bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supporting the development of CAM/DAOP applications: an integrated development process
Authors: Fuentes L. , Pinto M. , Troya J. M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe increasing complexity of large‐scale distributed applications is driving the Software Engineering community to adopt new software technologies for the development of distributed systems. In this sense, the emergence of component‐based software engineering represents a significant advance towards assembling applications by plugging in pre‐fabricated components. Additionally, the principle of ‘advanced’ separation of concerns is nowadays widely applied to improve modularity, reusability and adaptability of software components. In this way, the aspect‐oriented software development paradigm separates into a new dimension, named aspect, those properties that crosscut the system ‘objects’ or ‘components’, reducing their dependencies. However, the development of software based on the composition of components and aspects is still in its early stages. Part of the reason for this is the lack of well‐defined development processes and tools that help software developers in the use of existing component and aspect‐based approaches. Therefore, the primary aim of this paper is to propose an integrated development process for deriving applications by the assembly of a set of prefabricated components and aspects. This process supports the development of Component‐Aspect Model/Dynamic Aspect‐Oriented Platform (CAM/DAOP) applications, where CAM/DAOP is a new model and platform based on components and aspects. Our intention is to show how, with the support of the integrated development process presented in this paper, it is possible to use CAM/DAOP as an alternative to current distributed platforms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulatory effects of dextran sulfate and fucoidan on binding and channel properties of AMPA receptors isolated from rat brain
Authors: Suppiramaniam Vishnu , Vaithianathan Thirumalini , Manivannan Kandiah , Dhanasekaran Muralikrishnan , Parameshwaran Kodeeswaran , Bahr Ben A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPrevious work showed that the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) dextran sulfate (500 kDa) altered the binding and channel properties of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)‐type glutamate receptors. The current study compared the effects of dextran sulfate with another GAG, fucoidan (100–180 kDa), to determine whether GAG‐mediated changes in high‐affinity binding of AMPA receptors have a concomitant influence on specific channel properties. Dextran sulfate was more potent in inhibiting high‐affinity AMPA binding to solubilized receptors (EC50of 7 nM) compared to fucoidan (EC50of 124 nM). Similarly, dextran sulfate was more potent in modulating the channel properties of purified and reconstituted AMPA receptors. Dextran sulfate, at 1 μg/ml (2 nM), produced a three to fourfold increase in open channel probability and a threefold increase in mean burst duration of channel activity elicited by 283 nM AMPA. The mean open time was increased by two to threefold and closed times were decreased by two to eightfold. Fucoidan produced similar effects at a concentration many times higher than that of dextran sulfate. Dextran sulfate and fucoidan had no effect on the single channel conductance or the ability of a specific antagonist to block AMPA channels. The effects of GAGs on multichannel patches showed an interactive channel gating behavior resulting in macroscopic currents with long lived open channel life times. These findings suggest that GAG components of proteoglycans can interact with and alter the binding affinity of AMPA receptors and modulate their functional properties. Synapse 60:456–464, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic analysis of developmental changes in vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 function
Authors: Volz Trent J. , Hanson Glen R. , Fleckenstein Annette E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 (VMAT‐2) sequesters cytoplasmic dopamine (DA) into vesicles and may thus protect neurons from DA‐associated oxidative damage. VMAT‐2 function, as assessed by measuring [3H]DA uptake, is less in adolescent when compared with young adult rats and VMAT‐2 susceptibility to methamphetamine also changes with age. Thus, developmental alterations in VMAT‐2 function warrant further investigation. The current study extends these findings by showing that the initial velocities of both DA uptake and methamphetamine‐induced DA efflux are less in adolescent postnatal day (PND 38–42) vs. young adult (PND 88–92) rats as assessed in nonmembrane associated (presumably cytoplasmic) vesicles purified from rat striatal synaptosomes. The decrease in DA uptake velocities is due to a decrease in theVmaxof DA uptake with no change in theKm. The density of kinetically active VMAT‐2 and VMAT‐2 immunoreactivity are less in adolescent vs. young adult rats while both the turnover number (2.4–2.8 s−1) and rate constant for the association of DA with VMAT‐2(˜1 × 107M−1s−1) are similar in these age groups. These results suggest that the kinetics of DA binding and translocation across the membrane are unaltered in the vesicles of PND 38–42 vs. PND 88–92 rats. However, decreased VMAT‐2 density in PND 38–42 rats reducesVmax, which in turn lowers DA uptake. Synapse 60:474–477, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy increases plasma levels of the endogenous inotrope apelin
Authors: Francia Pietro , Salvati Adriano , Balla Cristina , De Paolis Paola , Pagannone Erika , Borro Marina , Gentile Giovanna , Simmaco Maurizio , De Biase Luciano , Volpe Massimo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground:Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been introduced to treat drug refractory chronic heart failure (CHF). Apelin, the endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor, is under evaluation for its potential role in human CHF pathophysiology. This study aims to assess whether biventricular pacing affects plasma apelin levels in patients with severe CHF.Methods and results:Fourteen patients (9 men, 5 women, mean age 68±13years) undergoing biventricular pace‐maker/ICD implantation were studied. Patients underwent baseline clinical and echocardiographic evaluation, and assessment of plasma apelin and NT‐proBNP levels. The evaluation was repeated 48h and 9±2months after device implantation to assess the acute and chronic effects of CRT on apelin and NT‐proBNP levels. Eight healthy age‐ and sex‐matched subjects served as controls.In CHF patients, baseline apelin levels were reduced and NT‐proBNP increased compared to control subjects (apelin: 0.47±0.2 vs. 0.97±0.3ng/mL, p<0.001; NT‐proBNP: 2007±114 vs. 229±72pmol/L, p<0.001). Short‐term evaluation did not reveal any effect of CRT on apelin or NT‐proBNP levels. By contrast, at 9±2months follow‐up, CRT responders showed left ventricular reverse remodelling and an increase in ejection fraction, together with a significant increase in plasma apelin levels (0.99±0.1 vs. 0.47±0.2ng/mL, p<0.001) and decrease in NT‐proBNP (938±591 vs. 2007±114pmol/L, p<0.05).Conclusions:Long‐term CRT increases plasma levels of the endogenous inotrope apelin in patients with CHF.
Estimating the catching efficiency of a 2-m beam trawl for sampling epifauna by removal experiments
Authors: Reiss Henning , Kröncke Ingrid , Ehrich Siegfried 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The catching efficiency of a standard 2-m beam trawl for sampling epifauna was estimated by removal experiments at two sites in the southern North Sea. In order to allow repeated sampling of the same area, a rig of three beam trawls one behind the other was constructed, the three being tied together by steel ropes. Catching efficiency was estimated on the basis of the sum of the catches of all three trawls relative to the numbers caught in the first trawl. The catching efficiency of the beam trawl for epifauna ranged from 36% to 44% of total abundance between sites. Efficiency was least for partly buried species (Liocarcinus holsatus, 9% and 18%; Buglossidum luteum, 27%; Arnoglossus laterna, 35%), and slightly better for species living on the surface of the sediment (Asterias rubens, 42% and 46%; Pomatoschistus minutus, 58% and 46%; Pagurus bernhardus, 51%). The abundance of epifauna will be underestimated by a factor of 1.4–11 relative to the abundance in the three trawls. Also, sediment type seems to influence the catching efficiency of the beam trawl, efficiency being less at the sandy study site than at the muddy site for most species.
Age validation of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the Gulf of Alaska using the disequilibrium of Pb-210 and Ra-226
Authors: Kastelle Craig R. , Kimura Daniel K. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is a commercially important species in the North Pacific, and harvest quotas are dependent upon accurate determination of ages. The two techniques (called methods A and B) currently used to interpret the growth zone patterns in walleye pollock otoliths were compared. The age distributions from these two techniques differed; method B produced ages twice that of method A. Validation of ages from walleye pollock has not been done previously. Radiometric ageing based on the ratio of Pb-210/Ra-226 was used to evaluate the accuracy of otolith growth zone counts, and it demonstrated that method A, which produced younger ages between 3 and 8 years, was correct. Walleye pollock grow older than the 3–8 year (method A) age range validated in this study. The experimental design was limited to a maximum method A age of 8 years, because available samples did not provide the minimum of 40 fish required for estimating a radiometric age. Our radiometric ageing study on walleye pollock appears to be the first to use the Pb-210/Ra-226 radiometric age-validation method in a boreal fish species where all samples were potentially young, 8 years or less. In previous studies, radiometric ages often approached 100 years. Also, only one presumed year class was used, which was sampled in successive years. Therefore, Ra-226 sample measurements were averaged to provide lower error.
Rapid changes in the level of Kluane Lake in Yukon Territory over the last millennium
Authors: Clague John J. , Luckman Brian H. , Van Dorp Richard D. , Gilbert Robert , Froese Duane , Jensen Britta J.L. , Reyes Alberto V. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe level of Kluane Lake, the largest lake in Yukon Territory, was lower than at present during most of the Holocene. The lake rose rapidly in the late seventeenth century to a level 12 m above present, drowning forest and stranding driftwood on a conspicuous high-stand beach, remnants of which are preserved at the south end of the lake. Kluane Lake fell back to near its present level by the end of the eighteenth century and has fluctuated within a range of about 3 m over the last 50 yr. The primary control on historic fluctuations in lake level is the discharge of Slims River, the largest source of water to the lake. We use tree ring and radiocarbon ages, stratigraphy and sub-bottom acoustic data to evaluate two explanations for the dramatic changes in the level of Kluane Lake. Our data support the hypothesis of Hugh Bostock, who suggested in 1969 that the maximum Little Ice Age advance of Kaskawulsh Glacier deposited large amounts of sediment in the Slims River valley and established the present course of Slims River into Kluane Lake. Bostock argued that these events caused the lake to rise and eventually overflow to the north. The overflowing waters incised the Duke River fan at the north end of Kluane Lake and lowered the lake to its present level. This study highlights the potentially dramatic impacts of climate change on regional hydrology during the Little Ice Age in glacierised mountains.
Relationship between drug company funding and outcomes of clinical psychiatric research
Authors: KELLY ROBERT E. , COHEN LISA J. , SEMPLE RANDYE J. , BIALER PHILIP , LAU ADAM , BODENHEIMER ALISON , NEUSTADTER ELANA , BARENBOIM ARKADY , GALYNKER IGOR I. 
Published: August 2006

Background. Pharmaceutical industry funding of psychiatric research has increased significantly in recent decades, raising the question of a relationship between pharmaceutical company funding of clinical psychiatric studies and the outcomes of those studies. This study examines this relationship.Method. Abstracts of articles from 1992 and 2002 in four peer-reviewed psychiatric journals were examined. Drug outcomes (n=542) for clinical studies were evaluated and then compared across sponsorship source. Outcome raters were blind to source of sponsorship. The percentage of these studies sponsored by drug companies in 2002 v. 1992 was also compared. In a secondary analysis, the contribution of a series of potentially mediating variables to the relationship between sponsorship source and study outcome was assessed via logistic regression.Results. The percentage of studies sponsored by drug companies increased from 25% in 1992 to 57% in 2002. Favorable outcomes were significantly more common in studies sponsored by the drug manufacturer (78%) than in studies without industry sponsorship (48%) or sponsored by a competitor (28%). These relationships remained after controlling for the effects of journal, year, drug studied, time since FDA drug approval, diagnosis, sample size, and selected study design variables.Conclusions. These data indicate an association between pharmaceutical industry funding of clinical studies and positive outcomes of those studies. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this relationship.
Caffeine intake, toxicity and dependence and lifetime risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders: an epidemiologic and co-twin control analysis
Authors: KENDLER KENNETH S. , MYERS JOHN , O. GARDNER CHARLES 
Published: August 2006

Background. Although caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive substance and often produces symptoms of toxicity and dependence, little is known, especially in community samples, about the association between caffeine use, toxicity and dependence and risk for common psychiatric and substance use disorders.Method. Assessments of lifetime maximal caffeine use and symptoms of caffeine toxicity and dependence were available on over 3600 adult twins ascertained from the population-based Virginia Twin Registry. Lifetime histories of major depression (MD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder, alcohol dependence, adult antisocial behavior and cannabis and cocaine abuse/dependence were obtained at personal interview. Logistic regression analyses in the entire sample and within monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs were conducted in SAS.Results. In the entire sample, measures of maximal caffeine use, heavy caffeine use, and caffeine-related toxicity and dependence were significantly and positively associated with all seven psychiatric and substance use disorders. However, within MZ twin pairs, controlling for genetic and family environmental factors, these associations, while positive, were all non-significant. These results were similar when excluding twins who denied regular caffeine use.Conclusions. Maximal lifetime caffeine intake and caffeine-associated toxicity and dependence are moderately associated with risk for a wide range of psychiatric and substance use disorders. Analyses of these relationships within MZ twin pairs suggest that most of the observed associations are not causal. Rather, familial factors, which are probably in part genetic, predispose to both caffeine intake, toxicity and dependence and the risk for a broad array of internalizing and externalizing disorders.
Face affect recognition deficits in personality-disordered offenders: association with psychopathy
Authors: DOLAN MAIREAD , FULLAM RACHAEL 
Published: August 2006

Background. There is a limited literature examining face affect recognition in offenders. In line with the Integrated Emotion Systems (IES) model, existing studies suggest a psychopathy-related deficit in sad/fear recognition. However, many of these studies have small samples, and few include a healthy control group in order to examine the contribution of criminality.Method. We compared the performance of male criminals with dissocial (antisocial) personality disorder (PD group) and healthy male IQ-matched controls, on a morphed face affect-processing task and examined the relationship between psychopathy (assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version, PCL: SV), score and performance on this task in the PD sample.Results. The PD group had a specific deficit in the recognition of sad facial affect that was present even at 100% expression intensity. This deficit could not be attributed to impulsive responding as the PD group generally had longer mean reaction times than healthy controls. Within the PD group, those with high scores on the PCL: SV were less accurate than low scorers at classifying sad facial affect. There was also a significant negative correlation between total psychopathy score and sad affect recognition accuracy. There were no specific relationships between affect recognition and the subcomponents of psychopathy.Conclusions. The findings suggest that criminality/antisocial personality may be associated with a deficit in the recognition of aversive cues in others, and that this deficit is more severe in psychopathic offenders. The findings lend further support to the IES model.
The legitimacy of addiction treatment in a world of smart people
Authors: Klingemann Harald , Bergmark Anders 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAim  This paper discusses what type of legitimacy underpins addiction treatment in contemporary western societies.Method  Broad review of the relevant literature.Conclusions  The legitimacy of professional interventions and the future of service provision will depend largely on the relationship between the professional and the lay referral system. These in turn are intertwined with macro‐societal changes. The basic categories in this relationship are, on one hand, the idea of evidence‐based practice (i.e. the notion of using the most accurate scientific support for the choice of treatment interventions), and on the other hand the consumer perspective, which conceptualizes addiction treatment as an interactive process between the treatment provider and the consumer. The acceptance of addiction treatment depends in most cases on the client who chooses from a whole range of informal and formal problem solutions. To an extent, experts are thus controlled by their lay counterparts and need their consent to operate and succeed. This process is complicated by the trend towards evidence‐based practice, which demands transparency and rigorous procedures and carries with it the basis for distrust in expert knowledge by displaying openly that every statement of fact is open to revision, and thus, to a certain extent, characterized by uncertainty.
Enhanced recognition of facial expressions of disgust in opiate users receiving maintenance treatment
Authors: Martin Louise , Clair Joanna , Davis Paul , O’Ryan Dominic , Hoshi Rosa , Curran H. Valerie 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAims  Accurate recognition of facial expressions of emotion is critical in interpersonal interaction but is impaired in alcoholics, even after a period of abstinence. Little is known of whether other drug‐dependent populations also show these impairments. This study aimed to investigate facial expression recognition by chronic opiate users.Design  An independent group design was used to compare 20 participants receiving opiate substitution treatment, 20 ex‐opiate users in rehabilitation (average abstinence of 6 months) and 21 unemployed healthy controls.Measurements  The accuracy and speed of recognizing morphed emotional facial expressions were assessed using an emotional hexagon task.Findings  Current opiate users were significantly more accurate than ex‐users at recognizing expressions of disgust. They were also generally slower than controls in recognizing all expressions, and slower than ex‐opiate users in recognizing surprise, happy and fearful expressions.Conclusions  Opiate users in maintenance treatment show a heightened ability to recognize facial expressions of disgust. We suggest that this may reflect increased exposure to other people’s expressions of disgust and/or priming by the physical and social environments encountered by opiate‐dependent individuals. Further, opiate maintained individuals’ global slowness in processing emotional expressions may reflect the sedative effects of methadone.
Are specific dependence criteria necessary for different substances: how can research on cannabis inform this issue?
Authors: Budney Alan J. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAims  Research on cannabis dependence is used to comment on the similarities and differences among the substance dependence disorders, and to address the issue of whether specific versus generic substance dependence diagnostic criteria might offer the most fruitful approach to diagnosis. If cannabis dependence can be diagnosed and characterized adequately using the extant generic Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV) dependence criteria, then one could argue that these diagnostic guidelines are valid and of high utility for substances with more well‐accepted dependence syndromes.Method  A brief, selective critical review of research on cannabis withdrawal and on the validity and internal consistency of cannabis dependence as assessed via DSM criteria for cannabis dependence was performed.Results  Findings from these reports indicate that cannabis dependence is much more similar to than different from other types of substance dependence, even with regard to withdrawal. The generic DSM‐IV dependence criteria can be applied fairly well to cannabis, and yield findings similar to that observed with other substance dependence disorders. However, across substances, the generic criteria may not discriminate cases in a manner consistent with the underlying constructs of abuse and dependence, and cross‐substance differences probably exist in the general dependence severity level and specific symptom profiles.Conclusions  The use of generic DSM‐IV criteria appears to work as well for cannabis dependence as for other substances, yet the more important question might be as to whether we can do better by developing more sophisticated generic criteria or by using substance specific criteria.