bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Digital Mystique: A Review of Digital Technology and its Application to Television
Authors: Noll A. 
                      Michael 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
This article explores the divergences and convergences and convergences between the worlds of analog and of digital. It reviews some of the basic concepts of digital conversion and then compares and contrasts analog and digital signals, including their application to telephone and television signals. Issues arising from the use of digital and analog compression to save bandwidth are discussed. Lessons learned from the use of compression of cellular telephone signals are applied to the world of digital television.
The FCC Digital Television Standards Decision
Authors: Schreiber William F. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The FCC's DTV standards decision of December 1996 is criticized on the grounds that it is likely to hinder rather than to help the development of a viable broadcasting service. The standard-setting process began in 1987, resulting in a proposal to the FCC in 1995. The so-called Grand Alliance proposal was not perfect, as it had too many scanning formats, it used interlace, and had no provision for inexpensive receivers or easy upgrading, but it was a complete system. Because of a dispute between the computer and TV industries, a private advisory committee was formed at FCC urging. It met secretly without public participation, in apparent violation of the Federal Advisory Committee Act. The committee agreed to eliminate the table of scanning formats, and the FCC adopted this radical proposal within a month. Rather than correcting the drawbacks of the GA proposal, the FCC made it worse by introducing uncertainty as to which formats would be for broadcasting and which formats receivers would accept. In so doing, the FCC ignored the views of other government agencies, public-interest groups, and disinterested individuals, but apparently accepted the often erroneous and self-serving statements of the commercial entities involved.
Content and Services for the New Digital TV Environment
Authors: Carey John 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Content, not technology, will encourage the widespread adoption of digital television. A broad scope of new channels and services are possible in a digital TV environment. These include high-definition television, video-on-demand movies, theme channels, multicasting or the distribution of the same content on different channels at different times, Internet content on TV sets, video segments on personal computers, interactive shopping and games, and program guides for hundreds of channels. There are many opportunities for more and better content but there are also uncertainties about the business models for digital TV and concerns about who will control content.
The Path from Analog HDTV to DTV in Japan
Authors: Seel Peter B. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
While Japanese broadcasters and manufacturers have been world pioneers in the development of high-definition television and digital production technologies, they have been slow to design a national system for digital television (DTV) transmission. Present plans call for the launching of a new satellite that will facilitate DTV transmissions by the year 2000. This article examines the technological, political, and economic issues that have delayed the advent of digital broadcasting in Japan, especially compared to DTV broadcasting initiatives in Europe and the US. The article concludes that Japanese economic and political investment in the analog Hi-Vision HDTV format led to the promulgation of national industrial policies that inhibited the diffusion of alternative television technologies.
Intellectual Property and Trade: Economic Perspectives
Authors: Lamberton Don 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTDespite the hype, regionalization frequently appears a better description of world market evolution than globalization. There has been convergence among the advanced nations but in other countries there is a mixed record of take-offs, stalls and nose dives. Given these circumstances, it is important that economics is still trying to come to grips with knowledge-based economic activity and has yet to develop the not-so-simple economics of intellectual property. We have to recognize that information is capital and the discrete piece of information lawyers see as the basis of patents is in reality a large, complex information structure, meshing into elaborate networks. Patenting and other strategies to appropriate benefits from innovation may therefore be more successful than has been conceded generally. Implications extend from domestic innovation to world trade and institutional arrangements.
TRIPS, Cultural Politics and Law Reform
Authors: Sutherland Johanna 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
This article examines the intensification of inter-‘national’ and international cultural contestations over intellectual property rights (IPRs). Examples are given of disputes over biological materials and their commercial use in biotechnology and natural products, and concepts of culture, properly and fair return. These disputes are also about culture and political liberalism. Corporate stakeholders, governments, indigenous peoples' organisations (IPOs) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are involved in democratic, and with some exceptions, lawful political activity to secure law reform.
Trade in Education: The Role of Copyright
Authors: Wiseman Leanne 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
In Australia, as in many other countries, education is increasingly thought of in terms of trade. Given that copyright law has long functioned as a trade regulation device, it may be reasonable to expect that consideration would be given to the role that copyright may play in regulating the so-called education industry. However, the approach taken to copyright law is often disparate and confusing. This article re-examines approaches to ownership of copyright of works in universities and how copyright may be seen, not as a property right to be fought over but as a specific tool of regulation and governance.
Competition over Competition Policy for International Trade and Intellectual Property
Authors: Arup Christoper 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTIncreasingly, international trade law demands that national competition policy play a role making domestic markets more accessible to foreign traders. But can international competition policy also control transnational business practices? New international intellectual property power is providing a reason why such control is needed. This article gauges the competition over the nature of competition policy in a global era.
The Interface between Intellectual Property Rights and Competition Law and Policy: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Walker Jill 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The interface between intellectual property and competition policy is a difficult one. Both aim to correct for market failure in the pursuit of economic efficiency. However, in correcting for one market failure, we may exacerbate another. This article raises a number of specific issues which have arisen at this interface, at both the policy and enforcement levels. It discusses the Australian response to questions of spare parts, journalists copyright, parallel imports, databases and collecting societies, all issues which have arisen internationally in recent years.
Intellectual Property Disputes and the Supercourt of the World Trade Organisation: The Case for a New Model of Dispute Resolution
Authors: Evans Gail E. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The closing decade of the 20th century witnessed the emergence of a WTO ‘supercourt’ having the power to review states' intellectual property legislation. This article challenges the use of law as an instrument of global economic integration without a commensurate growth in legitimacy and public accountability to accompany the process. The recent case of United States and India—Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products provides a focal point for an analysis of key issues of legitimacy in the dispute resolution process. The article concludes that matters would be best remedied with an appropriate theoretical model in mind. To this end, having reviewed various models of trade legalism, the author endorses the stakeholder model as best suited to underpin the necessary reforms.
Japanese Organizational Knowledge Creation in Anglo-American Environments
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Ray Tim , Umemoto Katsuhiro 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTNotwithstanding contemporary Western images of ‘changing Japan’, expectations of lifetime employment within a remarkably stable population of leading firms continue to underpin a distinctive style of Japanese management based on high levels of inter-employee trust and extensive transactions in tacit knowledge. After reviewing some factors that distinguish Japan's national innovation system from its Anglo-American counterparts, we develop an ‘inside the black box’ model of Japanese organizational knowledge creation. This highlights some aspects of Japanese management which do not sit easily amidst Anglo-American organizational turbulence and predilections for explicit knowledge. The second part of our paper uses two case studies to explore factors limiting the ‘transferability’ of Japanese management to Anglo and American innovation environments. These case studies illustrate differences between Japanese and Western systems, together with processes by which their respective advantages can combine to produce synergic benefits.
The Actual and Potential Use of Information Technology in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
Authors: Stroeken Jan , Coumans Jean 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper is based on a recent report from the Dutch Council for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, in which an indicator is deduced for the present state of the application rather than the development of technology in the business sectors. The application of information technology is the prime concern. We shall demonstrate that much of the literature in the field of indicators concentrates on larger companies. In our set-up, the indicator can be tuned to the branch level, but it can be applied to all companies, including the smaller ones. The indicator then is tested in an SME-rich sector—the car dealer branch. In the final part of this paper, we lake a closer look at the problems surrounding the diffusion and implementation of information technology in SMEs and close with some policy recommendations.
The Web of Technology and People: Challenges for Economic and Social Research
Authors: DUTTON WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2008

The study of technology and people has gained acceptance as a field for social inquiry, but it has remained outside the mainstream of the major disciplines and is dealt with as an interdisciplinary area of specialization across the social and economic sciences. In addition, this field has been fragmented further by particular technologies and issues, creating journals focused on privacy issues, others focused on education, for example, with a gulf remaining between social scientists on the one hand, and engineers and computer scientists on the other. There are also major regional divides, with academics in one part of the world often knowing little about work underway elsewhere. The world-wide push for technological innovation, therefore, demands that the social sciences build a more intensive and internationally networked effort to sustain research on the social aspects of technology, and bring it to bear on policy and practice.Enthusiasm over the Internet and other emerging technologies should not lull the social science research community into complacency. Ironically, unbridled optimism in the coming digital age, or biotech century, and trends in technological innovation and related research and development (R&D) could undermine the vitality of social and economic research. Any agenda for future social science research needs to place a higher priority on the study of technology, to better integrate work on a wider range of technologies, and to attend to a broad array of issues concerning how people produce, utilize, consume, and govern technologies. Otherwise, technical and social choices are likely to escape critical analysis in a wave of next generation enthusiasm.
The Impact of Visual Communication Innovations on the Film Industry
Authors: CHANDLER ANNMARIE , BAKER ELLEN , FISHER TOM 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the impact of visual networking technologies and communication innovations within the film industry. The researchers investigated companies designing and implementing uses for the new systems within the manufacturing cycles of film production. The project selected two case studies, one from the advertising industry and one from a large scale Hollywood feature film, to examine emerging benefits and issues for companies innovating in this area. The research found that this new area of technological change is impacting on international divisions of cultural labour by affecting decisions concerning facility location, collaborative work practices, and the scheduling of production activities. The findings identified a number of economic and social advantages for companies who adopt the systems. However, they also revealed characteristics about the industry and innovation which would act to inhibit the rate of adoption.
The Changing Location of Intellectual Property Rights in Music: A Study of Music Publishers, Collecting Societies and Media Conglomerates
Authors: KRETSCHMER MARTIN , KLIMIS GEORGE 
                      MICHAEL , WALLIS ROGER 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
This article reports the results of a major study, conducted between 1996 and 1999, examining the impact of de-regulation and digital technologies on the global music industry. We analyse four negotiations in the process of bringing music to the world market: commodification, globalisation, delivery, and royalty management. We show that the location of intellectual property rights in this process depends on the mutual bargaining power of the parties involved, within a statutory frame vesting music copyright initially in the author. We describe the forces which have led to the appropriation of rights accounting for 80% of global publishing and recording revenues by only five companies: EMI (UK), Bertelsmann (Germany), Warner (US), Sony (Japan) and Universal (Canada). We predict that this regime will not last and consider the likely future location of intellectual property rights in music.
Internet Advertising: An Assessment of Consumer Attitudes
Authors: PREVITE JOSEPHINE 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTGiven the increasing popularity of the Internet as a medium to convey advertising messages, limited empirical research has been published concerning Internet consumers' attitudes to advertising on the Internet. This paper investigates consumer attitudes to Internet advertising, and specifically focuses on Internet users' beliefs and attitudes about Internet advertising. Based on a primary structure of beliefs and attitudes about advertising, the research identified the existence of relationships between Internet users' attitudes towards advertising and their online experience, and a strong negative attitude to advertising in general and the societal effects of advertising, in particular.
Building Capacities and Setting Priorities in National Science and Technology
Authors: DE LA MOTHE JOHN 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
AS governments attempt to reduce the scale of their activities in the face of deficit reduction exercises and improve the efficiency and management of their operations, federal laboratories have not been spared. In many countries, the relative share of government-performed science and technology has declined. Downsizing has thus brought questions of scientific capacity and priority setting to the fore. By taking the case of Canada, this paper explores the meaning of these shifts in resources, re-casts the role of government labs in the public interest, and outlines a recent exercise to use a scenario approach—in lieu of a formal foresight activity—to re-establish mandates and directions.
Internet Diffusion and Usage in China
Authors: DU XUEPING 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article examines China's fast-growing Internet market from the perspective of its users in terms of adoption dynamics and usage patterns, using first-hand survey data and extensive background information on China's Internet. Present users are an elite group whose profile is presented in the article. Barriers to Internet diffusion include mainly resources, speed, and a limitation of online applications. These factors also impact on usage characteristics. Several policy recommendations and emerging trends, such as e-commerce and Internet telephony, are also discussed.
In Want of Information: A Case Study of Engineers in the South Pacific
Authors: TIBBEN WILLIAM 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper is primarily concerned with information networks and their significance to the development of technological knowledge in Pacific Island engineers. Essentially, the paper addresses a research agenda outlined by Cooper, who argues that studies of innovation in industrialised countries have relevance to technological capability development in developing countries. More specifically, the paper picks up on the theme of ‘technological knowledge development as a communication process’ where studies reveal the contribution that communication linkages within and between organisations make towards the development of this form of knowledge. Using Macdonald's ‘information perspective’ as an analytical tool, the paper identifies a number of organisational-related factors which constrain the access that these engineers have to problem-solving information. The paper argues that the organisation, and the social milieu in which it interacts, is influential in determining access to problem-solving information. This analysis provides support for Cooper's arguments and points to a broader set of challenges than is often accepted in development commentaries: that is, of information being widely available and easy to transport by communication technologies.
The Internet in Undergraduate Management Education: A Concern for Neophytes Among Metaphors
Authors: AMERNIC JOEL H. , CRAIG RUSSELL J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper presents an alternative perspective of the pedagogical and other merits of the Internet in undergraduate management education. It highlights the importance of sensitising management students to the ideological character of the Internet and to the Internet's capacity for altering relationships, power structures and ways of ‘managing’ organisations. The need for there to be a critical appreciation of the effects of metonymy and metaphor when the Internet is being considered for use in undergraduate management education is emphasised. The notion that the Internet is an unparalleled conduit of pedagogically-related excellence is challenged and implications are analysed. Metaphors about the Internet and metaphors transported by the Internet are discussed in order to develop a better appreciation of the Internet's limitations as a technology ‘whose full advantage is [purportedly] to be realized’.
Project Selection Models or Professional Autonomy?
Authors: Varma Roli 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTScholarship on managing professionals has emphasized the centrality of autonomy to industrial scientists in selecting research projects, but has proposed alternative selection models. This article describes the project selection processes in centralized corporate laboratories of high-technology industries, as reported by scientists and managers. It finds that project selection models are rarely utilized in industry because different projects have different levels of uncertainties and benefits. Scientists enjoy autonomy in selecting projects and deciding how to carry them out in industrial contexts. Research projects in corporate laboratories are supported when several elements—research choices made by scientists, demands conveyed by R&D and business managers, and constraints generated by funding, time, and resources—are aligned at a specific point in time. The process appears to be one of resource allocation rather than of project selection.
Collaboration and Innovation Networks in Esprit
Authors: Assimakopoulos Dimitris , Macdonald Stuart 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe Esprit Programme is the oldest and largest of the European Commission's research and development programmes. Collaboration among participants is fundamental to all the projects that it supports. This collaboration is justified in terms of benefits for innovation, yet the very formal collaboration of Esprit is far removed from both the network links which are now seen to join organisations, and the informal information channels of individuals, vital in the supply of information required for innovation. This paper considers what their relationship with formal collaboration might be.
WAVECLOCK: wavelet analysis of circadian oscillation
Authors: Price Tom S. , Baggs Julie E. , Curtis Anne M. , FitzGerald Garret A. , Hogenesch John B. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Summary: Oscillations in mRNA and protein of circadian clock components can be continuously monitored in vitro using synchronized cell lines. These rhythms can be highly variable due to culture conditions and are non-stationary due to baseline trends, damping and drift in period length. We present a technique for characterizing the modal frequencies of oscillation using continuous wavelet decomposition to non-parametrically model changes in amplitude and period while removing baseline effects and noise.
Availability: The method has been implemented as the package waveclock for the free statistical software program R and is available for download from http://cran.r-project.org/
Contact: thomas.price@iop.kcl.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary figures are available at Bioinformatics online.
Reproductive biology of the green tiger prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus) in coastal waters of Bushehr, Persian Gulf
Authors: Niamaimandi Nassir , Aziz Arshad , Siti Khalijah Daud , Che Roos Saed , Kiabi Bahram 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Niamaimandi, N., Aziz, A., Siti Khalijah, D., Che Roos, S. and Kiabi, B. 2008. Reproductive biology of the green tiger prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus) in coastal waters of Bushehr, Persian Gulf. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1593–1599. The reproductive cycle of the green tiger prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus) was investigated in the coastal waters of Bushehr, Iran, Persian Gulf, from January 2003 to March 2004, with the aim of determining spawning seasons, durations, and locations in those waters. Bushehr waters are one of the main fishing grounds for P. semisulcatus in the Persian Gulf. Spawning peaks between December and March, but there is also some spawning in October. The minimum size at maturity was 24 mm carapace length (CL), and 50% were mature at 40 mm CL. The proportion of females that mated increased sharply above this size (40 mm), with 90% of females sexually mature at 54 mm CL. Spawning took place in a limited part of the study area, mostly offshore. Overexploiting the spawning stock could result in reduced reproductive output, limiting fishery production.