bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of New Bioactive Hybrid Bone Cements Containing Bis‐GMA Derivatives as a Prepolymer
Authors: Park Bang‐Ju , Park Kwideok , Ahn Kwang‐Duk , Chin Yong‐Ok , Han Dong Keun 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: Novel organic‐inorganic hybrid bioactive bone cements containing bisphenol‐A‐glycidyl methacrylate (Bis‐GMA) derivatives and a bioactive inorganic filler were prepared for orthopedic applications. The Bis‐GMA derivatives, such as 3MA and a 3MA mixture (3MA mix), were synthesized by blocking one or two of the hydroxyl groups of the Bis‐GMA so as to use it as a prepolymer. Four organic prepolymers, such as Bis‐GMA, 3MA, 3MA 50 and 3MA mix, and an inorganic filler, AW‐GC, were used for the preparation of the bioactive bone cements and their characteristics were evaluated. As compared with the Bis‐GMA control, the new bioactive bone cements containing the Bis‐GMA derivatives exhibited appropriate curing times, low polymerization shrinkage, low water absorption and solubility as well as high mechanical properties. In particular, the bioactive bone cement containing 3MA mix and AW‐GC had higher bending and compressive strengths than the Bis‐GMA one.Curing time and polymerization shrinkage on various prepolymers of bioactive bone cements.magnified imageCuring time and polymerization shrinkage on various prepolymers of bioactive bone cements.
Deuterium isotope effect on 13C chemical shifts of tetrabutylammonium salts of Schiff bases amino acids
Authors: Rozwadowski Z. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDeuterium isotope effects on 13C chemical shift of tetrabutylammonium salts of Schiff bases, derivatives of amino acids (glycine, L‐alanine, L‐phenylalanine, L‐valine, L‐leucine, L‐isoleucine and L‐methionine) and various ortho‐hydroxyaldehydes in CDCl3 have been measured. The results have shown that the tetrabutylammonium salts of the Schiff bases amino acids, being derivatives of 2‐hydroxynaphthaldehyde and 3,5‐dibromosalicylaldehyde, exist in the NH‐form, while in the derivatives of salicylaldehyde and 5‐bromosalicylaldehyde a proton transfer takes place. The interactions between COO− and NH groups stabilize the proton‐transferred form through a bifurcated intramolecular hydrogen bond. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of the exclusion criteria used in observational pharmacoepidemiological studies
Authors: Perrio Michael , Waller Patrick C. , Shakir Saad A. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPurposeThe application of exclusion criteria in pharmacoepidemiological studies could have a major impact on the findings but there appears to have been no previous research to examine the types of exclusion criteria applied.MethodsWe searched the literature and identified 10 senior pharmacoepidemiologists who had published five or more relevant papers between 1999 and 2004. All their published drug safety studies during this period were reviewed. A classification system was developed to categorise the exclusion criteria, with 5 categories and 11 sub‐categories. The categories were: (1) data quality and validation, (2) disease‐related, (3) exposure‐related, (4) patient characteristics and (5) miscellaneous reasons. Within each sub‐category, only the first exclusion criterion identified for that study was counted.ResultsWe identified 200 studies, from which a total of 752 exclusion criteria sub‐categories had been applied (mean 3.8 per study; between‐author range of means 2.8–5.1). At the category level, exclusion criteria relating to data quality and validation were the most commonly applied (87% of publications), followed by patient characteristics (75%), disease‐related (69%), exposure‐related (38%) and miscellaneous (3%). The main categories for which research practice appeared to differ were those relating to diseases and exposures. The application of sub‐category ‘risk factors and alternative causes’ varied between authors from 0% to 81% of studies, and for the sub‐category ‘medication of interest’ it varied from 5% to 93%.ConclusionsThere are important differences between investigators in the application of exclusion criteria in pharmacoepidemiological studies. It is likely that a substantial part of the observed variation reflects different research practices of investigators. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis, characterization, and crystal structures of poly(2,6‐naphthalenebenzobisoxazole) and poly(1,5‐naphthalenebenzobisoxazole)
Authors: Park Soo‐Young , Moon Sang‐Cheol , Venkatasubramanian N. , Dang Thuy D. , Lee Jar‐Wha , Farmer B. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe rigid‐rod polymers, poly(2,6‐naphthalenebenzobisoxazole) (Naph‐2,6‐PBO) and poly(1,5‐naphthalenebenzobisoxazole) (Naph‐1,5‐PBO) were synthesized by high temperature polycondensation of isomeric naphthalene dicarboxylic acids with 4,6‐diaminoresorcinol dihydrochloride in polyphosphoric acid. Expectedly, these polymers were found to have high thermal as well as thermooxidative stabilities, similar to what has been reported for other polymers of this class. The chain conformations of Naph‐2,6‐PBO and Naph‐1,5‐PBO were trans and the crystal structures of Naph‐2,6‐PBO and Naph‐1,5‐PBO had the three‐dimensional order, although the axial disorder existed for both Naph‐2,6‐PBO and Naph‐1,5‐PBO. Naph‐2,6‐PBO exhibited a more pronounced axial disorder than Naph‐1,5‐PBO because of its more linear shape. The repeat unit distance for Naph‐2,6‐PBO (14.15 Å) was found to be larger compared with that of Naph‐1,5‐PBO (12.45 Å) because of the more kinked structure of the latter. The extents of staggering between the adjacent chains in the ac projection of the crystal structure were 0.25c and 0.23c for Naph‐2,6‐PBO and Naph‐1,5‐PBO, respectively. Naph‐1,5‐PBO has a more kinked and twisted chain structure relative to Naph‐2,6‐PBO. The kinked and twisted chain structure of Naph‐1,5‐PBO in the crystal seems to prevent slippage between adjacent chains in the crystal structure. The more perfect crystal structure of Naph‐1,5‐PBO may be due to this difficulty in the occurrence of the slippage. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1948–1957, 2006
Computational model for the IGF‐II/IGF2r complex that is predictive of mutational and surface plasmon resonance data
Authors: Roche Philippe , Brown James , Denley Adam , Forbes Briony E. , Wallace John C. , Jones E. Yvonne , Esnouf Robert M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractInsulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) are key regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation, and are thus pivotal in cancer, especially breast, prostate, and colon neoplasm. Their potent mitogenic and anti‐apoptotic actions depend primarily on their availability to bind to the signaling IGF cell surface receptors. One mechanism by which IGF‐II availability is thought to be modulated is by binding to the nonsignaling IGF‐II receptor (IGF2R). This binding is essentially mediated by domain 11 in the multidomain IGF2R extracellular region. The crystal structure of domain 11 of the human IGF‐II receptor (IGF2R‐d11) has identified a putative IGF‐II binding site, and a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solution structure for the IGF‐II ligand has also been characterized. These structures have now been used to model in silico the protein–protein interaction between IGF‐II and IGF2R‐d11 using the program 3D‐Dock. Because the IGF‐II data comprise an ensemble of 20 structures, all of which satisfy the NMR constraints, the docking procedure was applied to each member of the ensemble. Only those models in which residue Ile1572 of IGF2R‐d11, known to be essential for the binding of IGF‐II, was at the interface were considered further. These plausible complexes were then critically assessed using an array of analysis techniques including consideration of additional mutagenesis data. One model was strongly supported by these analyses and is discussed here in detail. Furthermore, we demonstrate in vitro experimental support for this model by studying the binding of chimeras of IGF‐I and IGF‐II to IGF2R fragments. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trigonal splitting and local structure of Co2+ cluster in zinc oxide metaborate crystal
Authors: Maolu Du , Jian Ma , Qinghan Chen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractZn4O(BO2)6:Co2+ crystal is suitable for applications as a saturable absorber for 1.54 µm lasers. In this crystal, the Co2+ ion substitutes for the Zn2+ ion and the Co2+ cluster is the active center of saturable absorption. The Co–O tetrahedron in Zn4O(BO2)6:Co2+ crystal exhibits small distortions from the Zn–O tetrahedron in the host crystal. It is difficult to determine the structure of the Co–O tetrahedron from X‐ray experiments. From the d–d transition of the trigonal Co2+ cluster in Zn4O(BO2)6:Co2+ crystal, which depends on the local structure of Co–O tetrahedron, we determine the structural parameters as: the Co–OI bond length R 1 ≈ 0.1987 nm, the Co–OII bond length R 2 ≈ 0.192 nm, and the OI–Co–OII angle Θ2 ≈ 112°. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin transport through a ZnSe‐based diluted magnetic semiconductor resonant tunneling structure in the presence of electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Papp G. , Borza S. , Peeters F. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSpin‐dependent tunneling of electrons in asymmetric double quantum wells and barriers composed of different sequences of diluted magnetic and nonmagnetic well and barrier materials are investigated theoretically for ZnSe‐based semiconductor heterostructures in the presence of parallel magnetic and electric fields. In the studied systems the transmission of electrons and the degree of spin polarization depends on the strength of the magnetic (due to the s–d exchange‐enhanced spin splitting) and electric fields and on the direction of the applied bias, resulting in a highly spin polarized gas. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Finite element analysis of vent/hand hole designs for corrugated fibreboard boxes
Authors: Han Jongkoo , Park Jong Min 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCorrugated fibreboard is an economical and efficient material for fabricating shipping containers that are widely used for the distribution, transportation and storage of goods. Corrugated fibreboard is usually considered to be an orthotropic material because the principal fibre directions, machine direction (MD) and cross‐machine direction (CD), are identical to the fibres in paperboard, which has apparent directional property differences. The purpose of this study is to investigate the principal design parameters of ventilation holes and hand holes in the faces of the shipping container, (corrugated fibreboard boxes), using finite element analysis (FEA). Various designs of ventilation holes were studied with respect to stress distribution and stress level. It was found that the appropriate pattern and location of the ventilation holes were vertical oblong‐shaped and symmetrically positioned within a certain extent of distance to the right and left from the centre of the front and rear faces of the boxes. On the other hand, the appropriate location and pattern of the hand holes were a short distance from the centre to the top of the boxes on both side faces. The appropriate pattern was a modified shape, such as the radius of curvature of both sides in horizontal oblong. The pattern and location of both the ventilation holes and the hand holes determined by the FEA simulation generally agreed well with laboratory experimental results. The decrease in compression strength of the box could be minimized with identical area of the ventilation holes if the length of the major axis of the ventilation hole is less than 1/4 of the depth of the box and the ratio of the minor axis to the major axis is 1/3.5–1/2.5, provided that even‐numbered holes are located symmetrically. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & son, Ltd.
Characterization of two populations of mesenchymal progenitor cells in umbilical cord blood
Authors: Chang Yu‐Jen , Tseng Ching‐Ping , Hsu Lee‐Feng , Hsieh Tzu‐Bou , Hwang Shiaw‐Min 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUmbilical cord blood (UCB) is a valuable source for hematopoietic progenitor cell therapy. Moreover, it contains another subset of non‐hematopoietic population referred to as mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs), which can be ex vivo expanded and differentiated into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. In this study, we successfully isolated the clonogenic MPCs from UCB by limiting dilution method. These cells exhibited two different morphologic phenotypes, including flattened fibroblasts (majority) and spindle‐shaped fibroblasts (minority). Both types of MPCs shared similar cell surface markers except CD90 and had similar osteogenic and chondrogenic potentials. However, the spindle‐shaped clones possessed the positive CD90 expression and showed a greater tendency in adipogenesis, while the flattened clones were CD90 negative cells and showed a lower tendency in adipogenesis. The high number of flattened MPCs might be linked to the less sensitivity of UCB‐derived MPCs in adipogenic differentiation.
Coronary sinus thermography in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Correlation with systemic inflammation and left ventricular contractility
Authors: Toutouzas Konstantinos , Stougiannos Pavlos , Drakopoulou Maria , Mitropoulos John , Bosinakou Eirini , Markou Virginia , Latsios George , Karabelas Ioannis , Stefanadi Elli , Stefanadis Christodoulos 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated that patients with heart failure have increased myocardial heat production. Coronary sinus (CS) thermography is a new method for the evaluation of left ventricular heat production.AimsWe investigated whether the CS blood temperature is increased in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) compared to a control group and whether the CS blood temperature correlates with ejection fraction and systemic inflammatory activation.Methods and resultsWe included 25 patients with DCM and 22 healthy subjects. Temperature measurements were performed using a new thermography catheter. Temperature difference (ΔT) was defined as the difference between the CS and RA blood temperature. The CRP levels were also measured.ΔT was significantly greater in patients with DCM compared to the controls (0.25±0.09 vs 0.14±0.07 °C, p<0.01). ΔT and EF were inversely correlated in patients with DCM (R=0.43). We categorized patients with DCM into two groups using a CRP cut‐off value of ≤1 mg/dL. ΔT in patients with high CRP was less (0.21±0.06 °C) compared to patients with low CRP (0.30±0.08 °C, p=0.01).ConclusionsIn patients with DCM increased heat production from the myocardium, as estimated from the coronary sinus blood temperature, was demonstrated, interestingly there was no correlation with systemic inflammatory activation.
Oxidative stress markers and antioxidant levels in normal pregnancy and pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Sharma J.B. , Sharma Alpana , Bahadur Anupama , Vimala N. , Satyam Abhigyan , Mittal Suneeta 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective: To compare the levels of 3 oxidative stress markers (glutathione peroxidase [GPX], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and malondialdehyde [MDA]) and 2 antioxidants (vitamin C and lycopene) in healthy and pre‐eclamptic pregnant women.Methods: Circulating levels of GPX, SOD, MDA, vitamin C and lycopene were measured in 50 healthy pregnant women and 50 women with pre‐eclampsia (PE) (41 with mild PE and 9 with severe PE) attending the antenatal clinic or admitted to the maternity ward of the All‐India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.Results: The levels of GPX, SOD and MDA were significantly higher in women with PE than in controls, and the increase was higher in women with severe PE (P < 0.001 using analysis of variance and the Kruskal Wallis test). The levels of vitamin C and lycopene were significantly lower in women with PE than in controls, with a greater decrease in women with severe PE.Conclusion: Increased levels of oxidative stress markers and decreased levels of antioxidants in pre‐eclamptic women suggest that oxidative stress markers play a significant role in the pathophysiology of pre‐eclampsia, and that supplemental dietary antioxidants may have a beneficial role in the prevention of pre‐eclampsia in women at high‐risk for this condition.
Value of repeat ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in nodules with benign cytological diagnosis
Authors: Shin J. H. , Han B.-K. , Ko K. , Choe Y. H. , Oh Y. L. 
Published: June 2006

Purpose: To assess the value of repeat ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (US-FNA) in nodules with benign cytological diagnosis. Material and Methods: One-hundred-and-eighty-seven patients undergoing repeat US-FNA were included after a benign cytological diagnosis had been made by the initial US-FNA. They were divided into a re-aspiration group, who underwent repeat US-FNA within 6 months for a discordant pathological and clinico-radiological result, and a follow-up aspiration group, who underwent repeat US-FNA after 6 months without any clinical or radiological suspicion. The cancer rate in each group and the US findings of the later-diagnosed malignant nodules were assessed. Results: Nine malignancies were verified in the 187 cases (4.8%) by repeat US-FNA or surgery. In 44 patients in the re-aspiration group, 6 malignancies were identified (13.6%), compared with 3 malignancies in the 143 patients in the follow-up aspiration group (2.1%) ( P<0.05). The later-diagnosed malignant nodules were an average of 1.0 cm in diameter; 66.7% were round; 66.7% were circumscribed; 100% were solid; 88.9% were hypoechoic; and 55.6% contained calcifications on US. Conclusion: The follow-up of nodules with benign cytological diagnosis without clinico-radiological suspicion of malignancy is warranted using imaging surveillance rather than repeated US-FNA.
Is 0.6T magnetic resonance mammography adequate in the detection of breast cancer?
Authors: Marklund M. , Moller J. M. , Burchardt A. J. , Bentzon N. , Balslev E. , Sletting S. , Nolsoe C. P. 
Published: June 2006

Purpose: To evaluate whether relevant diagnostic information can be achieved when using magnetic resonance mammography (MRM) on mid-field as a supplement to conventional imaging and clinical examination in women with primary breast cancer. Material and Methods: 30 women (55 breasts containing 49 malignant tumors) planned for uni- or bilateral mastectomy were examined with dynamic MRM on mid-field, 0.6T. The women were examined with mammography (M) and ultrasonography (US) prior to MRM. The descriptions of the conventional examinations were evaluated retrospectively, whereas the MRM was evaluated prospectively, with knowledge of the M+US findings. Imaging findings suggesting malignancy were registered and correlated with pathology after mastectomy. A home-made rating system for evaluation of the detected lesions was tested. Results: MRM detected seven additional malignant tumors, failed to detect three lesions and characterized four as gray-zone lesions according to the rating system. Sensitivity of finding the tumors with M+US was 79.0%, with a PPV for malignant tumors of 84.4%. One breast in which MRM found a malignant tumor had not initially been examined with US. Sensitivity with MRM was 91.6%, with a positive predictive value of malignant tumors of 97.7%. Conclusion: MRM on mid-field seems to improve the detection of cancers when used as a supplement to M+US in women with primary breast cancer. We believe that the results are fair compared to MRM on high-field, although further research and refinement are needed.
Ectopic pregnancy – the leash sign. a new sign on transvaginal Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Ramanan R. V. , Gajaraj J. 
Published: June 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of transvaginal Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Material and Methods: Over a period of 3 years, 100 women with signs suggestive of a possible ectopic pregnancy were evaluated with endovaginal sonography and Doppler. The fallopian tubes were examined for the presence of low-resistance arterial flow. Results: Of the 100 cases, 19 women had ectopic pregnancies. It was observed that all cases of ectopic pregnancies had a typical eccentric leash of vessels on color Doppler that showed a low resistance placental type of flow on spectral Doppler. Conclusion: We propose a new reliable sign of ectopic pregnancy called the leash sign. This sign has a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99%, a positive predictive value of 95% and negative predictive value of 100%, thus helping in the diagnosis of early ectopic pregnancy, and resulting in earlier treatment with reduced morbidity and mortality.
The Philosophy of the Young Kant
Authors: Schönfeld Martin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The Philosophy of the Young Kant: The Precritical Project is a study of Kant’s early writings and their context. Although Kant’s career spanned more than half a century-from the first texts in 1746 to his final notes in 1801, only his late and “critical” writings, from 1781 to 1790, have received attention. Kant’s pre-critical writings, by contrast, remain largely unknown. The Philosophy of the Young Kant tries to fill this gap by tracing his early pursuits: part I deals with Kant’s starting point and original question, the nature of energy; part II explores his quest for an answer, the “pre-critical project” of the 1750s; and part III traces the climax of the project in the 1760s and Kant’s crisis. Kant explored the interplay of force and continuum, the evolution from chaos to complexity, the ontological commercium of power points, and the dynamic patterns of matter, space, and autonomy. These early efforts had been widely dismissed as incoherent and misguided. But Kant’s pre-critical ideas actually form a coherent project, a long-term endeavor of combining a verifiable account of physical nature with fitting conceptions of purpose, freedom, and God. In retrospect, his early ideas anticipated numerous fundamental discoveries in fields as diverse as climate studies, ecology, particle physics, and cosmology. The book concludes that Kant’s pre-critical project is more timely and informative than expected, and that an acquaintance with his radically innovative starting point is indispensable for an appreciation of the depth of his oeuvre.
t w o The True Estimation of Living Forces Kant's Theory of Dynamics
Authors: Schöneld Martin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the text and contentions of Kant’s first book, Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (1747). Section 1 describes how Kant’s debut turned into a debacle. Section 2 discusses Kant’s dynamic ontology, such as his ideas on substantial interaction and energetic space. Section 3 analyzes Kant’s experimental and kinematic appraisals, which form the bulk of his first book. Section 4 describes Kant’s proposed synthesis of Cartesian momentum and Leibnizian energy as “true estimation” of force.
s i x The New Elucidation The Struggle for Freedom
Authors: Schöneld Martin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores Kant’s doctoral dissertation, New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition (1755). Section 1 examines the context of the thesis and Kant’s monist contention that reality involves a consistent and coherent structure. Section 2 discusses the problem of causality arising from a consistent reality — How can there be free actions and lawful processes in one and the same world? Section 3 explores the principles of succession and coexistence in Kant’s ontology. Section 4 analyzes Kant’s compatibilist solution of the problem of causality and his attempt at deducing freedom from the individual power of resistance.