bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NEUTRALIZATION KINETIC ANALYSIS OF ECHOVIRUS 30 AND COXSACKIEVIRUS B4 STRAINS REVEALED LITTLE ANTIGENIC VARIATION AMONGST THE ECHOVIRUS STRAINS
Authors: Ash Patricia , Leong Wendy A , Kennett Marjerie L , Schnagl Roger D 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAn antigenic analysis was made of echovirus 30 and coxsackievirus B4 isolates by determining neutralization rate constants in neutralization kinetic tests. The seven echovirus 30 isolates included the prototype strain and six others isolated in Melbourne, Australia, between 1959 and 1982. Little antigenic heterogeneity was observed in contrast to the evidence of antigenic variation recorded in similar tests on seven coxsackievirus B4 isolates. These isolates also included the prototype strain, as well as six others isolated in Melbourne between 1958 and 1973. The results obtained with the coxsackievirus B4 isolates were in keeping with those observed particularly with the polioviruses and also coxsackievirus B4 by other workers. Those obtained with the echovirus 30 isolates were unexpected, as this virus is also a member of the enterovirus group.
A STUDY OF CALCERGY IN THE RAT INDUCED BY THE IMPLANTATION OF POLYURETHANE SPONGES SOAKED IN LEAD ACETATE
Authors: Hirsch Robert S , McClure John , Vernon‐Roberts Barrie , Smith Kym 
Published: August 2007

SummaryPolyurethane sponges were soaked in a 5 mg/ml solution of lead acetate, dried, and implanted subcutaneously in rats. Sponges soaked in distilled water were implanted as controls. The reaction to the sponges was studied from 5 h to 140 days after implantation, utilising sponge dry weight gain, rate of ingrowth of granulation tissue, histology and electron microscopy. Five hours after implantation, test sponges showed lead phosphate deposits in the central sponge zone and by one day the deposits stained positively for calcium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed needle‐shaped crystals of hydroxyapatite. Ingrowth of granulation tissue into test sponges was delayed. Breakdown of the sponge matrix was observed in control sponges after 140 days. This model highlighted the physicochemical nature of the calcergic reaction, implicating fluid transudates/exudates in the initial stages.
REJECTION OF SYNGENEIC SKIN GRAFTS FOLLOWING RETRANSPLANTATION FROM HISTO‐INCOMPATIBLE RATS
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: August 2007

SummaryNormal syngeneic recipients rejected a substantial proportion of skin grafts following their retransplantation after a period of residence on tolerant allogeneic or normal semi‐allogeneic hosts. Rejection was often atypical in its delayed onset and protracted course. Examination of the effect of a variety of manipulations of graft donors and of intermediate hosts revealed that active involvement of cells derived from both categories was required for the initiation of an allograft reaction after transfer to the ultimate, syngeneic recipient. Liability of retransplanted syngeneic skin grafts to rejection could be almost entirely abolished by their exposure to 300 rads irradiation before placement on the intermediate host. Skin from neonatally thymectomized donors or from rats specifically tolerant of the intermediate F1 hybrid host was much less liable to ultimate rejection than was skin from normal hosts. These experiments suggest that rejection of re‐transplanted, syngeneic grafts may result from some form of activation of cells of the graft during its period on the intermediate host.
THE EFFECT OF DIET ON SYSTEMIC IMMUNE RESPONSES TO WHEAT GLIADIN
Authors: Johnson Ronald B , LaBrooy Justin T , Shearman David JC , Davidson Geoffrey P 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThese studies examined the influence of gluten ingestion on the murine immune response to this cereal antigen. The results demonstrated that the level of specific antibody in the serum of mice immunised with gliadin is markedly reduced when gluten is present in the diet on which the animals were raised. Serum antibody concentrations in the gluten‐free (G‐F) mice were between 10‐ and 50‐fold greater than those in the standard (STD) mice. The suppression of the antibody response to gliadin in the gluten‐fed mice appeared to be antigen‐specific, as STD mice responded normally to unrelated antigens such as sheep red blood cells (SRBC). This hyporesponsiveness towards gliadin develops very early in the animals’ life. We suggest that this may occur through the transfer of small immunogenic fragments from mothers to their offspring either in utero or post‐natally in the milk.
CROSS‐REACTION OF A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY WITH FIBROBLASTS FROM MARSUPIALS OF THE MACROPODIDAE AND TARSIPEDIDAE FAMILIES
Authors: Sykes PJ , Hope RM 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA monoclonal antibody, GA‐1, was prepared against an M. rufogriseus cell surface antigen on an M. rufogriseus (red necked wallaby)—mouse somatic cell hybrid. Fibroblasts from a number of marsupial species were tested for reaction with GA‐1, and only those from the Macropodidae species and the sole member of the family Tarsipedidae reacted, indicating that the Tarsipedidae is possibly more closely related to the Macropodidae than to any other group of marsupials examined.
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES: ANTIGEN PRESENTATION ACTIVITY IN VIVO
Authors: Holt PG , Leivers S 
Published: August 2007

SummaryPrevious studies on the antigen‐presenting of activity of alveolar macrophages (AM) have been restricted to the use of in vitro assay systems, and have generally shown suppression of T cell activation by these macrophages. The present study exploits the rapid adaptability of AM to changes in oxygen tension, which facilitates their transfer to other tissues in a functional state. Employing this rationale, antigen‐pulsed AM were shown to trigger T cell‐dependent immune responses following subcutaneous or intraperitoneal inoculation, while suppressing similar responses in tissue culture.
EVALUATION OF INTRACELLULAR KILLING OF BACTERIA BY ENRICHED POPULATIONS OF MOUSE PERITONEAL EXUDATE NEUTROPHILS
Authors: Hart PH , Spencer LK , McDonald PJ , Finlay‐Jones JJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryElicited, mouse peritoneal exudate cells were fractionated by centrifugation on discontinuous Percoll density gradients. Two subpopulations of neutrophils, each of greater than 90% purity, were isolated at discontinuous density gradient interfaces different from the region of mononuclear cell enrichment (i.e., 1.0694‐1.0871 and 1.0872‐1.1002 g/ml for neutrophils and less than 1.0694 g/ml for mononuclear cells). Peritoneal exudate cells were mixed with Proteus mirabilis in the presence of 1% normal mouse serum for 30 min. The mixtures were fractionated on gradients of Percoll diluted with a clacium‐free medium. Populations of cells banding at densities greater than 1.0693 g/ml were washed free of gradient material, and neutrophil suspensions containing intracellular bacteria and which were relatively free of extracellular bacteria were isolated. Less than 7% of the total bacteria present was extracellular. The continuing extracellular presence of a heat‐labile component of normal mouse serum was essential for maximal intracellular kill of P. mirabilis by mouse peritoneal neutrophils.
THE LYMPH‐BORNE RESPONSE OF FOETAL LAMB LYMPH NODES TO CHALLENGE WITH BRUCELLA ABORTUS IN UTERO
Authors: Hugh AR , Trevella Wendy , Simpson‐Morgan MW , Morris B 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe cannulated prescapular lymph node of the foetal lamb was challenged with killed Brucella abortus. Usually, both efferent prescapular ducts were cannulated and one node left as a control. Nodes were given primary or secondary challenges with doses of 109 ‐ 2 × 1010 brucella organisms and the lymph‐borne response of the nodes followed.The foetal lymph node produced a vigorous cellular response to the injected brucella, restricted to the challenged side. The total cell output and, more strikingly, large cell output increased to reach a peak value 4‐5 days after challenge. This cellular response was seemingly dose‐dependent.The output of antibody after a primary challenge was delayed considerably and could not be detected in the lymph until well after the cellular response had subsided. The concentrations of antibody produced were quite low and almost all mercaptoethanol‐sensitive. With secondary challenges the output of antibody occurred much more quickly, in phase with the cellular response, and appreciable amounts of mercaptoethanol‐resistant antibody were produced.Under exceptional circumstances, high titre, highly specific anti‐brucella antibody has been produced in foetal lymph. The foetal lymph node provides a powerful tool for further studies of the ontogeny of the immune response, and might help elucidate the failure of newborn animals to respond to some important bacterial antigens.
DEVELOPMENT OF SYMPATHETIC NEURONES IN VIVO: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF GLUCOCORTICO‐STEROIDS IN REGULATING TRANSMITTER TYPE
Authors: Hill Caryl E , McLennan Ian S , Hendry Ian A 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn vivo the majority of sympathetic neurones are adrenergic, whereas in vitro they can become cholinergic. This atypical cholinergic development can be suppressed by addition of a glucocorticoid to the culture medium (McLennan, Hill and Hendry, 1980). In this paper we have investigated the possibility that glucocorticoids influence the choice of sympathetic transmitter type in vivo. Reduction in circulatory glucocorticoids by adrenalectomy of 2‐day‐old rat pups did not result in increased cholinergic development in their superior cervical ganglia. Furthermore, administration of exogenous corticosterone to increase circulatory glucocorticoids in young rats did not prevent the developmental switch in transmitter type of the sympathetic innervation of the sweat gland from adrenergic to cholinergic. It is concluded that the developmental regulation of sympathetic transmitter type in vitro may not be analogous to that in vivo.
EPITHELIAL CELL RENEWAL AND ANTIBODY TRANSFER IN THE INTESTINE OF THE FOETAL AND NEONATAL LAMB
Authors: Smeaton TC , Simpson‐Morgan MW 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe intestine of the foetal lamb was exposed to large quantities of δ‐globulin (IgG) by prolonged intra‐duodenal infusion, and absorption of intact IgG, with transfer to the lymph, continued undiminished, i.e., there was no evidence of closure. The rate of proliferation of the intestinal epithelium of the foetal and newborn lamb was measured using mitotic indices and localised labelling with (3H)‐thymidine (TdR). In the foetus, cell division in the crypts occurs at a lower rate than the newborn (p< 0·001) and there is very slow replacement of the intestinal epithelium. In the newborn lamb, a portion of the small intestine was incubated in vivo with TdR and the progress of labelled cells from the crypts upwards along the villi estimated, using autoradiography of serial biopsies from the same animal. A front of mature, digestive epithelium could be seen advancing up the villi, displacing the immature foetal type of cell which was capable of transfer of intact IgG to the lymphatics of the intestine. The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that immediately after birth the intestinal epithelium of the lamb begins to be replaced by a digestive type of cell, and the layer of cells responsible for absorption of colostral antibodies progressively disappears from the villi, resulting in closure.
INTERACTIONS OF STRONGYLOIDES RATTI FREE‐LIVING AND SKIN‐PENETRATED INFECTIVE LARVAE AND PARASITIC ADULTS WITH SERUM AND CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Grove DI , Northern C , Dawkins HJS 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWhen Strongyloides ratti free‐living infective larvae were incubated with peritoneal exudate cells from normal or previously infected mice, cell attachment occurred only in the presence of normal (NMS) or immune mouse serum (IMS). This non‐specific effect was transitory with larvae being alive and free of cells 24 h after incubation. Cell attachment was mediated by complement. When incubated with infective larvae which had penetrated mouse skin, both normal and immune cells attached to larvae in the absence of serum. This effect was again transitory except when immune cells or immune serum were present, indicating a specific immunological mechanism. Again, larvae remained viable. When incubated with isolated parasitic adult worms, persistent cell attachment occurred in the presence of immune serum, immune cells or both, but all worms remained viable. This system provides a means for investigating the mechanisms of resistance to reinfection in strongyloidiasis.
THE EFFECTS OF SEASON OF COLLECTION, FEEDING, MATURATION AND GENDER ON THE POTENCY OF FUNNEL‐WEB SPIDER (ATRAX INFENSUS) VENOM
Authors: Atkinson RK , Walker P 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAssays of the venom of adult male and female as well as immature funnel‐web spiders (Atrax infensus) were performed both at the end of the winter hibernation period and during the active summer months. For both sexes an increase in venom potency appealed to have occurred with the approach of summer, the venom of adult males then being clearly more potent than that of adult females. However, it was also found that, at least for adult females, forced abstinence from feeding was associated with an increase in venom potency, while feeding (at least on one insect species that A. infensus is known to accept as prey) seemed to lead to a lowered potency. From these observations it was concluded that the neurotoxin in the venom of female (and presumably also male) A. infensus spiders is probably synthesized in the venom glands rather than being extracted from the prey on which A. infensus normally feeds.
DIVERGENT EXPRESSION OF CYTOTOXIC AND MICROBICIDAL FUNCTIONS OF RABBIT ALVEOLAR AND PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES: EFFECTS OF NON‐SPECIFIC ACTIVATION AND A NATURAL MICROBICIDAL PEPTIDE, MCP‐1
Authors: Sorrell TC , Lehrer RI , Ferrari LG , Müller M , Selsted ME 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAlveolar macrophages from NZW rabbits were intrinsically toxic to 6 xenogeneic cell lines and to Candida albicans in vitro. Macrophage‐mediated candidacidal activity, but not cytostasis (inhibition of [3H] thymidine incorporation by target cells) or cytotoxicity (reduction in target cell number), was enhanced by prior injection of rabbits with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA).Compared with alveolar macrophages, peritoneal macrophages were less candidacidal (median C. albicans killed, 24% versus 16%. p<0·01). In contrast to alveolar macrophages, peritoneal macrophages were not consistently cytostatic or cytotoxic. Only candidacidal activity was enhanced in FCA‐elicited peritoneal macrophages (median C. albicans killed 28% versus 16% for resident peritoneal macrophages, p<0·01).Microbicidal concentrations of a cationic peptide produced by rabbit alveolar macrophages (MCP‐1, 25–100μg/ml) did not inhibit growth of 4 murine cell lines in vitro. Macrophage‐mediated cytostasis and cytotoxicity were not enhanced by culture with exogenous MCP‐1. Macrophage‐mediated cytostasis was also unchanged in cultures containing 10−5 2’deoxycytidine.We conclude that rabbit macrophage populations are restricted in their expression of cytostatic and cytotoxic functions, that microbicidal activation can occur independently of cytotoxic activation and that in this system mechanisms of macrophage‐mediated cytotoxicity to xenogeneic target cells are independent of MCP‐1 and thymidine.
HETEROGENEOUS EXPRESSION OF ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS BY RAT LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: August 2007

SummaryExposure of lymphocytes from F2 hybrid and backcross rats of the PVG and DA strains to inter‐parental strain alloantisera and complement frequently and unexpectedly revealed incomplete susceptibility within a population of cells. This heterogeneity did not appear to result from variable susceptibility to cytotoxic mechanisms. A more likely explanation was that variation occurred in the expression of the target determinants within the lymphocyte population. A similar heterogeneity was also demonstrable in populations of lymphocytes from rats of the inbred DA strain, provided appropriate alloantisera were used. Antisera raised in PVG rats against individual (PVG × F1) backcross rats frequently effected intermediate levels of DA cell destruction in the presence of complement, although exposure of DA lymphocytes to PVG anti‐DA serum plus complement resulted in their uniform destruction. The nature of the target antigens that were subject to variable expression was not established, but it seemed likely that they were related to histocompatibility determinants.
RAT TRYPSIN: PURIFICATION, RADIOIMMUNOASSAY AND AGE‐RELATED SERUM LEVELS IN NORMAL AND SPONTANEOUSLY DIABETIC BB WISTAR RATS
Authors: Reddy S , Bibby NJ , Smith PA , Elliott RB 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA convenient procedure is described for the purification of rat trypsin. Tissue was homogenized and extracted at pH 4 and the soluble fraction purified by a two‐step affinity chromatography. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8×8, the purified enzyme was resolved into 1 major and 2 minor bands all of which possessed trypsin‐like enzyme activity. Antibodies to rat trypsin were raised in rabbits and utilized in establishing a sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure for the enzyme. The assay was adapted to study the levels of the enzyme in the circulation of normal Wistar and spontaneously diabetic Bio Breeding Wistar rats before onset of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus in a longitudinal fashion. In the normal rat, serum levels of immunoreactive trypsin were higher in younger animals and showed a decline after weaning. This pattern was also seen in the Bio Breeding Wistar rats. In about half the number of Bio Breeding Wistar ratis, serum immunoreactive trypsin levels were much higher than in normal rats. These results may imply that in some Bio Breeding Wistar rats the disease may be associated with inflammatory lesions of the exocrine pancreas.
AGGRAVATION OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN VASECTOMIZED, CHOLESTEROL‐FED RABBITS
Authors: Majumdar S , Bhatia ND , Dahiya R , Bansal N , Chakravarti RN 
Published: August 2007

SummaryRabbits were fed a stock or atherogenic diet for a period of fourteen months. Half of each group of rabbits was bilaterally vasectomized while the other half underwent sham vasectomy. The level of plasma cholesterol was significantly elevated following vasectomy in stock diet‐fed rabbits. Atherogenic diet feeding caused marked elevation of plasma cholesterol in both vasectomized as well as sham‐vasectomized animals. At the termination of the experiments, aortic cholesterol in stock diet‐fed vasectomized rabbits remained unchanged, but this was increased in both vasectomized and sham‐vasectomized atherogenic diet‐fed animals. Aortic sudanophilia, atherosclerotic plaque size and coronary atherosclerosis index were significantly increased in vasectomized atherogenic diet‐fed rabbits as compared to their controls. In stock diet‐fed vasectomized rabbits no macroscopic or microscopic lesions were seen even in the presence of mild hypercholesterolaemia.
Phylogenetic analysis of host–symbiont specificity and codivergence in bioluminescent symbioses
Authors: Dunlap Paul V. , Ast Jennifer C. , Kimura Seishi , Fukui Atsushi , Yoshino Tetsuo , Endo Hiromitsu 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSeveral groups of marine fishes and squids form mutualistic bioluminescent symbioses with luminous bacteria. The dependence of the animal on its symbiont for light production, the animal's specialized anatomical adaptations for harboring bacteria and controlling light emission, and the host family bacterial species specificity characteristic of these associations suggest that bioluminescent symbioses are tightly coupled associations that might involve coevolutionary interactions. Consistent with this possibility, evidence of parallel cladogenesis has been reported for squid–bacterial associations. However, genetic adaptations in the bacteria necessary for and specific to symbiosis have not been identified, and unlike obligate endosymbiotic associations in which the bacteria are transferred vertically, bacterially bioluminescent hosts acquire their light‐organ symbionts from the environment with each new host generation. These contrasting observations led us to test the hypotheses of species specificity and codivergence in bioluminescent symbioses, using an extensive sampling of naturally formed associations. Thirty‐five species of fish in seven teleost families (Chlorophthalmidae, Macrouridae, Moridae, Trachichthyidae, Monocentridae, Acropomatidae, Leiognathidae) and their light‐organ bacteria were examined. Phylogenetic analysis of a taxonomically broad sampling of associations was based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences for the fish and on recA, gyrB and luxA sequences for bacteria isolated from the light organs of these specimens. In a fine‐scale test focused on Leiognathidae, phylogenetic analysis was based also on histone H3 subunit and 28S rRNA gene sequences for the fish and on gyrB, luxA, luxB, luxF and luxE sequences for the bacteria. Deep divergences were revealed among the fishes, and clear resolution was obtained between clades of the bacteria. In several associations, bacterial species identities contradicted strict host family bacterial species specificity. Furthermore, the fish and bacterial phylogenies exhibited no meaningful topological congruence; evolutionary divergence of host fishes was not matched by a similar pattern of diversification in the symbiotic bacteria. Re‐analysis of data reported for squids and their luminous bacteria also revealed no convincing evidence of codivergence. These results refute the hypothesis of strict host family bacterial species specificity and the hypothesis of codivergence in bioluminescent symbioses.© The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
A conservation assessment of the freshwater crabs of southern Africa (Brachyura: Potamonautidae)
Authors: Cumberlidge Neil , Daniels Savel R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecent taxonomic revisions of the freshwater crabs of southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe) allow accurate depictions of their diversity, distribution patterns and conservation status. The southern African region is home to nineteen species of freshwater crabs all belonging to the genus Potamonautes (family Potamonautidae). These crabs show high levels of species endemism (84%) to the southern African region and to the country of South Africa (74%). The conservation status of each species is assessed using the IUCN (2003) Red List criteria, based on detailed compilations of the majority of known specimens. The results indicate that one species should be considered vulnerable, fifteen species least concern and three species data deficient. The results have been utilized by the IUCN for Red Lists, and may prove useful when developing a conservation strategy for southern Africa’s endemic freshwater crab fauna.