bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leicester ECT Trial: Results in Schizophrenia
Authors: Brandon S. , Cowley P. , Mcdonald C. , Neville P. , Palmer R. , Wellstood-Eason S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAs part of the Leicester electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) study, the role of ECT in schizophrenia was investigated in a double-blind trial. The Present State Examination criteria for schizophrenia were fulfilled by 22 patients, of whom 19 gave consent and entered the trial. Neuroleptic medication was restricted during the trial period. Patients were randomly allocated to eight real ECT or eight simulated ECT. At the end of the four-week trial period, patients receiving real ECT showed a significantly greater improvement when measured on the Montgomery-Asberg Schizophrenia Scale (MASS), the visual analogue global psychopathology scale, and the depression scale. The differences on the MASS and visual analogue global psychopathology scale were not due to improvement in depressive symptoms. The superiority of real ECT was not demonstrated at the 12- and 28- week follow-up, when treatment was not controlled.
The Familial Occurrence of Agoraphobia
Authors: Moran Carmen , Andrews Gavin 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAgoraphobia is believed to run in families, but this belief is not well supported by the literature. Data were gathered on the risk of agoraphobia in parents and siblings of 60 agoraphobic probands; 12½% of the relatives were reported to have or have had agoraphobia. This risk is significantly greater than estimates of the population incidence, and requires explanation. The details of the pedigrees do not directly support simple genetic models while investigations into environmental factors in agoraphobia by other workers have been inconclusive. As a putative case has been established for the familial occurrence of agoraphobia, further work is required to shed light on whether genetic or cultural factors are paramount
Familial Transmission of Major Affective Disorders
Authors: Tsuang Ming T. , Faraone Stephen V. , Fleming Jerome A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe two-threshold multifactorial polygenic (MFP) model was applied to blind family study data, collected in a long-term follow-up and family study of major affective disorders. This model tested whether bipolar and unipolar disorders are manifestations of the same underlying factors or if they are independently caused disorders. The hypothesis that bipolar and unipolar disorders are, respectively, severe and mild forms of the same disorder was supported. There was little evidence for different familial aetiologies for bipolar and unipolar disorders in our sample.
Biological Antagonism and Epileptic Psychosis
Authors: Wolf P. , Trimble M. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe controversial literature about the biological antagonism between schizophrenia and epilepsy involves at least two areas of clinical interest. Firstly, it is frequently stated that convulsive treatment was introduced into psychiatry for the management of psychosis because of this antagonism, and secondly, it has a bearing on the topics of ‘alternative psychosis' and ‘forced normalisation’, as reported in the epilepsy literature. In addition to these, the subject is of theoretical interest in its relationship to other biological antagonisms that may be found in nature, but closer examination of the literature suggests that some of the discussions and controversies surrounding this problem are based on assumptions that may be incorrect. One possible reason for this may be the fact that much of the original work was written in German, and we propose therefore to give a brief account of the origins of the theories, as derived from their original sources.
Professional and Non-Professional Intervention for Highly Anxious Primiparous Mothers
Authors: Barnett Bryanne , Parker Gordon 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPrimiparous women (n= 627) were screened on state and trait anxiety measures in the post-partum period; sub-groups of highly anxious (n= 89), moderately anxious (n= 29), and minimally anxious (n= 29) mothers were derived and subsequently interviewed. The high-anxiety mothers were randomly assigned to a professional intervention, to a non-professional intervention, and to a control group, and their progress was reviewed over the following 12 months. Compliance, both in responding to progressive assessments and in accepting therapeutic intervention, was extremely high. Changes in anxiety levels for mothers not receiving an intervention were minimal over the study. In the high-anxiety sub-groups, there was a 19% reduction in state anxiety levels for those receiving a professional intervention, a 12% reduction for those receiving a nonprofessional intervention, and a 3% reduction in the controls. A planned contrast analysis determined that only professional intervention had a significant effect, intervention successfully lowering state anxiety levels to a value comparable with the moderately anxious mothers.
Depressive Illness and Morbid Distress
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA cluster analysis was done on items concerned with the onset and development (including life events) of depressive illness derived from standardised interviews on 70 in-patients with that diagnosis. The resulting groups were compared for symptoms derived from the Present State Examination (PSE) and outcome, five years later. New Groupings were sought, based on onset and development data, to test their predictive power, and to observe how closely they replicated existing binary classifications and whether or not suggestions emerged for narrowing the concept of depressive illness. The groups were clinically recognisable, and measures of five-year outcome differed significantly between the groups. They have been designated as forms of ‘Somatic depression’, type I ‘Slow onset—depression of middle age’; type II ‘Rapid onset—depression of middle age’; type III ‘Slow onset — depression of younger age’; type IV ‘Rapid onset — depression of younger age, and morbid distress. It is suggested that no simple binary classification is likely to prove as satisfactory for depression as a multi-axial method; the concept of ‘morbid distress' is advanced as a way of narrowing the over-extended rubric of depressive illness.
Short-Term Cognitive Effects of Unilateral and Bilateral ECT
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan , Abrams Richard 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWe administered an extensive battery of primarily non-memory neuropsychological tasks to 37 patients with endogenous depression, randomly assigned to either bilateral (B/ECT) or unilateral (U/ECT) electroconvulsive therapy. Testing was done prior to therapy and again shortly after the sixth induced seizure. The two groups did not significantly differ in cognitive impairment, either before or after treatment, and within-group cognitive changes following treatment were small. We conclude that neither B/ECT nor U/ECT substantially worsen non-memory cognitive performance in depressed patients, yet both result in significant clinical improvement.
Changes in the Diagnoses of the Functional Psychoses Associated with the Introduction of Lithium
Authors: Parker Gordon , O'Donnell Maryanne , Walter Stephen 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDiagnostic patterns for schizophrenia and affective psychosis were examined for all admissions to psychiatric facilities in New South Wales over a ten-year (1967–1977) period, before, during, and after lithium carbonate had been established as an accepted treatment. While the proportion of functional psychoses to total admissions remained relatively constant over the study, there was a relative decrease in schizophrenia, and a relative increase in the affective psychosis group. Analyses of sub-groups suggested, after controlling for the effects of time, that the introduction of lithium has been associated with an increase in diagnoses of mania and a decrease in diagnoses of paranoid schizophrenia, both for first admissions and for readmissions.
Subcultural Delusions and Hallucinations Comments on the Present State Examination in a Multi-Cultural Context
Authors: Swartz L. , Ben-Arie O. , Teggin A. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe challenges presented by the Present State Examination (PSE) in a multi-cultural context are explored. The general approach to the use of this instrument, difficulties with rating items relevant to cultural or subcultural conditions, and particularly the assessment of psychosis are considered, as well as the possibility of additions to and modifications of the PSE-CATEGO system. Though disagreement exists as to whether the research model which the PSE represents is adequate to deal exhaustively with cultural factors, the instrument is useful in cross-cultural research and also in stimulating debate and crystallising issues.
Repetition of Self-Poisoning and Subsequent Death in Adolescents who take Overdoses
Authors: Goldacre Michael , Hawton Keith 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHospital Activity Analysis data and record linkage were used to investigate repetition of self-poisoning, and deaths, among 2,492 people, aged 12 to 20 years, who took overdoses between 1974 and 1978. Repetition occurred most frequently during the first few months after an initial admission; 9.5% of patients repeated within the study period (mean follow-up of 2.8 years). Ten of the 2,492 subjects died during the study period, and the average annual death rate in the cohort was approximately four times higher than the national average annual death rate in this age-group as a whole. Six of the deaths were probably suicides. Repetition and suicide rates were highest among males aged 16 to 20 years.
Pairs of Same-Sexed Siblings Discordant for Antisocial Behaviour
Authors: Reitsma-Street Marge , Offord David R. , Finch Terri 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventy-one pairs of same-sexed biological adolescent siblings, discordant for antisocial behaviour and service contact, were compared using matched-pairs analyses along several dimensions which included developmental, family, psychiatric, educational, cognitive, pro- and antisocial behaviour. The antisocial youth had significantly more negative perceptions and experiences than their siblings, who experienced more protective influences. Earlier onset in the antisocial youth of activities such as smoking also significantly differentiated the pairs. The early temperament index alone correctly classified as proband and sibling 95% of the youth, using discriminant analysis procedures. The findings are relevant to the aetiology of antisocial behaviour and to possible treatment interventions.
A Comparative Validation of the Foulds and Bedford Hierarchy of Psychiatric Symptomatology
Authors: Morey Leslie C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study investigated the validity of the Fould & Bedford hierarchical model of psychiatric illness, as compared to hierarchical models based upon prevalence and severity of disorder. The DSSI was administered to 52 American psychiatric in-patients with severe disturbances. The reports of symptoms in this sample conformed to the Foulds hierarchy in 90% of cases, while 94% of cases conformed to a model based upon prevalence. When a cross-method validation was investigated, the Foulds & Bedford classification demonstrated good discriminative capacity, while models based upon prevalence and severity failed to achieve significance. These results suggest that the Foulds & Bedford model is a useful taxonomy of symptomatology in psychiatric illness.
Neuroleptic Serum Levels Measured by Radioreceptor Assay in Patients Receiving Intramuscular Depot Neuroleptics Some Preliminary Findings
Authors: Turbott John , Villiger John , Hunter Lynley 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-six chronic schizophrenic patients on well established depot neuroleptic regimes with stable doses (16 on fluphenazine decanoate, ten on flupenthixol decanoate) had serum neuroleptic levels measured by a radioreceptor assay (RRA) method. The assay was sufficiently sensitive to measure serum levels in all cases, with acceptable levels of inter-assay variation. Blood level measurements were repeated on two occasions, at the same time interval from the last injection, in 18 patients (11 on fluphenazine decanoate, seven on flupenthixol decanoate) and remained reasonably stable in most cases, although others showed a wider variation. Despite a wide range of doses (× 32 fluphenazine decanoate, × 21 flupenthixol decanoate) the serum levels fell in a remarkably narrow range (× 4, × 6). There was a significant correlation between dose and blood level for flupenthixol decanoate, but not for fluphenazine decanoate.
III. Relapse Postponement or Relapse Prevention? The Implications for Long-term Outcome
Authors: Curson D. A. , Barnes T. R. E. , Bamber R. W. , Platt S. D. , Hirsch S. R. , Duffy J. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe relapse and admission histories revealed a positive correlation between number of schizophrenic episodes and time on maintenance medication, probably reflecting severity of illness. Relapse rates after drug discontinuation rose to 45% within 13 months. There were no differences of predictive value between those relapsing on or off medication. The relationship between relapse rates, drug treatment, and social outcome is complex; antipsychotic drugs may postpone relapse, and frequent relapses might inhibit improvement in social performance long after florid symptoms have been controlled by medication.
Cytomegalovirus and Schizophrenia
Authors: Shrikhande Satish , Hirsch Steven R. , Coleman J. C. , Reveley Michael A. , Dayton R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 20 chronically hospitalised male schizophrenics and from 12 patients admitted with acute schizophrenia were examined for antibodies against cytomegalovirus. A sensitive and specific enzyme-immunoassay was used to detect IgG or I g M classes of antibodies in the CSF of the schizophrenic patients and often orthopaedic patients, who served as controls. No significant amounts of I g M antibody were found in the CSF of either group. A significant titre of IgG was found in only one of the 32 schizophrenics, an acute patient, but in four of the orthopaedic patients. The results do not support an association of cytomegalovirus infection with schizophrenia; if such an association occurs, it must be unusual.
Neuroleptics, Lithium and Renal Function
Authors: Waller Derek G. , Edwards J. Guy , Polak A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRenal function test results in 26 patients on neuroleptic treatment, who had never received lithium or antidepressants, were compared with those in a matched group, treated with lithium; also, their tubular response to DDAVP was compared with that of 25 control subjects. Measurements of serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, and urinary albumin excretion showed no abnormality attributable to either neuroleptics or lithium. The maximum urine concentrating ability after DDAVP was significantly lower in the neuroleptic group than in controls, but significantly higher than in the lithium-treated patients. There was a significant correlation between excretion of urinary ß2-microglobulin and duration of neuroleptic treatment, but mean excretion rates were the same in both treatment groups. The results suggest that neuroleptics as well as lithium impair urine concentrating ability.
Pipothiazine Palmitate in the Management of Aggressive Mentally Handicapped Patients
Authors: Lynch D. M. , Eliatamby C. L. S. , Anderson A. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe efficacy of intramuscular pipothiazine palmitate (PP) in the management of aggressive mentally handicapped patients was examined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, in which 30 patients received each treatment for 13 weeks. A target symptom scale of aggressiveness (TSA) and a clinical global impression scale of efficacy were rated at monthly intervals, and an extra-pyramidal side-effects scale weekly. The patients showed marked improvement during treatment with PP, which was assessed as superior to placebo. Individual and total TSA scores were also reduced compared to placebo.
Hereditary Differentiation of Anxiety and Affective Neuroses
Authors: Torgersen Svenn 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and fifty anxiety neurotic and neurotic depressive twin probands were differentiated into three groups by means of discriminant analysis, 50 in each group. The groups were named: pure anxiety neurosis, mixed anxiety-depression, and pure neurotic depression. Analysis of concordance rates indicated that only pure anxiety neurosis seemed to be influenced by hereditary factors.
Speech Pause Time as a Method for the Evaluation of Psychomotor Retardation in Depressive Illness
Authors: Hoffman G. M. A. , Gonze J. C. , Mendlewicz J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPsychomotor retardation is important in some depressed patients. We found that speech pause time (SPT) during a counting test correlated with the reaction time of both depressed patients and controls. It also correlated with global psychomotor retardation measured on Widlocher's scale. We demonstrated increased SPT in unipolar depressives, and also in retarded depressives as a group when compared with controls and with non-retarded depressives. SPT varied diurnally in controls, but not in depressed subjects. It did not correlate with biological markers of depression (REM sleep latency and the dexamethasone suppression test). It did, however, shorten during clinical improvement with antidepressant chemotherapy.
The Emotional Consequences of Ejection, Rescue and Rehabilitation in Royal Air Force Aircrew
Authors: Fowlie D. G. , Aveline M. O. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRetrospective questionnaire information was sought from 175 Royal Air Force officers who had survived ejection from an aircraft and 88% replied. A profile of risk factors, both objective and subjective, was found in the 40% who subsequently experienced prolonged emotional disturbances. Confidential counselling of ejection survivors should therefore be routine. Consultation between involved medical staff and a Service psychiatrist can increase awareness that surviving aircrew may not be as composed and unaffected as they seem, while appropriate counselling can reduce prolonged emotional morbidity.
Clinical Judgements of Self-Dramatisation
Authors: Slavney P. R. , Chase G. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIt has been claimed that the diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder is inherently sexist. To estimate the extent to which psychiatrists are influenced by sexist prejudice in their judgements about self-dramatisation (the central trait in the histrionic cluster), we conducted a study in which male and female subjects rated the degree of self-dramatisation portrayed in videotaped vignettes. The results did not support the sexist hypothesis that dramatic behaviour would more often be attributed to a woman than to a man, especially by male raters.
Toward a Biochemical Classification of Depressive Disorders IX
Authors: Schatzberg Alan F. , Rothschild Anthony J. , Gerson Benjamin , Lerbinger Jan E. , Schildkraut Joseph J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPost-dexamethasone cortisol and platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity levels were examined in 50 depressed patients. The incidence of non-suppression was significantly greater in patients with high platelet MAO activity than in those with low activity. Similar results were obtained when males and females were analysed separately. The mean 4 p.m. post-dexamethasone cortisol level was significantly higher in those patients who had high MAO activity than in their low MAO counterparts. Moreover, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between platelet MAO activity and 4 p.m. post-dexamethasone cortisol levels.
The Relationship between Scores on Ryle's Marital Patterns Test and Independent Ratings of Marital Quality
Authors: Birtchnell John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study concerns 250 marriages of 40–49 year-old women from a psychiatric patient and general population series. Psychiatric patients' marriages involved less exchange of affection, were husband-dominated, and were of poor quality. In general population marriages, poor quality was related to wife domination. Affection given (AG) and affection received (AR) scores were significantly associated, being high in good marriages and low in bad ones. Zero or near-zero domination was associated with high AG and AR scores and with good quality marriages. Husband domination was linked with wives having high (MMPI) dependency scores. Terminated marriages, compared with bad but non-terminated marriages, had significantly lower AR scores.
Anorexia and Bulimia in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Yellowlees A. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventeen fasting patients with anorexia nervosa and 15 who also binged were compared in terms of their psychosocial functioning and associated psychiatric symptomatology, using the Delusions Symptoms and States Inventory (Foulds & Bedford, 1975). Both groups scored very highly on the state of anxiety, depression, and elation sets of the DSSI, but less highly on the compulsive and ruminative symptoms sets and on the phobic dissociative and conversion symptom sets. The bingeing anorexic group was significantly older and heavier than the fasting group and experienced more feelings of self-harm and guilt. The bingeing group reported sexual interference during childhood, and currently experienced a desire to vomit during sexual activity to a significantly greater degree than the fasting group.
Anorexia Nervosa in Patients of Afro-Caribbean Extraction
Authors: Thomas Joseph P. , Szmukler George I. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRecently there has been an increase in the number of reports of anorexia nervosa in non-Caucasian subjects. This paper describes three patients of Afro-Caribbean extraction with anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia nervosa seen at a specialist eating disorders clinic at the Maudsley Hospital between 1981 and 1983. No cases had been seen prior to this. The key clinical features were found to be, in the main, typical.
The Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa in Younger Subjects
Authors: Hawley Richard M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-one children who conformed to DSM-III criteria for anorexia nervosa, and who were aged 13 or younger at onset, were followed up after several years (mean = eight) using a range of outcome parameters. Comparison of these results with previous studies of later onset cases suggests that the age of onset of anorexia nervosa carries no prognostic significance.
Changes in the Incidence of Alcohol-Related Problems in North-East Scotland, 1974–1982
Authors: Eagles John M. , Besson John A. O. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe age-standardised rates of first-ever alcohol-related diagnoses amongst both general hospital in-patients and psychiatric referrals were examined in the Grampian region from 1974 to 1982. Male general hospital admissions in this category rose steeply from 1974 to 1978, but then declined steeply thereafter; it is concluded that this may reflect a beneficial effect on male drinking habits as a result of the liberalisation of Scottish licensing laws. The remaining data supported the belief that the gap is narrowing between male and female rates of alcohol-related illness.
Ageing in Down's Syndrome
Authors: Hewitt K. E. , Carter G. , Jancar J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a group of 23 hospital patients aged over 50 with Down's syndrome, psychological testing indicated that significant intellectual deterioration, which was un-related to chronological age, sex, length of hospitalisation, or earlier mental age, had occurred in nine. Clinically, there was no evidence in any patient of active physical illness, focal neurological signs, or dementia, but significant associations were found between intellectual deterioration and decreased visual acuity, hearing loss, and macrocytosis.