bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age group differences in response to treatment for problematic alcohol use
Authors: RICE CHRISTOPHER , LONGABAUGH RICHARD , BEATTIE MARTHA , NOEL NORA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThat structural characteristics act as markers of modified treatment outcome is a long standing idea in the alcohol treatment field. In order to test whether patient age is a factor to be considered in making treatment assignments, we examined data collected under a clinical trial. Two hundred and twenty‐nine patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: extended cognitive behavioral treatment (CB), relationship enhancement (RE), or relationship and vocational enhancement (VE). This paper reports on outcome (alcohol use) 3‐6 months after treatment assignment. Our question was, would different age groups assigned to the treatment conditions exhibit different outcomes? There were no significant main effects by either treatment condition or age group. There was a significant treatment condition by age group interaction. With increasing age, the differences in treatment seemed to increase. For the younger aged group (18‐29 years old) no statistically significant treatment differences were detected. Middle aged patients (30‐49 years old) did best in the RE condition. Older aged patients (50 + years old) did best when assigned to the CB condition. These findings lead us to conclude that patient age is a variable which should be considered when testing patient‐treatment matching hypotheses.
Women with alcohol problems: do they relapse for reasons different to their male counterparts?
Authors: SAUNDERS BILL , BAILY SALLY , PHILLIPS MIKE , ALLSOP STEVE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA sample of 44 women and 50 men attending an alcohol treatment facility were assessed on a range of demographic, social and psychological measures in order to determine whether women and men relapse for different reasons. Clients were monitored for a 3 month period after the initial intake interview whereupon follow‐up interviews were conducted. The data were analysed by the use of survival analysis techniques. The results indicated that there were different predictors of relapse across the three levels of post treatment alcohol use investigated. Gender differences were present at two of these levels. The implications of these differences are discussed.
Characteristics associated with smoking cessation during pregnancy among working class women
Authors: WAKEFIELD MELANIE , GILLIES PAMELA , GRAHAM HILARY , MADELEY RICHARD , SYMONDS MALCOLM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlthough smoking prevalence among pregnant women is highest among those of lower socio‐economic status, the factors associated with cessation in this high risk group are poorly documented. This paper reports on data from a survey of working class women in Nottingham and Coventry, who were interviewed 6 months after having delivered a baby. It compares the characteristics of the 32 women who quit smoking during their pregnancy and were still ex‐smokers at the 6 month post‐natal point, with 472 women who had continued to smoke during their pregnancy or had returned to smoking in the post‐partum period. A logistic regression analysis revealed three variables that were independently associated with long term cessation—having previously quit for more than 1 week, having a non‐smoking partner, and believing that the children of smokers are more likely to get infections. Among the most disadvantaged, an understanding of how close social ties and economic circumstances influence smoking behaviour is crucial, if we are to develop more effective smoking cessation intervention strategies for working class women.
The structure and correlates of alcohol dependence: WHO collaborative project on the early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption—III
Authors: HALL WAYNE , SAUNDERS JOHN B. , BABOR THOMAS F. , AASLAND OLAF G. , AMUNDSEN ARVID , HODGSON RAY , GRANT MARCUS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe cross‐cultural validity of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome was tested on 13 symptoms of alcohol dependence which were assessed as part of a WHO collaborative study of the early detection of harmful drinking. The subjects were drinking patients in health care settings in Australia, Bulgaria, Kenya, Mexico, Norway, and the US. Principal Components Analyses were performed on the symptoms in each centre, and the degree of agreement between the results was assessed by calculating coefficients of congruence between the item loadings on the first principal component. In all six centres the first Principal Component accounted for at least half of the total variance and all symptoms had positive loadings greater than 0.40 on the first Principal Component. The coefficients of congruence were all 0.98 or more, and the 13 symptoms had internal consistency coefficients of 0.94 or more. An alcohol dependence score defined by the sum of positive responses to the 13 alcohol dependence symptoms was positively correlated with self‐reported alcohol consumption, alcohol‐related problems, serum gamma glutamyltransferase and a clinical examination assessment of alcoholism in all six samples.
Predictive validity of the Readiness to Change Questionnaire
Authors: HEATHER NICK , ROLLNICK STEPHEN , BELL ALISON 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFollowing the development of the Readiness to Change Questionnaire described by Rollnick et al.,1 this article reports on the predictive validity of the questionnaire among a sample of 174 male excessive drinkers identified by screening on wards of general hospitals. Relationships between patients' “stage of change” derived from questionnaires administered prior to discharge from hospital and changes in drinking behaviour at 8 weeks and 6 months follow‐up are analysed. Allocated stage of change provided statistically significant relationships with drinking outcome. Multiple regression analysis showed that stage of change remained a significant predictor of changes in alcohol consumption when other possible predictors were taken into account. Two methods for allocating stage of change on the basis of questionnaire responses for use in different circumstances, a “quick” and a “refined” method, are described.
The origin of alcohol‐related social norms in the Saami minority
Authors: LARSEN SVEIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe present paper addressed the problem of the origin of alcohol‐related social norms in the Saami minority in northern Norway. Based on data from studies of comparable ethnic minorities in Greenland, North America and Australia it could be expected that alcohol use‐ and abuse would be more prevalent in the Saami than in the Norwegian populations of northern Norway. No data to support this hypothesis exist. On the contrary, available data suggest that drinking problems in this group are similar to those of the majority in the area. The present paper developed the hypothesis that Saami alcohol‐related social norms originated in the Laestadian religious revival. The paper investigated the impact of the Laestadian culture in the formation of alcohol‐related social norms. It was concluded that the Laestadian sobriety norm, and the norm of abstinence from the use of adiafora, have influenced alcohol‐related behaviour in the Saami group in such a way that this group does not conform to the drinking behaviour found in comparable minorities.
Alcoholics anonymous, other 12‐step movements and psychotherapy in the US population, 1990
Authors: ROOM ROBIN , GREENFIELD THOMAS 
Published: January 2006

The Data Note series is edited by Dr Bridget Grant, Chief of Biometry at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), USA.AbstractBased on the 1990 US National Alcohol Survey, this note provides the first available comprehensive findings on self‐reported utilization of a variety of sources of personal support and counselling for alcohol and other problems. Respondents were queried about lifetime attendance and number of times they went to identified sources of help in the prior year. Twelve‐step groups included Alcoholics Anonymous, Al‐Anon, Adult Children of Alcoholics, and other non‐alcohol‐oriented groups like Gamblers Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, and Overeaten Anonymous; additional questions inquired about support or therapy groups and individual counselling for non‐alcohol problems. Of the US adult population, 9% have been to an AA meeting at some time, 3.6% in the prior year, only about one‐third of these for problems of their own. About half these percentages, mostly women, have attended Al‐Anon. Of the same population, 13.3% indicate ever attending a 12‐step meeting (including non‐alcohol‐oriented groups), 5.3% in the last year. During the prior year a further 2.1% used other support/therapy groups and 5.5% sought individual counseling/therapy for personal problems other than alcohol. In contrast to this high reported utilization, only 4.9% (ever) and 2.3% (12‐months) reported going to anyone including AA for a problem (of their own) related to drinking.
The reversibility of alcoholic brain damage is not due to rehydration: a CT study
Authors: MANN KARL , MUNDLE GÖTZ , LÄNGLE GERHARD , PETERSEN DIRK 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlcoholic brain damage is reversible when the patients are continually abstinent. An increase of brain water content was the putative explanation for this phenomenon. We tested the rehydration hypothesis using CT density measurements in 29 alcohol‐dependent male inpatients. During a 5‐week period of controlled abstinence, CT density measures did not decrease in any of the investigated regions of the brain as one would expect with an increase in brain water. Although the volumetry of the ventricular system and the subarchnoidal spaces revealed a significant reduction of CSF volume, we found a slight increase in CT density measures. Thus, our results are in contradiction to the rehydration hypothesis. Under discussion is whether neuronal plasticity might be the explanation of the reversibility of alcoholic brain damage in abstinent patients.
The validity of injecting drug users' self‐reports about sexually transmitted diseases: a comparison of survey and serological data
Authors: KLEYN JEANNE , SCHWEBKE JANE , HOLMES KING K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractResearchers studying the validity of injecting drug users' self‐reports have often reported a high degree of correspondence between self‐reports and several types of criterion variables. In this study, injecting drug users' responses to questions about prior infection with four sexually transmitted diseases were compared with serological test data. For three of the four diseases studied, discrepancies between survey and serological results were quite large, especially when respondents said they had no previous history of infection. Limitations of serological testing, the questions asked, respondent knowledge and the more traditional concern with respondent veracity are discussed as possible explanations for the observed differences. Study data suggest that use of drug injectors' self‐reports to measure infection with sexually transmitted diseases or to validate other measures is a questionable practice. Problems encountered in interpreting study results provide support for more frequent use of experimental or quasi‐experimental designs and of multivariate analytic techniques when conducting research on response validity.
Risk factors for suicide and undetermined death among in‐patient alcoholics in Scotland
Authors: DUFFY JOHN , KREITMAN NORMAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractApproximately 32 000 patients, representing all those discharged alive from inpatient psychiatric care for alcoholism in Scottish hospitals between 1974 and 1983, were traced for up to 10 years by means of a national record‐linkage study in order to ascertain the frequency of suicide and undetermined deaths. The cumulative mortality from these causes was 1.17% at 5 years and 2.01% at 10 years. Several risk factors were investigated, using survival analysis techniques. Sex, age, social class (mates only) and marital status were not found to be useful predictors, but the different secondary diagnoses recorded at discharge were associated with major variations in outcome. Attention is drawn to the prognostic importance of a secondary diagnosis of both affective disorders and personality disorders, and some implications of the findings are noted concerning attempts to construct population models linking alcoholism, demographic characteristics and suicide.
The substance specificity of psychosocial correlates of alcohol, tobacco, coffee and drug use by Czech women
Authors: KUBIČKA LUDĚK , CSÉMY LADISLAV , KOŽENÝ JIŘI , NEŠPOR KAREL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe paper reports results of an analysis based on face‐to‐face interviews with two samples of Prague women aged 20‐49: (1) a probabilistic sample (h = 718) of the Prague female population; and (2) a sample of 152 inpatients treated for substance dependence/abuse. Of the inpatients, 79% were diagnosed as alcohol dependent only, 15% as both alcohol dependent and drug dependent/abusers, 6% as drug dependent only. With very few exceptions, those with drug problems among the inpatients abused analgesics, hypnotics, or anxiolytics. With data obtained from the general population sample, two‐stage hierarchical logistic regression was run with each of the eleven differently defined substance uses as dependent variables. Four demographic variables were entered as predictors into the regression equations in the first stage. From the seven potential risk factors of substance use statistically significant predictors were entered stepwise in stage two. The major result of the study is the specificity of the pattern of predictors related to each of the eleven considered substance uses. It is also found that in the general population the use of a particular substance is generally uncorrelated with the use of other substances. Alcohol use (even heavy alcohol use) has no relation to smoking, to the use of analgesics, hypnotics, anxiolytics‐and is connected with a specific pattern of predictors.
Alcohol in home and leisure injuries
Authors: HONKANEN RISTO 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe part that alcohol plays in non‐motor vehicle unintentional injuries is not well known. Injuries at home and during leisure form a very heterogeneous group. Alcohol involvement varies considerably from one subgroup to another: for example, all cases of alcohol poisoning involve alcohol by definition, whereas alcohol involvement is very infrequent in sports injuries. One‐third of falls, half of drownings and fire deaths and two‐thirds of hypothermia deaths involve alcohol. Young and middle‐aged males form a risk group of alcohol‐related trauma. Alcohol involvement varies also from country to country: deaths from alcohol poisoning are several times as common in Finland as in other Western countries. In contrast to experience in Western countries, in Dares Salaam, Tanzania, wealthier injured Africans were found to have alcohol involvement more often than poor Africans. Alcohols seems to increase the risk of falling, bicycle and motor vehicle injuries largely to the same extent. The relative importance of the two main components of alcohol‐related risk–risk‐taking and impaired psychomotor functions‐requires further exploration in each main external cause category of home and leisure injuries.
Multivariate models for predicting abstention following intervention to stop smoking by general practitioners
Authors: RICHMOND ROBYN L. , KEHOE LINDA A. , WEBSTER IAN W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPredictors of successful smoking cessation were examined in a randomized controlled trial of 450 smokers who received an intervention by their general practitioner (GP). Pretreatment characteristics predicting outcome at 3, 6 and 12 months and for continuous abstinence lo 12 months were determined using logistic regression analyses. Results showed the variables that significantly predicted abstention at 3 months were age and motivation, whereas the predictors at 6 months were socio‐economic stains, motivation, level of dependence and time spent with smokers. No single predictor emerged at 12 months. Predictors far continuous abstinence to 12 months were age, nine spent with smokers and motivation. A model was developed which best describes the likelihood of patients achieving continuous long‐term abstinence. The results show that five factors (high motivation level, older age, less tune spent with smokers, low dependence level, and higher socio‐economic status) together have a 76% accuracy of predicting continuous abstinence to 12 months.
Does post‐withdrawal cue exposure improve outcome in opiate addiction? A controlled trial
Authors: DAWE SHARON , POWELL JANE , RICHARDS DAVID , GOSSOP MICHAEL , MARKS ISAAC , STRANG JOHN , GRAY JEFFREY A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA controlled trial studied whether cue exposure prevented relapse in opiate addiction. Subjects were randomly allocated to one of two inpatient treatment settings: a drug dependence unit with a special 10 week program and 4 weeks in a behavioural/general treatment unit without such a program. In each setting, following drug‐withdrawal, subjects had either cue exposure for at least six sessions over 3 weeks, or a control condition. Subjects were followed up twice, at about 6 weeks and 6 months post‐treatment. 186 subjects were randomly allocated; 69 were assessed post‐detoxification, and of these 43 completed cue exposure or control treatments. Cue exposure and control subjects did not differ in cue reactivity. This was evaluated post‐treatment for cue exposure subjects and at a comparable time point for controls. All groups showed a significant decrement in cue‐elicited craving, withdrawal responses and negative mood. Cue exposure and control subjects did not differ at either of the two follow up interviews.
The negotiation of New Zealand alcohol policy in a decade of stabilized consumption and political change: the role of research
Authors: CASSWELL SALLY , STEWART LIZ , DUIGNAN PAUL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSignificant changes in the key alcohol policy areas of availability, advertising and taxation have taken place in New Zealand from 1985 to 1991. These changes are described in the context of the social climate which was one of extreme fiscal crisis and an unprecedented swing to the right. The very limited role played by public health research in the process of policy development is viewed in part as a consequence of this social climate. The political changes affected the strength and extent of the public health voices in the debate and the reception they received. In each of the policy areas in which change occurred, the policy‐keeper was other than a public health agency and the utilization of research by public health advocates was, therefore, in response to already articulated positions. The dissemination of research relied too heavily on lengthy written submissions, and too little on media advocacy and interpersonal contact. There was also a lack of directly relevant local research to inform the policy debate. The case study illustrates the constraints on researchers' in the policy development process, but suggests that such involvement is important for the public's health.
The introduction of dram shop legislation in the United States and the advent of server training
Authors: SALTZ ROBERT F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses the relationship of research to policy in the matter of dram shop liability and server training in the USA. The discussion is made difficult by the apparent lack of any such relationship. While research in the area has only just been published, dram shop liability in the USA actually dates to the nineteenth century, with its current form shaped by the repeal of prohibition in 1933. Because liability law and liability insurance vary from state to state, current movements for reform and server training arise somewhat spontaneously in different localities and with different emphases. Research constitutes only a minor influence among several others more salient to the political process of policy formation. The advent of mandatory server training in the state of Oregon is used to illustrate the somewhat capricious nature of progress in responsible beverage service.
The interaction between policy and research in the implementation of server training
Authors: SINGLE ERIC 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the relationship between research and policy in the development of server training policy in Ontario. With the emergence of civil liability for the conduct of intoxicated patrons, there has been a growing movement toward the training of managers and servers in licensed establishment in the responsible service of alcohol. As pan of a major government reform of alcohol regulations which has led to a new Liquor Licence Act, all persons who serve alcohol in licensed establishments in Ontario will be required to attend a server training course. The process leading to new alcohol regulations in Ontario is summarized with particular attention to the implementation of mandatory server training. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of research in policy development. It is argued that the role of research in policy making is limited by an inherent conflict between the nature of scientific enquiry and the exigencies of policy development.
From large projects to case consultation—interaction of alcohol research and policy in Finland
Authors: KOSKI HEIKKI , Øterberg ESA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe interaction of Finnish social alcohol research and alcohol policy will be discussed in this paper. We will examine the history of alcohol research, focusing on the extent that problems related to alcohol policy have been covered in research. We also deliberate upon such questions as to what extent changes in alcohol policy can be linked to the findings of research. Researchers began their work in the 1950s, hoping to find a solution to the problems met in alcohol policy. In the 1960s the era of alcohol policy‐centred projects was followed by an era which aimed to increase the factual knowledge of alcohol not necessarily tied to alcohol policy questions. After 1969 alcohol policy questions gained renewed interest. Alcohol research has not directly caused many new measures, but it has influenced the public and private discussion about alcohol policy. Producing results and research reports has been an important way to affect both public discussions and policy making. However, participating in the decision making processes in its different stages has been an even more crucial way to affect alcohol policy. Particularly in the 1970s, the ideas and views presented in studies had fairly immediate and direct repercussions on both alcohol policy and practical measures.
The effect of food deprivation on alcohol consumption in bulimic and control women
Authors: BULIK CYNTHIA M. , BRINDED EMMA C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe effect of food deprivation on alcohol self‐administration was examined in five women with bulimia nervosa and five healthy controls in a semi‐naturalistic experimental design. In this within‐subjects study, each individual underwent two food‐deprived and two non‐deprived sessions. The deprivation condition consisted of no food or caloric beverages for 19 hours prior to the experimental procedure. On each of the 4 days, subjects watched a 2–hour segment of an epic movie and were permitted to drink ad libitum. No differences were observed in the number of grams of alcohol consumed under deprived and non‐deprived conditions for either group. Breath alcohol levels were significantly higher under the non‐deprived condition despite equivalent amounts of alcohol consumed and similar ratings of the subjective sense of tipsiness. Bulimic women, consumed equivalent calories due to alcohol as control women but significantly fewer calories due to non‐alcoholic beverages. These results do not support the hypothesis that food deprivation leads to increased self‐administration of alcohol in women.