bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘What Goes Around Comes Around’: Informal Activities and Reciprocity Networks in Westport, New Zealand
Authors: SCOTT GARY 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe article reports the results of a survey into the informal activities of 47 households in the unemployment‐affected small town of Westport, New Zealand. Overall levels of household informal participation are found to be fairly high across all income groups. There is an abundance of informal resources in the surrounding area and a longstanding local culture encouraging participation. However, differentiated ‘established local’ and ‘new local’ reciprocity networks, reflecting broader scale processes of social and economic fragmentation, have emerged since a major round of state and private sector restructuring occurred in 1987.
Illuminating Sea‐Level Fall around AD 1220–1510 (730‐440 cal yr BP) in the Pacific Islands: Implications for Environmental Change and Cultural Transformation
Authors: NUNN PATRICK D. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the climatic transition between the Little Climatic Optimum (approximately AD 750–1300 or 1200‐650 cal yr BP) and the Little Ice Age (approximately AD 1300–1800 or 650‐150 cal yr BP) in the Pacific Islands. This transition was marked by rapid temperature and sea‐level fall, and perhaps by sharply‐increased precipitation associated with an increase in El Nino frequency.Examples from throughout the Pacific Islands demonstrate the possible and/or likely effects of sea‐level fall at this time on inland horticulture through water‐table fall; on coral reefs and lagoons through the emergence of reef surfaces and the consequent reduction of nearshore water circulation; on the emergence of reef islets and the conversion of tidal inlets to brackish lakes. The effects of such changes on human lifestyles are explored.
Small Scale Enterprises in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia: Flexible Specialisation at Work?
Authors: TURNER SARAH 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTUsing field work material from small scale enterprises in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia, this paper examines the debate concerning whether the flexible specialisation paradigm is applicable to small enterprises in developing country contexts, or whether ‘survivalism’ is a more appropriate description of current production organisation. It is found that whilst there is some evidence for flexible specialisation, this is overshadowed by constraints to flexible specialisation from within and outside the enterprises, and ‘survivalism’ is closer to reality for the enterprises studied.
Iron Age Vegetation Dynamics and Human Impacts on the Vegetation of Upper Mun River Floodplain, N.E. Thailand1
Authors: BOYD W.E. , MCGRATH R.J. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTHere we present a revised interpretation of pollen analyses at Iron Age archaeological sites on the floodplain of the Mun River, northeast Thailand. Following publication of a full chronometric data set for these sites, it has become apparent that the original and admittedly tentative conclusions from the pollen analyses require reassessment. The original account was flawed in two ways: the presumed time span of the record was considerably longer than we believe it to be now; and our correlation between neighbouring sequences was in error. Our new understanding of the evidence allows us to present a vegetation history of the study area that is confined to the details of land use and human impact during the latter half of the Thai Iron Age. Here we also are able to identify ecological groups and landscape partitioning patterns during that period. In particular, we record phases of human impact, with periods of forest clearance and its replacement by grasslands with likely rice cultivation and arboriculture.
The Manawatu Dunefield: Environmental Change and Human Impacts
Authors: HESP PATRICK A. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTFour stages of environmental change are apparent in the Manawatu coastal landscape: the first stage was that of a world wide sea level rise and initiation of the first major dune phase (Foxton or phase I) in the Manawatu. This was followed by a second dune‐building phase (Motuiti or phase II), which was probably initiated by climate change. The second stage occurred in the last 600 to 1000 or so years when Maori first occupied the area, rapidly causing the extinction of a range of fauna, significantly altering the vegetation cover and potentially initiating or assisting the development of a new dune phase (Waitarere or phase 111). The latter part of the Waitarere phase (phase IV) or episode may have been initiated by Europeans in the last 150 years. The third stage of environmental change occurred in the period 1940 to 1990 when large scale sand sheets and transgressive dunefields were significantly stabilised by humans, and parabolic dunes were created. A fourth stage is just beginning where an entirely new suite (or episode) of parabolic dunes has developed from blowouts within the foredune in the last 10 years. Overall, human impact has wrought major environmental changes to one of the greatest examples of Holocene dunefields in New Zealand.
Public Perceptions of Natural Character in New Zealand: Wild Nature Versus Cultured Nature
Authors: NEWTON BRONWYN M. , FAIRWEATHER JOHN R. , SWAFFIELD SIMON R. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTResults of empirical research undertaken in New Zealand to determine public perceptions of natural character in the biophysical environment are presented and related to recent theoretical literature. The research comprised two distinct case studies using Q method and photographs, in which participants evaluated natural character in terms of their own landscape experiences by ranking the photographs in order of preference. The results confirm prevailing responses to nature recently specified in North American literature, and have some policy implications for environmental management in New Zealand.
Air Pollution Exposure Index for New Zealand
Authors: SCOGGINS AMANDA , FISHER GAVIN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis study proposes a regional air pollution exposure index (RAPEI) for Auckland, Canterbury, Otago and Wellington regions. The air pollution index multiplies an emission index (NOx emissions kg/annum), a surrogate for ambient air pollution levels, with a population density index (people per sq km), a surrogate for population exposure. Census Area Units (CAUs), and subsequently defined “key areas” within a region are ranked from 0 to 16. This is one method of investigating the effectiveness of air quality monitoring networks and identifying urban exposure airsheds in New Zealand. Results verified New Zealand's urban exposure airsheds and highlighted areas that may be potential “hot spots” in terms of relatively high ambient air pollution levels and potentially high population exposures. It is possible that these areas should be closely monitored. The GIS‐based maps also show New Zealand's permanent and temporary air quality monitoring stations.
Lessons for New Zealand from Britain's Foot and Mouth Epidemic
Authors: JAY MAIRI , MORAD MUNIR , BELL ANGELA 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper explores some implications for New Zealand's rural community of Britain's foot and mouth epidemic in the light of growing international trade and travel, and changes in New Zealand's rural society.The paper includes ecological mapping with a projected/likely spatial distribution of an epidemic in New Zealand, and an assessment of the possible institutional and social responses in the wake of a disease outbreak. It notes the course of the epidemic in Britain, and possible differences and similarities in institutional response frameworks between Britain and New Zealand.
The Resource Management Act 1991 and the Practice of Environmental Governance in New Zealand: The Example of Lake Taupo
Authors: McKenzie Stephen 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTOn 1 October 1991 the Resource Management Act 1991 came into force. The enactment of this legislation was supposed to herald the start of a brave new world in environmental governance in New Zealand. Since that time the Act has never been far from controversy in the popular press and in the academic literature. The paper briefly reviews the debates in the academic literature about the Act and argues that the debates could benefit from a theoretically informed analysis of the impact of the Act on specific environmental initiatives. This paper draws on the Lake Taupo Water Quality Project to illustrate how this type of analysis may uncover practical, relevant and interesting insights for law reform, policy making and practice hidden by conventional discourses on the Act.
Are Seafarers Migrants? ‐ Situating Seafarers in the Framework of Mobility and Transnationalism
Authors: Borovnik Maria 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTSeafarers are a unique occupational group who are recruited, by international agencies and work under contract on board ships of different kinds: merchant cargo and container ships; deep sea fishing vessels; and cruise ships. Seafarers “travel” either globally or regionally over varying distances. This paper seeks to find a place for the movement of seafarers in the existing theoretical context of labour migration. They undertake a particular type of circulatory or ‘transversal’ labour migration, and have established a special form of social identity. Locating them within theoretical migration and transnational concepts will contribute a new perspective.
The HPV Vaccine: Framing the Arguments FOR and AGAINST Mandatory Vaccination of All Middle School Girls
Authors: Vamos Cheryl A. , McDermott Robert J. , Daley Ellen M. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  Human papillomavirus (HPV), the virus responsible for cervical cancer, is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection in the United States. A vaccine was approved in 2006 that is effective in preventing the types of HPV responsible for 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. Proposals for routine and mandatory HPV vaccination of girls have become sources of controversy for parents of school‐aged youth, legislators, members of the medical community, and the public at large.Methods:  The purpose of this article was to articulate the arguments used by advocates who either oppose or endorse routine, mandatory administration of the vaccine to school‐aged girls, thereby assisting school health personnel in being effective participants in framing the relevant issues.Results:  Controversy is grounded in moral, religious, political, economic, and sociocultural arguments including whether concerns that the vaccine increases sexual risk taking, sends mixed messages about abstaining from sexual intercourse, usurps parental authority, and increases the potential for development of new health disparities are offset by the value of administering a cost‐effective, age‐appropriate public health measure targeting a life‐threatening problem.Conclusions:  Careful consideration of the medical evidence and public health implications is critical but understanding the context of the debate is no less important to the task of responding to public concerns. School health personnel have a role in the discussion about HPV immunization. Being able to articulate the arguments presented herein can help authorities’ responsiveness to parents and community groups as the dialogue about this particular health issue evolves further.
Physical Activity Behaviors and Emotional Self‐Efficacy: Is There a Relationship for Adolescents?
Authors: Valois Robert F. , Umstattd M. Renée , Zullig Keith J. , Paxton Raheem J. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  This study explored relationships between physical activity (PA) behaviors and emotional self‐efficacy (ESE) in a statewide sample of public high school adolescents in South Carolina (n = 3836).Methods:  The Center for Disease Control Youth Risk Behavior Survey PA items and an adolescent ESE scale were used. Logistic regression analyses and multivariate models constructed separately, revealed significant race by gender findings.Results:  Results suggest that reduced vigorous PA (past 7 days), moderate PA (past 7 days), strengthening/toning exercises (past 7 days), and playing on sport teams (past 12 months) were associated (p ≤ .05) with reduced ESE for specific race/gender groups.Conclusions:  Results have implications for school‐ and community‐based mental health services and PA programs for adolescents. Measures of ESE as a component of comprehensive assessments of adolescent mental health and PA behaviors in fieldwork, research, and program‐evaluation efforts should be considered.
Factors Influencing Openness to Future Smoking Among Nonsmoking Adolescents*
Authors: Seo Dong‐Chul , Torabi Mohammad R. , Weaver Amy E. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  To investigate the correlates of youth tobacco use in terms of nonsmoking adolescents’ openness to future smoking, a secondary analysis of the 2000 and 2004 Indiana Youth Tobacco Survey (IYTS) was conducted.Methods:  A representative sample of 1416 public high school students in grades 9‐12 and 1516 public middle school students in grades 6‐8 (71.44% and 72.53% response rates, respectively) were surveyed in 2000, and 3433 public high school students and 1990 public middle school students (63.04% and 65.44% response rates, respectively) were surveyed in 2004.Results:  Seventy‐four percent of students in 2000 were not open to future smoking and 77% were not open in 2004. The adolescent cohort in 2004 became more exposed to antitobacco messages and less exposed to protobacco messages and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) compared with their counterpart in 2000. Whereas gender, grade, race/ethnicity, and exposure to antitobacco messages were insignificant predictors for openness to future smoking, exposure to ETS either in homes or in cars was a strong predictor for openness to future smoking (the higher the exposure to ETS, the more open to future smoking) in both unadjusted and adjusted multivariate models. Exposure to protobacco messages had a greater effect on openness to future smoking than exposure to antitobacco messages. The rate of transition from openness to future smoking to tobacco use initiation is higher among white adolescents than among minority adolescents.Conclusions:  More efforts should be made to reduce adolescents’ exposure to ETS and protobacco messages.
Prevalence of Tobacco Use Among Students Aged 13‐15 Years in Health Ministers’ Council/Gulf Cooperation Council Member States, 2001‐2004
Authors: Moh’d Al‐Mulla Ahmad , Abdou Helmy Sahar , Al‐Lawati Jawad , Al Nasser Sami , Ali Abdel Rahman Salah , Almutawa Ayesha , Abi Saab Bassam , Al‐Bedah Abdullah Mohammed , Al‐Rabeah Abdullah Mohamed , Ali Bahaj Ahmed , El‐Awa Fatimah , Warren Charles W. , Jones Nathan R. , Asma Samira 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTBackground: This article examines differences and similarities in adolescent tobacco use among Member States of the Health Ministers’ Council for the Gulf Cooperation Council (HMC/GCC) using Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data.Methods: Nationally representative samples of students in grades associated with ages 13‐15 in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Schools were selected proportional to enrollment size, classes were randomly selected within participating schools, and all students in selected classes were eligible to participate.Results: GYTS results confirmed that boys are significantly more likely than girls to smoke cigarettes or use shisha (water pipe). Students had higher rates of tobacco use than adults in Bahrain, Oman, and United Arab Emirates. For boys and girls, shisha use was higher than cigarette smoking in almost all countries. Susceptibility to initiate smoking among never smokers was higher than current cigarette smoking in all countries. Exposure to secondhand smoke in public places was greater than 30%, direct protobacco advertising exposure was greater than 70% on billboards and in newspapers, and more than 10% of students were influenced by indirect advertising. Finally, less than half of the students were taught in school about the dangers of tobacco use in the past year.Conclusions: For boys and girls, high prevalence of cigarette smoking, high prevalence of shisha use, and high susceptibility of never smokers to initiate smoking in the next year are troubling indicators for the future of chronic disease and tobacco‐related mortality in the Member States of the HMC/GCC.
Cognitivism and the Arts
Authors: Gibson John 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCognitivism in respect to the arts refers to a constellation of positions that share in common the idea that artworks often bear, in addition to aesthetic value, a significant kind of cognitive value. In this paper I concentrate on three things: (i) the challenge of understanding exactly what one must do if one wishes to defend a cognitivist view of the arts; (ii) common anti‐cognitivist arguments; and (iii) promising recent attempts to defend cognitivism.
Virtue Epistemology
Authors: Battaly Heather 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWhat are the qualities of an excellent thinker? A growing new field, virtue epistemology, answers this question.Section Idistinguishes virtue epistemology from belief‐based epistemology.Section IIexplains the two primary accounts of intellectual virtue: virtue‐reliabilism and virtue‐responsibilism. Virtue‐reliabilists claim that the virtues are stable reliable faculties, like vision. Virtue‐responsibilists claim that they are acquired character traits, like open‐mindedness.Section IIIevaluates progress and problems with respect to three key projects: explaining low‐grade knowledge, high‐grade knowledge, and the individual intellectual virtues.
Supervenience in Metaphysics
Authors: Leuenberger Stephan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSupervenience is a topic‐neutral, broadly logical relation between classes of properties or facts. In a slogan, A supervenes on B if and only if there cannot be an A‐difference without a B‐difference. The first part of this paper considers different ways in which that slogan has been cashed out. The second part discusses applications of concepts of supervenience, focussing on the question whether they may provide an explication of determination theses such as physicalism.
Probiotic Pre‐treatment Reduces Gliclazide Permeation (ex vivo) in Healthy Rats but Increases It in Diabetic Rats to the Level Seen in Untreated Healthy Rats
Authors: Al‐Salami Hani , Butt Grant , Tucker Ian , Skrbic Ranko , Golocorbin‐Kon Svetlana , Mikov Momir 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTAim.  To investigate the influence of probiotic pre‐treatment on the permeation of the antidiabetic drug gliclazide in healthy and diabetic rats.Methods.  Wistar rats (age 2–3 months, weight 350 ± 50 g) were randomly allocated into one of 4 groups (N = 16 each group): healthy control, healthy probiotic, diabetic control, and diabetic probiotic. Probiotics (75 mg/kg, equal quantities of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) were administered twice a day for three days to the appropriate groups after diabetes had been induced with alloxan i.v. 30 mg/kg. Rats were sacrificed, ileal tissues mounted in Ussing chambers and gliclazide (200 µg/mL) was administered for the measurement of the mucosal to serosal absorption Jss(MtoS) and serosal to mucosal secretion Jss(StoM) of gliclazide.Results.  Treatment of healthy rats with probiotics reduced Jss(MtoS) of gliclazide from 1.2 ± 0.3 to 0.3 ± 0.1 µg/min/cm2 (P < 0.01) and increased Jss(StoM) from 0.6 ± 0.1 to 1.4 ± 0.3 (P < 0.01) resulting in net secretion while, in diabetic tissues, treatment with probiotics increased both Jss(MtoS) and Jss(StoM) fluxes of gliclazide to the comparable levels of healthy tissues resulting in net absorption.Discussion.  In healthy rats, the reduction in Jss(MtoS) after probiotics administration could be explained by the production of bacterial metabolites that upregulate the mucosal efflux drug transporters Mrp2 that control gliclazide transport. In diabetic rats, the restored fluxes of gliclazide after probiotic treatment, suggests the normalization of the functionality of the drug transporters resulting in a net absorption.Conclusion.  Probiotics may alter gliclazide transport across rat ileal tissue studied ex vivo.
Novel methods for the design and evaluation of marine protected areas in offshore waters
Authors: Leathwick John , Moilanen Atte , Francis Malcolm , Elith Jane , Taylor Paul , Julian Kathryn , Hastie Trevor , Duffy Clinton 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThere is strong international agreement on the need for marine protected areas to reverse pervasive human impacts on the oceans' biodiversity. However, their implementation is often hampered both by legal difficulties in defining reserves in international waters and the patchy nature of data in many offshore waters. We demonstrate the use of recent advances in statistical learning and conservation prioritization to produce MPA scenarios with varying costs and benefits for New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone, based on the analyses of distributions of 96 demersal fish species. MPAs based on our most cost‐effective scenario would deliver conservation benefits nearly 2.5 times greater than those from equivalent‐sized areas recently implemented at the request of fishers, and at lower cost to them. Such results demonstrate the power of quantitative, knowledge‐based prioritization approaches, which can be applied at high resolution and at oceanic scales.
U.S. drowning in unidentified fishes: Scope, implications, and regulation of live fish import
Authors: Smith Katherine F. , Behrens Michael D. , Max Lisa M. , Daszak Peter 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMore than half a million shipments and over one billion live animals were imported to the United States since 2000. The majority of these were aquatic organisms, including approximately 1.1 billion fishes. Imported fishes are a major source of revenue for the pet industry and aquaculture, but can be a nuisance if they escape or are released into the wild. Over 200 fish species have been introduced to the United States following importation, many of which threaten ecosystems and infrastructure. Although fishes constitute the majority of animal imports, they receive minimal attention from regulatory agencies. Moreover, poor record keeping at ports make it impossible to assess the diversity of fishes imported, making species‐specific risk analysis and prevention programs difficult. As a global leader in wildlife trade, the United States is well positioned to set standards that promote safe and responsible trade practices. To date, the nation has languished, though there are mechanisms for improvement.