bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutive interleukin 2 production by the JURKAT human leukemic T cell line
Authors: Pawelec Graham , Borowitz A. , Krammer Peter H. , Wernet Peter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInterleukin 2 (IL2) is a lymphokine produced from phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and characterized biologically by its ability to maintain the in vitro proliferation of activated T cells. In a search for a convenient alternative source of biologically active human IL2, cells from the five established T cell lines, MOLT4, HSB2, CCRF‐CEM, RPMI1301 and JURKAT were cultured at high concentrations for 18‐36 h (induction cultures), and their cell‐free supernatants thereafter screened on IL 2‐dependent cultured human and mouse T cells. MOLT4, HSB2, RPMI1301, and CCRF‐CEM all failed to produce detectable levels of IL2. Of the three JURKAT cell lines obtained from different sources, one, designated JMN, produced high levels of IL2 activity. A second, JM, failed to produce any IL2, while the third, JHAN, produced intermediate levels. Stimulation of the IL2‐producing JMN or JHAN variants with PHA, the phorbol diester 12‐0‐tetradecanoyl‐phorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), or both PHA and TPA together, resulted in an apparent increase of IL2 activity in the culture supernatant when assayed by a short‐term tritiated thymidine incorporation test. However, both PHA and TPA added directly to the test cells caused substantial thymidine incorporation. Moreover, the nonproducer line JURKAT‐JM could not be converted to an IL2 producer by stimulation with PHA, TPA, or both. When JMN supernatants were used to support actual long‐term growth and cloning of T cells in limiting dilution, the constitutively produced IL2 was superior to that produced after PHA and/or TPA stimulation. Addition of TPA, but not of PHA, to lectin and TPA‐free JMN IL2 resulted in a decreased ability of such supernatants to support clonal T cell growth, suggesting that TPA had a growth‐inhibiting effect. These results show that the continuously growing JURKAT‐JMN cell line could provide a suitable source of mitogen‐free human IL2.
T cell idiotypes recognizing self‐major histocompatibility complex molecules: H‐2 specificity, allotype linkage, and expression on functional T cell populations
Authors: Nagy Zoltan A. , Elliott Bruce E. , Carlow Douglas A. , Rubin Bent 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn anti‐idiotypic serum (antiserum 5936, B. Rubin et al., J. Exp. Med. 1979. 150: 307) was used to demonstrate receptor sites for self‐major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on T lymphocytes. The antiserum was raised by injecting rabbits tolerant to mouse Ig with a B6 anti‐CBA (anti‐H‐2k) alloantibody. It recognized a large proportion of T cells from H‐2k strains carrying the b, c, d or e allele at the Igh‐1 locus, but only a few T cells from H‐2k strains with Igh‐1 alleles a, f and j. Allotype linkage of the 5936 idiotype was also demonstrated by segregation analysis. The antiserum did not recognize either H‐2k B cells or T cells from other H‐2 haplotypes despite the presence of a permissive Igh‐1 allele. The 5936 idiotype was found to be associated with several different antigen specificities, indicating that it is not located on the binding site for foreign antigen. Furthermore, the 5936 antiserum inhibited the binding of soluble Ik antigens by H‐2k, Igh‐1b, T cells, and, in the presence of complement, eliminated T cells responding to different antigens in an I‐Ak‐restricted fashion. Collectively, the data indicate that the structure bearing the 5936 idiotype is a receptor for I‐Ak antigens, expressed by strains carrying the I‐Ak allele and a permissive allele at the Igh‐1 locus. The relevance of this finding to the MHC‐restricted recognition of antigens by T cells is discussed.
Immunogenic variants obtained by mutagenesis of mouse mastocytoma P815. IV. Analysis of variant‐specific antigens by selection of antigen‐loss variants with cytolytic T cell clones
Authors: Maryanski Janet L. , Boon Thierry 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse mastocytoma P815 tumor cell variants that express new individual antigens were subjected to immunoselection in vitro with specific cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones. From one variant (P35) a number of resistant clones were isolated after a single‐step selection. These immunoselected clones (P35.iscA−) proved to have acquired a stable and complete resistance to lysis by the selecting CTL, but remained sensitive to lysis by a CTL clone that recognizes a common P815 antigen. However, when these P35.iscA‐ clones were used to stimulate in vitro spleen cells from mice immunized with variant P35, the cytolytic activity was significantly higher on P35 and P35.iscA− targets than on the original P815 clone (P1). This indicated that P35.iscA‐cells, which had lost a P35‐specific determinant (P35A), had nevertheless retained another P35‐specific determinant (P35B). CTL clones directed against the residual P35B determinant were then isolated. When P35 cells were submitted to selection with anti‐P35B CTL, resistant clones (P35.iscB−) were obtained that were still lysed by anti‐P35A and anti‐P815 CTL clones. Tum− variant P35 therefore carries at least two specific determinants that can be lost independently. These results show the possibility of using selection with CTL clones to separate different components of complex cell surface antigens.The correlation between antigen expression and tumorigenicity was also examined. Antigen‐loss P35.iscA− clones were found to be more tumorigenic than variant P35 which has a greatly reduced tumorigenic capacity compared to the original P815 tumor. This correlation suggests that the P35 determinant that was no longer expressed by the P35.iscA− clones is recognized on the original P35 tum− variant as a tumor rejection antigen.
Human large granular lymphocytes and natural killing: Ultrastructural studies of strontium‐induced degranulation
Authors: Neighbour P. Andrew , Huberman Harris S. , Kress Yvonne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLarge granular lymphocytes (LGL) are a subpopulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells believed to contain the mediators of spontaneous cytotoxicity or natural killing. In the present study, the mononuclear cells were enriched for LGL by differential density centrifugation on Percoll gradients and examined by transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of LGL and of their binding interaction with natural killer‐susceptible target cells (K562) is described in detail. Some morphological similarity between LGL and cells of a myelocytic origin was observed. Studies reported elsewhere have shown that Sr2+, an alkaline earth ion known to degranulate granulocytes, inhibits NK cell function. Comparison of the morphology of control and Sr2+‐treated LGL showed that Sr2+ caused several characteristic changes in LGL ultrastructure and, indeed, led to their degranulation. The recovery of natural killer function seen following in vitro culture of Sr2+‐treated effector cells was accompanied by the reappearance of typical intracytoplasmic granules. These data strongly suggest that the granules of LGL are required for and, perhaps, involved in natural killer‐mediated cytolysis.
Polyclonal effect of HgCl2 in the rat, its possible role in an experimental autoimmune disease
Authors: Hirsch Francois , Couderc Jacques , Sapin Catherine , Fournie Gilbert , Druet Philippe 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMercuric chloride induces an immune glomerulonephritis in Brown‐Norway (BN) but not in Lewis (LEW) rats. Injection of HgCl2 into BN rats regularly produced a transient appearance of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) of anti‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl and anti‐sheep red blood cell specificity and circulating anti‐single‐stranded DNA antibodies. Addition of HgCl2 to spleen cell cultures from BN rats induced an increase in anti‐trinitrophenyl PFC and reverse PFC. This effect was no longer observed when nylon wool column‐depleted or anti‐Thy‐1 antiserum‐treated spleen cells were cultured in the presence of HgCl2. These data suggest that HgCl2 acts as a polyclonal activator on spleen cells in BN rats, but not on isolated B lymphocytes. In contrast, no effect of HgCl2 on immunoglobulin production was observed in LEW rats. Since polyclonal activation and immune‐type nephritis are both seen in BN but not in LEW rats, polyclonal activation may participate in the pathogenesis of the HgCl2‐induced autoimmune disease of BN rats.
H‐2‐restricted T‐B cell interactions involved in polyspecific B cell responses mediated by soluble antigen
Authors: Ratcliffe Michael J. H. , Julius Michael H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMaturation of polyspecific B cells to Ig secretion was induced in response to the interaction of helper T cells with soluble antigen. The in vitro propagated, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)‐primed C57BL16 T cells used in these experiments proliferated in response to antigen presented on I‐A‐compatible antigen‐presenting cells and were depleted of alloreactive cells. These T cells induced a strong polyspecific plaque‐forming cell response from normal C57BL/6 B cells over a wide range of KLH concentrations (100 μg/ml to 0.01 μg/ml). Culture conditions were established whereby H‐2‐restricted T cell‐macrophage interactions were nonlimiting, allowing a direct analysis of H‐2‐restricted T‐B cell interactions involved in polyspecific B cell induction.The requirements for B cell induction/amplification were dependent on the size of the responding B cell population. Small B cells were activated only at high concentrations of KLH and required a direct H‐2‐restricted interaction with KLH‐primed helper T cells. In contrast, large B cells were induced/amplified over the full range of KLH concentrations tested in an H‐2‐unrestricted manner, limited only by the H‐2‐restricted, antigen‐dependent activation of T helper cells. The requirement for high antigen concentration in the activation of small B cells is proposed to reflect a requirement for antigen binding to the B cell surface via nonspecific interactions. This binding was not in itself stimulatory, but expression of antigen in conjunction with B cell surface Ia antigens provided a focus for a direct interaction with Ia‐restricted, antigen‐specific T helper cells (or factors). In contrast, the H‐2‐unrestricted induction/ amplification of large B cells was mediated solely as a consequence of the helper T cell activation which occurred at the lowest concentrations of KLH tested. T helper cell activation is proposed to lead to the production of non‐antigen‐specific, non‐Ia‐restricted factors supporting the continued growth of blasted B cells.Thus, while an H‐2‐restricted T cell‐macrophage interaction is an obligate requirement for polyspecific B cell responses, the requirement for a direct H‐2‐restricted T‐B cell interaction varies with the pre‐existing state of activation of the responding B cell population.
The gene, MIC4, which controls expression of the antigen defined by monoclonal antibody F10.44.2, is on human chromosome 11
Authors: Goodfellow Peter N. , Banting George , Wiles Michael V. , Tunnacliffe Alan , Parkar Mohamed , Solomon Ellen , Dalchau Rosemarie , Fabre John W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe monoclonal antibody, F10.44.2, is directed against a human antigenic determinant of restricted tissue distribution. In this report it is shown that this determinant is coded for by a gene, MIC4, which is on human chromosome 11, as shown by its reactivity with a panel of somatic cell hybrids. Synteny with an antigen recognized by another monoclonal antibody, W6/34, is demonstrated by hybrid and fluorescence‐activated cell sorter analysis, although it is clear from absorption analysis that the determinants involved are on different molecules.
Immune recognition of tumor cells in vivo. I. Role of H‐2 gene products in T lymphocyte activation against minor histocompatibility antigens displayed by adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Forni Guido , Landolfo Santo , Giovarelli Mirella , Whitmore Alan C. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChallenges from ADK‐1t adenocarcinoma cells of BALB/c (H‐2d, Mlsb) mouse origin are rejected by DBA/2 (H‐2d, Mlsa) mice on the basis of differences in a limited number of minor histocompatibility antigens. This T lymphocyte‐dependent reaction is highly specific, and efficiently triggered only by Ia+ leukocytes infiltrating the tumor mass. ADK‐1t challenges depleted of Ia+ infiltrating BALB/c leukocytes grow and kill DBA/2 mice, whereas the simultaneous injection of Ia+ inactivated BALB/c leukocytes induces tumor rejection. The expression of Mlsb‐incompatible determinants on the Ia+ BALB/c leukocyte membrane is irrelevant in the induction of this efficient T lymphocyte reaction against BALB/c minor histocompatibility antigens. By contrast, a critical requirement is H‐2 matching between the Ia+ leukocytes and the recipient mice at the inductive phase of the reaction.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte lines reactive against murine plasmacytoma antigens: Dissociation of cytotoxicity and Lyt‐2 expression
Authors: Giorgi Janis V. , Zawadzki Jerome A. , Warner Noel L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe relationship between cell surface antigen expression and function in cytotoxic T cells directed against a non‐H‐2‐restricted plasmacytoma antigen was examined using Lyt−2− variants of a continuous T cell line. This cytotoxic cell line originally had expressed Lyt‐2 on all the cells as detected by flow microfluorometry, but after several months of culture, Lyt−2− variants spontaneously developed. Using cell sorting and limiting dilution cloning, Lyt−2− and Lyt−2+ cell lines were obtained, cultured and analyzed. These analyses indicated that such cytotoxic cells had similar activity regardless of Lyt‐2 phenotype. This observation supports the concept that the Lyt‐2 molecule is not obligatory for recognition and killing by cytotoxic T cells and emphasizes the need to clarify the precise relationship between cell surface phenotype and T cell function.
Differential expression and serologically distinct subpopulations of human Ia antigens detected with monoclonal antibodies to Ia alpha and beta chains
Authors: Guy Keith , Van Heyningen Veronica , Cohen Brian B. , Deane David L. , Steel C. Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStudies with two monoclonal antibodies (DA6.147 and DA6.231) which react, respectively, with isolated human Ia α and β chains are reported. Both antibodies detect epitopes expressed on all DR‐heterozygous and DR‐homozygous cell lines tested (n = 17) and bind to the Epstein‐Barr virus‐negative cell line Ramos. Ia subunit specificity of the antibodies was determined by an adaptation of an electroblot technique which transfers separated la chains from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose paper. In radioimmunobinding assays, peripheral blood B cell‐enriched fractions, phytohemagglutinin‐activated T cells and pokeweed mitogen‐activated cells gave strong reactions with DA6.231 (anti‐Ia β). In contrast, DA6.147 (anti‐Ia α) reacted only weakly, if at all, with peripheral B cells, pokeweed mitogen blasts and activated T cells. However, both antibodies bound to isolated Ia from activated T cells and peripheral B cells after Nonidet‐P40 solubilization of the cells and DA6.147+ antigens could be found in the cytoplasm of activated T cells by indirect immunofluorescence techniques. Results of serological inhibition procedures following fractionation of lymphoblastoid cell lysates on monoclonal antibody affinity columns showed that the DA6.147 α chain epitope is carried on only a minor subpopulation of human Ia.
Delayed‐type hypersensitivity induced in immunodeficient mice with syngeneic modified self antigens: a suggestive model of autoimmune response
Authors: Tarcic Nora , Naor David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrevious studies suggested that trinitrophenyl (TNP)‐modified syngeneic red cells induced humoral autoimmune response in mice with defective T cell function but not in normal mice. The ability of modified self antigen to induce autoimmune response in immunodeficient mice was further explored using the delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) as an assay system. Mice were immunized with syngeneic TNP‐modified spleen cells (TNP‐SC) and challenged by syngeneic nonmodified conconavalin A (Con A) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated spleen cells injected into their footpads. The DTH response was assessed 24, 48 and 72 h later by measuring the footpad swelling and was transferred to naive recipients with enriched T cells from TNP‐SC‐immunized irradiated A mice but not with serum or non‐T cells. Adult thymectomized, X‐irradiated (250 rds) and cyclophosphamide‐treated mice injected with syngeneic TNP‐SC generated a DTH response when subsequently challenged with syngeneic lymphoblasts (induced with Con A or LPS) but not when challenged with allogeneic blast cells. In contrast, normal mice treated in a similar manner exhibited a much less significant DTH response. SC incubated 1 to 3 h with Con A failed to elicit the DTH response of immunodeficient mice previously injected with TNP‐SC. Both lymphoblasts that were induced in vitro with Con A diluted in fetal calf serum or in normal mouse serum‐containing media, and lymphoblasts that were induced in vivo by interleukin 2 elicited DTH responses in X‐irradiated, TNP‐SC immunized mice. The syngeneic DTH response of the immunodeficient mice injected with TNP‐SC was abrogated when they were simultaneously transplanted with syngeneic SC or nylon wool‐passed syngeneic SC. If the transplanted splenocytes had been treated with anti‐Thy‐1 antiserum and complement they failed to abrogate the syngeneic‐DTH response of the above mentioned mice. This result suggests that suppressor cells are programmed to control the autoimmune response induced with modified self antigens.
Characterization and expression of H‐2I region gene products on bone marrow‐derived macrophages
Authors: Schook Lawrence B. , Bingham Eve L. , Gutmann David H. , Niederhuber John E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAntigen‐presenting macrophages (MΦ) were derived from day 7 cultures of bone marrow stem cells using L cell conditioned medium. The adherent bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMMΦ) were 100% esterase‐positive, 95% positive for C3 receptors, 93% positive for Fc receptors, and 95% actively phagocytic. Indirect immunofluorescence using anti‐Ia monoclonal antibodies resulted in 60% Ia‐positive BMMΦ on day 7 of stem cell culture. BMMΦ could stimulate mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) proliferation across an I‐A subregion difference, but not across I‐J subregion differences. This contrasted with splenic MΦ which stimulated MLR proliferation across both an I‐A and I‐J subregion difference. The apparent lack of I‐J subregion determinants on BMMΦ correlated with their ability to function as antigen‐presenting cells. In these experiments, BMMΦ effectively reconstituted the trinitrophenyl‐specific IgM plaque‐forming cell (PFC) response of B cells but not the primary burro red blood cell (BRBC)‐specific IgM‐PFC response of MΦ‐depleted spleen cells. When BMMΦ were added to BRBC‐primed T and B cells, they reconstituted the secondary IgG PFC response to levels obtained using splenic MΦ. These experiments relate the differential expression of H‐2I region determinants on antigen‐presenting cells with their functional capacity.
20α‐Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression in hemopoietic cell cultures and its relationship to interleukin 3
Authors: Garland John M. , Dexter T. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExpression of 20α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α‐SDH) has been investigated in long‐term bone marrow cultures derived from normal and nude mice in the presence of horse serum and hydrocortisone. 20α ‐SDH expression rises markedly in the adherent cells derived from normal bone marrow. Early (1‐5 days) lipid profiles are similar to those seen in T cells, but at later times (6‐14 days) stromal‐type lipid patterns dominate. Similar culture of fetal liver and nu/nu bone marrow cells shows rises in 20α ‐SDH expression, in situations where T cells are notably absent. The expression of 20α‐SDH is not associated with detectable endogenous production of “interleukin 3” activity, and although addition of “IL 3” to bone marrow cultures increases the levels of 20α ‐SDH, this is associated with granulopoiesis rather than lymphoid development.
Influence of the nude and X‐Iinked immune deficiency genes on expression of × and λ light chains
Authors: Burkly Linda C. , Zaugg Robert , Eisen Herman N. , Wortis Henry H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe relative amounts of Igx and Igλ1 anti‐2,4‐dinitrophenyl antibodies were measured at various times after immunizing mice with prototype thymus‐dependent (TD), thymus‐independent type 1 (TI‐1) and thymus‐independent type 2 (TI‐2) antigens. Similar amounts of Igλ1 were produced after TD and TI‐2 immunization and somewhat less was produced after a TI‐1 stimulus. In contrast, Igx levels were much greater after TD than after TI‐1 or TI‐2 antigen. The amount of light chain isotype produced appeared to depend on the molecular form in which the hapten was presented, although possible adjuvant effects were not ruled out.Levels of Igx and Igλ present in nonimmune sera were measured in normal, xid and nude mice. The x/λ, ratio was higher in xid than in normal mice and the difference was demonstrated by F1 analysis to be due to an X‐linked gene. Conversely, the x/λ ratio was lower in nude than in normal mice. This was true for the CBA/Tufts (Ighj), CBA. Ighb and C57BL/10 strains. However, there were no detectable differences in the relative frequencies of surface Igx‐ and Igλ ‐bearing B cells in adult CBA/Tufts, CBA/N and nude mice. Hence, serum ratios may reflect differences at the level of B cell triggering.Two possible explanations for these differences are discussed. Igx and Igλ may be expressed on functionally distinct B cell subsets. (For instance Igλ ‐producing cells might be readily triggered by T1 antigens whereas Igx‐producing cells are more dependent on T cell signals. Such functional subsets could be determined by light chain expression). Alternatively, cells producing Igx antibody are selected for because they have a higher affinity for antigen. If so, triggering of cells producing high affinity Igx or their subsequent selection is T cell‐dependent.
Role of veiled cells in lymphocyte activation
Authors: Knight Stella C. , Balfour Brigid M. , O'brien Jacqueline , Buttifant Lindy , Sumerska Tatjana , Clarke John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPeripheral blood lymphocytes from normal rabbits or from rabbits hyperimmunized with human immunoglobulin were cultured in 20‐μl hanging droplets. The cultures were stimulated with concanavalin A or, in the case of cells from sensitized animals, with human immunoglobulin.The addition to the cultures of small numbers of autologous or allogeneic veiled cells separated from afferent lymph increased the responses to low doses of the stimulants, particularly when the cells were cultured at low cell densities or for short periods of time. At high cell densities or at longer periods of culture, stimulation occurred in the absence of added veiled cells and was associated with clumping of the lymphoid cells and development of cells which morphologically resembled veiled cells found in afferent lymph. The enhanced responses upon addition of small numbers of veiled cells were also correlated with the formation of lymphoid aggregates which were frequently held together by the elongated processes of a single veiled cell. The observations support the view that the veiled cells are lymph‐borne precursors of dendritic cells in the lymph nodes. This may provide an in vitro model for the cellular relationships which occur in paracortical cords of lymph nodes following antigenic stimulation.