bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commentary: A Japanese Perspective on WTO Agricultural Negotiations
Authors: Suzuki Yoichi 
Published: December 2005

A commentary on Patrick Messerlin's article "Agricultural Trade Liberalization." Yoichi Suzuki joined the Japanese Foreign Ministry in 1975, after having studied international public law at Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo. He also studied at and graduated from the Ecole Nationale d’Administration, Paris. He has wide experience dealing with international trade matters. He served in such posts as Director of APEC affairs, Director in charge of the bilateral economic relationship between Japan and the European Union, as well as Director of WTO affairs at the Foreign Ministry. He was Minister and Deputy Permanent Representative of Japan to the WTO from 1997 to 2002 in Geneva. Subsequently he served as Deputy Director General of the Economic Affairs Bureau of the Japanese Foreign Ministry from 2002 to September 2005 in charge of WTO as well as bilateral FTA negotiations. He chaired the regular sessions of the WTO Agricultural Committee in 2000 and 2001. He is currently Vice Chair of the OECD Trade Committee. He also has experience with commodity issues having chaired the International Natural Rubber Council in 1989 and the International Tropical Timber Council in 1991. Suzuki was appointed Consul-General of Japan in Boston in September 2005.
Commentary: A PRC Perspective on Manufactures Liberalization
Authors: Huang Rengang 
Published: December 2005

A commentary on Alan V. Deardorff and Robert M. Stern, University of Michigan, "Issues of Manufactures Liberalization and Administered Protection." Rengang Huang is the Minister/Counsellor of the Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the World Trade Organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. Since the launching of Doha Development Agenda negotiations in 2001, he has served on many occasions as the head of the Chinese delegations in the WTO. Huang began his career in public service in 1986 with the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (MOFTEC) of China. He worked for six years in the Foreign Investment Administration of MOFTEC, and in 1992, he was appointed Deputy Director of the Interpreting and Translating Service (ITS) in MOFTEC and became ITS Director in 1997. He has participated in numerous bilateral and multilateral negotiations between China and its trading partners, including China’s accession to the WTO. In 2000, he became Deputy Director General of the Protocol Department and was responsible for the foreign affairs agenda of MOFTEC. Huang received an M.A. degree in International Studies from the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing, China; an MBA degree from Cardiff Business School, University of Wales, UK; and a B.A. degree in English Literature from Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Commentary: Free Trade Agreements and the Doha Development Agenda
Authors: Ciuriak Dan 
Published: December 2005

Commentary on FTAs and the Doha Round Agenda. Dan Ciuriak is Deputy Chief Economist at Canada’s Department of International Trade. He is co-editor of, and regular contributor to, the Department’s annual Trade Policy Research series and advises on a wide variety of international economic issues, including WTO and NAFTA trade litigation. In his personal capacity he has published a number of articles on various aspects of economic globalization, with a particular focus on the Asian Crisis and China’s economic integration into the global economy. From 1994-1998, Ciuriak served as deputy to the Chair of the APEC Economic Committee with principal responsibility for editing the annual APEC Economic Outlook and other Economic Committee publications. From 1990-1994, he served as Finance Counsellor at Canada’s Embassy in Germany, covering G-7 issues, German reunification, the Maastricht process, and the European Monetary crisis. Previously, he was with Canada’s Department of Finance where he was deeply involved in Canada’s federal financial institutions reforms. He studied at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.
Commentary: An Oxfam America Perspective on the Doha Development Agenda
Authors: Kripke Gawain 
Published: December 2005

An Oxfam America commentary on the Doha Development Round. Gawain Kripke is Senior Policy Advisor on international trade issues with Oxfam America, based in Washington, DC. He directs the policy work of the organization's Make Trade Fair campaign, which aims to change unfair trade rules so that international trade can become a powerful force for reducing global poverty. Kripke has authored numerous opinion pieces and briefing papers on trade and development issues. He has testified before Congress and appears frequently on radio and television programs, including Marketplace, CNN, National Public Radio, and BBC World News. Prior to joining Oxfam, Kripke served as Director of Economic Programs for the environmental organization Friends of the Earth. He holds a B.A. in Government from Harvard College.
Cover Picture: Self‐Assembly of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes into a Sheet by Drop Drying (Adv. Mater. 1/2006)
Authors: Duggal R. , Hussain F. , Pasquali M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDrops of a suspension of individual single‐walled carbon nanotubes in F68 Pluronic surfactant dry on glass substrates to form a “crust” at the free surface. The crust is extremely thin (∼ 100 nm) and consists of an entangled mesh of nanotubes and Pluronic. Pasquali and co‐workers report on p. 29 that the convective flow associated with the drying preferentially assembles the micelles into a hexagonal arrangement, as revealed by the birefringent pattern shown on the cover. This technique is promising for developing thin, optically transparent, and electrically conductive coatings and films consisting of nanotubes.
Inside Front Cover: Multicolor Photoluminescence from Porous Silicon Using Focused, High‐Energy Helium Ions (Adv. Mater. 1/2006)
Authors: Teo E. J. , Breese M. B. H. , Bettiol A. A. , Mangaiyarkarasi D. , Champeaux F. , Watt F. , Blackwood D. J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractControlled light emission from porous silicon has been obtained by focused helium beam irradiation prior to electrochemical etching in hydrofluoric acid. The photoluminescence wavelength of porous silicon can be continuously red‐shifted with increasing dose to produce different color emission on a single substrate, as shown in work by E. J. Teo and co‐workers on p. 51. The image features an orange dragon produced on a green background, which clearly shows the longer wavelength emission from the irradiated regions as compared to the un‐irradiated background.
Inverse relation between in vivo amyloid imaging load and cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 in humans
Authors: Fagan Anne M. , Mintun Mark A. , Mach Robert H. , Lee Sang‐Yoon , Dence Carmen S. , Shah Aarti R. , LaRossa Gina N. , Spinner Michael L. , Klunk William E. , Mathis Chester A. , DeKosky Steven T. , Morris John C. , Holtzman David M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectivesAmyloid‐β42 (Aβ42) appears central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and is a major component of amyloid plaques. Mean cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42 is decreased in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. This decrease may reflect plaques acting as an Aβ42 “sink,” hindering transport of soluble Aβ42 between brain and CSF. We investigated this hypothesis.MethodsWe compared the in vivo brain amyloid load (via positron emission tomography imaging of the amyloid‐binding agent, Pittsburgh Compound‐B [PIB]) with CSF Aβ42 and other measures (via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) in clinically characterized research subjects.ResultsSubjects fell into two nonoverlapping groups: those with positive PIB binding had the lowest CSF Aβ42 level, and those with negative PIB binding had the highest CSF Aβ42 level. No relation was observed between PIB binding and CSF Aβ40, tau, phospho‐tau181, plasma Aβ40, or plasma Aβ42. Importantly, PIB binding and CSF Aβ42 did not consistently correspond with clinical diagnosis; three cognitively normal subjects were PIB‐positive with low CSF Aβ42, suggesting the presence of amyloid in the absence of cognitive impairment (ie, preclinical AD).InterpretationThese observations suggest that brain amyloid deposition results in low CSF Aβ42, and that amyloid imaging and CSF Aβ42 may potentially serve as antecedent biomarkers of (preclinical) AD. Ann Neurol 2006
Continuous‐time stochastic modelling of capital adequacy ratios for banks
Authors: Fouche Casper H. , Mukuddem‐Petersen J. , Petersen M. A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRegulation related to capital requirements is an important issue in the banking sector. In this regard, one of the indices used to measure how susceptible a bank is to failure, is the capital adequacy ratio (CAR). We consider two types of such ratios, viz. non‐risk‐based (NRBCARs) and risk‐based (RBCARs) CARs. According to the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), we can further categorize NRBCARs into leverage and equity capital ratios and RBCARs into Basel II and Tier 1 ratios. In general, these indices are calculated by dividing a measure of bank capital by an indicator of the level of bank risk. Our primary objective is to construct continuous‐time stochastic models for the dynamics of each of the aforementioned ratios with the main achievement being the modelling of the Basel II capital adequacy ratio (Basel II CAR). This ratio is obtained by dividing the bank's eligible regulatory capital (ERC) by its risk‐weighted assets (RWAs) from credit, market and operational risk. Mainly, our discussions conform to the qualitative and quantitative standards prescribed by the Basel II Capital Accord. Also, we find that our models are consistent with data from FDIC‐insured institutions. Finally, we demonstrate how our main results may be applied in the banking sector. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silver Complexes of Cyclic Hexachlorotriphosphazene
Authors: Gonsior Marcin , Antonijevic Sasa , Krossing Ingo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe first solid‐state structures of complexed P3N3X6 (X=halogen) are reported for X=Cl. The compounds were obtained from P3N3Cl6 and Ag[Al(OR)4] salts in CH2Cl2/CS2 solution. The very weakly coordinating anion with R=C(CF3)3 led to the salt Ag(P3N3Cl6)2+[Al(OR)4]− (1), but the more strongly coordinating anion with R′=C(CH3)(CF3)2 gave the molecular adduct (P3N3Cl6)AgAl(OR′)4 (3). Crystals of [Ag(CH2Cl2)(P3N3Cl6)2]+[Al(OR)4]− (2), in which Ag+ is coordinated by two phosphazene and one CH2Cl2 ligands, were isolated from CH2Cl2 solution. The three compounds were characterized by their X‐ray structures, and 1 and 3 also by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy. Solution and solid‐state 31P NMR investigations in combination with quantum chemically calculated chemical shifts show that the 31P NMR shifts of free and silver‐coordinated P3N3Cl6 differ by less than 3 ppm and indicate a very weakly bound P3N3Cl6 ligand in 1. The experimental silver ion affinity (SIA) of the phosphazene ligand was derived from the solid‐state structure of 3. The SIA shows that (PNCl2)3 is only a slightly stronger Lewis base than P4 and CH2Cl2, while other ligands such as S8, P4S3, toluene, and 1,2‐Cl2C2H4 are far stronger ligands towards the silver cation. The energetics of the complexes were assessed with inclusion of entropic, thermal, and solvation contributions (MP2/TZVPP, COSMO). The formation of the cations in 1, 2, and 3 was calculated to be exergonic by ΔrG°(CH2Cl2)=−97, −107, and −27 kJ mol−1, respectively. All prepared complexes are thermally stable; formation of P3N3Cl5+ and AgCl was not observed, even at 60 °C in an ultrasonic bath. Therefore, the formation of P3N3Cl5+ was investigated by quantum chemical calculations. Other possible reaction pathways that could lead to the successful preparation of P3N3X5+ salts were defined.
Anchoring Dyes into Multidimensional Large‐Pore Zeolites: A Prospective Use as Chromogenic Sensing Materials
Authors: Comes María , Marcos M. Dolores , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón , Millán M. Carmen , Ros‐Lis José Vicente , Sancenón Félix , Soto Juan , Villaescusa Luis A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA versatile procedure for anchoring dyes into the pores of multidimensional zeolites by including organic dye precursors in the synthesis gel has been developed. To prove the concept, an aniline‐functionalised zeolite Beta was obtained by reaction of triethylorthosilicate (TEOS), tetraethylammonium hydroxide, and N‐methyl,N‐(propyl‐3‐trimethoxysilyl)aniline (MPTMSA) in the presence of HF. Further extraction of the structure‐directing agents resulted in a highly crystalline, white, functionalised zeolite Beta containing anchored aniline groups. Similar organic functionalised molecular sieves (OFMS) have been explored as novel catalysts, but, as far as we know, OFMS have never been used as precursors for dye‐immobilisation or to design new solid‐based host systems for selective molecular sensing processes as is reported here. In a second step the solids containing dyes were prepared by reaction of the hybrid material with the appropriate reactives to obtain tricyanovinylbenzene, triphenylpyrylium, azoic, and squaraine derivatives. All these reactions are straightforward and involve electrophilic aromatic substitution or diazotisation reactions at the electron‐rich aniline ring. The final dye‐functionalised solid materials were isolated by simple filtration and washing procedures and have been characterised by a number of techniques. In all cases the Beta structure of the solid remains unaltered. Among the large number of areas where dye‐containing zeolites might be of importance, we were interested in testing their unconventional use as heterosupramolecular hosts in chromogenic protocols. To check their potential use as chemosensors, microporous solids with anchored triphenylpyrilium and squaraine dyes were selected and used as sensors for the chromogenic discrimination of amines. It was found that the response of both solids to amines was basically governed by the three‐dimensional (3D) solid architecture that tuned the intrinsic unselective reactivity of the pyrylium dye. By using new solid‐state supramolecular chemistry protocols we believe that these, and similar future dye–zeolite hosts, might be promising new sensor materials allowing the visible discrimination of selected target guests by size and/or polarity within families or closely related molecules.
Naturally Engineered Glycolipid Biosurfactants Leading to Distinctive Self‐Assembled Structures
Authors: Imura Tomohiro , Ohta Noboru , Inoue Katsuaki , Yagi Naoto , Negishi Hideyuki , Yanagishita Hiroshi , Kitamoto Dai 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSelf‐assembling properties of “natural” glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosyl‐erythritol lipids A and B (MEL‐A, MEL‐B), which are abundantly produced from yeast strains, were investigated by using the fluorescence‐probe method, dynamic light‐scattering (DLS) analysis, freeze‐fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF‐TEM), and synchrotron small/wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) analysis, among other methods. Both MEL‐A and MEL‐B exhibit excellent self‐assembly properties at extremely low concentrations; they self‐assemble into large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) just above their critical‐aggregation concentration (CAC). The CACI value was found to be 4.0×10−6 M for MEL‐A and 6.0×10−6 M for MEL‐B. Moreover, the self‐assembled structure of MEL‐A above a CACII value of 2.0×10−5 M was found to drastically change into sponge structures (L3) composed of a network of randomly connected bilayers that are usually obtained from a complicated multicomponent “synthetic” surfactant system. Interestingly, the average water‐channel diameter of the sponge structure was 100 nm. This is relatively large compared with those obtained from “synthetic” surfactant systems. In addition, MEL‐B, which has a hydroxyl group at the C‐4′ position on mannose instead of an acetyl group, gives only one CAC; the self‐assembled structure of MEL‐B seems to gradually move from LUV to multilamellar vesicles (MLV) with lattice constants of 4.4 nm, depending on the concentration. Furthermore, the lyotropic‐liquid‐crystal‐phase observation at high concentrations demonstrates the formation of an inverted hexagonal phase (H2) for MEL‐A, together with a lamella phase (Lα) for MEL‐B, indicating a difference between MEL‐A and MEL‐B molecules in the spontaneous curvature of the assemblies. These results clearly show that the difference in spontaneous curvature caused by the single acetyl group on the head group probably decides the direction of self‐assembly of glycolipid biosurfactants. The unique and complex molecular structures with several chiral centers that are molecularly engineered by microorganisms must have led to the sophisticated self‐assembling properties of the glycolipid biosurfactants.
Redox Reactions in Strontium Iron Phosphates: Synthesis, Structures, and Characterization of Sr9Fe(PO4)7 and Sr9FeD(PO4)7.
Authors: Belik Alexei A. , Izumi Fujio , Azuma Masaki , Kamiyama Takashi , Oikawa Kenichi , Pokholok Konstantin V. , Lazoryak Bogdan I. , Takano Mikio 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two‐, Three‐ and Four‐Feldspar Assemblages with Hyalophane and Celsian: Implications for Phase Equilibria in BaAl2Si2O8—CaAl2Si2 O8— NaAlSi3O8—KAlSi3O8
Authors: Essene Eric J. , Claflin Christopher L. , Giorgetti Giovanna , Mata Pilar M. , Peacor Donald R. , Arkai Peter , Rathmell Mark A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Probing the Dinucleating Behaviour of a Bis‐Bidentate Ligand: Synthesis and Characterisation of Some Di‐ and Mononuclear Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes of 3,5‐Di(2‐pyridyl)‐4‐(1H‐pyrrol‐1‐yl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Klingele Marco H. , Boyd Peter D. W. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Murray Keith S. , Brooker Sally 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAs a probe of the dinucleating ability of the known but little studied bis‐bidentate ligand 3,5‐di(2‐pyridyl)‐4‐(1H‐pyrrol‐1‐yl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (pldpt) its reactivity towards MX2·6H2O (M = CoII, NiII and ZnII; X = ClO4– and BF4–) as well as Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O, in a 1:1 metal‐to‐ligand molar ratio in MeCN, has been investigated. In the case of CoII, NiII and ZnII, these reactions gave dinuclear complexes MII2(pldpt)2X4(MeCN)m(H2O)n, whereas for CuII initially the mononuclear complex [CuII(pldpt)2(ClO4)2] was isolated, followed by the dinuclear complex [CuII2(pldpt)2(MeCN)2(H2O)2](ClO4)4. The use of the strongly polar aprotic co‐solvent DMF resulted in the partial breakdown of the initial dinuclear entities in the case of CoII and NiII but not in the case of ZnII. In all five of the structurally characterised dinuclear complexes the (N′,N1,N2,N′′)2 double‐bridging coordination mode is realised with distorted octahedral N4Y2‐coordinated metal centres (Y = DMF, H2O or MeCN). The two mononuclear complexes feature the common trans‐(N′,N1)2 coordination mode with axial DMF or ClO4– co‐ligands. The near‐perpendicular orientation [82.4(3)–88.8(1)°] of the π‐electron‐rich 4‐(1H‐pyrrol‐1‐yl) substituent with respect to the triazole ring of pldpt, observed in all of these structures, means that no π‐interactions are expected between these rings so any electronic interaction is likely to be small. Whether a di‐ or mononuclear complex of pldpt forms is therefore primarily determined by a number of other factors, including the reaction stoichiometry, the nature of the counterions and the solvent, as well as the relative solubility of the various possible products. Clearly the nature of the N4 substituent can have a major impact on the last of these factors. Magnetic studies carried out on the dinuclear complexes revealed that the triazole bridges mediate relatively weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the two metal centres. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Estimating within‐field variation using a nonparametric density algorithm
Authors: Castrignanò A. , Buttafuoco G. , Pisante M. , Lopez N. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe application of site‐specific techniques and technologies in precision farming requires subdividing a field into a generally small number of contiguous homogeneous zones. The proposed algorithm of clustering is based on nonparametric density estimate, where a cluster is defined as a region surrounding a local maximum of the probability density function.Soil samples were collected in a 2‐ha field of the experimental farm of the Agricultural Research Institute, located in Foggia (Southern Italy) and some of the most production‐affecting soil properties were interpolated by using the geostatistical techniques of kriging and cokriging.The application of the clustering approach to the (co)kriged surface variables produced the subdivision of the field into five distinct classes.The proposed algorithm proves quite promising in identifying spatially contiguous zones, which are more homogeneous in soil properties than the whole‐field. Its great advantage consists in giving an additional description of the residual variation within the class and such a piece of information is very useful in precision farming as a basis for the variable‐rate application of agronomic inputs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variable weathering response in sandstone: factors controlling decay sequences
Authors: Warke P. A. , McKinley J. , Smith B. J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDifferences in weathering response characteristics of fine‐ and coarse‐grained Stanton Moor sandstone samples were assessed in a laboratory weathering simulation experiment using a variable combination of salt weathering and freeze/thaw cycles. Preliminary analysis of permeability characteristics identified similar mean values for each type of Stanton sandstone but significant differences in the range of values between the two sample sets, with coarse‐grained samples of Stanton Moor sandstone displaying a restricted range of values in comparison to fine‐grained samples which showed much greater within‐block variation. Data indicated that the greater the range in initial permeability values, the greater the potential for salt and moisture ingress and retention and hence eventual disruption of the fabric of the stone. Experimental data also identified different stages in decay sequences, with significant structural change occurring during the initial preparatory stage before material breakdown and loss became apparent. Evidence suggests that relatively minor structural and mineralogical differences between samples of the same stone type can have a significant influence on weathering behaviour, resulting in distinct rates and patterns of breakdown. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.