bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSEs and the Mix of Measures to Support Farm Incomes
Authors: Hertel Thomas W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSIn summary, the mix of support provided to agriculture does matter when PSEs are to be cut. Across‐the‐board reductions in individual components of PSEs will have different implications for output, exports, land values and employment in different countries. These differences can be systematically related to the type of instruments used to support agriculture. For example, cutting subsidies on an input such as fertilizer can result in greater long‐run reductions in output, exports and employment in agriculture than would cuts in output subsidies (of equal magnitude). These differences may make it attractive for countries engaging in partial liberalization to change the mix of subsidies, even as they reduce their aggregate PSE. In so doing, they may be able to lessen, or even eliminate, some of the deleterious effects of reduced farm support. For example, the United States could maintain the demand for farm labour, while cutting its aggregate PSE in half, by shifting the mix of farm support towards selected input subsidies. By contrast, there appears to be little incentive for substituting export subsidies for output subsidies under the ‘pure’ PSE approach proposed by Professor Tangermann et al. This is because such a switch would have to be accompanied by further reductions in budgetary outlays in order to avoid exceeding the PSE target agreed in negotiations.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Barve A. G. 
Published: April 2007

Dynamics and Conflict in Regional Structura1 Change—Essay in Honor of Walter Isard Volume 2Practical Methods of Regional Science and Empirical Applications—Selected Papers of Walter Isard, Volume 2Department of Economics Loughborough UniversityExport Promotion Strategies—Theory and Evidence from Developing CountriesCommonwealth Secretariat Export Market Development DivisionHuman Development Report 1990 for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (New York and Oxford:University of NottinghamThe World Bank and the Environment—First Annual Report Fiscal 1990, The World Bank (New York: The World Bank, 1990London Environmental Economics Centre University College LondonThe European Communities' Single Market: The Challenge of 1992 for Sub‐Saharan AfricaLoughborough University
Book Reviews
Authors: Falvey Rod , Parkinson J R 
Published: April 2007

Quantitative Methods, for Trade‐Barrier Analysis by SAM LAIRD and ALEXANDER YEATS. London: Macmillan 1990.The NEW. Global Economy and the Developing Countries: Essays in International Economics and development by G. K. HELLEINER. Alder‐shot: Edward Elgar. 1990.Pacific. Basin Developing Countries: Prospects for. the Future by MARCUS NOLAND. Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1990.Prospects, for. the Business Sector. in Developing Countries. THE WORLD BANK. Washington (available in Britain from Microinfo Ltd, PO Box 3, Omega Park, Alton, Hampshire, GU34 2PG): International Finance Corporation. 1989.
Offshore Production and the Base of Import Taxation
Authors: Lloyd P.J. 
Published: April 2007

The Scheme is designed to encourage the maximum use of Australian made fabrics which are cut or knitted to shape in Australia (Textiles, Clothing and Footwear Development Authority, 1993, p. 4).When an Australian firm sets up production in South East Asia, it often attracts criticism because it means losing jobs to low‐cost labour in the region. However, our study shows that such criticism is not wholly justified. For many firms, offshore production is critical to establishing a long‐term position as an insider in the market and therefore is critical to exports from an Australian base.Different methods have been used to determine origin, but none has proved totally unsatisfactory, and none is likely to do so.
THE ENRICHMENT OF A SECTOR (INDIVIDUAL, REGION OR COUNTRY) BENEFITS OTHERS: THE THIRD WELFARE THEOREM?
Authors: Ng Yew‐Kwang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe economic enrichment of a sector may make other sectors as a whole better or worse off. However, for the benchmark case of proportionate enrichment, other sectors tend to gain. This result is shown using offer curves, supply and demand analysis, Cobb‐Douglas utility functions, and a more general case. Allowing the enriching sector to be monopolistic does not affect the result. Semi‐economic enrichment through migration and population growth also makes others better off. Most enrichments also tend to be equalizing in their effects on others.
TAXATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Scully Gerald W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSince the Second World War and until recent reforms, New Zealand has suffered from a low rate of economic growth and a high level of taxation. This paper models the relationship between taxation and economic growth and estimates the “optimal”or “growth‐maximizing” tax rate. It is found to be about half of the actual tax rate. The marginal cost of taxation in New Zealand is S2.64 for each extra dollar of taxes collected.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Hazari Bharat R. , Sgro Pasquale M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe paper considers a two‐region model of trade based on the authors’earlier (HS) model, in which two nontraded goods, one urban and one rural, were introduced into the Harris‐Todaro model. The HS framework captures the duality of the labour market, and it is argued that the HS model is suited to the purpose of regional analysis where the urban and rural agents may be in conflict as their welfare (income) may not respond in an identical manner to exogenous shocks and policy changes. The paper examines the implications of a change in capital and the terms of trade on outputs and regional incomes. It is established that in response to a terms‐of‐trade shock the prices of urban and rural nontraded goods could move in opposite directions, so structural change could also be in opposite directions. The same could also be true of welfare in the two regions.
Effect of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α agonist (bezafibrate) on gastric secretion and gastric cytoprotection in rats
Authors: Pathak Rahul , Asad Mohammed , Jagannath Hrishikeshavan H. , Prasad Satya 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α (PPAR‐α) on gastric secretion and gastric cytoprotection was evaluated using five different models of gastric ulcers: acetic acid‐induced chronic gastric ulcers, pylorus ligation, ethanol‐induced, indomethacin‐induced and ischemia–reperfusion‐induced gastric ulcers. Bezafibrate, a PPAR‐α agonist was administered at two different doses of 10 and 100 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneanally. Both doses of bezafibrate showed significant antiulcer effect in ethanol‐induced, indomethacin‐induced and pylorus ligation‐induced gastric ulcers. Bezafibrate increased healing of ulcer in acetic acid‐induced chronic gastric ulcer model. Both doses were also effective in preventing gastric lesions induced by ischemia–reperfusion. It was concluded that PPAR‐α activation increases healing of gastric ulcers and also prevents development of gastric ulcers in rats.
Effect of leptin on peroxidation and antioxidant defense in ethanol‐supplemented Mus musculus heart
Authors: Balasubramaniyan V. , Nalini N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous mouse leptin on ethanol‐induced cardiac toxicity in mice. Administering ethanol (6.32 g/kg body weight p.o.) to 4‐week‐old healthy mice for 45 days resulted in significantly elevated plasma levels of leptin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cardiac lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and significantly decreased cardiac superoxide dismutase, catalase, vitamin C, vitamin E, reduced glutathione and glutathione‐dependent enzyme levels (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S‐transferase). Subsequent to the experimental induction of toxicity (i.e., after the initial period of 30 days) exogenous leptin was administered (230 μg/kg body weight i.p.) every alternate day for 15 days along with the daily dose of ethanol. Leptin administration to ethanol‐treated mice significantly elevated the levels of plasma leptin, LDH and cardiac LOOH, TBARS, whereas the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the concentrations of vitamins C and E were further decreased significantly. These findings were consistent with our histological observations, confirming that leptin enhances cardiac toxicity in ethanol‐supplemented mice.
Optimal Electrogram Voltage Recording Technique for Detecting the Acute Ablative Tissue Injury in the Human Right Atrium
Authors: LIN YENN‐JIANG , TAI CHING‐TAI , LO LI‐WEI , UDYAVAR AMEYA R. , CHANG SHIH‐LIN , WONGCHAROEN WANWARANG , TUAN TA‐CHUAN , HU YU‐FENG , CHIANG SHUO‐JU , CHEN YI‐JEN , CHEN SHIH‐ANN 
Published: April 2007

Background: The optimal recording technique of the electrogram voltage for detecting abnormal atrial tissue remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of various recording techniques on the electrogram voltage after the delivery of ablation therapy in the human right atrium (RA). Material and Methods: Noncontact mapping was performed in 27 patients with typical atrial flutter (mean age = 63 ± 16, males = 20). Noncontact unipolar and bipolar electrograms were obtained before and after cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) linear ablation. All unipolar electrograms were acquired with both wide‐band filtering (0.5–300 Hz) and narrow‐band filtering (32–300 Hz). The unipolar voltage measurements included both the peak‐to‐peak voltage and peak‐negative voltage (PNV) for both filter settings. Results: A comparison of the electrogram voltage along the ablation line before and after the ablation demonstrated a greater reduction in the unipolar PNV with wide‐band filtering (70 ± 24%) than in any of the other recording modalities (P = 0.03). It was the most sensitive and specific recording technique to predict conduction block (cut‐off Value 0.35 mV; sensitivity = 94.4% and specificity = 80%). A comparison of the electrogram voltage between the ablated atrial myocardium and nearby nonablated myocardium showed that the unipolar PNV with the wide‐band filtering remained the most sensitive method to detect the acute ablative tissue injury, whereas the peak‐to‐peak bipolar voltage was the most specific method. Conclusion: The noncontact unipolar electrogram using the PNV with wide‐band filter settings (0.5–300 Hz) provided the most sensitive recording technique for detecting acute ablative tissue injury.
Rapid Ablation for Atrial Flutter by Targeting Maximum Voltage—Factors Associated with Short Ablation Times
Authors: SUBBIAH RAJESH N. , GULA LORNE J. , KRAHN ANDREW D. , POSAN EMOKE , YEE RAYMOND , KLEIN GEORGE J. , SKANES ALLAN C. 
Published: April 2007

Background: The maximum voltage‐guided (MVG) approach to ablation for atrial flutter targets high‐amplitude signals along the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI). It is based on the observation that the isthmus is often composed of bundles of conducting tissue and the hypothesis that these bundles manifest as high‐amplitude electrograms, providing targets for selective ablation. We aim to identify patient and procedural factors that correlate with rapid isthmus ablation. Methods: All patients undergoing CTI ablation at our center from January 2005 to May 2006 were included. Patients were divided into outcome groups relative to the median value for total ablation time. The two groups were compared according to patient and procedural variables, using multivariate regression methods. Results: Seventy‐six patients were assessed with mean age 60.2 ± 10.6 years; 63 (82.9%) were male. Mean ablation time to bidirectional block across the CTI was 6.85 ± 5.87 min (range 0.68–28.7); median 4.77 min. Seventy‐six percent of patients required less than 5 min total ablation time until bidirectional block was achieved. Variables independently associated with a short ablation time were the presence of sinus rhythm at start of ablation (P = 0.0050, odds ratio (OR) 8.03), high mean temperature among all ablations (P = 0.019, OR 17.81), and low variability of mean power among all ablations (P = 0.0048, OR 19.26). Conclusions: Using the MVG approach to atrial flutter ablation, shorter total ablation times are observed among patients in sinus rhythm at the onset of ablation, with higher mean temperature among ablation lesions, and less variability of power between ablations.
Heavy silicone oil versus standard silicone oil as vitreous tamponade in inferior PVR (HSO Study): design issues and implications
Authors: Joussen Antonia M. , Kirchhof Bernd , Schrage Norbert , Ocklenburg Christina , Hilgers Ralf‐Dieter ,   on behalf of the HSO Study Group
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most important reason for blindness following retinal detachment. Presently, vitreous tamponades such as gas or silicone oil cannot contact the lower part of the retina. A heavier‐than‐water tamponade displaces the inflammatory and PVR‐stimulating environment from the inferior area of the retina. The Heavy Silicone Oil versus Standard Silicone Oil Study (HSO Study) is designed to answer the question of whether a heavier‐than‐water tamponade improves the prognosis of eyes with PVR of the lower retina.Methods:  The HSO Study is a multicentre, randomized, prospective controlled clinical trial comparing two endotamponades within a two‐arm parallel group design. Patients with inferiorly and posteriorly located PVR are randomized to either heavy silicone oil or standard silicone oil as a tamponading agent. Three hundred and fifty consecutive patients are recruited per group. After intraoperative re‐attachment, patients are randomized to either standard silicone oil (1000 cSt or 5000 cSt) or Densiron® as a tamponading agent. The main endpoint criteria are complete retinal attachment at 12 months and change of visual acuity (VA) 12 months postoperatively compared with the preoperative VA. Secondary endpoints include complete retinal attachment before endotamponade removal, quality of life analysis and the number of retina affecting re‐operation within 1 year of follow‐up.Results:  The design and early recruitment phase of the study are described.Conclusions:  The results of this study will uncover whether or not heavy silicone oil improves the prognosis of eyes with PVR.
Enhanced optical coherence patterns of diabetic macular oedema and their correlation with the pathophysiology
Authors: Soliman Wael , Sander Birgit , Jørgensen Thomas Martini 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To describe different patterns of diabetic macular oedema (DMO) using a computerized alignment and averaging of sequences in optical coherence tomography (OCT) B‐scans and to show the correlation of these patterns with the pathophysiology of the condition.Methods:  We carried out a prospective, uncontrolled study, including 46 human subjects with untreated DMO. Enhanced OCT images were produced. We correlated different OCT patterns of DMO with ETDRS visual acuity and with the thickness of the central 1‐mm of the macula. We also correlated these patterns with theories of the pathophysiology of DMO.Results:  Enhanced OCT images enabled us to examine how different layers of the macula were affected. The external limiting membrane (ELM) was clearly seen in all stages, including advanced stages. The sequence of DMO events in different macular layers can be divided into five patterns. Morphologically, DMO starts at the outer nuclear layer/Henle's layer. As the oedema progresses, cysts are seen in the fovea and the DMO spreads further into the inner nuclear layer. The ELM seems to act as a barrier for proteins and plays an important role in the development of DMO.Conclusions:  Enhanced OCT revealed new details of DMO pathophysiology. The different morphological patterns of DMO seen in enhanced OCT may represent different levels of severity of the disease.
Pertussis toxin modulation of sodium channels in the central neurons of cyhalothrin‐resistant and cyhalothrin‐susceptible cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: ZHAO QIANG , KONG DE‐LING , HE BING‐JUN , LIU YAN‐QIANG , FAN XIAN‐LIN , LIU AN‐XI 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPertussis toxin (PTX) inhibits the activation of the α‐subunit of the inhibitory heterotrimeric G‐proteins (Gαi./o) and modulates voltage‐gated sodium channels, which may be one of the primary targets of pyrethroids. To investigate the potential mechanisms of agricultural pests resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, we examined the modulations by PTX on sodium channels in the central neurons of the 3rd—4th instar larvae of cyhalothrin‐resistant (Cy‐R) and cyhalothrin‐susceptible (Cy‐S)Helicoverpa armigeraby the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. The isolated neurons were cultured for 12—16 h in an improved L15 insect culture medium with or without PTX (400 ng/mL). The results showed that both the Cy‐R and Cy‐S sodium channels exhibited fast kinetics and tetrodotoxin (TTX) sensitivity. The Cy‐R sodium channels exhibited not only altered gating properties, including a 8.88‐mV right shift in voltage‐dependent activation (V0.5act) and a 6.54‐mV right shift in voltage‐dependent inactivation (V0.5inact), but also a reduced peak in sodium channel density (Idensity) (55.2% of that in Cy‐S neurons). Cy‐R sodium channels also showed low excitability, as evidenced by right shift of activation potential (Vacti) by 5—10 mV and peak potential (Vpeak) by 20 mV. PTX exerted significant effects on Cy‐S sodium channels, reducing sodium channel density by 70.04%, right shiftingV0.5actby 14.41 mV andV0.5inactby 9. 38 mV. It did not cause any significant changes of the parameters mentioned above in the Cy‐R sodium channels. The activation time (Tpeak) from latency to peak at peak voltage and the fast inactivation time constant (τinact) in both Cy‐S and Cy‐R neurons were not affected. The results suggest that cotton bollworm resistant to pyrethroid insecticides involves not only mutations and allosteric alterations of voltage‐gated sodium channels, but also might implicate perturbation of PTX‐sensitive Gαi./o‐coupled signaling transduction pathways.
Comparison of fatty acid composition in total lipid of diapause and non‐diapause larvae of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: KHANI ABBAS , MOHARRAMIPOUR SAEID , BARZEGAR MOHSEN , NADERI‐MANESH HOSSEIN 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of the total lipid extracted from the whole body of Cydia pomonella L. larvae were determined by gas chromatography. The six most abundant fatty acids in both non‐diapause and diapause larvae of codling moth were oleic (35%–39%), palmitic (23%–33%), linoleic (16%–30%), palmitoleic (5%–10%), stearic (1.5%–3.0%) and linolenic acids (1.0%–2.5%). This represents a typical complement of Lepidopteran fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of total lipid of C. pomonella larvae was related to diapause. In similarity to most other reports, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased in diapause initiation state. The total lipid of diapause larvae contained more linoleic acid (25.8%vs. 16.1%) and less palmitic acid (24.7%vs. 33.4%), than that of non‐diapause larvae. The weight percentage of linoleic acid (C18:2) increased from 16% to 26% from early‐August through early‐September during transition to diapause, while palmitic acid (C16:0) decreased from 33% to 25% at the same time. These changes resulted in an increase in the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (UFA/SFA) from 1.72 in non‐diapause larvae to 2.63 in diapause larvae.
Insecticidal efficacy of three vegetable oils as post‐harvest grain protectants of stored wheat against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)
Authors: NIKPAY AMIN 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica is a major insect pests of stored grain in the tropics. Vegetable oils (chamomile, sweet almond and coconut) at 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 10.0 mL/kg were tested against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in wheat grain. All bioassays were conducted at 30°C and 65%± 2% RH. Treatments with vegetable oils at high dose (10.0 mL/kg) achieved over 95% control within 24 h of exposure to freshly treated grain. There was little difference between the three oils in their effect. Persistence of oils in grains was tested at short‐term storage intervals (48, 72 and 96 h) and intermediate‐term intervals (10, 20 and 30 days) after treatments. The activity of all products decreased with storage period. Seed viability was reduced by the high dose rate (10.0 mL/kg) of oil treatments. The potential use of vegetable oils as supplementary or alternative grain protectants against insect damage in traditional grain storage in developing countries is discussed.
Impact of greenhouse whitefly management on strawberry fruit quality
Authors: BI JIAN‐LONG , TUAN SHU‐JEN , TOSCANO NICK C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), is an important pest of strawberries in California, USA. The adults and nymphs feed on phloem sap of leaves to remove the photo‐assimilates. The objective of this study is to test the impact of whitefly management with insecticides on strawberry fruit quality. Applications of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen decreased the mean adult white‐fly numbers by 2.80‐, 2.17‐, 1.69‐ and 1.39‐fold, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Similarly, the mean numbers of first and second instar whiteflies were reduced 4.36‐, 2.20‐, 1.90‐ and 2.02‐fold, respectively, while the mean numbers of third and fourth instars were reduced 5.48‐, 2.28‐, 2.71‐ and 1.43‐fold, respectively, in plants treated with imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen. The mean soluble solids content in imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen treatments was 1.04‐, 1.06‐, 1.03‐ and 1.04‐fold greater, respectively, than that in the control. The whitefly reduction enhanced the mean fruit titratable acidity by 4%‐6%. Mean glucose levels in imidacloprid and thiamethoxam treatments were significantly higher than in other treatments. However, the whitefly management did not affect the mean fructose levels. Imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and pyriproxyfen treatments boosted the ascorbic acid levels by up to 4%. The impact of whitefly management on strawberry fruit nutrition and antioxidant capacity is discussed.
Trap catches of the sweetpotato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Imperial Valley, California, from 1996 to 2002
Authors: CHU CHANG‐CHI , BARNES EDWARD , NATWICK ERIC T. , CHEN TIAN‐YE , RITTER DAVID , HENNEBERRY THOMAS J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), biotype B occurred in the Imperial Valley, California in 1991. The insects destroyed melon crops and seriously damaged other vegetables, ornamentals and row crops. As a result of the need for sampling technology, we developed a whitefly trap (named the CC trap) that could be left in the field for extended time periods. We used the traps to monitor populations of B. tabaci adults during year‐round samplings from 1996 to 2002 to study variations in the weekly trap catches of the insect. The greatest number of B. tabaci adults was recorded in 1996, followed by a continuing annual decrease in trap catches each year through 2002. The overall decline of B. tabaci is attributed in part to the adoption of an integrated pest management (IPM) program initiated in 1992 and reduced melon hectares from 1996 to 2002. Other factors may also have contributed to the population reductions. Seasonally, B. tabaci trap catches decreased during the late summer and fall concurrent with decreasing minimum temperatures that are suggested to be a significant factor affecting seasonal activity and reproduction.