bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth, reform indicators and policy complementarities1
Authors: De Macedo Jorge Braga , Martins Joaquim Oliveira 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn order to assess the growth implications of policy complementarities, this paper applies second‐best results to reform indicators. During the transition from central planning to EU integration, which corresponds to a policy cycle, a complementarity index based on structural indicators compiled by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) decreases and then increases while the level of reforms tends to rise throughout. Corrected for initial conditions, the extent of macroeconomic stabilization and endogeneity, the level of reforms and changes in their complementarity are found to be positively related to output growth. The study uses panel data for 27 countries between 1989 and 2004.
GOETHE'S LEGACY ?‘EINS UND ALLES’ AND ITS CAREER IN SCHOLARSHIP*
Authors: Sachers Regina 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis article examines the status of the poem ‘Eins und Alles’ in Goethe's intellectual legacy. Looking separately at the history of its composition and publication, it will become obvious that initially ‘Eins und Alles’ was an attempt to combine monism with an appropriate conception of the individual. As such the poem shows an ambivalent mix of Spinozist and Leibnizian thinking on the role of a subject as individual substance, and is evidence of a late stage of Goethe's engagement with German Idealism in general and Schelling in particular. Furthermore, throughout the process of its composition and first publication, ‘Eins und Alles’ was closely connected to Goethe's autobiographical work in his scientific journals, and in its second publication in 1827 in the collection Gott und Welt the poem maintained some of this scientific background. It was Eckermann's addition of ‘Vermächtnis’ to that collection in 1836 that confirmed the juxtaposition of the last couplet of ‘Eins und Alles’ and the opening lines of ‘Vermächtnis’. Thus, when critics interpret ‘Eins und Alles’ exclusively in the context of ‘Vermächtnis’ they not only establish an anachronistic reading but also develop a suggestion made by Eckermann turning ‘Eins und Alles’ into one of a pair of poems defining Goethe's legacy and therefore creating a particular and influential picture of the poet in the public's mind.
GERMANY'S WAR IN CHINA: MEDIA COVERAGE AND POLITICAL MYTH
Authors: Lü Yixu 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the coverage of the Boxer uprising in the German mainstream press in 1900 as a shaper and reflection of public opinion. Through comparative analyses of contrasting strategies of reporting in three major daily papers with different readerships, the Kölnische Zeitung, the Frankfurter Zeitung and the Berliner Morgenpost, it shows how certain events emerge as ‘key experiences’, resulting in a surprisingly convergent, patriotic narrative for the literate German public. This stresses both Germany's moral obligation to civilise the ‘backward’ and also its duty to punish the ‘barbaric’. The essay further reveals a tendency in the relevant journalism to celebrate Germany's rise to enhanced status as a colonial power. This, in turn, is cast as a second foundation myth, elevating the nation to the eminence of a ‘Weltmacht’ in rivalry with its new ally, France.
THE OBJECT OF DESIRE SPEAKS: INGEBORG BACHMANN'S ‘UNDINE GEHT’ AND LUCE IRIGARAY 'S ‘WOMAN’
Authors: Markotic Lorraine 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis article presents a detailed examination of Ingeborg Bachmann's ‘Undine geht’. It argues for the uniqueness of this work: the text's astonishing ability to depict an object who is also a subject, able to articulate her otherness. Undine is a speaking and desiring subject at the same time as she remains an object of projection. The article compares Bachmann's short story with Irigaray's extensive philosophical and feminist project, showing the many ways in which ‘Undine geht’ anticipates (and is ultimately more successful than) Irigaray's concept of ‘woman’ and her mimetic strategy. Bachmann's Undine subversively mimes what she represents; she both incarnates and eludes her representation as man's imaginary other. While ‘Undine geht’ appears to provide an alternative conception of female subjectivity or to articulate repressed female desire, it ultimately explores the radical complexity of these concepts.Bachmann's short story illustrates, moreover, the salience of Irigaray's attempt to examine the way in which language constructs and reproduces sexual difference. ‘Undine geht’ goes further, however, by also exploring the constitutive role of narrative and culture in subjectivity. The text is less an account of a female figure who finds her voice than of the difficulty and impediments to so doing.
TRASH OBJECTS, HISTORY AND MEMORY: THEORISING RUBBISH WITH WOLFGANG HILBIG
Authors: Pye Gillian 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn his short story Die Kunde von den Bäumen (1994, first published 1992), Wolfgang Hilbig (1941–2007) uses trash to explore memory and the everyday in the GDR. This article begins by considering trash as mediator of cultural memory, illustrating this with the example of an exhibition of GDR artefacts. This is followed by an analysis of Aleida Assmann's concept of the ‘Spur’, revealing the friction between rubbish as historical metonym and as metaphor for historical experience. This is then explored in a reading of Die Kunde von den Bäumen. It is argued that Hilbig uses the absence inscribed in trash to explore the dislocation between everyday experience, political power and the historical past. However, trash is also shown to operate as a powerful and ambiguous metaphor, which can tend towards the sentimental. This shows that the attractions of trash as both metonym and metaphor need to be tempered with an awareness of absence. Returning to the exhibiting of GDR trash objects at the DHM, it is argued that the metaphorical and metonymic are conflated in such a way as to mask the dislocations of experience in the GDR, ultimately constructing a sentimental and consumer‐driven image of harmony.
Forging Glocal Governance? Urban Infrastructures as Networked Financial Products
Authors: TORRANCE MORAG I. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractUrban infrastructure provisions are increasingly shifting from public good to private property, with cities and regions valued merely on a quarter‐to‐quarter basis. The argument in this article is threefold. The urban infrastructure landscape is undergoing financialization. Additionally, building on Graham and Marvin who describe how infrastructure networks are being unbundled locally, these infrastructures are simultaneously being interlinked internationally via specialist global infrastructure funds. Third, non‐local owners, by abiding by contractual obligations, play an increasing role in the governance of infrastructure projects at the urban scale, and a ‘glocal’ form of governance is developing. These arguments are illustrated by an investigation of the privatized toll road 407 in the Greater Toronto Area, where the leading investment bank in ‘infrastructure’ is one of the global owners. With increased use of the international norms of commercial law and the fluctuating cycle of local, national and supranational politics, a toll‐pricing controversy occurred wherein provincial politics challenged a ‘self‐regulating’ contract encouraging the private owners to increase the toll charges when both the traffic and toll thresholds were met, so as to create congestion relief on this particular road. Road users, provincial and federal Canadian governments, and even the European Union were involved.RésuméLa fourniture d’infrastructures urbaines est de plus en plus souvent transférée du domaine public vers le privé, la valeur des villes et régions étant estimée simplement d’un trimestre sur l’autre. L’argumentation de cet article se présente en trois volets : le paysage des infrastructures urbaines connaît une financiarisation ; par ailleurs, dans le prolongement de la description de Graham et Marvin concernant la désintégration locale des réseaux d’infrastructures, ces dernières se trouvent directement liées au niveau mondial via des fonds internationaux spécialisés en infrastructures; enfin, les propriétaires non‐locaux jouent, en respectant les obligations contractuelles, un rôle accru dans la gouvernance des projets d’infrastructure à l’échelle urbaine, ce qui génère une forme ‘glocale’ de gouvernance. Ces propos sont illustrés par une étude sur l’autoroute privée 407 de la banlieue de Toronto, la principale banque d’investissement en ‘infrastructure’ en étant l’un des propriétaires internationaux. Compte tenu de l’application plus fréquente de normes de droit commercial internationales et du cycle fluctuant des politiques locales, nationales et supranationales, la tarification du péage a fait l’objet d’une controverse, la politique provinciale mettant en cause un contrat ‘autorégulateur’ qui encourageait les propriétaires privés à augmenter les péages en fonction de seuils de circulation et de tarifs, de manière à créer un décongestionnement du trafic sur cette autoroute. Les usagers, les gouvernements canadiens provincial et fédéral, et même l’Union européenne, ont été parties prenantes.
The Only Class in Town? Gentrification and the Middle‐Class Colonization of the City and the Urban Imagination
Authors: WATT PAUL 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis essay argues that Tom Slater's article makes several important points regarding what he rightly suggests is the disappearance of a critical edge from much of the recent gentrification literature. It explores one of these points in greater depth, i.e. the notion that the working class occupy a ‘backstage’ role vis‐à‐vis the analysis of gentrification. This is done via a discussion of gentrification and London's class structure in relation to the work of Tim Butler and Chris Hamnett. The essay makes a plea for more ‘bottom up’ accounts of gentrification which focus upon the urban working class, especially in relation to contemporary processes of policy‐driven state‐led gentrification.Résumé Dans son article, Tom Slater présente plusieurs points importants sur ce qu'il suggère, à juste titre, être la disparition d'une ‘acuité’ critique dans la plupart des publications récentes sur la ‘gentrification’. Cet essai approfondit l'un de ces points, à savoir l'idée que la classe ouvrière occupe une place ‘en coulisses’ dans les études sur la ‘gentrification’. Pour ce faire, la ‘gentrification’ et la structure de classe à Londres sont analysés par rapport au travail de Tim Butler et Chris Hamnett. La conclusion appelle à davantage de récits du processus qui viennent ‘d'en bas’ en s'intéressant à la classe ouvrière urbaine, en particulier par rapport aux processus contemporains la ‘gentrification’ mené par l'État et orienté par la politique publique.
A Response to ‘The Eviction of Critical Perspectives from Gentrification Research’
Authors: SHAW KATE 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis short essay supports Tom Slater's argument that displacement has been decoupled from gentrification in the recent literature and that this has contributed to de‐politicized analyses of urban change. It also observes that meanings of gentrification have evolved to include the production of space for middle‐class consumption that does not involve direct displacement. The essay argues that these developments do not negate the fundamental class character of gentrification. On the contrary, it suggests that pointedly neoliberal urban policies and increasingly exclusive housing markets and ‘public’ spaces are re‐politicizing public debates.Résumé Ce court article soutient le propos de Tom Slater sur le fait que le déplacement a été dissocié de la ‘gentrification’ dans les publications récentes, participant ainsi à des analyses du changement urbain dépolitisées. On observe que les significations de la ‘gentrification’ ont évolué pour inclure la production d'espace à consommer par les classes moyennes qui n'implique pas de déplacement direct. Ces évolutions ne renient pas le caractère de classe fondamental de la ‘gentrification’. En revanche, les politiques urbaines ostensiblement néolibérales, de même que les marchés du logement et les espaces ‘publics’ de plus en plus exclusifs, sont en train de re‐politiser les débats publics.
On ‘The Eviction of Critical Perspectives’
Authors: SMITH NEIL 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCritiques of gentrification and the highlighting of the resulting displacement and evictions have become quite unfashionable as an aging group of urban scholars, especially in the UK, is increasingly enamoured by ‘regeneration’ and other policy‐driven questions. Without question there has been an ‘eviction of critical perspectives’, as Slater suggests, lubricated by a broader neoliberal shift, concerning this major process of class‐based city rebuilding.Résumé Les critiques sur la ‘gentrification’, ainsi que la mise en évidence du déplacement et des évictions qui en découlent, sont plutôt passées de mode tandis qu'un groupe d'anciens chercheurs urbains, notamment au Royaume‐Uni, est davantage séduit par la ‘régénération’ et d'autres sujets liés à la politique publique. Indubitablement, comme le suggère Slater, on a assistéà une ‘éviction des perspectives critiques’, facilitée par un décalage néolibéral général, à l'égard de ce processus majeur de reconstruction urbaine fondé sur les classes.
Plural Governance, Participation and Democracy in Cities
Authors: BEAUMONT JUSTIN , NICHOLLS WALTER 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn recent years there has been a growing interest in new participatory forms of urban governance. This introduction provides readers with a basic review of current debates in the literature and a summary of the articles presented in the symposium. The introduction highlights two major tensions in the literature. First, many scholars operate under an assumption that plural actors can achieve a lasting and rational consensus on certain issues. Others believe that where there is consensus, there is also a silenced margin. For these critics, rather than focusing on building power‐laden consensus, it is better to recognize and respect conflict and difference as normal parts of the governance process. Second, the introduction considers some of the possibilities for cross‐national comparisons of participatory governance regimes. Scholars should not limit their analyses to institutional designs across countries but assess the importance of particular sociopolitical contexts in giving formal institutions their actual meanings and functions.Résumé Dernièrement, les nouvelles formes participatives de gouvernance urbaine ont fait l'objet d'un intérêt accru. Ce texte introductif présente un bilan rapide des débats qui animent la littérature actuelle, ainsi qu'une synthèse des articles proposés pour le symposium. On trouve deux lignes d'opposition principales dans les publications. En premier lieu, de nombreux chercheurs partent du principe qu'une pluralité d'acteurs peut atteindre un consensus durable et rationnel sur certains sujets. D'autres sont convaincus que s'il y a consensus, une minorité est également réduite au silence ; selon eux, au lieu de se consacrer à bâtir un consensus dans un rapport de force, il vaut mieux admettre et respecter conflit et différence comme des composantes normales du processus de gouvernance. En second lieu, cette introduction envisage certaines possibilités de comparaisons transnationales de systèmes de gouvernance participative; les spécialistes ne devraient pas limiter leurs analyses aux concepts institutionnels internationaux, mais évaluer plutôt l'importance des contextes sociopolitiques particuliers lorsqu'il s'agit de donner aux institutions formelles leur sens et fonctions réels.
Towards Radicalized Communicative Rationality: Resident Involvement and Urban Democracy in Rotterdam and Antwerp
Authors: BEAUMONT JUSTIN , LOOPMANS MAARTEN 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWhat are the theoretical tools at our disposal for helping explain local participatory processes in the context of the governance of social and ethnic diversity in cities? Conventional wisdom within urban scholarship often has it that new modes of governance are, by definition, more conducive to participatory practice in cities. In this article we take issue with this assumption with reference to political process derived from Habermas and Mouffe as well as detailed case material on participation in the Delfshaven district of Rotterdam (the Netherlands) and in the Antwerp‐North district (Belgium). While we are sympathetic with the ideals of Habermas given the highly fragmented, individualized and conflictive politics observed in Antwerp, we equally do not see the alternative in the bureaucratic form of rationality we see in Rotterdam. We therefore argue for a radicalized communicative rationality, combining a Habermas‐inspired ideal speech situation with more organic, grassroots and bottom‐up processes in line with Mouffe. Our ‘hybridized’ conception of participation transcends the pervasive tendency to treat Habermas and Mouffe, among others, as epistemologically distinct and concerned with incommensurable conceptions of social power. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of our argument for theorizing governance and participation in cities.Résumé Quels sont les outils théoriques dont nous disposons pour expliquer les processus participatifs locaux dans le cadre de la gouvernance d'une diversité sociale et ethnique dans les villes ? On pense généralement chez les experts urbains que les nouveaux modes de gouvernance sont, par définition, plus favorables à la démarche participative dans les villes. L'article s'oppose à ce postulat en se référant au processus politique selon Habermas et Mouffe, et en partant d'informations précises sur la participation dans les cas de l'arrondissement de Delfshaven à Rotterdam (Pays‐Bas) et du quartier d'Anvers‐Nord (Belgique). Si nous rejoignons les idéaux de Habermas par rapport aux politiques particulièrement fragmentées, individualisées et conflictuelles observées à Anvers, nous ne trouvons pas l'alternative dans la forme bureaucratique de rationalité constatée à Rotterdam. En conséquence, nous défendons une rationalité communicative radicalisée qui associe une situation de discours idéal inspirée par Habermas et des processus plus organiques, basiques et de bas en haut, cohérents avec Mouffe. Cette conception ‘hybride’ de la participation transcende la tendance systématique à considérer Habermas et Mouffe, entre autres, comme étant distincts sur le plan épistémologique et s'intéressant à des concepts du pouvoir social incommensurables. Pour finir, sont analysées les implications de notre argumentation pour la théorisation de la gouvernance et de la participation dans les grandes villes.
A Zn(II)–glycine complex suppresses UVB‐induced melanin production by stimulating metallothionein expression
Authors: Ochiai Y. , Kaburagi S. , Okano Y. , Masaki H. , Ichihashi M. , Funasaka Y. , Sakurai H. 
Published: March 2008

SynopsisOxidative stress caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the skin, induces the secretion of melanocyte growth and activating factors from keratinocytes, which results in the formation of cutaneous hyper‐pigmentation. Thus, increasing the anti‐oxidative ability of skin cells is expected to be a good strategy for skin‐lightening cosmetics. Metallothionein (MT) is one of the stress‐induced proteins and is known to exhibit a strong anti‐oxidative property. We previously reported that a zinc(II) complex with glycine (Zn(II)(Gly)2) effectively induces MT expression in cultured human keratinocytes. To determine its potential as a new skin lightening active, we examined whether Zn(II)(Gly)2 regulates the release of melanocyte‐activating factors from UVB‐irradiated keratinocytes and affects melanin production in a reconstructed human epidermal equivalent. Conditioned medium from UVB‐irradiated keratinocytes accelerated melanocyte proliferation to 110%, and that increase could be prevented by pre‐treatment with Zn(II)(Gly)2. In addition, Zn(II)(Gly)2 significantly reduced both the production of prostaglandin E2 and proopiomelanocortin expression in UVB‐irradiated keratinocytes. Zn(II)(Gly)2 also decreased melanin production in a reconstructed human epidermal equivalent. These results indicate that MT‐induction in the epidermis effectively up‐regulates tolerance against oxidative stress and inhibits the secretion of melanocyte growth and activating factors from keratinocytes. Thus, Zn(II)(Gly)2 is a good candidate as a new skin‐lightening active.
Kinetics of moisturizing and firming effects of cosmetic formulations
Authors: Xhauflaire‐Uhoda E. , Fontaine K. , Piérard G.E. 
Published: March 2008

SynopsisThe assessment of cosmetic efficacy is rarely performed in studies comparing different concentrations of active compounds. The aim of the present study was to determine the skin hydrating and the skin firming dose–response effects of cosmetic formulations enriched in compounds derived from algae and fish collagen. A series of factors were studied including the type of formulation (cream or serum), the concentration in active ingredients, the effect of repetitive applications, as well as any residual effect of the formulations after stopping their applications. The serum enriched in marine compounds showed a better moisturizing effect in short term. The cream appeared more active later, particularly following repeat applications. A sustained tensor (firming) effect was observed during treatment with both the lotion and the cream. However, no remnant firming effect was perceived after stopping treatment.
The influence of poorly interconnected fault zone flow paths on spring geochemistry
Authors: ROWLAND J. C. , MANGA M. , ROSE T. P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThermal springs commonly occur along faults because of the enhanced vertical permeability afforded by fracture zones. Field and laboratory studies of fault zone materials document substantial heterogeneities in fracture permeabilities. Modeling and field studies of springs suggest that spatial variations in permeability strongly influence spring locations, discharge rates and temperatures. The impact of heterogeneous permeability on spring geochemistry, however, is poorly documented. We present stable isotope and water chemistry data from a series of closely spaced thermal springs associated with the Hayward Fault, California. We suggest that substantial spatial variations observed in δ18O and chloride values reflect subsurface fluid transport through a poorly connected fracture network in which mixing of subsurface waters remains limited. Our measurements provide insight into the effect of fracture zone heterogeneities on spring geochemistry, offer an additional tool to intuit the nature of tectonically induced changes in fault zone plumbing, and highlight the need to consider local variations when characterizing fracture zone fluid geochemistry from spring systems with multiple discharge sites.