bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous wave ultrasound enhances vancomycin release and antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotic‐loaded acrylic bone cement in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Yan Shigui , Cai Xunzi , Yan Weiqi , Dai Xuesong , Wu Haobo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlthough antibiotic‐loaded bone cement (ALBC) is used as a drug delivery vehicle to decrease infection rates, the varied clinical effect of the antibiotic release remains controversial. The objective of this study is to investigate the enhancement of continuous wave ultrasound (CWU) on vancomycin release and antimicrobial efficacy of ALBC in vitro and in vivo. We measured vancomycin concentrations after a 0.5‐h exposure of CWU. The results showed that CWU increased the drug elution by 2.57–27.44% when compared with the controls in vitro. Ultrasonic intensity and vancomycin load both had a significant effect on the cumulative drug elution at 10.5 h, with a significant interaction between each other. We also implanted ALBC specimens into hip joints of sixteen New Zealand White female rabbits after inoculations of Staphylococcus aureus around primary implants for 30 days. Vancomycin concentrations in the hip cavity and urinary elimination of vancomycin were both measured after intermittent exposures of CWU. The results showed that CWU increased local Tmax by 47.6 μg/mL and urinary elimination of vancomycin by 109.56 μg, but failed to prolong local T>MIC. On day 30 after the implantation, assessment in clinical performance, radiology, bacteriology, and histology all showed a tendency of decreased bacterial vitality and relieved inflammation in the infected hip treated by CWU. This study suggested that CWU could effectively enhance vancomycin release and antimicrobial efficacy of ALBC, which may be of clinical significance for treating prosthesis‐related infections. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Mapping activation levels of skeletal muscle in healthy volunteers: An MRI study
Authors: Kinugasa Ryuta , Kawakami Yasuo , Fukunaga Tetsuo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo use muscle functional MRI (mfMRI) to compare activation levels within and among triceps surae (TS) muscles.Materials and MethodsSeven healthy males performed five sets of 10 repetitions of a unilateral heel‐raise exercise. T2‐weighted images were obtained before and immediately after the exercise. Pixels that showed T2 greater than the mean +1 SD of the region of interest (ROI) in pre‐exercise images and lower than the mean +1 SD of the ROI in post‐exercise images were identified. The remaining T2 values in the post‐exercise images were assigned to five categories indicated by color: red (highest level of activation), yellow, green, sky blue, and blue (lowest level of activation). The images were then used to construct three‐dimensional (3D) images from which the volumes at each level of activation were determined.ResultsWithin each of the TS muscles the % activated volumes with low and moderate levels of activation were larger than those with a high level of activation (P < 0.05). The % activated volumes with a high level of activation were larger in the medial gastrocnemius than the soleus (Sol; P < 0.05). The Sol had a larger % activated volume with a low level of activation than the lateral gastrocnemius (P < 0.05). Each activation level was nonuniformly distributed along the length within each TS muscle.ConclusionThere is substantial variation in the level of activation within and among the TS muscles; however, the activation level is mainly in the moderate to low range in all three muscles. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Murine spinal cord explants: A model for evaluating axonal growth and myelination in vitro
Authors: Thomson Christine E. , Hunter Anne M. , Griffiths Ian R. , Edgar Julia M. , McCulloch Mailis C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn vitro models of myelinating central nervous system axons have mainly been of two types, organotypic or dissociated. In organotypic cultures, the tissue fragment is thick and usually requires sectioning (physically or optically) before visual examination. In dissociated cultures, tissue is dispersed across the culture surface, making it difficult to measure the extent of myelinated fiber growth. We aimed to develop a method of culturing myelinated CNS fibers in defined medium that could be 1) studied by standard immunofluorescence microscopy (i.e., monolayer type culture), 2) used to measure axonal growth, and 3) used to evaluate the effect of substrate and media components on axonal growth and myelination. We used 120‐μm slices of embryonic murine spinal cord as a focal source of CNS tissue from which myelinated axons could extend in a virtual monolayer. Explants were cultured on both poly‐L‐lysine and astrocytes. The latter were used because they are the scaffold on which axonal growth and myelination occurs during normal development. Outgrowth from the explant and myelination of axons was poor on poly‐L‐lysine but was promoted by an astrocyte bed layer. The best myelin formation occurred in defined media based on DMEM using N2 mix; it was not promoted by Sato mix or Neurobasal medium with B27 supplement. Neuronal survival was poor in serum‐containing medium. This tissue culture model should facilitate the study of factors involved in promoting outgrowth of CNS axons and their myelination. As such it is relevant to studies on myelination and spinal cord repair. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The identification and significance of 2‐phenylethylamine in foods
Authors: Chaytor John P. , Crathorne Brian , Saxby Michael J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTechniques are described for the extraction and analysis of amines from foods, employing gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The presence of 2‐phenylethylamine is demonstrated in samples of chocolate, cheese and certain red wines. Subsequent clinical trials have shown that this amine precipitates migraine attack in dietary migraine sufferers.
Metabolites in golden delicious apples as possible parameters of acceptability
Authors: Gorin Natalio , Rudolphij Jan W. , Heidema Frouwke T. , Van Der Vuurst De Vries Rid G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe ripening process of “Golden Delicious” apples, harvest 1972, during storage at 4 °C under controlled atmosphere, was assessed sensorially with a palatability test based on the attributes flavour, sweetness or sourness, and texture. After 130 days of storage 50% of the apples had flavour pertaining to ripe (pleasant to eat) stage and 50% pertaining to overripe (unpleasant to eat). The same proportions for sweet‐sour relation (ripe and overripe) and texture (ripe and overripe) were reached after 180 days of storage, when fruits became clearly inedible. This showed that flavour was the first attribute to deteriorate and therefore it constituted the limiting factor of the internal quality of apples. Consequently the following criterion was adopted: the internal quality of a batch of apples remained satisfactory until the proportion of apples assessed as of ripe flavour (40–50 %) was similar to the proportion of apples with overripe flavour (40–50%). This moment coincided with the inflexion point in the graph of sucrose content per initial fresh weight of apples against time and with the fall of L‐malate below about 0.40%. The inflexion point of the graph for citrate was earlier than the inflexion for sucrose.
A method for separating the hydrolysis products of monocalcium phosphate to test their effects on soils and crops
Authors: Le Mare Peter H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method was developed to test separately on crops the compounds formed when a granule of concentrated superphosphate hydrolyses in soil. An amount of monocalcium phosphate (MCP) equal to that in a granule of superphosphate was placed in a small glass tube with glass fibre filter paper on its base; a moist plug was put in the top of the tube which was placed on moist soil in a pot; the whole was covered and left for six days. MCP hydrolysed and triple‐point solution moved into the soil. The residue in the glass tube was transferred to another pot. In laboratory experiments the composition of the residue was that of dicalcium phosphate showing that the products of hydrolysis were like those from MCP hydrolysed in concentrated solution. Movement of the triple‐point solution in soil was similar to that in experiments made by Tennessee Valley Authority.
A rapid method for estimating nitrate‐nitrogen concentration in field soils
Authors: Hunt John , Ng Wai Y. , Barnes Anthony , Greenwood Duncan J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA rapid method is described to enable farmers to measure the NO3‐N levels in a field simply and cheaply. It involves taking soil cores from the field, kneading them with water in polythene bags, adding the resulting suspensions to test strips of reagent impregnated paper and estimating the intensity of colour that develops. A formula to relate the errors incurred at each step to the overall error of the method was derived. These components of error were estimated and their substitution into the formula enabled the overall errors in using the method to assess nitrate concentrations in different fields to be calculated. The largest component of error was the variation in NO3‐N from core to core within a field. The median value over a range of sites was 57%. For a soil with this value the overall standard error in estimating NO3‐N concentration was 22% which is similar to that found with the methods of soil analysis currently used for advisory purposes. The increased number of determinations in the rapid method compensated for larger errors in each individual measurement so that the overall error in estimation by rapid and standard methods were both dominated by core to core variability. Measurements of NO3‐N concentration in each of 18 different fields by the rapid method were in reasonably good agreement with those made entirely independently by a laboratory procedure.
Effects of SO2 on sulphur and nitrogen fractions and on free amino acids in perennial ryegrass
Authors: Cowling Derek W. , Bristow Andrew W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn investigation was made of the S and N fractions and of the free amino acids in the shoots of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv S23 grown in soil with and without added sulphate and in filtered air containing 0 and 400 μg SO2 m−3. Exposure to SO2 of potentially S‐deficient plants alleviated the signs of deficiency; compared to deficient plants, the content of total and sulphate S was increased and the ratio N:S, as well as content of free amino acids, including asparagine and glutamine, was decreased. Similar exposure of plants grown with an adequate supply of S through the soil increased the content of sulphate but resulted in no significant alteration of the content of free amino acids.
Nutritive value of potato crude protein as influenced by manuring and amino acid composition
Authors: Eppendorfer Wilfried H. , Eggum Bjørn O. , Bille Søren W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPotatoes were grown in pots and fertilised with varying amounts of nitrogen (as nitrate or ammonium sulphate or urea), phosphorus, potassium and cow manure. The largest yield, 451 g DM per pot, was obtained with nitrogen in the form of urea. N‐applications and P‐ and K‐deficiency in the soil increased the total‐N content, which varied from 1.14–3.07%. Concentrations of nitrate‐N (0.001–0.016%) were negligible. Increasing N‐concentrations were associated with decreases in the crude protein of most amino acids including lysine (6.26–4.17%), threonine (4.08–2.90%), methionine (1.98–1.46%) and tryptophan (1.74–0.86%). The concentrations of aspartic and glutamic acids (probably mainly present as their amides) increased. Differences in amino acid composition between boiled and unboiled potatoes were negligible. From 70 to 90% of the decrease in concentration of most essential amino acids could be accounted for by changes in N‐content of dry matter. Phosphorus and potassium affected the amino acid composition indirectly through their effects on N‐content. In rat feeding experiments increasing N‐concentrations in potatoes increased the true digestibility of the crude protein from 79 to 91 but decreased the biological value from 82 to 59. The net protein utilisation did also decrease (from 67 to 54). These relationships were linear below 2.2% N in dry matter. Changes were mainly dependent on variations in N‐content. Decreases in essential amino acid indices or chemical scores were closely reflected in the results of the feeding experiments. The true amino acid digestibilities were different for individual amino acids and increased with increasing N‐concentration in dry matter.
The bulk shipment of apples: Inhibition of superficial scald by oil‐impregnated paper
Authors: Goldenberg Nathan , Hammond Stanley , Firth Lance 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe inhibition of superficial scald in certain varieties of apple, now achieved by the use of the anti‐oxidants, ethoxyquin and diphenylamine, can also be achieved by the use of oil‐impregnated paper. Previously, this had been done by wrapping each apple individually in an oil‐impregnated piece of paper. It has now been demonstrated that this is not necessary. Good results can be obtained by using oil‐impregnated strips of paper spread uniformly throughout the carton or bin in which the apples are packed.
Purine and pyrimidine utilisation by chicks fed nitrogen‐limiting diets
Authors: Felix D'Mello J. P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe responses of chicks to purine and pyrimidine supplementation of diets severely limiting in the dispensable amino acids have been measured in three experiments. In experiment 1, combined additions of adenine and uracil to a diet with a nitrogen (N) content of 19.84 g kg−1 DM enhanced growth and dry matter intakes to levels similar to those attained by chicks receiving an equinitrogenous supplement of glutamic acid. Chicks in the latter group, however, had the best efficiencies of carcass N deposition. In experiment 2, growth, dry matter intakes and efficiency of food conversion of chicks fed a diet with 23.36 g N kg−1 DM were improved markedly by combined supplements of adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine. Equinitrogenous inclusions of guanine; guanine with thymine; uracil with thymine; or uracil with adenine were ineffective. Efficiency of carcass N deposition declined appreciably on supplementing the basal diet with purines and pyrimidines in different combinations, appreciable reductions occurring with additions of thymine; uracil with thymine and uracil with adenine. The low N efficiencies observed in the last two groups were improved by combined additions of adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine. The highest efficiencies of N utilisation occurred in chicks fed a glutamic acid supplement. In experiment 3, the simultaneous addition of uracil, adenine and guanine was as effective in stimulating the growth performance of chicks fed a diet with 18.89 g N kg−1 DM as a more complex mixture including cytosine. The best growth and efficiency of food conversion values were recorded in the group receiving supplementary glutamic acid.
The evaluation of pesticide residues in food: Procedures and problems in setting maximum residues limits
Authors: Raymond Bates J. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReliable data on residues of pesticides in treated crops/foodstuffs are required for the pre‐market registration of pesticides and for setting maximum residues limits. These limits are normally based on the maximum residues found following good agricultural practice provided that these levels are toxicologically acceptable. The evaluation of residues data and the estimation of an acceptable daily intake for a pesticide in assessing the possible health hazards to the consumer present certain problems. These may arise from, for example, the design and sampling of field trials and adequate analytical procedures, as well as from information, or lack of it, on metabolism, degradation and manufacturing impurities. Although many regulatory bodies have introduced national or regional residues limits, pesticide residues in food is a subject of international concern and the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues has made considerable progress in producing recommended world‐wide standards. Studies on pesticide residues in foodstuffs and in total diets are carried out in many countries and are generally reassuring.
The determination of total glucosinolates in rapeseed meal by titration of enzyme‐liberated acid and the identification of individual glucosinolates
Authors: Croft Anthony G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExtracts of rapeseed meal were reacted with an enzyme active extract of white mustard seed and the liberated acid titrated to give a measure of total glucosinolates. The original rapeseed extracts were examined by thin layer chromatography to identify the glucosinolates and estimate the amounts of 2‐hydroxybut‐3‐enylglucosinolate, but‐3‐enylglucosinolate and pent‐4‐enylglucosinolate, by comparison with an allylglucosinolate standard.
A collaborative study on the determination of cyst(e)ine in feedingstuffs
Authors: Williams Alwyn P. , Hewitt David , Cockburn John E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWork was carried out at eight laboratories to assess the Moore1 and Spencer and Wold2 procedures for the determination of cyst(e)ine in casein, fishmeal, extracted leaf protein concentrate, groundnut, soya bean and wheat. Variation between duplicate hydrolyses within laboratories was similar by both methods (mean coefficients of variation 4.3 and 5.0 %) and smaller than the variation between laboratories (mean coefficients of variation 14.8 and 14.3%). Both methods appear to provide a satisfactory means of estimating cyst(e)ine in feedingstuffs with the exception of casein, but the Moore1 method is preferred because methionine is estimated at the same time.
Blossom‐end rot in tomatoes
Authors: Dekock Pierre C. , Hall Alexander , Inkson Robert H. E. , Alan Robertson R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBlossom‐end rot (BER) of tomatoes has been studied in a glasshouse using varieties both prone and resistant to the disorder. The plants were grown in modules of peat with different amendments of lime and fertiliser and in a commercial peat mix containing magnesium ammonium phosphate as a slow release fertiliser (‘Enmag’). Nutrient solutions containing nitrogen as the ammonium ion, the nitrate ion, urea or ammonium nitrate were added daily. The incidence of BER was high with the ammonium nitrogen and was aggravated by ‘Enmag ’With nitrate nitrogen, incidence of BER was much reduced or negligible, whereas with urea or ammonium nitrate, the incidence was intermediate. Higher levels of calcium reduced the disorder. Chemical analyses of the blossom‐end of affected and healthy tomatoes showed that in BER tissues both calcium and iron were reduced whereas the potassium and phosphorus contents and the potassium‐malate ratios were increased.
Use of leaf enriching harvesting methods to increase the yield of leaf protein concentrate from lucerne
Authors: Edwards Richard H. , Knuckles Benny E. , Miller Raymond E. , Currence David H. , De Fremery Donald , Kohler George O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA prototype leaf stripping machine and a conventional forage harvester with a raised header were used to obtain high protein lucerne (alfalfa) fractions. The stripped lucerne leaves and lucerne tops contained 26.2 and 27.2% protein, respectively. Pilot‐scale extraction of the ground leaves and the ground tops resulted in leaf protein concentrate (LPC) yields of 18.8 and 20.0%, respectively, compared with 12.8 and 15.7% for the appropriate whole lucerne control. LPC yields as high as 27.4% were obtained by the addition of lucerne solubles to the lucerne tops prior to grinding. Low LPC yields (4.0–8.0%) were obtained from the lucerne stem fraction. After processing, the press cake fraction from the leaf‐enriched feed materials still contained over 17% protein.
The in vitro lipolysis and biohydrogenation of monogalactosyldiglyceride by whole rumen contents and its fractions
Authors: Singh Sudarshan , Clement Hawke J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe contribution of bacterial, protozoal, participate and cell‐free fractions of rumen fluid to the lipolysis of monogalactolipid and the hydrogenation of its acyl constituents has been examined. Each of these fractions hydrolysed monogalactolipid and free fatty acids were the major acyl products. Almost all the radioactivity added as monogalactolipid to rumen fluid was distributed between the particulate and bacterial fractions and half to two‐thirds of the radioactivity in each of the four fractions was recovered as free fatty acids. Both 16:3 and 18:3, after release from monogalactolipids, were hydrogenated to 16:2 and 18:2 at short incubation times. As incubation was continued there was a rapid decline in dienoic fatty acids and an increase in saturated and monoenoic fatty acids. There was a greater accumulation of trans‐18: 1 than cis‐18:1. Only the particulate fraction of rumen fluid gave patterns of hydrogenation similar to that obtained with rumen fluid. Bacteria in free suspension had little ability to hydrogenate trienoic fatty acids beyond the dienoic stage and neither protozoa nor the cell‐free supernatant gave significant biohydrogenation of trienoic fatty acids. On the other hand, the presence of monoenoic and dienoic fatty acids in the bacterial, protozoal and cell‐free fractions isolated from total rumen fluid after incubation with monogalactolipid indicated their transfer to these fractions after biohydrogenation in the particulate fraction.
A micromethod for the screening of individual seeds and cotyledons of Brassica napus and brassica campestris (rapeseed) for low sinapine content
Authors: Fenwick G. Roger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe association of sinapine with the fishy or crabby odour present in eggs laid by certain brown egg laying hens when fed diets containing rapeseed meal indicates the desirability of removing sinapine from the original rapeseed. A method is presented whereby seeds and cotyledons of Brassica napus and B. campestris may be selected for low levels of sinapine. The method, based on microextraction, rapid chromatographic separation of sinapine and visual estimation of its fluorescence allows detection of 0.025 μg sinapine and enables 300‐400 seed samples to be screened daily.