bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short chain branching profiles in polyethylene from the Phillips Cr/silica catalyst
Authors: DesLauriers Paul J. , McDaniel Max P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSEC and on‐line Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis have been combined to study branching profiles from the Phillips Cr/silica catalyst. For the first time, catalyst and reactor variables have been shown to affect the overall level and distribution of branches in polyethylene copolymers. Branching profiles from various chromium catalysts have been shown to vary from highly concentrated in the low MW end, to uniformly distributed over all of the MW range. Activation temperature and the presence of titania were highly influential. These observations, which have been used to gain insight into the chemistry of Cr/silica, explain much of the catalyst behavior that has for decades been used to optimize polymer properties. Trends in ESCR, impact resistance, and other physical characteristics, which were long attributed to changes in MW distribution, can now be seen to also be due in large part to changes in the branching profile. This knowledge should be of value in designing future resins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3135–3149, 2007
Androgens and prostate cancer risk: A prospective study
Authors: Wirén Sara , Stocks Tanja , Rinaldi Sabina , Hallmans Göran , Bergh Anders , Stenman Ulf‐Håkan , Kaaks Rudolf , Stattin Pär 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDAndrogens have been implicated in prostate tumorigenesis, but prospective studies have overall reported no association between circulating levels of androgens and risk of prostate cancer. However, some recent studies have shown that a high level of testosterone increase the risk of non‐aggressive tumors but is associated with a decreased risk of aggressive tumors.METHODSWe prospectively measured plasma levels of total testosterone, androstanediol glucuronide (A‐diol‐g) and sex hormone binding globuline (SHBG) and calculated estimated levels of free testosterone, in a nested case‐control study of 392 cases and 392 matched controls.RESULTSNone of the studied hormones were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk in the full study group or in subgroups according to tumor aggressiveness. Odds ratios in the full study group, for top versus bottom quartile, was for total testosterone 1.25 (95% CI = 0.79–2.00; Ptrend = 0.51); free testosterone, 1.31 (95% CI = 0.82–2.07; Ptrend = 0.35); A‐diol‐g, 0.88 (95% CI = 0.59–1.33; Ptrend = 0.77); and for SHBG, 1.01 (95% CI = 0.64–1.58; Ptrend = 0.94).ConclusionsWe found no significant associations between androgen levels and risk of prostate cancer in this population‐based, non‐screened cohort. Prostate 67: 1230–1237, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of immunoreactive HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α in neuroendocrine cells of both benign and malignant prostate glands
Authors: Monsef Nastaran , Helczynski Leszek , Lundwall Åke , Påhlman Sven , Anders‐Bjartell  
Published: June 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDHypoxia induces increased tumor growth by promoting angiogenic and glycolytic pathways. Tumors expressing hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α), an important transcriptional activator of oxygen‐regulated genes, are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The major challenge in prostate cancer therapy today is to gain a better understanding of the development of hormone‐refractory tumors, which is often characterized by neuroendocrine differentiation. Here we studied the expression of HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α in neuroendocrine cells of the benign prostate and in prostate cancer.METHODSTissue sections from 30 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and from 21 patients operated by transurethral resection of the prostate were selected for immunohistochemical analysis for expression of HIF‐1α, HIF‐2α, androgen receptor (AR), neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin A, synaptophysin), and two gene products downstream of HIF‐1α: VEGF and GAPDH.RESULTSImmunoreactive HIF‐1α was detected in a subpopulation of AR‐negative neuroendocrine cells in benign and malignant prostate tissue. Analysis of serial sections showed that the levels of expression of GAPDH and VEGF proteins are increased in AR‐negative malignant neuroendocrine cells expressing HIF‐1α. In situ‐hybridization indicated that HIF‐1α mRNA levels are not higher in neuroendocrine prostate cancer cells relative to corresponding non‐neuroendocrine tumor cells. We also demonstrated induced stabilization of nuclear HIF‐1α in LNCaP cells by hypoxia and long‐term stimulation with interleukin‐6. Focal HIF‐2 expression was detected in benign neuroendocrine‐like cells and in malignant prostatic cells.CONCLUSIONSThe expression of HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α in prostate cancer has been confirmed, but we also identified immunoreactive HIF‐1α and downstream gene products in benign and malignant prostate neuroendocrine cells. Prostate 67: 1219–1229, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antimicrobial activity of clove and rosemary essential oils alone and in combination
Authors: Fu YuJie , Zu YuanGang , Chen LiYan , Shi XiaoGuang , Wang Zhe , Sun Su , Efferth Thomas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the present study, the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) was tested alone and in combination. The compositions of the oils were analysed by GC/MS. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against three Gram‐positive bacteria, three Gram‐negative bacteria and two fungi were determined for the essential oils and their mixtures. Furthermore, time‐kill dynamic processes of clove and rosemary essential oils against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were tested. Both essential oils possessed significant antimicrobial effects against all microorganisms tested. The MICs of clove oil ranged from 0.062% to 0.500% (v/v), while the MICs of rosemary oil ranged from 0.125% to 1.000% (v/v). The antimicrobial activity of combinations of the two essential oils indicated their additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects against individual microorganism tests. The time‐kill curves of clove and rosemary essential oils towards three strains showed clearly bactericidal and fungicidal processes of 1/2 × MIC, MIC, MBC and 2 × MIC. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neem leaf preparation induces apoptosis of tumor cells by releasing cytotoxic cytokines from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Bose Anamika , Haque Enamul , Baral Rathindranath 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA neem leaf preparation (NLP) was investigated for its role in the induction of tumor cell apoptosis to elucidate the mechanism of NLP mediated immunoprophylaxis in tumor growth restriction. As NLP did not induce direct apoptosis of human tumor cell lines KB, MCF7 and K562, it was used instead to stimulate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for 72 h. The PBMC derived culture supernatant (NLP‐CS) was observed to induce the restriction of tumor cell proliferation as well as apoptosis. An enzyme linked immunosorbant assay revealed the presence of cytotoxic cytokines, IFN‐gamma and TNF‐alpha, in the NLP‐CS. The inhibition of secretion of IFN‐gamma and TNF‐alpha in NLP‐CS caused a significant decrease in tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, stimulation of these tumor cells with NLP‐CS resulted in upregulation of the caspase 3 and downregulation of the Bcl 2 and cyclin D1. These observations suggested that NLP could induce tumor cellular apoptosis by releasing cytotoxic cytokines from human PBMC. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Sarris Jerome 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper reports a critical review of 27 herbal medicines and formulas in treating a broad range of psychiatric disorders (in addition to anxiety and depression), including obsessive‐compulsive, seasonal affective, bipolar depressive, psychotic, phobic and somatoform disorders. Ovid Medline, Pubmed and the Cochrane Library were searched for pharmacological and clinical evidence of herbal medicines with psychotropic activity. A forward search of later citations was also conducted. Whilst substantial high‐quality evidence exists for the use of kava and St John's wort in the treatment of anxiety and depression respectively, currently there is insufficient robust clinical evidence for the use of many other herbal medicines in psychiatric disorders. Phytotherapies which potentially have significant use in psychiatry, and urgently require more research are Rhodiola rosea (roseroot) and Crocus sativus (saffron) for depression; Passiflora incarnata (passionflower), Scutellaria lateriflora (scullcap) and Zizyphus jujuba (sour date) for anxiety disorders; and Piper methysticum (kava) for phobic, panic and obsessive‐compulsive disorders. While depression and anxiety are commonly researched, the efficacy of herbal medicines in other mental disorders requires attention. The review addresses current issues in herbal psychotherapy: herbal safety, future areas of application, the relationship of herbal medicine with pharmaceuticals and the potential prescriptive integration of phytomedicines with synthetic psychotropic medicines. Particular attention is given to clinical and safety issues with St John's wort and kava. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Host factors involved in the replication of hepatitis C virus
Authors: Moriishi Kohji , Matsuura Yoshiharu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major causative agent of blood‐borne hepatitis. The majority of HCV‐infected individuals develop chronic hepatitis, which eventually progresses to liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the precise mechanisms of entry, replication, assembly, egress and pathogenesis of HCV are largely unknown, information about viral receptor candidates has accumulated by the development of pseudotype viruses and an in vitro replication system of the HCV JFH1 strain. Furthermore, the autonomous RNA replication system based on the artificial viral genome revealed that HCV replicates in the intracellular replication complex composed of viral and host proteins. Recently, an immunosuppress ant, cyclosporin A and inhibitors for sphingolipid synthesis and chaperon were reported to inhibit the replication of HCV by counteracting the interplay between host and viral proteins. This review considers the current knowledge of the host proteins that participate in HCV replication and the possibility of developing novel therapeutics intervention for chronic hepatitis C. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transvaginal sonographic findings of a large intramural uterine hematoma associated with iatrogenic injury sustained at termination of pregnancy
Authors: Sherer D. M. , Gorelick C. , Gabbur N. , Borowski D. , Serur E. , Zinn H. L. , Kheyman M. , Abulafia O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe report a case in which a patient presented with severe right lower abdominal pain associated with nausea and vomiting 3 days after termination of pregnancy. Transvaginal ultrasonography showed a large intramural mass in the anterior aspect of the lower segment of an acutely retroflexed uterus. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings were consistent with an intramural hematoma as a result of iatrogenic injury sustained during the preceding termination of pregnancy. The patient was managed expectantly. Systematic review of the literature confirmed that this is the first report of sonographic findings associated with an intramural uterine hematoma some days after the injury sustained at termination of pregnancy. This case supports utilization of real‐time ultrasound guidance during intrauterine surgery of selected cases to decrease procedure‐related morbidity. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of oil‐based pharmaceuticals
Authors: Smith Edward 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOils of animal, mineral and vegetable origin are used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals. In most cases the analysis of these pharmaceuticals requires the separation of the drug substance from the oil components prior to its quantitation, the required degree of separation depending on the specificity of the quantitation method. When the physical properties of the drug substance are quite similar to those of components of the oil, the separation of the drug becomes complex. Column partition chromatography provides an excellent means of separating steroids from the vegetable oil vehicles used in injectables. Both reverse phase and direct phase techniques are applied to the separation of the steroids from the glyceride, sterol and triterpenoid fractions of the oil. Illustrations are provided to demonstrate the application of thin layer chromatography, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, gel permeation chromatography and adsorption chromatography in the analysis of oil solutions, oil‐based dermatological preparations and suppositories.
Brassidic acid: Preparation from erucic acid and mechanism of elaidinization
Authors: Chang Shu‐Pei , Miwa Thomas K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBrassidic acid was prepared by elaidinization of 95% erucic acid with 4 mole % nitrous acid at 70 C for 30 min, followed by crystallization from 95% ethanol. Yield was 70%, and purity was 96–97% by gas liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The isomerization reaction was monitored by IRtrans absorption for optimal reaction rate and yield. There was no migration of the double bond. The NMR spectrum of thetrans protons was wide and complex with a chemical shift of 5.34 δ. The nitrous acid elaidinization, generally explained as a free radical process, is believed to be induced initially by the nitrogen dioxide anion (nitrite) and followed immediately by complex formation between the excited triplet anion and the olefin. The complex rotates to the opposite geometric configuration driven by a spin‐orbital coupling process.
Heterogeneous hydrogenation of fish oils: Kinetic determination of catalyst poisoning
Authors: Mørk P. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMackerel oil was hydrogenated with Nysel Ni catalyst at 170 C and atmospheric pressure. The dependence of the differential rates of hydrogenation on iodine value and catalyst concentration indicated that severe poisoning of the catalyst took place. Further experiments with addition of catalyst during the run as well as with prehydrogenation of the oil to various iodine values revealed the existence of three kinetically distinguishable poisoning effects: a rapid initial poisoning, probably due to the presence of sulfur compounds; a strong primary poisoning completed within the first few minutes of the hydrogenation; and a comparatively slow secondary poisoning reaching a state of equilibrium after 25–30 min of hydrogenation. Similar results were obtained with capelin oil as well as with other commercial catalysts. With soybean oil, no such poisoning effects were observed.
Influence of nonionic surfactant additive on the properties of ionic surfactant solutions
Authors: Muto Shinya , Inō Takashi , Meguro Kenjiro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate with a nonionic surfactant (a block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide) has been investigated by the measurement of conductivity, surface tension and viscosity. The break point on the equivalent conductivity‐square root of concentration diagram which gives the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of sodium dodecyl sulfate became less definite by the addition of the nonionic surfactant, because of the decrease in conductivity below the cmc and increase above the cmc. The steep decrease in reduced viscosity took place in dilute concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions. In the surface tension vs. concentration diagram, the concentration at which the two linear portions of the curve intersect represents the cmc. The addition of nonionic surfactant decreases this crossed point of sodium dodecyl sulfate and finally obscures the crossed point. These reults are interpreted in terms of an interaction between sodium dodecyl sulfate and nonionic surfactant.
Amine‐malonaldehyde condensation products and their relative color contribution in the thiobarbituric acid test
Authors: Buttkus H. , Bose R. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDifferent malonaldehyde‐amine condensation products were tested for their relative color contribution to the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, an indicator for oxidative rancidity of polyunsaturated lipids. The open chain mono‐ and disubstituted malonaldehyde (M) addition products (R‐N=CH‐CH=CHOH and R‐N=CH‐CH=CH‐NH‐R) gave complete (100%) recovery ofM on a mole basis. When theM residue was incorporated into cyclic products which formed between the ureido‐ or guanidino‐ substituents of α‐amino acids such as citrulline or arginine andM, recovery ofM by the TBA color test was 30% and 6%, respectively. Products, from imine‐amine type interactions, containing theM residue as in pyrazoline or pyrazole ring systems, released from 4% to noM.
Determination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk: A modified Jacobson, Harmeyer and Wiseman method
Authors: McKinney John D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA modification of the method of Jacobson, Harmeyer and Wiseman for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk is made, eliminating the column clean‐up which gives clean extracts, and good recoveries comparable to the parent procedure. Recoveries within the limits of visual comparison are obtained from spiked raw milk samples containing 0.3 ppb, and clean‐up is sufficient to quantitize levels of 0.2 ppb in naturally contaminated raw milk. Deproteinized milk (80% methanol extracts) is adjusted to a 50% methanol concentration with 4% sodium chloride solution and lipids removed by extraction with hexane. Aflatoxin M1 is extracted from the 50% methanol and sodium chloride phase with chloroform. The chloroform extract containing aflatoxin M1 is then washed with 4% sodium chloride solution dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated on a steam bath under nitrogen. The dry residue is then dissolved in chloroform and spotted on silica gel thin layer plate and developed according to the procedure of Stubblefield, Shotwell and Shannon.
Some problems involved in the water wash of neutralized vegetable oils
Authors: Braae Ben , Brimberg Ulla , Nyman Marianne 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAn investigation of the removal of soap from neutralized vegetable oils by washing with water has shown that some oils are obtained practically soap‐free after only one water wash whereas the soap in other oils cannot be removed even by repeated washing. Coconut, palm, and olive oils are easily washed whereas linseed and rapeseed oils are not. Peanut, sunflowerseed, soybean, and cottonseed oils are sometimes washable and sometimes not.With unwashable oils different methods for soap determination give inconsistent results because calcium and magnesium soaps, or other naturally‐occurring compounds of these metals, are not determined to the same extent by these methods. Calcium and magnesium in the crude oils are probably combined with phosphatides or other lipids and remain to some extent in this state after neutralization. Calcium and magnesium present as soaps or as any other compound may be detected easily in crude, neutralized, and washed oils by the titration method of Wolff.Washability of neutralized oils may be improved in a number of ways; the most efficient is pre‐treatment with concentrated phosphoric acid or re‐refining with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Either of these treatments can be applied in batch or continuous refining processes. To prevent contamination of washable oils with calcium and magnesium, soft water should be used for washing and in preparation of refining solutions.
Studies on castor oil. II. Hydrogenation of castor oil
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Kamath N. R. , Kane J. G. 
Published: June 2007

Summary
Products of low iodine value (<10.0) and hydroxyl value (35–40) can be readily obtained by hydrogenating castor oil at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures of the order of 220°, using 1.0% Raney nickel.
Dehydration of ricinoleic acid and subsequent hydrogenation of the resulting double bond as also simple saturation of ricinoleic acid are the main reactions occurring during the hydrogenation of castor oil under ordinary conditions.
Increase in the amount of catalyst favors more the hydrogenation of double bond at lower temperatures and both dehydration and hydrogenation at about 220°, which seems to be the optimum temperature for the maximum conversion of ricinoleic acid into nonhydroxy acids with both Raney and dryreduced nickel at atmospheric pressures.
Higher proportions of catalyst, addition of catalyst stepwise, and higher temperature of hydrogenation cause considerable splitting and estolide formation.
When hydrogenation is carried out at room temperature, under a pressure of 40 p.s.i. with alcohol as solvent, a product rich in monohydroxy stearic acid is obtained.
True unsaturation of hydrogenated castor oil is measured by the Wijs method at 15–20°C.
The use of coloring ingredients in fatty food products. Their physiology, chemistry, and stability
Authors: Geminder John J. , Macdonough E. Everett 
Published: June 2007

SummaryVegetable oil suspensions of ethyl bixin andbeta‐carotene, to which vitamin A may be added, have excellent stability and are readily adaptable for use in coloring margarine and other fatty food products. Based on normal finished product turnover these colorants maintain adequate stability. In frying fats and popcorn oils only FD&C Yellows 3 and 4 are completely stable.
Processing of edible peanut flour and grits
Authors: Ayres J. L. , Branscomb L. L. , Rogers G. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEdible peanut flour and grits have been produced by a commercial prepress solvent extraction method. The finished flour exhibits excellent extrusion‐expansion characteristics for use in both cereal and snack food items. Soluble carbohydrate profile indicates peanut flour is lower in raffinose and stachyose than commercial soy flour. The bland flavor and light tan color facilitates incorporation of peanut flour and grits into a wide range of food products.
Aqueous extraction—An alternative oilseed milling process
Authors: Cater Carl M. , Rhee Khee Choon , Hagenmaier Robert D. , Mattil Karl F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOil can be removed from oilseed materials by a process which consists of an aqueous extraction of the comminuted seed, followed by a centrifugal separation which divides the aqueous extract into oil, solid, and aqueous phases. The protein may be recovered in the solids or aqueous phase, depending upon the conditions selected. Unit operations of this process are grinding, solid‐liquid separation, centrifugation, demulsification, and drying of products. Aqueous extraction has been applied, to date, to coconuts and peanuts. For coconuts, a procedure has been developed to recover 93% of the oil and 91% of the protein. The major protein product is 25% protein and, when reconstituted in water, forms an acceptable beverage. The estimated production cost of this product is $.24/1b. For peanuts, the recovery of oil was 89% and protein 92% for the concentrate procedure, whereas the corresponding values for the isolate procedure were 86% and 89%, respectively. The costs of production were estimated as $.17/1b of concentrate (67% protein) and $.28/1b of isolate (89% protein). Aqueous extraction offers several advantages over conventional solvent extraction‐less initial capital investments, safer operation, capability of discontinuous operation, and production of a variety of products. Another advantage of aqueous processing is the capability for utilization of certain chemicals to remove or inactivate undesirable substances. In the case of peanuts, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypoehlorite have proven to be effective for destruetion of aflatoxins. Aqueous processing has the potential for application to a variety of other oilseeds.