bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laurentian palaeostress trajectories and ephemeral fracture permeability, Cambrian Eriboll Formation sandstones west of the Moine Thrust Zone, NW Scotland
Authors: Laubach S.E. , Diaz-Tushman Kira 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:
Cambrian Eriboll Formation sandstones of the Ardvreck Group that crop out west of the Moine Thrust Zone contain joints and quartz-filled or quartz-lined fractures that resemble cemented joints. Of the fractures containing quartz, five sets strike north, NW to WNW, NE, west and north; according to crosscutting relations this is a progression from the oldest to the youngest set. Sets include opening-mode microfractures, partly visible in transmitted light as fluid-inclusion planes and sharply defined as microveins using SEM-based cathodoluminescence (CL). Dating the oldest north-striking set, using inferred quartz accumulation rates, fluid inclusions and burial history, suggests that these fractures mark a Palaeozoic east–west least horizontal stress trajectory in Laurentia. The youngest two sets of porous fractures are associated with faults that cut and postdate the Moine Thrust Zone. Data indicate that at depth in basins, pervasive fracture systems arising from discrete loading events are ephemeral owing to fracture porosity destruction by cementation.
Present-day stress and neotectonic provinces of the Baram Delta and deep-water fold–thrust belt
Authors: King Rosalind C. , Hillis Richard R. , Tingay Mark R.P. , Morley Chris K. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:

We present the first present-day stress orientation measurements across a delta and deep-water, delta toe fold–thrust belt. Stress and neotectonic data for NW Borneo reveal three discrete neotectonic provinces: an inverted, inner shelf province (where present-day maximum horizontal stress, σ
H
, is oriented margin-normal); an extensional, delta top province (σ
H
is margin-parallel), and a compressional, delta toe province (σ
H
is margin-normal). We interpret the delta top and delta toe data to reflect that compression in the fold–thrust belt is coupled to delta top extension and that the inverted, inner shelf province reflects the location of this system on an active margin.
Faulting and fluid flow through salt
Authors: Davison Ian 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:

Halite and other evaporite rocks are often considered to be viscous materials that never deform by brittle faulting. However, fractures and faults are observed very locally in some salt domes and glaciers, and are indicated by data or shocks from seismically active areas. Rock mechanics experiments show that halite begins to deform by faulting once strain rates are large enough. However, it is very rare that such high strain rates occur in salt. Faulting in salt is most likely to occur where effective confining stress is significantly decreased by fluid overpressure, so that the salt fails at much lower differential stress. Several examples are presented of dilational veins oriented in several directions, which strongly indicate the presence of overpressured fluids during fracturing. Hydrocarbon maturation in shales deposited within the salt interval or metamorphic reactions of evaporite minerals often produce fluid overpressure. Mining-induced fractures in the Boulby Mine, NE England produced 300 000 m
3
of brine and 100 m
3
of Carboniferous-derived oils through the Permian salt over a 1 year period. Evaporite beds are the most effective seal in a hydrocarbon system, but they are not a perfect seal and commercial volumes of hydrocarbons can occasionally migrate through salt over short time scales.
The Akilia Controversy: field, structural and geochronological evidence questions interpretations of >3.8 Ga life in SW Greenland
Authors: Whitehouse Martin J. , Myers John S. , Fedo Christopher M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:

Field relations, structure and geochronology demonstrate that controversial rocks on Akilia, SW Greenland, cannot host evidence of Earth's oldest life. Mafic–ultramafic gneiss that contains a layer of quartz–amphibole–pyroxene gneiss, a few metres thick, with purported biogenic graphite is not cross-cut by the protoliths of >3.82–3.65 Ga tonalitic gneiss. The contact between these gneisses is tectonic so their relative ages are unknown. Multiple episodes of intrusion and deformation in the tonalitic gneiss preceded the earliest deformation fabrics and structures seen in the mafic–ultramafic gneiss. Although previously interpreted as a volcano-sedimentary stratigraphy, the mafic–ultramafic gneiss displays no evidence of such an origin, and could be partly or wholly derived from igneous intrusions. Existing geochronology indicates that the mafic–ultramafic and qtz–am–px gneisses have ages <3.67 Ga. Metamorphic zircon in the qtz–am–px gneiss grew at
c
. 2.68 Ga during late Archaean high-grade events that complicate any protolith interpretation. U–Pb dating of apatite from a variety of rocks on Akilia shows that this mineral crystallized, or possibly recrystallized, at
c
. 1.75 Ga and it thus provides no indication of an early Archaean age for any associated graphite, regardless of whether or not the latter is biogenic.

Supplementary material:

Ion microprobe U–Pb analytical methods and isotope data tables are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18333
.
Calculating ice volumes and ice flux to constrain the dimensions of a 440 Ma North African ice sheet
Authors: Le Heron Daniel Paul , Dowdeswell Julian A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:

Geological evidence indicates that the Sahara was glaciated by a large ice sheet
c
. 440 Ma ago. Two end-member theories have been proposed for the large-scale configuration of this ice mass. In the large ice-sheet hypothesis, the Sahara was covered by a continuous ice sheet that straddled North Africa–Arabia, South Africa and South America. In the small ice-sheet hypothesis, it has been argued that separate ice sheets developed in each of these areas. Taking these end-members and an ice sheet of intermediate dimensions, we investigate this problem, calculating likely ice volumes and the flux of ice to the ice margin. We find that the small ice sheet adequately accounts for the estimated magnitude of post-glacial transgression (
c
. 45–80 m) associated with ice-mass decay. Additionally, the notion of a North African–Arabian ice sheet within the small ice-sheet hypothesis is supported by an analysis of ice-stream fluxes across the Sahara, accounting for widespread heterogeneous flow within the ice sheet. This paper provides an independent check on the likely size and extent of Late Ordovician ice masses, with potential application to other Palaeozoic ice-sheet reconstructions.
Pre-Miocene deformation of the Himalayan superstructure, Hidden valley, central Nepal
Authors: Kellett Dawn A. , Godin Laurent 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:

Throughout the Himalaya, the Tethyan sedimentary sequence forms the detached carapace, or superstructure, to exhumed mid-crustal rocks. In central Nepal, low metamorphic-grade Cambrian to Jurassic rocks of this carapace preserve five phases of deformation, structurally dominated by second phase (D
2
) north-verging back folds that oppose the vergence of the orogen. The folds are overprinted and cross-cut by the
c
. 22 Ma South Tibetan detachment system and the Manaslu leucogranite. New structural mapping in Hidden valley provides further constraints on the character of D
2
: megascopically, large asymmetric north-verging folds define D
2
; microscopically, it is characterized by an axial-planar cleavage. Balanced cross-sections and bed-length restoration of F
2
folds indicate a minimum of 32–38% shortening and 180% thickening during D
2
. These data indicate that north-verging folds played a significant role in pre-Miocene crustal thickening of the Himalayan superstructure. The formation of these folds is compatible with wedge extrusion or channel flow of the underlying mid-crustal rocks, whereby their geometry reflects early coupling between the upper and middle crust.
Informal carer bereavement outcome: relation to quality of end of life support and achievement of preferred place of death
Authors: Grande GE , Ewing G ,   On behalf of the National Forum for Hospice at Home
Published: February 2009

This study investigated (a) whether carer bereavement outcome is affected by the achievement of the patient’s and/or carers’ preferred place of death and (b) the relationship between carer satisfaction with end of life care and bereavement outcome. Participants were 216 carers of patients referred to hospice at home (H@H). Prospective recording of preferred and actual place of death were obtained from H@H records. Carers’ level of grief and mental health and assessment of end of life care were obtained through postal survey three to four months post-bereavement. Fulfilment of carer preference for place of death only related to post-bereavement mental health at P < 0.1. Adequacy of psychological support showed the clearest relationship with bereavement outcome both in univariate and multivariate analyses. The level of support, particularly psychological, may be more important for carers’ bereavement outcome than achievement of the preferred place of death for the patient.
Treatment of palliative care emergencies by prehospital emergency physicians in Germany: an interview based investigation
Authors: Wiese CHR , Bartels UE , Ruppert D , Marung H , Luiz T , Graf BM , Hanekop GG 
Published: February 2009

Palliative care medical emergencies as a consequence of advanced cancer account for approximately 3% of all prehospital emergency cases. Therefore, prehospital emergency physicians (EP) are confronted with ‘end of life decisions’. No educational content exists concerning palliative medicine in emergency medicine curricula. Over the course of 6 months, we interviewed 150 EPs about their experiences in ‘end of life decisions’ using a specific questionnaire. The total response rate was 69% ( n = 104). Most of the interviewed EPs (89%, n = 93) had been confronted with palliative care medical emergencies and expressed uncertainties in dealing with these difficult situations, especially in the area of psychosocial care of the patients (50%). The emergency treatment of palliative care patients can become a particular challenge for any EP. A large percentage of interviewed EPs felt uncertain about aspects of social care and in the assessment of decisions at the end of life. Further information and training are necessary to amenable EPs to provide adequate patient-oriented care to palliative care patients and their relatives in emergency situations.
Radiographic Identification of the Primary Posterolateral Knee Structures
Authors: Pietrini Sean D. , LaPrade Robert F. , Griffith Chad J. , Wijdicks Coen A. , Ziegler Connor G. 
Published: February 2009

Background It is often difficult to identify the attachment sites of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and popliteofibular ligament for chronic posterolateral knee injuries or during revision surgeries. Descriptions of radiographic landmarks for these attachment sites would assist in the intraoperative identification of their locations and also allow for postoperative assessment of the placement of reconstruction tunnels. Hypothesis Identification of qualitative and quantitative radiographic landmarks for the attachments of the main posterolateral knee structures are reproducible among observers of various experience levels and allow for improved intraoperative and postoperative identification of these attachment sites. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Dissections were performed on 11 cadaveric knee specimens. The attachments and locations of the investigated structures were labeled with radiopaque markers. The positions of the attachments relative to other attachment sites, labeled bony landmarks, and superimposed reference lines were quantified on anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. Measurements were performed by 3 independent examiners. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients. Results Overall intraclass correlation coefficients for intraobserver reproducibility and interobserver reliability were calculated to be 0.981 and 0.983, respectively. On the anteroposterior view, the perpendicular distances from a line intersecting the femoral condyles to the popliteus tendon, proximal fibular collateral ligament, and lateral gastrocnemius tendon were 14.5, 27.1, and 34.5 mm, respectively. On the lateral view, the femoral attachments of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and lateral gastrocnemius tendon were 4.3, 12.2, and 13.1 mm, respectively, from the lateral epicondyle. In addition, the fibular collateral ligament and popliteus tendon were located within 1 mm of a reference line projected along the posterior femoral cortex distally, and also were located within the posteroinferior quadrant bound by the posterior femoral cortex extension reference line and another reference line perpendicular to it at the posterior margin of Blumensaat's line. Conclusion Comprehensive qualitative and quantitative guidelines for assessing posterolateral knee structures on both anteroposterior and lateral knee radiographs were described. Clinical Significance This radiographic information regarding the attachment sites of posterolateral structures can serve as a valuable reference for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative assessments of surgical reconstructions.
Arthroscopic Fixation of Anterior Tibial Spine Fractures with Bioabsorbable Nails in Skeletally Immature Patients
Authors: Liljeros Kristin , Werner Suzanne , Janarv Per-Mats 
Published: February 2009

Background A number of arthroscopic techniques have been introduced in the treatment of displaced anterior tibial spine fractures. Several of the procedures are technically demanding or include a second removal operation of metallic implants. Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe and evaluate an arthroscopic technique using bioabsorbable nails in displaced anterior tibial spine fractures. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Sixteen consecutive patients, aged 7 to 15 years, with anterior tibial spine fractures type II and III according to Meyers and McKeever, were treated with arthroscopic fixation of the fragment using bioabsorbable nails. After 2 to 5 years, 13 of the patients were evaluated with regard to anterior knee laxity, range of motion, hop tests, Lysholm knee scoring scale, and activity level. Postoperative surgical complications were registered in the whole group of patients. Results One of the 13 patients had an increased anterior knee laxity of 3 mm. Extension deficits of 5° were seen in 4 patients and flexion deficits of 5° to 10° in 3 patients. One patient had an outcome of <90% of the uninjured side in the hop tests. Eleven patients were excellent, 1 was good, and 1 was poor according to the Lysholm knee scoring scale. There was no influence on activity level. There were no inflammatory reactions and all fractures healed without complications. In 1 case, the arthroscopy was converted into an open procedure because of technical problems, still using the bioabsorbable nails. Conclusion The outcome is comparable with other procedures. A second operation for removal of metallic implants is avoided.
Timing of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructive Surgery and Risk of Cartilage Lesions and Meniscal Tears
Authors: Granan Lars-Petter , Bahr Roald , Lie Stein Atle , Engebretsen Lars 
Published: February 2009

Background There is inadequate evidence to determine when to perform surgery on anterior cruciate ligament—deficient knees. Purpose To study the association between timing of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and the risk of having meniscal tears and cartilage lesions. Study Design Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods All patients registered in the Norwegian National Knee Ligament Registry who had undergone primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction from 2004 and throughout 2006 were reviewed. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the relationship between time from injury until anterior cruciate ligament surgery and the risk of meniscal tears or cartilage lesions. Results Of a total of 3475 patients, there were 909 patients (26%) with cartilage lesions, 1638 patients (47%) with meniscal tears, and 527 patients (15%) with both cartilage and meniscal lesions. The odds of a cartilage lesion in the adult knee (>16 years) increased by 1.006 (95% confidence interval, 1.003-1.010) for each month that elapsed from injury to surgery. The cartilage in young adults (17-40 years) deteriorated further with an increase in odds of 1.03 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.05) related to the aging in years of the patient. The odds for meniscal tears in young adults increased by 1.004 (95% confidence interval, 1.002-1.006) for each month that elapsed since injury. The presence of 1 degenerative lesion increased the odds of having the other degenerative lesion by between 1.6 and 2.0 in all patient groups. Conclusion The odds of a cartilage lesion in the adult knee increased by nearly 1% for each month that elapsed from the injury date until the surgery date and that of cartilage lesions were nearly twice as frequent if there was a meniscal tear, and vice versa.
Sports and Recreation Activity of Patients with Femoroacetabular Impingement before and after Arthroscopic Osteoplasty
Authors: Brunner Alexander , Horisberger Monika , Herzog Richard F. 
Published: February 2009

Background Hip arthroscopy represents a new and minimally invasive method of treating patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). However, participation in popular sports after this procedure has not yet been analyzed. Hypotheses Arthroscopic treatment of FAI increases the level of popular sports activities, and this level of activity correlates with the clinical outcome in terms of pain and function. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Fifty-three patients (41 male, 12 female) were evaluated preoperatively and after a mean follow-up of 2.4 years (range, 2-3.2 years) after arthroscopic osteoplasty for cam and mixed FAI. Evaluation included the type and level of sports activities (sports frequency score [SFS]) as well as clinical outcome in terms of pain (VAS) and function (nonarthritic hip score [NAHS]). Results Forty-five of the 53 patients had regularly participated in popular sports until the first occurrence of FAI symptoms. Preoperatively, only 4 of these 45 patients had maintained their accustomed level of activity. At the final follow-up, 31 patients had returned to their full accustomed level of activity. None of the patients who had not been active in sports before the first occurrence of symptoms of FAI (n = 8) had begun participation in sports after arthroscopic osteoplasty. The SFS significantly increased from 0.78 to 1.84 (P < .001), and the mean VAS pain score significantly improved from 5.7 (range, 1-9) to 1.5 (range, 0-6) points (P < .001). The NAHS improved from 54.4 (range, 28.75-92.5) to 85.7 (range, 47.5-100) (P < .001). There was no significant correlation between SFS and NAHS (r = .051, P = .35), as well as between SFS and VAS pain score (r = .159, P = .140) preoperatively, but a significant correlation was seen at the time of the last postoperative follow-up (SFS/NAHS: r = .392, P = .003; SFS/VAS: r = .242, P = .049). The 3 most frequent sports activities postoperatively were biking, hiking, and fitness. Conclusion Arthroscopic osteoplasty can significantly improve the rate and level of popular sports activities in patients with FAI. The level of postoperative sports activity directly correlates with the clinical outcome in terms of pain and function.
Results and Performance after Microfracture in National Basketball Association Athletes
Authors: Namdari Surena , Baldwin Keith , Anakwenze Okechukwu , Park Min-Jung , Russell Huffman G. , Sennett Brian J. 
Published: February 2009

Background Microfracture technique is commonly used to treat symptomatic chondral lesions of the knee. Performance outcomes and attrition rates associated with this injury/surgery in National Basketball Association athletes are unclear. Hypothesis National Basketball Association players undergoing microfracture for symptomatic chondral lesions of the knee will have demonstrable differences in performance compared with preinjury and with matched controls. Study Design Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods We evaluated 24 National Basketball Association players who underwent microfracture between 1997 and 2006. Descriptive data and performance data for the first full season preceding and following the index surgery were collected. Data were obtained from 48 matched controls. Univariate/multivariate statistical methods were used to assess change in performance and return to play. Results Thirty-three percent (8 of 24) of National Basketball Association athletes who underwent microfracture surgery never returned to play in the National Basketball Association. Fourteen players returned to play in the National Basketball Association for >1 season. Within-group comparisons revealed that points scored (P = .008) and minutes played (P = .045) were reduced postoperatively. No performance variables were significantly different when averaged over 40 minutes of play. When compared with controls, cases experienced a significant decline in points per game (P = .013). Multiple regression analysis revealed that cases were 8.15 times less likely to remain in the National Basketball Association than controls (P = .005) after the index year. Conclusion Players undergoing microfracture for knee chondral injuries are at risk for not returning to the National Basketball Association postoperatively. With the exception of points per game, athletes returning exhibited similar performance postoperatively compared with matched controls.
Multiple sclerosis-associated retroviral agent (MSRV)-stimulated cytokine production in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Saresella M , Rolland A , Marventano I , Cavarretta R , Caputo D , Marche P , Perron H , Clerici M 
Published: February 2009

Background Human endogenous retroviruses are suggested to play a pathogenic role in multiple sclerosis (MS); one of such retroviruses, the MS-associated retroviral agent (MSRV) has repeatedly been isolated in MS patients. Objective and methods We analyzed cytokine profiles in MSRV envelope protein (MSRV ENV-SU)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 30 relapsing-remitting MS patients with either acute (AMS) ( n = 13) or stable (SMS) ( n = 17) disease. Results suggest that MSRV ENV-SU induces the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α ( P < 0.05) and interferon-γ ( P < 0.004) in AMS patients and of interleukin-10 ( P < 0.05), an inflammation-dampening cytokine, in SMS individuals. Conclusions These data strengthen the hypothesis indicating that MSRV could be involved in the pathogenesis of MS.