bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RE‐EXAMINATION OF SMALL INTESTINAL DISPOSAL OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE IN MICE
Authors: Bloom L , Rowley D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe rapid disposal of antibody‐treated vibrios by peristalsis in whole animal models makes it difficult to obtain clear evidence for a simultaneous intra‐intestinal bactericidal effect. In this paper we have re‐examined the evidence for direct intra‐intestinal killing. We have found that the data can be explained adequately by peristaltic effects without postulating a direct bactericidal action in vivo.
THE RESPONSE OF FOETAL SHEEP TO THE SOMATIC AND FLAGELLAR ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: Fahey Kevin J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFollowing the injection of polymeric flagellin (POL), foetal sheep older than 70 days gestation produced haemagglutinating. antibody and synthesized IgM. The maximum titre of antibody in the blood increased with the; age at which the foetus was injected. All foetuses synthesized 2‐meracapto‐ethanol‐sensitive antibodies, while older foetuses (approximately 120 days gestation) also produced 2‐mercaptoethanol‐resistant antibodies and synthesized IgG1. During the primary immune response, there was a poor correlation between the antibody titre and the amount of immunoglobulin synthesized. The majority of IgM synthesized and almost all IgG1, had no demonstrable specificity for POL. During the secondary response to POL the majority of IgG1 synthesized was specific and in one case appeared to be monoclonal. There was no detcetable' primary antibody response in foetal sheep to the somatic antigens of Salmonella typhimurium, although all foetuses synthesized IgM. Only one of six: foetuses receiving a second injection of antigen produced antibody. There was an increase in the numbers of blood lymphocytes following the injection of both POL and S. typhimurium, but only POL induced a rapid increase in the numbers of neutrophils in the blood and produced histological changes in the draining lymph nodes and spleen.
GENETIC FACTORS IN THE STIMULATION OF T CELL RESPONSES AGAINST ECTROMELIA VIRUS‐INFECTED CELLS: ROLE OF H‐2K, H‐2D AND H‐2I GENES
Authors: Pang T , Blanden RV 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhen virus‐immune cytotoxic T cells were generated in secondary responses in vitro to syngeneic, infected stimulator cells, they only killed infected targets that shared H‐2K or H‐2D genes with the T cells and stimulator cells. H‐2I region compatibility was neither sufficient nor necessary. The role of H‐2K, H‐2D and H‐2I genes in the interaction between memory T cells and infected stimulator cells was then investigated. Initial attempts failed because of escape of virus into the responder population. Steps were taken to eliminate this problem; confirming their efficacy was the finding that when (CBA/H × BALB/c) F1 memory T cells were stimulated by either parental type, the cytotoxic T cells generated only killed the target cell type syngeneic to the stimulator cell used to induce the response. Using recombinant strain macrophages as infected stimulator cells, it was further shown that K or D region sharing between stimulator and responder cells was sufficient to induce the response. I region homology, on the other hand, although stimulating high levels of 3H‐thymidine incorporation, did not give rise to significant amounts of cytotoxic activity against virus‐infected target cells. These results are compatible with the interpretation that the inductive signal to cytotoxic T cell precursors (memory T cells) in the in vitro secondary response is an antigenic pattern containing virus‐induced and self H‐2K or H‐2D components; the response of the cytotoxic cells may be facilitated by a “helper”, DNA‐synthesizing subclass which responds to antigenic patterns containing both virus‐induced and I region‐determined components.Evidence from cytotoxic T cell induction with semi‐compatible infected macrophages shows that H‐2K (or H‐2D) antigens and viral antigen must be in the same cell membrane for efficient stimulation to occur. This suggests that both the antigens, and the T cell receptors for them, are closely associated in the infected cell and T cell membranes respectively.
FACTORS DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC PROTEIN‐DEFICIENCY ON ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO SHEEP RED BLOOD CELLS AND BRUCELLA ABORTUS VACCINE IN MICE
Authors: Price Patricia , Bell RG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryChronic protein‐deficiency in weanling mice caused variable suppression of the Immoral and plaque‐forming cell (PFC) responses to sheep erythrocytes. This was most prominent at high antigen doses and did not increase when mice were maintained on the diets for longer periods. Antibody responses produced by deficient mice were often short‐lived and invoked high levels of IgM. Total PFC counts were depressed slightly more than were circulating antibodies. Antibody responses to Brucella abortus were slightly decreased by protein‐deficiency at high antigen doses hut were normal or elevated at lower doses, the proportion of IgM produced was increased and the splenomegaly response to B. abortus was severely depressed. These results suggest that the depression of antibody production by protein‐deficiency is not simply due to an impairment of helper T cell function, hut a reduction in the availability or effectiveness of macrophage and regulatory or suppressor T cells may be important.
THE ECOLOGY OF INFLUENZA
Authors: Downie Jean C , Hinshaw Virginia , Laver WG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThree different type A influenza viruses have been isolated from pelagic birds nesting on islands of the Great Barrier Reef. One of these, isolated in 1972, was of subtype Hav6Nav5. The other two, which are described in this paper, were isolated in 1975 and belonged to subtypes Hav5Nav2 and Hav3Nav6. Of eight isolates of the latter virus, seven were recovered from cloacal swabs and only one from the trachea.
ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS HISTAMINE IN RABBIT THORACIC AORTA
Authors: Foldes A , Head RJ , Lande IS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA sensitive automated assay was developed for the determination of histamine.The endogenous histamine content of intact rabbit thoracic aorta, and of its separated adventitial and medial layers was determined. The histamine content of the intact aorta was found to be only partially sensitive to compound 48/80.The isolated aorta accumulated labelled histamine against a concentration gradient, The uptake was abolished by cooling to 1°, but was unaffected by oxygen lack.The uptake process was sensitive to a variety of agents including extraneuronal catecholamine uptake inhibitors (deoxycorticosterone acetate, normetanephrine) as well as inhibitors of catecholamine and histamine metabolism (tranylcypromine, hydralazine).The uptake was not affected by amodiaquin, a histamine N‐methyl‐transferase inhibitor, by the metabolites 1.4‐methylhistamine or imidazole acetic acid, by compound 48/80 or by the basic amino acid arginine.
PROTEIN AND DNA LEVELS IN THE SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLANDS OF ISOPROTERENOL STIMULATED MICE
Authors: Feiglin B , Reade PC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe DNA and soluble and sedimental protein levels were studied in isoproterenol stimulated mouse .submandibular salivary glands over a period of 200 h. Hypertrophy, the predominant cellular phenomenon following chronic isoproterenol treatment, was assoeiated with a marked elevation of 14C‐Icucine incorporation into the buffer soluble protein fraction and a less pronounced isotope incorporation into the sedimental sub‐cellular fraction as well as continued DNA synthesis.These findings are contrary to the accepted definitions of hypertrophy which preclude continued DNA synthesis. A suggestion is made, therefore, that in the system used the polyploidy associated with the hypertrophy involves DNA synthesis.
TURNOVER RATES OF MUSCLE PROTEIN IN CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLES OF DOG, FOWL, RAT AND MOUSE: TURNOVER RATE RELATED TO MUSCLE FUNCTION
Authors: Earl Christine A , Laurent GJ , Everett AW , Bonnin Caroline M , Sparrow MP 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTurnover rates of muscle protein in cardiac and skeletal muscle have been measured in dogs using a continuous infusion of 14C‐tyrosine, and in fowls, rats and mice after a pulse label of either 3H‐leucinc or 3H‐aspartate. In all species the total mixed protein from ventricle turned over the most rapidly. Tonic muscles predominantly comprised of red fibres were Intermediate in rate and twitch muscles comprised of predominantly white fibres had the slowest rates of turnover. This same progression of turnover rates was also seen in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein fractions and with myosin. The RNA concentrations of the muscle tissue were highly correlated with the turnover rates. It is suggested that the turnover rate of muscle protein is related to the function of the muscle.
STUDIES ON THE BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE OF MOUSE DUODENUM: LIPIDS
Authors: Billington T , Nayudu PRV 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLipids were extracted from purified mouse duodenal brush border membranes. Lipid:protein ratios in different membrane preparations varied from 0·58 to 0·68. Both the chloroform and non‐chloroform phases were quantitatively analysed for lipids. Chloroform extracts were composed of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol. Rechromatrography of the phospholipid spot showed sphingomyelin (7·9%), phosphatides of ethanolamine (61·7%), inositol (14·2%) and serine (16·2%). The average molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was 1·39. Lipids in the non‐chloroform phase were all glycosylated, being cerebrosides (69·3%), cerebroside sulphates (28·8%) and galgliosides (1·9%). Overall membrane lipid composition was neutral lipid 24%, phospholipid 33%, and glycolipid 43%.
EFFECT OF HYDROCORTISONE ON THE RESPONSE OF RAT LYMPHOCYTES TO PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Mansour A , Nelson DS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe proliferative response of nit peripheral blood lymphocytes and spleen cells to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was studied following treatment with single or multiple doses of hydrocortisone. A transient lymphopaenia with a rapid recovery at 24 h occurred with both dose schedules. Hydrocortisone in vitro caused a dose‐dependent depression of blood lymphocyte response to PHA but enhanced the response of spleen cells when the steroid was added after the mitogen. An inverse relationship between blood and splenic lymphocyte responses to PHA occurred after a single dose of hydrocortisone. Blood lymphocytes from multiple dose hydrocortisone‐treated rats had an enhanced response to PHA. Serum collected within 5 min of injection from single dose‐treated rats depressed normal rat blood lymphocyte responses. After multiple doses of hydrocortisone serum enhanced blood lymphocyte responses to PHA. The primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was only affected by mar toxic doses of hydrocortisone.
DIFFERENTIAL AGGLUTINATION OF PARTICULATE Vi AND O ANTIGENS BY THE IgM AND IgG CLASS ANTIBODIES
Authors: Chau PY , Ng MH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe IgG and IgM immunoglobulins were fractionated from pooled sera of typhoid patients and typhoid carriers and the agglutinin titres and weights of Vi and O antibodies in these immunoglobulin fractions determined. The O antigen particles were more effectively agglutinated than the Vi antigen particles by their corresponding antibodies of the IgM class. There was no such difference between IgG class Vi and O antibodies. Similar behaviour was found on indirect estimation of the agglutination capacity of the IgG and IgM class Vi and O antibodies in the sera of individual typhoid patients or carriers. The significance of such differential agglutinating capacity of the Vi and O antibodies of the IgM class is discussed.
CHANGES IN THE ACTIVITY OF THE RETICULO‐ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM OF RATS DURING AN INFECTION WITH T. LEWISI
Authors: Ferrante A , Jenkin CR , Reade PC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryData presented show that during the course of a Trypanosoma lewisi infection in rats there was both an activation of the phagocytic cells of the liver and spleen and an increase in their numbers, There was a marked lymphoid hyperplasia in the white pulp of the spleen with an increase in the number and size of the lymphoid follicles. Degenerative changes occurred in the liver parenchymal cells during the infection, and at certain stages large numbers of mononuclear cells were observed in the vascular sinusoids and other vessels of the liver.
INDUCTION OF LONG‐TERM TOLERANCE IN THE QUOKKA (SETONIX BRACHYURUS) BY THYMUS AND SKIN ALLOGRAFTS INTO EARLY POUCH YOUNG
Authors: Waring H , Holmes R , Cockson A , Ashman RB , Stanley NF 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIntact quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) were grafted with thymus and skin as neonates. Fifty seven percent of primary thymus grafts persisted when the donors were less than 32 days of age. compared with only 20% when the donors were juveniles. This suggested that neonatal tissue was more readily accepted than tissue from adult animals. When the recipients had left the pouch, induced tolerance was tested by grafting thymus and skin from the original donors. Second thymus grafts were generally unsuccessful; however, second skin grafts were accepted and remained intact over the three‐year period of observation, provided that the hosts were less than about 40 days of age at the time the first grafts were placed.
STUDIES IN VITRO ON THE REACTION OF PERITONEAL EXUDATE CELLS FROM MICE IMMUNE TO INFECTION WITH NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS WITH THE INFECTIVE THIRD STAGE LARVAE OF THIS PARASITE
Authors: Chaicumpa V , Jenkin CR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe results of the present study show that peritoneal exudate cells from mice immune to infection with Nematospiroides dubius are able in vitro to damage the third stage infective larvae as measured by a loss in infectivity. The ability of these cells to function in the absence of specific antibody seems to be related to the presence of trypsin labile factors on their surfaces. Lymphocytes from immune mice are also able to damage the larvae. The suggestion is made that ‘activated’ macrophages may play an important role in immunity to this infection.
ALPHA TOCOPHEROL AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN PN/n MICE
Authors: Wigley RD , Vlieg M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe tail cuff blood pressure of PN/n mice, previously studied for arteritis and glomerulitis, was found to be raised before histological changes appeared. The pressures of mice bred for two generations on a diet containing a low level of alpha tocopherol (E) fell to that of control CBA mice. Replacement of E in the diet, or by intraperitoneal injection, led to a rise of pressure. The pressures reached a mean of 150 mm/Hg after breeding the mice for a further three generations on a more complete diet with additional E. An inhibitory effect of E on prostaglandin production was postulated. E had no effect on the pressures of CBA/MAC mice.
EFFECT OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS 11RX INFECTION ON TWO‐STAGE SKIN CARCINOGENESIS IN MICE
Authors: Ashman Leonie K , Kotlarski Ieva 
Published: November 2007

SummaryS. enteritidis 11RX infection inhibits the growth of a number of transplantable tumours in mite. In addition, oral infection of mice with S. enteritidis 11RX inhibits colon carcinogenesis by 1,2 dimethylhydrazine. This study has examined the effect of S. enteritidis 11RX infection on two‐stage skin carcinogenesis in mice using 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and croton oil as promoter. No protection was observed in either LACA or (BALB/c × C57Bl/6J)F1 mice when live 11RX was repeatedly administered i.v. during promotion. When a protein antigen extract from S. enteritidis 11RX was administered i.v, to previously immunised mice during skin carcinogenesis, significant protection was observed both in terms of the number of mice with papillomas and the number of papillomas per mouse. However, the protection was weak and transient.LACA mice were much more susceptible to skin carcinogenesis by DMBA and croton oil than were (BALB/c × C57Bl/6J)F1 mice. A preliminary study indicated that BALB/c, C57Bl and CBA mice were also relatively resistant to skin carcinogenesis.
THE USE OF MARSUPIAL X EUTHERIAN SOMATIC CELL HYBRIDS TO STUDY MARSUPIAL CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS
Authors: Sykes Pamela J , Hope Rory M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBuck and Bodmer (1976) have developed a technique for identifying an antigen on the surface of human x mouse somatic cell hybrids, specified by a gene on a particular human chromosome. We have successfully adapted this technique to a study of marsupial cell surface antigens.Somatic cell hybrids between Macropus rufus (Marsupialia) lymphocytes and the mouse cell lines PG19 and 1R were injected intraperitoneally into mice of the same inbred strain from which the above cell lines were derived (C57Bl6J and C3H, respectively). The only identified M. rufus chromosome present in the hybrid cells was the X chromosome. The antisera, after adsorption with PG19 or 1R, were tested using indirect immunofluorescence, against the hybrid cells, and also against sub‐clones (derived from the hybrids) which had apparently lost the M. rufus X chromosome, or at least its long arm. The results of these tests showed that the adsorbed antisera contained reactivity against an M. rufus cell surface antigen (or antigens). The reactions of one of the antisera were most simply interpreted by supposing that it was detecting an M. rufus X‐linked antigen(s).
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF SECRETIN IN SERUM
Authors: Ho P , Hansky J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA radioimmnunoassay for the measurement of immunoreactive secretin has been developed. The assay is specific and sensitive so that 2·8 fmol/ml can be measured. Basal secretin levels inn man are generally undetectable and a protein‐rich meal does not elicit a secretin reponse. However, the intraduodenal instillation of HCl leads to a prompt rise in circulating immunoreactive secretin and exogenous secretin administered intravenously is easily and accurately measured.
ENHANCEMENT OF NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM DYE REDUCTION BY LEUCOCYTES EXPOSED TO A FACTOR RELEASED FROM SENSITISED LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Oleske JM , Ashman RB , Kohl S , Nahmias AJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLeucocytes from purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test positive individuals, after exposure to PPD in vitro. show a significant increase in nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction when compared to leucocytes from PPD negative donors. The active principle was shown to be soluble, and was released from lymphocytes after a rapid, immunologically specific interaction with the sensitising antigen.
SEROLOGICAL RESPONSES OF SHEEP AND CATTLE EXPOSED TO NATURAL TOXOPLASMA INFECTION
Authors: Munday BL , Corbould A 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDuring a four and a half year period a group of cattle was grazed continuously with a group of sheep and observed for Toxoplasma antibodies. Initially, there were 25 cattle and 31 sheep, but these were reduced to 19 and 18, respectively, by the end of the observation.Only transient antibody responses were noted in 2 cattle, whereas persistent titres developed in 12 sheep. Interpreted in the light of available information, these results were taken to indicate that cattle do not readily acquire persistent T. gondii infections.
INHIBITION OF TAMM‐HORSFALL GLYCOPROTEIN INDUCTION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS FIBROBLASTS BY MEDIUM CONDITIONED BY NORMAL CELLS
Authors: Carey WF , Hösli P 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIt is confirmed that the level of alkaline phosphatase in fibroblasts derived from cystic fibrosis patients can be induced many‐fold by growing the cells in the presence of Tamm‐Horsfall glycoprotein. It is further shown that normal fibroblasts produce a “CF corrective factor” which markedly inhibits this phenomenon. These observations support a previous hypothesis on the nature of the metabolic defect in cystic fibrosis.
AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE SEPARATION OF HUMAN ALPHA1‐ANTITRYPSIN (α1‐AT) AND ANTITHROMBIN‐III (AT‐III)
Authors: D'Souza S , Ananthakrishnan R 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe two antiproteases α1‐antitrypsin (α1‐AT) and antithrombin‐III (AT‐III) have been purified simultaneously from human plasma. Purification procedure consisted of gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200 after initial processing of plasma, followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE‐Sephadex A50 and DEAE‐celllulose, at a pH of 9·0 and pH 8·3 respectively. The two proteins could not be separated by any of these procedures including a lower pH (7·4) in ion exchange chromatography. Affinity chromatography on heparin‐Sepharose separated the proteins since α1‐AT did not bind to the matrix. Alpha1‐AT unbound to the heparin‐Sepharose was subsequently purified through con A‐Sepharose affinity column. The final yield of both the proteins was about 20%. The molecular weight estimated on SDS electrophoresis for AT‐III and α1‐AT was 63,000 and 50,000, respectively.
CLEARANCE OF BACTERIA FROM LUNGS OF MICE AFTER OPSONISING WITH IgG OR IgA
Authors: Cooper J McA , Rowley D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe clearance of organisms from the lungs of mice was followed after aerosol administration. Preopsonisation of the organisms with immune serum, as a source of specific antibody, enhanced the rate of pulmonary clearance while s.IgA delayed clearance. In the peritoneal cavity, bacteria pre‐treated with immune serum were cleared more rapidly than unopsonised bacteria, but s.IgA had little effect. The presence of Fc receptors for IgG and not s.IgA on alveolar macrophages suggests that, in secretions, IgG is the predominant antibody promoting phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages and that any protective effect of s.IgA is not mediated by these cells.
A METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SIGMOID STIMULUS‐RESPONSE CURVES
Authors: Leppard P , Faris I , Jamieson GG , Ludbrook J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis paper describes a method, using an interactive computer programme, for fitting a curve to data which is expected to assume a sigmoid form. The programme is specifically designed to generate best estimates of the limits and maximum slope of stimulus‐response curves for the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex, but is applicable to curve‐fitting tasks in other fields such as immunology, pharmacology, biochemistry and neurophysiology.
DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO OF CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTES AGAINST MURINE CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
Authors: Ho Monto , Ashman Robert B 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLymphocytes cytotoxic for mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) were produced by in vitro culture of “memory” spleen cells with UV‐irradiated, MCMV‐infected, MEF. Cytotoxic lymphocytes were developed from spleen cells of mice 10 to 240 days after infection with MCMV, The cytotoxic cells carried the theta and Ly 2 antigens, and were H‐2 restricted in the recognition of infected target cells.
ACCELERATED CLEARANCE OF UNINFECTED RED CELLS FROM PLASMODIUM BERGHEI‐INFECTED MOUSE BLOOD IN NORMAL MICE
Authors: Howard Russell J , Mitchell Graham F 
Published: November 2007

Summary51Cr‐labelled uninfected cells, separated from Plasmodium berghei‐infected mouse blood using the fluorescence‐activated cell sorter, were cleared more rapidly than normal mouse erythrocytes after intravenous injection into normal mice.