bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interplay and Effects of Temporal Changes in the Phosphorylation State of Serine-302, -307, and -318 of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 on Insulin Action in Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Weigert Cora , Kron Matthias , Kalbacher Hubert , Pohl Ann Kathrin , Runge Heike , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Schleicher Erwin , Lehmann Rainer 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTransduction of the insulin signal is mediated by multisite Tyr and Ser/Thr phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrates (IRSs). Previous studies on the function of single-site phosphorylation, particularly phosphorylation of Ser-302, -307, and -318 of IRS-1, showed attenuating as well as enhancing effects on insulin action. In this study we investigated a possible cross talk of these opposedly acting serine residues in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle cells by monitoring phosphorylation kinetics, and applying loss of function, gain of function, and combination mutants of IRS-1. The phosphorylation at Ser-302 was rapid and transient, followed first by Ser-318 phosphorylation and later by phosphorylation of Ser-307, which remained elevated for 120 min. Mutation of Ser-302 to alanine clearly reduced the subsequent protein kinase C-ζ-mediated Ser-318 phosphorylation. The Ser-307 phosphorylation was independent of Ser-302 and/or Ser-318 phosphorylation status. The functional consequences of these phosphorylation patterns were studied by the expression of IRS-1 mutants. The E302A307E318 mutant simulating the early phosphorylation pattern resulted in a significant increase in Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, glucose uptake was enhanced. Because the down-regulation of the insulin signal was not affected, this phosphorylation pattern seems to be involved in the enhancement but not in the termination of the insulin signal. This enhancing effect was completely absent when Ser-302 was unphosphorylated and Ser-307 was phosphorylated as simulated by the A302E307E318 mutant. Phospho-Ser-318, sequentially phosphorylated at least by protein kinase C-ζ and a mammalian target of rapamycin/raptor-dependent kinase, was part of the positive as well as of the subsequent negative phosphorylation pattern. Thus we conclude that insulin stimulation temporally generates different phosphorylation statuses of the same residues that exert different functions in insulin signaling.
Physiological variation and phenotypic plasticity: a response to`Plasticity in arthropod cryotypes' by Hawes and Bale
Authors: Chown S. L. , Sørensen J. G. , Sinclair B. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYIn a recent publication, Hawes and Bale provide an extended discussion of phenotypic plasticity in the context of low temperature responses of animals. They argue that phenotypic plasticity may be partitioned phylogenetically at several levels and go on to explore these levels, and cold hardiness strategies that they term cryotypes, which in their view constitute cryotypic plasticity. Here we argue that this attempt to partition plasticity is misleading, that the term `genotypic plasticity' is potentially highly confusing and a misnomer for physiological variance, and that the term`superplasticity' should not be used. We also show that a definition of strategies as cryotypes is not useful and that the hypothesis about the relationship between evolutionary derivation and extent of plasticity in freeze-avoiding vs freeze-tolerant species is not supported by current evidence.
δ-Opioid receptor antagonism induces NMDA receptor-dependent excitotoxicity in anoxic turtle cortex
Authors: Pamenter Matthew E. , Buck Leslie T. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY
δ-Opioid receptor (DOR) activation is neuroprotective against short-term anoxic insults in the mammalian brain. This protection may be conferred by inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors(NMDARs), whose over-activation during anoxia otherwise leads to a deleterious accumulation of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]c), severe membrane potential (Em) depolarization and excitotoxic cell death (ECD). Conversely, NMDAR activity is decreased by ∼50% with anoxia in the cortex of the painted turtle, and large elevations in[Ca2+]c, severe Em depolarization and ECD are avoided. DORs are expressed in high quantity throughout the turtle brain relative to the mammalian brain; however, the role of DORs in anoxic NMDAR regulation has not been investigated in turtles. We examined the effect of DOR blockade with naltrindole (1–10 μmol l–1) on Em, NMDAR activity and [Ca2+]chomeostasis in turtle cortical neurons during normoxia and the transition to anoxia. Naltrindole potentiated normoxic NMDAR currents by 78±5% and increased [Ca2+]c by 13±4%. Anoxic neurons treated with naltrindole were strongly depolarized, NMDAR currents were potentiated by 70±15%, and [Ca2+]c increased 5-fold compared with anoxic controls. Following naltrindole washout, Em remained depolarized and [Ca2+]cbecame further elevated in all neurons. The naltrindole-mediated depolarization and increased [Ca2+]c were prevented by NMDAR antagonism or by perfusion of the Gi protein agonist mastoparan-7, which also reversed the naltrindole-mediated potentiation of NMDAR currents. Together, these data suggest that DORs mediate NMDAR activity in a Gi-dependent manner and prevent deleterious NMDAR-mediated[Ca2+]c influx during anoxic insults in the turtle cortex.
Log-Log Method for Determination of Preconsolidation Pressure
Authors: Jose BT , Sridharan A , Abraham BM 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A new method called the “log-log method” has been proposed for a more accurate determination of preconsolidation pressure. The method consists of plotting both the pressure p and corresponding void ratio e in logarithmic scale. The log e - log p plots result in two distinct straight lines. Series of conventional consolidation tests were carried out on saturated specimens of five different soils with a wide range of physical properties, keeping the initial water contents equal to their respective liquid limits. In order to have a preknowledge of the preconsolidation pressure, specimens were loaded to certain selected sustained pressures, unloaded to seating pressure, and then reloaded to the full extent. It has been found that the proposed method can predict the preconsolidation pressure accurately. The results given by the log-log method were then compared with those given by conventional Casagrande method, and it was found that the new method gave values closer to the chosen sustained pressures, assumed as the real pc values for the purpose of comparison. Specimens subjected to specified pressures with duration varying from 2 to 90 days showed the presence of quasi-preconsolidation pressure increasing with duration. The results show that the log-log method gives more consistent values for pc. The newly proposed method is devoid of human errors, consistent, simpler, safer, and faster.
An Automated Stress-Path Control Triaxial System
Authors: Ampadu S , Tatsuoka F 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A triaxial system capable of very accurate automatic control of stress and strain paths is described. The apparatus consists of the ordinary triaxial apparatus available in our laboratory, connected through an analog/digital (A/D) converter to a microcomputer fitted with a feedback control unit. The operation of the system is discussed, and some typical test results of kaolin normally consolidated both isotropically and anisotropically over a wide stress range followed by the undrained triaxial compression are presented. These results show the range as well as the accuracy of the stress paths that are attainable with this system.
Evaluation of Debonding of Lamina from Foam and Repairs to Exterior Insulation and Finish System Façade
Authors: McGowan Linda , Riley Scott , Connolly Jim , Shalkowski William 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A large building in Denver, Colorado was constructed in 1999 with exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) cladding. About a year after completion, the lamina started to debond from the foam on the darker-colored EIFS panels. Tests were conducted to determine the cause of the delamination. The influence of solar radiation was studied. Although elevated temperatures were measured in these areas, they were not above the “melting point” of the foam insulation. During the investigation it was discovered that the pattern of the fiberglass mesh appeared to be “embossed” in the foam surface. Microscopic examination confirmed that the surface of the foam had been locally dissolved in the pattern of the mesh. Chemical analysis and exposure tests performed on the fiberglass mesh used in the lamina revealed that plasticizers migrating from the mesh would attack the interface surface of the foam insulation at elevated temperatures that are below the typical melting point of the foam. The elevated surface temperatures of the darker-colored panels appeared to accelerate the effect of the plasticizers. The scope of repairs at the darker-colored EIFS included removal of the original lamina, preparation of the foam, and installation of new lamina. The mesh used in the new lamina was analyzed to ensure that it did not contain plasticizers capable of dissolving the foam. The lighter-colored EIFS had not exhibited widespread delamination of the lamina. However, the risk of migration of the plasticizers and the potential for future delamination still existed. Mechanical-fastening was used to secure the original lamina to the framing, then a new lamina was applied over the original lamina. This repair concept was dependent on proper bond between the new and original laminas. The bond was tested using techniques similar to those used for measuring adhesion for both new synthetic and cementitious base coat materials.
Design Responsibility for Weathertight Perimeter Detailing for Non-Flanged Windows: Current Practices, Common Problems, and Possible Solutions
Authors: Flick Loren D. , McGowan Linda M. , Kirschbaum Ned S. , Carson Craig D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Architects typically design details for conditions around the perimeter of window openings prior to the final selection of the actual windows used in the building. This requires the architect to make reasonable, general details regarding the attachment of the window frames, the position of the windows in the wall cross-section, and the weathertight details around the perimeters of the windows. Often, once the final selection of the windows has been made, these general details no longer apply or are not sufficiently detailed to clearly reflect the design intent. In some instances, the details for the windows are intentionally shown in a general, approximate fashion, with the assumption that the actual details will be “designed” during the shop drawing phase. However, the shop drawings typically do not accurately reflect all of the conditions surrounding the windows, and the window installation subcontractor understandably does not want the liability of showing or designing all of these details which they will not build and for which they have no responsibility. Further, while the window shop drawings are reviewed by the architect, the purpose of the architect’s “approval” of the shop drawings is limited. Additionally, shop drawings are not part of the contract documents and, therefore, not part of the design. This results in a common situation where there is no clear basis of design for the weathertightness detailing around the windows. Unfortunately, at present, the authors believe this situation represents the state of the design practice in the building industry. This paper explores common, current practices for designing perimeter weathertightness details for non-flanged windows in commercial applications and how these practices influence the potential for performance problems and water leakage. Suggestions are provided for improvements and alternative methods in design practices. While the paper generally discusses window openings, similar conditions occur at doors.
Biaxial Loading Effect on Higher-Order Crack Tip Parameters
Authors: Shlyannikov V. N. , Ilchenko B. V. , Boychenko N. V. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The higher-order asymptotic crack-tip fields are considered for a Mode I in power-law plastic and creeping materials under plane strain conditions. Using an asymptotic expansion and separation of variables for the stress function, a series solution is obtained for stress components at a crack tip. In addition, full-field finite element analysis based on a modified layer approach is employed to model the effects of biaxial loading on nonlinear behavior. Loadings were applied related to a range of biaxial stress ratio (−2, +2). The radial and angular stress distributions and higher-order amplitude coefficients for plastic materials are obtained. Crack tip higher-order fields under various conditions of biaxial loading and spanning the range of times from small scale creep to extensive creep are presented. Account is taken of the radial distance accompanying crack tip blunting. The phenomenon of stress redistributions along crack plane on creep time as a function of biaxial stress ratio is stated. The regions of dominance of the HRR-type field under various biaxial stress ratio, crack distance, hardening exponent, and creep time are found. Good agreement analytical findings with finite element results conforms that HRR-solution corresponds only to the equi-biaxial tension which is a particular case of biaxial loading. It is further demonstrated that the higher-order both for plastic and creeping fields are controlled through constraint parameter A2 by biaxial stress ratio. By fitting numerical results for plastic and creeping materials, two empirical formulas were obtained to describe the higher-order terms amplitude coefficients A2 distributions depending on biaxial stress ratio, crack distance, hardening exponent, and creep time.
The Use of the Foam Index Test to Predict Air-Entraining Admixture Dosage in Concrete Containing Fly Ash: Part II—Development of a Standard Test Method: Apparatus and Procedure
Authors: Harris Nathan J. , Hover Kenneth C. , Folliard Kevin J. , Ley M. Tyler 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The foam index test can be useful for predicting air-entraining admixture (AEA) dosage in concrete or for evaluating AEA interaction with other mixture ingredients. The test is sensitive to several factors including container type and fullness, volume of materials, agitation, pipette precision, and others. This study isolates several key factors such as container dimensions and fullness, mixing procedure, time permitted for AEA-cm-water interaction, and time permitted for drainage of unstable foam; and examines their influence on foam index test results. Recommendations for a standard test are proposed.
Development of a Multimedia Model for the Fate Prediction of Hydrocarbon Fluids in Agrochemical Formulations
Authors: Warren Christopher S. , Parkerton Tom F. , Rohde Arlean M. , Prince Roger C. , Manning Ryan , Letinski Dan J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Hydrocarbon (HC) fluids are effective inerts in pesticide formulations. These fluids consist of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are assumed to be completely volatilized and undergo subsequent atmospheric reaction that may contribute to ozone formation during field use. However, these assumptions are based on laboratory evaporation tests, which fail to account for other environmentally relevant and competitive fate processes, such as biodegradation, soil sorption, runoff, and leaching. If appropriate input parameters are known, or can be reliably estimated, mass balance multimedia models can be used to characterize the importance and uncertainty of various fate processes and provide a more realistic assessment of the potential contribution to ozone formation. A model has been developed and applied to an agricultural field application scenario. Preliminary results suggest biodegradation and soil sorption are significant fate processes that can reduce the mass of HC VOCs entering the atmosphere by volatilization. The implications of applying multimedia models in assessing potential ozone formation from HC fluids in agricultural uses are further highlighted and preliminary laboratory work to confirm model findings is also discussed.
Cooling Characteristic Test of Quenching Media
Authors: Zeng Guang-yi 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Two test methods: JB/T 7951—2004 (Industrial quenching oil-determination of cooling characteristics nickel-alloy probe test method) and SH/T 0220—1992 (Heat Treating Oils–Determination of Cooling Ability) relating to the characterization of cooling characteristics of quenching media have been introduced in China. However, a number of problems were encountered which necessitated an error analysis study and the establishment of a benchmarking method. The results of this work are discussed here.
A Longitudinal Study of Ice Hockey Helmet Shelf Life
Authors: Pearsall David J. , Dowler Patrick M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
After manufacture and before retail, ice hockey helmets must pass safety standard tests based primarily on multiple impacts at several global sites to receive certification. Unknown is the effective “shelf life” of these products; that is, do material and construction properties deteriorate with aging to a point below the impact criteria for certification? To address this question, a prospective 6 year study has been completed to investigate the effects of aging on hockey helmet impact attenuation. A longitudinal study (2001–2007) was performed on five models of ice hockey helmet to investigate the effects of aging on these helmets’ impact attenuation characteristics. Helmets were tested on the date of manufacture and years two and six (Y0, Y2, and Y6). The five brands (Nike-Bauer-3000, Nike-Bauer-4000, Nike-Bauer-5000, CCM-HT500, and Jofa-690) were evaluated according to ASTM 1045-99 protocol, impacting four sites: the crown, front, rear, and side. All helmets were stored at ambient temperatures 20±4°C and relative humidity between 10 and 50%. Helmets in Y2 and Y6 did not have prior impacts before testing. Peak acceleration (PA, g) and severity index (SI) were calculated for third impacts and compared between years. In general, PA and SI measures remained within safety criteria levels for all helmets and sites during all testing intervals (that is, all met certification standards). Though some specific helmet/site differences were noted, no substantial change in impact attenuation was observed. Visual inspection of helmets postimpact showed no conspicuous damage to liner or shell, though in several instances the binding glue had disintegrated allowing liners to shift or fall away from the shell. From these results, contemporary ice hockey helmets retain their robust impact attenuation characteristics even after several years of storage, though adhesive embrittlement needs to be addressed. Further testing should evaluate the viability of used helmets in a similar prospective manner to ensure safe helmet function.
The Kin Terminology System of the Nharo Bushmen.
Authors: Barnard Alan 
Published: October 2008

A. Barnard — Système de terminologie de parenté chez les Bushmen Nharo.
Pour les Nharo, la parenté consiste en un réseau de liens de consanguinité, d'affinité et d'homonymie déterminant les relations de chacun avec tous. Deux catégories majeures — parenté à plaisanterie et parenté à évitement —, divisées chacune en trois catégories inférieures qui peuvent elles-mêmes contenir quelques termes plus spécifiques. Le mariage est permis entre membres de la catégorie tsxo, qui sont parents-à-plaisanterie. La parenté est recoupée par un système de quasi-parenté où la relation principale est basée sur l'échange de cadeaux, qui renforce les réseaux interpersonnels.
Pouvoir et confiance. La relation oncle maternel - neveu utérin et le système politique des Zaghawa (Tchad-Soudan).
Authors: Tubiana Marie-José 
Published: October 2008

M.-J. Tubiana—Power and Confidence. The Mother's Brother/Sister's Son Relation-ship and the Zaghawa Political System (Chad-Sudan).
The Mother's Brother/Sister's Son relationship is usually analyzed within the frame-work of a given kinship System. Here it is examined with reference to the political System in a chiefdom where succession occurs through patrilineal filiation. This change of perspective shows the MB/ZS relationship under a new light. The chiefs uterine nephew, as his uncle's most trusted help, appears as the closest man to power. Yet he has not got any power of his own, except that delegated by the chief who can always withdraw it. Sister's Sons belong to the land-masters' clans, that is the autochtonous clans which have been dispossessed by the ancestors of the present chiefs. Which means that these uterine nephews can be considered, vis-a-vis the chief, as privileged hostages. [pp. 55-68]
Place et pouvoir de la femme dans les montagnes mofu (Nord-Cameroun).
Authors: Vincent Jeanne-Françoise 
Published: October 2008

J.-F. Vincent—Woman's Place and Power in the Mofu Hills.
A twinfold approach to the study of women's position among the Mofu: through an analysis of myths and symbols, and through direct observation of actual behaviour. Myths relating to origins and myths relative to settlement give opposite images: according to the former, women, as destroyers of the Golden Age, are responsible for ail the ills of human condition. The latter, conversely, show them as useful and much appreciated partners of men. As for the symbolic System it draws a clearcut separation between a maie (left and odd) and a female (right and even) uni verse which leads to a subordination of female characters. Behavioural reality is equally ambiguous. While women behave as apparently inferior to men, wives enjoy a degree of independence. They own fields and their produce, are sole initiators of divorce, maintain altars for their ancestors, etc. Yet they wield little influence in their Society (no initiation ceremony for girls, no participation in poli-tics, no women's association) except in the field of divination, recently open to them and allowing them a role in communal life. [pp. 225-251]
Naissances et destins : les enfants de fer et les enfants de beurre.
Authors: Smith Pierre 
Published: October 2008

P. Smith—Birth and Destiny: Iron Children and Butter Children.
In some African taies analyzed by D. Paulme, the characters of 'Tom Thumb' and 'Clever Boy' are marked at birth with special traits turning them into 'over-begot-ten' heroes. These traits (in association with several others) are developed in ail the epic legend cycles found from Southern Cameroon to Rwanda to define a figure of the epic hero par excellence. They can be found as well in West African epics and also among the Finn, the Greek, the Khirgiz, etc. These traits can be opposed in every detail to those which define the character of the 'under-begotten' child, as exemplified by the man-made children to be found in Rwandese, Senegalese, Malian, and other myths. This pattern of opposition applies to the contrasting figures of John the Baptist and Jesus, whose special traits at birth foretell their destiny. This throws a new light on some of the motifs in the Gospel and the liturgie tradition. The secret logic of the characters is thus shown to be an essential dimension of narrative art, ail too often neglected in formai analysis. [pp. 329-352]
Le mâle en gésine, ou De l'historicité des mythes.
Authors: Meillassoux Claude 
Published: October 2008

C. Meillassoux—The Pregnant Male, or On the Historicity of Myths.
C. Meillassoux first sets forth hypotheses on the relationships between the socio-historical foundations of anthroponomic societies and the form and contents of the modes of cultural expression. As an application he shows how concerns related to social reproduction are to be found in the myths, legends and taies produced in this type of societies, and how men use these media to seemingly invest themselves with women's procreation capacity, thus laying bare men's century-old attempt to appropriate that function at the social level. [pp. 353-380]