bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No Right to Judge: Feminism and the Judiciary in Third Republic France
Authors: Kimble Sara L. 
Published: September 2008

Women in France were admitted to the legal profession by law in 1900, but they were prohibited from ascending to the judiciary until 1946. Once they entered the profession, feminist lawyers demanded “the right to judge” and challenged gender discrimination in employment. They found allies among juvenile justice reformers who advocated the utility of placing women on the bench of the new youth courts created by the law of July 22, 1912. This article demonstrates that the legislative efforts to secure women's judicial eligibility were thwarted by the perception of women's social and cultural inferiority and by the fact of their legal inequality. Women's protest of their unequal treatment formed an inherent claim to equal citizenship and threatened to disrupt the traditional power relations between the sexes.
Les femmes françaises ont gagné le droit d'exercer le métier d'avocate en 1900, mais elles n'ont pas pu devenir juges avant 1946. Une fois entrées dans la profession, les avocates féministes ont réclamé « le droit de juger » et ont défié la discrimination contre les femmes au travail. Elles ont trouvé des alliés parmi les réformateurs du système judiciaire juvénile qui préconisaient de permettre aux femmes d'exercer le métier de juge dans les nouveaux tribunaux pour enfants et adolescents créés par la loi du 22 juillet 1912. Cet article démontre que les tentatives de réforme législative visant de permettre aux femmes de devenir juges ont été bloquées par la perception de l'inégalité sociale et culturelle de la femme, et par son incapacité politique. Les revendications professionnelles des avocates impliquaient le droit à la citoyenneté, et menaçaient de bouleverser le rapport traditionnel entre les sexes.
Radio Broadcasting, Disabled Veterans, and the Politics of National Recovery in Interwar France
Authors: Scales Rebecca 
Published: September 2008

In interwar France a public consensus emerged that radio broadcasting could advance the rehabilitation of disabled veterans and further their reintegration into civil society. Radio appeared to offer particular advantages for blind and deaf veterans, serving as a “prosthesis” to replace their damaged eyes and ears. Thanks to two national charities that distributed free radios to the blind, the hospitalized, and the “infirm” between 1928 and 1935, facilitating disabled veterans' access to radio became a political imperative. The subsequent negotiations between physicians, legislators, and veterans themselves over the rehabilitative function of radio reveal how the airwaves became a virtual representation of the French nation and listening a practice of modern citizenship.
Dans la France d'entre-deux-guerres, le public se trouvait en accord général sur le fait que la radiodiffusion pouvait faire avancer la rééducation des invalides de guerre et leur réinsertion dans la société civile. La radiodiffusion s'offrait en particulier aux aveugles et « sourds » de guerre, remplaçant, en fonction de « prosthèse », les yeux et les oreilles mutilés. Entre 1928 et 1935, grâce à deux collectes nationales qui distribuaient des radios gratuites aux aveugles, hospitalisés, et « infirmes », le défi de faciliter l'accès des invalides de guerre à la radio s'est imposé sur la politique. Les négociations ultérieures entre médecins, législateurs, et invalides de guerre eux-mêmes à propos de la fonction rééducative de la radio montrent comment les ondes sont devenues une représentation virtuelle de la nation et l'écoute importante de la pratique de la citoyenneté moderne.
“We are all Israelis”: The Politics of Colonial Comparisons
Authors: Lubin Alex 
Published: September 2008

Drawing on the work of Benedict Anderson and Edward Said, this essay analyzes the ubiquity of comparisons in American Orientalist culture. As the United States gained territory through settler colonial expansion, it often rendered its acquisition meaningful through comparisons to Levantine culture. Hence, in his 1848 account of the U.S. naval expedition of the Red Sea and Jordan, William Lynch compared Arabs to Indians and the Holy Land to the U.S. Southwest. During the Gilded Age, Mark Twain compared Palestinian villages to western U.S. mining camps. In the 1940s, World War II war correspondents compared the Moroccan Sahara to El Paso and New Mexican pueblos.
Yet, comparisons are also the rubric of critical colonial studies that unmask forms of exceptionalism and colonial rule. The comparative maneuvers that constitute American Orientalism unwittingly invite comparisons of colonial power. I therefore read critically against American Orientalism by focusing on a comparative analysis of the U.S.-Mexico and Israeli “security walls,” as well as Palestinian and Louisianan refugees. This enables one to reveal the haunting specter, to cite Anderson, of comparative work.
Critical Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in the Regulation of Hippocampus–Accumbens Information Flow
Authors: Belujon Pauline , Grace Anthony A. 
Published: September 2008

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is an integral part of limbic circuits proposed to play a central role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and is positioned to integrate information from limbic and cortical regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus. The ventral subiculum (vSub) of the hippocampus, in particular, is proposed to gate information flow within the NAc, a factor that is disrupted in models of schizophrenia. Usingin vivoextracellular recordings in anesthetized rats, we examined the response of NAc neurons to vSub stimulation and how this is modulated by the mPFC. We found that inactivation of mPFC by tetrodotoxin attenuates the ability of the vSub to drive spike firing in the NAc. Thus, a contribution of the mPFC is required for the activation of NAc by the vSub. However, when long-term potentiation is induced in the vSub–NAc pathway, the vSub is now capable of driving the NAc without the participation of the mPFC. Moreover, this interaction is dependent on activation of dopaminergic D2receptors in the NAc.This work demonstrates the critical role of the mPFC in the ability of vSub to drive NAc neurons in normal anesthetized animals. One model of schizophrenia posits that vSub hyperactivity may underlie both the hyperdopaminergic state and disruption of information flow in this circuit in schizophrenia. Therefore, inactivation of the mPFC, as would occur with mPFC leukotomy in schizophrenia, may prevent the abnormal vSub drive of the NAc.
Stability of Maxillary Expansion and Tongue Posture
Authors: Ozbek M. Murat , Memikoglu Ufuk T. Toygar , Altug-Atac Ayse Tuba , Lowe Alan A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the adaptive changes and the stability in tongue posture following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in patients without any signs or symptoms of respiratory disturbances.
Materials and Methods: Growing subjects with maxillary constrictions and bilateral buccal crossbites were included in the treatment group (n = 20). A control group (n = 20) comprised subjects with normal dentoskeletal features. RME appliances were used in the treatment group, with an average active expansion of 15 ± 2 days. Cephalometric radiographs were traced and digitized to evaluate static tongue posture before RME and 6.75 ± 0.48 months after RME. Follow-up radiographic evaluations of 17 expansion cases were also performed after an average of 29.25 ± 1.85 months. Independent and paired t-tests were conducted to evaluate changes in tongue posture within and between groups.
Results: Results revealed significant reductions of tongue-to-palate (P &lt; .05) as well as hyoid bone-to-mandibular plane (P &lt; .01) distances following RME. The new tongue posture was found to be stable during the follow-up period.
Conclusions: A higher tongue posture can be obtained with RME in children with no reported respiratory disturbances. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )
Antimicrobial Effects of Zinc Oxide in an Orthodontic Bonding Agent
Authors: Spencer Clayton Glen , Campbell Phillip M. , Buschang Peter H. , Cai John , Honeyman Allen L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjective: To test the null hypothesis that the addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) has no effect on the antimicrobial benefits and shear bond strength of a light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer.Materials and Methods: ZnO was added to Fuji Ortho LC to create mixtures of 13% ZnO and 23.1% ZnO. Specimen discs of the modified bonding agent were incubated with Streptococcus mutans for 48 hours in a disc diffusion assay that was used to measure zones of bacterial inhibition. In addition, brackets were bonded to bovine deciduous incisors with the modified bonding agents, and shear bond strength was evaluated with a universal testing machine.Results: The modified samples showed that antimicrobial activity increased as the concentration of ZnO increased. There were significant differences (P &lt; .05) in antimicrobial activity. Post hoc tests showed that the antibacterial effects were 1.6 times greater with 23.1% ZnO than with 13% ZnO. There was no difference between Transbond and 0% ZnO (the negative control). After 1 month of daily rinsing, the antibacterial effects of 23.1% ZnO and 13% ZnO decreased 65% and 77%, respectively, but both maintained significant effects over the negative controls. There were no significant differences (P = .055) in shear bond strength between any of the mixture comparisons.Conclusions: The incorporation of ZnO into Fuji Ortho LC added antimicrobial properties to the original compound without significantly altering the shear bond strength. ZnO holds potential for preventing decalcification associated with orthodontic treatment.
Mechanical Tensile Stress Effects on the Expression of Bone Sialoprotein in Bovine Cementoblasts
Authors: Yu Hongyou , Ren Yijin , Sandham Andrew , Ren Aishu , Huang Lan , Bai Ding 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To develop a new cementoblast culture method and to detect bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression in response to high and low mechanical tensile stress in cementoblast in vitro.
Materials and Methods: Cementoblasts were collected from the roots of newborn bovine teeth and were identified with cementum-derived attachment protein (CAP) antibody 3G9. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay, and mineralization was confirmed by von Kossa staining. Mechanical tensile stress was applied in vitro to the cementoblast with the use of a uniaxial four-point bending system with 2000 or 4000 microstrains, at a frequency of 0.5 Hz for 3, 6, 12, 24, or 36 hours. BSP mRNA level was quantified by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
Results: A large amount of cementoblast was observed to be expressing CAP. Cementoblasts had a proliferation tendency similar to that of osteoblasts but different from that of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Cementoblasts had the ability to become mineralized between osteoblasts and PDL cells. The mechanical tensile stress significantly up-regulated BSP mRNA expression, which reached a peak at 24 hours in both 2000 and 4000 microstrain groups (P &lt; .01) and was tenfold and sixfold higher than that of controls, respectively. BSP expression dropped toward baseline levels at 36 hours in both groups.
Conclusions: Mechanical tensile stress up-regulated the expression of BSP. Low mechanical tensile stress induced earlier and more intensive up-regulation of BSP mRNA; this might represent the optimal stimuli for cementoblast activity.
Growth-Related Differences in Maximum Laterotrusion and Retrusion between Children and Adults
Authors: Reicheneder Claudia A. , Proff Peter , Baumert Uwe , Gedrange Tomas 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there are no differences between children and adults in maximum laterotrusion and maximum retrusion on the right and left sides.
Materials and Methods: This population-based study included 81 randomly selected children between the ages of 6 and 10 years and 67 adults. Kinematic variables were measured with the ultrasonic JMA-System for registration.
Results: The mean maximum laterotrusion of the children's group (10.6 ± 1.5 mm on the left, 11.0 ± 1.7 mm on the right) was significantly smaller than that of the adult group (11.7 ± 2.0 mm on the left, 12.2 ± 1.7 mm on the right). The maximum laterotrusion of the children's group corresponded to about 90% on the left and right sides of that of the adult group. The mean maximum retrusion of the children's group was significantly bigger than that of the adult group. There, the adult values corresponded to 66.7% on the left and 50% on the right side of the children's values. No significant difference in maximum laterotrusion and retrusion was noted on the right and left sides, and no significant differences according to gender specificities were observed in either group.
Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. In development of the temporomandibular joint, maximum laterotrusion on the right and left sides increases significantly with age, and maximum retrusion decreases significantly with age.
Caries Risk Profiles in Orthodontic Patients at Follow-Up Using Cariogram
Authors: Al Mulla Anas H. , Kharsa Saad Al , Kjellberg Heidrun , Birkhed Dowen 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To analyze caries-related factors shortly after orthodontic treatment and to use the Cariogram computer program to describe caries risk profiles at follow-up in these patients.
Materials and Methods: One hundred orthodontic patients age 12–29 years, with a mean age of 17.5 years, were included in the study. They were divided into two groups (50 in each) based on their prebonding decayed, filled surfaces index (DFS). High (5 ≥ DFS) and low (2 ≤ DFS) groups were created. All patients were examined after debonding in the following order: interview, plaque score, caries examination, saliva samples, bitewing radiographs, panoramic radiographs, and intra-oral digital photos. All types of carious lesions in both the enamel and dentine were diagnosed clinically and radiographically and included in the DFS index. A paraffin-stimulated whole saliva sample was collected for estimations of secretion rate, buffer capacity, and number of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli.
Results: The low caries group (2 ≤ DFS) displayed a statistically significant difference and low values for the following factors, DFS (P &lt; .001), lactobacilli (P &lt; .001), mutans streptococci (P &lt; .001), and high Cariogram percent (P &lt; .001). The plaque index displayed very close significance (P = .051).
Conclusions: Patients with high (5 ≥ DFS) numbers before orthodontic treatment ran a higher risk of developing caries. They had significantly higher numbers of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli and had less chance of avoiding new cavities according to the Cariogram.
Effects of Corticision on Paradental Remodeling in Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Authors: Kim Su-Jung , Park Young-Guk , Kang Seung-Goo 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the biologic effects of Corticision on alveolar remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 16 cats were divided into 3 groups: group A, only orthodontic force (control); group B, orthodontic force plus Corticision; and group C, orthodontic force plus Corticision and periodic mobilization. Histologic and histomorphometric studies were performed on tissue specimens on days 7, 14, 21, and 28.
Results: Extensive direct resorption of bundle bone with less hyalinization and more rapid removal of hyalinized tissue were observed in group B. The accumulated mean apposition area of new bone on day 28 was observed to be 3.5-fold higher in group B than in the control group A.
Conclusions: Corticision might be an efficient procedure for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement accompanied with alveolar bone remodeling.
Surface Characteristics of Orthodontic Materials and Their Effects on Adhesion of Mutans streptococci
Authors: Lee Seung-Pyo , Lee Shin-Jae , Lim Bum-Soon , Ahn Sug-Joon 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjective: To test the hypothesis that there are no significant differences in the adhesion of mutans streptococci (MS) to various orthodontic materials based on their surface characteristics.Materials and Methods: Surface roughness (SR) and surface free energy (SFE) characteristics were investigated for nine different orthodontic materials (four orthodontic adhesives, three bracket raw materials, hydroxyapatite blocks, and bovine incisors) using confocal laser scanning microscopy and sessile drop method. Each material, except the bovine incisors, was incubated with whole saliva or phosphate-buffered saline for 2 hours. Adhesion assays were performed by incubating tritium-labeled MS with each material for 3 or 6 hours.Results: Orthodontic adhesives had higher SFE characteristics and lower SR than bracket materials. Orthodontic adhesives showed a higher MS retaining capacity than bracket materials, and MS adhesion to resin-modified glass ionomer and hydroxyapatite was highest. Extended incubation time increased MS adhesion, while saliva coating did not significantly influence MS adhesion. SFE, specifically its dispersive and polar components, was positively correlated with MS adhesion, irrespective of saliva coating.Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. This study suggests that SFE characteristics play an important role in the initial MS adhesion to orthodontic materials.
Metal and Ceramic Bracket Effects on Human Buccal Mucosa Epithelial Cells
Authors: Pereira Betina R. , Tanaka Orlando M. , Lima Antônio A. S. , Guariza-Filho Odilon , Maruo Hiroshi , Camargo Elisa S. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypothesis that metal and ceramic brackets have no effect on the epithelial cells of the buccal mucosa.
Materials and Methods: Two metal and two ceramic brackets were bonded in 21 individuals of both sexes. With the use of liquid-based exfoliative cytology, morphometric and morphologic changes in buccal mucosa cells adjacent to these brackets were determined and were compared at three time points: baseline (T0), 60 days after placement (T1), and 30 days after removal of the brackets (T2).
Results: A decrease in nuclear area and an increase in cytoplasmic area occurred in the buccal mucosa cells adjacent to the brackets at T1 (P &lt; .01). At T2, this altered morphometry persisted only in cells adjacent to the metal brackets, although to a lesser degree than at T1 (P &lt; .01). A greater decrease in nuclear area was noted in cells adjacent to the metal brackets than in those next to the ceramic brackets (P &lt; .01). At T0, the proportions of surface and subsurface cells were similar, but at T1, a predominance of surface cells was observed (P &lt; .05). At all time points, smears of cells appeared normal or normal with some inflammatory changes.
Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. Placement of metal and ceramic brackets in the buccal cavity induces cellular alterations. These alterations do not suggest malignancy.
Mandibular Rotation and Remodeling Changes during Early Childhood
Authors: Wang Malanie K. , Buschang Peter H. , Behrents Rolf 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To describe the mandibular rotation and remodeling of younger children.
Materials and Methods: The sample included 43 males and 43 females who participated in the Bolton-Brush Growth Study at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio. They were chosen on the basis of having Class I (n = 45) or Class II (n = 41) molar relationships and longitudinal lateral cephalograms at three developmental stages of the dentition: late primary (T1: 5.7 ± 0.5 y), early mixed (T2: 8.4 ± 0.6 y), and full permanent dentition (T3: 15.4 ± 0.5 y). Each subject's cephalograms were traced and four landmarks were digitized. Cranial base and mandibular superimpositions were performed with the use of natural reference structures.
Results: Yearly rates of true rotation, apparent rotation, and angular remodeling showed significant (P &lt; .05) changes throughout. True rotation was moderately correlated with angular remodeling and apparent rotation. Although no significant sex differences in annual rates of rotation were noted, subjects with Class I molar relationships showed significantly more angular remodeling from T2-T3 than did subjects with Class II molar relationships. Rates of true forward rotation were significantly greater with T1-T2 than with T2-T3 (1.3 and 0.7 degrees/y, respectively).
Conclusion: Although significant amounts of true mandibular rotation and angular remodeling occur during childhood and adolescence, true rotation is greatest during the transition from late primary to early mixed dentition. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )
Craniofacial Morphology in Prematurely Born Children
Authors: Paulsson Liselotte , Bondemark Lars 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the craniofacial morphology of prematurely born children and that of matched full-term born controls.
Materials and Methods: White children 8 to 10 years of age, born at the University Hospitals of Lund and Malmö and living in the same part of Sweden, were included. One group consisted of 36 very preterm children, born during gestational weeks 29 to 32; the other group included 36 extremely preterm children, who were born before the 29th gestational week. Subjects were compared with a control group of 31 full-term children, who were matched for gender, age, nationality, and living area. One lateral head radiograph was taken for each child, and the cephalometric analysis included 15 angular and 11 linear variables. Also, the height, weight, and head circumference of each child were registered.
Results: A significantly shorter anterior cranial base and a less convex skeletal profile were found among extremely preterm children, and significantly shorter maxillary length was noted in both extremely preterm and very preterm groups as compared with full-term children. The lower incisors were significantly more retroclined and retruded in the extremely preterm group compared with the very preterm group and the full-term control group. Extremely preterm children were significantly shorter, and both extremely preterm and very preterm children had significantly lower weight and smaller head circumference compared with full-term children.
Conclusion: The null hypothesis was rejected because several craniofacial parameters differed significantly between preterm and full-term born control children.