bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The clinical biochemistry of experimentally produced lupinosis in the sheep
Authors: ALLEN JG , RANDALL AG 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLupinosis was produced in sheep in four experiments by administering a toxic extract of Phomopsis leptostromiformis by various routes and at various dose rates. The course of the intoxication was followed by plasma biochemical analyses for a number of electrolytes, metabolites and enzymes. Results from these analyses suggested that in addition to being an hepatotoxicity, lupinosis also resulted in injury to muscle, kidney and adrenal cortex. This was confirmed by microscopic examination of these tissues.
Adrenalectomy of sheep: a novel technique
Authors: SCOBIE DR , HYND PI 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA rapid technique for adrenalectomy of sheep was developed. Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed in a single stage operation by inducing ischaemia with latex rings of the type used commonly for the castration of lambs and calves. The success of the technique was demonstrated by failure of exogenous ACTH to increase circulating cortisol concentrations. Adrenal steroid replacement was used to maintain the sheep during the post‐operative period (cortisol 0.25 mg.kg‐1, deoxycorticosterone acetate 0.05 mg.kg‐1). Adrenalectomised sheep were maintained for up to 20 days without glucocorticoid, provided a lowered dose of mineralocorticoid was administered (0.04 mg.kg‐1***day‐1). Adrenalectomised sheep had significantly (P < 0.007) lower packed cell volume (23.75%) than normal sheep (31.24%), across a broad range of cortisol concentrations (0 to 734 ng/mL), indicating that plasma cortisol may not reflect true blood concentrations when drawing comparisons between adrenalectomised and normal sheep.
Diagnosis and management of food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats
Authors: WILLS J , HARVEY R 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThis paper reviews food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats. Adverse reactions to ingested food components can affect many systems and can produce signs involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and central nervous system, and these clinical signs are reviewed. Most basic food ingredients have the potential to induce an allergic response, although most reactions are caused by proteins. In particular, dogs and cats can become sensitive to cow's milk, beef, fish or cereal. Food allergy and intolerance is rare in dogs and cats, although the incidence in practice is difficult to establish.Clinical signs are quite variable, depending on the individual response, although the major clinical sign is pruritus. Diagnosis can be difficult, as there is no single test available to help the clinician to confirm or refute the presence of food sensitivity. Diagnosis is based on dietary investigation in the form of elimination diets and test meals. Elimination diets for dogs include lamb, chicken, rabbit, horse meat and fish as sources of protein, with rice or potatoes. Successful elimination diets for cats include lamb, chicken, rabbit or venison, with rice. Improvement in clinical signs while on the elimination diet is suggestive of food allergy. The diagnosis should be confirmed by feeding the original diet, with the development of clinical signs within 7 to 14 days of feeding.
Regulation of veterinary chemicals in Australia
Authors: DOUST TREVOR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY For many years the regulation of veterinary chemicals has been a State responsibility. The clearance process involves the evaluation of a wide range of aspects for each candidate product including quality, efficacy and safety. In recent years the clearance process has been governed by the Commonwealth Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Act 1988. The Act established the Australian Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Council responsible for the evaluation and the granting or refusal of clearance.Clearance of veterinary chemicals by the Commonwealth is required as a precursor to registration. It is an offence for anyone to sell an unregistered product unless authorised by relevant legislation. Control is therefore exercised principally at the point of sale.These functions are now the responsibility of the National Registration Authority, which was established on 15 June 1993. Changes are now underway for the Commonwealth to take over the registration responsibilities from the States. A legislative package that will enable the Commonwealth to assume registration responsibilities will be enacted later this year or early 1995.
Adverse Drug Reactions: Report of the Australian Veterinary Association Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee, 1993
Authors: MADDISON JE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Fifty‐nine reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were received by the Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee of the Australian Veterinary Association from April 1992–March 1993 inclusive.The number of reports received/number of animals involved per species was: dogs (30/43); cats (11/14); horses (8/10); cattle (9/30); ferret (1/1). Of these, 37 (63%) were classified as definite ADRs and 12 (20%) as probable ADRs. In 10 (17%) reports an ADR could not be substantiated or there was insufficient information available to make a decision.Twenty‐three reports involved apparent hypersensitivity reactions and 5 reports were associated with ‘off‐label’ use. Of the definite and probable reports of suspect ADRs the most frequent types of drugs involved were antimicrobials (9 reports), anthelmintics (9 reports), vaccines (7 reports), insecticides (6 reports), vitamin preparations (6 reports), topical anti‐inflammatory/antimicrobial/antifungal skin preparations (3 reports) and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory preparations (3 reports). Single reports concerning definite or probable ADRs to an anticholinergic, an anaesthetic agent, a corticosteroid, an anabolic steroid and a chondroprotective drug were received.
Artificial insemination of Bos indicus heifers: The effects of body weight, condition score, ovarian cyclic status and insemination regimen on pregnancy rate
Authors: CAVALIERI J. , FITZPATRICK LA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Effects of body weight, condition score, ovarian cyclic status and insemination regimen on pregnancy rates were investigated in 164 Bos indicus heifers synchronised with norgestomet‐oestradiol and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). Oestrus detection techniques were also compared. Heifers were inseminated at either a fixed time (group 1, n = 83) of 48.0 ± 0.2 h (mean ± SEM) after implant removal or at 8.9 ± 0.5 h after oestrus was detected (group 2, n = 81). Group 2 heifers that were not detected in oestrus by 72 h after implant removal were inseminated at that time. Oestrus was detected for the purpose of insemination using heatmount detectors. Tail‐paint and oestrogen treated, chin‐ball harnessed steers were used to compare the efficiency of oestrus detection.The probability of ovarian cyclicity increased with increasing body weight and condition score (P < 0.001). A higher proportion of heifers that were acyclic at the commencement of treatment, compared with cyclic heifers, were detected in oestrus at the time of insemination in the fixed‐time inseminated group (P <0.01). Analysis of covariance revealed that intervals from implant removal to oestrus were influenced by ovarian cyclic status (P < 0.01) and insemination group (P < 0.05). A higher pregnancy rate (%± SEM) was obtained in acyclic compared with cyclic heifers in the group 1 heifers (50.0 ± 10 vs 28.1 ± 6; P = 0.055) but not among the group 2 heifers (45.8 ± 10 vs 49.1 ± 7; P = 0.787). The probability of pregnancy was found to be associated negatively with body weight (P = 0.01) while a higher pregnancy rate was obtained in the group 2 compared with group 1 heifers (48.2%vs 34.9%; P = 0.093). The efficiency of oestrus detection was highest using heatmount detectors compared with tail‐paint and chin‐ball harnessed steers (90.7%vs 37.0% and 23.5%, respectively; P < 0.0001).We conclude that pregnancy rates can be increased in extensive environments when insemination follows oestrus detection using heatmount detectors compared with a fixed‐time insemination. The fertility of heifers inseminated at a fixed time is influenced by ovarian cyclic status due to its influence on oestrus‐to‐insemination intervals.
von Willebrand's disease in Scottish Terriers in Australia
Authors: STOKOL T. , PARRY BW , MANSELL PD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOver a 5‐year period (1988–92), von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) assays were performed on plasma samples from 207 Scottish Terriers. Based on these tests, 47 dogs (23%) had vWf:Ag concentrations < 50 canine units (CU)/dL and were classified as heterozygous carriers of the von Willebrand's disease (vWD) gene, while 9 (4%) had concentrations below the sensitivity of the assays and were classified as homozygous. There was thus an overall prevalence of 27% for the vWD gene in the Scottish Terriers tested. The homozygous dogs (median age 0.6 years at diagnosis) consisted of 7 males and 2 females. Eight of these had haemorrhage attributable to the disease, mostly spontaneous and from the oral mucosa. Other signs included haemorrhage induced by trauma or surgery, easy bruising and epistaxis. Many haemorrhagic episodes were severe enough to warrant therapeutic intervention and there was a single fatality. Pedigree analysis, possible in 7 of the dogs, revealed that each was the progeny of a mating between dogs with vWf:Ag concentrations < 50 CU/dL, which supported an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. A single heterozygous carrier suffered haemorrhage after surgery that, in contrast to the homozygotes, was mild and did not require therapy.The data indicate that vWD is a significant problem in Scottish Terriers in Australia. Accordingly, we recommend that steps be taken to reduce the prevalence of the disease and thereby the number of clinically affected dogs, such as the establishment of a national testing scheme to determine the vWD status of all breeding dogs.
Assessment of statistical procedures used in papers in the Australian Veterinary Journal
Authors: McCANCE IAN 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY One hundred and thirty‐three papers (80 Original Articles and 53 Short Contributions) of 279 papers in 23 consecutive issues of the Australian Veterinary Journal were examined for their statistical content. Only 38 (29%) would have been acceptable to a statistical referee without revision, revision would have been indicated in 88 (66%), and the remaining 7 (5%) had major flaws.Weaknesses in design were found in 40 (30%), chiefly in respect to randomisation and to the size of the experiment. Deficiencies in analysis in 60 (45%) were in methods, application and calculation, and in the failure to use appropriate methods for multiple comparisons and repeated measures. Problems were detected in presentation in 44 (33%) of papers, with insufficient information about the data or its statistical analysis and presentation of statistics (appropriate missing or inappropriate shown) the main problems. Conclusions were considered to be inconsistent with the analysis in 35 (26%) of papers, due mainly to their interpretation of the results of significance testing.It is suggested that statistical refereeing, the publication of statistical guidelines for authors and statistical advice to Animal Experimentation Ethics Committees could all play a part in achieving improvement.
Prevalence, spread and control of caprine arthritis‐encephalitis virus in dairy goat herds in New South Wales
Authors: GREENWOOD PL , NORTH RN , KIRKLAND PD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA study of the prevalence, spread and control of caprine arthritis‐encephalitis virus (CAEV) in dairy goat herds in New South Wales (NSW) during 1986–1988 found that 56.8% of 1484 goats in 14 dairy herds were infected with CAEV. The prevalence of CAEV infection within most herds not implementing control measures increased during the study. At the end of the study, 59.7% of 1322 goats were infected. The prevalence of CAEV increased with age. Differences between breeds were less apparent. Within seven herds with a high standard of identification of goats, 149 of 812 goats seroconverted in an ELISA. Of these newly infected goats, 142 (95.3%) were > 1 yr of age and 96 (64.4%) were > 2 yr suggesting lateral spread of the virus. Most of the goats > 2 yr of age had been in the milking herd for a minimum of 3 to 6 months.The high seroconversion rate within the milking herd suggested that factors other than the ingestion of infected colostrum and milk before weaning were important for the spread of CAEV. Observations indicated that behaviour of goats, particularly reproductive behaviour among lactating does, and milking herd management practices are important in the spread of CAEV. A high density of livestock, poor livestock control and contamination of feed, water, equipment and personnel were implicated in transmission. Poorly functioning milking machines may also be involved. CAEV was eradicated from 3 herds by the implementation of strict control measures.
Acute febrile diarrhoea in horses: 86 cases (1986–1991)
Authors: STEWART MC , HODGSON JL , KIM H. , HUTCHINS DR , HODGSON DR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Eighty‐six horses presented for examination at the Rural Veterinary Centre between January 1986 to December 1991 with acute diarrhoea. The average age of affected horses was 3.2 ± 0.2 years (mean ± SE), with 69% three years or younger. Sixty‐one horses were male (36 stallions, 25 geldings) and 83 horses were Thoroughbreds (47) or Standardbreds (36). Sixty‐six horses were undergoing routine training at the time of onset of diarrhoea. Eight horses were afflicted with a non‐specific illness within one to five days before the onset of diarrhoea, whereas eight horses developed diarrhoea during or within 48 h of discontinuation of antimicrobial therapy. Three horses developed the diarrhoea within 24 h of road transportation.Clinically, the disorder was characterised by a fever, sudden onset of profuse diarrhoea, clinical evidence of dehydration (estimated to be 5 to 12% of body weight at the time of admission) and shock. Degenerative leucopaenia, hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, hyperkalaemia, hyperglycaemia and azotaemia were characteristic laboratory findings. Laminitis was a sequel in about 30% of cases. The cause of diarrhoea remained undetermined in most cases. Salmonellas were isolated from faecal or tissue samples in only two cases. Similarly, there was no evidence of seroconversion to Erhlichia risticii in 17 cases.Sixty‐two of the horses survived the acute phase of the disease in response to supportive care. In horses that did not survive, necropsies were performed and revealed sanguineous or turbid peritoneal fluid. The colonic and caecal walls were oedematous and thickened with serosal congestion and discolouration of these organs evident grossly. Histopathological examination of the caecum and colon revealed diffuse congestion, oedema, inflammatory reactions and submucosal vascular thrombosis with varying degrees of mucosal devitalisation.Most cases presented in this series represent a distinct syndrome of diarrhoea characterised by acute diarrhoea predominantly affecting young horses in training with concomitant signs of fever and toxaemia.
Nocardial peritonitis in a cat
Authors: TILGNER S L , ANSTEY S I 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo illustrate a successfully managed case of nocardial peritonitis in a cat.DesignCase report.AnimalAn 8 year old neutered male Burmese cat presented for nonspecific signs of depression, anorexia, pallor and mild dehydration. Pyrexia, loss of weight and abdominal distension developed despite treatment with amoxycillin‐clavulanate and supportive therapy.ProcedureVarious medical and surgical procedures were used.ResultsHaematology revealed severe inflammatory left shift. Biochemistry showed mild prerenal azotemia. A “ground glass” appearance to the abdomen was seen on radiographs. Fluid collected by abdominocentesis contained “sulphur granules” and had characteristics of a septic exudate. Laparotomy allowed drainage of peritoneal fluid and extensive lavage of the peritoneal cavity. Culture of the fluid revealedNocardiasp. Sensitivity testing resulted in a change of antimicrobial therapy to trimethoprim‐sulphadiazine.ConclusionResponse to surgical drainage and change in antibacterial therapy was excellent. No toxic side effects were encountered during the 3 months course of trimethoprim‐sulphonamide. The cat made a complete recovery.
Meningoencephalitis and brain abscessation due to Escherichia coli in a 2 week old alpaca cria
Authors: TSUR I , HARMELIN A , DVIR I , YANAI J 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn alpaca cria which received insufficient colostrum, presented with lethargy, anorexia, no passage of faeces and neurological signs. Differential diagnosis included neonatal septicaemia, meningitis and gastrointestinal obstruction. The cria died despite treatment. Necropsy revealed brain abscesses with Escherichia coli in pure culture. The importance of the amount and timing of colostrum intake is discussed.
Effect of adjuvants on antibody responses of sheep immunised with recombinant pili from Dichelobacter nodosus
Authors: WALDUCK AK , OPDEBEECK JP 
Published: March 2008

Objective To compare the effects of two oil emulsion adjuvants (incomplete Freunds adjuvant and a proprietary oil adjuvant), DEAE‐dextran, L‐tyrosine particles and Quil A on the humoral immune responses of sheep immunised with recombinant pili of Dichelobacter nodosus (strain A). Procedure Antibody titres were studied for up to 32 weeks and were measured by bacterial agglutination and ELISA. The relative avidity of antibodies for pili was determined and the incidence and severity of adverse reactions at the site of injection of vaccines were recorded. Results The oil emulsion adjuvants and Quil A were more effective than either DEAE‐dextran or L‐tyrosine at stimulating antibodies in sheep. The incidence and severity of adverse reactions was lower in sheep which received vaccines containing either Quil A or DEAE‐dextran than in sheep which received vaccines containing oil emulsion adjuvants. L‐tyrosine had no adverse effects. Conclusion Quil A was as effective as oil adjuvants at stimulating high levels of antibodies against recombinant pili in sheep and had the significant advantage of being less irritant after subcutaneous injection.
Open reduction and stabilisation of coxofemoral joint luxation in dogs and cats, using a stainless steel rope inserted via a ventral approach to the hip joint
Authors: KAWAMATA T , NIIYAMA M , TANIYAMA H 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOpen reduction and stabilisation of coxofemoral joint luxation was made via a ventral approach to the hip joint in dogs and cats, using a transarticular stainless steel rope. A feature of the procedure is transarticular penetration of the rope from the pelvic cavity to the femoral neck by guidance with a guide wire which was previously inserted from the femoral neck into the pelvic cavity and by detection of the guide wire in the pelvic cavity by use of forceps connected to an alarm‐ohmmeter.Forty‐seven animals (37 dogs and 10 cats) with acute and simple coxofemoral luxation were treated and postoperatively maintained in cage rest without external fixation. Most of the animals regained an almost normal gait within several days.
Attitudes of veterinarians to undergraduate education in genetics and the use of genetics in veterinary occupations
Authors: WADE CM , FENWICK DC 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA questionnaire regarding attitudes to undergraduate education in genetics and the subsequent use of that education was sent to 1000 veterinarians registered in New South Wales. Three hundred replies to the questionnaire were received and analysed. No significant difference in the perceived adequacy of courses at the four universities involved in teaching veterinary science was observed. Opinions on adequacy of education in genetics were not affected by age, sex or years since graduation. The major reason cited for lack of adequacy was that undergraduate genetics courses were not practical. Only 17 respondents stated that they were never approached for information on genetics or animal breeding, while 76 were approached more than 20 times annually for information. Eighty‐three respondents claimed to deal with more than 20 cases annually that required some knowledge of genetics. The results of the questionnaire highlight the importance of genetics instruction in undergraduate veterinary education. The questionnaire responses also provide insight into how working veterinarians consider that courses in genetics could be improved.
EnterohaemorrhagicEscherichia coli:A new problem, an old group of organismsInter faeces et urinam nascimur
Authors: BETTELHEIM KA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAll mammals are colonised byEscherichia coligenerally at birth and these organisms become part of their intestinal flora for the rest of their lives. New types are acquired generally by an oral route. SomeE coliare pathogenic and some may have a far more enhanced ability to colonise the human intestine than most others. Recently enterohaemorrhagicE colihave emerged. They can cause a number of intestinal illnesses in humans including bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. These organisms produce a number of virulence factors particularly the Shiga‐like toxins (verotoxins). The intestines of animals may be the reservoir of these organisms for human infection, and cattle particularly have been shown to harbour them. Food, especially undercooked meat products, have been associated with a number of outbreaks throughout the world. While a certain serotype O157.H7 has been associated with many outbreaks throughout the world, other serotypes, particularly 0111.H‐, have also been reported. This latter serotype appears to be more common in Australia.
Tail docking in dogs: A sample of attitudes of veterinarians and dog breeders in Queensland
Authors: NOONAN GJ , RAND JS , BLACKSHAW JK , PRIEST J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOne hundred veterinarians and 100 breeders of traditionally docked dogs from Queensland were surveyed by telephone to determine their attitudes towards tail docking. Eighty‐four percent of the breeders surveyed were in favour of docking, whereas 83% of veterinarians were opposed to the practice. Most pups were docked between 1 and 3 days of age. All veterinarians surgically amputated the tail, whereas 16% of breeders applied rubber bands to the tail. Seventy‐six percent of the veterinarians, but only 18% of the breeders believed that docking caused significant to severe pain. No veterinarians, but 25% of the dog breeders believed that docking was painless. Although recent changes to the Queensland Canine Control Council's rulings allow dogs with intact tails to be shown in traditionally docked classes, the requirement of breed standard was cited as the major reason for tail docking by both breeders and veterinarians.
Simulation of the economic impact of proliferative enteritis on pig production in Australia
Authors: HOLYOAKE PK , MULLAN BP , CUTLER RS 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe economic impact of proliferative enteritis (PE) on an ‘average’ pig farm was calculated using the AUSPIG decision support system. Inputs were modelled on actual cases of PE, in which affected herds suffered from depressed growth rate, decreased feed efficiency and stock losses. The costs associated with non‐haemorrhagic PE and proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy ranged from $15/sow/yr to $141/sow/yr, respectively, depending on the clinical severity of the disease, incidence of infection and the type of medication strategy used to treat and control the disease.