bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
59Fe Autoradiography of Bone‐Marrow Culture from Normal Subjects and Patients with Uraemia and Pernicious Anaemia*
Authors: Ward H. P. , Tauxe W. N. , Kiely J. M. 
Published: March 2008

The kinetics of iron metabolism have been extensively investigated by radioisotopic techniques. In 1961 Pollycove and Mortimer may perhaps have carried the mathematical interpretation of the plasma iron turnover and the red cell incorporation of iron to theoretical limits. However, ferrokinetic studies have been limited by incomplete knowledge of the ‘middle compartment’ of iron metabolism, the bone marrow. Autoradiography with 59Fe offers a direct cytological approach for study of the incorporation of iron into individual normoblasts. Austoni (1956) and Lajtha and Suit (1955) made exploratory observations with this technique in vitro and, recently, Alpen and Cranmore (1959) evaluated erythropoiesis in dogs with 59Fe autoradiography.It was the purpose of this study to evaluate 59Fe autoradiography in suspensions of human bone marrow and to compare the rate of 59Fe incorporation into normoblasts of normal subjects and patients with pernicious anaemia and the anaemia of chronic renal failure.
Haematological Studies with Methylene Dimethanesulphonate (Dimethanesulphonoxymethane)
Authors: James R. M. V. 
Published: March 2008

Studies with the series of sulphonic acid diesters CH3SO2O. (CH2)n. OSO2CH3 (n= 2–10) were originally described by Haddow and Timmis (1953). The n= 4 compound, Myleran, has subsequently become established in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (Galton, 1956; Haut, Abbott, Wintrobe and Cartwright, 1961). Further studies by Elson (1958) showed Myleran to be the most active member of the series in causing a fall in peripheral blood neutrophils and also the most selective in producing a greater depression of neutrophils than lymphocytes.The simplest member of the series, methylene dimethanesulphonate (n= 1) has only recently been examined (Fox and Jackson, 1965). The most likely reason for this is that the results of Haddow and Timmis (1953) showed the n= 2 compound to lack myelosuppressive function, thus suggesting inactivity of the n= 1 diester.The present work was undertaken in order to observe any selective action of methylene dimethanesulphonate on marrow cells and the relation between its effect on peripheral blood neutrophils and granulopoiesis.
Methylmalonic Acid Excretion in Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Authors: Bashir Helen V. , Hinterberger H. , Jones B. P. 
Published: March 2008

methylmalonic acid was first isolated from pooled human urine in 1957 by Thomas and Stalder and convincing evidence has since been obtained to show that in man the isomerization of l‐methylmalonyl‐Co A to succinyl‐Co A is dependent on the B12 coenzyme dimethylbenzimidazolyl cobamide (White, 1962). Indeed, Cannata, Focesi, Mazumder, Warner and Ochoa (1965) showed recently that l‐methylmalonyl‐Co A mutase bears two molecules of cobamide coenzyme firmly attached to its molecule. In a series of 30 patients Cox and White (1962) detected excessive methylmalonic acid in the urine of all patients with serum vitamin B12 levels below 140 pg./ml., their lower limit of normal. Patients with normal serum B12 levels excreted up to 4 mg. of methylmalonic acid in 24 hours. Their series included six patients who were treated with intramuscular hydroxocobalamin (1000 μg.). In five of these, excretion fell to normal within 3 days, and on the fifth day after injection in the sixth patient. Barness, Young, Mellman, Khan and Williams (1963) reported one vitamin B12 deficient patient in whom the urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid reached 500 mg. in 24 hours. Recently Khan, Williams, Barness, Young, Shafer, Vivacqua and Beaupre (1965) have described seven out of nine patients with pernicious anaemia in whom methylmalonic acid excretion persisted for some months after the institution of B12 therapy. This occurred despite full clinical and haematological remissions and in four patients, normal serum vitamin B12 levels.The present study was undertaken to determine the value of urinary methylmalonic acid excretion as a screening test for vitamin B12 deficiency. The estimation of methylmalonic acid was carried out by a rapid thin layer chromatographic technique, suitable for routine laboratory use. Normal controls and patients suffering from general haematological and medical disorders were screened as well as patients suffering from megaloblastic anaemia. In several patients the excretion of methylmalonic acid was followed for a short period after B12 therapy.
Iron Absorption in Relation to Transferrin Saturation and Other Factors
Authors: Taylor M. R. H. , Gatenby P. B. B. 
Published: March 2008

Attempts have been made in the past to relate iron absorption to the results of blood and serological tests. Pirzio‐Biroli and Finch (1960) looked, without success, for relationships between iron absorption and age, sex, haematocrit, reticulocyte count, plasma iron and marrow iron. Shultz and Smith (1958) using 59Fe labelled eggs, found relationships between iron absorption and age (r=−0.2892), serum iron (r=−0.2430) and haemoglobin concentration (r=−0.1545), in 90 normal children. Wheby and Umpierre (1964) found that saturation of a subject's transferrin by intravenous iron made little difference to the amount of iron absorbed as compared to a control test on the same subject, although the site of deposition of the iron was affected.A study was undertaken to see if there was any relationship between iron absorption and the results of blood and serological tests with special reference to anaemia. In the past, workers have segregated subjects into ‘‘iron deficient’ and ‘normal’ taking some arbitrary dividing line. This is an artificial division. Many cases of iron deficiency develop slowly from persistent iron loss or dietary deficiency, so that many stages between iron repletion and severe iron deficiency are to be found. The subjects in this study were considered as a single group, some being severely iron deficient and anaemic, and others being apparently normal. It was thought that this approach would be more likely to show up any relationships which were present, than would an analysis which involved arbitrary grouping of the subjects.
Factor‐VIII (Antihaemophilic Factor) Activity in Sickle‐Cell Anaemia
Authors: Abildgaard C. F. , Simone J. V. , Schulman I. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSickle‐cell anaemia was found to be associated with elevated Factor‐VIII activity in the absence of significant elevation of other coagulation factors. Factor VIII was normal in individuals with sickle‐cell trait except during pregnancy. Following multiple transfusions Factor‐VIII levels fell to within the normal range in three patients with sickle‐cell anaemia. No relationship between Factor‐VIII level and painful crisis was noted. It is suggested that the elevation of Factor VIII is directly related to the degree of haemolysis.
The Anaemia of Erythropoietic Porphyria
Authors: Zail S. S. , Krawitz P. , Viljoen E. , Kramer S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA case of congenital erythropoietic porphyria was found to have an intermittent haemolytic anaemia. During the haemolytic phase, red‐cell lysates from the patient made type I coproporphyrin on incubation with ALA. In the phase of non‐haemolysis, red‐cell lysates behaved as normal cells, only type III coproporphyrin being produced. There is thus a relationship between haemolytic anaemia in this disease and the disturbance in the uroporphyrinogen isomerase‐porphobilinogen deaminase enzyme complex in the red cell. Red‐cell glucose utilization, ATP stability on incubation of red cells, glutathione and glutathione stability, and glutathione reductase activities showed no abnormalities. The glucose‐6‐phosphatase dehydrogenase activity was slightly increased.
The Inhibition of Anaerobic Glycolysis in Red Cells by Leukaemic Leucocytes
Authors: Sabine Jean C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYRates of anaerobic glycolysis were determined simultaneously in the red cells and leucocytes of patients with malignant haematologic disorders. The disappearance of glucose and the evolution of CO2 from bicarbonate were measured in the same Warburg flasks over the same period of time.In four patients with lymphogenous leukaemia and in one with acute leukaemia of disputed type but probably myelogenous, the leucocytes suppressed the glycolytic activity of the red cells. This abnormal finding appeared with exacerbation of the disease and disappeared with remission. It was present during the terminal phase in four patients, but could not be attributed to the presence of blast cells in the peripheral blood.The leukaeinic leucocytes exerted the same inhibitory effect on normal donor cells as on those of the patient. The plasma and the supernatant fluid from strongly inhibited reactions were without effect, as were aqueous and hypertonic extracts of the leucocytes. In all Warburg reactions the rate was constant, with no evidence of a cumulative effect. The inhibition was reversed by removal of the leucocytes.The characteristics of this phenomenon resemble molecular behaviour and suggest an equilibrium of some kind. Its kinetic properties closely resenible those of stoichiometric inhibition of an enzyme system. It is conjectured that an intercellular stress, perhaps physicochemical in nature, may have been exerted between the leucocytes and red cells, temporarily interfering with some event in thc glycolytic cycle of the latter.
Hereditary Elliptocytosis: A Report of Two Families from New Guinea
Authors: Pryor D. S. , Pitney W. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo New Guinea families with hereditary elliptocytosis are reported. All four parents demonstrated elliptocytes in blood films and the two fathers also had deficiency of red‐cell glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity. The parents of one family showed normal red‐cell survival, while there was evidence of increased red‐cell destruction in the parents of the other family. One child in each family had severe haemolytic anaemia and it is suggested that these were possibly homozygous for elliptocytosis. Splenectomy was performed in one case and resulted in clinical and haematological improvement.Red‐cell osmotic fragility curves performed on members of both families showed some differences from the patterns previously reported in hereditary elliptocytosis.
Physiology of the Regulation of Platelet Production
Authors: de Gabriele Geswalda , Penington D. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlatelet production is stimulated by removal or destruction of platelets and is inhibited by hypertransfusion with viable platelets. It is not influenced by factors regulating red cell production, even in the absence of the spleen. Nephrectomy does not impair the response to platelet depletion. It is concluded that the regulation of platelet production is by a system entirely independent of that governing erythropoiesis.
Accumulation of Iron in Mitochondria of Erythroblasts
Authors: Goodman J. R. , Hall S. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAbnormal accumulations of iron in the mitochondria of erythroblasts were observed in patients who developed mild transitory anaemia while on a course of chloramphenicol and in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. These and similar observations in six other syndromes were the basis for a discussion of the biochemical aetiology of this increased deposition of iron.
Haematological Effects of the Idiopathic Splenomegaly Seen in Uganda
Authors: Richmond J. , Donaldson G. W. K. , Williams R. , Hamilton P. J. S. , Hutt M. S. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe haematological effects of idiopathic splenomegaly have been studied in a group of 15 Ugandan patients. The results of the main investigations were compared with those obtained in five patients with miscellaneous diseases and without palpable splenomegaly.The splenic enlargement was mainly due to reticuloendothelial hyperplasia and not to sinusoidal congestion.A normochromic anaemia was present in almost all the patients and a proportion had leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. One patient presented with a crisis of anaemia; she was later shown to have red cell G6PD deficiency which was believed to be coincidental.Three aetiological factors were found in relation to the anaemia; reduction of red cell survival time, present in all the patients, haemodilution from expansion of the plasma volume, and the exclusion of a proportion of the red cell mass from the general circulation by the spleen. Six to 39 per cent of the red cell volume, the amount varying with spleen size, was sequestered in a slow mixing compartment, believed to be the extrasinusoidal spaces (the spleen pool) in the patients with splenomegaly. No spleen pool could be shown in any of the patients without splenomegaly.Intrasplenic red cell destruction was not conspicuous and it has been suggested that the red cells, after damage from repeated stagnation in the spleen pool, are destroyed widely throughout the body.The reasons for expansion of the plasma volume is not known. It relates to spleen size but cannot wholly be explained by plasma in the spleen pool.A good result from splenectomy was obtained in six out of seven patients in whom this was undertaken. Two months after operation the red cell survival time was corrected in the patients in whom this was measured. The rise in the PCV could be explained only by substantial reduction in plasma volume.
Serum Folic Acid Levels in Pregnancy and their Relationshi to Megaloblastic Marrow Change
Authors: Temperley I. J. , Meehan M. J. M. , Gatenby P. B. B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary In a prospective study of a randomly selected group of pregnant women it has been shown that the mean serum folic acid level falls as pregnancy advances and that 3 months after delivery the level has not reached that of non‐pregnant women in the child bearing age.Low serum folic acid levels at the first visit and subsequently throughout pregnancy were observed in 15 patients who developed megaloblastic erythropoiesis at or near term. The haemoglobin level at term of patients with a low folic acid level at the first visit was significantly lower when compared with those with a higher initial level.The duration of low serum folic acid levels, and its relation to subsequent marrow change towards full megaloblastosis is discussed.
Red Cell Fatty Acids in Polycythaemia Vera
Authors: Dhopeshwarkar G. A. , Sukhatankar Usha N. 
Published: March 2008

Summary Total lipids of red cells as well as plasma from polycythaemia Vera patients and normal subjects were fractionated and the fatty acid composition was analysed by gas‐liquid chromatography. The following statistically significant differences were found in the percent fatty acid levels. Red cell. Linoleic acid level of total lipids was decreased in polycythaemia whereas oleic acid level of phospholipid fractions was increased. Stearic acid level of cholesterol ester fraction was increased in polycythaemia whereas that of triglyceride fraction was decreased. Significantly low levels of arachidonic acid associated with cholesterol ester fraction were noted in polycythaemia patients. Plasma. Palmitic acid associated with total lipids and oleic acid levels of phospholipid fractions were higher in polycythaemia. Stearic acid associated with phosphatidyl ethanolamine was found to be decreased in polycythaemia. Similarly arachidonic acid associated with total lipids as well as sphingomyelin was decreased in polycythaemia. A wide difference between the lipids of the red cell and the surrounding plasma was observed.
A Mathematical Analysis of Red Blood Cell and Bone Marrow Stem Cell Control Mechanisms
Authors: Kirk J. , Orr J. S. , Hope C. S. 
Published: March 2008

The oscillations, interactions and control mechanisms of the red blood cell and bone marrow stem cell system were studied. A mathematical formulation in the form of four difference‐differential simultaneous equations was established in the four variables of the system; (i) stem cell population, (ii) chalone mitotic inhibitor, (iii) red cell population, and (iv) erythropoietin; as postulated by Orr, Kirk, Gray and Anderson (1968). Numerical values of the constants in these equations were determined from a large range of data.Calculations on the behaviour of the formulation were carried out using an ICT 1902 digital computer. The predictions of the formulation were compared with three kinetic sets of experimental data, showing satisfactory agreement. Analysis of the system yields the value of the stem cell population. In conclusion, some properties of the oscillatory features of the system are discussed.
Studies on the Incorporation of 14C‐Sodium Acetate into the Phospholipids of Phytohaemagglutinin‐Stimulated and Unstimulated Lymphocytes
Authors: Huber H. , Strieder N. , Winnler H. , Reiser G. , Koppelstaetter K. 
Published: March 2008

The in vitro incorporation of 14C‐acetate into the phospholipids of unstimulated and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated lymphocytes and the distribution of radioactivity in the phospholipid fractions, separated by thin‐layer chromatography, have been studied in lymphocyte cultures.The percentage of radioactive incorporation into the phospholipid fractions of PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes was as follows: lysolecithin 4.0 (± 1.3), sphingomyelin 12.7 (± 1.4), lecithin 39.2 (± 2.0), phosphatidyl‐serine and phosphatidyl‐inositol 14.1 (± 2.1), phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine 28.5 (± 2.0). The percentage of radioactive incorporation into the phospholipid fractions of unstimulated lymphocytes was: lysolecithin 7.9 (± 1.4), sphingomyelin 8.2 (± 1.4), lecithin 34.5 (± 2.6), phosphatidyl‐serine and phosphatidyl‐inositol 14.5 (± 1.3), phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine 31.4 (± 1.4).The results of the lipid‐phosphorus distribution (n= 4) were similar and showed differences only in the sphingomyelin fraction (P<0.05). With a given initial cell number, the radioactive incorporation into the phospholipid fractions of PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes was increased by the following factors: lysolecithin 3.9 (± 0.6), sphingomyelin 7.0 (± 1.5), lecithin 8.1 (± 1.5), phosphatidyl‐serine and phosphatidyl‐inositol 8.8 (± 1.3), phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine 7.3 (± 0.8).Cell‐fractionation experiments with PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes after labelling with 3H‐acetate showed a similar distribution of the radioactivity in the phospholipids of ‘mitochondria’and ‘microsomes’.
The Effect of Acute Anaemia on Platelet Adhesiveness before and after Splenectomy in the Rabbit
Authors: McBride J. A. , Wright H. Payling 
Published: March 2008

Platelet count and platelet adhesiveness were measured in groups of rabbits made anaemic by chemical haemolysis or by haemorrhage both before and after splenectomy. When platelet adhesiveness was corrected for changes in the PCV, a significant increase in adhesiveness was found on the 3rd and 10th days after the induction of anaemia.After splenectomy, platelet adhesiveness was marginally but apparently permanently increased.During acute haemolytic episodes there was no relationship between the platelet count and PCV in splenectomized rabbits.
Mechanism of Excretion of Iron by the Small Intestine: an Experimental Study in Rats with Normal and Abnormal Mucosae
Authors: Singh A. K. , Loehry C. A. 
Published: March 2008

The findings in the present study have demonstrated the presence of two distinct mechanisms of iron excretion by the small intestine in rats. Loss of cell bound iron is the principal pathway of excretion and takes place as epithelial cells are shed off from the tips of villi. The available evidence suggests that the epithelial cells of the mucosa sequestrate iron from a storage pool which might be identical to the labile iron store in man. Transferrin bound iron makes a small contribution to the total loss. An abnormally large amount of iron was excreted in the small intestine of rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. At the same time an unduly large amount was also sequestrated by the intestines of these rats. These facts were attributed to increased population of maturing cells in the crypts and the rapid rate of renewal of the villous epithelium.The morphological appearances of the intestinal villi of the infested rats have a resemblance to those in human subjects with coeliac disease. It is, therefore, suggested that these observations may have some bearing on the status of iron balance in patients suffering from coeliac disease.
Erythropoietin and Haemoglobin Studies on AKR Mice
Authors: Lewis Jasper P. , Alford Dorothy A. , Smith James E. , Horton Bennett F. , Smith Linda L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. DEAE‐Sephadex column chromatography has been used to study the haemoglobins of AKR untreated mice, polycythaemic mice injected with saline and polycythaemic mice treated with an extract of human erythropoietin. All elution patterns of the haemolysates showed four haemoglobins. The haemolysates of each group had an elution pattern different from the other groups. Chromatographic studies of an ageing haemolysate indicated the formation of a minor haemoglobin from a major haemoglobin to be linear for a period of about 18 days.The major AKR mouse haemoglobin appeared to polymerize, possibly to octaniers. Human erythropoietin, when injected into polycythaemic mice, seemed to decrease the resulting polymerization of the major haemoglobin and the formation of the minor haemoglobin. Treatment of the haemolysates with reduced glutathione seemed to depolymerize the polymers to tetramers. An extract of human erythropoietin lowered the glutathione level in the blood of an AKR strain of mice.
Extracorporeal Irradiation of the Blood in Leukaemic Patients
Authors: Lajtha L. G. , Garrett J. V. , Turner L. , Gilbert C. W. , Halnan K. E. , Easson E. C. , Nuttall P. M. , Watson‐Williams E. J. , Keidan S. E. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Fourteen short treatment courses of extracorporeal irradiation have been given to 13 patients; eight had acute leukaemia, one had chronic myeloid leukaemia in the acute terminal phase, and four had chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.Five of the patients with acute leukaemia were treated relatively early in the disease; they responded with a reduction in the blast‐cell count in the blood which was maintained with chemotherapy. In the chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cases, the white‐cell count and the size of the spleen and lymph nodes were reduced, with clinical improvement in three cases.Dosage and theoretical considerations have been discussed and it is considered that there is no evidence that a significant interchange of cells between the blood and the bone marrow occurs in acute leukaemia. The results in the treatment of certain cases of early acute leukaemia and late chronic lymphocytic leukaemia warrant further trials.
Congenital Thrombocytopenia with Giant Platelets: a Defect in the Platelet Membrane
Authors: Gröttum Kjell A. , Solum Nils Olav 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Three patients with congenital macrothrombocytic thrombocytopenia are described. The platelets had a reduced electrophoretic mobility, and the content of sialic acid was also abnormally low, suggesting a defect in the platelet membrane. Platelets were rapidly removed from the circulation, possibly because the platelet membrane defect was associated with reduced electrostatic repulsive forces.