bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Membrane separation processes for clean production
Authors: Paul D. , Ohlrogge K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractClean production can be considered as a strategic element in manufacturing technology for present and future products in the chemical industry. Demand is focussed on the development of cost‐effective technologies, the optimization of processes including separation steps, alternative processes for the reduction of waste, optimization of the use of resource and improvements in production efficiency. In many cases an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional separation processes could be membrane separation. Membrane separation techniques are suitable for mixtures of liquids, gases and vapors. Some examples of successful applications in the areas of waste water treatment and vapor recovery are given. Demands, advantages and problems of separation with membranes are also discussed.
Corona‐induced chemical scrubber for the control of NOx emissions
Authors: Yang Chen‐Lu , Beltran Michael , Kravets Zhorzh , Yamamoto Toshiaki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo dielectric materials (barium titanate and glass pellets) were evaluated for their ability to decompose/oxidize nitric oxide (NO) by nonthermal plasma discharge. Both barium titanate and glass pellets were tested in a packed bed dielectric barrier plasma reactor. The plasma reactor using barium, titanate completely destroys 130 ppm of NO in an air stream at an electric field strength of 9 kV/cm. A majority of the incoming NO is decomposed to N2 and O2. However, 30% of the NO is oxidized to NO2. The plasma reactor using glass pellets in a similar system is just as effective, but at a 3 k V/cm higher electric field strength. The 40 ppm NO2 in the effluent of the plasma reactor is then removed quantitatively by a caustic sodium sulfite aqueous scrubbing system. The outlet concentrations of both NO and NO2 from the plasma‐scrubber combination system (corona‐induced chemical scrubber) are beyond the detection limit of the chemiluminescent NOx analyzer.
Characterization, decontamination and health effects of fly ash from waste incinerators
Authors: Lee P. H. , Delay I. , Nasserzadeh V. , Swithenbank J. , McLeod C. , Argent B. B. , Goodfellow J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aims of the present work are (a) to investigate the physical and chemical properties of incinerator ash which are of importance for its utilization and environmental impact; (b) to evaluate the occupational exposure of incinerator workers to trace metals; and (c) to develop a novel technology for the conversion of contaminated fly‐ash from incinerators into a material which can be disposed of cheaply or used in the construction industry. The discussion is illustrated by results obtained through experiments.Morphologically, fly‐ash consists of irregularly shaped material, of widely varying sizes. Some minerals are identified using powder X‐ray diffraction, i.e. calcite, pyrite, halite and maghemite. The chemical composition of ash samples examined consist of Ca, Al, Si, K, Ti, Mg, Fe, K, Na and Mn as the major and minor elements. Trace elements such as Pb, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Se, Mo and Cd are also found. The samples tested are rich in Cl, Cr, Zn, Sn and Pb, as compared to the earth's crust values. About 50% of the fly‐ash particles are smaller than 5.5 μm. These particles can play an important role in transferring toxic metals into the human blood stream by inhalation, deposition and absorption. The ash is reported as having medium fusibility, with softening between 1220°C and 1250°C due to it's pyrite content. This is most likely to give clinker problems and affect the sintering process of fly‐ash. The detoxification approach is based on the fact that sintering or melting of this ash results in the destruction of its toxic organic components, including fixation of its heavy metal content to form an unleachable material which can be landfilled or used for building roads. A key aspect of this work is the technique used to ensure the energy efficiency of the sintering/melting process which is based on the application of a regenerative heating concept. The conclusions of the research are expected to have a major impact on future codes of practice and standards for dealing with contaminated fly‐ash.
Municipal landfill Leachate management
Authors: Kusterer Thomas , Willson Robert , Bruce Stuart C. , Tissue Eric , Lau Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFrom 1995 to 1997, the Montgomery County Leachate Pretreatment Facility (MCLPF) has successfully pretreated in excess of 18,000,000 gallons of leachate generated by the county's municipal solid waste landfill. The collection system directs leachate from the original landfill, the new lined section, and the ash cell to the leachate pump station. The leachate, prior to being pumped to the leachate pretreatment system, is equalized in two storage lagoons with a combined capacity of more than 5,000,000 gallons.The innovative leachate treatment system, incorporating a biological reactor system equipped with a submerged fixed‐film reactor using a patented Matrix Biological Film (MBF) media, continues to provide excellent pretreatment results for the leachate generated at the Oaks Landfill in Montgomery County, Maryland. In 1995 and 1996, the system responded to the substantial challenges imposed by the changing characteristics of the material being landfilled and by the significant amounts of incinerator ash, received in 1995 from the county's resource recovery facility (RRF), which influenced the influent leachate characteristics. The extremely wet weather caused the collection and equalization system to be overloaded and required the biological reactor system to operate at peak flow and loading conditions for extended periods of time. In fact, the facility pretreated in excess of 12,500,000 gallons of leachate in 1996 compared to only 5,500,000 gallons for all of 1995, and continued to meet permit requirements. Although the landfill closed in 1997, technological challenges to the system will continue. The past performance indicates that this system will continue to provide excellent pretreatment results and, in future years, may provide an effluent suitable for direct discharge.
Federally owned treatment works: New RCRA, FFCA questions and controversy
Authors: Hourcle Laurent R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA proposal dealing with the Department of Defense's (DOD) counterpart to a municipal sewage treatment plant was one of the concessions sought by the DOD in return for the imposition of punitive civil penalties under the Federal Facilities Compliance Act (FFCA). Municipal sewage treatment plants, or Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs), are usually regulated under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit system of the Clean Water Act1 and not under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).2 This article discusses a key exclusion from and the controversy of RCRA's definition of “solid waste.”3 That definition identifies substances and, by implication, activities regulated by RCRA. Though exceptionally broad, this definition specifically excludes “solid or dissolved material in domestic sewage.”4 This is commonly called the domestic sewage exclusion (DSE).
The RCRA omnibus clause: A solution to RCRA/CERCLA conflicts?
Authors: Stubblebine Scott D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article examines a potential solution to the statutory, regulatory, and authority conflicts created by overlapping provisions of RCRA and CERCLA. It proposes the use of RCRA's omnibus provision and a recently proposed RCRA rule to create a consolidated regulatory approach. This article provides some introductory information about regulatory discretion, discusses the omnibus provision and its potential applicability, discusses a recent EPA proposal to allow certain closure activities to proceed under other regulatory programs, and concludes with a discussion of the proposed solution.
Military base cleanup, conversion, and conservation in California: Recent developments by the state department of fish and game
Authors: Milton Joseph 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs a result of downsizing, many Department of Defense (DOD) bases in California are being closed. The economic dislocations caused by base closure are a major policy concern, and the successful economic conversion of these bases has become a top priority within state government.1 Still, conversion cannot proceed unless and until the hazardous wastes present at these installations are remediated. The expeditious cleanup and productive reuse of these installations implicate a broad range of federal, state, and local interests. Given the magnitude of the undertaking, the efficient cleanup and closure of these federal facilities will require close cooperation between DOD and relevant state agencies. This article discusses recent planning activities by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) in the areas of base cleanup and closure. This article explains why CDFG is involved, discusses the development of a CDFG Base Cleanup Team, and describes the anticipated benefits that will result from CDFG participation.
Implementing doe's streamlined approach for environmental restoration (SAFER)
Authors: Bottrell David W. , Dailey Richard L. , Bitner Kelly A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article discusses how the Department of Energy (DOE) developed the Streamlined Approach for Environmental Restoration (SAFER) to effectively recognize and manage the uncertainties inherent in the environmental restoration process. SAFER integrates the Data Quality Objective (DQO) process with the Observational Approach. DOE and EPA agreed to a joint pilot project test of SAFER. In January 1994, DOE selected four facilities to host the SAFER Pilot Projects: Hanford in Washington, Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, and the Mound Plant in Ohio. The Hanford Pilot focuses on remedial design and remedial action at a reactor area. SRS hosted two pilot projects, both of which were in the remedial investigation (RI) planning stage. The ORNL SAFER pilot project addresses the RI/feasibility study (FS) for a series of surface impoundments. At the Mound Plant, two projects involve removal actions. The third Mound project involves transferring property to the City of Miamisburg. An independent performance measurement team is measuring success in both quantitative and qualitative terms.
The 104th congress and federal facility environmental activities: A preliminary assessment
Authors: West Michael A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe outcome of the 1994 congressional elections represented a political sea of change that seems certain to have a major impact on federal facility environmental activities. Nevertheless, it is too soon to forecast with any precision the nature and full extent of changes by a Republican‐controlled Congress. The $300 million dollar Defense Environmental Restoration Account (DERA) cut (along with a $200 million cut in DOE cleanup funding) contained in the recently enacted Emergency Supplemental Appropriations and Rescissions for the Department of Defense to Preserve and Enhance Readiness 1995 Act suggests that there has been a significant change in congressional attitudes toward federal facility environmental requirements. Altogether, the Defense Appropriations Subcommittees have reduced the fiscal year 1995 DERA budget request by nearly one third. The fact that reductions of this magnitude failed to generate widespread comment or concern points to a continuation of congressional reductions to DOD and DOE environmental funding requests during the remainder of the 104th Congress.Efforts to hold down DOD and DOE environmental funding levels may also provide strong incentive for Congress to carefully review environmental statutory requirements and regulatory reform. However, the issues are complex and difficult, and a quick or successful outcome is by no means certain. What is more certain at the installation level is that all stakeholders are going to be challenged by recent developments in Congress, and federal facilities managers and personnel can play a key role in trying to make sure that these challenges are handled in a civil and constructive fashion. To do so you will have to work hard to preserve the partnerships that have been forged, keep everyone engaged and focused on providing the most responsible options, and, above all, keep in mind that funding allocations may have changed, but existing statutory and regulatory requirements have not. Thus, the duty of federal facilities managers and personnel remains to identify environmental requirements, pass them up the chain of command, and use available funding as best you can to comply with regulatory guidance.
NEPA: Determining when an analysis contains sufficient detail to provide adequate coverage for a proposed action
Authors: Eccleston Charles H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNeither the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) nor its subsequent regulations provide substantive guidance for determining the level of detail, discussion, and analysis that is sufficient to adequately cover a proposed action. Yet, decision makers are routinely confronted with making such determinations. Experience has shown that no two decision makers are likely to completely agree on the amount of discussion that is sufficient to adequately cover a proposed action. Lacking definitive guidance, decision makers and critics alike may point to a universe of potential factors as the basis for defending their claim that an action is or is not adequately covered. Experience indicates that assertions are often based on ambiguous opinions that can be neither proved nor disproved. Lack of definitive guidance slows the decision‐making process and can result in project delays. Furthermore, it can also lead to inconsistencies in decision‐making, inappropriate levels of NEPA documentation, and increased risk of a project being challenged for inadequate coverage. This article sets out a model specifically designed to streamline the NEPA process by providing a systematic approach for making these determinations. In many cases, agencies may find that using this model can reduce the analysis and size of NEPA documents.
Case study: Using a parametric model for environmental remediation cost estimating
Authors: Burns Thomas J. , Thurston Marland , Edgar Michael H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental remediation cost‐estimating models have been developed to reduce the uncertainty in budget estimates and in the contract preparation and negotiation process. The high cost of many remediation projects and the difficulty in arriving at realistic estimates are other factors driving model development. There are several methodologies used to produce cost estimates that have been standardized over time: comparative analysis, quantity take‐off or line‐item estimating, life‐cycle cost modeling, and parametric, or top‐down modeling. This article describes the Remedial Action Cost Engineering and Requirements (RACER) System, a parametric modeling system. Several specific models will be highlighted and their use to achieve a realistic cost estimate for CERCLA actions will be described.
Reducing remediation costs, schedule, and environmental liability at TVA
Authors: Huismann Scott S. , Burgess Blair D. , Addison Ronald E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo RCRA solid waste management unit/underground storage tank remediations were scheduled at the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Environmental Research Center, Muscle Shoals, Alabama. By negotiating health risk‐based alternative cleanup levels (ACLs), using advanced laboratory methods, and employing bioremediation technology, ENSR provided a solution that satisfied the state agency and saved TVA time and money. Eliminating the need for transportation and off‐site disposal, TVA's environmental liabilities were also mitigated. This article presents a “how‐to” case study for effectively managing remediation projects and costs.
Case study: The observational approach and fast‐track remediation at NSB kings bay
Authors: Belcher David M. , Sichelstiel Kurt D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRemediation of groundwater at NSB (Naval Submarine Base) Kings Bay proceeded from problem identification to groundwater treatment within a 22‐month period. This rapid implementation schedule resulted from application of observational approach methods to project management and technical decision making.Finding that groundwater containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as vinyl chloride and dichloroethene was migrating off base property, base authorities and ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (ABB‐ES) established a fast‐track investigation/remediation program embodying the ideals of the observational approach. The investigation/remediation program of NSB Kings Bay Site 11 has proceeded in three phases. The first stage of the investigation/remediation program was implemented to confirm the existence of the chlorinated VOCs in site groundwater. The second phase of the investigation/remediation program was initiated to halt further contamination migration and to further delineate groundwater contamination. The third stage of investigation/remediation, source reduction and final remediation selection, is currently under way.The uniqueness of the Kings Bay investigation/remediation program is in the approach to the problem. Compared to the traditional approach, which would have required a more comprehensive groundwater sampling and analysis program prior to remediation, the investigation/remediation approach applied at NSB Kings Bay allowed remediation to proceed on a more expeditious schedule, with an accepted amount of uncertainty derived from first‐stage groundwater data. It was also understood that modifications to the system would be made when deviations to the most probable conditions arose. As a result, contaminant migration has been effectively controlled, while further site investigation and source reduction evaluation have proceeded.
Considerations in designing a free product recovery system at NAF Adak, Alaska
Authors: Reis Richard S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe United States Navy has operated a military installation at Adak Island, Alaska, since 1943. Jet fuel (JP‐5) has been used as the primary fuel source on the island, including use as heating oil in the housing areas. Releases of JP‐5 to the subsurface were discovered in three housing areas in 1988, and a product recovery system was installed in 1989. The original product recovery system consisted of 16 recovery wells with dual‐phase pumps. Recovered product was pumped into storage tanks for recycling on Adak. Recovered water was discharged to the sanitary sewer. The volume of product recovered by the system has declined steadily since installation.The Navy retained EMCON in 1993 to investigate and evaluate the operational status and effectiveness of the existing recovery systems. EMCON determined that the product recovery systems were not operating as designed and that some of the plumes had migrated further beyond the effective zone of capture of the existing recovery wells. EMCON worked closely with the Navy to identify and design a new product recovery system that would effectively remediate the jet fuel product plumes while minimizing ongoing maintenance requirements.
A customer‐focused approach to improve environmental contracting
Authors: Jacobsen Jim L. , Levine Lawrence O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article summarizes a project in which a multiprogram national laboratory reevaluated its approach to contracting. With its significant contracting in environmental restoration and technology development and demonstration projects, the laboratory sought to realign its processes and evaluate alternative organizational structures in order to enhance its effectiveness. The contracts staff developed an approach to this reevaluation based on its mission and vision. Carefully working through many tasks, the contracts staff redesigned and restructured its organization to be more customer‐focused.The contracts department shifted from a functional, centralized specialization to cross‐functional teams often colocated with customers. Each team performs a much broader range of functions, providing both enhanced service to its laboratory customers and greater continuity of support. The new structure has also improved the laboratory's service to its external customers.
Integrating operational and environmental data in an air force base‐wide GIS
Authors: Conry Thomas , Hushon Judith , Goldberg Jane , Kneeling Karl 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVandenberg AFB is implementing a base‐wide Geographic Information System (GIS) that integrates operational, planning, engineering, and environmental functions. Military bases face not only traditional facilities management needs, but also complex environmental management requirements. The environmental staff has had to deal with increasing legal mandates to manage, monitor, clean up, and protect the base's natural and cultural resources. Similarly, the civil engineering (CE) staff has had to meet the ongoing need to plan for and manage the base's built environment. GISs have great potential to provide the necessary data sharing and integration and to extend the capabilities of both the environmental and CE functions. Vandenberg AFB is employing an innovative approach to GIS integration by using the Air Force Comprehensive Planning process to plan and implement a base‐wide, multifunctional GIS.
Using environmental partnering at navy facilities to produce results
Authors: Katz Alan W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFrom every avenue of concern comes the pressure today to accelerate the environmental cleanup of military installations while the available federal budget dollars decrease. The Navy has applied the principles of formalized partnering, adopted from the construction industry, and successfully accelerated many of its Defense Installation Restoration Program projects. Working together with federal, state, and local regulators, former adversarial relationships are being eliminated through committed team building centered on trust, open communications, and long‐term relationships. Top management is actively supporting environmental partnering with their own personal time and scarce departmental resources because they have experienced the improved working relationships that result in projects being completed in less time and often at or under budget. This article presents the elements of environmental partnering and provides two case studies in which it has been successful in producing real and measurable results.
Meeting the pollution prevention challenge at tinker air force base
Authors: James Jennifer , Heiniger Gordon G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractToday, the Air Force faces increasing environmental challenges. Stringent standards and past harmful practices dictate the need for smart pollution prevention and waste minimization strategies. Tinker AFB, Oklahoma, is responding to these challenges with an aggressive environmental program and is a recognized leader in the resolution of environmental problems, having won 29 major awards from academia, the private sector, and DOD.For 50 years, Tinker has played a vital role in the operational and logistical support of the Air Force's mission. To ensure that it not only corrects past practices but also, more importantly, anticipates future problems, the base has implemented sweeping changes in the area of pollution prevention.