bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of proteins with sorghum tannin: Mechanism, specificity and significance
Authors: Butler Larry G. , Riedl David J. , Lebryk D. G. , Blytt H. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe grain of some varieties of sorghum contains 2% or more condensed tannin; many other varieties contain no tannin at all. Agronomic advantages, e.g., resistance to bird depredation, are associated with high‐tannin sorghums, which have relatively low nutritional value for nonruminants. The biological effects of tannin are a result of its propensity for binding proteins; both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are involved. Sorghum tannins can bind dietary proteins and reduce their digestibility. Purified digestive enzymes are inhibited by tannin, but significant inhibition in vivo is unlikely. Proteins differ greatly in their affinity for tannin. Those with highest affinity are large, have an open structure, contain no bound carbohydrate and are rich in proline. Sorghum proteins of the alcohol‐soluble prolamine fraction associate strongly with tannin, are difficult to remove during tannin purification and are found combined with tannin in the indigestible residue after in vitro digestion with pepsin. On germination, the seed may sacrifice a portion of these proteins to bind the tannin that might otherwise interfere with metabolism by inhibiting seed enzymes. During seed development, tannin molecules are relatively short and do not effectively precipitate proteins; as the seed dries, tannins undergo polymerization to an average of ca. 6 flavan‐3‐ol units/molecule. The antinutritional effects of sorghum tannins can be eliminated by soaking the grain in dilute aqueous alkali, but not by cooking. When rats are put on high‐tannin sorghum diets, their parotid glands undergo hypertrophy and produce a group of unique salivary proteins with extremely high affinity for tannin. These proteins contain over 40% proline and are devoid of sulfur‐containing and aromatic amino acids. This metabolic adaption may protect rats against tannin by binding and inactivating it immediately when it enters the digestive tract.
Homogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation and gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of the methyl esters of cyclopropene fatty acids
Authors: Bland W. J. , Dine T. C. , Jobanputra R. N. , Shone G. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractVarious concentrations of cyclopropene fatty acids have been determined down to 0.2% by the use of gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of the methyl esters of fatty acids that have been quantitatively hydrogenated using a homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst. The effectiveness of the use of bromotris(triphenylphosphine)‐rhodium(I), Br(P(C6H5)3)3Rh, as a homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst to convert the cyclopropene ring to a cyclopropane ring has been evaluated and compared with the analogous chloro‐ and iodo‐complexes. The hydrogenation/GLC method of analysis has been compared with the method of titration with hydrogen bromide in benzene and with the method involving the use of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
Current practices in continuous cottonseed miscella refining
Authors: Hendrix WM. Blake 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMiscella refining of crude cottonseed oil has become a generally accepted commercial process for the past 20 years. The simple and efficient continuous process for removal of undesirable impurities is described, having changed little in its basic form since discovery 40 years ago. The individual unit processes, control systems, process flow charts, chemical reactions and oil‐to‐hexane ratios used in miscella refining are described. The several advantages to miscella refining vs conventional oil refining are noted.
Field evaluation of extraction performance
Authors: Milligan E. D. , Tandy D. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper presents 5 methods to evaluate the performance of percolation‐type extractors during actual operation by determining the sources of residual oil left in the extracted meal. To determine residual oil left due to poor “flake extractability,” the operator may use either or both the “shaker” and “stain and soak” methods. The “shaker” method first determines the maximum oil that can be removed from the flake and compares this result with the actual amount extracted. The “stain and soak” method involves the microscopic examination of the flakes before extraction. Three methods are described to determine the residual oil due to poor drainage in the extractor. The first involves removing the undrained oil in the laboratory by washing with additional hexane and then comparing the residual oil in the meal with a sample that has not been washed. The second is a colorimetric determination of the final‐stage miscella and comparison against known standards, and, finally, a method is presented using a comparison between the design conditions of the extractor and the actual operating conditions to infer the residual oil left due to poor drainage. A combination of any or all of these methods provides a useful means for a field evaluation of the performance of a percolation‐type extractor.
Fatty and resin acids of spanishpinus pinaster Ait. Subspecies
Authors: Arrabal Carlos , Cortijo Manuel 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe qualitative and quantitative composition of the acid fraction of wood extractives from three SpanishPinus pinaster Ait. subspecies (Atlantic, mountain Mediterranean and plain Mediterranean) were studied. Seven samples of each subspecies were prepared according to Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Standards, extracted with petroleum ether (b.p. 40–60°C) in a Soxhlet apparatus and saponified with ethanolic 0.4N potassium hydroxide. The acid fraction was methylated with diazomethane and studied by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The major constituents found were palmitic, oleic and linoleic among the fatty acids and pimaric, sandaracopimaric, levopimaric, isopimaric, abietic and dehydroabietic among the resin acids. Neoabietic and palustric acids were not found. Variations in the quantitative composition of the acid fraction enable us to distinguish the three subspecies. Main quantitative differences are found between the Atlantic subspecies and the two Mediterranean subspecies.
Lipid‐lipase interactions. 2. A new method for the assay of lipase activity
Authors: Linfield Warner M. , Serota Samuel , Sivieri Lorraine 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simplified procedure for the measurement of activity was developed for lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) fromChromobacterium viscosum, Candida rugosa, Aspergillus niger andRhizopus arrhizus. It differs from existing procedures in that olive oil, refined with a bleaching clay, was used as the substrate, periodic sonication was applied to promote efficient emulsification, the hydrolysis time was extended to 1 hr, and no additive such as protective colloids and surfactants were used. The activity was determined arbitrarily for that amount of lipase required to bring about 24% hydrolysis/hr at room temperature Unlike currently used assay procedures, the present method gives results which are highly reproducible with a maximum standard deviation of 2.5% and, more commonly, less than 1.00%.
Metathesis of methyl oleate with a homogeneous and a heterogeneous catalyst
Authors: Kohashi Hitoshi , Foglia Thomas A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe cometathesis reaction of methyl oleate (MO) with unsaturated dicarboxylic acid esters has been studied using either a homogeneous catalyst system (WCl6‐Me4Sn) or a heterogeneous catalyst system (Re2O3‐Al2O3‐Me4Sn). In the presence of the homogeneous catalyst, dimethyl‐3‐hexenedioate (DMHD) reacted with MO to give cometathesis products in 47% yield with a distribution of products that agreed with the theoretical equilibrium composition. When dipropyl‐4‐octenedioate (DPOD) was used, however, the yield of cometathesis products was less than 1%. The lower reactivity of DPOD might be due to the formation of a stable complex of DPOD with the catalyst. The cometathesis reaction of MO and DMHD was also catalyzed by the heterogeneous catalyst. However, the reaction rate decreased significantly and the distribution of products did not attain the theoretical. Similar results were obtained in the cometathesis reaction of MO and DPOD catalyzed by the heterogeneous catalyst. These results suggest that MO and DMHD are preferentially adsorbed onto the surface of this catalyst according to their polarity, and that the molar ratio of MO and DMHD at the catalytic site was different from that in the reaction medium.
Synthesis and properties of 2‐alkoxy‐N, N‐Dimethylethylamine N‐oxides
Authors: Hayashi Y. , Shirai F. , Shimizu T. , Nagano Y. , Teramura K. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract2‐Alkoxy‐N,N‐dimethylethylamines (1) were prepared from the reaction of alkyl chlorides with 2‐dimethylaminoethanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide. Amine oxide surfactants 2 were prepared by oxidation of1 with hydrogen peroxide. The surfactants 2 were good foam stabilizers and stable up to 100 C, but decomposed rapidly to vinyl ethers at 150 C.
Effects of deteriorated frying oil and dietary protein levels on liver microsomal enzymes in rats
Authors: Huang Ching‐Jang , Cheung Nam‐Sang , Lu Ven‐Rond 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of deteriorated used frying oil (DUFO) and dietary protein levels upon the hepatic microsomal drugmetabolizing enzyme system. Fresh soybean oil was subjected to a deep‐frying process at 205±5°C for four six‐hr periods. The resultant DUFO was incorporated into high protein (HU) (27% lactalbumin) or low protein (LU) (8% lactalbumin) test diets at a 15% level. High protein (HF) and low protein (LF) diets containing fresh soybean oil served as the control. Male Long‐Evans young rats fed the test diets for eight weeks showed decreased fat absorption and increased red blood cell (RBC) in vitro hemolysis. The activities of hepatic aminopyrine N‐demethylase (AD), aniline hydroxylase (AH), NADPH‐cytochrome C reductase (NCD), UDP‐glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) as well as cytochrome P‐450 content were significantly increased in rats fed the HU diet. However, the AD, AH and GST activities, as well as the cytochrome P‐450 content of the LU group, were increased to a lesser extent and significantly lower than those of the HU group. Rats fed the LU diet were the only group that showed significantly elevated serum GOT (E.C. 2.6.1.1, glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase) and GPT (E.C. 2.6.1.2, glutamatepyruvate transaminase) values. Supplementation of 0.3% DL‐methionine to the HU diet further increased GST activity. Unexpectedly, rats fed the low protein control diet (LF) also had raised levels of AD, AH and UDPGT activities as well as in vitro RBC hemolysis. It was concluded that rat hepatic microsomal enzymes are induced by dietary DUFO and that the level of induction is influenced by dietary protein level.
Polyethylene glycol modification ofCandida rugosa lipase
Authors: Baillargeon Mary Welch , Sonnet Philip E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPolyethylene glycol (PEG) was covalently attached to lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) fromCandida rugosa yielding a modified lipase of higher specific activity in hydrolytic and synthetic reactions in organic solvents. PEG of molecular weights 5000 and 1900 solubilized the lipase in selected organic solvents, but PEG of molecular weight 750 was too small to accomplish this completely. The modified lipase was 10 times more stable in water than native lipase, but was less stable in benzene. The selectivity of the modified lipase was also altered to favor reaction with oleic versus stearic acid.
Reclamation of nickel from spent nickel catalyst
Authors: Shukla Arun , Maheshwari P. N. , Vasishtha A. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSpent nickel catalyst containing an average 9.6% nickel was obtained locally from an oil hydrogenation industry. It was digested with 1–3N HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 and mixtures thereof in one to three stages of durations ranging from one to three hr at 100°C using spent nickel catalyst to acid proportions of 1:3 to 1:8 (w/v). Nickel recoveries of over 94% were obtained when one part of spent catalyst was digested for three hr with six or more parts of 3N mixture of HCl and HNO3 (3:1, v/v). Acid extracts of spent nickel catalyst obtained using HCl, H2SO4 and mixtures thereof were treated with NaOCl to convert their content of iron in the ferric form. The iron from the nickel extract was precipitated out in the form of ferric hydroxide at pH 6.0. Nickel from the iron‐freed acid extracts was recovered at pH 8.5±0.5 as nickel hydroxide. Nickel formate was prepared by refluxing nickel hydroxide with 10% formic acid in about 6% excess to stoichiometric requirements for 30 min. The dried nickel formate was reduced in peanut oil at 230°C to 270°C for 0.25 to 2.75 hr. The reduction at 260°C on kieselguhr support, employing nickel formate:oil:support in ratio of 50:43:7, for two hr provided catalyst of maximum activity. The hydrogenation activity of the reclaimed catalyst, assessed by standard AOCS procedure, was greater than that of the parent catalyst.
Preparation of detergents from formaldehyde
Authors: Larkin Donald R. , Hobbs Charles C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA process was developed for condensing different mol ratios of dodecanol, formaldehyde and ethylene oxide to form a series of adducts with useful detergent properties. These products are analogous to the commercially important class of nonionic surfactants produced by treating fatty alcohols with ethylene oxide to produce a homologous series of adducts. The structures were shown to be represented by RO[(CH2O)x(CH2CH2O)y]R where R is either dodecyl or hydrogen, x and y are integers (including zero), and it is understood that the oxymethylene and oxyethylene groups are intermingled in the ether chains. Unfortunately, we were unable to produce commercially viable detergent compositions. For these, our calculations indicate that a dodecanol:HCHO:EO mol ratio between 1:3:4 and 1:5:2 would be necessary both for good detergency and good economics. With acidic catalysts such as BF3, the condensation is facile and product with desired overall mol ratios can be produced. However, much of the formaldehyde and ethylene oxide are incorporated into by‐products that either detract from the detergency properties (e.g., terminal ethers where both R groups are dodecyl) or make the mixtures unacceptable as detergents (e.g., 1,4‐dioxane). Because of the presence of terminal ethers, the detergent properties are similar to those of propylene oxide adducts rather than ethylene oxide adducts. With selected basic catalysts most of the harmful by‐products can be eliminated, but the reaction rates and conversions are unsatisfactory. Basic catalysts that give high reaction rates convert most of the formaldehyde fed to methyl formate.
Thermal oxidation of lipids in monolayers II. Unsaturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Hau Lung‐Bin , Nawar W. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTo investigate whether oxidation of lipids in the ordered state differs from that in the bulk phase upon heating, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate and ethyl linolenate adsorbed as monolayers on silica were used as model systems. For both bulk and monolayer samples, the major decomposition products found were those typical of classical decomposition of hydroperoxides. However, quantitative and qualitative differences were observed after heating. The decomposition patterns in monolayers were much simpler than those of the bulk samples.The major decomposition products of the substrates in monolayers were ethyl 9‐oxononanoate and nonanal from ethyl oleate, ethyl 9‐oxononanoate and hexanal from ethyl linoleate, and ethyl 9‐oxononanoate and hexenal from ethyl linolenate. It is likely that the acidic nature of silica favored a selective heterolytic cleavage of hydroperoxide intermediates.
Wetting properties of nonionics from branched fatty diamides
Authors: Micich T. J. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLow pressure oxyethylation of RNHCOR CONHR or RCONHCH2CH2NHCOR does not occur below 100 C where R represents branched aliphatic groups and R’ is 0–4 methylene groups or ‐CH=CH‐. These diamides add ethylene oxide at 140–170 C to give dark adducts highly contaminated with aminoester. The corresponding dihydroxyethyl derivatives undergo low pressure oxyethylation, yielding products with good room temperature solubility, low aminoester content and good wetting properties for cotton skeins and a hydrophobic soil. For these adduct series, most effective wetting was found with an ethylene oxide chain length of 8. For adducts based on fumaramide, excellent wetting properties were observed over a chain length range of 5–15 units. All adduct series effectively wet Idylwild hydrophobic soil at 0.01%, but no distinction was possible between series at the same concentration.
Systematic evaluation of heated fats based on quantitative analytical methods
Authors: Dobarganes M. C. , Perez‐Camino M. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple, objective procedure for the analysis of heated or used frying fats is presented. In the proposed evaluation, based on quantitative methods, the direct analysis of the fat is combined with that of the methyl esters in order to obtain various measurements representative of the alteration proceeding from the same sample. This process permits the distinction of the three predominant types of degradation, oxidative, thermal and hydrolytic, and thus can be applied to fats of whatever level and type of alteration.The results of application of this analytical system to palm, olive, sunflower and soybean oils both before and after heating them for 100 hr at 195 C are discussed.
Effect of seed maturity on seed oil, fatty acid and crude protein content of eightCuphea species
Authors: Thompson A. E. , Kleiman R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThirty‐six lots of eightCuphea species grown at nine geographical locations from 1983 to 1985 were analyzed for seed weight, oil percentage, fatty acid and crude protein content. Twenty‐two samples were separated into two distinct seed maturity groups and also analyzed. Seed maturity varied widely but had little effect on oil percentage, even though mature seeds were significantly heavier than less mature seeds. Lauric acid content generally increased and capric acid decreased with increasing seed maturity. Crude protein of whole seeds and defatted seed meal increased with increasing seed maturity. The net effect of harvestingCuphea wrightii seeds at full maturity in comparison with that for less mature seeds was to increase seed weight by 12%, decrease capric acid by 3%, increase lauric acid by 2% and increase crude protein of whole seeds and defatted meal by 5% and 4%, respectively. Seed oil content was decreased by a statistically nonsignificant 1%. The effect of seed maturity was comparable for the other four lauric acid‐ and three capric acid‐rich species, even though distinct species differences in all factors were measured. Location and environment contributed to some quantitative and qualitative changes, but these factors are not considered to be major sources of variation. It is concluded that variation in seed maturity does not present a major constraint to commercialization ofCuphea as a new, alternative source of lauric and other medium‐chain fatty acids. The ultimate significance of these minor changes will depend upon relative yields, demands and values of the various seed components.
Flavor and oxidative stability of oil processed from null lipoxygenase‐1 soybeans
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Warner K. , Klein B. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe role played by lipoxygenase in the flavor quality of soybean oil was investigated by comparing the oil processed from special soybeans lacking lipoxygenase‐1 (Forrest x P.I. 408251) with the oil from normal (Century) beans. Quality assessment was based on sensory evaluations and on capillary gas chromatographic (GC) analyses of volatiles of the extracted crude, partially processed, and refined, bleached and deodorized oils. In direct comparisons of oil products from the two types of beans, no significant differences were found in either flavor quality or in flavor stability based on total volatiles, and in analyses for 2,4‐decadienal. Although thermal tempering did not significantly affect the initial flavor scores of crude and degummed oils from Century and low L‐1 soybeans, the initial scores of refined and bleached oils from Century soybeans were significantly improved by this treatment. Similarly, thermal tempering was just as important in producing good quality flour from the special beans lacking lipoxygenase‐1 as the flour from normal beans. Therefore, factors other than lipoxygenase‐1 appear to affect the food quality of soybean oils and meals.
Deodorization and deacidification of edible oils with dense carbon dioxide
Authors: Ziegler Gregory R. , Liaw Yi‐Jen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNear‐critical carbon dioxide shows potential for extraction of free fatty acids, off‐odors or flavors from edible fats and oils. Deacidification and deodorization of a simulated, roasted peanut oil with dense CO2 was performed at various temperatures, pressures and extraction factors in a pilot‐scale, packed extraction column with an i.d. of 2.86 cm and a height of 162 cm. Pyrazine and its derivatives are major components of roasted peanut aroma. At constant temperature and pressure, the distribution coefficient (m) for pyrazine derivatives was inversely related to the degree of substitution of methyl groups (molecular weight) and boiling point, that is, the solubility was directly related to the compounds volatility. CO2 fluid‐phase density alone could not explain the equilibrium solubility behavior of either fatty acids or pyrazines. At constant fluid‐phase density, m for pyrazine derivatives decreased with increasing pressure and temperature, while that for fatty acids increased. At 20 MPa pressure, increasing the temperature from 47 to 57°C increased m for pyrazines, but decreased m for fatty acids, indicating that the system was within the retrograde region for fatty acids. Free fatty acid solubility was inversely related to chainlength and, in the supercritical region, directly related to the degree of unsaturation. Deodorization is mass‐transfer‐controlled, and deacidification is thermodynamically constrained. The efficient deodorization and deacidification of an actual crude oil pressed from roasted peanuts was accomplished by extraction with CO2 at 47°C and 20 MPa. Extraction with carbon dioxide may be particularly useful for deacidifying expensive specialty fats with high initial acidity, or where the quality and purity of the extracted components are of importance.
Current trends in meal desolventizing
Authors: Becker K. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeveral types of current desolventizing systems are illustrated and their important features are discussed. All of the leading desolventizer suppliers are continuing to make mechanical and process improvements to their systems. The current trend is to design systems which have less downtime, lower steam and electrical requirements, better solvent recovery, and less space requirement for installation. While desolventizer‐toaster systems are making improvements in the reduction of steam and electrical consumption, their energy requirements are still higher than those of the vapor desolventizer‐deodorizer or the flash desolventizer system. The type of system selected depends mainly upon the product to be produced—animal meal or human edible soy flour.