bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical Justice and Political Justice
Authors: Lockwood Thornton 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purpose of Aristotle's discussion of political justice (τò πoλιτικòν δικαιoν) in EN V.6-7 has been a matter of dispute. Although the notion of political justice which Aristotle seeks to elucidate is relatively clear, namely the notion of justice which obtains between free and equal citizens living within a community aiming at self-sufficiency under the rule of law, confusion arises when one asks how political justice relates to the other kinds of justice examined in EN V. Is political justice a highly determinate subdivision of justice which Aristotle examines alongside the other varieties of particular justice analyzed in EN V.2-5? Or is political justice related to the analysis of ethical agency which follows in EN V.8-11? The question is complicated by the fact that the passage in question – EN V 1134a17-1135a15 – has occasioned much speculation about textual dislocations and has been incorporated into chapter divisions differently according to the two prevalent modern editorial divisions of the Ethics.To resolve these problems, I argue that Aristotle's account of political justice is situated within an extended aporetic analysis which begins in EN V.6 and extends through EN V.8. Aristotle introduces the notion of political justice within the extended analysis concerning the ascription of character states because calling someone just or unjust presupposes that the person is a fully mature ethical agent, but anyone capable of political justice possesses such agency. Once the extended argument in the second half of EN V is properly understood, it appears that the received text is not in need of emendation. To further support my claim that Aristotle's account of political justice introduces a new inquiry which is not analogous to the analyses of particular justice in the first half of EN V, I compare political justice to the other species of justice.
Self-monitoring of Physical Activity
Authors: Gleeson-Kreig JoAnn M. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the effect of keeping daily activity records on physical activity levels and self-efficacy for physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes, and to examine the feasibility and acceptability of this intervention from the perspective of the participants. Methods: This intervention study included 58 individuals with type 2 diabetes aged 40 to 65 years. Participants were randomly assigned: individuals in the intervention group kept daily activity records for 6 weeks, mailed to the researcher every 2 weeks. Data collection was completed at the beginning of the study and 6 weeks later, using the habitual physical activity index and the self-efficacy for exercise scale. Participants in the intervention group also completed the perceived feasibility checklist. Results: The intervention resulted in enhanced self-efficacy. Physical activity improved in both the intervention and control groups. Activity recording was judged to be acceptable and feasible. Conclusions: Daily activity recording can be used as part of a program to increase physical activity self-efficacy levels. Focused interactions between health care providers and patients may be enough to motivate people to higher levels of physical activity. The relationship between self-efficacy and behavior is complex and should be the subject of further research.
Using Focus Groups to Develop a Culturally Competent Diabetes Self-management Program for Mexican Americans
Authors: Vincent Deborah , Clark Lauren , Zimmer Lorena Marquez , Sanchez Jessica 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe factors that facilitate or hinder diabetes self-management and elicit participants’ preferences and recommendations about the essential components of a culturally competent diabetes self-management program. Methods: Latino patients with type 2 diabetes and their family caregivers were interviewed in focus groups. Four focus groups consisted of patients, and 2 groups consisted of family caregivers for a total of 40 participants. Participants were assigned to groups based on break characteristics of gender and preferred language. Results: “Being in the dark” emerged as an important concern, and patient respondents wanted timely access to information that they deemed understandable about how to manage their diabetes. Family members’ support and understanding were crucial in maintaining lifestyle changes. Patient and family caregiver participants wanted a self-management program to incorporate information on how to modify traditional foods, home remedies, and stress management. Preferences for information delivery included group didactic and interactive sessions, written information, and videotapes. Higher technology strategies using computers were not seen as useful. Conclusions: Culturally competent diabetes self-management for Latinos should incorporate the family and include techniques for stress management as well as diet modification. Information delivery should include a variety of techniques.
Impact of Using a Pedometer on Time Spent Walking in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Engel Lisa , Lindner Helen 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of using a pedometer on time spent walking, in sedentary and overweight adults with type 2 diabetes participating in a coaching intervention. It was hypothesized that participants using a pedometer would spend more time walking than would nonpedometer participants. Method: A sample of 57 men and women with a mean age of 62 years participated in a randomized controlled trial in a community setting. Participants were allocated to either a pedometer and coaching (intervention) group or a coaching-only (control) group. Coaching for both groups involved education, goal setting, and supportive/motivational strategies to increase time spent walking. The duration of the study was 6 months, with blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, anthropometric, and fitness measurements assessed at baseline and at 3-month intervals. Results: A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated that the coaching-only group spent significantly more time walking than did the pedometer group. However, when an analysis of covariance with all the other variables as covariates was performed, group membership had no influence on time spent walking. Significant reductions in waist circumference and weight were achieved for both groups from baseline to 6 months. Cardiovascular fitness also increased significantly for both groups. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that previously sedentary older adults with type 2 diabetes, supported with a coaching intervention, were able to achieve the physical activity targets known to be beneficial to health. However, using a pedometer added no further benefit. Further research on the impact of specific coaching strategies in diabetes management is warranted.
The Effect of Picture Archiving and Communications Systems on the Accuracy of Diagnostic Interpretation of Pediatric Emergency Physicians
Authors: Gouin Serge , Patel Hema , Bergeron Sylvie , Amre Devendra , Guérin Ronald 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:
To compare the accuracy of diagnostic interpretation of radiographs by pediatric emergency physicians (EPs) before and after the introduction of a Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS).
Methods:
The pre‐PACS study period included results from September 2001, when patients were evaluated by using only conventional radiographs. The post‐PACS study period consisted of results from September 2002, when patients were evaluated by using only digital radiographic studies. During these periods, consecutive medical records of all patients who underwent radiological studies when attending the pediatric emergency department (ED) were reviewed. The radiographic interpretation by the pediatric EP, documented at the time of the ED visit, was compared with that made by the pediatric radiologist.
Results:
Data were available from 1,644/1,651 sets of conventional radiographs ordered for the pre‐PACS study period and from 1,430/1,431 sets of digital radiographic studies for the post‐PACS study period. The prevalence of positive radiological studies as per the radiologists was 32.2% (pre‐PACS study period) vs. 28.7% (post‐PACS study period). Diagnostic performance of the pediatric EPs for the two time periods was as follows: overall accuracy, 98.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 94.5% to 100%) vs. 98.5% (95% CI = 87.5% to 100%); sensitivity, 96.4% (95% CI = 94.5% to 97.8%) vs. 98.1% (95% CI = 96.2% to 99.2%); specificity, 98.9% (95% CI = 98.1% to 99.4%) vs. 98.6% (95% CI = 97.7% to 99.3%); negative predictive value, 98.3% (95% CI = 97.4% to 99.0%) vs. 99.2% (95% CI = 98.5% to 99.7%); and positive predictive value, 97.7% (95% CI = 96.0% to 98.8%) vs. 96.6% (95% CI = 94.4% to 98.2%). The proportion of false negatives (FN) was 1.2% (19/1,644) vs. 0.6% (8/1,430). Only one FN patient for each time period required immediate follow‐up for a missed diagnosis.
Conclusions:
Radiograph interpretations by pediatric EPs with digital studies remain as accurate in comparison with assessments performed by using conventional radiographs.
Physician Variability in History Taking When Evaluating Patients Presenting with Chest Pain in the Emergency Department
Authors: James Thea L. , Feldman James , Mehta Supriya D. 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:
The goal of this study was to examine how physicians in the emergency department ask questions of patients presenting with chest pain and whether this varies by patient demographics.
Methods:
This was a cross‐sectional study with convenience sampling. A survey was administered to adult emergency department patients presenting with chest pain after emergency physicians obtained the history and performed the physical examination. No identifying data were collected from the patients. In addition to demographics, patients were asked whether or not their physician asked them about factors related to coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction etiology.
Results:
A total of 308 of 332 patients (93%) participated. Patients had a mean age of 52 years, 54% were male, and 85% spoke English; classification by race was 31% African American, 28% white, 19% Hispanic, and 13% other. History taking did not differ by gender. Patients who reported being asked about the following were statistically significantly younger than those who reported not being asked: family history, other medical problems, smoking, cocaine use, and alcohol use. Nonwhite patients reported being asked about the following more frequently than white patients: smoking (94% vs. 84%), alcohol use (81% vs. 70%), and cocaine use (64% vs. 42%). In multivariate logistic regression controlling for age, nonwhite patients were more likely than white patients to be asked about smoking (odds ratio [OR], 2.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.26 to 6.19), cocaine use (OR, 2.49; 95% CI = 1.50 to 4.12), and alcohol use (OR, 1.77; 95% CI = 1.0 to 3.09).
Conclusions:
The variability in questions about behavioral factors associated with chest pain etiology as reported by patients may indicate a possible cultural bias by physicians. Differences in risk identification may lead to differences in treatment decisions.
Intralipid Prolongs Survival in a Rat Model of Verapamil Toxicity
Authors: Tebbutt Simon , Harvey Martyn , Nicholson Tonia , Cave Grant 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:
Verapamil is a lipid‐soluble calcium channel blocker with significant mortality in overdose. Previous investigators have demonstrated the benefit of lipid emulsion therapy in ameliorating toxicity from lipid‐soluble agents. The authors investigated the effect of Intralipid treatment in a rat model of verapamil toxicity.
Methods:
Thirty sedated Wistar rats were infused with verapamil at 37.5 mg/kg/h. Five minutes after the start of infusion, animals were treated with a bolus of either 12.4 mL/kg 20% Intralipid or 12.4 mL/kg 0.9% saline. Verapamil infusion was continued until the animals were killed. Respiratory rate, heart rate, and electrocardiography were sampled every 2.5 minutes throughout.
Results:
Survival was prolonged in the Intralipid‐treated group (44 ± 21 vs. 24 ± 9 minutes; p = 0.003). The median lethal dose was increased in the Intralipid group (25.7 mg/kg [95% confidence interval {CI} = 24.7 to 26.7] vs. 13.6 mg/kg [95% CI = 12.2 to 15.0]). A less marked decrease in heart rate was observed during verapamil infusion in the Intralipid‐treated group (6.8 beats/min [95% CI = 8.3 to 5.2] for Intralipid vs. 10.7 beats/min [95% CI = 12.6 to 8.9] for saline; p = 0.001).
Conclusions:
Intralipid treatment prolongs survival and doubles median lethal dose in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. The mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.
Determination of SMN1/SMN2 Gene Dosage by a Quantitative Genotyping Platform Combining Capillary Electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kao Hung-Yi , Su Yi-Ning , Liao Hsin-Kai , Liu Ming S , Chen Yu-Ju 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common inherited and fatal neuromuscular disease caused by deletions and/or mutations that lead to altered concentrations of proteins encoded by the survival motor neuron genes SMN1 and SMN2. Because of the high incidence (at least 1 in 10 000 live births and a carrier frequency of 1 in 35 to 1 in 50) and severity of the disease, precise quantification of SMN1 and SMN2 gene copy numbers is essential for diagnosis and genetic counseling.
Methods: We developed a genotyping platform combining capillary electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to quantify absolute gene dosage. The absolute gene dosage can be determined by a multiplexed competitive PCR protocol followed by capillary electrophoresis analysis. The relative SMN1/SMN2 ratio can be analyzed by PinPoint assay followed by MALDI-TOF MS analysis.
Results: The complementary assays were evaluated in confirmed cases including 9 affected patients, 33 carriers, and 478 healthy individuals from the general population. We were able to determine all genotypes with different SMN1/SMN2 gene copy number ratios, which unambiguously diagnosed carrier status and the severity of SMA with 100% specificity.
Conclusions: This quantitative genotyping platform is suitable for detection of SMA. The described approach may serve as a general quantitative genotyping method for molecular diagnosis of other inheritable diseases.
Spawning Demographics and Juvenile Dispersal of an Adfluvial Bull Trout Population in Trestle Creek, Idaho
Authors: Downs Christopher C. , Horan Dona , Morgan-Harris Erin , Jakubowski Robert 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
We utilized a screw trap, trap-box weir, remote passive integrated transponder tag (PIT) detection weir, and otolith microchemistry to evaluate (2000–2004) spawning demographics and migration patterns of adfluvial bull trout Salvelinus confluentus in Trestle Creek, Idaho, a tributary to Lake Pend Oreille. Annual repeat spawning was more common than alternate-year spawning. Annual growth, estimated from adult bull trout PIT-tagged in 2000 and recaptured in 2001, averaged 28 mm. Peak diel movement of adult bull trout occurred after sunset. Emigration of juveniles occurred in two pulses, one in spring that was associated with snowmelt runoff and increasing water temperatures and a second in fall as stream temperatures dropped and fall rains began. Juvenile bull trout moved a mean rate of 455 m per night in 2001 and 423 m per night in 2002. Each year we trapped large numbers of age-0 bull trout that appeared to be emigrating with high spring flows. Based on otolith microchemistry, most of the 47 adults in the sample had emigrated at age 3 or age 4, and none had emigrated at age 0. This suggests that age-0 emigrants are not making a significant contribution to adult returns.
Growth, Movement, and Catch of Brook, Rainbow, and Brown Trout after Stocking into a Large, Marginally Suitable Adirondack River
Authors: Baird Owen E. , Krueger Charles C. , Josephson Daniel C. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Poststocking growth, movement, and catch were compared among hatchery brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brown trout Salmo trutta in a fifth-order river. Associations of species, size, and stocking date with angler catch were also examined. The river is episodically acidified, and during summer it approaches lethal maximum temperatures for trout. Catchable-sized brook and rainbow trout (168–458 mm total length) were stocked in the late spring of 1996 and 1997. Brown trout were stocked only in 1997. Fish were marked with visible implant tags and were recovered through October of each year. All three species had negative daily growth rates in weight over the summer and early fall. Rainbow trout stocked in 1997 tended to move downstream after stocking, whereas the other groups showed no strong movement trend. Recovery rates significantly differed between brook and brown trouts stocked in early June and those fish stocked in late May. Large (&gt;300-mm) rainbow trout were caught at higher rates than small (&lt;260-mm) fish were. Anglers were estimated to have caught 72% of the stocked brook trout, 51% of the rainbow trout, and 18% of the brown trout. High summer water temperatures (&gt;20°C) did not affect angler catch rates because cool refuges within the river concentrated and made the stocked fish—especially brook trout—vulnerable to angling. By stocking more than one species, we were able to create diversified angling opportunities and sustain a fishery in this thermally marginal river over the entire summer season.
Virtual Networks, Support Stockings and Community. Online Publication: A New Context of Meaning for Comparative and International Education?
Authors: O'Dowd Mina 
Published: January 2006

This article addresses the advent of this online only publication, the very context in which it is being made available. Central to the article is Delanty's work on communicative communities. It is argued that it is particularly appropriate to view comparative and international education in this manner. Online publication offers comparative and international education a new context of meaning. Seen in this context, comparative and international education can be reformulated as one of the communicative communities that are more about communication than place, more about belonging than boundaries, more about the production of meaning than about the reproduction of meaning. If we are to achieve a richer culture, rich in contrasting values, we must recognize the whole gamut of potentialities, and so weave a less arbitrary social fabric, one in which diverse human gifts will all find a fitting place. (Margaret Mead, 1935) The world is not an unsolved puzzle waiting for the occasional genius to unlock its secrets. The world, or most of it, is an empty space waiting to be filled. Life, work and organization could become a self-fulfilling prophecy. (Charles Handy, 1996)[1]
Polyamides, Plastics
Authors: Palmer Robert J. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Polyamides (nylons) are important engineering plastics as well as being well known for fiber applications. This article covers the properties, manufacture, processing, and use of polyamide plastics together with information on specifications, sales, and suppliers. Materials discussed include nylon‐6,6, nylon‐6, nylon‐6,9, nylon‐6,12, nylon‐11, nylon‐12, nylon‐4,6, amorphous nylon, and other semiaromatic nylons. Physical properties described are crystallinity, thermal properties, moisture absorption, electrical properties, and flammability. Chemical properties are hydrolysis/polycondensation, thermal degradation, oxidation, uv aging, and effect of chemicals and solvents. Manufacture is described including solid‐state polymerization, compounding, and pultrusion. Compounding also includes a review of additives and modifications covering lubricants, nucleants, stabilizers, impact modifiers, flame retardants, plasticizers, reinforcements, nanocomposites, and polymer blends. The following processing routes are detailed: injection molding, extrusion, film, tubing and pipe, monofilament, rods and profiles, wire and cable coating, blow molding, rotomolding, reaction injection molding, powder coating, and also assembly techniques. Economics and recycling issues are discussed. Specifications, standards, and quality control are also reviewed with an indication of appropriate test methods.
Thermal and structural characterization of quasi‐nanometer zirconium carbon/polyurethane composites prepared under roller pressure
Authors: Suen Maw‐Cherng , Chen Cheng‐Chi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this study, we use quasi‐nanometer zirconium carbon (ZrC) to compose with polyurethane (PU) resin under roller pressure to study the interaction between the ZrC particle and PU molecules in the composite films, and find that the values of tensile strength, modulus, energy at break, Tm of soft‐segment, and Tg of soft‐segment, and weight percentage of char yield are increased, and elongation and char yield temperature are decreased with the increase of ZrC composed in PU, as this composed amounts are lower than 2.5%. The infrared spectroscopic spectra and wide angle X‐ray diffraction patterns reveal that the ether and ester groups of PU polymer can interact with ZrC to lower the interlayer distance of the crystal of PU polymer in composites. We assure that the interaction between the particles of ZrC and PU under roller pressure is in preparation process and account that the interaction between the particle and PU molecule will be an important factor to evaluate whether the particle in the composite is even and perfect. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 191–197, 2006
Electrodialytic transport properties of heterogeneous cation‐exchange membranes prepared by gelation and solvent evaporation methods
Authors: Kariduraganavar M. Y. , Nagarale R. K. , Kulkarni S. S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe heterogeneous cation‐exchange membranes were prepared by employing two different methods: immersing the cation‐exchange resin‐loaded membranes in gelation bath; evaporating the solvent upon casting a uniform solution of cation‐exchange resin on a glass plate. The effect of resin loading on the electrochemical properties of the membranes was evaluated. The permselectivity of these heterogeneous membranes and transport number of calcium ions relative to sodium ions was evaluated with respect to the extent of resin loading and the methods of preparation. It is found that the membrane potential, transport number, permselectivity, and relative transport number are prominently high in the solvent evaporation method compared with the gelation method. The transport number of calcium ions relative to sodium ions in the solvent evaporation method increased monotonously with increasing resin loading. However, the increase of resin loading did not influence much on the relative transport numbers in the gelation method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 198–207, 2006