bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary design of an ATC support tool for the implementation of the Ad Hoc Separation Minima concept in an en-route sector.
Authors: Serrano-Mira Lidia , Sanz Luis Pérez , Pérez-Castán Javier A. , Mas-Sardá Juan Sánchez-Cano 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The current aim in response to the anticipated growth in air traffic demand is to expand airspace capacity. However, this poses a challenge, as many airspace volumes are nearing saturation. An influential factor in determining airspace capacity is separation minima, which have remained unchanged for more than two decades. It seems that technological developments in recent years, such as new aircraft capabilities and ATC (Air Traffic Control) support tools, may eventually enhance current separation minima standards. Consequently, there is a push to improve separation management by introducing new operational concepts. Ad Hoc separation minima are one such concept, allowing different separation values to be applied within the same airspace volume based on factors such as aircraft models, weights, and wind conditions, among others. These values are computed individually for each aircraft pair in each situation. Implementing different separation minima values within the same airspace volume requires a significant change in certain ATC activities. In addition, new functionalities or ATC support tools are essential, as Air Traffic Control Officers (ATCO) cannot mentally determine the appropriate separation value for each situation. To address this, a new tool, the Ad Hoc Separation Minima Tool (ASMT), is proposed. It aims to integrate this concept seamlessly into an en-route (ENR) sector without increasing ATCOs workload and altering ATC responsibilities. This study provides a high-level overview of the ASMT architecture, and its functional system has been evaluated in a simulated ENR sector using MATLAB®.
Fuel consumption behaviour in aggregated air traffic metrics
Authors: Argerich Martín C , Álvarez Lorenzo R , Alonso G , Benito A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Currently there exist a wide variety of models that can be used to assess the fuel consumption of a single flight, from conventional models based on physics and flight performance to more innovative ones based on avant-garde techniques such as artificial intelligence. However, the quality of the fuel consumption estimated by these models usually relies strongly on the quality of data available. As consumed fuel is impacted by a wide variety of features, such as aircraft type, engine family, meteorological conditions, flight path, etc, the more information available, the more accurate the estimations will be.
However, having access to such granulated data is not always trivial and, moreover, the computational cost that could be derived from assembling data coming from different agents in the aviation field (airports, airlines, manufacturers, meteorological stations), plus the processing of the data and afterwards the computation of a refined fuel consumption model will be very high. The work presented here has been developed within the framework of the project E.R.A. (Environmentally Responsible Aviation) funded by Red.es, and it presents an extensive analysis on how consumed fuel and carbon dioxide emissions estimations could be made with limited access to information. Moreover, the aim is to be able to prove that for aggregated metrics, that being a set of flights and not a single flight, the consumed fuel can be easily estimated thus helping accounting for the carbon dioxide emissions that are produced at a global level.
Obsolescence in Aviation Systems of Systems with Applications in ATM
Authors: Pleter O T , Constantinescu C E 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Systems-of-Systems theory is enlarging the perspective that engineers have on the objects of their work. Previously, efforts were focused at the system level, and by managing system inputs and outputs, all interactions between systems were thought to be addressed. With age, a system-of-systems designed individually at different moments in time will degrade as an overall fitness to purpose, will grow to a certain degree of obsolescence. In aviation this is most evident since systems invented and put in place 60 years ago are still operating. The assumptions made originally when the system was created became obsolete, gradually or in quantum leaps. This paper uses examples from air navigation to illustrate that the fitness for purpose for an individual system does change over time and with the changes in the environment the system is working in. The first time a system is established as an industry standard, its first design, and its first architecture presumably best fit the requirements, the specifications. Although these specifications of the system do not change in time, the fitness to the purpose does change and usually decays. This is only obvious in a systems-of-systems analysis, done for the system now part of a system-of-systems. The paper studies the following cases of obsolescence with impact on Air Traffic Management: Radar Altimeters, ILS Glide Slope intercept from above, Continuous Descent Approach effects on turbine engines, and evolution of SSR transponder utility.
Study on thermal conductivity of micron BN-nano SiO2 combined modified epoxy resin composites
Authors: Zhang Yiyi , Lan Danquan , Liu Peng , Feng Bo , Xu Danyang , Wu Min 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Epoxy resin has attracted widespread attention in the field of power electronic packaging due to its favorable processing technology, high adhesion, and excellent dielectric properties. The enhancement of thermal conductivity in epoxy resin through the incorporation of diverse particles is a prominent area of interest in the realm of modified insulation materials. In this study, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) with good thermal conductivity were used as doped fillers to modify epoxy resin (EP). The analysis of experimental results indicated that the thermal conductivity of materials with a total doping amount of 20 wt% and a mass ratio of BN to SiO2 of 70:30 to 60:40 could increase the thermal conductivity by 118.1~126.0%. In contrast to pure EP, the thermal conductivity of composite epoxy resin materials has been significantly enhanced.
Comparative study on microstructure and hardness of P92 steel before and after long service
Authors: Fu Yangyang , Luan Gaocan , Zhao Pengfei , Ma Qinzheng , Zhu Baoyin , Xia Xianxi , Jin Xiao 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Due to its exceptional mechanical properties, the P92 steel is extensively utilized in power plants for high-temperature and high-pressure components, such as main steam and reheated steam pipes. This study aims to characterize the microstructure and Brinell hardness of domestic and imported P92 steel before and after 50 kh of service under identical conditions using SEM (scanning electron microscope), EBSD (electron back scattering diffraction), TEM (transmission electron microscope), and a Brinell hardness tester. The findings reveal that the hardness of domestic P92 steel decreases from 222 HB to 200 HB after 50,000 hours (50 kh) of service, while the imported P92 steel experiences a slight decrease from 205 HB to 203 HB. During prolonged service, the martensitic lath broadening rate in domestic P92 steel surpasses that in imported P92 steel, which primarily accounts for the significant decline in hardness. Additionally, the presence of large-sized Laves phases at matrix lath boundaries, lath bundle boundaries, and grain boundaries in both domestic and imported P92 steels also contributes to the reduction in hardness.
Fluidization characteristics of iron ore powder in fluidized bed
Authors: Pang Jianming , Song Yaoxin , Li Shiwen , Yue Chongfeng , Zhao Zhimin , Luo Lingen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The fluidization characteristics of iron powder were studied on a self-made cold fluidized bed in the laboratory. The pressure distributed in the axial inside the lifting pipe of a fluidized bed gradually decreases to a constant value from underbody to roof. As the gas flow rate in the fluidized bed increases, the pressure on each axial section first increases and then decreases. When the inflation numbers are fixed, as the operating gas speed increases, the pressure on the same height segment decreases. When the operating gas speed of a fluidized bed is constant, the pressure increases with the increase of inflation numbers. The pressure at different bed heights is affected differently by the operating air speed: at the underbody of the bed, the pressure rapidly decreases with increasing operating airspeed. As the cross-sectional height increases, the influence of operating gas speed on pressure gradually decreases. As the charge increases, the pressure at the underbody of the fluidized bed rises rapidly, while the pressure at the roof changes gently. When iron ore fine powder is fluidized, distribution in axes of particle concentration shows an uneven distribution of upper dilute and lower dense. Under a certain loading number, increasing the operating airspeed will reduce the average concentration of granules in each axial section of the entire bed, and the particle concentration distribution in that section will become uniform. As the number of charges increases, the average concentration of granules in the riser increases, and the difference in particle concentration between the underbody and roof parts of the riser decreases.
Study on sinusoidal lapping micro-structured surface by abrasive stone with staggered abrasive particles
Authors: Liu Qi , Li Xingshan , Lyu Yushan , Hu Shenrong , Shang Zhaotong 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In order to manufacture structured surfaces, firstly, the abrasive stone model with staggered abrasive particles is established with mathematical methods. Secondly, the motion of abrasive particles on the abrasive stone is designed. Finally, the surface morphology of the workpiece is simulated. The simulated workpiece morphology under different machining parameters is compared, and the influence of different machining parameters on the workpiece surface morphology is obtained. The results indicate that the microstructured surface can be lapped by using the abrasive stone of staggered abrasive particles. As the amplitude and frequency of the abrasive stone increase, the number of protrusions increases, and the area of individual protrusions decreases.
The microstructure and properties of high-strength structural steel for fruit auxiliary picking equipment
Authors: Feng Lulu , Yang Yanjun , Zhang Wenfeng , Qiao Weiwen , Tian Xuefeng 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength structural steel used in the fruit-picking equipment were studied by using a metallographic microscope, a tensile tester, and an impact toughness tester. The results revealed that the structure of the experimental steels was a mixed microstructure of ferrite and pearlite, with an average grain size of ferrite of 12 μm. The yield strength was between 515-540 MPa and the tensile strength was 635-645 MPa. The impact toughness at room temperature reached over 200 J. The physical properties of the studied steels completely fulfilled the requirements of the high-strength structural steel for fruit auxiliary picking equipment. The new method cut down the tempering heat treatment process and decreased production costs.
Study on the effect of annealing rate on the impact resistance of the H-ZLaF50 vehicle plate glass
Authors: Jia Wentao , Liu Jiaxin , Wang Yaohong , Yao Guanpeng , Gao Xiaofang , Fang Xuezhou , Kou Xiaoyong , Xu Guangyi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The H-ZLaF50 glass has attracted much attention in the field of automotive glass applications due to its excellent mechanical properties. The effect of the annealing rate on the impact resistance of the H-ZLaF50 glass was studied. High-precision infrared stress meter was used to test the stress distribution of glass under different annealing rates and the influence of annealing rate on the stress distribution was found. Secondly, the impact resistance of the H-ZLaF50 glass samples was evaluated by the test method of electric falling ball impact resistance. The maximum impact energy of the H-ZLaF50 glass samples was 0.120 J. The results show that, compared with other annealing rates, the annealing rate of 1°C/min effectively improves the impact resistance of the H-ZLaF50 glass, which makes it more widely used in the automotive flat glass market.
Analysis and prevention of copper pipe corrosion
Authors: Xie Jinpeng , Teng Yulin , Zhang Li , Li Hui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The failure of the locomotive heat exchanger due to pitting and corrosion of the T2 heat exchange copper tube is used as the engineering application background. The pitting corrosion and influencing factors of T2 copper tu were studied by weight loss method, SEM, and EDS. The optimal ratio of compound corrosion inhibitors (borax, sodium nitrite, sodium silicate, and benzotriazol) of T2 copper tube was obtained. The results show that the main reason for the pitting corrosion of T2 copper pipe is the local rupture of cuprous oxide protective film on the copper surface, resulting in the copper at the bottom of the pit as the anode and the Cu2O oxide film on the surface as the cathode to form a corrosion cell so that copper dissolves and pitting in the pit. The rupture of the Cu2O oxide film is related to excessive carbon-containing residue and the deposition of dirt (foreign matter) on the surface, mechanical attack, and defects of the material itself. The optimal ratio of compound corrosion inhibitor in 2 L pure aqueous solution is as follows: Borax content is 4.4 g, sodium silicate content is 4.23 g, sodium nitrite content is 4 g, and benzotriazole content is 0.2 g.
Numerical simulation of air flow and distribution in the blast system of blast furnace
Authors: Xu Wenxuan , Qing Gele , Li Yanglong , Zhang Lijun , Yu Meng , Wang Fengqin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A three-dimensional geometric model of the blast system of the 5500 m3 blast furnace was established in this study. The velocity distribution of the blast system was calculated by OpenFOAM, and the velocity distribution at cross sections of the round pipe and the branch pipe was analysed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) When the hot air enters the branch pipe, the air flow speed gradually increases and reaches its maximum value (approximately 266.7 m/s) at the tuyere outlet. (2) When the hot air enters the round pipe from the main pipe, there is momentum loss. When the hot air further reaches the opposite side of the junction between the round pipe and the main (Tuyere 1#), the speed of the hot air in the round pipe decreases to the minimum. (3) The maximum air flow average speed of the tuyere outlet is located at Tuyeres 20# and 21# at the junction of the main pipe and the round pipe, which can reach 264.5 m/s. The minimum air flow average velocity of the tuyere outlet is located at Tuyeres 19# and 22#, approximately 258.5 m/s.
Numerical simulation of spinning forming of A356 aluminum alloy hub using dual spinning rollers
Authors: Zhong Hao , Qu Shengguan , Long Wang , Deng Rixin , Zhou Wenxue 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A finite element model of one-pass forming of an A356 aluminum alloy hub using dual spinning rollers was established, and the effectiveness of the finite element model was verified through experiment. The established finite element model was used to study the influence of the feed rate, the spindle speed, the axial distance of the two spinning rollers, and the friction coefficient on the forming quality of the hub. The result shows that a good forming quality could be obtained when the feed rate is 4 mm/s, the spindle speed is 220 rpm, the axial distance between the two spinning rollers is 3 mm or 7 mm, and the friction coefficient is 0.2. The simulation results can provide a reference for actual spinning production processes.
Real-time temperature monitoring and alarm system for biological samples storage based on FPGA
Authors: Li Chennong , Chen Yanxia , Zhong Xingping , Xu Youchun , Qin Lei 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the field of biosensing, high-quality biological samples are a prerequisite for precise analysis and detection. Strictly controlled storage temperature is crucial to ensure the stability of biological samples and achieve effective detection. Different biological samples require different temperature ranges for storage. Therefore, it is essential to design a temperature monitoring and alarm system capable of alarming based on different needs. This work presents a real-time temperature monitoring and alarm system based on the DS18B20 temperature sensor and FPGA chip. The system with simple structures has a wide temperature measurement range, an adjustable temperature alarm range, and a timely alarm function for various scenarios monitoring. This work demonstrates the temperature monitoring and alarm system for simple, accurate, and low-cost modes of temperature monitoring. The real-time temperature monitoring and alarm system will provide an effective means to strictly control the storage temperature of different biological samples, ensuring the stability and effectiveness of biological samples and the accuracy and sensitivity of biosensing and analysis.
Thermovision as a non – destructive method of technical condition assessment: case study in a smart building
Authors: Dębska L , Krawczyk N , Kapjor A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Currently, more and more emphasis is placed on building energy-efficient buildings from the highest quality materials to keep heat and energy losses as low as possible. Relatively, such buildings are much more expensive than traditional buildings due to the technology that is used in them. This applies to HVAC systems, renewable energy sources and etc. This paper presents the correctness of the thermal insulation of the Energis intelligent building at the Kielce University of Technology with the use of a thermal imaging camera. Measurements and photos were taken outside and inside the building, in the winter, in the late afternoon. This research topic was undertaken because few works and articles offer thermal imaging studies of smart buildings. The analysis of the thermograms showed differences between the surface of the windows and the walls from the inside, and additionally a place in the room in which you can see how cold is trying to penetrate the interior. The study provided data on thermal insulation of the tested building, its assessment and correctness of execution.
Study of water-side free cooling technology for power lithium battery plant
Authors: Lin Jiajing 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Power lithium battery production process needs to consume a lot of energy. In this paper, an energy consumption analysis of a representative company was conducted, the energy consumption of the facilities that provide support for the process is higher than the energy consumption of the process equipment itself, which greatly affects the cost of battery manufacturing. Air-conditioning system as the most important energy-consuming system of the facilities, accounting for 25% to 45% of the total electricity consumption. The energy consumption of the cooling source system dominates, even in winter its energy consumption can reach 14% of the total energy consumption. On this basis, this paper analyzes the chilled-water-use characteristics of the air-conditioning terminal in winter through theoretical analysis, the chilled water temperature is therefore optimized according to the real-time outdoor humidity. The chilled water temperature is linearly increased after the humidity ratio fall below 7.5g/kg(a), reaching a maximum value of 12.1°C at 6g/kg(a). In addition, the cooling tower free cooling technology based on the optimized chilled water temperature is innovatively proposed to fully explore the energy-saving potential of the technology to achieve the energy saving of the cooling source system. TRNSYS simulation results show that after optimizing the chilled water temperature, the time period for cooling tower individual cooling under winter operating condition is extended by 60%, and cooling source system energy saving rate can reach 49.0% and the cost saving rate 48.0%, both of which are higher than 15% compared to the un-optimized chilled water temperature.
Pilot project on “green” hydrogen generation at the territory of Turkmenistan
Authors: Jumayev A.Ya. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper recommends the production of the “green” hydrogen at the territory of Turkmenistan. The electrical energy required for the production of “green” hydrogen is generated by a photovoltaic solar station. Current work presents a modelling project, which consists of electric power source – photovoltaic solar station (PVS) with a capacity of 100 MW, system of generation of hydrogen (electrolyzer with a capacity 50 MW) and the system of freshening – installation of the reverse osmosis with an output of 80 tons water a day.
Design and preliminary test results of the charge sensitive amplifier for gain-less charge readout in high-pressure TPC
Authors: Yang Y. , Liang T. , Gao C. , Zhang D. , Chen K. , Wang H. , Liu J. , Liu L. , Qiao Y. , Hu Z. , Sun X. , Tian X. , Song Z. , Huang G. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the design and electrical test results of a low-noise front-end chip (named Topmetal-S) in a High-pressure Time Projection Chamber (TPC) for searching the neutrinoless double beta decay. The Topmetal-S has been fabricated in a 130 nm CMOS technology. The proposed front-end chip consists of a charge collection electrode, a Charge Sensitive Amplifier (CSA) and peripheral circuits. The test results indicate that the CSA features an input linear dynamic range of approximately 6.64 fC, a charge-conversion gain of about 220 mV/fC and an Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) of approximately 115 e
- after a digital trapezoidal pulse shaper.
The OBDT-theta board: time digitization for the theta view of Drift Tubes chambers.
Authors: Sastre J. , Bedoya C.F. , Cuadrado S. , Cuchillo J. , Francia D. , de Lara C. , Navarro A. , Paz R. , Redondo I. , Redondo D. ,   the CMS Muon group
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We present the design and performance of the On-Board electronics for the Drift Tubes (OBDT) for the superlayer theta along the direction parallel to the beam-line, the new board built to substitute part of the CMS DT Muon on-detector electronics. The OBDT-theta is responsible for the time digitization of the DT chamber signals for the theta view, allowing further tracking and triggering of the barrel muons. It is also in charge of part of the slow-control of the DT chamber inner electronics in the theta view. Prototypes of the OBDT-theta board are under validation in different laboratories in CERN, as well as in demonstrator chambers installed in the CMS experiment. This allows evaluation of the full functionality of the boards in real conditions, showing very satisfactory results.