bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF RAT PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMIC TISSUE TRANSPLANTED IN SUPEROVULATED IMMATURE RATS
Authors: HOPKINS T. F. , ORY H. , DESPRES EMILY , HUSAIN SAYID. M. , PINCUS G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ovulatory response to pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMS) was studied in immature rats bearing adenohypophysial (AP) and hypothalamic median eminence (ME) tissues grafted beneath the kidney capsule. A small piece of liver tissue only was grafted in control rats. PMS (30 i.u.) was administered subcutaneously to all rats on the fourth day after the grafts had been placed. The ovulatory response was depressed in all rats bearing AP tissue alone. Median eminence tissue transplanted from immature rats or from mature rats in various phases of the vaginal oestrous cycle had no effects on ovulation when transplanted alone. When present as a joint graft with AP tissue, pro-oestrous ME augmented the depressing effects on ovulation. In one series of experiments, the average number of ova in 29 liver tissue controls was 34·2 ± 9·6 with all the rats ovulating. The average number of ova in 24 rats bearing AP tissue was 19·7 ± 5·2 with 46% ovulating. In eight rats bearing AP plus early pro-oestrous ME, the average number of ova was 0·25 ± 0·25 with 12·5% ovulating. Augmentation of AP depressing effects was not apparent in rats bearing AP plus dioestrous or oestrous ME tissue. These results show that the ovulatory response to PMS is depressed by AP tissue grafted beneath the kidney capsule and suggests that pro-oestrous ME tissue grafted in close proximity to the AP tissue in some way augments the depressing effects.
EFFECTS OF ELECTROCOAGULATION OF THE FOETAL LAMB HYPOPHYSIS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: LIGGINS G. C. , KENNEDY P. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Electrocoagulation lesions involving 70–100% of the hypophysis of 17 foetal lambs were made at various times between 93 and 136 days of gestation. Foetal growth and development after the operation was compared with that in a group of seven control lambs comprising three intact littermates of operated foetuses and four sham-operated foetuses. Hypophysial damage was found to be associated with retardation of somatic development which was most marked when the operation was performed early in gestation. Retardation was particularly evident in epiphysial development. Hypoplasia of the adrenal cortices, the interstitial cells of the testis and the thyroid glands confirmed the assumption made by previous workers based on decapitation experiments, that the foetal hypophysis exerts a trophic influence on the development of these endocrine organs. Reduced liver glycogen content and plasma glucose levels indicated a disturbed carbohydrate metabolism. Abnormal subcutaneous fat deposition suggested disorders in fat metabolism. Delayed involution of haemopoietic tissues, hypoplasia of peripheral lymphoid tissue and reduction in the number of mast cells in the skin were also noted. Structures of ectodermal origin were relatively unaffected by hypophysial lesions. It is concluded that the hypophysis of the foetal lamb subserves many of the functions attributed to it during extrauterine life.
MODIFICATION BY SEX HORMONES OF THE SPONTANEOUS AND EVOKED BULBAR ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN GOLDFISH
Authors: OSHIMA K. , GORBMAN A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Young adult goldfish treated for 4 weeks with oestradiol, progesterone, or with a synthetic oestrogen or progestogen were used in a variety of tests designed to characterize olfactory function, using electroneurophysiological methods. The following observations were made:
1. The olfactory bulb appeared to be among the most responsive to hormone among the tested regions of the brain.
2. In oestrogenized goldfish and in fish given higher dosages of progesterone, there was a spontaneous slow pattern in the olfactory bulbar EEG. This slow pattern is changed to a desynchronized fast pattern after section at the midbrain—hindbrain level (cerveau isolé). On the other hand, the spontaneous 'normal' desynchronized pattern of progestogen-treated fish is converted to a synchronized slow pattern after similar brain stem transection.
3. Centrifugal modification of afferent-evoked bulbar electrical responses produced by NaCl infusion into the ipsilateral olfactory sac was augmented by hormones in lower doses in the cerveau isolé preparation. Oestradiol and progesterone in higher doses inhibit the centrifugal influence on bulbar responses while the synthetic progestational steroid continued to augment this control even when given at higher doses.
These results suggest that sex steroids alter olfactory function through their stimulatory or inhibitory actions on the goldfish central nervous system, but the nature of their action depends upon dosage level and the particular steroid.
ANDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS IN PLASMA AND TESTIS OF DEVELOPING RATS
Authors: RESKO J. A. , FEDER H. H. , GOY R. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Testosterone and androstenedione levels in plasma and testicular tissue of developing rats were measured using gas—liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. The major androgen of both the adult and early postnatal period of development was testosterone. Pooled plasma from 230 one-day-old male rats contained 0·027 μg. testosterone/100 ml. The concentration of testosterone in the testes at this age was 0·328 μg./g. wet tissue. With increasing age there was a decline in testosterone concentration in plasma as well as in gonadal tissue which lasted until about the age of 30 days. The period from 40 to 60 days was characterized by an increasing concentration of testosterone in the plasma and gonads. During adulthood, testosterone reached concentrations as high as 0·202 μg./100 ml. peripheral plasma.
Androstenedione could not be detected in the circulation during the critical period of neonatal neural sexual differentiation, but it was present in the testes at this stage. In the pubertal and adult stages androstenedione was found in the plasma and testes. Its concentration, particularly in adulthood, was not as great as that of testosterone.
These results indicate that testosterone is present in plasma and testicular tissue of the rat during the neonatal period when behavioural and physiological sexual differentiation is presumed to occur.
THE UPTAKE AND AUTORADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF TRITIATED OESTRADIOL IN THE RAT UTERUS AFTER LOCAL APPLICATION
Authors: MOBBS BETTY G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The distribution of radioactivity present in uterine tissue was investigated at various times after the injection of small amounts of tritiated oestradiol into the lumen of the uteri of ovariectomized rats. The highest amounts of radioactivity were present as free steroid 30 min. to 1 hr. after injection and a considerable amount was still present after 5 hr. Autoradiographs indicated that the distribution of labelling changed with time after injection, being heaviest initially in the epithelium, but being mainly located in or near the nuclei of both epithelium and stroma when maximum radioactivity was present. It is suggested that these sites are specific for oestrogens, and that many of the sites initially occupied are unspecific.
THE EFFECT OF MATING ON PITUITARY LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND THYROTROPHIC HORMONE CONTENT IN THE FEMALE RABBIT
Authors: BROWN-GRANT K. , KABIR D. J. EL , FINK G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The anterior pituitary content of luteinizing hormone (LH) was greatly reduced 4 hr. after mating in female rabbits; thyrotrophic hormone content was slightly but not significantly reduced. At 24 hr. after mating LH levels were higher than those at 4 hr. but still significantly below control levels; thyrotrophic hormone content was significantly reduced at this time. Since no evidence is available of an increase in thyrotrophic hormone secretion after mating (see Brown-Grant, 1968) it is concluded that the neuroendocrine events concerned in the release of LH in response to coitus in this species also result in a decrease in the synthesis of thyrotrophic hormone.
ANTIDIURETIC ACTIVITY IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: HELLER H. , HASAN S. H. , SAIFI A. Q. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained by cisternal puncture from rabbits within 10 min. after intravenous pentobarbitone anaesthesia contained the equivalent of 57 ± 5·4 μ-u. arginine vasopressin/ml. Treatment with thioglycollate and trypsin abolished the antidiuretic activity. Stimulation of the central end of a severed vagus raised the concentration of antidiuretic activity in the CSF significantly. After the intravenous injection of vasopressin, antidiuretic activity measured in blood and CSF rose quickly, but the levels attained in the CSF were always lower than those in blood.
When CSF samples were obtained with local anaesthesia no antidiuretic activity could be demonstrated; i.e. in terms of the sensitivity of the assay procedure used these samples contained less than the equivalent of 4·2 μ-u. vasopressin/ml.
The significance of these findings is discussed in connexion with the morphological evidence suggesting the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones by neurosecretory neurones into the 3rd ventricle.
THE EFFECT OF OVERHEATING ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF RATS OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF THYROID FUNCTION
Authors: EINHORN J. , DIMITRIADOU A. , GADHOK R. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Hypothyroid, normal and 'thyrotoxic' rats were overheated under standardized conditions, and their rectal temperatures and oxygen consumption were measured. During 30–60 min. of heating, body temperature and oxygen consumption rose more slowly in the hypothyroid animals and more rapidly in the 'thyrotoxic' ones as compared with normal rats. It was also found that, for the same induced increase in body temperature, the oxygen consumption of the hypothyroid rats rose less and that of the 'thyrotoxic' rats more than that of the normal animals.
ROLE OF THE OVARIES IN PERPHENAZINE-INDUCED LACTATION
Authors: BEN-DAVID M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Mammary-gland development and milk secretion were induced in virgin adult female Fischer rats by treatment with perphenazine (Trilafon) for 5 days. The drug, however, failed to induce similar lactation in ovariectomized adult animals or in juvenile rats unless the animals were pretreated with small quantities of oestradiol, indicating that when the ovaries are absent, or almost inactive as in juvenile rats, oestradiol-priming is a prerequisite for perphenazine-induced lactation.
When perphenazine was given to adult rats starting at early dioestrus, the following changes occurred: (1) a continuous dioestrus ensued lasting about 7 days after the end of treatment; (2) the ovaries were predominantly occupied by corpora lutea, and (3) a typical pseudopregnant 'lucid zone' appeared in the uterine endometrium.
It is concluded that perphenazine treatment most likely stimulated secretion of luteotrophic hormone, which in rats seems to be identical with prolactin in its promotion of lactogenesis.
OVARIAN HORMONES AND THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE FEMALE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: MICHAEL R. P. , WELEGALLA J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Male and female sexual behaviour was studied quantitatively by observing pairs of oppositely sexed, adult rhesus monkeys during regular hourly test sessions over 2 yr.; at all other times the animals were housed singly. Rhythmic fluctuations in the sexual invitations of both males and females, and in the refusal reactions of females, occurred in relation to the menstrual cycle. A decline in male mounting activity occurred during the luteal phase of the cycle, and resulted from two principal types of change in male—female interaction: in one, males stopped making mounting attempts, although females continued inviting (loss of female attractiveness), and in the other, males continued to attempt to mount, but females stopped inviting and began refusing (loss of female receptivity). Bilateral ovariectomy of females abolished all rhythmic variations, and the behavioural interactions were reduced to low levels; these were restored by subcutaneous injections of oestradiol into the females. These findings indicate that sexual invitations in a female primate are mediated by ovarian hormones, and that the changes in male—female interaction during the menstrual cycle can be understood in terms of endocrine-dependent changes in sexual invitations and their outcome.
THE SUPPRESSION OF MOUNTING BEHAVIOUR AND EJACULATION IN MALE RHESUS MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA) BY ADMINISTRATION OF PROGESTERONE TO THEIR FEMALE PARTNERS
Authors: MICHAEL R. P. , SAAYMAN G. S. , ZUMPE D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Sexual behaviour was studied quantitatively by observing six pairs of oppositely sexed, adult rhesus monkeys during 209 hourly test sessions conducted over a period of 7 months; at all other times, animals were housed singly. The effect on male—female sexual interaction was studied when ovariectomized, oestrogen-treated females were given s.c. injections of progesterone. Administration of 25 mg. progesterone resulted in a highly significant decrease in male mounting activity, in ejaculation, and in the number of sexual invitations made by females. At the same time there was a highly significant increase in the number of female refusal reactions. In three pairs, mounting attempts by males remained constant and the decline in the number of mounts resulted primarily from a large increase in refusal reactions. In three other pairs, the decline in the number of mounts resulted, primarily, from a marked decrease in male mounting attempts. The two principal mechanisms, loss of female receptivity and loss of female attractiveness, previously observed during the luteal phase of the female's menstrual cycle, were thus reproduced by giving progesterone to the ovariectomized, oestrogen-treated female partners.
THE STABILITY OF ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS CORTICOTROPHIN IN RAT PLASMA AS ESTABLISHED BY A BIOASSAY IN INTACT RATS
Authors: PURVES H. D. , SIRETT NANCY E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Corticotrophin (ACTH) activity in rat plasma, both endogenous (adrenalectomized rat plasma) and exogenous (International Working Standard, 1962), has been assayed in dexamethasone-treated rats and the stability studied under various conditions of storage.
Exogenous ACTH added to rat plasma and assayed immediately had only 76% of the activity of the same ACTH dissolved in gelatine acid saline medium. This difference is ascribed to the effects of the medium and not to inactivation. When allowance was made for the effects of the medium on potency, added ACTH showed a similar stability on incubation or storage to endogenous ACTH.
For endogenous ACTH the following loss of activity was found in vitro: after 45 min. at 37°, 64%; after 1 day at room temperature, more than 85%; after 1 day at 3°, 58%. No loss of potency was detected on storage at −17° for 18 months.
It is concluded that plasma can be frozen, stored at low temperature, and thawed without significant loss of corticotrophic potency provided that the blood is chilled as soon as drawn and the subsequent operations performed expeditiously.
APPLICATION OF THE COATED CHARCOAL SEPARATION METHOD TO THE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF PLASMA CORTICOTROPHIN
Authors: DONALD R. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A radioimmunoassay method for plasma corticotrophin (ACTH) is described. ACTH is extracted from plasma by adsorption to silicic acid powder and subsequent elution by an acetone—acetic acid mixture. ACTH antiserum and 131I-labelled ACTH are added and the antigen-antibody reaction proceeds for 3 days. Activated charcoal coated with plasma is used to separate antibody-bound and unbound ACTH. Factors affecting the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the assay have been assessed.
THE PLASMA CORTICOTROPHIN RESPONSE TO INSULIN HYPOGLYCAEMIA, LYSINE-VASOPRESSIN AND METYRAPONE IN PIGS
Authors: DONALD R. A. , MURPHY S. SALISBURY , NABARRO J. D. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The coated charcoal immunoassay method was applied to the measurement of the corticotrophin (ACTH) response to insulin hypoglycaemia, lysine-vasopressin, metyrapone and surgical stress in female piglets. The maximum ACTH responses average 392 picograms (pg.)/ml. (insulin hypoglycaemia), 111 pg./ml. (lysine-vasopressin) and exceeded 350 pg./ml. after metyrapone. The time relationships between blood sugar, 11-hydroxycorticosteroid and ACTH levels were also examined. Despite constant infusion rates, the ACTH response to lysine-vasopressin was not sustained. Previous administration of dexamethasone suppressed the response to insulin hypoglycaemia and lysine-vasopressin.
STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN VITRO AND IN TISSUE CULTURE BY ADRENAL TUMOURS OF MICE OF THE CE STRAIN
Authors: NEVILLE A. MUNRO , ANDERSON J. M. , McCORMICK M. H. , WEBB J. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Incubation in vitro of homogenates of spontaneous adrenocortical tumours from gonadectomized female mice of the CE strain showed the presence of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase systems, capable of metabolizing 3β-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one, 3β, 17α-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one and 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one. 17α-, 11β- and 21-hydroxylation of C21-Δ4-3-ketosteroids was also detected as were the enzyme systems required to form 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-7,17-dione from 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one.
After tissue culture of the tumour cells for 19 days, histochemical and incubation techniques demonstrated that the cells retained Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17α-, 11β- and 21-hydroxylase activity. Autoradiography localized radioactivity in the original and newly formed cells of the tissue culture.
A STUDY OF THE ANTIHORMONAL ACTIVITY OF AN ANTISERUM TO OVINE PROLACTIN USING THE LOCAL LACTOGENIC RESPONSE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: SAJI M. A. , CRIGHTON D. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A rabbit antiserum to a purified preparation of ovine prolactin was prepared. The capacity of the antiserum to counter the biological effect of the preparation of ovine prolactin was determined. When injected intraductally before the injection of prolactin into the same duct the antiserum inhibited the lactogenic effect of prolactin on the rabbit mammary gland. The weight, nitrogen content and reducing sugar content of the mammary glands were used as criteria to judge the effect of the antiserum. The results of specificity tests on the antiserum, using the techniques of double diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, are also reported.
IMMUNOASSAY OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE IN HUMAN URINE AND SERUM BY QUANTITATIVE COMPLEMENT FIXATION
Authors: MORI K. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An immunoassay method for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in human urine and serum by means of complement fixation is described in detail. The assay detects 0·6–1·5 m-u. FSH, and does not require any modification of antigens. Good agreement is shown between the biological and immunological estimations of FSH activity of urinary and serum extracts. Immunological estimations of the urinary FSH excretion in 15 normal men and 24 normal postmenopausal women gave the mean values of 8·5 (range 2·6–15·4) i.u. and 116·7 (range 30·1–213·3) i.u./24 hr., respectively. The mean serum FSH levels determined immunologically in ten normal men and 14 normal postmenopausal women were 6·2 (range 3·3–13·9) m-u. and 58·1 (range 39·7–94·0) m-u./ml., respectively. The pattern of daily urinary FSH excretion during the menstrual cycle of a normal woman showed an insignificant rise during the follicular phase and a peak immediately after the thermal nadir.
THE THYROID GLAND AND THE NEUROSECRETORY ACTIVITY OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN THE NEWBORN RABBIT
Authors: ŚLEBODZIŃSKI A. , SREBRO Z. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Two hundred rabbits aged from 0 to 21 days were used for studies of the functional activity and maturity of the thyroid and hypothalamo-hypophysial system in the newborn rabbit.
Histological findings showed that there was a rapid increase in the thyroid weight, attributed to somatic growth. The calculated relation between thyroid (Y) and body weight (X) was found to be Y = 0·3404X0·7726.
The hormonal iodine in the blood and thyroid gland:serum radioactive concentration ratio increased with age. These variations in thyroid gland activity were paralleled by maturation of the hypothalamus (as judged from the appearance of the neurosecretory material). The supraoptic nucleihypophysial system of the rabbit appeared to be morphologically mature at about 7 days after birth.
A differentiation can be made between the 'functional development' of the thyroid gland and its 'basal growth', which is part of the general growth of the body.
THE SECRETION OF STEROIDS FROM THE AUTOTRANSPLANTED OVARY IN THE EWE SPONTANEOUSLY AND IN RESPONSE TO SYSTEMIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: BAIRD D. T. , GODING J. R. , ICHIKAWA Y. , McCRACKEN J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Secretion rates of ovarian steroids were measured in five ewes in which the left ovary was transplanted to the neck. Progesterone, 20α-dihydroprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone and oestradiol-17β were measured in samples of ovarian venous blood collected twice weekly for six periods of 4–9 weeks. The secretion of progesterone (range < 2–804 μg./hr.) showed some cyclical variation in four collection periods with a minimum estimated cycle length of 20 days. 20α-Dihydroprogesterone was present in quantities of about 1/50th of that of progesterone. The maximum secretion of oestradiol-17β (up to 250 ng./hr.) occurred at the same time as the minimum secretion of progesterone. The secretion of oestrone (0–88 ng./hr.), androstenedione (59–159 ng./hr.) and testosterone (20–90 ng./hr.) followed that of oestradiol-17β. In two animals there was a constant high secretion of progesterone throughout the collection periods, indicating the persistence of a corpus luteum. None of the ewes with transplanted ovaries showed behavioural oestrus regularly. These changes of ovarian function after transplantation to the neck could be explained by physical separation of the ovary and the uterus.
On seven occasions systemic administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMS, 750–1000 i.u.) was followed by a marked rise in the secretion rate of oestradiol-17β, androstenedione and testosterone. There was a progressive increase in the secretion of progesterone beginning about the 5th day after PMS in three experiments when the secretion was below 25 μg./hr. in the control samples.
URINARY EXCRETION OF OESTRIOL AND PREGNANEDIOL DURING BOUGIE-INDUCED ABORTION IN MID-PREGNANCY
Authors: MANABE Y. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Two rubber bougies were inserted between the uterine wall and the foetal membranes in each of six normal women in mid-pregnancy to induce abortion, and the changes in uterine activity were recorded. Significant uterine contractions were noted within 33 hr. and increased gradually, resulting in all cases in abortion within 45 hr. The excretion of oestriol and pregnanediol in 6 hr. urine collections did not change significantly during the treatment, and the placenta and foetal membranes when delivered did not show any notable histological changes. Every foetus was alive on delivery.