bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A relational demography model of workgroup identification: testing the effects of race, race dissimilarity, racial identification, and communication behavior
Authors: Stewart Marcus M. , Garcia‐Prieto Patricia 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study tested a relational demography model of workgroup identification. We theorized that early in workgroup formation, (a) racial identification would moderate the influence of racial dissimilarity on member communication behavior (frequency and length of verbal participation) during a group task, (b) member communication behaviors would mediate the effect of racial dissimilarity on workgroup identification, and that (c) these effects would be affected non‐symmetrically by racial group membership (White, Black). This model was tested among a sample of 211 undergraduates (113 White and 98 Black), working in 43 temporary workgroups. Whites' racial identification moderated the relationship between racial dissimilarity and member communication behaviors, which in turn partially mediated the effect of racial dissimilarity on workgroup identification, generally consistent with our model. Among Black workgroup members support for our model was limited. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investing in capabilities: bidding in strategic factor markets with costly information
Authors: Maritan Catherine A. , Florence Robert E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe explore how firms invest in capabilities by acquiring assets in strategic factor markets. We formalize the problem using an auction model in which heterogeneous firms bid for an asset to investigate relationships among expected returns to the investment, information used to estimate the expected returns and information used to estimate the expected bids from competitors. Our results demonstrate the importance of recognizing different components of the expected returns and the importance of considering the cost of acquiring information to inform the bid. Through this analysis we illustrate complementarities and trade‐offs that are involved in the process of making investment decisions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust fitting of parametric curves
Authors: Aigner Martin , Jüttler Bert 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe consider the problem of fitting a parametric curve to a given point cloud (e.g., measurement data). Least‐squares approximation, i.e., minimization of the ℓ2 norm of residuals (the Euclidean distances to the data points), is the most common approach. This is due to its computational simplicity [1]. However, in the case of data that is affected by noise or contains outliers, this is not always the best choice, and other error functions, such as general ℓp norms have been considered [2]. We describe an extension of the least‐squares approach which leads to Gauss‐Newton‐type methods for minimizing other, more general functions of the residuals, without increasing the computational costs significantly. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The impact of targeted satellite observations on numerical weather prediction
Authors: Dando M. L. , Thorpe A. J. , Eyre J. R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn numerical weather prediction (NWP), large quantities of satellite data are discarded because of operational time constraints and the potential for high‐density observations to reduce the quality of the initial conditions (analysis). To retain the important observational data without significantly increasing the processing time, additional observations can be targeted in regions of the atmosphere influential on a particular verification region. In this study, Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) observations were used to investigate the impact of targeted satellite data on forecast skill.The role of the temporal and spatial distribution of targeted ATOVS observations was investigated. Case‐studies were used to investigate the sensitivity of forecasts to the size of the target region and the length of time the region was targeted. The results indicate that, when targeting at the analysis time only, a target region between 1 × 106 and 2 × 106 km2 (30–60 extra observations) provides the most effective use of resources. When targeting a region for 24 hours, the impact on the forecast in the verification region was doubled (compared with the impact when targeting at the analysis time only), but targeting for longer periods than this provided little extra benefit. When targeting for more than one assimilation cycle, the size of the target region was increased accordingly to cover the migration of the sensitive region. Target regions of 6.5 × 106 km2 and larger (∼200 extra ATOVS at each assimilation cycle) were required to capture the majority of the information relevant to the forecast in the verification region. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Protecting TLS‐SA implementations for the challenge‐response feature of EMV‐CAP against challenge collision attacks
Authors: Oppliger Rolf , Hauser Ralf 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSecure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS) session‐aware user authentication (TLS‐SA) can be used to protect SSL/TLS‐based e‐commerce applications against man‐in‐the‐middle (MITM) attacks. The main idea is to make the user authentication depend not only on the user's credentials, but also on state information related to the SSL/TLS session in which the credentials are transferred to the server. This, in turn, allows the server to detect inconsistencies caused by an MITM. There are many possibilities to implement TLS‐SA and to make a user authentication scheme be SSL/TLS session‐aware. In this paper, we take the challenge‐response (C/R) feature of the Europay International, MasterCard, and Visa (EMV) Chip Authentication Program (CAP) as an example, and we argue that a TLS‐SA implementation for this feature is appropriate but susceptible to challenge collision attacks. We then pick challenge collision attacks out as a central theme, and elaborate on a possible protection mechanism. Assuming that the adversary has no access to the browser's graphical user interface (GUI) and cannot retrieve the EMV‐CAP challenge accordingly, the level of protection against challenge collision attacks can be improved considerably by non‐deterministically derivating the challenge from information related to the SSL/TLS session and using encryption to turn a challenge into a response. If the adversary has read access to the browser's GUI, then this approach is counterproductive, and if the adversary even has write access, then the use of EMV‐CAP is insecure and problematic in the first place. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Editorial
Authors: Beaulieu Norman C. , Chen Hsiao‐Hwa , Sharif Hamid R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSecurity is of ultimate importance to the global communication and information networks. Both academia and industry have seen the importance of the R&D activities in security and communication networks, and a great deal of resources has been invested by both governments and private sectors around the world to enhance the security of global information and communication networks, which virtually cover all regions of the world. Therefore, the timely launch of Security and Communications Networks is of great interest to the world community. In this inaugural issue, worldwide experts contribute their papers, covering various important research areas in security. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anonymous authentication and secure communication protocol for wireless mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Mizanur Rahman Sk. Md. , Nasser Nidal , Inomata Atsuo , Okamoto Takeshi , Mambo Masahiro , Okamoto Eiji 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe main characteristic of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is its infrastructure‐less, highly dynamic topology, which is subject to malicious traffic analysis. Malicious intermediate nodes in MANETs are a threat concerning security as well as anonymity of exchanged information. In this paper, we propose an anonymous on‐demand routing protocol, called RINOMO, to protect anonymity and achieve security of nodes in MANETs. After successful authentication of the legitimate nodes in the network they can use their pseudo IDs for secure communication. Pseudo IDs of the nodes are generated considering pairing‐based cryptography. Nodes can generate their pseudo IDs independently and dynamically without consulting with system administrator. As a result, RINOMO reduces pseudo IDs maintenance costs. Only trust‐worthy nodes are allowed to take part in routing to discover a route. To ensure trustiness each node has to make authentication to its neighbors through the designed anonymous authentication process. Thus, RINOMO safely communicates between nodes without disclosing node identities. It also provides different desirable anonymous properties such as identity privacy, location privacy, route anonymity, and robustness against several attacks. Mathematical analysis of privacy loss is also evaluated and it shows there is no loss of privacy with respect to time. Thus, RINOMO is an anonymous robust protocol in MANETs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond contracts for concurrency
Authors: Ostroff Jonathan S. , Torshizi Faraz Ahmadi , Huang Hai Feng , Schoeller Bernd 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSCOOP is a concurrent programming language with a new semantics for contracts that applies equally well in concurrent and sequential contexts. SCOOP eliminates race conditions and atomicity violations by construction. However, it is still vulnerable to deadlocks. In this paper we describe how far contracts can take us in verifying interesting properties of concurrent systems using modular Hoare rules and show how theorem proving methods developed for sequential Eiffel can be extended to the concurrent case. However, some safety and liveness properties depend upon the environment and cannot be proved using the Hoare rules. To deal with such system properties, we outline a SCOOP Virtual Machine (SVM) as a fair transition system. The SVM makes it feasible to use model-checking and theorem proving methods for checking global temporal logic properties of SCOOP programs. The SVM uses the Hoare rules where applicable to reduce the number of steps in a computation.
Malignant Liver Tumors in South African Children: A National Audit
Authors: Moore S. W. , Davidson A. , Hadley G. P. , Kruger M. , Poole J. , Stones D. , Wainwright L. , Wessels G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundMalignant liver tumors (mostly hepatoblastoma [HB] and hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]) are uncommon, representing 0.5%–2% of childhood malignancies worldwide. The pattern of liver tumors appears to differ in Southern Africa as a result of infectious factors (e.g., hepatitis B/retroviral disease (HIV). This study aimed to assess recent changes in the prevalence and surgical management of liver tumors in South African children.MethodsData were obtained from the tumor registry and pediatric oncology units in South African hospitals to audit and review the epidemiology, treatment, and outcome of malignant hepatic tumors in South African children.ResultsMalignant primary hepatic tumors were reported in 274 children (ages 0–14 years) from 1988 through June 2006. Of these 134 (48%) had HB; 77 (27%) had HCC (9 [3%] fibrolamellar subtype); 38 (13%), vascular tumors; and 17 (6%), liver sarcomas. In a further 8 patients (3%) other tumors included lymphoma and endodermal sinus tumor. Vascular tumors included hemangioendotheliomas (12), and there were 5 malignant tumors in children with HIV, including 1 angiosarcoma and 13 Kaposi sarcoma‐like tumors. Hepatoblastoma occurred at a mean age of 1.47 years, and none were encountered in patients > 4 years of age. Hepatocellular carcinoma mostly occurred in the older patients (mean age: 10.48 years), but 6% presented in patients < 8 years of age (10 months, 2, 2.6, 5, 5, and 6 years). Hepatic sarcoma occurred at a mean age of 7.66 years and had a female predominance (M:F ratio: 0.4). The relative HCC prevalence (male predominant: hepatitis B related) was reflected in the low HB:HCC (1.67) ratio. However, a significant decrease in HCC was attributed to the effect of hepatitis B inoculation. There appeared to be an increase in the incidence of vascular tumors, presumably the result of an increase in Kaposi‐like sarcoma in retrovirus‐positive patients. The surgical resection rate was low because most patients presented late, with advanced disease. Survival was 11% and 52% for HB and HCC, respectively, and was related to chemotherapeutic response and complete surgical resection.ConclusionsLiver tumors appear to have a different epidemiological pattern in South Africa. The observed increased HCC prevalence appears to be decreasing with hepatitis B vaccination. Retroviral disease does not yet appear to have a major influence on the distribution of liver tumors in South Africa, although it possibly affects the vascular tumor prevalence.
Does age at adoption and geographic origin matter? A national cohort study of cognitive test performance in adult inter-country adoptees
Authors: Odenstad A. , Hjern A. , Lindblad F. , Rasmussen F. , Vinnerljung B. , Dalen M. 
Published: February 2008

BackgroundInter-country adoptees run risks of developmental and health-related problems. Cognitive ability is one important indicator of adoptees' development, both as an outcome measure itself and as a potential mediator between early adversities and ill-health. The aim of this study was to analyse relations between proxies for adoption-related circumstances and cognitive development.MethodResults from global and verbal scores of cognitive tests at military conscription (mandatory for all Swedish men during these years) were compared between three groups (born 1968–1976): 746 adoptees born in South Korea, 1548 adoptees born in other non-Western countries and 330 986 non-adopted comparisons in the same birth cohort. Information about age at adoption and parental education was collected from Swedish national registers.ResultsSouth Korean adoptees had higher global and verbal test scores compared to adoptees from other non-European donor countries. Adoptees adopted after age 4 years had lower test scores if they were not of Korean ethnicity, while age did not influence test scores in South Koreans or those adopted from other non-European countries before the age of 4 years. Parental education had minor effects on the test performance of the adoptees – statistically significant only for non-Korean adoptees' verbal test scores – but was prominently influential for non-adoptees.ConclusionsNegative pre-adoption circumstances may have persistent influences on cognitive development. The prognosis from a cognitive perspective may still be good regardless of age at adoption if the quality of care before adoption has been ‘good enough’ and the adoption selection mechanisms do not reflect an overrepresentation of risk factors – both requirements probably fulfilled in South Korea.
Mobility within the Childcare Workforce: Evidence for a New Policy?
Authors: STATHAM JUNE , BRANNEN JULIA , MOONEY ANN 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article presents findings from a three-year government-funded study of the work and family lives of four important groups within the childcare workforce in England: residential social workers in children's homes, family support workers, foster carers and community childminders. The study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including biographical narrative interviews. The policy context of the Children's Workforce Strategy is discussed, focusing particularly on the government's aim to develop greater integration between different types of work with children and the creation of a more flexible childcare workforce. The article then draws together findings from the study to argue that although the planned integrated qualifications framework may assist mobility within the childcare workforce, other factors also need to be taken into account. The choice to engage in particular types of childcare work is often linked to factors such as life stage, preferred age of child, preferred working environment and the worker's own background and needs. This suggests the need for more targeted recruitment, matching people to type of work, and for more attention to be paid to the connections between work and family life. The study does provide some evidence of transferable skills and movement over time between types of work with children, and demonstrates the importance of seeing the life-course as presenting opportunities for childcare employment rather than being an obstacle.
Just what is it that makes today's noise music so different, so appealing?
Authors: Hegarty Paul 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article explores how ‘noise music’ uses its influences, how it refers to them, and what occurs formally, when using influence self-consciously and formally. Specifically, it takes two artists, Nurse With Wound and The New Blockaders, that emerged at the same time as ‘industrial music’, and through different strategies, incorporated visual art influences into their work, to the point where influence as question is raised. Referring to Harold Bloom, the article notes that influence is not linear, nor is it fixed. The article begins with some general considerations about what noise is and how it works when in contact with music; it then looks in detail first at some works by Nurse With Wound, then at works by The New Blockaders. In so doing, it also pays attention to the material presentation of those works, which is a key part of the formal work of these artists. It concludes with some thoughts about how we can not only apply Bloom to experimental music, but that ‘noise music’ can provide itself as a theorisation of influence.
Earthquake Early Warning Starts Nationwide in Japan
Authors: Hoshiba Mitsuyuki , Kamigaichi Osamu , Saito Makoto , Tsukada Shin'ya , Hamada Nobuo 
Published: February 2008

When an earthquake occurs, a certain amount of time elapses before destructive seismic energy hits nearby population centers. Though this time is measured on the order of seconds, depending on the proximity of the rupture to a given city or town, a new public safety program in Japan is taking advantage of the fact that seismic energy travels slower than electronic communication.In this program, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) rapidly determines the hypocenter (earthquake epicenter and focal depth) and magnitude of the earthquake by using real‐time data from stations near the hypocenter. The distribution of strong ground shaking is anticipated quickly, and then the information is delivered immediately to government officials, representatives from various industries, members of the news media, and individuals before strong ground shaking reaches them. For example, on receiving the warning, the control room of a railway company can send an emergency notice to all train drivers to stop their trains immediately, elevators in buildings can be triggered to stop at the nearest floor and open their doors automatically, and surgeons can temporarily suspend their surgical operations to avoid risk to patients on operating tables.
NOAA Budget Increases to $4.1 Billion, But Some Key Items Are Reduced
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: February 2008

The Bush administration has proposed a US$4.1 billion budget for fiscal year (FY) 2009 for the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The proposed budget, which would be the agency's largest ever, is $202.6 million, or 5.2%, above the FY 2008 enacted budget. By topping $4 billion and the amount Congress passed for FY 2008, the budget proposal crosses into “a new threshold,” according Navy Vice Admiral Conrad Lautenbacher, undersecretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA administrator.“Most often, we hope Congress will help us. This year, we hope Congress will stay with us,7rdquo; Lautenbacher told constituents at a 7 February briefing in Washington, D.C. He said that the administration and Congress have recognized the need for the services NOAA provides.
Stationary magnetic entropy tokamak states and experimental observations
Authors: Minardi E. , Sozzi C. , Mantica P. 
Published: February 2008

The assumption that the tokamak magnetic configuration at equilibrium is associated with the stationary magnetic entropy and with minimum plasma thermal energy leads to the prediction of definite profiles for the induced current density and for the pressure. These profiles should characterize the states spontaneously assumed by the tokamak under normal conditions (to be defined in the text).The theoretical results are compared with the observations collected from different tokamaks, plasma regimes and heating methods, taking into account the possible existence of non-inductive currents. The comparison allows the identification of the limits of validity of the model and confirms the robustness, within these limits, of the magnetic entropy concept for the description of the ‘privileged’ tokamak states.
Decadal changes in hydrographic and ecological time-series in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean), identifying links between climate and zooplankton
Authors: Fernández de Puelles Maria Luz , Molinero Juan Carlos 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Fernández de Puelles, M. L., and Molinero, J. C. 2008. Decadal changes in hydrographic and ecological time-series in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean), identifying links between climate and zooplankton. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 311–317. We investigated possible relationships between climate, hydrography, and zooplankton abundance in the Balearic Sea (BS), during a 10-year survey period spanning January 1994 to December 2003. It was demonstrated that large-scale atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic (NA) Ocean acts as a driver of regional meteorological variations and hydrographic patterns in the BS. The results also revealed that the variability of copepods, appendicularians, cladocerans, siphonophores, doliolids, and ostracods is closely related to variations in water temperature recorded during strong anomalies of the NA climate (>1 s.d.). Although the time-series that we analysed cover a period that is relatively short for investigating climate effects on marine ecosystems, the statistical results reported were consistent enough to emphasize the NA’s climate effect on the BS. The cascade of links identified by these results should be considered and integrated into the assessment and modelling studies of pelagic ecosystem and biogeochemical fluxes in the western Mediterranean Sea.