bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different biomass‐allocation patterns among four tree species in heavily disturbed sites on a volcanic mountain in Hokkaido, northern Japan
Authors: Shibuya Masato , Yajima Takashi , Yoshida Mihoko , Sasaoka Eiji 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe have compared biomass‐allocation patterns and frequency of sprouting among saplings of four tree species (Larix kaempferi, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Populus maximowiczii, and Populus sieboldii) growing on a volcanic mountain in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Growing conditions were very harsh on the mountainside. Leaf mass and fine root mass relative to root mass were larger in L. kaempferi, and L. kaempferi root mass was less than for the other species. Sprouting ratios were high for the broadleaved species. Different allometries and sprouting ratios among species suggest that survival strategies for L. kaempferi were different from those for the broadleaved species. L. kaempferi has greater ability to increase leaf mass under harsh growing conditions; this probably results in large photosynthetic production by L. kaempferi on the volcano. In contrast, the two Populus species and Betula platyphylla seem to maintain populations through their ability to produce sprouts from large root systems.
Self-assembled GaInNAs/GaAsN quantum dot lasers: solid source molecular beam epitaxy growth and high-temperature operation
Authors: Yoon S. F. , Liu C. Y. , Sun Z. Z. , Yew K. C. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Self-assembled GaInNAs quantum dots (QDs) were grown on GaAs (001) substrate using solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy (SSMBE) equipped with a radio-frequency nitrogen plasma source. The GaInNAs QD growth characteristics were extensively investigated using atomic-force microscopy (AFM), photoluminescence (PL), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. Self-assembled GaInNAs/GaAsN single layer QD lasers grown using SSMBE have been fabricated and characterized. The laser worked under continuous wave (CW) operation at room temperature (RT) with emission wavelength of 1175.86 nm. Temperature-dependent measurements have been carried out on the GaInNAs QD lasers. The lowest obtained threshold current density in this work is ∼1.05 kA/cm2from a GaInNAs QD laser (50 × 1,700 µm2) at 10 °C. High-temperature operation up to 65 °C was demonstrated from an unbonded GaInNAs QD laser (50 × 1,060 µm2), with high characteristic temperature of 79.4 K in the temperature range of 10–60 °C.
Evolution of wetting layer in InAs/GaAs quantum dot system
Authors: Chen Y.H. , Ye X.L. , Wang Z.G. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
For InAs/GaAs quantum dot system, the evolution of the wetting layer (WL) with the InAs deposition thickness has been studied by reflectance difference spectroscopy (RDS). Two transitions related to the heavy- and light-hole in the WL have been distinguished in RD spectra. Taking into account the strain and segregation effects, a model has been presented to deduce the InAs amount in the WL and the segregation coefficient of the indium atoms from the transition energies of heavy- and light-holes. The variation of the InAs amount in the WL and the segregation coefficient are found to rely closely on the growth modes. In addition, the huge dots also exhibits a strong effect on the evolution of the WL. The observed linear dependence of In segregation coefficient upon the InAs amount in the WL demonstrates that the segregation is enhanced by the strain in the WL.
Gold nanoparticle ensembles as heaters and actuators: melting and collective plasmon resonances
Authors: Govorov Alexander O. , Zhang Wei , Skeini Timur , Richardson Hugh , Lee Jaebeom , Kotov Nicholas A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We describe the peculiar conditions under which optically driven gold nanoparticles (NPs) can significantly increase temperature or even melt a surrounding matrix. The heating and melting processes occur under light illumination and involve the plasmon resonance. For the matrix, we consider water, ice, and polymer. Melting and heating the matrix becomes possible if a nanoparticle size is large enough. Significant enhancement of the heating effect can appear in ensembles of NPs due to an increase of a volume of metal and electric-field amplification.
The umbilical coiling index and adverse perinatal outcome
Authors: Kashanian M. , Akbarian A. , Kouhpayehzadeh J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective: Evaluation of the relationship between umbilical coiling index (UCI) and adverse perinatal outcome.Method: A prospective study was performed on 699 pregnant women who were 37–40 weeks. UCI was determined by dividing the total number of the complete vascular coiling by the total umbilical cord length in centimeters. Then the relationship between UCI and neonatal weight, amniotic fluid index, meconium, Apgar score, and fetal distress were evaluated.Results: There was a significant difference between normo‐ and hypocoiled groups according to the Apgar score less than 7 in minute 5, AFI ≤ 5; and between normo‐ and hypercoiled groups according to Apgar score less than 7 in minute 5, AFI ≤ 5, meconium, and fetal distress. Neonatal weight in normocoiled was higher than hypercoiled group. AFI ≤ 5, meconium and fetal distress were higher in hypercoiled than hypocoiled group. Neonatal weight in hypercoiled was less than that in the hypocoiled group, respectively.Conclusion: Abnormal UCI may relate to adverse perinatal outcome.
Recurrence risks for schizophrenia in a Swedish National Cohort
Authors: LICHTENSTEIN PAUL , BJÖRK CAMILLA , HULTMAN CHRISTINA M. , SCOLNICK EDWARD , SKLAR PAMELA , SULLIVAN PATRICK F. 
Published: July 2006

Objective. Recurrence risk estimates for schizophrenia are fundamental to our understanding of this complex disease. Widely cited estimates are from small/older samples. If these estimates are biased upwards, then the rationale for molecular genetic studies of schizophrenia may not be as solid.Method. We created a population-based, Swedish national cohort by linking two Swedish national registers into a relational database (the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register and the Multi-Generation Register). Affection was defined as the lifetime presence of at least two in-patient hospitalizations with a core schizophrenia diagnosis.Results. Merging the Swedish national registers created a population-based cohort of 7739202 individuals of known parentage. The lifetime prevalence of the narrow definition of schizophrenia was 0·407% and we estimated that one in every 79 extended Swedish families had been impacted by schizophrenia. The proportion of affected families with multiple affected members was 3·81%. Recurrence risk estimates for all relative types were strikingly similar to those reported in smaller and older studies. For example, we estimated λsibs at 8·55 [95% confidence interval (CI) 7·86–9·57] compared with a literature estimate of 8·6.Conclusions. In the largest and most comprehensive sample yet studied, we confirm the accepted estimates of recurrence risks for schizophrenia, and provide more accurate estimates of recurrence risks of schizophrenia in relatives, an estimate of the familial impact of schizophrenia, and the multiplex proportion (essential for gauging the generalizability of findings from multiplex pedigrees). These data may be valuable for planning and interpreting genetic studies of schizophrenia.
The death of the Master: the Gospel of John and R. L. Stevenson's The Master of Ballantrae
Authors: Jack Alison 
Published: July 2006

In this paper, I argue that the influence of John's Gospel on R. L. Stevenson's novel The Master of Ballantrae is significant on several levels. On the level of narrative, I show that both texts are narrated from a perspective which shifts uneasily from omniscience to uncertainty. John's Gospel, particularly its closing chapters, offers a powerful model for the telling of the story of The Master of Ballantrae. The reliability both of Mr MacKellar, the novel's narrator, and of the mysterious editor of the material which makes up John's Gospel, is open to question. On the level of plot, the death, burial and ‘resurrection’ of James Durie, the ‘Master’, at least on one reading of the novel's title, mirrors the death, burial and resurrection of the Johannine Christ. This is no straightforward importation of one set of ideas onto another, rather an imaginative and sophisticated retelling of the climax of the Gospel story. Finally, on the level of characterisation, several of the characters in The Master of Ballantrae share features with players in the Gospel narrative, particularly those who appear in the Passion and resurrection scenes. Pilate's vacillations and Thomas's doubts flesh out our understanding of the characters who witness the death throes of the warring Durie brothers.Robert Louis Stevenson had grown up hearing the Bible read at home and in church. Despite rejecting the faith of his parents in his twenties, he nevertheless continued to be drawn to the images and cadences of the Bible, and particularly of the Gospels. The relationship between The Master of Ballantrae and John's Gospel is not one of simple dependence: but the influence of the Gospel on the novel, I argue, is clear and distinctive.
Development of an Objective Scoring System for Measurement of Resident Performance on the Human Patient Simulator
Authors: Scavone Barbara M. , Sproviero Michele T. , McCarthy Robert J. , Wong Cynthia A. , Sullivan John T. , Siddall Viva J. , Wade Leonard D. 
Published: July 2006

Background
The decrease in the percentage of patients having cesarean delivery during general anesthesia has led some educators to advocate the increased use of simulation-based training for this anesthetic. The authors developed a scoring system to measure resident performance of this anesthetic on the human patient simulator and subjected the system to tests of validity and reliability.

Methods
A modified Delphi technique was used to achieve a consensus among several experts regarding a standardized scoring system for evaluating resident performance of general anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery on the human patient simulator. Eight third-year and eight first-year anesthesiology residents performed the scenario and were videotaped and scored by four attending obstetric anesthesiologists.

Results
Third-year residents scored an average of 150.5 points, whereas first-year residents scored an average of 128 points (P = 0.004). The scoring instrument demonstrated high interrater reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.94-0.99) compared with the average score.

Conclusions
The developed scoring tool to measure resident performance of general anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery on the patient simulator seems both valid and reliable in the context in which it was tested. This scoring system may prove useful for future studies such as those investigating the effect of simulator training on objective assessment of resident performance.
Opioid–Volatile Anesthetic Synergy
Authors: Manyam Sandeep C. , Gupta Dhanesh K. , Johnson Ken B. , White Julia L. , Pace Nathan L. , Westenskow Dwayne R. , Egan Talmage D. 
Published: July 2006

Background
Combining a hypnotic and an analgesic to produce sedation, analgesia, and surgical immobility required for clinical anesthesia is more common than administration of a volatile anesthetic alone. The aim of this study was to apply response surface methods to characterize the interactions between remifentanil and sevoflurane.

Methods
Sixteen adult volunteers received a target-controlled infusion of remifentanil (0-15 ng/ml) and inhaled sevoflurane (0-6 vol%) at various target concentration pairs. After reaching pseudo-steady state drug levels, the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score and response to a series of randomly applied experimental pain stimuli (pressure algometry, electrical tetany, and thermal stimulation) were observed for each target concentration pair. Response surface pharmacodynamic interaction models were built using the pooled data for sedation and analgesic endpoints. Using computer simulation, the pharmacodynamic interaction models were combined with previously reported pharmacokinetic models to identify the combination of remifentanil and sevoflurane that yielded the fastest recovery (Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score > or = 4) for anesthetics lasting 30-900 min.

Results
Remifentanil synergistically decreased the amount of sevoflurane necessary to produce sedation and analgesia. Simulations revealed that as the duration of the procedure increased, faster recovery was produced by concentration target pairs containing higher amounts of remifentanil. This trend plateaued at a combination of 0.75 vol% sevoflurane and 6.2 ng/ml remifentanil.

Conclusion
Response surface analyses demonstrate a synergistic interaction between remifentanil and sevoflurane for sedation and all analgesic endpoints.
Value of Debriefing during Simulated Crisis Management
Authors: Savoldelli Georges L. , Naik Viren N. , Park Jason , Joo Hwan S. , Chow Roger , Hamstra Stanley J. 
Published: July 2006

Background
The debriefing process during simulation-based education has been poorly studied despite its educational importance. Videotape feedback is an adjunct that may enhance the impact of the debriefing and in turn maximize learning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of the debriefing process during simulation and to compare the educational efficacy of two types of feedback, oral feedback and videotape-assisted oral feedback, against control (no debriefing).

Methods
Forty-two anesthesia residents were enrolled in the study. After completing a pretest scenario, participants were randomly assigned to receive no debriefing, oral feedback, or videotape-assisted oral feedback. The debriefing focused on nontechnical skills performance guided by crisis resource management principles. Participants were then required to manage a posttest scenario. The videotapes of all performances were later reviewed by two blinded independent assessors who rated participants' nontechnical skills using a validated scoring system.

Results
Participants' nontechnical skills did not improve in the control group, whereas the provision of oral feedback, either assisted or not assisted with videotape review, resulted in significant improvement (P < 0.005). There was no difference in improvement between oral and video-assisted oral feedback groups.

Conclusions
Exposure to a simulated crisis without constructive debriefing by instructors offers little benefit to trainees. The addition of video review did not offer any advantage over oral feedback alone. Valuable simulation training can therefore be achieved even when video technology is not available.
Differential Effects of Volatile Anesthetics on M3Muscarinic Receptor Coupling to the GαqHeterotrimeric G Protein
Authors: Nakayama Tetsuzo , Penheiter Alan R. , Penheiter Sumedha G. , Chini Eduardo N. , Thompson Michael , Warner David O. , Jones Keith A. 
Published: July 2006

Background
Halothane inhibits airway smooth muscle contraction in part by inhibiting the functional coupling between muscarinic receptors and one of its cognate heterotrimeric G proteins, Galphaq. Based on previous studies indicating a more potent effect of halothane and sevoflurane on airway smooth muscle contraction compared with isoflurane, the current study hypothesized that at anesthetic concentrations of 2 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) or less, halothane and sevoflurane but not isoflurane inhibit acetylcholine-promoted Galphaq guanosine nucleotide exchange.

Methods
Galphaq guanosine nucleotide exchange was measured in crude membranes prepared from COS-7 cells transiently coexpressing the human M3 muscarinic receptor and human Galphaq. A radioactive, nonhydrolyzable analog of guanosine-5'-triphosphate, [35S]GTPgammaS, was used as a reporter for nucleotide exchange at Galphaq.

Results
Acetylcholine caused a concentration-dependent increase in Galphaq [35S]GTPgammaS-GDP exchange. Neither anesthetic affected constitutive Galphaq [35S]GTPgammaS-GDP exchange in the absence of acetylcholine. Conversely, each anesthetic caused a concentration-dependent and reversible inhibition of Galphaq [35S]GTPgammaS-GDP exchange when promoted by acetylcholine. At concentrations of 3 MAC or less, the effect of halothane and sevoflurane were significantly greater than that of isoflurane, with only a minimal inhibition by isoflurane observed at 2 MAC.

Conclusion
The differential effects of volatile anesthetics on acetylcholine-promoted guanosine nucleotide exchange at Galphaq are consistent with the apparent more potent direct effect of halothane and sevoflurane compared with isoflurane on muscarinic receptor-mediated contraction of isolated airway smooth muscle. These differential effects also suggest a mode of anesthetic action that could be due to anesthetic-protein interactions and not simply anesthetic accumulation in the lipid membrane.
Anesthesia and Patients with Congenital Hyposensitivity to Pain
Authors: Weingarten Toby N. , Sprung Juraj , Ackerman Joel D. , Bojanic Katarina , Watson James C. , Dyck Peter J. 
Published: July 2006

Background
Congenital hyposensitivity to pain or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy represents a variety of disorders characterized by decreased perception of nociception, loss of other modalities of sensation, and variable expression of autonomic dysfunction. Sensory loss, especially that of pain, is associated with self-mutilations that may require frequent operations. Little is known about the safety of anesthesia for these patients.

Methods
The authors performed a computerized search of the Mayo Clinic medical records database between January 1996 and November 2005 for patients with congenital hyposensitivity to pain and related disorders who underwent general anesthesia. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, anesthetic techniques and agents, use of opioids, and perioperative complications. In addition, the authors conducted a comprehensive review of the literature to summarize the current knowledge regarding anesthesia for patients with congenital hyposensitivity to pain, and compared it with the patients with hyposensitivity to pain identified at the Mayo Clinic.

Results
The authors identified seven patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy II, IV, or V and undefined variants of congenital pain hyposensitivity who generated 17 anesthesia records: 12 for orthopedic operations, 3 for sural nerve biopsies, and 2 for ophthalmologic procedures. In all patients, standard doses of volatile agents were used during anesthesia. Small amounts of opioids were used during the course of eight operations. Most patients experienced mild hypothermia (lowest temperature 34.7 degrees C), and none experienced hyperthermia. All patients were hemodynamically stable during otherwise uneventful anesthesia. During recovery from anesthesia, opioids were given to only one patient, a single dose of 1 mg morphine. Even after major orthopedic operations, the patient did not require additional analgesia.

Conclusions
The patients with profound congenital hyposensitivity to pain underwent anesthesia without any adverse events. The authors found that despite reduced pain perception, the requirements for volatile anesthetics were within the expected range for population with normal pain perception, but they did not require opioids postoperatively. Intraoperative mild hypothermia was easily managed by adjustment of environmental temperature.
Maternal immunoglobulin concentration in Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) eggs in relation to parental quality and laying order
Authors: HARGITAI R. , PRECHL J. , TÖRÖK J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe immune system of newly hatched birds is relatively immature; therefore pathogens can be particularly virulent. Females transfer passive immunity in terms of immunoglobulins to the eggs to protect their young against infections in the crucial early life stages.As transmission of antibodies is likely to be nutritionally costly, mothers are expected to allocate these components differentially to eggs according to their own condition, the quality of their mate or the laying order of eggs.We found that in Collared Flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis), yolk antibody levels positively correlated with female body condition, but showed no relationship with maternal age or body size. Furthermore, females with higher plasma heterophil : lymphocyte ratio and heterophil count, which may indicate higher level of stress, deposited lower amount of immunoglobulins to their eggs. These results suggest that females of better physiological condition were able to invest more immunoglobulins to their eggs.Neither the plumage characteristics, nor the age of the male parent was related to yolk antibody concentration, and thus no evidence for differential allocation of antibodies in relation to male quality or attractiveness could be detected.Last‐laid eggs contained higher yolk immunoglobulin concentration than earlier‐laid eggs within a clutch. This pattern could be interpreted as a way to improve the survival probability of the disadvantaged last‐hatching nestling.
Environmental sensitivity of sexual size dimorphism: laboratory common garden removes effects of sex and castration on lizard growth
Authors: COX R. M. , ZILBERMAN V. , JOHN‐ALDER H. B. 
Published: July 2006

Summary

Adult males average 10% larger than females in natural populations of Yarrow's Spiny Lizard (Sceloporus jarrovii). In two previous studies of free‐living animals, we found that (1) this sexual size dimorphism (SSD) develops because yearling males grow more quickly than females and (2) the sex steroid testosterone (T) may regulate this sex difference in growth: castrated males (CAST) grow more slowly than either intact control males (CON) or castrated males treated with exogenous T (TEST).
In the present study, we tested the environmental sensitivity of these sex and treatment effects on growth by raising captive males (CAST, CON, TEST) and females under identical ‘common garden’ conditions.
Sex and treatment effects on growth rate were absent in captivity. The development of SSD was suppressed because captive males grew more slowly than free‐living males of equal size, while experimental treatments failed to affect male growth because CAST grew more quickly in the laboratory common garden than in the field.
Individual growth rates were strongly related to food consumption, but feeding rate did not differ between sexes or among male treatments.
Our results call attention to the environmental sensitivity of sex‐specific endocrine growth regulation and illustrate the importance of combining laboratory and field studies of growth and SSD.