bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discussion on ‘Analysis of residual subsidence movements in the UK coalfields’
Authors: Yao X. L. , Reddish D. J. 
Published: November 2007

N. R. Goulty writes: Yao & Reddish published an empirical formula for the duration of mining subsidence in months,
t
, expressed as a linear function of the mining depth in metres,
h
, and the percentage of hard rock in the overburden,
p
:

t
= 1.5553 + 0.0321h + 0.037
p
. (1)

They presented a nomograph based on this formula,which they recommended as a tool for civil engineers to calculate the time span after which no precautions need be taken to protect surface buildings from further damage due to residual subsidence.

The observations used to find (1) are shown in Fig. 10 and Table 2 of Yao & Reddish's paper. There were a total of twelve observations of residual subsidence at known depths, but the percentage of hard rock in the overburden was only known in nine cases. They first found the line of regression for
t
on
h
, using all twelve observations:

t
= 3.1854 + 0.0321
h
. (2)

Then, in the nine cases for which
p
was known, they found the line of regression for the residuals, Δ
t
, between observed values of
t
and those predicted from (2), on
p
:

Δ
t
= - 1.6301 + 0.037
p
. (3)

Finally, they combined (2) and (3) to produce (1). This procedure may appear to be attractive in the absence of a complete dataset, but in fact it is not statistically rigorous and results in a prediction function which is not optimum.
Generalized matrix inversion produces the best solution, in the least-squares sense, for the
Moisture retention characteristics of coastal sabkhas
Authors: Sabtan A. , Al-Saify M. , Kazi A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Water plays an important role in governing the properties and behaviour of engineering soils. The amount of water a soil can retain depends not only on the nature of soil, including its mineral composition, texture and structure, but also on the type and concentration of the salts dissolved in the water. In this experimental study, samples of a siliciclastic aeolian soil are mixed separately with different concentrations of salt water. The mixing waters used in these experiments are representative of the groundwaters encountered in different types of sabkhas occurring near the coastal town of Dahban in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A number of graphs are prepared to display relationships between the salinity of the mixing water and the amount of water that is retained by the soil at different temperatures. In general, the higher the salinity of the groundwater, the greater is the amount of water retained by the sabkha. For the same drying temperature, the rate of moisture decrease diminishes with time. The maximum rate of moisture decrease is experienced by the soil mixed with the least concentrated salt solution.
Seismic hazard mapping of Jordan
Authors: Malkawi Abdallah I. Husein , Al-Homoud Azm S. , Liang Robert Y. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Earthquake hazard maps for Jordan are presented in this paper. These maps show the peak ground acceleration (PGA) on bedrock and modified MercaUi intensity (MMI), both with 907fb3e69crobability of not being exceeded during a period of 50, 100 and 200 years. The probabilistic PGA and MMI values are calculated based on the line source model in the computer program FRISK (McGuire 1978). The line sources in Jordan and the vicinity are identified to include nine distinctive seismic sources. The pertinent parameters of each line source, such as the
b
-parameter in the Gutenberg-Richter formula, the annual rate λ4 and the upper bound magnitude
m
1
, are determined from two sets of seismic data: the historical earthquake records and the instrumentally recorded earthquake data (1900–1991). The seismic hazard maps are intended for preliminary analysis of new designs and seismic check of existing civil engineering structures.
Weathering and weathering processes
Authors: Price D. G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Definitions of weathering are examined and a definition of weathering for geotechnical purposes is proposed. Weathering is achieved by weathering processes, which depend upon the nature of the new environment to which the geological materials are introduced. Weathering processes are reviewed with particular reference to examples from engineering practice. The weathering product, the modified geological material and mass, is a consequence of the interaction of the weathering processes and the geological materials and mass on which the weathering processes act. Modes of weathering of particular rock types are reviewed. The paper concludes with a discussion of classification policy, recommending simplification.
Description and classification of weathered rocks for engineering purposes: the background to the BS5930:1981 proposals
Authors: Dearman W. R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
With the impending publication of the first revision of BS5930:1981 it is pertinent to set down the background to the simple statements made for the descriptive terms proposed for the weathering of rock material and the scale of weathering grades of the rock mass. The seminal accounts published in the 1950s related to the weathering of granite at engineering sites in the Snowy Mountains, Australia, by Moye, and a scientific account of the weathering of granite in Hong Kong by Ruxton and Berry. Fifteen years later, these early accounts provided the basis for two Geological Society Engineering Group Working Party Reports in 1970 and 1972 as guides to good site investigation practice. A statement on the weathered state of a rock, or engineering soil, comprised only one element of a scheme of description in which the rock name was prefixed by selected descriptive terms of the rock in the hand specimen as a material and in the mass, with suffixes used to indicate the main engineering properties, one of which was the estimated mechanical Strength of the rock material. Because a similar descriptive scheme was adopted for BS5930:1981, it was felt appropriate at that stage to omit any reference to strength in the proposed scale of weathering grades of the rock mass and the descriptive terms for the weathering of rock material. However, the strength criterion was dealt with separately in the full engineering description.
This change was part of a growing dissatisfaction with some aspects of the earlier descriptive schemes for rocks. After publication of BS5930:1981, the descriptive scheme for weath- ering was later criticized as being too restricted in scope and not easily applicable to a wide range of rock types and structural situations, although this was the original intention. As a basis for discussion, a reversion to Australian experience was proposed using a much simplified classification. The proposal envisaged four so-called condition-terms combined with descriptive terms for rock material strength, closely parallel to the original Moye classification of weathered granite material. This scheme holds out the prospect of application to a wide range of rock types in varying structural conditions.
Drakensberg basalts: their alteration, breakdown and durability
Authors: Haskins D. R. , Bell F. G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The basalts of the Drakensberg Formation consist of a succession of lava flows which total some 1400m in thickness. Many of the lava flows are characterized by amygdaloidal zones. Many of the primary minerals within the basalts have been subjected to varying degrees of deuteric alteration which has led to the formation of clay, and chlorite and zeolite to a lesser extent. Some interstitial glass has also broken down to form clay. These secondary minerals, together with zeolites which occur notably as amygdaloidal fillings, mean that many of the basalts break down rapidly on exposure. The breakdown results principally from the expansion which occurs when the clay minerals swell on absorption of water. This gives rise to crazing.
The mineral content of the basalts was determined by modal analysis and X-ray diffraction. In addition, methylene blue adsorption was used to estimate the clay content. The secondary mineral rating was determined primarily from the modal analyses. Soak tests and free swell tests using ethylene glycol and water; water absorption, wet and dry, and freeze- thaw tests were carded out to assess the durability of these basalts. The olivine basalts and those types which contained disseminated clay spots were the least durable, some breaking down rapidly on testing. This was caused mainly by the expansion of clay minerals. Water absorption was also influenced by the presence of zeolites, notably laumontite. Another factor which has to be taken into account in relation to break down and durability is texture since this can restrict access of water to swelling minerals.
Textural and microstructural influences on the durability of Waikato Coal Measures mudrocks
Authors: Moon Vicki G. , Beattie A. G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Data on durability, petrography and microstructure are presented for 27 specimens of Waikato Coal Measures mudrocks: fine-grained, carbonaceous rocks, which are dominated by kaolinite clays, and have low durabilities. The poor durability is not caused by swelling clays. Rather, slaking is believed to result from the release of residual stresses within the rock following weakening by water adsorption on to clay surfaces and a consequent loss in cohesiveness. This mechanism favours fragmentation into small, water-stable fragments, rather than dispersion of clays into the water. The amount of day-sized material in the rocks provides the most direct control on the durability, but mierostructural features are also recognized as important: specimens with a discontinuous matrix have a slightly lower durability than those with a continuous matrix.
The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah: a geotechnical perspective
Authors: Harris G. M. , Beardow A. P. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper examines the geotechnical background to the destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah as described in the Book of Genesis. The paper inter-relates structural geology, geotechnical properties of near-surface sediments and seismicity with aspects of bitumen production and water supply. Conclusions suggest that the legendary Vale of Siddim was located to the northeast of the Lisan Peninsula at the southern extremity of the present-day North Basin of the Dead Sea. The destruction of the cities was the consequence of a seismic event leading to liquefaction of the alluvial plain constituting the Vale of Siddim. The event thus represents the first liquefaction event in recorded Judaeo-Christian history. The cities of Sodom and Gomorrah were lost beneath the waters of the North Basin as a consequence.
The paper illustrates the contribution of geology and engineering to a study of historical interest.
The misclassification matrix: a tool for validating geotechnical data
Authors: Nathanail C. P. , Rosenbaum M. S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The misclassification matrix offers a powerful way to establish how reliable are the measurements of a geotechnical property and how well defined are the categories in a classification scheme. Using soil strength in a case history, poor agreement was generally observed between the field description of soil consistency and the undrained shear strength as measured in quick undrained triaxial tests on ‘undisturbed’ samples. A misclassification matrix was used to show the disparity between description and measurement. Errors in the description of strength may have accounted for discrepancies of one class but not of two and three classes. This suggests that the sampling process tended to result in weakening probably due to stress relief and sample disturbance effects.
The long-term weathering of PFA and implications for groundwater pollution
Authors: Lee S. , Spears D. A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Borehole samples of weathered PFA were taken from an ash disposal mound at a major British power station. The oldest ash studied was deposited in 1975. XRD and SEM investigation of weathered PFA showed no substantial changes in mineralogy, such as the formation of secondary clay minerals, as the result of weathering. However, element concentrations in porewater and PFA varied as a function of depth indicating (a) reaction of PFA with infiltrating porewaters and attainment of equilibrium (Ca, SO4
2-
, Ba, St), (b) reaction without attainment of equilibrium (Mg, Na, K, B, Mo) and (c) elements infiltrating into the PFA from the surface (Cl
-
, NO
3
-
). The depth trends were used to assess mobility and migration of elements in the PFA mound and thus to produce information on leachate evolution in older PFA disposal sites in which leachates could either enter surface waters or pass downwards into groundwater.
Evaluation of alluvial aquifers for small-scale irrigation in part of the southern Sahel, West Africa
Authors: Hazell J. R. T. , Barker M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Aquifers in the sand alluvium of the broad riverine flats (fadama) of the southern Sahel and northern Sudan climatic zones of West Africa are a major source of water for irrigation essential to crops in bad years. Annual recharge is from rivers flowing seasonally into the Sahel from the wetter south. Landforms which evolved in the mid Tertiary control the modern drainage. From the Pleistocene onwards rivers vigorously eroded the crystalline highlands of the Jos and Air massifs and carried the coarse alluvium far downstream. The resulting aquifers are often several kilometres wide and mostly over ten metres thick, sometimes much thicker, and are capped by late Pleistocene loessic soils. Aquifer properties are typical of the mostly coarse unconsolidated sands. The alluvial groundwater is reached and abstracted by methods appropriate in scale to family size farms. The system of farming and irrigating is socially beneficial and economically viable. The paper concludes with case studies of three rivers of Bauchi State in Nigeria. The alluvial aquifers are evaluated and related to irrigation potential, expressed as the percentage of land which may be irrigated using only the groundwater beneath it.
Regional trends in matrix porosity and dry density of the Chalk of England
Authors: Bloomfield J. P. , Brewerton L. J. , Allen D. J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Laboratory measurements of porosity and dry density are presented for 2045 core samples from the Chalk of England. The data are subdivided on the basis of gross stratigraphy, i.e. Lower, Middle and Upper Chalk, and into four geographical areas: Northern England, East Anglia, Thames & Chilterns and Southern England. Statistical analysis of the data shows (i) that the porosity distributions for the Upper Chalk of the Southern and Thames & Chilterns regions are indistinguishable, (ii0 that the porosity distributions for the middle and Lower Chalk of the East Anglian region are indistinguishable, and (iii) that the porosity distributions for each of the gross stratigraphical units from all other regions are statistically discrete. Porosities range from 3.3% to 55.5%, with a mean porosity of 34.0%. Dry densities range from 1210 kg/m
3
to 2510 kg/m
3
, with a mean dry density of 1790 kg/m
3
. In a given region there is a trend of increasing porosity from Lower to Middle to Upper Chalk. There are systematic variations in porosity between the regions. There is a trend of increasing porosity from the Northern England region to the Southern England region, to the Thames & Chilterns region, to East Anglia. No significant systematic variations in porosity-depth gradients were observed. Chalk porosity-depth gradients are typically high, of the order of -0.07 to -0.1 porosity per cent per metre.
Rapid failures of colliery spoil heaps in the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: Siddle H. J. , Wright M. D. , Hutchinson J. N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The exploitation of the South Wales Coalfield, particularly from the last quarter of the nineteenth century onward, was accompanied by numerous instances of instability within spoil heaps and their foundation materials. Sudden failures which were sufficiently rapid to overwhelm property and services and, in some instances, to threaten life, occurred on at least twenty three occasions, details of which are provided. It is believed that thesel included sixteen flow slides, five debris slides and two failures caused by outbursts of groundwater. At five sites, debris flow was a secondary failure mechanism. The locations of these failures are mostly clustered in those parts of the coalfield with the highest relief and with the highest rainfall, although antecedent rainfall conditions for the failures were variable. Most are shown to be associated with active tipping faces, but one flow slide is believed to have occurred on a tip four years after its abandonment and an outburst failure on a tip fifteen years old. The occurrence of rapid failures is shown to mirror the development of the coalfield but has ceased largely as a result of legislation to improve tipping practice, which was enacted following the Aberfan flow slide.
The engineering properties and behaviour of the brickearth of south Essex
Authors: Northmore K. J. , Bell F. G. , Culshaw M. G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Brickearth occurs in south Essex where it overlies Quaternary terrace gravels and London Clay of Eocene age. In places it is as much as 8 m in thickness. Quartz is the most abundant mineral and feldspar occurred in most specimens examined. Of the clay type minerals, mica is generally more abundant than mont- morillonite which, in turn, is more abundant than kaolinite. Calcium carbonate occurs as grains, concretionary nodules and thin tube fillings.

The moisture content normally varies between 12 and 25% and the soils are of low to high plasticity. Clayey, silty and sandy brickearths are recognized, with most belonging to the silty variety. They are uniform to well sorted with most samples having a positive skewness. The porosity of the brickearths is around 40% with a mean dry density of 1.68 Mg/m
3
.

Brickearth can have a collapsible fabric. In the case of the brickearths from south Essex this was assessed in terms of collapse indices and the oedometer test. About half the samples tested in the oedometer were metastable. As would be expected, the degree of compressibility of these brickearths is high.
The undrained shear strength of these brickearths showed that they ranged from very soft to very stiff. There is a general tendency for shear strength to decrease with depth as the soil near the ground surface has a ‘crust-like’ nature.
Hydraulic pulse testing of single fractures in porous and deformable hard rocks
Authors: Rutqvist Johnny 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Single borehole pulse injection tests were carried out on single natural fractures in granitic rocks at a depth of 80 to 417 metres to determine the hydraulic aperture. Pressure pulses were created by injecting a small volume of water into the fracture using a compressed-air driven downhole valve. The pulses were of short duration with a fast pressure decay and apertures as small as a few microns could be measured. The field tests were modelled with a finite element program which simulates coupled fluid flow and mechanical deformation in both the fracture and the ambient rock matrix. The results of modelling show that if fracture flow dominates, then the storativity is dominated by the mechanical deformation of the fracture. For the short duration pulse tests used in this study, the deformation of the fracture and thus the storativity is restricted by the stiffness of the ambient rock. The results of the modelling indicated that the fracture storativity is close to 3.5 x 10
8
. Field tests in hard rocks can therefore be evaluated with conventional curve matching methods using an assumed storativity to determine flow dimension and transmissivity. The known storativity makes the determination of hydraulic aperture of the fracture less subjective.
The influence of joint-planes on the mass strength of Hong Kong saprolitic soils
Authors: Au S. W. C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Saprolitic soils containing relict joint-planes are common throughout Hong Kong in areas of
in situ
weathering of granites and volcanic rocks. A series of shear box tests on both the joints and the matrix soil of sarolitic soils is reported. The results reaffirm that the shear strength of the relict joints is much lower than that of the matrix soil, though the difference may diminish as decomposition advances. Relict joint-planes cannot therefore be ignored in assessing the mass strength for slope design in saprolitic soils, especially in the relatively less decomposed zones.
Naturally fractured rock mass quality zonation in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Sadagah Bahaaeldin H. , Sen Zekai 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The intensity of joints varies spatially throughout any rock mass, therefore the description of the whole rock mass quality by a single conventional rock quality designation(RQD) value is rather insufficient.In practice, the rock mass quality changes along any line through a rock mass depending on the direction of measurement. A new statistical method is proposed for expressing rock quality data which involves deriving an empirical RQD distribution from scanline data. The method is demonstrated with reference to three different quality rock masses in Saudi Arabia. The distribution can be used in the assessment of the level of risk entailed in adopting a particular single design value of RQD.
Regional gas geochemistry in an active tectonic zone, Erzurum Basin, eastern Turkey
Authors: Salih Bayraktutan, M. , Merefield, J. R. , Grainger, P. , Evans, B. M. , Yilmaz M. , Kalkan E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The Karasu Plain is an intermontane sedimentary basin with a Miocene—Quaternary volcanicbasement, andesitic-basalticlava flows and fissure eruptions of basaltic lava. It was filled in the early Quaternary by lacustrine fan-delta deposits, and later by fluvial-alluvial fan deposits. The basin is characterized by NNE-SSW trending sinistral wrench faults on its eastern margin and ENE-WSW trending reverse faults on its southern margin. Both systems of active faults intersect very near to Erzurum, which is considered to be the most likely site for the epicentre of a probable future large earthquake. Regional gas geochemistry has therefore been undertaken adjacent to the city of Erzurum, in order to characterize radon levels over the varied lithologies, examine the potential for geological fault mapping and assess the status of fault activity. Initially,41 sites were sampled and analysed for Rn, CO
2
, O
2
and CH
4
in soils along three traverses to the east (8.26km and 4.5km length) and to the west (6.8km length) of Erzurum. During the first investigation, 495 Rn determinations were made from 165 samples at 41 sites over a ten-day period, during which a small earthquake (M=2.95) occurred. Another 211 sites have been subsequently used for Rn investigations including one traverse through the centre of the city. Additionally,water samples were degassed for Rn and soils tested at five key sites around the Erzurum Plain. Radon was readily detected in soils at all sites. Both
222
Rn and
220
Rn were present at most. Soils over major lithologies gave characteristic signals and, in all traverses, anomalously high values coincided with active faults. Little correlation was found between spring gases (thermal and cold) and adjacent soils. De-gassed spring water Rn values proved highest along the southern margin of the basin and CO
2
values were highest along the northern edge.