bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Subsurface Temperature Variability on Surface Air Temperature Variability: An AGCM Study
Authors: Mahanama Sarith P. P. , Koster Randal D. , Reichle Rolf H. , Suarez Max J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Anomalous atmospheric conditions can lead to surface temperature anomalies, which in turn can lead to temperature anomalies in the subsurface soil. The subsurface soil temperature (and the associated ground heat content) has significant memory—the dissipation of a temperature anomaly may take weeks to months—and thus subsurface soil temperature may contribute to the low-frequency variability of energy and water variables elsewhere in the system. The memory may even provide some skill to subseasonal and seasonal forecasts.
This study uses three long-term AGCM experiments to isolate the contribution of subsurface soil temperature variability to variability elsewhere in the climate system. The first experiment consists of a standard ensemble of Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-type simulations in which the subsurface soil temperature variable is allowed to interact with the rest of the system. In the second experiment, the coupling of the subsurface soil temperature to the rest of the climate system is disabled; that is, at each grid cell, the local climatological seasonal cycle of subsurface soil temperature (as determined from the first experiment) is prescribed. Finally, a climatological seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) is prescribed in the third experiment. Together, the three experiments allow the isolation of the contributions of variable SSTs, interactive subsurface soil temperature, and chaotic atmospheric dynamics to meteorological variability. The results show that allowing an interactive subsurface soil temperature does, indeed, significantly increase surface air temperature variability and memory in most regions. In many regions, however, the impact is negligible, particularly during boreal summer.
Predictability Associated with the Downstream Impacts of the Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones: Case Studies
Authors: Anwender Doris , Harr Patrick A. , Jones Sarah C. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclones often has a negative impact on the predictability of the atmospheric situation both around the ET event and farther downstream. The predictability of five ET cases of different intensities in the North Atlantic and the western North Pacific is investigated using the ECMWF ensemble prediction system. The variability in the ensemble members is regarded as a measure of the predictability. Plumes of forecast uncertainty spread downstream of each ET event. Initialization times closer to the ET events yield higher predictability of the downstream flow independent of forecast lead time.
Principal component analysis and fuzzy clustering is used to assess the variability in the ensemble members and to identify groupings of the members that contribute in a similar way to the variability patterns. Applying the method to the potential temperature on the dynamic tropopause reveals a characteristic variability pattern in all five cases that is closely related to the synoptic patterns of the ET events. Clusters that contribute in a similar manner to the variability patterns exhibit similar ET developments in the different cases. A probability can be assigned to a given group based on the number of members in the group. The number of clusters decreases with shorter forecast intervals and the difference between the clusters becomes less marked. This indicates an increase of predictability.
The usefulness of ensemble prediction is highlighted in the weak ET cases in that a low probability is assigned to the erroneous deterministic forecasts.
An Unusual Hailstorm on 24 June 2006 in Boulder, Colorado. Part II: Low-Density Growth of Hail
Authors: Knight Charles A. , Schlatter Paul T. , Schlatter Thomas W. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The 24 June 2006 Boulder hailstorm produced very heavy precipitation including disklike hailstones that grew with low density. These disklike hailstones, 4–5 cm in diameter, are unusual, and some of them appear to have accumulated graupel while aloft. A large amount of very fine-grained slush was left on the ground along with the hail. The hail and the great amount of slush suggest that most of the hydrometeor growth in the cloud was by low- or very-low-density riming. Consistent with that, the radar data suggest that the storm updraft had substantially depleted liquid water content. There is evidence that low-density hydrometeor growth within storms may be considerably more frequent than is commonly suspected.
The Mesoscale Characteristics of Tropical Oceanic Precipitation during Kelvin and Mixed Rossby–Gravity Wave Events
Authors: Holder Christopher T. , Yuter Sandra E. , Sobel Adam H. , Aiyyer Anantha R. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Precipitation structures within Kelvin and mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) wave troughs near Kwajalein Atoll during the 1999–2003 rainy seasons are analyzed using three-dimensional ground-based radar data and upper-air sounding data. Consistent with previous work, wave troughs are preferred locations for precipitation and typically yield 1.3 times more rain area compared to the overall rainy season climatology.
Although the contiguous areas of cold cloudiness associated with tropical wave troughs are large and long lived, the underlying precipitation structure is most frequently small, isolated convection from mixed-phase clouds. This mismatch in instantaneous cold cloudiness area versus radar-observed precipitation area indicates differences in the rate and nature of evolution between the mesoscale anvil cloud and the underlying precipitating portion of the cloud.
Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) were identified during portions of 32 of the 39 wave trough events examined. Convective cells are frequently embedded within stratiform regions. Reflectivity holes or pores in contiguous radar echo have been frequently observed in other regions but are quantified for the first time in this study. Based on characteristics such as total size of precipitating area and occurrence of convective lines, MCSs within Kelvin troughs are slightly more organized than those occurring within MRG troughs.
Similar to the west Pacific warm pool region, there is a well-defined separation between observed and unobserved stratiform area fraction and convective precipitation area, each as a function of total precipitation area. At precipitation area sizes near 40% of the radar domain, the maximum observed convective area changes from increasing to decreasing with increasing precipitation area. The maximum observed convective precipitation area occupied ∼20% of the radar domain. These characteristics suggest that the atmosphere in the west Pacific can sustain a limited area of updrafts capable of supporting precipitation growth by collision/coalescence and riming.
EBV LMP2A affects LMP1-mediated NF-κB signaling and survival of lymphoma cells by regulating TRAF2 expression
Authors: Guasparri Ilaria , Bubman Darya , Cesarman Ethel 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA mechanism used by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) for in vitro transformation of B cells into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) is activation of the NF-κB pathway, which is largely mediated by the EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). LMP1 is coexpressed with LMP2A in many EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies. Since inhibition of NF-κB leads to apoptosis of EBV-infected LCLs and lymphoma cell lines, we sought to determine whether LMP1 alone, or in combination with other viral proteins, is responsible for initiating NF-κB activation in these cells, thereby playing a role in cell survival. We found that suppression of LMP1 by RNA interference results in inhibition of basal NF-κB and induction of apoptosis. Unexpectedly, knockdown of LMP2A also resulted in comparable decrease of NF-κB activity and apoptosis. We report that LMP2A protein controls the expression of TRAF2 mRNA, which in turn is necessary for signaling by LMP1. Our data contrast with previous studies showing that transfected LMP1 can signal in the absence of LMP2A or TRAF2, and demonstrate that both LMP2A and TRAF2 are required for survival in naturally infected lymphoma cells and LCLs. These results also support LMP1, LMP2A, and TRAF2 as potential therapeutic targets in a subset of EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies.
Human antibody RNase fusion protein targeting CD30+ lymphomas
Authors: Menzel Christian , Schirrmann Thomas , Konthur Zoltan , Jostock Thomas , Dübel Stefan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTargeted RNases (TRs) are immunoenzymes with ribonucleases as cytotoxic effector domains, which are less immunogenic as plant or bacterial toxin components of classical immunotoxins. In this study, we show the generation and production of the first entirely human TR (huTR) directed against CD30+ lymphomas. The scFv-Fc-RNase construct was produced in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells, yielding up to 4 mg/L soluble protein after purification by protein A affinity chromatography. Size exclusion chromatography revealed a homodimer of the predicted molecular mass. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed an affinity to CD30 of KD of less than 1 nM for both the scFv-Fc and the scFv-Fc-RNase proteins. Internalization of the scFv-Fc-RNase protein by CD30+ Karpas-299 cells was demonstrated by confocal microscopy. Proliferation of the CD30+ lymphoma cell line Karpas-299 was strongly inhibited by CD30-specific huTR protein (IC50 = 3.3 nM). The huTR is a promising candidate for the immunotherapy of CD30+ lymphomas because of its expected low immunogenicity, good production yields, and potent effector function upon target cell binding and internalization. Its modular design is set to target other internalizing tumor antigens using different antibody domains.
Components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway compete for surfaces on Rad23 family proteins
Authors: Goh Amanda M , Walters Kylie J , Elsasser Suzanne , Verma Rati , Deshaies Raymond J , Finley Daniel , Howley Peter M 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
The delivery of ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome for degradation is a key step in the regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, yet the mechanisms underlying this step are not understood in detail. The Rad23 family of proteins is known to bind ubiquitinated proteins through its two ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domains, and may participate in the delivery of ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome through docking via the Rad23 ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain.

Results
In this study, we investigate how the interaction between the UBL and UBA domains may modulate ubiquitin recognition and the delivery of ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome by autoinhibition. We have explored a competitive binding model using specific mutations in the UBL domain. Disrupting the intramolecular UBL-UBA domain interactions in HHR23A indeed potentiates ubiquitin-binding. Additionally, the analogous surface on the Rad23 UBL domain overlaps with that required for interaction with both proteasomes and the ubiquitin ligase Ufd2. We have found that mutation of residues on this surface affects the ability of Rad23 to deliver ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome.

Conclusion
We conclude that the competition of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway components for surfaces on Rad23 is important for the role of the Rad23 family proteins in proteasomal targeting.
Development and evaluation of one step single tube multiplex RT-PCR for rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses
Authors: Saxena Parag , Dash Paban Kumar , Santhosh SR , Shrivastava Ambuj , Parida Manmohan , Rao PV Lakshmana 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
Dengue is emerging as a major public health concern in many parts of the world. The development of a one-step, single tube, rapid, and multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (M-RT-PCR) for simultaneous detection and typing of dengue virus using serotype specific primers during acute phase of illness is reported.

Results
An optimal assay condition with zero background was established having no cross-reaction with closely related members of flavivirus (Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Yellow fever) and alphavirus (Chikungunya). The feasibility of M-RT-PCR assay for clinical diagnosis was validated with 620 acute phase dengue patient sera samples of recent epidemics in India. The comparative evaluation vis a vis conventional virus isolation revealed higher sensitivity. None of the forty healthy serum samples screened in the present study revealed any amplification, thereby establishing specificity of the reported assay for dengue virus only.

Conclusion
These findings clearly suggested that M-RT-PCR assay reported in the present study is the rapid and cost-effective method for simultaneous detection as well as typing of the dengue virus in acute phase patient serum samples. Thus, the M-RT-PCR assay developed in this study will serve as a very useful tool for rapid diagnosis and typing of dengue infections in endemic areas.
Role of resistin as a marker of inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Almehed Katarina , d'Elia Helena Forsblad , Bokarewa Maria , Carlsten Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Introduction
Resistin is a cystein-rich secretory adipokine. It is proposed to have proinflammatory properties in humans. The aim of this study was to determine associations between serum levels of resistin and markers of inflammation and bone mineral density (BMD) in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods
One hundred sixty-three female patients with SLE (20 to 82 years old) were examined in a cross-sectional study. Venous blood samples were analyzed for resistin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein, creatinine, fasting lipids, complements, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, sIL-6R (soluble IL-6 receptor), ICTP (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen), and PINP (N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen). Simple and multiple regression analyses as well as logistic regression analyses were performed. Resistin in serum was compared with 42 healthy female controls with respect to age.

Results
Serum resistin levels in controls were similar to those of patients with SLE. Markers of inflammation and current dose of glucocorticosteroids correlated positively to resistin in serum. Markers of renal function, number of prevalent vertebral fractures, and BMD were also significantly associated with resistin. In a multiple regression model, ESR, creatinine, C3, current glucocorticosteroid dose, high-density lipoprotein, and BMD radius remained significantly associated with resistin. In logistic regression analyses with resistin as the independent variable, a significant association was found with ESR (normal or elevated) but not with S-creatinine or z score for hip and radius total.

Conclusion
Although resistin measurements did not differ between patients and controls, resistin was clearly associated with general inflammation, renal disease, treatment with glucocorticosteroids, and bone loss. We hypothesize that resistin has proinflammatory and disease-promoting properties in SLE. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism behind these associations.
Quantitative methods for genome-scale analysis of in situ hybridization and correlation with microarray data
Authors: Lee Chang-Kyu , Sunkin Susan M , Kuan Chihchau , Thompson Carol L , Pathak Sayan , Ng Lydia , Lau Chris , Fischer Shanna , Mortrud Marty , Slaughterbeck Cliff , Jones Allan , Lein Ed , Hawrylycz Michael 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWith the emergence of genome-wide colorimetric in situ hybridization (ISH) data sets such as the Allen Brain Atlas, it is important to understand the relationship between this gene expression modality and those derived from more quantitative based technologies. This study introduces a novel method for standardized relative quantification of colorimetric ISH signal that enables a large-scale cross-platform expression level comparison of ISH with two publicly available microarray brain data sources.
Incidence Trends for Human Papillomavirus–Related and –Unrelated Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas in the United States
Authors: Chaturvedi Anil K. , Engels Eric A. , Anderson William F. , Gillison Maura L. 
Published: January 2008

Purpose To investigate the impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) on the epidemiology of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) in the United States, we assessed differences in patient characteristics, incidence, and survival between potentially HPV-related and HPV-unrelated OSCC sites. Patients and Methods Data from nine Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program registries (1973 to 2004) were used to classify OSCCs by anatomic site as potentially HPV-related (n = 17,625) or HPV-unrelated (n = 28,144). Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort models were used to assess incidence trends. Life-table analyses were used to compare 2-year overall survival for HPV-related and HPV-unrelated OSCCs. Results HPV-related OSCCs were diagnosed at younger ages than HPV-unrelated OSCCs (mean ages at diagnosis, 61.0 and 63.8 years, respectively; P < .001). Incidence increased significantly for HPV-related OSCC from 1973 to 2004 (annual percentage change [APC] = 0.80; P < .001), particularly among white men and at younger ages. By contrast, incidence for HPV-unrelated OSCC was stable through 1982 (APC = 0.82; P = .186) and declined significantly during 1983 to 2004 (APC = −1.85; P < .001). When treated with radiation, improvements in 2-year survival across calendar periods were more pronounced for HPV-related OSCCs (absolute increase in survival from 1973 through 1982 to 1993 through 2004 for localized, regional, and distant stages = 9.9%, 23.1%, and 18.6%, respectively) than HPV-unrelated OSCCs (5.6%, 3.1%, and 9.9%, respectively). During 1993 to 2004, for all stages treated with radiation, patients with HPV-related OSCCs had significantly higher survival rates than those with HPV-unrelated OSCCs. Conclusion The proportion of OSCCs that are potentially HPV-related increased in the United States from 1973 to 2004, perhaps as a result of changing sexual behaviors. Recent improvements in survival with radiotherapy may be due in part to a shift in the etiology of OSCCs.
Preoperative Therapy in Invasive Breast Cancer: Pathologic Assessment and Systemic Therapy Issues in Operable Disease
Authors: Gralow Julie R. , Burstein Harold J. , Wood William , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Gianni Luca , von Minckwitz Gunter , Buzdar Aman U. , Smith Ian E. , Symmans William F. , Singh Baljit , Winer Eric P. 
Published: February 2008

PurposeTo review the state of the science with respect to preoperative systemic therapy and pathologic assessment in operable breast cancer.MethodsThis article reviews data presented at the National Cancer Institute State of the Science Conference on Preoperative Therapy in Invasive Breast Cancer as well as supporting published data.ResultsPreoperative chemotherapy in operable breast cancer has been shown to improve breast conservation rates as a result of tumor response to therapy. When patients are given preoperative systemic therapy, regimens should be the same as those established as safe and active in the adjuvant setting. At present, there are no data to suggest that systemic treatment should be tailored based on initial tumor response, or based on the extent of residual disease. In operable breast cancer, there seems to be no survival advantage from initiation of systemic therapy before surgery. A variety of clinical, imaging, and pathologic measurements are available to gauge tumor response to treatment. There is a clear correlation between tumor response in the breast and lymph nodes and both disease-free and overall survival. Pathologic complete response and other pathologic measures may be useful as surrogate end points in evaluating and understanding new therapies.ConclusionIn operable breast cancer, preoperative systemic therapy is effective and can improve breast conservation rates. Unless the tumor is large or the patient is in a clinical trial, postoperative adjuvant systemic therapy is the standard of care. To achieve optimal outcomes, preoperative systemic therapy must be administered as part of a coordinated, multimodality treatment program. The preoperative setting provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of systemic therapies on breast cancer biology.
Chemistry in Mega-gravity: Preparation of Molecular-scaled Graded Materials from Radical Copolymerization
Authors: Ihara Hirotaka , Abe Yasuyuki , Miyamoto Akihiro , Nishihara Masamichi , Takafuji Makoto , Ono Masao , Okayasu Satoru , Mashimo Tsutomu 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The molecular-graded structures have been realized through direct copolymerization of halogenated styrene and 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate under ultra-strong gravitational field. The graded structures were clearly confirmed by EPMA and NMR spectroscopy.
Women's and men's perceptions of infertility and their associations with psychological adjustment: A dyadic approach
Authors: Benyamini Yael , Gozlan Miri , Kokia Ehud 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. Research on illness perceptions and their associations with psychological adjustment to medical conditions has mostly focused on individuals coping with chronic diseases. The objective of the current study was to expand this research to the study of couples by examining the perceptions of infertility among couples undergoing treatment and their associations with each partner's psychological adjustment.Design. The study was cross‐sectional and included two samples that differed in the stage of treatment: Sample 1 included 72 couples at their first visit to an infertility clinic and Sample 2 included 49 couples at various stages of treatment.Methods. Participants filled in the Illness Perception Questionnaire regarding the timeline, consequences and controllability of their fertility problem and Infertility‐Specific Distress and Well‐being Scales. Dyadic analyses were conducted on the basis of the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model (APIM).Results. The partners differed in their perceptions of infertility and their distress. Partners' psychological adjustment was related to their perceptions of the fertility problem. Among couples at their first visit, perceptions of consequences of both partners were additively related to their distress whereas controllability perceptions interacted in their association with women's distress: Highest distress was reported by women who perceived low controllability whereas their partner perceived high controllability, compared with couples who reported similar (high or low) levels of controllability.Conclusions. A dyadic approach to studying illness perceptions can uncover patterns of couples at risk for poor adjustment. This is especially needed in contexts such as infertility, where both partners are involved and affected by the health threat.
Ambiguous women: Debates within American evangelical feminism
Authors: Sowinska Alicja 
Published: February 2008

This article is an analysis of major debates within American evangelical feminism since its emergence in early 1970s. It examines ways in which American evangelical feminists negotiate their identity in the daily struggle between the mundane and the sacred, home setting and church practice,
and their private and public lives. Through presentation of personal stories and lived experiences it argues that evangelical feminists' ambiguity is a significant and powerful force that not only forges distinctive self-awareness among evangelical feminists, but also shapes diverse understandings
of evangelical feminism and shifts the boundaries of both evangelicalism and feminism in America. <disp-quote>
Do I contradict myself?
Very well then I contradict myself, (I am large, I contain multitudes.) <attrib>Walt Whitman, Song of Myself (1855)</attrib> </disp-quote>