bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
John Milton, Roger Williams, and Limits of Toleration
Authors: Corns Thomas N. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with an account of the apparent contradictions between the high principles asserted in Areopagitica and the more circumscribed practical proposals it contains. It considers a range of critical responses to the difficulties these pose. It contrasts Milton's version of tolerationism with the more expansive and unconstrained model propounded by Roger Williams. It relates Williams's views to his experience of the repressiveness of the New England version of non-separating congregationalism, and suggests that Milton's apparent difficulties reflect his own uncertainties about the immediately current controversies within English Puritanism, which would only be resolved as he became more certain about the intractable hostility of presbyterian orthodoxy to heterodox thinkers like himself.
Intolerance and the Virtues of Sacred Vehemence
Authors: Stevens Paul 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Milton's violent rhetoric or what he routinely calls his ‘sacred vehemence’. It seeks to resolve the discontinuity between his very real commitment to liberty of conscience; the freedom to be ‘searching, trying, examining all things’; and the intolerance and violence of his reaction against those who would deny him that freedom. It argues that only by a return to more carefully considered formalist modes of analysis can we begin to understand the historical specificity of Milton's sacred vehemence. It suggests that his rhetoric of violence is subject to both considerable synchronic and diachronic variation, that while it comprehends a confusing range of different registers and functions, every bit as expressive as pragmatic, personal as political, it evolves over time in terms of sophistication. With experience and in response to various political pressures, not to mention his own ambitions, Milton becomes more selective and reflective in the application of this kind of rhetoric.
Modular production' impact on Japan's electronics industry1
Authors: Sturgeon Timothy J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines modular production/manufacturing (as well as emulation), which pose a direct challenge to a host of the most cherished strategies of Japanese electronics firms, including employment protection. Contradictory pressures to respond to the modularization challenge on the one hand, and maintain cherished strategies on the other, lead to electronics firms shedding and protecting jobs at the same time, moving out of old business lines and adding new ones, opening sourcing networks and investing in new in-house component plants, expanding some facilities and shrinking or closing others. Overall, adoption of aspects of modular production in low-end manufacturing can be seen, this is much less so for advanced products and technologies. The result is the creation of a ‘mixed model’.
Strain partitioning due to salt: insights from interpretation of a 3D seismic data set in the NW German Basin
Authors: Lohr T. , Krawczyk C. M. , Tanner D. C. , Samiee R. , Endres H. , Oncken O. , Trappe H. , Kukla P. A. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTWe present results from interpretation of a 3D seismic data set, located within the NW German sedimentary basin, as part of the Southern Permian Basin. We focused on the development of faults, the timing of deformation, the amount of displacement during multiphase deformation, strain partitioning, and the interaction between salt movements and faulting. We recognised the central fault zone of the study area to be the Aller‐lineament, an important NW‐trending fault zone within the superimposed Central European Basin System. From structural and sedimentological interpretations we derived the following evolution: (1) E–W extension during Permian rifting, (2) N–S extension within cover sediments, and E–W transtension affecting both basement and cover, contemporaneously during Late Triassic and Jurassic, (3) regional subsidence of the Lower Saxony Basin during Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous, (4) N–S compression within cover sediments, and E–W transpression affecting both basement and cover, contemporaneously during Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary inversion and (5) major subsidence and salt diapir rise during the Cenozoic. We suggest that the heterogeneity in distribution and timing of deformation in the working area was controlled by pre‐existing faults and variations in salt thickness, which led to stress perturbations and therefore local strain partitioning. We observed coupling and decoupling between pre‐ and post‐Zechstein salt units: in decoupled areas deformation occurred only within post‐salt units, whereas in coupled areas deformation occurred in both post‐ and pre‐salt units, and is characterised by strike‐slip faulting.
Respiratory Disease Markers in Porcine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
Authors: Hennig‐Pauka I. , Bremerich S. , Nienhoff H. , Schröder C. , Verspohl J. , Strutzberg‐Minder K. , Ganter M. , Waldmann K.‐H. , Blecha F. , Beyerbach M. , Gerlach G.‐F. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pigs originating from different herds bacteria, cells and the antibacterial peptide PR‐39 were examined to gain information about the lung health status. In a high health nucleus herd 56% and in low health herds 20–100% of the examined pigs were found positive for potentially pathogenic bacteria. Based on these findings, a novel definition for bacterial respiratory tract disease was established using an 8% cut‐off for the relative number of neutrophils in bronchoscopic and a 40% cut‐off in transtracheal BALF in combination with the occurrence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The antibacterial peptide PR‐39 was highly correlated to this definition of respiratory disease. An assessment of the bacteriological respiratory health status appears to be possibly based on the determination of PR‐39 concentrations in BALF using different cut‐off values according to the lavage method (2.5 nM for bronchoscopic and 5 nM for transtracheal BALF).
d‐Amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in human brain: normal distribution and altered expression in schizophrenia
Authors: Verrall Louise , Walker Mary , Rawlings Nancy , Benzel Isabel , Kew James N. C. , Harrison Paul J. , Burnet Philip W. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor co‐agonist d‐serine is synthesized by serine racemase and degraded by d‐amino acid oxidase. Both d‐serine and its metabolizing enzymes are implicated in N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor hypofunction thought to occur in schizophrenia. We studied d‐amino acid oxidase and serine racemase immunohistochemically in several brain regions and compared their immunoreactivity and their mRNA levels in the cerebellum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. d‐Amino acid oxidase immunoreactivity was abundant in glia, especially Bergmann glia, of the cerebellum, whereas in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and substantia nigra, it was predominantly neuronal. Serine racemase was principally glial in all regions examined and demonstrated prominent white matter staining. In schizophrenia, d‐amino acid oxidase mRNA was increased in the cerebellum, and as a trend for protein. Serine racemase was increased in schizophrenia in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex but not in cerebellum, while serine racemase mRNA was unchanged in both regions. Administration of haloperidol to rats did not significantly affect serine racemase or d‐amino acid oxidase levels. These findings establish the major cell types wherein serine racemase and d‐amino acid oxidase are expressed in human brain and provide some support for aberrant d‐serine metabolism in schizophrenia. However, they raise further questions as to the roles of d‐amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in both physiological and pathophysiological processes in the brain.
Late emergence of synchronized oscillatory activity in the pallidum during progressive parkinsonism
Authors: Leblois Arthur , Meissner Wassilios , Bioulac Bernard , Gross Christian E. , Hansel David , Boraud Thomas 
Published: September 2007

AbstractParkinson's disease is known to result from basal ganglia dysfunction. Electrophysiological recordings in parkinsonian patients and animals have shown the emergence of abnormal synchronous oscillatory activity in the cortico‐basal ganglia network in the pathological condition. In addition, previous studies pointed out an altered response pattern during movement execution in the pallidum of parkinsonian animals. To investigate the dynamics of these changes during disease progression and to relate them to the onset of the motor symptoms, we recorded spontaneous and movement‐related neuronal activity in the internal pallidum of nonhuman primates during a progressive dopamine depletion process. Parkinsonian motor symptoms appeared progressively during the intoxication protocol, at the end of which both animals displayed severe akinesia, rigidity and postural abnormalities. Spontaneous firing rates did not vary significantly after intoxication. During the early phase of the protocol, voluntary movements were significantly slowed down and delayed. At the same time, the neuronal response to movement execution was modified and inhibitory responses disappeared. In contrast, the unitary and collective dynamic properties of spontaneous neuronal activity, as revealed by spectral and correlation analysis, remained unchanged during this period. Spontaneous correlated activity increased later, after animals became severely bradykinetic, whereas synchronous oscillatory activity appeared only after major motor symptoms developed. Thus, a causality between the emergence of synchronous oscillations in the pallidum and main parkinsonian motor symptoms seems unlikely. The pathological disruption of movement‐related activity in the basal ganglia appears to be a better correlate at least to bradykinesia and stands as the best candidate to account for this motor symptom.
Muscarinic blockade weakens interaction of gamma with theta rhythms in mouse hippocampus
Authors: Hentschke Harald , Perkins Mark G. , Pearce Robert A. , Banks Matthew I. 
Published: September 2007

Abstractθ (4–12 Hz) and γ (40–90) oscillations are prominent rhythms in the mammalian brain. A striking feature of these rhythms, possibly vital to memory encoding, is their specific coordination in a manner that has been termed ‘nesting’, i.e. the preferred occurrence of bouts of γ activity during specific phases of θ. Both rhythms are shaped by the neuromodulator acetylcholine, but it is unknown to what degree their coordination is influenced by cholinergic neuromodulation. Here, we investigated the effects of a blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by atropine on θ and γ oscillations, and their interaction, in mouse hippocampus in vivo. Multi‐site recordings from area CA1 of freely moving mice showed that under control conditions γ activity was amplitude‐modulated at θ frequencies. This coordination of θ and γ oscillations, as assessed by cross‐correlation of θ with the γ envelope, was prominent in basal and apical dendritic laminae but not in intermediate laminae. It was stronger during active exploration than during awake immobility. Atropine (50 mg/kg intraperitoneal) altered several aspects of the individual and nested rhythms. It rendered θ activity irregular, decreased θ oscillation frequency and reduced γ power. Atropine also reduced the amplitude‐modulation of γ oscillations at θ frequencies, in part by perturbing the coordination of the rhythms on a short time scale. Thus, our findings demonstrate that phase locking of the amplitude of γ oscillations to θ in hippocampal area CA1 is partially governed by neuronal elements harbouring muscarinic receptors.
Mistaken identity of skin cleansing solution leading to extensive chemical burns in an extremely preterm infant
Authors: Mannan K , Chow P , Lissauer T , Godambe S 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChemical burns in extremely preterm infants have major implications in terms of morbidity and risk management. We report a case of extensive chemical burn in an extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant caused by clear, colourless solution of 0.5% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol mistaken for normal saline for skin cleansing during umbilical catheter insertion. This case reflects the on going problem faced by many neonatal intensive care units of similar coloured solutions with similar packages, but with varying degrees of toxic effects.Conclusion: The case highlights the importance of having a clear policy for skin cleansing in every neonatal unit and measures to avoid errors by vigilant checking of all medications including topical solutions.
National registry diagnoses agree with medical records on hospitalized asthmatic children
Authors: Moth Grete , Vedsted Peter , Schiøtz PO 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAim: The present study was performed to explore the validity of discharge diagnoses on asthma in the Danish National Patient Registry compared with medical records.Methods: A review of medical records on all acute hospital admissions of 6–14‐year‐old children in 10 Danish hospitals between July and December 2002 was conducted. The personal registration number and dates on admissions due to asthma were sent to the Danish National Patient Registry for information on discharge diagnoses, and admission and discharge dates. Agreement between medical records and the Danish National Patient Registry was sought by sensitivity, specificity, and the positive and negative predictive value.Results: Medical records of 3550 children aged 6–14 years were reviewed. A total of 300 admissions were due to asthma, 271 of which were also registered with an asthma diagnosis unit in the Danish National Patient Registry. Collection of data in the Danish National Patient Registry showed a surplus of 49 admissions due to asthma compared to hospital record data. The sensitivity of an asthma diagnosis in the registry then was 0.90, specificity 0.99, positive predictive value 0.85 and negative predictive value 0.99.Conclusions: Data on paediatric asthma diagnoses in the Danish National Patient Registry are valid and may serve as useful tools in research.
Conflicting Requirements of
Plasmodium falciparum
Dihydrofolate Reductase Mutations Conferring Resistance to Pyrimethamine-WR99210 Combination
Authors: Japrung Deanpen , Leartsakulpanich Ubolsree , Chusacultanachai Sudsanguan , Yuthavong Yongyuth 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Plasmodium falciparum
strains bearing quadruple mutations of dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (PfDHFR-TS) at codons 51, 59, 108, and 164 are highly resistant to pyrimethamine (PYR), a diaminopyrimidine, but sensitive to WR99210 (WR), a cycloguanil analog, suggesting different enzyme-inhibitor binding interactions. A combination of these inhibitors to delay the onset of antifolate resistance is proposed. Using error-prone PCR, libraries of random mutants of wild-type PfDHFR and PfDHFR-TS were generated and used to transform
Escherichia coli
, and transformants were then selected for PYR or WR resistance. Mutants highly resistant to either PYR or WR were also generated from libraries obtained from further random mutagenesis of quadruple mutants (QM) with mutations in PfDHFR or PfDHFR-TS. For reversion mutants carrying altered residues I51N, N108S, and L164I, a further mutation of D54N was required to achieve resistance against WR, but these mutants regained sensitivity to PYR. When a combination of PYR and WR was used, fewer resistant mutants were generated from both mutant libraries using the QM gene templates. The effectiveness of the drug combination in reducing the appearance of resistance mutations is likely due to conflicting requirements for mutations conferring resistance to the two drugs. Thus, a combination of inhibitors from these two drug classes should be effective in impeding the emergence of
P. falciparum
resistance to antifolates.
Capability of 11 Antipneumococcal Antibiotics To Select for Resistance by Multistep and Single-Step Methodologies
Authors: Clark Catherine L. , Kosowska-Shick Klaudia , Ednie Lois M. , Appelbaum Peter C. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Testing of 12 pneumococcal strains with differing resistotypes [including
tet
(M) positive] showed that tigecycline, amoxicillin-clavulanate, imipenem, and ceftriaxone did not select for resistant clones after 50 sequential subcultures. By comparison, azithromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, telithromycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gemifloxacin did show resistant clones. Tigecycline also yielded a low frequency of resistance in single-step tests compared to all β-lactams, macrolides/ketolides, and quinolones tested.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Regulates CXC Chemokine Production and Neutrophil Recruitment to the Cornea inOnchocerca volvulus/Wolbachia-Induced Keratitis
Authors: Gillette-Ferguson Illona , Daehnel Katrin , Hise Amy G. , Sun Yan , Carlson Eric , Diaconu Eugenia , McGarry Helen F. , Taylor Mark J. , Pearlman Eric 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe filarial nematodeOnchocerca volvulusis the causative organism of river blindness. Our previous studies demonstrated an essential role for endosymbioticWolbachiabacteria in corneal disease, which is characterized by neutrophil infiltration into the corneal stroma and the development of corneal haze. To determine the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in neutrophil recruitment and activation, we injected a soluble extract ofO. volvuluscontainingWolbachiabacteria into the corneal stromata of C57BL/6, TLR2−/−, TLR4−/−, TLR2/4−/−, and TLR9−/−mice. We found an essential role for TLR2, but not TLR4 or TLR9, in neutrophil recruitment to the cornea and development of corneal haze. Furthermore, chimeric mouse bone marrow studies showed that resident bone marrow-derived cells in the cornea can initiate this response. TLR2 expression was also essential for CXC chemokine production by resident cells in the cornea, including corneal fibroblasts, and for neutrophil activation. Taken together, these findings indicate thatWolbachiaactivates TLR2 on resident bone marrow-derived cells in the corneal stroma to produce CXC chemokines, leading to neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma, and that TLR2 mediatesO. volvulus/Wolbachia-induced neutrophil activation and development of corneal haze.
Segmented Routing for Speed‐Performance and Routability in Field‐Programmable Gate Arrays
Authors: Brown Stephen , Khellah Muhammad , Lemieux Guy 
Published: September 2007

This paper addresses several issues involved for routing in Field‐Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) that have both horizontal and vertical routing channels, with wire segments of various lengths. Routing is studied by using CAD routing tools to map a set of benchmark circuits into FPGAs, and measuring the effects that various parameters of the CAD tools have on the implementation of the circuits. A two‐stage routing strategy of global followed by detailed routing is used, and the effects of both of these CAD stages are discussed, with emphasis on detailed routing. We present a new detailed routing algorithm designed specifically for the types of routing structures found in the most recent generation of FPGAs, and show that the new algorithm achieves significantly better results than previously published FPGA routers with respect to the speed‐performance of implemented circuits.The experiments presented in this paper address both of the key metrics for FPGA routing tools, namely the effective utilization of available interconnect resources in an FPGA, and the speed‐performance of implemented circuits. The major contributions of this research include the following: 1) we illustrate the effect of a global router on both area‐utilization and speed‐performance of implemented circuits, 2) experiments quantify the impact of the
detailed router cost functions on area‐utilization and speed‐performance, 3) we show the effect on circuit implementation of dividing multi‐point nets in a circuit being routed into point‐to‐point connections, and 4) the paper illustrates that CAD routing tools should account for both routability and speed‐performance at the same time, not just focus on one goal.
Placement with Incomplete Data
Authors: Wang Maogang , Banerjee Prithviraj , Sarrafzadeh Majid 
Published: September 2007

Traditional placement problems are studied under a fully specified cell library and a
complete netlist. However, in the first, e.g., 2 years of a 2 – 3 year microprocessor design
cycle, the detailed netlist is unavailable. For area and performance estimation, layout
must nevertheless be done with incomplete information. Another source of incompleteness
comes from logic synthesis changes; some instances and their parameters will change
as the project evolves. In the re‐configurable computing area, sometimes we need to
perform quick placement before all information is available. The problem of placement
with incomplete data (PID) can be abstracted as having to place a circuit when pc% of the cells and pn% of the nets are missing. The key challenge in PID is how to add missing
cells and nets.In this paper, two “patching‐methods” for adding missing nets and cells are proposed.
The methods are called abstraction and fusion.Experimental results are very interesting. First, they show that PID is a difficult problem
and an arbitrary (and perhaps intuitively sound) method may not produce highquality
results. Experiments verify that the abstraction method is a very good predictor
and that fusion is not. Specifically, when a circuit has 10% incompleteness, abstraction
can predict the final total wirelength with an error of 5.8% while fusion has a 67.8% error
in predicting the wirelength in the same circuit.
Graphical Design Techniques for Fixed‐point Multiplication
Authors: Dempster A. G. 
Published: September 2007

This is a tutorial paper that examines the problem of performing fixed‐point constant
integer multiplications using as few adders as possible. The driving application is the
design of digital filters, where it is often required that several products of a single
multiplicand are produced. Thus two specific problems are examined in detail, i.e.,
the one‐input/one‐output case and the one‐input/several‐output case. The latter is of
interest because it can take advantage of redundancy in the different coefficient multipliers.
Graphical methods can be used to design multipliers in both cases.For the one‐input/one‐output case, both optimal and sub‐optimal algorithms
introduced by the author are shown to be the best methods for the design of these
multipliers. The key to the new methods′ success is the use of different graph topologies
to those available under standard methods. The optimal method uses an exhaustive
search and is limited to short wordlengths, so the suboptimal methods must be used for
long wordlengths. The design is shown to be analogous to the design of algorithms for
exponentiation, which is becoming increasingly important in cryptography.For the one‐input/several‐output (“multiplier block”) case, again new algorithms
designed by the author are shown to be the best. When used for designing digital filters,
the multiplier block method is more efficient (uses fewer adders) than any other method
that has been examined. It is so successful at reducing the number of adders used for
multiplication that the non‐multiplier elements begin to dominate the overall filter cost.
It also allows previously unpopular filter structures to compete with structures like the
lattice wave structure, despite having more coefficients of longer wordlength. The use of
multiplier blocks in filter banks is also described.A third case is examined briefly, that of matrix multiplication (several‐input/several‐output),
which is an area of further research.