bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The seasonal variation in chemical composition of some of the littoral seaweeds common to scotland. Part I. Ascophyllum nodosum
Authors: Black W. A. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ash, iodine, crude protein, mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid contents of samples of Ascophyllum nodosum taken at monthly intervals from April, 1945, to March, 1947, have been determined. The samples were taken from three different habitats in the neighbourhood of Oban in order to show the effect of varying exposure.In general, the loch samples are lower in iodine, total ash, crude proteins, and higher in laminarin and mannitol than the open sea or medium exposed samples. An increase in the mannitol and laminarin contents is accompanied by an increase in the dry weight content and a decrease in the total ash content. The graphs for the mannitol, laminarin and dry weight contents show three distinct peaks in the year, which agree with those in samples of the laminariacea already examined. The drop in mannitol and laminarin which occurs in the laminariaceae in July/August, and is at present the subject of investigation, also occurs in Ascophyllum nodosum.Ascophyllum nodosum is appreciably lower in mannitol and laminarin than the laminariaceae, but laminarin is present throughout the year, whereas it is absent for periods in the laminariaceae so far investigated. This alga is higher in alginic acid than any of the laminariaceae examined. The very slight variations in mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid, throughout the year, enable this alga to be harvested for any particular constituent at any time of the year.
The rheology of building mastics. I. Caulking compounds for gun application
Authors: Ward A. G. , Westbrook E. L. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAbsolute measurements of the Theological properties of caulking compounds designed for use with hand or air pressure guns are described. The methods used arc the tube plastometer, for extension measurements, and the divided cylinder plastometer, which can be used for measurements at stresses both above and below the yield value for continuous flow. Below this yield value irreversible deformation occurs, but the rate of shear decreases continuously as shear proceeds. Above the yield value the behaviour approximates to that of a Bingham plastic body complicated, in some instances, by thixotropy. The results obtained have been applied to the practical problems of filling and the use of hand pressure guns. The temperature dependence of flow properties has also been studied.
The influence of silica smokes on the dewpoint of combustion gases containing sulphur oxides
Authors: Whittingham G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSilicon monoxide is released when various mixtures of silicates and carbon are heated above 1200°. On leading this into a coal gas flame containing sulphur oxides the initial high dewpoint due to the presence of sulphur trioxide is reduced. Similar results arc obtained when a silica smoke is produced by the disintegration and subsequent oxidation of alkyl silicates sprayed into the flame. The significance of dewpoint measurements in the presence of silica smokes is discussed and it is considered that there is a definite reduction in the sulphur trioxide content of the combustion gases. The mechanism whereby this is brought about is discussed.
The inhibition of the combustion of carbon and carbon monoxide
Authors: Bridger G. W. , Appleton H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe presence of small concentrations of inhibitors (CCl4, Cl2 and HCL) in the air passing into a bed of burning coke is found to increase the CO content of the combustion gases at the expense of the CO2. With sufficient inhibitor (> 2.0% CCL4) the effect amounts to almost complete suppresion of the reduction of CO2. The effect is not due to a promotion of the reduction of CO2, this reaction proceeding only to a very smal extent under the conditions of the experiments. Further experiments show that inhibitors cdan prevent the oxidation of 95% of the CO at 1000° in the presence of excess oxygen. if the inhibitor (chlorine) is present in the inlet gases in a concentration greater than a sharply defined critical value (c.0.5%). This is an extension to a high temperature region of the well‐known action of halogen compounds on CO oxidation at lower temperatures. The inhibition of the oxidation of carbon monoxide is found to be most effective when the area of surface of the silica reation vessel is greatest and also when the CO and Cl2 are preheated together; in an empty reaction tube and with the CO preheated separately from the Cl2, no critical Cl2, concentration is found and inhibition is poor.The conclusions from the work on the oxidation of CO are applied to the earlier experiments on coke combustion in the presence of inhibitors; it is inferred from the absence of CO2 in the combustion gases produced in inhibited coke combusion, that CO2 is not formed as a primary product of the interaction between carboon and oxygen, but is always produced by the oxidation of carbon monoxide. This conception is discussed with reference to the “two‐zone theroy” of combustion.
Courbonia Virgata: Its chemical composition and basic constituents
Authors: Henry A. J. , Grindley D. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe isolation of tetramine (tetramethylammonium hydroxide) as the iodide from the root of Courbonia virgara is described, and its distribution in various pans of the plant is recorded. The presence also of di‐ and trimethylmine has been proved, and of quaternary bases other than tetramine induced. The carbohydrate material of the root is partly sucrose and partly araban, reducing sugars and starch being absent; while that of the seeds is mainly starch together with a little pentosan, sucrose and reducing sugars being absent. The constants and fatty acid composition of the root fat have been determined and the composition of the ash of the root is also given.We are indebted to the District Commissioner, Yirol, for providing material j to Dr. F. W. Andrews for botanical data; to Riad Eff. Mansour and Ahmed Eff. Hassan Zaki for much technical assistance; and to the Director, Sudan Medical Service, for permission to publish this paper.
Methylene dichloride and 1 :2‐dichloroethane. I. Solubility of water. II. Vapour pressure
Authors: Davies W. , Jaggeh J. B. , Whalley H. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe solubility of water in methylene chloride and I: 2‐dichloro‐ethane over the temperature range ‐ 20° to 40° and 80° respectively has been determined. The vapour pressures of the solvents, alone and in admixture, have been measured, and the composition of the varour phases of the mixed solvents determined at 10° intervals. over the range 20‐50°. Evidence of the formation of azeotropes with water is given; boiling point: composition and vapour pressure: boiling point relationships are derived. Mixtures of the two solvents are found closely to obey Raoult's law. The results are discussed in the light of Hildebrand's theory of liquids.
Surface active agents in aqueous and non‐aqueous media
Authors: Lomas H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper deals mainly with those agents which affect the properties of the solid/liquid interface. In the case of dispersions of solid particles the action is usually one of flocculation or de‐flocculation. The two photomicrographs (Figs. 1 and 2) illustrate the two conditions in the case of an aqueous suspension of lead chromate. Figure 1 shows the flocculated system and Fig. 2 the same system after the addition of a dispersing agent.
The reaction of sulphur and sulphur compounds with olefinic substances. Part VI. Factors influencing cyclic sulphide formation in the reaction of sulphur with polyisoprenes
Authors: Bloomneld George F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCyclic sulphides arc to a large extent secondary products of the reaction of primarily‐formed intermolecular polysulphides with polyisoprene hydrocarbon, and undue prolongation of the time of reaction of sulphur with polyisoprenes favours cyclic sulphide formation and so reduces the cross‐linking efficiency of the sulphur. Various accelerating substances markedly increase the cross‐linking efficiency either by permitting shorter reaction times to be employed, or by promoting a cross‐linking rather than a cyclizing reaction of the sulphur. Thiuram disulphide accelerators in the absence of sulphur bring about cross‐linking, the linkages being of C‐S‐C type rather than C‐C.
The determination of particle size distribution by means of the photoelectric sedimentometer
Authors: Bhansom S. H. , Dunning W. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe study of the properties of powders has received an increasing mount of attention during recent years.1 These properties my be classified, fiat, into bulk and average properties, and secondly, into individual properties. The bulk properties may be further divided into static and dynamic, the static properties being those which depend upon the static geometry of the powder. For example, bulk density, void distribution, flow through plugs and beds of powder, the number of contacts between powder particles and other packing properties arc static properties, whilst the dynamic ones are those concerned with Bow, such as angles of internal friction. The specific surface is an example of an average property. Individual properties arc those such as sizes and shapes of the panicles, and in these it is usually necessary to describe the results statistically by means of distribution functions.The size distribution is an important example of the latter. This details the number of individual grains in unit weight of a sample which have sizes within a differential range, and the first step in obtaining such a function is to describe the size in a convenient way. When the particles are all similar in shape, their sizes can be simply defined, but the further removed the particle shapes are from geometrical figures, the more difficult it becomes to describe the size by one parameter. There are a number of different ways of defining the size of grains; Green,1 Martin,3 Perrot and Kinney,4 Weigell,5 Work,6 Heywood7 and others recommend various “diameters” derived from microscopic methods. Other “diameters” are due to Andreasen, “and Odén” The diameter used depends partly upon the available methods of measuring or upon the likelihood of correlating it with some other property of interest. To take account of the limitations of the various methods, a further parameter, called the “shape factor” is often utilized. The “shape factor” in general terms usually implies some constant or parameter which will allow one parameter of the particle to be derived from another.
The determination of phosphorus in hamatite iron and steel by the molybdenum blue method
Authors: Harrison T. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFollowing a review of previous work Vaughn's method is selected for modification and incorporation in a composite scheme of analysis. Colour stability curves show that stannous chloride is superior to other reducing agents and indicate the optimum acid concentration for reproducibility. Observations are made on the order of reagent additions and procedures are derailed for haematite iron and steel.
High efficiency laboratory fractionation. I. Gauze ring packing and flooding technique for laboratory columns
Authors: Dison O. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development of gauze ring random packing for laboratory scale fractionating columns is described. The packing consists of small open‐ended cylinders of wire gauze and the column is operated in such a manner that a thin film of liquid is maintained over the entire surface of these cylinders. This Aim is produced by flooding the packing before the start of a fractionation and a method of doing this is described. This packing shows a high fractionating efficiency, a fractionating performance of 84 theoretical plates per foot of height having been obtained with some columns. It has also a low hold‐up per theoretical plate and a low pressure drop. It may be used in place of other packings in existing columns.High efficiency fractionation has been developed in the Billingham laboratories of the Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited, primarily for the analysis of complex hydrocarbon mixtures. Before 1936, the most common random packings were glass and metal beads,1 Lessing rings of metal or ceramic materials,2 metal eyelets, carding teeth,3 and jack chain.4 The fractionating efficiency of these packings was low, being only equivalent to about four theoretical plates per foot of height.Notable increases in efficiency were later obtained by Fenske5 using single turn wire helices, by Stedman6 who used a regular packing in the form of conical wire gauzes and by Lecky and Ewell7 who produced a spiral packing made from wire gauze.It was found in these laboratories that the gauze packings of Stedman and Lecky and Ewell were difficult to construct, needed precision bore glass tubing to ensure high efficiency, and that a uniform flow of reflux over the gauze surface was not obtainable. To improve the liquid distribution copper gauze cylinders in the form of Lessing rings 1/8 in. × 1/8 in. were introduced into the empty spaces around the cones of the Stedman packing and a great improvement in efficiency was obtained. A further improvement was obtained by removing the gauze cones completely and replacing them with more gauze rings. Since this cylindrical packing was comparatively easy to manufacture and use, the development work on other packings was abandoned and from 1941 to 1943 a study was made of the variables affecting the performance of this packing. The results of this work are summarized in this paper. A mixture of 20% normal heptane and 80% methyl cyclohexane was used throughout for the determination of fractionating efficiency.
A “Tablet” method for the determination of dissolved oxygen in de‐aerated water
Authors: Killner Wycliffe 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe part played by oxygen dissolved in feed water in the corrosion of marine boilers has long been known, and de‐aerating plants to eliminate or reduce the oxygen content have been installed wherever a closed feed system exists. This method is designed to enable the determination of dissolved oxygen to be carried out by ships' personnel, so that a check can be kept on the de‐aerating plant and closed feed system.
An improved technique for measurement of the dispersing powers of detergents
Authors: Snell Foster D. , Reich Irving 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEffective detergent action requires that soil be detached from the fabric. The usual technique with detergents is then to de‐flocculate and suspend in the detergent solution so that it can be rinsed away without re‐deposition. Experience shows that lack of sufficient dispersing power is the most common reason for poor detergent performance.A method for measuring dispersing power previously described has been made simpler and less time‐consuming. The present method calls for agitating a lightly‐oiled umber soil with detergent solution, permitting to stand in a Nessler tube for two hours, then pipetting off a sample of the suspension and determining its turbidity in a modified electric turbidimeter. The results are best expressed directly as 100 times the reciprocal of the length needed to just obscure the filament. The variation of reciprocal value with concentration of suspended soil is shown to be linear.When the detergent solution is cloudy, a correction is applied by subtracting the reciprocal reading of the detergent solution from the reciprocal reading of the suspension, thus obtaining a corrected reciprocal reading.Typical dispersing power values for various types of detergents are listed. Soaps yield Values considerably higher than most synthetic agents.
Application of fumigants to ships and warehouses. VI. Fumigation of dried fruit with methyl bromide in chambers
Authors: Page A. B. P. , Lubatti O. F. , Russell John 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThese experiments are the first of a series designed to provide safe and efficient fumigation of dried fruit with methyl bromide. Bituminous felt chambers can be used with safety if they are well made and kept in good condition, but loss of methyl bromide exceeds the unavoidable loss by sorption in the fruit and wooden. boxes. With the usual open stacking, distribution and penetration arc satisfactory and only slight improvement is produced by Slow circulation. In these experiments airing for two hours was sufficient to permit unloading. Residues in fruit are extremely small.
α‐monostearin and sodium stearate as emulsifying agents
Authors: Jellinek H. H. G. , Anson H. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractI. Interfacial tensions of the following systems have been measured at 70°C. by a capillary height method:(a) Water‐white oil containing α‐monostearin against water; (b) Water‐white oil against water containing sodium stearate; (c) Water‐white oil containing α‐monostearin against water containing sodium stearate.The areas (in Angstrom units) occupied by each molecule at the interface have been evaluated from the interfacial data obtained.2. Separation of phases at 70° of emulsions of Water‐white oil and water containing cither α‐monostearin in the oil or sodium stearate in wafer or both emulsifying agents, has been studied under controlled conditions. The phase volume ratio has been kept constant at I : I in all experiments.3. It was ascertained that α‐monostearin gives W/O emulsions, but that the addition of sodium stearate to the water phase leads to the formation of O/W emulsions. The amount of sodium stearate needed to bring about the inversion is only slightly dependent on the concentrations of e‐monostearin in the range of concentrations investigated. A combination of both emulsifying agents gives more stable emulsions than equivalent amounts of each emulsifying agent alone. The mechanism of inversion is discussed. The appearance of the emulsions has been characterised microscopically.
Prevention of gas explosions in chemical manufacturing plants
Authors: Jones Elwyn 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe normal method of eliminating the danger of explosion with mixtures of an inflammable gas and air or oxygen is to render the mixture incapable of flame propagation either by using a large excess of one component or by the addition of an inert diluent. Consideration of the limits of inflammability of mixed gases suggests another and more powerful method, namely, the introduction of an additional inflammable ingredient of a type which has a low upper limit of flame propagation. The hit concentration being measured by volume, suitable additives will normally be characterized by a high molecular weight. A wide choice of such materials is available so that a suitable additive can probably be found to satisfy any specific requirement.
High efficiency laboratory fractionation. II. Glass laboratory stills
Authors: Dixon O. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo glass fractionating columns for precise laboratory work are described. They have boilers of capacity 200 ml. and 1 litre respectively. Both are capable of fractionating material of boiling point up to 300° c. at atmospheric or reduced pressure.The boiler and column in each case are surrounded by oil jackets which prevent heat losses from the system. Boilers and jackets are electrically heated.Gauze ring packing, fully described in a previous paper,1 is used together with a device which enables the packing to be flooded and it is to these features that the high efficiency of the fractionating columns is ascribed.In a previous paper1 the development and use of gauze ring packing for high efficiency fractionation was described and the importance of proper preflooding was emphasized. This paper describes fractionating apparatus which is easily controlled, in which the operating conditions have been determined, and where gauze ring packing may be used to its full advantage.
Organoleptic tests in the food industry. III.‐Some statistical considerations in organoleptic tests
Authors: Wood Eric C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe principles underlying the correct interpretation of the judgments of Tasting Panels are discussed with special reference to the use of an analysis of variance. Certain assumptions inherent in present methods for assigning palatability scores are examined critically. There is some risk of erroneous conclusions when a series of scores, each for one desirable quality, is to be combined to obtain a single score for general palatability; suggestions arc made for improving the correlation between such scores and consumers' actual verdicts.
A modified vapour‐liouid equilibrium still
Authors: Fowler R. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor many years the equilibrium still proposed by Othmer in 1928,1 and its modifications by Carey and Lewis,2 Trimble and Pott,3 Langdon and Keyes4 and others have been widely used and sad to give good results. Other workers, viz., Jones, Schoenborn yd Colburn,5 Scatchard, Raymond and. Gilman6 have reported variations, in the results previously obtained, and proposed designs of varying complexity. It is therefore a matter of some difficulty to decide which results should be accepted.
The auto‐siphon meter. A device for the precise measurement of liquid flow
Authors: Miles F. D. , Smith David 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe auto‐siphon meter is essentially an automatic pipette which receives a continuous flow of liquid and delivers it into a pipe or tank below, in successive discharges which are constant in volume to at least 1 in 500, at any overall rate in a considerable range. The number of discharges is recorded by a counter. The meter was developed to give an accurate estimation of the production of nitric acid or sulphuric acid plants, but can be used for the measurement of any mobile liquid. The usual method of “dipping” with graduated rods in calibrated storage tanks is sound in principle, but has many practical disadvantages and long experience has shown that to determine accurately the amount of a production or of n supply of liquid acid, some better means than this must be found.
A thermostatically‐controlled micro‐polarimeter tube
Authors: Kacser H. , Ubbelohde A. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA discussion is given of the design of tubes for precision micropolarimetry, which involves the consideration of sources of error negligible in ordinary tubes. A micro‐tube has been developed which is adapted to the conventional polarizer and analyser. Special provision has been made for easy filling and recovery of solution, accurate temperature control, and rapid temperature changes. The design minimizes errors due to optical and manipulative causes. Comparison with other polarimeters described in the literature shows that the precision is equal to that of good macro‐tubes and better than most micro‐tubes. The range of conditions over which Useful data can be obtained is substantially wider than with previously described micro‐tubes.
Practical experience in silica‐assisted coagulation of polluted surface water
Authors: Sherratt J. Graham 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSome methods for the preparation and use of “Activated Silica” as an aid to aluminium sulphate in the coagulation of polluted waters arc described. It is shown that transfer from laboratory tests to full scale plant operation involves certain modifications for the successful use of activated silica. Suitable ratios of silica to aluminium sulphate are mentioned, and general methods of operating the process arc discussed. Reference is briefly made to relative running costs, and to some advantages that may be derived from the application of this system.