bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Development of Framework and Intervention
Authors: Winickoff Jonathan P. , Park Elyse R. , Hipple Bethany J. , Berkowitz Anna , Vieira Cecilia , Friebely Joan , Healey Erica A. , Rigotti Nancy A. 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to describe a novel process and present results of formative research to develop a pediatric office intervention that uses available systems of care for addressing parental smoking.METHODS. The scientific development of the intervention occurred in 3 stages. In stage 1, we designed an office system for parental tobacco control in the pediatric outpatient setting on the basis of complementary conceptual frameworks of preventive services delivery, conceptualized for the child health care setting through a process of key interviews with leaders in the field of implementing practice change; existing Public Health Service guidelines that had been shown effective in adult practices; and adaptation of an evidence-based adult office system for tobacco control. This was an iterative process that yielded a theoretically framed intervention prototype. In stage 2, we performed focus-group testing in pediatric practices with pediatricians, nurses, clinical assistants, and key office staff. Using qualitative methods, we adapted the intervention prototype on the basis of this feedback to include 5 key implementation steps for the child health care setting. In stage 3, we presented the intervention to breakout groups at 2 national meetings of pediatric practitioners for additional refinements.RESULTS. The main result was a theoretically grounded intervention that was responsive to the barriers and suggestions raised in the focus groups and at the national meetings. The Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure intervention was designed to be flexible and adaptable to the particular practices' staffing, resources, and physical configuration. Practice staff can choose materials relevant to their own particular systems of care (www.ceasetobacco.org).CONCLUSIONS. Conceptually grounded and focus-group–tested strategies for parental tobacco control are now available for implementation in the pediatric outpatient setting. The tobacco-control intervention-development process might have particular relevance for other chronic pediatric conditions that have a strong evidence base and have available treatments or resources that are underused.
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor-Mediated Signaling Regulates Neuronal Versus Glial Differentiation of Retinal Stem Cells/Progenitors by Concentration-Dependent Recruitment of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Pathways in Conjunction with Notch Signaling
Authors: Bhattacharya Sumitra , Das Ani V. , Mallya Kavita B. , Ahmad Iqbal 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In the retina, as elsewhere in the central nervous system, neurogenesis precedes gliogenesis; that is, the only glia in the retina, Müller cells, are born when the majority of neurons have already been generated. However, our understanding of how the multipotent retinal stem cells/progenitors choose to differentiate along neuronal and glial lineages is unclear. This information is important in promoting directed differentiation of retinal stem cells/progenitors in an ex vivo or in vivo stem cell approach to treating degenerative retinal diseases. Here, using the neurosphere assay, we demonstrate that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), acting in a concentration-dependent manner, influences the simultaneous differentiation of retinal stem cells/progenitors into neurons or glia. At low CNTF concentrations differentiation of bipolar cells is promoted, whereas high CNTF concentrations facilitate Müller cell differentiation. The two concentrations of CNTF lead to differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT) pathways, with recruitment of the former and the latter for the differentiation of bipolar and Müller cells, respectively. The concentration-dependent recruitment of two disparate pathways toward neurogenesis and gliogenesis occurs in concert with Notch signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the attenuation of Jak-STAT signaling along with Notch signaling facilitates the differentiation of retinal stem cells/progenitors along the rod photoreceptor lineage in vivo. Our observations posit CNTF-mediated signaling as a molecular switch for neuronal versus glial differentiation of retinal stem cells/progenitors and a molecular target for directed neuronal differentiation of retinal stem cells/progenitors as an approach to addressing degenerative changes in the retina.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
IFATS Collection: Adipose Stromal Cell Differentiation Is Reduced by Endothelial Cell Contact and Paracrine Communication: Role of Canonical Wnt Signaling
Authors: Rajashekhar Gangaraju , Traktuev Dmitry O. , Roell William C. , Johnstone Brian H. , Merfeld-Clauss Stephanie , Van Natta Bruce , Rosen Elliot D. , March Keith L. , Clauss Matthias 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Adipose stromal cells (ASC) are multipotential mesenchymal progenitor cells that are readily induced to undergo adipogenic differentiation, and we have recently demonstrated them to have functional and phenotypic overlap with pericytes lining microvessels in adipose tissues. In this study we addressed the hypothesis that modulation of ASC fate within this perivascular niche can occur via interaction with endothelial cells (EC), which serve to modulate the adipogenic potential of ASC. To this end, we investigated contact as well as paracrine effects of EC on ASC adipogenesis, in two-dimensional coculture and via conditioned medium and analyzed mutual gene expression changes by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A significant decrease in adipogenic differentiation was observed in ASC when they were cocultured with EC but not control fibroblasts. This endothelial cell-specific effect was accompanied by increased expression of factors involved in Wnt signaling, most prominently Wnt1, Wnt4, and Wnt10a, which are well-known inhibitors of adipogenesis. Suppression of Wnt1 but not Wnt 10a or scrambled control short interfering RNA in cocultures partially reversed the endothelial cell effect, thus increasing adipogenic differentiation, suggesting a plausible role of Wnt1 ligand in modulation of adipogenesis by the vasculature. Furthermore, addition of recombinant Wnt ligand or the Wnt signaling agonist inhibited adipogenic differentiation of ASC in the absence of EC. In conclusion, these data define the relationship in adipose tissue between ASC and EC in the perivascular niche, in which the latter act to repress adipogenesis, thereby stabilizing vasculature. It is tempting to speculate that abnormal endothelial function may be associated with pathologic derepression of adipogenesis.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Ex Vivo-Expanded Bone Marrow CD34+ Derived Neutrophils Have Limited Bactericidal Ability
Authors: Dick Emily Patricia , Prince Lynne Rebecca , Sabroe Ian 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNeutropenia as a consequence of bone marrow failure, severe infections, or intensive chemotherapy is frequently associated with life-threatening sepsis. Ex vivo expansion of CD34+ stem cells has been shown to generate apparently functional neutrophils, and the use of autologous ex vivo-expanded cells can reduce the duration of neutropenia. Nonetheless, the principal antimicrobial capabilities of such cells, and thus their true therapeutic potential, is unknown. Using established protocols, we derived mature neutrophils from normal human adult bone marrow (BM) CD34+ cells and compared them with freshly isolated peripheral blood neutrophils (PBN). Despite functional similarities between ex vivo-differentiated neutrophils (EDN) and PBN in assays of respiratory burst and phagocytosis, EDN showed marked impairment in their ability to kill both Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae compared with PBN. We found that EDN were able to detect (through Toll-like receptor 2 [TLR2], TLR4, and CD14 expression), phagocytose, and mount a respiratory burst to microorganisms. EDN, however, were unable to release neutrophil elastase in response to formyl-met-leu-phe and showed a significantly reduced expression of neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G myeloperoxidase, and LL-37/human cathelicidin protein 18 (hCAP18) as determined by Western blotting. Ultrastructural analysis was consistent with a failure of normal granule development in EDN. Neutrophils derived from BM CD34+ cells may therefore provide apparently functional cells as assessed by common methodologies; however, important deficiencies may still limit their therapeutic potential. The results presented here suggest additional key tests that such cells may need to undergo prior to clinical use and highlight the potential challenges of using ex vivo modified stem cells in therapeutic settings.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Xenograft Versus Extraction Alone for Ridge Preservation After Tooth Removal: A Clinical and Histomorphometric Study
Authors: Barone Antonio , Aldini Nicolò Nicoli , Fini Milena , Giardino Roberto , Calvo Guirado José Luis , Covani Ugo 
Published: August 2008

Background: The preservation of bone volume immediately after tooth removal might be necessary to optimize the success of implant placement in terms of esthetics and function. The objectives of this randomized clinical trial were two‐fold: 1) to compare the bone dimensional changes following tooth extraction with extraction plus ridge preservation using corticocancellous porcine bone and a collagen membrane; and 2) to analyze and compare histologic and histomorphometric aspects of the extraction‐alone sites to the grafted sites.Methods: Forty subjects who required tooth extraction and implant placement were enrolled in this study. Using a computer‐generated randomization list, the subjects were randomly assigned to the control group (EXT; extraction alone) or to the test group (RP; ridge‐preservation procedure with corticocancellous porcine bone and collagen membrane). The following parameters were assessed immediately after extraction and 7 months prior to implant placement: plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, horizontal ridge width, and vertical ridge changes. A bone biopsy was taken from the control and test sites 7 months after the surgical treatment. Histologic and histomorphometric analyses were also performed.Results: A significantly greater horizontal reabsorption was observed at EXT sites (4.3 ± 0.8 mm) compared to RP sites (2.5 ± 1.2 mm). The ridge height reduction at the buccal side was 3.6 ± 1.5 mm for the extraction‐alone group, whereas it was 0.7 ± 1.4 mm for the ridge‐preservation group. Moreover, the vertical change at the lingual sites was 0.4 mm in the ridge‐preservation group and 3 mm in the extraction‐alone group. Forty biopsies were harvested from the experimental sites (test and control sites). The biopsies harvested from the grafted sites revealed the presence of trabecular bone, which was highly mineralized and well structured. Particles of the grafted material could be identified in all samples. The bone formed in the control sites was also well structured with a minor percentage of mineralized bone. The amount of connective tissue was significantly higher in the extraction‐alone group than in the ridge‐preservation group.Conclusions: The ridge‐preservation approach using porcine bone in combination with collagen membrane significantly limited the resorption of hard tissue ridge after tooth extraction compared to extraction alone. Furthermore, the histologic analysis showed a significantly higher percentage of trabecular bone and total mineralized tissue in ridge‐preservation sites compared to extraction‐alone sites 7 months after tooth removal.
Comparison of the Use of Different Modes of Mechanical Oral Hygiene in Prevention of Plaque and Gingivitis
Authors: Rosema Nanning A.M. , Timmerman Mark F. , Versteeg Paula A. , van Palenstein Helderman Wim H. , Van der Velden Ubele , Van der Weijden G.A. 
Published: August 2008

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an oscillating/rotating/pulsating powered toothbrush on plaque and gingivitis prevention over a 9‐month period.Methods: The study had an examiner‐masked, randomized, three‐group parallel design. A total of 122 subjects ≥18 years of age in good general health and with at least five teeth per quadrant and no pockets ≥5 mm were included. A 3‐week preexperimental period of extensive oral home care, including rinses, was started to improve gingival health. Professional oral hygiene instruction with a manual brush was provided. At baseline, subjects were assigned to one of three regimens: twice daily brushing with a manual toothbrush, a manual toothbrush and the use of floss, or a powered toothbrush. Subjects were professionally instructed in their regimen and given a prophylaxis. Two weeks later, oral hygiene reinforcement was provided. Gingival bleeding, plaque, staining, and gingival abrasion were assessed during the preexperimental period and at baseline, 10 weeks, and 6 and 9 months.Results: There was a significant reduction in plaque and gingivitis from the preexperimental period to baseline. At 10 weeks and 6 and 9 months, the level of plaque was statistically significantly lower with the powered toothbrush versus the other two regimens (P ≤0.002). At 10 weeks and 6 months, the level of bleeding in the powered toothbrush group was statistically significantly lower versus manual brushing alone (P ≤0.024).Conclusions: The powered toothbrush maintained lower plaque levels for 9 months following the 3‐week treatment phase better than the manual toothbrush with or without floss. The powered toothbrush showed significant benefits in preventing gingival bleeding versus manual brushing alone. All regimens were safe for oral tissues.
Injectable Simvastatin in Periodontal Defects and Alveolar Ridges: Pilot Studies
Authors: Morris Melissa S. , Lee Yeonju , Lavin Mark T. , Giannini Peter J. , Schmid Marian J. , Marx David B. , Reinhardt Richard A. 
Published: August 2008

Background: Topical injection of simvastatin in methylcellulose gel was shown to stimulate bone growth and inflammation over mouse calvaria and in rat mandible models. The purpose of these pilot studies was to evaluate the potential of locally injected simvastatin in human‐sized periodontal defects.Methods: Chronic periodontal defects were created bilaterally in seven 1‐year‐old beagle dogs: 3‐walled intrabony defects distal of the mandibular second premolar and mesial of the fourth premolar and Class II furcation defects at the buccal furcation of the mandibular first molars. The edentulous space distal to the mandibular canine was left undisturbed. After 16 weeks of healing, defect sites were treated with scaling and root planing, and mandible sides were randomly selected to receive three weekly injections of 0.5 mg simvastatin in 30 μl methylcellulose gel and contralateral gel alone (n = 3) or 2.0 mg simvastatin/methylcellulose gel and contralateral gel alone (n = 4). Two months following drug application, block sections, including teeth and surrounding tissues, and submandibular lymph nodes were obtained for histomorphometric analysis.Results: Two trends were noted in this pilot study: buccal edentulous ridge thickness was 29% greater with simvastatin, 0.5 mg, compared to gel alone (P = 0.0845), and the simvastatin groups had bone‐height loss in interproximal intrabony and furcation defects, but the length of new cementum in the interproximal intrabony defects was greater with simvastatin, 0.5 mg (0.35 ± 0.14 mm), compared to gel alone (0.06 ± 0.15 mm; P = 0.069). No new cementum was found in furcations.Conclusions: Multiple injections of simvastatin are not appropriate for the treatment of intrabony or furcation defects. However, this approach shows potential to augment bone thickness in closed alveolar environments.
Internal Decontamination of Dental Implants: An In Vivo Randomized Microbiologic 6‐Month Trial on the Effects of a Chlorhexidine Gel
Authors: Paolantonio Michele , Perinetti Giuseppe , D'Ercole Simonetta , Graziani Filippo , Catamo Giovanni , Sammartino Gilberto , Piccolomini Raffaele 
Published: August 2008

Background: Microbial penetration inside an implant's internal cavity results in a bacterial reservoir that has been associated with an area of inflamed connective tissue facing the fixture–abutment junction. The aim of the present clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 1% chlorhexidine gel on the internal bacterial contamination of implants with screw‐retained abutments.Methods: Thirty subjects (age range: 27.3 to 54.2 years) underwent single implant restoration. Three months after prosthodontic restoration, the modified sulcus bleeding index, modified plaque index, full‐mouth plaque score, and full‐mouth bleeding score were recorded. Microbiologic samples were also collected from the internal part of each fixture. Subjects were then divided into two equal groups: control and test groups (CG and TG, respectively). The CG had the abutment screwed and the crown cemented without any further intervention. Conversely, the TG had the internal part of the fixture filled with a 1% chlorhexidine gel before the abutment placement and screw tightening. Six months later, microbiologic and clinical procedures were repeated in both groups. Total bacterial count and multiplex polymerase chain analysis were performed to detect specific pathogens.Results: Clinical parameters remained stable throughout the study. From baseline to the 6‐month examination, the total bacterial counts underwent a significant reduction in the TG (P <0.05). Detection of the single pathogen species did not show any significant differences. However, periopathogens were detected more frequently in the CG.Conclusion: The application of a 1% chlorhexidine gel seemed to be an effective method to reduce bacterial colonization of the implant cavity over a 6‐month period.
Local Peptidergic Innervation of Gingiva in Smoking and Non‐Smoking Periodontitis Patients
Authors: Sakallıoğlu Elif Eser , Lütfioğlu Müge , Sakallıoğlu Umur , Dıraman Emine , Pamuk Ferda , Odyakmaz Selcen 
Published: August 2008

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the local peptidergic innervation of diseased and healthy periodontia in smokers and non‐smokers.Methods: Fifteen smokers and 12 non‐smokers, all with localized chronic periodontitis, participated in the study. Periodontally diseased and healthy tooth sites were selected in smokers (groups 1 and 2, respectively) and non‐smokers (groups 3 and 4, respectively). Local peptidergic innervation was assessed by the concentrations of two neuropeptides, substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), in the gingival biopsies obtained from the groups. Clinical data and biopsies were collected from the same two tooth sites in each group. SP and CGRP levels were measured by enzyme immunosorbent assay in the supernatants of gingival samples.Results: Increased probing depth and attachment loss were found in group 1 compared to group 3 (P <0.05). SP was higher in group 1 compared to groups 2, 3, and 4, and it was higher in group 3 compared to groups 2 and 4 (P <0.05). CGRP was higher in group 1 than in groups 2, 3, and 4, but it was lower in group 3 than in groups 2 and 4 (P <0.05).Conclusion: The study results suggested that 1) although smoking may affect the neurogenic inflammation in the presence of periodontitis by increasing local peptidergic innervation, this effect may not be seen in periodontal health, and 2) SP may be regarded as an indicator of periodontitis, whereas CGRP may be important in the acute and/or initial periodontal inflammation.
Localized Intermittent Delivery of Simvastatin Hydroxyacid Stimulates Bone Formation in Rats
Authors: Jeon Ju Hyeong , Piepgrass Ward T. , Lin Yi‐Ling , Thomas Mark V. , Puleo David A. 
Published: August 2008

Background: The cholesterol‐lowering drug simvastatin promotes bone formation in cell cultures and animal models. In previous studies, devices for the controlled, localized delivery of simvastatin hydroxyacid enhanced osteoblastic activity in vitro. The objective of this investigation was to determine bioactivity of the delivery system in vivo.Methods: Devices for sustained or intermittent release of simvastatin hydroxyacid were formed using a blend of cellulose acetate phthalate and a poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) block copolymer, and they were implanted directly over the calvarium of young male rats. Drug‐free devices were used as controls. After 9, 18, or 28 days, specimens were histologically evaluated for new bone formation.Results: All three groups showed some level of new bone formation, but the extent of osteogenesis depended on the type of implant. Devices delivering simvastatin hydroxyacid were associated with a 77.5% to 133% increase in new woven bone thickness compared to control devices without a drug (P <0.05). Furthermore, intermittent release stimulated a 32.3% greater response in bone thickness and a 74.1% greater bone area than did sustained delivery (P <0.05). Although a minimal thickness of woven bone was formed directly under the device (up to 36 μm), a significantly thicker layer was observed at the periphery (up to 205 μm), implying mechanical and/or chemical effects directly under the implant. The percentage of lamellar bone area for intermittent and sustained release was higher than that for the control group (P <0.05).Conclusion: Based on the present results of enhanced bone formation, these devices for the intermittent delivery of simvastatin hydroxyacid merit further attention for localized osteogenesis.
Type of Archwire and Level of Acidity: Effects on the Release of Metal Ions from Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: Kuhta Maja , Pavlin Dubravko , Slaj Martina , Varga Suzana , Lapter-Varga Marina , Slaj Mladen 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the effects of three different parameters—pH value, type of archwire, and length of immersion—on release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances.Materials and Methods: Simulated fixed orthodontic appliances that corresponded to one-half of the maxillary arch were immersed in artificial saliva of different pH values (6.75 ± 0.15 and 3.5 ± 0.15) during a 28-day period. Three types of archwires were used: stainless steel (SS), nickel-titanium (NiTi), and thermo NiTi. The quantity of metal ions was determined with the use of a high-resolution mass spectrophotometer (HR-ICP/MS).Results: The release of six different metal ions was observed: titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Repeated measures statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Results showed that (1) the appliances released measurable quantities of all ions examined; (2) the change in pH had a very strong effect (up to 100-fold) on the release of ions; and (3) the release of ions was dependent on wire composition, but it was not proportional to the content of metal in the wire. The largest number of ions was released during the first week of appliance immersion.Conclusion: Levels of released ions are sufficient to cause delayed allergic reactions. This must be taken into account when type of archwire is selected, especially in patients with hypersensitivity or compromised oral hygiene.