bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Build‐Up and Maintenance of IgG Serum Concentrations with Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Patients with Primary Humoral Immunodeficiency
Authors: Morell A. , Schnoz M. , Barandun S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract6 patients with antibody deficiency disease had intravenous immunoglobulin substitution and their serum IgG levels were monitored for at least 6 months. After three IgG infusions of 6–12 g each at intervals of 3 or 4 weeks, the IgG serum concentrations were between 300 and 500 mg/dl in 3 patients. In the 3 other patients, higher serum levels were obtained after considerably more IgG infusions given at intervals of 8 days or less. Maintenance of subnormal levels was achieved by replacement of approximately 10 mg/kg body weight/day. In 1 patient, the serum IgG was kept at about 1,000 mg/dl by replacement of 54 mg/kg/day, i.e. by infusions of 9 g every 3–4 days.
Survival of Transfused Platelets Collected into New Formulation Plastic Packs
Authors: Archer G.T. , Grimsley P.G. , Jindra J. , Robson J.E. , Ribeiro A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPlatelet concentrates were prepared in plastic packs of polyvinyl chloride with tri‐(2‐ethylhexyl) trimellitate as plasticizer. They were stored, with gentle shaking, at room temperature for periods up to 7 days before labelling with isotope and reinfusing. In vivo survival studies, platelet counts, pH and electron microscopy indicated that platelet concentrates prepared in the new plastic were superior to those prepared in the standard pack currently in use. Oxygen was found to diffuse through the new pack more rapidly than through the standard pack. A shelf life of up to 1 week at room temperature seems possible for platelet concentrates prepared in the new plastic.
Antibody Spectrum and Anticomplementary Activity of a Plasmin‐Treated Human Immunoglobulin Preparation
Authors: Masuda K. , Makula M. F. , Okuyama K. , Ishiyama H. , Yasuda J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA commercial plasmin‐treated human immunoglobulin was studied for its antibody spectrum and anticomplementary activity. Except for a decrease in anti‐vaccinia antibody titers in two of three paired samples collected before and after plasmin treatment, there was practically no fall in titers of diphtheria antitoxin and of antibodies to measles, rubella and mumps viruses. Among the three major fractions isolated from the preparation, the plasmin‐resistant 7S IgG fraction showed the highest anticomplementary activity when tested by our routine method described in the ‘Japanese Minimum Requirements’. The Fab fraction showed moderate anticomplementary activity which was thought to be due to the selective consumption of C3. On the contrary, the Fc fraction was not found to be anticomplementary in our test method. In some of the above‐mentioned features, the preparation seems to be different from the domestic product formerly studied by ourselves.
Platelet Concentrates Influence of Different Preparative Protocols on the in vitro Release Reaction1
Authors: Snyder Edward L. , Koerner Theodore A.W. , Hezzey Anne 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo determine what effect different preparative protocols and different platelet storage bags have on in vitro release, platelet concentrates were prepared according to two different protocols (group I: 2,200 g for 3.5 min followed by 4,900 g for 5 min; group II: 1,000 g for 9 min and 3,000 g for 20 min). The storage bags used were either a standard polyvinyl chloride (PL‐146) or a polyolefin bag (PL‐732). The results for platelet concentrates stored in PL‐146 showed that while group I had undergone more alpha granule release at 24 and 48 h of storage than had group II, by 72 h both groups showed a similar degree of release. Results for platelets stored in PL‐732, however, did not show any significant difference in release between the two protocol groups at any storage time up to 120 h. We conclude that although the preparative protocol used may induce different degrees of platelet release in vitro, the platelet storage bag also has a significant influence on the degree of in vitro damage which occurs during subsequent storage.
Alloantibody‐Induced Impaired Neonatal Expression of a Red Blood Cell Antigen Associated with Maternal Alloimmunization
Authors: Ferguson S.J. , Blajchman M.A. , Guzewski H. , Taylor C.R. , Moulds J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnimals genetically capable of making certain gene products have been shown to have the production of such products completely or partially suppressed by exposure in utero or neonatally to antibodies specific for that gene product. This alloantibody‐induced depression of expression of a specific antigenic determinant has yet to be shown to occur in man. The McCoya red blood cell antigen is reported to be well developed at birth. However, 2 children born to mothers with high‐titer McCoya antibodies in their serum, phenotyped as McCoy (a‐) at birth and, on retesting their red blood cells, 1 at 5 months and the 2nd at 11 months, both phenotyped as McCoy (a+). It is possible that this lack of expression of the McCoya antigen at birth represents a characteristic of an obligate heterozygote. However, on testing 50 random umbilical cord red blood cell samples with two potent McCoya antisera, only 1 was found to be negative. If the negative phenotpye were a characteristic of an obligate heterozygote at birth, then the neonatal incidence of the McCoy (a‐) phenotype should have been significantly (p<10‐4) higher in our random cord blood sample than observed (expected 11). The impaired expression of the McCoya antigen on the red blood cells of these 2 infants at birth, in conjunction with evidence of maternal alloimmunization, strongly suggests alloantibody‐induced antigenic suppression of the McCoya antigen as a probable cause.
Molecular Sieve Chromatography of Some Plasma Protein Products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Comparison of Quantitation by UV Absorption and Lowry Protein
Authors: Bertolini Maurice J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCommercially prepared fraction V products (5 and 25% albumin and 5% plasma protein fraction) and immune serum globulins were subjected to analytical molecular sieve chromatography by high performance liquid chromatography. Quantitation was performed by UV absorbance and by the Lowry protein assay. The proteins eluting in the void volume from the immune serum globulin samples yield equivalent results by UV absorbance and by Lowry assay. Proteins eluting in the void volume from fraction V products indicate approximately twice as much protein by UV absorbance when compared to Lowry protein assay.
Evaluating the Quality of Immunoglobulin G Preparations for Intravenous Therapy
Authors: Nydegger U.E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe major function of immunoglobulins is recognition of the antigen that has caused their formation with subsequent antigen binding and removal through antigen nonspecific recognition systems of the body. Such clearance for detrimental antigens depends on a complex system of now clearly characterized single features of the immunoglobulin molecule, such as antigen‐binding capacity, viral neutralization, complement activation, fixation to receptors on the reticuloendothelial system, and maintenance of an optimal half‐life in circulation before antigen removal.When gamma‐globulins are used therapeutically, the producer must choose a purification procedure that aims at fully maintaining these features. In fact, isolation of any protein from its natural plasma protein environment may induce subtle losses of function that do not appear when such variables as molecular weight or subunit size are applied as the only quality criteria.
A Multicenter European Trial of Intravenous Immune Globulin in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Childhood
Authors: Imbach Paul 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSince a pilot study of intravenous immune globulin showed it to induce a rapid rise of thrombocytes in immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) in childhood, a randomized study was started for acute, untreated ITP and a prospective study for acute and chronic, pretreated ITP in children. The results of the pilot study and preliminary data of the ongoing studies are presented. Although little is known of the effects of intravenous immune globulin, possible mechanisms of action are discussed.
Intravenous Gamma‐Globulin (Sandoglobulin®) Therapy in the Management of Four Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Blanchette Victor S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTWe have used intravenous polyvalent intact gamma‐globulin concentrate (Sandoglobulin®‐immune globulin IV) in the management of 2 adults and 2 children with refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Excellent responses were obtained in 2 children with chronic ITP as compared to no response in 2 adults with long‐standing, severe ITP. The 2 adults who failed intravenous Sandoglobulin therapy had prolonged reticuloen‐dothelial system (RES) clearance of autologous antibody‐coated red blood cells before initiation of therapy as compared to normal RES clearance rates in the 2 children who responded to therapy. Blockade of the RES is one mechanism by which intravenous Sandoglobulin therapy may reverse thrombocytopenia in ITP — our observations suggest that patients who have impaired RES function before starting intravenous Sandoglobulin therapy may fail to respond to treatment. Continued studies are required to confirm these observations.
The Clinical Importance of Leukocyte Depletion in Regular Erythrocyte Transfusions
Authors: Sirchia G. , Rebulla P. , Mascaretti L. , Greppi N. , Andreis C. , Rivolta S. , Parravicini A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antilymphocyte, antigranulocyte and antiplatelet alloantibodies, T lymphocyte subsets, expression of HLA‐DR antigens on T lymphocytes and NK cell function were determined in 11 homozygous β‐thalassemic children multitransfused ab initio with Erypur‐filtered leukocyte‐free red cell units (group A) and in 13 similar children multitransfused with standard packed red cell units (group B). No antibodies were found in group A patients, whereas 69% of group B patients were immunized. The two groups did not differ significantly with regard to the other test results. Considered together, thalassemia patients showed a percentage of T4+ cells and a NK cell function that were significantly lower than those found in a reference group of 16 healthy male blood donors. Thalassemics moreover showed a higher than normal percentage of T3+, T4+ and T8+ cells expressing HLA‐DR antigens.The results indicate that leukocyte‐free red cells should be the treatment of choice for prospective recipients of multiple transfusions, since they are capable of preventing (or delaying) the production of alloantibodies against leukocytes and platelets. From the data of the present study, it does not seem that the transfusion of leukocyte‐free red cells is capable of preventing the abnormalities of some immunological tests that occur in some multitransfused patients. Further investigations, however, are needed to draw conclusions on this problem.
ABH and Related Histo‐Blood Group Antigens; Immunochemical Differences in Carrier Isotypes and Their Distribution1
Authors: Clausen Henrik , Hakomori Sen‐itiroh 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This review summarizes present knowledge of the chemistry of histo‐blood group ABH and related antigens. Recent advances in analytical carbohydrate chemistry (particularly mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy) and the introduction of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) have made it possible to distinguish structural variants of histo‐blood group ABH antigens. Polymorphism of ABH antigens is induced by: (i) variations in peripheral core structure, of which four (type 1, 2, 3 and 4) are known in man; (ii) variation in inner core by branching process (blood group iI), leading to variation of unbranched vs. branched ABH determinants; (iii) biosynthetic interaction with other glycosyltransferases (Lewis, P. T/Tn blood systems) capable of acting on the same substrate as the ABH‐defined transferases, and finally (iv) the nature of the glycoconjugate (glycolipid, glycoprotein of N‐ or O‐linked type). ABH variants induced by item (i) above have been clearly distinguished qualitatively by MoAbs; e.g., at least six types of A determinants can be distinguished by qualitatively different classes of antibody. The variants induced by item (ii) create mono‐ vs. bivalent antigens which may be responsible for observed differences in antibody‐binding affinity.Detailed studies of the chemistry of these antigens have increased our insight into blood groups, providing the basis for blood group iI and A subgrouping, as well as a relation between the ABH and Lewis, P, and T/Tn systems. A survey of the literature on distribution patterns of ABH variants is presented. It has been assumed that expression of histo‐blood group antigens is developmentally regulated. Relationships between histo‐blood group expression, development, differentiation and maturation, as well as malignant transformation, are discussed.
Chagas' Disease and Blood Transfusion: A New World Problem?
Authors: Wendel S. , Gonzaga A.L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAmerican trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) can be transmitted by blood transfusion. For almost 40 years, this transmission has been limited to Latin America, but recently, three cases have been reported in the USA and Canada. With increasing emigration to North America and Europe, Chagas' disease may be introduced to the Northern hemisphere by transfusion of blood from carriers. This review will focus on the discovery, biology and antigenic profile of Trypanosoma cruzi (the aetiological agent of Chagas' disease), including the invertebrate vectors, animal reservoirs and transmission to humans, with special reference to blood transfusion. Finally, diagnostic tests and prophylactic measures for the prevention of Chagas' disease will be discussed.
Hepatitis A Virus Infection among the Hemophilia Population at the Bonn Hemophilia Center
Authors: Brackmann H.‐H. , Oldenburg J. , Hammerstein U. , Hanfland P. , Eis‐Hübinger A.‐M. , Gerritzen A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFollowing a publication on the sudden outbreak of hepatitis A (HAV) infections in Italian hemophiliacs after treatment with a solvent detergent (S/D) virus‐inactivated factor VIII concentrate, we retrospectively examined our patients for HAV seroconversions and clinical symptoms of an acute HAV infection at our center. We found that between 1988 and 1992, 17 hemophilia A patients displayed HAV IgG seroconversions. Of these patients, 13 also had an HAV IgM seroconversion and 10 exhibited clinical symptoms of an acute HAV infection. A feature common to all was the fact that in the months prior to seroconversion they had been treated exclusively with the S/D‐virus‐inactivated product Octavi manufactured by Octapharma in Düsseldorf (FRG). None of the hemophilia A patients who had been treated with other products and who were susceptible to hepatitis A displayed seroconversion in the above‐mentioned time span.
Hepatitis A in French Hemophiliacs
Authors: Goudemand J. , Parquet A. , D'Oiron R. , Stieltjes N. , Guérois C. , Fonlupt J. , Alcalay M. , Négrier C. , Cazenave J.P. , Briquel M.E. , Fressinaud E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe prevalence of serum antibodies to hepatitis A virus (HAV) in 793 hemophilia A (HA) and 89 hemophilia B (HB) patients coming from 10 French Hemophilia Centers and treated since 1986–1987 with solvent/detergent (SD)‐treated products is reported. The results indicated seropositivity to HAV of 29.9% in HA and 40.4% in HB patients. There was no difference among the patients according to severity of the disease, HIV serology or administration of factor VIII during the last 12 months. Seropositivity increased with age from 5.2% in HA children to 42.4% in adults (in HB the respective prevalences in the same groups were 7.7% and 56.1%). When compared to normal controls (n = 585), the prevalence of HAV seropositivity was not excessive in HA patients (n = 206). 19/20 children exclusively treated with a very‐high‐purity SD‐factor VIII concentrate (Centre régional de transfusion sanguine, Lille) remained HAV seronegative. Six cases of HAV contamination were reported in patients with severe HA, probably reflecting the level of HAV endemy in the normal population in France. No special risk of HAV transmission linked to the SD products used in France since 1986 had thus been identified.
Is the Apparent Outbreak of Hepatitis A in Belgian Hemophiliacs due to a Loss of Previous Passive Immunity?
Authors: Peerlinck K. , Vermylen J. , Goubau P. , Coppens G. , Desmyter J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeveral reports describing outbreaks of hepatitis A in hemophilia A patients transfused with solvent/detergent‐treated factor VIII concentrates have raised concern about possible transmission of hepatitis A by these concentrates. We recently witnessed such an outbreak of hepatitis A in 6 hemophilia A patients; review of the clinical data did not disclose any increased risk factor for community‐acquired hepatitis A. A case‐control study comparing the prevalence of anti‐hepatitis A IgG antibodies in hemophiliacs and age‐matched controls showed a lower seroprevalence in hemophiliacs. This might be due to passive protection acquired through transfusion of the previously used immunoglobulin‐containing cryoprecipitate. The outbreak of hepatitis A could be explained as a catch‐up phenomenon linked to the loss of passive protection with the use of purer factor VIII concentrates.
The Outbreak of Hepatitis A in Italian Patients with Hemophilia: Facts and Fancies
Authors: Mannucci P.M. , Santagostino E. , Di Bona E. , Gentili G. , Ghirardini A. , Mele A. , Schiavoni M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo determine whether an outbreak of hepatitis A that occured in 52 Italian hemophiliacs was acquired through the infusion of contaminated factor VIII or through environmental enteric transmission, a case‐control study of the first 29 infected patients was carried out. Case patients were neither more nor less likely than controls (hemophiliacs without HAV infection) to have traveled to high‐risk countries, consumed raw shellfish or had contact with persons with jaundice. The case patients, however, were more likely than controls to have received a factor VIII concentrate treated with solvent‐detergent and to have had larger infusions of the concentrate during the presumed HAV incubation period. In the PCR analysis of HAV sequences from implicated lots of factor VIII, HAV sequences were found in 5 of 12 lots of factor VIII implicated in the outbreak. Three different strains of HAV were recovered, suggesting that lots were not contaminated from the same plasmapheresis donor. To obtain molecular evidence that the HAV detected in the factor VIII preparations was responsible for transmission of HAV, serial serum samples from two patients were tested for HAV gene sequences and compared with those of the implicated lots. The genomic sequences of HAV obtained for two matched sets of factor VIII and recipient serum samples were identical within each set, but different for the two sets.
Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus by Pasteurization and Elimination of Picornaviruses during Manufacture of Factor VIII Concentrate
Authors: Hilfenhaus J. , Nowak T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHepatitis A virus (HAV) infections have been reported among hemophiliacs who received factor VIII concentrates which had been purified by ion‐exchange chromatography and treated by the solvent detergent (SD) method. Since the virus inactivation procedure of our manufacturing process is heat treatment of the stabilized, aqueous protein solution at 60°C for 10 h (pasteurization), we investigated whether this method inactivated picornaviruses such as HAV and poliovirus type 1, which we routinely use as a test virus for non‐enveloped viruses. HAV was substantially inactivated by pasteurization but the stabilizers used in the manufacturing process of the commercial products considerably delayed HAV inactivation. Residual infectious HAV was found even after 10 h heat treatment of the stabilized preparation. Thus HAV is more stable in the presence of stabilizers than poliovirus type 1. Furthermore, we studied stage by stage the elimination of poliovirus type 1 by the manufacturing procedure of these pasteurized factor VIII concentrates. Three other stages of the manufacturing process apart from pasteurization eliminated poliovirus by approximately three orders of magnitude each. Taking into account this efficient elimination of the picornavirus poliovirus and the substantial inactivation of HAV by pasteurization, we conclude that a high margin of safety exists for pasteurized factor VIII concentrates regarding HAV. This conclusion is supported by the fact that no HAV infection has been reported in hemophilia patients treated with pasteurized factor VIII concentrates. Furthermore, in a retrospective study, none of 95 patients subjected to a long‐term treatment with pasteurized factor VIII concentrates had developed anti‐HAV seroconversion as a result of this treatment.
The Natural History of Hepatitis A: The Potential for Transmission by Transfusion of Blood or Blood Products
Authors: Lemon Stanley M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA study of the natural history and risk factors for hepatitis A can shed light on the potential for contamination of plasma concentrate with hepatitis A virus (HAV). According to the long‐term Sentinel Counties Study conducted by Alter and colleagues at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, the most frequently reported risk factors for HAV infection are living with a patient who has hepatitis, homosexual activity, and close contact with young children. International travel to hepatitis A endemic areas and illicit parenteral drug use were less frequently documented risk factors, although illicit injectable drug use has been considered more significant in other hepatitis A studies. Approximately 40% of patients with hepatitis A reported no apparent risk factors. Hepatitis A occurs most often today in the 5‐ to 30‐year‐old age group. Young adults, who are also eligible donors, are thus at risk of infection. The natural history of hepatitis A was studied in New World owl monkeys. Fecal shedding of infectious virus was detected by 4 days after intravenous injection of infectious material and peaked at almost 10 million infectious particles per gram of feces just prior to onset of chemical evidence of liver disease. Viremia of substantial magnitude occurred throughout most of the 4‐week incubation period and was maximal during the prodromal stage, prior to the development of clinical, chemical, or serologic manifestations of infection. Although the magnitude of hepatitis A viremia has not been well documented in humans, it is likely to reach levels of 104–106 infectious particles per milliliter of blood. Thus, although almost all HAV infections are acquired by the fecal‐oral route, blood‐borne transmission of hepatitis A from asymptomatic individuals who are incubating the disease and who are also plasma donors is a possibility. A review of the solvent‐detergent anion‐exchange chromatography method of producing factor VIII concentrates suggested that this process may not be adequate for the elimination of all infectious HAV from plasma pools.
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE PREPARATION AND STORAGE OF RED CELLS
Authors: HÖGMAN CLAES F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe policy of blood collection for transfusion and the supply of fractionated plasma products differ between countries which has a strong impact on the choice of methods for RBC preparation and storage. Separation into components and storage of red cells in ASs are commonly used. New methods for improved preparation have been developed, allowing better standardization of the blood components. Several new compositions of AS have been described which improve quality with respect to oxygen affinity of the RBC haemoglobin and prolong shelf live. Multiple component systems using apheresis technique have been developed, particularly designed for autologous use.