bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation of interferon induction at the bone marrow level. Studies on interferon induction in relation to natural cell‐mediated cytotoxic mechanisms
Authors: Örn Anders , Gidlund Magnus , Wigzell Hans , Gresser Ion 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of interferon inducers on different cytolytic mechanisms were studied in the high leukemia mouse strain AKR. A clear depression in baseline cytolytic potential and interferon‐mediated stimulation of natural killer cell activities was demonstrated. This depression was most pronounced after 8 weeks of age. In contrast, antibody‐dependent, cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against IgG‐coated chicken red blood cells was always normal. Bone marrow chimeras between CBA and AKR mice were produced to investigate the influence of bone marrow vs. host‐mediated factors in these two strains with regard to interferon induction and cytolytic functions. Bone marrow genotype was found to be the dominating factor with regard to both parameters. Mice reconstituted with AKR bone marrow were deficient both in interferon production using tilorone and Newcastle disease virus as inducers, and at the level of natural killer cells responding to exogenously administered interferon. The possible relationship between these findings and the development of lymphomas in AKR mice is discussed.
Surface antigens of human melanoma cells defined by monoclonal antibodies. I. Biochemical characterization of two antigens found on cell lines and fresh tumors of diverse tissue origin
Authors: Johnson Judith P. , Demmer‐Dieckmann Maria , Meo Tommaso , Hadam Martin R. , Riethmüller Gert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies were produced against melanoma cell lines derived from patients presently disease free. Based on tissue distribution of binding, the antibodies obtained could be used to classify melanoma surface antigens into groupings similar to those obtained from studies of autologous and xenogeneic antibodies. Three antibodies (21.43, 15.75 and 15.95) reacted with the immunizing tumor but not with peripheral blood lymphocytes or a lymphoblastoid cell line derived from the tumor donor. When tested on a broader cell panel, antibody 21.43 reacted only with melanoma lines, while antibodies 15.75 and 15.95 reacted with carcinoma cell lines as well as with the majority of melanoma cell lines. Antibody 15.95 precipitated a 49000 dalton glycoprotein from both melanoma and carcinoma cells. Antibody 15.75 precipitated a 74 000 dalton glycoprotein from the surface of melanoma and carcinoma cell lines which is also found on freshly isolated tumor cells from melanoma and carcinoma metastases in vivo.
The strain A anti‐p‐azophenylarsonate major crossreactive idiotypic family includes members with no reactivity toward p‐azophenylarsonate
Authors: Wysocki Lawrence J. , Sato Vicki L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe sera of unimmunized A/J mice contain low but detectable levels of immunoglobulin, bearing previously described cross‐reactive idiotypic (CRI) determinants diagnostic of the strain A anti‐p‐azophenylarsonate (Ars) response. Such molecules from nonimmune sera cannot be adsorbed onto affinity columns coupled to a high density with Ars. After extensive immunization with Ars‐coupled proteins, Ars‐nonbinding CRI is found at the same low level, even though substantial Ars‐binding CRI appears. On the other hand, immunization with a monoclonal rat anti‐CRI, which was originally raised against Ars‐binding CRI, elicits high concentrations of Ars‐binding as well as Ars‐nonbinding CRI immunoglobulin. Three hybridoma proteins produced from an A/J mouse immunized with the rat anti‐CRI react with all tested anti‐idiotypic sera from three species of animals, but show no reactivity toward Ars in several different assays. One hybridoma protein from the same fusion demonstrates Ars‐binding capacity.
Cells of the marginal zone of the spleen are lymphocytes derived from recirculating precursors
Authors: Kumararatne Dinakantha S. , MacLennan Ian C. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe origin of the B cells of splenic marginal zones was studied using transfer experiments in rats depleted of marginal‐zone cells. Cyclophosphamide given as a single dose of 500 mg/m2 was used to deplete the marginal zones. Approximately 90% depletion was still apparent 10 days after treatment. Fetal liver cells did not induce rapid repopulation of the marginal zone. Also bone marrow cells from rats depleted of recirculating lymphocytes were inefficient in this respect. Conversely, thoracic duct lymphocytes and bone marrow cells from normal rats were efficient at restoring marginal‐zone cell numbers in cyclophosphamide‐treated rats. Thoracic duct cells passaged through an irradiated intermediate host and collected from that host's thoracic duct were also efficient at achieving marginal‐zone cell reconstitution. In rats receiving 1000 rd whole body irradiation, which were protected with fetal liver cell transfer, marginal zones did repopulate at about 3 weeks. It is concluded that marginal‐zone B cells, after leaving primary lymphoid organs, enter the recirculating pool for a period of at least several days before settling in the marginal zone. The turnover rate of marginal‐zone cells was assessed using tritiated thymidine infusion. Most marginal‐zone cells were not labeled after 5 days continuous labeling suggesting that the marginal‐zone B cells are not rapidly dividing.
Enhancement of Fcγ receptor expression in interferontreated mice
Authors: Aguet Michel , Vignaux Françoise , Fridman Wolf H. , Gresser Ion 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTreatment of C3H mice with partially purified or highly purified virus‐induced interferon resulted in a marked increase in the expression of Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on splenic lymphocytes, mesenteric lymph node cells and thymocytes from cortisonetreated mice. An increase in FcγR on splenic lymphocytes was seen as early as 5 h and lasted at least 72 h after a single injection of interferon. We suggest that enhancement of FcγR is one of the mechanisms by which interferon exerts some immunostimulating effects in vivo.
Characteristics of a poly(LTyr,LGlu)‐poly(DLAla)–poly(LLys)‐specific helper factor derived from a T cell hybridoma
Authors: Apte Ron N. , Eshhar Zelig , Löwy Ilana , Zinger Heidy , Mozes Edna 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA poly(LTyr,LGlu)‐poly(DLAla)‐poly(LLys) [(T,G)‐A‐L]‐specific helper T cell hybridoma, R‐9, was established by fusing activated T cells, enriched for specific helper activity by incubation on antigen‐pulsed splenic adherent cells, with the BW5147 thymoma line. Supernatants of this hybrid line or its active clones as well as ascitic fluids, aspirated from the peritoneum of mice injected with the hybridoma cells, manifest a(T,G)‐A‐L‐specific helper T cell‐replacing activity as assayed in an in vitro hapten‐carrier antibody production system. The factor activity can be specifically absorbed on and eluted from columns of immobilized (T,G)‐A–L, antibodies directed against the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain and an antiserum directed against (T,G)‐A‐L‐specific idiotypes. Although the R‐9 factor and anti‐(T,G)‐A‐L antibodies share V region gene‐encoded determinants, they differ in their fine antigenic specificity, as determined by cross‐reactivity with closely related synthetic polypeptide immunogens. Whereas anti‐(T,G)‐A–L antibodies bind equally well to the L‐phenylalanine‐ or L‐histidine‐containing polypeptides (Phe,G)‐A‐L and (H,G)‐A‐L, to poly(LGlu)‐poly(DLAla)‐poly(LLys) (G‐A–L) and poly(Tyr,Glu)‐poly(LPro)‐poly(LLys) [(T,G)‐Pro–L], the R‐9 factor was completely absorbed on columns of (Phe,G)‐A‐L and G‐A‐L and only partially absorbed on immobilized (T,G)‐Pro–L and (H,G)‐A‐L. In addition to V region gene products, the R‐9 factor also bears major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants, which were found to map to the left end of the Ib region. Combination of inactive effluents obtained after absorption of the R‐9 factor on columns of anti‐H‐2b and anti‐Id antibodies resulted in active factor preparations, suggesting that although V region gene and MHC products are linked together in the active part of the factor, these moieties are located on different polypeptide chains which may associate in solution.
Characterization of murine newborn inhibitory T lymphocytes: functional and phenotypic comparison with an adult T cell subset activated in vitro by alphafetoprotein
Authors: Murgita Robert A. , Hooper D. Craig , Stegagno Michele , Delovitch Terry L. , Wigzell Hans 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInhibitory T lymphocytes isolated from the spleens of newborn CBA/J mice which have high intrinsic levels of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) were compared, in terms of surface antigen phenotype and mode of immunosuppressive action, with a population of adult spleen T cells activated in vitro by a 4‐day preculture in the presence of purified AFP. The suppressing ability of these two groups of T cells was assayed on in vitro antibody synthesis of adult spleen cells to the T‐dependent (TD) and T independent (TI) antigens, sheep red blood cells and 2,4‐dinitrophenylated Ficoll. Negative selection of T cell subpopulations with antisera and complement showed that the inhibitory activity of newborn and adult AFP‐activated T cells on anti‐sheep red blood cell responses was abrogated by anti‐Thy‐1 anti‐Lyt 1, and by anti‐Iak (A. TH anti‐A. TL), whereas anti‐Lyt 2 antiserum and complement had no effect. Cytotoxic pretreatment with a panel of alloantisera specific for distinct products of major histocompatibility complex I subregions indicated that the Ia antigens expressed on the inhibitory T cells included I‐J, but not I‐EC determinants. Newborn and adult AFP‐activated inhibitory T cells could thus be shown to belong to a very similar, if not identical, subset of T lymphocytes characterized by the Thy‐1+, Lyt‐1+2−, I‐J+ phenotype. Both groups of T lymphocytes were shown to behave like efficient suppressor inducer cells in that they augmented TD antibody responses when added to purified B cell cultures which could not respond to TD antigen on their own, but caused strong inhibition of these responses when normal T cells were present. Dilution analyses of the two groups of inhibitory T cells showed that efficient suppressive activity was highly selective for TD responses, compared with a relatively weak inhibitory effect on TI responses. Passive administration of anti‐I‐J alloantibodies into newborn animals resulted in a significantly increased ability to respond to TD antigen, suggesting an anti‐I‐J‐mediated disruptive effect on newborn suppressor mechanisms. Our findings, therefore, indicate that TD antibody responses in newborn mice are regulated by an I‐J+ T cell‐mediated feedback inhibition circuit. Based on functional and phenotypic analyses, our results further suggest the probable identity of the naturally occurring inhibitory T cells in newborn mice and a subset of adult spleen T cells activated in vitro by AFP. This supports the contention that AFP may function as an important immunoregulatory agent in vivo.
Defective antigen presentation by macrophages from mice genetically selected for low antibody response
Authors: Adorini Luciano , Doria Gino 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMice, selected for high (H) and low (L) antibody responses to xenogeneic erythro‐cytes (Biozzi mice, selection I), have been tested for their immune responsiveness to lysozymes. The anti‐ring‐necked pheasant egg‐white lysozyme (REL) and anti‐hen egg‐white lysozyme (HEL) primary plaque‐forming cell responses are 20 to 40‐fold lower in L than in H mice. The heterogeneity of anti‐HEL antibodies in the secondary response, as analyzed by isoelectric focusing, is highly reduced in L as compared to H mice. The in vitro anti‐HEL plaque‐forming cell secondary response of (H × L)F1 lymph node (LN) cells is induced by HEL‐pulsed macrophages (Mϕ) from H, but not from L, mice. Therefore, genetic differences affecting antibody responsiveness in H and L mice are expressed at the level of antigen‐presenting cells. This genetic defect observed in L cells has been studied in more detail using an antigen‐specific, T cell‐dependent LN cell proliferative assay. After HEL‐complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) priming, LN cells from H or (H × L)F1 mice respond to HEL, REL (which is cross‐reactive with HEL) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), whereas LN cells from L mice do not respond to HEL or REL but proliferate in the presence of PPD. Proliferation of HEL‐CFA primed (H × L)F1 LN cells is induced by HEL‐ or REL‐pulsed Mϕ from H but not from L mice, whereas PPD‐pulsed Mϕ from H or L mice give similar proliferative responses. By increasing 50‐fold the concentration of HEL used to pulse Mϕ from H and L mice, a comparable proliferative response is obtained when HEL‐CFA‐primed (H × L)F1 LN cells are stimulated with HEL‐pulsed Mϕ from either line. This finding indicates that the genetic defect at the antigen‐presenting cell level in L mice is not absolute, but rather reflects a different antigen handling by Mϕ in the two lines.
Lympho‐stromal interactions in the thymus: medullary thymocytes react with I‐A determinants on autochthonous thymic stimulator cells
Authors: Born Willi , Wekerle Hartmut 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrimary (1o) and secondary (2o) syngeneic mixed lymphocyte culture (SMLC) reactions in autochthonous murine thymus cell cultures (peanut agglutinin‐unreactive) or syngeneic mixed thymus‐spleen cell cultures were studied. The 1o thymic SMLC responder cells were Thy‐1+, Lyt‐1+, Lyt‐2−. The 1o thymic syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (SMLR) could be inhibited with monoclonal antibodies directed against determinants Ia.m1 and Ia.m6, in the absence of complement.Positive selection of thymic SMLC cells from 1o cultures was achieved by enriching reactive lymphoblasts on discontinuous Percoll density gradients. The 2o memory populations were obtained by allowing the selected lymphoblasts to revert back to small resting 2o cells in the absence of SMLC stimulation. The thymic 2o SMLC populations were highly enriched in their activity and were almost exclusively specific for self stimulator cells.The 2o thymic SMLC cells were found to be Thy‐1+, membrane immunoglobulin‐negative, H‐2K/D+, I‐A−, I‐E− and I‐J−. They were hardly lysed by anti‐Lyt‐1 antibodies and not at all lysed by monoclonal antibodies detecting Qat‐4 and 5, and Lyt‐2 antigens, in the presence of complement. Stimulator cells were found in fast‐sedimenting or low‐density fractions of thymus. They expressed H‐2K/D, I‐A‐, and I‐E antigens but lacked membrane immunoglobulin and Thy‐1. Not all I region determinants seemed to be of equal importance in the 2o thymic SMLC: I‐A subregion compatibility between responding and stimulating cells was a minimal requirement for the induction of 2o thymic SMLC responses. Although several relevant anti I‐region antibodies reacted with the stimulator cells in the presence of C, these and other anti‐Ia antibodies varied considerably in their capacity to block 1o and 2o autochthonous thymic SMLR in the absence of complement.Our finding that the thymus contains the responder as well as the stimulator cells capable of interacting in an autochthonous proliferative reaction will be discussed with regard to its implications for the intrathymic differentiation of T lymphocytes.
Role of Ia antigens in the human autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction
Authors: Mingari Maria Cristina , Moretta Lorenzo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe role of Ia antigens in the human autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was analyzed. To do this, different mononuclear cell populations were fractionated according to their Ia antigen expression and used as stimulating cells in autologous MLR. Also examined was the effect of two hybridoma monoclonal antibodies specific for human Ia molecules on the autologous MLR. The results show that the stimulating capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells is restricted to Ia‐bearing cells. While peripheral blood T cells are unable to function as stimulating cells, highly purified Ia mixed lymphocyte culture‐activated T cells are very effective. The possibility that Ia molecules are directly involved in the autologous MLR is further substantiated by the strong inhibitory effect of monoclonal anti‐Ia antibodies.
Role of non‐H‐2 antigens in the cytotoxic T cell response to allogeneic H‐2
Authors: Langhorne Jean , Lindahl Kirsten Fischer 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA limiting dilution assay was used to compare the frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTL‐P) which respond to H‐2 antigens presented with additional background differences, with the frequency of CTL‐P which respond to H‐2 antigens on a self background. Individual cultures were divided and assayed for cytotoxic activity on the two targets sharing H‐2, but not the background; no cultures were seen which clearly killed one and not the other, and the same frequency of CTL‐P was measured on target cells that differed from the responder only at H‐2 and on target cells that differed also in the background, irrespective of the background of the stimulator. Thus, the assumption that allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) recognize H‐2 plus minor histocompatibility antigens does not serve as an adequate explanation for the high frequency of allospecific CTL. The data also suggest that the two allelic forms of β2‐microglobulin do not contribute to the alloantigenic determinant.
The relation of idiotype expression to isotype and allotype in the anti‐p‐azobenzenearsonate response
Authors: Henry Claudia , Lucas Alexander 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe distribution of idiotype‐positive plaques in mice of various strains injected with T‐independent (TI) and T‐dependent conjugates of p‐azobenzenearsonate (Ars) has been investigated. With maturation of the responses there is a progressive loss of dominance of the major cross‐reactive idiotype (CRI) in A/J and C.AL‐20 mice. The extremes are represented by the predominantly CRI+ IgM plaque response to a single injection of the TI antigen, Ars‐coupled Brucella organisms (Ars‐Br), and the low frequency of CRI+ plaques in the polyisotypic response elicited by Ars‐KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) in adjuvant. The secondary response to Ars‐Br was characterized by an intermediate display of idiotype‐positive plaques in IgM, the IgG subclasses and IgA. Detailed analyses of the distribution of CRI+ plaques between isotypes in 60 mice hyperimmunized with Ars‐KLH revealed that the expression of idiotype in any of the IgG subclasses and IgA was constant and independent. This is interpreted to indicate random assembly of VH with Cγ and Cα genes during the switch.BALB/c and C3H mice also express a predominant idiotype during primary and secondary responses to Ars‐Br as detected by our heterologous anti‐A/J CRI serum. These strains only very rarely maintain the idiotype after hyperimmunization with Ars‐KLH. We conclude that hyperimmune responses which probably involve multiple modes of regulation give a poor indication of the germ‐line V gene repertoire.
Phenotype of human T helper and suppressor cells in an in vitro specific antibody response
Authors: Callard Robin E. , Smith Caroline M. , Beverley Peter C. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMonoclonal anti‐human T cell antibodies have been used to identify cells which provide help for an in vitro specific antibody response to influenza virus and also those which suppress the response of allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The helper cells carry antigens defined by the Leu 3a and OKT4‐antisera, whereas the suppressor cells are predominantly Leu 2a‐ and OKT8‐positive. Help and suppression in this secondary in vitro antibody response are therefore provided by antigenically distinct T cell subsets.
Detection of Thy‐1, T‐200, Lyt‐1 and Lyt‐2‐bearing cells in the developing lymphoid organs of the mouse embryo in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Van Ewijk Willem , Jenkinson Eric J. , Owen John J. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe appearance of cell membrane antigens on lymphoid cells of the embryonic thymus in vivo and in vitro using monoclonal antibodies in immunoperoxidase tests on frozen sections and in two‐color immunofluorescence tests on cell suspensions was studied. It was shown that cells are heterogeneous with respect to Lyt antigen expression from the earliest stages of ontogeny. Thus, after 16 days gestation, some cells are Lyt‐1+2−, others are Lyt‐1−2+ and some are Lyt‐1+2+. However, for various reasons which are discussed, we hesitate to suggest that this finding demonstrates independent derivation of the various T cell subsets.In the absence of cell migration, organ cultures of embryonic thymus generate enriched populations of Lyt‐1+2− and Lyt‐1−2+ cells, i.e. cells with functional “mature” phenotypes. It was not found that cells bearing T cell antigens are generated in organ cultures of fetal liver and spleen. This result argues against the thymus‐independent generation of T cells in these organs.
Hapten‐specific responses to the phenyltrimethyl‐amino hapten.I. Evidence for idiotype‐anti‐idiotype interactions in delayed‐type hypersensitivity in mice
Authors: Jayaraman Sundararajan , Bellone Clifford J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to the phenyltrimethylamino (TMA) hapten in mice has been investigated. TMA‐derivatized syngeneic spleen cells (TMA‐SC) administered S.C. in several strains of mice consistently evoked DTH reactivity, as measured by footpad swelling after challenge with the diazonium salt of TMA. DTH could be induced by low levels of anti‐idiotypic antisera (anti‐Id) in lieu of antigen. The DTH reaction induced by either mode was hapten‐specific, could be transferred into naive recipients by viable lymph node cells but not with serum from immune mice and was not influenced by cyclophoshamide pretreatment. Unlike TMA‐SC which induced DTH in all of the strains of mice tested, anti‐Id induced DTH only in strains of the Igh‐1e allotype. Positive DTH reactions were induced by anti‐Id in the C57.Ige strain (H‐2b, Igh‐1e) but not in its allotype‐congenic partner C57BL/6J (H‐2b, Igh‐lb). Interestingly, this reaction could be suppressed if relatively high amounts of anti‐Id were inoculated i.v. just prior to antigen challenge. In addition, the administration of anti‐Id 1 h prior to antigen challenge in TMA‐SC‐sensitized mice significantly blocked the DTH reaction only in the Igh‐1e strains. These results demonstrate that the induction and abrogation of TMA‐specific DTH by anti‐Id is linked to the IgCH locus.
Antigen‐dependent, H‐2‐restricted cytolytic and noncytolytic T cell lines with specificity for minor histocompatibility antigens
Authors: Pauli Raimund Di , Opalka Bertram 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral cloned T cell lines were isolated from primed mixed lymphocyte cultures immunized against minor histocompatibility antigens. These lines were selected with irradiated stimulator cells as antigen and require restimulation at intervals to keep growing. They are responsive, as measured by proliferation, to interleukin 2 (T cell growth factor) but cannot be grown in it continuously.These T cell lines have either the H‐2d or H‐2k haplotype. They all show exquisite H‐2 restriction and minor histocompatibility antigen specificity. We did not observe any alloreactivity on 8 different H‐2 haplotypes. For the H‐2k T cell lines, the restriction element could be mapped to either the K or D end of the H‐2 complex. No I‐A‐restricted cell line was found.It is of interest that all these T cell lines need the presence of T cells in the irradiated stimulator cell population. This suggests a more complex interaction between irradiated stimulators and responder T cells than just H‐2K‐ or D‐restricted antigen interaction. This recognition, though necessary, does not seem sufficient to induce the T cell clones to proliferate.