bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical Design of Experiments in Metal Cutting—Part One: Methodology
Authors: Astakhov VP , Osman MOM , Al-Ata M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of the statistical design of experiments and its application in metal-cutting studies is carried out. This subject is treated in two parts. The main concern of Part 1 is the design methodology. The applied aspects of the design such as the basic requirements to the criterion of effectiveness, factors selection, and mathematical model formulation were considered. Special attention is paid to the pre-process decisions. A 23 factorial experiment, complete block was chosen as the basic type of the design of experiments in metal cutting. The basic properties of this type of design were considered. It is shown that the design of experiments requires that special attention be give to the accuracy of the experimentations.
Statistical Design of Experiments in Metal Cutting—Part Two: Applications
Authors: Astakhov VP , Osman MOM , Al-Ata M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In the first part of this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the statistical design of experiments was made, and a design methodology was presented. The applied aspects of the design, such as the basic requirements to the criterion of effectiveness, factor selection, and mathematical model formulation, were considered. A 23 factorial experiment was chosen as the basic type of the design of experiments in metal cutting. In this paper, the practical aspects of using the proposed methodology in metal cutting experiments are examined. BTA deep-hole drilling is studied, as an example, using the design of experiments. The influence of cutting speed, feed, and cutting fluid flow rate on the machined holes roughness and roundness is studied using a 23 factorial experiment, complete block. In order to study the tool life and the cutting forces, logarithmic coordinate transformations of the regression equation in Taylor form are proposed.
Computerized Chemical Structural Information (CSI) and Associated Data: A Study of Computerized CSI Pathways Used by Synthesis Chemists, and Recommendations for Guidelines
Authors: Gragg CE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Synthetic chemists are confronted with an array of computerized chemical structure drawing packages, chemical database packages, and chemical spreadsheets for organizing data. Software that is task-oriented has become available. Integration of two or more tasks in one software package is possible. For example, it is possible to draw a chemical structure suitable for inclusion in a printed document, and also use the same structure as an on-line search query. Pathways that are followed by synthetic chemists include the
• decision to make a chemical,
• submission of queries to chemical databases,
• selection of preparative methods,
• procurement of the starting materials,
• preparation of the sample itself,
• disposal of waste products,
• collection of data to support chemical structure assignment,
• registration of information about chemical samples into personal and shared databases,
• submission of samples of the chemical for appropriate testing,
• preparation of reports,
• submission of manuscripts to journals, and
• publication of chemical structural information and data associated with it in the primary literature.
These pathways will be discussed, with examples of software that may be suitable for each task. Guidelines will be recommended.
An Expert Infobase System for Tracing Hazardous Materials in Engineering Documents and System Requirements for Materials Information Standardization
Authors: Aung SU , Barbara T 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Hazardous Waste Minimization (HAZMIN) Infobase has a Navy Aviation Depot's maintenance directives and processing procedures in digitized text and graphics files. It is important that all chemicals that are restricted in some manner by state and federal environmental and safety regulations are identified in the materials that are specified within the processing documents, by shop (work area), and to the level of the ingredients that make up the materials in use. Described will be how, by using the HyGEN Expert Infobase System technology and appropriate methodology, an audit trail for state and federal safety- and environmentally-restricted materials can be established against engineering and material documentations. The Expert Infobase system is an integration of infobase, database, and rule-based expert systems. HyGEN software can synergistically integrate a select set of off-the-shelf PC software and can provide the system with relational capabilities such as database to text and vice versa, in addition to the common database to database. Also, there are database or text to graphics cross-relating capabilities. The system can possess similar properties as those of the object-oriented programming technology. These capabilities can furthermore be synergized to successfully design and automatically manage complex information structures such as with repeating data groups nesting within another level of repeating data group. Also described will be the organizing approaches for viewing information from several perspectives yet using the same basic information set.
Material Specifications of Advanced Ceramics and Other Issues in the Use of Property Databases with Corrosion Analysis Models
Authors: Munro RG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The growing interest in linking analysis models with distributed materials property databases gives rise to new database design requirements. This paper discusses the conditions encountered in the modeling of the corrosion of a ceramic material as a time-dependent phenomenon. In the corrosion of ceramics, numerous distinct contributing processes occur in different regions of the specimen simultaneously. These different regions usually have different compositions, native microstructures, and environmentally intrusive agents. Both predictive modeling efforts and post-test diagnostic analyses, therefore, require chemical and physical property data that are related to the specific material substructures. There are significant problems in the practice of representing such information in general-purpose materials property databases. The essential issues pertain to the form of the representation, the accessibility of the data, and the uniqueness of the value set. This paper addresses these issues in the context of a multipurpose database into which access is needed by an automated, external, analysis program. The corrosion of silicon carbide is used as a prototypic case in discussing the standards for the database, the expectations of the user, and the implications of the practical design of the property database. It is concluded that the required analysis tools include the model with constraints on the material and the environment, a property database that distinguishes the material's substructure types and locations, a reactions database for all significantly reacting species in the system, and an expert system interface to assess the performance level options available by means of the property data.
Residual Stresses in Plastic Pipes by Laser Speckle Technique
Authors: Seif MA , Kishawy HA , Hassan MA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Laser speckle technique has been employed as a sensitive noncontact quantitative tool to measure the residual stress distribution developed in plastic pipes due to manufacturing processes. Pipes are classified into two main categories: thin-walled and thick-walled pipes. In thick-walled pipes, the laser technique has been combined with the layer removal method to describe accurately the stress distribution along the pipe thickness. A merit of the present investigation is the development of an empirical formula to assist the laser measurement in obtaining a more reliable stress distribution. Therefore, the need for the layer removal method has been eliminated, and the usual inaccuracy patterns resulting from excessive machining have been avoided. Since the results obtained are compared favorably with different techniques such as strain gages, ring slitting, and layer removal techniques, the proposed work possesses different advantages with respect to simplicity, practicality, and sensitivity.
Fatigue Testing of Microspecimens from a Weldment
Authors: Yuan B , Sharpe WN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes a technique for measuring the strain-controlled cyclic stress-strain behavior of microspecimens taken from a steel weldment. The specimens have a cross-section 0.3 by 0.3 mm with a gage section approximately 1.4-mm long and are believed to be the smallest specimens that have ever been tested in fully-reversed axially-loaded fatigue tests. The microsample fatigue test system developed allows both strain and stress control. The key feature is the ability to measure strain directly using a laser-based strain gage that measures the relative displacement between two tiny reflective indentations in the specimen surface.
Effect of Specimen Thickness on the Long-Life Fatigue Performance of a Randomly-Oriented Continuous-Strand Glass-Mat-Reinforced Polypropylene Composite
Authors: Little RE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper summarizes an experimental study of how three specimen thicknesses—⅛, 3/16, and ¼ in. (3.18, 4.76, and 6.35 mm)—affect the long-life fatigue performance of a thermoplastic composite material with 40% randomly-oriented continuous-strand glass in a polypropylene matrix (Azdel). Axial-load and four-point-bending fatigue tests were conducted to compare (1) the respective median logarithmic fatigue lives for a common alternating stress amplitude and (2) the respective estimated median fatigue strengths at 107 stress cycles. Both the median logarithmic fatigue life and the median fatigue strength decreased markedly when the specimen thickness was increased from ⅛ to 3/16 in. (from 3.18 to 4.76 mm). However, in each case, no further decrease was statistically evident when the specimen thickness was increased from 3/16 to ¼ in. (from 4.76 to 6.35 mm).
Ultrasonic Stress Evaluation in a Compressor Rotor
Authors: Bray DE , Tang W , Grewal DS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The run-out report for a compressor rotor showed an almost continuous bow between the two bearings. The maximum run-out of 0.03 mm (0.0012 in.) occurred at the inlet to the fourth stage impeller. The steel compressor rotor was just over 3 m in length. It had been removed from service for maintenance. Each of the seven compressor stages was mounted on the rotor at the time of the stress measurement. An evaluation of the residual stress at the inlet locations in the shaft using critically refracted longitudinal, LCR, ultrasonic waves showed compressive stress on the bowed side of the rotor, supporting the conclusion that residual stress is the cause of the bow.
An Ultrasonic Technique for Monitoring Automotive Components
Authors: Lopes R , Mazzeranghi A , Ronchiato G , Vangi D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Early and reliable damage location is a key element for the quality and quantity of the data that can be acquired from a fatigue test on automotive components and from mechanical components subjected to road-simulated endurance testing. This paper describes an acousto-ultrasonic methodology for monitoring structures or mechanical components. The technique has been developed gradually by applying it first to simple elements, such as spot-welded steel panels, sections, etc., then to individual body nodes, and finally to a complete car body. The results of a road simulated endurance test carried out on a car body are presented. This technique makes it possible to reduce to the minimum, or eliminate altogether, visual checks, and to identify fatigue cracks at their earliest initiation stages and spot weld failure, without having to wait until a defect grows to the point of modifying the overall mechanical properties of the element being tested.
Transverse Vibration of a Simply Supported Beam with Symmetric Overhang of Arbitrary Length
Authors: Murphy JF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The numerical solution to the frequency equation for the transverse vibration of a simple beam with symmetric overhang is found. The numerical results converge to the analytical solutions for the two limiting cases of a beam with no overhang and a beam with no span and agree with the case in which the supports are at the nodal points of a freely vibrating beam. An approximation to the solution of the frequency equation for beams with small overhang is presented and compared to the numerical solution. This simple yet accurate approximation is most useful to determine a beam's flexural stiffness, EI, or modulus of elasticity, E, by freely vibrating a simply supported beam.
A Preliminary Examination of the Laboratory Sheen Test
Authors: Jones M 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA proposed test procedure for detecting “free oil” in discharges of drilling fluids and cuttings from offshore oil and gas wells has been evaluated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and independently. Several preliminary examinations with small numbers of observers were performed, and later expanded by testing with 26 observers. The procedure, including recent modifications, appears to be relatively sensitive but of questionable usefulness as a monitoring tool. Results are highly variable, depending on the type of drilling mud, presence of interfering compounds, and sample size. Other factors (i.e., vibration, angle and type of light, sample age, and sample preparations) may also cause variable results and will need to be more carefully evaluated. The definition of sheen is expanded in the most recently proposed version of the procedure, causing more samples to fail than with previous definitions. It is suggested that the procedure be further evaluated.
Fatigue Crack Growth Threshold and Crack Opening of a Mild Steel
Authors: Yu MT , Topper TH , DuQuesnay DL , Pompetzki MA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The effects of stress ratio, compressive peak stress, and cold rolling on the threshold stress intensity and crack closure level of a mild steel (SAE 1010) were investigated. As the stress ratio and the magnitude of the compressive peak stress were increased, the threshold level decreased linearly. The threshold stress intensity also decreased linearly as the yield strength was increased by cold rolling. Crack opening measurements showed that the measured threshold is composed of two parts: an intrinsic threshold stress intensity range, ΔKin, and an opening stress intensity, ΔKop. The opening stress intensity decreased with increasing magnitude of the compressive peak stress. The intrinsic threshold stress intensity range was not significantly affected by the compressive peak stress. Severe cold rolling decreased the opening stress in the near threshold region to near zero. In a constant amplitude load-controlled test, the ratio of the opening stress intensity to the maximum stress intensity decreased as the maximum stress intensity (crack length) increased, and no crack closure could be observed when the net stress approached the yield strength of the material.
Chromium Conservation in Stainless Steel
Authors: Heger JJ 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA critical review of published literature, and personal contacts with industries and individuals, were made to determine the possibilities for chromium conservation in stainless steels. The information obtained indicates that no low- or non-chromium substitute will be universally satisfactory. However, substitutes are possible in many specific applications, although the substitute probably will differ for each application. Examples are given.
Fracture Toughness of Unalloyed Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI)
Authors: Putatunda SK , Singh I 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The influence of microstructure on the tensile properties and the plane strain fracture toughness (KIc) of unalloyed austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) was examined in room temperature ambient atmosphere. The crack growth mechanism during fracture toughness tests was determined through detailed fractographic studies. Compact tension and round cylindrical specimens were prepared from unalloyed ADI and were given four different austempering heat treatments to produce four different microstructures. Tensile properties and fracture toughness of these four differently heat-treated materials as well as cast materials were determined as per relevant ASTM standards.
The results of the present investigation demonstrate that the fracture toughness of unalloyed ADI increases with increase in volume fraction of ferrite in the matrix and reaches a peak when the ferrite content of the matrix is around 65%. Both yield and ultimate tensile strength of the unalloyed ADI was found to increase with increase in volume fraction of ferrite in the matrix. The ductility of ADI, on the other hand, was found to increase with increase in volume fraction of austenite in the matrix. The crack growth mechanism was found to be predominantly by the microvoid coalescence. The crack path appears to connect the graphite nodules along the way.
Mixed Mode Stress Intensity Calibrations for an Angled Crack Bend Specimen
Authors: Yates JR , Ho KF , Goldthorpe MR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Test specimens with angled or inclined cracks are frequently used to investigate mixed mode fatigue and fracture properties. A full three-dimensional (3-D) linear elastic finite element stress analysis has been performed for a beam with an angled single edge crack subjected to three-point bend loading. Crack angles of 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° to the longitudinal axis of the beam have been considered. The resulting geometric correction terms to the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) mode I, II, and III stress intensity factors are presented.
Development of a Dynamic Load-Deflection Apparatus for Elastomeric Materials
Authors: Vallee GE , Shukla A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method of experimentally determining the dynamic load-deflection behavior of elastomeric impact absorbers is developed. Particular attention was given to impact absorbers (bumpers) used in pneumatic fastening tools, and the dynamic load-deflection apparatus developed here closely replicated actual service conditions. Cylindrical specimens and actual bumpers were fabricated from epichlorohydrin and nitrile elastomers, two materials commonly used in the bumper application. The dynamic behavior of thin circular disks is also studied and brief comparison with the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar technique is given.
Durability Design Process of a Vehicle Suspension Component
Authors: Lee Y-L , Raymond MN , Villaire MA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An improved methodology to quantitatively assess fatigue lives of automotive structures and to identify critical and non-damaging areas for design enhancement and weight reduction is presented. The methodology of automated fatigue assessment, called CAE-FATIGUE (Computer Aided Engineering in Fatigue), combines a load-time history file with the result file from an elastic finite element analysis to estimate fatigue lives (damage contours). The CAE-FATIGUE methodology is of particular value when it is used as a proactive tool in the early design stage to reduce design iterations and prototype costs.
CAE-FATIGUE is applicable to elastic finite element analysis results because the Glinka energy density method (plasticity correction approach) is used to approximate true stresses and strains from the elastic stresses. CAE-FATIGUE cannot be applied to cases where loading frequency is of importance, since the elastic stress components from all loading channels are superimposed to the resultant stresses at the same specific time. CAE-FATIGUE calculates fatigue lives based on the maximum normal stress and strain range on a critical plane on which maximum principal stresses for the entire loading history are maximized. Also, CAE-FATIGUE can generate life/damage contour plots to identify critical and nondamaging areas for design enforcement and weight reduction.
This report focuses on practical aspects of designing automotive suspension components to avoid fatigue failure. The design process for a proposed front suspension knuckle is presented for illustration purposes. Critical planes highlighted with damage contours can also be used to develop “smart” and efficient prototype tests. Emphasis is placed on how to optimize the component to meet the durability criteria through mechanical life test procedure and test field endurance schedules.
Structure and Outliers in Interlaboratory Studies
Authors: Mandel J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The current statistical analysis of interlaboratory test data involves tests of significance for outliers. In this paper we show that the use of tests of significance is faulty and we propose instead an analysis according to a row-linear model. This approach involves an examination of straight lines fitted by least squares for all laboratories against the averages over all laboratories for each level in the two-way table. By this method, a laboratory can be judged both in terms of the position of its response line when compared to other laboratories, as well as in terms of the residuals of the observed measurements from the fitted line.
Elastic Strain, Creep, and Recovery in Mortars: Additional Analysis
Authors: Sickels Taves LB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper examines the subject of elastic strain, creep, and their recoveries in mortars. An experimental program, outlined in an earlier issue of this journal, was undertaken to study the behaviors of mortars alone. Results indicated that the lime component directly and favorably affects movement in mortars. The obtained data were studied further, particularly the early minutes under compression, to determine if prior conclusions held firm and to continue to add to existing knowledge of mortars and their properties.
A Multistep Shear Test for Bond Strength of Claddings
Authors: Blickensderfer R , Burrus JM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A test for determining the bonding shear strength of a clad metal and the fixture for performing the test are described. The test specimen, which is relatively easy to machine, has approximately nine shear steps ranging in depth from shallower than the cladding to deeper than the cladding. Thus, at least one of the shear lips gives the shear strength very near the interface between the cladding and the base metal. Test results on a variety of bimetals are presented. Results are compared with ASTM Specification for Corrosion-Resisting Chromium Steel Clad Plate, Sheet, and Strip (A 264) criteria. This work was conducted by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, as a part of its effort to develop vacuum rolled claddings to conserve strategic materials.
An Estimation of Hardness of Hardened Steels by X-Ray Diffraction Using a Gaussian Curve-Fitting Method
Authors: Kurita M , Hirayama H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simplified equation for calculating rapidly a parameter of a Gaussian curve fitted to a diffraction line peak is proposed for use in the evaluation of the diffraction line width. An equation for calculating the standard deviation of the parameter, caused by counting statistics, is also given to evaluate the reproducibility of the parameter. The parameter together with its standard deviation can be calculated in only 0.8 s with an inexpensive microcomputer. The time required for the X-ray intensity measurement in determining the parameter is about one third of that required in the half-width determination. The line width represented by the parameter of various quenched and tempered steels increases with increasing hardness. Hence, the use of the parameter allows a rapid and nondestructive estimation of hardness of hardened steels.