bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Methods of Control of the Cephalic Skin Potential EEG Artifact
Authors: Corby James C. , Roth Walton T. , Kopell Bert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevalence of the cephalic skin potential (CSP) artifact was studied in 21 Ss during EEG recording of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), averaged evoked response (AER), and verbal free association test. Skin potential response and electro‐oculogram (EOG) were also recorded. Subdermal pin electrodes and local anesthesia infusion were employed to eliminate the CSP artifact in the EEG.Results indicated that EEG recorded from subdermal pin electrodes or from locally anesthetized scalp was free of CSP artifact. The EEG recorded from subdermal pin electrodes demonstrated spontaneous potential shifts but appeared adequate for EEG recording of the CNV or the AER.Significant CSP artifact was demonstrated in the EEG of 10 of 21 Ss, both evoked by stimuli (10 Ss) and spontaneous (3 Ss). CSP artifact significantly increased CNV amplitude. CSP artifact significantly increased the AER late positive wave (P3) to infrequent tones.Studies of CNV and AER can be confounded by CSP artifact. Above techniques appear promising for recording EEG free of CSP artifact.
Facial Muscle Tonus During REM and NREM Sleep
Authors: Bliwise D. , Coleman R. , Bergmann B. , Wincor M. Z. , Pivii R. T. , Rechtschaffen A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEquipment and procedures were devised for quantifying relatively noise‐free recordings of low amplitude chin and lip electromyograms (EMGs) during sleep. A total of 28 REM periods were recorded from 5 young adult female Ss. Tonic EMG levels tended to decline toward their lowest level of the night beginning 5 min in advance of REM periods. With very rare exceptions, the lowest EMG levels of the night were maintained throughout REM sleep. During the 20 min of NREM sleep which followed REM periods, mean EMG levels increased over the REM levels but were lower than those recorded during the 20 min of NREM sleep which preceded the REM periods. This pattern of tonic EMG variation obtained for each of the first 3 REM periods of the night.
Parameters of Eyes‐Closed Alpha Enhancement
Authors: Travis T. A. , Kondo C. Y. , Knott J. R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe performance of subjects (Ss) receiving contingent feedback in an eyes‐closed alpha enhancement setting was contrasted with changes in alpha of Ss receiving random feedback and no feedback. In addition, comparisons were made between: 1) binary and continuous feedback signals; 2) integrated and criterion alpha as dependent variables; and 3) eyes‐open and eyes‐closed alpha enhancement tasks.It was found that: 1) Increases in emitted occipital alpha under eyes‐closed conditions are related to contingent reinforcement. 2) Proportional feedback was most efficient in the rapid development of eyes‐closed training. 3) Larger changes in alpha were seen during eyes‐open than during eyes‐closed training. 4) Binary feedback appeared to be more efficient in increasing eyes‐open alpha response. 5) No relationships between the ability to perform the eyes‐open and eyes‐closed alpha enhancement tasks were found within Ss.
The Effects of Stress on Components of the Respiration Cycle
Authors: Cohen Harvey D. , Goodenough Donald R. , Witkin Herman A. , Oltman Philip , Gould Harry , Shulman Ernest 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSome respiratory correlates of affect were examined by a computer partitioning of breath duration mid inspiration, expiration, and postexpiration pause components. Negative affects (primarily anxiety and hostility) were induced by showing stress films. The subjects' affects were assessed by a mood adjective checklist, and respiration by measures of thoracic and abdominal circumference during the viewing of stress and neutral films. No stress effect was observed on total breath time (respiration rate). However, expiration nines were longer and pause limes shorter during the stress than during the neutral 61ms. It is suggested that these changes may be due to increased tension in respiratory muscle groups. It was also found that breath times were longer during the first film viewed by the subjects than during then during subsequent films This pattern was observed when the subjects were cautiously attentive, and is attributed primarily to an increase in inspiration duration.
Individual Differences in Heart Rate Responses to Affective Sound
Authors: Gang Mark Jay , Teft Leon 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTLacey, Kagan, Lacey and Moss (1963) distinguished between the effects of feedback from the cardiovascular system and from other autonomic systems and suggested that heart rate (HR) acceleration should be associated with stimulus “rejection” and HR deceleration with “attention” or stimulus “acceptance.” The present study quantified certain attributes of the sound of the high speed dental engine and tested the effects of this sound on HR and measures of hostility, depression, and anxiety. The study tested the findings of Lacey et al (1963) and Obrist (1963), Thirty‐eight females enrolled at (he University of Bridgeport were assigned to one of four groups predetermined by a questionnaire investigating their past experience and familiarity with the dental engine. Heart rate and measures of hostility, depression, and anxiety varied directly with the subjects' familiarity and subjective experience with the acoustic stimuli. Heart rate was found to be more accelerated in subjects who had less experience with and who rated the acoustic stimulus as more unpleasant. Similarly such subjects demonstrated higher scores on anxiety, depression, and hostility scales.
Reliability of Various Estimates of Electromyogram Activity: Within and Between Subject Analyses
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Webster Jeffrey S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTValues obtained from six procedures for estimating electromyogram (EMG) activity from the unintegrated and average integrated signals were compared to cumulative integration values. Correlation coefficients were derived for repeated measures data used in evaluating single subject performance over time, and for subject means used in comparing group performance. The results indicated that the cumulative integration values are necessary for precise estimates of within subject changes, while all but one of the derived EMG measures were good estimates of group activity.
Relaxation Training and Biofeedback in the Reduction of Reducation Muscle Tension
Authors: Haynes Stephen N. , Moseley Dianne , McGowan William T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo assess the comparative effectiveness of frontalis electromygraphic (E M G) biofeedback and relaxation instructions in reducing frontalis EMG levels, 101 male and female university students were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1) frontalis EMG biofeedback (variable frequency auditory feedback). 2) passive relaxation instruct inns (instructions to attend to and relax mustiest. 3) active relaxation instructions tensing and relaxing exercises), 4) false feedback, and 5l no treatment control. In a one‐session design, subjects receiving biofeedback and passive relaxation instructions demonstrated the greatest decrement in frontalis EMG level. The relationships between decrements in frontalis EMG level and sex, baseline EMG and manifest anxiety are discussed.
Eye Movements and Visually Active Dreams
Authors: Firth Hugh , Oswald Ian 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThere are a number of reports suggesting an association between profusion of eye movements and active dreaming. It has however been suggested that this relationship might only be evident in comparisons across the night and would not be evident in comparisons within one REM period. Data from 20 subjects taking placebo, amylobarbitone, and nitrazepam were used to test this. Dream reports were collected from REM awakenings and rated blind as visually active or passive. Eye movement profusion (number of 2 sec epochs) was assessed for each REM period.Correlation between dream content and eye movement was low but significant in comparisons including the whole night, and including data from drug, withdrawal, and placebo conditions. A significant correlation was not consistently obtained, however, when data from each REMP were considered separately. Correlations based on data from non‐drug nights only were also small and could have been due to chance effects alone. The low correlations were not explicable solely by poor reliability of content ratings. It is concluded that the relationship between visually active dreaming and eye movement is slight, and may not hold when time of night is adequately controlled.
Contingent Negative Variation and Cardiac Deceleration in a Long Preparatory Interval: A Developmental Study
Authors: Klorman Rafael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTen‐, 14‐, and 19‐yr‐olds participated in a simple RT task with 5‐sec foreperiod. CNV waveforms contained an early and a late negative component, and comparable deceleratory limbs characterized the cardiac waveforms. The 19‐yr‐oldsapos; early cardiac deceleration underwent intersession habituation and the analogous CNV response intra‐session diminution; both processes were absent in younger subjects. Only young adults exhibited steady growth of late cardiac and CNV waves across both sessions. There were no developmental differences in basal body movement or anticipatory slowing of somatic activity or cardiac rate. However, 10‐yr‐olds had faster basal heart rates and larger acceleratory cardiac responses within the foreperiod than either older group. The results demonstrated partial dissociation of somatic and cardiac activity under the present experimental conditions. The overall results underscore the need for developmental psychophysiological research including childhood and adolescence.
Expectation Effects in Alpha Wave Control
Authors: Valle Ronald S. , Levine John M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a study designed In investigate expectation artifact in EEG alpha training, Ss' actual direction of alpha change and expected direction of change were orthogonally manipulated in a 2x2 design. Twenty Ss actually enhanced alpha and 20 actually suppressed alpha (Task manipulation). Within each Tank group. 10 Ss were led to believe they enhanced alpha and 10 were told they suppressed alpha (Expectation manipulation) Five high and 5 low alpha baseline Ss were assigned to each of the 4 conditions. Ss participated in 4 alpha training sessions in a dark room, each composed or a 2‐min eyes‐closed baseline period followed by 20 2‐min training period with a tone indicating S's EEG activity. Results, based on percent alpha change between the baseline period and the final alpha training period in each session, indicated that Ss who believed they enhanced alpha controlled alpha significantly better (more enhancement in the Task Enhancement condition and more suppression in the Task Suppression condition) than Ss who believed they suppressed alpha, Implications of expectation artifact for EEG biofeedback studies were discussed.
Evaluation of an Intra‐Cardiac Limit of Learned Heart Rate Control
Authors: Weiss Theodore , Engel Bernard T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOperant Conditioning to increase ventricular heart rate (VHR) was carried out in 3 subjects (Ss) with complete heart block. None of the Ss increased VHR consistently, This finding suggests that operant conditioning of VHR is possible only when the conduction path between atria and ventricles is not interrupted.
Magnitude of the Heart Rate and Electrodermal Response as a Function of Stimulus Input, Motor Output, and Their Interaction
Authors: Epstein Seymour , Boudreau Louis , Kling Stephen 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn Part I, 20 Ss squeezed a dynamometer at various levels of rapacity. Heart rate and skin conductance were monitored during each squeeze. In part II, reactivity to the four combinations of the presence and absence of a loud noise and the presence and absence of a strong squeeze was examined. Part HI compared reactivity to the loud noise under the following conditions; as an unfamiliar, surprise stimulus; as a familiar surprise stimulus; as a familiar, expected stimulus. Major conclusions were: (1) Heart rate varies more directly and reliably with motor output than skin conductance; (2) Skin conductance is more sensitive to small cognitive than to small motor effects; (3) Skin conductance is more reactive to stimulus input than to motor output, while the opposite is true for heart rate; (4) A strong familiar stimulus presented by surprise elicits a marked heart rate declarative reaction, usually, but not always, preceded by a smaller accelerative reaction; (5) Baseline changes immediately preceding stimulus onset markedly affect the response to stimulation, and can account for the attenuated reactions observed when a noxious stimulus is preceded by a warning signal.
Behavior of Kibbutz and Urban Children Receiving an Injection
Authors: Shapiro A. H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study attempted to demonstrate the usefulness of uncomplicated psychophysiological measures applied in a real‐life setting involving stress. The Ss were 17 Kibbutz girls and 19 Urban girls who received immunization needles in varied contexts. Measures of the 12‐yr‐olds included heart rates (HR) taken at the wrist and finger sweat prints (FS) recorded one day before, immediately before, and one week after Ss received their needles. Supplementary verbal rating scales and behavioral observations added validity to the physiological indices. A lower HR of Kibbutz Ss immediately before their injections (p<01) accurately predicted their more relaxed behavior to needle penetration (p<.001). FS was of limited validity being masked completely by ambient temperature. Simple physiological measures, it was concluded, can be predictive in applied contexts.
Modification of the Grass 7P4 Tachograph Preamplifier for More Reliable Triggering
Authors: Bland Peyton H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe problem of reliably triggering the Crass 7F4 Tachograph is explained and a solution is proposed. Modifications to the 7P4 and the addition of an amplifier/pulse shaper are described, and an adjustment procedure is given.
Auditory Analgesia: Somatosensory Evoked Response and Subjective Pain Rating
Authors: Lavine Robert , Buchsbaum Monte S. , Poncy Mark 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSubjective rating responses and averaged evoked responses (AERs) to shock stimuli of varying intensity were recorded in 20 subjects to examine the possible analgesic effects of sound stimulation (music) and suggested analgesia. Subjects (10 men, 10 women, ages 19–31) were divided into two groups of 10, each receiving the sound‐suggestion condition and the no‐sound, no‐suggestion condition in different order. Sound and suggestion produced the following significant (p<.05) effects: 1) increased electrical stimulus levels required to elicit discomfort ratings; 2) decreased slope of somatosensory AER amplitudes plotted against stimulus intensity; and 3) decreased mean AER amplitudes. These AER effects were greatest in time bands centered on the P100 component. Prior exposure to the electrical stimuli also reduced AER slopes and mean amplitudes, but mostly in time bands centered on the P200 component.
Effects of Isometric Muscle Tension on Vasomotor Activity and Heart Rate
Authors: Lynch Wesley C. , Schuri Uwe , D'Anna Jacqueuline 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐four adults each performed two isometric exercises at three levels of exertion while finger pulse amplitude, skin temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate and amplitude were monitored. Due to exercise, pulse amplitude and skin temperature were significantly reduced while heart rate was significantly increased. The magnitude of cardiovascular (CV) effect varied in proportion to the magnitude of exercise. Further evidence for the close association between exercise and CV effects was implied by the rapid recovery of pulse amplitude and heart rate at the termination of exercise. This evidence in addition to a detailed analysis of respiration data led to the conclusion that CV reactions to isometric exercise were not mediated by respiratory variations. The implications of these, findings for studies of operant conditioning of CV and other autonomic responses are discussed.
Paced Respiration as a Technique for the Modification of Autonomic Response to Stress
Authors: Harris Victor A. , Katkin Edward S. , Lick John R. , Habberfield Tedd 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to test the efficacy of a paced respiration procedure in reducing subjects' reactions to real and anticipated aversive events. The main hypothesis was that subjects who were taught how to pace their respiration at a slower than normal rate in accordance with a specified signal would show decreased autonomic responsiveness to an electric shock and its anticipation. Three groups of 13 subjects were employed. A Respiration Control group was compared with a group which received all the same stimuli but were instructed merely to pay attention to them without any respiration instructions (Attention Control group) and with a control group for whom the stimuli were or no significance. Results for electrodermal measurement, but not for cardiac measurement, indicated that the learning of a short series of breathing exercises can have significant facilitative effects on reducing autonomic responsivity to a stressful stimulus.
Characteristics of a Light Emitting Diode—Transistor Photoplethysmograph
Authors: Tahmoush Albert J. , Jkennings J. Richard , Lee Alison L. , Camp Stephen , Webhr Frederick 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA reflective transducer which combines a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode and silicon phototransistor has been adapted for use us a photoelectric plethysmograph. This device is inexpensive, compact, and easily applied to the skin surface. The phototransistor responds in a linear fashion to the range of light intensities generally obtained from normal subjects, and the phototransistor output is relatively independent of both temperature and prior light exposure. The light source possesses a narrow spectral distribution in the infrared region. These characteristics suggest that the LKD‐transistor photoplethysmograph is superior to the miniature tungsten lump‐photoconductive cell combination generally employed in photoplethysmography.
Effects of “Below‐Zero” Habituation on the Electrodermal Orienting Response to a Test Stimulus
Authors: Stephenson David , Siddle David A. T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were designed to investigate the effect of below‐zero habituation training on skin conductance response (SCR) amplitude to a change in auditory stimulus frequency. In both experiments, subjects were trained with a 1000 Hz tone until zero responding and then received 5, 10, or IS further training trials. In Experiment 1 (N=45), subjects then received 1 presentation of a test stimulus of 1400 Hz, while in Experiment 2 (N=45), the test stimulus was a tone of 670 Hz. On the basis of dual‐process theory, it was hypothesized that response amplitude to the test stimulus would be inversely related to amount of below‐zero training. However, the results of both experiments indicate that SCR amplitude was positively related to amount of below‐zero training. These results suggest that in situations of extended habituation training, an expectancy or subjective probability of stimulus occurrence gradient is important in determining response amplitude to a test stimulus.
On Testing Specific Hypotheses About Subliminal Perception: A Reply to Shevrin
Authors: Schwartz Marvin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSchwartz and Rem (1975) reported that they could find no evidence that averaged evoked responses discriminate between two stimuli presented for durations that were either subliminal or supraliminal for discriminating the stimuli behaviorally. Shevrin (1975) has criticized this conclusion. This paper argues that Shevrin's criticisms are factually and theoretically erroneous. In addition, a reanalysis of the data, following Shevrin's suggestions, confirms the conclusions originally drawn—there is no evidence that averaged evoked responses discriminate between either subliminal or supraliminal stimuli.
Intersession Interval and Reductions in Frontalis EMG During Biofeedback Training
Authors: Kondo C. Y. , Canter A. , Bean J. A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSubjects were given practice in reducing frontalis EMG using biofeedback procedures with either Short, Medium, or Long intervals between practice sessions. After 10 sessions there were significant differences among the groups in decreasing EMG amplitude.
The Influence of Musical Training on Patterns of EEG Asymmetry During Musical and Non‐Musical Self‐Generation Tasks
Authors: Davidson Richard J. , Schwartz Gary E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMusically proficient and non‐proficient right‐handed subjects were requested to list in a pre‐experimental questionnaire three familiar songs, whose words and melody were well known. They were then instructed in two separate experiments, to whistle the melody of a song, talk the lyrics to a song, or sing a song each for 3 1‐min trials performed with eyes closed. EEG was recorded from the left and right occipital areas (O1 and O2) in Experiment I and from the left and right parietal areas (P3 and P4) in Experiment II, and filtered for 8–13 Hz activity on‐line. Comparable results were obtained in both experiments and indicated that non‐musically trained subjects show significantly greater relative right hemisphere activation while whistling the melody of a song vs talking the lyrics to a song. Musically trained subjects show no differences in EEG asymmetry between these tasks. In addition, there were no group differences in asymmetry during the talking and singing conditions. These data are consistent with recent evidence suggesting that musical training is associated with the adoption of an analytic and sequential processing mode toward melodic information, and suggest that long term training in complex cognitive skills has functional neural concomitants.
Effects of Performance Evaluation and Anxiety on Cardiac Response in Anticipation of Difficult Problem Solving
Authors: Montgomery George K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the experiment was to determine whether an analysis of phasic cardiac response would contribute to the descriptive differentiation of anxious and non‐anxious subjects. Groups of high and low trait‐anxious male undergraduate subjects (n=12/group, N=48) performed a problem‐solving task under either evaluation‐stress or non‐stress conditions. Word anagrams were briefly presented (500 msec) following a constant 8 sec anticipation period. No differences in performance between groups were observed. Average heart rate during the anticipation period failed to discriminate groups. However, an analysis of sec‐by‐sec changes in cardiac rate revealed that waveform components were sensitive to both anxiety and failure within the evaluation‐stress condition only. Initial acceleration covaried with performance across anxiety groups, apparently reflecting differences in confidence or motivation. The occurrence of late foreperiod deceleration across cells appeared to reflect attentional readiness for problem onset. However, the greater slowing by low‐anxiety subjects under stress suggested differences between groups in adaptive cardiac and attentional control.