bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading research in the primary classroom
Authors: Mason Anne 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper attempts to show the importance of the interface between research findings and classroom practice. The writer demonstrates how the judicious use of research has informed the decisions made about reading in three schools of which she has been Head teacher. Two key influences have been an understanding of child development, and what that says about all learning, and the messages about learning to read conveyed by the psycholinguists. The link is made between these influences on learning and the context of overall ‘school effectiveness'. The central tenet in practical terms is the concept of the ‘literate environment'. In defining this term she recognizes the key role of parents and teachers as both ‘models’ for reading and supporters in the learning process. The component parts of the literate environment are described at length before finally the suggestion is made that perhaps it is time for there to be a less mechanistic type of reading research.
Coloured overlays, visual discomfort, visual search and classroom reading
Authors: Tyrrell Ruth , Holland Keith , Dennis Douglas , Wilkins Arnold 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTForty‐six children aged 12–16 were shown a page of meaningless text covered in random order by different plastic overlays, including seven that were various colours and one that was clear. By successive pairwise comparison each child selected the overlay that provided the greatest perceptual clarity of the text. The children with below‐average reading ability were more likely to chose a coloured overlay, and they reported more perceptual difficulty on tasks devised by Irlen (1983). In separate sessions with and without the overlay of their choice, the children read for 15 minutes and performed a visual search task. The overlay had little effect on reading initially, but after about 10 minutes the children who chose a coloured overlay read more slowly without the overlay than with it. These children reported more symptoms of visual discomfort and showed signs of tiring when they read without the overlay. The visual search performance of the children who chose a coloured overlay was initially impaired but improved to normal levels when the overlay was used. Fourteen children aged 8–16 acted as chronological or reading age‐matched controls, and undertook the reading and visual search tasks using a clear overlay which had no effect on performance.
A longitudinal study of children's early literacy experiences at home and later literacy development at home and school
Authors: Weinberger Jo 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTStudies of literacy attainment in the early years of school have identified various measures at school entry which predict later attainment. The study reported has sought not only to replicate earlier findings but to investigate significant home factors from a younger age. Literacy experiences of 42 children at ages 3, 5 and 7 were investigated, and the relationship of home factors to literacy development explored. Findings are reported concerning two outcome measures at age 7: children's reading level, as determined by the difficulty level of their school reading book, and whether or not children at age 7 were judged to have literacy difficulties. Significant factors included having favourite books at age 3; letter knowledge and parents reading to children at school entry; and at age 7, access to home computers, and parents’ knowledge of literacy teaching in school. Children with literacy difficulties owned fewer books, were less likely to read to themselves or their parents, and generally had less support for literacy at home. Implications for teachers, highlighting the relevance of home literacy, are discussed. The findings underline the importance of home factors for children's literacy development.
Dyslexia: stability of definition over a five year period
Authors: Wright S.F. , Fields H. , Newman S.P. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThe results of longitudinal studies suggest that although dyslexic children improve their reading skills with time, they do not outgrow their disability (Spreen, 1982). This paper compares the development of reading and spelling in a group of dyslexics and non‐dyslexics over a five‐year period. In addition to addressing the issue of the relative rates of development of reading in the two groups, a central focus of the paper is the extent to which dyslexia can be said to represent a stable disability. How many of the children classified as dyslexic at age eight would be reclassified as dyslexic at age thirteen? Three distinct groups emerged: ‘stable',‘transient’ and ‘late emerging dyslexics'. The ‘stable’ dyslexics were children classified as dyslexic at both ages, the transient were those classified only at the younger age, and the ‘late emerging’ were those classified at age thirteen. Regression analysis was used as the technique of identification of the dyslexics.
Combined strategy and attributional training for seventh grade average and poor readers
Authors: Chan Lorna K.S. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on a study examining the effects of combined strategy and attributional training through small‐group intervention in a specific reading task context. The training aims to provide instruction in the use of reading strategies while at the same time to convince students that their reading performance is attributable to their use of effective strategies, which is under their personal control. Four grade 7 (13 year old) classes, consisting of 40 poor readers and 56 average readers, participated in the study. Students were randomly allocated to one of four instruction conditions involving different combinations of strategy instruction and attributional training. Instruction was provided in small groups of 6 to 8 students over nine one‐hour sessions. Results indicated that teaching poor readers use of effective reading strategies, while convincing them that reading successes and failures were attributable to use of effective or ineffective strategies, not only improved their comprehension performance and increased use of reading strategies, but also reduced their perceptions of learned helplessness.
Main idea comprehension: training teachers and effects on students
Authors: Carriedo N. , Alonso‐Tapia J. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a study with two objectives. First, to test the effectiveness of a programme – carried out by teachers in natural contexts – for teaching the process of main idea identification. Second, to test whether the relationship between process and product variables are those expected according to the Van Dijk and Kintsch model (1983). In the first part of the study (Alonso‐Tapia and Carriedo, in press) teachers had been trained in what to teach about main idea comprehension and how to teach it according to a model of teachers’ training. After receiving training, the experimental group of teachers (n = 11), who had improved more than the control group (n= 15) in knowledge of main ideas and of comprehension training strategies, had to apply the strategies and the instruction method learned, whilst teaching their students (6th, 7th and 8th grades). Pupils of experimental and of control teachers (n= 303 and 287 respectively) were assessed in order to test whether, after training, the former overtook the latter in main idea identification and in knowledge of the strategies related to this process. Results show that the experimental group of students performed better than the control group in the variables trained. Theoretical implications about the variables mediating the process of main idea identification are also discussed.
Oral avascular bone necrosis associated with chemotherapy and biphosphonate therapy
Authors: Pires FR , Miranda ÁMMA , Cardoso ES , Cardoso AS , Fregnani ER , Pereira CM , Correa MEP , Almeida JP , Alves F de A , Lopes MA , Almeida OP de 
Published: November 2005

Background:  Oral avascular bone necrosis is an important adverse effect of chemotherapy and biphosphate therapy.Objective:  To report our experience in oral avascular bone necrosis in cancer patients assigned to undergo chemotherapy.Patients and methods:  Fourteen patients presenting oral avascular bone necrosis were selected from the clinical files of five Stomatological Clinics in Brazil. Clinical data as well as treatment and prognosis information were obtained from all 14 patients.Results:  Twelve patients (86%) were submitted to biphosphonate therapy. The most important symptom was pain, present in all cases, and the mandible was the most common involved site. Most patients (79%) had their conditions managed by antibiotic therapy and surgical debridation; however complete response was achieved in only three cases (21%).Conclusion:  Avascular bone necrosis is a serious oral side‐effect of cancer chemotherapy, particularly in patients using biphosphonates, and antibiotic therapy and surgical debridation were not able to promote complete response in most cases.
Preliminary results of moisture checker for Mucus in diagnosing dry mouth
Authors: Yamada H , Nakagawa Y , Nomura Y , Yamamoto K , Suzuki M , Watanabe NY , Saito I , Seto K 
Published: November 2005

Objective:  To evaluate the ability of Moisture Checker for Mucus (MCM), a device which measures the weight percent of water content in the oral mucosal epithelium, for the diagnosis of dry mouth.Method:  Forty‐three consecutive patients seen at the Dry Mouth Clinic of Tsurumi University were divided into two groups by the diagnostic criteria of hyposalivation defined by the stimulated salivary flow rate ≤10 ml per 10 min. The MCM values in the buccal, tongue and labial mucosa in each group were compared.Results:  The value of the normal salivation group was significantly higher when compared with that of the hyposalivation group both in the buccal and tongue mucosa, P = 0.01 and P = 0.046, respectively.Conclusion:  Moisture Checker for Mucus has the potential to be a useful device in the screening of hyposalivation.
The Role of Imaging for the Sports Physician
Authors: Pluim B. M. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryIn general, the patient population of the sports physician are highly motivated, competitive athletes, who tend to be under continuous time pressure. Imaging techniques can be very helpful in establishing the correct diagnosis and for choosing the appropriate therapy, monitoring the healing process and evaluating complications. In this chapter the role of imaging is discussed with specific focus on muscle and tendon injuries, stress fractures, shoulder and ankle injuries.
Imaging of Hip and Groin Athletic Injuries
Authors: Karantanas A. H. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryHip and groin injuries are usually seen with kicking, running and jumping athletic activities. Both recreational and elite athletes can be involved with hip and groin injuries. Although not very common, sports‐related injuries of the hip and groin may impose a significant diagnostic dilemma for both the clinicians and the radiologists. Delayed diagnosis and treatment may result in complications, such as permanent disability or premature degenerative joint disease. Plain X‐rays are the initial examination although usually unremarkable. Computed tomography can be helpful in certain cases such as tiny avulsion injuries, intraarticular loose bodies and myositis ossificans. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the hip and groin area has proven to be extremely valuable in the diagnosis of radiographically occult osseous abnormalities as well as musculotendinous injuries. MR imaging is helpful in clinically confusing disorders such as stress bone marrow reactions and bursitis. MR imaging following the intraarticular administration of gadolinium is valuable for evaluating the cartilaginous, osteochondral and acetabular labral injuries. The osseous and soft tissue conditions summarized in this article represent those most commonly considered in the differential diagnosis of hip and groin injuries in athletes.
Update of Imaging of Sports Injuries to the Upper Extremity: Shoulder and Elbow
Authors: Lee Bennett D. , El‐Khoury G. Y. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis is an update on both clinical and imaging aspects of athletic injuries to the shoulder and elbow. This article focuses on injuries that are primarily seen in athletes. The lesions discussed in this update are: Bennett lesion of the shoulder, internal (posterosuperior) impingement of the shoulder, little leaguer's shoulder, little leaguer's elbow (both medial epicondylar avulsion injuries and osteochondral injuries of the capitellum) and tears of the medial ulnar collateral ligament.
Occult pneumothorax in trauma patients: Should this be sought in the focused assessment with sonography for trauma examination?
Authors: Tam Michael MK 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjective:  At present, CT scan is the gold standard for detecting occult traumatic pneumothorax not apparent on supine chest X‐ray radiograph. Recently there were suggestions to expand focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) to include thoracic ultrasound for detecting pneumothorax. The aim of the present study is to determine the incidence of occult pneumothorax (as shown by CT) in the subgroup of trauma patients undergoing FAST.Methods:  Review of all trauma patients with FAST done from 1 June 2001 to 31 October 2002. Incidence of occult pneumothorax as diagnosed by CT was determined. Patients were not counted as having true occult pneumothorax if they had chest drains inserted before arrival or imaging studies. Selected clinical findings were tested for association with occult pneumothorax.Results:  In total, 143 patients underwent FAST, of whom 137 (95.8%) had chest X‐ray examination performed. Of the 137 patients 59 required CT abdomen and/or thorax. Occult pneumothorax was found in three patients (2.1%). A history of thorax and/or abdominal injury plus one or more of: (i) mechanisms potentially causing major trauma; (ii) abnormal chest examination; and (iii) chest X‐ray radiograph abnormality in the absence of pneumothorax, was significantly associated with the presence of occult pneumothorax (P = 0.03, Fisher's exact test; sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 71%; likelihood ratio: 3.42).Conclusion:ensp; The incidence of occult pneumothorax in the subgroup of trauma patients undergoing FAST is low. It implies that routine screening for its presence by adding thoracic ultrasound to FAST is unnecessary. Identifying those at risk of occult pneumothorax for further investigation appeared feasible.
Systolic and diastolic function in middle aged patients with sickle β thalassaemia. An echocardiographic study
Authors: Moyssakis I , Tzanetea R , Tsaftaridis P , Rombos I , Papadopoulos D P , Kalotychou V , Aessopos A 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the right and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in middle aged patients with sickle β thalassaemia.

Methods
Forty three patients with sickle β thalassaemia were recruited for echocardiographic study while 55 controls, matched for age and sex, served as the control group. Parameters measured included: dimensions and wall thickness of left (LV) and right (RV) ventricle and left atrium, LV mass, and cardiac index. LV and RV contractility variables—ejection fraction, circumferential fibre shortening velocity, end systolic stress, end systolic stress/volume index ratio, mitral and tricuspid annulus systolic excursion, and Tei index—were also calculated. The study also evaluated parameters of RV and LV diastolic function including early and late atrioventricular flow velocities (E and A wave respectively), E/A ratio, deceleration time (DT), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) as well as pulmonary and hepatic veins systolic to diastolic (S/D) ratio.

Results
Chamber enlargement, greater LV mass index, cardiac index, and RV wall thickness were found in the anaemic group compared with controls. The LV and RV contractility variables of the patients were similar to controls. Conversely the LV and RV Tei index was significantly greater in the patient group. Diastolic dysfunction was present in the anaemic patients resulting from the increased LV and RV A-wave, the longer LVIVRT, RVIVRT, and RVDT, as well as the higher hepatic and pulmonary veins S/D ratio.

Conclusions
The results show that in middle aged patients with sickle β thalassaemia the diastolic function is abnormal in both ventricles but still more in RV, whereas the systolic function remains unchanged.
Satellite Monitoring of Vegetation Phenology and Fire Fuel Conditions in Hawaiian Drylands
Authors: Elmore Andrew J. , Asner Gregory P. , Hughes R. Flint 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Grass-fueled fires accelerate grassland expansion into dry Hawaiian woodlands by destroying native forests and by producing a disturbance regime that favors grass-dominated plant communities. Knowledge of grassland phenology is a key component of ecosystem assessments and fire management in Hawaii, but diverse topographic relief and poor field-sampling capabilities make ground studies impractical. Remote sensing offers the best approach for large-scale, spatially contiguous measurements of dryland vegetation phenology and fire fuel conditions. A 500-m spatial resolution, 8-day temporal resolution Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite time series of photosynthetic vegetation (PV), nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV), and exposed substrate conditions was developed for the island of Hawaii between 2000 and 2004. The results compared favorably with similar measurements of drylands from higher-resolution aircraft data. The satellite time series was compared with available environmental data on precipitation, fire history, and grazing intensity. From these analyses, the temporal patterns of PV and its conversion to NPV and finally to bare substrate were observed. An NPV buildup following fire of 7–8 yr was projected, and more heavily grazed lands were found to exhibit reduced NPV cover, most notably during the summer fire season. These results demonstrate the effects that land use and disturbance history have on fire conditions, and they support the concept that grazed lands managed to reduce litter buildup pose a lower risk of fire across ample geographic scales. Time series of satellite observations with modern analysis techniques can be used with environmental data to support a regional fire-monitoring program throughout Hawaii.
The Atmospheric Impact of Uncertainties in Recent Arctic Sea Ice Reconstructions
Authors: Singarayer J. S. , Valdes P. J. , Bamber J. L. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
There are significant discrepancies between observational datasets of Arctic sea ice concentrations covering the last three decades, which result in differences of over 20% in Arctic summer sea ice extent/area and 5%–10% in winter. Previous modeling studies have shown that idealized sea ice anomalies have the potential for making a substantial impact on climate. In this paper, this theory is further developed by performing a set of simulations using the third Hadley Centre Coupled Atmospheric Model (HadAM3). The model was driven with monthly climatologies of sea ice fractions derived from three of these records to investigate potential implications of sea ice inaccuracies for climate simulations. The standard sea ice climatology from the Met Office provided a control. This study focuses on the effects of actual inaccuracies of concentration retrievals, which vary spatially and are larger in summer than winter.
The smaller sea ice discrepancies in winter have a much larger influence on climate than the much greater summer sea ice differences. High sensitivity to sea ice prescription was observed, even though no SST feedbacks were included. Significant effects on surface fields were observed in the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific. Arctic average surface air temperature anomalies in winter vary by 2.5°C, and locally exceed 12°C. Arctic mean sea level pressure varies by up to 5 mb locally. Anomalies extend to 45°N over North America and Eurasia but not to lower latitudes, and with limited changes in circulation above the boundary layer. No statistically significant impact on climate variability was simulated, in terms of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Results suggest that the uncertainty in summer sea ice prescription is not critical but that winter values require greater accuracy, with the caveats that the influences of ocean–sea ice feedbacks were not included in this study.
Northern Hemispheric Trends of Pressure Indices and Atmospheric Circulation Patterns in Observations, Reconstructions, and Coupled GCM Simulations
Authors: Raible C. C. , Stocker T. F. , Yoshimori M. , Renold M. , Beyerle U. , Casty C. , Luterbacher J. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The decadal trend behavior of the Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation is investigated utilizing long-term simulations with different state-of-the-art coupled general circulation models (GCMs) for present-day climate conditions (1990), reconstructions of the past 500 yr, and observations. The multimodel simulations show that strong positive winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) trends are connected with the underlying sea surface temperature (SST) and exhibit an SST tripole trend pattern and a northward shift of the storm-track tail. Strong negative winter trends of the Aleutian low are associated with SST changes in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) region and a westward shift of the storm track in the North Pacific. The observed simultaneous appearance of strong positive NAO and negative Aleutian low trends is very unlikely to occur by chance in the unforced simulations and reconstructions. The positive winter NAO trend of the last 50 yr is not statistically different from the level of internal atmosphere–ocean variability. The unforced simulations also show a strong link between positive SST trends in the ENSO region and negative Aleutian low trends. With much larger observed SST trends in the ENSO region, this suggests that the observed negative Aleutian low trend is possibly influenced by external forcing, for example, global warming, volcanism, and/or solar activity change.