bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near-Earth-Object identification over apparitions usingn-body ranging
Authors: Granvik Mikael , Muinonen Karri 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnder ideal conditions, Earth-based telescopes can observe near-Earth objects (NEOs) continuously from a few days to months during each apparition. Due to the usually complicated dynamics of the Sun-Earth-NEO triplet, the time interval between consecutive apparitions typically ranges from months to several years. On these time scales, exiguous single-apparition sets (SASs) of observations having short observational time-intervals lead to substantial orbital uncertainties. Linking of SASs over apparitions thus becomes a nontrivial task. For example, of a total of roughly 4,100 NEO observation sets, or orbits, currently known, some 2,300 are SASs, for which the observational time interval is less than 180 days. Either these SASs have not been observed at an apparition following the discovery apparition or the linkage of SASs has failed, an option which should preferably be eliminated. As a continuation to our work on the short-arc linking problem at the discovery moment (Granvik & Muinonen, 2005,Icarus179, 109), we have investigated the possibility of using a similar method for linking exiguous SASs over apparitions. Assuming that the observational time-interval for SASs of NEOs is typically at least one day (minimum requirement set by the Minor Planet Center), the orbital-element probability-density function is constrained as compared to the typical short-arc case with an observational time interval of only a few tens of minutes. Because of the smaller orbital-element uncertainty, we can use the short-arc method (comparison in ephemeris space) for longer time spans, or even do the comparison directly in the orbital-element space (Cartesian, Keplerian, equinoctial, etc.), thus allowing us to assess the problem of linking SASs of NEOs. Due to possible close approaches with the Earth and other planets, and substantial propagation intervals, we have developed newn-body techniques for the orbit computation.
Low solar elongation searches for NEO: a deep sky test and its implications for survey strategies
Authors: Boattini Andrea , Milani A. , Gronchi G. F. , Spahr T. , Valsecchi G. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA survey for NEO aiming at 90% completeness for a given size range cannot ignore that a significant fraction of the population is observable essentially only at low solar elongation, in the so called “sweet spots” There are several penalties for such low elongation: poorer observing conditions imply a lower limiting magnitude, shorter available time in each night and a more difficult orbit determination. Our aim is to show that these difficulties can be overcome. We have tested the observation procedures and the mathematical methods of orbit determination on two sweet spot test runs. One was performed at ESO La Silla in Jan–Feb 2005, the other at Mauna Kea in Sept–Dec 2005. The results of the tests are presented in this paper; the observed area was not large enough (especially at Mauna Kea) to discover a significant number of new NEO, the purpose was rather to identify the problems. These tests have allowed us to identify all the key elements to be accounted for in the strategy for a successful sweet spot NEO survey. When very short arc observations from different nights have to be identified, a specific difficulty occurs at the sweet spots: the same set of observations from three nights can be fitted to two incompatible orbits, in most cases including one NEO and one MBA. This can lead to two different failures (false positive, false negative) in deciding whether a NEO has been discovered. The classical theory of preliminary orbits shows that three observations at an elongation less than 116.5° can be compatible with two different orbits. From this theory we have derived an algorithm to find the alternate solution, if it exists, when only one is available. In this way we have generated a set of examples of possible discoveries with two well determined but incompatible solutions. Most of the MBA-NEO alternatives have been solved by finding a known MBA which could be identified; in two cases the MBA solution has been confirmed by a later observation.
Spacewatch preparations for the era of deep all-sky surveys
Authors: McMillan Robert S. ,   The Spacewatch Team
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Spacewatch Project at the University of Arizona uses a 0.9-meter and a 1.8-meter telescope to search for new Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) and make astrometric followup measurements of known ones. Among the presently operational asteroid astrometry programs, Spacewatch is uniquely suited to support discoveries by the planned deep all-sky surveys. The Spacewatch 1.8-meter telescope is the largest in the world that is used exclusively for observations of asteroids and comets. Since 2003 January 1, Spacewatch has made ~2400 separate-night detections (discoveries plus followup) of NEOs with absolute magnitude H≤ 22, including 117 fresh discoveries of NEOs with H≤22 and ~900 separate-night detections of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs). Objects have been recovered at V=23 and at elongations less than 60 degrees from the Sun. Spacewatch followup observations have contributed to the removal of 137 objects from JPL's impact risk website. Examples of notable recoveries by Spacewatch include the extension of orbital arcs from one month to multi-opposition orbits, and a successful targeted search for a large PHA (1990 SM) with 80 degrees of uncertainty. Spacewatch has been making as many observations of PHAs with H≤22 and V>21 as all other followup stations combined. Followup of NEOs while they are not near Earth provides better leverage on orbital elements and will be well suited to follow up some of the discoveries by the larger-scale, deeper sky surveys: both ground- and space-based. Spacewatch is collaborating with the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (PS) of the University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy. Each lunation, Spacewatch sends its listings of point sources detected in survey images for PS's moving object detection team to test their software. Spacewatch is also prepared to follow up objects of special interest, fast motion, or less than three nights of observations by PS itself. Spacewatch's current equipment is only a few years old, but there is still room to improve limiting magnitude & time efficiency.
LSST: Comprehensive NEO detection, characterization, and orbits
Authors: Ivezić Željko , Tyson J. Anthony , Jurić Mario , Kubica Jeremy , Connolly Andrew , Pierfederici Francesco , Harris Alan W. , Bowell Edward ,   the LSST Collaboration
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is currently by far the most ambitious proposed ground-based optical survey. With initial funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Energy (DOE) laboratories, and private sponsors, the design and development efforts are well underway at many institutions, including top universities and national laboratories. Solar System mapping is one of the four key scientific design drivers, with emphasis on efficient Near-Earth Object (NEO) and Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) detection, orbit determination, and characterization. The LSST system will be sited at Cerro Pachon in northern Chile. In a continuous observing campaign of pairs of 15 s exposures of its 3,200 megapixel camera, LSST will cover the entire available sky every three nights in two photometric bands to a depth of V=25 per visit (two exposures), with exquisitely accurate astrometry and photometry. Over the proposed survey lifetime of 10 years, each sky location would be visited about 1000 times, with the total exposure time of 8 hours distributed over several broad photometric bandpasses. The baseline design satisfies strong constraints on the cadence of observations mandated by PHAs such as closely spaced pairs of observations to link different detections and short exposures to avoid trailing losses. Due to frequent repeat visits LSST will effectively provide its own follow-up to derive orbits for detected moving objects.Detailed modeling of LSST operations, incorporating real historical weather and seeing data from Cerro Pachon, shows that LSST using its baseline design cadence could find 90% of the PHAs with diameters larger than 250 m, and 75% of those greater than 140 m within ten years. However, by optimizing sky coverage, the ongoing simulations suggest that the LSST system, with its first light in 2013, can reach the Congressional mandate of cataloging 90% of PHAs larger than 140m by 2020. In addition to detecting, tracking, and determining orbits for these PHAs, LSST will also provide valuable data on their physical and chemical characteristics (accurate color and variability measurements), constraining PHA properties relevant for risk mitigation strategies. In order to fulfill the Congressional mandate, a survey with an etendue of at least several hundred m2deg2, and a sophisticated and robust data processing system is required. It is fortunate that the same hardware, software and cadence requirements are driven by science unrelated to NEOs: LSST reaches the threshold where different science drivers and different agencies (NSF, DOE and NASA) can work together to efficiently achieve seemingly disjoint, but deeply connected, goals.
NEO-related scientific and outreach activities at KLENOT
Authors: Tichá Jana , Tichý Miloš , Kočer Michal 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the recent times, there has been a noticeable increase in interest about NEOs. In the light of results of recent NEO surveys the need for continuous follow-up astrometry to secure the orbits of the discovered bodies has risen.The Klet' Observatory Near Earth and other Unusual Objects Observation Team and Telescope, project KLENOT, started in 2002. It is dedicated to confirmation, follow-up, and recovery of NEOs. For this task the 1.06-m KLENOT telescope, equipped with a high-efficiency CCD is used. Since it was set in service in March 2002, a significant number of results have been obtained. For instance, 10,000 positions have been determined, more than 400 confirmations made, including 16 recoveries and 104 Virtual Impactors measured.An important part of NEO search is the discovery of comets. Therefore an inseparable component of NEO follow-up includes the detection of possible cometary features of newly discovered bodies and the confirmation of Near Earth Comets (NEC).In the next decade, surveys will be characterized by several aspects. Pan-STARRS opens the question whether “classical” confirmation and early follow-up of newly discovered NEO candidates will be necessary by others, and we discuss the need for possible changes in existing system of follow-up process. The most important challenge for follow-up will likely become the NEOs which are in urgent need of astrometric positions over longer arcs including Virtual Impactors, radar, and mission targets. The observing strategies and obtained results of the KLENOT Project will be presented as well as future plans will be discussed.One of the most important duties of NEOs scientists and research institutions is to maintain contact with the public. NEO related issues have outstanding educational value and outreach potential. Nowadays the Internet has proved itself to be an excellent mean of bringing NEO knowledge to a wider audience.
Astrometry of small Solar System bodies at the Molėtai observatory
Authors: Černis K. , Zdanavičius J. , Zdanavičius K. , Tautvaišienė G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe describe an observational project devoted to astrometric observations of Near-Earth Objects (NEO), main belt asteroids and comets at the Molėtai Observatory, Lithuania. Exposures are obtained with the two telescopes of the observatory: 0.35/0.50 m f/3.5 Maksutov telescope and the 1.65 m reflector with focal reductor f/3.1 and CCD camera. The results of more than 10,000 positions of asteroids and comets have been published in the Minor Planet Circulars and Minor Planet Electronic Circulars. During the 2001–2006 period 130 new asteroids were discovered. The latest discovery is the high-inclination asteroid 2006 SF77 belonging to the NEO Aten group.
The nature of asteroid Itokawa revealed by Hayabusa
Authors: Yoshikawa M. , Fujiwara A. , Kawaguchi J. ,   Hayabusa Mission & ScienceTeam
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe spacecraft Hayabusa, which was launched in 2003, arrived at its destination, asteroid (25143) Itokawa in September 2005. The appearance of Itokawa, a small S-type near Earth asteroids, was totally unexpected. The surface is covered with a lot of boulders and there are only a few craters on it. It looks like a contact binary asteroid. The surface composition is quite similar to LL-chondrite. The estimated density is 1.9 ± 0.13 (g/cm3), so the macro-porosity is about 40%. This means that Itokawa is a rubble pile object. In Itokawa, we may see such things that are very close to building blocks of asteroids. In this paper, we review the mission and the first scientific results.
Asteroid mass determination with the Gaia mission
Authors: Mouret Serge , Hestroffer D. , Mignard F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe main-belt asteroids are generally considered as the principal source for the near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). The ESA astrometric mission Gaia, due for launch in late 2011, will observe a very large number of asteroids (∼300,000 brighter than V = 20), the majority lying in the main-belt and with an unprecedented positional precision (at the sub-milliarcsecond level). Such high precision astrometry will enable to derive direct measures of the masses of the largest asteroids of which their precise determination will be of utmost significance for the knowledge of physical properties of asteroids. The method for computing the masses is based on the analysis of orbital perturbations during close encounters between massive asteroids (perturbers) and several smaller minor planets (targets). From given criteria of close approaches selection, we give the list of asteroids for which the mass can be determined, and the expected precision of these masses at mission completion.
Albedo and size of (99942) Apophis from polarimetric observations†
Authors: Cellino Alberto , Delbò Marco , Tedesco Edward F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe have obtained the first accurate determination of the albedo of (99942) Apophis, by means of polarimetric observations carried out at the VLT. The observations allowed us to obtain the slope of the polarization–phase curve of this object, from which an albedo estimate of 0.33 ± 0.04 could be obtained. From our observations we also obtained a new estimate of the absolute magnitude:H= 19.7 ± 0.2 (assuming G=0.25, which applies to S- and Q-type asteroids). Based on these results, we derive for the size of Apophis a value of 270 ± 30 meters. The accuracy of this size estimate is mostly related to uncertainties inH, whereas the obtained albedo value should be considered more robust. Our observations convincingly show that polarimetry is an effective and efficient tool to obtain accurate albedos and sizes for small and faint potentially hazardous asteroids.
The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise: its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease control
Authors: Pedersen Bente Klarlund 
Published: May 2007

Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is a feature of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Regular exercise offers protection against all-cause mortality, primarily by protection against atherosclerosis and insulin resistance and there is evidence that physical training is effective as a treatment in patients with chronic heart diseases and type 2 diabetes.
Regular exercise induces anti-inflammatory actions. During exercise, IL-6 (interleukin-6) is produced by muscle fibres. IL-6 stimulates the appearance in the circulation of other anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ra (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) and IL-10 (interleukin-10) and inhibits the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a (tumour necrosis factor-a). In addition, IL-6 enhances lipid turnover, stimulating lipolysis as well as fat oxidation. It is suggested that regular exercise induces suppression of TNF-a and thereby offers protection against TNF-a-induced insulin resistance. Recently, IL-6 was introduced as the first myokine, defined as a cytokine, that is produced and released by contracting skeletal muscle fibres, exerting its effects in other organs of the body. Myokines may be involved in mediating the beneficial health effects against chronic diseases associated with low-grade inflammation such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
An increase in plasma adiponectin multimeric complexes follows hypocaloric diet-induced weight loss in obese and overweight pre-menopausal women
Authors: Polak Jan , Kovacova Zuzana , Jacek Martin , Klimcakova Eva , Kovacikova Michaela , Vitkova Michaela , Kuda Ondrej , Sebela Marek , Samcova Eva , Stich Vladimir 
Published: May 2007

Adiponectin is involved in the regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism, influences whole-body insulin sensitivity and protects arterial walls against the development of atherosclerosis. Plasma adiponectin is decreased in obese, insulin-resistant and Type 2 diabetic patients. Adiponectin circulates in plasma as high-, medium- and low-molecular-weight (‘mass’) forms (HMW, MMW and LMW respectively). The HMW form is believed to be closely associated with insulin sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether diet-induced changes in body weight and insulin sensitivity were associated with changes in the quantity of adiponectin multimeric complexes. A total of 20 overweight or obese women (age, 39.4±9.5 years; body mass index, 32.2±6.4 kg/m2) underwent 12 weeks of low caloric diet (600 kcal/day less than energy requirements; where 1 kcal≈4.184 kJ). Plasma samples were drawn before and after the study for biochemical analysis and Western blot detection of adiponectin multimeric complexes. The hypocaloric diet resulted in a weight reduction (89.8±16.4 kg compared with 83.1±15.6 kg; P&lt;0.001) and an improvement in whole-body insulin sensitivity, as measured by HOMA (homoeostasis model assessment index; 1.9±0.8 compared with 1.5±0.7; P=0.013). Increases in the quantities of the HMW, MMW and LMW forms by 5.5, 8.5 and 18.1% respectively, were observed (P&lt;0.05 for all of the forms). Total plasma adiponectin was increased by 36% with borderline significance (P=0.08). No correlations between changes in adiponectin complexes and changes in indices of insulin sensitivity were observed. In conclusion, diet-induced weight loss improved insulin sensitivity as well as increased the amount of HMW, MMW and LMW adiponectin complexes in plasma.
Measurement of Intelligibility in Disordered Speech
Authors: Klein Edward S. , Flint Cari B. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
To determine empirically which of three frequently observed rules in children with phonological disorders contributes most to difficulties in speaker intelligibility.

Method
To evaluate the relative effects on intelligibility of deletion of final consonants (DFC), stopping of fricatives and affricates (SFA), and fronting of velars (FV), phonologically reduced sentences were read to groups of adult listeners at normal levels of occurrence for typical conversation and at equal levels of occurrence.

Results
DFC had a greater effect than SFA on intelligibility, which had a greater effect than FV on intelligibility, when these rules occurred at levels approximating those seen in typical conversational speech. Results differed, however, when opportunities for rule occurrence were equalized. At relatively low levels of occurrence, FV had less effect on intelligibility than did SFA and DFC, but no significant differences in intelligibility were found between the latter two rules. At relatively high levels of occurrence, no significant differences between the three rules were observed.

Implications
These findings may be important clinically for clinicians who are trying to determine which rules should be targeted first in therapy.
Evidence-Based Practice: An Examination of Its Ramifications for the Practice of Speech-Language Pathology
Authors: Ratner Nan Bernstein 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
The purpose of this article is to consider some of the ramifications that arise when a discipline newly endorses evidence-based practice (EBP) as a primary guiding principle. Although EBP may appear straightforward, events experienced by peer disciplines that have preceded us in the implementation of EBP raise questions about defining acceptable forms of evidence for treatment effectiveness and efficacy, the potential roles of nonspecific or common factors, therapist quality in achieving therapy outcomes, and eventual applications of EBP that may overly confine which treatments are considered acceptable and reimbursable.

Method
Through narrative review of the literature, the article examines valuable as well as controversial features of EBP in addition to obstacles that may impede the transition of evidence (research findings) to clinical practice.

Conclusion
EBP is a valuable construct in ensuring quality of care. However, bridging between research evidence and clinical practice may require us to confront potentially difficult issues and establish thoughtful dialogue about best practices in fostering EBP itself.
The Implications of RTI and EBP for SLPs: Commentary on L. M. Justice
Authors: Ukrainetz Teresa A. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
This commentary responds to Justice’s article on response to intervention (RTI) and evidence-based practice (EBP) for reading instruction. The educational changes brought about by RTI and EBP provide an opportunity as well as a challenge for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to make fundamental changes in service delivery.

Method
In this article, I discuss how RTI will change who qualifies as reading disabled and who receives special reading instruction. I examine how RTI might change who qualifies and how they qualify for speech-language services. Finally, I consider what can be taken from EPB and RTI to improve speech-language service delivery.

Conclusion
RTI has the potential to fundamentally change regular education and its interface with special education. If SLP clinicians, researchers, and policymakers recognize the possibilities, RTI could also significantly and positively impact educational speech-language pathology.