bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thrombozytenaktivität und Thrombozyten-Leukozyten-Konjugate als Marker in der Sportmedizin Platelet activity and platelet-leukocyte conjugate formation as markers in sports medicine
Authors: Hilberg Thomas 
Published: October 2005

Zusammenfassung
Thrombozyten haben eine zentrale Bedeutung bei der Arteriosklerose und auch bei akuten thrombotischen Ereignissen. Körperliche Aktivität besitzt ein hohes Potential zur Vermeidung von Gefäßerkrankungen, dagegen wird intensiven Belastungen ein mögliches Risikopotential bei der Auslösung kardiovaskulärer Ereignisse zugeschrieben. Bei den notwendigen Untersuchungen thrombozytärer Funktionszustände nach körperlicher Belastung und Training werden zunehmend flowzytometrische Methoden eingesetzt, weil diese Technik die Möglichkeit impliziert, Veränderungen direkt auf der Oberfläche von Thrombozyten zu verifizieren. Da diese Veränderungen nach körperlichen Belastungen recht moderat ausfallen, sind Verfahren mit hoher Sensitivität notwendig. Zur Untersuchung dieser Veränderungen wurden vier Assays aufgebaut: a) Spontanexpression von Aktivierungsantigenen, b) Stimulationsassay, c) Thrombozyten-Leukozyten-Konjugate spontan und d) stimuliert.
In einigen Untersuchungen konnte eine erhöhte CD62P- und PAC-1-Expression auf der Oberfläche von Thrombozyten nach körperlicher Belastung bei Gesunden nachgewiesen werden. Während die Untersuchungen der CD62P-Expression auf unstimulierten Thrombozyten nach körperlicher Belastung bei geringen Veränderungen uneinheitliche Resultate zeigen können, führen körperliche Belastungen im Stimulationsversuch regelhaft zu einer erhöhten Thrombozytenreaktivität. Obwohl der Bildung von Thrombozyten-Leukozyten-Konjugaten zunehmende analytische Bedeutung zukommt, wurden belastungsinduzierte Veränderungen der Konjugate bisher kaum untersucht. In den wenigen vorliegenden Studien konnte aber gezeigt werden, dass es nach körperlichen Belastungen zu einer Zunahme an Thrombozyten-Leukozyten-Konjugaten sowie auch ihrer Subpopulationen kommt, welche sich aber sehr schnell wieder auflösen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein Stimulationsassay sowie die Bestimmung der Thrombozyten-Leukozyten-Konjugate sensitivere Verfahren darstellen als die Bestimmung von spontanen Aktivitätsmarkern wie z.B. das CD62P.
Zusammenfassend sind die beschriebenen Methoden nicht nur für Untersuchungen von physiologischen Veränderungen bei Thrombozyten einsetzbar, sondern können auch ohne weiteres bei der Untersuchung von pathologischen Zuständen verwendet werden.
The Family of GFP‐Like Proteins: Structure, Function, Photophysics and Biosensor Applications. Introduction and Perspective
Authors: Wachter Rebekka M. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTIn this issue, we offer a symposium‐in‐print that is focused on several new advancements in fundamental research related to the family of GFP (green fluorescent protein)‐like proteins. A few applied aspects are also included to illustrate the impact this amazing set of colored proteins has made on our understanding of cell biology at the molecular level. The six articles presented here cut across several disciplines ranging from biological function to protein structure to photophysical aspects. These highly original pieces of work include both experimental and computational approaches, and will provide the reader with significant insight into current, state‐of‐the‐art research activities in this very dynamic and fast‐paced field. In the first part of this perspective, I will give a brief overview of the history and salient features of GFPs, cite some examples that illustrate their impact on biotechnology, and provide a brief review of the structural and chemical features that lend these proteins their fascinating appearance. In the second part, I will introduce each of the peer‐reviewed contributions of the participating authors.
A field assessment of long-term laboratory sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca
Authors: Ingersoll Christopher G. , Wang Ning , Hayward Jeannie M. R. , Jones John R. , Jones Susan B. , Ireland D. Scott 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Response of the amphipod Hyalella azteca exposed to contaminated sediments for 10 to 42 d in laboratory toxicity tests was compared to responses observed in controlled three-month invertebrate colonization exposures conducted in a pond. Sediments evaluated included a sediment spiked with dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) or dilutions of a field sediment collected from the Grand Calumet River (GCR) in Indiana (USA) (contaminated with organic compounds and metals). Consistent effects were observed at the highest exposure concentrations (400 μg DDD/goc [DDD concentrations normalized to grams of organic carbon (goc) in sediment] or 4% GCR sediment) on survival, length, and reproduction of amphipods in the laboratory and on abundance of invertebrates colonizing sediments in the field. Effect concentrations for DDD observed for 10-d length and 42-d reproduction of amphipods (e.g., chronic value [ChV] of 66 μg DDD/goc and 25% inhibition concentration [IC25] of 68 μg DDD/goc for reproduction) were similar to the lowest effect concentrations for DDD measured on invertebrates colonizing sediment the field. Effect concentrations for GCR sediment on 28-d survival and length and 42-d reproduction and length of amphipods (i.e., ChVs of 0.20–0.66% GCR sediment) provided more conservative effect concentrations compared to 10-d survival or length of amphipods in the laboratory or the response of invertebrates colonizing sediment in the field (e.g., ChVs of 2.2% GCR sediment). Results of this study indicate that use of chronic laboratory toxicity tests with H. azteca and benthic colonization studies should be used to provide conservative estimates of impacts on benthic communities exposed to contaminated sediments. Bioaccumulation of DDD by oligochaetes colonizing the DDD-spiked sediment was similar to results of laboratory sediment tests previously conducted with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegates, confirming that laboratory exposures can be used to estimate bioaccumulation by oligochaetes exposed in the field.
Genotoxic activity and inhibition of soil respiration by ptaquiloside, a bracken fern carcinogen
Authors: Schmidt Bjørn , Rasmussen Lars Holm , Svendsen Gitte Winkel , Ingerslev Flemming , Hansen Hans Christian Bruun 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Ptaquiloside (PTA) is a natural toxin produced by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum [L.] Kuhn). Assessment of PTA toxicity is needed because PTA deposited from bracken to soil may leach to surface and groundwater. Inhibition of soil respiration and genotoxic activity of PTA was determined by a soil microbial carbon transformation test and an umu test, respectively. In the carbon transformation test, sandy loam soil was incubated at five different initial concentrations of PTA for a period of 28 d, after which glucose was added and respiration measured for 12 consecutive hours. The tests were performed at 20°C and soil moisture content of approximately 15%. For soil material sampled in the autumn, initial PTA concentrations ranging from 0.008 to 40.6 μg PTA/g dry soil were tested. From fitting of data by a sigmoidal function, a 10% effect dose (ED10) was estimated to 13 μg PTA/g dry soil, with an upper 95% confidence limit of 43 μg PTA/g dry soil and a 95% lower confidence limit of — ∞ μg PTA/g dry soil. For soil material sampled in late winter, initial PTA concentrations ranging from 1.56 to 212 μg PTA/g dry soil were tested, resulting in an ED10 value of 55 μg PTA/g dry soil, with an upper 95% confidence limit of 70 μg PTA/g dry soil and a 95% lower confidence limit of 40 μg PTA/g dry soil. The genotoxic activity of PTA was determined using the umu test without and with metabolic activation (addition of S9 rat liver homogenate). In tests with addition of S9, the induction ratio exceeded the critical ratio of 1.5 at a PTA concentration of 46 ± 16 μg/ml and, in tests without S9, the eritical ratio was exceeded at a PTA concentration of 279 ± 22 μg/ml. The genotoxicity of PTA is comparable to that of quercetin, another bracken constituent. The toxicity of PTA toward microorganisms prolongs the persistence of PTA in terrestrial environments, increasing the risk of PTA leaching to drainage and groundwater.
Effects of environmental pollution on microsatellite DNA diversity in wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) populations
Authors: Berckmoes Veerle , Scheirs Jan , Jordaens Kurt , Blust Ronny , Backeljau Thierry , Verhagen Ron 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Ten microsatellite DNA loci were surveyed to investigate the effects of heavy metal pollution on the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of seven wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) populations along a heavy metal pollution gradient away from a nonferrous smelter in the south of Antwerp (Flanders, Belgium). Analysis of soil heavy metal concentrations showed that soil Ag, As, Cd, Cu, and Pb decreased with increasing distance from the smelter. Genetic analyses revealed high levels of genetic variation in all populations, but populations from the most polluted sites in the gradient did not differ from those of less-polluted sites in terms of mean observed and expected heterozygosity level and mean allelic richness. No correlation was found between measures of genetic diversity and the degree of heavy metal pollution. However, an analysis of molecular variance and a neighbor-joining tree suggested a contamination-related pattern of genetic structuring between the most polluted and less polluted sites. Pairwise FST values indicated that populations were significantly genetically differentiated, and assignment tests and direct estimates of recent migration rates suggested restricted gene flow among populations. Additionally, genetic differentiation increased significantly with geographical distance, which is consistent with an isolation-by-distance model. We conclude that, at least for our microsatellite DNA markers, genetic diversity in the studied wood mouse populations is not affected greatly by the heavy metal pollution.
Microbial characterization of artificial sediment and comparisons with natural sediments—implication for toxicity testing
Authors: Goedkoop Willem , Widenfalk Anneli , Haglund Ann-Louise , Steger Kristin , Bertilsson Stefan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The development and activity of microbiota in artificial sediment may have strong implications for the fate of test compounds and the outcome of toxicity tests. In this study, we compare a number of microbial variables in the artificial sediment commonly used in toxicity testing with that of natural sediments. Bacterial abundance of artificial sediment ranged 5.7 to 7.1 × 108 cells/g wet weight, which is about two orders of magnitude lower than values commonly reported for natural sediments. Similarly, alternative estimates of microbial biomass (sum of phospholipid fatty acid, ergosterol, adenosine triphosphate) were several times lower for artificial sediment compared with natural sediment. Bacterial activity (3H-thymidine incorporation) ranged 4.0 to 7.4 pmol g−1 h−1 (or 0.062–0.113 μg C g−1 h−1) in artificial sediments, which is low compared with values commonly reported for freshwater sediments. Community respiration in artificial sediment was 34 to 93 μg CO2 g−1 d−1. Bacterial community composition assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism of polymerase chain reaction amplified 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that natural bacterial communities appear to be more diverse than their counterparts in artificial sediment. The average similarity of the microbial communities obtained by this method was less than 40%, and different operational taxonomic units appeared to dominate the artificial and natural sediment, respectively. These results and supporting data from previous studies in natural sediments suggest that the artificial sediment has a poorly developed microbial component that differs substantially from that in natural sediments.
Effects of chlorpyrifos on the catalytic efficiency and expression level of acetylcholinesterases in the bivalve mollusk Scapharca inaequivalvis
Authors: Romani Rita , Isani Gloria , De Santis Alessandra , Giovannini Elvio , Rosi Gabriella 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Three acetylcholinesterase (AChE) forms were detected and recovered from foot or gill tissues of the benthonic bivalve mollusk Scapharca inaequivalvis. A study was performed to investigate changes in catalytic and hydrodynamic features of these enzymes, as well as in their expression levels, after a 4-d or a 15-d exposure to a sublethal concentration (0.1 μl/L) of the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF). Both considered organs hold, in either CPF-exposed or untreated animals, two nonamphiphilic AChE forms, G2 and G4, which copurified on a procainamide-containing affinity gel and were separated by density gradient centrifugation. A third AChE form, an amphiphilic membrane-anchored G2, was also purified on the same affinity matrix from both organs. All enzymatic forms are true AChEs and are poorly inhibited by CPF. They show different increases in the maximum velocity (Vmax) and in the Michaelis constant (Km) values after CPF exposure. Consequently, catalytic efficiency of AChEs, as defined by the ratio Vmax:Km, rises in the gills and drops in the foot. This would produce an overexpression of AChE-specific mRNAs. The effect was longer lasting in the foot. The combined results indicate that overexpression of enzymes in the presence of organophosphate (OP) may be a consequence of OP resistance itself. Again, the resistance of the organism to CPF seem to depend mainly on the resulting increase in AChE content.
Bioconcentration of persistent organic pollutants in four species of marine phytoplankton
Authors: Gerofke Antje , Kömp Peter , McLachlan Michael S. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was studied in four species of marine algae. A novel experimental system to establish and maintain constant dissolved concentrations of PCBs was employed. Headspace sampling was used to verify that the freely dissolved concentrations remained constant with time. The headspace analysis also allowed sorption to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to be quantified for all but the most lipophilic PCB congeners. Equilibration with the dissolved phase was rapid for three of the four algae species (&lt;1 d for the majority of congeners). Organic carbon—normalized algae/water partition coefficients (KAlgW) were similar for three of the four species, but were lower by a factor of 10 to 20 for Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The KAlgW values of the first three species were similar to the octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW) for those PCB congeners for which DOC sorption could be quantified. These KAlgW values also agreed well with organic carbon—normalized bioconcentration factors for PCBs in suspended particulate matter (BCFSPM) sampled in Baltic Sea surface water during the summer.
Measuring the partitioning of silver to organic carbon using solubility enhancement
Authors: Rader Kevin J. , Shadi Timothy S. , Mahony John D. , Di Toro Dominic M. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Ionic silver is toxic to aquatic organisms at low concentrations. However, complexation to binding sites on natural organic matter has been shown to reduce silver toxicity. Research indicates that there is a need to develop reliable methods for characterizing silver binding at very low silver ion concentrations where strong binding sites have a significant influence on silver speciation. This study provides an analytical method for measuring silver binding using a solubility-enhancement procedure. Preliminary experimental results are provided that demonstrate strong silver binding in the presence of natural organic matter at very low silver ion concentrations.
Impact of activated sludge-derived colloidal organic carbon on behavior of estrogenic agonist recombinant yeast bioassay
Authors: Holbrook R. David , Novak John T. , Love Nancy G. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The impact of size-fractionated colloidal organic carbon (COC) originating from a biological wastewater treatment facility on the sensitivity of the yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassay containing the human estrogen receptor (hER) gene was evaluated. Dose-response curves of serially diluted 17β-estradiol (E2), both in the presence and absence of COC, were generated by the YES bioassay. The concentration of E2 leading to a 50% YES response (effective concentration 50%, or EC50) was used to evaluate quantitatively the estrogenic activity of the different COC-E2 mixtures. The EC50 values for all COC size fractions, including COC-free samples (&lt;1 kD), were statistically greater than the controls using Milli-Q water. Normalized EC50 values significantly increased as a function of COC concentration for the larger size fractions (&gt;0.22 μm), but were not significantly affected by smaller COC material at environmental levels (1–5 mg/L), while both colloidal polysaccharide concentrations and colloidal fluorophores (measured at an excitation/emission wavelength pair of 350 nm/450 nm) appear to have an important role in the sensitivity of the YES bioassay. Estimates of the colloid-associated E2 fraction did not predict accurately increases in EC50 values. Matrix effects of the specific environment being tested with the YES bioassay need to be evaluated closely due to the sensitivity of the hER and reporter plasmid.
Comparison of relative binding affinities of endocrine active compounds to fathead minnow and rainbow trout estrogen receptors
Authors: Denny Jeffrey S. , Tapper Mark A. , Schmieder Patricia K. , Hornung Michael W. , Jensen Kathleen M. , Ankley Gerald T. , Henry Tala R. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Twelve chemicals were tested for binding affinity to rainbow trout liver estrogen receptor (rbtER) and fathead minnow liver ER (fhmER). The chemicals included estradiol (E2), diethylstilbestrol (DES), ethinylestradiol (EE2), estrone (E1), estriol, tamoxifen (TAM), genistein (GEN), p-nonylphenol (PNP), p-tert-octylphenol (PTOP), methoxychlor (MXC), testosterone, and methyltestosterone (MT). Relative binding affinity (RBA) was calculated for each chemical as a function of E2 binding to the receptor. The estrogens DES, EE2, and E1 bound with high affinity to both receptors, with respective RBAs of 583, 166, and 28% (fathead minnow) and 179, 89, and 5% (rainbow trout). Relative binding affinity of E3, TAM, and GEN for both fhmER and rbtER were moderate, with values between 0.3 and 5%. The alkylphenols had weak affinity for the ERs with RBAs for the fhmER of 0.1 and 0.01 for PNP and PTOP, respectively. Corresponding values for the rbtER are 0.027 and 0.009. Estradiol ([3H]E2) only partially was displaced from both the fhmER and the rbtER by MXC, T, and MT. Comparison of RBAs of the chemicals tested for fhmER and rbtER indicates that the rank order of RBAs essentially are the same for both species.
Toxicity and fate of two munitions constituents in spiked sediment exposures with the marine amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius
Authors: Rosen Gunther , Lotufo Guilherme R. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The lethal toxicity of the explosive compounds 14C-labeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and nonradiolabeled hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) to the estuarine amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius was investigated in 10-d spiked sediment exposures. The 10-d median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined using the sum molar initial concentration of TNT, ami-nodinitrotoluenes (ADNTs), and diaminonitrotoluenes (DANTs), as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and collectively referred to as HPLC-TNT*. Despite expectations of higher toxicity in sandy sediment (Yaquina Bay [YB], OR, USA) compared to relatively fine-grained sediment (San Diego Bay [SDB], CA, USA), LC50 values were similar: 159 and 125 μmol/kg, for YB and SDB sediments, respectively. When expressed as the sum of TNT and all its degradation products (14C-TNT*), LC50s were approximately two times the corresponding LC50s determined by HPLC. The HPLC-TNT* fraction likely corresponds to the most bioavailable and toxic transformation products. The concentrations of 14C-TNT* in tissues were substantially higher than those for HPLC-TNT*, suggesting that compounds other than TNT and its major aminated transformation products were prevalent. Critical body residues were similar for exposures to SDB (11.7 μmol/kg) and YB sediments (39.4 μmol/kg), despite marked differences in the nature of compounds available for uptake in the exposure media. The critical body residues for E. estuarius are lower than those reported for other aquatic invertebrates (83–172 μmol/kg). Unlike observations for TNT, RDX was only loosely associated with SDB sediment, with near complete recovery of the parent compound by chemical analysis. Exposure to RDX did not result in significant mortality even at the highest measured sediment concentration of 10,800 μmol/kg dry weight, nor tissue concentrations as high as 96 μmol/kg wet weight. The lack of RDX lethal effects in this study is consistent with results reported for other invertebrate species.
Integrating chemical and biological criteria
Authors: Pacheco Manoel Augusto Whitaker , McIntyre Dennis Owen , Linton Tyler Keith 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
We present a system to derive benchmarks for protection of aquatic organisms that, as chemical criteria, promotes regulation of contaminants and, as biological criteria, focuses on an endpoint that adequately represents species abundance. The proposed method utilizes quantile regression to quantify the decline in maximum number of organisms with increasing contaminant concentrations. This limiting function then is applied to project the contaminant concentration associated with a threshold number of organisms. The threshold value is defined according to the study's objective and level of desired protection. Here, we defined it as 0.8 × 90th quantile of the number of organisms in samples from reference sites. We use the proposed system to derive taxonspecific, field-based effect concentrations (FECs) for copper and zinc in Ohio, USA, rivers and streams. Comparisons of results with respective chronic values suggest that only the draft criteria for copper are adequately protective. Projected zinc FECs were far lower than respective estimates of chronic values. The FECs likely are less sensitive to impacts of confounding factors because high numbers of organism in samples are observed when negative effects of other stressors are absent or minimal. We discuss other advantages, limitations, and potential applications of the proposed system.