bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perfusion culture process plus H2O2 stimulation for efficient astaxanthin production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous
Authors: Liu Yuan Shuai , Wu Jian Yong 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA semicontinuous perfusion culture process (repeated medium renewal with cell retention) was evaluated together with batch and repeated fed‐batch processes for astaxanthin production in shake‐flask cultures of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. The perfusion process with 25% medium renewal every 12 h for 10 days achieved a biomass density of 65.6 g/L, a volumetric astaxanthin yield of 52.5 mg/L, and an astaxanthin productivity of 4.38 mg/L‐d, which were 8.4‐fold, 5.6‐fold, and 2.3‐fold of those in the batch process, 7.8 g/L, 9.4 mg/L, and 1.88 mg/L‐d, respectively. The incorporation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulation of astaxanthin biosynthesis into the perfusion process further increased the astaxanthin yield to 58.3 mg/L and the productivity to 4.86 mg/L‐d. The repeated fed‐batch process with 8 g/L glucose and 4 g/L corn steep liquor fed every 12 h achieved 42.2 g/L biomass density, 36.5 mg/L astaxanthin yield, and 3.04 mg/L‐d astaxanthin productivity. The lower biomass and astaxanthin productivity in the repeated fed‐batch than in the perfusion process may be mostly attributed to the accumulation of inhibitory metabolites such as ethanol and acetic acid in the culture. The study shows that perfusion process plus H2O2 stimulation is an effective strategy for enhanced astaxanthin production in X. dendrorhous cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 568–573. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Consumer confusion in the Thai mobile phone market
Authors: Leek Sheena , Chansawatkit Suchart 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Consumer confusion is likely to be an ever increasing problem as customers live in an environment where they are bombarded with information and where rapid technological developments are taking place. Although consumer confusion has been investigated in individualistic cultures such as the United Kingdom, it has received little attention in collectivist cultures such as Thailand. This research examines confusion in the Thai mobile phone industry. More specifically, it aims to determine what aspects of the mobile phone industry are confusing and what sources of information are used to reduce or eliminate it. Thai consumers experience confusion and find a number of aspects of the mobile phone industry to be problematic especially handsets, services and tariffs. In terms of reducing confusion, family and friends are the most popular source of information being both credible and reliable. It is put forward that the problems associated with handsets, services and tariffs are due to differing degrees of technological complexity and overchoice both of which are sub‐components of confusion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different to ‘dust collectors’? The giving and receiving of experience gifts
Authors: Clarke Jackie R. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Gift giving theory has evolved around the giving and receiving of physical goods, yet experiences as gifts are increasingly important in modern Western economies. This research generating data from consumer informants focuses exclusively on experiences. The donor, recipient, occasion and gift, and the three gift giving process stages provide a synthesising framework for the findings. The concepts of donor sacrifice of time and effort, alongside gift surprise emerge as especially pertinent to experience gift giving, and notions of sharing, suspense and recipient sacrifice reinforce the proposition that experience gifts are deserving of researcher effort to better understand the phenomenon. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Dioxide Activation by Surface Excess Electrons: An EPR Study of the CO2− Radical Ion Adsorbed on the Surface of MgO
Authors: Chiesa Mario , Giamello Elio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe CO2− radical anion has been generated at the surface of MgO by direct electron transfer from surface trapped excess electrons and characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Both 13C and 17O hyperfine structures have been resolved for the first time, leading to a detailed mapping of the unpaired electron spin density distribution over the entire radical anion. The magnetic equivalence of the two O nuclei has been ascertained allowing a side‐on adsorption structure at low‐coordinate Mg2+ ions to be proposed for the surface stabilized radical.
Crystal and molecular structures of trichloro‐cobalt(II) complexes of epiquinine, epiquinidine, and epidihydrocinchonine
Authors: Tesarowicz Iwona , Oleksyn Barbara J. , Nitek Wojciech 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCinchona alkaloids are very well known antimalarials but the mechanism of their biological action still remains to be elucidated. The structural studies of active erythro and inactive threo alkaloid complexes are an important step to this aim. In this paper results of crystal structure analysis of three cobalt complexes of threo alkaloids are presented: (epiquininium)trichlorocobalt(II) (EpiQnCoCl3), (epiquinidinium)trichlorocobalt(II) (EpiQdCoCl3) and (epidihydrocinchoninium)trichlorocobalt(II) (EpiCnCoCl3). The complexes are zwitterions in which trichlorocobalt substituents are coordinated to quinoline nitrogen atoms and quinuclidine nitrogen atoms are protonated. EpiQnCoCl3 adopts uncommon conformation with quinoline moiety oriented in the opposite direction in comparison to the analogous uncomplexed alkaloid. The packing in the crystal structures is determined mainly by the hydrogen bonds, in which the chlorine atoms of substituents and solvent molecules contribute. Atoms participating in hydrogen bonds in EpiQnCoCl3 and EpiQdCoCl3 form large rings, while in EpiCnCoCl3 only chains are present. Solvent molecules are very important for the packing mode. In contrast to most erythro alkaloids, the hydroxyl oxygen atom in the title complexes forms weak or not well defined hydrogen bonds. The contribution of very weak intramolecular interactions N1H1…O12 cannot be excluded. Such “trace” interactions can be considered a relic of the unprotonated status of an epi alkaloid. Chirality, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Transition Metal Complexes of Novel N,N,O Scorpionate Ligands Suitable for Solid Phase Immobilisation (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 24/2006)
Authors: Hübner Eike , Haas Thomas , Burzlaff Nicolai 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows the constellation scorpio (lat. scorpius), which symbolises the heteroscorpionate ligands described in the article. To the left, a complex bearing such a heteroscorpionate ligand is fixed on a solid phase. In the back, another ligand with a linker for immobilisation is approaching the resin. The IR spectra (from bottom to top) correspond to a homogenous tricarbonylmanganese complex, the solid phase, a control experiment and a tricarbonyl complex grafted on the solid phase. The A1 and two E bands prove the facial coordination of the ligands and the fixation of the ligand on the solid phase. Details are discussed in the article by N. Burzlaff et al. on p. 4989 ff.
Effects of alternative reinforcer and craving on the choice to smoke cigarettes in the laboratory
Authors: Bisaga Adam , Padilla Margarita , Garawi Fatima , Sullivan Maria A. , Haney Margaret 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe examined to what extent craving for cigarettes and the magnitude of an alternative monetary reinforcer were predictors of the choice to smoke in the human laboratory. Twelve non‐treatment‐seeking nicotine‐dependent volunteers participated in a series of outpatient sessions during which they had repeated opportunities to select between three puffs of a cigarette and a variety of monetary alternatives ($0.50–3), responding under a progressive‐ratio schedule. Level of cigarette craving was measured at baseline and between each choice opportunity. The probability of choosing a cigarette decreased significantly with the increase in the magnitude of the alternative reinforcer. Baseline level of craving did not significantly alter the probability of choosing a cigarette, but a craving component related to the anticipation of positive effects from smoking, assessed repeatedly between choice opportunities, was predictive of the choice to smoke. These results demonstrate that the cigarette puff self‐administration procedure is sensitive to environmental manipulations and cigarette puff choice can be modified by the availability of an alternative reinforcer. This paradigm models the motivational component associated with choice to smoke and could be used to evaluate the effects of pharmacological and behavioral interventions to decrease cigarette smoking. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chlorpromazine and apigenin reduce adenovirus replication and decrease replication associated toxicity
Authors: Kanerva Anna , Raki Mari , Ranki Tuuli , Särkioja Merja , Koponen Jarmo , Desmond Renee A. , Helin Aija , Stenman Ulf‐Håkan , Isoniemi Helena , Höckerstedt Krister , Ristimäki Ari , Hemminki Akseli 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackgroundAdenoviruses can cause severe toxicity in immunocompromised individuals. Although clinical trials have confirmed the potency and safety of selectively oncolytic adenoviruses for treatment of advanced cancers, increasingly effective agents could result in more toxicity and therefore it would be useful if replication could be abrogated if necessary.MethodsWe analyzed the effect of chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of clathrin‐dependent endocytosis and apigenin, a cell cycle regulator, on adenovirus replication and toxicity. First, we evaluated the in vitro replication of a tumor targeted Rb‐p16 pathway selective oncolytic adenovirus (Ad5/3‐Δ24) and a wild‐type adenovirus in normal cells, fresh liver samples and in ovarian cancer cell lines. Further, we analyzed the in vitro cell killing efficacy of adenoviruses in the presence and absence of the substances. Moreover, the effect on in vivo efficacy, replication and liver toxicity of the adenoviruses was evaluated.ResultsWe demonstrate in vitro and in vivo reduction of adenovirus replication and associated toxicity with chlorpromazine and apigenin. Effective doses were well within what would be predicted safe in humans.ConclusionsChlorpromazine and apigenin might reduce the replication of adenovirus, which could provide a safety switch in case replication‐associated side effects are encountered in patients. In addition, these substances could be useful for the treatment of systemic adenoviral infections in immunosuppressed patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Labeling G‐rich oligonucleotides (GROs) with N‐succinimidyl 4‐[18F]fluorobenzoate (S18FB)
Authors: Li Junling , Trent John O. , Bates Paula J. , Ng Chin K. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThree G‐rich oligonucleotides (GROs) were conjugated with N‐succinimidyl 4‐[18F]fluorobenzoate (S18FB). The yields for GRO5, the shortest sequence among those three GROs being tested, were 42, 70, 84, and 99% at GRO5 concentration of 59, 118, 236, and 472 nmol/100 µl, respectively. Reaction temperature (22 and 40°C), reaction time (15 and 30 min), and borate buffer concentration (25 and 50 mM) showed no noticeable effects on the labeling results. Two longer sequences of GROs, GRO15A and GRO26A, were also labeled with the same procedures and the corresponding yields were 80 ± 2% at 93 nmol/100 µl (n = 3) and 47 ± 3% at 98 nmol/100 µl (n = 3), respectively. Finally, CROa was conjugated with S18FB to further confirm our results. The radiochemical yields were 13.7 ± 2.5, 40.9 ± 3.5, 70.1 ± 2.0, 93.4 ± 1.4% at 8.7, 17.5, 35 and 52.5 OD of CROa (non‐isolated, decay‐corrected and based on S18FB, n = 3) in comparison to 7, 17, 22 and 28% at 5, 10, 20 and 40 OD of CROa, respectively, as reported by Hedberg et al. (Acta Chem Scand 1998; 52: 1034–1039). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between diffusion in lumbar intervertebral disks and lumbar artery status: Evaluation with fresh blood imaging technique
Authors: Tokuda Osamu , Okada Munemasa , Fujita Takeshi , Matsunaga Naofumi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the correlation of the lumbar artery status with the diffusion values in lumbar vertebral disks in patients with low back problems using a fresh blood imaging (FBI) technique.Materials and MethodsFirst, both digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and MR angiography (MRA) was performed, and the weighted kappa value between DSA and MR angiography in evaluating the status of lumbar arteries was calculated. Then, The sagittal diffusion‐weighted MR images in 260 intervertebral disks (L1‐2 to L4‐5) and MR angiographic images using FBI technique in the corresponding 260 lumbar artery pairs (total of 520 arteries) of the 65 patients with low back problems were separately evaluated by two radiologists.ResultsThe weighted kappa value between DSA and MRA in evaluating the status of lumbar arteries in both observes indicated good agreement. There were significant correlations between the status of lumbar arteries and the ADC values of the lumbar disks in all orthogonal directions (x, y, and z) at all intervertebral levels except L4‐5 by both observers (P < 0.001).ConclusionThere is a strong association between the diminished flow in lumbar arteries and the decreased diffusion of lumbar intervertebral disks at all intervertebral levels except at L4‐5. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of muscle lipid metabolism by localized one‐ and two‐dimensional MRS techniques using a clinical 3T MRI/MRS scanner
Authors: Velan S. Sendhil , Durst Christopher , Lemieux Susan K. , Raylman Raymond R. , Sridhar Rajagopalan , Spencer Richard G. , Hobbs Gerald R. , Thomas M. Albert 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate the feasibility of estimating the relative intra‐ and extramyocellular lipid (IMCL and EMCL) pool magnitudes and calculating the degree of lipid unsaturation within soleus muscle using single‐voxel localized one‐ and two‐dimensional (1D and 2D) MR spectroscopy (MRS).Materials and MethodsLocalized 1D point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and 2D correlation spectroscopy (L‐COSY) were performed in identical locations in the soleus muscle of 10 healthy subjects. A GE 3‐T MRI/MRS scanner and a quadrature extremity transmit/receive coil was used.ResultsThe 1D and 2D MR spectra were used to compute IMCL/creatine (Cr) and EMCL/Cr ratios. In addition to cross peaks between the methyl and methylene protons in the high‐field region, the 2D spectra showed cross peaks due to J‐coupling between allylic, diallylic methylene pro‐ tons, and olefinic protons. The cross‐peak volume ratios also provided a measure of double bonds, suggesting that this ratio can be used to assess unsaturation within IMCL and EMCL lipid pools.ConclusionWe have demonstrated the feasibility of detecting 2D cross peaks between different groups of IMCL and EMCL, including the unsaturated protons within these two lipids pools. This protocol may be easily extended to study the lipids present in other tissues. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shoulder MR arthrography: In vitro determination of optimal gadolinium dilution as a function of field strength
Authors: Stecco Alessandro , Brambilla Marco , Puppi Anna M.A. , Lovisolo Marta , Boldorini Renzo , Carriero Alessandro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurposeTo find the optimal contrast agent dilution to maximize signal intensity (SI), signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) in shoulder MR arthrography using MR systems operating at different magnetic field strengths.Materials and MethodsAutoptic human glenohumeral ligaments were inserted in eight egg‐shaped 20‐mL phantoms filled with saline and gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid bismethylamide (Gd‐DTPA‐BMA) in different dilutions of 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 5, 12.5, 50 mmol/liter, to simulate the shoulder articular capsule. These phantoms were inserted inside two plastic 240‐mL phantoms filled with water. MRI was performed on 0.2‐, 0.5‐, 1.0‐, 1.5‐, and 3.0‐T MR systems using a three‐dimensional gradient echo (GRE)‐T1‐weighted pulse sequence. SI, SNR, and CNR were determined.ResultsPeak SI and SNR were found at 5 mmol/liter, with the exception of the 0.2‐T scanner, where the maximum was at 2 mmol/liter. Peak CNR was observed at 1 mmol/liter for the 3‐T scanner, at 2 mmol/liter for the 0.2‐ and 0.5‐T scanners, and at 5 mmol/liter for the remaining scanners.ConclusionThe optimal SI and SNR are provided by 5 mmol/liter contrast agent dilution. Peak CNR was found in a range between 1 and 5 mmol/liter dilutions, depending on the strength of the magnetic field. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two‐dimensional population map of cortical connections in the human internal capsule
Authors: Zarei Mojtaba , Johansen‐Berg Heidi , Jenkinson Mark , Ciccarelli Olga , Thompson Alan J. , Matthews Paul M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurposeTo exploit diffusion imaging tractography to produce a two‐dimensional (xy) probabilistic population map of the cortical connections within the human internal capsule (IC).Materials and MethodsDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was carried out on 11 healthy volunteers. We parceled an axial section of the IC according to its connections to the prefrontal, premotor, primary motor, primary somatosensory, posterior parietal, and occipital cortices using our locally developed probabilistic algorithm.ResultsA consistent topographical organization was generated that was consistent with our anatomical knowledge of the IC. In addition, our study shows that in humans the anterior half of the IC is occupied by the prefrontal cortex.ConclusionThis map may be of clinical use for correlating neurological deficit with hemispheric lesions, particularly those that affect sensorimotor function. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis of breast tumors by contrast‐enhanced MR imaging: Comparison between the diagnostic performance of dynamic enhancement patterns and morphologic features
Authors: Goto Mariko , Ito Hirotoshi , Akazawa Kentaro , Kubota Takao , Kizu Osamu , Yamada Kei , Nishimura Tsunehiko 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurposeTo compare the diagnostic performance of breast lesions by the enhancement patterns and morphologic criteria on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and MethodsBoth T1‐weighted 3D gradient‐echo sequences with high temporal resolution and high‐spatial‐resolution MRI were performed on 190 patients with a total of 204 enhancing lesions (144 malignant and 60 benign). The enhancement patterns and morphologic features of each mass and nonmass lesion were analyzed, and the diagnostic performance was compared.ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity of the morphologic criteria were statistically significantly higher than those of the enhancement patterns (sensitivity: P = 0.0012, specificity: P = 0.0003), and the Az values for the three observers were 0.900, 0.919, and 0.900. The diagnostic accuracy of the morphologic criteria for both types of lesions was superior, and the differences were statistically significant (mass: P = 0.0001, nonmass: P = 0.0389).ConclusionThe analysis of the morphologic features of enhancing breast lesions alone showed higher diagnostic performance; therefore, signal intensity (SI) time‐course data may not be needed to diagnose malignant breast lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐precision determination of 18O/16O ratios of silver phosphate by EA‐pyrolysis‐IRMS continuous flow technique
Authors: Lécuyer Christophe , Fourel François , Martineau François , Amiot Romain , Bernard Aurélien , Daux Valérie , Escarguel Gilles , Morrison John 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA high‐precision, and rapid on‐line method for oxygen isotope analysis of silver phosphate is presented. The technique uses high‐temperature elemental analyzer (EA)‐pyrolysis interfaced in continuous flow (CF) mode to an isotopic ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). Calibration curves were generated by synthesizing silver phosphate with a 13‰ spread in δ18O values. Calibration materials were obtained by reacting dissolved potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) with water samples of various oxygen isotope compositions at 373 K. Validity of the method was tested by comparing the on‐line results with those obtained by classical off‐line sample preparation and dual inlet isotope measurement. In addition, silver phosphate precipitates were prepared from a collection of biogenic apatites with known δ18O values ranging from 12.8 to 29.9‰ (V–SMOW). Reproducibility of ± 0.2‰ was obtained by the EA‐Py‐CF‐IRMS method for sample sizes in the range 400–500 µg. Both natural and synthetic samples are remarkably well correlated with conventional 18O/16O determinations. Silver phosphate is a very stable material and easy to degas and, thus, could be considered as a good candidate to become a reference material for the determination of 18O/16O ratios of phosphate by high‐temperature pyrolysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of the gamma distribution to represent monthly rainfall in Africa for drought monitoring applications
Authors: Husak Gregory J. , Michaelsen Joel , Funk Chris 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEvaluating a range of scenarios that accurately reflect precipitation variability is critical for water resource applications. Inputs to these applications can be provided using location‐ and interval‐specific probability distributions. These distributions make it possible to estimate the likelihood of rainfall being within a specified range. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of fitting cell‐by‐cell probability distributions to grids of monthly interpolated, continent‐wide data. Future work will then detail applications of these grids to improved satellite‐remote sensing of drought and interpretations of probabilistic climate outlook forum forecasts. The gamma distribution is well suited to these applications because it is fairly familiar to African scientists, and capable of representing a variety of distribution shapes. This study tests the goodness‐of‐fit using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test, and compares these results against another distribution commonly used in rainfall events, the Weibull. The gamma distribution is suitable for roughly 98% of the locations over all months. The techniques and results presented in this study provide a foundation for use of the gamma distribution to generate drivers for various rain‐related models. These models are used as decision support tools for the management of water and agricultural resources as well as food reserves by providing decision makers with ways to evaluate the likelihood of various rainfall accumulations and assess different scenarios in Africa. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society