bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of interferon beta 1a in Cebus apella
Authors: Lahoz Mónica , Kauffman Marcelo Andrés , Carfagnini Julio , Vidal Alejandro , Papouchado Mariana , Sterin‐Prync Aída , Diez Roberto Alejandro , Nagle Carlos 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground  Recombinant human interferon (hIFNβ) is indicated for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Its effect presents species restriction, thus lacking biological activity on most mammals. Although there have been previous studies of the pharmacology of INFβ in Old World primates, no data exists on New World primates. Therefore, we explored its effect on Cebus apella, a New World monkey, describing the pharmacology of this molecule when injected by subcutaneous route in this species. Methods  Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of IFNβ were evaluated in nine Cebus apella individuals. Results  A single subcutaneous injection of 12 × 106 IU of hIFNβ1a resulted in a median AUC(0–48) (area under the curve) of 14.82 ng/ml, a Cmax (maximum plasma concentrations) of 1.51 ng/ml and a Tmax (time to achieve maximum plasma concentrations) of 3 h. IFNβ was biologically active as demonstrated by an increase in neopterin levels. There were no safety concerns. Conclusions  New World non‐human primates are a suitable animal model for the study of IFNβ pharmacology.
Histomorphometric evaluation of delayed changes in masseter muscle after lengthening the rabbit mandible by distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Tüz HH , Dolanmaz D , Pampu A Alper , Kişnişci RŞ , Günhan Ö 
Published: November 2008

Objective:  The aim of the study was to evaluate the delayed responses and changes of gradually lengthened masseter muscles of rabbit mandibles.Study Design:  Unilateral lengthening of rabbit mandibles was performed in 18 New Zealand rabbits for 7 days at the rate of 1 mm day−1. Mandibles of animals were removed at months 3, 4, and 6 after distraction. Biopsy samples of distracted and contralateral side masseter muscles were histopathologically evaluated and mean area of muscle fibers (MAF) was evaluated with histomorphometric methods. Results were statistically analyzed.Results:  Mild to moderate atrophy of the fibers, and necrosis and myophagocytosis in some areas were the leading features at month 3 and which were decreased at month 4 in distracted side‐muscle specimens, with no statistically significant differences when compared with non‐distracted side muscles at the same periods. Almost completely, normal fibers were detected in distracted muscle specimens at month 6. Evidence of myopathic changes was found to disappear at month 6 and no significant difference was found in the MAF of distracted side muscles.Conclusion:  This study showed that the masseter muscle could adapt to gradual lengthening of the mandible within 6 months. Regenerative features and some degree of atrophic changes that could be observed at months 3 and 4 disappeared at month 6, with adaptation of the fibers.
Use of Evidence‐Based Practice in School Nursing: Prevalence, Associated Variables, and Perceived Needs
Authors: Adams Susan , Barron Sheila 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT Background: Research on the adoption of evidence‐based practice (EBP) in health care has been focused mainly on hospital settings and primary care; little is known about EBP adoption and implementation among school nurses in the United States (US). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the prevalence of EBP use among school nurses, (2) describe demographic, individual, and organizational factors associated with EBP use, and (3) identify resources needed to enhance EBP use. Methods: A survey designed for this study was mailed to all school nurses in Iowa in the US, with a response rate of 56.8% (n= 386). Descriptive statistics and t‐tests were used to indicate and compare the variables of interest. Multiple regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods were used to identify variables explaining the variance in the use of EBP. Results: Information sources, professional membership, and district size explain 22% of the variance in current use of EBP. Identified resources needed to increase the use of EBP included networking opportunities, predeveloped EBP guidelines, and education on outcome evaluation. Conclusions: This study indicates important information on variables that affect current practice in school nursing and also shows requested resources for increasing EBP use. These results can be used to develop translation strategies to increase the use of EBP in the school setting. Because only 22% of the variance was explained, further research is needed to identify additional variables.
Ethics and Religion
Authors: Davis G. Scott 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis essay surveys the relations between ethics and religion in a variety of comparative contexts. It suggests replacing the older paradigms of moral theory, for example, deontology/teleology/consequentialism, with a more supple one deploying law, character, and economics. At the same time, it argues for an emphasis on history and ethnography that will ultimately blur both typologies and disciplinary boundaries. This is a good thing if we wish to understand how people actually think about their moral commitments and the worlds they live in.
Spatial Theory and the Study of Religion
Authors: Knott Kim 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA ‘spatial turn’ has been witnessed in the humanities and social sciences since Henri Lefebvre's La production de l’espace, and its translation into English in 1991. Subsequently, the socio‐spatial theories of Lefebvre, Foucault, Certeau and postmodern geographers, such as Soja, Massey and Harvey, have had an impact on research in many disciplines, including religious studies. With its own traditions, of geography of religion and sacred space, it contributes theorists of its own, including van der Leeuw, Eliade, J. Z. Smith and Anttonen, but to these must be added those from beyond the boundaries of the discipline whose ideas have been formative for recent methodological and theoretical work by scholars such as Knott and Tweed. The article ends by asking what spatial theory contributes to the study of religion.
Recent Research and Debates in Adi Granth Studies
Authors: Singh Pashaura 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRecent debates in Adi Granth studies have exposed two divergent approaches on the process of canon formation in the Sikh tradition. The first approach stresses a linear process that began with a single source and then diversified into separate textual strands with minor variations that we encounter in the available manuscripts of the Adi Granth. The second approach lays emphasis on the development of ‘independent’ textual traditions in different geographical areas in isolation from one another in the process of repeated copying and correction over generation of scribal activity. The present article offers an analysis of a new source, the Bhai Rupa Pothi (book), highlighting the third alternative of the ‘theory of working drafts’ prepared under the direct supervision of Guru Arjan.
Linguistics in the Study and Teaching of Literature
Authors: Fabb Nigel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLiterary texts include linguistic form, as well as specialized literary forms (some of which also involve language). Linguistics can offer to literary studies an understanding of these kinds of form, and the ways by which a text is used to communicate meaning. In order to cope with the great variety of creative uses of language in literature, linguistics must acknowledge that some texts are assigned structure by non‐linguistic means, but the boundaries between linguistic and non‐linguistic explanations for literary language are not clearly drawn. The article concludes with discussion of what kinds and level of linguistics might usefully be taught in a literature classroom, and offers practical suggestions for the application of linguistics to literature teaching.
Semantics and Pragmatics of Humor
Authors: Attardo Salvatore 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article presents the state of the art of semantic‐pragmatic research on humor. The developments in the field are seen as fanning out from two central concepts: the linguistic version of the incongruity/resolution theory of humor (script opposition) and the methodological claim that such a theory was a theory of humor competence. The developments of the theory of humor competence and, more recently, of work on humor performance are seen as lying at the opposite ends of a continuum, with various approaches positioning themselves along that axis. It is argued that a theory encompassing both competence and performance is necessary for the study of humor.
Genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses isolated from pigs during 2000 to 2005 in Thailand
Authors: Takemae Nobuhiro , Parchariyanon Sujira , Damrongwatanapokin Sudarat , Uchida Yuko , Ruttanapumma Ruttapong , Watanabe Chiaki , Yamaguchi Shigeo , Saito Takehiko 
Published: November 2008

Background  Recent studies have revealed the existence of genetic diversity in swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in the world. In Thailand, there has been a little information on the molecular characteristics of the SIVs since the first isolation of viruses of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes in the late 1970s. Our previous study demonstrated that Thai H1N1 SIVs possessed the classical swine H1 and avian‐like swine N1 genes (Takemae et al., Proceedings of the Options for the Control of Influenza VI.2007;350–353).Objectives  In the present study, we genetically characterized 12 SIVs including those of H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes isolated between 2000 and 2005.Methods  We determined the entire nucleotide sequences of the eight gene segments of those isolates.Results  Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of nine distinct genotypes amongst the Thai SIVs. These genotypes arose from multiple introductions of classical swine, avian‐like swine and human viruses. The existence of two distinct sublineages within classical swine H1 and NS, avian‐like swine PA and M and human H3 and N2 genes of the Thai SIVs suggested that introduction of viruses of classical swine, avian‐like swine and human origins occurred twice respectively into the Thai pig population. The predominance of avian‐like swine genes amongst the Thai SIVs was evident. In particular, three polymerase (PB1, PB2 and PA) and matrix genes of avian‐like swine origin were retained in all the Thai SIVs examined.Conclusions  These observations may suggest that genes of avian‐like swine lineages have some advantages to be maintained in pigs as seen in the SIVs established through multiple introductions in other regions.
The Sociology of Micro‐politics: An Examination of a Neglected Field of Political Action in the Middle East and Beyond
Authors: Goldfarb Jeffrey C. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, the political dimensions of the social interactions of everyday life are investigated. The perspectives of Michel Foucault and Michel de Certeau, George Herbert Mead and Erving Goffman, are applied. A close analysis of micro‐politics in Israel–Palestine and the Sinai is used to reveal the independent significance of micro‐politics, as it is shown that such politics constitute the prevailing order of things, but also present the possibility of escaping, subverting, criticizing and transforming that order.
The Day Care Ritual Abuse Moral Panic: A Sociological Analysis
Authors: De Young Mary 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA new type of sex crime was discovered in the United States in the 1980s – the sexual abuse of young children in ghastly rituals performed by devil worshippers who happened to be their day care providers. ‘Ritual abuse’, as this new sex crime came to be termed, appeared to be epidemic during that decade; hundreds of day care centers were investigated and scores of providers were arrested and prosecuted. This article asserts that the day care ritual abuse scare was a moral panic, in fact, the ‘purest example’ of a moral panic in that the putative threat to children had to be wholly constructed. Using the key sociological elements set out by Cohen (1972/2002), this article analyzes the day care ritual abuse moral panic and concludes by discussing additional key elements that will facilitate future sociological analyses of moral panics.
Healing Victims and Offenders and Reducing Crime: A Critical Assessment of Restorative Justice Practice and Theory
Authors: Rossner Meredith 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe current article explores the growing restorative justice movement. It examines promising research indicating that face‐to‐face dialogue with crime victims and offenders may work to restore and heal participants, and reduce recidivism. In addition, the article assesses the current state of restorative justice theory, suggesting new avenues for future theory and research. I show how current thinking about restorative justice can benefit from a micro‐sociological reframing, focusing on the production of collective emotion and micro‐dynamics of interaction.
Canadian Dentists' Opinions on Publicly Financed Dental Care
Authors: Quiñonez Carlos R. , Figueiredo Rafael , Locker David 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to inform policy leaders of the opinions of Canada's major dental care service provider regarding publicly financed dental care. Methods: Using provincial/territorial dental regulatory authority listings, a 26‐item questionnaire was sent to a representative sample of Canadian dentists (n = 2219, response rate = 45.8 percent). Descriptive statistics were produced, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to assess what predicts dentists' responses. Results: Canadian dentists support governmental involvement in dental care, preferring investments in prevention to direct delivery. The majority of dentists have less than 10 percent of their practice represented by publicly insured patients, with a small minority having greater than 50 percent. The majority would accept new publicly insured patients, preferring fee for service remuneration. Dentists generally appear dissatisfied with public forms of third‐party financing. Conclusions: Dentists prefer a targeted effort at meeting public needs and are influenced in their opinions largely in relation to ideology. In order to move forward, policy leaders will need to devote some attention to the influence and complexity of public and private tensions in dentistry. At the very least, public and private practitioners must come to appreciate each other's challenges and balance public and private expectations in public programming.
What Frames of Reference Underlie Self‐Ratings of Oral Health?*
Authors: Locker David , Maggirias John , Wexler Evelyn 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the referents and meanings that underlie self‐ratings of oral health and to determine whether they vary by participants' characteristics. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 80 adults who were asked to rate their oral health and explain the reasons for their ratings. The interviews were tape‐recorded, transcribed in full, and subject to a content analysis that involved identification and coding of their frames of reference. These codes were collapsed to create a smaller number of categories to allow for comparisons of the proportions invoking each frame of reference. Results: There was considerable variation in the accounts offered to support the self‐ratings of oral health. The most common referents used were biomedical, involving current oral problems, treatment needs and treatment histories, and behavioral, which included oral self‐care practices, other health behaviors, and dental visiting patterns. Pain and tooth loss were also common. Most notable was the absence of functional and psychosocial referents that are prominent in contemporary definitions and measures of “oral‐health‐related quality of life.” There was some variation in the referents used according to sociodemographic characteristics, with age being the main source of variation. There was also variation according to the category of the self‐rating used; those with favorable ratings tended to use different frames of reference than those with unfavorable ratings. Conclusions: The biomedical model and professional ideologies and values provide the main frames of reference that give meaning to self‐ratings of oral health. Variations in the meanings of the self‐ratings have some implications for the use of this item in quantitative studies, which warrants further investigation.
Oral‐Health‐Related Quality of Life during Pregnancy
Authors: Acharya Shashidhar , Bhat Parvati V. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the differences in oral health and perceived oral‐health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) between pregnant and nonpregnant rural Indian women and to describe factors that could possibly influence OHRQoL. Methods: A number of 259 pregnant (mean age 26 ± 5.5) and 237 nonpregnant (mean age 27.8 + 6.9) women who participated in the cross‐sectional study were administered the Oral Health Impact Profile–14 questionnaire and underwent oral examination. Results: The results showed that the perceived OHRQoL was significantly poorer among the pregnant women than among nonpregnant women. The mean number of sextants with Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs scores of 2 and 3 and the gingival index scores were significantly (P < 0.001) higher among pregnant women than in the comparison groups. Factors such as pregnancy number (P < 0.05), decayed, missing, filled teeth scores (P < 0.001), and Gingival Index scores (P < 0.001) were significant predictors for OHRQoL. Conclusion: Oral health and perceived OHRQoL were poorer among pregnant women than among nonpregnant women.
A Survey of North Carolina Safety‐Net Dental Clinics' Methods for Communicating with Patients of Limited English Proficiency (LEP)*
Authors: Hammersmith Kimberly J. , Lee Jessica Y. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Objective: Dental providers are increasingly challenged in communicating with patients with limited English proficiency (LEP). Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to examine methods of communicating with patients with LEP in North Carolina (NC) safety‐net dental clinics as perceived by dental staff. Methods: An anonymous, 36‐item, cross‐sectional survey was distributed to representatives of 68 NC safety‐net dental clinics. Question domains included: a) a perceived need for language services; b) methods of language services provided; c) perceptions of dental staff about dental care experiences for patients with LEP; and d) perceived legal and financial roles in providing language services. Results: Of the 68 clinics, 55 responded (81 percent). All clinics reported treating patients with LEP, and 93 percent of clinics reported a need for providing language services. Many clinics used multiple methods to provide language services. Some clinics reported differences in treatment recommendations (13 percent), treatment provided (19 percent), and visit length (61 percent) for patients with LEP. All responded that additional costs are incurred to treat patients with LEP, and only 69 percent of responding clinics recognized legal obligations of treating patients with LEP. Conclusions: There is a reported need for language services in NC safety‐net dental clinics. These services often resulted in additional costs to the dental clinic. To maintain the quality of care and to comply with legal requirements related to dental patients with LEP, additional funding sources might be required to recruit multilingual staff, support language services in dental clinics, and provide language skills training for practicing dentists. Additionally, studies are suggested to measure the perception of the effectiveness of communication methods of patients with LEP.
Dental Caries in 3‐Year‐Old Children is Associated More with Child‐Rearing Behaviors than Mother‐Related Health Behaviors
Authors: Kawashita Yumiko , Fukuda Hideki , Kawasaki Koji , Kitamura Masayasu , Hayashida Hideaki , Furugen Reiko , Fukumoto Emiko , Iijima Youichi , Saito Toshiyuki 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Objective: We assessed whether child‐ or mother‐related health behaviors were associated more strongly with dental caries in 3‐year‐old children. Methods: Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed on dental caries' presence as the dependent variable with independent variables from the results of examination and a self‐administered questionnaire of 396 mother–child pairs. Result: Dental caries of 3‐year‐old children was more strongly associated with child‐related health behavior than mother‐related health behavior. Of the child‐related variables, “a habit of feeding in bed”[OR (odds ratio) 10.14; 95 percent class interval (CI) 1.80‐56.97], “eating between meals three times a day or more” (OR 3.33; 95 percent CI 1.56‐7.10), “consuming a sports drink three times a week or more” (OR 4.47; 95 percent CI 1.60‐12.49), “having both home and professional preventive dental care” (OR 3.02; 95 percent CI 1.44‐6.32), and “having professional preventive dental care” (OR 3.79; 95 percent CI 1.75‐8.21) were significantly associated with dental caries in children. Of the mother‐related variables, “brushing teeth once a day or less” (OR 2.72; 95 percent CI 1.19‐6.20) and “drinking alcohol three times a week or more” (OR 0.38; 95 percent CI 0.16‐0.93) had significant effects. Conclusion: Dental caries of 3‐year‐old children was more strongly associated with child‐related health behavior than mother‐related health behavior. The results of this study suggest that encouraging good child‐rearing behavior among mothers could result in better dental health among their children regardless of the mother's dental health status.
Considerations on Optimal Fluoride Intake Using Dental Fluorosis and Dental Caries Outcomes – A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Warren John J. , Levy Steven M. , Broffitt Barbara , Cavanaugh Joseph E. , Kanellis Michael J. , Weber‐Gasparoni Karin 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Objectives: The “optimal” intake of fluoride has been widely accepted for decades as between 0.05 and 0.07 mg fluoride per kilogram of body weight (mg F/kg bw) but is based on limited scientific evidence. The purpose of this paper is to present longitudinal fluoride intake data for children free of dental fluorosis in the early‐erupting permanent dentition and free of dental caries in both the primary and early‐erupting permanent teeth as an estimate of optimal fluoride intake. Methods: Data on fluoride ingestion were obtained from parents of 602 Iowa Fluoride Study children through periodic questionnaires at the ages of 6 weeks; 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, and 36 months; and then at 6‐month intervals thereafter. Estimates of total fluoride intake at each time point were made by summing amounts from water, dentifrice, and supplements, as well as other foods and beverages made with, or containing, water. Caries data were obtained from examinations of children at ages 5 and 9 years, whereas fluorosis data were obtained from examinations of children only at age 9 years. Results: The estimated mean daily fluoride intake for those children with no caries history and no fluorosis at age 9 years was at, or below, 0.05 mg F/kg bw for nearly all time points through the first 48 months of life, and this level declined thereafter. Children with caries had generally slightly less intakes, whereas those with fluorosis generally had slightly higher intakes. Conclusions: Given the overlap among caries/fluorosis groups in mean fluoride intake and extreme variability in individual fluoride intakes, firmly recommending an “optimal” fluoride intake is problematic.