bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structures of the Polymers Obtained by the Solid-State Polymerization of Diyne, Triyne, and Tetrayne with Long-Alkyl Substituents
Authors: Okada Shuji , Hayamizu Kikuko , Matsuda Hiro , Masaki Atsushi , Nakanishi Hachiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Structures of the polymers obtained by solid-state polymerization of diyne, triyne, and tetraynes substituted by long chain alkyl groups were investigated by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Assignment of all peaks in the spectra were made successfully, referring to those of the monomers and the polydiacetylenes of known structures. It was clearly shown that the backbone of these polymers has always the same structure of (Remark: Graphics omitted.). This fact suggests that only 1,4-addition polymerization takes place in the similar way for the diyne, the triyne and the tetraynes, excluding many other possible addition schemes, and the tetraynes give an interesting polydiacetylene with butadiynyl substituents. This exclusive 1,4-addition can be explained in terms of topochemical control.
Synthesis and Coordination Behaviors of New Double-Sided Porphyrinatoiron(II) Complexes: Effect of the Pocket-Size for Imidazole on Dioxygen Binding
Authors: Tsuchida Eishun , Hasegawa Etsuo , Komatsu Teruyuki , Nakata Taisaku , Nakao Keisuke , Nishide Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The synthesis and characteristic ligation behaviors of new “double-sided porphyrinatoiron(II) complexes” having two pockets of different spacing-size on each side of a ring plane and a larger sized one on both sides of a macrocycle, are described. The equilibrium constants for the imidazole derivatives to the four-coordinated porphyrinatoiron(II)s were increased in proportion to the size of the pocket-space, which is reflected by the ΔH term. The five-coordinated complexes of the porphyrinatoirons, obtained by the addition of 1,2-dimethyl-imidazole (1,2-dmin) in a toluene solution, formed stable and reversible dioxygen adducts at 25°C. The oxygen affinities for the iron(II) complexes increased as the steric bulk on the rear side of the porphyrin plane was relieved. These changes in the oxygen affinity are attributed to the strength of the π-electron donation from the imidazole to the central iron ion.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Photo-Induced Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid by Molecular Oxygen Catalyzed by Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing 2,2′-Bipyridine and 2,2′-Bipyrazine
Authors: Tsukahara Keiichi , Wada Yuuko , Kimura Masaru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide was efficiently produced by the irradiation of visible light on aqueous acid solutions containing ascorbic acid, molecular oxygen, and ruthenium(II) complexes: [Ru(bpy)x(bpz)3−x]2+ (x=0–3, bpy=2,2′-bipyridine, and bpz=2,2′-bipyrazine). The formation of hydrogen peroxide and the decay of ascorbic acid were followed by polarography during continuous irradiation by visible light of the solution. The rate constants of the quenching reaction of the excited triplet state of the ruthenium(II) complexes by ascorbate and molecular oxygen obtained from the initial rate method were in good agreement with those obtained from luminescence quenching experiments. The initiation reaction in the photo-induced reaction mechanism changes from the oxidative quenching of *[Ru(bpy)3]2+ by molecular oxygen to the reductive quenching of *[Ru(bpy)2]2+, *[Ru(bpy)(bpz)2]2+, or *[Ru(bpz)3]2+ by ascorbate. Such a change in the mechanism arises from a difference in the redox potentials, E0(Ru3+/*Ru2+) and E0(*Ru2+/Ru+), for each ruthenium(II) species containing bpy and bpz. The detailed mechanisms are discussed.
Determination of Magnetic Susceptibility of Liquids by a Sensitive Viscometer Method
Authors: Sueoka Kazuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A sensitive viscometer method is presented for precise measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of liquids. This method can be applied to a determination of the diamagnetic susceptibilities of various materials and the temperature dependence of the susceptibility for water. Measurements show that this method has a sensitivity of ±0.005% and a reproducibility of ±0.02%.
Thermal Dehydrogenation of Cyclooctane by Supported Noble Metal Catalysts
Authors: Fujii Takahiro , Yukawa Kiyoshi , Saito Yasukazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Under boiling and refluxing conditions, cyclooctane has been dehydrogenated to cyclooctene and molecular hydrogen selectively with carbon- and alumina-supported Pd, Ph, and Ru catalysts. The activity order among these metal catalysts was Pd&gt;Rh&gt;Ru. The most active carbon-supported Pd catalyst was least sensitive to the rate retardation caused by cyclooctene adsorption. Desorption of molecular hydrogen from the Pd catalyst surface was deduced to proceed rapidly after the rate-determining step.
Thermal Behavior and Characterization of Poly[1,3-phenylenebis (methylene)adipamide]
Authors: Shimasaki Choichiro , Sanagi Hisashi , Unishi Akira , Notoya Hisakimi , Tsukurimichi Eiichi , Yoshimura Toshiaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Thermal degradation of poly[1,3-phenylenebis(methylene) adipamide] (MXD-6) was investigated by DTA-TG, FT-IR, TG-GC/MS, and mass spectroscopy. The DTA-TG/DTG curve showed that the thermal decomposition of MXD-6 occurred in two stages. MXD-6 melted at about 235°C and decomposed to the oligomer or monomer with a weight loss of about 40% in the temperature region from 330 to 400 °C during the first stage. A TG effluent gas was collected in a cold trap and then directly injected into a GC for separation, the MS for an unequivocal identification. The eleven effluent compounds from the thermal degradation of MXD-6 were identified. The main fragmentation mechanism by electron impact for MXD-6 consisted of two processes: simple cleavage and a rearrangement reaction. The activation energy of the thermal decomposition was estimated to be 230 during the first stage and 150 kJ mol−1 during the second stage. From the value of the activation energy in each stage, the kinetic data for MXD-6 was elucidated.
An overlooked vulnerability in a defendant: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a miscarriage of justice
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Young Susan 
Published: July 2006

Aim. To describe the implications of a Court of Appeal murder case involving a 15‐year‐old youth. His attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was not identified at trial, but 8 years later it was and his conviction was quashed.Method. An analysis of the judgments by the Court of Appeal at an earlier hearing (1997) and in 2004, together with a review of how the relatively new diagnostic concept of ADHD, can be employed to aid assessment of important vulnerable qualities.Results. One of the primary effects of ADHD in the case was to ‘affect’ the IQ scores, making it look as if the defendant was suffering from mental retardation and so masking his other more relevant vulnerabilities.Conclusions. ADHD symptoms are relevant to contended issues around adverse inferences and fitness to plead and stand trial. A comprehensive ADHD assessment, including neuropsychological testing, is necessary where there are indications of a history of childhood ADHD.
Dimensions and Volumetric BMD of the Proximal Femur and Their Relation to Age Among Older U.S. Men
Authors: Marshall Lynn M , Lang Thomas F , Lambert Lori C , Zmuda Joseph M , Ensrud Kristine E , Orwoll Eric S 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We measured femoral neck and shaft dimensions and volumetric BMD with QCT. Relations of these measures to age were quantified in a cross-sectional study among 3358 men 65–100 years old. Relations of femoral neck dimensions and vBMD to age differed from those in the shaft, indicating that patterns of bone modeling and remodeling in the neck and shaft are distinct.
Introduction: Little is known about population variation in dimensions and volumetric BMD of the proximal femur or the relation of these measures to age among older men.
Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, dimensions and volumetric BMD (vBMD) in the femoral neck and shaft were obtained from QCT scans among 3358 men 65–100 years of age in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men cohort. Total bone size and size of the cortical and medullary compartments were measured with volumes in the femoral neck and with areas in the shaft. We quantified distributions of these measures and examined their relations to age with multivariable linear regression.
Results: Population variation in femoral neck and shaft dimensions and vBMD was substantial. In the femoral neck, total volume was minimally related to age, whereas cortical volume was 5% smaller and medullary volume was 10% larger (both p &lt; 0.0001) in the oldest (85+ years) compared with the youngest (65–69 years) men. Across these ages, the percent of cortical bone declined from 46% to 42% (p &lt; 0.0001). Integral and trabecular vBMD were 9% and 22% lower, whereas DXA femoral neck BMD was 4% lower, in the older men. Neck cortical vBMD was unrelated to age. In the shaft, cross-sectional area and medullary area were 9% and 22% larger, respectively, in the oldest men (both p &lt; 0.0001), but cortical area was unchanged with age. The percent of cortical bone declined from 69% to 65% across these ages (p &lt; 0.0001). Shaft cortical BMD was 4% lower in the older men (p &lt; 0.0001).
Conclusions: There is substantial diversity of femoral morphology and vBMD among older U.S. men. Patterns indicative of modeling and remodeling in the femoral neck were distinct from those in the shaft. Notably, changes in periosteal and endosteal dimensions that underlie cortical thinning appear to differ in the neck and shaft.
Regulation of C-Terminal and Intact FGF-23 by Dietary Phosphate in Men and Women
Authors: Burnett Sherri-Ann M , Gunawardene Samantha C , Bringhurst F Richard , Jüppner Harald , Lee Hang , Finkelstein Joel S 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
FGF-23 is a novel regulator of phosphate metabolism. We studied the regulation of FGF-23 by dietary phosphate in 66 men and women using two assays. Dietary phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23 and loading increased FGF-23 significantly. An assay that measured intact FGF-23 showed the effects of dietary phosphate much more clearly than an assay that also measures presumed biologically inactive fragments. Dietary phosphate is a key regulator of circulating FGF-23; choice of assay is critical when studying FGF-23 physiology.
Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is a novel phosphaturic factor discovered through genetic studies of patients with renal phosphate wasting disorders. Ablation of the FGF-23 gene in mice reduces renal phosphate excretion and increases serum phosphate, suggesting that FGF-23 is critical for normal phosphate homeostasis. We examined the role of dietary phosphate in the regulation of FGF-23 in humans.
Materials and Methods: Sixty-six healthy males and females were randomized to either phosphate-depleted or -loaded diets for 5 days, after a 4-day run-in diet. FGF-23 was measured using an “intact” assay that only detects intact FGF-23 peptide and with a “C-terminal” assay that measures both intact FGF-23 peptide and presumed biologically inactive carboxyl terminal fragments. The main outcome was the within group change in FGF-23 with either phosphate depletion or loading.
Results: Using the intact FGF-23 assay, mean FGF-23 area under the curve (AUC) decreased by 9 ± 16% with phosphate depletion (p = 0.0041) and increased by 35 ± 29% with loading (p &lt; 0.0001). Using the C-terminal FGF-23 assay, mean FGF-23 AUC decreased by 8 ± 12% with phosphate depletion (p = 0.0003) and increased by 13 ± 20% with loading (p = 0.0016). Increases in FGF-23 with phosphate loading were greater with the intact assay than with the C-terminal assay (p = 0.0003). Using the intact assay only, FGF-23 was significantly associated with serum phosphate (r = 0.39, p &lt; 0.01), 24-h urinary phosphate (r = 0.47, p &lt; 0.01), fractional excretion of phosphate (r = 0.29, p &lt; 0.01), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (r = −0.30, p &lt; 0.01). The association between the assays was weak (r = 0.26, p &lt; 0.01).
Conclusions: Dietary phosphate is a key regulator of circulating FGF-23 levels in humans. Additionally, choice of assay is critical when performing physiologic investigations of FGF-23.
Adaptation of the Proximal Femur to Skeletal Reloading After Long-Duration Spaceflight
Authors: Lang Thomas F , Leblanc Adrian D , Evans Harlan J , Lu Ying 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We studied the effect of re-exposure to Earth's gravity on the proximal femoral BMD and structure of astronauts 1 year after missions lasting 4–6 months. We observed that the readaptation of the proximal femur to Earth's gravity entailed an increase in bone size and an incomplete recovery of volumetric BMD.
Introduction: Bone loss is a well-known result of skeletal unloading in long-duration spaceflight, with the most severe losses occurring in the proximal femur. However, there is little information about the recovery of bone loss after mission completion and no information about effect of reloading on the structure of load-bearing bone. To address these questions, we carried out a study of the effect of re-exposure to Earth's gravity on the BMD and structure of the proximal femur 1 year after missions lasting 4–6 months.
Materials and Methods: In 16 crew members of the International Space Station (ISS) making flights of 4.5–6 months, we used QCT imaging to measure the total, trabecular, and cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD) of the proximal femur. In addition to vBMD, we also quantified BMC, bone volume, femoral neck cross-sectional area (CSA), and femoral neck indices of compressive and bending strength at three time-points: preflight, postflight, and 1 year after mission.
Results: Proximal femoral bone mass was substantially recovered in the year after spaceflight, but measures of vBMD and estimated bone strength showed only partial recovery. The recovery of BMC, in the absence of a comparable increase in vBMD, was explained by increases in bone volume and CSA during the year after spaceflight.
Conclusions: Adaptation of the proximal femur to reloading entailed an increase in bone size and an incomplete recovery of vBMD. The data indicate that recovery of skeletal density after long-duration space missions may exceed 1 year and supports the evidence in the aging literature for periosteal apposition as a compensatory response for bone loss. The extent to which this compensatory effect protects against fracture remains to be seen.
Toward a Unified Paradigm of Race
Authors: PAGE ENOCH H. 
Published: July 2006

Racism in Mind. Michael Levine and Tamas Pataki, eds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. 320 pp.Only Skin Deep: Changing Visions of the American Self. Coco Fusco and Brian Wallis, eds. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2003. 416 pp.
Franz Boas 1858–1942: An Illustrated Biography; Margaret Mead: The World Ahead: An Anthropologist Anticipates the Future
Authors: SILVERMAN SYDEL 
Published: July 2006

Franz Boas 1858–1942: An Illustrated Biography. Norman Francis Boas. Mystic, CT: Seaport Autographs Press, 2004. 312 pp.Margaret Mead: The World Ahead: An Anthropologist Anticipates the Future. Robert B. Textor, ed. New York: Berghahn Books, 2005. 348 pp.
The Origin and Evolution of Cultures; Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution
Authors: FUENTES AGUSTÍN 
Published: July 2006

The Origin and Evolution of Cultures. Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 456 pp.Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 332 pp.
Female Ascetics in Hinduism; The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States; Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal
Authors: ALTER JOSEPH S. 
Published: July 2006

Female Ascetics in Hinduism. Lynn Teskey Denton. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004. 218 pp.The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States. Karen Pechilis, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 260 pp.Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal. June McDaniel. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 356 pp.
Frank Tannenbaum: The Making of a Mexicanist, 1914-1933
Authors: Delpar Helen 
Published: July 2006

On April 19, 1914—two days before the seizure of Vera Cruz by United States marines—North American radicals gathered at Carnegie Hall in New York City to protest the expected use of force against Mexico by the administration of Woodrow Wilson. One of the speakers, William (“Big Bill”) Haywood of the Industrial Workers of the World, threatened a nationwide general strike should the United States go to war against Mexico, and the crowd approved a resolution condemning any act of armed intervention.But the Mexican crisis was not the only issue that aroused the crowd at Carnegie hall. A second resolution was approved which denounced the imprisonment of a young immigrant called Frank Tannenbaum, who had recently been sentenced to a year in the penitentiary for participating in an illegal assembly. On March 4 — his twenty-first birthday — Tannenbaum had led an “army of the unemployed” into the Roman Catholic Church of St. Alphonsus on West Broadway and had demanded shelter. His arrest that night and subsequent trial had become acause célèbreamong liberals and radicals who believed that he had been the victim of a miscarriage of justice.
A Survey of British Literature on Buenos Aires During the First Half of the 19th Century
Authors: Myers Scott 
Published: July 2006

The British involvement with Argentina has a long and, at times, tumultous history. Dating as far back as the 18th century the Rio de la Plata basin held a great attraction for British merchants. England needed Spanish America as a source of bullion and an outlet for individual goods.As early as the 1540s British vessels explored the coastlines, of Argentina. There already existed a considerable amount of trade between Brazil and England throughout the sixteenth century. The buccaneer William Hawkins, along with other Englishmen, was intent on expanding on this clandestine trade to other areas in the New World. Sometimes with the cooperation of the Spanish authorities, certain British merchants were able to maneuver themselves into the commercial life of these new colonies. By the eighteenth century the British had established numerous slave markets in Hispanic America including one in Buenos Aires.
Reminiscences of Brazilian Life, 1834-1848, Selections From the Diary of Mary Robinson Hunter
Authors: Cherpak Evelyn M. 
Published: July 2006

In November 1834, Mary Robinson Hunter sailed to Rio de Janeiro with her husband William, a prominent Newport lawyer and newly appointed chargé d'affaires to the Imperial Court, and five of their six children. President Andrew Jackson had named Hunter to the post in June 1834 on the recommendation of their son, William, a clerk with the State Department. The Hunters had experienced financial difficulties over the years, and a diplomatic assignment offered them a steady income, prestige, and a unique travel opportunity.The experience of living in a Latin and tropical culture inspired Mary Hunter to record her impressions in six diaries which she kept during a residence of fourteen years. These journals are part of a larger collection of Hunter family papers that are located in the Newport (RI) Historical Society. The volumes were carefully scanned by her daughter, Elizabeth Hunter Birckhead, who crossed out passages which shed light on family quarrels; they were ultimately deposited by her great granddaughter, Anna Dunn, in 1945. These diaries, written in medium sized script, in brown ink and a firm hand, are thoroughly legible and in good condition, given their age. They serve as the main source for her memories of life in Brazil, since her letters to female friends in Newport do not survive.
“A Sea of Indians”: Ethnic Conflict and the Guatemalan Revolution, 1944-1952
Authors: Handy Jim 
Published: July 2006

The Indian is an inexhaustable layer of exploitation and his best song is his taciturnity…. Guatemala is sad; a desperate, horrid, fearful sadness … a sad people living with a totally alien world within us. (Ernesto Juan Fonfrias, “Guatemala: un pueblo triste,” Diario de Centro América, Sept. 1, 1950.)Fonfrias’ assessment of Guatemala in 1950 contains important clues to understanding the “revolution” from 1944 to 1954 and its overthrow. The revolution has been extensively studied; but most works have concentrated on American involvement in the overthrow of the government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán in 1954 and have thus only provided us with limited views of the various conflicts that developed during the two revolutionary administrations (Juan José Arévalo, 1944-51, and Arbenz, 1951-54). This has most certainly been the case with studies of rural Guatemala during the revolution. Despite the importance of the agrarian reform initiated in 1952, the reform and the conflicts that it fostered are not clearly understood. Recent research has suggested, however, that the tensions were more complex and more deeply rooted in Guatemala's rural history than earlier works had indicated.
The Montepíos and Regulation of Marriage in the Mexican Bureaucracy, 1770-1821
Authors: Chandler D. S. 
Published: July 2006

The Spanish Crown established montepíos throughout the Empire after 1763, first in Spain and then in the overseas possessions. These agencies provided an excellent vehicle for shaping and implementing royal marriage policy in America. The institutions functioned as monitoring units and also provided penalties and incentives motivating bureaucrats to conform to the king's will when contemplating marriage. The montes became a central part of the process through which the king attempted to regulate his servants' marriages.The king intended these agencies, funded by a combination of royal and membership contributions, to provide modest pensions for survivors of deceased officials. In Madrid, Mexico City, and Lima, the Crown founded autonomous institutions known as Montepíos de Ministros for senior officials and Montepíos de Oficinas for subordinates. Lesser capitals received only one office for all ranks. All the montepíos, however, were important not only as sources of pensions but also as a means of enhancing royal control over marriage in the bureaucracy.
Imperial Policy and Church Income: The Sixteenth Century Mexican Church
Authors: Cummins Victoria Hennessey 
Published: July 2006

The long-traditional view of the Roman Catholic Church in Spanish America as a monolithic, wealthy, and all powerful institution has been gradually modified by successive studies over the last thirty years. From these examinations emerges the picture of a complex institution characterized by diversity, and internal conflict. New research continues to enlarge and clarify understanding of the Church's role as an institution of the Spanish empire.What follows will, in highlighting the colonial Church's relationship to the Spanish crown, add to this view of it as a complex and diverse institution. An examination of crown policy with regard to Church finance in the sixteenth century shows that the episcopal hierarchy of the Mexican colonial Church had a subordinate relationship to the crown in the era of the Counter Reformation. Rather than a strong Church influencing the crown, what emerges is the portrait of a relatively weak, dependent institution, supported by the king. The secular church hierarchy had only enough power to carry out its function and serve as a counterpoint to the religious orders, not enough to achieve financial independence on its own. The basis for this relationship lies in the patrimonial nature of Castilian government and its dominant position over the Church hierarchy because of thePatronato Real.