bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Spigelian hernia in a 6-year-old boy presenting as an incarcerated inguinal hernia: a case report
Authors: Christianakis Efstratios , Paschalidis Nikolaos , Filippou Georgios , Rizos Spiros , Smailis Dimitrios , Filippou Dimitrios 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Introduction
Lower Spigelian hernia is a very rare entity. The clinical findings are similar to those of inguinal hernias and in many cases may be misdiagnosed. In the literature, only a few references to this entity have been reported in children. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a lower Spigelian hernia in a child who presented with an acute painful scrotum.

Case presentation
We discuss the case of a 6-year-old Greek boy who presented to our emergency department complaining of severe pain in the left inguinal area and scrotum. The acute painful swelling started suddenly, without any obvious cause. The initial diagnosis was incarcerated inguinal hernia which was reduced with difficulty. Five days later, the patient still experienced mild pain during palpation and he was operated on. During the operation, a large lower Spigelian hernia was revealed and reconstructed.

Conclusion
Although Spigelian hernias are rare in children and difficult to diagnose, physicians should be aware of them and include them in the differential diagnosis.
Neue Regelungen für die Gesellschafterliste und die Geschäftsanteile sowie der gutgläubige Erwerb von Geschäftsanteilen nach dem MoMiG – Folgen für die GmbH-Beratung
Authors: Gottschalk Eckart 
Published: January 2009

Am 1.11.2008 trat das Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG) in Kraft. Nach § 16 Abs. 3 GmbHG können nunmehr Geschäftsanteile einer GmbH von dem in der Gesellschafterliste eingetragenen Veräußerer gutgläubig erworben werden. Legitimationsgrundlage für den gutgläubigen Erwerb ist die Gesellschafterliste (§ 40 GmbHG), die damit zum »Rechtscheinsträger« aufgewertet wird. Mit der Einführung eines gutgläubigen Erwerbs von Geschäftsanteilen betritt der Gesetzgeber nach intensiver Diskussion Neuland. Die neuen Regelungen gelten sowohl für die klassische GmbH als auch für die neu eingeführte Unternehmergesellschaft (haftungsbeschränkt) (§ 5 a GmbHG).
Im Folgenden wird zunächst die Neuregelung der Gesellschafterliste dargestellt (I.) und einige eher technische Änderungen bei den Regelungen zu den Geschäftsanteilen erörtert (II.). Im Anschluss daran wird der neue Gutglaubenstatbestand in § 16 Abs. 3 GmbHG näher untersucht (III.). Bei der Darstellung der neuen Vorschriften sollen jeweils insbesondere die Folgen für die GmbH-Beratung näher dargestellt werden.
Design and Results of a Study to Measure Environmental Factors in Airliner Cabins and to Assess the Health and Comfort of Passengers and Crew Using Surveys
Authors: Myers Jeffrey D. , Spicer Chester W. , Goodwin Bradley P. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The design and results of a study to relate human comfort and health to the airliner cabin environment are described. Rationale for studying the airliner cabin environment, the scope of the study, the experimental design, and flight selection are presented. This study was unique in including both in-flight passenger and crew surveys and a variety of measurements of the physical and chemical environment in the cabins of airliners in revenue service. It was found that, even with a very small sample, various physical parameters were statistically related to reported human comfort as measured by the survey instrument. For example, higher levels of carbon dioxide in the cabin during cruising were associated with lower ratings of the overall air quality in the cabin, less satisfaction with the odor in the cabin, and less satisfaction with the freshness of the air in the cabin. This paper focuses on the process for developing the study design and results from the survey. Companion papers discuss the results of the cabin chemical and physical environmental measurements.
Recovery of Birth WeightzScore Within 2 Years of Diagnosis Is Positively Associated With Pulmonary Status at 6 Years of Age in Children With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Lai HuiChuan J. , Shoff Suzanne M. , Farrell Philip M. ,   with the Wisconsin Cystic Fibrosis Neonatal Screening Group
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. We recently reported that 60% of children newly diagnosed with cystic fibrosis who had pancreatic insufficiency responded to treatment initiation and achieved catch-up weight gain to a level comparable with their birth weight z score within 2 years of diagnosis (“responders”), whereas the remaining 40% failed to do so (“nonresponders”). The present study examined the impact of this early weight recovery on subsequent growth pattern and pulmonary status at 6 years of age.PATIENTS AND METHODS. Sixty-three children with cystic fibrosis who had pancreatic insufficiency but no meconium ileus, and were enrolled in the Wisconsin Cystic Fibrosis Neonatal Screening Project, were studied. Responders were defined by a recovery of weight z score comparable with that at birth within 2 years of diagnosis. From ages 2 to 6, growth was measured by both height and BMI. Pulmonary status was evaluated by symptoms, spirometry, quantitative chest radiography, and respiratory microbiology.RESULTS. The majority (71%) of the responders maintained their early weight recovery through 6 years of age, whereas only 32% of the nonresponders achieved substantial growth improvement from 2 to 6 years of age. Proportionately fewer responders reported cough symptoms (10% daytime cough; 22% nighttime cough) compared with nonresponders (41% daytime cough; 45% nighttime cough) at age 6. The percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second at age 6 was 11% higher in responders (99.5% ± 13.9%) compared with nonresponders (88.3% ± 18.5%). Responders had significantly better Brasfield (20.1 ± 1.4) and Wisconsin chest radiograph (8.3 ± 3.3) scores compared with nonresponders (Brasfield: 18.9 ± 1.8; Wisconsin: 12.3 ± 8.3). Respiratory microbiology results were not significantly different. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the positive association between responder and percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second at 6 years of age remained statistically significant after controlling for infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and chest radiograph scores. Growth patterns from 2 to 6 years of age were not associated with pulmonary measures at age 6.CONCLUSIONS. Patients with cystic fibrosis with pancreatic insufficiency who achieved early growth recovery within 2 years of diagnosis had fewer cough symptoms, higher lung function, and better chest radiograph scores at 6 years of age.
Evaluation of an Intimate Partner Violence Curriculum in a Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Johnson Norah L. , Klingbeil Carol , Melzer-Lange Marlene , Humphreys Candi , Scanlon Matthew C. , Simpson Pippa 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. Intimate partner violence harms victims as well as families and communities. Many barriers account for limited intimate partner violence screening by nurses. The purpose of this study was to measure how participation in a curriculum about screening parents for intimate partner violence, at a pediatric hospital, affects a nurse's knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and self-efficacy for intimate partner violence screening.
METHODS. In this interventional, longitudinal study, data were collected before participation in an intimate partner violence screening curriculum, after participation, and 3 months later. The measurement tool was adapted from Maiuro's (2000) Self-efficacy for Screening for Intimate Partner Violence Questionnaire.
RESULTS. Sixty-eight pediatric nurses completed all aspects of the study. At baseline, 18 (27%) nurses self-reported seeing a parent with an injury, and of those only 7 (39%) followed up with intimate partner violence screening. Factor analysis was performed on the baseline Self-efficacy for Screening for Intimate Partner Violence Questionnaire by using varimax rotation. Five factors were identified: conflict, fear of offending parent, self-confidence, appropriateness, and attitude. Only fear of offending parent was significantly different from times 1 to 3, indicating that nurses were less fearful after the training. Cronbach's α value for the total questionnaire at baseline was .85. Nurses reported significant improvement (baseline to 3-month follow-up) in several self-efficacy items.
CONCLUSIONS. Participation in a 30-minute curriculum on intimate partner violence screening was associated with improvements in self-efficacy and significantly lower fear of offending parents 3 months after training. Nurses also showed improvement in the perception of resources available for nurses to manage intimate partner violence. Thirty-minute hospital-based curriculums that include victim testimonial video and practice role-playing to simulate parent interactions are recommended.
Children With Special Health Care Needs: Patterns of Safety Restraint Use, Seating Position, and Risk of Injury in Motor Vehicle Crashes
Authors: Huang Patty , Kallan Michael J. , O'Neil Joseph , Bull Marilyn J. , Blum Nathan J. , Durbin Dennis R. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVES. Special health care needs associated with behavioral conditions may influence a child's safety in motor vehicle crashes. The aim of this study was to describe and compare variation in restraint use, seating position, and injury risk in motor vehicle crashes among children with and without special health care needs likely to affect behavior.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. This study uses data collected between December 1, 1998, and November 30, 2002, in a cross-sectional study of children &lt;16 years of age who were involved in crashes of State Farm–insured vehicles in 15 states. Parent reports via a validated telephone survey were used to define precrash special health care needs, restraint status, seating position, and the occurrence of clinically significant injuries by using a previously validated survey instrument.
RESULTS. Complete data were collected for 14654 children aged 4 to 15 years, representing 171633 children in crashes. Of these, 152 children were reported to have a special need likely to affect behavior, representing 1883 children. A greater proportion of children with special needs likely to affect behavior were appropriately restrained, particularly among children aged 4 to 8 years. Drivers of children with special needs likely to affect behavior were more often restrained and more often were the child passenger's parent. There were no differences in the rates of front-row seating. There was no significant association between the presence of a special need likely to affect behavior and risk of injury, after adjustment for child/driver characteristics and crash severity.
CONCLUSIONS. Despite a greater proportion of children with special needs likely to affect behavior using proper vehicle restraint, their injury risk was similar to that of children without these special needs. Primary care pediatricians providing best practices for vehicle safety should consider the unique riding experience and risk of injury among children with special health care needs likely to affect behavior.
Predicting Motor Development in Very Preterm Infants at 12 Months’ Corrected Age: The Role of Qualitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging and General Movements Assessments
Authors: Spittle Alicia J. , Boyd Roslyn N. , Inder Terrie E. , Doyle Lex W. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to compare the predictive value of qualitative MRI of brain structure at term and general movements assessments at 1 and 3 months' corrected age for motor outcome at 1 year's corrected age in very preterm infants.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Eighty-six very preterm infants (&lt;30 weeks' gestation) underwent MRI at term-equivalent age, were evaluated for white matter abnormality, and had general movements assessed at 1 and 3 months' corrected age. Motor outcome at 1 year's corrected age was evaluated with the Alberta Infant Motor Scale, the Neuro-Sensory Motor Development Assessment, and the diagnosis of cerebral palsy by the child's pediatrician.
RESULTS. At 1 year of age, the Alberta Infant Motor Scale categorized 30 (35%) infants as suspicious/abnormal; the Neuro-Sensory Motor Development Assessment categorized 16 (18%) infants with mild-to-severe motor dysfunction, and 5 (6%) infants were classified with cerebral palsy. White matter abnormality at term and general movements at 1 and 3 months significantly correlated with Alberta Infant Motor Scale and Neuro-Sensory Motor Development Assessment scores at 1 year. White matter abnormality and general movements at 3 months were the only assessments that correlated with cerebral palsy. All assessments had 100% sensitivity in predicting cerebral palsy. White matter abnormality demonstrated the greatest accuracy in predicting combined motor outcomes, with excellent levels of specificity (&gt;90%); however, the sensitivity was low. On the other hand, general movements assessments at 1 month had the highest sensitivity (&gt;80%); however, the overall accuracy was relatively low.
CONCLUSION. Neuroimaging (MRI) and functional (general movements) examinations have important complementary roles in predicting motor development of very preterm infants.
Sports Injuries to High School Athletes With Disabilities
Authors: Ramirez Marizen , Yang Jingzhen , Bourque Linda , Javien John , Kashani Saman , Limbos Mary Ann , Peek-Asa Corinne 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION. Physical activity in sports comes with an inherent risk for injury. For children with disabilities, their injury risk may be complicated by preexisting disability. However, very little research exists on sports injuries to young athletes with disabilities. To best manage potential injuries to children with disabilities, data on sports injury patterns are needed. The purpose of this study was to measure the frequency of and risk factors for injury to high school athletes with disabilities.
METHODS. A total of 210 athletes from 8 special education high schools that are part of an interscholastic sports league participated in the study. Seven of the 8 schools were followed for 1 season each of basketball, softball, soccer, and field hockey, and 1 school enrolled only during field hockey. Data were collected from coaches on daily exposure sessions (game, practice, and conditioning, as well as length of session), athlete characteristics (disability, gender, age, seizure history, and behavioral problems), and nature of injuries resulting in any type of medical treatment.
RESULTS. Thirty-eight injuries were reported among 512 special athletes for a rate of 2.0 per 1000 athlete exposures. Soccer (3.7 per 1000) had the highest rate of injury. More than half of the injuries were abrasions and contusions. Those at highest risk for injury were athletes with autism, athletes with histories of seizures, and starters. Athletes with autism had ∼5 times the injury rate of athletes with mental disabilities. Athletes with seizures had &gt;2.5 times the rate of injury reported among those with no seizure history.
CONCLUSIONS. This adapted sports program is a reasonably safe activity for children with disabilities. Nonetheless, findings have important implications for prevention. The preparticipation medical examination may be an excellent opportunity to create special guidelines, particularly for athletes with autism and seizure history.
Transition From Pediatric to Adult Care: Internists' Perspectives
Authors: Peter Nadja G. , Forke Christine M. , Ginsburg Kenneth R. , Schwarz Donald F. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to understand the concerns of adult health care providers regarding transition for young adult patients with childhood-onset conditions.METHODS. Internists from the 2000 American Board of Medical Specialties directory were selected randomly. A 2-stage mail survey was conducted from August 2001 to November 2004. In stage 1, providers stated their concerns regarding accepting care of transitioning young adult patients. In stage 2, providers ranked their concerns.RESULTS. A total of 241 internal medicine providers were selected for participation. In stage 1, 134 of 241 physicians were eligible to participate, and 67 (50%) of 134 completed stage 1 surveys. In stage 2, 112 physicians were eligible, and 65 (58%) of 112 responded. Concerns elicited in stage 1 were clustered into 6 categories: patient maturity, patient psychosocial needs, family involvement, providers' medical competency, transition coordination, and health system issues. In stage 2, concerns rated highest were lack of training in congenital and childhood-onset conditions, lack of family involvement, difficulty meeting patients' psychosocial needs, needing a superspecialist, lack of adolescent training, facing disability/end-of-life issues during youth and early in the relationship, financial pressures limiting visit time, and families' high expectations.CONCLUSIONS. Internists clearly stated the need for better training in congenital and childhood-onset conditions, training of more adult subspecialists, and continued family involvement. They also identified concerns about patients' psychosocial issues and maturity, as well as financial support to care for patients with complex conditions.
Minitablets: New Modality to Deliver Medicines to Preschool-Aged Children
Authors: Thomson Sarah A. , Tuleu Catherine , Wong Ian C. K. , Keady Simon , Pitt Kendal G. , Sutcliffe Alastair G. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to assess the acceptability and suitability of placebo minitablets for preschool-aged children.
METHODS. One hundred children 2 to 6 years of age were recruited from a major London hospital. How to swallow the minitablet was discussed with the child, and chewing was discouraged. The parents were asked to administer 1 minitablet (placebo, 3-mm diameter) to the child. The outcomes were recorded as (1) swallowed, (2) chewed, (3) spat out, or (4) refused to take.
RESULTS. Of the youngest children (2 years of age), almost one half (46%) swallowed the minitablet. The proportion increased to 53% for children 3 years of age. Children ≥4 years of age were more likely to swallow the minitablet than not to swallow the minitablet, with 85% of 5-year-old children swallowing the minitablet. The ability to swallow the minitablet was not affected by gender.
CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrated the potential to use minitablets for the treatment of preschool-aged children and suggests that minitablets can be used as a potential new formulation for children in this age range.
Decreased Aortic Elasticity in Healthy 11-Year-Old Children Exposed to Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Kallio Katariina , Jokinen Eero , Hämäläinen Mauri , Saarinen Maiju , Volanen Iina , Kaitosaari Tuuli , Viikari Jorma , Rönnemaa Tapani , Simell Olli , Raitakari Olli T. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to assess the relationship between passive smoking and arterial elasticity in children.
METHODS. Healthy 11-year-old children (N = 386) from an atherosclerosis prevention trial (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Children) were studied. Aortic and carotid elasticities were determined by using M-mode ultrasound imaging based on measurements of blood pressure and arterial diameter changes during the cardiac cycle. The aortic stiffness index, Young's elastic modulus, and distensibility and the respective indices for the carotid artery were calculated. Exposure to tobacco smoke was measured by using serum cotinine concentrations, and children were classified into 3 groups, that is, the noncotinine group (n = 220; undetectable cotinine levels), the low-cotinine group (n = 127; cotinine levels of 0.2–1.6 ng/mL), and the top-decile cotinine group (n = 39; cotinine levels of ≥1.7 ng/mL).
RESULTS. Higher cotinine concentrations were associated with increased aortic stiffness index values. An increase in aortic Young's elastic modulus and a decrease in aortic distensibility were observed across the cotinine groups. In multivariate regression models, the cotinine level remained a significant explanatory variable regarding all aortic elasticity indices. Carotid elasticity indices showed no differences across the cotinine groups.
CONCLUSIONS. Childhood exposure to tobacco smoke (verified with serum cotinine levels) decreases aortic elastic properties in healthy children.
The 42nd Crochet: Getting Students Hooked Into a Literacy Community
Authors: Boyd Maureen , Kneller Sarah 
Published: January 2009

In this article, one second‐grade classroom experienced community building though crochet‐related activities. We show how this teacher knit student enthusiasm for crocheting with authentic reading and writing activities across the language arts and social studies curriculum to weave a classroom identity that intertwined social responsibility with student creativity, cooperation, and empowerment.في هذه المقالة شهدت صف من الصفوف الثانية الابتدائية بناء مجتمع من خلال أنشطة متعلقة بشغل الصنارة. ونبين كيف هذه المعلمة حاكت حماس الطلاّب في شغل الصنارة عن طريق أنشطة القراءة والكتابة الأصلية عبر منهاج الفنون اللغوية والدراسات الاجتماعية لتنسج هوية في الصف شابكت مسؤولية اجتماعية مع إبداع الطالب والتعاون والتفويض.本文描述一班二年级学生在课堂中，通过与钩针编织相关的活动，建立一个学习社区时所经历到的体验。我们展示这位教师如何把学生对钩针编织的兴趣，与跨语文教学课程学和社会科教学课程的真实读写活动编织在一起，从而编造出一种以社会责任、学生的创意、学生合作，和学生赋权作为紧密联系的课堂身份认同。Dans cet article, une classe de seconde année a fait l'expérience de la construction d'une communauté au moyen d'activités liées au crochet. Nous montrons comment ce professeur tricote l'enthousiasme des élèves pour le crochet avec d'authentiques activités de lecture et d'écriture dans les activités de langue et le programme de sciences humaines pour tisser une identité de classe où sont imbriquées responsabilité sociale, créativité des élèves, coopération, et prise de pouvoir.В статье описано, как объединило второклассников такое занятие, как вязание крючком. Учитель использовал любовь учеников к вязанию для развития у них интереса к чтению аутентичных текстов и к письму на уроках по предметам языкового и общественно‐научного циклов. В итоге этого “ажурного вязания” появился детский коллектив, члены которого – настоящие личности. Они проявляют социальную ответственность, склонны к творчеству и умеют работать сообща.En este artículo, una clase de segundo grado experimentó la construcción del sentido de comunidad por medio de actividades asociadas con el hacer tejido de gancho. Mostramos cómo esta maestra juntó el entusiasmo de los estudiantes por el ganchillo con actividades auténticas de lectura y escritura a través de las disciplinas lingüísticas y el programa de estudio de los estudios sociales para tejer una identidad del salón de clase que entrelazaba la responsabilidad social con la creatividad, la cooperación y la capacitación de los estudiantes.