bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A physically based flux limiter for QUICK calculations of advective scalar transport
Authors: Qian Qin , Stefan Heinz G. , Voller V. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTransient, advective transport of a contaminant into a clean domain will exhibit a moving sharp front that separates contaminated and clean regions. Due to ‘numerical diffusion’—the combined effects of ‘cross‐wind diffusion’ and ‘artificial dispersion’—a numerical solution based on a first‐order (upwind) treatment will smear out the sharp front. The use of higher‐order schemes, e.g. QUICK (quadratic upwinding) reduces the smearing but can introduce non‐physical oscillations in the solution. A common approach to reduce numerical diffusion without oscillations is to use a scheme that blends low‐order and high‐order approximations of the advective transport. Typically, the blending is based on a parameter that measures the local monotonicity in the predicted scalar field. In this paper, an alternative approach is proposed for use in scalar transport problems where physical bounds
CLow⩽C⩽CHigh on the scalar are known a priori. For this class of problems, the proposed scheme switches from a QUICK approximation to an upwind approximation whenever the predicted upwind nodal value falls outside of the physical range [CLow, CHigh]. On two‐dimensional steady‐state and one‐dimensional transient test problems predictions obtained with the proposed scheme are essentially indistinguishable from those obtained with monotonic flux‐limiter schemes. An analysis of the modified equation explains the observed performance of first‐ and second‐order time‐stepping schemes in predicting the advective transport of a step. In application to the transient two‐dimensional problem of contaminate transport into a streambed, predictions obtained with the proposed flux‐limiter scheme agree with those obtained with a scheme from the literature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactive nonproliferative gliosis predominates in a chronic mouse model of glaucoma
Authors: Inman D. M. , Horner P. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn many CNS diseases, proliferation becomes dysregulated; cells divide and participate in pathological processes. Gliosis is a fundamental CNS response to trauma or disease in which cell hypertrophy and proliferation play prominent roles. The DBA/2J mouse is a glaucoma model in which mice experience gliosis concomitant with raised intraocular pressure that leads to a slow and progressive retinal ganglion cell axonopathy. We sought to determine if glaucomatous changes in DBA/2 retina would alter the regulation of cell proliferation, specifically in relation to retinal glia. Astrocyte and Müller glia populations within DBA/2 retina upregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA and protein compared with C57Bl/6; microglial cell number increased twofold from 4 to 10 months. Various bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injection paradigms were used to label dividing cells in DBA/2 and C57Bl/6 retina at 4 and 10 months of age. Very modest cell division in the retina, primarily in ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers, was observed at all ages. Immunohistochemistry indicated cell turnover primarily of NG2+ pericytes and Iba1+ microglia; astrocytes and Müller glia did not proliferate. There were no significant differences in BrdU+ cell numbers in 4 and 10‐month‐old retina, though 4‐month retina had generally fewer BrdU+ cells than 10‐month. C57Bl/6 retinas had fewer BrdU+ cells than DBA/2 retinas at all ages. These data show that, in contrast to gliosis in other CNS trauma and neurodegenerative diseases, glaucomatous changes in retina do not include substantive cell proliferation. Retinal changes in a chronic model of glaucoma engender a reactive, not proliferative, gliosis response. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The units of thought
Authors: Bar Moshe , Aminoff Elissa , Mason Malia , Fenske Mark 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThat associative processing provides the vehicle of thought is a long‐standing idea. We describe here observations from cognitive neuroimaging that elucidate the neural processing that mediates this element. This account further allows a more specific ascription of a cognitive function to the brain's “default” activity in mindwandering. We extend this account to argue that one primary outcome of associative processing is the generation of predictions, which approximate the immediately relevant future and thus facilitate perception, action, and the progression of thought. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Signaling properties of stratum oriens interneurons in the hippocampus of transgenic mice expressing EGFP in a subset of somatostatin‐containing cells
Authors: Minneci Federico , Janahmadi Mahyar , Migliore Michele , Dragicevic Natasa , Avossa Daniela , Cherubini Enrico 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGABAergic interneurons constitute a heterogeneous group of cells that exert a powerful control on network excitability and are responsible for the oscillatory behavior crucial for information processing in the brain. These cells have been differently classified according to their morphological, neurochemical, and physiological characteristics. Here, whole cell patch clamp recordings were used to further characterize, in transgenic mice expressing EGFP in a subpopulation of GABAergic interneurons containing somatostatin (GIN mice), the functional properties of EGFP‐positive cells in stratum oriens of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, in slice cultures obtained from P8 old animals. These cells showed passive and active membrane properties similar to those found in stratum oriens interneurons projecting to stratum lacunosum‐moleculare. Moreover, they exhibited different firing patterns that were maintained upon membrane depolarization: irregular (48%), regular (30%), and clustered (22%). Trains of action potentials in interneurons evoked in a minority of principal cells (3/45) small amplitude GABAergic currents that at 20 Hz underwent short‐term depression. In contrast, excitatory connections between principal cells and EGFP‐positive interneurons were highly reliable (17/55) and exhibited a frequency and use‐dependent facilitation particularly in the gamma band. In addition, recordings from paired of interconnected EGFP‐positive cells revealed in 47% of the cases electrical coupling, which was abolished by carbenoxolone (200 μM). On average, the coupling coefficient was 0.21 ± 0.07. When electrical coupling was particularly strong it acted as a powerful low‐pass filter, thus contributing to alter the output of individual cells. In conclusion, it appears that the dynamic interaction between cells with various firing patterns could differently affect GABAergic signaling, leading, as suggested by simulation data, to a wide range of interneuronal communication within the hippocampal network. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrology and water quality in two mountain basins of the northeastern US: assessing baseline conditions and effects of ski area development
Authors: Wemple Beverley , Shanley James , Denner Jon , Ross Donald , Mills Kevin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMountain regions throughout the world face intense development pressures associated with recreational and tourism uses. Despite these pressures, much of the research on bio‐geophysical impacts of humans in mountain regions has focused on the effects of natural resource extraction. This paper describes findings from the first 3 years of a study examining high elevation watershed processes in a region undergoing alpine resort development. Our study is designed as a paired‐watershed experiment. The Ranch Brook watershed (9·6 km2) is a relatively pristine, forested watershed and serves as the undeveloped ‘control’ basin. West Branch (11·7 km2) encompasses an existing alpine ski resort, with approximately 17% of the basin occupied by ski trails and impervious surfaces, and an additional 7% slated for clearing and development. Here, we report results for water years 2001–2003 of streamflow and water quality dynamics for these watersheds. Precipitation increases significantly with elevation in the watersheds, and winter precipitation represents 36–46% of annual precipitation. Artificial snowmaking from water within West Branch watershed currently augments annual precipitation by only 3–4%. Water yield in the developed basin exceeded that in the control by 18–36%. Suspended sediment yield was more than two and a half times greater and fluxes of all major solutes were higher in the developed basin. Our study is the first to document the effects of existing ski area development on hydrology and water quality in the northeastern US and will serve as an important baseline for evaluating the effects of planned resort expansion activities in this area. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special issue on human security, well‐being and sustainability: rights, responsibilities and priorities
Authors: Anand P. B. , Gasper Des 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis introduction to a Special Issue provides a conceptual framework connecting the themes of human security, well‐being and human development, and sustainability. Inter‐connections between each of these three themes are possible. The connecting concepts are freedoms, rights, responsibilities, and deliberative processes. The main arguments of the five papers in this Special Issue are introduced in the context of this framework. Some potential criticisms and possible synergies are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging strategies to reduce the risk of radiation in CT studies, including selective substitution with MRI
Authors: Semelka Richard C. , Armao Diane M. , Elias Jorge , Huda Walter 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
“When one admits that nothing is certain one must, I think, also admit that some things are much more nearly certain than others.” Bertrand Russell (1872–1970)
Computed tomography (CT) is one of the largest contributors to man‐made radiation doses in medical populations. CT currently accounts for over 60 million examinations in the United States, and its use continues to grow rapidly. The principal concern regarding radiation exposure is that the subject may develop malignancies. For this systematic review we searched journal publications in MEDLINE (1966–2006) using the terms “CT,” “ionizing radiation,” “cancer risks,” “MRI,” and “patient safety.” We also searched major reports issued from governmental U.S. and world health‐related agencies. Many studies have shown that organ doses associated with routine diagnostic CT scans are similar to the low‐dose range of radiation received by atomic‐bomb survivors. The FDA estimates that a CT examination with an effective dose of 10 mSv may be associated with an increased chance of developing fatal cancer for approximately one patient in 2000, whereas the BEIR VII lifetime risk model predicts that with the same low‐dose radiation, approximately one individual in 1000 will develop cancer. There are uncertainties in the current radiation risk estimates, especially at the lower dose levels encountered in CT. To address what should be done to ensure patient safety, in this review we discuss the “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA) principle, and the use of MRI as an alternative to CT. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:900–909. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patient motion correction for multiplanar, multi‐breath‐hold cardiac cine MR imaging
Authors: Slomka Piotr J. , Fieno David , Ramesh Amit , Goyal Vaibhav , Nishina Hidetaka , Thompson Louise E.J. , Saouaf Rola , Berman Daniel S. , Germano Guido 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurposeTo correct for spatial misregistration of multi‐breath‐hold short‐axis (SA), two‐chamber (2CH), and four‐chamber (4CH) cine cardiac MR (CMR) images caused by respiratory and patient motion.Materials and MethodsTwenty CMR studies from consecutive patients with separate breath‐hold 2CH, 4CH, and SA 20‐phase cine images were considered. We automatically registered the 2CH, 4CH, and SA images in three dimensions by minimizing the cost function derived from plane intersections for all cine phases. The automatic alignment was compared with manual alignment by two observers.ResultsThe processing time for the proposed method was <20 seconds, compared to 14–24 minutes for the manual correction. The initial plane displacement identified by the observers was 2.8 ± 1.8 mm (maximum = 14 mm). A displacement of ≥5 mm was identified in 15 of 20 studies. The registration accuracy (defined as the difference between the automatic parameters and those obtained by visual registration) was 1.0 ± 0.9 mm, 1.1 ± 1.0 mm, 1.1 ± 1.2 mm, and 2.0 ± 1.8 mm for 2CH‐4CH alignment and SA alignment in the mid, basal, and apical regions, respectively. The algorithm variability was higher in the apex (2.0 ± 1.9 mm) than in the mid (1.4 ± 1.4 mm) or basal (1.2 ± 1.2 mm) regions (ANOVA, P < 0.05).ConclusionAn automated preprocessing algorithm can reduce spatial misregistration between multiple CMR images acquired at different breath‐holds and plane orientations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:965–973. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simple catheter‐vessel model for MR assessment of drug distribution in arteries and optimization of catheter design for intraarterial infusion therapy
Authors: Yoshikawa Takeshi , Uchida Koji , Ohno Yoshiharu , Hirota Shozo , Nakamura Tomonori , Yoshizako Takeshi , Ishida Jun , Kitagaki Hajime 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the efficacy of a new catheter‐vessel model for MRI to evaluate drug distribution and to optimize catheter design for intraarterial infusion therapyMaterials and MethodsThe model consisted of a hepatic artery simulant tube through which blood simulant water flowed continuously and a water cistern. Catheters were inserted into the tube and a gadolinium contrast medium was injected at rates suitable for angiographic or computed tomographic evaluation and commensurate with the clinical drug infusion rate. Axial images of the tube were obtained with a 0.2‐T scanner and gradient echo technique. Preliminary studies and catheter tests were conducted. The points at which drug and water were completely mixed were defined as the site with uniform enhancement nearest the catheter tip.ResultsFlip angle and gadolinium concentrations were optimized at 90 degrees, and at 62.5 and 500 mM for the high and low infusion rates, respectively. Drug distribution near the catheter tips was clearly visualized. The drug was mixed in shorter distances via the slit side‐hole than the end‐ or side‐hole catheters, and the smaller diametrical than the larger at either rate.ConclusionThis model appeared to be effective for evaluation of drug distribution and optimization of catheter design. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:1044–1050. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus
Authors: Ichinohe Takeshi , Nagata Noriyo , Strong Peter , Tamura Shin‐ichi , Takahashi Hidehiro , Ninomiya Ai , Imai Masaki , Odagiri Takato , Tashiro Masato , Sawa Hirofumi , Chiba Joe , Kurata Takeshi , Sata Tetsutaro , Hasegawa Hideki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHighly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) is an emerging pathogen with the potential to cause great harm to humans, and there is concern about the potential for a new influenza pandemic. This virus is resistant to the antiviral effects of interferons and tumor necrosis factor‐α. However, the mechanism of interferon‐independent protective innate immunity is not well understood. The prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles as a stimulator of innate mucosal immunity against a recently obtained strain of H5N1 influenza virus infection were examined in mice. Clinical parameters and the survival rate of mice treated by intranasal application of chitin microparticles were significantly improved compared to non‐treated mice after a lethal influenza virus challenge. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the number of natural killer cells that expressed tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) and that had migrated into the cervical lymph node was markedly increased (26‐fold) after intranasal treatment with chitin microparticles. In addition, the level of IL‐6 and interferon‐gamma‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10) in the nasal mucosa after H5N1 influenza virus challenge was decreased by prophylactic treatment with chitin microparticles. These results suggest that prophylactic intranasal administration of chitin microparticles enhanced the local accumulation of natural killer cells and suppressed hyper‐induction of cytokines, resulting in an innate immune response to prevent pathogenesis of H5N1 influenza virus. J. Med. Virol. 79: 811–819, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of rare G3P[9] rotavirus strains isolated from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis
Authors: Khamrin Pattara , Maneekarn Niwat , Peerakome Supatra , Tonusin Supin , Phan Tung Gia , Okitsu Shoko , Ushijima Hiroshi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn 2004, an epidemiological survey of human rotavirus infection in Chiang Mai, Thailand detected two uncommon human rotavirus strains (CMH120/04 and CMH134/04) bearing AU‐1‐like G3P[9] genotypes in 1 year old children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. The CMH120/04 and CMH134/04 rotavirus strains were characterized by molecular analyses of their VP6, VP7, VP8*, and NSP4 gene segments as well as the determination of RNA patterns by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Analysis of the VP8* gene revealed a high level of amino acid sequence identities with those of P[9] rotavirus reference strains, ranging from 94.9% to 98.3%. The highest identities were shared with the human rotavirus AU‐1 strain at 97.8% and 98.3% for CMH120/04 and CMH134/04 strains, respectively. Analysis of the VP7 gene sequence revealed the highest identities with G3 human rotavirus strain KC814 at 96.6% and 96.2% for CMH120/04 and CMH134/04 strains, respectively. Based on the analyses of VP7 and VP8* genes, CMH120/04 and CMH134/04 belonged to G3P[9] genotypes. In addition, analyses of VP6 and NSP4 sequences revealed a VP6 subgroup (SG) I, with NSP4 genetic group C specificities. Moreover, both strains displayed a long RNA electrophoretic pattern. The finding of uncommon G3P[9] rotaviruses in pediatric patients provided additional evidence of the genetic/antigenic diversities of human group A rotaviruses in the Chiang Mai area of Thailand. J. Med. Virol. 79: 843–851, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A in St. Petersburg, Russia, 1997–2003
Authors: Davidkin Irja , Zheleznova Nina , Jokinen Sari , Gorchakova Olga , Broman Mia , Mukomolov Sergey 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains circulating in the St. Petersburg and Karelia regions was studied during 1997–2003. Hepatitis A virus RNA was isolated from both clinical samples (stools or sera) and environmental samples (sewage water). RT‐PCR was carried out using different primer pairs from the VP1/2A and VP1 genomic regions, the variable parts of the HAV genome. PCR products were sequenced and 306 nucleotides from the VP1/2A and 332 nucleotides from the VP1 region were used for phylogenetic analysis. The results show that the IA subtype was the most common during the follow‐up period: >90% of the isolated HAV strains belonged to that subtype. The HAV strains found in intravenous drug users belonged to subtypes IA and IIIA. Only one out of a total of 88 sequenced strains was of the IB subtype. The subtypes IB and IIIA were found only in 2001–2003, which suggests that new strains were introduced into the endemic situation. The results indicate the usefulness of molecular epidemiological methods in studying changes in the circulating HAV strains and in tracing transmission routes. J. Med. Virol. 79: 657–662, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis B virus genotypes in children and adolescents in Japan: Before and after immunization for the prevention of mother to infant transmission of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Inui Ayano , Komatsu Haruki , Sogo Tsuyoshi , Nagai Toshiro , Abe Kenji , Fujisawa Tomoo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was investigated in 118 children in Japan. One hundred and sixteen children (98%) had chronic HBV infection, and the remainder had acute hepatitis. Genotyping of HBV was determined by PCR and sequencing analysis in the S gene. Genotype C (86%) was the most frequent, followed by genotype B (9%), D (2.5%), and A (1.0%). Transmission routes of HBV to children were from mothers in 91 patients (77%), fathers in 8 (6.5%), mother or father in 1 (1%), family members other than the parents in 5 (4%), and unknown in 13 (11.5%). The relationship between routes of HBV transmission and HBV genotypes was studied. Eighty‐eight (97%) of 91 children of mother‐to‐infant transmission were genotype C, while 13 (49%) of 27 children of the routes other than the mother to infant transmission were genotype C. The number of children with genotype C who were infected from their mothers was significantly higher than those with genotype B, D, or A (P < 0.01). In conclusion, HBV genotypes influence not only clinical characteristics but also the mechanisms of inter‐personal HBV transmission. J. Med. Virol. 79: 670–675, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alpha‐7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists selectively activate limbic regions of the rat forebrain: An effect similar to antipsychotics
Authors: Hansen Henrik H. , Timmermann Daniel B. , Peters Dan , Walters Carrie , Damaj M. Imad , Mikkelsen Jens D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIt is considered that activation of nicotinic α7 receptors (α7 nAChR) is useful for the treatment of cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Recently, selective α7 nAChR agonists have been discovered and are used to validate the α7 nAChR as a drug target for the treatment of cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia. One important feature shared by all known antipsychotics is their capacity to induce expression of the neuronal immediate‐early gene c‐fos in the limbic forebrain. Using two novel and selective α7 nAChR agonists, PNU‐282987 and SSR180711, we investigated their ability to induce c‐Fos expression in the limbic forebrain with particular emphasis on the same regions reported to be activated by antipsychotics. Both α7 nAChR agonists increased c‐Fos dose‐dependently in the prefrontal cortex and the shell of nucleus accumbens, while leaving the core of nucleus accumbens and the dorsolateral striatum unaffected. The accumbal and cortical effect of SSR180711 was blocked completely by pre‐administration of the α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine. Also, SSR180711 displayed no c‐Fos‐inducing effect in α7 nAChR knock‐out mice. In conclusion, these results show that selective pharmacologic stimulation of α7 nAChR function results in activation of forebrain regions similar to conventional antipsychotics. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.