bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low trans hydrogenation of edible oils
Authors: Beers Annemarie E.W. Beers 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHydrogenation of edible oils is an important process in the food industry to produce fats and oils with desirable melting properties and an improved shelf life. However, beside the desired hydrogenation reaction trans fatty acids are formed as well. As several studies indicate a negative health effect of trans fatty acids, consumer demands will urge the food producers to lower the content of trans fatty acids in their products. This article describes the option to reduce the trans levels in the hydrogenation of an edible oil by changing process conditions and by applying alternative low trans heterogeneous catalysts.
The response to antioxidants in base oils of different degrees of refining
Authors: Wiklund Per 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBase oils with different compositions and different degrees of refining have been subjected to three types of oxidation stability tests in the presence of antioxidants. A higher degree of refining of base oils depletes the natural antioxidants present in oils of lower degree of refining. However, the results of the study show that oxidation stability of highly refined oils, after addition of suitable antioxidant packages, by far outperforms that of the oils of lower degree of refining. This is true regardless of the dominating hydrocarbon type in the oil, or its feedstock origin. The results also show that in general, the viscosity index of a base oil, or any other simple physical property, has no direct correlation to oxidation stability or response to antioxidants.To analyse the response to antioxidants, a concept called oxidation stability response is introduced. A novel method for determining the oxidation onset temperature in differential scanning calorimetry measurements by inverse derivatives is introduced. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved techniques for kidney transplantation in mice
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Schlachta Christopher , Duff John , Stiller Calvin , Grant David , Zhong Robert 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImproved microsurgical techniques for kidney transplantation in the mouse are described. Left renal transplantation is performed with end‐to‐side anastomoses of the donor renal vein to the inferior vena cava and the donor aortic cuff to the aorta. Urinary tract reconstruction is accomplished by suturing the donor ureter with a bladder patch to the recipient bladder. With these modifications, it is possible to achieve success rates as high as 90%. This stable and reproducible model provides a useful tool to study the immunological mechanisms of kidney allograft rejection at the molecular level. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hemodynamic study of different angled end‐to‐side anastomoses
Authors: Zhang Ling , Moskovitz Martin , Piscatelli Sandra , Longaker Michael T. , Siebert John W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study assessed the postoperative microvascular hemodynamics in end‐to‐side arterial anastomoses of varied angles in order to determine whether the angle of the anastomosis affects arterial flow. Thirty male rats were divided into three groups of ten. Carotid to carotid end‐to‐side anastomoses were performed with anastomotic angles of 45, 90, and 135°. Postoperative flow was assessed using high frequency pulsed Doppler ultrasound (HFPDU) at 30 and 120 min postoperatively. Measurements at 30 min demonstrated significant differences in flow, with the 45° grafted vessels utilizing 56.5% of total carotid flow, and the 90° and 135° anastomoses appropriating 46.5% and 43.2% of flow, respectively (comparing 45° to both 90°, P < 0.05, and 135°, P<0.002). The change from baseline in 45° and 90° groups dissipated over a 2 hr postoperative period, but flow in the grafted vessels in the 135° group continued well below 50% at 39.9% (comparing to both 45° and 90°, P<0.001), thereby displaying a significant difference in the postoperative arterial flow of varied angled microanastomoses. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vein conduits for repair of nerves with a prolonged gap or in unfavorable conditions: An analysis of three failed cases
Authors: Tang Jin‐Bo , Shi De , Zhou Hua 
Published: March 2007

AbstractClinical failure of vein conduits for repair of four nerves in three cases is reported. Two digital nerves with gaps of 5.0 cm and 5.8 cm, respectively, and two median nerves with gaps of 4.0 cm and 5.0 cm were repaired with vein conduits. The digital nerves were repaired secondarily with insertion of nerve tissue slices. The median nerve lacerations were associated with compound soft tissue injuries and were repaired primarily by interfascicular vein conduits. There was no detectable recovery of sensibility in autonomous areas of these nerves and no sign of recovery of the innervated muscles during follow‐up. Re‐exploration revealed that the vein conduits used for repair of the median nerves were constricted by surrounding scar tissue and axon regeneration was precluded. The critical length for nerve regeneration in human beings and wound conditions unfavorable to nerve regeneration are discussed. This report suggests that vein conduits are not indicated in nerve gaps over 5.0 cm or in primary repair of nerves with compound injuries. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Can varying flow velocity across an arterial anastomosis prevent thromboembolic injury?
Authors: Barker John H. , Andresen Dorthe M. , Anderson Gary L. , Schuschke Dale , Gu Jin‐Mei , Gupta Subhas , Hjortdal Vibeke E. , Derr John W. , Banis Joseph C. , Acland Robert D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this study, simulated “poor” repairs applied to transverse incisions in the iliac arteries of 40 rats were the basis for comparing the effect of variations in blood flow on throm‐boembolism. Using vital microscopy and digital image processing, we performed 2 experiments. In the first experiment (n = 20), the reduction of post‐repair blood flow by approximately 50% resulted in an 83% reduction in the total number of emboli appearing in the microcirculation of the cremaster muscle distal to the repair. In the second experiment (n = 20), the same reduction in blood flow typically resulted in larger repair‐site thrombi which required significantly more time to grow to their maximum size. We conclude that reducing pedicle artery blood flow to approximately half in our rat model during reperfusion can protect the downstream micro‐circulation from embolic injury without increasing the incidence of thrombotic occlusion. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Free flap failures
Authors: Suominen Sinikka , Asko‐Seljavaara Sirpa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA retrospective analysis of 75 consecutive free flap patients, operated on during 1989–1990, was performed to find out more about factors associated with free flap failure or immediate vascular complications. The overall failure rate was 9.3% (7/75) and the immediate vascular complication rate 22.7% (17/75). Sixteen patients required explorative surgery during the first postoperative day. The results were statistically analysed to find factors promoting either failure or vascular complications. Pre‐operative infection of the recipient site or prolonged operation time correlated with flap failure. The use of a vein graft or long per‐operative ischaemia correlated with immediate vascular complications. It is interesting that many factors often blamed for failure (age, body mass, history of cardiovascular disease, smoking, or previous irradiation of the recipient site) were not significant in this study. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Forearm arterial loop as an expedient source for inflow to upper extremity free flaps
Authors: Hallock Geoffrey G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChallenging wounds of the upper extremity requiring free tissue transfers are relatively infrequent. As a direct consequence, methods to access recipient vessels or acceptable alternatives may not be as familiar as in the lower extremity. In rare circumstances, creation of an arterial loop by elevation of a portion of either major forearm artery provides an easily accessible, pristine source of inflow for a planned free flap matching vessels of comparable caliber. Such a maneuver may also be important to ensure preservation of optimal hand function by avoiding any dissection in the vicinity of essential musculotendinous and neurovascular structures that might reside within or adjacent to the zone of injury. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mandibular reconstruction using the double barrel fibular graft
Authors: Horiuchi Katsuhiro , Hattori Akinobu , Inada Ikuhisa , Kamibayashi Toyohiko , Sugimura Masahito , Yajima Hiroshi , Tamai Susumu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFive patients underwent mandibular reconstruction using the double barrel fibular graft from 1989 to 1994. Bony defects ranged from 7 to 14 cm. In three patients, two skin flaps were taken with the fibular graft for composite reconstruction. In order to overcome the main disadvantage of the fibular graft, i.e., small circumference of the bone, a harvested fibula was osteotomized into several portions, folded into two parallel lengths, and fixed along the inferior border of the mandible and the alveolar ridge. The double barrel fibular graft provided more than 4‐cm alveolar height without damaging bone viability. In Orientals, a fibula is approximately 1.5 cm thick, and using a single fibular strut for mandibular reconstruction may result in subsequent difficulty in wearing conventional dentures or osseointegrated implants. All patients acquired good mandibular contour and enough thickness of the alveolar ridge, and could wear a conventional denture and eat a solid diet. This procedure seems to be superior to the iliac bone graft for major mandibular reconstruction because of its length, the possibility of three‐dimensional composite reconstruction, increased bone thickness, and minimal donor‐site morbidity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of nerve growth factor on crushed sciatic nerve regeneration in rats
Authors: Chen Zhong‐Wei , Wang Min‐Sheng 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on crushed sciatic nerve regeneration were studied in 30 rats, with 60 bilateral nerves. The nerves were crushed at a site 6 mm distal to the sciatic notch by the standard technique and 3 mm wide crush injuries were created. Then 2.1 μl of normal saline in the control groups and an equal volume of NGF solution (containing 1 μg of NGF) in the NGF‐treated groups was injected into the crush sites and followed for 12, 28, and 56 days, respectively. At the end of the observation, electrophysiological evaluation was carried out; then samples 10 mm distal to the crush site were removed and prepared for histological and morphometric studies. Evoked muscle action potential (MAP) was recorded in 50% of the NGF‐treated group at 12 days but not in the control group; the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was increased in NGF‐treated groups compared with control groups at 28 and 56 days (P<0.05). Morphometrically, significantly more regenerated myelinated fibers (RMFs) were seen at 12 days, and larger diameter RMFs were found at 12, 28, and 56 days in NGF‐treated groups than in control groups. These results indicate that topically applied NGF stimulates nerve regeneration and promotes function recovery in crushed rat sciatic nerves. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delayed sensory reeducation after toe‐to‐hand transfer
Authors: Wei Fu‐Chan , Ma Hae‐Shya 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of a delayed program of sensory rehabilitation was evaluated in 13 patients with a total of 22 toe‐to‐hand transfers. Each patient was begun on a protocol of sensory reeducation at a mean of 38 months (range 13–98 months) after the transfer. Home rehabilitation, employing a Disk‐Criminator (TM) program, was monitored at monthly intervals by the therapist for a mean of 3.3 months, at which time a final evaluation of sensibility was done. Each of the 22 toe transfers improved by an average of 7 mm in static and 6 mm in moving two‐point discrimination. The improvement in two‐point discrimination following delayed implementation of sensory reeducation was statistically significant at the P<0.0001 level. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Convergence of coercive approximations for strictly monotone quasistatic models in inelastic deformation theory
Authors: Chełmiński Krzysztof , Gwiazda Piotr 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article studies coercive approximation procedures in the infinitesimal inelastic deformation theory. For quasistatic, strictly monotone, viscoplastic models using the energy method and the Young measures approach a convergence theorem in generalized Orlicz spaces is proved. The main step in the proof is a characterization of the weak limit of non‐linear terms by the convergence in measure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel oxidative in vitro metabolites of the mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol methyl ether
Authors: Pfeiffer Erika , Schebb Nils H. , Podlech Joachim , Metzler Manfred 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Alternaria toxins alternariol (AOH; 3,7,9‐trihydroxy‐1‐methyl‐6H‐benzo[c]chromen‐6‐one) and alternariol methyl ether (AME, 3,7‐dihydroxy‐9‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐6H‐benzo[c]chromen‐6‐one) are common contaminants of food and feed, but their oxidative metabolism in mammals is as yet unknown. We have therefore incubated AME and AOH with microsomes from rat, human, and porcine liver and analyzed the microsomal metabolites with HPLC and GC‐MS/MS. Seven oxidative metabolites of AME and five of AOH were detected. Their chemical structures were derived from their mass spectra using deuterated trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives, and from the information obtained from enzymatic methylation. Several of the metabolites were identified by comparison with synthetic reference compounds. AME as well as AOH were monohydroxylated at each of the four possible aromatic carbon atoms and also at the methyl group. In addition, AME was demethylated to AOH and dihydroxylated to a small extent. As the four metabolites arising through aromatic hydroxylation of AME and AOH are either catechols or hydroquinones, the oxidative metabolism of these mycotoxins may be of toxicological significance.
Natural‐abundance 13C NMR of brain
Authors: Bárány Michael , Arús Carlos , Chang Yen‐Chung 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn natural‐abundance 13C NMR spectrum of excised rat brain 55 resonances were resolved. The chemical shifts of most of the resonances were well correlated with those of pure brain metabolites, determined under identical experimental conditions. These resonances were also found in the cytosol fraction and perchloric acid extract of the brain. Some brain resonances were not observed in the perchloric acid extract but only in the microsomes or cytosol.
Estimating radiofrequency power deposition in body NMR imaging
Authors: Bottomley Paul A. , Redington Rowland W. , Edelstein William A. , Schenck John F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSimple theoretical estimates of the average, maximum, and spatial variation of the radiofrequency power deposition (specific absorption rate) during hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance imaging are deduced for homogeneous spheres and for cylinders of biological tissue with a uniformly penetrating linear rf field directed axially and transverse to the cylindrical axis. These are all simple scalar multiples of the expression for the cylinder in an axial field published earlier (Med. Phys. 8, 510 (1981). Exact solutions for the power deposition in the cylinder with axial (Phys. Med. Biol. 23, 630 (1978) and transversely directed rf field are also presented, and the spatial variation of power deposition in head and body models is examined. In the exact models, the specific absorption rates decrease rapidly and monotonically with decreasing radius despite local increases in rf field amplitude. Conversion factors are provided for calculating the power deposited by Gaussian and sinc‐modulated rf pulses used for slice selection in NMR imaging, relative to rectangular profiled pulses. Theoretical estimates are compared with direct measurements of the total power deposited in the bodies of nine adult males by a 63‐MHz body‐imaging system with transversely directed field, taking account of cable and NMR coil losses. The results for the average power deposition agree within about 20% for the exact model of the cylinder with axial field, when applied to the exposed torso volume enclosed by the rf coil. The average values predicted by the simple spherical and cylindrical models with axial fields, the exact cylindrical model with transverse field, and the simple truncated cylinder model with transverse field were about two to three times that measured, while the simple model consisting of an infinitely long cylinder with transverse field gave results about six times that measured. The surface power deposition measured by observing the incremental power as a function of external torso radius was comparable to the average value. This is consistent with the presence of a variable thickness peripheral adipose layer which does not substantially increase surface power deposition with increasing torso radius. The absence of highly localized intensity artifacts in 63‐MHz body images does not suggest anomalously intense power deposition at localized internal sites, although peak power is difficult to measure.
A method for localizing high‐resolution NMR spectra from human subjects
Authors: Styles Peter , Scott Christopher A. , Radda George K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeveral methods are available for the localization of high‐resolution spectra. When the sample is a human subject, it may be difficult to realize a viable experimental protocol because the size and geometry of the subject often conflict with efficient probe design. In this paper a spectroscopic localization method is described which is based on the method of rotating frame imaging. A novel surface‐coil probe has been developed so that this experiment can be performed on a large sample. 31P spectra from the thorax of a human subject are presented in which signals from liver and intercostal muscle are resolved. These data demonstrate that spatially resolved spectra of metabolites in vivo may be obtained in a time that is acceptable for patient examination.
Neurometabolic effects of an inborn error of amino acid metabolism demonstrated in vivo by 1H NMR
Authors: Gadian David G. , Proctor Edward , Williams Stephen R. , Cady Ernest B. , Gardiner R. Mark 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe elevated levels of brain histidine in histidinaemic mice are detected in vivo by 1H NMR at 8.5 and 1.9 T. The concentrations determined from the in vivo spectra correlate well with subsequent analytical determinations. This technique is discussed in relation to monitoring phenylalaninc in humans with phenylketonuria. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Elimination of coupling between cylindrical transmit coils and surface‐receive coils for in vivo NMR
Authors: Bendall M. Robin , Connelly Alan , McKendry Jamie M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCoupling between large transmit and surface‐receive coils is eliminated using a λ/4 cable, terminated with crossed diodes to ground, inserted between the receive coil and ground, and by using a cable of length a little less than λ/2 inserted between the transmit match capacitance and the normal crossed diodes in the transmit input line. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
31P and 23Na NMR studies of the structure and lability of the sodium shift reagent, bis(tripolyphosphate)dysprosium(iii) ([dy(p3O10)]7−) ion, and its decomposition in the presence of rat muscle
Authors: Matwiyoff N. A. , Gasparovic C. , Wenk R. , Wicks J. D. , Rath A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe 31P NMR of aqueous [Dy(P3O10)2]7− demonstrates that it is in slow exchange with P3O on the NMR time scale. In the presence of tissue, [Dy(P3O10)2]7− decomposes to PO4 with an accompanying slow change of the tissue 23Na NMR of extracellular Na+ ion in several NMR distinguishable extracellular sites. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Errors in the measurements of T2 using multiple‐echo MRI techniques. I. Effects of radiofrequency pulse imperfections
Authors: Majumdar S. , Orphanoudakis S. C. , Gmitro A. , O'Donnell M. , Gore J. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn principle, multiple‐echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to estimate the spin‐spin relaxation time, T2, which can then be used for quantitative tissue characterization. Although multiple echoes can be used to enhance the signal‐to‐noise ratio in an image, by echo addition, rf pulse imperfections modify the echo amplitudes resulting in significant errors in the estimate of T2. Imperfect 180° pulses do not completely invert the transverse magnetization so that the magnitude of the transverse component is reduced and a longitudinal component is generated. Successive application of such imperfect pulses generates many components that interact in a complex manner. The amplitudes of successive echoes are affected whenever the transverse components refocus, whereas the longitudinal components may be rotated into the transverse plane by subsequent pulses and may often add to the image signal or give rise to an image artifact. These effects have been analyzed theoretically and have been demonstrated for a wide range of rf pulse imperfections using both simple and composite pulses, through computer simulations based on the numerical solution of the Bloch equations. The theoretical and simulation results have been substantiated through experiments performed on a mineral oil phantom using a resistive prototype MR scanner operating at 6.35 MHz. In this paper we report the effects of improper pulse amplitude or duration for nonselective rf pulses on resonance. We separately describe the other types of imperfections caused by off‐resonance effects and the use of selective pulses. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
31P NMR spectroscopy of isolated perfused lungs
Authors: Pillai R. P. , Buescher P. C. , Pearse D. B. , Sylvester J. T. , Eichhorn G. L. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract31P NMR spectra of isolated blood‐perfused pig lungs were obtained by degassing the lungs in vivo to remove field inhomogeneities caused by air‐tissue interfaces. The spectra show the presence of ATP, phosphodiester, inorganic phosphate, and phosphomonoester, but no phosphocreatine. All the metabolites remained stable for more than 4 h when the lungs were perfused with oxygenated blood. Blood gas tensions, glucose concentration, pH, and temperature were controlled throughout the experiment. During anoxia or isch‐emia, ATP and intracellular pH declined and Pi increased but returned to control levels during subsequent normoxia or reperfusion. These results demonstrate the applicability of NMR spectroscopy to isolated perfused lungs, enabling studies of metabolic processes in normal and pathologic lungs, as well as establishment of optimal conditions for lung preservation for transplantation. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Double pulse echoes‐A novel approach for fat‐water separation in magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kunz Dietmar 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA novel method to obtain separate fat and water images is presented. It is based on the replacement of the first echo generating π pulse by two π/2 pulses separated by a time delay corresponding to one‐half cycle of the resonance frequency difference between fat and water protons. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.