bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational analysis of stimulated dopaminergic synapses suggests release largely occurs from a single pool of vesicles
Authors: Wallace Lane J. , Hughes Rachel M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractResults from several experiments monitoring extracellular dopamine (DA) after stimulating axons at high frequencies have been interpreted as evidence for release from two populations of vesicles in dopaminergic varicosities. In addition, these experiments have suggested that cocaine and other dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors promote transfer of vesicles or dopamine itself from a reserve pool to a readily available pool. We developed a computer model simulation of these experiments with the goal of determining a set of mathematical formulas that describe dopamine movement between multiple storage compartments. However, the simulations show that data can be accurately simulated with release largely from a homogeneous population of vesicles, and that effects of dopamine transporter inhibitors can be explained without requiring that these drugs promote movement of dopamine from a reserve to an available pool. The data also suggest that dopamine recycling is highly efficient, even under high‐frequency signaling conditions, and that the “kiss and run” mechanism of dopamine release probably predominates under conditions of very rapid neuron firing. Synapse 62:909–919, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The microbiological availability of soap bacteriostats
Authors: Taber David , Yackovich Frank , Brown James 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe subject of substantivity as applied to bacteriostats used in soap is reviewed, and the concept of microbiological availability is advanced to describe the interaction of the inherent effectiveness of a bacteriostat with the quantity deposited on a substrate. A method for studying microbiological availability is presented together with data for four soap bacteriostats.
Odor evaluation of fatty methyl esters purified as urea adducts
Authors: List G. R. , Hoffmann R. L. , Moser Helen A. , Evans C. D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractVolatile oxidative cleavage products which are present in distilled fatty methyl esters make them unsuitable starting‐materials for odor evaluation studies. Sensory evaluation of treated and untreated esters shows that crystallization with urea removes undersirable odor constituents which result from autoxidation, metal‐catalyzed oxidation, light exposure, and distillation. The method is simple and by clathrate formation gives, in high yields, pure fatty esters, the fatty acid composition of which appears unaltered from the original material.
The Correlation Between the Method of Sympathetic Ablation for Palmar Hyperhidrosis and the Occurrence of Compensatory Hyperhidrosis: A Review
Authors: Kopelman Doron , Hashmonai Moshe 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackgroundUpper dorsal sympathectomy achieves excellent long‐term results in the treatment of primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Compensatory hyperhidrosis (CHH) remains an unexplained sequel of this treatment, attaining in a small percentage of cases disastrous proportions. It has been claimed that lowering the level of sympathectomy (from T2 to T3 and even T4), substituting resection by other means of ablation, and limiting its extend reduce the occurrence of this sequel. This review was designed to evaluate the validity of these claims.MethodsA MEDLINE search was performed for the years 1990–2006 and all publications about thoracoscopic upper dorsal sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis were retrieved.ResultsThe search identified 42 techniques of sympathetic ablation. However, pertinent data for the present study were reported for only 23 techniques with multiple publications found only for 10. The only statistically valid results from this review point that T2 resection and R2 transection of the chain (over the second rib) ensue in less CHH than does electrocoagulation of T2. Further comparisons were probably prevented due to the enormous disparity in the reported results, indicating lack of standardization in definitions.ConclusionsThe compiled results published so far in the literature do not support the claims that lowering the level of sympathetic ablation, using a method of ablation other than resection, or restricting the extend of sympathetic ablation for primary palmar hyperhidrosis result in less CHH. In the future, standardization of the methods of retrieving and reporting data are necessary to allow such a comparison of data.
A Genetic Counselor's Journey from Provider to Patient: A Mother's Story
Authors:   Anonymous
Published: September 2008

AbstractAs genetic counselors, we frequently offer support and information while shielding ourselves emotionally from the heartbreaking situations faced by our patients. To experience such circumstances firsthand changes our perspective on the world, ourselves, our relationships, and, inevitably, our role as genetic counselors. No one asks to be in the position of having to make a decision about one's pregnancy, but such experiences may help us, as a profession, reflect on and improve our counseling. It is my hope that this personal account will provide other counselors with a real‐life example they may draw upon when supporting patients in crisis. Here is my story.
Effects of mixing pine and broadleaved tree/shrub litter on decomposition and N dynamics in laboratory microcosms
Authors: Li Wei , Pan Kai‐wen , Wu Ning , Wang Jin‐chuang , Han Chun‐mei , Liang Xiao‐lan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis study was carried out to compare the ecological function of exotic pine (Pinus radiata—Pr) and native pine (Pinus tabulaeformis—Pt) in terms of litter decomposition and its related N dynamics and to evaluate if the presence of broad‐leaved tree species (Cercidiphyllum japonicum—Cj) or shrub species (Ostryopsis davidiana—Od) litter would promote the decomposition of pine needles and N cycling. Mass remaining, N release of the four single‐species litters and mixed‐species (Pt + Cj; Pr + Cj; Pt + Od; Pr + Od) litters and soil N dynamics were measured at microcosm scale during an 84‐day incubation period. The Pt and Pr litter, with poorer substrate quality, indicated slower decomposition rates than did the Cj and Od litter. Due to their high C/N ratios, the N mass of Pt and Pr litter continuously increased during the early stage of decomposition, which showed that Pt and Pr litter immobilized exogenous N by microbes. No significant differences of soil inorganic, dissolved organic and microbial biomass N were found between the Pt and Pr microcosm at each sampling. The results showed that the exotic Pr performed similar ecological function to the native Pt in terms of litter decomposition and N dynamics during the early stage. The presence of Cj or Od litter increased the decomposition rates of pine needle litter and also dramatically increased soil N availability. So it is feasible for plantation managers to consider the use of Cj as an ameliorative species or to retain Od in pine plantations to promote the decomposition of pine litter and increase nutrient circulation. The results also suggested that different species litters induced different soil dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). As a major soluble N pool in soil, DON developed a different changing tendency over time compared with inorganic N, and should be included into soil N dynamic under the condition of our study.
Regulation of CCN2 mRNA expression and promoter activity in activated hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Leask Andrew , Chen Shaoqiong , Pala Daphne , Brigstock David R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe matricellular protein connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is considered a faithful marker of fibroblast activation in wound healing and in fibrosis. CCN2 is induced during activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Here, we investigate the molecular basis of CCN2 gene expression in HSC. Fluoroscence activated cell sorting was used to investigate CCN2 expression in HSC in vivo in mice treated with CCl4. CCN2 and TGF‐β mRNA expression were assessed by polymerase chain reaction as a function of culture‐induced activation of HSC. CCN2 promoter/reporter constructs were used to map cis‐acting elements required for basal and TGFβ‐induced CCN2 promoter activity. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to further clarify signaling pathways required for CCN2 expression in HSC. CCl4 administration in vivo increased CCN2 production by HSC. In vitro, expression of CCN2 and TGF‐β mRNA were concommitantly increased in mouse HSC between days 0 and 14 of culture. TGFβ‐induced CCN2 promoter activity required the Smad and Ets‐1 elements in the CCN2 promoter and was reduced by TGFβ type I receptor (ALK4/5/7) inhibition. CCN2 overexpression in activated HSC was ALK4/5/7‐dependent. As CCN2 overexpression is a faithful marker of fibrogenesis, our data are consistent with the notion that signaling through TGFβ type I receptors such as ALK5 contributes to the activation of HSC and hence ALK4/5/7 inhibition would be expected to be an appropriate treatment for liver fibrosis.
Renal effects of aspirin are clearly dose‐dependent and are of clinical importance from a dose of 160 mg
Authors: Juhlin Tord , Jönsson Bo A.G. , Höglund Peter 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground:High doses of aspirin counteract the beneficial effects of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. It is not known how low‐dose aspirin, with concomitant ACE‐inhibitor treatment, affects renal function.Aim:To study renal effects of different doses of aspirin in elderly healthy volunteers who had an activated renin—angiotensin system.Methods:Sixteen subjects each received two different doses of aspirin (0 and160 mg or 80 and 320 mg) after pre‐treatment with bendroflumethiazide and enalapril, in a randomised double‐blind, cross‐over fashion.Results:Least square means of the observations 30 to 180 min after dosing, showed that urine flow, GFR, excretion rates of sodium, osmolality clearance and free water clearance were significantly decreased in a dose‐dependent manner. Urine flow, sodium excretion rate and free water clearance were significantly lower with 320 mg aspirin vs. 0 mg and 80 mg, and GFR was significantly lower with 320 mg vs. 80 mg. Urine flow, sodium excretion rate, free water and osmolality clearance was significantly lower with aspirin 160 mg vs. 0 mg.Conclusion:The dose‐dependent renal effects of aspirin are of clinical importance from a dose of 160 mg. The adverse influence of aspirin doses higher than 80 mg should be taken into consideration in patients with heart failure.
Postoperative analgesia and early rehabilitation after total knee replacement: A comparison of continuous low‐dose intravenous ketamine versus nefopam
Authors: Aveline Christophe , Gautier Jean François , Vautier Pierre , Cognet Fabrice , Hetet Hubert Le , Attali Jean Yves , Leconte Vincent , Leborgne Philippe , Bonnet Francis 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe effects of nefopam and ketamine on pain control and rehabilitation after total knee replacement were compared in a prospective, double blinded study.Seventy‐five patients were randomly assigned to receive a 0.2mgkg−1 bolus of nefopam or ketamine, followed by a 120μgkg−1h−1 continuous infusion until the end of surgery, and 60μgkg−1h−1 until the second postoperative day, or an equal volume of saline considered as placebo. Pain scores measured on a visual analog scale at rest and on mobilization, and patient‐controlled intravenous morphine consumption, were assessed during 48h. We measured the maximal knee flexion on the third postoperative day, and the delay to obtain a 90° flexion.Ketamine and nefopam reduced morphine consumption (p<0.0001). Pain scores, were lower at rest and on mobilization in the ketamine group compared to the two other groups at all times of measurement. Pain score were lower in patients receiving nefopam compared to placebo, on arrival in the recovery room and at 2h. Ketamine improved knee flexion on post operative day 3 (59° [33–63] vs. 50° [47–55] and 50° [44–55] in ketamine, placebo and nefopam groups, respectively, p<0.0002) and decreased the delay to flex the knee at 90° (9.1±4.2 vs. 12.3±4.0 days, in ketamine and placebo groups, respectively, p=0.01).Ketamine produces opioid‐sparing, decreases pain intensity, and improves mobilization after total knee replacement. Nefopam achieves less significant results in that circumstances.
Detrital zircon ages from the islands of Inousses and Psara, Aegean Sea, Greece: constraints on depositional age and provenance
Authors: MEINHOLD GUIDO , FREI DIRK 
Published: September 2008

AbstractU–Pb LA–SF–ICP–MS analyses of detrital zircons from a metalitharenite on Inousses Island, Greece, gave major age groups of 310–350, 450–500, 550–700, 900–1050 and 1880–2040 Ma and minor peaks between 2600 and 2800 Ma. The youngest concordant zircon grains of 310–330 Ma indicate the maximum age of deposition to be Late Carboniferous, rather than Ordovician, as had been earlier assumed. The lack of zircon ages between 1.1 and 1.8 Ga, coupled with the occurrence ofc.2-Ga-old zircons, imply a northern Gondwana-derived source. Detrital zircons from a garnet–mica schist on Psara Island yielded a major age group ofc.295–325 Ma and only minor Early Palaeozoic and Late Neoproterozoic ages. The youngest grains around 270 Ma indicate the maximum age of deposition to be Late Permian. The Early Palaeozoic ages support a source from terranes at the southern margin of Laurussia during the Late Palaeozoic and hence clarify the palaeotectonic position of units from the eastern Aegean Sea within the Palaeotethyan realm.
Emergence of dog rabies in the Northern region of Israel
Authors: DAVID D. , DVERES N. , YAKOBSON B. A. , DAVIDSON I. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYBetween 1979 and 2000, foxes constituted the main reservoir of rabies in the Northern regions of Israel. Following the implementation of the fox-targeted oral vaccination programme (ORV) in 1998, rabies was eradicated from this area. Subsequently during 2004–2007, the biological and molecular characterization of the rabies isolates showed that stray dogs emerged as the main animal reservoir in Northern Israel while lower numbers of cases were reported in domestic animals. The virus isolates from foxes and dogs differed, in their molecular characterization, suggesting two distinct separate lineages. The transition from fox-mediated rabies to dog-mediated rabies is of great concern to public health because of the close contact between dogs and the human population.
Diagnoses of, and deaths from, severe liver disease due to hepatitis C in England between 2000 and 2005 estimated using multiple data sources
Authors: MANN A. G. , RAMSAY M. E. , BRANT L. J. , BALOGUN M. A. , COSTELLA A. , HARRIS H. E. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYMatching individuals reported to a sentinel surveillance scheme for hepatitis C between 2000 and 2005 to individuals with a hospital episode for hepatitis C-related liver disease in the same hospitals, we estimated that the number of cases of hepatitis C-related end-stage liver disease in these English hospitals was 42% (597/419) higher than Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) would indicate. Further, matching records of hepatitis C-related deaths in HES to death certificates, we estimated that, between 2000 and 2005, the true number of deaths from hepatitis C-related end-stage liver disease was between 185% (353/124) and 257% (378/106) higher than the number recorded in routine mortality statistics. We provide estimates of under-recording that can be used to modify existing models of disease burden due to hepatitis C and provide a simple approach to improve the monitoring of trends in severe hepatitis C-related morbidity over time.
Check-list of the pycnogonids from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters: zoogeographic implications
Authors: Munilla Tomás , Soler Membrives Anna 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis study contains the current list of the austral pycnogonids together with details of their depth range and distribution. To date 264 species have been recorded, accounting for 19.6% of the 1344 species recorded worldwide. One hundred and eight species are endemic to Antarctic waters, 62 to the sub-Antarctic, 63 are common in both regions, and 55 are circumpolar. The richest genus isNymphon, with 67 species and the richest area is the Scotia Sea. Comparing species lists between the years 2000 and 2007 shows that increased expeditions with more sampling has increased the circumpolarity of species and decreased zonal endemicity. The benthic insular refuge hypothesis is proposed as an explanation for the southern distribution of the present pycnogonid fauna, with an origin in the Scotia Arc.
Short Note: Life history of the Antarctic sea star Labidiaster annulatus (Asteroidea: Labidiasteridae) revealed by DNA barcoding
Authors: Janosik Alexis M. , Mahon Andrew R. , Scheltema Rudolf S. , Halanych Kenneth M. 
Published: September 2008

Labidiaster annulatus, Sladen (1889) is a multi-rayed (9–50) voracious Antarctic sea star with numerous large, conspicuous crossed pedicellariae. An active and opportunistic predator, it commonly preys upon euphausiids, amphipods, and small fish in the water column (Dearborn et al. 1991). Labidiaster annulatus is distributed around the Antarctic, Kerguelen, South Orkney, South Sandwich Islands, South Georgia, and Shag Rocks, at recorded depths of 30–440 m (Fisher 1940, unpublished data).
Peroxiredoxin antioxidants in seed physiology
Authors: Aalen R. B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPeroxiredoxins are thiol–requiring antioxidants found in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. They can be divided into two subgroups with either one or two conserved cysteine residues. In plants, 1–Cys peroxiredoxins have been identified in a number of grasses and cereals, and in the dicotyledonous speciesArabidopsis thaliana. In contrast to other antioxidants, the 1–Cys peroxiredoxin genes are expressed solely in seeds, and only in the parts of the seeds surviving desiccation, i.e. the embryo and the aleurone layer. The expression pattern is characteristic of late embryogenesis–abundant genes. The PER1 protein of barley is present in high concentrations in the nucleus at the onset of desiccation. 1–Cys genes are expressed in a dormancy–related manner in mature seeds, in that transcript levels are high in imbibed dormant seeds, but disappear upon germination of their non–dormant counterparts. 1–Cys transcript levels can be up–regulated by ABA and osmotic stresses and suppressed by gibberellic acid. Two hypotheses have been put forward on the function of 1–Cys peroxiredoxins in seed physiology. First, these proteins might protect macromolecules of embryo and aleurone cells against damaging reactive oxygen species during seed desiccation and early imbibition. And second, seed peroxiredoxins might play a role in the maintenance of dormancy. These hypotheses are discussed, taking into account present knowledge of the biochemistry and molecular biology of peroxiredoxins.
The effect of environmental factors on field and laboratory germination in a population of Zostera marina L. from southern England
Authors: Probert Robin J. , Brenchley Jennie L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe effects of temperature, oxygen availability and salinity on seed germination in a population ofZostera marinaL. from the Fleet, a tidal lagoon in southern England, were investigated in the laboratory. The fate of seeds under natural conditions was also monitored throughout the year from core samples and from seed samples buried in the sediment layer in nylon sachets. Supported with temperature, salinity and oxygen level measurements at the study site, field data confirmed that following seed dispersal in September/October, the majority of seeds germinated in the Fleet during the winter and early spring. In the laboratory, seeds germinated more rapidly and to a higher final percentage under anaerobic conditions compared to aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, rapid, near complete germination was possible at full salinity (30 g l-1) or when the salinity was reduced by 50%(15 g l-1). Under aerobic conditions, seeds germinated more rapidly at lower salinity. The effects of temperature were strongly dependent on the presence or absence of oxygen. Under anaerobic conditions, there was a pronounced optimum constant temperature for germination around 6°C, corresponding closely to the average water temperature recorded during the period mid-October to the end of March. On the other hand, under aerobic conditions, very low levels of germination were recorded at low temperatures. These findings support previously published evidence that seeds ofZ. marinaare well adapted to germinate in anaerobic sediments and that water temperature is the key environmental variable that determines the timing of germination under natural conditions. Previous misuse of dormancy terms to describe seed populations ofZ. marinais discussed.
The Seven C's of CBT: A Consideration of the Future Challenges for Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Mansell Warren 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCBT is now considered to be a “family” of related therapies. Seven future challenges for CBT are defined and their relationships with one another considered. They are: clarity (shared definitions of CBT and its terminology), coherence (shared therapeutic principles and theory), cohesion (integration of individuals and subgroups using CBT), competence (assessing standards during training and personal development), convenience (accessibility and public awareness), comprehensiveness (applicability to a wide range of problems) and connectivity (links to other disciplines). Key issues concerning the fragmentation of the discipline and difficulties in judging competence are discussed. It is proposed that through improving the clarity, coherence and cohesion of CBT, there would be improvements in the remaining four domains, which would enhance its overarching efficacy and influence on improving public health.
High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Biggemann Daniel , da Silva Marcelo H. Prado , Rossi Alexandre M. , Ramirez Antonio J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCrystalline properties of synthetic nanostructured hydroxyapatite (n-HA) were studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The focal-series-restoration technique, obtaining exit-plane wavefunction and spherical aberration-corrected images, was successfully applied for the first time in this electron-beam-susceptible material. Multislice simulations and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were also employed to determine unequivocally that n-HA particles of different size preserve stoichiometric HA-like crystal structure. n-HA particles with sizes of twice the HA lattice parameter were found. These results can be used to optimize n-HA sinterization parameters to improve bioactivity.
Interface Stoichiometry and Structure in Anodic Niobium Pentoxide
Authors: Olszta Matthew J. , Dickey Elizabeth C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHigh-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were performed on electrochemically anodized niobium and niobium oxide. Sintered anodes of Nb and NbO powders were anodized in 0.1 wt% H3PO4at 10, 20, and 65 V to form surface Nb2O5layers with an average anodization constant of 3.6 ± 0.2 nm/V. The anode/dielectric interfaces were continuous and the dielectric layers were amorphous except for occurrences of plate-like, orthorhombic pentoxide crystallites in both anodes formed at 65 V. Using EELS stoichiometry quantification and relative chemical shifts of the Nb M4,5ionization edge, a suboxide transition layer at the amorphous pentoxide interface on the order of 5 nm was detected in the Nb anodes, whereas no interfacial suboxide layers were detected in the NbO anodes.