bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMUNE RESPONSES IN INTESTINAL TISSUE TO PARTICULATE ANTIGENS. DEVELOPMENT OF CELLS FORMING DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ANTIBODY IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSES
Authors: Rorertson PW , Cooper GN 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCharacteristics of primary and secondary immune responses resulting from antigenic stimulation via the intestinal epithelium have been examined by enumerating rosette‐forming cells synthesizing IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies. These cells arise in local and peripheral lymphoid tissues in both responses. In general terms, the primary response of mesenteric lymph nodes following intestinal antigenic stimulation is similar to that observed in the spleen or other lymph nodes when antigen is given parenterally, showing the characteristic change from IgM to IgG antibody formation. In the intestinal submucosa and lamina propria IgA‐rosette‐forming cells are most numerous but a significant IgG response also occurs. IgG rosette‐forming cells also appear in the spleen following immunization via the intestinal route.This route of immunization primes animals to respond to later antigenic stimulation given either via the intestine or parenterally: the primed state lasts at least for 14 weeks. The greatest secondary response occurs in the mesenteric lymph nodes where IgM rosette‐forming cells predominate. In the intestinal lamina propria and submucosa the IgM rosette‐forming cells secondary response is substantially greater than that of IgG‐ and IgA‐rosette‐forming cells. Priming via the intestinal route leads to a significant IgA‐rosette‐forming cells response in the spleen, irrespective of whether the second injection is given intestinally or intravenously.
DISTRIBUTION OF PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW DURING CONTROLLED PERFUSION OF THE INTACT LUNG
Authors: Maloney JE , Adamson TM , Ritchie BC , Walker A 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe distribution of pulmonary blood flow (Xe133) and the relation of pulmonary artery pressure (PLA) and systemic‐ pressure (PCA) to the left atrial pressure (PLA)was studied during double heart bypass in twenty anaesthetised sheep. When total pulmonary blood flow was altered and PLA kept constant, two patterns of distribution of flow were observed. In repeated experiments in four animals the pattern of distribution remained unchanged and a constant proportion of the total flow perfused the alveolar capillaries at each level. In two animals the ratio of alveolar blood How to total blood flow decreased as total flow diminished. If total flow is kept constant and PLA is raised (six animals) or lung volume is increased (three animals), alveolar‐capillary‐ perfusion increases throughout the lung. When raising PLA PPA increases provided PLA is greater than 6·7 ± 1·1 cm H2O above alveolar pressure at the bottom of the lung. There was a uniform change in PPA when PLA > 13·9 ± 1·3 cm H2O, the ratio ΔPPA:ΔPLA being 0·93 ± 002. This study supports the concept that critical closing pressures operate within the pulmonary circulation and demonstrates that factors other than intravascular pressures and lung volume influence the distribution of pulmonary blood flow.
THE ROLE OF THE CONCEPTUS IN PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Morgan EH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBody weight, haematocrit, plasma volume and plasma concentrations of albumin. Transferring and IgG globulin were measured at different times in normal pregnant rats and in early lactation, and also in rats in which the foetuses alone, or foetuses plus placentas, were removed on the fourteenth day of pregnancy. Haematocrit and the plasma protein values all decreased and body weight and plasma volume increased during normal pregnancy. The plasma protein levels rose abruptly after parturition. but the haematocrit and plasma volume values changed more slowly. The changes in haematocrit and plasma volume in rats subjected to foetal removal were similar lo those in control pregnant rats, but these changes were prevented by removal of the foetuses and placentas. By contrast, removal of the foetuses alone prevented the changes in plasma protein concentrations observed in control pregnant rats. It is concluded that the changes in plasma protein concentration which occur during pregnancy in the rat are dependent on the presence of the foetuses, and are probably largely due to the transfer to the foetuses and catabolism by the yolk sac placenta. The changes in plasma volume and haematocrit are independent of the presence of the foetuses.
FAILURE TO PRODUCE EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE THYROTOXICOSIS IN RABBITS IMMUNIZED WITH THYROIDAL MICROSOMES
Authors: Wall JR , Good BF , Hetzel BS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRabbits were immunized with human thyroidal microsomes, an equal number of control animals being immunized with the corresponding liver fraction. Assays for long‐acting thyroid stimulating‐like activity were carried out on the concentrated IgG fraction and thyroid function was assessed by plasma protein bound iodine and 131I uptake measurements. The animals were examined for features of thyrotoxicosis.Despite intensive immunization designed to induce an experimental auto‐immune thyrotoxicosis, this could not be convincingly achieved, even though thyroid stimulating activity was detected in all animals that received thyroidal microsomes.
THE ABROGATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES BY MEANS OF SUB‐CELLULAR EXTRACTS
Authors: MeCullagh Peter 
Published: November 2007

SummarySub‐cellular extracts containing cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid were prepared from the spleens of rats which had been challenged inlravenously with allogeneic lymphocytes, Thoracic duet lymphocytes from erythrocyte‐tolerant rats were incubated with these extracts and then returned to the donor rats. Tolerance was frequently abrogated in these rats as a result of this procedure.
TUMOUR RESISTANCE OF MICE INFECTED WITH SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS 11RX
Authors: Ashley MP , Hardy D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe resistance to Ehrlich ascites tumour transplants in mice immunized with live Salmonella enteritidis 11RX was investigated. In mice still carrying the bacterial infection, the resistance appeared to be attributable to an increase in both the number and the anti‐tumour activity of the peritoneal cells. This activity was demonstrated in vivo run by the rapid removal of tumour cells from the peritoneal cavity and in vitro by the cytolysis of tumour cells. The spleen cells of resistant mice did not possess these properties.
GENETIC VARIATION AT THE THIRD LOCUS OF PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE IN PLACENTAS FROM AUSTRALIA AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: Wierst Bronya , Blake NM , Kirk RL , Jacobs DS , Johnson DG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe frequencies of alleles at the third locus of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) have been determined by an electrophoretic examination of placental extracts for 205 white Australians, 101 Australian Aborigines and 191 PapuaNew Guineans. The PGM23 gene was calculated to have a frequency of 0·22 in the white Australian sample, while for the Aborigines and Papua New Guineans the frequencies were 0·41 and 0·48 respectively. In order to obtain reproducible phenotypie patterns, it has been found necessary to preincubate the placental extracts with a solution of β‐mercaptoethanol. Two of the Papua New Guinean samples had a new phenotype and this has been called PGM3 3‐1.
GENERAL AND CORONARY HAEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF TWEEN 20
Authors: Burnell RH , Maxwell GM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCardiac output, vascular pressures, coronary sinus flow, cardiac O2 usage and efficiency, together with blood glucose and non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA) values, were measured before and after the infusion of Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) in intact anaesthetised dogs. This substance, which releases histamine, gave the following responses: an initial increase in cardiac output, coronary sinus flow and heart rate, with maintenance of systemic pressure; 3‐4 minutes later, cardiac output, vascular pressures and coronary flow decreased greatly, with a continuance of the tachycardia. Cardiac work decreased, as did cardiac efficiency; blood glucose levels did not change, but NEFA values and cardiac NEFA extraction increased.The biphasic response described is entirely compatible with histamine release, the later response being almost indistinguishable from that found in endotoxin or haemorrhagic shock.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON CAPPING AND ENDOCYTOSIS OF ANTI‐IMMUNOGLOBULIN BY MOUSE SPLEEN LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Santer Vivien 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMouse B lymphocytes incubated at 37° with 125I‐labelled anti‐immunoglobulin antibody initially bind the labelled material in patches at the cell membrane. This is followed by a rapid redistribution and endocytosis of label. Estimations of the numbers of labelled cells and distribution of label on the cells were made rising electron microscope radioautography. Although capping and endocytosis occur very quickly, even after 2 hours a significant number of cells labelled with anti‐n still have surface patches only. Results obtained with anti‐μ are similar to those with anti‐k. The possible significance of capping and endocytosis in immune induction is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF PROLONGATION OF PSEUDOPREGNANCY FOLLOWING SECTION OF UTERO‐OVARIAN VASCULAR CONNECTIONS IN THE RAT
Authors: O'Shea JD , Lee CS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryProlongation of pseudopregnancy in Hooded Wistar rats after unilateral hysterectomy accompanied by contralateral ovariectomy was not significantly different from that after section of the anterior uterine blood vessels. The effects of the former procedure could, therefore, be due entirely to interruption of these vessels.The effects of section of the utero‐ovarian, anterior uterine and uterine arteries, and of the anterior uterine vein, were compared. Only section of the anterior uterine artery significantly prolonged pseudopregnancy.The direction of blood flow along the anterior uterine artery was observed directly in anaesthetised rats after intra‐aortic injection of India ink. Flow was towards the uterus in 13 of 15 pseudopregnant rats on the 6th, 8th or 10th day of dioestrus.These data are discussed in relation to recent theories on local uterine luteolysis, and it is suggested that the effects of section of the anterior uterine artery may be due to a disturbance of ovarian circulation.
A MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY TO LEPTOSPIROSIS
Authors: Faine S , Adler B , Ruta G 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA leptospisal serotype‐specific lipopolysaccharide antigen (LPS F4) coated on to erythrocytes (RBC) or emulsified in Freund's adjuvant elicited the production of serotype‐specific IgM haemagglutinating antibodies with a peak titre at 21‐24 days in rabbits, guinea‐pigs, mice and Australian hopping mice (Notomys alexis).The antibodies haemagglutinated specifically‐sensitized sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and agglutinated whole leptospires of the homologous serotype. These activities were still detectable 60 days after immunization. Precipitation of homologous LPS‐F4 was observed in gels only with antisera taken between 20‐40 days after immunization.Rabbit antiserum to the LPS from Leptospira interrogans, serotype icterohaemorrhagiae. had a serotype‐specific leptospiricidal action in vitro, which can be inhibited by culture supernatant. In vivo the antiserum caused an increased rate of clearance of virulent leptospires from the bloodstream of mice. Young mice passively immunized with anti‐LPS F4 serum resisted subsequent challenge with virulent organisms and immunized animals showed a resistance to the development of the carrier state.Hopping mice immunized with LPS from serotype icterohaemorrhagiae either on RBC or in Freund's incomplete adjuvant were more resistant to lethal or carrier infection following challenge with leptospires of the same serotype than were unimmunized controls.
HL‐A ANTIGENS ON KIDNEY CELLS AND THE USE OF KIDNEY CELLS AS A TARGET IN THE DETECTION OF DONOR SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC ANTIBODIES IN RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Morris Peter J , Law Wendy K 
Published: November 2007

SummaryKidney cells have been typed for HL‐A antigens using a technique of complement dependent destruction of monolayers of renal epithelial cells in tissue culture by cytotoxic antisera. The degree of concordance between the phenotypes of peripheral blood lymphocytes and kidney cells from the same individual was 80·5%. However, significant discrepancies between the typing of lymphocytes and kidney cells were found for the antigens HL‐A7, 12, 13. Although the majority of the discordant reactions were found with antisera containing more than one antibody, it is felt that the above discrepancies are valid. Positive cross matches between recipient sera and donor kidney cells, together with a negative lymphocytotoxic cross match, were found in four of five cases where the kidney was acutely rejected within three months of transplantation. It is suggested that HL‐A antigens are expressed on both lymphocytes and kidney cells, but either there may be a quantitative difference in their expression on the two cell types, or the monolayer destruction technique may be more sensitive than the lymphocytotoxic technique.
SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN SHEEP
Authors: Healy PJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe influence of age and the R‐r‐i blood group system upon serum alkaline phosphatase activity is described.Changes in isoenzyme patterns of alkaline phosphatase activity, as determined by use of amino acid inhibitors and heat, were seen from birth to day 1 of life, with increasing age and between animals of the R and r blood group. It was suggested that these differences reflect changes in the relative contributions to the circulation by the kidney or skeletal system on one hand and the liver or intestinal tract on the other.
CELL CHANGES IN DUCK LYMPH FOLLOWING LOCAL CHALLENGE WITH ALLOGENEIC AND XENOGENEIC CELLS
Authors: Bell RG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe injection of foreign cells into the buccal submucosa of the duck was shown to produce a characteristic pattern of changes in the draining cervical lymph cell population. These changes in the lymph‐borne cell population were monitored by the continuous collection of lymph from individual birds for a period of 5‐7 days after stimulation. During this period a 2‐7‐fold increase in mature lymphocyte output and a 5‐20‐fold increase in “blast” cell output occurred. The appearance of “blast” cells was the most consistent and characteristic parameter of a host response to the injected cells. The pattern of appearance of cell types other than the mature lymphocyte and “blast” cell was not altered during the period of lymph collection and responses were therefore specific for these two cell types.On the basis of histological studies, it was suggested that responses were predominantly mediated by host blood‐borne cells migrating into the injected site.
ANTIGEN‐INITIATED B LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Schlegel RA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe humoral immune response to tile hapten NIP (4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitrophenylacetic acid) coupled to POL (polymerised bacterial flagellin) has been investigated by an adoptive transfer system. The primary adoptive immune response to this antigen involved exclusively IgM antibody‐forming cells (AFC), whereas the response of animals primed to the NIP determinant invoked predominantly IgG AFC with variable amounts of IgM AFC. Failure to observe a primary IgG response was partially due to a low level of IgG AFC‐progenitors and partially due to the absence of the appropriate collaborating T cells. Both the primary and secondary IgM responses were obtained in the absence of T (thymus‐derived) lymphocytes as shown by adoptive transfer of anti‐θ treated spleen cells. The secondary IgG response by the same test was, however, T cell dependent, both for the generation and expression of memory IgG AFC‐progenitors.The NIP‐POL system is suggested for the identification and comparison of B cell AFC‐progenitors responsible for “virgin” and “memory” IgM and IgG responses. IgM AFC‐progenitors in a primed or unprimed cell population can be directly assayed by transfer of cells to irradiated recipients, though the question of T cell suppression must be considered. NIP IgG AFC‐progenitors can be directly assayed by transfer of cells to recipient animals pre‐primed to the carrier protein by injecting low doses of monomeric flagellin 4 days before irradiation. Such “helper” recipients were able to restore an IgG response which was reduced by anti‐θ treatment of the transferred cells.
CONCENTRATIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND ALBUMIN IN LYMPH COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE BODY OF THE SHEEP
Authors: Beh KJ , Watson DL , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn an attempt to estimate the amount of locally produced immunoglobulin in lymph, concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgA, IgM and albumin were measured in lymph collected from various regions of the body of unanaesthetized sheep.In testicular, afferent leg and efferent leg lymph, the lymph:serum concentration ratios for albumin were much greater than the corresponding ratios for the immunoglobulins. It was found that the concentration of the immunoglobulins and albumin was greater in efferent than in afferent leg lymph, suggesting that capillary beds in the node are contributing capillary filtrate of a higher protein concentration than capillary beds drained by the afferent duct.In contrast to lymph from other regions, the lymph:serum concentration ratios of intestinal lymph for IgG1, IgG2 and especially IgA exceeded that for albumin, indicating that these immunoglobulins are being added to the capillary filtrate forming in the intestine. The concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph was 1·13 mg/ml and it was calculated that intestinal lymph contributes approximately 2 g of IgA to the blood each day.An additional source of serum IgA is the involuting mammary gland and it was calculated that it could contribute up to 0·2 g IgA to the blood each day.
RECALL OF TUMOUR RESISTANCE IN LONG‐TERM SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS 11RX IMMUNISED MICE
Authors: Ashley MP , Kotlarski Ieva , Hardy D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryResistance to Ehrlich ascites tumour growth in the peritoneal cavity of mice has been induced by prior immunisation with live Salmonella enteritidis 11RX. A greater and longer lasting anti‐tumour effect was elicited after immunisation by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route than by the intravenous (i.v.) route. Resistance to tumour could be recalled after either i.p. or i.v. immunisation by i.p. injection of various 11RX antigen preparations, including a preparation which was not protective in normal mice. Resistance was determined by following survival of mice after challenge with tumour cells and by monitoring the death of 131I‐iododeoxyuridine‐labelled tumour cells in vivo. Recall of tumour resistance was attributed to the rapid induction of an in vivo tumour killing mechanism.
ORIGIN OF THE VARIOUS IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN LYMPH FROM THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE OF SHEEP BEFORE AND AFTER ANTIGENIC STIMULATION
Authors: Quin JW , Beh KJ , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryVarious immunoglobulins labelled with 131I or 125I were injected into sheep and the distribution of radioactivity between plasma and efferent popliteal lymph followed during the course of an immune response, with a view to determining the nodal contribution of immunoglobulin to efferent lymph. The results showed that up to 60% of the IgM and usually a small amount of the IgG1 in efferent lymph were newly synthesized in a lymph node undergoing an immune response.A subcutaneous injection of antigen below the tarsus was often accompanied by early transient increases in the flow and protein concentration of afferent popliteal lymph. In contrast, there were more sustained increases in these parameters in efferent lymph. It is suggested that the higher protein concentration of efferent than afferent lymph prior to antigenic stimulation and the sustained increases in protein concentration of efferent lymph during an immune response are associated with recirculation of lymphocytes through the post‐capillary venules in the popliteal lymph node.
THE EFFECT OF THYMECTOMY ON THE LYMPHOID TISSUES OF THE QUOKKA (SETONIX BRACHYVMS)
Authors: Ashman RB , Papadimitriou JM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of cervical and total thymectomy on the lymphoid tissue of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) have been investigated. In the first month of life alter cervical thymectomy retardation of the development of lymphoid tissue occurs. Total thymectomy results in the lymphocytic depletion of the paracortex of lymph nodes and the splenic malpighian bodies of pouch young and juveniles. These effects are maximal if cervical thymectomy is performed within the first 5 days of post‐natal life while the time of thoracic thymectomy is less critical.
EFFECTS OF THYMUS‐INDEPENDENT (B) CELLS AND THE H‐2 GENE COMPLEX ON ANTIVIRAL FUNCTION OF IMMUNE THYMUS‐DERIVED (T) CELLS
Authors: Blanden Robert V , Bowern Narelle A , Pang Tikky E , Gardner Ian D , Parish Christopher R 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAntiviral activity in vivo exerted by ectromelia virus‐immune spleen cells transferred to ectromelia‐infected recipients and cytotoxicity against virus‐infected target cells in vitro were both properties of non‐immunoglobulin (Ig)‐bearing cells (which included T cells). Ig‐bearing cells, including thymus‐independent (B) cells and antibody‐secreting cells, were much less active in vivo when injected alone and tended to block rather than amplify the effect triggered by T cells. Ig‐bearing cells were also slightly active in vitro, possibly because some T cells have detectable Ig. Antiviral effects in cell transfer experiments were seen only when immune cell donors and infected recipients shared the same H‐2 gene complex. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the T cell response to ectromelia infection is directed against specific virus‐induced change(s) in antigen(s), specified by gene(s) in the H‐2 complex, which appear in virus‐infected cells.
THE ORIGIN OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN INTESTINAL LYMPH OF SHEEP
Authors: Quin JW , Husband AJ , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryVarious immunoglobulins were labelled with radioactive iodine and their distribution between intestinal lymph and plasma followed in order to determine the origin of the immunoglobulins found in intestinal lymph. By comparing specific activities in plasma and lymph, it was computed that 25% of the IgG1 and IgG2 and 90% of the IgA in intestinal lymph were locally synthesised. The results suggest that virtually all of the IgA and a proportion of the IgG1 computed to be synthesised locally were derived from plasma cells of corresponding specificity in the lamina propria of the intestine.
ADRENERGIC INNERVATION OF HUMAN MESENTERIC BLOOD VESSELS
Authors: Gerke DC , Frewin DB , Soltys JS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA fluorescent histochemical technique has been applied to study the adrenergic innervation of human superior mesenteric arteries obtained at autopsy. Specific catecholamine fluorescence was demonstrated in the smaller branches of this artery taken from three infants and one child. No specific fluorescence was seen in arteries from three adult subjects.
RAPID DETECTION AND ISOLATION OF MYCOPLASMAS FROM CELL CULTURES
Authors: Tomkins GA , MacGregor A , Pye D , Atkinson Mary 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn improved medium for the isolation of Mycoplasma species from contaminated cell cultures is reported. A modification of the mycoplasma detection method using the uridine/uracil uptake ratio method is described. Results obtained using this method with mycoplasma contaminated cell cultures and with contaminated cell cultures treated with the antibiotic Lincomycin are presented.