bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Law of Aerial Bombardment in the 1991 Gulf War
Authors: Lewis Michael W. 
Published: April 2006

I shall often go wrong through defect of judgment. When right, I shall often be thought wrong by those whose positions will not command a view of the whole ground. I ask your indulgence for my own errors, which will never be intentional, and your support against the errors of others, who may condemn what they would not if seen in all its parts.—Thomas JeffersonOn August 2,1990, Iraqi forces invaded and occupied Kuwait, beginning a seven-monthlong series of events that would come to be known as the Persian Gulf war. Perhaps the most thoroughly examined of these events was the thirty-eight-day air campaign, which began on January 17,1991, and marked the beginning of the offensive by the coalition of states arrayed against Iraq, which ended after the latter’s withdrawal from Kuwait. Much has been written about the air campaign and its objectives, its implications for the future use of military force, and the extent to which it conformed to international law. Although this article will focus on the last of these topics, a contextual understanding of the air campaign is essential to a serious consideration of the military necessity and proportionality issues that lie at the heart of the legal analysis.
Goodwin v. United Kingdom. App. No. 28957/95 and I. v. United Kingdom. App. No. 25680/94
Authors: Caron David D. , Smith Rhona K. M. 
Published: April 2006

Goodwin v. United Kingdom. App. No. 28957/95. At <http://www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Judgments.htm>.European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, July 11, 2002.I. v. United Kingdom. App. No. 25680/94. At <http://www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Judgments.htm>. European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, July 11, 2002.Under English law, people may change their names and use those new names for official purposes. At the same time, specified biological criteria determine the sex of individuals under the law for various purposes, including marriage and retirement pensions. In Goodwin v. United Kingdom and I. v. United Kingdom, the question presented was whether such biological criteria impermissibly operate to the prejudice of postoperative transsexuals. The grand chamber of the European Court of Human Rights unanimously concluded that the practice of restricting gender in national law to the one registered at birth infringed both the right to respect for private life and the right to marry, contrary to the guarantees of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
Impaired Coronary Endothelium–Dependent Vasodilation Is Associated With Microalbuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries
Authors: Cosson Emmanuel , Pham Isabelle , Valensi Paul , Pariès Jacques , Attali Jean-Raymond , Nitenberg Alain 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—Microalbuminuria and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation are both predictors for cardiac events in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether microalbuminuria correlated with coronary endothelium–dependent vasodilation.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We evaluated 84 patients (47 men, mean age 50.5 ± 5.9 years) with type 2 diabetes for 9.4 ± 3.4 years, without angiographic coronary stenosis and without major cardiovascular risk factors or other confounding factors, for endothelium investigation. Quantitative coronary angiography was used to assess coronary artery response to cold pressor testing, used to assess endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and to isosorbide dinitrate (endothelium-independent vasodilation).
RESULTS—Endothelium-dependent vasodilation differed in the patients with and without microalbuminuria (changes in coronary artery diameter during cold pressor testing: −15.0 ± 1.9% vs. −10.2 ± 1.3%, respectively, P &lt; 0.05) and correlated with urinary albumin excretion rate (r = −0.39, P = 0.003), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.29, P &lt; 0.01), and left ventricular mass index (r = −0.24, P &lt; 0.05). Independent predictors for endothelium-dependent vasodilation were urinary albumin excretion rate (β −0.04 [95% CI −0.07 to −0.01], P &lt; 0.005) and left ventricular mass index (−0.26 [−0.49 to −0.05], P &lt; 0.05). Endothelium-independent vasodilation was similar in both groups.
CONCLUSIONS—Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria have a more severely impaired coronary endothelium–dependent vasodilation than those with normoalbuminuria. These data suggest a common pathophysiological process for both coronary vasomotor abnormalities and microalbuminuria.
Improvements in Patient‐Reported Outcomes Through Six Months of Guselkumab Treatment in Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis: Real‐World Data From the CorEvitas Psoriatic Arthritis/Spondyloarthritis Registry
Authors: Mease Philip J. , Ogdie Alexis , Tesser John , Shiff Natalie J. , Zhao Ruizhi Sophia , Chakravarty Soumya D. , Kelleman Michael , Dodge Rhiannon , McLean Robert R. , Broadwell Aaron , Kavanaugh Arthur , Merola Joseph F. 
Published: February 2024

ObjectiveEvaluate patient‐reported outcomes after 6 months of on‐label guselkumab use in patients with rheumatologist‐diagnosed active psoriatic arthritis (PsA) enrolled in the CorEvitas PsA/Spondyloarthritis Registry.MethodsThis analysis includes registry participants who initiated and persisted with on‐label guselkumab (after US Food and Drug Administration approval for PsA; 100 mg at weeks 0, 4, and every 8 weeks) at their 6‐month follow‐up visit (On‐Label Persisters). Among patients not meeting response criteria at baseline, responses at 6 months were determined for patient‐reported outcomes, including patient‐reported pain (0–100 mm visual analog scale), patient global assessment of arthritis + psoriasis (PtGA; 0–100 visual analog scale), and Health Assessment Questionnaire‐Disability Index (HAQ‐DI; 0‐3). Unadjusted, nominal P values were calculated via single‐proportion, one‐sided test (H0 = 0%; α = 0.05).ResultsOf 90 On‐Label Persisters, most had treatment‐resistant PsA (92.2% and 73.3% previously received ≥1 and ≥2 biologic/targeted synthetic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs, respectively), with mean (SD) baseline patient‐reported pain, PtGA, and HAQ‐DI scores of 57.0 (24.6), 50.3 (24.4), and 0.9 (0.6), respectively. Among those with patient‐reported pain and PtGA scores of at least 15 at baseline, 40.2% (33/82) and 46.8% (36/77), respectively, achieved at least 15‐mm reductions at 6 months; among those with HAQ‐DI scores of at least 0.35 and more than 0.5 at baseline, respectively, 30.4% (21/69) achieved improvements of at least 0.35 and 10.3% (6/58) achieved scores of 0.5 or lower at 6 months (all nominal P < 0.001).ConclusionPain and physical function are important contributors to health‐related quality of life. In this real‐world population of patients with treatment‐resistant PsA and 6 months of persistent guselkumab treatment, clinically meaningful improvements in pain and physical function were achieved by approximately 40% and 30% of patients, respectively.
Online reinforcement learning control via discontinuous gradient
Authors: Arellano‐Muro Carlos A. , Castillo‐Toledo Bernardino , Di Gennaro Stefano , Loukianov Alexander G. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThis work proposes a reinforcement learning control scheme for systems affected by persistent external perturbations. This scheme relies on and high‐order sliding mode control techniques combined to estimate the parameters with a certain degree of precision and simultaneously attenuate persistent and state‐dependent perturbations. The proposed solution is a novel design technique based on the minimization method via Discontinuous Gradient. The stability of the proposed scheme is proved via the Lyapunov approach.
Flexible Zn‐TCPP Nanosheet‐Based Memristor for Ultralow‐Power Biomimetic Sensing System and High‐Precision Gesture Recognition
Authors: Wang Yilong , Su Jie , Ouyang Guoyao , Geng Sunyingyue , Ren Mengchen , Pan Weiliang , Bian Jing , Cao Minghui 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe flexible biomimetic sensory system inspired by biology exhibits learning, memory, and cognitive behavior toward external stimuli, providing a promising direction for the future development of the artificial intelligence industry. In this work, a Zn‐TCPP (TCPP: tetrakis (4‐carboxyphenyl) porphyrin) based flexible memristor with ultra‐low both operating voltage (≈80 mV) and power consumption (0.39 nW) that simulates typical synaptic plasticities, under continuously adjustable ultra‐low voltage pulses (50 mV). The synaptic properties are well maintained even when bending 1000 times at a radius of 5 mm. Furthermore, the flexible bionic sensing system integrated with Zn‐TCPP based memristor and cotton fibre piezoresistive sensor can remember pressure and deformation current, thus simulate the learning‐forgetting‐relearning characteristics under mechanical stimuli (power supply = 100 mV). Especially, the system achieves a high recognition rate of 97% for gestures through self‐built datasets and neural network calculations and remains at a high level under the influence of 10% Gaussian noise (80%) and 5 mm bending state (91%). Consequently, the ultralow‐power flexible biomimetic sensing system shows great potential in the field of integrated artificial intelligence with multiple modules, paving the way for the development of low‐power biomimetic robots in the future.
Phase Change Material Boosting Electricity Output and Freshwater Production through Hierarchical‐Structured 3D Solar Evaporator
Authors: Li Wencheng , Zheng Zhiheng , Qian Zhiqiang , Liu Huan , Wang Xiaodong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIntermittent sunlight irradiation severely limits the performance of solar evaporators for electricity output and freshwater production. To address this issue, a hierarchical‐structured three‐dimentional (3D) solar evaporator to simultaneously enhance output voltage and freshwater production by integrating a paraffin‐type phase change material (PCM) with a circular concave‐shaped 3D supporter covered with a carbon‐black‐nanoparticles‐modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric (PMCB) is developed. In this developed 3D solar evaporator, the 3D‐printed supporter can trap sunlight to improve solar energy absorption, and the PMCB obtained from hydrophilic and hydrophobic modification can adequately absorb sunlight for electricity generation and water evaporation, resulting in a maximum output voltage of 3.51 V and a high evaporation rate of 4.0 kg m−2 h−1 under natural sunlight illumination. Owing to the introduction of the PCM, the 3D solar evaporator obtains a decrease in the time required for charging a capacitor by 57.9% and an increase in freshwater production by 29.9% compared to the counterpart without a PCM. Through rationally utilizing the solar photothermal energy stored by the PCM and innovatively integrating the PCM and PMCB in a hierarchical‐structured 3D supporter, the developed 3D solar evaporator exhibits great application potential for simultaneous electricity generation and freshwater supply under intermittent solar irradiation.
Self‐Healing, Injectable Hydrogel Dressing for Monitoring and Therapy of Diabetic Wound
Authors: Xie Hongxia , Wang Zheng , Wang Ruizi , Chen Qianqian , Yu Aixi , Lu Ang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractChronic diabetic wound repair is a global medical challenge. Developing a hydrogel dressing to effectively promote angiogenesis and detect wound state in diabetic wound management is an unmet medical requirement. Herein, a facile and efficient strategy to prepare self‐healing hydrogel with enhanced angiogenesis and real‐time monitoring for diabetic wounds is presented, by cross‐linking carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with precoordinated europium‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Eu‐EDTA) complexes. Benefiting from the dynamic and reversible coordination interaction formation, the hydrogel exhibits remarkable injectability and self‐healing properties, thus forming efficient coverage in irregular and deep wounds with minimally invasive procedures. Furthermore, the fluorescence of the hydrogel changes linearly with pH value in the range of 4.5–7.5 and enables real‐time pH measurement to monitor the wound state. More importantly, the hydrogel can effectively promote the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and enhance tube formation ability, demonstrating great angiogenesis capacity in tissue remodeling. The in vivo experiments manifested that the hydrogel can enhance angiogenesis by upregulating the expression of angiogenesis‐related factors and downregulating matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), contributing to granulation tissue formation, collagen deposition, and diabetic wound repair. This work can provide a promising strategy for diagnosis and therapy in clinical diabetic wounds.
A Combination of Flexible Modified Plant Virus Nanoparticles Enables Additive Effects Resulting in Improved Osteogenesis
Authors: Schuphan Juliane , Stojanović Natalija , Lin Ying‐Ying , Buhl Eva Miriam , Aveic Sanja , Commandeur Ulrich , Schillberg Stefan , Fischer Horst 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPlant virus nanoparticles (VNPs) genetically engineered to present osteogenic cues provide a promising method for biofunctionalizing hydrogels in bone tissue engineering. Flexible Potato virus X (PVX) nanoparticles substantially enhance the attachment and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) by presenting the RGD motif, hydroxyapatite‐binding peptide (HABP), or consecutive polyglutamates (E8) in a concentration‐dependent manner. Therefore, it is hypothesized that Tobacco mosaic virus nanoparticles, which present 1.6 times more functional peptides than PVX, will meliorate such an impact. This study hypothesizes that cultivating hMSCs on a surface coated with a combination of two VNPs presenting peptides for either cell attachment or mineralization can achieve additionally enhancing effects on osteogenesis. Calcium minerals deposited by differentiating hMSCs increases two to threefold for this combination, while the Alkaline Phosphatase activity of hMSCs grown on the PVX‐RGD/PVX‐HABP‐coated surface significantly surpasses any other VNP combination. Superior additive effects are observed for the first time by employing a combination of VNPs with varying functionalities. It is found that the flexible VNP geometry plays a more critical role than the concentration of functional peptides. In conclusion, various peptide‐presenting plant VNPs exhibit an additive enhancing effect offering significant potential for effectively functionalizing cell‐containing hydrogels in bone tissue engineering.
Stereo‐Hindrance Engineering of A Cation toward <110>‐Oriented 2D Perovskite with Minimized Tilting and High‐Performance X‐Ray Detection
Authors: Xia Mengling , Sun Xijuan , Ye Fan , Liao Mingquan , Liu Jiaqi , Liu Shiyou , Wu Dong , Xu Yinsheng , Zhang Xianghua , Xue Kan‐Hao , Miao Xiangshui , Tang Jiang , Niu Guangda 
Published: February 2024

Abstract2D <100>‐oriented Dion–Jacobson or Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites are widely recognized as promising candidates for optoelectronic applications. However, the large interlayer spacing significantly hinders the carrier transport. <110>‐oriented 2D perovskites naturally exhibit reduced interlayer spacings, but the tilting of metal halide octahedra is typically serious and leads to poor charge transport. Herein, a <110>‐oriented 2D perovskite EPZPbBr4 (EPZ = 1‐ethylpiperazine) with minimized tilting is designed through A‐site stereo‐hindrance engineering. The piperazine functional group enters the space enclosed by the three [PbBr6]4− octahedra, pushing Pb─Br─Pb closer to a straight line (maximum Pb─Br─Pb angle ≈180°), suppressing the tilting as well as electron–phonon coupling. Meanwhile, the ethyl group is located between layers and contributes an extremely reduced effective interlayer distance (2.22 Å), further facilitating the carrier transport. As a result, EPZPbBr4 simultaneously demonstrates high µτ product (1.8 × 10−3 cm2 V−1) and large resistivity (2.17 × 1010 Ω cm). The assembled X‐ray detector achieves low dark current of 1.02 × 10−10 A cm−2 and high sensitivity of 1240 µC Gy−1 cm−2 under the same bias voltage. The realized specific detectivity (ratio of sensitivity to noise current density, 1.23 × 108 µC Gy−1 cm−1 A−1/2) is the highest among all reported perovskite X‐ray detectors.
Ice‐Templated Synthesis of Atomic Cluster Cocatalyst with Regulable Coordination Number for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wang Haifeng , Wang Fan , Zhang Shengjia , Shen Jing , Zhu Xiaolin , Cui Yuanyuan , Li Pengfei , Lin Chao , Li Xiaopeng , Xiao Qi , Luo Wei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSupported metal catalysts have been exploited in various applications. Among them, cocatalyst supported on photocatalyst is essential for activation of photocatalysis. However, cocatalyst decoration in a controllable fashion to promote intrinsic activity remains challenging. Herein, a versatile method is developed for cocatalyst synthesis using an ice‐templating (ICT) strategy, resulting in size control from single‐atom (SA), and atomic clusters (AC) to nanoparticles (NP). Importantly, the coordination numbers (CN) of decorated AC cocatalysts are highly controllable, and this ICT method applies to various metals and photocatalytic substrates. Taking narrow‐band gap Ga‐doped La5Ti2Cu0.9Ag0.1O7S5 (LTCA) photocatalyst as an example, supported Ru AC/LTCA catalysts with regulable Ru CNs have been prepared, delivering significantly enhanced activities compared to Ru SA and Ru NPs supported on LTCA. Specifically, Ru(CN = 3.4) AC/LTCA with an average CN of Ru─Ru bond measured to be ≈3.4 exhibits excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution rate (578 µmol h−1) under visible light irradiation. Density functional theory calculation reveals that the modeled Ru(CN = 3) atomic cluster cocatalyst possesses favorable electronic properties and available active sites for the H2 evolution reaction.
Supra‐Fluorophores: Ultrabright Fluorescent Supramolecular Assemblies Derived from Conventional Fluorophores in Water
Authors: Lei Yuqing , Wang Yuqian , Hill Sophie K. , Cheng Zihe , Song Qiao , Perrier Sébastien 
Published: February 2024

AbstractFluorescent organic nanoparticles (NPs) with exceptional brightness hold significant promise for demanding fluorescence bioimaging applications. Although considerable efforts are invested in developing novel organic dyes with enhanced performance, augmenting the brightness of conventional fluorophores is still one of the biggest challenges to overcome. This study presents a supramolecular strategy for constructing ultrabright fluorescent nanoparticles in aqueous media (referred to as “Supra‐fluorophores”) derived from conventional fluorophores. To achieve this, this course has employed a cylindrical nanoparticle with a hydrophobic microdomain, assembled by a cyclic peptide‐diblock copolymer conjugate in water, as a supramolecular scaffold. The noncovalent dispersion of fluorophore moieties within the hydrophobic microdomain of the scaffold effectively mitigates the undesired aggregation‐caused quenching and fluorescence quenching by water, resulting in fluorescent NPs with high brightness. This strategy is applicable to a broad spectrum of fluorophore families, covering polyaromatic hydrocarbons, coumarins, boron‐dipyrromethenes, cyanines, xanthenes, and squaraines. The resulting fluorescent NPs demonstrate high fluorescence quantum yield (>30%) and brightness per volume (as high as 12 060 m−1 cm−1 nm−3). Moreover, high‐performance NPs with emission in the NIR region are constructed, showcasing up to 20‐fold increase in both brightness and photostability. This Supra‐fluorophore strategy offers a versatile and effective method for transforming existing fluorophores into ultrabright fluorescent NPs in aqueous environments, for applications such as bioimaging.
Fast Emitting Nanocomposites for High‐Resolution ToF‐PET Imaging Based on Multicomponent Scintillators
Authors: Orfano Matteo , Pagano Fiammetta , Mattei Ilaria , Cova Francesca , Secchi Valeria , Bracco Silvia , Rogers Edith , Barbieri Luca , Lorenzi Roberto , Bizarri Gregory , Auffray Etiennette , Monguzzi Angelo 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTime‐of‐Flight Positron Emission Tomography (ToF‐PET) is a medical imaging technique, based on the detection of two back‐to‐back γ‐photons generated from radiotracers injected into the body. Its limit is the ability of employed scintillation detectors to discriminate in time the arrival of γ‐pairs, that is, the coincidence time resolution (CTR). A CTR < 50 ps will enable fast imaging with ultralow radiotracer dose. Monolithic materials do not have simultaneously the required high light output and fast emission characteristics, thus the concept of scintillating heterostructure is proposed, where the device is made of a dense scintillator coupled to a fast‐emitting light material. Here a composite polymeric scintillator loaded with hafnium oxide nanoparticles is presented. This enhanced by +300% its scintillation yield, by surpassing commercial plastic scintillators. The nanocomposite is coupled to bismuth germanate oxide (BGO) realizing a multilayer metascintillator. The energy sharing between its components is observed, which activates the nanocomposite's fast emission enabling a net CTR improvement of 25% with respect to monolithic BGO. These results demonstrate that a controlled loading with dense nanomaterials is an excellent strategy to enhance the performance of polymeric scintillators for their use in advanced radiation detection and imaging technologies.
Bi‐Layer Reflection‐Transmission Dual‐Mode Metasurface with Flexible Bandwidth Control
Authors: Faraz Faizan , Zhang Zhengping , Huang Yuanqing , Fraz Hifza , Abbasi Taufeeq Ur Rehman , Wang Xiong , Zhu Weiren 
Published: February 2024

AbstractA general strategy for designing bi‐layer reflection‐transmission integrated dual‐mode metasurfaces is presented with flexible bandwidth control. The design of such metasurfaces is enlightened by introducing a cutting hole in the ground plane, which not only acts as a filter for reflection and transmission but also has an eloquent role for bandwidth control. For proof of concept, a bi‐layer metasurface consisting of split ring resonators (SRRs) is designed on the top side and I‐shaped resonators on both sides. The proper adjustment of ground cut/hole shifts the two co‐polarized resonances (initial resonances of the SRRs) close to each other, and in addition, converts wideband cross‐polarized reflection (in between the two initial co‐polarized resonances of SRR) to co‐polarized reflection. This results in a broadband response by shifting two co‐polarized resonances close to each other and converting cross‐polarized reflection into co‐polarized reflection. It is demonstrated that a simple SRR can be responsible for broadband (7.9–12 GHz) reflection while an I‐shaped structure is used for transmission with central frequency at 17.58 GHz with independent phase controls. To endorse the proposed strategy, a metasurface prototype is fabricated and tested for the generation of vortex beams and focusing.