bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of serum hepcidin in renal failure and inflammation by using ProteinChip System
Authors: Tomosugi Naohisa , Kawabata Hiroshi , Wakatabe Rumi , Higuchi Masato , Yamaya Hideki , Umehara Hisanori , Ishikawa Isao 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, is expressed in the liver, distributed in blood, and excreted in urine. However, to date, no reliable and practical method for measuring the bioactive form of hepcidin in serum has been developed. Here, we used surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) to analyze the distinctive serum proteomic patterns of patients receiving hemodialysis. In the range of 1000 to 15 000 m/z, we found 3 peptides at 2192, 2789, and 2851 m/z that showed a significant correlation with the serum ferritin levels. The molecular sizes of peptides at 2192 and 2789 m/z matched with the reported sizes of hepcidin-20 and -25, respectively, and the serum peptide at 2789 m/z was identified as hepcidin-25 by collision-induced dissociation tandem MS. By using SELDI-TOF MS, we developed a semiquantitative assay for hepcidin-25. In this assay, the level of serum hepcidin-25 correlated well with levels of serum ferritin and serum interleukin-6. Hepcidin-25 was found to accumulate in the serum of patients receiving hemodialysis; this could contribute to the pathogenesis of renal anemia by decreasing the available iron for hematopoiesis. Thus, SELDI-TOF MS would be a clinically useful tool to detect and semiquantify bioactive hepcidin in serum.
Semiﬁeld ﬂocks, eggs, and ovoids of Q (4,q)
Authors: Lavrauw Michel 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In this article we consider the connection between semiﬁeld ﬂocks of a
quadratic cone in PG(3, q n
), eggs in PG(4n - 1, q ) and ovoids of Q (4, q n
), when
q is odd. Starting from a semiﬁeld ﬂock ℱ of a
quadratic cone in PG(3, q n
),q odd,
one can obtain an ovoid ## add figure 'advg.5.3.333_01.gif' ##(ℱ ) of
Q (4, q n
) using the construction of Thas [J. A. Thas,
Symplectic spreads in PG(3, q )inversive planes and projective planes.
Discrete Math. 174 (1997), 329–336]. With a semiﬁeld
ﬂock there also corresponds a good egg ℰ of PG(4n - 1, q ) (see, e.g., [M. Lavrauw, T. Penttila, On
eggs and translation generalised quadrangles. J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 96 (2001),
303–315]) and the TGQ T (ℰ ) contains at least q 3n
+ q 2n
subquadrangles all isomorphic to
Q (4, q n
) (Thas [J. A. Thas, Generalized
quadrangles of order (s, s
2). I. J. Combin.
Theory Ser. A 67 (1994), 140–160]). Hence
by subtending one can obtain ovoids of
Q (4, q n
) (consider the set of points in the subquadrangle collinear
with a point not in the subquadrangle). Here we prove that all the ovoids
subtended from points of type (ii) are isomorphic to ## add figure
'advg.5.3.333_01.gif' ##(ℱ ), and that in at least 2q n

subGQ’s the ovoids subtended from points of type (i)
are isomorphic to the ovoids subtended from points of type
(ii).
Iconicity, Ratosh’s lexical innovations, and beyond
Authors: Ephratt Michal 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Yonatan Ratosh (1909–1981), a renowned Hebrew poet,
made his living as a translator. His translations and lists found in his lexical
legacy, contain thousands of his suggestions for new Hebrew terms. Among them
many instances stand out that manifest some sort of similarity between the
concept and the term proposed by Ratosh, thus raising the issue of
iconicity.
This paper takes a closer look at these instances,
integrating theoretical aspects of iconicity and issues concerning lexicon in
general, and Ratosh’s means of lexical innovations in particular.
Specifically, we first look at image (onomatopoeia,
sound symbolism, and also metalanguage) and diagram (matters of order,
diminutive and echo-words). We then move beyond the dyad to consider metaphor.
After that discussion we point out the asymmetry caused by omitting folk
etymology, metonymy, and ellipsis. We propose, then, that semiotics should
restrict iconicity only to intrinsic relations within the sign itself, hence
image and diagram, thus not contaminating iconicity with cases of secondness,
thirdness, or endless conventionalism.
UVB Effects on the Photosystem II‐D1 Protein of Phytoplankton and Natural Phytoplankton Communities
Authors: Bouchard Josée Nina , Roy Suzanne , Campbell Douglas A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe reaction center of photosystem II is susceptible to photodamage. In particular the D1 protein located in the photosystem II core has a rapid, light‐dependent turnover termed the photosystem II repair cycle that, under illumination, degrades and resynthesizes D1 protein to limit accumulation of photodamaged photosystem II. Most studies concerning the effects of UVB (280–320 nm) on this cycle have been on cyanobacteria or specific phytoplankton species rather than on natural communities of phytoplankton. During a 5‐year multidisciplinary project on the effects of UV radiation (200–400 nm) on natural systems, the effects of UVB on the D1 protein of natural phytoplankton communities were assessed. This review provides an overview of photo‐inhibitory effects of light on cultured and natural phytoplankton, with an emphasis on the interrelation of UVB exposure, D1 protein degradation and the repair of photosystem II through D1 resynthesis. Although the UVB component of the solar spectrum contributes to the primary photoinactivation of photosystem II, we conclude that, in natural communities, inhibition of the rate of the photosystem II repair cycle is a more important influence of UVB on primary productivity. Indeed, exposing tropical and temperate phytoplankton communities to supplemented UVB had more inhibitory effect on D1 synthesis than on the D1 degradation process itself. However, the rate of net D1 damage was faster for the tropical communities, likely because of the effects of high ambient light and water temperature on mechanisms of protein degradation and synthesis.
Type of Oral Cleft and Mothers’ Perceptions of Care, Health Status, and Outcomes for Preadolescent Children
Authors: Damiano Peter C. , Tyler Margaret C. , Romitti Paul A. , Momany Elizabeth T. , Canady John W. , Karnell Michael P. , Murray Jeffrey C. 
Published: April 2006

Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of care for children by type of oral cleft. Design: Data were collected through structured telephone interviews during 2003 in Iowa with mothers of 2- to 12-year-old children with oral clefts. Interviews with mothers of children with clubfoot and statewide data on Iowa children were used for comparison. Participants: Participants included mothers of children in Iowa born between 1990 and 2000 with nonsyndromic oral clefts. Children were identified by the statewide Iowa Registry for Congenital and Inherited Disorders. Main Outcome Measures: Rating of cleft care, severity of condition, health status, esthetic outcome, speech, and school performance were evaluated by type of oral cleft. Results: Children with cleft lip and palate were most likely to have their clefts rated as very severe. Children with palatal involvement were reported to have a lower health status and were almost twice as likely to be identified as having a special health care need compared with either children with cleft lip or children statewide. Children with cleft lip had more esthetic concerns; children with palatal involvement had the most speech concerns. Conclusions: Although mothers generally believed their children had received high-quality care, ratings of the children's current health status and outcomes of care varied significantly by type of cleft (cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip and palate). Differences observed in this population-based study support the proposition that cleft type should be considered when examining outcomes of care for children with oral clefts.
Role of Small-Scale Variations in Water Saturation in Optimization of Steamflood Heavy-Oil Recovery in the Midway-Sunset Field, California
Authors: Schamel Steven , Deo Milind 
Published: April 2006

Summary
In recovery of heavy oil by steamflood, efficiencies can be realized by limiting the placement of steam to the portions of the reservoir with highest oil saturations, thus reducing the disproportionate loss of heat to connate water. This optimization strategy requires knowledge of water-saturation (Sw) distributions within the heavy-oil reservoir at the scale of operations. Application of this strategy has contributed to the successful reactivation of the shut-in Pru Fee property in the Midway-Sunset field 1 mile west of Taft, a U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE) Class 3 oil-technology demonstration project.
The 40 new wells drilled and logged within the 40-acre Pru Fee property, together with a single continuous core, have permitted 3D mapping of Sw within the 250- to 350-ft-thick pay zone in the Monarch sand reservoir. Water saturations are observed to vary at three different scales:
A systematic vertical reduction in Sw through a 100- to 150-ft interval above the oil/water contact (OWC) caused by dominant capillary influence where the buoyancy effects are diminished by the low-density contrast of the 13°API oil and formation water. Lateral variations in Sw on the scale of 10 to 100 ft caused principally by prior oil production from the reservoir, but modified by its internal stratigraphic architecture. Bed-to-bed variations in Sw on the order of a few feet or less constrained by grain-size-controlled differences in porosity/ permeability in these crudely graded sands.
Overall production efficiency in the steamflood has been improved by limiting steam injection to the upper one-half to two-thirds of the pay zone, where Sw is lowest. Knowledge of the lateral variations in Sw has permitted more accurate appraisal of the effectiveness of individual producers and nine-spot injector/ producer arrays. The recognition of the bed-to-bed variations has permitted a better petrophysical model for calibrating Sw calculated from logs.
Changing Conditions in Marital Relations and Parental Duties among Urbanized Natives
Authors: Krige Eileen Jensen 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphEverywhere in Africa contact with the European is causing change and disturbance, institutional dislocation and disintegration. If Bantu society is to survive the shock, its disintegrating institutions must eventually resolve themselves into new or modified forms better suited to the changed conditions. This transition can be accomplished only by gradual, often painful adjustments, in which the responses and reactions to the challenge of the more advanced culture might be investigated and the nature of culture growth analysed. One of the most fruitful approaches to the sociological processes involved in culture growth and the implication of the changes that occur is the study of the impact of a foreign culture upon the family and its associated institutions. Disturbances in these are often the reflection of widespread social and economic disintegration, and the extent of the disturbance may be regarded as a measure of the shock that has been sustained by the society. The purpose of this attempt at describing and analysing changing conditions in marital and parental relations is to show the extent of disintegration, the weaknesses and disadvantages of some of the institutions that are proving inadequate to meet the new demands, and the nature of the adjustments that are being made to regain equilibrium.
L'Ethnologie de l'Afrique Centrale et le Musée du Congo Belge
Authors: Maes J. 
Published: April 2006

Dans l'introduction de sa remarquable étude traitant de l'activité ethnographique des Belges au Congo, publiée en 1908, M. De Jonghe nous dit:‘L’efficacité de toute œuvre de civilisation se mesure sur la connaissance plus ou moins exacte de la mentalité des populations indigènes.‘Le colonisateur est, en dernière analyse, un civilisateur. Placé en présence de peuples d'une civilisation inférieure à la sienne, il s'efforce de les élever graduellement à son niveau. On peut le comparer à un agriculteur qui veut mettre un champ en rapport. Le premier soin de celui-ci doit être de connaître la composition de la terre pour y adapter son mode de culture, pour choisir avec discernement les substances chimiques capables d'en activer la production. La psychologie de l'indigène est pour le colonisateur ce qu'est pour l'agriculteur la connaissance des conditions chimiques de la terre qu'il veut cultiver. Connaître le tempérament et le caractère des peuplades qu'il doit civiliser est la première condition à réaliser par l'explorateur s'il veut procéder avec sûreté dans l'atténuation ou l'extirpation de leurs qualités mauvaises et pernicieuses, et dans le développement intense de leurs aptitudes morales et fécondes.‘La science qui consigne, classe, synthétise les données sur la psychologie des peuples non-civilisés, s'appelle l'ethnographie. L'ethnographie est donc à la base de toute action civilisatrice véritable.‘A un point de vue moins élevé, au point de vue exclusivement économique, elle mérite de préoccuper sérieusement le colonisateur. Innombrables sont les malentendus, les froissements, les conflits sanglants même, qui, à toute époque, ont surgi entre colonies et mères-patries et qui ont eu leur cause profonde dans l'ignorance des mœurs et coutumes locales.’
Asu (Pare) Proverbs and Songs
Authors: Bull A. F. 
Published: April 2006

1. Eima kiandeni emanyifwa ni mofi.Lit. He who digs in the hollow is known (i.e. betrayed) by the smoke, i.e. A man may dig quietly for a month without any one knowing much about it, but sooner or later he will have to burn his weeds, then the smoke will rise and fill the valley, and the secret be out. ‘Things done in secret shall be revealed openly.’
The Social Problems of Africa
Authors: Thurnwald Richard 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphOf the 1.75 milliard people in the world to-day, about 550 million, that is roughly a third, belong to the white races. About 450 million of these live in Europe. Thus two-thirds of the whole of mankind are made up of members of the various other races, which are under the economic and cultural influence of different white nations, to a great extent even under their political influence as well. As a result of technical inventions and improvements distances are daily growing smaller, and the different sections of mankind are perceptibly being brought closer together. Moreover, through the wide-spread network of commerce our relationships with all the peoples outside the European-American zone of culture have become more numerous and intimate, leading to grave social and intellectual upheavals among the foreign nations. These occurrences and phenomena are the result of the enormous expansion caused by technical invention in Europe. It would be mistaken to regard them as having been deliberately and maliciously planned by the European nations, for technical progress manifested in inventions is a phenomenon less within the range of man's control than is generally imagined. These consequences of technical development have to be reckoned with, whether we will or no. As Mussolini said a short time ago in the course of a statement on the population question: ‘A statesman has to think at least fifty years ahead of his age.’
The Batwa: Who are They?
Authors: Jeffreys M. D. W. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThere are no such people, any more than there were such people as the Philistines.In ‘L'origine du nom Fulani’, I showed that the words ‘Philistine’ and ‘Fulani’ come from a common root F-L which in the Indo-European languages means ‘foreigner, stranger, alien’ and, by a secondary meaning, ‘inferior’. Consequently there is no single group of people represented by the word ‘Philistine’ any more than there can be any special group represented by the word ‘Foreigner’. Such names are coined on the well-known principles of ethnocentrism, whereby one calls one's own group ‘The Men’ and all others ‘Outsiders’. Thus Meek writes that the Bachama tribe, Northern Nigeria ‘. . . call themselves the Gboare or Men, a term which is doubtless the same as Gbari (the name of a large tribe in the Niger and Zaria provinces), Bari (in Eastern Sudan) and Ka-Bwari (Tanganyika). The rootgba= man is also found in the Upper Ituri regions of Central Africa under the formmu-gbaorba-gba.’
The Kinship Terminology of a Group of Southern Ibo
Authors: Ardener E. W. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphFull descriptions of the kinship terminology of the Ibo of south-eastern Nigeria are rare. One important reason for this is that, although the basic principles of kinship organization are similar over much of the Ibo culture area, terminology reflects, on the one hand, the extreme degree of dialect variation and, on the other hand, local variation in details of the kinship organization itself. Such variations occur sometimes over a very few miles. Certainly there is no single Ibo kinship terminology; there is only in a broad sense one southern Ibo terminology; while the area which can be said to have one terminology in the narrowest sense of an absolute identity of every term is often very restricted. Although this situation may be confusing to the investigator, it is not necessarily so to the Ibo. Every Ibo is conversant with kinship terms within and often far beyond the radius in which he may seek a wife, just as he is aware of dialectal variations in any other field of terminology. Thus it is that terminology in the literature has tended sometimes to be dialectally eclectic as well as incomplete. The growing body of publications in Ibo, both in the Onitsha and the Central dialects, also illustrates this tendency when kinship relationships are mentioned. It would therefore seem to be worth while to record one specific system of terminology in detail, within the social context of its area.
Ankole Folk Tales
Authors: Williams F. Lukyn 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAnkole is a district in the south-west of the Uganda Protectorate. Its inhabitants, as a result of fifty years of British administration, are being gradually welded together into one people, the Banyankole. There are, however, two distinct ethnic groups in the country: the Bantu aborigines who till the soil and the cattlekeeping Bahima. The latter were Hamitic invaders from the north, who brought with them their own long-horned cattle, easily distinguishable from the small shorthorned zebu type found already in the country. Their one aim in life was and is the well-being of their herds.
Self-Development in Native Housing in East London, Cape Province
Authors: Bettison D. G. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphEast London is a rapidly growing port with a population of about 85,000 persons of all races, situated on the south-east coast of Africa. It is the city nearest to the largest Native Reserve in the Union, the Transkei, and hence uniquely situated in respect of its Native labour supply. It was a centre for the urban sociological studies of Professor Monica Wilson in her 1936 acculturation research, and more recently for a series of socio-economic studies by the author as an employee of the Municipality in 1949-50. An historical study of African settlement in the City, and of the relationship of Africans to the European controlled municipal council is presented here.
Dietary Change in a Sudan Village following Locust Visitation
Authors: Corkill N. L. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe village of Ulu lies at about latitude 10° N. between the White Nile and the Blue Nile in the southern part of the Fung area of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The surrounding country is mostly thin savannah on black cotton soil but there are occasional outcrops of laterite as at Ulu itself. Water-holes are found and may be made in the larger watercourses after these have dried up at the termination of the rainy season. The dry season is roughly December to May. The inhabitants of Ulu call themselves Fung and are black Moslems of a possibly aboriginal stock. Wandering Araboid nomads of the Mesallamia and other tribes with camels, cattle, sheep, and goats may be encountered visiting traditional grazing areas. The Fung of Ulu cultivate millet, cow-peas and sesame seed as subsistence crops and in normal times surplus is bartered with the nomads for animals and no doubt clarified butter also. A small amount of cash is obtained by the gathering of acacia gum which is disposed of through the local Arab merchant.
Quelques Devinettes des Enfants Noirs de Léopoldville
Authors: Comhaire-Sylvain S. 
Published: April 2006

Si l'eau et le feu ont particulièrement frappé l'imagination des petits Noirs qui se répètent régulièrement plusieurs devinettes qui s'y rapportent, les autres phénomènes ne les ont pas laissés indifférents comme nous verrons par la suite. Voyons d'abord l'eau:Bakolamba eloko wana mpo na kotambwisa yango — Mai. On cuit cette chose-là pour la faire marcher — L'eau.
The Political System of Konkomba
Authors: Tait David 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Konkomba live in Northern Togoland in both French and British Mandated Territory and principally about the banks of the Oti River, a tributary of the Volta. Their country lies between 9° and 9° 50' N. and 0° and 0° 50' E. The total population is about 45,000. Their language is one of the Gurma group of the Voltaic family. The great majority of them live on a grassland plain that lies between the low hills of eastern Dagomba and the Kotokoli hills. The plain is very low-lying and conditions are severe, alternating between considerable desiccation and severe flooding. The compounds are grouped in small hamlets of a dozen or so straggling along low ridges in the plain; in the wet season communication between hamlets is very difficult.
Psychological Methods for the Study of ‘Hard’ and ‘Soft’ Features of Culture
Authors: Bartlett F. C. 
Published: April 2006

Since this paper will be chiefly concerned with the suggestion of methods for the investigation of a specific problem, it is necessary first to define the problem as clearly as possible.In the Huxley Memorial Lecture for 1943 I said, ‘Every culture has its “hard” and its “soft” points. If change is first sought at the former it will provoke resistance and very likely open discord, while the latter are yielding and it is from them that reformation will spread.’ There seems to be no possible dispute about the fact. But to admit the fact carries us only a very little way towards solving the problems to which the existence of yielding and unyielding features of culture gives rise. In the lecture I attempted to go no farther than a very general discussion of these problems. I was therefore pleased when, some time ago, I received a letter from the Editor of this Journal inviting me to discuss more fully what psychological methods may be applied, not merely to recognize those ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ points of culture which history has demonstrated, but to predict them before such demonstration.
Land Tenure among the Nsaw of the British Cameroons
Authors: Kaberry Phyllis M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Nsaw are a section of the Tikar people who are believed to have come originally from the region of Bornu and to have established themselves near Tibati in what is now the French Cameroons. About 300 years ago small bands, some under the leadership of sons of the King, broke away and eventually reached Bamenda. The sequence of the various migrations is confused, but among the last was probably that of the Nsaw under their Paramount Chief, the Fɔn. They are a negroid people who speak a semi-Bantu language, and they now number approximately 32,000. Their territory, some 700 square miles in area, is bounded on the east by the frontier of the French Cameroons, on the south by the Ndop Plain, on the west by Oku (an independent sub-tribe of Nsaw), and on the north-west and north by Bum and Nsungli. Most of it is high rolling grassland at an average height of 5,000 feet above sea-level, but the landscape, nevertheless, presents an appearance of alternating woodland and meadow, for in the villages, which are anything from one to five miles apart, compounds are overshadowed by tall dark groves of kola trees, while along the numerous streams are plantations of raffia palm.