bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value of chest radiography in phenotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Miniati M. , Monti S. , Stolk J. , Mirarchi G. , Falaschi F. , Rabinovich R. , Canapini C. , Roca J. , Rabe K. F. 
Published: December 2007

The objectives of the present study were to reappraise chest radiography for the diagnosis of emphysema, using computed tomography (CT) as the reference standard, and to establish whether or not chest radiography is useful for phenotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Patients (n = 154) who had undergone posteroanterior and lateral chest radiography and CT for diagnostic purposes were studied. CT data were scored for emphysema using the picture-grading method. Chest radiographs were examined independently by five raters using four criteria for emphysema that had been validated against lung pathology. These criteria were then used to assess the prevalence of emphysema in 458 COPD patients. Patients with and without evidence of emphysema were compared with regard to age, sex, smoking history, body mass index (BMI), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DL,CO) and health status.Chest radiography yielded a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 98% for emphysema. Of the 458 COPD patients, 245 showed radiological evidence of emphysema. Emphysemic patients had a significantly lower BMI, FEV1andDL,CO, greater restriction of physical activity and worse quality of life than nonemphysemic patients. There was no difference across the two groups with regard to age, sex or smoking history.Chest radiography is a simple means of diagnosing moderate-to-severe emphysema. It is useful in phenotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and may aid physicians in their choice of treatment.
The plasticizer butyl benzyl phthalate induces genomic changes in rat mammary gland after neonatal/prepubertal exposure
Authors: Moral Raquel , Wang Richard , Russo Irma H , Mailo Daniel A , Lamartiniere Coral A , Russo Jose 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
Phthalate esters like n-butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) are widely used plasticizers. BBP has shown endocrine-disrupting properties, thus having a potential effect on hormone-sensitive tissues. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of neonatal/prepubertal exposure (post-natal days 2–20) to BBP on maturation parameters and on the morphology, proliferative index and genomic signature of the rat mammary gland at different ages of development (21, 35, 50 and 100 days).

Results
Here we show that exposure to BBP increased the uterine weight/body weight ratio at 21 days and decreased the body weight at time of vaginal opening. BBP did not induce significant changes on the morphology of the mammary gland, but increased proliferative index in terminal end buds at 35 days and in lobules 1 at several ages. Moreover, BBP had an effect on the genomic profile of the mammary gland mainly at the end of the exposure (21 days), becoming less prominent thereafter. By this age a significant number of genes related to proliferation and differentiation, communication and signal transduction were up-regulated in the glands of the exposed animals.

Conclusion
These results suggest that BBP has an effect in the gene expression profile of the mammary gland.
3-Iodo-3-trimethylsilylpropenal as a Useful Unit for Pinacol Coupling and Subsequent Functional Group Transformations
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Okimura Hisashi , Manabe Nobuyuki , Hachiya Iwao 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Titanium tetraiodidesilyl-mediated pinacol coupling reaction of (Z)-3-iodo-3-trimethylsilylpropenal is used for the preparation of trans-4,5-bis[(Z)-2-iodo-2-(trimethylsilyl)vinyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, which is utilized for the subsequent C–C bond-forming reactions.
Regio- and Stereoselective Hydrothiolation Reactions of Ynamides with Diphenyldithiophosphinic Acid: Straightforward Synthesis of Ketene N,S-Acetal Derivatives
Authors: Yasui Hiroto , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Treatment of N-1-alkynyl-N-methylarenesulfonamides with diphenyldithiophosphinic acid resulted in hydrothiolation reactions to provide ketene N,S-acetal derivatives regio- and stereoselectively.
Municipal Expenditures in Norway: Autonomy and Constraints in Local Government Activity
Authors: Hansen Tore , Kjellberg Francesco 
Published: December 2007

The purpose of this article is to test some propositions about the effect of local ‘needs’, resources and political variables on municipal expenditures in 460 Norwegian communes. We have made use of a ‘means-end’-model of local autonomy to differentiate between municipal policies. We assume that the range of local discretion will vary along at least two dimensions: (1) the degree of local independence in framing the goals of the municipal activities, and (2) the latitude left to the municipal authorities concerning the means for fulfilling the defined goals. Four policy areas are chosen, each illustrating different categories of the model.
The results of regression analyses between per capita expenditures in the four policy areas and the independent variables indicate that while resources account for a substantial part of the variation in expenditures in all policy areas, ‘needs’ seem to be important determinants in those areas where goals are prescribed by central government. Political variables exert an independent impact on the level of expenditures in those areas of policy where the municipalities enjoy some degree of autonomy on one of the two dimensions in the model. In the most autonomous area, however, only resources seem to be of importance in determining the expenditure levels.
Some approaches to new antibacterial agents
Authors: Bremner John B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Bacteria use a number of resistance mechanisms to counter the antibacterial challenge, and one of these is the expression of transmembrane protein-based efflux pumps which can pump out antibacterials from within the cells, thus lowering the antibacterial concentration to nonlethal levels. For example, in S. aureus, the NorA pump can pump out the antibacterial alkaloid berberine and ciprofloxacin. One general strategy to reduce the health threat of resistant bacteria is to block a major bacterial resistance mechanism at the same time as interfering with another bacterial pathway or target site. New developments of this approach in the context of dual-action prodrugs and dual-action (or hybrid) drugs in which one action is targeted at blocking the NorA efflux pump and the second action at an alternative bacterial target site (or sites) for the antibacterial action are discussed. The compounds are based on a combination of 2-aryl-5-nitro-1H-indole derivatives (as the NorA efflux pump blocking component) and derivatives of berberine. General design principles, syntheses, antibacterial testing, and preliminary work on modes of action studies are discussed.
Promising agents at the interface of biology and oncology derived through chemical synthesis
Authors: Wilson Rebecca M. , Danishefsky Samuel J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis account traces the development of our synthetic glycopeptide- and glycoprotein-based research program over the past decade. We recount the syntheses of a number of biologically relevant, natural product-inspired glycopeptide constructs, including those associated with prostate specific antigen (PSA) and with the gp120 surface envelope protein of HIV. We also describe our progress toward the synthesis of the multiply glycosylated protein, erythropoietin (EPO). Particular emphasis is placed on the development of enabling methodologies which allow for the ligation of complex glycopeptide fragments, thus rendering it possible to access, through purely synthetic means, homogeneous, multidomainal glycopeptide and glycoprotein constructs.
Vollblutverfahren zur Erfassung der primären Hämostase / Analysis of primary hemostasis in whole blood
Authors: Calatzis Andreas 
Published: December 2007

Zusammenfassung
In den 1960er- bis 1980er-Jahren wurde die Thrombozytenfunktionsdiagnostik vor allem nach dem Verfahren von Born im plättchenreichem Plasma durchgeführt. In den letzten zwanzig Jahren werden zunehmend Analyseverfahren eingesetzt, welche direkt im Vollblut ablaufen. Das hat gegenüber der Analyse von plättchenreichem Plasma den Vorteil der einfacheren Testdurchführung, geringeren Probenalteration und kleinerer Probenvolumina. Entsprechende Verfahren sind die Impedanzaggregation nach Cardinal und Flower, das Impact-System (Cone and Plate), das Verifynow (Rapid platelet function test), der sogenannte „Platelet mapping assay” (Thrombelastographie-basierter Thrombozytenfunktionstest), das PFA-100-System (In-vitro-Blutungszeit) sowie das Multiplate-System (Mehrfach-Elektroden-Aggregometrie). Die beiden letztgenannten Tests werden gegenwärtig im deutschsprachigen Raum vorrangig eingesetzt. Methodisch unterscheiden sich die Verfahren hinsichtlich der Aktivierung, der im Test auftretenden Scherkräfte sowie der Detektion der Thrombozytenaktivierung. Das PFA-100-System stellt einen Globaltest der Thrombozytenfunktion dar, der neben der Thrombozyten-aktivierung auch die Funktionalität des von-Willebrand-Faktors sensitiv erfasst. Das Multiplate-System hat hingegen seinen Stellenwert vor allem im Nachweis der Thrombozytenhemmung durch ASS, Clopidogrel und GPIIb/IIIa-Antagonisten. Die Wahl des eingesetzten Verfahrens richtet sich nach den Rahmenbedingungen der Untersuchung (wissenschaftliche Studie, klinische Diagnostik), der zugrundeliegenden Fragestellung (globale Untersuchung der primären Hämostase, Monitoring von Plättchenhemmern oder vWF-Diagnostik) sowie logistischen Erwägungen (Analyse im Labor oder patientennah, Aufwand der Analyse, Kosten).
No/Low SAP and Alternative Engine Oil Development and Testing
Authors: Woydt Mathias 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of alternative base oils, like esters or polyglycols, with more intrinsic properties for the lubrication of automobile engines has a potential for ecological and technical advantages. Being in competition with hydrocarbon-based formulations, detailed knowledge of several thermophysical and viscometric properties as well as tribological properties over a large temperature range are required (mapping). The tested polymer-free polyglycols and ester-based formulations displayed no visible tribological weaknesses regarding wear resistance and EP-behavior as well as offering significant advantages in order to meet metal- and ash-free and bio-no-tox criteria. Especially the formulated polyglycols without friction modifiers also showed an intrinsic retention of low coefficients of friction and a hydrodynamic film forming behavior comparable to hydrocarbon-based factory-fill oils. The wear resistance and EP-behavior of low-additivated polyglycols, but also of esters, can be enhanced by means of triboactive materials. Lubricious oxides or triboactive materials and polar base oils, or a combination thereof, may substitute the EP and AW properties realized by the additives, thus enabling long drains and responding to “eco-tox” or “bio-no-tox” requirements as well as restrictions from the “chemical box.”
Plasma ghrelin concentrations in type 1 diabetic patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis
Authors: Alonso Núria , Granada María Luisa , Salinas Isabel , Reverter Jorge Luis , Flores Lilliam , Ojanguren Isabel , Martínez-Cáceres Eva María , Sanmartí Anna 
Published: December 2007

ObjectiveType 1 diabetes mellitus patients (DM1) show increased prevalence of pernicious anaemia, the histological substrate of which is type A chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) in the stomach corpus, the main source of ghrelin. We aimed to compare plasma ghrelin concentrations in DM1 patients with type A CAG (DM1-CAG), DM1 patients without type A CAG and healthy controls and in DM1-CAG group, to ascertain a possible relationship between ghrelin and biochemical markers of gastric mucosa atrophy and/or neuroendocrine (NE) cell hyperplasia and histological gastric biopsy findings.Design and methodsFifteen DM1-CAG patients were matched for age, sex and body mass index with 15 DM1 patients without type A CAG and 15 controls. Pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II, gastrin, parietal cell antibodies, chromogranin A (CgA) and ghrelin were determined in all subjects. In DM1-CAG patients, immunohistochemical analysis of gastric biopsies using antibodies to CgA and ghrelin was performed.ResultsGhrelin concentrations differed among groups; however, paired comparisons between groups were not significant. In DM1-CAG, no correlation was found between ghrelin and gastric body atrophy markers, pepsinogen I and the pepsinogen I/II ratio. Immunohistochemical studies of DMI-CAG patients showed CgA staining in 12 and ghrelin staining in 6, which was confined to the foci of NE cell hyperplasia. Those patients who stained positive for ghrelin had higher ghrelin concentrations when compared with the negative patients.ConclusionsGhrelin concentrations are not decreased in DM1-CAG patients; thus, our data suggest that ghrelin is not a good marker of gastric mucosa atrophy in these patients, given the possible ghrelin synthesis in hyperplastic gastric endocrine/enterochromaffin-like cells.
Prediction of Slug-to-Annular Flow Pattern Transition (STA) for Reducing the Risk of Gas-Lift Instabilities and Effective Gas/Liquid Transport From Low-Pressure Reservoirs
Authors: Toma P. R. , Vargas E. , Kuru E. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryFlow-pattern instabilities have frequently been observed in both conventional gas-lifting and unloading operations of water and oil in low-pressure gas and coalbed reservoirs. This paper identifies the slug-to-annular flow-pattern transition (STA) during upward gas/liquid transportation as a potential cause of flow instability in these operations. It is recommended that the slug-flow pattern be used mainly to minimize the pressure drop and gas compression work associated with gas-lifting large volumes of oil and water. Conversely, the annular flow pattern should be used during the unloading operation to produce gas with relatively small amounts of water and condensate. In both procedures, a considerable decrease in tubing pressure from the perforation levels to the wellhead levels results in a major increase in superficial gas velocity. It is believed that this occurrence may well induce the unstable flow that occurs during STA.Understanding and accurate prediction of flow pattern transitions, such as those that occur in STA, is imperative for the development of suitable production operations and effective gas-lifting and unloading strategies. New and efficient artificial lifting strategies are required to transport the liquid out of the depleted gas or coalbed reservoir level to the surface. This paper presents field data and laboratory measurements supporting the hypothesis that STA significantly contributes to flow instabilities and should therefore be avoided in upward gas/liquid transportation operations. Laboratory high-speed measurements of flow-pressure components under a broad range of gas-injection rates including STA have also been included in the paper to illustrate the onset of large STA-related flow-pressure oscillations. The latter body of data provides important insights into gas deliquification mechanisms and identifies potential solutions for improved gas-lifting and unloading procedures. A comparison of laboratory data with existing STA models was performed first. Selected models were then numerically tested in field situations. Effective field strategies for avoiding STA occurrence in marginal and new (offshore) field applications (i.e., through the use of a slug or annular flow pattern regimen from the bottomhole to wellhead levels) are discussed in this paper.
Selection of Optimal Platform Locations
Authors: Dogru Sevgi 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A new method for finding the optimal platform and best well locations in offshore oil fields is presented to minimize the total drilling cost while the productive potential is maximized. The general mathematical model is defined as a nonlinear mixed-integer programming problem in three-dimensional (3D) space that is solved in a two-dimensional (2D) plane. Graph-theory approach and an alternate-location/allocation algorithm were used sequentially for the solution of this problem. The model has been tested on several actual offshore fields. Some computational results are given for both limited and unlimited platform capacity cases.
Determination of Infinite-Acting Period for Well-Test Analysis
Authors: Gobran B. D. , Abbaszadeh M. D. , Brown S. L. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThis paper discusses a simplified method to determine the end of the infinite-acting flow period of either a single-well drawdown or a two-well interference test. The first part of this work investigates the singlewell case for well locations in various closed rectangular drainage areas. The second part studies observation (interference) well locations in closed rectangles with one producing well located at various positions in the rectangles.The results are presented in two forms. First, contour maps of dimensionless time based on area are drawn that indicate the time when the pressure drop of a well at that position will deviate from infinite-acting behavior by 5%. Second, a hand-calculator program is given to allow determination of this dimensionless time for the single-well drawdown case.
Success of Openhole Completions in the Northeast Butterly Field, Southern Oklahoma
Authors: Phillips F. L. , Whitt S. R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Unconsolidated heavy-oil sandstone reservoirs under active water drive typically involve production problems with produced sand and water channeling. Through case histories, this paper illustrates how openhole completions, in comparison with perforations, have resulted in a significant reduction in sand and water production and an increase in oil production from the Basal Oil Creek sandstone. The performance of recently completed wells with openhole completions will be examined and compared with several older, perforated wells.
Casing Wear Caused by Tooljoint Hardfacing
Authors: Best Bruno 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Casing wear caused by new tooljoint hardfacings, such as fine-mesh tungsten-carbide hardfacing and a hardfacing covered with a layer of relatively soft material, has been investigated in the laboratory. The tests were performed on a full-scale test facility with field conditions—forces, motions, and fluids—simulated as closely as possible. It was found that the major mechanisms responsible for casing wear by tooljoints are adhesive wear, abrasive wear, and ploughing.
Wear mechanisms can be classified as mild, normal, and severe. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms could lead to measures for lessening casing wear. This can be achieved with (1) tooljoints that have a sufficiently large, smooth, round, and uniform surface and (2) an appropriate mud that has a sufficiently high content of soft solid particles, such as barites, to form a layer in the tooljoint/casing contact area so that metal-to-metal contact is avoided and small, hard mud particles are embedded.
Successful Rod Pumping at 14,500 Feet
Authors: Gott Charles I. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Well 41X24D of the Reno field in Wyoming's Powder River basin became the world's deepest rod-pumped oil well on Sept. 21, 1982. Before this installation, the maximum depth experience was limited to about 11,500 ft [3505 m]. Its rod pump, installed at 14,500 ft [4420 m], has operated successfully since 1982. This rod-lift system replaced a hydraulic lift installation used since the completion of the well in 1966. Poor hydraulic pump operating economics coupled with frequent pump servicing and associated downtime dictated change. Records maintained by the production foreman revealed that Well 41X24D had logged 14 hydraulic pump failures during the previous 12 months of operation. Cost of these failures approached $25,000. During an annual well review, a recommendation was made to convert the well to rod lift to improve the situation.
Our deep-well rod-pumping experience in the Rocky Mountains had been favorable. The theory of the equipment used is discussed in depth.
Studies of Critical Gas Saturation During Gas Injection
Authors: Closmann P. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Results of studies of critical gas saturation in a long, porous medium have been compared with those obtained in a short system. In general, the relationship of rate vs. critical gas saturation for gas flow into an oil-saturated core can be divided into two regions in which capillary forces and viscous forces govern flow, respectively. At low gas injection rates (below about 10−3 cm3/cm2·s [0.39×10−3 in.3/in.2-sec] for oil of 1.4-mPa·s [1.4-cp] viscosity), capillary processes govern distribution of the gas and result in increasing critical gas saturation as the flow rate is increased from very low values. At high injection rates, viscous forces become prominent and result in very low critical gas saturation, probably as a result of viscous fingering. In a long system, the saturation distribution includes high gas saturation values (&gt;8%) near the inlet end and low values (~2%) near the outlet. The latter are the critical gas saturation. For the case of 1.4-mPa·s [1.4-cp] oil in a short core, the increase of fingering with increasing flow rate produces more regions of low gas saturation. This tends to counterbalance the increase in saturation occurring because of capillary forces, with the result that a maximum is eventually observed in average saturation for the short core. In very viscous (63-mPa·s [63-cp]) oil, no maximum is observed.
Studies of saturation profiles during gas injection at high rates indicate that no stabilized zone is formed, but further work, probably with longer cores, could clarify the displacement mechanism.
Case History for Decreasing Cost Per Foot in a Deep, Large-Diameter Hole in Hard-Rock Country
Authors: Eustes Alfred William 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A 24,000-ft [7315-m] wildcat well located 50 miles [80 km] southwest of Oklahoma City, OK, was drilled with a 17½-in [44.5-cm] hole from 4,100 to 14,500 ft [1250 to 4420 m]. This case history discusses our approach to decreasing cost per foot in this deep, large-diameter hole. Data on field operations and an economic analysis of methods are included.