bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing the impact of media images
Authors: Ogden Jane , Sherwood Faye 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThis experimental study seeks to explore the impact of media images on women's body dissatisfaction and to assess whether this impact could be reduced by an educational intervention describing the power of air‐brushing.Design/methodology/approachThe study involved a 2×2 factorial design with two conditions: picture (thin vs fatter) and air‐brushing intervention (present vs absent). A total of 200 women completed measures of body dissatisfaction before and after viewing the experimental information.FindingsThe results showed that women felt consistently more dissatisfied with their bodies after viewing thin pictures and more satisfied after viewing fatter pictures. In addition, the air‐brushing intervention reduced the detrimental effect of viewing the thinner pictures but had no effect on the benefits of viewing the fatter pictures.Originality/valueMedia images may have a role to play in body dissatisfaction in women. But a simple intervention focusing on air‐brushing can facilitate a more critical perspective and thus provide a buffer against the influence of media images.
Escalation and premature termination in MIS projects: the role of real options
Authors: Chulkov Dmitriy V. , Desai Mayur S. 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how the real option theory is applicable to evaluation of cases of escalation and premature termination of Management Information Systems (MIS) projects.Design/methodology/approachThe paper compares the implications of psychological and economic escalation theories with lessons from the real option theory as applied to MIS projects. Then, it examines published case studies, and discuss when project continuation enhances and reduces value for the manager and the firm.FindingsEscalation of commitment is continuation of an investment project after receiving negative signals. Escalation was identified as a significant problem in MIS projects often explained by the desire of the manager to avoid recognizing mistakes and to protect reputation. The opposite problem of premature termination of certain investment projects was also identified. This study argues that accurate application of real option theory is critical to distinguish between escalation and premature termination. Under the real option theory, an investment project is analogous to a financial option, in that there is an opportunity to continue the project, but no obligation. Continuation has value when there is uncertainty and new information about the project may be revealed. Failure to account for the real options in a project is value‐reducing as it may lead to mistakes in premature termination of projects when projects with real option value are labeled as cases of irrational escalation.Practical implicationsThe paper details the implications of real option theory to evaluating project continuation in the MIS setting.Originality/valueThis paper applies insights from real option theory to studies of escalation in MIS. Continuing a project may be seen as escalation when it actually has value for the firm, as new information received by continuing the project reduces uncertainty.
Managed IT services: the role of IT standards
Authors: Kumbakara Narayanan 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the practical issues regarding standards and the management of IT services delivered by external or outsourced service providers called managed service providers (MSPs).Design/methodology/approachExtensive review of published materials from academic and industry sources is carried out to discuss the managed services practice as well as IT standards applicable for managed services.FindingsImplementation of international IT standards such as the ITIL framework for IT service management benefits both internal IT organizations and MSPs. Availability of a common standard for managing IT services makes the transition of IT service management from the client organization to an MSP or from an MSP to another MSP less painful and helps to reduce or eliminate service disruptions.Practical implicationsThe ultimate objective of this paper is to offer MSPs as well as internal IT organizations a comprehensive discussion on the IT standards that are applicable for managed IT services.Originality/valueIt is believed that this paper will help both MSPs as well as the internal IT organizations to understand the importance of having a common standard for managing IT services.
A cross‐cultural investigation of situational information security awareness programs
Authors: Chen Charlie C. , Dawn Medlin B. , Shaw R.S. 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThe aim of this research is to make users aware of the importance surrounding the issue of security and security awareness while at the same time making educators as well as other individuals aware of the differing effects of cultural dimensions into the learning process.Design/methodology/approachAn inter‐cultural study was conducted to investigate if users from the USA and Taiwan exposed to the same situational awareness learning would have different performance in those security awareness outcomes.FindingsThe findings confirm that American users who received the situational learning outperformed those users who received the traditional face‐to‐face instruction. Taiwanese users did not perform significantly differently between these two treatments.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was only focused on two countries and therefore may limit its implications worldwide. But the study does show that global citizens also react differently to security awareness as would be expected due to differing cultures. Certainly, awareness of the risks and safeguards is the first line of defense that can be employed by any individual, but how individuals address these risks can be very dissimilar in different cultures. Therefore, the implications are apparent that the issue of security awareness should be studied from different cultural perspectives.Originality/valueThis paper offers original findings and value into the investigation of whether or not situational security awareness training is culturally‐bounded.
Implementation and effectiveness of organizational information security measures
Authors: Merete Hagen Janne , Albrechtsen Eirik , Hovden Jan 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the implementation of organizational information security measures and assess the effectiveness of such measures.Design/methodology/approachA survey was designed and data were collected from information security managers in a selection of Norwegian organizations.FindingsTechnical‐administrative security measures such as security policies, procedures and methods are the most commonly implemented organizational information security measures in a sample of Norwegian organizations. Awareness‐creating activities are applied by the organizations to a considerably lesser extent, but are at the same time these are assessed as being more effective organizational measures than technical‐administrative ones. Consequently, the study shows an inverse relationship between the implementation of organizational information security measures and assessed effectiveness of the organizational information security measures.Originality/valueProvides insight into the non‐technological side of information security. While most other studies look at the effectiveness of single organizational security measures, the present study considers combinations of organizational security measures.
Securing SCADA systems
Authors: Patel Sandip C. , Sanyal Pritimoy 
Published: October 2008

PurposeSupervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are widely used by utility companies during the production and distribution of oil, gas, chemicals, electric power, and water to control and monitor these operations. A cyber attack on a SCADA system cannot only result in a major financial disaster but also in devastating damage to public safety and health. The purpose of this paper is to survey the literature on the cyber security of SCADA systems and then suggest two categories of security solutions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper proposes the use of secure socket layer/transport layer security (SSL/TLS) and IP security (IPsec) solutions, implemented on the test‐bed at the University of Louisville, as the optimal choices when considering the level of security a solution can provide and the difficulty of implementing such a security measure. The paper analyzes these two solution choices, discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and present details on efficient ways of implementing these solutions.FindingsThe SSL/TLS solution to the protocol security using public domain toolkits such as OpenSSL may provide a fast, effective, and economical solution. However, the SSL/TLS protocol and its implementation toolkits have their limitations so this approach may need another enhancement.Practical implicationsIPsec can be used to provide IP‐level security in addition to SSL/TLS.Originality/valueThe use of these enhanced security approaches in SCADA systems should effectively reduce the vulnerability of these critical systems to malicious cyber attacks, and thereby potentially avoiding the serious consequences of such attacks.
The mediating and moderating effects of conflict and communication openness on workplace trust
Authors: Ayoko Oluremi B. , Pekerti Andre A. 
Published: October 2008

PurposeAlthough a great deal of research has focused on the effect of trust on conflict, little research has examined the impact of conflict on trust. The purpose of this paper is to present a model that investigates the relationship between conflict types (task, relationship and process), conflict features (intensity and duration), communication openness (CO) and workplace trust.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 510 employees from public sector organizations. The authors tested the direct effects of the hypothesized links with linear regressions while the mediation effects were tested using the Sobel test. Finally, the authors followed Kenny and Baron's procedure to test the moderation effects.FindingsResults from the regression analyses confirm that conflict features (intensity and duration) fully mediated the link between conflict types (task, relationship and process) and trust, while CO moderated the relationship between conflict features and trust. In addition, prolonged conflict duration was linked with trust. Implications of the findings are discussed.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is cross sectional and some of our scales have few items. In future, more robust scales in a longitudinal study should be used to further deepen our understanding of the association between the variables in our model. In addition, we have studied the concept of trust as perceived by the employees without distinguishing between high‐ and low‐trust perceptions. Future studies should compare levels of trust associated with the different types of conflict and especially varying magnitude of conflict intensity (e.g. low, mid and high) at different times.Originality/valueThe study provides new insights into the influence that conflict (task, relationship and process) may have on trust and the moderating role of CO in the link between conflict and trust. The paper also offers a practical assistance to group members and leaders that are interested in building trust especially in the presence of conflict.
Interactional justice, negotiator outcome satisfaction, and desire for future negotiations
Authors: Kass Edward 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the relationship between procedural, interpersonal, informational, and distributive justice and negotiator outcome satisfaction and desire for future negotiations (DFNs).Design/methodology/approachThis research invokes and builds theories suggesting a link between perceptions of fair treatment and counterfactual generation. Data come from freely interacting negotiating dyads comprised of undergraduate students.FindingsOne's own outcomes obtained, procedural, informational, and distributive justice perceptions each uniquely predicted negotiator outcome satisfaction. Procedural and informational justice perceptions also indirectly affected outcome satisfaction through their effect on distributive justice perceptions. In turn, outcome satisfaction, and informational and interpersonal justice perceptions each uniquely predicted DFNs.Research limitations/implicationsWhile this study reveals an important set of effects for study, it is correlational in nature. Future research should experimentally manipulate fair treatment to provide a true experiment and should also test the proposed mediators.Practical implicationsThis paper suggests that listening to the other party, treating him or her with respect and dignity, and explaining oneself can have powerful consequences for the other party's outcome satisfaction and DFNs. Each of these, in turn, can affect one's own long run well‐being.Originality/valueThis is the first empirical study linking procedural and informational justice perceptions and negotiator outcome satisfaction. It is one of the few studies exploring a unique relationship between outcome satisfaction and procedural justice and may be the only one doing so with interactional justice in any setting. It investigates the effects of perceived fair treatment among relative equals rather than in the context of superiors and subordinates.
Retaliation against supervisory mistreatment
Authors: Kim Tae‐Yeol , Shapiro Debra L. 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether negative emotions mediate the relationship between supervisor rudeness and subordinates' retaliatory reactions and how the reactions to supervisor rudeness differ between US Americans and Koreans and between in‐group and out‐group supervisors.Design/methodology/approachA survey involving 197 employees from USA and South Korea. MANCOVA was used to analyze the data.FindingsEmployees who were rudely (rather than politely) treated when receiving explanations for organizational decisions were more likely to engage in retaliation. The latter tendency was partially mediated by the negative emotions that the employees felt about their rude treatment. In addition, the rudeness‐retaliation effects became stronger when the supervisor was dissimilar (rather than similar) to them, and the latter two‐way interaction effect was even stronger to those who highly value vertical collectivism. Surprisingly, however, Koreans were more likely to retaliate against their supervisor rather than US Americans.Research limitations/implicationsPrevious scenario‐based studies contrasting Koreans and US Americans have yielded findings suggesting that Koreans and US American employees may differ in their responses to supervisory rudeness. Additionally, the tendency of people to be more attracted to similar rather than dissimilar others (consistent with the similarity‐attraction paradigm) suggests that the (dis)similarity of a supervisor is likely to influence the rudeness‐retaliation effect. Future research needs to examine when, how, and why employees retaliate against supervisory rudeness to better understand the retaliation dynamics in organizations.Originality/valueThis is the only study that has examined how, in the context of receiving rude treatment from a supervisor, retaliatory reactions by US American versus Korean employees may differ and why (i.e. via emotional mediating variables), and whether US American‐Korean differences in retaliation under these circumstances are influenced by the supervisor's perceived (dis)similarity.
Towards understanding the role of emotions in conflict: a review and future directions
Authors: Nair Nisha 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThis paper attempts to connect the literature on conflict and that of emotions. The argument presented is that emotions have until recently been understudied in conflict literature and vice versa. On the basis of the review of literature on both conflict and emotions, the paper points to new areas of exploration for researchers in both domains.Design/methodology/approachA literature review of two separate sub‐fields of study, namely conflict and emotions is provided with the intent of pointing towards gaps in connecting the two streams of research and towards a more holistic understanding of the role of emotions in conflict.FindingsIt is observed that the link between emotions and conflict has received little attention both in the literature on conflict and that of emotions. Insights into the role of emotions at the time of conflict and towards its subsequent resolution are provided. Future directions for study and potential linkages between the two streams are offered.Originality/valueConnects two different streams of research and offers potential areas of exploration.
An analysis of the relationships among face concerns and facework behaviors in perceived conflict situations
Authors: Oetzel John , Garcia Adolfo J. , Ting‐Toomey Stella 
Published: October 2008

PurposePrior research demonstrates the importance of face in conflict situations. However, the direct relationship of face concerns to facework behaviors has limited empirical support. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among self‐, other‐, and mutual‐face concern and 11 facework strategies within Chinese, Japanese, German, and USA national cultures in recalled conflict situations.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted by administering a survey to 768 participants from China, Japan, Germany, and the USA who recalled a conflict situation. Participants completed a self‐report questionnaire about their attitudes and conflict behaviors during a recalled conflict. Regression analysis and comparisons of correlations were utilized to examine relationships between face concerns and facework across the four cultures.FindingsThe major findings are: other‐face is associated with remain calm, apologize, private discussion, giving in and pretend positively and express emotion negatively; self‐face is associated with defend positively; mutual‐face is associated with aggression negatively; associations among face concern and facework strategies have some cultural differences, but are largely consistent for the pan‐cultural relationships among face and facework.Research limitations/implicationsProvides evidence that many of the face/facework relationships are consistent across cultures; uses self‐report questionnaires to operationalize attitudes and behaviors about conflict which are subject to self‐serving bias.Practical implicationsThe findings are useful for scholars and practitioners interested in intercultural communication, negotiation, and conflict. The findings suggest that training participants about face concerns and facework may be fruitful for improving conflict management. Such training needs to consider cultural differences.Originality/valueThe research endeavor directly identifies what relationships exist between face concern and facework. The link was assumed but has limited empirical support and none cross‐culturally.
Smack down: copyright cases head to court (part 1)
Authors: Medeiros Norm 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThis paper aims to highlight two recent copyright controversies that have implications for academic institutions in the USA.Design/methodology/approachThe paper focuses on the copyright infringement case against Georgia State University, detailing aspects of the lawsuit as they are noted in the complaint.FindingsThe paper recognizes the well‐documented case against Georgia State University is strong, especially given contemporary views on fair use.Originality/valueThis paper offers depth to important copyright stories that may affect US institutions.
Culture byte by byte
Authors: Fox Robert 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThis column aims to explore a slice of digital art librarianship, examining some of the tools used in this field along with some examples of how institutions have tackled the ever‐changing world of digital images.Design/methodology/approachThis column is exploratory, and outlines some of the relationships between the Visual Resource Association, their core standard and sites such as ARTstor which utilize the VRA Core standard.FindingsThe paper finds that the area of digital art and imagery has changed rapidly over the last decade. New standards have been developed to describe and preserve digital representations of works.Practical implicationsIt is important for everyone involved in this field to respect those standards and attempt to follow a certain level of consistency in their cataloging and preservation methods.Originality/valueThis column examines a key standard in the area of digital image metadata and how that standard has been utilized by well‐funded organizations such as ARTstor for the general welfare of the academic and research community.
Good project managers are “cluefull” rather than clueless
Authors: Cervone H. Frank 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the some of the more common behavioral missteps technology leaders make when managing projects.Design/methodology/approachUsing a comparative method based on Gualtieri's observations of the mistakes chief information officers make in managing application development projects, the paper contextualizes and expands these observations to apply to the digital library project environment.FindingsThe behavioral tactics of digital library project leaders can be either positive or negative influences on a project team with negative behaviors often leading to project managers being labeled as “clueless.” By being aware of the implications and impact of behaviors that can be viewed negatively, the project leader can avoid engaging in those behaviors and be more effective in their role.Originality/valueThis paper fills a gap in the digital library project management literature by exploring issues related to the behavioral characteristics of digital project leaders. As such, it provides some practical guidelines for the practitioner to use when engaged in project management.
Those who don't look don't find: disciplinary considerations in repository advocacy
Authors: Kingsley Danny 
Published: October 2008

PurposeBy describing some of the often‐ignored aspects of repository advocacy, such as disciplinary differences and how these might affect the adoption of a particular institutional repository, this paper aims to offer practical guidance to repository managers and those responsible for open access and repository policy.Design/methodology/approachThe argument uses examples from an empirical study of 43 in‐depth interviews of academic staff in three disciplines, Chemistry, Computer Science and Sociology, at two Australian universities. The interviewees discussed their interaction with the literature as an author, a reader and a reviewer.FindingsThe study finds that disciplines are markedly different from one another, in terms of their subject matter, the speed of publication, information‐seeking behaviour and social norms. These all have bearing on the likelihood a given group will adopt deposit into an institutional repository as part of their regular work practice.Practical implicationsIt is important to decide the purpose of the institutional repository before embarking on an advocacy program. By mapping empirical findings against both diffusion of innovations theory and writings on disciplinary differences, this paper shows that repository advocacy addressing the university academic population as a single unit is unlikely to be successful. Rather, advocacy and implementation of a repository must consider the information seeking behaviour and social norms of each discipline in question.Originality/valueThe consideration of disciplinary differences in relation to repository advocacy has only begun to be explored in the literature.