bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of dispersal from entire plants
Authors: Cousens Roger , Dytham Calvin , Law Richard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses approaches that have been used to understand how particular shapes and scales of propagule distributions arise around a parent plant. It begins by contrasting two different methods of collecting dispersal data and two fundamentally different ways of presenting the results. It is shown that the frequency distribution of dispersal distance approaches zero at the source, increases to one (or more) maximum, and declines rapidly to a long tail. In contrast, the density of the seed rain declines rapidly with distance, being greatest close to the source plant. Examples are given of models that are being developed to predict dispersal by multiple vectors and over the entire dispersal season. The chapter concludes with a discussion of research methodologies, since these are critical to the success of future empirical research.
Invasions and range expansion
Authors: Cousens Roger , Dytham Calvin , Law Richard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the spatial dynamics of invading species, paying particular attention to the patterns formed as they spread, i.e., the rate of increase of the area invaded and the rate at which their boundaries move. The development of models for population expansion — comprising a range of structures and assumptions both simple and complex — is reviewed. Rare long distance dispersal events are shown to dictate the rate of spread, the pattern in population margins, and the distribution of genotypes. Movement through heterogeneous landscapes is shown to be further affected by the connectivity and distribution of suitable patches.
Propagule dispersal and the spatial dynamics of populations and communities
Authors: Cousens Roger , Dytham Calvin , Law Richard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers the signal of local dispersal which sits inside maps of the locations of individuals, and introduces spatial statistics as measures of spatial structure. It shows how dispersal plays a fundamental part in local population dynamics. Dispersal is also shown to have important implications for the outcome of local spatial competition between two species, the dynamics of metapopulations, and the structure of multispecies communities. Local dispersal causes clumping, slows down changes in density, and affects the asymptotic state ultimately achieved by a population. When different species compete, dispersal over greater distances gives a species an advantage which can eliminate competitive coexistence which might otherwise occur. However, in the presence of spatial environmental heterogeneity, where too much dispersal can move offspring away from favourable parts of the environment, dispersal over intermediate distances can allow faster population growth than dispersal over either short or long distances.
The evolution of dispersal
Authors: Cousens Roger , Dytham Calvin , Law Richard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter provides both a flavour of, and some insight into, the evolutionary forces at work shaping the amazing diversity of dispersal strategies seen in plants. For all plants, there is a tension between the advantages of a sedentary or short-distance dispersal strategy and those of a more dispersive one. The selective forces that act to increase or decrease evolved dispersal rates or distances are reviewed. The dispersal strategy adopted by a plant species is clearly shaped by a long history of interacting and competing forces. The relative strengths of these forces will inevitably wax and wane, and the interactions between them shift to change the overall selective pressure to disperse.
3 The International Mobility of Technical Talent: Trends and Development Implications
Authors: D'Costa Anthony P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter charts the complex dynamics of the movement of technical talent in the world economy and assesses broadly the impact of such mobility on both sending and receiving countries. Based on secondary data and primary information from the Indian and Japanese information technology industries, the study presents a global view of the movement of talent and its development and policy implications. By synthesizing disparate data and the multifaceted processes and outcomes of international mobility, the chapter examines some of the distributional issues of gains and losses in both sending and receiving countries.
4 Global Mobility of Talent from a Perspective of New Industrial Policy: Open Migration Chains and Diaspora Networks
Authors: Kuznetsov Yevgeny , Sabel Charles 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe chapter views migration of skills from a perspective of new industrial policy. It introduces two types of search networks: open migration chains and diaspora networks. Migration chains are sequences of educational or job opportunities which allows a migrant to move to progressively complex educational and job tasks necessary to work in the global environment. Diaspora networks are networks of members seeking to advance their collective goals, often (but not necessarily) for the benefits of home countries. Open migration chains are functional equivalent to value chains: they emphasize upgrading of individual human capital. ‘Diaspora networks’ are about concerted action and clubs. They can be viewed as tools to upgrade open migration chains exactly the same way as a supplier development programme is a concerted action to upgrade value chains.
7 Student Migration to the United States and Brain Circulation: Issues, Empirical Results, and Programmes in Latin America
Authors: Angel‐Urdinola Diego F. , Takeno Taizo , Wodon Quentin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHigh-skilled student migration may lead to a brain drain for developing countries. After a brief review of the literature, this chapter provides an analysis of patterns of student migration to the US. Estimates based on panel data for fifty countries over the period 1990-99 provide some limited evidence on brain drain or gain, although Latin America may be more vulnerable than other regions to brain drain. In order to fight brain drain, programmes can however be implemented in order to ensure that students who have migrated abroad return to their country of origin. Examples of three programmes implemented in Colombia and Mexico that aim to mitigate the risk of brain drain into a gain, or more generally, to optimize ‘brain circulation’ are provided.
11 Talent Mobility in the Global Economy: Europe as a Destination
Authors: Cervantes Mario , Goldstein Andrea 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores Europe's position in attracting foreign talent relative to other OECD regions. It focuses on the international migration of talent embodied in students and in highly skilled migrants and also provides scattered evidence on other types of talent through three case studies — on South Africa (as a sending country of nurses), economics (a social science with important fallouts on the rest of society), and football (soccer) players (a type of global cultural talent). Based on evidence of flows of university students as well as on the stocks of highly skilled people in OECD countries, it argues that Europe is more attractive, in quantitative terms, to talent from other developed countries than to talent from developing countries. It also argues that Europe's relative lack of attractiveness to highly skilled migrants from developing countries is related to historical, economic, and institutional factors. Among these are the structure of labour markets in several EU countries, restrictive product market regulations and barriers to entrepreneurship, the fact that Europe's immigration policies have only recently moved to favour the highly skilled after focusing family reunification and asylum migrants, and that Europe's higher education sector, while attractive to students from developed countries, appears to be less attractive/open to students from outside the EU.
1 Religion and Politics: The West, Islam, Byzantium
Authors: Black Antony 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Early Christianity saw church and state as separate. Early Islam conceived a single 'umma under a single caliphate. It prescribed an all-embracing Shari'a. But after Constantine Christianity brought church and state together. In the Byzantine East, the emperor was assigned a divine mission. The Western church insisted on the clergy's independence. Some in the West tried to subordinate state to church, or vice versa; but the main trend was towards separation, and political thought became more secular. In Islam, the 'ulama became separate from the sultan but the relationship was not defined. Orthodox Jurists sought reintegration of religion and government. Separation between religion and politics in principle found little support. Christians, who had started as pacifists, adopted holy war and religious persecution; Muslims favoured limited toleration. There was thus both convergence and divergence between the two cultures: church and state.
8 The Origins of Western Political Thought
Authors: Black Antony 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The problem of church and state initiated the development of Western political theory in Aquinas, John of Paris, and Marsilius. One difference between European and Islamic thought was the European idea of a natural law which applied to, and could be known by, all humans. Islamic ethics derived solely from the Shari'a which was known only to Muslims and in which rights and duties differed according to religious affiliation. Another difference was the European prioritization of liberty. Natural law and liberty led to a doctrine of human rights. The modern Western idea of the state was based on a distinction between religion and politics, church and state. Aristotle's Politics helped legitimize partially democratic city republics. These did not exist in Islam.
4 Is there a Post‐Washington Consensus Consensus?
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
If there is a consensus today about what strategies are most likely to promote development in poor countries, it is this: the ‘Washington Consensus’ — the oversimplified rendition of policies recommended by international financial institutions and the US Treasury — did not provide the answer. This chapter reviews the tenets of the Washington Consensus and shows why its orthodox recipes failed to generate economic growth in the countries that applied them. It goes on to outline the ‘post-“Washington Consensus” Consensus’, which has emerged as a result of the growing dissatisfaction with the Washington Consensus failures. Aspects include: the agreement that a successful development strategy cannot come only from Washington but must include the developing world in a meaningful way; one-site-fits-all policies are doomed to fail; countries should be given room to experiment, use their own judgment, and explore alternatives; development requires a balanced role between the state and the market and the strengthening of the institutions in each; and finally, success must be measured not only in GDP, but also must account for distribution as well as social and environmental sustainability.
6 A Broad View of Macroeconomic Stability
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter recommends a broad concept of macroeconomic stability, whereby ‘sound macroeconomic frameworks’ include not only price stability and sound fiscal policies, but also a well-functioning real economy, sustainable debt ratios, and healthy public and private sector balance sheets. These multiple dimensions imply the use of multiple policy instruments. The chapter elaborates a framework for developing countries that involves active use of countercyclical macroeconomic policies (exchange rate, monetary, and fiscal), together with capital management techniques (capital account regulations and prudential rules incorporating macroeconomic dimensions). It also explores the role of international financial institutions in facilitating developing countries' use of countercyclical macroeconomic policies.
8 Sudden Stop, Financial Factors, and Economic Collapse in Latin America: Learning from Argentina and Chile
Authors: Calvo Guillermo A. , Talvi Ernesto 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter shows that the Russian 1998 crisis had a big impact on capital flows to Emerging Market Economies (EMEs), especially in Latin America, and that the impact of the Russian shock differs quite markedly across EMEs. To illustrate this statement, the polar cases of Chile and Argentina are compared. While Chile exhibited a significant economic slowdown after August 1998, it did not suffer the excruciating collapse suffered by Argentina, where even the payments system came to a full stop. This difference is attributed to the fact that Chile is more open to trade than Argentina, and that it appears to suffer much less from balance-sheet currency-denomination mismatch that was rampant in Argentina before the 2002 crisis (due to large domestic liability dollarization). The chapter is essentially descriptive but is in line with and, thus, complements econometric studies like Calvo, Izquierdo, and Mejia (NBER Working Paper 10520). The final section addresses policy issues in light of the chapter's findings and conjectures.
12 Reforming Labor Market Institutions: Unemployment Insurance and Employment Protection
Authors: Blanchard Olivier 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the characteristics of both optimal and actual unemployment insurance and employment protection. It then sketches potential paths for reforms in both rich and middle-income countries. There is a role for both state-provided unemployment insurance and employment protection. In rich countries, one challenge is to combine unemployment insurance with strong incentives for the unemployed to take jobs. The other challenge is to redefine employment protection by reducing administrative constraints and judicial intervention, and relying more on financial incentives. In middle-income countries, the main challenge is to move from the current system of high severance payments and employment protection to a system of state-provided unemployment benefits and lower severance payments. Modern economies are characterized by high levels of job creation and job destruction: such reallocation is central to productivity growth. Job destruction risks unemployment. Private markets, left to themselves, do a poor job of protecting workers. This suggests a potentially welfare-improving role for state intervention, through the joint design of unemployment insurance and employment protection. Designing and putting in place the right institutions is a complex task. The evidence is that many rich countries, particularly in Europe, have done a poor job. The mistakes they made have led both to poorly functioning labour market, and high unemployment. It is therefore essential to take a step back and think about the optimal design of labor market institutions. European countries already have a complex set of labour market institutions; reforms mean transforming existing institutions. Poorer countries, such as those in Latin America have more embryonic labour market institutions to start, and more limited institutional capability; reforms mean putting in place new, potentially simpler, institutions. The goal of this chapter is to explore these themes.
16 A Practical Approach to Formulating Growth Strategies
Authors: Rodrik Dani 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter starts with a paradox: ‘development’ is working while ‘development policy’ is not. On the one hand, the last quarter century has witnessed a tremendous and historically unprecedented improvement in the material conditions of hundreds of millions of people living in some of the poorest parts of the world. On the other hand, ‘development policy’ as it is commonly understood and advocated by multilateral organizations, aid agencies, Northern academics, and Northern-trained technocrats has largely failed to live up to its promise. For evidence on the former point, we can turn to Asia. For evidence on the latter, we can look at Latin America and Africa. One conclusion one could take from this is that our ability as economists to design and recommend growth strategies is extremely limited. It is argued that we can do better than adopt this kind of nihilistic attitude towards policy advice. If the original Washington Consensus erred in being too detailed and specific, and in assuming that the same set of policies work the same everywhere, policy nihilism goes too far in undervaluing the benefit of economic reasoning. The chapter outlines a way of thinking about growth strategies that avoids these two extremes. This approach consists of three elements. First, we need to undertake a diagnostic analysis to figure out where the most significant constraints on economic growth are. Second, we need creative and imaginative policy design to target the identified constraints appropriately. Third, we need to institutionalize the process of diagnosis and policy response to ensure that the economy remains dynamic and growth does not peter out. Each of these elements is discussed.
Ecosystem trends: evidence for agreement between fishers' perceptions and scientific information
Authors: Rochet Marie-Joëlle , Prigent Magali , Bertrand Jacques A. , Carpentier André , Coppin Franck , Delpech Jean-Paul , Fontenelle Guy , Foucher Eric , Mahé Kelig , Rostiaux Emilie , Trenkel Verena M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Rochet, M-J., Prigent, M., Bertrand, J. A., Carpentier, A., Coppin, F., Delpech, J-P., Fontenelle, G., Foucher, E., Mahé, K., Rostiaux, E., and Trenkel, V. M. 2008. Ecosystem trends: evidence for agreement between fishers' perceptions and scientific information. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1057–1068. The results of a survey on fishers' perceptions of recent changes in the eastern English Channel ecosystem carried out in 2006 were compared with fishery and bottom-trawl survey data. A hypothesis-testing framework was used, testing the null hypothesis that fishers' statements were true, which permitted evaluation of both agreement and disagreement. Overall good agreement between fishers' statements and scientific data was found, and both sources suggested that the fish community in the Channel is undergoing large changes, among which are decreases in some commercially important species; in addition, a number of human pressures impact the ecosystem. Fishers had an accurate perception of changes and their time-frames, but not necessarily of their causes. They had a greater power than survey data to detect recent changes, showing that fishers' perceptions have great potential as early warning signals.
Inappropriate benzodiazepine use in older adults and the risk of fracture
Authors: Van Der Hooft Cornelis S. , Schoofs Mariëtte W. C. J. , Ziere Gijsbertus , Hofman Albert , Pols Huibert A. P. , Sturkenboom Miriam C. J. M. , Stricker Bruno H. Ch. 
Published: May 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Benzodiazepine use increases the risk of fracture in the elderly.• It is controversial which conditions of use are most risky, e.g. use of short‐ or long‐acting benzodiazepines, dose and duration of use.• The well‐known Beers criteria include statements about inappropriate benzodiazepine use in elderly and the risk of fracture, but their clinical value has never been tested in an outcome study. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Inappropriate benzodiazepine use according to the Beers criteria is not associated with an increased risk of fracture.• Daily dose and duration of use is associated with higher risk of fracture, not the type of benzodiazepine prescribed as the Beers criteria state.AIMSThe Beers criteria for prescribing in elderly are well known and used for many drug utilization studies. We investigated the clinical value of the Beers criteria for benzodiazepine use, notably the association between inappropriate use and risk of fracture.METHODSWe performed a nested case–control study within the Rotterdam Study, a population‐based cohort study in 7983 elderly. The proportion of ‘inappropriate’ benzodiazepine use according to the Beers criteria was compared between fracture patients and controls. ‘Inappropriate’ use for elderly implies use of some long‐acting benzodiazepines and some intermediate/short‐acting ones exceeding a suggested maximum daily dose. Also, alternative criteria were applied to compare the risk of fracture. Cases were defined as persons with incident fracture between 1991 and 2002 who were current benzodiazepine users on the fracture date. Controls were matched on fracture date and were also current benzodiazepine users.RESULTSThe risk of fracture in ‘inappropriate’ benzodiazepine users according to the Beers criteria was not significantly different from ‘appropriate’ users [odds ratio (OR) 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72, 1.60]. However, a significantly higher risk of fracture was found in ‘high dose’ users and a longer duration of use (14–90 days), irrespective of the type of benzodiazepine (OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.38, 8.59).CONCLUSIONSThese findings suggest that inappropriate benzodiazepine use according to the Beers criteria is not associated with increased risk of fracture. Daily dose and longer duration of use (>14 days) is associated with higher risk of fracture, irrespective of the type of benzodiazepine prescribed.
The GH–IGF‐I axis and the cardiovascular system: clinical implications
Authors: Colao Annamaria 
Published: May 2008

SummaryBackground  GH and IGF‐I affect cardiac structure and performance. In the general population, low IGF‐I has been associated with higher prevalence of ischaemic heart disease and mortality. Both in GH deficiency (GHD) and excess life expectancy has been reported to be reduced because of cardiovascular disease.Objective  To review the role of the GH–IGF‐I system on the cardiovascular system.Results  Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that serum IGF‐I levels in the low‐normal range are associated with increased risk of acute myocardial infarction, ischaemic heart disease, coronary and carotid artery atherosclerosis and stroke. This confirms previous findings in patients with acromegaly or with GH‐deficiency showing cardiovascular impairment.Patients with either childhood‐ or adulthood‐onset GHD have cardiovascular abnormalities such as reduced cardiac mass, diastolic filling and left ventricular response at peak exercise, increased intima‐media thickness and endothelial dysfunction. These abnormalities can be reversed, at least partially, after GH replacement therapy. In contrast, in acromegaly chronic GH and IGF‐I excess causes a specific cardiomyopathy: concentric cardiac hypertrophy (in more than two‐thirds of the patients at diagnosis) associated to diastolic dysfunction is the most common finding. In later stages, impaired systolic function ending in heart failure can occur, if GH/IGF‐I excess is not controlled. Abnormalities of cardiac rhythm and of cardiac valves can also occur. Successful control of acromegaly is accompanied by decrease of the left ventricular mass and improvement of cardiac function.Conclusion  The cardiovascular system is a target organ for GH and IGF‐I. Subtle dysfunction in the GH–IGF‐I axis are correlated with increased prevalence of ischaemic heart disease. Acromegaly and GHD are associated with several abnormalities of the cardiovascular system and control of GH/IGF‐I secretion reverses (or at least stops) cardiovascular abnormalities.