bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agreement between parent and child report of quality of life in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Klassen A. F. , Miller A. , Fine S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground  There is little information in the research literature of agreement between parent and child in reports of child quality of life (QOL) for a sample of children diagnosed with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of our study was to determine whether parent and child concordance is greater for physical domains of QOL than for psychosocial domains; whether parents rate their child’s QOL better or poorer than their child’s ratings; and whether concordance is related to demographic, socioeconomic or clinical factors.Methods  The study was a questionnaire survey of children aged 10–17 referred to the ADHD clinic and diagnosed with ADHD in the province of British Columbia (Canada) between November 2001 and October 2002 and their parent.Results  Fifty‐eight children diagnosed with ADHD and their parents completed our study questionnaire. The main outcome measure was the Child Health Questionnaire, which permitted comparisons on eight QOL domains and one single item. Intraclass correlation coefficients were moderate for five domains (range from 0.40 to 0.51), and good for three domains (range from 0.60 to 0.75). Children rated their QOL significantly better than their parents in four areas and poorer in one. Standardized Response Means indicated clinically important differences in mean scores for Behaviour and Self‐esteem. Compared with population norms, across most domains, children with ADHD reported comparable health. Discrepancies between parent–child ratings were related to the presence of a comorbid oppositional/defiant disorder, a psychosocial stressor and increased ADHD symptoms.Conclusions  Although self‐report is an important means of eliciting QOL data, in children with ADHD, given the discrepancies in this study between parent and child report, measuring both perspectives seems appropriate.
Highly structured nucleotide variation within and among Arabidopsis lyrata populations at the FAH1 and DFR gene regions
Authors: BALAÑÁ‐ALCAIDE D. , RAMOS‐ONSINS S. E. , BOONE Q. , AGUADÉ M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNucleotide variation at the FAH1 and DFR gene regions was surveyed in four populations of Arabidopsis lyrata (two European A. l. petraea and two North American A. l. lyrata populations). In contrast to previous results, levels of variation were not consistently lower in A. l. lyrata than in A. l. petraea, and similar degrees of genetic differentiation were detected between and within subspecies. These observations and the significant genetic differentiation detected among populations suggest population substructure and no real subdivision between subspecies. For each gene studied, genotypic data were obtained, which allowed comparing nucleotide diversity within individuals (between sequences from the same individual) and within populations (between sequences from the same population). The generally lower level of variation within than among individuals detected in each population yielded a significant deviation from panmixia within populations. In three of the four populations studied, two highly divergent alleles were detected within populations at the highly variable DFR locus. This pattern and the significant excess of derived variants detected in most populations suggest that most variation segregating within populations results from rare migration events between relatively small and isolated populations exhibiting reduced panmixia.
Phytochrome‐mediated agravitropism in Arabidopsis hypocotyls requires GIL1 and confers a fitness advantage
Authors: Allen Trudie , Ingles Patricia J. , Praekelt Uta , Smith Harry , Whitelam Garry C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPlants use specialized photoreceptors to detect the amount, quality, periodicity and direction of light and to modulate their growth and development accordingly. These regulatory light signals often interact with other environmental cues. Exposure of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings to red (R) or far‐red (FR) light causes hypocotyls to grow in random orientations with respect to the gravitational vector, thus overcoming the signal from gravity to grow upwards. This light response, mediated by either phytochrome A or phytochrome B, represents a prime example of cross‐talk between environmental signalling systems. Here, we report the isolation the mutant gil1 (for gravitropic in the light) in which hypocotyls continue to grow upwards after exposure of seedlings to R or FR light. The gil1 mutant displays no other phenotypic alterations in response to gravity or light. Cloning of GIL1 has identified a novel gene that is necessary for light‐dependent randomization of hypocotyl growth orientation. Using gil1, we have demonstrated that phytochrome‐mediated randomization of Arabidopsis hypocotyl orientation provides a fitness advantage to seedlings developing in patchy, low‐light environments.
Colourful male guppies produce faster and more viable sperm
Authors: Locatello L. , Rasotto M. B. , Evans J. P. , Pilastro A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In guppies (Poecilia reticulata) precopulatory sexual selection (via female choice) and post-copulatory selection (via sperm competition) both favour males with relatively high levels of carotenoid (orange) pigmentation, suggesting that colourful males produce more competitive ejaculates. Here we test whether there is a positive association between male orange pigmentation and sperm quality. Our analysis of sperm quality focused on sperm swimming speeds (using CASA: computer-assisted sperm analysis to estimate three parameters of sperm velocity in vitro), sperm viability (proportion of live sperm per stripped ejaculate) and sperm lengths. We found that males with relatively large areas of orange pigmentation had significantly faster and more viable sperm than their less ornamented counterparts, suggesting a possible link between dietary carotenoid intake and sperm quality. By contrast, we found no relationship between sperm length (head length and total sperm length) and male phenotype. These findings, in conjunction with previous work showing that highly ornamented male guppies sire higher quality offspring, suggest that female preference for colourful males and sperm competition work in concert to favour intrinsically higher quality males.
Epidural analgesia in the surgery of congenital tracheal stenosis: slide tracheoplasty on cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: VILÀ RAMON , MARHUENDA CLAUDIA , GONÇALVES ARTURO , GIL‐JAURENA JUAN M. , PELLICER MARC , SUESCUM MARIA C. , MIRÓ LLUIS 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEpidural analgesia in children is highly effective and safe; however, it has not enjoyed great popularity in surgery that requires cardiopulmonary bypass. A major concern is the possibility of damage to blood vessels with the epidural needle or catheter and epidural hematoma formation. There seems to be a low incidence of epidural hematoma if certain guidelines are followed, so that in children, epidural analgesia can be used in selected patients, with safety, when surgical repair requires cardiopulmonary bypass. Epidural morphine has been used for clinical pain relief in pediatric cardiac surgery. Improved pulmonary function, suppressed hormonal and metabolic stress responses, easy early tracheal extubation, and good analgesia and sedation that allows neurological examination to alert any possibles hidden complications, are the advantages. A dedicated medical team is essential in the perioperative management to achieve maximum benefit for these patients.
A knife in the back: use of prey‐specific attack tactics by araneophagic jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Authors: Harland D. P. , Jackson R. R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree species of Portia (Portia africana from Kenya, Portia fimbriata from Australia and Portia labiata from the Philippines) were tested with flies Drosophila immigrans and Musca domestica and with web‐building spiders Badumna longinquus and Pholcus phalangioides. Badumna longinquus has powerful chelicerae, but not especially long legs, whereas Ph. phalangioides has exceptionally long legs, but only small, weak chelicerae. Typically, Portia sighted flies, walked directly towards them and attacked without adjusting orientation. However, Portia's attacks on the spiders were aimed primarily at the cephalothorax instead of the legs or abdomen. Portia usually targeted the posterior‐dorsal region of B. longinquus' cephalothorax by attacking this species from above and behind. When the prey was Ph. phalangioides, attack orientation was defined primarily by opportunistic gaps between this species' long legs (gaps through which Portia could contact the pholcid's body without contacting one of the pholcid's legs). Portia's attack strategy appears to be an adjustment to the different types of risk posed by different types of prey.
Variation in the Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Gene and Muscle Strength in Older Caucasian Women
Authors: Arking Dan E. , Fallin Daniele M. , Fried Linda P. , Li Tao , Beamer Brock A. , Xue Qian Li , Chakravarti Aravinda , Walston Jeremy 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether genetic variants in the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) gene are associated with muscle strength in older women.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from the Women's Health and Aging Studies I (1992) and II (1994), complementary population‐based studies.SETTING: Twelve contiguous ZIP code areas in Baltimore, Maryland.PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred sixty‐three Caucasian, community‐dwelling women aged 70 to 79.MEASUREMENTS: Participants were genotyped at the CNTF locus for eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including the null allele rs1800169. The dependent variables were grip strength and the frailty syndrome, identified as presence of three or more of five frailty indicators (weakness, slowness, weight loss, low physical activity, exhaustion). In addition to genotypes, independent variables of body mass index (BMI) and osteoarthritis of the hands were included.RESULTS: Using multivariate linear regression, single SNP analysis identified five SNPs significantly associated with grip strength (P<.05), after adjusting for age, BMI, and osteoarthritis. Haplotype analysis was performed, and a single haplotype associated with grip strength was identified (P<.01). The rs1800169 null allele fully explained the association between this haplotype and grip strength under a recessive model, with individuals homozygous for the null allele exhibiting a 3.80‐kg lower (95% confidence interval=1.01–6.58) grip strength. No association was seen between the CNTF null allele and frailty.CONCLUSION: Individuals homozygous for the CNTF null allele had significantly lower grip strength but did not exhibit overt frailty. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding and extend it to additional populations.
Costs and benefits of bacterial culturing and pathogen reduction in the Netherlands
Authors: Janssen Mart P. , Van Der Poel Cees L. , Buskens Erik , Bonneux Luc , Bonsel Gouke J. , Van Hout Ben A. 
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND: Bacterial contamination is a life‐threatening risk of blood transfusion, especially with platelet (PLT) transfusions. Bacterial culturing (BCU) of PLTs as well as pathogen reduction (PRT) reduce the likelihood of such contamination. The cost‐effectiveness (CE) of these interventions was analyzed after the introduction of the diversion pouch during blood collection.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The balance between costs and benefits of preventing adverse events due to PLT transfusion was assessed with a mathematical decision model and Monte Carlo simulations. Model parameters were obtained from the literature and from Dutch Sanquin blood banks. The balance between costs and benefits is assessed in terms of costs per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY).RESULTS: The costs per 100,000 PLT concentrates in the Netherlands are estimated at $3,277,032 (€2,520,794) for BCU and at $18,582,844 (€14,294,495) for PRT. In comparison to the situation without BCU and PRT, costs per QALY are estimated at $90,697 (€69,767) for BCU (95% confidence interval [CI], $18,149‐$2,088,854) and at $496,674 (€382,057) for PRT (95% CI, $143,950‐$8,171,133). The ratio of differences in costs and QALYs between BCU and PRT (the relative CE) is estimated at $3,596,256 (€2,766,351; 95% CI, $1,100,630‐$24,756,615). Large uncertainty in sepsis complication rates and PLT recipient survival exist, causing large uncertainties in the absolute CE for both interventions.CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the unknown probability of sepsis complications and PLT recipient survival, the CE ratios of BCU and PRT in the Dutch setting are highly uncertain. Despite these large uncertainties, it can be concluded that BCU is without doubt more cost‐effective than PRT.
Monosodium glutamate-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in the rat: modulatory role of vitamin C, vitamin E and quercetin
Authors: Farombi E O , Onyema O O 
Published: April 2006

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) continues to function as a flavor enhancer in West African and Asian diets. The present study examines the modulatory effects of dietary antioxidant vitamin C (VIT C), vitamin E (VIT E) and quercetin on MSG-induced oxidative damage in the liver, kidney and brain of rats. In addition, the effect of these antioxidants on the possible genotoxicity of MSG was investigated in a rat bone marrow micronuclei model. MSG administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 4 mg/g body wt markedly increase malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in the liver, the kidney and brain of rats. Simultaneous administration of VIT C, VIT E and quercetin to MSG-treated rats significantly reduced this increase in MDA induced by MSG. VIT E reduced lipid peroxidation most in the liver followed by VIT C and then quercetin, while VIT C and quercetin showed a greater ability to protect the brain from membrane damage than VIT E. The decreased glutathione (GSH) level elicited by MSG in the three organs corresponded with marked increase in the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST). While MSG increased (P B / 0.001) the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver, it decreased significantly the activities of these enzymes in the kidney and the brain. The three antioxidants were effective at ameliorating the effects of MSG on GSH levels and the enzymes in the three organs examined. While MSG increased the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver and kidneys of rats (P B / 0.001), the activity of the enzyme was abysmally low in the brain. There were marked increases in the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and g-glutamyl transferase in rats treated with MSG. The antioxidants tested protected against MSG-induced liver toxicity significantly. MSG at a dose of 4 mg/g significantly (P B / 0.01) induced the formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs). Co-treatment of rats with VIT C and quercetin inhibited the induction of MNPCEs by MSG (P B / 0.001). VIT E failed to protect against MSG-induced genotoxicity. The results indicate that dietary antioxidants have protective potential against oxidative stress induced by MSG and, in addition, suggest that active oxygen species may play an important role in its genotoxicity.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Stephania venosa tuber
Authors: Ingkaninan Kornkanok , Phengpa Preeda , Yuenyongsawad Supreeya , Khorana Nantaka 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors have lately gained interest as potential drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Three AChE inhibitors were isolated from tubers of a Thai medicinal plant, Stephania venosa (Bl) Spreng. They were identified as quaternary protoberberine alkaloids, stepharanine, cyclanoline and N-methyl stepholidine. They expressed inhibitory activity on AChE with IC50 values (concentration that caused 50% inhibition of activity) of 14.1K ± 0.81, 9.23 ± 3.47 and 31.30 ± 3.67 μM, respectively. The AChE inhibitory activity of these compounds was compared with those of the related compounds, palmatine, jatrorrhizine and berberine, as well as tertiary protoberberine alkaloids isolated from the same plant, stepholidine and corydalmine. The results suggest that the positive charge at the nitrogen of the tetrahydroisoquinoline portion, steric substitution at the nitrogen, planarity of the molecule or substitutions at C-2, −3, −9, and −10 affect the AChE inhibitory activity of protoberberine alkaloids.
Preventive effect of rutin, a bioflavonoid, on lipid peroxides and antioxidants in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats
Authors: Karthick M , Prince P Stanely Mainzen 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The consumption of diets rich in plant foods is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive role of rutin on lipid peroxides and antioxidants in normal and isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (150 mg kg−1) to male Wistar rats at an interval of 24 h for two days showed a significant increase in the activity of serum cardiac marker enzymes (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase) and a significant decrease in the activity of these enzymes in the heart. Lipid peroxidative products (thiobarbituricacid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides) were significantly increased and enzymic (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymic (reduced glutathione and vitamin C) antioxidants showed a significant decrease in isoproterenol-treated rats. Pretreatment with rutin (40 or 80 mg kg−1) to isoproterenol-treated rats orally for a period of 42 days daily caused a significant effect. Administration of rutin to normal rats did not have any significant effect on any of the parameters studied. The results of our study show that rutin possesses antioxidant activity in isoproterenol-induced experimental myocardial infarction.
THE NEW SYNANTHEROLOGY
Authors: King R. M. , Robinson H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe necessity of microscopic examination of Composite flowers is reviewed. Results of observations include listing of generic distinctions for Stevia, Brickellia, and Liatris; description of a distinctive hair type in Flaveria; confirmation of characteristic pollen type in the Vemonieae; recognition of a characteristically keeled anther appendage in the Helenieae‐Heliantheae complex; discovery of distinctive characters in anther appendages and exothecial cells of Eupatorieae, Astereae, Senecioneae, and Inuleae; discovery of characters of the anther appendage and exothecial cells that help show generic and sectional limits in Tridax; and description of distinctive corolla lobe structure in Inula, Marshallia, Flaveria, and Melampodium.
A COMPARISON OF ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Becker Kenneth M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA tabular comparison of the classification of the orders and families of flowering plants by Cronquist, Takhtajan, Thorne, Engler, Hutchinson, and Bentham & Hooker is presented. The linear sequence of orders and families is that of Cronquist. All families accepted in any of the six systems are treated, as are all families for which descriptions are given in the seventh edition of Willis' Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns.
TYPIFICATION OF THE NAMES OF THE SPECIES OF LEUCAENA AND LYSILOMA IN THE BAHAMAS
Authors: Gillis William T. , Stearn William T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEnquiry into the material available to Linnaeus when publishing the name Mimosa latisiliqua in 1753 shows that he intended this for the jumbie bean widespread in the Bahamas and that the correct name for this species should accordingly be Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gillis with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit as a synonym. Lysiloma sabicu Benth. and L. bahamense Benth. (“Lysiloma latisiliqua” auct.) are then clearly delimited.
ON ARECIPITES WODEHOUSE, MONOCOLPOPOLLENITES THOMSON & PFLUG, AND THE SPECIES “MONOCOLPOPOLLENITES TRANQUILLUS”
Authors: Nichols Douglas J. , Ames H. Tate , Traverse Alfred 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMisidentification of fossil monocolpate pollen with the species Pollenites tranquillus Potonie is disclosed. This species has been used as the type‐species of the generic names Monocolpopollenites and Palmaepollenites. The genus Monocolpopollenites Thomson & Pflug 1953 is emended; and Palmaepollenites Potonie 1958, Rectosulcites Anderson 1960, and Punctamonocolpites Pierce 1961 are placed in synonymy with it. Arecipites Wodehouse 1933 is emended; Calamuspollenites Elsik in Stover et al. 1966 is placed in synonymy with Arecipites, and A. pertusus (Elsik in Stover et al. 1966) nov. comb., type‐species of Calamuspollenites, is emended. Distinction between Arecipites and Liliacidites Couper 1953 is reaffirmed. Three new species of Monocolpopollenites and one new species of Arecipites are described, and ten new combinations are proposed.
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES DIVERSITY IN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
Authors: Ross Herbert H. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySpecies diversity, here defined simply as the total number of species in a community, represents the historic processes by which additional species enter the community and species disappear from it. The additions arise chiefly through speciation by geographic isolation followed by a congregation of the new species formed. The mechanism is by reversible geologic events such as glacial periods, orogenies, and dispersal corridors, the first two affecting organisms as reversible climatic changes. These events cause speciation on a grand scale, acting simultaneously on species in all seral stages of the biome. On this basis, the input side of the species diversity of a community is a combined function of (1) the geologic longevity of its ecological conditions and (2) the number of times the community area undergoes geographic disjunctions and reconnections.
THE FAMILY NAMES OF FERNS
Authors: Holttum R. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe most important fact about a name is its meaning. Most family names of ferns have had such different meanings, as used by different authors, that such names are only intelligible if we associate them with the names of particular authors. What is needed is more observation of comparative morphology and more insight into its significance; only in this way shall we be able to arrive at a generally acceptable set of families. In the meantime it would best serve the ultimate stability of nomenclature if we regard all family names of ferns as informal and tentative (which in fact they have always been). At present, the only effective definition of a family is that it comprises a certain genus, as typified by a certain species, and any other genera which a particular author may believe to be related to the type genus.
ORTHOGRAPHY OF NAMES AND EPITHETS: LATINIZATION OF PERSONAL NAMES
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThere are two steps to the latinization of personal names: adding ‐i‐ to the stem of most names ending in consonants (stem augmentation) and determining the appropriate case ending to be added (inflection). A review of Roman personal nomenclature shows that Romans formed surnames from given names by stem augmentation (adding ‐i‐) before inflection. Latinization of modern names with stem augmentation honors a person by according his name the same treatment originally accorded only to the surnames of patrician and noble Romans.Consideration is given to use of personal names in forming adjectival and substantive epithets and determining the appropriate inflections. A review is made of irregularities of stem modification used by botanists in latinizing personal names, particularly those ending in vowels.Proposals are made for revising Article 73 and Recommendation 73C to give a better organization, to clarify the separate procedures of stem augmentation and inflection, and to remove the example, Verbena hasslerana, which is contrary to botanical usage.