bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: SU H. , FITT B D L , WELHAM S J , SANSFORD C E , SUTHERLAND K G 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe relationship between development of light leaf spot and yield loss in winter oilseed rape was analysed, initially using data from three experiments at sites near Aberdeen in Scotland in the seasons 1991/92, 1992/93 and 1993/94, respectively. Over the three seasons, single‐point models relating yield to light leaf spot incidence (% plants with leaves with light leaf spot) at GS 3.3 (flower buds visible) generally accounted for more of the variance than single‐point models at earlier or later growth stages. Only in 1992/93, when a severe light leaf spot epidemic developed on leaves early in the season, did the single‐point model for disease severity on leaves at GS 3.5/4.0 account for more of the variance than that for disease incidence at GS 3.3. In 1991/92 and 1992/3, when reasonably severe epidemics developed on stems, the single‐point model for light leaf spot incidence (stems) at GS 6.3 accounted for as much of the variance. Two‐point (disease severity at GS 3.3 and GS 4.0) and AUDPC models (disease incidence/severity) accounted for more of the variance than the single‐point model based on disease incidence at GS 3.3 in 1992/93 but not in the other two seasons. Therefore, a simple model using the light leaf spot incidence at GS 3.3 (x) as the explanatory variable was selected as a predictive model to estimate % yield loss (yr):yr= 0.32x– 0.57. This model fitted all three data sets from Scotland, When data sets from Rothamsted, Rosemaund and Thurloxton in England were used to test it, this single‐point predictive model generally fitted the data well, except when yield loss was clearly not related to occurrence of light leaf spot. However, the regression lines relating observed yield loss to light leaf spot incidence at GS 3.3 often had smaller slopes than the line produce, by the model based on Scottish data.
Comparison of natural and artificial epidemics of take‐all in sequences of winter wheat crops
Authors: BATEMAN G. L. , HORNBY D. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYWinter wheat was grown for six successive years (Expt 1) and for three successive years (Expt 2) in field experiments on different soil types. Artificial inoculum of the take‐all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminisvar.triticicultured on autoclaved oat grains) was incorporated in the soil of some of the plots just before, or at, sowing of the first winter wheat crop. Expt 1 tested the incorporation of similar amounts of inoculum (212 kg ha‐1) at different depths. Expt 2 tested different amounts of inoculum at the same, shallow depth. Early sowing (September), late sowing (October) and spring inoculation were additional treatments, applied to the first crop only, in Expt 2.Seasonal factors apart, the disease outcome in the first year after inoculation depended on amounts and placement of applied inoculum, as well as date of sowing. Deeper inoculum resulted in less disease (Expt 1). Severe take‐all was produced in Expt 2 by incorporating inoculum shallowly in sufficient quantities (400 kg ha‐1or more). Less inoculum (200 kg ha‐1) generated less disease, especially in earlier‐sown plots. Differences in disease amongst inoculum treatments were greatest in the first year and diminished subsequently, particularly where sowing had been early in the first year.In Expt 1, where first crops exposed to artificial inoculum developed moderate‐to‐severe disease, disease in subsequent second and/or third crops was less. In the fourth crop a second peak of disease occurred, coinciding with a first peak in sequences without added inoculum. Take‐all decline (TAD) appeared to be expressed in all sequences thereafter. In Expt 2 in sequences without added inoculum, TAD occurred after a peak of disease in the second crop. Where 400 kg ha‐1or more of inoculum were added, disease was severe in the first year and decreased progressively in successive years. Disease was less patchy in plots that received artificial inoculum. However, it remains uncertain mat severe disease caused by artificial inoculation achieved an early onset of true TAD.The infectivity of the top 12 cm of soil in the first 3 yr of Expt 1, determined by bioassay, depended on the depth of added inoculum and amount of disease in subsequent crops. However, at the time of the naturally occurring peak of disease severity (in either inoculated or non‐inoculated plots) it did not predict either disease or TAD.Differences and similarities amongst epidemics developing naturally and those developing from different amounts and placement of applied inoculum have been revealed. The epidemiological implications of adding inoculum and the potential value of artificially‐created epidemics of take‐all in field trials are discussed.
Effects of irradiance on growth and flowering in the shade plant, cineraria
Authors: YEH D M , ATHERTON J G 
Published: February 2008

SummaryEffects of total irradiance on growth and flowering were studied in cineraria cv. Cindy Blue grown under warm (mean 21°C) glasshouse conditions. Efficiency of light conversion for leaf and shoot dry weight increase were reduced from 0.08 to 0.02 as the mean daily light integral increased from 0.9 to 4.4 MJ m‐2 day‐1 but no significant difference in leaf area were associated with this. Specific leaf area decreased exponentially from 0.07 to 0.02 m2g1 over the cumulative irradiance range 23 to 127 MJ m‐2 after the start of treatments and thereafter remained stable. A light integral of 19.2 MJ m‐2 were required for initiation of one leaf in plants grown under a daily integral of 4.4 MJ m‐2 day‐1, as compared with only 5.1 MJ m‐2day‐1 required per leaf in plants grown at less than 0.9 MJ m‐2day‐1. Neither chronological duration of juvenile development nor leaf number below the flower was affected by irradiance. However, as the rate of leaf initiation increased with irradiance up to 2.4 MJ m‐2day‐1 so the rate of progress to flower visibility increased linearly with irradiance over the same range. This rate then remained constant from 2.4 to 4.4 MJ m‐2day‐1. Length of the main flowering shoot decreased and the number of flowering shoots increased as irradiance increased from 0.9 to 2.4 MJ m‐2 day‐1 and then remained unchanged by further increases in irradiance.
Globular clusters and dwarf spheroidal galaxies
Authors: Van Den Bergh Sidney 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Traditionally, globular clusters and dwarf spheroidal galaxies have been distinguished by using one or more of the following criteria: (i) mass, (ii) luminosity, (iii) size, (iv) mass-to-light ratio and (v) spread in metallicity. However, a few recently discovered objects show some overlap between the domains in parameter space that are occupied by galaxies and clusters. In this Letter, it is shown that ellipticity can, in some cases, be used to help distinguish between globular clusters and dwarf spheroidal galaxies.
Four faint T dwarfs from the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) Southern Stripe
Authors: Chiu Kuenley , Liu Michael C. , Jiang Linhua , Allers Katelyn N. , Stark Daniel P. , Bunker Andrew , Fan Xiaohui , Glazebrook Karl , Dupuy Trent J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We present the optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy of four faint T dwarfs newly discovered from the UKIDSS first data release. The sample, drawn from an imaged area of ∼136 deg2 to a depth of Y= 19.9 (5σ, Vega), is located in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Southern Equatorial Stripe, a region of significant future deep imaging potential. We detail the selection and followup of these objects, three of which are spectroscopically confirmed brown dwarfs ranging from type T2.5 to T7.5, and one is photometrically identified as early T. Their magnitudes range from Y= 19.01 to 19.88 with derived distances from 34 to 98 pc, making these among the coldest and faintest brown dwarfs known. The T7.5 dwarf appears to be single based on 0.05-arcsec images from Keck laser guide star adaptive optics. The sample brings the total number of T dwarfs found or confirmed by UKIDSS data in this region to nine, and we discuss the projected numbers of dwarfs in the future survey data. We estimate that ∼240 early and late T dwarfs are discoverable in the UKIDSS Large Area Survey (LAS) data, falling significantly short of published model projections and suggesting that initial mass functions and/or birth rates may be at the low end of possible models. Thus, deeper optical data have good potential to exploit the UKIDSS survey depth more fully, but may still find the potential Y dwarf sample to be extremely rare.
Neutrinos as galactic dark matter in the Ursa Major galaxy group?
Authors: Gentile G. , Zhao H. S. , Famaey B. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We present the analysis of 23 published rotation curves of disc galaxies belonging to the Ursa Major group of galaxies, with kinematics free of irregularities. The rotation curves are analysed in the context of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). We add an extra component to the rotation curve fits, in addition to the stellar and gaseous discs: a speculative halo of constant density made of, for example, neutrinos, which would solve the bulk of the problem currently faced by MOND on rich galaxy cluster scales. We find that this additional unseen mass density is poorly constrained (as expected a priori, given that a neutrino halo never dominates the kinematics), but we also find that the best-fitting value is non-zero: ρ= 3.8 × 10−27 g cm−3, and that a zero density is marginally excluded with 87 per cent confidence; also, the 95 per cent confidence upper limit for the density is ρ= 9.6 × 10−27 g cm−3. These limits are slightly above the expectations from the Tremaine–Gunn phase-space constraints on ordinary 2 eV neutrinos, but in accordance with the maximum density expected for one or two species of 5 eV sterile neutrinos.
The role of the disc magnetization on the hysteresis behaviour of X-ray binaries
Authors: Petrucci Pierre-Olivier , Ferreira Jonathan , Henri Gilles , Pelletier Guy 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We present a framework for understanding the dynamical and spectral properties of X-ray binaries, where the presence of an organized large-scale magnetic field plays a major role. Such a field is threading the whole accretion disc with an amplitude measured by the disc magnetization μ(r, t) =B2z/(μoPtot), where Ptot is the total, gas and radiation, pressure. Below a transition radius rJ, a jet emitting disc (JED) is settled and drives self-collimated non-relativistic jets. Beyond rJ, no jet is produced despite the presence of the magnetic field and a standard accretion disc (SAD) is established. The radial distribution of the disc magnetization μ adjusts itself to any change in the disc accretion rate , thereby modifying the transition radius rJ.
We propose that a SAD-to-JED transition occurs locally, at a given radius, in a SAD when μ=μmax≃ 1 while the reverse transition occurs in a JED only when μ=μmin≃ 0.1. This bimodal behaviour of the accretion disc provides a promising way to explain the hysteresis cycles followed by X-ray binaries during outbursts.
RECOVERY OF SINAPIC ACID FROM A WASTE STREAM IN THE PROCESSING OF YELLOW MUSTARD PROTEIN ISOLATE
Authors: PRAPAKORNWIRIYA N. , DIOSADY L.L. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT A large amount of waste permeates generated from the processing of yellow mustard protein was concentrated fivefold using a nanofilter with a molecular weight cut off of 1,000 Da, while approximately 74% of sinapic acid was retained. Sinapic acid was then released from sinapine, its esterified form, by an alkaline hydrolysis. The hydrolyzed solution was acidified to prevent oxidation of the sinapic acid and to precipitate the remaining proteins. Subsequently, sinapic acid and other phenolics were extracted by a two‐stage extraction using a mixture of diethyl ether and ethyl acetate (1:1), 165‐min extraction time and permeate‐to‐solvent ratio of 1:2. Approximately 95% of the sinapic acid in the acidified permeate was finally concentrated in the solvent phase. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis development has led to an economical process to recover phenolics and to treat effluent from a process of oilseed protein while reducing the use of water during the extraction of protein. A reduction of water usage makes the processing of oilseed protein isolate more economically attractive, and the recovered phenolics may find a use as a nutraceutical. The developed process is not only limited to the recovery of phenolics from mustard, but also applied for recovering phenolic acids, specifically sinapic acid, from waste water from membrane processing of protein from mustard and similar polyphenol‐containing oilseeds.
EFFECTS OF AMIDATED LOW METHOXYL PECTIN ON HEALTHY RESTRUCTURED FISH FOOD FROM MEXICAN FLOUNDER (CYCLOPSETTA CHITTENDENI)
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ NUBIA R. , URESTI ROCIO M. , VELAZQUEZ GONZALO , VÁZQUEZ MANUEL , RAMÍREZ JOSÉ A. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT Nowadays an increasing demand of functional foods exists. In the case of fish products, pectins can be added to offer an additional healthy value to the consumer with a positive effect in the textural properties. Therefore, it is possible to take advantage of species with low commercial value or that are captured incidentally and sacrificed by error, like Mexican flounder (Cyclopsetta chittendeni). The objective of this work was to determine the effect of the addition of amidated low methoxyl pectins (ALMPs) on the functional and mechanical properties of restructured fish products from Mexican flounder. Different concentration of pectins (0 as control, 10, 20, 30 or 50 g/kg) and degrees of amidation (5, 10 or 25%) were studied. The fish pastes obtained were incubated at 40C for 30 min before they were cooked at 90C for 20 min. Backward extrusion, expressible water (Ew) and color of fish pastes were determined, and treated gels were characterized by changes in mechanical properties (texture profile analysis, puncture test and torsion test), Ew and color. Results obtained suggest that the ALMP with the highest degree of amidation increased mechanical properties and the water‐holding capacity of fish gels. Gels containing 10 g/kg of 10 or 25% ALMP showed adequate mechanical and functional properties with almost no changes perceptible in color attributes. ALMP can be used to offer to consumers healthier fish foods based on mexican flounder.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA new application to Mexican flounder (Cyclopsetta chittendeni), an abundant fish species in the Gulf of Mexico, was found. High volumes of this species are incidentally caught as part of the shrimp bycatch and discarded because of their small size. The results showed that with the use of amidated low methoxyl pectin as additive, a healthier fish food can be obtained.
EFFECT OF ROTATION ON PROCESS TIME OF THERMALLY PROCESSED MACKEREL IN OIL IN ALUMINUM CANS
Authors: ALI A. ANSAR , SUDHIR B. , MALLICK A.K. , GOPAL T.K. SRINIVASA 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to standardize the optimum processing condition for thermal processing of mackerel in refined groundnut oil in aluminum cans. The standardization of the product was carried out in still retort at 121.1C at three different Fo (accumulated lethality) values, i.e., 5, 7 and 9. The total process times required to reach the Fovalues 5, 7 and 9 were 34.06, 41.29 and 45.09 min, respectively. The Fo9 was selected for further rotation studies based on sensory analysis and sterility test. Rotation was carried out at 2, 4 and 6 rpm and resulted in the reduction in the process time to 42.08, 41.38 and 38.22 min, respectively, for the same lethality compared to 45.09 min in stationary retort. The cook value also reduced with increase in the rotational speed.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe present work was carried out to standardize the optimum thermal processing parameters for mackerel in oil medium in aluminum cans and to study the effect of rotation on process time. The standardization of process parameters will help the processors to directly implement in commercial retort operation. The longer duration of thermal processing leads to the deterioration of product quality. Reductions in process time will have an advantageous effect on the sensory and nutritional qualities of thermally processed fish products. The reduction of process time can be achieved by rotating the content of canned product during processing. In rotational study, it has been observed that the total process time could be reduced to 6 min compared to the stationary retort sterilization process at a given temperature and Fo value. This will help the processes to minimize the energy consumption for thermal processing and to produce better quality products.
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS AND AXIAL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN A TRIPLE TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
Authors: BATMAZ EDIZ , SANDEEP K.P. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT Computation of overall heat transfer coefficients in a triple tube heat exchanger (TTHE) is more complicated than in the case of a double tube heat exchanger (DTHE) as the two overall heat transfer coefficients are not independent of one other. A new procedure was developed to calculate these overall heat transfer coefficients and an effective overall heat transfer coefficient value for known inlet and outlet temperatures, and heat capacities of the fluids (product and heating/cooling medium). In this study, this newly developed procedure was utilized and the overall heat transfer coefficients and axial temperature distribution of fluids were computed for a cooling process for different flow rates and inlet temperatures of the fluid streams. The effectiveness of the TTHE was compared to that of a DTHE of identical length. It was observed that when the fluids were flowing in a cocurrent manner, the temperature of the cooling medium with lower heat capacity exceeded the temperature of the product before the fluids exit the TTHE, which caused a decrease in the effectiveness of the TTHE.
Complications following tarsal arthrodesis using bone plate fixation in dogs
Authors: Roch S. P. , Clements D. N. , Mitchell R. A. S. , Downes C , Gemmill T. J. , Macias C. , McKee W. M. 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:To report the complications encountered following tarsal arthrodesis surgery with bone plate fixation and describe the previously unreported complication of plantar necrosis.Methods:Medical records of 40 dogs that had been treated by tarsal arthrodesis with bone plate fixation were reviewed to determine the major and minor complications and the associated risk factors.Results:The major complication rate was 32·5 per cent and the minor complication rate was 42·5 per cent. Pantarsal arthrodeses had a higher major complication rate than partial tarsal arthrodeses. Plantar necrosis was the most common major complication and occurred in 15 per cent of cases. Plantar necrosis occurred more frequently when a bone plate was applied to the medial aspect of the hock, and only occurred in cases where tarsometatarsal joint arthrodesis was performed.ClinicalSignificance:Plantar necrosis is a catastrophic complication that may be associated with injury to the dorsal pedal artery or perforating metatarsal artery. Application of a bone plate to the medial aspect of the hock should be performed with care during tarsal arthrodesis, particularly where the tarsometatarsal joint is debrided of cartilage. Strict attention to surgical technique and proper postoperative coaptation is critical to reduce the potential for complications with tarsal arthrodesis.
Design of an Orthogonal Compliance for Polygonal Peg
Insertion
Authors: Sturges R. H. , Laowattana S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This paper addresses automatic assembly with passive rather than active compliant devices. Previous work has shown that in an ideal manufacturing environment three assembly primitives (prismatic insertions, threaded fits and general path insertions) exhibit a high level of difficulty. None of these are reliably assemblable under sensor-based force control or with an ordinary remote center compliance (RCC) device. In this paper, we extend the science of part mating and apply dexterity theory to synthesize a passive assembly device for precision fits of three-dimensional prismatic parts. This Spatial Remote Center Compliance (SRCC) obviates sensor-based and force control approaches to precision assembly of nonaxisymmetric parts.
Virtual Wedging in Three-Dimensional Peg Insertion Tasks
Authors: Sturges R. H. , Laowattana S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractQuasi-static wedging of three point contacts is investigated, wherein the concepts of virtual and redundant wedging due to a resultant force falling into a frictional cone are proposed. We consider the fully started case of a square peg and hole consisting of two point-surface contacts and one line-line contact. An analysis of the wedging diagram for this highly constrained configuration is carried out and compared to the two-dimensional case. An approximate wedging diagram is constructed which shows that wedging of square pegs into square holes is more likely than cylindrical pegs and holes of similar sizes.
Increase in Near-Surface Temperature Simulation Skill due to Predictive Soil Moisture in a Numerical Seasonal Simulation under Observed SST Forcing
Authors: De Haan Laurel L. , Kanamitsu Masao 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Two sets of 12-yr eight-member ensemble integrations were run with the Experimental Climate Prediction Center’s (ECPC) seasonal forecast model (SFM) to investigate the sensitivity of near-surface temperature skill to evolving soil moisture. The first ensemble had evolving soil moisture, which was fully interactive with the atmospheric component of the model. The second ensemble had soil moisture fixed to the monthly climatological value. Several regions showed an increase in skill in the evolving soil moisture ensemble, including northeastern Australia, southeastern Africa, Europe, northern Brazil, Western Australia, northwestern Russia, Argentina, western Canada, and Indo-China. A survey of these regions showed that most had sensitivity to soil moisture following a peak rainy season, and of those, most also had a high soil moisture time-lag correlation (soil moisture memory) at that time. In a few of the regions high year-to-year soil moisture variability was an additional potential source of soil moisture sensitivity.
The sensitivity to soil moisture is considered both in terms of actual predictability (anomaly correlation with observations) and theoretical potential predictability. It was found that the regions listed above, with evolving soil moisture, have anomaly correlations that are close to the potential predictability, suggesting that the model estimates near-surface temperature in these regions as well as could be expected. However, it was also found that when comparing the two sets of integrations, improvements in potential predictability of one ensemble over the other did not necessarily give a reasonable estimate to improvements in anomaly correlation.