bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and Contemporary Patterns of Trauma Deaths: Changing Place, Similar Pace, Older Face
Authors: Søreide Kjetil , Krüger Andreas J. , Vårdal Anne Line , Ellingsen Christian Lycke , Søreide Eldar , Lossius Hans Morten 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe epidemiology of trauma deaths in Europe is less than well investigated. Thus, our goal was to study the contemporary patterns of trauma deaths within a defined population with an exceptionally high trauma autopsy rate.MethodsThis was a retrospective evaluation of 260 consecutive trauma autopsies for which we collected demographic, pre‐hospital and in‐hospital data. Patients were analyzed for injury severity by standard scoring systems (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS], Revised Trauma Score [RTS], and Injury Severity Score [ISS]), and the Trauma and Injury Severity Scale [TRISS] methodology.ResultsThe fatal trauma incidence was 10.0 per 100,000 inhabitants (17.4 per 100,000 age‐adjusted ≥ 55 years). Blunt mechanism (87%), male gender (75%), and pre‐hospital deaths (52%) predominated. Median ISS was 38 (range: 4–75). Younger patients (<55 years) who died in the hospital were more often hypotensive (SBP < 90 mmHg; p = 0.001), in respiratory distress (RR < 10/min, or > 29/min; p < 0.0001), and had deranged neurology on admission (Glasgow Coma Score [GCS] ≤ 8; p < 0.0001), compared to those ≥ 55 years. Causes of death were central nervous system (CNS) injuries (67%), exsanguination (25%), and multiorgan failure (8%). The temporal death distribution is model‐dependent and can be visualized in unimodal, bimodal, or trimodal patterns. Age increased (r = 0.43) and ISS decreased (r = –0.52) with longer time from injury to death (p < 0.001). Mean age of the trauma patients who died increased by almost a decade during the study period (from mean 41.7 ± 24.2 years to mean 50.5 ± 25.4 years; p = 0.04). The pre‐hospital:in‐hospital death ratio shifted from 1.5 to 0.75 (p < 0.007).ConclusionsWhile pre‐hospital and early deaths still predominate, an increasing proportion succumb after
arrival in hospital. Focus on injury prevention is imperative, particularly for brain injuries. Although hemorrhage and multiorgan failure deaths have decreased, they do still occur. Redirected attention and focus on the geriatric trauma population is mandated.
Partogram use in the Dar es Salaam perinatal care study
Authors: Nyamtema A.S. , Urassa D.P. , Massawe S. , Massawe A. , Lindmark G. , van Roosmalen J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the quality of partograms used to monitor labor in Dar es Salaam hospitals, Tanzania.MethodsThe study team reviewed the records of the parameters of labor, and maternal and fetal conditions in 367 partograms, and interviewed 20 midwives.ResultsAll midwives interviewed had been previously trained to use the partogram. Of all partograms reviewed, 50% had no records of duration of labor. Although cervical dilation and fetal heart rates were recorded in 97% and 94% of the partograms respectively, 63% and 91% of these were judged to be substandard. Substandard monitoring of fetal heart rates was strongly associated with poor fetal outcome (P < 0.001). Blood pressure, temperature, and pulse rates were not recorded in 47%–76% of partograms.ConclusionThese findings reflect poor management of labor and indicate urgent in‐service training to address the importance of documentation and regular partogram audit in order to reduce maternal and perinatal deaths.
States and state systems: democratic, Westphalian or both?
Authors: NAVARI CORNELIA 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTwo rival accounts have come to dominate discussion of the origins and character of the contemporary international system. One, closely associated with the English School and the traditional account, places its origins with the appearance, and acceptance, of the centralised authority of the modern state. We might call this ‘the Westphalia version’. In this account, the modern state system is often represented in terms of what it is not. It is not a feudal regnum with a multiplicity of functionally distinct authorities. It is not a theocratic imperium where one power aimed at ‘the control and protection of Christendom’. It is a society of sovereigns, of de jure equals, each of whom accorded the others’ right to exist, and whose common ideological quantum is low. The rival is located within democratic transition theory. It postulates the modern state system as an extension of the liberal democratic state. The liberal state is not sovereign in the Westphalian sense: liberal authority is diffuse. Moreover, the liberal state produces its own, distinctive, international impulses that distance it in significant ways from the Westphalian pattern. Both see the state system as ‘produced’ by the state, as an immanent effect of stateness, but the account of the state’s trajectory differs radically.
Hedley Bull’s paradox of the balance of power: a philosophical inquiry
Authors: HJORTH RONNIE 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis essay examines the complex relationship between international law and the balance of power which Hedley Bull claims is paradoxical. Bull argues that the balance of power is an ‘essential condition’ of international law and that the actions required to preserve the balance ‘often involve’ violation of international law. It is shown that what seems to be a paradox is not a paradox but essentially a normative problem related to the difficulties in regulating power within international society, and that the perceived paradox does more to obscure than to clarify the fundamental normative problem to be dealt with.
Shifting the gaze from hysterical mothers to ‘deadly dads’: spectacle and the anti-nuclear movement
Authors: MANAGHAN TINA 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article uses the trope of ‘hysterical motherhood’ to elucidate one of the unique forms that women’s protest action took at the height of the American anti-nuclear movement. It advances an understanding of ‘hysterical motherhood’ as both an embodied tactic and a performative act, arguing that its tactical effectiveness lay in its ability to redirect the societal gaze from the ‘hystericized’ bodies of women to the bodies and practices of militarised men. In so doing, it (re)structured the field of the possible: constraining and enabling performative enactments of masculinity and the nuclear state.
Irregular migrants, neoliberal geographies and spatial frontiers of ‘the political’
Authors: McNEVIN ANNE 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this article I argue that the demands of irregular migrants to belong to political communities constitute key contemporary sites of ‘the political’. I also argue that geographies associated with neoliberal globalisation (transnational production circuits, special economic zones and global cities) are implicated in irregular migration flows and in new conceptions of political belonging. In relation to these claims, I reflect upon recent mobilisations in the US context, in which hundreds of thousands of irregular migrants and their supporters asserted the right to belong. I suggest that similar claims to belong are likely to proliferate and that neoliberal geographies may provide some clues as to where and how these contemporary frontiers of the political might proceed. I conclude by suggesting that a multidimensional approach to political belonging provides a sound conceptual starting point for the analytical and normative challenges raised by both the claims of non-status migrants and the sovereign practices of contemporary states.
From cosmopolitan nationalism to cosmopolitan democracy
Authors: ECKERSLEY ROBYN 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article offers both a critique and reconstruction of cosmopolitan democracy. It argues that cosmopolitan democracy promotes an excessively individualist account of political life and a functionalist approach to political community that are likely to undermine the kinds of national communities and citizens that are most likely to mobilise against global injustices. It argues that the alleviation of global injustices depends on the rescuing and reframing, rather than weakening, of national identities so that they take on a more cosmopolitan character. Cosmopolitan democracy is dependent upon cosmopolitan nationalism, based on a commitment to common liberty and justice at home and abroad.
Solidarity and spheres of culture: the cosmopolitan and the postcolonial
Authors: JABRI VIVIENNE 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCosmopolitan thought and practice bring into sharp focus the question of solidarity, its articulations, and implications in relation to how the political is understood in the sphere of the international. Where liberal cosmopolitanism aims its remit at a transcendent sphere of humanity, seeking to place humanity as the constitutive feature of a redesigned political community, a cosmopolitanism that is distinctly political in its orientation takes the postcolonial critique seriously, unravels the complicities of liberal cosmopolitan articulations of solidarity in global structures of domination, and locates its self-definition in an imminent critique of modernity. The political cosmopolitanism defined in the article presents a conception of solidarity without community, a conception that at once both recognises modernity’s legacy in the perpetuation of inequality and enables a conception of the universal that is not complicit in such relations.
Negotiating the politics of difference in the project of feminist solidarity
Authors: STEANS JILL 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe article is concerned with the constitutive tension between solidarity and difference in feminist practice. It is argued that while a ‘politics of difference’ has dogged efforts to build feminist solidarity across the boundaries of class, nation, ethnicity and religion, this does not refute the continuing importance of the concept of solidarity in understanding the dynamic interaction of agents in transnational political space. Drawing upon a number of illustrations from contemporary feminist practice, it is further argued that differences among women do not preclude solidarity. On the contrary, respect for difference is a necessary condition for forging solidarity. Moreover, conflict need not be divisive and can be creative in this process.
Transforming Family Law in Post-Deng China: Marriage, Divorce and Reproduction
Authors: Palmer Michael 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article considers the principal changes in family law in the People's Republic of China during the post-Deng period. The developments that have occurred during the period of review have been notable for their pace and their contribution to a growing legal sophistication in China's corpus of family law. They expand on a series of major reforms in family law documented in my earlier China Quarterly article. Overall, it is in the area of divorce that the most dramatic changes have taken place in family law over the past decade.
Are saltflats suitable supplementary nesting habitats for Malaysian
Plovers Charadrius peronii threatened by
beach habitat loss in Thailand?
Authors: Yasué Maï , Patterson Allison , Dearden Philip 
Published: September 2007

AbstractResort development and coastal beach erosion have led to declines in beach
breeding habitat for the near-threatened Malaysian Plover (Charadrius peronii) in the Gulf of Thailand.
Semi-natural saltflats may provide supplementary nesting areas. We compared the
environmental conditions, incubation behaviour and nesting success of plovers
breeding on sandy beaches and saltflats in Thailand. In total we monitored 21
and nine nesting attempts in 2004 (beaches and saltflats, respectively) and 26
and 22 nesting attempts in 2005. Despite higher air temperatures in the
saltflats (P < 0.0001), we
detected no significant differences in nest attendance (P = 0.542 and P = 0.885 for
2004 and 2005, respectively), number of incubator changes between parents
(P = 0.776 and P = 0.823) or number of parental nest departures (P = 0.087 and P
= 0.712) during 120 incubation observations on 55 nests. There was also no
difference in hatching success between beaches in 2004 (beach = 0.65, saltflat =
0.55; P = 0.692, n = 26) and 2005 (beach = 0.46, saltflat = 0.35; P = 0.539, n =
41). These results suggest that saltflats may provide nesting habitat for
Malaysian Plovers and could help enhance overall hatching success rates by
reducing nesting densities on beaches. Although there are few remaining intact
saltflats in coastal Thailand, there are currently vast areas of abandoned tiger
prawn aquaculture ponds that could be rehabilitated into saltflats at relatively
low cost. Given the large area of disused aquaculture ponds throughout Thailand
and South-East Asia and the substantial human pressure on coastal habitats,
there could be considerable conservation benefits to the restoration of
aquaculture ponds.
Exterior nest-boxes may negatively affect Barn Owl Tyto alba survival: an ecological trap
Authors: Klein Ákos , Nagy Tibor , Csörgő Tibor , Mátics Róbert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNest-site reduction has played a significant role in the decline of Barn Owl Tyto alba populations throughout Europe and North America. Techniques of nest-site augmentation, involving the provision of nest-boxes, have been widely used in a range of species of conservation concern, including falcons, eagles, parrots, owls and cavity-nesting ducks. A common method of Barn Owl conservation is the placement of nest-boxes on church towers. Despite the usefulness of nest-boxes, several studies have shown that there may be associated disadvantages and that nest-boxes may even act as ‘ecological traps’. The purpose of this research was to compare the survival rate of owlets hatched in nest-boxes with those hatched in the more “natural” environment of church towers. Survival time analysis elucidated that owlets developing in nest-boxes had significantly lower survival than those hatched in church towers. This difference was most obvious after the parent-dependent period of the life history. Surprisingly, the length of time from hatching to the onset of winter had no effect on the survival of the owlets, even though the accumulation of sufficient body reserves and acquisition of hunting experience are thought to be important in determining survival during the critical first winter of life. We propose possible causes for the negative effects of nest-boxes and recommend some modifications to the priorities of Barn Owl Action Plans, e.g. partial reopening of buildings instead of nest-box installation. This paper emphasizes the importance of considering revision of Species Action Plans in the case of other endangered species where conservation is based on nest-site supplement (e.g. hornbills, cavity-nesting seabirds, European Roller Coracias garrulus, Little Owl Athene noctua, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug, White Stork Ciconia ciconia).
Obesity, essential hypertension and renin–angiotensin system
Authors: Segura Julian , Ruilope Luis M 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAbdominal obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease worldwide, and it is becoming a dramatic issue for national health systems. Overweight and obesity are highly associated with multiple comorbidities, elevated blood pressure values, dyslipidaemia, reduced insulin sensitivity and alterations of large and minor vessels.Activation of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in adipose tissue may represent an important link between obesity and hypertension. Angiotensin II has been shown to play a role in adipocyte growth and differentiation. Adipocytes also secrete adiponectin, enhancing insulin sensitivity and preventing atherosclerosis. Blockade of the RAS with either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker results in a substantial increase in adiponectin levels and improved insulin sensitivity. Obesity-related hypertension needs a comprehensive approach to treatment including both weight loss and pharmacological therapies. Antihypertensive drugs prescription should be based on guidelines recommendations for management of hypertension, taking into account the growing evidences about the relationship between some antihypertensive drugs and the development of new-onset diabetes.This review discusses the role of RAS in the relationship between obesity, essential hypertension and insulin resistance.
Holoprosencephaly: new models, new insights
Authors: Krauss Robert S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHoloprosencephaly (HPE) is a common congenital malformation that is characterised by a failure to divide the forebrain into left and right hemispheres and is usually accompanied by defects in patterning of the midline of the face. HPE exists in inherited, autosomal dominant (familial) forms and mutation-associated sporadic forms, but environmental factors are also implicated. There are several features of HPE that are not well understood, including the extremely variable clinical presentation, even among obligate carriers of familial mutations, and the restriction of structural anomalies to the ventral anterior midline, despite association with defects in signal transduction pathways that regulate development of many additional body structures. The new animal models described in this review may help unravel these puzzles. Furthermore, these model systems suggest that human HPE arises from a complex interaction between the timing and strength of developmental signalling pathways, genetic variation and exposure to environmental agents.
Screening for depression in palliative cancer patients attending a pain and symptom control clinic
Authors: Sela Rami A. 
Published: September 2007

Objective: Depression in palliative care patients is often underrecognized. Screening can increase case recognition. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of depression in palliative cancer patients attending a pain and symptom control clinic and to investigate the validity and utility of a depression visual analogue scale in detecting depression in the advanced cancer outpatient population.Method: One hundred and thirty-two oncology outpatients who came for consultation at a multidisciplinary pain and symptom control clinic were asked and agreed to complete the Brief Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (BZSDS; Dugan et al., 1998) and depression visual analogue scale (DVAS).Results: The majority of participants (72%) indicated clinically significant depressive symptoms according to the BZSDS (21% in the “mild” depressive symptoms range, 32% in the “moderate” range, and 19% in the “severe” range). Participants indicated low endorsement rates of items related to overt manifestation of depression (e.g., sadness, tearfulness, irritability, and suicide ideation). The DVAS showed high correlation with the BZSDS (r = .82) and is a potentially useful screening instrument for detecting depressive disorder in palliative care cancer patients.Significance of results: The results of the study underline the importance of routine screening to detect depressive disorder in palliative care patients to improve their quality of care. The depression visual analogue scale was found to be an effective simple screening tool, easy to administer and use.
Experiences of engagement in creative activity at a palliative care facility
Authors: la Cour Karen , Josephsson Staffan , Tishelman Carol , Nygård Louise 
Published: September 2007

Objective: To investigate the meanings that people with advanced cancer ascribe to engaging in creative activity in palliative occupational therapy.Methods: Sixteen interviews were conducted with eight participants over a period of 8–12 months. Participants were asked to narrate about their engagement in creative activities at a palliative intervention program. Transcribed interviews were analyzed with a phenomenological method.Results: Engagement in creative activities was found to ease life in proximity to death for persons with advanced cancer and limited survival time. For the participants, creativity meant that some of the consequences of incurable cancer could be confronted and alternative potentials could be explored and acknowledged. This occurred in an ongoing process of creating alternative ways to deal with life.Significance of results: Creative activity is a means for participants to develop ways to adapt and cope with declining physical abilities and existential concerns through working with their hands and bodies. This complements the often negative focus in palliative phases of cancer with an understanding of how enriching aspects of life can be maintained. The results highlight how people in palliative care experience their engagement in creative activity in the form of crafts, and how such engagements may be a significant tool for finding alternative ways to handle challenges in ongoing life.
Evaluation of a program to celebrate seasonal events for Japanese hospice patients
Authors: Matsushima Tatsuko , Akabayashi Akira , Slingsby Brian Taylor , Nishitateno Kenji 
Published: September 2007

Objective: Palliative care of the terminally ill requires not only treatment of physical pain, but also care for a patient's spiritual and social needs. In Japan, where many customs correlate closely with the seasons of fall, winter, spring, and summer, seasonal events carry significance for patients who have reached a terminal stage of disease. This study determined how Japanese hospice patients evaluate a program that celebrates seasonal events and considers the modality and significance of season events at hospices.Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted for 1 year between August 2000 and July 2001 at a hospice located in the suburbs of Tokyo, Japan. Of the original 48 instruments, a total of 43 instruments were returned (response rate: 89.6%).Results: Results showed that 72.1% of respondents participated in seasonal events, and the majority of participants positively evaluated their experiences of seasonal events. Positive aspects included being able to get a feeling for the seasons (74.2%) and being able to interact with staff and volunteers (51.6%). Negative aspects included that the events were too long (9.7%) and tiring (6.5%), and that the events made one feel sad (6.5%). Reasons for participating in seasonal events included seeming fun (71.0%), recreative (58.1%), and being entertaining (48.4%).Significance of results: Overall findings suggest that there is significance in celebrating the seasons with a monthly event at hospices. Further research is needed on the modality and experiences of celebrating the seasons at hospices in other nations.