bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drive-Level and Flexibility in Paired-Associate Nonsense-Syllable Learning
Authors: Gordon Walter M. , Berlyne D. E. 
Published: March 2008

“High-anxiety” and “low-anxiety” subjects, selected for extreme scores on the Taylor Anxiety Scale, learned a list of paired-associate nonsense syllables in the belief that they were undergoing an intelligence test. Both groups were then given a second list of paired associates to learn, the stimulus-items being the same as those of the first list but the responses being changed. Before the presentation of the second list, half the subjects in each group were given anxiety-increasing instructions and the remaining half were given reassuring instructions. The results verified two predictions made from Hull's behaviour theory, using the concept of fear or anxiety as a secondary drive:—“high anxiety” subjects took more trials to master the second learning task than “low-anxiety” subjects; and there was a significant interaction between initial anxiety-level and type of instructions, such that “high-anxiety” subjects who received drive-increasing instructions had a worse performance in the second part than all other sub-groups. There was no indication that “low-anxiety” subjects were significantly affected by the type of instructions received. The “high-anxiety” group had greater difficulty than the “low-anxiety” group in learning the first list, but the difference was non-significant.
The Relationships between P.G.R. Scores and Temperature and Humidity
Authors: Venables P. H. 
Published: March 2008

Following an incidental finding that psychogalvanometer response measures were related to temperature and humidity readings taken at the same time, the nature of the relationship was examined in greater detail. A sizeable relationship between temperature and conductance response measures is found only in a neurotic group and only above an effective temperature of 66° F. This relationship appears to be a function of the position of the response within the total experimental session, and may be dependent upon the relative excitation, or recovery from excitation, of the subject. Humidity in general, affects only the basal conductance level and, does so in both normal and neurotic groups. The relationship between temperature and humidity is probably a complicated one and cannot be corrected for by simple regression except if the majority of scores be within a particular range of humidity readings.
A Negative Test of the Drive-Reduction Hypothesis
Authors: Littman Richard A. , Wade Edward A. 
Published: March 2008

A major deduction of the drive-reduction hypothesis of reinforcement was tested. A light which follows the termination of a shock coincides with a condition of drive or need reduction. If drive reduction is a sufficient condition for reinforcement, then the light should become a secondary reinforcing agent by virtue of its association with the drive-reduction event. If it becomes a secondary reinforcing agent, it should be able to reinforce an instrumental act. This sequence of deductions was tested by placing rats in a stock, giving them a brief shock upon the termination of which a light was flashed for one second. After sixty such pairings, subjects were then placed in a Skinner box under operant test conditions; when they pressed the bar a light flashed on. Animals subjected to this training programme were compared for rate of bar pressing with animals subjected to a variety of control conditions. No significant differences were found among the groups, and it was concluded that in so far as the deductions from drive-reduction theory were correct, the theory was not substantiated. The paper concludes with a discussion of various problems which might limit the interpretation of the experimental results.
The Relation between Hand Movements and Intellectual Activity in a Skilled Task
Authors: Vince M. A. 
Published: March 2008

The experiment continues an investigation (Vince, 1953) into the relation between intellectual processes and hand movements in a sensori-motor task. Subjects were required to trace a repeating pattern of circles which appeared one, two or three at a time in a slit. Only one circle at a time could be hit and subjects were instructed to discover for themselves a good path for joining the maximum possible number of circles. The experimental situation thus allowed for various levels of response: pursuit movements, predictive movements, choice and a change of plan. At the end of the experiment subjects were asked to draw their idea of the pattern. The results support others obtained earlier in showing that in this situation the subject's idea of the pattern he is tracing is determined by his total (motor, as well as visual) response to it. In addition, there was evidence that in some cases improvements occurred in the sensori-motor performance which were not reflected immediately in the subjects' idea of the pattern.
Some Observations on the Occipital Alpha Rhythm
Authors: Drever James 
Published: March 2008

In order to test the hypothesis that the behaviour of the alpha rhythm is related to the kind of imagery used by different subjects, and in particular that the disappearance of the alpha rhythm during mental work is associated with the use of visual imagery, occipital EEG records were taken from groups of early blind, late blind, and sighted subjects during the performance of two spatial tests. Since the test scores differentiated between the groups it was argued that the performance probably involved a visual component. When the subjects were classified into the three suggested alpha-rhythm types, M, R, and P, the groups so obtained did not differ significantly from one another in terms of test scores. This was regarded as negative evidence so far as the hypothesis under investigation is concerned, especially since the alpha rhythm type supposedly associated with prevalently visual imagery was found most frequently among the blind. It is clear that blindness is a complicating factor here as the amount and amplitude of alpha rhythm found in the blind records was less than in the case of the normal subjects. This, however, does not seem to invalidate the argument, but rather constitutes a problem for those who claim that absence of the alpha rhythm is associated with visual imagery. The hypothesis under investigation seems at present to be too simple and to need some reformulation before it will fit the facts.
The Perception of Three-Dimensional Solids
Authors: Langdon J. 
Published: March 2008

Arising from the discussion of differences between three- and two-dimensional perceptual objects in relation to current theories, an attempt is made to extend the traditional type of shape-constancy investigation into the realm of three-dimensional solids. For this purpose a specially constructed “solid” is made to undergo progressive physical changes of shape while being compared, under controlled conditions, with various stationary two-dimensional projections. The results indicate that three-dimensional solids possess perceptual properties not shared by simple surfaces or representational projections. It is suggested that changes in the magnitude and sign of the constant errors obtained under certain conditions can be explained only on the assumption that subjects react to the stimulus in terms of some conceptual schema, or reference frame, involving mental processes other than those of perception.
Visual Illusion and Figural After-Effect, with and without Fixation
Authors: Summerfield Arthur , Miller Kenneth M. 
Published: March 2008

An experiment, which was carried out with forty observers to investigate the effects of two conditions of observation, fixation and non-fixation, on the relative magnitudes of figural after-effect and immediate illusion is described. The combined inspection figure and test figure used in investigating after-effect displacements formed the figure used in investigating illusory displacements. An account is given of the apparatus used which enabled quantitative measurements of the displacements to be made by a production method. A second experiment on the magnitude of illusion and after-effect occurring with a slightly different figure and with fixation the only condition of observation is also briefly referred to. The results of the experiments indicate (a) that illusory displacements exceed aftereffect displacements, contrary to Köhler and Wallach's (1944) non-quantitative observation, (b) that virtually no after-effect occurs in the absence of fixation as observation condition, (c) that while fixation is necessary to the production of after-effects, observation without fixation favours a significantly larger illusory effect. It is concluded that, in spite of the similarities between after-effect and illusory displacements, differing mechanism must be postulated as underlying them, and, therefore, that neither Köhler and Wallach's theory nor Osgood and Heyer's (1951) theory of figural after-effect is capable of immediate extension to cover illusions.
Access to knowledge in the digital era
Authors: KOSKINEN‐OLSSON Tarja 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTAccess to knowledge is a critical issue when intellectual property rights are debated among governments in such fora as the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization. Scientific and scholarly materials became available online long before other types of copyright‐protected works, such as music and films. It is therefore particularly interesting to analyse how this specific field of publishing has adapted to the new digital landscape. Lessons can be learnt from related business sectors. Licensing is a key component in creating access, on terms and conditions that are fair and balanced for users in all parts of the world; this will encourage writing and publishing both now and in the future.
Extending the concept of publication: factbases and knowledgebases
Authors: SANDEWALL Erik 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe concept of a ‘publication’ no longer applies only to printed works; information technology has extended its application to several other types of works. This article describes a facility called the Common Knowledge Library that publishes modules of formally structured information representing facts and knowledge of various kinds. Publications of this new type have some characteristics in common with databases, and others in common with software modules; however, they also share some important characteristics with traditional publications. A framework for citation of previous work is important in order to provide an incentive for contributors of such modules. Peer review – the traditional method of quality assurance for scientific articles – must also be applied, although in a modified form, for fact and knowledge modules. The construction of the Common Knowledge Library is a cumulative process; new contributions are obtained by interpreting the contents of existing knowledge sources on the Internet, and the existing contents of the Library are an important resource for that interpretation process.
Journals at bepress: new twists on an old model
Authors: PERCIALI Irene , EDLIN Aaron 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn recent years academic journal publishers have explored a variety of new business models. The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress), founded by professors in 1999, now publishes 39 electronic‐only journals. bepress's own model rests on three principles: improve, but do not break, the traditional journal; allow non‐subscribers to read articles as guests; and offer reasonable and sustainable prices to libraries. This model has resulted in steady growth. Even in the shifting landscape of open access, there remains a place for professional journal publishers who offer innovative improvements, traditionally qualified content, and reasonable prices.
Knowledge bases: improving the information supply chain
Authors: RAPPLE Charlie 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn early 2006, information industry association UKSG commissioned a research report ‘to identify the new relationships and information exchange requirements … [necessary] to maximize the benefit of OpenURL linking'. Central to the efficient operation of the OpenURL is the knowledge base, which consists of data supplied by content providers including publishers. The report found that a lack of awareness on the part of many publishers of the OpenURL's capabilities and requirements is impacting the quality and timeliness of the data they provide to populate knowledge bases, and thus undermining the potential of this sophisticated technology. A programme of education and advocacy, particularly among smaller publishers, will be key to improving the efficacy with which OpenURL is currently implemented. The study's findings and suggestions will be taken forward by the KBART (Knowledge Bases And Related Tools) working group co‐chaired by UKSG and NISO; this article reviews the initial report and summarizes the planned remit and expected outcomes of the working group.
SERUM TSH AND THYROID ANTIBODY STUDIES IN ADDISON'S DISEASE
Authors: McHardy‐YOUNG S. , LESSOF M. H. , MAISEY M. N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThirty‐three patients with Addison's disease have been investigated with particular reference to thyroid function, thyroid antibody status and serum TSH measurements.Of twenty‐seven patients with idopathic or probably idiopathic Addison's disease, fifteen had antibodies against adrenal tissue and thirteen had thyroid microsomal antibodies. No patient with tuberculous Addison's disease had evidence of thyroid disease or of either adrenal or thyroid antibodies.The response to injected TSH was usually impaired in patients who had antithyroid antibodies in their serum. This test was cumbersome but appeared to indicate the reserve capacity of the thyroid.Serum TSH levels were raised in ten of the thirteen patients who had thyroid antibodies, including six whose protein bound‐iodine levels were below 4.0μ/100 ml. Three antibody negative subjects also had an elevated TSH level.The most sensitive indication of subclinical thyroid disease appeared to be a positive thyroid antibody test. Estimation of the serum TSH level appeared to correlate with more advanced disease and with the earliest evidence of failure of thyroid function.It is suggested that serum TSH measurements are clinically helpful in patients with positive thyroid antibody testes and in patients with low or low normal proteinbound iodine levels.
KINETIC STUDIES OF CORTISOL AND SYNTHETIC CORTICOSTEROIDS IN MAN
Authors: Fell P. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFollowing the rapid intravenous injection of corticosteroids (cortisol, prednisolone, betamethasone and betamethasone‐17‐valerate), the blood levels of each were estimated and the results analysed in a two‐compartment open model. The kinetic analysis revealed differences in distribution and elimination which could have important therapeuticimplications. A theory is presented for the marked differences seen, and the therapeutic importance of these is discussed.
EXCRETION OF 6‐OXYGENATED METABOLITES OF PROGESTERONE AND PREGNANEDIOL DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: JAMES FRANCES , FOTHERBY K. , KLOPPER A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe excretion of preganediola and the 6‐oxygenated metabolites of progesterone was measured during the last 12 weeks of pregnancy in fifty‐five women. There was no significant change in pregnanediol excretion during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy but during this time there was a significant increase in the excretion of the 6‐oxygenated metabolites. There was a significant correlation between the excretion of these latter metabolites and both fetal and placental weights at term. It is suggested that the 6‐oxygenated metabolites may be arising from the fetal 6‐hydroxylation of progesterone. In some patients with severe toxaemia pregnanediol excretion was low although excretion of 6‐oxygenated metabolites was within the normal range.
HUMAN NEUROPHYSINE BLOOD LEVELS UNDER NORMAL, EXPERIMENTAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: LEGROS J. J. , FRANCHIMONT P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe first results of serum neurphysine determinations by radioimmunoassay in normal man and in several pathological states are reported.Under baseline conditions neurophysine levels are higher in women than in men. In women, moreover, they are elevated during pregnancy and decline rapidly postpartum. During labour and suckling there is no significant change in maternal neurophysine. Neonates, and particularly premature infants, have higher serum neurophysine concentrations than adults.Under certain physiological conditions (water load, dehydration) there is a concordance between serum neurophysine and antidiuresis, whereas these two factors are discordant in states marked by endocrine alterations (anterior pituitary insufficiency, adrenal insufficiency, oestrogen ingestion). A dissociation between neurophysine levels and antidiuresis is also observed during nicotine stimulation by cigarette inhalation. The significance of this dissociation is discussed.Renal insufficiency whether or not treated by dialysis is accompanied by constatly elevated neurophysine levels, while obesity is sometimes although not always associated with a marked increase in neuropysine. A rise in serum neurophysine is seen only rarely in anterior pituitary insufficiency.
ACTH AND CALCITONIN SECRETING MEDULLARY CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID
Authors: CROUGHS RONALD J. M. , EASTHAM W. NOÉL , HACKENG WILLEM H. L. , SCHOPMAN WILLEM , FELTKAMP‐VROOM THEA M. , DOLMAN ABRAHAM , HENNEMANN GEORG 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe present report describes the case history of a woman suffering from an ectopic ACTH syndrome due to a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Histologic and electron microscopic studies revealed the tumorous nature of the so‐called ‘macrophage‐like’cell; the diagnostic significance of this cell is stressed. It appears that there is a whole spectrum of tumour cells ranging from the typical tumour cell via transitional forms to ‘macrophage‐like’tumour cells.Tumour tissue was investigated for the presence of calcitonin and ACTH by immunological and biological methods. Tumour tissue sections stained specifically for calcitonin in the immunofluorescence technique; high concentrations of calcitonin could be demonstrated in tumour extracts both by radioimmunoassay and bioassay.In contrast, the presence of ACTH in tumour tissue could be demonstrated only by radioimmunoassay. The negative results of the bioassay could be attributed to the relative insensitivity of the method used, and a similar explanation may account for the negative results using the immunofluorescence technique. Plasma levels of both calcitonin and ACTH were very high. A final diagnosis of an ACTH and calcitonin secreting medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was made. There is no reason to believe that these polypeptide hormones are produced by different cell types.
THE EFFECT OF CHLORPROMAZINE ON PITUITARY FUNCTION
Authors: SALDANHA V. F. , HAVARD C.W.H. , BIRD R. , GARDNER R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe pituitary‐adrenal response to stress and the production of growth hormone were studied in a group of schizophrenic patients before and after treatment with chlorpromazine in a dose of 300 mg daily for 1 week. Although there was a tendency for the growth hormone levels to be lower after treatment, the mean figures showed no significant differences. The mean plasma corticosteroid response to the stress of hypoglycaemia was only of significant difference at 120 min. Individual cases showed considerable, apparently random, variation.
PLASMA LIPOPROTEEINS IN ADULT DIABETES
Authors: HAYES T. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe prevalence of hyperlipoproteinaemia was investigated in three groups of diabetics. Of 106 untreated diabetics. Of 106 untreated diabetics 68% had some form of hyperlipoproteinaemia. When the plasma of fifty‐six of these patients was re‐examined after their hyperglycaemia was controlled, then only 22% had an abnormal lipoprotein pattern. A further group of 102 diabetics who had been receiving treatment for between 1 and 34 years and whose hyperglycaemia appeared to be well controlled were also studied and the prevalence of abnormal lipoprotein patterns in this group was 58%. There was no correlation between the age of the patient and the prevalence of hyperlipoproteinaemia but all those studied were over 30 years of age.There was no evidence that any of the forms of treatment used, diet alone, diet with sulphonylureas, diet with phenformin, or diet and insulin was more successful than any of the others either in reducing the overall prevalence of hyperlipopro‐teinaemia or in treating any particular type of hyperlipoproteinaemia.
TREATMENT OF MENOMETRORRHAGIA WITH AN ANTI‐OESTROGEN
Authors: EL‐SHEIKHA ZAKARIA , KLOPPER ARNOLD , BECK J. SWANSON 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSix women with menometrorrhagia, two with anovular cycles and four with ovular cycles, have been studied, before, during and after treatment with tamoxifen, a competitive inhibitor of the binding of oestrogen to the endometrium. During treatment the urinary pregnanediol excretion of the women with anovular cycles rose and a modified secretory transformation of the endometrium occurred. Ovulation occurred during treatment in all the patients suffering from ovulatory menorrhagia. Most patients noted a diminution in the amount and duration of bleeding and there was a tendency for the previously irregular bleeding to occur at regular intervals during treatment.
SEMINAL PROSTAGLANDINS AND FERTILITY
Authors: BRUMMER HILARY C. , GILLESPIE ARNOLD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe levels of prostaglandins E, A, and 19 hydroxy A in samples of seminal fluid collected from men attending a fertility clinic have been estimated spectrophotometrically and compared with levels found in samples from fertile men undergoing sterilization by vasectomy. Semen taken from oligo or aspermic men and that from men whose wives proved infertile did not contain significantly different amounts of prostaglandin from samples taken from fertile men. However, a smaller scatter of values for PGE content was found in the group where infertility was unexplained. This was significant (P<0.025). It was also found that considerable deterioration of samples occurred on storage.
Plasma testosterone and androstenedione after orchiectomy in prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: SCIARRA F. , SORCINI G. , DI SILVERIO F. , GAGLIARDI V. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOrchiectomy is often used in the management of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate, an androgen dependent tumour, since it markedly reduces the concentrations of plasma testosterone (to a mean level of 28 ± 16 (SD) ng/100 ml) and temporarily inhibits the growth of the neoplasma.In some orchiectomized patients, however, the values of plasma testosterone and androstenedione do not drop to these levels, but remain higher, around 137 ± 23 ng/100 ml and 213 ± 39 ng/100 ml respectively.In these patients, treatment with dexamethasone significantly decreased the levels of testosterone and androstenedione to 22 ± 20 ng/100 ml (P<0.0005) and 43 ± 11 ng/100 ml (P<0.0005) respectively.It can therefore be assumed that in orchiectomized patients these compounds are produced in the adrenal cortex, which in some cases is stimulated to produce a larger amount of strong androgens such as testosterone and weaker androgens such as androstenedione.It has also been observed that those patients with an inadequate lowering of plasma testosterone levels after orchiectomy, did not show clinical improvement.Further studies in a larger number of patients are needed in order to support this finding.