bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Engineered Peptides Cadmium Sulfide Nanocrystals
Authors: Spoerke E. D. , Voigt J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals continue to generate scientific and technological interest, owing to their valuable optical, electronic, and chemical properties. Aqueous nanocrystal syntheses rely on functional capping agents to control nanocrystal form and function. We present a series of linear and dendritic engineered peptides, rich in cysteines and aspartic acids, as CdS capping agents. The chemical composition and peptide geometry were found to significantly influence CdS nanocrystal size, optical properties, and aggregation behavior.
Relative leg length as a biological marker to trace the developmental history of individuals and populations: Growth delay and increased body fat
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in leg length index are related to differences in body fat. The study included a cross‐sectional sample of 21,021 subjects ranging in age from 2 to 90 years who had anthropometric information and poverty income ratio that participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES III) of the United Stated conducted during 1988–1994. Of the total 21,021 participants, 7,810 were non‐Hispanic white (3,900 men and 3,910, women), 8,134 were African‐American black (3,127 men and 2,889 women) and 6,237 were Mexican‐American (3,221 and 3,016 women). In both males and females and in all three ethnic groups and across socio‐economic status (measured by the poverty income ratio) a low leg length index is associated with increased body fat (measured by skinfold thickness) when compared with those with high leg length index. It is postulated that a low leg length index reflects the consequence of negative environmental conditions leading to growth delay. Previous studies indicate that individuals exposed both during development and adulthood to under‐nutrition respond through inter‐related physiological mechanisms oriented at improving energetic efficiency and low oxidation of fat. These interrelated compensatory physiological adjustments work together to promote fat storage among growth delayed individuals or populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using photogrammetry and color scoring to assess sexual dimorphism in wild western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Breuer Thomas , Robbins Martha M. , Boesch Christophe 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInvestigating sexual dimorphism is important for our understanding of its influence on reproductive strategies including male–male competition, mate choice, and sexual conflict. Measuring physical traits in wild animals can be logistically challenging and disruptive for the animals. Therefore body size and ornament variation in wild primates have rarely been quantified. Gorillas are amongst the most sexually dimorphic and dichromatic primates. Adult males (silverbacks) possess a prominent sagittal crest, a pad of fibrous and fatty tissue on top of the head, have red crest coloration, their saddle appears silver, and they possess a silverline along their stomach. Here we measure levels of sexual dimorphism and within‐male variation of body length, head size, and sexual dichromatism in a population of wild western gorillas using photogrammetry. Digital photogrammetry is a useful and precise method to measure sexual dimorphism in physical traits yielding sexual dimorphism indices (ISD), similar to those derived from traditional measurements of skeletal remains. Silverbacks were on an average 1.23 times longer in body length than adult females. Sexual dimorphism of head size was highest in measures of crest size (max ISD: 60.4) compared with measures of facial height (max ISD: 24.7). The most sexually dimorphic head size measures also showed the highest within‐sex variation. We found no clear sex differences in crest coloration but there was large sexual dichromatism with high within‐male variation in saddle coloration and silverline size. Further studies should examine if these sexually dimorphic traits are honest signals of competitive ability and confer an advantage in reproductive success. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative morphometrics of the primate apical tuft
Authors: Mittra Erik S. , Smith Heather F. , Lemelin Pierre , Jungers William L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe relationship between the structure and function of the primate apical tuft is poorly understood. This study addresses several hypotheses about apical tuft morphology using a large modern primate comparative sample. Two indices of tuft size are employed: expansion and robusticity. First, comparisons of relative apical tuft size were drawn among extant nonhuman primate groups in terms of locomotion and phylogenetic category. Both of these factors appear to play a role in apical tuft size among nonhuman primates. Suspensory primates and all platyrrhines had the smallest apical tufts, while terrestrial quadrupeds and all strepsirrhines (regardless of locomotor category) had the largest tufts. Similarly, hypotheses regarding the apical tufts of hominins, especially the large tufts of Neandertals were addressed using a comparison of modern warm‐ and cold‐adapted humans. The results showed that cold‐adapted populations possessed smaller apical tufts than did warm‐adapted groups. Therefore, the cold‐adaptation hypothesis for Neandertal distal phalangeal morphology is not supported. Also, early modern and Early Upper Paleolithic humans had apical tufts that were significantly less expanded and less robust than those of Neandertals. The hypothesis that a large apical tuft serves as support for an expanded digital pulp is supported by radiographic analysis of modern humans in that a significant correlation was discovered between the width of the apical tuft and the width of the pulp. The implications of these findings for hypotheses about the association of apical tuft size and tool making in the hominin fossil record are discussed. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mineral conversion and microstructure change in the melting process of Shenmu coal ash
Authors: Jianguo Yang , Furong Deng , Hong Zhao , Kefa Cen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChina has rich reserves of Shenmu coal, which has the typical characteristic of low‐melting‐point ash. If used in the pulverized‐coal boiler of a power plant, Shenmu coal would cause serious slagging. In order to solve the slagging problem of Shenmu coal, the melting mechanism of Shenmu coal ash is studied in detail in this paper. One of the Shenmu coals – Wenjialiang coal – was selected for the study. On the basis of thermogravimetry‐differential scanning colorimetry (TG‐DSC) methods, the change of the coal ash's physicochemistry with temperature was studied. The typical temperature points in the melting process were obtained. Ash samples of the different temperature points were prepared in a high‐temperature furnace with parameters similar to those used in the TG‐DSC test, and were then cooled quickly in water. Later, the ash samples were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (SEM‐EDX) methods in detail. Wenjialiang coal ash started to melt at 980 °C. The ash was found to melt to a great extent at 1200 °C and formed a multiform microstructure. At 1260 °C, it was found to melt into a dense body with many pores, and formed a piece of vitreous body at 1340 °C. Anorthite and gehlenite are the intermediate products that exist between 980 and 1340 °C. They may be the main cause of the ash having low melting points, so that they could convert into a eutectic at low temperatures. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and characterization of homopolymers and copolymers from the family of polyphenylene oxides
Authors: Tran A. , Kruczek B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPoly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide), PDMPO, poly(2,6‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide), PDPPO, as well as their copolymers of different compositions, having both random and block structures, have been synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and gel permeation chromatography. Solution‐cast films were prepared from all synthesized polymers using chloroform as a solvent. The thermal properties of the resulting films were characterized by differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, whereas their morphology was investigated using X‐ray diffraction. Ultimately, the potential of the synthesized polymers for gas separation was studied by examining gas permeation properties of the respective thin films in single gas permeation tests involving N2, O2, CH4, and CO2. In general, the O2 and CO2 permeability coefficients decrease with the PDPPO content. However, the largest drop in the permeability coefficients occurs between PDMPO and a copolymer having the lowest PDPPO content, and the permeability coefficients PDPPO are comparable or even lower than the permeability coefficients of the copolymers having the largest PDDPO content. On the basis of combination of the permeability coefficients and their ratios for CO2/CH4 and O2/N2, random copolymers appear to be a better candidate for gas separation membranes than their block counterparts. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Characterization of soy‐based polyurethane networks prepared with different diisocyanates and their blends with petroleum‐based polyols
Authors: Pechar Todd W. , Wilkes Garth L. , Zhou Bing , Luo Ning 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRaw soybean oil was hydroxylated with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to prepare soy‐based polyols of various functionalities. These polyols were reacted with a modified diphenyl methane diisocyanate (Isonate 143L) to make polyurethane networks. The sol fractions decreased as the hydroxyl number of the polyol increased, and the glass‐transition temperatures increased with the hydroxyl number, as did the rubbery plateau storage modulus and Young's modulus of the networks. When the glass‐transition temperatures of each network were plotted as a function of the polyol's hydroxyl number, a linear relationship was observed over the range investigated. This trend closely matched that of our previous work with soy‐based polyurethane networks. A second series of networks was prepared with the same polyols but with different isocyanates. The nature of the crosslinker was shown to somewhat influence the sol fractions, glass‐transition temperatures, and stress–strain behavior of the networks. A linear relationship was recorded between the storage modulus at 125°C of a network and the average functionality of the polyol from which it was synthesized. Finally, two separate polyurethane networks were prepared through the blending of two polyols: one based on petroleum and the other based on soy. These networks were also characterized, and the compatibility of each blend was addressed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Hydrolyzed collagen‐based hydrogel with salt and pH‐responsiveness properties
Authors: Pourjavadi A. , Salimi H. , Kurdtabar M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA novel hydrolyzed collagen‐based hydrogel has been prepared by grafting the binary mixture of acrylamide and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid onto the collagen backbone in the presence of a crosslinking agent. Its physicochemical properties in aqueous solution were studied. The effect of reaction variables on both gel content and swelling capacity was investigated to achieve a hydrogel with improved absorbency and gel content. The absorbency under load of optimized hydrogel was also investigated by using an absorbency under load tester at various applied pressures. The swelling ratio in various salt solutions was also determined and additionally, the swelling of hydrogels was measured in solutions with pH ranged 1–13. The synthesized hydrogel exhibited a pH‐responsiveness character so that a swelling‐collapsing pulsatile behavior was recorded at pH 2 and 8. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Preparation, characterization, and metal ion retention capacity of Co(II) and Ni(II) from poly(p‐HO‐ and p‐Cl‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐2‐hydroxypropylmethacrylate) using the ultra filtration technique
Authors: Pizarro Guadalupe del C. , Marambio Oscar G. , Jeria‐Orell Manuel , Oyarzún Diego P. , Rivas Bernabé L. , Habicher Wolf D. 
Published: July 2007

Abstractp‐Chlorophenylmaleimide and p‐hydroxyphenylmaleimide with 2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate were synthesized by radical polymerization, and the metal ion retention capacity and thermal behavior of the copolymers were evaluated. The copolymers were obtained by solution radical polymerization with a 0.50 : 0.50 feed monomer ratio. The maximum retention capacity (MRC) for the removal of two metal ions, Co(II) and Ni(II) in aqueous phase were determined using the liquid‐phase polymer based retention technique. Inorganic ion interactions with the hydrophilic polymer were determined as a function of pH. The metal ion retention capacity does not depend strongly on the pH. Metal ion retention increased with an increase of pH for a copolymer composition 0.50 : 0.50. At different pH, the MRC of the poly(p‐chlorophenylmaleimide‐co‐2‐hydroxypropylmethacrylate) for Co(II) and Ni(II) ions varied from 44.1 to 48.6 mg/g and from 41.5 mg/g to 46.0 mg/g, respectively; while the MRC of poly(p‐hydroxyphenylmaleimide‐co‐2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate) for Co(II) and Ni(II) ions varied from 28.4 to 35.6 mg/g and from 27.2 to 30.8 mg/g, respectively. The copolymers and copolymer–metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and thermal behavior. The thermal behavior of the copolymer and polymer–metal complexes were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry techniques under nitrogen atmosphere. The thermal decomposition temperature and Tg were influenced by the binding‐metal ion on the copolymer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous methotrexate in mutant Nagase analbuminemic rats
Authors: Choi Young H. , Bae Soo K. , Oh Jung M. , Kim Sun‐Ok , Lee Myung G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has been reported that the plasma (or serum) levels of albumin and globulins were lower and higher, respectively, than the serum levels in control rats. Hence, it could be expected that these changes could affect the renal clearance (Clr) of methotrexate in Nagase analbuminemic rats (NARs) due to changes in plasma protein binding values. Therefore, methotrexate at a dose of 100mg/kg was administered intravenously to control rats and NARs. The plasma protein binding of methotrexate in NARs was significantly greater (29.4% increase) than the controls, probably due to the considerable binding of the drug (34.2%) to 1.8% β‐plus 0.63% γ‐globulins. The Clr of methotrexate in NARs was significantly slower (36.1% decrease) than the controls, due to the significantly smaller Ae0–24h (25.8% decrease). The smaller Ae0–24h could be due to the significantly smaller free (unbound to plasma proteins) fractions of methotrexate in plasma (13.8% decrease) in NARs, since methotrexate was mainly excreted in the urine via glomerular filtration. However, the Clnr values were comparable between the control rats and NARs. This could be because methotrexate is not metabolized considerably via hepatic CYP isozymes based on control rats pretreated with SKF 525‐A (a nonspecific inhibitor of hepatic CYP isozymes in rats). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vermeidung von schädigender AKR durch Steinkohlenflugasche
Authors: Heinz Detlef , Urbonas Liudvikas , Schmidt Karl 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDie Verwendung alkalireaktiver Gesteinskörnungen ist bislang nur in Kombination mit NA‐Zementen erlaubt. Dabei handelt es sich um Portlandzemente oder Hochofenzemente mit einem niedrigen wirksamen Alkaligehalt. Als weitere Möglichkeit, eine Schadreaktion zu vermeiden, wird seit langem die Verwendung von flugaschehaltigen Bindemitteln in Betracht gezogen. Diese Vorgehensweise hat auch bereits in internationale Regelwerke Eingang gefunden – bisher aber nicht in Deutschland. Das liegt daran, dass die Leistungsfähigkeit der Flugasche mit den in Deutschland verfügbaren Betonausgangsstoffen bisher noch nicht systematisch untersucht wurde.Die folgenden Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass bei Verwendung von Flugaschen entsprechend DIN EN 450 kein AKR wirksamer Alkalieintrag in den Beton stattfindet. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass bei ausreichenden Flugaschegehalten im Bindemittel eine schädigende AKR in Betonen mit langsam reagierenden, dichten Gesteinskörnungen vermieden werden kann.
Besonderheiten bei Alkali‐Kieselsäure‐Reaktionen in Betonfahrbahndecken
Authors: Breitenbücher Rolf 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren sind Rissbildungen in Betonfahrbahndecken mehrfach mit einer Alkali‐Kieselsäure‐Reaktion (AKR) in Verbindung gebracht worden. Die Risse sind nur in den seltensten Fällen einzig auf eine AKR zurückzuführen. Vielmehr ist davon auszugehen, dass sie durch Überlagerung mehrerer Spannungsquellen hervorgerufen wurden.Dennoch sind Alkali‐Kieselsäure‐Reaktionen bei Betonfahrbahndecken nicht zu vernachlässigen. Als Besonderheit kommt hier einer externen Alkalizufuhr eine wesentliche Bedeutung zu. Die in den Wintermonaten aufgestreuten alkalihaltigen Taumittel werden durch den nachfolgenden Verkehr mehr oder weniger intensiv in den Beton eingewalkt. Dabei kann das Eindringen der Alkalien durch Vorschädigungen (Risse) nachhaltig begünstigt werden. Unter diesen Randbedingungen sind bei Betonfahrbahndecken zur Vermeidung von schädigenden Alkali‐Kieselsäure‐Reaktionen weiterreichendere Maßnahmen als bei herkömmlichen Betonbauteilen notwendig. Solche wurden zwischenzeitlich vom BMVBS mit einem einschlägigen Rundschreiben erlassen. Die darin enthaltenen Vorgaben beziehen sich insbesondere auf die Bewertung von kritischen Gesteinskörnungen und auf den zulässigen Alkaligehalt der Zemente. Die Regelungen dieses Erlasses beruhen zunächst auf allgemeinen empirisch gewonnenen Erkenntnissen. Der tatsächliche Einfluss der Alkali‐Kieselsäure‐Reaktion auf die Rissbildung in Betonfahrbahndecken wird derzeit in Forschungsprojekten untersucht.
AKR‐Prüfverfahren: Auf dem Weg zur Performance‐Prüfung
Authors: Müller Christoph , Borchers Ingmar , Eickschen Eberhard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractZur Vermeidung einer schädigenden Alkali‐Kieselsäure‐Reaktion (AKR) in Betonbauwerken muss die Empfindlichkeit von Gesteinskörnungen gegenüber Alkalien bekannt sein. Dann können bei reaktiven Gesteinskörnungen vorbeugende Maßnahmen ergriffen werden. Die Prüfung der Alkaliempfindlichkeit dichter Gesteinskörnungen erfolgte in der Vergangenheit im Betonversuch mit Nebelkammerlagerung (40 °C). Vergleichende Untersuchungen mit einer Lagerung im Außenlager bestätigen, dass reaktive Gesteinkörnungen, die nach Teil 3 der Alkali‐Richtlinie des Deutschen Ausschusses für Stahlbeton (DAfStb) zu prüfen sind, in der Laborprüfung identifiziert werden können. Für eine schnelle Beurteilung kann der Betonversuch bei 60 °C über Wasser (60 °C‐Betonversuch) als Alternative eingesetzt werden. Seine Eignung wurde in einem Vergleich mit Betonversuchen mit Nebelkammerlagerung (40 °C) bestätigt.Um Gesteinskörnungen oder Zemente nicht unnötig von der Verwendung auszuschließen und ggf. eine Alkalizufuhr von außen zu simulieren, ist die Prüfung der Eignung einer Betonzusammensetzung in Performance‐Prüfungen notwendig. Die Prüfung ermöglicht eine Aussage, ob mit einer konkreten Betonzusammensetzung in Abhängigkeit von der Exposition bzw. Feuchtigkeitsklasse die Gefahr besteht, dass eine schädigende AKR auftritt. Zur Entwicklung eines Performance‐Prüfverfahrens wurden im Forschungsinstitut der Zementindustrie (FIZ) u. a. Bohrkerne aus geschädigten und ungeschädigten Betonfahrbahndecken in Betonversuchen mit Nebelkammerlagerung (40 °C) und bei 60 °C über Wasser mit und ohne Alkalizufuhr von außen untersucht.
Übergreifungsstöße von Betonstahl in selbstverdichtendem Beton
Authors: Hegger Josef , Kommer Boris 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs werden die für Normalbeton bekannten Rechenmodelle zur Abbildung des Tragverhaltens von Übergreifungsstößen zug‐ und druckbeanspruchter Betonstähle hinsichtlich der Übertragbarkeit auf Bauteile aus selbstverdichtendem Beton (SVB) überprüft. Die Untersuchungen konzentrieren sich auf zwei in der Praxis übliche selbstverdichtende Betone, den Mehlkorntyp mit Kalksteinmehl und den Kombinationstyp mit Flugasche. In Abhängigkeit von der bezogenen Übergreifungslänge ls/ds werden der Übertragungsmechanismus sowie die Verteilung der Verbund‐, Stahl‐ und Betonspannungen im Stoßbereich untersucht. Das Forschungsvorhaben wurde aus Mitteln des Deutschen Ausschusses für Stahlbeton (DAfStb – V429) gefördert.
Die Seele auf der Bühne der Justiz. Die Entstehung der Kriminalpsychologie im 19. Jahrhundert und ihre interdisziplinäre Erforschung
Authors: Vec Miloš 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mind on the stage of justice: The formation of criminal psychology in the 19th century and its interdisciplinary research. – Criminal psychology emerges at the end of the 18th century as a new academic discipline in lectures and publications. It has recently been investigated by a considerable number of contributions from researchers of different academic backgrounds. In many respects criminal psychology can be seen as a predecessor of criminology. Its subject is the analysis of the origins of crime and its causes and determinants in the human mind. Criminal psychology embraced at that time philosophical, medical, legal and biological aspects. The latter increase in importance in the second half of the 19th century. The conditions of individual responsibility were generally codified in penal law, but had to be individually investigated in crucial cases through expertise in court. There a conflict emerged between medical experts and judges about their ability and competence to decide. At the end of the 19th century criminal psychology is used to fulfil the needs and interests of a criminal law which understands itself as increasingly utilitarian. Force and new instruments of treatment of offenders were legitimized by scientists who were very optimistic about their own epistemological abilities.