bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMUNIZATION OF RABBITS TO PRODUCE HIGH SERUM TITRES OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES AND IMMUNITY TO THE PARALYZING TOXIN OF IXODES HOLOCYCLUS
Authors: Stone BF , Neish AL , Wright IG 
Published: August 2007

SummaryRabbits have been immunized against the effects of the paralyzing toxin of the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus by injecting them with preparations extracted from tick salivary glands. Immunized rabbits were able to withstand doses of toxin known to kill unimmunized rabbits.Neutralizing antibodies were detectable in serum after 2–4 doses of the crude extract or of the relatively pure antigenic fraction. When injections were continued at intervals of from 2–7 weeks, hyperimmunity was retained for at least 68 weeks. Hyperimmune serum, reaching a very high titre of neutralizing antibodies, was obtained after 3–6 injections. Titres tended to decline when boosting ceased, but after a ‘rest period’ high titres were restored by further boosting with normally lethal doses of toxin. No symptoms of tick paralysis developed despite low titres prior to boosting. Thus, once hyperimmunity had been established, high titres of circulating antibodies were not immediately essential for immunity to tick paralysis.An IgG fraction was obtained from rabbit serum using a Protein A‐Sepharose method; 33.4 μg of IgG protein fully neutralized, and 19.5 μg IgG half neutralized, 1 μg of crude toxin protein. This procedure with rabbits may permit the production of a purified tick‐paralysis antitoxin more suitable for human use than the existing antitoxin based on canine hyperimmune serum.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY RESTRICTION, ADRENALINE, HYDROCORTISONE AND SURGERY ON THE RATES OF DEATH OF 125IUdR‐LABELLED, INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED TUMOUR CELLS IN THE LUNGS OF MICE
Authors: Bishop CJ , Sheridan JW , Ablett G , Donald KJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryDietary restriction, adrenaline, hydrocortisone or surgery reduced the rate at which pulmonarily arrested 125IUdR‐labelled murine tumour cells were lost within 7 h of intravenous (i.v.) injection. Mice that had been adrenalectomised 10 days previously showed a normal intrapulmonary tumour cell loss rate with further surgery reducing this rate to approximately half that observed in normal mice that had been subjected to surgery. Thus, although it is likely that adrenal hormones play an important role in decreasing the rate of early intrapulmonary tumour cell loss, additional factors must be implicated.Mice subject to dietary restriction, adrenaline, hydrocortisone or surgery had reduced levels of in vitro growth inhibitor(s) in their sera. Despite this, individual surgically treated animals showed no correlation between serum in vitro growth inhibitor levels and rate of loss of i.v. injected tumour cells from the lungs. Furthermore, the 24 h pre‐incubation of tumour cells in inhibitor‐rich serum did not influence the subsequent loss rate of such cells following i.v. injection into mice.Electron microscopic studies indicated that dietary restriction, adrenaline and surgery reduced the rate of intravascular tumour cell death. The decreased tumour cell death rate in mice receiving these treatments could not be related, however, to any consistent morphological change in the pulmonary vasculature.The decreased rule of intravascular tumour cell death in treated mice was followed by an increased number of lung tumours with only one of the tumour lines studied, indicating that the intravascular death rate need not be a major determinant of pulmonary tumour incidence.
LUNG GRANULOMATOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY TO EGGS OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM IN MICE ANALYSED BY A RADIOISOTOPIC ASSAY AND EFFECTS OF HYBRIDOMA (IDIOTYPE) SENSITIZATION
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Garcia Edito G , Cruise Kathy M , Tiu Wilfred U , Hocking Robyn E 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe radioisotopic assay for acute granulomatous hypersensitivity (AGH) to eggs of Schistosoma japonicum in mice sensitized with eggs in adjuvant has been examined in the high responder strain. C57BL/6. Responsiveness is expressed as the lung‐kidney ratio of radioactivity in mice challenged intravenously with eggs and injected with 123I‐iododeoxyuridine, Eggs vary in their AGH sensitizing and eliciting potency; eggs proven to be superior in the circumoval precipitation (COP) test for detection of human serum anti‐S. japonicum antibodies are superior in the C57BL/6 AGH assay. CBA/H are non responders and BALB/c are low to intermediate responders and are thus different from C57BL/6 mice. Short‐term infected CBA/H mice are low COP antibody responders relative to infected C57BL/6 and titres of IgM anti‐egg antibodies are low in the CRA/H strain as determined in a solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA). Following egg sensitization. CBA/H mice are also lower responders than C57BL/6 mice in terms of antibodies with the specificity of a COP‐positive IgM hybridoma‐derived antibody, P.41, measured in a competitive RIA. No evidence has been obtained that alteration of the response to the target epitope of P.41 alters the responsiveness of C57BL/6 mice to S. japonicum eggs. Thus, large amounts of injected P.41 antibody do not alter lung AGH and induced anti‐idiotype responses to the P.41 protein do not influence AGH in egg‐sensitized C57BL/6 mice. However, immunization of C57BL/6 mice with another IgM anti‐schistosome hybridoma antibody, 1.39, results in partial inhibition of lung AGH responsiveness. The nature of the effect of 1.39 immunization on AGH to eggs remains unknown, but further analysis of the phenomenon may lead to novel approaches to the control of granulomatous inflammatory disease in high responders.
DISTRIBUTION OF SIX TF C (TRANSFERRIN) SUBTYPES IN CORD BLOODS AND BLOOD DONORS
Authors: Nicholls Catherine , Mulley JC 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIsoelectric focusing was used to subtype the common TF C phenotype into C1, C2 and C3, increasing the proportion of heterozygotes from virtually zero to 0.31. Five of the six subtypes of TF C were found in a series of 200 blood donors and 200 cord bloods. The frequencies of the three alleles were: TF*C1 = 0.80, TF*C2 = 0.17 and TF*C3 = 0.03 from cord bloods; and TF*C1 = 0.84, TF*C2 = 0.13 and TF*C3 = 0.03 from blood donors. These frequencies were comparable with estimates from other Caucasian populations. The average probability of detecting non‐paternity for this population is increased to 11% by subtyping C into C1 and C2, and further increased to 15% by subtyping C into C1, C2 and C3.
WOUND CONTRACTION, THE EFFECTS OF SCAB FORMATION AND THE NATURE OF THE WOUND BED
Authors: Snowden JM , Kennedy DF , Cliff WJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe effects of scab formation and the nature of the wound bed on the contraction of wounds have been investigated. Rabbit paraffin gauze dressed flank wounds with the panniculus carnosus intact and rat paraffin gauze dressed full skin thickness back wounds had constant linear rates of movement of the wound margins throughout the lime of contraction. Rabbit undressed wounds with the panniculus carnosus retained or excised and rat undressed wounds showed phases of rapid movement, no movement and normal movement of the wound margins during the course of contraction. These were effects of scab formation, they were transient and had little or no effect on the overall rate of wound contraction. The behaviour of rabbit undressed wounds with the panniculus excised was similar to that of comparable wounds with the panniculus intact, except that healing was delayed by approximately 3 days. Very variable behaviour was observed with rabbit paraffin gauze dressed wounds with the panniculus excised.
EFFECTS OF TUMOUR CELL CULTURE SUPERNATANTS ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF MACROPHAGES
Authors: Nelson Margaret , Booth ML , Nelson DS 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe following enzyme activities were measured in cell lysates and supernatants from mouse peritoneal macrophages incubated with products of cultured tumour and other cells: acid phosphatase, β‐D‐glucuronidase, N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosaminidase, muramidase (lysozyme), lactic dehydrogenase (supernatant only) and plasminogen activator (supernatant only). There were no noteworthy changes in enzyme activities. Hydrogen peroxide production by appropriately stimulated mouse and/or guinea‐pig peritoneal exudate macrophages was variably inhibited by supernatants from some tumour cells and some normal cells. Changes in these biochemical activities of macrophages do not appear to be closely related to the anti‐inflammatory activity of tumour cell products.
SERUM FACTORS IN EXPERIMENTAL NEPHROSIS PREVENT LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATION
Authors: Minchin MA , Bower GD , Turner KJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA factor found in the serum of rats made nephrotic by a single administration of puromycin aminonucleoside (PA) has been shown to inhibit the blastogenic response of normal rat spleen cells when stimulated with either phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A). Spleen cells removed from the nephrotic animals also exhibited a reduced capacity to incorporate thymidine when cultured with normal serum. This potent inhibitor was not cytocidal, and inhibition was not due to a lack of components essential for normal growth. Inhibition was not due to the excess of low density lipoproteins found in the nephrotic serum. Increasing mitogen concentrations in the presence of the nephrotic serum had little effect on inducing thymidine uptake by the normal spleen cells, while washing of the cells removed from the nephrotic animals appeared to partially overcome suppression of blastogenesis. The inhibitory factor was found to be less effective if the spleen cells had already been triggered by mitogen to undergo transformation in normal serum before the addition of the nephrotic serum.
THE INTERACTION OF ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES WITH NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC CELLS
Authors: La Posta Vincent J , Kotlarski Ieva 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe interaction of various cell types with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX activated macrophages was examined. P815 tumour cells, Concanavalin A‐activated blast cells and splenic lymphocytes were tested for their ability to bind to activated macrophages whilst the ability to inhibit macrophage‐mediated lysis of 51Cr‐labelled P815 tumour cells was tested with unlabelled tumour cells and blast cells. All three cell types were bound by activated macrophages but only P815 cells were lysed by the activated macrophages and only these cells could act as cold target inhibitors of cytolysis. This phenomenon could not be explained by the release of cytotoxic factors resulting from the interaction of blast cells with activated macrophages. The lack of cold target inhibition by blast cells may have been due to the detachment of initially adherent blast cells leaving the activated macrophages free to interact with tumour cells.
PLASMA OESTRIOL IN PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Goh HH , Lim LS , Wong PC , Ratnam SS 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe studied the plasma oestriol concentration during increasing gestation in 192 normal pregnancies and 96 pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Among the 96 patients there were 16 established, 32 gestational, 29‘persistent’ gestational and 19 either gestational or ‘persistent’ gestational diabetic pregnancies. Serial blood samples were collected and their concentrations of oestriol (total oestriol) determined by radioimmunoassay. The distribution of birth‐weights and placental weights around each gestational period was skewed to the right. Therefore, the 5th and 95th percentiles were obtained after computing a logarithmic transformation of the data. The incidence of big and small babies in all diabetic groups, except that in the gestational diabetic group, was significantly higher than that in the group of normal pregnant women. The distribution of oestriol concentrations was also skewed to the right and had to be normalized by logarithmic transformation. The oestriol profile in normal pregnancies had a wide scatter, especially after the 37th week. Serial measurements with reference to the normal oestriol profile showed a detection rate of approximately 85% for both normal and abnormal foetal outcome. There were 15% of false negative and 16% of false positive results. Results in this study indicate that serial blood oestriol measurement may be a useful additional index for foetal monitoring in pregnancies in diabetic women. Furthermore, if large scale screenings using a single estimation are performed, it is best carried out between the 33rd and 34th week of gestation.
LIPID COMPOSITION AND VIRULENCE OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS H37Rv
Authors: Khuller GK , Taneja R , Kaur S , Verma JN 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe total lipids increased with decrease in total phospholipids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV grown at 30° as compared to 37°. Oleic and elaidic acid supplemented to the growth medium resulted in a higher total lipid and phospholipid content, but the content was lower in cells grown in the presence of palmitoleic acid. Cellular content of mannophosphoinositides decreased, whereas that of phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin increased at the lower temperature. A decrease in mannophosphoinositides and an increase in cardiolipin were noted with all fatty acid supplements; however, phosphatidylethanolamine behaved differently. The unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio increased at low temperature with oleic and elaidic acid supplements, but it decreased with palmitoleic acid. Cells from media supplemented with palmitoleic acid were found to be most virulent to guinea‐pigs. Possible correlation of altered lipid composition and virulence of M. tuberculosis H37RV has been discussed.
AN AUTOMATED ASSAY OF MEROZOITE INVASION OF ERYTHROCYTES USING HIGHLY SYNCHRONIZED PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM CULTURES
Authors: Myler Peter , Saul Allan , Mangan Thomas , Kidson Chev 
Published: August 2007

SummaryPlasmodium falciparum cultures were synchronized using three lytic treatments with sorbitol. Schizonts from these cultures were used in a rapid, highly sensitive assay of invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites. The parasitaemias in recipient cells after invasion were determined by flow cytofluorimetry after staining with the dye 33258 Hoechst. Invasion of erythrocytes was shown to be reduced by serum from a patient with malaria. The assay is suitable for rapidly screening large numbers of samples, such as monoclonal antibodies.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TUMOUR RESISTANCE AND THE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO CYTOTOXICITY ELICITED BY SALMONELLA ANTIGENS IN IMMUNIZED MICE
Authors: Ashley Michael P , Kotlarski Ieva 
Published: August 2007

SummaryImmunization of mice with the attenuated 11RX strain of Salmonella enteritidis (11RX) induces resistance to intraperitoneal (i.p.) tumour growth. Tumour resistance is much greater and lasts for u longer time following i.p. immunization than following intravenous (i.v.) immunization. This paper extends our previous observations that, after this resistance is lost, it can be recalled by a T cell‐mediated reaction to an antigenic extract of the bacteria (11RX antigen) which is not protective in unimmunized mice. The duration of this sensitization to 11RX antigen was determined in mice immunized i.p. or i.v. with live 11RX by challenging them at various times after immunization with 131I (or 125I)‐labelled Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells alone or mixed with 11RX antigen. In vivo killing of EAT cells was assayed by monitoring whole‐body retention of radioactivity and this was correlated in the same mice with suppression of tumour growth and survival of the mice. The resistance recalled by 11RX antigen was short‐lived and In vivo cytotoxic activity had subsided by 6 days after antigen injection. 11RX antigen also recalled the ability of the peritoneal cells to lyse 51Cr‐labelled EAT cells in vitro and a close correlation was found between this activity and the cytotoxicity measured In vivo. The adherence properties of the cytotoxic cells and their inhibition by trypan blue indicated that they were macro‐phages
SUPERHELICAL TURNS OF CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA IN SOLUTION AND IN A GEL: EVIDENCE FOR A CONFORMATIONAL DIFFERENCE
Authors: Dougherty G 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe have compared the number of superhelical turns, τ, in circular covalently closed plasmid pBRβG DNA obtained by four different methods, each based on one particular distinguishing principle. Three of the methods allow an unequivocal determination of τ under gel electrophoresis conditions, whilst the fourth enables us to determine its value in solution. We were able to detect a significant difference between the two environments, corresponding to an unwinding of the DNA duplex angle by 0·3° when a sample is transferred from solution to gel. The possible existence of such an effect has been generally overlooked by previous investigators. Our result suggests that the previously reported value for the number of base‐pairs per helical turn should be adjusted downwards by about 0·10, so that it applies to conditions in solution.
RENAL AUTOTRANSPLANTATION IN SHEEP—PREPARATION AND PHYSIOLOGY
Authors: Wright RD , McDougall JG , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Hardy KJ , Potocnik SJ , Scoggins BA 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA novel procedure for renal autotransplantation in sheep is described. The operative procedure involved two preliminary operations for preparation of carotid artery and jugular vein loops and of a Wright‐type parotid fistula. At transplantation the renal artery and vein were anastomosed end‐to‐end to carotid artery and jugular vein and the ureter was anastomosed end‐to‐end to the parotid duct. The cranial ends of the carotid artery, jugular vein and parotid duel were ligated and the parotid gland was denervated. The remaining abdominal kidney was removed 2 days after transplantation. Over periods now as long as 36 months, glomerular filtration rate was 24·1±0·7 ml/min and effective renal plasma flow was 204±6 ml/min (73 determinations in 7 sheep), compared to values of 48±4 and 305±26 ml/min previously reported for sheep with both kidneys in situ. The physiological response of the kidneys to water load and deprivation, arginine‐vasopressin injection, intravenous hypertonic sodium load and 24 h sodium depletion have been examined and show the transplanted kidneys responded in the appropriate manner. Maximum urine osmolality of up to 1000 mOsmol/kg was observed after 24 h water deprivation, and minimum osmolality of 108±25 mOsmol/kg was observed after administration of 75 ml/kg oral water load. Fractional sodium reabsorption was >99·9% after 24 h sodium depletion, whilst it fell to 92·5±0·5% after intravenous administration of a hypertonic NaCl load. All these values are in the same range as observed for normal sheep following similar treatment. This preparation provides a sole kidney with immediate access to its blood vessels and secretions for physiological and pharmacological research.
A COMPARISON OF COUNTERFLOW CENTRIFUGATION AND UNIT GRAVITY SEDIMENTATION IN THE SEPARATION OF MOUSE BONE MARROW PROGENITOR CELLS
Authors: Attwood PA , Bertoncello I , Bradley TR , Hodgson GS 
Published: August 2007

SummaryBoth Unit Gravity Sedimentation and Counterflow Centrifugation separate cells primarily on the basis of size, However, when performed concurrently on the same normal mouse bone marrow cell suspensions, Unit Gravity Sedimentation was found to be far superior in terms of the recovery of total nucleated tell loud and the recovery and enrichment of two classes of functional progenitors: (1)those responsive to the combined stimulus of pregnant mouse uterus extract (PMUE) plus human spleen conditioned medium (HUSPCM), and (2), those responsive to PMUE alone. Neither technique was able to resolve PMUE from PMUE + HUSPCM progenitors. The major limitation of Counterflow Centrifugatton for the separation of sub‐populations of marrow cells is related to the complexity and range of cell sizes in marrow cell suspensions which lead to significant pellet formation within the elutriator chamber. Furthermore, cells undergoing Counterflow Centrifugation are subjected to forces not encountered in Unit Gravity Sedimentation. Therefore, the basis of the separations is not identical and this is reflected in cell volume distributions of comparable fractions separated by each method.
Cardiovascular effects of cannabinoids in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Wheal A J , Bennett T , Randall M D , Gardiner S M 
Published: August 2007

Background and purpose:In anaesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), there is evidence for up‐regulation of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors: antagonism of CB1receptors causes a rise in blood pressure, and administration of the endocannabinoid, anandamide, or inhibition of anandamide degradation causes hypotension. These findings have led to the suggestion that the endocannabinoid system may be a therapeutic target in hypertension. However, since the cardiovascular responses to cannabinoids are substantially influenced by anaesthesia, the purpose of this study was to assess regional haemodynamic responses to cannabinoid receptor stimulation and inhibition in conscious SHR.Experimental approach:Cardiovascular responses to i.v. administration of anandamide, the cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN 55212‐2, and the CB1receptor antagonist, AM 251, were measured in male SHR, Wistar Kyoto rats and outbred Wistar rats, chronically instrumented for recording renal, mesenteric and hindquarters haemodynamics in the conscious, freely‐moving state.Key results:Hypotensive responses to anandamide and WIN 55212‐2 only occurred in SHR, but these were relatively modest and not associated with CB1receptor‐mediated vasodilatation. In SHR only, anandamide caused bradycardia, which was inhibited by AM 251. Furthermore, a pressor response to CB1receptor antagonism occurred only in SHR, but was not associated with vasoconstriction. Moreover, there was some evidence for CB1receptor‐mediated vasoconstrictor actions of anandamide in SHR, which was not seen in the normotensive strains.Conclusions and implications:The results are consistent with activation of CB1receptors in SHR by endogenous ligands exerting an antihypertensive effect, but the findings do not indicate enhanced CB1receptor‐mediated vasodilator mechanisms in SHR.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 717–724; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707410; published online 13 August 2007
Chronic exposure of sensory neurones to increased levels of nerve growth factor modulates CB1/TRPV1 receptor crosstalk
Authors: Evans R M , Scott R H , Ross R A 
Published: August 2007

Background:Anandamide (AEA) activates both cannabinoid CB1 and TRPV1 receptors, which are expressed on cultured dorsal root ganglion neurones. Increased levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) are associated with chronic pain states.Experimental approach:The aim of this study was to compare of the effects of AEA on CB1 receptor signalling and TRPV1‐CB1 crosstalk in low and high concentrations of NGF, using voltage‐clamp electrophysiology and Fura‐2 calcium imaging.Key results:Chronic exposure to high NGF (200 ng ml−1) as compared to low NGF (20 ng ml−1) increases the proportion of neurones that exhibit an inward current in response to AEA (1 μM), from 7 to 29%. In contrast, inhibition of voltage‐gated calcium currents by AEA is not significantly different in low NGF (33±9%, compared to high NGF 28±6%). Crosstalk between CB and TRPV1 receptors is modulated by exposure to high NGF. In low NGF, exposure to the CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716A, (100 nM) increases the percentage of neurones in which AEA elicits an increase in [Ca2+]i, from 10 to 23%. In high NGF, the antagonist does not alter the percentage of responders (33 to 30%). In low NGF, exposure to the CB receptor agonist, WIN55 (1 μM) reduces capsaicin‐mediated increases in [Ca2+]i to 28±8% of control as compared to an enhancement to 172±26% of control observed in high NGF.Conclusions and implications:We conclude that cannabinoid‐mediated modulation of TRPV1 receptor activation is altered after exposure to high NGF.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 404–413; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707411; published online 13 August 2007