bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Détente, East-West Trade, and the Future of Economic Integration in Eastern Europe
Authors: Korbonski Andrzej 
Published: July 2006

The paper attempts to examine the impact of East-West trade on the process of economic integration in Eastern Europe, carried out under the aegis of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). The discussion is focused on the proposition that, other things being equal, the continued growth of East-West trade is at the present time incompatible with the increase in the level of economic integration in that part of Europe.The problem is analyzed in the context of several factors: the process of regional economic integration; the attitude of the Soviet Union and of the East European political and economic elites toward both integration and East-West trade before and after détente; the influence of economic reforms in Eastern Europe; and the impact of the energy crisis and of the developing global shortage of raw materials.The conclusion emerges that, on balance, the chances of economic cooperation if not integration in the region are today better than in the past, albeit at the expense of closer economic relations between Eastern Europe and the West.
The Consociational Democracy Theme
Authors: Daalder Hans 
Published: July 2006

The books that are the subject of this review share three important characteristics.1. They deal exclusively, or at least predominantly, with the political experiences of some smaller European countries which have traditionally been terra incognita on the map of comparative politics. Most writing in the field of comparative politics has centered eidier on the larger developed countries or on the developing states in die Third World. The Scandinavian and Benelux countries, Austria, and Switzerland have eidier been neglected or treated as isolated phenomena, mainly of folkloristic interest. As a category, they have been written off (widi die exception of Austria) as “the sober parliamentary democracies,” or as examples (listed with a note of surprise) of “working multi-party systems.”
Trading Places: Industries for Free Trade
Authors: Milner Helen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMany scholars expected U.S. trade policy in the 1970s and beyond to look like that of the 1920s and 1930s—i.e., to be marked by widespread and high levels of protectionism. The American market, however, remained relatively open. One central reason was the growth of antiprotectionist sentiment among American firms. Firms now opposed protection because they had developed extensive ties to the international economy through exports, multinational production, and global intrafirm trade. The development of these international ties by the 1970s reduced protectionist pressure by American firms even when they were faced with serious import competition: protection had become too costly. The preferences of these firms also seemed to affect trade policy outcomes, turning them away from protection.
The Transition to Democratic Government in Brazil
Authors: Roett Riordan 
Published: July 2006

Brazil experienced both economic prosperity and political repression in the 1970s. When the “miracle” faltered after the oil shocks, however, repression came to be viewed as neither politically effective nor conducive to further economic growth. Workers, whose incomes had risen during the “economic miracle,” began to seek political freedom as well. The church, a strong proponent of liberation theology, also played an important role by supporting the poor in their struggle. In addition, the elite pressured for liberalization when they perceived that their control over economic rewards was being eroded by increasing state domination of the economy.The elite may now be more responsive to mass demands in order to preclude the return of military control. Their ability to respond will be largely determined by international factors over which Brazil has little influence.
Authoritarian States, Capital-Owning Classes, and the Politics of Newly Industrializing Countries: The Case of Indonesia
Authors: Robison Richard 
Published: July 2006

In the past three decades, the Suharto regime has presided over the rapid industrialization of Indonesia and the development of its capital-owning classes. A complex relationship between state and capital has emerged, based upon structural factors (the need to maintain investment, economic growth, and a revenue base) as well as instrumental factors (the involvement of officials in business as state managers of capital and private investors). Recently, however, significant tensions have emerged between the interests of the regime and its officials on the one hand, and the interests of various elements of the capital-owning classes on the other, in response to broader structural pressures for economic change.These tensions and pressures are a challenge to the pact of domination between state officials and their corporate allies, the system monopolies and protection from which corporate capital emerged, and the nature of political domination exerted by officials over the state apparatus. Although the growing social and economic power of the capital-owning classes is not being converted into formal instrumental control over the state apparatus, economic strategies and political and economic alliances are being restructured, resulting in important shifts in the nature of Indonesian authoritarianism.
Pride of Place: The Origins of German Hegemony
Authors: De Mesquita Bruce Bueno 
Published: July 2006

Using a game-theoretic model of international interactions, the author shows that systemtransforming wars can result from a relatively small dispute between rivals who are basically satisfied with the international status quo. Such wars are likely to be relatively low in costs even if they are profound in their consequences. The possibility of such system-transforming wars is overlooked by the theories of power-transition, or hegemonic, war.The Seven Weeks' War is an example of a system-transforming conflict that can be understood by combining the insights of theories concerned with differential growth rates and of those derived from the game-theoretic perspective suggested here. The combination of these two perspectives expands the explanatory potential of existing theories of system-transforming wars.
Divergent Learning and the Failed Politics of Soviet Economic Reform
Authors: Moltz James Clay 
Published: July 2006

Attempts at economic reform in the late Gorbachev years suffered from a critical lack of consensus among top leaders on the desired direction of change. As the crisis worsened, top leaders did not band together but instead fell back upon their underlying organizational interests, adopting new economic programs largely to promote their own political constituencies. This article critiques the “collective learning” literature that has been applied widely to explain the Gorbachev reforms, and it suggests a typology to account for its strengths and weaknesses in both foreign and domestic policy settings.In examining the politics of the late Soviet economic crisis, it proposes a model of divergent (rather than collective) learning and suggests the new concept of “borrowing” to explain the instrumental use of foreign economic models by rival Soviet politicians.
Internal Battles and External Wars: Politics, Learning, and the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
Authors: Mendelson Sarah E. 
Published: July 2006

Studies explaining the end of the cold war and change in Soviet foreign policy tend to emphasize the role of the international system: decision makers “learned lessons” about the international system, and this learning brought about Soviet accommodationist policies. Such systemic and cognitive learning approaches tend, however, to mask the political and highly contingent nature of the policy changes. To understand these changes, one must explore how certain ideas got placed on the political agenda and how others were forced off.This essay stresses the role of ideas about both the foreign and the domestic scene, as well as the role of a network of specialists that helped put these ideas on the national agenda. Ideas alone cannot explain any one outcome. They must be understood in terms of the political process by which they are selected. Ideas are more likely to be implemented and epistemic communities are more likely to be influential under three conditions: (1) access to the leadership, (2) salience of the ideas to the leadership, and (3) the ability of the leadership to control the political agenda.One critical example of great change in foreign policy was the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. This study examines the interplay of ideas and politics over time and explains how the decision to withdraw was implemented and why it occurred when it did. It focuses on (1) the mobilization of an epistemic community before Gorbachev came to power, (2) massive personnel changes within Soviet institutions in the 1980s, and (3) the empowerment of the epistemic community once Gorbachev had consolidated his power.
Spanish wine consumer behavior: A choice experiment approach
Authors: Mtimet Nadhem , Albisu Luis Miguel 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOverall wine consumption in Spain is decreasing, while at the same time, designation of origin (DO) wine consumption is increasing gradually. This study examines Spanish DO wine consumer behavior by the use of a choice experiment technique. A main‐effects model as well as an interaction‐effects model is estimated based on four attributes: designation of origin, price, wine aging, and grape variety. Willingness‐to‐pay estimates, depending on the price segment, is derived for switching from one attribute level to another. Consumer segmentation is undertaken based on purchase frequencies. Market simulations are presented for consumer segments. Empirical results indicate the importance of the DO and the wine aging attributes on wine selection. The interaction‐effects model shows the importance of attribute interactions on consumers' choice process. Differences as well as similarities are detected among consumer segments. [EconLit citations: D120, Q120, Q130]. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 22: 343–362, 2006.
Matchmakers in wine marketing channels: The case of French wine brokers
Authors: Baritaux Virginie , Aubert Magali , Montaigne Etienne , Remaud Hervé 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFrench wine brokers are independent matchmaker intermediaries. They help buyers and sellers of bulk wine to meet and transact. This paper aims to identify the determinants of the wine brokers' use. We use a transaction cost approach and we hypothesize that buyers and sellers use brokers because they may reduce costs associated with transactions on bulk wine. A database of contracts on bulk vins de table and vins de pays is used to estimate a logistic regression of the probability of “broker intervention.” We show that if the sellers do not belong to a cooperative production structure and if the buyers do not belong to the productive sphere it increases the recourse to brokers. Also, the extent of the production area and the potential quality variance among wine growers and the size of the contract positively influence the use of brokers. [EconLit citations: L140, L220]. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 22: 375–390, 2006.
Use of scanner data to analyze the table wine demand in the Italian major retailing trade
Authors: Torrisi Francesco , Stefani Gianluca , Seghieri Chiara 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWhile the utilization of scanner data for food demand analyses has become increasingly popular in the United States, few food demand studies, and in particular none on table wine, have been conducted using scanner data in Italy. This paper presents a first attempt to estimate a demand system for selected brands of red tetra‐packaged, plastic packaged, and bag‐in‐box table wine using scanner data providing new and useful insights into the marketing of Italian wine. Price and expenditure elasticities of Italian red table wine demand drawn from a linear almost ideal demand system are provided. Results suggest a partially loyal market of table wine, showing a tendency to substitution across brands and a degree of competition among the leading brands. [EconLit citations: Q110, Q130]. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 22: 391–403, 2006.
Wine business practices: A new versus old wine world perspective
Authors: Remaud Hervé , Couderc Jean‐Pierre 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis research investigates and compares some of the strategic choices made by small wine firms from two different New World wine producing countries, Australia and New Zealand, and one traditional wine producing region of France. This research was first conducted in 2003 in France with 98 wine firms being interviewed and then in Australia and New Zealand, with a total of 68 wine firms interviewed in 2004. In order to explain the differences in business practices, an effort to match wine sector perspectives and strategic management profiles is presented through a hierarchical cluster analysis. Some complementary explanations for the clusters found can be suggested: business practices are clearly dependent upon the business activity (bottled wine versus bulk wine), and the main goal of the owner‐manager (improving business economic performance versus increasing market share). [EconLit classification: L190, L210]. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 22: 405–416, 2006.
Toward understanding the inactivation mechanism of monooxygenase P450 BM‐3 by organic cosolvents: A molecular dynamics simulation study
Authors: Roccatano Danilo , Wong Tuck Seng , Schwaneberg Ulrich , Zacharias Martin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCytochrome P450 BM‐3 from Bacillus megaterium is an extensively studied enzyme for industrial applications. A major focus of current protein engineering research is directed to improving the catalytic performance of P450 BM‐3 toward nonnatural substrates of industrial importance in the presence of organic solvents or cosolvents. For the latter reason, it is important to study the effect of organic cosolvent molecules on the structure and dynamics of the enzyme, in particular, the effect of cosolvent molecules on the active site's structure and dynamics. In this paper, we have studied, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the F87A mutant of P450 BM‐3 in the presence of DMSO as cosolvent, to understand the role of the F87A substitution for its catalytic activity. This mutant exhibits an altered regioselectivity and substrate specificity compared with wild‐type; however, it has lower tolerance toward DMSO. The simulation results offer an explanation for the DMSO sensitivity of the F87A mutant. Our simulation results show that the F87 side chain prevents the disturbance of the water molecule bound to the heme iron by DMSO molecules. The absence of the phenyl ring in F87A mutant promotes interactions of the DMSO molecule with the heme iron resulting in water displacement by DMSO at the catalytic heme center. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 467–476, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Shifting to green chemistry: the need for innovations in sustainability marketing
Authors: Iles Alastair 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article analyzes how chemical manufacturers can develop stronger business advantages for green chemistry by rethinking sustainability marketing approaches. Green chemistry is a package of technologies, design principles and tools to reduce the toxicity, resource and energy use, and pollution of chemicals. Using research into US chemical industry efforts, this article introduces green chemistry, and discusses existing weak market signals, ways to market green chemistry and key obstacles to sustainability marketing. It concludes that companies need to generate more information internally, build new relations across supply chains and provide more information externally. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Organometallic Compounds with Biological Activity: A Very Selective and Highly Potent Cellular Inhibitor for Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
Authors: Atilla‐Gokcumen G. Ekin , Williams Douglas S. , Bregman Howard , Pagano Nicholas , Meggers Eric 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA chiral second‐generation organoruthenium half‐sandwich compound is disclosed that shows a remarkable selectivity and cellular potency for the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3). The selectivity was evaluated against a panel of 57 protein kinases, in which no other kinase was inhibited to the same extent, with a selectivity window of at least tenfold to more than 1000‐fold at 100 μM ATP. Furthermore, a comparison with organic GSK‐3 inhibitors demonstrated the superior cellular activity of this ruthenium compound: wnt signaling was fully induced at concentrations down to 30 nM. For comparison, the well‐established organic GSK‐3 inhibitors 6‐bromoindirubin‐3′‐oxime (BIO) and kenpaullone activate the wnt pathway at concentrations that are higher by around 30‐fold and 100‐fold, respectively. The treatment of zebrafish embryos with the organometallic inhibitor resulted in a phenotype that is typical for the inhibition of GSK‐3. No phenotypic change was observed with the mirror‐imaged ruthenium complex. The latter does not, in fact, show any of the pharmacological properties for the inhibition of GSK‐3. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential usefulness of organometallic compounds as molecular probes in cultured cells and whole organisms.
Synaptologic and fine structural features distinguishing a subset of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons embedded in the dense intrinsic fiber network of the caudal extended amygdala
Authors: Loopuijt Louise D. , Zahm Daniel S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCholinergic basal forebrain neurons confined within the intrinsic connections of the extended amygdala in the caudal sublenticular region and anterior amygdaloid area (cSLR/AAA) differ from other basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in several morphological and neurochemical respects. These cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons have been subjected to additional investigations described in this report. First, fibers traced anterogradely following injections of Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin in the central amygdaloid nucleus were shown to contact cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons and dendrites. Second, these neurons were shown to be contacted by numerous GABAergic boutons with symmetric synaptic specializations. Third, the numbers of synaptic densities of morphologically characterized symmetric contacts on the somata and proximal dendrites of cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons were shown to significantly exceed those of extra‐cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons. Fourth, fine structural features distinguishing cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons from other basal forebrain cholinergic neurons were revealed. Specifically, cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons have less abundant cytoplasm and a less well‐organized system of rough endoplasmic reticulum than their counterparts in other parts of the basal forebrain. Thus, morphologically and neurochemically distinct cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons exhibit robust proximal inhibitory inputs, of which a significant number originate in the extended amygdala, while cholinergic neurons outside this region lack a substrate for strong proximal inhibitory input. The implications of these findings for interaction of fear, anxiety, and attention are considered. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:93–111, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of a BEDT‐TTF Bipyridine Organic Donor and the First FeII Coordination Complex with a Redox‐Active Ligand
Authors: Hervé Katel , Liu Shi‐Xia , Cador Olivier , Golhen Stéphane , Le Gal Yann , Bousseksou Azzedine , Stoeckli‐Evans Helen , Decurtins Silvio , Ouahab Lahcène 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of the new ligand, BEDT‐TTF‐bipy [4,5‐ethylenedithio‐4′,5′‐(4′‐methyl‐2,2′‐dipyrid‐4‐ylethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene] is reported. The first FeII coordination complex, namely [Fe(NCS)2(BEDT‐TTF‐bipy)2]·CHCl3, with this redox‐active ligand is obtained. Magnetic measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed the coexistence of high‐spin and low‐spin FeII species with a ratio of 40:60 in this compound. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of a New Tetrakis(2‐pyridinyl)pyrazine Complex of Gold(III) and Its Computational, Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Characterization
Authors: Bortoluzzi Marco , De Faveri Eddy , Daniele Salvatore , Pitteri Bruno 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe cationic dinuclear (hydroxo)AuIII complex [Au2(OH)2(tppz)]Cl4 [tppz = 2,3,5,6‐tetrakis(2‐pyridinyl)pyrazine] was prepared by allowing the ligand tppz to react with K[AuCl4]·2H2O in refluxing methanol. Its NMR and IR spectra support the formation of a symmetric hydroxo derivative instead of the expected chloro complex. DFT B3PW91 calculations were performed with various basis sets to give better insights into the properties of the prepared complex and to compare it with the known derivative [Au(OH)(terpy)]2+ (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine). The electrochemical behaviour of [Au2(OH)2(tppz)]Cl4 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and it was found that two main irreversible reduction processes occurred. In particular, a four‐electron process, leading to the formation of gold(I) complex species in solution, and a two‐electron process affording metallic gold were observed. The electronicity involved in the two processes was verified by macroelectrolysis at controlled potential. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A New Class of Chiral Phosphazene Bases: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Köhn Uwe , Schulz Martin , Schramm Andrea , Günther Wolfgang , Görls Helmar , Schenk Stephan , Anders Ernst 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChiral examples of phosphazene bases2a–cwere synthesized by treatment of (S)‐2‐(dialkylaminomethyl)pyrrolidine1a–c, derived from 5‐oxo‐(S)‐proline, with phosphorus pentachloride and subsequent addition of gaseous ammonia. The phosphazenes2a–cwere isolated as HBF4salts in high yields and fully characterized by1H,13C and31P NMR spectroscopy, various 1D and 2D NMR experiments and mass spectrometry (EI). The molecular structure and the absolute configuration of the salts2a–c·HBF4were determined by X‐ray analysis. DFT calculations indicate that2ais more basic than the Schwesinger baseP1by approximately nine pKaunits. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
In Search of Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitors: 5‐Substituted 3‐C‐Glucopyranosyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles from β‐D‐Glucopyranosyl Cyanides upon Cyclization of O‐Acylamidoxime Intermediates
Authors: Benltifa Mahmoud , Vidal Sébastien , Fenet Bernard , Msaddek Moncef , Goekjian Peter G. , Praly Jean‐Pierre , Brunyánszki Attila , Docsa Tibor , Gergely Pál 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUpon treatment with hydroxylamine‐, benzyl‐ and benzoyl‐protected β‐D‐glucopyranosyl cyanides efficiently afforded the corresponding amidoximes. They reacted by O‐acylation in the presence of carboxylic acids or acyl chlorides to provide benzyl‐ and benzoyl‐protected O‐acylamidoximes. The latter were isolated and fully characterized. Thermal cyclization of O‐acylamidoximes yielded the corresponding 5‐substituted 3‐C‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles, either in a “one‐pot” procedure (benzylated series), or in two steps (benzoylated series). The twelve 5‐substituted 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles obtained upon debenzoylation were assayed against glycogen phosphorylase (GP). 3‐C‐(β‐D‐Glucopyranosyl)‐5‐(2‐naphthyl)‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole was the best inhibitor of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b (Ki = 38.4 ±3.0 μM). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)