bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stillbirth and birth order
Authors: JAMES WILLIAM H. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS1. Some stillbirth sibships are characterized by positive birth‐order effects, and among them some are probably of the sort illustrated by Fig. 1; other stillbirth sibships are characterized by negative order effects, and among them some are probably of the sort illustrated by Fig. 2.2. The ‘strength’ of these two opposing effects was roughly equal in the sample tested, so there was noover‐alltrend of stillbirths with birth order within sibships.3. There seem to be a few sibships in which a curvilinear effect is present, with higher risks of stillbirth at the beginning and at the end of the same sibship.4. Lastly, it seems possible (though no direct evidence on this point has been presented in this paper) that many stillbirths belong to sibships which do not exemplify any appreciable maternal age or order effect.5. It seems likely that the positive and negative effects are related to specific pathological causes of stillbirth.6. It seems possible that the occasional sibship seeming to show higher risks at both ends is due to the co‐existence in a single woman of a propensity to bear two types of stillbirth—one type characterized by a positive effect, and the other by a negative effect.7. The stillbirth ratio declines from the 1st to the 2nd and 3rd birth ranks, and thereafter increases.8. The initial drop is due to a genuine negative birth order (or maternal age) effect.9. The subsequent rise seems to be not primarily due to secular changes within individual women (either as a result of maternal age or birth order) but to an association of fertility with proneness to stillbirth. The cause may thus be social rather than biological.10. The cause of this association is not that a stillbirth is likely to occasion reproductive compensation. (Indeed in this sample, at all the birth ranks up to the ninth, a stillbirth promoted birth limitation instead.)11. The association of fertility with a propensity to stillbirth may be mediated by social class or by duration of marriage, but it is not clear that the underlying cause of this association has been uncovered.12. One recommendation would follow from this work if its findings should be confirmed: stillbirth‐prone women on the average have more pregnancies than other women. This fact is a major cause of the variation of stillbirths rate with birth rank. This being so, workers using multivariate analysis may feel the need to scrutinize the assumptions implicit in their models.
Stillbirth, neonatal death and birth interval
Authors: JAMES WILLIAM H. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS1. The time interval between a confinement and the initiation of a subsequent pregnancy is called a ‘conception delay’. Under some circumstances, the interval between the two confinements (‘birth interval’) is a useful criterion of conception delay.2. When data from a large sample of women are pooled, both stillbirths and neonatal deaths are associated with both long and short birth intervals.3. However, there is evidence that brief birth intervals are not associated with stillbirths within sibships. It follows that short conception delays are not a cause of the stillbirths associated with them.4. In contrast, stillbirths are associated, within sibships, with long birth intervals.5. The cause of this association cannot be uncovered by analyses of this sort, but it seems very possible that very long conception delays may be one cause: others have been suggested.6. The evidence in regard to neonatal death is less clear: but on balance, there seems to be an association, within sibships, between neonatal death and short birth intervals. There are grounds for believing this association to be, partly at least, the result of statistical artifacts.
In vitro culture of spleen cells from a case of Gaucher's disease*
Authors: FRACCARO M. , MAGRINI U. , SCAPPATICCI SUSI , ZACCHELLO F. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryUp to 12 days the cultures were composed in prevalence of bi‐ and multinucleated Gaucher's cells, intermixed with cells of lymphomonocytic type. At 22 days Gaucher's cells were less numerous and at 35 days of culture most cells were fibroblast‐like. Histochemical staining for acid phosphatase activity revealed variation in the appearance of the cytoplasmic distribution of the enzyme, which was granular or diffuse in positive cells, with intermediate stages. Typical Gaucher's cells negative for enzyme activity were also seen. The results indicated that in vivo environmental conditions are essential for formation of Gaucher's cells and support the hypothesis of cerebroside accumulation by phagocytic activity. They further indicated that the increased serum level of acid phosphatase is due to ‘ spillage’ from tissue deposits and therefore has no primary significance in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Heiǵht and weiǵht of a United Kinǵdom adult population with a review of anthropometric literature
Authors: MONTEGRIFFO V. M. E. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYHeight and weight were measured in a United Kingdom population during 1964–66. Comparisons were made with previous studies in the United Kingdom and showed an increase in weight for males but little change in females. Both sexes are lighter than American figures. Increase in weight was most marked in the forties for men and in the fifties for women.Comparison of height showed that the subjects in the present studry were taller than those in other studies. Growth in height continues ove the age of 25.The percentage number of subjects overweight, in relation to the American desirabes Weights, was calculated for males and females.A review of anthropometric data is included.
The Ensu scoring system in genetic counselling
Authors: MURPHY E. A. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYAs a device for systematically computing the posterior probability that a woman is the carrier of an X ‐linked recessive disorder, a new scoring system has been devised. The information provided by a woman and her male descendants is condensed into an equivalent number of normal sons. Thus if the likelihood ratio of her and her descendants, supposing her a carrier, to that supposing her wild‐type is expressible as (1/2)a, the score is a Equivalent Normal Son Units (Ensu). The method, designed in the first place to deal with strictly recessive disorders, is readily extended to the case where the carrier state can be identified with greater or less certainty and the case where other pertinent probabilistic information such as linkage data is available. Tables and a graph are provided which should allow three‐digit accuracy, sufficient for all practical purposes.
Statistical inference on segregation ratios for D/G‐translocations, when the families are ascertained in different ways
Authors: STENE JON 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYThe present paper discusses the estimation of the risk rates for D/G‐transloeation carriers of having offspring which are either (1) mongols or (2) phenotypically normal D/G‐translocation carriers. The analysis is based upon 38 families, most of them taken from the literature; the others are personal communications. For all the sibships in the material only one of the parents is a carrier. The families are ascertained through mongols in different ways which may be classified according to the number of mongols through which the family is ascertained, whether they are in the same or different sibships, and whether the carrier parents are of the same or different sex. There are two levels of observations: (1) the phenotypical level and (2) the cytological level, depending on whether an individual has been investigated cytologically or not. At the phenotypical level it is possible to decide if a person is a mongol or phenotypically normal. At the cytological level it is possible to decide if a person is a D/G‐translocation mongol, phenotypically normal D/G‐translocation carrier or karyotypically normal. Several persons in the families have died or are unavailable for cytological investigations, and the medical diagnosis concerning mongolism has been improved during the last decades.In separate papers (Stene, 1970a, b) methods of handling materials of this kind have been developed. These methods are applied in the present paper.No inhomogeneities of segregation ratio are found in the offspring of female carriers, but segregation ratios in mongols and non‐mongols vary in the offspring of male carriers. The segregation ratio in the offspring of carrier males is less than in the offspring of carrier females. The segregation ratio or risk rate for female carriers is estimated. Owing to the detected inhomogeneity a corresponding estimate cannot be given for male carriers. For the conditional segregation of phenotypically normal individuals in translocation carriers and karyotypically normal individuals no such inhomogeneity is detected. This conditional segregation ratio is found to be equal in the offspring of carriers of both sexes, but is not found to be different from the ratio 1/2. A method suggested by Hamerton (1966, 1968) is shown to be approximate and biased.
A statistical study of the intrauterine selection factors related to the ABO system
Authors: PERITZ ERIC 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYFoetal death rates by ABO‐mating type are presented for a Caucasian population. The rates are based on foetal deaths occurring while the women were participating in the Child Health and Development Studies, Oakland, California, as well as on data elucidated by interview. The rates for mating‐type Ox A were consistently higher than those for the other mating types. A‐O incompatibility is the most plausible interpretation of this finding.
The number of pregnancies prior to the birth of twins
Authors: SELVIN STEVE 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYData from the birth certificates of twins born in New York City showed that the number of previous pregnancies differs significantly when mothers of like‐sex twins are compared to mothers of unlike‐sex twins. Also the number of previous pregnancies of mothers of male‐male twins differed significantly from that of mothers of female‐female twin pairs. The average number of previous pregnancies was adjusted so that the average maternal age was the same for each comparison. This adjustment produced no substantial differences in the original observations.
THE RELATION OF THE PIGMENT TRICHOSIDERIN TO HAIR COLOUR
Authors: BARNICOT N. A. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY1. A sample of 118 hair specimens from young adult British males, comprising a wide range of red and non‐red colours, has been examined for trichosiderin by acid extraction.2. Statistical indices of redness, derived from spectrophotometric reflectance curves, and approximate measures of the amount of trichosiderin in the acid extracts, have been used to study the relationship between the yield of this pigment and hair colour.3. It is concluded that the higher ranges of trichosiderin yield are obtained almost exclusively from definitely red hair; but that some red specimens yield only small amounts or none of this pigment. Small amounts appear to be present in many red‐brown and in some dark brown specimens.4. The relevance of the findings to current interpretations of the genetics of red hair colour is discussed.I wish to thank Prof. L. S. Penrose, who first interested me in this problem, for much useful discussion during the work, and Dr S. P. Datta for making pH determinations on the glass electrode. Mr John Welch gave technical assistance throughout the investigation.
MYOPATHIE ET DALTONISME
Authors: FRÉZAL PAR JEAN , GROUCHY J. DE , LAMY MAURICE , POGNAN MME C. 
Published: September 2007

RÉSUMÉLes auteurs décrivent une famille qui comporte des myopathes et des daltoniens. lis discutent la variete clinique de la myopathic et son mode de transmission héréditaire.
TASTE‐THRESHOLDS FOR PHENYLTHIOCARBAMIDE OF SOME POPULATION GROUPS
Authors: LUGG J. W. H. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY1. The thresholds of taste for phenylthiocarbamide of samples of fifty subjects each of the Kintak Bong division of the Negritos and the Semai division of the Senoi have been estimated. The distributions of the threshold values, corrected for the effects of age and sex to the basis of the 32‐year‐old male as standard'subject, have been examined.2. The so‐callednon ‘non‐taster’:‘taster’ ratios were found to be 0–18:0‐82 for the Kintak Bong Negritos and 0–04:0‐96 for the Sēmai Sēnoi, a difference of appreciable statistical significance. A difference of appreciable statistical significance was found also between the variances of the ‘taster’ fractions.3. The distributions of values for these samples were compared, also, with those for samples of other ethnic groups, in respect of the ‘non‐taster’:‘taster’ ratios, the means of the ‘taster’ fractions, and the variances of these fractions. There appears to be a close correspondence between the distributions for the Sēmai Sēnoi and the southern Chinese. Comparison of the Kintak Bong Negrito material with that obtained by Barnicot (1950) for a group of African subjects failed to establish any recognizable affinity between these two ethnic groups.
THE LOG LIKELIHOOD RATIO TEST (THE G‐TEST)
Authors: WOOLF BARNET 
Published: September 2007

SUMMAEYThe theoretical basis of the log likelihood ratio test (the G‐test) is described, and instructions and tables are given for its use as a test of heterogeneity in contingency tables. There is a marked saving in computation time over the customary Karl Pearson test.It is a pleasure to thank Miss Mary Wheeler and Miss Madge Wight for the major part of the computations.
BLOOD GROUPS and HAEMOGLOBIN VARIANTS IN NIGERIAN (YORUBA) SCHOOLCHILDREN
Authors: GARLICK J. P. , BARNICOT N. A. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY1. The sickling frequency and incidence of haemoglobin variants as determined by paper electrophoresis are reported for a sample of Yoruba schoolchildren in the 5‐9‐year‐old range.2. The incidence of malarial parasitaemia is found to be high, but no difference is found between sicklers and non‐sicklers in this respect.3. Sicklers are on average a little taller and heavier than non‐sicklers, but the difference is not statistically significant.4. The frequencies of the Lutheran, Henshaw, A1A2BO and MN blood groups of the children are reported.The work was financed from a grant by the Rockefeller Foundation. We are indebted to Dr A. E. Mourant of the Blood Group Reference Laboratory for the blood‐grouping sera, to the Department of Medicine, University College, Ibadan, in whose laboratories the work was done, for their hospitality, and to the Director of Education, Western Region, Nigeria, for permission to conduct the survey.
Fisher's Malthusian parameter and reproductive value
Authors: PRICE GEORGE R. , SMITH CEDRIC A. B. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYAn explanation is given of Fisher's ‘Malthusian parameter’m (= Lotka's ‘rate of increase’) and ‘reproductive value’v. It is pointed out that there is a flaw in fisher's mathemathics due to his neglect of changes in population charactersitcs under natural selection, with the result that m equals the logarithmic rate of change of the total reproductive value of a population. A modified definition is given that does have this property. however, for practical uses in population genetic it may be better to follow Fisher's original definition despite the flaw in them.
The effect of zygosity on the birth weight of twins
Authors: CORNEY G. , ROBSON ELIZABETH B. , STRONG S. J. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYBirth weight has been analysed in a series of 528 unselected, newborn twins pairs of known zygosity, in relation to sex, placentation, duration of gestation, maternal age and parity. Monozygotic twins weigh less than dizygotic twins, even when the named variables are allowed for. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
DNA repair and frequency of X‐ray and u.v.‐light induced chromosome aberrations in leukocytes from patients with Down's syndrome
Authors: LAMBERT B. , HANSSON K. , BUI T. H. , FUNES‐CRAVIOTO F. , LINDSTEN J. , HOLMBERG M. , STRAUSMANIS R. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryDNA‐repair and the frequency of chromosome aberration after u.v. and X‐ray irradiation was studied on leukocytes from patients with Down's syndrome.The u.v.‐induced DNA‐repair synthesis was followed by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in the presence of hydroxyurea. Similar dose‐response curves were estabIished for Down's syndrome leukocytes and controls. The cells from patients with Down's syndrome incorporated 70–75 % of the activity of control cells at the various doses (32–196 erg/mm.2). This difference was significant for the two highest u.v.‐doses (P < 0.01). The yield of dicentric chromosomes after X‐ray exposure (150 rad.) was 35% higher in Down's syndrome leukocytes than in the control cells (P < 0.001).
Linkage between α‐fucosidase and the rhesus blood group
Authors: CORNEY G. , FISHER R. A. , COOK P. J. L. , NOADES J. , ROBSON E. B. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYFamily studies show that αFUC is closely linked to Rh and confirm that the locus for α‐L‐fucosidase is on chromosome 1.
Relative importance of the effect of family environment and heredity on obesity
Authors: HARTZ ARTHUR , GIEFER ELDRED , RIMM ALFRED A. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYIn a study using data from 254 families with 646 non‐biologically related children and 10337 families with 25654 biologically related children an analysis of variance technique was used to evaluate the effect of family environment and heredity for children ages 4–11. Family environment accounted for 32% of the variation in obesity if all children were used and more than 39% of the variation in obesity using subgroups of children similar with respect to sex and age. The estimate of heritability was quite low, only 11%. These results suggest that family environment, which consists of such things as parental example and child rearing techniques, has an important effect on childhood obesity.
Selection and mutation at an X‐linked locus
Authors: NAGYLAKI THOMAS 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYThe most general mutation‐selection model with discrete non‐overlapping generations is formulated for a multiallelic X‐linked locus, The difference equations for the gene frequencies, though dependent on the female genotypic proportions, are shown to have a simple form. If mating is random and the rates at which various unions produce females may be expressed as products of factors depending on the male and female parental genotypes, then the female zygotic frequencies are proved to be generalized Hardy‐Weinberg proportions with respect to the male and female gametic frequencies. As the main application of the formalism, assuming only that mutation is much weaker than selection, the total frequencies of mutant alleles in males and females at equilibrium are related to the mutation rates and mean selection coefficients in the two sexes.
The genetic and biochemical properties of the D‐amino acid oxidases in human tissues
Authors: BARKER R. F. , HOPKINSON D. A. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY1. Two distinct forms of oxidases catalysing the oxidative deamidation of D‐α‐amino acids have been identified in human tissues: D‐amino acid oxidase (DAMOX) and D‐aspartate oxidase (DASOX).2. The enzymes differ in their electrophoretic properties, tissue distribution, binding with flavine adenine denucleotide, heat stability, molecular size and possibly in subunit structure.3. Neither enzyme exhibits genetic polymorphism in European populations, but a rare electrophoretic variant phenotype (DASOX 2‐1) was identified which suggests that the DASOX locus is autosomal and independent of the DAMOX locus.
Inbreeding effects on human reproduction in Tamil Nadu of South India
Authors: RAO P. S. S. , INBARAJ S. G. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYA prospective investigation of inbreeding effects was carried out during 1969‐74 on representative samples from rural and urban populations of Tamil Nadu in southern India. Altogether, 14243 pregnancy terminations were observed. Forty‐seven per cent of the rural women and 29% of urban were consanguineously married; in 80% or more of these marriages the spouses were first cousins or more closely related.The differences between the consanguineous and non‐consanguineous marriages were studied with respect to total foetal loss rates, neonatal, infant and perinatal and extended first‐year mortality rates; in these cases the differences were quite small and unlikely to have practical importance, though some attained statistical significance. Differences for duration‐specific foetal loss, sex ratio and incidence of congenital malformations were not statistically significant. When studied alternatively in terms of the regression of the incidence rate on the inbreeding coefficient, again most regression coefficients were mostly positive but did not reach the 0.05 significance level.Taking into account the background of the population studied, the methodology adopted, and the lack of significant patterns by type of parental consanguinity, the most reasonable conclusion is that the continued practices of consanguinity over several generations have narrowed the differentials of human reproduction and of its wastage among various types of marriages based on parental consanguinity.
Inbreeding effect on precocious mortality in Japanese communities of Brazil
Authors: FREIRE‐MAIA N. , TAKEHARA N. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYData on precocious mortality (from abortions up to the age of 20) are presented for three Japanese communities in Brazil. The inbreeding load (B≅1.5) is estimated on the basis of these data. B/A lies between 7 and 30. Three general working hypotheses are presented.
Estimation of the variance components for dermal ridge count
Authors: SPENCE M. ANNE , WESTLAKE J. , LANGE K. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYRefinements of the scoring algorithm to estimate variance components from pedigree data are developed. Subsequent to these modifications, heritability estimates were readily obtained from data for over 50 traits, including total finger ridge count reported here. A significant contribution to the total variance of ridge count could be attributed to the effects of dominance, a finding not previously reported for this dermatoglyphic trait.
A cytogenetic study of spontaneous abortions in Hawaii
Authors: HASSOLD T. J. , MATSUYAMA A. , NEWLANDS I. M. , MATSUURA J. S. , JACOBS P. A. , MANUEL B. , TSUEI J. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryCytogenetic results on 234 spontaneous abortions showed 109 (46.6 yo) to have a chromosome abnormality. The results were analysed separately for the four major ethnic groups of which the population was composed and no differences in the proportion or types of chromosome abnormalities seen. The results of this survey were found to be very similar to other major published surveys and it therefore appears, on present evidence, that neither geographic location nor racial group affects the frequency of chromosome abnormalities seen among human spontaneous abortions. The sex ratio among the chromosomally normal and abnormal abortuses and the effect of parental and gestational age were discussed.This work was supported by the National Foundation March of Dimes Grant 6–47 and the Spencer Foundation.Wo are grateful to Dr T. Kobara and the staff of the Pathology Department of the Kapiolarii Children's Medical Center, to Mrs B. Tanaka and Mrs C. Earnshaw and the nursing staff of the Operating Room, and to Mrs H. Arnold and the nursing staff of the Gynmcological Services. Without their continued help and co‐operation the project would not have been possible. We would also like to thank Miss Shirley Yee of the Population Genetics Laboratory, University of Hawaii, for her help with the statistical analysis.