bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
User subjectivity in Monte Carlo modeling of pesticide exposure
Authors: Beulke Sabine , Brown Colin D. , Dubus Igor G. , Galicia Hector , Jarvis Nicholas , Schaefer Dieter , Trevisan Marco 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Monte Carlo techniques are increasingly used in pesticide exposure modeling to evaluate the uncertainty in predictions arising from uncertainty in input parameters and to estimate the confidence that should be assigned to the modeling results. The approach typically involves running a deterministic model repeatedly for a large number of input values sampled from statistical distributions. In the present study, six modelers made choices regarding the type and parameterization of distributions assigned to degradation and sorption data for an example pesticide, the correlation between the parameters, the tool and method used for sampling, and the number of samples generated. A leaching assessment was carried out using a single model and scenario and all data for sorption and degradation generated by the six modelers. The distributions of sampled parameters differed between the modelers, and the agreement with the measured data was variable. Large differences were found between the upper percentiles of simulated concentrations in leachate. The probability of exceeding 0.1 μg/L ranged from 0 to 35.7%. The present study demonstrated that subjective choices made in Monte Carlo modeling introduce variability into probabilistic modeling and that the results need to be interpreted with care.
Ecotoxicity of mixtures of antibiotics used in aquacultures
Authors: Christensen Anne Munch , Ingerslev Flemming , Baun Anders 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
More or less well-defined mixtures of antibiotics used in aquacultures may be distributed in the aquatic environment. Therefore, a systematic mixture ecotoxicity study was performed with the aquaculture antibiotics oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid, erythromycin, florfenicol, and flumequine. Test organisms were freshwater algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), activated sludge microorganisms, and luminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri). Design and statistical analysis of test results were based on isobolographic analysis. Synergistic effects were observed when combinations of erythromycin and oxytetracycline were tested on activated sludge microorganisms, and in these cases model predictions indicate independent action on the different bacterial species in the sludge. As predicted from the modes of action, concentration addition was evident when flumequine and oxolinic acid were mixed and tested on sludge bacteria. In the algae test, the combined toxicity of antibiotics could not be predicted based on knowledge of the modes of action of the individual compounds. Independent of the test species, our results gave examples of combined effects that were higher than predicted based on the assumption of concentration addition. This result underlines the need to consider the effects of mixtures of antibiotics on environmental organisms. The isobolographic method appears to be a suitable tool for this purpose, particularly for well-defined mixtures with few substances.
A novel contact assay for testing genotoxicity of chemicals and whole sediments in zebrafish embryos
Authors: Kosmehl Thomas , Hallare Arnold V. , Reifferscheid Georg , Manz Werner , Braunbeck Thomas , Hollert Henner 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBroad consensus exists that whole-sediment exposure protocols represent the most realistic scenario to simulate in situ exposure conditions. So far, however, several endpoints including genotoxicity in vertebrate-based systems could be tested only after transfer of particle-bound substances into the aqueous phase. The present study was carried out to develop a protocol for generating a suspension of single cells from sediment-exposed zebrafish embryos that is suitable for detecting particle-bound genotoxicity in the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). In this solid-phase genotoxicity assay, a whole-body cell suspension derived from zebrafish embryos exposed to native (whole) sediments is assayed in the comet assay. Several chemical and mechanical isolation procedures were compared to optimize cell yield and minimize DNA damage by the method itself. If compared to collagenase isolation, mechanical cell dissociation gave less DNA damage; trypsinization resulted in similarly low DNA damage but significantly lower cell yield. In order to test the optimized protocol, effects of well-known genotoxicants (4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, nitrofurantoin, hydrogen peroxide, benzo[a]pyrene) and of two sediments from the upper Rhine River (Germany) on zebrafish embryos were investigated. Results documented clear-cut genotoxicity for all four substances and for one of the two whole-sediment samples. An ultraviolet (UV) light exposure of whole embryos and primary cultures from embryos elucidated only minor effects for the whole embryos compared to the primary cells. Consequently, UV irradiation cannot be suggested as a positive control in intact zebrafish embryos. In conclusion, the newly developed sediment contact assay can be recommended for the detection of both single substances but also the bioavailable fraction of the total hazard potential of sediments.
A Geographic Information Systems–based, weights-of-evidence approach for diagnosing aquatic ecosystem impairment
Authors: Kapo Katherine E. , Burton G. Allen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA Geographic Information Systems–based, watershed-level assessment using Bayesian weights of evidence (WOE) and weighted logistic regression (WLR) provides a method to determine and compare potential environmental stressors in lotic ecosystems and to create predictive models of general or species-specific biological impairment across numerous spatial scales based on limited existing sample data. The WOE/WLR technique used in the present study is a data-driven, probabilistic approach conceptualized in epidemiological research and both developed for and currently used in minerals exploration. Extrapolation of this methodology to a case-study watershed assessment of the Great and Little Miami watersheds (OH, USA) using archival data yielded baseline results consistent with previous assessments. The method additionally produced a quantitative determination of physical and chemical watershed stressor associations with biological impairment and a predicted comparative probability (i.e., favorability) of biological impairment at a spatial resolution of 0.5 km2 over the watershed study region. Habitat stressors showed the greatest spatial association with biological impairment in low-order streams (on average, 56% of total spatial association), whereas water chemistry, particularly that of wastewater effluent, was associated most strongly with biological impairment in high-order reaches (on average, 79% of total spatial association, 28% of which was attributed to effluent). Significant potential stressors varied by land-use and stream order as well as by species. This WOE/WLR method provides a highly useful “tier 1” watershed risk assessment product through the integration of various existing data sources, and it produces a clear visual communication of areas favorable for biological impairment and a quantitative ranking of candidate stressors and associated uncertainty.
Interaction of planar and nonplanar organic contaminants with coal fly ash: Effects of polar and nonpolar solvent solutions
Authors: Burgess Robert M. , Ryba Stephan A. , Cantwell Mark G. , Gundersen Jennifer L. , Tien Rex , Perron Monique M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Coal fly ash has a very high sorption capacity for a variety of anthropogenic contaminants and has been used to cleanse wastewater of pollutants for approximately 40 years. Like other black carbons, the planar structure of the residual carbon in fly ash results in elevated affinities for planar organic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The present study was performed to understand better the mechanisms affecting the strong interaction between planar contaminants and coal fly ash. The removal of 10 PCBs and 10 PAHs by several fly ashes and other sorbents was evaluated under different experimental conditions to highlight the intermolecular forces influencing adsorption. Varying fly ash concentration and solvent system composition indicated that dispersive interactions were most prevalent. For the PCBs, empirical results also were compared to molecular modeling estimates of the energy necessary for the PCB molecule to assume a planar conformation (PCe). The PCe levels ranged from 8 to 25 kcal/mol, depending on the degree of ortho-substituted chlorination of the PCB. A significant correlation between PCe and PCB removal from solution was observed for the fly ashes and activated carbon, whereas the nonplanar sorbent octadecyl (C18) indicated no relationship. These findings demonstrate the strong interaction between black carbon fly ash and planar organic contaminants. Furthermore, as exemplified by the PCBs, these results show how this interaction is a function of a contaminant's ability to assume a planar conformation.
Degradation kinetics of glucosinolates in soil
Authors: Gimsing Anne Louise , Sørensen Jens Christian , Tovgaard Line , Jørgensen Anne Marie Friis , Hansen Hans Christian Bruun 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Glucosinolates are compounds produced by all cruciferous plants. They can be hydrolyzed to several biologically active compounds and, as such, may serve as naturally produced pesticides. To optimize the pesticidal (biofumigation) effect and to assess the risk of glucosinolate leaching and spread in the environment, the degradation in soil of glucosinolates has been studied. The kinetics of degradation of four glucosinolates, two aliphatic (but-3-enyl and 2-hydroxy-but-3-enyl) and two aromatic (benzyl and phenethyl), in four soils was largely independent of the specific glucosinolate structure. Degradation followed logistic kinetics. Degradation was much faster in a clayey soil (half-life, 3.5–6.8 h) than in a sandy soil (half-life, 9.2–15.5 h). Degradation was much slower or nonexistent in the subsoil (&lt;25 cm soil depth). The glucosinolates are not sorbed in the soil, and the degradation potential is, to a large extent, associated with the clay fraction. Measured activity in the soils of the enzyme myrosinase, which can catalyze the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, correlated well with the glucosinolate degradation kinetics. Autoclaving, but not sodium azide or γ-irradiation, effectively blocked glucosinolate degradation, indicating that extracellular myrosinase is important for glucosinolate degradation.
Persistence and movement of fipronil termiticide with under-slab and trenching treatments
Authors: Ying Guang-Guo , Kookana Rai S. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
To have an effective barrier against invading termites around building structures and to assess the potential risks to the urban environment and human beings, we need to understand the fate of termiticides applied in urban soil. The movement and degradation of a new termiticide, fipronil, were investigated in Australian soils following standard termiticide treatment methods (surface application under slab and trenching treatments along walls). Surface application studies in three field sites showed slow dissipation and little movement for fipronil in all three soils under the simulated slab during a three-year period. The greatest mass of the chemical residues remained in the quartzite sand layer (thickness, 5 cm), and only small amounts of these were found to have migrated into the soil layers (depth, 0–15 cm) underneath the quartzite sand layer. Of the three metabolites (desulfinyl, sulfide, and sulfone) found in the soils, the sulfone derivative had the highest concentration. Persistence of fipronil was affected by application rate. The time for 50% loss of the total toxic components (fipronil plus its metabolites) in the quartzite sand layer (thickness, 5 cm) ranged from 200 to 326 d for the low rate (0.15 g active ingredient/m2) and from 633 to 674 d for the high application rate (3 g active ingredient/m2). One-year trenching studies at two sites in Adelaide (Roseworthy Farm [RF] and Terretfield [TF]; South Australia, Australia) showed that vertical movement and dissipation of fipronil occurred in the soils. The average concentration of fipronil in the trenches (depth, 0–30 cm) decreased from 33.7 to 14.9 mg/kg in the loam soil at the RF site and from 39.4 to 14.6 mg/kg in the clay soil at the TF site over the year. With time under the natural weather condition, fipronil and its derivatives were found in the deeper soil sections without treatment (depth, 20–30 cm). However, laboratory studies using repacked soil columns showed low mobility in the loam soil from the RF site and a variably charged clay soil from Malanda (Queensland, Australia) under intermittent wetting and drying conditions.
Following Their Children into Battle: Women at War in Paraguay, 1864-1870
Authors: Ganson Barbara J. 
Published: July 2006

Ella impulsó a su hermano a la pelea,ella siguió a sus hijos al combate…En medio de la noche, su siluetase destacó en el campo funerario de labatalla, pues buscaba, inquietael cuerpo de su amor entre el osario.E igual que con su esposo compartierael tálamo nupcial en la morada,con su esposo cayó, fiel compañera, en el lecho mortal de la jornada.She encouraged her brother to fightshe followed her children into combat…In middle of the night, her silhouettestood out in the funeral battlefieldfor she was restlessly searching forthe body of her love in the burial grounds.And just as she had shared the nuptial bedwith her husband in the shelter of their home,with her husband, she fell, faithful companion,on the death bed of the day's journey.From “La mujer paraguaya,” written in 1899 by a Paraguayan poet, Ignacio A. Pane.
Jemmy Button
Authors: Toumey Christopher P. 
Published: July 2006

Jemmy Button was an Indian of Tierra del Fuego who inadvertently inspired four generations of nineteenth-century English missionaries to risk their earthly lives to save his eternal soul. These earnest evangelicals made five expeditions to Jemmy's South American homeland to make Christians of him and his countrymen. One of these ventures was an embarrassing fiasco, another ended in death by starvation, and a third led to a treacherous massacre.This young Indian's unintended influence also touched evolutionary thought. Jemmy Button was a friend and companion to Charles Darwin on the famous voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Jemmy's versatile personality was intriguing to Darwin. He could be a naked Indian hunter when in Tierra del Fuego, and a foppish English gentleman when in the company of British naval officers. His ability to change like this inspired Darwin's earliest written reflections on the human capacity to progress from savagery to civilization.
The Enlightenment in Spain: Influences Upon New World Policy
Authors: Engstrand Iris H. W. 
Published: July 2006

The Enlightenment in Spain defies definition. In certain respects it was a viable force opening up new vistas of knowledge and understanding, while in others it was a mild breeze rustling some leaves of insight into the possibility of human equality. For certain of Spain's royal officials, the ideas of the eighteenth centuryphilosopheswere refreshing and undeniably sound; for others even the gathering of knowledge in the new encyclopedias was a dangerously democratic trend. In some areas of national life, reforms gained immediate acceptance, in others the old ways remained entrenched.Spain has always been a country of extremes, of absolute alternatives. Spaniards strive to achieve impossible goals or they remain incredibly inert. With the discovery of America their ambitious undertakings excelled those of England or France, but subsequent neglect brought about failures of equal magnitude. In the sixteenth century they thought to conquer the world; in the next their weakened Hapsburg monarchs squandered the wealth of the New World while the country fell into economic ruin.
Text, Context, Intertext: Columbus' diario de a bordo as Palimpsest
Authors: Henige David , Zamora Margarita 
Published: July 2006

We pray [any reader] not to nibble with critical teeth at this work of ours, which has been diligently twisted into shape by love rather than knowledge…Since its discovery nearly two centuries ago, Las Casas' summary of the diario de a bordo of Columbus' first voyage has fascinated, beguiled, and exercised historians, who have used it time and again in attempting to recreate the events, course, and atmosphere of this momentous occasion. In doing so, most have treated the summary as a quintessential day-by-day account of the events it describes, despite the fact that the document as we have it is at least a third-hand transcription by Bartolomé de las Casas, who was effectively its author, or at least its senior co-author. Despite this tendency to treat the diario as a primary source then, in truth it is, even more than most historical sources, a prism rather than a window on the past, and a prism unfortunately not governed by any known laws of historical optics.
Paraguayans and the Making of the Brazilian Far West, 1870-1935
Authors: Wilcox Robert 
Published: July 2006

One of the most important aspects of the recent mass migrations of Latin Americans into previously remote regions of the hemisphere is the impact these have had on areas cut by international boundaries. With the exception of the United States-Mexico border, however, historical examination of the process is still in its infancy. And few observers have developed a satisfactory theoretical basis explaining an admittedly complex process.One exception was Cuban historian Jorge Mañach, who spoke of “balanced” and “unbalanced” frontiers, largely in the context of the United States-Mexican boundary. He believed that power distribution between nations determined the degree to which their frontier interrelationships were equal or unequal. In Mañach's view, when a politically or economically weaker nation shares a boundary with one that is stronger, overall communication is sacrificed and the stronger power inevitably “spills over” into the neighboring region, economically and culturally.
Tales of Two Women: The Narrative Construal of Porfirian Reality
Authors: Buffington Robert , Piccato Pablo 
Published: July 2006

It was the perfect murder, really. Illicit passions: two beautiful women-of-the-night feuding over a dashing young rake, a masked ball, casual taunts, thwarted assaults, escalating threats. Heinous crime: the lover's borrowed gun, midnight bordello visit, fighting words, a gun shot, a maid's scream, a young woman's tragic death. Cruel punishment: suicidal remorse (by some accounts), humiliating public trial, twenty lost years (the maximum sentence for a woman) in Mexico City's squalid Belem jail. The Tarasquillo Street murder had it all!And so it happened that, in an era enamored of all things French, Mexico City had its very owncause célèbre. A scant twelve years earlier, professional francophile and amateur criminologist Rafael Zayas de Enríquez had devoted an entire volume of hisFisiología del crimento notorious foreign criminals like Alfonse Dupont, the hunchbacked wife-killer, and Charles Guiteau, the deranged assassin of President Garfield. Now, Mexico too could claim a prominent place in the international annals of infamous crime.
Introduction: Words and Deeds: Racial and Gender Dialogue, Identity, and Conflict in the Viceroyalty of New Spain
Authors: Hanger Kimberly S. 
Published: July 2006

The genesis for this special issue on "Words and Deeds" was a panel discussion held in conjunction with the January 1997 joint meeting of the Conference on Latin American History and the American Historical Association in New York City. Participants Richard Boyer, Sonya Lipsett-Rivera, Kimberly Hanger, and Jane Landers presented the papers included in this volume. The essays all flowed together so nicely and initiated such a lively exchange among panelists and the audience that the editors of The Americas asked us to prepare them for publication, incorporating some of the commentary offered at the session. What you read in the following pages is a result of that process, although we still think it rather ironic that a journal produced by the Academy of American Franciscan History should want to include articles with so many off-color words and references to sexual conduct and violence!The fact that these essays generated such interest as conference papers and appear in this special issue of The Americas confirms the value cultural historians are placing on the study of insults, conflicts, and other confrontational behavior to reconstruct societal norms and worldviews and assess challenges to them. What constituted an insult or defined anti-social behavior reveals much about what the community considered each person's position in it; resistance to one's assigned role and identity or objection to someone else misconstruing this identity unmasked a sense of injustice that community members, especially its leaders, had to rectify in order to maintain social order.
The Diarios of early California, 1769–1784
Authors: Maximin Piette Charles J. G. 
Published: July 2006

California has exercised a haunting fascination on men’s imaginations ever since the days of Cortés. During the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, at least twenty expeditions served as a prelude to the occupation, first of the Lower California Peninsula in 1697, and then of New, or Upper, California in 1769. A complete list of these voyages and attempted entradas has not yet been made. Suffice it to say that we are far from possessing the accounts of all the efforts that were made to discover and colonize those regions from 1535 to 1769.In 1769 New, or Upper, California was first visited by the pionéer founders of its missions and presidios. They had come from Loreto in the Lower California Peninsula, after an arduous trip of over two-hundred leagues over barren mountains. This was the famous expedition of Serra and Portolá, which marks the beginning of the Spanish colonization with the founding of San Diego and the exploration of all the coast up to San Francisco. That year records the birth of Upper California.
La Avellaneda's Sonnet to Washington
Authors: Kelly Edith L. 
Published: July 2006

In The year 1864, the Cuban-born poet Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, visited New York, Philadelphia, Niagara Falls, Mount Vernon, and other points of interest in the United States. The impressions she received at that time were crystallized in two poems: “A Washington” (soneto), “A vista del Niágara” (silva)There are pertinent notes to be revealed in connection with the writing of the sonnet to Washington. The version composed in 1864 was not the poet’s first dedicatory poem to George Washington. La Avellaneda’s first composition on the subject (written long before she had the opportunity to visit the United States) appeared in her earliest collection of verse in 1841.