bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐coagulopathic spontaneous hemothorax in dogs
Authors: Nakamura Reid K. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Rush John E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the history, clinicopathologic findings, underlying causes, and outcomes for dogs with non‐coagulopathic spontaneous hemothorax.Design: Retrospective case series.Setting: University referral hospital.Animals: Sixteen client‐owned dogs.Interventions: The medical records database was searched for dogs with hemothorax. Dogs with trauma, secondary coagulopathy, recent thoracic surgery, or pericardial intervention were excluded. For the remaining dogs, signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathologic findings, radiographic findings, histopathologic findings, interventions, and outcome were recorded.Measurements and main results: The most common presenting signs were tachypnea (n=9) and lethargy (n=5), typically of <1‐week duration. The most common cause of non‐coagulopathic spontaneous hemothorax in dogs was neoplasia, which was diagnosed in 14 patients (88%). Identified malignancies included hemangiosarcoma (n=1), malignant mesothelioma (n=1), metastatic ovarian carcinoma (n=1), osteosarcoma (n=2), and pulmonary carcinoma (n=2). An intrathoracic mass was visualized in 7 other dogs; however, histopathology was not obtained. Pancreatitis and lung lobe torsion were each diagnosed in 1 dog, and survival was prolonged with both surviving at least 1 year post discharge. Only 6 of 14 dogs that were diagnosed with neoplasia were discharged from the hospital. For the 4 dogs with cancer with available outcome data, median survival time was 16 days (range 1–70 days). Two dogs were lost to follow‐up and had unknown survival times.Conclusions: The development of non‐coagulopathic spontaneous hemothorax warrants a high‐index suspicion for neoplasia, in particular thoracic wall neoplasia.
Evaluation of a thoracic focused assessment with sonography for trauma (TFAST) protocol to detect pneumothorax and concurrent thoracic injury in 145 traumatized dogs
Authors: Lisciandro Gregory R. , Lagutchik Michael S. , Mann Kelly A. , Voges Andra K. , Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Tiller Elizabeth G. , Cabano Nic R. , Bauer Leslie D. , Book Bradley P. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective: To estimate the relative accuracy of a thoracic focused assessment with sonography for trauma (TFAST) protocol for rapid diagnosis of pneumothorax (PTX) and other thoracic injury in traumatized dogs.Design: Prospective case series.Setting: Private veterinary emergency center.Animals: One hundred and forty‐five client‐owned dogs evaluated within 24‐hours of injury.Interventions: Thoracic focused assessment with sonography for trauma protocol.Measurements and Main Results: Traumatized dogs were evaluated with a conventional ultrasound (US) machine using a standardized 4‐point thoracic FAST protocol before thoracic radiography (CXR) and thoracocentesis. PTX was diagnosed by the absence of the ‘glide sign,’ defined as the lack of the normal dynamic interface between lung margins gliding along the thoracic wall during respiration. Concurrent thoracic trauma was diagnosed by the presence of pleural or pericardial fluid or the presence of a ‘step sign,’ defined as an abnormal glide sign. Accuracy of TFAST was calculated relative to CXR findings.Results: Overall sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and accuracy of TFAST relative to CXR were 78.1% (95% CI; 61.5, 89.9), 93.4% (95% CI; 87.4, 97.1), and 90.0%, respectively. Se and Sp were higher in dogs with penetrating trauma (93.3%, 96.0%) and for the evaluator with the most clinical experience (95.2%, 96.0%); only Se between the most experienced compared with others was statistically significant (P<0.05). TFAST documented other concurrent thoracic injury. Median time for TFAST was 3 minutes.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: TFAST has the potential to rapidly diagnose PTX and other thoracic injury and guide therapy, including potentially life‐saving interventions, in traumatized dogs.
Long‐Term Care Facilities: A Cornucopia of Viral Pathogens
Authors: Falsey Ann R. , Dallal Gerard E. , Formica Maria A. , Andolina Gloria G. , Hamer Davidson H. , Leka Lynette L. , Meydani Simin Nikbin 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency and types of respiratory viruses circulating in Boston long‐term care facilities (LTCFs) during a 3‐year period.DESIGN: Observational.SETTING: Thirty‐three Boston‐area LTCFs over a 3‐year period.PARTICIPANTS: Residents of long‐term care who had previously participated in a trial of vitamin E supplementation and had paired serum samples available for viral analysis.MEASUREMENTS: Viral antibody titers to eight respiratory viruses (influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus serotype three (PIV‐3), PIV‐2, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and coronaviruses 229E and OC43) were measured using enzyme immunoassay at baseline and 53 weeks. Infection was defined as a more than quadrupling of viral titers. Clinical data on respiratory illnesses were collected throughout the study period.RESULTS: A total of 617 persons were enrolled in the trial. Of these, 382 (62%) had sera available for viral analysis. A total of 204 viral infections were documented in 157 subjects. Serological responses to all eight viruses were documented, with hMPV (12.8%) and coronavirus 229E (10.5%) being the most common and PIV‐2 (2.4%) the least common. The occurrence of bronchitis (P=.007), pneumonia (P=.02), and any lower respiratory tract infection (P=.002) was significantly associated with having a viral diagnosis.CONCLUSION: A wide range of respiratory viruses cocirculates in LTCFs and contributes to respiratory illness morbidity in these populations.
Multidrug‐Resistant Gram‐Negative Bacteria in a Long‐Term Care Facility: Prevalence and Risk Factors
Authors: Pop‐Vicas Aurora , Mitchell Susan L. , Kandel Ruth , Schreiber Robert , D'Agata Erika M. C. 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the prevalence, risk factors, and mode of transmission associated with colonization by multidrug‐resistant gram‐negative bacteria (MDRGN) in the long‐term care (LTC) setting.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.SETTING: Four nursing units in a 648‐bed LTC facility in Boston, Massachusetts.PARTICIPANTS: Eighty‐four long‐term care residents.MEASUREMENTS: Nasal and rectal swabs were obtained to determine colonization with MDRGN; if present, molecular typing was performed. The prevalence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) was also determined. Demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from the medical record. Multivariable analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with MDRGN colonization.RESULTS: A total of 51%, 28%, and 4% subjects were colonized with MDRGN, MRSA, and VRE, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, advanced dementia (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2–7.35, P=.02) and nonambulatory status (AOR=5.7, 95% CI=1.1–28.9, P=.04) were the only independent risk factors for harboring MDRGN. Molecular typing indicated person‐to‐person transmission.CONCLUSION: Colonization with MDRGN is common in the LTC setting. A diagnosis of advanced dementia is a major risk factor for harboring MDRGN.
Effect of Different Doses of Thalidomide in Experimentally Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Rats
Authors: Prakash Om , Medhi Bikash , Saikia Uma Nahar , Pandhi Promila 
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different doses of thalidomide in experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Adult Wistar rats of either sex were used (n = 36). Colitis was induced by a single intra‐colonic application of 20 mg 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) dissolved in 35% ethanol into the descending colon. Rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). Animals were treated with vehicle (ethanol), TNBS dissolved in 35% ethanol, thalidomide (with different doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight), and sulfasalazine (360 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days. After completion of 14 days of treatment, animals were killed and the following parameters were assessed: morphological score, histological score and biochemical parameters (myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde and tumour necrosis factor‐α). Results showed thalidomide with different doses provided protection against TNBS‐induced colonic damage. There was significant protection with thalidomide 150 mg/kg body weight compared to controls (P < 0.001). All the biochemical parameters were highly reduced in the entire thalidomide‐treated group compared to controls particularly with thalidomide 150 mg/kg body weight (P < 0.001). Treatment with thalidomide restored malondialdehyde as well as reduction of myeloperoxidase and tumour necrosis factor‐α towards normal levels. Morphological and histological score were significantly reduced in all the treated groups with significant effect found with 150 mg/kg (P < 0.001). Our results indicate efficacy of thalidomide in TNBS induce experimental colitis model in rats but present findings requires further investigation to establish the real safety and efficacy in human beings.
Palm Tocotrienol Exerted Better Antioxidant Activities in Bone than α‐Tocopherol
Authors: Maniam Sandra , Mohamed Norazlina , Shuid Ahmad Nazrun , Soelaiman Ima Nirwana 
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E on the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat bones. Fifty‐six normal male Sprague‐Dawley rats, aged 3 months, were randomly divided into seven groups with eight rats in each group. The age‐matched control group was given the vehicle olive oil, by oral gavage daily. Six of the treatment groups received either palm tocotrienol or pure α‐tocopherol at the dose of 30, 60 or 100 mg/kg body weight, by oral gavage daily, 6 days a week for 4 months. Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) that is an index to measure the level of lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels were measured in the femur at the end of the study. Palm tocotrienol at the dose of 100 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the TBARS level in the femur with a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase activity compared to the age‐matched control group. These were not observed in the α‐tocopherol groups. Palm tocotrienol was more effective than pure α‐tocopherol acetate in suppressing lipid peroxidation in bone. Palm tocotrienol showed better protective effect against free radical damage in the femur compared to α‐tocopherol. This study suggests that palm tocotrienol plays an important role in preventing imbalance in bone metabolism due to free radicals.
Antinociceptive Effect of the Polygala sabulosa Hydroalcoholic Extract in Mice: Evidence for the Involvement of Glutamatergic Receptors and Cytokine Pathways
Authors: Ribas Camila M. , Meotti Flavia C. , Nascimento Francisney P. , Jacques Amanda V. , Dafre Alcir L. , Rodrigues Ana Lúcia S. , Farina Marcelo , Soldi Cristian , Mendes Beatriz G. , Pizzolatti Moacir G. , Santos Adair R. S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  This study investigated the role of the glutamatergic system on the antinociception caused by Polygala sabulosa hydroalcoholic extract (HE). The systems mediated by substance P, capsaicin, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were also investigated. P. sabulosa HE given orally produced a significant inhibition of glutamate‐induced paw licking [ID50 = 530.3 (416.7–674.8) mg/kg and inhibition of 79 ± 6% at 1000 mg/kg]. The plant derivatives α‐spinasterol, scopoletin and styryl‐2‐pyrones (compound 1 and 3) (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) inhibited 80 ± 7%, 46 ± 11%, 45 ± 11% and 35 ± 13% the nociceptive response caused by glutamate, respectively. Furthermore, P. sabulosa HE (500 mg/kg, orally) caused marked inhibition of nociceptive response induced by intrathecal injection of glutamate, N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid, α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid, kainate, TNF‐α and IL‐1β, with inhibitions of 44 ± 7%, 55 ± 4%, 38 ± 10%, 61 ± 7%, 76 ± 9% and 100%, respectively. In contrast, P. sabulosa HE (500 mg/kg, orally) did not affect the biting response induced by the metabotropic glutamatergic receptor agonist (±)‐1‐aminocyclopentane‐trans‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid, substance P and capsaicin. The locomotor activity was altered only in mice treated with a very high dose (1000 mg/kg) of P. sabulosa HE. Our results showed that the antinociceptive effects of P. sabulosa HE are associated with an inhibition of glutamatergic transmission and an inhibition of pathways dependent on pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The plant derivatives α‐spinasterol, scopoletin and styryl‐2‐pyrones play an important role on the antinociceptive effects of P. sabulosa HE.
Carvedilol Overdose with Quantitative Confirmation
Authors: Bouchard Nicole C. , Forde Jenice , Hoffman Robert S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  Carvedilol is a non‐selective β‐adrenoreceptor antagonist that is also an antagonist at the α1‐adrenoreceptor. This unique pharmacological effect may produce a different toxicodynamic profile compared to other β‐adrenoreceptor antagonists. Only one previous case of carvedilol overdose has been reported. Here, we report massive carvedilol ingestion confirmed by quantitative analysis. The case report deals with an 84‐year‐old man who chewed a total of 60 (6.25 mg) tablets and rapidly developed symptoms. Vital signs on presentation were systolic blood pressure 70 mmHg; heart rate 45 beats/min.; respirations 18 breaths/min.; temperature 37°. The electrocardiogram showed a junctional rhythm at 49 beats/min. The patient was treated with normal saline boluses, repeated glucagon boluses (2–3 mg each) and a dopamine infusion. At 14 hr after ingestion, he was weaned off vasopressors and was in a normal sinus rhythm. Quantitative confirmation showed a carvedilol serum concentration of 472 ng/ml (steady‐state concentration 8.5 ng/ml during 6.25 mg twice daily dosing). Despite its unique pharmacological properties, the clinical manifestations of carvedilol overdose appear similar to other β‐adrenoreceptor antagonists.
Estimating the spatial distribution of available biomass in grazing forests with a satellite image: A preliminary study
Authors: Tsutsumi Michio , Kawamura Kensuke , Sugiyama Midori , Sato Shusuke , Deguchi Yoshitaka , Sugawara Kazuo , Sakanoue Seiichi , Itano Shiro 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe tested whether available biomass in grazing forests could be estimated by analyzing a satellite image with field data. Our study site was situated in north‐eastern Japan and was composed of coniferous forest differing in afforested years, multilayered coniferous forest and deciduous broadleaf forest. The data of available biomass collected in previous studies was used to analyze a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image acquired in summer and we tried to depict a map of the spatial distribution of available biomass in the forest. It was suggested that an analysis should be conducted separately in each of the multilayered coniferous, the other coniferous and broadleaf forests. As a result of regression analysis on the relationship between available biomass and each of several parameters, the first principal component computed with reflectance of the six bands of the Landsat TM was the most appropriate parameter to estimate available biomass. The answer to the question ‘Can the spatial distribution of available biomass in a forest be estimated with a satellite image?’ is ‘Yes, in coniferous forests’. We propose a procedure for depicting a precise map of the distribution of available biomass in a forest with analysis of a satellite image.
Economic‐technological appraisal of grassland resources in Northern China by a fuzzy model
Authors: Wang Hua , Zhao Liming , Wang Yusheng 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAfter briefly reviewing an appraisal of natural grassland of the Northern China, we made an attempt to apply a new mathematical method to grassland utilization and management. We turned our attention to those factors that can play an important part in an appraisal of grassland resources. A fuzzy mathematical model of multifactorial tri‐stage appraisal of grassland resources is proposed in this paper. This is the first report in which such a mathematical model is applied to the appraisal of natural grasslands. To verify the practical value of the model, we appraised three types of grassland as examples and the description of the computing process is given in detail. The present study proves that the model was highly accurate and is suitable for economic‐technological appraisals for natural grassland.
Leaf appearance, death and detachment, and tillering in centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.) in comparison with bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge): A study at a small sod scale
Authors: Islam M. Anowarul , Hirata Masahiko 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAn experiment was conducted over a 12‐month period with two levels of nitrogen (5 and 20 g N m−2) to obtain information on leaf dynamics and tillering characteristics in centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.) compared with bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge). Leaf appearance rate (LAR) was lower in centipedegrass than in bahiagrass (0–0.13 versus 0–0.23 leaves tiller−1 d−1), while rates of leaf death (LDR) and detachment as litter fall were almost similar for both grasses, resulting in a lower number of live leaves per tiller in centipedegrass than in bahiagrass. Leaf appearance rate, relative LDR and leaf detachment rate were positively related to air temperature, with lower maximal LAR in centipedegrass than in bahiagrass. Centipedegrass showed higher number of daughter tillers per tiller than bahiagrass (1.45 versus 0.36) due to higher probability of tillering at axils of leaves. The effects of N levels on all measured variables were minimal, except N stimulated tillering in bahiagrass in May–June. Overall, the present study demonstrates that centipedegrass has the potential to form a denser, leafier sward than bahiagrass, because tillering ability is much higher despite lower LAR and number of live leaves per tiller.
Quantification of plant cover estimates
Authors: Bonham Charles D. , Clark David L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDespite it's popularity and usefulness as a vegetation community descriptor, plant cover is often considered by ecologists to be a qualitative or semiquantitative variable. The relative merit of visual estimation within quadrats versus the use of multiple points to measure cover has been debated. This apparent conflict has been of concern for decades to ecologists in regulatory agencies and in private industry. Coincidently, regulatory agencies often rely on plant cover estimates to form the basis of sound decisions regarding reclamation success. We offer a resolution to these issues. If each sample site within a vegetation community is regarded as a repeated Bernoulli trial of sufficient size, say 100 trials, probability of the number of successes can be closely approximated by the standard normal distribution. There is little to be gained in decreasing or increasing the number of Bernoulli trials away from n = 100. Either quadrats or points may be used to equal effect only if the area formed by the quadrat and placement of points within a point‐frame or along a line are the same. Further, even with a moderate sample size of 30 repeated sets of Bernoulli trials (n = 100) randomly located within a vegetation community, there is generally no need to transform the data to approximate a normal distribution prior to conducting hypothesis tests.
Effects of steam explosion on the chemical composition and rumen degradability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw
Authors: Kim W. , Yahaya M.S. , Goto M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractChanges in the chemical composition and in vitro degradability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw were examined for effects of steam explosion applied at 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 kgf/cm2 pressure on rice straw. Physical breakdown of the straw with treatment was observed on most fractions of the particle size. These treatments also decreased (P < 0.05) organic matter and cell wall constituents, such as organic cell walls and neutral detergent fiber contents in the straw, as determined by enzymatic and detergent procedures. In contrast, the acid detergent lignin and acid detergent fiber contents increased (P < 0.05) with increasing steam pressure. The ultraviolet absorbance spectra of water‐soluble extracts in 28 kgf/cm2‐treated straws showed a maximal peak of 0.91 and a shoulder peak of 0.45 around 280 nm and 320 nm, respectively, increasing the maximal absorbance in accordance with the increase in steam pressure. Thus, at the lowest steam pressure, the microbial degradation of rice straw was increased as shown by the results of gas fermentation and volatile fatty acid production. Results in the present study indicate the possibility of improvement of nutritive value of cereal straw using a mild steam explosion treatment, compared to high steam conditions which can dangerously increase insoluble residual substances toxic to rumen microbes in the exploded roughages.
Pretreatment of surfactant Tween 80 and fibrolytic enzyme influencing volatile fatty acid and methane production of a total mixed ration by mixed rumen microorganisms at in vitro
Authors: Kim Wanjae , Gamo Yuko , Yahaya Mohammad Sani , Yimiti Wusiman , Goto Masakazu 
Published: June 2008

Abstract In vitro rumen dry matter degradability, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and methane production were examined in a total mixed ration pretreated with different levels of either commercial cellulolytic enzyme (CCE), the surfactant poly oxyethylene sorbitan monoolate (Tween 80) or both: (i) no pretreatment (Control); (ii) with 1% CCE alone; (iii) with 2% CCE alone; (iv) with 1% Tween 80 alone; (v) with 1% Tween 80 + 1% CCE;(vi) with 1% Tween 80 + 2% CCE; (vii) with 2% Tween 80 alone; (viii) with 2% Tween 80 + 1% CCE; and (ix) with 2% Tween 80 +2% CCE. In all culture supernatants of rumen microorganisms, activities of xylanase and cellulase were significantly (P < 0.001) increased with pretreatment of CCE alone, Tween 80 alone and both combined. Within the same treatment of no CCE and 1% CCE levels, the total VFA concentration was significantly (P < 0.001) higher with 2% Tween 80 than with no or 1% Tween 80 treatments. The molar percentage of propionate significantly (P < 0.001) increased only with Tween 80. Throughout the in vitro incubation, the average value of methane concentration decrease was greater (P < 0.001) with 1% CCE treatment than with no CCE and 2% CCE treatments, accounting for 0.797 and 0.887 of no CCE and 2% CCE treatments, respectively. Accumulative methane production was significantly lower with 1% CCE treatment than with no CCE and 2% CCE treatments. A ratio of VFA : methane production was significantly (P < 0.001) higher with 2% Tween 80 treatment than with no Tween 80 and 1% Tween 80 treatments, showing the average values of 7.28, 5.33 and 6.69, respectively.