bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraint capture and maintenance in engineering design
Authors: Ajit Suraj , Sleeman Derek , Fowler David W. , Knott David 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe Designers' Workbench is a system developed by the Advanced Knowledge Technologies Consortium to support designers in large organizations, such as Rolls-Royce, to ensure that the design is consistent with the specification for the particular design as well as with the company's design rule book(s). In the principal application discussed here, the evolving design is described using a jet engine ontology. Design rules are expressed as constraints over the domain ontology. Currently, to capture the constraint information, a domain expert (design engineer) has to work with a knowledge engineer to identify the constraints, and it is then the task of the knowledge engineer to encode these into the Workbench's knowledge base. This is an error-prone and time-consuming task. It is highly desirable to relieve the knowledge engineer of this task, so we have developed a system, ConEditor+, that enables domain experts themselves to capture and maintain these constraints. Further, we hypothesize that to appropriately apply, maintain, and reuse constraints, it is necessary to understand the underlying assumptions and context in which each constraint is applicable. We refer to them as “application conditions,” and these form a part of the rationale associated with the constraint. We propose a methodology to capture the application conditions associated with a constraint and demonstrate that an explicit representation (machine interpretable format) of application conditions (rationales) together with the corresponding constraints and the domain ontology can be used by a machine to support maintenance of constraints. Support for the maintenance of constraints includes detecting inconsistencies, subsumption, redundancy, fusion between constraints, and suggesting appropriate refinements. The proposed methodology provides immediate benefits to the designers, and hence, should encourage them to input the application conditions (rationales).
How to evaluate reading and interpretation of differently structured engineering design rationales
Authors: Aurisicchio Marco , Gourtovaia Marina , Bracewell Rob , Wallace Ken 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDocumented engineering design rationale has the potential to become a key source of information about past designs. Ease of comprehension of design rationale might play a crucial role in ensuring that the full potential of documented information is realized and that the effort and time necessary to capture design rationale pay off. This research proposes an empirical methodology for evaluating how structuring design rationale and supplying it with visual nontextual cues influences reading and interpretation. The study compares reading and interpretation of technical documentation presented in different formats to engineering graduate trainees in the aerospace industry.
Chunks, lines, and strategies: A three-component representation to capture and exchange architects' design processes
Authors: Lindekens Jonas , Heylighen Ann 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper presents an approach to capture and exchange the arguments and rationale architects develop while designing. The approach was inspired by experiments conducted in the context of a larger research project on architectural redesign. Protocol analysis revealed that architects tend to use three mechanisms in constructing arguments for design solutions: chunks, lines of thought, and strategies. These three mechanisms were used to record “real-world” design processes in architectural practice, the results of which were evaluated by assessors with different backgrounds. The paper closes by comparing the approach to related work, and outlining challenges for the future.
Kuaba approach: Integrating formal semantics and design rationale representation to support design reuse
Authors: de Medeiros Adriana Pereira , Schwabe Daniel 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article presents Kuaba, a new design rationale representation approach that enables employing design rationale to support reuse of model-based designs, particularly, software design. It is shown that this can be achieved through the adoption of an appropriate vocabulary that allows design rationale representations to be computationally processed. The architecture and implementation of an integrated design environment to support recording design rationale using Kuaba is also shown. The Kuaba approach integrates the design rationale representation model with the formal semantics provided by the metamodel of the design method or modeling language used for describing the artifact being designed. This integration makes the design rationale representations more specific according to the design methods and enables a type of software design reuse at the highest abstraction level, where rationales can be integrated and reemployed in designing a new artifact.
Changes in ribosomal RNA integrity in leek (Allium porrumL.) seeds during osmopriming and drying-back treatments
Authors: Davison P. A. , Taylor R. M. , Bray C. M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractLoss of vigour in leek (Allium porrumL.) seed lots is accompanied by the appearance of damage to ribosomal RNA in quiescent embryo tissue. Polyethylene glycol osmopriming treatments of such low-vigour seed permit replacement of this damaged ribosomal rRNA over a 7-day priming period. Low-vigour leek seeds germinated for 6 days without a prior osmopriming treatment still exhibit evidence of damaged ribosomal RNA in embryo tissue. Osmoprimed leek seeds dried back whilst still in the desiccation-tolerant state retain most of the benefits conferred by priming treatments. Osmoprimed leek seeds dried back when having reached the desiccation-sensitive state germinate poorly, if at all, and exhibit much reduced rates of protein synthesis in embryo tissue upon rehydration compared to desiccation-tolerant seeds. Embryo tissue from dried back, desiccation-tolerant seeds exhibits the capacity for much higher levels of protein synthesis than embryo tissue from unprimed seeds at equivalent stages of imbibition. RNA levels continue to increase in embryo tissue upon rehydration of dried back, desiccation-tolerant leek seeds but not in desiccation-sensitive seeds. Loss of protein synthetic capacity in desiccation-sensitive seeds during rehydration is accompanied by increasing levels of ribosomal RNA degradation. Such ribosomal RNA degradation may be indicative of the germinative capacity of leek seeds dried back after osmopriming treatments.
Effect of storage temperature and moisture on the germination of papaya seeds
Authors: Ellis R. H. , Hong T. D. , Roberts E. H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSeeds of papaya (Carica papayaL.) stored for 12 months at 15°C with 7.9–9.4% moisture content maintained their original germination. In contrast, many seeds stored cooler or drier lost viability, the losses occurring more rapidly at −20°C than at either 0°C or 15°C. The results are not compatible with the definitions of either orthodox or recalcitrant seed storage behaviour.
Seed storage behaviour in Elaeis guineensis
Authors: Ellis R. H. , Hong T. D. , Roberts E. H. , Soetisna U. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSeed viability was maintained in four cultivars of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) during 12 months of hermetic storage at 15°C with 10–12% moisture content (embryo moisture contents of 19–21%). The viability of both these and drier seeds was reduced greatly during this period at cooler storage temperatures of 0°C and −20°C, however. For example, intact seeds at 6.1–7.4% moisture content (embryo moisture contents of 9.1–12.0%, at which freezing damage would not be expected) lost viability more rapidly at 0°C and −20°C than at 15°C. Moreover, desiccation to 4–5% moisture content (4–6% embryo moisture content) reduced seed lot viability in some but not all cultivars. The results confirm earlier reports that oil palm is not recalcitrant, but neither is it orthodox. Thus, seed storage behaviour in oil palm appears to be intermediate between these categories. Additional results are presented which suggest that the seeds of the royal palm (Oreodoxa regia HBK) may also show intermediate seed storage behaviour.
Benzyladenine-stimulation of nuclear DNA synthesis and cell division in germinating maize
Authors: Reyes J. , Jiménez-García L. F. , Gonzalez M. A. , Vázquez-Ramos J. M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe have studied by means of cytology and autoradiography the effect of benzyladenine (BA, a synthetic cytokinin) on DNA metabolism during early maize germination.The data indicate that BA stimulates nuclear DNA replication. The doubling of the amount of nuclear DNA in BA-treated axes occurs earlier than in nontreated axes, and there is a three-fold increase in the mitotic index at 24 h of germination. These results provide further corroboration for the suggestion that the stimulation of DNA synthesis observed relates to a nuclear replicative type of synthesis. Possible mechanisms of action of BA are discussed.
Physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural aspects of imbibitional chilling injury in seeds: a review of work carried out at the Beijing Botanical Garden
Authors: Zheng G. H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper is a résumé of research on imbibitional chilling injury of seeds. The following summarizes the experimental results obtained and some views and concepts derived from the studies conducted at Beijing Botanical Garden during the last decade. A lot of evidence has supported and confirmed the hypothesis for imbibitional chilling injury in seeds, i.e. the primary target of harmful effects during the chilling rehydration in seeds is the membrane systems, and the subsequent degree of lasting damage depends highly on the repair of the membrane systems themselves. The two processes of repair, physical and physiological–biochemical processes, can complement each other to a certain extent.
The effects of desiccation on seed survival in Acer platanoides L. and Acer pseudoplatanus L.
Authors: Dickie J. B. , May K. , Morris S. V. A. , Titley S. E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMature seeds of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) are tolerant of desiccation, at least to moisture contents of about 7% (fresh weight basis), but those of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) are killed by drying below about 45% moisture content. Sycamore seeds are thus recalcitrant; while the classification of those of Norway maple as orthodox is confirmed by the fact that between 19% and 7.5% moisture content their longevity is increased in a predictable way by reduction of seed moisturecontent. However, the period of useful storage of the latter in seed banks may be much less than for many crop species. The rates of water loss to a dry environment of both fruits and seeds of sycamore are much less than those of Norway maple, suggesting a degree of desiccationavoidance in the desiccation-intolerant species. Seed physiological maturity (maximum dry weight) occurred 2–3 weeks earlier in Norway maple than insycamore, but in both species this occurred about 150–160 days after peak flowering. Tetrazolium staining is a good indicator of embryo viability in both species, correlating well with germination test results. In Norway maple both methods of viability testing indicated that whole-seed desiccation tolerance coincided with the attainment of maximum dry weight. Tetrazolium staining indicated the development of desiccation tolerance in the radicles/hypocotyls of both species approximately 2–4 weeks before physiological maturity. Possible correlation between changes in the level of embryo dormancy during development and the acquisition of desiccation tolerance are discussed.
An analysis of seed development in Pisum sativum. XV. The influence of seed size on protein content
Authors: Arthur A. E. , Adams H. , Strouts K. , Jones D. A. , Wang T. L. , Hedley C. L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe variation for protein content has been assessed in a series of pea (Pisum sativum L.) lines differing in mean seed size. The range of seed size within each genotype was manipulated by growing the plants in different environments and by altering the structure of the plant. The response of the lines in terms of seed weight to the environments and treatments was inconsistent, but 90% of the total variation was accounted for by differences between genotypes. In contrast, for percentage protein, the genetic component was much weaker with nearly half the variation being accounted for by within (residual) variation. The correlations between seed weight and percentage protein were highly genotype specific. For the largerseeded genotype, percentage protein increased with increasing seed size (r= +0.9, P < 0.01), while for the small-seeded genotype there was mid-range negative value (r = −0.5, P <0.01). It is suggested that any assessment of percentage protein in pea genotypes must take account of seed size.
Onset of water stress tolerance in developingHelianthus annuusembryos
Authors: Le Page-Degivry M. Th. , Garello G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractExcisedHelianthus annuusembryos were capable of precocious germination as early as 7 d after pollination. At this stage they were not capable of withstanding desiccation treatment. The desiccation tolerance was acquired at a stage of development which depended on the rate of water loss to which embryos were subjected. Coincident with the acquisition of tolerance to a rapid desiccation, they gained the capacity to withstand 24 h preincubation in agitated water; this acquisition could be correlated to a sharp decrease of the leaching of electrolytes, amino acids and proteins in the incubation water, suggesting that a change in membrane properties played a key role in this transition. Moreover, the acquisition of tolerance to these stresses was coincident with the increase of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA). ABA appliedin vitroto young embryos induced tolerance both to desiccation and to preincubation in water: thisin vitroacquisition of tolerance was again correlated with a decrease in the leakage.
Seed dormancy inAcer: abscisic acid as a factor in the control of precocious germination and the induction of dormancy
Authors: Pinfield N. J. , Bazaid S. A. M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractImmature embryos isolated from fruits ofAcer pseudoplatanusL. at various stages during a 24-week development period, showed a sharply defined transient accumulation of endogenous free ABA, with peak levels at 10 weeks postanthesis (wpa). When this ABA peak occurred isolated embryos showed a high level of germinability when incubated in sterile culture; however, germinability fell rapidly thereafter, reaching minimum values at 14 wpa before recovering as maturity approached. Halfembryos and excised embryonic axes, although showing consistently higher germinability than whole embryos, also showed a similar progressive reduction in germination capacity up to 14 wpa, followed by a recovery in germinability. This peak of free ABA in the embryo also correlated with the start of the most rapid phase of both embryo mass and volume increase. The possibility that endogenous ABA is the causal agent of this short-lived embryo dormancy inA. pseudoplatanusis discussed, as is the possibility that by suppressing precocious germination, ABA frees the embryo to initiate or accelerate its normal developmental processes.
The effects of priming on seed longevity in Ranunculus sceleratus L.
Authors: Probert R. J. , Bogh S. V. , Smith A. J. , Wechsberg G. E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPriming in polyethylene glycol (PEG, −1.5 MPa) for 7 d followed by drying, led to a 4–5 fold increase in mean longevity when achenes (seeds) of Ranunculus sceleratus L. were subsequently stored at 35°C and 9.2% moisture content on a fresh weight basis (67.1% equilibrium relative humidity). The increase in longevity was due to an increase in the standard deviation of the frequency distribution of individual seed lifespans (decrease in the slope of transformed survival curves) and to a lesser extent to an increase in the intercept of survival curves. Priming for 1 d resulted in a smaller but significant increase in longevity independent of whether seeds were primed in PEG, distilled water or a saturated atmosphere (100% RH).The effects of priming were not due to the prevention of imbibition injury, and there was no evidence that the water relations of whole achenes was affected by priming. The effects of a 7 d priming treatment were dependent on the temperature and nature of the priming medium. However, no differences were recorded between corresponding treatments which were primed in PEG or distilled water. Moreover, the survival and responsivity to priming of R. sceleratus seeds was not related to dormancy status. The effects of priming on the longevity of R. sceleratus seeds are apparently unrelated to seed quality as the response of seeds previously aged for 8 d at 35°C and 7.9% moisture content was similar to that for unaged seeds.Priming followed by drying did not increase seed longevity in the related species R. acris L. The promotive effects of priming on seed survival appear to be species specific and may be related to ecological factors.
Soybean somatic embryo maturation: composition, respiration and water relations
Authors: Slawinska J. , Obendorf R. L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEmbryogenesis was induced on cotyledons of immature zygotic embryos of soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merrill) placed on solid medium containing 62.5 mmglutamine, soybean seed growth medium salts and vitamins, and 40 mg I−12,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) plus 175 mmmaltose, or 8 mg I−1α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) plus 88 mM sucrose. Somatic embryo development was continued in liquid medium containing 0.16 mg I−1indole-3-butyric acid and 2.64 mg I−1abscisic acid, glutamine and salts as above, and 88–438 mM sucrose in progressively increasing steps. Germination was on solid half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium. During maturation, somatic embryos mimicked zygotic embryos in colour, protein concentration, water and solute potentials, and respiration. Protein and lipid accumulated to 329 and 86 g kg−1dry weight in somatic embryos. Fatty acid composition was similar to that of axes of mature seeds. Before desiccation, the water and solute potentials of maturing somatic embryos declined to −1.13 and −1.99 MPa while turgor increased to 0.86 MPa. Concomitantly, a 60% reduction in activity of the cytochrome oxidase pathway of respiration occurred with somatic embryo maturation at 600 g water kg−1fresh weight. Although small (about 8 mg per embryo), 60% of the somatic embryos formed roots and shoots during germination after maturation without drying and 30% germinated after drying to 60 g water kg−1fresh weight. In the greenhouse, somatic plantlets grew to mature plants with seeds.
Nature and utilization of seed reserves during germination and heterotrophic growth of young sugar beet seedlings
Authors: Elamrani A. , Raymond P. , Saglio P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe seed reserves of sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) are starch, located exclusively in the perisperm, and lipids, proteins and a small quantity of soluble sugars, located mainly in the cotyledons. It is shown that lipids are the main respiratory substrate used during germination whereas starch and remaining lipids are only hydrolysed after root extrusion, to sustain root and hypocotyl growth. By removing the perisperm during imbibition, it was demonstrated that lipids and proteins alone are sufficient for viable seedling development, though such seedlings grew less than those developing in the presence of perisperm. The utilization of seed reserves was followed during seedling development in the dark in various organs. At 20°C, the reserves were sufficient for 8 d of growth in the dark, the hypocotyl attaining a length of 5 cm. Specific problems relating to field establishment of sugar beet are discussed in relation to these results.
Changes in seed quality during seed development and maturation in tomato
Authors: Demir I. , Ellis R. H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractChanges in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) seed quality were monitored during seed development and maturation in glasshouse experiments in 2 years. The end of the seedfilling period (mass maturity) occurred 35–41 d after anthesis (differing among trusses) in 1989 and 42 d after anthesis in 1990. Seed moisture contents at this developmental stage were 53–72% (wet basis), while the onset of ability to germinate (during 21-d tests at 20°/30°C) and the onset of tolerance to rapid enforced desiccation occurred just before (1990) or just after (1989) mass maturity. In 1989, seed quality was assessed primarily by seedling size in a glasshouse experiment; maximum mean seedling dry weight 25 d after sowing was not achieved until 24–40 d after mass maturity. In 1990, seed quality was assessed primarily by germination following storage; maximum normal germination after 35 d in storage at 40 °C with 14 ± 0.5% moisture content was attained 23 d after mass maturity, but with little difference among seed lots harvested 10 d earlier or up to 30 d later. The results contradict the hypothesis that maximum seed quality is attained at the end of the seed-filling period and that seed viability and vigour begin to decline immediately thereafter.
Protein disulfide isomerase in germinating wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed and during loss of viability
Authors: Livesley M. A. , Bulleid N. J. , Bray C. M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractProtein disulfide isomerase (PDI E.C. 5.3.4.1) catalyses the formation of disulfide bonds in secretory or cell-surface proteins during their biosynthesis. PDI activity is associated with the microsomal fraction of the cell and has been found in several mammalian tissues and in developing wheat endosperm.The embryo and aleurone layer of germinating seeds of the wheat cultivar Galahad showed PDI activity associated with a microsome-enriched fraction of cell homogenates PDI activity in microsome-enriched fractions from aleurone layers of normally germinating seeds was significantly higher than in their abnormally germinating counterparts and diminished as germination proceeded.Dry embryos and germinating embryos showed less PDI activity than aleurone layers. There was no significant difference in PDI activity between microsome-enriched fractions from embryos of normally and abnormally germinating seeds at 3 or 6 days of germination.Wheat aleurone PDI was partially purified using gel filtration and had a molecular mass of 110–130 kDa and a monomeric molecular mass of ca. 57 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Synthesis of extrachromosomal DNA and telomere-related sequences in germinating wheat embryos
Authors: Bucholc M. , Buchowicz J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNuclear DNA of wheat embryos was probed with a synthetic oligonucleotide (C3TA3C3TA3) to assess changes in the length of telomeres during storage and germination. Chromosomal DNA of dry embryos, especially those derived from long-term-stored caryopses, was considerably depleted of telomeric repeats, but, shortly after the start of imbibition, the chromosomal DNA became rich in sequences hybridizing to the telomeric probe. Simultaneously, newly synthesized telomere-related sequences appeared in an extrachromosomal form that could be separated from bulk nuclear DNA by velocity and isopycnic centrifugations. It is concluded that, in addition to typical repair events, rapid synthesis of telomeric repeats occurs in wheat embryos at the onset of germination.