bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CFD simulation of flow in vortex diodes
Authors: Kulkarni A. A. , Ranade V. V. , Rajeev R. , Koganti S. B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractVortex diodes are used as leaky nonreturn valves in applications, where it is desirable to avoid valves with moving parts. Despite their use in practice for several decades, no detailed analysis of the flow inside the vortex diodes is available. A strategy was derived for the CFD simulations of the vortical flow in diodes. A good agreement was seen between pressure drop (ΔP) across the inlet‐outlet ports from CFD simulations, and the experimental data for five diode sizes. The simulations showed that in the reverse flow situation tangential velocity was dominant and resulted in conservation of angular momentum in the chamber until it reaches the axial exit port. This vortical motion induced a significant pressure drop (ΔPr). The axial velocity gradient over the chamber cross‐section helps in inducing relaminarization of the flow. In the forward flow mode, the fluid gets distributed radially over the chamber and exits through the tangential port, yielding low ΔPf. The analysis showed that the performance of a diode is strongly affected by diode geometry, size, aspect ratio, nozzle configuration and Reynolds number. Among different configurations, the nozzles with entry port size equal to diode yielded higher diodicity. Simulations showed that using angle of divergence for diffuser sections of nozzles of the order of 7° exhibited higher diodicity than smaller angles. It was also observed that at higher flow rates significantly higher diodicity was obtained using axial nozzles with larger radius of curvature for expander section. The modeling methodology and results presented will be useful for evolving better designs of vortex diodes. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
WOx‐CeO2 and WOx‐Nb2O5 catalysts deactivation during hexane isomerization
Authors: Mamede A.‐S. , Payen E. , Granger P. , Florea M. , Pârvulescu V. I. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTwo series of WOx‐CeO2 catalysts containing 10, 12, and 15 wt % W were prepared by co‐precipitation and incipient wetness impregnation using a reported procedure. WOx‐Nb2O5 catalysts with the same amount of W were prepared by co‐precipitation starting from an aqueous solution of ammonium niobium oxalate and ammonium metatungstate with ammonia, until reaching pH 7. After calcining for 3 h in static air at 973 K, the deactivation of the catalysts was investigated using isomerization of hexane as probe reaction at temperatures in the range 393–513 K, both in the absence and in the presence of hydrogen. In‐situ Raman spectra during deactivation were recorded as well. The deactivation rate was fitted by an empirical Voorhies equation: R = m
t−n, where the values of n correlated very well with the mass loss determined from TG analysis. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Hydrodynamics of the mixing chamber in RIM: PIV flow‐field characterization
Authors: Santos Ricardo J. , Erkoç Ertugrul , Dias Madalena M. , Teixeira André M. , Lopes José Carlos B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe flow‐field in a Reaction Injection Moulding, RIM, machine mixing chamber was characterized using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. This study covered the industrial range of Reynolds numbers, Re, for the RIM process, from 100 to 500, setting the overall trends of the flow‐field in that range, with particular focus on the flow regime transition range of 100 ≤ Re
≤ 150. The instantaneous 2D velocity vector maps were obtained with PIV in a plane containing the chamber and injectors axis. From instantaneous velocity data, the following quantities were computed: the probability density functions, the average velocity, and turbulence intensity. The present study sheds additional light into the transition of flow‐field regime that marks the onset of mixing on RIM, and also into the mixing mechanisms and respective underlying flow‐field features. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
What can variation in stature reveal about environmental differences between prehistoric Jomon foragers? Understanding the impact of systemic stress on developmental stability
Authors: Temple Daniel H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study reconstructs patterns of stress and phenotypic variation in prehistoric Japan. Greater evidence for stress is indicated by elevated enamel hypoplasia frequency among Jomon foragers from western compared to eastern Japan. Geographic variation in stress between Jomon people is related to plant‐based diets and resource scarcity in western Japan. The hypothesis that Jomon people from western Japan had shorter stature than those from the east is, therefore, tested. Relationships between individual stature, geographic location, and enamel hypoplasia presence/absence are also explored. In addition, increased population density and reliance on plant foods are observed during the Late/Final Jomon period in western Japan. A second hypothesis proposing shorter stature for Late/Final Jomon people compared to those from the Middle Jomon period is tested. Statistically significant differences in stature between males and females from eastern and western Japan were not observed. Individual relationships between enamel hypoplasia and stature were rejected. Stature decreased significantly over time in western Japan. It is possible that stature between the eastern and western Jomon did not differ because the western Jomon experienced catch up growth after childhood stress episodes. It is also likely that variation in stress between the two groups was not severe enough to warrant stature reduction. Decreases in stature through time in western Japan are related to increased exposure to chronic infection and dietary stress. Overall, these results indicate that enamel hypoplasia frequencies provide an adequate index of general stress but may fail to predict the impact of stress on the human phenotype. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rural urban differences of cardiovascular disease risk factors in adult Asian Indians
Authors: Das Mithun , Pal Susil , Ghosh Arnab 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in “People of Indian Origin” (PIO) is exceedingly high and strong relationships among elevated blood pressure, increased levels of lipoproteins, visceral obesity, physical inactivity and subsequent high occurrence of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus etc., were evident in many studies. Increasing urbanization with effective changes in lifestyles could be attributed to explain this exaggerated rate. The present community based cross‐sectional investigation was aimed to identify rural‐urban differences in prevalence of risk factors of CVD in the adult Asian Indians. A total of 350 adult (30 years and above) individuals (184 males and 166 females) belong to urban (n = 193, males = 104, and females = 89) and rural (n = 157, males = 80, and females = 77) areas participated in the study. Anthropometric measures, lipids profiles, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure measures were obtained from participants. The mean body mass index (kg/m2) for male and female was 22.37 ± 4.09 and 23.20 ± 4.37, respectively. There existed significant differences for anthropometric, metabolic, and blood pressure variables between rural and urban areas. Habitat (rural vs. urban) had significant impact on central adiposity, lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure measures even after adjusted for age and sex. Overall, 84.3% of females had lower HDL level compared with only 20.1% in males. It was also observed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 56.2% in urban females compared with 36.4% in rural females. Effective urbanization and or modernization seem to influence CVD risk factors and warrants intervention as early as adulthood to check this menace. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relation of ratio indices of anthropometric measures to obesity in a stunted population
Authors: Judd Suzanne E. , Ramirez‐Zea Manuel , Stein Aryeh D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe ratios of anthropometric measures are used to estimate obesity while controlling for allometric scaling. A good index should be uncorrelated with its denominator; this often requires exponentiation of the denominator. The stability of the derived exponents across populations is not known. We obtained subscapular (SUBS) and triceps (TRI) skinfolds, weight (WT), height (HT), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), and fat‐free mass (FFM) in a population of Guatemalan adults [height 1.63 ± 0.06 m (868 males); 1.51 ± 0.06 m (1047 females)]. We derived exponents for the indices WT/HTP, SUBS/TRIP, TRI/SUBSP, WC/HTP, FM/WTP, and FM/FFMP such that the ratios were free from association with their denominators. The derived exponents were (Men: SUBS/TRI0.88, FM/WT2.69, FM/FFM2.86, WC/HT0.68, and WT/HT2.17; Women: SUBS/TRI0.93, FM/WT2.01, FM/FFM3.37, WC/HT0.47, WT/HT2.03). For all examined indices the derived exponents differed (P < 0.05) from 1 and differed (P < 0.05) between men and women. The exponents for the men also differed from those previously published for Brazilian men (JCK Wells and CG Victora [2005]: Int J Obes 29:483–489). The derived indices were not more strongly correlated with adiposity than were simple unexponentiated ratios. Although exponentiation of the denominator eliminates the association of index with its denominator, the resulting exponents lack generalizability across populations, especially those where stunting remains prevalent. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with delayed menarche
Authors: Matchock Robert L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe prenatal environment of the human fetus is now known to have lasting physiological and behavioral effects into childhood and adulthood. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between early testosterone exposure, as measured by the ratio of the length of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D:4D ratio), and age of menarche. Retrospective, self‐report data on menarcheal age were obtained from 206 healthy female college students, as well as finger length ratio data from both hands. Low right‐hand 2D:4D ratios (but not left‐hand) were associated with delayed menarche. The results provide evidence for an androgen‐delayed menarche link and suggest that this relationship can be continuous in nature and not always categorical as occurs in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hyperandrogenism, or polycystic ovary syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expanded clinical phenotype of women with the FMR1 premutation
Authors: Coffey Sarah M. , Cook Kylee , Tartaglia Nicole , Tassone Flora , Nguyen Danh V. , Pan Ruiqin , Bronsky Hannah E. , Yuhas Jennifer , Borodyanskaya Mariya , Grigsby Jim , Doerflinger Melanie , Hagerman Paul J. , Hagerman Randi J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is generally considered to be uncommon in older female carriers of premutation alleles (55–200 CGG repeats) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene; however, neither prevalence, nor the nature of the clinical phenotype, has been well characterized in female carriers. In this study, we evaluated 146 female carriers (mean, 42.3 years; range, 20–75 years) with and without core features of FXTAS (tremor; gait ataxia), and 69 age‐matched controls (mean, 45.8 years; range, 21–78 years). Compared with controls, carriers with definite or probable FXTAS had greater medical co‐morbidity, with increased prevalence of thyroid disease (P = 0.0096), hypertension (P = 0.0020), seizures (P = 0.0077), peripheral neuropathy (P = 0.0040), and fibromyalgia (P = 0.0097), in addition to the typical symptoms of FXTAS–tremor (P < 0.0001) and ataxia (P < 0.0001). The non‐FXTAS premutation group had more complaints of chronic muscle pain (P = 0.0097), persistent paraesthesias in extremities (P < 0.0001), and history of tremor (P < 0.0123) than controls. The spectrum of clinical involvement in female carriers with FXTAS is quite broad, encompassing a number of medical co‐morbidities as well as the core movement disorder. The remarkable degree of thyroid dysfunction (17% in the non‐FXTAS group and 50% in the FXTAS group) warrants consideration of thyroid function studies in all female premutation carriers, particularly those with core features of FXTAS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unique disease heritage of the Dutch‐German Mennonite population
Authors: Orton Noelle C. , Innes A. Micheil , Chudley Albert E. , Bech‐Hansen N. Torben 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Dutch‐German Mennonites are a religious isolate with foundational roots in the 16th century. A tradition of endogamy, large families, detailed genealogical records, and a unique disease history all contribute to making this a valuable population for genetic studies. Such studies in the Dutch‐German Mennonite population have already contributed to the identification of the causative genes in several conditions such as the incomplete form of X‐linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB2; previously iCSNB) and hypophosphatasia (HOPS), as well as the discovery of founder mutations within established disease genes (MYBPC1, CYP17α). The Dutch‐German Mennonite population provides a strong resource for gene discovery and could lead to the identification of additional disease genes with relevance to the general population. In addition, further research developments should enhance delivery of clinical genetic services to this unique community. In the current review we discuss 31 genetic conditions, including 17 with identified gene mutations, within the Dutch‐German Mennonite population. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and molecular analysis of arylsulfatase E in patients with brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata
Authors: Nino Michelle , Matos‐Miranda Claudia , Maeda Momoe , Chen Li , Allanson Judith , Armour Christine , Greene Carol , Kamaluddeen Majeeda , Rita Debra , Medne Livija , Zackai Elaine , Mansour Sahar , Superti‐Furga Andrea , Lewanda Amy , Bober Michael , Rosenbaum Kenneth , Braverman Nancy 
Published: March 2008

AbstractX‐linked Recessive Chondrodysplasia Punctata (CDPX1) is due to a defect in arylsulfatase E (ARSE), located on Xp22.3. Neither the substrate nor function of the encoded warfarin‐sensitive arylsulfatase has been identified and molecular analysis remains the only confirmatory diagnostic test. Nevertheless, the majority of patients evaluated have not had identifiable mutations in ARSE, and thus far 23 patients have been reported. The major clinical features in these patients are also present in a group now recognized as phenocopies, due to vitamin K deficiency in early gestation or maternal autoimmune disease. We evaluated the ARSE gene in 11 patients who met clinical criteria for CDPX1. We amplified all exons and intronic flanking sequence from each patient, and investigated suspected deletions or rearrangements by southern analysis. We identified mutations in seven individuals. Of the remainder, three had maternal conditions that further expand the phenocopy group. Thus, this group might represent a proportion of the mutation‐negative patients in previous studies. We extracted clinical information from all prior reports over the past decade and show that there are few distinguishing features on examination between these two groups of patients. This study supports heterogeneity for CDPX1‐like phenotypes and sorting these out will help to define the biological pathway and genetic contributors. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Duplication of chromosome band 12q24.11q24.23 results in apparent Noonan syndrome
Authors: Shchelochkov Oleg A. , Patel Ankita , Weissenberger George M. , Chinault A. Craig , Wiszniewska Joanna , Fernandes Priscilla H. , Eng Christine , Kukolich Mary K. , Sutton V. Reid 
Published: March 2008

AbstractNoonan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with an estimated incidence of 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 2,500 live births. It is characterized by postnatal‐onset short stature, characteristic facial changes, webbed neck, pectus carinatum, or excavatum, congenital heart defects, and bleeding abnormalities. Gain‐of‐function mutations in the PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, and RAF1 genes that are components of the RAS/MEPK signaling pathway are identified in about 70–85% of individuals with Noonan syndrome. We report here a case of duplication of chromosome region 12q24.11q24.23 identified by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) that includes the PTPN11 gene in a 3‐year‐old girl with apparent Noonan syndrome. The patient presented with postnatal‐onset failure‐to‐thrive, developmental delay, microcephaly, velopalatal incompetence, pectus excavatum, coarctation of aorta, atrial and ventricular septal defects, decreased muscle tone, and minor facial anomalies consistent with Noonan syndrome. At 3 years of age her speech, gross and fine motor development were at the level of a 12–18 month old child. This degree of developmental delay was atypical for an individual with Noonan syndrome, raising concerns for a chromosomal abnormality. Array‐CGH showed an interstitial duplication of 10 Mb including the PTPN11 gene. Sequencing of PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1 and the coding region of RAF1 did not identify mutations. The increased gene dosage of the PTPN11 gene in the form of duplication is expected to have the same consequence as gain‐of‐function mutations seen in Noonan syndrome. We propose that at least some of the 15–30% of individuals with Noonan syndrome who do not have a mutation by sequencing may have a gain in copy number of PTPN11 and recommend that comprehensive testing for Noonan syndrome should include analysis for copy number changes of PTPN11. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Highly variable cutis laxa resulting from a dominant splicing mutation of the elastin gene
Authors: Graul‐Neumann Luitgard M. , Hausser Ingrid , Essayie Maximilian , Rauch Anita , Kraus Cornelia 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAutosomal dominant congenital cutis laxa (ADCL) is genetically heterogeneous and shows clinical variability. Only seven ADCL families with mutations in the elastin gene (ELN) have been described previously. We present morphological and molecular genetic studies in a cutis laxa kindred with a previously undescribed highly variable phenotype caused by a novel ELN mutation c.1621 C > T. The proband presented with severe cutis laxa, severe congenital lung disease previously undescribed in ADCL and pulmonary artery disease, which is often seen in ARCL but rare in ADCL. He also developed infantile spasms (OMIM 308350; West syndrome), which we consider a coincidental association although recessive cutis laxa or even digenic inheritance cannot be excluded. Electron microscopy of the proband's dermis revealed only mild rarefication of elastic fibers (in contrast to most recessive cutis laxa types). Apart from mild elastic fiber fragmentation, dermal morphology of the proband's father was within normal range. Molecular analysis of the ELN gene using genomic DNA from blood and RNA from cultured skin fibroblasts indicated a novel splice site mutation in the proband and his clinically healthy father. Analysis of ELN expression in fibroblasts provided evidence for a dominant‐negative effect in the child, while due to an unknown mechanism, the father showed haploinsufficiency which might explain the significant clinical variability. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of homozygous LMNA mutation R471C with new phenotype: Mandibuloacral dysplasia, progeria, and rigid spine muscular dystrophy
Authors: Zirn Birgit , Kress Wolfram , Grimm Tiemo , Berthold Lars Daniel , Neubauer Bernd , Kuchelmeister Klaus , Müller Ulrich , Hahn Andreas 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe report on a 7‐year‐old girl with a phenotype combining mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD), progeria, and rigid spine muscular dystrophy. Mild proximal weakness, contractures, and rigidity of the spine were the primary findings. Although present since birth, dysmorphic manifestations typical for MAD and progeroid features became more prominent with time, and the full clinical phenotype was recognizable at early school age. Her phenotype was caused by a homozygous mutation in LMNA (c.1411C > T, which predicts p.R471C) inherited from the heterozygous, consanguineous, unaffected parents. This mutation has only been reported in compound heterozygous state and was associated with a milder phenotype. Some LMNA mutations are known to cause MAD and overlapping phenotypes (MAD spectrum) in an autosomal recessive pattern. The p.R471C homozygous LMNA mutation causes a severe phenotype of the MAD spectrum. This case extends the clinical spectrum of MAD and further expands the phenotypic range of lamin A/C associated diseases. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ideal surface geometries of nucleating agents to enhance cell nucleation in polymeric foaming processes
Authors: Leung Siu N. , Wong Anson , Park Chul B. , Zong Jin Ho 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIdeal nucleating agents are expected to improve the cell morphology of plastics foams (i.e., increasing the cell density, reducing the cell size, and narrowing cell‐size distribution) by providing heterogeneous nucleation sites. A nucleating agent's surface geometry is one factor that governs its nucleating power. This paper discusses the surface geometry of an ideal nucleating agent. On the basis of computer simulations of a batch foaming process using polystyrene and carbon dioxide, we found that nucleating agents having numerous crevices with small semiconical angles are the most desirable for polymeric foaming processes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Preparation of polysulfonebenzylthiourea‐reactive ultrafiltration plate membranes and their rejection properties for heavy toxic metal cations
Authors: Wang Bing , Huangfu Fengyun , Liu Wei 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe asymmetric membranes were prepared via phase inversion method, by using chloromethyl polysulfone as membrane materials, polyethylene glycol (PEG) as pore forming agent to improve the morphology and function of resultant membranes, N,N‐dimethylacetamide as solvent, and water as the extraction solvent. Then the highly qualified polysulfonebenzylthiourea‐reactive ultrafiltration plate membrane was prepared successively through the reactions between the chloromethyl polysulfone matrix membrane and thiourea. The thiourea‐functionalized polysulfone plate reactive ultrafiltration membrane was used for the rejection of heavy toxic metal cations such as Cd2+ and Zn2+ through the coordination of the thiourea group and heavy toxic metal cations, in which the effects of the morphological and the structure of the membrane on the rejection properties were investigated. The rejection conditions, including the concentration of heavy toxic metal cations, temperature and pH of the solution had significant effects on the rejection capacity of polysulfonebenzylthiourea‐reactive ultrafiltration membrane. The reactive ultrafiltration membrane containing thiourea group can be conveniently recovered by dilute hydrochloric acid for coordination of heavy toxic metal cations, which would have wide application for the treatment of waste‐water‐containing heavy toxic metal cations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Synthesis of Fluorinated Dienes by Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions
Authors: Akkerman Floris A. , Kickbusch Rainer , Lentz Dieter 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe synthesis of partly fluorinated 1,3‐ and 1,4‐dienes by palladium‐catalyzed coupling makes these compounds available on the laboratory scale. Several catalyst systems were tested to maximize the yields and minimize the by‐products. The molecular structures of 1,1,2,4,4‐pentafluorobutadiene, chloro(N,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine)(trifluorovinyl)zinc, PCy2R, and P(O)Cy2R (Cy=cyclohexyl, R=2‐(1‐naphthyl)phenyl) were elucidated by X‐ray crystallography.