bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chondroitin Sulfate Inhibits the Nuclear Translocation of Nuclear Factor‐κB in Interleukin‐1β‐Stimulated Chondrocytes
Authors: Jomphe Claudia , Gabriac Mélanie , Hale Taben M. , Héroux Lucie , Trudeau Louis‐Éric , Deblois Denis , Montell Eulalia , Vergés Josep , Du Souich Patrick 
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Chondroitin sulfate is referred as a symptomatic slow‐acting drug for osteoarthritis because it improves articular function, and reduces joint swelling and effusion. In addition, chondroitin sulfate prevents joint space narrowing of the knee. We hypothesized that the anti‐inflammatory effect of chondroitin sulfate is associated to a decrease in the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and of the transcription factors nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1). Cultured rabbit chondrocytes were stimulated with interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in presence of chondroitin sulfate. Nuclear translocation of NF‐κB and AP‐1, and nitrite concentrations (as an index for nitric oxide) was assessed 48 hr later. The effect of chondroitin sulfate on IL‐1β activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and p38MAPK was documented by immunoblot. The effect of chondroitin sulfate on sodium nitroprusside‐induced apoptosis was evaluated with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labelling assay. Chondroitin sulfate reduced IL‐1β‐induced NF‐κB nuclear translocation, but not AP‐1 translocation, it decreased IL‐1β‐induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and abrogated p38MAPK phosphorylation, but did not prevent IL‐1β‐induced increase in nitrite. Finally, chondroitin sulfate decreased nitroprusside‐induced apoptosis of the chondrocytes. These results suggest that some of the biological activities of chondroitin sulfate may be associated to the reduction in Erk1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation and nuclear transactivation of NF‐κB.
Current Approaches to the Assessment and Management of Anger and Aggression in Youth: A Review
Authors: Blake Christie S. , Hamrin Vanya 
Published: November 2007

BACKGROUND:  Anger and its expression represent a major public health problem for children and adolescents today. Prevalence reports show that anger‐related problems such as oppositional behavior, verbal and physical aggression, and violence are some of the more common reasons children are referred for mental health services. METHODS:  An extensive review of the literature was conducted using the following online search engines: Cochrane, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and PubMed. Published and unpublished articles that met the following criteria were included in the review: (a) experimental or quasi‐experimental research designs; (b) nonpharmacologic, therapy‐based interventions; and (c) study participants between 5 and 17 years of age. RESULTS:  Cognitive‐behavioral and skills‐based approaches are the most widely studied and empirically validated treatments for anger and aggression in youth. Commonly used therapeutic techniques include affective education, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, problem‐solving skills, social skills training, and conflict resolution. These techniques, tailored to the individual child's and/or family's needs, can foster the development of more adaptive and prosocial behavior.
Measuring the Dose of Nursing Intervention
Authors: Reed David , Titler Marita G. , Dochterman Joanne M. , Shever Leah L. , Kanak Mary , Picone Debra M. 
Published: November 2007

PURPOSE.  To increase awareness of the many issues involved in measuring the dose of nursing intervention in nursing interventions effectiveness research. METHODS.  Identify critical issues in measurement of the dose of nursing intervention and discuss decisions regarding dosage measurement made in a study of the effectiveness of nursing interventions. FINDINGS.  A single method can be applied to resolve two critical issues in intervention dosage measurement. CONCLUSIONS.  Those conducting nursing interventions effectiveness research must think explicitly about how intervention dosage will be measured and reported so that dosage can be replicated in research and practice. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.   Measuring and reporting the dose of nursing intervention in research is essential to the development of an evidence base adequate to support practice.
Evidence for utility of the same PCR‐based markers for selection of extreme resistance to Potato virus Y controlled by Rysto of Solanum stoloniferum derived from different sources
Authors: Valkonen J.P.T. , Wiegmann K. , Hämäläinen J.H. , Marczewski W. , Watanabe K.N. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe tuber‐bearing wild potato species, Solanum stoloniferum, carries a dominant gene, Rysto, which confers extreme resistance (ER) to Potato virus Y (PVY). This gene was introgressed to cultivated potato germplasm (Solanum tuberosum) using accessions of S. stoloniferum maintained in European gene banks. It is mainly used in potato breeding programmes in Europe. Rysto was recently mapped to potato chromosome XII. However, in this study, a different accession of S. stoloniferum (PI275244; Haw1293) was used as a female parent in a cross to obtain a diploid (2n = 2x = 24) potato population of 112 F1 genotypes. From this accession, ER to PVY has been introgressed to the potato breeding programmes at the International Potato Center (Peru). As expected, ER to PVY was inherited in a dominant, monogenic fashion in the F1 population. Marker‐specific choices of DNA polymerase and adjustments of PCR conditions were made to optimise marker detection. The corresponding gene (Rysto) was mapped to the chromosome XII using the previously described and new cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers, which are based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism loci GP122 (six markers) and GP269 (one marker), and the simple sequence repeat marker STM0003. Four GP122‐based CAPS markers and STM0003 detected the same genotypes expressing ER to PVY. Because of a few recombinants, that is ER genotypes lacking the markers and the genotypes that react with necrosis but contain the markers, the marker distance from Rysto was estimated as 15.2 cM in this F1 population. However, the distance may be less if necrosis was considered an altered response also controlled by Rysto. The markers also specifically detected independent European potato cultivars that express ER to PVY derived from S. stoloniferum. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences amplified from the GP122 locus of S. stoloniferum and potato cultivars further confirmed that the Rysto gene from independent accessions of S. stoloniferum can be selected using the same markers and the protocols described in this study.
Functional Neuroimaging in Stroke Recovery and Neurorehabilitation: Conceptual Issues and Perspectives
Authors: Carey Leeanne M. , Seitz Rüdiger J. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundIn stroke, functional neuroimaging has become a potent diagnostic tool; opened new insights into the pathophysiology of ischaemic damage in the human brain; and made possible the assessment of functional–structural relationships in postlesion recovery.Summary of reviewHere, we give a critical account on the potential and limitation of functional neuroimaging and discuss concepts related to the use of neuroimaging for exploring the neurobiological and neuroanatomical mechanisms of poststroke recovery and neurorehabilitation. We identify and provide evidence for five hypotheses that functional neuroimaging can provide new insights into: adaptation occurs at the level of functional brain systems; the brain–behaviour relationship varies with recovery and over time; functional neuroimaging can improve our ability to predict recovery and select individuals for rehabilitation; mechanisms of recovery reflect different pathophysiological phases; and brain adaptation may be modulated by experience and specific rehabilitation. The significance and application of this new evidence is discussed, and recommendations made for investigations in the field.ConclusionFunctional neuroimaging is an important tool to explore the mechanisms underlying brain plasticity and, thereby, to guide clinical research in neurorehabilitation.
Antiplatelet Therapy vs. Anticoagulation in Cervical Artery Dissection: Rationale and Design of the Cervical Artery Dissection in Stroke Study (CADISS)
Authors:   The CADISS Trial Investigators
Published: November 2007

Rationale Cervical artery dissection is an important cause of stroke in the young. It can present with local symptoms or stroke/transient ischaemic attacks. Following presentation there is a risk of stroke, particularly in the first month following presentation. The mechanism of stroke is believed to be thromboembolic in the majority of cases. Many clinicians anticoagulate patients with cervical dissection for 3–6 months. This is not evidence based and is supported by a paucity of data and no data from randomised control trials. Aims CADISS is a prospective multicentre randomised-con-trolled trial in acute (within 7 days of onset) carotid and vertebral artery dissection. Intracerebral artery dissection is excluded. Design Patients are randomised to antiplatelet therapy (aspirin, dipyridamole or clopidogrel alone or in dual combination) or anticoagulation therapy [heparin followed by warfarin aiming for an International Normalised Ratio (INR) in the range 2–3] for at least 3 months. Treatment is open-label. Study outcome The primary end-point is ipsilateral stroke or death within 3 months from randomisation. Secondary end-points include any TIA or stroke, major bleeding and presence of residual stenosis at 3 months (> 50%). All neuroimaging and serious adverse events will be adjudicated blinded to treatment. An initial feasibility phase of 250 subjects will allow us to determine whether there are sufficient clinical end-points to provide the power to determine a treatment effect and adequate numbers of patients can be recruited. The feasibility phase will be continued into a fully powered definitive treatment trial. Initial power calculations based on limited natural history data suggest a sample size of approximately 3000. Sample size calculations will be refined once the frequency of outcome events during the feasibility phase is known.
Generation of candidate human influenza vaccine strains in cell culture – rehearsing the European response to an H7N1 pandemic threat
Authors: Whiteley Alison , Major Diane , Legastelois Isabelle , Campitelli Laura , Donatelli Isabella , Thompson Catherine I. , Zambon Maria C. , Wood John M. , Barclay Wendy S. 
Published: November 2007

Background  Although H5N1 avian influenza viruses pose the most obvious imminent pandemic threat, there have been several recent zoonotic incidents involving transmission of H7 viruses to humans. Vaccines are the primary public health defense against pandemics, but reliance on embryonated chickens eggs to propagate vaccine and logistic problems posed by the use of new technology may slow our ability to respond rapidly in a pandemic situation.Objectives  We sought to generate an H7 candidate vaccine virus suitable for administration to humans whose generation and amplification avoided the use of eggs.Methods  We generated a suitable H7 vaccine virus by reverse genetics. This virus, known as RD3, comprises the internal genes of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 with surface antigens of the highly pathogenic avian strain A/Chicken/Italy/13474/99 (H7N1). The multi‐basic amino acid site in the HA gene, associated with high pathogenicity in chickens, was removed.Results  The HA modification did not alter the antigenicity of the virus and the resultant single basic motif was stably retained following several passages in Vero and PER.C6 cells. RD3 was attenuated for growth in embryonated eggs, chickens, and ferrets. RD3 induced an antibody response in infected animals reactive against both the homologous virus and other H7 influenza viruses associated with recent infection by H7 viruses in humans.Conclusions  This is the first report of a candidate H7 vaccine virus for use in humans generated by reverse genetics and propagated entirely in mammalian tissue culture. The vaccine has potential use against a wide range of H7 strains.
The Microenvironment of DNA Switches the Activity of Singlet Oxygen Generation Photosensitized by Berberine and Palmatine
Authors: Hirakawa Kazutaka , Hirano Toru 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe effect of the interaction between DNA and the photosensitizer on photosensitized singlet oxygen (1O2) generation was investigated using DNA‐binding alkaloids, berberine and palmatine. These photosensitizers were bound to DNA by electrostatic force. Near‐infrared luminescence measurement demonstrated that the photoexcited alkaloids can generate 1O2 only when the photosensitizers are bound to DNA. A fluorescence decay study showed significant enhancement of the lifetime of their photoexcited state with the DNA binding. A calculation study suggested that the electrostatic interaction with DNA inhibits the quenching of the photoexcited state of these alkaloids via intramolecular electron transfer, leading to the prolongation of the lifetime of their excited state. This effect should enhance their intersystem crossing and the yield of energy transfer to molecular oxygen. The results show that the electrostatic interaction with DNA significantly affects the 1O2 generation activity of a photosensitizer. In addition, this interaction may be applied to the control and the design of photosensitizers for medical applications such as photodynamic therapy.
25 years of UV‐induced Immunosuppression Mediated by T Cells—From Disregarded T Suppressor Cells to Highly Respected Regulatory T Cells†
Authors: Schwarz Thomas 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFor more than 25 years it is known that UV radiation, in particular the UVB range suppresses the immune system. In contrast to conventional immunosuppression by immunosuppressive drugs, UV radiation does not compromise the immune system in a general but rather in an antigen‐specific fashion via induction of immunotolerance. This effect is mostly mediated via regulatory T cells (Treg) induced by UV. Several subtypes of UV‐induced Treg may exist, the best characterized are those which inhibit contact hypersensitivity. Induction of these Tregs by UV radiation is an active process which requires antigen presentation by UV‐damaged but still alive Langerhans cells (LC) in the lymph nodes. UV‐induced Treg have recently been characterized as expressing CD4 and CD25 and as releasing upon activation the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)‐10. Once activated in an antigen‐specific manner, they suppress immune responses in a general fashion via the release of IL‐10, a phenomenon called bystander suppression. The further phenotypic and functional characterization of these cells will not only contribute to a better understanding of the impact of UV radiation on the immune system but will also determine whether they can be applied in the future therapeutically with the final aim of achieving specific immunosuppression.
High Frequency Induction of CC to TT Tandem Mutations in DNA Repair‐proficient Mammalian Cells
Authors: Skinner Amy M. , Turker Mitchell S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe CC to TT tandem mutation is induced by UV radiation exposure, though at relatively low frequencies when compared with the more commonly induced C to T mutation. Induction of the tandem mutation by UV is enhanced in mammalian cells with certain genetic deficiencies; however, conditions have not been described in which the frequency of this mutation is enhanced in DNA repair‐proficient mammalian cells. For this study, an integrated construct that detects C to T and CC to TT mutations at a single codon in mouse Aprt was used to examine UVB mutagenesis under various conditions. Oxidative stress, in the form of intracellular hydrogen peroxide, increased the frequency of UVB‐induced CC to TT mutations. Surprisingly, exposure of the cells to two antioxidants (N‐acetylcysteine and trolox), either alone or in combination, also enhanced UVB induction of CC to TT tandem mutations. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that the frequency of UVB‐induced CC to TT tandem mutations can be enhanced dramatically in DNA repair‐proficient mammalian cells, and suggest that the enhancing effect does not require direct damage to DNA.
Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization of Middle Jurassic Dexing Porphyry Cu‐Mo Deposit, Southeast China
Authors: Li Xiaofeng , Sasaki Munetake 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Dexing deposit is located in a NE‐trending magmatic belt along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Craton. It is the largest porphyry copper deposit in China, consisting of three porphyry copper orebodies of Zhushahong, Tongchang and Fujiawu from northwest to southeast. It contains 1168 Mt of ores with 0.5% Cu and 0.01% Mo. The Dexing deposit is hosted by Middle Jurassic granodiorite porphyries and pelitic schist of Proterozoic age. The Tongchang granodiorite porphyry has a medium K cal‐alkaline series, with medium K2O content (1.94–2.07 wt%), and low K2O/(Na2O + K2O) (0.33–0.84) ratios. They have high large‐ion lithophile elements, high light rare‐earth elements, and low high‐field‐strength elements. The hydrothermal alteration at Tongchang is divided into four alteration mineral assemblages and related vein systems. They are early K‐feldspar alteration and A vein; transitional (chlorite + illite) alteration and B vein; late phyllic (quartz + muscovite) alteration and D vein; and latest carbonate, sulfate and oxide alteration and hematite veins. Primary fluid inclusions in quartz from phyllic alteration assemblage include liquid‐rich (type 1), vapor‐rich (type 2) and halite‐bearing ones (type 3). These provide trapping pressures of 20–400 ´ 105 Pa of fluids responsible for the formation of D veins. Igneous biotite from least altered granochiorite porphyry and hydrothermal muscovite in mineralized granodiorite porphyry possess δ18O and δD values of 4.6‰ and −87‰ for biotite and 7.1–8.9‰, −71 to −73‰ for muscovite. Stable isotopic composition of the hydrothermal water suggests a magmatic origin. The carbon and oxygen isotope for hydrothermal calcite are −4.8 to −6.2‰ and 6.8–18.8‰, respectively. The δ34S of pyrite in quartz vein ranges from −0.1 to 3‰, whereas δ34S for chalcopyrite in calcite veins ranges from 4 to 5‰. These are similar to the results of previous studies, and suggest a magmatic origin for sulfur. Results from alteration assemblages and vein system observation, as well as geochemical, fluid inclusion, stable isotope studies indicate that the involvement of hydrothermal fluids exsolved from a crystallizing melt are responsible for the formation of Tongchang porphyry Cu‐Mo orebodies in Dexing porphyry deposit.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Self‐Reported Pediatric Orthodontic Visits in the United States
Authors: Okunseri Christopher , Pajewski Nicholas M. , McGinley Emily L. , Hoffmann Raymond G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective: Studies in orthodontics have focused primarily on clinical care and techniques. Little, however, has been reported from epidemiological studies using national data on orthodontic dental visits as a measure of orthodontic service utilization and access to care in minority populations. We examined the effect of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic factors on pediatric orthodontic visits in the United States.Methods: We analyzed data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 1996‐2004. Descriptive and multiple regression analyses were performed, with self‐reported orthodontic visits in a given year as the main outcome variable.Results: The prevalence of an orthodontic visit among children ages 9 to 18 years remained relatively constant (ranged between 14.3 percent and 16.8 percent) from 1996 to 2004. Multiple regression analyses revealed significantly lower odds of an orthodontic visit for Black and Hispanic children in comparison with White children. Males, children from low‐income families, children eligible for Medicaid, and children with other public or no insurance were generally less likely to have made an orthodontic visit.Conclusion: Substantial racial/ethnic disparities in self‐reported orthodontic visits exist for Black and Hispanic children even after adjusting for possible covariates. Children from lower‐income families and those without private health insurance were less likely to report an orthodontic visit in the United States.
Risk Indicators for Missing Teeth in Working‐Age Pomeranians – An Evaluation of High‐Risk Populations
Authors: Mundt Torsten , Schwahn Christian , Mack Florian , Polzer Ines , Samietz Stefanie , Kocher Thomas , Biffar Reiner 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective:The goal of this study was to examine whether psychosocial conditions for general health described in the public health literature are also reflected in tooth loss.Methods:The relation of psychosocial factors to missing teeth was evaluated among 2,501 individuals aged 25 to 59 years from the population‐based cross‐sectional Study of Health in Pomerania using logistic regression analyses. The case group included 15 percent of participants of each 5‐year age group with the highest number of missing teeth.Results:Unemployment, dose‐dependent current and former smoking, a poor general health status, and a longer time since the last dental appointment were significant risk indicators for missing teeth. Alcohol consumption, use of interdental cleaning products, and checkup as the reason for the last dental visit were protective. Women with low education and low income were identified as a high‐risk group for missing teeth by the three‐way interaction between gender, school education, and household income. The effect of marital status was modified by gender: being single was a risk indicator for men but it was protective for women.Conclusions:The study supports the hypothesis that psychosocial conditions that affect health status as described in the general public health literature also have an effect on tooth loss. Strategies to prevent tooth loss may be expeditiously implemented in combination with approaches to prevent other health‐related problems.
Energy input and zooplankton species richness
Authors: Hessen Dag O. , Bakkestuen Vegar , Walseng Bjørn 
Published: November 2007

What are the relative contribution of temperature and solar irradiance as types of energy deliveries for species richness at the ecosystem level? In order to reveal this question in lake ecosystems, we assessed zooplankton species richness in 1891 Norwegian lakes covering a wide range in latitude, altitude, and lake area. Geographical variables could largely be replaced by temperature‐related variables, e.g. annual monthly maximum temperature or growth season. Multivariate analysis (PCA) revealed that not only maximum monthly temperature, but also energy input in terms of solar radiation were closely associated with species richness. This was confirmed by stepwise, linear regression analysis in which lake area was also found to be significant. We tested the predictive power of the “metabolic scaling laws” for species richness by regressing Ln of species richness over the inverse of the air temperature (in Kelvin), corrected for the activation energy (eV) as predicted by the Boltzmann constant. A significant, negative slope of 0.78 for ln richness over temperature, given as 1/kT, was found, thus slightly higher than the range of slopes predicted from the scaling law (0.60–0.70).Temperature basically constrained the upper bound of species number, but it was only a modest predictor of actual richness. Both PCA‐analysis and linear regression models left a large unexplained variance probably due to lake‐specific properties such as catchment influence, lake productivity, food‐web structure, immigration constraints or more stochastic effects.