While case–control analysis did not show significant difference between the groups, a significant association was found between the P2RX7 polymorphism and the HADS scales in the clinical group (MANOVA P = 0.001). Both anxiety and depression scores increased as the number of G‐allele increased in the genotype groups (ANOVA for HADS‐anxiety: P = 0.01, HADS‐depression: P < 0.001). A significant interaction of clinical status and the P2RX7 polymorphism was also found for the depression scale (MANOVA P = 0.025, subsequent ANOVA for anxiety: P = 0.252; depression: P = 0.002). Whereas patients with G‐allele‐present genotypes showed more elevated depression scores, level of depression in the control group was not affected by the P2RX7 genotype. In conclusion, case–control analysis did not reveal significant results, but using a symptom severity scale we could support the association between depressive disorder and the G‐allele of the Gln460Arg polymorphism in the P2RX7 gene. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A polymorphism of the neuregulin 1 gene (SNP8NRG243177/rs6994992) affects reactivity to expressed emotion in schizophrenia
Authors: Kéri Szabolcs , Kiss Imre , Seres Imola , Kelemen Oguz 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA single nucleotide polymorphism of the neuregulin 1 gene (SNP8NRG243177/rs6994992) increases the risk of psychosis, affects prefrontal activation and structural connectivity in the brain, and is related to the expression of a specific neuregulin 1 isoform. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction between this polymorphism and reactivity to psychosocial stress. Two hundred patients with schizophrenia were genotyped. The patients and one of their family members participated in neutral and conflict‐related interactions in which the number of relatives' criticisms and patients' unusual thoughts was assessed. Patients with the risk T/T genotype expressed more unusual thoughts than C‐carriers (C/T and C/C) during conflict‐related interactions but not during neutral interactions. Two controls polymorphisms of the neuregulin 1 gene (rs10954867 and rs7005288) showed no such effect. These results raise the possibility that there is a significant gene by environment interaction regarding SNP8NRG243177/rs6994992 and psychosocial stress. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An unusual incident of adoption in a wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) population at Gombe National Park
Authors: Wroblewski Emily E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAllomothering and adoption are well documented across primate species. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of such behavior according to the costs and benefits to the caregiver, mother, and infant. Permanent adoptions and allomothering have been observed in chimpanzees, but they typically involve the infants' siblings or nulliparous females. Here, I report a unique incident of adoption where an infant was adopted by its grandmother without the death of its mother. I conclude by considering how the adoption may have benefited the grandmother, mother, and infant. Am. J. Primatol. 70:995–998, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catalytic Reduction of Dinitrogen to Ammonia by Molybdenum: Theory versus Experiment
Authors: Schrock Richard R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMolybdenum complexes that contain the triamidoamine ligand [(RNCH2CH2)3N]3− (R=3,5‐(2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2)2C6H3) catalyze the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia at 22 °C and 1 atm with protons from 2,6‐dimethylpyridinium and electrons from decamethylchromocene. Several theoretical studies have been published that bear on the proposed intermediates in the catalytic dinitrogen reduction reaction and their reaction characteristics, including DFT calculations on [(HIPTNCH2CH2)3N]Mo species (HIPT=hexaisopropylterphenyl=3,5‐(2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2)2C6H3), which contain the actual triamidoamine ligand that is present in catalytic intermediates. Recent theoretical findings are compared with experimental findings for each proposed step in the catalytic reaction.
Observation of a System of Linear Loops Formed by Re‐Growing Hairs on Rat Skin
Authors: Liu Li‐Yuan , Guo Dong‐Sheng , Xin Xiu‐Yu , Fang Jin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper details linear hair re‐growth patterns observed in rats. Adult rats were shaved and observed. The first wave of hair re‐growth did not distribute everywhere, but along specific craniocaudally‐oriented lines. The hair‐lines were 2–15 mm wide and ran from the head, through the torso to the limbs, and were symmetrical along the left and right sides of the body. The symmetric hair‐lines from both sides of the body converged around the mouth, nose, and at the pubic region or ventral midline to form a system of hair‐loop‐lines (HLLs). The loops can be differentiated into four main patterns. The Dorsal Loop and the Lateral Dorsal Loop run along the dorsum and hindlimb. The Ventral Loop and Lateral Ventral Loop travel along the thorax, abdomen, and forelimb. These hair‐lines coincide with our previously observed sympathetic‐substance lines (SSLs) in the rat's skin. Histological observation indicates that rat hair follicles along the hair‐lines were at anagen phase. The catecholamine histofluorescent check showed abundant sympathetic nerve fibers beneath the hair‐lines. After the rats' hairs were dyed, and selected portions shaved, re‐growth was only observed on the shaved portions, indicating that the linear hair growth closely correlated with the shaving. Lastly we examine the cause of the preferential re‐growth and briefly discuss the purpose and physiological role of the HLL. Anat Rec, 291:858–868, 2008.© 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Nucleotide Excision Repair Factors XPA and XPB in Adult Rat Brain
Authors: Yang Shan‐Zheng , Zhang Yi‐Fan , Zhang Ling‐Mei , Huang Ya‐Ling , Sun Feng‐Yan 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTo study the regional and cellular distribution of xeroderma pigmentosum group A and B (XPA and XPB) proteins, two nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors, in the mammalian brain we used immunohistochemistry and triple fluorescent immunostaining combined with confocal microscope scanning in brain slices of adult rat brain, including the cerebral cortex, striatum, substantia nigra compacta, ventral tegmental area, red nucleus, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Both XPA and XPB proteins were mainly expressed in neurons, because the XPA‐ or XPB‐immunopositive cells were only costained with NeuN, a specific neuronal marker, but not with glial fibrillary acidic acid, a specific astrocyte marker, in the striatum. Furthermore, XPA‐ and XPB‐positive staining were observed in the neuronal nuclei. Such subcellular distribution was consistent with the location of the NER in the cells. This study provides the first evidence that NER factors XPA and XPB exist in the nuclei of neurons in the brain, suggesting that the NER may play important roles in the process of DNA repair in adult brain neurons. Anat Rec, 291:775–780, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Major/Minor Concept: Dependence of the Selectivity of Homogeneously Catalyzed Reactions on Reactivity Ratio and Concentration Ratio of the Intermediates
Authors: Schmidt Thomas , Dai Zhenya , Drexler Hans‐Joachim , Hapke Marko , Preetz Angelika , Heller Detlef 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe homogeneously catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral olefins with cationic RhI complexes is one of the best‐understood selection processes. For some of the catalyst/substrate complexes, experimental proof points out the validation of the major/minor principle; the concentration‐deficient minor substrate complex, which has very high reactivity, yields the excess enantiomer. As exemplified by the reaction system of [Rh(dipamp)(MeOH)2]+/methyl (Z)‐α‐acetamidocinnamate (dipamp=1,2‐bis((o‐methoxyphenyl)phenylphosphino)ethane), all six of the characteristic reaction rate constants have been previously identified. Recently, it was found that the major substrate complex can also yield the major enantiomer (lock‐and‐key principle). The differential equation system that results from the reaction sequence can be solved numerically for different hydrogen partial pressures by including the known equilibrium constants. The result displays the concentration–time dependence of all species that exist in the catalytic cycle. On the basis of the known constants as well as further experimental evidence, this work focuses on the examination of all principal possibilities resulting from the reaction sequence and leading to different results for the stereochemical outcome. From the simulation, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) When an intermediate has extreme reactivity, its stationary concentration can become so small that it can no longer be the source of product selectivity; 2) in principle, the major/minor and lock‐and‐key principles can coexist depending on the applied pressure; 3) thermodynamically determined intermediate ratios can be completely converted under reaction conditions for a selection process; and 4) the increase in enantioselectivity with increasing hydrogen partial pressure, a phenomenon that is experimentally proven but theoretically far from being well‐understood, can be explained by applying both the lock‐and‐key as well as the major/minor principle.
A Supported Rhodium Hydroxide Catalyst: Preparation, Characterization, and Scope of the Synthesis of Primary Amides from Aldoximes or Aldehydes
Authors: Fujiwara Hiroshi , Ogasawara Yoshiyuki , Kotani Miyuki , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA supported rhodium hydroxide catalyst, Rh(OH)x/Al2O3 (x=3), is prepared by the reaction of Al2O3 with RhCl3 in an aqueous medium followed by treatment with NaOH. The RhIII hydroxide species is monomerically (or highly) dispersed on the Al2O3 support. Rh(OH)x/Al2O3 acts as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst in water, rather than in an explosive, hazardous, and carcinogenic organic solvent, for the synthesis of primary amides from aldoximes or aldehydes by an efficient sequential process of dehydration and rehydration. The dehydrative condensation of aldehydes and hydroxylamine is also promoted by the Rh(OH)x/Al2O3 catalyst.