bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropometry and body composition do not predict bioavailable androgen or progesterone concentration in adolescent girls
Authors: Bond Lea J. , Vella Emily T. , Kiparissis Yiannis , Wynne‐Edwards Katherine E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractOur objective was to test the hypothesis that anthropometry and body composition were independently associated with sex‐steroid concentration in adolescent girls. Premenarcheal (age, mean ± SD = 10.9 ± 0.6, N = 51), perimenarcheal (age = 13.7 ± 0.6, N = 74), and postmenarcheal (age = 16.7 ± 0.6, N = 44) cohorts provided saliva at morning recess during the schoolday over 6 weeks. Estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were quantified. Age, developmental cohort, self‐reported Tanner stage of breast development and pubic‐hair distribution, gynecological age, height, weight, waist/hip ratio, and percent body fat (by impedance) were assessed. Repeated measures were reduced to a mean. Data were hierarchically standardized for sexual maturation status, and then used to predict anthropometry/percent body fat. After intensive repeated sampling, individuals still varied widely in testosterone, progesterone, and DHEA concentrations within a developmental cohort (35.0 ≤ coefficient of variation ≤ 66.5%). Individual hormone concentration was repeatable across 2 years (0.51 ≤ r2 ≤ 0.73). In spite of the variability within a cohort, there was no evidence for an association between the standardized hormone and body mass index, percent body fat, or waist/hip ratio, whether or not measures were age‐adjusted (21 univariate tests; 0.19 ≤ P ≤ 0.96). Stratification by developmental cohort also did not reveal associations. Low estradiol assay precision precluded analyses. In conclusion, despite considerable population variation in hormone concentration after repeated sampling, no evidence supported an association between anthropometry or pecent body fat and testosterone, progesterone, or DHEA in adolescent girls. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:639–653, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secular change of craniofacial measures in Croatian younger adults
Authors: Buretić‐Tomljanović Alena , Ostojić Saša , Kapović Miljenko 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA secular change of body height and neurocranial variables was registered in the Croatian population during the last century. We investigated the continuity of this process, and introduced facial measurements into the study. The results cover a 13‐year period, from the birth of the subjects in 1974–1986, with a gap in the period from 1977–1981. The subjects were first‐year students of the University of Rijeka School of Medicine, aged 19–21 years. Secular changes were evaluated by analysis of variance and multivariate regression analysis. A statistically significant decrease was found in head breadth, and an increase in morphological face height values, in both sexes. A significant increase of head circumference was observed in female students. The height and length of the head in both sexes displayed a slight but insignificant increase, while face breadth revealed no notable change during the investigated period. The results allow an assumption of a trend of cranial vault and face shape remodeling in our younger adult population toward a narrower vault and more elongated face, consistent with ongoing dolichocephalization. The correlation analysis revealed a low to moderate relationship of vertical and longitudinal craniofacial measures and body height, while partial correlation analysis showed facial height changes in our sample to be independent of cranial breadth changes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:668–675, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Migration matrices and surnames in populations with different isolation patterns: Val di Lima (Italian Apennines), Val di Sole (Italian Alps), and La Cabrera (Spain)
Authors: Boattini Alessio , Calboli Federico C.F. , Blanco Villegas Maria José , Gueresi Paola , Franceschi Marcello G. , Paoli Giorgio , Cavicchi Sandro , Pettener Davide 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBiodemographic methods are widely used to infer the genetic structure of human populations. In this study, we revise and standardize the procedures required by the migration matrix model of Malécot ([1950] Ann Univ Lyon Sci [A] 13:37–60), testing it in large historical‐demographic databases of 85 populations from three mountain valleys with different degrees of isolation: Val di Lima (Italian Apennines, 21 parishes), Val di Sole, (Italian Alps, 27 parishes), and La Cabrera (Spain, 37 parishes). An add‐on package (Biodem) for the R program is proposed to perform all calculations. Results from migration matrices are compared with those obtained from isonymic relationships. Migration and isonymy matrices are derived from 22,781 marriage records. Matrices are analyzed using a nonlinear isolation‐by‐distance (IBD) model and multivariate techniques (multidimensional scaling, Procrustes rotation, and cluster analysis). Microdifferentiation levels (FST) from the migration data agree with the observed inbreeding values: higher values are found in La Cabrera (FST = 0.0082), the most isolated population; Val di Lima (FST = 0.0015) and Val di Sole (FST = 0.0012) have lower values due to the larger parish population sizes and greater mobility. Temporal changes of FST and IBD are analyzed using the migration matrix approach. The populations show a marked decline in FST values in time, together with increased population mobility and emigration rates. In all three valleys, marital migration and isonymy yield similar results, suggesting that geographic distance is the most important factor structuring the populations. However, isonymy shows a lower correlation with geographic distance than migration matrices do. This difference can be attributed to the differing sensitivity of the methods for past migration events, and to genetic drift. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:676–690, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Season of birth contributes to variation in university examination outcomes
Authors: Fieder Martin , Prossinger Hermann , Iber Karoline , Schaefer Katrin , Wallner Bernard , Huber Susanne 
Published: August 2006

AbstractEpidemiological studies show that birth season influences a wide range of biological parameters such as growth, reproduction, mental illnesses, dyslexia, personality, and success in school. The present study is aimed at examining birth season's relationship to examination marks achieved at a university in a very large contemporary sample of male and female undergraduate students. We find that female university students born in spring and summer achieve better marks than those born in autumn and winter. Male students born in spring receive worse marks than those born in other seasons of the year. Furthermore, we find a birth‐week periodicity in examination results of female students, with highest examination results for those born in May. We suppose that biological mechanisms might explain part of the observed effects. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:714–717, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory response to endotoxin and dust predicts evidence of inflammatory response in volunteers in a swine barn
Authors: Dosman J.A. , Fukushima Y. , Senthilselvan A. , Kirychuk S.P. , Lawson J.A. , Pahwa P. , Cormier Y. , Hurst T. , Barber E.M. , Rhodes C.S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundIt has been shown that exposure in intense exposure in swine barn facilities is associated with increased respiratory symptoms and reduction in pulmonary functions. This study investigated if systemic response could be predicted by FEV1 response following swine barn exposure.MethodsNaïve males were tested at baseline, low and high endotoxin and dust levels. Subjects were classified as “more responsive” (n = 9) or “less responsive” (n = 11) based on FEV1 reduction following high endotoxin exposure. Health measures included pulmonary function testing, blood samples and nasal lavage. Environmental samples were collected from the barn.ResultsWhite blood cells and blood lymphocytes at low exposure were significantly greater in those who were “more responsive” compared to those who were “less responsive”. There was a significant increase in blood lymphocytes, serum IL6, total nasal lavage cells and nasal IL8 at high exposure among “more responsive” subjects compared to “less responsive” subjects.ConclusionsRespiratory response to high‐level endotoxin and dust exposure predicts evidence of inflammatory response throughout a range of endotoxin and dust exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:761–766, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decrease of arsenic in edible brown algae Hijikia fusiforme by the cooking process
Authors: Ichikawa Satoshi , Kamoshida Michiko , Hanaoka Ken'ichi , Hamano Megumi , Maitani Tamio , Kaise Toshikazu 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA type of edible sea brown algae, Hijikia fusiforme, contains a high concentration of inorganic arsenic. In July 2004, the British Food Standard Agency (FSA) advised people not to eat a type of seaweed called Hijiki because it contained high levels of arsenic. We examined the removal of inorganic arsenic compounds in H. fusiforme by performing a soaking procedure with pure water, and the excretion of arsenic contained in Hijiki was investigated in mice. The total arsenic was measured by hydride generation–atomic absorption spectrometry (HG‐AAS), and the speciation analysis of arsenic was monitored by high‐performance liquid chromatograph coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP‐MS). It was observed that 28.2–58.8% (w/w) of the total arsenic in edible alga H. fusiforme was eluted with water, and 49.3–60.5% (w/w) of arsenic in the residue of Hijiki was dissolved by cooking. Thus, 88.7–91.5% (w/w) of arsenic in Hijiki is removable by the cooking process. When Hijiki was given to mice, dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) was mainly metabolized in urine. It became evident that soaking with water and cooking are effective for removing arsenic in edible brown algae. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral arsinic acid esters revealed by proton NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Nakamiya Kunichika , Nakayama Takashi , Edmonds John S. , Morita Masatoshi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe unsymmetrically substituted arsinic acid ethylphenylarsinic acid, when dissolved in methanol‐d4 or ethanol‐d6, formed esters in which the chiral nature of the arsenic atom was clearly revealed by the diastereotopicity and resulting anisochrony of the protons of the methylene component of the ethyl group attached to arsenic. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of degradation compounds derived from Lewisite by high performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Kinoshita Kenji , Shikino Ozamu , Seto Yasuo , Kaise Toshikazu 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA method for determination of 2‐chlorovinylarsenous acid (CVAA) and 2‐chlorovinylarsonic acid (CVAOA), which are degradation compounds of the chemical warfare agent Lewisite, was examined by high‐performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP‐MS). Inertsil C8 was suitable as the column and the mobile phase was consisted of 0.1% formic acid‐acetonitrile (80:20). These compounds were detected sensitively in a short time and separated from inorganic arsenicals and diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) and phenylarsonic acid (PAA), which are degradation compounds of diphenylchloroarsine and phenyldichloroarsine, respectively. The detection limits of CVAA and CVAOA were 0.2 and 0.1 ngAs/ml, respectively. In addition, a dynamic reaction cell and oxygen as the reaction gas were applied, and then arsenic was detected as AsO+ (m/z 91) in order to prevent interference by ArCl+ (m/z 75). This method was applied to the analysis of urine obtained from a CVAA‐administered mouse and CVAOA was detected as the main metabolite. Thus, the speciation analysis of arsenic compounds derived from chemical warfare agents was achieved by HPLC/ICP‐MS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of ceria–zirconia mixed oxide from cerium and zirconium glycolates via sol–gel process and its reduction property
Authors: Rumruangwong M. , Wongkasemjit S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCeria–zirconia mixed oxide was successfully synthesized via the sol–gel process at ambient temperature, followed by calcination at 500, 700 and 900 °C. The synthesis parameters, such as alkoxide concentration, aging time and heating temperature, were studied to obtain the most uniform and remarkably high‐surface‐area cubic‐phase mixed oxides. The thermal stability of both oxides was enhanced by mutual substitution. Surface areas of the CexZr1−xO2powders were improved by increasing ceria content, and their thermal stability was increased by the incorporation of ZrO2. The most stable cubic‐phase solid solutions were obtained in the Ce range above 50 mol%. The highest surface area was obtained from the mixed catalyst containing a ceria content of 90 mol% (200 m2/g). Temperature programmed reduction results show that increasing the amount of Zr in the mixed oxides results in a decrease in the reduction temperature, and that the splitting of the support reduction process into two peaks depends on CeO2content. The CO oxidation activity of samples was found to be related to its composition. The activity of catalysts for this reaction decreased with a decrease in Zr amount in cubic phase catalysts. Ce6Zr4O2exhibited the highest activity for CO oxidation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent methodologies mediated by sodium borohydride in the reduction of different classes of compounds
Authors: Nora de Souza Marcus Vinícius , Alves Vasconcelos Thatyana Rocha 
Published: August 2006

AbstractReduction is a fundamental transformation in organic synthesis. Since its discovery by Brown and co‐workers, sodium borohydride is the most frequently hydride used in reduction processes. Owing to the importance of this reagent in modern organic synthesis, the aim of this review is to highlight recent methodologies (2000–2006) mediated by sodium borohydride in the reduction of different classes of compounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐occurrence matrices and their applications in information science: Extending ACA to the Web environment
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet , Vaughan Liwen 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCo‐occurrence matrices, such as cocitation, coword, and colink matrices, have been used widely in the information sciences. However, confusion and controversy have hindered the proper statistical analysis of these data. The underlying problem, in our opinion, involved understanding the nature of various types of matrices. This article discusses the difference between a symmetrical cocitation matrix and an asymmetrical citation matrix as well as the appropriate statistical techniques that can be applied to each of these matrices, respectively. Similarity measures (such as the Pearson correlation coefficient or the cosine) should not be applied to the symmetrical cocitation matrix but can be applied to the asymmetrical citation matrix to derive the proximity matrix. The argument is illustrated with examples. The study then extends the application of co‐occurrence matrices to the Web environment, in which the nature of the available data and thus data collection methods are different from those of traditional databases such as the Science Citation Index. A set of data collected with the Google Scholar search engine is analyzed by using both the traditional methods of multivariate analysis and the new visualization software Pajek, which is based on social network analysis and graph theory.
Extracting link chains of relationship instances from a Web site
Authors: Naing Myo‐Myo , Lim Ee‐Peng , Chiang Roger H.L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWeb pages from a Web site can often be associated with concepts in an ontology, and pairs of Web pages also can be associated with relationships between concepts. With such associations, the Web site can be searched, browsed, or even reorganized based on the concept and relationship labels of its Web pages. In this article, we study the link chain extraction problem that is critical to the extraction of Web pages that are related. A link chain is an ordered list of anchor elements linking two Web pages related by some semantic relationship. We propose a link chain extraction method that derives extraction rules for identifying the anchor elements forming the link chains. We applied the proposed method to two well‐structured Web sites and found that its performance in terms of precision and recall is good, even with a small number of training examples.
A reference model for user‐system interaction in thesaurus‐based searching
Authors: Blocks Dorothee , Cunliffe Daniel , Tudhope Douglas 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe authors present a model of information searching in thesaurus‐enhanced search systems, intended as a reference model for system developers. The model focuses on user‐system interaction and charts the specific stages of searching an indexed collection with a thesaurus. It was developed based on literature, findings from empirical studies, and analysis of existing systems. The model describes in detail the entities, processes, and decisions when interacting with a search system augmented with a thesaurus. A basic search scenario illustrates this process through the model. Graphical and textual depictions of the model are complemented by a concise matrix representation for evaluation purposes. Potential problems at different stages of the search process are discussed, together with possibilities for system developers. The aim is to set out a framework of processes, decisions, and risks involved in thesaurus‐based search, within which system developers can consider potential avenues for support.
A Myoglobin Functional Model Composed of a Ferrous Porphyrin and a Cyclodextrin Dimer with an Imidazole Linker
Authors: Kano Koji , Kitagishi Hiroaki , Mabuchi Takahiro , Kodera Masahito , Hirota Shun 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA 1:1 inclusion complex (FeIIPImCD) of 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis‐ (4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphinatoiron(II) (FeIIP) and an O‐methylated β‐cyclodextrin dimer with an imidazole linker (ImCD) was found to bind dioxygen in aqueous solution. The half‐saturation pressure of dioxygen (P1/2O2) is 1.7 torr at 25 °C, which is 10 times lower than that for a previous myoglobin functional model (hemoCD) with a pyridine linker. Meanwhile, the half‐life of oxygenated FeIIPImCD is 3 h, which is 10 times shorter than that of oxygenated hemoCD. The covering of the iron(II) center by a microscopic environment is essential for preventing autoxidation of oxygenated ferrous porphyrin, which is promoted by nucleophilic attack of H2O and/or nucleophiles such as inorganic anions. Due to structural requirements, covering of the FeII center of FeIIPImCD is insufficient compared with the case of hemoCD. As a result, water molecules can penetrate more easily the cleft of the O2–FeIIPImCD complex and act as an autoxidation inducer. This structure also causes poorer selectivity against carbon monoxide (M=1040). In contrast, the dioxygen affinity of FeIIPImCD is much higher than that of hemoCD because the imidazole moiety is a stronger electron donor than pyridine.
Identification of Potent, Selective Protein Kinase C Inhibitors Based on a Phorbol Skeleton
Authors: Yamatsugu Kenzo , Motoki Rie , Kanai Motomu , Shibasaki Masakatsu 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe elucidation of specific functions of protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes in physiological processes is an important challenge for the future development of new drug targets. Subtype‐selective PKC agonists and antagonists are useful biological tools for this purpose. Most of the currently used PKC modulators elicit their activities through binding to the ATP binding site of PKC, which shares many features with other kinases. PKC modulators that target the PKC regulatory domain are considered to be advantageous in terms of selectivity, because the structure of the regulatory domain is intrinsic to each PKC subtype. In this paper, we describe the identification of new potent and conventional PKC‐selective inhibitors that target the regulatory domain. The inhibitors contain a phorbol skeleton, a naturally occurring potent and selective PKC regulatory domain binder, with a perfluorinated alkyl group and a polyether hydrophilic chain on a terephthaloyl aromatic ring at the C12 position. Both of these substituents are essential for the potent inhibitory activity. Specifically, the binding affinity between PKC and the phorbol ester analogues was improved by an electron‐deficient aromatic ring at C12. This finding cannot be explained by the previously proposed binding model and suggests a new binding mode between phorbol esters and PKC.
Heterogenous telescope networks: An introduction
Authors: Naylor T. , Allan A. , Steele I. A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe first Heterogenous Telescopes Network (HTN) conference was held in July 2005. It aimed to bring together software developers, observatory staff and science users with the objective of defining the how and why of developing new ways of doing astronomical observing using geographically distributed and differently instrumented and operated telescopes. The papers included in this volume arise from that conference. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Remote Telescope Markup Language (RTML)
Authors: Hessman F. V. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRemote Telescope Markup Language (RTML) is an XML‐based document format for the generic description of astronomical observation requests. The latest versions (3.x) constitute a substantial modification of the previous published standard (RTML 2.1), incorporating a highly restructured syntax and many new features necessary in order to permit the use of RTML to organize and operate heterogeneous networks of telescopes with complex instruments and to assist both the users and the servers in the preparation, modification, and execution of remote observing requests. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thinking telescopes and the future astronomical Meta‐Network
Authors: White R. R. , Evans S. M. , Vestrand W. T. , Warren M. S. , Wren J. A. , Wozniak P. R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn 2002, the RAPid Telescopes for Optical Response (RAPTOR) project pushed the envelope of automated astronomy by becoming the first fully autonomous closedloop robotic telescope. Deployment required a fast, efficient, and reliable network technology to perform the collaborative, synchronized observations and the Telescope ALert Operation Network System (TALONS) was engineered to meet this goal. It was soon realized that the telescope systems mandate could be expanded to include monitoring the sky for anomalous and interesting behaviors in persistent sources rather than focusing on only optical transients and GRB follow‐ups. But to achieve this goal we would need to make this system think and that would require the merging of the robotic telescopes assets with new technologies. The binding thread between the new technologies and RAPTOR would be an enhanced TALONS astronomical network. We have now seen that any isolated telescope system can deliver good science, but if it could cooperatively operate with a network of other telescope assets it could increase the likelihood of great science. While using the internet for communicating between distributed astronomical systems is still in its infancy, it already shows great potential (White et al. 2004) and the varied architectural techniques available offer operators great flexibility to meet their local needs and to meet a goal of greater interconnectivity. In this paper we will present the evolution of RAPTOR and TALONS into a thinking telescope system and how that effort highlights the process of designing and engineering a meta‐network to meet the goal of greater interconnectivity in the astronomical community. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)