bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How building designers react to the technical publications of the Building Research Establishment and other organizations
Authors: Snow Chris , Brewer Ron 
Published: March 2007

As part of its programme of research aimed at improving the effectiveness of technical publications, BRE commissioned a survey of architects and architectural assistants to find out about their usage of, and views on, the technical publications of the Building Research Establishment and other organiza tions. An initial postal survey of some 2000 people collected some preliminary information. This was then used to help in selecting a sample of 100 designers for more detailed ' across the drawing board' interviews. This summary of the results of the survey gives information on the frequency with which technical publications are used, the types of publications preferred, specific views on BRE's output and suggestions for improvements. The full results of the research are given in the report "Designers' use of BRE and other technical publications" produced for BRE by Mandix in October 1985. (The report is available for examination in the BRE Library).
Information inputs to research and development work
Authors: Whitehall T. , Breadmore C.M. , Butters A.J. 
Published: March 2007

This research concerns the effect of the R&D system on information use. Interviews with 42 research and development workers showed that workers were involved in one of five types of activity: research to collect facts or opinions, research to develop a hypothesis, problem solving, feasibility study or product development. It was possible to define stages involved in these activities in terms of a task analysis obtained dunng the interview. A critical incident study of information use revealed the sorts of information needed to achieve the various tasks. These different types of R&D activity and their task analyses, and the information inputs which were required are listed. The relative importance of external and mternal infor mation, and of informal and formal channels is revealed in the study, in a way different from that normally employed in use studies. Information was used throughout the projects, not just mainly at the beginning and end of a project. A great deal of this information was not from external, formal sources at all.
From information- to knowledge-management: the role of rule induction and neural net machine learning techniques in knowledge generation
Authors: Ford Nigel 
Published: March 2007

Developments in artificial intelligence mean that it is now increasingly possible to store not only information but also knowledge as an exploitable resource. Insofar as he or she is concerned with creating, organizing and monitoring knowledge resources to support effective decision making within an organization, the information manager is developing the role of knowledge manager. As well as its organization and dissemina tion, the generation of storable knowledge is very much on the agenda of the knowledge manager. The extent to which com puters can help in the process of knowledge generation is central to his or her concerns. Machine learning techniques have been developed which are capable of giving us an increasing amount of help in this process. The contributions of rule induction and artificial neural net systems are discussed. It is likely that such tech niques will prove to be useful tools both for the information/knowledge manager requiring practical working systems enabling the cost-effective exploitation of knowledge resources, and for the information/knowledge scientist requir ing advances in our more fundamental theoretical knowledge of the nature of information and ways of processing it.
Information skills, searching behaviour and cognitive styles for student-centred learning: a computer-assisted learning approach
Authors: Wood Frances , Ford Nigel , Miller David , Sobczyk Gill , Duffin Robert 
Published: March 2007

Undergraduates were tested to establish how they searched databases, the effectiveness of their searches and their satis faction with them. The students' cognitive and learning styles were determined by the Lancaster Approaches to Studying Inventory and Riding's Cognitive Styles Analysis tests. There were significant differences in the searching behaviour and the effectiveness of the searches carried out by students with different learning and cognitive styles. Computer-assisted learning (CAL) packages were devel oped for three departments. The effectiveness of the pack ages was evaluated. Significant differences were found in the ways students with different learning styles used the packages. Based on the experience gained, guidelines for the teaching of information skills and the production and use of packages were prepared. About two-thirds of the searches had serious weaknesses, indicating a need for effective training. It appears that choice of searching strategies, search effectiveness and use of CAL packages are all affected by the cognitive and learning styles of the searcher. Therefore, students should be made aware of their own styles and, if appropriate, how to adopt more effec tive strategies. Information skills training and, in particular, CAL packages for this purpose should be designed to accom modate different cognitive and learning styles.
Electronic bulletin board distributed questionnaires for exploratory research
Authors: Miller James , Daly John , Wood Murray , Brooks Andrew , Roper Marc 
Published: March 2007

The use of electronic bulletin boards is increasing dramat ically ; they are now a significant source of opinion and experience-related commentary from a wide variety of people over a large range of topics. As such, they are a major information resource and potentially suitable as a vehicle for questionnaire distribution. To date, there has been no formal discussion of this vehicle - a deficiency this paper attempts to address. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this medium, and compares it against the other possible alternatives. We believe this comparison shows that the medium has a great deal to offer and a wide degree of applicability, especially within the area of exploratory research. The main deficiency with the medium is that it poten tially suffers from a large-scale self-selection bias. To inves tigate this, we have conducted a questionnaire study through this medium, and subsequently replicated it using a traditional mail distribution approach. We believe that this experiment provides evidence that, for populations without a sampling frame, the effect is of a similar magni tude for both bulletin board distributed and mail distrib uted surveys. We conclude that surveys using this new medium are valid, given the above restriction.
A Political Bargaining Theory of Co-determination — An Empirical Test for the Dutch System of Organizational Democracy
Authors: Teulings Ad W. M. 
Published: March 2007

Works Council influence in strategic managerial decisions is based upon the formal legal capacity to interrupt the process of decision-making at some point before its implementation, i.e. to halt the labour process of management. This equals the capacity to halt the operational labour process by means of a work stoppage in traditional collective bargaining. An empirical study of Works Council politics, comparing two samples (336 firms in 1980 and 63 firms in 1984) shows a strong but complex inter-relationship between the use of legal interventions and of legitimate non-statutory means of power. Influential, leading Works Councils follow a 'rational political' or a 'radical' strategy. The economic crisis increases the gap between this vanguard of inter-related Works Councils and a majority of isolated Councils abstaining from action or accommodating by bureaucratic ritualism.
Workers' Self-Management in the World System: The Yugoslav Case
Authors: Rojek Chris , Wilson David C. 
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to show that whilst the concept of self management was reasonable in the light of Yugoslavia's break from the Soviet bloc, its practice has proved problematic. It is argued that there are two inter-related reasons for this. First, self-management becomes largely a myth in a country which is interdependent with a dominantly capitalist worldwide market system and, second, it becomes difficult to sustain self-management in the light of factions and pressure groups which consistently put their own interests above those of the nation. Theoretically, the paper attempts to transcend the nation state as the primary level of analysis. It is argued that organizational relations in one country can only be understood in terms of the inter-state system of organizational relations. Self-management is likely to be problematic in a world economy which is dominated by the advanced capitalist core powers.
An Inside Story: Tales from the Field — Doing Organizational Research in a State of Insecurity
Authors: George Ranjan , Clegg Stewart R. 
Published: March 2007

Doing successful organizational research is difficult. Doing the same in difficult circumstances proves worthy of discussion. This short paper illustrates the reali ties experienced by a management researcher while doing doctoral field work in Sri Lanka. Everyday life in Sri Lanka means the routine experience of dangerous, difficult and challenging circumstances. Here we seek to provide an insight into how best to manage the worst circumstances. Future researchers undertaking research not only in Sri Lanka, but also elsewhere in South Asia, and in places in the world where there is a state of insecurity, might benefit from this research experience. One source of insecurity derives directly from the state of emergency that has gripped Sri Lanka ever since the Tamil Tigers began their campaign of terror, designed to try and induce the state to allow them a separate homeland in the north and east of the island. The other source of insecurity flows from respondent per ceptions of research as 'strange', in itself. Each is a source of ontological insecu rity : the one leads to conditions that make it more difficult to be a researcher, while the other leads to conditions that make it more difficult for others to know what being a researcher means.
Searching for a Role: The Civil Service in American Democracy
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: March 2007

Political changes in the United States have produced several conflicting pressures on the public bureaucracy. On the one hand, the Reagan administration placed greater demands for political responsive ness on civil servants; those pressures continued to a lesser degree in the Bush administration. At the same time, there are increasing pressures on civil servants from clients and interest groups for attention to their needs and demands. All these groups also seek to hold civil servants accountable, although in different ways. The public is often caught in the middle, and individual organizations may experience internal tensions arising from these conflicting demands. The public bureaucracy itself is composed of well-educated and commit ted individuals who seek their own role in defining and implementing policy. These policy and managerial conflicts are not peculiar to the United States but are found in most modern democracies.
On the Way to Ecologically Sustainable Economic Growth
Authors: Fritsch Bruno 
Published: March 2007

The question has been posed by many social and natural scien tists as to whether, and for how long, the carrying capacity of our planet can withstand such "progress" as mankind has made in the last quarter- century. This article shows that limits are not so much in the area of physical factors, such as energy and resources, but rather in our ability to learn and to absorb the speed of technological change, both in psychological and in political terms. Thus the problems we are confronted with are neither of a purely physical nor of a purely economic nature. From a wider perspective, it becomes obvious that man is involved in three interrelated conflicts. He is (a) in conflict with nature (environment); (b) in conflict with his fellow men (war); and (c) in conflict with himself (identity between the inner and outer worlds). The factors influencing our chances to achieve a situation which is sustainable and socially acceptable, have at least three dimensions: (1) a dimension of evolutionary history; (2) a scien tific or technological dimension; and (3) an economic-political dimension. It is shown that the key positive factor in achieving any kind of sustain ability is knowledge and the key negative factor is further population growth. Hence, if we want to achieve a morally and materially sustainable future we must break the vicious circle of ongoing population growth, more poverty, fewer chances to learn, more violence, more population growth, and so on.
Rock Music in American Schools: Positions and Practices Since the 1960s
Authors: Hebert David G. , Campbell Patricia Shehan 
Published: March 2007

The challenge that rock music has historically faced in achieving widespread acceptance within American music education can be attributed to six common arguments: 1) Rock music is aesthetically inferior; 2) Rock music is damaging to the health of youth; 3) School time cannot be spent on the vernacular; 4) Music teachers are not trained in rock; 5) Rock music encourages rebelliousness and anti-educational behavior; and 6) Rock music curriculum is difficult to acquire. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these six claims is herein analyzed, and the authors’ conclusions discuss the potential benefits of rock music studies. Popular music as such need not, must not be taught in the public classrooms. This music will carry itself. The music educator's job is to perpetuate Western art music and to open doors to its perception in the minds of the children of the nation (Anderson 1968, p. 87).
Communication Difficulties: the Doctor's Perspective
Authors: Pendleton David , Brouwer Henk , Jaspars Jos 
Published: March 2007

Two studies are reported. In the first study, 24 general practitioners from the Oxford region of England provided information about 950 of their consultations. The aims of the study were threefold. The first aim was to discover the rate at which general practitioners experience communication difficulties in their consultations. This was an attempt to establish the ecological validity of the investigations. The second aim was to explore the doctors' attributions for their difficulties. The third aim was to identify the consultation variables which best predict the incidence of a communication difficulty. The second study was a full scale replication of the first study in Holland. In this study data were analysed from 28 doctors about 1120 of their consultations. In each study, approximately one in four of the consultations contained some communication difficulty for the doctors. The doctors attributed the difficulties to factors which were external to themselves. The most powerful predictors of communication difficulties were tension in the doctors and perceived tension in the patients. The theoretical, methodological and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
5 -HT1A Receptor agonist (8-OH-DPAT) and 5-HT2 receptor agonist (DOI) disrupt the non-cognitive performance of rats in a working memory task
Authors: Ruotsalainen Sirja , MacDonald Ewen , Koivisto Esa , Stefanski Roman , Haapalinna Antti , Riekkinen Paavo , Sirviö Jouni 
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the role of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the execution of a working memory task (delayed non-matching to position, DNMTP) by assessing the influence of 8-OH-DPAT (5-HT1A receptor agonist) and DOI (5-HT 2 receptor agonist) on the performance of rats lesioned with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) and their controls. Post-mortem neurochemical analysis revealed that serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were reduced in examined brain areas (especially in the hippocampus where there was a 90 percent reduction). Noradrenaline concentrations were also decreased (mostly on the same side of the injection) by about 20 percent. 5,7-DHT lesioned rats did not significantly differ from their controls in performance in the DNMTP task. At the 30 μg/kg dose, 8-OH-DPAT did not affect the DNMTP-performance of rats, but at the higher dose (100 μg/kg) it reduced the probability of responding to the sample lever. DOI (100 and 300 μg/kg) also interfered with the non-cognitive performance of rats. Since neither of these agonists affected significantly the choice accuracy, they do not appear to influence the working memory per se. The 5,7-DHT lesioned rats did not differ from their controls in response to these agonists. These results suggest that the combination of 5-HT1A receptor stimulation by 8-OH-DPAT and 5-HT2 receptor stimulation by DOI can interfere with the non-cognitive performance of rats in the DNMTP task. The results further indicate that the effect of 8-OH-DPAT may be mediated through post-synaptic rather than pre-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors.
A Finite Element Dynamic Analysis of Flexible Manipulators
Authors: Jonker Ben 
Published: March 2007

A finite element - based method is presented for analyzing the dynamic behavior of flexible manipulators, including the effects of the manipulator's control system. The method involves a nonlinear finite-element formulation in which both links and joints are considered as specific finite elements. The governing equations of motion are formulated in terms of two sets of coordinates, namely generalized coordinates of the manipulator with rigid links and deformation mode coordinates that characterize deformation of the links. The method also permits generation of locally linearized models about a nominal trajectory. The numerical performance of the presented finite element method is demonstrated by analyzing the closed-loop behav ior of a flexible three-degree-of-freedom manipulator in which the position of the end effector is to be sensed. On the basis of the linearized system description, controllability is discussed in terms of the modal representations of the system. Uncontrollable manipulator configurations have been indi cated for bending vibrations of the out-of-plane motion of the manipulator. Fast and precise closed-loop tip position control has been obtained for the in-plane motion with a bandwidth that is three times the bandwidth achieved with actuator joint feedback. However, no significant increase in the bandwidth has been obtained for the out-of-plane motion. The improve ment for the latter motion is strongly limited by the nonmini mum phase behavior.
The Modest Proposal Nursing Home: Dehumanizing Characteristics of Nursing Homes in of Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Berdes Celia 
Published: March 2007

Humanistic care is care that leads to quality of life. The viewpoint of nursing home residents is uniquely indicative of humanistic and dehumanizing care in nursing homes. Therefore, three books by nursing home residents about their experiences in nursing homes are examined in the context of three themes of humanization: control, privacy, and relationships. These insights are then translated into the model "Modest Proposal" Nursing Home, less infeasible than its Swiftian namesake and equally thought-provoking. Some persons of desponding Spirit are in great Concern about that vast Number of poor People, who are Aged, Diseased, or Maimed; and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course may be taken, to ease the Nation of so grievous an Incumbrance. But I am not in the least Pain upon that Matter; because it is very well known, that they are every Day dying, and rotting, by Cold and Famine, and Filth, and Vermin, as fast as can be reasonably expected. (Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal)
Regression, Practice, and Expectation Effects on the Revised Conners Teacher Rating Scale
Authors: Brandon Karen A. , Kehle Thomas J. , Jenson William R. , Clark Elaine 
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the influence of practice effects, regression toward the mean, teachers' expectations, and warm-up procedures on the Revised Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Sixty elementary school teachers viewed videotapes of 3 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disordered children on two or three occasions. The teachers rated each child on the Revised Conners directly after watching that child's videotaped classroom observation. The teachers were divided randomly into three groups: expectation, control, and warm-up. The data were analyzed by a “doubly” repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results indicated that practice effects, regression, teachers' expectations, and warm-up procedures did not play a significant role in influencing teachers' repeated ratings of the 3 children. There were significant effects for the order of presentation of the children on the tapes at the time of the first rating. On the whole, findings lend support for the validity of the Revised Conners.
Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: VI. Further Studies on the Toxicity of Smoke Containing Hydrogen Chloride
Authors: Hartzell G.E. , Grand A.F. , Switzer W.G. 
Published: March 2007

Studies of rodent lethality due to exposure to HCl, as well as to mixtures of HCl and CO, have shown different apparent toxicological effects at low and at high concentrations of HCl. At low concentrations of HCl, sensory irritation causes a decrease in respiratory minute volume, with somewhat slower loading of CO and a delay in incapacitation. This effect is observable only at low con centrations of CO. At much higher HCl concentrations, pulmonary irritant ef fects are observed leading to postexposure lethality. An empirical analysis of the data for mixtures of HCl and CO suggests that exposure doses leading to lethality may be additive. The lethal toxic potency (LC50) of PVC smoke may be largely, but not entirely, accounted for by the HCl produced. However, PVC smoke exhibits a greater in cidence of early postexposure deaths. The early deaths, which may be partially attributable to a combined effect of CO and HCl, may also be linked to the pattern of respiratory penetration by the smoke. There is evidence that com ponents other than HCl are present which cause PVC smoke to be more irri tating than HCl alone.
Thermal Protection Studies of Plastic Films and Fibrous Materials
Authors: Saad Michel A. , Altman Robert L. 
Published: March 2007

An experimental method of radiant heating was used to study the thermal protection properties of certain film and woven materials. Samples of these, placed in front of fiberglass batting containing a phenolic resin, were exposed to a radiant heat flux of 5 W/cm2 and the resin mass loss as a function of time indicated the thermal protective effectiveness of the film or woven material for the bare fiberglass insulation. The materials tested included aluminized and unaluminized synthetic plastic films and fibrous materials like silicon carbide and phenolic novolac. The yield strength of selected aluminized plastics at tem peratures ranging from room temperature to 260°C was also measured. Aluminized polyimide (KAPTON®) was shown to be an effective light weight heat shield exhibiting the lowest weight loss in the assembly and most favorable stress-strain properties. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and poly etherimide (ULTEM®) were somewhat less satisfactory than KAPTON®, mainly for reasons of mechanical failure at high temperatures. Aluminized polyester (MYLAR®) and polyvinylfluoride (TEDLAR®) were severely ther mally damaged by the radiant energy and the observed weight loss came from both the film and the phenolic resin contained in the fiberglass. Poly benzimidazole (PBI) film, while not thermally damaged, also lost weight when exposed to the same radiant heat source, but we attribute this to bound water released upon heating. For the fibrous materials, aluminized woven silicon car bide (NICALON®) was better than an aluminized phenolic novolac (KYNOL®) in reducing the resin weight loss of the fiberglass insulation.