bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Field Development of Deep Cretaceous Fractured Reservoirs, Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
Authors: Franseen R. , Vahrenkamp V. C. , Van der Graaff W. J. E. , Muñoz P. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Deep Cretaceous carbonate reservoirs of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, produce mainly from open-fractures. Any improvement in production rate requires optimal access of the wellbore to open fractures. Well tracks with maximum rates of open fracture interception have been calculated using computer models for a structure defined by the Icotea fault in Block IX. Optimum well tracks are towards azimuth 330° with deviation 60° in the West Flank and towards azimuth 030° with deviation 60° in the East Flank.
The open fracture networks consist of incompletely cemented or leached fractures which contain a "channel and island" structure of interconnected porosity. This structure, in combination with the high rock matrix strength and the subparallel strike of the open fractures relative to the E-W trend of the present-day maximum horizontal stress, indicate that it is unlikely that the conductivity of individual fracture will be reduced drastically upon pressure depletion.
The reservoir geological model established for Block IX is consistent with data obtained from the West Flank of Block I, some 40 km to the north and therefore has regional validity.
Cross Borehole Electromagnetic Induction for Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Wilt M. , Morrison H. F. , Becker A. , Lee K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Audio-frequency cross-borehole electromagnetics (EM) is an interesting alternative to existing techniques for reservoir characterization. With this method signals may be propagated several hundreds of meters through typical sand/shale reservoirs and data may be collected at high accuracy with a high sensitivity to the subsurface resistivity. A vertical component, cross-borehole EM field system has been designed and built by Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley laboratories for reservoir evaluation and monitoring. This system was deployed at the British Petroleum test facility in Devine, Texas for testing and the the UC Richmond field station facility for a saltwater monitoring experiment. The Devine site is in a region of simple, flatlying geology so that collected data could be unambiguously interpreted with layered models. The results of the test showed that crosshole EM profiles in wells spaced 100 meters apart data could be repeated in 24 hours to better than one percent and that the profile data could be fit to layered models within this same tolerance. The derived models showed a close correspondence with the borehole induction log. At the Richmond facility we injected 120,000 liters of 1-ohm-m saltwater into a shallow aquifer for the purpose of testing geophysical monitoring methods. Differences between cross-borehole EM profiles collected before and after the injection reveal a clear anomaly that can be attributed to the saltwater. Although the anomaly is of the proper dimensions and magnitude for the amount of saltwater its irregular shape has made it difficult to fit to our simple three dimensional prism models.
Field Tests of the Poseidon Pump
Authors: Gie P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since May 1991 a POSEIDON pump of the rotodynamic type has been running on the SIDI EL ITAYEM field in TUNISIA, logging more than 3500 operating hours (end of November 91) without a major problem. This pump is one of the practical results of the POSEIDON project, launched in 1984 by TOTAL, IFP and STATOIL, to develop the concept of multiphase pumping: the final target being a subsea multiphase boosting station.
Prior to the Tunisian test, this pump had been tested satisfactorily on the two phase loop of IFP at SOLAIZE (FRANCE), and it was this which decided the partners to send the prototype, wihout any modification, to the real active field test rig specially prepared to accommodate multiphase equipment.
Low-Conductivity and Short Fracture Half-Length Type Curves and Analysis for Hydraulically Fractured Wells Exhibiting Near Radial Flow Profile
Authors: Azari M. , Knight J. W. , Coble L. E. , Soliman M. Y. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Some actual buildup pressure responses from deep, hydraulically fractured wells or wells which sanded out during the fracturing treatment have yielded pressure responses similar to radial flow. These cases show no apparent bilinear or linear flow regimes on the log-log plots. The same type of near-radial flow response can also be observed in wells with short fracture half-lengths, high linear skin on the fracture, or in wells with very low fracture conductivities.
New type curves parameterized in terms of SwfDe3Sc where Sc is a function of wellbore radius, linear fracture skin, fracture conductivity and half-length were developed for analyzing such systems. Applications of the new type curves parameterized in terms of SwfDe3Sc illustrate accurate evaluation of the above parameters governing fracture flow in the presence of wellstorage. The provided analysis procedure computes fracture conductivity and half-length, formation permeability, and wellbore storage. Field and theoretical example problems are also included which illustrate the consequences of performing the analyses assuming radial flow. Type-curve analysis based on radial flow assumptions produce accurate permeability values but appreciable error in fracture half-length and conductivity values.
Role of Solution Gas in Primary Production of Heavy Oils
Authors: Sarma H. , Maini B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the role of gas nucleation in the primary production of heavy oils under solution-gas drive. We were particularly interested in determining the effect of gas nucleation on mobility of heavy oils in a porous medium.
A novel apparatus was designed and assembled to carry out simulated solution gas drive experiments in a 200 cm long sand pack. Recombined oil was injected into one end of the sand pack at constant pressure (equal to the saturation pressure) and was produced from the other end at constant back pressure. The oil production rate and the pressure profile within the sand pack were measured at various values of pressure drawdown. Experiments were conducted using two heavy oils.
The experimental data show that, contrary to some speculations in the literature, the nucleation of gas bubbles under the solution-gas drive adversely affected the bitumen mobility. However, another hitherto unaccounted for mechanism was involved: even at the highest pressure drawdown the gas appeared to flow primarily as a dispersed phase and the apparent trapped gas saturation was very high. It is suggested that the heavy oil/gas mixture was flowing in form of an oil continuous foam.
The in-situ formation of an oil continuous foam can lead to recovery of a much higher fraction of the original oil in place under solution gas drive. Therefore this factor should be taken into account in developing the strategies for primary production of heavy oil under solution gas drive.
Integration of Reservoir Data for Fault Identification: A Synergetic Approach
Authors: Suarez M. , Fiume G. , Camperos S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Integration of reservoir data has become a powerful tool for reservoir description. A field case is presented where definition of a fault was achieved by integration of well test and seismic data. It was not clear whether or not the system was faulted, and this particular point was a key factor in the plans for exploitation of the reservoir. Using the integrated data base, a two way approach was followed. First, vertical seismic data was analysed, sequentially, using an integrated data base, results from a well test were interpreted to verify the existance of the barrier to flow. Results matched between very acceptable ranges, fault was undoubtedly identified and confidence in a synergetic, multidisciplinary study provided better characterization of the reservoir.
Slim Hole Multiple Radials Drilled with Coiled Tubing
Authors: Dickinson W. , Dickinson R. , Herrera A. , Dykstra H. , Nees J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Two methods of combining water jet drilling and coiled tubing, the Ultrashort Radius Radial System (URRS) and the Quick Radial System (QRS), are described. Both provide multiple horizontal radials on a single horizon from a single vertical wellbore to penetrate near wellbore damage. The URRS requires section milling of the casing and underreaming of a cavity. The QRS penetrates the casing with abrasives. Typical field production results with both light and heavy oil are discussed.
Compositional Material Balance: Its Application to the Development of an Oil and Gas Field with Retrograde Condensation
Authors: Canel C. A. , Rosbaco J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents a model developed to simulate the exploitation process of a field with liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, in one or two phases. It combines the classic material balance technique with thermodynamic equations of state.
Its effectiveness as a tool for the reservoir engineer to analyze different exploitation alternatives is discussed.
An example is presented on how the model is applied for an oil field having a retrograde condensation gas cap.
Before the model is explained, material balance and equations of state are discussed.
Horizontal Well Optimization through Strength and Stability Analyses of Drillstrings
Authors: Prodonoff V. , Guz J. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to show the application of a computer program developed at CENPES (PETROBRÁS Research Center), which performs analysis of a drill string. In the case of a horizontal well it is possible to simulate several designs, with the goal of extending the length of its horizontal span and thus increase its productivity. The working and the basic characteristics of the program are described, as well as the analysis of the factors that influence and limit the maximum horizontal length pursued. Numerical examples are shown to validate the program and to calculate the lateral forces, drag, torque and buckling load, in order to verify the design.
Operational Geological Experiences of Horizontal Wells
Authors: Parra A. U. Lamus 
Published: December 2007

Summary
During the years 1989 and 1990 LAGOVEN, S.A.. developed three horizontal well projects in Lake Maracaibo, TJ-1095, CLA-2273 and TJ-1112. In these wells an operational geological follow-up was made in order to define accurately the different structural depths of the geological column to be penetrated, and especially the structural depth (from top to base) of the different sands to be found at the reservoir target by using: geological correlations in a real time, cutting sample and up-dating the projection of the directional survey section.
The experience gained in the horizontal wells proved to be of incalculable value as it helped establish a geological-operational procedure which can serve as a basis for future operational projects.
Parallelization in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Cheshire I. M. , Bowen G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new technique is presented for solving the linear equations arising in reservoir simulation using multiple processors in parallel. The Nested Factorization(1) algorithm is extented by domain decomposition in a highly parallel way while ensuring that the power of the method is retained as the computation is distributed over several processors.
The method is illustrated by the fully implicit solution of a three phase simulation of a 4800 cell problem on a 6 processor Silicon Graphics machine giving an overall speed up factor of about 2.8.
Production Impacts on ?P Friction in Horizontal Production Wells
Authors: Brice B. W. , Miranda J. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper confirms the high ΔP friction in the production section of a horizontal well as proposed by Dikken1. Available pressure transient data validates his theoretical pressure drops which are significantly greater than previously thought.
Due to short production intervals in most conventional wells (relative to horizontal wells) the phenomenon has minor impact on the conventional well. It can, however, play a significant role in the distribution of production in a horizontal well and needs to be considered when running reservoir models to properly evaluate reservoir performance. Because of the risks and costs associated with production logging it is not generally detected.
This simulation work uses pseudo reduced pipe diameters in ECL's Eclipse reservoir simulator. They generate pressure profiles along the horizontal producing section that match Dikken's1 pressure profiles. Eclipse simulator results indicate that friction loss along the production interval has an impact on coning performance.
Resistive-Capacitive Tomography
Authors: Callarotti R. C. , Di Lorenzo M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper we present novel solutions to the inverse problem as applied to low frequency electrical analysis of cores for the visualization of displacement fronts. From electromagnetic theory, we first derive a low frequency equivalent circuit for each volume element of the core. The model consists of parallel combinations of frequency independent resistances and capacitances whose value we obtain in terms of the electrical conductivity and permittivity of the core material with and without displacing fluid. We then describe two algorithms for the determination of the admittance matrix which represents the core, starting from the voltages measured at external core terminals, when the core is excited by low frequency currents applied at such external terminals. The first derived algorithm is based on what we define as circuital iteration starting from the edges of the core. The second algorithm is based on the iterated solution of Poisson's equation in the interior of the core (for the complex case which considers conductivity and permittivity). We determine the errors obtained in the solution of different discretized cores by comparing the iterated solutions with the values given by the solution of the direct (or forward) problem.
Evaluation of Foam Inhibitors at the Jusepin Oil/Gas Separation Plant, EI Furrial Field, Eastern Venezuela
Authors: Cassani F. , Ortega P. , Dávila A. , Rodriguez W. , Serrano J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
El Furrial reservoir is an important part of the new giant oil field recently discovered north of the Eastern Venezuela basin. Its medium gravity oil is processed at the large gas separation plant of Jusepin. Serious problems have occurred concerning the foam control and asphaltene depositions at the separators and oil/gas lines due to the crude oil carry-over containing abundant unstable asphaltenes.
This paper presents laboratory and field studies performed in order to evaluate the best commercial foam inhibitors as well as their optimum dosage to control such problems.
Laboratory results concluded that most of the commercial anti-foam agents are similar as inhibitors. Although there are certain differences concerning the "knockdown" effect. Its optimum dosage was found to be between 0.1 and 1 ppm related to the total processed crude. A clear relation between the crude oil asphaltene content and the foam stability has been established.
The best products were evaluated in the field and the results match quite well those obtained in the laboratory. The use of the best conventional chemical agents reduced deposition, oil carryover and increased the separator capacity. Further research is in progress to eliminate the oil carry-over to the gas lines and to avoid asphaltene deposition at the subsurface once the reservoir pressure reaches the critical deposition point.
Fractal Dimensions from Mercury Intrusion Capillary Tests
Authors: Angulo R. F. , Alvarado V. , Gonzalez H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The fractal dimension (FD) of sedimentary rocks has become an important petrophysical parameter. The importance is partly because capillary presure (Pc) –and other transport coefficients— scale as power laws of fluid saturation. The scaling exponents are often related to the supporting media's FD. Water Pc, in particular, is known to scale as a power law of water saturation, in imbibition at low saturation of the wetting phase, and the scaling exponent is related to the FD of the pore-rock surface. Here we show results of mercury intrusion tests, in drainage at high capillary presure, which clearly show power law dependence between intrusion volume and Pc. We relate the scaling exponent to the pore bulk FD. We also report results of two dimensional image analysis which indicate that, in fact, both pore bulk and pore-rock interfaces are fractal.
Heavy Organic Deposition and Plugging of Wells (Analysis of Mexico's Experience)
Authors: Escobedo J. , Mansoori G. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The pipeline transportation of petroleum fluids can be significantly affected by flocculation, deposition, and plugging of asphaltene, paraffin/wax, and/or diamondoid in the transfer pipelines, tubulars, pumps, and other equipment. The economic implications of the problem of heavy organic depositions in such processes are tremendous.
In this report Mexico's experience with the pipeline plugging due to heavy organic deposition is reviewed and analysed based on the present state of knowledge. The modeling basis of a comprehensive estimation and prediction technique is presented. This technique is based on observed field and laboratory data, statistical mechanical theories, polydisperse polymer solution theory, continuous thermodynamics, electrokinetics and transport phenomena, colloidal solution theory, and the FRACTAL aggregation theory.
Synergistic Approach to Solve the Sand Production Problem in the Ceuta Field
Authors: Santarrosa C. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Eocene C reservoir of the Ceuta field, in Western Venezuela is prone to produce sand, for this reason the totality of the wells have to produce upon chockes at rates below optinun level.
In an attemot to indentify why sand production ocurrs, a systematic study of the reservoir rock was carried out by integration of various core analysis data. The regional system of facies was determined and these facies were selectively tested on tri axial celds for stress determination. Log-derived rock mechan ical properties were also used to calculate critical flow rates at which the different facies will colapse, and consequently be produced.
It became clear from this approach that the Eocene C reservoir has to be selectively completed, avoiding the weakest facies, which in fact have poor hydrocarbon saturation and are characterized by having an interlaminar bed of illite that make them unstable.
New Experience with Electrical Submersible Pumps in Heavy Oil Crude
Authors: Bortolin L. , Uzcátegui E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Optimization of lifting methods has been used in the oil industry to study both the oil well production and to determine a company's optimal investment policies.
The higher costs related with new facilities and artificial lift installations for new fields have created the necessity to review the latest technology available from different lifting methods, especially from the electrical submersible pump (ESP).
Few studies ‘rave been published in the area of heavy crude oil production optimization using ESP's as a lifting method. This paper describes the results of a project performed in two different fields and will study the performance of the equipment and the related aplication range. The equipment studied was installed in completions to depths ranging from 6000 to 11000 feet, with crude gravities on the order of 15 to 21 °API and bottomhole temperatures above 180 °F.
Some conclusions base shewn that the ESP equipment can perform in similar crudes with even lower °api's, despite a reduction in the pump's efficiency. Higher fluid production rates are also possible to achieve.
This survey and supporting data will confirm the submersible pump to be an alternative method for lifting heavy crude oil from relatively deep reservoirs.
Wafra Field Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone
Authors: Nelson Paul H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Wafra field lies in the western part of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone in the northeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. The field was discovered in 1953 by the American Independent Oil Company and Pacific Western Oil Company on the basis of corehole and seismic information. It is unique in being operated jointly under separate concessions from two countries, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, granted to American Independent Oil Company and Getty Oil Company (formerly Pacific Western Oil Company) respectively. It is northwest - southeast trending anticlinal fold, and produces from four main zones, two in the Eocene and two in the Cretaceous. produces from four main zones, two in the Eocene and two in the Cretaceous. Accumulated production to July 31, 1967 was 584,254,067 barrels of oil.
Introduction
The Wafra field is located in the west central part of the Kuwait- Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone, some 50 airline miles south and slightly west of Kuwait City, Kuwait. It is about 30 miles inland and the oil produced is moved by pipeline northeast 35 miles to Mena Abdulla (Aminoil) and 30 miles east and slightly north to Mena Saud (Getty), for processing and loading to tankers. (Fig. 1) Wafra field is unique in being in territory jointly owned by two separate countries, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, and has been developed under two concessions by two companies, although at present most of the field operations are carried out by a Joint Operations Committee. It is also the only field on the southwest side of the Arabian Gulf producing from the Eocene, and although far from being of the caliber of its two giant neighbors, Burgan in Kuwait and Ghawar in Saudi Arabia, it has many interesting features. This paper is a brief description of the stratigraphy, structure, and production of the Wafra field.
HISTORY
The Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia was established in late 1922, giving each country an undivided one half interest at a time when the only oil production in the region was some distance away in Iran. However, investigations in Kuwait to the north led to the discovery and early development of the great Burgan field in 1938–1940, and renewed development after World War II. This stimulated negotiations on the Neutral Zone which resulted in the awarding of a concession of the Kuwait one-half share of oil and gas to a group of American companies, called "Aminoil", in June 1948, and the Saudi Arabia portion to Pacific Western Oil Company (now Getty Oil Company) in January, 1949.
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