bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Economics of Methadone Programs
Authors: Boudouris James 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe number of methadone programs in New York City has increased in recent years to a total of 161 treatment programs for ex‐heroin addicts. Some of the economic implications of this are discussed.A follow‐up study of 112 dropouts and 110 active patients of one of the largest methadone maintenance programs provides an opportunity to compare the sources of financial support for these persons. Of the dropouts who went to other programs, 78 per cent were on public assistance, and this is almost identical to the 79 per cent of active patients at the program sampled who were on public assistance. This is about twice as high as the proportion of drug‐free dropouts who were on public assistance (38 per cent). Several interpretations are offered for these differences.The need for accurate monitoring and evaluation of drug‐treatment facilities is emphasized because it is as important that the tax‐payer not be short‐changed as it is that the addict or ex‐addict receives the kind of treatment that he or she needs to be able to lead a productive and autonomous life.
Production, Consumption and Recent Changes of Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIf the use of alcohol is divided into two types, the traditional and the new, the significance of the latter type may be stated to have increased, also relatively, during the decade of the 1960s. This is revealed particularly in the increase in the consumption of beer in industrialized countries with a low consumption level and in traditionally wine‐drinking countries. Also the use of wine is becoming more general in other than the traditional wine‐drinking countries. The consumption of hard liquors is rising slowly in almost every country. The rise in the consumption level is explained best by the starting level and in addition, to some extent, the rise in the income available for spending by households.
Social and Psychological Features of Young Drug Misusers
Authors: Wells B. W. P. , Stacey B. G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reports a field study of the social and psychological features of young drug misusers in Glasgow. The investigation was of the anonymous self‐report type and was based upon a questionnaire and two personality inventories (the PEN and the IP AT Anxiety Scale). Clear distinctions were found between those who do misuse drugs and those who do not. The trend was for drug misuse to be consistently related to elevated levels of anxiety, neuroticism and psychoticism, whereas extroversion‐introversion proved to be a personality dimension unrelated to the misuse of drugs. Identified drug misusers differed substantially from non‐misusers in their opinions and beliefs about drugs in general. Further, they were more likely to have experienced an unhappy home and school life, to have more involvement in the use of tobacco, alcohol, and pre‐ or extra‐marital sex, and were more prone to unemployment problems.
Personality Characteristics in a Sample of Heroin Addict Methadone Maintenance Applicants
Authors: Herl David 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis research investigation was undertaken in an effort to discern possible differences between three comparative groups of methadone maintenance applicants on the basis of sample background characteristics, type of presenting psychopathology, and severity of psychiatric disturbance. The findings revealed a broad spectrum of psychiatric disturbance among the three comparative groups (Mexican‐American males, Caucasian males, and females). More psychiatric disturbance was detected within the male samples. Over half of the entire population studied manifested moderate to severe psychiatric disturbances. The results of this research are discussed in view of the implications for rehabilitation, treatment planning, and staffing composition within a methadone maintenance program.
Affective Changes in Chronic Opiate Use
Authors: McNamee H. B. , Mirin S. M. , Kuehnle J. C. , Meyer R. E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAs part of a programme to investigate the therapeutic potential of narcotic antagonists, thirteen detoxified heroin addicts were studied in an experimental situation where using operant techniques they were allowed largely self‐regulated access to heroin for a ten day period. Changes in psychiatric status were assessed using a structured interview schedule. The early effect of the heroin was to produce a decrease in somatic concern, anxiety and depression, but continuing use of the opiate produced significant increases in these variables and also an increase in social isolation and retardation. Heroin in the short term may relieve an addict's inner tensions as commonly assumed, but chronic use is a predominantly dysphoric experience.
Treatability of Addicts: Hypothesis and Results*
Authors: Edelstein E. L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTreatability of addicts was categorized and split into ten predictive factors. Drug addicts seeking help in our special clinic, were screened by the method, described. When those with high scores were taken into therapy, the success rate was unusually high for the usually accepted treatment – outcome ratio for drug addicts.
Drug Use and a Social Psychology of Change
Authors: Sadava S. W. , Forsyth R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe significance of change in the etiology of drug use is the focus of the paper. By means of a longitudinal design, the independent changes in social psychological variables are shown to be related to subsequent patterns of drug use. Changes to and from the status of a user are shown to be predicted by psychosocial variables and by changes in these variables. Several implications for the more extensive study of change in drug use etiology and behavior patterns are explored.
Drug Use and Four Kinds of Novelty‐seeking*
Authors: Kohn Paul M. , Annis Helen M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA modified version of Pearson's Novelty Experiencing Scale and her Desire‐for‐Novelty Scale were administered to 430 students along with questions about drug use. The data were analyzed by partitioning of X2 for sex. scale score and drug use. The internal sensation‐seeking measure related to the use of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis – but not painkillers. The relationship between internal sensation‐seeking and cannabis use occurred among the males only. It was concluded that internal sensation‐seeking is important in the motivation for drug use, and that social norms, including sexually discriminatory ones, also probably play a role.
Marijuana Use among Calgary Youths as a Function of Sampling and Locus of Control
Authors: Currie Raymond F. , Perlman Daniel , Walker Lucille 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe findings reported in this paper were based on a representative, city wide sample (N= 708) of Calgary youths (aged 15–24). Twenty six per cent of the respondents reported having used marijuana “in the past six months”. Contrary to Smart's (1970) differential school drop out hypothesis, no decline in drug use was reported by 17 and 18 year old students, As measured by Rotter's concept, internally oriented respondents were less apt than externals to use marijuana. As predicted, this correlation was stronger among high school than college respondents. Several other demographic correlates of marijuana use were found.
Common Personality Characteristics of Male Drug Abusers in New Zealand*
Authors: Savage P. P. E. , Marchington T. D. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA study of 34 pure opiate addicts, admitted to Oakley Hospital, Auckland, showed that the common personality profile traded to be one of youth, above average I, Q., early school leaving without journal qualification, employment in only about 50 per cent 0f theme group, and they bring largely in unskilled occupation.Predominantly European. t hey from middle lower the middle, lower middle and tower middle that. It per cent of them having some abnormal family circumstance and a small majority hating tome working mothers.Personalities were frequently emotionally unstable, most commonly of the psychopathic type.The initial drug used was rather a matter of chance but generally fist taken between the ages of 16 and 20. Criminality was above the average level in the group. about half having had anon drug conviction prior to first drug me; after first drug use about the same number committed non drug offences, whilst about one‐third had convictions for drug offences e.g. possession, use, prescription forger? or pharmacy burglary.
Deaths among Users of Dangerous Drugs
Authors: Pirrie G. Denis 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn the four years from January, 1969, to the end of December, 1973, eight young adults who were attending a small drug dependency clinic in the south of England died. Though more than four times as many men as women attended in this period, deaths were equally divided, so that there was a very high fatality rate for women. Six or seven of these deaths were associated with the misuse of barbiturates rather than with the misuse of narcotic drugs. A number of these young people were living away from their home locality.
Matching Therapy and Patients: The Cafeteria Plan*
Authors: Ewing John A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNot all alcoholic patients can benefit from all treatment modalities. The “Cafeteria Plan” offers a sufficient variety of treatment approaches for any one patient to be able, with professional guidance, to select appropriate therapeutic modalities for himself. This paper describes a concept of comprehensive alcoholism services, and shows how these can be adapted to any clinic program and how patients can be assisted in selecting acceptable treatment plans. Clinics which have broadened their therapeutic program by adopting such a concept have found that they can offer treatment to larger numbers of patients and that attrition rates diminish.
Serum Folate and B12 and Haematological Status of In‐patient Alcoholics
Authors: Carney M. W. P. , Sheffield B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDuring 1972 and 1973, 33 alcoholic in‐patients, probably representative of alcoholism of more than 3 years duration in a predominantly urban population of 310,000, were investigated. Data relating to serum folate and B12 values, and haemoglobin, red and white blood count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, were obtained and compared with similar findings from 239 patients with other psychiatric conditions admitted over the same period. The groups did not differ significantly with respect to mean folate or B12, but there were significantly more folate values greater than 4.9 ng/ml among the alcoholics than among the other patients. Twenty four percent of alcoholics and other patients were malnourished. The mean folate of the malnourished alcoholics was significantly lower than that of the adequately nourished alcoholics. Significantly more alcoholics than other patients showed low RBC, macrocytosis and high MCH. Macrocytosis among the alcoholics was not satisfactorily accounted for by low folate and B12, or hepatic dysfunction. Sixty seven percent of the alcoholics were macrocytic, and seventy five percent had macrocytosis and/or elevated MCH. It was felt that the data were consistent with impaired haemapoiesis in alcoholism and that MCV and MCH were useful pointers to the diagnosis.
‘Mixed’ (Drug Abusing) and ‘Pure’ Alcoholics: A Socio‐medical Comparison
Authors: Ashley Mary Jane , le Riche W. Harding , Olin Jack S. , Hatcher Juanita , Kornaczewski Alex , Schmidt Wolfgang , Rankin James G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe social and medical characteristics of 228 ‘mixed’ (drug abusing) and 773 ‘pure’ alcoholics admitted to an inpatient treatment facility were compared. The mixed group, besides being younger, was sociologically more isolated and disaffiliated than was the pure group. As well, the mixed alcoholics were, in general, 'sicker medically than were their non‐drug‐abusing counterparts. The recorded lifetime frequencies of neurological, genitourinary, respiratory and locomotor illnesses were all greater in the mixed compared with the pure group. Trauma and malnutrition were also more common, and among those forty years of age and over the incidences of epilepsy, gastritis, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and peptic ulcer were all significantly greater in the mixed group. Cardiovascular illnesses, however, were recorded less frequently in the mixed group, as was cirrhosis among those aged forty and over. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed.
Measures of Heart Rate and Skin Conductance to Orienting Stimuli during Repetitive Administration of Marijuana*
Authors: Rickles William H. , Cohen Michael J. , Naliboff Bruce D. , Klitzner Michael D. , McIntyre Keren E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTo study cumulative effects of marijuana on basal measures of heart rate and skin conductance (SC) and phasic SC, 24 human males were randomly assigned to three groups of ft subjects each. Subjects lived on an experimental ward for 36 days. For the first 4 and the lost 4 days, no marijuana was administered. During the intervening 28 days, subjects smoked one marijuana cigarette daily which weighed approximately 0.5 grams. Dosage of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), depending on group membership, was either placebo, 1% THC or 2% THC.Each subject was seen for psychophysiological testing during one initial baseline day, four intoxication days, and two post‐intoxication days. Testing was done at a time when acute marijuana effects were minimal, and consisted of presenting a 67 Db tone orienting sequence under both nonsignal and signal conditions.Basically, the results indicated no detectable differences among the groups, due to the chronic administration of marijuana, on either of the physiological systems measured. The results were related to the effects of acute marijuana intoxication and Sokolov's theory of the orienting response.
Case report: A Delirious Abstinence Syndrome associated with Clorazepate (TranxilenR)
Authors: Allgulander Christer , Borg Stefan 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA 30‐year‐old woman with a previous history of diazepam dependence was admitted due to delirium following high doses of clorazepate (Tranxilen). She was detoxified with clomethiazole without complications.
Treatment Received by Ex‐addicts
Authors: Bejerot Carol Maurice 
Published: January 2006

Abstract27 arrestees in Stockholm who had previously injected drugs intravenously, but who had been drug‐free for a year or more, were asked what treatment they had received for their addiction. Only two of these ex‐addicts had received any treatment at all. In a contrast group of 100 drug abusers in the same population who had taken drugs during the last year, 37 had received treatment (p =0.002). Possibly drug abusers who intend to stop taking drugs and those who seek treatment may be two different populations, and treatment, by relieving the difficulties of their daily lives, may help addicts to continue their drug abuse rather than to terminate it.
Coca Leaf Chewing: a Public Health Assessment*
Authors: Negrete Juan C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe epidemiology of coca leaf chewing and its current trends are noted. Although coca leaf production is on the increase, the total number of chewers seems to be diminishing. Socio‐economic progress and better educational opportunities are largely responsible for his tendency.A comparison is made on the phenomenology of coca leaf and pure cocaine use. Evidences of the differences and similarities between them are discussed. The beneficial effects of coca chewing in high altitude living are mentioned and the evidence gathered so far in support of the habits untoward effects on health is assessed.It is concluded that a mild cognitive defect resulting from long‐term use, is probably a major public health problem since it may be directly associated with social stagnation.
Hypersexuality: Implications for a Theory of Dependence
Authors: Orford Jim 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt is argued that a theory of dependence must take into account forms of excessive appetitive behaviour which do not have psychoactive drugs as their object. Excessive heterosexuality is an important but neglected example. Some of the clinical and autobiographical literature on the topic. is reviewed, particularly the extended autobiography My Secret Life. Hypersexuality as an entity has been criticized on a number of grounds: the distribution of sexual behaviour in the population is continuous not discontinuous; the concept is ill defined and rests upon loosely used constructs such as loss of control; it ignores personal and social relativity in the definition of sexual normality, and in particular it betrays the operation of a double standard for judging behaviour of the two sexes. These problems of concept and definition are paralleled in discussions of other excessive behaviours such as excessive drinking and excessive gambling.
Occupations, Drinking Patterns and Alcohol‐Related Problems: Conclusions from a Follow‐up Study
Authors: Plant Martin A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe high rate of alcoholism in certain occupations is discussed and eight ‘risk factors’ are suggested. In order to explore the effects of occupation on drinking patterns and alcohol‐related problems 150 new recruits to a ‘high risk’ industry, alcohol production, were compared with a control group of 150 men newly recruited to ‘low risk’ jobs. Initial data indicated that the former were significantly heavier drinkers with poorer employment records. Follow‐up interviews one year and two‐three years later indicated that current job type was closely associated with alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related problems. It was noted that some ‘problem drinkers’ successfully resolved their difficulties without professional help.
Methadone Maintenance and Sex Role Orientation in Males
Authors: Singer Terry L. 
Published: January 2006

Summary The study examines the sex role orientation of male drug addicts in methadone maintenance treatment. Forty patients in the experimental group were drawn from the active pool of a methadone maintenance clinic. This group was matched against another group of 40 subjects with the same demographic characteristics. The results indicate no significant difference in sex role orientation and suggest the need for future study.
Solvent Abuse by Children and Young Adults: A Review
Authors: Watson Joyce M. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySolvent abuse, a practice more commonly known as glue sniffing is not a new phenomenon. It has been practised by children and adolescents in America and elsewhere since the late 1950s.The aims of this review were to provide information about the demographic characteristics of solvent sniffers, to look at the extent of the practice, to determine the sociological factors associated with it and to detail the effects, particularly the toxic effects of adhesives and other substances, the vapours of which could be deliberately inhaled. The findings are discussed.
The Alcohol Dependence Syndrome: A Step in the Wrong Direction?
Authors: Hodgson Ray J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe notion of an alcohol dependence syndrome proposed by Edwards and his colleagues [1, 4, 5] has recently been criticised by Shaw [2]. He argues that the syndrome idea emerged from the ashes of a simple disease model in order to keep medical men in business. It is based upon a socio‐political need rather than objective evidence.Shaw's criticisms are discussed in the light of recent data which show that assessments of degree of dependence, based upon the provisional description given by Edwards and Gross [1], have proven predictive validity. Failure to achieve a controlled drinking goal as well as the priming effect of alcohol appear to be, to some extent, a function of dependence severity. It follows that an assessment of degree of dependence should be useful to both the research worker and the clinician.
Will Restrictions on Alcohol Advertising Reduce Alcohol Consumption?
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. , Smart Reginald G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe effects of restrictions of alcohol advertisements in Manitoba, Canada and in the United States are examined using statistical data on alcohol consumption. The relationships between consumption and alcoholism rates for the U.S. and advertising regulations were very weak and not statistically significant. Subsequent to a restriction on beer advertising in Manitoba, beer consumption in that province rose at a similar rate as in a control province of Alberta. It is considered unlikely that restrictions on advertising will reduce consumption.
Management of Opium Dependence in a General Hospital Psychiatry Unit *
Authors: Chandrasena Ranjith 
Published: January 2006

SummarySocio‐demographic data, characteristics of dependence, method of management and the outcome results at follow‐up of 50 opium users in Sri Lanka are described. The majority of patients were male, from lower social class, and were Muslims. They had used opium initially for ‘ailments’, had a long history of misuse of opium by mouth and were spending large sums of money obtained from their extended families for purchasing illicit opium. They were strongly motivated to give up the habit because of social stigma and financial reasons and 84 per cent were not using opium at six months follow‐up.
The Adrenergic Role in the Manifestation of Nicotine Effects on Maze Ambulation in Roman High and Roman Low Avoidance Rats
Authors: Schlatter Josef , Bättig Karl 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn a semichronic experiment, RHA and RLA groups were treated with saline, nicotine (0.2 mg/kg) following AMT (60 mg/kg) pre‐treatment, or nicotine (0.2 mg/kg) alone. RHA controls showed consistently more spontaneous locomotion in a daily presentation of a computer controlled maze system than RLA controls. Upon removal of the central maze alleys, to form an illuminated open field, both lines drastically decreased locomotion within this central area, but habituation to this depressive effect only developed in the RHA controls and not in the RLA controls. Nicotinic facilitation of locomotion was stranger in the RHA than in the RLA line, but completely antagonized by AMT in both lines. Nicotinic facilitation of open field habituation was pronounced in both lines and was completely antagonized by AMT in the RHA line, but only partially antagonized in the RLA line. In both lines, nicotine tended to increase the explored area, but it also increased place repetition. AMT pretreatment significantly counteracted the nicotinic increase of place repetition only in the RLA line, and the nicotinic increase of the explored area only in the RHA line.
A Ban of Fortified Wine in Northwestern Ontario and its Impact on the Consumption Level and Drinking Patterns*
Authors: Giesbrecht Norman , Macdonald Scott 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper examines a ‘natural experiment’ where sixty brands of low‐priced domestic fortified wines were removed from stock (i.e., delisted). Ten communities where the brands were delisted were compared to a group of 18 where these brands continued to be available. Changes in consumption levels and beverage preference are examined for the ‘delisted’ and ‘available’ outlets in the two groups of communities in the northwestern region. There was little difference between the delisted and non‐delisted group in the overall consumption level although the decline was slightly steeper in the former group. Purchasing of domestic red and rose wines, as well as domestic vodka and Liquor Board alcohol increased in the delisted group. In some instances these wines and spirits may have been used in combination to produce a fortified beverage. Geographic adaption to the restriction was a minor phenomenon in that the increase in consumption of the relevant brands in a non‐listed community was a fraction of the reduction in the comparable sales in an adjacent delisted community.