bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of an Elliptical Anthropometric Model to Estimate Visceral Compartment Area
Authors: He Qing , Engelson Ellen S. , Wang Jack , Kenya Sonjia , Ionescu Gabriel , Heymsfield Steven B. , Kotler Donald P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The visceral compartment is a surrogate for visceral adipose tissue. Cross‐sectional visceral compartment area (VCA) has been approximated from waist circumference using a circular model. However, the two‐dimensional shape of the abdomen is rarely circular. This study validated an elliptical model of cross‐sectional total abdominal area (TAA), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) area, and VCA at the L4–L5 level.Research Methods and Procedures: We analyzed magnetic resonance images (MRIs) at the level of the L4–L5 intervertebral space from 35 subjects with a wide range of abdominal adiposity. Waist circumference, abdominal thickness (midline sagittal diameter), abdominal width (coronal diameter at one‐half of abdominal thickness), and abdominal SAT thickness at four sites (front, back, right, and left) were measured from MRI images using an image analysis software. The same anatomical regions were also estimated from anthropometrics purely by geometric formulae of circular and elliptical models. A simple linear regression model was used to interpret the association strength between anthropometric estimates and MRI measures.Results: Estimated TAA by either model was strongly related to MRI TAA (r2 = 0.98, p < 0.0001). The SAT and VCA by MRI analysis showed a stronger association with calculation from an elliptical model (r2 = 0.95 and 0.88, respectively; p < 0.001) than a circular model (r2 = 0.69 and 0.25, respectively; p < 0.001). The absolute prediction residuals and variances were significantly smaller with an elliptical model than a circular model (p < 0.0001).Discussion: An elliptical anthropometric model might be superior to a circular model to estimate abdominal SAT and VCA.
Ambulatory Management of Childhood Obesity
Authors: Kolagotla Lakshmi , Adams William 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Childhood obesity is one of the most challenging issues facing healthcare providers today. The aims of this study were to describe the ambulatory management of childhood obesity by pediatricians (PDs) and family physicians (FPs) and to evaluate knowledge of and adherence to published recommendations.Research Methods and Procedures: A 42‐item, self‐administered questionnaire was mailed to 1207 randomly selected primary care physicians (PDs = 700, FPs = 507) between September 2001 and January 2002.Results: Of 339 (28%) responses, 287 were eligible (PDs = 213, FPs = 74). Most respondents were in group or solo practice (87%) in a suburban or urban, non‐inner city location (67%). The average age was 48 years (range = 31 to 85 years), and the mean years in practice was 17 (range = 1 to 55 years). Nineteen percent of physicians were aware of national recommendations. Three percent of physicians reported adherence to all recommendations. Knowledge of recommendations was not associated with a greater likelihood of adherence. However, physicians who were aware of recommendations were more likely to have positive attitudes about personal counseling ability (odds ratio = 2.4, confidence interval = 1.3 to 4.4) and the overall efficacy of obesity counseling (odds ratio = 4.3, confidence interval = 1.7 to 10.8). Poor patient motivation, patient noncompliance, and treatment futility were perceived as the most frequently encountered barriers to obesity treatment.Discussion: Most physicians are not aware of or adherent to national recommendations regarding childhood obesity. Awareness of recommendations was associated with more positive attitudes about personal counseling ability and the effectiveness of obesity counseling in general.
Improvement of Metabolism among Obese Breast Cancer Survivors in Differing Weight Loss Regimens
Authors: Jen K.‐L. Catherine , Djuric Zora , DiLaura Nora M. , Buison Anne , Redd Jennifer N. , Maranci Vera , Hryniuk William M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare the efficacy of different weight loss regimens on body weight loss and metabolic improvement in breast cancer survivors.Research Methods and Procedures: Forty‐eight obese breast cancer survivors were randomly divided into four groups and were followed for 1 year: 1) the Control group (subjects did not receive specific nutrition counseling); 2) the Weight Watchers group (subjects were given free coupons to attend weekly Weight Watchers meetings); 3) the Individualized group (a registered dietitian provided one‐on‐one nutritional counseling); and 4) the Comprehensive group (subjects received individualized dietary counseling and free coupons for the weekly Weight Watchers meetings). At baseline and 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month data collection visits, a fasting blood sample was obtained for assays. A three‐day dietary record was kept during the week before these visits and dietary intake was analyzed.Results: Subjects in the three intervention groups lost weight (Control: 1.1 ± 1.7 kg; Weight Watchers: −2.7 ± 2.1 kg; Individualized: −8.0 ± 1.9 kg; Comprehensive: −9.5 ± 2.7 kg) and percentage body fat, but only the Individualized and Comprehensive groups had significant losses. Subjects in the Comprehensive group showed the most improvement in cholesterol levels and had reductions in blood leptin levels.Discussion: Because insulin resistance and high blood leptin levels are associated with breast cancer, losing weight to improve these parameters may reduce the risk of recurrence. Only subjects in the Comprehensive group showed significant reductions in body weight and fat, energy intake, and leptin levels. For breast cancer survivors, different weight loss strategies should be considered to assist them in losing weight.
Effects of Growth Hormone on the Function of β‐Adrenoceptor Subtypes in Rat Adipocytes
Authors: Yang Shumin , Mulder Hindrik , Holm Cecilia , Edén Steffan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The influence of growth hormone (GH) on the regulation of lipolytic response to specific agonists to β‐adrenoceptors and several post‐receptor steps in the lipolytic cascade were investigated.Research Methods and Procedures: Adipose tissues from rats were incubated with or without GH (1.38 nM). After a 24‐hour incubation, isolated adipocytes were prepared for different assays. Rats were hypophysectomized. One week after operation, l‐thyroxine and hydrocortisone acetate was given to hypophysectomized rats. One group of rats was treated with GH (1.33 mg/kg, daily). After 1 week of hormonal treatment, adipose tissues were removed for different studies.Results: GH treatment increased both basal lipolysis and lipolytic sensitivity to dobutamine and CGP 12177 in adipocytes. The lipolytic sensitivity to terbutaline was not influenced by GH treatment. GH treatment increased the maximal lipolytic response to dobutamine and CGP 12177, but not to terbutaline as determined with absolute values of lipolysis. Forskolin‐induced lipolysis was increased by addition of GH to tissues. Moreover, GH treatment resulted in enhanced expression of hormone‐sensitive lipase. GH treatment in hypophysectomized rats influenced neither the expressions of Gαs protein and cholera toxin‐catalyzed adenosine diphosphate‐ribosylation of Gαs protein, nor cholera toxin‐induced 3′, 5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation. However, the expression of Gαi protein was decreased after GH treatment.Discussion: These and previous results suggest that GH increases lipolysis in rat adipocytes partly through the β‐adrenergic system, including increases in both β1‐ and β3‐adrenergic receptor function, and partly through enhanced adenylate cyclase function, and expression of hormone‐sensitive lipase, perhaps via a decrease in Gαi protein expression.
Intestinal FABP2 A54T Polymorphism: Association with Insulin Resistance and Obesity in Women
Authors: Albala Cecilia , Santos José L. , Cifuentes Mariana , Villarroel Ana C. , Lera Lydia , Liberman Claudio , Angel Bárbara , Pérez‐Bravo Francisco 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the association between the Ala54Thr genetic polymorphism of the fatty acid‐binding protein 2 (FABP2) gene with insulin resistance and obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: According to a sampling scheme based on BMI, 33 adult obese women (BMI ≥ 30) and 30 adult normal‐weight women (BMI > 18.5 and < 25 kg/m2) were recruited for this study. Women with chronic inflammatory diseases or acute pathology were excluded. Glucose, insulin, leptin, lipids, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were measured in fasting plasma samples. Insulin resistance was estimated through the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance method. The Ala54Thr allelic variant was determined by polymerase chain reaction, followed by restriction fragment‐length polymorphism analysis.Results: The Thr54 allele was more frequent in obese than in nonobese women (47.0% vs. 31.7; p = 0.08). Among obese women, higher TNFα concentrations were found when comparing the Thr54/Thr54 genotype (30.0 ± 7.1 pg/mL) with either the Ala54/Thr54 genotype (21.2 ± 8.4 pg/mL) or the Ala54/Ala44 genotype (20.1 ± 7.0 pg/mL) (p < 0.05). In addition, higher fasting plasma insulin and leptin levels were found among Thr54/Thr54 homozygotes compared with the other genotypes (p < 0.05).Discussion: Our results suggest that the Ala54Thr polymorphism of the FABP2 gene is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The effect of this polymorphism might be mediated by elevated production of TNFα.
The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2003 Update
Authors: Snyder Eric E. , Walts Brandon , Pérusse Louis , Chagnon Yvon C. , Weisnagel S. John , Rankinen Tuomo , Bouchard Claude 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis is the tenth update of the human obesity gene map, incorporating published results up to the end of October 2003 and continuing the previous format. Evidence from single‐gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from human genome‐wide scans and animal crossbreeding experiments, and association and linkage studies with candidate genes and other markers is reviewed. Transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity are also incorporated (N = 55). As of October 2003, 41 Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. QTLs reported from animal models currently number 183. There are 208 human QTLs for obesity phenotypes from genome‐wide scans and candidate regions in targeted studies. A total of 35 genomic regions harbor QTLs replicated among two to five studies. Attempts to relate DNA sequence variation in specific genes to obesity phenotypes continue to grow, with 272 studies reporting positive associations with 90 candidate genes. Fifteen such candidate genes are supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. Overall, more than 430 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. The electronic version of the map with links to useful sites can be found at http:obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
Leptin Responsiveness to Energy Restriction: Genetic Variation in the Leptin Receptor Gene
Authors: Mars Monica , van Rossum Caroline T.M. , de Graaf Cees , Hoebee Barbara , de Groot Lisette C.P.G.M. , Kok Frans J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSerum leptin concentrations are an important afferent signal in energy balance homeostasis. It has been speculated that the leptin responsiveness to energy restriction is affected by the functionality of the leptin receptor. The purpose of this analysis was to explore the effect of polymorphisms in the LEPR gene on the acute decline in leptin after 4 days of 65% energy restriction. Leptin concentrations of the study group (n = 44; all men) declined by 2.3 ± 1.5 μg/L [–39.4% (95% confidence interval: −43.6 to −34.9)]. Leptin responses did not statistically differ between noncarriers and carriers of three mutant variants of the polymorphisms: Lys109/Lys109 (−41.4%) vs. Arg109/+ (−37.0%) (p = 0.33); Gln223/Gln223 (−41.5%) vs. Arg223/+ (−37.8%) (p = 0.40); Lys656/Lys656 (−39.5%) vs. Asn656/+ (−39.3%) (p = 0.96). No effect of the assessed polymorphisms in the LEPR gene on the acute decline in leptin after energy restriction was observed. Power calculations are provided for future studies on the leptin responsiveness to energy restriction.
Insulin Action on Expression of Novel Adipose Genes in Healthy and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Koistinen Heikki A. , Forsgren Margareta , Wallberg‐Henriksson Harriet , Zierath Juleen R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Adipose tissue secretes several molecules that may participate in metabolic cross‐talk to other insulin‐sensitive tissues. Thus, adipose tissue is a key endocrine organ that regulates insulin sensitivity in other peripheral insulin target tissues. We have studied the expression and acute insulin regulation of novel genes expressed in adipose tissue that are implicated in the control of whole body insulin sensitivity.Research Methods and Procedures: Expression of adiponectin, c‐Cbl—associated protein (CAP), 11‐β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‐HSD‐1), and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)‐1c was determined in subcutaneous adipose tissue from type 2 diabetic and age‐ and BMI‐matched healthy men by real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis.Results: Expression of adiponectin, CAP, 11β‐HSD‐1, and SREBP‐1c was similar between healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects. Insulin infusion for 3 hours did not affect expression of CAP, 11β‐HSD‐1, or adiponectin mRNA in either group. However, insulin infusion increased SREBP‐1c expression by 80% in healthy, but not in type 2 diabetic, subjects.Discussion: Our results provide evidence that insulin action on SREBP‐1c is dysregulated in adipose tissue from type 2 diabetic subjects. Impaired insulin regulation on gene expression of select targets in adipose tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
High Local Concentrations and Effects on Differentiation Implicate Interleukin‐6 as a Paracrine Regulator
Authors: Sopasakis Victoria Rotter , Sandqvist Madeléne , Gustafson Birgit , Hammarstedt Ann , Schmelz Martin , Yang Xiaolin , Jansson Per‐Anders , Smith Ulf 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the possibility that interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) can act as a paracrine regulator in adipose tissue by examining effects on adipogenic genes and measuring interstitial IL‐6 concentrations in situ.Research Methods and Procedures: Circulating and interstitial IL‐6 concentrations in abdominal and femoral adipose tissue were measured using the calibrated microdialysis technique in 20 healthy male subjects. The effects of adipose cell enlargement on gene expression and IL‐6 secretion were examined, as well as the effect of IL‐6 in vitro on gene expression of adiponectin and other markers of adipocyte differentiation.Results: The IL‐6 concentration in the interstitial fluid was ∼100‐fold higher than that in plasma, suggesting that IL‐6 may be a paracrine regulator of adipose tissue. This was further supported by the finding that adding IL‐6 in vitro at similar concentrations down‐regulated the expression of adiponectin, aP2, and PPARγ‐2 in cultured human adipose tissue. In addition, gene expression and release of IL‐6, both in vivo and in vitro, correlated with adipose cell size.Discussion: These data suggest that IL‐6 may be a paracrine regulator of adipose tissue. Furthermore, increased adipose tissue production of IL‐6 after hypertrophic enlargement of the adipose cells may detrimentally affect systemic insulin action by inducing adipose tissue dysfunction with impaired differentiation of the pre‐adipocytes and/or adipocytes and lower adiponectin.
Preadipocyte Number in Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Obese Individuals
Authors: Bakker Arjen H.F. , van Dielen Francois M.H. , Greve Jan Willem M. , Adam Judit A. , Buurman Wim A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the variation in preadipocyte isolation procedure and to assess the number and function of preadipocytes from subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue of obese individuals.Research Methods and Procedures: The preadipocyte number per gram of adipose tissue in the abdominal‐subcutaneous and abdominal‐omental adipose stores of 27 obese subjects with a BMI of 44 ± 10 kg/m2 and an age of 40 ± 9 years was determined.Results: The assessment of the preadipocyte number was found to be labor intensive and error prone. Our data indicated that the number of stromal vascular cells (SVCs), isolated from the adipose tissue by collagenase digestion, was dependent on the duration of collagenase treatment and the size and the origin of the biopsy. In addition, the fat accumulation and leptin production by differentiated SVCs were dependent on the number of adherent SVCs (aSVCs) in the culture plate and the presence of proteins derived from serum and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor ligands.Discussion: Using our standardized isolation and differentiation protocol, we found that the number of SVCs, aSVCs, leptin production, and fat accumulation still varied considerably among individuals. Interestingly, within individuals, the number of SVCs, aSVCs, and the leptin production by differentiating aSVCs from both the subcutaneous and the omental fat depots were associated, whereas fat accumulation was not. In obese to severely obese subjects, differences in BMI and age could not explain differences in SVCs, aSVCs, leptin production, and fat accumulation.
Oxygen Uptakes Adjusted for Body Composition in Normal‐Weight and Obese Adolescents
Authors: Ekelund Ulf , Franks Paul W. , Wareham Nicolas J. , Åman Jan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To test whether resting oxygen uptake (Vo2), submaximal Vo2, and maximal Vo2 (Vo2max) differs between obese adolescents (n = 18; BMI > 30) and a matched normal‐weight control group after adjustment for differences in fat‐free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM).Research Methods and Procedures: FFM and FM were assessed by DXA. Resting Vo2, submaximal Vo2, and Vo2max were measured by indirect calorimetry.Results: There was no difference in resting Vo2 between groups after adjusting for FFM and FM. Submaximal Vo2 did not differ between groups after adjusting for body weight. Percentage Vo2max and NET Vo2 (Vo2max − resting Vo2) were significantly higher in the obese group during submaximal exercise, however not after adjusting for body weight. Vo2max was not significantly different between groups after adjusting for FFM.Discussion: When body compositions are appropriately controlled for, resting Vo2, submaximal Vo2, and Vo2max do not differ between obese and normal‐weight adolescents. These data suggested that the higher relative Vo2 observed in obese adolescent subjects is due to their higher FM and not to an impaired Vo2max even though they may be less physically active.
Adipose Angiotensinogen Secretion, Blood Pressure, and AGT M235T Polymorphism in Obese Patients
Authors: Prat‐Larquemin Lydie , Oppert Jean‐Michel , Clément Karine , Hainault Isabelle , Basdevant Arnaud , Guy‐Grand Bernard , Quignard‐Boulangé Annie 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate AGT secretion in cultured adipocytes from obese patients and its relationship with obesity‐related phenotypes, blood pressure, and the M235T polymorphism in the AGT gene.Research Methods and Procedures: Measurements, including anthropometry, body composition (DXA), and blood pressure, were performed in 61 overweight or obese women (BMI: 28 to 68 kg/m2). A subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsy was used for adipocyte size determination and quantification of AGT secretion in the medium of cultured adipocytes. AGT M235T genotype was determined using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism.Results: Adipose secretion of the AGT protein (range, 140 to 2575 ng/106 cells/24 h) was not significantly correlated with BMI, body fat, or blood pressure and did not vary according to the M235T polymorphism in the AGT gene. However, the AGT M235T polymorphism was associated with adipocyte size (111.6 ± 2.8, 108.8 ± 1.9, 118.2 ± 2.6 μm in MM, MT, and TT genotypes, respectively; p < 0.01) after adjustment for age and fat mass. An association between the AGT M235T polymorphism and adipocyte size (p < 0.02 adjusted for sex, age, and BMI) was found in another independent sample of 106 obese subjects (sex ratio, M/F 16/90; BMI, 29 to 70 kg/m2).Discussion: In cultured adipocytes from obese subjects, AGT secretion was not associated with body fat phenotypes, blood pressure, or fat cell size. However, results from two independent studies suggest an association between the AGT M235T polymorphism and adipocyte size.
Sex‐Specific Fat Distribution Is Not Linear Across Pubertal Groups in a Multiethnic Study
Authors: He Qing , Horlick Mary , Thornton John , Wang Jack , Pierson Richard N. , Heshka Stanley , Gallagher Dympna 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate sexual dimorphism and race differences in fat distribution (android/gynoid) before and during puberty.Research Methods and Procedures: Fat distribution was measured by skinfold thickness and DXA in healthy African‐American, Asian, and white subjects (n = 920), divided into pre‐, early, and late pubertal groups.Results: Gynoid fat masses adjusted for covariates were lower in late pubertal compared with prepubertal boys, but were not consistently greater in late pubertal compared with prepubertal girls. Progression of sex‐specific fat distribution with increasing maturation was present in Asians only. Among African‐American and white subjects, early pubertal boys had greater gynoid fat mass compared with the prepubertal group, whereas early pubertal girls had less gynoid fat mass compared with the prepubertal group. Sexual dimorphism in fat distribution was present in all pubertal groups, except among whites at early puberty. Among girls, Asians had lower gynoid fat than whites and African Americans in all pubertal groups. Among boys, Asians had less gynoid fat by DXA in early puberty and late puberty.Discussion: Comparison among races demonstrated differences in sexual dimorphism and sex‐specific fat distribution with progression in pubertal group. However, in all race groups, the fat distribution of late pubertal boys was more “male” or “android” than prepubertal boys, but late pubertal girls did not differ consistently from prepubertal girls. These findings suggested that the greater sexual dimorphism of fat distribution in late puberty compared with prepuberty may be attributable to larger changes in boys with smaller changes in girls.