bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De‐clustering Disadvantage
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , De-Shalit Avner 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the issue of how it might be possible to decluster disadvantage. The best means of doing so will be for government to attend to corrosive disadvantages — those that cause other disadvantages, and fertile functionings — those that have good effects on other functionings. It is argued that while empirical studies strongly suggest that being disadvantaged in terms of affiliation and control over the environment are corrosive, it is less clear which particular functionings are fertile. However, there is some evidence that possession of ‘soft skills’ and being educated are fertile at least in certain circumstances. By contrast, while poverty is very corrosive, the mere possession of extra money above a certain level does not appear to be particularly fertile. It is suggested that states invest in such research.
Priority to the Least Advantaged
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , De-Shalit Avner 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the implications of ‘priority to the worst off’. It is often argued that such a policy is counter-intuitive in that it can require the diversion of a great deal of resources to those who can barely benefit. Therefore, many theorists argue that sometimes the claims of the worst off can be overridden. In response, it is argued that abandoning the worst off is morally unacceptable; indeed one way of helping the worst off is to spend resources on research into cost-effective means of improving their lives. A second objection is that priority to the worst off appears to imply ignoring the claims of others who are somewhat better off. In response, it is accepted that these interests should be met. However, splitting society into those who give and those who receive stigmatizes the badly off and undermines the affiliation of everyone in society. Thus, it is consistent with priority to the worst off that the slightly better off, and in fact everyone in society, should receive something from the state.
The Quotable Bible
Authors: Samely Alexander 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter introduces the role of the Hebrew Bible in the constitution of rabbinic documents and thought. It presents the smallest unit of rabbinic interpretation, and explains that brief, quotable, segments of Scripture are treated as intrinsically meaningful. The question whether rabbinic hermeneutics constitutes a genuine reading of the Hebrew Bible, and whether interpretations were meant to compete with each other, are addressed. The forms in which the rabbis speak about the meaning of biblical words are distinguished from forms in which they adopt biblical words and sentences as part of their own utterances.
Endosonography: New Developments in 2006
Authors: Giovannini Marc 
Published: May 2007

Recent progress of the data processing applied to ultrasound (US) examination made it possible to develop new software. The US workstation of the last generation thus incorporated a computer into their center that allowed a very precise treatment of the US image. This made it possible to work out new images like three-dimensional (3-D) US, the US of contrast-harmonic associated with the intravenous injection with product with contrast for US, and finally even more recently, elastography. These techniques, currently quite elaborate in percutaneous US, are to be adapted and evaluated with echoendoscopy (EUS).We thus will approach the 3-D EUS successively, then the contribution of the products of contrast for US with the pancreatic EUS, and finally, elastography guided by endosonography.
Modeling of Nitrogen Dynamics in an Austrian Alpine Forest Ecosystem on Calcareous Soils: A Scenario-Based Risk Assessment under Changing Environmental Conditions
Authors: Herman Friedl , Smidt Stefan , Butterbach-Bahl Klaus , Englisch Michael , Gebetsroither Ernst , Jandl Robert , Katzensteiner Klaus , Lexer Manfred , Strebl Friederike , Zechmeister-Boltenstern Sophie 
Published: May 2007

We modeled the behavior of an Austrian alpine forest ecosystem on calcareous soils under changing climate and atmospheric nitrogen deposition scenarios. The change of nitrate leaching, emission rates of nitrogen compounds, and forest productivity were calculated using four process-oriented models for the periods 1998–2002 and 2048–2052. Each model reflects with high detail a segment of the ecosystem: PnET-N-DNDC (photosynthesis-evapotranspiration-nitrification-denitrification-decomposition; shortterm nitrogen cycling), BROOK90 (water balance for small and homogenous forest watersheds), HYDRUS (water flux in complex and heterogenous soils), and PICUS v1.3 (forest productivity). The nitrogen balance model (NBM) combines the individual results into a comprehensive picture and extends the specific values beyond the limits of the individual models. The evaluation of the findings was outlined with TRACE, a model enabling a long-term prognosis of nitrogen cycling in annual time steps.Temperature increase and nitrogen input are influenced by various components and processes of the forest ecosystem. An increase of the temperature of 2.5°C led to an enhancement of the N2O emission rates and affected the mineralization and the nitrification rates with the consequence of increased nitrate leaching into the subsoil. Enhanced nitrogen input also showed notable effects on nitrate leaching.
Probing interactions from solvent‐exchangeable protons and monovalent cations with the 1,2‐propanediol‐1‐yl radical intermediate in the reaction of dioldehydrase
Authors: Schwartz Phillip A. , LoBrutto Russell , Reed George H. , Frey Perry A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reaction of adenosylcobalamin‐dependent dioldehydrase with 1,2‐propanediol gives rise to a radical intermediate observable by EPR spectroscopy. This reaction requires a monovalent cation such as potassium ion. The radical signal arises from the formation of a radical pair comprised of the Co(II) of cob(II)alamin and a substrate‐related radical generated upon hydrogen abstraction by the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl radical. The high‐field asymmetric doublet arising from the organic radical has allowed investigation of its composition and environment through the use of EPR spectroscopic techniques. To characterize the protonation state of the oxygen substituents in the radical intermediate, X‐band EPR spectroscopy was performed in the presence of D2O and compared to the spectrum in H2O. Results indicate that the unpaired electron of the steady‐state radical couples to a proton on the C(1) hydroxyl group. Other spectroscopic experiments were performed, using either potassium or thallous ion as the activating monovalent cation, in an attempt to exploit the magnetic nature of the 205,203Tl nucleus to identify any intimate interaction of the radical intermediate with the activating cation. The radical intermediate in complex with dioldehydrase, cob(II)alamin and one of the activating monovalent cations was observed using EPR, ENDOR, and ESEEM spectroscopy. The spectroscopic evidence did not implicate a direct coordination of the activating cation and the substrate derived radical intermediate.
Fixed eruption due to quinine: Report of two cases
Authors: MUSO Yumi , KENTAROU Ozawa , ITAMI Satoshi , YOSHIKAWA Kunihiko 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTFixed eruption is a characteristic condition with recurrent an erythematous macule in the same location. Because fixed eruption is caused by medical drugs in the majority of cases, it is not so difficult to identify suspicious material by interview. However, it may be difficult in cases in which food additives are responsible. We report two rare cases of fixed eruption due to quinine contained in tonic water. In case 1, a 37‐year‐old man had repeated erythema on the same sites after drinking a variety of cocktails. We suspected tonic water as the causative material. Oral challenge test of tonic water was positive and patch test with quinine sulfate was positive also. In case 2, a 24‐year‐old woman in had noticed that her eruption appeared after drinking liquor, especially cocktails as in case 1. She was also positive upon an oral challenge test of tonic water and in a patch test of quinine sulfate.
Captopril has no significant scavenging antioxidant activity in human plasma in vitro or in vivo
Authors: LAPENNA DOMENICO , DE GIOIA SERGIO , CIOFANI GIULIANO , DANIELE FRANCA , CUCCURULLO FRANCO 
Published: May 2007

1Captopril has been reported to possess hydroxyl radical (OH) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) scavenging effects, which could contribute to its therapeutic activity in the clinical setting. 2The objective of the present study was to determine whether therapeutically achievable captopril concentrations could augment antioxidant properties of human plasma and protect it against OH‐ and HOCl‐driven oxidant injury in vitro. Possible drug influences on systemic oxidative stress status in vivo were also investigated in subjects taking 50 mg captopril orally by measuring plasma and red blood cell peroxidation, as well as plasma protein thiols. 3The results show that captopril is incapable of enhancing antioxidant properties of human plasma, of protecting it against specific oxidative attack and of decreasing systemic oxidant load in vivo. 4The present data, therefore, do not support the contention of a beneficial action of captopril through systemic antiradical‐antioxidant effects in human beings.
Self‐medication of a single headache episode with ketoprofen, ibuprofen or placebo, home‐monitored with an electronic patient diary
Authors: VAN GERVEN J. M. A. , SCHOEMAKER R. C. , JACOBS L.‐D. , REINTS A. , OUWERSLOOT‐VAN DER MEIJ M. J. , HOEDEMAKER H. G. J. , COHEN A. F. 
Published: May 2007

1The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of home‐medicated non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory (NSAID) analgesics, using an electronic patient diary. Single doses of ketoprofen 25 mg and ketoprofen 50 mg were compared with ibuprofen 200 mg and placebo in the treatment of a single occasion of episodic tension‐type headache, using a double‐blind, randomized, parallel group design. 2A total of 166 patients with headache compatible with episodic tension‐type headache and no refractory headaches or contraindications to NSAIDs were contacted by advertisements and selected by questionnaires. Patients performed the study at home, using an electronic diary for headache assessment, with a form to allow comments and corrections. Visual analogue scales (VAS 10 cm) of headache severity, five‐item headache relief rating (HRR) scales, and time of intake of ‘escape’ analgesics were scored regularly, for 4 h following intake of trial medication. 3VAS‐scores (n=1407) and HRRs (n=452) were returned by 159 patients. Of these scores, 1.5% were inadvertedly omitted from the electronic diary or modified on the comment forms. 4Headache (VAS and HRR) improved more with all three NSAIDs than with placebo, although the effect of ibuprofen was significant for HRR only. After 2 and 4 h respectively, the reduction in VAS‐ratios was 17 and 19% with placebo, 18 and 53% with ibuprofen 200 mg, 41 and 61% with ketoprofen 25 mg, and 47 and 59% with ketoprofen 50 mg. After 4 h, headache improved strongly (highest HRR) in 18% of patients on placebo, 39% on ibuprofen 200 mg, 62% on ketoprofen 25 mg, and 55% on ketoprofen 50 mg. Headache disappeared completely (VAS‐score=0) in one patient (3%) with placebo (after 180 min), 10% with ibuprofen 200 mg (average 211 min), 18% with ketoprofen 25 mg (159 min), and 28% with ketoprofen 50 mg (146 min). 5The effects of ketoprofen 50 mg were more pronounced than those of ibuprofen 200 mg, which seemed to start later. Ketoprofen 25 mg and 50 mg were very similar, suggesting a maximal effect of the lower dose. Mild to moderate adverse events were reported by 9% of the patients, half of which occurred with ketoprofen 50 mg. Treatment of headache with ketoprofen can start with 25 mg, and possibly less. 6Although a direct comparative study would be necessary to determine the relative benefits of the novel electronic patient diaries over traditional paper‐and‐pencil methods, this study has shown the usefulness of this newer technique to detect differences in efficacy between low doses of analgesics under ambulant conditions, with very limited loss of data. Electronic patient diaries appear to be an important new attribute for the efficacy assessment of self‐medicated drugs.
Prevalence and predictive factors of post‐traumatic hypopituitarism
Authors: Klose M. , Juul A. , Poulsgaard L. , Kosteljanetz M. , Brennum J. , Feldt‐Rasmussen U. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryObjective  To estimate the prevalence and predictive factors of hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury (TBI).Design  A cross‐sectional cohort study.Patients  One hundred and four hospitalized TBI patients (26F/78M), median age 41 (range 18–64) years, body mass index (BMI) 25 (17–39) kg/m2; severity: mild [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 13–15) n = 44, moderate (GCS 9–12) n = 20, severe (GCS < 9) n = 40].Measurements  Patients were evaluated 13 (10–27) months post‐injury, with measurement of baseline (0800–1000 h) and post‐stimulatory hormonal levels during an insulin tolerance test (ITT) (86%) or, if contraindicated, an arginine(arg)‐GHRH test + Synacthen test (14%). Insufficiencies were confirmed by retesting.Results  Hypopituitarism was found in 16 (15%) patients, affecting one axis in 10, two axes in four and more than two axes in two patients. The GH axis was most frequently affected (15%), followed by secondary hypoadrenalism (5%), hypogonadism (2%), hypothyroidism (2%) and diabetes insipidus (2%). The risk of pituitary insufficiency was increased in patients with severe TBI as opposed to mild TBI [odds ratio (OR) 10·1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·1–48·4, P = 0·004], and in those patients with increased intracerebral pressure [OR 6·5, 95% CI 1·0–42·2, P = 0·03]. Patients with only one affected axis were all GH deficient; 60% (n = 6) of these were overweight or obese.Conclusion  The prevalence of hypopituitarism was estimated at 16%. Although high, this value was lower than previously reported, and may still be overestimated because of well‐known confounding factors, such as obesity. Indicators of increased TBI severity were predictive of hypopituitarism, with a high negative predictive value. Neuroendocrine evaluation should therefore be considered in patients with severe TBI, and in particular in those with increased intracerebral pressure (ICP).
Circulating sex hormones and gene expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue oestrogen and alpha‐adrenergic receptors in HIV‐lipodystrophy: implications for fat distribution
Authors: Andersen Ove , Pedersen Steen B. , Svenstrup Birgit , Hansen Birgitte R. , Paulsen Søren K. , Rathje Gulla S. , Richelsen Bjørn , Nielsen Jens Ole , Madsbad Sten , Iversen Johan , Haugaard Steen B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryObjective  Circulating oestradiol and testosterone, which have been shown to increase in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), may influence fat distribution and insulin sensitivity. Oestradiol increases subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans possibly through binding to oestrogen‐receptor‐α, which in turn activates anti‐lipolytic α2A‐adrenergic‐receptor.Design and methods  To address these issues circulating pituitary–gonadal–axis hormones and gene expression of receptors in subcutaneous adipose tissue were determined in 31 nondiabetic HIV‐infected male patients receiving HAART (16 with lipodystrophy), in whom measures of fat distribution (CT and DEXA‐scans) and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp) were available.Results  Total and free oestradiol and testosterone were decreased in lipodystrophic patients compared to nonlipodystrophic patients, whereas luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone and prolactin were similar and normal in both study groups. Ratio of subcutaneous to total abdominal fat mass, limb fat, and insulin sensitivity, which were all decreased in lipodystrophic patients, correlated positively with both plasma oestradiol and testosterone (n = 31). Glycerol concentration during clamp (a marker of lipolysis) correlated inversely with expression of α2A‐adrenergic‐receptor, ratio of subcutaneous to total abdominal fat mass, and limb fat, respectively. Expression of α2A‐adrenergic‐receptor correlated positively with expression of oestrogen‐receptor‐α.Conclusions  The results fit the hypothesis that sex hormones play a role in altered fat distribution and insulin sensitivity of male patients with HIV‐lipodystrophy. The effect of oestradiol on the subcutaneous fat depot and lipolysis may be mediated in part through binding to the oestrogen‐receptor‐α, in turn activating anti‐lipolytic α2A‐adrenergic‐receptor.
DNA content and p53 protein expression in ductal breast cancer
Authors: IOAKIM‐LIOSSI A. , KARAKITSOS P. , MARKOPOULOS CH. , ARONI K. , DELIVELIOTI K. , GOGAS† J. , KYRKOU K. 
Published: May 2007

DNA content and p53 protein expression in ductal breast cancerThe DNA content of 85 ductal breast cancers of different histological grades was evaluated using static cytometry and correlated with immunocytochemical expression of p53 protein in tumour cells in cytological material. A statistically significant difference was observed between p53 protein expression and grade of malignancy (P<0.001). The percentage of euploid tumours significantly decreased from grade I through grade II to grade III tumours (P<0.001). Clonal DNA heterogeneity was observed in 26.6% of cases analysed and was correlated with p53 protein expression (P<0.001). These changes probably reflect genomic alterations which may affect potential malignancy of breast cancer.
Evaluating stocking of YOY pike Esox lucius as a tool in the restoration of shallow lakes
Authors: SKOV CHRISTIAN , NILSSON P. ANDERS 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. Stocking of piscivores in shallow, eutrophicated lakes to reduce cyprinid densities is a common approach in lake restorations. Young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) pike Esox lucius are frequently used to reduce cyprinid densities, but their effectiveness is equivocal. This study uses a simple model to assess the efficacy of pike stocking as a lake restoration tool.2. The model evaluates YOY pike consumption in relation to different survival and growth patterns, timing of stocking, degree of piscivory of pike as well as YOY cyprinid growth patterns and productivity. The parameters used in the model are obtained from field surveys in eight study lakes stocked with YOY pike as well as from the literature.3. Our model showed that all parameters studied were important for predicting the effects of pike stocking on cyprinids. In particular, body size at stocking, cyprinid production and pike survival were good predictors of biomanipulation success.4. However, our model showed that only under very specific circumstances will stocking of YOY pike result in a reduction of YOY cyprinid densities large enough to affect water quality.5. The findings of this study question the efficacy of pike stocking as an appropriate and reliable tool for restoration programmes in shallow lakes, and indicate that when used efforts should be made to optimize the timing of stocking in relation to YOY cyprinid production and to increase the stocking body size of the pike.
Extrapancreatic organ impairment during acute pancreatitis induced by bile‐pancreatic duct obstruction. Effect of N‐acetylcysteine
Authors: Manso Manuel A. , Ramudo Laura , De Dios Isabel 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMultiple organ failure is frequently associated with acute pancreatitis (AP). Our aim was to study pulmonary, hepatic and renal complications developed in the course of AP experimentally induced in rats by bile‐pancreatic duct obstruction (BPDO), differentiating the complications caused by AP itself, from those directly caused by bile duct obstruction (BDO), after ligating the choledocus. N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) was administered as a therapeutic approach. Myeloperoxidase activity revealed neutrophil infiltration in lungs from 12 h after BDO, even if AP was not triggered. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity indicated hepatocyte death from 48 h after BDO, and from 24 h following BPDO‐induced AP onwards, an effect delayed until 48 h by NAC treatment. Rats with single cholestasis (BDO) and rats with BPDO‐induced AP showed a significant increase in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin concentration from 12 h onwards, whose values were reduced by NAC treatment at early BPDO. No renal failure was found during 120 h of bile‐pancreatic obstruction. Our results showed lung and liver impairment as a result of BDO, even if AP does not develop. Pancreatic damage and extrapancreatic complications during AP induced by BPDO were palliated by NAC treatment.
Retrieving true images through fine grid steps for enhancing the resolution beyond the classical limits: theory and simulations
Authors: STOYANOV D. , NEDKOV I. , AUSLOOS M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe developed the theory of, and tested by extended simulations, a novel method for retrieving true images in a grid step much finer than both the acquisition and the optical microscope limits. We believe that the method is promising in view of avoiding the limitations on the resolution improvement in direct imaging mode systems. Two basic concepts are involved: (i) random (up to 3D) relative displacements of objects with respect to the receiving matrix and (ii) the use of a reference object firmly fixed to small signal objects for avoiding the displacement measurements. The retrieved images are created by rearranging a set of true images acquired with a lower resolution equal to the matrix pixel size. We demonstrate the good quality of the retrieved images and the possibility to visualize and detect small (convolved) objects not observed into the captured images. The method provides good opportunities for effective applications of different inverse algorithms for improving the resolution requiring, as a rule, more precisely sampled images, but at arbitrary relations between the pixel size and the optical diffraction limit. We further demonstrated the application of some deconvolution procedures for extracting highly resolved images in the object and image planes in the presence of noise. The possibility to resolve small objects beyond the two classical limits is shown by means of simulations. The estimates for the method's limiting resolution, combined with proper deconvolution processing, show that resolution in the lower nano‐dimension scale (below 10 nm) could be achieved. The requirements to the implementation of the novel method are commented as well.
Real‐time image quality assessment with mixed Lagrange time delay estimation autoregressive (MLTDEAR) model
Authors: SIM K. S. , TSO C. P. , TAN Y. Y. , LIM W. K. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA proposal to assess the quality of scanning electron microscope images using mixed Lagrange time delay estimation technique is presented. With optimal scanning electron microscope scan rate information, online images can be quantified and improved. The online quality assessment technique is embedded onto a scanning electron microscope frame grabber card for real‐time image processing. Different images are captured using scanning electron microscope and a database is built to optimally choose filter parameters. An optimum choice of filter parameters is obtained. With the optimum choice of scan rate, noise can be removed from real‐time scanning electron microscope images without causing any sample contamination or increasing scanning time.