bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methodological issues in estimating survival in patients with multiple primary cancers: an application to women with breast cancer as a first tumour
Authors: Rosso Stefano , Ricceri Fulvio , Terracini Lea , Zanetti Roberto 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Background
Comparing survival of patients with a single tumour and patients with multiple primaries poses different methodological problems. In population based studies, where we cannot rely on detailed clinical information, the issue is disentangling the share of survival probability from the first and second cancer, and their compounded effect. We examined three hypotheses: A) the survival probability since the first tumour does not change with the occurrence of a second tumour; B) the probability of surviving a tumour does not change with the presence of a previous primary; C) the probabilities of surviving two subsequent primary tumours are independent (additivity hypothesis on mortality rates).

Methods
We studied the survival probabilities modelling mortality rates according to hypotheses A), B) and C). Mortality rates were calculated using Aalen-Johansen estimators which allowed to discount for the lag-time survival before developing a second tumour. We applied this approach to a cohort of 436 women with breast cancer (BC) and a subsequent tumour in the resident population of Turin, Italy, between 1985 and 2002.

Results
We presented our results in term of a Standardised Mortality Ratio calculated (SMR
AJ
) after 10 years of follow-up. For hypothesis A we observed a significant excess mortality of 2.21 (95% C.I. 1.94 – 2.45). Concerning hypothesis B we found a not significant SMR
AJ
of 0.98 (95% C.I. 0.87 – 1.10). The additivity hypothesis (C) was not confirmed as it overestimated the risk of death, in fact SMRs
AJ
were all below 1: 0.75 (95% C.I. 0.66 – 0.84) for BC and all subsequent cancers, 0.72 (95% C.I. 0.55 – 0.94) for BC and colon-rectum cancer, 0.76 (95% C.I. 0.48 – 1.14) for BC and corpus uteri cancer (not significant).

Conclusion
This method proved to be useful in disentangling the effect of different subsequent cancers on mortality. In our application it shows a worse long-term mortality for women with two cancers than that with BC only. However, the increase in mortality was lower than expected under the additivity assumption.
ALK-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: report of four cases and review of the literature
Authors: Beltran Brady , Castillo Jorge , Salas Renzo , Quiñones Pilar , Morales Domingo , Hurtado Fernando , Riva Luis , Winer Eric 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ALK-DLBCL) is a rare lymphoma with several clinicopathological differences from ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). The latest WHO classification of lymphomas recognizes ALK-DLBCL as a separate entity.

Methods
A comprehensive comparison was made between the clinical and pathological features of the 4 cases reported and those found in an extensive literature search using MEDLINE through December 2008.

Results
In our series, three cases were adults and one was pediatric. Two cases had primary extranodal disease (multifocal bone and right nasal fossa). Stages were I (n = 1), II (n = 1), III (n = 1) and IV (n = 1). Two cases had increased LDH levels and three reported B symptoms. IPI scores were 0 (n = 1), 2 (n = 2) and 3 (n = 1). All cases exhibited plasmablastic morphology. By immunohistochemistry, cases were positive for cytoplasmic ALK, MUM1, CD45, and EMA; they marked negative for CD3, CD30 and CD20. Studies for EBV and HHV-8 were negative. The survival for the patients with stage I, II, III and IV were 13, 62, 72 and 11 months, respectively.

Conclusion
ALK-DLBCL is a distinct variant of DLBCL with plasmacytic differentiation, which is characterized by a bimodal age incidence curve, primarily nodal involvement, plasmablastic morphology, lack of expression of CD20, aggressive behavior and poor response to standard therapies, although some cases can have prolonged survival as the cases reported in this study. ALK-DLBCL does not seem associated to immunosuppression or the presence of EBV or HHV8. Further prospective studies are needed to optimize therapies for this entity.
Retention of viability, cytotoxicity, and response to IL-2, IL-15, or IFN-α by human NK cells after CD107a degranulation
Authors: Tomescu Costin , Chehimi Jihed , Maino Vernon C , Montaner Luis J 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNK cells represent a critical component of the host innate immune response to viral infection and tumor transformation. Nevertheless, the fate of recently degranulated NK cells subsequent to a primary target cell interaction remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the long-term viability and killing potential of human NK cells following target cell lysis using live-sorting of CD107a-degranulated NK cells. We observed that sorted CD107a+ NK cells exhibited continued lytic potential against a wide variety of target cells, including tumor and virally infected target cells. CD107a-positive- and CD107a-negative-sorted NK cells displayed similar long-term viability, killing potential, and response to inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-15, and IFN-α. Interestingly, we observed that the CD107a signature is remarkably stable over time and that recently degranulated NK cells exhibit an amplification of CD107 expression immediately following a target cell interaction. Together, our data expand previous data showing that NK cells retain the capacity to kill multiple target cells in succession and reveal that NK viability, cytotoxicity, and response to inflammatory cytokines are not altered following a primary target cell interaction. Overall, our data argue for the strength of the NK cell compartment in the continuous surveillance of tumor and virally infected cells in the body and highlight the use of using CD107a expression as a stable marker for NK cytotoxicity.
Giving effective feedback to psychiatric trainees
Authors: Brown Nick , Cooke Louise 
Published: February 2009

SummaryFeedback is an essential part of the learning process. Feedback can be positive or negative, constructive or destructive, minimal or in depth. It must always occur and should never be ignored. The role of effective feedback is critical in the modern postgraduate medical educational process in the UK, with its emphasis on competency-based curricula and workplace-based assessment. Feedback is not new in medical education and has been shown in research to be effective in bringing about change, particularly improvement in clinical performance. There are clear principles and features of good and bad feedback and these are highlighted, along with descriptions of models for use in daily practice.
Obstetric complications and mild to moderate intellectual disability
Authors: Sussmann Jessika E. , McIntosh Andrew M. , Lawrie Stephen M. , Johnstone Eve C. 
Published: February 2009

BackgroundMild to moderate intellectual disability affects 2.5% of the general population and is associated with an increased risk of several psychiatric disorders. Most cases are of unknown aetiology although genetic factors have an important role.AimsTo investigate the role of obstetric and neonatal complications in the aetiology of mild to moderate intellectual disability.MethodObstetric and neonatal complications recorded at the time of pregnancy and delivery were compared between participants with mild to moderate intellectual disability, age-matched siblings and unrelated controls using logistic regression.ResultsAdmission to a special care baby unit and not being breastfed on discharge were more common in people with mild to moderate intellectual disability. Not being breastfed on discharge was also more common in those with intellectual disability than unaffected siblings. Foetal distress was more common among controls than among those with mild to moderate intellectual disability.ConclusionsAdmission to a special care baby unit and not being breastfed on discharge may be related to the aetiology of intellectual disability, although the direction of this association is unclear.
Self-harm in UK armed forces personnel: descriptive and case–control study of general hospital presentations
Authors: Hawton Keith , Harriss Louise , Casey Deborah , Simkin Sue , Harrison Kate , Bray Isabelle , Blatchley Nick 
Published: February 2009

BackgroundLittle is known about self-harm in the armed forces.AimsTo investigate the characteristics of armed forces personnel presenting to a general hospital following self-harm and compare these with matched controls who had self-harmed.MethodInvestigation of armed forces personnel presenting to hospital between 1989 and 2003 following self-harm and case–control comparison with people in the general population who had self-harmed.ResultsOne hundred and sixty-six armed forces personnel presented with self-harm during the study period, of whom 72.3% (120) were male. Nearly two-thirds (62.7%) were aged under 25 years. Relationship problems (62.0%), employment problems (43.9%) and alcohol misuse (40.5%) were common. Fewer armed forces personnel than controls had evidence of current or past psychiatric disorders or treatment or a prior history of self-harm, and their suicidal intent was lower (males only). Of 64 people in the armed forces who presented during the first 9 years of the study period, 1 had died (from natural causes) by the end of 2000, compared with 9 (5.1%) of the controls, 6 by probable suicide.ConclusionsSelf-harm by armed forces personnel may often be a response to interpersonal and employment problems complicated by alcohol misuse, with relatively low suicide intent.
Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis
Authors: Simon Viktória , Czobor Pál , Bálint Sára , Mészáros Ágnes , Bitter István 
Published: February 2009

BackgroundIn spite of the growing literature about adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), relatively little is known about the prevalence and correlates of this disorder.AimsTo estimate the prevalence of adult ADHD and to identify its demographic correlates using meta-regression analysis.MethodWe used the MEDLINE, PsycLit and EMBASE databases as well as hand-searching to find relevant publications.ResultsThe pooled prevalence of adult ADHD was 2.5% (95% CI 2.1–3.1). Gender and mean age, interacting with each other, were significantly related to prevalence of ADHD. Metaregression analysis indicated that the proportion of participants with ADHD decreased with age when men and women were equally represented in the sample.ConclusionsPrevalence of ADHD in adults declines with age in the general population. We think, however, that the unclear validity of DSM–IV diagnostic criteria for this condition can lead to reduced prevalence rates by underestimation of the prevalence of adult ADHD.
Silent tidbitting in male fowl,Gallus gallus: a referential visual signal with multiple functions
Authors: Smith Carolynn L. , Evans Christopher S. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYWith the notable exception of bee dances, there are no established examples of multimodal referential signals. The food calls of male fowl, Gallus gallus, are functionally referential and the acoustic component of a multimodal display. However, the specificity of the receiver's response to the visual component (tidbitting) has never been tested. Here we provide the first detailed analysis of tidbitting, and test the hypothesis that these characteristic movements are functionally referential. We conducted a playback experiment with five high-definition video stimuli: Silent tidbit,Matched-frequency motion in the opposite direction, Silent crows, Inactive male and Empty cage. Females searched for food more during Silent tidbitting than under any other condition, suggesting that this visual display specifically predicts the presence of food and hence has similar functional properties to food calls. Silent tidbitting was also singularly effective at evoking approach and close inspection, which may enhance signal memorability. These social responses suggest that the visual component of the display has the unique function of triggering assessment of signaler identity and quality as a potential mate. The acoustic and visual components are hence redundant as a food signal, but synergistic when additional functions are considered. These findings emphasize the perceptual complexity of multimodal displays and provide the first demonstration of multimodal referential signaling in a vertebrate.
Diving into old age: muscular senescence in a large-bodied, long-lived mammal, the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)
Authors: Hindle Allyson G. , Horning Markus , Mellish Jo-Ann E. , Lawler John M. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYClassic aging theory postulates the absence of pronounced organismal senescence in wild animals since mortality probably occurs first. Large-bodied, long-lived mammals are a recognized exception to this tenet, yet organismal senescence has not been investigated to date in such mammals in the wild. Furthermore, oxidative stress theory of aging supports the suggestion that exercise hypoxia, as regularly incurred during apneustic foraging in diving mammals might lead to cellular dysfunction and accelerated aging. To determine if an aspect of organismal senescence occurs in wild marine mammals,we examined the pattern of skeletal muscle aging (contractile and connective tissue components of longissimus dorsi and pectoralis muscles) in free-ranging adult Weddell seals (9–26 years). The average myocyte cross-sectional area was 22% greater with age in the longissiums dorsi, but no significant increase occurred in the pectoralis. Cross-sectional area was not related to body mass. Changes in myocyte number per area were consistent with the 35–40% age-increase in extracellular space in both muscle groups. Also consistent with extracellular space remodeling, total and relative collagen contents were significantly elevated in older seals (115% in longissimus dorsi; 65% in pectoralis). The ratio of muscle myocyte to collagen declined with age (50–63%) at both sites. Additionally, a shift towards a higher ratio of type I to type III collagen occurred with advancing age in both muscle groups (79% increase in pectoralis; 49% in longissimus dorsi). We reject the classic tenet and null-hypothesis that Weddell seals do not survive to an age where muscular senescence becomes detectable.
The effects of thermally induced gill remodeling on ionocyte distribution and branchial chloride fluxes in goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Authors: Mitrovic D. , Perry S. F. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYExperiments were performed to evaluate the effects of temperature-induced changes in functional gill lamellar surface area on the distribution of ionocytes and branchial chloride fluxes in goldfish (Carassius auratus). In fish acclimated to warm water (25°C), the ionocytes were scattered along the lamellae and within the interlamellar regions of the filament. In cold water (7°C), the ionocytes were largely absent from the lamellae and filaments but instead were mostly confined to the outer regions of an interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) that formed within the interlamellar channels. Using a `time-differential double fluorescent staining' technique,it was determined that in fish transferred from 25° to 7°C, the ionocytes on the outer edge of (and within) the ILCM originated predominantly from the migration of pre-existing ionocytes and to a lesser extent from the differentiation of progenitor cells. Despite the greater functional lamellar surface area in the warm-water-acclimated fish, there was no associated statistically significant increase in passive branchial Cl–efflux. Because the paracellular efflux of polyethylene glycol was increased 2.5-fold at the warmer temperature, it would suggest that goldfish specifically regulate (minimize) Cl– loss that otherwise would accompany the increasing functional lamellar surface area. In contrast to predictions, the numbers and sizes of individual ionocytes was inversely related to functional lamellar surface area resulting in a markedly greater ionocyte surface area in fish acclimated to cold water (5219±438 compared with 2103±180 μm2 mm–1 of filament). Paradoxically, the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase(as measured at room temperature) also was lower in the cold-water fish(0.43±0.06 compared with 1.28±0.15 μmol mg–1protein h–1) despite the greater numbers of ionocytes. There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of Cl– uptake in the two groups of fish despite the differences in ionocyte abundance. It is possible that to maintain normal rates of Cl– uptake, a greater ionocyte surface area is required in the cold-water fish that possess an ILCM because of the unfavorable positioning of the ionocytes on and within the ILCM, a structure lacking any obvious blood supply.
Expression of a poriferan potassium channel: insights into the evolution of ion channels in metazoans
Authors: Tompkins-MacDonald Gabrielle J. , Gallin Warren J. , Sakarya Onur , Degnan Bernard , Leys Sally P. , Boland Linda M. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARY
Ion channels establish and regulate membrane potentials in excitable and non-excitable cells. How functional diversification of ion channels contributed to the evolution of nervous systems may be understood by studying organisms at key positions in the evolution of animal multicellularity. We have carried out the first analysis of ion channels cloned from a marine sponge, Amphimedon queenslandica. Phylogenetic comparison of sequences encoding for poriferan inward-rectifier K+ (Kir) channels suggests that Kir channels from sponges, cnidarians and triploblastic metazoans each arose from a single channel and that duplications arose independently in the different groups. In Xenopus oocytes, AmqKirA and AmqKirB produced K+ currents with strong inward rectification,as seen in the mammalian Kir2 channels, which are found in excitable cells. The pore properties of AmqKir channels demonstrated strong K+selectivity and block by Cs+ and Ba2+. We present an original analysis of sponge ion channel physiology and an examination of the phylogenetic relationships of this channel with other cloned Kir channels.
Speciation of Iron in Humic Substances by X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Its Effect on the Complexation between Humic Substances and Trace Metal Ions
Authors: Yamamoto Yuhei , Takahashi Yoshio , Shimizu Hiroshi 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The chemical state of Fe in standard humic substances (HS) was determined by X-ray absorption fine structure. Iron(III) complexed with HS, which can inhibit complexation of other metal cations with HS, is the dominant form of Fe in HS. The degree of inhibition of complexation by FeIII was evaluated using a model for complexation between various metal cations and HS. Our results suggest that contribution of Fe must be considered in the evaluation of complexation between metal cations and HS.
Template-free Approach to Core–Shell-structured Co3O4 Microspheres
Authors: Guan Xiangfeng , Li Guangshe , Zhou Lihua , Li Liping , Qiu Xiaoqing 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Core–shell-structured Co3O4 microspheres were fabricated by a solvothermal process combined with subsequent calcination. These Co3O4 microspheres were unique as featured by their excellent catalytic activity toward thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate.
Direct Conversion of Ethane to Ethylene Oxide over Ni–Ag–O Catalyst
Authors: Wu Ying , Wu Binfu , He Yiming , Wu Tinghua 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Ethylene oxide was directly synthesized by oxidation of ethane over Ni–Ag–O catalyst with ethane conversion of 10% and ethylene oxide yield of 1.2% at 310 °C. NiOx and Ag in the catalyst favor ethane activation and the formation of ethylene oxide, respectively.
Removal of Perchlorate Anion from an Aqueous Solution by Encapsulation in an Anion-templated Self-assembled Molecular Capsule
Authors: Hirakawa Takeshi , Yamaguchi Maiko , Ito Naoto , Miyazawa Makoto , Nishina Naoko , Kondo Mitsuru , Ikeya Ryuji , Yasue Sachiko , Maeda Kenji , Uchida Fumio 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new M2L4-type molecular capsule was prepared and characterized. It is shown that the anion-templated self-assembled construction is useful for selective removal of perchlorate anion from aqueous solution.
Crystal Structure and FET Characteristics of an n-Type Thiophene/Phenylene Co-oligomer of 1,4-Bis{5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiophen-2-yl}benzene
Authors: Hotta Shu , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Yamao Takeshi , Goto Midori , Azumi Reiko 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The crystal structure of a thiophene/phenylene co-oligomer of 1,4-bis{5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiophen-2-yl}benzene (AC5-CF3) has been investigated. The crystals are monoclinic with space group P21⁄c. The crystals of AC5-CF3 function as an n-type semiconductor. This has been confirmed on a field-effect transistor device configuration.
Concurrent and short‐term longitudinal associations between peer victimization and school and recess liking during middle childhood
Authors: Boulton Michael J. , Chau Cam , Whitehand Caroline , Amataya Kishori , Murray Lindsay 
Published: February 2009

Background Prior studies outside of the UK have shown that peer victimization is negatively associated with school adjustment.Aims To examine concurrent and short‐term longitudinal associations between peer victimization (physical, malicious teasing, deliberate social exclusion, and malicious gossiping) and two measures of school adjustment (school liking and recess liking), and test if these associations were moderated by year and sex.Sample A UK sample of 429 pupils in Years 4, 5, and 6 (Grades 3, 4, and 5, respectively, in USA) participated in the Autumn/Winter (Time 1) and 189 of these provided follow‐up data during the Spring/Summer (Time 2) of the same school year.Method Peer nominations of victimization, and self‐reports of school adjustment were collected in individual and small group interviews.Results At time 2 (but not Time 1), victimization predicted concurrent school liking among year 6 pupils but not among year 4/5 pupils, and victimization predicted recess liking among all pupils. Victimization also predicted changes in School liking among boys (not girls) and among Year 6 (not Year 4/5) pupils, and victimization predicted changes in recess liking among all pupils.Conclusions The associations between victimization and poor school adjustment found elsewhere were replicated with this British sample. The implications of these results for children's social adjustment at school were discussed.