bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic Comparison of Virulent
Rickettsia rickettsii
Sheila Smith and Avirulent
Rickettsia rickettsii
Iowa
Authors: Ellison Damon W. , Clark Tina R. , Sturdevant Daniel E. , Virtaneva Kimmo , Porcella Stephen F. , Hackstadt Ted 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Rickettsia rickettsii
is an obligate intracellular pathogen that is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. To identify genes involved in the virulence of
R. rickettsii
, the genome of an avirulent strain,
R. rickettsii
Iowa, was sequenced and compared to the genome of the virulent strain
R. rickettsii
Sheila Smith.
R. rickettsii
Iowa is avirulent in a guinea pig model of infection and displays altered plaque morphology with decreased lysis of infected host cells. Comparison of the two genomes revealed that
R. rickettsii
Iowa and
R. rickettsii
Sheila Smith share a high degree of sequence identity. A whole-genome alignment comparing
R. rickettsii
Iowa to
R. rickettsii
Sheila Smith revealed a total of 143 deletions for the two strains. A subsequent single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis comparing Iowa to Sheila Smith revealed 492 SNPs for the two genomes. One of the deletions in
R. rickettsii
Iowa truncates
rompA
, encoding a major surface antigen (rickettsial outer membrane protein A [rOmpA]) and member of the autotransporter family, 660 bp from the start of translation. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence confirmed the absence of rOmpA from
R. rickettsii
Iowa. In addition,
R. rickettsii
Iowa is defective in the processing of rOmpB, an autotransporter and also a major surface antigen of spotted fever group rickettsiae. Disruption of
rompA
and the defect in rOmpB processing are most likely factors that contribute to the avirulence of
R. rickettsii
Iowa. Genomic differences between the two strains do not significantly alter gene expression as analysis of microarrays revealed only four differences in gene expression between
R. rickettsii
Iowa and
R. rickettsii
strain R. Although
R. rickettsii
Iowa does not cause apparent disease, infection of guinea pigs with this strain confers protection against subsequent challenge with the virulent strain
R. rickettsii
Sheila Smith.
Resistance of
Yersinia pestis
to Complement-Dependent Killing Is Mediated by the Ail Outer Membrane Protein
Authors: Bartra Sara Schesser , Styer Katie L. , O'Bryant Deanna M. , Nilles Matthew L. , Hinnebusch B. Joseph , Aballay Alejandro , Plano Gregory V. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Yersinia pestis
, the causative agent of plague, must survive in blood in order to cause disease and to be transmitted from host to host by fleas. Members of the Ail/Lom family of outer membrane proteins provide protection from complement-dependent killing for a number of pathogenic bacteria. The
Y. pestis
KIM genome is predicted to encode four Ail/Lom family proteins.
Y. pestis
mutants specifically deficient in expression of each of these proteins were constructed using lambda Red-mediated recombination. The Ail outer membrane protein was essential for
Y. pestis
to resist complement-mediated killing at 26 and 37°C. Ail was expressed at high levels at both 26 and 37°C, but not at 6°C. Expression of Ail in
Escherichia coli
provided protection from the bactericidal activity of complement. High-level expression of the three other
Y. pestis
Ail/Lom family proteins (the y1682, y2034, and y2446 proteins) provided no protection against complement-mediated bacterial killing. A
Y. pestis ail
deletion mutant was rapidly killed by sera obtained from all mammals tested except mouse serum. The role of Ail in infection of mice,
Caenorhabditis elegans
, and fleas was investigated.
Waimea Canyon, Kauai, Hawaii
Authors: Clague David A. , Bohrson Wendy 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Kauai is the westernmost of the principal Hawaiian Islands. Figure 1 shows the road guide to Waimea Canyon starting in the town of Kekaha and ending in the town of Waimea. The entire trip can be made in a passenger car, with the exception of the optional hike down the Kukui trail. The road stops are at major viewpoints that have parking areas and facilities. Do not reverse the order of the starting and stopping points, since the road between the town of Waimea and the intersection of Waimea Canyon Road and Hawaii 55 is so steep that small passenger cars may overheat going uphill. The entire roadlog is just over 40 mi (64 km) long and can be completed in about 3 hours, including relatively brief stops; allow more time for longer stops. The starting point in the town of Kekaha is roughly 45 mi (72 km) and 1 hour from Lihue. The optional hike down the Kukui trail to the floor of Waimea Canyon can be completed in about 3 to 4 hours; the trail is steep, strenuous, and slippery when wet. Those interested in the hike may wish to spend a full day to allow time to explore the canyon floor.
Kilauea caldera and adjoining volcanic rift zones
Authors: Hazlett Richard W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Kilauea volcano is located at the southeastern corner of the Island of Hawaii (Fig. 1). Access to the site is easy by ordinary passenger vehicle. Major mainland and interisland airlines serve island airports, where numerous car rental agencies are located. Because Hawaii is a popular tourist destination, it is recommended that car reservations be placed well in advance of a visit. Hawaii 11 links Hilo, the largest town on the island, directly with the Kilauea summit area, a drive of about 31 mi (50 km). A map and information concerning the status of roads and trails within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park may be obtained at the Kilauea Visitor Center, a short side trip from Hawaii 11 (Fig. 2). The Visitor Center is a good place for one to begin exploring the caldera area.
Late Quaternary fault scarp at Lone Pine, California; Location of oblique slip during the great 1872 earthquake and earlier earthquakes
Authors: Lubetkin Lester K. C. , Clark Malcolm M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
To reach this site, drive west on Whitney Portal Road about 0.7 mi (1.2 km) from U.S. Highway 395 in the center of Lone Pine (Fig. 1). About 0.15 mi (0.2 km) west of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, park in the pavedarea northof the road. Walk north and then northeast about 0.3 mi (0.5 km) along the dirt roads that lead to the area just east of the main scarp.
Papoose Flat pluton, Inyo Mountains, California
Authors: Nelson C. A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Papoose Flat pluton, a late Cretaceus (75–81 Ma) granitic body in the Inyo Mountains, California, is one of several Mesozoic intrusive in the White-Inyo Range that are “satellites” of the large Sierra batholith to the west. The western portion of the pluton can be reached by way of the Hines Road (Waucoba Mountain 15-minute Quadrangle) (Fig. 1, insert); the eastern exposures by way of the Waucoba Road leading to Saline Valley (Waucoba Spring and Waucoba Wash 15-minute quadrangles). The published geologic maps of thesequadrangles (Nelson, 1966, 1971; Ross, 1967) and the geologic map of the pluton (Nelson and others, 1978) are important adjuncts to this report. Only the HinesRoad requires a four-wheel drive vehicle.
Long Valley caldera, eastern California
Authors: Bailey Roy A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Long Valley caldera (Fig. 1) is in eastern California, attheeastern base of the Sierra Nevada between Mono Lake andOwens Valley. Traversed by U.S. 395, the caldera is about 310 mi (500 km) north of Los Angeles and 165 mi (265 km)south of Reno. It is midway between the towns of Bishop and LeVining and contains the resort town of Mammoth Lakes.
Late Pleistocene angular unconformity at San Pedro, California
Authors: Yule J. Douglas , Zenger Donald H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This outcrop is located on Second Street between Pacific Avenue and Mesa Street in central San Pedro (Fig.1), approximately 25 mi (40 km) south of downtownLos Angeles, California.To reach the “Second Street locality” from downtown, take the Harbor Freeway (I-1 10) south to its termination at Gaffey Street in San Pedro. Proceed south on Gaffey Street approximately 0.3 mi (0.5 km) to Second Street. Turn left (east) on Second Street and proceed 0.2 mi (0.3 km) to Pacific Avenue.Cross Pacific Avenue and park along Second Street. The outcrop extends along the north side of Second Street for 360ft(110 m)east of the alleyway adjacent to the Tropicana Bakery. (The authors wholeheartedly recommend a visit to this authentic panaderia)
A section through the Peninsular Ranges batholith, Elsinore Mountains, southern California
Authors: Woyski Margaret S. , Howard Astrid H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Elsinore Mountains in the Cleveland National Forest of southern California are situated in the northwestern Peninsular Ranges. They lie southwest of and overlook Lake Elsinore at elevations of 2,600 to3,600 ft (790 to 1,100 m). The northeastern front of the mountains is a precipitous escarpment that rises 1,350 to 2,350 ft (410 to 720 m) above the lake at its base. The site is reached by taking the Ortega Highway (California 74) from either 1–15 at Lake Elsinore or I-5 at San Juan Capistrano to the Main Divide Truck Trail (Fig.1) where it intersects the Ortega Highway 0.2 mi (0.3 km) west of the summit. Roadcuts along the Main Divide Truck Trail (a graded dirt road) are accessible by passenger car and, with caution, by bus. Two campgrounds are located at the intersection of the Ortega Highway with the Main Divide Truck Trail and group camping sites (limited to 70people) are located just off the West Extension of the Main Divide Truck Trail. Make reservations with the Cleveland National Forest Trabuco District Office, Corona Ranger Station,1147 East Sixth Street, Corona, California 91719, (714) 736–1811. There is a daily charge for all campgrounds.
San Andreas fault, Cajon Pass, southern California
Authors: Weldon Ray J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The field area discussed here straddles 1–15 and old Route66 (here part of U.S. 395) where they cross the TransverseRanges, about 50 mi (80 km) northeast of Los Angeles, California (Fig.1). Most of the sites can be reached by car on paved orgood dirt roads. Sites east of I–15 are accessible only with four-wheel drive or a short walk from a paved road. The land notobviously occupied by structures or surrounded by fences belongsto the Forest Service, the Highway Department, or the railroadsso access does not require special permission.
Hog Back
Authors: Herber Lawrence J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Hog Back, as named on the 7½-minute Mt. Baldy, California, Quadrangle, lies in San Antonio Canyon (NE¼Sec.36, T.2N., R.8W.) in the Angeles National Forest 1.1 mi (1.8 km) south of Mt. Baldy Village (Fig.1). Hog Back appears as a large obstruction nearly choking off the canyon when looking upstream (Fig.2). Looking south from Glendora Ridge Road, it appears as a low, rounded lump in the canyon floor(Fig.3; Shelton, 1966.
Mt. Baldy Road crosses the head of Hog Back, providing easy access, and a roadside parking area suitable for large buses is near the head of the slide mass. A switchback footpath descends from the parking area to the old Mt. Baldy Road (abandoned) excavatedacross the toe of the slide. A l-mi (1.6-km) hike along the footpath, abandoned road, and return to parking area via Mt. Baldy Road yields good cross-sectional views of the toe and head of the slide mass
The San Gabriel anorthosite-syenite-gabbro San Gabriel Mountains, California
Authors: Carter Bruce A 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The San Gabriel anorthosite-syenite-gabbro body is exposed in the western San Gabriel Mountains about 30 mi (48 km) north of Los Angeles (Fig. 1). The most abundant lithologies of this body, which constitute the anorthosite-leucogabbro unit, are easily accessible via Angeles Forest Highway (N3) along Mill Creek about 18 mi (28.8 km) south of Palmdale (Fig 11, 2A). However, many of the most interesting lithologies of this body can be seen only by driving several mi (km) on U.S. Forest Service roads into he central part of the body west of Angeles Forest Highway. These localities can be reached from Angeles Forest Highway by driving west from Mill Creek Summit, past Mt. Gleason, to North Fork Saddle, and on down Pacoima Canyon. Alternately, they can be reached by driving east either from Santa Clara Divide or from Dillon Divide on the Sand Canyon-Little Tujunga Road (Fig. 1).
A second important group of lithologies constitutes the syenite unit and can be seen near “Sold” on the North Fork Saddle-Magic Mountain-Mount Gleason road (Figs. 1, 2B). This road is usually in good condition and is easily passable by conventional automobile except between December and February, when it is occasionally covered by snow at higher elevations. A third important group of lithologies constitutes the Jotunite unit and can be seen along Pacoima Canyon (Fig. 2C). The road through Pacoima Canyon, reached from either Dillon Divide or North Fork Saddle (Fig, 1), is rough and may require use of a four-wheel-drive vehicle during winter and spring.
Geology of the Devil's Punchbowl, Los Angeles County, California
Authors: Dibblee T.W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Devil's Punchbowl, now a county park, is a spectacular exposure of Tertiary sandstone strata on the southwest margin of the Mojave Desert adjacent to the San Gabriel Mountains.
This unusual feature is located south of Valyermo Ranger Station, about 7 mi (11 km) southeast of Pearblosso in the Mojave Desert in northern Los Angeles County (Fig. 1). It is between the high San Gabriel Mountains to the south, and lower hills to the north, which hide it from the adjacent Mojave Desert. The Devil's Punchbowl is on and within the north border of the Angeles National Forest. This site is accessible via a paved road (L.A. County Road N6) direct from Pearblossom on California 138.
The Devil's Punchbowl is shown on the Valyermo 7 1/2- and 15-minute Quadrangles. The geology described here is summarized from Dibblee (1967).
The San Andreas fault at Wallace Creek, San Luis Obispo County, California
Authors: Sieh Kerry , Wallace Robert E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
From either the coast or the interior, Wallace Creek is most easily reached by way of California 58 (Fig.1). Precisely at the southwestern base of the Temblor Range, leave California 58 and drive southwest onan unmarked paved road about 0.2 mi (0.3 km) to a junction with an unpaved road (Fig.2). Turn left (south) on this road and follow the San Andreas fault to Wallace Creek.The unpaved road leading to Wallace Creekis impassable to all vehicles during and immediately following major storms.At all other times, two-wheel- or four-wheel-drive vehicles can be easily driven to within 1,300 ft (400 m) of the site. To avoid the gradual destruction of fragile tectonic landforms, park vehicles along the road near the section 33/34 boundary fence and walk theshort distance north to the fault. During the dry season, be careful not to park on dry, flammable vegetation.
Paleocene turbidites and modern landslides of the Point San Pedro-Devil’s Slide area, San Mateo County, California
Authors: Nilsen Tor H. , Yount James C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This site is located adjacent to the California coast in northern San Mateo County, about 15 mi (25 km) south-southwest of downtown San Francisco (Fig. 1). From San Francisco, take 1–280 south to its intersection with California 1, then follow California 1 southward for approximately 9 mi (15 km) to San Pedro Avenue in Pacifica. From the central San Francisco Peninsula, take California 92 westward to its intersection with California 1 in Half Moon Bay, then proceed northward on California 1 for approximately 10 mi (16 km) to San Pedro Avenue in Pacifica.
From the southern San Francisco Peninsula or Santa Cruz County, take California 1 north to San Pedro Avenue in Pacifica. The Shelter Cove locality (Stop 1) can be reached by taking San Pedro Avenue west for three blocks from California 1, turning north on Danmann Road, and proceeding two blocks north to Shelter Cove Road. At present (July 1986), Shelter Cove Road is a privately maintained access that has sustained substantial landslide damage and is passable only on foot. The property at Shelter Cove is private, and permission to enter must be obtained from the owners (Telegan Realty, Pacifica, California). Roadcuts along California 1 are located south of San Pedro Avenue. Stop 2 is located 0.7 mi (1.1 km) to the south on the northwest side of the highway. Stop 3 in the Devil’s Slide area is located 0.6 mi (1 km) farther south along California 1 and Stop 4 another 0.7 mi (1.1 km) to the south. Stops 2,3, and 4 are subject to heavy traffic and have limited parking along a narrow, twisting, and dangerous roadway. Exposures are close to the roadway, so great caution should be exercised.
Unconformity between Coast Range ophiolite and part of the lower Great Valley sequence, South Fork of Elder Creek, Tehama County, California
Authors: Blake M.C. , Jayko A.S. , Jones D.L. , Rogers B.W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The South Fork of Elder Creek is located on private property about 6 mi (10 km) northwest of Paskenta, Calif. (Fig. 1). To visit this locality it is necessary to call Mr. Les Sutfin (916-824-4628) and arrange to pick up the key to the gate at his home in Corning. From the Paskenta Store, drive 3.3 mi (5.3 km) north on the Toomes Camp road to the locked gate on the north side of the road. From here, take the Pellows Road (four-wheel drive vehicle recommended) 3.6 mi (5 km) north to the end of the road, then walk west along the trail parallel to the South Fork of Elder Creek for approximately 0.5 mi (0.8 km) to the unconformity(Fig. 2).
Late High Cascade volcanism from summit of McKenzie Pass, Oregon
Authors: Taylor Edward M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The observation platform at Dee Wright viewpoint facility on the summit of McKenzie Pass, Oregon State Highway 242, can be reached by driving east from Eugene, Oregon, 55 mi(89 km) on U.S. 126 then 22 mi (35 km) on Oregon 242 or by driving west from Sisters, Oregon, 15 mi (24 km) on Oregon 242(Fig. 1). The highwayis paved but narrow with sharp curves. The site elevation is 5,300 ft (1,617 m); it is generally closed bysnow November through July.
John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon
Authors: Robinson Paul T. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Painted Hills unit, formerly Painted Hills State Park, lies along Bridge Creek about 9.5 mi (16 km)northwest of Mitchell, Wheeler County, Oregon, near the intersection of T.1O and 11S. and R.20 and 21E. Itcan be reached by taking the Bridge Creek road north from U.S. 26, which runs between Prineville and Mitchell (Fig. 1). The turnoff is located 4 mi (6.5 km) west of Mitchell and is marked by a sign directing travelers to the Painted Hills. The Bridge Creek road is paved and is passable in all weather by passenger cars.
Evidence for dozens of stupendous floods from Glacial Lake Missoula in eastern Washington, Idaho, and Montana
Authors: Waitt Richard B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Burlingame Canyon (Fig. 1). Walla Walla valley, southeast Washington about 2.5 mi (4 km) south of Lowden. Lat.46° 01' N.; Long. 118°36' W. SW1/4SW1/4Sec.5, T.6N., R.34E. (SW÷ of Lowden, Washington 7 1/2-minute Quadrangle). Drive on U.S. 12 to Lowden, 11 mi (17.7 km) west from Walla Walla,18 mi (29 km) eastfrom Wallula Junction at U.S. 395. From Lowden, drivesouth for 0.25 mi(0.4 km) to intersection; turn south (right) on road to Gardena, and drive south another 2.4 mi (3.9 km) to house on right just beyond crossing of irrigation ditch. Burlingame “canyon” is another 0.1 mi (0.16 km) along road and 200 ft (60 m) west of road. (Please do not try to park or walk in the clear, vaguely fenced area between road and head of canyon; this is man-made in-ground nesting for pollinating bees.)
Columbia River Basalt Group, Joseph and Grande Ronde canyons, Washington
Authors: Reidel S.P. , Hooper P.R. , Price S.M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Grande Ronde-Joseph Canyon area is located in southeast Washington near the common boundaries of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho (Fig.1). The locality lies within the canyon country which forms the southeast part ofthe Columbia Plateau Province near the eastern termination of the Blue Mountains and the southern boundary of the Lewiston Basin.
The site can be reached by following Washington SR 129 south from Clarkston to Asotin, Washington, and then by following the Snake River road (lst street in Asotin) south from Asotin for 25 mi (40 km) to the confluence of the Snake and Grande Ronde rivers. The Snake River road is paved for the first 13 mi (21 km) but then becomes a well-maintained gravel road that serves the area. All sites are easily reached from this road. Land within the area either is owned by the Washington Department of Game, Fish, and Wildlife Service or is private. Information about current ownership can be obtained from the headquarters of the Chief Joseph Fish and Wildlife area in Joseph Canyon (H, Fig.2). Permission must be obtained to visit private land, but landowners understand the significance of the area and have always granted access graciously.
Ingalls Tectonic Complex and Swauk Formation, Ruby Creek area, Cascade Mountains, Washington
Authors: Johnson Samuel Y. , Miller Robert B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Ruby Creek area encompasses several outcrops of the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceus Ingalls Tectonic Complex and the Eocene Swauk Formation in the central Cascades of Washington (Fig.1, Stop 1). To get to the outcrops on Ruby Creek, either: (1) drive south on U.S. 97 (Swauk Pass Highway) from its junction with U.S. 2 for 8.9 mi (14.3 km), or (2) drive north on U.S. 97 from its junction with U.S. 131 for 26.6 mi (42.8 km).Turn east off U.S. 97 onto the well-marked RubyCreek Road(logging road 2322) and park. Walk up the road for several hundred meters across a fault contact between the Ingalls and the Swauk. Locations of other outcrops are shown on Figure 1, and their accesses from the Ruby Creek exposures are described later in the text.
Melange rocks of Washington’s Olympic coast
Authors: Rau Weldon W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
One of the most impressive outcrops of melange rocks along the Washington coast is exposed continuously for 2.5 mi (4km) in sea cliffs immediately south of the mouth of Raft River on the Quinault Indian Reservation, Grays Harbor County (Taholah 15-minute quadrangle) (Fig. 1). This site affords a rare opportunity for viewing a rock type that has resulted largely from tectonism and is particulary significant to an understanding of the general geology and tectonic framework of the Olympic Moun is 5 mi (8 km) north of Taholah and is reached by a gravel road. Because it is a beach locality on the Quinault Indian Reservation, permission to walk on the beaches must be obtained from the Quinault Tribal Office in Taholah. Instructions will alsobe given there for the best route from the road to the beach. Several trails are less than 0.25 mi (0,4 km) in length.
The Late Cretaceus San Juan thrust system, Washington
Authors: Brandon Mark T. , Cowan Darrel S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The San Juan Islands are located at the north end of Puget Sound in northwestern Washington State. This field guide in-eludes four localities: one on Lopez Island and three on San Juan Island. To reach the islands (Fig. 1 1), take I–5 to Exit 230, thendrive west on Washington 20 to the Anacortes ferry terminal.Washington State ferries provide frequent daily service for carsand passengers to Lopez and San Juan Islands. Long waits shouldbe expected on summer weekends.