bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship of cariogenic bacteria levels with periodontal status and root surface caries in elderly Japanese
Authors: Saotome Yasuhiko , Tada Akio , Hanada Nobuhiro , Yoshihara Akihiro , Uematsu Hiroshi , Miyazaki Hideo , Senpuku Hidenobu 
Published: November 2006

Objective:  The relationship of the levels of cariogenic bacterial species with periodontal status and decayed root surfaces was investigated in elderly Japanese subjects.Methods:  Three hundred and sixty‐eight individuals (each 75 years old) were examined for periodontal status (pocket depth, attachment loss), root surface caries and salivary levels of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli (LB).Results:  Values >4 mm of attachment loss (rAL4) and for average attachment loss (aAL) of sites measured were significantly higher in subjects with LB than those without. Multiple regression analysis also showed a correlation between aAL and rAL4 values with the presence of LB (aAL p = 0.003; rAL4 p = 0.002). Further, multiple regression analysis of interacting factors regarding decayed root surfaces showed that LB carriers had a greater incidence of decayed root surface caries (p = 0.003), while MS and LB levels were correlated to the number of decayed root surfaces (LB p = 0.010; MS p = 0.026).Conclusion:  Our results indicate that considerable attachment loss elevates the possibility of having LB, thus increasing the risk of root surface caries. It was also found that LB and MS measurements may be useful indicators of decayed root surfaces in elderly individuals with attachment loss.
Geriatric dentistry in Brazilian universities
Authors: De Lima Saintrain Maria Vieira , De Souza Eliane Helena Alvim , De França Caldas Júnior Arnaldo 
Published: November 2006

The World Health Organization has predicted an increase in the population of elderly people.Objective:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the teaching of geriatric dentistry in Brazilian universities.Materials and methods:  This study consisted of questionaires regarding the training in geriatric dentistry in 104 dental schools included in the National Institute of Education Research (INEP) in 2001. In order to calculate the sample (a random stratified one), the confidence interval was set at 99% and a maximum permitted error of 3% was adopted. Pearson's chi‐square test was used in the inferential analysis.Results:  From the 64 dental courses which were studied, only 25 included geriatric dentistry in the curriculum. From 1857 students who were involved in the study, 41% sought knowledge outside the dental school and 98% considered that it was important that this subject should be included in the curriculum. There was statistical significance between geriatric dentistry teaching and the students’ preference as well as the prospect of working with this group of the population. Geriatric dentistry as an individual subject was absent from the curriculum in two‐thirds of the dental courses investigated. Knowledge was often transmitted as part of dental prosthetics and most of the students stated that they would want to be able to treat elderly people. It was relevant to note that senior students expected to work in this field.Conclusion:  Dental students in Brazil do not have adequate training in geriatric dentistry.
EFFECT OF COOKING OF RICE BRAN ON THE QUALITY OF EXTRACTED OIL
Authors: ANIL KUMAR H.G. , KHATOON S. , PRABHAKAR D.S. , KRISHNA A.G. GOPALA 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT While attempting to prepare a nutritionally superior rice bran oil, the effect of cooking of rice bran with various levels of added water on the quality of bran and extracted oil was studied. The rice bran (from IR‐64 paddy, Indian variety) used was obtained from a local rice mill having 8% moisture and 19.3% fat. The levels of water incorporated were 0, 6, 12, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 g/100 g bran and were heated to boil (or to reach 105–110C) for 20 min and the contents cooled and dried in air. A sample of 100 g bran was heated similarly without the addition of water, which served as a control. The oil extracted from the control bran had color, 80 Lovibond units, free fatty acids (FFAs), 27%, tocopherols and tocotrienols, 103 mg per 100 g (mg%), and oryzanol, 2.39%. The water‐treated, cooked and dried bran samples were extracted with hexane to recover the oil which had a lower Lovibond color (65–70), varied FFA (as % oleic acid) (25.4–33.2%) levels, reduced tocopherol and tocotrienol (3.9–62.3 mg%) content and a slightly higher oryzanol content (2.51–2.70%) compared to the oil extracted from the control bran. The changes were observed from the start at 6 and 12 g water/100 g bran addition stage itself and almost all tocopherols and tocotrienols (97–99%) were destroyed, while at the 50‐ to 400‐g water addition stages tocopherol and tocotrienol destruction ranged from 51 to 72%. The study sheds light on the deleterious effect on tocopherols and tocotrienols in rice bran and extracted oil during cooking of rice bran, although there is an improvement in color and texture of cooked bran and color and oryzanol content of the extracted oil.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COCOA BUTTER SUBSTITUTE (CBS): EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FATTY ACIDS ON VISCOCITY
Authors: SHAMSUDIN ROSNAH , MOHAMED IBRAHIM O. , NOOI TAN S. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT Rheology properties of three samples of cocoa butter substitutes (CBS) with different fatty acid compositions were determined using a concentric cylinder rheometer. The measurements were carried out over a shear rate range of 0–1,000 1/s, at five different levels of temperature ranging from 40 to 60C. The results of the experimental measurements revealed that CBS behaved as a Newtonian fluid over the temperature and shear rate range investigated. Furthermore, the results showed that the viscosity increases with increasing percentage of long‐chain saturated fatty acids rather than the overall increase in percentage of saturated fatty acids. However, the variation of viscosities among the three samples was found insignificant at α = 0.01, allowing pooling of the data and developing a viscosity model as a function of temperature for the CBS.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES FOR R‐INDEX
Authors: BI JIAN 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTR‐index is an important statistic for testing and measuring product effects. The validation and merits of R‐index are to a great extent due to the fact that it is closely related to the famous Mann–Whitney U statistic. Based on this fortunate relationship, statistical analyses for R‐index are explored. The statistical analyses include estimations of R‐index and its null and nonconditional variances with and without assuming continuity of data; difference and similarity tests using R‐index; powers and sample sizes for the tests; linking R‐index with Thurstonian δ (or d′). The new techniques developed in the paper extend greatly the original R‐index analysis for categorical ratings data. It is expected that the recognition of the profound theoretical origin of R‐index and the available statistical analyses for R‐index will provide the impetus for the resurgence of interest in using R‐index in sensory and consumer researches.
Galactose Starvation in a Bloodstream Form
Trypanosoma brucei
UDP-Glucose 4′-Epimerase Conditional Null Mutant
Authors: Urbaniak Michael D. , Turnock Daniel C. , Ferguson Michael A. J. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Galactose metabolism is essential for the survival of
Trypanosoma brucei
, the etiological agent of African sleeping sickness.
T. brucei
hexose transporters are unable to transport galactose, which is instead obtained through the epimerization of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose catalyzed by UDP-glucose 4′-epimerase (
galE
). Here, we have characterized the phenotype of a bloodstream form
T. brucei galE
conditional null mutant under nonpermissive conditions that induced galactose starvation. Cellular levels of UDP-galactose dropped rapidly upon induction of galactose starvation, reaching undetectable levels after 72 h. Analysis of extracted glycoproteins by ricin and tomato lectin blotting showed that terminal β-
d
-galactose was virtually eliminated and poly-
N
-acetyllactosamine structures were substantially reduced. Mass spectrometric analysis of variant surface glycoprotein confirmed complete loss of galactose from the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. After 96 h, cell division ceased, and electron microscopy revealed that the cells had adopted a morphologically distinct stumpy-like form, concurrent with the appearance of aberrant vesicles close to the flagellar pocket. These data demonstrate that the UDP-glucose 4′-epimerase is essential for the production of UDP-galactose required for galactosylation of glycoproteins and that galactosylation of one or more glycoproteins, most likely in the lysosomal/endosomal system, is essential for the survival of bloodstream form
T. brucei.
Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Mutation in
Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Morozov Igor Y. , Negrete-Urtasun Susana , Tilburn Joan , Jansen Christine A. , Caddick Mark X. , Arst Herbert N. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

An
Aspergillus nidulans
mutation, designated
nmdA1
, has been selected as a partial suppressor of a frameshift mutation and shown to truncate the homologue of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) surveillance component Nmd2p/Upf2p.
nmdA1
elevates steady-state levels of premature termination codon-containing transcripts, as demonstrated using mutations in genes encoding xanthine dehydrogenase (
hxA
), urate oxidase (
uaZ
), the transcription factor mediating regulation of gene expression by ambient pH (
pacC
), and a protease involved in pH signal transduction (
palB
).
nmdA1
can also stabilize pre-mRNA (unspliced) and wild-type transcripts of certain genes. Certain premature termination codon-containing transcripts which escape NMD are relatively stable, a feature more in common with certain nonsense codon-containing mammalian transcripts than with those in
S. cerevisiae.
As in
S. cerevisiae
, 5′ nonsense codons are more effective at triggering NMD than 3′ nonsense codons. Unlike the mammalian situation but in common with
S. cerevisiae
and other lower eukaryotes,
A. nidulans
is apparently impervious to the position of premature termination codons with respect to the 3′ exon-exon junction.
Clonal Complexes of
Campylobacter jejuni
Identified by Multilocus Sequence Typing Are Reliably Predicted by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analyses of the
flaA
Gene
Authors: Djordjevic Steven P. , Unicomb Leanne E. , Adamson Penelope J. , Mickan Lance , Rios Rosa ,   the Australian Campylobacter Subtyping Study Group
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has provided important new insights into the population structure of
Campylobacter jejuni
and is rapidly becoming the gold standard for typing this species. However, the methodology is comparatively costly and slow to perform for the routine surveillance testing of large numbers of isolates required by public health laboratories. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the
flaA
gene (RFLP-
flaA
) and sequencing of the variable region in the
fla
locus (SVR-
fla
) were compared to MLST to determine if a low cost alternative could be found that reliably predicts clonal lineage (as determined by MLST). An isolate of
C. jejuni
from each of 153 patients from New South Wales, Australia, collected sequentially over a period of 30 months from 1999 to 2001 and comprising 40 sequence types (ST) from 15 clonal complexes (CC) was examined. Of 15 CC, 12 were represented by more than one isolate and a predominant RFLP-
flaA
type was found for 10 (83%). Of these, seven (70%) correctly predicted the predominant MLST CC with a probability of >0.8. Of 40 STs detected, 19 were reported for the first time, 9 of which were represented by more than one isolate. Eight of these were represented by a single RFLP-
flaA
type. Only two of eight major SVR-
fla
types were able to predict CC with a probability of >0.8, indicating that
flaA
-RFLP is a more reliable predictor of CC than SVR-
fla
and thus offers an alternative to MLST for use in routine surveillance.
New Potential Ligand-Receptor Signaling Loops in Ovarian Cancer Identified in Multiple Gene Expression Studies
Authors: Castellano Giancarlo , Reid James F. , Alberti Paola , Carcangiu Maria Luisa , Tomassetti Antonella , Canevari Silvana 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBased on the hypothesis that gene products involved in the same biological process would be coupled at transcriptional level, a previous study analyzed the correlation of the gene expression patterns of ligand-receptor (L-R) pairs to discover potential autocrine/paracrine signaling loops in different cancers (Graeber and Eisenberg. Nat Genet 2001; 29:295). By refining the starting database, a list of 511 L-R pairs was compiled, combined to eight data sets from a single pathology, epithelial ovarian cancer, and examined as a proof-of-principle of the statistical and biological validity of the correlation of the L-R gene expression patterns in cancer. Analysis revealed a Bonferroni-corrected significant correlation of 105 L-R pairs in at least one data set and, by systematic analysis, identified 39 more frequently correlated L-R pairs, 7 of which were already biologically confirmed. In four data sets examined for an L-R correlation associated with patient survival time, 15 L-R pairs were significantly correlated in short surviving patients in two of the data sets. Immunohistochemical analysis of one of the newly identified correlated L-R pairs (i.e., EFNB3-EPHB4) revealed the correlated expression of ephrin-B3 and EphB4 proteins in 45 of 55 epithelial ovarian tumor samples (P &lt; 0.0001). Together, these data not only support the validity of cross-comparison analysis of gene expression data because known and expected correlations were confirmed but also point to the promise of such analysis in identifying new L-R signaling loops in cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 10709-19)
The Windsor Report: A Theological Commentary
Authors: Marks Darren C. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTIt is argued that the Windsor Report is a new Anglican ecclesiology that attempts to answer problems within more classical and historically induced and offered Anglican ecclesiologies. In order to reflect this new direction, the authors borrowed ideas from several offsetting loci—including Roman Catholic receptio theology of communion and a more classic magisterial Protestant theology of Scripture—and as such has morphed the understanding of how Anglican authority, in all its forms, might look without opting for a Roman or the, as perceived by many as problematic, Protestant Liberal model. It is asked whether there is a polarity in the above theologies and which theme, if any, must assume the central role in articulating Anglican ecclesiology. I offer that it is the tacit theology of Scripture that is the true strength of the Windsor Report and which needs to be clarified in future discussions on Anglican ecclesiology.
Impaired Toll-like receptor 8–mediated IL-6 and TNF-α production in antigen-presenting cells from patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Authors: Sochorová Klára , Horváth Rudolf , Rožková Daniela , Litzman Jiří , Bartůňková Jiřina , Šedivá Anna , Špíšek Radek 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The critical role of Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) in B cells has been documented by the block of B-cell development in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Less is known about Btk function in myeloid cells. Several pieces of evidence indicate that Btk is a component of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. We analyzed whether Btk deficiency in XLA is associated with an impaired dendritic cell (DC) compartment or defective TLR signaling. We analyzed the expression of TLRs 1 to 9 on myeloid DCs generated from XLA patients and evaluated their response to activation by specific TLR agonists. We show that XLA patients have normal numbers of circulating DCs. Btk-deficient DCs have no defect in response to stimulation of TLRs 1/2, 2/6, 3, 4, and 5 but display a profound impairment of IL-6 and TNF-α production in response to stimulation by TLR-8 cognate agonist, ssRNA. These findings may provide an explanation for the susceptibility to enteroviral infections in XLA patients.
Automated recognition of malignancy mentions in biomedical literature
Authors: Jin Yang , McDonald Ryan T , Lerman Kevin , Mandel Mark A , Carroll Steven , Liberman Mark Y , Pereira Fernando C , Winters Raymond S , White Peter S 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
The rapid proliferation of biomedical text makes it increasingly difficult for researchers to identify, synthesize, and utilize developed knowledge in their fields of interest. Automated information extraction procedures can assist in the acquisition and management of this knowledge. Previous efforts in biomedical text mining have focused primarily upon named entity recognition of well-defined molecular objects such as genes, but less work has been performed to identify disease-related objects and concepts. Furthermore, promise has been tempered by an inability to efficiently scale approaches in ways that minimize manual efforts and still perform with high accuracy. Here, we have applied a machine-learning approach previously successful for identifying molecular entities to a disease concept to determine if the underlying probabilistic model effectively generalizes to unrelated concepts with minimal manual intervention for model retraining.

Results
We developed a named entity recognizer (MTag), an entity tagger for recognizing clinical descriptions of malignancy presented in text. The application uses the machine-learning technique Conditional Random Fields with additional domain-specific features. MTag was tested with 1,010 training and 432 evaluation documents pertaining to cancer genomics. Overall, our experiments resulted in 0.85 precision, 0.83 recall, and 0.84 F-measure on the evaluation set. Compared with a baseline system using string matching of text with a neoplasm term list, MTag performed with a much higher recall rate (92.1% vs. 42.1% recall) and demonstrated the ability to learn new patterns. Application of MTag to all MEDLINE abstracts yielded the identification of 580,002 unique and 9,153,340 overall mentions of malignancy. Significantly, addition of an extensive lexicon of malignancy mentions as a feature set for extraction had minimal impact in performance.

Conclusion
Together, these results suggest that the identification of disparate biomedical entity classes in free text may be achievable with high accuracy and only moderate additional effort for each new application domain.
Mitochondrial oxidative stress and nitrate tolerance – comparison of nitroglycerin and pentaerithrityl tetranitrate in Mn-SOD+/-mice
Authors: Mollnau Hanke , Wenzel Philip , Oelze Matthias , Treiber Nicolai , Pautz Andrea , Schulz Eberhard , Schuhmacher Swenja , Reifenberg Kurt , Stalleicken Dirk , Scharffetter-Kochanek Karin , Kleinert Hartmut , Münzel Thomas , Daiber Andreas 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Chronic therapy with nitroglycerin (GTN) results in a rapid development of nitrate tolerance which is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). According to recent studies, mitochondrial ROS formation and oxidative inactivation of the organic nitrate bioactivating enzyme mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) play an important role for the development of nitrate and cross-tolerance.

Methods
Tolerance was induced by infusion of wild type (WT) and heterozygous manganese superoxide dismutase mice (Mn-SOD+/-) with ethanolic solution of GTN (12.5 μg/min/kg for 4 d). For comparison, the tolerance-free pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN, 17.5 μg/min/kg for 4 d) was infused in DMSO. Vascular reactivity was measured by isometric tension studies of isolated aortic rings. ROS formation and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) activity was measured in isolated heart mitochondria.

Results
Chronic GTN infusion lead to impaired vascular responses to GTN and acetylcholine (ACh), increased the ROS formation in mitochondria and decreased ALDH-2 activity in Mn-SOD+/- mice. In contrast, PETN infusion did not increase mitochondrial ROS formation, did not decrease ALDH-2 activity and accordingly did not lead to tolerance and cross-tolerance in Mn-SOD+/- mice. PETN but not GTN increased heme oxygenase-1 mRNA in EA.hy 926 cells and bilirubin efficiently scavenged GTN-derived ROS.

Conclusion
Chronic GTN infusion stimulates mitochondrial ROS production which is an important mechanism leading to tolerance and cross-tolerance. The tetranitrate PETN is devoid of mitochondrial oxidative stress induction and according to the present animal study as well as numerous previous clinical studies can be used without limitations due to tolerance and cross-tolerance.
Barriers in phase I cancer clinical trials referrals and enrollment: five-year experience at the Princess Margaret Hospital
Authors: Ho Jeremy , Pond Gregory R , Newman Colin , Maclean Martha , Chen Eric X , Oza Amit M , Siu Lillian L 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
There is a paucity of literature on the referral outcome of patients seen in phase I trial clinics in academic oncology centres. This study aims to provide information on the accrual rate and to identify obstacles in the recruitment process.

Methods
A retrospective chart review was performed for all new patients referred and seen in the phase I clinic at the Princess Margaret Hospital between January 2000 and June 2005. Data on their demographics, medical history, and details of trial participation or non-entry were recorded.

Results
A total of 667 new phase I referrals were seen during the stated period. Of these patients, 197 (29.5%) patients were enrolled into a phase I trial, and 64.5% of them started trial within 1 month of the initial visit. About a quarter (165 of 667) of the patients referred were deemed ineligible at their first visit, with the most frequent reasons for ineligibility being poor performance status, unacceptable bloodwork, too many prior treatments and rapid disease progression. The remaining 305 patients (45.7%) were potentially eligible at their initial visit, but never entered a phase I trial. The main reasons for their non-entry were patient refusal, other treatment recommended first, and lack of available trials or trial spots.

Conclusion
This study provides information on the clinical realities underlying a referral to a phase I clinic and eventual trial enrollment. Better selection of patients, appropriate education of referring physicians, and opening phase I trials with fewer restrictions on some criteria such as prior therapy may enhance their recruitment rates.