bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of chemical methods for the assessment of beef quality. IV. Physicochemical and miscellaneous methods
Authors: Pearson D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods which are used either to assess physicochemical changes during beef spoilage or to measure general effects not necessarily related to the breakdown of protein or fat directly are considered in relation to various criteria discussed in Part I. From the point of view of routine quality control, measurements of the extract‐release volume and pH appear to be useful for spoilage assessment, provided that allowance is made for the differing results obtained during the pre‐rigor period. From statistical correlations with odour scores most meats were considered acceptable provided that the ERV (extract‐release volume, using the standardised method described) was at least 17 ml. The pH of the meat should preferably not exceed about 6.0. The joint use of total volatile nitrogen, free fatty acids, and ERV for deciding upon general acceptability in industrial control is considered.
Enzyme method for determination of α‐linked glucose polymers in biological materials
Authors: MacRae J. C. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA review of methods available for the determination of starch suggested, for reasons given, that none was satisfactory for the determination of α‐linked glucose polymers in biological materials. Therefore, a method was devised in which the specific hydrolysis of starch completely to glucose is achieved by means of an amyloglucosidase. Glucose is estimated using glucose oxidase. Contents of α‐linked glucose polymers in a number of biological samples were determined, and compared with those obtained using 0.36 N‐H2SO4 to effect hydrolysis.
Mineral composition of apples. VIII.—Further investigations into the relationship between composition and disorders of the fruit
Authors: Perring M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn 1967, when an unusual number of disorders were present in apples grown in England, Cox's Orange Pippin apples with disorders at the time of picking or after storage were obtained from various sources and analysed for mineral constituents. The results were compared with those for sound apples, from similar or different samples.Low levels of calcium were found to be associated with many of the disorders. At these low levels of calcium, high concentrations of other elements appeared to be a contributory factor in rendering apples liable to particular disorders.
Mineral composition of apples IX.—Uptake of calcium by the fruit
Authors: Wilkinson B. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe amount of calcium in mature apples appears to be related to certain storage disorders. For Cox's Orange Pippin a difference of 2 mg in a total calcium content per fruit of about 5 mg can make the difference between good and bad keeping.Most of the calcium moves into the fruit during the first few weeks of its development (approximating to the period during which the cell walls are being formed). Thereafter (during the period of cell expansion) the movement of calcium is no longer in one direction only, and as much as 1 mg may move out of the fruit. This may be of the same order of magnitude as that contributed by calcium sprays, which are now commonly applied to improve storage quality.The factors affecting the movement of calcium into or out of apples are not known, but the limited evidence available suggests that movement of calcium out of the fruit may occur during periods of abnormally dry weather. These are the conditions which are usually associated with the occurrence of bitter pit.
Structures and pesticidal activities of derivatives of dinitrophenols. X.—Effects of substitution of dinitrophenols with C3 to C13 α‐branched alkyl groups and of esterification on the eradication of barley mildew
Authors: Pianka M. , Sweet P. J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe studies of the eradication of barley mildew due to Erysiphe graminis Mérat with alkyldinitrophenols reported earlier1 were continued. The degree of eradication was highest with 4‐(C9 α‐branched alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenols. 4‐Alkyl‐2,6‐dinitrophenols containing a heptyl or higher alkyl branch were significantly less active, and compounds containing the C12 or C13 alkyls were not active since the most compact of the C12 α‐branched alkyls is 1‐pentylheptyl. 2‐(1‐Methylheptyl)‐ and 2‐(1‐propylpentyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols had high activity, but their esters showed reduced activity. Esterification of 4‐(α‐branched alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenols to methyl carbonates did not affect the activity shown by the compounds, but when certain 4‐C10 and C11 alkyl‐2,6‐dinitrophenols were esterified to ethyl carbonates the activity of the products was reduced. Also activity was diminished by conversion of some 4‐C9 and C10 alkyl‐2,6‐dinitrophenols to crotonates. Whereas the methyl‐ and ethyl‐ carbonates of 4‐(1‐ethylhexyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenol gave consistently high degrees of eradication of barley mildew, the performance of the crotonate of this phenol was not consistent. Lower aliphatic esters of the active C8‐alkyl phenols were themselves active. Esterification of 4‐(1‐ethylhexyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenol to the benzoate, isopropyl carbonate or S‐methyl thiolocarbonate gave compounds with substantially reduced activity. 2‐t‐Butyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenyl or 4‐t‐butyl‐ or t‐octyl‐2,6‐dinitrophenyl esters gave little or no significant eradication.
Structures and pesticidal activities of derivatives of dinitrophenols. XII.—In vitro activity of C3 to C13 α‐branched alkyldinitro‐phenols and their esters and ethers against the spores of Venturia inaequalis and other fungi
Authors: Pianka M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe activity in vitro of 2‐(C3 to C13 α‐branched alkyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols and 4‐(C4 to C13 α‐branched alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenols and of their various esters and ethers was determined against the spores of Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint., Botrytis cinerea Pers., Fusarium bulbigenum, Cooke & Massee, var. lycopersici (Brushi) Wollenw. and Cercospora melonis Cooke. Several alkyldinitrophenols were highly active against Venturia and the 2‐alkylphenols were generally more active than the 4‐alkylphenols. The alkyldinitrophenols were not effective against the spores of Botrytis, Fusarium and Cercospora..Esterification of several lower alkyldinitrophenols to methyl carbonates gave compounds with enhanced activity, but methyl carbonates of C7 to C11 alkyl dinitrophenols showed considerably reduced activity. Esterification to ethyl‐ or other alkyl‐carbonates gave compounds with considerably reduced activity against Venturia. Esterification of 2‐isopropyl‐ and 2‐t‐butyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenols to crotonates gave compounds with enhanced activity against Venturia, but crotonates of other phenols showed reduced activity. The acrylates of several C6 to C8 alkyl dinitrophenols proved highly active. Ethers of active phenols showed considerably reduced activity.
Carotene bleaching activity of tomato extracts
Authors: Blain J. A. , Patterson J. D. E. , Pearce M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA water‐soluble factor (or factors) in tomato which bleaches β‐carotene in the presence of unsaturated fats has been studied. It behaves like haematin and not as a true lipoxidase. Inhibition of this factor and of haematin‐catalysed oxidation of linoleate by water‐soluble constituents of the juice has also been demonstrated.
Breakdown of the herbicide 14C‐chlorthiamid I.—Laboratory studies of the breakdown in soils
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Wright A. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChlorthiamid (‘Prefix’, 2,6‐dichlorothiobenzamide) with a 14C label was added at 10 ppm (on a wet weight basis, equivalent to nearly 20 lb/acre) to moist clay, loam, peat, sand, and brick earth in tightly stoppered bottles. After six months at room temperature (22°) all of the chlorthiamid had broken down. The major products were 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide (3‐8 ppm), and dichlobenil (‘Casoron’, 2,6‐dichlorobenzo‐nitrile, 0.8‐3.7 ppm) together with traces (0.6 to < 0.01 ppm) of two unidentified compounds. No 2,6‐dichlorobenzoic acid could be detected in the soils.Whilst dichlobenil is an active herbicide the benzamide is only weakly active.
Breakdown of the herbicide 14C‐chlorthiamid II.—Glasshouse studies of breakdown in soils and in crops grown in the soils
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Wright A. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPlants were grown to harvest in a glasshouse in soils treated once with 14C‐chlorthiamid (2,6‐dichlorothio‐benzamide, ‘Prefix’) at dosage levels (1‐3 lb/acre active material) near those recommended for commercial field use.Rice plants (stems and leaves) grown in soil treated at 1 lb/acre contained dichlobenil (2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile, ‘Casoron’, 0.03 ppm) and 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide (0.06 ppm) and the grain itself showed a total residue of 14C‐components of only 0.06 ppm (expressed as equivalent weight of chlorthiamid) at harvest.Winter wheat plants (stalks and leaves) grown in medium loam treated at 1.2 lb/acre contained residues of 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide and free and conjugated 3‐hydroxy‐2,6‐dichlorobenzamide, together with traces of sugar conjugates of 3‐hydroxy‐and 4‐hydroxy‐2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile.The fruit of apple grown in a glasshouse in soil treated once at 1.5 lb/acre, showed no detectable residue (<0.004 ppm) in spite of total residues of up to 2.4 ppm in the leaves. The latter probably resulted from sublimation of dichlobenil from the soil. Such a mode of uptake would be unlikely to lead to as much residue in the leaves under field conditions. Traces of dichlobenil (0.005 ppm), 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide (0.02 ppm) with larger amounts of glycosides of 3‐hydroxy‐2,6‐dichlorobenzamide (1.3 ppm) and 3‐hydroxy‐ and 4‐hydroxy‐2,6‐dichlorobenzonitriles (0.6 ppm and 0.5 ppm respectively) were identified in the leaves at harvest.All of the breakdown products of chlorthiamid that have been identified are of low acute oral mammalian toxicity.
Breakdown of WL 9385, an azido triazine herbicide, in soils and on wheat
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Wright A. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe breakdown of the herbicide WL 9385 (2‐azido‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐t‐butylamino‐l, 3, 5‐triazine) in soils and in spring wheat has been studied in the laboratory by radio‐isotope techniques.In soils the major long‐term breakdown product was formed by the reduction of the azido group to an amino group together with smaller amounts of a subsequent de‐ethylation reaction product.On the foliage of spring wheat the reduction reaction also occurred and de‐ethylation of the reduction product was also evident, but with some de‐ethylation of WL 9385 itself.Spring wheat grown in soils treated with the herbicide at 2 kg/ha contained residues of 2.2 ppm (as equivalent ppm of WL 9385) of metabolites in the seed head and 7.4 ppm in the rest of the plant above ground at harvest at 65 days from treatment.Residues of 14C‐compounds could not be detected in the seed head of wheat which had received a foliar application of 10 ppm of 14C‐WL 9385 at 100 days before harvest and residues in the rest of the plant above ground were only 0.16 ppm.The breakdown products are not of higher acute toxicity to rats than the parent compound and the major soil breakdown products are not herbicidal.
Chemical constitution and activity of bipyridylium herbicides: IV.—Diquaternary salts of methyl substituted 1,10‐phenanthrolines
Authors: Dickeson J. E. , Summers L. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEight bridged diquaternary salts of methyl substituted 1,10‐phenanthrolines have been prepared. They are reduced in aqueous solution to radical cations at about the same potential as diquat by a one electron transfer which is largely reversed by air. in herbicidal tests they showed slight activity at a rate equivalent to 8 lb/acre. Their relatively poor phytotoxic properties are considered to be due to their large size which hinders their reaching the site of biological action of the bipyridylium herbicides.
Phosphate uptake by lettuces and carrots from different soil depths in the field
Authors: Page E. R. , Gerwitz A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn order to investigate the depths in field soils from which plants derive their phosphate nutrition, uptake of 32P from depths of 6, 12, 24 and 36 inches was studied, using a shallow‐rooted crop (lettuce) and a deeper‐rooted crop (carrot). a soil at two different fertility levels was used, the higher level of fertility having been attained by heavy applications of farmyard manure over a period of twelve years.The exchangeable pool of phosphate in the high‐fertility soil, at the depths investigated, was about twice that in the low‐fertility soil. Total phosphate up take by lettuces on the two soils was almost proportional to the size of the exchangeable pool, but the uptake by carrots on the high‐fertility soil was much less than twice that on the low‐fertility soil.Phosphate uptake, computed as the product of measured radioactive phosphate and the size of the exchangeable phosphate pool at the depths investigated, shows that lettuces derived almost all their requirements of phosphate from the uppermost foot of soil. Carrots obtained most of their phosphate from this layer, but also obtained appreciable amounts from depths of 24 and 36 inches.Some implications of these findings are discussed.
Component acids of Bauhinia seed oils
Authors: Badami R. C. , Daulatabad C. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeed oils of Bauhinia monandra and B. purpurea were examined for their component acids by reversed‐phase partition column chromatography. the following results (wt. %) were obtained for B. monandra: myristic 1.4, palmitic 15.1, stearic 9.4, arachidic 0.9, behenic 0.9, oleic 11.5, linoleic 60.8 and for B. purpurea: lauric 0.5, myristic 0.5, palmitic 18.5, stearic 17.8, arachidic 1.3, behenic 1.3, oleic 11.1, linoleic 49.0.Epoxy oleic acid reported to be present in the seed oil of B. purpurea was not detected in the sample investigated.
Natural skin coating of the apple and its influence on scald in storage III.—α‐farnesene
Authors: Meigh D. F. , Filmer A. A. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a study of apple fruits grown under English conditions it was found that at the time of the respiratory climacteric the concentration of α‐farnesene in the waxy skin coating began to increase rapidly from a low level and at 12° reached a peak after about 30 days. in the relative amounts of farnesene produced there was little to distinguish the scald‐resistant from the scald‐sensitive apple variety.Under the various conditions of low‐temperature storage in use, it was found that the farnesene content of the skin was most influenced by the nature of the atmosphere, whether air or 8% CO2, white the farnesene content of the waxy skin coating was more responsive to delay at room temperature before storage, diphenylamine treatment or wrapping in oiled wraps.The results are discussed in relation to the theory that farnesene is a chemical factor in the induction of superficial scald.
Observations on the growth‐promoting effects of procaine penicillin and zinc bacitracin on chicks in different environments
Authors: Coates Marie E. , Harrison G. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe growth‐promoting effects of procaine penicillin and zinc bacitracin in the diet of chicks have been compared in a series of trials, during which the general level of hygiene of the premises was varied. ‘Dirty’ conditions were deliberately produced by the introduction of droppings from older birds, and good conditions were re‐established by cleaning and fumigation. the growth response to the two antibiotics was comparable whatever the condition of the premises. the average weight achieved after cleaning and fumigation was superior to that in the less clean premises. the order of response to either antibiotic showed that there had been no diminution of effect over the sixteen years during which antibiotics had been in continuous use in the same premises.
Some β‐glycosidases in barley and other cereals
Authors: Gelman A. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe levels of β‐glucosidase and β‐galactosidase in barley, wheat, oats and rye were compared. It was found that while the nature of these enzymes in the cereals appeared to be the same, there was a marked difference in the ratio of their occurrence in the cereal seed.A comparison of β‐glucosidase and β‐galactosidase activities in different varieties of barley growing at different centres showed that enzyme activity was significantly affected both by variety and environment.
Use of sulphur analysis in the prediction of the protein value of middle‐eastern diets
Authors: Pellett P. L. , Kantarjian A. , Jamalian J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid procedure for the analysis of sulphur in foodstuffs is described and is compared with the barium chloranilate procedure.The prediction of the protein value of Middle‐Eastern diets from the S : N ratio has been compared with that obtained by rat‐feeding experiments. the agreement found depends more on the relationship with protein quantity than with any quality measurement. Furthermore, the correlation between S : N ratio and SAA (sulphur‐containing amino acid) score was not significant for 22 diets where SAA data were available. Calculation shows that the proportion of total sulphur from methionine and cystine can show large variations both for individual food components and also for mixed diets. the S : N prediction procedure does not appear to be suitable for Middle‐Eastern diets.
Stability of the molecular weight distribution in wheat flour proteins during dough making
Authors: Meredith O. B. , Wren J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe dissociating solvent 'AUC, consisting of urea (3 M), acetic acid (0.1 M), and cetyllrimethylammonium bromide (0.01 M) dissolved in water, facilitates comparison of the molecular weight distributions in wheat flour and doughs by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200. Dough making raises protein extract‐ability from about 95% to nearly 100%. the increase is found in the high molecular weight (glutenin) fractions. No other measurable change is found in the molecular weight distribution, even after over‐mixing or after the use of several chemical additives. Hence, intermolecular disulphide reactions between glutenins and the other proteins appear to be insignificant in normal doughs. However, thiols and sodium sulphite do shift the distribution to lower values and give a new peak corresponding to a molecular weight between 80,000 and 100,000. Continuous speetrorphotometric measurement of the effluent from a gel column can be made accurately by using a siphoning cell of simple design.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in england and wales, 1966–1967 II.—Organochlorine pesticide residues in the total diet
Authors: Abbott D. C. , Holmes D. C. , Tatton J. O'G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDetails are given of the methods of analysis used for the determination of the Organochlorine pesticide residues in each of the food groups into which the total diet samples were divided. the results obtained for each food group and the calculated result for the total diet are given and comparison is made between the observed daily intakes and the acceptable daily intakes recommended by F.A.O. and W.H.O.
Separation and classification of the brown pigments of aqueous infusions of black tea
Authors: Millin D. J. , Swaine D. , Dix P. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRapid thin‐film counter‐current dialysis of a typical infusion of black tea indicates that 10–12% of the soluble solids are non‐dialysable. the major components of this fraction are polysaccharides and a complex mixture which could not be separated into its protein and polyphenolic constituents. This latter complex accounts for 30–40% of the colour (E450) of the infusion. Solvent extraction of the infusion followed by dialysis of the various extracts reveals that the polyphenol‐protein complex may be approximately equated with ‘SII thearubigins’.Chromatography of infusions and various extracts thereof on alkylated Sephadex allows a partial separation of the coloured components largely owing to differences in molecular size. At least 7 distinct zones can be recognised.
Composition and rheological and baking simulating whole wheatmeal quality of a by‐product of wheat milling
Authors: Tara K. A. , Rao P. Haridas , Bains G. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStudies were made of the composition, rheological and baking characteristics of sixteen samples of a by‐product of roller wheat milling, which is used as human food in the same way as whole wheatmeal. The by‐product consisted of variable proportions of fine bran, shorts, clears, and tail fines. Compared with the grist, it contained on average about twice as much thiamine, and one and half times as much fat, riboflavin and lysine, respectively. Mean phytic phosphorus, as a percentage of total phosphorus, was about the same as in wheat. The doughs of the by‐product were stable to mixing and showed considerably higher baking absorptions than the values indicated by the farinograph. A significant positive correlation (+ 0.72) between loaf volumes and percentage of fines passing through a lOXX sieve was observed. The fractions separated on 60W and 6XX sieves had no gluten, but contained a high percentage of lysine, 0.694.88 and 11.8–19.3 μg/g pentosans; and 10.5–13.9 μg/g thiamine.
Plant resistance to aphids induced by chemicals
Authors: van Emden H. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEvidence is presented that the effect on aphids of various chemicals applied to plants, e.g. water, N and K fertilisers, chlormequat chloride, and the amino acid antagonist 1‐amino‐2‐nitrocyclopentane‐1‐carboxylic acid, is dependent on a common nutritional mechanism. The value of content of soluble nitrogen compounds in a plant as an indicator of suitability for attack by aphids is demonstrated. Plant resistance as an added restraint contributing to integrated pest control is discussed.
Observations on diseases of blackcurrants
Authors: Corke A. T. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChanges in the relative importance of the fungi attacking blackcurrants have possibly been due, in part, to the replacement of lime sulphur for insect control. The dwarfing due to sulphur can also be induced by the use of (2‐chloroethyl)‐trimethylammonium chloride or N‐dimethylaminosuccinamic acid, and these chemicals may also affect the incidence and severity of certain fungal diseases. While some growth regulators may be generally beneficial in reducing infection, the results are unpredictable, and the effects are examined in the light of other ways in which host resistance may be altered.
Purothionin analogues from barley flour
Authors: Redman D. G. , Fisher N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcid treatment of a light‐petroleum extract of barley flour yielded two proteins (termed hordothionins) closely similar in electrophoretic behaviour to the purqthionin doublet obtained from wheat by the same procedure. The major (faster) component, hordothionin a has been obtained apparently pure. Comparison of its amino acid composition, peptide maps, immunological reactions and C‐terminal end group with those of purothionin a has confirmed the relationship between the proteins from the two genera although some differences in amino acid composition and sequence have been found. Extraction of barley flour with buffered saline followed by acid treatment yielded proteins with similar properties to the hordothionins; this supports previous observations on the relationship between the purothionins and their corresponding globulins.