bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stepped care vs. matched care for mood and anxiety disorders: a randomized trial in routine practice
Authors: Van Straten A. , Tiemens B. , Hakkaart L. , Nolen W. A. , Donker M. C. H. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  The effectiveness of two versions of stepped care [with either brief therapy (BT) or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as a first step] is studied in comparison with the traditional matched care approach (CAU) for patients with mood and anxiety disorders.Method:  A randomized trial was performed in routine mental health care in 12 settings, including 702 patients. Patients were interviewed once in 3 months for 18–24 months (response rate 69%).Results:  Overall, patients’ health improved significantly over time: 51% had achieved recovery from the DSM‐IV disorder(s) after 1 year and 66% at the end of the study. Respectively, 50% and 60% had ‘normal’ SCL90 and SF36 scores. Cognitive behavioural therapy and BT patients achieved recovery more often than CAU patients (ORs between 1.26 and 1.48), although these results were not statistically significant.Conclusion:  Stepped care, with BT or CBT as a first step, is at least as effective as matched care.
Reducing the bias of probing depth and attachment level estimates using random partial‐mouth recording
Authors: Beck James D. , Caplan Daniel J. , Preisser John S. , Moss Kevin 
Published: January 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  To evaluate the bias and precision of probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) estimates of random and fixed partial examination methods compared with full‐mouth examinations.Methods:  PD and CAL were calculated on six sites for up to 28 teeth (considered to be the gold standard with no bias) and three fixed‐site selection methods (FSSMs) that resulted in a partial examination of sites: the Ramfjord method, and the NIDCR methods used in NHANES I, and NHANES 2000. Finally, seven random‐site selection methods (RSSMs) were created by sampling the following number of sites: 84, 42, 36, 28, 20, 15, 10 and 6. To compare bias and precision of the methods we calculated percent relative bias and relative error.Results:  Estimates of means, standard deviations (SD), relative bias and relative error for RSSMs were almost identical to the full‐mouth examination, but SDs increase slightly when fewer than 28 sites were sampled and relative bias and error increase for methods sampling fewer than 20 sites. The FSSMs had very low relative error, but much higher relative bias indicating underestimation. The FSSM with the smallest bias and error was the Ramfjord method, but the Random 36 method had less bias and less relative error. The NHANES 2000 method was the FSSM with the lowest bias and relative error for estimates of Extent Scores (percent of sites ≥3, 4, 5, or 5 mm PD or CAL) but random methods sampling fewer sites performed just as well. Both FSSMs and RSSMs underestimated prevalence, especially prevalence of less frequently occurring conditions, but most RSSMs were less likely to underestimate prevalence than the FSSMs.Conclusion:  The promise of reducing bias and increasing precision of the estimates support the continued development and examination of RSSMs.
Assessing oral health‐related quality of life in general dental practice in Scotland: validation of the OHIP‐14
Authors: Fernandes Marcelo José , Ruta Danny Adolph , Ogden Graham Richard , Pitts Nigel Berry , Ogston Simon Alexander 
Published: January 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  To validate the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)‐14 in a sample of patients attending general dental practice.Methods:  Patients with pathology‐free impacted wisdom teeth were recruited from six general dental practices in Tayside, Scotland, and followed for a year to assess the development of problems related to impaction. The OHIP‐14 was completed at baseline and at 1‐year follow‐up, and analysed using three different scoring methods: a summary score, a weighted and standardized score and the total number of problems reported. Instrument reliability was measured by assessing internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Construct validity was assessed using a number of variables. Linear regression was then used to model the relationship between OHIP‐14 and all significantly correlated variables. Responsiveness was measured using the standardized response mean (SRM). Adjusted R2s and SRMs were calculated for each of the three scoring methods. Estimates for the differences between adjusted R2s and the differences between SRMs were obtained with 95% confidence intervals.Results:  A total of 278 and 169 patients completed the questionnaire at baseline and follow‐up, respectively. Reliability – Cronbach's α coefficients ranged from 0.30 to 0.75. Alpha coefficients for all 14 items were 0.88 and 0.87 for baseline and follow‐up, respectively. Test–retest coefficients ranged from 0.72 to 0.78. Validity – OHIP‐14 scores were significantly correlated with number of teeth, education, main activity, the use of mouthwash, frequency of seeing a dentist, the reason for the last dental appointment, smoking, alcohol intake, pain and symptoms. Adjusted R2s ranged from 0.123 to 0.202 and there were no statistically significant differences between those for the three different scoring methods. Responsiveness – The SRMs ranged from 0.37 to 0.56 and there was a statistically significant difference between the summary scores method and the total number of problems method for symptomatic patients.Conclusions:  The OHIP‐14 is a valid and reliable measure of oral health‐related quality of life in general dental practice and is responsive to third molar clinical change. The summary score method demonstrated performance as good as, or better than, the other methods studied.
Caries and fluorosis in 6‐ and 9‐year‐old children residing in three communities in Iran
Authors: Meyer‐Lueckel H. , Paris S. , Shirkhani B. , Hopfenmuller W. , Kielbassa A. M. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aim of this study was to investigate the caries and fluorosis prevalence among 6‐ and 9‐year‐old students in three communities in Iran with varying urbanization and fluoride in piped water.Methods:  Data were obtained from 523 dental examinations of 6‐ and 9‐year olds in an upper middle class district in Teheran (T) (0.3 mg F/l), the city of Semnan (S) (1.3 mg F/l), and the village Dibaj (D) (0.2 mg F/l).Results:  Children in the naturally fluoridated town showed slightly higher dmfs/dfs (SD) values for both 6‐year olds [S: 9.1 (9.2), T: 7.2 (7.4), D: 7.1 (6.1)] and 9‐year olds [S: 6.0 (6.2), T: 4.4 (4.2), D: 5.0 (4.7)], whereas the mean dmft/dft values as well as the numbers of caries‐free children were comparable. A lower prevalence of dental restorations was reported for both Semnan and Dibaj compared with Teheran. A higher prevalence of fluorosis [Tooth Surface Index of Dental Fluorosis (TSIF) 3–7] was observed in the naturally fluoridated town compared with the low‐fluoridated communities.Conclusions:  The ingestion of naturally fluoridated water (1.3 mg F/l) seemed to have a negligible effect on caries prevalence, but resulted in higher prevalence of dental fluorosis. It is emphasized that the study population was not adjusted for socioeconomic status, availability of dental care nor for exposures to other sources of fluoride. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that caries prevalence in Iran is quite low compared with that in other countries in the Middle East and that the elevated fluoride levels in the drinking water in Semnan may contribute to the development of mild to severe fluorosis.
Evaluating the role of dental behaviour in oral health inequalities
Authors: Sanders Anne E. , Spencer A. John , Slade Gary D. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract –  Objective:  The aim of this study was to describe differences in dental attendance and dental self‐care behaviour between socioeconomic groups and to investigate the extent to which the socioeconomic gradient in oral health was explained by these behaviours.Methods:  We used data from a representative sample of adults in Australia, surveyed by telephone interview and by self‐complete questionnaire. The dependent variables were self‐reported missing teeth and the social impact of oral conditions evaluated with the 14‐item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14). Socioeconomic position was measured at the small‐area level. We conducted bivariate analysis using one‐way analysis of variance and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and adjusted for the effect of age. After adjusting for age, dental behavioural variables were entered individually into multivariate linear regression models.Results:  Data were obtained for 3678 dentate adults aged 18–91 years. Missing teeth and OHIP‐14 scores followed a social gradient with poorer adults experiencing poorer outcomes. Routine dental attendance and diligent dental self‐care were associated with inverse monotonic gradients in missing teeth (P < 0.05) and OHIP‐14 scores (P < 0.05). Although adults living in areas with the least disadvantage had a preventive dental attendance orientation, no socioeconomic pattern was found for dental self‐care. In multivariate analysis, the slope of the socioeconomic gradient [β estimate for Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (IRSD)] in missing teeth was not significantly attenuated by either dental attendance or dental self‐care. For OHIP‐14 scores, the slope of the socioeconomic gradient was significantly attenuated by dental visiting, but not by dental self‐care and not by the combined effect of both behaviours.Conclusion:  The commonly held view that the poor oral health of poor people is explained by personal neglect was not supported in this study.
Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome: a disease of protein trafficking and organelle function
Authors: Wei Maria L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a collection of related autosomal recessive disorders which are genetically heterogeneous. There are eight human HPS subtypes, characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and platelet storage disease; prolonged bleeding, congenital neutropenia, pulmonary fibrosis, and granulomatous colitis can also occur. HPS is caused primarily by defects in intracellular protein trafficking that result in the dysfunction of intracellular organelles known as lysosome‐related organelles. HPS gene products are all ubiquitously expressed and all associate in various multi‐protein complexes, yet HPS has cell type‐specific disease expression. Impairment of specialized secretory cells such as melanocytes, platelets, lung alveolar type II epithelial cells and cytotoxic T cells are observed in HPS. This review summarizes recent molecular, biochemical and cell biological analyses together with clinical studies that have led to the correlation of molecular pathology with clinical manifestations and led to insights into such diverse disease processes such as albinism, fibrosis, hemorrhage, and congenital neutropenia.
Muscle fiber type I influences lipid oxidation during low‐intensity exercise in moderately active middle‐aged men
Authors: Turpeinen J.‐P. , Leppävuori J. , Heinonen O. J. , Kaila K. , Salo J. , Lilja M. , Kesäniemi Y.A. 
Published: January 2006

The simultaneous effects of body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and muscle fiber characteristics on lipid oxidation at basal state and during exercise were studied in a population‐based group (n=70) of middle‐aged men. Body composition, oxygen uptake, and lipid oxidation were determined in a volitional maximal exercise test, physical activity with a questionnaire, muscle fiber characteristics with muscle biopsy, and resting metabolic rate and lipid oxidation at basal state with indirect calorimetry.In regression analysis, type I muscle fibers contributed significantly to lipid oxidation at basal state (r=0.30, r2=0.07, P<0.05) and during low‐intensity exercise (r=0.35, r2=0.10, P<0.05). ANOVA revealed 7.7% (P=0.268) lower lipid oxidation at basal state, 14% (P<0.05) lower lipid oxidation in low‐intensity exercise, and 10.5% (P=0.088) lower lipid oxidation in moderate‐intensity exercise in muscle fiber tertile I (type I muscle fiber count 28.8%) compared with muscle fiber tertile III (type I muscle fiber count 71.4%).In conclusion, the muscle fiber distribution contributed significantly to lipid oxidation during low‐intensity exercise in moderately active middle‐aged men.
Research of stimulants and anabolic steroids in dietary supplements
Authors: Baume N. , Mahler N. , Kamber M. , Mangin P. , Saugy M. 
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze the composition of 103 dietary supplements bought on the internet. The supplements were dispatched in four different categories according to their announced contents [creatine, prohormones, “mental enhancers” and branched chain amino acids (BCAA)]. All the supplements were screened for the presence of stimulants and main anabolic steroids parent compounds. At the same time, the research was focused on the precursors and metabolites of testosterone and nandrolone.The study pointed out three products containing an anabolic steroid, metandienone, in a very high amount. The ingestion of such products induced a high quantity of metandienone metabolites in urines that would be considered as a positive antidoping test. The results have also shown that one creatine product and three “mental enhancers” contained traces of hormones or prohormones not claimed on the labels and 14 prohormone products contained substances other than those indicated by the manufacturer. The oral intake of the creatine product revealed the presence of the two main nandrolone metabolites (19‐norandrosterone and 19‐noretiocholanolone) in urine.
Exercise‐induced rib stress fractures: potential risk factors related to thoracic muscle co‐contraction and movement pattern
Authors: Vinther A. , Kanstrup I.‐L. , Christiansen E. , Alkjær T. , Larsson B. , Magnusson S. P. , Ekdahl C. , Aagaard P. 
Published: January 2006

The etiology of exercise‐induced rib stress fractures (RSFs) in elite rowers is unclear. The purpose of the study was to investigate thoracic muscle activity, movement patterns and muscle strength in elite rowers. Electromyographic (EMG) and 2‐D video analysis were performed during ergometer rowing, and isokinetic muscle strength was measured in seven national team rowers with a history of RSF and seven matched controls (C).RSF displayed a higher velocity of the seat in the initial drive phase (RSF: 0.25±0.03, 0.25 (0.15–0.33) m/s vs C: 0.15±0.06, 0.18 (−0.11–0.29) m/s P=0.028) (Mean±SEM, median and range). Further, RSF had greater co‐contraction of m. serratus anterior and m. trapezius in the mid‐drive phase (RSF: 47.5±3.4, 48.5 (35.8–60.2)% EMG signal overlap vs C: 30.8±6.5, 27.0 (11.2–61.6)%P=0.043). In addition, the RSF subjects showed a lower knee‐extension to elbow‐flexion strength ratio (RSF: 4.2±0.22, 4.3 (3.5–5.1) vs C: 4.8±0.16, 5.0 (4.2–5.3) P=0.043), indicating stronger arms relative to legs compared with controls. In conclusion, increased thoracic muscle co‐contraction, altered movement patterns and reduced leg/arm strength ratio were observed in the RSF subjects, which may all predispose toward an increased risk of RSF.
Whole‐body fat oxidation determined by graded exercise and indirect calorimetry: a role for muscle oxidative capacity?
Authors: Nordby P. , Saltin B. , Helge J. W. 
Published: January 2006

During whole‐body exercise, peak fat oxidation occurs at a moderate intensity. This study investigated whole‐body peak fat oxidation in untrained and trained subjects, and the presence of a relation between skeletal muscle oxidative enzyme activity and whole‐body peak fat oxidation. Healthy male subjects were recruited and categorized into an untrained (N=8, VO2max 3.5±0.1 L/min) and a trained (N=8, VO2max 4.6±0.2 L/min) group. Subjects performed a graded exercise test commencing at 60 W for 8 min followed by 35 W increments every 3 min. On a separate day, muscle biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis and a 3 h bicycle exercise test was performed at 58% of VO2max. Whole‐body fat oxidation was calculated during prolonged and graded exercise from the respiratory exchange ratio using standard indirect calorimetry equations. Based on the graded exercise test, whole‐body peak fat oxidation was determined. The body composition was determined by DEXA.Whole‐body peak fat oxidation (250±25 and 462±33 mg/min) was higher (P<0.05) and occurred at a higher (P<0.05) relative workload (43.5±1.8% and 49.9±1.2% VO2max) in trained compared with untrained subjects, respectively. Muscle citrate synthase activity and β‐hydroxy‐acyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase activity were higher (49% and 35%, respectively, P<0.05) in trained compared with untrained subjects. Both lean body mass and maximal oxygen uptake were significantly correlated to whole‐body peak fat oxidation (r2=0.57, P<0.001), but leg muscle oxidative capacity was not correlated to whole‐body peak fat oxidation.In conclusion, whole‐body peak fat oxidation occurred at a higher relative exercise load in trained compared with untrained subjects. Whole‐body peak fat oxidation was not significantly related to leg muscle oxidative capacity, but was related to lean body mass and maximal oxygen uptake. This may suggest that leg muscle oxidative activity is not the main determinant of whole‐body peak fat oxidation.
Cephalometric evaluation of condylar and mandibular growth modification: a review
Authors: Shen G , Darendeliler MA 
Published: January 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors – Shen G, Darendeliler MAObjective – Based on a wealth of orthodontic archives, this work aims to review the cephalometric analysis systems that can identify the changes in condylar and mandibular position as well as growth direction in response to bite jumping therapy.Design – Numerous cephalometric approaches were screened to testify their feasibility and reliability in accurately depicting the growth modification of the condyle and the mandible. The critical assessment of the working mechanisms of these cephalometric methods was elaborated to help build up the rationale and justification for their clinical use.Results – 1) The changes in condylar and mandibular size, position and growth direction can be identified by using lateral cephalograms with closed‐mouth or open‐mouth posture. 2) With superimposition methods where the anatomical structures for superimposition registration must be stable and reproducible, the growth modification of the condyle and the mandible between two time‐points is qualitatively demonstrated in a diagram if reference lines are not constructed. The growth modification can be quantitatively identified if the reference lines are created. 3) With non‐superimposition methods, the size and position of the condyle and the mandible are separately identified for each time‐pint by relating them to the stable reference structures. The growth modification between two time‐pints is evaluated by comparing the two separate measurements.Conclusion – The application of a standardized and well designed cephalometric evaluation system may reduce the bias that attribute to the arbitrariness of the clinical effects of bite jumping functional appliances.
Parental craniofacial morphology in cleft lip with or without cleft palate as determined by cephalometry: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Weinberg SM , Maher BS , Marazita ML 
Published: January 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors – Weinberg SM, Maher BS, Marazita MLObjective – To integrate findings from previous cephalometric studies comparing the craniofacial complex of unaffected parents with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) children to controls with no history of the disease.Design – Meta‐analysis of case‐control cephalometric data.Inclusion criteria – Studies were selected if the unaffected parents of children with CL/P were included and were not combined with parents of children with isolated CP; quantitative data were obtained through cephalometry; the cephalometric variables used were not unique to a study; a case‐control design was used; and the means and standard deviations for all variables were reported or could be calculated for both the experimental and the control group.Outcome measure – Using raw data obtained from nine studies, mean weighted effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for 28 cephalometric variables (mothers and fathers combined) or 18 variables (mothers and fathers separately). Heterogeneity statistics for the effect sizes were also calculated.Results – In general, unaffected parents of children with CL/P possessed significantly wider interorbital, nasal cavity and upper facial dimensions, narrower cranial vaults, longer cranial bases, longer and more protrusive mandibles, shorter upper faces and longer lower faces compared with controls. Increased width of the nasal cavity was the most robust finding. Significant effect size heterogeneity was observed in roughly half of the variables examined.Conclusion – Unaffected parents of children with CL/P are characterized by a suite of consistent, yet subtle, craniofacial differences, which could indicate an underlying genetic liability.
Alkaline phosphatase activity in gingival crevicular fluid during canine retraction
Authors: Batra P , Kharbanda OP , Duggal R , Singh N , Parkash H 
Published: January 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Batra P, Kharbanda OP, Duggal R, Singh N, Parkash HObjectives –  The aim of the study was to investigate alkaline phosphatase activity in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during orthodontic tooth movement in humans.Setting and Sample Population –  Postgraduate orthodontic clinic. Ten female patients requiring all first premolar extractions were selected and treated with standard edgewise mechanotherapy.Experimental Variable –  Canine retraction was done using 100 g sentalloy springs. Maxillary canine on one side acted as experimental site while the contralateral canine acted as control.Outcome Measure –  Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from mesial and distal of canines before initiation of canine retraction (baseline), immediately after initiation of retraction, and on 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st day and the alkaline phosphatase activity was estimated.Results –  The results show significant (p < 0.05) changes in alkaline phosphatase activity on the 7th, 14th and 21st day on both mesial and distal aspects of the compared experimental and control sides. The peak in enzyme activity occurred on the 14th day of initiation of retraction followed by a significant fall in activity especially on the mesial aspect.Conclusions –  The study showed that alkaline phosphatase activity could be successfully estimated in the GCF using calorimetric estimation assay kits. The enzyme activity showed variation according to the amount of tooth movement.
Early Treatment of Cavernositis Resulted in Erectile Function Preservation
Authors: Shamloul Rany , Kamel Ihab 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Some of the more common complications of intracavernous injection (ICI) therapy include pain and prolonged erections. Rare reported complications include intracorporeal needle breakage and postinjection cavernositis.

Aim
We report a case of early management of postinjection cavernositis resulting in preservation of erectile function with no angulation.

Methods
A 53-year-old male with no history of diabetes mellitus presented to our department with a small painful penile swelling 36 hours after ICI of 15 µg prostaglandin E1. Clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound assessments suggested the occurrence of cavernositis. Surgical debridement, abscess drainage, and antibiotics resulted in marked improvement. Follow-up showed normal erectile function with minimal scarring.

Conclusions
Timely management of cavernositis can help prevent loss of erectile function. Stringent supervision of patients, after adequate ICI training, together with drug prescription, is essential.