bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insight and treatment attitude in schizophrenia: comparison of patients on depot and atypical antipsychotics
Authors: Mahadun P. N. , Marshall M. 
Published: January 2008

Aims and MethodTo establish if participants with schizophrenia receiving depot antipsychotics had less insight than similar participants receiving oral atypical antipsychotics. We assessed the difference between these two groups.ResultsParticipants on oral antipsychotics had greater insight than those on depot antipsychotics (ITAQ, P=0.01). In the multiple regression analysis, only receiving depot antipsychotics contributed significantly to explaining variance in insight (adjusted R2=0.135, F=8.99, P=0.004).Clinical ImplicationsDepot antipsychotics seem to be prescribed to a subgroup of people with schizophrenia who are likely to be less adherent because of lower levels of insight. These individuals are on significantly higher doses of antipsychotic medication. Clinicians should review their patients on depot antipsychotics at regular intervals.
Proposals forPalisada poiteauivar.gemmiferacomb. nov. andPalisada corallopsiscomb. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Sentíes Abel , Díaz-Larrea Jhoana 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSinceChondrophycus poiteauivar.gemmiferusandC. corallopsisfall within the new recently validated segregate genusPalisadaK.W. Nam, two new nomenclatural combinations are proposed:Palisada poiteauivar.gemmiferaandP. corallopsis.
Sand-to-Concrete Interface Response to Complex Load Paths in a Large Displacement Shear Box
Authors: Gómez Jesús E. , Filz George M. , Ebeling Robert M. , Dove Joseph E. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The large displacement shear box (LDSB) allows testing of interfaces as large as 711 by 406 mm (28 by 16 in.) with maximum interface displacements of 305 mm (12 in.). This device has been used to investigate the response of a variety of interfaces, including clay-geomembrane interfaces for which large displacements are important. The most recent application of the LDSB was to study the response of several sand-to-concrete interfaces under complex loading paths. In this application, the relevant characteristics of the LDSB are its geometry, which reduces the significance of end effects, its ability to apply monotonic and cyclic loading, and its ability to apply simultaneous changes in shear and normal stresses so that complex loading paths can be followed. This paper describes the main features of the LDSB, as well as the testing procedures and results of the sand-to-concrete interface tests that were performed. A procedure for normalizing the interface shear test data is also presented. This procedure facilitates comparative evaluations of interface response to different types of loading. The test results formed the basis for development of an extended hyperbolic model for interfaces that has been implemented in finite element analyses of soil-structure interaction problems.
Comparison of Soybean-Based Practical Diets Containing 32, 36, or 40% Crude Protein Fed to Hybrid Striped Bass in Earthen Culture Ponds
Authors: Brown P B , Brown Billie Jo , Hart Steve , Curry Jennifer , Hittle-Hutson Alison 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Three practical diets were formulated for hybrid striped bass (striped bass Morone saxatilis × white bass M. chrysops) grow out. The diets were formulated to contain 32, 36, or 40% crude protein and high levels of soybean meal and met the established or predicted essential amino acid requirements for this hybrid. All diets were extruded by a commercial feed mill. Diets were fed to fish in triplicate ponds for two growing seasons. Mean final weight, consumption, feed conversion ratio, and final standing crop were not significantly affected by the dietary crude protein concentration. Feed consumption appeared to be related to water temperature, maximum values occurring between 17°C and 27°C. Expenditures related to feed, labor, fingerlings, and electricity for agitation were the largest contributors to the cost of production. Based on these data, optimal dietary crude protein concentrations for hybrid striped bass grow out in earthen culture ponds do not appear to be greater than 32% when fish are fed practical diets containing high levels of soybean meal.
Evaluation of a Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Test and Virus Isolation on Field Samples Collected for the Diagnosis of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Cultured Atlantic Salmon in British Columbia
Authors: McClure Carol , Saksida Sonja , Karreman Grace , Constantine Joanne , Robinson John , Traxler Garth , Hammell Larry 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) has been found to cause disease in cultured salmon of the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Diagnosis of IHNV by virus isolation (VI) can take over 2 weeks. Recently, a rapid reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test on fish tissues has been used for diagnosis. Test performances of the VI and RT PCR assays were compared using samples collected in the field. The effect of different storage conditions (tissue frozen with or without RNAlater (Ambion, Inc., Austin, Texas) versus fresh tissue) on the diagnostic tests was also evaluated. Based on the limited number of samples tested, the operating characteristics of RT PCR were very similar to those of VI; therefore, this method is likely suitable for testing field samples for IHNV. The ability of the tests to identify a positive fish ranged from 74% to 89%. Freezing samples at −80°C before testing did not negatively affect the performance of RT PCR or VI. However, due to reduced test performance, RNAlater frozen storage is not recommended without further investigation.
Run Timing, Spawn Timing, and Spawning Distribution of Hatchery- and Natural-Origin Spring Chinook Salmon in the Imnaha River, Oregon
Authors: Hoffnagle Timothy L. , Carmichael Richard W. , Frenyea Kathryn A. , Keniry Patrick J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
We evaluated 16 years (1990–2005) of weir collection and spawning ground survey data to examine differences in run timing, spawn timing, and spawning distribution between naturally and hatchery-reared Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Imnaha River, Oregon, and to look for changes in these variables over time. We compared run timing based on arrival time at the weir and found that naturally reared Chinook salmon arrived earlier than hatchery-reared fish in all 16 years. Carcasses of naturally reared fish of either or both sexes were recovered on the spawning grounds earlier than carcasses of hatchery-reared fish for all years combined and during 5 of 16 years, indicating earlier spawning by naturally reared fish. We compared spawning distribution using the percent of female carcasses recovered in each spawning ground survey reach. The percent recovery of the carcasses of naturally reared females was greater in reaches above the weir than below the weir and these carcasses were farther upstream than those of hatchery-reared females. For females of hatchery origin, carcasses were more commonly found in reaches closer to and below the weir (the smolt release location). Alternate management strategies designed to improve the maintenance of genetic integrity and life history characteristics of the Imnaha River Chinook salmon population should be considered, implemented, and evaluated. Collection strategies should be modified to ensure that the hatchery broodstock is representative of the entire natural run, and release strategies should be developed to promote a spawning distribution of hatchery adults that mimics the distribution of natural Imnaha River Chinook salmon.
Stream Fish Responses to Grazing Exclosures
Authors: Bayley Peter B. , Li Hiram W. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Eight paired reaches of northeastern Oregon streams were selected such that one reach was an established livestock exclosure and a neighboring, geomorphologically similar reach was open to grazing. Exclosures varied in length from 123 to 436 m. Teams of snorkelers recorded fish species and size-groups in the exclosure and grazed reaches simultaneously so that diurnal changes in fish behavior did not confound results. Observed densities of age-0 redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in pools, corrected for snorkeler range of vision, were significantly different (P &lt; 10−9), increasing by an average of 2.5-fold in exclosed reaches. Conversely, warmwater fishes (dominated by speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus) were negatively related to exclosures (P &lt; 0.001). Densities of age-0 warmwater fish and age-0 O. mykiss were uncorrelated (P = 0.18). No first-order interactions existed among exclosure–control treatment, stream, and pool temperature variables in either age-0 analysis. Combined juvenile and adult O. mykiss results indicated significant interactions between several streams and temperature and only a marginal effect (P = 0.05) of exclosure. No significant exclosure effect existed on combined juvenile and adult warmwater fish (P &gt; 0.90). The greater density of age-0 O. mykiss in exclosures was attributed to the potential food supply and cover due to increases in undercut banks, instream bank vegetation, width : depth ratio, and several riparian vegetation variables. Bioenergetic and scale arguments are presented that are consistent with the failure to detect a parallel effect with juvenile and adult O. mykiss. A marginally significant (P = 0.04) mean drop in pool water temperature of 0.7°C in exclosures was observed, but continual temperature monitoring indicated no significant difference (P &gt; 0.50) between reaches in 7-d means of daily maxima or minima. These results are promising with respect to improvement of salmonid habitat through prevention of grazing, but the exclosures are too small and infrequent to be effective at the population or basin-wide level.
Supplier Selection Criteria for Dried Striped Mullet Roe Processors
Authors: Lin Pei-Chun , Lin Kung-Yu 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This study used the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to identify significant criteria for selection of raw material suppliers by Taiwanese processors of the dried roe of striped mullet Mugil cephalus. While price and quality were given priority, the ability to meet delivery due dates and time to market, which are critical factors in most supplier selection research, were found to be insignificant. This study also identified two notable characteristics of mullet roe processing in Taiwan. First, there is no technical collaboration between processors and suppliers; second, although some processors locate near the raw material, processors consider location unimportant in supplier selection. The results of this study demonstrate the difference between highly standardized industrial products and processed fishery products in terms of supplier selection. Managers wishing to optimize their operations may find value in this systematic method and in their industry's collective knowledge of the appropriate weights for the different criteria.
Teacher Knowledge Matters in Supporting Young Readers
Authors: Fitzharris Linda , Jones Mary Blake , Crawford Allison 
Published: January 2008

Teacher knowledge is important because it is related to student outcomes The researchers of this article wanted to answer the following questions:
How do classroom teachers describe the reading cueing systems?
How do classroom teachers analyze running record information?
How do classroom teachers implement classroom reading instruction based on miscue analysis of running records and their knowledge of the reading cueing systems?
The researchers evaluated the case studies from a group of teachers with a detailed rubric and revealed four different levels of knowledge, indicating that future staff development needs to be differentiated and individualized. This study has implications for further work because of the current interest in standards, assessment, and literacy staff development.
Making the Very Most of Classroom Read‐Alouds to Promote Comprehension and Vocabulary
Authors: Santoro Lana Edwards , Chard David J. , Howard Lisa , Baker Scott K. 
Published: January 2008

Integrating comprehension and vocabulary instruction in read‐alouds can help teachers make the very most of class time. The curriculum described illustrates how read‐alouds, when implemented with strategic purpose, can boost learners' vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension. Specifically, the author presents guidelines for:
selecting texts to encourage “text‐to‐text” and “text‐to‐self” connections
selecting target vocabulary words
promoting text‐based discussions
incorporating comprehension instruction before, during, and after the reading process
Synergy Between Cetuximab and Chemotherapy in Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Mahtani Reshma L. , Macdonald John S. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Cetuximab is a recently approved monoclonal antibody that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor, a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and other solid tumors. Cetuximab, as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy, has demonstrated significant clinical efficacy against CRC. Combinations of cetuximab with chemotherapy have proven to be well tolerated, with minimal overlap of toxicities between agents; and the anticancer synergy between cetuximab and traditional chemotherapy agents has made cetuximab a vital treatment for patients who are no longer responsive to chemotherapy alone. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved cetuximab in combination with irinotecan for the treatment of irinotecan-refractory metastatic CRC or as monotherapy for treating patients intolerant to irinotecan. Combination chemotherapies involving cetuximab as well as combinations involving cetuximab and other targeted agents, such as bevacizumab, an anti–vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody, constitute powerful new treatment options for the management of CRC. This review discusses recent clinical studies that have further defined this synergy, focusing primarily on tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.
Application of PET/CT in the Development of Novel Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Boss David S. , Olmos Renato Valdes , Sinaasappel Michiel , Beijnen Jos H. , Schellens Jan H. M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the advantages of combined PET/CT over single PET and single CT imaging.Mention the applications of combined PET/CT in the evaluation of novel anticancer drugs.Describe which radiotracers are used for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic measurements in anticancer drug development.CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.comCombined positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a relatively new imaging modality, combining the functional images of PET with the anatomical information of CT. Since its commercial introduction about 5 years ago, PET/CT has become an important tool in oncology. Currently, the technique is used for primary staging and restaging of cancer patients, as well as for surgery and radiation therapy planning. The abilities of PET/CT to measure early treatment response as well as drug distribution within the body make this technique very useful in the development of novel anticancer drugs. In this paper, the recent literature on the current role of PET/CT in drug development is reviewed.
Case Report: Dramatic Recovery of Lung Adenocarcinoma–Associated Dermatomyositis with Targeted Lung Cancer Therapy Alone
Authors: Zang Yuan-Sheng , Xiu Qing-Yu , Fang Zheng , Li Bing , Xia Tian-Bao 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This case report details the sudden onset of severe dermatomyositis (DM) symptoms followed by rapid progression of adenocarcinoma of the lung and an obvious diminution of the primary tumor with the administration of lung cancer targeted drug therapy alone, followed by nearly complete disappearance of the DM symptoms, with no conspicuous improvement in the DM symptoms when using corticosteroids.
The Emerging Role of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Pathway as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer
Authors: Ryan Paula D. , Goss Paul E. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the characteristics of the IGF system including its endocrine as well as tissue growth factor properties.Discuss the preclinical background and the rationale for targeting the IGF system in cancer therapy.Discuss ongoing phase I and phase II clinical trials targeting the IGF-IR in solid tumor malignancies.CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.comThe insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway is important in many human cancers based on data from experimental models as well as epidemiological studies. Important therapies targeted at this pathway have been or are being developed, including monoclonal antibodies to the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and small molecule inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase function of this receptor. These investigational therapies are now being studied in clinical trials. Emerging data from phase I trials are encouraging regarding the safety of the monoclonal antibodies. In this manuscript, the rationale for targeting the insulin-like growth factor system is reviewed in addition to a summary of the available clinical trial data.
Taxon characteristics that promote survivorship through the Permian–Triassic interval: transition from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic brachiopod fauna
Authors: Leighton Lindsey R. , Schneider Chris L. 
Published: January 2008

Examination of organismal characteristics which promote survivorship through both background and mass extinctions may reveal general ecological principles potentially critical to modern conservation efforts. This study explores survivorship of brachiopods, a highly diverse and abundant Paleozoic clade, through the mid-Permian to mid-Triassic interval, which includes the greatest mass extinction in the history of metazoan life. This interval of time separates two of the major Phanerozoic evolutionary faunas. In this regard, survivorship across any one extinction during the interval would not have been relevant if the survivor went extinct shortly after the extinction event; surviving background extinction is as important as surviving a mass extinction. Similarly, taxa that survived but failed to rediversify also were not major elements of the Mesozoic evolutionary fauna. Thus, the analysis aims to analyze survivorship not just across a single extinction but across the entire mid-Permian to mid-Triassic; only survivors through the entire interval can be the ancestors of the Mesozoic clades.Fewer brachiopod genera survived the interval than did brachiopod clades, suggesting that pseudoextinction or insufficient sampling could be a problem in analyzing these extinctions; thus, survivorship analysis should be conducted at the clade level. Nine characteristics were examined for generic representatives of 20 North American brachiopod clades, five of which survived both Permian extinctions and the subsequent earliest Triassic transitional interval. Characteristics include both those that operate on global scales and those that operate on the higher-resolution scales of individuals and populations.Survivors were significantly smaller and occurred less frequently than victims. Mean diversity of communities in which survivors were present was significantly greater. The finding that rare taxa belonging to high-diversity communities were more likely to survive runs counter to traditional predictions. However, these results are consistent with recent studies suggesting that higher diversity within a trophic level may create a buffer, as surviving taxa quickly occupy the vacant niche space of the victims. As size, abundance, and community diversity are all statistically related, the small size of survivors may be an artifact of reduced biovolume per taxon in a diverse community.No significant relationship exists between global-scale processes and survivorship of brachiopods through the mid-Permian to mid-Triassic. The results suggest that ecological processes can strongly influence global extinction patterns.
Predation defeats competition on the seafloor
Authors: Stanley Steven M. 
Published: January 2008

… the snail, whose tender horns being hit Shrinks backward in his shelly cave with pain, And there, all smothered up, in shade doth sit, Long after fearing to creep forth again….— William Shakespeare, Venus and Adonis (1593)For many decades, ecology textbooks presented classical competition theory without reservation. The central principle here is that two species sharing an essential resource that is in limited supply cannot coexist for long because the competitively superior species will eliminate the other one. The implication is that ecological communities should be characterized by division of resources among species, or niche partitioning. Thus, it is understandable that many paleontologists have continued to invoke concepts of competitive exclusion and niche partitioning in their studies of ancient guilds and communities. By now, however, there is a large body of neontological literature demonstrating that interspecific competition and resource partitioning play only a minor role in many ecological communities—especially benthic marine communities, which are the primary focus of the following discussion. Predation and physical disturbance inflict so much damage on biotas of the seafloor that populations of one species seldom monopolize a potentially limiting resource, except sporadically and locally. As a result, it is uncommon for any species to drive another to extinction through competitive exclusion—or even to force another species to drastically change its exploitation of any environmental resource throughout its geographic range. Furthermore, what particular species or group of species occupies a particular microhabitat is often simply a matter of time of arrival.
Urchins in the meadow: paleobiological and evolutionary implications of cidaroid predation on crinoids
Authors: Baumiller Tomasz K. , Mooi Rich , Messing Charles G. 
Published: January 2008

Deep-sea submersible observations made in the Bahamas revealed interactions between the stalked crinoidEndoxocrinus parraeand the cidaroid sea urchinCalocidaris micans.The in situ observations include occurrence of cidaroids within “meadows” of sea lilies, close proximity of cidaroids to several upended isocrinids, a cidaroid perched over the distal end of the stalk of an upended isocrinid, and disarticulated crinoid cirri and columnals directly underneath a specimen ofC. micans.Guts of twoC. micanscollected from the crinoid meadow contain up to 70% crinoid material. Two of three large museum specimens of another cidaroid species,Histocidaris nuttingi, contain 14–99% crinoid material.A comparison of cidaroid gut contents with local sediment revealed significant differences: sediment-derived material consists of single crinoid ossicles often abraded and lacking soft tissue, whereas crinoid columnals, cirrals, brachials, and pinnulars found in the cidaroids are often articulated, linked by soft tissue, and unabraded. Furthermore, articulated, multi-element fragments often show a mode of fracture characteristic of fresh crinoid material. Taken together, these data suggest that cidaroids prey on live isocrinids.We argue that isocrinid stalk-shedding, whose purpose has remained a puzzle, and the recently documented rapid crawling of isocrinids are used in escaping benthic predators: isocrinids sacrifice and shed the distal stalk portion when attacked by cidaroids and crawl away, reducing the chance of a subsequent encounter. If such predation occurred throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (possibly since the mid-Paleozoic), several evolutionary trends among crinoids might represent strategies to escape predation by slow-moving benthic predators.