bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient Suppression of Ipsilateral Primary Somatosensory Cortex during Tactile Finger Stimulation
Authors: Hlushchuk Yevhen , Hari Riitta 
Published: May 2006

The whole human primary somatosensory (SI) cortex is activated by contralateral tactile stimuli, whereas its subarea 2 displays neuronal responses also to ipsilateral stimuli. Here we report on a transient deactivation of area 3b of the ipsilateral SI during long-lasting tactile stimulation.We collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data with a 3 T scanner from 10 healthy adult subjects while tactile pulses were delivered at 1, 4, or 10 Hz in 25 s blocks to three right-hand fingers. In the contralateral SI cortex, activation [positive blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response] outlasted the stimulus blocks by 20 s, with an average duration of 45 s. In contrast, a transient deactivation (negative BOLD response) occurred in the ipsilateral rolandic cortex with an average duration of 18 s. Additional recordings on 10 subjects confirmed that the deactivation was not limited to the right SI but occurred in the SI cortex ipsilateral to the stimulated hand. Moreover, the primary motor cortex (MI) contained voxels that were phasically deactivated in response to both ipsilateral and contralateral touch.These data indicate that unilateral touch of fingers is associated, in addition to the well known activation of the contralateral SI cortex, with deactivation of the ipsilateral SI cortex and of the MI cortex of both hemispheres. The ipsilateral SI deactivation could result from transcallosal inhibition, whereas intracortical SI–MI connections could be responsible for the MI deactivation. The shorter time course of deactivation than activation would agree with stronger decay of inhibitory than EPSP at the applied stimulus repetition rates.
Regelung adaptronischer Systeme, Teil I: Piezoelektrische Strukturen (Control of Adaptronic Systems, Part I: Piezoelectric Structures)
Authors: Kugi Andreas , Thull Daniel , Meurer Thomas 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Dieser Beitrag setzt sich aus zwei Teilen zusammen und beschäftigt sich mit der Regelung adaptronischer Systeme anhand von zwei konkreten Anwendungen, nämlich einer piezoelektrischen Verbundstruktur im Teil I und einem elektrorheologischen Aktor im Teil II. Nach einer ausführlichen Übersicht über die systemtheoretischen Konzepte zur Regelung piezoelektrischer Strukturen widmet sich dieser erste Teil dem Problem der Trajektorienfolgeregelung für einen Trimorph Kragbalken mit Endmasse. Dabei ist es das Ziel, eine Regelung so zu entwerfen, dass innerhalb der technisch möglichen Grenzen die Auslenkung und der Winkel der Endmasse gleichzeitig und möglichst entkoppelt entlang vorgegebener Solltrajektorien geführt werden. Der Reglerentwurf basiert dabei direkt auf der partiellen Differenzialgleichung des Verbundbalkens und nutzt die Theorie der flachheitsbasierten Vorsteuerung in Kombination mit einer passivitätsbasierten Stabilisierung des Trajektorienfehlersystems. Die Brauchbarkeit des hier vorgestellten Konzeptes wird anhand von Simulationsstudien unter Zugrundelegung der Parameter eines kommerziell erhältlichen Trimorph Piezobiegers demonstriert.
Simulation of Adaptronic Structures (Simulation adaptronischer Strukturen)
Authors: Baier Horst , Müller Uwe 
Published: May 2006

Summary
Adaptronic structures contain integrated sensors, actuators and controllers. Their structural behaviour is triggered by a controller in such a way that the deformations and vibrations are as close as possible to the required ones. Here, typical steps in modelling and simulation of such adaptive structures are given together with some results obtained for a practical example of a large astronomical telescope.
Adaptronic Systems for Aerospace Applications (Adaptronische Systeme für Anwendungen in der Luftfahrt)
Authors: Boller Christian 
Published: May 2006

Summary
An overview of different activities related to the application of adaptronics is given, which includes structural health monitoring, shape control and active flow, damping of vibration and noise, and smart skins. Micro aerial vehicles are described as an interesting adaptronics demonstrator platform with aerospace in general being vigorously showing where adaptronics can be applied.
Preferential Solvation Effects on the Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Oxidation of Anilines by Chromium(VI)
Authors: Bhuvaneshwari D. S. , Elango K. P. 
Published: May 2006

Summary
The imidazolium fluorochromate (IFC) oxidation of fifteen meta - and para-substituted anilines, in varying mole fractions of benzene in 2-methylpropan-2-ol as mixtures, in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) is first order in IFC and TsOH and zero order in substrate. The various thermodynamic parameters for the oxidation have been reported and discussed. The validity of the isokinetic relationship and various linear free energy relationships have been tested and discussed. The activation free energy data failed to correlate with macroscopic solvent parameters such as εr and E
T
N. Correlation of Δ G
# with Kamlet–Taft solvatochromic parameters (α, β and π*) suggests that the specific solute–solvent interactions play a major role in governing the reactivity.
Study on the Structure Transition of CTAB/1-Butanol/Heptane/Water Microemulsions by Pt Ultramicroelectrode
Authors: Li Ling , Lu Yao , Du Xigang , Yang Zhenyu , Yang Zhengyu 
Published: May 2006

Summary
Ultramicroelectrode voltammetric measurements have been used in the microemulsions of CTAB/1-butanol/heptane/water to calculate the diffusion coefficient which can reflect the structure transition of the microemulsions. It is found that with increasing water content of microemulsions, the apparent diffusion coefficient (D
app) of the probe decreases monotonically with three transition points. The first two transition points indicate the change in the structure of microemulsions, that is from water in oil region to bicontinuous phase and then to oil in water region, while the third one differs from previous reports. The time resolved fluorescence quenching (TRFQ) technique has been carried out to obtain the aggregation number of the microemulsions in order to analyze the abnormal transition point. According to the TRFQ experiment, we find that the aggregation number of the microemulsion decrease with water content increasing between 50%–60%, and then tend to identical. These results suggest that the last transition point of the diffusion coefficient is because of the forces between oil droplets. The self-diffusion coefficient of oil droplet in the o/w region is calculated simultaneously. Based on these experimental results, we analyze the composition of the interface between oil and water.
FTIR Study of Molecular Interaction in Butyl Methacrylate–Organic Solvents Mixtures
Authors: Dharmalingam K. , Ramachandran K. , Sivagurunathan P. 
Published: May 2006

Summary
FTIR spectroscopic study of butyl methacrylate (BMA) in different pure organic solvents were undertaken to investigate the solute–solvent interactions. The frequency of carbonyl stretching vibration ν(C=O) of BMA is correlated with the solvent properties such as the KBM parameter, the solvent acceptor number (AN), and the linear salvation energy relationships (LSER). The solvent-induced stretching vibration frequency shifts showed a better correlation with LSER parameters than AN. While no linear correlation between dielectric constants and the frequencies showed that the KBM relationship was unsuitable for this molecule. Also the solvent effect on the strength of hydrogen bond formation between free OH group of 1-butanol and C=O group of BMA is discussed in terms of local specific interaction between the solute and solvent.
The Difference in Entropy Between a Stable and Metastable Phase as the Temperature Approaches Zero Kelvin
Authors: Wolf B. M. A. van der 
Published: May 2006

Summary
The free energy of two different phases not in equilibrium at the limit of zero Kelvin must be different. This difference in free energy can be related to the enthalpy and entropy, resulting in a general relation between the transition entropy and enthalpy at the limit of zero Kelvin.
Synthesis, Structure, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Li Substituted La/BaMnO3–δ
Authors: El-Sayed A. M. , Khalil M. Sh. 
Published: May 2006

Summary
The characterization of the polycrystalline La0.7Ba0.3MnO3-δ (LBM) and La0.7Ba0.3Mn0.9Li0.1O3-δ (LBMLi) samples synthesized via the polymerized complex, sol-gel technique indicates the formation of cubic perovskite crystal structure of both samples by sintering at 900ºC for 2h. Substitution of Mn by Li having smaller ionic radius, leads to decrease the lattice constant and the cell volume which gives rise to a small shift and small intensity difference of the XRD patterns. A nanocrystalline structure of LBMLi with particles in the size range of 30–100nm was obtained. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility of LBM and LBMLi were studied. The smaller electrical conductivity values and the calculated magnetic properties of Li substituted the Mn in LBM sample were investigated.
A NMR Study on the Interactions of 1-Alkyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids with Acetone
Authors: Zhai Cuiping , Wang Jianji , Zhao Yang , Tang Junming , Wang Hanqing 
Published: May 2006

Summary

1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts have been determined to investigate the interactions of acetone with room temperature ionic liquids ([C4mim][PF6], [C6mim][PF6], [C8mim][PF6] and [C6mim][BF4]) at various acetone mole fractions. Changes in the chemical shifts of hydrogen and carbon atoms of the above systems indicated that hydrogen bonds were formed between the ring protons, the methyl and methylene next to the nitrogen of the ionic liquids and the carbonyl oxygen of the acetone molecules. The strength of hydrogen bond was found to be influenced not only by the type of the anion but also by the length of alkyl chain on the imidazolium ring of cations. At the same time, ab initio calculations have been performed to support the NMR results.
Simple Sequence Repeat-Based Comparative Genomics Between Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis thaliana: The Genetic Origin of Clubroot Resistance
Authors: Suwabe Keita , Tsukazaki Hikaru , Iketani Hiroyuki , Hatakeyama Katsunori , Kondo Masatoshi , Fujimura Miyuki , Nunome Tsukasa , Fukuoka Hiroyuki , Hirai Masashi , Matsumoto Satoru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
An SSR-based linkage map was constructed in Brassica rapa. It includes 113 SSR, 87 RFLP, and 62 RAPD markers. It consists of 10 linkage groups with a total distance of 1005.5 cM and an average distance of 3.7 cM. SSRs are distributed throughout the linkage groups at an average of 8.7 cM. Synteny between B. rapa and a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, was analyzed. A number of small genomic segments of A. thaliana were scattered throughout an entire B. rapa linkage map. This points out the complex genomic rearrangements during the course of evolution in Cruciferae. A 282.5-cM region in the B. rapa map was in synteny with A. thaliana. Of the three QTL (Crr1, Crr2, and Crr4) for clubroot resistance identified, synteny analysis revealed that two major QTL regions, Crr1 and Crr2, overlapped in a small region of Arabidopsis chromosome 4. This region belongs to one of the disease-resistance gene clusters (MRCs) in the A. thaliana genome. These results suggest that the resistance genes for clubroot originated from a member of the MRCs in a common ancestral genome and subsequently were distributed to the different regions they now inhabit in the process of evolution.
RADPLAT: An Alternative to Surgery?
Authors: Alkureishi Lee W.T. , de Bree Remco , Ross Gary L. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Head and neck cancer frequently presents at a late stage, leading to a poor prognosis despite optimal treatment with surgery and/or radiotherapy. Chemotherapy for advanced disease has shown little benefit as a single-modality treatment, and the use of concurrent chemoradiation is limited by problems with severe toxicity at higher doses. RADPLAT is the acronym used to describe a new technique, combining intra-arterial delivery of cisplatin with systemic neutralization by i.v. sodium thiosulphate, and concurrent radiotherapy. This allows very high cisplatin dose intensities to be used while potentially minimizing adverse systemic effects. Initial results suggest that excellent locoregional control rates are achievable in patients with unresectable disease, with a favorable side-effect profile when compared with conventional chemoradiation protocols. In addition, RADPLAT may potentially be of benefit in selected patients with resectable disease, allowing for preservation of organ function and quality of life without compromising locoregional control or survival. While current phase II data are encouraging, phase III randomized controlled trials are required in order to directly compare RADPLAT with i.v. chemoradiation therapy, the current standard of care. This article reviews the evolution of the RADPLAT concept, from initial clinical trials to its current application in the treatment of patients with advanced head and neck cancer.
Lung Cancer Screening
Authors: Ganti Apar Kishor , Mulshine James L. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify the role of screening in the diagnosis of lung cancer.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of screening for lung cancer using CT scans.Describe the impact of advances in technology on screening for lung cancer.Name the nonimaging modalities that may play a role in lung cancer screening in the future.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Advances in imaging technology have ushered in a new era for lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals using computed tomographic (CT) scans. Although most published studies are nonrandomized observational cohorts of volunteers, the ability of CT scans to detect early stage lung cancer is undisputable. What is unresolved is the ability of spiral CT screening to affect lung cancer-related mortality. A large randomized trial sponsored by the National Cancer Institute to address this question is currently under way. Genomic and proteomic approaches promise to complement the ability of spiral CT to detect early lung cancer in the next few years. Currently, the decision to screen for lung cancer should involve a careful discussion with the individuals involved about the potential advantages, costs, and drawbacks of the approach.
Microstructure of cement-treated Singapore marine clay
Authors: Kamruzzaman A. H. M. , Chew S. H. , Lee F. H. 
Published: May 2006

This paper examines the microstructural behaviour of cement-treated soft Singapore marine clay. The microstructure was investigated using X-ray diffraction, (XRD) scanning electron microscopy, (SEM) mercury intrusion porosimetry, and laser diffractometric measurement of particle size distribution. The XRD analysis of cement-treated clay enables the identification of the formation of cementitious products, namely calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium aluminium silicate hydrate (CASH). The relative amount of cementitious products (CSH + CASH) is found to increase with increase of the cement content. The fabric of the treated clay changes to flocculated type, comprising clay-cement clusters separated by large intercluster voids with smaller intra-cluster pores, as can be seen from the SEM images of treated clay. This change is more pronounced with higher cement content and prolonged curing time. The flocculation of the clay particles also causes water to be trapped within the clay-cement cluster and increases both the effective size of the particles or cluster and the entrance pore diameter. This understanding clearly helps to explain the observed engineering behaviour of cement-treated clays commonly found in deep cement mixing or jet grouting techniques. Cet exposé examine le comportement microstructural d'une argile marine tendre de Singapour traitée au ciment. Nous avons étudié sa microstructure en utilisant une diffraction de rayons X, une microscopie électronique à balayage, une porosimétrie à intrusion de mercure et des mesures de diffractométrie laser pour la répartition de dimensions de particules. L'analyse XRD de l'argile traitée au ciment permet d'identifier la formation de produits cimenteux, nommément d'hydrate de silicate de calcium (CHS) et d'hydrate de silicate d'aluminium calcium (CASH). Il est apparu que la quantité relative de produits cimenteux (CSH + CASH) augmentait en même temps que la teneur en ciment. La structure de l'argile traitée devient floculée et comporte des noyaux d'argile-ciment séparés par de grands vides entre les noyaux et avec de pores plus petits à l'intérieur des noyaux. Ce changement est plus prononcé lorsque le contenu de ciment est plus élevé et que le temps de cuisson est plus long. La floculation des particules d'argile a pour effet de piéger l'eau à l'intérieur des noyaux argile-ciment et augmente à la fois la dimension effective des particules ou du noyau et le diamètre de pore d'entrée. Cette constatation aide clairement à expliquer le comportement mécanique observé des argiles traitées au ciment utilisées couramment dans les techniques de mixage profond ou d'injection de ciment.
Improving the performance of circular foundations using structural skirts
Authors: Al-Aghbari M. Y. , Mohamedzein Y. E.-A. 
Published: May 2006

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the behaviour of circular foundations with a structural skirt resting on sand. The structural skirts are fixed to the perimeter of the foundations, and can be used for new or existing shallow foundations. The test results indicate that this type of reinforcement increases the bearing capacity of subgrades and modifies the load–displacement behaviour of the footing. Skirt factors are proposed that take into account the variables that affect the bearing capacity, and they are used within the general bearing capacity equation for shallow circular foundations on sand. Also it was found that the structural skirts reduce the settlement of surface footings compared with footings without structural skirts. At a working stress equal to 50% of the ultimate bearing capacity, the settlement of a surface footing can be reduced to just 11% of that for a footing without a structural skirt. Cet exposé présente les résultats d'une étude expérimentale sur le comportement de fondations circulaires ayant une jupe structurale reposant sur le sable. Les jupes structurales sont fixées sur le pourtour des fondations et peuvent être utilisées pour les fondations peu profondes qu'elles soient en cours d'installation ou déjà installées. Les résultats des essais indiquent que ce type de renfort augmente la capacité porteuse des fonds de forme et modifie le comportement de charge-déplacement de l'assise. Nous proposons des facteurs de jupe qui prennent en compte les variables qui affectent la capacité porteuse; ces facteurs sont utilisés dans l'équation générale de capacité porteuse pour les fondations circulaires peu profondes sur le sable. Nous avons également trouvé que les jupes structurales montrent un affaissement des assises en surface inférieur à celui des assises sans jupes structurales. Avec une contrainte de travail égale à 50% de la capacité porteuse ultime, l'affaissement d'une assise de surface représente seulement 11% de celle d'une assiste sans jupe structurale.
Geotechnical properties of ballast and the role of geosynthetics in rail track stabilisation
Authors: Indraratna B. , Khabbaz H. , Salim W. , Christie D. 
Published: May 2006

The ballast and its engineering behaviour have a key role in governing the stability and performance of railway tracks. The deformation and degradation behaviour of ballast under static and dynamic loads was studied based on large-scale triaxial testing. The possible use of different types of geosynthetics to improve the performance of fresh and recycled ballast was also investigated. The research findings showed that the inclusion of geosynthetics improves the performance of ballasted tracks.Le ballast et son comportement mécanique ont une influence importante sur la stabilité et la performance des voies ferrées. Nous avons étudié le comportement de détérioration et de déformation du ballast sous charge statiques et dynamiques en nous basant sur des essais triaxiaux à grande échelle. Nous avons également étudié la possibilité d'utiliser divers types de géosynthétiques pour améliorer la performance du ballast neuf et recyclé. Les résultats de cette recherche ont montré que l'adjonction de géosynthétiques améliorait la performance des voies ballastées.
Acid-Sensitive Aluminosilicates: Dissolution Kinetics and Fluid Selection for Matrix-Stimulation Treatments
Authors: Hartman R. L. , Lecerf B. , Frenier W. , Ziauddin M. , Fogler H. S. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryDissolution kinetics of analcime (a zeolite), chlorite, and illite (layered aluminosilicates) are examined in hydrochloric and mixtures of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid systems. Dissolution kinetics were determined from batch reactor experiments in the temperature range of 25 to 100°C. The reaction progress was monitored by analysis of Al, Si, Fe, Mg, and Na concentrations in the aqueous phase. The reactivity of these aluminosilicates was compared with that of kaolinite under similar experimental conditions.Models for the reaction of the aluminosilicates with each acid are presented. The reaction kinetics incorporated into a geochemical simulator predict matrix-stimulation results for formations containing these minerals. Guidelines for design of matrixstimulation treatments for acid-sensitive formations are formulated.
High Strength, Ultralightweight Proppant Lends New Dimensions to Hydraulic Fracturing Applications
Authors: Rickards Allan R. , Brannon Harold D. , Wood William D. , Stephenson Christopher J. 
Published: May 2006

Summary
Since the earliest fracturing treatments more than 50 years ago, many different materials have been used including sand, glass beads, walnut hulls, and metal shot. Today's commonly used proppants include various sands, resin-coated sands, intermediate-strength ceramics, and sintered bauxite—each employed for its ability to cost-effectively withstand the respective reservoir closure stress environment. As the relative strength of the various materials increases, so too have the respective particle densities, ranging from 2.65 g/cm3 for sands to 3.4 g/cm3 for the sintered bauxite. Unfortunately, increasing particle density leads directly to an increasing degree of difficulty with proppant transport and a reduced propped-fracture volume for equal amounts of the respective proppant, thereby reducing fracture conductivity. Intuitively, one expects that a lesser-density proppant would be easier to transport, allowing for reduced demands on the fracturing fluids, and if it had sufficient strength, would provide increased width, and hence, enhanced fracture conductivity.
Previous efforts undertaken to employ lower-density materials as proppant have generally resulted in failure because of insufficient strength to maintain fracture conductivity at even the lowest of closure stresses (1,000 psi). Recent research on material properties has at last led to the development of an ultralightweight (ULW) material with particle strength more than sufficient for most hydraulic fracturing applications. The current ULW proppants have apparent specific gravities of 1.25 and 1.75 g/cm3. Laboratory tests will demonstrate exceptional fracture conductivity at stresses to 8,000 psi. This paper presents data illustrating the performance of the new ULW proppant over a broad range of conditions and a discussion of relative performance in field applications.