bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development history and philosophical sources of Herbert Simon's Administrative Behavior
Authors: Kerr Gerry 
Published: June 2007

PurposeTo examine the impact of the philosophical sources on Herbert Simon's Administrative Behavior, a central work in the management canon.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a conceptual approach, tracing the influence of the major philosophers – William James, John Dewey and the logical positivists (A.J. Ayer and Rudolph Carnap) – cited in the book.FindingsAn understanding of the philosophical platform supporting Administrative Behavior is crucial to a more complete reading of the book and to furthering research in the area.Practical implicationsFuture research focused either on extending Herbert Simon's work or, more generally, on advancing the study of management, will benefit from deeper consideration of the implications of the chosen philosophical platform supporting the endeavour.Originality/valueThe paper provides the reader a means for better understanding the contributions of a key work in management, with implications that extend to its overall study.
Linking learning methods to outcomes in public health leadership development
Authors: Miller Delesha L. , Umble Karl E. , Frederick Steve L. , Dinkin Donna R. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to present evaluation findings from the National Public Health Leadership Institute (PHLI) regarding how the curriculum's learning methods work singly and together to produce outcomes for learners and their organizations.Design/methodology/approachSix months after graduation from PHLI, four recent cohorts of PHLI graduates were asked to report overall reactions to PHLI by using an online survey. The survey consisted of quantitative questions about key leadership behaviors taught in the program and the usefulness of PHLI's five learning methods as well as qualitative questions about changes in understanding, skill, practices, and outcomes.FindingsThe evaluation survey yielded a 66 percent response rate (n=133). PHLI's learning methods are interrelated and lead to such outcomes as changed leadership understanding, knowledge and skill development, increased confidence, increased self‐awareness, leadership practice changes, and organizational results. The learning project was strongly associated with development of collaborations, whereas assessment tools and coaching were most often associated with increased self‐awareness.Research limitations/implicationsThese preliminary findings support the idea that particular learning methods are related to specific outcomes. However, graduates often integrate information and skills from multiple methods to achieve outcomes. Future research should investigate whether the associations identified in this evaluation are present in other leadership development programs.Originality/valueThis is the first published evaluation that has attempted to link specific learning methods with outcomes for participants of a public health leadership development program.
Retaining top women business leaders: strategies for ending the exodus
Authors: Cormier Denise 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis research‐based article explains why top women leaders still feel like outsiders in their organizations, and identifies strategies for retaining and supporting women in leadership today.Design/methodology/approachThe author conducted research through individual interviews with 40 successful women – COOs, VPs, directors, and senior managers – who have broken through the “glass ceiling.” These women represented industries including pharmaceuticals, health care, manufacturing, high tech, and higher education in the USA and Europe. By identifying the reasons for these leaders' dissatisfaction, I hoped to help stop the exodus of successful women from their organizations by helping them find greater satisfaction in the leadership roles they have achieved and by helping organizations to change in ways that will make a difference.FindingsThe main impetus for women leaders' dissatisfaction is that they do not feel fully integrated as leaders. This dissatisfaction derives from not fitting in as equals in the leadership ranks, a lack of networks, and low social capital experienced by these women leaders. The article calls for a new corporate culture based on integration rather than inclusion.Research limitations/implicationsThe article is based on a qualitative research study conducted using one‐on‐one interview methodology. It is not statistically significant.Practical implicationsThe article discusses specific strategies for retaining and developing women leaders to help to solve the current critical gap in leadership. These include reducing isolation, developing networking opportunities and creating a culture of integration – critical to retaining women at the top. Individual, team and group coaching can be a successful and cost‐effective solution.Originality/valueMost research on women's leadership focuses on famous women leaders and CEOs or is conducted as survey research, but this article discusses leadership from the personal perspective of “ordinary women” who have made it to the top.
Making organizational learning happen: the value of “creative failures”
Authors: Kriegesmann Bernd , Kley Thomas , Schwering Markus G. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe article seeks to highlight an unconventional way out of the “innovation dilemma”, relevant to many business organizations. Innovative management and risk friendliness are necessary, but the way in which failure is handled and the resulting fear of making mistakes block the (innovative) efforts of specialists and managers.Design/methodology/approachThe article draws on theoretical as well as empirical work. First, the seemingly crystal‐clear concept of “error” is elaborated and the rare category of “creative errors” is introduced. Second, illustrative findings from a case study in the automotive sector are reported.FindingsThe paper suggests that a culturally exacerbated antipathy towards errors ultimately leads to a situation of pronounced innovation incompetence in which creative behavior is avoided. The article points out that it is not an “absolution of mistakes” that is required, but a tolerance for legitimate errors which should only occur under exceptional circumstances. The authors underlines that fairness in dealing with errors is considerably more important than a misguided attempt to create or maintain harmony. In addition to the philosophy and potential of this unusual incentive system, possible practical implementation problems are considered.Research limitations/implicationsGeneralization is limited because the findings are based on only one case study. However, because of the vital importance of the so‐called “innovation dilemma”, the exploratory findings of the study may trigger further empirical research on “creative errors”.Practical implicationsAn initiative like the “Creative Error of the Month” may help to bring about cultural change towards a climate of trust and confidence in which innovative commitment is treated fairly even if it does not in fact succeed.Originality/valueCommon approaches to enhance organizational innovativeness reward “success stories” or praise “zero‐based cultures”. This case study suggests that a sophisticated initiative revolving around the “hidden” innovative potential of “creative errors” and “tragic failures” might prove to be a successful offbeat attempt at stimulating creativity and innovative behaviour in enterprises.
Business visualization: a new way to communicate financial information
Authors: Helweg‐Larsen Robin , Helweg‐Larsen Eliza 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis article introduces a new way of presenting financial results, information and priorities as a dynamic three‐dimensional, colorful and live landscape that provides a rich, deep understanding of business on a conceptual level.Design/methodology/approachThe article demonstrates how business visualization facilitates the communication of the financial results for individual companies, as well as for comparing companies and for following a company through time.FindingsBusiness visualization does not replace the use of traditional financial statements, but complements them to give a sense of relationships and priorities. It provides the tangible, concrete representation people need for a conceptual grasp of the big picture as a prerequisite for understanding the meaning inherent in abstract numbers.Practical implicationsBusiness visualization makes big‐picture financial information understandable to everyone, promoting buy‐in, credibility, effective decision‐making and training. It facilitates competitive analysis, provides a competitive edge, assists in global communication and the identification of trends, and generally increases speed and accuracy of communication.Originality/valueThe article introduces a completely new way of communicating financial information.
The balanced scorecard equates interests in healthcare organizations
Authors: Funck Elin 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis paper investigates how the balanced scorecard (BSC) has been translated to fit the public healthcare environment. The paper discusses how the context, consisting of politicians, administrators, and medical professionals has influenced the design and function of the BSC.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative case study approach involving semi‐structured interviews were conducted with key informants on the political, administrative, and medical professional levels of a Swedish county council.FindingsThe study indicates that different interests are made visible within the perspectives of the BSC without giving priority to one interest over another. Thus, the BSC plays an important role in the formation of an equal relationship between organizational interests.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the accounting change literature by identifying a function of the BSC that has not been observed previously within the public healthcare context.
Guide to drug porphyrogenicity prediction and drug prescription in the acute porphyrias
Authors: Thunell Stig , Pomp Erik , Brun Atle 
Published: June 2007

What is already known about this subject• Many drug safety lists for acute porphyrias, largely based on anecdotal evidence, are put forward, but no methods or rationale for the risk estimates are given.• Many unexplained discrepancies between the lists exist.What this study adds• A standardized method for assessment of the risk that a certain drug may activate these diseases has been developed.• It also allows risk assessments for drugs lacking porphyria related clinical experience.• About one thousand therapeutic drugs have been classified with regard to porphyrogenicity by the proposed method, which is most valuable for the care of porphyria patients.AimsThis paper addresses two common problems in the care of carriers of acute porphyria: the choice of safe drugs for pharmacotherapy and the strategy to apply when potentially unsafe drugs cannot be avoided.Methods and resultsA technique is presented for prediction of risk that a certain drug may activate the disease in a gene carrier for acute porphyria. It is based on a model explaining the clinical manifestations as a result of the acute overloading of a deficient enzyme within the hepatic heme biosynthetic chain. The capacity of the drug for induction of the rate‐limiting enzyme in heme biosynthesis, e.g. housekeeping 5‐aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS1), is assessed by critical appraisal of reports of the outcomes of clinical use of the drug, and by theoretical criteria. The assessment occurs within the frame of a flow‐scheme employing variables of increasing specificity, i.e. endocrine properties of the drug, structure and metabolism pointing to affinity to cytochrome P450, hepatic load in therapeutic use, recognized affinity to major CYP species, capacity for CYP‐induction or irreversible inhibition, and capacity to activate or modulate the transduction mechanisms of nuclear receptors affecting ALAS1‐gene transcription. It is proposed that in the absence of a safer alternative, an urgently needed drug not should be withheld on the grounds of potential porphyrogenicity. After risk‐benefit analysis it should be prescribed, but individualized preventive measures adapted to patient vulnerability may be needed.ConclusionsAbout 1000 therapeutic drugs categorized with regard to porphyrogenicity by the technique proposed are presented on the internet (http://www.drugs‐porphyria.org).
Effective dose of nefopam in 80% of patients (ED80): a study using the continual reassessment method
Authors: Beloeil Hélène , Eurin Mathilde , Thévenin Aude , Benhamou Dan , Mazoit Jean‐Xavier 
Published: June 2007

What is already known about this subject • Dixon's up‐and‐down technique allows the calculation of the median effective dose (ED50) of a drug with a limited number of patients.• However, it is not possible to calculate the effective dose in more than 50%, i.e. in 80% or 90% (ED80 or ED90) of the patients with this technique. What this study adds • We used the continual reassessment method, which is a Bayesian method to determine ED80, the dose of nefopam relieving pain in 80% of postoperative patients. The ED80 was close to 60 mg, higher than the usual dose of 20 mg.AimsThe effective dose in 50% of patients (ED50) is far from being relevant for clinical purposes. We used the continual reassessment method (CRM) to determine the effective dose of nefopam in 80% of the patients suffering from moderate pain in the postoperative period (ED80).MethodsPatients with a pain intensity >3 on a 1–10 numerical pain score (NPS) received increasing or decreasing doses of nefopam (20, 30, 40, 60, 80 mg) postoperatively. The criterion of success was a NPS ≤3, 30 min after the beginning of infusion. The initial dose was 20 mg and the subsequent doses were determined by the continuous reassessment method (CRM). The data were also fitted a posteriori with the maximum likelihood technique.ResultsTwenty‐four patients were enrolled. Nefopam 60 mg gave a probability of success of 0.818 (95% credibility interval 0.606–0.941). Using the maximum likelihood technique, we determined an ED50 of 27.3 mg and a dose leading to a probability of 0.8 (ED80) of 74.4 mg. We did not observe a high incidence of side‐effects.ConclusionsThe ED80 of nefopam, close to 60 mg is higher than the usual dose of 20 mg. The CRM allowed us to determine the ED80 of nefopam with reasonable accuracy in a small number of patients as compared with the classical dose‐probability curve fitting. We did not observe an increased incidence of side‐effects when compared with the literature or to our previous studies.
Series, Child development in developing countries. Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: June 2007

.

Engle PL,
Black MM,
Behrman JB,
Cabral de Mello M,
Gertler PJ,
Kapiriri L,
Martorell R,
Eming Young M, and
. (
2007
)

,
369
,
229
–
242
.

doi: 10.1016/S0140‐6736(07)60112‐3
Pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled PACAP38 in healthy male subjects
Authors: Doberer D. , Gschwandtner M. , Mosgoeller W. , Bieglmayer C. , Heinzl H. , Petkov V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1‐38 (PACAP38) displays biological activities (e.g. bronchodilatory, pulmonary vasodilatory and anti‐inflammatory properties) that are relevant in several pulmonary diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and tolerability and the pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled PACAP38 in humans.Materials and methods Twelve healthy male subjects (mean age 28) were studied in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled dose escalation trial with inhalation of PACAP38 to a cumulative dose of 480 µg. Lung function was measured by body plethysmography. Systemic absorption was evaluated by plasma levels, skin blood flux (estimated by laser Doppler imager fluxmetry) and systemic haemodynamics.Results Inhalation of PACAP38 did not cause relevant adverse reactions or an increase of PACAP38 plasma levels. No statistically significant changes in lung function tests and no systemic effects (blood pressure, pulse rate or skin blood flux) occurred.Conclusion Inhaled PACAP38 was well tolerated without systemic side‐effects in healthy male subjects.
Intensive measurement of nitrous oxide emissions from a corn–soybean–wheat rotation under two contrasting management systems over 5 years
Authors: WAGNER‐RIDDLE CLAUDIA , FURON ADRIANA , MCLAUGHLIN NICOLE L. , LEE IVAN , BARBEAU JOHN , JAYASUNDARA SUSANTHA , PARKIN GARY , Von BERTOLDI PETER , WARLAND JON 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNo‐tillage (NT), a practice that has been shown to increase carbon sequestration in soils, has resulted in contradictory effects on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Moreover, it is not clear how mitigation practices for N2O emission reduction, such as applying nitrogen (N) fertilizer according to soil N reserves and matching the time of application to crop uptake, interact with NT practices. N2O fluxes from two management systems [conventional (CP), and best management practices: NT + reduced fertilizer (BMP)] applied to a corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), winter‐wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation in Ontario, Canada, were measured from January 2000 to April 2005, using a micrometeorological method. The superimposition of interannual variability of weather and management resulted in mean monthly N2O fluxes ranging from − 1.9 to 61.3 g N ha−1 day−1. Mean annual N2O emissions over the 5‐year period decreased significantly by 0.79 from 2.19 kg N ha−1 for CP to 1.41 kg N ha−1 for BMP. Growing season (May–October) N2O emissions were reduced on average by 0.16 kg N ha−1 (20% of total reduction), and this decrease only occurred in the corn year of the rotation. Nongrowing season (November–April) emissions, comprised between 30% and 90% of the annual emissions, mostly due to increased N2O fluxes during soil thawing. These emissions were well correlated (r2= 0.90) to the accumulated degree‐hours below 0 °C at 5 cm depth, a measure of duration and intensity of soil freezing. Soil management in BMP (NT) significantly reduced N2O emissions during thaw (80% of total reduction) by reducing soil freezing due to the insulating effects of the larger snow cover plus corn and wheat residue during winter. In conclusion, significant reductions in net greenhouse gas emissions can be obtained when NT is combined with a strategy that matches N application rate and timing to crop needs.
Relationship between plasma cholesterol, von Willebrand factor concentrations, extent of atherosclerosis and antibody titres to heat shock proteins‐60, ‐65 and ‐70 in cholesterol‐fed rabbits
Authors: Ghayour‐Mobarhan Majid , Lamb David J. , Tavallaie Shima , Ferns Gordon A. A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryEpidemiological studies have shown an association between atherosclerosis, Heat shock protein (Hsp) expression, and Hsp antibody titres. We aimed to investigate the time course of appearance of Hsp‐60, ‐65 and ‐70 antibodies in the cholesterol‐fed rabbit and to relate antibody titres to serum concentrations of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a marker of endothelial injury. Rabbits were fed with 0.25–1.0% cholesterol diet for 13 weeks. Plasma levels of anti Hsp‐60, ‐65 and ‐70 IgG titres, were measured using in‐house enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) together with plasma vWF concentrations. Plasma titres of anti‐Hsp‐60, ‐65 and ‐70 antibodies were all significantly increased by weeks 5, 7 and 9 following commencement of the experimental diet compared with baseline (P < 0.05 for all). In non‐cholesterol‐fed rabbits, plasma levels of anti‐Hsp titres were unchanged over this period. Increased plasma vWF concentrations were also found in the cholesterol‐fed rabbits, reaching a maximum at approximately week 8, and falling thereafter. Furthermore, plasma vWF concentrations at 13 weeks correlated strongly with antibody titres to all three Hsps (r = 0.90, P = 0.002; r = 0.80, P = 0.017; r = 0.86, P = 0.006 for Hsp 60, ‐65 and ‐70 respectively) and titres were also strongly correlated with final plasma cholesterol concentrations in cholesterol‐fed animals (r = 0.95, P = 0.002; r = 0.8, P = 0.001; r = 0.84, P = 0.01 respectively). In cholesterol‐fed rabbits, antibody titres to Hsp‐60, ‐65 and ‐70 appear to rise in association with a marker of endothelial injury, peaking at approximately the same time (8 weeks) after starting a high cholesterol diet.
Modelling the long‐term consequences of crop–wild relative hybridization: a case study using four generations of hybrids
Authors: HOOFTMAN DANNY A. P , JONG MAAIKE J. DE , OOSTERMEIJER J. GERARD B , DEN NIJS HANS (J.) C. M 
Published: June 2007

Summary

Hybridization between crops and wild relatives seems possible for many crop taxa. Subsequent introgression of crop‐specific traits into wild relatives might lead to the formation of introgressant populations. Until now, few studies have evaluated demographically fitness changes combined with empirically defined heterosis breakdown levels to assess the likelihood of such potential hybrid population formation.
For the establishment of case study data, we produced four generations of hybrids between the predominantly autogamous annuals Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and its wild relative L. serriola, along both the autogamous and backcross pathways. Seeds of parental and hybrid lineages were sown individually in field plots and monitored up to and including seed‐set.
All four hybrid generations were phenotypically similar to L. serriola, but survival rates of hybrids in both pathways were significantly higher in early (1st and 2nd) hybrid generations. Combined with higher germination rates, this resulted in higher λs for all hybrid classes, relative to L. serriola. This fitness surplus decreases through the generations, which is interpreted as heterosis breakdown.
These data were entered in a stochastic model. In general, the likelihood of a rapid full displacement of L. serriola at realistic, i.e. low, outcrossing rates seems limited. More likely is the formation of a population containing a wide variety of genotypes with or without L. serriola included.
Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate a simple model for providing likelihood estimates for different scenarios of introgression consequences, with the potential to be used for risk assessment of new crops. When including estimates of heterosis breakdown in our predictions, the speed of displacement of the wild taxon is less dramatic than other modelling attempts suggest. Furthermore, although wild relative displacement is the most likely scenario, other outcomes are possible, including no displacement at all.