bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lung cancer and smoking in a group of iron ore miners
Authors: Edling Christer 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that miners, in both uranium and nonuranium mines, have an increased lung cancer mortality, probably caused by exposure to radon and its daughters. The excess mortality has been observed primarily among smoking miners but some recent studies have also indicated a considerably increased risk among nonsmoking miners. This study, among a group of iron ore miners, was undertaken to further elucidate the somewhat unclear and presumably complex relationship of mining, smoking, and lung cancer. The results show a 16‐fold increase in lung cancer mortality among miners versus nonminers. Even nonsmoking miners seem to be at a rather high risk of developing lung cancer, but there was a tendency for the most heavy smoking miners to die earlier and to have a slightly shorter induction‐latency period for development of lung cancer than was found among the nonsmoking miners.
Occupational fluorosis through 50 years: Clinical and epidemiological experiences
Authors: Grandjean Philippe 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFifty years ago, in 1932, skeletal fluorosis was discovered as an occupational disease in cryolite workers in Copenhagen, Denmark. Following the initial reports, new cases were identified in other industries, such as the production of aluminum and superphosphate fertilizer. In light cases of fluorosis, the bone changes are often associated with nonspecific joint and muscle pains, but the disease may be entirely asymptomatic. The fluorideinduced osteosclerosis seems to be reversible, but the long‐term significance of fluoride accumulation in the body is not known. Family cases of dental fluorosis have been described in children of female cryolite workers. In addition, skeletal changes have occurred in long‐term residents near fluoride‐emitting industries, and in hot areas with high, natural fluoride levels in the drinking water. Skeletal fluorosis has only played a minor role in the discussion concerning fluoridation of drinking water, however. Changing and increasing uses of fluorides have led to a renewed interest in this occupational disease.
Occupational exposure to asbestos: Population at risk and projected mortality‐1980–2030
Authors: Nicholson William J. , Perkel George , Selikoff Irving J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEstimates have been made of the numbers of cancers that are projected to result from past exposures to asbestos in a number of occupations and industries. From 1940 through 1979, 27,500,000 individuals had potential asbestos exposure at work. Of these, 18,800,000 had exposure in excess of that equivalent to two months employment in primary manufacturing or as an insulator (> 2‐3 f‐yr/ml). 21,000,000 of the 27,500,000 and 14,100,000 of the 18,800,000 are estimated to have been alive on January 1, 1980.It is further estimated that approximately 8,200 asbestos‐related cancer deaths are now occurring annually. This will rise to about 9,700 annually by the year 2000. Thereafter, the mortality rate from past exposure will decrease, but still remain substantial for another three decades.
The interaction of ethyl alcohol and industrial chemicals
Authors: Hills Bruce W. , Venable Herbert L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA serious, relatively unrecognized, occupational health problem involves the interaction of ethyl alcohol and chemical agents used in industry. Workers who drink alcohol and are exposed to certain chemical agents may experience adverse health effects such as nausea, dizziness, headache, and liver damage. This report reviews the synergistic interactions of ethanol with compounds such as the thiurams, amides, oximes, halogenated hydrocarbons, and metals. Also discussed is the effect of ethanol as a cofactor with vinyl chloride in the etiology of cancer.
Carbon disulfide‐induced neuropsychiatric changes in grain storage workers
Authors: Peters Henry A. , Levine Ross L. , Matthews Charles G. , Sauter Steven L. , Rankin John H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe clinical and neuropsychiatric features of seven workers from the grain storage industry are described. All were exposed to fumigants, especially carbon disulfide and malathion. Clinical manifestations included cogwheel rigidity, resting and action tremor. peripheral neuropathy, pyramidal tract signs, an EEG pattern of sleep apnea, and characteristic measurable neurobehavioral dysfunction. Similar signs and symptoms due to carbon disulfide exposure in the viscose rayon industry strongly supported the conclusion that these grain storage workers were suffering from carbon disulfide poisoning. Malathion exposure probably had a contributing role. We conclude that exposure to these fumigants poses a serious occupational risk to the nervous system.
Screening for lead toxicity among autobody repair workers
Authors: Rose David N. , Cummings Curtis E. , Molinaro John , Fertig Andra 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFifty‐one workers in 10 small, neighborhood autobody repair shops were screened for lead toxicity using blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels and work history questionnaires. Those with high ZPP levels (greater than 50 μg/dl) had further studies, including blood lead determinations. The shops were dusty with ground putty dust (lead‐free) and paint spray (lead content range 0–40%). Thirteen (26%) workers had mildly elevated ZPP levels (all were full‐time sander/sprayers) though few had symptoms and none had elevated blood lead levels. Eighteen controls, workers in other occupations, had normal ZPP levels. Air monitoring during inactive periods failed to reveal high lead levels (range 0–28 μg/m2). These data suggest that workers in autobody repair shops are at risk of lead toxicity but the exposure and biologic effects are less than in many other industries that utilize lead.
Exposures and mortality among chrysotile asbestos workers. Part I: Exposure estimates
Authors: Dement John M. , Harris Robert L. , Symons Michael J. , Shy Carl M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA detailed study of plant processes and dust control methods over the period 1930–1975 was conducted in an asbestos textile plant processing chrysotile. Linear statistical models for reconstructing historic dust exposure levels, taking into account textile processes, dust control measures, and job assignments, were developed. Parameters of these statistical models were estimated using 5,952 industrial hygiene sampling measurements covering the period 1930–1975. For most textile operations, exposure levels were significantly reduced by about 1940, when most engineering dust control measures were in place. Results of the exposure estimates indicated “precontrol” exposure levels to range from 3 to 78 fibers/cc with typical levels well above 10 fibers/cc. After textile operations were provided with dust control measures, estimated exposure levels ranged from 3 to 17 fibers/cc and were usually in the range of 5 to 10 fibers/cc. These exposure estimates were combined with an assessment of mortality among workers at this plant to investigate exposure‐response relationships. Exposure‐response results are presented in the companion manuscript in this volume.
An epidemiological study of salt miners in diesel and nondiesel mines
Authors: Gamble John , Jones William , Hudak James 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA cross‐sectional study of 5 NaCl mines and 259 miners addressed the following questions: 1) Is there an association of increased respiratory symptoms, radiographic findings, and reduced pulmonary function with exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and/ or respirable particulate (RP) among these miners? 2) Is there increased morbidity of these miners compared to other working populations? Personal samples of NO2 and respirable particulate for jobs in each mine were used to estimate cumulative exposure. NO2 is used as a surrogate measure of diesel exposure.Cough was associated with age and smoking, dyspnea with age; neither symptom was associated with exposure (years worked, estimated cumulative NO2 or RP exposure). Phlegm was associated with age, smoking, and exposure. Reduced pulmonary function (FVC, FEV1, peak, flow, FEF50, FEF75) showed no association with exposure. There was one case of small rounded and one case of small irregular opacities; pneumoconiosis was not analyzed further.Compared to underground coal miners, above ground coal miners, potash miners, and nonmining workers, the study population after adjustment for age and smoking generally showed no increased prevalence of cough, phlegm, dyspnea, or obstruction (FEV1/FVC<0.7). Obstruction in younger salt miners and phlegm in older salt miners was elevated compared to nonmining workers. Mean predicted pulmonary function was reduced 2–4% for FEV1 and FVC, 7–13% for FEF50, and 18–22% for FEF75 below all comparison populations.
Classical syndromes in occupational medicine. Dimethylaminopropionitrile
Authors: Keogh James P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDimethylaminopropionitrile, used as a catalyst in the manufacture of polyurethane, was responsible for two epidemics of urinary retention, sexual dysfunction, and peripheral neuropathy in 1978. Most affected workers recovered promptly, but some have had persisting neuropathy, sexual and bladder dysfunction, and CNS symptoms. The mechanism of neurotoxicity appears to be interference with axoplasmic transport. The catalyst that caused the problem was withdrawn from the market after swift governmental action.
Mesothelioma among machinists in railroad and other industries
Authors: Mancuso Thomas F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe first phase of the exploration of occupation‐related cancer among machinists was a retrospective review of deaths among members of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers in 1973, in which mesotheliomas were identified in workers in railroad and other industries. The second phase of the study initiated in 1982 was the establishment of a cohort study of machinists, employed for railroad company A, who were alive in January 1954. The cohort consisted of 197 machinists who had been employed by the same railroad prior to 1935 and observed to 1982. Causes of death were identified for 132 of the cohort. There were 18 alive and 47 not traced. Among the 29 cancer deaths, there were nine mesotheliomas and one endothelioma of the pleura.Additional retrospective surveys of deaths among members of the railroad lodges of the international union, together with the cohort study, identified a total of 42 mesotheliomas, two endotheliomas of the pleura, and two cancers of the pleura among former railroad machinists.Among the machinists employed in other industries, 16 mesotheliomas and six cancers of the pleura were identified.For decades, machinists, by the nature of their craft, have had a high risk of occupation‐related cancer due to asbestos exposure.
Endotoxins in cotton: Washing effects and size distribution
Authors: Olenchock Stephen A. , Mull Judith C. , Jones William G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEndotoxin contamination was measured in washed and unwashed cottons from three distinct growing areas, California, Mississippi, and Texas. The data show differences in endotoxin contamination based upon the geographic source of the cotton. It is also shown that washing bulk cotton before the carding process results in lower endotoxin in the cotton dust. Washing conditions can affect the endotoxin levels, and all size fractions of the airborne dust contain quantifiable endotoxin contamination. Endotoxin analyses provide a simple and reliable method for monitoring the cleanliness of cotton or airborne cotton dusts.
Lung cancer and occupation in Alameda County: A death certificate case‐control study
Authors: Milne K. L. , Sandler D. P. , Everson R. B. , Brown Steven M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA case‐control comparison of lung cancer deaths versus deaths from all other cancers occurring in Alameda County, California, between 1958 and 1962 was conducted to investigate possible associations between lung cancer and occupation. Age‐adjusted, sex‐specific analyses indicated that a history of work in certain industries and occupations was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Among males, a significant positive association was found for glass, metal, furniture, professional and photographic equipment, rubber, leather and plastic manufacturing; water and air transportation; auto repair services; and construction. Specific occupations associated with a significant positive risk for males were: electricians, aircraft mechanics, painters, plasterers, machine operators, construction workers, bus and truck drivers, and guards and nightwatchmen. Among females, beauticians had a significantly high risk associated with lung cancer. These results were consistent with other studies of lung cancer related to occupation.
Benzene: A multipotential carcinogen. Results of long‐term bioassays performed at the bologna institute of oncology
Authors: Maltoni Cesare , Conti Barbara , Cotti Giuliano 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUntil recently, the incidence of benzene carcinogenicity was based only on the association between benzene occupational exposure and human leukemia, with many limited case reports and scanty epidemiological data. Available experimental studies up to 1976 on animals were rare, fragmentary, and inadequate, and had failed to prove the carcinogenic effects of benzene. However, an integrated project of long‐term carcinogenicity bioassays, begun in our laboratory in 1976 and still continuing, has shown that benzene produces a variety of tumors in rats including Zymbal gland carcinomas, carcinomas of the oral cavity, hepatocarcinomas, and possibly mammary carcinomas, lymphoreticular neoplasias, and other malignancies. Some of the tumors caused by benzene are uncommon or unusual in the breed of rats studied. Therefore benzene must be considered, under the studied experimental conditions, a strong multipotential carcinogen. The need for more experimental research is emphasized, particularly to assess the carcinogenic effects of low doses. Also recommended are more comprehensive epidemiological investigations, extended to all types of malignancies, and the application of adequate measures for primary prevention.
Roentgenographic evidence of asbestos exposure in a select population of railroad workers
Authors: Sepulveda Martin‐Jose , Merchant James A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA volunteer population of 266 current and former railroad workers was examined with posteroanterior and oblique chest roentgenograms, and a comprehensive occupational smoking history. Seventy‐five percent of participants were over the age of 60, and 80% had fewer than 10 years of railroad‐related asbestos exposure. Roentgenographic evidence of asbestosis was found in only six workers (2%), whereas 20% had one or more pleural changes. Radiological abnormalities were related to latency period, age, and occupation, but not to smoking habit. While selection factors qualify the results of this study, the findings support the exposure and suggest a past and future history of asbestos mortality and morbidity among steam era railway workers.
Retirement disability among workers in a natural gas distribution company
Authors: Stanbury Martha , Liveright Timothy 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEpidemiological investigations of occupational disability are severely limited because of the inherent difficulties in standardizing definitions of disability and because of the lack of appropriate comparison data. Nevertheless, occupational disability is of great concern to workers. An investigation of disability, defined as permanent retirement due to medical disability, among hourly employees of a natural gas distribution company was undertaken in response to a request by the employees' union. Because of the above limitations, a hypothesis‐generating rather than hypothesis‐testing approach was taken, utilizing both disability retirement incidence rates and a prevalence survey of the living disabled retirees. It was hypothesized from the analysis that this group of workers did experience an excess of retirement disability for the period 1971–1980 when compared to estimated disability incidence rates of the general Social Security insured population, and that this excess may have been due in part to an excess of musculoskeletal disabilities associated with occupational physical stresses and strains.
The mortality of coke workers in Britain
Authors: Hurley J. F. , McL. Archibald R. , Collings P. L. , Fanning D. M. , Jacobsen M. , Steele R. C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo studies of coke workers in Britain, comprising 6,767 men, gave similar results. The proportion of lung cancer deaths was about 20% higher than in manual workers generally. The excess occurred primarily among younger men. The ratio of lung cancers to all other cancers was also higher than expected, with limited data showing no evidence of excessive tobacco consumption. Death rates from other causes were generally favorable.Overall the lung cancer death rates in oven workers were similar to those in non‐oven men, but in both studies some indications of a job‐specific excess were noted. These findings are compared with results from earlier studies in the United States and Canada where a much higher excess lung cancer mortality was found in oven men, particularly those with longer exposure times. We discuss possible reasons for the differences, and conclude that the results reported now contribute further evidence that exposure to coal carbonization fumes can cause lung cancer.
Mortality experience of vermont granite workers
Authors: Davis Letitia K. , Wegman David H. , Monson Richard R. , Froines John 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe proportional mortality experience (1952–1978) of 969 deceased white male granite workers was compared with that of United States white males. Industrial hygiene information was combined with work histories to develop an estimate of lifetime granite dust exposure for each individual. Subjects were grouped into four cumulative exposure categories, and exposure‐response relationships were examined. Trends of increasing silicosis and tuberculosis with increasing lifetime exposure were observed. These are consistent with earlier findings. With the exception of excess suicide among granite workers dying before 1970, there was little evidence of association between other causes of death and employment in the granite industry.
Neurotoxic effects of organic solvents in exposed workers: An occupational, neuropsychological, and neurological investigation
Authors: Gregersen Per , Angelsø Brita , Nielsen Torben Elmo , Nørgaard Bente , Uldal Charlotte 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNinety‐eight workers, 65 exposed to organic solvents and 33 unexposed, were examined in order to assess possible neurotoxic signs and symptoms related to solvent exposure. The study group, who were selected according to the type of exposure in a given work process, had been exposed to various types of solvents. The groups were comparable in regard to age, the history of brain traumas and other neurological diseases, and alcohol consumption. The exposed workers had more symptoms of intellectual impairment, poorer performances in psychological tests, and more often signs of cerebral asthenopia. Symptoms and signs of peripheral neuropathy were not significantly increased. Solvent exposure and neurotoxic signs and symptoms were mildly correlated in the study group. Such dose–effect correlations have previously been proved only in a few epidemiological studies. This warrants reevaluation of the risk of developing toxic encephalopathy during prolonged occupational exposure to solvents.
An evaluation of the associations of leukemia and rubber industry solvent exposures
Authors: Checkoway Harvey , Wilcosky Timothy , Wolf Pamela , Tyroler Herman 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExcessive leukemia mortality has appeared consistently in epidemiological studies of British and U.S. rubber industry workers. Attempts to identify causative factors have focused on exposure to benzene and other solvents. Interpretations of findings from these studies have often been influenced by expectations of a benzene/nonlymphocytic leukemia association, seen from previous work in other settings. However, data from the rubber industry studies have not been consistent with this expectation, as lymphocytic and nonlymphocytic leukemia have shown similar mortality excesses. Data from a small case‐control study of lymphocytic leukemia are presented to illustrate an approach that considers multiple solvent exposures. The associations with lymphocytic leukemia risk observed for a number of solvents, most notably carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulfide, were stronger than those detected for benzene.
Clinical observations in ethyl mercury chloride poisoning
Authors: Zhang Jimei 
Published: April 2007

AbstractForty‐one patients in the Peoples Republic of China were poisoned by ethyl mercury chloride, caused by the ingestion of rice that had been treated with the chemical. A dose‐response relationship was found. Five months after the onset of the intoxication, the patients were still in poor condition. They were treated with two chelating agents, sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS) and sodium dimercaptosuccinate (DMS), whose effects were compared. Both agents were effective but DMPS was superior. Although urinary excretion is not the best estimate of body burden in alkyl mercury intoxication, during chelation therapy urinary mercury was an effective indicator for diagnosis and assessment of the degree of intoxication. Chelation therapy was useful as long as the urinary mercury level was elevated.
Carcinogenicity of petroleum lubricating oil distillates: Effects of solvent refining, hydroprocessing, and blending
Authors: Halder Clive A. , Warne Thomas M. , Little Randel Q. , Garvin Paul J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCertain refining processes were investigated to determine their influence on the dermal carcinogenic activity of petroleum‐derived lubricating oil distillates. Specifically, the effects of solvent refining, hydroprocessing, a combination of both processes, and the blending of oils processed using each technique were evaluated in standard mouse skin‐painting bioassays. The refining process used as well as the level or severity of treatment greatly influenced the carcinogenic outcome of processed lubricating oils. Solvent refining at severities normally used appeared to eliminate carcinogenicity. In contrast, hydroprocessing alone at mild levels of treatment was successful only in reducing the carcinogenic potency; severe hydroprocessing conditions were necessary to eliminate carcinogenic activity without the use of additional refining processes. Carcinogenic activity could also be eliminated by following moderate solvent refining with mild hydroprocessing. Blending of hydroprocessed oils with solvent‐refined oils resulted in a substantial reduction or even elimination of carcinogenic activity. However, the degree of protection obtained varied with the particular distillates used and appeared largely dependent on the inherent biological activity of the hydroprocessed oil.
Clinical studies of psychoorganic syndromes among workers with exposure to solvents
Authors: Flodin Ulf , Edling Christer , Axelson Olav 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExposure to organic solvents is common in industry. In Sweden, patients being evaluated for suspected solvent‐related diseases now constitute the largest group of patients seen at many clinics of occupational medicine, largely replacing classical occupational disorders. The findings in 128 consecutive patients with solvent exposure have been reviewed for the period 1978‐1981. The duration of exposure was 9 years or more for those with a diagnosis of psychoorganic syndrome (POS). “Incipient” POS was seen after a minimum exposure of 3 years duration. Patients with POS also had an increased frequency of polyneuropathy in comparison to those without any signs of POS. It was not possible to link these abnormalities with particular solvent exposure. Clinical chemistry tests were normal except for liver function tests in a few patients.