bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Codes, eros and craft: an interview with Evan Douglis
Authors: Silver Mike 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFrom a studio in Brooklyn, New York, Evan Douglis has carved out an international reputation for innovative research into self‐generative systems, membrane technology and contemporary fabrication. In the last decade, this work has largely been expressed through interactive installations, a medium that is compatible with Douglis's curatorial interests (he was the director of the architecture galleries at Columbia University for eight years). However, with the opening last year of the REptile, Haku Japanese Restaurant in New York, and the ongoing development of the REptile tile product line, Douglis is currently working at new building and manufacturing scales. As Chair of the Department of Undergraduate Architecture at the Pratt Institute since 2003, his influence on a generation of younger designers has been palpable. Here, guest‐editor Mike Silver discusses with Douglis the significance for him of the interface between the algorithmic and the material. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colors restaurant
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: August 2006

AbstractOne of the few good things to come out of the World Trade Center disaster was the Restaurant Opportunities Center of New York (ROC‐NY), a nonprofit organisation formed after 11 September to provide ongoing support to displaced workers and families of victims from the centre's Windows on the World restaurant. Now ROC‐NY has 700 members, is working to improve conditions for restaurant workers all over the city, and is helping displaced workers from all the World Trade Center restaurants open cooperatively owned restaurants of their own. Jayne Merkel describes the first, the ambitious Colors, which has 58 owners from 24 countries, most of whom once worked at the enormous Windows on the World at the top of the famous twin towers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast
Authors: Peyton Jane 
Published: August 2006

AbstractJane Peyton, the author of Pub Scene, raises her glass and writes a eulogy in celebration of one of Britain's finest 19th‐century gin palaces: The Crown Liquor Saloon, which remained a ‘dowager’ in Belfast during the troubles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoelectrochemical Reactivity of a Hybrid Electrode Composed of Polyoxophosphotungstate Encapsulated in Titania Nanotubes
Authors: Xie Y. B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA polyoxometalate‐modified titania hybrid electrode with a tailored microstructure is studied for its photoelectrochemical applications. A highly ordered TiO2 nanotube array is prepared by low‐voltage anodization followed by calcination. Functionalized polyoxophosphotungstate–titania/titanium (POW–TiO2/Ti) hybrid electrodes are synthesized by encapsulating POW nanoaggregates in the TiO2 nanotube array. The morphological characteristics and structures of POW–TiO2 composites are examined by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The photoelectrochemical properties of the POW–TiO2/Ti electrodes are investigated by anodic polarization photocurrent‐response measurements. Photocatalytic/photoelectrocatalytic reactivities of microstructured and nanotubular POW–TiO2/Ti photoanodes are studied for their use in the degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants.
Early childhood stress and adult age mortality—A study of dental enamel hypoplasia in the medieval Danish village of Tirup
Authors: Boldsen Jesper L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study explores how linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) affects mortality in the village of Tirup (A.D. 1150–1350), Denmark. Data consist of information on 583 skeletons aged 1 year or more. Three partly overlapping subsamples were defined. (1) 104 skeletons of young children aged 1–6 years and 120 skeletons of adults giving information on LEH. (2) 458 skeletons aged 6 years or more. (3) 109 adult skeletons (aged 20 years or more) that provided transition analysis age estimates, sex assessments, and LEH information. Of the 109 skeletons in Subsample 3, 60 had no and 49 had at least one LEH. In Subsample 1, it was found that the case fatality rate for episodes potentially leading to LEH dropped from over 0.5 in 1‐year olds to around 0.1 in 3–5‐year olds. Only models with heterogeneity of frailty could describe late childhood and adolescent mortality. Further, it was shown that only a model with continuously varying frailty preserved heterogeneity to adulthood. Among young adult females and males in all adult ages, people with LEH experienced a higher mortality than people without it. Among males, the mortality rate ratio (MRR) was 2.28. The analyses indicate that the MRR gives an unbiased estimate for the extra risk of dying for adult males with LEH. The values of the case fatality rates for young children might be slightly biased upward because of a higher than average number of older children and adolescents dying with LEH. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biosynthetische anorganische Chemie
Authors: Lu Yi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAnorganische Chemie und Biologie können sehr voneinander profitieren. Nachdem anorganische Synthese und physikalische Chemie zu den großen Erfolgen bei der Aufklärung der Rolle von Metallionen in biologischen Systemen beigetragen haben, sollen nun biologische Systeme bei der Weiterentwicklung der Koordinationschemie helfen. Ein Beispiel dafür sind kleine, stabile, leicht herstellbare und gut charakterisierte Proteinliganden für die Synthese neuer anorganischer Verbindungen. Diese “biosynthetische anorganische Chemie” wird erst dank einiger Entwicklungen in der Biologie möglich. Der Aufsatz beginnt mit Fortschritten bei der Synthese genauer Modelle von komplexen Metalloproteinen. Anschließend wird gezeigt, wie das Konzept für anorganische Chemie ebenso wie Biologie neuartige Verbindungen hervorbringen kann. Im Vordergrund stehen “Synthesetricks”, die von biologischen Systemen erlernt wurden, sowie neue Strukturen.
Spatial distribution of fishing effort in relation to seafloor habitats in the Kattegat, a GIS analysis
Authors: Nilsson Per , Ziegler Friederike 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
High‐resolution fishing effort data from the Kattegat, an important fishing ground for Swedish and Danish fishermen, was analysed in a Geographical Information System (GIS). Data were based on position data for individual tows reported by Swedish fishermen during 2001–2003.
Gear dimension and towing speed data were used to calculate an index for area swept per hour for each main gear type in use in the area. These indexes were multiplied by fishing effort and a grid theme of fishing intensity was created after GIS analysis.
Around 44% of the entire area was affected by Swedish fisheries during the study period, hence 56% was not affected.
Effort was highly concentrated in certain areas and 10% of the total area was covered more than twice per year.
Overlaying the effort data set with habitat maps classified according to the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) showed that the fishing pressure differed between habitats. For deep rocky and muddy habitats, almost the entire area was affected by fisheries during the study period, while both intensity and proportion affected were lower in sandy sediments and gravels.
Around 55% of the deep rocky habitats were trawled more than twice per year. Of the muddy seafloor areas, 41% were covered more than twice per year and 4% more than once a month by trawls.
The biological effects of the fishing intensities found were analysed using a database (MarLIN) containing assessments of marine habitat recoverability. All habitats except muds are probably in a nearly or fully recovered condition (as defined by MarLIN). A considerable part of the muddy habitats are in a permanently altered condition owing to fishing disturbance taking place more frequently than the indicated recovery time.
Danish fishermen report more fishing effort in the area than do Swedes. Owing to differences in reporting fishing positions, Danish fisheries could not be included in the present study. Scaling up the results to include Danish fisheries is discussed.
The results of the present study could be used to target habitat management goals more precisely, while minimizing the negative impact of restrictions on the fishing sector.
A prerequisite for performing similar studies is the availability of high‐resolution fishing effort data and high‐resolution benthic habitat maps.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Substituted 1,3‐Diene Synthetic Equivalents by a Ru‐Catalyzed Diyne Hydrative Cyclization
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Huang Xiaojun 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCatalyzed by [CpRu(CH3CN)3]PF6, the hydrative cyclization of dipropargylic sulfone substrates provides an effective way to synthesize highly functionalized substituted 3‐sulfolenes. The amount of water is crucial for the reactivity of this cycloisomerization reaction. The scope and limitations of the Ru‐catalyzed cycloisomerization are discussed. A marked ketone‐directing effect was observed for the first time in ruthenium‐catalyzed cyclizations. A plausible mechanism for the ketone‐directed cycloisomerization is also rationalized. The utility of this method was demonstrated by both sulfur dioxide extrusion of the 3‐sulfolenes to afford 1,3‐dienes and subsequent inter‐ or intramolecular Diels–Alder reactions.
Combining Treatment Selection and Definitive Testing
Authors: Proschan Michael A. , Hunsberger Sally A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis is a discussion of the following two papers appearing in this special issue on adaptive designs: ‘An adaptive hierarchical test procedure for selecting safe and efficient treatments’ by Franz König, Peter Bauer and Werner Brannath, and ‘An adaptive two‐stage design with treatment selection using the conditional error function approach’ by Jixian Wang. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of particle size based separation of milled corn stover on AFEX pretreatment and enzymatic digestibility
Authors: Chundawat Shishir P.S. , Venkatesh Balan , Dale Bruce E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractParticle size and compositional variance are found to have a substantial influence on ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Corn stover was milled and fractionated into particle sizes of varying composition. The larger particle size fractions (rich in corn cob and stalk portions) were found to be more recalcitrant to hydrolysis compared to the smaller size fractions (rich in leaves and husk portion). Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for biomass surface and bulk compositional analysis, respectively. The ESCA results showed a 15–30% decrease in the O/C (oxygen to carbon) ratio after the pretreatment indicating an increase in the hydrophobic nature of biomass surface. FTIR results confirmed cleavage of the lignin–carbohydrate complex (LCC) for the AFEX‐treated fractions. The spectroscopic results indicate the extraction of cleaved lignin phenolic fragments and other cell wall extractives to the biomass surface upon AFEX. Water washing of AFEX‐treated fractions removed some of the hydrophobic extractives resulting in a 13% weight loss (dry weight basis). Phenolic content of wash stream was evaluated by the modified Prussian blue (MPB) method. Removal of ligno‐phenolic extractives from the AFEX‐treated biomass by water washing vastly improved the glucan conversion as compared to the unwashed samples. Reduction in substrate particle size was found to affect the AFEX process and rate of hydrolysis as well. Implications of the stover particle size, composition, and inhibitory role of the phenolic fragments on an integrated biorefinery are discussed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 219–231. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A study on the mediating role of disgust with meat in the prediction of red meat consumption among young females
Authors: Kubberød Elin , Ueland Øydis , Risvik Einar , Henjesand Inge Jan 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Recent studies have examined young females' negative sentiments toward meat in the western world. This paper explored the role of various factors that may trigger disgust with meat and hence avoidance of red meat among young females. These include negative body esteem, disgust motivations related to ideational concerns, sensory‐affective concerns, and anticipation of negative consequences relating to the consumption of meat. The investigation showed that all of these factors were positively related to disgust with meat, and disgust with meat influenced red meat consumption negatively.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumption and community: choices for women over forty
Authors: Szmigin Isabelle , Carrigan Marylyn 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Women in their 40s face a range of issues regarding how they choose to present themselves to the world; often these choices involve forms of consumption. We talked to two groups of British women and discussed how they felt about themselves and the pressures upon them. We present a discussion which aims to synthesize some of the key features of how these women face their futures and suggest potential theoretical positions to help encapsulate women's present and future selves. We suggest that there are a number of pressures that may engender alternative consumption choices and these are often set within a wider sense of female community. The concept of community should prove useful for further theorising on women's future consumption choices.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive vs. negative switching barriers: the influence of service consumers' need for variety
Authors: Vázquez‐Carrasco Rosario , Foxall Gordon R. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In this study, we deal with the existing debate related to the establishment of switching barriers retaining customers in the relationship with a provider. In particular, we demonstrate that ‘positive’ switching barriers (relational benefits) play a greater role that the ‘negative’ ones (switching costs and availability and attractiveness of other providers' offers) in determining customer satisfaction and retention. On the other hand, we include customers' need for variety in the proposed model, in order to demonstrate that a higher level of this psychological trait will lead to a lower perception of the existence of switching barriers. The hypotheses proposed have been tested for a services context on a sample of 800 individuals, using the technique ‘Partial Least Squares’ (PLS). Our findings lead to some interesting managerial implications.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Head‐to‐Head Cross‐Linked Adduct between the Antitumor Unit Bis(μ‐N,N′‐di‐p‐tolylformamidinato)dirhodium(II,II) and the DNA Fragment d(GpG)
Authors: Chifotides Helen T. , Dunbar Kim R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractReactions of the compound cis‐[Rh2(DTolF)2(CH3CN)6](BF4)2, a formamidinate derivative of the class of antitumor compounds [Rh2(O2CR)4] (R=Me, Et, Pr), with 9‐ethylguanine (9‐EtGuaH) or the dinucleotide d(GpG) proceed by substitution of the acetonitrile groups, with the guanine bases spanning the RhRh bond, in a bridging fashion, through sites N7/O6. In the case of 9‐EtGuaH, both head‐to‐head (HH) and head‐to‐tail (HT) isomers are formed, whereas with the tethered bases in d(GpG), only one right‐handed conformer HH1R [Rh2(DTolF)2{d(GpG)}] is present in solution. For both cis‐[Rh2(DTolF)2(9‐EtGuaH)2](BF4)2 and [Rh2(DTolF)2{d(GpG)}], the absence of N7 protonation at low pH and the substantial decrease of the pKa values for N1‐H deprotonation, support N7/O6 binding of the bases to the dirhodium core. The N7/O6 binding of the bases is further corroborated by the downfield shift by Δδ∼4.0 ppm of the 13C NMR resonances for the C6 nuclei as compared to the corresponding resonances of the free ligands. The HH arrangement of the guanine bases in [Rh2(DTolF)2{d(GpG)}] is indicated by the intense H8/H8 ROE cross‐peaks in the 2D ROESY NMR spectrum. Complete characterization of the [Rh2(DTolF)2{d(GpG)}] conformer by 2D NMR spectroscopy supports anti‐orientation and N (C3′‐endo) conformation for both deoxyribose residues. The N‐pucker for the 5′‐G base is universal in such cross‐links, but it is very unusual for platinum and unprecedented for dirhodium HH cross‐linked adducts to have both deoxyribose residues in the N‐type conformation. The bulk, the nonlabile character, and the electron‐donating ability of the formamidinate bridging groups spanning the dirhodium core affect the nature of the preferred dirhodium DNA adducts. Molecular modeling studies performed on [Rh2(DTolF)2{d(GpG)}] corroborate the structural features obtained by NMR spectroscopy.
Noninvasive magnetic resonance thermography of soft tissue sarcomas during regional hyperthermia
Authors: Gellermann Johanna , Hildebrandt Bert , Issels Rolf , Ganter Hildegard , Wlodarczyk Waldemar , Budach Volker , Felix Roland , Tunn Per‐Ulf , Reichardt Peter , Wust Peter 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to evaluate noninvasive magnetic resonance (MR) thermography for the monitoring of regional hyperthermia (RHT) in patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the lower extremities and pelvis.METHODSNoninvasive MR monitoring during RHT was performed in 9 patients who had high‐risk soft tissue sarcomas of the lower extremities or pelvis during neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus RHT in the scope of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer 62961/European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology RHT‐95 study. Anatomic and temperature‐sensitive data sets were acquired every 10 minutes before and during RHT (using gradient‐echo‐sequences with variable echo times). MR temperature distributions were derived from the phase differences by using the proton‐resonance frequency shift method. A phase convolution setting phase shifts to zero in the fat tissue was performed as a drift correction. The mean MR temperatures in the tumor and muscles and the index temperatures (e.g., T90, which covers 90% of the target volume) and thermal doses were determined and compared with pathohistologic responses and direct temperature measurements if available.RESULTSThirty of 72 MR‐thermography data sets (>40% of heat sessions) were evaluable. A significant correlation was observed between pathohistologic response (defined as a necrosis rate ≥90%) and standardized thermal parameters, such as thermal dose cumulative equivalent minutes at 43°C to 90% of the target volume (T90) (P = .050), mean T90 (P = .048), or T50 (P = .050). The correlation of 13 conventional temperature measurements performed in selected patients and sessions invasively in the tumor or noninvasively in rectum and bladder revealed an excellent correlation with MR temperatures (R2 = .96).CONCLUSIONSNoninvasive MR thermography of soft tissue sarcoma was feasible and suitable for validating the quality of heating during RHT. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Characterization of O2–CeO2 Interactions Using In Situ Raman Spectroscopy and First‐Principle Calculations
Authors: Choi Y. M. , Abernathy Harry , Chen Hsin‐Tsung , Lin M. C. , Liu Meilin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractInteractions between O2 and CeO2 are examined experimentally using in situ Raman spectroscopy and theoretically using density‐functional slab‐model calculations. Two distinct oxygen bands appear at 825 and 1131 cm−1, corresponding to peroxo‐ and superoxo‐like species, respectively, when partially reduced CeO2 is exposed to 10 % O2. Periodic density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations aid the interpretation of spectroscopic observations and provide energetic and geometric information for the dioxygen species adsorbed on CeO2. The O2 adsorption energies on unreduced CeO2 surfaces are endothermic (0.91<ΔEads<0.98 eV), while those on reduced surfaces are exothermic (−4. 0<ΔEads<−0.9 eV), depending on other relevant surface processes such as chemisorption and diffusion into the bulk. Partial reduction of surface Ce4+ to Ce3+ (together with formation of oxygen vacancies) alters geometrical parameters and, accordingly, leads to a shift in the vibrational frequencies of adsorbed oxygen species compared to those on unreduced CeO2. Moreover, the location of oxygen vacancies affects the formation and subsequent dissociation of oxygen species on the surfaces. DFT predictions of the energetics support the experimental observation that the reduced surfaces are energetically more favorable than the unreduced surfaces for oxygen adsorption and reduction.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Halide and Nitrite Oxidation by Mammalian Heme Peroxidases
Authors: Arnhold Jürgen , Monzani Enrico , Furtmüller Paul G. , Zederbauer Martina , Casella Luigi , Obinger Christian 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe human heme peroxidases myeloperoxidase (MPO),eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and lactoperoxidase (LPO) are able to oxidise (pseudo)halides and nitrite to reactive species that participate in host defence against foreign microorganisms as well as in immunomodulation and tissue degradation in certain pathologies. The heme in EPO and LPO is covalently linked to the apoprotein by two ester bonds, whereas in MPO it is additionally linked by a unique sulfonium ion bond to a methionine residue. As a consequence, the prosthetic group in MPO is significantly distorted from a planar conformation. These structural differences are reflected by distinct spectral and redox properties as well as reactivities toward chloride, bromide, iodide, thiocyanate and nitrite, which function as endogenous two‐ and one‐electron donors for these enzymes in vivo. Standard reduction potentials at pH 7 have been determined for all redox couples involved in the halogenation and peroxidase cycle of MPO and LPO and partially of EPO. A detailed thermodynamic analysis of the formation of reactive halide species by MPO and EPO was also performed. Thus, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of reactions catalysed by human heme peroxidases is presented that allows a better understanding of their role in physiological and pathophysiological processes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Quantum Chemical Analysis of the Enantiomerisation Mechanism of Complexes of the Type [MII(XU)4]F+(M = Pt, Pd, Ni; X = S, Se, Te;U = urea)
Authors: Puchta Ralph , Meier Roland , van Eikema Hommes Nico J. R. , van Eldik Rudi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe enantiomerisation pathway for {[Pt(thiourea)4]}F+[a model for theC4‐symmetric [Pt(SU)4]SiF6(SU = thiourea) complex] and derivatives is explored by density functional theory (B3LYP/LANL2DZp) und the activation barrier for the one‐step process fromC4toC4′ via aC4transition state is computed. The substitution of Pt2+by Pd2+and Ni2+and the exchange of selenourea and tellurourea increase the barrier. ({[Pt(thiourea)4]}F+: 4.2 kcal/mol, {[Pd(thiourea)4]}F+: 4.5 kcal/mol, {[Ni(thiourea)4]}F+: 7.6 kcal/mol, {[Pt(selenourea)4]}F+: 5.3 kcal/mol, {[Pt(tellurourea)4]}F+: 8.8 kcal/mol). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)