bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Freshwater Mussel Elliptio complanata Filtration on the Phytoplankton Community of Partitioned Aquaculture System Units
Authors: Mueller Christopher R. , Eversole Arnold G. , Turker Hakan , Brune David E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGrowers produce over 2.8 million kg of catfish (over $350 million wholesale revenue) annually in the United States. The microbiology of the phytoplankton community in culture water affects the growth and flavor of the catfish and is a consideration for growers. Filter feeders, like silver carp and freshwater mussels, in controlled growth systems are used to adjust the phytoplankton species. Our goal was to successfully control the algal populations with filter feeders in catfish production. We used silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix as a filter feeder in Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) water. Silver carp completely eliminated the cyanobacteria Microcystis by size and biovolume reduction. This created the desired effect of small green algae dominating the algal community. A significant but opposite change was observed when freshwater mussels Elliptio complanata filtered PAS water resulting in Microcystis biovolume and size dominance in the PAS; a less desirable algal community. This study also showed an immediate shift in the phytoplankton community when silver carp and mussels were interchanged between PAS waters. The size‐selective filtration by the two filter‐feeding taxa was important in determining the composition of the PAS phytoplankton community, and it was apparent that filtration with silver carp successfully depleted undesirable algae.
Ionic Supplementation of Pond Waters for Inland Culture of Marine Shrimp
Authors: McNevin Aaron A. , Boyd Claude E. , Silapajarn Orawan , Silapajarn Kom 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSaline well water used to fill ponds for inland culture of marine shrimp in Alabama often have low concentrations of potassium and magnesium. In 2002, pond waters on a shrimp farm were treated with enough muriate of potash and potassium‐magnesium sulfate (K‐Mag) to increase potassium concentration from 6.2 mg/L to about 40 mg/L and magnesium concentrations from 4.6 mg/L to about 20 mg/L. Salinity in ponds averaged 2.6 ppt at the time of mineral salt additions. The concentrations of potassium and magnesium remained fairly constant throughout the growing season without further applications of salts, and salinity increased to about 4 ppt mainly as a result of concentration through evaporation. Survival and production on the farm averaged 19% and 595 kg/ha, respectively, in 2001. In 2002, average survival improved to 67% and average production was 4,068 kg/ha. Ponds were stocked at similar rates and managed by similar procedures both years. Magnesium concentration was very low related to the concentration expected in normal seawater diluted to the same salinity as the pond water, while potassium was near the expected concentration. Thus, increased potassium concentration is thought to have influenced production much more than did the increase in magnesium concentration. K‐Mag does not dissolve as readily as muriate of potash. Thus, K‐Mag should not be dumped in shallow water areas of ponds to dissolve as can be done with muriate of potash. It should be broadcast over the pond surface, predissolved and splashed over the pond surface, or placed in porous bags suspended in front of aerators. Although a single application of mineral salts was effective, 2002 was a dry year. On a wet year, ions may be diluted or flushed out in overflow and more than one treatment with mineral salts might be necessary during the growing season.
Effects of Dietary Protein and Feeding Rate on Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Production, Composition of Gain, Processing Yield, and Water Quality
Authors: Robinson Edwin H. , Li Menghe H. , Manning Bruce B. , Mischke Charles C. , Bosworth Brian G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA 2 ± 4 factorial experiment was conducted to examine effects of dietary protein level (28, 32, 36, and 40%) and feeding rate (satiation or ± 90 kg/ha per d) on production characteristics, processing yield, body composition, and water quality for pond‐raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Fingerling channel catfish with a mean weight of 64 g/fish were stocked into 40 0.04‐ha ponds at a rate of 17,290 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation or at a rate of ± 90 kg/ha per d for 134 d during the growing season. Dietary protein concentration had no effect on feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion, survival, aeration time, or on fillet moisture, protein, and fat levels. Fish fed to satiation consumed more feed, gained more weight, had a higher feed conversion, and required more aeration time than fish fed a restricted ration. Visceral fat decreased, and fillet yield increased as dietary protein concentration increased to 36%. Carcass yield was lower for fish fed a diet containing 28% protein. Increasing feeding rate increased visceral fat but had no major effect on carcass, fillet, and nugget yields. Fish fed to satiation contained less moisture and more fat in the fillets that those fed a restricted ration. Nitrogenous waste compounds were generally higher where the fish were fed the higher protein diets. Although there was a significant interaction in pond water chemical oxygen demand between dietary protein and feeding rate, generally ponds in the satiation feeding group had higher chemical oxygen demand than ponds in the restricted feeding group. There was a trend that pond water total phosphorus levels were slightly elevated in the satiation feeding group compared to the restricted feeding group. However, pond water soluble reactive phosphorus and chlorophyll‐a were not affected by either diet or feeding rate. Results from the present study indicate that a 28% protein diet provides the same level of channel catfish production as a 40% protein diet even when diet is restricted to 90 kg/ha per d. Although there was an increase in nitrogenous wastes in ponds where fish were fed high protein diets, there was little effect on fish production. The long term effects of using high protein diets on water quality are still unclear. Feeding to less than satiety may be beneficial in improving feed efficiency and water quality.
Laboratory Determination of a Phosphorus Leaching Rate from‘Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Feces
Authors: McIntosh Dennis , Ryder Erin , Dickenson Gary , Fitzsimmons Kevin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn order to reduce the impact that trout farm effluent can have on receiving water, it imperative to reduce the overall phosphorus (P) loading of these effluents. In response, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) is issuing new effluent regulations for aquaculture. Therefore, efficient removal of P from effluent water is becoming increasingly important. The goal of this project was to determine the leaching rate of total and reactive P from trout feces under different water temperatures and water velocities immediately after evacuation. Scatter plots of the P load in the experimental containers over time were created for each fish/fecal sample and regression analysis was used to determine P leaching rates. Results from this study suggest that reactive phosphorus leaching rates are not affected by water velocities between 0.027 and 0.134 m/sec. However, at higher temperatures, reactive P leaches 1.92‐mg PO4/hr per g feces faster (F1.52= 4.6445, P= 0.0358) than at lower temperatures. Mean reactive phosphorus leaching rates were 2.88 ± 0.704 and 0.96 ± 0.581mg PO4/hr/g feces, for the high and low temperatures, respectively. On the other hand, total P does not appear to be affected by either water velocity or temperature. Mean total P leaching rate is 4.50 ± 1.053 mg PO4/hr per g feces. This study suggests that removal time of feces from the system is critical in reducing the overall P load in effluent.
Cryopreservation of YamúBrycon siebenthalae Milt
Authors: Cruz‐Casallas Pablo E. , Pardo‐Carrasco Sandra C. , Arias‐Castellanos José A. , Lombo‐Castellanos Pedro E. , Lombo‐Rodríguez Dora A. , Pardo‐Mariño Jaime E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe yamúBrycon siebenthalae is an endemic fish of the Orinoco river basin, but wild stocks are decreasing because of the disruption of their habitat. We evaluated a protocol for the cryopreservation of yamú sperm to contribute to the preservation of this endangered genetic resource. Milt was mixed with a cryoprotectant medium (5.5% glucose, 12% egg yolk, and 5%, 10%, or 15% dimethyl sulfoxide ‐ DMSO) in a ratio 1:4 (milt:medium), stored in 0.5‐mL French straws, frozen in nitrogen liquid vapor (‐76 C), then immersed and stored in liquid nitrogen for 10 d or 12 mo. Motility of thawed spermatozoa was higher (P < 0.001) in 10% DMSO medium than 5% DMSO or 15% DMSO mediums; but lower than the control (P < 0.001). With sperm cryopreserved, the highest level of fertilization was achieved with 10% DMSO (P < 0.001) after 10 d or 12 mo of cryopreservation. Fertilization of eggs inseminated with 6.4 × 109 spermatozoa per g of eggs was higher (P <0.05) than with 1.6 × 109 spermatozoa per g of eggs. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in fertilization between insemination doses of 3.2 × 109 and 6.4 × 109 spermatozoa per g of eggs. Cryopreservation of yamu milt can be performed successfully with a simple medium combined with 10% of DMSO as cryoprotectant. The highest level of fertility was achieved using between 3 × 109 and 6 × 109 spermatozoa per g of fresh eggs.
Growth of Stocker Channel Catfish to Large Market Size in Single‐Batch Culture
Authors: Green Bartholomew W. , Engle Carole R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCatfish farmers increasingly are producing fish larger than the traditional size of 0.45‐0.57 kg/fish in order to meet processing plant requirements for larger fish. Production of larger channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in multiple‐batch culture has been investigated in a few studies, but the impact of understocked fingerlings on growth of carry‐over fish is unknown. The present study was conducted to quantify growth, feed conversion ratio, net daily yield, and net and total yield of stocker channel catfish grown in single‐batch, one‐season culture to mean individual weights of 0.60, 0.72, 0.91, or 1.17 kg/fish. Channel catfish (mean weight = 0.26 kg/fish) were stocked into 12 0.1‐ha ponds at 11,115 fish/ha. Fish were fed a 32% crude protein floating extruded feed once daily to apparent satiation. When the average weight of the fish population reached the target weight, three randomly selected ponds were harvested. Fish growth was linear in all treatments. Growth rates were similar for fish grown to 0.60, 0.72, and 0.91 kg/fish, and significantly lower (P < 0.05) than for fish grown to 1.17 kg. Variation in individual fish weight increased linearly with increased duration of culture period. Feed conversion ratio averaged 1.9 and did not differ significantly among treatments. The percentage of the fish population at harvest that fell within the 0.57 to 2.04 kg‐size range preferred by processing plants increased from 56.6 to 98‐5% as the mean weight at harvest increased from 0.60 to 1.17 kg/fish.
Effect of Stocking Weight and Stocking Density on Production of Hybrid Striped Bass (Sunshine) in Earthen Ponds in the Second Phase of a 2‐Phase System
Authors: D'Abramo Louis R. , Ohs Cortney L. , Hanson Terrill R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSunshine bass from Phase I or pond production were graded into two weight classes, 3 and 5 g, and stocked into experimental earthen ponds at a density of either 8,649/ha or 11,120/ ha in a 2 × 2 factorial design. After stocking, the fish were fed a commercially manufactured feed (43.0‐45.5% crude protein) twice daily to satiation for 17 mo. At harvest, mean survival ranged from 67.4 to 84.8% but was highest for the fish stocked at 5g. Average production Tor ponds stocked at 8,649/ha and 11,120/ha, regardless of stocking weight, was 4,506 kg/ha and 5350 kg/ha, respectively. Production and percentages of assigned weight classes were not significantly different among treatments as a result of wide variation among replicates. Using size‐dependent market prices assigned to the different harvest size groups, an economic analysis revealed gross receipts, variable costs, and total costs for the 11,120/ha 5‐g treatment. Net returns were not significantly different among the four treatments due to large variation among replicates per treatment. These results confirm that the traditional phase II of pond production can be eliminated in favor of a direct stocking of phase I fish into a single production phase and economically competes very well with traditional three‐phase growout management. The potential reduction in turnover time of production units achieved through the direct stock practice is an efficiency trait that should translate into significantly higher returns and a greater profit over the long term. Further reduction of stocking density combined with a stocking weight greater than 5 g should translate into greater proportion of larger, higher valued fish at harvest and a growout period of 18‐20 mo, rather than the 24‐30 mo traditionally needed for the combined phase II and phase III of production.
Artificial Propagation and Induction of Triploidy in Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides and Ploidy Discrimination using Erythrocyte Length
Authors: Neal J. Wesley , Neal Diana M. , Noble Richard L. , McGee Michael V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe describe an artificial propagation procedure and simple ploidy discrimination techniques using erythrocyte major axis length for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Hormonal treatments of 5 mg/kg of carp pituitary and 50 μg/kg of leutinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) produced viable gametes in 21‐24 h, and triploidy was induced using a pressure treatment of 563 kg/cm2 on embryos for a 1‐min duration exactly 5 min following fertilization. We produced about 500 fingerling triploids and about 500 diploid controls, and verified genetic status of a subset of each group using flow cytometry. Erythrocyte length was measured for 10 known diploid and 10 known triploid individuals. Remaining fish were internally microtagged with group‐specific tags and mixed to test the model. We developed ploidy discrimination intervals based on the 99% confidence limits of mean erythrocyte length (MEL, N= 25 erythrocytes) for individual fish, which were 14.43‐16.66 μ.m for triploids, and 10.23‐13.62 μm for diploids. Logistic regression provided the discrimination model: Ploidy status (±) = ‐196.16 + 13.97 x MEL, with positive (+) outcomes considered triploid. Both discrimination techniques were 100% effective at differentiating ploidy of the 22 microtagged largemouth bass recollected from the mixed population. We did not observe a significant change in erythrocyte length as fish size increased, indicating that erythrocyte length is an accurate predictor of ploidy for all sizes of largemouth bass.
Genetic Effects for Response to Live Edwardsiella ictaluri, Killed E. ictaluri, and Stress in Juveniles from All Crosses Among USDA 103, USDA 102, and Norris Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Strains
Authors: Bosworth Brian G. , Wolters William R. , Wise David J. , KLESIUS P. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJuveniles from all possible crosses among USDA 102. USDA 103, and Norris channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus strains were compared for: 1) survival and mix‐Edwardsiella ictaluri antibody after exposure to live E. ictaluri bacterium (isolate 597‐458); 2) antibody level after injection with formalin‐killed E. ictaluri (597‐458); and 3) pre‐stress. post‐stress, and stress‐recovery serum Cortisol levels. Purebred and crossbred USDA 102 strain fish had higher survival (mean of five genetic groups = 87%) and lower anti‐ E.ictaluri antibody (mean optical density (OD) of five genetic groups = 0.167) 30 d after live E. ictaluri challenge than purebred Norris and USDA 103 strains and their crosses (means of four genetic groups = 60% survival and 0.210 OD antibody level). Significant general combining ability, line effects, and heterosis indicated that the USDA 102 strain contributed additive and dominance genetic effects for increased survival and lower antibody level after live E. ictaluri challenge. Antibody response to formalin‐killed, intra‐peritoneally injected E. ictaluri was not different among genetic groups (overall mean = 0.198 OD). Serum Cortisol was measured prior to (pre‐stress), immediately after (post‐stress), and 2 h after (stress‐recovery) a standard stressor. Serum Cortisol level was highest in post‐stress fish (35.8 ng/mL), intermediate in stress‐recovery fish (10.9 ng/mL), and lowest in pre‐stress fish (6.5 ng/mL), but was not different among genetic groups within a stress time period. Results indicate diat differences exist among genetic groups of channel catfish for survival and antibody production after live E. ictaluri challenge, but these differences were not related to antibody response to killed E. ictaluri or serum Cortisol levels.
A Comparative Study of the Dietary Lysine Requirement of Juvenile Striped bassMorone saxatilisand Sunshine bassM. chrysops x M. saxatilis
Authors: Brougher Daniel S. , Douglass Larry W. , Soares Joseph H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPrevious reports have indicated there are significant differences in both the dietary lysine requirement and the metabolic rate of striped bass and its hybrids. However, there is very little directly comparative data to confirm these suggestions. A series of experiments was conducted to comparatively assess efficiency of protein and energy retention between striped bassMorone saxatilisand sunshine bassM. chrysops♀×M. saxatilis♂ grown under identical culture conditions. In experiment one, a dose response study was conducted using digestible energy (DE) levels of 3,200 kcal/kg and 3,600 kcal/kg. At each level of DE, six levels of dietary lysine were fed to striped bass and sunshine bass. Ten sunshine bass weighing 3.48 ± 0.08 g or six striped bass weighing 3.23 ± 0.14 g were stocked into 15‐L tanks supplied with single‐pass flow‐through fresh water. After 12 wk on the experimental regime, feed conversion ratios (FCR), weight gain, and % nitrogen (N) retention were determined. Nonlinear regression analysis indicated that the dietary lysine requirement of both bass groups was similar. The dietary lysine requirement was determined to be 2.0 ± 0.08% of dry diet (or 6.0 ± 0.26 g lysine/1,000 kcal DE), and 1.7 ± 0.08% of dry diet (or 4.7 ± 0.22 g lysine/1,000 kcal DE), for the 3,200 and 3,600 kcal DE/kg diets, respectively. A second experiment comparatively assessed growth, metabolism, and energy partitioning between striped bass and sunshine bass. Two diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with a calculated DE level of 3462 kcal/kg and contained lysine concentrations approximating the published dietary requirements of sunshine bass (low lysine = LL diet) and striped bass (high lysine = HL diet). The diets were fed at an average rate of 2% of body weight/d to 25 juvenile striped bass or hybrid bass held separately in eight 2000‐L single‐pass flow‐through tanks supplied with freshwater. In general, growth performance of sunshine bass was superior to striped bass. Both bass groups performed better when fed the HL diet. Mean FCRs were 1.19 ± 0.12 and 1.94 ± 0.29, respectively, for hybrids and striped bass fed the LL diet(P= 0.066); and 1.17 ± 0.07, and 1‐58 ± 0.08, respectively, for hybrids and striped bass fed the HL diet(P =0.011). Mean % gain/d values were significantly higher(P= 0.001) for hybrids (2.77 ± 0.85) than for striped bass (1‐30 ± 0.27) when fed the LL diet. When fed the HL diet, mean % gain/d was significantly higher(P =0.003) for sunshine bass (2.72 ± 0.83) compared to striped bass (1.51 ± 0.25). Additionally, when fed the HL diet, sunshine bass had significantly higher percent nitrogen(P= 0.006) and energy retention(P= 0.014) when compared to striped bass. These results further document that sunshine bass are more efficient at protein and energy retention compared to striped bass in freshwater.
Sperm Quality Over Consecutive Spermatophore Regenerations in the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Ceballos‐Vázquez Bertha P. , Aparicio‐Simón Benjamin , Palacios Elena , Racotta Ilie S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe reproductive potential of males plays an important role in the productivity of captive penaeids. Males present a large variability in their reproductive potential, and thus the selection of appropriate males for reproduction is highly desirable. The present study compares sperm quality at the beginning of the experiment (baseline values) with variations in sperm quality as a result of consecutive spermatophore regenerations. This was done to evaluate possible predictive criteria for optimal sperm quality based on morphological and biochemical criteria in pond‐reared Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei males. Sperm quality was similar between left and right spermatophore. Sperm count and proportion of normal sperm increased by 86 and 65% (P < 0.05) respectively, from baseline values to third spermatophore regeneration. Proportion of dead sperm progressively decreased with consecutive regenerations, attaining values 33% lower by the third regeneration, compared to baseline values. This indicates that no decrease in sperm quality occurs in L. vannamei during consecutive regenerations and that the existing spermatophores at stocking of males should be expelled to have higher sperm quality in regenerated spermatophores. Furthermore, this procedure allows selecting individuals with high baseline sperm quality based on significant correlations between baseline and regenerated sperm quality observed in the present work. Baseline values of glucose concentration in the hemolymph were positively correlated to baseline values of sperm count (r = 03, P < 0.05). In contrast, baseline values of several lipids in the hemolymph were negatively correlated to several traits of sperm quality at first sampling (baseline values) or at first regeneration. These results are discussed in terms of nutritional requirements of males and of possible predictive criteria of sperm quality.
Evaluation of Five Microalgae Diets for Juvenile Pen Shells Atrina maura
Authors: Lora‐Vilchis Maria Concepción , Ruiz‐Velasco‐Cruz Esperanza , Reynoso‐Granados Teodoro , Voltolina Domenico 
Published: April 2007

Abstract–Juvenile pen shells Atrina maura were fed for 21 d with equal daily rations, equivalent to 6.5% of their live weight, of monoalgal cultures of Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros muelleri, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Pen shell survival was 100% in all cases. All microalgae diets produced shell growth, and live and ash‐free dry weight increases. However, the two Chaetoceros strains gave significantly better results, with shell height increases of 4.7 to 2.9 mm, live weight gains of 0.5 to 0.3 g, and final ash‐free dry weights of 0.16 to 0.14 g after 3 wk. These results are not related to the algae gross biochemical composition, suggesting that other factors are involved in their nutritional value for this mollusc species.