bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breaking the Waves
Authors: Murphy Michael Patrick 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter 4 isolates several essential aspects of Balthasar's theodramatic theory and discusses how they “play” in and through Lars von Trier's dramatic film Breaking the Waves (1996), the first installment of his Golden Heart trilogy. It is no coincidence that Balthasar places his theodramatic program precisely between his Aesthetics and Logic in order to emphasize the spatial centrality of God's dramatic action in, with, and through the world. In addition to examining theological mysteries (such as kenosis and the “events” of Holy Saturday), the chapter demonstrates more acutely the many contributions that Balthasar provides the contemporary religious critic. The chapter finds that the retrieval of this powerful relationship between theology and narrative art—between theological rhetoric and dramatic representation—is a main topic of Balthasar's Theodrama and that a serious study of the implications of his theodramatics bears ripe fruit for theorists of contemporary literature.
Expansion and Resistance
Authors: Connolly S. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
By the second half of the 16th century, the extension of English power across most parts of the island was reflected in the growth of new institutions of central and local government, in particular by the creation of counties. Attempts to assimilate Gaelic lordships into a social hierarchy modelled on that of England continued. But there were also attempts to plant colonies of English on land seized from native rulers. Meanwhile, attempts to persuade the nobility of English descent to abandon their private armies sustained by feudal levies encountered violent resistance. The chapter looks critically at claims that the 1560s and 1570s saw a clear shift from a vision of reform to a policy of colonization backed by physical force. The career of the Ulster warlord Shane O'Neill — involving constant shifts in alliance between English, Scots, and competing Gaelic lords — illustrates the primacy of short term expediency over ideology.
Religion and Nation
Authors: Connolly S. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
By the early 17th century, the blurred religious allegiances of previous decades were rapidly giving way to a clear confessionalization. The Protestant Church of Ireland had become a colonial institution, in which a clergy overwhelmingly recruited from England ministered to an almost exclusively settler population. Meanwhile, the Catholicism of the Gaelic Irish and Old English was being reorganized along Counter-Reformation lines. Conflict between the government and the Old English reached a peak at the parliament of 1613. A later agreement to trade religious toleration for assistance in resolving the crown's financial difficulties (‘the Graces’) only confirmed the estrangement that now existed. The writings of the growing community of Irish exiles in Catholic Europe reflect the development of a militant Catholic ideology. By contrast, the dominant theme within Ireland itself was the continued attempt to seek an accommodation with the new political and social order.
Chronic Hunger in the World: Impact of International Policies
Authors: Parikh Kirit S. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Despite significant progress in terms of food security and human development indicators the substantial problem of chronic undernutrition — an outcome of national and international policies — persists in different corners of the world. This chapter examines the extent to which the hunger of poor countries is influenced by policies of other countries. It shows that: the nutritional consequences of a crop failure, wherever it occurs, will be borne by a developing country's poor consumers; the rich countries' protection on agricultural products is reducing hunger in the poorer countries; and the developed countries' policy of ‘labour market protection’ is having the most adverse impact on world-hunger. For developing countries, a combination of targeted aid and targeted food program can be a viable option to eradicate hunger.
Rural Women and Food Production in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Whitehead Ann 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that many of the common beliefs about African women's role in food production are myths, and that there is nothing intrinsic to women that is attributable to sub-Saharan African food crises. The dual role of African women in production (i.e., women's independent farming and her recruitment as household labour) has been affected by economic transformation and development policies. For a woman, it has become increasingly difficult to undertake independent farming and she has presently less control over the proceeds of production and is also less able to protect the interests of her children. Modeling based on purely economic consideration is inadequate, as evidence shows that female farmers face resource problems for their independent farming and incentive problems in their household farming, thus worsening females' relative position. However, there are opportunities for expansion based on a greater use of a woman's role as independent producers.
Poverty and Food Deprivation in Kenya's Smallholder Agricultural Areas
Authors: Heyer Judith 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the nature and extent of deprivation in various smallholder agricultural areas of Kenya, and looks into the reasons behind the success of some areas compared to others in addressing this problem. Access to earning opportunities outside the sector, employment opportunities in the urban and large-farm sectors, and opportunities for exporting non-agricultural products can make a big difference. The chapter identifies important frequently overlooked intersectoral interconnections between agricultural and non-agricultural activities which could address the problem of endemic poverty. It suggests developing the whole economy — urban, industrial, large farm, and smallholder agriculture — to accommodate a rapidly increasing large population.
Ethology and anxiety
Authors: Gray Jeffrey A. , McNaughton Neil 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes laboratory-based ethological analysis (ethoexperimental analysis) and ethopharmacological analysis of defensive disorders. Robert and Caroline Blanchard have shown fear and anxiety to be distinct classes of internal state linked to different classes of external behaviour, with the latter but not the former sensitive to anti-anxiety drugs. This distinction is attributed to ‘defensive direction’: fear allows freezing, fight, flight and active avoidance; anxiety allows approach to danger, risk assessment, and passive avoidance. Superimposed on defensive direction is the Blanchard's construct of defensive distance. The combination of the two dimensions allows a detailed classification of defensive behaviours.
A theory of the septo-hippocampal system
Authors: Gray Jeffrey A. , McNaughton Neil 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of the assumption underlying the theory, its architecture, and mechanisms, and describes its operation under a number of different scenarios. Theta rhythm is held to provide control of the recursive passage of information between hippocampus and cortical areas when the hippocampus is engaged in critical functional output. The theory is described as an integration and blend of a wide range of earlier views of hippocampal function.
Quantum Liquids
Authors: Leggett Anthony James 
Published: January 2008

AbstractStarting from first principles, this book introduces the closely related phenomena of Bose condensation and Cooper pairing, in which a very large number of single particles or pairs of particles are forced to behave in exactly the same way. Their consequences in condensed matter systems are also explored. Eschewing advanced formal methods, the book uses simple concepts and arguments to account for the various qualitatively new phenomena which occur in Bose-condensed and Cooper-paired systems, including but not limited to the spectacular macroscopic phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity. The physical systems discussed include liquid 4-He, the BEC alkali gases, “classical” superconductors, superfluid 3-He, “exotic” superconductors, and the recently stabilized Fermi alkali gases.
Liquid 4He
Authors: Leggett A.J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to a specific system displaying BEC, namely the He-II phase of liquid He-4. First, it reviews the anomalous flow and other properties of He-II, which generically go under the name of “superfluidity”. Next, the question is raised as to what direct evidence we have that He-II is in fact displaying the phenomenon of BEC as almost universally assumed. The two-fluid model of Landau is introduced via the concepts of BEC and order parameter, and its consequences for both the static and the dynamic action of the liquid are explored. The classical theory of vorticity is reviewed, and it is indicated how the hypothesis of BEC leads to its quantization; the consequences for phase slip are explored and related to the Josephson effect. The two final sections consider the excitation spectrum of He-II and microscopic theories of the liquid.
The Pilot Model and the Big ACE on the web
Authors: Wells Benjamin 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes software emulators for the Pilot ACE. The first known software emulator of the Pilot ACE was built in Visual BASIC by Donald Davies in the early 1990s. In spring 2001, two graduate students at the University of San Francisco, Athena Huang Shih-Yun and Nicola Rugai, ported Davies's code to Java as part of their Master's Project. Huang wrote additional Java code and improved and extended the interface. The improved emulator was written for The Turing Archive for the History of Computing and was inspired by the desire to offer a Pilot ACE emulation in a platform-independent format. Huang subsequently adapted the Pilot ACE emulator to the architecture of the Big ACE.
Understanding Flowers and Flowering
Authors: Glover Beverley 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFlowers are the beautiful and complex reproductive structures of the angiosperms, one of the most diverse and successful groups of living organisms. The underlying thesis of this book is that to understand fully plant development (and why flowers differ in shape, structure, and colour), it is necessary to understand why it is advantageous for them to look like they do. Conversely, in order to fully understand plant ecology, it is necessary to appreciate how floral structures have adapted and evolved. Uniquely, this book addresses flowers and flowering from both a molecular genetic perspective (considering flower induction, development, and self-incompatibility) and an ecological perspective (looking at the selective pressures placed on plants by pollinators, and the consequences for animal-plant co-evolution). This book first considers the evolution of flowers and the history of research into their development. This is followed by a detailed description of the processes which lead to flower production in model plants. The book then examines how flowers differ in shape, structure, and colour, and how these differences are generated. Finally, it assesses the role of these various aspects of floral biology in attracting pollinators and ensuring successful reproduction. In so doing, it provides the first truly integrated study of the topic — one that discusses both the how and why of flowering plant reproductive biology.
Flower Induction inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractResearch into flower development is conducted through a molecular genetic approach. Such an approach uses the backwards-seeming logic of searching for a plant with a mutation which prevents a process occurring properly. By analysing the process in the mutant plant, and by identifying and analysing the mutated gene, it is possible to build up a picture of how a normal plant and a normal gene work. When molecular genetic analysis becomes the usual way of exploring a biological process, there is a tendency for the majority of work to focus on one or a few species. The weedy annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana has become the most extensively studied plant species. This chapter introduces Arabidopsis and the reasons why it has become the model of choice for the study of floral induction. It then goes on to look at the description and characterization of mutants with perturbations in floral induction.
Changing Floral Shape and Structure
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book has previously discussed the ABC model of flower development and the molecular changes that occur to generate the correct numbers and arrangements of the four whorls of floral organs. This chapter starts with a basic flower, such as the flower of Arabidopsis, and considers the ways in which its form can be altered by known developmental programmes. The chapter then focusses on the petals or corolla, as the whorl of organs of primary importance in attracting potential pollinators, and considers changes to its size, its symmetry (zygomorphy versus actinomorphy), the shape of its component petals, and its position within an inflorescence. The chapter also looks at the development of specialized features such as nectar spurs and landing platforms.
1 The geometric approach to GWs
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses how gravitational waves emerge from general relativity, and what their properties are. The most straightforward approach is ‘linearized theory’, where the Einstein equations are expanded around the flat Minkowski metric. It is shown how a wave equation emerges and how the solutions can be put in an especially simple form by an appropriate gauge choice. Using standard tools of general relativity such as the geodesic equation and the equation of the geodesic deviation, how these waves interact with a set of test masses is detailed. The energy and momentum carried by GWs are then computed and discussed. This chapter approaches the problem from a geometric point of view, identifying the energy-momentum tensor of GWs from their effect on the background curvature. Finally, GW propagation in curved space is discussed.
9 Interferometers
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes the basic principle of interferometric GW detectors, and illustrates it with a Michelson interferometer. It discusses Fabry-Perot cavities, diffraction effects and gaussian beams, the principle of phase modulation allowing detection at the dark fringe, and the importance and difficulty of locking the instrument. Having defined the experimental set-up, the principal noise sources are then discussed and their effect on the strain sensitivity is computed. The existing detectors (LIGO, VIRGO, GEO, and TAMA) are discussed, and their sensitivity to different classes of sources (bursts, periodic signals, coalescences, stochastic backgrounds) is computed. A final section presents advanced ground-based detectors (Advanced LIGO, Advanced VIRGO), as well as the space-borne alternative (LISA).
Business Systems and Organizational Capabilities
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTwenty-first century capitalism has been marked by an increasing international economic independence, and considerable differences between dominant economic systems of coordination and control. In this context, national competition and coordination within industries has increased, but the governance of leading firms and the kinds of competences they develop remains quite diverse. This book suggests how we can understand this combination of diversity and integration by developing the comparative business systems framework in three major ways. First, by identifying the particular circumstances in which distinctive business systems and innovation systems become nationally established and reproduced, as well as how changing endogenous and exogenous pressures have affected the major kinds of business systems that developed in many OECD states during the post-war period. Second, by showing how variations in authority sharing with employees and business partners and in the provision of organizational careers lead institutional regimes to affect the nature of organizational capabilities that dominant firms develop and enable them to deal with different kinds of risks and opportunities in particular technologies and markets. Third, by identifying the circumstances in which multinational firms are likely to develop distinctive transnational organizational capabilities through such authority sharing and careers, and so become different kinds of companies from their more domestically focused competitors. In many if not most cases of cross-national managerial coordination, these conditions rarely exist, and so the extent to which multinational firms do indeed constitute distinct organizational forms and strategic actors is much less than is sometimes claimed.
1 The Comparative Analysis of Competing Capitalisms
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents a summary of the major ways of comparing the organization and control of economic activities in capitalist societies, and how different business systems vary in their dominance of market economies through their association with particular kinds of societal institutions. The key dimensions that distinguish different ways of organizing and controlling market economies are described, and their combination as eight ideal types of business systems is discussed. The various kinds of strategic actors that exercise authority in these are distinguished, together with the different kinds of connections between dominant institutions and prevalent patterns of economic organization at different levels of analysis.
3 Constructing Innovation Systems: The Roles of Institutional Regimes and National Public Science Systems
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the key characteristics of innovation systems that stem from variations in how economic actors develop and diffuse innovations, and how these combine to form six distinct ideal types. How these six types of innovation systems are likely to become established in particular kinds of institutional regimes governing economic activities is discussed. The institutional conditions that can be expected to produce distinctive national innovation systems are then considered. It is argued that coherent and distinctive kinds of innovation systems only become established when strong and complementary institutions develop at transnational, national, or regional levels. In the case of the EU, this implies that the relative weakness, and often contradictory nature, of many European institutions and policies are likely to limit their impact on well-established national patterns of innovative activity and the development of a transnational European system of innovation.
4 Changing Institutional Regimes and Business Systems: Endogenous and Exogenous Pressures on Postwar Systems of Economic Organization
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe changes in the prevalent postwar business systems of many OECD economies can be analysed by extending the analysis of the four ideal types of institutional regimes presented in Chapter 2 to incorporate two further features that affect the priorities and strategies of leading firms, and to identify the nature of the dominant coalitions that support these types. This chapter discusses these features of institutional regimes and the key groups associated with them, together with their impact on prevalent growth strategies.
War and Urban Government
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of war on the economic and political structures of urban life and civic finances. Wartime destruction and interruptions to trade posed challenges to the management of urban economies, but offered comparative advantages to towns in more peaceful areas or able to claim privileges in return for their loyalty. War drove up civic expenditure everywhere, but the effects were most dramatic in the Netherlands in the 1480s and 1490s, where many towns were driven by their indebtedness into closer tutelage by princely officials. Yet war also served to consolidate the powers of town councils over the townsfolk and the surrounding countryside. Especially in the Netherlands, it promoted the concentration of power in the hands of a smaller oligarchy of magistrates more prepared than the wider citizenry or the guilds to meet the prince's demands.
War and Noble Identity
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines how war shaped the identity of the nobility. The idea that military service was a duty for noblemen, but one fittingly rewarded with honour and more tangible benefits, was widespread in England and the Netherlands alike. Nobles read, commissioned, and wrote military treatises and memoirs and were exhorted in family histories to imitate the martial deeds of their ancestors. Poems, songs and chronicles, portraits, prints and history paintings, martial buildings, and gifts of swords and decorated plate proclaimed the military reputations of contemporary commanders. Elaborate chivalric funerals and tombs commemorated great generals, and some enacted memorable deathbed scenes, bidding their captains farewell and pledging their loyalty to their prince.
Obligations
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter asks how war exercised and developed the mutual obligations of princes and peoples. Individuals' obligations to contribute to the defence of the realm through military service and taxation were more closely defined and enforced. Rulers trumpeted their own efforts to defend their subjects, and the martial aspects of the princely image were stressed in many media, especially in the Netherlands under Charles V. Mutiny and desertion were punished with increasing strictness and so was wartime treason, a more prominent issue in the Netherlands than in England.
War and Identity
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter investigates the effects of war on identities. The English were more secure in their military reputation than were the peoples of the Netherlands, some of whom had a stronger martial identity than others. Service abroad and the presence of unpopular German and Spanish troops in the Netherlands sharpened national identity, while new fortifications marked the landscape with complex identities, commemorating princes but also breeding resentment against repressive urban citadels. Religious change — sometimes accelerated by war — consolidated English identity, but splintered loyalties in the Netherlands. In both polities, identities were strengthened by the message that war was the fault of the French and by orders to confiscate enemy property and arrest aliens in wartime. Local, provincial, dynastic, and national identities co-existed in both polities, but the mix was more complex in the Netherlands. Rebellions divided subjects from princes and loyalists from rebels, and their after-life might be long.
A Framework for Reversible Agreements
Authors: Ray Debraj 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter develops a theory of coalition formation under the assumption that existing agreements can be costlessly renegotiated and reversed, with the consent of all participating agents. It sets up the basic framework, which is a model of coalition formation in ‘real time’: coalitions can form, dissolve, and re-form while payoffs are received concurrently. Notions of absorption and asymptotic efficiency are introduced. Apart from capturing ongoing renegotiation, this framework naturally allows for farsighted behavior. The very presumption that individuals use continuation values to judge the wisdom of moving to a new state suggests that they can, and do, anticipate further changes.