bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CVN Flight Operations: Crossing the Aircraft/Ship Interface
Authors: Yankaskas K. , Fast S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Flight Operations are the lifeblood of US Navy aircraft carriers, a fact that will continue on the CVX project. Such operations expose both Flight Deck and below deck personnel—the personnel at the aircraft/ship interface—to various degrees of intermittent noise. Some of these noise levels have been documented, in at‐sea measurements, on two operational carriers. These measurements provided the first detailed, systematic quantification of sound pressure levels, noise frequency content, time duration, and shipboard occurrence of events.This paper provides the current status of engineering efforts aimed at mitigating below‐deck noise levels and examines some of the currently‐available medical information relating to hearing loss, hearing conservation, and physiological response to high intermittent noise levels. The information presented herein will be used in the design of future aircraft carriers—ships that will be in service through the close of the twenty‐first century.
Improved Navy Ship Fuel Systems
Authors: McGowen Hillery , Nilsen L. 
Published: March 2009

The forward deployment of a naval task force is dependent upon the performance of the Underway Replenishment (UNREP) systems, especially Fueling At Sea (FAS). A series of Office of Naval Research (ONR) sponsored developments are reviewed that will help Navy ships to achieve current and future FAS requirements with reduced manning, Life Cycle Cost (LCC), and risk of pollution. The following developments are presented:DDG 51 class Improved Fuel Fill Control System (IFFCS) development and DDG 57 at sea demonstration.Combat Logistic Force (CLF) Fuel Transfer Recording System and the AOE 8 Installation and operating experience.CV/CVN Fuel Tank Monitoring and Display System development.Improved UNREP Phone, Distance, and Data Link System development.Tensioned Hose Fueling At Sea System (THFASS) Development.Improvements of the Navy's fuel systems are necessary to help meet current and future operational, LCC, manning, and environmental requirements. The improvements provided by these developments illustrate the COTS technologies and hardware can have a significant impact on the Fleet's FAS and storage systems.
Impact of Structural Flexure on Precision Tracking
Authors: Day Dana L. , Arruda John 
Published: March 2009

AbstractShip flexure is currently an uncompensated phenomenon that is accounted for in system error budgets without apparent compromise of system performance. However, upcoming system performance requirements may not be able to absorb ship flexure errors. Analyses have been performed throughout the AEGIS development program to determine the magnitude of ship flexure, which predicted several milliradians of flexure between arrays under temperature loading, but analysis should be validated by test and measurement. Flexure has been measured in other ship classes; however, none of these results can be directly applied to AEGIS.We have identified ways of conducting a test to effectively measure the magnitude of ship flexure using current technology. A secondary goal of measurements would be to allow us to evaluate these new technology systems for possible use in measuring static and dynamic flexure for compensation during tactical combat system operation.
Reinventing Naval Ship Design: Partnerships, Innovation, and Systems Engineering
Authors: Bebar Mark R. , Finney Raymond R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractProcess reinvention has become the centerpiece for a revitalized focus within the naval ship design community. Though the Navy still looks to NAVSEA as their primary stakeholder in the design process, NAVSEA will no longer be the lead for performing design work after Milestone I. To provide for the future, they are relying on collaboration and partnerships with shipbuilders, systems integrators, Warfare Centers, and regulatory bodies to remold this capability in a broad‐based, consensus manner. NAVSEA has entered into an evolutionary period, which has fundamentally changed both products and processes. The engineering community has responded with numerous ongoing efforts for process definition, where new relationships are being forged, and new elements are being added that move the centroid of engineering activities on top‐level systems engineering and innovation at the total ship and Battle Force levels. Much of this work revolves around a clear mandate for joint interoperability and ever higher levels of cross‐fighting unit integration. This paper takes an informative snapshot of these efforts ongoing within the design community and also provides historical perspective garnered from past experience with many of the same process concepts being put in place today.
Advances in Aircraft Carrier Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Acquisition and Ownership Decision‐Making
Authors: Chewning I. M. , Moretto S. J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The U.S. Navy recently conducted an analysis of alternatives (AOA) to set the stage for determining the characteristics and acquisition strategy for its next generation aircraft carrier. The platform design selected is expected to be in service throughout the 21st century. The parameters under consideration for change in the new carrier design lie in the areas of propulsion and electric power generation, aviation, survivability, service life, and total ownership cost (TOC) reduction. The issue of affordability is paramount This paper focuses on the need for the program management office and its supporting cost analysis staff to understand the life cycle cost (LCC) of the existing and proposed future aircraft carriers and to then translate these LCC's into meaningful information for cost‐conscious decision making. The challenge is to relate the LCC in terms the key decision‐makers and the engineering team can use to satisfy their respective roles. Thus, it is necessary to translate the results of the given ship design alternative LCC's into the paradigms of the respective stakeholders:

Fleet User (operators of aircraft carriers)
Ship Designers (translators of the fleet operator requirements)
Program Sponsors (providers of the funding resources)
Program Management Office, Shipbuilder and Supporting Industry (executors of the acquisition and construction of the ship)
Navy and OSD decision‐makers (overseers of program execution)

The paper describes the aircraft carrier LCC breakdown structure that has resulted, in part from a recent navy/shipbuilder integrated product team effort to capture total ownership costs. The structure has been used in the AOA as a tool to identify cost drivers and to add the time element to the cost equation in order to perform return on investment and program affordability analysis. The expanded ship work breakdown structure (ESWBS) has emerged as the central backbone of the cost work breakdown for AOA work. The ESWBS structure is a natural choice as it is the framework within which the design and engineering community works, it forms the basis of weight estimating for ships, and it has been widely used in ship acquisition cost estimating for years. In addition, the ESWBS provides perhaps the best framework from which to relate to program requirements, as it describes the ship by ship system. The approach, for the first time, provides a breakdown of the operating and support (O&S) cost elements by ESWBS. From this nucleus structure, it is possible to present costs in other required formats such as the: Office of Secretary of Defense (OSD) cost analysis improvement group (CAIG) summary level LCC categories, by ship capability or design feature, and by cost driver hierarchy.
Revolutionary Innovation in a Fiscally Constrained Environment
Authors: Martin Mary 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTFor many years now, U.S. defense acquisition and force structure decisions have been based on the premise that the U.S. can and will maintain a commanding technological advantage over potential adversaries. The widespread access to a wide variety of modern top of the line technologies made possible by the globalization of technology research and industrial bases and vastly improved communications has raised concern as to the validity of this premise. This paper discusses the importance of maintaining the ability within U.S. defense and industrial infrastructures to continue to lead the way in developing and integrating breakthrough technologies to maintain the U.S.‘s technological advantage and the role of naval engineers in fostering and managing innovation. It discusses some of the significant obstacles and impacts to the processes of innovation imposed by the inertia within the U.S.'s well‐developed defense and industrial infrastructures and today's fiscally constrained defense environment The need for stable properly prioritized and managed defense research and development resources independent of major platform acquisition programs in order to ensure the U.S.‘s ability to adjust and adapt to strategic uncertainty is identified. Differences between modernization approaches based on incremental, evolutionary change to existing systems and “disruptive” technology, which facilitates the transition from one established path of technology evolution to another, enabling revolutionary change, are also discussed.
Humans and Machines as Dual Elements of Complex Systems
Authors: Yahr S.W. , Monson R.J. , Benjamin S.J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe application of advanced design methods and technology has led to a significant increase in the amount of information used by a typical shipboard operator. This increase of information has advanced the level of information possessed by the operator, but has also increased demand on the operator. This increased demand, in the form of information interpretation, ambiguities, translation, and others, has increased the level of stress present in the human/machine interface. This increased stress level leads to increased safety concerns and decreased productivity on the part of the operator. Due to these system problems, it is appropriate to propose a new model of human/machine design.The proposed system design includes the description of a methodology to define the human/machine mix of tasks dynamically. This dynamic mix will be based on the task loading present in the system. For example, as task loading increases, the machine will accomplish more tasks, whereas when the loading decreases, the human will be responsible for more tasks. This works toward the benefit of the operator and system in both cases. An example of the design of a simple interface utilizing this methodology is also presented.
Warfighter Needs in the 21st Century: Linking Fleet Operations to Required Capabilities
Authors: Myer V.A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTWhat the warfighter needs is not what he is getting in terms of responsiveness to the emerging threat, interoperability among systems, and systems readiness and training. This disconnect between Fleet operations and the acquisition requirements process is becoming more pronounced as systems grow larger and more complex and as warflghting becomes more joint Knowing what the warfighter wants and how he envisions using it in a concept of operations is fundamental to the requirements process. The source of this information is the commander in chief's (CINC's) operations plan (OPLAN), which contains the concept of operations (CONOPS) for each warfighting theater. It is critical that the CONOPS be used as the basis for determining performance requirements, because it contains the military judgment, context, and authority of the theater CINC. The defunct Arsenal Ship program, which was rightly vetoed by the theater CINCs because it would not meet their warfighting needs at acceptable risk, is a recent example of the mismatch between what is being asked for and what is being provided.
The Sea Coaster Air‐Assisted Catamaran
Authors: Burg D. , Johnson W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the development of an air‐assisted catamaran without skirts. This patented technology derives from Mr. Burg's long involvement with air‐assisted technology. The Sea Coaster concept eliminates the use of flexible seals and uses pointed bows. The development, construction and initial trials of a 19.8‐meter vessel are discussed. Concepts for ferry, patrol and large container vessels are also presented.
Tornado Effect Pump in the Fleet‐Status Report
Authors: Weinrib H. , Lucas P. , Keltner R. , Johnson W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a status report on the tornado effect EDDY Pump™ system Fleet installations (CV, CVN, LHA, LHD and LPD), including operational results and impact on Collection, Holding, and Transfer (CHT) system maintenance. The use of the new transfer pump system has been estimated to result in life cycle savings of about $3,000,000 per aircraft carrier. Additional maintenance savings are being achieved as comminutors are no longer required and are being removed from the carriers. Pump performance is noticeably improved as the new pump system can achieve flow rates three times as fast, with less power, than the previously installed centrifugal pumps. The paper also reports on other potential Navy applications under consideration, including use of the EDDY Pump system as a brine pump in the aircraft carrier distilling plant The brine pump test has been completed with a positive recommendation for use in brine, condensate, fire main, and other systems. Use of the EDDY Pump system in the brine pump application has been estimated to result in life cycle savings of about $2,000,000 per aircraft carrier.
Risk Management in Total System Ship Design
Authors: Barker C. F. , Campbell C. B. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTShips are being designed with an increased emphasis on reduced life cycle costs, obtained through means such as reduced crew size, increased automation, and adoption of commercial practices. Ship cost is closely related to the likelihood and consequence of future events, or risk. Ship designers must have tools to assess and manage risks to obtain cost‐effective designs. Risk assumptions were built into prescriptive standards, but performance standards are now being used. Ships systems built to varying degrees of acceptable risk are not cost‐effective. Underdesigns and overdesigns will result, and the ship ends up only as strong as its “weakest link.” The authors propose that the top‐down risk management methodology that is currently used for commercial ships be considered for use by naval ship designers in conjunction with both the traditional ship design spiral and the total systems ship design concept. The IMO‐endorsed formal safety assessment (FSA) methodology was designed for marine systems. By adopting the FSA approach the Navy will benefit from existing lessons‐learned, and will have a smoother transition into the application of commercial standards when the ship is built.
Reliability‐Based Determination of Economic Life of Marine Power Plants
Authors: Atua K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe reliability‐based life approach is used. Selective failure modes of marine power plants are used for illustration. A case study of the Egyptian Commercial Fleet owned by the Public Sector Company was analyzed and used to establish a demonstration of the expected economic life based on local operating and maintenance conditions. The data acquired is analyzed and a failure trend is derived for each failure mode. Probabilistic techniques are used to randomly generate numbers and times of occurrence of different failure modes. The reliability analysis is performed based on the life span expected by the manufacturer, to predict the total number of failures, dependent failures, and cost of failures. Total expenditure from random failure and cost of scheduled maintenance together with the annual income are used (using the time value of money) to determine the economic life of the plant Conclusions are derived and recommendations for the enhancement of this work in the future are made.
Gas Turbine Design for Large Naval Ships Using Intellegent Computer Design Software
Authors: Wu Chih , Bowman Lt. John A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the possibility of combining the Brayton and Ericsson cycles to produce a high efficiency gas turbine cycle for use onboard large Navy vessels. The advantages would be quick startup, decreased manning and less space requirements. Efficiencies were found to equal and surpass those of a typical Rankine cycle. Analysis is done using CyclePad, an intelligent computer aided design program.
An examination of genetic variation and selection on condition in Drosophila melanogaster males
Authors: Rode Nicolas O. , Morrow Edward H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAccording to the genic capture hypothesis, the maintenance of additive genetic variation in fitness‐related traits is due to both condition‐dependence of these traits and high genetic variation for condition. Evidence supporting this latter assumption is scarce. In this study, we investigated, using hemiclonal analysis, standing genetic variation for condition and relative adult fitness in male Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). The absolute fat and the relative fat content were used as indices of body condition and were measured along with adult relative fitness from males reared in high or low larval densities. The results did not demonstrate genetic variation for condition or adult relative fitness. However, the larval density encountered during development had a strong and significant effect on all traits. Surprisingly, although not significant, negative selection gradients acting on absolute fat and relative fat content were also found in both treatments. These findings challenge one of the main assumptions of the genic capture hypothesis and the use of fat content as an ideal index of condition.
Lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone at first relapse in comparison with its use as later salvage therapy in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Stadtmauer Edward A. , Weber Donna M. , Niesvizky Ruben , Belch Andrew , Prince Miles H. , San Miguel Jesús F. , Facon Thierry , Olesnyckyj Marta , Yu Zhinuan , Zeldis Jerome B. , Knight Robert D. , Dimopoulos Meletios A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis subset analysis of data from two phase III studies in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM) evaluated the benefit of initiating lenalidomide plus dexamethasone at first relapse. Multivariate analysis showed that fewer prior therapies, along with β2‐microglobulin (≤2.5 mg/L), predicted a better time to progression (TTP; study end‐point) with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone treatment. Patients with one prior therapy showed a significant improvement in benefit after first relapse compared with those who received two or more therapies. Patients with one prior therapy had significantly prolonged median TTP (17.1 vs. 10.6 months; P = 0.026) and progression‐free survival (14.1 vs. 9.5 months, P = 0.047) compared with patients treated in later lines. Overall response rates were higher (66.9% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.06), and the complete response plus very good partial response rate was significantly higher in first relapse (39.8% vs. 27.7%, P = 0.025). Importantly, overall survival was significantly prolonged for patients treated with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone with one prior therapy, compared with patients treated later in salvage (median of 42.0 vs. 35.8 months, P = 0.041), with no differences in toxicity, dose reductions, or discontinuations despite longer treatment. Therefore, lenalidomide plus dexamethasone is both effective and tolerable for second‐line MM therapy and the data suggest that the greatest benefit occurs with earlier use.
Low‐dose combination therapy of severe digital ulcers in diffuse progressive systemic sclerosis with the endothelin‐1 receptor antagonist bosentan and the phosphodiesterase V inhibitor sildenafil
Authors: Ambach Andreas , Seo Won , Bonnekoh Bernd , Gollnick Harald 
Published: March 2009

SummaryDigital ulcers in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) are often refractory to therapy. A frequently chronic aggressive course can lead to the loss of acral limbs involved. A 73‐year‐old woman developed a dramatic worsening of her ulcerations despite maximum conventional therapy. Switching therapy to bosentan and sildenafil, both in low‐dose regimens, resulted for the first time in ten years in a complete healing of the ulcers. If substantiated in a series of patients, the additive and perhaps synergistic clinical benefits of combining bosentan and sildenafil may be a valuable option for the treatment of acral ulcers in PSS.
Severity of perinatal illness and cerebral cortical growth in preterm infants
Authors: Kaukola Tuula , Kapellou Olga , Laroche Sabine , Counsell Serena J , Dyet Leigh E , Allsop Joanna M , Edwards A David 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim: We have shown previously that the degree of prematurity affects cortical surface area growth. We now addressed the question whether cortical surface area growth after preterm birth is predicted by the severity of peri‐ and postnatal illness.Methods: Cortical surface area was measured in 269 images from 111 infants born between 23 and 29 weeks and imaged at 23 to 48 weeks gestational age (GA). The severity of perinatal illness was assessed using the clinical risk index for babies score (CRIB I) and the severity of ongoing illness by the presence of chronic lung disease (CLD). The effects on cortical growth were modelled using generalized least‐square regression for random effects with Bonferroni correction. To explore the results further we examined CRIB II, C‐reactive protein (CRP) on the second day after birth, and time taken to achieve full enteral feeding.Results: Cortical surface area grew by 12.4% per week. Reduced cortical growth was predicted by adverse CRIB I (–0.15% per week per unit) and development of CLD (–1.18% per week). Secondary analysis showed that growth was related to adverse CRIB II (–0.36% per week per unit) and increasing CRP (–0.03% per week per mMol), but not by the time taken to achieve full enteral feeding.Conclusion: After very premature birth illness severity predicts reduced cortical growth.