bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The City's Grace? Recycling the Urban Ecology
Authors: Scott Peter Manley 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis article argues for the importance of a theology of 'recycling' as a form of public theology for an urban context. The argument begins by noting some of the difficulties in assessing the urban environment: the quality of some urban ecologies is improving although this goes hand-in-hand with the displacing of nature in wealthier cities. In response a theology of the urban ecology rather than a theology of the urban environment is proposed. This ecological interpretation better explains problems in efforts at urban regeneration and the resistance of urban neighbourhoods to change. The concept of the 'translocal'—a Eucharistic notion—is then introduced as a way of grasping the ecological situatedness of urban living and elaborating on the notion of a recycled city. The article concludes with a recommendation of six principles derived from this theology of 'recycling' that would aid the development of cities as recycled and promote the repeatability of cities.
On the History of the North Caucasian Diaspora in Turkey
Authors: Chochiev Georgi 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe preservation of the ethno-linguistic and cultural identity of the majority of the North Caucasian ethnic groups for almost one and a half centuries following their migration to Turkey and other Near Eastern countries is a unique ethno-social phenomenon. The paper discusses several aspects of the history, socio-political life, and the ethnic development of the North Caucasian migrants in the Ottoman Empire (resp. the Republic of Turkey). The author takes into account the following factors in discussing the problem: the state regimes and the legal status of the ethnic minorities in Turkey; the ethnic characteristics and the level of social, economic, and cultural development of the local population; the intensity of the contacts with the historical homeland; and the character of interrelations between the country of habitation (Turkey) and Russia/USSR.
The Arbitral Award on Turkish-Armenian Boundary by Woodrow Wilson (Historical Background, Legal Aspects, and International Dimensions)
Authors: Papian Ara 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe paper is a complex study of the history of the involvement of Woodrow Wilson (the 28th President of the USA, 1913-1921), in the fate of Armenian people after WWI and the Republic Armenia (1918-1920), especially in determining the boundary between Armenia and Turkey. It presents an analysis of Wilson's Arbitral Award according to the international law and the United Nation's official methodology. The article focuses on the historical background, legal aspects and political implications of Wilson's Arbitral Award (November 22, 1920), officially titled: Decision of the President of the United States of America respecting the Frontier between Turkey and Armenia, Access for Armenia to the Sea, and the Demilitarization of Turkish Territory adjacent to the Armenian Frontier. The Arbitration's significance goes beyond Armenian-Turkish and Armenian-US relations. Border conflicts are still relevant issues on the regional and international agenda. American involvement in the Middle East is one of the key components of the United States' present foreign policy. An accurate and a broad understanding of the nuances of the extremely complex legal situation in the region and the bases for the behaviour of the players can be vital for the security, political and economic interests of the region. Moreover, due to the active participation of the United States in the Armenian-Turkish relations through Wilson's Arbitration, the Arbitral Award becomes a logical starting point for a stronger historical, political, and legal understanding of the conflict-prone region. The article also contributes to the better understanding of President Wilson's policy towards the Middle East during the dramatic period of 1917-1921 and its possible consequences for critical relationships in the region today.
What Are the Sources of Mechanical Damping in Matsuno–Gill-Type Models?
Authors: Lin Jia-Lin , Mapes Brian E. , Han Weiqing 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The Matsuno–Gill model has been widely used to study the tropical large-scale circulations and atmosphere–ocean interactions. However, a common critique of this model is that it requires a strong equivalent linear mechanical damping to get realistic wind response and it is unclear what could provide such a strong damping above the boundary layer. This study evaluates the sources and strength of equivalent linear mechanical damping in the Walker circulation by calculating the zonal momentum budget using 15 yr (1979–93) of daily global reanalysis data. Two different reanalyses [NCEP–NCAR and 15-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-15)] give qualitatively similar results for all major terms, including the budget residual, whose structure is consistent with its interpretation as eddy momentum flux convergence by convective momentum transport (CMT).
The Walker circulation is characterized by two distinct regions: a deep convection region over the Indo-Pacific warm pool and a shallow convection region over the eastern Pacific cold tongue. These two regions are separated by a strong upper-tropospheric ridge and a strong lower-tropospheric trough in the central Pacific. The resultant pressure gradient forces on both sides require strong (approximately 5–10 days) damping to balance them because Coriolis force near the equator is too small to provide the balance. In the deep convection region, the damping is provided by CMT and advection together in both the upper and lower troposphere. In the shallow convection region, on the other hand, the damping is provided mainly by advection in the upper troposphere and by CMT in the lower troposphere. In other words, the upper-level tropical easterly jet and the low-level trade wind are both braked by CMT. These results support the use of strong damping in the Matsuno–Gill-type models but suggest that the damping rate is spatially inhomogeneous and the CMT-related damping increases with the strength of convection. Implications for GCM’s simulation of tropical mean climate are discussed.
Weather Types and Rainfall over Senegal. Part II: Downscaling of GCM Simulations
Authors: Moron Vincent , Robertson Andrew W. , Ward M. Neil , Ndiaye Ousmane 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Four methods of downscaling daily rainfall sequences from general circulation model (GCM) simulations are intercompared over Senegal, using a 13-station network of daily observations during July–September 1961–98. The local scaling method calibrates raw GCM daily rainfall at the closest grid point to a given station so that the climatological distribution of rainfall matches the observed one. The k-nearest neighbor and weather classification schemes resample historical station rainfall observations according to the similarity between the daily wind fields from an ensemble of GCM simulations and a historical library of reanalysis [from 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40)] daily wind fields. The nonhomogenous hidden Markov model uses a small set of hidden states to describe the relationship between daily station rainfall observations and low-pass-filtered simulated winds to simulate stochastic sequences of daily rainfall. The four methods are assessed in terms of seasonal statistics of daily rainfall, including seasonal amount, rainfall frequency, and the mean length of wet and dry spells. Verification measures used are mean bias error, interannual anomaly correlation, root-mean-square error, and ranked probability skill score.
The k-nearest neighbor and weather-type classification are shown to perform similarly well in reproducing the mean seasonal cycle, interannual variability of seasonal amount, daily rainfall frequency, as well as the mean length of dry and wet spells, and generally slightly better than the nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model. All three methods are shown to outperform the simple local scaling method. This is due to (i) the ability of the GCM to reproduce remarkably well the mean seasonal cycle and the transitions between weather types defined from reanalysis and (ii) the GCM’s moderate-to-strong skill in reproducing the interannual variability of the frequency occurrence of the weather types that strongly influence the interannual variability of rainfall in Senegal. In contrast, the local scaling exaggerates the length of wet and dry spells and reproduces less accurately the interannual variability of the seasonal-averaged amounts, occurrences, and dry/wet spells. This failure is attributed primarily to systematic errors in the GCM’s precipitation simulation.
Comparison of Information-Based Measures of Forecast Uncertainty in Ensemble ENSO Prediction
Authors: Tang Youmin , Kleeman Richard , Moore Andrew M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In this study, ensemble predictions of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were conducted for the period 1981–98 using two hybrid coupled models. Several recently proposed information-based measures of predictability, including relative entropy (R), predictive information (PI), predictive power (PP), and mutual information (MI), were explored in terms of their ability of estimating a priori the predictive skill of the ENSO ensemble predictions. The emphasis was put on examining the relationship between the measures of predictability that do not use observations, and the model prediction skills of correlation and root-mean-square error (RMSE) that make use of observations. The relationship identified here offers a practical means of estimating the potential predictability and the confidence level of an individual prediction.
It was found that the MI is a good indicator of overall skill. When it is large, the prediction system has high prediction skill, whereas small MI often corresponds to a low prediction skill. This suggests that MI is a good indicator of the actual skill of the models. The R and PI have a nearly identical average (over all predictions) as should be the case in theory.
Comparing the different information-based measures reveals that R is a better predictor of prediction skill than PI and PP, especially when correlation-based metrics are used to evaluate model skill. A “triangular relationship” emerges between R and the model skill, namely, that when R is large, the prediction is likely to be reliable, whereas when R is small the prediction skill is quite variable. A small R is often accompanied by relatively weak ENSO variability. The possible reasons why R is superior to PI and PP as a measure of ENSO predictability will also be discussed.
Arctic Ocean Freshwater Changes over the Past 100 Years and Their Causes
Authors: Polyakov I. V. , Alexeev V. A. , Belchansky G. I. , Dmitrenko I. A. , Ivanov V. V. , Kirillov S. A. , Korablev A. A. , Steele M. , Timokhov L. A. , Yashayaev I. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Recent observations show dramatic changes of the Arctic atmosphere–ice–ocean system. Here the authors demonstrate, through the analysis of a vast collection of previously unsynthesized observational data, that over the twentieth century the central Arctic Ocean became increasingly saltier with a rate of freshwater loss of 239 ± 270 km3 decade−1. In contrast, long-term (1920–2003) freshwater content (FWC) trends over the Siberian shelf show a general freshening tendency with a rate of 29 ± 50 km3 decade−1. These FWC trends are modulated by strong multidecadal variability with sustained and widespread patterns. Associated with this variability, the FWC record shows two periods in the 1920s–30s and in recent decades when the central Arctic Ocean was saltier, and two periods in the earlier century and in the 1940s–70s when it was fresher. The current analysis of potential causes for the recent central Arctic Ocean salinification suggests that the FWC anomalies generated on Arctic shelves (including anomalies resulting from river discharge inputs) and those caused by net atmospheric precipitation were too small to trigger long-term FWC variations in the central Arctic Ocean; to the contrary, they tend to moderate the observed long-term central-basin FWC changes. Variability of the intermediate Atlantic Water did not have apparent impact on changes of the upper–Arctic Ocean water masses. The authors’ estimates suggest that ice production and sustained draining of freshwater from the Arctic Ocean in response to winds are the key contributors to the salinification of the upper Arctic Ocean over recent decades. Strength of the export of Arctic ice and water controls the supply of Arctic freshwater to subpolar basins while the intensity of the Arctic Ocean FWC anomalies is of less importance. Observational data demonstrate striking coherent long-term variations of the key Arctic climate parameters and strong coupling of long-term changes in the Arctic–North Atlantic climate system. Finally, since the high-latitude freshwater plays a crucial role in establishing and regulating global thermohaline circulation, the long-term variations of the freshwater content discussed here should be considered when assessing climate change and variability.
Consumption Society, Sex Roles and Sexual Behavior
Authors: Israel Joachim , Eliasson Rosmari 
Published: January 2008

Sexual norms and behavior are analyzed within a sociological context. A relationship between the need for capital accumulation and a puritan moral is postulated. Sex roles and sexual behavior in the consumption society are analyzed and it is stressed that the emphasis on need-satisfaction is also applied to sexuality. A permissive attitude towards sex, made possible by easy access to contraceptives, is considered typical of the consumption society. Permissiveness has an effect on double moral standards as a study of Swedish metropolitan youth indicates: The more permissiveness the less double moral standards. As a special factor indicative of traditional female sex role expectations, romantic love attitudes are singled out. These attitudes are negatively correlated to such factors as age of first intercourse and sexual activity, measured through number of coital partners. The effects of such romantic love attitudes on the functioning of the small nuclear family is discussed. If high emphasis is placed on sexuality as a goal in itself but moral pressure is exerted to engage in sexual behavior under conditions of love only, divorce and extra-marital relations are bound to increase. Finally, results of an interviewer bias study are discussed. Female subjects tend to overrate their sexual activity when interviewed by male as compared to female interviewers. Thus one conclusion is that in a permissive society traditional female sex roles are more controlled by the expectations of women than of men.
Convergences between East and West: Tradition and Modernity in Sex Roles in Sweden, Finland and the Soviet Union
Authors: Haavio-Mannila Elina 
Published: January 2008

Changes in the participation of men and women in the agricultural and nonagricultural labor force during the 20th century, the present division of household tasks at home, and sex role attitudes are examined in Sweden, Finland and the Soviet Union. Time and rate of industrialization, economical and ideological factors are used as explaining factors. There has not been any equivalent to the Swedish "return home "movement among women in the 1930's in Finland and the Soviet Union. The proportion of women working in nonagricultural occupations has in these two countries been steadily increasing simultaneously with the decreasing proportion of women working in agriculture. The increasing employment of women has not had a great influence on the division of labor at home, which in these three countries shows an almost universal-looking pattern, even though the proportion of working wives in the samples varied. Sex role attitudes in Finland have, during the latter part of the 1960's, moved in a more egalitarian direction, partly because of a radical sex role discussion in the mass media. The attitudes of the rural population show a pattern of traditional egalitarianism which is not found in Sweden.
B-A1 Composite Failure Under Combined Torsion and Tension Loading
Authors: Saint-John C.F. , Street K.N. 
Published: January 2008

An essentially experimental investigation was made regarding the effect of combined torsion and tension loading on the fracture characteristics of an aluminium matrix, unidirectional boron fiber reinforced composite. Three types of loading path were considered. The experiments were performed on notched specimens thereby allowing the fracture behaviour to be tentatively interpreted in terms of linear elastic fracture mechanics. The combined mode fracture loads did not appear to obey a constant energy of fracture criterion. This conclusion is supported by a substantial difference in fracture surface morphology for pure tension and pure torsion loading. However, the lack of agreement between theory and experiment may be due to data reduction errors caused by the tendency for stable crack growth and plastic shear between the fiber and matrix to increase as the ratio of torsion to tension loading is increased. The fracture loads were found also to be loading path dependant with radial loading being the most severe.
Effects of Porosity on Strength of Carbon-Carbon Composites
Authors: Brassell Gilbert William , Horak James A. , Butler Barry Lynn 
Published: January 2008

Filament wound/ CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) carbon-carbon composites have received considerable attention and application within the past few years because of their desirable characteristics such as high heat of ablation, thermal shock resistance, high strength at elevated temperatures, and chemical inertness. However, poor mechanical properties in the transverse direction have hampered the total effectiveness of these composites in some applications and a study of the effects of porosity on transverse tensile strength of filament wound/ CVD carbon-carbon composites has been conducted. Two types of filament wound/ CVD carbon-carbon composites were studied. A standard filament wound/ CVD carbon composite, and a composite similar to the standard processed composite; but with short chopped carbon fibers sprayed on the substrate during the winding process. Transverse tensile strength, volume fraction of open cell porosity, pore geometry, size, and orientation were determined. A linear relationship was observed for the logarithm of transverse tensile strength as a function of volume fraction porosity. However, a considerable difference in the slopes of the lines for sprayed and unsprayed materials was observed, indicating the effect of a parameter other than volume fraction porosity. This additional parameter is pore size distribution. The transverse tensile strength of filament wound/ CVD carbon-carbon composites is drastically reduced by increasing volume fraction porosity. In addition, parameters such as pore size distribution, orientation, and geometry are also important, and should be considered when studying porosity effects. The theoretical model prepared by Brown et al [6] for predicting the strength of polycrystalline materials as a function of porosity (size, geometry and orientation) appears reliable for predicting transverse tensile strength of filament wound carbon-carbon composites.
Early Fatigue Damage Detection in Composite Materials
Authors: Nevadunsky J.J. , Lucas J.J. , Salkind M.J. 
Published: January 2008

Detection of early fatigue damage in composite materials by nondestructive inspection (NDI) techniques has been demonstrated for ±45° Glass/Epoxy, and ±45°/0° Graphite/Glass/Epoxy. Dynamic axial modulus and temperature were monitored continuously with a correlation between temperature rise and modulus decrease observed. The modulus decrease and temperature rise are indicative of irreversible damage in these materials. Torsional modulus measurements and coin tap tests were performed at 0, 106, 5 × 106, and 107 cycles, on all fatigue specimens. Other NDI procedures including holographic interferometry, ultrasonics, penetrant, and X-Ray radiography were performed on two specimens of each material to evaluate their effectiveness in detecting fatigue damage. Ultrasonics and holography proved to be effective; however, at this time, no clear quantitative correlation beween structural properties and NDI measurements has been determined.
Foot Care: Knowledge Retention and Self-care Practices
Authors: Kruger Susan , Guthrie Diane 
Published: January 2008

This study investigated the effectiveness of a "hands-on" foot care teaching/learning approach for adults with diabetes.By random assignment, the control group received a lecture presentation on foot care, while the experimental group participated in a hands-on session on foot care in addition to the lecture presentation. Data concerning the subjects' foot care knowledge and skills, the condition of their feet, and their level of HbA1c were gathered prior to and six months after the foot care educational sessions. No significant increases in knowledge about foot care were observed in the experimental group. The experimental group reported improvements in inspecting and washing their feet on a daily basis, and in care of the toenails. No significant differences were observed in the status of the subjects' feet. The HbAlc readings were significantly improved for both the experimental ( t=4.10, df=10, p=0.002) and control ( t=2. 25, df=9, p=0.051) groups. A hands-on educational session may improve foot care practices temporarily. However, long term effects need to be studied to discern overall improvement of foot care practices and physical status of the feet.
The Relationship Between Health Beliefs, Adherence, and Metabolic Control of Diabetes
Authors: Wooldridge Kathleen L. , Wallston Kenneth A. , Graber Alan L. , Brown Anne W. , Davidson Patricia 
Published: January 2008

There is evidence that an individual's health beliefs influence performance of health behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether health beliefs in persons with diabetes could be modified during a clinical education program and whether the health beliefs were related to adherence to self-care instructions and metabolic control of diabetes. Health beliefs and HbA lc were measured at baseline in 189 adult outpatients with diabetes. Diabetes educators then attempted to modify health beliefs that were not conducive to positive health behaviors. Following education, some health beliefs were modified in a positive direction. Modest, but statistically significant increases in perceived severity of diabetes, perceived ability to carry out recommended behaviors, and perceived benefits of treatment were observed. Although HbA lc improved significantly in a subgroup of patients, this improvement could not be directly associated with any health belief or with self-reported adherence by the iizeasitres used in this study.