bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new polymorphic form of elaidic acid
Authors: Harris James A. , Mod Robert R. , Mitcham Donald , Skau Evald L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new polymorphic modification of elaidic acid has been prepared and characterized. The common crystalline form, mp 43.7C, is shown to be metastable. The crystals of the new, stable form have a higher melting point, 44.8C, and a lower solubility. The two modifications give distinctive x‐ray diffraction patterns: stable form, long spacing 94.0Å (or possibly 47.0Å), characteristic short spacings at 4.55Å (s), 4.44Å (vs), 3.81Å (vs), and 3.68Å (s); metastable form, long spacing 48.7Å, characteristic short spacings at 4.12Å (vs) and 3.71Å (s). The short spacings of the stable form are similar to those reported for thetrans‐6‐, 8‐, 10‐, and 12‐octadecenoic acils, and the short spacings of metastable form are essentially the same as those of thetrans‐7‐ and 11‐octadecenoic acids. Solubility data have been obtained for both polymorphic forms in methanol.
Fats and oils report
Authors: Bartholomew David M. 
Published: July 2007

ConclusionPrice relationship patterns between cash lard and July soybean oil futures are not repetitious from year to year, but there are recognizable causes for this diversity under most conditions. The basis changes during a given season are greater than usual commercial storage charges for lard. It therefore is possible in most seasons to make profitable hedging decisions while gaining protection from adverse price level changes.
Methods for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. VII. The dilution‐HBr‐titration technique as a general method
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Harris James A. , Pittman Robert A. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe stepwise HBr titration method for the cyclopropenoid analysis of cottonseed oils is subject to serious inaccuracies when applied to samples containing higher cyclopropenoid concentrations, particularly if they contain appreciable amounts of alumina‐adsorbable materials. A modification of the method is described which eliminates these sources of error. Its validity has been established by the analysis of a wide range of synthetic compositions including compositions containing massive amounts of interfering HBr‐reactive substances and other alumina‐adsorbable materials. The method with further modification can be used to analyze glycerides with the same high degree of accuracy.
Liquid scintillation determination of surfactants on cotton fabric
Authors: Gordon B. E. , Shebs W. T. , Lee D. H. , Bonnar R. U. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method for the determination of anionic surfactants on cotton fabric has been developed using S35 and H3 labelled compounds. The method is simple, involving immersion of the white fabric in liquid scintillation counting solution and counting. No interference by quenching or self‐absorption is encountered. Accuracy and precision are better than ŷ2% relative. Replacing the internal standard method by the pulse height shift method of obtaining disintegration rates simplified the analysis and increases its precision.Combination of the pulse height shift method with automatic data handling has permitted the analysis of several hundred samples per week with little increase in operator time.
Foam fractionation of anions with a cationic surfactant: Orthophosphate
Authors: Grieves Robert B. , Bhattacharyya Dibakar 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn experimental study has been conducted for the first time of the foam fractionation of orthophosphate using a cationic surfactant. For feed solutions 2.63ȕ10蜢4 molar in phosphate and three surfactant concentrations, pH has a pronounced effect on residual concentrations of phosphate. A comparison with the ion flotation of dichromate and with the foam fractionation of phenolate shows dichromate flotation to be the most efficient.
New nonionic detergents derived from epoxidized oils. III1
Authors: Johnson K. L. , Tierney S. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of 21 nonionic detergents based on epoxidized sperm oil, epoxidized methyl oleate, and epoxidized butyl tallate are discussed. The materials were synthesized by alcholysis of the oxirane oxygen in the presence of boron trifluoride. Benzene was used as a solvent to act as a coupling agent for the unreacted materials. Methoxy polyoxyethylene alcohols were used as the hydrophilic alcohols with which the epoxidized esters were reacted. Physical properties and performance characteristics of the various compounds synthesized are catalogued and the reaction itself is characterized.It is shown that the properties of the materials can be varied by varying both the size of the polyoxyethylene moiety attached to the ester and the characteristics of the ester itself. These materials all appear to be low foaming wetting agents and emulsifying agents. It is felt that these materials offer a definite potential for the use of epxodized natural fats and natural fat derivatives for the custom synthesis of tailor made surface active agents. Being based on naturally occurring straight chain materials they would als be biologically degradable.
Crambe seed processing: Improved feed meal by ammoniation
Authors: Kirk L. D. , Mustakas G. C. , Griffin E. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn improved crambe meal has been developed by using an ammonia‐heat treatment to give significantly better nutritive value and acceptability. The quantity of ammonia permanently bound as nitrogen in the processed meal was from 0.5 to 1.5% of the meal weight and varied with conditions of reaction. Destruction of the undesirable thioglucoside fraction of the meal was demonstrated by paper chromatograph changes and by the absence of the thioglucoside conversion product thiooxazolidone. Ultraviolet‐absorbing compounds in the meal, at least one of which is associated with bitterness, were also modified. Feeding experiments with chicks and cattle show the improved palatability and nutritional quality. Incorporation of the ammonia reaction into desolventizer‐toaster operations should be possible to provide an economical means of improving the feeding value of crambe meal.
The hydrocarbons of anhydrous butterfat: Influence of technological treatments
Authors: Roderbourg H. , Kuzdzal‐Savoie S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe hydrocarbons of butter oil were isolated after saponification of the oil by thin layer chromatography and then analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The influence of such treatments of butter oil as fractionation, passage over Fuller's earth, and hydrogenation on the nature and relative proportions of of the hydrocarbons was studied. Passage of butter oil over Fuller's earth causes the formation of cholesta‐3,5‐diene, probably from cholesterol. Hydrogenation of butter oil passed over Fuller's earth progessively transforms cholestadiene into cholestene.
Silver nitrate‐high performance liquid chromatography of fatty methyl esters
Authors: Scholfield C. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLong chain fatty methyl esters have been separated by high performance liquid chromatography on the basis of number, position, and geometric configuration of double bonds with a silver nitrate‐silicic acid column and benzene solvent. Saturated esters are eluted first, followed by methyl elaidate and then methyl oleate. Geometric isomers of methyl 9,12‐octadecadienoate and of methyl 9,15‐octadecadienoate are also well separated. Methyl linolenate is retained strongly on the column and its elution has not been observed, but thetrans, trans, trans andtrans, cis, trans isomers are separated.
Influence of processing and palm oil on the carbonyls and fatty acids in Nigerian cassava foods
Authors: Abe M. O. , Lindsay R. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMonocarbonyls, free fatty acids and total fatty acids were determined for traditionally and mechanically processed gari, lafun, and crude palm oil. n‐Alkanals and 2‐alkanones were most abundant in the cassava foods, and unsaturated aldehydes contributed by palm oil to yellow gari were observed to a limited extent. 2‐Alkanones were not found in the palm oil, which indicated that they arise through the fermentation processes. Mechanically processed gari exhibited a total fatty acid profile generally similar to traditionally processed gari.
The synthesis of 2‐(2‐pentenyl) furans and their relationship to the reversion flavor of soybean oil
Authors: Smagula M. S. , Ho Chi‐Tang , Chang S. S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstractcis‐ andtrans‐2‐(2‐Pentenyl)furans were synthesized and structures were confirmed by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Preliminary organoleptic evaluation of oil solutions of the compounds indicated that thecis isomer had a flavor threshold of ca. 0.25 ppm. with odor and flavor descriptions of beany, grassy and buttery at 0.50 ppm; and that thetrans isomer had a flavor threshold of ca. 0.50 ppm with odor and flavor descriptions of beany, grassy and buttery at 1 ppm and strong painty and metallic at 4 ppm. These compounds, if found in soybean oil through the autoxidation of linolenate, may contribute to the characteristic reversion flavor.
Assessing the biological effectiveness of protected lipid supplements for ruminants
Authors: Ashes J. R. , Gulati S. K. , Cook L. J. , Scott T. W. , Donnelly J. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTechniques are described for assessing the effectiveness with which lipids may be protected against ruminal degradation. A simple in vitro test was developed using pancreatic lipase, and this test may have application in quality control of the commercial production of protected lipid supplements, as it is applicable to supplements containing polyunsaturated or saturated lipids. All the in vitro tests overestimate the actual in vivo biological effectiveness, and this is probably due to mastication and greater microbial activity in vivo than in vitro. The poor biological response of some protected lipid supplements is most probably due to the incomplete entrapment of lipid droplets in the protein matrix.
The distribution of lipids in the germ, endosperm, pericarp and tip cap of amylomaize, LG‐11 hybrid maize and waxy maize
Authors: Tan Siew Leng , Morrison William R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe quantitative distribution of 23 acyl lipid classes and unsaponifiable matter in kernels of amylomaize, LG‐11 hybrid maize and waxy maize is described. LG‐11 and waxy maize were normal (oil content) varieties, containing 4.9% and 5.1% lipid, respectively, while amylomaize (9.3% lipid) was a high oil variety. The distribution of kernel lipids was 76–83% in germ, 1–2% in pericarp, 1% in tip cap, 1–11% in starch, and 13–15% in aleurone plus the nonstarch fraction of the starchy endosperm. Germ contained 39–47% lipid, which was nostly triglyceride (TG), with some steryl esters (SE) and diglycerides (DG), and small amounts of glycolipids (GL) and phospholipids (PL). Aleurone lipids appeared to be TG with some free fatty acids (FFA) and SE. The other nonstarch lipids in starchy endosperm were FFA with very small amounts of SE, DG, GL and PL. The starches had a little surface lipid (FFA) and true (internal) starch lipid (FFA, lyso‐PL) in quantities roughly related to amylose content (amylomaize =ca. 73% amylose, 1.0% lipid; LG‐11=23% amylose, 0.7% lipid; waxy maize =<5% amylose, 0.2% lipid). Pericarp lipids (0.8–2.5%) were mainly unsaponifiable matter, the acyl lipids being TG, SE, DG and FFA. Tip cap lipids (2.5–2.9%) had more TG, GL and PL than pericarp lipids, but were otherwise similar. Pericarp lipids and endosperm nonstarch lipids appeared to have suffered extensive degradation at some time during kernel development or after harvesting, while lipids in starch, germ and tip cap were evidently unaffected. FFA and lyso‐PL are regarded as normal components of maize starch (rather than degradation products) and may occur as amylose inclusion complexes.
Effect of manufacturing variables on the viscosity of aqueous di(hydrogenated tallowalkyl) dimethyl ammonium chloride
Authors: James A. D. , Ogden P. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe viscosity of aqueous di(hydrogenated tallowalkyl)dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC) dispersions is affected by manufacturing variables such as the temperature of dispersion, electrolyte content, and stirring speed. These effects are rationalized by an analogy between DHDMAC dispersions and those of phospholipids, the disperse phase of which can have a vesicular structure.
Experience with Porcine Acellular Dermal Collagen Implant in One‐stage Tension‐free Reconstruction of Acute and Chronic Abdominal Wall Defects
Authors: Shaikh Faisal M. , Giri Subhasis K. , Durrani Shaukat , Waldron David , Grace Pierce A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundElective or emergency reconstruction of abdominal wall defects (AWD) is often difficult. Various techniques have been proposed for reconstructing AWD, including the use of synthetic implants. Porcine acellular dermal collagen (PermacolTM) is a biologic implant (PADCI) derived from porcine dermis. We report our experience with the use of PADCI in the management of large AWD in both emergency and elective surgery.MethodsTwenty consecutive patients with chronic AWD (CAWD) arising from large incisional hernia or acute AWD (AAWD) arising from visceral edema or tumor resection were studied prospectively. After musculofascial mobilization, the AWD was closed using sheets (10 × 15 cm) of PADCI as an “underlay” interposition graft. Patients were followed up to a median of 18 months postoperatively.ResultsAll 20 defects were closed without tension using PADCI. Eight and 12 patients had reconstruction for large AAWD and CAWD, respectively. The mean size of the defects was 180 cm2 (range = 96–850 cm2). The median number of PADCI used to repair the defects was one sheet (range = 1–7). Twelve patients (60%) had an uneventful recovery and were discharged within seven days. One patient (5%) died from multiple‐organ failure. Seven patients (35%) developed a complication (two seromas, two minor wound infections, one wound hematoma, one skin edge necrosis, one superficial wound dehiscence, and wound sinus). Overall there were three recurrences (15%).ConclusionPADCI has the potential for reconstruction of large acute and chronic abdominal wall defects. Medium‐term recurrence rate is comparable to synthetic mesh repairs.
Small Is Beautiful: Why Profundaplasty Should Not Be Forgotten
Authors: Savolainen H. , Hansen A. , Diehm N. , Baumgartner I. , Dick F. , Heller G. , Gahl B. , Schmidli J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundSurgical profundaplasty (SP)is used mainly as an adjunct to endovascular management of peripheral vascular disease (PAD) today. Results from earlier series of profundaplasty alone have been controversial, especially regarding its hemodynamic effect. The question is: Can profundaplasty alone still be useful? Our aim was to evaluate its role in the modern management of vascular patients.MethodsThis was a retrospective outcome study. A consecutive series of 97 patients (106 legs) from January 2000 through December 2003 were included. In 55 (52%) legs, the superficial femoral artery was occluded. These patients were included in the current analysis. Of these patients 14 (25%) were female. Mean age was 71 ((11) years. Nineteen (35%) were diabetic. The indication for operation was claudication in 29 (53%), critical leg ischemia (CLI) in 26 (47%), either with rest pain in 17 (31%), or ulcer/gangrene in 9 (16%). Endarterectomy with patch angioplasty with bovine pericardium was performed in all cases. Mean follow‐up was 33 ( 14 months. Mean preoperative ankle brachial index (ABI) was 0.6. Sustained clinical efficacy was defined as upward shift of 1 or greater on the Rutherford scale without repeat target limb revascularization (TLR) or amputation. Mortality, morbidity, need for TLR, or amputation were separate endpoints.ResultsPostoperatively, ABI was significantly improved (mean = 0.7), in 24 (44%) by more than 0.15. At three years, cumulative clinical success rate was 80%. Overall, patients with claudication had a better outcome than those with CLI (p = 0.04). Two (4%) major amputations and 2 (4%) minor ones were performed, all in patients with CLI. None of the 9 (16%) ulcers healed.ConclusionProfundaplasty is still a valuable option for patients with femoral PAD and claudication without tissue loss. It is a straightforward procedure that combines good efficacy with low complication rates. Further endovascular treatment may be facilitated. It is not useful for patients with the combination of critical ischemia and tissue loss.
Temperature effects on fatty acid composition during development of low‐linolenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Deng X. , Scarth R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe influence of temperature during seed development on the fatty acid composition of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was studied in one low‐linolenic and one conventional canola cultivar. The cultivar Regent produces seed oil with ∼20% linoleic acid (C18:2) and ∼8% linolenic acid (C18:3), whereas Stellar is relatively high in C18:2 (∼25%) and low in C18:3 (∼2.5%). Both cultivars were grown in the field, and the fatty acid compositions of the seed oils were monitored throughout the period of seed development. In the field, the content of saturated (C16:0+C18:0) and monounsaturated (C18:1) fatty acids in the seed oil increased when seed developed under high temperatures. C18:3 levels were higher in seed harvested at sites with lower average daily temperatures. The low C18:3 trait of the cultivar Stellar was relatively stable over environments. Both temperature and duration of exposure to the temperature during seed development affected the fatty acid composition of the seed in a controlled environment study. Plants subjected to a high‐temperature treatment (30/25°C day/night) for 40 d produced seed with the lowest C18:3 content and the highest levels of C16:0+C18:0 and C18:1. This was observed in both cultivars.
Regional distribution of tocopherols and fatty acids within soybean seeds
Authors: Yoshida Hiromi , Takagi Sachiko , Ienaga Hiroyuki , Tsuchiya Chiharu 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSeed coat, axis, and sections of cotyledons in three soybean cultivars were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography for tocopherols, and by gas‐liquid chromatography for acyl lipids. Tocopherols were predominantly detected in axis, followed by cotyledons and seed coat. With a few exceptions, dominant components were γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols, with much smaller amounts of α‐ and β‐tocopherols. However, α‐tocopherol was higher (P<0.05) for the Mikawajima cultivar than for Okuhara and Tsurunoko in all tissues. Triacylglycerols (TAG) were the major fraction of total lipids, representing 70% in axis and coat and 94% in cotyledons. A small difference (P<0.05) occurred in fatty acid composition of TAG when comparing seed coat to the axis. The fatty acid composition of phosphatidylinositol (PI) differed (P<0.05) from phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in each tissue. Principally, the percentage of palmitic acid was higher, especially in axis and coat. In PE and PC, linoleic was greater, followed by palmitic, in all samples except for seed coat tissue in Mikawajima. The percentages of palmitic acid in both phospholipids were significant higher in the seed coat tissue from this cultivar than in cotyledon or axis of the other varieties. These results suggest that the differences in soybean cultivars could be appreciable, based on the distribution of tocopherols and fatty acids in each component part within soybean seeds.
The impact of furanoid fatty acids and 3‐methylnonane‐2,4‐dione on the flavor of oxidized soybean oil
Authors: Kao Jian‐Wen , Wu Xiangdong , Hammond Earl G. , White Pamela J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOils from soybeans with high or low contents of furanoid fatty acids were evaluated during storage for flavor intensity of soybean oil (SBO) off‐flavor, but no significant differences were found. In addition, the compound 3‐methylnonane‐2,4‐dione (MND), a breakdown product of furanoid fatty acids suggested by other researchers to contribute to reversion flavor of SBO, was evaluated for its contribution to off‐flavor. The compound was synthesized in the laboratory and purified by gas chromatography (GC) on a Silar 10 C column. GC analysis of the purified MND on a nonpolar SPB‐1 column showed two well‐separated main peaks that have been suggested to represent keto and enol forms. Between these two peaks, a bridge of poorly resolved compounds may have represented various possible enol forms or an equilibration among these forms during the GC separation. MND had an intense straw‐like and frulty odor when evaluated at the outlet of a gas chromatograph. Sensory evaluation of MND in a mineral oil/water emulsion system showed that its flavor intensity increased almost imperceptibly with increased concentration (from 0.09 to 2.56 ppm). An explanation for this unusual flavor response may be that, when molecularly dispersed in air, MND has an intense odor, but when placed in a mineral oil or soybean oil emulsion, MND may exist in a form with relatively low flavor intensity, or it may be bound by the media. The concentrations of MND in SBO at various peroxide values were measured at 0 to 0.804 ppb, which were far less than concentrations tested in mineral oil/water emulsions during sensory evaluation and below published odor threshold values for MND in oil. Therefore, these results do not support the theory that furanoid fatty acids or MND contribute strongly to the reversion flavor of SBO.
Role of minor constituents in the photooxidation of virgin olive oil
Authors: Rahmani M. , Csallany A. Saari 
Published: August 2007

AbstractVirgin olive oil was photooxidized at 2 and 40°C and at fluorescent light intensities of 0, 620, 2710, and 5340 lux. As expected, higher fluorescent light intensities induced higher peroxide formation in the oil. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were found to be good indicators of photooxidation during the early stage of the reaction. Pheophytin A and β‐carotene were light‐ and temperature‐sensitive, whereas α‐tocopherol and total polyphenols were mostly affected by light. Pheophytin A functioned as a photosensitizer, resulting in rapid oxidation of the oil. β‐Carotene was a strong natural inhibitor of photooxidation for all light intensities at 2°C, suggesting quenching properties for singlet oxygen. However, β‐carotene antioxidant activity was reduced at 40°C because of its rapid destruction.
Neutral lipids of chickpea flour and protein isolates
Authors: Sánchez‐Vioque Raúl , Clemente Alfonso , Vioque Javier , Bautista Juan , Millán Francisco 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe neutral lipids composition of defatted chickpea flour and two types of protein isolates has been studied. The main compounds in neutral lipids are triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, and diacylglycerols. Other compounds present are wax esters, free fatty alcohols, and free sterols. The main fatty acids in neutral lipids are C18:2 and C18:1 among the unsaturated, and C16:0 and C18:0 among the saturated acids. Free and esterified alcohols range from C16:0 to C28:0, the majority being those with an even number of carbon atoms. Sterols observed are β‐sito‐sterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and δ‐5‐avenasterol. Triacyl‐glycerols are partially hydrolyzed, and the amounts of unsaturated sterols and unsaturated fatty acids are reduced as a result of the chemical treatment during production of the protein isolates.