bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Static Vehicle Corrosion Test Method and Its Significance in Engine Coolant Evaluations for Aluminum Heat Exchangers
Authors: Park KH 
Published: March 2009

A method for testing engine coolants using static vehicles is described. Tests were conducted with engines idling at the speed equivalent to 97 kph (60 mph) with an operating cycle of 16 h on and 8 h off for 161 000 simulated service kilometres (100 000 miles). The initial antifreeze coolant concentration was 45 percent with ASTM corrosive water for approximately 8000 simulated kilometres (5000 miles) in order to duplicate the original coolant fill condition at the vehicle assembly plant and allow sufficient period for film forming inhibitors to react with the internal multimetal surfaces. The initial coolant concentration was then cut in half to simulate a depleted coolant condition and accelerate the corrosion activity in the engine cooling system.
Commercially available antifreeze coolants have been evaluated using this test method in the recent production vehicles, equipped with prototype aluminum radiators. Data showing variations in coolant characteristics and the decay of certain inhibitor components as a function of the simulated vehicle mileage are presented. The reproducibility of data was also analyzed.
A conclusion is developed which suggests that the static vehicle corrosion test could provide an additional screening test method for the automotive engineers to evaluate corrosion protection and inhibitor stability of antifreeze coolants in conjunction with fleet and customer service testing.
Impediments in the Characterization of Copper-Nickel-Tin Spinodal Alloys by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Kometani TY 
Published: March 2009

The metallurgical properties of copper-nickel-tin (Cu-Ni-Sn) spinodal alloys are critically dependent on composition. One of the alloys of primary interest, Cu-15Ni-8Sn-0.25Nb, must be manufactured by suppliers to meet stringent Bell System specifications for nickel, 15 ± 0.5 percent, and tin, 8 ± 0.5 percent. Precision of analysis better than ±1 percent and absolute errors less than ±1 percent have been achieved by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Problems such as limited sensitivity, matrix interferences, and instrument limitation have been resolved in order to obtain these results. A fuel-rich air-hydrogen flame was found to give the most stable and sensitive absorption measurement for tin at 224.6 nm. Significant interfering effects on tin absorption from acids and other metals in the low temperature flame were identified and corrected by proper addition of salts and acids to all solutions. Nickel was determined with an air-acetylene flame at the wavelength, 232.0 nm.
Measurements of absorbance by a rapid direct method were compared with a high precision method. Repeated determinations of both nickel and tin performed on a single sample solution showed that the high precision method was capable of 0.14 percent relative standard deviation (RSD) while the direct method gave 0.5 percent RSD.
A standard addition method was necessary to control the strong suppression and enhancement interferences by acids and cations on niobium absorptions. The presence of 3 percent iron was found to give a threefold enhancement of niobium absorption, allowing quantitative determinations down to 0.05 percent niobium.
Comparison of Some Data Acquisition Systems
Authors: Link GL 
Published: March 2009

Over the past five years, at least a half-dozen data acquisition systems have been installed in the author's working area. The hardware ranged from a maxicomputer to minicomputers to a calculator; the software ranged through BASIC, FORTRAN, and special languages; in environments ranging from no operating system to OS-8 and UNIX (UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories). The degree of our involvement ranged from none (an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) turnkey system) to building the complete system from drivers on up.
This paper compares some of the systems and offers general remarks intended to assist the first-time user in selection of an automated data system.
Settled Density of Wood Fiber (Cellulose Based) Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation Using the CS-204 Method
Authors: Derbyshire B 
Published: March 2009

An evaluation has been made of the Custom Scientific Instruments Model CS-204 density method in comparison with the ASTM Test for Density of Fibrous Loose Fill Building Insulations (C 519-65), and the 28-day, drop-box, humidity-cycling method in Federal Specification “Insulation Thermal (Loose Fill for Pneumatic or Poured Application): Cellulosic or Wood Fiber” (HH-I-515d).
The evaluation was done on cellulosic materials where the installed density was measured on material removed from structures previously insulated for more than a two-year period, and on newly manufactured materials.
Reproducibility of CS-204 as a laboratory method was verified by a series of interlaboratory “round robins.” CS-204 has been found to be an accurate, rapid method for determining settled density of wood fiber (cellulosic based) loose-fill insulation.
The report discusses the research process, results, and application of the final method to the cellulosic loose-fill insulation industry.
This presentation is a synopsis of a two-year study on a settled-density test method for loose-fill wood fiber (cellulosic based) thermal insulation. The detailed work this paper is based upon is available at present from the author.
The Calibration of Heat Flow Meters
Authors: De Ponte F , Maccato W 
Published: March 2009

The heat flow meter electromotive force is first expressed as a function of the heat flow meter thermal conductivity and its correlation with temperature and density, as a function of the thermoelectric voltage of the couples of junctions of the thermopile in the heat flow meter, and as a function of the modulus of elasticity of the material used to build the heat flow meter. This relationship can define a heat flow meter model useful for predicting the range of operating conditions.
The second step is to assume a model for the reference specimen used in the calibration, in order to set limits of thickness, thermal conductivity, temperature difference, and mean specimen test temperature, once the calibration accuracy is defined.
The last step is to compare the calibration of the heat flow meters, using a double-specimen reference sample in a heat flow meter apparatus with a single meter and a single specimen, two meters and a single specimen, or a single meter between two specimens.
The paper also gives an account of the speed and edge heat losses: moreover, the reader is cautioned against some possible errors in the use of the heat flow meters and in the interpretation of measured data.
Development of a Canadian Standard for Urea Formaldehyde Thermal Wall Insulation
Authors: Bowles AM , Shirtliffe CJ 
Published: March 2009

A committee of manufacturers, applicators, users, and concerned interests was charged with writing a Canadian standard for urea formaldehyde (UF) foamed-in-place thermal insulation. The findings of this committee and of the research that it commissioned are presented herein.
The integrity of the material was found to be retained after several years' service, but installation techniques need drastic improvement. Available data suggested that the linear shrinkage of UF foam installed in wall cavities could be expected to stabilize at about 7 percent. The magnitude of the shrinkage, equivalent to 21 percent by volume, was estimated to reduce the effective thermal performance of the material to 60 percent of that which would have been realized had there been no shrinkage.
Space Environmental Effects on Graphite/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Leung CL 
Published: March 2009

In a study of T300/934 graphite/epoxy composite, which forms the composite skin of the space shuttle cargo bay doors, the following composite properties were investigated as a function of increasing gamma-radiation exposure dosages: directional moisture absorption/desorption kinetics, glass transition temperatures, interlaminar shear strength and damping peaks (tan δ). Irradiation conditions were: open to atmosphere and vacuum, ambient and high temperature (100°C).
Four dosage levels were investigated: 4 × 107, 8 × 107, 1.4 × 108, and 3.2 × 108 rads, the final dosage level being equivalent to a three-year orbit life. Directional moisture diffusion studies indicate anomalies in the three diffusing axes (translaminar, transfibrous, and interlaminar). Interlaminar shear strengths showed an initial increase, followed by a decrease, as the dosages increased. Although the glass transition temperatures remained essentially unchanged, the peak heights of the tan δ measurements also showed an initial increase, and then decreased as radiation dosages increased.
Effect of Ion Implantation on Fretting Fatigue in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Vardiman RG , Creighton D , Salivar G , Effatian A , Rath BB 
Published: March 2009

The effect of fretting on the fatigue life of titanium alloys is known to be severely deleterious. A preliminary study shows ion implantation to hold great promise for improving the fretting fatigue life in Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
Carbon implanted at 75 keV to a dose of 2 × 1017 atoms/cm2 gives a peak concentration of 30 atomic percent at a depth of approximately 1700 Å. Incoherent particles of titanium carbide averaging 100 Å in size were found by transmission electron microscopy. Fatigue specimens were subjected to fretting on one surface at a normal stress of 20.7 MPa. A significant improvement in lifetime was found. No difference in the mode of failure was observed between the implanted and the unimplanted specimens.
Round-Robin Evaluation of Methods for Analysis of Geothermal Brine
Authors: Watson JC 
Published: March 2009

Geothermal liquid and gas analysis provides necessary information for evaluating corrosion and scaling, optimizing power plant design, assessing environmental impacts, and ensuring compliance with legal requirements. A basic problem with geothermal analysis is a lack of standardization of analytical methods.
In 1976, Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL), operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy, initiated a program under the U.S. Department of Energy-Division of Geothermal Energy (DOE-DGE) to determine the state of the art of methods of analysis for geothermal fluids. Following the issuance in 1976 of a comment manual [1]2 of literature-abstracted methods, an organizational meeting held in early 1977 led to the formulation of a round-robin field testing program. Attendees representing two government agencies, four government-funded laboratories, five private laboratories, and three industrial concerns agreed on 40 parameters to be evaluated. Two round-robins were conducted with approximately 20 laboratories participating in the analysis: the first sample collection, at the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation site in East Mesa, Calif., involved the evaluation of a low-solids (0.4 percent by weight) brine, while the second, conducted at the Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility (GLEF) of the San Diego Gas and Electric Co., Niland, Calif., involved a high-solids (24 percent by weight) brine.
Statistical analysis of the data from these tests shows that the greatest range of results was obtained for the species silver, aluminum, antimony, fluoride, bromide, iodide, phosphate (PO4), and total hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In addition, the constituents rubidium, copper, manganese, lead, and zinc showed a high degree of variability for the brine with low total dissolved solids (TDS). Barium, bicarbonate (HCO3), boron, potassium, sulfate (SO4), arsenic, and total carbon dioxide (CO2) were more difficult to analyze in the higher TDS brine than in the lower one.
Evaluating the Effect of Residual Stresses on Notched Fatigue Resistance
Authors: Reemsnyder HS 
Published: March 2009

Many current fatigue design criteria for structural details present allowable stress ranges for specified design lives but neglect mean and residual stresses. The paper reviews published test results and shows that residual stresses and concomitant mean stresses can have a significant influence on fatigue resistance in certain cases. The beneficial effects of compressive residual stresses due to shot-peening are well-known. For example, shot-peening of non-load-carrying fillet-welded carbon steel and butt-welded constructional alloy steel has increased the fatigue strengths at two million cycles by 20 to 40 percent. Also, the fatigue resistance of weldments can be influenced significantly by the presence of residual stresses, provided the stress ratio is equal to or less than zero and the lives are greater than one million cycles. The fatigue strength of transverse butt welds with reinforcement intact at two million cycles has been increased by 12 percent and 24 to 33 percent for stress ratios of, respectively, 0 and −1 through thermal stress relief. Such improvement has also been shown for longitudinal non-load-carrying fillet welds (for example, attachments, gussets, etc.) where the increases in fatigue strength at two million cycles due to thermal stress relief for stress ratios of 0, −1, and −4 were, respectively, 15, 57, and 168 percent.
The paper presents an extension of the local-strain fatigue life initiation model to accommodate residual and mean stresses. The model is based upon the stress-strain function of Smith, Watson, and Topper and includes iterative solutions for Kσ and 2Nf. Changes in residual stresses due to cyclic loading and fatigue lives of notches at nonzero mean stresses are predicted and compared with experimental results. Also, further extensions of the model to accommodate plane strain—that is, thickness effects—and surface roughness are discussed.
Evaluation of the Resistance of Type 316 Stainless Steel Against Progressive Deformation
Authors: Pellissier-Tanon A , Bernard JL , Amzallag C , Rabbe P 
Published: March 2009

An experimental program has been conducted on Type 316 stainless steel uniaxial specimens to determine the main characteristics of their behavior under repeated loading. The cyclic stress-strain curve measured under constant repeated load, without high preloads, is independent of the level of the mean stress. Two different behaviors with respect to the occurrence of progressive deformation have been observed: (1) at room temperature, progressive deformation occurs when the maximum value of the tensile stress exceeds a critical value, and (2) at 320°C and for loading with temperature cycling between ambient temperature and 320°C, progressive deformation occurs when the amplitude of stress exceeds a critical value.
These results show that Section III of the ASME Code, which limits the range of variation of the primary plus secondary stress intensity to the value of 3 Sm, gives an effective guarantee against progressive deformation for operating conditions in the range of 20 to 320°C. It is recalled that the absence of progressive deformation is a necessary condition for the validity of conventional low-cycle fatigue analysis.
Atmospheric Corrosion Tests of Copper and Copper Alloys in Sweden—16-Year Results
Authors: Holm R , Mattsson E 
Published: March 2009

In 1958, exposure tests were started in rural, marine, and urban atmospheres in Sweden, covering 36 copper alloys in sheet or rod form. Test results after two and seven years' exposure have been reported earlier. this is the concluding report of the tests as completed after 16 years' exposure.
Greenish coatings had developed on most of the materials after six to seven years at the urban and marine sites. At the rural site, however, no distinct green coating had developed on any material after 16 years, only different shades of black or brown. The amount of patina retained increased substantially from 7 to 16 years of exposure. The patina was found to be more protective in the marine and rural atmospheres than in the urban one. The patina was also examined by X-ray analysis and scanning electron microscopy-EDX.
The average penetration (determined gravimetrically) during 16 years of exposure had stabilized at the following levels:
0.3 to 0.5 µm/year in rural atmosphere
0.5 to 0.9 µm/year in marine atmosphere
0.9 to 1.3 µm/year in urban atmosphere
The dezincification rate of brass had decreased somewhat during the period from 7 to 16 years. It was highest for brasses with an (α + β)-phase structure, the maximum dezincification depth measured metallographically after 16 years being 90 to 215 µm, the loss in ultimate tensile strength 5 to 15 percent and the reduction in elongation up to 30 percent.
Assessing the Risk of Fires Systemically
Authors: Rowe WD 
Published: March 2009

The risks of fire, from either natural or man-made causes, can never be completely eliminated. The objective of control of risk from fires is to reduce the probability and consequences of events leading to fires to a level where the residual risks are commensurate with the benefits of society's undertakings. Involuntary and inequitably distributed risks must be considered as well as voluntary ones.
On a systemic level, the causes of fires may be identified and the risk of their occurrence estimated. This need not be done in detail, but major contributors to accidental and purposeful fires can be identified, especially in buildings. A second step is addressing control through prevention and mitigation during and after occurrence. The cost-effectiveness of the risk reduction of these approaches provides a first-level ordering of where to apply resources. The ability to implement such control actions realistically through standards, inspections, building codes, and so on, provides a means for reordering priorities.
The impact of acceptable levels of risk, established by societal requirements through the voluntary standard-setting process, is also addressed. Both acceptance and achievement standards are discussed.
Influence of Codes and Standards on the Use of Steel Piles
Authors: Dismuke TD 
Published: March 2009

A brief review and evaluation of the provisions of existing codes and standards regarding steel piles is presented. The reasoning behind the current proposal for an allowable bearing load of 50 percent of the steel yield strength is presented.
The use of existing codes and standards to provide adequate guidance for preventing foundation failures is questioned. Codes based on load factor concepts and improved field inspection are thought to be necessary.
Static and Cyclic Axial Load Tests on a Fully Instrumented Pile
Authors: Lu TD , Fischer JA , Miller VG 
Published: March 2009

The results of static and cyclic axial pile load tests performed on a fully instrumented steel H-pile driven into a glacial till deposit are presented.
Cyclic loads were applied through a hydraulic system interfaced with an automated electronic-electromechanical closed loop servo system to achieve a controlled load intensity to the pile in a specific shape (sinusoidal) at specific frequency (0.1 Hz). The load-deflection, load transfer, and configuration of the pile during pile driving and after each load increment was measured through an instrumentation system that consisted of load cells, deflectometers, strain gages, accelerometers, and inclinometers.
Data obtained in this investigation indicated that:
1. Axial deformation of the pile remained essentially constant prior to and after cyclic axial load application. The behavior of the pile was essentially elastic during cyclic load application.
2. Within the scope of testing performed, cyclic vertical load increments do not effect the load carrying capacity or load transfer characteristics of the pile.
3. Load transfer characteristics varied with the magnitude of applied axial load. The ratio of point bearing resistance to the applied load increased with the applied load. However, the rate of increase generally decreases with increasing applied load.
Field Tests on Vertical Piles Under Static and Cyclic Horizontal Loading in Overconsolidated Clay
Authors: Price G 
Published: March 2009

This paper describes experiments that provided information on the behavior of vertical tubular steel piles under horizontal working loads in London clay. Four aspects of piled foundation behavior were examined:
1. The effect of static and cyclic horizontal working loads on the behavior of a single pile.
2. The magnitude of the induced movements in unloaded piles at three and six pile diameter spacings from a horizontally or vertically loaded pile.
3. The stiffness of a single pile loaded horizontally compared with the stiffness of a row of three piles loaded horizontally at right angles to the row.
4. The effect of a cap on the behavior of a row of three piles loaded vertically and horizontally (at right angles to the row).
The main conclusions drawn are:
1. Low levels of cyclic horizontal loading cause small adverse changes in the behavior of vertical piles.
2. The interaction between piles under horizontal load is considerably less than under vertical load.
3. Conclusion 2 is substantiated by the observations that the stiffness of three piles in a row is approximately three times the stiffness of a single pile under horizontal loads.
4. A cap significantly reduces the horizontal movements under load but has little effect on the vertical behavior of the piles.
5. The experimental techniques used enabled small changes in the pile-soil behavior to be successfully monitored.
A Simple Approach to Pile Design and the Evaluation of Pile Tests
Authors: Randolph MF , Wroth CP 
Published: March 2009

In the past, the design of a pile in a given soil against undue settlement has entailed lengthy numerical analysis for a variety of pile geometries. Similarly the back analysis of load tests on piles has usually been accomplished by repeated analysis with differing soil stiffness profiles in order to arrive at the profile which gives best agreement with the measured results. The recent development of an approximate closed form solution for the problem of a vertically loaded pile has enabled these two processes to be considerably simplified.
The present paper takes the solution as developed and extends it to the case of piles bearing on a stiffer stratum of soil. The solution may then be used both for the design of single piles and also for the back analysis of pile tests. For given soil conditions, it is possible to draw up design charts showing how the settlement of a pile may vary with load level and pile geometry. This process is demonstrated for some typical soil conditions. For evaluating load tests, the closed form solution may be manipulated to give an immediate estimate of the average soil stiffness down the pile for the case of tests on uninstrumented piles. If additional information (such as the settlement of the pile base) is available, it is possible to obtain an estimate of the soil stiffness profile down the length of the pile without recourse to a computer. Examples of some actual pile tests are given.