bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise in Female Education in China: National and Regional Patterns
Authors: Lavely William , Zhenyu Xiao , Bohua Li , Freedman Ronald 
Published: February 2009

The considerable increase in educational attainment of Chinese women from virtual complete illiteracy 50 years ago to current levels can be traced systematically for the first time on the basis of the 1982 census of China and a large sample survey of the same year. Until very recently we had known only the broad outlines of this major social transformation. Although even the newly available data are imperfect, their significance is illustrated by their strong and consistent association with such vital facts of life as the age at which women marry and the number of children they bear. Educational levels can be shown to have varied with degree of urbanization and rural development from the earliest days of the People's Republic.Major regions of China have distinctive educational histories. In all regions examined here, however, the course of educational change was affected to a greater or lesser degree by such major historical events as the great famine, the Cultural Revolution and the post-Mao reforms. It is now possible to measure with some precision the influence of these events on educational progress. This paper utilizes census and survey data to describe change in female education nationally and for four major regional populations from 1952 to 1982. Because it is plausible that the educational trends and differentials are related to other aspects of Chinese social, political and economic history, they are presented here in some detail.Our findings can be summarized as follows:1. The rise of female education occurred mainly in two periods the 1950s to 1958, and the late 1960s to mid 1970s.
Fang Lizhi's Expanding Universe
Authors: Williams James H. 
Published: February 2009

During an interview in September 1986, some three years prior to seeking political asylum with his wife at the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, Fang Lizhi was asked how he felt about the progress of political reform in China. Fang responded, “I must start with cosmology in answering this question.”Fang's linkage of politics with cosmology – a branch of astrophysics concerned with the origins of the universe – must seem peculiar to those who know him only as a human rights advocate and critic of the Chinese Communist Party. Yet this was no idiosyncrasy on Fang's part. Fang's life and published work from the early 1970s to the present leave no doubt that his emergence as the symbolic leader of China's democracy movement is deeply rooted in his experiences and outlook as a scientist.Fang's personal universe began to expand in 1972, when he and his colleagues at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) published a paper in Physica entitled “A Solution of the cosmological equations in scalar-tensor theory, with mass and blackbody radiation.” This innocuous-sounding article met with a furious response from leading theoretical circles of the Party. Fang et al. had broken a long-standing taboo by introducing the Big Bang theory to the Chinese physics world. Insofar as the Big Bang contradicted Engels's declaration that the universe must be infinite in space and time, Fang's paper was tantamount to heresy.
Sino-Japanese Controversy since the the 1972 Diplomatic Normalization
Authors: Ijiri Hidenori 
Published: February 2009

IntroductionSino-Japanese relations appear to have a dual structure which is built into the long history of exchanges and interaction between the two countries. Some phrases such as ichii taisui (“neighbours across the strip of water”) and dobun doshu (“same Chinese characters, same race”) have long been regarded as a symbol of the friendly relationship between the two countries. Such a symbol, however, implies dual and conflicting sentiments of the Japanese and the Chinese, namely the feelings of inferiority and superiority with each other in a hierarchical order of foreign relations in Asia.To be more specific, the Chinese have a superiority complex deriving from their cultural influence in pre-modern history and hatred stemming from Japanese military aggression against China in the modern period, while having an inferiority complex based upon Japan's co-operation in their modernization, and admiration for Japan's advanced economy. On the other hand, the Japanese have an inferiority complex due to their cultural debt to China and the sense of original sin stemming from their past aggression against China, while having a superiority complex based upon their assistance to China's modernization and contempt for China's backwardness.
The Execution of Civil Judgments in China
Authors: Clarke Donald C. 
Published: February 2009

When judgements are not executed, the law is worth nothing. – “The masses”It is a staple of Chinese legal literature that the judgments of Chinese courts in civil and economic cases are plagued by a worryingly low execution rate. This perception should be taken seriously. When the President of the Supreme People's Court devotes significant space to it in his report to the National People's Congress, as did Zheng Tianxiang in 1988 and Ren Jianxin in subsequent reports, clearly something interesting is going on. Yet it would be a mistake to accept all reports at face value. A critical examination of the claims and the evidence can yield a richer picture of reality than has been presented by the literature so far.The issue of whether court judgments can be enforced is important for a number of reasons, among which is its bearing on the relationship between the legal system and the economic system. Laws, courts and court judgments are part of the institutional framework within which economic reform is being carried out in China. Obviously, the rules of the game have to change. But the move from a hierarchically administered economy to a primarily market economy means more than just changing the content of the rules. It implies a whole new way of rule-making and rule-enforcing.This article explores one particular way of making the rules mean something: the enforcement of a court decision that the implementation of a particular rule requires the performance of a particular act - typically, the delivery of money or goods.
Compartmentalized Law and Judicial Restraint: An Inductive View of Some Jurisdictional Barriers to Reform
Authors: Dicks Anthony R. 
Published: February 2009

Among the various classes of legal documents which have become publicly available in China in recent years, few are more interesting than the growing body of reported decisions by courts and other institutions. Usually resulting, directly or indirectly, from litigation or some similar process, these interpretative rulings and decided cases have appeared in increasing numbers in the nine years following the first publication of the Supreme People's Court's own gazette. Since then a number of general collections of judicial interpretations and abstracts of court decisions have been brought out, some of which pre-date the Cultural Revolution. The Supreme People's Court now supplements its gazette with periodical collections of reports of cases, and more specialized collections of interpretations and cases have been published to meet various specific needs, academic and professional.Access to material of this kind on a larger scale than hitherto sheds light on various aspects of the Chinese legal system itself which for foreign observers were previously obscure. Moreover, although most of the cases and decisions which are published emanate from the higher levels of the legal hierarchy, they bring the reader closer both to the practical workings of the legal system and to the thought processes which guide it.The question which inevitably arises is whether these newly available materials should be regarded as providing more than just a heightened awareness of the dynamics of Chinese society and its legal system. Outside China, the study of Chinese law is increasingly regarded not merely as a discipline for the description and analysis of a specialized category of Chinese institutions, but more importantly as a source of detailed prescriptive norms of the kind expected from legal systems in the world as a whole.
China's Third World Foreign Policy: The Case of Angola and Mozambique, 1961–93
Authors: Jackson Steven F. 
Published: February 2009

The people who have triumphed in their own revolution should help those still struggling for liberation. This is our internationalist duty. Mao ZedongIn the middle of October 1975, a dusty column of South African troops, equipped with armoured cars and helicopters, rumbled north into Angola, further internationalizing the already complex civil war there. The South African attack not only broadened the war, prompting an even greater Cuban intervention, it also posed a dilemma for China, which supported the same Angolan parties as did South Africa: should China follow its policy of tit-for-tat opposition to Soviet expansion world-wide, even if it meant allying with the racist government of South Africa? Or should it follow the opinions of its fellow Third World nations in Africa, even if it led to a Soviet bloc advance? The difficulty China's leaders faced in the autumn of 1975 was one which had hidden origins in the different ways in which China viewed conflicts around the world, a difficulty that had lain dormant for years but which erupted in 1975 into full view, and with disastrous consequences for Chinese foreign policy in Africa. It is, moreover, a discrepancy which continues to exist in China's views of the world today.How does China view conflicts and revolutions in the Third World? How do the Chinese organize their relations with Third World revolutionary organizations and their post-independence governments? This article examines the tensions and shifts of Chinese policy towards two essentially simultaneous revolutionary struggles and their post-independence governments: Angola and Mozambique.
Lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase type 1 (LPP1) degrades extracellular lysophosphatidic acid in vivo
Authors: Tomsig Jose L. , Snyder Ashley H. , Berdyshev Evgeny V. , Skobeleva Anastasia , Mataya Chifundo , Natarajan Viswanathan , Brindley David N. , Lynch Kevin R. 
Published: February 2009

LPA (lysophosphatidic acid) is a lipid mediator that stimulates cell proliferation and growth, and is involved in physiological and pathological processes such as wound healing, platelet activation, angiogenesis and the growth of tumours. Therefore defining the mechanisms of LPA production and degradation are of interest in understanding the regulation of these processes. Extracellular LPA synthesis is relatively well understood, whereas the mechanisms of its degradation are not. One route of LPA degradation is dephosphorylation. A candidate enzyme is the integral membrane exophosphatase LPP1 (lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase type 1). In the present paper, we report the development of a mouse wherein the LPP1 gene (Ppap2a) was disrupted. The homozygous mice, which are phenotypically unremarkable, generally lack Ppap2a mRNA, and multiple tissues exhibit a substantial (35–95%) reduction in LPA phosphatase activity. Compared with wild-type littermates, Ppap2atr/tr animals have increased levels of plasma LPA, and LPA injected intravenously is metabolized at a 4-fold lower rate. Our results demonstrate that LPA is rapidly metabolized in the bloodstream and that LPP1 is an important determinant of this turnover. These results indicate that LPP1 is a catabolic enzyme for LPA in vivo.
Role of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and inflammatory processes in the development and progression of diastolic dysfunction
Authors: Sciarretta Sebastiano , Paneni Francesco , Palano Francesca , Chin Diana , Tocci Giuliano , Rubattu Speranza , Volpe Massimo 
Published: February 2009

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction represents a frequent clinical condition and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diastolic dysfunction is the most common cause of HF-PSF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction). Therefore it becomes important to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying diastolic dysfunction, as well as the effective therapeutic strategies able to antagonize its development and progression. Among the complex pathophysiological factors that may contribute to the development of diastolic dysfunction, the RAAS (renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system) has been shown to play a significant role. Paracrine and autocrine signals of the RAAS promote structural and functional changes in the heart largely linked to increased myocardial fibrosis. Enhanced and dysregulated activity of the RAAS also contributes to the development of volume overload and vasoconstriction with subsequent increases in left ventricular diastolic filling pressures and a higher susceptibility of developing CHF (congestive heart failure). More recently, it has also been suggested that the RAAS may play a role in triggering myocardial and vascular inflammation through the activation of different cell types and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. RAAS-induced myocardial inflammation leads to perivascular myocardial fibrosis and to the development or progression of diastolic dysfunction. For these reasons pharmacological blockade of the RAAS has been proposed as a rational approach for the treatment of diastolic dysfunction. In fact, ACEIs (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers) and AAs (aldosterone antagonists) have been demonstrated to delay the development and progression from pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction towards CHF, as well as to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.
The Infusion of Interactive Digital Media With Self-Help and Stuttering Treatment
Authors: Reitzes Peter , Snyder Greg 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Limitations in the science of stuttering and stuttering therapy result in a failure to eradicate the stuttering phenomenon in clients with persistent developmental stuttering. Subsequently, many clients who stutter continue to live with the negative social consequences of stuttered speech, which include the potential for social marginalization and a reduction in quality of life. Consequently, current stuttering treatments, as well as a grass-roots self-help movement, have evolved to address these challenges faced by the stuttering population. This paper discusses the application of self-help styled interactive content over a digital media, in the form of audio and video podcasting, in stuttering support and treatment.
Low‐dose nitroglycerin improves microcirculation in hospitalized patients with acute heart failure
Authors: den Uil Corstiaan A. , Lagrand Wim K. , Spronk Peter E. , van der Ent Martin , Jewbali Lucia S.D. , Brugts Jasper J. , Ince Can , Simoons Maarten L. 
Published: February 2009

AimsImpaired tissue perfusion is often observed in patients with acute heart failure. We tested whether low‐dose nitroglycerin (NTG) improves microcirculatory perfusion in patients admitted for acute heart failure.Methods and resultsIn 20 acute heart failure patients, NTG was given as intravenous infusion at a fixed dose of 33 µg/min. Using Sidestream Dark Field (SDF) imaging, sublingual microvascular perfusion was evaluated before (T0, average of two baseline measurements) and 15 min after initiation of NTG (T1). In a subgroup of seven patients, SDF measurements were repeated after NTG had been stopped for 20 min. Capillaries were defined as microvessels with a diameter of <20 µm. Perfused capillary density (PCD) was determined as the parameter of tissue perfusion. Values are expressed as median and interquartile range (P25; P75). The median age of the subjects was 60 (52; 73) years, and 65% were male. Patients were stable before starting NTG. Nitroglycerin decreased central venous pressure [17 (13; 19) mmHg at T0 vs. 16 (13; 17) mmHg at T1, P = 0.03] and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [23 (18; 31) mmHg at T0 vs. 19 (16; 25) mmHg at T1, P = 0.03]. It increased PCD [10.7 (9.9; 12.5) mm mm−2 at T0 vs. 12.4 (11.4; 13.6) mm mm−2 at T1, P = 0.01]. After cessation of NTG, PCD returned to baseline values (P = 0.04).ConclusionLow‐dose NTG significantly reduces cardiac filling pressures and improves microvascular perfusion in patients admitted for acute heart failure.
The influence of midwater hypoxia on nekton vertical migration
Authors: Parker-Stetter Sandra L. , Horne John K. , Langness Mariko M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractParker-Stetter, S. L., Horne, J. K., and Langness, M. M. 2009. The influence of midwater hypoxia on nekton vertical migration. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1296–1302. Hypoxia affects pelagic nekton, fish and large zooplankton, distributions in marine and fresh-water ecosystems. Bottom hypoxia is common, but midwater oxygen minimum layers (OMLs) may also affect nekton that undergo diel vertical migration (DVM). This study examined the response of pelagic nekton to an OML in a temperate fjord (Hood Canal, WA, USA). A 2006 study suggested that the OML created a prey refuge for zooplankton. Using acoustics (38 and 120 kHz), the 2007 night DVM patterns of nekton were quantified before (June, August) and during (September) an OML. All months had similar precrepuscular distributions (>50-m depth) of fish and invertebrates. During the September evening crepuscular period, a zooplankton layer migrated upwards (>1.5 m min−1), but the layer's rate of ascent slowed to <0.5 m min−1 when it reached the lower edge of the OML. The bottom edge of the layer then moved below the OML and remained there for 13 minutes before moving through the OML at >1.0 m min−1. As in June and August, fish in September followed the upward migration of the zooplankton layer to the surface, crossing through the OML. Our results suggest that the 2007 OML did not affect zooplankton or fish vertical distributions.
Combining acoustic and CUFES data for the quality control of fish-stock survey estimates
Authors: Petitgas Pierre , Goarant Anne , Massé Jacques , Bourriau Paul 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Petitgas, P., Goarant, A., Massé, J., and Bourriau, P. 2009. Combining acoustic and CUFES data for the quality control of fish-stock survey estimates. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1384–1390. Fish behaviour may cause bias in the acoustic estimates of fish stocks, which are difficult to assess using acoustic data alone. In contrast, fish eggs are passive particles that can be sampled with little avoidance. The combination of CUFES (continuous, underway, fish-egg sampler) data with acoustic sampling has the potential to cross-validate methods and address the question of relative bias. For anchovy in the Bay of Biscay, a CUFES has been used in conjunction with acoustics along the transect lines of IFREMER’s spring acoustic survey since 2001. Subsurface CUFES egg concentrations were converted to vertically integrated egg abundances using a biophysical model of egg vertical distribution. Then, a procedure similar to the daily egg production method (DEPM) was applied to map an index of daily egg production. Maps of fish abundance and egg production were combined to derive a second index of daily specific fecundity over the survey area, which served as a quality-control indicator of the survey estimate. Over the series of surveys analysed, the quality-control indicator provided two warnings and in both cases the reasons for these were identified.
Auxin and Ethylene Regulate Elongation Responses to Neighbor Proximity Signals Independent of Gibberellin and DELLA Proteins in Arabidopsis
Authors: Pierik Ronald , Djakovic-Petrovic Tanja , Keuskamp Diederik H. , de Wit Mieke , Voesenek Laurentius A.C.J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPlants modify growth in response to the proximity of neighbors. Among these growth adjustments are shade avoidance responses, such as enhanced elongation of stems and petioles, that help plants to reach the light and outgrow their competitors. Neighbor detection occurs through photoreceptor-mediated detection of light spectral changes (i.e. reduced red:far-red ratio [R:FR] and reduced blue light intensity). We recently showed that physiological regulation of these responses occurs through light-mediated degradation of nuclear, growth-inhibiting DELLA proteins, but this appeared to be only part of the full mechanism. Here, we present how two hormones, auxin and ethylene, coregulate DELLAs but regulate shade avoidance responses through DELLA-independent mechanisms in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Auxin appears to be required for both seedling and mature plant shoot elongation responses to low blue light and low R:FR, respectively. Auxin action is increased upon exposure to low R:FR and low blue light, and auxin inhibition abolishes the elongation responses to these light cues. Ethylene action is increased during the mature plant response to low R:FR, and this growth response is abolished by ethylene insensitivity. However, ethylene is also a direct volatile neighbor detection signal that induces strong elongation in seedlings, possibly in an auxin-dependent manner. We propose that this novel ethylene and auxin control of shade avoidance interacts with DELLA abundance but also controls independent targets to regulate adaptive growth responses to surrounding vegetation.
Leaf species identity and combination affect performance and oviposition choice of two container mosquito species
Authors: REISKIND MICHAEL H. , GREENE KRYSTLE L. , LOUNIBOS L. PHILIP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract1. Resource diversity can be an important determinant of individual and population performance in insects. Fallen parts of plants form the nutritive base for many aquatic systems, including mosquito habitats, but the effect of plant diversity on mosquito production is poorly understood.2. To determine the effects of diverse plant inputs on larval mosquitoes, experiments were conducted that examined how leaves ofVitis aestivalis,Quercus virginiana,Psychotria nervosa, andNephrolepis exaltataaffected the container speciesAedes triseriatusandAedes albopictus.3. The hypothesis that leaf species have different effects on larval survival, growth, population performance, and oviposition choice of the two mosquito species was tested. The hypothesis that larval performance ofA. albopictusresponds additively to combinations of the four plant species was also tested.4. Larval survival and growth differed among the four leaf species, and oviposition preference differed among the two leaf species examined. Measurements of population performance demonstrated significant variation between leaf treatments. Larval outcomes forA. albopictuswere significantly affected by leaf combination, and the hypothesis of additivity could be rejected.5. These results indicate that individual leaf species are important in determining the performance of container dwelling mosquitoes, which grow larger and survive better on mixed‐species resource than expected, based on an additive model of resource utilisation.