bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The occurrence of higher fatty acids in corn pollen
Authors: Barr C. R. , Ball C. D. , Sell H. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe methyl esters of the fatty acids of corn pollen were prepared and fractionated through a Stedman column. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were identified by the melting points of thep‐bromophenacyl esters of the saturated acids and the hydroxy and bromine addition compounds of the unsaturated acids.
Search for new industrial oils. I. Selected oils from 24 plant families
Authors: Earle F. R. , Melvin E. H. , Mason L. H. , van Etten C. H. , Wolff I. A. , Jones Q. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe group of analyses used in this preliminary screening of oils has proved capable of indicating many seed species that contain oils of unusual or unknown composition. Some of the oils are characterized sufficiently to suggest probable commercial uses; others give no evidence of properties that would lead to their use while present commercial oils are in adequate supply. Still other oils are shown to have unknown composition, which must be determined before their potential value can be judged. The study as yet contains too few species to generalize about the relationship between botanical classification and oil composition. It does however provide numerous leads in the search for oils of industrial value.
Factors in the decolorizing of tallow. II. Oxidation
Authors: Rich A. D. , Greentree Alexander 
Published: May 2007

SummaryData have been presented to illustrate the effect of oxidation in the decolorizing of tallow. In most cases the effect was detrimental to the color of the decolorized fat. However, in the case of a Prime Tallow, oxidation proved beneficial from the standpoint of obtaining a lower color.
Influence of feeding fractionated esters of autoxidized lard and cottonseed oil on growth, thirst, organ weights, and liver lipids of rats
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Slanetz C. A. , Johnson R. E. , Knight H. B. , Koos R. E. , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

SummaryLard and cottonseed oil which had been autoxidized at about 100°C. for 210 hrs. were fractionated by a technique involving molecular distillation, conversion to ethyl esters, urea‐complex formation, and redistillation. The ethyl esters were then fed to rats for three weeks at a level of 8% in a purified diet. Growth, water intake, organ weights, total liver lipids, and serum and liver cholesterol levels were determined. Groups fed 8% lard served as controls.Growth was severely depressed by the residue fractions of the urea‐complex‐ and noncomplex‐forming portions of the original molecular distillates. Of the three fractions from the original molecular distillation residues, the dimeric and polymeric fractions were the most active. The relative liver and kidney weights were usually increased by feeding the growth‐depressing fractions. However there were a number of exceptions indicating more specific effects from some of the fractions. Water intakes were lower with the fractions derived from the original molecular distillates than with those from the original molecular distillation residues. Testicular fat body weights suggested that feeding of autoxidized CSO fractions led to less neutral fat deposition than feeding of corresponding autoxidized lard fractions. Dry weight of the enlarged livers was higher, and the total lipid lower than of the control livers. Total liver cholesterol was higher in animals with smaller livers, but there was no difference in the cholesterol content of the total liver lipids. Serum cholesterol levels were lower in animals with large livers.Further study of those fractions having pharmacological properties is suggested.
Acid‐catalyzed addition of phenols and phenyl ethers to oleic acid
Authors: Roe Edward T. , Parker Winfred E. , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

SummaryPhenols and phenyl ethers have been added to oleic acid, using both sulfuric acid and a strong acid cation exchange resin as condensing agents. By‐product formation during the condensations resulted in low yields and products which were difficult to purify. Infrared spectra were used to identify the various products and to show that ring isomers form. Infrared spectra also assisted in identifying by‐products and permitted differentiation between the two strong acid condensing agents.
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: A Heterogeneous Disease with Variable Clinical Presentation
Authors: Baslaim Muna M. , Khayat Hind A. , Al‐Amoudi Shefaa A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIntroductionIdiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare benign inflammatory breast disease that presents with variable local manifestations. We describe here the different management protocols based on the clinical presentation of these patients.MethodsA retrospective review of 20 histopathologic confirmed cases of IGM seen over a period of 10 years was performed.ResultsThe median age was 34 years (age range: 21–45 years). All were married, parous with history of breast feeding. Ill‐defined mass mimicking carcinoma was the commonest presentation (70%); however, with the presence of signs of inflammation like pain (55%), redness (40%), and peau d’orange (40%), an inflammatory process appeared more likely. Axillary lymph node enlargement was infrequently seen (40%). Radiologic findings (mammography and ultrasound) were nonspecific. Histopathology showed the characteristic lobular distribution of granulomatous inflammation in all cases. Surgically, 7 patients had abscess drainage with open biopsy, and 7 patients had lumpectomy. Six patients with diffuse breast involvement were diagnosed by core needle biopsy only. Microbial cultures showed no growth. Antibiotics were given empirically when signs of inflammation where present. Two patients needed further abscess drainage followed by persistent sinus excision 3–6 weeks later. The median follow‐up was 24 months (range: 15–42 months). Seventeen patients (85%) were recurrence‐free, and 3 patients (15%) were lost to follow‐up.ConclusionsManagement of IGM cases needs to be tailored according to the clinical presentation. Precise radiologic and pathologic data interpretation by a multidisciplinary breast team will facilitate diagnosis and minimize unnecessary intervention.
Weathering of a Basalt by Pertusaria Corallina
Authors: Jones D. , Wilson M. J. , Tait J. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe weathering phenomena resulting from the encrustation of basalt by Pertusaria corallina have been studied by scanning electron microscopy and a variety of other techniques. The rock consists largely of plagioclase felspar (labradorite) and ferromagnesian minerals, the latter often being replaced by hydrothermally formed ferruginous clay minerals. Lichen weathering results in the extensive etching of the primary rock-forming minerals, particularly labradorite, and in the degradation of the clay minerals to yield a thin ochreous crust of poorly-ordered ferruginous (ferrihydrite) and alumino-silicate materials. These changes are brought about principally by the oxalic acid secreted by the mycobiont, a conclusion supported by observations following experimental mineral alteration.
Studies on the Genus Speerschneidera
Authors: Hafellner J. , Egan R. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBoth light and scanning electron microscopy have been used to investigate the morphology and development of Speerschneidera euploca (Tuck.) Trevisan. This monotypic genus produces lecanoralean apothecia and Lecanora-type asci; the latter negates the assumed relationship to Teloschistes and the Teloschistaceae. The information on morphology, ecology, development and chemistry indicate that the genus is appropriately placed in the Lecanoraceae close to Lecania. S. euploca is found on calcareous outcrops from Missouri southwest to Texas and Mexico. It produces only a brown pigment concentrated in the tips of the paraphyses.
Lichenothelia, A New Genus for the Microthelia Aterrima Group
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe new generic name Lichenothelia nom. nov. is introduced for the Microthelia aterrima group which proves to be unrelated to the corticolous mainly nonlichenized fungi generally referred to Microthelia. Two species are accepted, Lichenothelia metzleri (Lahm) comb. nov. and L. scopularia (Nyl.) comb. nov. [syn. M. aterrima (Krempelh. ex Anzi) Zahlbr.], distinguished by the ascospore size and septation, iodine reaction of the hymenial gelatin and ascus walls, and further the shape of the asci and extent of the development of the interascal filaments. The systematic position of the genus is unclear as the ascus structure shows affinities with both the Lecanorales and Dothideales. It is also uncertain whether it really should be regarded as lichenized.
Notes on Caliciales III. Some Species from Africa
Authors: Tibell L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFifteen species of the Caliciales are reported from Africa and Macaronesia. Calicium subquercinum, Chaenotheca chrysocephala, Ch. trichialis, Coniocybe furfuracea, C. gracillima, Sphinctrinella calicioides and Tylophoron protrudem are new to Africa; Calicium trabinellum and Strongyleuma exsertum are new to Macaronesia.The species belong to two groups with respect to their distribution: (1) the borealtemperate species with a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, such as Chaenotheca chrysocephala and Ch. trichialis, occur only at high elevations, usually about or above 3000 m; (2) one including, for example, Tylophoron moderatum, T. protrudens and Schistophoron—species occurring at low or moderately high elevations with a subtropical/tropical distribution.
Changes to the British Checklist Arising from the Abolition of Later Fungal Starting Points
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe nomenclatural status of the 21 specific names in the British checklist affected by the abolition of later starting point dates for all fungi is discussed. Two are completely unchanged and the author citations of 15 are simplified by the deletion of previously ‘revalidating’ authors. Six alterations in name prove to be necessary: Microcalicium disseminatum (Ach.) Vainio for M. subpedicellatum (Schaerer) Tibell, Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szat. for M. parietinum (Ach. ex Schaerer) D. Hawksw., Mycomicrothelia melanospora (Hepp) comb. nov. for M. atomaria (DC. ex Merat) Keissler, Opegrapha parasilica (Massal.) Vězda for O. persoonii (Ach. ex Gray) Chev., Orphniospora moriopsis (Massal.) comb. nov. for O. atrata (Sm.) Poelt, and Stenocybe pullatula (Ach.) B. Stein for S. byssacea (Fr.) Körber.
Nematodes associated with galls on Cladonia Glauca, including two new Species
Authors: Siddiqi M. R. , Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNematodes were found to be abundant in a collection of Cladonia glauca from Ireland. Irregular tuberculate galls on the podetia were probably due to a species tentatively referred to Nothanguina. Aphelenchoides lichenicola sp. nov. and Ottolenchus cabi sp. nov. are described; the former may feed on the fungal component, while the latter probably parasitizes the algal partner. The separation of Ottolenchus from Tylenchus is discussed and six new combinations into Ottolenchus are proposed. Further nematodes found in the sample included species of the genera Belondira, Chilwoodius and Discotnyctus (all Dorylaimida), and a juvenile Rotylenchulus (Hoplolaimidae); this last probably a contaminant. These observations on a single collection suggest that lichens may have a rich and specialized nematode fauna.
Studies on Some Leptogium Species of Western Europe
Authors: Jørgensen P. M. , James P. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Leptogium azureum group in Europe is revised. Leptogium britannicum sp. nov., a species growing among grass on coastal rocks, is described. Leptogium azureum (Sw.) Mont. is shown to be absent from Europe, most of the material so named is Leptogium cochleatum (Dickson) comb. nov. Leptogium rivulare (Ach.) Mont. and Leptogium corticola (Tayl.) Tuck. are shown to have very limited distributional areas in central Sweden and the north-west U.S.S.R., and northern Italy and northern Yugoslavia respectively; both are in danger of extinction. The nomenclature of all species, including also Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körber, is discussed.Leptogium juressianum C. Tav., a species of the Leptogium lichenoides-group with hairs on the upper surface, is reported from south-west Ireland; the first record since it was described from Portugal.
Cortical Structure in Physcia and Phaeophyscia
Authors: Hale M. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSpecies of Physcia reported to have a paraplectenchymatous lower cortex appear to have a dual cortex consisting of a lower paraplectenchymatous layer and an upper periclinally arranged prosoplectenchymatous layer. These species may have a black or pale lower surface but always contain atranorin. They should be retained in the genus Physcia.
Measurement of Lichen Photosynthesis in the Field with a Portable Steady-State Co2-Porometer
Authors: Lange O. L. , Kilian Ellen , Meyer Angelika , Tenhunen J. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA portable system for CO2 gas exchange measurements is described which allows determination of photosynthesis and respiration rates of lichens (and mosses) in the field under light, humidity and temperature conditions which are close to ambient. Time periods for enclosure of the thalli in a cuvette of this CO2-porometer for gas exchange measurement are shortened to between 1 and 2 min, so that an experimental influence on their water relations is small. Between the periods of gas exchange measurement, the lichens experience their natural microclimate conditions. Thus, measurements approximate closely the true gas exchange rates of the lichens under natural conditions. Diurnal courses of CO2 exchange of lichens found growing in a Mediterranean habitat in the spring are demonstrated, as determined by this method.
Cytological Aspects of the Mycobiont–Phycobiont Relationship in Lichens
Authors: Honegger Rosmarie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCytological aspects of the mycobiont-phycobiont contact were investigated in the lichen species Peltigera aphthosa, Cladonia macrophylla, Cladonia caespiticia and Parmelia tiliacea by means of freeze-etch and thin sectioning techniques, and by replication of isolated fragments of myco- and phycobiont cell walls.In the symbiotic state of the mycobionts investigated a thin outermost wall layer with a distinct pattern was observed mainly in the hyphae contacting phycobiont cells and in the upper medullary layer. No comparable structures were noted on the hyphal surface of the cultured mycobionts of the Cladonia and Parmelia species investigated. A distinct rodlet layer was found on the hyphal surface of the mycobiont of Peltigera aphthosa, while mycobionts of Cladonia macrophylla, C. caespiticia and Parmelia tiliacea had a mosaic of small, irregular ridges, each corresponding in its size to a bundle of rodlets on the outermost wall layer. Comparable surface layers have been described in aerial hyphae of a great number of non-lichenized fungi.The rodlet layer of the mycobiont wall surface of Peltigera aphthosa adheres tightly to the outermost layer of the sporopollenin-containing cell wall of the Coccomyxa phycobiont. Mature trebouxioid phycobiont cells of the Cladonia and Parmelia species investigated in the symbiotic state had an outermost wall layer which was structurally indistinguishable from the tessellated surface layer of the mycobiont cells. A rodlet pattern was detected in the outermost wall layer of Trebouxia autospores still surrounded by the cellulosic mother cell wall. In mature Trebouxia cells the bundles of rodlets became increasingly covered by a homogeneous material, and thus attained the same tessellated pattern which was observed on the mycobiont wall surface. No comparable structures were found on the wall surface after culturing the Trebouxia phycobionts axenically in liquid media. Confluence of the tessellated surface layers of fungal and algal origin was noted at the contact sites of growing hyphal tips and young Trebouxia cells.The possible correlations between these cytological features and published immunological data on the cell surface of cultured and symbiotic lichen myco- and phycobionts are discussed.
The Typification of Withering's Neglected Lichens
Authors: Laundon J. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe major works on British lichens published between 1724 and 1780 are briefly reviewed. The new lichens published in Withering's Botanical Arrangement of 1776 have been mostly overlooked; they were based on species described by Dillenius. These lichens are typified here, along with Withering's new lichens published in later editions of the Arrangement. Altogether 41 species are reviewed. The following 16 new combinations based on Withering's species are presented, with synonyms in parenthesis: Anaptychia runcinata (A.fusca), Caloplaca crenularia (C. festiva), Qadonia humilis (C. conista, C. conistea, C. conoidea), Qadoniapeziziformis (C. capitata), Cladonia ramulosa (C. anomaea, C. pityrea), Collema auriforme (C. auriculatum), Collema dichotomum (C. fluviatile), Collema fuscovirens (C. tuniforme), Dermatocarpon luridum (D. aqualicum, D. weberi), Leptogium gelatinosum (L. sinuatum), Lobaria virens (L. laetevirens), Peltigera didactyla (P. spuria), Peltigera lactucifolia (P. hymenina), Physconia distorta (P. pulverulacea), Ramalina lacera (if. duriaei), and Tornabea scutellifera (T. atlantica).Later names affected by Withering's taxa are also investigated, and 12 are shown to be nomenclaturally superfluous. Other names are later homonyms, with the result that seven species require change of author citation as follows: Dactylina madreporiformis (Ach.) Tuck., Lecanora crenulata Hook., Psora lurida (Ach.) DC, Ramalina polymorpha (Liljeblad) Ach., Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi, Stereocaulon ramulosum Rauschel, and Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach.The nomenclatures and systematic position of Cladonia conista C. Robb. ex Allen nom. illeg., Cliostomum griffuhii (Sm.) Coppins, Leptogium palmatum Mont., Lichen squamatus Dickson, Pachyphiale cornea (Ach.) Poetsch, and Pycnothelia papillaria Dufour is discussed, the correct name for Leptogium palmatum being L. corniculatum (Hoffm.) Minks and for Pachyphiale cornea being P. carneola (Ach.) Arnold. A history and account of Withering's herbarium is included.
The Lichen Genus Psoromidium Stirton
Authors: Galloway D. J. , James P. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Southern Hemisphere genus Psoromidium Stirton (Lecanorales, Pannariaceae) is closely related to certain elements within the heterogeneous genus Psoroma Michx, but is distinguished by the absence of a photobiontin the apothecial margin. In Psoromidium, as in Psoroma, the main photobiont is green and is present in a layer below the upper cortex of the squamules; Nostoc occurs in scattered, well-defined cephalodia. Two species are known: P. aleuroides, with an Australasian distribution, and P. versicolor, anaustral species from Tasmania, Fuegia and the subantarctic Auckland Islands group of New Zealand. Anatomy, morphology, distribution, habitat ecology and taxonomy of the two species are discussed. Psoromaria Nyl. is a synonym of Psoromidium.
The Ultrastructure of the Phycobiont of Desiccated and Hydrated Lichens
Authors: Ascaso C. , Brown D. H. , Rapsch S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObservations have been made on the effects of different storage treatments, either 100°0 or 0°0 r.h., 12 h light:12h dark or 24 h dark for 2 days, on the ultrastructure of the phycobionts of Lobaria amplissima and Lasallia pustulata. After storage, Myrmecia, in the more desiccation-sensitive lichen L. amplissima, showed an increased number of cytoplasmic storage bodies which had more frequently dark contents and a half-moon-like appearance.Trebouxia, from the desiccation-resistant L. pustulata, showed major cellular disorganization when stored at 100°0 r.h. in the light:dark regime, whereas, in the dark, reorganization of thylakoids into a parallel arrangement occurred. Treatment at 0°0 r.h. in the light:dark regime induced an accumulation of starch around the pyrenoid of Trebouxia and, in the light:dark and dark regimes, a peripheral location of pyrenoglobuli without a decrease in the total volume of lipid material. The results are discussed in terms of the utilization and mobilization of reserve substances and the habitat preferences of the two lichens.
Solorina Simensis and S. Saccata
Authors: Krog Hildur , Swinscow T. D. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSolorina simensis Hochst. ex Flotow differs from S. saccata (L.) Ach. in spore ornamentation and chemical properties as well as in its mainly plane apothecia and blue-green photobiont. It is here considered a distinct species. Solorina crocoides (Nyl.) Hue is briefly commented upon.
Effects of Water Transported Sediment on Corticolous Lichen Communities
Authors: Beckelhimer S. L. , Weaks T. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe spatial distribution of corticolous lichens was studied along Big Seven Mile Creek (Cabell County, West Virginia, U.S.A.), a small stream that was periodically inundated by floodwaters carrying heavy loads of sediment. Lichen communities located at 0, 1.0 and 1.5 km from the confluence with the Ohio River were compared using step-wise discriminant analysis, a multivariate technique. Of the physical factors tested, the results indicated that the sediment on the tree boles was the most important factor separating the three stations and bole heights. Species richness was established to be an important mensurational variable separating stations, bole heights, and parallel and perpendicular transects. Changes observed in lichen community structure are assumed to have resulted from microclimatic variation brought about primarily by sedimentation associated with flooding. Failure of the physical factors and biotic variables to separate tree bole aspects (faces of boles in respect to the stream) indicate that abrasion and current-induced exfoliation are not important factors affecting lichen communities in the study area. Corticolous lichens occurring along streams subject to periodic inundation may represent a useful indicator in studies of flooding, water quality, and/or sedimentation in watersheds.
Thallus Development and Phycobionts of the Parasitic Lichen Diploschistes Muscorum
Authors: Friedl T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe lichen Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.)R.Sant. starts its thallus development as a parasite of the squamules of different Cladonia species, but fully developed Diploschistes thalli live independently. D. muscorum develops apothecia in the Cladonia squamules and is associated at that stage with the phycobiont of Cladonia, Trebouxia irregularis. Augmentation of the Cladonia phycobiont and growth of the D. muscorum hyphae result in a development of young Diploschistes thalli from the Cladonia squamules. As the Cladonia increasingly disintegrates, D. muscorum becomes independent. In fully developed thalli the Cladonia phycobiont can be exchanged for T. showmanii, an alga different in morphology and reproduction from T. irregularis. In one case, a fully developed D. muscorum thallus with both phycobionts was demonstrated. A fully established thallus can also be formed by the growth of small thallus swellings, which cover Cladonia squamules.
Geochemical Control of Saxicolous Lichen Communities on the Creggaun Gabbro, Letterfrack, Co. Gal Way, Western Ireland
Authors: Boyle A. P. , McCarthy P. M. , Stewart D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe lichen vegetation on exposures of gabbro near Letterfrack, Co. Galway, western Ireland is described. Species abundance and vigour relate primarily to the geochemical composition of the gabbro substratum rather than to microclimatic factors. Lichens may be useful as geochemical indicators when mapping rocks with similar textures and mineralogies.