bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Nonlinear Analysis of the CLS Specimen
Authors: Gustafson Claes-Göran , Hojo Masaki , Holm Dan 
Published: March 2007

A nonlinear analysis of a cracked lap shear (CLS) specimen was carried out based on the theory for tie rod problems. The specimen in this case was an unidirectional Ciba Geigy T300/914 laminate with orientation and layup of (0°)9 at the thick section and (0°)5 at the thin section. In the tie rod analysis the CLS specimen was modelled as two beams joined eccen trically with the joint at the crack tip. The analysis gave the distribution of bending moments and shear forces along the CLS specimen, the deflection of the CLS specimen and the total energy release rate ( G) associated with delamination growth. The energy release rate was found to be independent of the crack length except for long crack lengths. In order to separate the mode I and mode II contributions of the energy release rate, bend ing moments and shear forces were calculated at a distance from the crack tip. The cross- sectional forces and bending moments were thereafter used as prescribed loads in a linear finite element analysis of a short section containing the crack tip. Using a crack closure scheme, the mode I ( GI) and mode II ( GII) energy release rates were calculated. The agreement in total energy release rate calculated from the tie rod analysis and the finite element analysis was good.
Die-Less Forming of Thermoplastic- Matrix, Continuous-Fiber Composites
Authors: Miller Alan K. , Gur Micha , Peled Ady , Payne Alexander , Menzel Erik 
Published: March 2007

A die-less forming process is described which is intended to be an eco nomical method for manufacturing large, complex-shaped components from thermoplastic matrix, continuous-fiber composite materials. The concept is specialized to tapered shapes which are singly curved, long in their straight direction, and of arbitrary variable cross section along their length. An array of universal, computer-controlled rollers generates such shapes from initially flat laminates or stacks of prepreg sheet. Heating and bending of the material are strictly local operations occurring only within a small active zone at any one instant, thereby eliminating the need for fixed tooling and for large autoclaves or presses. The rollers are controlled using a "kinematically admissible bending" algorithm which requires interply sliding only in the local hot zone. Despite the fact that all of the regions not being formed are cold and rigid, the fibers of the composite are not forced to change length. Experimental verification to date includes: (1) rapid, local, through-thickness induction heating of carbon fiber, polymer matrix composite workpieces, and (2) kinematically- admissible bending of preconsolidated thermoplastic matrix laminates to simple singly- curved shapes, using a "near-term demonstration" forming machine. Tension superim posed during such bending operations has been shown to be useful for maintaining good fiber alignment.
Interfacial Shear Stress Distribution in Model Composites Part 2: Fragmentation Studies on Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Systems
Authors: Melanitis N. , Galiotis C. , Tetlow P.L. , Davies C.K.L. 
Published: March 2007

The micromechanics of reinforcement of a model composite system con sisting of a continuous high-modulus (HM) carbon fibre embedded in an epoxy resin have been investigated. The composite was subjected to incremental tensile loading up to full fibre fragmentation, while the strain in the fibre was monitored at each level of load using a laser Raman spectroscopic (LRS) technique. The average strain in the fibre increased linearly with applied matrix strain up to a value of 0.8 %, when the first fibre fracture oc curred. After fracture, the strain in the fibre was found to build from the tips of the fibre breaks, reaching a maximum value in the middle of each fragment. The shape of the load transfer profiles at the locality of the fibre tips indicated that the stress transfer efficiency had been affected by the fracture process. The length of interfacial debonding at the point of fibre fracture was found to be driven by the strain energy of the fractured fragments. The interfacial shear stress (ISS) distributions at various levels of applied load along in dividual fragments, have been derived from the load transfer profiles using a balance of forces analysis. The shape of the ISS profiles confirmed that interfacial debonding initiated from the tips of the fibre breaks, whereas good fibre/matrix adhesion was retained around the mid-length of each fragment. By increasing the applied strain to 1.8%, the maximum ISS values also increased in spite of the presence of debonding at the fibre tips. An upper ISS limit of 42 MPa was calculated at this point. Further increases of the applied strain to 5% resulted in significant reductions in the values of the maximum ISS, as well as an in crease, of the frictional slip towards the middle of each fragment. Finally, by employing the assumptions of the conventional fragmentation test, the calculated value of the nominal interfacial shear strength at the point of full fragmentation was lower by a factor of 2 than the value measured by the LRS method.
Biaxial Flexing of a Unidirectionally Reinforced Aluminum Composite
Authors: Tsangarakis Nikos , Pepi Marc S. 
Published: March 2007

Aluminum disks reinforced unidirectionally with silicon carbide con tinuous fiber were supported circumferentially on one side and loaded at the center of the other side with a pin. Maximal principal tensile surface strains were determined during flexing with strain gages. Failure under monotonic loading initiated on the convex side of the disks with the for mation of multiple surface matrix cracks which were parallel to the fibers. These cracks formed soon after matrix yielding which initiated at a strain 0.0015-0.002. On cyclic ten sile biaxial flexing, surface matrix cracking was found to be the main failure mechanism. A limited number of disks failed by fiber cracking. The endurance strain limit for 107 cycles of life was 0.001. This strain is only 11 % of the uniaxial monotonic tensile strain to failure. Ultrasonic velocity scans successfully identified the damage generated during cyclic loading.
Utilitarianism and the Conflict of Interests
Authors: Moreh J. 
Published: March 2007

Utilitarianism has most relevance to “helping behavior” where the agent's action is parametric, that is, the behavior of others can be taken as given. The utilitarian principle has also been applied to strategic behavior, that is, behavior that can be represented by a game. It is shown in this article that the utilitarian objective may conflict with common sense ethics, and where it does not, questions of equity may arise for which Utilitarianism has no answer. Utilitarian writers have paid scant attention to the games of exchange and externality. In neither of these games does the utilitarian approach agree with our moral intuitions. Apart from this, if all goods either entered into exchange or gave rise to externalities, then the utilitarian solution to these problems would be tantamount to a distribution of welfare that maximized total utility. Such a distribution would be unfair to those who have a relatively low capacity to enjoy goods and to those who suffer negative externalities but impose light ones on others or none at all.
Albert Speer: How To Manage an Atrocity
Authors: Wooton Leland M. 
Published: March 2007

Albert Speer as democratic manager? Seems absurd on the surface, even outrageous. Hitler's right-hand-man practiced a rather bizarre form of hu manistic management in the Ministry of Armaments and War while "suc cessfully" managing an atrocity. His legacy to history, particularly manage ment history, is one of the most fascinating cases for raising the ethical issues facing the management community today. Values and ethics are at the core of democratic thought, and the way they are distorted in the arenas of manage ment is crucial to understand for those concerned with linking the ethics of democracy to the process of managing democratic institutions. Much of this article is based on an interview with Speer in which he discussed his role as a key policy maker in the Third Reich. He has now begun to recount the danger inherent in a system whose mentality is one of amoral functionalism—one essentially devoid of morals and ethics in its decision- making processes and one concerned only with how things get done and not whether they should be done. Few people have any real need to relive the events of that era. But the activities of Albert Speer are as relevant to our present era as any behavior in history can be.
Theory as Self-Portrait and the Ideal of Objectivity
Authors: Riebel Linda 
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the epistemological issue of the theorist's subjectivity. I suggest that theories of human nature reflect the theorist's personality as he or she externalizes it or projects it onto humanity at large. This article extends this familiar proposition by proposing that there are two forms of externalization: static externalization, in which the theorist projects outward his or her own structures, and dynamic externalization, in which the theorist projects outward his or her needs. In the first, the theory of human nature is a selfportrait of the theorist as he or she is; in the second, the theory is a self-portrait emphasizing what the theorist needs. After a review of the philosophical positions on the issue of the fundamental subjectivity of knowledge, I consider Freud and Adler as instances of the contrasting styles of externalization. Their personal histories, peer relation-ships, and their clinical arrangements are reviewed for evidence that their theories are externalizations of themselves. I conclude, on the basis of these arguments, that the case is quite strong that theory inevitably contains large elements of self-portrait. This is taken as a cause not for despair, but for caution. The value of theories of human nature is not denied, but they are seen as members of an array of descriptions, in each of which there is lodged a valid description of some portions of humanity.
Sharing Tools for Personal/Global Harmony
Authors: Olweean Steve , Friedman Sandra 
Published: March 2007

In 1991, the Association for Humanistic Psychology expanded the grassroots efforts of its original United States/Soviet Professional Exchange Program and renamed it the AHP International Professional Program. An independent offshoot of this pioneering effort is the Annual International Conference on Conflict Resolution held in St. Petersburg, Russia. These collaborative U.S./ Russian projects have helped foster a period of unprecedented growth and development in the theory and application of humanistically based practices worldwide. The following article presents a brief history of the conference, a description of its purpose and content, and its impact on AHP as a rapidly emerging international organization. Achieving our own inner potential and development does not automatically result in a better world to live in. We have to actively put these same humanistic principles to work in the planet. -Steve Olweean Report to the AHP Board Directors on the establishment of the First Annual International Conference on Conflict Resolution, 1993
A Cost Approach to the Assessment of Gang Rehabilitation Techniques
Authors: Adams Stuart 
Published: March 2007

Cost-effectiveness methods were used for a rigorous evaluation of Group Guidance, a detached worker technique used in Los Angeles for coping with delinquent gangs. One hundred core members of three comparable gangs were subjects of a study designed as a natural experiment. One gang had received full Group Guidance service, another had received partial service, and the third gang had received no service. Gang members' records were examined for correctional actions and services occurring over a six-year period which was divided evenly into "before treatment" and "after treatment" phases. The total period covered, roughly, the fourteenth through the twentieth year in the gang members' lives. By use of current auditor's estimates of the costs of actions and services, a career correctional cost was determined for each boy over the six-year follow-up. The cost data disclosed a relationship between service by detached workers and differentials in mean correctional career costs. Application of Group Guidance techni ques was associated with (1) reduction in mean correctional costs from "before" to "after," and (2) reduction in mean costs from no treatment to full treatment. For the fully treated gang, the reduction in correctional costs in one year was several times the cost of the treatment. For the untreated gang, correctional costs rose from before to after.
Comparison of Multiple Regression and Configural Analysis Techniques for Developing Base Expectancy Tables
Authors: Babst Dean V. , Gottfredson Don M. , Ballard Kelley B. 
Published: March 2007

This study compares two statistical techniques-multiple re gression and configural analysis—used in developing parole pre diction tables, according to their ability to (1) differentiate be tween offenders who violate parole and those who do not, (2) predict violators from among a new group of parolees, and (3) assist administrators and researchers. First, experience tables had to be developed and tested for prediction ability. Once their accuracy in predicting had been demonstrated, they could be used as base expectancies because they had the quality of being "expected." As such, they could be used as a yardstick to evaluate correctional programs' ability to reduce these "expected" violation rates. The two methods were applied to the same body of data and the results were compared. The data consist of Wisconsin adult male offenders paroled in 1954-57 and in 1958-59. All were followed up for two years while they were on parole. The first group was used to develop the experience tables; the second group was used to test prediction ability. The tables were compared for accuracy in predicting through use of the Dc index and for accuracy in differentiating by the J index, measures developed by H. Richard John using Daniel Glaser's data gathered for federal parolees.
Crime and the Cost of Crime: An Economic Approach
Authors: Hann Robert G. 
Published: March 2007

In the past few years there has been a considerable shift in the proportion of resources devoted to more operational or manage ment-oriented approaches to criminological research and devel opment. To a large extent this shift, with a few notable exceptions, has been accomplished by the influx of researchers or practitioners from outside the ranks of traditional criminological researchers. Unfortunately, there seems to have been a lack of real under standing of both new and existing methods and approaches and, therefore, a reduction in the degree of acceptance and cooperation between the two groups. By presenting an "economic" approach to a subject of past and present interest and relevance, namely "The Cost of Crime," this paper attempts to begin to alleviate this problem of communi cation as well as to summarize the work done in this area to date. The paper first deals with problem definitions within an economic framework and then proceeds to develop economic guidelines relevant for a policy-maker in the Criminal Justice System. In so doing, it also lays a theoretical structure for evalu ating existing or conducting future research into the cost of crime.
Transformation of the Soviet Economy: Economic Reforms and Structural Crisis
Authors: Glaziev Sergei 
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the current problems of the Soviet economy's reform process. The process of transition to a market economy in the Soviet Union, where an extreme degree of monopoly prevails, has been characterised by declining production and accelerating inflation. The rapid growth of the market sector in the situation of highly distorted and heavily regulated prices, dominance of state enterprises, and unclear property rights, leads to the concentration of entrepreneurial activity mainly in speculative operations involving the redistribution of state property, to the deterioration of the macroeco nomic situation and to the deepening of the structural crisis in the economy. In fact, the growth of the market sector is based mainly on hidden subsidies from the state enterprises.The failure of four years of economic reforms is due to inappropriate economic policy based on mythical ideas about the market economy. Rapid, radical reforms, including large-scale privatisation on the basis of development of financial intermediates, are of crucial importance in overcoming the further deterioration of the economic situation and in preventing the collapse of the Soviet economy.
The Implications of Switching from Unfunded to Funded Pension Systems
Authors: Miles David 
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the implications of switching from unfunded to funded pension systems. It is plausible that inthe long runand onaveragepeople would be better off if pensions were funded. But in the transition from an unfunded to a funded scheme funds need to be accumulated and that requires national saving to be higher. While deficit financing can, under certain circumstances, help spread the burden of the transition across generations the scale of extra debt that might be needed in many European countries is problematic in the context of Monetary Union. Ultimately, it is likely to prove hard to make significant headway towards greater funding of pensions in Europe without some people being worse off. The task is harder the more generous are existing state pensions, the more rapid is the ageing of the population and the more constrained is the government in using deficit financing. Given all this the UK is in a relatively good position (vis a vis rest of Europe) to complete a transition which, arguably, began almost twenty years ago. Things are much tougher on the Continent.But there are more than transitional issues. Unfunded pension schemes can help people insure against shocks that affect particular generations and because such schemes often involve intra-generational redistribution (because linkage between contributions made and pensions subsequently received is often quite low), as well as inter-generational transfers, they can help compensate for missing insurance markets. A key question for those who advocate a complete move to funded schemes is how the redistributive and insurance roles that are played, to varying extents, by state-run, unfunded pension schemes could be achieved by other means.
Large-scale EMU: the May Council decisions and implications for monetary policy
Authors: Arrowsmith John 
Published: March 2007

The decision by the EU Council of Heads of State or of Government at the beginning of May, that eleven Member States would form an Economic and Monetary Union on 1 January 1999, occasioned little surprise: financial markets and economic commentators had become increasingly convinced over the preceding months that EMU would start on time with a membership extending beyond the six ‘core’ countries—France, Germany, the Benelux countries and Austria—to include also Finland, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. What was not widely expected was that the ECOFIN and HoSoG Councils on 1–2 May appear to have spent little time debating the economic case for including each of the eleven countries but to have been preoccupied instead with a heated political row about who should be appointed President of the European Central Bank.This note assesses the possible consequences that this cavalier approach to the vital question of membership of monetary union might have for the conduct of policy in Stage 3 and the future viability of EMU. It examines the economic evidence that had been presented to the Councils to see whether their judgement that the economies of all eleven countries are sufficiently convergent is warranted. It also considers whether the unseemly compromise through which the dispute about the ECB Presidency was resolved will prejudice the political independence of the ECB in its conduct of monetary policy.
Learning Vocabulary Through Underlying Meanings: An Investigation of an Interactive Technique
Authors: Visser Annette 
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of a task-based vocabulary learn ing technique which focuses learners' attention on the underlying meaning of a word. The words selected for the study came from Xue and Nation's University Word List (1984). The subjects were a class of adult second language learners preparing for English-medium uni versity study. In the experimental treatment, learners were exposed to different meanings of a polysemous word and were required to perform a task relating to each meaning. A further task required them to state the underlying meaning of the word. In the comparison treatment, learners were exposed to a single meaning of a word and they per formed three tasks relating to that meaning. The subjects were then tested to see if they could select the correct meaning of further uses of the polysemous word. It was predicted that the experimental exer cises would lead to good quality of discussion of underlying meaning and also to superior test performance by the experimental group. The results showed that the experimental exercises encouraged high quality of discussion. Although the experimental group did not out- perform the comparison group, subjects in the experimental group were significantly more likely to utilise context clues to determine word meaning.
New knowledges about the Family: A review of Family research in Europe and America
Authors: Hill Reuben 
Published: March 2007

Après avoir exposé un type de classement susceptible d'ordonner l'entièreté des travaux en sociologie de la famille, l'auteur fait le point des recherches sur les facteurs en jeu dans les réactions des familles devant les crises, et leurs processus de réajustement. Les facteurs relevés sont: (A) l'événement, (B) la cohésion et la faculté d'adaptation de la famille et (C) la définition subjective de l'événe ment par la famille, par rapport aux définitions objectives ou cultu relles du même fait. Une liste de facteurs favorables à un bon ajustement de la famille, est établie en conséquence. L'auteur précise ensuite les tendances actuelles en sociologie de la famille, les éléments controversés, et formule des vues pour les recherches futures II insiste en particulier sur les avantages qu'il y aurait à retirer d'études plus complémentaires et mieux ajustées de la part des chercheurs vivant de chaque côté de l'Atlantique.