bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tooth mobility and periodontal therapy
Authors: Fleszar Thomas J. , Knowles James W. , Morrison Edith C. , Burgett Frederick G. , Nissle Robert R. , Ramfjord Sigurd P. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Data collected as part of an 8–year longitudinal study on periodontal therapy involving 82 patients and 1974 teeth were analyzed to determine if tooth mobility influenced the results of treatment.For each patient, pocket depth, attachment level and tooth mobility were scored clinically at the initial appointment, and once a year for 8 years following periodontal therapy. The treatment consisted of scaling, oral hygiene instruction, occlusal adjustment, periodontal surgery (curettage, modified Widman or pocket elimination), followed by recall prophylaxes every 3 months. Tooth mobility data on a scale of 0–3 were related to changes in attachment levels for three grades of severity of periodontal disease, based on initial pocket depth (1–3 mm, 4–6 mm, and 7+ mm). Mean patient attachment changes were calculated from teeth in the same severity category for each patient. The data were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance and Scheffe's multiple comparison procedure to test the hypothesis of equal effects of tooth mobility on the results of the treatment for the three severity groups over 8 years.The results indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between original tooth mobility and the change in level of attachment following treatment. Pockets of clinically mobile teeth do not respond as well to periodontal treatment as do those of firm teeth exhibiting the same initial disease severity.
Tooth mobility measurements following two methods of eliminating nonworking side occlusal interferences
Authors: Moozeh M. B. , Suit S. R. , Bissada N. F. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare tooth mobility following two methods of eliminating nonworking side interference (NWSI). The first method involved the complete elimination of any tooth contact on the NWS. The second method involved the reduction of the NWSI to a level which was harmonious with the occlusion on the working side.Thirty‐three clinically healthy individuals having nonworking side interferences and no pathological signs of occlusal trauma, participated in the study. After 1 month of intensive training in oral hygiene, the volunteers were divided into three groups of 11 each. The first two groups were experimental and the third group received no occlusal adjustment to serve as a control.In the first group tooth mobility measurements and periapical x‐ray films of teeth with nonworking interferences were taken. Occlusal interferences were then totally eliminated by selective tooth grinding. Two months later mobility and x‐ray recordings of same teeth were repeated. In the second group the same procedure was performed, but nonworking side interferences were adjusted to harmonious contacts with occlusion on the working side. Tooth mobility was measured in hundredths of a millimeter, using the microperiodontometer designed by Mühlemann (1954). Data were subjected to statistical analysis and the following conclusions were drawn:

Tooth mobility was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced after complete elimination of nonworking side interferences, as well as after adjusting the nonworking side interferences to harmonious contacts with occlusion on the working side (P < 0.01).
The reduction in mobility was significantly (P < 0.001) greater when occlusal interferences were completely eliminated than when harmonious contacts were achieved.
There were no detectable radiographic changes, either in the interproximal alveolar bone level or periodontal ligament spaces, 2 months following occlusal adjustment.
Assessment of tooth mobility using small loads
Authors: Persson Rutger 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effect on tooth mobility of periodontal treatment utilizing a gingivectomy procedure was studied during a period of 26 weeks in 25 maxillary anterior teeth of six subjects with moderate to advanced periodontal disease. The gingival conditions were evaluated by gingival fluid measurement and the loss of marginal bone as seen on radiographs. Tooth mobility was measured in a bucco‐lingual direction using forces between 20 p and 80 p.The results show a decrease of gingival fluid throughout the study. Tooth mobility was already reduced in the majority of teeth 2 weeks after surgery. An average reduction of tooth mobility amounting to 43.7 % (using the corrective formula of Mühlemann 1960) was observed after 4 weeks. No additional reduction took place during the remaining experimental period.
The effect of locally released oxygen on the development of plaque and gingivitis in man
Authors: Hirsch Robert S. , Clarke and Nigel G. , Townsend Grant C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract An experimental gingivitis study was designed to test the effect of a 5‐min twice daily oxygen application on the development of plaque and onset of gingivitis A method for the local application of medical grade oxygen to the upper anterior teeth was developed, with the lower anterior teeth used as controls. Fourteen periodontally healthy dental students of average age 21.9 years participated in the study.There was no significant effect of oxygen on plaque formation, crevicular fluid flow, or the number of gingival bleeding sites. Experimental and control gingival segments exhibited bleeding on probing at an average of 6.6 days after cessation of mechanical plaque control, much earlier than reported in other experimental gingivitis studies.
Use of oral irrigators as vehicle for the application of antimicrobial agents in chemical plaque control
Authors: Lang N. P. , Räber K. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to study the topographical distribution of plaque formation using chlorhexidine digluconate (CH) as a mouthrinse and in oral irrigators during experimental gingivitis.Forty dental students (aged 22–26) with clean teeth and healthy gingivae abolished oral hygiene oral period of 3 weeks (Löe et al. 1965). During this period the participants were randomly assigned to one of five groups, Group A rinsed daily with 30 ml of a placebo and Group B with 30 ml 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate. In Groups C and E a fractionated jet irrigator was used for the daily application of 600 ml placebo (C) or O.05% CH (E); 600 ml of 0.05% CH was also used in a monojet irrigator (Group D). At the start, after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of no oral hygiene and 1 week following reinstituted oral hygiene, plaque was assessed using the Plaque Index (Silness &. Löe 1964) and gingival health was scored according to the criteria of the Gingival Index (Löe & Silness 1963). The discoloration of the teeth was determined using a set of color photos.During the experiment all groups reached plaque levels that were significantly different from each other. The highest PII were seen in the placebo rinsing group (A) followed by placebo irrigation (C). Plaque was significantly reduced in the CH groups. However, rinsing (B) formed significantly more plaque than using the oral irrigator (D, E). Group E showed the least amount of plaque. In addition, the interproximal PII were equally low as the buccal and lingual. With CH (B, D, E), gingivitis did not develop except for some interproximals in Group B. A fractionated jet irrigator was more effective for the application of CH than rinsing.
Healing following surgical treatment and root demineralization in monkeys with periodontal disease
Authors: Nyman Sture , Lindhe Jan , Karring Thorkild 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to study the potential for new attachment to root surfaces which 1) had become devoid of attachment either by mechanical removal or in conjunction with experimental periodontal tissue breakdown and 2) subsequently had been conditioned with citric acid. Three adult monkeys (Macaca cynomolgus) were used. Periodontal pockets were produced during a 2–6‐month period around the maxillary central incisors and first and second premolars and around the mandibular central incisors by the placement of orthodontic elastics. Surgical treatment of the pockets was carried out with the use of a flap procedure. During surgery, the roots of the premolars on the right side of the jaws were first scaled and planed and subsequently treated with citric acid. Citric acid conditioning was not performed on the premolars of the left side. In the front tooth regions the surgical treatment included citric acid conditioning of the mandibular central incisors in two animals and of the maxillary central incisors in one animal.Surgical procedures were also carried out around the mandibular second premolars and first molars which had not been exposed to periodontal tissue breakdown. Folio wing flap elevation, the buccal bone plate was mechanically removed within an area corresponding to that of bone loss produced by the experimental periodontitis model in the maxillary premolars. The cementum layer of the surgically denuded portion of the roots was removed by root planing.In all treated teeth, a notch was prepared in the buccal root surfaces at the level of the alveolar bone crest. Six months following treatment the animals were sacrificed and histologic sections prepared. Linear measurements were made along the root surface from the apical border of the prepared notch to the apical termination of the junctional epithelium and to the crest of the alveolar bone.The results demonstrated that cementum formation and new connective tissue attachment did not occur on root surfaces previously exposed to periodontal pockets and subsequently subjected to scaling and root planing or on root surfaces surgically deprived of their supporting bone and previously “non‐exposed” cementum layer. Cementum formation and new connective tissue attachment also failed to occur following citric acid conditioning of root dentin surfaces. In all sections representing all three treatment groups, the attachment between the gingiva and the root was established by epithelium.
The significance of maintenance care in the treatment of periodontal disease
Authors: Axelsson P. , Lindhe J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation was performed to assess the efficacy of a maintenance care program to prevent recurrence of disease in patients subjected to treatment of advanced periodontitis. In addition, the periodontal status was monitored of a group of patients who following the end of active treatment were referred back to genera] practitioners for maintenance care. The material consisted of 90 patients who in 1972 were referred for specialist treatment of advanced periodontal disease. The patients were first subjected to an initial examination including assessment of oral hygiene, gingivitis, probing depths and attachment levels. They were on an individual basis given case presentation, instructed how to practice proper tooth‐cleaning methods, their teeth were scaled and eventually the periodontal pockets were treated using the modified Widman technique. During the first 2 months following surgery the patients were recalled once every 2 weeks for professional tooth cleaning. Two months after the end of surgical treatment, the patients were reexamined to provide baseline data. Every third patient was thereafter referred back to the general dentist for maintenance care. Two out of three patients were maintained in a carefully designed and controlled maintenance care program at the university clinic. This program involved recalls once every 2–3 months and included instruction and practice in oral hygiene, meticulous scaling and professional tooth cleaning. The patients were reexamined 3 and 6 years after the baseline examination.The results demonstrated that in patients suffering from destructive periodontitis, a treatment program that involved oral hygiene instruction, scaling, root planing and modified Widman flap procedures resulted in the establishment of clinically healthy gingiva and shallow pockets. Patients who were placed on a carefully designed recall program were over a 6‐year period able to maintain excellent oral hygiene standards and unaltered attachment levels. In contrast patients who subsequent to active treatment were not maintained in a supervised program showed obvious signs of recurrent periodontitis at the follow‐up examinations.
The occurrence of plaque and gingivitis and its relationship to tooth alignment within the dental arches
Authors: Behlfelt Kerstin , Ericsson Leip , Jacobson Lars , Linder‐Aronson Sten 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate whether and to what degree discrepancies in tooth alignment can influence plaque accumulation and gingival status, An intra‐individual study was performed on 30 children with unilateral malposition of upper lateral incisors (15 children) and lower second premolars (15 children). Corresponding contralateral teeth were used as controls. The meanage was 14.4 years. The degree of malalignment in individual cases was assessed using a new malposition index (MPI). Plaque and gingival condition were assessed according to Silness & Löe (1964) and Löe & Silness (1963), respectively.The test and control areas were compared with regard to plaque accumulation and gingival status. Correlation analysis was performed to test the connection between these two parameters and tooth malalignment. The frequency of visible plaque (P1I 2+ 3) and gingival bleeding (GI 2 + 3) was generally higher for the test areas compared with the control areas. A comparison between the test and control areas showed the difference in gingival bleeding to be significant and of similar magnitude as regards upper laterals and lower second premolars. The difference in visible plaque was less marked but still significant.The correlation analysis did not show any connection between the degree of plaque accumulation or gingival inflammation and the degree of tooth malalignment.The differences found between normal and malaligned teeth thus showed a difnite trend, namely:

plaque and gingivitis were more widespread around malaligned upper lateral incisors and lower second premolars than around contralateral teeth well positioned within the dental arches.
the degree of malalignment was of secondary importance.
Regeneration of infrabony periodontal defects in humans after implantation of allogenic demineralized dentin
Authors: Movin Susanne , Borring‐Møller Gert 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that implants of allogenic demineralized dentin might improve bone regeneration and healing in the treatment of infrabony periodontal defects.In order to make a clinical evaluation of this possibility, the material was inserted into 14 infrabony defects in 10 patients undergoing a new attachment operation. Twelve defects in 12 patients served as controls. In half of these cases no grafting material was used and the remaining six defects were filled with autogenous cancellous bone from the jaw. The defects were classified as two‐wall and combined three‐ and two‐wall bony defects. Probing from a fix point and periodic identical X‐rays were performed before the surgical treatment and 12 months postoperatively.During healing no clinical signs of rejection of the dentin implants were observed, but the soft tissue healing was delayed, probably due to a slow resorption of the dentin implants. After 12 months no statistically significant difference was found between test and control groups regarding the mean coronal displacement of the bottom of the pocket.No conclusive evidence regarding the capacity of allogenic demineralized dentin to induce new connective tissue attachment could be drawn from the present study, but the clinical results, combined with the fact that the dentin implants are time consuming to produce, indicate that this material is not suitable for the treatment of infrabony periodontal defects.
Plaque control with chlorhexidine and D‐301, a quaternary ammonium compound
Authors: Saxer U. P. , Mörmann W. , Firestone A. R. , Eltink B. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Eighteen female dental hygiene student took part in a double‐Wind, crossover clinical trial of equimolar (2.2 mmol) rinsing solutions of D‐301, a quaternary ammonium compound and chlorhexidine digluconate. Rinsings were partly supervised, test periods were 7 days (5 days without oral hygiene) with a 1‐week interval.Plaque formation was significantly reduced by both test solutions versus the control: on not precleaned tooth surfaces plaque formation was equally inhibited by the chlorhexidine and D‐301 mouthrinses. On precleaned surfaces D‐301 significantly inhibited plaque formation compared with the control rinse, but was less effective than chlorhexidine. There was no significant change in the FBI, a measure of gingival inflammation, during any of the test periods. Staining of teeth and tongue was judged as equal after chlorhexidine and D‐301 use. Reports of taste and gastric disturbances were minimal but more frequent during the D‐301 test period.
A probe for measuring the depth of furcal defects
Authors: Tal Haim 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A probe has been devised, which permits direct measurement of the depth of furcal defects. The measurements are accurate to the nearest millimetre.The probe is easy and convenient to use and gives consistent measurements. It can be used to measure the depth of furcal defects in dry skulls, or in living subjects, and should prove useful in biometric, anthropometric and clinical studies.
Teaching plaque control I. A five‐visit versus a two‐visit program
Authors: Söderholm Göran , Nobréus Nils , Attström Rolf , Egelberg Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effects of two series of oral hygiene instruction programs were studied. One of the programs was given as a series of five consecutive 30‐min visits during 14 days. The other program contained the same basic components but was scheduled as two 60‐min visits. Sixty‐nine white‐collar employees served as subjects and were divided into three matched groups; two experimental groups (five‐visit group, two‐visit group) and one control group.The five‐visit program as well as the two‐visit program significantly reduced the presence of plaque, gingival bleeding and periodontal pockets. No differences could be observed between the results in two experimental groups during the immediate 12‐week observation interval or throughout the subsequent 48 months of maintenance care.
Teaching plaque control II. 30‐minute versus 15‐minute appointments in a three‐visit program
Authors: Söderholm Göran , Egelberg Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Two plaque control programs were compared. One of the programs was given as a series of three consecutive 30‐min instruction appointments during a 14‐day period. The other program was condensed into one 15‐min instruction appointment and two subsequent 15‐min follow‐up visits. Fifty‐nine blue‐collar workers served as subjects and were divided into three matched groups: two experimental groups (30‐min and 15‐min group) and one control group.The 30‐min program as well as the 15‐min program significantly reduced the plaque scores in the participants. No difference could be observed between the results of the two programs during the immediate 12‐week observation interval or throughout the subsequent 24 months of maintenance care. The results of the present study together with results by Söderholm et al. (1980) and Woofter et al. (1980) indicate that comprehensive plaque control programs may not be necessary and may not increase the effect of basic plaque control instruction.
Development of plaque and gingivitis following antibiotic therapy in dogs
Authors: Dahlén G. , Heijl L. , Lindhe J. , Möller Å. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Changes in the subgingival microbiota were studied during a 4‐week period of plaque accumulation in beagles which initially had clean teeth and healthy gingiva. The effect of Clindamycin, Metronidazole and Vancomycin on the microbiota and associated gingivitis was also determined. Fifteen 1‐year‐old beagle dogs were used. During two subsequent periods of plaque accumulation, one without (control) and one with (test) antibiotic therapy, the animals were allowed to accumulate plaque. Plaque and gingivitis development was assessed by clinical measurements. Plaque samples were harvested from the gingival sulcus region and the percentage distribution of different bacteria was determined following aerobic and anaerobic incubation in selected media. Following microbial sampling, biopsies of the gingiva and surrounding soft and hard tissues were removed and the size of the inflammatory cell infiltrate assessed.The results demonstrated that beagle dogs with a normal gingiva harbored a microbiota within the gingival sulcus region dominated by gram‐positive and gram‐negative rods. After 4 weeks of undisturbed plaque accumulation, the number of sulcus bacteria had increased 100‐fold. This increase was the result of a proliferation of gram‐negative anaerobic rods. Concomitant with this change of the microflora, an inflammatory reaction developed in the gingiva. When the dogs during a similar 4‐week period were given Metronidazole, no increase of the subgingival microbiota occurred. The inflammatory response of the gingiva was minute. Treatment with Clindamycin and Vancomycin did not entirely prevent the proliferation of the subgingival bacteria. The number of microorganisms harbored after 4 weeks of Clindamycin and Vancomycin treatment was, however, only 50% of that of the control period. Even if the number of colony forming units was similar at the end of Vancomycin and Clindamycin treatment the quality of the two subgingival microbiotas was different. Vancomycin treatment resulted in a plaque dominated by gram‐negative bacteria while Clindamycin allowed gram‐positive bacteria to increase in number. Gingival inflammation resulting in the Vancomycin group was more pronounced than the gingivitis response in the Clindamycin group.
The regenerative potential of the periodontal ligament
Authors: Nyman Sture , Gottlow Jan , Karring Thorkild , Lindhe Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was to examine if new cementum and new attachment may form during healing of a wound prepared in such a way that preference is given to periodontal ligament ceils to repopulate the wound area adjacent to a root which has been surgically deprived of its periodontal ligament and cementum layer. The maxillary lateral incisors and mandibular canines in three monkeys were used for experimentation. Following elevation of a mucoperiosteal flap, the buccal and approximal alveolar bone was removed within an area extending from the mid‐root level to a level 2 mm apical to the marginal bone crest. Following bone removal, the root surfaces were curetted in order to remove the cementum layer. Notches were prepared in the roots to demarcate the denuded root portion. Prior to repositioning of the tissue flap a millipore filter was placed over the treated area in order to prevent the gingival connective tissue from coming into contact with the root surface during healing. The animals were sacrificed 6 months after surgery. The jaws were removed and histological sections of the experimental teeth and surrounding periodontal tissues were produced.New cementum with inserting collagen fibers was observed on the curetted root surfaces. However, this result of healing did not consistently occur along the entire length of the curetted root portion. In the coronal part of the wound, healing was frequently characterized by connective tissue adhesion to the root surface without signs of cementum formation and fibrous attachment.The results of the experiment suggest that the periodontal ligament cells possess the ability to reestablish connective tissue attachment.