bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lexicon of lipid nutrition (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Beare-Rogers J. L. , Dieffenbacher A. , Holm J. V. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The intertwining of lipid nutrition with many other disciplines makes contributions from different directions imperative. Chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, food science and technology, industrial processing, and consumer acceptance provide concepts and terms used in lipid nutrition. This document is the product of a working group comprising members of the Committee on the Biological Role of Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences and of the Commission on Oils, Fats, and Derivatives of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Shorthand formulas and systematic and trivial names of some biologically important fatty acids are given in Table 1 (saturated fatty acids), Table 2 (monoenoic fatty acids), and Table 3 (polyenoic fatty acids).
Fatty acid compositions of foods have been based on the data of the USDA reference that means official grade standards for agriculture of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Because foods may show large variations in their composition the figures in the annexed tables serve as guidelines only, except those of the Codex alimentarius (Tables 4 and 5), where accepted ranges of the figures are reported. Further, as these standards are in constant revision the reader may contact directly the USDA Agriculture Marketing Service for the last editions of these standards.
It is evident that the explanation of the referred terms is a compromise between technological and scientific correctness and the readers' lack of interest in many of the details. But, sometimes a more exhaustive explanation is necessary. Further information then may be found in cross references, although they have been reduced to those of utmost necessity. Terms in the text where cross references are available are printed in boldfaced type.
As research and science are progressing and knowledge is increasing, consequently, views on certain nutritional aspects are constantly changing, e.g., the role of essential fatty acids in human nutrition. Therefore, such a work will never be complete, and readers are invited to send their comments and observations to the authors for incorporation into a next edition.
Measurement and analysis of results obtained on biological substances with differential scanning calorimetry (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Hinz Hans-Jürgen , Schwarz Frederick P. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Differential scanning calorimeters (DSCs) have been widely used to determine the thermodynamics of phase transitions and conformational changes in biological systems including proteins, nucleic acid sequences, and lipid assemblies. DSCs monitor the temperature difference between two vessels, one containing the biological solution and the other containing a reference solution, as a function of temperature at a given scan rate. Recommendations for DSC measurement procedures, calibration procedures, and procedures for testing the performance of the DSC are described. Analysis of the measurements should include a correction for the time response of the instrument and conversion of the power vs. time curve to a heat capacity vs. temperature plot. Thermodynamic transition models should only be applied to the analysis of the heat capacity curves if the model-derived transition temperatures and enthalpies are independent of the DSC scan rate. Otherwise, kinetic models should be applied to the analysis of the data. Application of thermodynamic transition models involving two states, two states and dissociation, and three states to the heat capacity vs. temperature data are described. To check the operating performance with standard DSCs, samples of 1 to 10 mg mL­1 solutions of hen egg white lysozyme in 0.1 M HCl-glycine buffer at pH = 2.4 ± 0.1 were sent to six different DSC laboratories worldwide. The values obtained from proper measurements and application of a two-state transition model yielded an average unfolding transition temperature for lysozyme of 331.2 K with values ranging from 329.4 to 331.9 K, and an average transition enthalpy of 405 kJ mol­1 with values ranging from 377 to 439 kJ mol­1. It is recommended that the reporting of DSC results be specific with regard to the composition of the solution, the operating conditions and calibrations of the DSC, determination of base lines that may be model-dependent, and the model used in the analysis of the data.
Reliable solubility data in the age of computerized chemistry. Why, how, and when?
Authors: Rumble John , Lee Angela Y. , Blakeslee Dorothy , Young Shari 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Since 1979, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Commission V.8 on Solubility Data has published over 70 compilations of evaluated data on the solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, and solids in liquids. These volumes represent one of the largest collections of chemical property data ever produced and are the result of work of scientists throughout the world. In 1998, IUPAC signed an agreement with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to continue the series by replacing the monographs by articles in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. Five data compilations have already been published in the Journal, and many more are under way. Recently, IUPAC and NIST have concluded another agreement about computerizing all previously published IUPAC solubility data. In this paper, we describe in detail the computerization of IUPAC solubility data, with some emphasis on harmonizing data published over a long time period. We describe the anticipated query paths that will be supported. We also discuss some of the driving forces for making these and other data resources available over the World Wide Web.
Solubility equilibria in multicomponent oceanic salt systems from t = 0 to 200 °C. Model parameterization and databases
Authors: Voigt W. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In this paper the application of Pitzer's equations for modeling of solubility equilibria in the hexary oceanic salt system Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ // Cl­, SO4
2­­H2 O and its subsystems over large temperature intervals is discussed. Lack of ternary solution data considerably restricts the use of the equations as an evaluation tool for the quality of solubility data. Models optimized for the available data in two temperature intervals have been derived. Since Pitzer's model gives no guidance for temperature dependence, the number of parameters is dominated by temperature coefficients. Thus, for extended temperature intervals other approaches like the Cohen-Adad formalism can be advantageous in solubility data evaluation.
Definitions of basic terms relating to low-molar-mass and polymer liquid crystals (IUPAC Recommendations 2001)
Authors: Barón Máximo 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This document is the first published by the IUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature dealing specifically with liquid crystals. Because of the breadth of its scope, it has been prepared in collaboration with representatives of the International Liquid Crystal Society.
The document gives definitions of terms related to low-molar-mass and polymer liquid crystals. It relies on basic definitions of terms that are widely used in the field of liquid crystals and in polymer science. The terms are arranged in five sections dealing with general definitions of liquid-crystalline and mesomorphic states of matter, types of mesophases, optical textures and defects of liquid crystals, the physical characteristics of liquid crystals (including electro-optical and magneto-optical properties), and finally liquid-crystal polymers. The terms that have been selected are those most commonly encountered in the conventional structural, thermal, and electro-optical characterization of liquid-crystalline materials.
Part B. Retention parameters in gas chromatograpy
Authors: Domínguez José Antonio García , Díez-Masa José Carlos 
Published: October 2007

The paper presents a revision of terms in the IUPAC "Nomenclature for Chromatography", Pure and Applied Chemistry, 65, 819-872, 1993. The terms revised pertain to hold-up volumes in gas, liquid, and supercritical-fluid chromatography, as well as to basic retention parameters, especially in gas chromatography. A number of related and derived definitions are described, including definitions of the terms "chromatographic process" and "chromatographic phase system". A number of the original terms were found to be misleading or superfluous, including such terms as corrected retention time, net retention time, total retention volume (time), and specific retention volume at 0 °C, and their use is strongly discouraged In Part A, the concept of the hold-up volume in chromatography is discussed. The paper also compares methods described in the literature to determine the hold-up volume. In Part B, retention parameters in gas chromatography are discussed with the aim of (i) emphasizing the physical meaning of the terms and (ii) specifying the temperatures and pressures for the terms for gas volumes and flow rates. The appendix presents revised recommendations for the terminology of some items, as well as those that are not recommended.
Centre for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Australia
Authors: Scott Janet L. , Raston Colin L. , Strauss Christopher R. , Jackson W. Roy 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The Centre for Green Chemistry is an Australian Research Council (ARC) Special Research Centre (SRC), located at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. SRCs are funded by the Australian federal government, via the vehicle of the ARC, with the express goal of supporting excellent basic research and research training that has strong international links. The goal of the center is to provide a fundamental scientific base for future green chemical technology, identifying niche areas in the Australian context and beyond. Establishment of this SRC and its modus operandi are discussed.
Teaching green chemistry. Third-year-level module and beyond
Authors: Raston Colin L. , Scott Janet L. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Teaching green chemistry at Monash University started in earnest in 1999 with the launch of a 12-lecture final year undergraduate course. The course was designed to introduce students to the field of green chemistry. The students had no prior knowledge of the field or indeed what green chemistry meant. The course covered a definition of green chemistry, historical issues, and challenges, together with an introduction to the principles and tools of green chemistry, evaluating the effects of chemistry and technology, general areas of green chemistry, and presenting examples of successful and developing green chemistry technologies. Several general references were used, although specific examples were from the primary literature. Another feature of the course was the analysis of recent papers. In addition, experiments linking into the course have been developed, and there are plans for postgraduate training, professional development, and community outreach involving postgraduate candidates.
Integrating green chemistry and sustainability into a specialty chemical company
Authors: Reinert Kevin H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Most companies have embraced the American Chemistry Council (ACC) Responsible Care" program, including Product Stewardship, and are integrating ISO 14001 and other environmental management systems. The Rohm and Haas Company uses environmental improvement objectives that not only focus on compliance with existing regulations and industry trends, but for developing business unit-driven objectives to reduce our environmental footprints for processes and systems. To attain the next level of strategic environmental management, integration of sustainable concepts and activities into a general management framework, new product development and corporate decision-making processes must occur. Businesses need to internalize that operating sustainably creates long-term value, achieves a greater competitive edge, and is not solely a short-term cost-reduction activity. They must recognize and foster implementation of technological advances in green chemistry, life-cycle analysis, risk assessment, and engineering consistent with specific business goals. Development of sustainability improvement objectives for each business unit assists in meeting our global sustainability goals. The process, measures and metrics, challenges, and results for integrating sustainability into the culture at Rohm and Haas will be described during this presentation.
Supercritical fluids-assisted micronization techniques. Low-impact routes for particle production
Authors: Reverchon Ernesto , Porta Giovanna Della 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Micronized powders are of interest in many industrial fields; pharmaceuticals, catalysts, pigments, and biopolymers, for example, are some categories of products that can be used as micro-sized particles. Traditional techniques used to produce micronic powders are based on high-temperature reactions that require high energies, on jet milling that is characterized by low efficiencies and mechanical stress, and on liquid solvents precipitation that has a poor control on particle size and can pollute the product. Generally, the control of the powder size and the span of its distribution are still very approximate.
In the last few years, several supercritical fluids-based techniques have been proposed for the production of micronic and nanometric particles. These processes try to take advantage of some specific properties of gases at supercritical conditions such as enhanced solubilization power and its modulation, large diffusivities, solventless or organic solvent reduced operation, and the connected possibility of controlling powder size and distribution. Techniques like the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS), supercritical antisolvent precipitation (SAS), particle generation from gas-saturated solutions (PGSS), and new atomization processes have been critically reviewed in this work.
Green electrochemistry. Examples and challenges
Authors: Matthews Michael A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Electrochemical methods have been proposed for synthesis of organic compounds, including conversion of CO2. Such methods may provide a basis for environmentally friendly and sustainable methods for chemical production. Nevertheless, electrochemical syntheses are not widely utilized. Several examples of ongoing research are presented that illustrate both the opportunities as well as the challenges associated with the utilization of electrochemistry for green chemical manufacturing.
Solvent-free preparation of ionic liquids using a household microwave oven
Authors: Varma Rajender S. , Namboodiri Vasudevan V. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
An efficient solventless protocol for the preparation of a wide variety of ionic liquids is described, which requires a simple exposure of admixed 1-methylimidazole and alkyl halides to microwave irradiation in open glass containers. The details of this clean process using a common household microwave oven, which exploits the newer inverter technology system for better power attenuation, are described. The characterization and thermal stability data on selected ionic liquids and their potential applications are summarized.
Recoverable catalysts. Ultimate goals, criteria of evaluation, and the green chemistry interface
Authors: Gladysz John A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Attempts are made to define the "ideal synthesis", "ideal catalyst", and "ideal recoverable catalyst". Although these unattainable limits can never be realized, they help to focus attention on attributes chemists should strive for. Criteria for evaluating catalyst recovery are analyzed, and increased attention to the critical and constructive evaluation of competing "green" chemical technologies is advocated.
Modeling lifetime and degradability of organic compounds in air, soil, and water systems (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Sabljic A. , Peijnenburg W. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Degradability of organic compounds in air, soil, and water is the most important factor for evaluating their environment fate as well as possible adverse effects to humans and the environment. The primary degradation process in the troposphere is the reaction with the hydroxyl radical. For water and soil compartments, the primary degradation process is biodegradation. The objectives of this report are: (i) to review published models and their evaluation studies, (ii) to perform an in-house evaluation of general models for estimating tropospheric degradation and biodegradation of organic compounds, and (iii) to recommend reliable procedures for estimating degradability of organic compounds in the environment. The extensive evaluation procedure has shown that the most accurate method for estimating tropospheric degradation is Atkinson's group contribution method. Although this method has some limitations, it seems to be a method of choice. A viable alternative to Atkinson's method is a direct calculation, performed today almost routinely, of the reaction rate constants with hydroxyl radicals. Recently, a methodology based on reliable semiempirical potential energy surfaces was developed that enables the calculation of reaction rate constants within a factor of 2 of their measured values. A partial least squares (PLS) model and a set of seven biodegradation rules have been found to be the most reliable in estimating complete biodegradation of organic compounds. However, it is recommended to use all four evaluated methods to estimate biodegradation in the environment. If their results agree, such estimates are very reliable.
New developments in A1 and A2 adenosine receptor antagonists
Authors: Kieć-Kononowicz K. , Drabczyńska A. , Pękala E. , Michalak B. , Müller C. E. , Schumacher B. , Karolak-Wojciechowska J. , Duddeck H. , Rockitt S. , Wartchow R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The aim of this article is to briefly present progress in the development of the potent adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists with high selectivity for either A1, A2A, or A2B ARs. The structural requirements for each AR subtype were discussed as well as their potential therapeutic use. In the search for new AR antagonists, series of imidazo-, pyrimido-, and diazepino-purindione derivatives as well as oxazolo-, oxazino-, and oxazepino-purindiones were designed, synthesized, and preliminarily evaluated in pharmacological studies. Oxygen-containing tricyclic derivatives were shown to be moderately potent AR antagonists exhibiting selectivity either for A1 or A2A ARs. Tricyclic purindiones with nitrogen in the third ring were generally more A2A AR selective. The compounds tested in vivo according to the Antiepileptic Drug Development Program of the National Institutes of Health (USA) were generally active as anticonvulsants in chemically induced seizures.
Antitumor acridines with diaminoalkylo pharmacophoric group
Authors: Konopa Jerzy 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The substitution of acridine molecule in positions 1 and/or 4 with diaminoalkylo residue may result in obtaining derivatives displaying antitumor activity. The diaminoalkylo residue can be attached to acridine either directly or indirectly as a carboxamido moiety. In the former case, the presence of appropriate substituent in position para to diaminoalkylo residue is crucial for antitumor activity. Also, heterocyclic aromatic rings condensed with the acridine core can be considered as such substituents. Additional substituents introduced into the acridine core, especially those that may be transformed into quinoid systems, significantly increase antitumor activity of modified analogs. It is, however, of utmost importance that the presence of diaminoalkylo residue is the indispensable prerequisite for biological activity of acridines. Among several groups of synthesized diaminoalkyloacridines, the most potent antineoplastic properties toward a wide spectrum of transplantable tumors are exhibited by acridine-4-carboxamides, imidazo-, triazolo-, and pyrazoloacridinones. Two derivatives belonging to the above groups, acridine-4-carboxamide DACA and imidazoacridinone C-1311, are currently in clinical trials. Other derivatives exhibiting potent antitumor activity, that could be considered as close analogs of diaminolkyloacridines, are pyrazoloacridines, one of which is currently under clinical evaluation.
Retinoic acid and analogs as potent inducers of differentiation and apoptosis. New promising chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in oncology
Authors: Simoni Daniele , Rondanin Riccardo , Baruchello Riccardo , Roberti Marinella , Rossi Marcello , Grimaudo Stefania , D'Alessandro Natale , Invidiata Francesco Paolo , Tolomeo Manlio 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In this report we will describe the preparation and the biological activity of a novel class of heterocyclic arotinoids endowed with potent cytotoxic and apoptotic acitivity. Structure­activity relationship studies revealed that the different stereochemistry at the C9 double bond of retinoids seems associated with a different biological activity: potent apoptotic activity for the cis-isomers, whereas differentiating activity for the trans structures. An interesting modified Wittig procedure that allows easily to arotinoids will also be described. The substitution of the alkenyl portion with a more flexible oxymethyl or aminomethyl moiety gave compounds with poor activity, whereas isoxazole-bridged arotinoids allowed compounds active also on multidrug-resistant (MDR) leukemia cell lines.
New small-molecule tubulin inhibitors
Authors: Bacher G. , Beckers T. , Emig P. , Klenner T. , Kutscher B. , Nickel B. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The variety of biological agents directed toward the tubulin system exceeds those acting on DNA, making it an important target for cancer chemotherapy. However, the complicated chemical structures and restricted access to the natural resources, in combination with the development of drug resistance, limit the first generation of natural products. Considerable efforts in the search and synthesis of new synthetic compounds, such as small molecular tubulin inhibitors, gave access to novel potential/promising drugs. Among these substances, two series of novel, easily accessible indole classes were identified as tubulin-destabilizing agents. Owing to the synthetic nature, potent in vitro and in vivo antitumoral activity, and efficacy against multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumors, D-24851 and D-64131 have significant potential in cancer treatment.