bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Software Configuration Management
Authors: Nguyen Tien N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSoftware development is a dynamic process in which engineers constantly modify and refine their systems. Fundamental sources of change are usually associated with error correction, adaptations required to accommodate changes to external environments, and changes caused by changing requirements, design, or extensions of system functionality. Confusion among software engineers will develop when changes are not analyzed before they are made, recorded before they are implemented, reported to those with a need to know or controlled in a manner that will improve quality and reduce error. The discipline of identifying, organizing, and controlling modifications to a software system is called software configuration management (SCM). The ultimate goal of SCM is to maximize productivity by minimizing mistakes and to maintain software integrity, traceability, and accountability. This article summarizes the state of the art in both research and practice, as well as the well‐established and advanced technologies in the area of SCM.
Software Metrics
Authors: Sinha Avik , Yilmaz Cemal 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSoftware metric is a generalized term used to express a measure that assesses some property of a software product, a software development process, or some artifact produced during a software development process. Measurement and experimentation have been the basis for studies in almost all scientific disciplines. The importance of measurement can be underlined by the oftea‐quoted statement from Lord KelvinWhen you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge of it is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely, in your thoughts, advanced it to the stage of science.‐Sir William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907)
Spreadsheet Programming
Authors: Abraham Robin , Burnett Margaret , Erwig Martin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSpreadsheets are among the most widely used programming systems in the world. Individuals and businesses use spreadsheets for a wide variety of applications, ranging from performing simple calculations to building complex financial models. In this article, we first discuss how spreadsheet programs are actually functional programs. We then describe concepts in spreadsheet programming, followed by a brief history of spreadsheet systems. Widespread use of spreadsheets, coupled with their high error‐proneness and the impact of spreadsheet errors, has motivated research into techniques aimed at the prevention, detection, and correction of errors in spreadsheets. We present an overview of research effort that seeks to rectify this problem.
Women in Computing
Authors: Gürer Denise , Light Jennifer , Björkman Christina , Davies Rhian , Hancock Mark , Condon Anne , Craig Annemieke , Galpin Vashti , Martin Ursula , Pohl Margit , Wiltner Sylvia , Suriya M. , Spertus Ellen , Cohoon J. McGrath , Townsend Gloria Childress , Gabbert Paula 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe history of computer science is composed mainly of male achievements and involvements, even though women have played substantial roles. Although women are a significant part of computing history, the numbers of women in computing still have yet to reach parity with men. This article covers women's experiences and impact in the computing history of the United States and in several other nations and explores some of the reasons for the disparities between the number of men and women in this field.
Human–Computer Interaction
Authors: Cooperstock Jeremy R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHuman–computer interaction (HCI) is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use. The field formally emerged out of computer science, cognitive psychology, and industrial design through the 1960s, formulating guidelines for the development of interactive computer systems, highlighting usability concerns, and providing the impetus for improved interfaces. Computing devices are becoming more prevalent and integrated into both our social and work spaces, and in some cases, they are already essential elements of these environments. HCI therefore plays an increasingly important role in ensuring that computer systems are not only functional but also respect the needs and capabilities of the humans that use them.
Program Compilers
Authors: Sloane Anthony M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractProgram compilers implement translations from the high‐level language world of programmers to the low‐level world of hardware. A compiler reads program text written in a source language and translates it into an equivalent program written in a different target language. A standard pipeline architecture for compiler construction consists of lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, translation, and code generation phases, with optional optimization phases interspersed. Support for the phases is provided by a symbol table containing the properties of program entities. Some compiler phases can be automatically generated from formal specifications.
Video Databases
Authors: Qing Li , Xiao Wu , Chong‐Wah Ngo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAs video data is widely used over the Internet, how to manage video efficiently is a challenging problem to many researchers. In this article, we examine various issues and techniques applicable to video databases (VDBs). In particular, we start with examining VDB low‐level features, which include feature extraction, similarity measures, and video indexing. We then study the conceptual level facilities embodied by data models and query languages.
Digital Arithmetic
Authors: de Dinechin Florent , Ercegovac Miloš D. , Muller Jean‐Michel , Revol Nathalie 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDigital arithmetic includes all aspects of the specification, analysis, and implementation of arithmetic operations (±, ×, ÷,, etc.) in digital systems such as general‐purpose processors, digital signal processors, graphics, and various embedded systems. These aspects include number systems, arithmetic algorithms, hardware implementation of arithmetic operators (adders, multipliers, dividers), elementary function implementation, and floating‐point arithmetic. The implementors of arithmetic units and systems must compromise between various objectives: speed, area (cost), power consumption, accuracy, reusability… hence, no “best solutions” exist in general, but solutions that can be significantly different depending on whether you are designing a circuit for a cellular phone or for a supercomputer.
3‐DPoint Correspondence and Registration
Authors: Liu Yonghuai 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEstablishing point correspondences between overlapping data sets is a fundamental yet challenging problem in the machine vision and pattern recognition literature. In this article, the reason the traditional closest point criterion has become a standard approach for establishing possible point correspondences between overlapping range images and why three‐dimension point correspondence and registration is challenging are first discussed. Then the classic quaternion method with and without taking the reliabilities of given point correspondences into account for camera motion estimation is outlined. To establish the possible point correspondences between overlapping range images, the improved version, SoftICP, of the SoftAssign algorithm is outlined. To gain an idea of the performance of the SoftICP algorithm, some experimental results based on both synthetic data and real range images have been presented. Although the SoftICP algorithm focuses on pairwise overlapping range image registration, some techniques for efficient point correspondence establishment and multiview range image registration are also outlined. Finally, some concluding remarks are made.
Document Image Analysis and Recognition
Authors: Manmatha R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPaper archives need to be converted to electronic form to enable the search and organization of documents. This article provides a brief introduction to the basic ideas and the remaining challenges. Essentially, this involves first scanning the image, then discovering the page layout to separate text segments and finally recognizing characters and words. The basics of scanning, image preprocessing steps, page segmentation and recognition are described for printed documents followed by a brief discussion of large vocabulary handwriting recognition. Other issues discussed include the detection of text against image backgrounds, language identification and datasets and evaluation. Modern good quality documents with printed fonts can be well recognized but poorer quality print recognition as well as handwriting recognition still remain major research challenges.
Robotic Tactile Sensors
Authors: Ohka Masahiro 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn robotics, tactile sensation is also important to perform manipulation, especially in recent robotic research related to cooperative work between robots and human beings, where tactile sensation is required to prevent accidental contact. So far, various tactile sensors have been developed based on several physical phenomena, such as the piezoelectric effect, the resistance variation of conductive rubber, magnetic variation, and the optical effect. Since every tactile sensor has both merits and demerits, realizing tactile sensors for general use would have remained very difficult. In the last decade, advanced tactile sensors for limited use have appeared gradually, such as new MEMS‐based tactile sensors, PVDF tactile sensors, a stick‐slip tactile sensor, a human mimetic tactile sensor, a wireless tactile sensor, an advanced conductive rubber type tactile sensor, and image data‐based tactile sensors. As work on these tactile sensors advances, future combined designs will probably compensate for their current respective demerits. Cooperative interaction between robots and human beings will be a common situation. Since tactile sensation is required to prevent accidental contact between them in humanoid robotics, the importance of tactile sensors will continue to increase.
Distance Education in Computer Science
Authors: Pullen J. Mark , McDaniel J. Goodlett 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools defines distance education (DE) as a “formal educational process in which most of course instruction (51% or more of instruction and interaction among students and faculty, as measured by contact hours) occurs when students and instructors are not in the same location. Instruction may be synchronous or asynchronous, including mixed delivery formats”. Distance education extends access to students who trade off the ability to participate in a traditional classroom setting against time saved by not commuting to class. DE is especially appealing to students who need a long time to travel to class, whether that is because of long distances in sparsely settled areas or because of traffic congestion in densely urban areas. Because of their high familiarity with computers and the fact that most information in the disciplines already exists in automated form, students in computer science and computer engineering find themselves among the “early adopters” of DE. The technologies and methods involved are broadly applicable, so they form an interesting application study in these disciplines as well as an important emerging mode of technical education.
Structure–Property Relationship of Pyridine‐Containing Triphenyl Benzene Electron‐Transport Materials for Highly Efficient Blue Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Su Shi‐Jian , Takahashi Yasuyuki , Chiba Takayuki , Takeda Takashi , Kido Junji 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThree triphenyl benzene derivatives of 1,3,5‐tri(m‐pyrid‐2‐yl‐phenyl)benzene (Tm2PyPB), 1,3,5‐tri(m‐pyrid‐3‐yl‐phenyl)benzene (Tm3PyPB) and 1,3,5‐tri(m‐pyrid‐4‐yl‐phenyl)benzene (Tm4PyPB), containing pyridine rings at the periphery, are developed as electron‐transport and hole/exciton‐blocking materials for iridium(III) bis(4,6‐(di‐fluorophenyl)pyridinato‐N,C2′)picolinate (FIrpic)‐based blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting devices. Their highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels decrease as the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring moves from position 2 to 3 and 4; this is supported by both experimental results and density functional theory calculations, and gives improved electron‐injection and hole‐blocking properties. They exhibit a high electron mobility of 10−4–10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a high triplet energy level of 2.75 eV. Confinement of FIrpic triplet excitons is strongly dependent on the nitrogen atom position of the pyridine ring. The second exponential decay component in the transient photoluminescence decays of Firpic‐doped films also decreases when the position of the nitrogen atom in the pyridine ring changes. Reduced driving voltages are obtained when the nitrogen atom position changes because of improved electron injection as a result of the reduced LUMO level, but a better carrier balance is achieved for the Tm3PyPB‐based device. An external quantum efficiency (EQE) over 93% of maximum EQE was achieved for the Tm4PyPB‐based device at an illumination‐relevant luminance of 1000 cd m−2, indicating reduced efficiency roll‐off due to better confinement of FIrpic triplet excitons by Tm4PyPB in contrast to Tm2PyPB and Tm3PyPB.
Magnetic Field‐Induced Phase Transformation in NiMnCoIn Magnetic Shape‐Memory Alloys—A New Actuation Mechanism with Large Work Output
Authors: Karaca Haluk E. , Karaman Ibrahim , Basaran Burak , Ren Yang , Chumlyakov Yuny I. , Maier Hans J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMagnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) have recently been developed into a new class of functional materials that are capable of magnetic‐field‐induced actuation, mechanical sensing, magnetic refrigeration, and energy harvesting. In the present work, the magnetic &!hyphen;field‐induced martensitic phase transformation (FIPT) in Ni45Mn36.5Co5In13.5 MSMA single crystals is characterized as a new actuation mechanism with potential to result in ultra‐high actuation work outputs. The effects of the applied magnetic field on the transformation temperatures, magnetization, and superelastic response are investigated. The magnetic work output of NiMnCoIn alloys is determined to be more than 1 MJ m−3 per Tesla, which is one order of magnitude higher than that of the most well‐known MSMAs, i.e., NiMnGa alloys. In addition, the work output of NiMnCoIn alloys is orientation independent, potentially surpassing the need for single crystals, and not limited by a saturation magnetic field, as opposed to NiMnGa MSMAs. Experimental and theoretical transformation strains and magnetostress levels are determined as a function of crystal orientation. It is found that [111]‐oriented crystals can demonstrate a magnetostress level of 140 MPa T−1 with 1.2% axial strain under compression. These field‐induced stress and strain levels are significantly higher than those from existing piezoelectric and magnetostrictive actuators. A thermodynamical framework is introduced to comprehend the magnetic energy contributions during FIPT. The present work reveals that the magnetic FIPT mechanism is promising for magnetic actuation applications and provides new opportunities for applications requiring high actuation work‐outputs with relatively large actuation frequencies. One potential issue is the requirement for relatively high critical magnetic fields and field intervals (1.5–3 T) for the onset of FIPT and for reversible FIPT, respectively.
Functionalized, Swellable Hydrogel Layers as a Platform for Cell Studies
Authors: Marí‐Buyé Núria , O'Shaughnessy Shannan , Colominas Carles , Semino Carlos E. , Gleason Karen K. , Borrós Salvador 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper reports the design, synthesis and characterization of thin films as a platform for studying the separate influences of physical and chemical cues of a matrix on the adhesion, growth and final phenotype of cells. Independent control of the physical and chemical properties of functionalized, swellable hydrogel thin films is achieved using initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). The systematic variation in crosslink density is demonstrated to control the swelling ability of the iCVD hydrogel films based on 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). At the same time, the incorporation of controllable concentrations of the active ester pentafluorophenyl methacrylate (PFM) allows easy immobilization of aminated bioactive motifs, such as bioactive peptides. Initial cell culture results with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) indicate that the strategy of using PFM to immobilize a cell‐adhesion peptide motif onto the hydrogel layers promotes proper HUVEC growth and enhances their phenotype.
Integration of a Rib Waveguide Distributed Feedback Structure into a Light‐Emitting Polymer Field‐Effect Transistor
Authors: Gwinner Michael C. , Khodabakhsh Saghar , Song Myoung Hoon , Schweizer Heinz , Giessen Harald , Sirringhaus Henning 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAmbipolar light‐emitting organic field‐effect transistors (LEFETs) possess the ability to efficiently emit light due to charge recombination in the channel. Since the emission can be made to occur far from the metal electrodes, the LEFET structure has been proposed as a potential architecture for electrically pumped organic lasers. Here, a rib waveguide distributed feedback structure consisting of tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) integrated within the channel of a top gate/bottom contact LEFET based on poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) is demonstrated. The emitted light is coupled efficiently into the resonant mode of the DFB waveguide when the recombination zone of the LEFET is placed directly above the waveguide ridge. This architecture provides strong mode confinement in two dimensions. Mode simulations are used to optimize the dielectric thickness and gate electrode material. It is shown that electrode absorption losses within the device can be eliminated and that the lasing threshold for optical pumping of the LEFET structure with all electrodes (4.5 µJ cm−2) is as low as that of reference devices without electrodes. These results enable quantitative judgement of the prospects for realizing an electrically pumped organic laser based on ambipolar LEFETs. The proposed device provides a powerful, low‐loss architecture for integrating high‐performance ambipolar organic semiconductor materials into electrically pumped lasing structures.
Elevated AF1q expression is a poor prognostic marker for adult acute myeloid leukemia patients with normal cytogenetics
Authors: Strunk Crawford J. , Platzbecker Uwe , Thiede Christian , Schaich Markus , Illmer Thomas , Kang Zizhen , Leahy Patrick , Li Chunbiao , Xie Xiuyan , Laughlin Mary J. , Lazarus Hillard M. , Gerson Stanton L. , Bunting Kevin D. , Ehninger Gerhard , Tse William 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNearly half of the patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia have normal cytogenetics (NC‐AML) and are classified as intermediate risk, but their 5‐year overall survival (OS) ranges from 24 to 42%. Therefore, molecular biomarkers to identify poor‐risk patients are needed. Elevated AF1q expression in the absence of specific poor cytogenetics is associated with poor outcomes in pediatric patients with AML and adult patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. We examined AF1q expression in 290 patients with NC‐AML. We found that patients with low AF1q (n = 73) expression (AF1qlow) have better OS (P = 0.026), disease‐free survival (P = 0.1), and complete remission rate (P = 0.06) when compared with patients with high AF1q expression (AF1qhigh n = 217). The patients with AF1qhigh had significantly greater incidence of concurrent tyrosine kinase3 internal tandem duplication. A subgroup of the patients with AF1qhigh who received allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) had a significant better relapse‐free survival when compared with patients who received chemotherapy/autologous SCT (P = 0.04). This study suggests that high AF1q expression is a poor prognostic marker for adult patients with NC‐AML.
Polypyrrole Nanotubes Conjugated with Human Olfactory Receptors: High‐Performance Transducers for FET‐Type Bioelectronic Noses
Authors: Yoon Hyeonseok , Lee Sang Hun , Kwon Oh Seok , Song Hyun Seok , Oh Eun Hae , Park Tai Hyun , Jang Jyongsik 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGet a whiff of this: Human olfactory receptor (hOR)‐conjugated polypyrrole (PPy) nanotubes were integrated into the field‐effect transistor (FET) sensor platform for the fabrication of high‐performance bioelectronic noses (see picture, S=source, D=drain). The device can translate and amplify hOR–odorant interaction into a detectable signal, and it showed highly sensitive and specific responses toward a target odorant.magnified image
Breast Cancer, Estrogen Receptor and Ligands
Authors: Bai Zhenlin , Gust Ronald 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis review emphasizes the relationship of breast cancer, estrogen receptor and ligands, especially the centrality of the estrogen receptor, which mediates on one hand the hormone‐induced gene transcription and on the other hand the anti‐estrogen action against breast cancer. The characterization of the estrogen receptor ligand‐binding domain co‐crystallized with agonists or antagonists provided a molecular basis to gain an insight into the regulation of estrogen receptor and, thereby, to describe the mechanism of the hormone therapy in treating breast cancer.
Microarray analysis of murine limb bud ectoderm and mesoderm after exposure to cadmium or acetazolamide
Authors: Schreiner Claire M. , Bell Sheila M. , Scott William J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:A variety of drugs, environmental chemicals, and physical agents induce a common limb malformation in the offspring of pregnant mice exposed on day 9 of gestation. This malformation, postaxial, right‐sided forelimb ectrodactyly, is thought to arise via an alteration of hedgehog signaling.METHODS:We have studied two of these teratogens, acetazolamide and cadmium, using the technique of microarray analysis of limb bud ectoderm and mesoderm to search for changes in gene expression that could indicate a common pathway to postaxial limb reduction.RESULTS:Results indicated a generalized up‐regulation of gene expression after exposure to acetazolamide but a generalized down‐regulation due to cadmium exposure. An intriguing observation was a cadmium‐induced reduction of Mt1 and Mt2 expression in the limb bud mesoderm indicating a lowering of embryonic zinc.CONCLUSIONS:We propose that these two teratogens and others (valproic acid and ethanol) lower sonic hedgehog signaling by perturbation of zinc function in the sonic hedgehog protein. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.