bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Multiparameter Relative-Age Methods for Age Estimation and Correlation of Alluvial Fan Surfaces on a Desert Piedmont, Eastern Mojave Desert, California
Authors: McFadden Leslie D. , Ritter John B. , Wells Stephen G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNumerical and calibrated age determinations of the late Quaternary alluvial fan deposits of the Soda Mountains piedmont in the Mojave Desert provide an opportunity to study the utility of the multiparameter relative-age (RA) method for distinguishing and mapping geomorphic surfaces on a desert piedmont. Most RA parameters could not discriminate between deposits of Holocene age, although pavements have formed over locally significant parts of surfaces as young as middle Holocene. Several parameters, including lithologic composition, particle size, soil development, and varnish cover, permit distinguishing between Holocene surfaces and late Pleistocene surfaces. Statistically significant differences in initial particle size and lithology of the deposits, inferred to be the result of complex interaction among hillslope, alluvial fan, and eolian processes and climatic change, create conditions unfavorable for use of most RA techniques. In contrast, soil-profile development and varnish cover data are successful in discrimination among deposits of Holocene and Pleistocene age. This is attributed to the development of pedogenic features and varnish that are strongly dependent on dust influx and to the relatively minor dependence of these features on differences in the depositional character of the fan.
Geochemical Evidence of Saharan Dust Parent Material for Soils Developed on Quaternary Limestones of Caribbean and Western Atlantic Islands
Authors: Muhs Daniel R. , Bush Charles A. , Stewart Kathleen C. , Rowland Tracy R. , Crittenden Russell C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMost previous workers have regarded the insoluble residues of high-purity Quaternary limestones (coral reefs and oolites) as the most important parent material for well-developed, clay-rich soils on Caribbean and western Atlantic islands, but this genetic mechanism requires unreasonable amounts of limestone solution in Quaternary time. Other possible parent materials from external sources are volcanic ash from the Lesser Antilles island arc and Saharan dust carried across the Atlantic Ocean on the northeast trade winds. Soils on Quaternary coral terraces and carbonate eolianites on Barbados, Jamaica, the Florida Keys (United States), and New Providence Island (Bahamas) were studied to determine which, if either, external source was important. Caribbean volcanic ashes and Saharan dust can be clearly distinguished using ratios of relatively immobile elements (Al2O3/TiO2, Ti/Y, Ti/Zr, and Ti/Th). Comparison of these ratios in 25 soils, where estimated ages range from 125,000 to about 870,000 yr, shows that Saharan dust is the most important parent material for soils on all islands. These results indicate that the northeast trade winds have been an important component of the regional climatology for much of the Quaterary. Saharan dust may also be an important parent material for Caribbean island bauxites of much greater age.
Using a Forest Stand Simulation Model to Examine the Ecological and Climatic Significance of the Late-Quaternary Pine-Spruce Pollen Zone in Eastern Virginia, U.S.A.
Authors: Bonan Gordon B. , Hayden Bruce P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFull-glacial pollen records from southeastern United States are composed primarily of pine and spruce, with lesser amounts of fir, birch, and oak. A simulation model of forest dynamics was used to reconstruct the composition and structure of these forests on the Delmarva Peninsula of Virginia, where pollen data were available to test the model, and climate and soils data were available to drive the model. Reconstructed annual precipitation and summer air temperature were consistent with modern analog estimates from the pollen record. Annual precipitation was also consistent with climates simulated by atmospheric general circulation models, but summers were colder. Correcting these simulated climates for possible errors resulted in summer air temperature consistent with our estimate. However, two alternative parameter sets relating simulated tree growth to air temperature sums precluded robust forest reconstructions. With one parameter set, the species dominating the simulated forests were not consistent with the pollen record. The other parameter set produced forests more consistent with paleoecological data, indicating that the climate was correct. These differences in simulated forest composition reflected inadequacies in the parameterization of air temperature effects in forest models.
Paleomagnetic Correlation of the Mediterranean Upper Neogene Biochronology and Villafranchian Vertebrate Sites of the Massif Central, France
Authors: Biquand Daniel , Dubar Michel , Sémah François 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMagnetostratigraphic studies of Pliocene-Pleistocene continental deposits on the Plateau de Perrier and in the Le Puy-en-Velay basin (Massif Central), as well as in the Riez-Valensole basin (Alpes de Haute Provence, Mediterranean South), provide decisive reference dating of several well-known fossil-bearing Villafranchian sites. These are well distributed in the tephrostratigraphy on both sides of the Gauss/Matuyama geomagnetic boundary: the Roca-Neyra fauna falls within the Matuyama chron, while older sediments at Les Etouaires are situated just above the normal-reversed transition. The Vialette section lies below this reversal, within the Gauss chron. In the Riez-Valensole basin, the discovery of the Gauss/Matuyama boundary toward the top of the Puimoisson section leads to an excellent correlation with the Massif Central localities. Rodents of the Seynes zone occur below the reversal, while Equus appears just above. This calibration improves the Mediterranean upper Neogene biochronology and allows a direct correlation with Villafranchian vertebrate sites of the Massif Central.
Dissimilarity Mapping Between Fossil and Contemporary Pollen Spectra in Europe for the Past 13,000 Years
Authors: Huntley Brian 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe degree of analogy between fossil and contemporary pollen spectra in Europe has been investigated using the chord-distance dissimilarity measure. No-analog pollen spectra represent vegetation without a modern analog and hence, by inference, represent macroclimatic conditions different from any occurring in the region today. Such spectra have minimum chord distances that exceed a threshold value assessed using contemporary samples from the same and different vegetation u units. Contoured maps of minimum chord distance portray the changing patterns of analogous and no-analog pollen spectra, and hence vegetation units, since 13,000 yr B.P. No-analog vegetation units have been extensive in some regions for much of the Holocene, persisting as recently as 1000 years ago in many areas. The chord-distance measure has also been used to explore the patterns, extent, and rates of change in European pollen spectra since 13,000 yr B.P. Pollen spectra changed rapidly during late-glacial and early Holocene times and during the last millennium. Paleoclimatic changes have brought about the major changes in the Holocene paleovegetation of Europe. Human impact upon European vegetation has obscured neither the contemporary relationship between pollen spectra and vegetation nor the climatically determined long-term changes of vegetation across the continent since 13,000 yr B.P.
Fission-Track Age (400,000 yr) of the Rockland Tephra, Based on Inclusion of Zirco Grains Lacking Fossil Fission Tracks
Authors: Meyer C.E. , Sarna-Wojcicki A.M. , Hillhouse J.W. , Woodward M.J. , Slate J.L. , Sorg D.H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA zircon fission-track age of about 400,000 yr B.P. has been determined for the Rockland tephra, a widespread pyroclastic layer in northern California and western Nevada. New ages of zircon separates from both proximal and distal exposures of this layer range from 370,000 to 460,000 yr; ages of the best material provide a narrower range, from 370,000 yr for unwelded ash-flow tuff to 420,000 yr for distal air-fall ash that appears to be uncontaminated by clastic detritus or xenocrysts. Detrital or xenocrystic grains in the ash-flow tuff may have been annealed during emplacement and cooling of the tuff. Detrital and xenocrystic zircons are identified on the basis of their physical characteristics and distinctly older ages. Independent stratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic data constrain the age of the Rockland tephra between 300,000 and 600,000 yr, a range that is compatible with the fission-track age. Zircon grains containing no spontaneous (fossil) tracks are regarded as part of the normal population of comagmatic grains because maximum ages calculated for these grains form a population that mimics the distribution of ages of individual zircon grains that contain fossil tracks; modal ages of both groups fall between 250,000 and 500,000 yr. Induced fission tracks from grains that lack fossil tracks are included in the age calculations, resulting in significantly younger and more coherent dates than would result if these tracks had been omitted, especially those of the finer-grained distal samples.
Sr-Isotope Record of Quaternary Marine Terraces on the California Coast and off Hawaii
Authors: Ludwig Kenneth R. , Muhs Daniel R. , Simmons Kathleen R. , Moore James G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStrontium-isotopic ratios of dated corals have been obtained from submerged reefs formed during Quaternary glacial periods off the Hawaiian islands. These data, combined with data from deep-sea sediments, tightly constrain the secular variation of marine 87Sr/86Sr for the past 800,000 yr. Although long-term trends are apparent, no significant (>0.02‰), rapid (<100,000 yr) excursions in 87Sr/86Sr were resolved nor did we observe any samples with 87Sr/86Sr greater than that of modern seawater. Strontium in mollusks from elevated marine terraces formed during interglacial periods on the southern California coast show resolvable and consistent variations in 87Sr/86Sr which, when compared to the trend of Quaternary marine 87Sr/86Sr, can be used to infer uplift rates and define approximate ages for the higher terraces. The Sr-isotope age estimates indicate that uplift rates vary among crustal blocks and were not necessarily constant with time. No contrast in Sr-isotopic ratios between similar-age Hawaiian and California fossils was observed, confirming that any change in marine 87Sr/86Sr from glacial to interglacial periods must be small. A realistic appraisal of the potential of Sr-isotope stratigraphy for chronometric applications in the Quaternary suggests that the technique will be limited to relatively coarse distinctions in age.
Thermoluminescence Dating of the Middle Pleistocene Raised Beach of Sangatte (Northern France)
Authors: Balescu Sanda , Packman Susan C. , Wintle Ann G. , Grün Rainer 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTL dating of both quartz and potassium feldspar grains from the Pleistocene beach of Sangatte, at the southern limit of the North Sea Basin, give self-consistent ages of 200,000 ± 45,000, 205,000 ± 14,000, and 229,000 ± 18,000 years, respectively. These results allow the beach deposits to be correlated with oxygen isotope stage 7 (244,000–190,000 yr) (Martinson et al., 1987). The existence of a fossil beach cliff line at 10 m above French O.D. demonstrates that the Strait of Dover was open during the penultimate interglaciation.
Genetic and ecological effects of salmon farming on wild salmon: modelling from experimental results
Authors: Hindar Kjetil , Fleming Ian A. , McGinnity Philip , Diserud Ola 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCultured salmonids are released or escape into the wild in large numbers and may make up significant proportions of wild salmonid populations in fresh- and saltwater, causing considerable concern for the fitness and productivity of these populations. This paper focuses on the effects of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) on wild salmon. Farmed salmon have been under artificial selection for growth and other economically important traits for 30 years and are genetically different in their origin at the molecular and quantitative genetic levels. Escaped farmed salmon spawn in the wild with limited success. Their offspring outgrow those of wild origin but suffer higher mortality. Whole-river experiments in Ireland and Norway have shown that the lifetime success of farmed salmon is reduced relative to wild salmon. Based on data from these experiments, we model the future of wild salmon populations experiencing invasions of escaped farmed salmon. Simulations with a fixed intrusion rate of 20% escaped farmed salmon at spawning suggest that substantial changes take place in wild salmon populations within ten salmon generations (∼40 years). Low-invasion scenarios suggest that farmed offspring are unlikely to become established in the population, whereas high-invasion scenarios suggest that populations are eventually mixtures of hybrid and farmed descendants. Recovery of the wild population is not likely under all circumstances, even after many decades without further intrusion. Managers of wild salmon will have difficulty in obtaining broodstock of the original wild population after a few generations of high intrusion. We conclude that further measures to reduce escapes of farmed salmon and their spawning in wild populations are urgently needed.
Sex trafficking in South Asia
Authors: Huda S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEconomic and social inequalities and political conflicts have led to the movement of persons within each country and across the borders in South Asia. Globalization has encouraged free mobility of capital, technology, experts and sex tourism. Illiteracy, dependency, violence, social stigma, cultural stereotypes, gender disparity and endemic poverty, among other factors, place women and children in powerless, non‐negotiable situations that have contributed to the emergence and breeding of the cavernous problem of sex trafficking in the entire region. This alarming spread of sex trafficking has fuelled the spread of HIV infection in South Asia, posing a unique and serious threat to community health, poverty alleviation and other crucial aspects of human development. Although the SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) Convention on Trafficking in Women and Children has been an important breakthrough, most of the countries in the region do not have anti‐trafficking legislation or means to protect the victims. Countries of the region should make a concerted effort to treat trafficking victims as “victims” of human rights violations in all anti‐trafficking strategies and actions.
The mid-Holocene sea-level highstand at Bogenfels Pan on the southwest coast of Namibia
Authors: Compton John S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe radiocarbon ages of mollusc shells from the Bogenfels Pan on the hyper arid southern coast of Namibia provide constraints on the Holocene evolution of sea level and in particular, the mid-Holocene highstand. The Bogenfels Pan was flooded to depths of 3 m above mean sea level (amsl) to form a large subtidal lagoon from 7300 to 6500 calibrated radiocarbon years before present (cal yr BP). The mollusc assemblage of the wave sheltered lagoon includes Nassarius plicatellus, Lutraria lutraria, and the bivalves Solen capensis and Gastrana matadoa, both of which no longer live along the wave-dominated southern Namibian coast. The radiocarbon ages of mollusc shell from a gravely beach deposit exposed in a diamond exploration trench indicate that sea level fell to near or 1 m below its present-day position between 6500 and 4900 cal yr BP. The rapid emergence of the pan between 6500 and 4900 cal yr BP exceeds that predicted by glacio-isostatic models and may indicate a 3-m eustatic lowering of sea level. The beach deposits at Bogenfels indicate that sea level rose to 1 m amsl between 4800 and 4600 cal yr BP and then fell briefly between 4600 and 4200 cal yr BP before returning to 1 m amsl. Since 4200 cal yr BP sea level has remained within one meter of the present-day level and the beach at Bogenfels has prograded seaward from the delayed arrival of sand by longshore drift from the Orange River. A 6200 cal yr BP coastal midden and a 600 cal yr BP midden 1.7 km from the coast indicate sporadic human utilization of the area. The results of this study are consistent with previous studies and help to refine the Holocene sea-level record for southern Africa.
Stratigraphic evidence for multiple drainings of glacial Lake Missoula along the Clark Fork River, Montana, USA
Authors: Smith Larry N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGlacial Lake Missoula, a source of Channeled Scabland flood waters, inundated valleys of northwest Montana to altitudes of ∼ 1265 m and to depths of >600 m, as evidenced by shorelines and silty lacustrine deposits. This study describes previously unrecognized catastrophic lake-drainage deposits that lie stratigraphically beneath the glacial-lake silts. The unconsolidated gravelly flood alluvium contains imbricated boulder-sized clasts, cross-stratified gravel with slip-face heights of 2–> 35 m, and 70- to 100-m-high gravel bars which all indicate a high-energy, high-volume alluvial environment. Gravel bars and high scablands were formed by catastrophic draining of one or possibly more early, high lake stands (1200–1265 m). Most glacial-lake silt, such as the Ninemile section, was deposited stratigraphically above the earlier deposits, represents a lower lake stand(s) (1050–1150 m), and was not deposited in lake(s) responsible for the highest discharge events. The glaciolacustrine silt-covered benches are incised by relict networks of valleys formed during the drainage of the last glacial lake. Significant erosion associated with the last lake draining was confined to the inner Clark Fork River canyon.
Intratympanic gentamicin treatment in Meniere's disease: Patients' experiences and outcomes
Authors: Smith W K , Sandooram D , Prinsley P R 
Published: July 2006

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the experiences and outcomes of patients receiving intratympanic gentamicin treatment for Ménière's disease in Norfolk, UK.Design: This study was based on a retrospective questionnaire survey and a review of patients' medical records.Setting: Two district hospitals.Participants: All 29 patients treated between 1999 and 2001, with a minimum follow up of two years post-treatment, were included in the study. Twenty-three patients completed the questionnaires (79 per cent response rate).Main outcome measures: Glasgow benefit inventory (GBI) and vertigo symptom scale (VSS) scores, plus change in hearing thresholds.Results: The mean GBI total score was +36, indicating substantial improvement in patients' overall quality of life following gentamicin treatment. The VSS scores demonstrated low levels of vertigo or unsteadiness in treated patients. Three patients suffered deterioration in their hearing thresholds following a single injection of gentamicin. However, 96 per cent of responders stated that they would be willing to have such treatment again, if necessary.Conclusion: Intratympanic gentamicin treatment ought to be offered to Ménière's patients suffering from disabling vertigo, with the proviso that they be made aware of the possibility of hearing deterioration.
Is alcohol good or bad for Canadian hearts? A time‐series analysis of the link between alcohol consumption and IHD mortality
Authors: RAMSTEDT MATS 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyse the population level association between alcohol consumption and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in Canada. Yearly changes in IHD mortality rates from 1950 to 1998 were analysed in relation to yearly changes in alcohol consumption, employing the Box & Jenkins technique for time‐series analyses. All models controlled for cigarette smoking and one analysis with focus on men also included female IHD mortality as an indicator of other risk factors for IHD. A 1‐litre increase in per capita alcohol consumption was associated with an increase in overall IHD mortality as well as among men and women with fully 1%, but no estimate reached statistical significance. A positive and significant relationship between smoking and IHD mortality was demonstrated in all models. According to the model with focus on male IHD mortality, an increase in per capita consumption by 1 litre was related significantly to a 1% increase in male IHD mortality. No significant effects were found in different male age groups. The idea that alcohol saves more IHD deaths than it causes in Canada is not in accordance with these findings. An increase in overall alcohol consumption is more likely to cause an increase in IHD mortality than to lower the number of IHD deaths, at least among men.
Validation study of the Turkish version of the Yale—Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for heavy drinking in a group of male patients
Authors: ILHAN INCI OZGUR , DEMIRBAS HATICE , DOGAN YILDIRIM B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPsychometric properties of Turkish version of the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for heavy drinking (YBOCS‐hd) were examined in alcohol‐dependent male patients. Factor structure, internal consistency and discriminant validity of the YBOCS‐hd were analysed in a sample of 117 male patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence. To study its convergent validity, the YBOCS‐hd was correlated with the Addiction Severity Index in 34 of the patients. A test‐retest reliability study was performed on the data from 34 patients. Correlation between the YBOCS‐hd total score and the ASI Alcohol Use score was moderate (r =0.51). One factor explained 50.2% of the variance. The YBOCS‐hd was able to discriminate the groups abstinent for less than 1 month and a second group with at least 1 month of abstinence. Test‐retest correlation was high (r =0.81, ICC= 0.81). The Turkish version of the YBOCS‐hd proved to be a reliable and valid instrument measuring craving in alcohol‐dependent male individuals.
Sample Size Implications when Biases are Modelled Rather than Ignored
Authors: Gustafson Paul 
Published: July 2006

SummaryRealistic statistical modelling of observational data often suggests a statistical model which is not fully identified, owing to potential biases that are not under the control of study investigators. Bayesian inference can be implemented with such a model, ideally with the most precise prior knowledge that can be ascertained. However, as a consequence of the non-identifiability, inference cannot be made arbitrarily accurate by choosing the sample size to be sufficiently large. In turn, this has consequences for sample size determination. The paper presents a sample size criterion that is based on a quantification of how much Bayesian learning can arise in a given non-identified model. A global perspective is adopted, whereby choosing larger sample sizes for some studies necessarily implies that some other potentially worthwhile studies cannot be undertaken. This suggests that smaller sample sizes should be selected with non-identified models, as larger sample sizes constitute a squandering of resources in making estimator variances very small compared with their biases. Particularly, consider two investigators planning the same study, one of whom admits to the potential biases at hand and consequently uses a non-identified model, whereas the other pretends that there are no biases, leading to an identified but less realistic model. It is seen that the former investigator always selects a smaller sample size than the latter, with the difference being quite marked in some illustrative cases.