bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperspectral imaging combined with GA‐SVM for maize variety identification
Authors: Zhang Fu , Wang Mengyao , Zhang Fangyuan , Xiong Ying , Wang Xinyue , Ali Shaukat , Zhang Yakun , Fu Sanling 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe demand for identification of maize varieties has increased dramatically due to the phenomenon of mixed seeds and inferior varieties pretending to be high‐quality varieties continuing to occur. It is urgent to solve the problem of efficient and accurate identification of maize varieties. A hyperspectral image acquisition system was used to acquire images of maize seeds. Regions of interest (ROI) with an embryo size of 10 × 10 pixel were extracted, and the average spectral information in the range of 949.43–1709.49 nm was intercepted for the subsequent study in order to eliminate random noise at both ends. Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing algorithm and multiple scattering correction (MSC) were used to pretreat the full‐band spectrum. The feature wavelengths were screened by successive projection algorithms (SPA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) single screening, and two combinations of CARS‐SPA and CARS + SPA, respectively. Support vector machines (SVMs) and models optimized based on genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) were established by using full bands (FB) and feature bands as the model input. The results showed that the MSC‐(CARS‐SPA)‐GA‐SVM model had the best performance with 93.00% of the test set accuracy, 8 feature variables, and a running time of 24.45 s. MSC pretreatment can effectively eliminate the scattering effect of spectral data, and the feature wavelengths extracted by CARS‐SPA can represent all wavelength information. The study proved that hyperspectral imaging combined with GA‐SVM can realize the identification of maize varieties, which provided a theoretical basis for maize variety classification and authenticity identification.
Synthesis of N‐Substituted Pyrrole‐2,5‐dicarboxylic Acids from Pyrroles
Authors: Jeshua Friedrichs Jan‐Simon , Schmermund Luca , Urmann Corinna , Sieber Volker 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPyrrole‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) is a heterocyclic aromatic dicarboxylic acid that may emerge as a new monomer for polyester production. Compared to its structurally related and bio‐based furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) that is already used for the production of polyethylene furanoate (PEF), PDCA shows excellent potential as its nitrogen can be targeted for further derivatization, thus enabling tuning of the properties of a PDCA containing polymer. In light of this, we recognized the need to explore efficient synthetic approaches for producing PDCAs in high yields. Here, we report a five‐step synthesis route for N‐substituted PDCAs starting from pyrrole, with total yields up to 42 %. The synthetic approach allowed the introduction of several different functional moieties to the pyrrole nitrogen, such as aliphatic saturated and unsaturated side‐chains, as well as benzylic groups.
Evaluating the effects of soil grain roughness and rill cross‐section shape on flow resistance
Authors: Di Stefano Costanza , Nicosia Alessio , Pampalone Vincenzo , Palmeri Vincenzo , Ferro Vito 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe knowledge of the hydraulic characteristics of rill flows is needed to improve the understanding and the accurate modelling of upland erosion processes. Flume investigations are developed to schematize conditions useful to analyze the influence of a unique variable significant for modelling rill hydraulics, while field investigations are used to simulate morphological and hydraulic conditions of natural cases. The main aim of this investigation is to compare flow resistance measurements carried out using a rectangular rill channel (flume data) and manually generated and naturally shaped rills (plot data) for the same soils and hydraulic conditions. The two data sets allowed for establishing how the soil grain roughness and rill cross‐section shape affect flow resistance using a theoretical equation deduced by applying dimensional analysis and self‐similarity theory. The analysis developed for a fixed‐bed channel with a rectangular cross‐section demonstrated that the influence of different soil roughness on the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor is approximately equal to ±1%, while for a rill with an irregular cross‐section the same effect is almost equal to ±2%. Therefore, for an open‐channel flow on a fixed bed, the effect of the grain size roughness on the friction factor is limited. For each examined soil, the investigation also demonstrated that the rill cross‐section shape leads to a variability of the friction factor from −20% to +30%. This result highlights that, for a fixed‐bed channel, the effect of the cross‐section shape on the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor is much greater than that due to the soil grain size roughness. The main implication of this work is that the results deduced by laboratory measurements with regular cross‐sections, thus neglecting a complex geometry, can be affected by relevant discrepancies from those obtained by the field measurements, which better simulate natural conditions.
Assessing impacts of alternative land use strategies on water partitioning, storage and ages in drought‐sensitive lowland catchments using tracer‐aided ecohydrological modelling
Authors: Luo Shuxin , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Smith Aaron , Soulsby Chris 
Published: April 2024

AbstractContinuing negative rainfall anomalies, coupled with climate change projections of increased drought severity and frequency, drive an urgent need to increase resilience and integration in land and water management strategies in many regions of the world. However, complex interactions between land cover change, ecohydrological partitioning and water availability are difficult to quantify, especially at different temporal and spatial scales. In conjunction with local stakeholders, we developed plausible, alternative land use scenarios (including forest diversification and agroforestry schemes) based on the existing four primary land use types (i.e., conifer and broadleaved forests, arable agriculture, and pasture) in a 66 km2 drought‐sensitive catchment in northern Germany. We used modelling to evaluate spatial and temporal changes in water flux partitioning, storage and ages. The spatially‐distributed, tracer‐aided ecohydrological model, EcH2O‐iso, calibrated using hydrometric, ecohydrological and isotopic data at daily time steps from 2007 to 2019 was used in this assessment. The results showed that replacing conifer forests with uneven‐aged mixed forests with younger broad‐leaved trees had the greatest potential for reducing total evapotranspiration and increasing groundwater recharge. For coniferous forests, a 50% increase in the proportion of broad‐leaved trees was projected to result in an 11% increase in groundwater recharge across the catchment. The mixed‐forest management alternatives also reduced groundwater turnover times, which would support more rapid recovery of soil moisture and groundwater stores following droughts. This study demonstrates that such an ecohydrological modelling approach has the potential to contribute useful science‐based evidence for policy makers allowing quantitative assessment of potential land use effects on water availability and effective communication with stakeholders.
CAR‐T‐cell products in solid tumors: Progress, challenges, and strategies
Authors: Qian Kewen , Li Guangyao , Zhang Shuyi , Fu Wenyan , Li Tian , Zhao Jian , Lei Changhai , Wang Yuqing , Hu Shi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractT cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) with specificity toward tumor cells have led to promising outcomes in patients with hematological malignancies. Nevertheless, the application of CAR‐T cell therapy in solid tumors encounters several obstacles. These include tumor heterogeneity and immune escape, T cell exhaustion and restricted infiltration into the tumors that affect the therapeutic efficacy of CAR‐T cells, as well as “on‐target, off‐tumor” toxicities that can lead to severe and even fatal adverse events. In recent years, clinical trials and new approaches of CAR‐T cell therapy for solid tumors have made certain progress. Here, we update the outcomes of related clinical trials and summarize engineered strategies aiming to improve the efficacy and therapeutic safety of CAR‐T cells based on experimental and clinical studies.
A comparative study of CARE 2D and N2V 2D for tissue‐specific denoising in second harmonic generation imaging
Authors: Aghigh Arash , Jargot Gaëtan , Zaouter Charlotte , Preston Samuel E. J. , Mohammadi Melika Saadat , Ibrahim Heide , Del Rincón Sonia V. , Patten Kessen , Légaré François 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis study explored the application of deep learning in second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, a rapidly growing area. This study focuses on the impact of glycerol concentration on image noise in SHG microscopy and compares two image restoration techniques: Noise‐to‐Void 2D (N2V 2D, no reference image restoration) and content‐aware image restoration (CARE 2D, full reference image restoration). We demonstrated that N2V 2D effectively restored the images affected by high glycerol concentrations. To reduce sample exposure and damage, this study further addresses low‐power SHG imaging by reducing the laser power by 70% using deep learning techniques. CARE 2D excels in preserving detailed structures, whereas N2V 2D maintains natural muscle structure. This study highlights the strengths and limitations of these models in specific SHG microscopy applications, offering valuable insights and potential advancements in the field .
Synovial fluid research based on SERS and SERRS for enhanced detection of biomarkers in staged osteoarthritis
Authors: Wu Jinjin , Dong Jiachun , Bao Yilin , Shang Linwei , Wu Qingxia , Yang Zichun , Wang Huijie , Yin Jianhua 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSurface‐enhanced (resonance) Raman scattering (SER(R)S) can extremely enhance Raman intensity of samples, which is helpful for detecting synovial fluid (SF) that does not show Raman activity under normal conditions. In this study, SER(R)S spectra of SF from three different osteoarthritis (OA) stages were collected and analyzed for OA progress, finding that the content of collagen increased throughout the disease, while non‐collagen proteins and polysaccharides decreased sharply at advanced OA stage accompanied by the increase of phospholipid. The spectral features and differences were enhanced by salting‐out and centrifugation. Much more information on biomolecules at different OA stages was disclosed by using SERRS for the first time, these main trace components (β‐carotene, collagen, hyaluronic acid, nucleotide, and phospholipid) can be used as potential biomarkers. It indicates that SERRS has a more comprehensive ability to assist SERS in seeking micro(trace) biomolecules as biomarkers and facilitating accurate and efficient diagnosis and mechanism research of OA.
HIV knowledge and access to testing for people with and without disabilities in low‐ and middle‐income countries: evidence from 37 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
Authors: Rotenberg Sara , Chen Shanquan , Hanass‐Hancock Jill , Davey Calum , Banks Lena Morgon , Kuper Hannah 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIntroductionDisability and HIV are intricately linked, as people with disabilities are at higher risk of contracting HIV, and living with HIV can lead to impairments and disability. Despite this well‐established relationship, there remains limited internationally comparable evidence on HIV knowledge and access to testing for people with disabilities.MethodsWe used cross‐sectional data from 37 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Surveys were from six UNICEF regions, including East Asia and Pacific (n = 6), East and Central Asia (n = 7), Latin America and the Caribbean (n = 6), Middle East and North Africa (n = 4), South Asia (n = 2) and sub‐Saharan Africa (n = 12). A total of 513,252 people were eligible for inclusion, including 24,695 (4.8%) people with disabilities. We examined risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals for key indicators on HIV knowledge and access to testing for people with disabilities by sex and country. We also conducted a meta‐analysis to get a pooled estimate for each sex and indicator.ResultsMen and women with disabilities were less likely to have comprehensive knowledge about HIV prevention (aRR: 0.74 [0.67, 0.81] and 0.75 [0.69, 0.83], respectively) and to know of a place to be tested for HIV (aRR: 0.95 [0.92, 0.99] and 0.94 [0.92, 0.97], respectively) compared to men and women without disabilities. Women with disabilities were also less likely to know how to prevent mother‐to‐child transmission (aRR: 0.87 [0.81, 0.93]) and ever have been tested for HIV (aRR: 0.90 [0.85, 0.94]).ConclusionsMen and women with disabilities have lower overall HIV knowledge and in particular women with disabilities also indicate lower testing rates. Governments must include people with disabilities in HIV programmes by improving disability‐inclusion and accessibility to HIV‐related information, education and healthcare services.
Channel engineering for optimizing the electro‐thermal characteristics in p‐type GAA nanosheet transistors
Authors: Khaliq Afshan , Ali Munir , Mateen Muhammad , Huang Shihua 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn this paper, we report simulation results for capacitance–voltage characteristics and temperature distribution in the cross‐section of p‐type gate‐all‐around nanosheet channel using an in‐house developed numerical simulator. The effects of material, channel width, and crystallographic orientation on electrical and thermal properties of p‐type nanosheet transistor are comprehensively investigated. The effect of channel engineering is analyzed, by evaluating density‐of‐states, hole density, current densities as well as distributions of temperature in the channel cross‐section. Finally, the thermal reliability of the device is addressed in terms of thermal resistance. The density‐of‐states and the hole density distribution at the oxide/channel interface can well explain the effective intrinsic capacitance obtained from the simulation. The better uniformity of the hole density distribution across the cross‐section of (110)/[001] channel, shows good promise for less performance fluctuation in terms of the thermal reliability issue.
Impact of FADS genotype on polyunsaturated fatty acid content in human milk extracellular vesicles: A genetic association study
Authors: Miklavcic John J. , Paterson Natalie , Hahn‐Holbrook Jennifer , Glynn Laura 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackgroundExtracellular vesicles in human milk are critical in supporting newborn growth and development. Bioavailability of dietary extracellular vesicles may depend on the composition of membrane lipids. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster impact the content of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk phospholipids. This study investigated the relation between variation in FADS1 and FADS2 with the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles from human milk.MethodsMilk was obtained from a cohort of mothers (N = 70) at 2–4 weeks of lactation. SNPs in the FADS gene locus were determined using pyrosequencing for rs174546 in FADS1 and rs174575 in FADS2. Quantitative lipidomic analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and extracellular vesicles from human milk was completed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.ResultsThe rs174546 and rs174575 genotypes were independent predictors of the arachidonic acid content in extracellular vesicles. The rs174546 genotype also predicted eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in extracellular vesicles. The reduced content of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles in human milk may be due to lower fatty acid desaturase activity in mothers who are carriers of the A allele in rs174546 or the G allele in rs174575.ConclusionThe polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of milk extracellular vesicles is predicted by the FADS genotype. These findings yield novel insights regarding extracellular vesicle content and composition that can inform the design of future research to explore how lipid metabolites impact the bioavailability of human milk extracellular vesicles.
Assessing and mapping cropland abandonment risk in China
Authors: Zeng Jie , Luo Ting , Chen Wanxu , Gu Tianci 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCropland abandonment (CA) in China worsens the human‐land conflict and endangers national food sustainability. Scientifically assessing cropland abandonment risk (CAR) can provide valuable information for early warning and prevention of CA. Despite the extensive literature on the identification, determinants, and consequences of CA, the research on CAR still needs to be improved, especially on a grid scale. Therefore, this study constructed an evaluation indicators system regarding farming conditions, socio‐economic, and patch characteristics and used optimal parametric geographical detector and structural equation modeling to assess the CAR in China from 2010 to 2020. The results show China's CAR decreased from west to east. Very high and high CAR areas were in plateaus and mountains in western China. Medium CAR areas were mainly in central and southeastern China. Very low and low CAR areas were mainly in the Sichuan Basin and eastern plains. In 2010, the high and medium CARs accounted for a larger share of the area, 24.814% and 24.759%, respectively. The area share of very low, low, and very high CAR was 19.294%, 19.501%, and 11.633%, respectively. By 2020, both low and very high CARs increased, while the opposite was true for other grades of CAR. Very high CAR increased most evidently in the Loess Plateau. Although high CAR decreased, 43,327 km2 of medium CAR was converted to high CAR. CAR's centers of gravity in China were located at the junction of the Loess Plateau and the Huang‐Huai‐Hai Plain and have shifted to the northwest by 5445.34 m. The findings will assist stakeholders in developing targeted cropland protection strategies to prevent CA and efficiently allocate resources for agricultural production.
Influence of groundwater table depth on the evolution of saline‐alkali land in a coastal area
Authors: Gao Hui , Fu Tonggang , Wang Feng , Zhang Mei , Qi Fei , Liu Jintong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe groundwater table depth, which is typically shallow in coastal areas, is one of the decisive conditions impacting soil salinization. The influence mechanism of shaollow groundwater table depth change on the evolution of saline‐alkali land is still unclear. In this study, Huanghua City, a coastal city of the Bohai Sea in China, was selected as the research area, and four wells with groundwater table depths ranging from shallow to deep were studied. The groundwater table depth was divided into three levels based on the average groundwater table depth over 30 years, namely shallow, medium, and deep. We analyzed the influence of changes in groundwater table depth in each well on the evolution of saline‐alkali land within a radius of 2 km. The results showed that changes in groundwater table depth did not cause conversion between saline‐alkali land grades in shallow areas, whereas, in medium‐depth areas, changes in groundwater table depth caused conversion among saline‐alkali land grades. In deep areas, changes in groundwater table depth did not affect the conversion of moderate/heavy saline‐alkali land to non‐mild saline‐alkali land. The lower limit and upper limit of the groundwater table depth response threshold of saline‐alkali land were found to be 1.35 and 3.58 m, respectively, in this coastal area. When the groundwater table depth of saline‐alkali land remains lower than 1.35 m for a long period, it will become heavily salinized, one appropriate treatment measure in this instance is to plant saline‐alkali tolerant plants beacause improving saline‐alkali land by reducing the groundwater table depth is a challenge. When the groundwater table depth of saline‐alkali land remains greater than 3.58 m for a long period, changes in groundwater table depth will not influence the gradual reduction of salinization, the saline‐alkali land should be properly irrigated and drained to avoid secondary salinization caused by the groundwater level rising to the upper limit of the response threshold. When the water depth in saline‐alkali land remains between 1.35 and 3.58 m for a long time, the degree of salinization will change with the change in water depth, the underground water depth can be reduced under a subsurface drainage system in order to treat the saline‐alkali land. The research results can provide a scientific basis for improvement of saline‐alkali land.
Plankton blooms over the annual cycle shape trophic interactions under climate change
Authors: Jan Kinlan M. G. , Serandour Baptiste , Walve Jakob , Winder Monika 
Published: April 2024

AbstractUnderstanding species phenology and temporal co‐occurrence across trophic levels is essential to assess anthropogenic impacts on ecological interactions. We analyzed 15 yr of monitoring data to identify trends and drivers of timing and magnitude of bloom‐forming phytoplankton and diverse zooplankton taxa in the central Baltic Sea. We show that the timings of phytoplankton blooms advance, whereas crustacean zooplankton seasonal timings remain constant. This increasing offset with the spring bloom is linked to the decline of Pseudocalanus, a key copepod sustaining pelagic fish production. The majority of copepod and cladoceran taxa, however, are co‐occurring with summer blooms. We also find new developing fall blooms, fueling secondary production later in the season. Our study highlights that response to climate change differs within and between functional groups, stressing the importance of investigating plankton phenologies over the entire annual cycle in pelagic systems.
Semi‐Interpenetrated Polymer Networks Based on PHEMA and Modified Chitosan as a Potential Bactericide Hydrogel for Wound‐Healing
Authors: Ayón Mirian A. González , Hoppenstedt Alejandro Mena , López Arturo Zizumbo , Sarabia Johanna Bernaldez , Claverie Angel Licea , Urías María Alejandra González 
Published: April 2024

AbstractA series of crosslinked hydrogel are developed to evaluate their applicability as efficient carriers for sustained release of ciprofloxacin (CFX) with bactericidal activity. The hydrogels are prepared from 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and carboxymethyl‐chitosan (CMCS) using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinker to yield a semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs) by a photoinitiated chemical method. Molecular weight and concentration of CMCS in the network are varied to optimize its properties as a wound dressing. PHEMA‐CMCS semi‐IPNs (HC‐IPNs) are characterized by their swelling ratio (Q), glass transition temperature (Tg), Young's moduli by mechanical compression submerged in water at different pHs at 37 °C, CFX delivery mimicking skin conditions, cell viability, biodegradability study and by their antibacterial activity. Results show that addition of CMCS results in pH sensitive behavior. HC‐IPNs show thermal reinforcement, and they are softer materials as compared to plain PHEMA hydrogels when submerged in water. The in vitro release of CFX suggests that the HC‐IPNs release the drug continuously up to 50 h. Unloaded HC‐IPNs show inhibition effects against Escherichia coli strain and show bacteriostatic effects against Staphylococcus aureus strain. Results suggest that HC‐IPNs probably be a potential candidate that can be applied as wound dressing for topical CFX controlled delivery.