bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of degree of unsaturation in dietary fatty acids on arachidonic acid mobilization by peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Mitjavila María T. , Rodríguez María C. , Sáiz María P. , Lloret Sergio , Moreno Juan J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCells from rats fed with a tripalmitin diet showed a depletion of phospholipid arachidonate and n‐3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA). In rats fed fish oil diet, a significant reduction in archidonic acid (AA) content was observed whereas EPA and DHA were incorporated into membranes lipids. These changes in lipid composition of membranes did not affect cellular adherence, phagocytic capability, or [3H]AA incorporation. However, both tripalmitin and fish oil diets induced a decrease in [3H]AA mobilization stimulated by 4β‐phorbol‐12‐myristate 13‐acetate, A23187, or opsonized‐zymosan in rat peritoneal macrophages. These results demonstrate that the antiinflammatory effects of essential fatty acids deficiency or n‐3 enrichment diets may be associated with a decreased AA mobilization in resident rat peritoneal macrophages treated with proinflammatory agents.
Oxidative stability of hydrogenated menhaden oil shortening blends in cookies, crackers, and snacks
Authors: Chapman Kathryn W. , Sagi Ifat , Regenstein Joe M. , Bimbo Tony , Crowther Jane B. , Stauffer Clyde E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oxidative stability of partially hydrogenated menhaden fish oil (PHMO) shortening/canola oil blends with added antioxidant tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and various blended partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO) shortenings without antioxidant in aged cookies and crackers was analyzed by anisidine value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and Totox value. The results showed no significant differences (P<0.05) for PV, AV, or Totox value between the PHMO shortening containing TBHQ and the PHVO shortening in cookies, crackers, and deep‐fried extruded snacks, except for the AV and Totox value of crackers.
Improved oxidative stability of sunflower oil in the presence of an oxygen‐scavenging film
Authors: Maloba Francis W. , Rooney Michael L. , Wormell Paul , Nguyen Minh 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oxidative stability of sunflower oil (SFO) was measured during storage at 23 and 37°C in the presence of a novel oxygen‐scavenging film that contained polyfuryloxirane (PFO). Commercially refined and deodorized SFO was stored in a lighted room in sealed transparent packages containing either PFO film or an antioxidant, 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Oxidative stability was evaluated by determination of peroxide values and gas‐chromatographic measurement of headspace hexanal. SFO stored in the presence of the oxygen‐scavenging film was more stable than oil stored without the film, or than film stored with 0.02% BHT. The PFO film scavenges oxygen through energy‐transfer sensitization of singlet oxygen. The film is doped with eosin and the naturally‐occurring dye, curcumin, which absorb over a wide range of visible wavelengths. Curcumin transfers its absorbed energy to eosin, which sensitizes the production of singlet oxygen. The singlet oxygen is scavenged by PFO. The use of two dyes increases the efficiency of the sensitization process, reducing the illumination time and intensity required for effective oxygen scavenging.
High‐performance liquid chromatographic separations of soy phospholipids
Authors: Balazs Piroska E. , Schmit Philip L. , Szuhaj Bernard F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh‐performance liquid chromatography methods to quantitate soy phospholipids vary as to which phospholipids are analyzed, degree of method ruggedness, precision, time, and standards. Fluid and deoiled soy lecithins were analyzed by three different high‐performance liquid chromatography methods, including the American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) Method Ja 7b‐91. The other methods include an isocratic mixed phase (normal‐phase column and reverse‐phase solvent) method with ultraviolet detection, and a binary gradient normal‐phase (proposed International Lecithin and Phospholipid Society) method with light‐scattering detection. A set of 20 analyses were repeated on three different days for fluid and deoiled product by the three methods. The statistical comparison involved the selected methods and the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine measured data, which were the common analytes among the methods. The precision for the mixed phase method and the Proposed International Lecithin and Phospholipid Society method was better than that for the AOCS method. Selection of reference standards was an important issue in defining the results. Column conditioning varied by 2–3 h for the Proposed International Lecithin and Phospholipid Society method, 16 h for the mixed phase method, and 2–3 d for the AOCS method. The ruggedness for the methods showed the following descending order: proposed International Lecithin and Phospholipid Society, mixed phase, AOCS.
Quick method for estimating free gossypol in cottonseed, meats, collets, and extracted meals
Authors: Hron R. J. , Kuk M. S. , Wan P. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for estimating free gossypol (FG) has been developed that decreases sample‐determination time from over 2 h to about 25 min per sample. With auto pipetters and bottle‐to dispensers, six sample determinations can be completed in approximately 50 min. The method consisted of adding water and acetone separately to a fixed sample weight, mixing, filtering, diluting with 65% acetone, and reading absorbance on a spectrophotometer. Absorbance was plotted against the official American Oil Chemists’ Society’s FG method for samples that contained FG between 0.02 and 0.9%. Quadratic least squares regression for 31 samples had a correlation coefficient ofr2=0.986 and a standard error of estimated FG of 0.032%.
Separation of fatty acid methyl esters from tall oil by selective adsorption
Authors: Üstün Güldem 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and resin acids (RA) were separated from tall oil by selective adsorption. Commercial nonmodified molecular sieve 13X was used as adsorbent. The adsorption isotherms of fatty acids (FA), FAME, and RA on molecular sieve 13X at 25°C were determined using various solvents. The solvents were methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, benzene, hexane, isooctane, petroleum ether (40–60°C), and petroleum naphtha (80–180°C). With each solvent, FA and RA were adsorbed to a greater extent than FAME. Adsorption isotherms for RA and FAME in binary adsorption systems were also determined using petroleum ether, petroleum naphtha, benzene, and isopropanol. For each component in the binary adsorption, the equilibrium amounts are lower than the values for pure component adsorption. The adsorption of FAME decreased in the presence of RA markedly in petroleum ether and petroleum naphtha. This fact may be the indication of the phenomenon of selective adsorption. Separation was accomplished by adding a solution of esterified tall oil in solvents used in the binary adsorption systems, through a column packed with molecular sieve 13X. With petroleum naphtha, FAME and RA were recovered in yields of 93 and 94%, respectively, from esterified tall oil. Petroleum naphtha gave the best results. The effects of particle size of adsorbent and flow rate of solvent on the efficiency of the separation were also investigated in fixed‐bed column studies. The particle size of adsorbent did not apparently alter the results. Changes in the particle size should not significantly change the number of available adsorption sites in a microporous molecular sieve.
Extraction of oleic acid from soybean oil and jojoba oil‐phase diagrams
Authors: Apelblat Alexander , Zaharoskin Taisa , Wisniak Jaime , Korngold Emmanuel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFormamide,N‐methylformamide,N‐dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,2‐butanediol, and 2‐butane‐1,4‐diol were considered as potential extractants of fatty acids from soybean and jojoba oils. Ternary liquid‐liquid phase diagrams at 298.15 K, distribution, and selectivity coefficients of oleic acid are reported. Of the investigated solvents, onlyN‐methylformamide and 1,2‐butanediol have desirable extraction characteristics.
Brazilian encapsulated fish oils: Oxidative stability and fatty acid composition
Authors: Fantoni C. M. , Cuccio A. P. , Barrera‐Arellano D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEncapsulated fish oils are extensively commercialized in Brazil. These products could have an effect in the reduction of heart diseases because of their high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, information about their composition and quality are still lacking. Fatty acid composition, oxidative stability (Rancimat, 80°C, 2.5 g sample and 8.3 L/h air), peroxide value (PV), and polar compound content were determined in sixteen trademarked encapsulated fish and cod‐liver oils, purchased from Brazilian markets. The highly polyunsaturated fatty acid (eicosapentaenoic acid+docosahexaenoic acid) level appear to be typical of marine oils (16.2 and 32.1%). The PV ranged from 2.1 to 20.3 meq/kg, which is considered high, whereas the Rancimat induction periods varied from 1.95 to 8.45 h. The samples analyzed contained from 0.1 to 8.3% polar components. In some cases, both composition and quality were inadequate for this kind of product. One of the samples did not contain cod‐liver oil, it appears that it contained soybean oil.
Fatty acid compositions of tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.), baobab seeds (Adansonia digitata L.), and their mixture
Authors: Eteshola E. , Oraedu A. C. I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFatty acid profiles and iodine values of tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.), decorticated seeds of the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.), and their mixture (one part of tigernut to three parts of baobab seeds, w/w) were chromatographically and chemically determined. All three samples contained myristic acid as the main saturated acid and oleic acid as the predominant unsaturated acid. Linoleic acid was present in the samples to the extent of 8.8–27.4%, and no other polyunsaturated acids were found. The vegetable oil mixture had the highest level of linoleate, and its possible significance in relation to the intended use in novel food formulation is discussed.
Effects of growth temperature on the fatty acid composition of the free‐living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Tanaka Tamotsu , Ikita Kouji , Ashida Tetsuji , Motoyama Yoshiaki , Yamaguchi Yasunori , Satouchi Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of growth temperature on the fatty acid compositions of the phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and total lipid (TL) fractions of the free‐living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans were investigated. A reduction in growth temperature from 25 to 15°C caused the proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5n‐3) to increase from 23.6 to 32.5% in the PC, from 7.4 to 10.8% in the PE, and from 12.9 to 19.9% in the TL fractions. Conversely, the levels of dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid (20∶3n‐6) and arachidonic acid (20∶4n‐6) in these phospholipid fractions and the TL fraction both decreased with decreasing growth temperature. Analysis of the positional distribution of fatty acids in the PC fraction revealed that the change in the composition of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid was obvious in positionsn‐2. Lowering the growth temperature induced an increase in the level of the diacyl subclass of PE from 58% at 25°C to 71% at 15°C, with a concomitant decrease in the levels of the alkylacyl and alkenylacyl subclass of PE ofC. elegans. These changes observed in the phospholipids ofC. elegans might be one mechanism for adaptation to low temperature. Lipids 31, 1173–1178 (1996).
Sterol and steryl ester regulation of phospholipase A2 from the mosquito parasiteLagenidium giganteum
Authors: Kerwin James L. , MacKichan Joanna K. , Semon Melinda J. , Wiens Alison M. , DeRose Carolyn C. , Torvik Jessica J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLagenidium giganteum, a facultative parasite of mosquito larvae, cannot synthesize sterols, and requires an exogenous source of these lipids in order to enter its reproductive cycle. This parasite grows vegetatively in the absence of sterols, but requires cholesterol or structurally related compounds to produce motile zoospores, which are the only stage capable of infecting mosquitoes. Sterols structurally related to cholesterol and some steryl esters inhibited the activity ofL. giganteum phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme that hydrolyzes fatty acids from thesn‐2 position of glycerophospholipids. Sterols that induce reproduction inhibitedL. giganteum PLA2 activity, while sterols and steroids that do not support sporulation had minimal effect. Most steryl esters had no effect on enzyme activity, but cholesteryl arachidonate (CA) was a potent inhibitor of parasite PLA2. Not all enzymes partly purified using a DEAE‐Sephacel column were affected by these lipids, demonstrating selective inhibition of specific enzymes. Potency was enhanced by up to several orders of magnitude if epoxy fatty acids were esterified to the cholesterol nucleus. The steryl ester pool was dynamic during morphogenesis, and the fatty acid composition of the steryl esters did not mimic total cell or membrane (glycerophospholipid) fatty acid composition asL. giganteum proceeded through its growth cycle. Synthesis of CA and monoepoxy CA by the parasite was confirmed using electrospray mass spectrometry and collision‐induced dissociation. Steryl derivatives selectively inhibited PLA2 enzymes from bovine pancreas, snake venom, and human cytoplasmic 85‐kDa PLA2.
13C cross‐polarization and magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance of polymorphic forms of three triacylglycerols
Authors: Arishima T. , Sugimoto K. , Kiwata R. , Mori H. , Sato K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cross‐polarization and magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS‐NMR) technique has been used to analyze the polymorphic forms of three triacylglycerols, 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl glycerol (POP), 1, 3‐racpalmitoyl‐stearoyl‐2‐oleoyl glycerol (POS), and 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl glycerol (SOS). Specific attention has been paid to glycerol, carbonyl, olefinic, and methyl end carbon resonances. Many distinct differences were observed in each polymorphic form of SOS. In the α form, the saturated and unsaturated acyl chains exhibit liquid state‐like conformations. However, olefinic conformations of the γ and β′ forms were asymmetric with respect to thecis double bond. Spectral difference between β2 and β1 was observed only for the methylene carbon, and not in the other regions. Spectra of corresponding polymorphic forms of POP and POS were almost identical to those of SOS. However, some spectral differences were observed in the glycerol and methyl regions of γ and β′. From the chemical shifts of the methylene carbons, the crystal structures of the polymorphic form have been discussed, particularly in terms of the subcell structures.
Relationship between volatile compounds and sensory attributes of olive oils by the sensory wheel
Authors: Aparicio R. , Morales M. T. , Alonso M. V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSixty‐five volatile compounds and 103 sensory attributes were evaluated in 32 virgin olive oil samples from three different Mediterranean countries. Volatile compounds were analyzed with a dynamic headspace gas‐chromatographic technique by using a thermal desorption cold‐trap injector. The sensory analysis was conducted by six panels composed of assessors from the United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands, Greece and Italy. Principal‐components analysis of sensory attributes was used to construct a statistical sensory wheel that represents the whole virgin olive oil flavor matrix. This wheel is composed of seven sectors that show the basic perceptions produced by the oil: green, bitter‐pungent, undesirable, ripe olives, ripe fruit, fruity and sweet. The boundaries of each sector were calculated from the circular standard deviation of its sensory attributes. The relationship between sensory and instrumental analysis was determined by projecting volatiles onto the sensory wheel. Correlations of each volatile with the first two components of the principal‐components analysis were taken as its coordinates (x, y) in the sensory wheel. Volatiles took up the most appropriate place within the sector that corresponded with their perception, and often close to the sensory attributes that explained their sensory properties. A gas‐chromatographic/sniffing method was applied to virgin olive oil samples to assess the aroma notes that corresponded to olive oil volatile compounds and to verify the relationships found by the sensory wheel procedure. Most (89%) of the volatiles were well classified. Use of the statistical sensory wheel as an appropriate method to relate volatile and sensory data was clearly demonstrated.
Compositional characterization of cottonseed soapstocks
Authors: Dowd Michael K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCottonseed soapstock samples, collected during the 1993–1994 crushing season from oilseed extraction mills throughout the United States Cotton Belt, were analyzed by chemical and chromatographic methods. Volatiles averaged 48.7±10.6% (mean±SD,n=39). On a dry basis, the samples averaged 33.3±7.3% fatty acids, 26.3±6.9% phospholipids, 8.4±6.4% triglycerides, and 7.5±3.0% gossypol. The analytical techniques accounted for 93.3±8.6% of the dry soapstock matter. The AOCS method for total fatty acids in soapstock yielded values in agreement with the chromatographic and phosphorus analyses. In contrast, the AOCS method for neutral oil in soapstock gave values that were significantly higher than those obtained by chromatography. The amount of nonlipid material in the samples correlated with the phosphorus content. Total gossypol and nitrogen levels were also related.
Catalytic hydrogenation of linoleic acid on nickel, copper, and palladium
Authors: Kitayama Yoshie , Muraoka Masahiro , Takahashi Megumi , Kodama Tatsuya , Itoh Hirofumi , Takahashi Eriko , Okamura Mutsuo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe catalytic activity and selectivity for hydrogenation of linoleic acid were studied on Ni, Cu, and Pd catalysts. A detailed analysis of the reaction product was performed by a gas‐liquid chromatograph, equipped with a capillary column, and Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy. Geometrical and positional isomerization of linoleic acid occurred during hydrogenation, and many kinds of linoleic acid isomers (trans‐9,trans‐12; trans‐8,cis‐12 orcis‐9,trans‐13; cis‐9,trans‐12; trans‐9,cis‐12 andcis‐9,cis‐12 18∶2) were contained in the reaction products. The monoenoic acids in the partial hydrogenation products contained eight kinds of isomers and showed different isomer distributions on Ni, Cu, and Pd catalysts, respectively. The positional isomers of monoenoic acid were produced by double‐bond migration during hydrogenation. On Ni and Pd catalysts, the yield ofcis‐12 andtrans‐12 monoenoic acids was larger than that ofcis‐9 andtrans‐9 monoenoic acids. On the contrary, the yield ofcis‐9 andtrans‐9 monoenoic acids was larger than that ofcis‐12 andtrans‐12 monoenoic acids on Cu catalyst. From these results, it is concluded that the double bond closer to the methyl group (Δ12) and that to the carboxyl group (Δ9) show different reactivity for hydrogenation on Ni, Cu, and Pd catalysts. Monoenoic acid formation was more selective on Cu catalyst than on Ni and Pd catalysts.
Effect of Hunter disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) mutations on molecular phenotypes of iduronate‐2‐sulfatase: Enzymatic activity, protein processing and structural analysis
Authors: Sukegawa‐Hayasaka K. , Kato Z. , Nakamura H. , Tomatsu S. , Fukao T. , Kuwata K. , Orii T. , Kondo N. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryMucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter disease), a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of iduronate‐2‐sulfatase (IDS), has variable clinical phenotypes. Nearly 300 different mutations have been identified in the IDS gene from patients with Hunter disease, but the correlation between the genotype and phenotype has remained unclear. We studied the characteristics of 11 missense mutations, which were detected in the patients or artificially introduced, using stable expression experiments and structural analysis. The mutants found in the attenuated phenotype showed considerable residual activity (0.2–2.4% of the wild‐type IDS activity) and those in the severe phenotype had no activity. In immunoblot analysis, both the 73–75 kDa precursor and processed forms were detected in the expression of ‘attenuated’ mutants (R48P, A85T and W337R) and the artificial active site mutants (C84S, C84T). The 73–75 kDa initial precursor was detected in the ‘severe’ mutants (P86L, S333L, S349I, R468Q, R468L). The truncated 68 kDa precursor form was synthesized in the Q531X mutant. The results of immunoblotting indicated rapid degradation and/or insufficiency in processing as a result of structural alteration of the IDS protein. A combination of analyses of genotype and molecular phenotypes, including enzyme activity, protein processing and structural analysis with an engineered reference protein, could provide an avenue to understanding the molecular mechanism of the disease and could give a useful tool for the evaluation of possible therapeutic chemical compounds.
Dwarf bamboo as an ecological filter for forest regeneration
Authors: Itô Hiroki , Hino Teruaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuantitative relationships between the aboveground biomass of dwarf bamboo, Sasa nipponica, and the survivorship and emergence of seedlings of Abies homolepis, Fraxinus lanuginosa f. serrata, and Fagus crenata were estimated. We show that dwarf bamboo acts as an ecological filter since the responses of tree species differ according to the biomass of dwarf bamboo. Deer exclusion without management of dwarf bamboo would make it impossible for any tree species to regenerate due to rapid increases in the biomass of dwarf bamboo.
Role of ocean salinity in climate and near‐future satellite measurements
Authors: Lagerloef Gary , Schmitt Raymond 
Published: November 2006

The distribution and variation of oceanic salinity are attracting increasing scientific attention due to their relationship to the global water cycle and its influence on circulation, mixing, and climate processes. Over the past 50 years, high‐latitude oceans have become fresher while the subtropical oceans have become saltier. This change is slowly spreading into the subsurface ocean layers and may be affecting the strength of the ocean's thermohaline overturning circulation.As a state variable that partly governs sea water density, salinity is directly linked to the ocean dynamics through the distribution of mass, and provides an important window onto the global water cycle. Regional differences in evaporation (E), precipitation (P), and land runoff (R) affect the freshwater content and hence salinity of surface water. Direct observations of P‐E over the ocean remain prone to large uncertainty, yet the oceans harbor 97% of the planet's free water Proand experience 86% of the global evaporation and 78% of global precipitation. Increasing evidence suggests that terrestrial flood and drought cycles are closely linked to variations in the much larger oceanic water cycle, which, in turn, are linked to ocean processes for sequestering and transporting heat and influence climate variability in ways that are not yet well understood.