bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The histochemistry of Stellantchasmus falcatus Onji and Nishio, 1915 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) metacercarial cyst in the mullet Mugil cephalus L. and histopathological alterations in the host†
Authors: Lee Fah Onn , Cheng Thomas C. 
Published: January 2006

The metacercarial cyst of the heterophyid trematode Stellantchasmus falcatus in the striated muscles of the mullet Mugil cephalus consists of three layers. Histochemical studies have indicated that these layers are chemically distinct. The acellular inner layer is comprised of complex carbohydrate polyanions rich in acidic groups while the medial cellular layer is comprised of a neutral mucopolysaccharide including a moeity of carbohydrate poiyanions. These two layers are believed to be of parasite origin. The outer layer is cellular and is of host origin. It is the most chemically complex and is believed to include one or more of the following: mucopolysaccharides, glycolipids and phospholipids. In addition, the carbohydrate moeity associated with the mucopolysaccharides and/or glycolipids is in the form of sulphated carbohydrate polyanions with undissociated carboxyls as well as acidic groups.The presence of the parasite results in the necrotic degeneration of the host's myofibers situated in the proximity of the parasite. Large fat cells fill the spaces vacated by necrotic muscle cells and many blood cells occur along the periphery of the parasite.
The development of a saccus vasculosus in Tilapia mossambica Peters and other cichlids
Authors: Lanzing W. J. R. 
Published: January 2006

Observations are made on the development and the presence of a Saccus Vasculosus in Tilapia mossambica and other cichlids.In those cichlids that do not possess a saccus vasculosus the development of this organ is apparently suppressed in a very early stage of life.A saccus vasculosus is present in all those American and Indian cichlids that were investigated, but this organ was not found in cichlids indigenous to the African continent.
Contribution of young fish to total production of fish in the River Thames near Reading
Authors: Mathews C. P. 
Published: January 2006

The production of the young stages of four species of cyprinid fish in the River Thames was estimated. From the time when underyearling fish became fully vulnerable to the special fine mesh net used, to the end of their first year, production is 39 g/ma/year compared with 83‐3 g/m2/year for fish over 1‐year old. The contribution of fecundity to population production varied widely, from 6.1 to 0.4 g/m2/year, but was only a small part of total production. The most productive part of the population was that found between spawning and prior to full vulnerability to the net. Production of this part of the population could be estimated only indirectly and was found to be 58‐6 g/m2/year. In the four populations studied production during the first year of life was 66 to 73 % of total cohort production in 1967 and only 39 to 64% in 1968. Total fish production in the Thames was estimated at 197 k cal/m2/year; this high result is a consequence of the very high densities found: up to 96‐9 fish/m2 were present in August 1967. Ten km of the Thames would contain about 54 000 000 fish in August, falling to around 8 000 000 in winter. The production: biomass ratios for the four species varied from 1–1 to 1′9 in 1967 and from 0–7 to 2‐0 in 1968.Very heavy, possibly density dependent, mortality occurs in the first year of life; the annual instantaneous mortality rates are very high, ranging from 6–4 to 8–7. Mortality is heaviest during the first 2 to 3 months after spawning; the instantaneous mortality rates during this period vary from 4‐0 to 7‐3.
Studies on ulcerative dermal necrosis of salmonids
Authors: Roberts Ronald J. , Ball H. J. , Munro A. L. S. , Shearer W. M. 
Published: January 2006

Fourteen fresh run salmon Satmo salar L. with early extant lesions of ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) were kept in separate tanks and treated with zinc free malachite green. Ten of the fish were held at 10° C and 4 at 2° C. The treatment precluded infection with Saprolegnia fungus and allowed natural resolution of the lesions. There was a marked difference in rate of healing between warm and cold water conditions.Histological examination of healing lesions at different stages showed that there was a primary invasion of cuboidal epithelium over the collagen scar followed by a phase of disorganized proliferation which eventually organized itself into normal epithelium. Melanocytes were very obvious in the dermis of healing lesions.
D(+)‐Glucose permeability in brown trout Salmo trutta L. erythrocytes
Authors: Bolis L. , Luly P. , Baroncelli V. 
Published: January 2006

D(+)‐Glucose penetration in trout erythrocytes was studied with osmotic and tracer methods.Results give no evidence for a carrier mediated diffusion system like that concerned with glucose permeability as in human red cells. The data show that glucose fails to stimulate erythrocyte respiration.
A field trial with the molluscicide Frescon* for control of Lymnaea peregra Müller, snail host of Diplostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi)
Authors: Crossland N. O. , Pearson A. J. A. , Bennet M. S. 
Published: January 2006

Larval stages of the parasite Diplostomum spathaceum cause blindness in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Richardson.) The adult parasite is found in the intestine of various species of gulls, and larval stages are found in various species of snails belonging to the genus Lymnaea.A field trial was carried out at Lodge Reservoir, near Chelsmford, Essex to test the effectiveness of chemical control of the snail Lymnaea peregra. The molluscicide, Frescon, was applied in the first instance to the whole of the reservoir to give a concentration of 0.025 p.p.m. in the water using a motorized applicator mounted at the rear of a small boat. A second treatment was carried out when only the periphery of the lake was sprayed to a distance of 5 m from the banks to give a concentration of 0‐1 p.p.m.No L. peregra were found in samples taken 10 days after the second application of Frescon and it is concluded that this snail had been virtually eliminated from the reservoir. No mortality of trout was observed. Some of the sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus L. were killed and this may be attributable to uneven distribution of molluscicide near the margin of the reservoir. There were no apparent side‐effects on aquatic invertebrates or other wild life.Five months after treatment some re‐population of the shoreline by L. peregra was observed, and applications of Frescon may therefore need to be repeated on several occasions during the season to maintain an effective level of control. However, where snail pests are confined mainly to the margin of such bodies of water, peripheral treatment may be effective and would be relatively inexpensive.
Effects of stress on carbohydrate metabolism in the teleost Notopterus notopterus (Pallas)*
Authors: Narasimhan P. V. , Sundararaj Bangalore I. 
Published: January 2006

The effects of different types of stre35 on carbohydrate metabolism in N. notopterus were investigated. Starvation alone brings about a signifiant increse in the glycogen content of the saccus vasculosus and a significant decrease in the brain glycogen concentration. The increased glycogen concentration in the saccus vasculosus may be a device to safeguard the brain against glucose deficiency during starvation stress. Rapid depletion of the muscle glycogen following fasting shows that the muscle glycogen IS the readily utilizable source of energy during starvation.Exposure of N. noropierus to air brought about an increaSe in the liver glycogen and blood glucose levels but did not affect other paramcters studied.Physical exhaustion of N. notopierus is noticed within 1–2 min of exercise. The readily available source of energy for exercise is the muscle glycogen. and the lactic acid produced is probably metabolized in the muscle itself. Saccus vasculosus glycogen. though inde‐pendent of changes in the blood glucose levels, may possibly be controlled by variations in the brain glycogen.
Changes in the parasite fauna of whiting Odontogadus merlangus L. with age and sex of host, season, and from different areas in the vicinity of the Isle of Man
Authors: Shotter R. A. 
Published: January 2006

Infestation of whiting with the helminths Derogenes varicus Müller, Hemiurus communis Odhner, Grillotia erinaceus Van Beneden (plerocercoids) and Contracaecum clavatum Rudolphi, and the copepod Lernaeocera branchialis L., increased with the age of the fish but infestation with the helminths Lecithaster gibbosus Rudolphi, Stephanostomum pristis Looss and Podocotyleatomon and the copepod Clavella uncinata Müller decreased as the fish aged. Infestation with the gill monogenean Diclidophora merlangi Kuhn remained at much the same level in fish 1–5+ years old. Derogenes, Hemiurus, Lecithaster, Cotracaecum and Stephanostomum showed seasonal fluctuations in the levels of their populations in whiting. In all cases the parasites reached a main peak in the summer and early autumn, a time when juvenile digeneans were most apparent.Whiting from Morecambe Bay were less infested with Clavella than whiting taken from other areas. Experimental evidence suggests that the lower salinity of Morecambe Bay may be responsible; however, this could not account for the lower infestation of Morecambe Bay whiting by Diclidophora which appeared to be unaffected by a lowered salinity. Whiting from the east side of the Isle of Man were more infested with Lernaeocera but less infested with Diclidophora than fish from the west side of the island. The myxosporidian Myxobolus aeglefini Auerbach was externally visible in the sclera of whiting from the east side of the island but absent from the sclera of whiting from the west side of the island. It is, therefore, suggested that whiting to the east of the Isle of Man form a separate sub‐stock from those to the west of the island.
The immune response in fish: a review
Authors: Corbel M. J. 
Published: January 2006

The literature relating to the immune response of fish has been reviewed. Non‐specific immune mechanisms similar to those of other vertebrate classes occur in fish. Similarly specific cell‐mediated immunity has been demonstrated at all levels of evolution, from the cyclostomes to the teleosts. A humoral antibody system also occurs in all classes offish but varies considerably in relation to phylogenetic status. In the cyclostomes, only immuno‐proteins with properties intermediate between the immunoglobulms of vertebrates and the non‐specific agglutinins and lysins of invertebrates have been demonstrated. In the elasmo‐branchs and chondrosteans 7 and 19s irnmunoglobulins of IgM type occur. In holosteans the 19s form is predominant whereas in teleosts, 7 and 19s forms occur, with some evidence of specialization in the 7s form. In the phylogenetically most advanced fish, the Dipnoi, two immunoglobulin classes, structurally analogous to IgM and IgG, have been described.A characteristic feature of both cell‐mediated and antibody mediated immune responses in fish is their dependence upon environmental temperature. There is also evidence that, in some species at least, nutritional factors and behaviour patterns may also influence the immune response.Attempts at artificial immunization of fish against infectious disease have met with varied success. It is probable that better results could be achieved with live vaccine strains, particularly if applied under conditions optimal for the immune responses.
The populations of fish in the River Tees system on the Moor House National Nature Reserve, Westmorland
Authors: Crisp D. T. , Mann R. H. K. , McCormack Jean C. 
Published: January 2006

The age, growth, population densities and annual production of an isolated population of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and bullhead (Coitus gobio L.) were investigated over a 5 year period in Trout Beck in the northern Pennines. Additional data were obtained from two other sites; Great Dodgen Pot Sike and the River Tees.Trout growth rates were low, particularly in Dodgen Pot Sike, but ages up to VIII were recorded. Bullhead growth rates were similar to those in the Tees at Cow Green (Crisp et al., 1974), though the Moor House bullheads had a higher survival rate. Population densities of trout ranged from 0.10–0.22/m2, with a fry contribution of 0.80%. The bullhead population in Trout Beck was sparse, generally 0.1/m2, though an 0 group value of 0.46/ma was estimated in 1967. At Tees Bridge values ranged from 2.5–7/8/m2. Most trout matured by age III, though in Great Dodgen Pot Sike only half of the females were mature at age IV.Annual production was estimated from Allen graphs. Trout production ranged from 1.02–3.50 g/m2/year, the fry contributing up to 51.5% of the total. A value of 0.48 g/m2/year was obtained for bullheads in the Trout Beck system in a year of good recruitment, whilst bullhead production at Tees Bridge was 7.43 g/m2/year, with fry and I group contributing 48.7 and 37.5% respectively. The high survival rate, irregular recruitment, and poor growth of these high altitude populations is discussed. Growth and reproductive peculiarities of the Great Dodgen Pot Sike trout are also discussed.
Defence mechanisms in fish
Authors: Ellis A. E. , Munroe A. L. S. , Roberts R. J. 
Published: January 2006

The lympho‐reticular tissues in the plaice were investigated for their phagocytic properties on colloidal carbon after its intraperitoneal injection. Fish were killed at intervals ranging from 10 min to 25 days after injection. Although peritoneal macrophages constituted a large population of phagocytic cells, most of the carbon apparently gained access to the circulation as free particles and phagocytosis was performed predominantly by the ellipsoids of the spleen, the network of reticulo‐endothelial (RE) cells throughout the haemopoietic tissue of the kidney, and by the RE cells occupying intermuscular spaces in the atrium of the heart. The cardiac macrophages rapidly emigrated from the organ while the carbon containing macrophages in the kidney and spleen formed aggregates in the lymphoid areas, either within or outwith pre‐existing aggregates of melano‐macrophages.The possible significance of phagocyte aggregations, including melano‐macrophages, in association with lymphoid elements in the kidney and spleen is discussed in the context of immune mechanisms.
Observations on meristic characters separating Pellonula afzeliusi Johnels, 1954 from Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys Van den Audernaerde, 1969
Authors: Otobo Fidelis O. 
Published: January 2006

The meristic features of Pellonula afzeliusi and Sierrathrissa leonensis are compared to remove the confusion that has arisen over the identity of two clupeid species in West African freshwaters.The discovery of a breeding population of S. leonensis in Kainji Lake confirms that it is correct to regard S. leonensis as a separate species and not the young of either Pellonula or Cynothrissa as was claimed by Roberts (1972).
Body composition and organ weights of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri*
Authors: Denton Joan E. , Yousef M. K. 
Published: January 2006

The objectives of the study were to determine the chemical constituents of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during the first 14 months of life, to study the effects of starvation on the body composition of trout, and to measure organ weights during the first 14 months of life.Body fat and protein content as a percentage of body weight increased with age, the water content declined, and the ash content remained constant during the first 14 months of life. There were no significant differences in body composition between immature male and female rainbow trout. Total body ions as a proportion of ash content decreased until the 10th month and then began to increase. During starvation, fat was used as the primary source of energy while water and ash content increased and protein content remained constant as a percentage of body weight.The gall bladder, liver, and air bladder remained relatively constant as a percentage of body weight during the first year of life. As body weight increased, the relative weight of brain, heart, and digestive system decreased while the gonad and spleen weight increased.
Electrophoretic analyses and denaturation tests of the haemoglobins of Trachurus trachurs (L.)
Authors: De Cristini F. , Graziosi G. 
Published: January 2006

A total of 210 samples of haemoglobin of Trachurus trachurus (L.) caught in the Gulf of Trieste in 1972–1973, were analysed in search of haemoglobin polymorphism. Genetic polymorphism may be used as a genetic marker to identify sub–populations on the basis of allele frequencies.All the samples analysed produced the same haemoglobinic pattern, composed of six bands. The quantitative differences noted between the various fractions were not sufficient to demonstrate the existence of different phenotypes.Denaturation tests carried out by treating erythrocytes with non–sterile physiological solutions or by keeping the haemolysate at room temperature before electrophoresis, resulted in new patterns. This result shows the importance of the careful treatment of blood samples to assure reliable results.
The biology and use of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio in fisheries research.
Authors: Laale Hans W. 
Published: January 2006

PREFACE TO THE REVIEW BY PROFESSOR H. LAALE ON THE BIOLOGY AND USE OF THE ZEBRAFISH, BRACHYDANIO RERIO IN FISHERIES RESEARCHThe growing demand for increasingly sophisticated information on the toxic hazards of potential water pollutants has focused attention on the need for a suitable ‘standard’ animal model which could be accepted internationally. The Zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton‐Buchanan, 1822, 1823) is considered to be the most likely candidate. It is relatively easy to maintain and breed in laboratory aquaria and it has proved to be responsive to a wide range of mutagens, carcinogens and teratogens, as well as direct toxicants. B. rerio has been the subject of a considerable number of investigations involving a diverse spectrum of disciplines in a number of countries. Professor Hans Laale, who has himself contributed to our knowledge of the embryopathology of B. rerio, has summarized and collated the findings of 450 publications, a number of which are unlikely to have become available to fishery scientists. We hope the publication of this review will aid those who are working with B. rerio and provide comprehensive data on the advantages and limitations of B. rerio as a contender for the standard laboratory fish for the safety evaluation of aquatic pollutants.The Editor
Food selection by young Catla catla (Hamilton–Buchanan) in a tropical fish pond
Authors: Jafri A. K. , Mustafa S. 
Published: January 2006

Food selection by young Catla catla from a tropical fish pond was studied by computing the electivity indices for various types of planktonic food organisms. The fish was found to be a selective feeder. A positive selection was observed for cladocerans, copepods and nauplii larvae. Among the rotifers, however, Keratella and Brachionus were positively selected while Rotaria was completely avoided.High electivity indices for some and low for the other genera were observed within each group of phytoplankton. Strict stenophagism seemed to occur for certain phytoplanktonic organisms.
Effect of ration level on nitrogen excretion, nitrogen retention and efficiency of nitrogen utilization for growth in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Authors: Savitz J. , Albanese Elizabeth , Jean Evinger Mary , Kolasinski Pamela 
Published: January 2006

Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with an average weight of 45.5 g were used to study ration level effects on nitrogen excretion, nitrogen retention, and gross efficiency of utilization of nitrogen for growth. Bass were starved 3 to 4 days and then each bass was placed into an aquarium containing a known volume of water. One day after the fishes were placed in aquaria, nitrogen excretion rates were determined; this rate is the maintenance nitrogen excretion. Each fish was then fed one or more shiners (Notropis cornutus); fish were fed only once. Nitrogen excretion measurements were made daily until the rates were similar to maintenance rates. The nitrogen excretion rates for each day after feeding which were above the maintenance nitrogen excretion were combined and reflect the total nitrogen excretion for a given ration level. All ration levels were converted to nitrogen consumption in mg and nitrogen absorption was calculated from subtracting the average faecal nitrogen from nitrogen consumption. From data on nitrogen consumption, nitrogen absorption, nitrogen excretion, and faecal nitrogen, calculations were made for nitrogen retention and gross efficiency of utilization of nitrogen for growth.As ration level and nitrogen absorption increased, nitrogen excretion increased and is described by the equation, Y= 8.56+0.40 X, where Y is total nitrogen excretion and X is nitrogen absorption. Nitrogen retention also increased with nitrogen absorption and is described by the equation, Y=–8.57+0.60 X, where Y is nitrogen retention and X is nitrogen absorption. Efficiency increases rapidly above maintenance, but levels off at higher ration levels and approaches an asymptote of 60%.
Metazoan arasites of fish from the Smallwood Reservoir, Labrador, Canada
Authors: Chinniah V. C. , Threlfall William 
Published: January 2006

Three‐hundred and thirty‐two fish of eight species (5 Salmo salar, 68 Salvelinus fontinalis, 32 S. namaycush, 102 Coregonus clupeaformis, 1 Prosopium cylindraceum, 107 Esox lucius, 14 Catostomus catostomus, 3 Couesius plumbeus) from the Smallwood Reservoir, Labrador, Canada, were examined for metazoan parasites, using conventional parasitological techniques.Fifteen genera of parasites were recovered (two of Monogenea, two of Digenea, four of Cestoda, three of Nematoda, two of Acanthocephala and two of Copepoda), these including seven new host records.Significant differences were noted in the prevalence of the various parasites which were common to the different species of fish examined. No differences were recorded in the parasite burden of male and female fish. There was no correlation between the number of parasite species per infected fish and host age except in the case of Salvelinus namaycush. Food items of the fish examined were also noted.
The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on plasma steroid levels and hepatic microsomal enzymes in fish
Authors: Sivarajah K. , Franklin C. S. , Williams W. P. 
Published: January 2006

Aroclor 1254 was administered intraperitoneally (25 mg kg body wt−1 in 1 ml of arachis oil) at weekly intervals for 4 weeks to trout and carp; arachis oil was used as the control. Activities of the following hepatic microsomal enzymes, aminopyrine demethylase, p‐nitroreductase, UDP‐glucuronyl‐transferase and 1‐leucyl‐β‐naphthylamide splitting enzyme were measured in both species; cytochrome P450 and microsomal protein contents were also determined.The changes in the levels of androgens, oestrogens and corticoid hormones were measured in the circulating blood of control and treated groups at weekly intervals. The blood was obtained by cardiac puncture.Results indicated (a) a significant increase in the activities of all the enzymes measured except 1‐leucyl‐β‐naphthylamide splitting enzyme, (b) cytochrome P450 and microsomal protein contents were increased in trout, but not in carp, (c) a significant reduction in the plasma levels of androgens, oestrogens and corticoids in the treated groups, particularly at the end of the fourth week and (d) there was a correlation between increased enzyme activities and a decrease in plasma hormone levels.