bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in the growth of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (bracken). 2. Effects of shading and nutrient application
Authors: DANIELS R. E. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungThe effects of growing young plants of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (bracken) in shaded and unshaded conditions and with differential applications of nitrogen, phosphate and balanced fertilizer are described. The results are discussed in relation to possible effects on correlative inhibition. Single applications of N and P have little effect, but addition of both together or of NPK fertilizer produces increased frond production and rhizome growth. Shaded plants produce fewer fronds and these are of greater surface area, but thinner than those of unshaded plants. It is suggested that increased frond production resulting from enhanced nitrogen supply and exposure to full light may make bracken more susceptible to herbicide applications. Etudes sur la croissance de Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (fougère). 2. Influence de l'ombre et de l'apport d'alimentsLes conséquences pour la culture de jeunes plants de Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (fougère) de conditions d'ombre ou de pleine lumiere avec des apports différentiels d'azote, de phosphate et de NPK sont mises en lumière. Les résultats obtenus sont considérés par rapport aux effets éventuels sur l'inhibition correlative. Des apports de N ou de P seuls ont eu peu d'influence mais les deux ensemble, de même qu'un apport NPK, ont amené la production de frondes plus nombreuses ainsi qu'une croissance plus importante des rhizomes. Les plantes cultivées à l'ombre produisent moins de frondes que celles en pleine lumiere; ces frondes ont une superficie plus étendue mais elles sont plus minces. Il se peut que la production de frondes plus nombreuses par des plantes en pleine lumière, et recevant des apports de N plus importants, rendent celles‐ci plus sensibles aux applications herbicides. Untersuchungen über das Wachstum von Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Adlerfarn). 2. Effekt von Beschattung und NährstoffzufuhrEs wird das Wachstum junger Pflanzen von Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Adlerfarn) unter beschatteten und unbeschatteten Bedingungen, sowie bei differenenzierter Zufuhr von Stickstoff, Phosphor und ausgewogenen Düngergaben beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse werden unter dem Aspekt möglicher Effekte auf korrelative Hemmungen diskutiert. N und P, einzeln appliziert, haben eine geringe Wirkung; beide zusammen angewandt oder die Verabreichung eines NPK‐Düngers stimulieren das Wachstum von Wedeln und Rhizomen. Schattiert wachsende Pflanzen produzieren weniger Wedel. Diese haben jedoch eine grössere Oberfläche und sind dünner als diejenigen unschattierter Pflanzen. Es wird vermutet, dass eine verstärkte Wedelproduktion, unter dem Einfluss erhöhter N‐Gaben und voller Lichtexposition, Adlerfarn gegenüber Herbizidapplikationen empfindlicher mechen kann.
Essai de détermination de la taille de l'échantillon pour l'étude du potentiel semencier d'un sol
Authors: BARRALIS G. , CHADOEUF R. , GOUET J‐P. 
Published: July 2006

Résumé: Summary: ZusammenfassungL'étude quantitative du potentiel semencier d'un sol cultivé pose le problème du nombre de prélèvements à réaliser pour avoir une estimation satisfaisante du nombre de semences par hectare. Les prélèvements sont traités séparément et analysés espèce par espèce. On a constaté une relation linéaire entre la moyenne et la variance de la population (après transformation logarithmique), ce qui permet de déterminer la taille de l'échantillon en fonction d'une part, du nombre moyen de semences par prélèvement, d'autre part, du degré de précision souhaité. En pratique, une centaine de prélèvements est nécessaire pour obtenir une précision de 20 à 70 p. 100 (au seuil de 5 p. 100) lorsque le nombre moyen de semences par prélèvement varie de 5 à 0, 1.Study of the size of the sampling for the study of the buried weed seed bankThe quantitative study of the weed seed bank of a cultivated soil involves the problem of the number of cores which need to be taken to give a satisfactory estimation of the number of seeds per hectare. The soil cores were treated separately and analysed species by species. There is a linear regression between the mean and the variance of the seed population (after logarithmic transformation) that allows the determination of the number of cores as well as the mean number of seeds per core with the required precision. In practice, one hundred cores was necessary to obtain a precision from 20 to 70% (at 5% level) when the mean number of seeds by core vary from 5 to 0, 1.Studie über die Entnahme von Bodenproben zur Bestimmung des Samenvorrats eines AckerbodensEine quantitative Bestimmung des Samenvorrats eines Bodens stellt uns vor das Problem wieviele Bodenmuster zu entnehmen sind, um eine zuverlässige Schätzung der Samenmenge pro Hektar zu erhalten. Die Bodenmuster werden einzeln ausgewartet und auf die vorhandenen Samenarten analysiert. Es wurde eine lineare Beziehung zwischen dem Mittel und der Varianz der Samen‐population (nach logarithmischer Transformation) festgestellt, was die Bestimmung des Umfangs der Proben ermöglicht; einerseits in Funktion der mittleren Samenzahl pro Probe, andrerseits in Funktion der gewünschten Genauigkeit. In der Praxis sind ca. 100 Probenentnahmen notwendig um eine Zuverlässigkeit von 20–70% (auf dem Niveau von 5%) zu erreichen, wenn die mittlere Samenzahl pro Muster zwischen 5 und 0,1 liegt.
Effect of incorporation method and soil type on selectivity of metribuzin in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: FRIESEN G. H. , CHUBB W. O. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungIn field experiments, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Hybrid 894) showed sufficient tolerance to metribuzin to permit use of this herbicide to control selectively several broad‐leaved weeds, including wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). Metribuzin, at rates up to 0.3 kg ai ha−1, applied pre‐emergence to sunflower and soil incorporated to a depth of 2.5 cm with a spike tooth harrow, did not injure sunflower plants growing in clay loam soil containing 5.3% O.M. A similar treatment injured sunflowers planted in a fine sandy loam soil with 4.5% O.M. Results from controlled‐environment studies supported the field results. Metribuzin as a postplant, shallow incorporation treatment offers a practical method for the selective control of wild mustard and other broad‐leaved weeds in sunflowers grown on clay loam soils. Effet de la méthode d'incorporation et du type de sol sur la sélectivité de la métribuzine chez le Tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.)Au cours d'essais au champ, la métribuzine a été suffisamment bien tolérée par le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Hybrid 894) pour pouvoir être utilisée pour le contrôle sélectif de plusieurs dicotylédones, y compris la moutarde sauvage (Sinapis arvensis L.). La métribuzine, jusqu'à la dose de 0,3 kg ma ha−1, appliquée en pré‐levée et incorporée à la profondeur de 2,5 cm avec une herse à dents, n'a pas été phytotoxique pour le tournesol cultivé sur un sol limonoargileux contenant 5,3% de matière organique. Un traitement similaire s'est montré phytotoxique pour les tournesols dans un sol fin limonosableux avec 4,5% de matière organique. Les résultats d'études en conditions contrôlées concordent avec les observations au champ. La métribuzine administrée en traitement de postsemis à faible profondeur offre une possibilité pratique de contrôle sélectif de la moutarde sauvage et d'autres dicotylédones chez le tournesol cultivé sur les sols limono‐argileux. Einfluss von Einarbeitungsmethode und Bodentyp auf die Selektivität von Metribuzin in Sonnenblumen (Helianthus annuus L.)In Feldversuchen zeigten Sonnenblumen (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Hybride 894) gegenûUber Metribuzin eine genügend höhe Toleranz, um den Einsatz dieses Herbizids zur selektiven Bekämpfung verschiedener breitblättriger Unkräuter, incl. Ackersenf (Sinapis arvensis L.), zu ermöglichen. In tonigem Lehm mit 5,3% organ. Substanz bewirkte Metribuzin in Dosierungen bis zu 0,3 kg ai ha−1 preemergent in Bezug auf Sonnenblume appliziert und in eine Tiefe von 2,5 cm eingehackt, an der Kultur keine Schäden. In feinem sandigen Lehm mit 4,5% organ. Substanz wurden die Sonnenblumen durch eine ähnliche Behandlung geschädigt. Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen unter kontrollierten Umweltbedingungen bestätigten die Feldresultate. Metribuzin, nach der Aussaat flach eingearbeitet, ermöglicht auf tonigen Lehmböden eine selektive Bekämpfung von Ackersenf und anderen breitblättrigen Unkräutern.
Damage to Rumex crispus L. and Rumex obtusifolius L. caused by the rust fungus Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint.
Authors: SCHUBIGER F. X. , DÉFAGO G. , And H. KERN , SEDLAR L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung Rumex crispus L. and R. obtusifolius L. were infected by the rust fungus Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. Infections caused severe damage to R. crispus. Rusted plants always had a reduced number of leaves and the significant loss of dry weight of roots and leaves amounted to a minimum of 55% compared with controls. Less damage was caused to R. obtusifolilus, but a significant loss of root and leaf dry weight was also observed. These findings support earlier suggestions in the literature that U. rumicis may be able to play a role in controlling docks, which are common weeds in pastures. Effets pathogènes de la rouille Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. sur Rumex crispus L. et Rumex obtusifolius L.Des Rumex crispus L. et R. obtusifolius L. ont été infectés par la rouille Uromyces rumicis (Schum) Wint. Les infections ont provoqué des dommages importants chez R. crispus. Les plantes infectées avaient toujours un nombre de feuilles réduit, et subissaient au niveau des racines et des feuilles une perte significative de poids sec d'au moins 55% par rapport aux témoins. Les dommages subis par R. obtusifoliusétaient moins importants, mais une perte significative de poids sec des racines et des feuilles a également été observée. Ces résultats confirment la possibilité déjä suggérée dans la littérature que U. rumicis peut être capable de jouer un rôle dans le contrôle des Rumex, qui sont des mauvaises herbes communes dans les prairies. Ueber Schäden an Rumex crispus L. und R. obtusifolius L., verursacht durch den Rostpilz Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. Rumex crispus L. und R. obtusifolius L. wurden mit dem Rostpilz Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. infiziert. Die Infektionen verursachten an R. crispus starke Schädigungen. Befallene Pflanzen wiesen eine reduzierte Anzahl Blätter auf. Die signifikante Verringerung des Trockengewichtes von Wurzeln und Blättern betrug mindestens 55% im Vergleich zu unbefallenen Kontrollen. An R. obtusifolius waren die Schäden geringer; aber auch in diesem Fall wurde eine signifikante Reduktion der Trockengewichte von Wurzeln und Blättern beobachtet. Diese Befunde bestätigen frühere Literaturangaben, wonach U. rumicis bei der Bekämpfung von Rumex‐Arten, die verbreitete Unkräuter auf Weiden sind, eine Rolle spielen könnte.
Seed survival and patterns of seedling emergence in Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.
Authors: LEGUIZAMÓN E. S. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé:ZusammenfassungThree experiments were done on seed survival and patterns of seedling emergence in Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Seeds in undisturbed soil survived for more than 6 years at a depth of 22.5 cm, but less than 2 years when buried in the upper layers. A rhythmic induced dormancy was detected in seeds placed in shallow layers in contrast to a permanently imposed dormancy exhibited by those buried in deep layers. Seed survival in soil subjected to different soil managements was less than 2.5 years. Seedling emergence was from September to April, appearing in two main flushes regulated by temperature and rainfall. The short survival of seeds in the soil suggests that a large seed bank can only be maintained by frequent inputs of seed.Survie des semences et processus de la levée chez le sorgho d'AlepTrois essais ont été conduits sur la survie des semences et le processus de la levée chez Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Les graines, dans un sol non travaillé, ont survécu pendant plus de 6 ans à 22,5 cm de profondeur mais moins de 2 ans quand elles étaient enfouies dans les couches supérieures. Une dormanec rythmique induite a été trouvée pour les graines placées dans les couches supérieures, en opposition à une dormance permanente obligatoire caractérisant les graines enterrées en profondeur. La survie des graines dans des sols soumis à différentes façons culturales était inférieure à 2,5 ans. La levée a eu lieu de Septembre à Avril, en deux vagues principales en relation avec la températureet la pluviométrie. La faible survie des graines dans le sol donne à penser qu'un stock grainier important ne peut être maintenu que par des apports fréquents de graines. Samenorrat im Boden und Keimverhalten von Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.In drei Versuchen zur Lebensdauer von Samen und der Keimung von Sorghum halepense blieben Samen in unbewegtem Boden in 22,5 cm Tiefe länger als 6 Jahre, aber bei flacher Lage weniger als 2 Jahre lebensfähig. Bei flach liegenden Samen wurde eine rhythmisch wechselnde Dormanz, bei tief liegenden aber eine anhaltende Dormanz. Bei Bodenbearbeitung waren die Samen weniger als 2,5 Jahre lebensfähig. Die Samen keimten von September bis April in zwei Schiïben, die durch Temperatur und Niederschlag bestimmt waren. Wegen der kurzen Lebensdauer der Samen im Boden muss angenommen werden, dass ein grosser Samenvorrat nur bei häufigem Eintrag neuer Samen bestehen kann.
Factors affecting seed dormancy and germination of Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.
Authors: HUANG W. Z. , HSIAO A. I. 
Published: July 2006

SummarySeeds of Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] germinated to higher percentages (20–30% higher) when incubated at 28 and 35° C than at 10 or 22° C. After‐ripening was accelerated by dry storage of these seeds at 50°C. Seeds pre‐chilled at 6°C for 2–4 weeks followed by incubation at 28°C germinated 40–60%. Light effects on germination were related to incubation temperatures; inhibitory at 22°C; no response at 28°C; and stimulatory at 35°C. Effects of gibberellin A3 (GA3) also varied depending on incubation temperature, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) immersion and light conditions. Immersion of dry seeds in either 700 mM NaOCl, 900 mM H2O2 or concentrated H2SO4 before incubation in water was effective in breaking dormancy. This result suggests the modes of action of H2SO4 in the termination of dormancy may be similar to those of NaOCl and H2SO4 as previously suggested by Hsiao & Quick (1984), that is by modification or scarification of the hull or seed coat membranes, and also by the supply of additional oxygen to the seed.
Comparative effects of three isoxazole‐urea herbicidal derivatives on the metabolism of enzymatically isolated soybean leaf cells*
Authors: HENRY W. T. , HATZIOS K. K. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe effects of the herbicide isouron and of its plant degradation products designated as metabolite l {N‐[5‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐3‐isoxazolyl]‐N‐methylurea} and metabolite 2 {N‐[5‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐3‐isoxazolyl]‐urea} on the metabolism of enzymatically isolated leaf cells of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Essex] were compared under laboratory conditions. Photosynthesis, protein synthesis, ribonucleic acid synthesis, and lipid synthesis were assayed by the incorporation of NaH14CO3, [14C]‐leucine, [14C]‐uracil, and [14C]‐acetate, respectively, into the isolated cells. Time‐course and concentration studies included incubation periods of 30, 60, and 120 min and concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μM of the three herbicides. The urea derivative of isouron (metabolite 2) was the least active of the three compounds. The activity of the mono‐methylated derivative of isouron (metabolite 1) was comparable to that of isouron and the sensitivity of the four processes to both chemicals decreased in the order: photosynthesis > ribonucleic acid synthesis > lipid synthesis > protein synthesis. The concentration of isouron that caused a 50% inhibition of photosynthesis of the isolated soybean leaf cells was calculated at 0.51 μM. The effects of isouron and metabolite 1 on photosynthesis, lipid and RNA synthesis appeared to be independent of incubation lime as maximal inhibition occurred within 30 min. Inhibition of protein synthesis by both chemicals was time‐dependent, increasing in magnitude with concomitant increases in incubation time.
Effect of the animal's digestive system on the infectivity of Orobanche seeds
Authors: JACOBSOHN R. , BEN‐GHEDALIA D. , MARTON K. 
Published: July 2006

SummarySeeds of Orobanche aegyptica Pers., O. cernua Leofl. and O. crenata Forsk. were introduced into the rumen of three rumen‐canulated rams. Infectious seeds of all Orobanche species were found in the faeces as indicated by infecting different host plants in pot experiments. There were indications that the seeds of O. crenata are the most susceptible to the detrimental effects of the animal's digestive processes on their infectivity, whereas the O. aegyptica Pers. seeds are the most resistant of the three species tested. The consequences of these findings in connection with the spread of the pest as a result of agricultural practices are discussed.
Effect of fluazifop‐butyl on the chlorophyll content, fluorescence and chloroplast ultrastructure ofElymus repens(L.) Gould. leaves
Authors: CHANDRASENA J. P. N. R. , SAGAR G. R. 
Published: July 2006

SummarySome aspects of the action of fluazifop‐butyl on the chlorophyll content, chloroplast functioning and chloroplast ultrastructure ofElymus repensare reported. Over a period of 0–12 days after spraying with 0.25 or 1.0 kg ha−1of the herbicide, chlorophyll a and b contents of this susceptible plant decreased, progressing from the youngest to the more mature leaves. Newly formed tillers and the youngest expanding leaves exhibited a more severe type of chlorosis and were often found to be devoid of chlorophyll. A similar progressive decline of the chlorophyll content was observed in an experiment where leaf segments were floated in fluazifop‐butyl. Evidence of a rapid and significant alteration of the normal chlorophyll fluorescence ofE. repensleaves treated with fluazifopbutyl was obtained. The herbicide, at a concentration range of 0.25–1.0 μg μ1−1, caused a significant loss of the fast fluorescence rise, fluorescence yield and, after 24 h, caused a total abolition of the fluorescence decay (PS decas). These results are discussed. Ultrastructural damage to chloroplasts was seen within 24 h after treatment with fluazifop‐butyl. This damage ranged from a partial to total disruption of the outer chloroplast envelope and a disorganization of the internal thylakoid system. Such Ultrastructural effects on chloroplasts were found to intensify up to about 6–7 days after spraying, by which time nearly all chloroplasts in tissue sections were affected to some degree.
Germination of Chromolaena odorata (L.) K. & R. achenes: effect of storage, harvest locality and the pericarp
Authors: ERASMUS D. J. , VAN STADEN J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe percentage germination of achenes of Chromolaena odorata (L.) K. & R. stored dry in the dark at 25°C for 7 months was markedly higher than that of freshly harvested achenes. This is indicative of an after‐ripening requirement that may be of benefit to the species by ensuring temporal distribution of germination. Germination of freshly harvested achenes from various sites differed. However, after 7 months of dry, dark storage at 25°C no differences were present, thus, confirming the after‐ripening requirement. Although the total number of achenes per capitulum did not vary from site to site, there were distinctive differences in the number of filled (presumably viable) achenes. It is suggested that this is a reflection of the environmental conditions prevailing at the sites. Puncturing of the achene pericarp did not influence dark germination but its removal increased percentage germination significantly. Natural degradation of the pericarp in the field may, therefore, permit germination of buried achenes in the absence of a suitable light stimulus.
Use of adjuvants to improve control of black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) by diclofop‐methyl
Authors: AYRES P. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn pot and field experiments the addition of Ethylan D256 surfactant to spray solutions improved control of black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) by diclofop‐methyl. Various other surfactants and oil adjuvants enhanced phytotoxicity but, generally, to a lesser extent. Ethylan D256 had most effect with applications made at early growth stages. Control of older plants was generally poor, whether or not the surfactant was added. Addition of Ethylan D256 had little effect on selectivity between A. myosuroides and cereals from lower than recommended doses of diclofop‐methyl, but there was a suggestion of yield reduction from higher doses. Tank mixing with esters of ioxynil and bromoxynil sometimes improved control by diclofop‐methyl but in other circumstances either had no effect or reduced phytotoxicity. Applications of diclofop‐methyl in 60 or 120 1 ha−1 spray volume were as effective as applications in 240 1 ha−1.
Degradation and adsorption of 14C‐MCPA in soil—influence of concentration, temperature and moisture content on degradation
Authors: HELWEG A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryMCPA was weakly absorbed in soils with 2.4, 3.0 and 2.9% humus. Kd‐values were 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0, respectively. In soil, not previously treated with MCPA, the degradation of 0.05 mg kg−114C‐MCPA followed first‐order reaction kinetics whereas degradation of 5 mg kg−1 was only first‐order for 2 weeks; exponentially increasing degradation rates followed indicating enrichment of the soil with MCPA decomposers. Degradation was monitored by evolution of 14CO2. The influence of temperature on degradation of MCPA (4 mg kg−1) could initially be described by Q10 values or by the Arrhenius equation. After 1 day of incubation in two field soils Q10 values were 3.3 and 2.9, respectively, between 0°C and 29°C; the activation energies were 87 and 76 kj mol−1. Exponentially increasing degradation rates followed with doubling times of about 4.0, 1.8, 1.2 and 0.6 days at 6,10, 15 and 21°C, respectively. After 51 days of incubation, at temperatures between 6°C and 29°C, about 60%14C was evolved in CO2 and only traces of MCPA were left in the soil. At 0°C and at 40°C only 1% and 10%14C, respectively, were evolved as CO2 after 51 days. 14C‐MCPA (4 mg kg−1) was incubated at moisture contents from that in air‐dried soil to 2.3 times field capacity. Optimum for degradation was from 0.6 to 1.2. field capacity. Degradation was very slow where water contents were below the level of wilting point and was nil in air‐dried soil. In wet soil degradation was delayed, but even in water‐logged soil (2.3 times field capacity) MCPA was decomposed after 4 to 5 weeks at 10°C.
Sélectivité du carbétamide
Authors: BASTIDE J. , BADON R. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryLa pénétration, le transfert et la métabolisation du carbétamide ont étéétudiés dans une plante sensible (l'orge), une plante moyennement sensible (la luzerne) et une plante résistante (la laitue). Le Carbétamide est un peu plus facilement transporté vers les feuilles dans l'orge et sa métabolisation est plus rapide dans la luzerne. Ces différences pourraient être à l'origine de la différence de sensibilité entre orge et luzerne, mais aucun des résultats obtenus explique la différence de sensibilité entre orge et laitue.