bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumer Sovereignty, Prices and Preferences for Higher-order Goods
Authors: Shearmur Jeremy 
Published: December 2006

This paper considers two arguments for markets: prices, within them, allow us to coordinate our activities in situations of dispersed knowledge and ignorance, and markets foster consumer sovereignty. It suggests that these – telling – arguments stand in need of qualification, in the light of consumers' preferences for ‘higher-order’ goods, which may be difficult to exhibit through choices in the market-place. It suggests that such preferences are not easily handled by political means, either – and that we may here face an uneliminable imperfection in our social arrangements. It may be important that we be aware of such imperfections, lest we be tempted away from the best arrangements we can achieve by those who point to such imperfections and promise to offer us a resolution of them. Nobody is exempt from the law of the market, the consumers' sovereignty.1
Governance, the World Bank and Liberal Theory
Authors: Williams David , Young Tom 
Published: December 2006

We examine the recent debates about governance, focusing particularly on the World Bank and identify certain factors which have in recent years moved the Bank's thinking beyond narrowly economic notions of development. Our account is tentative and we suggest further avenues of research. We try to connect the Bank's thinking systematically with key features of liberal discourse and suggest that this can do much to illuminate practice. We illustrate this with a discussion of the growing relationship between the Bank and NGOs, to contribute to forms of analysis which go beyond the ideas vs. interests polarities that still inform so much of contemporary social and political theory. There ought not to be two histories, one of political and moral action and one of political and moral theorizing, because there were not two pasts, one populated only by actions, the other only by theories. Every action is the bearer and expression of more or less theory-laden beliefs and concepts; every piece of theorizing and every expression of belief is a political and moral action. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, p.61
Reviews
Authors: Hydes Jack , Humphries E. V. , Shipstone Nadine 
Published: December 2006

Peet, M. C. and Robinson, D. (1978) The Critical Examination.Morris, Helen (1979). Where's That Poem?Swatridge, C. and S. (1979) The Biblio File: an Index of prose Passages.Raggett, Michael, Tutt, Christine, qnd Raggett, Patricia (Editors), (1979) Assessment and Testing of Reading: Problems and Practices.
Development and Evaluation of Methods To Detect Nucleopolyhedroviruses in Larvae of the Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth,
Orgyia pseudotsugata
(McDunnough)
Authors: Thorne Christine M. , Otvos Imre S. , Conder Nicholas , Levin David B. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Various molecular methods are used to detect pathogenic microorganisms and viruses within their hosts, but these methods are rarely validated by direct comparison. Southern hybridization, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a novel DNA extraction/PCR assay were used to detect
Orgyia pseudotsugata
multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV) in Douglas-fir tussock moth larvae. PCR was more sensitive than Southern hybridization and ELISA at detecting semipurified virus. ELISA, however, was the most accurate method for detecting virus within larvae, given that Southern hybridization and PCR produced false-negative results (31% and 2.5%, respectively). ELISA may be preferable in some applications because virus infections can be quantified (
r
2
= 0.995). These results may be applicable to both applied and academic research that seeks to accurately identify the incidence of viruses and microorganisms that regulate insect populations.
Identification and Cultivation of Anaerobic, Syntrophic Long-Chain Fatty Acid-Degrading Microbes from Mesophilic and Thermophilic Methanogenic Sludges
Authors: Hatamoto Masashi , Imachi Hiroyuki , Ohashi Akiyoshi , Harada Hideki 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTWe investigated long-chain fatty acid (LCFA)-degrading anaerobic microbes by enrichment, isolation, and RNA-based stable isotope probing (SIP). Primary enrichment cultures were made with each of four LCFA substrates (palmitate, stearate, oleate, or linoleate, as the sole energy source) at 55°C or 37°C with two sources of anaerobic granular sludge as the inoculum. After several transfers, we obtained seven stable enrichment cultures in which LCFAs were converted to methane. The bacterial populations in these cultures were then subjected to 16S rRNA gene-based cloning, in situ hybridization, and RNA-SIP. In five of seven enrichment cultures, the predominant bacteria were affiliated with the familySyntrophomonadaceae. The other two enrichment cultures contained different bacterial populations in which the majority of members belonged to the phylumFirmicutesand the classDeltaproteobacteria. After several attempts to isolate these dominant bacteria, strain MPA, belonging to the familySyntrophomonadaceae, and strain TOL, affiliated with the phylumFirmicutes, were successfully isolated. Strain MPA converts palmitate to acetate and methane in syntrophic association withMethanospirillum hungatei. Even though strain TOL assimilated [13C]palmitate in the original enrichment culture, strain TOL has not shown the ability to degrade LCFAs after isolation. These results suggest that microbes involved in the degradation of LCFAs under methanogenic conditions might not belong only to the familySyntrophomonadaceae, as most anaerobic LCFA-degrading microbes do, but may also be found in phylogenetically diverse bacterial groups.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Multidrug Resistance Transporter Qdr2 Is Implicated in Potassium Uptake, Providing a Physiological Advantage to Quinidine-Stressed Cells
Authors: Vargas Rita C. , García-Salcedo Raúl , Tenreiro Sandra , Teixeira Miguel C. , Fernandes Alexandra R. , Ramos José , Sá-Correia Isabel 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The
QDR2
gene of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
encodes a putative plasma membrane drug:H
+
antiporter that confers resistance against quinidine, barban, bleomycin, and cisplatin. This work provides experimental evidence of defective K
+
(Rb
+
) uptake in the absence of
QDR2
. The direct involvement of Qdr2p in K
+
uptake is reinforced by the fact that increased K
+
(Rb
+
) uptake due to
QDR2
expression is independent of the Trk1p/Trk2p system.
QDR2
expression confers a physiological advantage for the yeast cell during the onset of K
+
limited growth, due either to a limiting level of K
+
in the growth medium or to the presence of quinidine. This drug decreases the K
+
uptake rate and K
+
accumulation in the yeast cell, especially in the Δ
qdr2
mutant. Qdr2p also helps to sustain the decrease of intracellular pH in quinidine-stressed cells in growth medium at pH 5.5 by indirectly promoting H
+
extrusion affected by the drug. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that Qdr2p may also couple K
+
movement with substrate export, presumably with quinidine. Other clues to the biological role of
QDR2
in the yeast cell come from two additional lines of experimental evidence. First,
QDR2
transcription is activated under nitrogen (NH
4
+
) limitation or when the auxotrophic strain examined enters stationary phase due to leucine limitation, this regulation being dependent on general amino acid control by Gcn4p. Second, the amino acid pool is higher in Δ
qdr2
cells than in wild-type cells, indicating that
QDR2
expression is, directly or indirectly, involved in amino acid homeostasis.
A Novel Protein, TtpC, Is a Required Component of the TonB2 Complex for Specific Iron Transport in the Pathogens
Vibrio anguillarum
and
Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Stork Michiel , Otto Ben R. , Crosa Jorge H. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Active transport across the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria requires the energy that is generated by the proton motive force in the inner membrane. This energy is transduced to the outer membrane by the TonB protein in complex with the proteins ExbB and ExbD. In the pathogen
Vibrio anguillarum
we have identified two TonB systems, TonB1 and TonB2, the latter is used for ferric-anguibactin transport and is transcribed as part of an operon that consists of
orf2
,
exbB2
,
exbD2
, and
tonB2
. This cluster was identified by a polar transposon insertion in
orf2
that resulted in a strain deficient for ferric-anguibactin transport. Only the entire cluster (
orf2
,
exbB2
,
exbD2
and
tonB2
) could complement for ferric-anguibactin transport, while just the
exbB2
,
exbD2
, and
tonB2
genes were unable to restore transport. This suggests an essential role for this Orf2, designated TtpC, in TonB2-mediated transport in
V. anguillarum.
A similar gene cluster exists in
V. cholerae
, i.e., with the homologues of
ttpC-exbB2-exbD2-tonB2
, and we demonstrate that TtpC from
V. cholerae
also plays a role in the TonB2-mediated transport of enterobactin in this human pathogen. Furthermore, we also show that in
V. anguillarum
the TtpC protein is found as part of a complex that might also contain the TonB2, ExbB2, and ExbD2 proteins. This novel component of the TonB2 system found in
V. anguillarum
and
V. cholerae
is perhaps a general feature in bacteria harboring the
Vibrio
-like TonB2 system.
The
fox
Operon from
Rhodobacter
Strain SW2 Promotes Phototrophic Fe(II) Oxidation in
Rhodobacter capsulatus
SB1003
Authors: Croal Laura R. , Jiao Yongqin , Newman Dianne K. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Anoxygenic photosynthesis based on Fe(II) is thought to be one of the most ancient forms of metabolism and is hypothesized to represent a transition step in the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. However, little is known about the molecular basis of this process because, until recently (Y. Jiao and D. K. Newman, J. Bacteriol. 189:1765-1773, 2007), most phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria have been genetically intractable. In this study, we circumvented this problem by taking a heterologous-complementation approach to identify a three-gene operon (the
foxEYZ
operon) from
Rhodobacter
sp. strain SW2 that confers enhanced light-dependent Fe(II) oxidation activity when expressed in its genetically tractable relative
Rhodobacter capsulatus
SB1003. The first gene in this operon,
foxE
, encodes a
c
-type cytochrome with no significant similarity to other known proteins. Expression of
foxE
alone confers significant light-dependent Fe(II) oxidation activity on SB1003, but maximal activity is achieved when
foxE
is expressed with the two downstream genes
foxY
and
foxZ
. In SW2, the
foxE
and
foxY
genes are cotranscribed in the presence of Fe(II) and/or hydrogen, with
foxZ
being transcribed only in the presence of Fe(II). Sequence analysis predicts that
foxY
encodes a protein containing the redox cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone and that
foxZ
encodes a protein with a transport function. Future biochemical studies will permit the localization and function of the Fox proteins in SW2 to be determined.
Biosynthetic Analysis of the Petrobactin Siderophore Pathway from
Bacillusanthracis
Authors: Lee Jung Yeop , Janes Brian K. , Passalacqua Karla D. , Pfleger Brian F. , Bergman Nicholas H. , Liu Haichuan , Håkansson Kristina , Somu Ravindranadh V. , Aldrich Courtney C. , Cendrowski Stephen , Hanna Philip C. , Sherman David H. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The
asbABCDEF
gene cluster from
Bacillus anthracis
is
responsible for biosynthesis of petrobactin, a catecholate siderophore
that functions in both iron acquisition and virulence in a murine model
of anthrax. We initiated studies to determine the biosynthetic details
of petrobactin assembly based on mutational analysis of the
asb
operon, identification of accumulated intermediates, and
addition of exogenous siderophores to
asb
mutant strains. As a
starting point, in-frame deletions of each of the genes in the
asb
locus (
asbABCDEF
) were constructed. The
individual mutations resulted in complete abrogation of petrobactin
biosynthesis when strains were grown on iron-depleted medium. However,
in vitro analysis showed that each
asb
mutant grew to a very
limited extent as vegetative cells in iron-depleted medium. In
contrast, none of the
B. anthracis asb
mutant strains were
able to outgrow from spores under the same culture conditions.
Provision of exogenous petrobactin was able to rescue the growth defect
in each
asb
mutant strain. Taken together, these data provide
compelling evidence that AsbA performs the penultimate step in the
biosynthesis of petrobactin, involving condensation of
3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl spermidine with citrate to form
3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl spermidinyl citrate. As a final step, the
data reveal that AsbB catalyzes condensation of a second molecule of
3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl spermidine with 3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl spermidinyl
citrate to form the mature siderophore. This work sets the stage for
detailed biochemical studies with this unique acyl carrier
protein-dependent, nonribosomal peptide synthetase-independent
biosynthetic
system.
Fabrication of Nanodispersed Pt–Sn/SBA-16 Catalysts and Their Catalytic Applications
Authors: Hwang Young Kyu , Kim Deok-Kyu , Mamman Ajit Singh , Park Sang-Eon , Chang Jong-San 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Monodispersed bimetallic Pt–Sn/SBA-16 catalysts prepared by coimpregnation technique and microwave-drying method showed enhanced catalytic activities for selective dehydrogenation of n-dodecane to its corresponding mono-olefins and preferential oxidation (PROX) of CO in the presence of excess H2.
Alkyl Phosphinites: Versatile Synthetic Intermediates for Dehydration Condensation Reactions
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Yamabe Hokuto 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Recent advances in the oxidation–reduction condensation reaction of alkyl phosphinites are described. The carbon–sulfur, carbon–carbon, or carbon–nitrogen bond forming reactions and cyanation, isocyanation reactions are established. These reactions proceed through inversion of configuration even when tertiary alkyl phosphinites are employed, providing thus, a novel route to chiral hydrosulfides, amines, nitriles, and isocyanides from easily available chiral alcohols.
Highly Diastereoselective Conjugate Addition of Aryllithium to Chiral β-Nitrostyrene Derivative: An Application to the Asymmetric Synthesis of 4-Aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
Authors: Asami Masatoshi , Taketoshi Ayako , Miyoshi Keita , Hoshino Hayato , Sakakibara Kazuhisa 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Highly diastereoselective conjugate addition of aryllithium to β-nitrostyrene derivative, having chiral acetal moiety derived from (S,S)-1,2-bis(1-hydroxypropyl)benzene, was achieved. The adduct was transformed to 4-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline in high enantiomeric excess (ee).
W(CO)5(L)-catalyzed Cyclization of ω-Acetylenic Silyl Enol Ethers for the Preparation of Nitrogen-containing Cyclic Compounds
Authors: Grandmarre Antoine , Kusama Hiroyuki , Iwasawa Nobuharu 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Electrophilic alkyne activation of nitrogen-containing 7-siloxy-6-en-1-ynes by W(CO)5(L) allows the preparation of synthetically useful heterocycles. Two types of cyclized products, 5-exo and 6-endo, could be obtained selectively under the appropriate conditions.
Ultracentrifuge-mediated Diels–Alder Reaction in a Two-phase System of Water and Chloroform
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Takeda Mitsuhiro , Shoji Mitsuru , Morita Masataka 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Dramatic acceleration of the Diels–Alder reaction of acrylate ester or methacrolein with cyclopentadiene has been observed under ultracentrifugation conditions in the presence of water, when water–CHCl3 two-phase system was employed. The Diels–Alder reaction proceeds in the lower organic phase under ultracentrifugation-induced high pressure with the upper water phase acting like a weight.
Large-Scale Dispensing for Emergency Response to Bioterrorism and Infectious-Disease Outbreak
Authors: Lee Eva K. , Maheshwary Siddhartha , Mason Jacquelyn , Glisson William 
Published: December 2006

We describe RealOpt©, a simulation and decision-support system for planning large-scale emergency dispensing clinics to respond to biological threats and infectious-disease outbreaks. The system allows public-health administrators to investigate clinic-design and staffing scenarios quickly. The system incorporates efficient optimization technology seamlessly interfaced with a simulation module. The simulation studies we present explore facility-layout and staffing scenarios for an actual anthrax-emergency drill, and we discuss post-event analysis. Using our staff allocation and assignments for the exercise, DeKalb County achieved the highest throughput among all counties that simultaneously conducted the same scale of anthrax drill at various locations. Its labor usage was at or below that of the other counties. The external evaluators commented that DeKalb produced the most efficient floor plan (with no path crossing), the most cost-effective dispensing (lowest labor and throughput value), and the smoothest operations (shortest average wait time, average queue length, and equalized utilization rate). The study proves that even without historical data, the use of our system enables emergency personnel to plan ahead and be able to estimate required labor resources accurately. The exercise also revealed many areas that need attention during the operations planning and design of dispensing centers. A real-time decision-support system is, therefore, viable through careful design of a stand-alone simulator, coupled with powerful and tailored optimization solvers. The system facilitates analysis of “what-if” scenarios, and serves as an invaluable tool for operational planning and dynamic, on-the-fly reconfigurations of large-scale emergency dispensing clinics. It also allows performing “virtual field exercises” on the decision-support system, offering insight into operations flow and bottlenecks when mass dispensing is required for a region with a large population. Working with emergency-response departments, we will perform additional tuning and development of the system to address different biological attacks and infectious-disease outbreaks, and to ensure its practicality and usability.
A Reply to “A Comment on ‘Is Having More Channels Really Better? A Model of Competition Among Commercial Television Broadcasters’ ”
Authors: Liu Yong , Putler Daniel S. , Weinberg Charles B. 
Published: December 2006

Liu et al. [Liu, Y., D. S. Putler, C. B. Weinberg. 2004. Is having more channels really better? A model of competition among commercial television broadcasters. Marketing Sci. 23(1) 120–133] examine the television broadcast industry using a model in which profit-maximizing broadcasters seek to gain viewers by choosing the type of program to offer and by spending money to set program quality, allowing broadcasters to sell access to those viewers (through inserted advertisements) at a fixed rate per viewer. Wu and Chou [Wu, C., S. Chou. 2006. Commentary on “Is having more channels really better? A model of competition among commercial television broadcasters”. Marketing Sci. 25(5) 541–545] argue that the duopoly result for a certain range of the cost parameter in Liu et al. is not a pure strategy Nash equilibrium. They further propose some modifications to the original model to restore Liu et al.’s results. In this reply, we demonstrate how a single strategy, not included in the strategy space of the Liu et al. duopoly model leads to the difference between our analysis and that of Wu and Chou. While we had intended to rule out this strategy, the text was not entirely clear on this issue; Wu and Chou’s comment provides an opportunity to clarify the situation. We provide both empirical and theoretical support for excluding this strategy, which allows us to focus on the more plausible competitive situations in television broadcasting. We also reply to Wu and Chou’s other comments on several issues, such as the relative importance of program type versus quality.
Effects of restriction of silage fermentation with formic acid on milk production
Authors: JAAKKOLA S. , RINNE M. , HEIKKILÄ T. 
Published: December 2006

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of silage fermentation quality and type of supplementation on milk production. Thirty two Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 21-day experimental periods and 4 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Silage fermentation was modified with formic acid (FA), which was applied at the rates equivalent to 0 (FA0), 2 (FA2), 4 (FA4) or 6 (FA6) litres t-1 grass of pure formic acid (as 100% FA). Dietary treatments consisted of four silages, a protein supplementation (no supplement or rapeseed meal 1.8 kg d-1) and a glucogenic substrate (no supplement or propylene glycol 225 g d-1). Increasing the application rate of FA restricted silage fermentation curvilinearly, as evidenced by higher concentrations of ammonia N and butyric acid in FA4 than FA2 silage. Similarly the use of FA resulted in curvilinear changes in the silage dry matter intake and milk yield. The highest milk and protein yields were achieved with FA6, while the milk yield with FA2 was higher than with FA4. Interactions were observed between silage type and supplementation. Rapeseed meal increased milk yield irrespective of the extent of silage fermentation, but the magnitude of response was variable. Propylene glycol was most beneficial with restrictively fermented silages FA4 and FA6. In conclusion, restriction of silage fermentation with a high rate of formic acid is beneficial in milk production. Interactions between silage composition and concentrate types suggest that the responses to supplementary feeding depend on silage fermentation characteristics.;
Overcoming disciplinary solitude: The archaeology and geology of native copper in Eastern North America
Authors: Levine Mary Ann 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAlthough native copper has attracted the scholarly attention of both geologists and archaeologists since the middle of the 19th century, it is only recently that native copper studies have benefited from interdisciplinary research. This history of disciplinary solitude can be traced to the professionalization of the two fields in the early 20th century, an era in which crossdisciplinary communication began to wane. The effects of this phenomena resulted in the development of a model of aboriginal native copper procurement by archaeologists that did not take into account the geological literature, which had long identified numerous—rather than a single—source of native copper in North America. In this article, the author discusses how this disciplinary solitude developed and how it resulted in the creation of a dominant model for native copper procurement that constrained our understanding of aboriginal lifeways for generations. The author also considers how increasing collaboration between geologists and archaeologists since the 1970s has led to the reevaluation of an old model of native copper procurement that has been uncritically accepted by most archaeologists for over a century and a half.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.