bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of storage and lipid extraction on the properties of leaf protein
Authors: Buchanan R. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAt 4° and 28° extensive oxidation of leaf protein occurred, but there was little change in the digestibility of the protein, or in the N and P contents of the lipid. After heating at 60° the amount of extracted lipid decreased: a small decrease in digestibility was attributed to heat damage rather than oxidation of the lipid. Losses in digestibility after heatingat 100° wereattributable to two different reactions: (a)a lipid complexing reaction which depends on moisture content, but not on the presence of oxygen and (b) modification of the protein. The latter reaction occurred more slowly and depended mainly on the period of heating at 100°; it did not occur in completely dry protein, was not influenced by the presence of leaf lipid, and was not affected by lipid solvent extraction after heating.The possibility that lipid‐protein complexing during preparation of leaf protein causes losses in digestibility is discussed. Similarities between the behaviour of leaf proteins and fishmeal on storage and heating are also discussed.
Interference by cyanide with the measurements of papain hydrolysis
Authors: Buchanan R. A. , Byers M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPotassium cyanide, a commonly used activator for the proteolytic enzyme papain, may be bound by the Strecker reaction to form cyanohydrins in digestion mixtures. The formation of these N‐containing complexes depends on the pH of the digest, incubation time and temperature, and the amount of reducing sugar present. They are soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), so the N in the complexes will be estimated together with the non‐protein N released during digestion. Their formation probably accounts for some experimental discrepancies observed when studying the action of KCN‐activated papain on extracted leaf proteins, and calculating the percentage hydrolysis from the amount of N found in the TCA‐soluble fraction.A procedure for digesting leaf proteins by papain is described that uses thioglycollic acid as activator, and the N is estimated in the undissolved substrate and the TCA‐precipitable fraction, instead of in the TCA‐soluble fraction.
Proteases of the soyabean II.—Specificity of the active fractions
Authors: Pinsky A. , Grossman S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSix proteolytic fractions of the soyabean differed in specificity on synthetic substrates. Their Michaelis constants on poly (L‐glutamic acid) differed one from the other. The optimum pH values of proteolytic action were slightly lower than that of the crude extract. The fractions did not autolyse, nor did one fraction hydrolyse any other. Finally, none of the fractions exhibited trypsin‐like activity, as characterised by ability to hydrolyse benzoylarginine ethyl ester, either at their optimum pH or at the pH optimum of trypsin.
Importance of dietary protein level in the carcass analysis method for determining net protein utilisation in the chick
Authors: Fisher H. , Griminger P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo series of studies concerning chick NPU (net protein utilisation) determinations were carried out. In the first, two levels of dietary protein were compared with diets deficient in methionine or lysine. While the 10% protein level gave higher absolute NPU values than the 13% level, the former may lead to erroneous conclusions if the dietary protein is deficient in lysine. Since lysine is required in very low amounts for maintenance and the 10% protein level provides little more than the maintenance needs of the chick, the 13% level is to be preferred; this level provides sufficient excess for growth purposes so that a lysine deficiency can be more effectively recognised by the NPU value obtained.In the second series of experiments, three levels of fibre and maize oil were included factorially in a 13% protein diet composed of isolated soya protein supplemented with methionine. The combination of 3% fibre and 6% maize oil gave considerably higher NPU values than were obtained with any of the other combinations, although there was a general trend for higher NPU values with increased dietary energy. No adequate explanation for this finding is available at present.
Effects of plant growth regulators on locusts and cotton stainer bugs
Authors: Carlisle D. B. , Ellis Peggy E. , Osborne Daphne J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGibberellic acid is a necessary dietary constituent for normal fast maturation in the desert locust. Diets short of gibberellins, such as senescent vegetation, produce a state of adult diapause. The synthetic plant growth retardant (2‐chloroethyl)‐trimethylammonium chloride (CCC), either injected into locusts or fed to them as a separate dietary constituent, inhibits meiosis and so retards or prevents sexual maturation. Once this stage of gametogenesis has passed (late in nymphal life) CCC appears to have no further effect, but a single injection just before the onset of meiosis will sterilise locusts completely. Cotton stainers provided with a solution of CCC in their drinking water during the same period of larval life show impaired reproductive function and produce deformed offspring. CCC acts directly upon the insects, quite apart from any secondary effect produced by the altered physiology of the food plant.
Use of growth retardants on chrysanthemums: Effect on pest populations
Authors: Worthing C. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNumbers of the aphid, Myzus persicae, and the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, were compared on two chrysanthemum cultivars treated with commercial rates of B995, chlormequat chloride and chlorphonium chloride. The growth retardants did not give effective pest control on this host, but in some trials the populations were significantly lower where chlormequat chloride and chlorphonium chloride was used. They appear to act indirectly and reduced the survival rate of nymphal M. persicae.
Interactions between steroids in the growth of Phytophthora
Authors: Elliott C. G. , Knights B. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is shown that several steroids in mixture with cholesterol inhibit the cholesterol‐dependent oospore production by Phytophthora cactorum in culture. It is suggested that in plants, precursors of the phytosterols might compete with sterols to reduce the sporulation of pathogens, such as Phytophthora and Pythium spp., which are dependent on the r hosts for the sterols required for their reproduction. A high proportion of precursor compared with sterol would thus enhance the disease resistance of the host.
Factors affecting the systemic antifungal activity of some chemically related compounds
Authors: Garraway J. L. , Cook S. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSome phenols, phenolic glycosides and derivatives of sulphanilic acid were tested for direct (in vitro) and systemic activity against some rust and mildew fungi. Results against Uromyces fabae are quoted. Some of the highly substituted phenols were toxic to U. fabae, but there was little systemic activity in broad beans and wheat shoots with phenols or phenolic glycosides. Although 4‐aminobenzenesulphonamides and 4‐aminobenzenesulphonylureas were relatively inactive in vitro, they showed appreciable systemic activity. Modification of the structure of compounds to confer solubility in water did not necessarily improve systemic activity.
Uptake of nutrients following fertilization of sitka spruce on deep peat in Northern Ireland
Authors: Dickson D. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects are described of broadcast application of mineral phosphate at rates from 0–400 units† P2O5per acre and top‐dressing treatments with nitrogen and potassium at rates up to 30 units N and 180 units K2O per acre on the growth and nutrient uptake of newly planted Sitka spruce on deep oligotrophic peat in western Northern Ireland. Rate of tree growth and P uptake increased progressively over four years with increasing phosphate application. Applied K appreciably increased rate of growth, length of growing season and K uptake, but tree response decreased in the fifth season after application. Nitrogen application has had little effect except in the year of planting.Levels of N and K in Sitka foliage at the end of the first growing season were very much higher than in subsequent years.
Association between loss of volatiles and reduced incidence of breakdown in Jonathan apples achieved by warming during storage
Authors: Wills R. B. H. , McGlasson W. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe amounts of n‐butyl, iso‐amyl and n‐hexyl alcohols, and their acetate esters, and the ratios of acetate ester :alcohol given off by Jonathan apples during storage at−1° were examined. After 14 weeks' storage, warming of the fruit at 20° for three days resulted in increased emanation of the alcohols and esters, and an increase in the ratios of ester :alcohol given off during subsequent storage at −1°. The increase in ester alcohol ratios indicated that warming had a differential effect on the metabolism of these compounds These data support the hypothesis that loss of acetate is involved in controlling the development of low‐temperature breakdown in apples.
Theoretical triglyceride content of vegetable oils by a radiochemical technique—effect of sediment
Authors: Marcopoulos C. A. , Manolkidis K. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe refining loss for a variety of olive, maize and cottonseed oils as determined in the laboratory by a chromatographic method was checked by a radiochemical procedure. By labeling oil samples with 14C‐tripalmitate and applying the principle of isotope dilution analysis, the absolute content of neutral oil and the theoretical triglyceride content were determined.In order to find out the effect of the sediment in an oil on the deviation of the chromatographic refining loss from the theoretical triglyceride content, various oil samples with high amounts of sediment were compared with normal samples with a low or moderate percentage of sediment.Relations are proposed for the calculation of the theoretical triglyceride content from the one determined by the chromatographic method.
Evaluation of whisky distillery by‐products I.—Chemical composition and losses during transport and storage of malt distiller's grains
Authors: Miller T. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of wet malt distiller's grains (MDG) have been analysed to assess the quality of the material and the variation between the effects of distilleries on quality and the losses incurred during transport and farm storage.Comparative analyses of MDG and the parent barley showed that the recoveries of soluble carbohydrate, protein, holocellulose, lipid and minerals in the MDG and malt culms amounted to 16, 54, 90, 95 and 32% respectively, which indicates a depletion of soluble carbohydrate and minerals (particularly potassium) and a concentration of structural components and lipid.A survey of the material leaving 12 different distilleries over a period of 6 weeks showed little difference in composition between distilleries. Transport losses were negligible.Losses of dry matter during storage ranged from 11 to 21 % depending on length of storage. The addition of salt did not result in a consistent reduction in these losses.
Persistence and effectiveness of thionazin against potato aphids on three soils in Southern England
Authors: Pain B. F. , Skrentny R. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDegradation curves were determined for thionazin applied to the soil in potato plots at three sites. Thionazin persisted longer in an acid, sandy soil than in an alkaline, clay soil, and residues were detected in the sandy soil a year after application. Results of residue analyses were confirmed by determining the kills of aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.) ‘sleeved’ on to potato plants. Natural infestation by potato aphids was effectively decreased only on plots treated with thionazin at 40 Ib/acre (44.84 kg/ha) on the acid sandy soil.
Degradation of commercial ddt in silage
Authors: Henzell R. F. , Lancaster R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fate of DDT present in ensiled pasture herbage has been studied in laboratory silos of 2 kg capacity. The DDT was extensively decomposed in the process, but the accumulation of equally objectionable degradation products, identified as pp‐DDD gave a net reduction of about 50%. These changes appeared to be unrelated to the type of silage fermentation that ocuurred. The results suggest enbsilage to be a useful management procedure in dealing with DDT‐contaminated pasture.
Production of volatile organic compounds by pears
Authors: Fidler J. C. , North C. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere is considerable variation between the rates of production of volatile organic compounds by different cultivars of pears, as has been shown for apples; the rates are lower in controlled atmosphere (C.A.) storage than in air.When pears which have been cold stored, in air or in C.A. are ripened at a higher temperature, the rate of evolution of ethylene rises rapidly to a high value, but subsequently declines as the pears develop overripe symptoms.
Production of volatile organic compounds by apples
Authors: Fidler J. C. , North C. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere is great variation in the rate at which different apple cultivars produce volatiles.The rate of production of volatiles, in terms of loss of carbon, is some 0.3–1.0% of the loss of CO2; depending on conditions of storage, some 50–95% of the carbon lost as volatiles is accounted for by ethylene.Increase in concentration of CO2 in the storage atmosphere reduces the rate of production of volatiles. Reduction of the oxygen concentration to a low level has the same effect, and ethylene production ceases in the complete absence of oxygen.The peel of the fruit is more active in production of ethylene than is the pulp; the rate of production is greater for small apples than for large. When the volatiles are removed from the storage atmosphere, the rate of production increases.The incidence of superficial scald, and the shape of the time/rate graph for ethylene are related. This could be due to an effect of climate during the growing period, affecting the porosity of the peel.
Mineral composition of apples X.—A rapid method for preparing samples of fruit for analysis
Authors: Perring M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of apples can be prepared for sub‐sampling for analysis by blending them with an equal mass of water for 2 min at 17,000 rev/min. If seeds are present, or if the suspension of apple is to be fed into an automated analytical system an extra 2 min in a homogeniser fitted with a fine mesh is necessary. Analytical results are reproducible and in agreement, within the limits of variation due to the ashing and analytical methods and the number of apples chosen to make the sample, with those for samples prepared by freezing and grating.The results for magnesium indicate that about 5 % may be lost in the process of freezing and grating.
Effect of storage temperature on the ageing of concentrated wheat starch gels
Authors: Colwell K. H. , Axford D. W. E. , Chamberlain N. , Elton G. A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFlour Milling and Baking Research Association, Chorleywood, Rickmansworth, Herts.Using differential thermal analysis (d.t.a.) the progress of ageing of concentrated wheat starch gels stored at temperatures from−1° to 43° has been investigated.A very close relationship has been found between the ageing of starch gels as measured by d.t.a. and the staling of bread as measured by crumb firmness at storage temperatures of−1°, 10° and 21° but some differences have been found at 32° and 43°. The results at −1°, 10° and 21 ° provide very strong confirmatory evidence that starch crystallisation is the chief factor in the firming of bread. At elevated storage temperatures (32° and 43°) the róle of starch crystallisation in the firming of bread apparently gradually diminishes. Analysis of the results indicates that the mechanism of crystallisation of the starch, instantaneous nucleation followed by rod‐like growth of crystals, is the same over the whole range of storage temperatures −1° to 43°. Evidence is also presented to show that there is a possibility that at higher storage temperatures a more symmetrically perfect crystal structure is being formed.
Response of laying hens fed on a restricted isocaloric intake basis to oil supplementation of a low‐fat ration
Authors: Balnave D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDept. of Agricultural Chemistry, Queen's University, Belfast and Ministry of Agriculture, N. IrelandTwo experiments are described in which varying levels of corn oil or cod liver oil were added to the diet of birds previously maintained from one day old on a low‐fat cornflour‐based diet containing 0–35% linpleic acid. All diets were fed at three different metabolisable energy (ME) intake levels, the birds being fed a weighed quantity of food daily.Neither ME intake nor dietary corn oil or cod liver oil supplementation had any significant influence on egg size. Increasing levels of dietary ME increased the number of eggs laid, the response being very rapid and occurring within the first 28 days. Any effect of dietary com oil was exerted mainly through the size of eggs laid, although these differences in egg size were not great enough to attain statistical significance. The response to dietary corn oil was not as rapid as the response to dietary ME and no significant effect of corn oil was observed until the second 28‐day period. Dietary corn oil increased the efficiency of conversion of dietary ME to egg product but dietary cod liver oil was without effect.
Nutrient elements in the herbage of white clover, red clover, lucerne and sainfoin
Authors: Whitehead D. C. , Jones E. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhite clover, red clover, lucerne and sainfoin were grown in the field, and the mineral composition and cation/anion balance of the herbage were determined on samples taken at advancing stages of growth on eight occasions from 29 April to 18 July.The elements which showed the greatest differences in content between species were calcium, sodium, and molybdenum. White clover was consistently higher than the other species in nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine and molybdenum. Sainfoin was consistently and substantially lower in calcium and sodium than the other species.Evidence based on the total contents of cations and inorganic anions and on determinations of ash alkalinity indicated that white clover and red clover had the highest contents of organic acids, sainfoin having substantially lower, and lucerne intermediate, levels.
Effect of applying increasing levels of nitrogen to ryegrass: I.—Composition of various nitrogenous fractions and free amino acids
Authors: Goswami A. K. , Willcox J. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHeavy application of fertiliser N caused a rise in the non‐protein N content of the plant which was accompanied by a sharp rise in the free amino acid N, other organic nitrogenous constituents and nitrate N. The peptide N fraction of the plant was high when no nitrogen was applied, decreased with moderate supply of N and rose again slightly when heavy doses of N were applied. There was a steady increase in true‐protein content with increase of N application; without N, accumulation of asparagine was noted. With a limited supply of N the dicarboxylic amino acids increased and also there was a considerable reduction of asparagine. Heavy fertilisation with N increased considerably the contents of asparagine and glutamine, the increase of glutamine being greater than that of asparagine, and was also accompanied by an increased content of all the amino acids.
Effect of applying increasing levels of nitrogen to ryegrass: II.—Amino acid composition of peptide and protein fractions
Authors: Goswami A. K. , Willcox J. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmino acid concentrations in the peptide fraction of S22 ryegrass increased with total N content but when amino acid N was expressed as percentage of peptide N little variation was noted with increasing maturity or with increasing level of N application. Also under these conditions true protein increased but when expressed as a percentage of total protein N there was little change in the amino acid make‐up of this fraction. Total dicarboxylic amino acid N and amide N maintained a 1 : 1 ratio in the peptide fractions under these conditions. Glycine and phenylalanine contents were relatively higher in the peptide fractions, and leucine and valine contents were relatively higher in the protein fractions. Proline content was unusually high in the free state, intermediate in the peptide fraction and lowest in the proteins. The amino acid make‐up of the peptide fraction was more closely related to the protein fraction than to the free amino acid fraction and the free amino acids and their amides had some influence in determining the composition of the peptide fraction.
Immunochemical study of changes in the soluble proteins of wheat during germination
Authors: Daussant J. , Abbott Donald C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring germination and early growth the general immuno‐electrophoretic pattern of soluble proteins of two wheat species showed similar changes. Several of the antigenie proteins detected, including the esterase and peroxidase, did not appear to be modified up to 13 days from the start of germination. Others decreased in quantity or disappeared altogether. In contrast to the esterase and peroxidase, the amylolytic enzymes exhibited marked changes. The antigenic β‐amylases existing in electrophoretically different forms in the mature wheat seeds appeared to change to an electrophoretically more homogeneous form in germinated seeds. The (β‐amylase in germinated wheat seeds retained its antigenic resemblance to the forms of the mature seeds but differed in other aspects from these isozymes. The antigenic α‐amylase of germinated seeds was shown to be absent from the mature seeds, even as an inactive‐form. Its increase in activity during germination was ascribed to a synthesis rather than activation of a precursor or proenzyme.
Characterisation of Phaseolus vulgaris Cultivars by their electrophoretic patterns
Authors: Adriaanse A. , Klop W. , Robbers J. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCharacterisation of 32 cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris has been obtained by densitograms of protein patterns, which were evaluated by starch‐gel electrophoresis of protein fractions obtained by single extraction of bean seeds with water. Experiments indicated that the protein patterns are unlikely to be affected by external conditions such as N fertilisation, climatic conditions and soil properties.
Kinetics of drying apple slices
Authors: Sykes S. M. , Kelly F. H. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe process of drying apple tissue under most conditions may be divided into two main periods viz primary and secondary falling‐rate periods. For most drying conditions the secondary falling‐rate period is longer and has the greater influence on the overall rate. When the drying capacity of the air is very low an initial constant‐rate period may occur.The drying rate constant varies with temperature with an Arrhenius‐type relationship and the available evidence suggests that temperature‐induced changes in the rate may be caused by vapor pressure changesAir velocity and relative humidity have their greatest influence in the early part of the drying process Towards the end of drying, internal resistance to water movement becomes rate‐controlling, and external factors have little influence.An explanation of the observed drying characteristics of apple tissue in terms of the diffusion of water vapour through a ‘skin’ of dried cells is suggested.