bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Staphylococcal Infections and Chemotherapy in Children
Authors: Toyonaga Yoshikiyo , Hori Makoto 
Published: October 2007

AbstractStaphylococcal infections in childhood are of great inportance. Although serious diseases caused by staphylococci, such as septicemia and meningitis, have been decreasing in recent years, the mortality of these diseases is increasing. In this connection, it should not be overlooked that, in addition to increases in the number of cases with methicillin‐cephem‐resistant S. aureus (MCRSA) and multi‐resistant strains and of cases with acquired immuno‐deficiency due to medical treatment, an increasing emergence of coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS) as the etiology, due to such treatments as intratracheal intubation and VP‐shunt, and increases in the number of cases with toxic shock syndrome are encountered.MCRSA, which is at issue in recent years, is in many cases highly resistant, except to minocycline (MINO), fosfomycin (FOM) or vancomycin (VCM). Quite a few strains with good sensitivity to cefmetazole (CMZ) and cefamandole (CMD) of the cephalosporins (CEPs) have been noted. The antibacterial effect of CEPs of groups 1 and 2 including cephalothin (CET) is known to be excellent and likewise the effect of CMZ and MINO has proved also to be excellent.Therefore, in order to cope with the staphylococcal infections in the pediatric field, it is necessary to understand the real status of the resistance of bacteria to chemotherapeutics and aspects at issue in recent years and to take adequate measures from the viewpoint of the host‐parasite drug relationship.
Recent Chemotherapy for Child Pneunomia and Empyema
Authors: Uehara Suzuko , Nakamura Akira , Himi Kyoko , Namba Mami , Matsumura Chieko , Suzuki Hiroshi , Ishikawa Nobuyasu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractRecent progress in chemotherapy has contributed to the remarkable decrease in mortality from pneumonia in infancy and childhood; however, wide use of antimicrobials has resulted in incapability of etiologic diagnosis. Appropriate chemotherapy for pneumonia should be initiated based on the relative frequency of causative organisms related to age groups, and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Therapeutic development should be reevaluated by the pathogens isolated prior to antimicrobial administration. S. aureus is the most important causative agent in fatal cases of pneumonia. Judging from our studies on offending bacteria in bronchopulmonary infections, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and S. aureus are the major pathogens in pneumonia. Therefore, the main initial antimicrobials in uncompromised infants and children should be ampicillin (plus penicillinase‐resistant penicillin) covering these organisms. Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus, ampicillin‐resistant H influenzae and penicillin‐resistant S. penumoniae are of great concern. Chemotherapy for these strains is discussed. Treatment with macrolides is mainly recommended for M. pneumoniae. Chemotherapeutic results of treatment of C. trachomatis will be elucidated in a few years.
Chemotherapy of Urinary Tract Infection in Children—Especially Chemotherapy in the Acute Stage—
Authors: Iwai Naoichi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractChemotherapy in the acute stage of urinary tract infection in children in Japan, is discussed in regard to the actual state of major causative organisms and the drug susceptibility.The most important thing in the selection and administration of the drug used is to have a good understanding of severity and course of the patient's illness, his state of renal function, presence of underlying disease, etc., and a good knowledge of the characteristics of various drugs as well as the differences between them. In most cases, it seems proper to start the initial treatment by selecting those drugs which are considered appropriate from among the first generation cephems, the second generation cephems and synthetic agents, and in very severe cases, from among the second generation cephems or the third generation cephems, and to change to the most suitable drugs when the results of drug susceptibility tests become known.
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for Children with Malignancy
Authors: Kamiya Hitoshi , Arai Syojiro , Ota Yutaka , Inoue Masakazu , Bessyo Fumio , Hirotsu Takuo , Akatsuka Junichi , Sakurai Minoru 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInfection is the major complication occurring in children with cancer and is often fatal.Since the clinical manifestations of infection are slight, except for fever, a definitive diagnosis is difficult in the early phase of infection, but using laboratory parameters, the differentiation of bacterial infections may be possible to some extent. The infection cannot be treated only by antimicrobial chemotherapy, but supportive measures such as neutrophil transfusion, and other biological medications should be given in consideration of the deficiency of the immune defense mechanisms of the patient. Anticancer treatment is also needed, along with antimicrobial treatment.The prophylactic use of antimicrobial drugs is still controversial but it is effective, depending on the type of infection for which it is used, and on the status of the defective defense mechanism in the patient who is on cancer chemotherapy.
Detection of Cytomegalovirus‐Specific RNA in Frozen Tissue Sections by Biotin‐Labeled Hybridization Probe
Authors: Eizuru Yoshito , Mihara Mari , Minamishima Yoichi , Tsunematsu Yukiko , Okabe Nobuhiko 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA patient with neuroblastoma developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis and died. At autopsy, CMV was isolated from lung, liver, kidney and submandibular gland. With the biotin‐labeled CMV DNA probe, CMV‐specific RNA was detected in all the organs tested, including the spleen which was negative for virus isolation but positive for CMV‐specific antigens.
Effect of Growth Hormone on Lipoprotein Metabolism in Male Pituitary Dwarfs: Changes in Lipoprotein Lipase Activity and Cholesterol Level in HDL Subfractions
Authors: Asayama Kohtaro , Miyao Akiyo , Bradley Charles A. , Kato Kiyohiko , Burr Ian M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTo determine the effect of a chronic therapeutic dose (0.24 IU/kg/week) of growth hormone on the cholesterol concentration in serum lipoproteins and postheparin plasma lipase activities in previously untreated children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency, seven male patients under 10 years of age were studied before and three months after the initiation of growth hormone therapy. Lipase activity was measured by an immunochemical method. The cholesterol concentration in high‐density lipoprotein subfractions was determined, using a micromethod for ultracentrifugation. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not change significantly during treatment, while the high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased significantly after treatment to 79% of the baseline level, with an equal decrease of cholesterol concentration in both high‐density lipoprotein2 and 3. Lipoprotein lipase, but not hepatic triglyceride lipase, activity decreased significantly after treatment. These were not associated with changes in either thyroid status as determined by serum triiodothyronine levels or insulin responsiveness after oral glucose challenge, suggesting that these changes may be induced by a direct action of growth hormone.
Effect of High‐Carbohydrate Diet on Lipid Metabolism in Young Type I Diabetics: Transient Changes in High‐Density Lipoprotein2 and Lipoprotein Lipase
Authors: Asayama Kohtaro , Miyao Akiyo , Bradley Charles A. , Lorenz Rodney A. , Kato Kiyohoko , Burr Ian M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe short‐term effect of a high‐carbohydrate, low‐fat diet on lipoprotein metabolism was evaluated in eight young patients with type I diabetes mellitus. An isocaloric exchange diet containing 60% carbohydrate and 20% fat was administered for four weeks and serum lipid, high‐density lipoprotein and subfraction cholesterol, and the activity of the lipolytic enzymes in postheparin plasma were monitored. The assay methods for lipase activity and cholesterol concentration in high‐density lipoprotein subfractions were described previously. There were no appreciable changes in diabetic control, serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. The high‐density lipoprotein2 cholesterol level decreased significantly after two weeks on the diet and returned toward baseline levels thereafter. There was a significant correlation between high‐density lipoprotein2 cholesterol level and lipoprotein lipase activity. The high carbohydrate diet did not affect the glycemic control but induced a transient decrease in high‐density lipoprotein2 cholesterol mediated by the decrease in lipoprotein lipase activity.
Changing Panorama of Cerebral Palsy in Children of Low Birth Weight
Authors: Maekawa Kihei , Suga Yasumasa , Tsuzura Shigenobu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOf 2,840 out‐patients who visited the Tokyo Metropolitan Kita Rehabilitation Center in 1965, 1968, 1970, 1973, 1975 and 1978, 278 children with cerebral palsy (CP) of low birth weight were studied to analyse changes in type of CP in relation to gestational week, birth weight, perinatal factors and subsequent complications.1. The incidence of handicap associated with low birth weight in new out‐patients had not changed.2. The number of doubly handicapped CP patients was gradually increasing while number of uncomplicated CP patients was gradually decreasing.3. The number of children with tension athetosis was remarkably decreasing; the number of children with spastic quadriplegia was gradually increasing. Increase in number of the spastic type was found especially in the group whose birth weight was over 1,500 gm. and gestational week over 37 weeks. The numbers of spastic diplegia and hemiplegia patients had not significantly changed.4. In the athetoid group, the complication of severe jaundice was apparently decreasing since 1970 while the number of asphyxia cases was gradually increasing. In the spastic group, there were no remarkable changes in the perinatal complications.5. Of spastic quadriplegia patients 78.3% were of IQ of less than 67 while 33.3% of spastic hemiplegia and 23.5% of spastic diplegia patients had IQs of less than 67.31.4% of the athetoid type had IQs of less than 67.6. In the asphyxia group, 34 of 82 children with low birth weight CP (41.5%) had epilepsy.Our results suggest that the causes of brain damage in low birth weight infants are not merely preventable perinatal factors, but are due to a more complex interaction of prenatal and perinatal factors.
Neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiologic‐Based Therapy
Authors: Gersony Welton M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractRational management of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) in the newborn infant must be based on an understanding of underlying causes. When a specific diagnosis can be made, empirical treatment gives way to specific therapy. For every pathophysiologic abnormality potentially resulting in PAH, clinical entities can be identified and key therapeutic interactions can be considered.1. Pulmonary Venous Hypertension: PAH is secondary to obstruction of blood flow through the left heart. If based on anatomic abnormality (mitral or left atrial), surgical relief of obstruction is required. If PAH is the result or functional abnormality of the left ventricle (transient left ventricular ischemia), medical treatment of left ventricular failure is most important.2. Functional Obstruction of Pulmonary Vascular Bed: Hyperviscosity of blood (polycythemia ‐ HCT > 65) results in increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Treatment consists of reduction of red blood cell volume.3. Pulmonary Vascular Constriction: Hypoxemia with or without pulmonary parenchymal disease (primary or secondary persistent fetal circulation [PFC] syndrome). Therapy is directed at improvement of oxygenation and dilatation of pulmonary arteriolar bed (e.g. O2 hyperventilation and/or pulmonary vasodilator therapy).4. Decreased Pulmonary Vascular Bed: If primary pulmonary hypoplasia is present, no treatment is available. If secondary form (diaphragmatic hernia), surgical repair and pulmonary vasodilatation of contralateral lung is indicated. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used in severe cases.5. Increased pulmonary blood flow: Causes in the neonate include complex heart disease without pulmonary stenosis; and peripheral A—V fistula. Treatment: Surgical limitation of pulmonary blood flow may be required.Even when PAH is the result of combined etiologies, a prompt well‐organized clinical management plan can follow from understanding of pathologic principles.
A New Interpretation of Child Ecology for the Growth and Development of Children
Authors: Kobayashi Noboru 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA scientific basis to child ecology based on system theory and behavioral science is introduced. Every pediatrician wishes for the health of the body and the mind of children every time and everywhere. It can be said that child ecology is one of the most important approaches to our common goal. It is hoped that this paper may give pediatricians some insight into new interpretations of child ecology and the growth and development of children.
Echocardiographic and Pathoanatomic Assessment of Growth, Function and Chamber Volumes of the Normal Human Fetal Heart
Authors: Ninomiya Keiko , Onoda Yoshiaki , Ishikawa Tatsuo , Saito Masatoshi , Teshirogi Tadashi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTo assess the growth pattern, relative left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) sizes, function and volumes, 168 echocardiograms and 14 postmortem hearts of normal human fetuses were studied. LV and RV diameters, atrioventricular valve diameters, wall thicknesses and aortic diameter increased linearly with gestational age from 20 to 39 weeks, but percent changes in ventricular diameters and wall thickness were constant and similar between LV and RV in echocardiograms. The ratios of LV and RV diameters, wall thicknesses and mitral and tricuspid valve diameters were constant and were approximately 1.0 throughout the period studied in echocardiograms and postmortem hearts. LV and RV volumes in postmortem hearts were also similar. LV volumes of postmortem hearts were best approximately by an ellipsoid model, and clinical application of this model to echocardiograms showed a linear increase of LV volume with age and constant ejection fraction and LV output per body weight. These results suggest a linear growth pattern and constant systolic function of the fetal heart, and do not support the concept of RV dominance.
Growth of Japanese Fetuses ‐Analysis from the Viewpoint of Population and Biological Growth Curves‐
Authors: Yamada Takako , Nishida Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Kiyoko , Sakamoto Shoichi , Sakanoue Masamichi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn 1984, Peter Dunn postulated that infants from 28 weeks ‘gestation till 18 weeks’ postnatal age who grow normally have almost identical potential growth velocities, regardless of racial and geographic differences. He suggested that the straight line growth curve in this period could be used as a perinatal growth chart for international reference. We composed biological growth curves for Japanese fetuses by eliminating data with risk factors for fetal growth, and compared them with the curves of Dunn. Our conclusions are as follows:1) Japanese population fetal growth curves correspond with the curve of Dunn between 28 and 38 weeks' gestation.2) Even in ideal conditions, flattening of fetal growth after 38 weeks' gestation always occurs.3) In the early postnatal period, infants grow with the same straight line velocity as during fetal growth between 28–38 weeks' gestation. Infants from 28 weeks' gestation to 18 weeks' postnatal age have an almost identical growth potential in spite of some degree of growth constraint in utero after 38 weeks' gestation.
Multiple Insulin Injections in Adolescent Diabetics Using a Pen‐Type Syringe
Authors: Sasaki Nozomu , Miyamoto Shigeki , Nishioka Tadashi , Niimi Hiroo , Nakajima Hironori 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMultiple insulin injections using the NovoPen, a new device for insulin administration, were given for 12 weeks to seven adolescent patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (ages: 13–18 years; duration of diabetes: 4–14 years). Human Actrapid insulin was injected before every meal using the NovoPen, and human Monotard insulin was injected at bed‐time with a conventional syringe.The mean total daily insulin doses at the beginning and end of the study were 1.3 and 1.2 U/kg body weight, respectively. Monotard insulin was increased during the study. Blood HbAl values declined from 16% to 13% in two patients. The incidence of hypoglycemia did not increase and severe hypoglycemia did not develop. No patient reported difficulty in using the NovoPen. Some, however, had problems in administering insulin at school, but they preferred to continue using the device.The results show that, for adolescent patients,.the NovoPen offers advantages in management and may improve diabetic control.
Possible Role of Streptococcus pyogenes in Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome. Ill Electron Microscopic Observations on Group A Hemolytic Streptococci Inoculated into Mice
Authors: Akiyama Takehisa , Osawa Nobutaka , Nakasato Kazumi , Yamashina Shohei , Yamamoto Noboru , Tamaki Hideaki , Yashiro Kimio 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBecause of various circumstantial evidence, we have been asserting the streptococcal etiology of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS), although there has been no recovery of Streptococcus pyogenes from the patients at any site.The present study was designed to provide a satisfactory explanation for the failure to isolate these bacteria from patients with MCLS, by electron microscopic observation of group A ftera‐hemolytic streptococci which had been inoculated intramuscularly into mice.“Spherical bodies” were detected in biopsy specimens obtained from the infection sites from 10 – 14 days onward after infection; these were spherical, 0.5–1.5 yua in diameter, devoid of cell walls, perhaps uncultivable on any culture medium, and undistinguishable from those discovered in the buffy coat from peripheral blood of MCLS patients and described as ruined etiological microorganisms by Ueno et al.The implications of these findings, particularly in terms of the etiology of MCLS, were discussed.
Possible Role of Streptococcus pyogenes in Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome. IV Immunological Tolerance Following Exposure of Neonatal Mice to Live Attenuated Strains of Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Akiyama Takehisa , Osawa Nobutaka , Yashiro Kimio 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe absence of seroconversion to streptolysin O in convalescent patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome has been a perplexing problem for investigators who are in favor of a streptococcal etiology of the disease. In the present studies, mice subjected in the newborn period to an infection with a strain of Streptococcus pyogenes, which fails to confer cellular immuno‐responsiveness even in adult mice, and then reinfected four to six weeks later with another strain of the same species, which has an intrinsic ability to render mature murine hosts sensitive to streptococcal antigens, expressed an enhanced cell‐mediated immunity coupled with a lack of humoral responsiveness to the same antigens. Such immunological characters are an exact counterpart of those of MCLS patients. The involvement of these immunological characters in the pathological process of the disease is discussed.
Specific Responses to Staphylococcus aureus in Patients with Hyper‐lgE Syndrome
Authors: Yanagi Tadamichi , Yasui Makoto , Tsuji Yoshiro 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSpecific responses to Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) were assessed to prove a decrease or defect of specific protection against S.aureus in patients with hyper‐IgE syndrome (HIES). Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) production, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) production and response to IL‐2 were studied in three groups (A —patients with HIES, B — control patients with S.aureus infections, C — healthy controls). When lymphocytes or monocytes (Mo) were stimulated by lectins, there was no difference in the three groups. In the experiments concerning IL‐1 derived from Mo activated by S.aureus, the proliferation of cultured fibroblasts showed higher levels of DNA synthesis in the A or B group than in the C group. The IL‐2 derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) activated by S.aureus showed higher levels of activity in the B group than in the A or C group. The response to IL‐2 in the A group was decreased as compared with the C group, and a control patient aged 7 years showed the highest level of all subjects. When PBL were activated by S.aureus as a specific antigen, both IL‐2 production and response to IL‐2 showed lower levels of activity in the A group than in the B group.These results indicated that there was a defect or decrease of specific protection against S.aureus in patients with HIES.
Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Exercise Induced Asthma and the Refractory Period
Authors: Belcher Nick G. , O'Hickey Steve , Arm Jonathan P. , Lee Tak H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractExercise is a powerful stimulus to the development of asthma. In most asthmatic subjects the airways obstruction recovers spontaneously within 60 minutes, but in some subjects there is more prolonged airflow obstruction which requires bronchodilator treatment. Approximately 40–50% of subjects with EIA will show a refractory period of 2–4 hours after an initial exercise task, during which time an identical exercise task will evoke significantly less (%lt;50%) bronchoconstriction. In some patients, particularly children, EIA will be followed 3 to 9 hours later by a further episode of bronchospasm, termed the late asthmatic response. There remains considerable debate about the pathogenesis of EIA the refractory period and the late asthmatic response.
Study on Rapid Turnover Proteins in Neonates
Authors: Yen Ko‐Wen , Matsuo Masafumi , Nakamura Hajime , Matsuo Tamotsu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPrealbumin is a so‐called rapid turnover protein which has a relatively short half‐life of two days. It has been shown to be a useful indicator of nutritional adequacy in premature babies. Retinol‐binding protein (RBP) and transferrin are two other rapid turnover proteins. The purpose of this study was to determine whether serum retinol‐binding protein and transferrin can be used for evaluating protein‐calorie adequacy in neonates, by correlating serial measurements of their concentrations with serum prealbumin concentrations. Prealbumin, transferrin and RBP concentrations were measured by a single radial immunodiffusion method. Our study showed that there is a significant difference in mean concentration of serum prealbumin between full‐term AFD (appro‐priate‐for‐dates) and SFD (small‐for‐dates) babies (p < 0.05), but not in preterm babies. In normal birth‐weight infants, the concentration of RBP correlates positively with prealbumin (r=0.71), but this correlation was not observed in low birth‐weight infants (r = 0.58). We speculate that the concentration of RBP is an indicator of conditions other than protein nutrition. The serum concentration of transferrin does not correlate with prealbumin. Transferrin is a poor indicator of protein‐calorie adequacy in neonates.