bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divine Qualities
Authors: Clark Anna J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Qualities receiving public cult in Rome have too often been understood simply as incarnating ‘Roman virtues’. This book presents a critical new account of divine qualities (often misleadingly called personifications, abstracts, or virtues) in the Republic, as a lens through which to explore how Romans thought about themselves. It contends that the existence of cults to clementia, concordia, felicitas, fides, honos, libertas, mens, ops, pietas, pudicttia, salus, spes, virtus, or victoria does not illustrate the ‘Roman‐ness’ of these qualities in any simple way. Cult rather gave these qualities a particular tone or resonance. The resources generated through cult served as springboards for claims, counter‐claims, appropriations, and explorations, and it was these interactions that made divine qualities ‘Roman’. Mediated through oral, visual, and written symbols and attributes, divine qualities are found in contexts ranging from consular speeches to graffiti, festivals to passwords, plays to prodigies, coins to horti, temples to tombs, aristocratic competition to plebeian struggles for recognition, board‐games to brothels, and from Rome itself to its colonies and battlefields. The resonant language of divine qualities was far from confined to élites: its lexicon was used by, familiar to, and could make meaning for a very wide social spectrum, from emperors to slaves. Exploring this range of engagements with divine qualities, and examining ways of using them to order and challenge perceptions of the world, this book presents as full a picture as is now possible of this aspect of ‘Roman‐ness’, created as it was lived.
Guilt by Descent
Authors: Sewell-Rutter N. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Blighted and accursed families are an inescapable feature of Greek tragedy, and many scholars have treated the questions of inherited guilt, curses, and divine causation. This book gives these familiar issues a fresh appraisal, arguing that tragedy is a medium that fuses the conceptual with the provoking and exciting of emotion, neither of which can be ignored if the texts are to be fully understood. It pays particular attention to Aeschylus' Seven against Thebes and the Phoenician Women of Euripides, both of which dramatize the sorrows of the later generations of the House of Oedipus, but in very different, and perhaps complementary, ways. All Greek quotations are translated.
Ex PONTO: The Athenian Grain Supply and Black Sea Archaeology
Authors: Moreno Alfonso 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of the Black Sea as a source of grain for the Aegean Greek world, and particularly for Athens, in the fifth and fourth centuries. It is argued that the beginning of Athens' reliance on the Black Sea as more than a lucrative and strategic asset, and ultimately as the systematic source of most of its imported grain, first began near the end of the Peloponnesian War, with the collapse of Athens' Aegean empire. For most of the fourth century Athens and the Bosporan (Spartocid) Kingdom were bound in a tight social and economic relationship largely designed and determined by the mutual interests of their elites. Archaeological evidence and the iconography of Graeco‐Scythian art illustrate this interdependence. The “school” of the Athenian rhetorician Isocrates is argued to have been the crucial network along which this elite relationship functioned culturally and politically.
5 Ecclesiastical Hierarchies
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Sophie 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores Ambrosiaster's attitudes toward ecclesiastical hierarchies. His work does not accurately describe all the nuances of over three centuries of change and development in church hierarchy. The likelihood that he himself was a presbyter gives an added piquancy to his promotion of presbyters as co-bishops. But he did have a fairly acute sense of the difference between ministry in the contemporary and in the earlier church. It is particularly striking, then, that he was able to present the process of change as culminating in the most desirable situation, and so to defend spiritedly the monarchical episcopacy which he knew. His awareness that the current church hierarchy was not ‘authentic’ was happily reconciled with the patterns of the Old and New Testaments.
7 Diabolical Tyranny
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Sophie 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores Ambrosiaster's presentation of the Devil as the tyrannical opponent of God, and a spiritual political model for earthly tyrants and usurpers. He was not the first Christian to pair the diabolical and the political. Christian writers before Ambrosiaster had characterized persecuting emperors as tyrants and close to the Devil, and the Devil himself as a cruel, tyrannical ruler. However, where earlier writers had tended to focus on the brutal aspects of the Devil's tyranny, that is, on his cruel persecution of Christians, Ambrosiaster insisted that the Devil was a contumacious rebel who attempted a usurpation of God's kingship and successfully won mastery over sinful man. It is argued that historical circumstances may have influenced this shift; Ambrosiaster's Latin predecessors had lived under the threat of persecution and suffering (Lactantius under the pagan Diocletian, Hilary and Lucifer under the Arian Constantius), whereas Ambrosiaster's immediate historical context was that of a plethora of western usurpers.
Conclusion
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Sophie 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the significance of the writings of Ambrosiaster. His writings present a rich repository of the theological, political, ecclesiastical, and social thought of a late Roman Christian. They provide a window into the preoccupations and intellectual horizons of a writer who influenced writers in his own time and throughout the Middle Ages. It is important to recognize and preserve the very intertwining of the political and theological when reading Ambrosiaster. His own analysis of the political was inspired by scripture, expressed in biblicizing language, and supported by lengthy quotations from the Bible.
Beautiful and Sexy
Authors: Brown David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the two aspects of body that are often said to be the furthest removed from Christianity's own emphases: the body as beautiful and as sexual. It highlights key moments of engagement from the earlier history of the Christian tradition. The ancient Greek understanding of beautiful bodies as graced by the divine was renewed at the Renaissance, just as the potentiality of sexuality as a religious metaphor was rediscovered in Baroque art. The chapter suggests that there is a desperate need for sexuality to be freed from the rather narrow range of associations it has come to acquire in the modern world.
The Dancer's Leap
Authors: Brown David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses how dance was once so central to worship. It argues that the complexity of movement that the dancer seeks to achieve, not least in lifts and leaps from the ground, hints at a world entered that is otherwise than our present flawed reality, and is thus symbolic of the possibility of a quite different form of joyful and ordered existence. The discussion proceeds in two stages. The first half of the chapter offers a largely historical examination of dance as it has functioned in various religiously sanctioned roles. The second part explores how, despite its avowedly ‘secular’ context, the religious dimension does often still emerge in ballet and modern dance, though almost invariably without any hint of worship.
The Liturgical Imperative
Authors: Brown David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents the author's concluding comments. It explains why the book has sought to place the eucharistic body in the much wider context of how the body in general might mediate the divine. It is argued that it is not just the symbolism associated with bread and wine that affects the sort of experience we have at the altar rail and in the service as a whole, but also the additional assumptions we bring along in respect of our own understanding of body and of Christ's body in particular.
7 Principles of Strategy
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses Clausewitz's principles of strategy. Among these are: defence as the stronger form of war, numerical superiority, surprise, concentration, and the culminating point of victory. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that Clausewitz eschewed principles, they were actually germane to his attempt to build a coherent theory of war.
2 Clausewitz and the Non‐Linear Nature of Warfare: Systems of Organized Complexity
Authors: Beyerchen Alan 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Clausewitz availed himself of the physics and mathematics terminology of his time, some of which addressed problems of simplicity with Newtonian concepts, while some treated problems of disorganized complexity with new tools of probability calculation. These idealizations did not capture what Clausewitz saw as the essential features of war and a theory of war, so he also incorporated terms and ideas from the emerging fields of chemistry and biology. Today, we would say he was grappling with problems of organized complexity.
8 Clausewitz's Ideas of Strategy and Victory
Authors: Heuser Beatrice 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Clausewitz's definition of strategy, as given in On War, is very unsatisfactory. Taking his own ideas about the relationship between political aims and military means further, one is led to define strategy in relation to the degree of success in the achievement of the war aims, which must include a lasting, stable peace, the conditions of which are bearable or even satisfactory for all sides. This requires a change in the enemy's mind about the situation, and not just a breaking of his will. The enemy must be convinced that he has a stake in the peace, not just be temporarily disabled. Only then is military victory the true end of war and the foundation of peace, not a prelude to the next war.
11 Clausewitz and the Nature of the War on Terror
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Having explored Clausewitz's concept of the nature of war so far in this book, this chapter applies it to the contemporary war on terror. The wondrous trinity — the core of the Clausewitzian nature of war — provides a useful framework for understanding the nature of the war on terror.
3 Wealth
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses wealth and property rights in American society. It argues that material wealth has not only been integrally linked to the founding ideals and narrative themes of the country, but has also been central to the principles, methods, and objectives of government. The right to acquire and to own property has been privileged in America as a fundamental feature of citizenship and this has led to profound consequences for the nature of civil society and the remit of public policy. The theme of wealth being appropriated and protected by the natural rights attributed to individuals has served to shape conceptions of personal liberty and also to define the values, identity, and internal dynamics of an expansionist social order. Wealth and the organization of social life through property draw upon, and are informed by, many other American values. By the same token, the principle of property rights contributes to, and cultivates those values. It can even be plausibly asserted that the rights of property acquisition and security have a dominant position over other sources of principle and legitimacy.
5 The Rule of Law
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the American reverence for the rule of law and due process, which is exemplified by the political status afforded to the Constitution. The brevity and ambiguity of the Constitution gives it an extraordinary capacity to absorb different positions and principles within a single unified dimension of presumptive constitutionality. It is this lack of definition that provides it with so many contending definitions. Constitutional disputes provide the occasions when different components of the American creed or different constructions of the creed come into direct and explicit conflict. In arbitrating between these conflicting perspectives, the Supreme Court has to use the Constitution to weigh not merely the merits of the constitutional argument, but also the contemporary meaning and importance given to the variety of American values accommodated within the Constitution. In this respect, Supreme Court judgments are often in essence declarations of public philosophy in constitutional dress. They are declarations in which the inherent strains between American values are not so much resolved as reformulated either to reflect current conceptions of, and allegiances to, different aspects of America's liberal democracy, or else to achieve a different balance between the constituent themes of the regime.
8 Progress
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of progress in American society. Change is conceived as being largely synonymous with vitality, purpose, and direction, and is viewed as an integral and imperative feature of an open society. Political, economic, and social forms of progress are generally thought to occur in tandem and, especially so, in a social order like that of the United States which is traditionally geared to the emancipation of human potential for individual action and collective enterprise.
Governing the globe
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter starts by briefly introducing debates concerning the global challenges we face in the 21st century, particularly the political challenge. It describes the primary focus of the book, which is the extent to which the inherited anarchical society of sovereign states can provide a practically viable and normatively acceptable framework for global political order in an era of globalization. In contrast to the technocratic and interest-driven literature on global governance and institutionalism, the book emphasizes and illustrates the threefold nature of the challenge facing international society: the need to capture shared and common interests, to manage unequal power, and to mediate cultural diversity and value conflict. It is argued that the difficulty of finding a legitimate form of global politics capable of meeting these three challenges together makes the problem of order a quintessentially political problem. An overview of the succeeding chapters is provided, and the central arguments and theoretical underpinnings of the analysis are discussed.
State solidarism and global liberalism
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter addresses three questions: what are the main features of the liberal solidarist conception of international society? What are the major forces and factors that not only explain the emergence of solidarist forms of international society but also demand that international society move further in this direction? In what ways has liberal solidarism complicated the search for legitimacy? It builds on earlier usages of the term solidarism, taking it as a composite label for a qualitatively different kind of international society, in which four dimensions are especially important: the move to institutions and expansion of global rule-making; changes in the making, development, and justification of international law; the increasing emphasis placed on the enforcement of international norms and rules; and a changed understanding of the state and of state sovereignty. It is shown that all political orders struggle with the trade-offs amongst the different dimensions of legitimacy. They dominate politics even within the most well-established example of governance beyond the state, namely in Europe.
Complex governance beyond the state
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins by looking at the deepening of inter-state governance and suggests that whilst the outward form of much institutionalization continues to have an inter-state character, the inner reality is changing in important ways. It then considers the many arguments that have been made about the increased role within global governance of civil society and transnational civil society. The chapter then turns to markets and asks what is involved in the idea of economic governance and how this contributes to the debate about global order. The concluding section raises four (open) questions about law, power, the state, and legitimacy.
7 War, violence, and collective security
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe idea of collective security and the drive to increase the collective element in the management of violence and insecurity have long been fundamental elements of the liberal solidarist conception of international society. This chapter examines the role of collective security in contemporary international society and the recurring dilemmas to which it gives rise. It highlights and explains the vast gulf that continues to exist between the normative ambitions of international society in the field of security and the power-political structures on which effective responses have depended; and between the increased demands for security from a growing range of subjects against a growing range of threats and the very modest degree of protection that is all too often available.
8 Economic globalization in an unequal world
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractGlobalization has become a central part of the rhetoric of contemporary world politics and the subject of increasing volumes of academic analysis. It is the most common term to capture the sense of radical and increasing change in the character of global politics. It resists any single or simple definition, but the many strands within the globalization debate are fundamental to the analysis of the changing character of international society and the emergence of new ideas about global governance. This chapter addresses four questions: what is globalization? What has been the impact of globalization on the state? What is the relationship between globalization and inequality and in what ways has this influenced the question of legitimacy? How far has globalization reinforced the element of consensus in international society and, in particular, consensus behind a liberal solidarist conception of international society?
1 Preemption and Prevention in Historical Perspective
Authors: Strachan Hew 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents a historical perspective of pre-emption and prevention. Topics discussed include the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Prussia's initiation of the Seven Years War in 1756, and the Cold War. The United States had used preventive war regularly since 1945 to forestall revolutionary change. However, this existing predisposition in favour of preventive war was obscured until the 1990s by the wider context of the Cold War, by America's endorsement of international law and multilateral institutions, themselves designed to curb preventive war, and by the use of special forces and covert operations which ensured that the United States' actions were largely overlooked. But by 2001, the United States had embraced a declaratory policy of using preventive war. It is argued that the vocabulary of pre-emption when applied to preventive war created misplaced expectations.
The False Promise of Preventive War: The ‘New Security Consensus’ and a More Insecure World
Authors: Crawford Neta C. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter begins by outlining the arguments for preventive war by an individual state, as articulated by the United States. It then outlines the argument for preventive war undertaken with the approval of the UN Security Council. The underlying logic of the US and the UN High-level Panel are compared, and it is shown that despite apparent significant differences from the logic of the United Sates, the High-level Panel's arguments are based on a similar understanding of the contemporary context of world politics and of security. The chapter then shows how the logic of collective preventive war is almost as destructive of international society as unilateral preventive war.
5 The Politics of Institutional Renovation and Economic Upgrading: Lessons from the Argentinian Wine Industry
Authors: McDermott Gerald A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThrough a comparative, longitudinal analysis of the wine industry in two Argentine provinces, this chapter examines how different political approaches to reform shapes the ability of societies to build new institutions for economic upgrading. Upgrading in wine and grapes often demands the creation of skills and the coordination of experiments in processes, products, and functions across a wide variety of organizational forms and sub-regions. Inherited structural factors per se can not easily explain the different solutions to this challenge. In particular, although voluntary associationalism improves the needed social learning and collaboration, it is also self-limiting. A better explanation focuses on how governments confront the dual challenge of redefining the boundary between the public and private domains, and of recombining the socio-economic ties among relevant firms and their respective business associations. A ‘depoliticization’ approach emphasizes the imposition of arm's-length incentives by a powerful, insulated government, but appears to contribute little to institutional change and upgrading. A ‘participatory restructuring’ approach promotes the creation of public-private institutions via adherence to two key principles: inclusion of a wide variety of relevant stakeholder groups, and rules of deliberative governance that promote collective problem-solving. The latter approach appears to have the advantage of facilitating collaboration and knowledge creation among previously antagonistic groups, including government.
6 Antioquia Entrepreneur Group (GEA)'s Strategies for Facing International Competitors: The Case of the Food Manufacturing Group
Authors: Ochoa Héctor 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents the results of a study conducted in Colombia to determine how some Latin American companies successfully expanded into international markets, and to identify business models and common characteristics of these companies and their affiliates in other regions worldwide. The foods division of the Colombian ‘Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño’ (Antioquia Business Group), which consists of a conglomerate of companies owned by Inversiones Nacional de Chocolates, was selected for analysis because it is probably the group that has achieved the greatest success in Colombia in the globalization process. The study identifies the outstanding characteristics that enabled the group to develop the core competences that provided the foundations for establishing successful strategies to penetrate different international markets; learn from the different cultures associated with those markets, but at the same time expand its own culture in those places, specially in the retailing activity to neighbourhood stores; and develop processes to manage risks, add value to the products, and face the increasing competition from other multinational firms.