bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salamander Abundance and Amphibian Species Richness in Riparian Buffer Strips in the Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Vesely David G. , McComb William C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Logging and other forest practices are widely reported to be a threat to some amphibian populations in the Pacific Northwest. Riparian buffer strips are one conservation measure that may benefit amphibians in managed forests. However, few amphibian surveys have been conducted in buffer strips. We compared total salamander abundance, amphibian species richness, and sampling proportions for five species of salamanders between 17 managed stands and 12 unlogged, streamside forests in the Coast Range of western Oregon. We also identified relationships between buffer strip width and salamander population indices. Surveys conducted on 20 × 40 m plots demonstrated that torrent salamanders (Rhyacotriton spp.), clouded salamanders (Aneides ferreus), Dunn's salamanders (Plethodon Dunni), western red-backed salamanders (Plethodon vehiculum), total salamander abundance, and amphibian species richness were sensitive to forest practices in riparian areas. We conclude that riparian buffer strips are a useful habitat management strategy for several salamander species. However, buffer strip widths currently required by state forest practices regulations may not be adequate to prevent local declines in the diversity of amphibian communities. FOR. SCI. 48(2):291–297.
Bird Use of Forest Structural Classes in Grand Fir Forests of the Blue Mountains, Oregon
Authors: Sallabanks Rex , Riggs Robert A. , Cobb Lynda E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We sampled breeding birds in 83 stands in the Blue Mountains, northeastern Oregon, 1994–1996, to describe bird use of forest structural classes in grand fir (Abies grandis) forests. We classified stands, based on basal area in different tree-size categories, into six forest structural classes: (1) stand initiation (SI); (2) stem exclusion, open canopy (SEOC); (3) stem exclusion, closed canopy (SECC); (4) understory reinitiation (UR); (5) young forest, multistory (YFMS); and (6) old forest, multistory (OFMS). Most species were detected in all structural classes, but slightly more than onethird of species analyzed (13 of 38) differed in abundance among structural classes (P &lt; 0.004). Cluster analysis, based on structural attributes measured in each stand and weighted by avian abundance, grouped birds with similar habitat associations and allowed us to identify “non-SI associates,” “SI associates,” “structural class generalists,” and “mature forest associates.” We did not identify any species that could be considered strictly “OFMS associates.” With the exception of some SI associates, such as the mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides) and house wren (Troglodytes aedon), we found little evidence of structural class specialization by birds. In grand fir forests of the Blue Mountains, ecologists and managers should focus on understanding how specific silvicultural prescriptions influence structural attributes that are correlated with avian abundance, rather than on stand age per se. FOR. SCI. 48(2):311–321.
Roost Site Characteristics of Northern Spotted Owls in the Nonbreeding Season in Central Washington
Authors: Herter Dale R. , Hicks Lorin L. , Stabins Henning C. , Millspaugh Joshua J. , Stabins Amy J. , Melampy Larry D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To evaluate habitat important to northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) away from the nest stand, we used radio telemetry to locate adult owls at diurnal roosts during the nonbreeding season (September 1–March 15, 1994–1997). We recorded physiographic variables and measured within-stand structural characteristics within nested circular plots centered on roost trees. We then compared owl use plots to random plots selected within suitable habitat and inside the approximated home ranges of the 14 (7 male, 7 female) owls studied. Spotted owls selected older forest over young forest. Owls selected sites lower in elevation, with larger tree diameter at breast height (dbh), fewer trees/ha, greater canopy cover, less cover of low shrubs, and fewer pieces of down wood than random locations. Females used old-growth and mature forest to a greater degree than males. Fewer trees/ha, less cover of low shrubs, and fewer pieces of down wood/transect best discriminated roost sites from random sites. These characteristics are not indicative of stand conditions thought to maximize prey density. Results may indicate selection of specific sites for roosting. However, because spotted owls opportunistically take prey from diurnal roosts and often roost in foraging stands, they may also be selecting for site characteristics that facilitate the capture of prey. FOR. SCI. 48(2):437–444.
Nonconstant Risk Attitudes and Timber Harvesting
Authors: Uusivuori Jussi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article explores the effects of risk attitudes on the harvesting behavior of forest landowners. In particular, the effects of changing risk behavior on the forest owners' optimal harvesting decisions are studied under timber price uncertainty. With a theoretical model introducing an endogenous risk premium and addressing nonconstant risk attitudes, it is shown how the commonly predicted increase of wealth among nonindustrial private forest owners can have profound effects on harvesting behavior and timber supply from the private forest sector. For example, the model predicts that if landowners' aversion toward risk declines with increasing wealth, the standing timber stock in nonindustrial private forests will increase in the future, and the intensity of timber harvests declines. Contrary to now-popular timber harvest models, these results are obtained without dividing the benefits of forest into timber and nontimber ones. FOR. SCI. 48(3):459–470.
A Forest-Level Bucking Optimization System that Considers Customer's Demand and Transportation Costs
Authors: Arce Julio Eduardo , Carnieri Celso , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Filho Afonso Figueiredo 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article describes a system that deals with a forest-level bucking optimization problem considering customer's demand and transportation costs. The system was used to evaluate three scenarios: an observed medium-term forest harvesting scenario, with 32 stands harvested during one month, a simulated demand-oriented scenario and a simulated supply-oriented one. Data was obtained from Pinus taeda L. plantations located in southern Brazil. Various forest multiproducts with their respective local market prices were considered for modeling. The system has two main modules: the Cutting Pattern Generation (CPG) and the Global Bucking Optimization (GBO). In both modules, different algorithms are activated depending on the analyzed scenario (demand-oriented or supply-oriented). Additional biometric modules are also integrated into the system for height, taper, and volume calculations. In the demand-oriented scenario, the CPG exhaustively generates all possible cutting patterns for each diametric class in each stand, and the GBO, formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming problem, optimizes the net revenue at forest level subject to constraints that consider bounds for timber volumes and maximum number of different multiproducts obtained in each stand. In the supply-oriented scenario, the CPG generates the Optimum Cutting Pattern through a heuristic algorithm that identifies the potential cuts to evaluate along the stem and a Dynamic Programming-based algorithm to determine the optimum combination of products that maximizes the stem profit, and the GBO calculates the net profit, summing up the profits per stem for each stand and sum of the stands. Illustrative examples and numerical results are given. FOR. SCI. 48(3):492–503.
Optimization of Land Use in Afforestation Areas Using Evolutionary Self-Organization
Authors: Strange Niels , Meilby Henrik , Thorsen Bo Jellesmark 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article presents a cellular automaton approach to the optimization of land use planning in afforestation areas. The case study deals with 110 ha of recently afforested land in Denmark. A modified two-dimensional automaton containing 2,345 active cells is used for optimizing the land use setup in this area. Four land use alternatives are considered: pasture, beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), and oak (Quercus robur L.). The objective is to maximize a weighted sum of soil expectation value, scale-dependent costs, recreational value, and the value of structural variation. It is demonstrated that for this sort of problem, appropriately modified cellular automata may yield acceptable solutions within a comparatively low number of iterations. Furthermore, for a simplified hypothetical problem, it is shown that the cellular automaton approach was able to identify optimal solutions within reasonable time. FOR. SCI. 48(3):543–555.
Continuing Growth Response to Phosphate Fertilizers by a Pinus radiata Plantation over Fifty Years
Authors: Turner J. , Lambert Marcia J. , Humphreys F.R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The period of growth response of forest plantations to phosphate fertilizer applications has been variable and difficult to predict. Significant growth responses by Pinus radiata (D. Don) to two different phosphate fertilizers, superphosphate and rock phosphate applied at 96 kg P ha-1 (previously reported by the authors) have continued for the 50 yr period since the fertilizers were initially applied in 1947. There have been no further fertilizer applications. At the end of the second rotation of 33 yr (50 yr after the fertilizer was applied), the growth and biomass of the trees were determined, together with soil and foliage chemical analyses, and comparisons made with those obtained earlier. The standing volume of the phosphate treatments was 430 m3 ha-1, an increase of 50% over the 287 m3 ha-1 in the untreated control. Soil total phosphorus concentrations were increased from 64 mg kg-1 in the control to 105 mg kg-1 and 134 mg kg-1 in the superphosphate and rock phosphate treatments, respectively, and have remained constant. The aboveground biomass of the treated plots was about 380 tonne ha-1 compared with 278 tonne ha-1 in the control. The single application of phosphorus has led to a significant change in site characteristics. The implications for forest management are that a relatively low application of fertilizer on some nutritionally poor sites changes the productive capacity of the site. FOR. SCI. 48(3):556–568.
Terrestrial Global Productivity
Authors: Jose Shibu 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Terrestrial primary productivity has been a central focus of ecologists worldwide for the last three decades. The International Biological Program (IBP) of the early 1970s laid the foundation and provided a wealth of knowledge on the biological basis of productivity in different environments. However, there was little progress, until recently, in estimating productivity of large regions and biomes. The growing realization that productivity of terrestrial ecosystems is strongly affected by changes in climate and land-use patterns has prompted ecologists to translate ecological hypotheses derived from the local or stand level into continental or global scales. In recent years, policymakers also have focused their attention on terrestrial primary productivity because of the importance of land ecosystems as carbon sinks and their role in mitigating the impacts of rising atmospheric CO2. Hence, an effort in updating and synthesizing the current state of knowledge and research on global primary productivity should be appreciated. Through the publication of this book the editors have done a commendable job in bringing together the collective wisdom of 50 prominent ecologists in analyzing primary productivity from the canopy to global level and identifying gaps in our knowledge base.
Landscape Ecosystems of the Mack Lake Burn, Northern Lower Michigan, and the Occurrence of the Kirtland's Warbler
Authors: Walker Wayne S. , Barnes Burton V. , Kashian Daniel M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii Baird) is a federally endangered songbird that nests only in ecosystems dominated by young jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in northern Michigan. Although considerable research has focused on the bird, comparatively little information is available on the specific landscape ecosystems occupied by the warbler. The 9,700 ha Mack Lake burn provided an opportunity to track the pattern of Kirtland's warbler occurrence in relation to the ecosystems of a highly diverse and productive area of its breeding range. Using a multifactor landscape ecosystem approach, two high-elevation and four low-elevation landform-level ecosystems were identified, described, and mapped. The spatial pattern of warbler occurrence over time was strongly mediated by the physical and biotic components of the ecosystems. During the first 3 yr of warbler occupation (1986–1988), the high-elevation landforms, characterized by relatively warm temperatures, moister, more fertile soils, and faster growing jack pines, supported 62% of the population. Thereafter, a major shift occurred to the low-elevation landforms. During the last 3 yr of record (1995–1997), the low-elevation landforms, characterized by colder temperatures, drier, less fertile soils, and slow-growing jack pines, supported 86% of the population. The juxtaposition of high- and low-elevation landforms, and the fine-scale ecosystem diversity within them, prolonged the duration of warbler occupancy beyond what would be expected in less heterogeneous conditions. As demonstrated here, the landscape ecosystem approach provides a sound, ecological framework for understanding patterns of Kirtland's warbler occurrence and for assisting managers in identifying appropriate management areas for the continued recovery of the species. FOR. SCI. 49(1):119–139.
Book Reviews: Integrated Public Lands Management: Principles and Applications to National Forests, Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and BLM Lands
Authors: Linehan Peter E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The intense wildfire season of 2002 devastated hundreds of thousands of acres of forest lands in the western United States. A bigger impact in the public awareness came from the intense media attention on the large number of homes and buildings threatened as well as cities such as Denver, Colorado, and many small towns in New Mexico and Oregon. It would appear to be relatively easy to arrive at a consensus to deal with such a serious threat to the public welfare. Yet, as the intensely critical reaction to the Bush administration's relatively modest set of proposals to streamline administrative procedures and promote fuel load reductions with thinning and harvesting shows: there is no consensus on natural resource management policy on public lands. This book shows how federal natural resource management policies developed over time to meet the conflicting and changing desires of the public. While learning resource analysis and management techniques, readers can also see their history and justification.
Estimating and Validating Ground-Based Timber Harvesting Production Through Computer Simulation
Authors: Wang Jingxin , LeDoux Chris B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Estimating ground-based timber harvesting systems production with an object-oriented methodology was investigated. The estimation model developed generates stands of trees, simulates chain saw, drive-to-tree feller-buncher, swing-to-tree single-grip harvester felling, and grapple skidder and forwarder extraction activities, and analyzes costs and productivity. It also measures the traffic intensity level of extraction machines across sites. The model components were validated using data from several independent field studies. The model was used to evaluate the interaction of stand variables, harvest treatments, machines, and extraction patterns. Using two main skid trails to harvest a block minimized traffic intensity. The model can be best used to evaluate alternative skidding configurations and their impact on cost, production, and traffic intensity. FOR. SCI. 49(1):64–76.
Estimating Stand Characteristics by Combining Single Tree Pattern Recognition of Digital Video Imagery and a Theoretical Diameter Distribution Model
Authors: Maltamo M. , Tokola T. , Lehikoinen M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article presents a new method combining pattern recognition of single trees and a theoretical diameter distribution to determine stand characteristics. The applied remote sensing material was digital video imagery. A super-resolution technique was used in order to improve the quality of the video imagery. Tree crowns were identified and crown areas segmented from the super-resolution image. After that, tree diameters were predicted using detected crown areas. However, only large trees (dbh &gt;17 cm) could be recognized from digital video image. Therefore, the theoretical Weibull distribution was predicted to be able to also calculate the number of small trees (dbh &lt;17 cm). The mean characteristics information needed for predicting the parameters of Weibull distribution was obtained from the resulting truncated distribution of large trees. The final estimate of the diameter distribution is a combination of these two parts.
The reliability of prediction of stand characteristics considered, i.e., number of stems, stand basal area, and volume was improved with the use of the theoretical diameter distribution model. However, these results should be considered preliminary, because they are based on a small validation data set. According to these results, especially the accuracy of the estimate of the number of stems was increased considerably. This improvement is important when simulating future stand development in forest management planning software packages. FOR. SCI. 49(1):98–109.
Comparison of Ground Sampling Methods for Estimating Canopy Cover
Authors: Williams Michael S. , Patterson Paul L. , Todd Mowrer H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Knowledge of the canopy structure is essential to improving our understanding of forest structure. While numerous sampling techniques have been developed to estimate attributes of the forest canopy, these require either additional measurements or a sampling design and measurement techniques that differ substantially from the ones that are used to estimate more traditional forest attributes, such as basal area, number of stems, or volume. The root of the problem is that the sample element for a design that estimates canopy attributes is the tree crown, whereas the sample element is the bole for a design that estimates an attribute such as basal area. For example, if a fixed-area plot is used to estimate basal area, canopy cover cannot be estimated using the same design because a portion of the plot invariably is covered by the crowns of trees whose boles lie outside the plot boundary and would not be included in the sample under the standard sampling design. In this study, a technique called “morphing” is used to model the trees outside the plot boundary. For the purpose of comparison, the morphing technique is used to estimate canopy cover using data from a circular fixed-area plot, and this technique is compared with both dot count and line intersect sampling using a simulation study and two small forest populations. For the study, the populations were sampled using circular fixed-area plots with radii ranging from ρ = 3.05–6.10 m (10–20 ft) and line lengths ranging from L = 3.05–22.9 m (10–75 ft). For both populations, the bias of the canopy cover estimator derived from the morphing technique was negligible. The estimator based on line intersect sampling is design-unbiased, but it generally had a much larger variance than the one based on the morphing technique. The dot count method consistently had the highest variance. FOR. SCI. 49(2):235–246.
Simple Tests for Detecting Segregation of Major Genes with Phenotypic Data from a Diallel Mating
Authors: Zeng Wen , Li Bailian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Three simple statistical tests (the Bartlett test, the log-ANOVA test, and the Fain test) were investigated for detecting the segregation of major genes controlling a quantitative trait in half-diallel mating populations. Eight experimental diallel progeny populations of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from a breeding program were analyzed to detect major gene segregation for 6 yr tree height. The results from three simple tests indicated that there could be major gene segregation for 6 yr height in three diallels. Data with different degrees of major and polygenic effects were simulated with the same mating and field experimental design for further evaluation of these simple tests. Statistical powers of detection were assessed for a major gene with two alleles plus the polygenic background of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects. The robustness of methods to the presence of half-sib relationships, a skewed phenotypic distribution, and unbalanced data were evaluated. The Bartlett test was the most powerful, but was sensitive to half-sib relationship and skewness. The log-ANOVA test was as powerful as the Bartlett test, but was robust to half-sib relationship and skewness. The Fain test was less powerful but less sensitive to skewness than the Bartlett test. The major gene effect (percent of total phenotypic variance) and dominance level of the major gene were the two most important factors affecting the power of detection. The power for the Bartlett and log-ANOVA test increased with the increment of polygenic heritability. The ratio of dominance to additive variance for polygenic inheritance had little effect on the power for the Bartlett and log-ANOVA tests. The log-ANOVA test is the most desired simple test for detecting major gene segregation in a diallel population with half-sib structures. Simple tests can be used to screen breeding populations for major genes affecting tree growth, and the information can be useful to speed up traditional tree breeding programs. FOR. SCI. 49(2):268–278.
Predicting External Branch Characteristics of Planted Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) on the Basis of Routine Stand and Tree Measurements
Authors: Mäkinen Harri , Ojansuu Risto , Niemistö Pentti 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop simultaneous models for external branch characteristics along the stem that could be applied as a part of a growth simulation system. Data were collected from planted pure stands of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) growing on abandoned agricultural land and forest sites of different fertility, with different stand density and age. The data were used to develop generalized linear variance component models for (1) crown ratio, (2) self-pruning ratio, i.e., height of the lowest dead branch divided by the height of the crown base, (3) number of living branches along the stem, (4) total number of branches, (5) diameter of the thickest branch, (6) diameters of smaller branches, and (7) branch angle. The independent variables of the models were restricted to those measured in forest inventories and used for forest management planning purposes. Even though there was bias in predicting some of the branch characteristics in the independent evaluation data set of silver birch, the behavior of the models was logical. No major additional bias was found when the models were applied to downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.). The models provide a framework for predicting the development of wood quality and the possibilities of using silvicultural treatments to control branch characteristics. FOR. SCI. 49(2):301–317.