bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATES OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE, TESTOSTERONE AND THEIR SULPHATE ESTERS IN MAN, RAT AND RABBIT
Authors: WANG D. Y. , BULBROOK R. D. , SNEDDON A. , HAMILTON T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The disappearance of isotopically labelled dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and their sulphates from the peripheral circulation of man, rabbit and rat has been investigated.
Metabolic clearance rates, distribution volumes and half-lives have been determined for these compounds in the above species.
In man, the steroid sulphates have a much lower metabolic clearance rate than the corresponding free steroids. This large difference stems from longer half-lives and lower distribution volumes of the former.
In the rabbit or rat the steroid sulphates and the appropriate free steroids do not show such marked differences in their metabolic clearance rates: the half-lives and distribution volumes are comparable.
FORMATION OF STEROIDS BY THE EQUINE FOETAL TESTIS
Authors: MacARTHUR ELIZABETH , SHORT R. V. , O'DONNELL V. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The testes were removed from a 9-month horse foetus and incubated with sodium [1–14C]acetate. After the addition of unlabelled steroids, the following radiochemically pure compounds were obtained: cholesterol, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and oestrone. There was no radioactivity associated with the carrier equilenin. The yield of labelled dehydroepiandrosterone greatly exceeded that of testosterone and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione.
CONCENTRATION OF BROMINE-82 IN THE THYROID GLAND OF RATS
Authors: PAPADOPOULOS S. , MacFARLANE S. , HARDEN R. McG. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The concentration of 82Br in the thyroid gland, muscle and blood was studied in rats. In untreated animals the radioactivity per unit weight of thyroid was greater than that of muscle but less than that of blood. This radioactivity in the thyroid remained constant with time and was unaffected by perchlorate. After stimulation by endogenous thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) the thyroidal concentration increased to a level slightly greater than that in blood. This effect was inhibited by perchlorate. It is concluded that, while under normal conditions bromine is not concentrated by the thyroid, after stimulation by TSH there is an increased uptake by the gland. There is no evidence that bromine is metabolized further in the thyroid gland.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE HANDLING OF IODINE AND TECHNETIUM BY THE THYROID GLAND OF THE RAT
Authors: PAPADOPOULOS S. , MacFARLANE S. , HARDEN R. McG. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The relative affinities of the thyroid gland for 131I and 99mTcO4 and the further metabolism of these isotopes were studied in rats. 99mTcO4 is trapped to an extent almost identical to 131I in the thyroid. This process is inhibited by KClO4 and stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone. 99mTcO4 having been trapped is further metabolized in the thyroid gland.
THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP OF OESTROGEN-3-GLUCOSIDURONATES AND OESTROGEN-16 (OR 17)-GLUCOSIDURONATES IN HUMAN LATE PREGNANCY URINE
Authors: HÄHNEL R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
After the separation of the conjugates on DEAE-Sephadex columns, oestrone-3-glucosiduronate, oestriol-3-glucosiduronate, oestriol-16-glucosiduronate and two 'oestradiol glucosiduronates' were determined in the urines of 20 healthy women in late pregnancy.
Oestriol-16-glucosiduronate represented on average 60%, oestriol-3-glucosiduronate 26%, oestrone-3-glucosiduronate 10% and the two 'oestradiol glucosiduronates' 2% each of the total.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITION AND ANDROGENIC ACTIVITY IN PUBESCENT TWIN CALVES, AND THE EFFECT OF ORCHITIS
Authors: MANN T. , ROWSON L. E. A. , SHORT R. V. , SKINNER J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The inhibitory effect of underfeeding on the process of male pubescence was studied in three pairs of bovine identical twin calves by feeding one twin on a normal and the other on a low plane of nutrition. As a result of malnutrition the development of the androgenic function of the testes was retarded much more markedly than spermatogenesis.
In the undernourished twin the testes contained and secreted less testosterone, and showed a lower testosterone: androstenedione ratio, than in the control animal. This nutritionally conditioned androgen deficiency was clearly reflected in a markedly retarded onset of production of fructose and citric acid by the seminal vesicles.
After castration the underfed twin responded to testosterone injections much more sluggishly than the control twin, as shown by the delayed appearance of fructose and citric acid in electrically-induced ejaculates.
Observations were also made on the effects of orchitis and cryptorchidism. Both these conditions lowered markedly the androgenic activity in the calves.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS ON THE RAT PITUITARY
Authors: ZOR U. , SHORE J. , LOCKER D. , SULMAN F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Five monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) were tested for a correlation between MAO blocking potency, the effect on somatotrophic hormone (STH) production and metabolic effects on the pituitary.
Mebanazine, N-acetyl-mebanazine and pargyline inhibited STH production, body weight gain and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) dehydrogenase activity. MAOI which contain a hydrazine group (mebanazine and N-acetyl-mebanazine) also inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity as well as DNA and RNA formation in the pituitary, while pargyline, which contains an amino group, was inactive in these respects.
Iproniazid and norpargyline were inactive with regard to STH production, body-weight gain and metabolic activities of the pituitary: alkaline phosphatase activity, G-6-P dehydrogenase activity, and DNA and RNA content. This suggests a relation between the ability of an MAOI to inhibit STH production and inhibition of the phosphogluconate oxidative pathway.
THE STUDY OF OVARIAN FUNCTION IN THE EWE BY MEANS OF A VASCULAR AUTOTRANSPLANTATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: GODING J. R. , McCRACKEN J. A. , BAIRD D. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In order to obtain exclusive long-term access to both the arterial and venous sides of the ovarian circulation in the ewe, a technique was evolved for vascular autotransplantation of the ovary. The first stage consisted of the preparation of a carotid artery—jugular vein skin tube, with a pouch to receive the ovary and its pedicle. In the second stage, performed at least 2 months later, the left ovary and its pedicle were removed together with an aortic patch which included the orifice of the ovarian artery. The aortic patch was inlaid into the carotid artery to provide the arterial supply to the transplanted ovary; venous drainage was achieved by end-to-side anastomosis of the termination of the middle uterine vein to the jugular vein. The right ovary was removed. The transplanted ovary was shown to have an unimpaired circulation. Ovarian function was demonstrated by histological and behavioural evidence, and by demonstration of a cyclical secretion of progesterone. The rate of progesterone secretion was < 5 μg./hr. at oestrus and rose to approximately 200 μg./hr. in the luteal phase of the cycle which is within the range reported for the ovary in situ.
MODE OF ACTION OF THYROCALCITONIN
Authors: ROBINSON C. J. , MARTIN T. J. , MATTHEWS E. W. , MacINTYRE I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of nephrectomy on the response to thyrocalcitonin was studied in three groups of rats: intact animals on stock diet; parathyroidectomized rats on stock diet; and parathyroidectomized rats on high calcium, low phosphorus diet.
In intact rats and in parathyroidectomized rats on a high calcium, low phosphorus diet, nephrectomy did not alter the fall in plasma calcium and phosphate produced by thyrocalcitonin. In parathyroidectomized rats on stock diet, however, plasma calcium was not changed by the hormone, but there was an isolated fall in phosphate which was prevented by previous nephrectomy.
Experiments with 45Ca showed that when plasma calcium was lowered by thyrocalcitonin this was caused by inhibition of bone resorption.
Since the hormone also causes phosphaturia, it was concluded that there are two sites of action: bone and kidney. The skeletal effect is usually dominant and the renal effect is the major one only when the rate of bone resorption is low.
RADIOACTIVE METABOLITES IN THE LIVER AND ADRENALS OF THE HUMAN FOETUS AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF [4-14C]PROGESTERONE
Authors: GREIG MARION , MACNAUGHTON M. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
[4-14C]Progesterone was injected into the umbilical vein of two pre-viable human foetuses. The first was dissected 14 min. after injection and the second perfused for 45 min. and then dissected. All tissues of the second foetus and the liver and adrenals of the first were examined for the presence of radioactive metabolites. Most of the steroids were present in free form, 91% and 92·5% in the liver, and 81·5% and 77% in the adrenals of the first and second foetuses, respectively. The main free steroid in the liver at 14 min. was 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (36% of the total free steroid extracted from the liver), whereas at 45 min. it was 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol (69%). In the adrenals in both experiments radioactivity was present in polar compounds, 47% at 14 min. and 60% at 45 min.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STEROID HORMONES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERBILIRUBINAEMIA AND ICTERUS IN THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: LAURITZEN CH. , LEHMANN W.-D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Administration of oestriol, pregnanediol or cortisone to newborn infants increased the level of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood serum. Progesterone had no such effect. Administration of oestriol, progesterone, pregnanediol and cortisone to the nursing mother also raises the bilirubinaemia of the suckling infant, presumably by the excretion of metabolites in the milk. However, in therapeutic doses, anabolic steroids, tri-iodothyronine, prednisolone and dexamethasone, which are metabolized differently, do not increase serum bilirubin. The increase of bilirubin levels by naturally occurring steroids can be explained as an effect of competition between these compounds and bilirubin for the conjugating enzyme glucuronosyl transferase in the liver of the newborn. It is suggested that the large quantities of placental and foetal steroid hormones, which have to be conjugated and excreted by the newborn in the first days of life, are the cause of hyperbilirubinaemia and icterus neonatorum. The need to conjugate these steroids and bilirubin at the same time exceeds the capacity of the immature liver to produce sufficient amounts of the conjugating enzyme during the first 3 weeks of life. The finding that administration of conjugated steroids does not elevate serum bilirubin is in favour of this hypothesis.
NATRIFERIC AND HYDRO-OSMOTIC EFFECTS ON THE TOAD BLADDER OF VASOPRESSIN ANALOGUES WITH SELECTIVE ANTIDIURETIC ACTIVITY
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of vasopressin analogues with selective antidiuretic activity have been tested on the isolated toad bladder.
Analogues of oxytocin and 8-Arg vasopressin lacking the terminal amino group had reduced effects on water (hydro-osmotic effect) and sodium (natriferic effect) transfer across the bladder. The natriferic effect of deamino-8-Arg vasopressin was reduced 3·5 times more than its hydro-osmotic effect.
Deamino-2-Phe, 8-Arg vasopressin had a reduced hydro-osmotic action compared with deamino-8-Arg vasopressin (6 times less) while the reduction of the natriferic effect was far more pronounced (68 times).
The selective antidiuretic, compared to pressor, potency of these analogues is discussed in relation to their selective hydro-osmotic compared to natriferic potency.
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE ON MAMMALIAN CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: MACA R. D. , FOLEY J. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of human growth hormone on carbohydrate and protein metabolism have been studied in monolayer tissue cultures of mouse strain L cells and human dermal fibroblasts. In strain L cell cultures, the hormone consistently caused an increase in cell number, protein synthesis, glucose consumption, and lactic acid and keto acid accumulation in the medium; in human fibroblast cultures it increased only glucose consumption and lactic acid accumulation. It affected none of these parameters in HeLa cells.
Ovine growth hormone had no consistent effect on strain L cells but caused a striking increase in glucose consumption and lactic acid accumulation in the medium of human fibroblasts without changing cell number or protein synthesis.
THE ROLE OF THE THYROID IN THE CONTROL OF THE SLOUGHING CYCLE IN THE TOKAY (GEKKO GECKO, LACERTILIA)
Authors: CHIU K. W. , PHILLIPS J. G. , MADERSON P. F. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of thyroidectomy, and administration of thyroxine on the skin-shedding periodicity of the normal intact, and the thyroidectomized lizard (Gekko gecko) have been studied. Thyroidectomy decreased the frequency of sloughing, whereas the injection of thyroxine into thyroidectomized (8 μg. every second day) and intact (4 μg./day) animals increased the frequency. Only the resting phase of the sloughing cycle was affected, while the proliferation-keratinization phase remained unaltered. The rôle of the thyroid in the control of sloughing is discussed.
CORTISOL BINDING TO PLASMA PROTEINS IN MAN IN HEALTH, STRESS AND AT DEATH
Authors: MURRAY D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method is described for determining the degree of binding by plasma proteins of cortisol by a technique of pressure ultrafiltration at 37° after addition of radioactively labelled cortisol.
In normal subjects, the mean concentration of transcortin binding sites was 5·82 × 10−7 moles/l. and the apparent association constant at 37° was 4·27 × 107 l./mole. Evidence of increased protein binding of cortisol was obtained in oestrogen-treated subjects and in women in the last 3 months of pregnancy. In the latter subjects normal levels of non-protein bound cortisol were found. The mean level of non-protein bound cortisol in eight men treated with stilboestrol was increased, but normal levels were present in four of these subjects.
The protein binding of cortisol in three patients with Cushing's syndrome and in three patients with Addison's disease was normal. Thirty-five% of cortisol in adrenal venous plasma was in the unbound state.
Increased levels of plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) were found in patients in stressful situations (post-operative states, infections and burns). There was no evidence of increased protein binding of cortisol.
Patients at death had increased levels of plasma 17-OHCS including three patients who had been on long-term steroid therapy. There was no evidence of increased protein binding of cortisol. On the contrary, there was some evidence of a decrease in transcortin binding sites.
It is concluded that stressful situations in man, regardless of the outcome, are associated with increased plasma levels of biologically active cortisol.
A FUNDAMENTAL DEFECT OF ADRENOCORTICAL CONTROL IN CUSHING'S DISEASE
Authors: JAMES V. H. T. , LANDON J. , WYNN V. , GREENWOOD F. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The plasma sugar, 11-hydroxycorticosteroid, and growth hormone responses to insulin have been studied in patients with Cushing's disease. They showed an impaired or absent plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid and growth hormone rise during the test, as compared with control subjects, despite the injection of amounts of insulin which produced a similar degree of hypoglycaemia. This test proved of value in differentiating between these patients and those with 'simple ' obesity since the latter usually showed a normal growth hormone and adrenal response provided an adequate amount of insulin was administered.
The patients with Cushing's disease also had an impaired adrenal response to pyrogen and to dexamethasone administration and failed to show a normal plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid circadian rhythm. Their response to corticotrophin, lysine vasopressin, and metyrapone, however, was normal or enhanced. It is suggested that these findings imply an abnormality of hypothalamic or cerebral control and not a primary defect of pituitary function as proposed originally by Harvey Cushing.
The growth hormone response to insulin remained impaired in four out of six patients totally adrenalectomized for Cushing's disease but was normal in three patients adrenalectomized for other reasons. It is suggested that the defect which impairs the adrenal response to insulin may, on occasions, also impair the mechanism normally operative for growth hormone secretion.
DOUBLE ISOTOPE ASSAY OF ALDOSTERONE, CORTICOSTERONE AND CORTISOL IN HUMAN PERIPHERAL PLASMA
Authors: FRASER R. , JAMES V. H. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A double isotope derivative assay technique for the simultaneous estimation of aldosterone, corticosterone and cortisol in human peripheral plasma is described. With this method, concentrations of the corticosteroids in plasma from adrenalectomized subjects were not significantly different from zero. Further evidence of specificity for aldosterone was obtained by measuring the disappearance rate of a single intravenous injection of unlabelled aldosterone from peripheral plasma, by demonstrating a rapid rise in aldosterone concentration in normal subjects acutely depleted of sodium, and by a comparison of aldosterone levels in patients with primary aldosteronism before and after surgical treatment. A study has also been made of the variation of the ratio of cortisol to corticosterone in normal subjects and of the effect upon this ratio of corticotrophin administration and haemorrhage.
ENZYMES OF LACTOSE BIOSYNTHESIS IN NORMAL AND HORMONALLY STIMULATED RABBIT MAMMARY GLANDS
Authors: HEITZMAN R. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The activities of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) pyrophosphorylase and UDPG-4′-epimerase in mammary glands of rabbits were determined in late pregnancy and lactation. The activities in animals during the last 4 days of pregnancy and during days 0–4, 5–9 and 11–21 of lactation increased but the difference in the activities was significant between the days 5–9 and 11–21 only and for the pyrophosphorylase activity between days for 0–4 and 5–9.
Prolactin and cortisol acetate given daily for 3 or 5 days to rabbits pseudopregnant for 15 days caused increases in enzyme activities that were several times greater than those found in controls. The enzyme activities in the stimulated glands were similar to those observed in early lactation.
The levels of deoxyribonucleic acid/g. wet tissue were the same in the stimulated and lactating glands.
A COMPARISON OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES USING THE VENTRAL PROSTATE ASSAY, WITH AND WITHOUT DELAY VEHICLE, AND THE OVARIAN ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION ASSAY
Authors: HUTCHINSON J. S. M. , ARMSTRONG D. T. , GREEP R. O. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Six luteinizing hormone preparations were studied by the ventral prostate assay using either saline or 5% beeswax in sesame oil as the injection vehicle. The use of 5% beeswax in sesame oil increased the ventral prostate response and a steeper log-dose response curve was obtained with ovine, bovine and rat pituitary preparations. However, the responses given by equine pituitary and equine endometrial or human placental preparations were unaffected by the assay vehicle. When the relative potencies of the six preparations were assayed in terms of the ovine preparation by the ventral prostate assay and the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay, the ovine and bovine preparations had similar potencies; whereas the rat, equine and human preparations had apparently higher specific activities when measured by the ventral prostate assay.
STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF MOUSE PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: LLOYD H. M. , BINDON B. M. , LAMOND D. R. , MEARES J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Extracts of mouse pituitary glands, prepared by homogenization and high-speed centrifugation, were separated into 16–17 fractions by preparative electrophoresis in starch gel, from which the proteins were then recovered by an electrophoretic method.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), assayed by the uterine-weight augmentation method in the hypophysectomized mouse, was confined to 2–3 adjacent portions of the gel 1 cm. wide. Luteinizing hormone (LH) assayed by the rat ovarian ascorbic-acid depletion method was recovered from three discrete regions of the gel, well separated from FSH. The most active LH fraction was of slower mobility than the FSH. Assay for 'total' gonadotrophin, using normal mouse uterine weights, disclosed active material of slow mobility, separated from the FSH fractions. A series of experiments devoted to assays of FSH separated electrophoretically from pooled mouse pituitary glands demonstrated variations in pituitary content and concentration of FSH related to sex, age, pregnancy, lactation, dietary changes and light exposure which were consistent with results of previous studies of the mouse and of the rat.
LYSOSOMAL FUNCTION IN THE CORPUS LUTEUM OF THE SHEEP
Authors: DINGLE J. T. , HAY MARY F. , MOOR R. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A subcellular fraction containing particles showing the characteristics of lysosomes has been isolated from the corpus luteum of the sheep. Histochemical and biochemical observations have demonstrated that the lysosomes increase in size and fragility late in the oestrous cycle. Similar changes were not found in the corpora lutea of pregnant animals.
The observed increase in lysosomal fragility is one of the earliest changes associated with luteal regression, and is thought to be of functional significance in the involution of the lutein cells.
The possible modification of lysosomal function by the production of a cell-specific lytic factor from the uterus of non-pregnant sheep is discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF OESTROGEN AND GONADOTROPHINS ON LIPID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN XENOPUS LAEVIS DAUDIN
Authors: FOLLETT B. K. , REDSHAW M. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of exogenous oestrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on the concentration of serum lipids and protein has been investigated in the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis Daudin. Oestradiol-17β was implanted i.p. in mature females; the rate of absorption was 13·6 μg./day. Within 10 days the plasma concentration of all lipid components increased significantly (unesterified and esterified fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids). The lipid concentration tended to level out after treatment for 20 days. In contrast, oestradiol caused a steady and continued rise in the plasma protein level for up to 70 days after implantation. Electrophoresis showed that the increased protein concentration was due to the emergence of a new plasma protein or proteins with a high phosphorus, calcium and lipid content. Injections of oestradiol benzoate showed the responses to be dose-dependent; the lowest effective dose was 1·0 μg./100 g. body weight/day. Implants of oestradiol in males and hypophysectomized females resulted in a similar elevation of protein and lipid components. Mammalian FSH depressed the plasma lipid content in both untreated and oestradiol-implanted females but had no effect on the newly emergent proteins and their associated components. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of oestradiol on plasma constituents in other oviparous vertebrate groups.