bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite difference solution for a transient temperature distribution in an advanced polymer fiber
Authors: Sadooghi Parham , Aghanajafi Cyrus 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA model is presented for the calculation of transient combined radiative and conductive heat transfer in a semitransparent layer of advanced fiber polymer. This model is based on optical material properties. Different boundary conditions were examined. Each side of the layer was exposed to hot or cold radiative surroundings, whereas each boundary was heated or cooled by convection. Emission within the layer and internal reflections depended on the layer refractive index. The reflected energy and heat conduction distributed energy across the layer and partially equalized the transient temperature distributions. The numerical method is an implicit finite difference procedure with nonuniform space and time increments that has been expanded to include external convection and incident radiation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100:4181–4189, 2006
Effect of nanosize CaSO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 particles on the rheological behavior of polypropylene and its simulation with a mathematical model
Authors: Mishra S. , Sonawane Shirish , Mukherji Arindam , Mruthyunjaya H. C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNanosize CaSO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 fillers were synthesized with an in situ deposition technique, and their sizes were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. CaSO4 was prepared in 12‐ and 22‐nm sizes, and Ca3(PO4)2 was prepared in 13‐ and 24‐nm sizes. Experimental variables, such as torque, shear viscosity, shear stress, and shear rate, of the nanofilled polypropylene (PP) composites were measured with torque rheometry and melt flow index (MFI) measurements. Torque versus time, shear viscosity versus weight percentage, and MFI versus weight percentage were plotted to investigate the rheological behavior of the nanofilled composites. The Cross–Williamson (CW) model was simulated with the MATLAB simulation package to study the thinning behavior of the PP composites. The experimental results show a decrease in the shear viscosity with increasing weight percentage of filler. Shear thinning in the molten PP composites was comparatively greater with decreasing nanosize of CaSO4 and Ca3(PO4)2. This kind of behavior was confirmed by the N parameter as determined from the CW model. The simulation of experimental data also showed similar trends as the theoretical data. At a certain stage, a violation of theoretical data was observed. This was because of practical limitations of the equation, as the equation does not include consideration of the physical situation of chain entanglements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4190–4196, 2006
Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of a new side‐chain, chiral smectic, liquid‐crystalline elastomer
Authors: Hu Jian‐She , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Zhou Ai‐Juan , Du Bing‐Guang , Yang Li‐Qun 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of the new chiral monomer 4‐(10‐undecylen‐1‐yloxy)biphenyl‐4′‐[(S)‐2‐methyl‐1‐bu‐ toxy]benzoate (M1), the nematic crosslinking agent biphenyl 4,4′‐bis(10‐undecylen‐1‐yloxybenzoate) (M2), and the corresponding liquid‐crystalline elastomer is described. The chemical structures of the chiral monomer and crosslinking agent have been characterized with Fourier transform infrared, elemental analyses, and proton and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The mesomorphic properties have been investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Monomer M1 shows different smectic phases (smectic A, chiral smectic C, and smectic B) and a cholesteric phase, and M2 exhibits a nematic phase. The liquid‐crystalline elastomer shows smectic A and chiral smectic C phases. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4234–4239, 2006
A novel positive‐type photosensitive polyimide based on soluble block copolyimide showing low dielectric constant with a low‐temperature curing process
Authors: Jin XingZhou , Ishii Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA soluble block copolyimide (Bco‐PI) was prepared by direct one‐pot polycondensation of 2,2‐bis‐(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane, 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane, and cyclohexane‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride in the presence of γ‐valerolactone and a pyridine catalyst system using γ‐butyrolactone as the solvent. The thermal transmission temperature (Tg) of Bco‐PI was 282°C. By having the curing process occur at 250°C, which was below the Tg, colorless and transparent films could be obtained. The film showed excellent optical characteristics. Such properties could not be attained by the conventional high‐temperature thermal imidization process of poly(amic acid). The hydroxy groups in the polyimide backbone gave the Bco‐PI the potential to become alkaline. To the Bco‐PI was added 15 wt % ester of 2,3,4‐trihydroxybenzophenone with 1,2‐naphthoquinone‐(2) diazide‐5‐sulfonic acid (NT200) as the photoreactive compound. The system worked as a positive‐type photosensitive polyimide (PSPI). The sensitivity and contrast of the PSPI system were 220 mJ/cm2 and 1.27, respectively, when exposed to UV light, followed by development with a 5% tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) aqueous solution at room temperature. After curing at 250°C for 1 h, the average refractive index of Bco‐PI with and without NT200 was 1.5543 and 1.5563, and the optically estimated dielectric constant of the polyimides was 2.66 and 2.67, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4240–4246, 2006
Intravenous administration of paclitaxel in Sprague‐Dawley rats: what is a safe dose?
Authors: Shord Stacy S. , Camp Joseph R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFew studies describe the administration of Taxol™ to rats; however, rats are typically used to study the toxicity of new drugs or novel formulations. A dose finding study was conducted to determine a safe dose of Taxol™ following intravenous administration in rats. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats received a bolus of paclitaxel 5–20 mg/kg i.v. Blood was drawn before administration and at the following times after administration: 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. Plasma concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Two rats received paclitaxel 20 mg/kg and died immediately. Nine rats received paclitaxel 10 mg/kg; seven of these rats died within 12 h and two rats were killed due to moribund conditions. Ten rats received paclitaxel 5 mg/kg with no morbidity. The following pharmacokinetics for paclitaxel in the plasma were estimated: C0, 8977 ng/ml; AUC0 → ∞, 7477 ng*h/ml; CLs, 668 ml/h*kg; Vss, 1559 ml/kg; Vz 2557 ml/kg and t1/2, 2.6 h. It is concluded that further pharmacokinetic studies that are rationally designed to include appropriate measures of preclinical toxicity associated with paclitaxel are needed to identify formally the safest dose in rats following intravenous administration; however, these data indicate that male Sprague‐Dawley rats can safely receive Taxol™ in a 5 mg/kg i.v. bolus. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment and treatment of object mouthing in a public school classroom
Authors: Mueller Michael M. , Kafka Carissa 
Published: March 2006

AbstractLittle research has been conducted to evaluate the most effective treatments for object mouthing in school or classroom settings. The current case example illustrates the process for conducting a functional assessment and implementing treatment for object mouthing in a public school special education classroom. Teacher and parent interview, direct observations, and functional analysis were used to determine that the object mouthing of a 4‐year‐old girl with severe developmental disabilities was maintained by automatic reinforcement. Free operant preference assessments determined physical parameters of objects that were highly mouthed. Paired choice preference assessments determined which competing items to use in a treatment evaluation. Initial treatment consisted of fixed‐time delivery of a competing food item that reduced object mouthing to very low levels. To completely eliminate the mouthing, physical response blocking was added. Data are presented demonstrating the success of the treatment for up to 15 weeks of follow‐up after the initial treatment evaluation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving evaluation of psychotropic medication for adults with developmental disabilities living in community settings
Authors: Blough Darren , Pulliam Barbara , Page Terry J. , Sweeney Victoria , Dougherty Rose , Grim Michael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe evaluated the effectiveness of a series of staff management and training interventions to increase the use of objective data collection in the evaluation of psychotropic medications. Participants were 110 direct care staff, and 19 supervisors. Individuals served were adults with developmental disabilities who were residing in community group homes and apartments. Baseline data were collected on (1) staff data collection, and (2) graphing data for behavior problems directly related to the prescription of psychotropic medications. Following two ineffective antecedent interventions, didactic staff training was instituted in a multiple baseline across data collection and graphing. When staff training was followed by direct feedback to first line supervisory staff, both data collection and graphing increased. A subsequent maintenance condition, in which feedback was thinned, was effective in maintaining increased data collection and graphing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constructed‐response spelling and literacy development: an application in an urban classroom
Authors: Lee‐Vieira Amy , Mayer Michele D. , Cameron Michael J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of constructed‐response spelling procedures with disadvantaged children attending a public inner‐city elementary school. Ten students of primarily Cape Verdean descent participated in the study as part of a classroom‐wide implementation of constructed‐response procedures. A multiple‐treatment design was used to assess the effectiveness of the constructed‐response strategy versus traditional spelling instruction. The dependent variable was the percent of words spelled correctly on weekly spelling tests. Results indicated that mean spelling scores were higher during both constructed‐response conditions than during traditional instruction for 9 of the 10 students. The relationship between spelling proficiency and literacy development is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The social and economic impact of trichotillomania: results from two nonreferred samples
Authors: Wetterneck Chad T. , Woods Douglas W. , Norberg Melissa M. , Begotka Andrea M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBehavior therapy has been widely used as a treatment for trichotillomania. However, behavioral treatments for TTM have tended to focus on behavior reduction, while not paying as much attention to social and economic impact. The current study sought to clarify the social and economic impact of Trichotillomania (TTM) in two samples of persons with TTM. Members of the first sample attended a TTM patient conference (N = 36) and members of the second responded to an online survey (N = 381). Both samples completed self‐report measures that examined the impact of TTM on avoiding activities and relationships, as well as financial costs. Results indicated that both groups reported similar amounts of avoidance in social situations, sought help from multiple health professionals, spent considerable time engaged in hair pulling activities, and had interference in both work and school. The study suggests a number of ways to decrease the negative impact of TTM. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indicators of quality teaching in intensive behavioral intervention: a survey of parents and professionals
Authors: Perry Adrienne , Prichard E. Alice , Penn Helen E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntensive Behavioral Intervention (IBI) is being used extensively with children with autism. It is widely accepted that a large quantity of IBI is necessary to maximize children's outcomes, but outcomes remain variable and one reason for this is likely related to the quality of intervention children are receiving. There is little empirical evidence regarding the nature and measurement of quality IBI. This paper presents results of a survey examining the views of parents and professionals about quality IBI and how it should be measured. Parents rated the importance of 11 IBI characteristics and professionals indicated whether these characteristics should be measured objectively or subjectively. All respondents selected three characteristics they thought most important and answered open‐ended questions about: additional quality indicators and IBI programming issues for which empirical evidence is needed. Parental ratings supported the importance of virtually all the suggested characteristics. Professional results emphasized the importance of objective measurement. The most frequently selected indicators of high quality teaching across groups were: creating generalization opportunities, administering reinforcers of the appropriate type, and using effective/appropriate behavior management strategies. There were interesting differences across groups and many valuable suggestions about additional indicators of quality and empirical questions of interest. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lignin degradation by a novel peptide, Gt factor, from brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum
Authors: Wang Wei , Huang Feng , Mei Lu Xue , Ji Gao Pei 
Published: March 2006

AbstractGt factor, a pure component isolated from Gloeophyllum trabeum, was used to decompose lignin materials. The radical intermediates, degradation products and structural changes of treated materials were analyzed by infrared spectrum, NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance, etc. The results indicate that Gt factor makes an oxidative attack on lignin via HO˙, which might be the initial step in lignocellulose degradation by brown rot fungus.
Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of sea urchin embryos
Authors: Bulgakov Victor P. , Kiselev Konstantin V. , Yakovlev Konstantin V. , Zhuravlev Yuri N. , Gontcharov Andrey A. , Odintsova Nelly A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAgrobacterium‐mediated transformation of higher plants is a well‐known and powerful tool for transgene delivery to plant cells. In the present work, we studied whether Agrobacterium can transfer genetic information to animal (sea urchin) embryos. Sea urchin embryos were co‐cultivated with A. tumefaciens strains carrying binary vectors containing the nptII marker gene and agrobacterial rolC and rolB oncogenes. Bacterial plasmid T‐DNA–sea urchin DNA junction sites were identified in the genome of these embryos, thus indicating successful transformation. The nptII and both rol genes were expressed in the transformed embryos. The processes of transgene integration and transgene expression were suppressed when Agrobacteria contained mutated virA, virB or virG genes, suggesting that Agrobacterium transforms sea urchin cells by a mechanism similar to that which mediates T‐DNA transfer to plants. Some of the embryos co‐cultivated with Agrobacterium developed teratoma‐like structures. The ability of Agrobacterium strains to trigger formation of teratoma‐like structures was diminished when they contained the mutated vir genes. In summary, our results demonstrate that Agrobacterium is able to transform animal (sea urchin) embryonic cells, thus indicating a potential of this natural system for gene delivery to animal hosts. We also discuss the possibility of horizontal gene transfer from Agrobacterium to marine invertebrates.
Engineering and biotechnological aspects for the manufacturing of high quality fried potato products
Authors: Reimerdes Ernst H. , Franke Knut 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFried potato products have become very popular foods over the last decades. High quality standards have been established for these products by the food industry including uniform brown color and crispness. During frying, Maillard reactions takes place which contribute to color and taste development in these products. However, safety aspects are also influenced by these reactions, e.g., acrylamide formation. Maintaining high safety standards as well as the expected quality requires systematic research based on an integrated approach including all relevant variables, e.g., raw material properties, processing conditions and equipment concepts. Selected results of these investigations are presented and discussed, regarding influence of composition, e.g., precursor levels for Maillard reactions, treatment of raw materials and addition of reactants to frying fat. It has been demonstrated that a combined treatment of the potato sticks by coating of product surfaces and partial pre‐drying can be successfully applied to produce well‐browned French fries with lower acrylamide contents. Reductions up to 75% could be reached compared to samples without treatment. Furthermore, addition of a water/oil emulsion containing glutamine in the aqueous phase has been shown to influence Maillard reactions at the product surface, resulting in lower acrylamide contents at the same state of browning.
Selective Hydroxylation of Highly Branched Fatty Acids and their Derivatives by CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium
Authors: Budde Michael , Morr Michael , Schmid Rolf D. , Urlacher Vlada B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHighly branched fatty acids, the main components of the preen‐gland waxes of the domestic goose and the Muscovy duck, and their derivatives are promising chiral precursors for the synthesis of macrolide antibiotics. The key step in the utilisation of these compounds is their regioselective hydroxylation, which cannot be achieved in a classical chemical approach. Three P450 monooxygenases, CYP102A1, CYP102A2 and CYP102A3, demonstrating high turnover numbers in the hydroxylation of iso and anteiso fatty acids (>400 min−1), were tested for their activity towards these substrates. CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium and its A74G F87V L188Q triple mutant hydroxylate a variety of these substrates with high activity and regioselectivity. In all cases, the triple mutant showed much higher activities than the wild‐type enzyme. The binding constants, determined for wild‐type CYP102A1 and the triple mutant with tetramethylnonanol as substrate, were >200 μM and ∼23 μM, respectively. Data derived from binding analysis support the differences in activity found for the wild‐type CYP102A1 and the triple mutant. Surprisingly, CYP102A2 and CYP102A3 from Bacillus subtilis did not show any activity. Substrate binding spectra, recorded to investigate substrate accessibility to the enzyme’s active sites, revealed that the substrates either could not access the active site of the Bacillus subtilis monooxygenases, or did not come into proximity with the heme.
Inhibition and Detection of Galectins
Authors: Pieters Roland J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMore and more studies report on the roles that galectins play in numerous types of cancer. These roles can be varied, as has been shown particularly for galectin‐3. These studies have created the need for inhibitors that can block unwanted effects, and the need to detect galectins in tissues, in order to better understand their role, and aid in diagnosis and prognosis. Since galectins bind β‐galactosides, monovalent galactose‐derived inhibitors have been prepared but also peptidic ones have appeared. Since galectins often induce crosslinking and partake in aggregation phenomena, multivalency has been a successful design element in inhibitor development. Currently, there are no cheap and convenient solutions available for the detection of, ideally multiple, galectins in tissue samples, although antibody‐based methods such as ELISA and Western blot analysis are being used. Besides these, a chemical probe‐based method also shows potential as an alternative.
Numerische Simulation der Speicherung von CO2 in geologischen Formationen
Authors: Class H. , Bielinski A. , Helmig R. , Kopp A. , Ebigbo A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDie Speicherung von Kohlendioxid in geologischen Formationen wird derzeit als ein möglicher Beitrag zur Reduktion von Treibhausgaskonzentrationen in der Atmosphäre diskutiert und untersucht. Ein wichtiges Werkzeug begleitend zu experimentellen Untersuchungsmethoden ist die numerische Simulation. Hier wird ein Einblick in die physikalischen bzw. thermodynamischen Vorgänge im Untergrund während und nach einer Injektion von Kohlendioxid gegeben sowie deren modellkonzeptionelle Beschreibung durch nichtisotherme Mehrphasensysteme dargestellt. Die elementaren Schritte der physikalisch/mathematischen Modellbildung und numerischen Lösung der daraus entstehenden Gleichungssysteme werden erklärt. Anhand von Simulationsbeispielen werden dominierende Prozesse während und nach einer Injektion diskutiert.
Klimawandel und das Förderkonzept „Forschung für den Klimaschutz und Schutz vor Klimawirkungen”︁
Authors: Korn‐Riedlinger K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUm natürlichem und anthropogen verursachtem Klimawandel wirksam zu begegnen, fördert das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung mit dem neuen Förderkonzept „Forschung für den Klimaschutz und Schutz vor Klimawirkungen”︁ anwendungsorientierte Vorhaben mit zwei Schwerpunkten: Mitigation und Adaptation.>
Fermentative Herstellung von Chitosan aus Pilzmycelien
Authors: Groeger G. , Geyer W. , Bley T. , Ondruschka J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractEigene Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Chitosan aus verschiedenen Pilzmycelien, die als Restprodukte bei biotechnologischen Prozessen anfallen, gewonnen werden kann. Unter gewissen Umständen kann sogar ein Fermentationsprozess beim Einsatz von Dünnschlempe rentabel sein. Im Vergleich zum Krabbenchitosan können bei der fermentativen Herstellung von Chitosan Aufarbeitungsschritte bei dennoch bedeutend höherer Ausbeute eingespart werden. Analysen ergaben, dass pilzliches Chitosan zum Krabbenchitosan einen vergleichbaren Deacetylierungsgrad hat, kein Protein sowie keine Schwermetalle enthält, jedoch ein sehr niedriges Molgewicht aufweist. Auf Grund dieser Eigenschaften ist es für eine Anwendung in der Medizin und Pharmazie, in der Kosmetikindustrie sowie in der Lebensmittelindustrie sehr gut geeignet.
Maßnahmen zur CO2‐Minderung bei der Stahlerzeugung
Authors: Aichinger H. M. , Steffen R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDie Stahlindustrie in Deutschland gehört aufgrund des Reduktionsmittelbedarfs an Kohlenstoff für ihre metallurgischen Stoffumwandlungsprozesse und ihrer hohen Erzeugungsmenge von rd. 45 Mio. t Rohstahl pro Jahr zu den energieintensiven CO2‐emittierenden Branchen. Sie hat sich gegenüber der Bundesregierung verpflichtet, ihre spezifischen Kohlendioxid‐Emissionen bis zum Jahr 2012 um 22 Prozent gegenüber dem Referenzjahr 1990 zu verringern. Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der CO2‐Emissionen beziehen sich auf die Erhöhung der Energie‐ und Ressourceneffizienz. Viel versprechende neue Ansätze mit erheblichem CO2‐Minderungspotenzial bietet die Weiterverarbeitung von Rohstahl zu Walzstahl. Zukunftstechnologien und langfristige Maßnahmen für die Klimavorsorge stellen die Wasserstofftechnologie zur Roheisen‐ und Stahlerzeugung sowie die Hochtemperaturelektrolyse von Eisenerz mit CO2‐unbelasteter elektrischer Energie dar. Innerhalb der Wertschöpfungsketten tragen neue Stahlwerkstoffe zu einer weiteren Verminderung von CO2‐Emissionen bei.