bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VARIABILITY OF FIBROBLAST LYSOSOMAL ACID HYDROLASES WITH REFERENCE TO THE DETECTION OF ENZYME DEFICIENCIES
Authors: Carey WF , Pollard AC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe ranges of variability of eight lysosomal acid hydrolases were examined in 47 cultured human skin fibroblast lines through 5 successive subcultures. No overall trend in activity values was found for any of the enzymes tested between the first and final subcultures. Similarly, no significant differences could be found between the overall ranges of fibroblast enzyme activity between 20 clinically normal children and 27 individuals being investigated for non‐specific metabolic diseases. It is concluded that for diagnostic reference purposes, wide ranges of normal enzyme values must be established. Such ranges can be validly drawn from a continuation of both clinical groups irrespective of the passage number (up to 5) of the cells at the time of isolation. It is noted that in certain cell lines derived from Fabry and Gaucher patients the ‘residual’ activity of the expectedly deficient enzyme could not easily be distinguished from the lowest values observed in normals, whereas, as expected, the activity of cells derived from patients with GM1 and GM2 gangliosidoses was markedly reduced.
GENETIC SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBLINES OF CERTAIN INBRED STRAINS OF MICE HELD WITHIN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Watts CHS , Baverstock PR , Cole SR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryInbred mice of the strains C57Bl/6, CBA, C3H, Balb/c and DBA/2 from a total of 17 different sources within Australia were compared, utilizing 12 different blood proteins and a morphometric analysis of a series of lower jaws. Evidence for genetic differentiation between sublines was found in only two cases. Evidence for the recent contamination of an inbred strain with another stock was found in one case.
A TEST FOR FOETAL GENE EXPRESSION AT THE LEVEL OF TRANSCRIPTION IN HEPATOMAS
Authors: Longenecker JP , Williams JF 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe presence of a variety of embryonic and foetal gene products in neoplasms is well documented. Two such products, i.e. carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha foetoprotein, are currently being used for clinical diagnosis and the assessment of prognosis. The purpose of this study has been to examine the possibility of the reactivation of a foetal gene associated with foetal liver in the Morris 5123C hepatoma and host liver after prolonged tumour bearing. The foetal gene for globin was chosen for study as production of foetal globin in cancer patients has been observed and the technique for quantitation of globin messenger RNA is available. The quantitation of globin mRNA permits the identification of a gene product which is not related to the tissue of origin of the tumor being studied and which is influenced by pre‐translational control mechanisms only. The influence of tumour bearing on foetal globin gene expression by the host liver is also reported. We report molecular hybridization studies of total nucleic acid extracts from foetal, 2‐day neonatal, adult and host liver and the Morris 5123C transplantable hepatoma with a complementary DNA copy of globin messenger RNA. The results indicate that there is no activation of the foetal globin gene in these tissues in spite of erythrocytosis in the host animal.
ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE‐LIKE PARTICLES FROM UNINDUCED CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI CULTURES
Authors: Brown Kurt J , Brown Patricia A 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe isolation of hexagonal‐headed, tailless, bacteriophage‐like particles from uninduced cultures of Clostridium tetani is described. Clear, round. 1‐3 mm diameter plaques were noted on Clostrisel agar plates, which were overlaid with soft agar inoculated with 7‐14 day broth cultures. Particles were detected by transmission electron microscopy from broth cultures seeded with scrapings from the plaques. Both election dense and electron lucent heads were noted. An electron dense head was observed attached to the surface of a dividing bacterium.
SUPPRESSION OF SKIN REACTIVITY IN RATS BEARING IgE OR IgG2a IMMUNOCYTOMAS
Authors: Nawa Yukifumi , Fukumoto Tetsuo 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPassive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and reversed PCA have been examined in rats bearing IgE or IgG2a immunocytomas, PCA reactivity was completely abolished in rats bearing an IgE immunocytoma, whereas only a slight suppression of PCA reactivity was found in rats bearing an IgG2a immunocytoma. Reversed PCA reactivity was only slightly decreased in rats bearing IgE or IgG2a immunocytomas.
WIDESPREAD OCCURRENCE IN AUSTRALIAN MARSUPIALS OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES TO A HERPESVIRUS FROM A PARMA WALLABY
Authors: Webber Carol E , Whalley J Millar 
Published: November 2007

SummarySerum neutralizing antibodies to a parma wallaby herpesvirus (PWHV) have been detected in a wide range of marsupials from different locations across Australia including several islands. A study of 242 animals (mostly macropods) sampled in the wild showed that 23% had antibodies: a significantly higer frequency (41%) of 116 animals in captivity had antibodies. Which were generally at higher levels than those of animals in the wild. Antibodies to PWHV were also detected among parma wallabies from a colony on Kawau Island, New Zealand. The highest antibody levels were found in a group of captive tammar wallabies during recurrent outbreaks of clinical infection. It is suggested that PWHV has evolved along with a marsupial host, and that the high antibody levels among captive animals reflects ease of virus transmission due to crowding or to conditions of stress leading to expression of latent virus.
COMPARATIVE STABILITY OF ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE IN RAT PLASMA AND HEPATOCYTE SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Stacey NH , Cook R , Priestly BG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAlanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in rat plasma was stable for up to 56 days when stored at −25°. High activity plasma samples were less stable. ALT activity was markedly unstable when derived from isolated hepatocyte preparations, and declined to 8‐16% of initial values after 28‐56 days storage at −25°.
A MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF PASSIVE DIFFUSION IN THE RENAL RE ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS UNDER FREE FLOW CONDITIONS
Authors: Lingard JM , Cook DI , Young JA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn equation has has developed to describe reabsorption and concentration profiles of organic compounds, such as amino acids and glucose, in the proximal kidney tubule under free‐flow conditions. Reabsorption is described in terms of a constant volume flux (Jv), an active: transport function showing saturation kinetics (with parameters Jmax, the maximum transport rate, and Ki, the half‐saturation constant), a passive diffusion term obeying Fick's Law (with permeability coefficient. P) and a solvent drag term (depending on the volume flux, Jv and the reflection coefficient δ). It was assumed, in general, that active transport and volume flux were related to tubule length rather than surface area and that transport rates were the same in the pars recta as in the pars concoluta. In the analysis, particular attention was paid to an assessment of the contribution of passive diffusion to the net transport rate off organic substances.It was found that, under normal conditions, the transport rates of most amino acids are set sufficiently high relative to the rate of water reabsorption that the value of the permeability coefficient can be charmed over a range of more than two orders of magnitude without causing substantial changes in the extent of net reabsorption attained by the end of the proximal convolution. Passive movement appears to play a very important role in stabilizing the value of net reabsorption since its effect balances that of active transport. In contrast, in cases where active transport rates are low, net reabsorption is determined largely by the magnitude of water Hux relative to the solute permeability so that the absolute permeability values become critical in determining the extent of reabsorption of a given solute.The effect of changes in plasma amino acid concentration on net reabsorption also varies according to the rate of active transport. If the plasma concentration is very low relative to the half‐saturation constant of the active transport mechanism, then net reabsorption remains relatively independent of plasma concentration and no saturation is observed. However, when this is not the case, net reabsorption becomes very sensitive to changes in plasma concentration.
SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF 18F
Authors: Kruger BJ , Patterson CM , Masters CJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMature rabbits, rats and hens were given intramuscular injections of 18F in isotonic saline and destroyed at intervals of 5, 20, 40 and 60 min. Blood, liver and kidney samples were monitored for radioactivity. While radioactivity in the tissues of the rat and the hen diminished exponentially, quite different results were obtained with the rabbit: liver and kidney showed increasing radioactivity between 5 and 20 min and stabilized counts at 40 and 60 min; blood counts decreased between 5 and 40 min and then either reached a plateau or began to increase. The counts of subcellular fractions did not provide unequivocal explanations for these phenomena, although some preferential binding by rat mitochondria seemed to occur.There is abundant evidence that different animal species have a different tolerance to the toxic effects of fluoride (e.g. Harvey, 1953; Shupe et al., 1962; Shupe and Alther, 1966; Weber and Reid, 1969; Shearer, 1974) and there is some evidence that these differences in susceptibility are correlated with the ratios of bound F to free F in the blood (Patterson, Kruger and Daley, 1977). It was considered desirable to examine in vivo the distribution of 18F in the blood, liver and kidney of several animal species which are known to display marked differences in susceptibility, viz., rabbit (sensitive), rat (moderately resistant) and chicken (very resistant).
THE EFFECTS OF AGENTS MODIFYING SYMPATHETIC NERVE FUNCTION ON THE RESPONSE OF THE ISOLATED RAT TAIL ARTERY TO ETILEFRINE AND TYRAMINE
Authors: Frost BR , Frewin DB , Gerke DC , Downey JA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of etilefrine on the ventral caudal artery of the rat have been examined in the presence of agents modifying sympathetic nerve function. Catecholamine levels were also measured in adjacent segments of artery to those studied pharmacologically and an attempt made to relate vascular response to etilefrine (and tyramine) with catecholamine content. Both guanethidine and reserpine produced significant attenuation of the vascular effects of etilefrine and tyramine. Pre‐treatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor caused an increase in tissue catecholamine levels but, paradoxically, depressed the vascular response to etilefrine. The significance of some of the findings in terms of an indirect component to etilefrine's action are discussed.
TRANSFER OF MOUSE IgG2 PRODUCTION BY IgM‐BEARING SPLEEN CELLS SEPARATED BY A FLUORESCENCE‐ACTIVATED CELL SORTER
Authors: Bankhurst Arthur D , Anderson Robert E , Scott Cram L , Horan Paul H , Warner Noel L 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe purpose of the present study was to determine whether at least some splenic B lymphocytes can switch from the synthesis of one isotype of immunoglobulin to another during B cell differentiation. The experimental system involved the transfer of characterized cell suspensions between allotype congenie strains of mice followed by analysis in the recipient for donor type immunoglobulin production. Donor splenic lymphocytes were incubated with specific fluorescent labelled anti‐μ antiserum and passed through the Los Alamos fluorescence‐activated cell sorter; μ‐depleted cell suspensions were transferred into sublethally irradiated congenic recipients and the amount of donor type immunoglobulin of IgG2 type was measured at weekly intervals. The results demonstrated that at least some cells hearing membrane bound IgM can differentiate in vivo into IgG2‐secreting cells, although not all IgG2‐secreting cells have been recently derived from IgM positive precursors.
EFFECT OF MANNITOL ON SODIUM RETENTION DURING WHOLE‐GUT PERFUSION
Authors: Young TK , Lee SC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTo undergo whole‐gut perfusion, normal Chinese subjects drank an isotonic saline solution at a rate of 40 ml/min for 3‐6 h. In spite of a diuresis, expansion of the extracellular fluid was evidenced by an increase of body weight and a decrease of haematocrit and plasma specific gravity at the end of perfusion. This fluid expansion resulted from sodium retention at a rate of about 140 mmole/h. When the NaCl of the perfusion solution was gradually replaced by isosmotic amounts of mannitol, sodium retention was gradually reduced. Addition to the perfusion solution of up to 144‐152 millimolar mannitol reduced the sodium retention rate to 6·5 mmole/h and thus prevented fluid expansion. We found that the sodium retention rate was inversely related to the difference between sodium concentration in the plasma and that in the perfusion solution. Thus, our results suggest that addition of mannitol with a decrease of sodium concentration in the perfusion solution creates a sodium concentration gradient between plasma and intestinal lumen which is unfavourable for intestinal absorption of sodium.
ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO INFLUENZA VACCINES CONTAINING A/NEW JERSEY/8/76
Authors: Feery BJ , Hampson AW , Rodda SJ , Evered MG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryStudies were undertaken with whole virus, subunit and adsorbed subunit influenza vaccines containing the A/New Jersey/8/76 strain to compare the antibody responses induced by immunization with these vaccines. There were no significant differences in the haemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) antibody responses to A/New Jersey/8/76 induced by these vaccines in the adult groups under study. Vaccinees over 23 years of age produced good HI antibody responses to one dose of vaccine. Neuraminidase antibody and complement‐fixing (CF) antibody responses were determined for the A/Victoria/3/75 component of bivalent vaccines. There were significant increases in neuraminidase inhibiting (NI) antibody titres but no increase in the complement‐fixing antibody titres after vaccination.
CHANGES IN THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS OF THE MOUSE GUT AND SERUM DURING CONVENTIONALISATION AND FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: Horsfall DJ , Cooper J McA , Rowley D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIncreases in all immunoglobulin classes, except IgM, were observed in the sera of specific pathogen‐free (SPF) mice beginning 10 days after their removal from barrier conditions. Concentrations of serum immunoglobulins, comparable with those of conventional mice, were obtained in these animals between 21 and 35 days. Following the removal of germ‐free mice from their sterile isolators, their intestinal IgA levels increased over 35 days to attain levels found in conventional animal. A marked increase in serum immunoglobulin occurred within one day following intravenous administration of live Salmonella typhimurium organisms to SPF animals, and this persisted for longer than 7 weeks (the duration of the study). This rapid elevation in serum immunoglobulin was not elicited by nonbacterial antigens, killed Salmonellae, or viable Vibrio cholerae. Negligible amounts of this immunoglobulin increase could be attributed to specific antibody.
EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH AZATHIOPRINE ON THE RESPONSES OF RAT LYMPHOCYTES TO PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Mansour A , Nelson DS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe proliferative responses of rat peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and spleen tells to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were studied after single or multiple (daily for 4 days) injections of azathioprine (AZ). Lymphopenia developed within 4 h of a single dose (78 mg/kg) of AZ and persisted for at least 72 h. There was no lymphopenia 24 h after the last of 4 daily injection. In vitro. PBL were more sensitive than spleen cells to the inhibitory effect of AZ. Likewise, the responses of PBL were relatively more depressed than those of spleen cells after single or multiple injections of AZ. The degree of depression was less than was expected from the effect of AZ in vitro. Multiple small doses were more depressive than multiple large closes. Serum from treated rats used at 20% concentration, was more depressive than normal. Thus, rat Lymphocytes are quite sensitive to AZ in vitro, but appear to be relatively resistant in vivo, this resistance resembling the resistance of the primary antibody response to AZ treatment.
THE KINETIC BEHAVIOUR OF RADIOLABELLED IgG1 DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES IN ADULT SHEEP AND NEONATAL LAMBS
Authors: Cripps AW , Steel JW , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe turnover rate and pool volume of radiolabelled autologous IgG1 was similar to homologous IgG1 in adult sheep. In neonatal lambs there was no significant difference for either of these parameters between homologous serum IgG1 and maternal colostrum IgG1. However, the pool volume for IgG1 expanded by approx. 30% over the experimental period in the lambs. When the turnover rates were corrected for this increase they were found to be similar to those observed for IgG1 in adult animals.
THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN‐DEPRIVATION ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION: A MURINE MODEL SYSTEM
Authors: Pollett Margaret , Mackenzie JS , Turner KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of a 4% albumin diet initiated at weaning on the susceptibility to influenza virus infection was studied in C57B1 mice. Protein‐deprivation was found to enhance markedly the susceptibility to a lethal infection with both mouse‐virulent and avirulent strains of virus. Viraemia was observed more frequently in protein‐deprived mice, and virus persisted longer in the lungs. The humoral immune response following intranasal infection was depressed, with normal levels of IgG antibody but reduced levels of IgM antibody. No difference was found in the seroconversion frequencies between well‐nourished and protein‐deprived mice. Pre‐immunization did not affect the virus titres in the lungs of protein‐deprived mice after challenge with the homologous virus, nor did it prevent the spread of virus to the thymus and brain. The results were discussed in terms of the immunocompetence of the malnourished host and of the potential risk of epidemic influenza in children suffering from severe forms of protein‐energy malnutrition.
NORADRENERGIC TRANSMISSION IN ISOLATED GUINEA‐PIG INTESTINE FOLLOWING IN VIVO ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIBODIES TO DOPAMINE β‐HYDROXYLASE
Authors: Furness JB , Costa M , Rush RA , Geffen LB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effectiveness of transmission from noradrenergic nerves supplying the guinea‐pig ileum was evaluated in normal preparations and in preparations taken from animals injected 18 h to 4 days previously with antiserum to dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Degeneration of the nerves following the antiserum was monitored histochemically in the same preparations.A decline in the effectiveness of transmission, which paralleled the degeneration of the nerves, was observed. The earliest effects were detected at 18 h and the greatest effect was found at 2–4 days following the administration of antiserum. Binding of the antibodies has been detected as early as 6 h after injection. It is therefore concluded that binding of the antibodies to the nerves, per se, does not significantly compromise transmission, nod that histochemical evidence of degeneration can be used to indicate the onset of functional deterioration of noradrenergic nerves following their exposure to antibodies to dopamine β‐hydroxylase.
THE SUPPRESSIVE EFFECT OF CIRCULATING SPECIFIC ANTIBODY ON THE RESPONSE TO ORAL IMMUNISATION WITH VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Authors: Horsfall DJ , Brown MA , Rowley D 
Published: November 2007

SummarySpecific IgG antibody given intravenously 3–4 hours prior to oral immunisation with Vibrio cholerae led to a specific depression of both the systemic and local immune response. One vibriocidal unit of IgG antibody, which itself would give undetectable levels of circulating specific antibody, was significantly immunosuppresive. The suppression is considered to be due to central repression of antigen‐reactive lymphocyte, rather than to antigen exclusion at the gut mucosal surface. The repression appeared less pronounced in some immunoglobulin classes than in others.
CONCANAVALIN A SURFACE RECEPTORS AND CYTOPLASMIC ACTIN IN CELL ADHESION
Authors: Toh BH , Randell VB , Prime SS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA double immunofluorescence staining technique to locate concanavalin A (Con A) surface receptors and cytoplasmic actin in the same cell was applied to monolayer cultures of rat foetal fibroblasts during cell detachment induced by trypsin and during cell attachment to a glass substratum. Con A receptors were demonstrated by fluorescein‐isothiocyanate‐labelled Con A (FITC‐Con A) and actin by specific anti‐actin antibody (AAA) traced with rhodamine‐labelled goat anti‐human globulin (R‐AHG). Untreated, control cells had an elongated shape. Con A receptors restricted to cell margins and prominent actin filaments. After 2 min treatment with 0·001% trypsin the cells became angular with Con A receptors in clusters and actin in a diffuse or aggregate staining pattern. Progressive cell rounding followed and this was accompanied by the development of long, thin, arborized cell processes, studded with Con A receptors and containing fine actin filaments. Complete cell rounding preceded cell detachment. The sites of detached cells were marked by fine aggregates containing Con A receptors and actin.In cells attaching to a glass substratum, actin was present in a diffusely stained or aggregate pattern in round cells, in filaments restricted to cell margins in partially spread cells and in numerous filaments in fully spread cells. Con A receptors were present in clusters in round cells, in clusters or caps in partially spread cells and in cell margins in fully spread cells. Binding of FITC‐Con A to partially spread cells resulted in dissolution of the few, newly formed, actin filaments.We believe our observations are consistent with the idea that actin filaments, formed during cell attachment, contribute towards the maintenance of cell adhesion by helping in the preservation of cell shape and by anchorage of Con A receptors at points of cell attachment to the substratum.
THE INHIBITION OF MALIGNANT CELL GROWTH BY KETONE BODIES
Authors: Magee Barbara A , Potezny Nicholas , Rofe Allan M , Conyers Robert AJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of ketone bodies on the growth, in culture, of transformed lymphoblasts (Raji cells) was investigated. Cell growth was inhibited and this effect was reversible, non‐toxic, and proportional to the concentration of D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate up to 20mM. The total glucose utilisation and the total lactate production were reduced in proportion to the inhibition of cell proliferation. D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate was not metabolised by the cells. Other glycolytic inhibitors and chemical analogues of D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate cither did not inhibit or proved to be too toxic for cell growth. D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate also inhibited the growth of rabbit kidney (RK.13), HeLa, mouse melanoma (B16), fibroblast and trypsin‐dispersed human thyroid and beef testis cells. Moreover, in vivo dietary‐induced ketosis reduced the number of B16 melanoma deposits in the lungs of CS7BL/6 mice by two‐thirds. The significance of these results in the clinical management of cancer cachexia is discussed.