bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description of the Foaming Process During the Extrusion of Foams Based on Renewable Resources
Authors: Potente Helmut , Ernst Wolfgang , Oblotzki Jörg 
Published: April 2006

Some polymers based on renewable resources like starch can be plasticated by extrusion processing. Foams based on starch have an increasing importance in nonfood applications. Starch contains water, which works as a physical blowing agent for expansion of molten starch. The aim of this work is to investigate how cell nucleation and foaming are affected by process parameters in the case of starch materials. Therefore, the cell nucleation has been investigated by a slit die with transparent inserts in the flow channel. It could be shown that a higher pressure gradient in the die leads to a later cell nucleation. Contrary to this, an earlier nucleation is supported by high shear rates. A later nucleation leads to a high cross-sectional expansion ratio. Furthermore, the rheological properties also have an impact on the foaming behavior of molten starch. It was observed that, besides water content and temperature, the screw speed had a significant impact on the viscosity. In this case, the major effect is the specific mechanical energy input (SME) which increases with increasing screw speed.
Jesus as the High Priestly Messiah: Part 1
Authors: Fletcher-Louis Crispin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent study of the priesthood in Second Temple life and thought invites a reconsideration of Jesus’ self-understanding. The appeal to Psalm 110 and Daniel 7.13 indicates that Jesus thought that, although not of priestly lineage, nevertheless he would ultimately be the nation's king and priest after the order of Melchizedek. Mark 1–6 contains a programmatic statement of Jesus’ claim to a high priestly identity as the ‘holy one of God’ (1.24), with a high priestly contagious holiness (1.40-45; 5.25-34; 5.35-43), freedom to forgive sins (2.1-12) and the embodiment of divine presence in a Galilean cornfield (2.23-28). As true high priest he makes divine presence ‘draw near’ to God's people (1.15), where before they had to ‘draw near’ to the Jerusalem temple. The hypothesis that Jesus thought he was Israel's long-awaited eschatological high priest resolves otherwise intractable problems in historical Jesus scholarship. This is Part 1 of a two-part essay.
Ultrastructure of the reticular basement membrane in asthmatic adults, children and infants
Authors: Saglani S. , Molyneux C. , Gong H. , Rogers A. , Malmström K. , Pelkonen A. , Mäkelä M. , Adelroth E. , Bush A. , Payne D. N. R. , Jeffery P. K. 
Published: April 2006

Reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickening in asthma is considered to be the result of subepithelial fibrosis. Thus, the RBM in asthma should contain an excess of fibrils identified as interstitial collagen and the ratio of fibril to matrix should be increased above normal levels.Electron micrographs of the RBM were compared with those of interstitial collagen deeper in the bronchial wall using endobronchial biopsy specimens from adult asthmatics (aged 18–41 yrs (n = 10)), children with difficult asthma (aged 6–16 yrs (n = 10)), wheezy infants with reversible airflow limitation (aged 0.3–2 yrs (n = 10)) and age-matched nonasthmatic controls: 10 adults, nine children and nine symptomatic infants with normal lung function.Fibrils in the RBM were significantly thinner (median (range) width 39 (30–52) nmversus59 (48–73) nm), and fewer fibrils were banded than in the interstitial collagen (ratio of banded to non-banded fibrils 0.08 (0–0.17)versus0.22 (0–1.3)). The ratio of fibrils to matrix in the thickened RBM of asthmatics did not differ from that of their respective controls (1.34 (0.63–2.49)versus1.18 (0.31–2.6)).The ratio of fibril to matrix in the thickened reticular basement membrane of asthmatics is normal, and, contrary to what is expected in fibrosis, the fibrils do not resemble those of interstitial collagen.
Safety and feasibility of exhaled breath condensate collection in ventilated infants and children
Authors: Muller W. G. , Morini F. , Eaton S. , Peters M. , Jaffe A. 
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to develop a technique for the collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from ventilated children and assess its safety and feasibility. Collection of EBC is used to investigate markers of oxidative stress in the lower airway. No studies have assessed its safety in ventilated children.Anin vitromodel was developed by connecting a ventilator to an artificial lung; 14 clinical and ventilatory parameters were measured during EBC collection from ventilated children. Levels of 8-isoprostane were measured following collection with and without humidification of the inhaled gas.Amount of water vapour collected was linearly related to time and to minute ventilation in thein vitromodel. EBC collections (n = 68) were made from ventilated children. In the nonhumidified group, the mean (range) positive end-expiratory pressure increased by 4.1% (2.8–5.5%) and the peak inspiratory flow decreased by 6.1% (11.0–1.3%) during collection. Detectable levels of 8-isoprostane were only found in 10 out of 18 nonhumidified EBC samples (median (range) 4.7 pg·mL-1(0–5.8)).Collection of exhaled breath condensate from ventilated infants and children is feasible and safe. Discontinuation of humidification is likely to be important in standardising the measurement of inflammatory parameters in exhaled breath condensate collected from ventilated children.
Measurement of combined oximetry and cutaneous capnography during flexible bronchoscopy: Fig. 1—
Authors: Chhajed P. N. , Rajasekaran R. , Kaegi B. , Chhajed T. P. , Pflimlin E. , Leuppi J. , Tamm M. 
Published: April 2006

The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility of measuring combined arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (Sp,O2) and cutaneous carbon dioxide tension (Pc,CO2) to monitor ventilation and quantify change inPc,CO2during bronchoscopy.CombinedSp,O2andPc,CO2were measured at the ear lobe in 114 patients. In four patients, the ear-clip slipped and they were excluded. In total, 11 patients had artefacts withSp,O2recordings, thus,Sp,O2was analysed in 99 patients. Spirometry data were available in 77 patients. Multivariate analysis of covariance and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses.Mean baselinePc,CO2was 4.78±1.06 kPa (36±8 mmHg) and mean rise in thePc,CO2during bronchoscopy was 1.26±0.70 kPa (9.5±5.3 mmHg), while meanPc,CO2at the end of bronchoscopy was 5.85±1.19 kPa (44±9 mmHg) . BaselinePc,CO2and the lowestSp,O2were significantly associated with peakPc,CO2and the change inPc,CO2during bronchoscopy. Risk of significant hypoxaemia (Sp,O2≤90%) was lower for a higher baselineSp,O2. PeakPc,CO2was directly associated with significant hypoxaemia. There was no significant association in the baselinePc,CO2, peakPc,CO2, baselineSp,O2or the lowestSp,O2comparing patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.In conclusion, it is feasible to measure combined pulse oximetry and cutaneous carbon dioxide tension effectively to monitor ventilation during flexible bronchoscopy.
Increased incidence of coronary artery disease in sleep apnoea: a long-term follow-up
Authors: Peker Y. , Carlson J. , Hedner J. 
Published: April 2006

An increased incidence of cardiovascular disease has previously been reported in middle-aged males during a follow-up period of 7 yrs. The aim of the present study was to address the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a larger sample without any heart disease at baseline.The population comprised 308 snorers (245 males and 63 females) with a mean±sdage of 49.0±9.9 yrs in 1991. Data were collectedviathe Swedish Hospital Discharge Register, National Cause of Death Registry, clinical charts and questionnaires.Over 7 yrs, CAD was observed in 17 (16.2%) of 105 patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA; overnight (6 h) oxygen desaturations ≥30 events) compared with 11 (5.4%) of 203 snorers without OSA. OSA diagnosis at baseline was associated with an increased risk of development of CAD in a multivariate model. In the OSA group, CAD was confirmed in 16 (24.6%) of 65 incompletely treated patients compared with one (3.9%) of 26 efficiently treated subjects. Efficient treatment of OSA reduced this risk.It is concluded that middle-aged sleep apnoeics are at high risk of developing coronary artery disease if they are not treated efficiently, which should be considered in cardiovascular disease prevention models.
JColorGrid: software for the visualization of biological measurements
Authors: Joachimiak Marcin P , Weisman Jennifer L , May Barnaby CH 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Two-dimensional data colourings are an effective medium by which to represent three-dimensional data in two dimensions. Such "color-grid" representations have found increasing use in the biological sciences (e.g. microarray 'heat maps' and bioactivity data) as they are particularly suited to complex data sets and offer an alternative to the graphical representations included in traditional statistical software packages. The effectiveness of color-grids lies in their graphical design, which introduces a standard for customizable data representation. Currently, software applications capable of generating limited color-grid representations can be found only in advanced statistical packages or custom programs (e.g. micro-array analysis tools), often associated with steep learning curves and requiring expert knowledge.

Results
Here we describe JColorGrid, a Java library and platform independent application that renders color-grid graphics from data. The software can be used as a Java library, as a command-line application, and as a color-grid parameter interface and graphical viewer application. Data, titles, and data labels are input as tab-delimited text files or Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and the color-grid settings are specified through the graphical interface or a text configuration file. JColorGrid allows both user graphical data exploration as well as a means of automatically rendering color-grids from data as part of research pipelines.

Conclusion
The program has been tested on Windows, Mac, and Linux operating systems, and the binary executables and source files are available for download at http://jcolorgrid.ucsf.edu.
MIDAS: software for analysis and visualisation of interallelic disequilibrium between multiallelic markers
Authors: Gaunt Tom R , Rodriguez Santiago , Zapata Carlos , Day Ian NM 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Various software tools are available for the display of pairwise linkage disequilibrium across multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms. The HapMap project also presents these graphics within their website. However, these approaches are limited in their use of data from multiallelic markers and provide limited information in a graphical form.

Results
We have developed a software package (MIDAS – Multiallelic Interallelic Disequilibrium Analysis Software) for the estimation and graphical display of interallelic linkage disequilibrium. Linkage disequilibrium is analysed for each allelic combination (of one allele from each of two loci), between all pairwise combinations of any type of multiallelic loci in a contig (or any set) of many loci (including single nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites, minisatellites and haplotypes). Data are presented graphically in a novel and informative way, and can also be exported in tabular form for other analyses. This approach facilitates visualisation of patterns of linkage disequilibrium across genomic regions, analysis of the relationships between different alleles of multiallelic markers and inferences about patterns of evolution and selection.

Conclusion
MIDAS is a linkage disequilibrium analysis program with a comprehensive graphical user interface providing novel views of patterns of linkage disequilibrium between all types of multiallelic and biallelic markers.

Availability
Available from http://www.genes.org.uk/software/midas and http://www.sgel.humgen.soton.ac.uk/midas
Transcriptional profiling of mesenchymal stromal cells from young and old rats in response to Dexamethasone
Authors: Akavia Uri David , Shur Irena , Rechavi Gideon , Benayahu Dafna 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundMarrow-derived stromal cells (MSCs) maintain the capability of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple lineages in adult life. Age-related changes are recognized by a decline in the stemness potential that result in reduced regeneration potential of the skeleton. To explore the molecular events that underline skeletal physiology during aging we catalogued the profile of gene expression inex vivocultured MSCs derived from 3 and 15 month old rats. Theex vivocultured cells were analyzed following challenge with or without Dexamethasone (Dex). RNA retrieved from these cells was analyzed using Affymetrix Gene Chips to compare the effect of Dex on gene expression in both age groups.ResultsThe molecular mechanisms that underline skeletal senescence were studied by gene expression analysis of RNA harvested from MSCs. The analysis resulted in complex profiles of gene expression of various differentiation pathways. We revealed changes of lineage-specific gene expression; in general the pattern of expression included repression of proliferation and induction of differentiation. The functional analysis of genes clustered were related to major pathways; an increase in bone remodeling, osteogenesis and muscle formation, coupled with a decrease in adipogenesis. We demonstrated a Dex-related decrease in immune response and in genes that regulate bone resorption and an increase in osteoblastic differentiation. Myogenic-related genes and genes that regulate cell cycle were induced by Dex. While Dex repressed genes related to adipogenesis and catabolism, this decrease was complementary to an increase in expression of genes related to osteogenesis.ConclusionThis study summarizes the genes expressed in theex vivocultured mesenchymal cells and their response to Dex. Functional clustering highlights the complexity of gene expression in MSCs and will advance the understanding of major pathways that trigger the natural changes underlining physiological aging. The high throughput analysis shed light on the anabolic effect of Dex and the relationship between osteogenesis, myogenesis and adipogenesis in the bone marrow cells.
The molecular portraits of breast tumors are conserved across microarray platforms
Authors: Hu Zhiyuan , Fan Cheng , Oh Daniel S , Marron JS , He Xiaping , Qaqish Bahjat F , Livasy Chad , Carey Lisa A , Reynolds Evangeline , Dressler Lynn , Nobel Andrew , Parker Joel , Ewend Matthew G , Sawyer Lynda R , Wu Junyuan , Liu Yudong , Nanda Rita , Tretiakova Maria , Orrico Alejandra Ruiz , Dreher Donna , Palazzo Juan P , Perreard Laurent , Nelson Edward , Mone Mary , Hansen Heidi , Mullins Michael , Quackenbush John F , Ellis Matthew J , Olopade Olufunmilayo I , Bernard Philip S , Perou Charles M 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Validation of a novel gene expression signature in independent data sets is a critical step in the development of a clinically useful test for cancer patient risk-stratification. However, validation is often unconvincing because the size of the test set is typically small. To overcome this problem we used publicly available breast cancer gene expression data sets and a novel approach to data fusion, in order to validate a new breast tumor intrinsic list.

Results
A 105-tumor training set containing 26 sample pairs was used to derive a new breast tumor intrinsic gene list. This intrinsic list contained 1300 genes and a proliferation signature that was not present in previous breast intrinsic gene sets. We tested this list as a survival predictor on a data set of 311 tumors compiled from three independent microarray studies that were fused into a single data set using Distance Weighted Discrimination. When the new intrinsic gene set was used to hierarchically cluster this combined test set, tumors were grouped into LumA, LumB, Basal-like, HER2+/ER-, and Normal Breast-like tumor subtypes that we demonstrated in previous datasets. These subtypes were associated with significant differences in Relapse-Free and Overall Survival. Multivariate Cox analysis of the combined test set showed that the intrinsic subtype classifications added significant prognostic information that was independent of standard clinical predictors. From the combined test set, we developed an objective and unchanging classifier based upon five intrinsic subtype mean expression profiles (i.e. centroids), which is designed for single sample predictions (SSP). The SSP approach was applied to two additional independent data sets and consistently predicted survival in both systemically treated and untreated patient groups.

Conclusion
This study validates the "breast tumor intrinsic" subtype classification as an objective means of tumor classification that should be translated into a clinical assay for further retrospective and prospective validation. In addition, our method of combining existing data sets can be used to robustly validate the potential clinical value of any new gene expression profile.
Modulation of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) expression in human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines by the EGF and TGFβ1 growth factors
Authors: Driver Glenn A , Veale Robin B 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundIntegrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that has emerged as one of the points of convergence between integrin- and growth factor-signalling pathways.ResultsIn this study we identify the ILK isoform expressed in five human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines of South African origin as ILK1, and demonstrate its cellular distribution. ILK expression, although similar in the majority of the cell lines, did show variation. Furthermore, the ILK expressed was shown to be catalytically functional. The effect of growth factors on ILK expression was examined. An increase in ILK expression, following EGF and TGFβ1 exposure, was a trend across all the five oesophageal carcinoma cell lines tested.ConclusionThese results suggest that growth factor modulation of ILK expression relies on the internalisation/recycling of growth factor receptors and stimulation of the PI3K pathway, which may have implications with regards to cell adhesion and tumourigenesis.
Primary mediastinal hemangiopericytoma
Authors: Chnaris A , Barbetakis N , Efstathiou A , Fessatidis I 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Hemangiopericytoma is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm, accounting for about 1% of vascular tumors The tumor occurs most commonly in the skin, subcutaneous soft tissues, muscles of the extremities, retroperitoneum but rarely in the lung, trachea or mediastinum.

Case presentation
A rare case of primary mediastinal hemangiopericytoma is presented. A 72-year-old woman was treated by complete surgical resection of the tumor. Details of the clinical and radiographic feature are presented. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful with no evidence of recurrence 9 months after the operation.

Conclusion
Hemangiopericytoma is an uncommon, potentially malignant tumor originating from pericytes in the small vessels and surgical radical excision is the treatment of choice, although the criteria for determining the area of resection have not been established. International literature has demonstrated that recurrent disease usually occurs within 2 years and therefore a long-term careful follow-up is required.
Astrocytes derived from glial-restricted precursors promote spinal cord repair
Authors: Davies Jeannette E , Huang Carol , Proschel Christoph , Noble Mark , Mayer-Proschel Margot , Davies Stephen JA 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Background
Transplantation of embryonic stem or neural progenitor cells is an attractive strategy for repair of the injured central nervous system. Transplantation of these cells alone to acute spinal cord injuries has not, however, resulted in robust axon regeneration beyond the sites of injury. This may be due to progenitors differentiating to cell types that support axon growth poorly and/or their inability to modify the inhibitory environment of adult central nervous system (CNS) injuries. We reasoned therefore that pre-differentiation of embryonic neural precursors to astrocytes, which are thought to support axon growth in the injured immature CNS, would be more beneficial for CNS repair.

Results
Transplantation of astrocytes derived from embryonic glial-restricted precursors (GRPs) promoted robust axon growth and restoration of locomotor function after acute transection injuries of the adult rat spinal cord. Transplantation of GRP-derived astrocytes (GDAs) into dorsal column injuries promoted growth of over 60% of ascending dorsal column axons into the centers of the lesions, with 66% of these axons extending beyond the injury sites. Grid-walk analysis of GDA-transplanted rats with rubrospinal tract injuries revealed significant improvements in locomotor function. GDA transplantation also induced a striking realignment of injured tissue, suppressed initial scarring and rescued axotomized CNS neurons with cut axons from atrophy. In sharp contrast, undifferentiated GRPs failed to suppress scar formation or support axon growth and locomotor recovery.

Conclusion
Pre-differentiation of glial precursors into GDAs before transplantation into spinal cord injuries leads to significantly improved outcomes over precursor cell transplantation, providing both a novel strategy and a highly effective new cell type for repairing CNS injuries.
An immunohistological study of the integration at the bone-tendon interface after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in rabbits
Authors: Kanazawa T. , Soejima T. , Murakami H. , Inoue T. , Katouda M. , Nagata K. 
Published: April 2006

We studied bone-tendon healing using immunohistochemical methods in a rabbit model. Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament was undertaken using semitendinosus tendon in 20 rabbits. Immunohistochemical evaluations were performed at one, two, four and eight weeks after the operation. The expression of CD31, RAM-11, VEGF, b-FGF, S-100 protein and collagen I, II and III in the bone-tendon interface was very similar to that in the endochondral ossification. Some of the type-III collagen in the outer layer of the graft, which was deposited at a very early phase after the operation, was believed to have matured into Sharpey-like fibres. However, remodelling of the tendon grafted into the bone tunnel was significantly delayed when compared with this ossification process. To promote healing, we believe that it is necessary to accelerate remodelling of the tendon, simultaneously with the augmentation of the ossification.
Acetabular revision with morsellised allogenic bone graft and a cemented metal-backed component
Authors: Wang J.-W. , Fong C.-Y. , Su Y.-S. , Yu H.-N. 
Published: April 2006

Failure of total hip arthroplasty with acetabular deficiency occurred in 55 patients (60 hips) and was treated with acetabular revision using morsellised allograft and a cemented metal-backed component. A total of 50 patients (55 hips) were available for clinical and radiological evaluation at a mean follow-up of 5.8 years (3 to 9.5). No hip required further revision of the acetabular component because of aseptic loosening. All the hips except one had complete incorporation of the allograft demonstrated on the radiographs. A complete radiolucent line of > 1 mm was noted in two hips post-operatively. A good to excellent result occurred in 50 hips (91%). With radiological evidence of aseptic loosening of the acetabular component as the end-point, the survivorship at a mean of 5.8 years after surgery was 96.4%. The use of impacted allograft chips in combination with a cemented metal-backed acetabular component and screw fixation can achieve good medium-term results in patients with acetabular bone deficiency.