bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Une Europe Communautaire de moins en moins mobile ?
Authors: Simon Gildas 
Published: October 2008

Une Europe Communautaire de moins en moins mobile ?
Gildas SIMON
La libre circulation est une des questions délicates de la mise en œuvre de l'Acte Unique. Avec l'abolition des frontières intérieures en 1993, le déclin continu de la mobilité de la population à l'intérieur de l'espace communautaire pose problème. Le phénomène est d'autant plus surprenant qu'il subsiste à l'intérieur de cet espace des écarts de développement encore importants, qui se manifestent dans la géographie très contrastée du chômage, notamment chez les jeunes, et dans les disparités de niveaux de vie à l'échelle nationale et régionale. Plusieurs facteurs importants font obstacle à la mobilité intracommunautaire : la convergence des évolutions démographiques, la redistribution des espaces migratoires nationaux, les disparités entre systèmes de protection sociale. Cependant la légère augmentation des effectifs communautaires constatée ces toutes dernières années dans plusieurs pays de la CEE est-elle l'indice du développement de mobilités spécifiques impulsées, par la construction européenne, chez les jeunes et les qualifiés ? La prospective des migrations communautaires reste un exercice fort délicat, tant les facteurs d'incertitude sont nombreux à l'intérieur comme à l'extérieur de la Communauté.
Un projet d'harmonisation des statistiques de migration internationale au sein de la Communauté Européenne
Authors: Poulain Michel 
Published: October 2008

Un proyecto de armonización de las estatísticas de migración internacional en la Comunidad Europea
Michel POULAIN
Un examen atento de las estatísticas disponibles sobre las migraciones internacionales en la Comunidad Europea pone de relieve muchas lagunas. La comparación de los datos disponibles, comparación posible gracias a la confrontación de las cifras sacadas de la doble inscripción de cualquier movimiento migratorio intra-europeo, pone por otra parte de realce la poca fiabilidad del conjunto. El análisis comparativo de los sistemas de recolección en los distintos países subraya la necessidad de un esfuerzo de armonización de esta recolección de estatísticas de migración internacional. Aqui están las proposiciones que emitimos en esta óptica :
— En el caso especifico de las migraciones internacionales de los extra comunitarlos, la mejora del sistema de recolección de las informaciones estatísticas sólo podrá hacerse al mismo tiempo que las tomas de decision políticas y las reglamentaciones que se pondrán en obra en cuanto a la estancia de los no comunitarios en uno de los paises de la comunidad.
— En cuanto a las migraciones internacionales de los comunitarios dos conclusiones se destacan :
El recurso a estimaciones o a modelos matemáticos para asegurar la comparabilidad, sólo puede dar resultados mediocres y largos en poner en obra.
• La mejora y la extensión de la encuesta sobre las fuerzas de trabajo podrían suplir a la ausencia de recuento regular del número de la población extranjera en varios paises. Sin embargo, la imposibilidad de aprehender a los emigrantes, la dificultad de inclur facilmente a los nuevos inmigrantes en el muestra de familias o de viviendas y por fin la ocurencia demasiado escasa de los fenómenos a observar harían este esfuerzo totalmente inútil para contabilizar los movimientos de migraciones internacionales entre los distintos países de la comunidad.
• Entonces, de manera complementaria a la proposición relativa a las estadísticas de tarjeta de residencia, está propuesto que, en los 7 paises que disponen de ficheros de población y que utilizan un formulario de entrada-salida para las incriptiones y radiacíones en estos ficheros, una armonización de estos formularios sea efectuada. La transmisión de estos documentos entre el país recibidor y el país de origén y una entrega de la información a los Institutos Nacionales de la Estadistíca respectivos deberían permitir una clara fiabilización y armonización de las estadísticas a ejemplo de lo que se observó entre los 5 paises que han adoptado este intercambio. Una extensión de esta gestión bajo una forma simplificada podria sugerirse a los países que no poseen fichero, de tal manera que esta proposición de armonización alcance de manera semejante los 12 paises miembros.
Evolution des structures familiales chez les Maghrébins et les Portugais de France
Authors: Camilleri Carmel 
Published: October 2008

Evolución de las estructuras familiares de los Magrebíes y los Portugueses en Francia
Carmel CAMILLERI
El autor analiza, a partir de las mas antiguas y numerosas comunidades de inmigrantes (Magrebíes y Portugueses) la evolución de las estructuras familiares de los inmigrantes en Francia. Su movimiento hacia el modelo occidental contemporaneo se presenta como la tendencia media y cierta. Pero esta evolución se realiza a travès de obstaculos y conflictos que llevan a varios equilibrios. Por otra parte, si el conjunto de la estructura patriarcal se modifica por completo, la evolución serà desigual segun los aspectos que se consideren.
Sociétés sans hommes et intégration des femmes à l'étranger : mouvements migratoires et rôles féminins. Le cas de l'Italie
Authors: Corti Paola 
Published: October 2008

Societies without men and the integration of women abroad: migration and female roles. The case of Italy.
Paola CORTI
The role of women during the « grande emigrazione »from Italy at the end of the century needs to be studied from two different angles. First it is necessary to identity what was preserved and what evolved in the societies that were left behind after the departure of the menfolk. The temporary and seasonal exodus of the latter meant that the families and the local communities were often almost entirely made up of women. Second, it is necessary to describe the role played by the women who emigrated abroad, and therefore to look at the conditions they met with in the foreign countries where they arrived alone, or as wives, daughters and mothers. These two aspects of the relationship between gender and migration are dealt with in this article, which reflects the current debate in Italy on the subject.
Que sont devenus les demandeurs d'asile de 1990 ?
Authors: Angoustures Aline , Legoux Luc , Jaggers Christophe 
Published: October 2008

Que pasa por los solicitantes del asilo en 1990 ?
Aline Angoustures, Luc Legoux, Christophe Jaggers
Este estudio ofrece un conocimiento cuantitativo de los trayectos seguidos por los solicitantes del asilo en Francia entre el deposito de su solicitacion en 1990 y el reconocimiento -o no- del estatuto de refugiado al final del año 1993, asi como una descripcion demografica de la poblacion concernida a cada paso de este camino.
Par la primera vez ha sido posible calcular la tasa de reconocimientos por cohorte (26% para la cohorte de 1990) y demostrar que esta tasa es muy diferente de la proporcion de reconocimientos por decisiones tomadas (15% en 1990). Por otro lado, fuertes variaciones de las caracteristicas demograficas entre solicitantes de asilo y refugiados reconocidos ha sido observada. Asi la piramide de las edades de los solicitantes de asilo esta muy influenciada por el peso de los solicitantes africanos, llegados bastante recientemente, cuando la de los refugiados reconocidos esta, en gran parte, el reflejo de los reconocimientos en applicacion del principio de mantenimiento de la integridad familiar que son consequencias de la antigüedad y de la importancia del exodo de Asia del Sur-Este (Vietnam, Laos y Cambodia).
Les Indonésiens en Arabie Saoudite pour la foi et le travail
Authors: Husson Laurence 
Published: October 2008

Les Indonésiens en Arabie Saoudite pour la foi et le travail
Laurence HUSSON
Cet article met en évidence l'ancrage historique et l'évolution de deux mouvements de population, interdépendants depuis au moins le XIXe siècle : le pèlerinage à La Mecque et les migrations de travail indonésiennes.
Les témoignages des consuls des Indes néerlandaises en poste à Jeddah tout comme les récits des fidèles révèlent que le pèlerinage en Terre Sainte, souvent qualifié de grand voyage spirituel, était dans les faits un périple périlleux (voire une migration).
Certes, à mesure que la révolution des transports s'accomplissait, passant du voilier au bateau à vapeur, puis à l'avion, le nombre des pèlerins s'est accru alors que la durée du périple diminuait, transformant par là-même le pèlerinage en un voyage de masse organisé et institutionnalisé mais une constante subsistait, l'existence d'intermédiaires pour qui le pèlerinage et les migrations de travail restent un objet marchand.
Transnationalité et renouveau de la vie festive capverdienne aux États-Unis
Authors: Meintel Deirdre , Hily Marie-Antoinette 
Published: October 2008

Transnationalism and Renewal of Cape Verdean-American Feslive Life
Transnationalism goes beyond the political and economie levels and encompasses symbols and ritual. We discuss the Cape Verdean transnationalism as a longstanding phenomenon that has taken new forms since Independence (1975). It affects individuals whose Cape Verdean origins go back three or more generations, through festive life as well as other ineans. The study of festive and public life among Cape Verdean-Americans in the Boston-Providence area shows that modem transnationalism has changed the parameters of identity issues. At the same time, notions of « Cape Verdean tradition » have been challenged and new forms of social memory have emerged. One influence is the « transmigrants » of recent years; better educated and more cosmopolitan than earlier cohorts, they already exert considerable influence on the public life of the Cape Verdean-American community today.
Les grandes villes : autonomie locale et innovation politique
Authors: Jobert Bruno , Sellier Michèle 
Published: October 2008

LES GRANDES VILLES : AUTONOMIE LOCALE ET INNOVATION POLITIQUE, par BRUNO JOBERT ET MICHÈLE SELLIER
Traditionnellement l'autonomie de grandes villes est conçue en termes de moyens et spécialement de moyens financiers, et l'innovation et le changement sont perçus comme émanant toujours de Paris. On peut, au contraire, poser l'hypothèse de la commune innovatrice qui, dans certaines conditions, défend sa spécificité locale et élabore des normes nouvelles. Dans cette perspective, on distinguera trois types possibles, n'existant jamais à l'état pur, de gestion des grandes villes. 1. Le type bureaucratique de l'administration exécutante qui s'impose après la deuxième guerre mondiale et centralise les innovations intervenues précédemment au niveau local. Cet appareil municipal, par ailleurs fortement politisé, apparaît comme dominé par le secrétaire général qui, en fait, coordonne plutôt l'activité des professionnels spécialistes intervenant chacun dans des secteurs cloisonnés de l'administration locale. 2. Le type technocratique des municipalités hétéronomes, qui se caractérise par la pénétration de normes centrales au niveau local, à la faveur d'efforts nouveaux de coordination rendus nécessaire par la crise de l'administration exécutante. Ce type est dominé par des élites qui appliquent des normes centrales sans prise en compte des spécificités locales. 3. Le type politique des municipalités innovatrices qui cherchent à élaborer leurs propres normes face à l'Etat et se dotent d'un appareil technico-politique local placé sous la tutelle directe du maire. Cet appareil, baptisé « cabinet occulte du maire » est fortement contesté par le personnel communal et échappe souvent à un contrôle démocratique. Ce type révèle les conflits et les contradictions d'un système décentralisé qui doit encore inventer ses propres instruments de contrôle.
[Revue française de science politique XXVII (2), avril 1977, pp. 205-227.]
Quantitation of Nucleic Acids and Proteins
Authors: Gallagher Sean R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractReliable quantitation of nanogram and microgram amounts of DNA and RNA in solution is essential to researchers in molecular biology. In addition to the traditional absorbance measurements at 260 nm, two more sensitive fluorescence techniques using Hoechst 33258 and ethidium bromide are presented in this unit. These three procedures cover a range from 5 to 10 ng/ml DNA to 50 µg/ml DNA. Reliable quantitation of proteins is possible using several types of assays. UV spectroscopy is the simplest approach but is limited in sensitivity. More sensitive assays that use Coomassie blue binding, bicinchoninic acid (BCA), and the Lowry reaction are also described. All assays are prone to amino acid composition errors and interference from assay solution components. Flow charts and tables to help with appropriate method selection are included.
Radiation Safety and Measurement
Authors: Meisenhelder Jill , Bursik Steve 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe pursuit of scientific knowledge has been considerably advanced by the use of biochemical molecules which incorporate radioisotopes at specific sites. The fate of these labeled molecules, and/or the radiolabeled products which result from biochemical reactions in which the parent molecule was involved, can be traced using a variety of instruments which detect radioactivity. This unit provides an overview of the use of radioisotopes in the biochemical laboratory. It begins with a discussion of the principles of radioactivity in order to provide the reader/user with knowledge on which to base a common sense approach to the safe use of isotopes. The characteristics of isotopes most commonly used in a biochemical laboratory are then detailed, as well as the safety precautions and monitoring methods peculiar to each one. Detection and imaging methods used in experimental analysis are reviewed. Finally, an outline of an orderly, proper response to a spill of radioactive material is presented.
Aseptic Technique
Authors: Bykowski Tomasz , Stevenson Brian 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis unit describes common laboratory procedures that can reduce the risk of culture contamination (sepsis), collectively referred as “aseptic technique.” Two major strategies of aseptic work are described: using a Bunsen burner and a laminar flow hood. Both methods are presented in the form of general protocols applicable to a variety of laboratory tasks such as pipetting and aliquotting, preparation of growth media, inoculation, passaging, and spreading microorganisms on Petri dishes.
Overview of Digital Electrophoresis Analysis
Authors: Moomaw Butch , Medberry Scott , Gallagher Sean R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDigital imaging is the method of choice for documentation and analysis of electrophoretic separations of protein and DNA. Digital images of gel electropherograms can be obtained rapidly using CCD‐based cameras, and the images can be easily archived and analyzed using image analysis software. This overview defines important key terms and calculations for imaging, explains the capture process, reviews the range of CCD technologies used for image capture, and provides an introduction to the software and methods used for one‐ and two‐dimensional digital image analysis.
Protein Blotting: Immunoblotting
Authors: Gallagher Sean R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractImmunoblotting (also referred to as Western blotting) uses antibodies to probe for a specific protein in a sample bound to a membrane. Typically, a protein sample is first size separated via electrophoresis (e.g., SDS PAGE). However, antibodies used for specific protein detection are restricted by the polyacrylamide gel and, to make the separated proteins accessible, the proteins need to be moved out of the gel and bound to a rectangular sheet of PVDF or nitrocellulose membrane. In this second step, the membrane, cut to the same dimensions of the SDS gel (e.g., 10 x 10 cm), is then laid on the gel surface. The gel and membrane sandwich is then positioned in specialized blotting equipment that electrophoretically transfers the negatively charged proteins from the gel onto the membrane. The nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane binds the proteins as they move out of the gel, producing an exact replica, on the membrane surface, of the original protein gel separation. The proteins bind with high capacity and, in contrast to the polyacrylamide gel, are freely accessible to antibody reagents. The membrane is then blocked to prevent any nonspecific protein binding and visualized by specific antibodies to detect the presence or absence of a particular protein. For routine quantitation of a protein, the SDS PAGE separation is not always needed, and whole cell lysates or other complex mixtures are bound directly to the membrane for analysis using slot or dot blotting. Applications of immunoblotting are many, and include antibody characterization, diagnostics, gene expression and post translational modification analysis.
Conventional Light Microscopy
Authors: Cole Eric S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this molecular day and age, microscopy seems to be a neglected field of instruction. Too often professors, who themselves are strangers to the use of the light microscope, may hurry through a laboratory exercise designed to familiarize students with its uses. This chapter is designed to serve as a useful reference for instructors, perhaps demystifying some features of the microscope, and making their applications more user‐friendly and exciting.
Preparing and Presenting a Poster
Authors: Torigoe Sharon , Huang Nick , Hall Matthew , Ngo Benson 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA poster is one method of informing the world about results from a research project. Whether serving as an aid for a presentation or standing alone, it should provide information about a project. Both substantive and stylistic qualities should contribute to effectively communicating one's conclusions. This appendix gives general guidelines and suggestions for poster content, layout, and design to assist in preparing an effective poster.
Surface grafting modification of fibrous silicates with polyvinylpyrrolidone and its application in nanocomposites
Authors: Yuan Xuepei , Li Chuncheng , Guan Guohu , Xiao Yaonan , Zhang Dong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractChemical surface modification of fibrous silicate with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or its derivates via grafting‐from and grafting‐to methods was investigated. The grafting‐from method was based on the immobilization of reactive end functional groups of silane coupling agents on silicate surface, followed by chain growth via radical polymerization of N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) to form grafted polymers with different molecular weight. In the grafting‐to method, a novel copolymer PVP‐171 with side functionalized groups and designed molecular weight was synthesized by radical polymerization of NVP and vinyltrimethoxysilane (DB171) and then bonded to the surface of fibrous silicates. Evidences from FTIR, XPS, TGA, and BET test indicate that there are ∼ 68,000 reactive sites per square meters on the surface with the grafted vinyl concentration of 59 mequiv per 100 g of clay. XRD patterns and SEM images demonstrate that grafting modification was bound on the silicate surface and make the surface rough with the increase of graft‐loading quantity. In contrast with grafting‐to approach, grafting‐from approach facilitates the dispersion of silicates in PET composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Persulfate/ascorbic acid initiated synthesis of poly(acrylonitrile)‐grafted tamarind seed gum: A potential commercial gum
Authors: Singh Vandana , Tripathi Devendra Narayan , Malviya Tulika , Sanghi Rashmi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAcrylonitrile was grafted on to tamarind seed gum using persulfate/ascorbic acid redox initiator and a representative sample of the graft copolymer (Tm‐g‐PAN) was characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Grafting conditions were optimized where %G and %E were found to increase with the increase in the concentration of the monomer; initiator, and the reaction temperature, whereas increase in gum concentration decreased the %G in the concentration range of 4–12 g/L, The maximum % grafting (%G) and % efficiency (%E) achieved were 305 and 75%, respectively. Water/saline retention, gel forming ability, and the shelf life of the grafted gum solutions were also studied to explore the possibility of its commercial utilization. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Evaluation of critical incidents in general surgery
Authors: Zingg U , Zala-Mezoe E , Kuenzle B , Licht A , Metzger U , Grote G , Platz A 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe analysis of adverse events is a central step in critical incident reporting, but has not been described in a surgical setting. The aim of this study was to develop an evaluation protocol and assess its feasibility.MethodsAll incidents were analysed by a multidisciplinary team. A coding system based on three published theories was used to assess all incidents and their underlying causes. A risk analysis was also conducted.ResultsBetween July 2004 and December 2005, 9785 inpatients were treated and 139 critical incidents reported. Classification of active errors revealed 47·7 per cent to be execution failures and 45·9 per cent knowledge-based errors. The distribution of medical errors was 12·9 per cent diagnostic, 46·0 per cent treatment, 17·3 per cent preventive and 23·7 per cent other. Some 282 latent failures were identified among the 139 incidents. Risk analysis revealed a severe incident rate of 21·6 per cent.ConclusionThis study has shown the feasibility of an evaluation protocol based on a combination of three classification systems and a risk analysis. It allows a thorough assessment of critical incidents, identification of priorities and tailored countermeasures.
Long-term follow-up of proximal versus distal laparoscopic gastric bypass for morbid obesity
Authors: Müller M K , Räder S , Wildi S , Hauser R , Clavien P-A , Weber M 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Background
Laparoscopic gastric bypass is the ‘gold standard’ for treatment of morbidly obese patients in many centres. There is debate regarding the optimal length for small bowel limbs. This study aimed to determine whether the proximal or distal approach is better.

Methods
Twenty-five patients undergoing primary distal gastric bypass in 2000–2002 were randomly matched for age, sex and preoperative body mass index (BMI) with 25 patients having a primary proximal bypass. All distal operations were performed laparoscopically; one proximal procedure was converted to open surgery.

Results
Mean operating time was 170 min for proximal and 242 min for distal bypasses (P = 0·004); median hospital stay was similar in the two groups. There were no deaths and the overall complication rate was similar, as was weight loss at 4 years: BMI decreased from 45·9 to 31·7 kg/m2 for the proximal and from 45·8 to 33·1 kg/m2 for the distal approach. Co-morbidities decreased after surgery in both groups; the prevalence of diabetes, arterial hypertension and dyslipidaemia at all time points was similar in the two groups.

Conclusion
Proximal and distal laparoscopic gastric bypass operations are feasible and safe, with no differences in weight loss or reduction of co-morbidity in unselected morbidly obese patients.