bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Effectiveness of Two 10% Carbamide Peroxide Tooth‐Bleaching Systems Using Spectrophotometric Measurements
Authors: ISHIKAWA‐NAGAI SHIGEMI , TERUI TAKAYUKI , ISHIBASHI KANJI , WEBER HANS PETER , FERGUSON MICHAEL 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTPurpose::The purpose of this study was to compare the color changes achieved with two commonly used bleaching systems on the basis of a spectrophotometric analysis.Materials and Methods:Two commercially available 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching systems were used by a total of 48 individuals. Subjects who had intact natural maxillary anterior teeth void of any restorations or decay that had not been subjected to any prior bleaching were included. Opalescence 10% PF (Ultradent Products Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) was used by 23 patients for 14 days, whereas Nite White Excel (Discus Dental, Culver City, CA, USA) was applied by 25 patients for the same duration. Tooth colors for the middle one‐third region of maxillary central incisors and canines were measured with a spectrophotometer prior to bleaching and after 14 days of bleaching. Color difference DE and color coordinates L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) of CIELAB color system (developed by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) were calculated.Results:Mean DE values for Opalescence ranged from 5.03 to 8.92 and from 5.84 to 9.61 for Nite White. The most significant factor of the color change was b* followed by L* and a*. L* values were higher after bleaching, whereas values for both a* and b* decreased. There were no significant differences between the two systems examined (p < .05).
Novel Porcelain Laminate Preparation Approach Driven by a Diagnostic Mock‐up
Authors: MAGNE PASCAL , BELSER URS C. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTOne critical step in the porcelain laminate technique is the achievement of sufficient ceramic thickness. At least two different strategies for tooth preparation can be found in the literature: (1) earlier simplified techniques included the use of depth cutters guided by the existing tooth surface–however, that approach did not take into consideration alterations of the tooth owing to aging, wear, or loss of enamel and thus led to greater risks for dentin exposures; (2) more recent and sophisticated methods have integrated an additive diagnostic procedure (ie, wax‐up or mock‐up) to compensate for tooth aging or severe existing loss of tooth substance. This approach allows for more enamel preservation and, as a consequence, more predictable bonding, biomechanics, and esthetics. The present article illustrates in detail the latest development in tooth preparation for porcelain laminates. This technique combines the time efficiency of earliest methods with the rationale and diagnostic foundations of the more recent techniques.
Direct Composite Resin Restorations: A Review of Some Clinical Procedures to Achieve Predictable Results in Posterior Teeth
Authors: LOPES GUILHERME CARPENA , VIEIRA LUIZ CLOVIS CARDOSO , ARAUJO ELITO 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe interest of patients in having tooth‐colored restorations and the development of techniques and materials that make these restorations easier have contributed to make the esthetic restoration of posterior teeth popular. The direct use of composites in posterior teeth is a techniquesensitive procedure. Some difficulties, nevertheless, can be overcome or at least minimized by a heedful clinician by paying thorough attention to the various stages of the restorative technique. The present article seeks to review some concepts about this adhesive restorative procedure and to illustrate the possibilities of the technique with clinical reports.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe direct posterior composite restorative technique offers the possibility of closely matching the natural optical characteristics of the lost tooth structure. Aimed at showing the potential of this technique, this article presents two step‐by‐step case reports and also reviews some concepts related to these clinical procedures.
Surface Roughness of Packable Composite Resins Polished with Various Systems
Authors: BORGES ALESSANDRA BOHLER , MARSILIO ANA LUCIA , PAGANI CLÓVIS , RODRIGUES JOSÉ ROBERTO 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness of four packable composite resins, SureFilTM (Dentsply, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Prodigy CondensableTM (Kerr Co., Orange, CA, USA), Filtek P60TM (3M do Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil), and ALERT® (Jeneric/Pentron, Inc., Wallingford, CT, USA) and one microhybrid composite resin (Filtek Z250TM, 3M do Brasil) after polishing with four finishing systems. Materials and Methods: Twenty specimens were made of each material (5 mm in diameter and 4 mm high) and were analyzed with a profilometer (Perthometer® S8P, Perthen, Mahr, Germany) to measure the mean surface roughness (Ra). The specimens were then divided into four groups according to the polishing system: group 1–Sof‐LexTM (3M do Brasil), group 2–EnhanceTM (Dentsply), group 3–Composite Finishing Kit (KG Sorensen, Barueri, São Paulo, Brazil), and group 4–Jiffy Polisher Cups® (Ultradent Products, Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA). The specimens were polished and then evaluated for Ra, and the data were subjected to analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and Tukey's test (p= .05). Results: The mean Ra of SureFil polished with Sof‐Lex was significantly lower than that of KG points. Prodigy Condensable polished with Enhance showed a significantly less rough surface than when polished with Sof‐Lex. Filtek P60 did not exhibit a significant difference with the various polishing systems. For ALERT the lowest mean Ra was obtained with Sof‐Lex and the highest mean Ra with KG points. Regarding Filtek 2250, polishing with KG and Jiffy points resulted in a significantly lower mean Ra than when polished with Enhance. Conclusions: Packable composite resins display variable roughness depending on the polishing system used; the Sof‐Lex disks and Jiffy points resulted in the best Ra values for the majority of the materials tested.
Desensitizing Agent Efficacy during Whitening in an At‐Risk Population
Authors: LEONARD RALPH H. , SMITH LYNN R. , GLENN E. GARLAND DDS  , CAPLAN DANIEL J. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: Nightguard vital bleaching (NGVB) has gained acceptance among dentists and patients as a simple and effective procedure to lighten discolored teeth. Although the efficacy and predictability of NGVB have been well established, it has been documented that patients undergoing the procedure may experience side effects such as tooth sensitivity (TS) and gingival irritation (GI). A previous NGVB study suggested that selected participants might benefit from a regimen of a desensitizing agent (DSA)to decrease or prevent TS during whitening. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the daily use of an active DSA (UltraEZTM, Ultradent Products Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) during NGVB would decrease TS in a population at risk for TS when compared with a placebo. Materials and Methods: Forty subjects participated in this single‐blind randomized clinical trial. All participants had indicated that they had preexisting TS or other risk factors for TS during NGVB. To evaluate TS caused by the tray alone, participants wore custom‐fitted maxillary whitening trays containing no DSA or whitening solution during week 1. Next, participants were randomly assigned to apply either the active DSA or placebo daily for 14 days in the trays for 30 minutes prior to whitening. The placebo was the same formulation as UltraEZ but without the desensitizing agents (3% potassium nitrate and 0.11% by weight fluoride ion). The bleaching solution was a 10% carbamide peroxide whitening solution (OpalescenceTM, Ultradent Inc.). Post treatment, participants were followed up for 1 week, during which time they used neither trays nor solutions. Throughout the study, participants completed a daily diary to record their perceptions of TS and the time spent wearing the tray with the whitening solution. Results: Forty‐one percent of the active group had at least 1 day of TS during treatment compared with 78% of the placebo group. The difference was statistically significant (p= .027) using the two‐tailed Fisher exact test.
EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL ENAMEL ETCHING AND A FLOWABLE COMPOSITE TO THE INTERFACIAL INTEGRITY OF CLASS II ADHESIVE COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS
Authors: Belli S. , Inokoshi S. , Özer F. , Pereira P.N.R. , Ogata M. , Tagami J. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate microleakage of Class II composite restorations using a self‐etching adhesive system with additional enamel etching and/or a flowable resin composite material. Materials and Methods: Fifty standardized Class II cavities were prepared in the mesial and distal surfaces of extracted human third molars. All teeth were bonded with a self‐etching primer adhesive system (Clearfil® Liner Bond 2, Kuraray Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions and were restored with a resin composite (Clearfil® AP‐X, Kuraray Co. Ltd.). In the control group, only a self‐etching adhesive system was used. In the various experimental groups, the preparation surfaces were coated with a layer of flowable resin composite (Protect® Liner F, Kuraray Co. Ltd.) before the placement of resin composite, etched with 37% phosphoric acid (K‐Etchant®, Kkraray Co. Ltd.) before the application of the adhesive system, or treated with both of these options. In four groups of specimens, the preparation had a gingival margin in enamel. In a fifth group, the gingival margin was in dentin. All teeth were subjected to thermocycling, 300 cycles between 4°C and 60°C, and were sectioned in half through the restorations. Gaps or cracks at the resin‐tooth interfaces were observed directly using a laser scanning microscope and were recorded as percentages of the entire interface length. Results: Separate enamel etching with phosphoric acid did not improve the resin‐enamel seal produced by the self‐etching primer alone. Flowable resin composite produced gap‐free resin‐dentin interfaces but could not prevent cracks and gap formation at the resin‐enamel interface. Conclusions: Neither flowable resin composite nor enamel etching could prevent gap formation at enamel‐resin interfaces and crack formation in enamel walls when used with a self‐etching primer adhesive system. However, the flowable composite provided gap‐free resin‐dentin interfaces.
ULTRASONICALLY ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM AROMATIC PLANTS: COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL EXTRACTION TECHNICS
Authors: PROESTOS CHARALAMPOS , KOMAITIS MICHAEL 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Extracts of aromatic plants contain bioactive substances such as phenolic compounds, which could be used as natural antioxidants. Conventional, as well as ultrasonically assisted extractions (UAEs
) of phenolic compounds from aromatic plants using different solvents, have been studied. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC
) with ultraviolet detection was employed for the analysis of phenolic compounds. Total phenolic compounds were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. The amount of extractable phenolic substances for this method decreased with decreasing polarity of the solvent in the order water, 60% methanol, 60% acetone, and ethyl acetate/water (60:30, v/v). The HPLC results indicate that UAE is a more effective technic compared to the conventional method but was dependent on the solvent and the temperature employed. Increasing the temperature of sonication, the efficiency of extraction of phenolic compounds for all solvents is enhanced. However, water extraction was found to give reduced amounts of phenolic compounds when compared with the conventional method.
The New International Health Regulations: An Historic Development for International Law and Public Health
Authors: Fidler David P. , Gostin Lawrence O. 
Published: October 2006

The World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted the new International Health Regulations (IHR) on May 23, 2005. The new IHR represent the culmination of a decade-long revision process and an historic development for international law and public health. The new IHR appear at a moment when public health, security, and democracy have become intertwined, addressed at the highest levels of government. The United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kofi Annan, for example, identified IHR revision as a priority for moving humanity toward “larger freedom.” This article analyzes the new IHR and their implications for global health and security in the 21st century.The WHA instructed the WHO Director-General (DG) to revise the IHR in 1995 because the Regulations did not provide an effective framework for addressing the international spread of disease. Doubts about the IHR's effectiveness had, however, been present long before 1995. The critiques identified the narrow scope of the regulations (applying only to a small number of infectious diseases), the lack of compliance by states, and the absence of a strategy for responding to rapid changes in public health's global economic and technological environments.
Toward a “Wider and Juster Initiative”: Recent Comparative Work in Buddhist Ethics
Authors: Heim Maria 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis essay considers some of the important trends in comparative approaches to Buddhist moral thinking, including early reflections on how and where to place Buddhist thought. It argues that some of the formative gestures shaping the field of Buddhist ethics sprang from contested efforts by historians of religion and philosophical formalists to chart a comparative methodology. The essay describes the methodological holism that characterizes important work in the field and argues against it, pointing instead to more diffuse lines of inquiry that do not efface Buddhism's historical diversity and the distinctiveness of its moral discourses. The essay begins to develop a different orientation in ethics that centers on the ethical study of human nature. To this end, it offers a small exercise in comparative moral psychology to explore the moral sentiment “sympathetic joy.”
Declaration of patent applications as financial interests: a survey of practice among authors of papers on molecular biology inNature
Authors: Mayer S 
Published: October 2006

Objectives:To determine whether authors of scientific publications in molecular biology declare patents and other potential financial interests.Design:Survey of a 6-month sample of papers related to molecular biology inNature.Methods:The esp@cenet worldwide patent search engine was used to search for patents applied for by the authors of scientific papers inNaturethat were related to molecular biology and genetics, between January and June 2005.Results:Of the 79 papers considered, four had declared that certain authors had competing financial interests. Seven papers in which no financial interests were declared had authors with patent applications that were based on the research in the paper or were closely related to it. Another paper had two authors with connections to biotechnology companies that were not disclosed.Conclusion:Two thirds of the papers in which authors had patent applications or company affiliations that might be considered to be competing financial interests did not disclose them. Failure to disclose such information may have negative implications on the perception of science in society and on its quality if the possible bias is hidden. Journals should make greater efforts to ensure full disclosure, and scientific institutions should consider failure to disclose financial interests as an example of scientific malpractice. Establishing a register of interests for scientists is one way to increase transparency and openness.
Multimodel Analysis of the Water Vapor Feedback in the Tropical Upper Troposphere
Authors: Minschwaner Ken , Dessler Andrew E. , Sawaengphokhai Parnchai 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Relationships between the mean humidity in the tropical upper troposphere and tropical sea surface temperatures in 17 coupled ocean–atmosphere global climate models were investigated. This analysis builds on a prior study of humidity and surface temperature measurements that suggested an overall positive climate feedback by water vapor in the tropical upper troposphere whereby the mean specific humidity increases with warmer sea surface temperature (SST). The model results for present-day simulations show a large range in mean humidity, mean air temperature, and mean SST, but they consistently show increases in upper-tropospheric specific humidity with warmer SST. The model average increase in water vapor at 250 mb with convective mean SST is 44 ppmv K−1, with a standard deviation of 14 ppmv K−1. Furthermore, the implied feedback in the models is not as strong as would be the case if relative humidity remained constant in the upper troposphere. The model mean decrease in relative humidity is −2.3% ± 1.0% K−1 at 250 mb, whereas observations indicate decreases of −4.8% ± 1.7% K−1 near 215 mb. These two values agree within the respective ranges of uncertainty, indicating that current global climate models are simulating the observed behavior of water vapor in the tropical upper troposphere with reasonable accuracy.
Future Projections of Landfast Ice Thickness and Duration in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Dumas J. A. , Flato G. M. , Brown R. D. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Projections of future landfast ice thickness and duration were generated for nine sites in the Canadian Arctic and one site on the Labrador coast with a simple downscaling technique that used a one-dimensional sea ice model driven by observationally based forcing and superimposed projected future climate change from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis global climate model (CGCM2). For the Canadian Arctic sites the downscaling approach indicated a decrease in maximum ice thickness of 30 and 50 cm and a reduction in ice cover duration of 1 and 2 months by 2041–60 and 2081–2100, respectively. In contrast, there is a slight increase in simulated landfast ice thickness and duration at Cartwright in the future due to its sensitivity to snow–ice formation with increased snowfall and to a projected slight cooling over this site (along the Labrador coast) by CGCM2. The magnitude of simulated changes in freeze-up and break-up date was largest for freeze up (e.g., 52 days later at Alert by 2081–2100), and freeze-up date changes exhibited much greater regional variability than break up, which was simulated to be 30 days earlier by 2081–2100 over the Canadian Arctic sites.
Toward a Unified View of the American Monsoon Systems
Authors: Vera C. , Higgins W. , Amador J. , Ambrizzi T. , Garreaud R. , Gochis D. , Gutzler D. , Lettenmaier D. , Marengo J. , Mechoso C. R. , Nogues-Paegle J. , Dias P. L. Silva , Zhang C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
An important goal of the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) research on the American monsoon systems is to determine the sources and limits of predictability of warm season precipitation, with emphasis on weekly to interannual time scales. This paper reviews recent progress in the understanding of the American monsoon systems and identifies some of the future challenges that remain to improve warm season climate prediction. Much of the recent progress is derived from complementary international programs in North and South America, namely, the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) and the Monsoon Experiment South America (MESA), with the following common objectives: 1) to understand the key components of the American monsoon systems and their variability, 2) to determine the role of these systems in the global water cycle, 3) to improve observational datasets, and 4) to improve simulation and monthly-to-seasonal prediction of the monsoons and regional water resources. Among the recent observational advances highlighted in this paper are new insights into moisture transport processes, description of the structure and variability of the South American low-level jet, and resolution of the diurnal cycle of precipitation in the core monsoon regions. NAME and MESA are also driving major efforts in model development and hydrologic applications. Incorporated into the postfield phases of these projects are assessments of atmosphere–land surface interactions and model-based climate predictability experiments. As CLIVAR research on American monsoon systems evolves, a unified view of the climatic processes modulating continental warm season precipitation is beginning to emerge.
Monitoring and Prediction of the Earth’s Climate: A Future Perspective
Authors: Trenberth Kevin E. , Moore Berrien , Karl Thomas R. , Nobre Carlos 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The climate is changing because of human activities and will continue to do so regardless of any mitigation actions. Available climate observations and information are also changing as technological advances take place. Accordingly, an overview is given of a much-needed potential climate information system that embraces a comprehensive observing system to observe and track changes and the forcings of the system as they occur, and that develops the ability to relate one to the other and understand changes and their origins. Observations need to be taken in ways that satisfy the climate monitoring principles and ensure long-term continuity, and that have the ability to discern small but persistent signals. Some benchmark observations are proposed to anchor space-based observations and trends, including a much-needed step forward in the quality of water vapor observations. Satellite observations must be calibrated and validated, with orbital decay and drift effects fully dealt with if possible, and adequate overlap to ensure continuity. The health of the monitoring system must be tracked and resources identified to address issues. Fields must be analyzed into global products and delivered to users while stakeholder needs are fully considered. Data should be appropriately archived with full and open access, along with metadata that fully describe the observing system status and environment in which it operates. Reanalysis of the records must be institutionalized along with continual assessment of impacts of new observing and analysis systems. Some products will be used to validate and improve models, as well as initialize models and predict future evolution on multiple time scales using ensembles. Attribution of changes to causes is essential, and it is vital to fully assess past changes and model performance and results in making predictions to help appraise reliability and assess impacts regionally on the environment, human activities, and sectors of the economy. In particular, a revolution in the way developing countries use and apply climate information is expected. Such a system will be invaluable and further provides a framework for setting priorities of new observations and related activities. Without the end-to-end process the investments will not deliver adequate return and our understanding will be much less than it would be otherwise.