bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TEXTURE OF SWEET ORANGE GELS BY FREE‐CHOICE PROFILING
Authors: COSTELL E. , TRUJILLO C. , DAMASIO M.H. , DURAN L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTexture of orange gels prepared with 15% fruit pulp, sucrose up to 55° Brix and five different gelling agents — kappa‐carrageenan, kappa‐carrageenan plus locust bean gum, alginate, gellan gum, and gellan, xanthan and locust bean gums — was studied by Free‐Choice Profile (FCP) analysis. Maximum rupture force and deformation at rupture were also determined by uniaxial compression in an Instron texturometer. Generalized Procrustes Analysis applied to FCP data permitted differentiation between samples and informed on the textural attributes responsible for the observed differences. Sensory differences were in general in accordance with mechanical differences. However, carrageenan and gellan gum gels were differentiated with the sensory method applied but not with mechanical tests.
A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO PREDICTION OF SNACK CHIP ACCEPTABILITY UTILIZING DISCRIMINANT FUNCTIONS BASED ON INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: WARD CYNTHIA D.W. , RESURRECCION A.V.A. , McWATTERS K.H. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTo determine quality characteristics of snack chips, six snack chip prototypes containing cowpea flour, cornmeal, wheat flour and cornstarch (26, 34, and 42%) were formulated. Desirable characteristics as determined by three focus groups were a golden yellow color in a thin, smooth corn‐chip form with crunchy or crispy texture, greaseless or dry mouthfeel and salty corn flavor. Chips were undesirable if brown‐colored, thick, oily or greasy, had either hard or crumbly texture, and had bland, fishy, or burnt flavors. In consumer acceptance tests, commercial products were found to be more appealing than the experimental products. A discriminant model based on instrumental measurements of color and texture from 11 snack chip samples (six prototypes and five commercial samples) correctly grouped 100% of the acceptable and 90% of unacceptable products.
BEER BITTERNESS DETECTION: TESTING THURSTONIAN AND SEQUENTIAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS MODELS FOR TRIAD AND TETRAD METHODS
Authors: MASUOKA SUSUMU , HATJOPOULOS DIMITRIOS , O'MAHONY MICHAEL 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThurstonian modeling predictions were tested and confirmed for 3‐AFC and triangle test methods, as well as for different versions of the tetrad test method, using judges who were required to discriminate bitterness in beer. Sequential Sensitivity Analysis predictions were also confirmed for 3‐AFC/triangular methods but not for the tetrad method. It is hypothesized that memory effects might have interfered with the later prediction.
CONTEXTUAL SHIFTS IN HEDONIC JUDGMENTS
Authors: SCHIFFERSTEIN HENDRIK N.J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTaste intensity ratings are higher when many low‐intensity stimuli are presented than when many high‐intensity stimuli are presented. It is investigated whether similar contextual shifts occur for hedonic judgments.Experiment 1 assessed the perceived pleasantness of a heterogeneous stimulus set containing either a large number of quinine (unpleasant context) or sucrose (pleasant context) solutions. In Experiment 2 subjects made hedonic judgments for a set of sucrose solutions. They were classified pre‐experimentally as ‘sweet‐likers,’‘neutrals,’ or ‘sweet‐dislikers.’ Stimulus frequency distributions were positively or negatively skewed. In Experiment 1, hedonic ratings in the pleasant context were lower than those obtained in the unpleasant context. In Experiment 2, no effect of stimulus context was found.It is argued that contextual shifts in hedonic judgments are found only if the stimuli differ substantially along the hedonic dimension. In addition, the subject groups should be homogeneous with regard to preference rank orders, and should be sufficiently large to allow testing with adequate statistical power.
CHALLENGES OF EVALUATING SENSORY ATTRIBUTES IN THE PRESENCE OF OFF‐FLAVORS (GEOSMIN AND 2‐METHYLISOBORNEOL)
Authors: BETT K.L. , JOHNSEN PETER B. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe impact of 2‐methylisoborneol (MIB) (earthy/musty), on the flavor evaluation of farm‐raised catfish was assessed by a descriptive analysis panel, who are trained to evaluate flavor intensity using universal scales. Ideally, panelists should give the same intensity ratings for all attributes within a sample. Realistically, individual panelists perceive flavor intensity differently, because of variations in detection thresholds, adaptation, fatigue and enhancement or suppression. Experiments were designed to investigate problems associated with evaluating catfish flavor. Samples “spiked” with MIB had lower chickeny flavor than unspiked. Intensities of MIB in spiked samples that followed an equally spiked sample were lower. Problems can occur when catfish are presented at intervals less than 7 min. Panelists experienced difficulty in determining intensity differences of MIB flavor between sessions, but could determine differences in intensity of MIB within a session. These influences must be accounted for in experimental designs to assess catfish flavors.
EXPERTS VERSUS CONSUMERS: A COMPARISON
Authors: MOSKOWITZ HOWARD R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper compares experts and consumers to determine the degree to which they agree with each other on ratings of 37 sauce products, using the same sensory attributes. The paper also assesses the degree to which sensory attribute ratings correlate with objective physical measures. The ratings of experts (1‐9 scale) and consumers (0–100 scale) agree quite highly, as shown by the high correlation between the two panels across the 37 products. The paper refutes the notion that consumers are incapable of validly rating the sensory aspects of products. The paper therefore presents the case for using consumers to assess the sensory characteristics of products.
AGE APPROPRIATE HEDONIC SCALES TO MEASURE FOOD PREFERENCES OF YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: CHEN A.W. , RESURRECCION A.V.A. , PAGUIO L.P. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTSeventy‐nine children ages 36–71 months evaluated 2% commercial UHT milk and 2% commercial pasteurized milk for taste, color and mouthfeel with age appropriate facial hedonic scales with Peryam and Kroll verbal descriptors. Children significantly preferred the pasteurized milk over UHT milk for taste and mouthfeel attributes. Descriptive analysis of milks with an adult trained panel showed a significantly higher cooked note in UHT milk products which may explain the difference in preference. The results also showed that children 36–47 months were able to use the 3‐point scale; children 47–59 months the 5‐point scale; and children 60–71 months the 7‐point scale to score preferences for food. Data transformation for a 0 to 100 point scale provided ease of comparison between age groups. Using the appropriate testing instruments, young children were able to provide valid food preference information.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS AND CLUSTER ANALYSIS FOR DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY ASSESSMENT OF INSTANT COFFEE
Authors: CALVIÑO AMALIA MIRTA , ZAMORA MARÍA CLARA , SARCHI MARÍA INÉS 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationships among 13 aroma, flavor, mouthfeel and appearance variables for 18 soluble coffees were analyzed using flavor profiling. Three‐way ANOVA showed significant main effects for coffees and judges in all attributes. The data were submitted to principal component analyses (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). Two sequential PCA were performed. The first PCA showed that flavor, bitterness and duration were the most important descriptors positively correlated with the first PC, while the variation in appearance properties dominated the second PC, negatively correlated with these attributes. Five attributes were eliminated and a subset of 8 variables was submitted to a second PCA. The meaning of the first two PC remained unchanged and, as expected, the total variation explained by the first four PC increased. Frequency of positive and negative judgments in both PC allowed to separate coffees into four categories.Confirming the choice of the variables, the CA revealed similar distribution of coffees into four clusters. Aroma, flavor and mouthfeel attributes seemed to play a more important role in the determination of clusters than the appearance variables.
SENSORY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDED POTATO PUFFS1
Authors: FALLER JIN YOUNG , HEYMANN HILDEGARDE 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough extrusion is widely used for snack foods, there are few descriptive sensory analysis studies of extrudates. This study investigated the effects of potato granule type (flour or flakes), feed moisture content (16%, 18% and 20%) and addition of oil (0%, 2% and 4%) on sensory attributes of extrudates. Generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) and Principal Component analysis (PCA) were used to describe the relationship among the sensory attributes. Additionally, GPA described the relationship between selected sensory and physical variables. Feed moisture content, as a primary factor, and added oil, as the secondary, affected the puff characteristics. High feed moisture puffs were high in hardness and chewiness, whereas low moisture ones were high in brownness, burnt flavor and fracturability. Added oil changed sensory expansion with relation to low feed moisture. Using GPA, physical properties related to appearance, color and texture were matched with corresponding sensory attributes.
VOLATILE FLAVOR COMPOUNDS AFFECTING CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY OF KIWIFRUIT
Authors: GILBERT JANINE M. , YOUNG HARRY , BALL RODERICK D. , MURRAY SHONA H. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTSensory research on kiwifruit has shown that specific sugars and acids, and volatile flavor compounds have causative effects on “sweet” and “acid” aroma and flavor attributes. New Zealand consumers (n = 162) assessed the perceived flavor intensity and acceptability of three volatile flavor compounds (ethyl butanoate, E‐2‐hexenal and hexanal) at varying levels in a model base solution. Increasing levels of ethyl butanoate positively affected all the acceptability attributes (“overall liking,”“liking of aroma,”“liking of flavor”) as well as increased the perceived intensity of “kiwifruit aroma” and “kiwifruit flavor.” Increasing levels of E‐2‐hexenal negatively affected all the acceptability attributes but increased the perceived intensity of “kiwifruit aroma” and “acid flavor.” An increase in hexanal increased perceived intensity of “kiwifruit aroma.” Ethyl butanoate and E‐2‐hexenel at the levels tested had the most prominent effects on consumer perceived intensity and acceptability of the “kiwifruit flavor.”
CAPSAICIN HEAT INTENSITY ‐ CONCENTRATION, CARRIER, FAT LEVEL, AND SERVING TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
Authors: BARON ROBERT F. , PENFIELD MARJORIE P. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn a study of pungency in food systems, three carriers (water, cheese sauce, starch paste) with varying fat levels (none, low, medium, high), synthetic capsaicin concentrations (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.3 ppm), and serving temperatures (25 and 38C) were formulated. Panelists evaluated sensory heat intensity over a 3‐min interval. Time‐intensity parameters (maximum intensity‐MAX, time to maximum intensity‐TMAX, and rate of release‐RATE) were evaluated. Overall, intensity scores increased as capsaicin concentration increased. The increase was related to carrier and fat level. Water samples (0.4, 0.8, and 1.3 ppm) were perceived as more intense than cheese or starch samples at the same capsaicin level. Generally, increasing the fat level resulted in lower intensity scores. Warming samples increased RATE, the only parameter affected by temperature. The training method was effective when water was the carrier. However, physical or chemical interactions that occur in simple food systems may influence perceived pungency.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF FIBER TO SENSORY SPECIFIC SATIETY1
Authors: MANTHEY JANET , VICKERS ZATA 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to determine if higher fiber levels in a food contributed to greater sensory specific satiety. Thirty‐two subjects tasted and rated their liking of small samples of nine foods (including the test food) before and after a test meal. Test meals consisted of 500 kcal (2092 kJ) of a soup or a muffin. Both a high‐fiber (10g) and low‐fiber (1g) version of a soup and a muffin were tested. High‐fiber versions contained added microcrystalline cellulose. Data from the soup and muffin treatments were analyzed separately. Each of the test meals resulted in a greater decrease in liking for the food eaten versus the uneaten foods. However, there was no increase in sensory specific satiety for the high‐fiber treatments versus the low‐fiber treatments. There was also no main effect for gender.
The Nurse Practitioner's Role
Authors: Kupecz Deborah Bedner 
Published: May 2007

Decisional incapacity is the inability to make decisions for oneself caused by mental or physical impairment. With technologic advances in health care and the growing proportion of elderly in American society, the problem of decisional incapacity occurs more frequently. In the past, medical decision making was based on the principle of beneficence, and the judgment of others was used to determine medical interventions. The current trend is to base decisions as much as possible on the principle of patient autonomy. Advance directives allow for the greater use of this principle.The primary care nurse practitioner (NP) can take an active role in promoting patient autonomy by helping the adult patient plan for decisional incapacity. By including the value history as a routine part of the health history, the NP can help patients identify their beliefs, values, and attitudes about health care. This documented value history can then be used to provide evidence of a patient's wishes should he or she become decisionally incapacitated.
Nurse Practitioners: Reevaluation of the Need for and Willingness to Hire by Nurse Administrators, Nurse Practitioners, and Physicians
Authors: Sabo Carolyn E. , Louis Margaret 
Published: May 2007

A survey of all nurse administrators and advanced practice nurses and a simple random sample survey of licensed physicians in Nevada were completed to reevaluate the perceived need for and willingness to hire nurse practitioners (NPs). The reevaluation was deemed necessary based on a similar survey that was completed by these authors in 1990. At that time significant questions were raised concerning the lack of understanding of the role of NPs in and their contribution to the health care team.The results of the study clearly indicate that the unique contributions of the NP to the health care team should be further publicized and clarified. In addition, for some physicians, a significant disparity continues to exist between the optimal, collaborative role and the more readily accepted dependent role of the NP. The family NP (FNP) continues to be the most desired specialty for those who hire NPs.
Mesoscale Convective Vortex Formation in a Weakly Sheared Moist Neutral Environment
Authors: Conzemius Robert J. , Moore Richard W. , Montgomery Michael T. , Davis Christopher A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Idealized simulations of a diabatic Rossby vortex (DRV) in an initially moist neutral baroclinic environment are performed using the fifth-generation National Center for Atmospheric Research–Pennsylvania State University (NCAR–PSU) Mesoscale Model (MM5). The primary objective is to test the hypothesis that the formation and maintenance of midlatitude warm-season mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) are largely influenced by balanced flow dynamics associated with a vortex that interacts with weak vertical shear. As a part of this objective, the simulated DRV is placed within the context of the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX) field campaign by comparing its tangential velocity, radius of maximum winds, CAPE, and shear with the MCVs observed in BAMEX.
The simulations reveal two distinct scales of development. At the larger scale, the most rapidly growing moist baroclinic mode is excited, and exponential growth of this mode occurs during the simulation. Embedded within the large-scale baroclinic wave is a convective system exhibiting the characteristic DRV development, with a positive potential vorticity (PV) anomaly in the lower troposphere and a negative PV anomaly in the upper troposphere, and the positive/negative PV doublet tilted downshear with height. The DRV warm-air advection mechanism is active, and the resulting deep convection helps to reinforce the DRV against the deleterious effects of environmental shear, causing an eastward motion of the convective system as a whole.
The initial comparisons between the simulated DRVs and the BAMEX MCVs show that the simulated DRVs grew within background conditions of CAPE and shear similar to those observed for BAMEX MCVs and suggest that the same dynamical mechanisms are active. Because the BAMEX field campaign sampled MCVs in different backgrounds of CAPE and shear, the comparison also demonstrates the need to perform additional simulations to explore these different CAPE and shear regimes and to understand their impacts on the intensity and longevity of MCVs. Such a study has the additional benefit of placing MCV dynamics in an appropriate context for exploring their relevance to tropical cyclone formation.
Mixing Processes in a Nocturnal Low-Level Jet: An LES Study
Authors: Cuxart J. , Jiménez M. A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A steady-state low-level jet observed in the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment in Spain-1998 (SABLES-98) campaign is simulated using a large-eddy simulation model. The radiation is taken into account since its contribution to the budget of the tendency of temperature is as important as the contribution of the turbulence in the surface layer. The resulting regime is a two-layer flow separated by a change of the temperature gradient at the level of maximum speed. The upper part has turbulence originated by shear production extending up to 3 times the height of wind maximum and of the same order of magnitude as in the layer below. The jet nose is seen by the model as a decoupling layer, and the use of passive scalars allows for the inspection of the amount of transport across it, which is very small. The lower layer is very sensitive to the surface boundary conditions, but the principal patterns in the upper layer do not change significantly. The runs are compared to the observations through mean profiles, time series, and probability density functions.
Identification and ERA-15 Climatology of Potential Vorticity Streamers and Cutoffs near the Extratropical Tropopause
Authors: Wernli Heini , Sprenger Michael 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A novel approach is introduced to identify potential vorticity (PV) streamers and cutoffs as indicators of Rossby wave breaking near the extratropical tropopause and to compile climatologies of these features on different isentropic surfaces. The method is based on a contour searching algorithm that identifies the dynamical tropopause [2 potential vorticity units (PVU; PVU ≡ 1 × 10−6 K kg−1 m2 s−1) isoline] on isentropic surfaces. The contour is then analyzed to search for cutoffs and filament-like streamers. Whereas the identification of cutoffs is unambiguous, the one for streamers requires the specification of two parameters that determine the width and length of the contour feature to be classified as a streamer. This technique has been applied to the PV distribution in the Northern Hemisphere on isentropes from 295 to 360 K during the time period from 1979 to 1993 using the 15-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-15).
The climatology reveals a pronounced zonal asymmetry in the occurrence of PV streamers and cutoffs. On all isentropes considered there are clear frequency maxima whose location changes with altitude. For instance, in winter and on the 300-K isentrope, stratospheric streamers and cutoffs occur most frequently near 50°–60°N over the western side of Canada and Siberia. On higher isentropes, the maxima are located farther south and at the downstream end of the storm-track regions. Considering continental areas, the Mediterranean appears as a region with particularly abundant PV features. As noted in previous studies, there is a significant seasonal cycle if considering the frequency of PV features on individual isentropes. It is shown that this is mainly due to the seasonal cycle in the location of the isentropes themselves. Comparing the streamer and cutoff frequencies during different seasons on isentropes that are comparably located in the zonal mean yields a fairly robust pattern with almost no seasonal cycle. This indicates on the one hand that care should be taken when considering the seasonal cycle of dynamical processes on isentropes and on the other hand that Rossby wave breaking occurs year-round with almost constant frequency. A quantitative statistical analysis of individual PV features reveals that stratospheric and tropospheric streamers often occur in pairs.
A Gray-Radiation Aquaplanet Moist GCM. Part II: Energy Transports in Altered Climates
Authors: Frierson Dargan M. W. , Held Isaac M. , Zurita-Gotor Pablo 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A simplified moist general circulation model is used to study changes in the meridional transport of moist static energy by the atmosphere as the water vapor content is increased. The key assumptions of the model are gray radiation, with water vapor and other constituents having no effect on radiative transfer, and mixed layer aquaplanet boundary conditions, implying that the atmospheric meridional energy transport balances the net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. These simplifications allow the authors to isolate the effect of moisture on energy transports by baroclinic eddies in a relatively simple setting.
The authors investigate the partition of moist static energy transport in the model into dry static energy and latent energy transports as water vapor concentrations are increased, by varying a constant in the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. The increase in the poleward moisture flux is rather precisely compensated by a reduction in the dry static energy flux. These results are interpreted with diffusive energy balance models (EBMs). The simplest of these is an analytic model that has the property of exact invariance of total energy flux as the moisture content is changed, but the assumptions underlying this model are not accurately satisfied by the GCM. A more complex EBM that includes expressions for the diffusivity, length scale, velocity scale, and latitude of maximum baroclinic eddy activity provides a better fit to the GCM’s behavior.
Monsoon Dynamics with Interactive Forcing. Part I: Axisymmetric Studies
Authors: Privé Nikki C. , Plumb R. Alan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe applicability of axisymmetric theory of angular momentum conserving circulations to the large-scale steady monsoon is studied in a general circulation model with idealized representations of continental geometry and simple physics. Results from an aquaplanet setup with localized subtropical forcing are compared with a continental case. It is found that the meridional circulation that develops is close to angular momentum conserving for cross-equatorial circulation cells, both in the aquaplanet and in the continental cases. The equator proves to be a substantial barrier to boundary layer meridional flow; flow into the summer hemisphere from the winter hemisphere tends to occur in the free troposphere rather than in the boundary layer. A theory is proposed to explain the location of the monsoon; assuming quasiequilibrium, the poleward boundary of the monsoon circulation is collocated with the maximum in subcloud moist static energy, with the monsoon rains occurring near and slightly equatorward of this maximum. The model results support this theory of monsoon location, and it is found that the subcloud moist static energy distribution is determined by a balance between surface forcing and advection by the large-scale flow.