bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of an indwelling nasogastric tube on gastric emptying rates of liquids in horses
Authors: Lammers Timothy W. , Roussel Allen J. , Boothe Dawn M. , Cohen Noah D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effect of an indwelling nasogastric tube on gastric emptying of liquids in horses.Animals—9 healthy adult horses.Procedure—A randomized block crossover design was used. For treatment group horses, a nasogastric tube was placed and 18 hours later, acetaminophen was administered; the nasogastric tube remained in place until the experiment was complete. For control group horses, a nasogastric tube was passed into the stomach, acetaminophen was administered, and the nasogastric tube was removed immediately. Serial blood samples were collected 15 minutes before and after administration of acetaminophen. Serum concentration of acetaminophen was determined by use of fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The variables, time to maximum acetaminophen concentration (Tmax) and the appearance constant for acetaminophen (Kapp), were determined. The values for Kappand Tmaxin horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement were compared.Results—No significant difference was found in Kappbetween horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement; the median difference in Kapp was 0.01 min–1(range, –0.48 to 0.80 min–1). No significant difference was found in Tmaxbetween horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement; the median difference in Tmaxwas 5 minutes (range, –30 to 50 minutes). Reanalysis of data following the removal of possible outlier values from 1 horse resulted in a significant difference in Tmaxbetween horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although no clinically important impact of 18 hours of nasogastric intubation was found on gastric emptying in healthy horses, considerable variability in Kappand Tmaxwas found among horses. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:642–645)
Assessment of the effect of dilution of blood samples with sodium heparin on blood gas, electrolyte, and lactate measurements in dogs
Authors: Hopper Kate , Rezende Marlis L. , Haskins Steve C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the effect of dilution of blood
samples with sodium heparin on blood gas, electrolyte,
and lactate measurements in dogs.

Sample Population—Venous blood samples collected
from 6 adult dogs of various breeds.

Procedure—Syringes were prepared with anticoagulant
via 1 of 4 techniques, and the residual volume of
liquid heparin in each type of prepared syringe was
determined. Blood gas values and other selected clinicopathologic
variables were measured in whole
blood samples after collection (baseline) and after
aliquots of the samples were diluted with heparin via
1 of the 4 manual syringe techniques. By use of a
tonometer, whole blood samples were adjusted to 1
of 3 oxygen concentrations (40, 100, or 600 mm Hg)
and the PO2 values were measured at baseline and
subsequent to the 4 heparin dilutions.

Results—The 4 syringe techniques resulted in 3.9%,
9.4%, 18.8%, and 34.1% dilutions of a 1-mL blood
sample. Compared with baseline values, dilution of
blood samples with liquid heparin significantly
changed the measured values of PCO2, PO2, and base
deficit and concentrations of electrolytes and lactate.
Of the variables assessed, measurement of ionized
calcium concentration in blood was most affected by
heparin dilution.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These findings
in dogs indicate that dilution of blood samples
with heparin can be a source of preanalytical error in
blood gas, electrolyte, and lactate measurements.
Limiting dilution of blood samples with heparin to
< 4% by volume via an evacuation technique of
syringe heparinization is recommended. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:656–660)
Effects of desflurane and mode of ventilation on cardiovascular and respiratory functions and clinicopathologic variables in horses
Authors: Steffey Eugene P. , Woliner Michael J. , Puschner Birgit , Galey Frank D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To quantitate the effects of desflurane and mode of ventilation on cardiovascular and respiratory functions and identify changes in selected clinicopathologic variables and serum fluoride values associated with desflurane anesthesia in horses.Animals—6 healthy adult horses.Procedure—Horses were anesthetized on 2 occasions: first, to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane in O2and second, to characterize cardiopulmonary and clinicopathologic responses to 1×, 1.5×, and 1.75× desflurane MAC during both controlled and spontaneous ventilation.Results—Mean ± SEM MAC of desflurane in horses was 8.06 ± 0.41%; inhalation of desflurane did not appear to cause airway irritation. During spontaneous ventilation, mean PaCO2was 69 mm Hg. Arterial blood pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output decreased as the dose of desflurane increased. Conditions of intermittent positive pressure ventilation and eucapnia resulted in further cardiovascular depression. Horses recovered quickly from anesthesia with little transient or no clinicopathologic evidence of adverse effects. Serum fluoride concentration before and after administration of desflurane was below the limit of detection of 0.05 ppm (2.63µM/L).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that desflurane, like other inhalation anesthetics, causes profound hypoventilation in horses. The magnitude of cardiovascular depression is related to dose and mode of ventilation; cardiovascular depression is less severe at doses of 1× to 1.5× MAC, compared with known effects of other inhalation anesthetics under similar conditions. Desflurane is not metabolized to an important degree and does not appear to prominently influence renal function or hepatic cellular integrity or function. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:669–677)
Assessment of retinal function and characterization of lysosomal storage body accumulation in the retinas and brains of Tibetan Terriers with ceroid-lipofuscinosis
Authors: Katz Martin L. , Narfström Kristina , Johnson Gary S. , O'Brien Dennis P. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To characterize lysosomal storage body
accumulation in the retina and brain of Tibetan Terriers
with ceroid-lipofuscinosis and determine whether the
disease in these dogs is accompanied by impaired
retinal function and retinal degeneration.

Animals—Three 7- to 10-year-old Tibetan Terriers with
ceroid-lipofuscinosis and 1 healthy 5-year-old Tibetan
Terrier.

Procedure—Owners completed a questionnaire to
identify behavioral and physical signs indicative of
ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Neurologic, behavioral, and
ophthalmologic evaluations, including full-field electroretinograms,
were performed on each dog.
Fluorescence, light, and electron microscopy were
performed on specimens of retina, cerebral cortex,
and cerebellum of all dogs postmortem.

Results—Behavioral assessments of the affected
dogs revealed moderate visual impairment in lowlight
conditions but good vision in bright light. On
funduscopic evaluation of these dogs, abnormalities
detected ranged from none to signs of moderately
advanced retinal degeneration. Compared with findings
in the control dog, electroretinography revealed
depressed rod cell function with some impairment
of cone cell function in the affected dogs.
Morphologically, disease-specific storage bodies
were detected in retinal Müller cells and neurons,
particularly in ganglion cells, and in cells of the cerebral
cortex and cerebellum in affected dogs.
Substantial photoreceptor cell loss and disruption of
photoreceptor outer segment morphology appeared
to develop late in the disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The similarities
between ceroid-lipofuscinosis in Tibetan Terriers and
some forms of ceroid-lipofuscinosis in humans suggest
that the canine disease may have a genetic and
biochemical basis similar to that of one of the ceroidlipofuscinosis
disorders in humans. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:67–76)
Seroprevalence of antibodies against Bartonella species and evaluation of risk factors and clinical signs associated with seropositivity in dogs
Authors: Henn Jennifer B. , Liu Chu-Hao , Kasten Rick W. , VanHorn Brian A. , Beckett Laurel A. , Kass Philip H. , Chomel Bruno B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the seroprevalence of antibodies againstBartonellaspp in a population of sick dogs from northern California and identify potential risk factors and clinical signs associated with seropositivity.Sample Population—Sera from 3,417 dogs.Procedure—Via an ELISA, sera were analyzed for antibodies againstBartonella vinsoniisubspberkhoffii, Bartonella clarridgeiae, andBartonella henselae; test results were used to classify dogs as seropositive (mean optical density value ≥ 0.350 for Bhenselaeor ≥ 0.300 forB clarridgeiaeorB vinsoniisubspberkhoffii) or seronegative. Overall, 305 dogs (102 seropositive and 203 seronegative dogs) were included in a matched case-control study.Results—102 of 3,417 (2.99%) dogs were seropositive for ≥ 1 species ofBartonella.Of these, 36 (35.3%) had antibodies againstB henselaeonly, 34 (33.3%) had antibodies againstB clarridgeiaeonly, 2 (2.0%) had antibodies againstB vinsoniisubspberkhoffiionly, and 30 (29.4%) had antibodies against a combination of those antigens. Compared with seronegative dogs, seropositive dogs were more likely to be herding dogs and to be female, whereas toy dogs were less likely to be seropositive. Seropositive dogs were also more likely to be lame or have arthritis-related lameness, nasal discharge or epistaxis, or splenomegaly.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Only a small percentage of dogs from which serum samples were obtained had antibodies againstBartonellaspp. Breed appeared to be an important risk factor for seropositivity.Bartonellainfection should be considered in dogs with clinical signs of lameness, arthritis-related lameness, nasal discharge or epistaxis, or splenomegaly. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:688–694)
Evaluation of a selective neurectomy model for low urethral pressure incontinence in female dogs
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. , Coates Joan R. , Purinton P. Thomas , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Carlisle Adriene , Oliver John E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop a model of low urethral pressure incontinence and compare the relative contributions of the pudendal and hypogastric nerves with urethral function by performing selective neurectomy and ovariohysterectomy in dogs.Animals—19 healthy Foxhounds.Procedure—Dogs were allocated into 2 groups. The first group (10 dogs) underwent bilateral hypogastric neurectomy and ovariohysterectomy and subsequent bilateral pudendal neurectomy. The second group (9 dogs) underwent bilateral pudendal neurectomy and subsequent hypogastric neurectomy and ovariohysterectomy. Urethral pressure profilometry and leak point pressure (LPP) tests were performed before and after each neurectomy.Results—Before surgery, mean ± SD LPP and maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP) in all dogs were 169.3 ± 24.9 cm H2O and 108.3 ± 19.3 cm H2O, respectively; these values decreased to 92.3 ± 27 cm H2O and 60.7 ± 20.0 cm H2O, respectively, after both selective neurectomy surgeries. There was a progressive decline of LPP after each neurectomy; however, MUCP decreased only after pudendal neurectomy. Fifteen dogs had mild clinical signs of urinary incontinence. All dogs appeared to have normal bladder function as indicated by posturing to void and consciously voiding a full stream of urine. Urinary tract infection did not develop in any dog.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hypogastric and pudendal neurectomy and ovariohysterectomy caused a maximum decrease in LPP, whereas pudendal neurectomy caused a maximum decrease in MUCP.Impact on Human Medicine—This model may be useful for evaluation of treatments for improving urinary control in postmenopausal women. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:695–699)
A critical role of interleukin-10 in the response of bovine macrophages to infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. , de Souza Cleverson , Abrahamsen Mitchell S. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objectives—To evaluate the role of interleukin (IL)-10
in the inability of monocyte-derived bovine
macrophages to kill Mycobacterium avium subsp
paratuberculosis organisms in vitro.

Sample Population—Monocytes were obtained
from healthy adult Holstein dairy cows that had negative
results when tested for infection with M avium
subsp paratuberculosis.

Procedure—Monocyte-derived macrophages were
incubated with M avium subsp paratuberculosisfor 2,
6, 24, 72, or 96 hours with or without addition of saturating
concentrations of a goat anti-human IL-10 that
has been documented to neutralize bovine IL-10 activity.
Variables assessed included ingestion and killing
of M avium subsp paratuberculosis; expression of
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-12, IL-8, major histocompatability
(MHC) class II, vacuolar H+ ATPase,
and B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2); production of
nitric oxide; acidification of phagosomes; and apoptosis
of macrophages.

Results—Neutralization of IL-10 enabled macrophages
to kill 57% of M avium subsp paratuberculosis organisms
within 96 hours. It also resulted in an increase in
expression of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-8, MHC class II, and vacuolar
H+ ATPase; decrease in expression of BCL-2;
increase in acidification of phagosomes; apoptosis of
macrophages; and production of nitric oxide.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The capacity
of M avium subsp paratuberculosis to induce IL-10
expression may be a major determinant of virulence
for this organism. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:721–726)
Duration of effect and effect of multiple doses of topical ophthalmic 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Herring Ian P. , Bobofchak Mark A. , Landry Matthew P. , Ward Daniel L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the duration of effect and
the effect of multiple doses of topical ophthalmic
application of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride on
corneal sensitivity in clinically normal dogs.

Animals—8 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly allocated to treatment
order in a 2 × 2 (period × treatment) crossover
study. Treatments consisted of topical application of
ophthalmic 0.5% proparacaine (1 drop or 2 drops at a
1-minute interval); treatments were applied to both
eyes. A Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer was used to
determine corneal touch threshold (CTT) before
corneal application, 1 and 5 minutes after corneal
application, and at 5-minute intervals thereafter for 90
minutes.

Results—The CTT value before treatment differed
significantly from CTT values after treatment until 45
minutes after application in the 1-drop group and until
55 minutes after application in the 2-drop group. As
determined by use of the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer,
a significantly greater anesthetic effect was
detected for the 2-drop treatment, compared with the
effect for the 1-drop treatment, at 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,
and 55 minutes after application. Maximal anesthetic
effect lasted for 15 minutes for the 1-drop treatment
and 25 minutes for the 2-drop treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Duration of
corneal anesthetic effect induced by topical ophthalmic
application of 0.5% proparacaine in dogs of
this study is considerably longer than that reported
elsewhere. Serial application of doses of 0.5%
proparacaine increases the duration and magnitude of
corneal anesthetic effects. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:77–80)
Assessment of the cryopreservation of equine spermatozoa in the presence of enzyme scavengers and antioxidants
Authors: Baumber Julie , Ball Barry A. , Linfor Jennifer J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effect of the addition of enzyme scavengers and antioxidants to the cryopreservation extender on characteristics of equine spermatozoa after freezing and thawing.Sample Population—2 ejaculates collected from each of 5 stallions.Procedure—Equine spermatozoa were cryopreserved in freezing extender alone (control samples) or with the addition of catalase (200 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (200 U/mL), reduced glutathione (10mM), ascorbic acid (10mM), α-tocopherol (25, 50, 100, or 500µM or 1mM), or the vehicle for α-tocopherol (0.5% ethanol). After thawing, spermatozoal motility was assessed via computer-assisted analysis and DNA fragmentation was assessed via the comet assay. Spermatozoal mitochondrial membrane potential, acrosomal integrity, and viability were determined by use of various specific staining techniques and flow cytometry.Results—The addition of enzyme scavengers or antioxidants to cryopreservation extender did not improve spermatozoal motility, DNA fragmentation, acrosomal integrity, viability, or mitochondrial membrane potential after thawing. Superoxide dismutase increased DNA fragmentation, likely because of the additional oxidative stress caused by the generation of hydrogen peroxide by this enzyme. Interestingly, the addition of the vehicle for α-tocopherol resulted in a significant decrease in live acrosome-intact spermatozoa.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The addition of antioxidants to the cryopreservation extender did not improve the quality of equine spermatozoa after thawing, which suggests that the role of oxidative stress in cryopreservation-induced damage of equine spermatozoa requires further investigation. Our data suggest that solubilizing α-tocopherol in ethanol may affect spermatozoal viability; consequently, water-soluble analogues of α-tocopherol may be preferred for future investigations. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:772–779)
Depletion of taurine and glutamate from damaged photoreceptors in the retinas of dogs with primary glaucoma
Authors: Madl James E. , McIlnay Tonya R. , Powell Cynthia C. , Gionfriddo Juliet R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether taurine and glutamate contents are reduced in damaged photoreceptors in dogs with primary glaucoma (PG) in a manner consistent with an ischemia-like release of both of these amino acids from damaged cells.Sample Population—Retinas from 6 dogs with PG and 3 control dogs.Procedure—Serial, semithin sections of each canine retina were stained with toluidine blue to identify damaged photoreceptors or via immunogold techniques to quantify taurine and glutamate content in retinal cells.Results—Regions with a thin outer nuclear layer and pathologic nuclear changes in photoreceptors were evident in retinas of dogs with PG. The density of immunostaining for taurine in damaged photoreceptors was significantly reduced to (mean ± SEM) 37.5 ± 2.6% of the density in adjacent undamaged photoreceptors. Photoreceptors with decreased taurine immunostaining also had decreased glutamate immunostaining, consistent with ischemia-like release of both of these amino acids from damaged cells. Immunostaining for glutamate, but not taurine, was increased in presumptive radial glial cells (ie, Müller cells) in damaged regions, consistent with an ischemia-induced redistribution of amino acids in dogs with PG.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Retinal damage in dogs with PG includes ischemia-like losses of taurine and glutamate from photoreceptors and accumulation of glutamate, but not taurine, in nearby Müller cells. These changes are consistent with glutamate release and depletion of intracellular taurine in damaged regions, perhaps contributing to progressive damage in these areas. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:791–799)
Changes in bacterial and fungal ocular flora of clinically normal horses following experimental application of topical antimicrobial or antimicrobial-corticosteroid ophthalmic preparations
Authors: Gemensky-Metzler Anne J. , Wilkie David A. , Kowalski Joseph J. , Schmall L. Michael , Willis A. Michelle , Yamagata Maya 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of topical antimicrobial and antimicrobial-corticosteroid preparations on the ocular flora of horses.Animals—40 horses.Procedure—One eye was treated 3 times daily for 2 weeks with one of the following ointments: 1) neomycinbacitracin- polymyxin B, 2) 0.6% prednisolone-0.3% gentamicin, 3) neomycin-polymyxin B-0.05% dexamethasone, or 4) treated (artificial tears) control. Contralateral eyes of treated control eyes served as untreated control eyes. Corneal and conjunctival specimens for bacterial and fungal cultures were collected prior to initiation of treatment, after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment, and 2 weeks after concluding treatment. Changes in culture growth quantity scores of bacterial and fungal species were analyzed.Results—The most common species before treatment were the following: gram-positive bacteria includedStreptomycesspp (66%) ,Staphylococcusspp (46%) ,Bacillusspp (32%) , andStreptococcusspp (32%); gramnegative bacteria includedMoraxellaspp (28%) ,Escherichia coli(24%) ,Acinetobacterspp (18%), andEnterobacterspp (14%); and fungi includedAspergillus nidulans(56%) ,Cladosporiumspp (32%), andAspergillus fumigatus(22%). In all groups, the percentage of positive bacterial culture results, growth quantity score of gram-positive bacteria, and number of bacterial species isolated decreased at week 1 and increased at week 2, whereas growth quantity score of gram-negative bacteria decreased throughout treatment. Differences were not significant among groups. Fungal growth quantity score decreased during treatment in all groups. Repopulation of bacterial and fungal species occurred.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—All interventions decreased the number of microorganisms. Repopulation of normal flora occurred during and after treatment. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:800–811)
Influence of obesity on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in dogs
Authors: Jeusette Isabelle C. , Lhoest Estelle T. , Istasse Louis P. , Diez Marianne O. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of obesity and diet in dogs on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations by assaying plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations and determining total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations as well as the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in various lipoprotein classes (ie, very-low-density, low-density, and high-density lipoproteins).Animals—24 Beagles; 12 lean (mean [± SEM] body weight, 12.7 ± 0.7 kg) and 12 chronically obese (21.9 ± 0.8 kg) dogs of both sexes, between 1 and 9 years old.Procedure—Total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations; lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations; and plasma ghrelin, leptin, free fatty acids, insulin, and glucose concentrations were measured and compared between lean and obese dogs, both of which were fed a complete and balanced maintenance diet. Chronically obese dogs were subsequently fed a high-protein low-energy diet to evaluate effects of diet composition on plasma lipid and lipoprotein measurements.Results—Chronic obesity resulted in a significant decrease in plasma ghrelin concentration and a significant increase in plasma leptin, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations in dogs. High total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations resulted from increased cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in all lipoprotein fractions. In obese dogs, modification of diet composition resulted in beneficial effects on plasma lipid and leptin concentrations, even before weight loss was observed.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Correlations exist between obesity and plasma measurements (ie, lipoproteins, leptin, insulin, and ghrelin) commonly associated with obesity. Modification of diet composition to control energy intake improves plasma lipid and leptin concentrations in obese dogs. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:81–86)