bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Honeydew sugars in wild‐caught Phlebotomus ariasi detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC)
Authors: MOORE J. S. , KELLY T. B. , KILLICK‐KENDRICK R. , KILLICK‐KENDRICK M. , WALLBANKS K. R. , MOLYNEUX D. H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir sandflies were caught in light traps hung in oak trees and in a house in the Cévennes focus of leishmaniasis in the South of France. The flies were cryopreserved either immediately on removal from the traps, or after starvation for 6–7 days, or after 6–7 days starvation followed by exposure to oak infested with the aphid genera Lachnus or Thelaxes.After transportation to the laboratory, the sandflies were thawed and aqueous extracts of the crushed flies were analysed for their carbohydrate content using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC).Starved female sandflies lacked significant amounts of any saccharides. Four types of sugar, melezitose and its hydrolysis products turanose, glucose and fructose, were observed in flies which had been starved previously and then placed with Lachnus infested oak. The results also indicate the presence of hydrolysis products of melezitose: (a) in flies previously starved and placed with Thelaxes infested oak, (b) in P.ariasi cryopreserved direct from the light traps hung in oak trees infested with Lachnus and Thelaxes, and (c) flies caught in a house. Unidentifiably small quantities of a trisaccharide were also detected in the latter groups of flies. In previous tests, sugars were detected in P.ariasi after their exposure to aphid‐infested oak (Quercus ilex L.), but not when P.ariasi females were exposed to washed oak leaves without aphids.The results indicate that P.ariasi feed on melezitose and/or turanose, the main local source of which is aphid honeydew. A better understanding of sugar meal sources of sandflies using HPLC and GC techniques will assist in our understanding of sandfly/Leishmania relationships, parasite transmission and epidemiology.
The phlebotomine sandflies of Venezuelan Amazonia
Authors: FELICIANGELI M. DORA , PEREZ JAIME RAMIREZ , RAMIREZ ALIRIO 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Phlebotomine sandflies were surveyed in two ecologically contrasted areas, the northern moist and southern wet tropical forests, of the Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela.Three new taxa and twenty‐one new records were added to the previously known species list for Venezuelan sandflies, which now totals eighty species. Both sexes of Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) killickisp.n., L.(Trichophoryomyia) bettiniisp.n., L.(Nyssomyia) olmeca reductasubsp.n. and and the females of L.bernalei Osorno et al., Brumptomyia pintoi Costa Lima and L.begonae (Ortiz & Torres) are described and illustrated.
Diel activity patterns of blood‐seeking anthropophilic mosquitoes in central Sweden
Authors: JAENSON THOMAS G. T. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Blood‐seeking diel activity cycles of mosquitoes are described from 24 h landing catches on human bait in a field and a forest habitat during June‐August in central Sweden.2. Daytime activity in the field was low or absent, whilst in the forest activity was relatively even throughout the diel.3. In both habitats, activity peaks generally occurred about sunset and sunrise and were more distinct in the field than in the forest.4. Data from this and other studies show that, in general, Aedes cinereus Meigen feeds at night in field‐type habitats and Ae.communis (DeGeer) during the diurnal‐crepuscular period in forest and woodland habitats.5. Although abundant in the study area, Anopheles maculipennis Meigen sensu lato, Culex pipiens L., Cx torrentium Martini and Culiseta morsitans (Theobald) were not caught on the human bait. This is because, in central Sweden, An.maculipennis s.l. is mainly feeding in animal sheds whereas the others are ornithophagous.6. Ae.geniculates (Olivier) was recorded from central Sweden for the first time.7. Blood feeding success (proportion of mosquitoes that managed to obtain blood from the human bait) was significantly greater in Ae.cinereus (14.9%) than in Ae.punctor (Kirby), Ae.communis and Ae.annulipes (Meigen) (2.8–0.7%).8. The data are interpreted in relation to the transmission of Ockelbo disease (caused by Sindbis virus) and tularaemia in Sweden.
Observations on the susceptibility of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) to malathion and permethrin in Tanzania
Authors: KILONZO B. S. , GISAKANYI N. D. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Laboratory‐reared Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) adults were tested with 0.5% malathion and 0.5% permethrin, using the standard WHO methods. After 24 h exposure to malathion (3.6 mg/cm2), 92% of the fleas died. The LT50 for malathion was approximately 8 h. Permethrin (0.45 mg/cm2) produced 100% mortality of exposed insects after 24 h while with a higher dose (0.9 mg/cm2) all fleas died after 8 h exposure. LT50 for the two doses of permethrin were 7.7 and 1.05 h, respectively.The failure of the diagnostic dose of malathion to kill 100% of the population was attributed to resistance. Permethrin is a suitable pesticide for controlling fleas of domestic animals in Tanzania.
Rate of trypanosome killing by lectins in midguts of different species and strains of Glossina
Authors: WELBURN SUSAN C. , MAUDLIN I. , ELLIS D. S. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The activity of lectins in different species of tsetse was compared in vivo by the time taken to remove all trypanosomes from the midgut following an infective feed and in vitro by agglutination tests. Teneral male Glossina pallidipes Austen, G.austeni Newstead and G.p.palpalis R‐D. removed 50% of all Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Stephens & Fantham infections within 60 h. A ‘refractory’ line of G.m.morsitans Westwood took 170 h to kill 50% infections while a ‘susceptible’ line of the same species failed to kill 50%. Agglutination tests with midgut homogenates showed differences between fly stocks which accorded with differences in rate of trypanosome killing in vivo.Flies fed before an infective feed were able to remove trypanosomes from their midguts more quickly than flies infected as tenerals. Increasing the period of starvation before infection increased the susceptibility to trypanosome infection of non‐teneral flies. Teneral flies showed little agglutinating activity in vitro, suggesting that lectin is produced in response to the bloodmeal.Feeding flies before infection also abolished the differences in rate of trypanosome killing found between teneral ‘susceptible’ and ‘refractory’G.m.morsitans, suggesting that maternally inherited susceptibility to trypanosome infection is a phenomenon limited to teneral flies.Electron micrographs of midguts of G.m.morsitans suggest that pro‐cyclic trypanosomes are killed by cell lysis, presumably the result of membrane damage caused by lectin action.
Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review
Authors: KILLICK‐KENDRICK R. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. An account is given of work published during the past 10 years incriminating species of phlebotomine sandflies as vectors of Leishmania species which infect man.An assessment is made of the degrees of certainty of the vectorial roles of eighty‐one species and subspecies of sandflies (thirty‐seven Old World and forty‐four New World) in the transmission of twenty‐nine leishmanial parasites of mammals. At least one species of sandfly is considered to be a proven vector of each of ten parasites.Of the eighty‐one sandfly taxa, evidence is judged to be sufficient to incriminate nineteen as proven vectors (eleven Phlebotomus species and eight Lutzomyia species or subspecies) and evidence for a further fourteen (nine Phlebotomus species and five Lutzomyia species or subspecies) is considered to be strong.The suggested criteria for incrimination of a vector are anthropophily and common infection with the same leishmanial parasite as that found in man in the same place. More weight should be given to natural infections persisting after the digestion of a bloodmeal than those in the presence of blood. Supporting evidence is a concordance in the distribution of the fly and the disease in man, proof that the fly feeds regularly on the reservoir host, a flourishing development of the parasite in infected flies and the experimental transmission of the parasite by the bite of the fly.
Species composition and larval habitats of blowfly (Calliphoridae) populations in upland areas in England and Wales
Authors: DAVIES L. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. 1. Bait trapping at upland sites in England and Wales, mainly at 400–700 m altitude, showed that Calliphora vomitoria L. usually outnumbered all other blowflies. C.vicina R.‐D., C.loewi End. and C.alpina Zett were usually present in much lower numbers, with the last‐named occurring at north Pennine sites, but being replaced by C.subalpina Ringd. at a south Pennine (Peak District) and a Welsh site. Catches normally included Cynomya mortuorum L., and Phormia terraenovae R.‐D. was present at about half of the sites, usually in low numbers.2. Lucilia spp. (predominantly L.caesar L.) were often abundant in catches at 300–430 m, but were absent or rare at 500 m and above, except at certain times.3. Exposure of mouse carcasses at north Pennine upland sites, and rearing of adults from them, showed that they were colonized in a very indeterminate variable way by C.vicina, C.loewi, C.alpina and Cy.mortuorum, with dominant and subsidiary species varying in identity and numbers within periods as short as 3 weeks.4. Sampling of large carcasses, i.e. hill sheep casualties in Co. Durham, showed that C.vomitoria predominated as the blowfly colonist, with C.vicina and Cy.mortuorum in much smaller numbers.
Estimation of survival rate and oviposition interval of Anopheles balabacensis mosquitoes from mark‐recapture experiments in Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: HII JEFFREY L. K. , BIRLEY MARTIN H. , SANG VUN YUN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. An exophilic population of the vector mosquito Anopheles balabacensis Baisas was investigated in two mark‐recapture studies (16.ix‐13.x.l986 and 6–26.i. 1987) at an inland, foothill village in Sabah, Malaysia. Wild female mosquitoes were intercepted as they came to feed on man or buffalo, given a bloodmeal, marked with fluorescent dust and released. The recapture rate was about 12%.A new method of analysis is proposed which uses cross‐correlation and a time series model. The estimated survival per oviposition cycle was 0.48‐0.54 and the oviposition cycle interval 2–3 days.
Vector roles of Fennoscandian mosquitoes attracted to mammals, birds and frogs
Authors: JAENSON THOMAS G. T. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. 1. Mosquitoes were sampled with five suction traps, from May to October 1983, at a forest site in south‐central Sweden.2. Twenty‐three species of mosquitoes were identified among the total of 3108 females collected: 4% of them in an unbaited trap, 3% in a trap baited with two frogs, 24% with a guinea‐pig, 28% with a hen and 40% in a trap baited with a rabbit.3. The dominant species of Culicidae trapped were 39%Aedes communis (De Geer), 21%Ae.cinereus Meigen, 14%Coquillettidia richiardii (Ficalbi), 8%Ae.punctor (Kirby) and 4%Culiseta morsitans (Theobald).4. Aedes annulipes (Meigen), Ae.cantans (Meigen), Ae.cinereus, Ae.communis and Ae.punctor were mostly attracted to the rabbit, whereas Culiseta morsitans, Culex pipiens L. and/or Cx torrentium Martini were strongly ornithophilic.5. Based on these and previously published data the ecological and behavioural potential of the mosquitoes to transmit Sindbis, Inkoo, Tahyna and Batai viruses, tularaemia (caused by Francisella tularensis) and Ixodes‐borne borreliosis (caused by Borrelia burgdorferi) in Fennoscandia is discussed.6. The data support the hypothesis that Sindbis virus, which is enzootic in bird populations in Fennoscandia, is vectored between birds by Cx pipiens I torrentium and Cs.morsitans, and that abundant Aedes spp., particularly Ae.cinereus, which feed on both birds and mammals, are primary link vectors from infective birds to man and other mammals.
Hypodermosis in the red deer Cervus elaphus in Cordoba, Spain
Authors: MARTINEZ‐GÓMEZ F. , HERNÁNDEZ‐RODRIGUEZ S. , RUIZ‐SANCHEZ P. , MOLINA‐RODERO R. , MARTINEZ‐MORENO A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The prevalence of red deer hypodermosis and the life cycle of Hypoderma diana Brauer 1858 in three provinces of the south of Spain, Córdoba, Jaen and Ciudad Real, were studied by inspecting 254, thirty‐eight and thirty‐five deer from each province respectively.The prevalence of infestations was: Cordoba, 87.75%; Jaen, 92.10%, Ciudad Real, 91.42%. From this we deduced an overall prevalence of 88.67%, comprising 88.23% in male deer and 89.96% in female deer.The intensity of the parasitism in 213 of the 245 animals from Córdoba varied between one warble per animal to more than 100 in 28 of the inspected animals.The chronology of the life cycle during the hunting period (October to the end of February) was investigated.
Behaviour, physiological states and thermal characteristics of aggregating male Hybomitra illota (Diptera: Tabanidae)
Authors: TAYLOR PHILIP D. , SMITH STEPHEN M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Male Hybomitra illota (Osten Sacken) were found aggregating in clearings in wooded areas in Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. At these sites they perched on a variety of substrates, and made frequent flights in pursuit of insects flying overhead. We know that these pursuit flights were part of the mating behaviour because some pursuits of female H.illota resulted in copulation. We call the aggregation sites ‘mating arenas’ and the behaviour exhibited by males ’perch‐and‐pursuer’. Aggregation occurred only on sunny days, when ambient temperatures exceeded 18oC. Males perched in sunny areas, except during hot afternoons, when some males were found in dappled shade. Some marked males remained at or returned to sites for up to 13 days, but most males did not remain at the same area within a site, even during the same day.The contents of the oesophageal diverticula of males were depleted daily. Concentration of diverticular carbohydrates changed through the season. Thoracic temperatures of males were high (c. 37oC) and were regulated, probably both behaviourally and physiologically.The sites and behaviour of male H. illota at aggregation arenas bear some resemblance to lek sites and lekking in vertebrates. Males are aggregated in an arena but, within the perching component of the behaviour, we saw no evidence of male territoriality, display, or female choice. However, competition, display, or mate choice could occur within the pursuit‐flight component.
Nocturnal detachment of the tick Ixodes hexagonus from nocturnally active hosts
Authors: MATUSCHKA FRANZ‐RAINER , RICHTER DANIA , FISCHER PETER , SPIELMAN ANDREW 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. To determine whether the pattern of engorgement of Ixodes hexagonus Leach (Acarina: Ixodidae) in Central Europe may influence host specificity, the host relationships of the sub‐adult stages of this tick were examined and the time of detachment compared with the activity patterns of various candidate vertebrate hosts.The main hosts for I.hexagonus appear to be hedgehog and fox. This tick species seems to be incapable of feeding on any rodent commonly encountered in the study region, or on reptiles or birds. Virtually all of these ticks detach during the scotophase, becoming replete mainly during the late evening and early morning hours, regardless of the kind of host or of the time of attachment. These nocturnally detaching ticks, paradoxically, focus their feeding on nocturnally active hedgehogs and foxes, in spite of the possibility that such behaviour might cause them to disperse from the nests of the host. Dispersion is prevented, however, by the tendency of these ticks to detach while their host naps.The tick–host association of I. hexagonus with hedgehogs may serve to perpetuate such zoonotic, Ixodes‐bome infections as Lyme disease.
Relative abundance and species composition of some dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) in Bangladesh
Authors: KABIR S. M. H. , KABIR ANWARA , MAJUMDER M. Z. R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The occurrence and community structure of dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) in the faecal deposits of man and some domestic vertebrates varied according to dung type, seasonal conditions and soil type.2. Of the twenty‐four species belonging to six genera, Onthophagus was the prevalent genus and O.ramosellus the most abundant species.3. Cattle dung was the dominant food type.
Trypanosoma vivax in Glossina palpalis gambiensis do not appear to affect feeding behaviour, longevity or reproductive performance of the vector
Authors: MAKUMI J. N. , MOLOO S. K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Feeding behaviour of Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank infected with Trypanosoma vivax Ziemann was studied and compared with that of uninfected control tsetse. The parameters measured were: total number of probes into the ear‐skin of rabbits; rate of bloodmeal engorgement; weight of freshly ingested blood; survival; and mean weight of pupae. The results showed that the rosettes of T. vivax parasites in the labrum did not interfere with the feeding behaviour of the vectors. Furthermore, mean survival of T.vivax‐infected males was significantly higher (82.2±4.2 days) compared with that of uninfected ones (70.5±3.1 days). However, with the female tsetse, mean survival of those infected was lower (98.8±4.0 days) compared to the uninfected controls (102.2±5.6days), but the difference was not significant. A few infected males and females lived a little longer than the uninfected ones. Fecundity of the female tsetse remained unaffected by the infection, and furthermore the mean weight of pupae from the infected females was not significantly different from that of pupae from the uninfected control group. Thus the physiology of pregnant female tsetse in terms of nourishment of intra‐uterine larva was unaffected by T. vivax infection.Two successive probes into the skin of two different goats followed by feeding on a third goat by each of four infected tsetse resulted in successful transmission of the infection to eleven out of twelve goats. Thus probing alone into the skin of this host can result in the transmission of T. vivax infection.
The decline of a Glossina morsitans submorsitans belt in the Egbe area of the derived savanna zone, Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: OMOOGUN G. A. , DIPEOLU O. O. , AKINBOADE O. A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. In the the early 1970s the Egbe area of Nigeria was known to be one of high trypanosomiasis risk, with four Glossina species G.morsitans submorsitans Newstead, G.longipalpis Wiedemann, G.palpalis palpalis Robineau‐Desvoidy and G.tachinoides Westwood present. Grazing by Fulani pastoralists used to be short‐term and only in the dry season. In recent years these pastoralists have grazed their cattle in the area throughout the year and this has prompted a reappraisal of the tsetse situation.Tsetse populations were sampled for 3 years using hand‐net catches from man or an ox and biconical traps. Resident livestock, slaughter cattle and some of the flies were examined for trypanosome infection.Of the four tsetse species previously reported from the area, only the riverine species, G.p.palpalis and G.tachinoides, were encountered during the investigation. None of the 152 G.p.palpalis and 52 G.tachinoides examined was infected with trypanosomes. No infection was detected in 101 slaughtered cattle, 65 live Muturu, twelve goats and two pigs by wet film examination. However, a 14.3%Trypanosoma vivax infection rate was detected by Haematocrit Centrifugation Technique (HCT) examination in twenty‐one slaughtered cattle. Increased human activities over the years had destroyed much of the vegetation and depleted the wild‐life population to an extent that resulted in the disappearance of G.m.submorsitans and G.longipalpis, resulting in turn in a greatly reduced trypanosomiasis risk. It is likely that a similar trend is occurring in other areas of the Derived Savanna and Forest zones of West Africa as the human population expands. As a result, more cattle are resident in these zones now than in the past and a reappraisal of cattle distribution in Nigeria is required.
Base‐line susceptibility of the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae), to five insecticides
Authors: MIHARA M. , KURAHASHI H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Susceptibility to five insecticides was assessed on seven colonies of the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), originating from Japan, Hong Kong, Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, and on C.saffranea (Bigot) from PNG.All the colonies we're susceptible to fenitrothion, diazinon, dichlorvos, permethrin and y‐HCH, although the Jakarta, Manila and Tokyo colonies of C.megacephala were least susceptible (most tolerant) to diazinon, dichlorvos and permethrin. Feral forms of both Chrysomya species were 4–5‐fold more susceptible to permethrin at the LD50 level than were all six colonies of the synanthropic form of C.megacephala.
Sandfly distribution and abundance in a tropical rain forest
Authors: MEMMOTT JANE 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.

The distribution patterns of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) upon tree buttresses were studied in tropical rain forest at Finca la Selva in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica.
Four species of sandfly, Lutzomyia shannoni Dyar, L.trapidoi F. & H., L.ylephiletor F. & H. and L.vespertilionis F. & H. comprising 97% of those caught, used tree buttresses as diurnal resting sites. Their distribution on the buttresses was aggregated.
During the dry season tree species had no significant effect upon the distribution of the sandflies. However, during the wet season the distributions of two of the species, L.trapidoi and L.ylephiletor, were significantly affected by the species of tree; it is suggested that some species of tree may provide greater protection from rainfall than others.
L. vespertilionis was restricted to a single buttress on each positive tree. Distribution of this species is evidently determined by the distribution of its host animal, the bat (Emballonuridae). Female flies feed upon the bat's blood and male flies may be attracted to the bat as it provides a source of female sandflies. It is suggested, therefore, that tree buttresses serve as sandfly swarming sites.
Within a large buttress the sandflies are not randomly distributed but are aggregated in particular areas. Within these aggregations, the sandflies are vertically zoned upon the buttress with a shift in species composition with height. Two hypothesis were suggested to account for this distribution pattern: a response to an environmental gradient or an interaction between the four species of fly.
Population genetic evidence for species A, B, C and D of the Anopheles dirus complex in Thailand and enzyme electromorphs for their identification
Authors: GREEN CHRISTOPHER A. , MUNSTERMANN LEONARD E. , TAN S. G. , PANYIM SAKOL , BAIMAI VISUT 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Mixtures of chromosomal forms A, B, C and D in natural populations of Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrison sensu lato in Thailand show significant positive values of Wright's fixation index for six enzyme‐electromorph loci. The mean value of FIS over all loci was found to be +0.28 (SD 0.02), with a range of +0.57 (Odh) to +0.10 (Idh‐2). Partitioning electromorph data for the chromosomal forms reduces the mean FIS to 0.03 (SD 0.01), which suggests that positive assortative mating is a characteristic of each form. This supports the hypothesis that the chromosomal/electrophoretic forms A, B, C and D represent four distinct biological species within the An.dirus complex.An example is given of the use of enzyme electromorphs as a means of vector identification during a malaria entomological field study involving a mixture of An.dirus species A and D. Electromorph identifications of 323 sp. A and 161 sp. D were more than 98% correct when cross‐referenced to specific DNA probes.