bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic repair of Morgagni diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Tong Raymond Sze‐Kin , Jacobs Rod , McLaughlin Stephen 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Morgagni diaphragmatic hernia is a rare congenital hernia that lies retrosternal through a congenital defect between the sternal and costal portions of the diaphragm. Surgical repair of Morgagni hernia is recommended because incarceration or strangulation of bowel within the thoracic cavity may occur.Methods:  A case of Morgagni diaphragmatic hernia is presented and laparoscopic repair using Gore‐Tex DualMesh is described.Results:  There was complete resolution of the patient’s symptoms including her dyspnoea. There were no postoperative complications.Conclusion:  Laparoscopic repair of Morgagni diaphragmatic hernia is a safe and effective method for treating this rare surgical condition. The use of dual‐layer mesh allows tension‐free repair without the risk of intra‐abdominal adhesions forming between bowel and mesh.
An overview of ethnicity and assessment of family history in primary care settings
Authors: Maradiegue Ann , Edwards Quannetta T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurpose: To discuss the importance of and the nurse practitioner’s (NP’s) role in the assessment of ethnicity/family of origin in conducting a multigenerational family history in primary care settings.Data sources: A review of the literature on past research results addressing racial and ethnic disparities and current articles from scientific journals exploring the relationship between race and genetics. Web sites were from the National Institutes of Health, the Human Genome Research Institute, the National Cancer Institute, and the Health and Human Services Minority Health and Disparities report.Conclusions: The family history has received renewed interest due to the sequencing of the human genome. A multigenerational family history is an important first step in screening for a multitude of disorders impacted by genetic susceptibility, shared environments, and common behaviors. Assessment of the patient’s ethnicity/family of origin is an integral part of the multigenerational family history, particularly in the diagnosis of chronic diseases and the assessment of risks for genetic disorders. The multigenerational family history is important in diagnosis, predictive genetic testing, disease prevention, and health promotion. Challenges facing NPs and the utilization of a multigenerational family history in the current U.S. health system include (a) training clinicians on the correct assessment and utilization of a multigenerational family history, (b) assessment of the subtleties of ethnicity and identifying multiple ethnic groups within a family, (c) collection of the family history in a manner that is sensitive to the cultural beliefs of individuals, and (d) avoidance of stereotypingImplications for practice: Significant advances in genetics and genetic testing requires that NPs be well versed in collecting and interpreting a multigenerational family history to include assessment of the patient/family’s ethnicity/family of origin. The ability to effectively conduct and evaluate the individual’s and family’s health risk through a multigenerational family history will be important in diagnosis, health promotion, disease prevention, and the determination for genetic counseling referral and predictive testing when appropriate. Assessment of risk and prevention of disease is also important in reducing health disparities.
Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: A literature review
Authors: Freeman Matthew 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurpose: This article reviews the literature from the past 40 years of research related to monosodium glutamate (MSG) and its ability to trigger a migraine headache, induce an asthma exacerbation, or evoke a constellation of symptoms described as the “Chinese restaurant syndrome.”Data sources: Literature retrieved by a search using PubMed, Medline, Lexis‐Nexus, and Infotrac to review articles from the past 40 years.Conclusions: MSG has a widespread reputation for eliciting a variety of symptoms, ranging from headache to dry mouth to flushing. Since the first report of the so‐called Chinese restaurant syndrome 40 years ago, clinical trials have failed to identify a consistent relationship between the consumption of MSG and the constellation of symptoms that comprise the syndrome. Furthermore, MSG has been described as a trigger for asthma and migraine headache exacerbations, but there are no consistent data to support this relationship. Although there have been reports of an MSG‐sensitive subset of the population, this has not been demonstrated in placebo‐controlled trials.Implications for practice: Despite a widespread belief that MSG can elicit a headache, among other symptoms, there are no consistent clinical data to support this claim. Findings from the literature indicate that there is no consistent evidence to suggest that individuals may be uniquely sensitive to MSG. Nurse practitioners should therefore concentrate their efforts on advising patients of the nutritional pitfalls of some Chinese restaurant meals and to seek more consistently documented etiologies for symptoms such as headache, xerostomia, or flushing.
Beta‐blocker medication usage in older women after myocardial infarction
Authors: Crane Patricia B. , Oles Karen S. , Kennedy‐Malone Laurie 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to assess demographic characteristics of women prescribed beta‐blocker (β‐blocker) medication and compare to those not using β‐blocker medication, and to determine if there are differences in depression and fatigue among women who used β‐blockers compared to nonusers 6–12 months after myocardial infarction (MI).Data sources: This was a descriptive cross‐sectional study of 84 women (61 using β‐blockers and 23 not using β‐blockers) aged 65 and older who were 6–12 months post‐MI. Women had their height and weight measured and completed a Demographic Health Form, the Geriatric Depression Scale, and the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale (RPFS).Conclusions: While most of the women were taking β‐blockers after MI (74%), significantly fewer Black women were taking β‐blockers (χ2= 5.086, p= 0.032). Most of the β‐blocker users were overweight or obese. There were no significant differences in age, t(82) = 0.7, p= 0.486; body mass index, t(82) = 0.76, p= 0.445; income, χ2(df = 2) = 3.219, p= 0.075; mean depression, t(82) = 1.648, p= 0.103; or fatigue scores, t(82) = 0.993, p= 0.324, between β‐blocker users and nonusers. More of those not taking β‐blockers reported fatigue with significantly higher fatigue in the affective meaning dimension of the RPFS, t(82) = 2.272, p= 0.03.Implications for practice: β‐Blocker medication continues to be underutilized in older women. Because no difference was noted in fatigue and depression in the two groups, these may mean that these side effects are not barriers in prescribing this medication post‐MI. Nurse practitioners are in pivotal positions to monitor the ongoing physiological and psychological sequelae post‐MI and implement interventions to improve their outcomes.
Health behaviors in breast cancer survivors experiencing bone loss
Authors: Twiss Janice J. , Gross Gloria J. , Waltman Nancy L. , Ott Carol D. , Lindsey Ada M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurpose: To describe the baseline healthy lifestyle behaviors (dietary, calcium, vitamin D, caffeine and alcohol intake, smoking history, and physical activity) of postmenopausal breast cancer survivors (BCS); and to identify any relationship of healthy lifestyle behaviors with bone mineral density (BMD) at the forearm, total hip and spine, L1‐L4.Data sources: Self‐reported responses to a demographic and health status questionnaire, to a 3‐day Diet Record, and to the 7‐Day Physical Activity Questionnaire‐Adapted provided data for the lifestyle behaviors. Baseline BMD (g/cm2) was determined with dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were also measured in each of the 249 postmenopausal BCS.Conclusions: There was an imbalance between consumed kilocalories and expenditure of energy. The majority of BCS were overweight or obese. They consumed less fruit and vegetable servings than recommended by the new 2005 U.S. Department of Agriculture’s dietary guidelines, less dairy products, below average recommended grains and fiber, less protein and carbohydrate intake, and a slightly higher fat gram intake. Approximately, 43% did not take any supplemental calcium, with 46% taking less than 1000 mg a day. Likewise, 52.59% consumed less than 400 IU of vitamin D with both supplemental and dietary intake. This group of BCS consumed below accepted levels of caffeine and alcohol. Only 18 BCS continued to smoke. This group spent an average of 10.36 h in light (sedentary) activities on a daily basis. There were significant negative relationships with bone mass (g/cm2) at the total hip and daily intake of caffeine/mg and daily grams of alcohol. Weight and BMI both demonstrated a significant relationship with bone mass (g/cm2) at the total hip, spine L1‐L4, and the forearm.Implications for practice: The healthcare provider must incorporate appropriate teaching strategies, intensive counseling, and coaching, along with a support mechanism, to enable BCS to understand the importance of a healthy diet, calcium, and vitamin D supplement, and a regular strength/weight program that will be integrated into their daily lifestyle. Early DEXA screens should be part of the protocol with BCS, and there is a particular need for forearm DEXA screens to be included in the treatment protocol for BCS.
Evidence‐based practice: Review of clinical evidence on the efficacy of glucosamine and chondroitin in the treatment of osteoarthritis
Authors: Distler John , Anguelouch Amanda 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate past and current evidence from randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of glucosamine sulfate (GS), glucosamine hydrochloride (GH), and chondroitin sulfate (CS) for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA).Data sources: An extensive review of four meta‐analyses and a review of the findings of the recently published Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT) funded by the National Institutes of Health.Findings: Review of previous studies on the efficacy of GS, GH, and CS in the treatment of OA showed inconclusive results because of weak research design. The GAIT attempted to provide clarity on the use of GH and CS in treating knee pain from OA by using a rigorous research design to elicit cause and effect. The GAIT results showed that GH and CS were not effective in reducing knee pain in the study group overall; however, these may be effective in combination for patients with moderate‐to‐severe knee pain.Implications for practice: There is now clinical evidence indicating that recommending GS, GH, and CS for the treatment of mild knee pain from OA is ineffective. Further research needs to be done to identify specific characteristics in patients that results in a positive response. Until the findings of the GAIT undergo further peer review, the results of the research needs to be interpreted with caution.
EULER OBSTRUCTION, POLAR MULTIPLICITIES AND EQUISINGULARITY OF MAP GERMS IN $\mathcal{O}(n,p), n < p$
Authors: JORGE PÉREZ V. H. , SAIA M. J. 
Published: September 2006

There are two main goals in this article, one of them is to minimize the number of invariants needed to obtain Whitney equisingular one parameter families of finitely determined holomorphic map germs ft:(ℂn,0) → (ℂp,0), with n < p. The other is to show how to compute the local Euler obstruction of the stable types which appear in a finitely determined map germ in these dimensions. The polar multiplicities of all stable types and the 0-stable singularities are the invariants that guarantee the Whitney equisingularity of such families and the polar multiplicities are the numbers that also allow us to compute the local Euler obstruction. Therefore our first step is to describe all stable types which appear when n < p and show the relationship between the polar multiplicities in each stable type. Using the fact that these polar multiplicities are upper semi-continuous we minimize the number of invariants that guarantee Whitney equisingularity of such a family. We also apply the relationship between the polar multiplicities in each stable type and a result of Lê and Teissier to show how to compute the local Euler obstruction of the stable types which appear in these dimensions.
SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT: DRESSING UP SEA? — EXPERIENCES FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: GOVENDER KOGI , HOUNSOME ROB , WEAVER ALEX 
Published: September 2006

Sustainability Assessment is a recent addition to the environmental assessment toolbox that is not currently applied in South Africa in any formal way. However, there appear to be remarkable similarities between what is commonly proposed as Sustainability Assessment and how Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) has been conceptualised and promoted in South Africa. This paper therefore investigates the following questions:. • Could the South African concept and application of SEA be what is required for Sustainability Assessment? • If Sustainability Assessment is "dressing up" SEA, is there really a need to introduce a new tool? • If there is a need for a new tool, are there lessons learnt from the application of SEA in South Africa, which can be used to inform the further development and indeed practice of Sustainability Assessment? This paper identifies from the literature some key criteria that should underpin Sustainability Assessment that are then used to identify some of the shortcomings of SEA, both as promoted and as practised in South Africa. Two sets of criteria form the basis of the analysis: one relating to sustainability assessment processes and the other to the concept of sustainability itself. As a result of this analysis, the paper makes recommendations as to how the practice of SEA in South Africa may be improved to better align with the principles of Sustainability Assessment. These recommendations are also likely to be relevant to other countries seeking to develop Sustainability Assessment processes based upon SEA. Finally, the potential for the emerging field of sustainability science as an underpinning body of knowledge is introduced.
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway: A Model for Targeted Therapy
Authors: Scaltriti Maurizio , Baselga José 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase receptor that is frequently expressed in epithelial tumors. The EGFR was the first receptor to be proposed as a target for cancer therapy, and after 2 decades of intensive research, there are several anti-EGFR agents available in the clinic. Recent advances in our understanding in the mechanisms of receptor activation and function, discovery of primary and secondary EGFR somatic mutations, as well as a new generation of anti-EGFR agents provide new leads on the clinical targeting of this receptor and may serve as a model for strategies aimed at targeting other receptors.
Polymorphisms of FAS and FAS Ligand Genes Involved in the Death Pathway and Risk and Progression of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Zhang Zhengdong , Wang Li-E , Sturgis Erich M. , El-Naggar Adel K. , Hong Waun K. , Amos Christopher I. , Spitz Margaret R. , Wei Qingyi 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Alteration of the FAS/FAS ligand (FASLG) pathway regulating cell death may lead to cancer development, but the effects of functional promoter polymorphisms of the FAS and FASLG genes on risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) are unknown.
Design: We genotyped the FAS −1377 G&gt;A, FAS −670 A&gt;G, FASLG −844 C&gt;T, and FASLG IVS2nt −124 A&gt;G polymorphisms in 721 case patients with SCCHN and 1,234 cancer-free non–Hispanic White control subjects frequency-matched by age and sex. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results: Compared with the FAS −1377 GG and −670 AA genotypes, the FAS −1377 AA and −670 (GG + AG) genotypes were associated with an increased risk of SCCHN (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.07-4.64 and OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01-1.52, respectively), whereas no risk of SCCHN was associated with any of the FASLG genotypes. When we used the combined FAS −1377 (GG + AG)/−670 AA genotypes as the reference, we found that the individuals carrying the FAS −1377 AA/−670 (GG + AG) had the highest risk (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.24-5.83), whereas individuals carrying genotypes other than FAS −1377 (GG + AG)/−670 AA had a higher risk of SCCHN (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01-1.52). Furthermore, the elevated risk was particularly evident for pharyngeal cancer with the larger tumors without regional lymph metastasis (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.07-2.94).
Conclusions: The FAS (but not FASLG) polymorphisms seem to contribute to risk of developing SCCHN, particularly the pharyngeal cancer in non–Hispanic Whites. However, potential selection bias warrants future population-based studies to verify the findings.
Tumor Hypoxia Imaging with [F-18] Fluoromisonidazole Positron Emission Tomography in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Rajendran Joseph G. , Schwartz David L. , O'Sullivan Janet , Peterson Lanell M. , Ng Patrick , Scharnhorst Jeffrey , Grierson John R. , Krohn Kenneth A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Advanced head and neck cancer shows hypoxia that results in biological changes to make the tumor cells more aggressive and less responsive to treatment resulting in poor survival. [F-18] fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) positron emission tomography (PET) has the ability to noninvasively quantify regional hypoxia. We investigated the prognostic effect of pretherapy FMISO-PET on survival in head and neck cancer.
Experimental Design: Seventy-three patients with head and neck cancer had pretherapy FMISO-PET and 53 also had fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET under a research protocol from April 1994 to April 2004.
Results: Significant hypoxia was identified in 58 patients (79%). The mean FMISO tumor/bloodmax (T/Bmax) was 1.6 and the mean hypoxic volume (HV) was 40.2 mL. There were 28 deaths in the follow-up period. Mean FDG standard uptake value (SUV)max was 10.8. The median time for follow-up was 72 weeks. In a univariate analysis, T/Bmax (P = 0.002), HV (P = 0.04), and the presence of nodes (P = 0.01) were strong independent predictors. In a multivariate analysis, including FDG SUVmax, no variable was predictive at P &lt; 0.05. When FDG SUVmax was removed from the model (resulting in n = 73 with 28 events), nodal status and T/Bmax (or HV) were both highly predictive (P = 0.02, 0.006 for node and T/Bmax, respectively; P = 0.02 and 0.001 for node and HV, respectively).
Conclusions: Pretherapy FMISO uptake shows a strong trend to be an independent prognostic measure in head and neck cancer.
Overexpression of Cyclase-Associated Protein 2 in Multistage Hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Shibata Rie , Mori Taisuke , Du Wenlin , Chuma Makoto , Gotoh Masahiro , Shimazu Motohide , Ueda Masakazu , Hirohashi Setsuo , Sakamoto Michiie 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with chronic liver disease is known to show an obvious multistage process of tumor progression. We previously identified heat shock protein 70 as a molecular marker of early HCC during investigation of expression profiling in multistage hepatocarcinogenesis. In this report, we examined cyclase-associated protein 2 (CAP2), which is also listed as an up-regulated gene in early HCC.
Experimental Design: We measured the level of CAP2 mRNA by real-time quantitative PCR. We raised a polyclonal antibody against CAP2 and we confirmed the expression of CAP2 by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in HCC cell lines and HCC tissues.
Results: According to real-time quantitative PCR, the level of CAP2 mRNA was up-regulated in early HCC when compared with noncancerous liver tissue, and it was further up-regulated in progressed HCC. We raised a polyclonal antibody against CAP2, which showed a single 53-kDa band of strong intensity in the human HCC cell lines and HCC tissues but only a weak band in the noncancerous liver tissues in Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical examination of CAP2 revealed its significant overexpression in early HCC when compared with noncancerous and precancerous lesions and in progressed HCC when compared with early HCC.
Conclusion: Our findings show that CAP2 is up-regulated in HCC when compared with noncancerous and precancerous lesions. This is the first report that proves that CAP2 is up-regulated in human cancers and that this is possibly related to multistage hepatocarcinogenesis.
Novel Thioredoxin Inhibitors Paradoxically Increase Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-α Expression but Decrease Functional Transcriptional Activity, DNA Binding, and Degradation
Authors: Jones Dylan T. , Pugh Christopher W. , Wigfield Simon , Stevens Malcolm F.G. , Harris Adrian L. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α) is a transcription factor that regulates the response to hypoxia. HIF-α protein is found at high levels in many cancers, and the redox protein thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) increases both aerobic and hypoxia-induced HIF-α. Therefore, Trx-1 and HIF-α are attractive molecular targets for novel cancer therapeutics.
Experimental Design: We investigated whether two novel anticancer drugs AJM290 and AW464 (quinols), which inhibit Trx-1 function, can inhibit the HIF pathway.
Results: Treatment of several cancer cell lines with AJM290 or AW464 prevented the hypoxia-induced increase of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at subtoxic concentrations. AJM290 and AW464 also decreased VEGF in pVHL mutant renal cell carcinoma cells that constitutively overexpress HIF-α protein. They surprisingly up-regulated HIF-α expression in breast cancer cell lines in normoxia and hypoxia as well as in pVHL mutant cells. In the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line, the compounds inhibited RNA and protein expression of the HIF-α target genes, carbonic anhydrase IX, VEGF, and BNIP3, concordantly with HIF-α up-regulation. Both compounds specifically inhibited HIF-α-dependent induction of hypoxia regulatory element-luciferase and HIF-1α hypoxia regulatory element-DNA binding. To analyze the HIF-1α domain inhibited by AJM290, we transfected cells with plasmids expressing a fusion protein of Gal linked to HIF-1α or HIF-1α COOH-terminal transactivation domain (CAD) with a Gal4-responsive luciferase reporter gene. AJM290 inhibited both the full-length HIF-1α and HIF-1α CAD transcriptional activity.
Conclusions: AJM290 and AW464 are inhibitors of HIF-1α CAD transcription activity and DNA binding, but they also inhibit degradation of HIF, in contrast to other Trx inhibitors.