bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Acoustic Emission to Detect the Onset of Interlaminar Shear Failure in Short Beam Fatigue Specimens
Authors: Edwards JH 
Published: February 2009

Interlaminar shear failure caused by fatigue loading has been studied in carbonepoxy and glass-epoxy unidirectional composites. Short beam specimens were subjected to three-point bending loading with low mean stress, high mean stress, and zero mean stress at a range of alternating stresses to give lives in the range 104 to 107 cycles.
The indications of incipient failure given by acoustic emission were confirmed by ultrasonic Cscan and cutup. Of 150 specimens, only five failed to be confirmed by all three techniques.
After some initial trials to determine optimum gain levels and the addition of a voltage-controlled gate, acoustic emission proved simple to use, reliable, and accurate.
Computerized Laboratory and Analytical Data Management System
Authors: Lukas M 
Published: February 2009

Local area networks using personal computers have come of age. The features of such networks to share hardware, software, and data have made them an attractive and cost effective system which can be integrated into the operation of the typical metal analysis laboratory.
This paper is divided into two sections. The first section describes the basic building blocks of a local area network, their capabilities, and the key factors that must be considered in selecting a system for an analytical laboratory. The second section is an example of how to combine network technology with a software package to create a computerized laboratory and analytical data management system.
Implementation and Automation of Analytical Statistical Process Control
Authors: Linde TR 
Published: February 2009

The goal of analytical statistical process control (ASPC) is to reduce process variability, which in turn will improve the quality of our products. In the case of laboratories, the products are analyses. The analyses, in turn, are used for process control and to verify that products meet customer specifications.
ASPC is implemented through use of control charts, which require a modest understanding of statistics. This paper briefly describes the practical side of developing and interpreting control charts. It also includes a discussion on what is needed to automatically maintain and interpret control charts for use with multi-element analyzers, such as optical emission (OE), X-ray fluoresence (XRF), and plasma spectrometers.
Quality Control System for X-Ray Analysis at Inland Steel Industries
Authors: Martin JE 
Published: February 2009

Inland Steel Industries operates three X-ray units in two separate locations which provide routine analysis for blast furnace iron, blast furnace slag, sinter, iron pellets, and other raw materials on a 24 h basis. The original quality system's primary objective was to determine when the X-ray instruments needed to be recalibrated by the use of control samples. The original system generated enormous volumes of control data which were unmanageable without a computer data base. A system was developed using a TSO based cathode ray tube (CRT) terminal and a SAS data base. SAS/FSP (full screen product) screens are used to collect the data, and programs have been written to generate various statistics and plots. The new system has been in operation for approximately two years. It is used to generate daily reports on performance data and is used as a base for several internal check systems for the X-ray units. Because the data are readily available, it has been also used to solve various production problems. The data also can be presented in a statistical process control (SPC) format and have lead to the use of SPC control charts on the instrumentation and on the production samples.
The system completes its primary objective of X-ray control and provides many other benefits. These will be described in detail from data collection to finished reports and graphic plots. Future modification to the system will be also discussed.
Key Word Standardization in Vertebrate Pest Control
Authors: Timm RM , Salmon TP , Schmidt RH 
Published: February 2009

Key words are becoming more useful as a means of locating bibliographic material. We expect their utility to increase as more persons use computers to store and retrieve information in data bases.
Previous ASTM Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials symposia proceedings have required the inclusion of key words; however, we have found that there is too much variability among these key words to enable them to be efficiently used. In the previous four symposia volumes, 104 articles used 469 different key words (\_-X = 7.38 key words per article). Only 12 key words were used more than five times and 375 were used once. We found many examples of synonymous key words. When used in computer information systems, this lack of standardization makes retrieval difficult or less productive.
We propose guidelines for choosing key words. Further, we give a suggested list of key words for articles dealing with vertebrate pest control. Use of these guidelines should lend a greater uniformity to information storage and retrieval in this field by aiding authors, editors, persons searching the literature, and persons developing their own data bases.
Surveys as an Approach to Gathering Animal Damage Information
Authors: Crabb AC , Salmon TP , Marsh RE 
Published: February 2009

With limited resources available for vertebrate pest research and control, the use of surveys can be a cost-effective means of gathering certain kinds of data. Information from which to establish research priorities and for establishing control programs or modifying existing programs can be gathered with the careful use of surveys.
Three survey methods are most commonly used: telephone surveys, mailed questionnaires, and personal (face-to-face) interview-type surveys. Each method has its good points and specific shortcomings. The type of information desired, the number of responses needed for an appropriate sample, the geographic area encompassed by the survey, and resources available are major determinants of which survey type to use.
Special attention must be given to assure that biases are not produced by the nature of the survey, those conducting the survey, or those participating in the survey. Biases that do occur should be measured and acknowledged. Analysis of surveys can be made easier with the use of computer-based statistical packages such as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS).
Experience with several types of surveys for gathering information and data are discussed along with an overview of some past uses of surveys in the field of vertebrate pest control and wildlife management.
Levels of Strychnine in Poisoned Ground Squirrel Stomachs
Authors: O'Brien JM 
Published: February 2009

Strychnine chopped cabbage bait has been used to control ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp.) in Nevada since 1975. The amount of bait present in the gastrointestinal tract of poisoned ground squirrels is unknown. One hundred forty-two stomachs of poisoned Richardson ground squirrels (S. richardsoni nevadenisis) were analyzed for strychnine. Strychnine averaged 2.3 mg (s = 2.4 mg, range 0.1 to 19.1 mg). In relation to kg bodyweight, strychnine averaged 13.0 mg/kg (s = 11.4 mg/kg, range 0.2 to 64.1 mg/kg).
Ground squirrel age, sex, body weight, and bait strength influenced (P &lt; 0.05) strychnine mg. Age, bait strength (P &lt; 0.01), and application rate (P &lt; 0.005) influenced strychnine mg/kg.
Wide ranges in mg and mg/kg values may be due to other factors in addition to the variables examined. These factors include: bait distribution pattern, length of bait exposure, and susceptibility to strychnine.
Reducing application rate and bait strength lowered mg and mg/kg. Burrow baiting with 0.3% strychnine bait, 15 g per burrow, produced highest or intermediate levels of mg and mg/kg when compared to broadcast applications of 0.3% bait at 2.8 kg and 5.6 kg/ha.
A Methodology for Identifying Sources of Indirect Costs of Predation Control: A Study of Wyoming Sheep Producers
Authors: Jahnke LJ , Phillips C , Anderson SH , McDonald LL 
Published: February 2009

Indirect costs of predation on livestock are defined to be those out-of-pocket costs, including costs incurred in attempts to reduce predation, that are in addition to the direct loss of marketable animals. A methodology based on personal interview is presented to assess most indirect costs of predation on sheep. In this study, producers are stratified by numbers of sheep owned and location of operation within Wyoming with a simple random sample of producers selected in each stratum. Recommendations are given for interview procedures and minimum sample sizes because predator control activities and costs vary substantially among producers.
Average indirect costs per animal are estimated for producers in Wyoming during 1981. Additional potential indirect costs of predation not adequately addressed in this study are briefly discussed.
Use of the Microcomputer for Calculation of the Distribution of Galvanic Corrosion and Cathodic Protection in Seawater Systems
Authors: Astley DJ 
Published: February 2009

Use of an assumption that electric current flows only in one direction in seawater-carrying equipment constructed of more than one metal enables rapid calculation of the corrosion rate distribution employing small-memory microcomputers. There is negligible error associated with this assumption for typical seawater systems of essentially cylindrical geometry. Analytical expressions can usually be obtained, depending upon the experimentally determined electrode kinetics. The scope of the modelling procedure is indicated by examples of various practical seawater systems that have been examined at the design stage.
The distribution of cathodic protection has been analyzed within copper-alloy pipework attached to a steel hull, or to a small sacrificial anode, and also in a mixed-metal marine propulsion unit protected by zinc anodes. The cathodic electrode kinetics involved various combinations of potential-independent current density and linearly potential-dependent current density.
The distribution of galvanic corrosion has been calculated within a heat-exchanger system consisting of a cathodic tube-bundle and tubeplate connected via a copper-alloy header to a 7-m long copper-alloy pipe. Assessment was made for linear cathodic electrode kinetics and anodic electrode kinetics of the Butler-Volmer type. Calculations were also made for when the header was electrically insulated at both of its flanges. Assessment of the heat-exchanger system has been extended to cater for the copper-alloy pipe being electrically connected to a steel hull, although physically separated by an intervening plastic pipe, and to cover the case where the header is made from a cathodic material.
Galvanic Corrosion of Duplex Fe-Cr-10% Ni Alloys in Reducing Acids
Authors: Yau YH , Streicher MA 
Published: February 2009

The effect on corrosion of composition and microstructure in a series of Fe-Cr-10% Ni alloys with increasing chromium content has been investigated in reducing acids. In the range of 25 to 35% chromium there is a wide variation in the relative amounts of ferrite and austenite. In reducing acids (H2SO4 and HCl) there is preferential attack on the ferrite phases. However, the rate of attack on ferrite is considerably greater than expected on the basis of its chromium and nickel contents alone. This is because corrosion on the ferrite phase is significantly increased by galvanic action with the austenite in the microstructure. This galvanic effect is a function of the relative surface areas of the ferrite (anode) and the austenite (cathode).
Previous investigators have derived equations for the effect of relative surface areas of anodes and cathodes on galvanic corrosion of two dissimilar metals in the form of parallel sheets of constant composition. However, in the alloys of this investigation there are simultaneous changes, not only in the areas of ferrite and austenite, but also in the compositions of these two phases. In the analysis of the data on the Fe-Cr-10% Ni alloys, the mathematical treatment developed for relative areas with constant compositions has been used to separate this factor from that of the varying composition of ferrite and austenite. The results may contribute to an understanding of the action of duplex microstructures in castings, weldmetal, and duplex stainless steels when these are exposed to reducing acids during pickling and plant service.
Galvanic Corrosion in Power Plant Condensers
Authors: Gehring GA 
Published: February 2009

The use of dissimilar metal construction in power plant condensers is a common practice. It is not unusual to encounter condensers fabricated with stainless steel or titanium tubes, copper alloy tubesheets, and cast iron or carbon steel waterboxes. Furthermore, condensers initially furnished with copper alloy tubes and copper alloy tubesheets are frequently being retubed with stainless steel or titanium tubes. In several instances, the use of dissimilar alloys in power plant condensers has led to severe galvanic corrosion, particularly of the tubesheet.
The primary factors affecting galvanic corrosion in a condenser include the electrochemical characteristics (that is, potential and polarization) of the different alloys, the effective area relationships of the different alloys, and the specific characteristics of the cooling water (for example, conductivity, temperature, and so forth). A number of studies have been conducted to develop a better understanding of the relative influence and the interrelationship of these various factors. These studies, conducted under simulated condenser flow conditions, have shown that (1) the length of tube involved in a tubesheet/tube galvanic cell can extend beyond 6 m down the tube, depending on the tube alloy and water salinity; (2) the use of either titanium or stainless steel tubes with a copper alloy tubesheet can result in significant galvanic corrosion of the tubesheet; (3) galvanically coupling a Muntz metal tubesheet to either stainless steel or titanium can cause severe dezincification of the tubesheet; (4) the intensity of galvanic attack will tend to diminish as the salinity of the cooling water decreases; (5) the intensity of the galvanic attack will tend to diminish as the cooling water temperature decreases; (6) certain copper alloy tubesheets may be galvanically compatible with either stainless steel or titanium tubes if the cooling water salinity or temperature is sufficiently low; (7) as a tubesheet alloy coupled to either stainless steel or titanium tubes, aluminum bronze (Alloy D) is significantly less susceptible to galvanic attack than Muntz metal; (8) cathodic protection properly implemented can effectively mitigate galvanic attack of copper alloy tubesheets caused by more noble alloy tubes, and (9) the cathodic protection current required to mitigate galvanic corrosion will be greater in higher salinity, higher temperature cooling water.
Release Rate Tests for a Mathematical Model
Authors: Smith EE , Green TJ 
Published: February 2009

A standard ASTM Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products (E906-83) is used to provide the basic reaction kinetic information for a mathematical model of a developing fire in a compartment. The model, which is a true predictive model, was designed to utilize experimental release rate data in a simple and straightforward manner without assumptions regarding the ideality of burning, the change in release rate with time, or heat flux to the solid surface or the plane of decomposition.
The premise on which the model is based may be stated: if (1) release rate characteristics of a material or product are known for the range of conditions to which it is exposed in a real fire situation; and (2) its exposure as a function of time is known or predictable, then the real fire performance of the material or product can be predicted. The fire performance of materials and products are found from release rate tests; the exposure conditions are calculated as a function of time and position using the model.
Interpretation of the basic release rate data and reduction to the format required by the model is described. Methods are given for deriving the instantaneous values of release rate from data obtained during the progressive involvement phase of the specimen. Importance of good release rate data to the accurate prediction of a fire's development is illustrated.
Several assumptions made in formulating the model have been examined. The flux-time product (FTP) concept, as defined and used in this model, has been tested experimentally and, for the materials checked, has shown to be a useful and reliable indicator of ignition. Cumulative (total) heat release (THR) has also shown to be a good parameter for correlating changes in heat release rate for char-forming materials with changes in flux and time.
Quality of High-Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel Produced in the Electric Arc Furnace—Ladle Furnace—RH Vacuum Degassing Vessel—Vertical Continuous Caster
Authors: Uesugi T , Tsubota K 
Published: February 2009

The quality of high-carbon chromium bearing steel, SUJ2 (SAE52100), produced by the electric arc furnace (EF)-ladle furnace (LF)-Ruhrstahl-Heraeus vacuum degassing vessel (RH)-vertical type continuous caster (CC) process, including the effects of impurities and cold working on its fatigue life, was investigated.
Bearing steel made in the experimental 100-kg induction furnace was also subjected to a fatigue life test in order to confirm the effect of impurities. The substantially low oxygen content of the CC bearing steel has resulted not only in high cleanliness which doubles the life of conventional ingot steel, but also in the reduction of buildup of nonmetallic inclusions on the inner surface of an immersion nozzle. Due to this reduction, approximately 10 000 metric tons (68 heats) of steel can be cast from one tundish-one nozzle without interruptions.
The fatigue life test was performed on specimens where the center segregation of bearing steel lay on their running surfaces with results that flaking sites did not tend to concentrate in the center portion. In other words, tests were done when center segregation did not affect the life of the specimen.
It has become clear that the fatigue life of the CC-bearing steel, despite reduced impurities, still depends mainly on the oxygen content of the steel. Also, the life test on the specimens made in the experimental furnace has confirmed that titanium and sulfur are hardly related to the life as long as their contents are kept at levels generally found in commercial bearing steel.
The life was further extended by cold working even when the oxygen content was extremely reduced. The bearing steel manufactured by the EF-LF-RH-CC-cold working process is accordingly considered to exhibit the longest life in commercially mass produced bearing steel.
State Changes in Laboratory Microecosystems in Response to Chemicals from Three Structural Groups
Authors: David Yount J , Shannon LJ 
Published: February 2009

Generic mixed-flask culture microecosystems derived from small lake and pond planktonic communities were used to evaluate the effects of selected alcohols, aniline derivatives, and aromatic amides on pH and dissolved oxygen—ecosystem state variables which reflect energy flow and nutrient cycling processes within the systems.
Using changes in these variables as indicators of effect, the relative toxicity rankings of compounds within each group were determined and compared with the toxicity rankings established by fathead minnow acute toxicity tests. The ecosystem-level relative toxicity of three alcohols agreed with the toxicity rankings based on fathead minnow 96-h lowest-observed-effect levels (LOELs). The toxicity rankings of aniline and three of its derivatives were similar to those for the alcohols. For both alcohols and anilines, the ecosystem state variables were more sensitive than the fathead minnow lethality for the least toxic members of the group. A group of aromatic amides, which included an inhibitor of photosynthesis and an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, showed the most departure from the fathead minnow toxicity ranking. The amide compound that was least toxic to fathead minnows was most toxic at the ecosystem level.
These examples can be considered representative of situations that might be encountered in an early stage of ecosystem-level testing. For less well known toxicants, microcosm functional testing could assist in identifying chemicals that require more elaborate test procedures.
Environmental Chemicals and Biomembranes: Kinetics of Uptake and Influence on Membrane Functions
Authors: Ahlers J , Rösick E , Stadtlander K 
Published: February 2009

The uptake kinetics, accumulation, and metabolism of several radioactively labeled environmental chemicals by the eucaryotic microorganism yeast were studied. The results have shown that this test system rapidly provides information about the extent of uptake and accumulation of such chemicals as a function of various external conditions. Thus, different forms of environmental hazard can be simulated.
In addition, in several cases a correlation between inhibition of functional membrane proteins (adenosine triphosphatase and transport systems) and reduction of the cell growth rate was observed, which suggests that the toxicity of an environmental chemical may often be caused by the result of an interaction with important membrane components. The agreement of these results with acute toxicity data from the literature indicate that yeast is suitable for detecting potential hazards to higher organisms from chemicals.