bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheological effect of gum addition to hot pepper–soybean pastes
Authors: Choi Su‐Jin , Yoo Byoungseung 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe effect of four different gums [carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC), guar gum, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and tara gum] at 0.5% concentration on rheological properties of fermented hot pepper–soybean paste (HPSP) was evaluated in steady and dynamic shear. HPSP–gum mixture samples at 25 °C are highly shear thinning fluids with high yield stresses. All gums increased the consistency index (K) and apparent viscosity (ηa,100) of HPSP. Apparent viscosity of all samples obeyed the Arrhenius temperature relationship. Dynamic moduli (G′, G′′ and η*) values of HPSP–gum mixtures were higher than those of HPSP with no added gum over most of the frequency range. Dynamic moduli, K and ηa,100 values were increased in the presence of gums, and increased in the following order: control < CMC < guar gum < tara gum < HPMC. The Cox–Merz rule did not describe the relationship between dynamic (η*) and steady shear viscosities (ηa) for all samples.
Effects of steeping conditions on wet‐milling attributes of amaranth
Authors: Calzetta Resio Andrea Nilda , Tolaba Marcela Patricia , Suárez Constantino 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe effect of temperature and SO2 concentration on fraction yields (starch, gluten and fibre yields) and protein content of starch during wet milling were investigated using response surface method. Soaking time was adequate to accomplish saturation of the grain. A 32 factorial design including triplicate of central point was performed. The starch and fibre yields decreased with temperature. The effect of SO2 on fraction yields was significant; for gluten, the effect was dependent on the level of temperature. The predicted optimum conditions required to maximise starch and gluten yields together with the minimisation of protein content in starch fraction included steeping at 53.9 °C (1.6 h) with 0.041 w/v% of SO2 concentration. The predicted starch and gluten yields were 45.0% ± 1.35% and 17.5% ± 0.80%, respectively. The predicted protein content for starch fraction was 0.60% ± 0.015%. These predicted values were satisfactorily checked by an experiment at optimal soaking conditions.
Crossing the barrier: oxysterols as cholesterol transporters and metabolic modulators in the brain
Authors: BJÖRKHEM I. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract.A normal brain function requires constant levels of cholesterol, and the need for constancy seems to be higher here than in any other organ. Nature has met this need by isolation of brain cholesterol by a highly efficient blood–brain barrier. As a low synthesis of cholesterol is present in the brain, a mechanism for compensatory elimination is required. A decade ago we made the unexpected finding that the favoured mechanism for this involves conversion into 24S‐hydroxycholesterol, followed by diffusion over the blood–brain barrier. Recent studies by us and others on this new pathway have given new insights into the mechanisms by which cholesterol homeostasis is maintained in the brain. We recently demonstrated a flux of another oxygenated product of cholesterol, 27‐hydroxycholesterol, in the opposite direction. The latter flux may be important for neurodegeneration, and may be the link between hypercholesterolaemia and Alzheimer's disease. An overview of the above studies is presented and the possibility that the cholesterol 24S‐hydroxylase in the brain may be important for memory and learning and that it may be a new drug target is discussed.
Pleistocene isolation and recent gene flow in Haliotis asinina, an Indo‐Pacific vetigastropod with limited dispersal capacity
Authors: IMRON  , JEFFREY BENARDINE , HALE PETER , DEGNAN BERNARD M. , DEGNAN SANDIE M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract Haliotis asinina is a broadcast‐spawning mollusc that inhabits Indo‐Pacific coral reefs. This tropical abalone develops through a nonfeeding larval stage that is competent to settle on specific species of coralline algae after 3–4 days in the plankton. Failure to contact an inductive algae within 10 days of hatching usually results in death. These life cycle characteristics suggest a limited capacity for dispersal and thus gene flow. This makes H. asinina particularly suitable for elucidating phylogeographical structure throughout the Indo‐Malay Archipelagoes, and eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans, all regions of biogeographical complexity and high conservation value. We assayed 482 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene in 206 abalone collected from 16 geographically discrete sites across the Indian and Pacific Oceans and Indo‐Malay Archipelagoes. DNA sequence variation was analysed via population genetics and phylogenetics, and by nested clade analyses (NCA). Our data resolved clear phylogeographical breaks among major biogeographical regions, with sequence divergences ranging from a high of 3.7% and 3.0% between Indian and Pacific sites and Pacific and Indo‐Malay sites, respectively, to a low of 1.1% between Indian and Indo‐Malay sites. Despite the apparent limited dispersal capacity of H. asinina, no finer scale phylogeographical structure was resolved within the respective biogeographical regions. However, amova and NCA identified several significant associations between haplotypes and geographical distribution, most notably higher gene flow among geographical populations associated with major ocean currents. Our study provides further evidence that larval dispersal capacity alone is not a good predictor of population genetic structure in marine invertebrates. We infer instead that a combination of historical events (long–term barriers followed by range expansion associated with Pleistocene sea level changes) and contemporary processes (gene flow restricted by life history and oceanography) have shaped observed patterns of H. asinina phylogeography.
Incubation time required for neonatal blood cultures to become positive
Authors: Jardine Luke , Davies Mark W , Faoagali Joan 
Published: November 2006

Aim:  We aimed to determine the laboratory detection time of bacteraemia in neonatal blood cultures, and whether this differed by: organism; samples deemed to represent true bacteraemia versus contaminants; and blood cultures collected from an infant <48 h of age (early) or ≥48 h of age (late).Methods:  A retrospective audit of all positive blood cultures collected from neonates in the Grantley Stable Neonatal Unit, Royal Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2004 was undertaken. The bacteraemia detection method used was the BacTAlert system with Peds bottles.Results:  Two hundred and three positive blood cultures were included in the analysis. One hundred and sixteen (57%) were deemed septicaemia, 87 (43%) were deemed contaminants. The median (interquartile range) time to positivity for positive blood cultures deemed septicaemia and contaminants were 15.9 (11.6, 22.2) and 30.2 (20.4, 43.9) h, respectively. Fifty‐six (28%) positive blood cultures were collected when infants were <48 h of age and 147 (72%) were collected in infants ≥48 h of age. Post hoc analysis revealed that the time to positivity for early septicaemia was 13.7 (11, 16.7) h; early contaminant was 25.2 (19.2, 33.8) h; late septicaemia was 17.2 (12.2, 23.4) h; and late contaminant was 37.9 (21.7, 51.2) h. The time to positivity for: Group B streptococcus was 9.3 (8.2, 11.0) h; Escherichia coli was 11.3 (10.0, 13.5) h; and coagulase‐negative staphylococci was 28.9 (20.5, 41.2) h.Conclusion:  The incubation time for positive blood cultures significantly differs by organism type and whether they are considered early or late septicaemia versus contaminants. We recommend that: infants who are <48 h of age at the time of blood culture collection, who remain clinically well and have negative cultures 36 h after the initial collection can safely have their antibiotic treatment ceased; infants who are ≥48 h of age at the time of collection should continue antibiotic treatment for at least 48 h before cessation is considered.
Outcome after complete percutaneous removal of infected pacemaker systems and implantable cardiac defibrillators
Authors: Post J. J. , Alexopoulos C. , Fewtrell C. , Giles R. , Jones P. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mortality of retained, infected pacemaker systems is high. We assessed the safety and rate of relapse of infection after complete percutaneous removal of leads of infected pacemaker systems. None of the 40 subjects experienced procedure‐related mortality and there were no cases of relapse after a median duration of follow up of 8 years (range, 3 months to 12 years). Procedure‐related complications and other adverse events during therapy are reported. Percutaneous removal of infected pacemakers in conjunction with appropriate antibiotic therapy is safe and effective.
The Dominance Effect? Multinational Corporations in the Italian Quick‐Food Service Sector
Authors: Royle Tony 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper is based on a study of the employment practices of one Italian‐owned multinational corporation (MNC) and one US‐owned MNC in the Italian quick‐food service sector and examines such issues as work organization, unionization, employee representation and pay and conditions. The paper focuses on the concept of ‘dominance’ and the related convergence and divergence theses. The findings suggest that dominance can not only be interpreted as a mode of employment or production emanating from one country, but could also be associated with one dominant MNC in one sector. Consequently, it is argued that while the effect of host and home country influences may be significant factors in cross‐border employment relations practices, more attention needs to be paid to organizational contingencies and the sectoral characteristics within which firms operate.
Aid, Agriculture and Poverty in Developing Countries
Authors: Mosley Paul , Suleiman Abrar 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe authors make two contributions to the debate on aid‐effectiveness, illustrating that for impact on poverty what matters is not just the level but also the composition and stability of aid. One specific implication of this for aid policy is that aid most effectively reduces poverty if it supports public (and other) expenditures which are supportive of agricultural development. Regression analysis confirms that these are not only direct expenditure on agriculture, but also on education and infrastructure, and military expenditure has a negative impact. Three factors appear to be particularly conducive to the development of stable pro‐poor expenditure patterns (and in particular pro‐agriculture expenditure patterns). These are expenditure strategies which protect the poor against risk, the development of stable relations between governments and aid donors, and long‐term political commitment to pro‐poor strategies by government. The argument is pursued partly by panel‐data econometric analysis of developing countries as a whole, and partly by case studies of sustained and non‐sustained green revolutions in heavily aid‐dependent countries in Africa.
Genes mediate the association between P3 amplitude and externalizing disorders
Authors: Hicks Brian M. , Bernat Edward , Malone Steven M. , Iacono William G. , Patrick Christopher J. , Krueger Robert F. , McGue Matt 
Published: November 2006

AbstractReduced P3 amplitude has been consistently linked to a spectrum of externalizing disorders. Utilizing data from a large sample of adolescent male twins (N=1196), we used biometric modeling to assess the genetic and environmental contributions to the association between reduced P3 amplitude and a general vulnerability to externalizing disorders. Externalizing vulnerability was indexed by a composite of symptoms of conduct disorder, adult antisocial behavior, and alcohol, nicotine, and drug dependence. The sample included two independent age cohorts, providing an internal replication of the findings. For the best‐fitting model, genetic influences alone accounted for the association between P3 amplitude and externalizing disorders, with an estimated genetic correlation of rg=−.22. Results replicated across the two age cohorts and demonstrate that reduced P3 amplitude is a marker of the biological vulnerability to externalizing disorders.
Nicotine partially protects against paraquat‐induced nigrostriatal damage in mice; link to α6β2* nAChRs
Authors: Khwaja Mirium , McCormack Alison , McIntosh J. Michael , Di Monte Donato A. , Quik Maryka 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEpidemiological studies indicate that smoking is a negative, and exposure to pesticides, a positive risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to assess the interplay between these two factors in a rodent model of nigrostriatal damage. To approach this, mice were administered nicotine, the agent in smoke implicated in neuroprotection. They were then treated for 3 weeks with the pesticide, paraquat, while nicotine was continued. Paraquat treatment decreased (25%) nigral dopaminergic neurons, consistent with previous results. Chronic nicotine administration significantly protected against nigral cell damage, with only a 16% decline in mice treated with both nicotine and paraquat. Paraquat treatment also decreased (14%) the striatal dopamine transporter, an effect that was partially prevented by nicotine. These changes in the striatal dopamine transporter paralleled those in a select striatal α6β2* nicotinic receptor (nAChR) subtype. In contrast, striatal α4β2* nAChRs were not decreased with paraquat treatment, suggesting they are on a differential subset of dopaminergic terminals. The results show that nicotine treatment partially protects against paraquat‐induced declines in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons to which a select population of α6β2* nAChRs are localized. Moreover, these data support epidemiological findings that environmental influences can elicit opposing effects on nigrostriatal dopaminergic integrity.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA loci from the golden cuttlefish, Sepia esculenta Hoyle (Cephalopoda)
Authors: ZHENG XIAODONG , IKEDA MINORU , BARINOVA ANNA , TANIGUCHI NOBUHIKO 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe first microsatellite markers were isolated from the golden cuttlefish, Sepia esculenta Hoyle. Eleven primer sets were designed to amplify the marker sequences via polymerase chain reaction. The 45–50 individuals from one wild population in the coastal waters of Ehime Prefecture, Japan were used to screen polymorphism in the 11 microsatellite loci. All the microsatellite loci were polymorphic, with the range of alleles from seven to 27 per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.380 to 0.980 and from 0.654 to 0.940, respectively. These marker loci except for one locus showing significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium will be useful for the assessment of genetic variation and population structure of this species.
Isolation, characterization and cross‐species amplification of microsatellite loci in the cycad genus Dioon (Zamiaceae). Potential utilization in population genetics studies of Dioon edule
Authors: MOYNIHAN JEREMY , MEEROW ALAN W. , FRANCISCO‐ORTEGA JAVIER 
Published: November 2006

Abstract Dioon edule (Zamiaceae) is an endemic Mexican cycad. Nineteen microsatellite loci were isolated from three enriched genomic libraries of D. edule var. angustifolium, D. tomasellii, and D. caputoi. Seven of these loci showed polymorphisms in D. edule. Levels of polymorphism were assessed using 16 individuals from each of seven populations throughout the range of this species. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to five and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.0 to 0.9821 and from 0.0088 to 0.6318, respectively. All loci show significant linkage disequilibrium. Three loci depart significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.
Characterization of microsatellite markers in the interspecific hybrid Phytophthora alni ssp. alni, and cross‐amplification with related taxa
Authors: IOOS RENAUD , BARRÈS BENOÎT , ANDRIEUX AXELLE , FREY PASCAL 
Published: November 2006

Abstract Phytophthora alni ssp. alni is an interspecific hybrid oomycete causing a large‐scale decay of alders throughout Europe. In this study we developed a set of 10 microsatellite markers that shows promise for population studies and for studying hybridization events between the parental species of the hybrid. Moreover, the genotype and the ploidy of the different subspecies of P. alni might be inferred from the quantitative ratio of amplified genome‐specific alleles. Nine primer pairs cross amplified with the related species Phytophthora cambivora and Phytophthora fragariae and yielded distinct alleles.
Characterization of 17 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Anise swallowtail,Papilio zelicaon(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), and their amplification in related species
Authors: ZAKHAROV EVGUENI V. , HELLMANN JESSICA J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFifteen polymorphic dinucleotide and two trinucleotide microsatellite loci were identified in the Anise swallowtail,Papilio zelicaon, from DNA genomic libraries enriched for simple sequence repeats. Allele numbers varied from eight to 29, with an excess of homozygotes observed for nine loci. This homozygosity is a feature of other lepidopteran microsatellites and is probably due to null alleles. Sixteen markers were amplified successfully in other representatives ofPapiliowith 11 loci retaining polymorphism in at least one species. These results suggest that the microsatellites reported here may be appropriate for measuring population genetic structure in a number ofPapiliospecies.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the caddisfly Drusus discolor (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)
Authors: PAULS STEFFEN U. , FELDHEIM KEVIN A. , HAASE PETER 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe describe the development of and amplification conditions for microsatellite primers isolated from the caddisfly Drusus discolor. Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and screened for variability using 37 individuals from two populations from central Europe. The primers yielded an average of 8.6 alleles per loci. No linkage disequilibrium between loci was detected, while three loci showed deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in one of the two tested populations.
Characterization of 12 microsatellite primer pairs for the African grey parrot,Psittacus erithacusand their conservation across the Psittaciformes
Authors: TAYLOR TIAWANNA D. , PARKIN DAVID T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study describes 12 microsatellite loci identified in the African grey parrotPsittacus erithacus. Eleven were polymorphic, with observed heterozygosities 42–94% (average 68) and exclusion powers ofPE1 = 0.996 andPE2 = 0.999. Microsatellites have previously been developed for a number of other parrots but showed limited cross‐species polymorphism. Here high levels of cross‐species amplification were observed: 71% of 32 Psittacines (22 genera). At least seven loci, 58%, were polymorphic in other African parrots as well as Neotropical and Australasian parrots, which diverged from the African parrots c30.6 and over 41.4 million years ago, respectively.
salmonnb: a program for computing cohort‐specific effective population sizes (Nb) in Pacific salmon and other semelparous species using the temporal method
Authors: WAPLES ROBIN S. , MASUDA MICHELE , PELLA JEROME 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe describe a new method and a computer program salmonnb to calculate the effective number of breeders (Nb) per year in semelparous species with variable age at maturity. The existing temporal method for the ‘salmon’ life history produces an estimate of the harmonic mean Nb in the two sampled years. salmonnb reads genotypic data in standard formats and computes yearly Nb values by combining information from pairwise comparisons of samples taken in 3 or more years. Simulations show that the new method produces unbiased estimates of yearly Nb, and precision is inversely proportional to true effective size.
Eight PCR primers to amplify EST‐linked microsatellites in the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica genome
Authors: CARLSSON JENS , REECE KIMBERLY S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐four microsatellite repeat sequences were identified by screening a total of 4446 eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, expressed sequence tags. Polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to amplify 12 of these loci. After optimizing reaction parameters, eight loci showed high variability with consistent amplification that could be scored unambiguously. Ninety two C. virginica from the James River, VA, were genotyped at these loci. Number of alleles per locus ranged from 11 to 53, expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.69 to 0.97, and from 0.30 to 0.99, respectively. Discrepancies between expected and observed heterozygosities were common and likely caused by null alleles.
Microsatellite‐enriched genomic libraries as a source of polymorphic loci for Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: RODRIGUES N. B. , SILVA M. R. , PUCCI M. M. , MINCHELLA D. J. , SORENSEN R. , LOVERDE P. T. , ROMANHA A. J. , OLIVEIRA G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMicrosatellite markers for Schistosoma mansoni were developed using four genomic microsatellite‐enriched libraries. Microsatellites were observed in 65.4% of all sequences. Primer pairs were designed and tested for 23 loci. Eighteen loci produced amplification products, out of which 11 were polymorphic and were further characterized on 100 individuals of S. mansoni. Two to 19 alleles per locus were detected. The average values of expected and observed heterozygosities among the 11 loci were 0.79 and 0.59, respectively.
Microsatellite loci for distinguishing spotted owls (Strix occidentalis), barred owls (Strix varia), and their hybrids
Authors: FUNK W. CHRIS , MULLINS THOMAS D. , FORSMAN ERIC D. , HAIG SUSAN M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe identified four diagnostic microsatellite loci that distinguish spotted owls (Strix occidentalis), barred owls (Strix varia), F1 hybrids and backcrosses. Thirty‐four out of 52 loci tested (65.4%) successfully amplified, and four of these loci (11.8%) had allele sizes that did not overlap between spotted and barred owls. The probability of correctly identifying a backcross with these four loci is 0.875. Genotyping potential hybrid owls with these markers revealed that field identifications were often wrong. Given the difficulty of identifying hybrids in the field, these markers will be useful for hybrid identification, law enforcement and spotted owl conservation.
A set of EST‐SSRs isolated from peach fruit transcriptome and their transportability across Prunus species
Authors: VENDRAMIN E. , DETTORI M. T. , GIOVINAZZI J. , MICALI S. , QUARTA R. , VERDE I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐one expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (EST–SSR) markers were developed in peach from a mesocarp cDNA library. Eighteen of them gave successful amplification in 22 peach genotypes and produced one to three alleles each with an average of 1.8 alleles per locus. The average value of expected and observed heterozygosities was 0.24 and 0.20, respectively. All the primers gave successful amplification in other six Prunus species (almond, apricot, sweet cherry, Japanese plum, European plum and Prunus ferganensis).
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers from fireweed, Senecio madagascariensis Poir. (Asteraceae)
Authors: LE ROUX JOHANNES J. , WIECZOREK ANIA M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from invasive fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) populations in the Hawaiian archipelago. These loci provided markers with polymorphism of six to 24 alleles per locus within 96 individuals collected from two populations from the island of Maui. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.31 to 0.91 and from 0.056 to 1. These markers should be useful to study the importance of genetic diversity in invasion success of this species.