bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prediction of ethylene oxide distributions in mixed alcohol ethoxylates
Authors: Geissler Paul R. , Johnson Adrain E. , Talley Larry D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSupercritical fluid Chromatographic analyses of ethoxylates of 2‐ ethylhexanol in the pure state and in mixtures were used to determine relative propagation‐ to‐ initiation ethoxylation rate constants. Earlier work with normal octanol was verified in that ethylene oxide distributions were found to be unaffected by the presence of other alcohols in the ethoxylation of mixed alcohols. An apparent decrease in the relative ethoxylation rates with increasing number of ethylene oxide monomers in ethoxylates is attributed to truncation of the measured distributions and is eliminated by adding small amounts of higher ethoxylates to the distribution. The Weibull‐ Tornquist effect of decreasing relative rate constants as the overall average ethylene oxide‐ to‐ alcohol ratio increases was again observed. Rate constants of the ethoxylation of 2‐ ethylhexanol and its ethylene oxide adducts relative to the ethoxylation of normal octanol were determined from the analysis of ethoxylates of their mixtures. A computer model using averaged relative rate constants was developed that effectively predicts the ethylene oxide distributions in ethoxylates of alcohol mixtures.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids ingnetum scandens and itsterculia pallens seed oils
Authors: Mustafa J. , Gupta A. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeed oils ofGnetum scandens (Gnetaceae) andSterculia pattens (Sterculiaceae) were found to contain sterculic (28.57,6.97) and malvalic (11.27,3.87) acids, respectively. Gas Chromatographic analysis of silver nitrate/meth‐anol‐treated methyl esters was used to establish the co‐occurrence of these two acids.Sterculia foetida methyl esters were used as a reference standard.
Nitrogen containing compounds
Authors: Morgós Jenö , Sallay Péter , Farkas László , Rusznák István 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBridge‐head nitrogen‐containing compounds, (1,4‐diaza‐bicyclo‐[2.2.2]‐octane, 1‐azabicyclo‐[2.2.2]‐octane, 1,5‐diaza‐bicyclo‐[5.4.0]‐undec‐5‐ene and l‐azabicyclo‐[2.2.2]‐octane‐3‐one), successfully catalyze the ethoxylation of dodecyl alcohol. The catalytic activity of any of the first two compounds was four to five times higher than that of an open‐chain, symmetrical trialkylamine of similar basicity. The molar mass distribution of the ethoxylated dodecyl alcohol derivatives was of the Weibull‐Nycander‐Gold type. No Weibull‐Törnquist effect could be detected, however, unlike the case realized in ethoxylated systems gained in the presence of trialkylamines. No change in the distribution constant (calculated according to Natta and Mantica) could be observed in the course of these ethoxylation reactions.
Application of infrared spectroscopy to surfactant degradation studies
Authors: Frazee C. D. , Osburn Q. W. , Crisler R. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral IR spectroscopic methods are described for the determination and analysis of detergent actives in sewage, ground water and finished detergents. The methods include the determination of the ratio of straight‐chain to tetrapropylene chain alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS), the determination of level and polyethoxy chain length of alkyl and alkylphenyl ethers of polyethylene oxide condensates, and the type of alkyl group in detergent actives isolated from formulated detergents. Specific applications of these methods to study of the degradation of alkylbenzene sulfonate in sewage from controlled use areas, and in studies of the rate and mechanism of degradation of the alkylphenyl ethers and alkyl ethers are discussed.
Metabolism and lipogenic effects of the cyclic monomers of methyl linolenate in the rat
Authors: Iwaoka Wayne T. , Perkins Edward G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCyclic fatty acids are absorbed by the rat, partially oxidized to CO2, and a portion of the compound, presumably the ring structure, is excreted in the urine. Studies with uniformly labeled cyclic fatty acids showed that ca. 13‐15% of14CO2 is expired by the animal in 48 hr with peak expiration occurring between 4‐6 hr after ingestion. Approximately 40% of the total radioactivity is found in the urine after 48 hr with about 60% of that being excreted within 12 hr after ingestion. Decreased rates of lipogenesis were observed in livers of animals fed 8% and 10% protein and higher levels of cyclic fatty acids. An increased rate of lipogenesis was observed in adipose tissue of animals fed 10% protein and higher levels of cyclic fatty acids.
A quantitative study of the pathways involved in the formation of radiolysis products in ethyl palmitate
Authors: Merritt C. , Vajdi M. , Bazinet M. L. , Angelini P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe various compounds produced by irradiation in ethyl palmitate have been determined by direct mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Postulated mechanisms for their formation have been confirmed by a comparison of product yields, and a material balance is shown between the G‐values for products and their putative precursors. The total product yield is seen to be nearly equal to the amount of radiation absorbed. Three new radiolysis products, viz. ethyl α‐ethylpalmitate, ethyl hexadecen‐2‐oate and butyl palmitate are reported.
Aflatoxin distribution in fines and meats from decorticated cottonseed
Authors: Lee L. S. , Koltun S. P. , Buco S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNine samples of fuzzy cottonseed potentially high in aflatoxin were separated into hulls, fines and meats. Assays for aflatoxin on triplicate 50‐g portions from fines (small, dry particles of kernels) and meats from each of the nine samples indicated a marked concentration of toxin in the fines. On average, there was a 17‐fold difference between the aflatoxin content of the fines and that of the meats; the average toxin level in fines was 4024 μg/kg and that in the meat samples was 232 μg/kg. These results indicate a potential for marked reduction in aflatoxin content of processed cottonseed meal by physical removal of fines from meats after dehulling and before processing of meats into oil and meal.
Efficiencies of various esters of fatty acids as diesel fuels
Authors: Klopfenstein W. E. , Walker H. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl esters of commercial grades of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic and linolenic acids, as well as ethyl and butyl esters of oleic acid, were burned in a diesel engine to determine their efficiencies as fuels. Triolein and some common vegetable oils were burned as comparison fuels and No. 2 diesel fuel was used as a control. The fuels were tested in a single‐cylinder direct‐injection engine running at rated speed and load in short‐term, performance engine tests. Specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiencies of the engine burning these fuels were then determined. Among the methyl esters of the saturated acids, thermal efficiency was inversely related to chain length of the fatty acid. Introduction of a double bond resulted in increased efficiency. Further increases in unsaturation had negligible effects on thermal efficiencies. Ethyl oleate had the highest thermal efficiency and butyl oleate had the lowest thermal efficiency of any of the ester fuels tested. Most of the ester fuels produced higher thermal efficiencies than did No. 2 diesel fuel. Triolein produced the lowest specific fuel consumption of the triglyceride fuels and peanut oil produced the lowest specific fuel consumption of the vegetable oils. The data suggest that ethyl esters of monounsaturated or short‐chain fatty acids should make good alternative fuels and that they should be further evaluated in longterm engine tests.
Effect of oxygen and other factors in selenium catalyzed isomerization of unsaturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Subrahmanyam V. V. R. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn thetrans‐isomerization of ethyl linoleate using 1% selenium as catalyst under nitrogen, 200C was found to be the optimal temperature. Conjugation and polymerization were concurrent with the formation of thetrans esters. In the isomerization of ethyl oleate with selenium, the double bond did not migrate to any appreciable extent.Isomerization studies were performed on olive, safflower and linseed oils and ethyl esters of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Time to reach maxi‐maltrans isomer content was longest with linole‐nate esters; glycerides reacted more rapidly than ethyl esters, and with lesser polymerization.Oxygen was found to be an important partici‐pant in thetrans‐isomerization reaction. Its ex‐clusion resulted in sharply diminished reaction rates. Benzoyl peroxide and hydrogen peroxide accelerated while an antioxidant (BHT) retarded the reaction.
13C nuclear magnetic resonance of homologous methyl esters of saturated acids and the effect of chemical shift reagents
Authors: Barton F. E. , Himmelsbach D. S. , Walters D. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA homologous series of methyl esters was studied with13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CMR) spectroscopy and compared to results which have been obtained with proton nuclear magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy. Chemical shift reagents (CSRs) were used to improve the separation of resonances. The broader chemical shift range for CMR made possible the identification of each carbon as a unique resonance for methyl hexanoate through methyl nonanoate. The use of tris‐(1,1,1,2,2,3,3‐heptafluoro‐7,7‐dimethyl‐4,6‐octadione) Ytterbium (III) enables the separation of all carbons into unique resonances through methyl dodecanoate at 5KHz bandwidth. Carbon magnetic resonance is a useful tool for distinguishing members of homologous series and certainly more versatile than PMR.
Aflatoxin‐negative cottonseeds in bright, greenish yellow fluorescent seed locks
Authors: Lee Louise S. , Cucullu Alva F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBright, greenish yellow (BGY) fluorescent locks were removed from an aflatoxin‐contaminated sample of lint cotton. Hand ginning of these fluorescent locks yielded 51 seeds, 26 with BGY linters, and 25 with nonfluorescent linters. All seeds were analyzed individually for aflatoxins. Two of the seeds with BGY lint accounted for 99.9% (2.75 μg) of the total aflatoxins. Four other seeds each contained 0.02 μg of total toxins, and all others contained no toxins. Our results show that 88% of the seeds necessarily lost in discarded fluorescent locks would contain no aflatoxins.
Animal fat raw materials
Authors: Maerker G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOver six billion pounds of tallow and grease are produced yearly in the United States, and almost 90% of these animal fats are utilized in feeds and as raw materials for industrial chemicals—both domestically and abroad. The fatty acid profile of an animal fat is a function of the kind of animal from which the fat was derived, as well as the breed, age, and diet of the animal. Impurities in the fat determine its grade and depend primarily on this history of the fat as well as on external contaminants which may have been added inadvertently.
Nitrogen derivatives (Amides, diamides, nitriles, primary amines and oxides)
Authors: Reck R. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWithout a doubt the nitrogen derivatives are the most broadly diversified family of fatty acid derivatives. Today they account collectively for perhaps 400 million pounds of products per year in the USA alone. Although fatty amides may be produced by a large number of synthetic routes, industrially only two are of any commercial importance. Diamides are the difunctional analogs of simple amides, and a typical one that is in medium scale production volume is ethylene bis(stearamide). Industrially, the production of fatty nitriles in the fatty acid derivative industry is exclusively by ammonolysis of fatty acids at temperatures somewhat above those required to produce amides, or roughly, 300–320 C. Both vapor phase catalytic and liquid phase ammonolysis processes may be employed. Nitriles have limited uses as such, but find their utility as fatty derivative intermediates only. The primary amines, RNH2, are produced industrially by the catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles. The general conditions for the conversion of nitriles to primary amines with a minimum content of secondary or tertiary amines is with nickel catalyst using an excess of ammonia at relatively low temperatures (130–140 C). Amine oxides are derived from tertiary amines by a controlled reaction with hydrogen peroxide. In addition to tertiary amines, the monoalkyl diethoxylated amines can be considered as in the same class. These are made by the addition of ethylene oxide to primary amine. Two moles of ethylene oxide can be added without catalyst. Additional ethoxylation does require a basic catalyst. These amines, besides having end uses of their own, can be converted to amine oxides or can be converted to ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salts.
Fat‐based detergent additives
Authors: Cahn A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe function of several of the coco‐based alkanol‐amide additives in detergents today varies depending upon the particular product. It could be foam‐boosting, foam stabilization or a variety of other supplementary effects. Tracing the development of the Ninol detergent through to the advent of the “superamides” is illustrative of the kind of progress that has been made in the utilization of this type of fatty acid derivative in the large detergent industry.
Isostearic and other branched acids
Authors: Kinsman D. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRaw materials selection and method of synthesis determine the type of branching in a commercial branched fatty acid. The type of branching plus the isomer distribution, the normal chain/branched chain ratio, the chain length distribution, and the purity of the acid determine the physical properties of commercial branched acids. The latter four characteristics are affected by postsynthesis processing of the crude branched acids using such standard manufacturing or finishing techniques as distillation, solvent separation, hydrogenation, and bleaching. The generally lower titers or pour points of branched acids and their derivatives combined with their different (relative ton‐chain materials) solubilities and their generally good heat and oxidative stabilities make them useful in applications in such diverse areas as soaps, cosmetics, lubricants, plastics, and coatings among others. The physical and usage properties which branched acids effect inproducts in such areas are often very different from the physical and usage properties which straight chain acids (which are also used in the same areas) effect. Thus, the use of branched acids gives an increased range of formulation possibilities and greater flexibility to product developers and formulators.
Chemical studies of the oil from pistacia nuts growing wild in iran
Authors: Daneshrad A. , Aynehchi Y. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLarge populations of Pistacia grow wild in dif‐ferent parts of Iran. The fruits of two species, namely,Pistacia atlantica Subsp.mutica andP. atlantica Subsp.kurdica are consumed by the natives because of the high content of oil in kernels and outer skin layers. The kernels of both species are rich in oil (over 50%), and the oil content in the outer skin layer ofP. atlantica Subsp.kurdica is 63% and in the other variety 30%. Unsaponifiable matter and fatty acid compositions of the oils were determined and the results compared with the oil fromPistacia vera L.
Hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil: Oxidative stability and polymer formation on heating
Authors: Morrison W. H. , Robertson J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effects of hydrogenation on the stability of pilot plant refined and deodorized northern and southern sunflowerseed oil were studied. Light hydrogenation reduced the iodine value of the northern oil from 134 to 120 and the southern oil from 106 to 102. Hydrogenation increased the overall stability of both oils but did not alter the rate of loss of oxidative stability as represented by a plot of the log of the active oxygen method values versus the number of hours the oil had been heated. Non‐gas liquid chromatography eluting material which includes oxidation products, polymers, and unsaponifiables reached a maximum of 4.1%.
Preparation of some mono‐ and diesters of n,n‐disubstituted amides and their evaluation as plasticizers
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Boudreaux G. J. , Sumrell G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMono‐ and diesters of fatty acid‐ and aromatic acid‐derived N,N‐disubstituted amides were prepared in which the acid moieties were alternately substituted to function as the basic amide moiety or the terminal ester moiety. Several of the esteramides were evaluated as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The plasticized stocks exhibited properties that equaled, and in some instances were superior to PVC plasticized with the common plasticizer, di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP). The monoesters were more compatible than the diesters. Thermal stability was enhanced by the presence of the benzoic acid moiety in the molecule. Brittle point temperatures were shown to be a predictable characteristic for specific terminal groups, based on structural similarity of the basic molecule.
9,9 (10,10)‐Bis(acetoxymethyl)octadecanoate Esters as Plasticizers for Poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Miller W. R. , Pryde E. H. , Riser G. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFour alkyl 9,9(10,10)‐bis(acetoxymethyl)octadecanoates were evaluated as plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride). They were all compatible and imparted properties generally equal or superior to those obtained with a dioctyl phthalate (DOP) control. Permanence properties were also generally equal or superior to those reported for analogous acetoxy and acetoxymethyl plasticizers. Volatility was half that for DOP. On heating, the experimental samples remained flexible to failure, whereas the control samples with DOP became stiff and rigid. Acetone acetals of alkyl 9,9(10,10)‐bis(hydroxymethyl)octadecanoates were incompatible with poly(vinyl chloride).
Margarine oil formulation and control
Authors: Wiedermann Lars H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe formulation and control of margarine oils and margarines is based on an understanding of the relation between various physical measurements and the composition of the oils and margarines. Solid‐to‐liquid‐fat ratios are determined by dilatometry or by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Oils are chosen for their crystal habit under conditions of processing and finishing.Some margarine test methods involve appearance, oral melting characteristics, oil‐off, slump or collapse, get‐away, penetration, and spreadability. Many measurements are effective only when they describe conditions over a range of temperatures. These include dilatometry and consistency determinations which require multipoint measurements.
Mass balance of hexane losses in an extraction plant
Authors: Dahlén J. A. H. , Lindh L. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe hexane losses of an extraction plant processing rapeseed have been surveyed over a period of 5 months. The total average loss was 2.0 L/ton of seed according to inventory. By analyzing all discharge streams containing hexane, it was possible to make an accurate hexane mass balance. It was shown that almost 80% of the total loss was due to hexane residues in the desolventized and dried meal.
Symposium: Binding of upids by proteins conducted Ly The American Oil Chemists舗 Society at its 37tn pall meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota September 30舑Octoter 2, 1963
Authors: Therriault D. H. , Wheeler D. H. , Chairman Program 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSteroid compounds form dissociable complexes of low binding energy with numerous proteins of different origin as can be demonstrated by various physicochemical procedures. This interac‐tion has definite physiological consequences in case of the steroid hormones. The sites of attach‐ment between ख4‐3‐ketosteroids and human serum albumin appear to be located at the alpha side of the steroid molecule. The affinity of inter‐action with serum albumins is increased by en‐trance of electron‐repelling groups (alkyl) into the steroid, and decreased by electron‐attracting groups (‐OH; =O; halogen) (舠polarity rule舡). This rule is reversed in interactions with certain proteins which have a higher content of aliphatic hydroxyl groups. It was concluded from compe‐tition studies with higher fatty acids that the attachment of ख4‐3‐ketosteroids to serum albumin does not take place at the anion‐binding sites. The SH‐group of serum albumin is not involved in the interaction with testosterone. The ॅ1‐acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) from human serum was found to have a particularly high binding affinity for progesterone. Removal of sialic acid results in a decrease of this binding affinity. Complex formation with the orosomucoid leads to physiological inactivation of progester‐one. A highly specific interaction occurs between the adrenocorticoid hormones and the corticosteroid‐binding globulin (transcortin) in serum of hu‐man and other species. For a quantitative test, the endogenous corticosteroids have to be removed by dialysis at 37C. Cortisol, corticosterone and related hormones are bound by transcortin; aldo‐sterone interacts with serum and transcortin‐containing fractions more strongly than with albumin. The 舠transcortin舡 activity of rat se‐rum increases after adrenalectomy and hypo‐physectomy; injection of corticosterone into adre‐nalectomized rats reverses this effect. The general increase of the total ॅ‐globulin fraction in adrenalectomized rats (15‐16%) is smaller than the increase in 舠transcortin舡 activity (100%). The corticosteroid‐binding serum pro‐teins of different mammalian species (rat, rab‐bit, steer, horse) were found to be ॅ‐globulins. Their binding affinities towards different cortico‐steroids will be discussed.
Separation of surfactant mixtures and their homologs by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Nakamura K. , Morikawa Y. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA technique for separating similar and diverse ionogenic mixtures into their individual homologs was studied by high performance liquid chromatography on an octadecyl‐silica (TSK Gel LS‐410) column. Conditions used for the separation were: column size, 6 mm id×200 mm; mobile phase, water/methanol (15:85, v/v) containing (a) 1.0 M sodium perchlorate and adjsting to pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid, (b) 0.1 M and pH 3.5; column temp., 50 C. By using 2 mobile phase conditions, various surfactant mixtures were separated into their individual homologs and simultaneously distinguished from each other, regardless of their ionogenic properties.
Phase transfer catalysts as co‐catalysts in the ethoxylation of nonyl phenol
Authors: Wesslén Bengt , Andreasson Eva , Holmberg Krister 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEthoxylation of nonyl phenol has been carried out at 130°C and at an absolute pressure of two bars. Alkali metal hydroxides were used as catalysts, either neat or in conjunction with added co‐catalysts such as 18‐crown‐6 and tetramethyl ethylene diamine (TMEDA). The overall reaction rates were found to increase fivefold on the addition of the co‐catalysts. The use of TMEDA as the sole catalyst gave equally high reaction rates. This fact can be explained by the high basicity of TMEDA and by the formation of a highly reactive ion pair similar to those found in phase transfer catalysis. The differences in the kinetics of the reactions were analysed by computer simulation, using a five parameter model. According to this model, the crown ether‐catalyzed ethoxylation of nonyl phenol was found to proceedvia protonated ethylene oxide, while pure alkali catalysis proceeded mainlyvia uncomplexed ethylene oxide. Small differences in the oligomer distributions were noted.