bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An application of Routh stability criterion to derive the necessary conditions for multiplicity of a CSTR
Authors: Chien Yu‐Shu , Chiu Wei‐Ming 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIt is well known that the Routh stability criterion (RSC) is a powerful method for analyzing control system stability. A new RSC finding that can aid the tangent analysis method (TAM) to determine the necessary conditions for multiplicity is presented. Adding RSC to TAM can find the bifurcation start point which cannot be obtained using TAM alone. To the author's knowledge, the above new RSC application has not been discussed in past literatures. Our results are helpful for chemical reactor design. We used two examples of the binary reaction in a non‐adiabatic CSTR to demonstrate the merit of our methods.
CFD simulation of gas–solid bubbling fluidized bed: A new method for adjusting drag law
Authors: Vejahati Farshid , Mahinpey Nader , Ellis Naoko , Nikoo Mehrdokht B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn computational fluid dynamics modelling of gas–solid two phase flow, drag force is one of the dominant mechanisms for interphase momentum transfer. Despite the profusion of drag models, none of the available drag functions gives accurate results in their own original form. In this work the drag correlations of Syamlal and O'Brien (Syamlal and O'Brien, Int. J. Multiphase Flow. 1988; 14(4):473–481), Gidaspow (Gidaspow, Appl. Mech. Rev. 1986; 39:1–23), Wen and Yu (Wen and Yu, Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser. 1966; 62(2):100–111), Arastoopour et al. (Arastoopour et al., Powder Technol. 1990; 62(2): 163–170), Gibilaro et al. (Gibilaro et al., Chem. Eng. Sci. 1985; 40:1817–1823), Di Felice (Di Felice, Int. J. Multiphase Flow. 1994; 20(1):153–159), Zhang‐Reese (Zhang and Reese, Chem. Eng. Sci. 2003; 58(8):1641–1644) and Hill et al. (Hill et al., J. Fluid Mech. 2001; 448:243–278) are reviewed using a multi‐fluid model of FLUENT V6.3.26 (FLUENT, 2007. Fluent 6.3 User's Guide, 23.5 Eulerian Model, Fluent, Inc.) software with the resulting hydrodynamics parameters being compared with experimental data. The main contribution of this work is to propose an easy to implement and efficient method for adjustment of Di Felice drag law which is more efficient compared to the one proposed by Syamlal‐O'Brien. The new method adopted in this work showed a quantitative improvement compared to the adjusted drag model of Syamlal‐O'Brien. Prediction of bed expansion and pressure drop showed excellent agreement with results of experiments conducted in a Plexiglas fluidized bed. A mesh size sensitivity analysis with varied interval spacing showed that mesh interval spacing with 18 times the particle diameter and using higher order discretization methods produces acceptable results.
Periwinkle shell: Based granular activated carbon for treatment of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in industrial wastewater
Authors: Badmus M. A. O. , Audu T. O. K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe present investigation was undertaken to compare the adsorption efficiency of a low cost adsorbent, periwinkle shell—based granular activated carbon (PSC) with the adsorption efficiency of the commercial activated carbon (CAC) and a ratio 1:1 mixture of PSC and CAC (PSC/CAC) with respect to uptake of the organic components responsible for the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of industrial wastewater. The influence of treatment time, adsorbent dose, pH of the media, agitation speed and adsorbent particle size on the rate of percent COD removal is evaluated. PSC has shown quite effective adsorbent capacity for COD removal with 77.5% efficiency. Though its capacity is slightly lower than that of CAC with 79% efficiency, however the low material cost makes it an attractive option for the treatment of COD. The equilibrium adsorption study can be described by the Linear, Langmuir and Freundlich models. The mechanisms of the rate of adsorption of COD were analysed using the Elovich equation and a pseudo‐second‐order model. The models provided a very high degree of correlation of the experimental adsorption rate data suggesting either model could be used in design applications.
Breast cancer survivors in the United States
Authors: De Angelis Roberta , Tavilla Andrea , Verdecchia Arduino , Scoppa Steve , Hachey Mark , Feuer Eric J. , Mariotto Angela B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Breast cancer continues to place a significant burden on the healthcare system. Regional prevalence measures are instrumental in the development of cancer control policies. Very few population‐based cancer registries are able to provided local, long‐term incidence and follow‐up information that permits the direct calculation of prevalence. Model‐based prevalence estimates are an alternative when this information is lacking or incomplete. The current work represents a comprehensive collection of female breast cancer prevalence from 2005 to 2015 in the United States and the District of Columbia (DC).METHODS:Breast cancer prevalence estimates were derived from state‐specific cancer mortality and survival data using a statistical package called the Mortality‐Incidence Analysis Model or MIAMOD. Cancer survival models were derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data and were adjusted to represent state‐specific survival. Comparisons with reported incidence for 39 states and DC had validated estimates.RESULTS:By the year 2010, 2.9 million breast cancer survivors are predicted in the US, equaling 1.85% of the female population. Large variability in prevalent percentages was reported between states, ranging from 1.4% to 2.4% in 2010. Geographic variability was reduced when calculating age‐standardized prevalence proportions or cancer survivors by disease duration, including 0 to 2 years and 2 to 5 years. The residual variability in age‐adjusted prevalence was explained primarily by the state‐specific, age‐adjusted breast cancer incidence rates. State‐specific breast cancer survivors are expected to increase from 16% to 51% in the decennium from 2005 to 2015 and by 31% at the national level.CONCLUSIONS:To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first to provide systematic estimations of breast cancer prevalence in all US states through 2015. The estimated levels and time trends were consistent with the available population‐based data on breast cancer incidence, prevalence, and population aging. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
The treatment of multiple myeloma using vincristine, carmustine, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone (VBMCP) alternating with high‐dose cyclophosphamide and α2β interferon versus VBMCP
Authors: Kyle Robert A. , Jacobus Susanna , Friedenberg William R. , Slabber Coenraad Frederik , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Greipp Philip R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:A randomized controlled trial tested the hypothesis that aggressive initial therapy using high‐dose cyclophosphamide (HiCy) and α2β interferon (IFN) may be superior to standard combination alkylating agent regimens in the treatment of newly diagnosed myeloma.METHODS:This Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial evaluated 268 previously untreated patients with active multiple myeloma randomized to vincristine, carmustine, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone (VBMCP) or VBMCP plus HiCy and recombinant IFN.RESULTS:The overall objective response was 62% in the VBMCP regimen and 68% in the VBMCP + HiCy + IFN group. The near complete response and complete response rates were 8.1% and 8.9%, respectively. Progression‐free survival was 22.1 and 25.3 months, respectively. The median overall survival was 37.1 months for patients treated with VBMCP and 41.3 months for those treated with VBMCP + HiCy + IFN (P= .38). The 5‐year overall survival rates were not significantly different between the 2 arms: 26.4% and 33%, respectively. Lethal toxicities occurred in 15 patients, including 10 from infection, but there was no significant difference in lethal toxicities between the 2 regimens.CONCLUSIONS:The study showed no significant benefit with the addition of HiCy and IFN to VBMCP. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Anthracycline‐fludarabine‐containing regimens with or without rituximab in the treatment of patients with advanced follicular lymphoma
Authors: Luminari Stefano , Marcheselli Luigi , Sacchi Stefano , Pozzi Samantha , Bari Alessia , Ilariucci Fiorella , Stelitano Caterina , Angrilli Francesco , Lazzaro Antonio , Baldini Luca 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Recent experience has suggested that there has been a stepwise improvement in the survival outcomes of patients who have follicular lymphoma with the introduction of new treatment options. In the current study, the authors report the results of 2 subsequent phase 2 trials of 238 previously untreated patients.METHODS:In a trial of bleomycin, epidoxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (BACOP) plus fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone (FND), 144 patients received 2 BACOP treatments followed by 4 FND treatments. In a trial of BACOP plus fludarabine and rituximab (FR), 94 patients received 3 BACOP treatments followed by 4 FR treatments.RESULTS:The complete remission (CR) rate for BACOP/FND was 62%. After a median follow‐up of 60 months, the failure‐free survival (FFS) and overall survival (OS) rates at 4 years were 53% and 77%, respectively. The CR rate for BACOP/FR was 79%. After a median follow‐up of 36 months, the FFS and OS rates at 4 years were 56% and 97%, respectively, which were significant compared with the CR and OS rates achieved with BACOP/FND. Twenty‐five of 42bcl‐2‐positive patients attained a molecularly negative CR and had improved FFS. No significant differences were observed between the 2 trials in the percentage of infections or neutropenia.CONCLUSIONS:The CR and OS rates achieved with BACOP/FR were better, and overall toxicity did not increase. Furthermore, patients who received rituximab had a better FFS compared with patients who received chemotherapy alone. Finally, although conclusions between nonrandomized groups may depend on differences in observed and unobserved prognostic features, the current results suggested that the addition of rituximab to anthracycline‐fludarabine–containing regimens have a favorable effect on the prognosis of patients with advanced follicular lymphoma. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Late rectal complications after prostate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Phan Jack , Swanson David A. , Levy Lawrence B. , Kudchadker Rajat J. , Bruno Teresa L. , Frank Steven J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis review of the literature on late rectal complications after prostate brachytherapy indicated that it is a highly effective treatment modality for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer but can cause chronic radiation proctitis. The most common manifestation of chronic radiation proctitis was anterior rectal wall bleeding, which often occurred within the first 2 years after brachytherapy. It is interesting to note that the rates of late rectal morbidity appear to have declined over time, which may reflect improvements in implantation techniques and imaging. Rectal biopsy as part of the workup to evaluate rectal bleeding can lead to rectal fistula and the need for colostomy, a rare but major complication. The authors recommend 1) screening colonoscopy before brachytherapy for patients who have not had a screening colonoscopy within the preceding 3 years to rule out colorectal malignancies and, thus, facilitate conservative management should rectal bleeding occur; 2) lifestyle modifications during treatment to limit exposure of the rectum to radiation; and 3) conservative management for rectal bleeding that occurs within 2 years after brachytherapy. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
A comparative study of corporate social responsibility in Bangladesh and Pakistan
Authors: Naeem Malik Asghar , Welford Richard 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMaking a contribution to sustainable development through good corporate social responsibility presents businesses with a challenge, particularly in developing countries. This paper measures the sensitivity to corporate social responsibility amongst businesses operating in Bangladesh and Pakistan through a review of written policies of both listed local firms and multinational corporations operating there. We use the Global Compact supplemented by relevant parts of the Global Reporting Initiative Sustainability Reporting Guidelines to benchmark companies and countries. Significant differences are found between local listed companies and multinational corporations. However, all companies are seen to be failing to engage with many aspects of corporate social responsibility related to sustainable development. Specific deficiencies relate to anti‐corruption, gender equality, child labor, community giving and the formal representation of workers. Few differences are found between the approaches taken by companies in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Given the development needs of the region we point to businesses being unwilling or unable to adopt sufficiently robust corporate social responsibility and point to a role for both government and civil society. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The effects of social relationships and acceptance on disturbed eating attitudes in elite adolescent female athletes: The mediating role of physical self‐perceptions
Authors: Scoffier Stéphanie , Maïano Christophe , d'Arripe‐ Longueville Fabienne 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective:The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of social relationships (i.e., coach, friends, and parents) and acceptance (i.e., peers) on disturbed eating attitudes (DEAs) in elite adolescent female athletes, through the mediating role of physical self‐perception (i.e., perceived physical appearance and perceived physical ability).Method:The sample comprised 227 elite adolescent female athletes (Mage = 15.75; SDage = 3.00) engaged in various esthetic sports. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling method and mediation analysis.Results:They showed that peer acceptance and quality of parent–athlete relationships have a significant negative influence on DEA in elite adolescent female athletes. Moreover, the quality of relationship with the coach and sport friend has a significant positive influence on DEA in female athletes through the mediating role of perceived physical ability.Discussion:The quality of relationship with parents and peer acceptance would be a protective factor regarding DEA, whereas the quality of relationships with coach and friend in sport would be risk factors for the development of DEA in adolescent female athletes through the mediating role of perceived physical ability. Recommendations for future use of, and research on, activities are outlined. The effects of social relationships and acceptance on DEA in elite adolescent female athletes: the mediating role of physical self‐perceptions. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010.
The fatal outcome of an individual with anorexia nervosa and Sheehan's syndrome as a result of acute enterocolitis: A case report
Authors: Köpp Werner , Rost Felicitas , Kiesewetter Sybille , Deter Hans‐Christian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives:To illustrate the close association between a disturbed psychosocial up‐bringing, frequent physical illness, and medical interventions.Method:We report a case of a 44‐year‐old woman with anorexia nervosa (AN) and Sheehan's syndrome who died as a result of a toxic cardiac arrest.Results:The patient presented with a BMI of 13.6 kg/m2. She refused any intensive‐care treatment and died from toxic cardiac arrest. Postmortem examination revealed an acute gastroenterocolitis.Discussion:The history of this patient illustrates how psychological deprivation led to eating disturbances, early pregnancy, and the life‐threatening delivery of twins. This resulted in a diagnosis of Sheehan's syndrome, hepatitis C, and a ventricular ulcer. A psychosocial event triggered a late exacerbation of her AN. A helpful alliance between patient and staff did not occur as she rejected it. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010.
Rainfall partitioning along a tree diversity gradient in a deciduous old‐growth forest in Central Germany
Authors: Krämer Inga , Hölscher Dirk 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study investigated whether rainfall partitioning into throughfall, stemflow, and interception changes along a tree species diversity gradient. The 12 study plots in old‐growth forest stands in the Hainich National Park, Germany, were composed of up to 11 tree species.Fagus sylvatica(beech) formed the monospecific plots. Mixed forest plots consisted of a variable admixture of other broad‐leaved deciduous species such asTiliaspec.,Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, andAcer pseudoplatanus. Rainfall partitioning was influenced by several stand characteristics. Tree species diversity expressed as Shannon index was the variable that explained throughfall for different seasons most frequently. For example, in high‐rainfall summer 2007, median throughfall per stand was between 66 and 77% of gross precipitation, whereas stemflow played a minor role (2–6% per stand). Throughfall correlated positively with Shannon index (rs= 0·74,p= 0·008), stemflow negatively (rs= − 0·87,p< 0·001), and interception showed no correlation along this beech to mixed forest gradient. These relationships were similar in summer 2005 and autumn 2006, but no or weak changes of throughfall with tree diversity were observed during other study periods. Multiple linear regressions supported the assumption that combinations of several characteristics are important. Shannon index in combination with mean dbh explained much of the variability observed in throughfall among stands in two seasons (up toR2adj= 0·63,p< 0·01). Influential stand characteristics varied between seasons and years due to different rainfall conditions. Spatial variability of throughfall within a stand did not change consistently with any stand characteristic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Thermal and Magnetic Properties of New Transition Metal–Pyrazine Coordination Polymers
Authors: Wriedt Mario , Jeß Inke , Näther Christian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe reaction of nickel thiocyanate with pyrazine in a 1:2 ratio leads to the new ligand‐rich 1:2 (ratio metal/ligand) compound [Ni(SCN)2(pyrazine)2]n (1), in which the metal atoms are coordinated by four N atoms of pyrazine ligands and two N atoms of thiocyanate anions in a slightly distorted octahedral arrangement. If an excess of the metal thiocyanate is used and the reaction is performed under solvothermal conditions, single crystals of the ligand‐deficient 1:1 compounds [M(SCN)2(pyrazine)2]n [M = Fe (2I), Co (3), Ni (4)] are obtained. Compound 2I is isotypic with [Mn(SCN)2(pyrazine)]n but different to 3 and 4, which are also isotypic. Investigations on the synthesis of these compounds reveal that only compound 4 can be prepared phase‐pure in solution; all other ligand‐deficient compounds are always contaminated with large amounts of the corresponding ligand‐rich coordination polymers. In the crystal structures, the metal atoms are surrounded by two N atoms of the pyrazine ligands as well as by two N atoms and two S atoms of the thiocyanate anions in a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. In contrast to the ligand‐rich 1:2 coordination polymers, the metal atoms are further linked into layers by the thiocyanate anions due to μ2‐N,S coordination. On heating, compound 1 and the ligand‐rich 1:2 coordination polymers [M(SCN)2(pyrazine)2]n (M = Fe, Co) transform quantitatively into the ligand‐deficient compounds. Surprisingly, thermal decomposition of the iron compound leads to a new modification (2II), which is isotypic to compounds 3 and 4. The magnetic properties of all compounds have been investigated and are found to be dependent on the connection mode of the thiocyanate anions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
CO2, Magnesium, Aluminum, and Zinc Adducts of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as (Latent) Catalysts for Polyurethane Synthesis
Authors: Bantu Bhasker , Manohar Pawar Gajanan , Wurst Klaus , Decker Ulrich , Schmidt Axel M. , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA series of magnesium, aluminum, and zinc complexes of imidazol‐2‐ylidene‐, imidazolin‐2‐ylidene‐, and tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene‐derived N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) was prepared. In addition, both symmetrical and unsymmetrical CO2‐protected imidazol‐2‐ylidenes and imidazolin‐2‐ylidenes were prepared. Selected single‐crystal X‐ray structures are reported. All compounds were investigated for their catalytic behavior in (poly)urethane (PUR) synthesis. Out of nine different compounds, the dimeric complex [Zn(CH3COO)2(1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene)]2 (7) proved to be the most active one, rivaling the industrially most relevant catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate in terms of catalytic activity. Even more important, the Mg‐ and Zn‐derived NHC complexes as well as the CO2‐protected imidazol‐2‐ylidenes displayed pronounced latent behavior combined with high catalytic activity in selected cases, rivaling and exceeding the industrially relevant latent catalyst phenylmercury neodecanoate. This allows for creating one‐component PUR systems with significant pot lives. Pseudo‐second‐order kinetics were found for all Mg‐ and Zn‐based NHC complexes as well as for all CO2‐protected NHCs indicating fast precatalyst decomposition prior to (poly)urethane formation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Platinum Anticancer Coordination Compounds: Study of DNA Binding Inspires New Drug Design
Authors: Reedijk Jan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA brief overview is given of platinum anticancer drugs in routine clinical use and under clinical development worldwide. Details of the binding of these drugs with nucleic acids, the preferred binding site, etc. are discussed as well. Using the mechanistic knowledge at the molecular level, in particular DNA binding, possibilities for new drugs are explored. A major part of the review deals with design, synthesis and biochemical/biophysical studies of such new compounds and their possible applications as cytostatic drugs. Special attention is given to the application of bifunctionality in such new compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Tris[oligo(1,4‐phenylenevinylene)]methylium Dyes
Authors: Kim Soungkyoo , Kalbitz Helga , Hillmann Sabine , Meier Herbert 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe tris[oligo(1,4‐phenylenevinylene)]carbinols 2a–f (n =1–4) and the tris(4‐styrylphenyl)methanes 7a,b have been prepared by Wittig–Horner (3 + 4a–f → 2a–f) and Siegristreactions (5 + 6a,b → 7a,b). The Wittig–Horner reactions in these examples are accompanied by an autoxidation, whereas a reduction occurs in the Siegrist reactions. Compound 2a, the lowest member (n = 1) of the series 2a–d with terminal dialkylamino groups, generates first, on treatment with acids, the methylium dye 2′a, which absorbs far into the NIR region (λmax = 1100 nm). The higher members 2b,c (n = 2,3) of the carbinol series yield by acidic treatment only N‐protonated methylium dyes 2″′b,c. The different behavior is due to a decreasing donor–acceptor interaction with increasing D–A distance. The N‐protonated methylium salts 2″′a–c show long‐wavelength absorptions in the region of the Vis/NIR border. Their values apporach, for increasing numbers n of repeat units, λ∞ = 877 nm. The structures and possible push–pull effects of the salts 2′a and 2″′a–c were studied by NMR and UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy and compared with the selected model compounds 2e and 7a. The results shed new light on previously published triphenylmethane dyes with extended conjugation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)