bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of proinflammatory cytokines on canine articular chondrocytes in a three-dimensional culture
Authors: Kuroki Keiichi , Stoker Aaron M. , Cook James L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the effects of interleukin
(IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α on canine
chondrocytes cultured in an agarose-based 3-dimensional
(3-D) system.

Sample Population—Humeral head articular cartilage
chondrocytes obtained from 6 adult dogs.

Procedure—Chondrocytes were cultured in a 3-D
system for ≤ 12 days in serum-free medium with IL-1α, IL-1β,
or TNF-α at concentrations of 20, 50, or
100 ng/mL. After 1, 3, 6, and 12 days, glycosaminoglycan
(GAG) concentrations in 3-D constructs; nitric
oxide and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations in
media samples; and relative expressions of selected
genes, including metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and tissue
inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2, were
evaluated. Control specimens were comprised
of chondrocytes cultured without proinflammatory
cytokines.

Results—In control 3-D constructs, GAG content was
significantly higher than for all other constructs.
Compared with control values, relative expressions of
MMP-13, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 genes in the IL-1β
(50 ng/mL) group were significantly higher at day 1; at
all evaluations, media concentrations of nitric oxide
were significantly higher in all TNF-α–treated cultures;
and concentrations of PGE2 in media samples were
significantly higher in the IL-1β (50 ng/mL) and IL-1β
(100 ng/mL) groups at days 1 and 3, in the IL-1β
(100 ng/mL) group at day 6, and in all TNF-α groups at
days 1, 3, and 6.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested
that TNF-α more readily induces production of
nitric oxide and PGE2 by canine chondrocytes, compared
with IL-1β. In vitro, IL-1α appeared to have a
minimal effect on canine chondrocytes. (Am J Vet Res
2005;66:1187–1196)
Use of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay and cell culture methods for detection of swine influenza A viruses
Authors: Landolt Gabriele A. , Karasin Alexander I. , Hofer Christian , Mahaney Julie , Svaren John , Olsen Christopher W. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate sensitivity and specificity of a
real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) assay performed on pooled nasal
swab specimens, compared with virus isolation performed
on individual nasal swab specimens by use of
2 cell culture lines for detection of swine influenza A
viruses.

Sample Population—900 nasal swab specimens
obtained from pigs at an abattoir and 62 nasal swab
specimens submitted for diagnostic testing.

Procedure—Primers were chosen to amplify a conserved
portion of the influenza virus matrix gene.
Assay sensitivity was initially determined by testing
serial dilutions of various subtypes of swine influenza
viruses. Sensitivity and specificity were confirmed by
use of nasal swab specimens with or without addition
of known concentrations of influenza virus and further
validated by testing nasal swab specimens obtained
through an abattoir surveillance program or submitted
for diagnostic testing. Aliquots of specimens were
pooled in sets of 10, and results of real-time RT-PCR
assays were compared with results of virus isolation
of individual specimens in Madin Darby canine kidney
(MDCK) and mink lung (Mv1Lu) cells.

Results—Real-time RT-PCR assay was highly specific
(100%) and sensitive (88% to 100%). Among the 16
viruses isolated, 3 grew only in Mv1Lu cells and 3
grew only in MDCK cells.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate
that real-time RT-PCR assay is a fast and accurate
test for screening numerous nasal swab specimens for
swine influenza virus. Some viruses were isolated in
only MDCK or Mv1Lu cells, indicating that use of
> 1 cell line may be required to isolate a broad range of
influenza A viruses. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:119–124)
Effect of exercise on proglycogen and macroglycogen content in skeletal muscles of pigs with the Rendement Napole mutation
Authors: Essén-Gustavsson Birgitta , Jensen-Waern Marianne , Jonasson Robert , Andersson Leif 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To investigate influence of the
Rendement Napole (RN–) mutation on proglycogen
(PG) and macroglycogen (MG) content in skeletal
muscles before and after exercise and evaluate glycogen
concentrations within various muscle fiber types.

Animals—5 pigs with the RN– mutation and 3 noncarrier
pigs.

Procedure—Pigs performed 2 exercise tests on a
treadmill. In the first, pigs (mean body weight, 27 kg)
ran a distance of approximately 800 m. In the second,
pigs (mean body weight, 63 kg) ran until fatigued.
Biopsy specimens (biceps femoris muscle) for determination
of PG and MG contents were obtained
before and after exercise, 24 hours after the first test,
and 3 hours after the second test. Histochemical
analysis was performed on specimens obtained
before and after the second test.

Results—Before exercise, PG stores did not differ
markedly between groups, but MG stores were
twice as high in pigs with the RN– mutation, compared
with noncarrier pigs. The MG content
decreased to a similar extent in both groups after
exercise. Resynthesis of MG was greater in pigs with
the RN– mutation than in noncarrier pigs by 3 hours
after exercise. A low glycogen content after exercise
was observed in many type I and type IIA fibers and
in some type IIB fibers.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The RN– mutation
was associated with high MG stores in skeletal
muscle that did not influence exercise performance.
The RN– mutation did not impair glycogenolysis during
exercise but may induce faster resynthesis of MG
after exercise. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1197–1201)
Characterization of the in vitro responses of equine cecal longitudinal smooth muscle to endothelin-1
Authors: Chidambaram Ramaswamy M. , Eades Susan C. , Moore Rustin M. , Hosgood Giselle , Venugopal Changaram S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize the in vitro response of equine cecal longitudinal smooth muscle (CLSM) to endothelin (ET)-1 and assess the role of ETAand ETBreceptors in those ET-1–induced responses.Animals—36 horses without gastrointestinal tract disease.Procedure—To determine cumulative concentrationresponse relationships, CLSM strips were suspended in tissue baths containing graded concentrations of ET-1 (10–9to 10–6M) with or without BQ-123 (ETAreceptor antagonist); with or without IRL-1038 (ETBreceptor antagonist); or with both antagonists at concentrations of 10–9, 10–7, and 10–5M. To determine the percentage change in baseline tension of CLSM, the areas under the curve during the 3-minute periods before and after addition of each dose were compared . Also, the effects of ET-1 and a combination of selective ETAand ETBreceptor antagonists on electrically evoked contractions were studied.Results—ET-1 caused sustained increases in CLSM tension in a concentration-dependent manner. Contractile responses to ET-1 were not significantly inhibited by either BQ-123 or IRL-1038 alone at any concentration; however, responses were significantly inhibited by exposure to the antagonists together at a concentration of 10–5M. Electrical field stimulation did not change the spontaneous contractile activity of CLSM and did not significantly alter the tissue response to ET-1, BQ-123, or IRL-1038.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that ET-1 has a contractile effect on equine CLSM that is mediated via ETAand ETBreceptors. In vitro spontaneous contractions of equine CLSM apparently originate in the smooth muscle and not the enteric nervous system. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1202–1208)
Cardiopulmonary effects of fentanyl in conscious dogs and dogs sedated with a continuous rate infusion of medetomidine
Authors: Grimm Kurt A. , Tranquilli William J. , Gross David R. , Sisson David D. , Bulmer Barret J. , Benson G. John , Greene Stephen A. , Martin-Jimenez Tomas 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the hemodynamic consequences
of the coadministration of a continuous rate
infusion (CRI) of medetomidine with a fentanyl bolus
in dogs.

Animals—12 healthy sexually intact male dogs
weighing 30.3 ± 4.2 kg (mean ± SD).

Procedure—Dogs received either fentanyl alone (15.0
µg/kg, IV bolus) or the same dose of fentanyl during an
11-hour CRI of medetomidine (1.5 µg/kg/h, IV). Prior to
drug administration, dogs were instrumented for measurement
of cardiac output, left atrial pressure, and
systemic arterial blood pressures. Additionally, blood
samples were collected from the pulmonary artery
and left atrium for blood gas analysis.

Results—Medetomidine infusion reduced the cardiac
index, heart rate, and O2 delivery while increasing left
atrial pressure. Subsequent fentanyl administration
further decreased the cardiac index. The PaO2 was not
significantly different between the 2 treatment
groups; however, fentanyl transiently decreased PaO2
from baseline values in dogs receiving a CRI of
medetomidine.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Because of
the prolonged hemodynamic changes associated
with the CRI of medetomidine, its safety should be
further evaluated before being clinically implemented
in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1222–1226)
Evaluation of induction by use of a combination of oxymorphone and diazepam or hydromorphone and diazepam and maintenance of anesthesia by use of isoflurane in dogs with experimentally induced hypovolemia
Authors: Machado Carmen G. , Dyson Doris H. , Mathews Karol A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare induction with hydromorphone and diazepam (HydroD) or oxymorphone and diazepam (OxyD) followed by maintenance with isoflurane in dogs with induced hypovolemia.Animals—6 healthy mixed-breed dogs.Procedure—The study used a crossover design. Measurements were obtained in normovolemic dogs during isoflurane. Hypovolemia was induced (blood loss of 30 mL/kg) and measurements repeated following recovery from anesthesia, after HydroD (hydromorphone, 0.1 mg/kg; diazepam, 0.2 mg/kg; IV) or OxyD (oxymorphone, 0.05 mg/kg; diazepam, 0.2 mg/kg; IV), after another dose of the same opioid, during administration of isoflurane (end-tidal concentration, 0.9%), and after glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg, IV). Significant changes were identified.Results—Induction effect was evident within 1 minute. All dogs were intubated after the second dose of opioid. No significant differences were found between inductions. The HydroD decreased heart rate (mean ± SEM, –41 ± 9.8 beats/min), whereas both inductions increased stroke index (0.4 ± 0.09 mL/kg/beat) and caused moderate respiratory depression. Cardiac index was decreased (±30.2 ± 6.04 mL/kg/min) and there was minor metabolic acidosis during isoflurane following HydroD, compared with values for anesthetized normovolemic dogs. Glycopyrrolate increased heart rate (50 ± 8.6 beats/min) and decreased systolic blood pressure (–23.2 ± 4.87 mm Hg) in dogs induced with HydroD and decreased stroke index (–0.3 ± 0.08 mL/kg/beat) for both inductions.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Similar effects were detected after administration of HydroD or OxyD in hypovolemic dogs. Either combination should be safe for use in hypovolemic dogs. Administration of glycopyrrolate was not beneficial. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1227–1237)
Biochemical analysis of the articular cartilage and subchondral and trabecular bone of the metacarpophalangeal joint of horses with early osteoarthritis
Authors: Harst Mark R. van der , DeGroot Jeroen , Kiers Geesje H. , Brama Pieter A. J. , Lest Chris H. A. van de , Weeren P. René van 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To assess whether site-related changes
in biochemical composition are present in the cartilage
and subchondral and trabecular bone of the
metacarpophalangeal joint of horses with early
osteoarthritis.

Sample Population—Right metacarpophalangeal
joints from 59 mature warmblood horses.

Procedure—Biochemical data (cross-link, amino acid,
DNA, and ash contents; denatured collagen and glycosaminoglycan
[GAG] concentrations; bone mineral
density; and mineral composition) were obtained
from 2 differently loaded sites of phalanx I cartilage
and subchondral and trabecular bone samples; data
were compared with previously published values
from nonosteoarthritic equine joints.

Results—Compared with findings in nonosteoarthritic
joints, GAG concentration was lower in cartilage from
osteoarthritic joints and there was a loss of site differences
in cellularity and lysylpyridinoline (LP) cross-link
content. In subchondral bone, LP cross-link content was
decreased overall and there was a loss of site differences
in osteoarthritic joints; ash content was higher in
the osteoarthritic joints. Hydroxyproline content in trabecular
bone from osteoarthritic joints was greater than
that in nonosteoarthritic trabecular bone. In all 3 layers
and at both sites, the linear increase of the pentosidine
cross-link content with age had diminished or was not
apparent in the horses with osteoarthritic joints.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In equine
metacarpophalangeal joints with early osteoarthritis,
distinct biochemical changes were detected in the
cartilage and subchondral and trabecular bone. The
dissimilarity in response of the different tissues and
differences between the sites that are affected may
be related to differences in biomechanical loading and
transmission and dissipation of force. (Am J Vet Res
2005;66:1238–1246)
Effects of training on potassium homeostasis during exercise and skeletal muscle Na+,K+-ATPase concentration in young adult and middle-aged Dutch Warmblood horses
Authors: Suwannachot Pisit , Joosten Brian J. L. J. , Klarenbeek Andries , Hofma Jos , Enzerink Edwin , Weeren P. René van , Everts Maria E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate the effects of moderate short-term training on K+regulation in plasma and erythrocytes during exercise and on skeletal muscle Na+,K+-ATPase concentration in young adult and middle-aged horses.Animals—Four 4- to 6-year-old and four 10- to 16-yearold Dutch Warmblood horses.Procedure—The horses underwent a 6-minute exercise trial before and after 12 days of training. Skeletal muscle Na+,K+-ATPase concentration was analyzed in gluteus medius and semitendinosus muscle specimens before and after the 12-day training period. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the trials and at 3, 5, 7, and 10 minutes after cessation of exercise for assessment of several hematologic variables and analysis of plasma and whole-blood K+concentrations.Results—After training, Na+,K+-ATPase concentration in the gluteus medius, but not semitendinosus, muscle of middle-aged horses increased (32%), compared with pretraining values; this did not affect the degree of hyperkalemia that developed during exercise. The development of hyperkalemia during exercise in young adult horses was blunted (albeit not significantly) without any change in the concentration of Na+,K+-ATPase in either of the muscles. After training, the erythrocyte K+concentration increased (7% to 10%) significantly in both groups of horses but did not change during the exercise trials.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, the activation of skeletal muscle Na+,K+-ATPase during exercise is likely to decrease with age. Training appears to result in an increase in Na+,K+-ATPase activity in skeletal muscle with subsequent upregulation of Na+,K+-ATPase concentration if the existing Na+,K+-ATPase capacity cannot meet requirements. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1252–1258)
Effects of continuous low-dose infusion of lipopolysaccharide on expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 messenger RNA and neutrophil accumulation in specific organs in dogs
Authors: Sakaue Yoko , Nezu Yoshinori , Yanagisawa Satomi , Komori Shinobu , Hara Yasushi , Takahashi Kimimasa , Tagawa Masahiro , Ogawa Ryo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of continuous low-dose infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA and neutrophil accumulation in the lungs, liver, spleen, small intestine, and pancreas in dogs.Animals—11 healthy adult Beagles.Procedure—Dogs received a continuous infusion of a low dose (10 µg/kg/h, IV) of LPS ( Escherichia coli055:B5) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (20 mL/kg/h, IV) for 8 hours. Activity levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the number of WBCs in circulation were examined before and 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours after the onset of LPS infusion. Expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 mRNA and the number of neutrophils in each tissue were examined.Results—After the onset of LPS infusion, serum TNF-α and IL-1β activities transiently increased. Thereafter, IL-6 activity increased, and high IL-6 activity was maintained throughout the experiment. In dogs in the LPS group, expression of E-selectin mRNA increased only in the lungs, and expression of ICAM-1 mRNA increased in the lungs and liver; the number of neutrophils in the tissue increased in the lungs and liver.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 mRNA increased during sepsis, particularly in the lungs and liver, and that this increase was associated with neutrophil accumulation. Hence, inhibiting the activation of endothelial cells in the lung and liver may decrease organ damage caused by accumulated neutrophils and help regulate multiple-organ dysfunction. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1259–1266)
Comparison of intraosseous and intravenous infusion of technetium Tc 99m pertechnate in the distal portion of forelimbs in standing horses by use of scintigraphic imaging
Authors: Mattson Shawn E. , Pearce Simon G. , Bouré Ludovic P. , Dobson Howard , Hurtig Mark B. , Black William D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To describe and compare the distribution
of technetium Tc 99m (99mTc) pertechnate following
intraosseous or IV injection (with or without use of a
tourniquet) in the distal portion of the forelimb in
standing horses.

Animals—4 horses.

Procedure—Each horse received 4 forelimb treatments
in random sequence: intraosseous infusion
with tourniquet application (IOT), intraosseous infusion
without tourniquet application, IV infusion with
tourniquet application (IVT), and IV infusion without
tourniquet application. Dynamic nuclear scintigraphic
imaging of the third metacarpal bone, proximal and
middle phalanges, and distal phalanx was performed
from the start of each treatment until 1 hour after infusion
was completed. Radionuclide activity was compared
within and between treatment groups.

Results—Tourniquet application was necessary to
maintain high levels of radionuclide activity in the distal
portion of the forelimb after intraosseous or IV
infusion with 99mTc pertechnate; IVT and IOT treatments
resulted in similar radionuclide activity in the
proximal and middle phalanges and distal phalanx. Of
the 4 treatments, there was significantly higher
radionuclide activity in the distal aspect of the third
metacarpal bone after the IOT treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—By use of a
tourniquet, radionuclide administration via the
intraosseous or IV routes resulted in effective perfusion
of the distal portion of the forelimb and similar
distribution of the agent in the phalanges of horses.
Further studies are required to ascertain whether
these findings apply to delivery of therapeutic agents
in infected tissues via IOT or IVT. (Am J Vet Res
2005;66:1267–1272)
In vitro effects and in vivo efficacy of a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in cats with lipopolysaccharide-induced pyrexia
Authors: McCann Margaret E. , Rickes Eric L. , Hora Donald F. , Cunningham Paul K. , Zhang Donghui , Brideau Christine , Black W. Cameron , Hickey Gerard J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selectivity, pharmacokinetic properties, and in vivo efficacy of firocoxib (ML-1,785,713) in cats.Animals—5 healthy male and 14 healthy female domestic shorthair cats.Procedure—Selectivity of firocoxib for inhibiting COX-2 was determined by comparing the potency for inhibiting COX-1 with that of COX-2 in feline blood. Pharmacokinetic properties were determined after IV (2 mg/kg) and oral (3 mg/kg) administration in male cats. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in female cats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pyrexia with administration of firocoxib 1 or 14 hours before LPS challenge.Results—Blood concentrations resulting in 50% inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity in vitro were 7.5 ± 2µM and 0.13 ± 0.03µM, respectively, and selectivity for inhibiting COX-2 relative to COX-1 was 58. Firocoxib had moderate to high oral bioavailability (54% to 70%), low plasma clearance (4.7 to 5.8 mL/min/kg), and an elimination half-life of 8.7 to 12.2 hours. Firocoxib at doses from 0.75 to 3 mg/kg was efficacious in attenuating fever when administered to cats 1 or 14 hours before LPS challenge.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Firocoxib is a potent COX-2 inhibitor and is the only selective COX-2 inhibitor described for use in cats to date. It is effective in attenuating febrile responses in cats when administered 14 hours before LPS challenge, suggesting it would be suitable for once-a-day dosing. Because selective COX-2 inhibitors have an improved therapeutic index relative to nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in humans, firocoxib has the potential to be a safe, effective anti-inflammatory agent for cats. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1278–1284)
Use of simulation modeling to estimate herd-level sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of diagnostic tests for detection of tuberculosis in cattle
Authors: Norby Bo , Bartlett Paul C. , Grooms Daniel L. , Kaneene John B. , Bruning-Fann Colleen S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To estimate herd-level sensitivity (HSe), specificity (HSp), and predictive values for a positive (HPVP) and negative (HPVN) test result for several testing scenarios for detection of tuberculosis in cattle by use of simulation modeling.Sample Population—Empirical distributions of all herds (15,468) and herds in a 10-county area (1,016) in Michigan.Procedures—5 test scenarios were simulated: scenario 1, serial interpretation of the caudal fold tuberculin (CFT) test and comparative cervical test (CCT); scenario 2, serial interpretation of the CFT test and CCT, microbial culture for mycobacteria, and polymerase chain reaction assay; scenario 3, same as scenario 2 but specificity was fixed at 1.0; and scenario 4, sensitivity was 0.9 (scenario 4a) or 0.95 (scenario 4b), and specificity was fixed at 1.0.Results—Estimates for HSe were reasonably high, ranging between 0.712 and 0.840. Estimates for HSp were low when specificity was not fixed at 1.0. Estimates of HPVP were low for scenarios 1 and 2 (0.042 and 0.143, respectively) but increased to 1.0 when specificity was fixed at 1.0. The HPVN remained high for all 5 scenarios, ranging between 0.995 and 0.997. As herd size increased, HSe increased and HSp and HPVP decreased. However, fixing specificity at 1.0 had only minor effects on HSp and HPVN, but HSe was low when the herd size was small.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tests used for detecting cattle herds infected with tuberculosis work well on a herd basis. Herds with < approximately 100 cattle should be tested more frequently or for a longer duration than larger herds to ensure that these small herds are free of tuberculosis. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1285–1291)