bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propulsion System Simulations: Making the Right Choice for the Application
Authors: Neilson J.J. , Tarbet R.M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The effective use of simulation for the design and analysis of propulsion systems, and for operator training of these systems, requires a clear definition of the simulation's intended purpose and expected results. Issues such as model fidelity, computational performance and data requirements must be carefully balanced against the development effort and costs. The relative importance of each of these factors can only be determined once the purpose and expected outputs from the simulation are known.Experience with some recent marine propulsion simulation initiatives has highlighted the need for clear definitions of model requirements, especially with regard to simulation fidelity and the use of physics‐based models. Marine propulsion system simulations can be used for a variety of purposes ranging from machinery performance analysis through maneuvering and seakeeping analysis to equipment health monitoring studies. This wide range of applications, with differing requirements, provides an excellent forum for examining the influence of fidelity on simulation computational performance, data requirements, and development cost. Examples from various marine propulsion machinery simulations are used to illustrate the discussion.
Naval Ship Self‐Assessment of Hull Powering Performance Using Propulsion Shaft Torsionmeters and GPS
Authors: Ricketts Udr. J. B. , Hundley L. L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  A prototype procedure for U.S. Navy crews to self‐assess hull powering performance is being tested on selected Atlantic Fleet CG 47 class cruisers.This paper describes both the logic and methodology for ship's force to perform a self‐assessment of hull powering performance using propulsion shaft torque data obtained from installed torsionmeters, shaft speed data from ship equipment, and ship speed measurements obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS). The prototype procedure described will provide crews with accurate knowledge of ship powering characteristics at any given time and will be minimally intrusive on ship routine. Periodic speed/power measurements will enable a ship's crew to forecast the appropriate time for hull maintenance in order to achieve the goal of minimizing fuel consumption. This will result in a reduced reliance on the subjective determination of the hull condition, and will allow the Navy to better understand hull performance trends.Technology advances have allowed this prototype hull powering assessment to be developed, and the Navy can now depart from its historically limited analysis of overall warship powering performance conducted during the life cycle of a ship. The initial clean‐hull speed/power trial can today be augmented with powering data taken throughout the ship's life by the crew. This procedure will allow an accurate quantitative study of the real effects of hull and propeller fouling to be performed.
Future USN Aircraft Carrier Analysis of Alternatives
Authors: Raber J. D. , Perin D. A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  In March 1996, the Department of Defense established a new program, then known as CVX, to develop a new class of aircraft carrier that would eventually replace the Nimitz class. The first step in the concept develop was exploring a wide range of alternative design concepts in a formal study known as an Analysis of Alternatives (AOA), which assessed their cost and operational effectiveness. About 70 total ship studies were developed to explore the range of design features, including airwing size and type, propulsion type, ship mobility performance, and a variety of survivability features. The AOA also assessed the performance of and total ownership cost of a large number of potential subsystem technologies.This paper summarizes the total ship studies developed for the AOA, describes the ship system performance and total ownership cost of these alternatives, and discusses the rationale for determining some of the primary system requirements. Thus, the paper will provide insight into the Navy's intentions for system requirements and features to be incorporated into the U.S. Navy's future aircraft carriers.
Systems Engineering in Naval Ship Design
Authors: Calvano C. N. , Jons O. , Keane R. G. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAwareness and discussion of systems engineering has grown dramatically in recent years, yet many of us involved in the development of complex systems find it somewhat difficult to reconcile the broad, abstract principles of systems engineering with the much more concretely understood steps involved in the engineering of our systems of interest The authors attempt to show how systems engineering can be understood to relate to the engineering process for Navy ships.A background discussion of systems engineering definitions and methods is followed by a discussion of the fundamentals of systems and the nature of systems thinking. The process of engineering systems is presented as an iterative “design, analyze, decide” loop, which is discussed in its simplest form as well as in its application to a complex system. The role of various design and analysis disciplines is introduced. Systems engineering is related to the engineering process by showing that the systems engineering process of requirements flow down through functional allocation is critical to the validity and currency of the input to the engineering process. In addition, the application of systems thinking to the decision making inherent in the engineering process is shown to be a second critical area for the application of systems engineering. Finally, special considerations are discussed pertaining to systems engineering of naval ships as, possibly, the most complex manmade mobile systems.
Total Ship Open Systems Architecture
Authors: Vasilakos J. , Devries R. , Tompkins K.T. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the concept of Open Systems Architecture (OSA) applied to Navy ships and the benefits that accrue. Open Systems Architecture involves the development of reference models and associated standard interfaces that can be supported by commercial industry. These interfaces open the ship to the latest commercial equipment and technologies and can provide upgradeability, flexibility, and interoperability throughout the life of the ship. While OSA benefits are well established for electronic and computer systems throughout commercial industry and the Navy, the use of OSA for the total ship, including structural, electrical, mechanical, and other shipboard system interfaces represents a new and unproven application. An Industry/Navy Integrated Process Team (IPT) for Total Ship Open Systems Architecture (TOSA) was formed at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, to develop total ship open systems.The TOSA approach facilitates the exploitation of commercial and cooperative research and development (R&D) efforts throughout a ship's life by developing a framework of Open System Architecture and standard interfaces. By publishing the framework, future R&D can consider the available space and services that may constrain a specific function in the design of new elements.
Use of Polymeric Surfactant Infused Substrates in Removal of Emulsions and Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Aqueous Waste Streams
Authors: Alper H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTEnvironmental concerns and tightening regulations have taxed the capabilities of current technology to deal with oily waste. Emulsions and low‐level aromatic, polyaromatic and halo‐genated hydrocarbons have proven especially onerous. The properties and potential uses of a new type of chemical compound (US Patent #5,437,793; CAS #173967‐80‐1, 173967‐81‐2) for the purpose of de‐emulsification removal of organic compounds from aqueous waste streams are discussed relative to enhancing existing technologies and developing new ones. Specifically, the use of treated filter materials is covered for the purpose of enhancing oil‐water separation (OWS) technology by using treated filters as post oil water separator polishers. These polishers are generally capable of bringing post OWS water effluent from 150 ppm (parts per million) emulsified oil down below the 15 ppm discharge limit. Additionally, this chemistry can be infused into existing boom materials to enhance performance and minimize water drag‐out while at the same time new boom configurations can be constructed using new materials previously unusable because of their lack of attraction for oils. Treatment with polymeric surfactant (PS) chemistry renders such materials oleophilic so mat other favorable properties (i.e. buoyancy) can be exploited to provide superior performance and minimize water drag‐out.
The Measure of Performance in Logistics Acquisition
Authors: Elliott‐Brown J. A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAcquisition reform initiatives changed the way we buy logistics are bought Structured military standards and regulations were replaced with performance specifications to enable determination up front of the best logistics resources for a system as a function of the systems engineering process. The emphasis is on planning the acquisition to know “what, how, when, where, and why” before the contract is written. The need is to incorporate “guidance” in the contract to eliminate future supportability and sus‐tainability issues and problems. The goal is to reduce redundancies in deliv‐erables, use and enhance what is available, and to be flexible and innovative in meeting logistics requirements.
Prototype Demonstration of a Stern Embarkation Platform for the AOE 6 Class: A Navy/Industry Partnership
Authors: Grasso S. , Knowles D. , Schiller T. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe US Navy is striving to reduce total ownership costs of the Fleet The operational and safety issues associated with several cases of loss or damage to AOE 6 class accommodation ladders, provided the opportunity to demonstrate the effectiveness of a Government‐Industry partnership and the application of proven commercial technology in reducing manpower requirements and life cycle cost, while maintaining mission capabilities of an existing U.S. Navy replenishment ship.
The USS Constitution Ship Information Book: A Means to Keep History Alive
Authors: Wasalaski R.G. , Stevenson D. R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTUSS Constitution's long history has seen much in the way of different engineering methods to analyze and make necessary repairs to keep her in good condition. Though made primarily of wood, the requirements to maintain and repair Constitution's systems and equipment are the same that face our Fleet today. Today's Fleet must deal with rust, cracks, and broken equipment, while on Constitution it is decay, wood cracking/checking, and structural deformation that threatens the Navy's oldest commissioned ship. Maintenance and repair of the ship has always been a demanding undertaking because of the cost of maintaining historic engineering techniques in addition to actual preservation. Difficulties arise in trying to maintain the ship to its' 1812 configuration, since the documentation of engineering data was either never developed or lost through the passage of time, and the historic tradesmen skills and resources are no longer readily available. This is why the on‐going task of developing a Ship Information Book is so important to the continued life of Constitution. With a better foundation of engineering knowledge and available ship information documented, a maintenance and repair program can be improved to keep “Old Ironsides” alive forever.
Evolution of the Landing Period Designator (LPD) for Shipboard Air Operations
Authors: Ferrier B. , Baitis A. E. , Manning A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe landing period designator (LPD) is primarily a visual aid that provides air and ground crew an unambiguous means of interpreting helicopter and ship safe landing and deck handling conditions. LPD, an application of dynamic interface (DI) studies, was developed to describe in real‐time the responses of an air vehicle to the boundary layer processes during air vehicle launch and recovery. LPD is an attempt to pay greater attention to the dynamic issues encountered by free bodies (air vehicles, for example) on launch and recovery. A review of the tools used to develop the LPD is made. A brief synopsis of the theory and calculation of the ship motion and dynamic interface simulation programs, is presented. The LPD is based on the evaluation of motion bearing energies collapsed into a scalar function called the energy index. The index, an empirical relation, evaluates ship motion as a function of the air vehicle limits by a process of filters designed to determine the air vehicle responses at the instant of recovery. The theory, simulation, and at sea testing programs of the LPD, are summarized. Particular attention is given to LPD responses under especially rigorous at sea pilot‐in‐loop testing conditions. Filter modifications prompted by exposure to extreme environments are discussed. LPD has been found to accurately represent a safe deck in any sea condition. More importantly, LPD has been shown to correctly identify safe deck windows even in the most severe conditions. Application of the LPD as a tool in other DI taskings is considered. In particular, the incorporation of the LPD into NSWC's active operator guidance (AOG) system as a navigational tool is presented. AOG provides the operator with the best ship's heading and speed combination to acquire a desired ship motion risk level within the wind requirements for an aircraft's operations.
A Blueprint for Solid State Automatic Bus Transfer Switches
Authors: Morris Jonathan , Sander Keith , MacDonald Joe 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSolid State Automatic Bus Transfer Switches (SSABT) also known as Static Transfer Switches (STS) or Electronic Bus Transfer Switches (EBT) are poised to replace conventional Electro‐mechanical Automatic Bus Transfer Switches (ABT) in many applications in the near future. SSABTs offer faster transfer times, superior shock resistance, greater reliability and improved control when compared to conventional ABTs. The faster transfer times of SSABTs makes them ideally suited for mission critical equipment associated with the combat weapons system. As with all mission critical equipment, an application specific design should be selected to insure the effectiveness, reliability and serviceability in a shipboard environment.
MicroRNAs as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Mishra Paras Kumar , Tyagi Neetu , Kumar Munish , Tyagi Suresh C. 
Published: March 2009

Introduction
Biogenesis of miRNAs and their regulatory mechanisms
MiRNAs in cardiovascular diseases
MiRNAs in hypertrophy
MiRNAs in cardiac fibrosis
MiRNAs in arrhythmia
MiRNAs in myocardial infarction
MiRNAs in heart failure
MiRNAs in angiogenesis
MiRNAs in cardiomyopathy
MiRNAs in antherogenesis
Role of Dicer in cardiomyopathy
MiRNAs ‐ a new strategy for treatment of cardiovascular diseases
Therapeutic challenges and their remedies
Approaches of miRNAs in cardiovascular therapy

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny, endogenous, conserved, non‐coding RNAs that negatively modulate gene expression by either promoting the degradation of mRNA or down‐regulating the protein production by translational repression. They maintain optimal dose of cellular proteins and thus play a crucial role in the regulation of biological functions. Recent discovery of miRNAs in the heart and their differential expressions in pathological conditions provide glimpses of undiscovered regulatory mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases. Nearly 50 miRNAs are overexpressed in mouse heart. The implication of several miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases has been well documented such as miRNA‐1 in arrhythmia, miRNA‐29 in cardiac fibrosis, miRNA‐126 in angiogenesis and miRNA‐133 in cardiac hypertrophy. Aberrant expression of Dicer (an enzyme required for maturation of all miRNAs) during heart failure indicates its direct involvement in the regulation of cardiac diseases. MiRNAs and Dicer provide a particular layer of network of precise gene regulation in heart and vascular tissues in a spatiotemporal manner suggesting their implications as a powerful intervention tool for therapy. The combined strategy of manipulating miRNAs in stem cells for their target directed differentiation and optimizing the mode of delivery of miRNAs to the desired cells would determine the future potential of miRNAs to treat a disease. This review embodies the recent progress made in microRNomics of cardiovascular diseases and the future of miRNAs as a potential therapeutic target ‐ the putative challenges and the approaches to deal with it.
High prevalence of ‘Borrelia‐like’ organisms in skin biopsies of sarcoidosis patients from Western Austria
Authors: Derler Anna Maria , Eisendle Klaus , Baltaci Mehmet , Obermoser Gerlinde , Zelger Bernhard 
Published: March 2009

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown aetiology with frequent skin involvement.Objective: To investigate the frequency of ‘Borrelia‐like’ organisms in cutaneous sarcoidosis (CS) by focus‐floating microscopy (FFM).Methods: Retrospective analysis of 38 CS specimens by immunohistochemistry with polyclonal anti‐Borrelia antibody and assessment by FFM.Results: Specimens of 34.2% CS were positive for ‘Borrelia‐like’ organisms by FFM. Usually single spirochetes, rarely pairs or small clusters of bacteria were observed between collagen bundles or at the periphery of granulomas. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in addition in 11 cases and was negative in all biopsies.Samples of erythema migrans served as positive controls: 92.3% of 39 samples were positive by FFM, but only 46.6% gave positive results by PCR. Of 61 negative controls only one specimen was falsely positive by immunohistochemistry.Conclusion: Detection of ‘Borrelia‐like’ organisms by FFM in tissue sections of CS underlines the possibility that such microorganism may be involved in the pathogenesis of some cases of CS.
Macular lymphocytic arteritis: a unique benign cutaneous arteritis, mediated by lymphocytes and appearing as macules
Authors: Saleh Zenus , Mutasim Diya F. 
Published: March 2009

Background: Macular arteritis (MA) is a term coined for a cutaneous vasculitis that manifests as multiple macules that favor the lower extremities and that reveal lymphocytic inflammation of an artery in the deep dermis and subcutaneous fat.Methods: We describe the demographic, clinical, histologic, and laboratory findings in three new cases and review seven previously reported cases of MA, and discuss the nosology of MA.Results: MA affects predominantly females (70% or 7/10) and individuals of African‐American race (50%). Eight patients had hyperpigmented patches, one had hypopigmented macules, and one had erythematous macules. The lower extremities were involved in 100% of cases, followed by the upper extremities (44%). Light microscopic changes are those of a medium‐vessel lymphocytic arteritis. Investigations for possible causes are non‐revealing.Conclusion: We conclude that MA is a primary idiopathic cutaneous lymphocytic arteritis that is limited to the skin.
Tattoo‐associated keratoacanthomas: a series of 8 patients with 11 keratoacanthomas
Authors: Fraga Garth R. , Prossick Trisha A. 
Published: March 2009

Background: Keratoacanthoma is interpreted by many dermatopathologists in the United States as a form of squamous cell carcinoma that can spontaneously involute. Rare examples arising in tattoos have been reported in the literature.Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases from our institution received between 2000 and 2008 for any that reported a tumor within a tattoo.Results: We identified eight patients with keratoacanthomas that arose within tattoos. One of the patients had four separate keratoacanthomas arising within two separate tattoos. Red tattoo ink was associated with 82% of the keratoacanthomas.Conclusions: Keratoacanthomas are more common than previously reported in tattoos and are easily misinterpreted. The association with red tattoo ink suggests a form of hypersensitivity‐associated with adnexal hyperplasia. Tattoo‐associated squamous tumors with innocuous nuclei, infundibulocystic structures, adnexal hyperplasia, and signs of regression should be reported as keratoacanthomas rather than as variants of squamous cell carcinoma.
A Chinese rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) model for vaginal Lactobacillus colonization and live microbicide development
Authors: Yu Rosa R. , Cheng Andrew T. , Lagenaur Laurel A. , Huang Wenjun , Weiss Deborah E. , Treece Jim , Sanders‐Beer Brigitte E. , Hamer Dean H. , Lee Peter P. , Xu Qiang , Liu Yang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground  We sought to establish a nonhuman primate model of vaginal Lactobacillus colonization suitable for evaluating live microbial microbicide candidates.Methods  Vaginal and rectal microflora in Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were analyzed, with cultivable bacteria identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Live lactobacilli were intravaginally administered to evaluate bacterial colonization.Results  Chinese rhesus macaques harbored abundant vaginal Lactobacillus, with Lactobacillus johnsonii as the predominant species. Like humans, most examined macaques harbored only one vaginal Lactobacillus species. Vaginal and rectal Lactobacillus isolates from the same animal exhibited different genetic and biochemical profiles. Vaginal Lactobacillus was cleared by a vaginal suppository of azithromycin, and endogenous L. johnsonii was subsequently restored by intravaginal inoculation. Importantly, prolonged colonization of a human vaginal Lactobacillus jensenii was established in these animals.Conclusions  The Chinese rhesus macaque harbors vaginal Lactobacillus and is a potentially useful model to support the pre‐clinical evaluation of Lactobacillus‐based topical microbicides.
Baboon serum is superior to human or bovine serum albumin for baboon sperm capacitation and zona binding
Authors: Nyachieo A. , Spiessens C. , Chai D.C. , Kiulia N.M. , Mwenda J.M. , D’Hooghe T.M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground  Baboon in vitro fertilization requires capacitated sperm in appropriate media. In this study, we compared the effect of baboon serum (Bas), human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) on baboon sperm capacitation.Methods  Five males (n = 5) were electroejaculated and 43 oocytes retrieved from super‐ovulated female baboons (n = 10). Each sperm sample was assessed for initial motility and concentration before and after swim‐up. For swim‐up, each sperm sample was incubated separately in Biggers–Whitten–Whittingham media containing either BaS, HSA, BSA or without protein supplementation (control). After swim‐up, each sperm aliquot was incubated with two to three oocytes. The number of sperm bound to the zona was evaluated after overnight incubation.Results  Sperm motility and zona binding was significantly higher after capacitation in media supplemented with BaS than in HSA or BSA or in media without protein supplementation (P < 0.05).Conclusion  Baboon serum is superior to HSA or BSA for baboon sperm capacitation and zona binding.