bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Evidence that the Self-Renewal Gene NANOG Regulates Human Tumor Development
Authors: Jeter Collene R. , Badeaux Mark , Choy Grace , Chandra Dhyan , Patrawala Lubna , Liu Can , Calhoun-Davis Tammy , Zaehres Holm , Daley George Q. , Tang Dean G. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tumor development has long been known to resemble abnormal embryogenesis. The embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal gene NANOG is purportedly expressed by some epithelial cancer cells but a causal role in tumor development has remained unclear. Here, we provide compelling evidence that cultured cancer cells, as well as xenograft- and human primary prostate cancer cells express a functional variant of NANOG. NANOG mRNA in cancer cells is derived predominantly from a retrogene locus termed NANOGP8. NANOG protein is detectable in the nucleus of cancer cells and is expressed higher in patient prostate tumors than matched benign tissues. NANOGP8 mRNA and/or NANOG protein levels are enriched in putative cancer stem/progenitor cell populations. Importantly, extensive loss-of-function analysis reveals that RNA interference-mediated NANOG knockdown inhibits tumor development, establishing a functional significance for NANOG expression in cancer cells. Nanog short hairpin RNA transduced cancer cells exhibit decreased long-term clonal and clonogenic growth, reduced proliferation and, in some cases, altered differentiation. Thus, our results demonstrate that NANOG, a cell-fate regulatory molecule known to be important for ESC self-renewal, also plays a novel role in tumor development.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Effect of Near‐Total Thyroidectomy on Thyroid Orbitopathy Due to Toxic Goiter
Authors: Elsayed Yasser A. , Abdul‐Latif Atif M. , Abu‐Alhuda Mukhtar F. , Halim Hosam A‐F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe relative merit of surgery in the treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy as well as the extent of surgical resection are still matters of debate. This study aimed at reporting an assessment of the impact of near‐total thyroidectomy on the course of ophthalmopathy including exophthalmos.MethodsA total of 20 patients with thyrotoxic goiters who were suffering from mild to moderate exophthalmos were enrolled in this prospective study. Preoperative evaluation of ophthalmopathy was accomplished through the NOSPECS classification, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for measuring the extraocular muscle diameters, and measurement of the exophthalmos using Hertel’s exophthalmometer. Ophthalmopathy including exophthalmos was reevaluated 6 months after operation using the same parameters.ResultsClinical activity evaluation, exophthalmometry, and extraocular muscles measurement by MRI revealed that most of the patients experienced improvement of their ophthalmopathy (65%). This improvement was statistically significant. In addition, no major postoperative complications were observed. However, the study, unlike a number of reported retrospective ones, failed to specify any statistically significant prognostic factors affecting the course of ophthalmopathy; this may have been due to the limited number of patients. In addition, all of the patients were of relatively young age and thyrotoxic, and most were female and nonsmoking.ConclusionsIn addition to the fact that near‐total thyroidectomy adds the advantages of total thyroidectomy (no recurrence) to those of subtotal thyroidectomy (low incidence of temporary and permanent hypoparathyroidism), it has a significant positive impact on thyroid‐associated orbitopathy.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Small Intestine: A Clinicopathologic Study of 70 Cases in the Postimatinib Era
Authors: Huang Chun‐Chieh , Yang Ching‐Yao , Lai I‐Rue , Chen Chiung‐Nien , Lee Po‐Huang , Lin Ming‐Tsan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe small intestine, after the stomach, is the second most common primary site for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). This study aimed to identify clinicopathologic prognostic factors of tumor recurrence and survival and to analyze the influence of imatinib and sunitinib for small‐intestine GISTs.MethodsWe reviewed the surgical experience of patients with small‐intestine GISTs at National Taiwan University Hospital from January 1995 to March 2007. We analyzed the perioperative clinicopathologic data and treatment course.ResultsSeventy patients were included. The tumor was local in 43 patients, advanced in 21 patients, and 6 had metastasis. The median size of the tumor was 6.5 cm. Forty‐four patients had a mitotic rate of less than 5/50 high‐power field. The 1‐year and 5‐year disease‐free survival rates were 85 and 66.7%, respectively, while the 1‐year and 5‐year overall survival rates were 98.5 and 86.6%, respectively. There were 19 patients with recurrent disease and 6 patients died of intestinal GISTs. The response rate of imatinib and sunitinib were 73.3 and 60%, respectively. According to multivariate analysis for disease recurrence, only invasion status, tumor size, and mitotic rate are significant (P = 0.007, 0.035, 0.007 respectively). They are also associated with poor survival (P ≤ 0.001, 0.006, 0.002, respectively).ConclusionsThe invasion status, size, and mitotic rate of tumor involve higher risk of recurrence and poor survival in small‐intestine GISTs. The patients with recurrent small‐intestine GISTs may have a lower mortality rate after using imatinib and sunitinib.
Surgical Site Infection Following Surgery for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients with Clean‐Contaminated Wounds
Authors: Uchino Motoi , Ikeuchi Hiroki , Tsuchida Toshie , Nakajima Kazuhiko , Tomita Naohiro , Takesue Yoshio 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundIt is generally believed that the accompanying conditions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are associated with a high incidence of surgical site infection (SSI), and sometimes these patients are classified as compromised hosts without definitive clinical evidence. The aim of this study was to clarify the impact of IBD on the occurrence and features of SSI in patients with clean‐contaminated wounds.MethodsWe conducted prospective SSI surveillance of 580 patients with clean‐contaminated wounds who underwent surgery between March 2006 and December 2007 using the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system. Multivariate analyses using stepwise logistic regression were performed to determine risk factors for SSI.ResultsA total of 562 patients with clean‐contaminated wounds who underwent surgery for IBD [ulcerative colitis (UC), n = 173; Crohn’s disease (CD), n = 122] or colorectal cancer [(CA), n = 267] were identified for evaluation. SSI was observed in 12.6% of all patients and there was no significant difference in infection rate by type of disease (UC, 14.5%; CD, 13.9%; CA, 10.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis yielded an ASA score ≥3 [odds ratio (OR) = 2.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06–3.93] and rectal surgery (OR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.28–4.31) as independent risk factors for SSI. IBD surgery was not an independent risk factor for overall SSI (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 0.94–2.80). However, there was a significant difference in the incidence of incisional SSI [IBD, 11.9% (UC, 12.7%; CD, 10.7%); CA, 4.9%, p = 0.003]. In the analysis of rectal surgery, the incidence of incisional SSI was 5.3% in CA patients, 12.0% in UC patients, and 26.3% in CD patients. In contrast to overall SSI data, IBD surgery was found to be an independent risk factor for incisional SSI (OR = 2.59; 95% CI = 1.34–5.03).ConclusionsIn patients of surgery restricted to clean‐contaminated wounds, IBD was shown to be an independent risk factor for incisional SSI. With the use of proper operative procedures and techniques, the incidence of organ/space SSI should not be high in patients who undergo an uncomplicated IBD surgical procedure.
Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Prognosis of Diffuse Sclerosing Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Japan: An 18‐Year Experience at a Single Institution
Authors: Fukushima Mitsuhiro , Ito Yasuhiro , Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Akasu Haruki , Shimizu Kazuo , Miyauchi Akira 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundDiffuse sclerosing variant (DSV) is a variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma that has diffuse involvement in one or both thyroid lobes without forming a dominant mass. We investigated the biological characteristics of DSV in Japan.MethodsWe investigated biological behaviors and prognoses of DSV in 35 patients who underwent surgical treatment between 1989 and 2007.ResultsAfter excluding papillary microcarcinoma, DSV accounts for 0.7% of papillary carcinoma. DSV occurs more frequently in younger patients and is clinically apparent as lymph node metastasis and lung metastasis more frequently than other papillary carcinomas, but the incidence of extrathyroid extension did not differ between the metastases. Routine radioiodine ablation therapy after initial surgery was not performed unless distant metastasis was clinically apparent at surgery. The disease‐free survival rate of DSV was significantly worse than that of a pair‐matched control group. However, only two patients, one with lung metastasis at surgery and another who underwent only palliative surgery, have died of carcinoma to date.ConclusionsAlthough cause‐specific survival of DSV was good, its disease‐free survival was worse than that of the control group because of the unavailability of routine radioiodine ablation therapy. Therefore, DSV requires careful surgical resection to minimize the carcinoma recurrence.
VA‐Based Survey of Osteoporosis Management in Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Morse Leslie R. , Giangregorio Lora , Battaglino Ricardo A. , Holland Robert , Craven B. Catharine , Stolzmann Kelly L. , Lazzari Antonio A. , Sabharwal Sunil , Garshick Eric 
Published: February 2009

ObjectiveAlthough osteoporosis is common following spinal cord injury (SCI), no guidelines exist for its treatment, diagnosis, or prevention. The authors hypothesized that wide variations in diagnosis and treatment practices result from the absence of guidelines. This study sought to characterize the diagnosis and management practices within the VA health care system for osteoporosis following SCI.DesignOnline survey regarding osteoporosis management in SCI composed of 27 questions designed to gather information on responder demographics, osteoporosis diagnostics, and treatment options.SettingVA health care system.ParticipantsVHA National SCI Staff Physicians and VHA National SCI Nurses (total n = 450) were sent an email with an invitation to participate.InterventionNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresPractice patterns were assessed, including factors associated with ordering a clinical workup and prescribing osteoporosis treatment.ResultsThe response rate was 28%. Ninety‐two prescribing practitioners (physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants) were included in the analysis. Of these respondents, 50 (54%) prescribe medications for SCI‐induced bone loss; 39 (42%) prescribe bisphosphonates and 46 (50%) prescribe vitamin D. There were 54 (59%) respondents who routinely order diagnostic tests, including dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry scans in 50 (54%). Variations in practice were not explained by age, gender, or years practicing SCI medicine. Many respondents (23%) reported barriers to osteoporosis testing including lack of scanning protocols, cost, wheelchair inaccessibility of scanning facilities, and lack of effective treatment guidelines once osteoporosis is diagnosed.ConclusionsDespite an absence of screening and treatment guidelines, more than half of all respondents are actively diagnosing and treating osteoporosis with bisphosphonates within the VA health care setting. These data suggest that evidence‐based practice guidelines are necessary to reduce practice variations and improve clinical care for this population.
Projecting Function of Stroke Patients in Rehabilitation Using the AlphaFIM Instrument in Acute Care
Authors: Stillman Gary , Granger Carl , Niewczyk Paulette 
Published: February 2009

Objectives(1) To establish the reliability and validity of the AlphaFIM instrument; (2) To examine the hypotheses that the 6‐item AlphaFIM instrument administered in acute care would closely approximate the full 18‐item FIM instrument rating administered at admission to an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF); (3) to determine whether the acute AlphaFIM projected rating could predict the full FIM instrument ratings at discharge from the IRF; (4) to test whether the acute AlphaFIM projected rating could predict length of stay (LOS) in the IRF; (5) to determine if the acute AlphaFIM projected rating could predict the likelihood of patients being discharged from the IRF to the community.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA prospective cohort study of 144 stroke patients in an acute care stroke unit with subsequent transfer to an IRF.InterventionsNone.Main Outcome MeasurementsIRF admission FIM rating, IRF discharge FIM ratings, LOS, and likelihood of discharge to community.ResultsThe AlphaFIM instrument displayed adequate reliability and validity. Results of a linear regression showed the acute AlphaFIM instrument ratings were significant in predicting IRF admission FIM instrument ratings, IRF discharge FIM instrument ratings, and IRF LOS. Results of a logistic regression indicated the ability of the acute AlphaFIM instrument ratings to predict the likelihood of patients being discharged from the IRF to the community was statistically significant but did not account for a great deal of the variance in the model.ConclusionsThe AlphaFIM instrument, used in acute care, has utility in projecting FIM instrument ratings of stroke patients' function at admission to and discharge from the IRF.
Resonant interaction of runaway electrons with magnetic field ripple in tokamak plasmas
Authors: CHEN Z. Y. , WAN B. N. , SHI Y. J. , JU H. J. , ZHU J. X. , LIANG H. F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe toroidal magnetic field of tokamaks is generated by a finite number of coils, which slightly modulates the magnetic field and runaway electrons experience this modulation. The resonant interaction between runaway electrons and the magnetic field ripple has been observed in the HT-7 tokamak. The maximum energy of runaways in the edge region could be blocked by the resonance of gyromotion with the nth harmonic of the magnetic field ripple. This resonant interaction is favorable for the control of runaway energy.
Baur Versus Hilgenfeld: A Forgotten Chapter in the Debate on the Synoptic Problem
Authors: Fuller R. H. 
Published: February 2009

William R. Farmer's history of the debate on the Synoptic Problem contains the following footnote:Baur answered Hilgenfeld in his Das Markuseaangeliwn, Tübingen, 1851, and the two carried on the debate for years in the Theologische Jahrbücher. This debate is worthy of thorough analysisand evaluation.When I was invited to read a paper at this year's meeting at Tübingen with the understanding that the paper should deal if possible with some aspect of the work of the Tübingen school of the mid-nineteenth century, this seemed to be an appropriate occasion to take up Professor Farmer's challenge.
A Note on the Authorship of the Apocalypse
Authors: Helmbold Andrew 
Published: February 2009

The authorship and date of the Book of Revelation have been the subject of much scholarly debate. Additional information from recently published Coptic Gnostic texts will contribute to the final resolution of the debate.The Gnostic Apocrphon of John, used by Irenaeus as a source in his Adv. Haer., has been known since 1896.
The Women at the Tomb: Matthew 28:1 Re-examined
Authors: Longstaff Thomas R. W. 
Published: February 2009

It seems singularly unfortunate that in the twentieth century Matthew's Gospel has so often been studied with more attention being given to the Marcan source than to the Matthean narrative.1Nowhere is this tendency more evident than in the account of the visit of the women to the tomb of Jesus (Matt. 28. 1; Mark 16. 1–2; cf. Luke 24. 1). A survey of the commentaries on Matthew quickly reveals how pervasive this interest in the Marcan narrative is.2But while it may well be a reasonable exegetical procedure to compare one Gospel with another, the way in which the perspective described above can also hinder an understanding of Matthew's Gospel is strikingly apparent in M. D. Goulder's treatment of this passage in a recent article in New Testament Studies. Goulder writes:The motive for the women's visit to the tomb is coherent in Mark. Joseph has rolled Jesus' body in linen, but it is not said that he anointed it: the women come to supply this need – they see where he is laid (xv. 47), and come to anoint him (xvi. 1). Matthew's story is incoherent: he does not mention the ointments throughout, and the women, having sat opposite the tomb (xxvii. 61), come, weakly, to see the tomb (xxviii. 1). On Marcan priority this is easily understood: Matthew has introduced a guard on the tomb, so an anointing venture must seem impossible. But, on Matthaean priority, what would they want to come and see the tomb for at first light?3
Die Jesusgeschichte in Der Verkündigung nach Acta
Authors: Delling Gerhard 
Published: February 2009

Das Jesusgeschehen ist das Urereignis, auf das die Kirche zurückgeht. Als solches ist es Inhalt der Heilsverkündigung der Kirche.Lukas setzt demgemäß den Bericht über das Jesusgeschehen von der Friihgeschichte der christlichen Verkiindigung ab, wenngleich nicht ohne beide aufeinander zu beziehen (in Ag. i. I weist er auf das Evangelium als den прτος λóγος zurück, den er damit zugleich von Acta trennt).
Christology in the Fourth Gospel: Redaction-Critical Perspectives
Authors: Fortna Robert T. 
Published: February 2009

At the start, a definition of limits:There is no attempt in what follows to give a total view of Johannine christology. We shall concentrate mainly on the narrative materials in the gospel, for it is there that redaction-critical work now seems most practicable; consequently, our sights can hardly be global. At the same time, however, we do not limit ourselves to the uppermost layer of christology in the narratives, for we shall be seeking to set the evangelist's thought in sharper perspective by the very process of comparing it – and often contrasting it – to the tradition, more specifically the source, on which he depends. Depth, then, more than breadth, will be our aim; depth such as we can gain from a few test bores into the Johannine terrain.
Stephen's Speech–Acts VII. 2–53
Authors: Klijn A. F. J. 
Published: February 2009

Stephen's speech undoubtedly stands apart among the speeches found in the Acts of the Apostles.1 The two main problems which have to be solved are: (i) its meaning and (2) its origin and background.(i) With regard to its meaning two ideas are to be noticed. Some scholars consider this speech in the first place as an attack on the Jerusalem temple and its cult.2 On the other hand others consider it as an effort to show the Jews that they are always rebelling against God's will.3
St John VII. 37–8
Authors: Kuhn K. H. 
Published: February 2009

As is well known the punctuation of the saying of Jesus contained in these two verses presents some difficulty. The alternatives are as follows:(1) A full stop is placed after πιντω. This punctuation is adopted by A.V. and R.V. and is presupposed by Origen, Cyril ofJerusalem, Basil, and Athanasius. The recently published Pap. Bodmer II of the early third century, which exhibits a text of the ‘Neutral’ type and which presumably originated in Egypt, also supports this punctuation.
Toward the Renewal of New Testament Christology
Authors: Keck Leander E. 
Published: February 2009

The study of NT Christology will be renewed if it recovers its proper subject-matter - christology - and its proper scope, the New Testament.The scholarly literature shows that what is called NT christology is, by and large, really the history of christological materials and motifs in early Christianity, and their ancestry. This massive preoccupation with history has, to be sure, produced impressive results. In fact, today it is difficult to imagine a study of NT christology which is not influenced by this historical analysis of early Christian conceptions of Christ and their antecedents. Nevertheless, the time is at hand to take up again what was set aside - an explicitly theological approach to NT christology, one which will be in-formed by the history of ideas but which will deliberately pursue christology as a theological discipline. It is doubtful whether the study of NT christology can be renewed in any other way. This essay intends to illumine and substantiate this claim by considering briefly the nature of christology, then by reviewing the turn to history and its consequences for the study of NT christology, and finally by sketching elements of an alternative.
Paul's Conversion and the Development of his View of the Law
Authors: Räisänen Heikki 
Published: February 2009

There is not the slightest doubt about the immense significance of Paul's Damascus experience. It changed Paul's life and turned a persecutor into a missionary. Jesus Christ became and remained the centre of Paul's existence.It is another question, however, to what extent Paul's theology was conceived soon after the call experience.1 Was Paul's peculiar view of the law as found in Galatians or in Romans an immediate consequence of his Christophany? That is at least a very common view.2 Paul's call experience resulted, it is held, in his making immediately a sharp contrast between ‘works of righteousness’ and ‘righteousness by faith’. In his Damascus experience Paul perceived that Christ was the end of the law and God's judgment ‘upon all human accomplishment and boasting’3. It is also commonly held that that experience made Paul regard the law as a ‘spur to sin’, from which the death and resurrection of Christ had liberated the believers.
Christ's Slave, People Pleasers and Galatians 1.10
Authors: Dodd Brian J. 
Published: February 2009

Galatians 1–2 is a well-worn scholarly path, but Gal 1.10 is a suggestive marker that has been overlooked by many exegetical travellers:‘For now do I seek the approval of humans or of God? Or do I seek to please people?If I were still pleasing people, I would not be Christ's slave.’
A Primitive Hebrew Gospel of Matthew and the Tol'doth Yeshu
Authors: Howard George 
Published: February 2009

The Tol'doth Yeshu is a medieval Jewish antigospel which exists in various forms. Basically it says that Jesus was born illegitimate, learned the Name of God in the temple, performed miracles by pronouncing the Divine Name and finally was executed by the Jews. His body was stolen from the tomb by Yehuda the gardener, an act which led to the assertion by the disciples that he had arisen from the dead and had ascended into heaven.The date of the Tol'doth Yeshu is assigned by Krauss to c. 500 CE; it is assigned by Klausner to the tenth century. Some of the traditions it draws upon are much older since they are reflected in such writings as the Talmud and Origen'sContra Celsum.
The Oldest Manuscript of the Four Gospels?
Authors: Skeat T. C. 
Published: February 2009

Since the summer of 1994 I have been studying the Gospel fragments known as P4, P64 and P67, in order to determine whether they are all the work of the same scribe, and if so the nature of the manuscript of which they formed part. The fragments have been published as follows:P4: the definitive edition is by Jean Merell in RB 47 (1938) 5–22 and Planches I–VII.P64: first edited by C. H. Roberts in HTR 46 (1953) 233–7 and plate; re-edited, with revised edition of P67, in R. Roca-Puig, Un papiro griego del Evangelio de San Mateo, 2a edic, con una Note de Colin Roberts (Barcelona, 1962) with plate.