bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of ranitidine on soluble interleukin 2 receptors and CD8 molecules in surgical patients
Authors: Nielsen H J , Mynster T , Jensen S , Hammer J , Nielsen H 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The effect of perioperative immunomodulation with the H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine on postoperative changes in soluble interleukin (IL) 2 receptor and soluble CD8 levels was assessed in 24 patients undergoing major elective abdominal surgery. Eleven patients were randomized to receive intravenous ranitidine 100 mg twice daily for 4 days from skin incision, followed by oral ranitidine 150 mg twice daily for a further 5 days; 13 control patients received no ranitidine. Routine blood analysis, clinical data, duration of surgery, anaesthesia, antibiotic prophylaxis and perioperative blood transfusion were similar in the two groups. Serum concentrations of soluble IL-2 receptor and CD8 were measured before operation (day 0) and in the morning of postoperative days 1, 3 and 9 using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. In patients treated with ranitidine, the serum level of soluble IL-2 receptor increased from day 0 to day 9 (P &lt; 0.01); in control patients it decreased from day 0 to day 1, did not change significantly by day 3 and increased by day 9. The change from day 0 to day 1 was significantly different between the two groups (P &lt; 0.01). Five of the 13 control patients developed postoperative infectious complications. No significant differences were shown in soluble CD8 concentration during the postoperative period. The postoperative change in soluble IL-2 receptor level may reflect lymphocyte activation status; ranitidine appears to promote activation of mainly CD4-positive lymphocytes since serum levels of CD8 were unchanged. Ranitidine may, therefore, improve immune function during major surgery.
Butyrate metabolism in the terminal ileal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Chapman M A S , Grahn M F , Hutton M , Williams N S 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The rate of oxidation of butyrate, glutamine and glucose was investigated in terminal ileal mucosal biopsy samples from nine patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing restorative proctocolectomy and from 12 patients undergoing laparotomy for reasons other than ulcerative colitis. Substrate oxidation was assayed using a radiolabelled isotope technique. Butyrate was the preferred fuel substrate, followed by glutamine and then glucose (median (95 per cent confidence interval) 567 (262–894), 63 (35–123) and 81 (5·1–18) pmol μg−1 h−1 respectively; P &lt;0·01, Mann-Whitney U test) in normal terminal ileal mucosa. The patients with ulcerative colitis had a significantly reduced rate of butyrate oxidation compared with the control group (194 (81–321) versus 567 (262–894) pmol μg−1 h−1, P &lt; 0·05). Normal terminal ileal mucosa oxidized butyrate in greater quantities than glucose and glutamine. Ulcerative colitic terminal ileal mucosa exhibited an impaired rate of butyrate oxidation.
An experimental study of altered nitric oxide metabolism as a mechanism of cyclosporin-induced renal vasoconstriction
Authors: Bloom I T M , Bentley F R , Spain D A , Garrison R N 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Nephrotoxicity caused by cyclosporin A (CSA) is the result of vasoconstriction of the renal microcirculation. The endothelium-derived relaxing factor nitric oxide (NO) regulates microvascular blood flow in various tissues, and mediates the microcirculatory response during hypertension and sepsis. This study investigated the role of NO in CSA-induced renal vasoconstriction. Hydronephrotic kidneys in rats were suspended in an environmentally controlled tissue bath, and interlobular, afferent and efferent arteriolar diameters and blood flow were measured by in vivo videomicroscopy. CSA was administered alone, with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor Nw-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) or with exogenous NOS substrate l-arginine. CSA significantly constricted the whole of the renal microvasculature whereas l-NAME alone preferentially constricted the preglomerular vessels. l-Arginine reversed the vasoconstriction induced by CSA whereas l-NAME had no further effect. Preglomerular basal vascular tone is dependent on continuous production of NO and alterations in the l-arginine-NO pathway contribute to CSA-induced renal vasoconstriction.
Proctographic changes after rectopexy for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and preoperative predictive factors for a successful outcome
Authors: Halligan S , Nicholls R J , Bartram C I 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Rectopexy is advocated as treatment for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome despite variable outcome. Sixteen patients with this condition, who remained symptomatic after surgery, were examined before and after operation by evacuation proctography and compared with a matched group of seven patients whose symptoms had been relieved, to investigate the effect of rectopexy on rectal configuration or emptying, or both, and to identify any preoperative factor associated with a good outcome. Rectal prolapse, demonstrated in 19 of 23 patients before operation (internal in 12, external in seven), was seen in only one patient after surgery. The rectal axis became more vertical at rest (median 44° before operation versus 35° after surgery, P = 0.006) and on evacuation (median 38° versus 31°, P = 0.023). Preoperative evacuation time was increased in patients with poor outcome (median (range) 22 (8–60) s versus 10 (5–15) s, P = 0.008). Rectopexy successfully treats rectal prolapse in patients with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and alters rectal configuration. These features, however, are unrelated to outcome. Prolonged preoperative evacuation time, suggesting a defaecatory disorder, may predict poor symptomatic outcome.
Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor modulates immune function and improves survival after experimental thermal injury
Authors: Molloy R G , Holzheimer R , Nestor M , Collins K , Mannick J A , Rodrick M L 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Thermal injury is associated with reduced colony-stimulating activity, which correlates with increased susceptibility to infection. To assess the effect of therapeutic administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 8-week old anaesthetized mice were subjected to either a 20 per cent body surface burn or a sham burn. Animals were subsequently treated with either vehicle or a range of doses of GM-CSF (10–1000 ng) with or without indomethacin (5 μg). Sepsis was induced by caecal ligation and puncture on day 10 after injury. Survival was significantly better in animals treated with 200 ng GM- CSF on days 5–9 after the burn. Concanavalin A-stimulated T cell proliferation and interleukin (IL) 2 production were significantly depressed after burn injury. In vivo therapy with 200 ng GM-CSF, however, led to a significant improvement in both of these parameters of T cell function. These data suggest that GM-CSF has a potential therapeutic role in the prevention of death from burn sepsis and appears to act, at least in part, by restoring defective T cell proliferation and IL-2 production.
Prospective study of prognostic factors in patients with unresected hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer
Authors: Rougier Ph , Milan C , Lazorthes F , Fourtanier G , Partensky C , Baumel H , Faivre J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Prognostic factors of unresected liver metastases in patients with colorectal cancer are not well established. A total of 544 patients with unresected liver metastases from colorectal cancer were registered in a national survey over a 1-year period and followed until death. Twenty factors were studied in a univariate analysis (log rank test) and 16 influenced survival (P&lt;0±01). These 16 factors were entered in a multivariate analysis (Cox model) and eight, ranging from the most significant (relative risk of death 1±9) to the less significant (relative risk of death 1±2), independently influenced survival: performance status, alkaline phosphatase level, number of involved liver segments, administration of chemotherapy, presence of extrahepatic metastases, site of the primary tumour, prothrombin time and resection of the primary lesion. Two simple classifications are proposed, taking into account the performance status and the alkaline phosphatase level, or the performance status and the number of involved liver segments.
Trusses in the management of hernia today
Authors: Cheek C M , Williams M H , Farndon J R 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In the UK an estimated 40 000 trusses are issued annually. The rate of 700 per million is higher than that presently found in other countries and may be because of reduced access to surgery. Despite the high use of trusses little has been published on their effectiveness, complication rates and value. This review summarizes current knowledge, and concludes that further studies on the benefits and effectiveness of trusses need to be performed to enable patients to receive appropriate advice and guidance.
Choice of prophylactic surgery for the large bowel component of familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Setti-Carraro P , Nicholls R J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The surgical options for treating the large bowel component of familial adenomatous polyposis are total proctocolectomy, colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis, and restorative proctocolectomy, with or without mucosectomy. Although the first of these eradicates all mucosa at risk, it carries several disadvantages, not least of which is a permanent ileostomy. There is little to choose functionally between the other two operations. The choice should be based on the perceived risk of cancer developing in any residual rectum; the factors influencing this risk are discussed.
Repeated liver resection for recurrent liver cancer
Authors: Neeleman N , Andersson R 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Patients with cancer recurrence limited to the liver alone after a first liver resection may be candidates for a repeat resection. Some 191 second and ten third liver resections for recurrent colorectal metastases, and 128 second and ten third liver resections for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), were evaluated after reviewing the literature. The 5-year survival rate after second liver resection for colorectal metastases was 26 per cent with a median survival time of 30 months. Mortality and morbidity rates were 1·2 and 27·4 per cent respectively. The 5-year survival rate after second resection for HCC was 40 per cent with a median survival time of 40 months. The operative mortality rate was 2·3 per cent; morbidity occurred in 13 per cent of patients with HCC. Survival after primary colorectal resection was significantly better for patients with metachronous metastases than for those with synchronous disease; survival correlated with a long interval between the first and second liver resection (in both colorectal liver cancer and HCC). Repeated liver resection may be performed in selected patients and yield a similar survival to that obtained after first liver resection.
Prospective study of microscopic lymph node involvement of the hepatic pedicle during curative hepatectomy for colorectal metastases
Authors: Elias D , Saric J , Jaeck D , Arnaud J P , Gayet B , Rivoireh M , Lorimier G , Carles J , Lasser P 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Extensive lymph node dissection of the hepatic pedicle was undertaken in 100 consecutive patients undergoing curative hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases in whom lymph node involvement of the hepatic pedicle was not macroscopically detectable. Microscopic lymph node involvement was found in 14 patients, in very different lymph node sites, and was related only to the number of metastases, extent of liver involvement and carcinoembryonic antigen level (all P&lt; 0·05).
Postoperative mortality in rectal cancer treated with or without preoperative radiotherapy: Causes and risk factors
Authors: Holm T , Rutqvist L-E , Johansson H , Cedermark B 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Adjuvant preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer improves local control and possibly overall survival. However, an increased postoperative mortality rate after radiotherapy has been observed in some trials. This study was based on 1399 patients in two randomized trials of radiotherapy. It reviewed the causes of death after operation and attempted to identify risk factors for postoperative mortality in patients with rectal cancer treated with or without high-dose (5 × 5 Gy) preoperative radiotherapy. The majority of deaths were from cardio vascular disease or infection. The risk of postoperative mortality was significantly increased in patients irradiated with a two-portal technique to a relatively large volume compared with those not given radiotherapy, but not in those irradiated with a four-portal technique to a limited volume. Age, sex, tumour stage and coexistent cardiovascular disease were independent risk factors for postoperative mortality. The risk of postoperative death in patients with rectal cancer is related to the preoperative radiotherapy technique.
A randomized controlled study of the effect of bedside leucocyte depletion on the immunosuppressive effect of whole blood transfusion in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery
Authors: Jensen L S , Hokland M , Nielsen H J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In a randomized study the effect of whole blood transfusion versus bedside leucocyte-depleted blood transfusion on lymphocyte proliferation, CD4+: CD8+ratio, and levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) and interleukin (IL) 6, as well as on the development of postoperative wound infection and intra-abdominal abscess, was assessed in 60 patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Transfusion with whole blood induced a significant decrease in lymphocyte proliferation and CD4+:CD8+ ratio (P&lt; 0·01) as well as a significant increase in sIL-2R and IL-6 levels (P&lt; 0·01). Furthermore, transfusion with whole blood was accompanied by a significant increase in postoperative infectious complications (P&lt; 0·01). In patients transfused with leucocytedepleted blood only slight and transient changes were observed, which were not significantly different from those observed in non-transfused patients.
Factors affecting outcome of patients with impalpable breast cancer detected by breast screening
Authors: Dixon J M , Ravisekar O , Cunningham M , Anderson E D C , Anderson T J , Brown H K 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Factors affecting completeness of excision and outcome, whether conservation or mastectomy, in 152 patients with localized impalpable breast cancer undergoing therapeutic needle-guided wide local excision were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses using multiple logistic regression. Independent factors related to completeness of excision at the first operation were operator experience (P=0·0001), and size of the lesion (P=0·005). Factors related to outcome were operator experience (P=0·0003), more experienced operators having a higher rate of breast conservation, and tumour size (P=0·0001), larger lesions being more likely to be treated by mastectomy. Patients initially operated on by the two most experienced surgeons were more than four times less likely to undergo mastectomy than those whose initial wide local excision was performed by a less experienced surgeon.
Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with opisthorchiasis
Authors: Watanapa P 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is very common in areas endemic for the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Survival after surgical treatment of cholangiocarcinoma associated with opisthorchiasis was studied prospectively in 30 patients, all of whom resided in an endemic area. The median age was 52 (range 32–69) years and twenty-five patients were men. Seven patients had their tumours removed, four with concomitant liver resection. Twenty-two patients underwent palliative biliary bypass procedures to a segmental duct. Laparotomy with biopsy of metastatic lesions was undertaken in one patient with multiple lymph node metastases and peritoneal seedlings. No patient received postoperative chemotherapy or radiation treatment. Patients were followed for 2 years or until death. The 1-year survival rate after tumour resection was 86 per cent and the 2-year survival rate 43 per cent. After palliative procedures the 1-year survival rate was 26 per cent; no patient reached 2 years and the median survival time was 8 months. Survival after surgical treatment of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with opisthorchiasis is broadly similar to that reported for cholangiocarcinoma without liver fluke infestation.
Early measurement of interstitial fibrosis predicts long-term renal function and graft survival in renal transplantation
Authors: Nicholson M L , McCulloch T A , Harper S J , Wheatley T J , Edwards C M , Feehally J , Furness P N 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This study investigated the relationships between renal allograft interstitial fibrosis, renal function and graft survival. A total of 107 consecutive renal transplant recipients immunosuppressed with cyclosporin were studied. Needle core transplant biopsies were performed before operation and at 1, 6 and 12 months after transplantation. Allograft fibrosis was assessed by histomorphometric analysis of graft interstitial volume fraction. Renal function was measured by isotopic glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement at the same time points. Interstitial volume fraction was already high in preperfusion biopsies, significantly increased with time but stabilized at 6 months after transplantation. GFR correlated negatively with interstitial volume fraction at 6 months (P = 0·05). Interstitial volume fraction at 1 month was not a useful predictor of subsequent graft survival but for allografts surviving to 6 months an interstitial volume fraction above 25 per cent predicted significantly poorer survival (P = 0·04). It provides an objective measure of chronic allograft damage and may prove to be a useful surrogate endpoint in the study of therapeutic intervention.
Prospective study of the aetiology of infusion phlebitis and line failure during peripheral parenteral nutrition
Authors: May J , Murchan P , MacFie J , Sedman P , Donat R , Palmer D , Mitchell C J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Four techniques of administering peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) were examined prospectively to investigate the role of mechanical trauma in the development of infusion phlebitis. Patients in group 1 (n = 15) were fed via a standard 18-G Teflon cannula which was removed on completion of the infusion and was rotated to the contralateral arm every day. Group 2 patients (n = 15) had a similar catheter sited in each forearm simultaneously, with rotation of the side of infusion each day. Patients in group 3 (n = 17) had a 15-cm Silastic rubber catheter inserted into a forearm vein and a standard cannula sited in the contralateral forearm, with alternation of infusion each day. Those in group 4 (n = 13) had a fine-bore 23-G silicone catheter sited in one arm only. Patients in groups 1, 2 and 3 were fed over 12-h cycles and those in group 4 for a 24-h continuous cycle. A total of 408 patient-days of PPN were given. Mean duration of PPN in groups 1–4 was 7·5, 9, 5·5 and 5 days respectively. Infusion phlebitis was not recorded in patients who had a daily change of cannula (group 1), but occurred in four patients in group 2, eight in group 3 and eight in group 4. Phlebitis scores were 0, 9, 15 and 12 for groups 1–4 respectively. Severe phlebitis and line occlusion occurred more frequently in patients with a 15-cm catheter (group 3) and in those fed continuously over 24 h (group 4). These results suggest that mechanical trauma is an important factor in the aetiology of infusion phlebitis. This can be minimized by reducing the time for which the vein wall is exposed to nutrient infusion and by reducing the amount of prosthetic material within the vein.
Connections of diffuse bipolar cells in primate retina are biased against S‐cones
Authors: Lee Sammy C.S. , Grünert Ulrike 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn mammalian retina, each diffuse bipolar type stratifies in a distinct layer of the inner plexiform layer. Thus, different types of bipolar cells provide output to distinct visual pathways. Here, the question of whether diffuse bipolar cell types differ with respect to their contacts with short wavelength‐sensitive (S‐) cones was investigated in the retinas of a New World monkey, Callithrix jacchus, and an Old World monkey, Macaca fascicularis. Subpopulations of OFF bipolar cells were labeled with antibodies to the glutamate transporter Glt‐1 and ON bipolar cells were labeled with antibodies to the alpha subunit of the Go protein (Goα). Two types of diffuse ON bipolar cells, DB4 and DB6, were identified with antibodies to protein kinase Cα and CD15, respectively. Cone pedicles were labeled either with peanut agglutinin coupled to fluorescein or with antibodies to the ribbon protein, C‐terminus binding protein 2. We found that immunoreactivity for Glt‐1 (OFF bipolar cells) is reduced at S‐cones in comparison to medium/long wavelength‐sensitive (M/L‐) cones. Immunoreactivity for Goα (ON bipolar cells) is comparable at all cone types. Nearly all M/L‐cone pedicles contact the diffuse ON bipolar types DB4 and DB6, but only between 60% and 75% of the S‐cone pedicles make contact. Furthermore, the number of dendritic tips of DB4 and DB6 cells at S‐cone pedicles is lower than that at M/L‐cone pedicles. These results suggest that there is a bias in the S‐cone connectivity of diffuse bipolar cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:126–140, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Forebrain connectivity of the prefrontal cortex in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus): An anterograde and retrograde tract‐tracing study
Authors: Roberts Angela C. , Tomic Davorka L. , Parkinson Caroline H. , Roeling Tom A. , Cutter David J. , Robbins Trevor W. , Everitt Barry J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe cortical and subcortical forebrain connections of the marmoset prefrontal cortex (PFC) were examined by injecting the retrograde tracer, choleratoxin, and the anterograde tracer, biotin dextran amine, into four sites within the PFC. Two of the sites, the lateral and orbital regions, had previously been shown to provide functionally dissociable contributions to distinct forms of behavioral flexibility, attentional set‐shifting and discrimination reversal learning, respectively. The dysgranular and agranular regions lying on the orbital and medial surfaces of the frontal lobes were most closely connected with limbic structures including cingulate cortex, amygdala, parahippocampal cortex, subiculum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medial caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens as well as the magnocellular division of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and midline thalamic nuclei, consistent with findings in the rhesus monkey. In contrast, the granular region on the dorsal surface closely resembled area 8Ad in macaques and had connections restricted to posterior parietal cortex primarily associated with visuospatial functions. However, it also had connections with limbic cortex, including retrosplenial and caudal cingulate cortex as well as auditory processing regions in the superior temporal cortex. The granular region on the lateral convexity had the most extensive connections. Based on its architectonics and functionality, it resembled areas 12/45 in macaques. It had connections with high‐order visual processing regions in the inferotemporal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, higher‐order auditory and polymodal processing regions in the superior temporal cortex. In addition it had extensive connections with limbic regions including the amygdala, parahippocampal cortex, cingulate, and retrosplenial cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:86–112, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.