bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second solid malignancies among children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with malignant bone tumors after 1976
Authors: Goldsby Robert , Burke Cynthia , Nagarajan Rajaram , Zhou Tianni , Chen Zhengjia , Marina Neyssa , Friedman Debra , Neglia Joseph , Chuba Paul , Bhatia Smita 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.The growing number of individuals surviving childhood cancer has increased the awareness of adverse long‐term sequelae. One of the most worrisome complications after cancer therapy is the development of second malignant neoplasms (SMNs).METHODS.The authors describe the incidence of solid organ SMN in survivors of pediatric malignant bone tumors who were treated on legacy Children's Cancer Group/Pediatric Oncology Group protocols from 1976 to 2005. This retrospective cohort study included 2842 patients: 1686 who were treated for osteosarcoma (OS) and 1156 who were treated for Ewing sarcoma (ES).RESULTS.The cohort included 56% boys/young men and 44% girls/young women, and the median age at primary diagnosis was 13 years. The median length of follow‐up was 6.1 years (range, 0‐20.9 years). In this analysis, 64% of patients were alive. Seventeen patients with solid organ SMN were identified. The standardized incidence ratio was 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4‐5.4) for patients who were treated for OS and 5.0 (95% CI, 2.6‐9.4) for patients who were treated for ES. The median time from diagnosis to development of solid SMN was 7 years (range, 1‐13 years). The 10‐year cumulative incidence of solid organ SMN for the entire cohort was 1.4% (95%CI 0.6%‐2%).CONCLUSIONS.The magnitude of risk of solid SMNs was modest after treatment for malignant bone tumors. However, radiation‐related solid SMNs will increase with longer follow‐up. Because nearly 33% of patients die from their disease, recurrence remains the most significant problem. The development of improved therapies with fewer long‐term consequences is paramount. Follow‐up should focus on monitoring for both recurrence of primary malignancies and development of SMNs. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Magnetic resonance imaging identifies multifocal and multicentric disease in breast cancer patients who are eligible for partial breast irradiation
Authors: Al‐Hallaq Hania A. , Mell Loren K. , Bradley Julie A. , Chen Lucy F. , Ali Arif N. , Weichselbaum Ralph R. , Newstead Gillian M. , Chmura Steven J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.In this retrospective study, the authors hypothesized that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would alter partial breast irradiation (PBI) eligibility by identifying cancers outside the PBI volume compared with mammography alone.METHODS.Since 2002, MRI was used nonselectively at the authors' institution for the staging of patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer. Of 450 consecutive patients with invasive breast cancer, 110 patients who were eligible for PBI were identified by using criteria outlined by National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B‐39/Radiation Oncology Group trial 0413 based on mammography, ultrasonography, and initial pathology. In that trial, patients were randomized (stage I/II invasive cancers that measured ≤3 cm and ≤3 positive lymph nodes) to receive either whole‐breast radiotherapy or PBI. MRI reports were reviewed to determine whether MRI identified secondary lesions 1) within the same quadrant (multifocal), 2) in a different quadrant (multicentric), or 3) in the contralateral breast. These lesions were pathologically proven carcinoma and would have rendered the patient ineligible for PBI.RESULTS.MRI identified secondary lesions in 10% of patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4%‐15.6%). Multifocal disease was identified in 3.6% (95% CI, 1.4%‐9%), multicentric disease was identified in 4.5% (95% CI, 2%‐10.2%), and contralateral disease was identified in 1.8% (95% CI, 0.5%‐6.4%). The proportion of patients with false‐positive MRI findings was 4.5% (95% CI, 2%‐10.2%). The positive predictive value of MRI was 72.2% (95% CI, 46.4%‐89.3%).CONCLUSIONS.MRI identified frequent secondary cancers that would not be removed routinely by surgery or targeted in the radiation field if treated with PBI. The current data suggest that MRI should be considered to assess PBI eligibility to minimize potential local failures. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
An updated catalog of prostate cancer predictive tools
Authors: Shariat Shahrokh F. , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Roehrborn Claus G. , Kattan Michael W. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAccurate estimates of risk are essential for physicians if they are to recommend a specific management to patients with prostate cancer. Accurate risk estimates also are required for clinical trial design to ensure that homogeneous, high‐risk patient groups are used to investigate new cancer therapeutics. Using the MEDLINE database, a literature search was performed on prostate cancer predictive tools from January 1966 to July 2007. The authors recorded input variables, the prediction form, the number of patients used to develop prediction tools, the outcome being predicted, prediction tool‐specific features, predictive accuracy, and whether validation was performed. Each prediction tool was classified into patient clinical disease state and the outcome being predicted. First, the authors described the criteria for evaluation (predictive accuracy, calibration, generalizability, head‐to‐head comparison, and level of complexity) and the limitations of current predictive tools. The literature search generated 109 published prediction tools, including only 68 that had undergone validation. An increasing number of predictive tools addressed important endpoints, such as disease recurrence, metastasis, and survival. Despite their limitations and the limitations of data, predictive tools are essential for individualized, evidence‐based medical decision making. Moreover, the authors recommend wider adoption of risk‐prediction models in the design and implementation of clinical trials. Among prediction tools, nomograms provide superior, individualized, disease‐related risk estimations that facilitate management‐related decisions. Nevertheless, many more predictive tools, comparisons between them, and improvements to existing tools are needed. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
The evolutionary significance of the long variable arm in transfer RNA
Authors: Sun Feng‐Jie , Caetano‐Anollés Gustavo 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe charging of amino acids by their cognate transfer RNA (tRNAs) is central to modern translation and links evolution of the genetic code with chronologies that describe the use of amino acids in an emergent protein world. Although it is commonly accepted that only few of the canonical amino acids were initially coded and charged by tRNA, the composition of this early group of amino acids has been controversial. To uncover evolutionary patterns embedded in the structure of these molecules, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of 42 structural characters scored from the cloverleaf secondary structures of 571 tRNAs from organisms belonging to the three domains of life, viruses, and bacteriophages. Results show that class II tRNA molecules containing a long variable arm, including tRNASec, tRNASer, tRNATyr, and tRNALeu, were ancestral compared to those lacking this structural feature. This suggests that selenocysteine (Sec), serine (Ser), tyrosine (Tyr), and leucine (Leu) were among the first amino acids to be charged by their cognate tRNAs and that they may represent the first group of amino acids with functional specificities linked to modern biochemistry. Results also suggest that the stop codon UGA, which also codes for Sec, may be the oldest codon to have a modern functional role in the history of the genetic code. Finally, the charging of amino acids by cognate tRNAs appear to have occurred once the canonical cloverleaf structure was fully realized in evolution and before amino acid specificities and organismal domains of life diversified. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
On irreducible description of complex systems
Authors: Korotkikh Victor , Korotkikh Galina 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe aim of the article is to present the description of complex systems in terms of self‐organization processes of prime integer relations and illustrate its main properties. Based on the integers and controlled by arithmetic only, the processes can characterize complex systems by information not requiring further simplification. This raises the possibility to develop an irreducible theory of complex systems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
Plasmodium vivax parasites alter the balance of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the induction of regulatory T cells
Authors: Jangpatarapongsa Kulachart , Chootong Patchanee , Sattabongkot Jetsumon , Chotivanich Kesinee , Sirichaisinthop Jeeraphat , Tungpradabkul Sumalee , Hisaeda Hajime , Troye‐Blomberg Marita , Cui Liwang , Udomsangpetch Rachanee 
Published: September 2008

AbstractImmunity induced by Plasmodium vivax infections leads to memory T‐cell recruitment and activation during subsequent infections. Here, we investigated the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in coordination with the host immune response during P. vivax infection. Our results showed a significant increase in the percentage of FOXP3+ Treg, IL‐10‐secreting Type I Treg (Tr1) and IL‐10 levels in patients with acute P. vivax infection as compared with those found in either naïve or immune controls. The concurrent increase in the Treg population could also be reproduced in vitro using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from naïve controls stimulated with crude antigens extracted from P. vivax‐infected red blood cells. Acute P. vivax infections were associated with a significant decrease in the numbers of DC, indicating a general immunosuppression during P. vivax infections. However, unlike P. falciparum infections, we found that the ratio of myeloid DC (MDC) to plasmacytoid DC (PDC) was significantly lower in acute P. vivax patients than that of naïve and immune controls. Moreover, the reduction in PDC may be partly responsible for the poor antibody responses during P. vivax infections. Taken together, these results suggest that P. vivax parasites interact with DC, which alters the MDC/PDC ratio that potentially leads to Treg activation and IL‐10 release.
A novel CD11c.DTR transgenic mouse for depletion of dendritic cells reveals their requirement for homeostatic proliferation of natural killer cells
Authors: Hochweller Kristin , Striegler Jörg , Hämmerling Günter J. , Garbi Natalio 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDendritic cells (DC) are known to support the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. However, little is known about the role for DC in NK‐cell homeostasis. In order to investigate this question, a novel bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mouse model was generated in which the diphtheria toxin receptor is expressed under the CD11c promoter. In these mice efficient DC depletion can be achieved over prolonged periods of time by multiple injections of diphtheria toxin. We show here that NK cells require DC for full acquisition of effector function in vivo in response to the bacterial‐derived TLR ligand CpG. Importantly, DC were found to play an instrumental role for maintaining normal homeostasis of NK cells. This is achieved by IL‐15 production by DC, which supports the homeostatic proliferation of NK cells.
Mutual‐information‐based adaptive coding and modulation in bit‐interleaved OFDM systems using punctured LDPC codes
Authors: Stiglmayr Stephan , Bossert Martin , Costa Elena 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAdaptive coding, modulation and power allocation are well‐known techniques for enhancing the performance of systems transmitting over quasi‐static fading channels. Especially their application in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)‐based systems promises gains in spectral efficiency. However, an open issue is the joint optimisation of code‐rate, modulation formats and power allocation if codewords are mapped onto sub‐symbols with heterogeneous channel quality and modulation formats. In this paper, we present an adaptive coding, modulation and, optionally, power allocation scheme that maximises the throughput under a codeword error rate constraint for bit‐interleaved coded OFDM systems using rate‐compatible punctured block‐circulant low‐density parity‐check codes (RCP‐BLDPC). The average mutual‐information per code bit is used as single parameter for the codeword error probability estimation. The algorithms are evaluated within the context of the OFDMA/TDMA system designed within the EU FP6 Integrated Project WINNER. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of incompressible flow within ½ circular cavity using lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Ding Lixia , Shi Weiping , Luo Hongwen , Zheng Haicheng 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA wall‐driven incompressible viscous flow in a ½ circular cavity is simulated, based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The treatment of curved boundary with second‐order accuracy is used. The force evaluation is based on the momentum‐exchange method. The streamlines and vorticity contours and the velocity component along the central line of a semi‐circular cavity are obtained for different Reynolds numbers. The numerical results show that the LBM can capture the formation of primary, secondary and tertiary vortices exactly as the Reynolds number increases and has a great agreement with those of current literatures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comments on ‘Simplex space–time meshes in finite element simulations’
Authors: Tezduyar Tayfun E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSome comments are provided on the citations offered in a recent paper (M. Behr, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2008; 57:1421–1434) that describes space–time finite element computations of advection of ‘Gaussian hills’, including computations with mesh refinement in the time direction. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the cost‐effectiveness ofHelicobacter pyloriscreening to prevent gastric cancer in China in anticipation of clinical trial results
Authors: Yeh Jennifer M. , Kuntz Karen M. , Ezzati Majid , Goldie Sue J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractGastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. Treatment forHelicobacter pyloriinfection, the leading causal risk factor, can reduce disease progression, but the long‐term impact on cancer incidence is uncertain. Using the best available data, we estimated the potential health benefits and economic consequences associated withH. pyloriscreening in a high‐risk region of China. An empirically calibrated model of gastric cancer was used to project reduction in lifetime cancer risk, life‐expectancy and costs associated with (i) single lifetime screening (age 20, 30 or 40); (ii) single lifetime screening followed by rescreening individuals with negative results and (iii) universal treatment forH. pylori(age 20, 30 or 40). Data were from the published literature and national and international databases. Screening and treatment forH. pyloriat age 20 reduced the mean lifetime cancer risk by 14.5% (men) to 26.6% (women) and cost less than $1,500 per year of life saved (YLS) compared to no screening. Rescreening individuals with negative results and targeting older ages was less cost‐effective. Universal treatment prevented an additional 1.5% to 2.3% of risk reduction, but incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios exceeded $2,500 per YLS. Screening young adults forH. pyloricould prevent one in every 4 to 6 cases of gastric cancer in China and would be considered cost‐effective using the GDP per capita threshold. These results illustrate the potential promise of a gastric cancer screening program and provide rationale for urgent clinical studies to move the prevention agenda forward. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevation of seprase expression and promotion of an invasive phenotype by collagenous matrices in ovarian tumor cells
Authors: Kennedy Alanna , Dong Huan , Chen Donghai , Chen Wen‐Tien 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTumor cells do not constitutively exhibit invasive activity, but rather, can be transiently induced to adhere and form lesions. We report here that the expression of seprase, a dominant EDTA‐resistant gelatinase in malignant tumors, is dependent on tumor cell exposure to type I collagen gel (TICg). The induced seprase expression of ovarian tumor cells influences their collagen contraction and invasion capability. Importantly, tumor cells with reduced seprase expression, due to manipulation by RNA interference, showed a reduction of TICg contraction in the gel contractility assay, inhibition of tumor cell invasion through TICg as shown by a transwell migration assay and inhibition of peritoneal membrane tumor lesion in a mouse model. In addition, mAb C27, an antibody against β1 integrin, which blocks cellular avidity to TICg, can induce seprase RNA expression and promote the invasive phenotype and metastatic potential of ovarian tumor cells. Thus, collagenous matrices in the tumor cell niche induce the expression of seprase and initiate tumor invasion and metastatic cascades. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of an antimicrobial silver foam dressing for use with V.A.C.® therapy: Morphological, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties
Authors: Payne Joanna L. , Ambrosio Archel M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe V.A.C.® Therapy System (KCI, San Antonio, TX) is an integrated wound management system that creates an environment that promotes wound healing. V.A.C. GranuFoam Silver® dressing (S‐ROCF) is a reticulated, open‐celled polyurethane foam having a pore size range of 400–600 μm. The foam is coated with silver to impart antimicrobial properties throughout the dressing. The morphological and key mechanical properties including tensile strength, ultimate elongation, tear strength, and compression resistance of this dressing were compared to the original V.A.C.® GranuFoam® dressing (ROCF), which is also a reticulated, open‐celled polyurethane foam, and were found to be comparable. Furthermore, the antimicrobial property of S‐ROCF was evaluated in vitro for efficacy against pathogens commonly found in clinical settings, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. S‐ROCF was found to be effective during antimicrobial testing with a 99.99% reduction in colony forming units, and remained effective after 72 h of simulated V.A.C. Therapy. The antimicrobial and mechanical characteristics of the foam were unaffected by aging as demonstrated through an accelerated aging process. The V.A.C. GranuFoam Silver® dressing is a specialized antimicrobial dressing for use with the V.A.C. Therapy System that exhibits morphological and mechanical properties comparable to the V.A.C. GranuFoam dressing and provides the added benefit of antimicrobial efficacy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Effects of simulated functional loading conditions on dentin, composite, and laminate structures
Authors: Walker Mary P. , Teitelbaum Heather K. , Eick J. David , Williams Karen B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractUse of composite restorations continues to increase, tempered by more potential problems when placed in posterior dentition. Thus, it is essential to understand how these materials function under stress‐bearing clinical conditions. Because mastication is difficult to replicate in the laboratory, cyclic loading is frequently used within in vitro evaluations but often employs traditional fatigue testing, which typically does not simulate occlusal loading because higher stresses and loading frequencies are used, so failure mechanisms may be different. This investigation utilized relevant parameters (specimen size, loading frequency) to assess the effects of cyclic loading on flexural mechanical properties and fracture morphology of (coronal) dentin, composite, and dentin‐adhesive‐composite “laminate” structures. Incremental monitoring of flexural modulus on individual beams over 60,000 loading cycles revealed a gradual increase across materials; post hoc comparisons indicated statistical significance only for 1 versus 60k cycles. Paired specimens were tested (one exposed to 60k loading cycles, one to static loading only), and comparisons of flexural modulus and strength showed statistically significantly higher values for cyclically loaded specimens across materials, with no observable differences in fracture morphology. Localized reorganization of dentin collagen and polymer chains could have increased flexural modulus and strength during cyclic loading, which may have implications toward the life and failure mechanisms of clinical restorations and underlying tooth structure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Controlled release of complexed DNA from polycaprolactone film: Comparison of lipoplex and polyplex release
Authors: Ramgopal Y. , Mondal D. , Venkatraman S. S. , Godbey W. T. , Yuen G. Y. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis report investigates the comparative in vitro controlled release and transfection efficiencies of pDNA‐lipofectamine complex (lipoplex) and pDNA‐poly(ethylene imine) complex (polyplex), from a biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) film. The effect of molecular weight of gelatin used as a porogen on in vitro release and transfection efficiency was also studied. A sustained release profile was obtained for naked pDNA and lipoplex from polymeric films for a month, while the release of polyplexes (PEI/DNA) is simply a burst at day 5, with little or no release thereafter. The release of polyplexes from PCL films is retarded due to interaction between the polyplexes and the polymer. A high burst release was seen for naked pDNA which was suppressed in the presence of gelatin. The extent of suppression of the burst effect by gelatin increased with its molecular weight. For complexed pDNA (lipoplex), the release was slow, but could be accelerated using gelatin; again the acceleration in release is dependant on the molecular weight of the gelatin used. The addition of gelatin as a porogen has no effect on the release of polyplexes from PCL films. The bioactivity of released plasmid DNA and complexes was studied by in vitro transfection using COS‐7 cells. Transfection was observed from released lipoplexes samples till day 9 from PCL film with lower MW gelatin and till day 18 in the case of PCL films with higher MW gelatin. The results also showed that the bioactivity of released lipoplexes was superior to that of the naked pDNA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009