bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upland and swamp rice farming systems in Sierra Leone: the social context of technological change
Authors: Johnny Michael , Karimu John , Richards Paul 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionIt is thought that African rice (Oryza glaberrima), domesticated from the annual wild rice Oryza barthii, a plant of savanna river valleys and water holes, may have been first cultivated along the valley of the upper and middle Niger (Portères, 1970; Harlan, 1975). Cultivation under high rainfall conditions in the forest zone followed the development of ‘upland’ cultivars. Today, farmers in the drier savannas continue to depend on the seasonal rise and fall of flood water in valley bottom land for rice cultivation, and on occasion, this has developed into fully-fledged ‘irrigation’ agriculture (Linares de Sapir, 1970; Loquay, 1980), but elsewhere in the West African rice zone rain-fed ‘upland’ cultivation techniques now predominate. Where rainfall is more reliable ‘upland’ cultivation tends to be preferred because of its greater efficiency of labour use, but, as in ancient times, the occasional supplementary use of swamp to cope with bad years is not uncommon. This paper focuses attention on rice farming systems in Sierra Leone. Rice cultivation probably reached this area several thousand years ago (Atherton, 1979). Although in a few instances regular use of swamp land dates back to the later part of the nineteenth century (e.g. in the Bumban valley and the tidal swamps of the Scarcies estuary: Fyle, 1979, Carpenter, 1978) ‘upland’ cultivation still retains its former importance over large parts of the country.
Yam ceremonies and the values of Ohafia culture
Authors: Arua Emea O. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe subject of this paper is the ceremonies which the Ohafia of south-eastern Nigeria perform in connexion with their major farm crop, yams (Dioscorea spp.). These relate both to the annual agricultural cycle and to the taking of yam-related titles which express status in Ohafia society at large. The special place yams occupy in Ohafia culture as the prestige crop, associated particularly with men, cannot be explained simply as an effect of the material importance of yam and its cultivation in the Ohafia economy. For whatever may explain the origin of yam's ritual importance, the Ohafia economy in both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has depended on other important bases too, and Ohafia men have combined farming with other activities: warfare and trade. Indeed, the agricultural economy itself has been more dependent on female labour. Nonetheless, ‘yam-values’ remain of central symbolic importance to the ideals of individual and communal success promoted by Ohafia culture.
Ibibio Drama
Authors: Messenger John C. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn one of the few essays on drama in non-literate societies, Melville J. Herskovits pointed out that the subject had been little studied, and what we knew must ‘be gleaned from ethnographic accounts of rituals and dances of various sorts, descriptions whose primary intent is to explain other phenomena’ (Herskovits, 1944, p. 685). To Herskovits, as to most other anthropologists, drama among primitives was manifested only in religious ceremonialism—‘ritual drama’—and the formal recitation of prose narratives—‘secular drama’. It may be admitted that theatre in our sense appears to be rare in the non-literate world, but it is found among the Ibibio-speaking peoples of south-eastern Nigeria, where the ‘arena theatre’ (Brockett, 1969, pp. 470-4), professional actors, plots with memorized dialogues, rehearsals prior to public presentation, and props, costumes, and make-up are present.
The Relation of Oral History to Social Structure in South Nyanza, Kenya
Authors: Kenny Michael G. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis paper concerns the historical and sociological significance of the traditions of certain lineage-groups residing on the eastern fringes of Lake Victoria in Kenya. These traditions have implications about the nature of pre-colonial social structure in the region, and allow the use of anthropological findings in the reconstruction of social forms through the medium of oral history.The groups in question are to be found on the islands and adjoining southern mainland at the mouth of the Gulf of Kavirondo (see map 1). These lineages, together with others, are collectively known as the Basuba, and they inhabit in whole or in part a number of South Nyanza administrative locations and extend across the Kenyan border into Tanzania; the lineages of immediate interest here are to be found on Rusinga and Mfangano Islands, and in the mainland locations of Gembe, Kaksingiri, and Gwasi. The discussion which follows is largely based on information gathered from selected knowledgeable men on the islands, and supplementary researches conducted by the same means in the mainland areas mentioned above; five months of fieldwork were conducted in two periods in 1969 and 1973 and, unless otherwise indicated, all information below pertaining to South Nyanza is derived from that.
Barbers and Bearers: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Islamic Society
Authors: Horowitz Michael M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis is an essay about strangers in a West African society. It asks how ethnicity constrains role selection and role performance. It asks why members of bounded ethnic groups occupy specific professions and exploit specific ecological niches in a multi-ethnic society. Field information from south-eastern Niger reveals the environmental and cultural elements which together generate a distribution of peoples into single ethnic and multi-ethnic occupations. My concern is with the processes of boundary maintenance among ethnic groups rather than with their distinct cultural contents. Barth has pointed out (1969) that in multi-ethnic interaction, ethnicity itself is a critical factor in status ascription. This is a simple and unassailable observation. The behavioural character of the ethnic unit must be demonstrated; it cannot merely be assumed a priori.
Elders, office-holders and ancestors among the Sisala of Northern Ghana
Authors: Mendonsa Eugene L. 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionThere are two ways of approaching the data on African ancestor worship. They can be dealt with as a system of beliefs viz., as a body of thought, or they may be handled as a reflection of social relations. African ancestor worship has most commonly been dealt with in the latter fashion, e.g. Fortes (1959: 30) says:the ancestor cult is the transportation to the religious plane of the relationships of parents and children; and that is what I mean by describing it as the ritualisation of filial piety.
Contemporary art music in Nigeria: an introductory note on the works of Ayo Bankole (1935–76)
Authors: Omojola Olabode F. 
Published: April 2006

The introduction of Christian missionary activity and the British colonial administration of Nigeria in the middle of the nineteenth century led to some of the most significant musical changes in the country. Perhaps the most far reaching was the emergence of modern Nigerian art music, a genre which is conceptually similar to European classical music. This study focuses on Ayo Bankole, one of the pioneer composers of Nigerian art music.As an introductory study of Ayo Bankole, the article briefly discusses the musico-historical factors responsible for the growth of Nigerian art music as well as the nature of Bankole's musical training and experience. This provides an appropriate context for understanding and appreciating the stylistic features of Bankole's works. Drawing on examples from his works, the article establishes the eclectic nature of Bankole's style, in which European and African musical elements interact.
An Astronomical Test of Caso's Correlation
Authors: Weitzel R. B. 
Published: April 2006

“La Correlaciόn de los Afios Azteca y Cristiano” by Alfonso Caso, Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropologicos, Vol. 3, pp. 11–45, Mexico, 1939, may be tested by means of some astronomical data. For this purpose, sources are supplied.Paul Radin, “The Sources and Authenticity of the History of the Ancient Mexicans,” University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology, Vol. 17, No. 1, Berkeley, 1920 (Codex Telleriano-Remensis, Part 4, pp. 45–50):P. 46, PI. 5, “In the year 12 rabbit (1426 A.D.) … there was an eclipse of the earth(?).“
The North Benton Mound: A Hopewell Site in Ohio
Authors: Magrath Willis H. 
Published: April 2006

The North Benton Mound is a Hopewell site located in Mahoning County, northeastern Ohio. This mound is on the farm of Mr. John Malmsberry, near the village of North Benton. Mr. Roy Saltsman and the writer participated in the excavation of the site. The photographs and other records were made by the writer.The recent history of the mound is interesting. The grave of Judge William Smith, original owner of the mound, was placed some seven or eight feet north of the crest. It is shown in the cross section (Fig. 4). When Smith died in 1837 with the strange request that he be buried in the mound, the top was apparently cut off to make a burial platform; the removed dirt which was thrown down upon the south shoulder is represented on the projected cross section by broken hatching. The mound, situated on a high knoll, later became an even more conspicuous landmark when conifers were planted on it and grew to great size.
Piedra Depressions
Authors: Dick Herbert W. 
Published: April 2006

In his recent publication, Hall disagrees with Roberts' interpretation of depressions found in conjunction with house units, as set forth in a report in 1930.Dr. Roberts' report includes the results of a thorough examination of eighty houses, two kivas, and six circular depressions. It is the latter with which this comment is concerned. These depressions, according to Hall, are neither “borrow pits” nor “reservoirs,” but probably mark the locations of former pit houses:“The writer cannot help but feel that the majority of Roberts's Piedra ‘reservoirs’ are pit houses and that if these were defined they would resemble the Rosa Phase pit house in many respects.”
Part I, The Development of the Method
Authors: Friedman Irving , Smith Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA freshly exposed surface of obsidian will take up water from the atmosphere to form a hydrated surface layer. This layer has a different density and refractive index than does the remainder of the obsidian. Using special techniques, a thin section of the obsidian cut at right angles to the surface can be prepared. When examined under the microscope the hydrated layer is visible and its thickness can be measured. Photomicrographs of such thin sections are shown. Factors that determine the rate of hydration were considered. Using artifacts from archaeological sites of known age, the influence of temperature, relative humidity, chemical composition of the obsidian, burning and erosion of the obsidian on the rates of hydration was determined. Temperature and chemical composition are the main factors controlling the rate of hydration. Obsidian hydrates more rapidly at a higher temperature, and thus progresses at a faster rate in tropical than in arctic climates. Rhyolitic obsidian hydrates more slowly than does trachytic obsidian. Using archaeological data from various parts of the world, several tentative hydration rates were determined for tropical, temperate, and arctic climates. The method in its present state of development is especially suited to determine relative chronologies in layered sequences of artifacts from a single site, or region. It is also useful for detecting fake artifacts. Future work to refine the method is suggested.
A Correction on “Preclassic Metal?”
Authors: Smith Robert E. 
Published: April 2006

The evidence for locating the find of sheet copper, reported by R. E. Smith (1944) and commented on by John L. Sorenson in American Antiquity (1954), has proved thoroughly unreliable.Since the publication of the above find, which included 11 pottery vessels and other artifacts, I have learned that the pottery most probably did not come from San Miguel Ixtahuacan at all. Nothing even vaguely similar has been unearthed from that vicinity. It is much more closely related to material from the Salcaja-Momostenango region, as I pointed out in the article. Therefore, if the informant and original owner of the collection gave inaccurate information as to the provenience of the collection, he ma'y also have been in error as to copper being found in one of the above pre-Classic vessels.This material was published in order to preserve the lot as a whole for students, because without regard to its provenience the pottery appeared to be a homogeneous collection, presumably found in a single grave or various graves of the same ceramic period.
Two Cist Burials from San Juan Island, Washington
Authors: Caldwell Warren W. 
Published: April 2006

The current status of archaeological investigation in the northern Puget Sound region is one of demarcation and elucidation of problems. Lately, the approach has been toward the accumulation of descriptive information on sites and artifacts. The San Juan Island group, at the southern extremity of Georgia Strait, is increasingly important in this process. The extensive cist or cairn burial development at Armadale Valley is merely one of a number of adjacent sites in the intricate complex of headlands and inlets formed by Westcott, Garrison, and Mitchell bays of the northwestern portion of the San Juan Island.The major group of cairns lies atop a low rocky bluff, overlooking Westcott Bay to the east and the narrow but protected thoroughfare of Mosquito Pass to the west. Immediately below the site, at the base of the bluff is a deep and extensive shell midden.
Aboriginal Gilding in Panama
Authors: Lothrop S. K. , Bergsøe Paul 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLothrop places on record the original study of the “mise en coleur” gilding of Coclé objects which Bergsøe had completed in 1940. The Coclé specimens were made of a copper-gold alloy with low gold content, and were cast in molds. Because such an alloy corrodes easily, the exact composition of the Coclé alloy could not be determined. The Coclé goldsmiths did not use the hammered overlay, mercury gilding, or leaf gilding processes, but rather the “mise en coleur” process in which the copper is removed from the surface of the alloy leaving a blackish-brown, spongy gold deposit as an overlay. This spongy overlay is compressed and returned to a golden color by hammering and burnishing. The surface copper was probably dissolved by ammonium carbonate derived from urine.
The Use of the Binocular Microscope in the Identification of Flints
Authors: Evans O. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe geological study of rocks is oriented toward examining the nature of the rock by means of chemical analyses and by examination with the petrographic microscope. The problem of the archaeologist is one of identification for which the stereoscopic or binocular microscope is best suited. About 20 criteria have been used in identifying with a binocular microscope flints from archaeological sites in Oklahoma as part of a program to trace the sources for the several kinds of flint used in tool making.
A History of the Phase Concept in the Southwest
Authors: Olson Alan P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEarly in the 1930's Gladwin applied the phase concept to Southwestern material. The operational basis of this method of ordering cultural units in time and space was subsequently expanded through Gila Pueblo's research, especially in the Mogollon and Hohokam culture areas. The phase was the minimum unit in the dendritic system of cultural taxonomy which Gladwin developed. Other students whose research has mainly been centered south of the Mogollon rim have refined the definition of the concept, added to its applications, and stripped it of some of its earlier taxonomic connotations. Sophisticated survey, metric stratigraphy, the development of regional sequences, and the refinement of method in general in the Southwest have paralleled the usefulness of the concept. The Southwestern usage of phase is compared with the derivative concept presented by Willey and Phillips and with the several methods of phase correlations discussed by Rouse.
An Examination of Four Moche Jars from the Same Mold
Authors: Parsons Lee A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFour north coast Peruvian stirrup-spout jars of the middle Moche period show every indication of having been cast from a single mold. Heretofore no more than two actual duplicates from one mold have been described for pre-Columbian north coast pottery. This mold-made product varies from cast to cast in spout form, hue, paint distribution, polish, general surface texture, quality of mold-impressed lines, diameter measurements, and sharpness of relief. A second series of four similar Moche jars which were not from the same mold indicates that duplicates cannot be posivitely identified without careful firsthand examination of the specimens.
A Renaissance Fragment in Iceland
Authors: Oleson Tryggvi J. 
Published: April 2006

In 1413 King Ladislaus of Naples captured Rome, forcing Antipope John xxiii (1410-15) to flee to Florence. Gregorovius describes the sack of the Eternal City on this occasion as follows:Ladislaus meanwhile treated Rome with the arrogance of the conqueror. His troops sacked and set fire to houses; archives were destroyed; churches pillaged; sanctuaries insolently desecrated; drunken soldiers and their courtesans drank out of consecrated golden chalices; the Cardinal of Bari was dragged to prison; the sacristy of S. Peter's was emptied of its contents; horses were stabled in the sacred basilica.
The Teuffenbach Copy of Melanchthon's ‘Loci Communes’
Authors: Salomon Richard G. 
Published: April 2006

The Loci Communes is Melanchthon's best known and most important work, the first systematic handbook of reformed theology, first published in 1521 and in numerous other editions since.In 1949 Professor Carlos Moseley of the University of Oklahoma acquired a copy of the 1548 edition of this book from Germany, which is distinguished not only by the personage of its first owner but also by some autograph entries of prominent leaders of the Protestant Reformation. The copy is bound in a sixteen-century leather binding, brown, with the stamped portraits of Melanchthon on the front and Luther on the back side, each of them accompanied by a distich:Ingenium referunt clari monumenta Philippi,Corporis effigiem talis imago refertIsta representat faciem pictura Lutheri,Qui puro Christi dogmata corde doce(t).
News from Nowhere: Duncan and “Adofoodia”
Authors: Johnson Marion 
Published: April 2006

By his own account, John Duncan was born in 1805 on a farm in southwest Scotland and enlisted in the Life Guards at the age of seventeen. He obtained his discharge in 1839 and was appointed master-at-arms to the Niger Expedition of 1841. In the course of this, while aiding his men at the Cape Verde Islands, he received a leg wound which became so serious that amputation was contemplated, and he was left with a permanent weakness in the leg. Despite this he offered his services to the Royal Geographical Society in 1844 to go to Africa and penetrate to the Kong Mountains. He was provided with instruments and funds for this purpose and given passage to Cape Coast on a warship.Duncan's plans at this date seem to have been somewhat indefinite. The Royal Geographical Society was told in 1844 that Duncan, “full of zeal and activity though not professing to be very scientific,” was going to the west coast of Africa. It was not known, however, whether he would “follow the line between Loanda on the west and Mozambique on the east” or would “confine his explorations to the country of Koomassie [Asante] and the Kong Mountains, east of Cape Coast, and to an excursion to the new settlement at Abbe Accuta [Abeokuta] where the missionary Crowther is now established.” During his journey Duncan wrote several letters to the Society. One, dated at Anamabu in December 1844, explained that he had been refused permission by the Asantehene to go beyond Kumasi and so he was planning to ascend the Volta river instead. A second from Whydah written in April 1845 described his travels along the coast and on the lagoons. The last letter was written at Cape Coast in October 1845 and described his visit to the Dahomey capital. In addition, it contained an account of a journey he claimed to have made to “the town called Adofoodiah, at 13°6'N.” This last letter was written at a time when Duncan was entirely without resources, and he ended by saying that he wanted to go to Timbuktu “passing to the left of Ashanti.” A footnote to the letter, as published in theJournal of the Royal Geographical Society, noted that “funds have since been sent to Mr Duncan to assist him in carrying out his views of visiting Timbuctoo and descending the Niger.” However, this expedition was never undertaken and Duncan returned to England shortly afterward.
The Village Census in the Study of Culture Contact
Authors: Richards Audrey I. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAny anthropologist working in Africa at the moment is really experimenting with a new technique. Anthropological theory was evolved very largely in Oceania, where the relative isolation of small island communities provided something like ‘typical’ primitive social groups. Most of Rivers's hypotheses were based on Melanesian material, and Malinowski's functional method, the inspiration of most modern field work in all parts of the world, originated on an island off New Guinea with only 8,000 inhabitants. The anthropologist who embarks for Africa has obviously to modify and adapt the guiding principles of field work from the start. He has probably to work in a much larger and more scattered tribal area, and with a people that are increasing in numbers rather than diminishing. He has to exchange his remote island for a territory where the natives are in constant contact with other tribes and races. More important still, he has arrived at a moment of dramatic and unprecedented change in tribal history. Melanesian societies, it is true, are having to adapt themselves slowly to contact with white civilization, but most of the tribes in Africa are facing a social situation which is, in effect, a revolution. In fact, the whole picture of African society has altered more rapidly than the anthropologist's technique.
Political Scientists in Presidential Campaigns
Authors: Kamarck Elaine Ciulla 
Published: April 2006

Following is a list of words and terms that the political scientist who finds himself or herself in a presidential campaign should never use:epistemic concepts of democracymultivariate logistic modelsexogeneityhegemonymacropartisanshipcollective rationalityphilosophical dialectic valuablyThese terms and others like them may or may not have meaning in a presidential campaign—the point however, is that presidential campaigns are not exercises in theory or in scholarship, they are exercises in communicating to the lowest common denominator in the American public. Because of this they develop a culture and a set of norms that are as anti-intellectual as those found in any reputable truck stop in America (not to mention a vocabulary of four letter words that would put most truckers to shame).