bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral content of some Spanish cheese varieties. Differentiation by source of milk and by variety from their content of main and trace elements
Authors: Fresno José M , Prieto Bernardo , Urdiales Rosa , Sarmiento Roberto Martin , Carballo Javier 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe content in nine mineral elements (P. Ca, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) was determined in 153 units of cheese belonging to nine Spanish varieties: two unripe cows milk varieties (Cebreiro and Pasiego), three ripened cows milk varieties (Ahumado de Aliva, Leon and Quesucos), three ripened goats milk varieties (Armada‐Sobado, Babia‐Laciana and Valdeteja), and one blue‐veined cows milk variety (Picón). Using a Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance, only significant differences were observed in P. K, Mg. Zn, Fe and Mn contents associated to animal milk species used in the manufacture. When the two varieties of unripened cheeses were compared, significant differences in all the elements were observed. The same happened when the three varieties of ripened cows milk cheeses were compared. On comparing the three varieties of ripened goats milk cheeses, only significant differences were observed in P, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Zn and Mn contents. Using stepwise discriminant analysis 76–31% of cases were correctly classified when the cheeses were differentiated according to milk species used in their manufacture. When we differentiated the cheeses according to the variety, 91–66% of cases were correctly classified in the unripe cows milk cheeses, 85% of cases were correctly classified in the ripened cows milk cheeses, and 92–59% of cases were correctly classified in the ripened goats milk cheeses.
Instrumental and sensory evaluation of the flavour of dried French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) influenced by storage conditions
Authors: Van Ruth Saskia M , Roozen Jacques P , Posthumus Maarten A 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of storage conditions on the flavour of stored French beans after rehydration was evaluated by gas chromatography—sniffing port analysis (GC‐SP) and GC‐mass spectrometry of volatile compounds, and by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and hedonic sensory evaluation. The dried beans were stored at three water activities (aw), two different temperatures and in presence or absence of light. In French beans 18 odour active volatile compounds were detected and a common odour profile of 10 compounds was shown. At elevated temperature and aw 0.3 and 0.5, GC‐SP showed an increase in the number of assessors perceiving chemical, rotten odours at the sniffing port. The number assessors perceiving chemical odours at the sniffing port was increased by light exposure at aw. 0.1. QDA revealed a significant decrease in intensities for the attributes ‘French bean’ and ‘sweet’, and an increase for ‘chemical’, ‘burned’, ‘musty’ and ‘bitter’ at the elevated temperature and aw. 0.3 and 0.5. Exposure to light at aw 0.1 decreased ‘French bean’ scores and increased scores for ‘chemical’ and ‘burned’. French beans stored at 20°C in absence of light and at aw 0.3 were more appreciated by the hedonic panel than those stored at 40°C. GC‐SP and QDA revealed relationships between differently stored French beans, sensory attributes and volatile compounds. Therefore, volatile compounds are expected to be responsible for the change in flavour and appreciation of dried French beans by storage conditions.
The effect of castration on the headspace aroma components of cooked lamb
Authors: Sutherland Michelle M , Ames Jennifer M 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMinced lamb samples (lean meat or adipose tissue) from 12‐week‐old ram lambs and wethers were fried in the absence of added fat. The headspace aroma components were isolated onto Tenax GC prior to thermal desorption. A total of 132 compounds were identified and a further 31 were partially characterised by GC‐MS, 49 of which are reported here for the first time as components of sheep meat aroma. One of these, 4,6‐dimethyl‐1,3‐oxathiane, which has not previously been reported in any meat, was associated with a ‘stale/wet animal’ odour. All aroma isolates were dominated by products of lipid degradation with aliphatic aldehydes present in the highest relative amounts. Certain branched‐chain fatty acids have been implicated in the characteristic aroma of sheep meat, and 4‐methyloctanoic and 4‐methylnonanoic acids were identified at higher levels in the adipose tissue from entires than from wethers.
Effects of hardshell character on cooking time of common beans grown in the semiarid highlands of Mexico
Authors: Castellanos Javier Z , Guzmán‐Maldonado Horacio , Acosta‐Gallegos Jorge A , Kelly James D 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to develop a protocol to screen bean germplasm for the hardshell character, evaluate the effect of hardshell on cooking time and study the relationship between hardshell and other seed characteristics in bean genotypes grown in the semiarid highlands of Mexico. Between 50 and 75% of the variation in cooking time of recently harvested beans was explained by differences in the degree of water absorption after soaking for 18 h. Seed coat brightness was negatively correlated with water absorption and increased cooking time in two of the three populations evaluated. The difference in cooking time and water absorption between scarified (hilum perforated) and unscarified seed of different genotypes would indicate that the hardshell characteristic plays a major role in extending the cooking time of beans. This study indicates that when seeds have an initial moisture content of 90 g kg−1 seed or less, the hardshell problem is easily detected after soaking for 18 h, while the problem is rarely detected when initial seed moisture levels are 120 g kg−1 or higher. Selection against the hardshell characteristic could be practised in bean germplasm using this information as part of a protocol to shorten the cooking time of beans grown in the Mexican highlands.
In vitro effects of and interactions between tannins and saponins and fate of tannins in the rumen
Authors: Makkar Harinder P S , Blümmel Michael , Becker Klaus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rate of fermentation of hay was not affected by purified tannins from Ouercus incana and Dichostachys cinerea at 0.13 mg ml−1 of the in vitro medium whereas a decrease of 4% in the rate was observed for Acioa barteri tannins at this level. At 0.23 mg and 0.47 mg of tannins per ml, the decrease in rate varied from 4 to 13% and 13 to 20%, respectively. The decrease in in vitro true digestibility of dry matter was 3, 6 and 7% for Q incana, D cinerea and A barteri, respectively, at a tannin concentration of 0.47 mg ml−1, and 17, 21 and 27%, respectively, at 0.93 mg ml−1. There was no change in the potential extent of digestion up to 0.47 mg ml−1 for any of the tannins studied. These results suggested that the rate of digestion is affected to a greater extent than the potential extent of digestion or the in vitro true digestibility and that different tannins even at the same level have different degrees of effect. Tannin‐saponin interactions were studied using tannic acid (TA), quebracho tannin (QT) and quillaja saponin (S) at different concentrations (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg ml−1) alone and in combination with each other. The decrease in the rate of digestion and true digestibility was additive when both the TA and the S were present. Similar results were obtained when TA was replaced by QT except that the effects with QT were more marked as compared to TA at the same concentration. Saponins had little effect on the potential extent of digestion and true digestibility. These tannins also decreased the production of short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) and their molar proportions (acetate decreased whereas propionate increased). Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, expressed as the ratio of 15N incorporation per unit of SCFA production, was higher with both S and the tannins studied. A substantial amount (71–93%) of tannins soluble in aqueous acetone was released from leaves of some trees and shrubs on incubation in the in vitro medium for 48 h. The rumen liquor was not capable of degrading oligomeric condensed tannins.
Degradation of condensed tannins by rumen microbes exposed to quebracho tannins (QT) in rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) and effects of QT on fermentative processes in the RUSITEC
Authors: Makkar Harinder P S , Becker Klaus , Abel Hj , Szegletti Csaba 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn an earlier study it was observed that the rumen microbes from cattle which had never consumed tannin‐containing diets do not have enzymes for degrading condensed tannins. In this study, rumen microbes were exposed to small amounts of quebracho tannins for 8 days using a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). The levels maintained in the RUSITEC were 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg of the spray‐dried quebracho powder (SDQT) per ml of the medium. After 8 days of tannin exposure, the liquor containing ‘exposed/adapted’ microbes from RUSITEC was incubated for 40 h without and with purified tannins of quebracho and Dichostachys cinerea leaves in in vitro gas method. There was no degradation of condensed tannins. The enzymes for degradation of condensed tannins were not induced in rumen microbes by exposure to different concentrations of tannins for 8 days in the RUSITEC. In the RUSITEC, SDQT significantly reduced the number of total protozoa, entodiniomorphs and holotrichs; effect was higher on holotrichs. There was no significant change in the levels of short chain fatty acid but the molar proportion of propionate was significantly higher and of butyrate significantly lower at 0.4 mg SDQT ml−1. Significantly lower levels of ammonia in the medium was also observed on injection of tannins. Microbial mass production, calculated using 15N incorporation, was similar at 0.1 and 0.2 mg SDQT ml−1 but significantly lower (13%) at 0.4 mg SDQT ml−1. The dry matter digestibility of the feed (80% hay and 20% barley) was not significantly affected by SDQT.
A new fast finite element method for dislocations based on interior discontinuities
Authors: Gracie Robert , Ventura Giulio , Belytschko Ted 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new technique for the modelling of multiple dislocations based on introducing interior discontinuities is presented. In contrast to existing methods, the superposition of infinite domain solutions is avoided; interior discontinuities are specified on the dislocation slip surfaces and the resulting boundary value problem is solved by a finite element method. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified and its efficiency for multi‐dislocation problems is illustrated. Bounded core energies are incorporated into the method through regularization of the discontinuities at their edges. Though the method is applied to edge dislocations here, its extension to other types of dislocations is straightforward. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of active safety surveillance system for traditional Chinese medicine: an empirical study in treating climacteric women
Authors: Hsieh Shu‐Ching , Lai Jung‐Nien , Chen Pau‐Chung , Chen Huey‐Jen , Wang Jung‐Der 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPurposeTraditional Chinese medicines (TCM) prescribed by doctors are regularly reimbursed by the National Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan. The safety of TCM should undergo the same scrutiny that most western medicines do. This study was to monitor adverse events (AEs) associated with a new mixture of TCM, TMN‐1, used to treat climacteric symptoms.MethodsFor this multi‐center, prospective observational study, we recruited 134 women with climacteric symptoms. During this 12‐week study, the subjects made nine visits, took TMN‐1 three times a day, and received routine hematologic tests, biochemical tests, and tests for gynecologically relevant hormones at baseline and after 4 and 12 weeks of beginning medication. At every visit, the subjects were asked by questionnaire about any AEs. All AEs were examined through a process of causality assessment (CA) by a research team.ResultsIn total, we recorded 203 AEs, in order of decreasing incidences—cough, pharyngitis, rhinitis, abdominal pain, abdominal fullness, diarrhea, and pruritus with incidence rates of 2.57, 2.47, 1.88, 1.78, 1.68, 1.58, and 1.58 per 103 person‐days, respectively. Most AEs were tolerable. Five of the AEs were judged to be “probable” adverse drug reactions (ADRs): Two events of diarrhea and one event each of nausea, abdominal pain, and abdominal fullness.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the effectiveness using active safety surveillance to document safety of TCMs. This surveillance system could probably be useful to document the safety of other alternative or complementary medicines. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistence, distribution and dislodgeable residues of 2, 4‐d following its application to turfgrass
Authors: Thompson Dean G. , Stephenson Gerald R. , Sears Mark K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn growth room studies, total recoverable 2, 4‐D residues on or in turfgrass (Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis) declined from 92% of that originally applied, to less than 66% by day 15. Although a high proportion of the applied chemical remained associated with the leaf surface under growth room conditions, only 10% was dislodged by vigorous mechanical wiping of the leaf surfaces with moistened cheese‐cloth. In field studies with 1 kg acid equivalent (a.e.) ha−1, less than 5% of the chemical originally applied could be dislodged with a cheese‐cloth wipe at day 0. Disappearance of dislodgeable residues was very rapid. Less than 0.01% of the applied chemical was dislodgeable after 1 day in turf that received 18 mm of rainfall 1 h after spraying. Residues in turfgrass that received no rainfall required 7 days to dissipate to the same level. In a study in which the clippings were not removed, the disappearance of dislodgeable residues, when the turf was mowed at 3, 7, and 11 days after application, was nearly as rapid as in unmowed turf. In turf treated with 2.24 kg a.e. ha−1 of liquid or granular formulations, dislodgeable residues were less than 1% by days 5 and 3, respectively.
Time trends in mortality of Conophthorus ponderosae (Hopkins) exposed to insecticide residues
Authors: Haverty Michael I. , Dell Tommy R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe protection of the female cones of Pinus monticola (Dougl. ex D. Don) from attack by Conophthorus ponderosae (Hopkins) requires that the beetles be killed before they enter the cone. This encourages consideration of the distributions of length of time to death and how these distributions are changed with different concentrations of various candidate insecticides. In this study a three‐parameter Weibull function was employed to depict the distributions for data originally collected for a probit analysis. The time to achieve 90% mortality as defined by the Weibull function was taken as a dependent variable, and a regression evaluation was used to define relationships with concentration for selected insecticides. The mode Y = b0 + b1 · X−1, in which Y = LT90 and × = insecticide concentration in g litre−1, proved useful when a sufficient range of concentrations was included in the testing.
Examination of bound (non‐extractable) residues of MCPA and flamprop in wheat straw
Authors: Pillmoor John B. , Gaunt John K. , Roberts Terry R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe long term metabolism of [14C]MCPA and [14C]flamprop in wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw was found to involve incorporation of radioactivity as residues that were insoluble in acetone+water (1+1 by volume). A chemical and an enzymic solubilisation procedure were critically evaluated in attempts to release these residues for further examination. The chemical procedure resulted in complete solubilisation of all the radioactivity of both compounds in association with more than one cell wall fraction. However, routine quantitative analysis was found to be difficult for some fractions. Furthermore, the extracts did not appear to be suitable for investigation of the nature of the binding with the plant constituents. None of the enzymes employed in the enzymic procedures released significant amounts of the residues insoluble in the aqueous acetone. Despite these problems, the residues of MCPA that were insoluble in aqueous acetone were found to contain both the parent MCPA and its major metabolite 4‐chloro‐α‐hydroxy‐o‐tolyloxyacetic acid.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in England and Wales. Part I: Inorganic bromide ion in lettuce grown in soil fumigated with bromomethane
Authors: Roughan John A. , Roughan Patricia A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSurveys of lettuce, produced commercially in England and Wales, were carried out during the years 1977–82 to determine residues of inorganic bromide ion, following soil sterilisation with bromomethane. Lettuce grown on unfumigated soil contained less than 10 mg bromide ion kg−1, while most lettuce grown on bromomethane‐fumigated soil were found to contain higher levels of bromide ion, with a proportion in excess of 1000 mg kg−1. The accumulation of bromide ion appeared to be related to the interval between soil fumigation and planting, and also to the frequency of bromomethane application to the soil. A limited amount of data is presented on the levels of bromide ion in imported lettuce.
Physicochemical structure‐activity relationship of DDT congeners and the inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase
Authors: Dary Curtis C. , Cutkomp Laurence K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStructure‐activity relationships were used to determine the physicochemical properties of DDT that are important in the inhibition of oligomycin‐sensitive mitochondrial ATPase activity of red coxal muscle tissue homogenates of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). The results were compared with structure‐activity relationships derived from toxicity values for houseflies (Musca domestica) and blowflies (Phormia regina), reported in the literature. Toxicity was found to be promoted by hydrophobicity and electron donation. Toxicity was concluded to be a route of action process involving the distribution and partitioning of insecticide to active sites and apart from them. Enzyme inhibition, in contrast to factors contributing to toxicity, was determined to be a mode of action process predicted by the lipophilic parameter (π) and the steric constant, van der Waals radii (VWR), and represents action upon a sterically sensitive, hydrophobic site in the membrane sector of mitochondrial ATPase.
Organophosphorus and synergised synthetic pyrethroid insecticides as grain protectants for stored sorghum
Authors: Bengston Mervyn , Davies Richard A. H. , Desmarchelier James M. , Phillips Mervyn P. , Simpson Bruce W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA field experiment was carried out on bulk sorghum stored for 26 weeks in concrete silos in South Queensland. No natural infestation occurred. Laboratory bioassays of treated grain, in which malathion‐resistant strains of insects were added to grain samples, indicated that all the treatments were generally effective. Deltamethrin (2mg kg−1)+piperonyl butoxide (8mg kg−1), fenitrothion (12mg kg−1)+fenvalerate (1 mg kg−1)+piperonyl butoxide (8mg kg−1), and fenitrothion (12mg kg−1)+phenothrin (2mg kg−1)+piperonyl butoxide (8mg kg−1) controlled typical malathion‐resistant strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Ephestia cautella (Walker). Pirimiphos‐methyl (6mg kg−1)+permethrin (1mg kg−1)+piperonyl butoxide (8mg kg−1) allowed some survival of adults and progeny production by S. oryzae after 12 weeks, and by one strain of R. dominica throughout. Chemical assays established that the residues and rates of breakdown of these grain protectants on sorghum conformed to the general pattern on other cereal grains. Residues at the conclusion of the experiment were below the individual Maximum Residue Limits recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
Synthesis and fungitoxicity of O,O‐diaryl S‐ethyl phosphorothioates
Authors: Gupta Rameshwar L. , Roy Nripendra K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty new O,O‐diaryl S‐ethyl phosphorothioates were synthesised and tested for fungitoxicity in vitro against Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae, Alternaria alternata, Rhizoctonia bataticola, and Pythium aphanidermatum. Of these compounds, S‐ethyl O,O‐bis(2, 4,5‐trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate and S‐ethyl O,O‐bis(pentachlorophenyl) phosphorothioate exhibited high activity against all the test species.
The mode of action of chlomethoxyfen
Authors: Hikawa Masanori 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChlomethoxyfen [5‐(2, 4‐dichlorophenoxy)‐2‐nitroanisole] has been widely used as a pre‐emergence herbicide in rice in Japan, where it is known as chlomethoxynil. It is effective against many annual weeds and some perennials, including Eleocharis acicularis and Sagittaria pygmaea. The activity of chlomethoxyfen is only slightly affected by water movement because of its low water‐solubility. It is more toxic to shoots than roots and is rapidly absorbed by roots, with limited translocation to upper parts of the plants. The demethylated derivative, which was presumed to be conjugated with plant materials, was identified as the major metabolite in plants. Several other metabolites were also detected in soils and animals. Chlomethoxyfen increases phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity in plants under light conditions, resulting in the accumulation of the biphenyl‐2‐ol content. The biochemical basis of the light requirement of diphenyl ether herbicides is also discussed.
Dibromo addition products of (1R)‐cis‐permethrin and deltamethrin; evidence that debromination is an obligatory requirement for biological activity
Authors: Gammon Derek W. , Ruzo Luis O. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract3‐Phenoxybenzyl (1R‐)‐cis‐3‐(1,2‐dibromo‐2, 2‐dichloroethyl)‐2, 2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate [dibromo‐(1R)‐cis‐permethrin] was >100 times less active than (1R)‐cis‐permethrin in causing repetitive firing in a cockroach cereal sensory nerve in vitro, although its toxicity, symptomology and nerve effects in vivo were comparable to the parent compound. Treatment of the in‐vitro preparation with glutathione significantly increased the effectiveness of dibromo‐(1R)‐cis‐permethrin in a concentration‐dependent manner, while having no effect on the action of (1R)‐cis‐permethrin. Topical treatment of the cockroach with dibromo‐(1R)‐cispermethrin gave a similar time of onset of symptoms to that caused by (1R)‐cis‐permethrin (∼2 min). Pretreatment of the cockroach with N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) significantly (P<0.05) increased dose‐dependently the latency of signs of poisoning caused by dibromo‐(1R)‐cis‐permethrin, but had no significant effect on the latency following (1R)‐cis‐permethrin treatment. Deltamethrin and tralomethrin, applied to the cockroach at LD95 doses of 0.03 and 0.07 m̈g g−1 respectively, also had similar latencies for the development of symptoms. Moreover, pretreatment with NEM delayed the time of onset of symptoms for tralomethrin (P<0.02) but not for deltamethrin. The results strongly suggest that debromination is an obligatory requirement for the biological activity of dibromo‐(1R)‐cis‐permethrin and tralomethrin.