bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Referrals from the Police
Authors: Sims A. C. P. , Symonds R. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis is a study of one mode of inception into psychiatric care in Birmingham, Mentally disturbed people coming to the attention of the police are referred to a mental welfare officer and assessed by him, usually in a police station. The mental welfare officer may then refer for a psychiatric decision with regard to further management, and the patient is examined by the doctor in the police station.The annual frequency of use of this referral system was studied from 1962–73 inclusive. It is shown that there was an increase in referral over the years and that such referral from the police became an increasing proportion of new referrals to the Mental Health Department (Social Services Department).The sample of referrals from the police for 12 months is studied in greater detail (252 cases), surveying social characteristics of individual patients, the relationships between such police intervention and areas of the city, the nature of situation requiring intervention and the management and treatment which these patients received. The referrals were traced from contact with the mental welfare officer to hospital where the case notes of those admitted were studied for details of legal status and mental state on admission, diagnosis, duration of stay and disposal. The effectiveness of this method of entering treatment is discussed and some recommendations are made.
Premenstrual Affective Syndrome and Affective Disorder
Authors: Wetzel Richard D. , Reich Theodore , McClure James N. , Wald Jeffrey A. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySixty-four per cent of 874 freshmen and sophomore women sent questionnaires about premenstrual and menstrual symptoms returned them. They differed from those not returning the questionnaires only in year of school. As predicted, women reporting premenstrual affective symptoms were more likely than those who did not report them to seek psychiatric care at the Student Health Service and to be diagnosed as affective disorder at the service.
A Double-Blind Trial of Intravenous Thyrotrophin-Releasing Hormone in the Treatment of Reactive Depression
Authors: Evans L. E. J. , Hunter P. , Hall R. , Johnston Moira , Roy V. Mathew 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a double-blind trial 600μg. of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) was compared with placebo given daily for four days to two groups of ten patients. There was no significant difference between the antidepressant effects of TRH and placebo.
Community Care: An Analysis of Assumptions
Authors: Hawks David 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe implementation of a policy of ‘community care’ is seen to involve a number of assumptions, some of which are rarely examined. These can be roughly categorized as involving the nature of mental illness, the nature of community, the course and treatment of mental illness, the proper scope of psychiatry, the burden on the community and the efficacy of social work. Data bearing on these assumptions are reviewed, and the conclusion is offered that they are far from being uncontentious.It is suggested that the movement toward community care has many of the attributes of a moral enterprise which, unless substantiated by benefits to the patient or his family, may be the latest diversion of the psychiatric conscience from the care and treatment of the chronic mentally ill.
Demographic Differences in Functional Psychoses
Authors: McCabe Michael S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOnly Scandinavian investigators have reported on demographic aspects of reactive psychoses. Data from the National Health Service, Denmark, for age at first admission, sex, and length of stay in hospital in reactive, manic-depressive and schizophrenic psychoses are analysed. Differences in sex incidence ratios, age at first admission and length of stay are evident between the three psychoses. The differences noted are considered to provide indirect evidence supporting the separate diagnostic categories.
A Ten-year Study of Out-patient Analytic Group Therapy
Authors: Dick Barbara M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNinety-three chronic neurotic patients whose previous psychiatric treatments had proved unsuccessful were included in this study, and selected patients, relatives and G.P.s were briefed to expect stress during therapy.Assessment made by therapist and patients before and after therapy was made on the basis of the acceptability of eight aspects of their life. Follow-up lasted 2 ½ years.Of the 93 patients, 87 per cent showed positive change, a small number showed temporary negative change and one patient became psychotic but later recovered.The ‘contamination’ of results due to therapist involvement in assessment is offset against corroborative evidence of change, in that 96 per cent of patients became independent of the psychiatric and social services after years of dependency in many cases. There were also marked changes in life situations and relationships.A need for increased facilities for basic and in-service training of group therapists is indicated.
Parental Characteristics in Relation to Diagnosis and Neurological Status in Childhood Psychosis
Authors: Netley C. , Lockyer Linda , Greenbaum G. H. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-six psychotic children were examined by means of psychological tests and EEGs. The parents of these patients were also tested with the EPI and the Grid Test of Thought Disorder. The mothers of children with the symptom of autism tended to have some cognitive disorganization, which was less common in the mothers of children without the symptom. The extraversion and neuroticism scores of all parents were not markedly different from population statistics.The incidence of EEG abnormality in the children was high and not related to diagnosis or other criteria.These findings are interpreted as providing suggestive evidence for a two-factor theory of childhood psychosis. It is postulated that a neurological disorder is a necessary condition for the development of such a disorder; and that a second process related to parental characteristics is also involved, which has the effect of determining the particular symptomatic manifestations seen in the psychotic child.
An Empirical Classification of Psychopathic Personality
Authors: Blackburn R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPersonality profiles of 79 non-psychotic male offenders admitted to a security hospital were subjected to a cluster analysis. Four profile types were generated, classifying four-fifths of the sample, and differences were found between the types in previous antisocial behaviour. Two of the types were identifiable as primary and secondary psychopaths, while the remaining two showed little resemblance to the concept of the psychopathic personality. The primary psychopaths were extraverted but not neurotic, while the secondary psychopaths were neurotic, but not extraverted. Both were highly impulsive but distinguished by a dimension of sociability-withdrawal.
Reacting to Autistic Children: The Danger of Trying Too Hard
Authors: Richer John , Richards Barry 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRecent work has revealed that autistic children's predominating tendency to avoid social interactions is actually enhanced by the ‘friendly’ approaches of others. In this study it was recorded on video-tape how eight autistic children reacted to four styles of adult behaviour. The adult reacted to the child's looks at her by (i) smiling, (ii) gaze averting, (iii) gaze averting plus other ‘timid’ behaviours and (iv) doing nothing except continuing to look back. For this last condition—when the adult did not react—it was found that autistic children showed less avoidance behaviour after eye contact and spent more time within one metre of the adult. The implications for treatment are contrary to much modern practice and to what seems to be adults' ‘natural’ response. Reactivity by others appears to enhance the child's avoidance, and it is suggested that adults should be circumspect in the degree of sociability with which they respond to autistic children.
Subcultural Mental Handicap
Authors: Blackie J. , Forrest A. , Witcher G. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySome conceptual problems in relation to the interaction of genetic influence and social disadvantagement are discussed, and some of the results of a study of 144 families with mentally handicapped children reported. The work of Heber and his associates in Milwaukee is briefly reviewed, and the Edinburgh data discussed in relation to the study in Aberdeen by Birch et al. (1970). Possible strategies for intervention are considered.
Use of a Standardized Psychiatric Interview in Mentally Handicapped Patients
Authors: Ballinger Brian R. , Armstrong Jennifer , Presly Allan S. , Reid Andrew H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study attempted to assess the applicability of the Clinical Interview Schedule (Goldberg et al., 1970) to mentally handicapped patients in a hospital. Twenty-seven patients were rated simultaneously by three raters. Of the 31 items assessed for reliability, 11 were completely satisfactory, 8 were satisfactory, 6 unsatisfactory and 6 ‘not proven’. Ratings made by all raters for overall severity of psychiatric illness correlated significantly with similar ratings made by the consultants responsible for the patients.
Cannabis and its Users in Nepal
Authors: Sharma B. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCannabis is easily available in Nepal, large numbers of persons using it regularly. I have studied its effects on 226 persons who had been using it for a long time and in considerable amount. As a control group I used an equal number of men of matching age and education.Compared with the controls, the cannabis users had a poor work record, poor social and family relationships, a lack of interest in sex and a general loss of initiative and efficiency. However, there was no difference in crime rate between the groups.
A Further Investigation of Differences in the Suicide Rates of England and Wales and of Scotland
Authors: Ross Olivia , Kreitman Norman 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNational samples of case records of suicidal-type deaths from England and Wales and from Scotland were reassessed by officials in the other country. It emerged that similar criteria for suicide existed in both countries, and that there was no age-related tendency to misclassify cases. The lower official suicide rate amongst the old in Scotland was therefore considered not to result from ascertainment differences. It was also concluded that Scottish records were not so briefly documented as to prevent the conclusive ascertainment of cause by England and Wales coroners. Cases which were designated ‘undetermined’ in Scotland tended to be classified ‘accidental’ by coroners. Reasons for the lower incidence of suicide in Scotland are discussed.
Psychological Aspects of Isolator Therapy in Acute Leukaemia
Authors: Gordon Alistair M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTreatment under conditions of gnotobiotic isolation can augment the stress of adaptation to a diagnosis of leukaemia. Identification of the psychological problems experienced in isolator treatment can contribute to the effective maintenance of therapy. Individual patterns of adjustment to treatment relate to the psychological defence mechanisms employed to contend with the dependent position enforced by isolation. Psychiatric assessment can assist both patients and nursing staff with the management of their separate difficulties in this unfamiliar treatment situation. Psychological features of isolator treatment in ten patients with acute leukaemia are described and suggestions proposed for psychological management of patients under isolator conditions.
A Statistical Review of Controlled Trials of Imipramine and Placebo in the Treatment of Depressive Illnesses
Authors: Rogers S. C. , Clay P. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA method of reviewing a series of clinical trials by extracting the basic data in the form of 2 × 2 tables and analysing these by Fisher's two-tailed Exact Test is described, and illustrated by published imipramine-placebo trials.The results suggest that the benefit of this drug in patients with endogenous depression who have not become institutionalized is indisputable, and that further drug-placebo trials in this condition are not justified.Two of the three trials of imipramine in neurotic depression gave results showing significant improvement.Possible explanations of the apparent failure of this drug in groups of patients with undifferentiated depression are discussed.
Subjective Side-Effects of ECT
Authors: Gomez Joan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe incidence of side-effects present 24 hours after electroconvulsive therapy was studied in 96 patients who between them received 500 treatments in a consecutive series. None of the side-effects occurred frequently: headache was experienced after 2·6 per cent and subjective memory impairment after 3 per cent of treatments. None of the unwanted effects held any serious physical threat. The aspect of ECT most disliked by the patients in this study, and mentioned by 16 per cent of them, was the fear of permanent memory upset.
Cross-Validation of a Predictive Scale for Subsequent Suicidal Behaviour in an Italian Sample
Authors: Garzotto N. , Siani Roberta , Tansella Christa Zimmermann , Tansella M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA six-point predictive scale for parasuicide repetition developed by Buglass and Horton (1974a) was tested on a group of patients admitted for parasuicide to a psychiatric ward of one of the city hospitals of Verona. The scale gave a range of probability of repetition within 12 months of 15 per cent at a score of 0 up to 45.5 per cent at the scores 3, 4, 5 and 6. Moreover the scale discriminated significantly between repeaters and non-repeaters. Items significantly associated with repetition in the Italian sample, which are not represented by the six-point scale were: previous parasuicide not admitted to hospital, violence received, alcohol taken at time of act, less than one year at the present address.
Catechol O-Methyltransferase in Red Blood Cells of Schizophrenic, Depressed, and Normal Human Subjects
Authors: White Helen L. , McLeod Malcolm N. , Davidson Jonathan R. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCatechol O-methyltransferase of lysed human red blood cells was assayed under optimal conditions, using saturating concentrations of the substrates, S-adenosyl-L-methionine and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The mean enzyme activity found in 24 normal subjects was 29.2 nmol/hr/ml RBC. The mean activity in blood of 33 female unipolar depressives was not significantly different from normal. However, higher enzyme activities were observed in the blood of 11 schizophrenic patients (38.9 nmol/hr/ml RBC). Partially purified enzyme preparations from blood of normal and schizophrenic individuals were indistinguishable with respect to substrate specificities, isoelectric pH values, and ratios of the two O-methylated products. Therefore it is unlikely that any defect in O-methylation which may occur in schizophrenia can be attributed to a change in the intrinsic properties of erythrocyte catechol O-methyltransferase.
Electroconvulsive Therapy in Denmark
Authors: Roeder Erik , Heshe Joergen 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDuring the fiscal year 1 April 1972 to 31 March 1973, 22,210 ECT treatments in 3,438 series were given in Denmark (6.46 treatments per series). Indications for treatment were: endogenous depression, acute delirium, mania, hysterical psychosis, reactive depression and schizophrenia. Unilateral ECT was used in more than half of the departments concerned. Two treatments were given weekly. The types of apparatus and anaesthesia techniques used are described. One death, which had questionable relation to the ECT, was reported, and other complications were few and mild. The advantages of ECT compared to tricyclic antidepressants are described, including the higher percentage of remissions or improvements in the treatment of endogenous depressions (about 80 per cent for ECT compared to about 60 per cent for tricyclic antidepressants). Little risk was found in out-patient administration of ECT. With present techniques and unilateral placement of electrodes out-patient ECT may be recommended for wider use than before.
Validity and Clinical Utility of the Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder
Authors: Hill A. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIt is suggested that a clearer distinction should be made between the statistical validity and the clinical utility of the Grid Test of schizophrenic thought disorder. The results of three published studies are examined, and in each case the Grid Test is found to have appreciable statistical validity in terms of correlations between grid predictions and clinical judgements of thought disorder. Two criteria are proposed for assessing the usefulness of the Grid Test as a diagnostic instrument, and from an examination of the results of three published studies it is concluded that, despite its statistical validity, the test, at least in its present form, has no appreciable clinical utility.
Observations on the Evolution of the Hysterical Symptomatology
Authors: Stefanis C. N. , Markidis M. P. , Christodoulou G. N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA retrospective study of the records of 17,571 psychiatric patients who attended the out-patients department of Eginition Hospital in Athens during three two-year periods (1948–50, 1958–60 and 1969–71) revealed a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of patients diagnosed as suffering from hysteria, a statistically significant decrease in the relative frequency of patients with hysterical fits and with mental conversion symptoms, and a statistically significant increase in the relative frequency of patients with mixed conversion symptoms. The findings confirm the notion that hysteria is still a ‘woman's disease’, although a statistically significant increase in male participation was noted. The significance of the above findings for the understanding of certain aspects of hysteria is discussed.
The SCL-90 and the MMPI: A Step in the Validation of a New Self-Report Scale
Authors: Derogatis Leonard R. , Rickels Karl , Rock Anthony F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe present investigation was intended principally as a concurrent validation study for a new self-report symptom inventory: the SCL-90. A sample of 209 ‘symptomatic volunteers' served as subjects and were administered both the SCL-90 and the MMPI prior to participation in clinical therapeutic drug trials. The MMPI was scored for the Wiggins content scales and the Tryon cluster scales in addition to the standard clinical scales. Comparisons of the nine primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90 with the set of MMPI scales reflected very high convergent validity for the SCL-90. Peak correlations were observed with like constructs on eight of the nine scales, with secondary patterns of correlations showing high interpretative consistency.
The Cohesiveness of Alcoholism-Complicated Marriages and its Influence on Treatment Outcome
Authors: Orford Jim , Oppenheimer Edna , Egert Stella , Hensman Celia , Guthrie Sally 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne-hundred husbands, diagnosed as suffering from alcoholism, and their wives, were followed up twelve months after initial consultation and assessment. Follow-up information was complete in 89 cases. On the basis of both husband and wife accounts of the husband's drinking behaviour during the follow-up period, and their assessment of the drinking problem at twelve-months follow-up, 28 were classified as having a ‘good’ outcome and 29 as having a ‘bad’ outcome. In the remaining 32 cases outcome was considered ‘equivocal‘.A composite measure of marital cohesion was predictive of twelve-month outcome classification, cohesive marriages being significantly more likely to have a good outcome. The measure of marital cohesion was based upon husband and wife reports of mutual affection and of husband involvement in family tasks, favourable spouse perceptions and meta-perceptions, and optimism about the future of the marriage. Composite measures of dominance balance within the marriage were not predictive of outcome.Husband's job status, husband's self-esteem, and wife's reported hardship were not independent of marital cohesion, and were themselves predictive of twelve-months outcome. When these variables were partially controlled it was found that marital cohesion remained predictive for husbands with relatively low status jobs and husbands with relatively low levels of self-esteem. It is an over-simplification to state that either the marriage, the spouse, or the severity of the patient's condition is alone the cause of variation in outcome.It is possible to integrate these findings with those of other studies on the influence of family variables on the outcome of conditions other than alcoholism. Together these studies suggest a general hypothesis linking a breakdown in the cohesiveness, or mutual rewardingness, of family relationships and unfavourable outcomes following treatment or consultation for psychological disorder.
Certificated Incapacity and Unemployment in Alcoholics
Authors: Saad E. S. M. , Madden J. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventy-three male alcoholics permitted information to be obtained from official sources about time recorded as lost from work in receipt of sickness or unemployment benefits and about their weekly state insurance contributions. The average yearly time loss was 121.7 working days per person, comprising an average yearly loss through sickness of 86.1 and through unemployment of 35.6 working days respectively. By contrast the recorded national sickness loss for men in a comparable twelve months period averaged 15.9 working days per person.Thirteen alcoholics showed over five years, prolonged deficiency in work attendance. State benefits to the subjects, over twelve months during the early 1970s, totalled £18,434.80. Diagnoses on their medical certificates underestimated incapacity from alcoholism.
A Trial of Fenfluramine in the Treatment of the Chronic Alcoholic Patient
Authors: Krasner N. , Moore M. R. , Goldberg A. , Booth J. C. D. , Frame A. H. , McLaren A. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a double blind trial, 50 male chronic alcoholic patients were treated with either fenfluramine in a dose of 60 mg or 120 mg daily, or with identically prepared placebo tablets. Patients were interviewed on admission to the trial and then at four-weekly intervals for a period of one year and blood levels of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT) and fenfluramine were determined. The efficacy of fenfluramine at the two dose levels was compared with placebo on the basis of the number of lapses indicated by the clinical history and also by alterations in the biochemical indices.Twenty-seven patients completed the period of observation, there being 9 in each of the three groups. Those receiving 120 mg fenfluramine daily showed significantly fewer lapses than either of the other two groups (p < 0.01) on biochemical but not on clinical criteria. Overall assessment revealed that 3 of the 9 patients receiving the high dose of fenfluramine had a good result during the period of the trial, but there were none in the 60 mg group or in those receiving placebo. More extensive trials of fenfluramine in the treatment of chronic alcoholism are indicated.