bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WIRKUNG DES FUNKTIONSZUSTANDES DER SCHILDDRÜSE AUF DEN STOFFWECHSEL DER ÖSTROGENE IN DER MIKROSOMEN-FRAKTION DER RATTENLEBER
Authors: Lehmann Wolf Dietrich , Breuer Heinz 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The metabolism of [4-14C] oestrone has been investigated in the microsomal fractions of liver of euthyroid, hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and thyrotoxic rats; the formation of the ether soluble, water soluble and protein-bound fractions was studied. It was found that the biotransformation of oestrone depended upon the function of the thyroid.
Oestrone was metabolised to a higher degree in hyperthyroid rats, but to a lesser degree in thyrotoxic and hypothyroid rats. The behaviour of the ether soluble, water soluble and protein-bound fractions exhibited marked differences between the various groups of animals studied. In hyperthyroid and thyrotoxic rats, the metabolism of the ether soluble fractions was accelerated, and the formation of the protein-bound fractions was faster and more extensive than in euthyroid rats; in hypothyroid animals, only small differences in the protein-bound fraction were observed. In all four groups of animals, the amounts of the water soluble fractions were approximately the same.
After incubation of oestrone with the microsomal fractions of liver of euthyroid, hyperthyroid, thyrotoxic as well as hypothyroid rats the following metabolites were identified in the ether soluble fractions: 6α-, 6β-and 7α-hydroxyoestrone, 6α- 6β- and 7α-hydroxy-17β-oestradiol, 16α-hydroxyoestrone, oestriol and 17β-oestradiol. The amounts of metabolites formed depended upon the functional state of the thyroid.
No increased 16α-hydroxylation of oestrone was noticed in the ether soluble fraction of hypothyroid rats, whereas in the hypothyroid human an increase in the excretion of oestriol in urine as compared to normal subjects is observed (Brown & Strong 1965; Fishman et al. 1965).
This discrepancy may be explained by species differences, by an extrahepatic metabolism of oestrone or by differences in the conjugation of oestriol. To obtain more information about the interrelationship between thyroid function and the metabolism of oestrone in liver, further investigations of the chemical nature of the water soluble and the proteinbound metabolites of oestrone are necessary.
3H-CORTICOSTERONE METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Lowy ]. , Albepart T. , Pasqualini J. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
3H-Corticosterone was administered intravenously into two rats. After 80 min the animals were sacrificed and the radioactive material of the different tissues (intestine, liver, kidneys, lungs, adrenals, spleen and the remainder of the animal) was analyzed. Most of this material was found in the intestine and in the liver in a conjugated form and identified as ester-sulphates. This material mainly consisted of hexahydro- and of tetrahydro-derivatives. Corticosterone 21-sulphate was identified in this fraction. 7 to 12% of the radioactivity corresponded to polar conjugated steroids non-hydrolyzed by β-glucuronidase, sulphatase or solvolysis treatment. After hydrolysis of this fraction by the enzymes of succus entericus of Helix pomatia, the radioactive material liberated mainly consisted of hexa- and tetrahydro-corticosterone metabolites.
CONTRACEPTION BY AN INJECTABLE, LONG-ACTING OESTROGEN-PROGESTOGEN AGENT
Authors: Plesner Rolf 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The author reports the results of a clinical study on 17 fertile women treated through a total of 120 cycles with Deladroxate, an injectable, long-acting oestrogen-progestogen. The injections were administered on the 8th (7th–9th) day of each cycle. Before treatment was started, the patients were observed through 2 cycles with regard to cycle length as well as duration and amount of flow. Moreover, ovulation was assessed by means of daily recording of basal body temperature (BBT), pregnanediol analyses, total pituitary gonadotrophin analyses, and endometrial biopsies.
In some cases the dosage had to be increased because of a shortening of the cycle. The mean cycle length during the treatment was 24.2 days, though with fairly marked variations (mean cycle length before institution of treatment: 28.2 days).
Duration of flow ranged from 3–35 days. About 84% of 108 withdrawal bleedings lasted for 4–8 days. Of the flows 56 % were of normal amount, while the majority of the remaining 44 % were scantier than in the patients with normal periods.
The ovulation-inhibiting effect of Deladroxate was assessed by daily recording of BBT, pregnanediol and pituitary gonadotrophin assays, and endometrial biopsies. Five of the 41 BBT curves (41 cycles) were biphasic. Four out of 34 endometrial biopsies, obtained on the 23rd day of the cycle, showed a secretory phase. Forty out of 41 cycles were anovulatory, as assessed by the pregnanediol excretion, while in 1 cycle the excretion pattern was not characteristic. In 20 out of 37 cycles there was a definite depression of gonadotrophin excretion, while in 17 cycles the excretion pattern was not characteristic.
The effect of Deladroxate on the adrenal cortex was studied by means of 17-ketogenic steroid and 17-ketosteroid excretion. With both groups of steroids there seemed to be a tendency to a reduced excretion during treatment. No changes in the fibrinogen, prothrombin, GO-transaminase, bilirubin, or thymol values were observed during treatment.
Side effects during treatment, recorded in 11 of the 17 subjects, were in most cases slight and transient. The most common complaints were breast tenderness, oedema, and irregularities of bleeding. No pregnancy occurred during treatment.
PLASMA LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE IN PREGNANCY MEASURED BY A RAPID COMPETITIVE PROTEIN BINDING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Johansson Elof D. B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Plasma levels of progesterone* were measured during normal human pregnancy by a sensitive and rapid competitive protein binding technique. During the first half of gestation 440 determinations in 321 women and in the second half of gestation, 209 determinations in 160 women were performed.
The average plasma level of progesterone in the 5th week of gestation was 24.8 ± 7.3 (s) ng/ml which is above the normal range of the luteal plateau of the menstrual cycle (10–20 ng/ml). Between the 5th and the 9th week of gestation the plasma concentration decreased significantly. From the 9th to the 32nd week of gestation the plasma level of progesterone increased from 16.7 ± 7.4 (s) to 125.2 ± 37.9 (s) ng/ml. During the last 8 weeks of gestation the plasma levels of progesterone did not show any significant rise. One woman was followed up from the day of ovulation to the 8th week of gestation. An increase in progesterone levels was observed about 10 days after ovulation. Morning samples of progesterone, which were taken before the 20th week of gestation, when the woman was still in bed, were found to be somewhat higher than levels found during the remainder of the day.
Progesterone concentrations in a few abnormal pregnancies are also reported.
1,2-3H-TESTOSTERONE: DISTRIBUTION AND UPTAKE IN NEURAL AND GENITAL TISSUES OF INTACT MALE, CASTRATE MALE AND FEMALE RATS
Authors: Roy S. K. , Laumas K. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
This report deals with a comparative study of the uptake of radioactivity in the genital, neural and other tissues of intact male, castrate male and female rats after constant infusion of radiochemically pure 1,2-3H-testosterone. Castration has been found to have a marked effect in enhancing the uptake of radioactivity in the different tissues particularly liver and kidney which have a metabolic and excretory role.
Prostate and seminal vesicles, on the other hand, did not show any difference in uptake in intact and castrate rats. The uptake of testosterone and its metabolites in the prostate of intact animals was 3.46 × 10−9 m. In experiments on subcellular localization of radioactivity after constant infusion of 1,2-3H-testosterone, it was found that prostate and seminal vesicle had heavy localisation in the nuclear and 105 000 × g soluble fraction while the major localisation of radioactivity in the case of nontarget tissues like liver, intestine, muscle etc. was in the soluble fraction. Castration caused a higher uptake of radioactivity in the anterior pituitary gland, anterior and middle hypothalamus also, which could be explained on the basis of the negative feedback of the hormone. An interesting feature of the uptake of testosterone and its metabolites in the female rat was the high uptake in the anterior pituitary gland, and the various parts of the hypothalamus. These findings are discussed in light of information available on the action and feedback of sex hormones.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STEROID PRODUCTION FROM ENDOGENOUS PRECURSORS AND FROM ADDED RADIOACTIVE PRECURSORS BY RAT ADRENAL TISSUE IN VITRO. THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPHIN
Authors: Vinson G. P. , Whitehouse B. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A method is described for the simultaneous measurement of mass and isotope content of five corticosteroids elaborated during incubations of rat adrenal tissue with added radioactive precursors. The compounds investigated were deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, and aldosterone.
Striking differences were observed between the incorporation of radioactive precursors and the tissues' endogenous precursors into these products. Steroid production from endogenous precursors and from radioactive precursors both showed wide variation, but there was no correlation between the two parameters. Furthermore, pituitary corticotrophin (ACTH) suppression, by prior in vivo administration of cortisol, specifically depressed the mass of subsequently formed corticosterone, while the incorporation of isotope into all the products was unaffected. Addition of ACTH (Synacthen®, Ciba) to the incubation medium partly restored the control condition. Experiments using adrenal capsule tissue and inner zone tissue alone showed that the production of deoxycorticosterone occurred throughout the cortex.
The findings were interpreted as indicating that in rat adrenal in vitro incubations, exogenous and endogenous precursors by no means form a homogeneous pool. It is possible that conversion of radioactive precursors is governed only by the degree of penetration of the endogenous pool, whereas conversion of endogenous precursors may be affected by changes in hydroxylase activities, including those involved in the biosynthetic pathway after the point of pregnenolone formation.
WATER METABOLISM IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED BRATTLEBORO (DI) RAT
Authors: Bauman John W. , Van Wegen C. , Weil-Malherbe J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
To re-examine the relative roles of the anterior and posterior pituitary hormones in diabetes insipidus, the effects of hypophysectomy and hormone replacement therapy in hereditary diabetes insipidus rats (Brattleboro strain) was compared with effect of similar treatment of rats without diabetes insipidus.
In agreement with experiments on surgically induced diabetes insipidus, hypophysectomy sharply reduced water intake in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI rats). Water intake remained considerably higher, however, in these rats than in the non-DI rats following hypophysectomy. ADH treatment reduced water intake nearly to levels seen in non-DI rats. In water deprivation studies it was found that urine concentrating ability of the hypophysectomized non-DI rats was almost twice that of the hypophysectomized DI rats.
None of the hormones tested restored water turnover of the hypophysectomized DI rats to that seen in sham operated controls. ACTH and T3 increased water intake, but not to levels seen in DI rats with intact pituitary glands.
These experiments lead us to concur with those who hold that maximal flow in diabetes insipidus requires the participation of the anterior pituitary hormones. In addition these experiments indicate that ADH or ADH like material is physiologically functional in hypophysectomized rats (other than the Brattleboro strain), and that its presence accounts for the absence of diabetes insipidus following pituitary removal.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOUSE OVARY FROM BIRTH TO MATURITY
Authors: Peters Hannah 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Changes occur in the infant ovary which develop the structurally simple organ at birth to a highly complex one in the maturing animal. The ovary in the immature mouse is not a dormant organ but one that is characterized by a continuous growth and development and a concurrent continuous degeneration of oocytes and follicles. The stroma cells which are present in the ovary at birth are apparently a pool of cells with multiple potentialities, which contribute to the development of the earliest granulosa and theca cells. The interfollicular stroma of the juvenile ovary, however, originates from collapsing and contracting follicles. The quantitative changes in the oocyte and follicle population during the immature period lead to a marked reduction in the total number of oocytes and a simultaneous numerical increase in follicles at different stages of development. Factors influencing oocyte atresia and follicle development in the immature mouse are discussed.
FOLLICLE GROWTH IN THE IMMATURE MOUSE OVARY
Authors: Pedersen Torben 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The growth of follicles in the immature mouse ovary was investigated in autoradiographs prepared after pulse-labelling with tritiated thymidine. Three parameters, which determine follicle growth were estimated:
The number of follicles present in the ovary at different ages. The time it takes follicles to grow from one stage of development to another. This was calculated from the total number of granulosa cells in these stages and from their doubling times. The doubling time of granulosa cells was determined from their labelling index and the duration of their DNA-synthesis phase. The number of follicles, which start on their development at different ages.
It was found, that the follicle development is not constant in the period from birth to maturity, but varies considerably. More follicles start to grow in the young than in the older immature mouse. Moreover the follicles grow faster early in life than later. The development from a follicle with one layer of granulosa cells to one with several layers and antrum formation takes about 10 days in the first half of the immature period, while it takes about 16 days as the animal approaches maturity. It was furthermore shown, that about 850 follicles start to grow in the immature period.
STERILITY DUE TO RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS IN MICE: A STUDY OF OVARIAN COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
Authors: Holmberg E. A. D. , Pasqualini Christiane Dosne , Rabasa S. L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The administration of 60 μCi of 32P to pregnant BALB mice induced sterility in the offspring due to destruction of the gonads. The testes presented aspermatogenesis, trophic Leydig cells and normal secondary sex characteristics. The ovaries showed re-absorption of the primary and secondary follicles, absence of ovulation and progressive luteinization of the stroma, as well as atrophy of the uterus and dioestrus. Apart from the alteration in the pituitary feedback mechanism as a result of these gonadal lesions, a direct effect of 32P on the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis was observed. In these animals the uptake of 32P by the hypothalamus was significantly lower than in normal or castrated controls. The compensatory hypertrophy of the ovary, 1 month after hemi-castration was significantly decreased. The intrarenal grafting of a normal ovary in a 32P-treated host led to lower compensatory hypertrophies than in normal hosts, as determined both 1 and 3 months after grafting. These results were obtained in female and male hosts of 1, 3 and 6 months of age, with transplanted ovaries aged 1, 3 and 6 months respectively. In all the groups, ovarian compensatory hypertrophy was higher in the male than in the female hosts, but the differences between 32P treated and normal hosts were more significant in the females. This difference persisted even when castration of the host was carried out 1 month before grafting of the ovary and when 32P was administered 1 day after removal of the gonads, thus eliminating any secondary effect. It can be concluded that the administration of 32P during foetal life, apart from causing lesions in the gonads, has a direct effect on the hypothalamus with subsequent alteration in the output of gonadotrophins.
LONG-ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR (LATS) IN TOXIC NODULAR GOITRE, TOXIC ADENOMA AND GRAVES' DISEASE
Authors: Lamberg B.-A. , Gordin A. , Viherkoski M. , Kvist G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) was determined by means of the McKenzie assay in 68 patients with hyperthyroidism. The patients were classified into the following groups:
Group 1. Graves' disease (diffuse goitre with hyperthyroidism with or without exophthalmos). Of the 35 patients tested 25 (71 %) were LATS-positive. Group 2. Graves' disease with nodular goitre (nodular goitre with hyperthyroidism and with exophthalmos). The present series includes only 4 such patients, although this combination is by no means uncommon in Finland. Two of the patients were LATS-positive. It has been suggested that these patients represent Graves' disease superimposed upon endemic nodular goitre. Group 3. Toxic nodular goitre. The present series comprises 23 patients with toxic multinodular goitre, of whom 10 (44%) were LATS-positive. In view of the findings on thyroid palpation, on thyroid scintigraphy, the presence or absence of LATS in the blood and some other criteria, these patients can be divided into two categories, (a) one with Graves' disease superimposed upon nodular goitre of endemic origin (see group 2) and (b) the other with classical multinodular goitre. Analysis of the scintigrams showed that in some patients (with either exophthalmos or LATS in the blood and nodular goitre = Graves' disease + nodular goitre) it was not the nodules that were activated but the paranodular tissue, a finding which gave a scintigram typical of patients with classical Graves' disease. In some LATS-positive cases, however, some nodules were also activated to the same extent. The difference between these scintigrams and those typical of classical multinodular goitre is particularly stressed since in Finland »toxic nodular goitre« is the prevailing type of hyperthyroidism.
Group 4. Single toxic adenoma. Two patients out of 6 were LATS-positive. This is in contrast to the findings of other authors according to which LATS has never been found in patients with toxic adenoma. A hypothesis is put forward that in these patients subclinical Graves' disease (LATS in the blood) coincided with a primarily autonomous, hyperactive but not necessarily toxic single thyroid adenoma, which was more susceptible to the stimulating activity of LATS than the surrounding tissue.
THYROXINE BINDING PROTEINS OF MOUSE SERUM AT PHYSIOLOGICAL pH
Authors: Gordon Amirav , Coutsoftides Theodore 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The binding properties of mouse serum for L-3'5'3,5 tetraiodothyronine (T4) and L-3'3,5, triiodothyronine (T3) were investigated by agar gel electrophoresis in several buffer systems at pH 7.4 and pH 8.6. Mouse serum binds T4 and T3 in the albumin and the α-globulin regions; these were designated as mouse thyroxine binding albumin (TBA) and mouse thyroxine binding globulin (TBG). The fractional distribution of T4 varied with the buffer, the pH and the molarity of the system. Mouse TBG contained two binders, the first with a binding capacity of 14.0 × 10−7 m and the second with a binding capacity of 54.3 × 10−7 m. The effect of various inhibitors on thyroxine binding by mouse TBG suggests that mouse TBG behaves in some respects like human TBG and in other respects like human thyroxine-binding pre-albumin (TBPA).
THE FREQUENCY OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS WITH TURNER'S SYNDROME AND PURE GONADAL DYSGENESIS
Authors: Nielsen J. , Johansen K. , Yde H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and growth hormone response to a glucose load were studied in 10 patients with Turner's syndrome and 3 patients with pure gonadal dysgenesis. It was found that 60 per cent of the patients with Turner's syndrome had a diabetic GTT. This is a frequency which is significantly higher than expected. None of the patients with pure gonadal dysgenesis had a diabetic GTT.
The diabetes in patients with Turner's syndrome was of a mild type as is most frequently found in maturity-onset diabetes. The insulin response was, however, different from what is usually found in maturity-onset diabetes. The patients with Turner's syndrome showed a brisk rise and prolonged high levels of plasma insulin after glucose ingestion. An early plasma growth hormone peak was found in patients with Turner's syndrome. The significance of this finding for the pathogenesis of mild diabetes in patients with Turner's syndrome is discussed together with other possible aetiologic and pathogenetic factors.
STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF AGE ON OESTROGENS IN POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH ATROPHIC ENDOMETRIUM AND NORMAL LIVER FUNCTION
Authors: Procopé B.-J. , Adlercreutz H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A group of 104 post-menopausal women, who were at least 50 years old and with a time lapse of at least 2 years since the last menstruation, were investigated for their urinary oestrogen content. All the women had an atrophic endometrium as judged by histological investigation of a biopsy specimen. In 66 of the subjects the mean value of the karyopyknotic and eosinophilic indices in the vaginal smear was also calculated. The women, whose ages ranged from 50 to 79 years, were divided into 6 age groups. The median values for the excretion of oestrone, oestradiol, oestriol and total oestrogens and the mean karyopyknotic and eosinophilic indices for all age groups were very constant though there was considerable individual variation. It was also shown that the median values for all subjects were practically identical with those of 57 ovariectomized women reported in a previous study. It is concluded that in the majority of post-menopausal women with atrophic endometrium the ovarian contribution to the production of oestrogens is insignificant. It can also be concluded that with increasing age the normal liver does not significantly change the metabolism of oestrogens in post-menopausal women, as judged by the excretion of oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol, and the oestrogenic effect on the vaginal smear.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES ON ENDOCRINE FUNCTION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LUTEINISING HORMONE EXCRETION
Authors: Papanicolaou A. D. , Loraine A. , Jackson Margaret C. N. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Serial assays of luteinising hormone (LH) and pregnanediol in urine have been performed in four women during and following long term therapy with oral contraceptives. One subject was treated with a progestogen-oestrogen mixture, another with a progestogen alone and two with a sequential regime. In three subjects there was definite evidence for the resumption of ovulation in the first post-treatment cycle; in the fourth the evidence was less clear cut.
None of the patients showed suppression of urinary LH activity as a result of medication, and in all four the fiducial limits of individual assays in the treatment and post-treatment cycles overlapped to a considerable extent. One woman receiving sequential therapy showed a midcycle LH peak in the post-treatment but not in the treatment cycle. These findings are compatible with the view that long term therapy with oral contraceptives does not produce any deleterious effects on pituitary gonadotrophic function.
In one subject the short term effect of chlormadinone acetate administered continuously in low dosage was investigated. The compound produced little effect on either LH or oestrogen output, but may have inhibited ovulation as judged by urinary pregnanediol assays.