bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decommissioning Challenges in Thailand
Authors: Tularak Ajj , Ali Khan Waqar , Thungsuntonkhun Witsarut 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Thailand's oil and gas industry has been successful in finding and recovering hydrocarbon reserves in the Gulf of Thailand since last three decades and have currently installed over 200 fixed offshore structures. Some of these installations are now reaching the end of their economic productive lives and will need to be decommissioned soon. There are complex issues in terms of legislation, environment, safety, costs, technical feasibility and public acceptability. This paper describes the issues relevant to decommissioning in Thailand and proposes appropriate decommissioning solutions developed over the past few years.
The proposed decommissioning solutions are intended to support Thailand's oil and gas industry and its regulators in ensuring compliance with international decommissioning guidelines, balancing economics, safety, practicality and technical feasibility of operations with the environmental benefits and also satisfying needs of the key decommissioning stakeholders in Thailand so as to achieve conflict-free process of decommissioning.
Technical aspects of offshore removal process primarily relates to the lifting of modules and sub-sea structural cutting methods. Lifting techniques range from conventional crane barges used in installation to specialized decommissioning vessels. Basically cost, technical feasibility and safety are major drivers in selection of appropriate lifting method. Sub-sea cutting include explosives and cold cutting techniques, for which cost and environment are the major decision making factors. Environmental aspects of decommissioning can be categorized into short term and long term. Short term environmental impacts are primarily related to the decommissioning methodology whereas the long term environmental impacts are related to the chosen disposal scenario i.e., final destination of each component of an offshore facility. Key recommendations regarding environmental solutions are in the form of Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) framework, which helps determining balanced disposal scenario as well as suitable decommissioning methodology.
Increased energy demands have currently resulted in rapid growth of number of offshore installations in the Gulf of Thailand. At the same time, the old disused installations need to be timely and appropriately decommissioned, which is not possible without having acceptable decommissioning solutions in hand. Such solutions need to be in compliance with applicable international decommissioning guidelines while adopting best practical environmental option hence assuring conflict-free decommissioning process. Therefore, development of such decommissioning solution are significant in assuring "RESPONSIBLE PERFORMANCE: TO DO THE BEST WE CAN" in order to help attain sustainable benefits for further development of Thailand's oil and gas industry.
Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Emission Reductions From Carbon Capture and Geological Storage
Authors: Siveter Robert , Ritter Karin , Cappelen Fredde , Shires Theresa 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Carbon Capture and Geological Storage (CCS) may play a significant role in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Oil and natural gas companies are actively pursuing innovative research and new technology initiatives to answer the technical and policy questions surrounding CCS. This paper presents an overview of a recent collaborative effort between the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) and the American Petroleum Institute (API) to develop guidelines for accounting and reporting of GHG emission reductions from CCS projects.1
The focus of the CCS guidelines is on specific technical considerations and the assessment of project emission reductions over the entire CCS chain – capture, transport, injection and storage. The guidelines address potential baseline candidates and scenario assessment, potential emission sources, and monitoring considerations. Case studies for three potential applications are provided to demonstrate the application of emission reduction principles. Key messages include:Growing industry experience with CCS can be used to develop an overall approach to managing geological storage and reducing the risk of unintended physical leakage. Comprehensive examination of possible sites, with appropriate site selection for geological storage, as well as operation and monitoring, are all components of a risk management approach.Good practices in monitoring are especially important for CCS to be a safe and secure GHG emission reduction option.Monitoring should be based on a site-specific risk assessment, with monitoring methods appropriate for the identified risks and to assure the long-term environmental integrity of the storage.
Oil industry experience and expertise provide confidence in CCS as an effective emissions mitigation option. Through these guidelines, API and IPIECA aim to assist the petroleum industry in identifying, assessing, and developing CCS projects with the potential for producing credible GHG emission reductions.
Integrating Environment As A Core Business Value: Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Avila Randolph A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
When we talk about corporate social responsibility, we don’t see it as something we do to society, it is inherent in everything we do. Niall FitzGerald, 2003
Contemporary society expects corporations to be more socially responsible. The notion that a corporation is an economic institution engaged in the production of goods and services with the end-in-view of maximizing shareholder value has been de-emphasized, if not persistently challenged. The prevailing view holds that, as a central part of modern society, corporations are economic institutions with ethical responsibilities to society. The modern corporation is not only concerned about its economic performance and its fiduciary duty to its owners, it is equally concerned with the well being of its employees, the welfare of the community, the health of the environment and many other societal concerns.
If we feel uncomfortable with this idea, it is for the reason that we continue to hold a deep belief in the conventional concept of the corporation which suggests that its raison d’être is purely economic and that the corporation will avoid, where possible, social benefit issues. Revealing some kind of tension between the economic and social categories, the conventional view further holds that business ought to be methodologically differentiated from the other societal institutions engaged in equity concerns and the distribution of social benefits.
The contemporary view holds that social responsibility is integral to the wealth creation process of business. As opposed to differentiation in the former, it presupposes functional unity in that, along with improving economic performance, the modern corporation is also concerned with improving quality of life.
Development and Conservation: Biodiversity Monitoring Within the Camisea Gas Project
Authors: Martinez S. , Soave G. , Mange G. , Ferretti V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Camisea Gas Project is located in a highly sensitive area, within the Amazon rainforest in the basin of the Lower Urubamba river, eastern Peru. It is not only a biodiversity hotspot, but the homeland of ancient native communities of the Machiguenga ethnic group. Another distinctive feature is the isolation in which the area still remains, given the geographical setting (natural barriers), and the inexistence of roads.
The Project consists of a Gas Plant on the shore of the Urubamaba river, four pads in Block 88 and two pads in Block 56 with directional wells, and around 70 km of flowlines. Initially, a 760 km2 3D seismic survey was performed as well.
A development like this, in such a sensitive area, has the likelihood to produce mayor direct and indirect impacts on biological diversity. To be able to measure these impacts over the Project’s lifetime, a sound biodiversity baseline study is a must, and should be developed as part of the initial Environmental and Social Impact Assessement (ESIA). In adition measurable indicators reporting to different scales (landscape, communities, populations, species, etc.) should be used to identify trends and changes in an early stage as part of the monitoring program, and when possible point out the potential source of affectation.
The Camisea Long Term Biodiversity Monitoring Program (PMB), started its scoping activities in 2002, and undergone a stakeholder engagement and participative process over more than 2 years. Although biodiversity base line research was conducted (at least in part or the total area evaluated) for the ESIA process, the Program formal activities started in 2005, with the implementation of a work plan enriched by the extensive consultation process. Participation was also promoted within the Native Communities, and currently, more than 60 Machiguenga people work for the Program as co-researchers, along with scientists of various Peruvian and international institutions.
To properly feedback the Camisea Project, and incorporate Biodiversity as a Company Corporate Policy, the Management System was modified so as to integrate procedures, training and management plans. A team of specialist from the Company, the Program and the ISO consultant work together on an ongoing process to produce this result.
This paper reports about the experience achieved, the policy established by the company, the process of designing a Long Term Biodiversity Monitoring Program, and the main results obtain up to date.
Application of a Systematic Technique for the Characterization of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) at Bongkot Field and Songkhla Petroleum Development Support Base
Authors: Limbanyen K. , Soponkanabhorn T. , Chanyotha S. , Chankow N. , Krobbuaban P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Limited (PTTEP) strive at all times to ensure that incidents affecting the health and safety of its employees, contractors and members of the public, and the ecological environment shall not occur. The NORM: Radionuclide Analysis Project was initiated in 2003 by the Nuclear Technology Department, Chulalongkorn University, with the cooperation of academic institutions, private enterprises, the Thai government and private service companies, to develop systematic methodologies for characterization of NORM in Thai industry and acquire useful data regarding NORM characteristics throughout the industries for improvement of safety hygiene and environmental standards.
The project has revealed systematic methodologies to determine the concentrations of NORM content in all potential sources and receptors-the "Cradle to Grave" concept.
The NORM characterization project at PTTEP was conducted from 2003 to 2006 by focusing on 3 main areas: 1) PTTEP1 onshore oil production asset, 2) Bongkot offshore gas & condensate production asset, and 3) PTTEP Petroleum Development Support Base, where used equipment and wastes from Bongkot were stored. In this paper, the application of the developed methodologies and results obtained from the long-term and systematic study on NORM characterization of studied areas numbers 2 and 3 above will be presented.
The Business of Environmental Performance
Authors: Marshall Jessica M. , Duong Thomas M. , Serwinowski Mark A. , George Greg R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Everyone is in the business of the environment, from small coffee shops to large oil and gas companies. The capital and social markets are scrutinizing the environmental performance of companies, often using obscure and inconsistent measures, resulting in impacts to reputation and shareholder value. Increasingly, the efficacy of non-governmental organizations, environmental advocacy, investor groups, and public awareness of a company’s lack of performance can create negative impacts. For example, United States shareholder proxy suits are being used by investors at an alarming rate to advocate on a range of issues, such as climate change.1 Therefore, it is crucial for companies to establish clear business measures to assess and drive internal performance and to effectively communicate those performances externally.
Environmental performance is vital to the interests of an organization. The business values from environmental performance include efficiency improvements, cost reduction, and risk management, among others. On a fundamental level, environmental spills and wastes represent inefficiencies to the business resulting from lost products. Moreover, the associated remedial expenditures from spills and releases can represent a significant amount and are escalating, directly impacting the corporate bottom-line. According to a study by the American Petroleum Institute, total environmental capital expenditures within the United States grew at an average of 25% per annum (from $1.87B to $4.67B USD) for the five years prior to 2003.2
This paper explores the assessment and communication of environmental performance in the following areas:Business Integration of environmental activities into commercial and asset planningRisk Management of operational activities by ensuring regulatory compliance and minimizing environmental footprintStakeholder Engagement with key stakeholders, both internal and external, to facilitate transparency and trustRegulatory Development to advocate appropriate and realistic strategies in relation to emerging regulatory policies
Thai Rice College Project, Phase 1-6 [2002 – 2007]
Authors: Klang T. K. , Lumplaimas A. , Burirum C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Limited or PTTEP, takes its social responsibility under the conception of "From Underground Asset to Wisdom" in conducting the social and community development programmes.
In collaboration with the Population and Community Development Association, named as PDA, PTTEP has been supporting the farmer’s career development programme in northeastern Thailand since 1996. The target area is Tambon Kok Klang, Amphoe Lumplaimas, Changwat Burirum which comprises of 16 villages, where there is no irrigation system in the area and the rice farming depends only on the seasoning rain water. The farmers can grow rice once a year and the productivity is lower than average, which could not cover the costs of farming in some drought year. This is the very limited condition that makes most of the farmers becoming less opportunity group in the country.
In 1996, PTTEP began with the experimental farming to improve the red jasmine rice breeding in able to resist the rice disease and drought. Meanwhile, with the assistance of the Thai Rice Foundation, we worked together to study the fundamental problems in order to get the proper solutions of problem solving for establishing the objectives of the project.
Transboundary-Oil-Spill Management in the Gulf of Thailand: Industry Participation on Response Arrangements Between Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam
Authors: Guevarra J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Gulf of Thailand (GOT) is a relatively shallow sea bordered by the littoral states of Cambodia, Malaysia1, Thailand and Vietnam. A large spill occurring inside the Gulf would pose a number of problems; chief of this is the response when the spill crosses national boundaries. There is a vital need then for a tripartite agreement between Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam on oil spill response arrangements if such an event should occur.
At present the three countries have signed a joint communiqué for oil spill management in the Gulf. This is a "soft" document in that it only gives general statements and principles as agreed upon by the countries but not the details on how these could be achieved. A binding "hard" agreement is unlikely in the short term and any oil spill response in the Gulf will have to be handled by each country’s national oil spill contingency plan (NOSCP) independently.
Over the past decades there have been a number of initiatives of littoral states to put in place preventive measures to protect themselves from the threats of marine pollution, including oil pollution. One is the formation of the Tripartite Technical Experts Group (TTEG) on the Safety of Navigation in the Malacca and Singapore Straits by Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. Another is also the ASEAN-OSRAP (Oil Spill Response Action Plan). This was set up in 1993 by six ASEAN countries, namely Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Singapore.
There are a number of other agreements in place in the Asian region on oil spill management. The main problem is the capacity of the developing countries, especially in Southeast Asia, to properly respond to oil spill events, especially large ones. Public-private partnerships between industry and governments may be a way to solve this problem. It has been shown that industry involvement, especially early on, is indeed beneficial and essential.
This paper will focus on the trilateral agreement between Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam and how industry resources can be tapped early in the process to help in the fulfillment of a unified response plan in the Gulf of Thailand.
The Safety Benefits of Remote Operations Centres
Authors: Lang K. , Cannon K. , Hoedt B. D. , Hanson M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

The Safety Benefits of Remote Operations Centres
The rig site is historically an environment that has both a significant range and number of hazards associated with the operations that occur at it, as well as with travel to and from it. To undertake an effective risk avoidance strategy as well as being able to deal with the practical limitations of accommodation at the rig site means that minimization of risk exposure is the ideal approach. The question is whether this is viable or possible.
A remote operations centre has now been developed and used that allows support to rig sites and even some aspects of remote management of operations. While there are always attempts to utilize new technology to reduce the number of people at the rig, this process maintains or even improves the competency available to support such remote operations. Communications infrastructure now allows delivery of this support to multiple rig sites simultaneously and even facilitates remote control of rig site PC’s. Additionally, full time Applications Engineering in the centre improve Drilling Optimisation and Geoscience deliverables on a 24/7 basis 365 days a year.
These centres therefore allow safety benefits as well as efficiencies in resources with several wells being managed at the same time, in addition to providing depths of expertise that hitherto was unimaginable. Although these centres of expertise reduce risk significantly, it was recognized that there remained other hazards that needed to be effectively managed and addressed at the planning stage. These include risks to the centre based staff as well as those that potentially could increase risks at the rig site. This paper seeks to share some of the problems, the hazards and risks as well as the good practices that can be applied in developing such a remote engineering centre.
Using this technology, safe and efficient remote working can be achieved making the concept of the remote operations centre a truly low risk environment.
The Northeast Caspian Sea: Oil Developments in a Sensitive Environment
Authors: Kaltayev Arman , Sokolsky Arkadi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil development in the Northeast Caspian Sea is challenged by a number of physical and biological environmental factors. Physical factors include complex climatic and hydrologic conditions. Biological factors consist of unique and sensitive ecosystem, and strict environmental regulations, limiting duration of operations and waste disposal options. To address these challenges oil companies have to adopt management practices aimed to minimize environmental impact, mainly concerning waste management, navigation and oil spill response preparation. Studies on sediments and benthos around a number of offshore exploration and appraisal wells showed changes in benthic communities within 50-300 m distance around some of these wells caused by sediment resuspension, petrogenic hydrocarbon run-offs and possible spills of drilling cuttings or drilling mud. These changes were limited, however, in both time and space. To avoid more adverse impact in the future it is suggested that construction and navigation activities should be limited, especially during biologically sensitive seasons, waste management practices and procedures reinforced. Special considerations should be given to rigs and platforms decommissioning.
Capitalizing on Stick-Slip Pseudo-Plasticity of Formation Improves Production of Dual Hydraulic Fracture Completions
Authors: Surjaatmadja Jim B. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWhen placing two planar hydraulic fractures in close proximity, simultaneously, within a formation, two factors immediately come to mind. One is that the two growing hydraulic fractures must share the injected fracturing fluid, and the other is that one hydraulic fracture will tend to resist the opening of the other, making their hydraulic fracture growth almost impossible and leading to an imminent screenout when proppants are introduced. On the other hand, taking advantage of the stress changes caused by a first hydraulic fracture and placing another fracture very soon thereafter can be effective—provided the fracture extension is in a totally different direction and is substantial. Otherwise, the fractures will later compete for producing hydrocarbons from the same area within the reservoir.Short, narrow hydraulic fractures tend to act in the linear elastic domain of hard-rock formations. Even though such hydraulic fractures cause stress modification in nearby areas, the hydraulic fracture collapses as soon as pressure is released, and modification of stresses will be limited to the displacement from the propped open thickness between the hydraulic fracture faces. The effective hydraulic fracture redirection distance of a later fracture will be small; hence the production improvement contribution of the later fracture will also be small.This paper describes a hydraulic fracturing stimulation method that capitalizes on the heterogeneous qualities of deposited layers of formation rock, which allows them to slip between weaker micro-layers, thus replicating a weak plastic behavior of the rock deformed by the crack opening during hydraulic fracturing. The method emphasizes the importance of the time factor for maximizing the effects of the pseudoplastic qualities of hard rock for extended distances, and hence maximizing the orthogonal reach of an immediately created second hydraulic fracture for maximum production enhancement.