bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High fitness is associated with a healthier programming of body composition at adolescence
Authors: Ortega Francisco B. , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Labayen Idoia , Redondo Carlos , Breidenassel Christina , Gómez Sonia , Moreno Luis A. , Castillo Manuel J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe programming effect of birth weight on later body composition has become of increasing interest in recent years. This programming effect is affected by factors such as gender. Physical fitness could be another factor of influence. This study aimed to examine whether handgrip strength (HG) or cardiovascular fitness (CVF) modify the associations between birth weight and body composition in adolescents. A sample of 1,740 (942 females) adolescents aged 13 to 18.5 years, born at more than 35 weeks of gestation, from the AVENA study was studied. Waist circumference was measured, percentage body fat was calculated from skinfold thicknesses and fat free mass was derived by subtracting fat mass from total body weight. HG and CVF were assessed using the HG test and the 20 m shuttle run test, respectively. Birth weight was positively associated with fat free mass in females with high (above the median) CVF (P < 0.001), but not in those with low (below the median) CVF. In contrast, birth weight was positively associated with total and central adiposity in males with low HG (both P = 0.002), but not in those with high HG. These results suggest that the programming effect of birth weight on later body composition is dependent on gender and fitness level. A high birth weight may have a healthy programming effect on body composition in those adolescents with a high fitness level, being associated with increased fat free mass levels in females and not showing the increased adiposity levels observed in unfit males. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further investigation into the secrets of successful and unsuccessful mediators
Authors: Goldberg Stephen B. , Shaw Margaret L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractStephen B. Goldberg, of Chicago, brings Alternatives' readers up to date with his survey research on mediation room dynamics. With collaborator and coauthor Margaret L. Shaw, of New York, the research pinpoints why representatives of disputing parties believe they succeeded in mediation. Then, the authors detail a second follow‐up study that asked the same group why mediations fail. Their analysis provides concrete preparation steps for mediation parties and advocates, grounded in the practical results their surveys reveal.
Final call for reservations: Next month's corporate leadership awards dinner
Authors: Bleemer Russ 
Published: September 2008

AbstractLast call for next month's Corporate Leadership Awards Dinner in NYC honoring Microsoft Corp. and its general counsel, Brad Smith. Also, details about CPR's new website; the free International Dispute Negotiation podcasts, and a call for nominations for the 2008 CPR Institute Awards for Excellence in ADR.
California's supreme court first reasserts an arbitrator power…
Authors: Hunt Jillian Lee , Bleemer Russ , Klimpl Timothy 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTwo significant opinions on mediation confidentiality from opposite coasts emerged this summer. Alternatives' editor Russ Bleemer, and Timothy Klimpl, of New York, analyze the result in the closely watched California Supreme Court Simmons v. Ghaderi case, which provides strong support for the state's mediation protection statutes. Confidentiality is on shakier ground in the hands of New York's top court, with details provided about the Court's affirmance of a subpoena for a mediator's testimony and records. Jillian Lee Hunt, of New York, looks at another California Supreme Court case on the limits of arbitrator power, and there is a report on a United Kingdom survey revealing an insufficient use of employment mediation.
Die Entdeckung und Synthese von marinen Polyethern
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Frederick Michael O. , Aversa Robert J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDie beispiellose Struktur des marinen Naturstoffs Brevetoxin B wurde 1981 von den Arbeitsgruppen um Nakanishi und Clardy aufgeklärt. Das leiterförmige Molekülgerüst dieses kondensierten Polyethers, die starke Toxizität und der faszinierende Wirkmechanismus durch Angriff am spannungsgesteuerten Natriumkanal sorgten für Aufmerksamkeit. Syntheseversuche führten zur Entwicklung zahlreicher neuer Methoden und Strategien zum Aufbau von Etherringen und wurden schließlich durch die Totalsynthesen von Brevetoxin B und einigen verwandten, ähnlich anspruchsvollen Zielverbindungen gekrönt. Unter den marinen Polyethern nimmt Maitotoxin als kompliziertester und giftigster Vertreter eine Sonderstellung ein; die Verbindung ist der größte bekannte nichtpolymere Naturstoff überhaupt. Dieser Aufsatz beginnt mit einer kurzen Geschichte zur Isolierung der Biotoxine und beleuchtet ihre biologischen Eigenschaften und Wirkmechanismen. Dann werden Syntheseversuche beschrieben, wobei besonders neue Methoden berücksichtigt werden, die im Laufe dieser Studien entwickelt wurden. Den Abschluss bilden eine Diskussion der noch nicht abgeschlossenen Totalsynthese von Maitotoxin sowie ein Ausblick auf die weitere Entwicklung des Forschungsgebiets.
The Continuing Saga of the Marine Polyether Biotoxins
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Frederick Michael O. , Aversa Robert J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe unprecedented structure of the marine natural product brevetoxin B was elucidated by the research group of Nakanishi and Clardy in 1981. The ladderlike molecular architecture of this fused polyether molecule, its potent toxicity, and fascinating voltage‐sensitive sodium channel based mechanism of action immediately captured the imagination of synthetic chemists. Synthetic endeavors resulted in numerous new methods and strategies for the construction of cyclic ethers, and culminated in several impressive total syntheses of this molecule and some of its equally challenging siblings. Of the marine polyethers, maitotoxin is not only the most complex and most toxic of the class, but is also the largest nonpolymeric natural product known to date. This Review begins with a brief history of the isolation of these biotoxins and highlights their biological properties and mechanism of action. Chemical syntheses are then described, with particular emphasis on new methods developed and applied to the total syntheses. The Review ends with a discussion of the, as yet unfinished, story of maitotoxin, and projects into the future of this area of research.
Improvement of thermal and fire properties of polypropylene
Authors: Goodarzi Vahabodin , Monemian Seyed Ali , Angaji Mahmood Torabi , Motahari Siamak 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn the present research, the thermal stability and fire properties of polypropylene (PP) have been improved through direct melt intercalation of PP, organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles, and conventional flame retardants, i.e., decabromodiphenyl oxide (DB) and antimony trioxide (AO). The morphology of the compound was characterized by means of X‐ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), cone‐calorimetry, limiting oxygen index, UL‐94, and tensile tests were also employed to investigate thermal and mechanical properties as well as the flammability of the compounds. Data, obtained from TGA, indicated that simultaneous incorporation of both OMMT and CaCO3 nanoparticles forms a synergistic effect to improve both the thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability. The kinetic analysis of polymer degradation showed that the presence of nanoparticles hindered the thermal degradation of PP. The combination of OMMT and CaCO3 was more effective to improve fire properties than OMMT and DB/AO. The experimental results indicated that the incorporation of OMMT and CaCO3 improved both the tensile (i.e., the increase of yield strength, tensile strength, and Young's modulus) and thermal properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Diastereoselective Synthesis of N‐Boc‐Norpandamarilactonine‐B and Pandamarilactonine‐A
Authors: Honda Toshio , Katoh Misugi , Ushiwata Makoto , Shigehisa Hiroki 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOptically pure N‐Boc‐norpandamarilactonine‐B was diastereoselectively synthesized starting from L‐serine by employing a double ring closing metathesis (RCM) of a tetraene derivative as a key reaction. N‐Boc‐norpandamarilactonine‐B obtained was further converted to pandamarilactonine‐A.
Structure‐Activity Relationships Study of Bastadin 6, an Anti‐Angiogenic Brominated‐Tyrosine Derived Metabolite from Marine Sponge
Authors: Kotoku Naoyuki , Hiramatsu Atsushi , Tsujita Hiroaki , Hirakawa Yoichi , Sanagawa Mami , Aoki Shunji , Kobayashi Motomasa 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA structure‐activity relationship (SAR) study of bastadin 6 (1), a brominated tyrosine‐derived metabolite from Indonesian marine sponge having a potent anti‐angiogenic activity, was executed. The syntheses and their biological evaluation of the oxime‐modified analogues and bromine‐modified analogues revealed that both the oxime moieties and bromine atoms in bastadin 6 (1) play an important role to show the potent and selective anti‐proliferative activity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).
Design of Potent Aspartic Protease Inhibitors to Treat Various Diseases
Authors: Nguyen Jeffrey‐Tri , Hamada Yoshio , Kimura Tooru , Kiso Yoshiaki 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this retrospective, personal review covering our research from the late 1980s until 2007, we outline nearly two‐decade worth of our own work on several aspartic protease inhibitors including those affecting renin, HIV‐1 protease, plasmepsins, β‐secretase, and HTLV‐I protease and we report on aspartic protease inhibitors as potential drugs to treat hypertension, AIDS, malaria, Alzheimer's disease and adult T‐cell leukemia, HTLV‐I associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis, and various, respectively, associated diseases. Herein, we describe our methods for rational substrate‐based drug design of peptidomimetics that potently inhibit the activity of renin, HIV‐1 protease, plasmepsins, β‐secretase, and HTLV‐I protease accordingly, using an appropriately selected inhibitory residue that contained a hydroxymethylcarbonyl isostere. Although this non‐hydrolyzable isostere mimics the transition state that is formed during protein cleavage of a substrate, the isostere‐containing inhibitor is not cleaved. We highlight our optimization studies in which we used various techniques and tools such as truncation studies, natural and non‐natural amino acid substitution studies, various moieties to promote chemical and pharmacological stability, X‐ray crystallography, computer‐assisted docking and dynamic simulations, quantitative structure‐activity relationship studies, and various other methods that this review can barely mention.
Structure‐Activity Relationships of Pyrazine‐Based CK2 Inhibitors: Synthesis and Evaluation of 2,6‐Disubstituted Pyrazines and 4,6‐Disubstituted Pyrimidines
Authors: Suzuki Yamato , Cluzeau Jérôme , Hara Takafumi , Hirasawa Akira , Tsujimoto Gozoh , Oishi Shinya , Ohno Hiroaki , Fujii Nobutaka 
Published: September 2008

AbstractStructually related to the known CK2 inhibitors, 2,6‐disubstituted pyrazine and 4,6‐disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and their inhibitory activities toward CK2α and CK2α′ were evaluated. Structure‐activity relationship study has revealed that several pyrazine derivatives bearing a (pyrrol‐3‐yl)acetic acid and a monosubstituted aniline possess potent inhibitory activities.
Evaluation of potential modifiers of the cardiac phenotype in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Goldmuntz Elizabeth , Driscoll Deborah A. , Emanuel Beverly S. , McDonald‐McGinn Donna , Mei Minghua , Zackai Elaine , Mitchell Laura E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:The phenotype associated with deletion of the 22q11.2 chromosomal region is highly variable, yet little is known about the source of this variability. Cardiovascular anomalies, including tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, interrupted aortic arch type B, perimembranous ventricular septal defects, and aortic arch anomalies, occur in approximately 75% of individuals with a 22q11.2 deletion.METHODS:Data from 343 subjects enrolled in a study of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome were used to evaluate potential modifiers of the cardiac phenotype in this disorder. Subjects with and without cardiac malformations, and subjects with and without aortic arch anomalies were compared with respect to sex and race. In addition, in the subset of subjects from whom a DNA sample was available, genotypes for variants of four genes that are involved in the folate‐homocysteine metabolic pathway and that have been implicated as risk factors for other birth defects were compared. Five variants in four genes were genotyped by heteroduplex or restriction digest assays. The chi‐square or Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the association between the cardiac phenotype and each potential modifier.RESULTS:The cardiac phenotype observed in individuals with a 22q11.2 deletion was not significantly associated with either sex or race. The genetic variants that were evaluated also did not appear to be associated with the cardiovascular phenotype.CONCLUSIONS:Variation in the cardiac phenotype observed between individuals with a 22q11.2 deletion does not appear to be related to sex, race, or five sequence variants in four folate‐related genes that are located outside of the 22q11.2 region. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of protein exclusion on the purity performance of ion exchange resins
Authors: Zeid J. , Harinarayan C. , van Reis R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDynamic binding capacity (DBC) decreases with increasing conductivity in the equilibrium regime for ion exchange chromatography. An exclusion regime has been demonstrated in ion exchange resins where DBC increases with increasing conductivity and decreasing protein charge. The purpose of this work was to examine the impact of the exclusion regime on impurity removal. Resin performance was evaluated based on dynamic binding capacities and purity within the exclusion and equilibrium regimes. The results revealed that Chinese hamster ovary proteins (CHOP), a major impurity, exhibit similar exclusion trends as the MAb proteins. The results further the understanding of the exclusion regime and its impact on product purity, a critical area for IEX development and optimization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 102: 971–976. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ product recovery of n‐butanol using polymeric resins
Authors: Nielsen David R. , Prather Kristala Jones 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPolymeric resins with high n‐butanol adsorption affinities were identified from a candidate pool of commercially available materials representing a wide array of physical and chemical properties. Resin hydrophobicity, which was dictated by the chemical structure of its constituent monomer units, most greatly influenced the resin‐aqueous equilibrium partitioning of n‐butanol whereas ionic functionalization appeared to have no effect. In general, those materials derived from poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) possessed the greatest n‐butanol affinity, while the adsorption potential of these resins was limited by their specific surface area. Resins were tested for their ability to serve as effective in situ product recovery (ISPR) devices in the n‐butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. In small‐scale batch fermentations, the addition of 0.05 kg/L Dowex® Optipore SD‐2 facilitated achievement of effective n‐butanol titers as high as 2.22% (w/v), well above the inhibitory threshold of C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824, and nearly twice that of traditional, single‐phase fermentations. Retrieval of n‐butanol from resins via thermal treatment was demonstrated with high efficiency and predicted to be economically favorable. Due to its modular nature, the proposed ISPR design exhibits strong potential for compatibility with future n‐butanol fermentation efforts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 102: 811–821. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The construction and characterization of two xylan‐degrading chimeric enzymes
Authors: Fan Zhanmin , Wagschal Kurt , Lee Charles C. , Kong Que , Shen Katherine A. , Maiti Indu B. , Yuan Ling 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDegradation of xylan requires several enzymes. Two chimeric enzymes, xyln–ara and xyln–xylo, were constructed by linking the catalytic portion of a xylanase (xyln) to either an arabinofuranosidase (ara) or a xylosidase (xylo) with a flexible peptide linker. The recombinant parental enzymes and chimeras were produced in E. coli at high levels and purified for characterization of their enzymatic and kinetic properties as well as activities on natural substrates. The chimeras closely resemble the parental enzymes or their mixtures with regard to protein properties. They share similar temperature profiles and have similar catalytic efficiencies as the parental enzymes when assayed using substrates 4‐nitrophenyl‐α‐L‐arabinofuranoside or 2‐nitrophenyl‐ β‐D‐xylopyranoside. The chimeras also show unique enzymatic characteristics. In xylanase activity assays using Remazol Brilliant Blue‐xylan, while the parental xylanase has a pH optimum of pH 8, the chimeras showed shifted pH optima as a consequence of significantly increased activity at pH 6 (the optimal pH for ara and xylo). Both chimeras exhibited additive effects of the parental enzymes when assayed at wide ranges of pH and temperatures. The xyln–xylo chimera had the same activities as the xyln/xylo mixture in hydrolyzing the natural substrates oat spelt xylan and wheat arabinoxylan. Compared to the xyln/ara mixture, the xyln–ara chimera released the same amounts of xylose from oat spelt xylan and ∼30% more from wheat arabinoxylan at pH 6. Our results demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of generating bifunctional enzymes for the improvement of xylan bioconversion. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 102: 684–692. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An ACP Structural Switch: Conformational Differences between the Apo and Holo Forms of the Actinorhodin Polyketide Synthase Acyl Carrier Protein
Authors: Evans Simon E. , Williams Christopher , Arthur Christopher J. , Burston Steven G. , Simpson Thomas J. , Crosby John , Crump Matthew P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe actinorhodin (act) synthase acyl carrier protein (ACP) from Streptomyces coelicolor plays a central role in polyketide biosynthesis. Polyketide intermediates are bound to the free sulfhydryl group of a phosphopantetheine arm that is covalently linked to a conserved serine residue in the holo form of the ACP. The solution NMR structures of both the apo and holo forms of the ACP are reported, which represents the first high resolution comparison of these two forms of an ACP. Ensembles of twenty apo and holo structures were calculated and yielded atomic root mean square deviations of well‐ordered backbone atoms to the average coordinates of 0.37 and 0.42 Å, respectively. Three restraints defining the protein to the phosphopantetheine interface were identified. Comparison of the apo and holo forms revealed previously undetected conformational changes. Helix III moved towards helix II (contraction of the ACP), and Leu43 on helix II subtly switched from being solvent exposed to forming intramolecular interactions with the newly added phosphopantetheine side chain. Tryptophan fluorescence and S. coelicolor fatty acid synthase (FAS) holo‐synthase (ACPS) assays indicated that apo‐ACP has a twofold higher affinity (Kd of 1.1 μM) than holo‐ACP (Kd of 2.1 μM) for ACPS. Site‐directed mutagenesis of Leu43 and Asp62 revealed that both mutations affect binding, but have differential affects on modification by ACPS. Leu43 mutations in particular strongly modulate binding affinity for ACPS. Comparison of apo‐ and holo‐ACP structures with known models of the Bacillus subtilis FAS ACP–holo‐acyl carrier protein synthase (ACPS) complex suggests that conformational modulation of helix II and III between apo‐ and holo‐ACP could play a role in dissociation of the ACP–ACPS complex.
Computational techniques applied to the study of the oxidation kinetics of iron and molybdenum cyanocomplexes by peroxynitrous acid
Authors: Herrero H. , Rodado G. M. , Mucientes A. E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe oxidation kinetics of iron and molybdenum cyanocomplexes by peroxynitrous acid were studied by computational techniques. The rate constants of ONOOH decomposition and substrate oxidation were calculated by fitting the experimental data to the solution of the ordinary differential equations mechanism. There is a linear relationship between the rate constants which is solved by varying the initial concentration of one of the reactive species. The rate constants of the steps involved in ONOOH decomposition were also determined following the same procedure and considering a linear relationship between the rate constants. The results are consistent with the values previously found using the conventional method of integration, and they validate the prior steady state assumption. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Phosphorylated Core Oligosaccaride Structures from Cold‐Adapted Psychromonas arctica
Authors: Corsaro Maria M. , Pieretti Giuseppina , Lindner Buko , Lanzetta Rosa , Parrilli Ermenegilda , Tutino Maria L. , Parrilli Michelangelo 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMany cold habitats contain plenty of microorganisms that represent the most abundant cold‐adapted life forms on earth. These organisms have developed a wide range of adaptations that involve the cell wall of the microorganism. In particular, bacteria enhance the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids of membrane lipids to maintain the membrane fluidity, but very little is known about the adaptational changes in the structure of the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), the main constituent of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical structure of these LPSs for insight into the temperature‐adaptation mechanism. For this objective, the cold‐adapted Psychromonas arctica bacterium, which lives in the arctic sea‐water near Spitzbergen (Svalbard islands, Arctic) was cultivated at 4 °C. The lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) were isolated and analysed by means of chemical analysis and electrospray ionisation high‐resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. The LOS was then degraded either by mild hydrazinolysis (O‐deacylation) or with hot 4 M KOH (N‐deacylation). Both products were investigated in detail by using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The core consists of a mixture of species that differ because of the presence of nonstoichiometric D‐fructose and/or D‐galacturonic acid units.
Stereoselective Synthesis of L‐Guluronic Acid Alginates
Authors: Dinkelaar Jasper , van den Bos Leendert J. , Hogendorf Wouter F. J. , Lodder Gerrit , Overkleeft Herman S. , Codée Jeroen D. C. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe glycosylation properties of gulopyranosides have been mapped out, and it is shown that gulose has an intrinsic preference for the formation of 1,2‐cis‐glycosidic bonds. It is postulated that this glycosylation behaviour originates from nucleophilic attack at the oxacarbenium ion, which adopts the most favourable 3H4 conformation. Building on the stereoselectivity of gulose, a guluronic acid alginate trisaccharide was assembled for the first time by using gulopyranosyl building blocks.