bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A method of probability diagnostic assignment that applies Bayes theorem for use in serologic diagnostics, using an example of Neospora caninum infection in cattle
Authors: Thurmond Mark C. , Johnson Wesley O. , Muñoz-Zanzi Claudia A. , Su Chun-Lung , Hietala Sharon K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop a method of probability diagnostic assignment (PDA) that uses continuous serologic measures and infection prevalence to estimate the probability of an animal being infected, usingNeospora caninumas an example.Animals—196N caninum-infected beef and dairy cattle and 553 cattle not infected withN caninum; 50 dairy cows that aborted and 50 herdmates that did not abort.Procedure—Probability density functions corresponding to distributions ofN caninumkinetic ELISA results from infected and uninfected cattle were estimated by maximum likelihood methods. Maximum likelihood methods also were used to estimateN caninuminfection prevalence in a herd that had an excessive number of abortions. Density functions and the prevalence estimate were incorporated into Bayes formula to calculate the conditional probability that a cow with a particular ELISA value was infected withN caninum.Results—Probability functions identified for infected and uninfected cattle were Weibull and inverse gamma functions, respectively. Herd prevalence was estimated, and probabilities ofN caninuminfection were determined for cows with various ELISA values.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of PDA offers an advantage to clinicians and diagnosticians over traditional seronegative or seropositive classifications used as a proxy for infection status by providing an assessment of the actual probability of infection. The PDA permits use of all diagnostic information inherent in an assay, thereby eliminating a need for estimates of sensitivity and specificity. The PDA also would have general utility in interpreting results of any diagnostic assay measured on a continuous or discrete scale.Am J Vet Res(2002; 63:318–325)
Density of corneal endothelial cells, corneal thickness, and corneal diameters in normal eyes of llamas and alpacas
Authors: Andrew Stacy E. , Willis A. Michelle , Anderson David E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine density of corneal endothelial cells, corneal thickness, and corneal diameters in normal eyes of llamas and alpacas.Animals—36 llamas and 20 alpacas.Procedure—Both eyes were examined in each camelid. Noncontact specular microscopy was used to determine density of corneal endothelial cells. Corneal thickness was measured, using ultrasonographic pachymetry. Vertical and horizontal corneal diameters were measured, using Jameson calipers.Results—Values did not differ significantly between the right and left eyes from the same camelid. There was no significant effect of sex on density of corneal endothelial cells or corneal thickness in either species. Mean density of endothelial cells was 2,669 cells/mm2in llamas and 2,275 cells/mm2in alpacas. Density of endothelial cells decreased with age in llamas. Polymegathism was observed frequently in both species. Mean corneal thickness was 608 µm for llamas and 595 µm for alpacas. Corneal thickness and density of endothelial cells were negatively correlated in llamas. Older (> 36 months old) llamas had significantly larger horizontal and vertical corneal diameters than younger llamas, and older alpacas had a significantly larger vertical corneal diameter than younger alpacas.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Density of corneal endothelial cells is only slightly lower in camelids than other domestic species. Density of endothelial cells decreases with age in llamas. Age or sex does not significantly affect corneal thickness in normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. Specular microscopy is useful for determining density of corneal endothelial cells in normal eyes of camelids. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:326–329)
Associations between dry dietary factors and canine calcium oxalate uroliths
Authors: Lekcharoensuk Chalermpol , Osborne Carl A. , Lulich Jody P. , Pusoonthornthum Rosama , Kirk Claudia A. , Ulrich Lisa K. , Koehler Lori A. , Carpenter Kathleen A. , Swanson Laurie L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To identify factors in dry diets associated with the occurrence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in dogs.Animals—600 dogs with CaOx uroliths and 898 dogs without urinary tract diseases.Procedure—Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed.Results—Compared with diets with the highest concentrations of sodium, dry diets with the lowest concentrations of sodium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, protein, magnesium, or potassium were linearly associated with increased risk of CaOx urolith formation. Significant nonlinear associations between increased occurrence of CaOx uroliths and urine acidifying potential and low moisture content were observed. Significant nonlinear associations between decreased occurrence of CaOx uroliths and carbohydrate and fiber contents were observed. A significant association between the occurrence of CaOx uroliths and dietary fat was not observed.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that dry diets formulated to contain high concentrations of protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride may minimize formation of CaOx uroliths. In addition, comparison of risk and protective factors of various diet ingredients fed to dogs with CaOx uroliths suggests that although similar findings were observed in canned and dry formulations, in general, greater risk is associated with dry formulations. However, before these hypotheses about dietary modifications are adopted by food manufacturers, they must be investigated by use of appropriately designed clinical studies of dogs with CaOx urolithiasis. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:330–337)
Evaluation of Felis domesticus allergen I as a possible autoallergen in cats with eosinophilic granuloma complex
Authors: Wisselink Marinus A. , van Ree Ronald , Willemse Ton 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate the role ofFelis domesticusallergen I (Feld I) in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic granuloma complex (EGC) in cats.Animals—7 healthy cats and 6 cats with EGC.Procedure—Epidermis was removed from 4 areas. Rubber stoppers filled with Feld I, saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, and PBS solution were glued to the skin lesions and removed 48 hours later. Fluid within each stopper was collected. Biopsy specimens were obtained at each site, snap frozen, and stored at –70 C. Total and differential numbers of cells in fluid were counted. Biopsy specimens were stained by use of monoclonal antibodies against feline CD4, CD8 and CD3. Data were analyzed by use of multivariate repeated-measures analysis.Results—Healthy cats had a significant increase in number of CD3+ cells, compared with number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and Feld I caused a significant increase in number of CD3+ cells, compared with PBS or saline solutions. Cats with EGC had a significant increase in number of CD3+ cells, compared with number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and Feld I caused a significant increase in number of CD3+ and CD4+ cells, compared with PBS or saline solutions. Cats with EGC had an increased CD4+ response, a significantly decreased CD8+ response, and a significantly increased CD4-to-CD8 ratio compared with healthy cats.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The increased CD4+ response, significantly decreased CD8+ response, and significantly increased CD4-to-CD8 ratio are comparable to results in atopic people and allergic cats. Therefore, Feld I could be an autoallergen responsible for chronic inflammatory reactions in cats with EGC. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:338–341)
Enteric and nasal shedding of bovine torovirus (Breda virus) in feedlot cattle
Authors: Hoet Armando E. , Cho Kyoung-Oh , Chang Kyeong-Ok , Loerch Steven C. , Wittum Thomas E. , Saif Linda J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess fecal and nasal shedding patterns of bovine torovirus (BoTV) in cattle at time of arrival and periodically throughout the first 21 days after arrival at a feedlot.Animals—57 steers.Procedure—Fecal and nasal-swab samples collected on days 0, 4, 14, and 21 after arrival were tested for BoTV, using ELISA. A subset of samples from calves testing positive and negative for BoTV was analyzed, using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Paired serum samples were collected on days 0 and 21 and tested for BoTV antibodies, using a hemagglutination inhibition assay.Results—Overall rate of fecal shedding of BoTV was 21 of 57 (37%) by ELISA and 40 of 42 (95%) by RT-PCR with peak shedding on day 4. Diarrhea was more common in calves shedding BoTV than those not shedding the virus (odds ratio, 1.72). Overall rate of nasal shedding of BoTV was 15 of 57 (26%) by ELISA and 42 of 42 (100%) by RT-PCR, with peak shedding on day 0. Specificity of the RT-PCR product was confirmed by sequence analysis. Approximately 93% of the calves seroconverted to BoTV (> 4-fold increase in titer). Differences were not detected between calves shedding BoTV and nonshedders in relation to disease and treatments, perhaps because of the low number of cattle in the study.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study confirmed BoTV infections in feedlot cattle, including BoTV antigen and viral RNA in nasal secretions, and the shedding pattern during the first 21 days after arrival in a feedlot. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:342–348).
Response to Malassezia pachydermatis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from clinically normal and atopic dogs
Authors: Morris Daniel O. , Clayton Daniel J. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Felsburg Peter J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective–To investigate the potential cell-mediated immune response of atopic dogs to the yeastMalassezia pachydermatisand to correlate it with the type-1 hypersensitivity (humoral) response of the same population of dogs.Animals–16 clinically normal dogs, 15 atopic dogs withMalasseziadermatitis, 5 atopic dogs withMalasseziaotitis, and 7 atopic control (ie, withoutMalasseziadermatitis or otitis) dogs.Procedure–A crude extract ofM pachydermatiswas extracted for use as an intradermal allergy testing reagent and for stimulation of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Flow cytometry was also used to assess cell surface antigenic determinants (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD21, CD45RA, surface immunoglobulin) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Results–Atopic dogs with cytologic evidence ofMalasseziadermatitis had an increased lymphocyte blastogenic response to crudeM pachydermatisextract, compared with clinically normal dogs and dogs withMalasseziaotitis. Atopic control dogs did not differ significantly in their responses from atopic dogs withMalasseziadermatitis or otitis. A significant correlation was not found between the lymphocyte blastogenic response and the type-1 hypersensitivity response toM pachydermatiswithin any of the groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance–Cell-mediated and humoral reactivities toM pachydermatiscontribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in dogs but are not directly correlated. Modification of the dysregulated immune response towardM pachydermatismay assist in the reduction of pathologic changes associated with an atopic dermatitis phenotype in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:358–362)
Comparison of intraosseous or intravenous infusion for delivery of amikacin sulfate to the tibiotarsal joint of horses
Authors: Scheuch Brad C. , Van Hoogmoed Linda M. , Wilson W. David , Snyder Jack R. , MacDonald Melinda H. , Watson Zara E. , Steffey Eugene P. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To establish the route of infusion (IV or
intraosseous) that results in the highest concentration
of amikacin in the synovial fluid of the tibiotarsal joint
and determine the duration of peak concentrations.

Animals—21 horses.

Procedure—Regional perfusion of a limb on 15 horses
was performed. Amikacin sulfate was infused into the
saphenous vein or via intraosseous infusion into the distal
portion of the tibia (1 g in 56 ml of lactated Ringer's
solution) or proximal portion of the metatarsus (1 g of
amikacin in 26 ml of lactated Ringer's solution).
Amikacin concentrations were measured in sequential
samples from tibiotarsal joint synovial fluid and serum.
Samples were obtained immediately prior to release of
the tourniquet and 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after the
tourniquet was released. Radiographic contrast material
was infused into the same locations as the antibiotic
perfusate to evaluate distribution in 6 other horses.

Results—Infusion into the saphenous vein produced
the highest concentration of amikacin in the tibiotarsal
joint, compared with the distal portion of the
tibia (mean ± SE, 701.8 ± 366.8 vs 203.8 ± 64.5 µg/ml,
respectively). Use of a lower volume of diluent in the
proximal portion of the metatarsus produced a peak
value of 72.2 ± 23.4 µg/ml.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For regional
perfusion of the tarsus, IV infusion is preferred to
intraosseous infusion, because higher concentrations
are achieved in the synovial fluid, and the procedure is
easier to perform. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:374–380).
Evaluation of rapid staining techniques for cytologic diagnosis of intracranial lesions
Authors: Long Sam N. , Anderson T. James , Long Fenella H. A. , Johnston Pamela E. J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate 4 rapid supravital stains and 3
preparation techniques for use in the intraoperative
diagnosis of intracranial lesions.

Animals—10 dogs and 1 cat euthanatized for intracranial
lesions.

Procedure—Specimens were taken from lesions and
slides prepared, using 3 techniques: touch impression,
medium-pressure impression, or smear preparation.
Preparations were then stained with 4 stains: modified
Wright stain, May-Grünwald-Giemsa, toluidine blue,
and zynostain and examined in a blinded randomized
fashion. Cytologic diagnosis was compared with
histopathologic diagnosis and classified on the basis of
identification of the pathologic process and specific
diagnosis into the following categories: complete correlation,
partial correlation, or no correlation.

Results—An overall diagnostic accuracy of 81%
(107/132) was achieved on the basis of a combination
of partial and complete correlation. Of the stains
examined, modified Wright stain appeared to be most
accurate, with complete correlation in 17 of 33 (52%)
specimens and partial correlation in 12 of 33 (36%)
specimens. Of the preparation methods, touch preparation
and smear preparation provided the most accurate
results, with an overall diagnostic accuracy of
82% (36/44) for both methods. However, smear
preparations appeared to be of greater diagnostic
value, with fewer nondiagnostic specimens, compared
with touch preparations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cytologic
preparations provide a useful diagnostic tool for the
intraoperative diagnosis of intracranial lesions. All
stains examined yielded promising results, the most
accurate of which appeared to be the modified Wright
stain. The smear preparation appeared to be the
preparation method of greatest diagnostic value.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:381–386)
Cardiovascular, respiratory, and body temperature responses of sheep to the ergopeptides ergotamine and ergovaline
Authors: McLeay Lance M. , Smith Barry L. , Reynolds Gordon W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare the effects of the ergot alkaloid ergovaline with effects of ergotamine on blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature in conscious sheep.Animals—3 sheep with indwelling arterial catheters.Procedure—Ergotamine and ergovaline were injected IV (20 nmol/kg), and their effects on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and pattern, body temperature, and skeletal muscle electromyographic activity were compared with control values obtained following injections of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or acetone.Results—Both ergopeptides caused immediate and significant increases in blood pressure (50 to 75 mm Hg) without concomitant increases in heart rate. Ergovaline but not ergotamine significantly increased pulse pressure (35 mm Hg). Both ergopeptides resulted in decreased respiratory rate and increased respiratory depth within the first hour of administration. Body temperature was decreased slightly upon ergopeptide administration but continued to increase thereafter, with greater increases developing with ergovaline than with ergotamine. Increased body temperatures of 3.0 to 3.5 C were maintained for at least 10 hours. Respiratory rate was increased to rates as high as 210 to 220 breaths/min in association with hyperthermia. Ergopeptides had no effect on skeletal muscle electromyographic activity.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In sheep, ergovaline has similar effects to ergotamine on cardiovascular and pulmonary function and body temperature but is more potent. These effects are consistent with clinical signs observed in the toxicoses developed when ruminants ingest grass with high concentrations of ergopeptides. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:387–393)
In vitro evaluation of the role of platelet-activating factor and interleukin-8 in Mannheimia haemolytica-induced bovine pulmonary endothelial cell injury
Authors: McClenahan David J. , Evanson Oral A. , Weiss Douglas J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop an in vitro model of the bovine alveolar-capillary interface and to evaluate the roles of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) in neutrophil-mediated endothelial injury induced by infection withMannheimia haemolytica.Sample Population—Cultured bovine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, freshly isolated bovine neutrophils, and monocyte-derived bovine macrophages.Procedure—A coculture system was developed in which endothelial cells were grown to confluence in tissue culture inserts, neutrophils were added to the inserts, and macrophages were added to tissue culture wells.Mannheimia haemolytica-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or supernatant was added to activate macrophages, and inhibitors of PAF or IL-8 were added to the insert. Endothelial cell cytotoxicity and permeability (ie, albumin leakage) and neutrophil activation (ie, adhesion, degranulation [lactoferrin expression], and superoxide production) were assessed.Results—The addition ofM haemolytica-derived LPS to bovine macrophages in the coculture system resulted in significant increases in endothelial cell cytotoxicity and permeability and neutrophil degranulation and adhesion. Inhibition of IL-8 reduced endothelial cell permeability and neutrophil degranulation induced by exposure toM haemolytica-derived supernatant, whereas inhibition of PAF decreased superoxide release by neutrophils.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In vitro activation of bovine macrophages byM haemolyticaderived LPS resulted in neutrophil activation and neutrophil- mediated endothelial damage. Neutrophilmediated endothelial injury and neutrophil degranulation were, at least in part, mediated by IL-8, whereas PAF promoted superoxide release by neutrophils in this in vitro system designed to mimic the in vivo events that occur during the early stages of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. (Am J Vet Res2002; 63:394–401)
Multiple-center study of reduced-concentration triamcinolone topical solution for the treatment of dogs with known or suspected allergic pruritus
Authors: DeBoer Douglas J. , Schafer James H. , Salsbury Charles S. , Blum Jenifer R. , Beale Karin M. , Vitale Carlo B. , Muse Russell , Moriello Karen A. , Garfield Reid A. , Keefe Thomas J. , McArthur T. Reid 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide topical solution (TTS) in dogs for use in reduction of clinical signs of pruritic inflammatory skin diseases of a known or suspected allergic basis and to evaluate adverse effects associated with TTS administration.Animals—103 pruritic adult dogs with known or suspected allergic skin disease.Procedure—Dogs were treated for 4 weeks with TTS or with vehicle solution (control dogs) in a multiplecenter study. Clinical signs were scored by owners and by examining veterinarians before and after treatment. Blood samples obtained before and after treatment were subjected to routine hematologic and serum biochemical analyses.Results—Treatment success, as defined by an improvement of at least 2 of 6 grades in overall clinical score, was evident in 35 of 52 (67%) TTStreated dogs (mean improvement, 1.98) and 12 of 51 (24%) control dogs (mean improvement, 0.29). For several criteria, TTS was significantly more effective than vehicle in reducing clinical signs. Minor alterations in hematologic determinations in TTS-treated dogs were limited to slightly lower total leukocyte, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts after treatment. Minor adverse effects were reported by owners in 6 of 52 (12%) TTS-treated and 9 of 51 (18%) control dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Triamcinolone used as a spray solution at a concentration approximately one-sixth the concentration of triamcinolone topical preparations currently available for veterinary use is effective for short-term alleviation of allergic pruritus in dogs. Adverse effects are few and mild and, thus, do not preclude prolonged treatment with the solution. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:408–413)
Influence of canine recombinant somatotropin hormone on biomechanical and biochemical properties of the medial meniscus in stifles with altered stability
Authors: Noone Thomas J. , Millis Darryl L. , Korvick Donna L. , Athanasiou Kyriacos , Cook James L. , Kuroki Keiichi , Buonomo Fran 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine biomechanical and biochemical properties of the medial meniscus in a semistable stifle model and in clinical patients and to determine the effect of canine recombinant somatotropin hormone (STH) on those properties.Animals—22 healthy adult dogs and 12 dogs with meniscal damage secondary to cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture.Procedure—The CCL was transected in 15 dogs, and stifles were immediately stabilized. Implants releasing 4 mg of STH/d were placed in 7 dogs, and 8 received sham implants. Seven dogs were used as untreated controls. Force plate analysis was performed before surgery and 2, 5, and 10 weeks after surgery. After 10 weeks, dogs were euthanatized, and menisci from surgical and contralateral stifles were harvested. The torn caudal horn of the medial meniscus in dogs with CCL rupture comprised the clinical group. Creep indentation determined aggregate modulus (HA), Poisson's ratio (v), permeability (k), and percentage recovery (%R). Water content (%W), collagen content (C), sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content, and collagen type-I (cI) and -II (cII) immunoreactivity were also determined.Results—Surgical and clinical groups had lower HA, k, %R, C, sGAG, cI, and cII and higher %W than the nonsurgical group. Surgical stifles with greater weight bearing had stiffer menisci than those bearing less weight. Collagen content was higher in the surgical group receiving STH than the surgical group without STH.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Acute stabilization and moderate weight bearing of the CCL-deficient stifle appear to protect stiffness of the medial meniscus. Normal appearing menisci from CCL-deficient stifles can have alterations in biomechanical and biochemical properties, which may contribute to meniscal failure. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:419–426)