bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consensus Conference: Multimodality Management of Early- and Intermediate-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Bordoni Rodolfo 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment in early- and intermediate-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet recurrences are frequent. Studies have documented the benefits of chemotherapy administered after resection, but a number of questions remain regarding how overall outcomes can be further improved. To provide the oncology community with direction on these issues, a consensus conference of leading experts in the NSCLC field was held at the Fifth Annual Atlanta Lung Cancer Symposium on October 25–27, 2007.
The available scientific literature is presented and when such literature is lacking, clinical experience is provided to support the following conclusions. Preoperative staging should be done in accordance with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, but endoscopic fine needle aspiration of enlarged mediastinal nodes can be used, and if histology is positive for malignancy, mediastinoscopy can be avoided. Neoadjuvant systemic therapy is not generally recommended but can be considered to downstage an unresectable patient. There is currently no role for preoperative radiation or chemoradiation. Adjuvant systemic therapy is not recommended for stage IA and IB patients; however, adverse prognostic factors are acceptable reasons to consider adjuvant systemic therapy in the latter. Adjuvant systemic therapy is recommended for stage IIA, IIB, and IIIA patients, consistent with recent American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines. A cisplatin-based regimen should be started within 60 days after surgery, but if relatively contraindicated, carboplatin is an acceptable alternative. Adjuvant radiation therapy is not recommended for N0 and N1 patients, but is used in N2 patients to decrease local recurrence.
The Role of Complement in the Mechanism of Action of Rituximab for B-Cell Lymphoma: Implications for Therapy
Authors: Zhou Xuhui , Hu Weiguo , Qin Xuebin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRituximab, a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody specifically binding to CD20, was the first antibody approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cancer. Rituximab significantly improves treatment outcome in relapsed or refractory, low-grade or follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). However, there are also some challenges for us to overcome: why ∼50% of patients are unresponsive to rituximab in spite of the expression of CD20, and why some responsive patients develop resistance to further treatment. Although the antitumor mechanisms of rituximab are not completely understood, several distinct antitumor activities of rituximab have been suspected, including complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), apoptosis, and direct growth arrest. To counteract resistance to rituximab therapy, several strategies have been developed to: (a) augment the CDC effect by increasing CD20 expression, heteroconjugating rituximab to cobra venom factor and C3b, and inhibiting membrane complement regulatory protein, especially CD59, function; (b) enhance the ADCC effect through some immunomodulatory cytokines and CR3-binding β-glucan; and (c) reduce the apoptotic threshold or induce apoptotic signaling on the tumor. Extensive studies indicate that rituximab combined with these approaches is more effective than a single rituximab approach. Herein, the mechanism of action of and resistance to rituximab therapy in B-cell NHL, in particular, the involvement of the complement system, are extensively reviewed.
General Transfer Functions for Multiphase Flow in Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Lu Huiyun , Di Donato Ginevra , Blunt Martin J. 
Published: September 2008

Summary
We propose a physically motivated formulation for the matrix/fracture transfer function in dual-porosity and dual-permeability reservoir simulation. The approach currently applied in commercial simulators (Barenblatt et al. 1960; Kazemi et al. 1976) uses a Darcy-like flux from matrix to fracture, assuming a quasisteady state between the two domains that does not correctly represent the average transfer rate in a dynamic displacement. On the basis of 1D analyses in the literature, we find expressions for the transfer rate accounting for both displacement and fluid expansion at early and late times. The resultant transfer function is a sum of two terms: a saturation-dependent term representing displacement and a pressure-dependent term to model fluid expansion. The transfer function is validated through comparison with 1D and 2D fine-grid simulations and is compared to predictions using the traditional Kazemi et al. (1976) formulation. Our method captures the dynamics of expansion and displacement more accurately.
Dynamics of Vertical Displacement in Porous Media Associated With CO2 Sequestration
Authors: Riaz A. , Tchelepi H. A. 
Published: September 2008

Summary
The problem of CO2 sequestration in geologic formations is analyzed from a fundamental perspective. In order to clearly understand the first order behavior of the system, the mechanisms of trapping, dissolution and chemical reactions are not accounted for. The analysis is concerned with the post-injection period when the CO2 plume rises due to buoyancy. Characteristics of the plume for a 1D problem show that a pair of shocks moving in opposite directions is produced at the top end. The downward moving shock interacts with the bottom end of the plume resulting in a decrease in the maximum value of the CO2 saturation. High accuracy numerical simulations are employed to understand the 2D mechanisms of plume evolution in terms of the viscosity ratio and the capillary number. 2D results show that the plume rises to significantly lower depth, in shorter times, as compared to the 1D problem. This behavior is governed by the 2D velocity field around the plume that additionally leads to spanwise wave interactions and results in a faster decrease of the maximum CO2 saturation. The initial dimensions of the plume have a strong influence on the time scales of the wave interactions. The maximum upward velocity that is generated due to buoyancy is closely related to the maximum saturation and decays rapidly to very small values with a decrease in saturation. In the case where the viscosity of CO2 is a tenth of the viscosity of the surrounding fluid, the plume rises up about 500 m in 700 yrs. Our results provide an upper bound on the maximum rise distance and the sequestration time for the problem involving trapping and dissolution. Comparison with experimental results show that the buoyancy velocity obtained from our results is of the same order as observed in the experiments.
Chemical-Demulsifier Development Based on Critical-Electric-Field Measurements
Authors: Beetge J. H. , Horne B. O. 
Published: September 2008

Summary
Resolution of water-and-oil emulsions is critical to the oilfield industry. A wide variety of undesirable emulsions are formed during the production, handling, and processing of crude oil. Although various methods are used, dehydration of crude oils is achieved mostly by gravitational sedimentation, normally at elevated temperatures and with the addition of chemical demulsifiers.
The quantitative evaluation of emulsion stability by a critical-electric-field (CEF) technique was developed to play a significant role in chemical-demulsifier research. It was found that the CEF technique is useful not only in the evaluation of water-in-oil-emulsion stability, but also in studying the mechanisms of stabilization and demulsification.
A method was developed to study the mechanism of emulsion stabilization in terms of flocculation and coalescence behavior of a crude-oil emulsion. The effect of chemical demulsifiers on emulsion stability was evaluated in terms of the method developed in this study. By following this approach, it is possible to determine the relative amount of energy required for both flocculation and coalescence in the presence of a chemical demulsifier.
Dynamic Scoring in the Ramsey Growth Model
Authors: Ferede Ergete 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This paper extends the Mankiw and Weinzierl (2006) model and examines the revenue effects of capital and labor income tax cuts under alternative financing regimes. Our analysis suggests that the revenue losses from capital and labor income tax cuts are the highest when the tax cuts are productive spending-financed and the lowest when transfer payments are used to finance the tax cuts. For plausible parameter values consistent with the US economy, we find that about 47 percent of a transfer-financed capital income tax cut is self-financing. The corresponding result for a productive spending-financed capital income tax cut is only 6 percent.
A metastatic gastric cancer mimicking a chronic myeloproliferative disorder
Authors: Beyan Esin , Beyan Cengiz 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
It is known that coexistence of extreme thrombocytosis and thrombosis is observed frequently in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. In this paper, we report a patient who was prediagnosed with chronic myeloproliferative disorder; however, later on the diagnosis was confirmed as metastatic gastric cancer. The patient was a 75-year old female who was admitted with pain, swelling and erythema on her right arm. White blood cell count was 20 ×109/l, hemoglobin 5.2 g/dl and platelet count 1 088 ×109/l. Doppler ultrasonography revealed acute thrombotic process in right brachial vein. Since brachial vein thrombosis, thrombocytosis and anemia were seen together, the presumed diagnosis for this patient was chronic myeloproliferative disorder, and therapy with hydroxyurea, allopurinol and enoxaparin was started. One day after the heparin treatment, hematemesis and melena occurred. Eusophagogastroduodenal endoscopy showed an ulcerated and hemorrhagic polipoid lesion extending towards the cavity in the cardia region. Hydroxyurea treatment was stopped since the myeloproliferative disorder was excluded. Abdominal ultrasonography and tomography proved multiple metastatic lesions in the liver. Gastric and liver biopsies revealed “well differentiated adenocarcinoma” and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy plus folinic acid was planned. As a result, in cases with thrombocytosis and thrombosis, metastatic cancers should be kept in mind besides chronic myeloproliferative disorders.
The changing sediment loads of the world's rivers
Authors: Walling Des 
Published: September 2008

The changing sediment loads of the world's rivers
This contribution reviews available evidence of recent changes in the sediment loads of the world's rivers and identifies the key drivers of such change. Land clearance, land use change and other facets of catchment disturbance, soil conservation and sediment control programmes and dam construction are shown to have resulted in significant recent changes in the sediment loads of many world rivers. Some rivers have been characterized by significant increases in sediment load, whereas others show significant decreases. Interpretation of the resulting trends requires consideration of aggregation and storage and buffering effects within a river basin, such that the downstream response of a river may not clearly reflect the changes occurring in the upstream basin and in the loads of tributary rivers.
Conceptual model of sedimentgraph from flood events in a small agricultural watershed
Authors: Banasik Kazimierz , Mitchell J. 
Published: September 2008

Conceptual model of sedimentgraph from flood events in a small agricultural watershed
A procedure for predicting the sediment graph (i.e. the suspended sediment flux), from a small river catchment by heavy rainfall, has been developed using the concept of an instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) and dimensionless sediment concentration distribution (DSCD). A formula for instantaneous unit sedimentgraph (IUSG) is presented, and a procedure for estimating the sediment routing coefficient, which is a key parameter of the IUSG, based on measured data of rainfall-runoff-suspended sediment is applied. Field data from a small, field sized agricultural basin, lacated in center of Illinois has been used for analizing lag times for runoff (LAG) and sediment yield (LAGs). Assumptions about sediment generated during rainfall events are discussed.
Annual variations of soil erodibility of silt loam developed from loess based on 10-years runoff plot studies
Authors: Rejman Jerzy , Brodowski Ryszard , Iglik Iwona 
Published: September 2008

Annual variations of soil erodibility of silt loam developed from loess based on 10-years runoff plot studies
Results of 10-years runoff plot experiments carried out on two sites of the Lublin Upland were presented. Despite similar soils and climatic conditions, studies showed large differences in annual soil erodibility (K factor of the USLE) between both sites. Experimentally derived values of the factor were dependent on tillage direction and time of maintaining runoff-plots in fallow conditions. On a site cultivated in contour direction, 4-year period was insufficient to achieve K values similar to the predicted values from the USLE. In contrast to this, on a site cultivated up-down slope, similar experimental and predicted K values were obtained after 2 years and remained at the same level during next 4 years. Results enabled to identify limitations of the USLE application for erosion prediction in Poland. Studies proved that soil erodibility could be used for prediction of erosion risk for silt loam developed from loess. However, application of soil erodibility approach to the event-base models is questionable for variation of K factor in the initial years. As far, the factors affecting soil erodibility changes are not recognized and need further research.
Experimental research on marine podded propulsors
Authors: Islam Mohammed F , Veitch Brian , Liu Pengfei 
Published: September 2008

This paper describes a research program on podded propulsors that combines parallel developments in numerical prediction methods and experimental evaluation. Amongst the hydrodynamic issues that have been identified and addressed are questions regarding the effects of hub taper angle, pod-strut configurations, static azimuthing conditions, pod-strut interactions, gap pressure, pod gap and pod-strut geometry on podded propulsors' performance. On the experimental side, a pod dynamometer system consisting of a six-component global dynamometer and a three-component pod dynamometer were designed, manufactured and used to perform measurements on propeller thrust and torque and unit forces and moments in the three orthogonal directions in pusher and puller configurations in open water conditions. Four propellers with the same blade sections but different hub taper angles were designed and used to fit with eighteen pod-strut shells. Among the shells, two pod-strut models were based on the average dimensions of commercial pods and used to study the hub angle, pod configuration, pod gap, gap pressure and azimuthing conditions effect on propulsive performance. The other sixteen pods were designed and manufactured to study the effect of five geometric parameters on hydrodynamic performance using a design of experiments technique. In another study, an experimental method was implemented in a cavitation tunnel to evaluate the wake/strut interaction of a podded propeller model. All of the measurements showed consistency.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v4i2.989Â Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Vol.4(2) 2007 p 57-71
<i>Propella</i>: A numerical tool to investigate various aspects of podded propulsors
Authors: Islam Mohammed F , Liu Pengfei , Veitch Brian 
Published: September 2008

This paper describes the numerical aspects of a research program on podded propulsors, which is being undertaken jointly by the Ocean Engineering Research Centre at Memorial University of Newfoundland, the National Research Council's Institute for Ocean Technology, Oceanic Consulting Corporation, and Thordon Bearings Ltd. The numerical tool is an in-house panel method code, PROPELLA. The code is a low order source-doublet, steady/unsteady time domain panel method code having capabilities to predict hydrodynamic performance of screw propellers with various configurations. Under the research program, the code was extended and used to model the propellers, pod-strut combinations and strut-wake impingement model. Amongst the hydrodynamic issues that have been addressed through numerical predictions were questions regarding the effects of hub taper angle (propeller only case and pod-strut-propeller case), pod-strut configuration (push and pull), geometric variations, azimuthing conditions and pod-strut interactions (wake impingement effect) on podded propeller performance. Predictions were made both in pusher and puller configurations for the pods and reasonable agreement was achieved between the predictions and measurements. The code is being modified to study the podded propulsors' performance at static and dynamic azimuthing conditions. The code is also capable of performing simulations with propellers and bodies like ship hull, underwater vehicles with fins.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v4i2.990Â Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Vol.4(2) 2007 p.73-86
Combined effect of conduction and viscous dissipation on magnetohydrodynamic free convection flow along a vertical flat plate
Authors: Al-Mamun Abdullah , Azim Nur Hosain Md Ariful , Maleque Md. Abdul 
Published: September 2008

This paper concerns the effects of conduction and viscous dissipation on natural convection flow of an incompressible, viscous and electrically conducting fluid in the presence of transverse magnetic field. Numerical solutions for the governing momentum and energy equations are given. A discussion has been provided for the effects of magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, conjugate conduction parameter and viscous dissipation parameter on two-dimensional flow. Results for the details of the velocity, temperature distributions as well as the skin friction and the rate of heat transfer are shown graphically. Also the numerical values of the surface temperature distributions are presented in tabular form.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v4i2.992Â Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Vol.4(2) 2007 p.87-98
<i>In vitro</i> Plant Production through Apical Meristem Culture of Bitter Gourd (<i>Momordica charantia</i> L.)
Authors: Huda AKMN , Sikdar B , Sikdar B 
Published: September 2008

The growth of meristem was observed on semisolid MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mg/l Kn + 0.1 mg/l GA3. After three weeks, meristems were transferred to MS supplemented with BA, Kn, IBA, NAA and IAA singly or in combination for shoot elongation and root initiation. Among different treatments for shoot initiation with elongation were obtained in MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA + 0.1 mg/l IBA + 0.3 mg/l GA3. On the other hand good rooting was observed when 0.5 mg/l IBA and 0.1 mg/l NAA were used to fortify MS semisolid medium. Ten weeks old in vitro plantlets were successfully planted in soil through gradual acclimation.Key words: Apical meristem, Bitter gourd, In vitro, Plant productionÂ DOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v16i1.1103Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 16(1): 31-36, 2006 (June)
Agent Technology
Authors: Ch. Meyer John‐Jules 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this article, an overview of agent technology is given. First, the concept of an agent is explained in the introduction, and some characteristics that are often found in the literature are given. Next, the history of the field is outlined, starting with the philosophical background. Then the attempts to formalize the notion of an agent by means of formal logic are explained. Next, the proposals for realizing agents through agent architectures, agent‐oriented programming, and software engineering are describe. This section is followed by a description of newer developments, in which multiagent systems are emphasized. The article is concluded with sections on applications and developments.
Failure Detectors for Asynchronous Distributed Systems: An Introduction
Authors: Rennes Michel 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSince the first version of Chandra and Toueg's seminal paper titled “Unreliable failure detectors for reliable distributed systems” in 1991, the failure detector concept has been extensively studied and investigated. This is not at all surprising as failure detection is pervasive in the design, the analysis, and the implementation of a lot of fault‐tolerant distributed algorithms that constitute the core of distributed system middleware.The literature on this topic is mostly technical and appears mainly in theoretically inclined journals and conferences. The aim of this article is to offer an introductory survey to thefailure detectorconcept for readers who are not familiar with it and want to quickly understand its aim, its basic principles, its power, and is limitations. To attain this goal, the article first describes the motivations that underlie the concept, and then it surveys several distributed computing problems showing how they can be solved with the help of an appropriate failure detector. So, this short article presents motivations, concepts, problems, definitions, and algorithms (it does not contain proofs). It is aimed at people who want to understand the basics of failure detectors.
Network Flow and Congestion Control
Authors: Eryilmaz Atilla 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article provides an overview of flow and congestion control in communication networks. After emphasizing the importance of these mechanisms for performance and fairness, a taxonomy of flow and congestion control mechanisms is provided. Most common congestion control mechanisms that are being used in today's networks are discussed. Finally, recent developments that yield a mathematical framework for the design and analysis of flow and congestion control mechanisms are summarized. The statements are supported with simple examples and intuitive arguments to improve clarity.
Lambda‐Calculus
Authors: Mariangiola Dezani‐Ciancaglini , Hindley J. Roger 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe first part of this article gives a short elementary introduction to the type‐free and to the simply typed λ‐calculus. The second part informally discusses some aspects of λ‐calculus that are more closely relevant to computer science with suitable references to the literature.
Neural Network Architectures
Authors: Pedrycz Witold 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
In this article, we provide a comprehensive and systematic coverage of architectural aspects of neural networks, which includes generic models of neurons and resulting topologies of the networks. Several computing models of neurons along with their associated processing capabilities are investigated. Architectural investigations include studies of commonly encountered topologies of neural networks and their approximation capabilities. The issue of enhanced interpretability of neural networks is addressed by studying logic‐oriented networks, in which underlying computing involves logic neurons. A suite of design guidelines is also presented.
Robot Motion Planning
Authors: Belta Calin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRobot motion planning is the problem of automatically generating robot trajectories and control laws from high‐level specifications. This article covers the main ideas and concepts and reviews some of the results and approaches. Configuration and work spaces, potential‐based approaches, road maps, sampling‐based algorithms, and cell decompositions are among the included topics. This article also provides an introduction to the emerging area of symbolic motion planning and control.