bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Photolysis of cis-2-Butene and Its Implications for Radiation Chemistry
Authors: Hatano Yoshihiko , Shida Shoji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The direct photolysis at 1849 Å and the mercury-photosensitized reaction at 2537 Å of cis-2-butene have been studied in the gas phase at room temperature. It may be considered that the excited singlet state of cis-2-butene is formed in the former, and that the excited triplet state of cis-2-butene is formed in the latter. trans-2-Butene is predominantly produced in the latter, while the decomposition products (e. g., hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propylene, etc.) predominate in the former. The rates of the formation of all the products are pressure-independent in the former, while in the latter those of all products except trans-2-butene decrease rapidly with an increase in the initial pressure. The rate of trans-2-hutene formation in the latter, however, increases gradually with an increase in the initial pressure until it becomes constant above 100 mmHg. By comparing the pressure-dependence and the product-distribution of these two reactions with the results of the radiolysis of liquid cis-2-butene, one may conclude that the excited triplet state of cis-2-butene contributes chiefly to the formation of trans-2-butene in the radiolysis, while the excited singlet state of cis-2-butene contributes chiefly to the decomposition products.
The Synthesis of Novel α,ω-Oxaalkanedioic Acids with Long Methylene Chain Units
Authors: Saotome Kazuo , Sato Kenichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
α,ω-Oxaalkanedioic acids with the general formula HOOC(CH2)mO(CH2)nCOOH (m, n=3–10, but in unsymmetric structures m=3 or 4) were synthesized. The symmetric acids were prepared by the catalytic dehydration of ω-hydroxyalkanoic acids or by the condensation of ω-chloroalkanoic acids in the presence of alkali hydroxide. The unsymmetric acids (m=3 or 4) were prepared by the reaction of γ-butyrolactone or δ-valerolactone with alkali alcoholates of ω-hydroxyalkanoic acids. The reaction mechanisms were also discussed. In the plots of the melting points of the two unsymmetric series (m=3, 4 in m⁄n) against the carbon atoms in a molecule, the minimum melting points are found at 3/5 and 4/5 respectively.
The Chemistry of Protactinium. I. The Preparation of Protactinium-233 and the Purification of Protactinium-231
Authors: Suzuki Shin , Inoue Yasushi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Many methods, such as the co-precipitation method, the solvent extraction method and the ion exchange method, had previously been proposed for the separation and the purification of protactinium. However, these methods have some defects for the separation of Pa-233 produced by the thermal neutron irradiation of thorium dioxide and the purification of commercial Pa-231, when an attempt is made to study the chemistry of protactinium. From the above point of view, a combined method of solvent extraction and anion exchange was investigated. In the present paper, the detailed conditions for the TBP extraction of protactinium from a hydrochloric acid solution and the method for its final purification by anion exchange were described. The present method is comparatively simple and rapid, and chemically- and radiochemically-pure protactinium can thus be obtained.
The Crystal Structure of the Pyrene-Tetracyanoethylene Complex
Authors: Kuroda Haruo , Ikemoto Isao , Akamatu Hideo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structure of the pyrene-tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) complex has been determined by the two-dimensional Fourier method. The monoclinic unit cell dimensions are: a=14.58, b=7.34, c=8.09 Å and β=92.4°. The space group is P21/a. Two pyrene and two TCNE molecules are contained in a unit cell. Pyrene and TCNE molecules are stacked alternately along the c-axis direction, making their molecular planes parallel to each other. The center of a TCNE molecule is not directly above that of the neighboring pyrene molecule, but is displaced considerably along the long axis of pyrene. The mean separation of the molecular plane is 3.32 Å.
The Color Reaction between Chromium(III) Ion and Potassium Ferrocyanide
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshio , Shirai Michiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The observation of the orange-coloring reaction between potassium ferrocyanide and the chromium(III) ion on filter paper and its application in the paper chromatographical analysis of the chromium(III) ion has been reported on previously by the present authors. The color reaction has now been observed in an aqueous solution as well and studied in relation to the reaction temperature, the reaction time, the characteristic absorption, the species of chromium(III) salts, the chromium(III) ion concentration, the pH level, and the presence of an acetic acid buffer, by measuring the absorption spectra of the reaction solutions. The recommended conditions for getting a satisfactory color reaction and a suitable wavelength for the measurement of this color reaction have been presented.
The Coprecipitation Behavior of Strontium with Calcium Oxalate by Precipitation from a Homogeneous System
Authors: Matsui Masakazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The coprecipitation of strontium with calcium oxalate was studied using dimethyloxalate to precipitate calcium from a homogeneous solution. The several effects of the coprecipitation conditions on the distribution coefficients were investigated in the fractional precipitation process of calcium-strontium oxalate mixtures. Regardless of the pH value, the concentration of acetic acid and other factors, the coprecipitation curves of strontium showed similar shapes in almost all cases, although the curves well shifted up and dawn to some extent. It appears to be an anomalous system, because an increase in the fraction of the calcium precipitated tends to decrease the distribution coefficients. It is considered that two coprecipitation mechanisms are involved in the coprecipitation system; one is the surface adsorption on fine crystals, while the other is a normal systematic type. When the adsorption part was removed, it was found that the modified system obeyed the Doerner and Hoskins logarithmic distribution law and that the coefficient gave nearly a constant, 0.1.
The Separation of Alkali Metals as Poly-Iodides by Reversed-Phase Partition Chromatography
Authors: Akaza Ikuko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The liquid-liquid extraction of alkali metal ions as their poly-iodides had previously been investigated by the present author. In order to attain a good separation of each metal, this extraction system has now been extended to a reversed-phase partition chromatography in which Kel-F powder was used to support the organic phase of nitrobenzene-iodine-iodide. Column chromatographic separation was carried out in the presence of relatively large amounts of the metals by elution with water and 1 n or 6 n hydrochloric acid - eluting solutions. Chromatographic behavior of each metal ion was investigated and the elution from the column was found to be in the order of Li-Na-K-Rb-Cs. The distribution ratio of the metal ions varied with the quantity of the ions loaded on the column; the smaller the quantity of the ions used, the larger was the distribution ratio obtained. The actual separation of individual metal ions from the mixture was successfully achieved; a minute amount of cesium could be particularly isolated from large amounts of other alkali metals, even in a large volume of the sample solution. Elution curves of various amounts of metal were obtained as an aid to a discussion of the partition on the column. A comparison of the distribution ratio in the liquid-liquid extraction with that in the column chromatography showed that the extraction of the same mechanism proceeded in both cases.
The Formation of Phenolic Ethers by the Acid-catalyzed Condensation of Phenols and Alcohols
Authors: Oae Shigeru , Kiritani Reiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of phenol with ethyl alcohol in strong acidic media at a somewhat high temperature gave phenyl ethyl ether in a 61% yield. The product isolated from a similar reaction between phenol and n-propyl alcohol was practically pure phenyl n-propyl ether, and no isopropyl isomer was detected. When 18O-labeled phenol was treated with unlabeled ethyl alcohol, the phenetole isolated was found not to contain any excess 18O. The reaction of phenol with ethyl alcohol in the presence of hydrogen chloride gave no isolable amount of phenetole. The mechanism for these reactions was then discussed.
The Reaction of Diphenyl Sulfoxide with Bromine in Aqueous Acetic Acid
Authors: Tagaki Waichiro , Kikukawa Kunihiko , Kunieda Norio , Oae Shigeru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
When diphenyl sulfoxide was allowed to react with bromine in a mixture of acetic acid and 18O-enriched water, the sulfoxide was recovered, together with a small amount of diphenyl sulfone. The sulfoxide recovered incorporated a very small amount of 18O from the water. Meanwhile, diphenyl sulfoxide was found to undergo a facile oxygen exchange reaction with water in the presence of hydrobromic acid. Possible mechanisms for these reactions have been discussed.
A Kinetic Study of the γ-Radiation-Induced Polymerization of Ethylene at a Normal Temperature
Authors: Machi Sueo , Hagiwara Miyuki , Gotoda Masao , Kagiya Tsutomu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The gamma-radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene was carried out in the intermediate pressure region from 70 to 400 kg./cm2 with a dose-rate from 5×103 to 4.3×105 rad./hr. and at a temperature of 30°C. An overall G-value of the 104 order was usually obtained. No induction period for polymerization was observed. The polymerization rate and the molecular weight of the polymer formed were shown to increase almost proportionally with the reaction time and with the pressure of ethylene. The dose-rate exponents of the rate and the molecular weight were found to be 0.9 and 0 respectively. These results indicate that the stationary-state hypothesis, i. e., that the rate of initiation is equal to that of termination, is not realized in this polymerization. From the kinetic discussion of the initial stage of polymerization, where the concentration of monomer remains essentially constant, it was concluded that the rates of termination and transfer reaction are very small; the life of polymer radicals is, therefore, quite long and the growing of polymer radicals proceeds successively under irradiation.
The Determination of Micro Amounts of Polythionates. V. A Photometric Method for the Determination of Polythionates When Two Species of Them, Tetra-, Penta- and Hexathionate, are Present Together
Authors: Koh Tomozo , Iwasaki Iwaji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In the previous papers of this series, the present authors have found the conditions under which all three polythionates (n=4, 5 and 6) are quantitatively converted into thiocyanate. When one mole of polythionate undergoes cyanolysis, one mole of thiosulfate and (n–3) moles of thiocyanate are formed. The thiosulfate formed from polythionate is then converted into thiocyanate by the addition of a cupric chloride solution. A photometric method for the determination of polythionate when two species of polythionates, tetra-, penta- and hexathionate, are present toghther has been devised; it depends upon the determination of the different amounts of thiocyanate formed from the cyanolysis of polythionates both in the presence of cupric ions and in their absence. The mean number of sulfur atoms, n, in the formula, SnO62−, for polythionate, was determined; the polythionate composition of the solution was also evaluated from the n value
Studies of the Synthetic Inorganic Ion Exchanger. V. The Separation of Zirconium-95 and Niobium-95 by Means of a Stannic Phosphate Cation Exchanger
Authors: Sat\={o} Akiko , Inoue Yasushi , Suzuki Shin 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
With the aim of developing a method for the separation of 95Zr and 95Nb, various eluants were investigated, a sulfuric acid solution was found to be most suitable for this purpose. After the stannic phosphate exchanger column had been conditioned with 1 n nitric acid, the sample solution was passed through it to adsorb 95Zr and 95Nb. By using a 2 n sulfuric acid solution and a 3 n sulfuric acid - 0.01 N hydrofluoric acid solution as eluants, 95Zr and 95Nb could be eluted respectively. The separation was not quantitative, however, because of the unfavorable tailing of the elution curves. On the basis of the above results, the posibility of the total radiochemical separation of a long-lived fission product and the mechanism of the adsorption of these ions were discussed.
The Copolymerization of the Vinyl Monomer with a Cyclic Compound. III. The Cationic Copolymerization of Styrene with Substituted Ethylene Oxides
Authors: Aoki Shuzo , Fujisawa Kazuo , Otsu Takayuki , Imoto Minoru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The copolymerization of styrene with substituted ethylene oxides catalyzed by boron trifluoride - diethyl ether has been investigated. In all cases, rather low-molecular-weight copolymers were obtained. The copolymerization reactivity of the substituted ethylene oxides with styrene varied with the substituents, in the order of: isobutene oxide&gt;propylene oxide&gt;styrene oxide&gt;epichlorohydrin. This has been explained in terms of cross-propagation or the reaction of the growing oxide cation with styrene.
The styrene unit content of the copolymer of styrene and epichlorohydrin increases with an increase in the solvent polarity and with an increase in the temperature. It has been concluded from the experimental results that the copolymerizability of alkylene oxide toward styrene is increased by the introduction of electron-releasing substituents into the oxide and by the use of a polar solvent at a moderate temperature.
A Phase Study of the Iron(III) Sulfate, Sodium Sulfate and Sodium Chloride System
Authors: Sugiyama Kohzoh , Takahashi Takehiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A phase diagram was drawn by using the results of a differential thermal analysis of the samples sealed in vicolglass and X-ray diffraction techniques undertaken in connection with the study of chlorine formation by the reaction of sodium chloride with sulfur dioxide and oxygen in the presence of iron compounds. In the two-component sodium sulfate - iron(III) sulfate system, the eutectic point was found at 562°C, the peritectic point, at 780°C, and the peritectoid point, at about 380°C. The former two values differ from those found by K. A. Bol’ shakov et al. (Zhur. Neorg. Khim., 8, 2577 (1963)). In the trigonal diagram, two eutectic points were found, one at 465°C with a composition of about 13.5 mol.% iron sulfate, 53.5 mol.% sodium chloride and 33.0 mol.% sodium sulfate, and the other at 454°C with 15.0 mol.% iron(III) sulfate on the line of sodium chloride - iron (III) sulfate. It was confirmed that the peritectic point corresponding to the Fe2(SO4)3+Na2SO4(1)=2NaFe(SO4)2 reaction shifted from 780°C on the line of sodium sulfate - iron(III) sulfate to 680°C on that of sodium chloride - iron(III) sulfate. From the diagram, the retarding tendency of the reaction rate of the final period of chlorine formation was attributed to diffusion control coming from the formation of solid phases.
The Electron Spin Resonance of Oxovanadium Sulfate Dispersed on Porous Materials
Authors: Tanaka Hazime , Matsumoto Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Oxovanadium sulfate was fixed on silica and alumina gel bases as a model of the oxidation catalyst. On silica gel the ESR spectra showed an exchange narrowing without hyperfine lines as a result of the formation of small crystallites. In this case, axially-symmetrical g factors were obtained: g⊥=1.969±0.001 and g||=1.915±0.005. When sulfuric salts of alkali metals were added to the system, the dispersion of VO2+ ions became homogeneous and a hyperfine structure was observed in the ESR spectra. On an alumina gel base the spectrum resembled that of the frozen aqueous solution of VOSO4 and showed the hyperfine structure, A⊥=(7.0±0.2)×10−3cm−1 and A||=(1.85±0.05)×10−2cm−1. It may be considered that VO2+ ions are distributed homogeneously in the surfase layer of alumina. In the alumina gel and silica gel with alkali sulfate, the decrease in the V4+ ions with heat treatment was slower than in the silica gel system.
The Flocculation of Kaolin and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate by Polymers
Authors: Sakaguchi Kahei , Nagase Kunihiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The subsidence rate of a suspension of kaolin or precipitated calcium carbonate flocculated by polyacrylamide increases with an increase in the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer, and it shows a marked acceleration above an intrinsic viscosity of 5–6. However, in the case of the flocculation of the precipitated calcium carbonate flocculated by sodium polyacrylate, the subsidence rate depends linearly upon the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer. The results have been discussed in terms of Verwey and Overbeek’s theory. The real unperturbed dimension of polyacrylamide has been calculated from the equations proposed by Kurata, Stockmayer and Fixman. As a consequence, it has been suggested that the dimension of a polymer has a close relationship with its flocculation behavior.
Electronic Spectra of Trivalent Metal Complexes of 3-Phenyl- and 3-Benzyl-2,4-pentanedione
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Nakamura Katsuyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The 3-phenyl- and 3-benzyl-2, 4-pentanedione complexes of trivalent aluminum, chromium, iron and cobalt were prepared, and their electronic absorption spectra measured in the 220—900 mμ range. The spectral data were interpreted in detail in terms of the π3→π4, the electron transfer (dε→π4) and the d→d* transitions of the various components. In this series of complexes, an inter-ring π-interaction between a phenyl ring and a chelate ring is expected to remain to a limited extent in the metal complexes of 3-phenyl-2, 4-pentanedione, although the twist of both rings from the coplanarity is significant. For the aluminum complexes, π-electrons in the ligand part remain delocalized in a manner similar to that which holds in the corresponding enolate ion. On the other hand, each kind of π3→π4 transition in the transition metal complexes of the 2, 4-pentanedione derivatives was found to depend on the number of dε electrons of the central metal ion and to appear in this increasing order of energy: Cr&lt;Fe&lt;Co. In addition, the metal-ligand π-interaction has a major effect on the π3→π4 transition, and it seems to increase with respect to the ligands in the order: 2, 4-pentanedione, 3-phenyl-2, 4-pentanedione, and 3-benzyl-2, 4-pentanedione. The two major substituent (at the 3-position of 2, 4-pentanedione) effects which may affect the π3→π4 transitions were identified.
t-Amyloxycarbonyl as a New Protecting Group in Peptide Synthesis. II. Synthesis of a Hexapeptide Amide Related to Eledoisin by the t-Amyloxycarbonyl Method
Authors: Sakakibara Shumpei , Fujino Masahiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The synthesis of a hexapeptide amide, l-lysyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-isoleucylglycyl-l-leucyl-l-methionine amide, has been carried out as a demonstration of the t-amyloxycarbonyl method. This peptide is known to possess strong biological activity which is similar to that of eledoisin and bradykinin. During the synthesis, no complication occurred involving the t-amyloxycarbonyl group, and the final product had the expected activity. Therefore, it is considered that the t-amyloxycarbonyl method is useful for the synthesis of complicated peptides.
Organic Sulfur Compounds. III. The Reactions of Toluenesulfinic Acid with Acyl Chlorides
Authors: Kobayashi Michio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sodium p-toluenesulfinate reacts with acetyl chloride to form acetic anhydride, p-toluenesulfinyl chloride, thiolsulfonate, and sodium p-toluenesulfonate. A reaction with benzoyl chloride gives benzoic anhydride in a good yield. A mixed anhydride of sulfinic acid and carboxylic acid is postulated as an intermediate, one which survives for a few hours at −60°C. The reaction mechanism is discussed.
SOME NOTES ON THE THEORY OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS. PART I
Authors: Komagata Sakuji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) Under some assumptions, the distributions of potential and electric charge in capillary are given by the equations (15)–(22) … (Section 2.)
(2) The quantity of liquid flowed out electro-osmotically W′ is given by the equation (40), and W′/πR2 is expressed by the function of radius R. The relation between permeability of membrane and electro-osmotic transfer has already been pointed out(1) to be different from that given by the Helmholtz’s equation in which W′/πR2 is constant for any R, although it is only considered to be caused from the “free-osmosis”—that is, equivalent to the first term in right hand member of equation (39)… (Section 3.)
(3) The current in capillary differs from that in the large vessel, because of its non-uniform distribution of electric charge. This is given by the equation (50). And, the relation between so-called surface conduction and ζ-potential seems to be slight, as D.R. Briggs(1) has stated. (Section 4.)
The writer wishes to express his hearty thanks to Prof. Setoh for his kind advice.
Polarography of Halides in Dimethylformamide. I. Bromide Ion and Its Mercuric Compounds
Authors: Matsui Yoshihisa , Kawakado Ryuji , Date Yoshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The complex formation between tetraethylammonium bromide (TEB) and mercuric bromide in dimethylformamide was observed conductometrically, and a complex, tetraethylammonium tribromomercurate (TETM), was isolated. Voltammetric studies of TEB, TETM, and mercuric bromide were made, using the dropping mercury electrode in dimethylformamide containing 0.1 m tetraethylammonium perchlorate. It was found that TEB gives two reversible anodic waves, of which the more negative one is due to the oxidation of mercury to TETM, and the more positive, to the oxidation of mercury to mercuric bromide. The electrode reaction mechanism was also investigated by means of large-scale electrolysis with a controlled potential.
Metal-Containing Initiator Systems. III. Polymerization of Styrene by Some Activated Metals in the Presence of Organic Halides
Authors: Otsu Takayuki , Yamaguchi Masami 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The polymerization of styrene with systems of various metals and organic halides was investigated at 60°C. It was found that the metals which could be used as hydrogenation catalysts were effective as initiators and that the organic halides with a weak carbon-halogen bond showed a high initiating activity for styrene polymerization. From the kinetic studies of the polymerization of styrene by reduced nickel and chloroform, the rate of polymerization was shown to be proportional to the monomer concentration and to the square-root concentration of both nickel and chloroform in the lower concentration range of chloroform. Some radical inhibitors were also found to inhibit this polymerization. These results indicated that this initiator system could induce the radical polymerization. The apparent overall activation energy for the polymerization by this system was estimated as 11 kcal/mol. The resulting polystyrene was found to be a relatively-low-molecular-weight atactic polymer.