bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comment on Emery and Edwards’ “Archaeological Potential of the Atlantic Continental Shelf”
Authors: Salwen Bert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAfter expressing general agreement with the major conclusions reached by Emery and Edwards, the author comments on two points. 1. He takes issue with the oft repeated assertion that Archaic peoples of the Northeast coast did not “learn to eat marine mollusks,” and suggests, instead, an environmental explanation for the absence of shellfish debris from some Archaic sites. 2. He adds to the list of archaeological sites now under water, points out that, at some of these, artifactual materials seem to have been protected from scattering by the development of peat layers over the occupation areas, and he suggests that this fact may hold out hope for the future discovery of relatively undisturbed drowned sites in the waters off the Atlantic Coast.
Mississippian Chiefdoms and the Fission-Fusion Process
Authors: Blitz John H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the American Southeast, the simple-complex chiefdom cycle is the predominant model of sociopolítical development applied to the Precolumbian ranked societies known as Mississippian. In this paper, mound-center settlement patterns in the South Appalachian area are reviewed. Most of these distributions fail to conform to the hierarchy of centers predicted by the simple-complex chiefdom model. Contrary to the model, an absence of primary-secondary center hierarchies implies that extension of regional administrative control was not the primary determinant of mound-center distributions. A review of ethnohistorical sources suggests that another sociopolitical mechanism, the fission-fusion process, created the majority of mound-center settlement patterns through the aggregation or dispersal of basic political units. The fission-fusion process was the product of efforts by factional leaders to resolve the conflicting values of autonomy and security. Unlike the simple-complex chiefdom dichotomy, the fission-fusion model encompasses a greater diversity of Mississippian political forms and provides an alternative explanation for changes in mound center size, complexity, and location.
The Barnes Site: A Fluted Point Assemblage
from the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Wright Henry T. , Roosa William B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA collection from a small Late Wisconsin site is described. This assemblage exhibits a distinctive coreworking technique and a distinctive variety of fluted points. It is dated on geological grounds to between 11,000 B.C. and 9000 B.C. at a time when spruce stands were probably becoming established in the area. The contrasts between this assemblage and others described from Northeastern North America suggest a number of hypotheses not testable with the available data.
Inferences about Prehistoric Ceramics and People in Southeast Missouri: Results of Ceramic Compositional Analysis
Authors: Lynott Mark J. , Neff Hector , Price James E. , Cogswell James W. , Glascock Michael D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCeramic compositional studies using Instrument Neutron Activation Analysis indicates that it is possible to distinguish between ceramics manufactured from clays originating in the Central Mississippi River valley and clays originating in the Eastern Ozarks. The study also documents that shell-tempered ceramics were being made from Eastern Ozark clays during the period A.D. 700 to A.D. 1000. Shell-tempered ceramics made from clays originating in the Western Lowlands also are found at sites in the Eastern Ozarks during this time period, providing evidence for interaction between the Eastern Ozarks and Central Mississippi River valley.
A Corner-Tang Artifact from Oregon
Authors: Stephenson Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

During the cataloging of a collection of some 650 tiny projectile points from the banks of the Columbia River in Columbia County, Oregon, an unusual specimen was brought to light. All but five of the points in the collection are under 3/4 inch in length and are proportionately narrow and thin. The five larger specimens were, then, immediately outstanding. Of these, one is of the corner-tang variety. It is 2.13 inches long, 1 inch wide, and 0.36 inch thick. It is made from a tan, slightly opalitic chalcedony,8 a material which is quite common in the collections of chipped stone artifacts from the lower Columbia River area.The specimen is of the type that Patterson has called “diagonal corner-tang” and possesses a small crescent notch on the side opposite the tang. The tang is quite narrow and pointed. The chipping is somewhat rough and uneven, and on one side there appears to be something of a channel groove running approximately two-thirds the length of the specimen. This is, in all probability, quite accidental.
Was Tobacco Smoked in the Pueblo Region in Pre-Spanish Times?
Authors: Jones Volney H. 
Published: April 2006

In discussing recently the modern cultivation of tobacco among the Pueblo Indians, Leslie A. White remarked that “archaeologists have no evidence of the use of tobacco among the Pueblos in prehistoric times.” He further added that it seems that “tobacco was not used among the Pueblos prior to the advent of the white man.” These statements are counter to the rather firmly established opinion that tobacco must have been smoked in the pipes which are found in archaeological sites in the Southwest. As rumblings of consternation and dissent have been provoked by White's remarks, it seems in order to review briefly some of the data relative to this question.Less surprise might have been occasioned had White worded his remark to read that no direct or tangible evidence of tobacco has come from archaeological sites in the area.
An Atlatl from the Baylor Rock Shelter, Culberson County, Texas
Authors: Fenenga Franklin , Wheat Joe Ben 
Published: April 2006

During the early spring of 1938, a collector from Van Horn, Gilbert Monk, carried on superficial excavations at the Baylor Rock Shelter twelve miles north of Van Horn in Culberson County, Texas. His digging yielded crude yucca sandals, fiber cordage, undecorated pottery sherds, fragments of compound darts, a tumpline forehead band, a cache of chipped flints including a drill, a projectile point, and three knives, and a complete atlatl.It is the resemblance of this last specimen to the Cimarron atlatl, and the general emphasis on the atlatj-bow chronology that suggested to the writers the desirability of describing this implement in some detail, although a complete excavation of the Baylor Shelter and a description of the other artifacts is planned for the near future.The atlatl is complete except for the finger loops (see Figure 9). I t is made of a hard, straight-grained wood, possibly mesquite, and is highly polished.
The Mazatec Calendar
Authors: Weitlaner Robert J. , Weitlaner Irmgard 
Published: April 2006

In the chapter on the Mazatec language of his “Zentral-Amerika” Dr. Walther Lehmann mentions the fact that Dr. Wilhelm Baur had found the tonalamatl among the Mazatec Indians, but he did not give the names of the twenty days.During the months of January and February, 1936, while in Usila, a western Chinantec town, the junior author obtained information regarding a Mazatec calendar from Adalberto Gonzalez, a native ( Mazatec from Huautla Jimenez. This informant remembered names of twelve months, and meanings of some.
A Note on the Maya Venus Table
Authors: Merrill Robert H. 
Published: April 2006

To permit the entire six Dresden codex pages 24, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 to be seen within the purview of a single page, the Gates restoration is here photographed together with a partial translation (Fig. 7). This facilitates following the procedure detailed on pages 94–8 of “Maya Astronomy“ by Dr. John E. Teeple1 and on pages 209–13 of “Astronomical Tables of the Maya” by Dr. Maud W. Makemsen, for predicting the four Venus phase limits; and is intended to supplement the writer's discussion on pages 35–8 of American Antiquity (Vol. XII, July, 1946).The English rendering of Maya day names and month names may assist the student unfamiliar with these particular hieroglyphs in the original manuscript.
Beveled Artifacts in Florida of the Same Type as Artifacts Found near Clovis, New Mexico
Authors: Jenks Albert Ernest , Simpson H. H. 
Published: April 2006

In the spring of 1937 I first saw beveled artifacts in Florida. They were in the extensive catalogued collection of Florida Indian artifacts gathered by the H. H. Simpson family of High Springs, Florida. During that year, two specimens of the same type of beveled artifact were published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. These latter specimens had been excavated from a pit of pluvial gravel near Clovis, New Mexico, by a field party led by Dr. Edgar B. Howard during the summer of 1936. The three Florida artifacts described herein were found, in a total of seven pieces, by the Simpsons, beginning in June, 1927, in the bed of a Florida river.The New Mexico artifacts were found in cultural association with typical “Folsom” chipped points; both beveled artifacts and Folsom points were in close physical association with skeletal remains of extinct animals.
Phosphorus Accumulation in Soil of an Indian Habitation Site
Authors: Dietz Eugene F. 
Published: April 2006

At the former habitation sites of aboriginal Indians considerable animal refuse must have been discarded close to their tents or houses. This material would have been largely composed of animal and bird bones, fish remains, and so on, rich in phosphorous. Accumulations of these wastes would have been left behind after abandoning the place, to slowly decay and percolate into the soil by rainwater.In the humid regions, the visible evidence of such remains may have long since disappeared on an old campsite; however, the soil must have been enriched in phosphorus, and this enrichment might still be ascertainable by soil analysis.
Archaeological Implications of the Modern Pottery of Acatlán, Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Foster George M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe foot-turned parador or mobile pottery support used at Acatlán is very similar to the kabal used at the Maya village of Mama, Yucatán. It is viewed as an extension of the Maya kabal technique into the mold-technique area of central Mexico. It is suggested that the principle of the Maya kabal and its Acatlán counterpart may have been known and used by the Olmec of La Venta. Several vessels from La Venta which resemble the Mama type of kabal offer evidence for the possible antiquity of the kabal-parador technique of pottery making.
A Fluted Point from Long Island, N. Y.
Authors: Smith Arthur George 
Published: April 2006

Although fluted points are not very numerous in New York, it was there that they were first recognized as a distinct type under the name of “Seneca River Points” (Beauchamp, 1897, p. 21, Fig. 13, 14).The majority of the New York finds have been in the central section of the state and along the shores of Lake Champlain and Lake George. A search of the literature, and correspondence with both professional and amateur archaeologists, has revealed no known finds of fluted points closer to the coastal area than one at Colonie in Albany County, New York. This was of an exotic quartz (Ritchie, 1951, personal communication). Therefore the finding of a fluted point in eastern Long Island extends the known range of the type.
The Lehner Mammoth Site, Southeastern Arizona
Authors: Haury Emil W. , Sayles E. B. , Wasley William W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1955-56 the Arizona State Museum excavated an elephant-kill site on the Lehner ranch in the San Pedro valley, near Hereford, Arizona, and found 13 projectiles, mainly Clovis fluted points, eight butchering tools, and charcoal from two fires among the remains of nine immature mammoths and elements of horse, bison, and tapir. Bones and artifacts occurred on and in gravels of a former perennial stream exposed in the modern arroyo bank. Most or all of the animals were probably killed over a comparatively short period by hunters identified with the Llano complex by the Clovis points. The Lehner site and the nearby Naco site represent the southwesternmost extent of the presently known range of the Llano complex. The post-kill sequence of alluviation and erosion supports a geological age of 13,000 or more years for both bones and artifacts. Arizona, Michigan, and Copenhagen radiocarbon measurements of hearth charcoal indicate a date of 11,000 to 12,000 B.P. Since these dates are substantially older than the oldest radiocarbon assays for the Sulphur Spring stage of the Cochise culture, it is probable that the transition from big-game hunting to collecting is reflected in the change from Llano complex to Cochise culture, and that this shift in economic emphasis took place before the complete extinction of the late Pleistocene megafauna.
Historic Creek Pottery from Oklahoma
Authors: Quimby George I. , Spoehr Alexander 
Published: April 2006

Despite the remarkable progress manifest in the archaeology of the Southeast, there remains an appreciable gap in our historical perspective between ethnological horizons and late period archaeological material. Pottery is one highly important time-indicator that persisted into historic times, yet for one of the major Southeastern tribes— the Creeks—pottery in ethnological museum collections is rare. For this reason, the authors here describe the single Creek pot in the Southeastern ethnological collection of the Chicago Natural History Museum. To our knowledge, this piece of pottery has not been described in print before.The specimen shown in Figures 82 and 83 was received by the museum from the Department of Ethnology, World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. I t forms part of a small accession of ethnological material collected among the Creeks in 1892 by George T. Shurtleff in, or in the immediate vicinity of, Muskogee, Creek Nation, Indian Territory. Although the documentation is scanty, the writers believe that the pot is of bona fide Creek manufacture.
An Archaeological Survey in the Strait of Belle Isle Area
Authors: Harp Elmer 
Published: April 2006

This paper is a preliminary descriptive report of an archaeological reconnaissance undertaken during the summer of 1949 in southern Labrador and northern Newfoundland. The project will be continued in the summer of 1950, but since the prehistory of the area is both interesting and relatively unknown, I have thought it worth-while to write a brief account of the work as far as it has progressed.The general purposes of the investigation are to delineate the culture of the Beothuck, or Red Indians, who once inhabited Newfoundland, and to trace their derivation; to clarify the manifestations of Cape Dorset Eskimo culture first noted in Newfoundland by Jenness (1929) and Wintemberg (1939, 1940); and to check on the possibilities of contact between the Beothuck and Dorset Eskimo with a view to tracking the diffusion of certain traits which, it is believed, occurred during the Archaic period.
Radiocarbon Dates—A Suggestion
Authors: Abel Lee 
Published: April 2006

As we read the archaeological reports of recent years, many of us are becoming slightly appalled at the vast store of information that is coming to us each month ffpm the laboratories processing radiocarbon specimens. This material is rapidly being absorbed into the archaeological literature where, in its present form, it presents a slightly confusing picture. Most of us learned our archaeological chronologies in the old Gregorian calendrical system and to have, for example, a date of 8431 ± 475 B.P. suddenly thrown at us gives our delicate nervous systems quite a shock. Undoubtedly many archaeologists will confess that they must mentally subtract 1950 years from such a radiocarbon date to be able to fit it into their long-established chronological systems.A more serious criticism is this: the literature is rapidly becoming flooded with radiocarbon dates, dating back at present from the years between 1948 and 1953. The physicists seem to feel that time stopped somewhere around the year 1950, and thus all historical dating in the future can be made from that date.
Evidence of a Subsurface Chamber Under the Brown Mound at Spiro
Authors: Joe Bauxar J. 
Published: April 2006

My notes on the Brown mound (Br. 3) of the Spiro site filed at the University of Oklahoma were misplaced and therefore not available to Kenneth Orr at the time he prepared his preliminary Spiro report. (American Antiquity, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1946.) The following data are from a personal copy of the original notes.When I visited the Spiro site in August 1935, members of the Pocola Mining Company were “exploring“ the Brown mound. Using a team and slip, they had put one trench about 20 feet wide almost completely through the mound from the north side and a side trench from the west to the center of the mound. The clay subsoil was exposed in both trenches, less than a foot of it having been removed from the north-south trench. These trenches, with the spreading of the fill around the north, south, and west sides of the mound, had all but obliterated its original shape and size.
Blade Manufacture in Southern California
Authors: Swartz B. K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe striking of long, slender, parallel-sided flakes, or blades, from prepared cores has long been known in the Arctic and Mesoamerica. Small pointed blades with distinctive triangular cross section are also found in the Late Horizon in both mainland and island Canaliño sites in that part of the Santa Barbara Channel region of southern California which was ethnographically occupied by the Chumash.
The Rape of Wayland
Authors: Byers D. S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe removal of loam from the grounds of the Old Mansion Inn, Wayland, Massachusetts, exposed blackened areas which were investigated by local collectors. The site was obviously a rich and unusual burial area, probably including cremations, with good possibilities for radiocarbon dating of the entire tool assemblage. Unfortunately, the site was destroyed within a very short time by children, their parents, and friends, assisted by some local collectors. Many members of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society were shocked that the collectors who participated in the looting of the site rather than protecting it for serious study were members of the Society. This incident points up the need for state and local societies to discover some way of disciplining members who do not conform to accepted standards of archaeological work.
Meander Loops and the Cahokia Site
Authors: Bareis Charles J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe locations of certain mounds at the Cahokia site indicate that the rate of Mississippi River channel migration in the American Bottoms in the Upper Mississippi Valley has differed from the rate of channel movement in the Lower Mississippi Valley. The American Bottoms was probably the most favorable section of the Mississippi River Valley for long-term prehistoric settlement with regard to location within the present meander belt of the river.
Native Copper, Silver, and Gold Accessible to Early Metallurgists
Authors: Patterson Clair C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe weathered zones of ore deposits, which no longer exist, are reconstructed by inference to provide estimates of relative abundances of usable nuggets of native copper, silver, and gold in ancient times. New analyses and selected data from the literature summarize metallic impurities in native copper, silver, gold, and lead and in the oxidized copper minerals, oxide, silicate, carbonate, chloride, and sulfate, together with impurities in lead carbonate and silver halide minerals. The influence that these occurrences and compositions exerted upon the origin and development of metallurgy in Mesoamerica and South America is discussed in relation to new analyses of artifacts and selected data from the literature. Topics emphasized are: the discovery of smelting and melting by the Moche; the inability of New World metallurgists to smelt copper from sulfide ores or silver from lead ores; and the lack of influence by transoceanic contacts. This paper is contribution number 1702 of the Division of Geological Sciences, C.I.T.
A Fossilized Bone Artifact from Southern Saskatchewan
Authors: Wilmeth Roscoe 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA fossilized bone projectile point has recently been recognized in the collections of the National Museum of Canada. The point was found at a depth of 8 ft. in a waterhole in southeastern Saskatchewan, immediately south of an ice frontal position dated at about 10,000 years ago. The implement is described on the basis of microscopic and macroscopic examination, and similarities to other specimens with early associations are noted.
Las Madres in the Light of Anasazi Migrations
Authors: Dutton Bertha P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe site of Las Madres near Galisteo, New Mexico, has yielded a provocative array of culture traits, each deviating from recognized Anasazi norms. Regional types of black-on-white sherds were encountered, accompanied by variants. Few Glaze I Red sherds appeared on the surface, but excavations revealed them in considerable quantity from top to bottom; there are fewer Glaze I Yellow and Polychrome representations. Tree-ring dates and ceramic materials indicate occupation from the late 1200's to about 1370. A transitional situation is suggested by bird bones, pottery variations, absence of formalized building plan, eclectic burial practices, and lithic artifacts. There is no evidence of direct migration of Mesa Verde people into the Galisteo region.
Comment on Weaver's “Technological Analysis of Lower Mississippi Ceramic Materials”
Authors: Porter James Warren 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWeaver draws conclusions that need to be supported by more experimentation before they can be taken seriously by archaeologists. Thin-section analysis of ceramics from the St. Louis area has yielded certain facts that are briefly presented in order to show that grog-tempering is common in the Mississippi valley. Crushed-sherd tempering is a cultural reality and does not represent inclusions in potter's clay as Weaver suggests.
Arithmetic in Maya Numerals
Authors: Anderson W. French 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArithmetical procedures, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root extraction, are demonstrated using the Maya numerals. All procedures can be carried out efficiently. The Maya system is relatively unique in that it combines properties of both place-value and non-place-value numerical systems. The Babylonian system, discussed briefly, also utilizes a mixture of properties from the two systems. In order to take into account the unique hybrid characteristics of these two systems, as well as the subtractive principle of the Roman numerals, we here define a third category of numerical systems designated as mixed-place-value in type. The three types of numerical systems are compared and the advantages and disadvantages of each are mentioned. The evolutionary development of numerical systems in relation to the mathematical needs of societies is discussed.
Approaches to Faunal Analysis in Archaeology
Authors: Daly Patricia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAnalysis of faunal remains from archaeological sites is at least as much an archaeological as a zoological problem since food animal remains are essentially artifactual in nature, their occurrence in deposits being the result of human activity.This paper examines some of the methods used to make such analyses and suggests the merits and faults of the various approaches. It also suggests some of the kinds of inferences which may be drawn when detailed and careful investigation of faunal material is carried out, preferably by the archaeologist.