bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twins as Willing Research Participants: Successes From Studies Nested Within the California Twin Program
Authors: Cockburn Myles G. , Hamilton Ann S. , Zadnick John , Cozen Wendy , Mack Thomas M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe California Twin Program (CTP) is a population-based sample of over 52,000 twins in which a number of nested studies are ongoing. We outline our experience to date, providing estimates of crude response rates for a variety of different study designs and protocols. We have experienced very high response rates in our studies to date, even in studies with demanding protocols. Lowest response rates have occurred in studies among afflicted individuals, and in one with an unusual protocol. We have experienced some difficulty in locating original members of the cohort, despite efforts to trace individuals using a variety of sources of information. However, in most analyses, the participating sample of twins does not differ substantially from the underlying sample from the CTP. Future work will focus on improving methods of recontacting cohort members.
Epimeric phenylpropanoid glycosides from inner bark of Paulownia coreana Uyeki
Authors: Kim Jin-Kyu , Si Chuan-Ling , Bae Young-Soo 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Three epimeric phenylpropanoid glycosides have been isolated from the aqueous acetone extract of Paulownia coreana inner bark. One compound is new and its structure has been established by spectroscopic methods as R,S-7″′-(3″′,4″′-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1″→3′)-β-D-(6′-O-caffeoyl)-glucopyranoside.
Lipid and lignin composition of woods from different eucalypt species
Authors: Rencoret Jorge , Gutiérrez Ana , del Río José C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe lipid and lignin compositions of woods from the eucalypt speciesEucalyptus globulus,E. nitens,E. maidenii,E. grandis, andE. dunniihave been characterized. The lipid composition was analyzed by GC and GC/MS using short- and medium-length high-temperature capillary columns, which allowed the detection of intact high-molecular-weight compounds. Similar lipid compositions were observed in all eucalypt woods, which were dominated by sitosterol, sitosterol esters and sitosteryl 3β-D-glucopyranoside. These substance classes are mainly responsible for pitch deposition during kraft pulping of eucalypt wood. However, some quantitative differences were found in the abundance of different lipid classes, with wood fromE. globuluscontaining the lowest amounts of these pitch-forming compounds. The lignins of all eucalypt woods were analyzedin situ(without previous isolation) by pyrolysis-GC/MS. A predominance of syringyl (S) over guaiacyl (G) lignin units was observed and the S/G ratio was in the range from 2.7 to 4.1.E. globuluswood had the highest S/G ratio, a finding that, together with its low lignin content, explains its easy delignification under kraft cooking conditions.
Contribution of hardness to the natural resistance of a range of wood species to attack by the marine borer Limnoria
Authors: Cragg Simon M. , Danjon Cedric , Mansfield-Williams Hugh 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This study set out to determine whether wood surface hardness plays a role in determining the resistance to Limnoria attack. The feeding rates of the wood-boring crustacean Limnoria quadripunctata on matchstick-sized samples of a range of timbers were assessed by measuring the production of faecal pellets under forced feeding conditions. Pellet production rates varied significantly between wood species, with production on Lophira alata (ekki) 25-fold lower than that on non-durable Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sapwood. The surface hardness of the timbers was measured for air-dry and seawater-soaked samples using a microindentation technique. The force required for a universal testing machine to drive a 150-μm-diameter pin 1.2 mm into the samples was measured. For all wood species, the hardness of seawater-soaked wood was lower than that of air-dry wood. Hardness was found to correlate positively with density. Pellet production rates showed a significant negative correlation with hardness across the range of species used, but if the denser species alone were considered, wood species significantly affected the rate, but hardness did not. In view of these observations, tests on resistance to attack by Limnoria should include a denser, non-durable wood species for comparison, as its hardness would likely be more similar to that of the durable species.
Biodeterioration of treated Pinus radiata timber by Australian decay fungi and the termite Coptotermes acinaciformis in laboratory bioassays and field conditions
Authors: Przewloka Simon R. , Ahmed Berhan , Vinden Peter , French John , Hann Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The resistance of Pinus radiata sapwood blocks treated with a boron-based preservative to biodeterioration by five Australian wood destroying fungi [Fomitopsis lilacino-gilva, Coniophora olivacea, Gloeophyllum abietinum (boron resistant), Serpula lacrymans and Perenniporia tephropora] was investigated. A phenyl pyrazole termiticide (fipronil) was also incorporated into the formulation to determine whether its presence affects biological efficacy. A linseed oil, liquid wax, terebene and trimethyl borate formulation inhibited decay by the trial fungi. Incorporation of fipronil did not affect the fungicidal properties. Fipronil alone exhibited no fungicidal activity. The termiticidal activity of fipronil was assessed (termite field test) in a formulation incorporating a fungicide, water repellent and drying agent in an alternative solvent carrier to that previously reported. The biological activity of the test compound was not diminished in this system. The 1-year progress performance of an ongoing in ground graveyard trial of similarly treated stakes, exposed to numerous termite species and decay fungi in tropical field conditions, is also presented. The predominant biological agent at the field site is the Australian subterranean termite Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt). Treated stake samples of the Australian softwood Pinus radiata were exposed.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Prior to Nonmyeloablative Irradiation Decreases Murine Host Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function and Increases Engraftment of Donor Marrow Cells
Authors: Barese Cecilia , Pech Nancy , Dirscherl Sara , Meyers Justin L. , Sinn Anthony L. , Yoder Mervin C. , Goebel W. Scott , Dinauer Mary C. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The use of nonmyeloablative conditioning prior to bone marrow transplantation is an important component of transplantation-based therapies for nonmalignant blood diseases. In this study, treatment of recipient mice with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) prior to low-dose total body irradiation (LD-TBI) enhanced long-term engraftment of freshly isolated congenic marrow 1.5- to 2-fold more than treatment with LD-TBI alone. This combined regimen was also evaluated in a mouse model of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD), where neutrophils have a defective NADPH oxidase due to genetic deletion of the gp91phox subunit. Long-term engraftment of male X-CGD bone marrow cells cultured ex vivo for retroviral transduction of gp91phox was enhanced by ∼40% when female X-CGD recipients were pretreated with G-CSF prior to 300 cGy. These data confirm that sequential treatment with G-CSF and LD-TBI prior to transplantation increases long-term engraftment of donor marrow, and they extend this approach to transplantation of murine donor marrow cultured ex vivo for gene transfer. Additional studies showed that the administration of G-CSF prior to LD-TBI did not alter early homing of donor marrow cells. However, the combined regimen significantly decreased the content of long-term repopulating cells in recipient marrow compared with LD-TBI alone, as assessed in competitive assays, which may contribute to the enhanced engraftment of donor marrow cells.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Volume, characteristics and consequences of internal migration in Colombia
Authors: Martine George 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
More than one-third of the Colombian population can be classified as migrants. The prevailing direction of movements is urbanwards, yet it is significant that better than a third of all movements are to rural destinations. Nationwide comparisons of migrants and residents on demographic characteristics would indicate that all streams are selective of the younger and unmarried population, with women predominating in urbanwards movements and men in those to rural areas. However, when compared in terms of socioeconomic characteristics, migrants are more sharply differentiated among themselves than they are from the resident population at each of their respective destinations. Within the migrant population, a natural funneling of the more able migrants to the largest centers suggests itself. Migrants have consistently higher activity rates than the remainder of the population and, in the case of men at least, appear capable of competing for jobs on an equal basis with residents at their respective destinations. Female migrants, however, are consistently overrepresented in lower-status activities, particularly in domestic services.
Some Account of Sir Audley Mervyn, his Majesty's Prime Sergeant and Speaker in the House of Commons in Ireland, from 1661 Till 1666
Authors: Prendergast John P. 
Published: March 2007

Sir Audley Mervyn, though of not a very lofty style of character, played no undistinguished part in Ireland in the great era of the war, or rebellion, of 1641.He was already well known as an able lawyer and an active member of the Irish Parliament at the time of the outbreak. He had been selected by the House of Commons, in the month of March, 1641, to conduct their impeachment of Sir Richard Bolton, Lord Chancellor; Bramhall, Bishop of Deny; Sir Gerrard Lowther, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas; and Sir George Radcliff, Privy Councillor. These were friends and ministers of the Earl of Strafford, then under impeachment by the Commons of England. The proceedings in Ireland were only in aid of the measures of Pym and the other parliamentary leaders in England, and were abandoned after Strafford's fall. Audley Mervyn, then a representative in Parliament for the county of Tyrone, was selected for a kind of eloquence much admired in that day. It was full of farfetched similes, allusions to Scripture, and physical incidents, and stuffed with quotations taken alternately from the Roman poets and from the law-Latin of Coke upon Littleton.
Historical Sketch of South Africa
Authors: Frere Bartle 
Published: March 2007

I propose in the following remarks to note briefly the leading events, as far as they are known to us, in the history of South Africa, adding in an appendix a chronological table of dates.This sketch can make no pretensions to throwing any new light, from original documents, on the transactions noticed. It is simply a popular summary of events without some knowledge of which no fair judgment can be formed on questions affecting South Africa.
Notes on the Local Progress of Protestantism in England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Malden Henry Elliot 
Published: March 2007

I have deliberately called this paper notes only upon the wide subject of which it treats. It deals with some evidence; not all evidence available, yet enough, I think, to warrant some conclusions.Progressive change and growth of opinions, or decay of opinions and their modification, are more powerful factors in bringing about political and social changes than wars or acts of government, but receive less attention than is their due from the difficulty of tracing them clearly.
The English Nouveaux-Riches in the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Law Alice 
Published: March 2007

Of late years the attention of the most distinguished English and foreign economic writers has been riveted upon that remarkably sudden expansion of English trade and commerce which took place during the first half of the fourteenth century.The problem is, How did the insignificant peddling English traders of the eleventh, twelfth, and early thirteenth centuries so suddenly develop into the important political plutocracy of the fourteenth, a plutocracy so powerful that at one time it threatened to furnish the English constitution with a fourth estate, that of the merchants?
The Inclosure of Common Fields in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Leonard E. M. 
Published: March 2007

In the present day we are often reminded that the farmhouse surrounded by hedged fields has not always formed a prominent feature of our English landscape.At the close of the sixteenth century many fields now inclosed were still forest, fen, or rough waste land. Some formed portions of the so-called pastures where the village herds grazed in common, tended by the village herdsman, and others, again, were included in the great cornfields and meadows, known as the ‘common fields,’ which were often hundreds, and even thousands, of acres in extent.
Municipal Administration in the Spanish Dominions in America
Authors: Kirkpatrick F. A. 
Published: March 2007

An official account of the Indies states that in 1574 there were 200 Spanish settlements or towns (pueblos de Españoles) in Spanish America, some of them ranking as cities, others as villas (i.e. boroughs or towns); 100 of these were in South America. Here is an extract from the book:—‘The city of Popayan is 22 leagues from the city of Cali, which bounds it on the North; and 20 leagues from Almaguer, which bounds it to the South. It has 30 Spanish householders (vecinos), of whom 16 are encomenderos. Its district contains 32 villages or divisions of Indians, with 9000 tributary Indians, divided into 19 repartimientos, 3 of them tributary to the king, the rest to individuals.’
The Last Years of the Court of Star Chamber 1630–41
Authors: Phillips Henry E. I. 
Published: March 2007

On 31 May, 1641, in the House of Commons, Edmund Prideaux, the member for Lyme Regis, reported the findings of the Committee on the Star Chamber in a Bill for the abolition of that Court.There was at once a commotion. Before the Speaker had an opportunity to put the question for the engrossment of the Bill, Mr. Coventry, member for Evesham, rose to his feet to complain that the Committee had exceeded the bounds of its prescribed duty in bringing in such a Bill. Sir Robert Hatton thereupon desired that the original instruction for committal might be read, and, on this being done, it was found that Coventry was correct. On the previous 1 April, a Bill for the “ Reforming of the unlawful Proceedings ” of the Court had been given its second reading. It was consigned to the Standing Committee on the Star Chamber.
The Public Record Office and the Historical Student—A Retrospect
Authors: Stamp A. E. 
Published: March 2007

It is a curious coincidence that to-day should have been fixed for me to read a paper on my memories of the Public Record Office, for I entered as a junior clerk on 9 March, 1893, so that when I left the office this afternoon I had completed exactly thirty-five years' service.At that time Sir Henry Maxwell Lyte had been Deputy-Keeper for just over seven years; one volume of the Calendar of Patent Rolls (1327–30)had been published, and the late Mr. W. H. Stevenson had just finished the first volume of the Calendar of Close Rolls (1307–13). The Patent Rolls have now been completely calendared from the reign of Henry III to the end of the reign of Edward VI, and the Close Rolls to the end of the reign of Henry V, although the whole of the latter calendar has not yet been published.
The Last Years of English Gascony, 1451–1453. (The Alexander Prize.)
Authors: Vale M. G. A. 
Published: March 2007

In the allegorical romance of Le Jouvencel, King Amydas complained to his son-in-law of the ‘slow poison in my stomach which will one day kill me.’ The romancer,—Jean de Bueil, admiral of France and count of Sancerre,—was referring to the presence of the English within France during the last phase of the Hundred Years War. Charles VII, with his habitual pessimism, was pictured in the Jouvencel taking counsel from his advisers on the best means of ridding his kingdom of the English. That object was achieved in fact as well as in romance between 1449 and 1453. A medal struck to commemorate the expulsion of the English carried the optimistic legend:When I was made, everyone in France, without dispute, obeyed the prudent king, loved by God;—except at Calais which is a strong place.
The Irish Viceroyalty in the Restoration Period
Authors: Beckett J. C. 
Published: March 2007

In 1660 someone transcribed into the ‘Town Book’ of Belfast a copy of ‘Verses presented to General Monck’:Advance, George Monck, and Monck St George shall be,England's restorer to its liberty,Scotland's protector, Ireland's president,Reducing all to a free parliament;And if thou dost intend the other thing,Go on, and all shall cry God save the king.
The Origins and Early History of the Keeper of the Peace
Authors: Harding Alan 
Published: March 2007

The office of the justice of the peace developed during the fourteenth century from that of the keeper of the peace who held inquests and received presentments, and the process has been traced in great detail by Professor Putnam. In 1925, Professor Cam assigned some records of a keeper's inquests to 1277 and so carried the beginnings of the earlier office well back into the thirteenth century.Custodes pacisof a still earlier period Professor Cam dismissed as ‘extraordinary’ keepers, ‘whose existence is explained by the special conditions arising out of the struggle between the king and the baronial party’. But these earlier keepers are not confined to the period of civil war; a survey of them is necessary to the history of the justice of the peace, and it is this which the present paper attempts to provide. Lambard's description of these early keepers is useful as a starting-point:The Sheriffs I call ordinary Conservators of the Peace, because their authority was then ordinary, always one, and the same well enough knowen: But the extraordinary Conservator, as he was endowed with an higher power, so was he not ordinarily appointed, but in times of great trouble only, much like as the Lieutenants of shires are now in our days. And he had charge to defend the coasts and country, both from foreign and inward enemies, and might command the sheriff and all the shire to aid and assist him.The earliest keepers supplemented the sheriffs in the policing of the countryside, especially in times of crisis and during the threat of invasion; and these ‘great troubles’ were frequent enough to make the keeper an increasingly permanent official.
People and Government in Southern Asia
Authors: Tinker Hugh 
Published: March 2007

Almost everywhere in southern Asia, forms of government have derived from the Hindu concept of kingship. The Sukraniti, a medieval political treatise, provides a statement of later Hindu belief:The King is the ruler, protector, and benefactor of the people …he is lord of this earth because of his deeds in the previous births … The King should make the subjects acquire the habits of performing their duties by the use of his terrible sceptre… The Prince who is virtuous is a part of the gods….
Presidential Address: Thomas Jefferson in American Historiography
Authors: Bellot H. Hale 
Published: March 2007

‘The contradictions in Jefferson's character’, wrote Henry Adams, ‘have always rendered it a fascinating study. Excepting his rival Alexander Hamilton, no American has been the object of estimates so widely differing and so difficult to reconcile.’ He was, said Adams in another passage,curiously vulnerable, for he seldom wrote a page without exposing himself to attack. He was superficial in his knowledge, and a martyr to the disease of omniscience. Ridicule of his opinions and of himself was an easy task, … for his English was often confused, his assertions inaccurate, and at times of excitement he was apt to talk with indiscretion …
The Losing of the Initiative by the House of Commons, 1780–1914
Authors: Cromwell Valerie 
Published: March 2007

Over forty years ago with great elegance and scholarship Professor Notestein gave his famous Raleigh lecture on ‘The Winning of the Initiative by the House of Commons’: in this he developed the thesis that amongst the reasons for the great yet inconspicuous change ‘between the time of Elizabeth and that of the Long Parliament in the relation of the Council to the Commons’ was thatAlmost without observation, Privy Councillors ceased to guide the Commons. And, quite as much unobserved, with no document or charter to serve as a milestone, there came into power in the Commons a group of leaders, who had no official connexion with the Government, who had no common tie, except those of the opinions and feelings that bound English country gentlemen together. These men without purpose or intent but to do the next thing that came to hand, created a new leadership. With the establishment of that leadership the Commons gained the real initiative in legislation.
‘An Airier Aristocracy’: The Saints at War (The Prothero Lecture)
Authors: Holdsworth Christopher 
Published: March 2007

I want to plunge into my subject by adopting that practice well known to our medieval predecessors, namely to use anexemplum, because at once it transports us into the heart of the problem to be addressed. The event is recounted by Orderic Vitalis in Book Six of hisEcclesiastical History, and describes the practice of a Norman priest called Gerold who served in the household of the great earl of Chester Hugh of Avranches (1071–1101). Gerold was, apparently, a devoted priest who regularly said the offices for the day and offered Mass, but beyond this he wanted die men of the earl's household to live a better life. That desire he discharged by telling them about how some of their forebears had lived:To great lords, simple knights, and noble boys alike he gave salutary counsel and he made a great collection of tales of the combats of holy knights, drawn from the Old Testament and more recent records of Christian achievements, for them to imitate. He told them vivid stories of the conflicts of Demetrius and George, of Theodore and Sebastian, of the Theban Legion and Maurice its leader, and of Eustace, supreme commander of the army and his companions, who won die crown of martyrdom in heaven. He also told diem of the holy champion, William, who after long service in war renounced die world and fought gloriously for die Lord under die monastic rule. And many profited from his exhortations, for he brought them from the wide ocean of the world to die safe haven of life under the Rule.
Male Honour, Social Control and Wife Beating in Late Stuart England
Authors: Foyster Elizabeth 
Published: March 2007

In seventeenth-century England honour was a concept which had meaning for men in the private or domestic spheres as well as in the public spheres of their lives. Indeed, failure to prove an honourable man at home could exclude men from entering any honour community outside it. Above all else, men from whatever social status were only held worthy of honour if they could demonstrate control over their wives, children and servants. Hence honour was a concept which was vital to the upholding of male power. To achieve that power or control men were encouraged to adopt behaviour which laid emphasis on two key gender characteristics which were thought to distinguish them from women: physical strength and reason. As Sir Thomas Smith explained in 1583, God had intended to give the male ‘great wit, bigger strength, and more courage to compel the woman to obey by reason or force’. Men used their claim to reason to legitimise their authority over women; the first Marquis of Halifax explained to his daughter in a letter of 1688:That there is Inequality in the Sexes, and that for the better Economy of the World, the Men, who were to be the Law-givers, had the larger share of Reason bestow'd upon them…Your Sex wanteth our Reason for your Conduct, and our Strength for your Protection.