bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF HEPARIN ON THE EARLY STAGES OF BLOOD COAGULATION
Authors: O'Brien J. R. 
Published: June 2007

From experiments reported it is concluded that heparin combines with and inactivates Christman factor (C.F.) to form reversibly a heparin-C.F. complex. Apart from the effect of heparin on C.F. and on thrombin, heparin in moderate concentrations was not shown to inactivate any other coagulation factors.“Available” heparin is defined as heparin in such a state that it can delay some clotting systems. Heparin was rendered “unavailable” or inactive by plasma C.F. and especially by serum C.F., by platelet protein (but not intact platelets), and by platelet-like activity of serum (P.L.A.S.). These three proteins uniquely among all the plasma and serum proteins inactivate heparin.If an appropriate concentration of heparin is added to whole blood the clotting time is prolonged, due presumably to the inactivation of C.F. by heparin: “available” heparin disappears during clotting and none is found in the serum. The interactions summarized above probably account for these findings. The disappearance of available heparin would also account for the normal thrombin generation and prothrombin consumption observed when heparinized blood clots.Some properties of P.L.A.S. are reported and its possible role in normal coagulation is considered. Heparin is known to become attached preferentially to one protein rather than another. Some plasma and serum fractions can be arranged in order of their increasing affinity for heparin thus: β Lipoproteins<thrombin clotting system<C.F.<platelet protein<protamine sulphate.
THE DIAGNOSIS, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF URINARY INFECTION IN UROLOGY AND GYNAECOLOGY
Authors: Gillespie W. A. , Linton K. B. , Miller A. , Slade N. 
Published: June 2007

In a study of the urine after urological operations, quantitative bacteriological criteria for the diagnosis of infection were determined.The bacteria responsible for urinary infection after urological or gynaecological procedures sometimes came from the same patient, but more often came from other patients by cross-infection. The principal final route of entry was the urethra or the indwelling catheter lying in it. These findings led to the elaboration of methods of destroying bacteria in the urethra before operation, improving the disinfection of cystoscopes, and preventing the entry of bacteriaviathe indwelling catheter. Application of these methods reduced the incidence of infection after prostatectomy from 83% to 6%, and after emergency bladder drainage for acute retention of urine from 73% to 10%. A smaller improvement followed the introduction of closed bladder drainage after gynaecological operations.
A study of six representative methods of plasma bilirubin analysis
Authors: Watson Derek , Rogers Janice A. 
Published: June 2007

The large number of modern methods which have been published for the determination of total bile pigments in the blood plasma indicates the difficulties of the estimation and suggests the need for a reliable standard method. In view of the present importance of plasma bilirubin levels in the diagnosis and treatment of jaundiced subjects, six analytical procedures have been studied, each chosen as far as possible, as a representative of a group of methods each embodying different principles.A spectrophotometric method (White, Haidar, and Reinhold, 1958) and five diazo coupling procedures (Jendrassik and Gróf, 1938; Powell, 1944; Perryman, Richards, and Holbrook, 1957; Stoner and Weisberg, 1957; Lathe and Ruthven, 1958) were investigated, and the results obtained by carrying out duplicate analyses by different methods on 54 stored and 64 fresh plasmas or sera are presented and discussed in this paper.An amount of haem pigment which can be detected visually in plasma is sufficient to cause a considerable underestimation of bilirubin by the method of Powell (1944) and overestimation by the method of Stoner and Weisberg (1957). Inferences drawn from serial estimations by these methods can therefore be misleading, and this is especially pertinent when results obtained from infant blood containing variable amounts of haem pigments are being assessed. Methods based on the original van den Bergh procedure with various preliminary steps of protein precipitation in alcoholic solutions at aboutpH4 give low and poorly reproducible results; losses due to the coprecipitation of bilirubin esters with protein have been confirmed. In our opinion such methods should be abandoned.Determination of total bilirubin by colour (Whiteet al., 1958) is reliable only for plasma known to contain no lipochrome or `directly-reacting' pigment; total bile pigment may be overestimated by this technique in plasma containing conjugated bilirubin.We consider that the method of Lathe and Ruthven (1958) is to be preferred for use on a routine basis. It is conveniently simple, and under all conditions normally encountered gives results sufficiently accurate and reproducible for clinical use. When this or any other procedure is used, a primary standardization between different laboratories with sera containing known amounts of added bilirubin is essential if comparable results are to be obtained.
Paper tests for occult blood in faeces and some observations on the fate of swallowed red cells
Authors: Huntsman R. G. , Liddell J. 
Published: June 2007

Paper tests for occult blood were assessed on faecal specimens from adults. An orthotolidine/sodium perborate and a modified orthotolidine/peroxide test were found to be reasonably satisfactory. The Hematest and Occultest tablets and a paper guaiac test were unsatisfactory.A large number of false positive results was obtained in children and infants. It is suggested that this might be due to meat derivatives reaching the faeces more easily in the young.Red cells labelled with either Cr51or Fe59were swallowed by human volunteers. Although between 45% and 73% of the red cell iron reappeared in the faeces, the peroxidase activity of the labelled material dropped six-fold on passage through the alimentary canal.
Vitamin B12absorption studies: effect of parenteral non-radioactive vitamin B12on serum level of57Co vitamin B12
Authors: Harwood Lilian , Forshaw J. 
Published: June 2007

The intestinal absorption of57Co vitamin B12has been measured by counting the radioactivity in the serum, and the effect of the parenteral administration of 1 mg. non-radioactive vitamin B12two hours after the oral dose has been studied. When parenteral vitamin B12was not given, the mean radioactivity in the serum was lower in both patients with pernicious anaemia and in control subjects, and the results in the patients with pernicious anaemia were more definitive. There was no significant difference between the results obtained with an Ekco scaler and those with an I.D.L. scaler.This is the simplest and most convenient method of measuring vitamin B12absorption. It is suggested that the test be standardized by giving 0·5 μg.57Co vitamin B12with a maximal histamine stimulation of intrinsic factor secretion, but without a parenteral dose of non-radioactive vitamin B12. The results are expressed most usefully as a percentage of the administered dose per litre of serum or plasma.
The measurement of serum pyridoxal by a microbiological assay usingLactobacillus casei
Authors: Anderson Barbara B. , Peart M. Barbara , Fulford-Jones Catherine E. 
Published: June 2007

A new method has been developed for the assay of serum pyridoxal usingL. casei.Bound pyridoxal phosphate in serum is converted by acid hydrolysis to pyridoxal for which this organism is specific. This method proved to be considerably more sensitive than other methods so far reported in the literature.Serum pyridoxal concentrations were measured in 151 control subjects aged 17 to 80 years. The range of concentrations found was 1·5 to 13·5 ng/ml which compared well with values obtained by most workers measuring pyridoxal phosphate by enzymatic methods. A marked fall with age was confirmed, and levels in women of childbearing age were lower than in men of comparable age. Subnormal serum pyridoxal concentrations were found in 62% of patients with sideroblastic anaemia and in the majority of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, and in pregnant women at term.
Pathological and clinical study of calcification of the mitral valve ring
Authors: Pomerance Ariela 
Published: June 2007

The pathology and clinical features of 258 cases of mitral ring calcification were reviewed. The overall incidence in patients over 50 years of age was 8·5%; it was more than twice as high in women (11·5%) as in men (4·5%) and rose sharply with age.Cardiac failure and systolic murmurs were each noted in over half the patients. Hypertension was slightly commoner than in age- and sex-matched groups without ring calcification, although the difference was not statistically significant.Small nodules of calcification were more frequent in men and heavy deposits in women. Distortion and atrial displacement of the posterior mitral cusp was present in 26% of the hearts with early ring calcification, in 56% of the hearts with moderate, and in almost all hearts with marked changes. Systolic murmurs had been heard in 73% of these cases. `Caseation' of the calcified ring was seen in seven hearts and haemorrhagic valvulitis in three. Calcium had ulcerated through the cusp in 12 cases, with thrombotic and/or bacterial endocarditis in five. Aortic valve calcification was present in 36% of men and was quantitatively related to the severity of mitral ring calcification. In women the incidence was 30% and there was no corresponding quantitative relationship.Microscopy showed nonspecific chronic inflammatory changes adjacent to calcium in about half the cases in both sexes, with foreign body type giant cells in 6%. Similar inflammatory changes in the valve cusp were almost twice as common in women as in men.There was no evidence that previous endocarditis was responsible for mitral ring calcification, neither did parity influence its incidence. Severe coronary atherosclerosis was unrelated but severe aortic atherosclerosis was commoner in patients with calcified mitral rings. The difference, in women, was statistically significant.The higher incidence of severe degrees of ring calcification, complications, and valvular inflammation in women suggests a sex-determined difference in tissue response in the mitral area. Possible provoking factors apply to both sexes and both left side valves, and such a difference would account for the relative frequency and sex incidence of mitral ring calcification.
Effect of feeding fat on fibrinolysis, Stypven time, and platelet aggregation in Africans, Asians, and Europeans
Authors: Ferguson J. C. , Mackay N. , McNicol G. P. 
Published: June 2007

The effects of acute fat feeding on fibrinolytic activity, platelet aggregation, and Stypven time in 10 Africans and 10 Asians are presented and compared with the results previously obtained in 10 Europeans.These indicated that the inhibition of fibrinolytic activity seen in Europeans does not occur in either Africans or Asians although the Stypven time was shortened in all three groups.Platelet aggregation, as measured by the Chandler's tube technique, was inhibited by fat feeding in Europeans but was unchanged in Africans and Asians.The results also indicate that the fibrinolytic activity of Africans and Asians is greater than that of Europeans.
Intrafollicular amyloid in primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Leedham P. W. , Pollock D. J. 
Published: June 2007

The histology of the parathyroids from 88 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism has been reviewed in a search for local amyloid deposits.Characteristic intrafollicular amyloid deposits of varying extent were found in nine cases. The case histories of these show that seven had suspected or proven pluriglandular adenomatosis but that the remainder had no such associations. The material studied shows no correlation with systemic primary or secondary amyloidosis.The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the pluriglandular syndrome, peptide hormones, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and calcitonin secretion. It is suggested that amyloid in this context may be a `marker' for secretion of a peptide closely related to calcitonin.
Frequency Spectrum Generated by Thyristor Control
Authors: Hall J. K. , Jones N. C. 
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the measured harmonics in the load currents of thyristor circuits and shows that with firing
angle control the harmonic amplitudes decrease sharply with increasing harmonic frequency, but that they extend
to very high harmonic orders of around 6000. The amplitudes of the harmonics are a maximum for a firing delay
angle of around 90°.Integral cycle control produces only low order harmonics and sub‐harmonics.It is also shown that with firing angle control apparently random inter‐harmonic noise is present and that the
harmonics fall below this noise level at frequencies of approximately 250 KHz for a switched 50 Hz Waveform and
for the resistive load used. The noise amplitude decreases with increasing frequency and is a maximum with 90°
firing delay.
Interpretation de Certaines Proprietes de Films Granulaires de Nickel
Authors: Monchaud S. , Rolland S. , Granger R. 
Published: June 2007

Des films granulaires de nickel (grains de 100 Å environ) sont obtenus par évaporation sur substrat d′alumine en
ultra‐vide puis recouverts d′une couche d′alumine. La structure et la conductivité électrique de ces grains sont
étudiées. La mise en oeuvre de l′analyse par rétrodiffusion d′ions Hélium et les examens au microscope électronique
permettent d′estimer les effets d′une oxydation thermique sur ces condensats.Granular nickel films (mean particle size 100 Å) are obtained through evaporation on alumina substrates under high
vacuum then coated with alumina. The structure and conductivity of these films are studied. An estimation of the
oxidation of the nickel particles has been obtained through electron miscroscopy and Helium ion back scattering.
Experimental and Theoretical Characterization of Thick and Thin Films for Microwave Uses on 99.6% Alumina Substrates
Authors: Ramy J. P. , Schnitzler R. , Thebault C. 
Published: June 2007

In a previous paper,1 we showed, with a microwave quality factor (Q) measurement, that in the X band and with alumina substrates, thick film losses are not worse than thin film losses when the inks are screened then etched, and when they have copper oxide as adhesive layer and gold or copper as metal powder.Here, we extend this study to show that, our experimental results being in good agreement with theory, a simple D.C. resistivity measurement is sufficient to characterize these MIC′S metallizations and is as suitable as a microwave Q measurement. We also show that the nature of the ground plane cannot be neglected.
Computer Aided Design of Hybrid Circuits
Authors: Ferraris G. P. , Cagnin T. , Francese F. , Piana L. 
Published: June 2007

A system (hardware/software) has been implemented which makes it possible, taking advantage of existing programs with the addition of suitable interfaces and appropriate software modules, to automate the design of thick film hybrid circuits.This system, named FLASH (Fast Layout Approach System for Hybrids), tends to optimize circuit production yields, by basing the design on their degree of complexity in relation with the printing/firing/trimming cycle.
A Large Scale Hybrid Thermal Print Head
Authors: Saito Tamio , Fukumoto Yoshikatsu , Mizuguchi Mamoru , Abe Takahiko , Nagashima Masayoshi 
Published: June 2007

A high speed direct drive thermal print head, which prints across a 216 mm wide paper using 1728 heating resistor dots (8 dots/mm) has been developed.It can print 30 cm long paper in only a few seconds. The head consists of heating dots, over three hundred LSI chips, a couple of dozen capacitors and multilayer thin and thick film circuit substrate.The substrate is 240 × 70 mm by 1.0 mm thick conductor line width/space is 50 μ/50 μ. Hybridizing
heating elements, drivers and shift registers on one substrate has made it possible to transmit signals serially into the head.Therefore, the I/O pin number has become far smaller than the number of dots, which has eliminated intermittent I/O pin disconnection.
New Thick‐Film Microwave Elements for Microwave Integrated Circuits
Authors: Gondek Janusz J. , Wójcicki Marek A. , Cąber Jan 
Published: June 2007

The realisation of microwave integrated circuits consisting of numerous elements and components, both passive and active, takes place in steps. Initially, experimental constituent elements are designed and constructed, and only after it is found that they satisfy the operating conditions, can they be integrated into a sub‐system. As a result of this we obtain complicated Microwave Integrated Circuits (MICs). Initially however one has to construct basic MIC elements such as: resonators, filters, couplings, Y branch joints, circulators, etc. During research over several years carried out at the Microelectronics Department, Institute of Electronics, of the Mining and Metallurgical University of Kraków and devoted to the application of thick‐film technology to MIC, the authors have devised and constructed several microwave elements using strip‐lines and this paper reports of the results of their studies.Pastes produced by DU PONT/USA were used. New mathematical models for designing thick‐film microwave elements have been elaborated using computer techniques. These programmes have differed from analogous ones for MIC realized by thin‐film technology can be adapted, after certain modifications, to the realisation of MIC. The authors have introduced new technological operations, not used so far, to the technological process. This has made possible the production of thick‐film microwave elements with parameters comparable to those obtained in thin‐film technology.
The Use of the Non‐Contacting Temperature Measuring Techniques inthe Early Detection of Hidden Faults in Electronic Components
Authors: Trägner P. 
Published: June 2007

One of the reasons for a reduction of production quality is the so‐called ‘hidden faults’, i.e. defects which will not be detected by the available testing equipment in spite of measures for ensuring a good quality. These testing methods, which are mostly electrical, can be supplemented in a suitable way by non‐contacting temperature measuring techniques, since the variation of temperature as a function of operating conditions and environment constitutes one of the most important problems in the design of electronic components and
sub‐assemblies, and of their reliability.In this paper a relation is presented between a qualitative diagnostic model, reserve stability and other characteristics, on the one hand, and the permissible thermal energy that can be radiated, on the other hand, which facilitates the detection of hidden faults.
Analysis of Thin Film Fire Sensors
Authors: Zentai G. , Illyefalvi-Vitéz Zs. 
Published: June 2007

The detection of fire in mines, industrial buildings, ships etc. is an important problem from both the economical and life‐protecting aspects. The fire could be detected in several ways, e.g. by the measurement of flame‐radiation, heat, pressure, temperature, the aerosols, the gases etc.The Department of Electronic Technology has developed a fire sensor which detects the rate of the increase of temperature. The fire sensor consists of two temperature sensitive resistors with different time‐constants. If the increase of temperature in consequence of the fire is fast, the difference between the resistance of the temperature sensors is high, while a slow change in temperature causes only small differences. By connecting the temperature sensitive sensors into a bridge, the resistance difference can be easily detected.The temperature sensitive resistors are realized by thin film technology using platinum or nickel film on a thin glass or ceramic substrate. Because of the large surface and small volume of the resistor, its time‐constant originally is very low but the time‐constant could be easily increased by increasing the volume of the resistor. The present paper gives a detailed description of the analysis and the measurement of the temperature sensitive
resistors with different time‐constants. The technology of the films is also discussed.
Methods of Checking Printed Circuits
Authors: Hajdu I. , Bánlaki P. , Pinkola J. , Tóth E. 
Published: June 2007

Printed circuits make up to 20 to 40 per cent of the value of electronic circuits.Quality and reliability requirements have been boosted by the general use of complex integrated circuits. An economical and high quality production is preconditioned by the continuous checking of prime materials and technologies.After a brief review of checking methods, a short examination of quality testing of the end product (double ‐ or multilayer printed circuit board) is given, involving checking methods of assembled and non assembled boards.
Usage of Sims and Auger Test Methods in the Production of MultilayerPrinted Circuit Boards
Authors: Toth E. , Banlaki P. , Hajdu I. , Pinkola J. 
Published: June 2007

The quality and reliability of multilayer boards are determined by the adhesion strength between the copper sheets and the epoxy‐glass laminates. The adhesion properties of copper foil may be improved by mechanical or chemical roughening. The most efficient method is, however, to oxidize the copper surface.Oxidized copper layers have been tested by thermogravimetry. Subsequently the oxide layers have been tested by Auger and SIMS techniques. The results showed that the main constituent of the oxide layer produced in a sodium hypochlorite type electrolyte is Cu20.
Scratch‐Profiles Study in Thin Films Using SEM and EDS
Authors: El-Shabasy M. , Pogány L. , Konczos G. , Hajtó E. , Szikora B. 
Published: June 2007

The adhesion of evaporated or sputtered thin films to substrates is one of the most important characterising parameters in their fabrication. It is a conventional method to scratch the films using a stylus and evaluate the shearing stress, which is proportional to the energy of adhesion. For the evaluation it is necessary to determine the so‐called critical load and the profile of the scratch.The aim during this experimental work was to find a method to evaluate the scratch profile from the X‐ray‐line profile and SEM pictures. From SEM pictures, the lateral dimensions and surface morphology of the scratches were studied. The thickness was also studied from X‐ray‐line profiles.In this paper the thickness profile measuring method and the conclusion for the scratch method are discussed.
Inaccuracies of Measuring Methods and Their Influence on the Regression Function
Authors: Sauer W. 
Published: June 2007

The quality parameters of electronic components and devices usually depend on the parameters of the materials. In many cases one does not know the theoretical relationship between the parameters, and therefore one makes technological experiments and measures the values of the parameters. Usually it is necessary to take several measuring points and calculate from this the unknown relationship between the parameters.The simplest equation that one can use is the linear function. In this case the theoretical probability density function is a Gaussian‐function. Otherwise it is necessary to assume that the linear function is an approximation.When the measuring process has an inaccuracy, then one can show that the increase of the linear function is smaller and it is necessary to estimate a factor of correction to calculate the theoretical or exact relationship.