bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Digestion and Absorption of Lactose by the Intact Rat
Authors: Dahlqvist A. , Thomson D. L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe digestion and absorption of 2 different doses of lactose was compared with that of equivalent amounts of glucose and galactose. The sugars were administered intragastrically together with a water‐soluble, non‐absorbable marker, polyethylene glycol, in order to study the rate of movement of the sugars through the gastrointestinal tract and to determine their site of absorption. Only the larger dose of lactose showed an effect on the rate of transit of the sugars, and this effect was confined to the distal third of the small intestine. When the monosaccharides were fed, they were almost completely absorbed in the upper two‐thirds of the small intestine, glucose being absorbed more rapidly than galactose. Lactose was absorbed in all parts of the small bowel, and, after the larger dose, as much as 25% of the amount of sugar fed was absorbed from the colon. Large amounts of sugar were found in the distal small intestine and colon as long as 6 hours after lactose administration. The ceacal contents contain large amounts of lactase, a considerable fraction of which is enzymatically different from small‐intestinal mucosal lactase. This caecal lactase is probably of bacterial origin. In the small intestine, the rate of hydrolysis of lactose was rate‐limiting for its absorption. In the large bowel, lactose was hydrolysed more rapidly than the monosaccharides could be absorbed.
Further Studies on the Action of Thyroid Hormones on the Metabolism of Collagen
Authors: Kivirikko Kari I. , Koivusalo Martti , Laitinen Ossi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn experiments on rats, the effects of triiodo‐L‐thyronine and of hypothyroidism induced either by propylthiouracil or 131I on the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline were studied. Further, the content of 0.45 M NaCl‐soluble collagen hydroxyproline in the skin was determined in the experiment on hypothyroidism. In experiments with chick embryos the effect of the propylthiouracil treatment on free hydroxyproline and 1 M NaCl‐soluble collagen hydroxyproline was studied. The amounts of both free and total hydroxyproline excreted in the urine of rats increased after the administration of triiodo‐L‐thyronine and decreased greatly after the administration of propylthiouracil or 181I. In the skin of rats given 131I or propylthiouracil the content of 0.45 M NaCl‐soluble collagen hydroxyproline diminished but the decrease after propylthiouracil was not statistically significant. In chick embryos the relative amounts of free hydroxyproline and of 1 M NaCl‐soluble collagen hydroxyproline, expressed as a percentage of the total hydroxyproline, and the total amounts of hydroxyproline per embryo were lower in the propylthiouracil‐treated embryos than in the controls.
Inhibition of Gastric Acid Response to Sham Feeding in Pavlov Pouch Dogs by Acidification of Antrum
Authors: Anderson Sven , Olbe Lars 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe nervous phase of gastric acid secretion was studied on sham fed Pavlov pouch dogs with an isolated, innervated antrum. The sham feeding response was not inhibited by antral acidification to pH > 2.5. A slight but highly significant inhibition occurred at antral pH 2 and a substantial inhibition at antral pH 1–1.5. The results suggest that on vagal stimulation gastrin is released from the antrum at antral pH ≤ 2 in amounts sufficient to augment significantly the nervous secretory response. Inhibition of the sham feeding response by antral acidification was eliminated by a very low submaximal dose of intravenously administered gastrin in accordance with the hypothesis that depression of vagal release of gastrin is the main inhibitory mechanism elicited by antral acidification during the nervous phase of gastric acid secretion.
Histochemical and Biochemical Observations on the Effect of Reserpine on Noradrenaline Storage in Vasoconstrictor Nerves
Authors: Fuxe Kjell , Sedvall Göran 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTissue sections of cat skeletal muscle were analysed for adrenergic fibres by a specific histochemical fluorescence technique. Fibres with green fluorescence and varicosities typical of adrenergic fibres were seen almost exclusively surrounding the external muscular layer of the small arteries in the tissue. No adrenergic nerve fibres could be detected after postganglionic sympathetic denervation of the muscles. Reserpine (5 mg/kg i.v.) caused a complete disappearance of the fluorescence of the fibres within a few hours after administration. Decentralization of the sympathetic nerves to the muscles prevented the fibres from losing fluorescence after reserpine. An infusion of noradrenaline 24 hours after reserpine administration caused a reappearance of fluorescent nerve fibres of practically normal appearance. A certain amount of noradrenaline could be detected by biochemical assay both in decentralized muscles 5 to 9 hours after reserpine administration and in muscles from reserpine‐treated animals in which noradrenaline had been infused. The data support the view that a small amount of noradrenaline can be retained in adrenergic nerves by mechanisms which are resistant to the effect of reserpine.
Influence of Nethalide on the Phosphorylase Activating Effects of Adrenaline and Isoprenaline in Experiments on Isolated Rat Diaphragm
Authors: Mohme‐Lundholm Ella , Svedmyr Nils 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNethalide at a concentration of 10‐4totally inhibited the phosphorylase‐activating effect of L‐adrenaline or L‐isoprenaline at a concentration of 10‐5in experiments on isolated rat diaphragm.
Observations on Antigen‐Induced Histamine Release from Rabbit Skin
Authors: Westerholm Barbro 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAntigen, 1 mg/ml, caused low but significant histamine release from chopped abdominal skin of rabbit. Release was dependent upon pH and temperature. Certain enzyme inhibitors such as allicin (SH group inhibitor) and ninhydrin (NH2, group inhibitor) blocked release. Reduced glutathione reversed the inhibitory action of allicin. Dinitrophenol and anoxia inhibited release only in glucose‐free medium. The results suggest that in rabbit the antigen‐induced histamine release from skin follows a similar pathway to that of the anaphylactic histamine release from rat and guinea‐pig tissues and occurs after activation of a process requiring energy from oxidative or glycolytic processes.
Effect of Histamine and Insulin on Eosinophils and Mast Cells in the Rat Gastric Mucosa1
Authors: Räsänen Toimi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe number of mast cells in the mucosa of the glandular stomach of the rat decreased on account of degranulation 2–4 hours after histamine and insulin injections and after ingestion of food. Re‐granulation of the mast cells occurred in a later phase. Morphological changes were established in the mast cell granules during gastric stimulation. Tissue eosinophilia of the lamina propria of the glandular stomach increased at the beginning of the stimulation, decreasing in a later phase. Lethal insulin shock caused an increase in the tissue eosinophilia of the glandular stomach. The role of the heparin and histamine contained in the mucosal mast cell granules during the stimulation of the gastric mucosa, in the phase in which the ion changes and local heparinemia in the mucosal lamina propria perhaps provoke inhibition of eosinolysis, is suggested.
An Occlusive Mechanism in the Fallopian Tube of the Rabbit
Authors: Brundin Jan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe study was undertaken'to determine whether a preovulatory occlusive mechanism in the isthmus of the rabbit Fallopian tube separates the cavity of the ampule from that of the uterus, as is the case after ovulation. An in vitro method for the recording of the intraluminal pressure variations of the isolated rabbit Fallopian tube has been used and is described. Evidence for the existence of an active occlusive mechanism in the isthmus of the estrous rabbit Fallopian tube is presented and discussed. There is a difference in the sensitivity of the Fallopian tube and the uterine horn to noradrenaline and acetylcholine. The ampullary region is more sensitive to acetylcholine than is the uterine horn, which is more sensitive to noradrenaline than the ampulla.
Effect of Vagotomy, Vagus Stimulation and Various Drugs on the Substance P Content in the Small Intestine of the Rabbit
Authors: Radmanovic B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCervical vagotomy significantly increased the Substance P (SP) content in the rabbit's small intestine, from 2.8 ± 0.2 U/g to 7.2 ± 0.6 U/g. Stimulation of either right or left vagus in the neck significantly decreased SP in the same tissue from 2.8 ± 0.2 to 1.0 ± 0.2 U/g. The SP values increased 15 min after cessation of stimulation and reached control values within 30 min. Physostigmine significantly decreased the SP content in the rabbit's intestine to 1.7 ± 0.2 U/g; while no definite effect was observed after administration of hexamethonium, chlorisondamine, atropine, reserpine, chlorpromazine, p‐hydroxymercuribenzoate or nicotine. It is suggested that vagus stimulation and physostigmine deplete the SP stores in some peripheral nervous structures in the intestine. Conversely, vagus section may allow a replenishing of the stores.
Capillary Permeability in Skeletal Muscle during Rest and Activity
Authors: Arturson G. , Kjellmer I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn exercising skeletal muscle fluid is filtered from the blood stream to the interstitial space. The filtration process is facilitated by an increase of the capillary filtration coefficient. This coefficient is dependent upon capillary surface area and capillary permeability. The present study was designed to ascertain whether the capillary permeability increases in exercising muscle. The permeability of the capillary membrane was studied in two dogs. Dextran of different molecular sizes was injected intravenously, after which the concentration of the dextran in pure muscle lymph was compared with that in arterial plasma. The ratio between these concentrations did not change significantly when exercise was simulated by repeated stimulation of the motor nerve. It is therefore concluded that capillary permeability does not change during muscular exercise.
Cyclic Variation in the Body Temperature of the Male Rabbit
Authors: Degerman G. , Kihlström J. E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDaily recordings of body temperature in male rabbits have been shown to vary cyclically. The mean length of these cycles is very close to that of the cyclic variations in the sexual functions of the male rabbit previously found. Further the coincidence in phase between the cycles of the body temperature and those of the seminal volumes is statistically significant.
Comparative Investigation of the Calorigenic and Lactic Acid Stimulating Effects of Isoprenaline and Adrenaline in Experiments on Rabbits
Authors: Lundholm Lennart , Svedmyr Nils 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe stimulating effects of DL‐isoprenaline and L‐adrenaline on oxygen consumption and lactic acid production were compared in experiments on rabbits. In doses which produced a submaximal response DL‐isoprenaline was, for both effects, 4–5 times as potent a stimulant as L‐adrenaline. Although the calorigenic action of isoprenaline was largely referable to increased lactic acid oxidation, the fact that isoprenaline, in the doses tested, markedly stimulated the heart rate suggests that an increased cardiac activity contributed to the calorigenic effect. Intra‐arterial infusion of isoprenaline into the brachial artery increased the elimination of lactic acid from skeletal muscle while commensurately augmenting the blood flow. It seems probable that the vasodilator effect of isoprenaline in the rabbit stemmed, at least in part, from increased lactic acid production in the skeletal muscle. — The relations for doses of L‐isoprenaline, L‐adrenaline and L‐noradrenaline which produced equal lactic acid producing and calorigenic effects in the rabbit were 1: 9: 120.
Uterine Motility of the Estrogenized Rabbit
Authors: Setekleiv Johannes 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe myometrial response to rapid distension consists of a quick contraction, the early stretch response, followed by an increase in the rhythmic activity. The latency and amplitude of the early contraction has been studied during increasing degrees of distension and during repetitive distensions. The frequency of the rhythmic contractions increases with increasing distension; the amplitude and the external work performed by each contraction at first increases and later decreases. Data obtained from isometric and isotonic recordings indicate that the pacemaker activity is not directly related either to the intra‐uterine volume or to the intra‐uterine pressure but rather to the tension in the myometrial cells. The independency with which the two horns respond to distension, the lack of effect of local and spinal anesthesia and of autonomic blocking agents indicates that the active response to distension is of myogenic origin. The intra‐uterine pressure is not maintained during constant distensicn but decreases at first rapidly, later more slowly.
Uterine Motility of the Estrogenized Rabbit
Authors: Setekleiv Johannes 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe amplitude of the uterine contraction elicited by a few seconds stimulation of the hypogastric nerve depends on: (1) the stimulus frequency. the contraction being maximal at 30 to 50 cps; (2) the excitability of the myometrium, being increased in a period from 20 to 60 sec following a preceding stimulus, and; (3) the degree of uterine distension. Whereas stimulation for a few seconds elicits a single contraction, prolonged stimulation (for several minutes) at low frequencies (5–10 cps) evokes a series of rhythmic contractions. Prolonged stimulation at frequencies above 10 cps causes in addition a transient elevation of the minimum pressure. I. v. administration of cocaine does not potentiate the response to hypogastric nerve stimulation, whereas potentiation by cocaine is obtained when the agent are applied intra‐uterinely. This effect, as well as the response to adrenergic blocking agents, indicate the presence of adrenergic fibres in the hypogastric nerve supplying the myometrium. Evidence for cholinergic fibres to uterus in the hypogastric nerve was not obtained. The uterine response to splanchnic nerve stimulation differs from the response to hypogastric nerve stimulation by a longer latency and by a more gradual onset.
Effect of Ethionine on the Incorporation of Palmitic Acid‐1‐C14 into Rat Serum Lipoproteins
Authors: Karvinen Esko , Koskimies Olli , Miettinen Matti 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEthionine administration to female rats had no significant effect on the radioactivity of the serum chylomicron fraction after ingestion of palmitic acid‐1‐C14. On the other hand, ethionine administration resulted in a decrease in the incorporation of palmic‐acid‐1‐C14 into the serum albumin plus α1lipoprotein fraction and into the α2lipoprotein fraction. There was no significant difference in the activity of the serum β lipoprotein fraction between the ethionine and control rats. Total liver fat and the total amount of palmitic acid‐1‐C14 incorporated in the liver fat were significantly higher in the ethionine treated animals than in the saline controls. However, the relative specific activity of the liver fat of the ethionine treated group was lower than that of the controls.
Studies on Heart Lymph
Authors: Areskog N.‐H. , Arturson G. , Grotte G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAreskog, N.‐H., G. Arturson and G. Grotte. Studies on heart lymph. I. Kinetics of 131I‐albumin in dog heart‐lung Preparations. Acta physiol. scand. 1964. 62.209–217. — The transport of 131I‐albumin from plasma to lymph was studied in dog heart‐lung preparations. Cannulation of a lymph vessel mainly draining the left ventricle was performed. After injection of the labelled substance, plasma mixing was complete within a few minutes. The plasma concentration of the tracer was constant for 2–3 hours. During this time plasma and heart‐lymph samples were collected. The increase in the concentration of the labelled substance in heart‐lymph showed a time course indicating that the substance from the intra‐vascular compartment was mainly distributed to a single extra‐vascular compartment. The data could thus be fully explained by a two‐compartment model and the permeability constants and the size of the extra‐vascular albumin space drained by the lymphatic canola could be calculated.The present experimental approach therefore allowed a “quantitative lymph experiment”, i. e. the size of the extra‐vascular albumin space drained by a lymphatic cannula could be defined and also an idea of the amount of albumin filtered across the capillary walls and the rate of removal of albumin from the extra‐vascular space via the lymphatics was obtained.
Exchange of I131‐Albumin in Acute Inflammatory Oedema
Authors: Hvidberg Eigill , Langgård Hans , Schou Jens , Szporny Laszlo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe shift of protein between plasma and experimentally induced inflammatory oedema has been studied in mice after intravenous injection of radioiodinated human serum albumin. Calculations were based on the difference between the total amounts or radioactivity in inflamed skin samples and self control samples of equal surface areas. It was demonstrated that during the initial 15 min of the inflammatory process the oedema contained less radioactivity per unit weight than the plasma. Subsequent to this point, however, the activity increments of the inflamed tissue could be accounted for in terms of extravasated plasma. It was further shown that human serum albumin injected intravenously to mice disappears from the plasma according to a linear function in a semilogarithmic system. The disappearance half time was 99 min in control animals but 32 min in mice with localized inflammatory oedema. The average plasma volume of mice weighing 25 g was 1,1 ml as determined by means of radioiodinated human serum albumin.
Uterine Motility of the Estrogenized Rabbit
Authors: Setekleiv Johannes 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUterine contractions were elicited by electrical stimulation of points located in the lateral part of the medulla oblongata, whereas inhibitory responses were induced from the midline medullary region. Cerebellar stimulation determined an inhibition of the rhythmic uterine activity followed by a rebound effect, on cessation of the stimulation. From the hypothalamus three different responses were obtained: (i) excitatory effects from the perifornical, the dorsal, lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas due to sympathetic ac‐rivation, (ii) uterine excitation by oxytocin liberation induced from the ventromedial part of the hypothalamus, and (iii) inhibition of the uterine rhythmic activity by stimulation of a restricted region in the lateral hypothalamic area. Excitatory responses were also evoked from the amygdala, from sensorimotor cortex, and the anterior limbic region. Inhibitory uterine tesponses were produced from the two cortical areas just mentioned as well as from the orbital surface.
Der Effekt plethysmografischer Fullungsdrucke bis 20 cm H2O auf die lokale Extremitätendurchblutung
Authors: Graf Klaus , Rosell Sune 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe local circulatory effects of the pressure in flexible air‐filled segmental plethysmographs applied to the human forearm and the hind leg of the cat were investigated. The rate of arterial inflow was measured both by means of a plethysmograph and by either thermal conductivity recorders or a drop recorder. The forearm blood volume capacity was measured. Pressures in the plethysmograph less than 5 cm H2O did not affect the circulation. In the forearm, pressures in the plethysmograph of 10 and 20 cm H2O caused partial venous occlusion and thereby reduced the local vascular capacity by about 10–15 and 30–35 per cent respectively. Raising the plethysmograph pressure from 5 to 10 cm H2O did not influence the arterial inflow rate or produced a slight increase. However, after deep forearm nerve blockade a decrease of arterial inflow rate was produced. At pressures in the plethysmograph higher than 10–15 cm H2O a reduction of the arterial inflow in the forearm usually occurred, and was probably more pronounced in the vessels of the skin than those of the deeper tissues. The local effects on arterial inflow of plethysmograph filling pressures higher than 5 cm H2O may therefore consist of a simultaneous tendency to mechanical obstruction of outflow (“passive” component) and a counteracting vasodilatation of the resistance vessels (“reactive” component) which compensates or overcompensates within a certain range for the increasing filling pressure.
Reabsorption of Inorganic Sulfate by the Renal Tubules of the Rat
Authors: Berglund Fredrik 
Published: December 2008

AbstractReabsorption of inorganic sulfate by the renal tubules was measured in the rat by means of a constant infusion technique. Plasma sulfate concentration was varied between 1.1 and 4.6μmole/ml. When glomerular filtration rate was measured by inulin clearance there seemed to be reabsorption at low sulfate levels but secretion at higher levels. When polyethylene glycol of molecular weight 1,000 or 400 was used instead of inulin, the calculated values for glomerular filtration rate were almost twice as high, and reabsorption of filtered sulfate exhibited a Tm (transfer maximum) of 1.02μmole/ml glomerular filtrate. The Tm is of the same order of magnitude as in the dog (1.65μmole/ml glomerular filtrate) and man (0.97μmole/ml glomerular filtrate). Carinamide had no effect, indicating that tubular secretion of sulfate is absent or insignificant. Neither did phlorizin have any effect, contrary to expectations from earlier experiments on the intact dog and on kidney cortex slices of the rat.
The Tissue Distribution and Metabolism in the Rat of Intravenously Injected Labeled Fat Emulsions
Authors: Belfraoe Per , Edgren Bo , Olivecrona Thomas 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn artificial fat emulsion containing H3‐palmitic acid labeled triglycerides was injected intravenously into rigorously carbohydrate‐fed rats. One group was given a small dose (5.6 mg lipid), and another group a large dose (136 mg lipid). Radioactivity in blood and tissue lipids was studied at a series of time intervals. The label disappeared rapidly from the circulating blood and most of it was taken up by the liver and the spleen. The hepatic uptake of radioactivity showed an inverse relationship to dosage, while the reverse was true for the splenic uptake. In both instances hepatic and splenic uptake was greater than in previous experiments using labeled chylomicrons. The label taken up by the liver was first present almost exclusively in the non‐phospholipid fraction, but subsequently label appeared in the liver phospholipids.In a second experiment an artificial soybean emulsion containing tracer amounts of G14‐glycerol‐H3‐palmitic acid labeled triglycerides was injected into rigorously carbohydrate‐fed rats. In this experiment only the ratios C14/H3 in the tissue lipids were studied. The data indicated that the fat emulsion triglyceride was taken up without prior hydrolysis into the liver and spleen.