bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiments On Mimicry: Ii. the Effect of a Batesian Mimic On Its Model
Authors: Lea R. Geraldine , Turner John R.G. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractArtificial prey, consisting of pieces of pastry placed on coloured cards, were placed on a lawn ; birds, predominantly Blue Tits, were allowed to eat them. When the prey were palatable, the birds ate more from black cards than from red, blue or grey cards. The birds ate significantly more of a "perfect" Batesian mimic than of its model, placed on an identical card, but made distasteful by soaking in a 2 1/2% solution of quinine dihydrochloride. This "discrimination" by the birds probably shows that they can see a slight yellowness in the quinine-soaked pastry. The birds showed no preference between blue, red and yellow prey when the pastry was palatable, but ate significantly more pastry from blue than from red cards when the pastry was distasteful. As this happened equally when the blue or the red prey were in the greater number, it was not due to Mullerian mimicry in the context of the experiment, but probably resulted from Batesian mimicry between the blue distasteful prey and the grey palatable prey which was intended as a control in the experiment. Thus the blue prey, acting as a Batesian model, is shown to suffer increased predation as a result of the predators' confusing it with its mimic.
Hierarchy and Its Relation To Territory in the Cockroach Nauphoeta Cinerea
Authors: Ewing Leonie S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract(I) The first aim of the study was to determine the role of the hierarchy in the social organisation of a group of male cockroaches and specifically to determine the advantages of high rank. The second aim was to see if social structure could be altered by changing the density. (2) On the basis of rank three classes of males can be distinguished. The characteristics of these three classes are described. (3) The main outcome of the hierarchy is that it determines a class of territorial males. Only top-dominant (alpha) males have absolute territorial rights. Bottom-ranking (gamma) males have none. The main evidence that territory holding itself does not confer dominance is that any change in the hierarchy is followed, rather than preceded by, a change in the animals holding territories. This type of organisation can be called territorial/hierarchical. (4) Gamma males are at a disadvantage only with respect to territory unless the group is very crowded (see below). They compete just as successfully as other males for food and water and also for females in non-territorial situation. (5) The hierarchy is stable for long periods and while it is stable the behaviour is predominantly territorial. Eventually changes in rank order do occur and possible explanations for this are discussed. (6) Groups of three densities were observed. Different social organisation is found with different degrees of crowding. At low density the society is territorial/hierarchical as described above. As the density increases so the number of territorial animals declines. At high density there is a marked change in the resting pattern. Most males clump together leaving wide unoccupied spaces. Only one male, the owner of the food territory, occupies the same site consistently. This male is not the top-dominant animal. Aggressive behaviour in middle-ranking males is inhibited and some bottom-ranking males show elements of the stress syndrome. There is a more rapid turn-over of top-ranking animals with increasing density. (7) When receptive females are introduced into a relatively stable group of males in a non-territorial situation, the level of aggression is raised and total disruption of the hierarchy follows. The implication of this observation is discussed. There was no correlation between rank and mating success.
Sexual Behavior in the Northern Elephant Seal Mirounga Angustirostris
Authors: Leboeuf Burney J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe mating behavior of Northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, was studied during the I968, I969 and I970 breeding seasons at Año Nuevo Island, I9 miles north of Santa Cruz, California. Copulation takes place primarily on land, from January to March; it is initiated and terminated by the male and lasts approximately 5 minutes. A few males do most of the breeding and the higher a male's rank in the social hierarchy, the more frequently he copulates. Some bulls may maintain high rank and participate in mating for 3 breeding seasons. Low ranking males are kept out of the harem so they attempt to copulate with females on the periphery or in the water with departing females. Males prevent subordinates from mounting females and disrupt copulations in progress. The higher a male's rank, the more freedom he has to copulate without interference, and the more frequently he interferes with the copulation of others. The highest ranking males interrupt their own copulations prematurely to attack other males and prevent them from copulating. Males mount weaned pups, yearlings, and non-estrous females in addition to estrous females; the latter are mounted most frequently. Females come into estrus 24 days after parturition. They are receptive for about 3 days (range I-I3 days), during which they may copulate several different times with one or more males. Females are usually in estrus when they leave the rookery and return to sea. The greatest difference in the copulatory pattern of the elephant seal, a true seal, and members of the sea lion family, is that the former interfere with the copulations of other males while the latter do not. This may he due to differing social systems, a social hierarchy in elephant seals and a territorial system in sea lions. In elephant seals, where copulations are interrupted, mating may be incomplete. This is not as likely with sea lions where copulations are never interrupted because males honor the boundaries of their neighbors. The differences in female behavior and sexual physiology - a long promiscuous estrous period in elephant seals as opposed to a brief estrus with only one copulation in sea lions - may have evolved as a compensation for the consequences of the social behavior of males.
On the Social Behavior in a Stable Group of Long-Tailed Field Mice (Apodemus Sylvaticus). I. an Interpretation of Defensive Postures
Authors: Bovet Jacques 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe social behavior of a group of four adult (2 ♂ ♂ and 2 ♀ ♀) long-tailed field mice (Apodernus sylvaticus) living together for a long period of time in a large terrarium is described and analyzed. As a rule, the social behavior patterns correspond to those described for other rodent species. Analysis of the occurrence of encounters involving defensive postures with other types of encounters, and the behavior of the mice before they display defensive postures suggest that not only attack and flight, but also amicable and non-social tendencies could be involved in the elicitation of this type of behavior.
On the Social Behavior in a Stable Group of Long-Tailed Field Mice (Apodemus Sylvaticus). Ii. Its Relations With Distribution of Daily Activity
Authors: Bovet Jacques 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA group of three or four long-tailed field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) living in a large terrarium was observed for three consecutive months. A comparative analysis of their social behavior and temporal distribution of activity shows that there was a simple direct correlation between the number of encounters and the amount of time two or more mice spent together at the surface of the terrarium. It also shows an alternation of social and asocial periods, each of those lasting one or several weeks. In a social period, encounters were frequent, the mice spent much time together and were rarely seen to be active alone. The individual activity patterns were concordant, which contributed to the high amounts of simultaneous activity and of encounters. But in an asocial period, encounters were scarce, little time was spent together and solitary mice were often seen; the socially top ranking animal restricted its activity to certain times of the day and the three other mice to other times of the day, which contributed to the low amount of simultaneous activity and to the low frequency of encounters.
A Comparative Study of the Body Movenients of Displaying Males of the Lizard Genus Sceloporus (Iguanidae)
Authors: Purdue James R. , Carpenter Charles C. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Males of species of the genus Sceloporus (Sauria, Iguanidae) display by performing a series of push-ups involving their forelegs and, to varying degrees, their hindlegs. The amount of shoulder and hip movement per push-up was quantified by calculating two ratios: one by dividing the vertical shoulder movement by the vertical eye movement, and the second by dividing the vertical hip movement by the vertical eye movement. Each of the 2I species analyzed had a characteristic mean hip ratio. Inter-specifically there was a highly significant positive correlation coefficient between the mean shoulder and hip ratios, which simply indicated that species which had much hip movement also had much shoulder movement. Another significant, but negative, correlation was between the mean hip ratios and the mean snout-vent lengths. This relationship was attributed to a general compensation for the proportionately greater weight of the larger species. Further analysis indicated that the amount of hip movement was not merely an individual response to the weight/ length relationship, rather it was a genetic response by the species with closely related species having similar amounts of hip movement.
Novelty-Induced Self-Food Deprivation in Wild and Semi-Domestic Deermice (Peromyscus Maniculatus Bairdii)
Authors: Price Edward O. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA population of prairie decrmice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) maintained in captivity for I7 years (20-25 generations) was compared with the laboratory-reared offspring of a field-caught population in regard to their response to the forced occupation of a novel environment (activity wheels). It was hypothesized that the incidence of self-induced food deprivation had been significantly reduced in the semi-domestic population as a result or genetic changes accompanying the domestication process. Controls were established for handling, social isolation, post-natal maternal environment (fostering) and post-weaning rearing environment (field enclosure vs. laboratory cages). Unrestricted food consumption of the wild genotype subjects was significantly reduced during the first 48 hours in the novel environment while the food consumption of the semi-domestic subjects did not change. This strain differential response to a novel environment could not be explained by strain differences in responses to handling and social isolation nor was it affected by fostering and post-weaning rearing experience. Changes in body weight and activity could not account for the self-induced food deprivation exhibited by the wild-genotype mice. It was concluded that the differential reactivity of the wild and semi-domestic strains may be due to changes in the gene pool of the semi-domestic population resulting from a shift in selection pressures accompanying the transition from field to laboratory environments.
Vocalizations of East African Monkeys Ii: Black and White Colobus
Authors: Marler Peter 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSix sound patterns are important in social communication of the black and white colobus, Colobus guereza, in the Budongo forest, Uganda. The loud roaring of adult males seems to function in intergroup spacing. The snort of adult males may be a threat or an alarm. A soft purring, rarely heard, accompanies a group movement. A cawing sound is used by adult females, juveniles, and infants in situations of mild distress or threat. Squeaks and screams are used by adult females, infants, and juveniles in acute distress. A non-vocal sound, the tongue click, is employed in territorial defense. The characteristics of these sounds are interpreted in light of the social organization of this species which is territorial, with an average group of eight animals, typically with only one adult male. Signals used primarily in intertroop communication are discrete, while those used for signalling within the troop are graded.
Some Behavioral Tests of Domestication in Norway Rats
Authors: Boice Robert 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFive experiments with wild and domestic rats (Rattus norvegicus) were designed to assess behavioral effects of domestication. The results, which must be considered preliminary, are supportive of the notion that domestication in the Norway rat has induced an adaptive fitness rather than degeneration: 1. Scar-marked captives showed the poor reproductive success typical of traditional attempts at initial laboratorization. In 10 such pairs, three of the females killed prospective mates and five of the six who produced litters cannibalized all or some of the offspring. Unscarred captives, assumed to represent higher social status in the wild population, produced litters in eight of ten pairings with no abnormal breeding or maternal behaviors. 2. Scar-marked captives were least dominant in water competition and were most likely to show abnormal behaviors, new wounds, and mortalities. Similar competitive groupings of domestic rats showed the expected difference in social behavior; fighting was less intense, social distance was less, and threat signals were rare compared to wild rats. Where wild and domestic rats were housed together, however, the intensity of social behaviors in the latter increased, even leading to deaths, although interaction was almost segregated between the two kinds of rats. 3. In an avoidance learning situation, wild-caught and wild F1 (laboratory raised) rats were markedly inferior in performance compared to domestic rats in paradigms with internally or externally cued warnings. 4. In another avoidance learning context, wild rats showed limited evidence of a passive style of learning while domestic rats showed clear evidence of active avoidance learning. These data suggest that learning styles may differ in the two kinds of rats and that definitive evidence of a learning difference will be difficult to obtain. 5. Daily patterns of responding for drinking water were more resistant to change in the wild rats, even at a substantial cost in water obtained, suggesting that domestication may have induced greater behavioral flexibility.
The Ontogeny of Impaling Behaviour in the Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius Ludovicianus L
Authors: Smith Susan M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract1 . The ontogeny of impaling (including wedging) behaviour by Loggerhead Shrikes was studied both in wild and in captive birds. 2. The earliest elements of impaling: "dabbing" and "dragging" behaviour, are described. 3. Field work was done in central Washington state; most of the data were obtained from two broods totalling 13 birds. Laboratory work was done on more than 60 hand-reared birds. 4. There did not appear to be any attempt by the parents to demonstrate impaling to either nestlings or fledglings. The young normally did not observe adults impaling food until they were past the age at which they start impaling by themselves. 5. The ontogeny of impaling under natural conditions was found to be essentially Identical to that of hand-reared birds that had been raised in cages containing natural branches. 6. The earliest dragging behaviour by both captive and wild birds was done as soon as the food was obtained, whether or not the bird was within reach of a thorn or fork. 7. The motor patterns of impaling (dragging behaviour) appeared in every young shrike by the age of 26 days. However, a period of trial-and-error behaviour was apparently necessary before these motions were directed towards a suitable place (i.e., thorn or fork). 8. Observational learning is not involved; birds that had been reared in the absence of any impaling device until they were at least 75 days old failed to use thorn branches when provided, regardless of whether or not they had had the opportunity to observe older birds impaling and wedging in an adjacent cage. 9. It is, therefore, concluded that personal experience with impaling devices is necessary for the appearance of the orientation component of impaling in Loggerhead Shrikes. Furthermore, this experience must occur within a "critical period" whose boundaries are roughly 20 to 70 days after hatching. 10. Hence, in this species, the orientation component of impaling is apparently normally learned by a process similar to imprinting.
The Temporal Pattern of Behaviour in Isolated Male Zebra Finches : Transition Analysis
Authors: Slater Peter J.B. , Ollason Janet C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA transition analysis has been carried out on the behaviour of single male zebra finches, isolated as far as possible from all varying environmental stimuli. As wide a variety of behaviour patterns as feasible was included and grouping of these was kept to a minimum. The dangers of grouping acts on functional rather than causal grounds are stressed. The method of analysis differs from most of those used previously in the following ways: 1. Data from different individuals are not massed for statistical treatment. This avoids a source of bias which makes it difficult to reach conclusions about the population as a whole. 2. Transitions between one act and itself are not considered. It is argued that models including such transitions have a strong arbitrary component and are predisposed to demonstrate merely that certain acts occur in bouts. A method is employed for calculating the expected frequencies of transitions which does not appear to have been used before in this field. It is based on a random model which excludes from consideration homogeneous transitions and any others which cannot occur because of environmental constraints. The analysis suggests that zebra finches show cycles of behaviour having active and inactive phases, with ingestion occurring mainly in the former and grooming in the latter. Song appears to be transitional between the two and to occur during periods when other tendencies are low, while stereotypes often follow such periods. Certain pairs of behaviours which occur frequently in sequence are discussed. In some cases one probably generates the peripheral state appropriate to the other and in others the pairing appears to have central causation. Triplet analysis on the massed data from all birds suggests that for most behaviours triplets of the form A-B-A are commoner than would be expected from the frequencies of the pairs A-B and B-A. It is suggested that factor analysis is not a very useful method for dealing with transition data. Detailed closer study of particular interactions, and of the temporal pattern of individual behaviours, are likely to prove more fruitful.
The Effects of Prior Exposure To Light On the Imprinting Process in Domestic Chicks
Authors: Bateson P.P.G. , Wainwright Averell A.P. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDomestic chicks were placed in isolation under a constant white light for 30 minutes. Afterwards these birds and a group previously kept in the dark were trained with a Red or a Yellow flashing light for 45 minutes. Subsequently all chicks were given a choice between familiar and unfamiliar flashing lights in some new apparatus which is described in detail for the first time. The chicks exposed to constant light showed a clear preference for the flashing light with which they had been trained whereas the Dark control chicks did not. It is suggested that the constant light activated their visual pathways enabling the Light-exposed chicks to learn more than the Dark control chicks during the imprinting procedure.
Decisions and the Uncertainty of Behaviour
Authors: Richard  , Dawkins Marian 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBehaviour can be described in terms of its changing uncertainty or decision structure over time. Such a description is economical, maximally informative and may well be of importance neurophysiologically. We try to show that the methods which are normally used to detect temporal patterning between already recognized behavioural acts can also be used on a finer time scale to detect moment to moment patterns of posture within those acts. From such analyses, it is possible to calculate the 'decisioniness' or 'uncertainty' of different parts of the behavioural sequence. We illustrate this by an attempt to describe the decision structure of the drinking behaviour of domestic chicks, using frame by frame videotape analysis. For example, it appears that the first downstroke phase of each drink is more uncertain as to outcome than the other phases, suggesting that 'decisions' are taken during the downstroke. We end with an attempt to plot a continuous graph of behaviour uncertainty against time sampled at 50 msec intervals.
Feeding History, Parental Stock, and Food Selection in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Bryan J.E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFeeding history and parental stock were manipulated to determine whether they could influence food selection in young trout, Salmo gairdrceri Richardson. After 9 training meals of one food, trout selected that food, the familiar one, when given a choice between it and a novel food. (Most choice situations used high and equal densities of unconcealed foods). Selection of the familiar food occurred with several kinds of non-living food. Trout trained on live prey, however, did not always select the familiar one when botli prey were alive, although they did when both prey were dead. Some characteristics of the training effect were investigated. As they became satiated, trout consumed relatively more of the novel food. Duration of food deprivation before a choice test did not change the degree of selection for the familiar food. In addition to eating more of the familiar food, trout struck but rejected relatively more of the novel food. Individual trout trained on two foods ate them in proportions which were characteristic for an individual. After they had learned to select one food, trout were given further training on one of the following: the familiar food, a novel food, or both. Further training on the familiar food did not change the proportion selected. Trout trained on one food for 12 meals and then on a second food for 12 meals selected the second food when given a choice. When the initial training was followed by continuous feeding of both familiar and novel food, trout continued to select the familiar food for 14 to 23 meals. All results suggested that effects of such feeding history would not greatly influence food selection in natural situations. Progeny of different parental stocks were tested to determine whether parental food can influence food selected by offspring. Eggs from trout which ate different kinds of food were hatched in the laboratory. For their first meal, trout were given choices of the kinds of food eaten by the parental stocks. In three main experiments, the young trout did not select the type of food commonly eaten by their parents.