bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of resonances in building cross sections: Comparison between the Mittag–Leffler and the T‐matrix Green function expansion approaches
Authors: Shilyaeva Ksenia , Elander Nils , Yarevsky Evgeny 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPeaks in collision cross sections are often interpreted as resonances. The complex dilation method, as well as other methods relying on analytic continuation of the scattering formalism, can be used to clarify whether these structures are true resonances in the sense that they are poles of the S‐matrix and the associated Green function. The performance of the Mittag–Leffler expansion and T‐matrix Green function expansion methods are formally and computationally compared. The two methods are applied to two model potentials. Eigenenergies, s‐wave residues, and cross sections are computed with both methods. The resonance contributions to the cross sections are further analyzed by removing the residue contributions from the Mittag–Leffler and Green function expansion sums, respectively. It is suggested that the contribution of a resonance to a cross section should be defined through its S‐matrix residue. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Time‐resolved measurement of X‐ray emission from Al2O3 targets induced by low‐energy ion bombardment
Authors: Song Minghui , Takeguchi Masaki , Furuya Kazuo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDependence of X‐ray emission on ion current in low‐energy ion‐induced X‐ray emission (LIIXE) was investigated for irradiation with 30‐keV Ga+ ions. Time‐resolved measurement of the X‐ray emission from Al2O3 samples revealed that the X‐ray emission fluctuated in intensity with time, but there was a tendency for the fluctuation to become smaller with increasing irradiation ion current. The fluctuation for irradiation with an ion current of 0.867 nA was much smaller than that for irradiation with an ion current of 0.087 nA. The main reason for the larger fluctuation for ion irradiation with smaller current was that high pulses of X‐ray emission emerged irregularly with time. For the X‐ray emission induced by irradiation with an ion current of 0.862 nA, a collection time of 50 s gave measured values with a deviation from the average of less than 13% for O K peak count, 28% for Al peak count, and 14% for the peak count ratio of Al K to O K. It is suggested that by choosing ion currents and collection time, X‐ray peak counts can be measured with a deviation of about 10%, and that ratio of characteristic peak counts can be used to evaluate the relative content of elements in a sample. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterisation of alumina–silica films deposited by ALD
Authors: Prince K. E. , Evans P. J. , Triani G. , Zhang Z. , Bartlett J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAtomic layer deposition (ALD) is a surface mediated chemical vapour deposition method that is capable of producing uniform films over large areas. In addition, the technique has been used to deposit highly conformal films on high aspect ratio structures. The applicability of any film deposition technique is dependent upon the properties of the final product. Many applications, such as optical coatings, require films of constant composition, low levels of impurities, and adherent interfaces. The latter may derive its strength from some form of interfacial mixing but this should not have an adverse effect on film performance. Dynamic SIMS (D‐SIMS) offers a versatile tool for monitoring film and interface compositions as a function of depth. Sputtering the surface with Cs+ primary ions and detecting MCs+ secondary ions was found to offer the best analytical conditions for ALD films. In the present study, D‐SIMS has been used to characterise films grown with silicon‐containing precursors at temperatures between 200 and 300 °C. The D‐SIMS results have been complemented with data obtained from XPS and an in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). This combination of analytical techniques enabled the effects of different ALD process conditions to be evaluated. With this approach, it was possible to compare the relative amounts of Si in the films, determined by SIMS and XPS, with the mass gains measured for different pulsing sequences with the QCM. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical and Swelling Properties of Spray‐Dried Powders made from Starch and Poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Jansson Agneta , Järnström Lars , Rättö Peter , Thuvander Fredrik 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate whether starch and poly(vinyl alcohol) could be compatible in a powder for coating. Free films of a mixture of the polymers were produced by casting and investigated with respect to their mechanical properties and moisture uptake. The moisture uptake was substantially higher when glycerol was added and the glycerol‐containing films had a lower failure stress under tension than the corresponding glycerol‐free films. At glycerol levels of 20 wt% or above, the glycerol content resulted in a high strain to failure. Dry powders with and without glycerol were made from the starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions by spray drying. The powders were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), to determine the degree of physical ageing or crystallinity. All powders showed a broad peak indicative of the melting of crystals at 100–150°C in the first scan, but this peak disappeared almost completely after rapid cooling. The glycerol‐free powder showed a small endothermic peak at about 45°C, indicating physical ageing of the powders during storage. Suspensions of the powders in a liquid plasticiser (glycerol or poly(ethylene glycol)) showed a sharp increase in storage modulus at a certain temperature, indicating the onset of swelling. The observed swelling meant that some of the powders are good candidates for plastisol coatings.
Morphology and Microstructure of Maize Starches with Different Amylose/Amylopectin Content
Authors: Chen Pei , Yu Long , Chen Ling , Li Xiaoxi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe morphology and microstructure of maize starches with different amylose/amylopectin ratios (waxy: 0/100; normal maize: 23/77; Gelose 50: 50/50; Gelose 80: 80/20) were studied by microscopy with ordinary and polarized light, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Generally, the granules of the amylopectin‐rich starches were more regular in shape than those of the amylose‐rich starches, but the surfaces of the amylose‐rich starches were smoother than those of the amylopectin‐rich starches. The birefringence and particle size of the granules were waxy > normal maize > G50 > G80, which also corresponds with the trend of molecular weight. Waxy and normal maize starches showed typical A‐type patterns, while G50 and G80 show B‐type patterns. Crystallinity increases with increasing the amylopectin content.
Peculiarities of Starch Cationization with Glycidyltrimethylammonium Chloride
Authors: Bendoraitiene Joana , Kavaliauskaite Rasa , Klimaviciute Rima , Zemaitaitis Algirdas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCationic starch derivatives containing quaternary ammonium groups with high degree of substitution are prepared by reaction of starch with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTAC) in different reaction media. In aqueous solutions of GTAC along with conventional hydrolysis of epoxy groups, their interaction with chloride ions also takes place. This resulted in formation of hydroxyl ions which accelerate both the hydrolysis of GTAC epoxy groups and can act as the internal catalyst in the reaction of GTAC with starch. Therefore, even in the absence of the external catalyst, cationic starch with a high degree of substitution can be obtained. The autocatalytic reaction of GTAC with starch proceeds more rapidly at higher temperatures but with lower reaction efficiency. Both in the absence of the external catalyst and in the case when sodium alkali is used as a catalyst the reaction of starch with GTAC proceeds only when a particular quantity of “free” water is present in the system. When the NaOH as catalyst is used the reaction efficiency is about 90%. The yield of starch cationization reaction decreases when the quantity of “free” water is twice or thrice higher than required for starch modification to begin.
Inline‐Analyse hoher Präzision an photovoltaischen Schichtsystemen mittels RFA
Authors: Piltz Joachim 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFür die effektive Kontrolle von Beschichtungsprozessen ist es erforderlich, online die aktuelle Schichtdicke und Stöchiometrie zu ermitteln. Neue Baugruppen für die energiedispersive Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse erlauben Messungen an Einzel‐, Mehrfach‐ oder Legierungsschichten im Dickenbereich von 20nm bis 50μm auf unterschiedlichen Substraten (Metalle, Kunststoffe). Es ist notwendig, eine optimale Stahltrassierung zu entwerfen. Erreicht man einen maximalen Messeffekt, kann der statistische Fehler für kurze Messperioden minimiert werden. Die Beachtung der realen Bedingungen eines Beschichtungsprozesses sind wichtig, um die Messparameter über die gesamte Lebensdauer zu garantieren. Ein spezielles Schutzsystem für jede Messeinrichtung muss aufgebaut werden.Einige Regeln für die Konstruktion und für die Software solcher Systeme werden diskutiert. Ein Messsystem wird vorgestellt.
Effects of various dietary animal and vegetable proteins on serum and biliary lipids and on gallstone formation in the hamster
Authors: Sullivan Mary Anne , Duffy Anne , Dimarco Nancy , Liepa George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of various dietary animal (casein, bovine albumin and egg albumin) and vegetable (soy, cottonseed and peanut) proteins on serum and biliary constitutents and gallstone formation in the hamster. Eighty‐four hamsters (60±5g) were assigned to either a control group (Purina rat chow) or to one of the 6 experimental groups. Experimental diets contained 20.0% protein. With the exception of hamsters fed egg albumin, gallstone incidence was greater among hamsters fed animal proteins. Hamsters fed egg albumin exhibited a lower concentration of total serum cholesterol and HDL‐cholesterol than most of the other experimental groups. There were no significant differences between experimental groups for either HDL3‐cholesterol concentration or VLDL‐LDL‐cholesterol concentration. Bile acid concentrations within the vegetable protein‐fed groups were significantly higher than within the animal protein‐fed groups. Casein‐ and bovine albumin‐fed hamsters showed a significantly higher percentage of biliary cholesterol in the bile fluid. As the percentage of biliary cholesterol increased, the percentage of bile acids was found to decrease.
Phospholipid composition of guinea pig lung lavage
Authors: Khan Arshad Q. , Sikpi Matthew O. , Das Salil K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhospholipids from guinea pig lung lavage were analyzed. The total lavage phospholipid content was 2.65+0.67 mg, per gram of lung, which accounted for 85% of the total lipids in lung wash. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) accounted for over 60% of the total phospholipids. The other phospholipids factions, in order of pedominance, were phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), sphingomyelin (SPH), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and lysophosphatidyl‐choline (LPC). Disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) comprised 80% of the total PC, and it contained ostly palmitic acid. The DSPC content of the lung lavage fluid per square meter of alveolar surface area was 5.76±0.42 mg.
Effects of high fat diets on the activity of palmitoyl‐CoA hydrolase in rat liver
Authors: Berge Rolf K. , Thomassen Magny S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPalmitoyl‐CoA hydrolase [EC 3.1.2.2.] activity in rat liver was found to be enhanced by high fat diets. Partially hydrogenated marine oil and high‐erucic acid rapeseed oil diets produced a greater increase than a diet containing soybean oil.With diets containing from 5 to 30% (w/w) of partially hydrogenated marine oil the increase in palmitoyl‐CoA hydrolase activity was similar to the increase observed in peroxisomal β‐oxidation activity (correlation coefficient r=0.94). A positive correlation (r=0.86) also was observed between the activity of palmitoyl‐CoA hydrolase and previously determined levels of long‐chain acyl‐CoA.The results presented may suggest a common “induction” mechanism for palmitoyl‐CoA hydrolase and peroxisomal β‐oxidation enzymes, possibly exerted through an increased cellular level of long‐chain acyl‐CoA.
Epicuticular waxes of maize as affected by the interaction of mutantgl8 withgl3, gl4 andgl15
Authors: Avato P. , Bianchi G. , Nayak A. , Salamini F. , Gentinetta E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChemical composition of epicuticular waxes from double mutants of maizegl2gl8, gl3gl8, gl4gl8 andgl15gl8 is compared to that of the wild type and of the single mutants. The wax composition was moderately affected in the double mutants studied. Meanwhile, free fatty acids became a normal class constituent of the waxes. The sites of action of the single mutants as deduced from previous studies are confirmed. The influence ofgl2, gl3 andgl4 on the terminal steps of the chain elongation process ingl2gl8, gl3gl8 andgl4gl8 genotypes is presented and discussed. The study ofgl3gl8 waxes also confirms that the mutantgl3 induces a metabolic defect defiitely different from those ofgl2 andgl4. The pattern of alkanes fromgl15gl8 is unusual, supporting the thesis thatgl15 controls mainly alkane synthesis. However, based on variations induced on wax composition, its manner of action is difficult to account for. Taken together, the available data on single and double mutants affecting wax synthesis in maize suggest that elongases might be heteromeric enzymes.
Dipyridamole inhibits lipid peroxidation and scavenges oxygen radicals
Authors: Iuliano L. , Violl F. , Ghiselli A. , Alessandri C. , Balsano F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDipyridamole incubatedin vitro in systems which peroxidize fatty acids inhibited arachidonic acid, gammalinolenic acid and linoleic acid peroxidation. In the xanthine‐xanthine‐oxidase system, which produces superoxide anion, dipyridamole inhibited the reduction of cytochrome‐C in a dose‐dependent fashion. In systems generating hydroxyl radicals, dipyridamole reduced deoxyribose degradation in a dose‐dependent manner. The study suggests that dipyridamole inhibits lipid peroxidation, probably by scavening oxygen free radicals.
Effect of dietary n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cholesterol synthesis and degradation in rats of different ages
Authors: Choi Young‐Soon , Goto Shoichiro , Ikeda Ikuo , Sugano Michihiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMale Sprague‐Dawley rats four weeks or eight months of age were fed purified diets containing 10% fat, either as a blend of safflower oil and palm olein (polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA, 34%), a blend of linseed oil and palm olein (PUFA, 33%) or sardine oil (PUFA, 33%) for four weeks. In other trials, sterol contents were made equivalent by supplementing cholesterol to a blend of corn oil and palm olein (PUFA, 30%) or phytosterol to sardine oil (PUFA, 30%). Fish oil was hypolipidemic in rats of different ages, but it tended to increase liver cholesterol in adult animals and this was not improved by the addition of phytosterol. The age‐dependent increase in liver cholesterol was not duplicated in rats fed a vegetable fat blend supplemented with cholesterol. At both ages, liver 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity was lower in the sardine oil than in the other groups. There were no significant age‐ or diet‐related differences in the activity of liver cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase. Fecal steroid excretion was comparable in age‐matched rats fed diets supplemented either with cholesterol or phystosterol. Sardine oil reduced the Δ6‐desaturase activity markedly as compared with linseed oil, and age‐dependent reduction of the desaturase activity was observed in all dietary groups examined. Thus, the results showed a specific effect of fish oil on lipid metabolism.
Effect of alcohols on the oxidation of the vitamin E model compound, 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol
Authors: Suarna C. , Southwell‐Keely P. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe vitamin E model compound, 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol, has been oxidized witht‐butyl hydroperoxide in chloroform in order to simulate in vivo oxidations due to lipid hydroperoxides. In the presence of a variety of alcohols, ranging from methanol to cholesterol, the corresponding 5‐alkoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanols were formed in fair to good yield and were the major products in each reaction.
Biosynthesis of [14C]arachidonic acid from [14C]linoleate in primary cultures of rat Sertoli cells
Authors: Coniglio J. G. , Sharp J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe conversion of [14C]linoleate to [14C]arachidonate by rat Sertoli cells was established by use of primary cultures. Most of the14C from [1‐14C]linoleate was located in C‐3 of the synthesized arachidonate, indicating that the labeled tetraene had originated largely by elongation and desaturation of the intact labeled substrate rather than by mere addition of14C‐acetate generated by bio‐oxidation of the radioactive substrate to an already existing 18‐carbon precursor. Although a relatively small amount of14C was present in 18∶3ω6 and a relatively large amount of14C was present in 20∶2, it was not possible from these data to establish the relative importance of 20∶2 in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid in rat Sertoli cells.
Neutral lipid transfer protein does not regulate α‐tocopherol transfer between human plasma lipoproteins
Authors: Granot Esther , Tamir Israel , Deckelbaum Richard J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVitamin E has no known plasma carrier protein and is transported by plasma lipoproteins. The site of association of vitamin E in the lipoprotein particle and the mode of transfer of vitamin E between plasma lipoproteins have not been ascertained. Since neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol esters) exchange between plasma lipoproteins by processes mediated by neutral lipid transfer protein, we questioned that if vitamin E, a hydrophobic molecule, is carried in the core of the lipoprotein particle then its transfer between plasma lipoproteins may be mediated by neutral lipid transfer protein. Transfer of D‐α(5‐methyl‐3H)tocopherol from in vitro‐labeled human plasma lipoprotein fractions to other plasma lipoproteins was measured under incubation conditions that were designed to yield markedly differing degrees of neutral lipid exchange. Despite the presence of the d>1.21 g/ml lipoprotein‐poor plasma fraction or purified lipid transfer protein that resulted in up to a 10‐fold increase in neutral lipid transfer, vitamin E transfer between very low density lipoproteins, low density and high density lipoproteins remained constant. Even excess amounts of lipid transfer protein, which caused triglyceride transfer between very low density and high density lipoproteins to reach saturation, failed to affect significantly vitamin E transfer. Vitamin E distribution between lipoprotein fractions did correlate with lipoprotein mass ratios. Vitamin E transfer was higher as the protein ratio of acceptor lipoproteins to donor lipoproteins increased. We conclude that vitamin E transfer between lipoproteins is not dependent primarily on neutral lipid transfer protein and is not mediated via neutral lipid transfer.
Genetic variations in serum lipid levels of inbred mice and response to hypercholesterolemic diet
Authors: Aubert Roberte , Perdereau Dominique , Roubiscoul Micheline , Herzog Jeannine , Lemonnier Daniel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe serum lipid contents of a number of inbred and congenic strains of mice were measured. There were interstrain variations in each of the lipid fractions in mice fed a normal diet. Male and female C3H mice had the highest total cholesterol level; AKR mice showed the lowest values. Serum phospholipids were correlated well with cholesterolemia. The greatest variations between strains were in the triglyceride levels. There also was significant variation in the high density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels (from 73–88% of the total cholesterol). The response to a hypercholesterolemic diet (1% cholesterol) was tested in seven inbred strains. All strains showed changes in serum cholesterol and in the proportions of the lipoproteins fractions. There was a large increase in the low density lipoprotein+very low density lipoprotein fractions. Feeding the diet revealed marked interstrain differences in the responses of the serum cholesterol and electrophoretic lipoprotein profiles. The C57BL/6 and B10.D2 strains were hyperresponders to the hypercholesterolemic diet with 71% and 63% of their serum cholesterol in the low density lipoprotein plus very low density lipoprotein fractions, respectively.
Effects of cholesterol feeding to maternal rats on metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids in the dams and their offspring
Authors: Ayaki Yoshikazu , Endo Sachiko , Ogura Yoshio , Ogura Michio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of feeding cholesterol to rats during pregnancy and postpartum (from the 11th day of gestation to the third day after delivery) on the serum and hepatic cholesterol levels and on the bile acid composition in the pool and in the liver in relationship to the dams and their pups was examined. The hepatic content of cholesterol in both dam and offspring increased during cholesterol feeding without any changes in serum cholesterol level. In the dams, mainly the esterified cholesterol was increased; in the pups, mainly the free cholesterol was increased. Cholesterol feeding led to a pronounced increase in the pool of β‐muricholic acid and a relative decrease in the lithocholic acid concentration in pregnant rats. In fetal rats, the chenodeoxycholic acid pool was increased by cholesterol intake. The lithocholic acid pool was larger in the postpartum rats fed cholesterol than in the controls, while the concentration of α‐ and β‐muricholic acids was decreased. The neonates of cholesterol‐fed dams had a larger pool of chenodeoxycholic acid but a smaller pool of β‐muricholic acid. These results suggest that the metabolism of cholesterol and of bile acids in dams and their offspring respond differently to cholesterol intake.
Dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by bile acids in the prairie dog
Authors: Cohen Bertram I. , Mosbach Erwin H. , Kuroki Syoji , McSherry Charles K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid on gallstone dissolution was studied in the prairie dog. Cholesterol gallstones were found in all animals after feeding a semipurified diet plus 1.2% cholesterol for six wk. Gallstone regression was examined by feeding a chow diet containing the bile acids (chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid or hyodeoxycholic acid) alone (30 mg/kg/day) or in combination (chenodeoxycholic acid plus ursodeoxycholic acid) for an additional six wk. Chenodeoxycholic acid was effective in dissolving established cholesterol gallstones (two out of 16 animals still had stones) and cholesterol crystals (six out of 16 animals had crystals); the hydrophilic bile acids, ursodeoxycholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid, were ineffective in the six‐wk regression study. The lithogenic indices averaged 1.09 at the end of the induction period: all biles became unsaturated with respect to cholesterol after the six‐wk regression period (group 1, 0.82; group 2, 0.66; group 3, 0.81; group 4,0.84; group 5, 0.66). Cholesterol levels in liver, plasma and bile were elevated after the six‐wk induction phase (4.59 mg/g, 610 mg/dl and 0.36 mg/ml, respectively) but returned to near normal levels after the six‐wk regression period. Biliary bile acids contained increased levels of the dietary bile acid administered to each group. This experiment shows that relatively hydrophobic bile acids may be more effective than hydrophilic bile acids for gallstone dissolution during the period studied.