bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution DTI of a localized volume using 3D single‐shot diffusion‐weighted STimulated echo‐planar imaging (3D ss‐DWSTEPI)
Authors: Jeong Eun‐Kee , Kim Seong‐Eun , Kholmovski Eugene G. , Parker Dennis L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDiffusion tensor MRI (DTI) using conventional single‐shot (SS) 2D diffusion‐weighted (DW)‐EPI is subject to severe susceptibility artifacts. Multishot DW imaging (DWI) techniques can reduce these distortions, but they generally suffer from artifacts caused by motion‐induced phase errors. Parallel imaging can also reduce the distortions if the sensitivity profiles of the receiver coils allow a sufficiently high reduction factor for the desired field of view (FOV). A novel 3D DTI technique, termed 3Dsingle‐shotSTimulatedEPI(3D ss‐STEPI), was developed to acquire high‐resolution DW images of a localized region. The new technique completesk‐space acquisition of a limited 3D volume after a single diffusion preparation. Because the DW magnetization is stored in the longitudinal direction until readout, it undergoesT1rather thanT2decay. Inner volume imaging (IVI) is used to limit the imaging volume. This reduces the time required for EPI readout of each completekx‐kyplane, and hence reducesTdecay during the readout andT1decay between the readout of eachkz. 3D ss‐STEPI images appear to be free of severe susceptibility and motion artifacts. 3D ss‐STEPI allows high‐resolution DTI of limited volumes of interest, such as localized brain regions, cervical spinal cord, optic nerve, and other extracranial organs. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ex vivo identification of atherosclerotic plaque calcification by a 31P solid‐state magnetic resonance imaging technique
Authors: Hallock Kevin J. , Hamilton James A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCalcified tissue is a common component of atherosclerotic plaques, and occurs most often in mature plaques. The process of calcification is a poorly understood risk factor that may contribute to a plaque's vulnerability to sudden rupture. In this study a solid‐state imaging sequence, termed single‐point imaging (SPI), was used to observe calcification directly in ex vivo atherosclerotic plaques. Standards were used to validate the ability of 31P SPI to detect and differentiate calcification from crystalline cholesterol, phospholipids, and other plaque components. After suitable experimental parameters were found, human carotid specimens obtained by endarterectomy were imaged ex vivo by 31P solid‐state imaging and standard 1H methods. In contrast to 1H imaging methods, 31P imaging detected only the calcification in the plaque. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted PARACEST nanoparticle contrast agent for the detection of fibrin
Authors: Winter Patrick M. , Cai Kejia , Chen Junjie , Adair Christopher R. , Kiefer Garry E. , Athey Phillip S. , Gaffney Patrick J. , Buff Carolyn E. , Robertson J. David , Caruthers Shelton D. , Wickline Samuel A. , Lanza Gregory M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA lipid‐encapsulated perfluorocarbon nanoparticle molecular imaging contrast agent that utilizes a paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) chelate is presented. PARACEST agents are ideally suited for molecular imaging applications because one can switch the contrast on and off at will simply by adjusting the pulse sequence parameters. This obviates the need for pre‐ and postinjection images to define contrast agent binding. Spectroscopy (4.7T) of PARACEST nanoparticles revealed a bound water peak at 52 ppm, in agreement with results from the water‐soluble chelate. Imaging of control nanoparticles showed no appreciable contrast, while PARACEST nanoparticles produced >10% signal enhancement. PARACEST nanoparticles were targeted to clots via antifibrin antibodies and produced a contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) of 10 at the clot surface. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integer programming formulations for the two 4‐hop‐constrained paths problem
Authors: Huygens David , Ridha Mahjoub A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this article, we consider the two 4‐hop‐constrained paths problem, which consists, given a graph G = (N,E) and two nodes s,t ∈ N, of finding a minimum cost subgraph in G containing at least two node‐ (resp., edge‐) disjoint paths of length at most 4 between s and t. We give integer programming formulations, in the space of the design variables, for both the node and edge versions of this problem. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(2), 135–144 2007
Quantification of spiroether isomers and herniarin of different parts of Matricaria matricarioides and flowers of Chamaemelum nobile
Authors: Ma Chao‐Mei , Winsor Linda , Daneshtalab Mohsen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple HPLC‐PAD‐MS method was established to quantitatively analyse two spiroether isomers (cis‐en‐yn‐dicycloether and trans‐en‐yn‐dicycloether) and the main coumarin, herniarin, in chamomile herbs, simultaneously. By using this method, the contents of these three compounds in the flowers of two chamomile species, Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) and pineapple weed (Matricaria matricarioides), as well as in different parts of pineapple weed, were investigated. It was found that the flowers of both herbs contained large amounts of cis‐en‐yn‐dicycloether and trans‐en‐yn‐dicycloether, with the trans‐form being more abundant than the cis‐form. The leaves of pineapple weed were found to have the highest concentration of cis‐en‐yn‐dicycloether and herniarin than the other parts. HPLC‐PAD‐MS‐guided isolation and identification of other constituents are also discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between nonnaproxen NSAIDs, COX‐2 inhibitors and hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction among the elderly: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Rahme Elham , Watson Douglas J. , Kong Sheldon X. , Toubouti Youssef , LeLorier Jacques 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the association between rofecoxib, celecoxib, diclofenac, and ibuprofen and the risk of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in an elderly population.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study, using data from the government of Quebec health insurance agency databases, among patients 65–80 years of age who filled a prescription for any of the study drugs during 1999–2002. Cox regression models with time‐dependent exposure were used to compare the incidence rates of hospitalization for AMI adjusting for patients' baseline characteristics. Analyses stratified by dose and number of supplied days were also conducted.ResultsAt the index date, a total of 91 062 patients were taking rofecoxib, 127 928 celecoxib, 49 193 diclofenac, and 15 601 ibuprofen. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95%CI) of hospitalization for AMI were: celecoxib versus rofecoxib: 0.90 (0.79, 1.01); ibuprofen versus rofecoxib: 0.95 (0.65, 1.37); diclofenac versus rofecoxib: 1.01 (0.84, 1.22). In secondary analyses based on intended duration of use, neither COX‐2 selective inhibitor was associated with a higher risk than ibuprofen or diclofenac. The unadjusted risk of AMI for all NSAIDs increased with dose. In the direct two way adjusted comparison of each NSAID stratified by dose, the only statistically significant difference was with rofecoxib >25 mg/day versus celecoxib >200 mg/day.ConclusionIn this study there was no difference between AMI occurrence in elderly patients taking rofecoxib or celecoxib at recommended doses for chronic indications versus those taking ibuprofen/diclofenac. However, the risk of AMI was higher among patients using higher doses of rofecoxib (>25 mg/day) compared to patients using higher doses of celecoxib (>200 mg/day). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Miniemulsion polymerization initiated by L‐ascorbic acid and sulfonate/sulfate surfactants
Authors: Osti Martina , Cunningham Michael F. , Whitney Ralph , Keoshkerian Barkev 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStyrene miniemulsions that were stabilized by common anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and disulfonated alkyl diphenyl oxide sodium salt) polymerized at 25 °C in the presence of L‐ascorbic acid without the addition of a free‐radical initiator. The polymerizations exhibited high rates and molecular weights, with conversions greater than 70% achieved in less than 1 h and weight‐average molecular weights greater than 1 × 106 g/mol. Polymers did not form in the absence of L‐ascorbic acid. Although the final conversion was only slightly independent on the L‐ascorbic acid concentration, it was dependent on the surfactant concentration. The rate and final conversion were also strongly dependent on the surfactant type. Moreover, it was possible to initiate polymerizations with a monomer‐soluble derivative of L‐ascorbic acid (L‐ascorbic acid 6‐palmitate), although the rates were dramatically reduced compared with those when water‐soluble L‐ascorbic acid was used. High yields and high‐molecular‐weight polymers were also produced with butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate with L‐ascorbic acid in the presence of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. The initiation was attributed to an interaction between the surfactant and L‐ascorbic acid, which formed a redox initiation system that generated radicals capable of adding monomer. These results are of particular significance for redox‐initiated emulsion/miniemulsion polymerizations with L‐ascorbic acid as the reducing agent and with sulfate or sulfonate surfactants. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 69–80, 2007
Synthesis of poly(vinyl acetate)‐b‐polystyrene and poly(vinyl alcohol)‐b‐polystyrene copolymers by cobalt‐mediated radical polymerization
Authors: Bryaskova Rayna , Willet Nicolas , Debuigne Antoine , Jérôme Robert , Detrembleur Christophe 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWell‐defined poly(vinyl acetate) macroinitiators, with the chains thus end‐capped by a cobalt complex, were synthesized by cobalt‐mediated radical polymerization and used to initiate styrene polymerization at 30 °C. Although the polymerization of the second block was not controlled, poly(vinyl acetate)‐b‐polystyrene copolymers were successfully prepared and converted into amphiphilic poly(vinyl alcohol)‐b‐polystyrene copolymers by the methanolysis of the ester functions of the poly(vinyl acetate) block. These poly(vinyl alcohol)‐b‐polystyrene copolymers self‐associated in water with the formation of nanocups, at least when the poly(vinyl alcohol) content was low enough. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 81–89, 2007
Time‐varying linear controllers for exponential tracking of non‐holonomic systems in chained form
Authors: Tian Yu‐Ping , Cao Ke‐Cai 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the authors address the tracking problem for non‐holonomic systems in chained form with target signals that may exponentially decay to zero. By introducing a time‐varying co‐ordinate transformation and using the cascade‐design approach, smooth time‐varying controllers are constructed, which render the tracking‐error dynamics globally 𝒦‐exponentially stable. The result shows that the popular condition of persistent excitation or not converging to zero for the reference signals is not necessary even for the globally 𝒦‐exponential tracking of the chained‐form system. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is validated by simulation of two benchmark mechanical systems under non‐holonomic constraints. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robustness of linear uncertain sampled‐data control systems with generalized sampled‐data hold functions
Authors: Jin Hui‐Liang , Mirkin Leonid , Palmor Zalman J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates robust stability of linear time‐invariant (LTI) uncertain sampled‐data control systems with generalized sampled‐data hold functions (GSHFs). A new sufficient condition for robust stability of such systems is developed. Unlike that of most of the previous works, it directly uses the data of the continuous‐time plant and therefore it is less conservative. The condition is expressed in terms of the spectral radius of a certain matrix and is shown to be a unimodal function of a free parameter. This property enabled us to use standard one‐dimensional optimization algorithm to perform the proposed test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brachycephaly and frontal lobe hypoplasia in fetuses with trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks
Authors: Borenstein M. , Dagklis T. , Csapo B. , Sotiriadis A. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the incidence of brachycephaly and frontal lobe hypoplasia in fetuses with trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation.MethodsA three‐dimensional (3D) volume of the fetal head was obtained before fetal karyotyping at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 (median, 12 + 5) weeks of gestation in 100 fetuses that were subsequently found to have trisomy 21 and in 300 fetuses subsequently found to be chromosomally normal. The multiplanar mode was used to obtain a sequence of transverse views of the fetal head and to demonstrate the biparietal and suboccipitobregmatic views. We measured the biparietal diameter (BPD), the occipitofrontal diameter (OFD) and the frontothalamic distance (FTD) between the inner table of the frontal bone and the posterior thalami.ResultsIn the chromosomally normal group the BPD, OFD and FTD increased linearly with crown–rump length (CRL) from 16.7 mm, 19.0 mm and 12.1 mm at a CRL of 45 mm to 26.7 mm, 31.7 mm and 18.7 mm, respectively, at a CRL of 84 mm. In the trisomy 21 fetuses, compared to normal fetuses, there was shorter BPD (mean difference = −0.63 mm; 95% CI, −0.97 to −0.30 mm, P < 0.0001), OFD (mean difference = −1.41 mm; 95% CI, −1.75 to −1.07 mm, P < 0.0001) and FTD (mean difference = −0.77 mm; 95% CI, −1.02 to −0.54 mm; P < 0.0001) and higher BPD to OFD ratio (mean difference = 0.022; 95% CI, 0.012 to 0.032, P < 0.0001) but no significant difference in the FTD to OFD ratio (mean difference = 0.004; 95% CI, −0.006 to 0.013, P = 0.448).ConclusionsIn fetuses with trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation there is evidence of brachycephaIy but not of frontal lobe hypoplasia. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Right aortic arch detected in fetal life
Authors: Berg C. , Bender F. , Soukup M. , Geipel A. , Axt‐Fliedner R. , Breuer J. , Herberg U. , Gembruch U. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the prenatal distribution, associated conditions and outcome of the different types of right aortic arch (RAA) detected in fetal life.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of all cases of RAA detected prenatally between 1998 and 2005 in two tertiary referral centers.ResultsIn the study period 71 cases of RAA were detected; 26 (37%) had RAA with aberrant left subclavian artery, 23 (32%) had RAA with mirror‐image branching, 20 (28%) had RAA of unknown type and two (3%) had double aortic arch. While 20/26 cases with RAA and aberrant left subclavian artery were isolated findings, all 23 cases with RAA and mirror‐image branching were associated with cardiac defects, namely tetralogy of Fallot (43%) or pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (22%). Of the 20 cases with RAA, 19 of unknown type were associated with heterotaxy syndromes and had additional cardiac malformations and ambiguities of the situs. The two cases with DAA were isolated findings. Seven cases in our series (10%) had a microdeletion 22q11 and these were significantly associated with extracardiac malformations. The outcome in our series depended solely on the associated cardiac and extracardiac malformations, with the exception of one infant with isolated DAA, in whom a surgical correction was warranted.ConclusionsRAA detected in fetal life is associated frequently with other cardiac/non‐cardiac malformations, heterotaxy syndromes and microdeletions 22q11. The associated conditions vary depending on the branching type of the brachiocephalic vessels and the presence of extracardiac malformations. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processability and characterization of poly(vinyl chloride)‐b‐poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl chloride) prepared by living radical polymerization of vinyl chloride. Comparison with a flexible commercial resin formulation prepared with PVC and dioctyl phthalate
Authors: Coelho Jorge F.J. , Carreira Mafalda , Gonçalves Pedro M.O.F. , Popov Anatoliy V. , Gil Maria H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis work reports the synthesis and processing of a new flexible material based on PVC produced by living radical polymerization. The synthesis was carried out in a two‐step process. In the first step the macroinitiator α, ω‐di(iodo)poly(butyl acrylate) [α, ω‐di(iodo)PBA] was synthesized in water by single electron transfer/degenerative chain transfer mediated living radical polymerization (SET‐DTLRP) catalyzed by Na2S2O4. In the second step this macroinitiator was reinitiated by SET‐DTLRP of vinyl chloride (VC), thereby leading to the formation of the block copolymer poly(vinyl chloride)‐b‐poly(butyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC‐b‐PBA‐b‐PVC]. This new material was processed on a laboratory scale. The DMTA traces showed only a single glass transition temperature, thus indicating that no phase segregation was present. The copolymers were studied with regard to their processing, miscibility, and mechanical properties. The first comparison with commercial formulations made with PVC and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is presented. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 12:156–165, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
HydroKorea and CarboKorea: cross‐scale studies of ecohydrology and biogeochemistry in a heterogeneous and complex forest catchment of Korea
Authors: Kim Joon , Lee Dongho , Hong Jinkyu , Kang Sinkyu , Kim Su‐Jin , Moon Sang‐Ki , Lim Jong‐Hwan , Son Yowhan , Lee Jaeseok , Kim Sanghyun , Woo Namchil , Kim Kyongha , Lee Buyong , Lee Byong‐Lyol , Kim Sung 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe KoFlux program is dedicated to understanding the fluxes of energy and matter, water resource management, and net ecosystem production in key ecosystems of Monsoon Asia. Under the framework of AsiaFlux, it is a joint effort with determined, comprehensive international strategies to bring Asia's key ecosystems under observation. Built upon the augmented KoFlux infrastructure (i.e., Gwangneung supersite), the ‘HydroKorea’ and ‘CarboKorea’ projects pursue new methodologies to assess water and carbon cycles at various temporal, spatial, and process scales. Particularly, the multiscaling approaches are used to link process‐level studies, flux footprint, ecohydrological and biogeochemical schemes, and high‐resolution satellite images. We hope that the work presented here encourages more ground‐breaking studies aimed at bridging the gaps in the cross‐scale studies of ecohydrological and biogeochemical cycles in heterogeneous and complex landscapes.
No proarrhythmic properties of the antibiotics Moxifloxacin or Azithromycin in anaesthetized dogs with chronic‐AV block
Authors: Thomsen M B , Beekman J D M , Attevelt N J M , Takahara A , Sugiyama A , Chiba K , Vos M A 
Published: November 2006

Background & purpose:The therapeutically available quinolone antibiotic moxifloxacin has been used as a positive control for prolonging the QT interval in both clinical and non‐clinical studies designed to assess the potential of new drugs to delay cardiac repolarization. Despite moxifloxacin prolonging QT, it has not been shown to cause torsades de pointes arrhythmias (TdP). Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has rarely been associated, clinically, with cases of proarrhythmia. As there is a lack of clinical data available, the cardiac safety of these drugs was assessed in a TdP‐susceptible animal model by evaluating their repolarization and proarrhythmia effects.Experimental approach & Key results:In transfected HEK cells, the IC50s forIhERGwere 45±6 and 856±259 μg ml‐1for moxifloxacin and azithromycin, respectively. Intravenous administration of 2 and 8 mg kg‐1moxifloxacin (total peak‐plasma concentrations 4.6±1.5 and 22.9±6.8 μg ml‐1) prolonged the QTcin 6 anaesthetized dogs with chronic AV block by 7±3 and 21±19%, respectively. Similar intravenous doses of azithromycin (total peak‐plasma concentrations 5.4±1.3 and 20.8±4.9 μg ml‐1) had no electrophysiological effects in the same dogs. The reference compound, dofetilide (25 μg kg‐1i.v.) caused QTcprolongation (29±15%) and TdP in all dogs. Beat‐to‐beat variability of repolarization (BVR), quantified as short‐term variability of the left ventricular monophasic action potential duration, was only increased after dofetilide (1.8±0.7 to 3.8±1.5 ms;P<0.05).Conclusion & implications:As neither moxifloxacin nor azithromycin caused TdP or an increase in the BVR, we conclude that both drugs can be used safely in clinical situations.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 1039–1048. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706900
Trace amine‐associated receptors and their ligands
Authors: Zucchi R , Chiellini G , Scanlan T S , Grandy D K 
Published: November 2006

Classical biogenic amines (adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and histamine) interact with specific families of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). The term ‘trace amines’ is used when referring top‐tyramine, β‐phenylethylamine, tryptamine and octopamine, compounds that are present in mammalian tissues at very low (nanomolar) concentrations. The pharmacological effects of trace amines are usually attributed to their interference with the aminergic pathways, but in 2001 a new gene was identified, that codes for a GPCR responding top‐tyramine and β‐phenylethylamine but not to classical biogenic amines. Several closely related genes were subsequently identified and designated as the trace amine‐associated receptors (TAARs). Pharmacological investigationsin vitroshow that many TAAR subtypes may not respond top‐tyramine, β‐phenylethylamine, tryptamine or octopamine, suggesting the existence of additional endogenous ligands. A novel endogenous thyroid hormone derivative, 3‐iodothyronamine, has been found to interact with TAAR1 and possibly other TAAR subtypes.In vivo, micromolar concentrations of 3‐iodothyronamine determine functional effects which are opposite to those produced on a longer time scale by thyroid hormones, including reduction in body temperature and decrease in cardiac contractility. Expression of all TAAR subtypes except TAAR1 has been reported in mouse olfactory epithelium, and several volatile amines were shown to interact with specific TAAR subtypes. In addition, there is evidence that TAAR1 is targeted by amphetamines and other psychotropic agents, while genetic linkage studies show a significant association between the TAAR gene family locus and susceptibility to schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 967–978. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706948