bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relations Between Segmental and Motor Variability in Prosodically Complex Nonword Sequences
Authors: Goffman Lisa , Gerken LouAnn , Lucchesi Julie 
Published: May 2007

PurposeTo assess how prosodic prominence and hierarchical foot structure influence segmental and articulatory aspects of speech production, specifically segmental accuracy and variability, and oral movement trajectory variability.MethodThirty individuals participated: 10 young adults, 10 children who are normally developing, and 10 children diagnosed with specific language impairment. Segmental error and segmental variability and movement trajectory variability were compared in low and high prosodic prominence conditions (i.e., strong and weak syllables) and in different prosodic foot structures.ResultsBetween-participants findings were that both groups of children showed more segmental error and segmental variability and more movement trajectory variability than did adults. A similar within-participant pattern of results was observed for all 3 groups. Prosodic prominence influenced both segmental and motor levels of analysis, with weak syllables produced less accurately and with more lip and jaw movement trajectory variability than strong syllables. However, hierarchical foot structure affected segmental but not motor measures of speech production accuracy and variability.ConclusionsMotor and segmental variables were not consistently aligned. This pattern of results has clinical implications because inferences about motor variability may not directly follow from observations of segmental variability.
Exploring the Utility of Narrative Analysis in Diagnostic Decision Making: Picture-Bound Reference, Elaboration, and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Thorne John C. , Coggins Truman E. , Carmichael Olson Heather , Astley Susan J. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeTo evaluate classification accuracy and clinical feasibility of a narrative analysis tool for identifying children with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).MethodPicture-elicited narratives generated by 16 age-matched pairs of school-aged children (FASD vs. typical development [TD]) were coded for semantic elaboration and reference strategy by judges who were unaware of age, gender, and group membership of the participants. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to examine the classification accuracy of the resulting set of narrative measures for making 2 classifications: (a) for the 16 children diagnosed with FASD, low performance (n= 7) versus average performance (n= 9) on a standardized expressive language task and (b) FASD (n= 16) versus TD (n= 16).ResultsCombining the rates of semantic elaboration and pragmatically inappropriate reference perfectly matched a classification based on performance on the standardized language task. More importantly, the rate of ambiguous nominal reference was highly accurate in classifying children with an FASD regardless of their performance on the standardized language task (area under the ROC curve = .863, confidence interval = .736–.991).ConclusionResults support further study of the diagnostic utility of narrative analysis using discourse level measures of elaboration and children’s strategic use of reference.
Assessing Cortisol Reactivity to a Linguistic Task as a Marker of Stress in Individuals With Left-Hemisphere Stroke and Aphasia
Authors: Laures-Gore Jacqueline , Heim Christine M. , Hsu Yu-Sheng 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
In this study, the authors explore a method of measuring physiologic and perceived stress in individuals with aphasia by investigating salivary cortisol reactivity and subjectively perceived stress in response to a standardized linguistic task.

Method
Fifteen individuals with aphasia and 15 age-matched healthy controls participated in a linguistic task involving speaking to an unfamiliar listener and a nonlinguistic task consisting of the Mirror Drawing Test (Starch, 1910). Salivary cortisol samples were taken following a 30-min baseline period, at the beginning and end of each task, and at 10-min intervals throughout the posttask period. Perceptions of stress also were assessed.

Results
No significant difference was found in cortisol levels over time within the group with aphasia between the linguistic and nonlinguistic task; however, the control group demonstrated greater cortisol reactivity during the linguistic task than during the nonlinguistic task. For the linguistic task only, the control group demonstrated greater cortisol reactivity than did the group with aphasia. Both groups perceived greater stress posttask than pretask, although the aphasia group perceived greater stress than did the control group.

Conclusion
Adults with aphasia perceived greater stress than did healthy controls; however, this paradigm did not stimulate salivary cortisol reactivity in the aphasia group. A potential reason for this may be differences in the type or degree of psychosocial variables that are important in modulating stress in this population. Other considerations when developing methods for assessing physiologic stress include habituation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation related to the neurological changes poststroke.
Longitudinal Relationships Between Lexical and Grammatical Development in Typical and Late-Talking Children
Authors: Moyle Maura Jones , Ellis Weismer Susan , Evans Julia L. , Lindstrom Mary J. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThis study examined the longitudinal relationships between lexical and grammatical development in typically developing (TD) and late-talking children for the purposes of testing the single-mechanism account of language acquisition and comparing the developmental trajectories of lexical and grammatical development in late-talking and TD children.MethodParticipants included 30 children identified as late talkers (LTs) at 2;0 (years;months), and 30 TD children matched on age, nonverbal cognition, socioeconomic status, and gender. Data were collected at 5 points between 2;0 and 5;6.ResultsCross-lagged correlational analyses indicated that TD children showed evidence of bidirectional bootstrapping between lexical and grammatical development between 2;0 and 3;6. Compared with the TD group, LTs exhibited less evidence of syntactic bootstrapping. Linear mixed-effects modeling of language sample data suggested that the relationship between lexical and grammatical growth was similar for the 2 groups.ConclusionLexical and grammatical development were strongly related in both groups, consistent with the single-mechanism account of language acquisition. The results were mixed in terms of finding longitudinal differences in lexical–grammatical relationships between the TD and late-talking children; however, several analyses suggested that for late-talking children, syntactic growth may be less facilitative of lexical development.
Predicting Language Outcomes for Internationally Adopted Children
Authors: Glennen Sharon L. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeLanguage and speech are difficult to assess in newly arrived internationally adopted children. The purpose of this study was to determine if assessments completed when toddlers were first adopted could predict language outcomes at age 2. Local norms were used to develop early intervention guidelines that were evaluated against age 2 outcomes. Patterns of language emergence were also analyzed.MethodTwenty-seven children between 11 and 23 months of age adopted from Eastern Europe were followed from adoption through the 1st year home. Results from initial assessments using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales—Developmental Profile (CSBS–DP; A. Wetherby & B. Prizant, 2002) and MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory—Words and Gestures (MCDI–WG; L. Fenson et al., 1993) were compared against speech and language outcomes 1 year later when the children were 2 years of age.ResultsBy age 2, receptive language and articulation were developing well; expressive language was still emerging. Initial assessment using the CSBS–DP Behavior Sample and MCDI–WG Words Understood Developmental Quotient predicted age 2 language outcomes. Early intervention guidelines based on these 2 measures had strong positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR) when using age 2 outcomes as the criteria (LR+ = 21.00; LR− = .00). Six of the 27 children (22%) had slow language development in comparison to their peers.ConclusionNewly adopted children with delays on prelinguistic and vocabulary comprehension measures were highly likely to have slow language development at age 2. Initial assessments of these abilities should be used to make early intervention decisions.
Fire‐tolerance mechanisms of common woody plant species in a semiarid savanna in south‐western Zimbabwe
Authors: Nefabas Lulu L. , Gambiza James 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe frequency of fire has increased in savannas yet few studies have assessed how plants persist when subjected to long‐term disturbance by fire. We investigated the contributions of bark thickness and resprouting to the persistence of woody plants in two fire trials that were started in 1948 and 1949. The number of resprouts per individual, bark thickness, basal diameter and height of woody plants were measured in unburnt plots and those burnt annually, triennially and quinquennially during the late dry season. Changes in tree density, number of resprouts and individuals in different height classes between 1963 and 2002 were assessed. Bark thickness varied among species and also increased with increases in basal diameter. Generally, plants with thick bark survived fire more than those with thin bark. Resprouting was the major fire survival strategy for most species. The number of resprouts produced per plant ranged from 4 ± 3 (Acacia rehmanniana) to 14 ± 9 (Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia). Fire reduced species richness in plots burnt annually and triennially by 47% and 6% respectively. Species richness increased in unburnt plots (5%) and those burnt quinquennially (16%). Most woody species survived fire through a combination of traits.
Safety and efficacy of bortezomib in high‐risk and elderly patients with relapsed multiple myeloma
Authors: Richardson Paul G. , Sonneveld Pieter , Schuster Michael W. , Irwin David , Stadtmauer Edward A. , Facon Thierry , Harousseau Jean‐Luc , Ben‐Yehuda Dina , Lonial Sagar , San Miguel Jesús‐F. , Cavenagh Jamie D. , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAdverse prognostic factors in multiple myeloma include advanced age, number of prior therapies, and higher International Staging System (ISS) disease stage. In the international, randomised, phase‐3 Assessment of Proteasome Inhibition for Extending Remissions (APEX) study, bortezomib demonstrated significantly longer time to progression (TTP), higher response rates and improved survival compared with high‐dose dexamethasone in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma following one to three prior therapies. In this APEX subgroup analysis, efficacy of bortezomib and dexamethasone was compared in elderly (age ≥65 years) and high‐risk (>1 prior line of therapy; ISS stage II/III; refractory to prior therapy) patients. Bortezomib demonstrated substantial clinical activity in these patients. Response rate (34–40% vs. 13–19%), including complete response rate (5–8% vs. 0–1%), was significantly higher with bortezomib versus dexamethasone in all four subgroups. Similarly, median TTP was significantly longer with bortezomib versus dexamethasone, and 1‐year survival probability was significantly higher in all subgroups. As in the total APEX population, rates of grade 3/4 adverse events were higher in bortezomib‐ versus dexamethasone‐treated patients aged ≥65 years and with >1 prior line, while rates of serious adverse events were similar; toxicities generally proved manageable. Bortezomib should be considered an appropriate treatment for elderly and high‐risk patients with relapsed multiple myeloma.
Graft‐versus‐leukaemia effect after non‐myeloablative haematopoietic transplantation can overcome the unfavourable expression of ZAP‐70 in refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Khouri Issa F. , Saliba Rima M. , Admirand Joan , O'Brien Susan , Lee Ming‐S. , Korbling Martin , Samuels Barry I. , Giralt Sergio , Lima De Marcos , Keating Michael J. , Champlin Richard E. , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos 
Published: May 2007

SummaryZAP‐70 (zeta‐chain‐associated protein 70 kDa) expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). This study evaluated the efficacy of non‐myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with advanced CLL and assessed the impact of ZAP‐70 expression on the outcome. Thirty‐nine sequential patients were included. All had previously been treated with fludarabine. All patients received a preparative regimen of fludarabine (30 mg/m2/d for 3 d), intravenous cyclophosphamide (750 mg/m2/d for 3 d), and high‐dose rituximab. Immunohistochemical techniques on marrow biopsy samples were used to determine that ZAP‐70 was expressed in 25 patients, whereas 13 other patients were ZAP‐70 negative, and one was of indeterminate status. With a median follow‐up time of 27 months, the estimated overall survival and current progression‐free survival (CPFS) rates at 4 years were 48% and 44% respectively. Patients who were ZAP‐70 positive had 56% survival, and their CPFS rate increased from 30% to 53% after a donor lymphocyte infusion. Multivariate analysis indicated that chemorefractory disease and mixed T cell chimerism at day 90, but not ZAP‐70 positivity, were associated with the risk of disease progression after transplantation. These results demonstrate a potent graft‐versus‐leukaemia effect that can overcome the adverse prognostic effect of ZAP‐70 expression.
Habitat utilization and vertical movements of white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) released from commercial and recreational fishing gears in the western North Atlantic Ocean: inferences from short duration pop‐up archival satellite tags
Authors: HORODYSKY ANDRIJ Z. , KERSTETTER DAVID W. , LATOUR ROBERT J. , GRAVES JOHN E. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTResearchers have applied numerous techniques to improve billfish stock assessments, including habitat‐based models that incorporate behavioral and oceanographic parameters to standardize historical catch‐per‐unit‐effort time‐series data. These methods have allowed researchers to account for significant changes in the depths of pelagic longline (PLL) gear deployments over time. This study presents habitat‐use data recovered from high‐resolution 5‐ and 10‐day pop‐up satellite archival tags (PSATs) attached to 47 surviving white marlin released from commercial and recreational fishing gears offshore of the U.S. East Coast, the northern Caribbean, and Venezuela between 2002 and 2004. Data recovered from transmitting tags indicated that white marlin spent nearly half of their time associated with warm, near‐surface waters (<10 m). All fish displayed frequent short duration (mean: 39.8 min) vertical excursions from surface waters to depths averaging 51 m. Qualitative and multivariate classifications of data from completely transmitted movements of surviving white marlin revealed two major types of descents: one pattern was characterized by deep ‘V’‐shaped excursions of relatively short duration (mean: 23.4 min) while the other featured descents that were more broadly ‘U’‐shaped and confined to a specific depth range for an extended period of time (mean: 75.8 min). Based on the frequency, persistence, and patterns of these vertical movements, white marlin appear to direct a considerable proportion of foraging effort well below surface waters, a behavior that may account for relatively high catch rates of white marlin on some deep‐set PLL deployments.
Evidence of Morocco dentex (Dentex maroccanus) distribution in the NE Mediterranean and relationships with environmental factors determined by Generalized Additive Modelling
Authors: MARAVELIAS CHRISTOS D. , TSITSIKA EFTHYMIA V. , PAPACONSTANTINOU COSTAS 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe seasonal distribution of Morocco dentex (Dentex maroccanus) was investigated in relation to ocean environmental conditions in the NE Mediterranean Sea. Data were collected during a 2‐yr period (1996–1997) of quasi‐synoptic seasonal sampling using demersal trawl surveys. The study revealed evidence for the existence of environmental relationships and temporal habitat associations of Morocco dentex. The sea‐bottom salinity, the water depth (through its interaction with bottom salinity) and the spatial location appeared to be key determinants of distribution. There was a strong consistency in the pattern and significance of the observed relationships across all seasons. The present results provided direct support for a preferential seasonal aggregation of Morocco dentex in specific geographic and bathymetric regions of the study area. In all four seasons, these favourable regions were found to be relatively stable and distinct, had the highest catch‐per‐unit‐effort index, and were located over shallower grounds (50–70 m) having bottom salinity around 39.1. The current findings also indicated that, throughout the year, the species was confined below the thermocline and avoided the deeper waters (>80 m). Morocco dentex ecological preferences for certain sea‐bottom salinities, water depth zones and hydrographic regimes were suggested to contribute to the processes governing differential settlement to preferred grounds.
Egg and larval distributions of seven fish species in north‐east Atlantic waters
Authors: IBAIBARRIAGA L. , IRIGOIEN X. , SANTOS M. , MOTOS L. , FIVES J. M. , FRANCO C. , LAGO DE LANZÓS A. , ACEVEDO S. , BERNAL M. , BEZ N. , ELTINK G. , FARINHA A. , HAMMER C. , IVERSEN S. A. , MILLIGAN S. P. , REID D. G. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe distribution of egg and larvae of mackerel, horse mackerel, sardine, hake, megrim, blue whiting and anchovy along the European Atlantic waters (south Portugal to Scotland) during 1998 is described. Time of the year, sea surface temperature and bottom depth are used to define the spawning habitat of the different species. Mackerel, horse mackerel, and sardine eggs and larvae presented the widest distribution, whereas megrim and anchovy showed a limited distribution, restricted to the Celtic Sea and the Bay of Biscay respectively. Correspondingly mackerel, horse mackerel and sardine showed the highest aggregation indices. Blue whiting larvae were found at the lowest temperatures, whereas anchovy eggs and larvae were found in the warmest waters. The analysis is a basis for evaluation of ongoing changes in the pelagic ecosystem of the north‐east Atlantic.
Case study research methods in end‐of‐life care: reflections on three studies
Authors: Payne Sheila , Field David , Rolls Liz , Hawker Sheila , Kerr Chris 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Title. Case study research methods in end‐of‐life care: reflections on three studies Aim.  This paper is an evaluation of the use of case study methods, drawing on three research studies conducted by the authors in end‐of‐life care and bereavement.Background.  Case study methods have their origins in social anthropology and draw on the principles of naturalistic inquiry. They have been used in a number of disciplines, including qualitative sociology, management science, education and organizational psychology for the understanding and evaluation of complex social systems. They are an appropriate research design for examining processes and outcomes in dynamic healthcare organizations, where it is important to obtain multiple perspectives.Method.  We explore issues in case study research design, recruitment and data collection drawing on three studies conducted between 2000 and 2005 in six community hospitals, five adult hospice bereavement services and eight childhood bereavement services in the United Kingdom. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using interviews, focus groups, observations, documentary analysis, standardized measures and questionnaires.Discussion.  The process of case study design is described, including building upon a clear rationale for the selection of cases, collection of data, preparation of single case reports, cross‐case analysis and interpretation. In a critical discussion of recruitment, we recommend identification of a key contact person at each site to facilitate access and minimize misunderstanding, disruption to clinical services and ‘gate‐keeping’. Three principal methods of data collection: interviews, observation and documentary data analysis form the foundation of the rich data set necessary to explore cases in their situational contexts.Conclusion.  Case study methods may be empowering for participants because they value their experiences and reveal how their work contributes to teamwork within organizations. They can therefore be both affirming and challenging, as they may expose both conflicts and tensions.
A socially inclusive approach to user participation in higher education
Authors: Simons Lucy , Tee Steve , Lathlean Judith , Burgess Abigail , Herbert Lesley , Gibson Colin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Title. A socially inclusive approach to user participation in higher education Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to evaluate the development of an innovative Service User Academic post in mental health nursing in relation to student learning and good employment practice in terms of social inclusion.Background.  Institutions providing professional mental health education are usually expected to demonstrate user involvement in the design, delivery and evaluation of their educational programmes to ensure that user voices are central to the development of clinical practice. Involvement can take many forms but not everyone values user knowledge as equal to other sources of knowledge. This can lead to users feeling exploited, rather than fully integrated in healthcare professional education processes. Development of the post discussed in this paper was stimulated and informed by an innovative example from Australia.Method.  An observational case study of the development and practice of a Service User Academic post was undertaken in 2005. Participants were purposively sampled and included the User Academic, six members of a user and carer reference group, 10 educators and 35 students. Data were collected by group discussions and interviews. Data analysis was based on the framework approach.Findings.  The evaluation revealed tangible benefits for the students and the wider academic community. Most important was the powerful role model the Service User Academic provided for students. The post proved an effective method to promote service user participation and began to integrate service user perspectives within the educational process. However, the attempts to achieve socially inclusive practices were inhibited by organizational factors. The expectations of the role and unintended discriminatory behaviours had an impact on achieving full integration of the role. Furthermore, shortcomings in the support arrangements were revealed.Conclusions.  The search for an optimum model of involvement may prove elusive, but the need to research and debate different strategies, to avoid tokenism and exploitation, remains.