bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lysosomal Nature of the Anomalous Granules and Chromosome Aberrations in Cultures of Peripheral Blood in Chediak‐Higashi Syndrome
Authors: Rozenszajn Leon Arie , Radnay Judith 
Published: March 2008

In Chediak‐Higashi syndrome (C.H.) the lysosomal nature of the giant granules in white blood cells was demonstrated by their strong fluorescence with acridine orange and by their strong acid phosphatase and esterase activities.Cytochemical observations on normal peripheral blood stained for esterase activity in the presence of Triton X‐100 showed an increased activity equal to that found in leucocytes from C.H. cases. This may be due to a modification of a lipid component of the lysosomal membrane.Cultured lymphocytes from C.H. are capable of transformation like normal lymphocytes. The transformation was found not to change the appearance of the inclusion bodies. Although the chromosome number was normal, morphological abnormalities were observed, of which chromatid and chromosome breakages were the most prevalent.
Antithrombin III, Antifactor Xa and Heparin
Authors: Biggs Rosemary , Denson K. W. E. , Akman N. , Borrett R. , Hadden M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Methods have been devised for the measurement of antithrombin and of the natural inhibitor of activated factor X.The relation between heparin and its plasma cofactor and the destruction of thrombin and activated factor X were studied. As observed by other workers, heparin has more effect on the speed of thrombin neutralized than on the amount neutralized after 1 hr of incubation. When the neutralization of activated factor X was studied it was found that heparin at very low concentrations, with a plasma cofactor, promoted the progressive destruction of activated factor X.
The Effect of Vincristine on the Platelet Count in Rats
Authors: Robertson J. H. , Crozier E. H. , Woodend Bertha E. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The effect of vincristine on the platelet count of rats is described. It was found that, depending upon dosage, the drug can cause either a thrombocytosis or marrow hypoplasia with thrombocytopenia in normal rats. Thrombocytosis was found even after prolonged treatment with vincristine when this was given at appropriate dosage.The thrombocytosis promoting effect of the drug was not enhanced by an increase in the splenic platelet pool or decreased by splenectomy. However, it was abolished when prior treatment was given to suppress marrow thrombopoiesis.
Free Amino Acids and Proteins in Plasma of Pregnant Patients with Megaloblastic Anaemia
Authors: Jacobs S. , Fleming A. F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Plasma proteins and free amino acids were estimated in 18 non‐anaemic pregnant and 16 severely anaemic pregnant or recently delivered Nigerians. The mean concentration of all plasma free amino acids, except arginine, was raised in 15 women with megaloblastic anaemia secondary to folate deficiency. Some amino acid levels in individual patients were over 5 times the highest concentration recorded in the non‐anaemic. All plasma free amino acids were within the normal range in one patient with iron deficiency anaemia and heavy hookworm infestation. The mean albumin, α2 globulin and total protein concentrations were slightly but significantly lower in the anaemic patients.These findings have been discussed in support of a hypothesis that folate‐ or vitamin B12‐deficiency leads to a failure of methylation and formylation of tRNA and rRNA, so that coding is interrupted and cells are unable to form mature ribosomes. This results in an accumulation of free amino acids in cellular and extracellular pools with overflow amino aciduria. Haemoglobinopathies, haemolysis, malaria and liver failure were unlikely to have been causes of the high plasma amino acid concentrations observed in these women.It is probable that this disturbance of amino acid metabolism affects adversely uterine hypertrophy, placental development and foetal growth.
Cellular Growth in Specific Nutritional Deficiency States in Rats I. IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA IN POST‐WEANLING PERIOD
Authors: Canale Virginia , Lanzkowsky Philip 
Published: March 2008

Summary The effect of iron deficiency anaemia on cellular growth and protein accretion in rats was studied using the parameters of organ weight, protein, DNA and RNA content. Three groups of rats were fed the same synthetic iron‐deficient diet for a period of 143 days. Group I received the diet ad libitum, Group II was pair‐fed with Group I but received supplemented iron and Group III received the diet ad libitum with supplemented iron. The following are the mean results obtained in Groups I, II and III: weight gain, 87 g, 86 g and 121 g respectively; haemoglobin 7.8 g% (w/v), 14.7 g% (w/v) and 15.2 g% (w/v) respectively; albumin 3.1 g% (w/v), 3.4 g% (w/v) respectively.Iron deficiency anaemia per se resulted in hypoplasia (total DNA decreased) and hypertrophy (protein: DNA ratio increased) of liver cells, hypertrophy of renal cells, and increased total DNA and reduced protein: DNA ratio in spleen. Iron deficiency anaemia also induced anorexia with resultant calorie malnutrition and this caused hypertrophy of cardiac and renal cells and hypertrophy (protein: DNA ratio decreased) in brain.
Lymphocyte Transformation in Megaloblastic Anaemia: Morphology and DNA Synthesis
Authors: Das K. C. , Hoffbrand A. V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Lymphocytes from six patients with untreated pernicious anaemia and from one patient with folate deficient megaloblastic anaemia were cultured with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The mean percentage of cells undergoing transformation (78) was similar to normal. The morphology of the PHA‐stimulated transformed ‘megaloblastic’lymphocytes was distinct from that of PHA‐stimulated normal lymphocytes. Transformed ‘megaloblastic’lymphocytes tended to be larger and to show a more finely reticulated open chromatin pattern than normal transformed lymphocytes.The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA of PHA‐stimulated ‘megaloblastic’lymphocytes was significantly greater than normal. The inhibitory action of deoxyuridine (dU) on [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes was significantly less in ‘megaloblastic’lymphocyte cultures than in normal cultures. Both these observations suggest that there is a block in synthesis of thymine‐DNA from dU in PHA‐stimulated ‘megaloblastic’lymphocytes.The metabolic block in vitamin B12deficiency could be partly corrected by vitamin B12and completely corrected by folic acid or folinic acid suggesting that the defect was due to lack of folate coenzyme. The abnormality of thymine‐DNA synthesis in ‘megaloblastic’lymphocytes shown here was similar to that shown by other workers in megaloblastic bone marrow cells. The present study provides cytological and biochemical evidence that deficiency of vitamin B12or folate causes a derangement of DNA synthesis in the lymphocyte.
Thiol Groups in the Blood Clotting Action of Factor VIII
Authors: Austen D. E. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Investigations have been carried out on the chemical groupings in factor VIII with a view to discovering the biochemical mechanisms involved, and the chemical groups responsible, for its particular blood clotting properties. Bovine factor VIII has been treated with iodine, hydrogen peroxide, iodoacetamide and the sodium salt of p‐Chloromercuribenzoic acid. Each of these reagents is known to react with thiol groups. Each inactivates factor VIII and, in the case of the mer‐ cury compound, factor‐VIII activity can be regenerated using cysteine. Preliminary results indicate that similar effects are obtained using human factor VIII.It is concluded that factor VIII contains thiol groups situated at or near to the active sites of clotting. Possible applications of these new findings are also discussed. In particular, it may provide more insight into the storage stability of factor‐VIII concentrates.
HL‐A Antigens on Leukaemic Cells
Authors: Pegrum G. D. , Balfour I. C. , Evans Carol A. , Middleton Valerie L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The peripheral blood leucocytes from 26 leukaemic patients have been typed using alloantisera which recognize 13 HL‐A specificities. The results show a marked increase in the incidence of HL‐A 3, some increase in certain other HL‐A antigens, and a slighty reduced frequency of HL‐A 2, as compared with a population of healthy volunteers, kidney donors and patients awaiting renal transplantation.These findings suggest that leukaemic cells either react differently to the alloantisera or that additional tumour‐specific antigens are present on the cells. Another possibility is that persons with these antigenic configurations have a genetic predisposition to develop leukaemia.Further studies on leucocytes from patients with various types of leukaemia and from different population groups will be needed to confirm these findings.
Stimulation by Serotonin of Erythropoietin‐dependent Erythropoiesis in Mice
Authors: Lowy Peter H. , Keighley Geoffrey , Cohen Natalie S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Serotonin stimulates erythropoiesis in normal mice but not in the presence of anti‐erythropoietin serum. It also stimulates erythropoiesis in adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized mice. It increases erythropoietin titres in the plasma of normal but not of nephrectomized mice. The serotonin precursor l‐5‐hydroxytryptophan stimulates, but d‐5‐hydroxytryptophan and the serotonin catabolite 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid do not.As shown by ink penetration, serotonin blocks blood circulation in the kidney. Tissue hypoxia, especially of the kidney, causes the production of erythropoietin. Serotonin may cause a general hypoxia sufficient for the generation of erythropoietin. But its strong effect on kidney circulation suggests kidney hypoxia as the specific reason for its effectiveness in the mouse.
Inflammation and Haemostasis in Paraproteinaemias
Authors: Penny Ronald , Castaldi Peter A. , Whitsed Helen M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Inflammatory and haemostatic functions were assessed simultaneously in 16 patients with serum paraproteins.Skin window responses were severely depressed in 10; neutrophil phagocytosis was reduced in five. Platelet function was abnormal in 10 and inhibitors of blood coagulation were found in four. Whereas the changes in platelet function appeared to be more concentration‐dependent, abnormal skin window responses occurred at all concentrations of paraprotein. The effect on coagulation and neutrophil phagocytosis appears to be specific for a given paraprotein. Study of isolated γG paraproteins showed this depression of cell function to be markedly concentration‐dependent.Haemostatic defects were corrected by plasmapheresis. Clinical infection and bleeding were prevalent only in patients with levels of paraprotein in excess of 5 g/100 ml, despite abnormal test results at lower concentrations.
The Second Variant of Human Myoglobin; 138 (H16) Arginine → Glutamine
Authors: Boulton F. E. , Huntsman R. G. , Yawson G. I. , Romero Herreka A. E. , Lorkin P. A. , Lehmann H. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.In a survey of 6000 human muscle samples, four myoglobin variants were discovered by electrophoresis. One has been previously described and this paper gives an account of the second one, which is of particular interest because it may be the same as Myoglobin Annapolis, described by Boyer, Fainer & Naughton in 1963, which at that time could not be completely characterized.
Absorption of Vitamin B12 by the Guinea‐Pig
Authors: Peters T. J. , Quinlan Angela , Hoffbrand A. V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The gastrointestinal distribution and subcellular localization of radioactivity in the ileum of the guinea‐pig was determined 2 hr after oral feeding of physiological doses of cyano‐, methyl‐ and 5′ desoxyadenosyl‐cobalamin. The gastrointestinal distribution of the three analogues was similar although the uptake of methyl‐ and adenosylcobalamin by the ileum was less than that of cyanocobalamin. All three analogues were significantly localized in the mitochondrial fraction of the ileal mucosa during absorption.Guinea‐pigs were injected with sodium fluoroacetate, a drug which is thought to interfere with the conversion of cyano‐ to adenosylcobalamin. Large doses of the drug caused a marked delay in gastrointestinal transit. The subcellular distribution of radioactivity in the ileum was similar in the control group and those pretreated with a small dose (5μg/100 g) of fluoroacetate.It is concluded that the mitochondrial localization of vitamin B12 during absorption by the ileum plays a fundamental role in the transport of the vitamin but that interconversion of cyano‐ to adenosylcobalamin is not the reason for this localization.
Measurement of the Amount of Ingested Iron Temporarily Retained in the Intestine
Authors: Jasani B. M. , Tonge J. L. , Fletcherand J. , Barnaby C. F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The temporary retention in the intestine of radioactive iron (59Fe) has been compared with that of a radioactive non‐absorbed marker (131BaSO4) using a large area liquid scintillation whole‐body counter. There was no temporary retention of radioactive iron when given with a meal to normal subjects. However, a proportion of the radioactive iron was temporarily retained when given as labelled haemoglobin.
THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA
Authors: Fairley G. Hamilton 
Published: March 2008

In a recent symposium held in Paris, Holland (1970) divided the treatment of acute leukaemia into three historical phases:(i) Before 1947, the era of despair with no effective treatment.(ii) From 1947 to 1963, the advent of chemotherapy, and with the failure to find a curative drug, the era of palliation.(iii) Since 1963, the appearance of new drugs, their use in intensive regimes and in combinations, and the beginning of immunotherapy, have all made palliation too mean a goal.
The Subcellular Distribution of Orally Administered 59Fe in Rat Small Intestinal Mucosa
Authors: Worwood M. , Jacobs A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Rats were given 59Fe by stomach tube. Small intestinal mucosal cells were isolated and after homogenization were separated into nuclear, mitochondrial, lysosomal, microsomal and soluble fractions by differential centrifugation. From 15 min to 4 hr after administration of the dose mucosal 59Fe was concentrated in the soluble fraction but at 12 and 18 hr the mitochondrial fraction was most active. The amount of mucosal 59Fe present as ferritin increased from 31% at 15 min to 74% at 4 hr and decreased to 14% at 18 hr. Most of the 59Fe present during the early phase of absorption was in a high molecular weight non‐ferritin form.
The Influence of Glucose and Exogenous Glutathione on the Red Cell Membrane Effect of the Antimalarial Drugs 1,4‐Naphthoquinone and β‐Naphthol
Authors: Miller Aaron , Smith Hinton C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Glucose‐depleted red cells incubated with primaquine, primaquine degradation products, quinine and quinacrine demonstrated far less osmotic fragility than did glucose‐repleted cells. The increase in osmotic fragility in the presence of glucose could not be correlated with an effect of the drug on the levels of glutathione or methaemoglobin. The prelytic loss of cell K+ caused by these agents was unaffected by the presence or absence of glucose. In contrast to the antimalarial drugs, the osmotic fragility produced by 1,4‐naphthoquinone and β‐naphthol was not glucose‐dependent. Glutathione added to incubating cell suspensions in molar concentrations seven and one‐half times that of the drug, greatly decreased, but did not eliminate, the hypotonic haemolysis and the prelytic loss of cell K+ caused by 1,4‐naphthoquinone. It offered red cells no protection against the membrane action of antimalarial drugs and β‐naphthol. 1,4‐Naphthoquinone was the only drug capable of reacting stoichiometrically with glutathione.The studies demonstrate distinctive differences in the action of these actual or potential oxidant drugs on the red cell membrane. A possible explanation for the glucose‐dependent haemolysis produced by antimalarial drugs is presented.
Vitamin B12 Levels in Erythrocytes in Anaemia due to Folate Deficiency
Authors: Harrison R. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.In folate‐deficiency anaemia erythrocyte vitamin B12 levels were low before treatment began (mean = 80 ± 13.1 pg/ml). A rapid rise occurred during folic acid therapy (mean peak = 375 ± 207 pg/ml) and was followed by a slow fall towards normal (mean = 170 ± 54 pg/ml).
Haemolysis and Intravascular Coagulation due to Incompatible Red Cell Transfusion in Isoimmunized Monkeys
Authors: Lopas H. , Birndorf N. I. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Ten randomly selected cynomolgus monkeys were each given an intramuscular injection of a mixture of isologous red cells suspended in complete Freund's adjuvant. After 6 weeks a second injection of red cells in incomplete Freund's was given and thereafter intravenous booster injections of red cells in isotonic saline were used. Antibody titres were determined with serial crossmatches at 37°C, 4°C, and with rabbit antimonkey serum. All animals developed antibody to at least one and several against all four immunizing red cells. Haemolysins were seen frequently.Transfusion reactions followed intravenous injections of incompatible 51Cr‐labelled red cells. Major reactions occurred in five of seven animals and consisted of complete destruction of infused cells within 5 min, haemoglobinuria, haemoglobinaemia, oliguria, anuria in one case, and the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in three cases. The remaining two animals had mainly extravascular destruction of the transfused red cells and exhibited no coagulation changes.
Nitrogen Metabolism in Pernicious Anaemia
Authors: Heathcote J. G. , Davies D. M. , Mooney F. S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Nitrogen metabolism has been studied in pernicious anaemia patients before, during and after treatment with vitamin B12 therapy. Before treatemnt there are high levels of amino acids and urea present in the urine while the creatinine level remains normal. At the same time there is a state of amino acidaemia, but adequate treatment brings about a rapid return of the plasma amino acid level to normal. The pattern of recovery appears to be quite different in the urine where an initial, but temporary, fall in the excretion of urea and amino acids to subnormal levels is followed by a slow return to normal on prolonged therapy. During this time the excretion of creatinine remains within the normal range.Substiution of placebo for vitamin B12 therapy brings about an early recurrence of the abnormal excretion of urea and amino acids, even before any sign of clinical deterioration occurs in the condition of the patient; creatinine excretion again remains normal.The findings are in full agreement with the view that vitamin B12 plays a fundamental and essential role in the general utilization of amino acids for protein biosynthesis in mammals.
Hageman Factor Activation in the Generalized Shwartzman Reaction Induced by Endotoxin
Authors: Müller‐Berghaus Gert , Schneberger Reiner 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The role of Hageman factor (factor XII) in triggering intravascular coagulation was studied in rabbits injected with Thorotrast and endotoxin. Besides changes of coagulation, parameters characteristic of consumption coagulopathy (e.g. decreases in platelet counts and fibrinogen levels), a drop in Hageman factor activity was observed. However, this decrease in Hageman factor activity does not appear responsible for triggering intravascular coagulation, becuase it was found that: (1) A decrease in Hageman factor activity occurred only in those animals which developed a generalized Shwartzman reaction with a drop in fibrinogen levels. A small single dose of endotoxin did not lower Hageman factor activity. (2) Coumarin pretreatment prevented the drop in Hageman factor activity after Thorotrast and endotoxin injections, although this would not be expected if Hageman factor was the first coagulation factor to be activated. (3) Inhibition of Hageman factor activation by lysozyme infusion did not prevent the generalized Shwartzman reaction elicited by Thorotrast and endotoxin.We conclude that endotoxin triggers intravascular coagulation by a mechanism different from that of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.
Erythrocyte Sensitivity to In‐Vitro Lysis in Leukaemia
Authors: Catovsky D. , Lewis S. M. , Sherman Diane 
Published: March 2008

Summary. In‐vitro lysis tests with cold antibody, sucrose and acidified serum have been carried out on 139 patients suffering from leukaemia, lymphomas and other bone‐marrow malignancies. None of the patients tested showed a positive acidified‐serum test but a positive cold‐antibody lysis occurred in a significant number of patients with acute leukaemias, especially the myeloid type in whom 58% were positive with varying degrees of lysis. In some patients the positive test persisted for a long time even when the patient was in haematological remission, suggesting the possibility that the defective red cells were derived from a persistently abnormal clone. Minor degrees (less than 5%) of lysis occurred with the sucrose‐lysis test in 40% of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia and more than 5% lysis occurred in one patient with erythroleukaemia. Anaemia was twice as common in patients with a positive cold‐antibody lysis than in patients with no lysis. In the cases of malignant lymphomas there appeared to be a relationship between positive cold‐antibody lysis and bone‐marrow infiltration.The results obtained do not add definitive evidence to the hypothesis that PNH is related to the myeloproliferative disorders but they do demonstrate that in the conditions which were studied, notably acute myeloid leukaemia, there is dyserythropoiesis and the production of an abnormal erythrocyte with membrane defect; this may suggest that the affected red cells are derived from an abnormal stem cell common to both granulopoesis and erythropoiesis.
Nature of Foetal Haemoglobin in F‐Thalassaemia
Authors: Stamatoyannopoulos George , Schroeder W. A. , Huisman T. H. J. , Shelton J. Roger , Shelton Joan Balog , Apell Gerald , Bouver Nicole 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe nature of Hb‐F was studied in 32 heterozygotes for F‐thalassaemia, in four homozygotes, and in four persons who have F‐thalassaemia in combination with β‐thalassaemia or Hb‐S. Analysis of the cyanogen bromide fragment γCB‐3 indicated that, in all heterozygotes, both Gγ and Aγ chains were present in Hb‐F in an average ratio of about 2:3. In the homozygotes and the double heterozygotes, both Gγ and Aγ chains were observed in an approximate ratio somewhat higher than 1:1. This pattern of γ chain synthesis is nonspecific for F‐thalassaemia but similar to that observed in the traces of Hb‐F of normal adults. In conjunctionwith existing information from other genetic studies, it may be concluded that the mutation in F‐thalassaemia is associated with a complete deficiency of β and σ chains from cis position together with an increased synthesis of γ chains that is directed by both Aγ and Gγ loci.