bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fissure patterns and slope failures in till at Hurlford, Ayrshire
Authors: McGown Alan , Saldivar-Sali Arthur , Radwarn Amr M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The present investigations have shown that the till at Hurlford, Ayrshire, is fissured and that a very definite fissure pattern exists. The nature of the fissures and influence of weathering, overburden pressures and stress release have been established and new scalar property classification especially designed for tills have been successfully employed.
A close relationship between fissure fabric, slope stability and directional shear strength characteristics has been found and the mechanism of slope failure at Hurlford has been identified to be the opening and softening of fissures in the till.
The three-dimensional shear strength anisotropy of the Hurlford soil has been shown to be outside of the bounds of applicability of conventional sample size—shear strength relationships which assume random fissure patterns in clays.
Mapping major joints in the Lower Oxford Clay using terrestrial photogrammetry
Authors: Moore J. F. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A prominent structural feature of the Lower Oxford Clay near Peterborough is formed by a series of near vertical joints traversing the full height of excavations up to 25 m deep and extending for at least several hundred metres in a north-south direction. The orientations and spacing of these joints were determined by means of a series of stereophotographs taken at intervals from the same three points, as a face was excavated. Using machine contour plots derived from the stereopairs a three-dimensional model was constructed to demonstrate the joint disposition. Although some bifurcation of joints occurs the average spacing is about 8–10 m. A similar, nearly orthogonal, set of joints is also present but less well-developed.
A review of the geological factors influencing the mechanical properties of road surface aggregates
Authors: Hartley Alan 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Investigation of the mechanical properties of road surfacing aggregates and particularly of the polishing characteristics has occupied many researchers in recent years. The influence of geological factors on these properties has however not received the same prominence in the literature as the engineering aspects. This paper has been written with a view to gathering together the salient features of the less publicised work.
After reviewing the general requirements of road surfaces the term “roadstone durability” is introduced in the context of surfacing aggregates and the various geological factors likely to influence the roadstone durability are indicated. The influence of petrography upon the strength and the resistance to stripping, abrasion and polishing of roadstones is described together with methods used to assess their potential performance.
Shortage of high quality surfacing materials has resulted in the development of artificial aggregates and some aspects of this work are described.
Possible applications of photogeology to the study of rock mechanics
Authors: Norman John Wakelin , Huntington Jonathan Fordham 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Photogeology may provide useful general information in some spheres of rock mechanics, particularly in the very earliest stages of an investigation before ground is broken. Possible aspects for study are hydrogeology, major fracture systems, broad changes in rock character, structure and regional stress, soil mapping and natural slope failures. Much research is still needed in some of these fields, and suggestions for this are given.
Some types of detailed ground based rock mechanics research would be helped by using the methods of ground photogrammetry, and by photogeological interpretation of ground stereoscopic photographs.
Investigations into the watertightness of the proposed Gordon-above-Olga hydro-electric storage South-west Tasmania
Authors: Roberts Glyn T. , Andric Miodrag 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The Gordon-above-Olga scheme is one of several major hydro-electric developments under investigation in the south-west of Tasmania. The proposed storage area includes a zone of Palaeozoic limestone forming part of the eastern limb of a synclinal structure which provided a potential for the existence of leakage paths capable of threatening the viability of the scheme.
The geology of the area is described and the methods used in assessing the likelihood of existence of subjacent karst are detailed. The conclusion is drawn on several grounds that neither recent nor ancient activity is likely to have markedly affected the limestone through the synclinorium. In consequence the water-tightness of the proposed reservoir is predicted.
The relationship of the estimated former burial depth of the lower Oxford Clay to some soil properties
Authors: Jackson J. O. , Fookes P. G. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The paper concerns the relationship between the estimated former depth of burial under sediments deposited later and engineering characteristics of the Lower Oxford Clay. Detailed studies of engineering index properties, clay mineralogy and other geological characteristics were carried out on samples from six principal sites. Former depths of burial of the Oxford Clay were approximately 5000 ft in the Dorset area of England and over 1000 ft in Lincolnshire.
It was concluded that the geological condition of deposition for identical palaeontological zones of the clay were approximately similar and that the influences on engineering index, strength and low stress consolidation properties due to the different depths of burial were small. Of more significance on the engineering properties are the positions of samples in the stratigraphical column.
The influences of organic content and local weathering phenomena on the engineering performance are noted and aspects of laboratory simulation of deep burial are discussed.
Review of groundwater pollution from waste disposal sites in England and Wales, with provisional guidelines for future site selection
Authors: Gray D. A. , Mather J. D. , Harrison I. B. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Preliminary results are presented of a multi-authority review of the water pollution hazard represented by 2494 landfill sites in England and Wales. Of these, desk studies indicate that only 51 represent a serious pollution risk to major or minor aquifers. River authorities have classified 80 sites as being unacceptable for future use out of 714 locations they have examined.
In defining provisional guidelines for the selection of landfill sites, a generalized threefold classification of wastes is proposed. A policy of confinement for hazardous wastes is recommended until and unless further research enables adoption of a less rigorous system. A flow diagram is provided for use in site selection.
Low cost geophysical well logs for hydrogeological investigations
Authors: Robinson V. K. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A geophysical well logging equipment is described which is suitable for hydrogeological investigations in aquifers found in the British Isles. The electronic equipment used is available “off the shelf” commercially and although not designed for borehole logging has been found to be ideal for this purpose. The logging sondes, cable drums, and other borehole equipment are now available to order from a British company.
Engineering aspects of the chalky boulder clay at the new town of Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire
Authors: Denness Bruce 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The paper outlines some engineering aspects of tills, particularly at Milton Keynes, and demonstrates methods for their investigation. The methods discussed include the display in vertical section of geotechnical index parameters determined for samples taken from a trench, shallow geophysical techniques and large scale
in situ
testing. These are all seen as complementary to a preliminary geological investigation.

The objects of this specific study were twofold: to establish the variability of engineering properties with its consequent effect on representability of results and necessary sampling interval, and to investigate the presence of depositional features detrimental to engineering operations in tills, particularly at the Milton Keynes site. The variability was found to be so great that borehole methods were not applicable. A pre-existing shear plane extending from ground surface to about 3.5 m depth was also discovered. These considerations prompted the recommendation of special investigation procedures to suit the circumstances.
Potentially dangerous surges in an Antrim mudslide
Authors: Hutchinson John Neville , Prior David Baxter , Stephens Nicholas 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Measurements of surface movements and pore-water pressures in a mudslide at Minnis North, north-eastern Ireland, are presented. This feature comprises steep feeder mudslides leading down to a more gently inclined accumulation mudslide, from which a steep front slope descends to the coast road. Frequent surges of the mudslide, which discharges considerable quantities of debris on to this road, are described and discussed. In one of these, pore-water pressures and surface movements were monitored up to failure and the surge itself witnessed by one of the authors. It is concluded that the surges generally originate through‘undrained loading’ of the rear of the accumulation slide by the feeder slides. Attention is drawn particularly to the danger inherent in situations where large volumes of underconsolidated and therefore potentially highly mobile material can collect above a steep front slope and to the difficulty, in the case studied, of obtaining warning of failure. Evidence is also presented to show that this danger is increased if surface streams are present on the mudslide.
Rates of seasonal creep of silty clay soil
Authors: Fleming Robert W. , Johnson Arvid M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Profiles of displacement caused by seasonal creep of an expansive silty clay soil were measured at several times of the year with a tiltmeter and flexible pipes installed in two areas near Stanford University in central California. The displacement profiles typically are convex upward and net creep displacement at the ground surface of an undisturbed slope with a gradient of 12 to 14 per cent is about 0.4 in/yr (1 cm/yr) for a layer of soil of five feet (1.5 m) thickness The soil apparently expands and creeps on wetting of the soil and while the soil is at a high moisture content, but the creep rate diminishes with time, as predicted by laboratory tests by Mitchell and Singh. On drying, a point on the surface of a slope contracts roughly along a normal to the slope but directions of horizontal displacements during drying appear to be random and to depend on the location of the point with respect to local shrinkage cracks.
Slope failures in Hong Kong
Authors: Lumb Peter 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The recurrence of slope failures in residual soils of Hong Kong is analysed for the period 1950 to 1973, and various factors contributing to the instability are described. It is postulated that the prime cause of the failures is direct infiltration of rain water into the surficial zones of the slopes, producing a loss of effective cohesion following the saturation of the soil. Prevention of slips implies protection against excessive infiltration.
The behaviour of two- and three- dimensional model rock slopes
Authors: Stacey Thomas Richard 
Published: November 2007

Summary
This paper describes centrifugal tests on small-scale two- and three-dimensional models of rock slopes in a simple sedimentary structure comprising continuous bedding planes crossed by joints. The bedding planes dip towards the slope, the dip angle being gentle enough to preclude planar failure. The results indicate that failure occurs throughout the slope height and is strongly influenced by the relative joint and bedding plane spacings. No unique surface of failure occurs. Extension to three dimensions indicates that stability and magnitude of failure are affected by the curvature of the slope in plan.
Quality, Shape and Degradation of Aggregates
Authors: Lees Geoffrey , Kennedy Christopher K. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Whether considering artificial aggregates or natural aggregates, the most important factor in obtaining optimum utilization is the recognition that ‘quality’ when used as a term in respect of aggregates is relative to the usage to which the material is to be put. There is no such thing as a ‘high quality roadstone’ until one has specified the context of its use in the road.
The present paper lists the qualities which are generally considered desirable and relates them to the particular usage. Some important cases of requirements which are conflicting are presented.
The paper continues by discussing with reference to case histories the importance and effects of particle degradation on the engineering properties of aggregates in construction materials. The process of degradation is considered in its two principal divisions: physical (disintegration) and chemical (weathering). Mathematical solutions to the degradation phenomena are reviewed and the effects of petrological variation, both in terms of primary and secondary minerals are discussed.
Finally various methods of measurement of degradation are considered and an assessment of a suitable technique made.
Geotechnical Mapping as an Integral Part of Site Investigation-Two case Histories
Authors: Clark Alan Roy , Johnson David Keith 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The use of geotechnical mapping in two different engineering geological situations is discussed. The methods used in the preparation of the geotechnical plans and their subsequent uses are outlined. Recommendations are made for a simple drainage classification, an additional notation for drainage mapping is suggested and the cost effectiveness of the technique is examined.
Information on groundwater composition obtained from a laboratory study of sediment-water interaction
Authors: Spears D. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The dissolution of some superficial sediments was studied experimentally to determine the sediment's influence on groundwater composition and also to check the previous findings based on analyses of the sediment and of the natural pore water from a site at Dunsforth, 21 km north-west of York. In the experiments Ca was dissolved from carbonates, Mg from dolomite and clay minerals, K and probably Na also from clay minerals and possibly feldspars. Higher concentrations of Ca, Mg and K were dissolved from unweathered sediments than from weathered, whereas the concentration of Na remained relatively constant. These conclusions are in agreement with those based on a study of the natural system and thus some of the reactions can be reproduced in the laboratory. Equilibrium was achieved relatively rapidly in the experiments. It is therefore claimed that relatively simple experimental work can provide meaningful information in studies of groundwater chemistry.
A laboratory study of the relationships between induced polarization, permeability and matrix electrical conductivity in Bunter Sandstones
Authors: Collar F. A. , Griffiths D. H. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Various investigators (e.g.
Vacquier, Holmes, Kintzinger & Lavergne 1957
,
Ogilvy & Kuzmina 1972
) have noted a connection between clay content in sandstones and induced polarisation (I.P.). A correlation between I.P. and permeability has also been briefly mentioned or inferred by some of these workers, though little systematic work has been done in this field. The investigations described below had two objectives, one of which was to find out if I.P. could be used to determine matrix conductivity (
Patnode & Wyllie 1950
,
Worthington & Barker 1972
) and the other to ascertain whether there was any simple relationship between I.P. amplitude and permeability in Triassic sandstones.
A logical loop for the geological investigation of dam sites
Authors: Stevenson P. C. , Moore W. R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The investigation for the dam sites on Whitewater Creek, Tasmania illustrates two principles for site investigation in areas where geological exposures vary from good to poor: (1) The need for an integrated approach to the investigation using all the geological, geophysical and sampling techniques that are available, and (2) that even when all these tools are applied together only a certain level of geological knowledge may be attained by the investigation and the process has to be repeated by a series of logical loops to obtain a higher level of geological knowledge.
This process is illustrated by the comparison of two geological maps of the Whitewater Creek area. One loop, including mapping, geophysical work, drilling and pressure testing resulted in a map produced in 1967, when the investigation was halted because of a financial emergency due to the Hobart bushfires.
The second map illustrates the final investigation which was resumed in 1969 and completed in 1970 after subsequent loops. Both sites were abandoned because of the location of an unexposed and unsuspected Tertiary drainage system unrelated to the present Whitewater Creek.
The problem below
Authors: Jennings R. A. J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
In 1958 a site investigation was carried out for a housing scheme at Bo'ness near Edinburgh. The investigation was an interesting one and a film was made showing various aspects of the work.
The following account describes the investigation in greater detail than was possible in the film and in particular endeavours to show how the conclusions were arrived at.
The case history is detailed in a manner which it is hoped is suitable for the young engineering geologist encountering the problems of urban re-development schemes for the first time. The impact of old industrial legacies and attendant folk-lore on environmental geology is illustrated in the script.
It must be remembered that the year was 1958 and the techniques that were employed then may today be rather old hat. In 1974/75 there were eleven copies of the film in circuit and it was sent out to one hundred and fifty four different organisations.
Engineering Characteristics of East Anglian Quaternary Deposits
Authors: Funnell Brian Michael , Wilkes Peter Francis 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Approximately 80 per cent of the surface of East Anglia is composed of Quaternary deposits, and even where it is made up of pre-Quaternary deposits these are highly likely to have been modified by glacial and periglacial processes. The initial Quaternary deposits consist of pre-glacial marine, estuarine and freshwater gravels, sands, clays and peats. Widespread glacial tills and outwash sands and gravels form the middle part of the succession. Later fluvioglacial and fluvial and marine inter glacial sands and gravels occupy the major valleys and some coastal sites. Post-glacial deposits consist of extensive freshwater and marine alluvial peats and clays at lower elevations in the major valleys and in the coastal zone. This account briefly reviews some qualitative engineering characteristics of these East Anglian Quaternary deposits, and provides references to further sources of information on them.
The influence of genetic processes on some geotechnical properties of glacial tills
Authors: Boulton G. S. , Paul M. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The principle characteristics of debris in transport by glaciers are described and the way in which this material is subsequently deposited as till. Three principal types of till are described, lodgement till, melt-out till and flow till, which can be related to typical sediment/landform models and which can form a good basis for site investigation planning. A proglacial/sub-glacial sediment association and land system is defined, in which lodgement till and proglacial outwash are the principal sediments, and in which drumlins, fluted moraines and push moraines, and kettle holes and eskers are the principal landforms. A supraglacial sediment association and land system is also defined, in which a suite of supraglacial sediments and landforms are superimposed on the subglacial/proglacial land system. The sediments comprise flow till, melt-out till and supraglacial outwash sediments, and the landforms largely comprise kame moraines. A third land system, the glaciated valley land system comprises chiefly medial and lateral moraines, in which the till is derived supraglacially from flanking valley sides, and kame terraces.
Till genesis influences the geotechnical properties of tills through its control on several important characteristics: grain-size distribution and its spatial variation; the stress history of the till; the nature of the sequence in which the till lies, e.g. the presence of stratified horizons; and jointing in the till. Post-depositional processes which change these characteristics are also important. The processes considered are: post-depositional wetting and drying; freezing and thawing; remoulding; and downward percolation of fines.
The Quaternary deposits of the Somerset Levels
Authors: Kidson C. , Heyworth A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Large areas of Somerset, known as the Levels, are at an altitude approximating to that of present High Water Mark. Below this surface lie buried valleys, filled by considerable thick-nesses of Quaternary sands, gravels, clays and peats. These are shown to be mainly of Holocene age, deposited in estuarine or coastal environments, over the last 9 000 years, at heights determined by the progression of the Holocene sea-level rise.
Older Quaternary estuarine sediments are also present, at heights above that reached by the Holocene sea, being related to trangressions probably of Ipswichian age. These interglacial deposits show evidence of reworking, around their margins, by the Holocene sea.
The foundation for an oil storage tank on Quaternary soils near Bridgwater, Somerset
Authors: Hinch L. W. , Martin P. L. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The site investigation carried out for an oil storage tank at a distribution terminal near Bridg-water, Somerset showed that a surface foundation could be adopted provided that the first filling of the tank was controlled to allow sufficient gain in strength of the foundation soils. The design of the instrumented flexible pad foundation, and the behaviour of the foundation during the controlled test filling of the tank with water, and when subsequently filled with oil, is described.
The evaluation of the engineering design parameters for glacial clays
Authors: Marsland A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The wide variation in composition, fabric and stress history of glacial clays is reflected by large variations in engineering parameters. Undrained shear strengths obtained from laboratory tests can vary by a factor of six or more. In order to make reasonable assessments of the values to use in design it is necessary to study the fabric, composition and pore-water pressure response during shear. Procedures used at the Building Research Station are outlined and illustrated by a field example. Operational parameters determined from deep
in situ
loading tests on 865 mm diameter plates can differ appreciably from those determined in laboratory tests. Undrained shear strengths determined from laboratory tests can be up to twice the operational values. On the other hand, moduli determined from laboratory tests are often only a fraction of those applicable to the field situation.

Similarly the ratio of the parameters determined from small
in situ
tests, such as the static cone penetration, pressuremeter and vane tests, can vary from around unity to three. The actual ratios probably depend on the fabric and composition of the clays, but comparisons have not yet been made in a sufficient number of different glacial clays to make even tentative recommendations.