bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leave and Employment in Families of Preterm Low Birthweight Infants
Authors: Gennaro Susan 
Published: October 2007

Objective: To determine how employment, income and out‐of‐pocket expenses changed in 224 families of low birthweight infants during the first 6 months after the infant was discharged home.Design: Prospective, descriptive.Population, Sample, Setting, Years: Families of preterm, low birthweight infants. A convenience sample of families of 224 preterm (<37 weeks gestation) low birthweight (<2500 grams) infants was obtained from one hospital in the Northeastern U.S.A. Mothers were interviewed over the telephone at each of the data points. Years of data collections were 1990–1994.Methods: Mothers kept logs of expenses and were interviewed about changes in employment and income at infant discharge from the hospital and 1, 3, and 6 months later.Findings: All but two of the employed mothers had to leave employment early because of pregnancy complications. After delivery, fewer mothers returned to work or returned later and worked less than mothers in national studies. Families spent 2% to 4% of their income in non‐reimbursed out‐of‐pocket expenses; transportation was a major expense.Conclusions: Having a low birthweight infant results in unexpected changes in employment and in increased and unexpected out‐of‐pocket expenses.Clinical Implications: Study findings support the need for longer leave for mothers who have small infants.
Information Seeking Among People with Manic‐Depressive Illness
Authors: Pollack Linda E. 
Published: October 2007

Objective: To develop a descriptive theory of the information‐seeking states of hospitalized people with manic‐depressive illness, as the first step in generating a substantive theory of the self‐management informational needs and activities of this population.Design: Exploratory, using grounded theory methodology.Population, Sample, Setting: Predominantly indigent and ethnically‐diverse population in one 250‐bed, university‐managed, county‐ and state‐funded acute psychiatric facility in the Southwestern U.S.A. A convenient sample of 20 women and 13 men hospitalized for manic‐depressive illness were interviewed from December 1992 through December 1993.Methods: Interviews with participants and review of medical records. Interview transcriptions were analyzed using conceptual coding and the constant comparative method.Findings: The core variable of information‐seeking states was acceptance of having manic‐depressive illness. Three groups are: information seekers, information receivers, and information rejectors. Seven informational states are: novice, recent acceptor, veteran, passive acceptor, acknowledged denier, acknowledged rejector, and complete rejector. An individual's information‐seeking state is not necessarily constant, and may shift to another state depending upon various factors.Conclusions: This typology of information‐seeking states is the firstpartofa substantive grounded theory of the self‐management informational needs and activities of people trying to cope.Clinical Implications: Results of this study suggest that patient education should address a person's current information‐seeking state. The proposed typology can be used to develop a self‐assessment tool for completion by a patient before participating in educational or therapy programs.
Life‐Span Perspective of Personality in Dementia
Authors: Kolanowski Ann M. , Whall Ann L. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To propose an alternative view of personality change in dementia by presenting existing evidence for the continuity of personality.Significance: As the population continues to age, dementing illnesses will account for a greater proportion of morbidity and mortality; the care of these people will have a significant effect on the health care system.Organizing Framework: Life‐span perspective of personality continuity.Scope, Method: Review of current literature on personality in dementia using Medline, 1980–1994; CINAHL, 1990–1994; and Psych Lit, 1980–1994.Findings: Although there are systematic shifts in personality with dementia, individuals tend to maintain their unique pattern of premorbid personality traits.Conclusions: The personalities of dementia patients seem to reflect adaptive patterns that served them in the past.Implications: Use of a life‐span perspective can enhance individualized care for demented patients and advance theory development.
Advancing Nursing Practice with a Unit‐based Clinical Expert
Authors: Hanneman Sandra K. 
Published: October 2007

Objective: To explore patterns in the practice of nursing and patient outcomes.Design: Qualitative field research.Population, Sample, Setting: Populations were critical care nurses and critically ill adult patients in the 10‐bed medical critical care unit of a 900‐bed teaching hospital. A convenience‐purposive sample of 27 nurses and 31 patients was studied in 1985.Methods: Six months of participant observation, unstructured interviews, and the constant comparison method of grounded theory.Findings: Markedly different patterns were found in expert and nonexpert practice. The substantive theory of conversion helped explain how the majority of nonexpert nurses advanced their practice. The metaphor of catalyzed conversion captures how a unit‐based expert nurse serves as a catalyst to advance the practice of nonexperts. Presence, defined as the way of being within a given clinical context, differentiated nurses.Conclusions: (a) Expert and nonexpert practices are substantively different, (b) Expert and nonexpert practice results in different patient outcomes, (c) Conversion helps explain changes in nonexpert practice.Clinical Implications: A unit‐based expert nurse can increase patient‐focused care.
Interviews With Seven Holders of Endowed Chairs In Nursing
Authors: Cogliano Janet 
Published: October 2007

Objective: To describe the activities of selected nurses holding endowed‐chair positions and the development and funding of endowed chairs.Design: Longitudinal, exploratory/descriptive.Sample, Setting, Years: Data were collected 1992–1995 from seven university nurses in five states.Methods: Questionnaire and interviews.Findings: Nurses holding endowed‐chairs are highly committed to advancing nursing. There is an extremely high level of job satisfaction and also mobility into upper administrative positions. Activities commonly extend beyond the faculty role and involve working with local and national groups.Conclusions: The numbers and funding of endowed chairs in nursing are increasing. Holders are contributing significantly to the profession's advancement and to human welfare.Implications: Clinical practice and nursing's image are enhanced by the research and other scholarly activities of nurses holding endowed positions.
Caring and Comfort Metaphors Used by Patients in Critical Care
Authors: Jenny Jean , Logan Jo 
Published: October 2007

Objective: To examine the meaning of metaphors used by critical care patients about their ventilator weaning experience.Design: Grounded theory.Population, Sample, Setting: In 1992–1993, from a population of mechanically ventilated patients, a convenience sample of 20 adult patients was recruited from one 14‐bed multispecialty ICU in a 740‐bed teaching hospital in eastern Canada.Methods: Transcripts of interviews were reviewed from the 20 original study transcripts, of which 18 included one or more metaphors for a total of 70. All were coded and classified with sub‐themes analyzed for implicit meanings.Findings: Four categories of metaphors were Physical Discomfort, Nurse Caring, Altered Self, and Patient Work. Data provide the elements for a mid‐range theory of caring.Conclusions: Metaphors provide vivid images of significant patient concerns and are a way for people to express meaning and feeling.Clinical Implications: People communicate about their inner world through language. Examining patients' metaphors is a valuable approach to understanding the experiential world of patients in critical care so that nursing actions can be directed toward personal needs which may not be expressed openly. Providing interventions aimed at these personal needs will help patients find suitable levels of physical and emotional comfort.
Exploring the Use of Explanatory Models in Nursing Research and Practice
Authors: McSweeney Jean C. , Allan Janet D. , Mayo Kelly 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To address the lack of information in nursing for delivering culturally appropriate care and provide a framework for nurses to incorporate diverse beliefs and health needs into research and practice. People interpret and react to health and illness events within a cultural system. However, the nursing literature contains little about how to elicit cultural beliefs.Organizing Framework: Use of Kleinman's (1980) concept of explanatory models (EMs) is explored first, by describing the concept as it was developed by Kleinman, and second, by illustrating how it was used in three research studies conducted between 1990 and 1994.Method: Individual in‐depth interviews were conducted with community‐based convenience samples. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Explanatory models were explored with healthy people, with people following illness, and with people having a condition with potential health risks, to illustrate their usefulness in nursing research and practice.Conclusions: The findings provide a beginning understanding of the complex linkages between beliefs and actions and demonstrate the versatility and usefulness of EMs for nursing research and practice. Assessing models offers one means for researchers and clinicians to explore health beliefs and the linkages between beliefs and behaviors.
Testing Orem's Theory with Mexican Americans
Authors: Villarruel Antonia M. , Denyes Mary J. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To examine an ethnographic study using evaluation criteria for theory‐testing through verification of personal experience.Organizing Framework: Ten theory‐verification criteria developed by Silva and Sorrel (1992) for inductive methods of inquiry.Scope and Sources: A 1995 ethnographic study conducted with Mexican Americans and conceptualized within Orem's Self‐Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. Twenty Mexican American key informants were from 13 families. Primary data sources were focused observations and a series of ethnographic interviews. The study, purposes, methods, selected findings, confirmability and credibility of study findings, and relevance to Orem's theory are presented in the context of each criterion.Findings: The purpose, design, analysis, and examination of results of the 1995 study sufficiently meet the 10 formative criteria. Because this study can be considered an example of theory verification research, findings are relevant to the development of Orem's theory.Conclusions: Through the use of theory‐verification criteria, inductive methods of research can be used to test or verify theory. The testing of nursing theory with diverse populations is an important direction for continued theory development. Use of evaluation criteria can serve as a template for inclusion of diverse perspectives.
Future of the Nudrse Labor Market According to Health Execudtives in High Managed‐Care Areas of the United States
Authors: Buerhaus Pedter I. , Staiger Douglas O. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose:To understand how the work environment of nurses is changing in states with high enrollment in health maintenance organizations (HMOs), the underlying forces driving change, and how these forces are expected to affect employment and states with high enrollment in HMOs are generally regarded as indicative of the future for all the United States.Design: Survey in 1995 of a convenience sample of 62 health excutives in 11 states with high enrollment in HMOs. Excutives included officals in state goverments, state and metropolitan hospital associations, professional an nonprofessional nursing associations, state boards of nursing, community and public health, home health care, nursing homes, other non‐acute care associations, and leading HMOs.Methods: Through structured telephone interviews, executives were asked about changes in nurse employment, earnings, collective bargaining, fringe benefits, nurses' roles, substitution of licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and aids for RNs, patients severity, quality of patient care, and expectations for nurse employment during the remainder of the decade.Findings: Executives perceive a mostly and fast‐changing nurse labor market but they are concerned about the aging RN work force, possible development of an RN shortage, and linking quality of patient care to the provision of nursing services. They doubt the ability of nurse educators to respond quickly to th need to prepare nurses for rapidly changing employer requirements.Conclusions: Public and private forces are causing rapid, profound changes in health care delivery and throughout the nurse labor market. These changes are most evident in the shift in these changes, no evidence of an “employment disaster” exists it the views of health
Using National Data Sets on CD‐ROM to Teach Nursing Research
Authors: Ailinger Rita L. , Lasus Howard , Choi Elizabeth 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To explore the use of national data sets on CD‐ROM for teaching graduate nursing research.Significance: Secondary data analysis of national health data sets is economical and provides a useful experience for students learning research.Scope: The advantages and disadvantages of using national health data sets on CD‐ROM are described. Students in three majors in nursing worked in groups to address research questions that could be answered using variables in the National Health Interview Survey. Several computer laboratory sessions were held to teach students how to extract the data and apply SPSS to analyze data.Findings: The pilot program was a success, but not without problems. Ten steps to ensure better attainment of objectives were formulated.Conclusions: National data sets on CD‐ROM are an inexpensive, rich data source that allow flexibility for students and faculty. Secondary data analysis using national health data sets is an underused approach in nursing. Graduate students can have a significant research experience while curbing the costs‐to organizations and themselves‐associated with primary data collection.
Managing Health Problems among Homeless Women with Children in a Transitional Shelter
Authors: Halton Diane C. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe health problems among homeless women with children living in a transitional shelter, analyze how they managed various ailments and when and how they sought care.Design: Qualitative using grounded theory and dimensional analysis.Sample: During 1992 and 1993, data were gathered from a convenience sample of 13 Latina, 11 White, and 6 African American women (n=30) who lived in a transitional shelter in California, USA.Methods: In‐depth, semi‐structured interviewsFindings: Despite many supportive services in transitional shelter, respondents had difficulty managing health problems. Typically, a woman reported she managed a health problem by overcoming it alone.Conclusions: The pattern of overcoming it alone existed years before transitional shelter life, and, in many instances, persisted during shelter years.Clinical Implications: Clinical nursing interventions that address shame, fear, lack of information, and eligibility for services could improve health outcomes among women and children living in transitional shelters.
Analysis of the Concept of Mutuality
Authors: Henson Robbie Helmich 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Mutuality is explored as an interaction style for providers and clients that encouragesSignificance: Accountability by both providers and clients is necessary to manage health care Organizing Framework: Walker and Avant's method of concept analysis.Scope: Literature from 7 930 to 1996. Mutuality is compared to autonomy, reciprocity, consumerism, negotiation, participation, collaboration, and paternalism.Conclusions: Mutuality is shown to balance power and respect, and to promote productive provider‐client communication. This interaction style for partnership relationships fosters positive and lasting health care outcomes.Implications: Nurses are challenged to develop the skill of elicitinggive and take, and creative, m utua I exchanges.
Sister Elizabeth Kenny, an Australian Nurse, and Treatment of Poliomyelitis Victims
Authors: Oppewal Sonda Riedesel 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To analyze the strategies that Elizabeth Kenny, an Australian nurse, used when trying to obtain medical endorsement for an innovation that was not based on knowledge of pathology, but was empirically demonstrated.Significance: When faced with the need to “Do the best you can with the symptoms presenting themselves,” Kenny used keen observation to develop a new treatment for poliomyelitis in the early 1900s. Her innovation was to use hot packs to relieve muscle spasms in people with early symptoms of poliomyelitis when orthodox medical treatment included use of splints or casts to immobilize affected limbs.Method: Historical case analysis.Findings and Conclusions: Sister Kenny made bold assertions, obtained scientific validation, learned from experience, used publicity, and opposed resistance. Although some strategies were unsuccessful (and Kenny faced many obstacles) medical practice changed in a relatively short time. Immobilization of limbs was largely discontinued in the acute stage of the disease. Kenny persisted in caring for children who otherwise might have sustained deformities.
Rules Outside The Rules for Administration of Medication: A Study in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Baker Helen M. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To improve understanding of how nurses define or redefine medication error.Design: Qualitative descriptive.Methods: This 18‐week ethnomethodological study in one hospital used participant observation, documentary analysis, and validation criteria. Ethnomethodology is useful for making clearer the every‐day, taken‐for‐granted understandings and practices of people as they make sense of their world. It hinges on the use of tacitly held knowledge in practical situations.Findings: Nurses adopted practices and embodied logic to accomplish tasks. They created criteria to decide when incidents were “real errors” and used institutional rules to create order.Conclusions: The findings provide a body of tacitly held knowledge about medication error that is shared among clinical nurses and redefines medication error using six criteria. The study calls into question the way institutions seek to identify, document, and reduce medication errors by nurses and the validity of nursing research based on reported error rates.
Russian Nursing Education Reform Project: New Nurses for a New Russia
Authors: Rosebrough Anita 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe a 2‐year nursing exchange project, 1992–1994, designed to access Russian nursing education and to make recommendations for change.Results: Nursing education in Russia is at a level similar to vocational schools in the United States and is closely linked to medicine. Russian nurrse educators were assisted in developing a philosophy of nursing, developing definitions for nursing, and incorporating process into practice.Conclusions: The Russian government and Russian nurse educators are committed to improving the equality of health care and nursing. This exchange toward a process‐based baccalaureate model.
Linking Research and Practice Through Discussion
Authors: Moch Susan Diemert , Robie Diane E. , Bauer Kathleen C. , Pederson Annette , Bowe Sharon , Shadick Kathleen 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe the process and outcomes of a researcher‐intiated discussion group with nurses in clinical practice.Design: Descriptive case study. The study, which began in 1991, included one group of four acute care nurses. Between 1992–1996, three other groups of nurses participated.Methods: Nurses in practice read and discussed articles from a program of research on brast cancer during a series of group sessions. The semi‐structured sessions were tape‐recorded.Results: Participants suggested how to make article content more understable to clinicians; they affirmed findings relevant to practice; and identified ways to integrate research in practice.Conclusions: Discussion served as a means for the researcher and nurses to connect the research‐practice gap through learning the practice perspective and the process and value of research. Discussion groups are recommended to enhance science‐based clinical practice.
Youngsters Caring for Adults with Cancer
Authors: Gates Marie F. , Lackey Nancy R 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe the caregiving provided by children and adolescents for adults with cancer. Because nurses are assuming an increasingly prominent role in working with caregivers, it is necessary to understand young caregivers.Design: The population of interest was youngsters aged 10 to 19 caring for adults at home with cancer. Eleven children and adolescents in seven families were recruited, 1993–1994, through purposive sampling from hospices and cancer clinics.Methods: Phenomenologic interviews, ethnographic interviews and selected participant observation experiences, and identification of needs through an unstructured survey were used.Findings: “Hard, but gratifying” emerged as the dominant phenomenologic description of caregiving. Emergent ethnographic themes indicated caregiving by children and adolescents was an expectation of family life. School and church were described as avenues for social support for youngsters in care‐giving situations.Conclusions: Youngsters aged 10 to 19 are caring for adults with cancer at home. Further descriptive study of youngsters caring for adults with cancer is needed.
Emancipatory Potential of Storytelling in a Group
Authors: Banks‐Wallace JoAnne 
Published: October 2007

Purpose:To examine the health‐promoting functions of storytelling in a group of women. Design: Secondary analysis, descriptive. A convenience sample of 28 women of African descent living in the Seattle‐Tacoma region of the United States was used.Methods:Narrative analysis of 115 stories. Data were audio‐taped in four focus groups convened during a 6‐week period in 1992.Findings: Six major functions of storytelling were identified:(a) contextual grounding, (b) bonding with others, (c) validating and affirming experiences, (d) venting and catharsis, (e) resisting oppression, and (f) educating others.Conclusions:Storytelling is useful for learning more about historical and contextual factors affecting the well‐being of women of African descent and for improving their lives. Group storytelling can create an environment that supports evaluation of experience and promotes problem‐solving.