bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parathyroid Cyst: Often Mistaken for a Thyroid Cyst
Authors: Ujiki Michael B. , Nayar Ritu , Sturgeon Cord , Angelos Peter 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIntroductionParathyroid cysts are rare but clinically significant lesions. They can be functional, mistaken for a thyroid cyst, and/or managed nonoperatively on occasion.MethodsWe identified seven patients (1 male, 6 females) with the diagnosis of parathyroid cyst from 1998 to 2003.ResultsAltogether, 33% of the patients had functional cysts. Sestamibi scans were performed in three of the seven patients, including two with functional cysts; none showed focal uptake. In toto, six of the seven cysts (86%) were found in an inferior parathyroid gland. All of the cysts had crystal‐clear aspirate. C‐terminal parathormone (PTH) levels were obtained from the aspirate from five of the seven (71%) patients. The mean level was 269,736 pg/ml (1970–1,268,074 pg/ml). Surgery was performed in three of the seven (43%) patients. All patients who underwent surgery improved postoperatively based on symptoms and serum levels of calcium and PTH. The four patients (57%) who were treated nonoperatively were subjected to aspiration alone; three (75%) of those patients required multiple aspirations.ConclusionsMost parathyroid cysts are nonfunctional and are rarely symptomatic. They are usually located in an inferior gland. If aspirated, most of the cysts reaccumulate fluid. Operative management is usually straightforward and alleviates symptoms and any biochemical abnormalities caused by the cyst.
Clinical Outcomes of Ultrasound-Guided Aspiration and Lavage in Calcific Tendinosis of the Shoulder
Authors: Lin Julie T. , Adler Ronald S. , Bracilovic Ana , Cooper Grant , Sofka Carolyn , Lutz Gregory E. 
Published: December 2006

Objective To determine the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided aspiration and lavage in the treatment of patients with calcific tendinosis of the shoulder. Materials and methods Retrospective chart review resulted in 44 patients who were identified as having received ultrasound-guided aspiration of calcific tendinosis of the shoulder between 2000 and 2003. Of these, 36 patients were interviewed by telephone for pre- and posttreatment assessment of pain, shoulder function, prior shoulder surgery, injury, and prescribed treatment modalities with a follow-up time of 8 months to 3.1 years (mean = 22.5 months). L'Insalata score, numeric rating scale (NRS), and patient satisfaction score served as outcome measures. Results Our criteria for a successful outcome included (1) 12-point or greater improvement in the L'Insalata shoulder rating questionnaire, (2) 2-point or greater improvement in the NRS, (3) patient satisfaction rating of “good”, “very good”, or “excellent”, (4) patients’ willingness to undergo the procedure again if they experienced recurrent symptoms, and (5) 1 month or less of analgesic medication use after the aspiration procedure. We determined that ultrasound-guided aspiration of calcific tendinosis of the shoulder resulted in a successful outcome for 75% (27/36) of patients with a mean 20.2-point improvement in the L'Insalata shoulder rating questionnaire score and a mean 6.4-point improvement in the NRS ( p < 0.01). Conclusion: This retrospective study suggests that ultrasound-guided aspiration and lavage of calcific shoulder deposits appears to be an efficacious therapeutic modality for treatment of calcific tendinosis. Further studies involving prospective randomized controlled trials would be helpful to further assess the long-term efficacy of this procedure as a minimally invasive treatment for calcific tendinosis of the shoulder.
Hydrophobic polymers for liquid cleaning formulations
Authors: Carrier Allen M. , Rodrigues Klein A. , Crossman Martin C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA patented method to provide acrylic acid:styrene (AA:Sty) copolymers with a variety of AA:Sty mole ratios is described. This method allows the polymer to be provided as a solution in water with up to 50 mol% styrene. The addition of significant amounts of styrene provides increased polymer solubility in liquid laundry detergents without sacrificing the traditional benefits of typical polycarboxylates. Studies were run in a Tergotometer and full‐scale U.S. washing machine, showing particulate soil antiredeposition performance equivalent to poly(acrylic acid) with a molecular weight of 4500 and improved oily soil antiredeposition. The dry polymer is soluble in several glycols, a behavior not typically seen with polycarboxylates.
New process for the production of branched‐chain fatty acids
Authors: Zhang Zongchao Conrad , Dery Maurice , Zhang Shuguang , Steichen Dale 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFatty acids are the primary natural starting materials for the production of surfactant and detergent molecules. Derived from vegetable (oil) and animal (fat) triglyceride sources, the fatty acids are linear aliphatic carboxylic acids. Industrial interest in branched‐chain fatty acids is driven by the needs for products with enhanced performance benefits including higher solubility, ease of handling, better hard water tolerance, and improved oxidative stability. Therefore, catalytic processes have been developed for the conversion of linear fatty acids to branched ones. High yields of branched acids are obtained from unsaturated fatty acids over acidic zeolites, particularly those with large pores. Fatty esters also are readily isomerized to branched ones by means of the same catalyst and process. It is postulated that the isomerization of fatty acids proceeds through three‐ and four‐membered ring carbocation intermediates formed inside the largepore zeolites. This is supported by evidence of methyl and ethyl branching in the primary and final products. The total number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid molecule is unchanged. Surfactants derived from branched fatty acids show favorable physical properties, including a lower viscosity and improved handling, even as intended performance characteristics are maintained.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on hydrolysis kinetics and micellar growth in solutions of surface‐active betaine esters
Authors: Lundberg Dan , Holmberg Krister 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA series of surface‐active betaine esters of medium‐ to long‐chain alcohols has been synthesized. The hydrophobic parts used were decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, and oleyl chains. Ethyl betainate was prepared as a non‐surface‐active reference compound. The surfactants were characterized by critical micellization concentration (CMC), and base‐catalyzed hydrolysis was studied by using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Micellar catalysis was shown to have a strong influence on the hydrolysis. This means that the hydrolysis rates are concentration dependent. For dodecyl betainate, the effect of the degradation products (dodecanol and betaine) on the micellar shape was investigated by NMR diffusion experiments. The degradation products were shown to induce micellar growth.
Kinetics of the self‐assembly of gemini surfactants
Authors: Groth C. , Nydén M. , Holmberg K. , Kanicky J. R. , Shah D. O. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA stopped‐flow technique combined with pulsed‐field‐gradient spin‐echo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements was used to study the kinetics of exchange, size, and shapes in micellar systems of cationic surfactant dimers of the alkanediyl‐α‐ω‐bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) type, with alkanediyl being 1,2‐ethylene, 1,3‐propylene, and 1,4‐butylene. By measuring the slow relaxation time for micelles, τ2, the micelle lifetime as a function of spacer length was obtained and was further confirmed by micelle exchange measurements by NMR diffusometry. The micelle lifetimes for the gemini surfactants were found to be in orders of magnitude longer than for the corresponding conventional surfactants. All three cationic surfactant dimers showed an increase in micelle size in one direction, i.e., became prolates, as the concentration was increased. The growth of the micelles was most pronounced for the gemini surfactants with the shortest linker unit, i.e., ethylene.
Effect of hydrotropes on the aqueous solution behavior of surfactants
Authors: Varade Dharmesh , Bahadur Pratap 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAqueous solutions of surfactants—cationic: tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C14TABr); anionic: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); and nonionic: polyoxyethylenet‐octylphenol (trade name Triton X‐102, also called OPE‐8)— in the presence of three hydrotropes,viz., sodium xylene sulfonate, sodiump‐toluene sulfonate, and sodium chlorobenzene sulfonate, were examined by measuring surface tension, viscosity, and cloud points for the nonionic surfactant. The results show a marked decrease in the critical micelle concentration with increase in hydrotrope concentration for C14TABr, a marginal decrease for SDS, and very little change for OPE‐8 up to 0.1 M hydrotrope. The viscosity of cationic surfactant solutions showed a remarkable increase in the presence of trace amounts of hydrotropes (up to 15 mM). In contrast, the SDS solution showed only a slight increase in viscosity at high hydrotrope concentration (150 mM), and the viscosity of the OPE‐8 solution remained constant. The cloud point of OPE‐8 increased in the presence of hydrotropes, unlike its behavior with the simple salt NaCl. The strong dependence of the solution behavior of cationic surfactants on the presence of hydrotropes is discussed in terms of electrostatic interaction.
Synthesis, properties, and application of novel silane‐modified polyoxyethylene ether surfactants
Authors: Peng Zhong‐Li , Wu Qing , Wang Yue‐Lin , Yang Shao‐Tao 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNovel silane‐modified polyoxyethylene ether surfactants (SMPES) were synthesized to improve the properties of water‐based silicone rubber by reacting polyoxyethylene ether, RO(CH2CH2O)nH (where R=nonylphenyl or dodecyl and n is 17 or 15), with 3‐chloropropylalkoxylsilane, ClCH2CH2‐CH2SiR1(OR2)2 or CICH2CH2CH2Si(OR2)3 (where R1=methyl and R2=methyl or ethyl). The structural characteristics of SMPES were indicated by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, carbon NMR spectroscopy, silicon NMR spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry. The properties of SMPES were also investigated. SMPES were found to be good emulsifiers, with a low foaming power and low cloud point. The water‐based silicone rubber prepared with SMPES exhibited a shorter tack‐free time and resistance to frosting when it contacted water.
Chlorophenol wastewater degradation in micellar solutions: A gas chromatographic study
Authors: Badawi A. M. , Ahmed S. M. , El‐Naggar A. Y. , El‐Zahar S. M. , Aboul‐Gheit A. K. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe effect of photocatalysis and some surfactant micelles on the degradation of m‐chlorophenol was investigated. All photochemical experiments were performed with artificial sunlight illumination. The remaining m‐chlorophenol was quantitatively determined using gas chromatography, applying the internal standard method. Three catalysts—ethylenediamine tetrachlorocuprate complex (catalyst I), chlorophyllin trisodium copper complex (catalyst II), and 5,10,15,20‐tetracarboxy phthalocyanine tetrasodium copper complex (III)—were used in the absence or presence of an anionic or nonionic surfactant. All studied catalysts exhibited high efficiency in degrading m‐chlorophenol compared with photodegradation in the absence of a catalyst. Catalyst III was more active than II owing to the higher degree of conjugation in its ligand, and the nonionic surfactant was more efficient than the anionic surfactant. Catalyst I was the least active because it did not accommodate a closed shell system. The studied anionic and nonionic surfactants accelerated photocatalytic degradation. The nonionic surfactant was more effective than the anionic surfactant owing to its greater surface activity parameters. Kinetic decay was found to obey a first‐order equation. However, some internal stages appeared to occur during the course of the reaction. Although higher rates were encountered in the advanced stages, the initial stage was the rate that controlled the overall process.
Composition, Structure, and Color of Fat Bloom Due to the Partial Liquefaction of Fat in Dark Chocolate
Authors: Kinta Yasuyoshi , Hatta Tamao 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA type of fat bloom, which had not previously been fully characterized, was investigated to identify the state of its existence and its formation mechanism. Samples of bloom on solid chocolate resulting from the partial liquefaction of fat during temperature variations were analyzed to determine the crystal characteristics, fat contents, and triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions. Also, observation and elemental analyses were performed by scanning electron microscope with an energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer, color analyses of minute regions were made by using PARISS®, and Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) analyses were performed. The dark‐ and light‐brown areas did not show any differences in fat content or TAG compositions that could lead to the observed color differences. Although differences in component distributions were noted in micrometer‐sized regions, no relation to the colors was confirmed. The bloom samples in this study and bloom developed without a tempering process resembled each other in the tone of color at their discolored regions, but the states they adopted differed from one another. It is suggested that the color in this type of bloom was affected by the roughness and/or porosity of the microstructure and could also be a result of the coarsened fat crystal network and of the liquid fat migration.
Reinforcement sensitivity, coping, and delinquent behaviour in adolescents
Authors: Hasking Penelope A. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTSince 1964, the relationship between personality and criminal behaviour has been extensively studied. However, studies, which have examined the Eysenckian dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism have produced mixed results. Gray's [Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion–extroversion. Behavior Research and Therapy, 8, 249–266] Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory provides an alternative conceptualisation of the role of personality in criminal behaviour, and has generally produced more consistent findings. This study aimed to examine the relationship between reinforcement sensitivity and delinquent behaviour in a sample of 259 adolescents, and to examine the role that coping strategies play in this relationship. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that use of problem solving mediated the relationship between reward sensitivity and delinquent behaviour, while use of non‐productive coping strategies moderated the relationship between BAS drive and delinquency. Consequently, it was suggested that coping skills training could be an effective early intervention for delinquent behaviour.
Promotion de la démocratie dans les Balkans: L'efficacité inégale de la conditionnalité et des incitatifs
Authors: Éthier Diane 
Published: December 2006

Résumé.Certains travaux indiquent qu'en matière de promotion de la démocratie, la conditionnalité des élargissements de l'Union européenne (UE) vers l'Europe du Sud et de l'Est s'est avérée plus efficace que les incitatifs employés par diverses organisations internationales. Cet article confirme la validité de ce constat en démontrant que, dans les Balkans, la conditionnalité du Processus de stabilisation et d'association de l'UE a eu des retentissements plus marqués que les incitatifs du Pacte de stabilité pour l'Europe du Sud-Est. En outre, à l'aide des théories des relations internationales, l'article analyse les fondements de l'efficacité de la conditionnalité de l'UE et les raisons pour lesquelles celle-ci a néanmoins des effets inégaux d'un pays à l'autre.Abstract.Various works indicate that, in the matter of democracy promotion, the conditionality of the European Union (EU) enlargements towards Southern and Eastern Europe has proved to be more effective than incentives of many international organizations. This article confirms the validity of this finding. It shows that, in the Balkans, the conditionality of the EU Stabilization and Association Process has had more significative impacts than the incentives of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. Furthermore, with the help of international relations theories, it explains the determinants of the EU conditionality efficiency and the reasons why its effects nevertheless vary from one target state to another.
Exit Polling in Canada: An Experiment
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Docherty David , Henderson Ailsa , Kay Barry , Ellis-Hale Kimberly 
Published: December 2006

Abstract. Although exit polling has not been used to study
Canadian elections before, such polls have methodological features that
make them a potentially useful complement to data collected through more
conventional designs. This paper reports on an experiment with exit
polling in one constituency in the 2003 Ontario provincial election. Using
student volunteers, a research team at Wilfrid Laurier University
conducted an exit poll in the bellwether constituency of Kitchener Centre
to assess the feasibility of mounting this kind of study on a broader
scale. The experiment was successful in a number of respects. It produced
a sample of 653 voters that broadly reflected the partisan character of
the constituency, and which can hence be used to shed light on patterns of
vote-switching and voter motivations in that constituency. It also yielded
insights about best practices in mounting an exit poll in the Ontario
context, as well as about the potential for using wireless communication
devices to transmit respondent data from the field. The researchers
conclude that exit polling on a limited basis (selected constituencies) is
feasible, but the costs and logistics associated with this methodology
make a province-wide or country-wide study unsupportable at present.Résumé. Bien que les sondages “sortie des
urnes” n'aient pas été utilisés
jusqu'ici dans l'étude des élections au Canada, de
tels sondages possèdent certaines caractéristiques qui en
font un complément potentiellement très utile des
méthodes plus traditionnelles de cueillette des données. Cet
article rend compte d'un sondage “sortie des urnes”
expérimental effectué dans une circonscription lors de
l'élection provinciale de 2003 en Ontario. Utilisant des
bénévoles étudiants, une équipe de recherche
de l'Université Wilfrid Laurier a conduit un sondage
“sortie des urnes” à Kitchener Centre, une
circonscription indicatrice de tendance, afin de déterminer la
faisabilité de ce type d'étude au niveau
fédéral. L'expérience a réussi à
plusieurs égards. Elle a fourni un échantillon de 653
électeurs qui reflétaient en gros le caractère
partisan de la circonscription, ce qui a rendu possible
l'étude des motivations des électeurs et des
revirements de vote dans la région. L'expérience a
aussi fourni des renseignements sur les pratiques exemplaires concernant
l'utilisation des sondages “sortie des urnes” au niveau
provincial, ainsi que sur la possibilité d'employer des
techniques de communication sans fil pour transmettre les données
recueillies des répondants. Les chercheurs ont conclu que les
sondages “sortie des urnes” sont réalisables dans un
cadre restreint, dans certaines circonscriptions
sélectionnées, mais que les coûts et la logistique
nécessités par cette méthodologie la rendent
actuellement impraticable pour une étude à
l'échelle provinciale ou nationale.
A Question of Balance: The Cult of Research Intensivity and the
Professing of Political Science in Canada: Presidential address to the
Canadian Political Science Association, Toronto, Ontario, June 2, 2006
Authors: Nossal Kim Richard 
Published: December 2006

Abstract. In 1998, Tom Pocklington's presidential
address examined what he believed was a progressive displacement of
teaching by research in Canadian political science departments. The
purpose of this address is to examine Pocklington's contentions eight
years on, after dramatic increases in research funds flowing to Canadian
universities. As research funds become more important to the financial
health of Canadian universities, we have seen the growth in Canada of what
I argue is a “cult of research intensivity.” I argue that the
cult has serious implications both for the research that political
scientists will do, and for our teaching of undergraduate students.
However, I conclude that we need to put the reverential enthusiasm for
research intensivity in broader perspective, given the perennial concerns
that are expressed over the imbalance between teaching and research.Résumé. En 1998, dans son message annuel, le
président Tom Pocklington s'était penché sur ce
qui lui apparaissait comme la substitution progressive de la recherche
à l'enseignement dans les départements de science
politique au Canada. Notre objectif ici est d'analyser les propos de
Tom Pocklington quelque huit ans plus tard, à la suite des hausses
impressionnantes des fonds de recherche versés aux
universités canadiennes. À mesure que les subventions de
recherche prennent de plus en plus d'importance pour la santé
financière des universités canadiennes, nous voyons dans ce
pays l'expansion de ce que j'appellerais le “ culte de la
prédominance de la recherche ”. Je soutiens que ce culte a de
sérieuses implications tant pour les recherches que mèneront
les politologues que pour l'enseignement que nous dispenserons aux
étudiants de premier cycle. Je conclus que nous devons replacer
dans un contexte plus vaste cet enthousiasme à tous crins à
l'égard de la recherche, étant donné les
préoccupations qu'a toujours soulevées le
déséquilibre entre l'enseignement et la recherche.