bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of mRNA translation extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Pan Kally Z. , Palter Julia E. , Rogers Aric N. , Olsen Anders , Chen Di , Lithgow Gordon J. , Kapahi Pankaj 
Published: January 2007

SummaryProtein synthesis is a regulated cellular process that links nutrients in the environment to organismal growth and development. Here we examine the role of genes that regulate mRNA translation in determining growth, reproduction, stress resistance and lifespan. Translational control of protein synthesis by regulators such as the cap‐binding complex and S6 kinase play an important role during growth. We observe that inhibition of various genes in the translation initiation complex including ifg‐1, the worm homologue of eIF4G, which is a scaffold protein in the cap‐binding complex; and rsks‐1, the worm homologue of S6 kinase, results in lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans. Inhibition of ifg‐1 or rsks‐1 also slows development, reduces fecundity and increases resistance to starvation. A reduction in ifg‐1 expression in dauers was also observed, suggesting an inhibition of protein translation during the dauer state. Thus, mRNA translation exerts pleiotropic effects on growth, reproduction, stress resistance and lifespan in C. elegans.
China's Open Underground; Taiwan's Aperture
Authors: GARDELS NATHAN 
Published: January 2007

Never before in history have China and Japan been great powers at the same time. Today they must figure out how to live together as equals. The promise of mutual prosperity ties them together; the remembrance of bad things past pushes them apart.If that wary dance were not complicated enough, a nuclear provocateur from neighboring North Korea intrudes. A legendary figure of Japan's post‐war miracle, Tsuneo Watanabe, weighs in on these big questions. Hans Blix, a former UN arms inspector and the former South Korean prime minister and Nobel laureate, Kim Dae Jung, address the North Korean conundrum.
Prada Islam
Authors: ALI AYAAN HIRSI 
Published: January 2007

If ever proof were needed of Samuel Huntington's idea that “relations between societies in the coming decades are most likely to reflect their cultural commitments” it can be found in Ayaan Hirsi Ali's experience as a woman standing up against traditional Islamic culture while living in Europe.In this section, both Samuel Huntington and Ayaan Hirsi Ali discuss the continuing clash of cultures in what Hirsi Ali calls our “age of confrontation.”
The Clash of Civilizations Revisited
Authors: HUNTINGTON SAMUEL P. 
Published: January 2007

If ever proof were needed of Samuel Huntington's idea that “relations between societies in the coming decades are most likely to reflect their cultural commitments” it can be found in Ayaan Hirsi Ali's experience as a woman standing up against traditional Islamic culture while living in Europe.In this section, both Samuel Huntington and Ayaan Hirsi Ali discuss the continuing clash of cultures in what Hirsi Ali calls our “age of confrontation.”
An Asian community's perspective on facial profile attractiveness
Authors: Soh Jen , Chew Ming Tak , Wong Hwee Bee 
Published: January 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  To assess the facial profile preferences of laypersons in an Asian community and the influence of age, ethnic and gender on profile selection.Methods:  A sample of 149 laypersons (65.1% Chinese, 21.5% Malays and 13.4% Indians), comprising of 112 females (75.2%) participated in the study. The mean age was 24.6 years (SD 4.4). A facial profile photograph and a lateral cephalometric radiograph of a Chinese male and female adult with a normal profile and a class I incisor and skeletal relationship were digitized to create a baseline template. Computerized digital photographic image modification was carried out on the template to obtain seven facial profiles [bimaxillary protrusion, protrusive mandible, retrusive mandible, normal profile (incisor and skeletal class I pattern), retrusive maxilla, protrusive maxilla and bimaxillary retrusion] for each gender. The laypersons were asked to rank the profiles of each gender on a scale of 1 (very attractive) to 7 (least attractive).Results:  Orthognathic Chinese male and female profiles were perceived to be the most attractive. A male orthognathic profile with normative Chinese cephalometric values was perceived to be more attractive than a ‘flatter’ bimaxillary retrusive profile. Bimaxillary retrusion and normal Chinese female profiles were perceived to be the most attractive. A male or female profile with a protrusive mandible was judged to be the least attractive. Age, gender and ethnicity were nonsignificant predictors for the most attractive female profile.Conclusions:  Orthognathic Chinese male and female profiles were judged to be the most attractive by Asian adult laypersons. Male and female profiles with mandibular protrusion were judged to be the least attractive.
Provision of mouth‐care in long‐term care facilities: an educational trial
Authors: MacEntee M. I. , Wyatt C. C. L. , Beattie B. L. , Paterson B. , Levy‐Milne R. , McCandless L. , Kazanjian A. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  This randomized clinical trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of a pyramid‐based education for improving the oral health of elders in long‐term care (LTC) facilities.Methods:  Fourteen facilities matched for size were assigned randomly to an active or control group. At baseline in each facility, care‐aides in the active group participated with a full‐time nurse educator in a seminar about oral health care, and had unlimited access to the educator for oral health‐related advice throughout the 3‐month trial. Care‐aides in the control group participated in a similar seminar with a dental hygienist but they received no additional advice. The residents in the facilities at baseline and after 3 months were examined clinically to measure their oral hygiene, gingival health, masticatory potential, Body Mass Index and Malnutrition Indicator Score, and asked to report on chewing difficulties.Results:  Clinical measures after 3 months were not significantly different from baseline in either group, indicating that education neither influenced the oral health nor the dental hygiene of the residents.Conclusions:  A pyramid‐based educational scheme with nurses and care‐aides did not improve the oral health of frail elders in this urban sample of LTC facilities.
Does oral health affect self perceptions, parental ratings and video‐based assessments of children's smiles?
Authors: Patel Ruchir R. , Tootla Ruwaida , Inglehart Marita R. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  To explore whether there is a relationship between children's objectively determined oral health status and their oral health‐related quality of life, specifically the evaluations of their smiles as assessed by the children, their parents, and through measurements of the children's videotaped smiles.Methods:  Chart review data were collected from 99 children (56 boys, 43 girls; average age: 7.06 years; range: 4–12 years) to determine their oral health status. The children responded to the Michigan Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life Scale – Child Version (MOHRQOL‐C), and the parents responded to the Michigan Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life Scale – Parent Version (MOHRQOL‐P) to assess the smiling‐related aspect of the children's oral health‐related quality of life. Parents also responded to questions concerning their own evaluations of their child's smile. The children were videotaped while they watched a funny cartoon. Two independent raters measured the width and openness of the children's mouth plus the number of teeth shown at 25 predetermined time points during these taped sessions to assess the children's video‐based smiling patterns.Results:  The children's self evaluated smile scores correlated with the video‐based ratings of the children's smiles, and with the number of positive adjectives parents chose to describe their children's smiles. There were significant relationships between several indicators of oral health status and all smile assessment scores. Children without caries evaluated their own smiles more positively, showed more teeth when smiling, and received more positive parent evaluations for their smiles than children with decay.Conclusion:  Poor oral health is significantly related to children's smiling patterns and the way others perceived their smiles. Poor oral health may prevent children from expressing positive emotions, which can impact their social interactions and the way they feel about themselves.
Information content in the halo-model dark-matter power spectrum — II. Multiple cosmological parameters
Authors: Neyrinck Mark C. , Szapudi István 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
We investigate the cosmological Fisher information in the non-linear dark matter power spectrum in the context of the halo model. We find that there is a plateau in information content on translinear scales which is generic to all cosmological parameters we tried. There is a rise in information on smaller scales, but we find that it is quite degenerate among different cosmological parameters (except, perhaps, the tilt). This suggests that it could be difficult to constrain cosmological parameters using the non-linear regime of the dark-matter power spectrum. We suggest ways to get around this problem, such as removing the largest haloes from consideration in survey analysis.
SENSORY EVALUATION METHODS FOR TACTILE PROPERTIES OF FABRICS
Authors: SÜLAR VİLDAN , OKUR AYŞE 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT Sensory evaluation of tactile properties of fabrics is a subject many researchers have studied for years and which still has importance and is also open to improvements. Particularly for suitings, the sensory evaluation of fabric handle or of other tactile properties has a greater importance. This article explains sensory evaluation techniques for stiffness, thickness and smoothness, which are the components of fabric handle of suitings. These sensory techniques are introduced by the authors and studied in 100% worsted wool suitings. The concordances of sensory test results are investigated by Kendall's concordance test, and correlation analyses are carried out to examine the relations between sensory results.
EFFECT OF PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE ON PROFILING PERFORMANCE COMPARING VARIOUS SENSORY LABORATORIES
Authors: BITNES JANNA , RØDBOTTEN MARIT , LEA PER , UELAND ØYDIS , MARTENS MAGNI 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the best organization/training of sensory panels performing different types of work. Five sensory panels having different types of product knowledge were compared with respect to their profiling performance. Four of the panels were internal panels from various food companies and one was an external panel from a research institute. The panels were categorized in three groups according to their product knowledge: specific product knowledge (SK), unspecific product knowledge (UK) and general product knowledge (GK). Particularly, SK from quality control testing was pointed out to be more beneficial for the ability to discriminate between samples than UK or GK from descriptive analysis of a large variety of products. These findings contribute to the explanation that sensory learning evolves from verbal learning and focus of attention rather than perceptual learning. It is most beneficial for food companies with a limited range of products to have panelists that are specifically trained for certain characteristics, rather than have judges that can easily adapt to unfamiliar products and characteristics.
CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY OF VEGETABLE SOUPS
Authors: DI MONACO ROSSELLA , CAVELLA SILVANA , TORRIERI ELENA , MASI PAOLO 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate whether product label information “produced with organic ingredients” and “stabilization technology” affects consumer acceptability of vegetable soups. Three focus group interviews were preliminarily conducted in order to gain information about the appropriate terminology to use in the next consumer test. In all, 109 subjects were recruited by means of a background questionnaire. They were then divided into three groups according to age, gender and soup preference. Each group evaluated three different types of soup in two phases, first blind and then with information. At the end of the second phase, the participants filled in a conjoint analysis questionnaire. The results demonstrated that if consumers were informed that soup is prepared with organic ingredients, they would improve their acceptability scores, whatever the soup type. Stabilization technology information had no effect. Conjoint results revealed that consumers appreciate soups made with organic legumes and cereals and without seasoning. However, differences among subgroups were found.
EFFECT OF MEAT APPEARANCE ON SOUTH KOREAN CONSUMERS' CHOICE OF PORK CHOPS DETERMINED BY IMAGE METHODOLOGY
Authors: CHO SOOHYUN , PARK BEOMYOUNG , NGAPO TANIA , KIM JINHYOUNG , DRANSFIELD ERIC , HWANG INHO , LEE JONGMOON 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT The effect of appearance characteristics of fresh pork on Korean consumers' preferences was assessed using images of pork chops. Consumers (1015) in six provinces selected their preferred chop from 16 images modified systematically to give two levels each of fat cover, color, marbling and drip. Meat color was the most important characteristic; similar numbers of consumers chose the dark and light red meat colored pork. Almost two‐thirds of the consumers chose consistently the option without drip. A strong characteristic was that almost half of the Korean consumers chose the marbled pork, although fat cover was not an important selection criterion. Similar preferences were observed on a regional basis, except for color, which varied according to region. More female, particularly the married ones, than male consumers preferred the light red, no drip and marbled options.
Role of cholinergic‐activated KCa1.1 (BK), KCa3.1 (SK4) and KV7.1 (KCNQ1) channels in mouse colonic Cl− secretion
Authors: Matos J. E. , Sausbier M. , Beranek G. , Sausbier U. , Ruth P. , Leipziger J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAim:  Colonic crypts are the site of Cl− secretion. Basolateral K+ channels provide the driving force for luminal cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator‐mediated Cl− exit. Relevant colonic epithelial K+ channels are the intermediate conductance Ca2+‐activated KCa3.1 (SK4) channel and the cAMP‐activated KV7.1 (KCNQ1) channel. In addition, big conductance Ca2+‐activated KCa1.1 (BK) channels may play a role in Ca2+‐activated Cl− secretion. Here we use KCa1.1 and KCa3.1 knock‐out mice, and the KV7.1 channel inhibitor 293B (10 μm) to investigate the role of KCa1.1, KCa3.1 and KV7.1 channels in cholinergic‐stimulated Cl− secretion.Methods:  A Ussing chamber was used to quantify agonist‐stimulated increases in short circuit current (Isc) in distal colon. Chloride secretion was activated by bl. forskolin (FSK, 2 μm) followed by bl. carbachol (CCH, 100 μm). Luminal Ba2+ (5 mm) was used to inhibit KCa1.1 channels.Results:  KCa1.1 WT and KO mice displayed identical FSK and CCH‐stimulated Isc changes, indicating that KCa1.1 channels are not involved in FSK‐ and cholinergic‐stimulated Cl− secretion. CCH‐stimulated ΔIsc was significantly reduced in KCa3.1 KO mice, underscoring the known relevance of this channel in the activation of Cl− secretion by an intracellular Ca2+ increasing agonist. The residual CCH effect observed in KCa3.1 KO mice suggests that yet another K+ channel is driving the CCH‐stimulated Cl− secretion. In the presence of the specific KV7.1 channel blocker 293B, the residual CCH effect was abolished.Conclusions:  This demonstrates that both KCa3.1 and KV7.1 channels are activated by cholinergic agonists and drive Cl− secretion. In contrast, KCa1.1 channels are not involved in stimulated electrogenic Cl− secretion.
Evidence of pulmonary oedema triggered by exercise in healthy humans and detected with various imaging techniques
Authors: Zavorsky G. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis review summarizes current literature on pulmonary oedema triggered by above‐ground exercise in healthy humans from studies that use various imaging techniques to detect oedema. Eleven studies were identified, comprising of 137 subjects (mean age = 28 years). Eighty per cent (n = 110) were males, and 20% (n = 27) were female. The studies were grouped into three different categories according to the severity of the exercise protocol, which were either prolonged, submaximal exercise of 15‐min to 2 h in duration at approx. 50–75%V̇O2max and not to exhaustion (PROLONGED, n = 44), a V̇O2max test lasting 16–20 min in which the intensity of exercise was only maximum for about 2 min at the end of the test (GXT, n = 15), and maximum or near maximum effort exercise protocols at or near volitional exhaustion where the goal was to finish in the fastest possible time or maintain the highest possible workload (MAX EFFORT, n = 78). Only 16% of the subjects showed signs of oedema from PROLONGED exercise and no subjects (0%) showed signs of oedema from GXT exercise. Surprisingly, approx. 65% of the subjects showed signs of oedema triggered by MAX EFFORT exercise (χ2 test of association; P  0.01), which was independent of both sex, the level of hypoxia (inspired PO2 = 106–118 mmHg vs. 149 mmHg), the timing of the post‐exercise imaging (<10, >30 but <60 min, or >60 min) and V̇O2max (approx. 3.0 vs. approx. 4.8 L min−1). The data suggests that the chances of triggering pulmonary oedema from exhaustive MAX EFFORT exercise is 4× more compared with PROLONGED exercise. As well, the likelihood of triggering pulmonary oedema may be independent of lung size, sex, moderate levels of hypoxia, and aerobic fitness.
New challenges facing traditional nature reserves: Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) conservation in China
Authors: ZHANG Li , MA Lichao , FENG Limin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTraditional conservation strategies can effectively preserve biodiversity within nature reserves, but may fail to mitigate the conflicts between rural development and wildlife conservation. This paper discusses the magnitude of the conflict and its development over time, focusing on elephant conservation and land resource management within and around nature reserves. We suggest that regulations alone can satisfy neither the demands to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services nor the demands to achieve human welfare. More innovative tools such as informed land‐use planning and integrated conservation development projects are called for to reduce the agricultural interface with elephant range, and therefore to alleviate the damage caused by the conflict.
Corridor connecting giant panda habitats from north to south in the Min Mountains, Sichuan, China
Authors: YIN Kaipu , XIE Yan , WU Ning 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe giant panda faces severe threats from habitat fragmentation and isolation. Currently, giant panda populations have been fragmented into 30 habitat patches. The disappearance of isolated small populations and studies on the genetic diversity of various populations have shown that small isolated panda populations are at a high risk of dying out completely. Habitat fragmentation has seriously impaired the ability of the giant panda to resist climate changes and other natural disasters, such as large‐scale, synchronous bamboo blooming. The Min Mountains have the largest population of pandas in China, numbering 581 individuals and accounting for 52% of the total (1114) in China. Geographic isolation means that giant pandas in the Min Mountains are divided into two populations (population A in the north and population B in the south). Population B, which had only 42 individuals in 1989, is severely threatened by high‐density human populations and the loss of genetic diversity. However, we have identified an important corridor connecting the two populations. This paper explains the importance and the feasibility of reestablishing this corridor. Due to the special geographic locations of these two populations (two rivers block the migration of giant pandas between south and north), the corridor is the only passage for giant pandas in the region. Recent studies have also shown an increase of giant panda activity in the area of the corridor. However, vegetation in the corridor has been severely degraded. Bamboo forest must be restored in this area to provide food for the pandas during migration. The effects of human activities must be reduced in order to maintain panda habitat. We believe that a restored corridor will be of great benefit to the survival of giant pandas in the Min Mountains, especially for population B. Successful re‐establishment of a corridor will be a valuable model for corridor construction in the future.
Characteristics of night‐time sleeping places selected by golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Samage Forest, Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, China
Authors: LI Dayong , GRUETER Cyril C. , REN Baoping , ZHOU Qihai , LI Ming , PENG Zhengsong , WEI Fuwen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe examined the criteria for sleeping place selection in a social band of Rhinopithecus bieti (black‐and‐white snub‐nosed or golden monkeys) living in the mountainous Samage Forest, Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China. We performed principal component analysis and found that slope aspect, tree height and trunk diameter were likely key variables influencing selection of sleeping places. Sleeping sites were preferentially located in mixed deciduous/conifer forest. The monkeys slept exclusively in evergreen trees, of which 82% were conifers (mostly Picea likiangensis and Tsuga dumosa) and 18% evergreen oaks (Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon and Quercus spp.). Sleeping trees were tall (mean 30.5 m), had high boles (mean 18.4 m), large diameters (mean 62.6 cm) and large crown areas (mean 57.9 m2). A comparative analysis of phytological and architectural features between trees in “sleeping site plots” (n= 18) and trees in “non‐sleeping‐site plots” (n= 66) revealed that diameter, crown surface area and tree height were significantly (P < 0.01) larger in the former compared with the latter. All investigated roosting sites were situated on steep mountain slopes. Valleys and mountain ridges were avoided. We also detected re‐use of roosting sites on several occasions, but not on consecutive nights. It is most likely that a mix of factors (stability of trees, access to food, unit cohesion, monitoring potential) explains the pattern of sleeping site preference, but predation at night seems to be only slightly important. Climate appears to have a profound influence on patterns of sleeping site selection in the monkeys' harsh temperate habitat. This is demonstrated by the monkeys' preference for mixed forest at medium elevations over montane fir forest at high elevations and slopes instead of ridges, with reduced exposure to wind and precipitation inherent in the former. We also emphasize the possibly substantial role that non‐environmental factors (the nature of social organization and socio‐behavioral strategies) play in determining sleeping site use in R. bieti and other primates.