bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Balancing Work and Relationship: Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET) in the Workplace
Authors: Schaer Marcel , Bodenmann Guy , Klink Thomas 
Published: June 2008

The current study is among the first to address the question of efficacy of a couple‐oriented prevention program in the context of the workplace. As many spillover and cross‐over effects between the workplace and couples’ private lives are known, such a focus seems promising. One hundred and fifty‐seven couples participating in the study were randomly assigned to three treatment conditions: a couple‐oriented intervention (Couples Coping Enhancement Training; CCET), an individual‐oriented coping intervention (ICT), and a waiting‐list control group. Self‐report data were collected at pre‐test, post‐test (2 weeks after the intervention), and at follow‐up (5 months after the training). Results are promising for the couple‐oriented intervention that significantly outperformed both the ICT and the waiting‐list control group. CCET participants scored not only higher in relationship variables (such as communication and dyadic coping) after the training but also in individual variables (e.g. burnout). These findings support the notion that companies should invest more in the well‐being of the relationships of their employees.Cette étude compte parmi les premières à aborder la question de l’efficacité d’un programme de prévention centré sur le couple dans l’environnement professionnel. Cette approche semble prometteuse puisque l’on a mis en évidence de nombreux processus de compensation et de transfert entre la vie de travail et la vie privée des couples. 157 couples relevant de la recherche ont été aléatoirement distribués dans trois conditions: une intervention centrée sur le couple (Formation des couples au renforcement du « faire‐face »—CCET), une intervention sur le « faire‐face » centré sur l’individu (ICT), et une liste d’attente faisant office de groupe contrôle. Des données fournies par les sujets ont été recueillies en pré‐test, en post‐test (deux semaines après l’intervention) et en suivi (cinq mois après l’intervention). Les résultats sont prometteurs pour l’intervention centrée sur le couple qui se révèle significativement plus performante que l’ICT et le groupe témoin. Les participants CCET ont de meilleurs résultats non seulement pour les variables relationnelles (telles que la communication et le faire‐face à deux) à l’issue de la formation, mais aussi pour les variables individuelles (par exemple le burnout). Ces constatations renforcent l’idée que les entreprises devraient investir davantage dans le bien‐être relationnel de leurs salariés.
From Homeostatic to Hedonic Theories of Eating: Self‐Regulatory Failure in Food‐Rich Environments
Authors: Stroebe Wolfgang , Papies Esther K. , Aarts Henk 
Published: June 2008

Psychological theories of weight regulation are based on homeostatic feedback assumptions. They mostly attribute the cause of overweight and obesity to lowered sensitivity to internal hunger and satiety cues. Based on the assumption that human food consumption in food‐rich environments is increasingly driven by pleasure rather than need for calories, a goal conflict theory of hedonic eating is presented. This theory is not only supported by the outcome of our own research programme but can also account for findings of the research conducted in the context of other psychological theories. Some implications for weight loss strategies are discussed.Les théories psychologiques sur la régulation du poids sont basées sur des hypothèses d’une rétroaction homéostasique. Elles attribuent généralement la cause de la surcharge pondérale et de l’obésitéà une sensibilité interne amoindrie à la faim et aux indicateurs de satiété. Reposant sur l’hypothèse que la consommation alimentaire humaine dans des environnements riches en nourriture est de plus en plus guidée par le plaisir plutôt que par le besoin de calories, une théorie “goal conflict theory of hedonic eating” est présentée. Cette théorie qui ne s’appuie pas seulement sur les résultats de notre propre programme de recherches, peut aussi expliquer les résultats d’études réalisées dans le cadre d’autres théories psychologiques. Des implications concernant des stratégies de perte de poids sont discutées.
Dietary Planning as a Mediator of the Intention–Behavior Relation: An Experimental‐Causal‐Chain Design
Authors: Reuter Tabea , Ziegelmann Jochen P. , Wiedemann Amelie U. , Lippke Sonia 
Published: June 2008

Health behavior change is seen as a self‐regulatory process that consists of a motivation phase of goal setting and a volition phase of goal pursuit. Previous studies suggest that the intention–behavior association is mediated by planning. However, evidence is based on observational studies rather than on experimental designs. To validate the causal assumptions, an experimental‐causal‐chain design was employed. Study 1 (n= 145) examined whether changing dietary intentions by a motivational intervention engenders changes in planning activities 1 month later. Study 2 (n= 115) examined, in a different sample, whether a volitional planning intervention engenders changes in dietary behavior 1 month later. In both studies, repeated measures ANOVAs revealed a significant Time × Condition interaction. Changes in intention mediated the effects of the motivational intervention on planning activities (Study 1). Changes in planning mediated the effect of a planning intervention on dietary behavior (Study 2). Previous observational findings on planning as a mediator in the intention–behavior association were supported by the two experiments. The findings might help to identify points of intervention in the process underlying health behavior change.Le changement de comportement au plan de la santé est considéré comme un processus d’auto‐régulation qui se compose d’une phase de motivation (fixation des buts) et d’une phase de volition (poursuite des buts). Des études précédentes suggèrent que le passage de l’intention au comportement est médiatisé par la planification. Ces résultats sont obtenus par voie d’observations plutôt que par expérimentations. Pour valider les hypothèses de causalité, un modèle de chaîne‐causale‐expérimentale a été employé. L’étude 1 examine si, en changeant les intentions alimentaires par une intervention motivationnelle, on obtient des changements dans la planification des activités un mois après (n= 145). L’étude 2 examine, sur un échantillon différent, si la planification d’une intervention engendre des changements du comportement alimentaire un mois plus tard (n= 115). Pour ces deux études, des ANOVA à mesures répétées révèlent une interaction significative entre le temps et la condition étudiée. Les changements de l’intention influencent les effets de l’intervention motivationnelle sur la planification des activités (étude 1). Les changements de la planification influencent les effets de l’intervention de la volition sur le comportement alimentaire (Etude 2). Les résultats obtenus par observation sur la planification comme lien entre l’intention et le comportement sont confirmés par les expérimentations. Les résultats peuvent permettre d’identifier les modalités d’interventions relatives au processus sous‐tendant le changement du comportement de santé.
The development of articulatory signatures in children
Authors: Singh Latika , Singh Nandini C. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract The ability to perceive and produce sounds at multiple time scales is a skill necessary for the acquisition of language. Unlike speech perception, which develops early in life, the production of speech sounds starts at a few months and continues into late childhood with the development of speech‐motor skills. Though there is detailed information available on early phonological development, there is very little information on when various articulatory features achieve adult‐like maturity. We use modern spectral analysis to investigate the development of three language features associated with three different timescales in vocal utterances from typically developing children between 4 and 8 years. We make comparisons with adult speech and find age dependence in the appearance of these features. Results suggest that as children get older they exhibit increasingly more power in features associated with shorter time scales, thereby indicating the maturation of fine motor control in speech. Such data from typically developing children could provide milestones of speech production at different timescales. Since impairments in spoken language often provide the first warning signs of a language disorder we suggest that speech production could also be used to probe language disorders.
Vision for perception and vision for action: normal and unusual development
Authors: Dilks Daniel D. , Hoffman James E. , Landau Barbara 
Published: June 2008

Abstract Evidence suggests that visual processing is divided into the dorsal (‘how’) and ventral (‘what’) streams. We examined the normal development of these streams and their breakdown under neurological deficit by comparing performance of normally developing children and Williams syndrome individuals on two tasks: a visually guided action (‘how’) task, in which participants posted a card into an oriented slot, and a perception (‘what’) task, in which they matched a card to the slot's orientation. Results showed that all groups performed worse on the action task than the perception task, but the disparity was more pronounced in WS individuals and in normal 3–4‐year‐olds than in older children. These findings suggest that the ‘how’ system may be relatively slow to develop and more vulnerable to breakdown than the ‘what’ system.
Do as I do: 7‐month‐old infants selectively reproduce others’ goals
Authors: Hamlin J. Kiley , Hallinan Elizabeth V. , Woodward Amanda L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn the current study, we tested whether 7‐month‐old infants would selectively imitate the goal‐relevant aspects of an observed action. Infants saw an experimenter perform an action on one of two small toys and then were given the opportunity to act on the toys. Infants viewed actions that were either goal‐directed or goal‐ambiguous, and that represented either completed or uncompleted goals. Infants reproduced the goal of the experimenter only in those cases where the action was goal‐directed, in both the complete and incomplete goal conditions. These results provide the first evidence that infants as young as 7 months of age selectively imitate actions based on their goal‐directedness, and that they are able to analyze the goals of even uncompleted actions. Even during the first year of life, infants’ sensitivity to goal‐directed action is expressed not only in their responses in visual habituation procedures, but also in their overt actions.
Generality with specificity: the dynamic field theory generalizes across tasks and time scales
Authors: Simmering Vanessa R. , Spencer John P. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract A central goal in cognitive and developmental science is to develop models of behavior that can generalize across both tasks and development while maintaining a commitment to detailed behavioral prediction. This paper presents tests of one such model, the Dynamic Field Theory (DFT). The DFT was originally proposed to capture delay‐dependent biases in spatial recall and developmental changes in spatial recall performance. More recently, the theory was generalized to adults’ performance in a second spatial working memory task, position discrimination. Here we use the theory to predict a specific, complex developmental pattern in position discrimination. Data with 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children and adults confirm these predictions, demonstrating that the DFT achieves generality across tasks and time scales, as well as the specificity necessary to generate novel, falsifiable predictions.
Preschoolers’ sensitivity to referential ambiguity: evidence for a dissociation between implicit understanding and explicit behavior
Authors: Nilsen Elizabeth S. , Graham Susan A. , Smith Shannon , Chambers Craig G. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract Four‐year‐olds were asked to assess an adult listener's knowledge of the location of a hidden sticker after the listener was provided an ambiguous or unambiguous description of the sticker location. When preschoolers possessed private knowledge about the sticker location, the location they chose indicated that they judged a description to be unambiguous even when the message was ambiguous from the listener's perspective. However, measures of implicit awareness (response latencies and eye movement measures) demonstrated that even when preschoolers had private knowledge about the sticker location, ambiguous messages led to more consideration of an alternative location and longer response latencies than unambiguous messages. The findings demonstrate that children show sensitivity to linguistic ambiguity earlier than previously thought and, further, that they can detect linguistic ambiguity in language directed to others even when their own knowledge clarifies the intended meaning.
Young German children's early syntactic competence: a preferential looking study
Authors: Dittmar Miriam , Abbot‐Smith Kirsten , Lieven Elena , Tomasello Michael 
Published: June 2008

Abstract Using a preferential looking methodology with novel verbs,

Gertner, Fisher and Eisengart (2006

) found that 21‐month‐old English children seemed to understand the syntactic marking of transitive word order in an abstract, verb‐general way. In the current study we tested whether young German children of this same age have this same understanding. Following

Gertner et al. (2006

), one group of German children was tested only after they had received a training/practice phase containing transitive sentences with familiar verbs and the exact same nouns as those used at test. A second group was tested after a training/practice phase consisting only of familiar verbs, without the nouns used at test. Only the group of children with the training on full transitive sentences was successful in the test. These findings suggest that for children this young to succeed in this test of syntactic understanding, they must first have some kind of relevant linguistic experience immediately prior to testing – which raises the question of the nature of children's linguistic representations at this early point in development.
Encoding the goal of an object‐directed but uncompleted reaching action in 6‐ and 9‐month‐old infants
Authors: Daum Moritz M. , Prinz Wolfgang , Aschersleben Gisa 
Published: June 2008

Abstract Infants start to interpret completed human actions as goal‐directed in the second half of the first year of life. In a series of three studies, the understanding of a goal‐directed but uncompleted action was investigated in 6‐ and 9‐month‐old infants using a preferential looking paradigm. Infants saw the video of an actor's reaching movement towards one of two objects. This reaching movement was only presented until the hand passed the midpoint between the starting position and the position of the target object. Subsequently, two final states of the reaching movement were presented simultaneously. In the plausible final state, the hand grasped the object to which the reaching movement was geared; in the implausible final state, the hand grasped the other object. In Studies 1 and 3, infants watched the actor from an allocentric perspective, and in Studies 2 and 3 from an egocentric perspective. Results indicate a discrimination of the two final states if the scene was presented from an allocentric perspective: both 6‐ and 9‐month‐olds looked longer at the implausible final state. This was not the case if infants saw the action from an egocentric perspective. The presented findings show that using this paradigm, 6‐month‐olds are already able to infer the goal of an uncompleted action without seeing the achievement of the goal itself. However, they encoded the goal of the reaching action only when it was presented from an allocentric perspective but not from an egocentric perspective.
Focusing on the relation: fewer exemplars facilitate children's initial verb learning and extension
Authors: Maguire Mandy J. , Hirsh‐Pasek Kathy , Golinkoff Roberta Michnick , Brandone Amanda C. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract One of the most prominent theories for why children struggle to learn verbs is that verb learning requires the abstraction of relations between an object and its action (

Gentner, 2003

). Two hypotheses suggest how children extract relations to extend a novel verb: (1) seeing many different exemplars allows children to detect the invariant relation between actions in different contexts (Gentner, 2003), and (2) repetition of fewer exemplars allows children to move beyond the entities involved to extract the relation (Kersten & Smith, 2002). We tested ‐ and 3‐year‐olds’ ability to extend a novel verb after viewing the repetition of one novel actor compared to four different actors performing a novel action. Both ages were better at learning and extending a novel verb to a novel actor when shown only one actor rather than four different actors. These results indicate that during initial verb learning less information is more effective.
Prevalence and time trends in obesity among adult West African populations: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Abubakari A. R. , Lauder W. , Agyemang C. , Jones M. , Kirk A. , Bhopal R. S. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the distribution of and trends in obesity in adult West African populations.Between February and March 2007, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using four electronic databases. Journal hand searches, citations and bibliographic snowballing of relevant articles were also undertaken. To be included, studies had to be population‐based, use well‐defined criteria for measuring obesity, present data that allowed calculation of the prevalence of obesity and sample adult participants. Studies retrieved were critically appraised. Meta‐analysis was performed using the DerSimonian‐Laird random effect model.Twenty‐eight studies were included. Thirteen studies were conducted in urban settings, 13 in mixed urban/rural and one in rural setting. Mean body mass index ranged from 20.1 to 27.0 kg2. Prevalence of obesity in West Africa was estimated at 10.0% (95% CI, 6.0–15.0). Women were more likely to be obese than men, odds ratios 3.16 (95% CI, 2.51–3.98) and 4.79 (95% CI, 3.30–6.95) in urban and rural areas respectively. Urban residents were more likely to be obese than rural residents, odds ratio 2.70 (95% CI, 1.76–4.15). Time trend analyses indicated that prevalence of obesity in urban West Africa more than doubled (114%) over 15 years, accounted for almost entirely in women.Urban residents and women have particularly high risk of overweight/obesity and obesity is rising fast in women. Policymakers, politicians and health promotion experts must urgently help communities control the spread of obesity in West Africa.
Japanese Children's Reasoning about Conflicts with Parents
Authors: Yamada Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2008

AbstractNinety‐five Japanese children (aged 6–12) were interviewed using hypothetical stories to examine their reasoning about parent–child conflicts. Participants were most likely to reject parental authority and to support child's discretion in conflict situations where the parent interfered in the child's personal choice and gave the child commands that violated moral and conventional principles. However, participants were most likely to accept parental authority when the child's wish conflicted with the parent's moral concern. Participants’ reasoning was more varied when the child's wish went against the parent's conventional demand. Consistent with their cultural values, participants considered harmonious relationships in evaluating conventional and personal conflicts, but not moral conflicts. Age differences were observed in the endorsement of personal choice. Results suggest that children do not simply act upon their cultural values but also show resistance to parental authority for reasons beyond meeting selfish needs and form differentiated judgments about parent–child conflicts.
The transition of pupils from primary to secondary school in England
Authors: Burgess Simon , Johnston Ron , Key Tomas , Propper Carol , Wilson Deborah 
Published: June 2008

This paper examines the transitions from primary to secondary school for a contemporary cohort of children moving between state schools in England. It uses data on over 12 000 primary schools, over 2000 secondary schools and around 400 000 pupils. The results suggest that the experiences of poor pupils at age 11 may be quite different, on average, to their non‐poor peers’. Poor pupils’ primary peer groups are more fractured at the age of 11 and these pupils tend to find themselves more concentrated within lower performing secondary schools. High ability pupils are more likely to go to the modal secondary school of their cohort if it is better than average; the reverse is true for low ability pupils. Poor pupils are less likely to go to the modal school when it is better than average but more likely to go when it is worse. Finally, we find that primary schools which have high academic test scores have more bifurcated flows: poor and non‐poor pupils are dispersed across different secondary schools. This analysis of within‐primary school differences in destination is one of the novel contributions of the paper.
Non‐Parametric Modelling of CO2Emission Quota
Authors: Oude Lansink Alfons , Van Der Vlist Arno 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDutch glasshouse firms are facing the introduction of a system of tradable CO2emission quotas. This paper employs a non‐parametric method for modelling tradable CO2emissions of Dutch glasshouse firms. The method is capable of generating shifts in CO2emissions across the sample of firms. Moreover, changes in volumes of outputs produced and inputs used are computed. Results show that firms using a conventional heating technology will be net purchasers of CO2emissions, whereas firms using more advanced heating technologies will sell part of their emission quota.
Risk of autism spectrum disorders after infantile spasms: A population‐based study nested in a cohort with seizures in the first year of life
Authors: Saemundsen Evald , Ludvigsson Petur , Rafnsson Vilhjalmur 
Published: June 2008

SummaryPurpose:  No population‐based study has investigated the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in children after unprovoked seizures with onset in the first year of life. Our objective was to determine whether infantile spasms were related to risk of ASD as compared to unprovoked seizures with onset in the first year of life after adjusting for symptomatic origin of seizures.Methods:  This is a population‐based case‐control study nested in a cohort of children with unprovoked seizures in the first year of life. The cohort comprised 95 children, 34 boys and 61 girls. Cases were defined as children with ASD, controls were without ASD, and exposure was a history of infantile spasms. The Mantel‐Haenszel test and logistic regression were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results:  The crude OR for ASD associated with infantile spasms was 5.53 (95% CI 1.25–23.06). Stratification on age and gender did not change the OR. The OR for ASD associated with infantile spasms adjusted for symptomatic seizures was 1.55 (95% CI 0.33–7.37), while the OR for ASD associated with symptomatic seizures adjusted for infantile spasms was 8.73 (95% CI 1.88–40.54). Restriction to mental age 24 months or higher yielded higher ORs.Discussion:  Infantile spasms predicted high risk for ASD, but this was to a large extent explained by the association of ASD with symptomatic origin of seizures.