bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amygdala dysfunction in narcolepsy‐cataplexy
Authors: KHATAMI RAMIN , BIRKMANN STEFFEN , BASSETTI CLAUDIO L. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe blink reflex of acoustic startle reflex (ASR) is modulated by emotions and a loss of physiological aversive ASR potentiation is reported in humans following amygdala lesions. Patients with narcolepsy‐cataplexy (NC) were found to have normal ASR, but they failed to exhibit startle potentiation during unpleasant stimuli. This absence of aversive ASR potentiation gives support to the hypothesis of an amygdala dysfunction in human NC.
The effect of short‐term withdrawal from continuous positive airway pressure therapy on sympathetic activity and markers of vascular inflammation in subjects with obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: PHILLIPS CRAIG L. , YANG QIAO , WILLIAMS ANDREW , ROTH MICHAEL , YEE BRENDON J. , HEDNER JAN A. , BEREND NORBERT , GRUNSTEIN RONALD R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is commonly associated with cardiovascular disease and sympathetic activation. However, it is unclear whether this association is independent of obesity and to what extent treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) alleviates the vascular inflammation that underpins cardiovascular disease. We therefore evaluated whether short‐term withdrawal from CPAP therapy in subjects with moderate–severe OSA would result in increased levels of sympathetic activity and circulating inflammatory cytokines independent of weight. Vascular inflammatory markers (hsCRP, hsIL‐6 and hsTNF‐α) were assessed in 20 subjects after one and seven nights of withdrawal from CPAP together with the hypoxia‐responsive angiogenic marker VEGF and urinary catecholamines. Compared with baseline on CPAP, withdrawal from therapy resulted in an immediate return of OSA with an increase in RDI to 26.7 ± 5.2 and 39.0 ± 5.9 events per hour after one and seven nights without CPAP, respectively (both P < 0.0001). This was accompanied by a concomitant rise in daytime urinary noradrenaline (P < 0.0001) after seven nights CPAP withdrawal that was positively associated with the severity of hypoxaemia. In contrast, withdrawal from CPAP therapy was not accompanied by any change in measured cytokines or VEGF (all P > 0.1). In conclusion, 1 week of CPAP withdrawal was associated with a return of OSA and a marked increase in sympathetic activity without a concomitant elevation of vascular inflammatory markers.
Plasma Surfactant Protein D Levels and the Relation to Body Mass Index in a Chinese Population
Authors: Zhao X. M. , Wu Y. P. , Wei R. , Cai H. X. , Tornoe I. , Han J. J. , Wang Y. , De Groot P. G. , Holmskov U. , Xia Z. L. , Sorensen G. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSurfactant protein D (SP‐D) is a member of the collectin family and is an important component of the pulmonary innate host defence. The protein has a widespread distribution in the human body and is present in multiple epithelia, in endothelium and in blood. Various studies have looked at the relationship between serum SP‐D levels and pulmonary inflammatory diseases. The SP‐D distribution has been most thoroughly described in European populations and appears with a broad range of serum values highly influenced by genetic factors. In the present study, we investigated the plasma SP‐D distribution in a Chinese population from the Tai An region comprising 268 individuals. We found that (i) plasma SP‐D in the Chinese population was distributed with a median value of 380.2 ng/ml (324.9; 418.7) and a range from 79.4 to 3965.3 ng/ml, (ii) significantly higher plasma SP‐D in men than in women, and no significant effect of age, and (iii) a significant inverse association between serum SP‐D and body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.012). The data indicate that racial differences in SP‐D expression exist as the median plasma SP‐D in the Chinese population was approximately two times lower than the median serum SP‐D previously measured in a Danish population using the same immuno‐assay. The inverse association between serum SP‐D and BMI found in the Chinese population indicates that serum SP‐D is related to obesity in similar ways in Chinese and Danes.
Immunodeficiency and Autoimmunity in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: McLean‐Tooke A. , Spickett G. P. , Gennery A. R. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the commonest chromosome deletion syndrome. 22q11.2 deletion may result in variable clinical phenotypes which may differ even between patients with identical deletions. Abnormal pharyngeal arch development results in defects in the development of the parathyroid glands, thymus and conotruncal region of the heart. Defective thymic development is associated with impaired immune function. ‘Complete’ DiGeorge syndrome with total absence of the thymus and a severe T‐cell immunodeficiency accounts for <0.5% of patients. The majority of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndromes have ‘partial’ defects with impaired thymic development rather than complete absence with variable defects in T‐cell numbers. Immunodeficiency in these patients is not solely due to T‐cell deficiency and abnormalities of T‐cell clonality or impairment of proliferative responses may play a role. Humoral deficiencies including defects in the B‐cell compartment have also been identified in these patients. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome patients are at increased risk of a variety of autoimmune diseases. A number of immune defects may predispose to the development of autoimmunity in these patients including increased infection, impaired development of natural T‐regulatory cells and impaired thymic central tolerance.
Theories of Embodied Knowledge: New Directions for Cultural and Cognitive Sociology?
Authors: IGNATOW GABRIEL 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSociological propositions about the workings of cognition are rarely specified or tested, but are of central relevance to studies of culture, social judgment, and social movements. This paper draws out lessons of recent work from sociological theory, cognitive science, psychology, and neuroscience on the embodied nature of knowledge and thought, and develops implications of these lessons for cultural and cognitive sociology. Knowledge ought to be conceived of as fundamentally embodied, because sensory information is a fundamental component of experience as it is stored in long‐term memory, and because bodily responses and intuitions often precede reflexive or strategic thought. I argue that the challenge of embodied knowledge for cultural sociology is threefold: to develop cultural theories of motivation; to specify the ways in which the body structures discourses endogenously; and to specify how embodied motivations and embodied discourses interact.
Radical Interactionism: Going Beyond Mead*
Authors: ATHENS LONNIE 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTGeorge Herbert Mead argues that human society is comprised of six basic institutions—language, family, economics, religion, polity, and science. I do not believe that he can be criticized for making institutions the cornerstones of a society, but he can definitely be criticized for his explanation of how our basic institutions originate, how these institutions operate in society after their inception, and how they later change, modifying society in the process. The problem with Mead's explanation of these three critical matters is that he based them on his principle of “sociality” rather than on the principle of “domination.” If Mead's principle of sociality is replaced by the principle of domination and his notion of the “generalized other” is replaced by the notion of the “phantom community,” then most of these problems can be largely solved. Thus, in this paper, I will not only point out the key problems in Mead's theory of society, but I will also offer solutions to them based on the notions of domination and the “phantom community.” The end product is a “radical interactionism” that surpasses Mead's original interactionism in identifying the part that both domination and the composite “other” play in every known human society—big and small, and past and present.
Towards a Dynamic Model of the Psychological Contract
Authors: SCHALK RENÉ , ROE ROBERT E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a dynamic perspective in which the psychological contract is treated as a structured set of beliefs that are held by individual employees about the mutual obligations of the organization as employer and themselves as employees. This set of beliefs is assumed to produce a state of commitment to the organization in which the employee is willing to accept work roles and tasks offered by the organization, and to carry them out in accordance with certain standards. The dynamic model that is presented can help to explain why the commitment of employees remains relatively stable over time, and why it may suddenly decrease or increase under circumstances that are perceived as critical by the employee. The model assumes that the employee's evaluation of the organization's behavior changes over time, but that the structure of the psychological contract and the associated commitment change only when certain limits are overstepped. This perspective on changes in the psychological contract transforms the concept into a powerful construct that may lead to fruitful research on the dynamics of organization‐employee relationships. Implications for future research are discussed.
Understanding Procrastination
Authors: ANDREOU CHRISOULA 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTProcrastination is frustrating. Because the procrastinator's frustration is self‐imposed, procrastination can also be quite puzzling. I consider attempts at explaining, or explaining away, what appear to be genuine cases of procrastination. According to the position that I propose and defend, genuine procrastination exists and is supported by preference loops, which can be either stable or evanescent.
Elder‐Vass's Move and Giddens's Call
Authors: VARELA CHARLES 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDavid Elder‐Vass's “For Emergence: refining Archer's account of social structure,” is the latest of a number of papers which together constitute a family quarrel in the cognitive space After Postmodernism among realist social scientists. In the case under examination here in “Elder‐Vass's Move and Giddens's Call”, the concern is the structure and agency problem in the social sciences. The debate continuing in Elder‐Vass's paper represents the proponents of the resurrection of Durkheim's social realism under the auspices of Bhaskar's Transcendental Realism; the debate that continues here as a response to the Elder‐Vass paper, opposes the latter's attempt to advance the argument for social realism under the canopy of Harre's Immanental realism. The theme of this response is this: Elder‐Vass fails to realize the promise of reconciling social structural realism and social relational realism.
An in vitro model of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: oxidation of unconjugated bilirubin by cytochrome oxidase
Authors: Loftspring Matthew C. , Wurster William L. , Pyne‐Geithman Gail J. , Clark Joseph F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a stroke subtype with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Cerebral vasospasm can lead to ischemic injury or death and is a common complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, usually occurring 3–9 days afterwards. The cause of vasospasm is not known. Recently, there has been strong evidence that vasoactive oxidation products of bilirubin may be involved. Currently, the factors that lead to bilirubin oxidation are poorly characterized. In this study, we have designed an in vitro model of hemorrhagic stroke in order to investigate conditions that promote the oxidation of bilirubin to form vasoactive compounds. Using our model, we created a basic hematoma system of blood, CSF, and hemeoxygenase‐1. We manipulated this system in various ways, incubated it and determined the concentration of vasoactive bilirubin oxidation products that resulted. Conditions where cytochrome oxidase was stimulated caused an increase bilirubin oxidation products (292.6 ± 39.9 μmol/L respectively, vs. 79.3 ± 1.3 μmol/L for the basic reaction, p < 0.05), which was attenuated by cyanide. Our data suggest that bilirubin oxidation products may be produced by oxidation(s) requiring an oxygen‐utilizing enzyme like cytochrome oxidase.
COX‐2 oxidative metabolite of endocannabinoid 2‐AG enhances excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission and induces neurotoxicity
Authors: Sang Nan , Zhang Jian , Chen Chu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNeuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), an inducible enzyme converting arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins, is the key player in neuroinflammation. It has been long thought that the COX‐2‐mediated neuronal injury/degeneration is attributed to the increased production of AA‐derived prostaglandins. Recent studies show that endogenous cannabinoid 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) is a natural substrate for COX‐2, and it can be oxygenated by COX‐2 to form prostaglandin glyceryl esters. In this study, we demonstrate that prostaglandin E2glyceryl ester (PGE2‐G), a major COX‐2 oxidative metabolite of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol, enhanced hippocampal glutamatergic synaptic transmission indicated by the increased frequency of miniature excitatory post‐synaptic currents, and induced neuronal injury/death revealed by the terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining and caspase 3 activation. The actions of PGE2‐G are not mediated via a cannabinoid receptor 1, but mediated through ERK, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase, IP3, and NF‐κB signal transduction pathways. In addition, the PGE2‐G‐induced neurotoxicity is attenuated by blockade of the NMDA receptors. Our results suggest that the COX‐2 oxidative metabolism of endocannabinoids is an important mechanism contributing to the inflammation‐induced neurodegeneration.
Neonatal Seizures: Gaps Between the Laboratory and the Clinic
Authors: Lombroso Cesare T. 
Published: June 2007

Summary:  Seizures in neonates (NBs) remain the most frequent neurological problem in the nursery. Considerable debate about their consequences exists between data and deductions reached through animal experimentations and those obtained through clinical investigations. The main conflicting issues are whether seizures in NBs can plant the roots for epileptogenesis and cause long‐term deficits. The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate both laboratory and clinical results. Methods: Clinical data will be presented, including a 20‐year‐long cohort of NBs. This will be followed by the main seminal discoveries obtained in neonatal models. The phenomenon of transient or persistent dysmaturity following NB seizures will be discussed in relation to etiological factors. Results: The findings and deductions from animal models support the notions that epileptogenesis and cognitive deficits result from NB seizures. These conclusions contrast with clinical investigations maintaining that NB seizures, per se, are symptomatic markers of preexisting or of ongoing morbidities. The reasons for contrasting views will be discussed. Suggestions will be advanced for more animal models whose seizures are consistent with the etiologies and the phenotypes of human NB seizures.
SELBSTFINDUNG UND PARTNERFERNE*
Authors: Krusche Dietrich 
Published: June 2007

Die »Vereinigungen« wurden bisher vor allem auf die »Bedeutung« der dann verarbeiteten Fulle der Motive untersucht. Dabei wurde Literaturwissenschaft zuweilen in Tiefenpsychologie und anthropologische Spekulation abgedrängt; die Deutungsergebnisse enviesen sich als so schwer vermittelbar wie systematisierbar.Betrachtet man die beiden Texte unter dem Gesichtspunkt der binnenfiktionalen Kommunikationsverhältnisse, ergeben sich verhältnismäßig exakt beschreibbare Strukturen. Die Analyse dann der gestalterisch‐funktionalen Relation zwischen interfigureller Beziehungsstruktur einerseits und Binnenstruktur des zentralen Text‐subjekts andererseits ermöglicht Schlußfolgerungen hinsichtlich der dem Leser nahegelegten Problemerkenntnis und Bilanzierungsleistung.In beiden Erzahlungen wird eine »Vereinigung« von Geschlechtspartnern dargestellt, die nur in der Trennung der Liebenden möglich ist, sich vollziehend im Znneren der jeweiligen weiblichen Hauptfigur. Das, wodurch die Trennung bewirkt wird, ist eine Spaltung der erotisch‐geschlechtlichen Bedürfnisse der Heldin. So zeigen beide Erzählungen ausgeprägt polare Strukturen, und zwar sowohl auf der Ebene intrasubjektiver als auch auf der Ebene interfigureller Abläufe. In beiden Bereichen des Textgeschehens bilden jeweils zwei männliche Figuren (neben dem eigentlichen Geliebten, dem Primärpartner der Heldin, jeweils noch eine Komplementärfigur) die Pole der Anschaulichkeit: Im Hinblick auf die zentralen Textsubjekte Claudine bzw. Veronika sind der Ehemann Claudines und der »Ministerialrat« bzw. Johannes und Demeter nicht nur Geschlechtspartner, sondern zugleich Konkretisationen der antinomischen Elemente geschlechtlicher Selbsterfahrung. Wie der Ehemann Claudines bzw. Johanna für das Prinzip der individuierten Liebe stehen, so stehen ihre Komplementärfiguren für die unpersonliche, die »tierische« und damit »allgemeine« Liebe. Diese Doppelung der Funktion der männlichen Partnerfiguren hat, wirkästhetisch gesehen, eine entscheidende Bedeutung: In dem Maße, in dem das zwischenmenschliche Geschehen zurücktritt hinter den seelisch‐geistigen Implikationen der gespaltenen Liebesbediirfnisse der Heldin, kommt diesem die Funktion bloßer Veranschaulichung jener zu; während aber eine Lösung des Konflikts auf der Ebene der intersubjektiven Beziehungen gestalterisch gar nicht anvisiert wird, erscheint eine Harmonisierung des Seelenzustands des zentralen Textsubjekts als durchaus möglich; eine »unio mystica«, sich vollziehend im Seelengrund der Heldin, deutet sich an.Geschieht also die textliche Problemdefinition in der Dimension eines zwischenmenschlichen Konfliktfalls (eine Frau zwischen zwei ‐ in ihrer Verschiedenheit einander ergänzenden ‐ Männern), wird die Lösungsmöglichkeit in der Dimension subjektiver Innerlichkeit gespiegelt. Zu einem als sozial (kulturhistorisch) relevant aufgegriffenen Konfliktpotential wird dem Leser eine Bilanzierungsleistung nahegelegt, die sich als eine der »Virtualisierung durch Verinnerlichung« bestimmen läßt.
Volksmärchen und individuelles Schöpfertum Stilanalyse eines Märchens von János Tombácz
Authors: Horn Katalin 
Published: June 2007

Bei den Stiluntersuchungen an Volksmärchen begegnet man heute zwei Problemen: erstens ist der Gegenstand der modernen Märchenforschung zum grössten Teil aus dem Leben verschwunden, zweitens stellt sich die Frage, ob die “Gattung Grimm” in der lebendigen Überlieferung überhaupt existiert hat. Vorliegender Aufsatz skizziert in seinem ersten Teil einige Probleme und Aufgaben der Märchenstilforschung. Im allgemeinen wird vor allem der Gattungsstil untersucht, meistens aufgrund von “Buchmärchen”. Die Erfahrungen der Persönlichkeitsforscher der Volks‐kunde widersprechen jedoch oft den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchungen. Auf der anderen Seite stellt sich die berechtigte Frage, ob die von den Feldforschern zuverlässig aufgezeichneten lebendigen Märchen, die dem “Buchmärchen” widersprechen, nicht schon Zerfallsprodukte der mündlichen Überlieferung sind.Da das Märchen die Literaturwissenschaft vor allem als Gattung interessiert, wird die stilistische Einzeluntersuchung vernachlässigt. Der zweite Teil'des Aufsatzes bringt die literarische Stilanalyse eines Märchens des hervorragenden ungarischen Erzählers J. Tombácz, dessen Stil mit dem “kanonisierten” Gattungsstil verglichen wird.
Critical Play: A Reading of Roland Barthes
Authors: Tavor Eve 
Published: June 2007

In his play‐texts, Barthes punctures the critical methods he uses even as he is using them. He hovers between meaning and silence, between coherent argument and absurdity, between conformity to bourgeois critical and ideological stereotypes and evasion of all conformity. “Jacob's Struggle with the Angel” and S/Z are adduced to show how the game works on the level of the Barthian text.For Barthes, the play‐text was a subversion of bourgeois criticism and culture; a supposedly 'neutral third term' which enabled him to speak without 'borrowing from the bourgeoisie,' and without giving the bourgeoisie any idea or form with which to subvert his subversion; an expression and resolution of the problem of post‐ Marxist intellectuals who could unmask bourgeois culture, yet find no alternative to it within bourgeois society.But the play‐text was also a re‐creation which enabled the critic to overcome his alienation from himself, from others and from 'dead' cultural materials. Fabricated by the writer out of extant cultural forms, the play‐text invites the reader to fabricate a meaning out of its discrete entities. Fabrication is not only a praxis which reappropriates cuItura1 forms; it was also an expression of what Barthes conceived to be man's anthropological essence: his ability to create meanings.
Tomorrow was Christmas: A Pragmatic Examination of The Logic of Literature
Authors: Clayborough Arthur 
Published: June 2007

Käte Hamburger's classic work Die Logik der Dichtung recognises in its overall perspective the pragmatic factors which distinguish literary from other texts. In its detailed arguments, however, there is a tendency to exaggerate the differences between ordinary language usage and uniquely literary features.The article examines some of these arguments. Among other things, it suggests a relationship between collocations of the “Tomorrow was Christmas” type, erlebte Rede, and Auerbach's “multipersonal representation of consciousness,” and considers the logic of Käte Hamburgers's view of the preterite in fiction.
Description and Event in Narrative
Authors: Klaus Peter 
Published: June 2007

Up to now theorists of the narrative have paid very little attention to description in narrative texts. They have made a practice of distinguishing within a text between narrative and descriptive passages, considering only the first as being of importance to the analysis of narrative. Owing to this, description has become one of the least elaborate topics within 'narratology'. This neglect is not one of the most felicitous effects of narratological analysis. For it can not be denied, I think, that the meaning of a text is transmitted to a great extent by description and that any part of a text, in order to convey meaning, must contain at least some description.In this paper I will outline what place the concept of description may hold within narratology. I will do this on the base of a definition of narrative description in which I will distinguish between four elements : narrator, focalisator, subject and predicate. To emphasize the importance of description for the analysis of narrative, I will try particularly to relate the concepts of event and description with each other. As the basic pattern of an event, I will consider the substitution of a subject‐predicate combination for an opposite subject‐predicate combination. I will conclude that description is a concept that one cannot afford to neglect during the analysis of narrative.