bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growing Oral Biofilms in a Constant Depth Film Fermentor (CDFF)
Authors: Pratten Jonathan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn order to grow organisms in such a manner as to mimic their physiological growth state in vivo, it is often desirable to grow them as biofilms in the laboratory. There are numerous systems available to accomplish this; however, some are more suited to the growth of oral biofilms (dental plaque) than others. The operating parameters of one such model, the constant depth film fermentor (CDFF), are given in this unit. This model is particularly suited to studying the varied biofilms which exist in the oral cavity because environmental factors such as the substratum, nutrient source, and gas flow can be altered. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 6:1B.5.1‐1B.5.18. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analyses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteins
Authors: Larsen Michelle H. , Biermann Karolin , Jacobs, William R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis unit includes protocols for the isolation of proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Considerations for working with M. tuberculosis at Biosafety Level 3 containment are also discussed. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 6:10A.4.1‐10A.4.5. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Laboratory Maintenance of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Flavobacterium columnare
Authors: Cain Kenneth D. , LaFrentz Benjamin R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBacteria in the genus Flavobacterium are highly heterogeneous and are comprised of pathogenic and non‐pathogenic species. They are found in a wide variety of environments that include fresh and marine water, soil, and ocean sediments. This unit focuses on laboratory maintenance of two important fish pathogens within this genus. Flavobacterium psychrophilum and F. columnare are fastidious, slow‐growing organisms that require specialized medium for optimal growth in the laboratory. Methods are described for the preparation of media, broth and agar culture, cryopreservation, and enumeration of viable cells for these bacteria. In addition, the diseases caused by these pathogens are described along with methods of diagnosis and treatments. This unit serves as a general guide for the cultivation of F. psychrophilum and F. columnare and discusses some of the difficulties that have been encountered for each. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 6:13B.1.1‐13B.1.12. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV): Infection, Propagation, Quantitation, and Storage
Authors: Lan Ke , Verma Subhash C. , Murakami Masanao , Bajaj Bharat , Robertson Erle S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEpstein‐Barr virus (EBV) was first reported as the etiological agent of Burkitt's lymphoma in 1964. Since then, EBV has also been associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which is highly prevalent in Southeast Asia, as well as infectious mononucleosis, complications of AIDS, and transplant‐related B cell lymphomas. This virus has further been linked with T cell lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease, establishing the concept of a wide spectrum of EBV‐associated malignant disorders. So far, there are a number of EBV‐infected cell lines established that can be induced for production of infectious viral progeny and that facilitate the study of the mechanism of EBV‐related infection, transformation, and oncogenesis. This unit describes procedures for the preparation of EBV virion particles and in vitro infection of cells with EBV. In addition, procedures for quantitation and storage of the virus are provided. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 6:14E.2.1‐14E.2.21. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reverse Transcription‐Polymerase Chain Reaction‐Based Detection of Plant Viruses
Authors: Li Ruhui , Hartung John S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA one‐step reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) is used to detect two cherry flexiviruses, Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV) and Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV), in Prunus species. This unit presents procedures for collection of plant samples, preparation of total nucleic acids, viral RNA‐rich or total RNA extracts from plant tissues, and subsequent amplification of the viral targets by one‐step RT‐PCR using a pair of consensus primers. The PCR amplicons are visualized by electrophoresis in a 1% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide in TAE buffer and viewed under ultraviolet light. This procedure is rapid, sensitive, reliable, and cost‐effective and is generally useful on a wide variety of plant/virus systems. The use of a semi‐automatic homogenizer for sample preparation and one‐tube RT‐PCR for virus detection makes this approach ideal for screening large numbers of samples. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 6:16C.1.1‐16C.1.9. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Extracting Viral RNAs from Plant Protoplasts
Authors: Fabian Marc R. , Andrew White K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe analysis of viral RNA is a fundamental aspect of plant RNA virus research. Studies that focus on viral RNAs often involve virus infections of plant protoplasts (see UNITS 16D.1‐16D.4). Protoplast offer the advantage of simultaneous initiation of infections, which allows for superior temporal and quantitative analyses of viral RNAs. The efficient isolation of intact viral RNA is key to any such investigations. This unit describes two basic protocols for extracting viral RNAs from plant protoplasts. An approach for preparing double‐stranded viral RNA from total RNA pools is also provided. The viral RNA prepared by using these techniques can be used for further analyses such as primer extension, reverse transcription–PCR, and northern blotting. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 6:16E.1.1‐16E.1.6. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)
Authors: Lan Ke , Verma Subhash C. , Murakami Masanao , Bajaj Bharat , Robertson Erle S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this appendix, several basic methods are described for preparation of primary B lymphocyte. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 6:A.4C.1‐A.4C.9. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Individual differences in use of external visualisations to perform an internal visualisation task
Authors: Cohen Cheryl A. , Hegarty Mary 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThirty participants performed a novel spatial inference task, which required them to imagine and draw the cross section of a three‐dimensional (3‐D) object. While performing the task, participants could interactively control two computer visualisations (animations) of the object. There were large individual differences in how frequently participants used the computer visualisations, which were related to spatial ability. Use of the interactive visualisations was highly predictive of performance on the cross‐section task and mediated the correlation between spatial ability and performance. These findings suggest that interactive computer visualisations can aid performance on spatial inference tasks, but that they do so only for a subset of individuals who can discover how to best use the additional information that they provide. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learner control, cognitive load and instructional animation
Authors: Hasler Béatrice Susanne , Kersten Bernd , Sweller John 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn order to investigate the influence of learner‐controlled pacing in educational animation on instructional efficiency, three versions of an audio‐visual computer animation and a narration‐only presentation were used to teach primary school students the determinants of day and night. The animations were either system‐paced using a continuous animation, learner‐paced using discrete segments or learner paced using ‘stop’ and ‘play’ buttons. The two learner‐paced groups showed higher test performance with relatively lower cognitive load compared to the two system‐paced groups, despite the fact that the ‘stop’ and ‘play’ buttons were rarely used. The significant group differences regarding test performance were obtained only for more difficult, high element interactivity questions but not for low element interactivity questions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can the cognitive load approach make instructional animations more effective?
Authors: Ayres Paul , Paas Fred 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe papers in this themed issue have investigated methods to make animations more effective. The purpose of this paper is to discuss each of the seven empirical papers. The discussion focuses on how they dealt with cognitive load during instruction and problem solving. Critical observations are made on each paper and avenues for future research are proposed. From the overall collection of papers a number of key results are identified and used as a basis for recommending principles for developing effective instructional animations. Lastly, a number of design issues are discussed in the context of enhancing future research in this field. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diversity and relationship between Iranian ethnic groups: Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) VNTR genotyping
Authors: Banoei Mohammad Mehdi , Chaleshtori Morteza Hashemzadeh , Sanati Mohammah Hossein , Panahi Mehdi Shafa Sharait , Majidizadeh Tayebeh , Rostami Maryam , Manshadi Massoumeh Dehghan , Golalipour Masoud 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe 40‐bp VNTR polymorphism in the 3′ untranslated region of the human DAT1 (dopamine transporter 1) was analyzed in the Iranian ethnic groups in order to examine the influence of geographical and linguistic affiliation on the genetic affinities among the Iranian population. A total of 449 subjects belonging to nine ethnic groups from the Iranian population were included in the study. The screening of 898 chromosomes showed five alleles (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11), of which allele 10 revealed the highest frequency in most regions. Allele 8 was predominant in one ethnicity and occurred more frequently in the center of Iran. This study shows that the DAT1 distribution in Iran has a different pattern from those in other studies, which can contribute to an understanding of differentiation and diversity of Iranian ethnic groups. This polymorphism could represent the genetic diversity among the various ethnic groups of Iran. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractionation technology for the petroleum refining industry
Authors: Hug Albert , Faessler Peter W. , Kolmetz Karl , Ng Wai Kiong , Watari Kazuo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDistillation Research and Development is moving rapidly with the utilization of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling. Previously, a potential fractionation application would first be developed and fabricated. Then many hours of pilot plant testing would be required to finalize the design. The time line for the development of new distillation equipment has been reduced, leading to advances in fractionation equipment.Current applications of trays, packings, distributors and feed inlets can be optimized utilizing CFD modeling. CFD Modeling has improved the current generation of fractionation equipment. This modeling is also particularly important in maximizing capacity in tower revamps where the diameter of the tower is fixed. This paper will review the current‐generation fractionation equipment and the utilization of the same in the petroleum refining industry. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cannabis, Pain, and Sleep: Lessons from Therapeutic Clinical Trials of Sativex®, a Cannabis‐Based Medicine
Authors: Russo Ethan B. , Guy Geoffrey W. , Robson Philip J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCannabis sativa L. has been utilized for treatment of pain and sleep disorders since ancient times. This review examines modern studies on effects of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on sleep. It goes on to report new information on the effects on sleep in the context of medical treatment of neuropathic pain and symptoms of multiple sclerosis, employing standardized oromucosal cannabis‐based medicines containing primarily THC, CBD, or a 1 : 1 combination of the two (Sativex®). Sleep‐laboratory results indicate a mild activating effect of CBD, and slight residual sedation with THC‐predominant extracts. Experience to date with Sativex in numerous Phase I–III studies in 2000 subjects with 1000 patient years of exposure demonstrate marked improvement in subjective sleep parameters in patients with a wide variety of pain conditions including multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathic pain, intractable cancer pain, and rheumatoid arthritis, with an acceptable adverse event profile. No tolerance to the benefit of Sativex on pain or sleep, nor need for dosage increases have been noted in safety extension studies of up to four years, wherein 40–50% of subjects attained good or very good sleep quality, a key source of disability in chronic pain syndromes that may contribute to patients' quality of life.
The File Mover: high‐performance data transfer for the grid
Authors: Anglano Cosimo , Canonico Massimo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe exploration in many scientific disciplines (e.g. High‐Energy Physics, Climate Modeling, and Life Sciences) involves the production and the analysis of massive data collections, whose archival, retrieval, and analysis require the coordinated usage of high‐capacity computing, network, and storage resources. To obtain satisfactory performance, these applications require the availability of a high‐performance, reliable data transfer mechanisms, able to minimize the data transfer time that often dominates their execution time. In this paper we present the File Mover, an efficient data transfer system specifically tailored to the needs of data‐intensive applications, that exploits the overlay networks paradigm to provide superior performance with respect to conventional file transfer systems. An extensive experimental evaluation, carried out by means of a proof‐of‐concept implementation of the File Mover for a variety of network scenarios, shows the ability of the File Mover to outperform alternative data transfer systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact BER analysis of M‐ary orthogonal signaling with MRC over Ricean fading channels
Authors: Paris J. F. , Martos‐Naya E. , Fernández‐Plazaola U. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA new approach for analyzing the performance of coherent M‐ary orthogonal signaling with maximal ratio combining over Ricean fading channels is presented here. A new series representation for the bit‐error rate is derived, making it possible to compute error rates with guaranteed accuracy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functionalized 8 nm Long Aryleneethynylene Molecular Wire with Alkyne Termini
Authors: Zeng Xianshun , Wang Changsheng , Bryce Martin R. , Batsanov Andrei S. , Sirichantaropass Skon , García‐Suárez Víctor M. , Lambert Colin J. , Sage Ian 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of new conjugated aryleneethynylene derivatives of up to ca. 8 nm molecular length (compound 16) with terminal alkyne substituents and 9,9‐dihexylfluorene units in the backbone is described. Key synthetic steps are Pd‐mediated Sonogashira coupling methodology combined with regioselective removal from the terminal alkyne units of 2‐hydroxy‐2‐propyl protecting groups in the presence of trimethylsilyl groups. The structural and electronic properties of 16 were obtained from DFT calculations: the intramolecular terminal C···C′ distance in its relaxed conformation was found to be 7.8 nm. The calculated distribution of HOMO and LUMO orbitals and the strong blue fluorescence observed for 16 (λmax = 420, 443 nm in CHCl3 solution) are consistent with a highly conjugated penta[(9,9‐dihexyl‐2,7‐fluorenylene)ethynylene] structure. Molecule 16 possesses multifunctionality and is of interest for future molecular electronic device applications.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Seismic strengthening of an under‐designed RC structure with FRP
Authors: Di Ludovico M. , Prota A. , Manfredi G. , Cosenza E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe opportunities provided by the use of fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) for the seismic retrofit of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures were assessed on a full‐scale three‐story framed structure. The structure, designed only for gravity loads, was subjected to a bi‐directional pseudo‐dynamic (PsD) test at peak ground acceleration (PGA) equal to 0.20g at the ELSA Laboratory of the Joint Research Centre.The seismic deficiencies exhibited by the structure after the test were confirmed by post‐test assessment of structural seismic capacity performed by nonlinear static pushover analysis implemented on the lumped plasticity model of the structure. In order to allow the structure to withstand 0.30g PGA seismic actions, a retrofit using glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates was designed. The retrofit design was targeted to achieve a more ductile
and energy dissipating global performance of the structure by increasing the ductility of columns and preventing brittle failure modes. Design assumptions and criteria along with nonlinear static pushover analysis to assess the overall capacity of the FRP‐retrofitted structure are presented and discussed. After the retrofit execution, a new series of PsD tests at both 0.20g and 0.30g PGA level were carried out. Theoretical predictions are compared with the main experimental outcomes to assess the effectiveness of the proposed retrofit technique and validate the adopted design procedures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unbiased selection of bone marrow derived cells as carriers for cancer gene therapy
Authors: Lang Susanne I. , Kottke Timothy , Thompson Jill , Vile Richard G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundThere is currently great interest in development of cell‐based carriers for delivery of viral vectors to metastatic tumors. To date, several cell carriers have been tested based largely upon their predicted tumor‐localizing properties. However, cell types may exist which can be mobilized from the circulation by a tumor which have not yet been identified. Here we use an unbiased screen of bone marrow (BM) cells to identify cells which localize to tumors and which might serve as effective candidate cell carriers without any prior prediction or selection.MethodsUnsorted BM cells from green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐transgenic donor mice were adoptively transferred into C57Bl/6 mice bearing pre‐established subcutaneous B16 melanoma tumors. Forty‐eight hours and eight days later, tumors, organs and blood were analyzed for GFP‐expressing cells by flow cytometry. The phenotype of GFP cells in organs was determined by co‐staining with specific cell surface markers.ResultsCD45+ hematopoietic cells were readily detected in tumor, spleen, bone marrow, blood and lung at both time points. Within these CD45+ cell populations, preferential accumulation in the tumor was observed of cells expressing Sca‐1, c‐kit, NK1.1, Thy1.2, CD14, Mac‐3 and/or CD11c. Lymphodepletion increased homing to spleen and bone marrow, but not to tumors.ConclusionsWe have used an in vivo screen to identify populations of BM‐derived donor cells which accumulate within tumors. These studies will direct rational selection of specific cell types which can be tested in standardized assays of cell carrier efficiency for the treatment of metastatic tumors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene therapy in The Netherlands: highlights from the Low Countries
Authors: Schenk‐Braat Ellen A. M. , Kaptein Leonie C. M. , Hallemeesch Marcella M. , Bangma Chris H. , Hoeben Rob C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractGene therapy is an active research area in The Netherlands and Dutch scientists involved in fundamental and clinical gene therapy research significantly contribute to the progresses made in this field. This ranges from the establishment of the 293, 911 and PER.C6 cell lines, which are used worldwide for the production of replication‐defective adenoviral vectors, to the development of targeted viral vectors and T lymphocytes as well as of non‐viral vectors. Several milestones have been achieved in Dutch clinical gene therapy trials, including the first treatment worldwide of patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency with genetically corrected hematopoietic stem cells in collaboration with French and British scientists. Until now, about 230 patients with various diseases have been treated with viral and non‐viral gene therapy in this country. Ongoing and upcoming Dutch clinical trials focus on the translation of new developments in gene therapy research, including the restoration of genetic defects other than SCID, and the use of oncolytic adenoviruses and targeted T cells for the treatment of cancer. The growing commercial interest in Dutch clinical gene therapy is reflected by the involvement of two Dutch companies in ongoing trials as well as the participation of Dutch clinical centres in large phase III international multicenter immuno‐gene therapy trials on prostate cancer sponsored by an American company. Translational gene therapy research in The Netherlands is boosted at a governmental level by the Dutch Ministry of Health via a dedicated funding programme. This paper presents an overview on milestones in Dutch basic gene therapy research as well as on past, present and future clinical gene therapy trials in The Netherlands. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene therapy legislation in The Netherlands
Authors: Bleijs D. A. , Haenen I. T. W. C. , Bergmans J. E. N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSeveral regulatory organisations are involved in the assessment of clinical gene therapy trials involving genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in The Netherlands. Medical, ethical and scientific aspects are, for instance, evaluated by the Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects (CCMO). The Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM) is the competent authority for the environmental risk assessment according to the deliberate release Directive 2001/18/EC. A Gene Therapy Office has been established in order to streamline the different national review processes and to enable the official procedures to be completed as quickly as possible. Although the Gene Therapy Office improved the application process at the national level, there is a difference of opinion between the EU member states with respect to the EU Directive according to which gene therapy trials are assessed, that urges for harmonisation. This review summarises the gene therapy legislation in The Netherlands and in particular The Netherlands rationale to follow Directive 2001/18/EC for the environmental risk assessment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide to 2007—an update
Authors: Edelstein Michael L. , Abedi Mohammad R. , Wixon Jo 
Published: August 2007

Abstract To date, over 1340 gene therapy clinical trials have been completed, are ongoing or have been approved worldwide. In 1997 we set up a database to bring together global information on gene therapy clinical trials as comprehensively as possible. The data are compiled and regularly updated from official agency sources, published literature, conference presentations and posters and from information kindly provided by investigators or trial sponsors themselves.This review updates our descriptive overview of the data in 2004 1, presenting our analysis of the clinical trials that, to the best of our knowledge, have been or are being performed worldwide. As of July 30 2007, we have stored entries on 1309 trials in 28 countries. We have analyzed the geographical distribution of trials, the disease indications (or other reasons) for trials, the proportions to which different vector types are used, and which genes have been transferred. Details of the analyses presented, and our interactive, searchable database can be found on The Journal of Gene Medicine Gene Therapy Clinical Trials Worldwide website at: http://www.wiley.co.uk/genmed/clinical. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.