bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and properties of esters of monohydric alcohols and fatty acids of tall oils
Authors: Bauer S. T. , Gill Patricia R. , Price R. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEsters of pure tall oil fatty acids and commercially available monohydric alcohols were prepared, distilled, and analyzed for pertinent values. The tall oil fatty acid fraction used in the esterification contained approximately 0.6% rosin acids with essentially equal distribution of fatty acids into oleic and linoleic acids. The use of various techniques, such as fast cooling by the addition of cold water to ester solutien, vacuum topping before water washing, and/or use of carbon dioxide as a blanketing gas resulted in the production of light‐colored ester products. These esters, low in acidic impurities and light in color, are another source of chemical intermediates for the preparation of plasticizers, cutting oils, hydraulic fluids, and lubricants.
Analyses of lipids and oxidation products by partition chromatography. Dimeric and polymeric products
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Evans C. D. , Moser Helen A. , McConnell D. G. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA liquid‐partition chromatographic method was developed to determine dimers in fats. Silicie acid treated with 20% methanol in benzene served as the immobile phase. A mixture of 2% methanol in benzene was the mobile solvent. Chromatographic separation of free fatty acids from oxidized‐deodorized oils gave three well‐isolated fractions composed of unoxidized acids, dimeric or polymeric fatty acids, and polar fraction (ethyl ether eluate). Recovery of acidic materials from the column was essentially quantitative (96–100%), reproducibility was good, and the standard error of regression was ±0.26.A linear relationship exists between the dimer content of deodorized soybean oil and the peroxide value of the oil before deodorization. An increase of 1% in dimer concentration corresponds to an increase in peroxide value of approximately 40. Dimer content of different vegetable oils varied from 1 to 3%.The chromatographic method can be used to estimate the degree of oxidation that an oil has received before deodorization and to follow various phases of fat oxidation, polymerization, and processing.
A new industrial process for cottonseed
Authors: Vaccarino C. , Vaccarino S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDescribed are the main priciples of a new industrial process that permits the processing of cottouseed, producing a meal virtually free of free gossypol and of bound gossypol both and considerably improving the oil‐refining yields.A descriptive summary is given of the plant required and of the work cycle followed in the industrial establishment already in production for many years in Italy
New nonionic detergents based on epoxidized oils. II
Authors: Johnson Keith L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe physical and surface‐active properties of alkylolamides prepared from methyl‐9,10‐epoxystearate are discussed. These materials are prepared by reacting methyl‐9,10‐epoxystearate with a polyoxyethylene alcohol to produce the methyl ester of the hydroxyalkoxypolyoxyether substituted carboxylic acid which is subsequently subjected to aminolysis with diethanolamine.The properties of the derivatives as a function of the molecular weight of the polyoxyethylene alcohol are explored and appear to exhibit critical changes at a value of about 500. All the materials thus prepared exhibit higher water solubility than corresponding N,N‐di(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides and foam somewhat less.Possible applications for materials such as these include formulation of low‐foam, heavyduty cleaning compounds, both of a liquid and dry type. This would, of course, be especially important in the growing field of automatic liquid dishwater formulations. A need for such materials also exists in heavy‐duty metal cleaning, floor washing, and other heavy‐duty cleaning applications.
Isomeric linear phenylalkanes and sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates
Authors: Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J. , Nunez‐Ponzoa M. V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLinear phenylalkanes made from 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon ॅ‐olefins and benzene, with aluminum chloride or methanesulfonic acid as the condensing agent, were found by gas‐liquid chromatography of the acetophenone homologs obtained by chromic acid oxidation to be a mixture of all possible internal position isomers.Product distribution measured by the relative amounts of acetophenone homologs must be corrected in the case of the 2‐ and 3‐phenylalkanes because of unequal oxidative scission and differing ease of oxidation. The 2‐phenyl isomer, formed in largest amount and presumably the highest melting isomer, was separated by low temperature crystallization from acetone.The phenylalkane product mixtures and the isolated 2‐phenyl isomers were sulfonated and detergent and surface active properties were compared. The sodiump‐alkylbenzenesulfonates from the 2‐phenylalkanes were more biodegradable than the mixtures in the river water die‐away test.
Oligomeric plasticizers from crambe oil‐derived dicarboxylic acids for poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Chang Shu‐Pei , Ridgway Robert W. , Riser George R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeventeen oligomeric plasticizers were prepared by polyesterification of long chain dicarboxylic acids with propylene glycol and terminator acid or alcohol. All, except one terminated by dodecyl alcohol, were compatible with poly(vinyl chloride). Films plasticizied with these polyesters were similar in transparency and flexibility to films plasticized with bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate. Poly(vinyl chloride) sheets containing brassylic acid polyesters withof 2200–2300 or a crambe mixed dicarboxylic acids polyester withof 2100 exhibited superior permanence with overall performance comparable to sheets plasticized with bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate commercial polymeric plasticizer.
Effect of wax content on flow properties of rice bran oil
Authors: Ramakrishna P. , Venkatesh K. V. L. , Poornima T. C. , Manohar B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractViscosity of crude rice bran oil with the wax content of 0.23–8.60 (% wt/wt) was measured using a coaxial cylindrical viscometer in the temperature range of 297–333 K. The crude oil behaved like pseudoplastic fluid obeying power law with consistency index k=2.0187×10(su−4) c0.2066 e2815/T and flow behavior index n=0.76, where c is the wax content and T is the temperature in Kelvin. Soy lecithin in the range of 1–2% did not affect the rheological properties.
A sensitive test to evaluate antioxidants in oils and fatty esters
Authors: Kikugawa Kiyomi , Nakahara Takami , Tanaka Masami 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEfficacy of common lipid antioxidants was evaluated by use of sesamol dimer and hemoglobin (SD method), and the method was compared with traditional peroxide value (POV) method. There were good correlations between the increases in SD and POV values, with different substrate oils and with the different antioxidants. While the POV method requires 500 mg of the substrate oil, the SD method requires less than 10 mg of the oil. The SD method is useful to estimate the potency of antioxidants with a small amount of oils and fatty esters.
Improved apparatus and methods for quantitative hydrogenation
Authors: Pack F. C. , Planck R. W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryImproved apparatus and techniques for the measurement of olefinic unsaturation by quantitative hydrogenation are described. These involve use of Mason's sample‐introducing device, ofn‐alkyl esters of mono‐basic fatty acids as solvents, and of palladium‐carbon catalysts, thereby speeding up the determination, improving their precision, and extending their utility.
Hydrogenation of fatty oils
Authors: Hughes J. P. 
Published: June 2007

ConclusionIn the brief space available an attempt has been made to survey the theoretical and practical aspects of the hydrogenation of fatty oils. That the view of the field presented was necessarily abridged becomes obvious when it is considered that hydrogenation has become almost a sub‐science of its own. However, despite the large amount of developmental work which has been done on the process and the magnitude of the commercial operations carried out with it, the published literature on hydrogenation is surprisingly meager.
Economics of cottonseed extraction
Authors: Becker K. W. , McCubbin Keator 
Published: June 2007

ConclusionsAt a differential of 111/2c per pound between oil and hull prices all the processes analyzed are attractive investments. Screw pressing pays off well at a lower annual investment and return, and many processors can look to screw pressing as a profitable stepping stone on the way to a prepress extraction plant.Among the solvent processes there is little difference when they are compared on the basis of all new equipment, and choice of process will likely depend on considerations of performance and product quality. Prepress extraction based on reconditioned equipment and filtration‐extraction based on rxisting preparation equipment, where they suit the need of the individual processor, show improved returns.
Does successful attainment of developmental tasks lead to happiness and success in later developmental tasks? A test of Havighurst's (1948) theses☆
Authors: Seiffge‐Krenke Inge , Gelhaar Tim 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis study tested Havighurst's (1948) contention that successful attainment of age‐specific developmental tasks leads to happiness and success in achieving subsequent tasks. A longitudinal study on 146 participants was carried out to investigate the links between developmental progression in adolescence and young adulthood and happiness, which was assessed by two indices: high self‐esteem and low symptomatology. The importance individuals place on achieving normative developmental tasks and current developmental status was assessed six times during adolescence and young adulthood, self‐esteem and symptomatology were assessed five times. Results revealed a shift in the time frames for accomplishing the stage‐specific developmental tasks. Findings with respect to the interrelatedness and progressive attainment partially supported Havighurst's contentions. Although remarkable concurrent links between the two indices of happiness and developmental status were found, developmental outcomes were not predictive for later happiness.
Expression of c‐Fos in the parabrachial nucleus following peripheral nerve injury in rats
Authors: Jergova Stanislava , Kolesar Dalibor , Cizkova Dasa 
Published: June 2007

AbstractChronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats evokes c‐Fos expression at spinal cord level. Using immunohistochemical methods we studied changes in c‐Fos expression in the brain stem area, which is suggested as one of the major targets of projection neurons in the superficial dorsal horn laminae, i.e., the parabrachial area. During the first week following injury, the animals developed tactile allodynia. At this time we found an increase of c‐Fos positive neurons in the parabrachial area, mainly in the pontine part where the group of c‐Fos immunoreactive neurons was present in the dorsal part of lateral parabrachial subnuclei. The number of c‐Fos positive neurons gradually decreased up to 14 days following CCI. The specific activation of brain stem neurons during onset of mechanical allodynia could underlie the changes in central nociceptive processing following peripheral nerve injury.
Classification of small molecules by two- and three-dimensional decomposition kernels
Authors: Ceroni Alessio , Costa Fabrizio , Frasconi Paolo 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Motivation: Several kernel-based methods have been recently introduced for the classification of small molecules. Most available kernels on molecules are based on 2D representations obtained from chemical structures, but far less work has focused so far on the definition of effective kernels that can also exploit 3D information.
Results: We introduce new ideas for building kernels on small molecules that can effectively use and combine 2D and 3D information. We tested these kernels in conjunction with support vector machines for binary classification on the 60 NCI cancer screening datasets as well as on the NCI HIV data set. Our results show that 3D information leveraged by these kernels can consistently improve prediction accuracy in all datasets.
Availability: An implementation of the small molecule classifier is available from http://www.dsi.unifi.it/neural/src/3DDK
Contact: costa@dsi.unifi.it
Controls on sediment export from the Waipaoa River basin, New Zealand
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D. , Gomez Basil 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA stability model of drainage basin mass balance is used to interpret historic and prehistoric patterns of sediment production, storage and output from the Waipaoa River basin, New Zealand and assess the sensitivity of basin sediment yield to land use change in the historic period. Climate and vegetation cover changed during the late Holocene, but the drainage basin mass balance system was stable before the basin was deforested by European colonists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In this meso‐scale dispersal system sediment sources and sinks are closely linked, and before that time there was also little variability in the rate of terrigenous mass accumulation on the adjacent continental shelf. However, despite strong first‐order geologic controls on erosion and extensive alluvial storage, sediment delivery to the continental shelf is sensitive and highly responsive to historic hillslope destabilization driven by land use change. Alluvial buffering can mask the effects of variations in sediment production within a basin on sediment yield at the outlet, but this is most likely to occur in basins where alluvial storage is large relative to yield and where the residence time of alluvial sediment is long relative to the time scale of environmental change. At present, neither situation applies to the Waipaoa River basin. Thus, the strength of the contemporary depositional signal may not only be due to the intensity of the erosion processes involved, but also to the fact that land use change in the historic period destabilized the drainage basin mass balance system.
The influence of continuous venovenous haemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics of multiple oral moxifloxacin administration to patients with severe renal dysfunction
Authors: Stass H. , Bührmann S. , Mitchell A. , Kubitza D. , Möller J.‐G. , Kribben A. , Wenzel R. R. , Schäfers R. F. 
Published: June 2007

What is already known about this subject • Although renal excretion is one important route of excretion of moxifloxacin and its metabolites, moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics are similar in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment (but not on dialysis) and in healthy subjects. What this study adds • This study showed that moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics are comparable in patients with severe renal failure requiring haemodialysis and in healthy subjects and patients with impaired renal function not on dialysis.• No dose adjustments are required for haemodialysis patients on oral moxifloxacin therapy.AimWe investigated single dose and steady‐state pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in eight venovenous haemodialysis patients.MethodsPlasma, dialysate and urine pharmacokinetic parameters for moxifloxacin and its main metabolites were calculated after single and multiple (7 days) dosing with 400 mg day−1.ResultsMoxifloxacin pharmacokinetics after a single dose and at steady state (multidose day 7) were comparable in patients with impaired renal function and healthy subjects (geometric mean/%CV AUC mg l−1 h single dose 37.0/24.3 in haemodialysis patients vs. 29.8/22.6 in healthy subjects, 95% CI for ratio of haemodialysis patients to healthy subjects 99.34%, 154.60%; steady state 40.4/29.1 haemodialysis patients vs. 33.9/20.1 in healthy subjects, 95% CI for ratio of haemodialysis patients to healthy subjects 90/39%, 156.93%). In haemodialysis patients plasma concentrations of moxifloxacin at steady‐state were elevated compared with those after a single 400 mg dose (AUC mg l−1 h, geometric mean/%CV, 40.4/29.1) compared with 37.0/24.3; 95% CI for ratio of steady‐state to single dose 87.29%, 136.52%, as were concentrations of metabolite M1 3.21/34.6 compared with 2.02/45.3, 95% CI for ratio of steady state to single dose 14.21%, 175.07%. Haemodialysis cleared about 9% of the dose as unchanged moxifloxacin.ConclusionsNo dose adjustments are required for venovenous haemodialysis patients on oral moxifloxacin therapy.
National underuse of anti‐thrombotic therapy in chronic atrial fibrillation identified from digoxin prescribing
Authors: Mahmud Azra , Bennett Kathleen , Okechukwu Ifeanyi , Feely John 
Published: June 2007

What is already known about this subject • Underuse of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation has been identified in hospital base and community surveys.• Whether this applies nationally and whether underuse is age or gender related is not established. What this study adds • Using a pharmacoepidemiological database with digoxin as a surrogate for atrial fibrillation, its prevalence and the concomitant use of antithrombotic therapy nationally mirrors that seen in smaller studies.• In addition, both prescribers' views and practice show that, based on age, those at highest risk and women are least likely to receive warfarin, which is predominantly used in the low‐risk population.• Such databases may be used nationally to examine adherence to guidelines.AimsTo examine if appropriate antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation is implemented nationally.MethodsUsing prescriptions for digoxin as a surrogate for atrial fibrillation, we identified its coprescription with antithrombotic therapy, aspirin or warfarin in a national prescribing database in 27 571 patients over 45 years old.ResultsProportionately significantly more men were on warfarin, and use in those >75 years old was three times less than in those <65 years. Reluctance to use antithrombotics was confirmed in a postal survey.ConclusionData suggest a missed opportunity to prevent stroke with women and those >75 years old least likely to receive warfarin.
Mast cell infiltration is a favourable prognostic factor in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Hedström Gustaf , Berglund Mattias , Molin Daniel , Fischer Marie , Nilsson Gunnar , Thunberg Ulf , Book Majlis , Sundström Christer , Rosenquist Richard , Roos Göran , Erlanson Martin , Amini Rose‐Marie , Enblad Gunilla 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrevious studies indicate that the inflammatory response in diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLBCL) is important for the clinical outcome. Mast cells are key regulators in this response; we investigated whether the number of tryptase‐positive mast cells is correlated with clinical outcome. Patients with many mast cells had a significantly better event‐free survival (EFS) compared to those with few mast cells (P < 0·03 in both germinal centre (GC) and non‐GC DLBCL. This supports the idea that the infiltration of mast cells is a reflection of the host inflammatory response and is related to a favourable outcome.
A practical strategy for the routine use of BIOMED‐2 PCR assays for detection of B‐ and T‐cell clonality in diagnostic haematopathology
Authors: Liu Hongxiang , Bench Anthony J. , Bacon Chris M. , Payne Karen , Huang Yuanxue , Scott Mike A. , Erber Wendy N. , Grant John W. , Du Ming‐Qing 
Published: June 2007

SummaryBIOMED‐2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for clonality analysis of immunoglobulin (IG) and T‐cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements were evaluated in routine haematopathological practice where paraffin‐embedded tissues constitute the majority of specimens. One hundred and twenty‐five fresh/frozen and 316 paraffin specimens were analysed for DNA quality and clonality. Seventy‐nine per cent of paraffin specimens yielded PCR products of over 300 bp. These specimens and all fresh/frozen specimens were analysed with the complete set of BIOMED‐2 reactions for IG (8 reactions) and/or TCR (6 reactions) gene rearrangements. The rate of detection of clonality was 96% in mature B‐cell neoplasms and 98% in mature T‐cell neoplasms and there were no significant differences in these rates between paraffin and fresh/frozen specimens. As the value of sole use of any individual BIOMED‐2 reaction in clonality detection was limited, we assessed combinations of reactions that gave the greatest sensitivity with fewest reactions and were applicable for both fresh/frozen and paraffin specimens. For IG gene rearrangements, three reactions combining one targeting the IG heavy chain framework‐2 region and two targeting the IG kappa locus achieved a 91% detection rate. For TCR gene rearrangements, the two TCR gamma reactions gave a 94% detection rate. We therefore recommend this strategy as the first‐line assays for routine B‐ and T‐cell clonality analysis in diagnostic haematopathology.
Two novel imatinib‐responsive PDGFRA fusion genes in chronic eosinophilic leukaemia
Authors: Curtis Claire E. , Grand Francis H. , Musto Pellegrino , Clark Andrew , Murphy John , Perla Gianni , Minervini Maria M. , Stewart Janet , Reiter Andreas , Cross Nicholas C. P. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryWe identified two patients with a t(2;4)(p24;q12) and a t(4;12)(q2?3;p1?2), respectively, in association with BCR‐ABL and FIP1L1‐PDGFRA negative chronic eosinophilic leukaemia. Molecular analysis revealed a novel STRN‐PDGFRA fusion for the t(2;4) and ETV6‐PDGFRA for the t(4;12). The fusions were confirmed by specific amplification of the genomic breakpoints, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Both patients were treated with imatinib and, following a rapid haematological response, achieved cytogenetic remission and a major molecular response. In conclusion, PDGFRA fuses to diverse partner genes in myeloid disorders. Identification of these fusions is important as they are particularly sensitive to imatinib.
Intensity of HLA class I expression and KIR‐mismatch determine NK‐cell mediated lysis of leukaemic blasts from children with acute lymphatic leukaemia
Authors: Pfeiffer Matthias , Schumm Michael , Feuchtinger Tobias , Dietz Klaus , Handgretinger Rupert , Lang Peter 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe impact of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression intensity and killer‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR)‐mismatch was investigated on natural killer (NK)‐cell mediated lysis of B‐lineage leukaemic blasts from 21 paediatric patients in vitro. Blast susceptibility to standardised NK‐activity and HLA‐expression differed widely. A clear association between HLA‐molecules/cell (range 442 000–13 000) and specific lysis (mean 59%, range 13–98%) was observed (r2 = 0·68). A compound model incorporating HLA‐expression and KIR‐ligand‐mismatch provided an even stronger association (r2 = 0·87), whereas KIR‐ligand‐mismatch alone was not significant. Assessment of these factors might identify patients who could benefit from NK‐mediated graft‐versus‐leukaemia effects after mismatched stem cell transplantation.