bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oppositional Readings of Network Television News: Viewer Deconstruction
Authors: Hacker Kenneth L. , Coste Tara G. , Kamm Daniel F. , Bybee Carl R. 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an empirical study regarding deconstruction by network television news viewers. We define news deconstruction as the identification and criticism of ideology in news by its viewers. Twelve viewers were given surveys about the news, shown videotapes of NBC news, and asked to fill out cognitive response forms during viewing. We explained our studies of news deconstruction and then interviewed them regarding their impressions of our explanation and their feelings about the ideological aspects of news and how they oppose them. We contentanalyzed the cognitive response and interview data for deconstruction moves using four categories which we call oppositional statement types: 1. Criticism—comments concerning news content. 2. Resistance—disbelief in news content. 3. Challenge—questioning of factual accuracy of news. 4. Deconstruction—exposing ideology that promotes only one view of events and discourages others. Our content analysis indicates that most oppositional moves for the viewers we studied are criticism comments—surface-level criticisms. The least common oppositional moves are challenges. The purpose of the interviews was to have the viewers discuss how they feel about news deconstruction. Our interview observations indicate how viewers attempt to deconstruct the news and where they have trouble doing so. After news deconstruction was explained to them, most of our viewers appeared capable of identifying news bias and ideology. However, they tended to struggle when trying to replace TV news as an information source with one they find more trustworthy. This finding is consistent with our quantitative finding that challenge statements are uncommon.
Regional Development Agencies in Western Europe
Authors: Halkier Henrik , Danson Mike 
Published: March 2007

Regional development agencies (RDAs) have played an important role in the rise of bottom-up regional policy in western Europe, and it is often maintained that the RDA approach offers a significant supplement or alternative to the traditional financial incentives of central government. A 'model RDA' is expected to be a semi-autonomous public body and to develop an integrated strategy that primarily aims at strengthening the indigenous sector of the economy. This article discusses the findings of a survey of selected development bodies in eight western European countries undertaken in order to identify systematic differences between various types of regionally-based development bodies and illuminate possible origins of this pattern. Key characteristics with regard to organization, policy programmes and modes of implementation are examined, and on the basis of this a typology of regionally based development bodies is proposed and possible origins of these patterns considered. The analysis concludes that only half of them comply with the requirements of a model RDA while the other half mainly concentrate on a limited number of often rather traditional policy programmes. Three distinct types of model RDAs can be identified on the basis of policy profiles and organizational resources, and preliminary probing of the possible origins of this diversity suggests the importance of factors such as the surrounding political institutional environment and regional policy paradigm prevailing when the organization was created.
A Note on an Indigenous Approach to Understanding Sorrow
Authors: Verma Jyoti 
Published: March 2007

A study of the religio-philosophical texts reveals that the Indian way of examining a problem is to reach for the very root of the problem by unearthing its cause or causes and identifying the underlying psychological processes. This perspective involves a search for enduring solutions rather than short-term palliations. Understanding the etiology of a problem paves the way for the emergence of the solution which becomes self-evident at that point. The present paper analyses sorrow and attempts to go into its etiology in the light of what has been said on the subject in the Indian religio-philosophical literature. Accordingly, it is suggested that the reasons for sorrow are: (a) the conception of a limited self; (b) the emergence of the quality of restless mobility or rajoguna; (c) dependence on external objects as sources of sukha (pleasure); and (d) the fear of separation from the source of sukha.
International Dimensions of Higher Education in Hong Kong: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Teather David C. , Hsang Herbert H. , Chang Wendy W.Y. 
Published: March 2007

This discussion con s at an important time in Hong Kong's history, a it will end 155 years under British rule and fall under the sovereignty of China on July 1, 1997. The article discusses the growth of Hong Kong into an economy powerhouse and how it has utilized international education to achieve this lofty status. Topics covered include the many challenges faced in the 21st century, from the perspective of the higher education sector itself-its institutions, students, and faculty groups. Hong Kong's expansion program, which was initiated in 1989, has faced several challenges that may very well impact on the success of the program. These concern include maintaining high quality and language standards, efficient use of resources, employment opportunities for graduates, and the need to maintain world-class faculty at the higher education institutions. Finally, there is a discussion of the prospect for internationalization after Hong Kong returned to Chinese sovereignty in 1997.
Qualitative Health Research in Ibero-America: The Current State of the Science
Authors: Gastaldo Denise , Mercado-Martinez Francisco J. , Ramasco-Gutierrez Milagros , Lizardi-Gomez Alejandra , Gil-Nebot María Ángeles 
Published: March 2007

Qualitative health research (QHR) comprises a field that has spread and consolidated in Ibero-America (Iberian and Latin American countries) during the 1990s. Until now, however, no systematic evaluation has been made of the qualitative health research published in the region. The aim of this article is to discuss four aspects of QHR: the capability and limitations of using international databases to identify Ibero-American qualitative health studies; the principle health topics studied in Latin America using QHR methodologies; the development of QHR in Spain; and the theoretical perspectives that guide studies in Latin America. A bibliographic search was conducted to identify QHR studies listed in 17 international and/or regional databases. A parallel search was conducted by contacting research centers, academic institutes, and key researchers in several countries.
Properties of Zeolite- and Cornstarch-Based Electrorheological Fluids at High Shear Strain Rates
Authors: Kollias A. , Dimarogonas A.D. 
Published: March 2007

The mechanical and electrical properties of zeolite- and cornstarch-based ER fluids are explored using a concentric cylinder viscometer. With cylinder radius to gap size ratio on the order of 400, we achieved shear strain rates ranging from 3000 to 20,000 sec-1. Two different volume fractions of zeolite and cornstarch suspensions in silicone oil were tested at a constant temperature of 30°C. The shear stresses and electric resistivity of the fluids were computed from experimental measurements as functions of shear strain rate. Although the cornstarch ER fluids indicated anomalous behavior, the zeolite ER fluids were found to be more stable under high shear strain rates and electric fields and were characterized by a Bingham viscoplastic model-like behavior. Dynamic yield stress was increased in proportion to a power of the electric field. The higher the volume fraction of dispersions, the higher the yield stress. Plastic viscosity, as defined by the Bingham model, remained unchanged with the variation of elec tric field for a fixed volume fraction. This work was motivated by the need for applications to rotor-bearing control, where for usual bearings, the shear rate is much higher than the maxima of most of the published experimental results. Moreover, for high shear rates, the validity of the Bingham model was questioned by many authors without specific experimental justification, which is attempted here for two different kinds of dispersed particles.
Family Reconstruction
Authors: Nerin William F. 
Published: March 2007

This column provides aforum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have invented or adapted and find successful in counseling with couples andfamilies. If it works wellforyou, it may be that others can adapt it to work wellfor them too. Submit manuscripts (4 to 6 double-spaced, typed pages in the format of the technique that follows) to: Robert Sherman, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367-0904. We reserve the right to edit the manuscripts. "Family Reconstruction" is excerpted from Nerin, W. (1993) You can't grow up 'till you go back home: A safe journey to see your parents as humans. New York: Crossroads/Continuum. (1993 William Nerin. Reprinted by permission of the Crossroad Publishing Company.
Toward a Definition of Freedom in Dress
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth D. , Anspach Karlyne A. 
Published: March 2007

Much clothing research examines conformity in dress as if the antithesis, freedom in dress, were possible. While conforming behavior has been documented, no research on social interaction has shown that a continuum occurs from conformity through varying degrees of conformity ‐freedom to complete freedom in dress; before freedom in dress can be measured it must first be defined.When definitions of freedom from various disciplines are applied to dress, it is difficult to derive testable hypotheses from the resulting concepts. All concepts of freedom state that freedom is relative, that it involves some degree of individual control over choice or the decisionmaking process, plus a feeling of self‐satisfaction or reward. It is in the area of satisfaction, involving a nebulous state of mind, that testing becomes truly difficult. For purposes of research, three hypotheses concerning freedom in dress are presented.
Moderator Effects on Attitude Scale Construction1
Authors: Warren Richard D. , Mulford Charles L. , Winkelpleck Judy M. 
Published: March 2007

Data from a study on smoking and health are used to examine three methodological questions: (1) Does the method of scale construction influence the items in the resultant scales? (2) Do alternative subgroup delineations influence the formulation of scales? (3) If different scales are formed, what is the influence on measurement criteria, such as reliability, inter‐item and item‐total correlations, and statistical testing?Attitude scales were formed for subgroups based on smoking behavior, sex, and area of residence. Cluster analysis and theory were used to formulate the scales. The data provide empirical support that: (1) the method used to construct scales and (2) the moderators or subgroups do influence items in the scales, measurement criteria, and statistical testing.
Work Time Estimation for Private Household Workers: Dusting
Authors: Schaurer Dorothy L. , Manning Sarah L. 
Published: March 2007

This research was designed to help establish private household work standards useful to the home maintenance industry, and was part of a larger project concerned with standard izing time estimates and quality of tasks in household employment. Objectives were to derive a work time estimation technique for household dusting and to investigate the effects of selected factors on household dusting time. Eight workers dusted floor and nonfloor items twice in eight theoretical living rooms. Workers spent 67 percent of their time on basic work processes, 21 percent on facilitating processes, and 12 percent on pretasks and posttasks.Analysis of variance, split‐plot in time and space, was used to test hypotheses that there were no time differences for replications, workers, ornate and plain ornamentation, low and high density of floor items, low and high density of nonfloor items, and cleaning processes. Factors found statistically independent and additive were ornamentation, floor item den sity, and nonfloor item density.The derived work time estimation formula for dusting a laboratory living room was: estimated time = C + X1 + X2 + X3; where C = a constant of 34 minutes mean time, X1 = ornamentation factor, X2 = floor item density factor, and X3 = nonfloor item density factor. The derived estimates approximated actual average times for dusting.
Pre‐Engel Studies and the Work of Engel: The Origins of Consumption Research
Authors: Monroe Day 
Published: March 2007

The first systematic collection of family receipts and expenditures was the work of Davies, published in 1795; Eden's three‐volume work on the state of the poor appeared in 1797. More than 50 years later, Belgium was the first country to undertake collection of family accounts. These accounts provided a sound basis for development of techniques for collecting household expenditures data. At about the same time, the family monographs of Le Play were published in France.Ernst Engel saw the need for methods of statistical measurement applicable to social phenomena. Using the Belgian data and Le Play's data, Engel computed averages and derived generalizations concerning food expenditures in relation to family well‐being. Engel's “laws” of consumption have often been misstated by writers in languages other than German.The work of Engel and Le Play and the Belgian study provided a statistical basis for the analysis of family expenditures; by the end of the nineteenth century four different ways of collecting such data were recognized. The early investigators faced basic problems in selecting families, defining income, and classifying expenditures. Engel's contributions to methods of analysis were fundamental.
Concept Versus Expository Method of Teaching Family Relationships
Authors: Hoover Helene , Cauble Ann 
Published: March 2007

Experimental comparison was made of the effect of the concept and expository methods of teaching family relationships on the acquisition, transfer, and retention of knowledge of college students enrolled in a family relationships course. One‐half of the sections of the course were taught during the fall semester and the remaining half were taught the following spring semester. Subjects included sophomores, juniors, and seniors, both male and female.Teaching procedures for both expository and conceptual methods were developed jointly by the investigators. Learning experiences were organized for both teaching methods about four concepts: (1) respect, (2) empathy, (3) communication, and (4) love. A pretest measured the students' entering knowledge of the concepts. Two posttests were used, one to measure concept acquisition and retention, and the other to measure transfer of knowledge. A 2 × 2 × 2 (method × teacher × semester) analysis of covariance procedure with the pretest as a covariate and a comparable analysis of variance procedure were used to analyze the data.Compared with students in the expository classes, students taught by the conceptual method were not significantly different in test scores for concept attainment, transfer, or retention of knowledge.
Baker's Yeast as a Protein Supplement in Corn Meal Muffins1
Authors: Zabik Mary E. , Garrison Trudy 
Published: March 2007

Quality characteristics of corn meal muffins supplemented with 10, 20, and 30 percent baker's yeast protein (BYP), based on the levels of corn meal in the formulation, were compared to those of control muffins. These characteristics included volume; percentage of moisture; tenderness determined with a shear press; and sensory evaluations for surface appearance, interior color, texture, tenderness, moistness, and flavor.The volume index of the muffins was slightly improved with higher levels of BYP supplementation. Shear values were similar for all four muffin variables; however, the percentage of moisture was progressively lower with increasing BYP supplementation. Sensory evaluations indicated that all muffins possessed similar characteristics of texture, tenderness, and moistness. Surface appearance of the muffins improved with 20 percent BYP supplementation, but color and flavor scores decreased. All muffins, however, received scores of 4 or higher on a 7‐point descriptive score card, with 7 the optimum score.Calculated protein and amino acid composition data indicated that protein quantity increased with increasing levels of BYP supplementation. The protein score for lysine increased from 70 for the control muffin to over 100 for the muffin with 30 percent BYP supplementation.
Apartment Environments and Socialization of Young Children
Authors: Thornburg Kathy R. 
Published: March 2007

Interaction between the physical environment, parental attitudes, and socialization settings of young children were investigated. The specific problem related apartment residence on the first versus second floor to spatial location and supervision of children, as well as to maternal attitudes about housing and child rearing. Respondents were 67 mothers who lived in student apartments and who had children aged 30 to 66 months. Each mother kept records of child activity, location, and supervision and also completed a questionnaire that investigated child‐rearing attitudes and satisfaction with housing.Children living in second‐floor apartments were more restricted than those who lived on the first floor, especially during afternoon hours. Although the amount of parental supervision did not vary by floor level, first‐floor children had more contacts with other children and adults. These and other findings suggest that designers and owners of apartments as well as parents living in apartments need to consider possible effects of apartment living on the development of young children.
Complexity of Homemaking Tasks
Authors: Steidl Rose E. 
Published: March 2007

The cognitive demands of homemaking tasks were studied by asking young wives to name tasks high and low in certain cognitive requirements and to provide explanatory information, ratings, and rankings. Their explanations of the cognitive factors (attention, judgment, planning) concerned most often the content of the work and less often the environmental context and more general cognitive and affective factors. For the high cognitive tasks, the homemakers often noted quality and quantity considerations, timing, and procedural activities. For the low cognitive tasks, the homemakers indicated less demanding aspects of timing, effort, and procedural matters.Through their ratings and rankings of the tasks, the wives consistently indicated that high cognitive tasks were complicated and low cognitive tasks uncomplicated. Their responses to direct questions asking what made homemaking tasks complicated or uncomplicated supported the working definition that the cognitive factors were dimensions of complexity.Results can be used in planning educational programs to help young consumers choose and control their personal effort levels in managing homemaking tasks and to assist manufacturers, product designers, architects, and builders in providing more humane options for consumers.
Consumer Types Based on Evaluative Cri teria Underlying Clothing Decisions1
Authors: Jenkins Martha C. , Dickey Lois E. 
Published: March 2007

The focus of the study was on evaluative criteria underlying clothing decisions of lower and middle socioeconomic level consumers. The objectives were to (1) classify consumers into segments based on evaluative criteria used in making clothing choices and (2) de scribe the resulting segments in terms of product‐ and person‐related life‐style variables. Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by 224 consumers who were mothers of children enrolled in private, government, and church‐supported preschool facilities during the spring, 1973, in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Data were analyzed using factor analysis, multiple discriminant analysis, and multiple classification analysis.Segmentation was effected on the basis of two dimensions underlying evaluative criteria—appearance and practicality‐derived by factor analysis. Resulting segments were labeled as Fashion Advocates, Quality Seekers, Frugal Aesthetes, and Concerned Pragmat ics. Descriptive profiles of the four segments were developed using factor scores for six eval uative criteria, five general‐value, four information‐related, five activity‐interest, and two personality factors plus selected demographic variables.
Western Dress Styles Adopted by Korean Women
Authors: Anspach Karlyne A. , Kwon Yoon Hee 
Published: March 2007

The association between various forms of a product—13 styles of western dress for women introduced into Seoul, Korea, before 1972—and the quantity adopted by 495 Korean women, grouped by age, education, and occupation, was delineated in this study. Three garments—the blouse, overcoat, and separate gathered skirt—were owned by over 80 percent of all women.Of the Korean women over 60 years of age, born in the Yi era prior to 1910, over half owned three western styles: the gathered skirt, separate blouse, and overcoat; of women 30 to 60 years of age, born during the Japanese Colonialism period (1910 to 1945), over half in addition owned the one‐piece beltless dress and the spring coat; of women 18 to 30 years of age, educated in western‐type democracy, over half owned 10 styles of dress.Age and education were significantly associated with the quantity and variety of 12 western styles owned, while occupation was significantly associated with only three styles—suits, pants or shorts, and tight skirts.Quantity plus variety of western styles owned by Korean women can be called “levels of adoption” and may be used to identify three levels of acculturation with western ideas.
Sex Knowledge, Birth Control, and Marital Attitudes of a Rural Population
Authors: Lind Robert W. 
Published: March 2007

Most human research in rural areas has been problem‐oriented, focused on poverty, health, lack of education, and inadequate housing. This study deals with a random sample of rural Montanans who fit a pattern of relative affluence and education.Sex knowledge of rural Montanans, their attitudes toward birth control, their marriage role expectations, and marital communication were investigated. Respondents were 134 males and 198 females aged 18 or older who lived in 12 randomly selected counties, repres enting all six geographic regions of the state. The survey instrument included data related to personal background, birth control attitudes, sex knowledge, marriage role expecta tions, and marital communication.As age decreased, attitudes toward birth control were more favorable and sex knowledge was more extensive. Favorable attitudes toward birth control were also associated with more years of education, smaller family size, and better marital communication. Mean scores for the sample revealed generally favorable attitudes toward birth control, rather strong equalitarian views of marriage roles, and a relatively high level of marital communi cation. A majority responded correctly to more than half of the items on thesex knowledge inventory, indicating a fair, but by no means extensive, grasp of information relating to human reproduction.