bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Alternative Tale of Two Tax Jurisdictions: A Comment
Authors: Cebula Richard J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT In a recent issue of this journal, Galles and Sexton (1998) evaluated California's Proposition 13 and Massachusetts' Proposition 2‐1/2. Galles and Sexton (1998, p. 123) conclude thatBoth initially succeeded. However, following a brief lag… governments made up lost revenues primarily through increased non‐tax fees and charges; within a decade, real per capita revenues and expenditures exceeded their pre‐revolt peaks.The present Note offers an alternative view of Propositions 13 and 2‐1/2 which, using data from Galles and Sexton (1998, Tables 1, 2), concludes that these Propositions not only yielded short‐term success for several years in terms of reduced real per capita revenues and expenditures but also may have yielded longer‐term success in terms of reducing the growth rate of real per capita revenues and expenditures. This Note also raises questions about the way in which Galles and Sexton (1998) performed their computations.
Lack of association between ADAM33 gene and asthma in a Chinese population
Authors: Wang P. , Liu Q. J. , Li J. S. , Li H. C. , Wei C. H. , Guo C. H. , Gong Y. Q. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryAsthma is a complex polygenic disease with gene–environment interactions being important. It has been previously suggested that ADAM33, which is a member of a gene family that encodes membrane‐anchored proteins with a disintegrin and a metalloprotease domain, is primarily expressed in lung fibroblasts and bronchial smooth muscle cells and has been associated with airway remodelling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. A significant association has previously been demonstrated between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of the ADAM33 and asthma in ethnically diverse populations. To assess whether SNPs or haplotypes of ADAM33 are related to asthma in a Chinese Han population, we genotyped three SNPs of ADAM33 (7575G/A in intron 6, 11188A/T in intron 19, and 12433T/C in exon 20) in a case‐control study involving 296 patients with asthma and 270 healthy controls. No significant association was detected between these three SNPs and asthma susceptibility in the Chinese population.
Molecular Profiling of Laser-Microdissected Matched Tumor and Normal Breast Tissue Identifies Karyopherin α2 as a Potential Novel Prognostic Marker in Breast Cancer
Authors: Dahl Edgar , Kristiansen Glen , Gottlob Kathrin , Klaman Irina , Ebner Elke , Hinzmann Bernd , Hermann Klaus , Pilarsky Christian , Dürst Matthias , Klinkhammer-Schalke Monika , Blaszyk Hagen , Knuechel Ruth , Hartmann Arndt , Rosenthal André , Wild Peter J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to identify human genes that might prove useful in the diagnosis and therapy of primary breast cancer.
Experimental Design: Twenty-four matched pairs of invasive ductal breast cancer and corresponding benign breast tissue were investigated by a combination of laser microdissection and gene expression profiling. Differential expression of candidate genes was validated by dot blot analysis of cDNA in 50 pairs of matching benign and malignant breast tissue. Cellular expression of candidate genes was further validated by RNA in situ hybridization, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray analysis of 272 nonselected breast cancers. Multivariate analysis of factors on overall survival and recurrence-free survival was done.
Results: Fifty-four genes were found to be up-regulated and 78 genes were found to be down-regulated. Dot blot analysis reduced the number of up-regulated genes to 15 candidate genes that showed at least a 2-fold overexpression in &gt;15 of 50 (30%) tumor/normal pairs. We selected phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 domain containing 1A (PPAPDC1A) and karyopherin α2 (KPNA2) for further validation. PPAPDC1A and KPNA2 RNA was up-regulated (fold change &gt;2) in 84% and 32% of analyzed tumor/normal pairs, respectively. Nuclear protein expression of KPNA2 was significantly associated with shorter overall survival and recurrence-free survival. Testing various multivariate Cox regression models, KPNA2 expression remained a highly significant, independent and adverse risk factor for overall survival.
Conclusions: Gene expression profiling of laser-microdissected breast cancer tissue revealed novel genes that may represent potential molecular targets for breast cancer therapy and prediction of outcome.
Functional analysis and molecular modeling show a preserved wild-type activity of p53C238Y
Authors: Ferrone Marco , Perrone Federica , Tamborini Elena , Paneni Maria Silvia , Fermeglia Maurizio , Suardi Simona , Pastore Elisa , Delia Domenico , Pierotti Marco A. , Pricl Sabrina , Pilotti Silvana 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In human tumors, p53 is often disabled by mutations in its DNA-binding domain and is thus inactive as a transcription factor. Alternatively, MDM2 gene amplification or up-regulation represents a mechanism of p53 wild-type inactivation, mainly reported in soft tissue sarcomas. In a previous TP53 analysis carried out on sporadic and NF1-related malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, in two cases, we observed the occurrence of C238Y missense mutation, leading to p53 stabilization unexpectedly coupled with immunophenotypic MDM2 overexpression. To investigate this TP53 missense mutation not yet functionally characterized in mammalian cell, we did MDM2 Southern blot and p53C238Y/MDM2 biochemical and functional analyses followed by molecular modeling. The results showed a lack of MDM2 gene amplification, evidence of p53-MDM2 protein complexes, and presence of a p53 that retains the ability to become phosphorylated on Ser15 and to induce the transcription of p21waf1. Additional molecular modeling data highlighted the structural similarities between p53C238Y and wild-type p53, further supporting that the p53C238Y mutant still retains functional wild-type p53 properties. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1467–73]
A two-tiered physiologically based model for dually labeled single-chain Fv-Fc antibody fragments
Authors: Ferl Gregory Z. , Kenanova Vania , Wu Anna M. , DiStefano Joseph J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies (mAb) are being used at an increasing rate in the treatment of cancer, with current efforts focused on developing engineered antibodies that exhibit optimal biodistribution profiles for imaging and/or radioimmunotherapy. We recently developed the single-chain Fv-Fc (scFv-Fc) mAb, which consists of a single-chain antibody Fv fragment (light-chain and heavy-chain variable domains) coupled to the IgG1 Fc region. Point mutations that attenuate binding affinity to FcRn were introduced into the Fc region of the wild-type scFv-Fc mAb, resulting in several new antibodies, each with a different half-life. Here, we describe the construction of a two-tiered physiologically based pharmacokinetic model capable of simulating the apparent biodistribution of both 111In- and 125I-labeled scFv-Fc mAbs, where 111In-labeled metabolites from degraded 111In-labeled mAbs tend to become trapped within the lysosomal compartment, whereas free 125I from degraded 125I-labeled mAbs is quickly eliminated via the urinary pathway. The different concentration-time profiles of 111In- and 125I-labeled mAbs permits estimation of the degradation capacity of each organ and elucidates the dependence of cumulative degradation in liver, muscle, and skin on FcRn affinity and tumor mass. Liver is estimated to account for ∼50% of all degraded mAb when tumor is small (∼0.1 g) and drops to about 35% when tumor mass is larger (∼0.3 g). mAb degradation in residual carcass (primarily skin and muscle) decreases from ∼45% to 16% as FcRn affinity of the three mAb variants under consideration increases. In addition, elimination of a small amount of mAb in the kidneys is shown to be required for a successful fit of model to data. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1550–8]
Genotoxic-activated G2-M checkpoint exit is dependent on CDC25B phosphatase expression
Authors: Bugler Béatrix , Quaranta Muriel , Aressy Bernadette , Brezak Marie-Christine , Prevost Grégoire , Ducommun Bernard 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Cell cycle arrest at the G2-M checkpoint is an essential feature of the mechanisms that preserve genomic integrity. CDC25 phosphatases control cell cycle progression by dephosphorylating and activating cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin complexes. Their activities are, therefore, tightly regulated to modulate cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage exposure. Here, we report that overexpression of CDC25B affects viability, reduces clonogenic efficiency, and increases sensitivity of cancer cells to a genotoxic agent. We show that ectopic expression of CDC25B results in bypass of a genotoxic-induced G2-M checkpoint. In addition, cancer cells constitutively expressing high level of CDC25B are shown to be prone to exit prematurely from the G2-M checkpoint arrest and to enter mitosis. Finally, we show that this exit is dependent on CDC25B expression. Together with previous results, our data strongly support a model in which CDC25B is the key phosphatase that controls entry into mitosis after DNA damage, thus emphasizing the relevance of its overexpression in many human tumors. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1446–51]
The synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-imidazolide induces monocytic differentiation by activating the Smad and ERK signaling pathways in HL60 leukemia cells
Authors: Ji Yan , Lee Hong Jin , Goodman Catherine , Uskokovic Milan , Liby Karen , Sporn Michael , Suh Nanjoo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Synthetic triterpenoids, CDDO (2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid) or CDDO-imidazolide [2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid imidazolide (CDDO-Im)], induce cell differentiation in myeloid leukemia cells but their mechanism of action is not known. CDDO-Im induces monocytic differentiation markers, CD14, and nonspecific esterase in HL60 leukemia cells. We show that CDDO-Im activates the extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway and up-regulates CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β, a transcription factor critical for monocytic differentiation. The monocytic differentiation induced by CDDO-Im was partially blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase 1 inhibitor PD98059, suggesting that the mitogen-activated protein kinase-ERK1/2 pathway plays a role in the differentiation induced by CDDO-Im. Furthermore, CDDO-Im activates the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway. CDDO-Im enhanced the phosphorylation of the receptor-regulated Smads, phospho-Smad3, and phospho-Smad1/5, but not phospho-Smad2, and induced the expression of Smad4. Monocytic differentiation induced by CDDO-Im was blocked by both TGF-β antibody and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist Noggin. This indicates that activation of the Smad signaling pathway by triterpenoids is an important mechanism of monocytic differentiation. CDDO-Im induced the synthesis of mRNA for TGF-β2, BMP6, TGF-β type II receptor, and BMP type II receptor. CDDO-Im synergized with members of the TGF-β superfamily or with 1α,25(OH)2vitamin D3 (D3) in monocytic differentiation, and the synergistic effect was particularly striking in combination with D3. The combination of triterpenoids and D3 may have a practical use in differentiation therapy of myeloid leukemia as well as for promoting the formation of bone and cartilage. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1452–8]
A Simple Mechanism for ENSO Residuals and Asymmetry
Authors: Schopf Paul S. , Burgman Robert J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A simple mechanism is offered that accounts for a change in the long-term (decadal scale) mean of ocean temperatures as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude changes. It is intended as an illustration of a kinematic effect of oscillating a nonlinear temperature profile with finite-amplitude excursions that will cause the Eulerian time mean temperature to rise (fall) where the curvature of the temperature is positive (negative) as the amplitude of the oscillations increases. This mechanism is found to be able to mimic observed changes in the mean sea surface temperatures in the Pacific between the 1920s, 1960s, and 1990s due to the changing ENSO amplitude. The effects alter both the calculated mean surface temperatures and the time mean temperatures at depth. It also results in a skewness of the temperature distribution that shares many properties with the observed SST. In this model, the time-local gradients of temperature never change if referenced to a single isotherm (i.e., the Lagrangian description is one of DT/Dt = 0). This implies that changes in the amplitude of ENSO will have no influence on the stability of the underlying system, and that the simple Eulerian decadal mean temperature structure has no predictive value. This is in direct contrast to recent work that ascribes a change in ENSO statistics as due to a change in the background state.
Intraseasonal Forcing of Convection and Lightning Activity in the Southern Amazon as a Function of Cross-Equatorial Flow
Authors: Petersen Walter A. , Fu Rong , Chen Mingxuan , Blakeslee Richard 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
This study focuses on modulation of lightning and convective vertical structure in the southern Amazon as a function of the South American monsoon V index (VI). Four wet seasons (December–March 1998–2001) of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) and Precipitation Radar (PR) data are examined together with two wet seasons (2000–01) of ground-based Brazilian Lightning Detection Network (BLDN) data. These observations are composited by VI phase (northerly or southerly) for a region of the southern Amazon and discussed relative to VI-regime environmental characteristics such as thermodynamic instability and wind shear.
Relative comparisons of VI-regime convective properties reveal 1) slightly larger (20%–25%) PR pixel-mean rainfall during periods of northerly VI due to increased stratiform precipitation, 2) a factor of 2 or more increase in lightning flash density and the lightning diurnal cycle amplitude during periods of southerly VI, 3) a factor of 1.5–2 increase in the conditional probability of any PR radar reflectivity pixel exceeding 30 dBZ above the −10°C level during periods of southerly VI, and 4) an associated factor of 2 or more increase in southerly VI pixel-mean ice water path, with the ice water path being highly correlated to trends in lightning activity. During periods of southerly VI, convection occurs in an environment of increased thermodynamic instability, weak southeasterly low-level, and deep upper-tropospheric easterly wind shear. During periods of northerly VI, low-level westerly shear opposes stronger deep tropospheric easterly shear in a relatively moist environment of weaker thermodynamic instability, consistent with the occurrence of more widespread stratiform precipitation.
The composite results of this study point to 1) regime differences in convective forcing that alter the prevalence of ice processes and, by inference, the vertical profile of latent heating and 2) the utility of lightning observations in delineating convective regime changes.
Biologically Potent New Organotin(IV) Complexes of N-Maleoyltranexamic Acid
Authors: Khan M I , Baloch Musa Kaleem , Ashfaq Muhammad , Malik Abdul 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Five new diorganotin(IV) complexes of the general composition [R′2SnR2] (where R′: Me, Et, Bu, Ph, Bn and R: N-maleoyltranexamic acid) have been prepared and structurally characterized by means of FT IR and 119mSn Mössbauer spectroscopy in the solid state. The solution-state structures were determined by means of multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, and 119Sn) spectroscopies. The spectroscopic data explained the 1:2 metal to ligand stoichiometry and hypervalency of SnIV in a trans-octahedral arrangement. Inveterate mass spectrometric and elemental analysis data has supported the solid and solution spectroscopic results. The complexes and the ligand have been evaluated in vitro against seven human tumoural cell lines. Interesting results were noticed during the bio-activity screenings, which proved their in vitro biological potential. The nature of covalent attachments (methyl, ethyl, butyl, phenyl, and benzyl) of SnIV has played a decisive role from the bioactivity stand-point.
Lewis Base-Catalyzed Perfluoroalkylation of Carbonyl Compounds and Imines with (Perfluoroalkyl)trimethylsilane
Authors: Kawano Yoshikazu , Kaneko Nobuya , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Lewis base-catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of carbonyl compounds and aldimines with (perfluoroalkyl)trimethylsilanes (TMSCF3, TMSC2F5, and TMSC3F7) is described. The nitrogen- or oxygen-containing anions generated from amides, imides, and carboxylic acids have been found to work as effective Lewis-base catalysts in perfluoroalkylation that proceeds via activation of the carbon–silicon bonds of (perfluoroalkyl)trimethylsilanes. Reactions of carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters with TMSCF3 in the presence of a catalytic amount of Lewis bases proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding adducts in good-to-high yields under mild conditions. Although it was considered difficult, this catalytic perfluoroalkylation of various aldimines with (perfluoroalkyl)trimethylsilane in the presence of Lewis bases such as lithium acetate or benzoate proceeded efficiently to give the corresponding perfluoroalkylated adducts, because the aldimines here were weak electrophiles toward (perfluoroalkyl)trimethylsilanes. The present reaction is, therefore, the first example of a catalytic perfluoroalkylation of aldimines.
Concave Programming Applied to Rice Mill Location
Authors: Candler Wilfred , Snyder James C. , Faught William 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper provides an intuitive discussion of a concave programming algorithm capable of eventually reaching a global optimum. Two local optima are reported for a concave programming problem with 427 restraints, 4089 linear transportation activities, and 16 non‐linear falling average cost milling activities.
Economic Potential of the California Trawl Fishery
Authors: O'Rourke Desmond 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a technique for estimating the physical yield function of a fishery when detailed biological and environmental data are lacking. The physical yield function of the California trawl fishery is incorporated in an economic model to show the relationship between maximum sustainable physical yield of the fishery and maximum economic yield. Maximizing the economic benefit of the fishery to society would involve a drastic reduction in resource use at a catch level considerably below the biological maximum sustainable yield. Only through marginal cost pricing can resources be allocated efficiently to the fishery.
A Framework for Comparing the Efficiency of Futures Markets
Authors: Kofi Tetteh A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEmpirical observation and theoretical analyses show that the allocative and forward pricing functions of futures markets are more reliable for continuous than for discontinuous inventory markets. This emphasis on the importance of carry‐over inventory in affecting day‐to‐day price spreads is extended to take into account other factors which contribute to pricing efficiency. By examination of the characteristic behavior of the life cycle of a futures contract, a framework is developed to test, analyze, and contrast the performance of futures markets, i.e., how reliable futures quotations are as predictors of spot (cash) prices. Policy and theoretical implications are given.
Equilibrium Quantity and Timing of Mexican Vegetable Exports
Authors: Simmons Richard L. , Pomareda Carlos 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMexico has recently expanded its exports of tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers to the United States. In order to evaluate possibilities for further expansion, a linear programming production model for specific regions in Mexico was constructed and tested. Various equilibrium situations were analyzed to appraise possible future trends. Special features of the model were the inclusion of risk, demand functions for all crops, and allowance for both competitive and monopolistic supply structures. It was concluded that rising wage rates and tighter supply controls would halt Mexico's expansion of export winter vegetables.
Trade Policy and Its Effect on the External Agricultural Trade of Chile 1945–1965
Authors: Alberto Valdés E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe relationship between external agricultural trade and economic incentives was examined under the hypothesis that a large proportion of the agricultural trade deficit in Chile in the 1945–1965 period resulted from commercial policies, particularly those relating to rate of exchange, price fixing in the internal market, export quotas, and high prices of some inputs originating in protected national industries. Negative rates of protection were estimated for wheat, beef, wool, and lamb, while barley was determined to have a neutral rate of protection. Alternative commercial policies could have reduced the agricultural trade deficit.
Analysis of Aggregation Errors in Linear Programming Planning Models
Authors: Egbert Alvin C. , Kim Hyung M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn analysis was made of errors which can result from regional aggregation in spatial linear programming models. The agricultural sector of Portugal provided the empirical base for the analysis. Programming solutions were obtained first for eleven regions and then for three regions which were aggregates of the eleven regions. It is concluded that significant errors which resulted from this form of aggregation can be reduced or eliminated by intraregional stratification of production activities and resources and a priori specification of intraregional transport cost.
Estimating the Returns to Information: A Gaming Approach
Authors: Debertin David L. , Harrison Gerald A. , Rades Robert J. , Bohl Lawrence P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA management game incorporating key decisions in corn and soybean production was constructed. Participants in an experiment were asked to play the game by making a series of decisions. Some of the participants in the experiment were denied access to research information and/or feedback from the previous decision. Results of the experiment indicated a significant positive return to both information and learning from feedback.
Generalized Constrained Games in Farm Planning
Authors: Kawaguchi T. , Maruyama Y. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractConstrained games arise when the mixed strategies of a finite rectangular game are subject to further constraints in the form of linear inequalities. Such games permit more realistic and convenient formulation of many decision problems. This paper offers a generalization of the constrained game model which widens the scope of game‐theoretic approaches in farm planning. Solution procedures are proposed for Savage's minimax regret, Hurwicz's pessimism‐optimism index, and the “Wald‐maximax” and “Wald‐Savage” criteria. It is shown that the proposed approaches can handle uncertainty in the inequality constraints. An application to a farm planning problem concludes the paper.
Evaluation of Local Nonproperty Taxes for Rural and Urban Areas in Kansas
Authors: Orazem Frank , Trostle Ronald G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAverage per capita property tax base in Kansas is almost three times higher in rural areas than in urban areas, while per capita nonproperty tax bases (income and sales) are higher in urban areas. While local nonproperty taxes may not be panaceas for either rural or urban areas, their use has greater potential in an urban than in a rural setting.