bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sublingual immunotherapy reduces allergic symptoms in a mouse model of rhinitis
Authors: Brimnes J. , Kildsgaard J. , Jacobi H. , Lund K. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryBackground
Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a clinically effective treatment in both pollen and house dust mite‐induced rhinitis and asthma. However, the mechanisms by which this is accomplished are not clear.Objective
The objective of the current study was to establish a mouse model of rhinitis in order to study the effect and mechanisms of SLIT.Methods
Mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injections of alum‐adsorbed Phleum pratense extract. Sensitized mice were SLIT‐treated and subsequently challenged intranasally and analysed for clinical symptoms, antibody levels, eosinophilia and T cell response.Results
Intranasal challenge of sensitized mice led to the development of rhinitis characterized by significantly increased sneezing and influx of eosinophils into the nose. Levels of specific IgE were fivefold increased in nasopharyngeal lavage (NAL) fluid and more than doubled in serum. Furthermore, a T‐helper type 2 (Th2) like T cell response was observed in local draining lymph nodes. SLIT treatment of sensitized mice reduced sneezing, eosinophilia and IgE levels in the NAL by more than 50%. Moreover, serum levels of IgE and IgG1 as well as T cell response in the draining lymph nodes were also significantly reduced. Treatment for a shorter time or with a lower dose only led to minor reductions of the clinical and immunological parameters, indicating that the effect of SLIT is time and dose dependent.Conclusion
In the present study, we have established a mouse model displaying the hallmarks of allergic rhinitis using a clinically relevant allergen. Using this model, we have demonstrated that SLIT treatment is able to reduce allergic symptoms in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner.
Effect of a bone marrow microenvironment on the ex‐vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood progenitor cells
Authors: GALAN I. , DELEON J. A. , DIAZ L. , HONG J.‐S. , KHALEK N. , MUNOZ‐FERNANDEZ M.A. , SANTOLAYA‐FORGAS J. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryProgenitor cells (CD34+) can be isolated from umbilical cord blood and used to correct or reconstitute various cell lines within the haematopoietic and endothelial cell lineage. The main disadvantage of this procedure relates to the low volume of blood that can be collected after the umbilical cord has been clamped, which limits the number of progenitor cells available for treatment. This limitation, however, can be overcome by expanding CD34+ cells ex vivo. Our aim was to perform a controlled study to determine if the ex‐vivo proliferation of umbilical cord CD34+ cells is enhanced when they are placed in a system that mimics the bone marrow microenvironment. For this purpose, CD34+ cells were isolated from umbilical cord blood using a magnetic cell sorting kit and seeded in platforms containing different cocktails of cytokines with and without a three‐dimensional (3D) biomatrix. Results from this study suggest that the number of viable cells can double after 1 week in any of the culture platforms and that the 3D biomatrix does not enhance cell proliferation.
Bacteria in oral secretions of an endophytic insect inhibit antagonistic fungi
Authors: CARDOZA YASMIN J. , KLEPZIG KIER D. , RAFFA KENNETH F. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1. Colonisation of host trees by an endophytic herbivore, the spruce beetle,Dendroctonus rufipennis, is accompanied by invasion of its galleries by a number of fungal species. Four of these associated species were identified asLeptographium abietinum,Aspergillus fumigatus,Aspergillus nomius, andTrichoderma harzianum.2. TrichodermaandAspergillussignificantly reduced spruce beetle survival and reproduction in controlled assays.3. A previously undescribed behaviour was observed, in which spruce beetle adults exuded oral secretions, especially within fungus‐pervaded galleries.4. These oral secretions inhibited the growth of fungi exceptA. nomius, and disrupted the morphology of the latter. Administration of these secretions indicated a dose‐dependent inhibitory effect.5. Oral secretions cultured on microbiological media yielded substantial bacterial growth.6. Filter‐sterilised secretions failed to inhibit fungal growth, evidence that the bacteria are responsible for the antifungal activity.7. Nine bacterial isolates belonging to the Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Gammaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria taxa were obtained from the secretions.8. Bacterial isolates showed species‐specific inhibitory activity against the four fungi antagonistic to spruce beetle. The bacterium with the strongest fungal inhibition activity was the actinomyceteMicrococcus luteus.9. The production of bark beetle secretions containing bacteria that inhibit fungal growth is a novel finding. This suggests an additional level of complexity to ecological associations among bark beetles, conifers, and microorganisms, and an important adaptation for colonising subcortical tissue.
Essential fatty acids and phosphorus in seston from lakes with contrasting terrestrial dissolved organic carbon content
Authors: GUTSEIT KELLY , BERGLUND OLOF , GRANÉLI WILHELM 
Published: November 2006

Summary1. It is often assumed that lakes highly influenced by terrestrial organic matter (TOM) have low zooplankton food quality because of elemental and/or biochemical deficiencies of the major particulate organic carbon pools. We used the biochemical [polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) – 20:5ω3] and elemental (C : P ratio) composition of particulate matter (PM) as qualitative measures of potential zooplankton food in two categories of lakes of similar primary productivity, but with contrasting TOM influence (clear water versus humic lakes).2. C : P ratios (atomic ratio) in PM were similar between lake categories and were above 400. The concentration (μg L−1) and relative content (μg mg C−1) of EPA, as well as the particulate organic carbon concentration, were higher in the humic lakes than in the clear‐water lakes.3. Our results show high fatty acid quality of PM in the humic lakes. The differences in the biochemical quality of the potential zooplankton food between lake categories can be attributed to the differences in their phytoplankton communities.4. High biochemical quality of the food can result in high efficiency of energy transfer in the food chain and stimulate production at higher trophic levels, assuming that zooplankton are able to ingest and digest the resource available.
Upward range extension of Andean anurans and chytridiomycosis to extreme elevations in response to tropical deglaciation
Authors: SEIMON TRACIE A. , SEIMON ANTON , DASZAK PETER , HALLOY STEPHAN R.P. , SCHLOEGEL LISA M. , AGUILAR CÉSAR A. , SOWELL PRESTON , HYATT ALEX D. , KONECKY BRONWEN , E SIMMONS JOHN 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh‐alpine life forms and ecosystems exist at the limits of habitable environments, and thus, are especially sensitive to environmental change. Here we report a recent increase in the elevational limit of anurans following glacial retreat in the tropical Peruvian Andes. Three species have colonized ponds in recently deglaciated terrain at new record elevations for amphibians worldwide (5244–5400 m). Two of these species were also found to be infected with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), an emerging fungal pathogen causally associated with global amphibian declines, including the disappearance of several Latin American species. The presence of this pathogen was associated with elevated mortality rates of at least one species. These results represent the first evidence of upward expansion of anurans to newly available habitat brought about by recent deglaciation. Furthermore, the large increase in the upper limit of known Bd infections, previously reported as 4112 m in Ecuador, to 5348 m in this study, also expands the spatial domain of potential Bd pathogenicity to encompass virtually all high elevation anuran habitats in the tropical Andes.
Comparison of carbon dioxide fluxes over three boreal black spruce forests in Canada
Authors: BERGERON ONIL , MARGOLIS HANK A. , BLACK T. ANDREW , COURSOLLE CAROLE , DUNN ALLISON L. , BARR ALAN G. , WOFSY STEVEN C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough mature black spruce forests are a dominant cover type in the boreal forest of North America, it is not clear how their carbon (C) budgets vary across the continent. The installation of an eddy covariance flux tower on an Old Black Spruce (OBS) site in eastern Canada (EOBS, Québec) provided a first opportunity to compare and contrast its annual (2004) and seasonal C exchange with two other pre‐existing OBS flux sites from different climatic regions located in Saskatchewan [Southern OBS (SOBS)] and Manitoba [Northern OBS (NOBS)]. Although there was a relatively uniform seasonal pattern of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) among sites, EOBS had a lower total annual NEP than the other two sites. This was primarily because warmer soil under a thicker snowpack at EOBS appeared to increase winter C losses and low light suppressed both NEP and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) in June. Across sites, greater total annual GEP and ecosystem respiration (R) were associated with greater mean annual air temperatures and an earlier beginning of the growing season. Also, GEP at all three sites showed a stronger relationship with air temperature in spring and early summer compared with later in the growing season, highlighting the importance of springtime conditions to the C budget of these boreal ecosystems. The three sites had different parameter estimates describing the responses of R and GEP at the half hour time scale to near surface temperature and light, respectively. On the other hand, the responses of both R and GEP to temperature at the monthly scale did not differ among sites. These results suggest that a general parameterization could be sufficient at coarse time resolutions to model the response of C exchange to environmental factors of mature black spruce forests from different climatic regions.
Contrasting responses of migration strategies in two European thrushes to climate change
Authors: RIVALAN PHILIPPE , FREDERIKSEN MORTEN , LOL̈S GREGOIRE , JULLIARD ROMAIN 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMigration is a widespread strategy that enables animals to escape harsh winter conditions. It has been well documented that migration phenology in birds is changing in response to recent climate warming in the northern hemisphere. Despite the existence of large temporal and geographical scale ringing data on birds in Europe, changes in migration strategies in relation to climate warming have not been well studied, mainly because of a lack of appropriate statistical methods. In this paper, we develop a method that enables us to investigate temporal changes in migration strategies from recoveries of dead ringed birds. We estimated migration probability as the ratio between recovery probabilities of conspecific birds originating from different countries but potentially wintering in the same country. We applied this method to two European thrushes: the entirely migrant redwingTurdus iliacus, and the partially migrant blackbirdT. merula. We tested for an immediate and a 1‐year lagged relationship between our migration probability and climatic covariates (i.e. mean winter temperature in France and the North Atlantic Oscillation). Using ringing‐recovery data collected in Finland, Germany, Switzerland and France from 1970 to 1999, we detected contrasting responses in these two species, likely related to their different migratory behaviours. Both species showed a decline in the probability for northern and eastern birds to winter in France. The entirely migratory redwing exhibited a year‐to‐year plastic response to climate, whereas the decline in the partially migrant blackbird was smooth, suggesting underlying genetic processes. The proposed method, thus, allows us to identify useful indicators of climatic impacts on migration strategies, as well as highlighting differences between closely related species.
Rhizospheric and heterotrophic components of soil respiration in six Chinese temperate forests
Authors: WANG CHUANKUAN , YANG JINYAN 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPartitioning soil respiration (RS) into heterotrophic (RH) and rhizospheric (RR) components is an important step for understanding and modeling carbon cycling in forest ecosystems, but few studies on RR and RH exist in Chinese temperate forests. In this study, we used a trenching plot approach to partition RS in six temperate forests in northeastern China. Our specific objectives were to (1) examine seasonal patterns of soil surface CO2 fluxes from trenched (RT) and untrenched plots (RUT) of these forests; (2) quantify annual fluxes of RS components and their relative contributions in the forest ecosystems; and (3) examine effects of plot trenching on measurements of RS and related environmental factors. The RT maximized in early growing season, but the difference between RUT and RT peaked in later summer. The annual fluxes of RH and RR varied with forest types. The estimated values of RH for the Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.), Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.), aspen‐birch (Populous davidiana Dode and Betula platyphylla Suk.), hardwood (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim. and Phellodendron amurense Rupr.), Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch.) and mixed deciduous (no dominant tree species) forests averaged 89, 196, 187, 245, 261 and 301 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively; those of RR averaged 424, 209, 628, 538, 524 and 483 g C m−2 yr−1, correspondingly; calculated contribution of RR to RS (RC) varied from 52% in the larch forest to 83% in the pine forest. The annual flux of RR was strongly correlated to biomass of roots <0.5 cm in diameter, while that of RH was weakly correlated to soil organic carbon concentration at A horizon. We concluded that vegetation type and associated carbon metabolisms of temperate forests should be considered in assessing and modeling RS components. The significant impacts of changed soil physical environments and substrate availability by plot trenching should be appropriately tackled in analyzing and interpreting measurements of RS components.
Bactericidal efficacy of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation against Enterococcus faecalis compared with NaOCl irrigation: an ex vivo pilot study
Authors: Eldeniz A. U. , Ozer F. , Hadimli H. H. , Erganis O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAim  To compare the efficacy of a standard NaOCl irrigation procedure with that of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation in contaminated root canals having small and large apical foramina.Methodology  Forty root canals of extracted central incisor teeth with straight roots were chosen so that their apical foramina just permitted the tip of a size 20‐K file to pass through. The canals were then enlarged with files to size 60 and randomly divided into four groups of 10 teeth each. The apical foramina of one group were widened further so that the tip of a size 45‐K file could just pass through. After sterilization, all roots were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 48 h at 37 °C. The first group was used as a control, the second group was irrigated with 3% NaOCl solution for 15 min, and the last two groups having different sizes of apical foramina were irradiated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser at output power from 0.5 W, with 20% air and water levels. The disinfecting efficacy of the groups was tested by collecting dentine chips from the inner canal walls of the specimens and counting viable E. faecalis on Mueller–Hinton agar plates.Results  The differences in the mean number of viable colonies between the control and laser groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The control specimens had the highest number of microorganisms (153 × 103 ± 39 × 103). Complete sterilization was achieved in the 3% NaOCl group. The mean colony forming units (CFU) values obtained after Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation were 6.6 × 103 CFU and 6.5 × 103 CFU in root canals having large and small apical foramina respectively.Conclusion  In teeth with straight roots the Er,Cr:YSGG laser reduced the viable microbial population in root canals with small and large apical foramina but did not eradicate all bacteria. Three percent NaOCl inhibited the growth of E. faecalis and effectively sterilized all root canals.
Intraosseous schwannoma mimicking a periapical lesion on the adjacent tooth: case report
Authors: Martins M. D. , Taghloubi S. A. , Bussadori S. K. , Fernandes K. P. S. , Palo R. M. , Martins M. A. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAim  To present an additional case of intraosseous schawannoma involving the apical area in the mandibular alveolar bone mimicking an inflammatory periapical lesion.Summary  This article describes a case of schwannoma periapically located mimicking an inflammatory periapical lesion in the mandible of a 34‐year‐old female. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems can occur when this lesion is misinterpreted as being endodontic in origin. The diagnosis, radiograph, immunohistochemical aspects and treatment are also discussed.Key learning points

Intraosseous schwannoma is a rare unilocular radiolucency that when located periapically could be misdiagnosed as an endodontic lesion and result in unnecessary root canal treatment.
The vitality of the pulp is an important test to exclude lesions of inflammatory origin.
Histological examination is important to establish the diagnosis of lesions in the periradicular region.
Calcium hydroxide barrier over the apical root‐end of a type III dens invaginatus after endodontic and surgical treatment
Authors: Soares J. , Santos S. , Silveira F. , Nunes E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAim  To report the simultaneous endodontic and surgical treatment of a tooth associated with Oehlers type III dens invaginatus and a persistent periapical lesion, which comprised root‐end resection, root‐end filling and application of a calcium hydroxide barrier placed on the resected dentine surface.Summary  Three root canals were identified in a tooth with a type III dens invaginatus, which presented with a necrotic pulp, wide foraminal opening and extensive periapical lesion, and with a previous history of acute abscess, intracanal exudate and fistula. After root canal preparation followed by intracanal application of calcium hydroxide pastes, the clinical–pathological status persisted. After periapical curettage and root‐end resection, the root canals were filled, followed by root‐end filling with Sealer 26 mixed with zinc oxide powder to a clay‐like consistency. Calcium hydroxide paste was then applied over the exposed dentinal surface forming a covering over the root apex. At the 20‐month follow‐up examination the patient had no symptoms and no fistula; advanced periapical bone repair was obvious on the radiograph.Key learning points• Because of the variable morphology and extent of invagination, type III dens invaginatus represents a challenge for conventional treatment, often leading to the need for a surgical approach.• Sealer 26 thickened with zinc oxide powder provided satisfactory clinical properties for use as a root‐end filling material.• Application of a calcium hydroxide barrier over the resected root‐end is a potential treatment option to encourage tissue repair.
Potential migration routes and barriers for vascular plants of the Neotropical Guyana Highlands during the Quaternary
Authors: Rull Valentí , Nogué Sandra 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAim  To reconstruct in detail the potential migration routes and barriers for vascular plants from the summits of the Guyana mountains during the Quaternary, in order to test the possibility of migration among them during the glaciations. These changes in connectivity are predicted based on the altitudinal migration of plant communities associated with glacial cooling. To examine the effects of these cycles, the extent of the potential biotic interchange and its influence on patterns of endemism was modelled.Location  The summits of the tepuis or table mountains of the Neotropical Guyana Highlands, which constitute the peculiar and discontinuous Pantepui phytogeographical province (total surface 5000 km2, altitudinal range 1500–3014 m a.s.l.), and is characterized by a unique and diverse flora with a high degree of endemism.Methods  GIS‐based palaeotopographical reconstruction using a high‐precision digital elevation model, combined with phytogeographical analysis by means of a data base built up from the Flora of the Venezuelan Guyana, which includes the geographical and altitudinal ranges for each Pantepui species.Results  During the Last Glacial Maximum, which serves as a representative of a standard Quaternary glaciation, most migration pathways among tepuis were open for species with lower altitudinal levels (LAL) ≤ 1500 m (1678 species or c. 69% of the total Pantepui species), and closed for species with LAL ≥ 2300 m altitude (c. 3%). The species in between these altitudes have intermediate migratory possibilities, depending on the district and the tepui considered. If these local factors are considered, the number of species with no possibility of glacial interchange increases to 202 or c. 8% of the total. The strongest topographical barrier separated eastern locations above 1600–1700 m elevation from all others. The highest possibility of interchange was among the tepuis of the eastern sector, in which internal topographical barriers were only effective for species with LALs at or above 1900 m.Main conclusions  The Quaternary evolution of the vascular flora from the Guyana Highlands took place in a predominantly migration‐prone, glacial‐era landscape, in which more than 70% of the flora (maximum estimate) was able to move from one tepuian district to another, thanks to the downward bioclimatic shift caused by cooling. Interglacials were too short to drive significant evolutionary diversification. A number of present high‐altitude local endemics are species that were unable to migrate, even during glaciations. However, some endemic species do appear to have been able to migrate among regions, suggesting that topographical isolation alone is not enough to explain patterns of endemism. Other factors such as tepui summit area, habitat heterogeneity or pre‐Quaternary evolution are considered. These studies should be complemented with palaeoecological and phylogeographical surveys.