bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use, Preventive Care Practices, and Use of Conventional Medical Services Among Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Garrow Donald , Egede Leonard E. 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—To assess the association between complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use, preventive care practices, and use of conventional medical services among adults with diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed data on 2,474 adults with diabetes. We created an overall CAM-use category based on use of any of the following: diets, herbs, chiropractic care, yoga, relaxation, acupuncture, ayuverda, biofeedback, chelation, energy healing, Reiki therapy, hypnosis, massage, naturopathy, and homeopathy. We used multiple logistic regression to assess the effect of CAM use on preventive care practices (receipt of influenza and pneumonia vaccines) and use of conventional medical services (number of primary care and emergency department visits). STATA was used for statistical analysis to account for the complex survey design.
RESULTS—A total of 48% of adults with diabetes used some form of CAM. CAM use was independently associated with receipt of pneumonia vaccination (odds ratio 1.56 [95% CI 1.26–1.94]) but not significantly associated with receipt of influenza vaccination (1.17 [0.92–1.48]). CAM use was independently associated with visiting the emergency department (1.34 [1.06–1.70]), having six or more primary care visits (1.44 [1.14–1.83]), and having eight or more primary care visits (1.66 [1.22–2.25]).
CONCLUSIONS—In contrast to the findings of previous studies, CAM use appears to be associated with increased likelihood of receipt of preventive care services and increased emergency department and primary care visits. CAM use may not be a barrier to use of conventional medical services in adults with diabetes.
A Randomized Comparison of Pioglitazone to Inhibit Restenosis After Coronary Stenting in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Nishio Kazuaki , Sakurai Masayuki , Kusuyama Taro , Shigemitsu Meiei , Fukui Tomoyasu , Kawamura Kitaro , Itoh Seiji , Konno Noburu , Katagiri Takashi 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—Recent studies have demonstrated that the treatment with thiazolidinediones reduces in-stent restenosis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of the efficacy of pioglitazone for preventing in-stent restenosis in type 2 diabetic patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted a prospective, randomized trial involving 54 type 2 diabetic patients referred for coronary stenting who were randomly assigned to either the control or the pioglitazone group. Quantitative coronary angiography was performed at study entry and at 6 months follow-up. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, leptin, and adiponectin were measured at study entry and at 6 months follow-up.
RESULTS—A total of 28 patients were randomly assigned to the control group, and 26 patients were assigned to the pioglitazone group. There were no significant differences in glycemic control levels or in lipid levels in the two groups at baseline or at follow-up. Insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, eNOS, and leptin at follow-up were significantly reduced in the pioglitazone group compared with the control group. The late luminal loss and in-stent restenosis were significantly less in the pioglitazone group than in the control group. Leptin independently correlated with late luminal loss at multiple regression analysis.
CONCLUSIONS—The treatment with pioglitazone in type 2 diabetic patients significantly reduced leptin. This decreased leptin improved insulin resistance and endothelial function with the reduction of insulin. The improved endothelial function affected the reduction of in-stent restenosis.
GAME: detecting cis-regulatory elements using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Wei Zhi , Jensen Shane T. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Motivation: Identification of a transcription factor binding sites is an important aspect of the analysis of genetic regulation. Many programs have been developed for the de novo discovery of a binding motif (collection of binding sites). Recently, a scoring function formulation was derived that allows for the comparison of discovered motifs from different programs [S.T. Jensen, X.S. Liu, Q. Zhou and J.S. Liu (2004) Stat. Sci., 19, 188–204.] A simple program, BioOptimizer, was proposed in [S.T. Jensen and J.S. Liu (2004) Bioinformatics, 20, 1557–1564.] that improved discovered motifs by optimizing a scoring function. However, BioOptimizer is a very simple algorithm that can only make local improvements upon an already discovered motif and so BioOptimizer can only be used in conjunction with other motif-finding software.
Results: We introduce software, GAME, which utilizes a genetic algorithm to find optimal motifs in DNA sequences. GAME evolves motifs with high fitness from a population of randomly generated starting motifs, which eliminate the reliance on additional motif-finding programs. In addition to using standard genetic operations, GAME also incorporates two additional operators that are specific to the motif discovery problem. We demonstrate the superior performance of GAME compared with MEME, BioProspector and BioOptimizer in simulation studies as well as several real data applications where we use an extended version of the GAME algorithm that allows the motif width to be unknown.
Availability:
Contact: zhiwei@mail.med.upenn.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A simple implementation of a normal mixture approach to differential gene expression in multiclass microarrays
Authors: McLachlan G.J. , Bean R.W. , Jones L. Ben-Tovim 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMotivation: An important problem in microarray experiments is the detection of genes that are differentially expressed in a given number of classes. We provide a straightforward and easily implemented method for estimating the posterior probability that an individual gene is null. The problem can be expressed in a two-component mixture framework, using an empirical Bayes approach. Current methods of implementing this approach either have some limitations due to the minimal assumptions made or with more specific assumptions are computationally intensive.Results: By converting to a z-score the value of the test statistic used to test the significance of each gene, we propose a simple two-component normal mixture that models adequately the distribution of this score. The usefulness of our approach is demonstrated on three real datasets.Availability: An R-program for implementing the approach is freely available atContact: gjm@maths.uq.edu.auSupplementary information:
GeneRecon—a coalescent based tool for fine-scale association mapping
Authors: Mailund Thomas , Schierup Mikkel H. , Pedersen Christian N. S. , Madsen Jesper N. , Hein Jotun , Schauser Leif 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Summary: GeneRecon is a tool for fine-scale association mapping using a coalescence model. GeneRecon takes as input case–control data from phased or unphased SNP and microsatellite genotypes. The posterior distribution of disease locus position is obtained by Metropolis-Hastings sampling in the state space of genealogies. Input format, search strategy and the sampled statistics can be configured through the Guile Scheme programming language embedded in GeneRecon, making GeneRecon highly configurable.
Availability: The source code for GeneRecon, written in C++ and Scheme, is available under the GNU General Public License (GPL) at
Contact: mailund@birc.au.dk
A probabilistic dynamical model for quantitative inference of the regulatory mechanism of transcription
Authors: Sanguinetti Guido , Rattray Magnus , Lawrence Neil D. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Motivation: Quantitative estimation of the regulatory relationship between transcription factors and genes is a fundamental stepping stone when trying to develop models of cellular processes. This task, however, is difficult for a number of reasons: transcription factors’ expression levels are often low and noisy, and many transcription factors are post-transcriptionally regulated. It is therefore useful to infer the activity of the transcription factors from the expression levels of their target genes.
Results: We introduce a novel probabilistic model to infer transcription factor activities from microarray data when the structure of the regulatory network is known. The model is based on regression, retaining the computational efficiency to allow genome-wide investigation, but is rendered more flexible by sampling regression coefficients independently for each gene. This allows us to determine the strength with which a transcription factor regulates each of its target genes, therefore providing a quantitative description of the transcriptional regulatory network. The probabilistic nature of the model also means that we can associate credibility intervals to our estimates of the activities. We demonstrate our model on two yeast datasets. In both cases the network structure was obtained using chromatin immunoprecipitation data. We show how predictions from our model are consistent with the underlying biology and offer novel quantitative insights into the regulatory structure of the yeast cell.
Availability: MATLAB code is available from
Contact: guido@dcs.shef.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available on Bioinformatics online.
The Intracellular Fate of a Recombinant Protein Is Tissue Dependent
Authors: Drakakaki Georgia , Marcel Sylvain , Arcalis Elsa , Altmann Friedrich , Gonzalez-Melendi Pablo , Fischer Rainer , Christou Paul , Stoger Eva 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Recombinant proteins directed to the secretory pathway in plants require a signal peptide for entry into the endoplasmic reticulum. In the absence of further targeting information, such proteins are generally secreted via the default pathway to the apoplast. This has been well documented in protoplasts and leaf tissue, but the trafficking of recombinant proteins in seeds and other storage tissues has rarely been investigated. We used Aspergillus niger phytase as a model glycoprotein to compare the intracellular fate of a recombinant protein in the leaves and seeds of rice (Oryza sativa). Using fluorescence and electron microscopy we showed that the recombinant protein was efficiently secreted from leaf cells as expected. In contrast, within endosperm cells it was retained in endoplasmic reticulum-derived prolamin bodies and protein storage vacuoles. Consistent with our immunolocalization data, the phytase produced in endosperm cells possessed oligomannose and vacuolar-type N-glycans [Man3(Xyl)(Fuc)GlcNAc2], whereas the phytase produced in leaves contained predominantly secretion-type N-glycans [GlcNAc2Man3(Xyl)(Fuc)GlcNAc2]. The latter could not be detected in preparations of the endosperm-derived phytase. Our results show that the intracellular deposition and modification of a recombinant protein is tissue dependent.
Glycinebetaine Counteracts the Inhibitory Effects of Salt Stress on the Degradation and Synthesis of D1 Protein during Photoinhibition in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942
Authors: Ohnishi Norikazu , Murata Norio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Glycinebetaine (hereafter referred to as betaine) is a compatible solute that accumulates in certain plants and microorganisms in response to various types of stress. We demonstrated previously that when the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 (hereafter Synechococcus) is transformed with the codA gene for choline oxidase, it can synthesize betaine from exogenously supplied choline, exhibiting enhanced tolerance to salt and cold stress. In this study, we examined the effects of salt stress and betaine synthesis on the photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII). Salt stress due to 220 mm NaCl enhanced photoinhibition of PSII and betaine protected PSII against photoinhibition under these conditions. However, neither salt stress nor betaine synthesis affected photodamage to PSII. By contrast, salt stress inhibited repair of photodamaged PSII and betaine reversed this inhibitory effect of salt stress. Pulse-chase-labeling experiments revealed that salt stress inhibited degradation of D1 protein in photodamaged PSII and de novo synthesis of D1. By contrast, betaine protected the machinery required for degradation and synthesis of D1 under salt stress. Neither salt stress nor betaine affected levels of psbA transcripts. These observations suggest that betaine counteracts the inhibitory effects of salt stress, with resultant accelerated repair of photodamaged PSII.
Job's Wife as Hero: A Feminist-forensic Reading of the Book of Job
Authors: Magdalene F. Rachel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article offers a new reading of the role of Job's wife in the trial of Job, based on feminist hermeneutics, legal hermeneutics, and comparative legal historical analysis. The article proposes that the book of Job explores the problem of the violence and oppression of God's law as manifested through human suffering. Mrs. Job offers Job the best means available for resisting a violent, oppressive legal system, that is, martyrdom. Although Job does not use that strategy directly, he does employ it in an indirect fashion to exercise another form of legal resistance against God's violence in order that the case might be resolved. Consequently, God settles the matter with Job. The article demonstrates that Mrs. Job is a more important and more powerful figure in the book than prior readings have allowed. She is both heroic and wise.
Operon information improves gene expression estimation for cDNA microarrays
Authors: Xiao Guanghua , Martinez-Vaz Betsy , Pan Wei , Khodursky Arkady B 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundIn prokaryotic genomes, genes are organized in operons, and the genes within an operon tend to have similar levels of expression. Because of co-transcription of genes within an operon, borrowing information from other genes within the same operon can improve the estimation of relative transcript levels; the estimation of relative levels of transcript abundances is one of the most challenging tasks in experimental genomics due to the high noise level in microarray data. Therefore, techniques that can improve such estimations, and moreover are based on sound biological premises, are expected to benefit the field of microarray data analysisResultsIn this paper, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian model, which relies on borrowing information from other genes within the same operon, to improve the estimation of gene expression levels and, hence, the detection of differentially expressed genes. The simulation studies and the analysis of experiential data demonstrated that the proposed method outperformed other techniques that are routinely used to estimate transcript levels and detect differentially expressed genes, including the sample mean and SAM t statistics. The improvement became more significant as the noise level in microarray data increases.ConclusionBy borrowing information about transcriptional activity of genes within classified operons, we improved the estimation of gene expression levels and the detection of differentially expressed genes.
Preemption, Iraq, and International Law
Authors: Taft William H. , Buchwald Todd F. 
Published: April 2006

Preemption comes in many forms and what we think of it depends on the circumstances. One state may not strike another merely because the second might someday develop an ability and desire to attack it. Yet few would criticize a strike in the midst of an ongoing war against a second state’s program to develop new types of weapons. Between these two examples lie countless fact patterns.In the end, each use offeree must find legitimacy in the facts and circumstances that the state believes have made it necessary. Each should be judged not on abstract concepts, but on the particular events that gave rise to it. While nations must not use preemption as a pretext for aggression, to be for or against preemption in the abstract is a mistake. The use of force preemptively is sometimes lawful and sometimes not.
What Happens Now? The United Nations After Iraq
Authors: Franck Thomas M. 
Published: April 2006

Thirty-three years ago I published an article in this Journal entitled Who Killed Article 2 (4)? or: Changing Norms Governing the Use of Force by States, which examined the phenomenon of increasingly frequent resort to unlawful force by Britain, France, India, North Korea, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The essay concluded with this sad observation:The failure of the U.N. Charter's normative system is tantamount to the inability of any rule, such as that set out in Article 2(4), in itself to have much control over the behavior of states. National self-interest, particularly the national self-interest of the super- Powers, has usually won out over treaty obligations. This is particularly characteristic of this age of pragmatic power politics. It is as if international law, always something of a cultural myth, has been demythologized. It seems this is not an age when men act by principles simply because that is what gentlemen ought to do. But living by power alone ... is a nerve-wracking and costly business.
Racial Differences in Adiponectin in Youth
Authors: Lee SoJung , Bacha Fida , Gungor Neslihan , Arslanian Silva A. 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to investigate 1) whether adiponectin is associated with insulin sensitivity independent of visceral adipose tissue in African-American and Caucasian youth and 2) whether adiponectin is associated with racial differences in insulin sensitivity.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Total body fat was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal adipose tissue with computed tomography. Insulin sensitivity was measured by a 3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp.
RESULTS—Adiponectin was inversely associated (P &lt; 0.01) with visceral adipose tissue, fasting insulin, and proinsulin and was positively related (P &lt; 0.01) to insulin sensitivity after controlling for Tanner stage and sex independent of race. Stepwise multiple regression revealed that adiponectin was a strong independent predictor of insulin sensitivity, explaining 27% of the variance in insulin sensitivity. When subjects were categorized into tertiles of visceral adipose tissue and further low (≤50th) and high (&gt;50th) adiponectin groups, insulin sensitivity was significantly different across the visceral adipose tissue groups (main effect, P &lt; 0.01) in both races. However, within each visceral adipose tissue group, subjects with high adiponectin had higher insulin sensitivity (main effect, P &lt; 0.05) than subjects with low adiponectin, independent of race. Racial differences in insulin sensitivity remained significant (P &lt; 0.01) after controlling for leptin and visceral adipose tissue but not (P &gt; 0.05) after additional adjustment for adiponectin.
CONCLUSIONS—Adiponectin is associated with insulin sensitivity independent of visceral adipose tissue in both African-American and Caucasian youth. Low adiponectin in African-American youth may be a biological marker that predisposes them to a greater risk of insulin resistance.
Effects of Different Insulin Regimes on Postprandial Myocardial Perfusion Defects in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Scognamiglio Roldano , Negut Christian , de Kreutzenberg Saula Vigili , Tiengo Antonio , Avogaro Angelo 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—Postprandial glycemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease that is more powerful than fasting glycemia and determines myocardial perfusion defects in type 2 diabetes. We examined the efficacy of two different insulin regimes (regular insulin and insulin analog) in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia and in preventing myocardial perfusion abnormalities.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 20 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients and 20 control subjects were enrolled in this randomized, three-way, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. Myocardial perfusion was assessed by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in fasting and postprandial (120 min) state.
RESULTS—Insulin analog was associated with lower, but not statistically significant, postprandial glycemia than regular insulin (glucose increase: 116 ± 8 vs. 136 ± 5%, P = NS). However, the area under the curve following insulin analog was significantly lower than regular insulin (18,354 ± 702 vs. 20,757 ± 738 mg per 120 min, P = 0.032). Fasting myocardial flow velocity (β), myocardial blood volume (MBV), and myocardial blood flow (MBF) did not differ between control and type 2 diabetic subjects. Postprandial β (0.67 ± 0.24 vs. 0.92 ± 0.25, P &lt; 0.01), MBV (8.4 ± 2 vs. 10.9 ± 1.2, P &lt; 0.01), and MBF (5.6 ± 2 vs. 9.9 ± 2.8, P &lt; 0.01) increased significantly in control subjects. In type 2 diabetes, during placebo in the postprandial state, β increased (0.65 ± 0.27 vs. 0.89 ± 0.24, P &lt; 0.01), while MBV (8.34 ± 1.2 vs. 4.3 ± 1.3, P &lt; 0.01) and MBF (5.4 ± 1.5 vs. 3.4 ± 0.9, P &lt; 0.01) decreased. Similar changes in MCE variables were observed after regular insulin: β increased (0.65 ± 0.22 vs. 0.92 ± 0.12, P &lt; 0.01) and MBV (8.2 ± 2 vs. 5.2 ± 1.16, P &lt; 0.01) and MBF (5.4 ± 1.9 vs. 4.2 ± 0.86, P &lt; 0.01) were reduced. After insulin analog, postprandial β (0.66 ± 0.18 vs. 0.9 ± 0.18, P &lt; 0.01), MBV (8.2 ± 1.6 vs. 9.6 ± 1.2, P &lt; 0.01), and MBF (5.4 ± 2 vs. 7.2 ± 1.9, P &lt; 0.01) increased. Values of postprandial MBV and MBF were higher after insulin analog than regular insulin treatment.
CONCLUSIONS—Insulin analog partially reversed myocardial perfusion abnormalities observed in postprandial state by improving glucose control.
The Fidgety Fetus Hypothesis
Authors: Zisser Howard , Jovanovic Lois , Thorsell Ashley , Kupperman Asher , Taylor Larisa J , Ospina Paulina , Hod Mosha 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—To determine whether some offspring of women with diabetes are intrinsically more active than others in utero and whether those who are active are able to normalize their birth weight despite maternal hyperglycemia.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted a three-phase study to view the relationship between fetal movements and subsequent birth weight in women with diabetes. Phase I was designed to assess maternal perception of fetal movements in a population of 10 women with diabetes. To improve our fetal monitoring techniques, in phase II we analyzed fetal movements using the Card Guard home fetal monitoring device (CG 900P) in a population of 13 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). To apply our observations of fetal movements to a larger population, during phase III we conducted a retrospective analysis of fetal monitoring strips (HP 8041A) from 46 women with GDM to examine the relationship between fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations and percentile birth weight, corrected for gestational age.
RESULTS—Phase I confirmed that there is little variability in fetal movements (i.e., fetal kicks did not significantly deviate from one another on a day-to-day basis). In phase II, the fetal monitoring strips illustrated that the active fetuses (defined as ≥4 FHR accelerations in a 20-min period) were always active, and the inactive fetuses were always inactive. The mean birth weight percentile, corrected for gestational age, in the active group was 37 vs. 63% in the inactive group (P = 0.05). In phase III, the fetal monitoring strips showed an inverse correlation between the mean number of FHR accelerations and the birth weight of the fetus, corrected for gestational age. The mean birth weight percentile in the active group was 37 vs. 62% in the inactive group (P = 0.0017).
CONCLUSIONS—The fetus appears to play a role in determining its own destiny. Increased fetal activity may minimize the impact of hyperglycemia on subsequent birth weight. The inactive fetus appears to be at a higher risk for glucose-mediated macrosomia.