bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression and regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF‐receptor family members in the macaque corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Peluffo Marina C. , Young Kelly A. , Hennebold Jon D. , Stouffer Richard L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMembers of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐receptor (R) family may be involved in the tissue remodeling that occurs in the primate corpus luteum (CL) during development and regression. As a first step towards addressing this issue, studies assessed TNF ligand‐R expression and regulation in CL collected from monkeys during the early (ECL, Days 3–5), mid (MCL, Days 7–8), mid‐late (MLCL, Days 10–11), late (LCL, Days 14–16), and very late (VLCL, menses) luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. CL were also collected after gonadotropin and/or steroid ablation and replacement (with hLH and the progestin R5020) for 3 days at mid‐late luteal phase. TNF‐α, ‐β, FAS ligand (FASL), and TNF‐R1 mRNA levels were two‐ to sixfold greater (P < 0.05) at the MLCL or LCL phase as compared to earlier (ECL, MCL). In contrast, TNF‐R2 and FAS mRNA levels did not change during the luteal phase. Immunohistochemical staining for TNF‐β, TNF‐R1, TNF‐R2, FAS, and FASL was observed in luteal cells, whereas only TNF‐β staining was observed in endothelial cells. Several TNF‐R components were influenced by LH and/or steroid ablation; notably, steroid ablation reduced (P < 0.05) luteal TNF‐α, but not TNF‐β, mRNA levels, which was prevented by progestin treatment. In contrast, steroid ablation increased (P < 0.05) luteal cell immunostaining for FAS and FASL, which was reduced by progestin treatment. Thus, several members of the TNF R‐ligand family are expressed in the primate CL in an LH‐ and/or progestin‐dependent manner. Peak expression in the late luteal phase may signify a role for the TNF‐R system in death receptor‐mediated apoptosis during luteolysis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 367–378, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of thermode application pressure on thermal threshold detection
Authors: Pavlaković Goran , Klinke Ina , Pavlaković Helena , Züchner Klaus , Zapf Antonia , Bachmann Cornelius G. , Graf Bernard M. , Crozier Thomas A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractStudies using quantitative sensory testing (QST) often present incongruent results due to intra‐ and intersubject as well as interobserver variability which limit widespread use of the technique. Eliminating or reducing the factors responsible for this variability is of great interest, as it increases reliability and reproducibility of QST. Thermal sensory threshold determination is a crucial part of QST. It was previously suggested that the pressure of the thermode on the skin could influence measurements. To verify this, we developed a new thermode with a built‐in pressure sensor. Thresholds obtained with this thermode were compared to those obtained with a commercially available thermotesting device (Medoc TSA‐II). Heat detection and heat pain detection thresholds were higher, and cold detection thresholds were lower when measured with our thermode than they were with the Medoc thermode. Cold pain detection thresholds did not differ between the thermodes. Analysis of the heat transfer capacity of the thermodes indicated that the material of the skin contact surface of the thermode may play a role in these shifts in threshold values. Altering the thermode pressure on the skin did not affect the thermal thresholds. Furthermore, the intrasubject variability of the measurements (minimal‐to‐maximal range of measured threshold values in individual subjects) was also not influenced by the pressure with which the thermode was attached to the skin. Our results suggest that the pressure with which the thermode is attached to the skin does not significantly affect the intra‐ and intersubject reproducibility of the thermal sensory threshold measurements. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Nonlinear response of laterally loaded piles and pile groups
Authors: Guo Wei Dong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn spite of extensive studies on laterally loaded piles carried out over years, none of them offers an expedite approach as to gaining the nonlinear response and its associated depth of mobilization of limiting force along each pile in a group. To serve such a need, elastic–plastic solutions for free‐head, laterally loaded piles were developed recently by the author. They allow the response to be readily computed from elastic state right up to failure, by assigning a series of slip depths, and a limiting force profile. In this paper, equivalent solutions for fixed‐head (FixH) single piles were developed. They are subsequently extended to cater for response of pile groups by incorporating p‐multipliers.The newly established solutions were substantiated by existing numerical solutions for piles and pile groups. They offer satisfactory prediction of the nonlinear response of all the 6 single piles and 24 pile groups investigated so far after properly considering the impact of semi‐FixH restraints. They also offer the extent to ultimate state of pile groups via the evaluated slip depths. The study allows ad hoc guidelines to be established for determining input parameters for the solutions. The solutions are tailored for routine prediction of the nonlinear interaction of laterally loaded FixH piles and capped pile groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ac–dc Electroluminescence in ZnS (Powder and Single Crystal)
Authors: Cingolani A. , Levialdi A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe enhancement effect (E.E.) of ZnS is measured in a constant electric field superposed on an alternating field. Two cases are considered: a) a conventional sandwich‐type electroluminescent (E.L.) ZnS (Mn, Cu, Cl) micropowder cell; b) a ZnS (Cu, Cl) single crystal (“gap”) cell.Capacity, current, and δ are simultaneously measured at different temperatures between 88 and 300 °K using frequencies in the range 6 to 20 kHz. The frequency corresponding to Rmax is determined. The variation of R near Rmax is found to be independet of tg δ. The value of the time constant of the E.L. cell is equal to half a period of the optimum applied frequency. The results are consistent with both the Fischer [1] model and the “impactionization” model.
White Line at the LIII and LII Edges of Sm in Metal and Its Compounds
Authors: Kushwaha M. S. , Shrivastava B. D. , Dubey V. S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe L‐absorption spectra of Sm in the metal and some of its compounds have been recorded for the first time. The spectra. have been recorded photographically using a 40 cm bent crystal X‐ray spectrograph, kept inside a vacuum chamber. The white lines have been observed at the LIII and LII edges of Sm in the metal and its compounds and their occurrence have been attributed to the transition from 2p states to the vacant part of 5d bands. The values of the various parameters, used to define the position and size of the white line, have been presented. An empirical relation between these parameters has been established. The effective slit width of the spectrograph has been found to be about 10 eV from this relation.
A Muffin‐Tin Impurity Model and Its Application to 3d Transition Metal Impurities in Aluminium
Authors: Mrosan E. , Lehmann G. , Woittennek H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA muffin‐tin impurity model for the scattering properties of substitutional impurities is applied to 3d transition metal impurities in Al. The relative potential between impurity muffin‐tin and host muffin‐tins is chosen in such a way that a sum rule for the scattering phase shifts is fulfilled to obtain selfconsistent screening of the impurity charge. Calculations of the change in the electronic density of states and residua, l resistivity are presented, which show a characteristic behaviour due to the fact that a virtual bound state is crossing the Fermi level of the host.
Static Lattice Green's Function and Its Asymptotic Behaviour for F.C.C. and B.C.C. Crystals
Authors: Schober H. R. , Mostoller M. , Dederichs P. H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe static lattice and elastic Green's functions (GF) are compared for Born‐von Karman models of Cu, Al, Nb, and Li. If the spectrum for lower frequencies is determined by small q‐values only, the lattice GF agrees quite well with its elastic counterpart outside the effective range of the coupling parameters. This result is in contrast to earlier calculations which did not treat the Fourier integration near q = 0 accurately enough.
Relevance of conditional symmetric instability in the interpretation of wide cold frontal rainbands. A case study: 20 May 1976
Authors: Lemaitre Y. , Testud J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractComparisons are made between the characteristics of rainbands observed in a frontal system using a C‐band Doppler radar and dynamical mechanisms relevant on the mesoscale (∼100 km).The orientation of these rainbands, nearly aligned with the thermal wind, suggests that symmetric instability may play a role in their formation. This possible explanation of the precipitation is discussed.
The stratospheric major warming of winter 1984/85: observations and dynamical inferences
Authors: Fairlie T. D. A. , O'Neill A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe evolution and dynamics of the major stratospheric warming of 1984/85 are described and discussed using synoptic maps of geopotential height and temperature, fields of Q vectors, isentropic maps of Ertel's potential vorticity, and diagnostics based on zonal averaging and departures therefrom. It is argued that the stratosphere cannot be regarded as being pre‐conditioned before the warming, in the conventional sense of the term, and that an important element of the warming was that the flow was highly asymmetric at the onset of the rapid breakdown of stratospheric westerlies. Nonlinear dynamics was involved as evidenced by an anticorrelation in time between the amplitudes of zonal waves 1 and 2, by the magnitude of a nonlinear term compared with those of linear terms in a governing equation, and by the irreversible rearrangement of potential vorticity. Apparent loss of potential vorticity in the stratosphere is associated in part with differential advection of air in a vertically sheared flow. Salient features of the large‐scale flow in the troposphere during the stratospheric warming are noted.
A simplified squall‐line model revisited
Authors: Fovell Robert G. , Tan Pei‐Hua 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe revisit the parametrized moisture model of Garner and Thorpe and show it does indeed support realistic multicellular behaviour when an adequate (and commonly available) amount of instability is present in the initial environment. We also consider the dramatic impact that the simplified model's storms have on their upstream environments, and suggest that this is exaggerated by a fundamental shortcoming in the parametrized moisture framework.
Predictability of snow‐depth anomalies over Eurasia and associated circulation patterns
Authors: Corti Susanna , Molteni Franco , Branković Čedo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis study investigates the variability and predictability of snow depth anomalies over the Eurasian continent at the end of winter, as represented in 12 ensembles of General Circulation Model simulations performed at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. Each ensemble includes nine integrations performed with the same prescribed sea surface temperature, but started from time‐lagged initial conditions. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis shows that the leading EOF of Eurasian snow depth in March has a zonally‐oriented dipole structure, with a band of positive anomalies covering northern Europe and Siberia, and negative anomalies over central Europe, the Himalayas and north China. A significant relationship is found between the positive/negative phase of this snow‐depth anomaly and warm/cold El Niño Southern Oscillation events. The positive phase of the snow‐depth EOF1 is associated with a wintertime circulation characterized by a strengthening of the westerly winds over Europe and Siberia; in the upper troposphere, this westerly anomaly is accompanied by negative zonal wind anomalies over Eurasia around 30‐40°N and positive zonal wind anomalies between the equator and 25°N over Africa and south‐east Asia. A good degree of predictability is found in the snow‐related circulation anomalies; considering 500‐hPa height, 850‐hPa zonal wind and 200‐hPa zonal wind, the interannual variations of the ensemble‐mean fields show a correlation of 48%, 56% and 65% (respectively) with the corresponding observed anomalies over the eastern half (0° to 180° E) of the northern hemisphere. The tropical component of the zonal wind anomaly associated with snow‐depth EOF1 is strongly predictable; it shows a marked persistence from winter to the early summer, and affects the large‐scale circulation over south Asia in the early and central periods of the monsoon season.
Estimates of short‐range forecast‐temperature error correlations and the implications for radiance‐data assimilation
Authors: McNally A. P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe importance of an accurate specification of short‐range forecast‐error structures for the successful assimilation of satellite sounding data is discussed, with special emphasis on the role of vertical (inter‐level) error correlations. Two different statistical approaches for estimating these correlations are examined. The first is based on comparing radiosonde profiles with the short‐range forecast. The second compares forecasts of different lengths which verify at the same time. It will be shown that, in some aspects, the two approaches produce consistent results which suggests that significant geographic and seasonal variability exists in the vertical error correlations. The effect of not modelling this variability in the analysis of TOVS (TIROS‐N (Television Infra‐Red Observation Satellite) Operational Vertical Sounder) radiance data is simulated using a linear retrieval estimator, and it is shown that it may result in a serious misinterpretation of the information in the observations.
Evaluation of [11C]PipISB and [18F]PipISB in monkey as candidate radioligands for imaging brain cannabinoid type‐1 receptors in vivo
Authors: Finnema Sjoerd J. , Donohue Sean R. , Zoghbi Sami S. , Brown Amira K. , Gulyás Balázs , Innis Robert B. , Halldin Christer , Pike Victor W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractN‐(4‐Fluorobenzyl)‐4‐[3‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)indole‐1‐sulfonyl]benzamide] (PipISB,3) is a selective and high‐potency cannabinoid subtype‐1 (CB1) receptor inverse agonist. We have previously reported radiosyntheses of [11C]3and [18F]3. Here, we aimed to evaluate the uptake and CB1receptor‐specific binding of each radioligand in monkey brain in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). [11C]3or [18F]3was injected intravenously into rhesus or cynomolgus monkey, respectively, and examined with PET at baseline or after pretreatment with a receptor‐saturating dose of CB1receptor‐selective ligand (3for [11C]3or8for [18F]3). In one PET experiment, the dose of3was administered at 100 min after [11C]3. Relative plasma concentrations of radioligand and radiometabolites were concurrently measured in baseline experiments with high‐performance liquid chromatography. Brain radioactivity uptake was highest in striatum and cerebellum, and it reached 170–270% standardized uptake value (SUV) at 120 min after injection of [11C]3and 180% SUV at 240 min after injection of [18F]3. Radioactivity was well retained in all CB1receptor‐rich regions. No reference region could be identified for nonspecifically bound radioligand. Under CB1receptor pretreatment and displacement conditions, initial brain uptakes of radioactivity were similar to those at baseline. Regional brain radioactivity concentrations then became homogeneous and diminished to between 70 and 80% SUV at 120 min after injection of [11C]3and to 25% SUV at 240 min after injection of [18F]3. [18F]3was not defluorinated but was metabolized to less lipophilic radiometabolites, as was [11C]3. Hence, [11C]3and [18F]3showed high CB1receptor‐specific binding in monkey brain in vivo and merit further investigation as prospective PET radioligands in humans. Synapse 63:22–30, 2009. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coping behavior causes asymmetric changes in neuronal activation in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala
Authors: Stalnaker Thomas A. , España Rodrigo A. , Berridge Craig W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWhen faced with an inescapable stressor, animals may engage in ‘coping’ behaviors, such as chewing inedible objects, that attenuate some physiological responses to the stressor. Previous evidence indicates that dopamine neurotransmission in the right prefrontal cortex is modulated by coping processes. Here we tested whether medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) neuronal activation, as measured by Fos‐immunoreactivity (Fos‐ir), was altered in rats chewing inedible objects during exposure to novelty stress. We found that chewing caused an increase in Fos‐ir that was selective for the right hemisphere of the mPFC along with a decrease in Fos‐ir that was selective for the right central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), a region that may regulate dopamine neurotransmission in mPFC. These observations suggest that coping during stress engages mPFC and CeA neuronal activity asymmetrically. Synapse 63:82–85, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small talk, high stakes: Interactional disattentiveness in the context of prosocial doctor-patient interaction
Authors: MAYNARD DOUGLAS W. , HUDAK PAMELA L. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe literature on “small talk” has not described the way in which this talk, even as it “oils the social wheels of work talk” (Holmes 2000), enables disattending to the instrumental tasks in which one or both participants may be engaged. Small talk in simultaneity can disattend to the movements, bodily invasions, and recording activities functional for the instrumental tasks of medicine. Small talk in sequence occurs in sensitive sequential environments. Surgeons may use small talk to focus away from psychosocial or other concerns of patients that may focus off the central complaint or treatment recommendation related to that complaint. Patients may use small talk to disattend to physician recommendations regarding disfavored therapies (such as exercise). Overall, small talk often may be used to ignore, mask, or efface certain kinds of agonistic relations in which doctor and patient are otherwise engaged. We explore implications of this research for the conversation analytic literature on doctor–patient interaction and the broader sociolinguistic literature on small talk.
On the origins of urban Wolof: Evidence from Louis Descemet's 1864 phrase book
Authors: MC LAUGHLIN FIONA 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTBased on evidence from a French-Wolof phrase book published in Senegal in 1864, this article makes the case that urban Wolof, a variety of the language characterized by significant lexical borrowing from French, is a much older variety than scholars have generally claimed. Historical evidence suggests that urban Wolof emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries in the coastal island city of Saint-Louis du Sénégal, France's earliest African settlement and future capital of the colonial entity that would be known as French West Africa. The intimate nature of early contact between African and European populations and the later role played by themétisor mixed-race population of the island as linguistic brokers contributed to a unique, urban variety of Wolof that has important links to today's variety of urban Wolof spoken in Dakar and other cities throughout the country.
Impact of reduced numbers of isolates phage-typed on the detection of Salmonella outbreaks
Authors: KAFATOS G. , ANDREWS N. , GILLESPIE I. A. , CHARLETT A. , ADAK G. K. , De PINNA E. , THRELFALL E. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to assess the effects of reductions in the number of isolates tested by phage-typing on the recognition of outbreaks of salmonellosis. Five outbreaks (categorized as ‘small’, ‘medium’ or ‘large’) which occurred in England in 2005 were used as examples. The outbreaks were caused by serotypes which were subdivided by phage-typing. Results indicated that reducing the number of isolates phage-typed would have an impact on the surveillance system, with one outbreak likely to have been missed altogether. However, this does not have a great effect on the ‘time-to-detection’ for the other outbreaks. Assuming no testing for phage-typing was undertaken it is likely that two out of five outbreaks would not have been detected. Assessing the value of phage-type information is important not only in deciding on the efficiency of the current surveillance system but also in providing a basis upon which to assess more detailed typing methodologies such as an antibiogram of molecular profile.
Exogenous hyalin and sea urchin gastrulation. Part III: Biological activity of hyalin isolated fromLytechinus pictusembryos
Authors: Contreras Azalia , Vitale John , Hutchins-Carroll Virginia , Carroll Edward J. , Oppenheimer Steven B. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryHyalin is a large glycoprotein, consisting of the hyalin repeat domain and non-repeated regions, and is the major component of the hyaline layer in the early sea urchin embryo ofStrongylocentrotus purpuratus. The hyalin repeat domain has been identified in proteins from organisms as diverse as bacteria, sea urchins, worms, flies, mice and humans. While the specific function of hyalin and the hyalin repeat domain is incompletely understood, many studies suggest that it has a functional role in adhesive interactions. In part I of this series, we showed that hyalin isolated from the sea urchinS. purpuratusblocked archenteron elongation and attachment to the blastocoel roof occurring during gastrulation inS. purpuratusembryos, (Raziniaet al., 2007). The cellular interactions that occur in the sea urchin, recognized by the U.S. National Institutes of Health as a model system, may provide insights into adhesive interactions that occur in human health and disease. In part II of this series, we showed thatS. purpuratushyalin heterospecifically blocked archenteron–ectoderm interaction inLytechinus pictusembryos (Alvarezet al., 2007). In the current study, we have isolated hyalin from the sea urchinL. pictusand demonstrated thatL. pictushyalin homospecifically blocks archenteron–ectoderm interaction, suggesting a general role for this glycoprotein in mediating a specific set of adhesive interactions. We also found one major difference in hyalin activity in the two sea urchin species involving hyalin influence on gastrulation invagination.
Traditional property rights, common property, and mobility in semi-arid African pastoralist systems
Authors: GOODHUE RACHAEL E. , McCARTHY NANCY 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTTraditional pastoralist land management institutions in sub-Saharan Africa have been stressed by an increasing human population and related forces, including private enclosure of grazing land; government-sponsored privatization; and the increasing prevalence of violent conflicts and livestock theft. We model the incompleteness and flexibility of traditional grazing rights using fuzzy set theory. We compare individual and social welfare under the traditional system to individual and social welfare under a private property system and a common property system. Whether the traditional system is preferred to private property depends on whether the value of mobility, as defined by the traditional system, is more valuable than the right of exclusion inherent in private property. We find that under some conditions the imprecision which characterizes traditional rights can result in higher social returns than a common property regime characterized by complete symmetric rights across all members of the user group and complete exclusion of non-members.