bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro effectiveness of dental floss in plaque removal
Authors: Smith B. A. , Collier Christopher M. , Caffesse Raul G. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study was designed to determine whether there was any measurable difference in the effectiveness of bacterial plaque removal between 4 commercially available dental flosses. By means of a highly standardized and controlled in vitro experimental model technique utilizing 50 freshly extracted third molars, the possibility of intra‐ and inter‐individual variability was eliminated. Each tooth was individually mounted in a formatray block and the surface was finished to either a “planed” or “unplaned” surface configuration. The “planed” root surface (dentin) was achieved by using 600 grit wet‐sandpaper for tooth surface reduction while the “unplaned” root surface was achieved by using 600 grit wet‐sandpaper. The teeth were then individually processed to effect the growth of bacterial plaque (S. mutans) on the prepared surfaces. Each tooth was subsequently disclosed, flossed and photographed without interruption. The flossing was carried out on a flossing machine utilizing a controlled force of 50 g. A controlled direction of the stroke perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth, and a controlled frequency of flossing (2 strokes per trial) was used.The results of the clinical trials were evaluated utilizing Ektachrome slides of the previously flossed and disclosed tooth surfaces. The photographs were projected, measured, and statistically analyzed (Student t‐test and paired t‐test) for the effectiveness of plaque removal of the 4 dental flosses and the effect of root surface roughness on the ability of the flosses to remove bacterial plaque. It was found that on smooth, “planed” root surfaces, there were no measurable difference among the 4 flosses. However, on rough, “unplaned” root surfaces, lightly waxed floss was found superior to the other three, relative to its effectiveness of plaque removal. With the exception of lightly waxed floss, which showed no difference, the remaining 3 flosses were found to be more effective in their ability to remove bacterial plaque from smooth, “planed” root surfaces than from rough, “unplaned” root surfaces.
The effects of a simplified oral hygiene regime plus supragingival irrigation with chlorhexidine or metronidazole on chronic inflammatory periodontal disease
Authors: Aziz‐Gandour I. A. , Newman H. N. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study compared a simplified oral hygiene regime (scaling, root planing and Bass brushing) with this same regime plus 0.02% chlorhexidine (CH), 0.05% metronidazole (MD) and inactive control (PL) solutions delivered supra‐gingivally by a pulsating water jet irrigator.22 patients were distributed randomly into 3 groups, 0.02% chlorhexidine (CH), 0.05% metronidazole (MD), and inactive control (PL). Approximal surfaces with associated pockets ≥ 4 mm were monitored at day 0, for plaque index (PII), gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), baseline measurement for gingival shrinkage and probeable pocket depth. All monitored surfaces were then immediately scaled and root planed. All patients received identical oral hygiene instruction (Bass brushing), with a sodium fluoride toothpaste and a multituft toothbrush, and were shown how to use the oral irrigator. Proficiency in use of the oral irrigator was checked again at day 7. No interdental cleaning was taught. The active treatment period was 28 days. Patients were seen at days 7, 28, 56 and 84, and all parameters were recorded at each visit, but no further oral hygiene instruction was given.Within procedure comparisons of the findings at days 28 (end of active treatment) 56 and 84 with those at day 0, showed statistically highly significant improvements in all parameters for all groups. Regarding between procedure comparisons, CH was better in reducing PlI at all times except at day 84, and on several occasions in reducing GI and SBI. Irrigated groups were always better than non‐irrigated groups. Although the differences were statistically highly significant, clinically the differences between groups were relatively small, except for CH effect on PlI. It was concluded that an oral hygiene regime of scaling, root planing and Bass brushing is statistically less effective in reducing PLI, GI and SBI than the same regime with once daily supragingival irrigation with a pulsating jet oral irrigator, especially using CH (0.02%).
The effects of a simplified mechanical oral hygiene regime plus supragingival irrigation with chlorhexidine or metronidazole on subgingival plaque
Authors: Sanders P. C. , Linden G. J. , Newman H. N. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract 23 patients with pockets ≥ 4 mm and evidence of bone loss on radiographs received thorough scaling and root planing followed by instruction in Bass brushing. They refrained from routine interdental cleaning for the first 28 days. A pulsating jet irrigator was used once daily supragingivally with 0.02% chlorhexidine (CH) 0.05% metronidazole (MD) or 0.01% quinine sulphate inactive control (PL), on a randomized double blind basis. Molar sites were not irrigated and served as control sites; they were only mechanically cleaned.For each patient, subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 2 test and 1 control sites at baseline (day 0), and on days 7, 28, 56 and 84. Plaque samples were monitored by darkfield microscopy on the basis of morphological characteristics of 4 types of bacteria: cocci, motile cells, spirochaetes and “others” (non‐motile rods, filaments and fusiforms).The simplified oral hygiene regime of scaling, root planing and Bass toothbrushing combined with interdental supragingival pulsating jet irrigation with CH, MD or PL appeared superior to a system of simplified oral hygiene alone, particularly during the first 4 weeks. However, at most time‐points, the benefits were notstatistically significant except for metronidazole. By day 84, the end of the experimental period, all groups approximated baseline levels.The results indicate that supragingival pulsated jet irrigation has limited effects on the composition of subging plaque. More marked changes occur when the irrigation fluid contains a chemical agent such as metronidazole known to be effective against important subgingival organisms, but probably not to such an extent as to change the composition of the flora from one associated with diseased sites to one associated with healthy sites.
The prevalence of spirochetes in the subgingival microbiota of Tanzanian and Dutch children
Authors: Mikx F. H. M. , Matee M. I. , Schaeken M. J. M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The subgingival microflora of 71 Tanzanian and 77 Dutch prepurberty children was analyzed by dark‐field microscopy.Spirochetes were observed in almost every Tanzanian child and in 66% of the Dutch children. The predominant spirochetes were small and medium sized; large spirochetes were infrequently observed in the rural Tanzanian children and. at the bleeding sites of the Dutch children. Further differences in the %s of cocci, rods and fusiforms indicated that the subgingival microflora of Tanzania children is different from that of Dutch children. Generally, spirochetes occurre at higher %s and frequency at bleeding sites than at non‐bleeding sites in both populations. However, the non‐bleeding sites in the Tanzanian children had a higher prevalence of spirochetes than the bleeding sites in Dutch children. It is concluded that spirochetes are members of the normal flora of prepuberty children, that in children gingivitis is associated with increased proportions of spirochetes and that the presence of spirochetes in the gingival crevice is not dependent upon gingival inflammation.
Concentration of doxycycline in human gingival fluid
Authors: Pascale Dorothy , Gordon Jeffrey , Lamster Ira , Mann Philip , Seiger Mia , Arndt Wayne 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Doxycycline is a synthetic tetracycline compound whose main advantages over tetracycline hydrochloride are increased oral absorption, prolonged serum half‐life and decreased gastrointestinal side‐effects. The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of doxycycline in gingival fluid and blood after oral administration. 4 volunteers were given doses of 100 mg doxycycline every 12 h on the first day of antibiotic administration followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg per day for an additional 4 days. 3 of these volunteers were also given tetracycline hydrochloride every 6 h for 5 days either 1 month before or after doxycycline administration to compare gingival fluid levels of these 2 tetracycline compounds. Gingival fluid was sampled from 4 gingival sites in each volunteer at hourly intervals from hours 0 to 6, 9, 24, 27, 48 to 54, 57. 72, 75, 96 to 102 and 105. Blood was sampled by finger puncture at hours 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, 54, 72, 96 and 102. Antibiotic levels in gingival fluid and blood were measured using an agar diffusion assay method.The results demonstrated that doxycycline achieved much higher levels in the gingival fluid than in blood and yielded comparable gingival fluid levels to those achieved by tetracycline hydrochloride. Doxycycline levels in gingival fluid ranged between 1.2 μg/ml and 8.1 μg/ml in the first 24 h and generally achieved 3–10 μg/ml after 48 h. Blood levels after 48 h ranged between 2.1 μg/ml and 2.9,μg/ml. Tetracycline hydrochloride in gingival fluid after 48 h was generally in the range of 4 μg/ml–10 μg/ml with blood levels between 2.2 μg/ml and 3.4 μg/ml. Due to certain advantages of doxycydine over tetracycline hydrochloride, this synthetic tetracycline compound may be favorably considered as an alternative to tetracycline hydrochloride in periodontal therapy.
Healing following surgical and non‐surgical treatment of juvenile periodontitis
Authors: Wennström A. , Wennström J. , Lindhe J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The patient sample used in the present study comprised 16 young individuals who were referred for treatment of advanced periodontal disease. Based upon the age of the patients and the location of the diseased sites, the patients were divided into 2 groups; a juvenile periodontitis group (JP) and a post‐juvenile periodontitis group (post‐JP). The patients in the JP group had periodontal lesions only at first molars and incisors. All 16 subjects were in excellent general health and none had been treated with antibiotics during a period of at least 12 months prior to the 1st examination. At a baseline examination and 6, 24 and 60 months after active therapy, the diseased sites were examined regarding plaque, gingivitis, probing pocket depths, probing attachment level, recession of the gingival margin and marginal alveolar bone level.Following a case presentation and instruction in proper oral hygiene measures, the 16 subjects were subjected to periodontal treatment, utilizing a split mouth design. By random selection, the diseased sites in one side of the jaws were treated by scaling and root planing in conjunction with a “modified Widman flap” procedure, while in the contralateral jaw quadrants treatment was restricted to scaling and root planing. During the 1st 6 months following active therapy, the patients were subjected to professional tooth cleaning once every 4 weeks. Subsequently, the interval between the recall appointments was 3 months, 2 years after treatment, this maintenance care program was terminated. A final examination was performed 5 years after therapy. None of the patients involved in the trial received antibiotic treatment during the 5 years of observation. The findings of the present study revealed that the response of the periodontal tissues to therapy, both in the JP and the post‐JP group of patients, was almost identical to that found for similar types of treatment in patients with adult periodontitis. The re‐examinations performed after 6, 24 and 60 months following active therapy of JP and post‐JP lesions revealed that excision of the granulation tissue in conjunction with flap elevation did not enhance the degree of probing pocket depth reduction, probing attachment gain and bone fill that occurred following meticulous root surface instrumentation.
Some periodontal tissue reactions to orthodontic tooth movement in monkeys
Authors: Wennström Jan L. , Lindhe Jan , Sinclair Flemming , Thilander Birgit 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the experiment reported was to study soft tissue changes at teeth which were orthondontically moved into areas with varying thickness and quality of periodontal tissues. The maxillary central incisors and first premolars in 5 adult monkeys were used as experimental teeth. 6 months prior to the start of the orthodontic treatment phase, the maxillary second premolars were extracted. By surgical means, areas with varying width of the keratinized gingiva were established in the incisor and premolar region. Following a clinical baseline examination which involved assessments of gingival width, location of the gingival margin in relation to cemento‐enamel junction and probing attachment level, fixed orthodontic appliances were inserted in order to bodily move (1) the two contral incisors in labial direction through the alveolar bone envelope and (2) the first premolars in distal direction into contact with the first molars. Orthodontic forces were applied for a period of 3‐4 months. The lateral incisors and first molars were selected as non‐moved control teeth. After the experimental teeth had been retained in their new positions for 1 month, the clinical examination was repeated. Tissue blocks containing test and control specimens were subsequently dissected and prepared for microscopic analysis. The analysis included histometric assessments of loss of connective tissue attachment and height of alveolar bone.The results showed that at every second labially moved incisor, the gingival margin had become displaced in apical direction. The degree of displacement, however, was small and only at 2 teeth accompanied by loss of connective tissue attachment. Throughout the study, these particular teeth also showed obvious signs of gingival inflammation. In the incisor tooth regions, no relationship was found between the initial width of the keratinized gingiva and the degree of apical displacement of the gingival margin during orthodontic therapy. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of loss of connective tissue attachment between premolars which had been bodily moved into areas of the jaw bone lined by alveolar mucosa or keratinized gingiva. These observations suggest that plaque‐induced inflammation and the thickness (volume) of the marginal soft tissue, rather than the apico‐coronal width of the keratinized and attached gingiva, are determining factors for the development of gingival recession and attachment loss during orthodontic tooth movement.
The relationship between the multidimensional health locus of control and the performance of subjects on a preventive periodontal programme
Authors: Galgut P. N. , Waite I. M. , Todd‐Pokropek A. , Barnby G. J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Criteria have been defined to quantify a personality characteristic‐termed locus of control. The criterion at one extreme of this range was referred to as external, indicating a belief that health was determined by a variety of other factors such as powerful other individuals or by chance. The criterion at the other extreme was termed internal, indicating a belief that health might be modified by the behaviour pattern of the individual. Locus of control scales have been used to relate psychological factors to physical disease, and the response of patients to disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether locus of control could be used to anticipate the response of subjects to a plaque control programme.A study was carried out on 14 males and 46 females to investigate the relationship between the multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) and the response of a group of office workers to a plaque control programme. It was found that there was significant correlation between the external MHLC dimension of powerful others and improvement in some of the clinical criteria; a similar result was found for the internal dimension of the MHLC. In contrast, there was minimal correlation between the external dimension of the MHLC termed chance and the clinical results. It was concluded that subjects who perceive their susceptibility to disease being influenced by powerful external factors or who believe that susceptibility can be controlled by their own actions, respond more positively to a plaque control regime than those subjects who consider that susceptibility to disease is an event of chance.
Monitoring untreated periodontal disease
Authors: Harley Alison , Floyd Peter , Watts Trevor 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to monitor clinical attachment levels, using a constant force probe, in patients with untreated periodontal disease, and to use darkfield microscopy to monitor changes in subgingival plaque. 10 patients with untreated disease were studied over 12 weeks. The parameters measured at baseline and every 4 weeks were probing depth, attachment level and bleeding. The subgingival microflora of the deepest site in each quadrant was examined by darkfield microscopy, using a Hellber counting chamber, at baseline and 12 weeks. The subgingival plaque from any site which lost more than 2 mm clinical attachment was also sampled and the microflora examined. Analysis of the results shows that 91 % of probing depths and attachment levels remained the same or within ± 1 mm. 3.5% of probing depths and 3.7% of attachment levels became deeper by 2 mm. 6.9% of probing depths and 4.5% of attachment levels became shallower by 2 mm. Only 6 sites out of 1029 showed loss of clinical attachment > 2 mm.Darkfield microscopy showed no differences in the proportion of microorganisms at the 6 sites which lost more than 2 mm of clinical attachment, compared with the baseline value. A surprising result was the tendency for probing depths and attachment levels to decrease, especially in deeper pockets.This study showed that none of the parameters monitored, i.e., probing depth. attachment level, bleeding or subgingival microflora. indicated which sites would lose attachment over a 12‐week period.
Periodic subgingival antimicrobial irrigation of periodontal pockets
Authors: Wennström Jan L. , Heijl Lars , Dahlén Gunnar , Gröndahl Kerstin 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation was undertaken to study the clinical effect of professionally performed periodic subgingival irrigation per se and as an adjunct to scaling and root planing. 10 patients suffering from moderate‐severe periodontal disease participated in the study. Following an initial 3‐month period of supervised supragingival plaque control, a total of 102 periodontal sites with probing pocket depth ≥6 mm and “bleeding on probing” were selected and subjected to a Baseline examination comprising assessments of oral hygiene and gingival conditions, probing depths and probing attachment levels. The pockets in the various jaw quadrants were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: (1) periodic subgingival irrigation with hydrogen peroxide. (2) periodic subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine. (3) periodic subgingival irrigation with saline and (4) no subgingival treatment. During the first part of the study (baseline ‐ 32 weeks), no mechanical debridement of the subgingival area was performed. The irrigation treatment was carried out by the operator 3 times per week during weeks 1 + 2 and 5 + 6 of the trial. In the 2nd part of the trial (32‐52 weeks), the sites were subjected to scaling and root planing combined with professional irrigation during weeks 32‐38. The previously non‐irrigated control sites were not subjected to adjunctive irrigation when mechanically debrided. During the entire study, the patients were recalled for professional tooth cleaning once every 4 weeks. Re‐examinations were carried out at 4, 6, 32, 40 and 52 weeks.The results revealed that repeated professional irrigation of unsealed periodontal pockets with chlorhexidine or hydrogen peroxide resulted in a temporarily reduced frequency of bleeding sites, but not in any clinically significant changes in probing assessments. A similar improvement of bleeding scores was observed in the saline‐irrigated control group. Scaling and root planing, in combination with an optimal supragingival plaque control, resulted in a marked resolution of the clinical symptoms of periodontal disease. Adjunctive irrigation with chlorhexidine or hydrogen peroxide did not improve the healing result above and beyond that obtained after mechanical debridement alone or in combination with saline irrigation. Hence, the study failed to demonstrate that professionally performed periodic subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine or hydrogen peroxide, used alone or in combination with thorough mechanical debridement, has a significant therapeutic effect.
Prevalence of periodontal disease in young diabetics
Authors: Rylander Harald , Ramberg Per , Blohme Göran , Lindhe Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract In the present study, the frequency of sites exhibiting gingival inflammation and periodontal tissue breakdown was assessed in one group of 46 individuals (19–25 years old; test group T) who had suffered from diabetes mellitus (Type I) for 10 years or more, and in another group of 41 non‐diabetic controls (18–26 years old; control group C). Each individual was examined regarding oral hygiene status, gingival conditions, probing depths, probing attachment levels and gingival recessions. The interproximal marginal bone level was assessed in bitewing radiographs.No significant differences were found between the 2 groups regarding their oral hygiene status, frequency of sites with probing depths of > 3 mm and the position of the interproximal alveolar bone margin. The mean distance between the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) and the interproximal bone crest was in group T. 0.91±0.14 (SD) mm and in group C, 0.95±0.18 (SD) mm. About 80% of the individuals in both groups were free from signs of marginal bone loss and only 1 subject in each group had >6 sites with definitive bone loss. The group of diabetic patients had higher frequencies of inflamed buccal/lingual gingival units, gingival recessions and sites with attachment loss of ≥2 mm. Most of the sites (85%) with attachment loss were located at the buccal and lingual surfaces. There were no significant correlations between the periodontal variables and the duration of diabetes, insulin dosage and HbA1 level. Individuals with both retinopathy and nephropathy had significantly more gingival inflammation than diabetic individuals without complications.
Maintenance care for treated periodontitis patients
Authors: Ramfjord Sigurd P. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract.This paper is a review of current literature combined with clinical observations. Well‐controlled maintenance care is a key consideration in the long‐term prognosis of treated periodontitis patients. Periodic professional tooth cleaning every 3 to 4 months often is recommended. Furthermore, recent studies indicate a potential need for selected retreatment in problem areas, since minute residual accretions may be left behind during active therapy ‐ even with “open” surgery. While efficient plaque control is essential for optimal results during the healing phase of periodontal therapy, periodic prophylaxis may prevent loss of clinical attachment over long periods of time even for patients with less than perfect oral hygiene.