bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant Material from a Cave on the Rio Zape, Durango, Mexico
Authors: Brooks Richard H. , Kaplan Lawrence , Cutler Hugh C. , Whitaker Thomas W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPlant remains from La Cueva de los Muertos Chiquitos consist mostly of cultivated plants, beans, corn, and cucurbits. The inhabitants also gathered acorns, pinon nuts, black walnuts, and opuntia fruits for food, and used yucca, agave, and possibly cotton for fibers. The beans are unusually abundant and diverse: three species and 12 types or varieties. A type of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and two common beans (P. vulgaris), one of them similar to the cultivar Wells Red Kidney, are new to the Southwest and to northwestern Mexico. The lima bean is of interest because it belongs to the round-seeded Carib group with a center of diversification in the West Indies, whereas other lima beans from the prehistoric Southwest are mostly small-seeded and flat, probably derived from Central America.
Five races of corn are represented: an ancient race called Chapalote; Cristalina de Chihuahua, the most numerous race in the collections; Onaveño, a race with medium-sized, hard-flint kernels; Pima-Papago, the common soft flour corn of the Arizona-Sonora border; and Toluca Pop, a central Mexican pyramidal, pointed popcorn. Cob fragments and grains show definite evidence of hybridization with Tripsacum or teosinte. Three species of cultivated Cucurbitaceae, a wild species of Cucurbita, and a species of Apodanthera were identified. Fragments of gourds, mostly Lagenaria siceraria, are relatively abundant. Seeds and peduncles of Cucurbita pepo occur in strata throughout the entire profile. Cucurbita mixta was found in the later strata, but remains of this species are meagre. Seeds of Apodanthera sp. may have been used for food. A single wood sample from near the base of the midden produced a radiocarbon date of A.D. 660 (1300 ± 100 B.P.).
An Alternative Seriation of the Mabaruma Phase, Northwestern British Guiana
Authors: Lathrap Donald W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect which differing assumptions about ceramic analysis can have on the chronological ordering of ceramic materials is demonstrated with reference to the internal chronology of the Mabaruma phase in northwestern British Guiana. As a by-product of this demonstration, it is suggested that Evans and Meggers may have underestimated the time depth of Tropical Forest culture in this area by a factor of 100%.
Ceramic Clues to Pueblo-Puebloid Relationships
Authors: Anderson Keith M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe problem of relationships between the Sevier and Fremont cultures and the Virgin Branch of the Kayenta Anasazi culture is approached by comparison of the representative plain pottery types. Statistical comparison of modes of technique shows markedly more similarity between Snake Valley Gray (Sevier) and North Creek Gray (Virgin Branch) than between Turner Gray, Emery Variety (Fremont) and North Creek Gray.
Preceramic Archaic Sites in the Highlands of Honduras
Authors: Bullen Ripley P. , Plowden William W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent work in the mountains of Honduras has disclosed four ceramic and ten preceramic sites all between altitudes of 5000 and 6500 feet. Fluted stemmed points, medium-sized scrapers, and very small side scrapers link the preceramic sites to late Paleo-Indian or early Archaic times. Stonework from the ceramic sites is typologically different. Migration routes at these altitudes are suggested.
Primitive Bone Fracturing: A Method of Research
Authors: Sadek-Kooros Hind 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA preliminary study of the form and fracture patterns of sheep metatarsals from Jaguar Cave is used to illustrate a method for the quantitative analysis of primitive bone fracturing techniques. Criteria of form, fracture, and function are defined and weighted, on the basis of experiments with green bone, and the aid of computers is enlisted to process the archaeological specimens via these criteria. The data is searched for: a. the definition of a technique of intentional fracture, b. the formation of classes of intentionally fractured and retouched bone fragments, and c. the identification of statistically perfect tools and not-tools, determined by higher or lower correlations of weighted sums. Conclusions are drawn from the analysis of the Jaguar Cave bone and bone from other early collections. The application of linear decision theory to the analysis of bone fractures was first attempted in a Ph.D. dissertation (Sadek-Kooros 1966), and a shorter version of the present paper was read at the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, on May 2, 1969.
The Trincheras Culture of Northern Sonora
Authors: Johnson Alfred E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeological investigations at La Playa site, 75 miles south of the international border in northern Sonora, Mexico, have yielded detailed information on the Trincheras culture. This culture, which is associated with the drainages of the Magdalena and Altar rivers, is characterized by terraced-hillside sites, rock corrals or enclosures, and a ceramic complex consisting primarily of Trincheras Purple-on-red and Trincheras Polychrome. Intrusions of Trincheras sherds into dated sites of southern Arizona indicate a date range of A.D. 800 to 1100 for the complex in its most typical form. Comparisons of the La Playa artifact assemblage with surrounding archaeological manifestations indicate close parallels with the Desert Hohokam culture of Papagueria, and on the basis of these comparisons the Trincheras culture is considered a part of this complex.
The Desert Culture of the Western Great Basin: A Lifeway of Seasonal Transhumance
Authors: Davis Emma Lou 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe practice of seasonal transhumance was a central feature of the Desert culture of the western Great Basin. Ethnographic studies have provided us with considerable knowledge of the land-use and seasonal rounds of protohistoric groups such as the Kuzedika Paiute of Mono Lake, California. Archaeology carries ethnography backward in time, indicating that Paiute sites were formerly utilized by a long succession of predecessors, most of whom were generalized Desert culture gatherers who hunted on the side.An analysis of projectile points from the Sierra piedmont indicates that Desert culture peoples ranged very high and were upland hunters at certain seasons. On the other hand, the earliest people were valley and grassland hunters. Recent discoveries of both Clovis and Folsom artifacts in the stream valleys of Nevada and California point to a pre-Desert culture way of life, with an emphasis on big meat rather than on seeds, roots, insects, and rodents. The transition from this early hunting of large, grassland herbivores to later general collecting and to seasonal transhumance appears to represent an unbroken evolution. These changes are shown by intergrading point types which constitute part of the data in this study.
Functional Analysis of Flaked Stone Artifacts
Authors: Wilmsen Edwin N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEdge-angle measurements from 1,448 Paleo-Indian stone artifacts are presented. The relationships between edge-angle size and differential functional applications are explored. Differences in angle size distributions are found to characterize distal and lateral edges. General categories of functional effectiveness are suggested for different angle size ranges. The utilized edges of tools with different angle sizes are found to exhibit different types of wear, and these differences are considered to be indicative of different functional operations.
A Comment on Ford's Review of Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador
Authors: Muller Jon D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFord"s conclusions that a substantial reevaluation of New World prehistory is required are not fully justified. In the first place, the Valdivia complex has not clearly been shown to be the source for all New World ceramics. Second, the comparisons of Valdivia and Jomon potsherds are not so tightly controlled as Ford indicates. Given the great variety of ceramic decoration in Japan, it is not surprising that many similarities should exist. In addition, the question of ceramic origins is confused with the origins of Neolithic and the question of long-range culture contact.
A possible Hindu Influence at Teotihuacan
Authors: Vokes Emily H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe conch shell figured on the Temple of Quetzalcoatl at Teotihuacán, is Turbinella angulata, the West Indian Chank. This species is closely related to the “Sacred Chank” of India, a shell which figures prominently in Hindu mythology, religion, and art. This finding may be interpreted as one more bit of evidence for transpacific influences on prehistoric Mesoamerican culture.
An Archaic Sequence for Southern New England
Authors: Dincauze Dena F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHitherto unrecognized Middle Archaic cultures of southern New England are defined and dated on the basis of a preliminary analysis of an excavated collection from the Neville site in southern New Hampshire. The Neville and Stark complexes show significant relationships to the Stanly and Morrow Mountain complexes of North Carolina, and are shown to be of equivalent ages. Some implications of these new data and of the Late Archaic sequence from the site are suggested.
Atlatl Weights from Certain Sites on the Northern and Central Great Plains
Authors: Neuman Robert W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper begins with a discussion concerning the development of the term "atlatl weight" in archaeological literature. It then proceeds to analyze in detail data relative to 60 atlatl weights from 39 locations on the Plains area of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Iowa. Although most of the specimens are surface finds, a number are from systematically excavated, radiocarbon-dated occupations.Differentiated primarily on their general shapes, five groups of atlatl weights seem apparent: Class I, loaf-shaped; Class II, end-ridged; Class III, long ellipsoidal; Class IV, zoomorphic; and a miscellaneous category.Available evidence suggests that atlatl weights were being made, in the area under consideration, from about 2500 B.C. until A.D. 800.
The Milling Stone Complex, Genuine or Spurious
Authors: Eberhart Hal 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAttention is called to a case of duplication of nomenclature in which the Milling Stone complex of San Clemente Island, California, as defined by M. B. McKusick and C. N. Warren, is apt to be confused with the Milling Stone horizon of the adjacent coast, as delineated by William Wallace. Existence of the Milling Stone complex has been questioned by Sam-Joe Townsend. The complex of the island and the horizon of the coast are claimed by no one to be equivalent in time or content, and an attack on the former should not be mistaken as an attack on the latter. It is suggested that before the confusion is further compounded another term be found for the island manifestation.
A Graphic Method for Recording and Illustrating Burials
Authors: Combes John D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIllustrations of skeletal positions and locations of associated artifacts, especially when the number of burials is large, may be increased in accuracy and efficiency by using sheets prepared photographically. A commercially produced, 14-inch polystyrene plastic model of the human skeleton can be used to simulate the basic burial positions found in archaeological sites. Photographs of these positions may be reproduced by offset process on a series of printed forms, and such forms may be used for quick and accurate recording of burial data in the field. Similar but greatly reduced prints may also be used on mock-up diagrams of the site. This technique will eliminate difficult verbal description, increase accuracy, improve comprehension, save time, and reduce publication costs.
An Archaeological Survey of the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico: A Test of Color Infrared Photography
Authors: Gumerman George J. , Neely James A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUsing data collected by NASA in the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico, tests were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of aerial color infrared film for archaeological reconnaissance. The study area was chosen primarily because MacNeish's Tehuacan Archaeological-Botanical Project (1960-1964) provided a convenient check of site visibility on the photographs, and because microenvironmental zones have been delineated in the valley allowing visibility of sites in different microenvironments to be determined. Our tests indicate that the type of cultural feature or its age are not as important as the environmental situation in distinguishing the site. The greatest archaeological value, however, of color infrared photography is in the delineation of microenvironmental zones and the construction of natural maps rather than the identification of cultural features.
The Quintessential Role of Olmec in the Central Highlands of Mexico: A Refutation
Authors: Grennes-Ravitz Ronald A. , Coleman G. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe ceramic assemblage which characterizes the enigmatic Tlatilco burials is duplicated in the stratigraphy of the El Terror phase at Iglesia Vieja, Morelos, where two components have been isolated and defined. The earlier of the two is found to be regional, pre-eminent, and pre-Olmec, rather than Olmec-inspired as previously thought. Radiocarbon dates from charcoal associated with Olmec figurines and vessels are as early as those from the Olmec heartland.
Prehistoric Human Occupations of the Western Venezuelan Llanos
Authors: Zucchi Alberta 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent archaeological research in the western Venezuelan llanos has provided very old dates related to maize cultivation. The evidence obtained at Mound I, at the site Hato de la Calzada, indicates that these seasonally flooded savannas were occupied from 920 B.C. to A.D. 500 by the Caño del Oso people who practiced hunting, fishing, and maize farming. Around A.D. 500 manioc cultivation and artificial earthworks were introduced in this area. Both elements were probably obtained from the Arauquinoid people who inhabited the Orinoco riverbanks. The available data regarding the antiquity of manioc, based on agricultural systems in seasonally flooded savannas of South America, suggests that such systems developed in the Amazon Basin.
Replicated Collection of Site Surfaces
Authors: Ammerman A. J. , Feldman M. W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe replicated collection of the surface of a site provides one way of learning more about a site during survey work. Examples of the use of this technique at 2 sites in southern Italy are presented. The suggestion is made that the site surface in some cases can be viewed as operating as a biased multinomial sampling process. A statement of this hypothesis in formal terms is given.
Paleodemographic Correlates of Fertility: A Reply to Corruccini, Brandon, and Handler and to Holland
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. , Buikstra Jane E. , Bullington Jill 
Published: April 2006

Corruccini et al. apply our method of fertility estimation to a Barbados slave population, find that it yields contradictory and erratic estimates of the crude birth rate (CBR), examine its theoretical basis, and conclude that a pessimistic view of paleodemography in general is warranted. We argue that the sample utilized by Corruccini et al. is not well suited for methodological testing. Misestimates of fertility more likely were caused by the peculiarities of this particular sample than by flaws in our method or weaknesses in its theoretical foundation. Deterministic simulations also demonstrate that our method is theoretically well founded. We cannot, therefore, share Corruccini et al.'s pessimism concerning the feasibility of paleodemographic research.Holland suggests we have erred by providing a "unicausal" model for increased fertility in prehistoric west-central Illinois. He argues that a fuller multicausal model including coevolutionary effects provides a more accurate depiction of the prehistoric events contributing to increased fertility. We appreciate Holland's call for more elaborate models of prehistoric behaviors and evolutionary interactions between humans and other organisms. Unfortunately, his model is untestable because it includes a feedback loop with no exogenous variables. Because of a lack of outside input, Holland's model is immobile and cannot be used in itself to explain changes in organismal biology or behavior.
Les Prépréfixes dans les Langues Bantoues du Nord-Ouest du Congo Belge
Authors: de Boeck L. B. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphUne particularité des langues bantoues, dont on ne connaît encore ni l'origine, ni toute l'étendue, est l'emploi de prépréfixes devant les substantifs. On donne le nom de prépréfixes à des éléments qui précèdent les préfixes nominaux ordinaires; cette particularité a été constatée dans assez bien de langues bantoues, tant dans le sud — par exemple, Zulu, Xhosa, Thonga — que dans le nord-est — Ziba, Ruanda, Ganda — de l'Afrique.
A Pacific Rim: Crime and Punishment in Santa Clara County, 1922
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. , Tabor Paul 
Published: April 2006

The history of American criminal justice is, to say the least, by no means an overplowed field. In fact, it has gotten systematic attention only in recent years. The public, of course, is fascinated with crime and horrified by crime; stories about crime and criminal justice cry out from the pages of newspapers and dominate movies and television. Historical research is another matter.The first half of the twentieth century should be a rich field for research. Records are available in abundance and in every county. Moreover, there are, particularly for the 1920s and 1930s, a fair number of state crime surveys and other empirical studies of criminal justice. California and the West, however, have been somewhat neglected. This article presents some data on one county, Santa Clara County, in one year, 1922, as a modest beginning.
Gun Laws in Early America: The Regulation of Firearms Ownership, 1607–1794
Authors: Bellesiles Michael A. 
Published: April 2006

King James I stated the official position of the English governing elite on gun ownership succinctly. When it was suggested that more of England's subjects should enjoy the right to hunt and own firearms, James responded that “it is not fit that clowns should have these sports.”Discussion of early American gun laws begins with consideration of the English legal heritage. In the last few years, adherents of the self-described “standard model” of the meaning of the Second Amendment have constructed a paradigm of an uninterrupted tradition of legally sanctioned individual gun ownership in America. Such a construction starts with the idea that the British brought an acceptance of the universal ownership of firearms with them to the Americas. That cultural norm gave form to the meaning of the Second Amendment, which institutionalized an individual right to bear arms for purposes of personal and communal defense and as a security against a tyrannical government. This history matters greatly to these scholars in establishing an original intent in the Second Amendment to protect an individual's right to own guns.
Biological Neuronal Networks, Modeling of
Authors: Giugliano M. , Arsiero M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the central nervous system, neurons interact by brief electrical pulses called action potentials or spikes, and they influence each other by the synaptic release of neuro‐transmitter molecules after each spike. The electrical distributed activity, developing in populations of synaptically connected neurons, is considered the cellular correlate of perception, sensory integration, motor‐control, as well as many other behaviorally relevant phenomena. For such a reason, the quantitative understanding of the principles underlying the electrophysiological collective activity that emerges in a network constitutes a fundamental issue of the neurosciences and neuroengineering. In this chapter, we introduce the reader to the mathematical modeling of the electrophysiology of a population of biological neurons. We thus consider a subject that is different from theartificialneural networks, widely employed in a variety of industrial and scientific applications, and unrelated to neurobiology although originally inspired by it. By describing, in detail, two models of single‐neuron electrical excitability, and introducing a realistic biophysical model of synaptic interactions, we discuss the approach for studying the nervous system at the microcircuit and network levels. We finally present the results of computer simulations of excitatory networks, where emergent properties characterize the collective dynamics. By further including short‐term homosynaptic plasticities in the model of synaptic transmission, as recently suggested by evidences at the central synapse, we show that additional computational properties may emerge, such as the processing of motion direction selectivity and the discrimination of transients in the afferent inputs.
Synthesis of Glycaro‐1,5‐lactams and Tetrahydrotetrazolopyridine‐5‐carboxylates: Inhibitors of β‐D‐Glucuronidase and α‐L‐Iduronidase
Authors: Pabba Jagadish , Rempel Brian P. , Withers Stephen G. , Vasella Andrea 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe known glucaro‐1,5‐lactam 8, its diastereoisomers 9–11, and the tetrahydrotetrazolopyridine‐5‐carboxylates 12–14 were synthesised as potential inhibitors of β‐D‐glucuronidases and α‐L‐iduronidases. The known 2,3‐di‐O‐benzyl‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐D‐galactose (16) was transformed into the D‐galactaro‐ and L‐altraro‐1,5‐lactams 9 and 11 via the galactono‐1,5‐lactam 21 in twelve steps and in an overall yield of 13 and 2%, respectively. A divergent strategy, starting from the known tartaric anhydride 41, led to the D‐glucaro‐1,5‐lactam 8, D‐galactaro‐1,5‐lactam 9, L‐idaro‐1,5‐lactam 10, and L‐altraro‐1,5‐lactam 11 in ten steps and in an overall yield of 4–20%. The anhydride 41 was transformed into the L‐threuronate 46. Olefination of 46 to the (E)‐ or (Z)‐alkene 47 or 48 followed by reagent‐ or substrate‐controlled dihydroxylation, lactonisation, azidation, reduction, and deprotection led to the lactams 8–11. The tetrazoles 12–14 were prepared in an overall yield of 61–81% from the lactams 54, 28, and 67, respectively, by treatment with Tf2O and NaN3, followed by saponification, esterification, and hydrogenolysis. The lactams 8–11 and 40 and the tetrazoles 12–14 are medium‐to‐strong inhibitors of β‐D‐glucuronidase from bovine liver. Only the L‐ido‐configured lactam 10 (Ki = 94 μM) and the tetrazole 14 (Ki = 1.3 mM) inhibit human α‐L‐iduronidase.
Clinical outcome in patients with bipolar I disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder or both
Authors: Centorrino Franca , Hennen John , Mallya Gopinath , Egli Samy , Clark Tim , Baldessarini Ross J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundBipolar disorder (BPD) is often comorbid with obsessive‐compulsive (OCD) and other anxiety disorders, but the impact of such comorbidity on long‐term outcome has not been evaluated systematically.MethodsExtensive follow‐up assessments were carried out at 4.3 years after index hospitalizations in a mixed BPD‐OCD group (N = 20) compared to matched groups with BPD (N = 22) or OCD (N = 20) alone.ResultsAt follow‐up, ratings of functional status were similar across groups. Rehospitalizations were similar among BPD‐OCD and BPD subjects, but 2.9‐times more frequent among comorbid than OCD patients. OCD symptoms averaged 150% more severe in OCD than comorbid subjects, and were not measured in BPD subjects.ConclusionsDespite potential sampling bias with previously hospitalized subjects, the findings suggest that comorbid BPD‐OCD patients may be clinically more similar to BPD than OCD patients, and that BPD‐OCD comorbidity may not negatively impact the long‐term clinical outcome. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.