bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition of a liquid crystalline phase formed between aqueous surfactant solutions and oily substances
Authors: Yatagal M. , Komakl M. , Nakajima T. , Hashimoto T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was applied to determine the composition of a liquid crystalline (LC) phase formed between an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and octanol under various conditions. The concentrations of three components, SDS, water, and octanol, contained in the LC phase were determined approximately from the DSC melting peak areas.The composition of the LC phase varied with time within the LC region in the phase diagram reported in the literature. The change of the octanol concentration in the LC phase was correlated to the process in which octanol is gradually incorporated into the LC phase and then released into the exterior aqueous SDS solution. Increasing temperature facilitated such a process.
The calcium binding capacity of polycarboxylates
Authors: Richter Fellx H. , Winkler Ekhard W. , Baur Richard H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt can be shown both theoretically and experimentally that calcium carbonate forms during the titration of polycarboxylates by calcium with carbonate as the indicator, and that the calcium carbonate is dispersed by the polycarboxylate. If the dispersing capacity of the polymer exceeds the level of calcium carbonate present, the precipitation of the calcium salt of the polymer is observed as the end point. If the quantity of carbonate is increased to a level greater than that of the dispersing capacity of the polymer, the precipitation of calcium carbonate is observed as the end point, and we term the result of this titration the “calcium carbonate dispersing capacity.”
Oxidative cyclization of 1‐octadecanol and hydroxy fatty esters with lead tetraacetate
Authors: Hashmi M. , Khan M. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOxidative cyclization of methyl 2‐hydroxyoctadecanoate, methyl 10‐hydroxyundecanoate and 1‐octadecanol produced a good yield of the corresponding tetrahydrofuran (THF) derivatives characterized successively as methyl 2,5‐epoxyoctadecanoate, methyl 7,10‐epoxyundecanoate and 1,4‐epoxyoctadecane. The structure of these cyclic derivatives have been established by elemental analyses and spectral studies.
Addition of aromatic compounds to oleic acid catalyzed by heterogeneous acid catalysts
Authors: Kohashi Hitoshi , Foglia Thomas A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe addition of aromatic compounds to the double bond of oleic acid was studied using solid acid catalysts. For example, in the presence of an acid clay catalyst (bentonite), phenol reacted with oleic acid to yield 96% of an alkylphenol addition product. When toluene was used as the aromatic reactant, however, the yield of alkylbenzene addition product was less than 2%. In this instance, the major reactions observed were elaidinization and migration of the double bond of oleic acid. The addition of phenol to oleic acid in greater than 95% yield also was accomplished with the use of a sulfonic acid ion‐exchange resin catalyst. This same catalyst also catalyzed the addition of toluene and benzene to oleic acid to yield 82% and 22%, respectively, of alkylbenzene‐type addition products. In the latter instances, the major side product formed was γ‐stearolactone. Capillary gas chromatographic (GC) analyses of the alkylbenzene addition products obtained showed them to be mixtures of positional isomers. The isomer distributions were subsequently determined by GC‐mass spectrometry (MS).
Phytate Removal from soybean proteins
Authors: Brooks J. R. , Morr C. V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe ability of Ca++, Ba++ and Zn++ ions to complex with and precipitate phytate ions was investigated as a possible approach for producing phytate‐reduced soy‐protein isolates. The treatments involved adding divalent cation reagents to mildly alkaline soyprotein extracts, or using mildly alkaline solutions of the cation reagent as protein extractant. Treatments used up to 5% (w/v) divalent cation reagent in dilute NaOH at pH 8–9 at room temperature with stirring for 1 hr. The proteins that remained soluble, or that were extracted following the above treatments, were further fractionated by dialysis against distilled water and then adjusted to the isoelectric pH of 4.5 with HCl. All treatments generally precipitated 15–90% of the total extracted proteins. The resulting phytate‐reduced fractions had their total P reduced by ca. 30–74%, but their yields were reduced to only 11–85% of the total extract proteins. On the basis of these findings and on other adverse factors, e.g., toxicity, possible off‐flavor and reduced functionality from residual precipitant ions, the divalent cation‐fractionation method is not recommended for producing phytate‐reduced soy‐protein isolates for food use.
HBr‐Reactive acids ofMalva sylvestris seed oil
Authors: Mukarram Mohammad , Ahmad Ishtiaque , Ahmad Mashood 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMalva sylvestris seed oil contained 5.6% sterculic, 11.0% malvalic, 1.6% vernolic, 15.6% lauric, 6.6% myristic, 26.6% palmitic, 5.6% palmitoleic, a trace of stearic, 23.0% oleic and 4.0% linoleic acids. The co‐occurrence of malvalic and sterculic acids was established by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the silver nitrate‐methanol treated esters usingSterculia foetida esters as the reference standard. Co‐occurrence of epoxy acid (vernolic acid) was confirmed withVernonia anthelmintica as the lipid standard.
A rapid micromethod for the quantitative analysis of jojoba wax and its components
Authors: Tonnet M. L. , Dunstone R. L. , Shani A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method for the routine determination of jojoba wax ester composition and the ethanolysis products of these esters is described. In the recommended procedure, single or half seeds are crushed onto filter paper disks to provide duplicate 10–20 mg samples of the wax. One paper is extracted with petroleum ether for wax ester analysis and the second sample is transesterified in a sealed bottle using 5% HCl in ethanol at 80 C for 1–2 hr. This preparation is extracted with NaCl and petroleum ether, neutralized with potassium bicarbonate and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The fatty acid ethyl esters and free alcohols are determined by gas chromatography (GC). The method requires only small amounts of seed material, provides duplicate samples of the wax, simplifies the ethanolysis procedures and reduces the time needed for the removal of the acid catalyst.
A flavonoid antioxidant in Spanish peanuts(Arachia hypogoea)
Authors: Pratt D. E. , Miller E. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHot methanol extracts of Spanish peanuts were found to possess antioxidant activity. Thin layer (TLC) and paper chromatography of the methanolic peanut extracts yielded 6 fluorescent bands of which one exhibited potent antioxidant activity. Further separation by TLC showed this band to be a complex mixture of 3 components that were tested for antioxidant activity. One component demonstrated all of the antioxidant activity associated with the parent band. Analysis of this antioxidant by paper chromatography and TLC, chromatographic spray reagents and spectral analysis demonstrated that the compound was dihydroquercetin.
Distribution of ammonia‐related aflatoxin reaction products in cottonseed meal
Authors: Park Douglas L. , Lee Louise , Koltun S. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe fate of aflatoxin during ammoniation of contaminated cottonseed meal was studied under conditions approximating those approved for commercial ammoniation of nonaflatoxin‐contaminated meal. Uniformly ring‐labeled14C‐aflatoxin B1 was added to 27.7 kg meal (14% moisture) that contained ca. 4000 µg naturally incurred aflatoxin B1/kg. Distribution of the radiolabeled compound was used to trace the modification of aflatoxin B1 after treatment with 4% ammonia at 40 psi, 100 C for 30 min. This treatment reduced the chemically detected aflatoxin B1 to less than 4 µg/kg. In control nonammoniated meals, 90% of the radiolabeled material was accounted for in the methylene chloride extract. Duplicate 2‐kg samples of the ammoniated meal were fractionated and the distribution of radioactivity was determined. Ca. 86% of the radioactivity was detected in the meal after initial air‐drying. Ca. 25% of the added radioactivity was extracted from the air‐dried meal with methylene chloride and another ca. 5% was extracted from this residue with methanol. Weak acid released 3% of the added radioactivity from the residue after methanol extraction, bicarbonate released 1% and Pronase digestion, including methylene chloride extraction of the residue, accounted for nearly 19% of the total added radioactivity. Only 37% of the added radioactivity remained in the meal matrix following solvent extractions and chemical and enzymic treatments.
A method for the separation of seed oil steryl esters and free sterols: Application to peanut and corn oils
Authors: Worthington R. E. , Hitchcock H. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method for separating and quantitating seed oil steryl esters and free sterols was developed using a combination of preparative column, thin layer (TLC), and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Cholesteryl heneicosanoate and cholesterol served as internal standards. The method was applied to corn‐oil samples (Mazola, Kroger) obtained from the local market and peanut‐oil samples prepared in the laboratory from commercial varieties of peanuts (Florunner, Starr). Concentration (mg/100 g oil; mean ± SD) of steryl esters and free sterols in the 4 oils were: Mazola, 1420±40 and 370±8; Kroger, 950±40 and 320±4; Florunner, 74±0.5 and 150±3; and Starr, 51±0.5 and 130±2. Sitosterol was the major sterol in both the free sterol and steryl ester fractions of all oils and together with campesterol, stigmasterol and Δ5‐avenasterol made up 90–95% of all sterols. Steryl esters of peanut oil contained higher proportions of linoleic acid and long‐chain acids (C20–C24) than did whole oil. Corn‐oil steryl esters also contained a higher proportion of linoleic acid than did whole oil. Squalene was the major hydrocarbon of all oils with the remaining hydrocarbon fraction consisting of a mixture of compounds.
The AOCS smalley program
Authors: McEwan J. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis program is named for Frank N. Smalley, a charter member of AOCS. In 1909, he was chief chemist for the Southern Cotton Oil Company, the same year in which AOCS was formed. Smalley checked the proficiency of his firm's laboratories by distributing weekly meal samples that had been prepared in his Savannah laboratory. Other analytical chemists saw the value of such a program and asked to participate. In 1915, the Uniform Methods Committee, under Dr. Smalley, adopted this program. In 1955, the name was formally shortened to the Smalley Committee. It continues to function largely with the aid of volunteer help. AOCS is greatly indebted to the people and industries who give of their time and talents. In 1981, an ad‐hoc committee reviewed the Smalley Committee and each of the series involved and declared the program was functioning well and carrying out its intended purpose.
Quality control in the use of deep frying oils
Authors: Stevenson S. G. , Vaisey‐Genser M. , Eskin N. A. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe chemical and physical changes that occur in frying facts during use and their significance to fat life and to finished product quality are reviewed. The more commonly used quality control tests for monitoring these changes are examined as is their applicability to food service institutions and food processors. The advantages and disadvantages of these tests and possible modifications to improve their ease for on‐the‐spot testing are discussed. Chemical tests such as free fatty acids (FFA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) tests and peroxide value (PV) are available to those operations with laboratory facilities, whereas sensory and physical tests, including foam height, color, smoking, viscosity, odor and product flavor, are generally relied on by most food service facilities for on‐the‐spot assessment. The reliability of these tests, however, depends on the source and type of frying fat, the food being fried, and, in the case of the sensory and physical tests, on the skill and experience of the operator. Studies completed recently in this laboratory found a high correlation between polar compounds or FFA and length of frying time which suggests that either could predict oil abuse accurately. Recent adaptations which could facilitate on‐the‐spot testing by semi‐skilled personnel (including a spot test for FFA and an instrument capable of monitoring the change in dielectric properties of an oil during frying) will be examined. Regardless of the quality control test used, the question remains of specifying reliable cutoff levels which can be related to the health and sensory constraints. This problem is also discussed.
Conditioning of oil‐bearing materials for solvent extraction by extrusion
Authors: Rittner Herman 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new procedure, based on extrusion, was developed to prepare soybeans for direct solvent extraction. The procedure eliminates the need of controlled cracking, partial shell remotion, heating and flaking, requiring only an adequate communition to particles passing Sieve USS 14 followed by extrusion in a specially developed extruder. Extruded soybeans were obtained in the form of hard and porous agglomerates, without any dusting tendency, higher extraction, draining and percolation rates, lower solvent hold up and higher apparent density than the best possible flakes. Extruded soybeans were processed by solvent extraction in batch and continuous industrial installations, enabling substantial increases in capacity (up to 100%) and reduction in overall steam consumption (up to 30%) when compared with flakes processing. Extracted oil from extruded soybeans seems to show lower levels of gums and toasted meal at higher soluble protein levels for the same urease activity. Peanut press‐cakes were preconditioned by extrusion before solvent extraction in batch‐type installations, enabling a substantial reduction in residual oil for similar conditions with nonextruded press‐cake. For existing plants, the new procedure allows a substantial increase in plant capacity and lower steam consumption. For new plants, the new procedure allows substantial capital savings in equipment and space. The new procedure enables soybean processing by direct solvent extraction in small batch‐type installation, which may be very convenient for some underdeveloped areas.
Confectionery fat analysis with high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Kimmey R. L. , Perkins E. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNatural triglyceride mixtures have been analyzed by a variety of techniques. Earlier methods, such as crystallization, were unsuitable because they were very time‐consuming, required large amounts of material and were not reproducible. Later advances in chromatography gave successful separations of triglycerides but required a combination of techniques to give suitable separations. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with very efficient columns has been successfully applied to triglyceride separations on a routine basis. In the present work, triglycerides of cocoa butter as well as several replacement fats were separated by HPLC. The system consisted of a highly efficient column packed with octadecylbonded spherical silica (5 µ) and a mobile phase composed of acetone and acetonitrile. Peaks corresponding to eluted components were collected and their composition determined by gas chromatography (GC) of the corresponding methyl esters to allow unambiguous assignment of triglyceride structure to the components. A profile of the triglycerides present in such fats can be obtained within 30 min.
Short‐chain phorbol ester constituents of croton oil
Authors: Marshall Gary T. , Kinghorn A. Douglas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFive phorbol diesters, three 4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol diesters, two phorbol monoesters, and one 4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol monoester were isolated from a commercial sample of croton oil and characterized spectroscopically. Their purification was achieved using combinations of droplet countercurrent chromatography, low‐pressure column chromatography over phase‐bonded silica gel, and preparative thin layer chromatography. All of these isolates were shown to possess short‐chain ester functionalities, with 12‐O‐tiglylphorbol‐13‐isobutyrate, 12‐O‐(2‐methyl)butyrylphorbol‐13‐isobutyrate, 12‐O‐(2‐methyl)butyrylphorbol‐13‐acetate, 12‐O‐tiglyl‐4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol‐13‐isobutyrate, 12‐O‐tiglyl‐4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol‐13‐acetate, 12‐O‐(2‐methyl)butyryl‐4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol‐13‐acetate, phorbol‐12‐tiglate and 4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol‐13‐acetate being new compounds.
High performance liquid chromatography of the tocols in corn grain
Authors: Weber Evelyn J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA sensitive and selective method was developed for analyzing the tocol isomers in corn grain by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The relative proportions and the total amounts of the tocol isomers (α‐tocopherol, α‐tocotrienol, γ‐tocopherol and γ‐tocortrienol) varied greatly among the 15 corn inbreds that were examined. Although γ‐tocopherol has traditionally been considered to be the predominant vitamin E isomer in corn, inbreds with equal or higher levels of α‐tocopherol have been discovered. No tocotrienols were found in corn germ oil, only α‐and γ‐tocopherols. Analysis of the tocopherols of the germ oils of inbreds and their reciprocal crosses indicated that the proportions of the α‐ and γ‐isomers and the total amount of the tocopherols are heritable.
Effects of planting date and irrigation on wax content of sunflower‐seed oil
Authors: Morrison W. H. , Sojka Robert E. , Unger Paul W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeed from sunflower grown at Bushland, TX, in 1980 and 1981 and at Florence, SC, in 1982 were evaluated for the influence of date of planting and irrigation on wax production. Wax content of the hull and oil was found to be ca. 10% lower in samples from irrigated than from nonirrigated sunflowers; however, none of the sunflower planted on different dates were under severe moisture stress from bloom to harvest. Although the highest positive correlation was found between the linoleic acid content of the oil and the wax content of the hull, those factors that favored high oil percentage also favored low wax content.
Physical refining of edible oil
Authors: Tandy D. C. , Mcpherson W. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPhysical refining of edible oils has received renewed interest since the early 1970s when the process was reintroduced on a large scale to refine palm oil in Malaysia. Subsequent laboratory and field tests have also shown that physical refining can be used as a substitute for caustic or chemical refining, not only for high free fatty acid (FFA) oils such as palm, but also on low FFA oils such as soybean oil. In either case, the physical refining system results in lower oil loss than chemical refining and also eliminates pollution problems associated with soapstock acidulation. In physical refining, however, the oil pretreatment and efficiency of the distillation are two very important factors that must be considered to guarantee continuous production of high quality products. This paper reviews the physical refining system as it is today and how it can be used on two different edible oils. An actual case study showing the effects of the pretreatment in a commercial operation is also presented.
Estimation of cetane index for esters of fatty acids
Authors: Klopfenstein W. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCetane indexes have been calculated for the esters of the individual saturated fatty acids in the C8‐C24 range plus palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Two methods were used for these calculations: ASTM 976 and a method involving simultaneous equations relating the experimentally determined cetane numbers for several transesterified oils and the fatty acid compositions of the oils. Cetane indexes calculated according to ASTM 976 produced values which were too low for ester mixtures high in saturated acids and low in polyunsaturated acids, and were somewhat high for ester mixtures high in polyunsaturated acids. When cetane indexes calculated according to the simultaneous equation method were applied to the fatty acid mixtures, the agreement with those experimentally determined was approximately the error of determination of the cetane number.
Gossypol: High‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis and stability in various solvents
Authors: Nomeir A. A. , Abou‐Donia M. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn improved high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method of gossypol analysis was developed and compared with the current spectrophotometric method. Gossypol was determined in four samples of cottonseeds ofGossypium hirsutum with varying contents of gossypol, as well as in the stems and roots ofG. arboreum andG. thurber. The roots of both species each contained equally high amounts of gossypol, while the stems of each species varied in content. Those ofG. thurber contained slightly higher amounts of gossypol than those ofG. arboreum. Among the seeds studied, the glanded cottonseeds contained the highest concentration of gossypol, followed by low gossypol seeds, then glandless cottonseeds, and finally the roasted glandless cottonseeds. The stability of gossypol was studied in five solvents at six different storage temperatures. Both the type of solvent and the temperature were found to affect the rate of decomposition of gossypol. In all the solvents studied, gossypol was found to be highly unstable at 37 C and at room temperature, while its stability increased as the storage temperature decreased. At all temperatures, depending on the solvent used, the rate of decomposition increased in the following order: acetone < acetonitrile < chloroform < ethanol < methanol. Although the decomposition products of gossypol were not identified, their formation was found to be dependent on the solvent used.
Elimination of air and water pollution by double‐stage scrubber
Authors: Athanassiadis A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis new scrubbing system has been developed to eliminate entirely air pollution caused by water cooling towers during oil or fat deodorization. It also minimizes water effluent. In industrial application for more than one year, this system is based on the action of two scrubbers placed in series. The first scrubber is a conventional one, whereas the second uses concentrated cooled brine circulating in closed circuit as the condensing medium. A thorough purification of water vapors is thus achieved before the volatiles from the deodorizer enter into the high vacuum bosters. As a practical result of this special scrubbing process, the condensing water of the barometric condensers can be entirely recycled and this water is cooled by means of clean water in a surface heat exchanger requiring minimum maintenance for cleaning.
Formulation of nondairy coffee whiteners with cottonseed protein isolates
Authors: Choi Y. R. , Lusas E. W. , Rhee K. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNondairy coffee whiteners were prepared on a pilot scale using four different glandless cottonseed protein isolates prepared by different processes. Bulk density, whitening capacity, cream separation and oil retention capacity of the whiteners were compared to those formulated with sodium caseinate and a commercial whitener. Glandless cottonseed protein isolates, prepared by conventional and aqueous extraction processes, are poor ingredients for coffee whitener production, showing poor whitening capacity, separation of proteins through sedimentation and separation of fat as a cream layer in a mixture with aqueous coffee. Succinylated cottonseed proteins showed many markedly improved characteristics as coffee whiteners. Ca. 50% replacement of sodium caseinate with succinylated cottonseed protein isolate did not affect the quality of whiteners compared to that of 100% sodium caseinate‐based whitener.