bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ein soziales „Dramma in musica”?: Verdi, alte Notabeln und neue Eliten im Theater des liberalen Italiens (A Social „Dramma in musica”?: Verdi, Old Notables and New Elites in the Theatre of Liberal Italy)
Authors: Körner Axel 
Published: September 2008

Zusammenfassung
Anhand einer Untersuchung von Konflikten um das Theater im liberalen Italien diskutiert der Aufsatz den Einfluß der Eliten des Ancien Régime auf die Stadt- und Kulturverwaltung Bolognas, der ehemaligen Hauptstadt der Päpstlichen Legationen im untergegangenen Kirchenstaat. Ausgangspunkt der Fallstudie sind Reaktionen auf die Musik Giuseppe Verdis. Nicht nur die Idee Verdis als des Barden der italienischen Einigung erweist sich als eine spätere Konstruktion des Komponisten und seiner Anhänger. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich auch, daß viele seiner Werke, die nach 1848 zu Nationalopern wurden, auf Ablehnung stießen. Durch den Wandel des Repertoires im 19. Jahrhundert und auf Grund der städtischen Finanzen nach der italienischen Einigung konnten sich die Theater zudem immer seltener leisten, der Tradition entsprechend, innerhalb eines Opernabends sowohl eine Opera seria als auch ein Ballett zu geben. Das Opernhaus war nicht mehr die Bühne zur Selbstinszenierung des Patriziats, sondern wurde eine Institution der liberalen städtischen Kulturverwaltung. Auch wenn sie sich dem liberalen Italien nicht grundsätzlich entgegenstellten, setzten sich die aus den besten Adelsfamilien der Stadt stammenden Logenbesitzer gegen diese gesellschaftliche Neuordnung mit juristischen und finanziellen Maßnahmen zur Wehr. In Anbetracht dieser Reaktionen stellt sich die Frage, wie solide die liberale Bürgergesellschaft im ehemaligen Kirchenstaat verwurzelt war oder ob sich mit Arno Mayer nicht doch von einem Beispiel der „Persistence of the Old Regime” sprechen läßt.
Das Dritte Reich dauerhaft fest im Blick?: Die Notwendigkeit einer erweiterten Perspektive in der Autobahngeschichte (The Third Reich Permanently in Focus?: The Necessity of an Extended Perspective in the History of the „Autobahn”)
Authors: Ruppmann Reiner 
Published: September 2008

Zusammenfassung
Zugleich Besprechung von:

T. Zeller, Driving Germany. The Landscape of the German Autobahn, 1930–1970
Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping and The Genetic Basis of Heterosis in Maize and Rice
Authors: Garcia Antonio Augusto Franco , Wang Shengchu , Melchinger Albrecht E , Zeng Zhao-Bang 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDespite its importance to agriculture, the genetic basis of heterosis is still not well understood. The main competing hypotheses include dominance, overdominance, and epistasis. NC design III is an experimental design that has been used for estimating the average degree of dominance of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and also for studying heterosis. In this study, we first develop a multiple-interval mapping (MIM) model for design III that provides a platform to estimate the number, genomic positions, augmented additive and dominance effects, and epistatic interactions of QTL. The model can be used for parents with any generation of selfing. We apply the method to two data sets, one for maize and one for rice. Our results show that heterosis in maize is mainly due to dominant gene action, although overdominance of individual QTL could not completely be ruled out due to the mapping resolution and limitations of NC design III. For rice, the estimated QTL dominant effects could not explain the observed heterosis. There is evidence that additive × additive epistatic effects of QTL could be the main cause for the heterosis in rice. The difference in the genetic basis of heterosis seems to be related to open or self pollination of the two species. The MIM model for NC design III is implemented in Windows QTL Cartographer, a freely distributed software.
Convergent Evolution in the Genetic Basis of Müllerian Mimicry in Heliconius Butterflies
Authors: Baxter Simon W , Papa Riccardo , Chamberlain Nicola , Humphray Sean J , Joron Mathieu , Morrison Clay , ffrench-Constant Richard H , McMillan W Owen , Jiggins Chris D 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe neotropical butterflies Heliconius melpomene and H. erato are Müllerian mimics that display the same warningly colored wing patterns in local populations, yet pattern diversity between geographic regions. Linkage mapping has previously shown convergent red wing phenotypes in these species are controlled by loci on homologous chromosomes. Here, AFLP bulk segregant analysis using H. melpomene crosses identified genetic markers tightly linked to two red wing-patterning loci. These markers were used to screen a H. melpomene BAC library and a tile path was assembled spanning one locus completely and part of the second. Concurrently, a similar strategy was used to identify a BAC clone tightly linked to the locus controlling the mimetic red wing phenotypes in H. erato. A methionine rich storage protein (MRSP) gene was identified within this BAC clone, and comparative genetic mapping shows red wing color loci are in homologous regions of the genome of H. erato and H. melpomene. Subtle differences in these convergent phenotypes imply they evolved independently using somewhat different developmental routes, but are nonetheless regulated by the same switch locus. Genetic mapping of MRSP in a third related species, the “tiger” patterned H. numata, has no association with wing patterning and shows no evidence for genomic translocation of wing-patterning loci.
Experimental Support for Multiple-Locus Complementary Sex Determination in the Parasitoid Cotesia vestalis
Authors: de Boer Jetske G , Ode Paul J , Rendahl Aaron K , Vet Louise E M , Whitfield James B , Heimpel George E 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Despite its fundamental role in development, sex determination is highly diverse among animals. Approximately 20% of all animals are haplodiploid, with haploid males and diploid females. Haplodiploid species exhibit diverse but poorly understood mechanisms of sex determination. Some hymenopteran insect species exhibit single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD), where heterozygosity at a polymorphic sex locus initiates female development. Diploid males are homozygous at the sex locus and represent a genetic load because they are inviable or sterile. Inbreeding depression associated with CSD is therefore expected to select for other modes of sex determination resulting in fewer or no diploid males. Here, we investigate an alternative, heretofore hypothetical, mode of sex determination: multiple-locus CSD (ml-CSD). Under ml-CSD, diploid males are predicted to develop only from zygotes that are homozygous at all sex loci. We show that inbreeding for eight generations in the parasitoid wasp Cotesia vestalis leads to increasing proportions of diploid males, a pattern that is consistent with ml-CSD but not sl-CSD. The proportion of diploid males (0.27 ± 0.036) produced in the first generation of inbreeding (mother–son cross) suggests that two loci are likely involved. We also modeled diploid male production under CSD with three linked loci. Our data visually resemble CSD with linked loci because diploid male production in the second generation was lower than that in the first. To our knowledge, our data provide the first experimental support for ml-CSD.
Suppression of Pleiotropic Effects of Functional CRYPTOCHROME Genes by TERMINAL FLOWER 1
Authors: Buchovsky Ana Sabrina , Strasser Bárbara , Cerdán Pablo D , Casal Jorge J 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) encodes a protein with similarity to animal phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins and is required for normal trafficking to the protein storage vacuole. In Arabidopsis thaliana the tfl1 mutation produces severe developmental abnormalities. Here we show that most aspects of the tfl1 phenotype are lost in the cry1 cry2 double-mutant background lacking cryptochromes 1 and 2. The inhibition of hypocotyl growth by light is reduced in the tfl1 mutant but this effect is absent in the cry1 or cry2 mutant background. Although the promotion of flowering under long rather than short days is a key function of cryptochromes, in the tfl1 background, cryptochromes promoted flowering under short days. Thus, normal CRY control of photoperiod-dependent flowering and hypocotyl growth inhibition requires a functional TFL1 gene.
A General Extreme Value Theory Model for the Adaptation of DNA Sequences Under Strong Selection and Weak Mutation
Authors: Joyce Paul , Rokyta Darin R , Beisel Craig J , Orr H Allen 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Recent theoretical studies of the adaptation of DNA sequences assume that the distribution of fitness effects among new beneficial mutations is exponential. This has been justified by using extreme value theory and, in particular, by assuming that the distribution of fitnesses belongs to the Gumbel domain of attraction. However, extreme value theory shows that two other domains of attraction are also possible: the Fréchet and Weibull domains. Distributions in the Fréchet domain have right tails that are heavier than exponential, while distributions in the Weibull domain have right tails that are truncated. To explore the consequences of relaxing the Gumbel assumption, we generalize previous adaptation theory to allow all three domains. We find that many of the previously derived Gumbel-based predictions about the first step of adaptation are fairly robust for some moderate forms of right tails in the Weibull and Fréchet domains, but significant departures are possible, especially for predictions concerning multiple steps in adaptation.
The Generation and Maintenance of Genetic Variation by Frequency-Dependent Selection: Constructing Polymorphisms Under the Pairwise Interaction Model
Authors: Trotter Meredith V , Spencer Hamish G 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Frequency-dependent selection remains the most commonly invoked heuristic explanation for the maintenance of genetic variation. For polymorphism to exist, new alleles must be both generated and maintained in the population. Here we use a construction approach to model frequency-dependent selection with mutation under the pairwise interaction model. The pairwise interaction model is a general model of frequency-dependent selection at the genotypic level. We find that frequency-dependent selection is able to generate a large number of alleles at a single locus. The construction process generates multiallelic polymorphisms with a wide range of allele-frequency distributions and genotypic fitness relationships. Levels of polymorphism and mean fitness are uncoupled, so constructed polymorphisms remain permanently invasible to new mutants; thus the model never settles down to an equilibrium state. Analysis of constructed fitness sets reveals signatures of heterozygote advantage and positive frequency dependence.
Metabolomic Signatures of Inbreeding at Benign and Stressful Temperatures inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Pedersen Kamilla Sofie , Kristensen Torsten Nygaard , Loeschcke Volker , Petersen Bent O , Duus Jens Ø , Nielsen Niels Chr , Malmendal Anders 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWhile the population genetics of inbreeding is fairly well understood, the effects of inbreeding on the physiological and biochemical levels are not. Here we have investigated the effects of inbreeding on the Drosophila melanogaster metabolome. Metabolite fingerprints in males from five outbred and five inbred lines were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy after exposure to benign temperature, heat stress, or cold stress. In both the absence and the presence of temperature stress, metabolite levels were significantly different among inbred and outbred lines. The major effect of inbreeding was increased levels of maltose and decreased levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine and a galactoside [1-O-(4-O-(2-aminoethyl phosphate)-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-x-glycerol] synthesized exclusively in the paragonial glands of Drosophila species, including D. melanogaster. The metabolomic effect of inbreeding at the benign temperature was related to gene expression data from the same inbred and outbred lines. Both gene expression and metabolite data indicate that fundamental metabolic processes are changed or modified by inbreeding. Apart from affecting mean metabolite levels, inbreeding led to an increased between-line variation in metabolite profiles compared to outbred lines. In contrast to previous observations revealing interactions between inbreeding and environmental stress on gene expression patterns and life-history traits, the effect of inbreeding on the metabolite profile was similar across the different temperature treatments.
Evolution of Primate Gene Expression: Drift and Corrective Sweeps?
Authors: Chaix R , Somel M , Kreil D P , Khaitovich P , Lunter G A 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Changes in gene expression play an important role in species' evolution. Earlier studies uncovered evidence that the effect of mutations on expression levels within the primate order is skewed, with many small downregulations balanced by fewer but larger upregulations. In addition, brain-expressed genes appeared to show an increased rate of evolution on the branch leading to human. However, the lack of a mathematical model adequately describing the evolution of gene expression precluded the rigorous establishment of these observations. Here, we develop mathematical tools that allow us to revisit these earlier observations in a model-testing and inference framework. We introduce a model for skewed gene-expression evolution within a phylogenetic tree and use a separate model to account for biological or experimental outliers. A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inference procedure allows us to infer the phylogeny and other evolutionary parameters, while quantifying the confidence in these inferences. Our results support previous observations; in particular, we find strong evidence for a sustained positive skew in the distribution of gene-expression changes in primate evolution. We propose a “corrective sweep” scenario to explain this phenomenon.
Use of a Drosophila Model to Identify Genes Regulating Plasmodium Growth in the Mosquito
Authors: Brandt Stephanie M , Jaramillo-Gutierrez Giovanna , Kumar Sanjeev , Barillas-Mury Carolina , Schneider David S 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe performed a forward genetic screen, using Drosophila as a surrogate mosquito, to identify host factors required for the growth of the avian malaria parasite, Plasmodium gallinaceum. We identified 18 presumed loss-of-function mutants that reduced the growth of the parasite in flies. Presumptive mutation sites were identified in 14 of the mutants on the basis of the insertion site of a transposable element. None of the identified genes have been previously implicated in innate immune responses or interactions with Plasmodium. The functions of five Anopheles gambiae homologs were tested by using RNAi to knock down gene function followed by measuring the growth of the rodent parasite, Plasmodium berghei. Loss of function of four of these genes in the mosquito affected Plasmodium growth, suggesting that Drosophila can be used effectively as a surrogate mosquito to identify relevant host factors in the mosquito.
The Chicken (Gallus gallus) Z Chromosome Contains at Least Three Nonlinear Evolutionary Strata
Authors: Nam Kiwoong , Ellegren Hans 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBirds have female heterogamety with Z and W sex chromosomes. These evolved from different autosomal precursor chromosomes than the mammalian X and Y. However, previous work has suggested that the pattern and process of sex chromosome evolution show many similarities across distantly related organisms. Here we show that stepwise restriction of recombination between the protosex chromosomes of birds has resulted in regions of the chicken Z chromosome showing discrete levels of divergence from W homologs (gametologs). The 12 genes analyzed fall into three levels of estimated divergence values, with the most recent divergence (dS = 0.18–0.21) displayed by 6 genes in a region on the Z chromosome corresponding to the interval 1–11 Mb of the assembled genome sequence. Another 4 genes show intermediate divergence (dS = 0.27–0.38) and are located in the interval 16–53 Mb. Two genes (at positions 42 and 50 Mb) with higher dS values are located proximal to the most distal of the 4 genes with intermediate divergence, suggesting an inversion event. The distribution of genes and their divergence indicate at least three evolutionary strata, with estimated times for cessation of recombination between Z and W of 132–150 (stratum 1), 71–99 (stratum 2), and 47–57 (stratum 3) million years ago. An inversion event, or some other form of intrachromosomal rearrangement, subsequent to the formation of strata 1 and 2 has scrambled the gene order to give rise to the nonlinear arrangement of evolutionary strata currently seen on the chicken Z chromosome. These observations suggest that the progressive restriction of recombination is an integral feature of sex chromosome evolution and occurs also in systems of female heterogamety.
A Simple Method to Account for Natural Selection When Predicting Inbreeding Depression
Authors: García-Dorado Aurora 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
It has been widely appreciated that natural selection opposes the progress of inbreeding in small populations, thus limiting the actual inbreeding depression for fitness traits. However, no method to account for the consequences of this process has been given so far. I give a simple and intuitive method to predict inbreeding depression, taking into account the increase in selection efficiency against recessive alleles during inbreeding. It is based on the use of a “purged inbreeding coefficient” gt that accounts for the reduction of the probability of the deleterious homozygotes caused by the excess d of detrimental effect for deleterious alleles in the homozygous condition over its additive expectation. It is shown that the effect of purging can be important even for relatively small populations. For between-loci variable deleterious effects, accurate predictions can be obtained using the effective homozygous deleterious excess de, which can be estimated experimentally and is robust against variation of the ancestral effective population size. The method can be extended to any trait and it is used to predict the evolution of the mean viability or fecundity in a conservation program with equal or random family contributions.
Selective Transcriptional Profiling and Data Analysis Strategies for Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping in Outbred F2 Populations
Authors: Cardoso Fernando F , Rosa Guilherme J M , Steibel Juan P , Ernst Catherine W , Bates Ronald O , Tempelman Robert J 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Genetic analysis of transcriptional profiling experiments is emerging as a promising approach for unraveling genes and pathways that underlie variation of complex biological traits. However, these genetical genomics approaches are currently limited by the high cost of microarrays. We studied five different strategies to optimally select subsets of individuals for transcriptional profiling, including (1) maximizing genetic dissimilarity between selected individuals, (2) maximizing the number of recombination events in selected individuals, (3) selecting phenotypic extremes within inferred genotypes of a previously identified quantitative trait locus (QTL), (4) purely random selection, and (5) profiling animals with the highest and lowest phenotypic values within each family–gender subclass. A simulation study was conducted on the basis of a linkage map and marker genotypes were derived from data on chromosome 6 for 510 F2 animals from an existing pig resource population and on a simulated biallelic QTL with pleiotropic effects on performance and gene expression traits. Bivariate analyses were conducted for selected subset sample sizes of 80, 160, and 240 individuals under three different correlation scenarios between the two traits. The genetic dissimilarity and phenotypic extremes within genotype methods had the smallest mean square error on QTL effects and maximum sensitivity on QTL detection, thereby outperforming all other selection strategies, particularly at the smallest proportion of samples selected for gene expression profiling (80/510).
Mixed Effects Models for Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping With Inbred Strains
Authors: Bauman Lara E , Sinsheimer Janet S , Sobel Eric M , Lange Kenneth 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Fixed effects models have dominated the statistical analysis of genetic crosses between inbred strains. In spite of their popularity, the traditional models ignore polygenic background and must be tailored to each specific cross. We reexamine the role of random effect models in gene mapping with inbred strains. The biggest difficulty in implementing random effect models is the lack of a coherent way of calculating trait covariances between relatives. The standard model for outbred populations is based on premises of genetic equilibrium that simply do not apply to crosses between inbred strains since every animal in a strain is genetically identical and completely homozygous. We fill this theoretical gap by introducing novel combinatorial entities called strain coefficients. With an appropriate theory, it is possible to reformulate QTL mapping and QTL association analysis as an application of mixed models involving both fixed and random effects. After developing this theory, our first example compares the mixed effects model to a standard fixed effects model using simulated advanced intercross line (AIL) data. Our second example deals with hormone data. Here multivariate traits and parameter identifiability questions arise. Our final example involves random mating among eight strains and vividly demonstrates the versatility of our models.
Maximum-Likelihood Estimation of Site-Specific Mutation Rates in Human Mitochondrial DNA From Partial Phylogenetic Classification
Authors: Rosset Saharon , Wells R Spencer , Soria-Hernanz David F , Tyler-Smith Chris , Royyuru Ajay K , Behar Doron M ,   The Genographic Consortium
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe mitochondrial DNA hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) is widely used in studies of human evolutionary genetics, and therefore accurate estimates of mutation rates among nucleotide sites in this region are essential. We have developed a novel maximum-likelihood methodology for estimating site-specific mutation rates from partial phylogenetic information, such as haplogroup association. The resulting estimation problem is a generalized linear model, with a nonstandard link function. We develop inference and bias correction tools for our estimates and a hypothesis-testing approach for site independence. We demonstrate our methodology using 16,609 HVS-I samples from the Genographic Project. Our results suggest that mutation rates among nucleotide sites in HVS-I are highly variable. The 16,400–16,500 region exhibits significantly lower rates compared to other regions, suggesting potential functional constraints. Several loci identified in the literature as possible termination-associated sequences (TAS) do not yield statistically slower rates than the rest of HVS-I, casting doubt on their functional importance. Our tests do not reject the null hypothesis of independent mutation rates among nucleotide sites, supporting the use of site-independence assumption for analyzing HVS-I. Potential extensions of our methodology include its application to estimation of mutation rates in other genetic regions, like Y chromosome short tandem repeats.