bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphophysiological traits and atrazine sensitivity in Chenopodium album L.
Authors: Pavlovic Danijela , Vrbnicanin Sava , Bozic Dragana , Fischer Albert J 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: A Chenopodium album L. biotype surviving in atrazine‐treated Serbian corn fields (VC) was compared against atrazine‐susceptible (S) and atrazine‐resistant (R) standards.RESULTS: Atrazine (2 kg ha−1) killed S and VC shoot biomass 15 days after treatment (DAT), but R was only suppressed by 42% and survived 8 kg ha−1. Atrazine at 2 kg ha−1 only inhibited VC height by 60% as against 100 and 0% for S and R respectively. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and transpiration were insensitive to atrazine in R, but were inhibited by 90 and 100% in S and by 50 and 60% in VC respectively. Decline of Fv/Fm after 2 kg ha−1 atrazine was stabilized at 3 DAT for the VC biotype.CONCLUSION: A toxicity mitigation mechanism could have facilitated VC survival in an atrazine‐treated field. Further knowledge on this mechanism is needed to establish if surviving VC plants are indicators of atrazine resistance evolution in these Serbian corn fields. Variables related to foliar function provided better detection of weed mechanisms to survive herbicide action than the usual shoot biomass measurements. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Profiling of trichorzianines in culture samples of Trichoderma atroviride by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Stoppacher Norbert , Reithner Barbara , Omann Markus , Zeilinger Susanne , Krska Rudolf , Schuhmacher Rainer 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPeptaibols are bioactive linear peptides of 5–20 amino acid residues and contain specific non‐proteinogenic amino acids such as α‐aminoisobutyric acid (Aib). They are antibiotic secondary metabolites of moulds belonging predominantly to the genus Trichoderma, some species of which are successfully used as biocontrol organisms to fight against plant diseases. In the present study we developed a profiling method for the relative quantification of 16 trichorzianine peptaibols in culture samples of T. atroviride and the comparison of their expression patterns by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS). The method is based on selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in a triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer using three SRM transitions per compound. The trichorzianines were enriched by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) on C18 cartridges. SPE recoveries were evaluated for diluted trichorzianine standard solutions and ranged from 72–97%. Suppression of the ionisation of the peptaibols in the ESI source ranged from 67–128% for most of the trichorzianines in culture filtrates of two different strains of T. atroviride and in spiked culture medium. In the case of trichorzianines TA Vb, TA VIa and TA VIb the presence of matrix components in the fungal culture samples caused a reduction of the SRM signal, with intensities between 34% and 56% relative to pure standard solutions. Finally, the profiling method was successfully applied to culture samples of T. atroviride P1 wild‐type and two deletion mutants showing different trichorzianine expression patterns characteristic for the investigated fungal strains. This is the first LC‐SRM profiling method for peptaibols for the investigation of peptaibol expression patterns in fungal culture samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated bone contour detection in ultrasound B‐mode images for minimally invasive registration in computer‐assisted surgery—an in vitro evaluation
Authors: Kowal Jens , Amstutz Christoph , Langlotz Frank , Talib Haydar , Ballester Miguel Gonzalez 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundMinimally invasive surgical interventions performed using computer‐assisted surgery (CAS) systems require reliable registration methods for pre‐operatively acquired patient anatomy representations that are compatible with the minimally invasive paradigm. The use of brightness‐mode ultrasound seems to be promising, if associated devices work in a computationally efficient and fully automatic manner.MethodsThis paper presents a rapid and fully automatic segmentation approach for ultrasound B‐mode images capable of detecting echoes from bony structures. The algorithm focuses on the precise and rapid detection of bone contours usable for minimally invasive registration. The article introduces the image‐processing scheme and a set‐up enabling a direct comparison between manually digitized reference points and the segmented bone contours. The segmentation accuracy was assessed using cadaveric material.ResultsThe experimental evaluation revealed results in the same order of magnitude as a pointer‐based surface digitization procedure.ConclusionThe suggested segmentation approach provides a reliable means of detecting bony surface patches in ultrasound images. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human cytomegalovirus DNA replication: antiviral targets and drugs
Authors: Mercorelli Beatrice , Sinigalia Elisa , Loregian Arianna , Palù Giorgio 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with severe morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, in particular transplant recipients and AIDS patients, and is the most frequent congenital viral infection in humans. There are currently five drugs approved for HCMV treatment: ganciclovir and its prodrug valganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir and fomivirsen. These drugs have provided a major advance in HCMV disease management, but they suffer from poor bioavailability, significant toxicity and limited effectiveness, mainly due to the development of drug resistance. Fortunately, there are several novel and potentially very effective new compounds which are under pre‐clinical and clinical evaluation and may address these limitations. This review focuses on HCMV proteins that are directly or indirectly involved in viral DNA replication and represent already established or potential novel antiviral targets, and describes both currently available drugs and new compounds against such protein targets. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What makes a process a capability? Heuristics, strategy, and effective capture of opportunities
Authors: Bingham Christopher B. , Eisenhardt Kathleen M. , Furr Nathan R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWhile organizational processes, such as internationalization, acquisition, and alliance, are a fundamental concept within many literatures and central to firm capabilities, controversy exists regarding how they become high performing. One view emphasizes the role of experience while a second view emphasizes cognition and, in particular, the role of articulated heuristics. Using qualitative and quantitative field data on the internationalization process of entrepreneurial firms from three culturally distinct regions (Finland, U.S., Singapore), we juxtapose these two competing theoretical views to better gain insight into organizational processes and capabilities. The core contribution of our paper is insight into the structure of firm capabilities. Results show that organizational heuristics more closely relate to the development of a high performing process and hence a firm capability. At a broader level, we contribute to strategy by empirically validating the strategic logic of opportunity, a logic that is particularly relevant in dynamic markets and growth oriented firms. We also contribute to entrepreneurship by adding to the opportunity discovery vs. opportunity creation debate, and by shedding light on the relationship between structure and performance in new ventures. Overall, we contribute to the emerging but growing body of research emphasizing a more cognitive view of firms. Copyright © 2007 Strategic Management Society.
The accidental entrepreneur: the emergent and collective process of user entrepreneurship
Authors: Shah Sonali K. , Tripsas Mary 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe develop a process model of how users, an understudied source of entrepreneurship, create, evaluate, share, and commercialize their ideas. We compare and contrast our model to the classic model of the entrepreneurial process, highlighting the emergent and collective nature of the user's entrepreneurial process. Users are often ‘accidental’ entrepreneurs who happen upon an idea through their own use and then share it with others; more specifically, the development of an idea and subsequent experimentation, adaptation, and preliminary adoption often occur before that idea is formally evaluated as the basis of a commercial venture. Users also tend to engage in collective creative activity prior to firm formation—often within the social context provided by user communities—that results in the improvement of ideas. Finally, we provide detailed data on the prevalence of user entrepreneurship in the juvenile products industry. Copyright © 2007 Strategic Management Society.
Discovery and creation: alternative theories of entrepreneurial action
Authors: Alvarez Sharon A. , Barney Jay B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDo entrepreneurial opportunities exist, independent of the perceptions of entrepreneurs, just waiting to be discovered? Or, are these opportunities created by the actions of entrepreneurs? Two internally consistent theories of how entrepreneurial opportunities are formed – discovery theory and creation theory – are described. While it will always be possible to describe the formation of a particular opportunity as an example of a discovery or creation process, these two theories do have important implications for the effectiveness of a wide variety of entrepreneurial actions in different contexts. The implications of these theories for seven of these actions are described, along with a discussion of some of the broader theoretical implications of these two theories for the fields of entrepreneurship and strategic management. Copyright © 2007 Strategic Management Society.
Toward non‐parametric and clinically meaningful moderators and mediators
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThere is growing realization of the importance in randomized clinical trails (RCTs) and in risk research of understanding, not merely that a treatment or a risk factor has an effect on the outcome but specifically on whom in the population sampled does a treatment or a risk factor have such effects (via moderators), how those effects might be achieved (via mediators), and how clinically significant such effects might be (via effect sizes). Classic methods of detection of moderators and mediators have been based on statistical significance in linear models, procedures that often produce inconsistent results hard to interpret in terms of clinical significance. Methods based on non‐parametric methods specifically designed to facilitate considerations of clinical significance are here introduced for binary moderators and mediators and the discussion opened for what would be needed in general. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of Intraoperative Frozen Section Diagnosis in Patients with Biliary Strictures by Levovist Injection into the Bile Duct on Color Doppler Ultrasonography
Authors: Aimoto Takayuki , Uchida Eiji , Kawahigashi Yutaka , Nakamura Yoshiharu , Matsushita Akira , Katsuno Akira , Chou Kazumitsu , Kawamoto Masao , Yamanaka Yoichiro , Tajiri Takashi , Naito Zenya 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluates the efficiency of color Doppler ultrasonography‐guided intraoperative pancreatic biopsy (CDUS‐IPB) using Levovist injected into the bile duct in conjunction with stimulated acoustic emission (SAE) in patients with biliary strictures.MethodsThe study was performed on 12 patients. After completing a conventional intraoperative pancreatic biopsy (c‐IPB), each subject underwent CDUS with SAE imaging using Levovist. Upon identification of the biliary stricture, the IPB was taken from the area surrounding the stricture on the same imaging setting. Section diagnosis of the CDUS‐IPB specimen was compared to that of the c‐IPB specimen and resected tissue.ResultsBiliary strictures were identified as enhanced areas of color Doppler signal on CDUS. CDUS‐IPB provided adequate specimens from the biliary strictures in all cases and corrected false‐negative diagnoses by c‐IPB in three cases. Section diagnosis by CDUS‐IPB corresponded to the permanent section diagnosis. There were no complications.ConclusionsCDUS‐IPB with Levovist is an accurate diagnostic tool. The method is especially useful for patients with a suspected malignant biliary stricture who show no tumor mass in preoperative images and no evidence of malignancy on cytologic examinations.
Long‐Term Outcome of Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Noncirrhotic Nonfibrotic Liver with No Viral Hepatitis or Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Lubrano Jean , Huet Emmanuel , Tsilividis Basile , François Arnaud , Goria Odile , Riachi Ghassan , Scotté Michel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs primarily in cirrhotic liver, with less than 10% occurring in normal liver parenchyma. Limited studies have described the outcome of liver resection in strictly normal liver parenchyma with no cirrhosis, fibrosis, underlying viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, or dysmetabolic syndrome.Materials and methodsBetween January 1986 and 2005, a total of 321 patients were referred to our institution for HCC. Of these patients, 20 (6.2%) underwent surgery for HCC arising in noncirrhotic nonfibrotic liver parenchyma; they comprise our study group. Pathology examinations were reviewed based on the Chevallier fibrosis score and the Metavir viral score. Pre‐, per‐, and postoperative data were collected to assess their influence on tumor recurrence and survival.ResultsThe median age was 57 years (35–80 years), and 71% patients were male. α‐Fetoprotein serum levels were normal in 9 patients. A preoperative diagnosis was made in 14 cases. Morbidity and morality rates were 10% and 5%, respectively. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival rates were 85%, 70%, and 64%, respectively; and disease‐free survivals at 1, 3, and 5 years were 84%, 66%, and 58%, respectively. Eight patients had a recurrence with a median delay of 15 months (2–70 months). Univariate analysis showed that survival was influenced by preoperative cytolysis, R0 resection, recurrence, and recurrence within 1 year. A multivariate analysis revealed that recurrence and recurrence within 1 year significantly decreased survival. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival rates of patients with recurrence were 75%, 37%, and 25%, respectively.ConclusionThese results for HCC in patients with normal liver parenchyma justify liver resection and underline the differences in outcome of patients with HCC in a cirrhotic liver.
Deletion of a single mevalonate kinase (Mvk) allele yields a murine model of hyper‐IgD syndrome
Authors: Hager E. J. , Tse H. M. , Piganelli J. D. , Gupta M. , Baetscher M. , Tse T. E. , Pappu A. S. , Steiner R. D. , Hoffmann G. F. , Gibson K. M. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn the current study our objective was to develop a murine model of human hyper‐IgD syndrome (HIDS) and severe mevalonic aciduria (MA), autoinflammatory disorders associated with mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD). Deletion of one Mvk allele (Mvk+/−) yielded viable mice with significantly reduced liver Mvk enzyme activity; multiple matings failed to produce Mvk−/− mice. Cholesterol levels in tissues and blood, and isoprene end‐products (ubiquinone, dolichol) in tissues were normal in Mvk+/− mice; conversely, mevalonate concentrations were increased in spleen, heart, and kidney yet normal in brain and liver. While the trend was for higher IgA levels in Mvk+/− sera, IgD levels were significantly increased (9–12‐fold) in comparison to Mvk+/+ littermates, in both young (<15 weeks) and older (>15 weeks) mice. Mvk+/− animals manifested increased serum TNF‐α as compared to wild‐type littermates, but due to wide variation in levels between individual Mvk+/− mice the difference in means was not statistically significant. Mvk+/− mice represent the first animal model of HIDS, and should prove useful for examining pathophysiology associated with this disorder.
Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis and anteversion study after periacetabular osteotomy of pelvis in children
Authors: Jawish Roger , Khalife Rami , Ghorayeb Jacques 
Published: November 2007

Purpose Three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) is the method of choice in understanding the morphological changes after periacetabular osteotomy in children. We studied different parameters and compared aspects of operated hip (OH) with non-operated hip (NOH) to define the maneuver that promotes normalization of the hip during repositioning of the acetabulum. Methods A total of 22 patients with 25 OHs underwent CT control scans an average of 4 years after surgery. The patients, with a mean age of 6.8 years, had either Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (12 cases) or dysplasia (10 cases).The measurements included the anterior and posterior coverage angles of the hip and version of the acetabulum on axial CT views. The 3D reconstructed images measured the inclination of the antero– and postero–lateral lips, the external rotation and the anterior inclination of the acetabulum. Results The mean anterior coverage angle was 27° for OHs, 31° for NOHs, and 12° versus 10.3° for the posterior coverage angle. Acetabular anteversion was 2° for OHs (6.3° in the dysplastic OHs) and 6° for NOHs. The mean angle of inclination of the antero–lateral lip was 37° for OHs, 47° for NOHs, and the postero–lateral lip inclination was 56° for OHs and 67° for NOHs. Inferior 3D views showed a mean internal acetabular rotation of 1.5° (4.8° in the dysplastic OH), 3° for NOH. The anterior acetabular inclination angle measured with lateral 3D views was 6° for OHs, 11° for NOHs. Conclusion Our analysis demonstrated a mean anteversion of the acetabulum despite normalization of the anterior coverage of the hip, particularly in the dysplastic group, in which the osteotomized fragments had anteversion superior to NOH. The unexpected external rotation used to improve anterior coverage of a coax magna in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease was responsible for the retroversion and the decrease of the posterior coverage.
Dietary patterns in pregnant women: a comparison of food-frequency questionnaires and 4 d prospective diaries
Authors: Crozier Sarah R. , Inskip Hazel M. , Godfrey Keith M. , Robinson Siân M. 
Published: November 2007

There is growing interest in the use of dietary patterns as measures of exposure in studies of diet–disease relationships. However, relatively little is known about the impact of the type of dietary assessment method on the patterns observed. Using FFQ and food diary data collected from 585 women in early pregnancy we used principal component analysis to define dietary patterns. The first pattern was very similar in both datasets and was termed the ‘prudent’ diet. The second pattern, whilst comparable for the FFQ and food diaries, showed greater variation in coefficients than the prudent pattern; it was termed the ‘Western’ diet. Differences between the FFQ and diary scores were calculated for each woman for both the prudent and Western diet patterns. Of the differences in the prudent diet score, 95 % lay within ± 1·58 sd of the mean, and 95 % of the differences in the Western diet scores lay within ± 2·22 sd of the mean. Pearson's correlation coefficients were 0·67 (P < 0·001) for the prudent diet score and 0·35 (P < 0·001) for the Western diet score. The agreement between the FFQ and diary scores was lowest amongst respondents who were younger, had lower educational attainment and whose diaries were coded as ‘poor, probably incomplete’, although these effects were small. The first two dietary patterns identified in this cohort of pregnant women appear to be defined similarly by both FFQ and diary data, suggesting that FFQ data provide useful information on dietary patterns.
Fatty acid composition of serum lipid classes in mice following allergic sensitisation with or without dietary docosahexaenoic acid-enriched fish oil substitution
Authors: Rühl Ralph , Koch Christin , Marosvölgyi Tamás , Mihály Johanna , Schweigert Florian J. , Worm Margitta , Decsi Tamás 
Published: November 2007

Dietary fatty acids have been shown to influence allergic sensitisation. Bothn-3 andn-6 PUFA are involved in targeted mediation of inflammatory responses during allergic sensitisation and manifestation of atopic diseases. In the present experiments we investigated whether supplementation of DHA-enriched fish oil partly substituting dietary sunflower-seed oil, in comparison with sunflower-seed oil, supplemented to mice influences fatty acid composition of serum lipid classes. The effects of the two different diets were also investigated depending on allergic sensitisation. Supplementation of DHA and EPA in doses of 2 and 0·12 % (w/w) to non-sensitised and sensitised mice resulted in significantly increased percentile contributions of DHA to all lipid classes. In contrast, serum values of then-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) were significantly lower, both in non-sensitised and sensitised mice fed the DHA-enriched diet. The fatty acid composition of serum lipids also reflected allergic sensitisation: the EPA:AA ratio in TAG, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids in non-supplemented animals fell to 23, 29 and 29 % respectively of the original value after allergic sensitisation, whereas it decreased to 70, 80 and 76 % respectively only in the animals supplemented with DHA. In summary, allergic sensitisation alone decreased significantly the EPA:AA ratios in serum TAG, while concomitant supplementation of DHA-enriched fish oil ameliorated this decrease. We postulate from the present results that the amelioration of the severity of allergic sensitisation after DHA supplementation may be linked to altered ratios of the eicosanoid precursors EPA and AA as well as DHA needed for further metabolic activation to pro- or anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids.
The acute effects of psyllium on postprandial lipaemia and thermogenesis in overweight and obese men
Authors: Khossousi A. , Binns C. W. , Dhaliwal S. S. , Pal S. 
Published: November 2007

Overweight and obesity is one of the risk factors for developing CVD. At present, very little is known about the acute effects of dietary fibre on lipids, glucose and insulin, resting energy expenditure and diet-induced thermogenesis in overweight and obese individuals. This study examined the postprandial metabolic effects of dietary fibre in overweight and obese men. Ten overweight and obese men consumed a mixed meal accompanied by either a high-fibre or low-fibre supplement on two separate visits, in a random order, 1 week apart. Two isoenergetic breakfast meals with similar composition were consumed by ten overweight/obese men. The meals contained either a low (3 g) or high (15 g) amount of fibre, low-fibre meal (LFM) and high-fibre meal (HFM) respectively. Analysis was carried out using paired t test and ANOVA. Serum TAG incremental area under the curve during 6 h of the postprandial period was significantly lower after the consumption of HFM compared with LFM. At the first hour of the postprandial period, plasma apo B48 concentration after consumption of HFM was significantly lower compared with LFM. The resting energy expenditure and diet-induced thermogenesis after both meals was similar during 6 h of the postprandial period. Collectively, these findings suggest that a single acute dose of dietary fibre in the form of psyllium supplement can decrease arterial exposure to TAG and modify chylomicron responses in the postprandial period.