bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oncogenes, Trousseau Syndrome, and Cancer-Related Changes in the Coagulome of Mice and Humans
Authors: Rak Janusz , Yu Joanne L. , Luyendyk James , Mackman Nigel 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Cancer is often associated with venous thrombosis, a phenomenon that was first described by Trousseau in 1865 (Trousseau syndrome). Recent studies have begun to explain how oncogenic events may deregulate the hemostatic system. For instance, activated oncogenes (K-ras, EGFR, PML-RARα, and MET) or inactivated tumor suppressors (e.g., 53 or PTEN) may increase the risk of thrombosis by inducing the expression of tissue factor, a potent procoagulant molecule, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, a fibrinolysis inhibitor. In a more complex clinical reality, transforming genes may often act in concert with numerous epigenetic factors, including hypoxia, inflammation, anticancer therapy, contact between blood and metastatic cancer cells, and emission of procoagulant vesicles from tumors and their stroma into the circulation. To add to mechanistic insights gained from mouse models, which may not fully phenocopy human Trousseau syndrome, we suggest that valuable clues to progression and thrombosis risk may be obtained by monitoring multiple hemostatic variables in cancer patients (“coagulomics”). (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 10643-6)
Etude cinétique de l'attaque acide de la sépiolite: modifications des propriétés texturales
Authors: Corma A. , Mifsud A. , Pérez J. 
Published: November 2006

ResumeDans ce travail on a étudié l'influence des conditions expérimentales du traitement acide d'une sépiolite sur la vitesse d'extraction des ions Mg et la variation des propriétés texturales des produits résultants. On a élaboré un modèle cinétique pour l'attaque acide de la sépiolite ce qui nous a permis de calculer les paramètres cinétiques et, en dernier lieu d'obtenir des valeurs pour l'energie d'activation du processus.
The role of diagenetic studies in production operations
Authors: Kantorowicz J. D. , Lievaart L. , Eylander J. G. R. , Eigner M. R. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPetrographical studies can be undertaken to investigate the effects of production operations on sandstone reservoirs and to identify the nature of any rock-fluid interaction. In combination with diagenetic models the results may be employed to predict the effects of field development programmes on reservoir mineralogy, and to avoid costly damage to the reservoir's permeability. Acidization to remove drilling mud from Reservoir A samples was undertaken in two stages to avoid adverse rock-fluid interaction. HCl dissolved siderite and chlorite but did not increase permeability. This is because the dissolved siderite released previously cemented clay particles into the pore space. A subsequent mixture of HCl and HF dissolved all the clays present in the treated area including the drilling mud, but also etched the quartz cement. Permeability increased significantly but the rock's strength decreased. This could cause an influx of loose sand during hydrocarbon production. Water injection into Reservoir B samples caused a variety of rock-fluid interactions. In finer-grained samples movement of siderite rhombs as well as clay particles blocked pores, and changes in porewater composition caused smectite to swell. Both effects caused permeability to decline. In the coarser-grained siderite-free samples, permeability improved after oil and clay particles had been displaced. In the reservoir these effects would combine to exacerbate the effects of the existing reservoir heterogeneity. Steam injection into Reservoir C samples caused mineralogical reactions. Amounts of dolomite and kaolinite decreased, and smectite and calcite were generated. This may affect the permeability of the reservoir and will determine whether oil can be produced through the affected sediment.
Comparison of sedimentary chlorite compositions by X-ray diffraction and analytical TEM
Authors: Whittle C. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAuthigenic chlorites occurring as pore linings in reservoir sandstones have been investigated by XRD and TEM/EDAX. Both methods identified the Ib (β = 90°) polytype. TEM/EDAX analyses suggest that the chlorites are Al-rich, Mg-chamosites with Fe/(Fe + Mg) > 0·47. Octahedral Al exceeds tetrahedral Al, resulting in octahedral totals of less than the theoretical 12·0. Compositions were estimated from XRD data using the equations after Brindley (1961) and Shirozu (1958). XRD-determined compositions are relatively enriched in tetrahedral Al and octahedral Mg, giving Fe/(Fe + Mg) > 0·4 and suggesting that the chlorites are Al-rich clinochlores. XRD estimates plot in the same compositional area as authigenic Ib (β = 90°) chlorites of Hayes (1970), but also within the compositional area of metamorphic chlorites. Caution should be exercised when estimating the composition of sedimentary chlorites by XRD as results appear to overestimate Mg content because of the excess of octahedral R3+ over tetrahedral R3+.
Surgery is more cost-effective than splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome in the Netherlands: results of an economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Korthals-de Bos Ingeborg BC , Gerritsen Annette AM , van Tulder Maurits W , Rutten-van Mölken Maureen PMH , Adèr Herman J , de Vet Henrica CW , Bouter Lex M 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common disorder, often treated with surgery or wrist splinting. The objective of this economic evaluation alongside a randomized trial was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of splinting and surgery for patients with CTS.

Methods
Patients at 13 neurological outpatient clinics with clinically and electrophysiologically confirmed idiopathic CTS were randomly allocated to splinting (n = 89) or surgery (n = 87). Clinical outcome measures included number of nights waking up due to symptoms, general improvement, severity of the main complaint, paraesthesia at night and during the day, and utility. The economic evaluation was performed from a societal perspective and involved all relevant costs.

Results
There were no differences in costs. The mean total costs per patient were in the surgery group EURO 2,126 compared to EURO 2,111 in the splint group. After 12 months, the success rate in the surgery group (92%) was significantly higher than in the splint group (72%). The acceptability curve showed that at a relatively low ceiling ratio of EURO 2,500 per patient there is a 90% probability that surgery is cost-effective.

Conclusion
In the Netherlands, surgery is more cost-effective compared with splinting, and recommended as the preferred method of treatment for patients with CTS.
Evaluation of Removal Sampling for Basinwide Assessment of Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Sweka John A. , Legault Christopher M. , Beland Kenneth F. , Trial Joan , Millard Michael J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Removal estimators for stream fish abundance are widely used but can result in biased population estimates at the site level. We conducted computer simulations to examine how the Carle and Strub (1978) estimator, coupled with variation in catchability, influences the accuracy of population estimates at the site level. Site-level population estimates were then used to examine what effect potential bias in the population estimate at a site had on basinwide abundance estimates. Historic electrofishing data collected from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the Narraguagus River, Maine, were used as the baseline for construction of these simulations. At the site level, mean percent bias of population estimates was −23% when catchability was low (0.30–0.40) and when the true population was low (1–20 fish). Bias was reduced as the true population size increased and catchability increased. The negative bias at the site level affected total population estimates for the entire river basin. Under current sampling methodology in the Narraguagus River, basinwide population estimates are probably 11–17% lower than the true population. Confidence intervals (95%) would be expected to cover the true population between 65% and 79% of the time. Increasing the amount of sampling had little effect on the negative bias of basinwide population estimates but did reduce the error around the estimate, as expected. These results should serve as a reference point for gauging the effectiveness of current sampling efforts in providing reliable estimates of Atlantic salmon parr in the Narraguagus River. The methodology employed by this simulation study can also be applied to other Atlantic salmon rivers to evaluate current sampling programs.
Catchability of Larval and Juvenile Northern Pike in Quatrefoil Light Traps
Authors: Pierce Rodney B. , Shroyer Steve , Pittman Bruce , Logsdon Dale E. , Kolander Todd D. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
New approaches are needed for sampling northern pike Esox lucius in the complex habitats they use as nursery areas. We evaluated the potential of Quatrefoil light traps to measure differences in density of larval and juvenile northern pike, and we monitored changes in capture probability as the fish grew in size and their swimming capabilities improved. In hatchery raceways, light traps were effective for collecting northern pike at densities that seemed most realistic relative to natural nursery habitat (4–20 fish/m2 surface area). Light-trap catch rates differentiated among different densities in raceways, but efficiency decreased as density increased. Light traps effectively caught all sizes of fish, ranging from the stage when larvae first became active (12–13 mm total length [TL]) until the fish became too large to fit through the trap entrance (&gt;66 mm TL). We also tried to apply the technique for sampling managed wetlands that simulated a more natural environment than the raceways. Light-trap catches detected both increases and decreases that were attributed to different stocking rates used over 2 years in individual wetlands. Light-trap catches showed patchy distribution of small northern pike and illustrated growth and differential survival of the fish among wetlands. Light trapping should be considered a potential tool for sampling both temporal and spatial variation in density and growth of larval and juvenile northern pike.
Point Sampling by Boat Electrofishing: A Test of the Effort Required to Assess Fish Communities
Authors: Lapointe Nicolas W. R. , Corkum Lynda D. , Mandrak Nicholas E. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Point sampling by electrofishing is often used to study fishes in large rivers and lakes whereby a specific location is electrofished without moving the anode. Short (1–5-s) samples are taken under the belief that many small samples are preferred over a few large ones for statistical analyses. However, this typically results in relatively little time spent sampling fishes compared with time spent measuring abiotic factors and traveling among sites. We evaluated the optimal sampling duration and number of replicates per site to balance sample size and number for community-level studies. In 2004, 165 point samples were taken from shallow Canadian waters of the Detroit River. Sites were continuously electrofished for 2 min (eight 15-s intervals), and a second replicate of 2 min was taken after a pause. Subsets of the data were used to compare various designs of sampling duration and number of replicates. A sampling design of two replicates of 1 min appeared to be ideal because it balanced a large gain of information with a small increase in effort. This design would allow 35–50 sites to be sampled per day, depending on the detail of abiotic measurements. Compared with data from the first 15-s interval only, sampling for two replicates of 1 min resulted in fewer null (no fishes captured) samples (19% instead of 53%). The number of common (found at &gt;5% of samples) species also increased from 12 to 19. By increasing the effort for point sampling by electrofishing at each site, a better understanding of the fish assemblage was obtained. This allows for more complete analyses of community composition and habitat preference.
Signalment factors, comorbidity, and trends in behavior diagnoses in dogs: 1,644 cases (1991–2001)
Authors: Bamberger Michelle , Houpt Katherine A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine trends in behavior diagnoses; assess the relationship between diagnoses and age, sex, reproductive status, and breed; and evaluate associations between diagnoses within the same dog (comorbidity).
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—1,644 dogs.
Procedures—Medical records of dogs evaluated for behavioral problems were reviewed for breed, sex, reproductive status, consultation year, birth date, and diagnoses.
Results—Numbers of dogs with aggression, anxiety, and unruly behavior increased over the course of the study, as did the total number of dogs evaluated for behavioral problems. In general and for aggression, Dalmatians, English Springer Spaniels, German Shepherd Dogs, and mixed-breed dogs were evaluated more often than expected, whereas Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers were evaluated less often than expected. Labrador Retrievers were also underrepresented for anxiety, whereas mixed-breed dogs were overrepresented. Males were overrepresented except for interdog aggression, anxieties, and phobias, whereas females were overrepresented for phobias. Dogs with phobias were evaluated at a median age of 6.5 years, compared with dogs with other problems (median age, 2.5 years). A mean of 1.6 diagnoses/dog was observed, with certain diagnoses clustered.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that in dogs, behavioral problems changed over the course of the study; age, sex, and breed distributions varied among diagnoses; and certain diagnoses were likely to occur together.
Signalment factors, comorbidity, and trends in behavior diagnoses in cats: 736 cases (1991–2001)
Authors: Bamberger Michelle , Houpt Katherine A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To describe trends in behavior diagnoses from 1991 to 2001; assess the relationship between diagnoses and age, sex, reproductive status, and breed; and evaluate associations between diagnoses within the same cat (comorbidity).
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—736 cats.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for species, breed, sex, reproductive status, consultation year, birth date, and diagnoses.
Results—The caseload decreased over the course of the study. Aggression toward people increased, and spraying decreased. Cases involving Siamese cats decreased over time. Siamese cats were evaluated more often than expected in general and specifically for aggression and ingestive behavior problems, whereas Persian cats were evaluated more often than expected for elimination outside of the litter box. Domestic shorthair cats were evaluated less often than expected in general and specifically for aggression, ingestive behavior problems, and house soiling. Male cats were overrepresented. Cats with ingestive behavior problems were evaluated at a median age of 1.5 years, compared with cats with other problems (median age, 5.5 years). Certain diagnoses were clustered, with a mean of 1.2 diagnoses/cat.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that in cats, behavior problems changed over the course of the study, age and breed distributions varied among diagnoses, and certain diagnoses were likely to occur together.
Simple and generally applicable method of determination and evaluation of foam properties
Authors: Lunkenheimer K. , Malysa K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new, simple foam test, in which a well‐controlled volume of gas is introduced into a definite volume of solution, is presented along with the method of analysis. Aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), n‐octyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and n‐hexanol, i.e., four systems forming metastable and transient foams, were studied. The parameter R5, defined as the ratio of the height of the foam at 5 min after formation to the initial height, is proposed for the evaluation of foam stability. Foams having R5 values higher than 50% can be considered as metastable. Lower R5 values indicate low‐stability foams. Changes of R5 values with concentration are similar to those of foam half‐life with concentration. Thus, instead of measurements lasting hours for the foam half‐life, one can obtain similar information from tests lasting only a few minutes. With this test also one can obtain information about the solution contents in foams. This parameter can be used as an additional criterion for the evaluation of foam stability. In the case of metastable foams formed by SDS, CTAB, and n‐octyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside, the initial foam volume was almost equal to the volumes of the dispersed gas and the solution carried into the foam by the bubbles. This shows that there was practically no rupture of foam films at the stage of the foam formation.
Dynamic and equilibrium surface tensions of surfactin aqueous solutions
Authors: Razafindralambo Hary , Thonart Philippe , Paquox Michel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA homologous series of surfactins containing β‐hydroxy fatty acids having 13, 14, or 15 carbon atoms were isolated from the supernatant of Bacillus subtilis strain S499 cultures. Their surface‐active properties at the air‐water interface were then evaluated. Dynamic surface tension data were analyzed by the relaxation function γt=γm+(γo−γm)/[1+(t/t*)n]. Based on various parameters t*, n, vmax, γm calculated from this equation, the dynamic surface properties of surfactin were found to depend on both bulk concentration and hydrophobic character of the alkyl chain. At low concentrations of surfactin, the dynamic surface tension (γd) decreased with increasing carbon atom number of the surfactin alkyl chain (n=13 to 15). However, at high concentrations, the maximum decrease of 41‐4 was achieved by surfactin‐C14. In contrast, more strongly hydrophobic alkyl chains in surfactins always enhanced their ability in reducing the equilibrium surface tensions and their aptitude in forming micelles.
Surfactants and protocols to induce spontaneous emulsification and enhance detergency
Authors: López‐Montilla Juan C. , James Monica A. , Crisalle Oscar D. , Shah Dinesh O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study the presence of an oil‐soluble nonionic surfactant, Brij 30 (polyoxyethylene‐4 lauryl ether), in an oil stain, or its addition to the stain through an oil‐based solution or water‐based mixture is shown to enhance, to a great extent, the spontaneous removal of the stain from a polyester fabric by inducing rollback and spontaneous emulsification phenomena. These findings lead to potential applications of Brij 30 as laundry pre‐spotters for enhancement of the removal of tough stains. The effect of three key factors, namely, the surfactant type, the surfactant concentration, and the surfactant application protocol, on the effectiveness of spontaneous detergency was analyzed via ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy. The test fabrics were soiled with a stain composed of mineral oil plus orange OT dye [1‐(o‐tolylazo)‐2‐naphthol]. The results showed that all three factors were important for effective detergency. Brij 30 removed more than 80% w/w of the stain, whereas sodium dodecyl sulfate removed less than 24% w/w, and Brij 35 (polyoxyethylene‐23 lauryl ether) was ineffective, removing less than 1% w/w. It was also observed that a low threshold concentration of Brij 30, approximately 0.2 mM, was required to spontaneously remove the oil stain, and that higher concentrations did not cause a significant enhancement of the effectiveness of soil removal. Brij 30 completed the detergency effect in less than 1 min, which may have beneficial implications regarding reduced energy consumption. Video microscopy studies revealed that at low Brij 30 surfactant concentrations, the mechanism for spontaneous oil removal proceeded predominantly via a rollback mechanism and that at higher concentrations, a spontaneous emulsification mechanism became progressively more important.
Study of the kinetics of oxidation of amines by potassium ferricyanide in the presence of N,N‐dimethyldodecylamine N‐oxide
Authors: Zourab Shehata M. , Ezzo Essam M. , El‐Aila Hisham J. , Salem Jamil K. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis research reports on the oxidation of different amines such as dibutylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, ethylamine, ethylmethylamine, propylamine, triethylamine, and trimethylamine by 0.001 M potassium ferricyanide in the presence of 0.03 M NaOH at 25°C in aqueous medium and/or in 0.03 M N,N‐dimethyldodecylamine N‐oxide (DDAO). Oxidation rates were studied with a spectrophotometer at 420 nm. The experimental data showed that the reaction was first‐order with respect to [amine]T and [Fe(CN)6]3−. Also, the rate constant (kobs) had values within the concentration range of 0.015–0.05 M of NaOH and increased above the critical micelle concentration values of DDAO. The dependence of the reaction rate on the nature of the salt was also investigated, and the thermodynamic parameters ΔG*, ΔH*, and ΔS* were calculated. A pseudo‐phase model was applied to the system, and the binding constant of the amine to DDAO micelles was calculated.
Preparation, surface‐active properties, and antimicrobial activities of bis‐quaternary ammonium salts from amines and epichlorohydrin
Authors: Chlebicki Jan , Węgrzyńska Joanna , Maliszewska Irena , Oświęcimska Magorzata 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of new cationic surfactants, bis‐quaternary ammonium salts, were prepared from tert‐alkylamine and a product of the reaction of epichlorohydrin with decyl‐ and dodecylamine, and their surface‐active properties were measured. Specifically, the critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness of surface tension reduction (γCMC), surface excess concentration (Γ), area per molecule at the interface (A), and standard free energies of adsorption (ΔGadso) and of micellization (ΔGmico) were determined. All these surfactants showed good water solubility and low CMC, more than one order of magnitude lower than those of corresponding mono‐alkylammonium salts. They also showed good foaming properties but worse wetting capabilities. Many of these compounds had antimicrobial activities against gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and yeast (Candida albicans), but they were not active against molds.
Influence of surfactants on the parameters of polylactide nanocapsules containing insulin
Authors: Zhu Yinyan , Zhang Gaoyong , Yang Hengquan , Hong Xinlin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigate the influence of nonionic emulsifiers on the characteristics of poly(d,l‐lactide) (PLA) nanocapsules, which were formulated using an ultrasound probe by a modified water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) emulsification and solvent evaporation method. The different types of surfactants were used in both steps as hydrophobic and hydrophilic emulsifiers, respectively. The effects of emulsifiers in modifying the size of the nanocapsules were compared with respect to their weighted hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance (HLB) value, and the size was also affected by the content of the emulsifying agent. The mean diameters of insulin‐loaded nanocapsules ranged from 150 to 320 nm and were dependent on the types and content of the surfactants. The variations are due to the aggregation of the surfactants on the inner interface between the inner water and oil of the double emulsion. The encapsulation efficiencies and drug release rates were also affected by the addition of emulsifiers in the preparation process.