bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removing lead in drinking water with activated carbon
Authors: Taylor Roy M. , Kuennen Roy W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA point‐of‐use (POU) granular activated carbon (GAC) fixed bed adsorber (FBA) was evaluated for reduction of soluble and insoluble lead from drinking water. Some of the factors which affect lead removal by GAC were evaluated, such as carbon type, solution pH, and a limited amount of work on competitive interactions. The design criteria for lead reduction by a POU device are also addressed. Minicolumns were used to evaluate the capacity of carbon for lead under a variety of conditions. The importance of surface chemistry of the carbon and the relationship with the pH of the water for lead reduction was demonstrated. Results indicate that a properly designed POU‐GAC‐FBA can reduce lead in drinking water to below the EPA action level of 15 ppb while being tested under a variety of conditions as specified under the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) International Standard 53 test protocol.
Abatement of N2O emissions produced in the adipic acid industry
Authors: Reimer R. A. , Slaten C. S. , Seapan M. , Lower M. W. , Tomlinson P. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractApidic acid (AA) manufacture results in the production of ca. 1 mole of nitrous oxide (N2O) per mole of AA. Emissions of N2O by the AA industry currently account for about 5–8 percent of the worldwide anthropogenic N2O emissions (after accounting for N2O abated by some manufacturers). Even though this N2O does not make a major contribution to global warming and ozone depletion, major AA producers worldwide have agreed to substantially reduce these emissions by 1996–98. Producers have formed an inter‐industry group to share information on technologies being developed for N2O control. Technology options being studied by DuPont (and by others) include thermal destruction, recycling, and catalytic decomposition.
Comparison of air dispersion modeling results with ambient air sampling data: A case study at Tacoma Landfill, a national priorities list site
Authors: Griffin Leif R. , Rutherford Thomas L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAir dispersion modeling, ambient air sampling, and emissions testing of landfill sources have been performed to evaluate the effects of remedial activities on ambient air surrounding the Tacoma Landfill. In 1983, the Tacoma Landfill was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) as part of the Commencement Bay/South Tacoma Channel Superfund site. Remedial activities completed, or near completion, at the 190 acre (768,903 m2) Tacoma Landfill include a groundwater extraction system and air stripping units used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from groundwater, landfill gas extraction and flare system to control gas migration from the landfill, landfill liner and leachate collection system for an active section of the landfill, and a landfill cap that covers the inactive portions of the landfill.Dispersion modeling was performed with measured stack emission data using Industrial Source Complex (ISC) to determine the groundlevel concentrations of VOCs from the air stripper, flares, and active portion of the landfill for comparison with the measured ambient air data collected during 1992.
Using evaporators to achieve zero effluent at a BCTMP pulp mill
Authors: Fosberg Ted , Sweet Bill 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPulp‐making is a very water‐intensive enterprise, but the water recovery system at Millar Western Pulp allows the plant to use eight times less water than a conventional mill of its type (68 m3 / hr makeup water vs. 568 m3 / hr for the same size conventional mill) and eliminates any effluent discharge to the local river. The plant is the first pulp mill in the world to operate a successful zero liquid discharge system.Effluent from the thermomechanical pulping process is concentrated from 2 percent solids to 35 percent solids by three falling film vapor compression evaporators, followed by two steam‐driven concentrators which further concentrate the effluent to about 70 percent solids. Of the 400 m3 / hr of effluent sent to the system, 391 m3 / hr is recovered as high purity water for reuse in the pulping process. Solids are burned in the boiler; the smelt is cast into ingots and stored on site for future chemical recovery.
Ex‐Situ forced aeration of soil piles: A physical model
Authors: Battaglia Alessandro , Morgan David J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a physcial model of a technology in its early stages of development, which is here referred to as “ex‐situ forced aeration of soil piles,” or, briefly, “soil pile aeration,” The model can be used in a dual capacity. First, it can be used to screen the technology; that is, to determine if, based on soil characterstics and contamination levels, the technology is at all applicable. Second, if the technology is deemed applicable, the model can be used as a design tool to optimize the basic design parameters, which are the pile radius and lenght, and the vacuum blower characterstics. The physical model presented in this paper provides an useful framework for understanding the influence that the design and soil parameters have on the effectiveness and/or viability of the technology, and can be useful tool for preliminary design of aeration piles.
Application of material balance concept in waste minimization assessment of a metal finishing process
Authors: Smith Edward H. , Schurig Angela C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMicroscale application of the material balance concept on a chrome‐bearing metal finishing rinse tank was demonstrated to be a useful tool for evaluating waste minimization alternatives for plating rinses. Although more focused, the approach is easy to implement and once calibrated, the material balance model can predict process sensitivity for variables that are relevant to achieving waste minimization goals. In this case, substantial savings can be achieved in water usage and sludge generation by reducing flow‐through rinse rates and installing mist spray rinses above concentrated finishing tanks.
CO2 Capture from the flue gas of conventional fossil‐fuel‐fired power plants
Authors: Wolsky A. M. , Daniels E. J. , Jody B. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractResearch has been conducted at Argonne National Laboratory to identify and evaluate the advantages and deficiencies of several technologies, both commercially available and alternative technologies, for capturing CO2 from the flue gas of utility boilers that use air as an oxidant (the current universal practice). The technologies include chemical solvent, cryogenic, membrane, physical absorption, and physical adsorption methods. In general, technologies for capturing CO2 are expensive and energy‐intensive. Therefore, they result in a substantial overall increase in the cost of power generation. Research to improve the performance and economics of these technologies is discussed.
Remediation of a VOC‐contaminated superfund site using soil vapor extraction, groundwater extraction, and treatment: A case study
Authors: McCann Michael , Boersma Paul , Danko Joseph , Guerriero Margaret 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA case history of remedial action taken at the primary contaminant source area within the Verona Well Field Superfund Site in Battle Creek, Michigan. Included is a site description, a description of the soil and groundwater treatment systems, plus a summary of the lessons learned through six years of active remediation.
A “Mark I” measurement methodology for pollution prevention progress occurring as a result of product design decisions
Authors: Stephan David G. , Knodel Robert M. , Bridges James S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA methodology for assessing progress in pollution prevention resulting from product redesign, reformulation or replacement is described. The method compares the pollution generated by the original product with that from the modified or replacement product, taking into account, if desired, the various lifecycle stages of the product. The pollution prevented (or sometimes increased) as a consequence of the redesign is delineated with respect to the media affected (water, air, or soil/groundwater) and with respect to three “categories” of pollution impact (human health impacts, use impairment impacts and disposal capacity impacts). The method also provides information as to the specific “classes” of pollution prevented such as toxic organics, heavy metals, global warmers, nutrients, aquatic life toxicants or hazardous wastes. The methodology is extendable to pollution prevention projects of all types, not just product redesign.
Mercury removal from aqueous streams utilizing microemulsion liquid membranes
Authors: Larson Karen A. , Wiencek John M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe goal of this work is the removal of mercury ion from wastewater using thermodynamically stable microemulsions as liquid membranes. The research focuses on identification and modeling of the appropriate aqueous and organic phase equilibrium reactions for mercury extraction and stripping, comparison of extraction kinetics between coarse emulsions and microemulsions, and demulsification and recovery of the emulsion components. An oleic acid microemulsion liquid membrane (water‐in‐oil) containing sulfuric acid as the internal phase reduces the feed phase mercury concentration from 460 mg/l to 0.84 mg/l in a single contacting. This compares favorably with a control extraction (oleic acid/no internal phase) which results in a final concentration of 20 mg/l Hg+2. Microemulsions can be demulsified using butanol as an additive. The demulsification kinetics are proportional to butanol concentration and temperature and inversely proportional to surfactant concentration. The demulsification rate is second order with respect to water concentration which implies that the rate‐limiting step in the process is the rate of internal phase droplet encounters. Proof‐of‐principle experiments demonstrate the ability to extract mercury ion using microemulsions formulated with recycled organic phase, albeit at a somewhat reduced efficiency. The reduced efficiency is attributed to increased internal phase leakage due to residual butanol in the oil phase. Finally, the cycle is brought around full circle by recovering metallic mercury from the internal phase by electroplating.
Enhancement ofin situmicrobial degradation of chlorinated organic waste at the petro processors superfund site
Authors: Constant W. David , Pardue John H. , Delaune Ronald D. , Blanchard Kyle , Breitenbeck Gary A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of bioremediation for hazardous waste sites is a promising technology, particularly when the clean‐up isin situand therefore, does not require removal of the waste material. This study was initiated to investigate the application of this technology to the Petro Processors, Inc. (PPI) Superfund site. Primary contaminants at the PPI site are chlorinated organics such as hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorobutadiene, among others. The objectives of the experiments conducted in this study were to determine if PPI target organics would degrade if proper environmental conditions are provided and secondly, to determine the nature of organisms present. A third component is design of a field pilot of the technology, bothex situandin situ, to further define operating parameters and limits of the degradation system before full‐scale implementation.As work proceeds to the field, which is described along with the characteristics of the site and the field pilot, it appears that application of this technology will provide an effective site‐specific remediation process for certain sections of the PPI site, reducing the time required for overall remediation and promoting degradation of lower levels of contamination in an adjacent bayou‐swamp area.
Integration of chemical and biological oxidation processes for water treatment: Review and recommendations
Authors: Scott Jon P. , Ollis David F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe literature of studies which used a combination of chemical and biological degradation (usually oxidative) of organic contaminants in water is reviewed. Beneficial effects of such two‐step treatments are commonly reported; these results, primarily from laboratory studies, suggest potential advantages for water treatment via process integration rather than single technology processing.Four wastewater contaminant types are identified which can benefit from combined processes: 1.) recalcitrant compounds 2.) biodegradable wastes with small amounts of recalcitrant compounds 3.) inhibitory compounds and 4.) intermediate dead‐end products. The design key for such two‐step systems lies in choosing processes that complement each other and lead to a synergistic effect. Predicting this performance outcome requires knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the major reaction intermediates and their susceptibility to degradation by each process.Economic, physical and technological limitations of the individual processes should be recognized for design of more effective and economical integrated processes. The ultimate treatment goal, whether specific pollutant removal or reduction of a global parameter such as TOC, must be known so that appropriate and complementary processes can be utilized. More work is needed concerning the degradation kinetics within the combined process, from initial attack of the primary compound through dynamics of intermediates and on to total mineralization.
Physical conditioning to enhance bioremediation of excavated hydrocarbon contaminated soil at McClellan Air Force Base
Authors: Stefanoff James G. , Garcia Marcelo B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMcClellan Air Force Base conducted an evaluation of an aerated‐pile composting process and a slurry bioreactor process for biologically treating excavated hydrocarbon‐contaminated soils while controlling emissions of volatile organic compounds. A large aspect of process evaluation was development of soil conditioning steps prior to biological treatment. The conditioning steps evaluated were: soil washing, using trommel and attrition scrubbers; and milling, using rod and hammer mills. Scrubbing was not effective at producing a consistently clean oversize fraction. Milling was effective at reducing the size of larger material and breaking agglomerates. Bioremediation results indicated both processes capable of greater than 90 percent reduction in hydrocarbon levels within 90 days. Aerated‐pile composting was the preferred process because it required less operation and maintenance and more easily handled varying soil characteristics. A full‐scale treatment process was developed and is described.
Results of a two‐year in situ bioventing demonstration
Authors: Downey Douglas C. , Guest Peter R. , Ratz John W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA full‐scale bioventing demonstration was recently completed at a large diesel spill site located at a major railroad facility in Nebraska. An estimated 11,500 cubic meters of soil are being treated in this demonstration. During this two‐year demonstration, both in situ respiration rates and volatilization were routinely monitored to estimate total fuel removal rates. This paper discusses the relative contributions of biodegradation and volatilization in this bioventing application and presents two‐year soil sampling results which indicate that significant fuel remediation has occurred at the site. Both capital and operating costs for this system are very competitive and will be detailed in this document.
Stormwater management in industrial facilities: An integrated approach
Authors: Oubre Edgar J. , Howe Robert M. , Keating J. David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNumerous existing and proposed regulations have forced owners/operators of industrial facilities to reevaluate current methods for management of stormwater which falls within the confines of their facilities. Most have found it necessary to integrate their current stormwater and wastewater management practices into a comprehensive environmental compliance program. The development of an integrated stormwater management program should focus on the following objectives:

compliance with state and federal regulations.
the minimization of the volume of stormwater requiring treatment.
the minimization of the impacts on process/production unit operations
the minimization of the impacts on wastewater treatment unit operations.
A well designed and properly implemented stormwater management program can reduce capital and operating costs and enhance effluent quality.
A methodology for obtaining air emission factors at point sources containing a combustion process
Authors: Phillips J. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPreparation of air permits generally involves estimating emission rates of point sources. At point sources where combustion is occurring, the EPA's AP‐42 emission factors can be used to estimate emissions resulting from combustion of fuel oil, gasoline, diesel, and natural gas. Emission factors for the combustion of other substances are the subject of this work. The method developed herein is based on the kinetics of the combustion reaction, and involves the formulation of a novel dimensionless group. This dimensionless group, which is referred to as ϕ in this work, is defined as the ratio of the log‐mean reaction rate (normalized by the log‐mean fuel concentration) to the space velocity of the materials passing through the reaction locus. This dimensionless group takes the value of 530 to 780 for the typical combustion of light hydrocarbons in a boiler or similarly‐operating point source. The method provides emission factors which are in good agreement with those in the AP‐42 compilation of emission factors.
Nitrification in single‐stage trickling filters
Authors: Surampalli Rao Y. , Scheible O. Karl , Banerji Shankha K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn assessment of nitrification of municipal wastewater in trickling filters was performed using operating data from wastewater treatment facilities currently in operation. A survey of trickling filter use in the United States found twenty‐seven plants accomplishing some degree of nitrification. Of the twenty‐seven plants ten were identified as having operating data sufficient for further analysis. Although most of the plants evaluated were not designed as single‐stage systems they all provided sufficient data to evaluate trickling filter performance as a single‐stage system. The evaluated plants were generally meeting their permit requirements, including ammonia‐nitrogen limits when applied. Analysis of the data compared favorably with the BOD5 loading rates suggested by the EPA Process Design Manual for Nitrogen Control.
Case study of waste water minimization at a general electric manufacturing plant
Authors: Shapiro A. P. , Thornton R. F. , Kim B. M. , John F. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the process of converting an existing industrial water system at a General Electric manufacturing plant towards zero discharge. A plan to significantly reduce waste water to the publicly owned treatment works (POTW) is presented. The first phase, which should reduce water discharge by 90% compared to 1992 rates, involves three major steps. First, a vibrating membrane filter machine will be used to treat the tumbler machine waste water, which accounts for about half of the plant's total water usage. The suspended solids in the waste water will be removed and disposed of as non‐hazardous waste. The water will be reused in the tumbler room and in other processes throughout the plant. Second, effluent from the waste water treatment plant will be recycled to the maximum extent possible. Third, steps will be taken to minimize water usage in rinsing operations. When the first phase is completed, the water quality in the plant will be expected to change. In particular, the salt concentration will increase, and the temperature of the water may rise. With careful monitoring of the water quality, input rates of city water, and discharge rates, a zero‐discharge system can be defined. The key to achieving zero‐discharge will be selecting a technology to remove salts from the water. The likely candidates are reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, or ion exchange, perhaps followed by evaporation to reduce the brine volume. A preliminary design for a zero‐discharge system is presented; however, the first phase of the project will be implemented and studied before the appropriate salt‐removing technology is selected.
Life cycle inventory analysis of chemical processes
Authors: Aelion Vital , Castells Francesc , Veroutis Agis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEffective pollution prevention is greatly facilitated by identifying and quantifying adverse effects to the environment during the product's life cycle, including raw material extraction and processing, manufacturing, use, recycling, and ultimate disposal. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis is a thorough procedure accounting for the environmental loads during the product's life cycle. Through the detailed information gathered in LCI's one can identify the aspects of their plant/process that create the most significant environmental loads, and act to either substitute raw materials or modify process steps to reduce the generated environmental loads. In this paper, an LCI methodology which is generalized to account for environmental loads generated in all periods of operation (e.g., production, startup, shutdown, maintenance), as well as risk related events (e.g., accidents, off‐spec. production, disposal of perishable materials) is presented. This methodology utilizes the eco‐vector approach for tracking environmental loads. Recognizing that the scope and coverage of an LCI can vary substantially depending on goals and financial resources, our general LCI framework provides guidance for focusing on these aspects which are expected to contribute the most significant environmental loads. The approach is demonstrated through a simplified example.
Preparing for an unannounced inspection: What to do when an inspector shows up
Authors: Rice James A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSince Federal and State laws and regulations provide for unannounced inspections and records reviews, preparation is the best way to handle an inspection. Self auditing can help insure that only minor problems will be encountered during an inspection. The right personnel, training programs, funding, and organizational atmosphere are also important. Knowing what to expect and what regulators look for can help make the preparation easier and the inspection process go smoother.
Pollution prevention: The U.S. experience
Authors: Freeman Harry M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe article summarizes selected pollution prevention activities and programs at the U.S. EPA, within the private sector, and within various state governments during the period 1988 through 1995 when interest in pollution prevention has been on the rise in the U.S. Included are discussions of various voluntary programs such as the 33/50 Program and the Green Lights Program supported by the EPA. A list of EPA P2 manuals and reports available to the public is included.