bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of responder cell activity in mixed leukocyte culture reactions
Authors: de Rooij‐Doyer E. , Bruning J. W. , van Rood J. J. 
Published: December 2008

In a previous report we described a human allo‐antiserum which showed MHC restricted dual specific inhibition of mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reactions (de Rooij et al. 1980). Responder cells were preincubated with the antiserum and washed. Inhibition of MLC reactions occurred if HLA‐B8 positive responder cells and HLA‐B7 or ‐B40 positive stimulator cells were used.The mechanism of inhibition by this antiserum was investigated and described in this report. The results strongly suggested that the observed inhibition was due to HLA‐B7 specific antibody molecules cross‐reacting with HLA‐B8 antigens. We decided on the following mechanism: HLA‐B7 specific antibody molecules bind to HLA‐B8 antigens on responder cells at 4°C. Bound antibody molecules are readily released at 37°C and then bind preferentially to HLA‐B7 or ‐B40 positive stimulator cells.Stimulator cells are then lysed by antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), resulting in impaired MLC reaction. This conclusion was derived from the following observations:

1. HL.A‐B7 positive cells could be lysed due to antibody molecules bound to B8 positive cells:

a. Cells coated with antibody molecules lysed B7 or B40 positive target cells.
b. Antibody molecules released from B8 positive cells lysed B7 or B40 positive target cells in ADCC.

2. The active antibody molecules were HLA‐B7 specific:

a. The inhibiting antibody molecules in the antiserum could be absorbed on and eluted from HLA‐B7 positive platelets (de Rooij et al. 1980).
b. Antibody molecules bound to and released from HLA—B8 positive cells carried the same B7 specific inhibiting and cytotoxic activity as the original antiserum.

3. The site of recognition on HLA‐B8 positive cells is the HLA‐B8 antigen:

a. F(ab')2 preparations from HLA‐B8 and ‐Bw6 specific antisera inhibited antibody binding to B8 positive cells.
b. Antibody binding was not restricted to B, T, FcR+, FcR‐ or non adherent cell subpopulations.

4. The antibody molecules bind to B8 positive cells with the antigen binding site and not with the Fc part of the molecule:

a. Antibody binding could be blocked partially with a F(ab')2 preparation from the original antiserum but not with a Fc preparation.
b. The antigen binding site of antibody molecules bound to HLA‐B8 positive cells was not freely available, since the MLC inhibiting activity of sensitised B8 positive cells could not be blocked by soluble HLA‐B7 antigens.
c. The antiserum was cytotoxic for HLA‐B8 positive target cells in ADCC.

The observed inhibition of MLC by antibody molecules with apparent dual specificity is thus the consequence of a shared or a similar antigenic determinant of HLA‐B7 and HLA‐B8 antigen molecules.
HLA‐DR genes and antigens in the Danish population.
Authors: Madsen M. , Graugaard B. , Lamm L. U. , Josrgensen F. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen F. 
Published: December 2008

Five hundred unrelated Danes, including 202 healthy individuals, 35 cadaveric kidney donors, and 263 patients in terminal uraemia were typed for the HLA‐DR antigens DR1—w8.The HLA‐DR gene frequencies of healthy Danes are in good agreement with frequencies estimated during The Eighth International Histocompatibility Workshop of the Scandinavian population, but differ to some extent from other groups of European Caucasians. This indicates geographical variation in the distribution of DR genes within Europe.Very close associations were found between the HLA‐DR antigens and their corresponding HLA‐D specificities, except for Dw4 and Dw6, which were included in DR4 and DRw6, respectively.Linkage disequilibrium was calculated between alleles of two loci (HLA‐A,‐DR; ‐B‐DR and ‐C,‐DR) using the population data. Furthermore, linkage disequilibrium involving HLA‐DR alleles was assessed for multiple loci by using haplotype data from 32 HLA‐A,‐B,‐C,‐D,‐DR, and Bf typed Danish families.The haplotype data showed that HLA‐DR4 is strongly associated with HLA‐B15 only in haplotypes together with HLA‐Dw4. This indicates genetic heterogeneity of HLA—DR4 which, however, does not appear serologically in this study.
Loss of HLA‐C locus specificities from stored lymphocytes1 and de novo synthesis following incubation at 37°C
Authors: Loon J. , Terasaki P. I. , Bernoco D. 
Published: December 2008

The variable expression of the C locus specificities at the cell surface is a major problem in HLA typing and the phenomenon was clearly documented by the International Cell Exchange Program. In contrast with HLA‐A and ‐B, the C locus specificities are readily lost from cells following storage at room temperature for a few days or in overnight incubation at 37°C in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors.These specificities can be made to reappear by making the cells metabolize at 37°C for 8 to 20 h in a nutrient medium. Sixty‐nine per cent of the positive C locus reactions lost after 7‐day storage at room temperature were recovered after overnight incubation at 37°C. The reappearance was dependent on protein synthesis since presence of cyclohexamide during incubation completely blocked the recovery. A simple overnight incubation is very useful in enhancing C locus expression on older cells.
Frequency of nine HLA—D antigens in the Danish population
Authors: Thomsen M. , Ryder L. P , Morling N. , Platz P. , Jakobsen B. K. , Svejgaard A. 
Published: December 2008

The frequency of HLA—Dw1—8 and DH was determined in 389 unrelated healthy Danes and in 257 kidney patients. All individuals were HLA—A, B, C typed, 168 of the normal individuals and all kidney patients were typed for HLA‐DR.The frequency of Dw1—8 in the normal material and kidney patient material was quite similar except for Dw6, which showed an increased frequency among the kidney patients, but as the patients are not prospectively ascertained, the significance of this finding is unclear. The frequency of the blank allele is 0.19 which is comparable to other Seandinavian materials but much lower than that seen in the joint report of the 8th International Histocompatibility Workshop. The D frequencies correlate quite well with the HLA—DR frequencies, the biggest discrepancy between D and DR exists for D/DR4, where DR4 is much “broader”. The DR4 positives can be divided into the Dw4 positives, strongly associated with B15 and the Dw4 negatives, not associated with B15 but with B40. Primed lymphocyte typing in some cases followed HLA—DR, in other cases HLA—D assignment. For HLA—D/DR2 the DR assignment also seemed to be broader, the DR2 positive, Dw2 negative group not being associated with B7, but possibly with B5.In the assignment of HLA—D determinants, “false negatives” have caused problems in many materials, but the inclusion of a number of known control responders in our experiments has made it possible to increase the accuracy of assignment by adjusting the cut‐off level for typing responses according to the typings of the controls.
Myotonic dystrophy: HLA antigens and mitogen stimulated lymphocyte responses of a Black American family
Authors: Hsia S. , Ho C. K. , Aliffi V. B. , Doran D. M. , Hamilton D. 
Published: December 2008

A Black American family of four generations with 29 members was studied. Six family members spanning two generations were affected with myotonic dystrophy. HLA A, B, C and DR antigen specificities were determined for each family member using local typing trays. Twelve HLA haplotypes were identified in the family. No significant association was found between the disease and any HLA antigenic type or haplotype. This finding suggests that the involvement of the major histocompatibility complex in the etiology of myotonic dystrophy is unlikely.The cellular responses of twenty‐eight family members and 20 unrelated Black Americans to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), each in three concentrations, were tested with mononuclear cells prepared from peripheral blood. There was a significant difference in responses of the affected family members as compared to the unaffected family members and the unrelated Black Americans. The PHA and PWM responses of the unaffected family members are not significantly different from those of the unrelated Black American controls; however, the Con A responses of the unaffected family members are significantly higher than those of the control group at the lowest Con A dosage. The possible systemic defects of cytoskeletal structures of the affected family members are discussed.
Genetic investigation in mesangial IgA nephropathy
Authors: Le Petit J. C. , Gazes M. H. , Berthoux F. C. , Loghem E. Van , Goguen J. , Seger J. , Chapuis‐Chllier C. , Marcelin M. , Lange G. De , Garovoy M. R. , Serre J. L. , Brizard C. P. , Carpenter C. B. 
Published: December 2008

HLA—A, B. C. DR, MB, Bf, Gm, Am, Pi and Km genes (and 12 erythrocyte genetic systems) have been analyzed and correlated with clinical or biological features in 88 mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis.These data pointed out 2 gene frequency modifications: a significant MB1 specificity decrease in the total patient group and a significant Km I increase in the chronic renal failure mesangial IgA nephropathy subgroup.
Soluble HLA antigens in normal human immunoglobulin preparations
Authors: Guencheva G. , Scholz S. , Schiessl B. , Albert E. D. 
Published: December 2008

Nine lots of normal human immunoglobulin produeed in Bulgaria and India, prepared from venous or placcntal blood, were assayed for the presence of HLA antigens by the inhibition of cytotoxicity of HLA alloantisera using two different absorption procedures.The results indicate that the normal human immunoglobulin preparations tested here contain soluble HLA antigens as demonstrated by the inhibition of HLA alloantisera. Most of the higher frequency antigens of the HLA‐A, B, C and DR locus appear to be present in the Ig‐preparations. In samples from India there‐ appears to be a lack of HLA‐A3 antigen, which corresponds to the low frequency of A3 in this population. Immunoglobulins produced from different raw materials contain different amounts of soluble HLA antigens.
Monoclonal mouse anti‐I‐Ak and anti‐I‐Ek antibodies cross‐reacting with HLA‐DR supertypic and subtypic determinants rather than classical DR allelic specificities
Authors: Pierres Michel , Mercier Pierre , Madsen Melvin , Mawas Claude , Krislensen Tom 
Published: December 2008

Thirty monoclonal alloantibodies (mAB) against mouse Iak antigens have been derived by fusion of mouse myeloma and spleen cells from A.TH (Ks Is Dd) mice immune to A.TL (Ks Ik Dd) lymphoid cells. Analysis of: (i) their reactivity (using 125I labelled protein A cell binding or cytotoxicity assays) on lymphoid cells from selected mouse strains with recombinant H‐2 haplotypes; and (ii) the spatial arrangement of the specificities detected on the Iak molecules (studied by means of competitive inhibition of binding of radio‐labelled monoclonal antibodies), permitted the identification of various epitopes present either on the I‐Ak molecules (some of which were apparently identical to the conventional Ia. 2, Ia. 1 and Ia. 19 specificities), or the I‐Ek molecule (some being apparently analogous to the Ia.7 specificity) or on both I‐Ak and I‐Ek products.These mAB were tested in two different panels of human T and B lymphocytes. Panel (a) consisted of 28 Caucasian unrelated individuals, highly selected with regard to HLA—DR specificities, while panel (b) concerned 53 random HLA‐A, B, C, DR typed individuals. The standard complement dependent lymphocytotoxicity microtechnique of histocompatibility workshop VIII was used throughout. All mAB were negative on resting T cells. Testing on B cells produced three patterns: 1) ten mAB did not react with any B cell tested; 2) four mAb reacted with all the panel cells; 3) sixteen mAb reacted with different sets of the panel indicating identification of polymorphic determinants.However, the strength of positivity obtained with a majority of single mAb varied considerably in the panel, suggesting identification of cross‐reactive determinants. This necessitated the use of individual assignment criteria for each mAb. Following this procedure, 8 mAb were ascertained as reacting with HLA—DR supertypic determinants, 6 with associations to MT1, MT2, or both. Eight mAb reacted with HLA‐DR subtypic determinants (more restricted than a classical DR allele). No mAb were ascertained, reacting exquisitly with acknowledged HLA‐DR allelic specificities.
HEARING TESTS DURING ANAESTHESIA WITH NITROUS OXIDE AND RELAXANTS
Authors: Rosen Jørgen 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYFifty‐eight patients were anaesthetized with a sleeping dose of Narcodorm® (enibomalnatrium NFN) followed by nitrous oxide and muscle relaxants (Re‐laxan® (gallamoni jodium NFN) and Laudolissin®) for maintenance. Hearing tests were carried out on the patients during the anaesthesia and recollections of this procedure were recorded after recovery of consciousness. No definite range of concentration of nitrous oxide was found which could be said to mark the limits of the clinical analgesic state. Complete recollections of the hearing tests were found with a concentration as high as 71–73 vol. per cent., even where full abdominal relaxation had been present.The depth of nitrous oxide muscle relaxant anaesthesia can be increased in two ways: (1) by giving a higher concentration of nitrous oxide, (2) by increasing the dose of muscle relaxant. The use of a higher nitrous oxide concentration than 71–73 vol. per cent, is not possible without renouncing the safety precautions. The peripheral action of the curarizing substances gives no definite criteria by which the dose necessary for producing sufficient depression of the central nervous system can be calculated.
MODE OF ACTION OF DEPOLARIZING AGENTS
Authors: Sabawala Phiroze B. , Dillon John B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIt has been shown that with suitable doses of decamethonium, succinylcholine, or succinylmonocholine, a two‐phase neuromuscular block can always be seen in isolated human intercostal muscle.The first phase consists of a neuromuscular block of rapid onset which reaches a maximum in about 15 minutes and then recovers spontaneously in spite of the continued presence of C10in the same concentration. Recovery is maximum at approximately 60 minutes, after which time the second phase begins.The second phase consists of a slow, progressive neuromuscular block which reaches a steady reproducible state after 6 to 8 hours. If undisturbed, this state remains constant for hours. This phase represents a true competitive neuromuscular block, as evidenced by the fact that it can be reversed by a suitable dose of neostigmine.Experiments have been described in which these two phases were modified by the addition of d‐tubocurarine and neostigmine. Attempts are made to explain various phenomena on a molecular basis. The clinical significance of this work is presented.
A NEW FORM OF ANAESTHESIA IN SURGICAL TREATMENT OF FOCAL EPILEPSY
Authors: Ingvar David H. , Jeppsson Stig T. , Nordström Lars 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA description is given of a new form of anaesthesia for surgical procedures in focal epilepsy. It implies the use of regional anaesthesia in combination with nitrous oxide administered with 25% oxygen through an endotracheal tube. Through a perforated double cuff on the tube a local anaesthetic for the trachea can be administered repeatedly.The administration of nitrous oxide was interrupted for periods of 10–30 minutes in the operations during which electrocorticography was carried out. During such periods it was possible to establish contact with the conscious patients. The periods of wakefulness were endured very well by the patients without side effects due to the presence of the endotracheal tube.The procedure of anaesthesia described was used with advantage in 23 operations. It was not used when speech functions had to be tested specifically during the operations. A comparison with a group of 26 patients operated upon under regional anaesthesia only showed that the nitrous oxide procedure did not interfere with, or tended to hide, epileptogenic abnormalities in the electrocorticogram. Surgical and EEG results in both groups did not differ substantially.
EFFECT OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE ON THE INTRAspinal FLUID PRESSURE
Authors: Halldin Matts , Wåhlin ÅKe 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe intraspinal pressure was investigated in 15 patients under anaesthesia after intravenous injection of succinylcholine. In all, 23 experiments were carried out.The pressure began to rise within 1 minute after the intravenous injection, and the rise in pressure varied between 5 and 320 mm H2O above the initial pressure.At the end of the apnoea period the pressure began to fall and, after an average of 7 min. 25 sec. following the injection, reached a minimum value between ‐115 and +55 mm H2O in relation to the initial pressure. The pressure subsequently rose again after resumption of spontaneous respiration, but later once more declined.The effect of hyperventilation on the intraspinal fluid pressure was studied on five anaesthetized patients in a control group.The relation between the variation of the intraspinal pressure and of the cerebral blood flow is discussed.
OBSERVATIONS OF THE CONJUNCTIVAL VESSELS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE WITH INTRAVENOUS NAESTHESIA
Authors: Halldin Matts , Wåhlin ÅKe , Koch Torbjörn 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIn nine patients under anaesthesia, series of photographs were taken over 8–9 minutes showing the variations in the width of the conjunctival vessels under the influence of succinylcholine. The vascularization was also compared. Measurements were made of vessels 27 to 340 μ in width, with a mean of 99 μ.One or two 50 mg doses of succinylcholine were given intravenously. In all cases this produced dilatation of the conjunctival vessels as indicated by conjunctival reddening, increase in width recorded photographically, and the occurrence of refilled blood vessels in the field. The increase in width of the vessels was between 0 and 136 per cent., with a mean of 38 per cent, for variations under full effect of succinylcholine and of 35 per cent, for the succeeding period of spontaneous respiration. The dose in question produced practically no effect on the pulse and only a slight fall in the systolic blood pressure.
FLUOTHANE COMPARED TO CHLOROFORM AND ETHER IN MICE
Authors: Mørch Ernst Trier , Jobgen Eugene A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYFluothane was compared to chloroform and diethyl ether in mice to determine its anesthetic potency and margin of safety. The anesthetic was mixed with air in known concentrations. Fluothane and chloroform produced similar anesthesia, and was 4 1/2 times more potent than ether. Induction with fluothane was faster than with chloroform and ether.Fluothane seems slightly more potent than chloroform and has an equal margin of safety. The margin of safety expressed as the ratio of LD50to AD50was 2 for fluothane and chloroform, 2.25 for ether. Recovery from fluothane and chloroform was about equal and much faster than from ether.
CARDIAC ARREST DURING ANAESTHESIA AND SURGERY With Special Reference to the Electrocardiogram
Authors: Engell H. C. , Price J. , Secher O. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIn this paper the term cardiac arrest is defined as the condition or state existing when the contractions of the left ventricle are insufficient to open the aortic valves and pump the blood out to the peripheral arteries.The precipitating factor in the production of cardiac arrest is myocardial anoxia due to hypoxia, overdose of anaesthetic agent, haemorrhage, hypotension and reflex activity.This paper is based on 30 cases of cardiac arrest, and in this study an attempt was made to correlate the sequence of events which led to the cardiac arrest, the heart action during the episodes and the outcome of the resuscitative measures.In 6 patients, cardiac arrest occurred during anaesthesia for non‐thoracic procedures or prior to thoracotomy. In 3 cases it ensued during diagnostic procedures. The remaining 21 patients were intrathoracic cases, 20 of them undergoing operations on the heart and the great vessels.Of the 14 patients who developed cardiac arrest unaccompanied by fibrillation, 13 survived primarily. Of 16 patients who developed ventricular fibrillation, 9 were defibrillated. Only in one case did cardiac action recommence spontaneously; cardiac massage was given in all the other cases.
USE OF PRESUREN® IN CAESAREAN SECTIONS
Authors: Kivalo Inkeri , Tammisto T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe paper reports on a series of 65 cases in which Presuren (Hydroxydion, Schering) was used as an anaesthetic for Caesarean section.The total dose for induction was 1.0 to 1.5 g supplemented after the delivery by nitrous oxide and oxygen or by V.A.M. (May & Baker). Three different methods of induction were used in order to find the most suitable application of the drug: Presuren alone, Presuren with d‐tubocurarine, and Presuren supplemented by succinylcholine. The last method seemed to give the most satisfactory results.
THE EFFECT OF ERGOTAMINE ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND CARDIAC OUTPUT DURING SPINAL ANAESTHESIA IN MAN
Authors: Dunér H. , Granath A. , Klingenström P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of ergotamine on circulation during spinal anaesthesia was studied with the aid of right heart catheterisation in four healthy subjects.The pulse frequency, the pressures in the brachial and pulmonary arteries, the cardiac output and stroke volume were determined.The determinations were done at rest before anaesthesia and during spinal anaesthesia up to the Th II‐III level before and after intravenous administration of 0.125 mg ergotamine.During anaesthesia the pulse rate was unchanged in three and slightly lowered in one case. The pressure in the brachial artery decreased in all cases and in the pulmonary artery in three cases. The cardiac output and stroke volume decreased in all cases.After administration of ergotamine there was a tendency to a decreased pulse rate in three cases. The pressure in the brachial and in the pulmonary arteries increased in all cases. The stroke volume and cardiac output rose in three cases.The results are discussed and the increase in blood pressure and stroke volume after 1.5–2 μgergotamine/kg body weight in spinal anaesthesia is supposed to be caused by a direct constrictor action of ergotamine on the smooth muscles of the blood vessels.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Wirkung von Ergotamin auf den Kreislauf während der Spinalanaesthesie wurde an 4 gesunden Versuchspersonen mit Hilfe der Katheterisierung des rechten Herzens untersucht.Die Pulsfrequenz, der Druck in der A. brachialis und A. pulmonalis sowie das Minuten‐ und das Schlagvolumen wurden bestimmt. Die Bestimmungen wurden einerseits in Ruhe vor Beginn der Anaesthesie, anderseits wahrend einer Spinalanaesthesie bis zur Höhe von Th II‐III vor und nach intravenöser Verabreichung von 0.125 mg Ergotamin durchgeführt.Während der Anaesthesie blieb die Pulsfrequenz in 3 Fällen unverändert und war in einem Fall leicht herabgesetzt. Der Druck in der Brachialarterie war in alien Fällen vermindert, der pulmonale Arteriendruck in 3 Fällen. Schlagund Minutenvolumen waren in alien Fällen reduziert.Nach der Verabreichung von Ergotamin bestand die Tendenz zu verminderter Pulsfrequenz in 3 Fällen. Der arterielle Druck stieg sowohl in der A. brachialis als auch A. pulmonalis in alien Fällen. Schlag‐ und Minutenvolumen steigerten sich in 3 Fällen.Die Resultate wurden diskutiert und dabei die Annahme vertreten, dass die Erhöhung von Blutdruck und Schlagvolumen nach 1.5–2 μg Ergotamin pro kg Körpergewicht während der Spinalanaesthesie auf einer direkten konstriktorischen Wirkung des Ergotamins auf die glatte Muskulatur der Blutgefässe beruht.