bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel interpenetrating networks with shape‐memory properties
Authors: Zhang Shifeng , Feng Yakai , Zhang Li , Sun Junfeng , Xu Xiangkui , Xu Yongshen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNovel polyesterurethane/poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) interpenetrating networks (IPNs) with good shape‐memory properties were synthesized using solvent casting method. The star‐shaped oligo[(rac‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide] was coupled with isophorone diisocyanate to form a polyesterurethane network (PULG), and PEGDMA was photopolymerized to form another polyetheracrylate network. IPNs were transparent and gel content exceeded 92%. The values of strain fixity rate and strain recovery rate were above 93%. PULG and PEGDMA networks in IPNs were amorphous and did not show any characteristic diffraction peaks in X‐ray diffraction spectra. Only one glass transition temperature (Tg) of the IPNs between Tg of PEGDMA and PULG was observed, which was proportional to PEGDMA content. PULG and PEGDMA networks were miscible when PEGDMA content was below 50 wt %. The hydrophilicity, transition temperatures, and mechanical properties of IPNs could be conveniently adjusted through variation of network compositions to match the promising potential clinical or medical applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 768–775, 2007
Synthesis and micropatterning properties of a novel base‐soluble, positive‐working, photosensitive polyimide having an o‐nitrobenzyl ether group
Authors: Shin Gyo Jic , Jung Jin Chul , Chi Jun Ho , Oh Tae Hwan , Kim Jin Beak 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel positive‐working, photosensitive polyimide, poly[1,4‐phenyleneoxy‐1,4‐phenylene‐2,2′‐di(2‐nitrobenzyloxy)benzophenone‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxdiimide] (OPI‐Nb), developable with an aqueous base was prepared by the o‐nitrobenzylation of a polyimide, poly(1,4‐phenyleneoxy‐1,4‐phenylene‐2,2′‐dihydroxybenzophenone‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxdiimide) (OPI), derived from 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (DHBA) and 4,4′‐oxydianiline, and it micropatterning properties were investigated. The o‐nitrobenzylation of OPI to OPI‐Nb was conducted with o‐nitrobenzyl bromide in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone containing Et3N. The DHBA monomer was synthesized by exhaustive KMnO4 oxidation of bis(2‐dimethoxy‐3,4‐dimethylphenyl)methane obtained by etherification of bis(2‐hydroxy‐3,4‐dimethylphenyl)methane with iodomethane, followed by deprotection of the methoxy groups and cyclodehydration of the obtained 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐3,3′4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid. The intermediate bis(2‐hydroxy‐3,4‐dimethylphenyl)methane was prepared by the condensation of 2,3‐dimethylphenol with paraformaldehyde. The degree of o‐nitrobenzylation was determined to be over 94 mol % from 1H NMR absorption of benzylic CH2 protons. The aromatic OPI was perfectly soluble in a dilute aqueous NaOH solution and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), whereas OPI‐Nb was not even swellable in them. In the micropatterning process, OPI‐Nb showed a line‐width resolution of 0.4‐μm and a sensitivity of 5.4 J/cm2 when its thin films were irradiated with 365‐nm light and developed with a 2.38% aqueous TMAH solution at room temperature for 90 s. The thickness loss of OPI‐Nb films measured after postbaking at 350 °C was in the 8–9% range. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 776–788, 2007
Crystallization kinetics and morphology of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate‐co‐propylene succinate)s
Authors: Xu Yongxiang , Xu Jun , Guo Baohua , Xie Xuming 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe crystallization behavior of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) and copolyesters poly(butylene succinate‐co‐propylene succinate)s (PBSPS) was investigated by using 1H NMR, DSC and POM, respectively. Isothermal crystallization kinetics of the polyesters has been analyzed by the Avrami equation. The 2.2‐2.8 range of Avrami exponential n indicated that the crystallization mechanism was a heterogeneous nucleation with spherical growth geometry in the crystallization process of polyesters. Multiple melting peaks were observed during heating process after isothermal crystallization, and it could be explained by the melting and recrystallization model. PBSPS was identified to have the same crystal structure with that of PBS by using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), suggesting that only BS unit crystallized while the PS unit was in an amorphous state. The crystal structure of polyesters was not affected by the crystallization temperatures, too. Besides the normal extinction crosses under the POM, the double‐banded extinction patterns with periodic distance along the radial direction were also observed in the spherulites of PBS and PBSPS. The morphology of spherulites strongly depended on the crystallization temperature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 420–428, 2007
Morphology development of main‐chain liquid crystalline polymer fibers during solvent evaporation
Authors: Dayal Pratyush , Guenthner Andrew J. , Kyu Thein 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA nonequilibrium thermodynamic approach has been developed for describing the emergence of fiber morphologies from a liquid crystalline polymer solution undergoing solvent evaporation, including fibrillar structures, concentric rings, and spiral structures. We utilized Matsuyama–Kato free energy for main‐chain liquid crystalline polymer (MCLCP) solutions, which is an extension of Maier–Saupe theory for nematic ordering and incorporates a chain‐stiffening, combined with Flory‐Huggins free energy of mixing. Temporal evolution of the concentration and nematic order parameters pertaining to the above free energy density of liquid crystalline polymer solution was simulated in the context of time‐dependent Ginzburg–Landau theory coupled with the solvent evaporation rate equation under the quasi‐steady state assumption. The emerged morphological patterns are discussed in relation to the phase diagram of the MCLCP solution and the rate of solvent evaporation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 429–435, 2007
The effectiveness of salvage surgery after the failure of primary concomitant chemoradiation in head and neck cancer
Authors: Richey Luke M. , Shores Carol G. , George Jonathan , Lee Steve , Couch Marion J. , Sutton David K. , Weissler Mark C. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVETo determine survival outcomes and locoregional control rates in patients with locoregional head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) who failed primary concomitant chemoradiation (CRT) intended for cure and underwent attempted surgical salvage.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGDesign was a nonrandomized retrospective cohort study. Of 204 patients with HNSCC who received primary concomitant chemoradiation intended for cure between 1995 and 2004, 38 recurred and underwent attempted salvage surgery at a tertiary care academic center.RESULTSAmong the 38 patients undergoing surgical salvage, 12‐ and 24‐month overall survival rates were 60 percent and 27 percent. Locoregional control at 24 months was 42 percent. Lower survival was seen with initial N3 disease (P = 0.0115). Overall surgical morbidity was 24 percent.CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCEThe results of salvage surgery after failed chemoradiation for HNSCC are poor. Those with N3 disease fare least well. Patients should be well informed about the realistic chances of cure and potential morbidity of surgery.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Impact of recurrence interval on survival of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients after local relapse
Authors: Liu Shih‐An , Wong Yong‐Kie , Lin Jin‐Ching , Poon Chiu‐Kwan , Tung Kwong‐Chung , Tsai Wen‐Chen 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to investigate whether the recurrence interval influenced the survival of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients after relapse.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGRetrospective charts were reviewed at a medical center.METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed 1687 chart records of oral cancer patients. Statistical methods included descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, Kaplan‐Meier survival analyses, and Cox proportional hazard models for investigating the relationship between the recurrence interval and survival of oral cancer patients after relapse.RESULTSLocal recurrence rate was 31.3 percent. Kaplan‐Meier survival analyses showed the 5‐year overall survival after recurrence was 31.56 percent. Cox proportional hazard model revealed that those with recurrence interval less than 18 months tended to have a higher probability of death than those with recurrence interval greater than or equal to 18 months (relative risk, 1.743; 95% confidence interval, 1.298–2.358).CONCLUSIONThe interval from initial treatment to recurrence is an independent prognostic factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Those with a shorter disease‐free interval tend to have a less favorable outcome.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
The Personality of Hand Surgeons
Authors: HORNE DAVID , HUESTON J. T. 
Published: January 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate some aspects of motivation to practise hand surgery, psychological mindedness and personality characteristics in a group of 212 Hand Surgeons. The data was obtained by administering the Eysenck Personality Inventory, an especially constructed questionnaire, in a group setting at two conferences in Australia.
Blood Flow in the Arm Under Brachial Plexus Anaesthesia
Authors: McGREGOR A. D. , JONES W. K. , PERLMAN D. 
Published: January 2007

Changes in blood blow and skin temperature have been measured in the arms of twenty patients under brachial plexus anaesthesia. A rise in each was noted in every patient. The patients were subdivided into two groups of ten. The anaesthetic administered to the patients of one group contained adrenaline (1 in 100,000), and the patients in the other group received the same anaesthetic but with no added adrenaline. The rise in flow volume, flow velocity and temperature was greater in the group which received adrenaline. The difference in change of flow volume was significant (P<0.05), the difference in temperature rise highly significant (P<0.01), but the difference in change of flow velocity was not significant.
Results of Digital Neurorrhaphy in Adults
Authors: SULLIVAN D. J. 
Published: January 2007

Forty-two digital neurorrhaphies utilizing contemporary techniques and suture material are reviewed. 17% regained near normal function. Another 30% regained imperfect, but very-pleasing function. Half of the patients were left with moderate to marked hypoaesthesia, but protective sensation. Protective sensation did not return to those nerves left unrepaired. Immediate repair did not allow better recovery than repair within six days. Delay up to eleven months did not obviate pleasing return of sensibility. Similarly, simultaneous tenorrhaphy did not seem to affect the quality of the result. Crushing, or avulsive injuries always resulted in “poor” return of sensibility. Testing two-point discrimination with the technique of Dellon will reveal recovery of epicritic sensation earlier than any other technique. After six months, few patients regained, or lost sensibility. The severed digital nerve must still carry a guarded prognosis in the adult.
Attritional Flexor Tendon Rupture due to a Scaphoid Non Union Imitating an Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: MÁHRING M. , SEMPLE CAMPBELL , GRAY I. C. M. 
Published: January 2007

A case is presented of acute loss of function of flexor pollicis longus and profundus tendon to the index finger. Although the aetiology was obscure, the acute onset suggested a mechanical cause rather than a nerve compression disorder such as anterior interosseous nerve palsy. X-rays showed an ununited scaphoid fracture related to an injury many years previously. Surgical exploration revealed attritional rupture of flexor pollicis longus and partial division of profundus tendon to index finger by a spicule of ununited scaphoid which had eroded through the volar capsule. Removal of the spicule and tenodesis of flexor pollicis longus gave a good long term result.
Immediate Free Vascularized Joint Transfer from Second Toe to Index Finger Proximal Interphalangeal Joint: A Case Report
Authors: TSAI T. M. , SINGER R. , ELLIOTT E. , KLEIN H. 
Published: January 2007

The results of treatment of severe injuries to the proximal interphalangeal joint are unsatisfactory. The methods of joint reconstruction are discussed, including fusion, implant arthroplasty, perichondrial grafting and vascularized joint transfer. A patient is presented with a severe crush injury to the dorsum of the index finger with loss of skin and extensor tendon and proximal interphalangeal joint disruption. Immediate reconstruction of the finger is described using a composite free flap of skin, extensor tendon and proximal interphalangeal joint from the second toe. Follow-up at two years is described, demonstrating proximal interphalangeal motion and finger function.
The Hand Complications of Colles' Fractures
Authors: STEWART H. D. , INNES A. R. , BURKE F. D. 
Published: January 2007

Two hundred and thirty-five patients with displaced Colles' fractures were followed to union, and 209 patients to six months, specifically searching for hand pathology. The incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome was seventeen per cent at three months and twelve per cent at six months. The patients with the syndrome were significantly older and their fractures showed significantly greater residual dorsal angulation. Sixteen patients developed Dupuytren's disease between three and six months, when the incidence was eleven per cent. These patients were significantly older and had average fractures and anatomical results. All cases were mild, with only two contractures. Twenty-one patients were reviewed at a mean of 20.7 months post-fracture, when no case had significantly progressed.
Ulnar Instability of The Metacarpophalangeal Joint of Thumb
Authors: LAMB D. W. , ANGARITA G. 
Published: January 2007

A method of reconstruction of the long standing rupture of ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb is described. Its advantage is the tightness with which the tendon used for repair can be sutured to achieve maximum stability. This has been used in eight patients in the past four years and provided a stable and painless thumb.
Ligament Reconstruction of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint using a Modified Eaton and Littler Technique
Authors: MAGNUSSON A. , BERTHEUSSEN K. , WEILBY A. 
Published: January 2007

A modification of the Eaton and Littler technique for reconstructing ligaments and restoring stability of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is described. We use a strip from the flexor carpi radialis tendon, which is split down to the crest of the trapezium. The tendon strip is led beneath the ligaments and the abductor pollicis longus insertion, through a tunnel drilled in the metacarpal base, around the insertion of the flexor carpi radialis tendon and finally back to the dorsum of the base of the metacarpal where it is inserted in the periosteum. This procedure ensures a dynamic fixation of the apical ligament and therefore a better stability.
Robust control of underactuated bipeds using sliding modes
Authors: Nikkhah Mehdi , Ashrafiuon Hashem , Fahimi Farbod 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYThe purpose of this paper is to present a robust tracking control algorithm for underactuated biped robots capable of self-balancing in the presence of external disturbances. The biped is modeled as a five-link planar robot with four actuators located at hip and knee joints. A sliding mode control law has been developed for the biped to follow a human-like gait trajectory while keeping the torso nearly upright. The control forces are calculated by defining four first-order sliding surfaces as a linear combination of the torso and the four joint tracking errors. The control approach is shown to guarantee that all trajectories will reach and stay on these surfaces during each step, while the walking cycle stability is maintained through a Lyapunov function. The criteria for asymptotic stability of the surfaces are presented and a numerical search method is implemented for the selection of the corresponding surface parameters. The paper further investigates the robustness of the controller in response to disturbances. Numerical simulations demonstrate the tracking stability of the biped's multistep walk and its human-like response to an external disturbance.
Increase in exhaled nitric oxide and protective role of the nitric oxide system in experimental pulmonary embolism
Authors: Nilsson K F , Gustafsson L E , Adding L C , Linnarsson D , Agvald P 
Published: January 2007

Background and purpose:Pulmonary embolism (PE) represents a real diagnostic challenge. PE is associated with pulmonary hypertension due to pulmonary vascular obstruction and vasoconstriction. We recently reported that pulmonary gas embolism transiently increases exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), but it is not known whether solid emboli may alter FENO, and whether an intact endogenous NO synthesis has a beneficial effect in experimental solid pulmonary embolism.Experimental approach:We used anaesthetised and ventilated rabbits in these experiments. To mimic PE, a single intravenous infusion of homogenized autologous skeletal muscle tissue (MPE) was given to rabbits with intact NO production (MPE of 60, 15, or 7.5 mg kg−1; group 1) and to another group (group 2) with inhibited NO synthesis (L‐NAME 30 mg kg−1; MPE of 7.5, 15 or 30 mg kg−1).Key results:In group 1, after MPE, FENO increased rapidly and dose‐dependently and FENO was still significantly elevated after 60 min with the two highest emboli doses. All these animals survived more than 60 min after embolization. In group 2, MPE of 7.5, 15 and 30 mg kg−1, in combination with NO synthesis inhibition, resulted in 67%, 50% and 25% survival at 60 min respectively, representing a statistically significant decrease in survival. Cardiovascular and blood‐gas changes after MPE were intensified by pre‐treatment with NO synthesis inhibitor.Conclusions and implications:We conclude that solid PE causes a sustained, dose‐dependent increase in FENO, giving FENO a diagnostic potential in PE. Furthermore, intact NO production appears critical for tolerance to acute PE.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 494–501. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707001
Biological control of pests in Ukraine: legacy from the past and challenges for the future.
Authors: Stefanovska T. R. , Pidlisnyuk V. V. , Kaya H. K. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Biological control has a long and rich history in Ukraine which is closely linked with other countries of the Former Soviet Union, and some relevant studies from these countries are also included in this review. The use of natural enemies against Ukrainian insect pests demonstrates that biological control approaches have enjoyed a degree of success. The release of
Aphelinus mali
in a classical biological control programme against the woolly apple aphid,
Eriosoma lanigerum
, was successful. In contrast, the release of the hemipterans,
Perillus bioculatus
and
Podisus maculiventris
, against the Colorado potato beetle,
Leptinotarsa decemlineata
, was not successful, and studies in the use of these hemipterans as biological control agents continue. Conservation biological control is practised in apple and cereal cropping systems resulting in a number of predators and parasitoids being preserved. Augmentation of natural enemies, especially predatory mites against the spider mite
Tetranychus urticae
in greenhouse cucumber and tomato production, has provided suppression of this pest. Various strains of
Bacillus thuringiensis
are being used inundatively against Lepidopteran, coleopteran and mosquito pests. A granulovirus has been studied for use against the codling moth (
Cydia pomonella
), and the fungus,
Beauveria bassiana
, is being evaluated against several insect pests. Entomopathogenic nematodes have generated some interest for future use in Ukraine as potential biological control agents against soil-inhabiting pests. Although biological control programmes have been practised for many years, the agricultural sector in Ukraine is moving from a command to a market economy. The latter economy is profit-driven and relies more on chemical pesticide usage. The challenge is to integrate biological control programmes into the market economy.
The predatory stinkbug
Podisus nigrispinus
: biology, ecology and augmentative releases for lepidoperan larval control in
Eucalyptus
forests in Brazil.
Authors: Torres J. B. , Zanuncio J. C. , Moura M. A. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Podisus nigrispinus
feeds primarily on insect larvae. It has been reared and released in Brazil to control lepidopterous larvae, particularly defoliators of
Eucalyptus
trees, but inoculative releases and conservation of natural populations in other crops have also been attempted. Aspects favouring the use of
P. nigrispinus
as a biocontrol agent include: (i) cost-effective mass-rearing capabilities with alternative prey or artificial diets; (ii) compatibility of the predator with some insecticides and forest production practices; (iii) natural occurrence in diverse habitats associated with lepidopteran outbreaks. The biology and ecology of
P. nigrispinus
and its mass production and use to control defoliating lepidopteran larvae in
Eucalyptus
plantations are discussed, and research needs to expand its use in pest management are outlined.
Functional, developmental and clinical anatomy of the bovine penis and prepuce.
Authors: Ashdown R. R. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Several changes in nomenclature from that of the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (4th edition) are suggested. The neuromuscular mechanisms of erection and ejaculation involve activity of both smooth and striated penile muscles. Functional and clinical anatomy of the penis and prepuce are considered for these five main stages of service performance: sexual arousal (which prepares for erection and ejaculation); penile erection and also its failure (impotence); intromission and its failure; ejaculation and associated clinical problems; detumescence and repositioning of the penis after service. Preputial mobility and injuries are also discussed. Anatomical changes of the corpus cavernosum penis during erection are described and related clinical problems are discussed, under three headings: Penile elongation and distension; Straightening of the sigmoid flexure; and Spiraldeviation of the penis. Prenatal development of penis and prepuce is described. Postnatal development is then considered with special emphasis on clinical problems in the young bull.
Multifunctional agriculture and the economic future of EU farming.
Authors: Moran D. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Multifunctional agriculture is the rubric that defines a policy to reorient farming to be consistent with sustainable development. In essence, the European agricultural sector is to be liberalized with support and preferential tariff arrangements either removed or redirected towards environmental and social goals. Farmers are to be rewarded more by the market, with public intervention increasingly reserved for areas where public good issues are at stake. This transition marks a new direction for farm enterprises that are now forced to find new niches in which to operate. The wider environmental and social impacts of this transition remain to be determined.