bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Destabilization and fat crystallization of whippable emulsions (toppings) studied by pulsed NMR
Authors: Barfod N. M. , Krog N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe role of lipid surfactants in toppings has been investigated. Based on low‐resolution pNMR analysis it seems that part of the fat phase in toppings is present in a supercooled state induced by lipid‐protein interactions. Upon reconstitution in cold water, protein is desorbed from the fat globule surface and dissolves into the water, thereby eliminating the protein‐induced supercooling of the fat. Subsequently, spontaneous fat crystallization takes place which can be followed by pNMR measurements. These phenomena result in an increase in the viscosity of the reconstituted emulsion. The surfactants usually used in toppings (e.g. propylene glycol monostearate) act as destabilizing factors in the reconstituted topping emulsion, accelerating (i) protein desorption from the fat globule surface, and (ii) the crystallization rate of coalesced fat. The fat crystallization process seems to be important for the texture and foam stability of whipped toppings.
Cholesterol autoxidation‐current status
Authors: Maerker G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeveral oxidation products of cholesterol have been reported to have biological activity in animals. Cholesterol oxidizes readily in solution, in aqueous dispersion and in foods when it is exposed to air, elevated temperatures, free radical initiators, light, or a combination of these. The main outline of the pathway for cholesterol oxidation is fairly well understood and involves initial formation of allylic hydroperoxides. HPLC and GC techniques are available for measuring the concentration of cholesterol oxides in animal‐derived lipids. Biologically active cholesterol oxides have been reported to be present in egg products, dairy products, frying oils and other foods. Their concentration may be subject to process control.
Analysis of the oil extraction process in soybeans: A new continuous procedure
Authors: Wiese Kurt L. , Snyder Harry E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoybean oil extraction techniques were studied in which solvent was recirculated or pumped once through a suspension of soybean tissue. Both refractive index and ultraviolet absorbance were used to monitor the extraction continuously. Slices of soybean tissue showed rapid extraction from damaged tissue, followed by slow extraction from intact tissue. When soybean flakes were extracted, a continuously decreasing rate was noted. When solvent was forced through flakes, extraction was more rapid than when solvent was allowed to diffuse in and out of flakes. Reextraction of partially defatted flakes showed that the last soybean oil to be extracted was not inherently resistant to extraction. The adsorption of soybean oil to defatted flakes may account for slow removal of small quantities of oil at the end of the extraction.
Iron therapy for renal anemia: how much needed, how much harmful?
Authors: Hörl Walter H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIron deficiency is the most common cause of hyporesponsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Iron deficiency can easily be corrected by intravenous iron administration, which is more effective than oral iron supplementation, at least in adult patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Iron status can be monitored by different parameters such as ferritin, transferrin saturation, percentage of hypochromic red blood cells, and/or the reticulocyte hemoglobin content, but an increased erythropoietic response to iron supplementation is the most widely accepted reference standard of iron-deficient erythropoiesis. Parenteral iron therapy is not without acute and chronic adverse events. While provocative animal and in vitro studies suggest induction of inflammation, oxidative stress, and kidney damage by available parenteral iron preparations, several recent clinical studies showed the opposite effects as long as intravenous iron was adequately dosed. Thus, within the recommended international guidelines, parenteral iron administration is safe. Intravenous iron therapy should be withheld during acute infection but not during inflammation. The integration of ESA and intravenous iron therapy into anemia management allowed attainment of target hemoglobin values in the majority of pediatric and adult CKD and ESRD patients.
Bone and joint alterations in acromegaly
Authors: Morselli L. L. , Manetti L. , Cosci C. , Sardella C. , Bogazzi F. , Faldini C. , Martino E. , Gasperi M. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is fundamental for the maintenance of bone mass and metabolism both during childhood and in adulthood. This effect is due to a complex interaction between circulating GH and IGF-I produced peripherally. In vitro data and experimental animal models have clarified many of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the characteristic skeletal changes occurring in acromegaly. This review focuses on the effects of GH excess on bone metabolism and mass in acromegalic patients and, in particular, on the influence of factors such as hypogonadism, gender, age and therapy on bone metabolism and arthropathy.
Oligonucleotide microarray identification ofBacillus anthracisstrains using support vector machines
Authors: Doran M. , Raicu D. S. , Furst J. D. , Settimi R. , Schipma M. , Chandler D. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe capability of a custom microarray to discriminate between closely related DNA samples is demonstrated using a set of Bacillus anthracis strains. The microarray was developed as a universal fingerprint device consisting of 390 genome-independent 9mer probes. The genomes of B.anthracis strains are monomorphic and therefore, typically difficult to distinguish using conventional molecular biology tools or microarray data clustering techniques. Using support vector machines (SVMs) as a supervised learning technique, we show that a low-density fingerprint microarray contains enough information to discriminate between B.anthracis strains with 90% sensitivity using a reference library constructed from six replicate arrays and three replicates for new isolates.Contact: doran_michael@msn.com
The carboxyl-terminal part of the putative Berne virus polymerase is expressed by ribosomal frameshifting and contains sequence motifs which indicate that toro- and coronaviruses are evolutionary related
Authors: Snijder Eric J. , Boon Johan A.den , Bredenbeek Peter J. , Horzinek Marian C. , Rijnbrand Rene , Spaan Willy J.M. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Sequence analysis of the 3′ part (8 kb) of the polymerase gene of the torovirus prototype Berne virus (BEV) revealed that this area contains at least two open reading frames (provisionally designated ORF1a and ORF1b) which overlap by 12 nucleotides. The complete sequence of ORF1b (6873 nucleotides) was determined. Like the coronaviruses, BEV was shown to express its ORF1 b by ribosomal frameshifting during translation of the genomic RN A. The predicted tertiary RNA structure (a pseudoknot) in the toro- and coronaviral frameshift-directing region is similar. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the predicted BEV ORF1b translation product revealed homology with the ORF1b product of coronaviruses. Four conserved domains were identified: the putative polymerase domain, an area containing conserved cysteine and histidine residues, a putative helicase motif, and a domain which seems to be unique for toroand coronaviruses. The data on the 3′ part of the polymerase gene of BEV supplement previously observed similarities between toro- and coronaviruses at the level of genome organization and expression. The two virus families are more closely related to each other than to other families of positive-stranded RNA viruses.
Lactate down‐regulates cellular poly(ADP‐ribose) formation in cultured human skin fibroblasts
Authors: Wagner S. , Hussain M. Z. , Beckert S. , Ghani Q. P. , Weinreich J. , Hunt T. K. , Becker H. D. , Königsrainer A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground  Polyadenosine diphosphate‐ribose (poly(ADP‐ribose)) is a nuclear polymer which is derived from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) catalysed by poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP‐1). Aside from the well known role of poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation (pADPR) in DNA repair, pADPR is also involved in other cellular processes such as apoptosis and gene expression. However, the factors that regulate the level of pADPR are not fully elucidated. In view of the fact that healing wounds contain high concentrations of lactate (10–15 mm) and exogenous lactate reduce the NAD+ pool in cultured fibroblasts, we propose that high lactate lowers the level of nuclear pADPR.Materials and methods  Neonatal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) were plated to subconfluence and allowed to adhere. Cells were treated with 15 mm l‐lactate and pADPR production was assessed by immunofluorescence analysis using 10H antibody. Difference in pADPR production was determined by calculation of positively stained cells compared to total cell numbers. Inhibition of PARP activity was tested by treatment with 100 µm 3‐aminobenzamide (3‐AB). Specificity of the lactate effect on pADPR synthesis was verified by using the analogue d‐lactate. The contents of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its reduced form (NADH) in lactated and non‐lactated cell cultures were quantified by the enzymatic cyclic assay.Results  We found that exogenous l‐lactate (15 mm) can significantly depress pADPR content in cultured fibroblasts. PARP‐1 activity was inhibited by 3‐AB and analogue d‐lactate showed no effect on pADPR synthesis. NAD+/NADH ratio was significantly lowered in lactated compared to non‐lactated cell culture.Conclusions  Exogenous l‐lactate (15 mm) can depress pADPR content in cultured fibroblasts. In view of the fact that healing wounds contain such high concentrations of lactate, we propose that down regulation of pADPR is associated with elevated tissue repair via pADPR dependent gene expression. This observation is important in understanding the stimulation of lactate‐mediated protein expression during wound healing.
Hankel transform filters for dipole antenna radiation in a conductive medium
Authors: Kong F.N. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTWe discuss the Hankel transforms related to a particular application, i.e. the dipole antenna radiation in conductive media, such as the antenna radiation in sea‐bed electromagnetic applications. In this application, the electromagnetic wavefields decay very rapidly with distance. A good filter means that it can be used to evaluate weak fields.Exponential sampling transforms a Hankel transform into a convolution equation, which must be solved to obtain the filter coefficients. Here, we use a direct matrix inversion method to solve the convolution equation in the sample domain, instead of the Fourier transform method and the Wiener–Hopf method, previously used to solve the convolution equation. This direct method is conceptually simple and is suitable for our optimization process: by using the Sommerfeld identity, we search for the optimum sampling interval, which corresponds to the minimum wavefield, evaluated for a given length filter.The performances of the new filters obtained are compared with some well‐known filters. We find that our filters perform better for our application; that is, for the same length filters, our filters are able to calculate weaker fields.For users working in similar applications, three sets of filters with lengths 61, 121, 241 are available from the author.
Migration methods for imaging different‐order multiples
Authors: Jiang Zhiyong , Sheng Jianming , Yu Jianhua , Schuster Gerard T. , Hornby Brian E. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTMultiples contain valuable information about the subsurface, and if properly migrated can provide a wider illumination of the subsurface compared to imaging with VSP primary reflections. In this paper we review three different methods for migrating multiples. The first method is model‐based, and it is more sensitive to velocity errors than primary migration; the second method uses a semi‐natural Green's function for migrating multiples, where part of the traveltimes are computed from the velocity model, and part of the traveltimes (i.e., natural traveltimes) are picked from the data to construct the imaging condition for multiples; the third method uses cross‐correlation of traces. The last two methods are preferred in the sense that they are significantly less sensitive to velocity errors and statics because they use “natural data” to construct part of the migration imaging conditions. Compared with the interferometric (i.e., crosscorrelation) imaging method the semi‐natural Green's function method is more computationally efficient and is sometimes less prone to migration artifacts.Numerical tests with 2‐D and 3‐D VSP data show that a wider subsurface coverage, higher‐fold and more balanced illumination of the subsurface can be achieved with multiple migration compared with migration of primary reflections only. However, there can be strong interference from multiples with different orders or primaries when multiples of high order are migrated. One possible solution is to filter primaries and different orders of multiples before migration, and another possible solution is least squares migration of all events. A limitation of multiple migration is encountered for subsalt imaging. Here, the multiples must pass through the salt body more than twice, which amplifies the distortion of the image.
Fow2, a Zn(II)2Cys6‐type transcription regulator, controls plant infection of the vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Imazaki Iori , Kurahashi Makoto , Iida Yuichiro , Tsuge Takashi 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum is a soil‐borne parasite that causes vascular wilts in a wide variety of crops by directly penetrating roots and colonizing the vascular tissue. In previous work, we generated the non‐pathogenic mutant B137 of the melon wilt pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis by using restriction enzyme‐mediated integration (REMI) mutagenesis. Molecular characterization of B137 revealed that this mutant has a single‐copy plasmid insertion in a gene, designated FOW2, which encodes a putative transcription regulator belonging to the Zn(II)2Cys6 family. The REMI mutant B137 and other FOW2‐targeted mutants completely lost pathogenicity, but were not impaired in vegetative growth and conidiation in cultures. Microscopic observation of infection behaviours of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐marked wild‐type and mutant strains revealed that the mutants were defective in their abilities to invade roots and colonize plant tissues. FOW2 is conserved in F. oxysporum pathogens that infect different plants. The FOW2‐targeted mutants of the tomato wilt pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici also lost pathogenicity. Nuclear localization of Fow2 was verified using strains expressing Fow2‐GFP and GFP‐Fow2 fusion proteins. These data strongly suggest that FOW2 encodes a transcription regulator controlling the plant infection capability of F. oxysporum pathogens.
Reducing the Variability of Neural Responses: A Computational Theory of Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity
Authors: Bohte Sander M. , Mozer Michael C. 
Published: January 2007

Experimental studies have observed synaptic potentiation when a presynaptic neuron fires shortly before a postsynaptic neuron and synaptic depression when the presynaptic neuron fires shortly after. The dependence of synaptic modulation on the precise timing of the two action potentials is known as spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP). We derive STDP from a simple computational principle: synapses adapt so as to minimize the postsynaptic neuron's response variability to a given presynaptic input, causing the neuron's output to become more reliable in the face of noise. Using an objective function that minimizes response variability and the biophysically realistic spike-response model of Gerstner (2001), we simulate neurophysiological experiments and obtain the characteristic STDP curve along with other phenomena, including the reduction in synaptic plasticity as synaptic efficacy increases. We compare our account to other efforts to derive STDP from computational principles and argue that our account provides the most comprehensive coverage of the phenomena. Thus, reliability of neural response in the face of noise may be a key goal of unsupervised cortical adaptation.
Written in Flames: Self-Immolation in Sixth-Century Sichuan
Authors: Benn James 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the religious career and self-immolation (which involved public acts of burning the fingers and body) of the sixth-century monk, Sengyai. The author discusses the sources for a study of his life, and translates the extant biographical materials. He demonstrates that self-immolation was a practice open to multiple interpretations, and that Sengyai?s act was understood as one of cosmic significance in a religious milieu in which recent political events such as the fall of the Liang dynasty were interpreted as signs of the decline of the dharma. Cet article s'intéresse à la carrière religieuse d'un moine du vie siècle, Sengyai, et à ses actes publics d'auto-immolation, tels que la crémation, d'abord, de ses doigts, et ensuite de son corps tout entier. L'auteur examine les sources permettant d'étudier sa vie et propose une traduction des matériaux existants. Il montre que la pratique de l'auto-immolation s'offrait à de multiples interprétations, et que les actions de Sengyai étaient conçues comme revêtant une signification cosmique au sein d'un milieu où des événements politiques tels que la chute de la dynastie des Liang étaient vécus comme des signes du déclin du dharma.
Targeting nitric oxide for cancer therapy
Authors: Hirst David , Robson Tracy 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA blueprint for the ideal anticancer molecule would include most of the properties of nitric oxide (NO•), but the ability to exploit these characteristics in a therapeutic setting requires a detailed understanding of the biology and biochemistry of the molecule. These properties include the ability of NO• to affect tumour angiogenesis, metastasis, blood flow and immuno surveillance. Furthermore NO• also has the potential to enhance both radio- and chemotherapy. However, all of these strategies are dependent on achieving appropriate levels of NO•, since endogenous levels of NO• appear to have a clear role in tumour progression. This review aims to summarize the role of NO• in cancer with particular emphasis on how the properties of NO• can be exploited for therapy.
Shifts in metabolic parameters surrounding glucose homoeostasis resulting from tricyclic antidepressant therapy: implications of insulin resistance?
Authors: Chadwick W , Wilson G , van de Venter M , Oelofsen W , Roux S 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
This study displayed the physiological effects the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline or trimipramine have on glucose homoeostasis in male Wistar rats. An insulin secreting cell line (INS-1) was also used to determine effects tricyclic antidepressants have on insulin secretion and insulin displacement. Thirty rats each received a 1 mg kg−1 dose of amitriptyline or trimipramine for a period of 14 weeks; another 14 rats served as the control group. Blood glucose, serum insulin and muscle and liver glycogen levels were determined. Kidney, liver and muscle insulin degradation was measured and compared with insulin degrading enzyme concentrations in the latter two tissues. INS-1 cells were used to determine the effect 1μM amitriptyline has on insulin secretion. Displacement studies for [3H]glibenclamide by amitriptyline or trimipramine were undertaken on INS-1 cells. A significant increase in blood glucose (P &lt; 0.01) was found for both test groups after 6 and 14 weeks of receiving the medication, which may be related to a significant decrease in liver and muscle glycogen levels (P &lt; 0.001). Serum insulin levels remained unchanged, although a significant increase in insulin degradation was observed in the muscle, liver and kidney, which may be related to a significant increase in insulin degrading enzyme (P &lt; 0.001) that was found. A significant increase in insulin secretion was observed for the INS-1 cells treated with amitriptyline, although no significant displacement for the [3H]glibenclamide was evident for amitriptyline or trimipramine. The significant alterations in glucose homoeostasis observed, as well as the significant changes associated with insulin secretion and degradation associated with amitriptyline or trimipramine treatment, imply that prolonged use of these medicines may lead to insulin resistance and full blown diabetes.
In-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory action of the ethanol extract ofTrachelospermi caulis
Authors: Lee Mu Hong , Lee Jeong Min , Jun Sung Hoon , Ha Chul Gyu , Lee Seung-Ha , Kim Nam Wook , Lee Jun Ho , Ko Na Young , Mun Se Hwan , Park Seung Hwa , Kim Bo Kyung , Her Erk , Kim Young Mi , Choi Wahn Soo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, antinociceptive activity and the action mechanism of Trachelospermi caulis extract. The anti-inflammatory effects were investigated using arachidonic acid, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate or carrageenan-induced oedema assays. Antinociceptive activity, using the acetic acid-induced writhing model, was also tested in mice. The extract exhibited dose-dependent and significant (P & 0.05 at 100–400 mg kg−1) anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity in the animals. To further understand the mechanism of activity, we investigated whether the extract inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of TNF-α from murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Similar to the in-vivo activity, the iNOS expression, NO production and TNF-α expression were found to be dose dependent and significantly suppressed by the extract through the inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase/NF-κB pathway. Taken together, the results presented here suggest that T. caulis extract may be useful for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
Highly Efficient Plastic Dye-sensitized Photoelectrodes Prepared by Low-temperature Binder-free Coating of Mesoscopic Titania Pastes
Authors: Kijitori Yujiro , Ikegami Masashi , Miyasaka Tsutomu 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Mesoporous TiO2 layers were prepared on a plastic conductive electrode by low-temperature coating of a binder-free nanocrystalline TiO2 paste capable of interparticle connection. Dye-sensitized solar cell with optimized TiO2 particle size and electrolyte composition yielded a highest energy conversion efficiency of 6.4%.