bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scheduling for Robonet‐1 homogenous telescope network
Authors: Fraser S. N. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Robonet‐1 homogenous telescope network consists of 3 fully robotic 2 m class telescopes. I describe how the observation requests submitted by external users and automated user agents are selected for observation by the individual telescope schedulers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Metrics for agent observers
Authors: Saunders E. S. , Naylor T. , Allan A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe present two metrics (utility functions based on observational requirements) for specifying agent behaviour in the eSTAR autonomous observing system. Together, these metrics provide an agent with tools to analyse the phase coverage and interconnectivity properties of partial datasets, and to modify the subsequent observing strategy in order to fulfill the astronomical constraints expressed by the astronomer. We discuss the behaviour of the metrics for evenly sampled and randomly sampled datasets, and present a use case that demonstrates how the metrics could be applied in an agent‐based observing scenario. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
System aspects of the EUDOXOS observatories network
Authors: Solomos N. H. , Georgatos F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe networking architecture of the EUDOXOS' robotic telescopes is presented. We have studied adopted and tested various software & hardware approaches for developing an observational facility equipped with the very high availability needed to achieve continuous operation, inherent capacity for effective multiuser support, fully robotic unattended operation, fast response to targets of opportunity and accommodation of tele‐operating instruments. Critical practical aspects and considerations of our operating implementation as well as the main points of an ongoing upgrade initiative expected to be of general interest, are discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The WASP project in the era of robotic telescope networks
Authors: Christian D. J. , Pollacco D. L. , Skillen I. , Irwin J. , Clarkson W. I. , Collier Cameron A. , Evans N. , Fitzsimmons A. , Haswell C. A. , Hellier C. , Hodgkin S. T. , Horne K. , Kane S. R. , Keenan F. P. , Lister T. A. , Norton A. J. , Osborne J. , Ryans R. , Street R. A. , West R. G. , Wheatley P. J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe present the current status of the WASP project, a pair of wide angle photometric telescopes, individually called Super‐WASP. SuperWASP‐I is located in La Palma, and SuperWASP‐II at Sutherland in South Africa. SW‐I began operations in April 2004. SW‐II is expected to be operational in early 2006. Each SuperWASP instrument consists of up to 8 individual cameras using ultra‐wide field lenses backed by high‐quality passively cooled CCDs. Each camera covers 7.8 × 7.8 sq degrees of sky, for nearly 500 sq degrees of total sky coverage. One of the current aims of the WASP project is the search for extra‐solar planet transits with a focus on brighter stars in the magnitude range ∼8 to 13. Additionally, WASP will search for optical transients, track Near‐Earth Objects, and study many types of variable stars and extragalactic objects. The collaboration has developed a custom‐built reduction pipeline that achieves better than 1 percent photometric precision. We discuss future goals, which include: nightly on‐mountain reductions that could be used to automatically drive alerts via a small robotic telescope network, and possible roles of the WASP telescopes as providers in such a network. Additional technical details of the telescopes, data reduction, and consortium members and institutions can be found on the web site at: http://www.superwasp.org/. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Piloting a network of small telescopes
Authors: Fadavi M. , Verveer A. , Aymon J. , Merlin D. , Situ K. , Pennypackker C. , Biggs J. D. , White G. , Gould A. , Greenberg G. , Hoette V. , McCarron K. , Archer K. , Pino F. , Hibbs M. , Ford M. , Wetsch J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Pilot Small Telescope Network (PSTN) is a state‐of the art system of easily replicable and scalable hardware, software, servers, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) protocols, and network middleware connecting and developing a pilot array of robotic telescopes to one another and the user community. The PSTN is a developmental project that will allow growing access to these telescopes, and make available data to faculty, students and others in an environment of collaboration. The underlying goal of the PSTN is to broaden the quantity and quality of astronomical education and research, particularly with a focus on traditionally underserved populations. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
TAOS – The Taiwanese‐American Occultation Survey
Authors: Lehner M. J. , Alcock C. , Axelrod T. , Bianco F. , Byun Y.‐I. , Chen W.‐P. , Cook K. H. , Dave R. , de Pater I. , Giammarco J. , King S.‐K. , Lee T. , Lissauer J. , Marshall S. L. , Mondal S. , Nihei T. , Rice J. , Schwamb M. , Wang A. , Wang S.‐Y. , Wen C.‐Y. , Zhang Z.‐W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Taiwanese‐American Occultation Survey (TAOS) seeks to determine the number and size spectrum for small (∼3 km) bodies in the Kuiper Belt. This will be accomplished by searching for the brief occultations of bright stars (R ∼ 14) by these objects. We have designed and built a special purpose photometric monitoring system for this purpose. TAOS comprises four 50 cm telescopes, each equipped with a 2048 × 2048 pixel CCD camera, in a compact array located in the central highlands of Taiwan. TAOS will monitor up to 2 000 stars at 5 Hz. The system went into scientific operation in the autumn of 2005. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High level interfaces to the Robonet‐1.0 Homogeneous Telescope Network
Authors: Mottram C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe describe the current high level interfaces used for communicating with the Robonet‐1.0 Homogeneous Telescope Network. This is a network of three telescopes, the Liverpool Telescope and the Faulkes Telescopes (North and South). We describe our use of RTML and web‐services to enable control of the network by intelligent agents. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
When the means justify the ends: effects of observability on the procedural fairness and distributive fairness of resource allocations
Authors: Hamilton Rebecca W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWhile there is substantial research examining how recipients react to allocations that vary in procedural fairness (Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter, & Ng, 2001), previous research has not examined how those dividing resources among themselves and others manipulate procedural fairness (Tyler & Smith, 1998). In this paper, we introduce a measure that allows us to compare procedural fairness across resource allocations, and we use an experimental procedure in which participants vary the procedural fairness of their allocations. In three studies, we show that those dividing resources make proactive tradeoffs between distributive and procedural fairness. Participants increased the procedural fairness of their allocations when they knew recipients would observe their procedures, but they were less likely to divide the resources equally among recipients. The decreased emphasis on distributive fairness when procedures were observable resulted in higher joint outcomes, suggesting that the observability of procedures has important implications for the efficiency of resource allocation in groups. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of the molecular structure of lipid membranes on the electric field distribution and energy absorption
Authors: Simeonova Margarita , Gimsa Jan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe consider the influence of the molecular structure of phospholipid membranes on their dielectric properties in the radio frequency range. Membranes have a stratified dielectric structure on the submolecular level, with the lipid chains forming a central hydrophobic layer enclosed by the polar headgroups (HGs) and bound water layers. In our numerical model, isotropic permittivities of 2.2 and 48.8 were assigned to the lipid chain and bound water layers, respectively. The HG region was assumed to possess an anisotropic static permittivity with 142.2 and 30.2 in the tangential and normal directions, respectively. The permittivities of the HG and bound water regions have been assumed to disperse at frequencies around 51 and 345 MHz to become 2.2 and 1.8, respectively, in both the normal and tangential directions. Electric field distribution and absorption were calculated for phospholipid vesicles with 75 nm radius as an example. Significant absorption has been obtained in the HG and bound water regions. Averaging the membrane absorption over the layers resulted in a decreased absorption below 1 GHz but a more than 10‐fold increase above 1 GHz, compared to a model with a homogeneous membrane of averaged properties. We propose single particle dielectric spectroscopy by AC electrokinetics at low‐bulk medium conductivities for an experimental verification of our model. Bioelectromagnetics 27:652–666, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Tale of Two Targets: Differential RNA Selectivity of Nucleobase–Aminoglycoside Conjugates
Authors: Blount Kenneth F. , Tor Yitzhak 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAminoglycoside antibiotics are RNA‐binding polyamines that can bind with similar affinities to structurally diverse RNA targets. To design new semisynthetic aminoglycosides with improved target selectivity, it is important to understand the energetic and structural basis by which diverse RNA targets recognize similar ligands. It is also imperative to discover how novel aminoglycosides could be rationally designed to have enhanced selectivity for a given target. Two RNA drug targets, the prokaryotic ribosomal A‐site and the HIV‐1 TAR, provide an excellent model system in which to dissect the issue of target selectivity, in that they each have distinctive interactions with aminoglycosides. We report herein the design, synthesis, and binding activity of novel nucleobase–aminoglycoside conjugates that were engineered to be more selective for the A‐site binding pocket. Contrary to the structural design, the conjugates bind the A‐site more weakly than does the parent compound and bind the TAR more tightly than the parent compound. This result implies that the two RNA targets differ in their ability to adapt to structurally diverse ligands and thus have inherently different selectivities. This work emphasizes the importance of considering the inherent selectivity traits of the RNA target when engineering new ligands.
“Click Peptides”—Chemical Biology‐Oriented Synthesis of Alzheimer's Disease‐Related Amyloid β Peptide (Aβ) Analogues Based on the “O‐Acyl Isopeptide Method”
Authors: Sohma Youhei , Kiso Yoshiaki 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA clear understanding of the pathological mechanism of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) 1–42, a currently unexplained process, would be of great significance for the discovery of novel drug targets for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy. To date, though, the elucidation of these Aβ1–42 dynamic events has been a difficult issue because of uncontrolled polymerization, which also poses a significant obstacle in establishing experimental systems with which to clarify the pathological function of Aβ1–42. We have recently developed chemical biology‐oriented pH‐ or phototriggered “click peptide” isoform precursors of Aβ1–42, based on the “O‐acyl isopeptide method”, in which a native amide bond at a hydroxyamino acid residue, such as Ser, is isomerized to an ester bond, the target peptide subsequently being generated by an O–N intramolecular acyl migration reaction. These click peptide precursors did not exhibit any self‐assembling character under physiological conditions, thanks to the presence of the one single ester bond, and were able to undergo migration to give the target Aβ1–42 in a quick and easy, one‐way (so‐called “click”)conversion reaction. The use of click peptides could be a useful strategy to investigate the biological functions of Aβ1–42 in AD through inducible activation of Aβ1–42 self‐assembly.
Cyclic Control of the Surface Properties of a Monolayer‐Functionalized Electrode by the Electrochemical Generation of Hg Nanoclusters
Authors: Riskin Michael , Basnar Bernhard , Katz Eugenii , Willner Itamar 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHg2+ ions are bound to a 1,4‐benzenedimethanethiol (BDMT) monolayer assembled on a Au electrode. Electrochemical reduction of the Hg2+–BDMT monolayer to Hg+–BDMT (at E°=0.48 V) and subsequently to Hg0–BDMT (at E°=0.2 V) proceeds with electron‐transfer rate constants of 8 and 11 s−1, respectively. The Hg0 atoms cluster into aggregates that exhibit dimensions of 30 nm to 2 μm, within a time interval of minutes. Electrochemical oxidation of the nanoclusters to Hg+ and further oxidation to Hg2+ ions proceeds with electron‐transfer rate constants corresponding to 9 and 43 s−1, respectively, and the redistribution of Hg2+ on the thiolated monolayer occurs within approximately 15 s. The reduction of the Hg2+ ions to the Hg0 nanoclusters and their reverse electrochemical oxidation proceed without the dissolution of mercury species to the electrolyte, implying high affinities of Hg2+, Hg+, and Hg0 to the thiolated monolayer. The electrochemical transformation of the Hg2+‐thiolated monolayer to the Hg0‐nanocluster‐functionalized monolayer is characterized by electrochemical means, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact‐angle measurements. The Hg0‐nanocluster‐modified surface reveals enhanced hydrophobicity (contact angle 76°) as compared to the Hg2+‐thiolated monolayer (contact angle 57°). The hydrophobic properties of the Hg0‐nanocluster‐modified electrode are further supported by force measurements employing a hydrophobically modified AFM tip.
Chemical Synthesis of a Glycolipid Library by a Solid‐Phase Strategy Allows Elucidation of the Structural Specificity of Immunostimulation by Rhamnolipids
Authors: Bauer Jörg , Brandenburg Klaus , Zähringer Ulrich , Rademann Jörg 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe first synthesis of a glycolipid library by hydrophobically assisted switching phase (HASP) synthesis is described. HASP synthesis enables flexible switching between solution‐phase steps and solid‐supported reactions conducted with molecules attached to a hydrophobic silica support. A library of glycolipids derived from the lead compound 1—a strongly immunostimulatory rhamnolipid—with variations in the carbohydrate part, the lipid components, and the stereochemistry of the 3‐hydroxy fatty acids was designed and synthesized. The enantioselective synthesis of the 3‐hydroxy fatty acid building blocks was achieved by employing asymmetric hydrogenation of 3‐oxo fatty acids. Glycolipids were prepared by this approach without any intermediary isolation steps, mostly in excellent yields. Final deprotection to the carboxylic acids was accomplished by enzymatic ester cleavage. All prepared rhamnolipids were tested for their immunostimulatory properties against human monocyte cells by assaying the secretion of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) into the medium. The observed structure–activity relationships of rhamnolipids indicate a specific, recognition‐based mode of action, with small structural variations in the rhamnolipids resulting in strong effects on the immunostimulatory activities of the rhamnolipids at low micromolar concentrations.
Efficient kinetic resolution of (R,S)‐1‐trimethylsilylethanol via lipase‐mediated enantioselective acylation in ionic liquids
Authors: Lou Wen‐Yong , Zong Min‐Hua 
Published: August 2006

AbstractEfficient enantioselective acylation of (R,S)‐1‐trimethylsilylethanol {(R,S)‐1‐TMSE} with vinyl acetate catalyzed by immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica B (i.e., Novozym 435) was successfully conducted in ionic liquids (ILs). A remarkable enhancement in the initial rate and the enantioselectivity of the acylation was observed by using ILs as the reaction media when compared to the organic solvents tested. Also, the activity, enantioselectivity, and thermostability of Novozym 435 increased with increasing hydrophobicity of ILs. Of the six ILs examined, the IL C4MIm·PF6 gave the fastest initial rate and the highest enantioselectivity, and was consequently chosen as the favorable medium for the reaction. The optimal molar ratio of vinyl acetate to (R,S)‐1‐TMSE, water activity, and reaction temperature range were 4:1, 0.75, and 40 –50°C, respectively, under which the initial rate and the enantioselectivity (E value) were 27.6 mM/h and 149, respectively. After a reaction time of 6 h, the ee of the remaining (S)‐1‐TMSE reached 97.1% at the substrate conversion of 50.7%. Additionally, Novozym 435 was effectively recycled and reused in C4MIm·PF6 for five consecutive runs without substantial lose in activity and enantioselectivity. The preparative scale kinetic resolution of (R,S)‐1‐TMSE in C4MIm·PF6 is shown to be very promising and useful for the industrial production of enantiopure (S)‐1‐TMSE. Chirality 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective separation and online affinity chromatographic characterization of R,R‐ and S,S‐fenoterol
Authors: Beigi Farideh , Bertucci Carlo , Zhu Weizhong , Chakir Khalid , Wainer Irving W. , Xiao Rui‐Ping , Abernethy Darrell R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground: rac‐Fenoterol is a β2‐adrenoceptor agonist (β2‐AR) used in the treatment of asthma. It has two chiral centers and is marketed as a racemic mixture of R,R′‐ and S,S′‐fenoterol (R‐F and S‐F). Here we report the separation of the R‐F and S‐F enantiomers and the evaluation of their binding to and activation of the β2‐AR. Methods: R‐F and S‐F were separated from the enantiomeric mixture by chiral chromatography and absolute configuration determined by circular dichroism. β2‐AR binding was evaluated using frontal affinity chromatography with a stationary phase containing immobilized membranes from HEK‐293 cells that express human β2‐AR and standard membrane binding studies using the same membranes. The effect of R‐F and S‐F on cardiomyocyte contractility was also investigated using freshly isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes. Results: Chiral chromatography of rac‐fenoterol yielded separated peaks with an enantioselectivity factor of 1.21. The less retained peak was assigned the absolute configuration of S‐F and the more retained peak R‐F. Frontal chromatography using membrane‐bound β2‐AR as the stationary phase and rac‐3H‐fenoterol as a marker ligand showed that addition of increasing concentrations of R‐F to the mobile phase produced concentration‐dependent decreases in rac‐3H‐fenoterol retention, while similar addition of S‐F produced no change in rac‐3H‐fenoterol retention. The calculated dissociation constant of R‐F was 472 nM and the number of available binding sites 176 pmol/column, which was consistent with the results from the membrane binding study 460 ± 55 nM (R‐F) and 109,000 ± 10,400 nM (S‐F). In the cardiomyocytes, R‐F increased maximum contractile response from (265 ± 11.6)% to (306 ± 11.8)% of resting cell length (P < 0.05) and reduced EC50 from −7.0 ± 0.270 to −7.1 ± 0.2 log[M] (P < 0.05), while S‐F had no significant effect. Discussion: Previous studies have shown that rac‐fenoterol acts as an apparent β2‐AR/Gs selective agonist and fully restores diminished β2‐AR contractile response in cardiomyocytes from failing hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Here we report the separation of the enantiomers of rac‐fenoterol and that R‐F is the active component of rac‐fenoterol. Further evaluation of R‐F will determine if it has enhanced selectivity and specificity for β2‐AR/Gs activation and if it can be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Chirality, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Particular subpopulations of midbrain and hypothalamic dopamine neurons express vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in the rat brain
Authors: Kawano Michihiro , Kawasaki Akiko , Sakata‐Haga Hiromi , Fukui Yoshihiro , Kawano Hitoshi , Nogami Haruo , Hisano Setsuji 
Published: August 2006

AbstractVesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1, ‐2, and ‐3) mediate the accumulation of transmitter glutamate into synaptic vesicles in glutamatergic neurons. VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 are more reliable glutamatergic neuron markers, since VGLUT3 also exists in other neuron types. To study whether the dopaminergic neuron uses glutamate as a cotransmitter, we analyzed VGLUTs expression in dopamine neurons of adult male rats by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In the ventral midbrain, in situ hybridization analysis revealed no VGLUT1 mRNA expression, a widespread but discrete pattern of VGLUT2 mRNA expression, and a highly limited expression of VGLUT3 mRNA. Reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis detected full‐length VGLUT2 gene transcripts in the ventral midbrain. Using in situ hybridization combined with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining, only VGLUT2 signals were detectable in some TH‐labeled neurons of A10 dopamine neuron groups, with the highest incidence (20%) in the rostral linear nucleus of the ventral tegmental area. In the forebrain, VGLUT2 signals were demonstrated in half of the A11 TH‐labeled neurons in the hypothalamus. Double‐label immunostaining for VGLUT2 and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 or TH showed that double‐labeled varicosities are rarely observed in any target regions examined of A10 and A11 dopamine neuron groups. These results indicate that VGLUT2 is expressed in subsets of A10 and A11 dopamine neurons, which might release dopamine and glutamate separately from different varicosities in the majority of their single axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:581–592, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinct structure and activity of monoamine oxidase in the brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Anichtchik Oleg , Sallinen Ville , Peitsaro Nina , Panula Pertti 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMonoamine oxidase (MAO) is a mitochondrial flavoprotein involved in the metabolism of, e.g., aminergic neurotransmitters and the parkinsonism‐inducing neurotoxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We have reported earlier MPTP‐related alterations of brain catecholaminergic system in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Here we describe the structural and functional properties of zebrafish MAO and the distribution of MAO mRNA and activity in zebrafish brain. The gene is located in chromosome 9 and consists of 15 exons. The amino acid composition of the active center resembles both human MAO‐A and MAO‐B. The enzyme displayed the highest substrate specificity for tyramine, followed by serotonin, phenylethylamine, MPTP, and dopamine; isoform‐specific antagonists blocked the activity of the enzyme with equal potency. Zebrafish MAO mRNA, which was present in several tissues, and enzyme displayed differential distribution in the brain; dopaminergic cell clusters had low to moderate levels of MAO activity, whereas the highest levels of MAO activity were detected in noradrenergic and serotonergic cell groups and the habenulointerpeduncular pathway, including its caudal projection to the medial ventral rhombencephalon. The results of this study confirm the presence of functionally active MAO in zebrafish brain and other tissues and characterize the neural systems that express MAO and areas of intense activity in the brain. They also suggest that MPTP toxicity not related to MAO may affect the zebrafish brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:593–610, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.