bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental Feeding Style and the Inter‐generational Transmission of Obesity Risk
Authors: Wardle Jane , Sanderson Saskia , Guthrie Carol Ann , Rapoport Lorna , Plomin Robert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study was designed to determine whether a community sample of obese mothers with young children used different feeding styles compared with a matched sample of normal‐weight mothers. Four aspects of feeding style were assessed: emotional feeding, instrumental feeding (using food as a reward), prompting/encouragement to eat, and control over eating.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were from 214 families with same‐sex twins; 100 families in which both parents were overweight or obese and 114 in which both parents were normal weight or lean.Results: We found that obese mothers were no more likely than normal‐weight mothers to offer food to deal with emotional distress, use food as a form of reward, or encourage the child to eat more than was wanted. The obese and normal‐weight mothers did differ on “control”; obese mothers reported significantly less control over their children's intake, and this was seen for both first‐born and second‐born twins. Twin analyses showed that these differences were not in response to children's genetic propensities, because monozygotic correlations were no greater than dizygotic correlations for maternal feeding style.Discussion: These results suggest that the stereotype of the obese mother, who uses food in nonnutritive ways so that her child also becomes obese, is more likely to be myth than fact. However, the results raise the possibility that lack of control of food intake might contribute to the emergence of differences in weight.
A Genealogical Study of Essential Hypertension with and without Obesity in French Canadians
Authors: Pausova Zdenka , Jomphe Michele , Houde Louis , Vezina Helene , Orlov Sergei N. , Gossard Francis , Gaudet Daniel , Tremblay Johanne , Kotchen Theodore A. , Cowley Allen W. , Bouchard Gerard , Hamet Pavel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To investigate genetic homogeneity in a set of hypertensive families and in subsets chosen for high and low prevalence of obesity; and to compare fasting insulin and lipids, ion transport, and water homeostasis in the obese and lean families.Research Methods and Procedures: The study was carried out in a relative population isolate of the Saguenay/Lac St. Jean region in Canada. Genetic homogeneity was evaluated with the mean coeffigcients of kinship (φ) and inbreeding (F) computed with ascending genealogies. Serum insulin and lipids were measured after overnight fasting. Total body water was estimated with bioelectrical impedance. Sodium‐lithium countertransport and sodium‐potassium co‐transport were determined in freshly isolated erythrocytes.Results: F and φ were increased in hypertensive families compared with families selected at random. F and φ were further increased within the subsets of obese and lean families. In addition, fasting insulin, total body water, sodium‐lithium countertransport, and sodium‐potassium co‐transport were higher in the obese than in the lean families. The two subsets of families did not differ by fasting lipids.Discussion: In the Saguenay/Lac St. Jean population, the degree of genetic homogeneity was increased in families selected for hypertension, and it was further increased in subsets of hypertensive families with high and low prevalence of obesity. This suggests that hypertension in lean and obese individuals may represent, at least in part, separate genetic entities. Some of the extra genes shared in common within the subsets may contribute to their differences in body weight, insulin sensitivity, ion transport, and water homeostasis.
Opposite Regulation of Interleukin‐8 and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α by Weight Loss
Authors: Bruun Jens M. , Pedersen Steen B. , Kristensen Kurt , Richelsen Bjørn 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To obtain more information on the possible influence of body mass index (BMI) and weight loss on interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) in plasma and in the adipose tissue. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) was used for comparison and determined in parallel with IL‐8.Research Methods and Procedures: The study was divided into three parts: 1) a cross‐sectional study that included 89 subjects; 2) a 20‐week intervention study in which 34 healthy obese subjects received a dietary intervention for 8 weeks followed by an additional 12 weeks on a weight‐stabilization diet; 3) from this latter study, a subgroup of 8 obese subjects was investigated with a subcutaneous adipose‐tissue biopsy.Results: In the cross‐sectional study, plasma levels of TNF‐α (p < 0.01), but not IL‐8, was correlated with BMI. However, in a subgroup (BMI, 20 to 30 kg/m2), IL‐8 was correlated with BMI (p < 0.01). In the intervention study, weight loss and weight maintenance led to an increase in IL‐8 by 30% (p < 0.05) and a decrease in TNF‐α by 40% (p < 0.001), which were paralleled in the adipose tissue, demonstrating a 2‐ to 3‐fold increase (p < 0.01) and a 40% to 80% decrease (p < 0.01) in IL‐8 and TNF‐α, respectively.Discussion: Weight loss in obese subjects was associated with opposite changes in the secretion and transcription of IL‐8 and TNF‐α in the adipose tissue, as well as in plasma. This could indicate that plasma IL‐8 under some conditions may be related to changes in adipose tissue IL‐8 production.
Association of Lean Tissue and Fat Mass with Bone Mineral Content in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Pietrobelli Angelo , Faith Myles S. , Wang Jack , Brambilla Paolo , Chiumello Giuseppe , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives:There has been uncertainty in the adult body composition literature about whether fat mass (FM) or fat free mass is a better predictor of bone mineral content and bone mineral density. This issue has recently also been raised in the pediatric literature. Based on suggested skeletal muscle–bone relationships, this study tested the hypothesis that in children and adolescents lean tissue mass (LTM) is a better predictor of total bone mineral content (TBMC) than is FM.Research Methods and Procedures:Subjects were 133 Italian children and adolescents, 5 to 17 years of age, undergoing a routine medical screen. FM (kilograms), LTM (kilograms), and TBMC (kilograms) were measured by DXA. Multiple regression analyses tested the independent association of FM and LTM with bone mineral content.Results:Regression analyses, adjusting for pubertal status and other covariates, showed that FM and LTM were independently associated with TBMC. These associations were similar for boys and girls. TBMC was more strongly associated with LTM than FM.Discussion:These observations support the hypothesis that in children and adolescents a close association exists between LTM, a measure of skeletal muscle, and skeletal characteristics.
Relationship of Body Composition to Body‐Fatness Estimation in Japanese University Students
Authors: Tanaka Shigeho , Itoh Yukako , Hattori Komei 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the relationship between self‐estimated whole body size and fatness and whole body and regional composition, and the relationship between self‐estimated whole body fatness and self‐estimated regional fatness in Japanese university students.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional study using Japanese university students (110 men and 79 women). The percentage of body fat, fat mass (FM), and fat‐free mass (FFM) were measured by underwater weighing and used as body composition variables. Subcutaneous fat thicknesses were determined at seven sites by ultrasonography to estimate regional body composition, and six circumferences and four breadths to estimate regional size. Relative body size and fatness were self‐estimated using a questionnaire.Results: Only women tended to estimate themselves as being fatter than they actually were. Self‐estimated body fatness moderately correlated with the percentage of body fat (men, r = 0.41; women, r = 0.40) FM (men, r = 0.50; women, r = 0.51), and body mass index (r = 0.56 for men and 0.56 for women). After adjusting for the percentages of body fat and FM, self‐estimated fatness correlated with body mass index (r = 0.31 for men and r = 0.37 for women). Among self‐estimated regional fatness, self‐estimated abdominal fatness had the strongest correlation with self‐estimated whole body fatness in both genders.Discussion: The low correlation between estimated and actual body fatness in both genders indicates that Japanese university students, especially women, inaccurately estimate their percentage of body fat. In fact, both men and women primarily estimate their whole body fatness by body weight relative to height.
Insulin Resistance, Hyperleptinemia, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Launois‐Bensaude Syndrome
Authors: Harsch Igor A. , Schahin Simin Pour , Fuchs Florian S. , Hahn Eckhart G. , Lohmann Tobias , Konturek Peter C. , Ficker Joachim H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Launois‐Bensaude Syndrome (LBS) is a very rare cause of obesity, characterized by a symmetrical accumulation of a very large number of lipomata in different regions of the body, excluding the face, the forearms, and the shanks. Obesity is known to be closely associated with insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We were interested in studying whether these conditions are also present in patients with obesity due to LBS with a similar frequency as in patients with “simple” truncal obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: We performed polysomnography and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies and measured serum leptin in three patients with LBS and in six patients with “simple” truncal obesity, matched for sex and body mass index (LBS group, 36.39 kg/m2; controls, 35.82 kg/m2).Results: Polysomnography revealed severe OSA in one LBS patient with marked “horsecollar lipomata.” In the other LBS patients, no OSA could be demonstrated. The leptin levels of the two groups were comparable (LBS group, 36.39 μg/liter; controls, 37.18 μg/liter) and the insulin responsiveness index was also comparable in the two groups (LBS group, 3.47 μmol/kg · minute; controls, 3.79 μmol/kg · minute).Discussion: Patients with LBS demonstrated similar metabolic features in terms of insulin sensitivity and hyperleptinemia as patients with “simple” truncal obesity. LBS is not strictly associated with OSA.
Bupropion SR Enhances Weight Loss: A 48‐Week Double‐Blind, Placebo‐ Controlled Trial
Authors: Anderson James W. , Greenway Frank L. , Fujioka Ken , Gadde Kishore M. , McKenney James , O'Neil Patrick M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To critically examine the efficacy of bupropion SR for weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: This 24‐week multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study randomized obese adults to placebo, bupropion SR 300, or 400 mg/d. Subjects were counseled on energy‐restricted diets, meal replacements, and exercise. During a 24‐week extension, placebo subjects were randomized to bupropion SR 300 or 400 mg/d in a double‐blinded manner.Results: Of 327 subjects enrolled, 227 completed 24 weeks; 192 completed 48 weeks. Percentage losses of initial body weight for subjects completing 24 weeks were 5.0%, 7.2%, and 10.1% for placebo, bupropion SR 300, and 400 mg/d, respectively. Compared with placebo, net weight losses were 2.2% (p = 0.0468) and 5.1% (p < 0.0001) for bupropion SR 300 and 400 mg/d, respectively. The percentages of subjects who lost ≥5% of initial body weight were 46%, 59%, and 83% (p vs. placebo < 0.0001) for placebo, bupropion SR 300, and 400 mg/d, respectively; weight losses of ≥10% were 20%, 33%, and 46% (p vs. placebo = 0.0008) for placebo, bupropion SR 300, and 400 mg/d, respectively. Withdrawals, changes in pulse and blood pressure did not differ significantly from placebo at 24 weeks. Subjects who completed 48 weeks maintained mean losses of initial body weight of 7.5% and 8.6% for bupropion SR 300 and 400 mg/d, respectively.Discussion: Bupropion SR 300 and 400 mg/d were well‐tolerated by obese adults and were associated with a 24‐week weight loss of 7.2% and 10.1% and sustained weight losses at 48 weeks.
Three‐Month Tolerability of Orlistat in Adolescents with Obesity‐Related Comorbid Conditions
Authors: McDuffie Jennifer R. , Calis Karim A. , Uwaifo Gabriel I. , Sebring Nancy G. , Fallon Erica M. , Hubbard Van S. , Yanovski Jack A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:To study the safety, tolerability, and potential efficacy of orlistat in adolescents with obesity and its comorbid conditions.Research Methods and Procedures:We studied 20 adolescents (age, 14.6 ± 2.0 years; body mass index, 44.1 ± 12.6 kg/m2). Subjects were evaluated before and after taking orlistat (120 mg three times daily) and a multivitamin for 3 months. Subjects were simultaneously enrolled in a 12‐week program emphasizing diet, exercise, and strategies for behavior change.Results:Participants who completed treatment (85%) reported taking 80% of prescribed medication. Adverse effects were generally mild, limited to gastrointestinal effects observed in adults, and decreased with time. Three subjects required additional vitamin D supplementation despite the prescription of a daily multivitamin containing vitamin D. Weight decreased significantly (−4.4 ± 4.6 kg,p< 0.001; −3.8 ± 4.1% of initial weight), as did body mass index (−1.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2;p< 0.0002). Total cholesterol (−21.3 ± 24.7 mg/dL;p< 0.001), low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (−17.3 ± 15.8 mg/dL;p< 0.0001), fasting insulin (−13.7 ± 19.0 μU/mL;p< 0.02), and fasting glucose (−15.4 ± 7.4 mg/dL;p< 0.003) were also significantly lower after orlistat. Insulin sensitivity, assessed by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose‐tolerance test, improved significantly (p< 0.02).Discussion:We conclude that, in adolescents, short‐term treatment with orlistat, in the context of a behavioral program, is well‐tolerated and has a side‐effect profile similar to that observed in adults, but its true benefit versus conventional therapy remains to be determined in placebo‐controlled trials.
Development and Evaluation of Patient‐Centered Software for a Weight‐Management Clinic
Authors: Dent Robert M. , Penwarden Rhonda M. , Harris Neil , Hotz Stephen B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To describe a weight‐management clinic software system and to report on its preliminary evaluation.Research Methods and Procedures: The software system standardizes the collection of relevant patient information from an initial medical assessment, weekly clinic visits, and laboratory testing protocol of a medically supervised proprietary meal‐replacement program in a university‐based referral clinic. It then generates monthly patient feedback reports with graphs of clinical and laboratory parameters to support a patient‐centered approach to weight management. After patients and clinic physicians review the data to ensure accuracy, the database is used for subsequent patient feedback reports, reports to referring physicians, quality assurance, and research. Clinic physicians and referring physicians were asked to rate their acceptance of the system. In addition, in a retrospective analysis of data generated by the system, outcomes for patients who received system‐generated feedback (n = 620) were compared with those who participated in the program before the introduction of feedback (n = 130).Results: Clinic and referring physicians reported that they had high overall satisfaction with the software and that the system saved them time, and the latter group reported that it decreased laboratory use. Regarding patients, the feedback group had lower dropout rates in the latter half of the program, better rates of attendance, completion of laboratory tests, and weight loss after 8 weeks.Discussion: The software seems to facilitate the effectiveness of the treatment protocol for obesity and generates a high‐quality database for patient care, clinic administration, quality assurance, and research purposes.
Effect of Food Restriction on Ghrelin in Normal‐Cycling Female Rats and in Pregnancy
Authors: Gualillo Oreste , Caminos Jorge E. , Nogueiras Rubén , Seoane Luisa M. , Arvat Eva , Ghigo Ezio , Casanueva Felipe F. , Diéguez Carlos 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Ghrelin is a 28‐amino‐acid acylated peptide that was recently identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Previous studies have shown that ghrelin potently increases growth hormone release and food intake. The aim of this study was to clarify the physiological implications of ghrelin in the regulation of energy balance, by assessing the effect of undernutrition throughout 21 days in normal‐cycling and pregnant rats on ghrelin.Research Methods and Procedures: We have determined ghrelin levels by radioimmunoassay and gastric ghrelin mRNA expression by Northern blot analysis during 21 days of chronic food restriction (30% of ad libitum available diet) in normal‐cycling female rats and in pregnancy.Results: Our results show that chronic food restriction led to an increase in plasmatic ghrelin levels in normal‐cycling female rats. In pregnancy, ghrelin plasmatic levels were enhanced particularly during the latter part of gestation (19 and 21 days) compared with pregnant rats with free access to food. Gastric ghrelin mRNA expression showed a similar expression pattern, being higher in the food‐restricted group than in the group fed ad libitum, in normal‐cycling as well as in pregnant rats.Discussion: These observations indicate that ghrelin plasmatic levels and ghrelin gastric mRNA are up‐modulated during undernutrition in normal‐cycling rats and in pregnancy. These findings suggest that increased ghrelin levels may have a role in mediating the physiological responses to undernutrition and could represent an adaptative response to prevent long‐lasting alterations in energy balance and body weight homeostasis.
Age‐Related Changes in Fatty Acids in Obese Offspring of Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Merzouk Hafida , Madani Sihem , Hichami Aziz , Prost Josiane , Belleville Jacques , Khan Naim A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The long‐term effects of fetal hyperinsulinemia, time course of changes in liver and very‐low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) lipid levels and fatty acid compositions were investigated in obese offspring of streptozotocin‐induced mildly diabetic rats.Research Methods and Procedures: Mild hyperglycemia in pregnant rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin on day 5 of gestation. Control pregnant rats were injected with citrate buffer. Liver and VLDL lipids and fatty acids were analyzed in offspring at different ages.Results: At birth, obese pups had higher VLDL triglyceride levels, saturated fatty acids, and C20:4n‐6. They also had lower C18:2n‐6 proportions in VLDL triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters than controls pups. In 1‐month‐old male and female obese rats, VLDL and liver lipid amounts were similar to those in their respective controls; however, high levels of C18:2n‐6 and C20:4n‐6 were noted in liver and VLDL lipids. At the age of 2 months, liver and VLDL triglyceride levels were higher in obese females than in control females. Fatty acid abnormalities seen in obese rats included low C18:3n‐3 and high C22:6n‐3 proportions in liver triglycerides and phospholipids. At the age of 3 months, obese rats, both males and females, compared with control animals, had higher VLDL and hepatic lipids with reduced C20:4n‐6 levels and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratios in hepatic and VLDL triglycerides and phospholipids.Discussion: Fetal obesity, associated with alterations in VLDL lipid fatty acid composition, represents an important risk factor for adult obesity and diabetes.
Plasma Adiponectin Increases Postprandially in Obese, but not in Lean, Subjects
Authors: English Patrick J. , Coughlin Steven R. , Hayden Katharine , Malik Iqbal A. , Wilding John P.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We investigated the acute responses of plasma adiponectin levels to a test meal in lean and obese subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 13 lean and 11 obese subjects after a 10‐hour overnight fast. Glucose, insulin, and adiponectin concentrations were measured at baseline and 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after a fixed breakfast.Results: At baseline, fasting adiponectin concentrations were lower in the obese group vs. the lean group [mean (95% confidence interval): 2.9 (2.1 to 4.1) μg/mL vs. 8.6 (6.5 to 11.3) μg/mL], but rose 4‐fold postprandially in the obese group, reaching a peak at 60 minutes [baseline: 2.9 (2.1 to 4.1) μg/mL vs. 60 minutes: 12.1 (8.5 to 17.4) μg/mL; p< 0.0001] and remaining elevated for the remainder of the study. There were no postprandial changes in plasma adiponectin concentrations in lean subjects.Discussion: This increase of adiponectin concentrations in obese individuals might have important beneficial effects on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism and might be viewed as a mechanism for maintaining normal glucose tolerance in those who are obese and insulin resistant.
Metabolic Partitioning of Endogenous Fatty Acid in Adipocytes
Authors: Wang Tong , Zang Yan , Ling Wenhua , Corkey Barbara E. , Guo Wen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To develop an accurate new method to measure the partitioning of adipocyte endogenous fatty acids among different metabolic pathways, a critical step toward understanding the regulatory mechanism by which fat disposition is modulated.Research Methods and Procedures: Isolated primary rat adipocytes were pre‐incubated with isotope‐labeled fatty acids. This allows determination of the specific activity of labeled fatty acids in the endogenous lipid pool. After the removal of exogenous fatty acids, the disposition of endogenous fatty acids into the three major metabolic pathways, namely, oxidation, re‐esterification, and release into the medium, was measured independently. This was compared with the total lipolytic release of endogenous fatty acids, as measured by glycerol release. Adipocytes from normal fed and fasted animals were used to determine the effects of physiological variations on the metabolic fate of endogenous fatty acids.Results: In normal fed animals, 0.2% of endogenous fatty acids were oxidized, 50.1% were released, and 49.7% were re‐esterified. Fasting doubled the partitioning of fatty acids toward oxidation (p < 0.05) in association with increased lipolysis (1.4‐fold increase) (p < 0.05). This effect was completely abolished by the addition of insulin to the cells (61% reduction) (p < 0.05).Discussion: The endogenous fatty acids in adipocytes are actively oxidized. This process can be regulated by altered physiological conditions or by insulin. Over time, it is possible that a small shift of fatty acids toward oxidation could have a significant impact on body fuel economy. This hypothesis needs to be tested.