bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reply to Ellis’ “Comment” on “Pueblo Indian Migrations”
Authors: Jett Stephen C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEllis’ first major criticism, that local variations on the regional precipitation patterns were ignored, is considered irrelevant, because of the local, random, and short-term nature of these variations and the essential homogeneity of the climate of the Plateau area. Ellis’ second criticism, that the regional differences in climate between the Plateau area and the Rio Grande region were not taken into account, is considered to have more relevance. These differences could conceivably account for a movement between a desiccated Mesa Verde and a little-affected Rio Grande, but precipitation at Mesa Verde would have to be considerably more than halved for this regional differential to be of importance. Regional climatic differences cannot explain population shifts within the relatively homogeneous Plateau region. Hack's theory of arroyo-cutting accompanying droughts as the direct cause of migrations is inadequate because a number of areas were manifestly unaffected by arroyo-cutting, and there is evidence to suggest that arroyo-cutting is not genetically associated with drought periods as minor as that of A.D. 1276–1299. Certain misquotations in Ellis' note are also corrected, as is a misrepresentation in Jett's article.
Prehispanic Obsidian Mines in Southern Hidalgo
Authors: Spence Michael W. , Parsons Jeffrey 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe writers recently examined the famous Cerro de las Navajas obsidian mines described by William H. Holmes. Evidence was found there of extensive Aztec period working. The high proportion of mines to workshops suggests that the obsidian was only roughly processed at the mines, most of it having been carried elsewhere to be worked into final form.
Death's Heads, Cherubs, and Willow Trees: Experimental Archaeology in Colonial Cemeteries
Authors: Dethlefsen Edwin , Deetz James 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeventeenth and eighteenth-century gravestones in Massachusetts are decorated with a traditional set of designs which have distinctive spatial and temporal limits. By treating them as archaeological phenomena, one can demonstrate and test methods of inferring diffusion, design evolution, and relationships between a folk-art tradition and the culture which produced it. Early popularity of death's-head designs reflects Puritan attitudes toward death, while the later cherub, willow tree, and urn motifs indicate the breakdown of these values. Although cherubs appear earliest among an innovating urban class in Cambridge, they remain a relatively minor type in this central area but are rapidly adopted in outlying districts further removed from the center of influence. Imperfect reproduction of certain designs gives rise to distinctive local styles of other areas. The distribution of these local styles in time and space provides further insights regarding religious change in the Colonial period, including a clear indication of how this change proceeded in different geographical areas at different times. Future analysis of this material promises to be quite productive in the areas of experimental archaeology, kinship analysis, demographic studies, style change, and religious change in Colonial America.
Horizon and Tradition in the Northern Plains
Authors: Lehmer Donald J. , Caldwell Warren W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOrganization of the great mass of data accumulated during the salvage archaeology program in the Missouri River Basin poses a number of problems. One of the most fundamental is the choice of a satisfactory taxonomic system. The version of the Midwestern taxonomic system which has been used so far in the area has a number of shortcomings. In order to avoid some of them, data from the Missouri Valley in the Dakotas are organized here in terms of the Willey and Phillips system of "archaeological unit concepts." The classification which has emerged seems to have considerable merit; the application of the system itself to a particular archaeological situation has also suggested some modification of the categories which Willey and Phillips proposed.
Prehistoric Rock Paintings in Baja California
Authors: Meighan Clement W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractElaborate rock paintings from several rock shelters in the central part of Baja California are reported and described. The paintings are assigned to the Comondú culture on the basis of artifacts found in the shelters, one of which yielded a radiocarbon date of A.D. 1435 ± 80. The paintings apparently served as hunting magic. The complexity of the rock art and the wealth of sites and paintings suggest a somewhat more advanced culture than reported by the Spanish.
Dating the Eruption of Sunset Crater, Arizona
Authors: McGregor John C. 
Published: April 2006

Almost all archaeological work in the Southwest in the past several years has been an attempt to establish a series of events in their proper time and space context. This implies as the ultimate objective the building of a spacial series of chronologies, each one of which will give as complete an historical picture as is possible to obtain from archaeological data. The particular emphasis which has been, and is being, placed on chronology has directed attention to the methods by which this end is attained. The method has been set forth in 1931 by Leslie Spier in an article in “Methods in Social Science.”The list which Spier suggested is composed of the following methods: geology and paleontology, distribution, typology, stratigraphy, seriation, annual deposits, and documents.
Archaeology in the National Park Service
Authors: Kelly A. R. 
Published: April 2006

Briefly, the historical background for the legal framework and administrative machinery established for archaeological survey and research in the National Park Service, should be reviewed. The Antiquities Act of 1906 and the Historic Sites Act of 1935, the latter growing out of a special study of European and American legislation and precedents for the conservation of historic monuments instituted by the Secretary of the Interior, are particularly important. Also passed in 1935, was an Act to create a National Park Trust Fund which compares with the National Trust of Great Britain; the National Park Trust of the United States grew out of the same studies which found legal expression in the Historic Sites Act of 1935.More recently, by coöperative agreement, arrangements have been made for the review of archaeological and historical restoration projects carried out under relief auspices; these involve the operative procedures established by the Works Progress Administration, requiring the technical review of all research and survey project applications by the Smithsonian Institution and the National Park Service, Branch of Historic Sites.
The Pedestal Vessels of the Madisonville Site
Authors: Griffin John W. 
Published: April 2006

In his recent study of the Fort Ancient aspect, J. B. Griffin has described two unique vessels from the Madisonville site as follows:Two of the most unusual vessels from the site have pedestal bases. One of them was recovered relatively intact from the right side of the skull of an extended adult male. This jar is entirely typical of the Madisonville Cord-marked jars with the exception of the stand, which is an anomaly in any cultural group in the eastern United States. The vessel and the stand are 19 cm. high, and the stand alone is 6.5 cm. This unique piece is in the Cincinnati Art Museum. On the other jar the pedestal has been broken off, but there is no doubt but that such a base was formerly attached. This jar does not have any handles, but in its other traits it is a representative Madisonville Cord-marked jar.
Pithouse Number 1, Mesa Verde National Park
Authors: Smiley Terah L. 
Published: April 2006

An early eighth century pithouse was accidentally discovered in Mesa Verde National Park during the spring of 1939 when workmen were digging a trench for a new pipe line. Before the trench was dug the area was thoroughly examined so that the digging would not cut through any prehistoric structure. There were no surface indications of this pithouse. During the actual laying of the pipe line workmen discovered the floor levels of the pithouse visible on the sides of the trench. The Park Service authorities decided to excavate the structure to preserve anything of archaeological value.The pithouse is located on Chapin Mesa, 108° 29′ 27˝ west, 37° 12′ 17˝ north, at an elevation of 7,200 feet. Today a thick forest of juniper and pinyon trees covers the entire area. The red topsoil is about 1.7 m. in depth and overlays a.layer of shale. The floor of the pithouse is 1.25 m. below present ground level and well within the limits of this topsoil layer.
Diet and the Age of Californian Shellmounds
Authors: Gifford E. W. 
Published: April 2006

In shell middens bones and shells are surviving indicators of the diet of the former inhabitants. Unless carbonized, the plants consumed leave no obvious trace.A comparison of Californian and Fijian (Viti Levu Island) shellmounds reveals a striking similarity in the quantity of bone and an even more striking dissimilarity in the quantity of shell. In both areas bone constitutes less than onehalf of one per cent of the weight of the mound mass. In Fiji shell constitutes on the average 13 per cent by weight, whereas the average in California is 52 per cent—four times as great. The following speculations are based on these facts.
Implications of the Mogollon Concept
Authors: Reed Erik K. 
Published: April 2006

Nearly sixty years ago, the wife of a territorial governor of New Mexico was among the first to recognize that ruins of the Southwest represented, not a vanished and mysterious race, but the ancestors of the living Pueblo Indians, and added: .“from the sameness of the remains I infer that no important facts are to reward the search of dreaming pilgrim or patient student.”In the half-century since, patient students have ferreted out many facts of interest and possibly of importance, and have found that the sameness of the remains is not complete. The gradual recognition of successive periods of sequential development, their confirmation through stratigraphic studies, and the working out of temporal classification or horizontal segmentation, culminating in the Pecos-Roberts classification, is a familiar story.
A Pueblo Cave Site at Tres Piedras, New Mexico
Authors: Adelaide K.  , Bullen Ripley P. 
Published: April 2006

Kirk Bryan and A. P. Butler, Jr., reported finding, in 1938, artifacts of glassy andesite on the northwestern part of the Taos Plateau in New Mexico. They concluded: “non-Pueblo peoples having Great Plains affinities appear to have used the material.” Knowing that we were to be in New Mexico, Bryan suggested that we investigate a small cave at Tres Piedras where, in 1940, he had found flakes of the andesite in association with coal. The week of July 7, 1941, was spent at the site.Tres Piedras is located in the extreme north central part of New Mexico, about twenty-five miles south of the Colorado state line. The site is about two miles south of the town on land owned by Mr. Claire Hawkins, who very kindly gave us permission to excavate.
Periods of Prehistoric Art in the Aleutian Islands
Authors: Quimby George I. 
Published: April 2006

The intent of this paper is to present the hypothesis that there are at least two discernible periods of prehistoric Aleut art; one early, the other late. Most designs of the early period somewhat resemble those of the Dorset Eskimo in the East. The art of the late period is suggestive of Punuk Eskimo in northern Alaska.The formulation of these two periods is based upon an examination of decorated artifacts from the “D” site on the southwestern coast of Amaknak Island (Dutch Harbor, Alaska). These artifacts are part of a large collection donated to the Chicago Natural History Museum by Lt. Alvin R. Cahn, U.S.N.R.
Stone Eating Utensils of Prehistoric New England
Authors: Fowler William S. 
Published: April 2006

While much has been written concerning the aboriginal steatite (soapstone) bowl industry, it would seem that too little attention has been given to its cultural significance and the people who developed it. Whatever their traits, these stone bowl people, through initiative and persistent effort to raise their standard of living, became primitive industrialists of note. From soft steatite, which they quarried, they made stone bowls of various shapes and sizes, some of which were transported in trade to far-away regions devoid of steatite deposits.That New England was the center from which quarry work methods spread to other localities, probably south, is the opinion held by some. However, it is not known whether the concept of utilizing the soft soapy stone for pots originated in New England. It may have started further north where steatite deposits occur with telltale pick scars of primitive workmen.
Stone Celts Found in the Vicinity of Vernon, Texas
Authors: Ray J. Henry 
Published: April 2006

Our collection, gathered over a period of years from surface sites in the upper Red River basin of northern Texas, represents only the historic and late prehistoric cultures of this region.The occurrence of pecked and polished celts in the upper Red River area is of interest since they probably represent prehistoric trade objects carried westward up the Red River from somewhere in the eastern forest area, possibly western Arkansas or extreme eastern Oklahoma. Nine of the celts described here were found along a fifteen-mile stretch of the Red River between the mouths of the Pease River and China Creek, which enter it from the south. Several camp sites are located along the south bank of the Red River between these points and two more lie at the mouth of China Creek.
Peculiar Wooden Tubes from Southeastern Oregon
Authors: Drews Robin 
Published: April 2006

During excavations in Catlow valley, southeastern Oregon, by the Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, in the summers of 1937 and 1938, there were foundseven peculiar wooden tubes, each with a shallow groove around one or both ends. The specimens, shown in Fig. 10, range in size from No. 7 which is 5.3 cm. long by .5 cm. in diameter, to No. 3 which is 10.0 cm. long and .7 cm. in diameter. The largest from the standpoint of bulk is No. 5 which is 8.8 cm. long and 1.2 cm. in diameter. This specimen is the only one made from mature wood and not from short sections cut from small annual shoots. In each case the pith has been removed, leaving a clean bore the length of the section. No. 6, one of the most poorly made, apparently was never finished because the pith was never cleaned out, though it is evident that several small sticks were broken off during the attempt.
Position and Meaning of a Radiocarbon Sample from the Sheguiandah Site, Ontario
Authors: Lee Thomas E. 
Published: April 2006

An important radiocarbon date of 9130 ± 250 years (W-345) was recently received from Washington, courtesy of M. Rubin, United States Geological Survey. That it pertains to an archaeological site in an area commonly supposed to have been under Valders (Mankato) ice at that time is of significance in our studies of prehistory in Ontario. A few notes on the occurrence of the sample may be of interest.The Sheguiandah site, in the northeast corner of Manitoulin Island, has produced strong indications that man was present before the last ice sheet advanced over the area. Unfortunately, no satisfactory charcoal sample was obtained from the older deposits in 4 years of excavating.
A Hohokam Platform Mound at the Gatlin Site, Gila Bend, Arizona
Authors: Wasley William W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe mound near Gila Bend, western Arizona, excavated between November, 1958, and February, 1959 for the National Park Service by the Arizona State Museum, was rebuilt, modified, and repaired through six major stages of construction. The platform mound in use at any given stage was flat-topped and slope-sided with rounded corners and an irregular squarish or subrectangular outline. The platforms were made of a caliche plaster, and the sides were faced with a plaster of mixed caliche and adobe, placed directly over the earth core. Evidence of pre-mound occupation was encountered underneath the platform mound and in an excavated pit structure near the southeast corner of the mound. The entire historical sequence revealed by this excavation took place within the Sacaton phase of the Hohokam culture which may have lasted from A.D. 900 or 950 to A.D. 1100 or 1150 in the Gila Bend area. The significance of this Hohokam mound complex is that it represents a northern extension of the Mexican pyramid idea.
A Carved Antler Human Face from Umatilla, Oregon
Authors: Heizer Robert F. 
Published: April 2006

In the Lillard Collection primarily comprising archaeological materials from California now permanently housed in the University of California Museum of Anthropology, is a prehistoric artifact from Oregon which deserves special mention.The specimen (Fig. 48) which is broken now measures 8.1 cm. in length, 3.7 cm. in width and 8 cm. in thickness. In cross section it is slightly curved from the natural contour of the original material. The inner convexity bears traces of the interior spongy or cancellous material of the antler.
A Preliminary Report on the Thomas Riggs Village Site
Authors: Meleen E. E. 
Published: April 2006

The Thomas Riggs village site is located along the east bank of the Missouri River on the ranch of the late Thomas L. Riggs in the SW¼ NW¼ Section 27, Township 112 North, Range 81 West, Hughes County, South Dakota (Fig. 74). It is approximately 10 miles above the proposed site of the Oahe Dam and will fall well within the limits of the basin of this huge reservoir when it eventually becomes filled. This particular site, unlike many others in the area, shows little evidence of depredation.This may be due in part to the fact that evidences of occupation are only faintly discernible on the surface. No conspicuous pits or mounds are visible, and the site is covered with a luxuriant growth of native grass which not only conceals the usual telltale surface accumulation of refuse but also obscures the minor surface irregularities.
A Preliminary Report on Excavations in Southwestern Colorado
Authors: Guthe Alfred K. 
Published: April 2006

Archaeological research has been conducted in the Mesa Verde area of Southwestern United States since the 1880's. Because of this, many believe that the prehistory of the area is well known. Nevertheless, J. 0. Brew, in a recent summary of available information on the area, concluded that a great deal of work is still needed.This preliminary report is submitted in the hope that it will provide more information for an archaeological interpretation of the area. It is a report on excavations conducted at the Cahone Ruin during the summer of 1947.The Cahone Ruin is located in southwestern Colorado: Township 39 North, Range 18 West, in Dolores County, just north of the Montezuma-Dolores County line. It is found on a natural rise, about 500 yards north of the northern rim of Cahone Canyon, a tributary of Cross Canyon.
Geological Age of the Lehner Mammoth Site
Authors: Antevs Ernst 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe late Pliocene basal clay of the region and remnants of later deposits are cut by a perennial stream of pluvial age. Bones and artifacts, including Clovis- fluted points, occur in gravel and other channel deposits in a meander bow of this stream. The bone bed is overlain by a black swamp deposit indicating a subhumid climate and by calichified silts indicating arid conditions, both cut by an Altithermal channel. The hunt, stratigraphically pre- Altithermal, is dated by the equation of the relatively warm and dry 14-to-12 foot level in the San Augustin Plains profile with the Allerod of northern Europe (12,500-10,800 B.P.). This semi-arid period, called the Datil Interval or Datil Drought, is believed to have caused the extinction of the mammoth in both the Southwest and the High Plains by 11,500 B.P. The Sulphur Spring stage Cochise deposit at Double Adobe, which is overlain by a bed containing a mammoth skull, is dated at more than 12,500 B.P. The mammoth hunts of the Lehner and Naco sites are assigned an age of 13,000 or more years.
The Whiskey Dick Shellmound, Washington
Authors: Swanson Earl H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA layer of shells covered by a mixed aeolian and alluvial deposit was exposed by a road cut in a tributary of the Columbia River. Three occupation levels contained few stone tools, including burins and large knives in the lowest level. A contracting-stem point in the middle level places the site in the Frenchman Springs III phase, 4th to 11th centuries A.D. The latest level reflects increasing aridity; the streams became intermittent and the population moved to the main river.
Further Comments on the Wooden Figure from Mexico
Authors: Burland C. A. , Nowotny Karl Anton 
Published: April 2006

Dr. K. A. Nowotny's note on the Xolotl figure in the Museum für Völkerkunde, Vienna raises some points of general interest. First, Xolotl is mentioned as related to Quetzalcoatl in a rather obscure way in the Codex Magliabecciano.The writer, talking of Quetzalcoatl says: “este dizen que fue hijo de otro dios que llaman mictlan tecutli, que es sefior del lugar delos muertos. y es de otro ydolo que llaman xulutl que quiere dezir un modo de pan que ellos tienen hecho de bledos y mahiz.” In all the codices which contain the tonalpouhualli, Xolotl is given as Lord of the thirteen day period Ce Cozcaquahtli, associated with the sign of the setting sun entering the jaws of the earth. In Borbonicus, p. 26, one sees an excellent representation of Xolotl and Quetzalcoatl facing one another at a dance of the priests. In the mythological sections of Borgia, Quetzalcoatl is shown as a pair of beings descending through creation.
Natural Burial of Artifacts
Authors: Dietz Eugene F. 
Published: April 2006

In a recent issue of American Antiquity Douglas S. Byers, in “Bull Brook — a Fluted Point Site in Ipswich, Massachusetts ” (Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 343-51), pointedly raises the question of how the stone artifacts at this site have become buried rather deeply in the soil. To quote Mr. Byers: “Not the least of the problems is that having to do with the means by which the implements became buried. The surface of the land shows differences in elevation that could not have amounted to more than 5 feet over the entire area. There is no sign of an old land surface at the depth at which the fluted point complex occurs. Neither slope wash, wind action, nor frost action seem to offer satisfactory media for burying the objects. The matter remains a puzzle until further study may uncover new evidence.”This particular dilemma, is one that I am sure will be encountered in the study of any old site, such as the fluted point sites.
Concerning the Existence of the Pit House in South America
Authors: Gonzalez Alberto Rex 
Published: April 2006

With considerable interest I have read Daifuku's “The Pit House in the Old World and in Native North America” (American Antiquity, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1-7, 1952). Although he did not refer to South America except in passing, citing only the finds of Bird in northern Peru, it is of interest to point out that there are numerous ethnographic references to the use of the pit house in the southern half of this continent, and that these references are confirmed by archaeological finds.Metraux (1929) in his study of the Huarpe, primitive inhabitants of the Cuyo region of Argentina, gave a summary of the definite references to the use of the pit house in South America and attached a distribution map. He listed, in addition to the Huarpe, the Kaupe, Tsirakua, Matsikui, Kitsua de Cojata, Obacoatiara, Guaranaguacu, Piraguayguaquig, and Wayana. The first three are found in Paraguay; the remaining four are in eastern Brazil. For some of the tribes mentioned the references in question are very clear; for others, such as the Tsirakua and Wayana, they are doubtful.