bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of sprayer configuration on efficacy for the control of scab on crabapple using electron beam analysis
Authors: Krause Charles R. , Derksen Richard C. , Horst Leona E. , Zhu Heping , Zondag Randall 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFoliar diseases like apple scab result in significant economic losses to growers each year. Assessment in past studies involved only macroscopic disease ratings. More complete knowledge of the fate and behavior of fungicide has been needed to reduce pesticide use with less off‐target contamination. Field studies were conducted in a production nursery for over 4 years. A moderately susceptible cultivar of ornamental crabapple, Malus spp. cv “Candied Apple”, was sprayed with a fungicide using two sprayer/nozzle configurations. The fungicide used in this study was Mankocide, combination of Cu(OH)2 and mancozeb that permitted electron beam analysis (EBA) identification based on the presence of Cu, MN and Zn in the molecule and formulation. EBA was conducted using a cold field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x‐ray microanalyzer. Fresh leaf samples were placed on sticky stubs after each fungicide treatment. The presence or absence of fungal conidia and fungicide residue were measured. EBA permitted direct visualization and identification of the pathogens, morphologically, and chemical characterization of fungicide present. EBA was useful to quantify disease control related to fungicide coverage, sprayer configuration and treatment efficacy. SCANNING 31: 24–27, 2009. Published 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“State of the Art” in Liver Resection and Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Worldwide Survey of 100 Liver Centers
Authors: Breitenstein Stefan , Apestegui Carlos , Petrowsky Henrik , Clavien Pierre Alain 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundNew strategies have been developed to expand indications for liver surgery. The objective was to evaluate the current practice worldwide regarding critical liver mass and manipulation of the liver volume.MethodsA survey was sent to 133 liver centers worldwide, which focused on (a) critical liver volume, (b) preoperative manipulation of the liver mass, and (c) use of liver biopsy and metabolic tests.ResultsThe overall response rate to the survey was 75%. Half of the centers performed more than 100 resections per year; 86% had an associated liver transplant program. The minimal remnant liver volume for resection was 25% (15–40%) in cases of normal liver parenchyma and 50% (25–90%) in the presence of underlying cirrhosis. The minimal remnant liver volume for living donors was 40% (30–50%), whereas the accepted graft body weight ratio was 0.8 (0.6–1.2). Portal vein occlusion to manipulate the liver volume before resection was performed in 89% of the centers.ConclusionsLimits of liver volume and the current practice of liver manipulation before resection were comparable among different centers and continents. The minimal remnant liver volume in normal liver was 25%, and more than 80% of the centers performed portal vein occlusion.
Locking, Jamming, and Ratchet Mechanisms of Sliding Surgical Knots Topologically Revisited
Authors: Hage J. Joris , van der Steen Lydia P. E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe geometry of lockable, ratchet, or jamming sliding surgical knots was assessed to enhance practical and topological understanding of knots among surgeons.MethodsUsing a database of more than 100 surgical knots, 29 knots that reportedly feature locking, ratchet, or jamming mechanisms were topologically assessed for their ability to lock antegradely or retrogradely, to lock by assuming their flat geometry, or to jam.ResultsEighteen of the 29 investigated surgical knots have previously been mistakenly categorized. Topologically, the concept of a true ratchet knot is a fallacy.ConclusionsSurgical knots may be consistently classified on the basis of precise and detailed definition of various anti‐backsliding geometrical characteristics of knots.
Is It Necessary to Discuss Person‐Oriented Research in Community Psychology?
Authors: Anne Bogat G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA brief overview of the person orientation is provided. It is then argued that research in community psychology, similar to every other field in psychology, has mainly focused on variables, not individuals. Suggestions are provided for how the person orientation can be applied to understanding settings and environments as well as the theoretical and methodological contributions community psychologists can make to further person oriented methods.
Synthesis and Characterization of Aromatic–Aliphatic Polyamide Nanocomposite Films Incorporating a Thermally Stable Organoclay
Authors: Zulfiqar Sonia , Sarwar MuhammadIlyas 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Nanocomposites were synthesized from reactive thermally stable montmorillonite and aromatic–aliphatic polyamide obtained from 4-aminophenyl sulfone and sebacoyl chloride. Carbonyl chloride terminal chain ends were generated using 1% extra sebacoyl chloride that could interact chemically with the organoclay. The distribution of clay in the nanocomposites was investigated by XRD, SEM, and TEM. Mechanical and thermal properties of these materials were monitored using tensile testing, TGA, and DSC. The results revealed delaminated and intercalated nanostructures leading to improved tensile strength and modulus up to 6 wt% addition of organoclay. The elongation at break and toughness of the nanocomposites decreased with increasing clay contents. The nanocomposites were thermally stable in the range 400–450 °C. The glass transition temperature increased relative to the neat polyamide due to the interfacial interactions between the two phases. Water uptake of the hybrids decreased upon the addition of organoclay depicting reduced permeability.
Shapes and Coiling of Mixed Phospholipid Vesicles
Authors: Paredes‐Quijada Gerardo , Aranda‐Espinoza Helim , Maldonado Amir 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe have studied some physical properties of mixed phosphatidylcholine (SOPC)–phosphatidylserine (SOPS) vesicles. In a previous work (Paredes et al. in J Biol Phys 32:177–181, 2006) it was shown that the shape of the vesicles depends on the SOPC:SOPS composition, and that coiled cylindrical vesicles exist in samples with low SOPS contents. In this work, we further studied the same system of mixed vesicles. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments displayed peaks characteristic of lipid mixing in the liquid state, ruling out a possible phase transition as an explanation of vesicle coiling. In addition, small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) experiments allowed us to estimate the periodicity distance inside the vesicles. This distance is d ≈ 60 Å, as revealed by the Bragg peaks observed in the experiments. Finally, the coiling transition of a cylindrical vesicle was observed under solvent flow. This observation indicates that the vesicle coiling reported previously for this system (Paredes et al. in J Biol Phys 32:177–181, 2006) does not depend on the SOPC:SOPS composition alone, but also on mechanical perturbations during the preparation steps.
Testimony on manpower
Authors: Harrison George R. 
Published: January 2009

“Senator Johnson and Member of the Committee:
“I favor the concept that all young men should be obligated to render for a certain period some form of ‘time tax’ toward national security. The problem is how to levy this tax in the way most useful to the nation. In general I support the view that, as nearly universally as possible, the time should be taken between graduation from high school and subsequent activities, since in most cases this is the least disruptive time in the career of the individual. However, in some cases the nation might better ask young men to serve at a later and less convenient time, after they have developed aptitudes which will enable them to render specialized and greater service which the nation now needs badly and will find increasingly difficult to obtain.
Infection risk and intrauterine devices
Authors: MARTÍNEZ FRANCISCA , LÓPEZ‐ARREGUI EDUARDO 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFor most women, intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) are a safe option. Upper genital tract infections (pelvic inflammatory disease, PID) occur when pathogenic microorganisms ascend from the cervix and invade the endometrium and the fallopian tubes, causing an inflammatory reaction. Evidence‐based recommendations regarding intrauterine contraception and risk of infection were presented at the Congress of the European Society of Contraception, in Prague, 2008: A clinical history (including sexual history) should be taken as part of the routine assessment for intrauterine contraception to identify women at high risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI); if appropriate a test should be offered; if symptoms or signs are present, appropriate diagnostic tests should be done, results awaited, necessary treatment completed, and IUCD insertion postponed until resolution. Prophylactic antibiotics are not recommended (evidence level II‐3). STI screening is not routinely recommended. PID among IUCD users is most strongly related to the insertion process and to the background risk of STI (evidence level II‐2). Conditions which represent an unacceptable health risk if an IUCD is inserted (WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria, MEC, Categories 3–4) are current PID, current purulent cervicitis, chlamydial or gonorrheal infection. For continuation as well as initiation, WHO MEC categories 3–4 are allotted to women with known pelvic tuberculosis, puerperal sepsis and septic abortion.
Outcome after endovascular revascularization of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis
Authors: Eklöf H. , Bergqvist D. , Hägg A. , Nyman R. 
Published: January 2009

Background: With an aging population, more patients might be treated for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS). The goal of this treatment is to achieve a dialysis-free life or a well-controlled blood pressure with reduced risks of cardiovascular complications. Purpose: To analyze the clinical outcome of percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty without stenting (PTRA) or with stenting (PTRS) for ARAS at one center. Material and Methods: The study group comprised 152 patients who underwent 203 PTRA/PTRS. All had hypertension, and 45% had azotemia. A retrospective collection of baseline and postprocedural number of antihypertensive drugs, blood pressure, and serum creatinine were analyzed during a follow-up of 3–18 months. Results: Technical success rate was 95%, and clinical benefit was seen in 63% of patients. Complications included a 30-day mortality rate of 1.5%, a total complication rate of 35%, and major adverse events in 13%. The major adverse events were highly related to azotemia. Major adverse events within 30 days, with permanent disability, were seen in 5% and almost exclusively in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment. A subgroup analysis of 28 patients with renal duplex resistive index (RI) pre-PTRA/S and 6 months’ follow-up showed a benefit of PTRA/PTRS in 17 (68%) of the 25 patients with RI <80 and in all three (100%) of the patients with RI ≥80. Conclusion: Endovascular treatment of ARAS has an excellent technical success rate, with a clinical improvement rate of >60%. However, it is associated with a considerable complication rate. Serious complications are seen mainly in azotemic patients. Predictors of clinical response could not be identified. Renal duplex RI is questioned as a predictor of clinical outcome.
Optimum Resource Allocation in Distributed MIMO Systems
Authors: Cao Rui , Yang Liuqing 
Published: January 2009

Distributed multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system is a promising architecture to provide reliable communications over spatially separated relaying nodes. In this paper, we will investigate the optimum resource allocation techniques in distributed MIMO systems, employing differential (de)modulation and various relaying protocols. Instead of limiting to energy optimization, we solve this problem via a two-dimensional energy and location optimization. The benefits of our resource optimization approaches are illustrated through extensive analysis and simulations. Both the comparisons between different optimization techniques and systems with different protocols are included. Based on our previous work, we provide an upper bound of the symbol error rate (SER) for decode-and-forward (DF) systems and an approximated SER for amplify-and-forward (AF) systems. We proved that the system SER is a convex function in both the transmit energy and the relay location, and then carried out the two-dimensional energy and location optimization through numerical search. As we know, system energy is a limited resource, especially for mobile terminals, and the coverage area is a critical factor to judge the system performance. Therefore, we evaluate the benefits of our optimization techniques in terms of the system energy saving and the coverage distance extension. The simulations reveal several interesting results. For both the DF and the AF protocols, the optimized systems always outperform the unoptimized systems with either less energy consumption or longer transmission range. It is also noticed that the benefits of both energy and location optimizations vary a lot for different protocols, and with different system configurations. Uniform energy allocation and midpoint relay location are normally chosen as an initial system setup. For such a configuration with the DF protocol, location optimization is more critical than energy optimization, and the unoptimized system receives prominent benefits from both optimizations, and tremendous system resources savings. For the AF protocol, however, the location and energy optimizations are equally important for the unoptimized system. It turns out that the uniform energy allocation and the midpoint relay location result in fairly good system performance, since it is reasonably close to the global optimum. For other initial system setups, the optimization benefits are also distinct in the AF and the DF systems. In DF systems, more optimization benefits can be achieved when the relays are either close to the destination or have more transmit energy allocated to the relay(s). On the contrary, in the AF systems, remarkable optimization benefits will be achieved when the relays are far from the midpoint, or when the relays are only able to transmit at low energy levels.
Knowledge Management in Global Software Development
Authors: Shiva Sajjan G. , Lee Sarah B. , Shala Lubna A. , Simmons Chris B. 
Published: January 2009

In today's global economy, shrinking business cycles and global competetition are changing the landscape of software development. Frequently, multiple and geographically dispersed development teams are working together on large complex software systems. The complexity of global software development (GSD) warrants investigation into practices for building highly effective geographically diverse teams. GSD introduces challenges such as physical distance, time-zone differences, and diversity of languages and cultures. Frequently, different parts of an organization might use different terms and naming schemes and may have unique ways of expressing concepts. Knowledge of dependencies between software components and a variety of technical platforms must be recognized and shared across the organization. Such a global environment requires a high degree of collaboration and knowledge sharing. The use of a flexible, user-friendly knowledge management system that allows natural language query processing across knowledge captured throughout the software development lifecycle (SDLC) is required to improve knowledge sharing and reuse. A variety of knowledge management techniques can be introduced into the SDLC to enhance the understanding and knowledge sharing between dispersed team members. Within the commercial realm, applications to capture and effectively disseminate knowledge are becoming more prevalent; however, many are specific to a business domain rather than focused on facilitating knowledge sharing across the SDLC. A high level design of a system that provides an integrated view of work products extracted from different sources in the enterprise, providing “just in times” knowledge to the user either through explicit search capabilities or through intelligence-based alerting that notifies users of new knowledge, is proposed. Our proposed KMS architecture seeks to facilitate a knowledge sharing environment by stressing ease of retrieval through natural language querying and proactive notification. The KMS should be designed to present the most relevant knowledge to the user. With knowledge stored in a variety of formats and on different technical platforms, it is imperative that a tool be provided that will be able to integrate and correlate knowledge from different sources and enable ease of extraction.
A Domain-Based Trust Model in Peer-to-Peer Environment
Authors: Xu Fen , Guo Yajun 
Published: January 2009

In large scale peer-to-peer networks, it is difficult to establish the trust relationship between peers as it is less likely that repeatable interactions will occur with the same peer. So the network is vulnerable to malicious peers. In order to settle the problem, a novel domain-based trust model is proposed in this paper. This model can be used to deal with trust relationship between the entities in peer-to-peer environment and help peer-to-peer entities make trust choice. Select a node whose performance is the optimal as a super-node in each domain of nodes. Some information of nodes in this domain is stored in super-nodes. There are a lot of this kind of domains in the whole peer-to-peer structure, and super-nodes in each domain are connected in the form of the pure peer-to-peer structure in the overall structure. This model divides the trust relationships between entities into a trust relationship in domain and the trust relationship between domains which are dealt with in a different way. This model can evaluate the trust relationship between the entities more accurately, thus can solve security issues more effectively in the peer-to-peer environment. We present the implementing process of this model, and propose several formulae to respectively calculate the trust value in the domain and the trust value between domains. Furthmore, the simulation and analyses show that this model can get more real trust value at the small price, and the advantages of the model are simple structure and high reliability. In conclusion, we propose a novel domain-based trust model based on the super-node network architecture. The structure of this model is very simple. The model is very easy to be accepted by users and is suitable for many kinds of peer-to-peer application environments. The trust relationships between entities are divided into trust relationship in the domain and a trust relationship between domains in the model. For the different trust relationships, we use the different calculation method to assure the real-time performance, accuracy, integrity, and calculation efficiency of the trust value. In future, we will make much more specific definition and description for this model such as updating the strategy of the trust value and so on. We will also incorporate intrusion tolerant intelligence in this model, so that nodes are able to detect false information sent by any malicious node.
Supporting QoS-Based Discovery for Visualization Web Services
Authors: Shua Gao , Chub Xiuming , Chen Dingfang 
Published: January 2009

Collaborative and distributed visualization applications generally require access to high-performance and high-end resources that are both expensive to own and maintain. Often there are also a limited number of such resources available. The development of Grid infrastructure allows these resources to be shared by visualization service providers and users. However, effective use of such resources necessitate the development of mechanisms which take into account the particular constraints needed to satisfy particular application resource demands as some visualization applications may be dependent on requiring data to be stored and delivered in a timely manner. Therefore, these applications must adhere to stringent real-time constraints and Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements. In this paper we proposed a novel approach to matching visualization service requests with service advertisements using QoS attributes. Five attributes—Response time, Availability, Execution price, Memory capacity, and Number of CPUs—are selected as the quality criteria for the visualization services, and for each one, we provide a definition, indicate its granularity, and provide rules to compute its value for a given service. The idea behind QoS-based matchmaking for visualization is an attempt to provide visualization service requesters with an approach to locate services, which have been selected by function properties, utilizing non-functional properties in order to get “good” quality services. The matchmaking approach proposed is concerned with computing the similarity between service requests and services based on above QoS attributes. The paper gives the equations of the similarities for Response time, Availability, Execution price, Memory capacity, Number of CPUs, and details the matching algorithm based on these equations for similarity. A prototype of the visualization service discovery system was developed, which is based on QoS and extends our previous prototype of the semantic portal for the discovery of the visualization service which provides multiple techniques to search available visualization services. But these techniques are all based on functional attributes, not on QoS ones. The enhanced system introduces the computation of QoS similarity and the capability of QoS feedback to users, which will be faster in finding qualified visualization Web Services. The paper discusses the prototype's architecture and how it works. The paper finally presents an experiment, the objective of which is to observe the performance of the search with QoS attributes. It can be seen from the experiment that the time for QoS matching is acceptable, and the search based on nonfunctional attributes allows the user to locate more appropriate visualization Web Services.