bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plants, gall midges, and fungi: a three‐component system
Authors: Rohfritsch Odette 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLarvae of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induce the activation of plant cells, partial cell lysis, and differentiation of nutritive tissue. Specialized nutritive tissue is essential for larval development and plays a key role in gall organization. Midges of the tribes Lasiopterini and Asphondyliini, however, do not induce nutritive tissues as part of the formation of their galls. Instead, these ‘ambrosia galls’ contain fungal mycelia that line the interior surface of the chambers. The fungi not only provide Lasiopterini with nutrition, they also penetrate the stems, induce the lysis of the middle lamella of host cells, and open a channel to the vascular bundles. Larvae of Lasioptera arundinis (Schiner) (Lasiopterini) follow the fungus and feed on its mycelium along with adjoining stem cells of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. (Poaceae). Eggs together with fungal conidia are deposited by the imago on the host. Asphondyliini use a needle‐like ovipositor to introduce fungal conidia and eggs into the organs they attack. Larvae of Schizomyia galiorum Kieffer (Asphondyliini) are unable to initiate the gall or to develop in the flowers of Galium mollugo L. (Rubiaceae) without their fungal associate. In this article, I provide an overview of oviposition behaviour in the Asphondyliini, as well as descriptions of the ovipositor and the female post‐abdominal segments. Gall formation by Lasiopterini and Asphondyliini and the role of associated fungi are discussed, as is the role of the fungus as an inquiline or an organizer of gall tissues and a nutritive device.
Protein and Energy Interactions Throughout Life1
Authors: YOUNG VERNON R. , YU YONG‐MING , FUKAGAWA NAOMI K. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT.We review selected aspects of the interactions between protein and energy in human metabolism and nutrition. Following a short account of the underlying metabolic basis for the effects of energy on protein metabolism, the contribution made by whole body protein turnover to the metabolic rate is discussed, including the relationship between protein turnover and energy metabolism at different phases of life. The effects of changes in energy metabolism and intake on the nitrogen economy of the host are also reviewed briefly and we explore the relationship between amino acid oxidation and requirements for indispensable amino acids. Interactions between energy and protein metabolism need to be investigated in greater detail and also they must be considered in relation to further attempts to establish more precisely energy and amino acid requirements of people under various circumstances.
Dietary Allowances: What to Recommend
Authors: WHITEHEAD R. G. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT.Within recent years Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) have come to play a major role in a wide range of governmental, health and industrial affairs. Each of these applications, however, sets different specific requirements. All too frequently the basic RDA values end up by becoming processed in ways which exceed the limits of the science on which the recommendations were formulated. Currently, the same sets of RDAs are being applied to functions as varied as food labelling, public health assessments of populations, agricultural planning, the organisation of diets for institutional feeding and the diagnosis of under‐nutrition or malnutrition. In order that these actions can be carried out effectively and meaningfully, a knowledge of how RDAs are derived and expressed is essential.
Teeth for the Future
Authors: GEDDES D. A. M. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT.The main dietary influences on teeth are, with the exception of ingested fluoride, local rather than systemic. The frequent use of carbohydrates which can be rapidly fermented by dental plaque micro‐organisms is the major factor in dental decay. Sweetened and/or highly acidic soft drinks or medicines sweetened with sugars may damage the teeth. Similarly infant's comforters also have their dangers if they provide prolonged exposure of the teeth to cariogenic conditions. Although dental caries is primarily a disease of children many adults still develop new lesions and adults who have lost gingival tissue through periodontal disease may develop root surface caries. Pathological conditions of the oral mucosa can arise from nutritional disorders or inappropriate dietary habits. Health education is most effective when it carries a positive message so encouraging patients to eat the right kind of tasty snacks and to round off meals with sugar‐free products or a modicum of cheese should in healthier eating without conflicting with general health guidelines.
Bones for the Future
Authors: BOYLE I. T. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT.In the course of the present century the major metabolic bone problem in the West of Scotland and Northern Europe in general has changed from that of rickets/osteomalacia with its attendant deformity and loss of stature, to osteoporosis and a consequent epidemic of fractures in older people. Advances in understanding the intermediary metabolism of vitamin D have resulted in a better appreciation of the role of air pollution in the rickets pandemic during the latter part of the 19th and early part of the 20th century, but the persistence of the problem in Asian immigrants and in certain special clinical situations has led to a reappraisal of the importance of dietary constituents other than vitamin D itself. Technical advances in the measurement of bone mass have permitted a closer examination of the aetiological factors influencing bone mass and fracture incidence. It seems likely that there is a relationship between increased dietary calcium intake in childhood and adolescence and peak bone mass in the fourth decade, but the definition of “adequate” and “optimum” remains insecure. The most important reason for women becoming at risk of fracture in later life relates to the dramatic reduction in bone mass consequent upon the menopause—a feature which can be arrested by the administration of oestrogen but hardly at all by calcium. The bulk of evidence supports the view that the negative calcium balance found in post menopausal osteoporosis is a consequence rather than a cause, and that dietary calcium can only—if at all—influence the course of events if pushed up to unusually—and for many, intolerably—high levels. Although other life style components such as exercise, alcohol consumption or cigarette smoking may also have a role, the principal impact on reducing the problem of post menopausal fracture is likely to be through the wider acceptance of hormone replacement therapy.
Place of Birth and Adult Cardiovascular Disease: The British Regional Heart Study
Authors: SHAPER A. G. , ELFORD JONATHAN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT.Coronary heart disease (CHD) is almost certainly a nutritional disorder related to the quality and quantity of dietary fats and mediated by blood and tissue lipid concentrations. There is current controversy as to when the underlying process of atherosclerosis is initiated and whether the critical susceptibility to CHD may be established in utero or infancy. Blood pressure and hypertension may also be nutritionally based, and the age at which the rate of rise in blood pressure with age is determined is also controversial.The British Regional Heart Study (BRHS) involves 7735 middleaged men from 24 towns in England, Wales and Scotland and reveals that average blood cholesterol levels in these towns show no relationship to CHD mortality but all are high by international standards. Blood pressure levels vary markedly between the 24 towns and relate strongly to CHD mortality patterns, which are highest in Scotland and lowest in the South of England.The hypothesis relating adult blood pressures and CHD mortality to foetal and infant life circumstances has been examined using the data on birthplace and place of examination of the BRHS men. Regardless of where they were born, men living and examined in the South had lower mean blood pressures than men living in Scotland. The highest mean blood pressures were observed in Scotland, irrespective of where the men had been born. For CHD, regardless of their place of birth, men living in the South had a lower risk of CHD than men living elsewhere. The geographic zone of examination appeared to be more important than the zone of birth in determining the risk of CHD and the level of blood pressure.While patterns of nutrition during pregnancy, in infancy and childhood may be of importance for some outcomes, such as height, it seems that exposure to risk factors during adult life predominantly determine the outcome in cardiovascular disease.
The Nutritional Consequences of Gastrointestinal Disease in Adolescence
Authors: BOOTH IAN W. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT.The growth spurt of adolescence, during which body weight nearly doubles and height increases by 16%, demands an increased delivery of nutrients by the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic disorders of digestion and absorption at this age, therefore have a potentially profound effect upon growth, skeletal maturation and sexual development. Moreover, the emotional climate of adolescence, which requires affiliation with peer groups, and a distancing from authority figures such as doctors and parents, is often associated with a deterioration in drug and dietary compliance and with erratic clinic attendance. Nutritional problems in adolescent patients with Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis and coeliac disease are the most common. About one third of adolescents with Crohn's disease experience growth failure and delayed sexual development, probably as a consequence of long‐term undernutrition. There is a strong argument for the care of these patients being in the hands of paediatric gastroenterologists. Enteral nutrition, often administered overnight, is successful in inducing catch‐up growth, and reducing steroid dosage, although resection of diseased gut is often followed by good growth, and surgery should not be overlooked. Cystic fibrosis in adolescence is commonly complicated by protein‐energy malnutrition. Pathogenesis includes anorexia, maldigestion and an increase in resting energy expenditure. Malnutrition has been treated by a number of enteral regimens. In general, there is no place for repeated, short‐term interventions of less than 6 months. Long‐term studies have all shown good nutritional repletion and growth, but results with respect to improved respiratory function are conflicting. More prospective control trials are needed before the precise indications for enteral nutrition in cystic fibrosis can be accurately defined. Once started it is difficult to stop, although preoperative treatment of patients awaiting heart‐lung transplantation seems entirely appropriate. The major problem in the managment of coeliac disease in adolescence is dietary compliance. Even those patients who claim to have good dietary compliance often have jejunal biopsy evidence of gluten ingestion and tend to be underweight. This is particularly worrying, as after 5 years adherence to a gluten free diet, the increased risk of gastrointestinal malignancy appears to return to normal.
Immunohistochemical changes in the expression of HSP27 in exercised human vastus lateralis muscle
Authors: Folkesson M. , Mackey A. L. , Holm L. , Kjaer M. , Paulsen G. , Raastad T. , Henriksson J. , Kadi F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim:  The role of HSP27 in the adaptive process of skeletal muscle to exercise, especially in humans, is not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate immunohistochemical changes in HSP27 expression in human vastus lateralis muscle following resistance and endurance exercises.Methods:  Two different exercise protocols were used: (1) one‐leg ergometer cycling (EC, n = 6) consisting of two 30‐min bouts at 40% and 75% of peak oxygen uptake, respectively, and (2) leg extension resistance exercise (RE, n = 9) including 10 sets of eight repetitions at a load corresponding to 70% of one maximal repetition (1RM). Immunohistochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies was used to determine the location of HSP27 protein in muscle biopsies from human vastus lateralis.Results:  Our results show that RE, but not EC, induced a significant appearance of scattered accumulations of HSP27 protein in muscle fibres from five of nine subjects. The number of fibres with accumulation of HSP27 in RE ranged from 0% to 32% with a mean of 6.3% of the total number of fibres.Conclusion:  We conclude that this rapid HSP27 protein relocation after RE is an important player in the cellular remodelling of human muscle fibres in response to exercise involving high‐force contractions, but not in response to endurance exercises.
A Lack of Amyloid β Plaques Despite Persistent Accumulation of Amyloid β in Axons of Long‐Term Survivors of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Han , Johnson Victoria E. , Uryu Kunihiro , Trojanowski John Q. , Smith Douglas H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, TBI induces AD‐like amyloid β (Aβ) plaque pathology within days of injury potentially resulting from massive accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in damaged axons. Here, progression of Aβ accumulation was examined using brain tissue from 23 cases with post‐TBI survival of up to 3 years. Even years after injury, widespread axonal pathology was consistently observed and was accompanied by intra‐axonal co‐accumulations of APP with its cleavage enzymes, beta‐site APP cleaving enzyme and presenilin‐1 and their product, Aβ. However, in marked contrast to the plaque pathology noted in short‐term cases post TBI, virtually no Aβ plaques were found in long‐term survivors. A potential mechanism for Aβ plaque regression was suggested by the post‐injury accumulation of an Aβ degrading enzyme, neprilysin. These findings fail to support the premise that progressive plaque pathology after TBI ultimately results in AD.
A paired analysis of correlates of dental restorative care in siblings with and without Down syndrome
Authors: Fung Karen , Lawrence Herenia , Allison Paul 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis study examined the hypothesis that age‐matched siblings with and without Down syndrome (DS) have the same risk of ever having had a tooth restored. A sibling‐matched, population‐based, cross‐sectional survey design was used with the help of the Canadian Down Syndrome Society whose members were the sample source. The relationship between DS status and restorative status was evaluated using conditional multiple logistic regression with matching by sibling status and adjustment to control for sociodemographic and clinical variable. Data from 793 sibling pairs were used for the analyses. DS status was strongly related to dental restoration in that subjects with DS had reduced odds for ever having had a tooth restored (OR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.18‐0.43). An analysis of the results suggested that, controlling for age and family‐related factors commonly associated with dental care, children with DS were less likely to have had a tooth restored than their sibling without DS.
A review and dental management of persons with craniosynostosis anomalies
Authors: Vilan Xavier Andréa Cristina , Pinto Silva Luis Cândido , Oliveira Patrícia , Villamarim Soares Rodrigo , De Almeida Cruz Roberval 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTIndividuals with craniofacial deformities have a higher risk of developing oral diseases. This article discusses craniosynostosis and its oral problems. Dental treatment protocols based on general, facial, oral, and psychological aspects are offered.
Skeletal age of individuals with Down syndrome
Authors: De Moraes Mari Eli Leonelli , Tanaka Jefferson Luis Oshiro , De Moraes Luis Cesar , Filho Edmundo Medici , De Melo Castilho Julio Cezar 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to assess the skeletal age of Brazilian individuals with Down syndrome (DS) using the method of Greulich and Pyle. Forty subjects with DS between the ages of 6 and 16 years were studied and compared to a control sample of children without DS. The statistical analysis showed that at the age of 7 years the skeletal age (SA) of the individuals with DS was delayed in relation to their chronological age (CA) (SA < CA). On the other hand, at the age of 15 years, their SA was advanced in relation to their CA (SA > CA). An evaluation of the results suggests that the period of adolescent development for individuals with DS was shorter. These individuals reach the completion of bone maturation earlier compared to individuals without DS.
Oral characteristics of children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Bimstein Enrique , Wilson John , Guelmann Marcio , Primosch Robert 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to compare the oral and demographic characteristics of children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to those of a control group of children. A sample of 25 dental records of children medicated for ADHD was compared to 127 records of healthy children not receiving any medication.The children with ADHD had a statistically higher prevalence of toothache, bruxism, bleeding gums, and oral trauma histories than the control group (chi square, p < 0.05). The differences in other recorded oral characteristics and habits, such as plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, calculus, oral hygiene compliance, dental caries experience, and unmet dental needs, were not statistically significant. The demographic characteristics such as age, gender, residence, ethnicity, income, and payment method were also not significantly different between the two groups.There is a need to develop and implement specific strategies for the early prevention and treatment of oral diseases in children with ADHD.
Oral health status, treatment needs, and obstacles to dental care among noninstitutionalized children with severe mental disabilities in The Netherlands
Authors: De Jongh Ad , Van Houtem Caroline , Van Der Schoof Mariëlle , Resida Gail , Broers Dyonne 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to assess the oral health status, treatment needs, and barriers to dental care of noninstitutionalized children in The Netherlands who have severe disabilities. The oral health status of 61 children (38% female; 4‐12 years of age; M = 7.7, SD = 2.2), randomly selected from seven different daycare centers, was evaluated. Caretakers (n = 126) and dentists (n = 40) completed questionnaires concerning demographic information, oral hygiene, frequency of dental visits, and possible barriers to the daily oral care of the children. Of all the children, 57.4% had untreated caries (mean dmft/DMFT = 3.0; SD = 3.1). The proportion of caries‐free children was 29.5%. In comparison to Dutch children, a significantly higher proportion of children with disabilities belonging to an ethnic minority did not receive any routine dental care (53.1% and 23.8%, respectively). Caretakers considered the noncooperation of their patients as the most troublesome aspect of their daily oral care (68%). Dentists considered communication problems as the most important barrier to treatment (75%). In conclusion, Dutch noninstitu‐tionalized children with severe disabilities still receive a relatively low degree of quality dental care. This is particularly true for children from ethnic minority groups.
Enamel microabrasion in an individual with Cohen syndrome
Authors: De Macedo Adriana F. , Tomazela‐Herndl Susana , Corrêa Maria S. N. P. , Duarte Danilo A. , Santos Maria T. B. R. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis case report describes the esthetic dental treatment of a patient with Cohen syndrome where microabrasion was used to treat dental fluorosis. The patient's teeth had white and light yellow spots, which were diagnosed as moderate dental fluorosis. These spots were treated with microabrasion using pumice paste and 37% phosphoric acid. The paste was applied with a rubber cup on a low‐speed handpiece and manually using a wooden stick. It took four appointments to treat all of the patient's teeth. Topical neutral fluoride was applied after each appointment to decrease any dental sensitivity. The esthetic result was satisfactory. Esthetic dental treatment may result in positive emotional and behavioral changes in patients with special needs.
Behavioral and physiological changes in children with Down syndrome using mechanical and chemomechanical (Carisolv™) caries removal methods
Authors: De Oliveira Guaré Renata , Ciamponi Ana Lídia , Romano Marcelo Munhões 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis study compared behavioral and physiological changes during caries removal in children with Down syndrome when using a chemomechanical caries removal technique (Carisolv™) and a conventional method of caries removal. Twenty children (ASA class 1) between 5 and 12 years of age participated in the study; 10 subjects had Down syndrome and 10 were healthy controls. The behavioral and physiological assessments were carried out during five stages of dental treatment: (1) 5 minutes before local anesthesia; (2) during local anesthesia; (3) during caries removal; (4) immediately after restoration; and (5) 5 minutes after the end of the treatment. The caries removal step resulted in the greatest behavioral and physiological changes. Except for oxygen saturation, statistically significant differences in heart rate (p < 0.05) were recorded between children with Down syndrome and the control children.
Estimating Rates of True High-Grade Disease in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Pinsky Paul , Parnes Howard , Ford Leslie 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) showed a decreased prostate cancer rate but an increased rate of high Gleason grade disease on biopsy for finasteride versus placebo. The results from radical prostatectomy (RP) on 25% of the men undergoing RP have recently been reported and suggest that grading artifacts in biopsy Gleason scoring may have occurred. We used a statistical model to extrapolate the RP Gleason results to all men in the PCPT using a missing-at-random assumption. We estimated the rates of true high-grade (Gleason 7-10) and true low-grade disease, where true Gleason grade is what is (or would have been) found on RP. We also estimated misclassification rates on biopsy of true high-grade and low-grade disease. We show that the rate of upgrading of biopsy low-grade disease to high-grade on RP is a function of misclassification rates as well as the ratio of true low-grade to high-grade disease. The estimated relative risks for true low-grade and true high-grade disease for finasteride compared with placebo were 0.61 (95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.71) and 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.68-1.05), respectively. The misclassification rate of true high-grade disease (to low-grade disease on biopsy) was significantly lower for finasteride (34.6%) than for placebo (52.6%). Although misclassification rates differed, upgrading rates were similar in each arm due to the different ratios of true low-grade to high-grade disease in each arm. Results from RP show that misclassification rates on biopsy were higher in the placebo arm and that the rate of true high-grade disease may have been lower in the finasteride arm.