bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prepartum milking effects on parlour behaviour, endocrine and immune responses in Holstein heifers
Authors: Eicher Susan D , Schutz Michael , Kearney Francis , Willard Scott , Bowers Susan , Gandy Scott , Graves Kenneth 
Published: July 2007

Transition of primiparous heifers to the milking herd is a period with multiple stressors. The objective of these studies was to determine effects of parlour experience and prepartum milking (pre-milking) on behavioural and physiological indicators of stress after calving. Two experiments were conducted, one was in a free-stall housing confinement system and the second was in a modified grazing system. Forty-eight first-calf heifers were assigned to three treatments: control; experienced heifers taken through the parlour without milking; or pre-milk heifers milked for 3 weeks prior to estimated parturition. Blood was collected within 24 h of parturition and on days 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 following parturition for cortisol and acute phase protein determination. In the grazing system, 20 heifers were assigned to a prepartum milked or control group as in the confinement system and behaviour observations included days −21, −14, −7, −5, −3 and −1 relative to calving and days 1, 3, 7, 9, 14, and 16 post-calving. Milk production was greatest for prepartum milked heifers in both housing systems. However, somatic cell score was reduced by prepartum milking only in the confinement system. Balking occurred least in parlour-experienced heifers. In confinement housing, shifting while in the parlour was the only behaviour that was greater at first milking in control heifers. Kicking was most frequent for parlour experienced heifers on day 2. Grazing system pre-milked heifers shifted more at their first milking (day −21) than did the controls at their first milking (day 1). Shifting within cow was greatest on day −21 compared with day −5 (P<0·05). Pre-milked heifers shifted more on day 1 post-calving than did the control heifers (P<0·05). These results showed that shifting was the most indicative behaviour of restlessness, was transient, and decreased by day 5 prior to calving. Cortisol and α1-acid glycoprotein concentrations were not different; however, haptoglobin increased for all treatments up to and including day 3 and haptoglobin concentrations of pre-milked heifers began to decrease by day 5 post-calving. Pre-milked heifers had lower haptoglobin concentrations than the control heifers and tended to have lower concentrations than experienced heifers on day 10 post partum. By day 14 post partum, all haptoglobin concentrations were <200 μg/ml, but the haptoglobin concentration of control heifers was greater than that of pre-milked and experienced heifers. These results showed that prepartum milking and parlour experience shorten some acute phase protein responses, but minimally affect early parlour behaviours.
Standardised method of selecting surgical approaches to benign parapharyngeal space tumours, based on pre-operative images
Authors: Kanzaki S , Nameki H 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMany approaches to the parapharyngeal space have been reported. However, few reports describe parapharyngeal space tumours and the best surgical approach to these tumours. We retrospectively examined the surgical approaches we used to resect 22 parapharyngeal space tumours. In order to determine the best surgical approach for each tumour, we first subdivided the parapharyngeal space into six compartments, based on anatomical landmarks seen on computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging scans. We then determined the location of each tumour relative to these six parapharyngeal space compartments. In our series of cases, we found that large tumours spanning the superior portion of the parapharyngeal space could be completely removed through a skull base approach. To remove a large tumour in the middle and inferior portion of the parapharyngeal space, a transparotid approach was the most suitable. Finally, a tumour in the inferior portion of the parapharyngeal space was best accessed through a transcervical approach.
Fazlul Huq, Region and Religion in Bengal: The Forgotten Alternative of 1940–43
Authors: AIYAR SANA 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the wake of the Government of India Act of 1935, provincial politics emerged as a challenge to the authority and legitimacy of all-India, centralised political parties. While the Congress and the Muslim League set up a binary opposition between secular and religious nationalism, provincial politicians refused to succumb to the singularity of either alternative. Partition historiography has been concerned with the interplay of national and communal ideologies in the 1940s, overshadowing this third trajectory of regional politics that was informed by provincial particularities. This article traces a short-lived alternative that emerged in Bengal between 1940 and 1943 under the premiership of Fazlul Huq. Huq produced a peculiar form of identity politics that appealed not only to religious sentiment but also to regional loyalty that cut across the religious divide. Significantly, he did so without resorting to secular claims. By challenging Jinnah's claim to being the sole spokesman of Muslims in India and highlighting the different concerns of a province with a Muslim majority, Huq reconciled the twin identities of religion and region within the same political paradigm, and foreshadowed the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971.
The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: Converging neuroimaging evidence
Authors: Jung Rex E. , Haier Richard J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract“Is there a biology of intelligence which is characteristic of the normal human nervous system?” Here we review 37 modern neuroimaging studies in an attempt to address this question posed by Halstead (1947) as he and other icons of the last century endeavored to understand how brain and behavior are linked through the expression of intelligence and reason. Reviewing studies from functional (i.e., functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography) and structural (i.e., magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, voxel-based morphometry) neuroimaging paradigms, we report a striking consensus suggesting that variations in a distributed network predict individual differences found on intelligence and reasoning tasks. We describe this network as theParieto-Frontal Integration Theory(P-FIT). The P-FIT model includes, by Brodmann areas (BAs): the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BAs 6, 9, 10, 45, 46, 47), the inferior (BAs 39, 40) and superior (BA 7) parietal lobule, the anterior cingulate (BA 32), and regions within the temporal (BAs 21, 37) and occipital (BAs 18, 19) lobes. White matter regions (i.e., arcuate fasciculus) are also implicated. The P-FIT is examined in light of findings from human lesion studies, including missile wounds, frontal lobotomy/leukotomy, temporal lobectomy, and lesions resulting in damage to the language network (e.g., aphasia), as well as findings from imaging research identifying brain regions under significant genetic control. Overall, we conclude that modern neuroimaging techniques are beginning to articulate a biology of intelligence. We propose that the P-FIT provides a parsimonious account for many of the empirical observations, to date, which relate individual differences in intelligence test scores to variations in brain structure and function. Moreover, the model provides a framework for testing new hypotheses in future experimental designs.
The status of Sus giganteus Falconer & Cautley, 1847 (Mammalia: Suinae) from the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Pickford Martin 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA re-examination of the lectotype of Sus giganteus Falconer & Cautley, 1847, reveals that it is a suine, as originally thought by its discoverers, and not a tetraconodont as recently published. It may belong to the genus Propotamochoerus as proposed by Azzaroli in 1989. This reassessment radically modifies tetraconodont systematics published recently by Van der Made (1999).
Petrogenesis of Mesoproterozoic (Subjotnian) rapakivi complexes of central Sweden: implications from U–Pb zircon ages, Nd, Sr and Pb isotopes
Authors: Andersson U. B. , Neymark L. A. , Billström K. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTU-Pb zircon geochronology of Mesoproterozoic (Subjotnian) rapakivi complexes in central Sweden yields: 1526 ± 3 Ma (Mullnäset), 1524 ± 3 Ma (Mårdsjö), 1520 ± 3 Ma (Nordsjö) and 1497 ± 6 Ma (Rödön). Together with complexes further S in Sweden, they constitute the westernmost, youngest (1·53−1·47 Ga) belt of rapakivi magmatism in the Fennoscandian shield.The low initial εNd values (−8·9 to −4·8) of all studied Subjotnian basic, intermediate and silicic rocks, require an input from an old (Archaean) low-radiogenic source component, as evidence for Palaeoproterozoic protoliths in the age range 2·5−2·1 Ga is lacking in this region. Crustal, early Svecofennian + Archaean (roughly 30−40%) sources are suggested for the Subjotnian A-type granites and syenites, where the granites derive from undepleted, granodioritic, and the syenites from monzodioritic (±depleted crustal) protoliths. The basic rocks originate from a depleted mantle acquiring the enriched Nd isotopic signatures during interaction with an Archaean lower crust (20−40%), largely depleted after rapakivi melt extraction. Pb isotope data from feldspars (207Pb/204Pb to 15·018−15·542) support the presence of Archaean components in the magmas.The results indicate that an Archaean basement is underlying relatively wide areas of Svecofennian formations in central Sweden. This old basement section was most likely rifted off the Archaean craton in the NE in Palaeoproterozoic times.
Silurian and earliest Devonian birkeniid anaspids from the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Blom H. , Märss T. , Miller C. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe sculpture of scales and plates of articulated anaspids from the order Birkeniida is described and used to clarify the position of scale taxa previously left in open nomenclature. The dermal skeleton of a well-preserved squamation of Birkenia elegans Traquair, 1898 from the Silurian of Scotland shows a characteristic finely tuberculated sculpture over the whole body. Rhyncholepis parvula Kiær, 1911, Pterygolepis nitida (Kiær, 1911) and Pharyngolepis oblonga Kiær, 1911, from the Silurian of Norway show three other sculpture types. Northern Hemisphere disarticulated scales and plates are described here, supporting a new anaspid taxonomy that includes both articulated and disarticulated material. The diversity, distribution, evolutionary trends and biostratigraphy of anaspids are described in the context of this new taxonomy, which includes six families (two are new) subdivided into 16 genera (10 are new) and 22 species (15 are new).New taxa among Birkeniidae Traquair, 1898 are Birkenia robusta sp. nov. and Hoburgilepis papillata gen. et sp. nov.. Rhyncholepididae Kiær, 1924 includes Rhyncholepis butriangula sp. nov., Silmalepis erinacea gen. et sp. nov., Vesikulepis funiforma gen. et sp. nov., Maurylepis lacrimans gen. et sp. nov., and the previously described Schidiosteus mustelensis Pander, 1856 and Rytidolepis quenstedtii Pander, 1856. Tahulalepididae fam. nov. is represented by Tahulalepis elongituberculata gen. et sp. nov. and the revised T. kingi (Woodward, 1947). Septentrioniidae fam. nov. contains Septentrionia lancifera gen. et sp. nov., S. mucronata gen. et sp. nov., S. dissimilis gen. et sp. nov., S. seducta gen. et sp. nov., Liivilepis curvata gen. et sp. nov., Spokoinolepis alternans gen. et sp. nov. and Manbrookia asperella gen. et sp. nov. The family level position of Ruhnulepis longicostata gen. et sp. nov. is uncertain. Pterygolepididae Obruchev, 1964 and Pharyngolepididae Kiær, 1924 remain monogeneric.
A chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician and lower Silurian strata of the Girvan area, Midland Valley, Scotland
Authors: Vandenbroucke Thijs , Verniers Jacques , Clarkson Euan N.K. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTForty-six samples, taken from the Upper Ordovician and lower Silurian strata of the Girvan district, Midland Valley of Scotland, yield moderately well-preserved and diverse assemblages of chitinozoans. The area was chosen to study the composition of the chitinozoan assemblages, rarely described before in Scotland, which lay at the south-eastern margin of the Laurentia palaeocontinent. These assemblages are compared with those of the same age on other palaeocontinents, representing a critical time when both the Iapetus and Tornquist oceans were closing, thus forming the Caledonide and associated orogens. It is possible to correlate the chitinozoan occurrences at Girvan with those of other parts of Laurentia (Quebec area), other palaeocontinents such as Baltoscandia (Sweden, Estonia), Avalonia (Wales, Brabant Massif) and some parts of Northern Gondwana (Saudi Arabia). For the lower Silurian, it is possible to correlate with the global chitinozoan biozonation, and a calibration between the chitinozoan occurrences and the graptolite biozonation of Girvan is established. Several levels within the Balclatchie, South Shore, Three Mile, Shalloch, Wood Burn, Lauchlan, Drumyork Flags and other formations are accurately dated.
Mandibles of rhizodontids: anatomy, function and evolution within the tetrapod stem-group
Authors: Jeffery Jonathan E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Rhizodontida (Pisces: Sarcopterygii) is a clade of predatory fishes from the Upper Devonian (Aztecia; ?Givetian of Antarctica) through to the Upper Carboniferous (Strepsodus; Moscovian of northern Europe and North America). They form the most basal plesion within the tetrapod stem-lineage. The mandibles were dominated by large symphysial tusks on the dentary. Not much else is known of the mandibles in primitive rhizodontids. However, later forms show several derived characters: the mandible is very deep dorsoventrally and narrow linguolabially; the coronoid fangs bear only a single fang and no other dentition; the Meckelian element was unossified, leaving the adductor fossa unfloored by bone; the prearticular produced a large dorsal process lingual to the adductor fossa, presumably for muscle attachment. These and other characters are discussed in the context of the evolution of the tetrapod stem-group.The mandible appears to have been split into two functional units, one comprising the firmly sutured prearticular, coronoids and dentary, the other comprising the firmly sutured infradentaries. The connection between the two units was weak, suggesting a longitudinal intramandibular hinge. The possibility that this acted as a ‘torsion grip’ during feeding is discussed.
Adequacy of the Early Ordovician trilobite record in the southern Montagne Noire (France): biases for biodiversity documentation
Authors: Vizcaïno Daniel , Álvaro J. Javier 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe litho- and biostratigraphical subdivisions of the Tremadocian-Arenigian succession of the southern Montagne Noire are hereby revised. The Lower Ordovician diversity patterns are estimated through statistical analysis of 27 families, 64 genera and 132 species of trilobites across nine interval zones; from bottom to top: the Proteuloma geinitzi, Shumardia (Conophrys) pusilla, Euloma filacovi, Taihungshania miqueli, Taihungshania shui landyranensis, Colpocoryphe maynardensis, Neseuretus (Neseuretus) arenosus, Apatokephalus incisus and Hangchungolithus primitivus zones. Maximum trilobite diversity occurred within the E. filacovi and A. incisus zones, alternating with two sharp declines (S. (C.) pusilla and T.shui landyranensis zones), in both cases drastically related to transgressive-regressive trends. Trilobites attained their highest diversity in muddy outer-platform settings, decreasing in fine-grained sandstones and siltstones of shoreface environments, where trilobites could still be numerically abundant. Four major trilobite turnovers are recognised at the bottom of the P. geinitzi, S.(C.)pusilla, E. filacovi and T. shui landyranensis zones, in which survivors from previous intervals are not reported at specific level, and important generic replacements took place. Despite the relative incompleteness of the Lower Ordovician trilobite record, envisaged after analysing the high proportion of monotypic taxa and discontinuous ranges of some families, the trilobite record is representative enough to estimate diversity patterns, although a better understanding of the palaeoenvironmental control will greatly enhance biodiversity resolution.
A new specimen of Paleomerus hamiltoni (Arthropoda; Arachnomorpha)
Authors: Tetlie O. Erik , Moore Rachel A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA fourth specimen of the enigmatic Lower Cambrian arthropod Paleomerus hamiltoni is described from the Mickwitzia Sandstone of Sweden. The nature of the telson of P. hamiltoni was previously unknown and it has been assumed that the abdomen consisted of 12 segments, the posterior-most being elongate and tapering. This new material constitutes a mould of the entire animal and a cast of the posterior-most abdominal segment and telson, proving that the abdomen consists of 11 segments and a short, tapering telson, which was previously misinterpreted as the twelfth abdominal segment. The presence of 11 abdominal segments in P. hamiltoni eliminates significant diff erences between it and Strabops thacheri, supporting assignment to Strabopidae and rendering the family Paleomeridae redundant.
A redescription of Chasmataspis laurencii Caster & Brooks, 1956 (Chelicerata: Chasmataspidida) from the Middle Ordovician of Tennessee, USA, with remarks on chasmataspid phylogeny
Authors: Dunlop Jason A. , Anderson Lyall I. , Braddy Simon J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe type material of Chasmataspis laurencii Caster & Brooks, 1956 (Chelicerata: Chasmataspidida) from the Middle Ordovician (Tremadoc to Caradoc) of Sevier County, Tennessee, USA, is redescribed, and comparisons are drawn with recently discovered Devonian chasmataspids from Scotland, Germany and Russia. The depositional setting of the C. laurencii fossils is reinterpreted as an ash fall into shallow marine/tidal sediments. Chasmataspis laurencii confirms the presence of 13 opisthosomal segments in Chasmataspidida, a character of unresolved polarity. The phylogenetic position ofC. laurencii is difficult to resolve. A monophyletic Chasmataspidida has one convincing autapomorphy in the nine-segmented postabdomen, but C. laurencii shares a number of characters with xiphosurans (i.e. cardiac lobe, pre-abdomen with axial region, biramous and chelate limbs), while the Devonian taxa more closely resemble eurypterids (i.e. through pediform limbs and a genital appendage). Earlier interpretations of the respiratory system in C. laurencii appear unconvincing in the light of new evidence from Devonian forms with opisthosomal opercula. Resting impressions of a Chasmataspis-like animal from the Upper Cambrian Hickory Sandstone of Texas, USA, also appear to show evidence of opercula. These Texan fossils could represent the oldest record of Euchelicerata. Two chasmataspid families are recognised, and C. laurencii is placed in the monotypic Chasmataspididae Caster & Brooks, 1956, redefined here on the fused pre-abdominal buckler with an axial region and the narrow, elongate post-abdomen ending in a long, lanceolate telson.
The geology of the northern half of the Rhynie Basin, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Authors: Rice C. M. , Ashcroft W. A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA new geological map of the Early Devonian Rhynie Basin has been produced by traditional methods supplemented by trenching to bedrock and a ground magnetic survey. This shows that the basin margins are mostly fault-controlled and three trends are recognised: NE–SW, NNE–SSW and N–S. Three sets of open folds are distinguished with axial traces trending NE–SW, E–W and roughly NW–SE. The faults defining the basin margin and the folding may be related to basin formation within a regional strike-slip system of Early Devonian age.The stratigraphic succession comprises three mappable units: a lower mixed unit of sandstones, shales, conglomerates and andesitic lava (>700 m), a middle unit of laminated grey shale and siltstone (>300 m); and an upper unit of laminated sandstones and shales (>300 m). These correlate with the Tillybrachty Sandstone and Quarry Hill Sandstone Formations (lower unit), and the Dryden Flags Formation (middle and upper units).Small areas containing abundant chert float found outside the Rhynie SSSI may represent the surface expression of chert pods within the middle unit of laminated grey shale and siltstone, which also hosts the Rhynie cherts. The Windyfield cherts occur within the upper unit. No further centres of hydrothermal activity have been found in the northern half of the basin
Fluids and hydrothermal alteration assemblages in a Devonian gold-bearing hot-spring system, Rhynie, Scotland
Authors: Baron M. , Hillier S. , Rice C. M. , Czapnik K. , Parnell J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTHydrothermal alteration at Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, is concentrated along a fault zone, which juxtaposes surface deposits and the mineralised feeder zone to the Rhynie hotspring system. Mineralisation consists of breccias and veins filled with quartz, chert, calcite, K-feldspar and pyrite. Associated pervasive alteration comprises a high-temperature K-feldsparquartz-illite facies (formed at 250–350°C), a medium-temperature mixed layered illite/smectitequartz-K-feldspar-chlorite-calcite facies (formed at 150–200°C) and a low-temperature mixed layered illite/smectite-chlorite-calcite facies (formed at 100 to +150°C). The fluids responsible for mineralisation were mainly moderate- to high-temperature (Th =91–360°C), low-salinity (<0·2 to 2·9 wt.% NaCl eq.) H2O-NaCl-heated meteoric fluids comparable to modern and ancient hot-spring systems. The migration of these fluids was mainly restricted to a major fault zone bounding the Devonian basin. Fluids responsible for mineralisation, alteration and cementation elsewhere in the basin were low-temperature (Th 57 to 161°C), low- to high-salinity (<0·2 to 18 wt.% NaCl eq.) H2O-NaCl fluids, which resemble basinal brines.
A harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the Early Devonian Rhynie cherts, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Authors: Dunlop Jason A. , Anderson Lyall I. , Kerp Hans , Hass Hagen 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) is described from the Early Devonian (Pragian) Rhynie cherts, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Eophalangium sheari gen. et sp. nov. is the oldest known harvestman. The material includes both males and a female preserving, respectively, a cuticle-lined penis and ovipositor within the opisthosoma. Both these structures are of essentially modern appearance. The Rhynie fossils also show tracheae which are, again, very similar to those of living harvestmen. This is the oldest unequivocal record of arachnid tracheal respiration and indicates that E. sheari was terrestrial. An annulate, setose ovipositor in the female suggests that it can be excluded from the clades Dyspnoi and Laniatores, in which the ovipositor lacks such annulations. However, the penis shows evidence of two muscles, a feature of uncertain polarity seen in modern Troguloidea (Dyspnoi). The presence of median eyes and long legs excludes Cyphophthalmi, and thus, E. sheari is tentatively referred to the suborder Eupnoi. Therefore, this remarkable material is implicitly a crown-group harvestman and is one of the oldest known crown-group chelicerates. It also suggests an extraordinary degree of morphological stasis within the eupnoid line, with the Devonian forms differing little in gross morphology – and perhaps in reproductive behaviour – from their modern counterp