bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inland penetration of sea‐breeze fronts
Authors: Simpson J. E. , Mansfield D. A. , Milford J. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe advance inland of the sea‐breeze past Lasham, 45 km from the south coast of England, has been measured over a period of twelve years. In this time 76 sea‐breeze fronts passed Lasham, 36 passed Reading and 12 reached Harwell, 85km from the coast. the rate of advance from Lasham to Harwell in calm or light offshore winds was close to 3 ms−1, and the latter station was passed after sunset at a mean time of 2105 GMT. With onshore winds fronts only appear 30 or 40 km inland, and some fronts may be modified by effects due to the east coast. In some cases detailed measurements were made using pilot balloons, an instrumented motor‐glider and radar. the fronts were shown to have raised heads about twice the depth of the following flow and within the heads dry patches occur. Variable secondary flows are inferred and comparison with water‐tank models shows that several dynamical features in the tank and in the atmosphere are similar. Measurements support the picture of the development of the front during the day as a gravity current, and theoretical rates of advance are deduced. the observed acceleration of the front in the late afternoon is explained in terms of the increased temperature contrast at the front due to the decrease in solar heating of the sea‐air. Shortly before sunset, a sea‐breeze vortex may be detached from the rest of the flow. In a case study, it is shown that friction at the upper surface is at least five times that at the ground, and heat and humidity budgets are given for the detached vortex.
Experimental comparison between visible and near infrared attenuation of solar radiation in hazes and fogs
Authors: Tomasi Claudio , Guzzi Rodolfo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMeasurements of extinction of solar radiation in spectral intervals centred at 0.50, 1.03 and 3.70 μm are presented for different types of attenuating atmosphere. It appears that the ratios between the total optical thickness in the visible and in the near infrared can give information about the evolution of the water droplet size distribution during the growth of hazes and fogs.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of toosendanin in Melia toosendan Sieb. Et Zucc (Meliaceae) with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ong Eng Shi , Ong Choon Nam 
Published: February 2007

AbstractToosendanin (TSN) is a triterpenoid derivative found in Melia toosendan Sieb. Et Zucc (Meliaceae) or chinaberry. TSN present in the medicinal plants was first isolated and established by spectroscopic methods. In this report, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation using columns of smaller particle size with tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) was used for the rapid determination of TSN in botanical extracts. A comparison of different fragmentation patterns shows that the results from positive and negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI)‐MSn are complementary. The two modes can yield structurally significant information for the characterization and rapid identification of TSN in botanical extracts. The data obtained showed that MS3 generated more characteristic ions that are useful for the identification of TSN in unknown samples. The separation of TSN was achieved with a water/acetonitrile gradient system using a short C18 reversed‐phase column with small particle size (50 × 2.0 mm, 3.5 µm). With LC/MS, the quantitative analysis of TSN in the botanical extracts was done using external standard calibration and the method precision was found to vary from 4.3 to 7.6% (RSD, n = 5) on different days. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing a new teaching approach for the chemical bonding concept aligned with current scientific and pedagogical knowledge
Authors: Nahum Tami Levy , Mamlok‐Naaman Rachel , Hofstein Avi , Krajcik Joseph 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe traditional pedagogical approach for teaching chemical bonding is often overly simplistic and not aligned with the most up‐to‐date scientific models. As a result, high‐school students around the world lack fundamental understanding of chemical bonding. In order to improve students' understanding of this concept, it was essential to propose a systemic treatment, namely, revising the scientific content, the pedagogical approach, and the assessment methods regarding this concept. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to build a conceptual framework that provides an advanced scientific and pedagogical foundation regarding the chemical bonding concept—one that will guide chemistry curriculum developers as well. A conceptual framework for a new teaching approach was constructed with lead‐chemistry teachers, science (chemistry) educators, and research chemists. We suggest that chemical bonding should be taught based on elemental principles and by using the idea of a continuum of bond strengths. Our process includes the formulation of learning goals aligned with current scientific knowledge. Moreover, we suggest that constructing assessment tasks on carefully specified learning goals, which are described in terms of learning performances, may enable educators to foster and examine much deeper levels of students' understanding. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 91:579–603, 2007
Lipopolysaccharide regulates toll‐like receptor 4 expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Li Hongli , He Ying , Zhang Jianjun , Sun Shuhan , Sun Baogui 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent activator of cells of the immune and inflammatory systems, including macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells (EC). Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been identified as the primary receptor for LPS. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) likely contribute significantly to the inflammation induced by low‐level LPS in patients who are at risk for atherosclerosis. Previous study indicated that functional TLR4 was present in VSMCs. However, it remains unclear whether low levels of commercial LPS preparations can affect TLR4 expression in early stage. Here Real‐time quantitative PCR analysis was used to detect TLR4 mRNA expression; Immunofluorescence, Western blot analysis and flow cytometery were used to examine TLR4 protein expression. It was shown that TLR4 was present in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells (HASMCs). LPS can up‐regulate TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in HASMCs in dose‐ and time‐dependant manner. These data indicate that LPS regulate TLR4 expression in HASMCs.
Infant feeding practices in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
Authors: Xu Fenglian , Binns Colin , Wu Jing , Yihan Re , Zhao Yun , Lee Andy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAimsTo document infant feeding methods in the first six months of life in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China, 2003–2004. Some problems with breast-feeding in the area are explained.MethodsA longitudinal study of infant feeding practices was undertaken. A total of 1219 mothers who delivered babies during 2003 and 2004 were interviewed in five hospitals or institutes, and after discharge were contacted in person or by telephone at approximately monthly intervals to obtain details of infant feeding practices. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors associated with breast-feeding initiation.Results‘Any breast-feeding’ rates at discharge and at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 6 months were 92.2, 91.3, 89.9, 88.8, 87.7, 86.0 and 73.0%, respectively. ‘Exclusive breast-feeding’ rates at discharge and at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 6 months were 66.2, 47.6, 30.1, 25.8, 22.1, 13.0 and 6.2%, respectively. The main problem of breast-feeding in Xinjiang was the early introduction of formula or water. The average duration of ‘exclusive breast-feeding’ was 1.8 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–2.0), of ‘full breast-feeding’ 2.8 months (95% CI 2.7–2.9) and of ‘any breast-feeding’ 5.3 months (95% CI 5.2–5.4).ConclusionsInfant feeding methods in Xinjiang were documented in this study and the main problems with infant feeding in Xinjiang are discussed. Further studies are needed to identify factors associated with ‘exclusive breast-feeding’ and duration.
New pseudorandom sequences constructed by quadratic residues and Lehmer numbers
Authors: Liu Huaning 
Published: February 2007

Let

p
p

be an odd prime. Define
\[

e
n

=

{

(
−
1

)

n
+

n
¯

,

a
m
p
;

if

n

is a quadratic residue mod

p

,

(
−
1

)

n
+

n
¯

+
1

,

a
m
p
;

if

n

is a quadratic nonresidue mod

p

,

e_n = \begin {cases} (-1)^{n+\overline {n}}, & \text {if $n$ is a quadratic residue mod $p$},\\ (-1)^{n+\overline {n}+1}, & \text {if $n$ is a quadratic nonresidue mod $p$}, \end {cases}

\]
where

n
¯

\overline {n}

is the multiplicative inverse of

n
n

modulo

p
p

such that

1
≤

n
¯

≤
p
−
1

1\leq \overline {n}\leq p-1

. This paper shows that the sequence

{

e
n

}

\{e_n\}

is a “good" pseudorandom sequence, by using the properties of exponential sums, character sums, Kloosterman sums and mean value theorems of Dirichlet

L
L

-functions.
Prenatal choline availability modulates hippocampal and cerebral cortical gene expression
Authors: Mellott Tiffany J. , Follettie Maximillian T. , Diesl Veronica , Hill Andrew A. , Lopez-Coviella Ignacio , Blusztajn Jan Krzysztof 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn increased supply of the essential nutrient choline during fetal development [embryonic day (E) 11‐17] in rats causes life‐long improvements in memory performance, whereas choline deficiency during this time impairs certain aspects of memory. We analyzed mRNA expression in brains of prenatally choline‐deficient, choline‐supplemented, or control rats of various ages [postnatal days (P) 1 to 34 for hippocampus and E16 to P34 for cortex] using oligonucleotide microarrays and found alterations in gene expression levels evoked by prenatal choline intake that were, in most cases, transient occurring during the P15‐P34 period. We selected a subset of genes, encoding signaling proteins, and verified the microarray data by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analyses. Prenatally choline‐supplemented rats had the highest expression of calcium/calmodulin (CaM)‐dependent protein kinase (CaMK) I and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) II (Igf2) in the cortex and of the transcription factor Zif268/EGR1 in the cortex and hippocampus. Prenatally choline deficient rats had the highest expression of CaMKIIβ, protein kinase Cβ2, and GABAB receptor 1 isoforms c and d in the hippocampus. Similar changes in the expression of the proteins encoded by these genes were observed using immunoblot analyses. These data show that the prenatal supply of choline causes multiple modifications in the developmental patterns of expression of genes known to influence learning and memory and provide molecular correlates for the cognitive changes evoked by altered availability of choline in utero.—Mellott, T. J., Follettie, M. T., Diesl, V., Hill, A. A., Lopez‐Coviella, I., and Blusztajn, J. K. Prenatal choline availability modulates hippocampal and cerebral cortical gene expression. FASEB J. 21, 1311–1323 (2007)
Acid ceramidase is a novel factor required for early embryo survival
Authors: Eliyahu Efrat , Park Jae-Ho , Shtraizent Nataly , He Xingxuan , Schuchman Edward H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRecent studies suggest that the lipid, ceramide, induces the default apoptosis process in eggs. Yet, it is obscure how newly formed embryos overcome this fate. Acid ceramidase (AC) is a key regulatory enzyme involved in ceramide metabolism, and mutations in the AC gene (Asah1) result in Farber Lipogranulomatosis, a fatal human genetic disorder. Our previous studies revealed that AC knockout (Asah1—/—) mice had a lethal phenotype, and herein we reveal the mechanism underlying this observation. A single‐cell, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping method was developed to analyze individual embryos from Asah1 ± intercrosses. Combined with Annexin V staining, this genotype analysis demonstrated that Asah1— /— embryos could not survive beyond the 2‐cell stage, and underwent apoptotic death. Notably, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) treatment of early 2‐cell embryos from the Asah1 ± intercrosses rescued Asah1— /— embryos, and enabled their progression from the 2‐cell to 4‐8‐cell stage. Quantitative PCR also revealed that expression of the Asah1 gene in healthy embryos was initiated at the 2‐cell stage, coincident with embryonic genome activation (EGA). AC activity and Western blot analyses further demonstrated high expression and activity of the enzyme in normal, unfertilized eggs, which likely provide the protein to newly formed embryos prior to EGA. Based on these observations, we suggest that AC is an essential factor required for embryo survival that functions by removing ceramide from the newly formed embryos, thus inhibiting the default apoptosis pathway.—Eliyahu, E., Park, J.‐H., Shtraizent, N., He, X., Schuchman, E. H. Acid ceramidase is a novel factor required for early embryo survival. FASEB J. 21, 1403–1409 (2007)
Evaluation of F cells in sickle cell disorders by flow cytometry – comparison with the Kleihauer–Betke's slide method
Authors: ITALIA K. Y. , COLAH R. , MOHANTY D. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryAdult F cell numbers are raised in inherited haemoglobin disorders, such as β‐thalassaemia and sickle cell anaemia, hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin, and some acquired conditions, such as juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia, during acute erythropoietic stress and pregnancy. True foetal erythrocytes containing foetal amounts of HbF can also occur in the adult circulation during the leakage of HbF‐containing cells from the foetus to the maternal circulation. In normal adults, HbF is restricted to a small proportion (3–7%) of red blood cells (RBC), termed ‘F cells’. Techniques estimating the amount of HbF use lysates prepared from RBC, whereas those that estimate the adult F cell count use intact RBC. An accurate assessment of adult F cells in sickle cell disorders is important because increased adult F cells are associated with decreased morbidity in these disorders. In the present study, HbF levels were measured and adult F cell numbers were estimated in 100 blood samples (25 normal individuals, 25 sickle heterozygotes, 25 sickle homozygotes and 25 sickle β‐thalassaemia cases), using high pressure liquid chromatography for HbF levels, and flow cytometry and the Kleihauer–Betke (KB) acid elution microscope slide method for cell counts. Flow cytometry gave a more accurate assessment of adult F cells, eliminating any manual error, as compared to KB, which was less sensitive and precise as it is based on subjective visual interpretation.
Host plant finding in the specialised leaf beetle Cassida canaliculata: an analysis of small‐scale movement behaviour
Authors: HEISSWOLF ANNETTE , ULMANN SANDRA , OBERMAIER ELISABETH , MITESSER OLIVER , POETHKE HANS JOACHIM 
Published: February 2007

Abstract 1. Host plant finding in walking herbivorous beetles is still poorly understood. Analysis of small‐scale movement patterns under semi‐natural conditions can be a useful tool to detect behavioural responses towards host plant cues.2. In this study, the small‐scale movement behaviour of the monophagous leaf beetle Cassida canaliculata Laich. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was studied in a semi‐natural arena (r = 1 m). In three different settings, a host (Salvia pratensis L., Lamiales: Lamiaceae), a non‐host (Rumex conglomeratus Murr., Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae), or no plant was presented in the centre of the arena.3. The beetles showed no differences in the absolute movement variables, straightness and mean walking speed, between the three settings. However, the relative movement variables, mean distance to the centre and mean angular deviation from walking straight to the centre, were significantly smaller when a host plant was offered. Likewise, the angular deviation from walking straight to the centre tended to decline with decreasing distance from the centre. Finally, significantly more beetles were found on the host than on the non‐host at the end of all the trials.4. It is concluded that C. canaliculata is able to recognise its host plant from a distance. Whether olfactory or visual cues (or a combination of both) are used to find the host plant remains to be elucidated by further studies.
Long‐term effects of ungulates on phytophagous insects
Authors: GÓMEZ JOSÉ M. , GONZÁLEZ‐MEGÍAS ADELA 
Published: February 2007

Abstract 1. Most plants interact with a diverse suite of herbivores, allowing the opportunity for the existence of positive and negative interactions between highly dissimilar organisms. However, most studies on herbivorous interactions have been performed under the assumption that they occur mainly between similar species. Consequently, ecologists are still far from a full understanding of the ecological factors that determine insect population dynamics.2. In this study, a 7‐year field experiment was conducted that manipulated the presence of ungulates to evaluate their effects on the abundance, attack rate, and survival of four guilds of co‐occurring herbivorous insects living on the same host plant: seed predators, stem borers, gall makers and sap suckers. These four guilds differed in habits and behaviour, the first three being sessile and endophytic and the last being free‐living.3. This study shows that the abundance of all four guilds was negatively affected by ungulates. However, the effect on attack rate differed among guilds, as mammals do not affect the seed predator attack rate. Ungulates also differentially affected insect survival, ingesting only seed predators and gall makers.4. In summary, this study suggests that diverse mechanisms may affect different insect guilds in different ways. Therefore, competition between disparate herbivores appears to be complex and can be provoked by multiple mechanisms.
Innovations in community health nursing: Examples from practice
Authors: Cusack Lynette , Smith Morgan , Byrnes Tess 
Published: February 2007

Cusack L, Smith M, Byrnes T. International Journal of Nursing Practice 1997; 3: 133–136 Innovations in community health nursing: Examples from practice The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is cited internationally as an appropriate conceptual framework for healthcare service delivery yet the literature reveals minimal evidence of nursing services interpreting and applying the Ottawa Charter strategies into nursing practice. Nurses with the community services of Noarlunga Health Services and the Drug and Alcohol Services Council of South Australia, however, do use the strategies to plan and implement their services. The Ottawa Charter strategies of developing personal skills; creating supportive environments; strengthening community action; building healthy public policy; and re‐orienting services in the interest of health can be used as a tool to assist nurses to identify the purpose of their interventions and select a comprehensive range of nursing actions which address the needs of individuals while acknowledging the broader determinants of health. This article presents a nursing analysis of the Charter and provides examples of how the strategies are used to influence nursing practice in both organizations. The examples provided from the two different nursing services also demonstrate the adaptability and relevance of the strategies to diverse community nursing practice settings.
Surgical treatment of age‐related macular degeneration: will there be a role in the future?
Authors: Wong David , Durnian Jon M 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSurgical treatment has been shown to be able to improve vision that is lost as a result of age‐related macular degeneration. Surgery is complex, such that improvement has always to be weighed against risk of complications. The availability of Ranibizumab and Bevacizumab is set to dramatically alter our management options. Surgical treatment will have a limited role to play in the next few years.
LIVER REGENERATION: MECHANISMS, MYSTERIES AND MORE
Authors: Khan Aamir Z. , Mudan Satvinder S. 
Published: February 2007

Background:  Liver regeneration remains a fascinating topic, still partly clouded to many as to the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms that bring about this phenomenon. It is an area, therefore, of active research today. This review looks at the recent published reports that have led to a greater understanding of this process.Methods:  A database search was carried out on Medline search using the terms liver regeneration with no linguistic limitations from 1966 to 2006.Results:  There are two randomized controlled trials on the topic and most data and information have come from experimental studies in animals.Conclusion:  Liver regeneration is a complex, tightly controlled process involving many inflammatory cells growth factors and hormones. More information about it is awaited in studies on humans.
Intra‐operative placement of intercostal catheter for post‐thoracotomy pain relief in a child
Authors: COOPER M.G. , SEATON H.L. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryIntra‐operative placement of a catheter in the posterior intercostal space at thoracotomy is technically easier than other forms of regional analgesia such as thoracic epidural. Intermittent bolus dosing of bupivacaine with adrenaline allows subpleural spread to other intercostal interspaces. This spread is volume dependent and may be even greater due to smaller distances between these spaces in children. This technique has advantages over interpleural analgesia which may not be completely effective for post‐thoracotomy pain. Analgesia can occur for up to 10 h with each dose, and markedly decrease opioid requirements. This technique is described in a 7‐year‐old child undergoing anterior thoracic spine fusion.
An evaluation of the laryngeal mask airway during routine paediatric anaesthesia
Authors: McGINN G. , HAYNES S.R. , MORTON N.S. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryDuring a six week period, all anaesthetists at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow were asked to complete a questionnaire whenever a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was used. Seniority of anaesthetist, age of patient, anaesthetic technique, technique of LMA insertion, ease of LMA insertion, and any problems encountered either during LMA insertion, or during induction, maintenance, and recovery from anaesthesia were documented. Complete data were obtained from 211 patients aged 5 weeks to 15 years. Ninety‐six children were anaesthetized by consultant paediatric anaesthetists, and 115 by trainees. LMA insertion was successful at the first attempt in 86% of all cases, achieved with some difficulty in 11% of cases, and failed or its use was abandoned in 6 cases (3%). Difficulties other than with LMA placement per se occurred in 11% of cases during induction of anaesthesia. Seniority of anaesthetist and choice of anaesthetic agent influenced neither the success rate of insertion nor the frequency of other difficulties encountered during induction of anaesthesia. Significantly fewer problems were encountered at LMA removal if this was done during deep anaesthesia compared with removal when protective reflexes were present (P < 0.05).