bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The care of patients with subthreshold depression in primary care: Is it all that bad? A qualitative study on the views of general practitioners and patients
Authors: Backenstrass Matthias , Joest Katharina , Rosemann Thomas , Szecsenyi Joachim 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Background
Studies show that subthreshold depression is highly prevalent in primary care, has impact on the quality of life and causes immense health care costs. Although this points to the clinical relevance of subthreshold depression, contradictory results exist regarding the often self-remitting course of this state. However, first steps towards quality improvement in the care of subthreshold depressive patients are being undertaken. This makes it important to gather information from both a GPs' and a patients' point of view concerning the clinical relevance as well as the status quo of diagnosis and treatment in order to appraise the need for quality improvement research.

Method
We conducted qualitative, semi-structured interviews for the questioning of 20 GPs and 20 patients with subthreshold depression on aspects of clinical relevance and on the status quo of diagnosis and treatment. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed on a content analytical theoretical background using Atlas.ti software.

Results
Most of the GPs found subthreshold depression to be clinically significant. Although some problems in diagnosis and treatment were mentioned, the GPs had sensible diagnostic and treatment strategies at hand which resulted from the long and trustful relationship with the patients and which corresponded to the patients' expectations. The patients rather expected their GP to listen to them than to take specific actions towards symptom relief and, in the main, were satisfied with the GPs' care.

Conclusion
The study shows that subthreshold depression is a clinically relevant issue for GPs but raises the possibility that quality improvement might not be as necessary as past studies showed. Further quantitative research using larger random samples is needed to determine the effectiveness of the strategies used by the GPs, patients' satisfaction with these strategies and the course of these patients' symptoms in primary care.
Activation of proteinase-activated receptor 2 in human osteoarthritic cartilage upregulates catabolic and proinflammatory pathways capable of inducing cartilage degradation: a basic science study
Authors: Boileau Christelle , Amiable Nathalie , Martel-Pelletier Johanne , Fahmi Hassan , Duval Nicolas , Pelletier Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2007

AbstractProteinase-activated receptors (PARs) belong to a family of G protein-coupled receptors. PARs are activated by a serine-dependent cleavage generating a tethered activating ligand. PAR-2 was shown to be involved in inflammatory pathways. We investigated thein situlevels and modulation of PAR-2 in human normal and osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage/chondrocytes. Furthermore, we evaluated the role of PAR-2 on the synthesis of the major catabolic factors in OA cartilage, including metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-13 and the inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), as well as the PAR-2-activated signalling pathways in OA chondrocytes. PAR-2 expression was determined using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and protein levels by immunohistochemistry in normal and OA cartilage. Protein modulation was investigated in OA cartilage explants treated with a specific PAR-2-activating peptide (PAR-2-AP), SLIGKV-NH2(1 to 400 μM), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) (100 pg/mL), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (5 ng/mL), transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-β1) (10 ng/mL), or the signalling pathway inhibitors of p38 (SB202190), MEK1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) (PD98059), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) (SN50), and PAR-2 levels were determined by immunohistochemistry. Signalling pathways were analyzed on OA chondrocytes by Western blot using specific phospho-antibodies against extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2), p38, JNK (c-junN-terminal kinase), and NF-κB in the presence or absence of the PAR-2-AP and/or IL-1β. PAR-2-induced MMP and COX-2 levels in cartilage were determined by immunohistochemistry. PAR-2 is produced by human chondrocytes and is significantly upregulated in OA compared with normal chondrocytes (p< 0.04 andp< 0.03, respectively). The receptor levels were significantly upregulated by IL-1β (p< 0.006) and TNF-α (p< 0.002) as well as by the PAR-2-AP at 10, 100, and 400 μM (p< 0.02) and were downregulated by the inhibition of p38. After 48 hours of incubation, PAR-2 activation significantly induced MMP-1 and COX-2 starting at 10 μM (bothp< 0.005) and MMP-13 at 100 μM (p< 0.02) as well as the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and p38 within 5 minutes of incubation (p< 0.03). Though not statistically significant, IL-1β produced an additional effect on the activation of Erk1/2 and p38. This study documents, for the first time, functional consequences of PAR-2 activation in human OA cartilage, identifies p38 as the major signalling pathway regulating its synthesis, and demonstrates that specific PAR-2 activation induces Erk1/2 and p38 in OA chondrocytes. These results suggest PAR-2 as a potential new therapeutic target for the treatment of OA.
Inhibition of proteasome activity by the dietary flavonoid apigenin is associated with growth inhibition in cultured breast cancer cells and xenografts
Authors: Chen Di , Landis-Piwowar Kristin R , Chen Marina S , Dou Q Ping 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Proteasome inhibition is an attractive approach to anticancer therapy and may have relevancy in breast cancer treatment. Natural products, such as dietary flavonoids, have been suggested as natural proteasome inhibitors with potential use for cancer prevention and therapeutics. We previously reported that apigenin, a flavonoid widely distributed in many fruits and vegetables, can inhibit proteasome activity and can induce apoptosis in cultured leukemia Jurkat T cells. Whether apigenin has proteasome-inhibitory activity in the highly metastatic human breast MDA-MB-231 cells and xenografts, however, is unknown.

Methods
MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell cultures and xenografts were treated with apigenin, followed by measurement of reduced cellular viability/proliferation, proteasome inhibition, and apoptosis induction. Inhibition of the proteasome was determined by levels of the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity, by ubiquitinated proteins, and by accumulation of proteasome target proteins in extracts of the treated cells or tumors. Apoptotic cell death was measured by capase-3/caspase-7 activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and immunohistochemistry for terminal nucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling positivity.

Results
We report for the first time that apigenin inhibits the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity and induces apoptosis not only in cultured MDA-MB-231 cells but also in MDA-MB-231 xenografts. Furthermore, while apigenin has antibreast tumor activity, no apparent toxicity to the tested animals was observed.

Conclusion
We have shown that apigenin is an effective proteasome inhibitor in cultured breast cancer cells and in breast cancer xenografts. Furthermore, apigenin induces apoptotic cell death in human breast cancer cells and exhibits anticancer activities in tumors. The results suggest its potential benefits in breast cancer prevention and treatment.
Essential roles of TGF-β in anti-CD3 antibody therapy: reversal of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice independent of Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Chen Guojiang , Han Gencheng , Wang Jianan , Wang Renxi , Xu Ruonan , Shen Beifen , Qian Jiahua , Li Yan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAnti-CD3 mAb have potentials to treat overt autoimmunity as reported recently. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this report, using an animal model of type 1 diabetes, we found that TGF-β1, an important immunoregulatory cytokine, plays a critical role in anti-CD3-mediated diabetes reversion and immune tolerance. Anti-CD3 treatment increased the TGF-β1 production, lasting for a long period of time, which contributed to maintaining peripheral tolerance by controlling pathogenic cells. Furthermore, we found that anti-CD3 treatment did not increase the forkhead box p3+ (Foxp3+)CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). When fractionated from anti-CD3-treated, remitting mice and cotransferred with splenic cells from diabetic NOD mice, these Tregs failed to inhibit diabetes development in NOD.scid mice. Moreover, we found that the depletion of these Tregs did not affect an anti-CD3-mediated, therapeutic effect and the level of TGF-β1 production, which suggested that an increased level of TGF-β1 may not derive from these Tregs. Thus, our data showed a dispensable role of Foxp3+CD4+ Tregs in anti-CD3 antibody-reversed diabetes in NOD mice. These findings may have an important implication for understanding the involved mechanisms responsible for immunomodulatory function of anti-CD3 antibody on autoimmune diseases.
Deoxygenative Allylation of Benzyl Acetates and Cinnamyl Alcohols Catalyzed by Molecular Iodine
Authors: Yadav J S , Reddy B V Subba , Reddy A Srinivas , Eeshwaraiah B 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Benzyl acetates undergo smooth deoxygenative allylation with allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of 10 mol % of molecular iodine under mild conditions to afford the corresponding allyl derivatives in excellent yields and with high selectivity. Cinnamyl alcohols also react readily with allylsilane under similar conditions. The use of molecular iodine makes this method quite simple, more convenient and cost effective.
Risk Factors for Self-Reported Adverse Drug Events Among Medicare Enrollees
Authors: Oladimeji Olayinka , Farris Karen B , Urmie Julie G , Doucette William R 
Published: November 2007

Background: Adverse drug events (ADEs) occur in older adults. ADEs occur in up to 6.5% of all hospitalized patients and outpatients, and about 28% of these events are preventable. The proportion of outpatients with an ADE ranges from 5% to 35%, depending on the exact definition used. There is a critical need to examine the risk factors associated with having an ADE to increase awareness about medication safety among older adults. Objective: To quantify the association between risk factors such as the number of pharmacies used by patients and their concern and necessity beliefs about medicines, and self-reported ADEs. Methods: A cross-sectional Internet survey was administered by Harris Interactive. Harris Interactive asked individuals from their online panel who were 65 years of age or older, US residents, and enrolled in Medicare to complete the survey. A convenience sample of 1220 anonymous surveys was obtained. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. The dependent variable was self-reported ADEs, defined as the patient's visiting a physician to report an unwanted reaction or medicine problem in the past year. Independent variables included sociodemographics, self-rated health, number of medications, sum of symptoms experienced, concern and necessity beliefs about medicines, number of pharmacies, and whether subjects skipped doses of their medications to save money or stopped taking the drugs due to cost. Results: Eighteen percent of respondents reported an ADE. ADEs were related to being female (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.33), number of pharmacies (OR 3.40; 95% CI 1.56 to 7.41), number of symptoms experienced (OR 3.39; 95% CI 1.87 to 6.14), concern beliefs about medicines (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.20), and having a graduate academic degree (OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.41 to 3.36). Conclusions: The number of pharmacies, concern beliefs about medicines, and number of symptoms experienced in the past month were associated with self-reported ADEs. Discussing patients’ beliefs about their drug therapy with them is likely to affect their expectations and interpretation of symptoms, as well as future attributions regarding drug therapy.
New application of indium catalysts: A novel and green concept in the fine chemicals industry
Authors: Wildermann Angela , Foricher Yann , Netscher Thomas , Bonrath Werner 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
New industrially important catalytic processes for application in the fine chemicals industry (e.g., synthesis of vitamins and key-intermediates) are presented. Protocols with indium catalysts provide the advantages of high selectivity and low catalyst loading for Friedel-Crafts-type alkylation, Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, and acylation reactions. The transformations discussed could be carried out in a continuous manner.
Distillable ionic liquids for a new multicomponent reaction
Authors: Rosamilia Anthony E. , Strauss Christopher R. , Scott Janet L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Adducts of dimethylamine and carbon dioxide form a "distillable ionic liquid" (DIMCARB) that may used as both a reaction medium and catalyst in the direct, atom-economical synthesis of useful synthetic building blocks, such as mono-condensed α,β-unsaturated ketones. The utilization of such building blocks in the synthesis of two new classes of versatile macrocycles, by a sequence of condensation reactions (H2O by-product), is described. Investigation into the mechanism of action of DIMCARB catalysis and observation of an aniline impurity arising from a competing reaction sequence led to development of a new multicomponent reaction for the direct preparation of 2- or 4-substituted anilines. Some of the macrocycles and anilines are, respectively, supramolecular host compounds and ligands for the preparation of metal complexes.
Direct NO decomposition over stepped transition-metal surfaces
Authors: Falsig Hanne , Bligaard Thomas , Christensen Claus H. , Nørskov Jens K. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
We establish the full potential energy diagram for the direct NO decomposition reaction over stepped transition-metal surfaces by combining a database of adsorption energies on stepped metal surfaces with known Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) relations for the activation barriers of dissociation of diatomic molecules over stepped transition- and noble-metal surfaces. The potential energy diagram directly points to why Pd and Pt are the best direct NO decomposition catalysts among the 3d, 4d, and 5d metals. We analyze the NO decomposition reaction in terms of a Sabatier-Gibbs-type analysis, and we demonstrate that this type of analysis yields results that to within a surprisingly small margin of error are directly proportional to the measured direct NO decomposition over Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, Ag, and Au. We suggest that Pd, which is a better catalyst than Pt under the employed reaction conditions, is a better catalyst only because it binds O slightly weaker compared to N than the other metals in the study.
Photochemically induced radical addition of tertiary amines to C=C and C=O double bonds: A green chemistry contribution to organic synthesis
Authors: Hoffmann Norbert 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPhotochemically induced electron transfer considerably enriches the redox chemistry of organic molecules. This primary step has been used to produce α-amino alkyl radicals that can be added to various double bonds. The addition to olefinic and carbonyl bonds is discussed. Homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysis methods with various electron-transfer sensitizers are described.
International biorefinery systems
Authors: Kamm Birgit , Kamm Michael 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The development of biorefineries represents the key for access to an integrated production of food, feed, chemicals, materials, goods, and fuels of the future [1]. Biorefineries combine the necessary technologies of the biogenic raw materials with those of intermediates and final products. The main focus is directed on the precursor carbohydrates, lignins, oils, and proteins, and the combination between biotechnological and chemical conversion of substances. Currently, the lignocellulosic feedstock (LCF) biorefinery, green biorefinery, whole-crop biorefinery, and the so-called two-platform concept are favored in research, development, and industrial implementation.
Arjunolic acid: A renewable template in supramolecular chemistry and nanoscience
Authors: Bag Braja Gopal , Dinda Shaishab Kumar 
Published: November 2007

AbstractArjunolic acid, a triterpenoid, renewably resourced fromTerminalia arjunasawdust, has the potential of being used as a structural molecular framework in supramolecular chemistry and nanoscience. The nanosized chiral triterpenoid on derivatization could immobilize varieties of organic solvents at low concentrations. The low-molecular-mass organic compounds self-assembled in organic media to form fibrous network structures having fibers of nano- to micrometer diameters. A dual-component supramolecular gelation has been demonstrated, exhibiting interesting thermochromic property. An arjunolic acid-derived crown ether showed efficient binding to monovalent cations, including a primary ammonium ion paving the way for chiral recognition of amino acids.
Sulfonated poly(ether sulfone)s for fuel cells by solvent-free polymerization
Authors: Meier-Haack Jochen , Vogel Claus , Butwilowski Wladimir , Lehmann Dieter 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Poly(ether sulfone)s from 4,4'-difluorodiphenylsulfone (DFDPhS), 4,4'-bis-trimethylsiloxy-diphenylsulfone, and 2,5-bis-trimethylsiloxy-biphenyl were obtained by melt polycondensation with high molecular weights (ηinh &gt; 0.4 dl/g). The nonsulfonated samples showed a single glass-transition temperature (T
g) in the range from 180 to 230 °C depending on the monomer composition in the polymer backbone. The T
g of sulfonated samples could not be detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Membranes with a theoretical ion-exchange capacity (IEC) ranging from 0 to 2.08 mmol/g should be obtained, assuming only a sulfonation of the pendant phenyl ring. However, the sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid always led to the introduction of two sulfonic acid groups into the phenylhydroquinone (PhHQ) moieties in the polymer backbone; one at the desired position at the pendant phenyl ring and one at the phenyl ring in the polymer backbone. Membranes prepared from N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solutions of nonsulfonated and sulfonated samples were transparent and soft to slightly brittle. The water uptake at room temperature increased with increasing IEC from 4 to 50 % (IEC ~ 1.50 mmol/g). On further increase of the IEC, a strong water uptake until dissolution was observed. Methanol diffusion coefficients for samples with an IEC up to 1.10 mmol/g were one order of magnitude lower than that reported for Nafion®.
Intertester Reliability and Validity of Motion Assessments During Lumbar Spine Accessory Motion Testing
Authors: Landel Rob , Kulig Kornelia , Fredericson Michael , Li Bernard , Powers Christopher M 
Published: November 2007

Background and PurposePosterior-anterior (PA) assessment of the lumbar spine correlates with radiographic signs of instability and can guide treatment choices, yet studies of the validity of lumbar PA assessments have not been conducted in vivo. The purposes of this study were to determine the intertester reliability of the PA examination in assessing intersegmental lumbar spine motion and to evaluate the validity of this procedure in vivo with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).SubjectsTwenty-nine subjects with central lumbar pain participated in this study.MethodsTwo physical therapists independently identified each subject's most and least mobile lumbar segments using the PA procedure. Midsagittal lumbar images were obtained simultaneously during one examiner's assessment. Lumbar segmental mobility was quantified from magnetic resonance images as the change in the intervertebral angle between the resting position and the end range of the PA force application. For each vertebral level tested, maximal sagittal-plane segmental motion was determined.ResultsThe intertester reliability for identifying the least mobile segment was good (agreement=82.8%, kappa=.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]=.48 to .94), but it was poor for identifying the most mobile segment (kappa=.29, 95% CI=−.13 to .71), despite good agreement (79.3%). The level of agreement between the PA assessments and intervertebral motion measured by MRI was poor (kappa=.04, 95% CI=−.16 to .24, and kappa=.00, 95% CI=−.09 to .08, for the least and most mobile segments, respectively).Discussion and ConclusionDespite good intertester reliability for identifying the least mobile segment, PA assessments of lumbar segmental mobility did not agree with sagittal-plane motion measured by dynamic MRI. This finding calls into question the validity of the PA procedure for assessing intervertebral lumbar spine motion.
Gestation‐adjusted projection of estimated fetal weight
Authors: Mongelli Max , Gardosi Jason 
Published: November 2007

Objective. To assess a technique for forward extrapolation of ultrasound‐estimated fetal weight to the time of delivery.Methods. A total of 276 women who delivered within 35 days of ultrasound examination were studied. Fetal weight was estimated according to either Hadlock's formula for the biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference and femur length or Campbell's formula for the abdominal circumference. The extrapolation technique is based on the hypothesis that the fetal weight: median weight ratio remains constant in the third trimester. The weight estimates were either left unchanged or extrapolated to the time of delivery according to this method and compared with a technique described by Spinnato and colleagues (7, 8). The accuracy of the method was assessed by analysing the weight predictions in relation to the birth weights, using non‐parametric tests.Results. The mean systematic error using our extrapolation method with Hadlock's weight formula was 5.9%. which was significantly better than using Spinnato's method (8.8%) or making no adjustment at all (—6.5%). The random errors were also significantly reduced (11.2% versus 12.3% and 12.3%. p<0.0005). With Campbell's formula, the mean systematic error from our method was 3.8%. whereas the unadjusted formula would have yielded an error of −8.5% (p<0.001). The absolute errors with our technique were also significantly lower than those of the other methods.Conclusions. In the prediction of birth weight, an antenatal ultrasound estimation of fetal weight needs to be projected to the expected time of birth and for this it must take the time lapse to delivery into consideration. The method presented is able to accomplish this with simplicity and accuracy.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aryl Alkyl Ketones Employing Ligands Derived from Amino Acids
Authors: Wettergren Jenny , Zaitsev Alexey B. , Adolfsson Hans 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe combination of (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium dichloride dimer [{RhCl2Cp*}2] and pseudodipeptide ligands, formed from N‐Boc protected amino acids and amino alcohols, resulted in efficient and selective catalysts for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones in 2‐propanol. A number of different secondary alcohols was obtained in high yields and in excellent enantioselectivity using these in situ formed catalysts. Deuterium‐labeling experiments showed that the hydride transfer reaction occurs via the monohydridic route.
Highly Enantioselective Organocatalytic Conjugate Addition of Nitromethane to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes: Three‐Step Synthesis of Optically Active Baclofen
Authors: Zu Liansuo , Xie Hexin , Li Hao , Wang Jian , Wang Wei 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn efficient, organocatalytic, highly enantioselective, conjugate addition reaction of nitromethane with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes has been developed. The process serves as the key step for a practical 3‐step synthesis of chiral baclofen, an antispastic drug.