bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ biological treatment of TCE‐impacted soil and groundwater: Demonstration results
Authors: Sutfin Julie A. , Ramey Dotti 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn in situ biological treatment technique designed to destroy trichloroethylene (TCE) was demonstrated at field scale at a manufacturing facility in the Midwest. Air and methane were injected into the contaminated groundwater through a vertical sparge well, while air was extracted from the vadose zone though a well screened in the unsaturated zone. A mobile demonstration test trailer housing air injection compressor, soil venting blower, and methane injection equipment was used to allow rapid equipment deployment, setup, and demobilization. Air and methane act to stimulate indigenous microorganisms to degrade TCE and dichloroethylene (DCE) via aerobic cometabolism. Toxic degradation products, such as vinyl chloride, are not generated by methanotrophic cometabolism.The demonstration was conducted over a three‐month time period, with groundwater and soil gas monitored weekly for several chemical and microbiological parameters. The test successfully stimulated the methanotroph population to increase over one order of magnitude and soil gas carbon dioxide (a by‐product of biodegradation) concentrations to increase when methane was injected into the aquifer. In addition, groundwater volatile organic compounds were reduced by 60 to 80 percent in the groundwater monitoring wells that were sampled.
Control of sulfur emissions from oil shale retorting using spend shale absorption
Authors: Van Zanten Kenneth D. , Chiaramonte Gerald R. , Bates Edward R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA detailed engineering evaluation of the potential for using an absorption on spent shale process (ASSP) for controlling sulfur emission from oil shale plants was completed. The evaluation analyzes the potential effectiveness and cost of absorbing SO2 on combusted spent shale in either a fluidized bed combustor (FBC) or a fluidized transport system (lift pipe) for three retorting processes: Lurgi (lift pipe), Union C (FBC), Modified In Situ (FBC).Conceptual designs were completed for the three retorting processes and the costs of removing SO2 by the ASSP approach were compared to the costs of removing either H2S (including other sulfur species such as mercaptans and thiophenes) or SO2 by the leading conventional sulfur removal processes. A number of significant process variables were identified and evaluated in the study. The study was performed under contract with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Regulation of toxic and hazardous air pollutants: Regulatory strategies, technical bases and policy considerations
Authors: Symuleski Richard A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStrategies for regulating toxic and hazardous air pollutants have technical bases ranging from threshold limit values for chemicals, to emissions ceilings based upon ambient concentrations. Each strategy has advantages, technical limitations, and policy implications. Major options being considered for amending the Clean Air Act are reviewed.
Biotreated coal liquefaction wastewater: Identification of organics by composite RO membrane concentration, HPLC, and GC/MS
Authors: Jevtitch Milan M. , Bhattacharyya D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA combination of aromatic polyamide RO membrane, HPLC and GC/MS was used to characterize feed and permeate samples from a coal liquefaction wastewater. The residual organics after biological treatment and their rejections by thin film membranes were identified and tested. Various derivatives of lactams and nitrobenzene esters were detected as by‐products of the biooxidation process. Molecules of mass greater than 155 were not detected in the permeate. At 90% water recovery, the membrane showed 91% chloride removal and 94% total orgnics removal.
The air quality effects of a rail terminus on an adjacent office building
Authors: Foye Clement M. , Wilson John W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAtmospheric dispersion models are routinely used to estimate the impacts of a proposed development project on the air quality of the surrounding area. These models generally assume straight‐line air flow from the emission source to the receptors of interest, and use meteorological data which are representative of the area. However, if the project is located in an urban setting with the receptors of interest in close proximity to the source, traditional models are inapplicable because airflow trajectories are complex and not characteristic of meteorological conditions at an airport several miles away. This paper discusses a methodology which was used to estimate the impacts of diesel train exhausts on the indoor air quality of an adjacent 16‐story office building. The elements of this study included a 60‐day monitoring program for ambient air quality, meteorology, and odor levels, to characterize present conditions, and a tracer study using sulfur hexafluoride gas to estimate the likely impacts of the project. This methodology can be applied to similar urban development projects, with modifications to suit the specific application.
Biodegradation of toxic chemicals using commercial preparations
Authors: Lewandowski G. , Salerno S. , McMullen N. , Gneiding L. , Adamowitz D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree commercial microbial preparations were tested for their ability to degrade phenol, 2‐chlorophenol, and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D), in an aerated biological batch reactor at room temperature (∼26°C). A municipal mixed liquor was used as the control. The municipal population performed better than any of the commercial preparations alone. However, there was an improvement in performance (for the phenolic compounds only) when the commercial preparation cultures were added to the municipal mixed liquor in a 1:20 ratio based on MLSS. Nevertheless, such a high rate of addition would be economically prohibitive.Aqueous concentrations of the individual substrates were determined by direct injection into a gas chromatograph. Changes in the microbial populations were observed using standard plating techniques and light microscopy.
Treatment and disposal of wastes from dry SO2 control processes
Authors: Katzberger Steve M. , Rymarczyk Walter J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSulfur dioxide (SO2) control processes which produce dry waste products have attracted increased interest in recent years based on economic and environmental considerations. This paper compares the chemical composition and physical properties of fly ash and dry waste products from existing SO2 control processes with the properties of dry waste from emerging technologies such as furnace sorbent injection and fluidized bed combustion. Based on this information, design features are revieweded for material handling systems and for dry waste landfill sites. Environmental impacts from dry waste handling and disposal are discussed. The potential for commercial utilization of dry wastes from emerging SO2 control technologies is also addressed.
A rapid procedure for selecting attenuators for IITRI dynamic dilution olfactometers
Authors: Varshney S. C. , Poostchi E. , Gnyp A. W. , St. Pierre C. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDynamic dilution olfactometers provide a range of odor dilutions for presentation to panelists. Reliable odor thresholds of source emissions can be evaluated consistently only if the unknown odor thresholds fall in the middle of the dilution range of the olfactometer being used for a given test.This paper describes a fast and reliable procedure for ensuring that individual panelist thresholds will fall in the middle of the dilution range through selection of appropriate attenuators. The recommended approach makes use of the best capabilities of the ASTM and IITRI methods. It has been tested successfully with acetic acid vapors.
A study on the systematic control of CO2 emissions from fossil‐fuel power plants in the U.S.
Authors: Cheng Hsing C. , Steinberg Meyer 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe increase in atmospheric CO2, which results primarily from combustion of fossil fuels for energy, could cause dramatic global climatic and environmental changes—the so‐called “greenhouse effect.” This study explores the technical feasibilities and the cost of controlling CO2 emissions from the stacks by removing, recovering, and disposing of CO2 from fossil‐fuel power plants in the U.S. It is estimated that up to a 10% reduction in the annual incremental atmospheric CO2 content would be achieved by the study control system. The total power required for such a control system ranges from 11 to 16% of the power‐generating capacity in various regions of the U.S. Overall, the study system could essentially increase the capital investment of a power plant by 70 to 150%, and increase production cost of electricity by 56 to 100%, depending on the location of the plant.
Automation of an electrolytic cell for the treatment of oily wastewater
Authors: Oblinger F. G. , Weintraub M. , Blais E. J. , Gealer R. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn automatic control system was installed and evaluated on a pilot plant for the electrolytic treatment of oily wastewater which was in operation at an automotive transmission plant. In this continuous process, the wastewater passes through a porous iron chip bed anode where the oil emulsion is demulsified by electrolytically dissolved iron, forming an oil‐rich floating sludge and oil‐free water. The control system maintains a low effluent oil concentration by adjusting the anode current—and hence the amount of iron dissolved—in response to deviations from a set‐point of effluent oil content, as sensed with an in‐line turbidimeter. The current automatically assumes the newly demanded value within about 6 to 10 minutes of a step increase or decrease in effluent turbidity. The system controlled the treatment of the widely varying plant wastewater continuously for 30 days, with no intervention or control adjustment and with a minimum of daily maintenance.
RCRA Trial burn considerations
Authors: Cudahy James J. , Busmann Thomas G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe new Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous waste incineration regulations have ushered in a new era which will result in a better understanding of the significant combustion design parameters relative to hazardous waste destruction. This paper discusses some of the important issues involved with the RCRA trial burn program, RCRA trial burn database information, and three RCRA research trial burn programs. These programs have made significant contributions to an increased understanding of important incineration destruction and emission mechanisms.
Modeling the adsorption of target compounds by GAC in the presence of background dissolved organic matter
Authors: Smith Edward H. , Tseng Szu‐Kung , Weber Walter J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe impact of background dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the adsorption of a target organic compound, lindane, by GAC was examined. Both capacity and rate of lindane removal decreased in proportion to the DOM concentration. Two modeling approaches employing homogeneous surface diffusion versions of the Michigan Adsorption Design and Applications Model (MADAM‐HSD) adequately simulated and predicted data for fixed‐bed adsorbers. In one approach, adsorption equilibrium and mass transport parameters were evaluated and the data modeled in terms of the target compound only, using a single‐solute modeling scheme.The second methodology treated the background DOM as an independent component and utilized a two‐solute version of MADAM‐HSD to describe and/or predict adsorber breakthrough profiles for both lindane and DOM. The short bed adsorber (SBA) technique was verified as a useful tool for determination of the mass transport parameters associated with the systems studied.
Consumption of pond water through partial liming: Recent experience
Authors: Weston Charles Wittmann 
Published: February 2007

AbstractContaminated, acidic cooling and gypsum pond waters associated with wet‐process phosphoric acid production can be treated using a partial liming process. The treatment largely removes the fluoride component, giving a treated water which is suitable for use in the phosphate rock wet grinding circuit; a majority of the phosphate component of the pond water is thereby directly recovered.Although the acidity of the contaminated water is only partially neutralized during treatment, phosphate rock added to the grinding mill contains sufficient carbonate to give a ground rock slurry of low corrosivity. This process has been used successfully during the last four years at Agrico Chemical Company's Faustina Plant to manage occasional water balance problems resulting from high rainfall.
Meeting the water quality criteria for the metal finishing industries
Authors: Veale Francis J. , Elliott Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn July of 1977, Texas Instruments, located in Attleboro, Massachusetts was issued a five‐year National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit to discharge a treated industrial waste effluent in compliance with the Clean Water Act (CWA). The company had just completed the installation of a modern waste treatment facility employing metal hydroxide precipitation. At the time, this system was considered the Best Available Technology (BAT), and it was based on such process chemistry criteria that the original permit limits were generated.In 1982, however, when Texas Instruments submitted a renewal application for its NPDES discharge permit, water quality criteria were used in place of BAT to determine the permit limits. Since it had been shown that BAT was insufficient to achieve water qualities in receiving streams equal to their designated uses, the EPA, in compliance with Section 301 (b)(1)(c) of the CWA, began imposing much more stringent limits to attain the necessary water quality standards. Furthermore, the Massachusetts Water Quality Standards, 314 CMR 4.00, required that all waters must be free of toxic substances in amounts or combinations that would impair the most sensitive water uses. Therefore, the draft NPDES permit issued to Texas Instruments in January of 1984 reflected the stringent water quality guidelines. Due to the limited dilution water available in the company's receiving stream, the proposed limits were impossible to meet with any existing technology.Texas Instruments then faced a difficult decision on whether to attempt to relieve the tight proposed limits through aquatic toxicity testing, or whether to re‐direct the effluent to another receiving stream (i.e. Publically Owned Treatment Works (POTW)), or in the worst case, whether to shut‐down its large Attleboro based manufacturing facility employing over 5000 people and relocate to another area. In the final analysis and after much deliberation, TI chose to maintain its Attleboro facility and enter into a long and relatively unexplored avenue of aquatic toxicity testing to raise its permit limits to achievable levels. It was realized early on, that, even if TI succeeded in raising the limits, the existing waste treatment facility would probably require more modifications.As one of the first industries in the New England region to negotiate an NPDES permit based on the new water quality criteria, this article explores the protocol and method by which a new permit was established at Texas Instruments.
Methods for removal of copper and iron from boiler chemical cleaning wastes
Authors: Holcombe Larry J. , Behrens Greg P. , Micheletti Wayne C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the results of field and laboratory studies conducted to evaluate treatment methods for reducing the concentrations of dissolved copper and iron in several spent boiler cleaning solutions. These waste solutions are generated during the cleaning of steam tubes in utility boilers. Cleaning may be accomplished using one of several solutions, including: inhibited hydrochloric acid, ammonium bromate, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), citrate, and hydroxyacetic‐formic acid. The raw wastes were treated by conventional lime and caustic precipitation and by co‐ponding with coal fly ash. Analytical results were compared with Federal effluent discharge guidelines (NPDES) for copper and iron.
Field evaluation of arsenic and selenium removal by iron coprecipitation
Authors: Merrill Douglas T. , Manzione Mark A. , Parker Denny S. , Petersen Jeffrey J. , Chow Winston , Hobbs Alexander O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe priority trace elements arsenic and selenium were removed from ash pond effluent by iron coprecipitation in a field study at the Carolina Power and Light Company's Roxboro Station. The study's broad objectives were to verify previously‐derived laboratory results, confirm the technology's technical and economic feasibility, and develop information that could be used to make preliminary designs and cost estimates for full‐scale treatment plants.The technology was tested at pilot scale in a continuous‐flow system under field conditions. A chemical coagulation system was used of the kind typically employed for municipal and industrial water treatment. Arsenic was strongly removed (90 percent and above) with moderate iron dosages (14 mg/L to 28 mg/L Fe). Selenium removals were lower (56 to 80 percent) under comparable chemical conditions. Arsenic and selenium removals were strongly affected by solution pH.Testing indicated that process sludges can be gravity thickened, then dewatered with filter presses to 25 to 35 percent solids. Dewatered pilot sludges were determined to be not hazardous, as defined by Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test criteria.Total process costs for the Roxboro site are estimated to be 9.3 cents/m3 ($353 per million gallons). This cost is for a facility that processes an average flow of 1.1 m3/sec (26 mgd) and uses an iron dose of 14 mg/L, as Fe. The facility is sized to process a peak flow of 1.5 m3/sec (35 mgd).
Innovative uses from carbon adsorption of heavy metals from plating wastewaters: I. Activated carbon polishing treatment
Authors: Ku Young , Peters Robert W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractActivated carbon treatment as a polishing step following either metal hydroxide or metal sulfide precipitation has been shown to be effective for removal of residual zinc, cadmium, and excess sulfide from plating wastewaters. When hydroxide precipitation is employed, the use of activated carbon allows significantly lower effuent metal concentrations to be achieved; the residual zinc and cadmium concentrations were reduced in excess of 70% with the use of activated carbon following hydroxide precipitation. In the absence of chelating agents and other interferences, removal of zinc exceeded 70% and sulfide removal exceeded 50% over the pH range of 7 to 10 by employing the activated carbon polishing step. With 100 mg/l of ammonia or cyanide (acting as interferences) present, zinc removal following sulfide precipitation was typically reduced 50%. For waters high in sulfides, removals exceeded 74%. The activated carbon polishing step shows great promise as a treatment alternative to minimize the potential for H2S gas evolution and the concern for sulfide toxicity associated with sulfide precipitation of heavy metals.
Innovative uses from carbon adsorption of heavy metals from plating wastewaters: II. Seeding the metal hydroxide/metal sulfide reactor with activated carbon
Authors: Peters Robert W. , Ku Young 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn innovative technology has been explored which involves seeding the metal hydroxide/metal sulfide precipitation reactor with activated carbon as a means of promoting the precipitation step. Based on the results of this preliminary study for the Zn(OH)2 system, significant metal removal enhancement can be achieved with this process. For long settling times (t ⩾ 30 minutes), little enhancement is observed over the case with no seeding. For short settling times, however, the residual metal concentration is approximately an order of magnitude lower than the same case without the activated carbon seeding. For the case of seeding the reactor with Darco S51 activated carbon, operation at pH ˜ 10.5 is preferable to operation at pH ˜ 8.1 due to much lower residual metal concentrations being achieved. For operation at pH ˜ 10.5, seeding with Darco HD3000 proved superior to seeding with Darco S51 activated carbon; the residual concentrations at the short detention time were about one‐half the concentrations achieved with Darco S51 activated carbon. For Darco HD3000, little improvement in heavy metal removal occurred for activated carbon dosages exceeding 50 mg/l.
Membrane utilization in hazardous metal removal from wastewater in the electronic industry
Authors: Sternberg S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMembrane treatment of industrial wastewaters is limited to a few applications where the membrane properties and environmental resistance match the particular application. In most cases, however, the membrane in and by itself does not possess all the requirements for the application, such as chemical physical resistance and inherent capability to remove all the waste components. The process described here overcomes these limitations by creating an inert membrane whose task is dewatering only, and relying on chemical and physical pretreatment to render the soluble waste constituents insoluble particles which are then removed by the membrane.
Adsorption of inorganic arsenic and organoarsenicals on hydrous oxides
Authors: Ghosh Mriganka M. , Yuan Jill R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdsorption of aqueous arsenic on activated alumina was investigated. pH greatly affects the surface chemical interactions of all species of arsenic, inorganic or organic, with hydrous alumina. Arsenate adsorbs well at pHs less than the pHzpc of alumina, with maximum adsorption occurring at pH 5. Maximum adsorption of arsenite occurs at pH 8. The adsorption behavior of monomethyl arsonate (MMA) is similar to that of arsenate. Adsorption of arsenic is enhanced by the presence of cations. Experiments with fixed alumina beds with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of only five minutes or less indicate that arsenic concentrations typical of North American waters can be removed effectively for long periods of time without regeneration. Spent alumina beds can be successfully regenerated using 0.5% NaOH followed by dilute acid rinse.
Feasibility of intermittent biological treatment for hazardous wastes
Authors: Weber A. Scott , Matsumoto Mark R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDuring an investigation and evaluation of a former hazardous waste facility, groundwater underlying the site was found to be highly contaminated by a variety of hazardous organic substances. An intermittently biological treatment process coupled with activated carbon adsorption was identified as a promising on‐site alternative. Because the operating constraints and degree of treatment achieved by biological processes subjected to very infrequent operation were unknown, a pilot study was initiated to assess the technical feasibility of the proposed process. Based on the findings of the experimental study, intermittent biological treatment can achieve significant removal of waste pollutants. The rate of COD removal was found to be adversely affected by decreases in operation frequency and decreased operating temperatures. However, all biodegradable COD was removed within a react period of 24 hrs., despite lag periods as long as three weeks between operation. Addition of powdered activated carbon was tested under one operating scenario and is hypothesized to be advantageous in reducing aeration times for conditions of low temperature and extended lag periods.