bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Island Tinkerers
Authors: Tinn Honghong 
Published: February 2024

How Taiwan rose to global prominence in high tech manufacturing, from computer maker to the world's leading chip manufacturer.
How did Taiwan, a former Japanese colony and the last fortress of the defeated Chinese Nationalists, ascend to such heights in high-tech manufacturing? In Island Tinkerers, Honghong Tinn tells the critical history of how hobbyists and enthusiasts in Taiwan, including engineers, technologists, technocrats, computer users, and engineers-turned-entrepreneurs, helped transform the country with their hands-on engagement with computers. Rather than engaging in wholesale imitation of US sources, she explains, these technologists tinkered with imported computing technology and experimented with manufacturing their own versions, resulting in their own brand of successful innovation.
Defying the stereotype of “the West innovates, and the East imitates,” Tinn tells the story of Taiwanese technologists' efforts over the past six decades. Beginning in the 1960s, they grappled with the “black-boxed” computers that were newly available through international technical-aid programs. Shortly after, multinational corporations that outsourced transistor and integrated circuit assembly overseas began employing Taiwanese engineers and factory workers. Island tinkerers developed strategies to adapt, modify, assemble, and work with computers in an inventive manner. It was through this creative and ingenious tinkering with computers that they were able to gain a better understanding of the technology, opening the door to future manufacturing endeavors that now include Acer, Foxconn, Asus, and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC).
The Painful Truth about Hunger in America
Authors: Chilton Mariana 
Published: February 2024

A radical and urgent new approach to how we can solve the problems of hunger and poverty in the US.
Most people think hunger has to do with food: researchers, policymakers, and advocates focus on promoting government-funded nutrition assistance; well-meaning organizations try to get expired or wasted food to marginalized communities; and philanthropists donate their money to the cause and congratulate themselves for doing so. But few people ask about the structural issues undergirding hunger, such as, Who benefits from keeping people in such a state of precarity? In The Painful Truth about Hunger in America, Mariana Chilton shows that the solution to food insecurity lies far beyond food and must incorporate personal, political, and spiritual approaches if we are serious about fixing the crisis.
Drawing on 25 years of research, programming, and advocacy efforts, Chilton compellingly demonstrates that food insecurity is created and maintained by people in power. Taking the reader back to the original wounds in the United States caused by its history of colonization, genocide, and enslavement, she forces us to reckon with hard questions about why people in the US allow hunger to persist. Drawing on intimate interviews she conducted with many Black and Brown women, the author reveals that the experience of hunger is rooted in trauma and gender-based violence—violence in our relationships with one another, with the natural world, and with ourselves—and that if we want to fix hunger, we must transform our society through compassion, love, and connection. Especially relevant for young people charting new paths toward abolition, mutual aid, and meaningful livelihoods, The Painful Truth about Hunger in America reinvigorates our commitment to uprooting the causes of poverty and discrimination, and points to a more generative and humane world where everyone can be nourished.
Playframes
Authors: Pearce Celia 
Published: February 2024

An exploration of how we know we're playing and what happens when we don't.
Playframes builds on the work of Gregory Bateson and Erving Goffman to take a deep dive into Bateson's primary question: How do we know we're playing? In this book, Celia Pearce addresses this question by building a comprehensive theory of the specific mechanisms that metacommunicate the message “this is play.” This “big tent” approach covers a broad swath of playframes, ranging from theme parks to cosplay, board and video games, and sports, and describes how spatial and temporal frames, as well as artifacts such as costumes and uniforms, toys, and sports equipment, let us know when a play activity is underway.
Pearce teases out distinctions between ritual and play activities, including social practices in which they merge or are indistinguishable, as well as incidents of frame breach or misalignment, where participants' perception of “what is going on” diverges. These principles are illustrated with a series of four topical studies that explore various scenarios in which play and non-play contexts are juxtaposed or blurred. These span from delightful (fan convention cosplay and simulated and virtual weddings) to confusing (virtual currency and bitcoin) to dangerous. Building on recent research, the book culminates with an in-depth analysis of the gaming roots of the January 6 Capitol insurrection and argues that playframe breach and deliberate misalignment were the major contributing factors.
Beyond Vanity
Authors: Block Elizabeth L. 
Published: February 2024

From the award-winning author of Dressing Up, a riveting and diverse history of women's hair that reestablishes the cultural power of hairdressing in nineteenth-century America.
In the nineteenth century, the complex cultural meaning of hair was not only significant it could affect one's place in society. After the Civil War, hairdressing was a growing profession and the hair industry a mainstay of local, national, and international commerce. In Beyond Vanity, Elizabeth L. Block expands the nascent field of hair studies by restoring women's hair as a cultural site of meaning in the early United States. With a special focus on the places and spaces in which the industry operated, Block argues that the importance of hair has been overlooked due to its ephemerality as well as its misguided association with frivolity and triviality. As Block clarifies, hairdressing was anything but frivolous.
Using methods of visual and material culture studies informed by concepts of cultural geography, Block identifies multiple substantive categories of place and space within which hair had pronounced impact. These include the preparatory places of the bedroom, hair salon, and enslaved peoples' quarters, as well as the presentation spaces of parties, fairs, stages, and workplaces. Here are also the untold stories of business owners, many of whom were women of color, and the creators of trendsetting styles such as the pompadour and Gibson Girl bouffant. Block's groundbreaking study examines how race and racism affected who participated in the presentation and business of hair, and according to which standards. The result of looking closely at the places and spaces of hair is a reconfiguration that allows a new understanding of its immense cultural power.
The Lies of the Artists
Authors: Rowland Ingrid D. 
Published: February 2024

Luminous essays on artists of the Italian Renaissance by one of our most inspired writers on the history and making of art.
In the three centuries from 1450 to 1750 painters, sculptors, and architects emerged from the medieval craft guilds of Italy to claim a new social status as creators, whose gorgeous handiwork, now called “art,” expressed lofty inspiration as much as manual skill. In The Lies of the Artists, Ingrid Rowland takes us into the world of these artists, and into their seemingly miraculous ways of transforming transcendent ideas into tangible works of art that challenged and redefined reality, “lies” with the power to reveal a deeper truth.
As the great art patron Daniele Barbaro wrote: “bisogna aprire gli occhi,” or “you have to open your eyes.” And this is precisely what Rowland does in these essays, bringing her knowledge, keen perception, and singular wit to bear on the art and lives of Renaissance masters, including Michelangelo, Caravaggio, Bernini, Raphael, Titian, and El Greco, as well as some overlooked artists of phenomenal talent, such as Antonello da Messina, Andrea del Sarto, and Bertoldo di Giovanni. In dazzling prose, as luminous and versatile as the painterly effects she describes, she shows us the work of these artists in eye-opening, thought-provoking ways, recreating the delight and insight that the discovery of great art evokes.
Computing Legacies
Authors: Krapp Peter 
Published: February 2024

A media history of simulation that contextualizes our digital heritage and the history of computing.
In Computing Legacies, Peter Krapp explores a media history of simulation to excavate three salient aspects of digital culture. Firstly, he profiles simulation as cultural technique, enabling symbolic work and foregrounding hypothetical literacy. Secondly, he positions simulation as crucial for the preservation of cultural memory, where modeling, emulation, and serious play are constitutive in how we relate to our mediated history. And lastly, despite suggestions that we may already live in a simulation, he interrogates how simulation can serve as critique of the computer age.
In tracing our digital heritage, Computing Legacies elucidates inflection points where quantitative data becomes tractable for qualitative evaluations: modeling epidemics for scientific study or entertainment, emulating older devices, turning numerical calculations into music, conducting espionage in virtual worlds, and gamifying higher education. Simulation, this book demonstrates, is pivotal not only to high-tech research and to archives, museums, and the preservation of digital culture but also to our understanding of what it is to live and work under the technical conditions of computing.
Growing and Analyzing Static Biofilms
Authors: Merritt Judith H. , Kadouri Daniel E. , O'Toole George A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMany bacteria can exist as surface‐attached aggregations known as biofilms. Presented in this unit are several approaches for the study of these communities. The focus here is on static biofilm systems, which are particularly useful for examination of the early stages of biofilm formation, including initial adherence to the surface and microcolony formation. Furthermore, most of the techniques presented are easily adapted to the study of biofilms under a variety of conditions and are suitable for either small‐ or relatively large‐scale studies. Unlike assays involving continuous‐flow systems, the static biofilm assays described here require very little specialized equipment and are relatively simple to execute. In addition, these static biofilm systems allow analysis of biofilm formation with a variety of readouts, including microscopy of live cells, macroscopic visualization of stained bacteria, and viability counts. Used individually or in combination, these assays provide useful means for the study of biofilms.
Genetic Manipulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Dillard Joseph P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe sexually‐transmitted pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, undergoes natural transformation at high frequency. This property has led to the rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance markers and to the panmictic structure of the gonococcal population. However, high frequency transformation also makes N. gonorrhoeae one of the easiest bacterial species to manipulate genetically in the laboratory. Techniques have been developed that result in transformation frequencies >50%, allowing the identification of mutants by screening and without selection. Constructs have been created to take advantage of this high frequency transformation, facilitating genetic mutation, complementation, and heterologous gene expression. Techniques are described for genetic manipulation of N. gonorrhoeae, as well as for growth of this fastidious organism.
Rapid Allelic Exchange in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Other E. coli Using λ Red Recombination
Authors: Savage Pamela J. , Leong John M. , Murphy Kenan C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis unit describes an allelic exchange system for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and similar pathogenic species of bacteria. The phage λ Red recombination system is expressed from a plasmid, inducing a hyper‐recombinogenic state where electroporated PCR‐generated substrates recombine with the bacterial chromosome at high efficiency. The technique can be used to substitute a drug marker for the gene of interest, or used to generate a clean in‐frame deletion of the target gene. Single gene knockouts in EHEC, or deletions of whole pathogenicity islands, can be constructed. A procedure for the preparation of hyper‐recombinogenic electrocompetent cells is also described. Besides E. coli K‐12 and EHEC, this method has also been used for the construction of gene knockouts in enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli, and uropathogenic E. coli, as well as Shigella flexneri and Salmonella enterica.
Cultivation and Laboratory Maintenance of Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Scidmore Marci A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChlamydia species are obligate intracellular bacteria that require growth inside mammalian cells for propagation and survival. As a result, Chlamydia cannot be grown on conventional bacteriological medium. This property makes Chlamydia difficult organisms to grow and maintain in the laboratory. Up until 1965, passage in the yolk sac of the embryonated hen egg was the only way to isolate and propagate the organism. Since then, a tissue culture system has been available that allows easier laboratory culture of the Chlamydia species. However, with the exception of the LGV serovars, most C. trachomatis strains do not readily infect tissue culture cells. Chemical or mechanical assistance is used to increase their infectivity. Today, large numbers of infectious organisms can be purified through Renografin density gradient centrifugation of infected cell lysates. The ability to propagate C. trachomatis in the laboratory has greatly increased the understanding of the pathogenesis of C. trachomatis organisms.
Genetic Manipulation of Treponema denticola
Authors: Kuramitsu Howard K. , Chi Bo , Ikegami Akihiko 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe oral anaerobic spirochete, Treponema denticola, has been implicated in the etiology of human periodontal diseases; however, the molecular basis for the virulence of these organisms is still unclear. Potential pathogenic factors expressed by T. denticola have recently begun to be identified through the development of gene transfer approaches in this organism following electroporetic transformation. Several antibiotic resistance markers have been developed for use in the construction of monospecific mutants in these organisms. In addition, these antibiotic resistance cassettes have been more recently utilized to construct shuttle plasmids for complementation analysis of the mutants. These plasmids were also used to express heterologous spirochete genes in T. denticola. The transformation of other spirochetes such as T. phagedenis with these plasmids further suggests that it should be possible to develop similar gene transfer systems in other cultivable treponemes.
Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi in Dialysis Membrane Chambers in Rat Peritonea
Authors: Caimano Melissa J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn order to be sustained within its enzootic cycle, B. burgdorferi must adapt to two strikingly different environments, the arthropod vector and the mammalian host. The ability to rapidly adapt to environmental changes is therefore presumed to be central to spirochete survival and pathogenic programs. Indeed, it has now been well established that tick feeding initiates extensive changes in both gene expression and protein composition, collectively referred to as “host adaptation,” a process that is thought to continue throughout infection. The paucibacillary nature of borrelial infections, however, has hampered our ability to study this bacterium in vivo. To circumvent this limitation, an animal model was developed for obtaining sufficient numbers of organisms to directly examine differential gene expression and antigenic composition of B. burgdorferi within the context of the mammalian host. The DMC model allows for a direct comparison of host‐adapted B. burgdorferi and their in vitro‐cultivated counterparts.
Human Adenoviruses: Propagation, Purification, Quantification, and Storage
Authors: Green Maurice , Loewenstein Paul M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDetailed protocols are described for the propagation of adenoviruses (Ads) and adenovirus (Ad) vectors and their purification by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. A discussion of monolayer and spinner cell culture techniques suitable, respectively, for small‐ and large‐scale growth of adenoviruses is provided. Protocols for cloning into and growth of Ad replication–deficient vectors using a convenient commercially available system are described. Lastly, time‐tested plaque titration protocols for the accurate and convenient measurement of the infectivity of adenoviruses and adenovirus vectors are provided in detail.
Callus Cultures of Arabidopsis
Authors: McCormack John C. , Simon Anne E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractProtoplasts are plant cells lacking cell walls. They can be generated from stationary callus cultures derived from Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. After treatment of the callus with cellulase and pectinase, protoplasts are inoculated with viral RNAs using polyethylene glycol. After various times postinoculation, total RNA is extracted and subjected to electrophoresis on nondenaturing agarose gels for further analysis. Stationary callus cultures are simpler to maintain than more traditional suspension cultures and yield high‐quality, uniform protoplasts. Protoplasts prepared in this fashion can also be used for uptake of DNA.
Pyramidal tract maturation after brain injury in newborns with heart disease
Authors: Partridge Savannah C. , Vigneron Daniel B. , Charlton Natalie N. , Berman Jeffrey I. , Henry Roland G. , Mukherjee Pratik , McQuillen Patrick S. , Karl Tom R. , Barkovich A. James , Miller Steven P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectiveOur objective was to quantify white matter tract development in term newborns with congenital heart disease, a population at high risk for perioperative brain injury, using magnetic resonance imaging diffusion tensor tractography (DTT).MethodsTwenty‐five newborns with congenital heart disease were imaged before and after surgery, with a median of 2 weeks between serial magnetic resonance imaging examinations. DTT was performed to segment bilateral pyramidal tracts using semiautomated fiber tracking software, and manual region of interest measurements were taken for comparison.ResultsSignificant maturational rates of increasing fractional anisotropy (median, 4.4% per week) and decreasing mean diffusivity (Dav) (median, −2.0% per week) in the pyramidal tract were measured in infants without brain injury. Fractional anisotropy maturation rates were highest in newborns with normal scans, intermediate (median, 2.4% per week) in those with postoperative injury, and lowest (median, 0.9% per week) in those with preoperative injury, indicating a significant trend across brain injury groups (p = 0.015). Dav maturation rates did not differ across injury groups (p = 0.15). Manual region of interest measures showed greater variability in serial measurements, and no significant differences were identified between injury groups, suggesting that DTT may provide more sensitive measures.InterpretationDTT is feasible in term newborns and may help to characterize abnormal white matter tract development following acquired brain injury. Ann Neurol 2006
Methylation of tin(II) by methyl iodide: influences of different environmental factors on the efficiency and reaction kinetics
Authors: Baowei Chen , Guibin Jiang , Ruiqiang Yang , Jiyan Liu 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe methylation reaction of Sn(II) with methyl iodide (MeI) in water has been studied using sensitive GC‐QSIL‐FPD technology. The pH value, amount of MeI and salinity (S) are the three important factors that influence the methylation reaction in an aquatic environment. In all experiments, monomethyltin (MMT) is the only methylation product of the tin(II) reacting with MeI observed. At the 95% confidence level, the pH, MeI and S are significant for the MMT yield. The concentration of MMT in the reactor increases with increase in pH within the selected pH range of 4–9 because four different species of Sn(II)–Sn2+, SnOH+, Sn(OH)20 and Sn(OH)3−–have different reaction activities with MeI. The methylation activity of Sn(II) was found to be highest at a salinity of 0.1 M at three different pH levels: 5, 7 and 9. Higher concentration of Cl− (as a relatively weak nucleophilic ion) will obstruct nucleophilic attack of Sn(II) on MeI. MMT production also increases with rising volume of MeI. Moreover, first‐order reaction rates have been calculated at different pH, salinity and MeI, and found to be in the range 0.0018–0.0199 h−1. The reaction rate also varies largely under different reaction conditions. One probable mechanism for the methylation reaction of Sn(II) with MeI is a SN2 nucleophilic attack on the methyl group of MeI by Sn(II), via a process of oxidative methyl‐transfer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VE‐Cadherin‐Cre‐recombinase transgenic mouse: A tool for lineage analysis and gene deletion in endothelial cells
Authors: Alva Jackelyn A. , Zovein Ann C. , Monvoisin Arnaud , Murphy Thomas , Salazar Anthony , Harvey Natasha L. , Carmeliet Peter , Iruela‐Arispe M. Luisa 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe ability to target gene deletion to a specific cellular compartment via the Cre/loxP system has been a powerful tool in the analysis of broadly expressed genes. Here, we report the generation of a transgenic mouse line in which expression of Cre‐recombinase is under the regulatory control of the VE‐Cadherin promoter. Temporal distribution and activity of the enzyme was evaluated with two independent Cre reporter lines. Histological analysis was performed throughout development and in the adult. Recombination of lox P sites with subsequent expression of β‐galactosidase or GFP was detected as early as E7.5 in endothelial cells of the yolk sac. Progressive staining of the embryonic vasculature was noted from E8.5–13.5; however, more contiguous reporter expression was only seen by E14.5 onward in all endothelial compartments including arteries, veins, and capillaries. In addition, we found Cre activity in lymphatic endothelial cells. Unlike other endothelial‐specific Cre mice, this model showed expression in the adult quiescent vasculature. Furthermore, the constitutive nature of the VE‐Cadherin promoter in the adult can be advantageous for analysis of gene deletion in pathological settings. Developmental Dynamics 235:759–767, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.