bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Bemisia tabaci remains in predator guts using a sequence‐characterized amplified region marker
Authors: Zhang Gui‐Fen , Lü Zhi‐Chuang , Wan Fang‐Hao 
Published: February 2007

Abstract Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) B biotype is an invasive species (biotype) in China. In order to understand the role that native natural enemies might play in its control, techniques were developed for detecting B. tabaci DNA within the gut of predators. A species‐specific DNA fragment, ca. 350 bp, was identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. This fragment was absent in other closely related or co‐occurring prey species, cotton, and other select predator species. After cloning and sequencing the fragment, one pair of sequence‐characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers was developed, which amplified a single band of 240 bp. Specificity tests performed with the primers showed the presence of the 240‐bp band for B. tabaci in all developmental stages and both sexes, in adult Propylaea japonica (Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on B. tabaci nymphs in the laboratory, and in predators collected in cotton fields. Following consumption of a single red‐eyed B. tabaci nymph, prey DNA was detectable in 100% of P. japonica at t = 0, decreasing to 20% after 12 h of digestion, and no B. tabaci DNA detected at t = 24 h. In total, we analyzed the gut contents of 185 field‐collected predators, representing four different orders. All nine field‐collected predator species (namely, P. japonica, Harmonia axyridis, Scymnus hoffmanni, Coccinella septempunctata, Orius sauteri, Chrysopa pallens, Chrysopa formosa, Erigonnidium graminicolum, and Neoscona doenitzi) contained DNA from B. tabaci and are assumed predators of this pest insect. Overall, the B. tabaci was eaten by more than 50% of field‐collected predator individuals, including larvae of the coccinellids (P. japonica and H. axyridis) and lacewings (C. pallens and C. formosa) and adults of O. sauteri and the spiders (E. graminicolum and N. doenitzi). There was a trend of a higher percentage of larval than adult coccinellids and lacewings that preyed on B. tabaci in the field. This study provides a framework for the future use of molecular gut content analysis in arthropod conservation ecology and food web research, with considerable potential for quantifying threats to invasive or endemic pest species in China and elsewhere.
Eye muscle force development in thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy in different stages of disease
Authors: Tian Suna , Bolzani Roberto , Benassi Mariagrazia , Lennerstrand Gunnar 
Published: February 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  Ocular motility disturbances are common in patients with thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). A quantitative evaluation of the isometric force of the eye muscles in TAO might be useful in the detection of early stages of this disease.
Methods:
A total of 32 patients with TAO were divided into three groups according to whether they had mild active, pronounced, active, or longstanding, inactive disease. A group of six patients with Graves' disease without clinical signs of TAO and a group of 10 control subjects were also studied. The development of isometric force during saccadic eye movements of 5‐, 10‐ and 20‐degree amplitude in horizontal and vertical directions of gaze were recorded in the more affected eye in patients and the non‐dominant eye in normal subjects, using a suction contact lens/strain gauge technique.Results:  Peak tension (Fp) in vertical and horizontal saccadic movements was not significantly different between groups. Steady‐state tension (Fs) was significantly higher in the groups with pronounced, active and longstanding, inactive disease than in the other groups for vertical (p < 0.01) and horizontal movements (p < 0.05). Abnormal force development in any of the gaze directions was seen in all patients with pronounced, active and longstanding, inactive TAO, and in some of the patients with mild, active TAO and Graves' disease without TAO.Conclusions:  Increased eye muscle tension was recorded in different gaze directions, confirming multiple extraocular muscle involvement in TAO. It is suggested that the increased force development reflected contractile compensations for restrictions of ocular motility due to higher muscle stiffness in thyroid‐associated eye muscle disease. Tension measurements can be used to identify muscle involvement in TAO.
Nicotine increases the collagen‐degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Zhou J. , Olson B. L. , Windsor L. J. 
Published: February 2007

Background and Objective:  The objective of this study was to determine the effects that nicotine and the combination of nicotine and Porphyromonas gingivalis supernatant have on human gingival fibroblast‐mediated collagen degradation.Material and Methods:  Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured with 25–500 µg/ml of nicotine in collagen‐coated six‐well plates. On days 1–5, the conditioned media was collected for zymography and western blot analyses of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The cells were then removed and the collagen cleavage visualized by Coomassie blue staining. To examine the combined effect, 250 µg/ml of nicotine and 10% v/v culture supernatant of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 were added to the human gingival fibroblasts. The mRNA levels of multiple MMPs and TIMPs were monitored.Results:  Nicotine increased the human gingival fibroblast‐mediated collagen cleavage. The MMP‐14 and MMP‐2 produced by the nicotine‐treated human gingival fibroblasts more readily underwent zymogen activation. Nicotine treatment resulted in TIMP‐2 redistribution to the cell surface. The mRNAs of multiple MMPs and TIMPs were unaltered by nicotine. An additive collagen cleavage effect was observed when the human gingival fibroblasts were treated with both nicotine and P. gingivalis.Conclusion:  Nicotine increased human gingival fibroblast‐mediated collagen degradation, in part through the activation of membrane‐associated MMPs. Nicotine and P. gingivalis had an additive effect on human gingival fibroblast‐mediated collagen degradation.
Computerized evaporimetry using the DermaLab® TEWL probe
Authors: Grove Gary L. , Grove Mary Jo , Zerweck Charles , Pierce Elizabeth 
Published: February 2007

Background/aims:TEWL measurements are one of the most frequently utilized of the non‐invasive bioengineering techniques. We wanted to enhance the reproducibility and sensitivity of this method by employing computerized evaporimetry.Methods:A DermaLab® system equipped with one or two TEWL probes was interfaced to a personal computer (PC) via the RS‐232c port and special data acquisition software written so that changes in water loss rates could be monitored in real time. Application programs included TEWL measurements under steadystate or dynamic conditions using single or dual probe instruments as well as diagnostics to determine probe condition. Retrospective analysis could be performed by exporting the captured data to an ExcelTM spread sheet.Conclusions:Computerized evaporimetry, which allows the operator to conveniently monitor evaporative water loss rates in real time, should be the preferred way of making these types of measurements.
Ruling out a massive asymptotic giant-branch star as the progenitor of supernova 2005cs
Authors: Eldridge J. J. , Mattila S. , Smartt S. J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We calculate the predicted UBVRIJHK absolute magnitudes for models of supernova progenitors and apply the result to the case of supernova 2005cs. We agree with previous results that the initial mass of the star was low, around 6 to 8 M⊙. However, such stars are thought to go through a second dredge-up to become asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. We show that had this occurred to the progenitor of 2005cs it would have been observed in JHK pre-explosion images. The progenitor was not detected in these bands and therefore we conclude that it was not an AGB star. Furthermore, if some AGB stars do produce supernovae they will have a clear signature in pre-explosion near-infrared images. Electron-capture supernovae are thought to occur in AGB stars, hence the implication is that 2005cs was not an electron-capture supernova but was the collapse of an iron core.
Comparison of Water Quality Profiles from Shallow Monitoring Wells and Adjacent Multilevel Samplers
Authors: Metcalf Meredith J. , Robbins Gary A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study provides a comparison of water quality profiles taken within the screened interval of five shallow monitoring wells and those obtained from adjacent multilevel sampler clusters. Parameters compared are oxidation‐reduction potential, electrical conductivity, temperature, methylotertiary‐butyl ether (MTBE) concentrations, and chloride concentrations. The constituents were found to be relatively constant with depth within the monitoring wells, despite large variations observed with depth in the discrete samplers. Parameter homogenization in the wellbores can be explained by vertical flow conditions, as revealed by hydraulic head measurements in the multilevel samplers. The results suggest that sampling conventional shallow monitoring wells with active or passive samplers at different depths within a well screen will not provide an accurate indication of how constituents may vary in the adjacent formation with depth.
The Influence of Time-Dependent Melting on the Dynamics and Precipitation Production in Maritime and Continental Storm Clouds
Authors: Phillips Vaughan T. J. , Pokrovsky Andrei , Khain Alexander 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Simulations of one maritime and four continental observed cases of deep convection are performed with the Hebrew University Cloud Model that has spectral bin microphysics. The maritime case is from observations made on 18 September 1974 during the Global Atmospheric Research Program’s Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). The continental storm cases are those of summertime Texas clouds observed on 13 August 1999, and green-ocean, smoky, and pyro-clouds observed during the Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia–Smoke, Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, and Climate (LBA–SMOCC) campaign on 1–4 October 2002. Simulations have been performed for these cases with a detailed melting scheme. This scheme allows calculation of liquid water fraction within each mass bin for the melting of graupel, hail, snowflakes, and crystals, as well as alteration of the sedimentation velocity of ice particles in the course of their melting. The results obtained with the detailed melting scheme are compared with corresponding results from simulations involving instantaneous melting at the freezing (0°C) level.
The detailed melting scheme allows penetration of ice from the freezing level down into the boundary layer by distances ranging from a few hundred meters for the numerous, smaller particles to ∼1.5 km for the largest particles, which are much scarcer. In these simulations, most of the mass of ice falling out melts over this short distance of a few hundred meters. The deepening and intensification of the layer of latent cooling enhances the convective destabilization of the troposphere. This effect is especially pronounced under continental conditions, causing significant changes in the accumulated rain amount.
Dependence of Simulation of Boreal Summer Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillations on the Simulation of Seasonal Mean
Authors: Ajayamohan R. S. , Goswami B. N. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The link between realism in simulation of the seasonal mean precipitation and summer tropical intraseasonal oscillations and their dependence on cumulus parameterization schemes is investigated using the Florida State University Global Spectral Model (FSUGSM). Forty-member model ensemble simulations of the northern summer season are generated for three different cumulus parameterization schemes [namely, Arakawa–Schubert (Naval Research Laboratory; NRL), Zhang and McFarlane (National Center for Atmospheric Research; NCAR), and Emanuel (Massachusetts Institute of Technology; MIT)]. The MIT scheme simulates the regional pattern of seasonal mean precipitation over the Indian monsoon region well but has large systematic bias in simulating the precipitation over the western Pacific and the Maritime Continent. Although the simulation of details of regional distribution of precipitation over the Indian monsoon region by the NRL and NCAR schemes is not accurate, they simulate the spatial pattern of precipitation over the tropical Indo–Pacific domain closer to observation. The NRL scheme seems to captures the observed northward and eastward propagation of intraseasonal precipitation anomalies realistically. However, the simulations of the NCAR and MIT schemes are dominated by a westward propagating component. The westward propagating mode seen in the model as well as observations is indicated to be an equatorial Rossby wave modified by the northern summer mean flow. An examination of the relationship between simulation of the model climatology and eastward propagating character of monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) in a limited sample shows that the scheme that simulates better seasonal mean pattern of rainfall over the tropical Indo–Pacific domain also simulates better intraseasonal variance and more realistic eastward propagation of monsoon ISOs. Among the parameters known to be important for meridional propagation of the summer monsoon ISOs, the meridional gradient of mean humidity in the lower atmosphere seems to be crucial in determining the northward propagation in the equatorial Indian Ocean (between 10°S and 10°N). For better prediction of the seasonal mean Indian monsoon, therefore, the model climatology should have minimum bias not only over the Indian monsoon region but also over the entire Indo–Pacific basin.
Mechanisms of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet as Simulated in an AGCM
Authors: Jiang Xianan , Lau Ngar-Cheung , Held Isaac M. , Ploshay Jeffrey J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A model diagnosis has been performed on the nocturnal Great Plains low-level jet (LLJ), which is one of the key elements of the warm season regional climate over North America. The horizontal–vertical structure, diurnal phase, and amplitude of the LLJ are well simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), thus justifying a reevaluation of the physical mechanisms for the formation of the LLJ based on output from this model. A diagnosis of the AGCM data confirms that two planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes, the diurnal oscillation of the pressure gradient force and of vertical diffusion, are of comparable importance in regulating the inertial oscillation of the winds, which leads to the occurrence of maximum LLJ strength during nighttime. These two processes are highlighted in the theories for the LLJ proposed by Holton (1967) and Blackadar (1957). A simple model is constructed in order to study the relative roles of these two mechanisms. This model incorporates the diurnal variation of the pressure gradient force and vertical diffusion coefficients as obtained from the AGCM simulation. The results reveal that the observed diurnal phase and amplitude of the LLJ can be attributed to the combination of these two mechanisms. The LLJ generated by either Holton’s or Blackadar’s mechanism alone is characterized by an unrealistic meridional phase shift and weaker amplitude.
It is also shown that the diurnal phase of the LLJ exhibits vertical variations in the PBL, more clearly at higher latitudes, with the upper PBL wind attaining a southerly peak several hours earlier than the lower PBL. The simple model demonstrates that this phase tilt is due mainly to sequential triggering of the inertial oscillation from upper to lower PBL when surface cooling commences after sunset. At lower latitudes, due to the change of orientation of prevailing mean wind vectors and the longer inertial period, the inertial oscillation in the lower PBL tends to be interrupted by strong vertical mixing in the following day, whereas in the upper PBL, the inertial oscillation can proceed in a low-friction environment for a relatively longer duration. Thus, the vertical phase tilt initiated at sunset is less evident at lower latitudes.
Waves in a Cloudy Vortex
Authors: Schecter David A. , Montgomery Michael T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper derives a system of equations that approximately govern small-amplitude perturbations in a nonprecipitating cloudy vortex. The cloud coverage can be partial or complete. The model is used to examine moist vortex Rossby wave dynamics analytically and computationally. One example shows that clouds can slow the growth of phase-locked counter-propagating vortex Rossby waves in the eyewall of a hurricane-like vortex. Another example shows that clouds can (indirectly) damp discrete vortex Rossby waves that would otherwise grow and excite spiral inertia–gravity wave radiation from a monotonic cyclone at high Rossby number.
A Study of the Energetics of African Easterly Waves Using a Regional Climate Model
Authors: Hsieh Jen-Shan , Cook Kerry H. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The evolution and spatial distribution of the energetics of African waves are studied. Complete eddy energy equations for an open system are derived for the computation of energy transformations during wave generation and dissipation. It is found that baroclinic overturning is the dominant energy source, although barotropic conversions can be almost equally important when there is concentrated moist convection south of the jet or shallow cumulus convection beneath the jet. The generation of active waves usually results from the nearly in-phase evolution of baroclinic and barotropic conversions, which are associated with significant rainfall over Africa.
Significant barotropic instability associated with the horizontal shear is usually induced by concentrated deep convection on the southern flank of the jet. Barotropic conversions associated with the vertical wind shear may attain even greater magnitudes than that associated with the horizontal shear when shallow cumulus convection beneath the jet is strong. The eddy available potential energy consumed by the baroclinic overturning is compensated directly by the conversion of zonal to eddy available potential energy and the generation of eddy potential energy by diabatic heating. These direct conversions of latent heat and zonal available potential energy suggest that interactions across space scales, from convective space scales to the large scales, are important for generating African waves. The convectively induced barotropic instability may enhance baroclinic overturning through the resonance between these two instabilities. This leads to the nonlinear interaction of the waves with convection, corresponding to the formation of organized precipitation migrating with the waves.
A space–time spectral analysis shows that the dispersion characteristics of African easterly waves with wavelengths between 2650 and 4000 km do not follow the dispersion relation of the shallow water waves, indicating that these waves, similar to other easterly waves in the Tropics, possess significant nonlinearity, and cannot be fully explained by linear wave theory.
Simulated Convective Lines with Parallel Stratiform Precipitation. Part I: An Archetype for Convection in Along-Line Shear
Authors: Parker Matthew D. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This article, the first of two describing convective lines with parallel stratiform (PS) precipitation, addresses the basic kinematic and precipitation features of these systems. The PS mode appears to be the preferred organizational structure in environments with line-parallel vertical wind shear. This archetype for long-lived convective systems has received relatively little attention to date, and yet it is frequently implicated in flash flooding because it entails both the along-line movement of hydrometeors and back-building convective development. As a reality check, this paper presents conventional observations of the wind and reflectivity fields associated with an archetypal PS system from 2 May 1997. Thereafter, analyses of idealized numerical simulations serve as the basis for a more detailed investigation of PS systems’ internal structures and processes.
The observations and simulations suggest several unique aspects of the PS structure. The environment’s vertically sheared 3D wind profile helps to explain PS systems’ tendency to back-build, develop line-parallel precipitation, and evolve asymmetrically. Along-line flow within the system cold pool entails back-building on both the mesoscale and the convective scale. As well, along-line flow in the upper troposphere within the system entails along-line hydrometeor transports, especially in the leading and trailing anvils. These behaviors lead to the archetypal PS structure.
Along-line hydrometeor advection means that much of the system’s precipitation falls very near its outflow boundary, and that the convective cells can seed other updrafts farther down the line. As a result, PS systems in line-parallel shear can intensify their cold pools quite rapidly. As well, in time the PS structure is characterized by diminished upper-tropospheric along-line flow within its axis. These factors may hasten transition toward a predominantly rearward-sloped updraft and the production of trailing precipitation. Even in the absence of Coriolis accelerations, this evolutionary pathway leads to highly asymmetric structures, such as are commonly observed in midlatitudes.
The present introductory exposition of PS systems in deep tropospheric line-parallel wind shear sets the stage for a detailed investigation of their dynamics and sensitivities in a companion article.
Simulated Convective Lines with Parallel Stratiform Precipitation. Part II: Governing Dynamics and Associated Sensitivities
Authors: Parker Matthew D. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This article is the second of two describing convective lines with parallel stratiform (PS) precipitation. The PS mode appears to be the preferred organizational structure in environments with line-parallel vertical wind shear. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the processes that lead to the development of the PS structure within line-parallel shear, and the positive and negative feedbacks associated with the mature PS structure. As well, the particular importance of line-perpendicular and line-parallel wind shear, line-end effects, inertial stability, and patterns of convective initiation are investigated through a battery of sensitivity tests.
Convective lines with PS precipitation develop in environments with both significant line-perpendicular and line-parallel vertical wind shear. Although the studied environments are initially supportive of supercells, the merging of outflows soon renders a predominant linear forcing and the characteristic PS structure. The systems’ linearity in the presence of along-line wind shear makes the local wind field more dependent upon the mesoscale structure of the convective system. For example, the along-line transport of hydrometeors is required for the development of a line-parallel precipitation region, and yet this transport does not occur immediately down the convective line’s axis because it is interrupted by the pressure maxima associated with other convective cells that are farther down the line. However, the along-line flow within the line’s leading and trailing anvils is able to contribute substantially because there are along-line pressure gradient accelerations associated with the tilted mesoscale structure of the system’s buoyancy field.
This paper concludes the study by synthesizing its dynamical and sensitivity analyses with the overarching structures described in the companion article, yielding perhaps the first consolidated view of these little-studied systems.