bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring dyslexics' phonological deficit I: lexical vs sub‐lexical and input vs output processes
Authors: Szenkovits Gayaneh , Ramus Franck 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWe report a series of experiments designed to explore the locus of the phonological deficit in dyslexia. Phonological processing of dyslexic adults is compared to that of age‐ and IQ‐matched controls. Dyslexics' impaired performance on tasks involving nonwords suggests that sub‐lexical phonological representations are deficient. Contrasting nonword repetition vs auditory nonword discrimination suggests that dyslexics are specifically impaired in input phonological processing. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that the deficit initially affects input sub‐lexical processes, and further spreads to output and lexical processes in the course of language acquisition. Further longitudinal research is required to confirm this scenario as well as to tease apart the role of the quality of phonological representations from that of verbal short‐term memory processes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auditory and speech processing and reading development in Chinese school children: behavioural and ERP evidence
Authors: Meng Xiangzhi , Sai Xiaoguang , Wang Cixin , Wang Jue , Sha Shuying , Zhou Xiaolin 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBy measuring behavioural performance and event‐related potentials (ERPs) this study investigated the extent to which Chinese school children's reading development is influenced by their skills in auditory, speech, and temporal processing. In Experiment 1, 102 normal school children's performance in pure tone temporal order judgment, tone frequency discrimination, temporal interval discrimination and composite tone pattern discrimination was measured. Results showed that children's auditory processing skills correlated significantly with their reading fluency, phonological awareness, word naming latency, and the number of Chinese characters learned. Regression analyses found that tone temporal order judgment, temporal interval discrimination and composite tone pattern discrimination could account for 32% of variance in phonological awareness. Controlling for the effect of phonological awareness, auditory processing measures still contributed significantly to variance in reading fluency and character naming. In Experiment 2, mismatch negativities (MMN) in event‐related brain potentials were recorded from dyslexic children and the matched normal children, while these children listened passively to Chinese syllables and auditory stimuli composed of pure tones. The two groups of children did not differ in MMN to stimuli deviated in pure tone frequency and Chinese lexical tones. But dyslexic children showed smaller MMN to stimuli deviated in initial consonants or vowels of Chinese syllables and to stimuli deviated in temporal information of composite tone patterns. These results suggested that Chinese dyslexic children have deficits in auditory temporal processing as well as in linguistic processing and that auditory and temporal processing is possibly as important to reading development of children in a logographic writing system as in an alphabetic system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The subtypes of developmental dyslexia in Chinese: evidence from three cases
Authors: Shu Hua , Meng Xiangzhi , Chen Xi , Luan Hui , Cao Fan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis study investigated subtypes of developmental dyslexia in Chinese by assessing three cases of Chinese dyslexic children. A battery of screening measures, a character naming and meaning task, and metalinguistic awareness tasks were administered to each child. One of the three children demonstrated characteristics of developmental surface dyslexia, and the other two showed characteristics of developmental deep dyslexia. Moreover, the children's reading problems were found to be specifically related to their deficits in metalinguistic awareness. The dissociation between developmental surface and deep dyslexia provides support to Weekes et al.'s (Neurocase 1997; 3: 51–60) model that a semantic and a nonsemantic pathway exist independently in Chinese reading. The results also suggest that deficits in morphological and phonological awareness may cause developmental delays in the semantic and the nonsemantic pathway. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy profile: addressing environmental inequalities through UK research and policy
Authors: Chalmers Helen 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn the United Kingdom, political and governmental attention is being paid to the growing evidence that shows that the poorest people live in the worst quality environments. This paper will describe the development of work within the Environment Agency over the past three years to help understand such environmental inequalities, and how these can be addressed through UK policy for sustainable development. This paper will examine the following key areas of this work.

How have we used the research process to understand environmental inequalities and develop evidence based policy?
What progress have we made in shaping the Environment Agency's role, and ensuring that its environmental policies do not contribute to further environmental inequalities?
How have we worked to ensure that environmental inequalities are addressed through wider government sustainable development policy?

It concludes by exploring how research and policy development to address environmental inequalities requires integration across at least three fields of practice: different types of evidence; research and policy; and environment and social policy for sustainable development. © Crown copyright 2005. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A decade of mandatory environmental reporting in Denmark
Authors: Holgaard Jette Egelund , Jørgensen Tine Herreborg 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn Denmark, the first law on green accounts was passed in July 1995. The law instructed a selected sample of Danish companies to prepare a green account. In 2002 the government strengthened the law, as the official evaluation showed that expectations for the delivered green accounts concerning content, form and reach were not met. One of the new initiatives was that the companies should describe their environmental policy, goals and results – if any. In this paper the potentials of the revised law will be discussed in relation to experiences with the first law and best practice in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). This discussion is pursued in a broader European context to elaborate on the perspectives of mandatory environmental reporting and leads to some amendments for a future revision of the Danish law on green accounts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The role of public participation in managing uncertainty in the implementation of the Water Framework Directive
Authors: Newig Jens , Pahl‐Wostl Claudia , Sigel Katja 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe European Water Framework Directive (WFD) constitutes a complex regulation that calls for numerous decisions under uncertainty on the part of the implementing agencies in the member states. This contribution first discusses two different types of uncertainty that may arise in the implementation of the WFD and identifies ways to manage them. Results of a text analysis show that uncertainties are not systematically addressed either in the directive itself or in CIS guidance documents. This paper shows that an important instrument to both manage and, where possible, reduce uncertainty is the participation of interested parties and the broader public. The focus lies on the perspective of the competent authority that has the responsibility to develop and implement the management plan. The paper concludes with recommendations of how to profit from public participation in managing uncertainty but also of where to look out for possible stumbling blocks. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Ecological modernization in the UK: rhetoric or reality?
Authors: Revell Andrea 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis paper discusses the degree to which recent trends in UK policy‐making amount to a paradigm shift towards the prescriptions of ecological modernization (EM) theory. First, in keeping with EM's ‘win–win’ philosophy, recent political speeches and policy documents on the environment have expressed the idea that there is no conflict between environmental protection and economic growth. Second, policies have attempted to encourage the invention and diffusion of clean technologies. Third, policy‐makers have explored innovative market‐based policy approaches to tackle environmental problems. These three trends suggest UK policy‐makers' predilection towards EM as a policy strategy. However, there has arguably been less success in terms of a fourth key characteristic of ‘ecologically modernized’ states, that of environmental policy integration. The paper concludes that New Labour's failure at ‘greening government’, combined with its economistic and technocratic policy focus, places the UK at the weak end of Christoff's (1996) weak–strong continuum of ecological modernization. As such, environmental imperatives continue to remain ideologically and politically peripheral to conventional economic goals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The Bromination of Bulky Trialkylphosphane Selenides R2R′PSe (R, R′ = iPr or tBu) Studied by Physical and Computational Methods
Authors: Hrib Cristian G. , Ruthe Frank , Seppälä Emma , Bätcher Michael , Druckenbrodt Christian , Wismach Cathleen , Jones Peter G. , du Mont Wolf‐W. , Lippolis Vito , Devillanova Francesco A. , Bühl Michael 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBulky trialkylphosphane selenides tBu3PSe (1a), iPr3PSe (1b), tBu2(iPr)PSe (1c) and tBu(iPr)2PSe (1d) react with one equiv. of bromine providing “T‐shaped” products R2R′P–SeBr2 (2a–d), which contain three‐coordinate selenium atoms (10‐Se‐3). The solid compounds 2b (bimorphic), 2c and 2d exhibit different extents of distortions of the PSeBr2 moieties and different patterns of intermolecular soft–soft interactions. In mixtures containing 1 and 2, exemplified by the “NMR‐titration” of 1c with molecular bromine, averaged 31P NMR singlets and their 77Se satellites indicate rapid intermolecular bromine exchange reactions (kinetic lability of the Se–Br bonds). Calculations modelling such bromine transfer support nucleophilic attack of R3PSe (Se → Br) on an electrophilic Br atom of R3PSeBr2. Among the phosphane selenides 1a–d, tBu(iPr)2PSe (1d) gives the largest 77Se NMR upfield shift and tBu2(iPr)PSe (1c) the lowest, that is, 77Se NMR shifts do not correlate with increasing numbers of tert‐butyl groups. GIAO‐HF/962+(d) calculations on the 77Se NMR shifts of compounds 1 allow correlation of surprising relative deshielding of 1c, compared with 1b and 1d, with its particular population of rotamers (excluding a rotamer with anti arrangement of the SePCH moiety in 1c). Bromine addition to compounds 1 leads to line broadening and extreme deshielding in the 77Se NMR spectroscopy. Reaction of 2b with bromine leads – inter alia – to P–Se cleavage with P‐bromination. The structures of 1b, 2b–d and tBu2(iPr)PBr2 (3c) were determined by X‐ray crystallography. In compounds 2b–d, intramolecular C–H···Br interactions determine the conformation to a large extent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Formation of Triple‐Stranded Dinuclear Helicates with Dicatecholimine Ligands: The Influence of Steric Hindrance at the Spacer
Authors: Janser Ingo , Albrecht Markus , Hunger Katharina , Burk Simon , Rissanen Kari 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA series of new imine‐bridged dicatechol ligands 3a–f‐H4 with sterically demanding groups at the spacers are used for the formation of titanium(IV) complexes M4[(3)3Ti2]. All three ligands 3a–c‐H4 form triple‐stranded dinuclear helicates. When the bulky ligands 3a‐H4 or 3c‐H4 are used with potassium as the countercation, oligomeric or polymeric side products are also observed. The imine‐bridged ligand 3e‐H4 quantitatively forms helicates M4[(3e)3Ti2] and not a M4L6 tetrahedron as observed with Raymond’s analogous amide‐bridged dicatechol ligand 3i‐H4. NMR spectroscopic investigations at variable temperature show that ligand 3f‐H4, which possesses a spiro fluorenyl group at the central unit of the spacer, forms the meso‐helicate M4[(3f)3Ti2]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Silver and Rhodium Complexes of Stable, Monomeric Imidazolidin‐2‐ylidenes: Synthesis, Reactivity and Decomposition Pathway
Authors: Paas Martin , Wibbeling Birgit , Fröhlich Roland , Hahn F. Ekkehardt 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSilver(I) complexes of the freely stable carbenes 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene (3) and 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene (4) were prepared from the imidazolinium chlorides 1 and 2, respectively, and silver oxide. These two air‐stable and light‐sensitive carbene complexes [AgCl(3)] (5) and [AgCl(4)] (6) were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular structure of 6 was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The imidazolidin‐2‐thiones 7 and 8 were obtained by reaction of the silver carbene complexes 5 and 6, respectively, with elemental sulfur at ambient temperature. Spectroscopic evidence for the formation of the rhodium(I) complex [(cod)Rh(Cl)(10)] (11) with the sterically demanding 1,3‐di‐tert‐butyl‐imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene ligand 10 obtained in situ from 1,3‐di‐tert‐butyl‐imidazolinium tetrafluoroborate 9 is presented. Because of the steric demand of the carbene ligand 10, complex 11 decomposed rapidly in solutions of chlorinated or polar solvents.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Facile and Regioselective Dealkylation of Alkyl Aryl Ethers Using Niobium(V) Pentachloride
Authors: Sudo Yukinori , Arai Shigeru , Nishida Atsushi 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA simple and facile method for the cleavage of carbon–oxygen bonds promoted by niobium pentachloride(V) is described. Excellent yields and regioselectivities were observed with various alkyl aryl ethers to give the phenols. NMR studies revealed the formation of monoaryloxy niobium salt(V), and a neighboring‐group effect may play a significant role in the regioselectivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Straightforward Pyrimidine Ring Construction: A Versatile Tool for the Synthesis of Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogues
Authors: Robin Aélig , Julienne Karine , Meslin Jean‐Claude , Deniaud David 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA general route to 1,2,4‐trisubstituted pyrimidines is described in one to three steps from a common key precursor, diazadienium iodide 2. An efficient preliminary [4+2] cyclocondensation reaction between the azabutadiene building block 2 and various iso(thio)cyanates constitutes an original construction of the pyrimidine skeleton. Subsequent structural modifications on the heterocycle allow the elaboration of a 1‐substituted pyrimidine library that includes nucleoside analogues. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of (4R,5S)‐Melithiazols F and I
Authors: Takayama Hiroyuki , Kato Keisuke , Akita Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed cyclization‐methoxycarbonylation of (2R,3S)‐3‐methylpenta‐4‐yne‐1,2‐diol (8) derived from the (2R,3S)‐epoxybutanoate 7 followed by methylation gave the tetrahydro‐2‐furylidene acetate (–)‐9, which was converted into the left‐half aldehyde (+)‐4. A Wittig reaction between (+)‐4 and the phosphoranylide derived from the bithiazole‐type phosphonium iodide 5 using lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide afforded (+)‐(4R,5S)‐melithiazol F (1), whose spectroscopic data were identical with those of the natural product 1. Moreover, the synthesis of (+)‐(4R,5S)‐melithiazol I (2), was achieved by the same synthetic strategy as that of (+)‐(4R,5S)‐melithiazol F (1). The antifungal activity of the synthetic melithiazols F (1) and I (2) against the phytopathogenic fungus, Phytophthora capsici, was evaluated by using a paper disc assay method.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Enantiopure 1‐r‐Aryl‐2‐c,5‐t‐diphenylphospholane Oxides and Boranes by Pd‐Catalyzed C–P Bond Formation
Authors: Toffano Martial , Dobrota Cristian , Fiaud Jean‐Claude 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNew chiral enantiopure phospholane oxides 1 and boranes 5 were obtained from efficient carbon–phosphorus bond formation by organocuprate or palladium‐catalyzed reactions. C–P cross‐coupling reactions between chiral phosphane oxide 3 or borane 4 and various aryl derivatives are presented.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Nanoparticle‐based pseudostationary phases in capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Nilsson Christian , Nilsson Staffan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDuring the past decades, research has been performed to enhance selectivity in CE by introducing different types of additives into the electrolyte. Research concerning this has taken many directions, especially during the last 5 years. A promising technique, which benefits from no packing or frits, is to use nanoparticles as the pseudostationary phase (PSP) in CEC. PSPs have the advantage of introducing a novel interaction phase for every analysis, which greatly simplify column exchange and circumvent contamination inherited from complex mixtures, e.g., biological samples. The field of nanoparticle‐based PSPs used in CEC is covered in this review. The term CEC will be used consequently throughout this review, although some authors used the term EKC to categorize their work. Important requirements for the nanoparticles used and possible reasons for band broadening will be discussed. Applications with silica nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, dendrimers, and polymeric surfactants as PSP will also be discussed.
Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of pollutants
Authors: Dabek‐Zlotorzynska Ewa , Celo Valbona 
Published: November 2005

AbstractRecent advances in the CE and CEC separation, detection, and sample preparation methodologies applied to the determination of a variety of compounds having current or potential environmental relevance have been overviewed. The reviewed literature has illustrated the wide range of CE applications, indicating the continuing interest in CE and CEC in the environmental field.
Ageing Mechanisms of Proton Exchange Membrane Used in Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Perrot C. , Meyer G. , Gonon L. , Gebel G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDegradation processes of both sulfonated polyimide (sPI) and sulfonated polyetheretherketone (sPEEK) membranes were studied in‐situ in fuel cells. Ex‐situ ageing protocols were developed for both polymers and model compounds. On the one hand sulfonated polyimides are shown to be mainly sensitive to hydrolysis though an additional thermo activated oxidation process occurs in fuel cell conditions and at least accelerates the degradation. On the other hand sulfonated polyetheretherketone are insensitive to hydrolysis but greatly degraded in an oxidative medium.
Electrochemical Characterizations of Ni/Doped Lanthanum Silicates Cermets Deposited by Spin Coating
Authors: Brisse A. , Sauvet A.‐L. , Barthet C. , Beaudet‐Savignat S. , Fouletier J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn this study, anodic cermets nickel/apatite were elaborated and deposited by spin‐coating on dense pellets of the apatite electrolyte La9Sr1Si6O26+δ (δ ≈ 0.5). The sintering characteristics and microstructural properties of this cermet were investigated. The influence of the slurries compositions, of the spin‐coating conditions and of the sintering temperatures on the deposit properties was studied. The particle sizes of NiO and of apatite material were respectively 300 nm and 1 μm as shown on the SEM micrographs. This difference in particle size resulted in different sintering rates and could explain the lack of adherence of the deposits after reduction of NiO. Agglomeration of the NiO particles occurred above a sintering temperature of 1,200 °C. This result was corroborated by impedance spectroscopy. The highest resistance was measured for the sample sintered at 1,200 °C.
SOFC Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Performances
Authors: Mandin P. , Bernay C. , Tran‐Dac S. , Broto A. , Abes D. , Cassir M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe main purpose of this work is to establish the macroscopic impact of solid oxide thin layer electrolytes, which are proposed to reduce SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) operating temperature. This work deals with the planar technology configuration. Fuel and oxidant flow through numerous small tubes. The electrical performance analysis of such an elementary fuel cell consist in establishing the relation between tension and current and the influence of parameters such as tubes dimensions, thickness and electrical conductivity of thin layers and fuel used. This study uses fundamental laws of species and energy conservation, as well as electrochemical and electrical laws. Stack performance calculation is mainly a thermal and electrical calculation. This is done here by using Fluent® code calculations and C programming. Particular attention is given to the thermal properties, because of the importance of the dilatation problem in SOFC technology.
Corrosion Behaviour of Stainless Steel Plates in PEMFC Working Conditions
Authors: Agneaux A. , Plouzennec M. H. , Antoni L. , Granier J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractStainless steels commonly used as bipolar plates in PEMFC may corrode and produce metallic ions in anodic and cathodic media. In order to avoid or to limit as low as possible these pollutions, which reduce the fuel cell efficiency, studies are performed to understand occurring phenomena. The characterizations of the different stainless steels behaviour are obtained by means of electrochemical techniques in synthetic solutions representative of anodic and cathodic media.
Synthesis and Reactions of 1,4‐Anhydrogalactopyranose and 1,4‐Anhydroarabinose – Steric and Electronic Limitations
Authors: Nokami Toshiki , Werz Daniel B. , Seeberger Peter H. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractScope and limitations of 1,4‐anhydro sugars as precursors of glycofuranosyl building blocks are described. The experiments revealed that the choice of the substituents is very important for an efficient preparation as well as a successful ring‐opening reaction of 1,4‐anhydro sugars. DFT Calculations suggest that selective protonation of 1,4‐anhydro sugars is the key to the selective ring opening in order to afford only furanosides.
An Unusual β‐Oxidation of N‐Functionalized Alkyl Chains by 1H‐Imidazole
Authors: Langhals Heinz , Gold Josef 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe 1H‐imidazole‐mediated condensation of primary aliphatic amines with perylene‐3,4 : 9,10‐tetracarboxylic bis‐anhydride resulted in by‐products where the aliphatic group was functionalized in the β‐position by imidazole units.
Synthesis of the Antibiotic (R)‐Reutericyclin via Dieckmann Condensation
Authors: Böhme Roswitha , Jung Günther , Breitmaier Eberhard 
Published: November 2005

Abstract(R)‐Reutericyclin ((R)‐1), a bactericidal, amphiphilic natural product with a trisubstituted tetramic acid moiety, was prepared in four steps from D‐leucine in an overall yield of 24%. The chiral heterocyclic portion of 1 was synthesized by Dieckmann cyclization of ethyl N‐(acetoacetyl)leucinate (7), and the resulting pyrrole derivative 8 was N‐acylated with (E)‐dec‐2‐enoyl chloride in the presence of BuLi at − 70° (Scheme 2). This new procedure is straightforward and allows the synthesis of both antipodes of reutericyclin in an enantiomeric excess (ee) of ca. 80%.