bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of soluble CO2 stabilisation and vacuum packaging in the shelf life of farmed sea bream and sea bass fillets
Authors: Mendes Rogério , Gonçalves Amparo 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the differences of sensory, microbiological and chemical quality in vacuum‐packaged fillets of sea bream and sea bass previously submitted to soluble gas solubilisation (SGS) with 100% CO2, at 2 bar for 30 and 60 min and stored at chilled temperature for 15 days. Apart from pH value that showed a regular increase during chilled storage, the other chemical index [total volatile bases nitrogen (TVB‐N), trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA‐N) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs)] had showed to be poor indicators of changes in quality of products. Final TVB‐N values ranged from 16.0 to 17.4 mg N per 100 g and from 17.3 to 19.4 mg N per 100 g in sea bream and sea bass, respectively. Sensory evaluation resulted as the most reliable parameter of quality decay. The results show that SGS treatment kept the initial quality of fillets for longer time, which was particularly visible on the sea bream fillets, thus contributing to an extension in 2–3 days of the shelf life. SGS had also a positive effect in the delay of microbial growth.
Effect of fortification of defatted soy flour on sensory and rheological properties of wheat bread
Authors: Mashayekh Morteza , Mahmoodi Mohammad Reza , Entezari Mohammad Hasan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of soy‐fortified bread on the sensory and rheological properties. Ground defatted soy flour was blended with wheat flour at 3%, 7% and 12%. The organoleptic characteristics of soy‐fortified wheat breads were carried out by taste panel. The effect of this fortification on the rheological properties of the resulting dough was investigated using farinograph and extensograph for quality assessment of the final product. The ash and protein contents of 3% and 7% wheat–soy bread blends increased compared with control. The results revealed that organoleptic characteristics score such as bendability, appearance, flavour and taste, crust texture and overall acceptability properties of bread containing 3% defatted soy flour was highest even though it is not significantly different. Therefore, we conclude that adding 3% or 7% defatted soy flour actually gives as good a loaf of bread as the 100% wheat bread with higher nutritional quality and acceptable consumer attitude with rheological and sensory characteristics.
Effects of gelatine type and concentration on the shelf‐life stability and quality of marshmallows
Authors: Tan Johanna M. , Lim Miang H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effects of gelatine concentration, bloom strength, and origin on the quality and shelf‐life stability of marshmallows were studied. All six sample treatments were carried out under accelerated storage conditions of 25 °C and 75% relative humidity (RH) for 25 weeks. Gelatine A 150 bloom had the highest viscosity because of its highest concentration (2.54%), lowest density and greatest amount of moisture loss producing the hardest marshmallows. Hardness and water activity measurements correlate for all sample treatments indicating that moisture loss is the main mechanism for hardening. With the exception of Gelatine B 2.2%, sugar crystallisation may have occurred in all sample treatments at week 20 which would have an impact on hardness as well. Gel network formation may be contributing towards hardness in Gelatine B 2.2% as there was an increase in hardness but no changes were perceived in water activity.
Effect of freeze–thaw cycles and additives on rheological and sensory properties of ready to bake frozen chapaties
Authors: Yadav Deep N. , Patki Prakash E. , Khan Mohammad A. , Sharma Gopal K. , Bawa Amrindar S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe wheat grains were conditioned at 18% moisture level for 1 h followed by heating for 80 s in a microwave oven to reduce the activity of polyphenol oxidase as well as other lipolytic and oxidative enzymes. The dough samples were prepared from whole wheat flour (milled from microwave treated wheat grains) using 68% water and 2% salt on flour weight basis as common ingredients. The additives like glycerol monostearate and glycerol (5% and 1% respectively on flour weight basis) were also used in order to study their effects on the quality of ready to bake frozen chapaties (R‐BFC) during freeze–thaw cycles. Alveographic properties of R‐BFC as well as textural profile and sensory quality of chapaties prepared from R‐BFC samples were evaluated during repeated freeze–thaw (FT) cycles. Results showed that the alveographic properties (P, L, and W) decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in all the samples after each FT cycle, while glycerol added samples showed the least changes. Chapati hardness increased in all the samples up to fourth FT cycle, thereafter sharply decreased. However, chapaties with 1% glycerol were rated better in terms of mouth feel and texture during FT cycles.
Microbial levan in the diet of Labeo rohita Hamilton juveniles: effect on non‐specific immunity and histopathological changes after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Gupta S K , Pal A K , Sahu N P , Dalvi R , Kumar V , Mukherjee S C 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to study the immuno‐protective effect of microbial levan on Labeo rohita juveniles challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Six purified diets were prepared with different levels of microbial levan: control (no levan), T1 (Basal + 0.25%), T2 (Basal + 0.50%), T3 (Basal + 0.75%), T4 (Basal + 1%) and T5 (Basal + 1.25%), fed to six groups of fish in triplicate. Among the treatment groups the haemoglobin content and total leucocyte count were increased with a dietary supplementation of levan at 1% or more. An increasing trend for total erythrocyte count was observed with increasing level of dietary levan. Lower levan‐supplemented groups showed a higher albumin/globulin ratio. As the levan supplementation was increased, there was a gradual increase in serum lysozyme activity and respiratory burst activity [nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay] reduction values. The highest lysozyme activity and NBT were observed in the T5 group although this was similar to the T4 group (P > 0.05). No significant histo‐architectural changes were associated with dietary levan levels. After challenge with A. hydrophila, moderately degenerated hepatocytes, oedema and leucocytic infiltration in parenchymatous tissues, and extensive haemorrhage and haemosiderosis in the kidney were observed in the control group. However, the T5 group supplemented with 1.25% levan showed infiltrating leucocytes in the liver while the kidney showed only moderate degeneration of renal tubules. The relative survival per cent of juveniles after challenge with A. hydrophila was the highest in the T5 group followed by T4. This suggests that microbial levan at 1.25% can be used as dietary immunostimulant for L. rohita juveniles.
Surveillance of health status on eight marine rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), farms in Denmark in 2006
Authors: Pedersen K , Skall H F , Lassen‐Nielsen A M , Nielsen T F , Henriksen N H , Olesen N J 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe health status of eight marine rainbow trout farms was followed from mid‐June to mid‐September 2006 by sampling both dead and healthy fish approximately every 2 weeks for bacteriological and virological investigation. No fish pathogenic viruses were detected, but all farms experienced disease and mortality as a result of various bacterial infections. Yersinia ruckeri was found on four and Renibacterium salmoninarum on five of the farms, but only during the first part of the surveillance period. This indicates that the fish carried the infection from fresh water, and cleared the infection in salt water. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida caused mortality on five farms, but persisted throughout the sampling period. Although A. salmonicida was probably carried from fresh water, the fish were not able to clear the infection in the sea. Vibrio anguillarum caused mortality on six of the farms throughout the sampling period, O1 being the dominant serovar, and Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae was found on seven farms as a cause of disease. During the period of highest water temperatures Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were detected in dead fish in five and two farms, respectively, although their significance as causative pathogens is questionable. Vibrio vulnificus has not previously been found in rainbow trout in Denmark. Both mortality and number of antimicrobial treatments during the period were considerably higher in unvaccinated compared with vaccinated fish. Resistance to commonly used antimicrobials was low or absent.
Growth and performance of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., following administration of a rhabdovirus DNA vaccine alone or concurrently with an oil‐adjuvanted, polyvalent vaccine
Authors: Skinner L A , Schulte P M , LaPatra S E , Balfry S K , McKinley R S 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis research demonstrates for the first time an absence of growth‐related side effects in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., following the injection of a DNA vaccine alone or concurrently with a commercially available, polyvalent, oil‐adjuvanted vaccine. Using weight and specific growth rate measurements, individually tagged Atlantic salmon were monitored for 2028 degree days (dd) post‐vaccination. During this time, DNA‐vaccinated fish did not differ in weight, length, condition factor or specific growth rate compared to unvaccinated control fish. While differences in weight were observed between unvaccinated control and concurrently vaccinated fish, there were no significant differences in weight, length, condition factor or specific growth rate between concurrently vaccinated fish and adjuvant‐vaccinated fish, suggesting that only adjuvant vaccination affected growth. To further determine if concurrent injection of a DNA vaccine and a polyvalent, oil‐adjuvanted vaccine had a physiological impact on the Atlantic salmon, swimming performance tests were performed at 106 dd post‐vaccination with Ucrit,1, Ucrit,2, the Ucrit recovery ratio (RR) and the normalized RR being similar to values obtained from unvaccinated control fish. In summary, this study shows that concurrent injection of a DNA vaccine and a polyvalent, oil‐adjuvanted vaccine does not negatively influence the growth or swimming performance of Atlantic salmon compared to adjuvant vaccination alone.
Immune responses and enhanced disease resistance in Chinese drum, Miichthys miiuy (Basilewsky), after oral administration of live or dead cells of Clostridium butyrium CB2
Authors: Pan X , Wu T , Song Z , Tang H , Zhao Z 
Published: August 2008

Abstract Clostridium butyrium CB2 isolated from chickens was tested as a potential fish probiotic in the Chinese drum, Miichthys miiuy. Fish were fed live (CB), dead CB2 (D‐CB) cells (108 cells g−1) or spent culture supernatant (SCS), for 30 days and challenged with Vibrio anguillarum or Aeromonas hydrophila. Survival was higher in both the CB and the CB‐D fed groups, but the SCS group was not significantly different from the control. After feeding live or dead CB2 cells, there was increase in phagocytic activity of the head kidney macrophages, the lysozyme activity of serum and gut mucosa and immunoglobulin (Ig) level. The SCS group showed no obvious change in immune parameters. The results suggest that live or dead Clostridium butyrium CB2 has an immunomodulatory effect on fish.
Renin‐angiotensin system revisited
Authors: Fyhrquist F. , Saijonmaa O. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract.New components and functions of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) are still being unravelled. The classical RAS as it looked in the middle 1970s consisted of circulating renin, acting on angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I, which in turn was converted into angiotensin II (Ang II) by angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE). Ang II, still considered the main effector of RAS was believed to act only as a circulating hormone via angiotensin receptors, AT1 and AT2. Since then, an expanded view of RAS has gradually emerged. Local tissue RAS systems have been identified in most organs. Recently, evidence for an intracellular RAS has been reported. The new expanded view of RAS therefore covers both endocrine, paracrine and intracrine functions. Other peptides of RAS have been shown to have biological actions; angiotensin 2–8 heptapeptide (Ang III) has actions similar to those of Ang II. Further, the angiotensin 3–8 hexapeptide (Ang IV) exerts its actions via insulin‐regulated amino peptidase receptors. Finally, angiotensin 1–7 (Ang 1–7) acts via mas receptors. The discovery of another ACE2 was an important complement to this picture. The recent discovery of renin receptors has made our view of RAS unexpectedly complex and multilayered. The importance of RAS in cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated by the clinical benefits of ACE inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers. Great expectations are now generated by the introduction of renin inhibitors. Indeed, RAS regulates much more and diverse physiological functions than previously believed.
The role of Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4 on reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production by macrophage cells stimulated with root canal pathogens
Authors: Marcato L. G. , Ferlini A. P. , Bonfim R. C. F. , Ramos‐Jorge M. L. , Ropert C. , Afonso L. F. C. , Vieira L. Q. , Sobrinho A. P. R. 
Published: August 2008

Introduction:  Periapical lesions arise as a result of the activation and interaction of the host immune responses against root canal infection. Recently identified Toll‐like receptors (TLR) seem to be involved in the recognition and development of immune responses against a myriad of microorganisms. However, very little information is available on the role of TLR in the induction of periapical lesions.Method:  The role of TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 in the activation of murine macrophages stimulated using Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius was investigated. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed.Results:  The results demonstrate that TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 are involved in the production of ROS by activated macrophages. The microorganisms induced similar levels of NO production by TLR‐2‐competent and TLR‐2‐deficient macrophages, regardless of the addition of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), ruling out a role for TLR‐2 in the NO production induced by these bacteria. Only P. anaerobius induced NO production by TLR‐4‐competent macrophages without the addition of IFN‐γ. However, after IFN‐γ addition, F. nucleatum induced macrophage NO production. Therefore, NO production stimulated by IFN‐γ and these microorganisms seems to be TLR‐4‐independent.Conclusion:  TLR‐2 seems to be involved in the induction of ROS production by macrophages in response to prevalent root canal bacteria, while only F. nucleatum induced ROS production by TLR‐4‐competent macrophages. Both microorganisms significantly induced large amounts of NO independent of TLR‐2 and TLR‐4. We conclude that microorganisms may participate in the induction and progression of periapical lesions through NO and ROS production by activated macrophages.
Inhibition of interferon‐γ‐induced nitric oxide production in endotoxin‐activated macrophages by cytolethal distending toxin
Authors: Fernandes K. P. S. , Mayer M. P. A. , Ando E. S. , Ulbrich A. G. , Amarente‐Mendes J. G. P. , Russo M. 
Published: August 2008

Introduction:  Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a DNA‐targeting agent produced by certain pathogenic gram‐negative bacteria such as the periodontopathogenic organism Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. CDT targets lymphocytes and other cells causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, impairing the host immune response and contributing to the persistence of infections caused by this microorganism. In this study we explored the effects of CDT on the innate immune response, by investigating how it affects production of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages.Methods:  Murine peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with Escherichia coli sonicates and NO production was measured in the presence or not of active CDT.Results:  We observed that CDT promptly and significantly inhibited NO production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a dose‐dependent manner. This inhibition is directed towards interferon‐γ‐dependent pathways and is not mediated by either interleukin‐4 or interleukin‐10.Conclusion:  This mechanism may constitute an important aspect of the immunosuppression mediated by CDT and may have potential clinical implications in A. actinomycetemcomitans infections.
Mixed Candida albicans and Candida glabrata populations associated with the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis
Authors: Coco B. J. , Bagg J. , Cross L. J. , Jose A. , Cross J. , Ramage G. 
Published: August 2008

Introduction:  Oral yeasts are an important component of the resident microbial ecology of the oral cavity, but they are also associated with various forms of oral candidosis, such as denture stomatitis. Although Candida albicans is the predominant oral fungal pathogen, other species may also play an integral role in pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to examine the mycological ecology in patients with denture stomatitis, using an improved sampling technique, to determine whether species diversity and species quantity were related to oral pathology.Methods:  Thirty‐seven patients attending the Glasgow Dental Hospital were enrolled in this study following informed consent. A full clinical history was obtained, including details of their oral hygiene practices and the levels of erythema based on Newton’s classification scale. Oral rinse, denture sonicate, and swab samples were taken, which were processed for quantitative and qualitative analysis of oral yeasts.Results:  The proportion of patients with no inflammation or Newton’s Types I, II, and III were 31, 33, 25, and 14%, respectively. Denture sonication was a superior sampling procedure, with statistically greater quantities of yeasts isolated using this methodology (P < 0.01). The predominant oral yeasts isolated were C. albicans (75%) and Candida glabrata (30%), which were isolated in higher proportions in patients with the highest grades of inflammation (100 and 80%), and in combination from 80% of these patients.Conclusions:  This study has demonstrated that mixed C. albicans and C. glabrata biofilms may play an important role in the pathogenesis associated with severe inflammation in denture wearers.
Effect of antiplaque compounds and mouthrinses on the activity of glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus sobrinus and insoluble glucan production
Authors: Furiga A. , Dols‐Lafargue M. , Heyraud A. , Chambat G. , Lonvaud‐Funel A. , Badet C. 
Published: August 2008

Introduction:  The development of therapeutic agents inhibiting the activity of glucosyltransferases (GTF) and their production of glucans is a potential strategy to reduce dental decay. The aim of this study was first to characterize a GTF preparation from Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC 33478 and then to evaluate the effects of select compounds and mouthrinses on insoluble glucan (ISG) formation by combined GTFs.Methods:  The purity of the crude GTF mixture was assessed by electrophoresis. The effects of pH, temperature, sucrose, and dextran T10 concentrations on GTF activity were analyzed and the chemical structure of the products was investigated. Finally, the inhibition of GTF by commercial mouthrinses used in oral hygiene and their active components (chlorhexidine, polyphenolic compounds, fluoride derivatives, polyols, cetylpyridinium chloride, and povidone iodine) was analyzed through the reductions in the overall reaction rate and the quantity of ISG synthesized.Results:  The S. sobrinus ATCC 33478 crude GTF preparation obtained contains a mixture of four different GTFs known for this species. For optimal adherent ISG formation, the reaction parameters were 37°C, pH 6.5, sucrose 50 g/l, and dextran T10 2 g/l. Under these conditions, the most effective agents were chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, and tannic acid. Eludril®, Elmex®, and Betadine® were the most effective inhibitors of all the mouthrinses tested.Conclusion:  As the formulation of commercial products considerably influences the efficiency of active components, the fast representative ISG inhibition test developed in this study should be of great interest.
Molecular mimicry of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans with β2 glycoprotein I
Authors: Wang D. , Nagasawa T. , Chen Y. , Ushida Y. , Kobayashi H. , Takeuchi Y. , Umeda M. , Izumi Y. 
Published: August 2008

Introduction:  β2‐Glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is important in the suppression of coagulation, and antibodies against TLRVYK peptides on the β2GPI molecule are related to thrombosis. According to the Swiss‐Prot database, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin c has sequences (SIRVYK) that are homologous to the TLRVYK peptides. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of A. actinomycetemcomitans infection on the antibody response against SIRVYK peptides in patients with periodontitis.Methods:  Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody and IgG subclass antibody titers against SIRVYK or TLRVYK peptides were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 46 patients with aggressive periodontitis (eight with localized disease, 38 with generalized disease), 28 patients with chronic periodontitis, and 20 periodontally healthy subjects. The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in plaque and saliva samples was determined using polymerase chain reaction.Results:  The level of anti‐SIRVYK antibodies was significantly higher in patients who were A. actinomycetemcomitans‐positive than in A. actinomycetemcomitans‐negative patients (P < 0.05) in the chronic periodontitis group. A similar trend was found in the antibody response to TLRVYK peptide; however, no statistically significant difference was seen between A. actinomycetemcomitans‐positive and ‐negative patients. The A. actinomycetemcomitans‐positive patients displayed significantly higher levels of anti‐SIRVYK IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies than A. actinomycetemcomitans‐negative patients (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05, respectively). The level of IgG2 was highest among the four IgG subclasses and it predominantly increased in patients who were A. actinomycetemcomitans‐positive. Anti‐TLRVYK antibody levels were significantly correlated with anti‐SIRVYK IgG antibody levels.Conclusion:  The results suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans infection may elicit anti‐SIRVYK IgG antibodies and modify the anti‐TLRVYK antibody response in patients with periodontitis by molecular mimicry with β2GPI.