bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry investigations of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) produced by monoacylphosphine oxide photoinitiation
Authors: Wyzgoski Faith J. , Polce Michael J. , Wesdemiotis Chrys , Arnould Mark A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe chain‐end‐group composition was determined by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) analyses of low‐molecular‐weight polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) produced by free‐radical polymerization with a monoacylphosphine oxide, (2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoyl) diphenylphosphine oxide (TPO), as a photoinitiator. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) fractionation of the PS and PMMA samples with initial polydispersities of 1.81 and 2.81, respectively, yielded improved MALDI‐TOF MS spectra. Spectral analyses of the PS fractions showed distributions attributable to PS having two diphenylphosphinyl ends and PS having one diphenylphosphinyl end and/or one 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoyl end, indicating that a combination of PS radicals with the highly reactive diphenylphosphine oxide group at one end of the chains was the predominant mode of termination. MALDI‐TOF MS results for PMMA fractions provided evidence for termination primarily by disproportionation, but structure determination was confounded by the presence of isobaric peaks. Discernible peaks were obtained by MALDI‐TOF MS analyses of GPC fractions of TPO‐initiated poly(methyl‐d3 methacrylate‐d5), in which the major product was PMMA with a diphenylphosphinyl end group and an abstracted deuterium end group, whereas the minor combination product had two diphenylphosphinyl chain ends. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2161–2171, 2007
Pilot study of safety and tolerability of inhaled hypertonic saline in infants with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Subbarao Padmaja , Balkovec Susan , Solomon Melinda , Ratjen Felix 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInhaled hypertonic saline (HS) positively affects both lung function and pulmonary exacerbations in children and adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). Early initiation of treatment may potentially reduce lung function decline and improve outcome of CF patients. However, the safety and tolerability of HS have not been established in infants and young children. We conducted a prospective trial of inhaled HS in infants with CF. Raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RVRTC) maneuvers were performed at baseline, 10 min after salbutamol inhalation and 15 min after inhalation of a 7% HS solution. Oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, heart rate, and cough frequency were recorded during each inhalation. A clinically important change in lung function was defined a priori as a change in FEV 0.5 of ≥20%. Thirteen infants (5 female) aged 25–140 weeks were enrolled in the study. Overall, there was no difference between FEV0.5 or FEF25–75 at baseline, after bronchodilator or after HS. Respiratory and heart rate as well as oxygen saturation remained stable during inhalation of the HS. Three infants had cough during inhalation; one of the infants woke up due to cough but recovered within 5 min. No other side effects were observed during or immediately after inhalation. There was no difference in microbiologic yield between pre‐ and post‐HS throat swabs. In this pilot study, inhalation of HS was well tolerated in CF infants. These results support a study of the efficacy of HS in this age group. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:471–476. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Satellite glial cells in the trigeminal ganglion as a determinant of orofacial neuropathic pain
Authors: Vit Jean-Philippe , Jasmin Luc , Bhargava Aditi , Ohara Peter T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSatellite glial cells (SGCs) tightly envelop the perikarya of primary sensory neurons in peripheral ganglion and are identified by their morphology and the presence of proteins not found in ganglion neurons. These SGC-unique proteins include the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1, the connexin-43 (Cx43) subunit of gap junctions, the purinergic receptor P2Y4 and soluble guanylate cyclase. We also present evidence that the small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel SK3 is present only in SGCs and that SGCs divide following nerve injury. All the above proteins are involved, either directly or indirectly, in potassium ion (K+) buffering and, thus, can influence the level of neuronal excitability, which, in turn, has been associated with neuropathic pain conditions. We used in vivo RNA interference to reduce the expression of Cx43 (present only in SGCs) in the rat trigeminal ganglion and show that this results in the development of spontaneous pain behavior. The pain behavior is present only when Cx43 is reduced and returns to normal when Cx43 concentrations are restored. This finding shows that perturbation of a single SGC-specific protein is sufficient to induce pain responses and demonstrates the importance of PNS glial cell activity in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain.
Glial differentiation and the Gcm pathway
Authors: Soustelle Laurent , Giangrande Angela 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOne of the most challenging issues in developmental biology is to understand how cell diversity is generated. The Drosophila nervous system provides a model of choice for unraveling this process. First, many neural stem cells and lineages have been identified. Second, major molecular pathways involved in neural development and associated mutations have been characterized extensively in recent years. In this review, we focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of glia. This cell population relies on the expression of gcm fate determinant, which is necessary and sufficient to induce glial differentiation. We also discuss the recently identified role of gcm genes in Drosophila melanogaster and vertebrate neurogenesis. Finally, we will consider the Gcm pathway in the context of neural stem cell differentiation.
From high maintenance to high productivity
Authors: Martin Carolyn A. 
Published: April 2007

PurposeTo offer managers insights into Generation Y and practical suggestions on how to turn this high maintenance workforce into a high productivity workforce.Design/methodology/approachThis research is based on RainmakerThinking Inc.’s ongoing workplace interviews with hundreds of Generation Yers and managers.FindingsLike their Gen X siblings, the most talented members of Generation Yers are independent, entrepreneurial thinkers who relish responsibility, demand immediate feedback, and expect a sense of accomplishment hourly. They thrive on challenging work and creative expression, love freedom and flexibility, and hate micromanagement. Guided by managers who are willing to confront their challenges and meet their expectations, they have the potential to become the highest performers in history. They have 14 expectations of managers that can create the type of professional relationships they want to build.Research limitations/implicationsGeneration Y is just beginning to gain pull in the workplace as full‐time workers. Ongoing research is needed to see how our initial conceptions of them as high school and university students plays out as they mature in their professional lives.Practical implicationsThis paper not only offers managers insights into this highly diverse, contradictory generation, but suggests best practices they can implement to communicate with and motivate this emerging workforce.Originality/valueAs organizations compete to attract and retain the best new talent, this paper offers managers a strategic advantage: a practical guide to the characteristics, needs and expectations of Generation Y.
Surfacing creativity through the arts: a short interview with Terry McGraw
Authors: Seifter Harvey 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to give the reader a first‐hand view of why and how a major global corporation uses arts‐based learning, from the perspective of its Chairman and CEO.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is an interview with Harold (Terry) McGraw III, Chairman and CEO of The McGraw Hill Companies, discussing the value of arts‐based learning to his corporation.FindingsMr McGraw characterizes creativity as a “business imperative,” and puts The McGraw Hill Companies’ successful experiences with arts‐based learning in a broad strategic context of “surfacing creativity” through engagement with the arts.Originality/valueThe McGraw Hill Companies is a global pioneer in the use of arts‐based learning to train leaders, help employees solve problems creatively, and foster personal growth; and is one of America's leading corporate supporters of the arts. Mr McGraw is a leader of unique stature and credibility, and with this interview, he becomes perhaps the most senior business leader in the world to discuss arts‐based learning in business from a perspective of direct experience.
Initial performance of Greek IPOs, underwriter's reputation and oversubscription
Authors: Kenourgios Dimitris F. , Papathanasiou Spyros , Rafail Melas Emmanouil 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to provide additional international evidence on the initial public offerings (IPOs) by examining the initial performance and two main determinants of short‐run underpricing of 169 IPOs listed on the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE) over the period 1997‐2002.Design/methodology/approachIn the first stage, the initial performance of the IPOs is measured by two calculated formulas: the raw returns and the excess or adjusted returns of the first, fifth and 21st day, respectively. In the second stage, a proxy is used to rank the underwriters' prestige along with the times of oversubscription, which are introduced as explanatory variables in the model.FindingsThe results of the analysis on the initial performance of the IPOs provide evidence of significant underpricing. Furthermore, the cross‐sectional analysis on the determinants of the IPOs shows that both the underwriters' prestige and the times of oversubscription significantly affect the underpricing level of the IPOs. Research limitations/implications – To understand the Greek IPO market with further depth, future studies could shed light on the other hypotheses emerging from the finance literature to explain the underpricing phenomenon.Practical implicationsThis paper helps investors and issuers to understand the role of an underwriter's reputation into the Greek going public process and the underpricing phenomenon and supports that the oversubscription is a pure signal to the investors that the shares are underpriced. Originality/value – This paper presents further evidence on the underpricing of the Greek IPOs, while extending previous relative studies by providing an explanation of this phenomenon over the most important and “hot” period for the Greek emerging stock market since its establishment, in terms of growth rates, acceleration of the going public process and volatility of market and stock returns.
Electromagnetic device optimization by hybrid evolution strategy approaches
Authors: dos Santos Coelho Leandro , Alotto Piergiorgio 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to show on a widely used benchmark problem that chaotic sequences can improve the search ability of evolution strategies (ES).Design/methodology/approachThe Lozi map is used to generate new individuals in the framework of ES algorithms. A quasi‐Newton (QN) method is also used within the iterative loop to improve the solution's quality locally.FindingsIt is shown that the combined use of chaotic sequences and QN methods can provide high‐quality solutions with small standard deviation on the selected benchmark problem.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the benchmark is considered to be representative of typical electromagnetic problems, different test cases may give less satisfactory results.Practical implicationsThe proposed approach appears to be an efficient general purpose optimizer for electromagnetic design problems.Originality/valueThis paper introduces the use of chaotic sequences in the area of electromagnetic design optimization.
Optimization of a reflow soldering process based on the heating factor
Authors: Gao JinGang , Wu YiPing , Ding Han 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to establish a method to optimize reflow profiles and achieve high reliability of solder joints on the basis of the heating factor,Qη, a measure of the reflow profile related to reliability of reflow processed products.Design/methodology/approachThe focus of the paper is on how to realize the optimal range ofQη, since there is no need to pay particular attention to the shape of a reflow profile when performing a heating factor‐based optimization. The coldest point on the printed circuit board assembly (PCA), which experiences the minimum heating factor (Qη min ) during the reflow process, was used to set the lower limit of the optimal range (QηL). IfQη min approachesQηLand the temperature difference across the PCA is minimized, then the solder joints on the PCA will all experience heating factors within the optimal range, ensuring high quality reflow soldering. Establishing an initial reflow profile may be performed using profiling software. The resultant oven recipe may then be used as the reference recipe by which to apply the heating factor‐based optimization. A combinatorial parameter,Ht, is defined to represent the temperature settings of all the top heating zones within the heating section of the reflow oven. The relative difference betweenHtand each top heating zone temperature setting is derived from the reference recipe, andHtis then adjusted to achieveQηLforQη min . This is achieved by using a least squares estimation method to build a regression model forQη min versusHt.FindingsExperiments and regression analysis have demonstrated thatQη min varied linearly withHt, withαdenoting its slope. With a measuredQη min in response to the reference setup after the first run of a PCA,Htshould be increased by ((QηL−Qη min )/α) to attainQηLin the second run. Thereby, a suitable reflow process recipe can be obtained with only two reflow runs whereQη min is close toQηL.Research limitations/implicationsThe optimal range of heating factor for lead‐free solder pastes is currently unknown, and the method to establish the required oven recipe for achieving a required reflow profile requires further exploration.Practical implicationsProvides a methodology for reducing the risk of process‐related reliability issues in lead‐free soldering.Originality/valueQηLcan be fairly quickly achieved forQη min with the approach established in this paper, facilitating the formation of solder joints with high reliability during the reflow soldering process.
The Asian tsunami
Authors: Martin Nigel 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThis paper seeks to provide a timely consideration of how regional governments in Asia and other national governments around the world collect, manage, and share critical geo‐technical information in what is becoming an increasingly global community.Design/methodology/approachThe paper addresses the socio‐technical perspective of government information systems and management, and draws on the collection and analysis of several public reports, media articles, and expert opinions published in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami of 26 December 2004.FindingsOn the basis of the published material, the paper observes how critical early warning information was handled by government authorities in the hours before the tsunami wave strike, discusses the availability of technological solutions that can provide earthquake and tsunami warning information, and poses that government bureaucracies and human relations form the weakest link in the information chain.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper concludes with a potential research agenda for government warning information systems and management.Practical implicationsThe type of early warning information system that might be created to avoid another loss of life, suggested improvements to inter‐government information sharing and communications, and the emerging requirement for earthquake and tsunami information dissemination and education in lesser developed countries are also discussed.Originality/valueThe research enabled the examination of weaknesses in critical information sharing between governments and members of the international community, and highlights the issue of strong human relationships as a key to preventing the loss of life and better managing disasters.
Developing warning and disaster response capacity in the tourism sector in coastal Washington, USA
Authors: Johnston David , Becker Julia , Gregg Chris , Houghton Bruce , Paton Douglas , Leonard Graham , Garside Ruth 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThere has been a considerable effort over the last decade to increase awareness of the tsunami risk in coastal Washington, USA. However, contemporary research on warning systems spawned by the recent Indian Ocean tsunami tragedy highlights the need for development of an effective tsunami warning system for both residents and transient populations, including visitors and tourists. This study sets out evaluate staff training for emergencies, emergency management exercises (including drills and evacuation), and hazard signage within motels and hotels in Ocean Shores, Washington, USA.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from interviews with reception staff and managers at 18 hotels, motels, and other accommodation establishments.FindingsLevels of staff training and preparedness for tsunami and other hazards were found to be generally very low, although examples of “best practice” were found at a select few establishments. Larger hotels already had orientation or general training programmes set up which had the potential to incorporate future tsunami and hazard training, while smaller “owner‐operator” businesses did not.Research limitations/implicationsSuggestions on how to improve preparedness are discussed, including undertaking training needs analyses and conducting workshops, simulations and employee training to empower both businesses and employees.Originality/valueThis case study provides an insight into the challenges faced by emergency managers and the tourism sector in improving the effectiveness of warning systems in areas with high transient populations.
Flood risk management for the RUA of Hanoi
Authors: Vinh Hung Hoang , Shaw Rajib , Kobayashi Masami 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate reasons for unusual overdevelopment of floodplain areas outside river dyke, provide an insight into the importance of community perception of catastrophic flood risk in the riverside urban areas (RUA) of Hanoi and establishes the need for participatory disaster management planning and disaster management education in the study location.Design/methodology/approachStructured survey was conducted in five wards in the RUA to understand how residents perceived flood risk.FindingsThe low perception of catastrophic flood risk among communities was found to be an important factor in the continued development of the RUA and led to the trust in their houses as a prominent protective solution. Moreover, the flood vulnerability of the areas has been increasing due to the missing link between local authorities and community.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper examines community perception of flood risk as one of main factors. Other factors such as availability of options for housing, public participation and relevant policy interventions are beyond the scope of the paper and need to be studied in the same location.Practical implicationsTo regulate the development of the RUA, community perception of catastrophic flood risk should be changed and community leaders should be motivated, with involvement of local authority at ward offices, to conduct comprehensive hands‐on community education programs.Originality/valueFew researches have been done on the overdevelopment and community perception in the flood‐prone areas. This paper not only reaffirms the few studies made in the past but also suggests broad interventions for enhancing the flood risk perception among the community members.
Thick film NTC thermistor for wide range of temperature sensing
Authors: Jagtap Shweta , Rane Sunit , Mulik Uttamrao , Amalnerkar Dinesh 
Published: April 2007

PurposeAims to focus on temperature sensors.Design/methodology/approachNegative temperature co‐efficient thermistor powders of ternary Mn, Co, Ni oxide along with RuO2 synthesized at relatively moderates temperature (1,000°C). Thick film thermistor paste compositions were formulated by mixing the semiconducting oxide powder, glass frit and organic vehicle. The physico‐chemical analysis, viz. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetry and IR spectroscopy were carried out for the synthesized powder and the resultant thick films. The X‐ray analysis of the powders showed the cubic spinel structure. The electrical properties like thermistor constant, sensitivity index and activation energy of the thick film NTC thermistor were determined.FindingsThe room temperature resistance is observed to range from 490 KΩ to 4.13 MΩ with thermistor constant ranging from 3,275 to 3,980 K, in the temperature range of 25‐300°C.Originality/valueDescribes research work on temperature sensors that are used for monitoring and control in many fields such as in home appliances, manufacturing industries, biomedical and automobile industries.
Further developments in the use of an impact survey
Authors: Thornton Steve 
Published: April 2007

PurposeFollowing the partial privatisation of Dstl's parent organisation, a major change in the structure and philosophy of the LIS has been carried through and, although many of its services appear unchanged to its clients, a great deal of resources have been invested to change the content, delivery and technology behind them. This paper aims to describe the use of an impact survey to identify the effect of these changes from the clients' viewpoint.Design/methodology/approachThe author's IMPACT survey, which produces baseline figures for the impact of library and information services (LIS) offerings to a research organisation, has been reported on earlier. It surveys the authors of the research papers generated by the organisation to identify the impact that identified services had on their ability to produce the final intellectual product.FindingsThe results demonstrate to the organisation and its management that the investment strategy has produced a step‐change in service delivery.Originality/valueThe IMPACT survey, though limited to those organisations where a tangible intellectual product is the main output, provides a demonstrable valuation of offered services.