bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pattern of geographical variation in petal shape in wild populations of Primula sieboldii E. Morren
Authors: YOSHIOKA YOSUKE , HONJO MASANORI , IWATA HIROYOSHI , NINOMIYA SEISHI , OHSAWA RYO 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe petal shape of Primula sieboldii E. Morren (Primulaceae) is diverse in wild populations. In this study, we investigated population differentiation in the petal shape of P. sieboldii using image analysis. Flowers were sampled from 160 genets from eight wild populations in the western to north‐eastern parts of the Japanese archipelago. Principal component (PC) analysis of 40 coefficients of elliptic Fourier descriptors (EFDs) detected three major characteristics of petal shape variation: the ratio of length to width (PC1), the depth of the head notch (PC2) and the position of the center of gravity (PC3). To test the association between divergence in petal shape and geographical and genetic distances, we calculated two types of pairwise population distances for petal shape: Mahalanobis distances for the 40 EFD coefficients and for the first three PCs. The existence of an association between neutral genetic markers and petal shape was revealed by the Mahalanobis distances based on the 40 EFD coefficients, suggesting that evolutionary forces, such as founder effect and isolation by distance effect, are probably the main causes of differentiation in petal shape. In contrast, we found no association between Mahalanobis distances for the first three PCs and geographical and genetic distances. The discrepancy between the two petal shape distances indicated that the population differentiation promoted by the founder effects and isolation by distance effect appears mainly as subtle changes in petal shape rather than in major characteristics of petal shape variation.
Floral color patterns in a tropical orchid: Are they associated with reproductive success?
Authors: TREMBLAY RAYMOND L. , ACKERMAN JAMES D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe sought to measure phenotypic selection on petal color variation in populations of Lepanthes rupestris, a diminutive epilithic orchid of Puerto Rico that exhibits a polymorphism in petal color patterns (unicolor or bicolored). We censused seven populations monthly for 20 months and noted flower production and petal color pattern. Each flower was checked for pollinarium removal (male fitness measure) and fruit production (female fitness). In all populations, plants with bicolored petals dominated and comprised 63–82% of individuals. Aside from petal color differences, the two types were indistinguishable. Flower color pattern was generally not associated with either male or female reproductive success within or among populations or over time. Environmental conditions, rainfall and humidity, may account for both temporal and spatial variation in the reproductive success observed among sites. Although we were unable to tag fitness to petal color patterns, the consistent ratio of color morphs among populations suggests that factors other than just drift are responsible for the frequencies we observed.
Intraspecific variation in leaf morphology and photosynthetic traits in Boninia grisea Planchon (Rutaceae) endemic to the Bonin Islands, Japan
Authors: MISHIO MASAKO , KAWAKUBO NOBUMITSU , KACHI NAOKI 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Boninia grisea is a woody species comprising two varieties that have adapted to habitats with different wind conditions. Boninia grisea var. grisea is a tree occurring in forests on mountain slopes, whereas B. grisea var. crassifolia is a shrub occurring at sites exposed to strong wind at forest edges and on mountain plateaus. The former has somewhat larger and thinner leaves than the latter. Despite the differences in habitat wind conditions and leaf morphology, plants of both taxa are found in a wide range of light environments from sunny to shady. We measured leaf morphological and photosynthetic traits for B. grisea plants of both taxa growing in the field and attempted to clarify the differences between them in terms of leaf morphological and photosynthetic acclimation to sun and shade. Boninia grisea var. crassifolia had a thicker leaf upper epidermis and a thicker spongy mesophyll layer with thicker cell walls than B. grisea var. grisea, suggesting that the former had mechanically tough leaves. Under sunny conditions, the stomatal conductance and area‐based photosynthetic capacities of the two B. grisea taxa were comparable. Under shady conditions, B. grisea var. crassifolia had thicker leaves with a higher photosynthetic light saturation, area‐based nitrogen content and stomatal conductance than B. grisea var. grisea, suggesting that the former was less acclimated to deep shade than the latter.
Does incontinence severity correlate with quality of life? Prospective analysis of 502 consecutive patients
Authors: Bordeianou L. , Rockwood T. , Baxter N. , Lowry A. , Mellgren A. , Parker S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjective  The Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI) is widely used in the assessment of patients with faecal incontinence, but the relationship between FISI and the measurements of quality of life, such as the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale (FIQL) and the Medical Outcomes Survey (SF‐36) has not been evaluated previously. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between disease severity and quality of life in a large cohort of patients.Method  Five hundred and two consecutive patients (84.4% female, mean age 56 years) were evaluated for faecal incontinence between May 2004 and October 2005. Patients completed FISI, FIQL and SF‐36 questionnaires. Pearson's coefficients were determined for the relationships between FISI and subscales of FIQL and SF‐36. Quality of life scores were compared between groups of patients with different levels of incontinence severity (mild, moderate, severe) using Student's t‐test.Results  Sixty‐eight per cent of patients were incontinent of solid stool, 62% of liquid stool, and 90% of gas or mucus. The average FISI score was 36 (0–61). Moderate correlations were found between FISI and all subscales in FIQL (negative 0.29 to 0.41; P < 0.0001). Weak correlations were found between FISI and the social functioning (−0.21) and mental health (−0.17) scales in SF‐36 (P < 0.05). Scores on the FIQL differed significantly between mild, moderate and severe incontinence.Conclusion  FISI was only moderately correlated with a disease‐specific quality of life measurement (FIQL). Even though this supports the common assumption that the quality of life in the patients with faecal incontinence worsens with an increase in disease severity, it also stresses the need of measuring both variables to determine the true impact of any treatment.
Searching for phylogenetic pattern in biological invasions
Authors: Procheş Şerban , Wilson John R. U. , Richardson David M. , Rejmánek Marcel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt has been suggested that alien species with close indigenous relatives in the introduced range may have reduced chances of successful establishment and invasion (Darwin's naturalization hypothesis). Studies trying to test this have in fact been addressing four different hypotheses, and the same data can support some while rejecting others. In this paper, we argue that the phylogenetic pattern will change depending on the spatial and phylogenetic scales considered. Expectations and observations from invasion biology and the study of natural communities are that at the spatial scale relevant to competitive interactions, closely related species will be spatially separated, whereas at the regional scale, species in the same genera or families will tend to co‐occur more often than by chance. We also argue that patterns in the relatedness of indigenous and naturalized plants are dependent on the continental/island setting, spatial occupancy levels, and on the group of organisms under scrutiny. Understanding how these factors create a phylogenetic pattern in invasions will help us predict which groups are more likely to invade where, and should contribute to general ecological theory.
Repeated Interviews with Children Who have Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Cederborg A.‐C. , La Rooy D. , Lamb M. E. 
Published: June 2007

Background  We predicted that repeated interviewing would improve the informativeness of children with intellectual disabilities who were questioned in criminal investigations.Materials  The chronological ages of the 19 children, involved in 20 cases, ranged between 4.7 and 18 years (M = 10.3 years) at the time of the first alleged abuse.Method  The utterances used by interviewers to elicit information in both initial and later interviews were examined. We then assessed the substantive information provided in both interviews and compared information elicited using focused questions in the initial interview with responses about the same topic elicited using open questions in the second interview.Results  The hypothesis was supported: over 80% of the information reported in the repeated interviews was about completely new topics or was new information elaborating upon previously discussed topics. However, because the interviewing techniques were so poor in both first and second interviews, information provided in the repeated interviews may have been contaminated irrespective of the children’s capacities.Conclusion  When children with intellectual disabilities are given a second chance to provide information about their abuse, they can further develop the information that they report and even provide entirely new information about their experiences. When interviewers are not specially trained in how to interview children with intellectual disabilities, we cannot assume that repeated interviews provide reliable and accurate information, however.
Loss of SNAP‐25 and rabphilin 3a in sensory‐motor cortex in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Smith Ruben , Klein Pontus , Koc‐Schmitz Yeliz , Waldvogel Henry J. , Faull Richard L.M. , Brundin Patrik , Plomann Markus , Li Jia‐Yi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHuntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG‐expansion in the gene encoding the protein huntingtin. The disease is characterized by progressive motor disturbances, cognitive defects, dementia, and weight loss. Using western blotting and immunohistochemistry we have assessed the expression levels and patterns of a number of proteins involved in neurotransmitter release in post‐mortem frontal cortex samples from 10 HD cases with different disease grades. We report a loss of the soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein, synaptosome‐associated protein 25 (SNAP 25) in HD brains of grades I–IV. Moreover, in brains of grade III and IV we found a reduction in rabphilin 3a, a protein involved in vesicle docking and recycling. These losses appear to be specific and not due to a general loss of synapses in the HD cortex. Thus, levels of synaptobrevin II, syntaxin 1, rab3a or synaptophysin are unaltered in the same patient samples. SNAP 25 and rabphilin 3a are crucial for neurotransmitter release. Therefore, we suggest that a deficient pre‐synaptic transmitter release may underlie some of the symptoms of HD.
A role for 12/15 lipoxygenase in the amyloid β precursor protein metabolism
Authors: Succol Francesca , Praticò Domenico 
Published: June 2007

Abstract12/15 Lipoxygenase (12/15LO) protein levels and activity are increased in pathologically affected regions of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains, compared with controls. Its metabolic products are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with AD and individuals with mild cognitive impairment, suggesting that this enzyme may be involved early in AD pathogenesis. Herein, we investigate the effect of pharmacologic inhibition of 12/15LO on the amyloid β precursor protein (APP) metabolism. To this end, we used CHO and N2A cells stably expressing human APP with the Swedish mutant, and two structurally distinct and selective 12/15LO inhibitors, PD146176 and CDC. Our results demonstrated that both drugs dose‐dependently reduced Aβ formation without affecting total APP levels. Interestingly, in the same cells we observed a significant reduction in secreted (s)APPβ and β‐secretase (BACE), but not sAPPα and ADAM10 protein levels. Together, these data show for the first time that this enzymatic pathway influences Aβ formation whereby modulating the BACE proteolytic cascade. We conclude that specific pharmacologic inhibition of 12/15LO could represent a novel therapeutic target for treating or preventing AD pathology in humans.
Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp
Authors: Schwartz James R 
Published: June 2007

SummaryBackground  Seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff are common conditions dominated by flakes and itch symptoms. Beyond these observable conditions, the epidermis is highly perturbed and in an inflammation‐driven hyperproliferative condition.Aims  This review covers current etiologic models and therapeutic strategies.Conclusion  Etiology has been controversial in the past due to the search for a singular cause. There are three interrelated factors: Malassezia yeast, sebaceous lipids, and a group of host factors. The yeast and sebaceous lipids interact to yield an inflammatory initiator that leads to hyperproliferation within the epidermis; immature stratum corneum cells are dislodged as large clumps rather than a normal desquamative process. While many therapeutic strategies are theoretically possible, current technology is centered around controlling the Malassezia population. The most convenient and therefore most common format is the shampoo. A wide range of active materials are available; some are more effective than others. Even within a given active, product pharmacology can have a substantial impact on the delivered efficacy, with factors such as amount deposited on the scalp surface and bioavailability of the deposited material being relevant. Beyond choice of active and effective scalp delivery, product usage habits can substantially modulate the efficacy realized by the user.
Endocrinology and Dialysis Jean L. Holley, Series Editor: Osteoporosis and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Gal‐Moscovici Anca , Sprague Stuart M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOsteoporosis (OP), the most frequent bone disease affecting the general population, is associated with high fracture risk. Patients with impaired kidney function have bone and mineral disturbances leading to extraskeletal calcifications and complex changes in bone turnover that predispose them to increased fracture risk accompanied by increased morbidity and mortality. The combination of these two bone disorders seems to have an additive effect with regard to fracture risk and its outcome, so that appropriate diagnosis and treatment of this disorder should be of primary concern when approaching patients with kidney disease. Nevertheless, the clinical and laboratory diagnostic tools used to identify OP in the general population do not suit the requirement for detecting the complex bone and metabolic changes that occur with chronic kidney disease, leading to the lack of or the initiation of inappropriate therapy. This review will focus on the bone pathophysiologic processes involved in OP and renal osteodystrophy and address some of the problems associated with our current diagnostic tools and aspects of the therapeutic approaches.
Predictors of Migraine Headache Recurrence: A Pooled Analysis From the Eletriptan Database
Authors: Dodick David W. , Lipton Richard B. , Goadsby Peter J. , Tfelt‐Hansen Peer , Ferrari Michel D. , Diener Hans‐Christoph , Almas Mary , Albert Kenneth S. , Parsons Bruce 
Published: June 2007

Objective.—To identify clinical variables associated with risk of headache recurrence within 22 hours of initial successful treatment of a migraine attack (2‐hour headache response), and to analyze the effect of eletriptan in reducing the incidence of recurrence.Methods.—Data were pooled from 10 randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials evaluating eletriptan 40 mg (E40), eletriptan 80 mg (E80), and sumatriptan 100 mg (S100) for acute migraine treatment. Patients who achieved a headache response (improvement from moderate/severe pain at baseline to mild/no pain at 2 hours postdose) were evaluable. A multivariable logistic regression analysis identified significant predictors of headache recurrence (return to moderate/severe pain intensity within 22 hours of initial headache response). Treatment response was assessed in two high‐risk subgroups, defined by the presence of significant recurrence predictors.Results.—Of 4312 patients responding to acute treatment within 2 hours postdose, 1232 (29%) experienced recurrence. Initial headache response within 2 hours was significantly higher for E40 (62.0%), E80 (67.4%), and S100 (57.9%) compared to placebo (25.1%; allP < .0001). Three clinical variables were significant predictors of recurrence: female gender, age ≥35 years, and severe baseline headache pain. Among patients with all 3 risk factors (n = 742; 17% of total population), recurrence rates were lower with E40 (35.6%) and E80 (32.9%) than placebo (47.8%P < .01). The same result was observed in the subgroup of patients with 2 risk factors (female gender and age ≥35 years;P < .0001 vs placebo). Sustained headache and pain‐free response rates (a headache/pain‐free response at 2 hours postdose with no headache recurrence and no rescue medication use in the subsequent 22 hours) were significantly higher with E40 and E80 than placebo in both high‐risk subgroups (P < .05).Conclusion.—Female gender, age ≥35 years, and severe baseline headache pain are significant predictors of headache recurrence during a migraine attack. Eletriptan is effective at reducing the incidence of headache recurrence in high‐risk subgroups.
Barriers to and Facilitators of Clinical Practice Guideline Use in Nursing Homes
Authors: Colón‐Emeric Cathleen S. , Lekan Deborah , Utley‐Smith Queen , Ammarell Natalie , Bailey Donald , Corazzini Kirsten , Piven Mary L. , Anderson Ruth A. 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVES: To identify barriers to and facilitators of the diffusion of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and clinical protocols in nursing homes (NHs).DESIGN: Qualitative analysis.SETTING: Four randomly selected community nursing homes.PARTICIPANTS: NH staff, including physicians, nurse practitioners, administrative staff, nurses, and certified nursing assistants (CNAs).MEASUREMENTS: Interviews (n=35) probed the use of CPGs and clinical protocols. Qualitative analysis using Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation stages‐of‐change model was conducted to produce a conceptual and thematic description.RESULTS: None of the NHs systematically adopted CPGs, and only three of 35 providers were familiar with CPGs. Confusion with other documents and regulations was common. The most frequently cited barriers were provider concerns that CPGs were “checklists” to replace clinical judgment, perceived conflict with resident and family goals, limited facility resources, lack of communication between providers and across shifts, facility policies that overwhelm or conflict with CPGs, and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations interpreted to limit CNA access to clinical information. Facilitators included incorporating CPG recommendations into training materials, standing orders, customizable data collection forms, and regulatory reporting activities.CONCLUSION: Clinicians and researchers wishing to increase CPG use in NHs should consider these barriers and facilitators in their quality improvement and intervention development processes.
Spontaneous progression of ligature induced peri‐implantitis at implants with different surface roughness: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Berglundh T. , Gotfredsen K. , Zitzmann N. U. , Lang N. P. , Lindhe J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground: Peri‐implantitis is associated with the presence of submarginal plaque, soft‐tissue inflammation and advanced breakdown of the supporting bone. The progression of peri‐implantitis following varying periods of continuing plaque accumulation has been studied in animal models.Objective: The aim of the current experiment was to study the progression of peri‐implantitis around implants with different surface roughness.Material and methods: In five beagle dogs, three implants with either a sandblasted acid‐etched surface (SLA) or a polished surface (P) were installed bilaterally in the edentulous premolar regions. After 3 months on a plaque control regimen, experimental peri‐implantitis was induced by ligature placement and plaque accumulation was allowed to progress until about 40% of the height of the supporting bone had been lost. After this 4‐month period, ligatures were removed and plaque accumulation was continued for an additional 5 months. Radiographs of all implant sites were obtained before and after ‘active’ experimental peri‐implantitis as well as at the end of the experiment. Biopsies were harvested and the tissue samples were prepared for light microscopy. The sections were used for histometric and morphometric examinations.Results: The radiographic examinations indicated that similar amounts of bone loss occurred at SLA and P sites during the active breakdown period, while the progression of bone loss was larger at SLA than at polished sites following ligature removal. The histological examination revealed that both bone loss and the size of the inflammatory lesion in the connective tissue were larger in SLA than in polished implant sites. The area of plaque was also larger at implants with an SLA surface than at implants with a polished surface.Conclusion: It is suggested that the progression of peri‐implantitis, if left untreated, is more pronounced at implants with a moderately rough surface than at implants with a polished surface.