bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE Temperament OF Down'S Syndrome Infants: A Research Note
Authors: Gunn P. , Berry P. , Andrews R. J. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe mothers of 25 Down's syndrome infants completed a questionnaire concerning the‐ child's behaviour in day‐to‐day situations in order to identify the temperamental characteristics of each infant. of these infants were identified as children with signs of difficult temperament and only two were found be easy children. in contrast to the amiable, mild stereotype for the syndrome. A comparison. Of the questionnaire characterstics with the mother's rating of her child's temperament shows that the mothers's impressions are more positive. This may be the result of lower expectations or social desirability but it is suggested that it can also be reflection of successful coping skills.
ELECTIVE MUTE CHILDREN: PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND BACKGROUND FACTORS
Authors: Kolvin I. , Fundudis T. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTwenty ‐four elective mute children were studied–this proved to be a rare condition, affecting slightly more girls than boys. They were compared with 84 speech‐retarded controles and 102 normal control children. The main findings in the case of the elective mute children were as follows.1. Evidence of immaturity of development, particularly of speech, and an excess pf speech abnormalities.2. A higher rate of behaviour problems, and high levels of enuresis and soiling.3. In the majority of cases, an insidious development of excessive shyness from the earliest years of life.4. Performance LQ. covering most ranges of ability, but with a significant excess in the lower ranges.5. A high rate of Psychiatric disturbance in the families of elective mute children.6. And, finally, on follow‐up, elective mutism proved to be a rather intractable condition.
STRESS, COPING AND DEVELOPMENT: SOME ISSUES AND SOME QUESTIONS*
Authors: Rutter Michael 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe concept of psychosocial stress is reviewed in relation to empirical findings on the effects of different types of life, events in childhood and adult life. It is concluded that the concept is unhelpfully broad and that the events need to be subdivided according to their characteristics and meaning. In considering all types of, stimuli, individual differences in response are crucial; so‐called stressors may have no effect or may be cither beneficial or harmful in their sequelae, The elements involved in these individual differences include personal characteristics, vulnerability and protective factors, a person's cognitive appraisal of the event and his process of coping with it. The various ways in which stress events may influence later development are discussed with particular reference to the possibility of altered sensitivities to later stress.
MOTHER‐TO‐INFANT ‘BONDING’
Authors: Herbert M. , Sluckin W. , Sluckin Alice 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe concept of maternal ‘bonding’, i.e. rapid mother‐to‐neonate attachment, appears frequently in psychiatric, paediatric and social work discussions of childhood psychopathology and child abuse. ‘Bonding’ is used as a diagnostic concept, and one which has to bear the weight of important explanatory, descriptive and predictive statements. In turn, it is related aetiologically to post‐partum contact and separations of mother and infant. The authors present a critical review of the concept, exploring its empirical basis, and the implications (logical and illogical) that flow from its application in practice. They conclude that the usage of the term ‘bonding’ is often misleading, because of a tendency to reify and simplify attachment phenomena; in addition, there are no indications from animal investigations and no evidence from human studies which directly support the notion of a ‘sensitive period’ in the formation of mother‐to‐infant attachments. They also describe the negative and pessimistic implications of using this concept in social work and clinical practice. Alternative ways of conceptualising these early parent‐child events are suggested.
PREFERENCES FOR MOTHERS AND SECURITY BLANKETS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS AS REINFORCERS FOR YOUNG CHILDREN'S BEHAVIORS
Authors: Passman Richard H. , Adams Roderick E. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYPreferences for attachment agents and the reinforcing efficacy of their individual components were assessed in 100 pre‐school‐aged children. In the first study, mothers were selected more often than the blanket or control; however, those children rated by their mothers as being blanket‐attached approached their blanket more than no object. In the second study, children responded more frequently for their mother than for the blanket or no object. However, visual presentations of the blanket were more effective reinforcers for blanket‐attached than for non‐attached children. In the third study, auditory and visual features of the mother were tested as reinforcers. Control over responding was consistently achieved with contingent presentations of the mother's voice or her televised image, but not with corresponding presentations of an unfamiliar woman.
NURSERY NURSES AND NURSERY TEACHERS II: THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARDS PRE‐SCHOOL CHILDREN AND THEIR PARENTS
Authors: Gipps Caroline 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA survey of nursery nurses' and nursery teachers' attitudes towards children and their parents produced clear differences between the professional groups.Day nursery nurses expressed more sympathetic attitudes towards both children and parents than did their colleagues in centres and schools, while teachers had more sympathetic attitudes than nursery nurses. Teachers' attitudes towards parents were not related to their attitudes towards the children, while this was the case for nursery nurses. The difference between teachers and nursery nurses in their attitude towards parents is discussed in relation to differences in educational levels, consequences and possible mediation strategies.
THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS OF ADOLESCENT DELINQUENT BOYS
Authors: Wolff P. H. , Waber D. , Bauermeister M. , Cohen C. , Ferber R. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe neuropsychological status and neuromotor performance of adolescent boys from lower middle class social environments who were detained as juvenile delinquents were compared to those of non‐delinquent, lower and upper middle class controls. The delinquent index group showed pervasive impairment on all language measures, relative to both control groups, but did not differ from the latter on most neuropsychological measures that do not involve linguistic processing. Delinquents also demonstrated more minor neurological signs than either of the control groups; in the delinquents, but not in the control groups, neurological status predicted language performance.
ECHOLALIC AND SPONTANEOUS PHRASE SPEECH IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Howlin Patricia 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe study investigated the syntactical level of spontaneous and echolalic utterances of 26 autistic children at different stages of phrase‐speech development. In children using very brief utterances, echolalic phrases were significantly longer than their spontaneous speech. At higher levels of language development there were no significant differences between the lengths of echoed and spontaneous utterances. The frequency of echolalic phrases in children's speech was also found to be significantly less than the frequency of their spontaneous remarks, and the frequency of echolalic utterances declined as children advanced in linguistic competence.
RESEARCH NOTE: RATING THE HOME ENVIRONMENT OF SCHOOL‐AGE CHILDREN; A COMPARISON WITH GENERAL COGNITIVE INDEX AND SCHOOL PROGRESS
Authors: Parkinson Christine E. , Wallis Sheila M. , Prince Joyce , Harvey David 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA method of rating the home environment of primary school children is described. It was used in a study of 20 children whose cognitive abilities and school progress were also assessed. Aspects of home life which were found to be significantly correlated with the child's performance were parental encouragement for the child's achievement, activeness, creativity and verbal participation; a family interest in intellectual pursuits and education; family rules or control of the child. Some items were negatively correlated with children's performance.
VISUALLY GUIDED HAND MOVEMENTS IN CHILDREN WITH MINOR NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION: RESPONSE TIME AND MOVEMENT ORGANIZATION
Authors: Schellekens J. M. H. , Scholten C. A. , Krboer A. F. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYMany children with signs of minor neurological dysfunction (MND) are unable to adapt precisely their movements to external goals, in particular when they are under time pressure. Pilot studies in our laboratories suggested that response times I in various sorts of tapping tasks were longer in such children than in controls with an optimal neurological status. In the present study an experimental tapping task, presented in ‘self‐paced mode’, is applied to explore further the relationships between response time and spatio‐temporal organization of movements in children with MND as compared to optimal controls.Differences were found with respect to inter‐response intervals as well as to the organization of the movements; children with MND have longer overall response J times than controls, more movement elements per tap and shorter first movement elements. Further, the moment of maximal acceleration comes later in the children with MND than in the controls. Such differences in response time and movement organization may be due to information processing limitations and increased attentional demands for the execution of movements in MND children.
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF DEAF CHILDREN
Authors: Wiegersma P. H. , Velde A. Vander 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYComparisons between a group of deaf children and normal‐hearing controls on an extensive test‐battery revealed that the former group was clearly inferior both in general dynamic coordination and visual‐motor coordination.An experimental study, focusing on speed of motor performance, confirmed the general impression that deaf children are relatively slow performers. In particular, the execution of movements is slower in deaf children: the processes involved in this difference require further experimental research.
MOTHER‐INFANT DIALOGUE IN THE FIRST DAYS OF LIFE: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY DURING BREAST‐FEEDING
Authors: Alberts E. , Kalverboer A. F. , Hopkins B. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe temporal organization of the behaviour of children at risk can exhibit inconsistencies which may impair their adaptation. Seven mother‐newborn pairs, selected for neurological and obstetric optimality of the babies, were observed during 2 breast‐feedings (2nd after birth and 6th to 9th after birth). During pauses between sucking bouts the behaviours of the two partners were strongly coupled, even in the earlier feedings, which was not the case during sucking bouts themselves. Pauses which contained tactile behaviour were shorter in later feedings than in earlier ones, in contrast to both pauses without tactile behaviour and to bouts. The possible functional relevance of emerging temporal relations between partners' behaviours during breast‐feeding is discussed.
THE USE OF NONVOCAL COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES WITH AUTISTIC INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Kiernan Chris 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYStudies reporting the use of sign languages and symbol systems with autistic children and young people are reviewed. The studies suggest that signs and symbols can be used in communication by individuals who are above and below the age of five, mute and mentally handicapped. The communication skills developed may, in some cases, be complex, and speech may develop in the context of sign or symbol programmes. However, problems concerned with the description of subjects, methods and outcome of studies mean that many conclusions can only be supported tentatively by existing data.
THE ‘HYPERACTIVE SYNDROME’ IN KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN: COMPARISON OF CHILDREN WITH PERVASIVE AND SITUATIONAL SYMPTOMS
Authors: Cohen Nancy J. , Minde Klaus 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThree groups of kindergarten‐aged children referred for hyperactivity who varied with regard to symptom pervasiveness were compared to each other and to normal controls on a variety of biological, psychological and behavioural variables. The findings yielded only partial support for those of other studies addressing this issue. Biological and psychological test data did not differentiate the various groups of children. The clearest differentiation between groups emerged when children were observed directly. The findings are discussed with respect to the usefulness of the distinction of pervasive and situational symptomatology and the problems of diagnosis with children in this age group.
LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CLASS: IS VERBAL DEPRIVATION A MYTH?
Authors: Tizard Barbara , Hughes Martin , Carmichael Helen , Pinkerton Gill 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA study was made of complex usages of language in the spontaneous conversation of 30 4‐year‐old girls, their mothers and their teachers, at home and at school. There were significant social class differences in frequency, but almost all the usages appeared in the talk of almost all the mothers and children at least once. The working class girls' language style changed more between home and school than did that of the middle class girls. The teachers' talk contained a higher proportion of these usages than the mothers', but the overall input to the children was less at school. The findings are discussed in relation to Labov's argument that verbal deprivation is a myth.
CHILDREN WITH READING DISORDERS–II. EFFECTS OF METHYLPHENIDATE IN COMBINATION WITH READING REMEDIATION*
Authors: Gittelman Rachel , Klein Donald F. , Feingold Ingrid 
Published: December 2006

Summary Sixty‐six children received individual reading instruction for 18 weeks, in combination with methylphenidate (mean daily dose 44.2 mg/day) or a placebo. Assignment to medication was random and double blind. Children were re‐evaluated at the end of treatment, and two and eight months later.Only occasional and weak methylphenidate effects were obtained on measures of reading performance. Highly significant improvement in some tests of mathematics was found. No treatment differences occurred at follow‐up. The results do not support the hypothesis that the enhancement of attention with stimulant treatment facilitates the acquisition of reading skills in children with pure reading disorders.
THE RUTTER SCALE FOR COMPLETION BY TEACHERS: FACTOR STRUCTURE AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND FAMILY ADVERSITY FOR A SAMPLE OF NEW ZEALAND CHILDREN
Authors: McGee Rob , Williams Sheila , Bradshaw Jennifer , Chapel James L. , Robins Arthur , Silva Phil A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA large sample of 7‐year‐old children (n ‐ 940) was rated by teachers using the Rutter Child Scale B, a 26‐item questionnaire covering a variety of behavioural problems. A factor analysis of the data revealed three main factors of interest, identified as aggressiveness, hyperactivity and anxiety‐fearfulness. Measures based upon these factors had a reasonably high level of reliability and were moderately stable over a 2‐year interval. An analysis of the relationship between these three behavioural measures and some cognitive measures indicated that only hyperactivity was negatively associated with cognitive ability. However, both hyperactivity and aggressiveness were related to adversity in the child's family background. The findings suggest the usefulness of distinguishing between aggressive and hyperactive dimensions of behaviour.
CHILD FIRESETTERS: A CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: Jacobson Robin R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe demographic, symptomatic, psychosocial and diagnostic profile of 104 child fire‐setters was investigated in a controlled case note and item sheet study of all children referred to an Inner London clinic between 1973 and 1981. Firesetters form a subgroup of severe conduct disorders, and are distinguished by a younger peak age of 8, higher boy/girl ratio and more marked psychosocial disturbance. The paper focuses on the relationships between background factors and firesetting, and also examines the relevance of enuresis and situational antecedents as specific determinants.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTS OF SIMULTANEITY IN CHILDREN'S UNDERSTANDING OF EMOTIONS
Authors: Reissland Nadja 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe development of children's understanding of simultaneously occurring emotions was investigated. A developmental progression was found in their giving examples of ambivalent situations (e.g. characterised by both happiness and anger); and in their descriptions of situations. The youngest children (mean age = 5.8) gave as examples of ambivalence two unrelated events associated with different emotions. At the next stage children (mean age = 7.0) were able to connect sequentially two events. At a third stage (mean age = 10.1) the children were able to conceive of situations in which two emotions of opposite valence occurred simultaneously.
THE EFFECTS OF MENTALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN ON FAMILIES–A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW
Authors: Byrne E. A. , Cunningham C. C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRecent research which examines the effects of mentally handicapped children upon families is reviewed. The studies are grouped into three categories based on the underlying conceptions which appear to guide them. The first category examines which families are most vulnerable to the presumed stress of a mentally handicapped child. The second category emphasises the material and practical problems families experience. The third category stresses the competence of families and describes the resources used to develop coping strategies. Links are drawn between these three categories and to parallel developments in related areas, and implications for future research are discussed.
COMPLIANCE, ‘NEGATIVISM’, AND THE EFFECTS OF TREATMENT STRUCTURE IN AUTISM: A NATURALISTIC, BEHAVIORAL STUDY
Authors: Volkmar Fred R. , Hoder E. Lawrence , Cohen Donald J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNineteen autistic individuals were observed in their familiar residential environment using a time‐sample technique. Rates of stereotyped and self‐injurious behaviors, the direction of the subject's gaze (at staff, task or elsewhere) and the number of requests made to a subject by staff were a function of treatment structure, as defined by the staff:child ratio. While patterns of compliance in response to different types of requests were observed, subjects were generally compliant. The data do not support the notion that autistic children are unusually ‘negativistic”. The utility of ecologically valid observations and the need for normative data are discussed.
SOME QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN: AN ETHOLOGICAL APPROACH
Authors: Van Engeland H. , Bodnàr F. A. , Bolhuis G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractQuantitative as well as qualitative aspects of the social behaviour of a group of autistic children (n=20) and a group of primary school children (n= 20) were studied by means of an ethological method. Principal components analysis of the behaviour protocols made clear that the social behaviour of autistic children was less well organized, lacked the factor ‘inferential behaviour’ and was characterized by a factor ‘stereotyped behaviour”. Although the autistic group showed less eye contact than the normal group, no further signs of any particular social avoidance tendency was found.
QUANTITATIVE CRITERIA FOR ATTENTION AND ACTIVITY IN CHILD PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS
Authors: Dienske H. , De Jonge G. , Sanders‐Woudstra J. A. R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe aim was to find empirically justified criteria for attention and activity. Patients with various disorders and controls were observed during psychiatric examinations. Measures of attention increased with age, were lower in patients than controls, were correlated with each other and related to the quality of task performance. Activity measures decreased with age, were higher in patients, were correlated among each other and concerned motility as well as talking initiatives. Criteria from other studies and the DSM‐III were critically examined. Inattention was not associated with hyperactivity, except in mentally retarded children. Inattention was common in many diagnostic categories.
THE NAMING OF DISORIENTED LETTERS BY NORMAL AND READING‐DISABLED CHILDREN*
Authors: Corballis Michael C. , Macadie Lindy , Crotty Amanda , Beale Ivan L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNormal and reading‐disabled children, 11–13 years old, named the letters F, G and R, presented in normal and backward versions, in varying angular orientations, in left and right visual fields. Both groups were faster at naming the normal than the backward letters, even though mental rotation was evidently not required. The results also offered no support for Orton's theory concerning the interrelations between mirror‐image equivalence, hemispheric differences and reading disability. The only measures unrelated to reading itself that discriminated the groups were digit span and a special difficulty among the disabled readers in naming the letter G.
THE PREVALENCE OF NOCTURNAL ENURESIS: DO DSM III CRITERIA NEED TO BE CHANGED? A BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT
Authors: Verhulst F. C. , van der Lee J. H. , Akkerhuis G. W. , Sanders‐Woudstra J. A. R. , Timmer F. C. , Donkhorst I. D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this study the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis defined according to the DSM III criteria was determined in a random sample of 2070 children aged from 4 to 16 years. Nocturnal enuresis declines in prevalence with age and is more frequent in boys than in girls. Moreover, the decline in prevalence with age was found to take place earlier in girls than in boys. It is therefore argued that the DSM III age limit for enuresis should be raised to 8 years for boys.
AN EVALUATION OF INTERPERSONAL COGNITIVE PROBLEM SOLVING TRAINING WITH CHILDREN*
Authors: Pellegrini David S. , Urbain Eugene S. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA number of social skill training approaches have been devised for remediating peer relationship difficulties in children and adolescents. One recently developed approach, focusing on interpersonal cognitive problem solving (IPCS) skills, is described. ICPS training studies are also reviewed. Despite the pervasive methodological problems that characterize this literature, ICPS training appears to be effective as a remediation strategy with maladjusted youngsters, and as a secondary prevention strategy with children ‘at risk’. While initial findings with nonclinical groups have been less encouraging, available follow‐up data suggest that ICPS training may be efficacious as a primary prevention strategy, as well. Several suggestions are offered for improving the methodology of future training studies, while important issues and problems are highlighted for future investigation.
TEMPERAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE‐ TO FOUR‐YEAR‐OLD BOYS AND GIRLS AND CHILD‐FAMILY INTERACTIONS
Authors: Simpson A. E. , Stevenson‐Hinde J. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYMothers interviewed in their homes provided information concerning their child's temperamental characteristics, mild behaviour problems and family interactions. The characteristics active, shy (approach/withdrawal; not settling in) and moody/ intense were consistent from 42 to 50 months of age for both sexes. No simple sex differences appeared in these three characteristics. There was little evidence for an association between active and either mild behaviour problems or family interactions. For both girls and boys, moody/intense scores were associated with mild behaviour problems and ‘negative’ family interactions. However, while shy scores of boys were associated with negative family interactions, shy scores of girls were associated with positive interactions, especially at the later age of 50 months.