bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Multiple Precipitation Products and Preliminary Assessment of Their Impact on Global Land Data Assimilation System Land Surface States
Authors: Gottschalck Jon , Meng Jesse , Rodell Matt , Houser Paul 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Precipitation is arguably the most important meteorological forcing variable in land surface modeling. Many types of precipitation datasets exist (with various pros and cons) and include those from atmospheric data assimilation systems, satellites, rain gauges, ground radar, and merged products. These datasets are being evaluated in order to choose the most suitable precipitation forcing for real-time and retrospective simulations of the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). This paper first presents results of a comparison for the period from March 2002 to February 2003. Later, GLDAS simulations 14 months in duration are analyzed to diagnose impacts on GLDAS land surface states when using the Mosaic land surface model (LSM).
A comparison of seasonal total precipitation for the continental United States (CONUS) illustrates that the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) has the closest agreement with a CPC rain gauge dataset for all seasons except winter. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model performs the best of the modeling systems. The satellite-only products [the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Real-time Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN)] suffer from a few deficiencies—most notably an overestimation of summertime precipitation in the central United States (200–400 mm). CMAP is the most closely correlated with daily rain gauge data for the spring, fall, and winter seasons, while the satellite-only estimates perform best in summer. GLDAS land surface states are sensitive to different precipitation forcing where percent differences in volumetric soil water content (SWC) between simulations ranged from −75% to +100%. The percent differences in SWC are generally 25%–75% less than the percent precipitation differences, indicating that GLDAS and specifically the Mosaic LSM act to generally “damp” precipitation differences. Areas where the percent changes are equivalent to the percent precipitation changes, however, are evident. Soil temperature spread between GLDAS runs was considerable and ranged up to ±3.0 K with the largest impact in the western United States.
Snow Mass over North America: Observations and Results from the Second Phase of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project
Authors: Frei Allan , Brown Ross , Miller James A. , Robinson David A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractEighteen global atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) participating in the second phase of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-2) are evaluated for their ability to simulate the observed spatial and temporal variability in snow mass, or water equivalent (SWE), over North America during the AMIP-2 period (1979–95). The evaluation is based on a new gridded SWE dataset developed from objective analysis of daily snow depth observations from Canada and the United States with snow density estimated from a simple snowpack model. Most AMIP-2 models simulate the seasonal timing and the relative spatial patterns of continental-scale SWE fairly well. However, there is a tendency to overestimate the rate of ablation during spring, and significant between-model variability is found in every aspect of the simulations, and at every spatial scale analyzed. For example, on the continental scale, the peak monthly SWE integrated over the North American continent in AMIP-2 models varies between ±50% of the observed value of ∼1500 km3. The volume of water in the snowpack, and the magnitudes of model errors, are significant in comparison to major fluxes in the continental water balance. It also appears that the median result from the suite of models tends to do a better job of estimating climatological mean features than any individual model. Year-to-year variations in large-scale SWE are only weakly correlated to observed variations, indicating that sea surface temperatures (specified from observations as boundary conditions) do not drive interannual variations of SWE in these models. These results have implications for simulations of the large-scale hydrologic cycle and for climate change impact assessments.
The Land Surface Contribution to the Potential Predictability of Boreal Summer Season Climate
Authors: Dirmeyer Paul A. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The role of the land surface in contributing to the potential predictability of the boreal summer climate is investigated with a coupled land–atmosphere climate model. Ensemble simulations for 1982–99 have been conducted with specified observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Several treatments of the land surface are investigated: climatological land surface initialization, realistic initialization of soil wetness, and a series of experiments where downward surface fluxes over land are replaced with observed proxies of precipitation, shortwave, and longwave radiation. Without flux replacement the model exhibits strong drift in soil wetness and both systematic errors and poor simulation of interannual variations of precipitation and near-surface temperature. With flux replacement there are large improvements in simulation of both spatial patterns and interannual variability of precipitation and surface temperature. The land surface apparently does contribute, through positive feedback with the atmosphere, to regional climate anomalies. However, because of the sizeable noise component in precipitation, the strong land–atmosphere feedback may not translate into reliable enhancements in predictability, particularly in years of weak anomalies in the land surface initial conditions at the start of boreal summer.
Weak Land–Atmosphere Coupling Strength in HadAM3: The Role of Soil Moisture Variability
Authors: Lawrence David M. , Slingo Julia M. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
A recent model intercomparison, the Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE), showed that there is a wide range of land–atmosphere coupling strengths, or the degree that soil moisture affects the generation of precipitation, amongst current atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). Coupling strength in the Hadley Centre atmosphere model (HadAM3) is among the weakest of all AGCMs considered in GLACE. Reasons for the weak HadAM3 coupling strength are sought here. In particular, the impact of pervasive saturated soil conditions and low soil moisture variability on coupling strength is assessed. It is found that when the soil model is modified to reduce the occurrence of soil moisture saturation and to encourage soil moisture variability, the soil moisture–precipitation feedback remains weak, even though the relationship between soil moisture and evaporation is strengthened.
Composites of the diurnal cycle, constructed relative to soil moisture, indicate that the model can simulate key differences in boundary layer development over wet versus dry soils. In particular, the influence of wet or dry soil on the diurnal cycles of Bowen ratio, boundary layer height, and total heat flux are largely consistent with the observed influence of soil moisture on these properties. However, despite what appears to be successful simulation of these key aspects of the indirect soil moisture–precipitation feedback, the model does not capture observed differences for wet and dry soils in the daily accumulation of boundary layer moist static energy, a crucial feature of the feedback mechanism.
Metabolism, lifestyle and bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Morriss Richard , Mohammed Faizal Amir 
Published: November 2005

Lifestyle, illness and treatment factors in people with bipolar disorder (BD) may confer additional risk of morbidity and mortality to the increasing rates of obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular mortality in the general population. The aim of this review is to examine whether the risk of obesity and related morbidity and mortality are raised in BD, and possible contributory effects of lifestyle, illness and treatment factors to this risk. Systematic search of Medline and Cochrane Collaboration for relevant studies followed by a critical review of literature was carried out. Mortality from cardiovascular causes and pulmonary embolism (standardized mortality ratio approximately 2.0), and morbidity from obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus may be increased in BD compared to the general population. Reduced exercise and poor diet, frequent depressive episodes, comorbidity with substance misuse and poor quality general medical care contribute to the additional risk of these medical problems in people with BD. There is no evidence that patients with BD are more sensitive than other patients to weight gain and medical problems associated with long-term use of psychotropic medication; in fact long-term treatment with lithium, antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants may reduce overall mortality. Psychiatrists, general practitioners and other health professionals should work together to systematically assess and manage weight gain and related medical problems to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with obesity in BD. There is insufficient evidence to associate any of these factors with specific drug treatments. More research is required to understand how BD changes the risk for physical health comorbidity.
The potential impact of antipsychotics on lipids in schizophrenia: is there enough evidence to confirm a link?
Authors: Bushe Chris , Paton Carol 
Published: November 2005

Lipid abnormalities are common in the general population and early data suggests that they may be more common in people with schizophrenia. Little data exist from treatment-naive patients making it difficult to differentiate any genetic contribution associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenia from the lifestyle risks associated with this diagnosis. Additional potential risks associated with antipsychotic drug treatment have been noted in the literature since 1971. The majority of the existing data on lipids derive from retrospective and cross-sectional analyses of datasets that have been designed for other purposes. Specifically screening bias for lipid testing and treatment selection bias are important potential confounders. Prospective clinical trials are difficult to interpret, as many are short-term, report on non-fasting data and were never designed to evaluate the differential effects of antipsychotic drugs on lipids as a primary endpoint. There is little reported data on lipid fractions such as LDL and HDL. Nevertheless there is some evidence from placebo-controlled studies that antipsychotics may be differentially associated with a small, clinically insignificant increase in cholesterol and a larger, potentially clinically significant increase in triglycerides. Further prospective randomized trials, using fasting data and controlling for established risk factors such as diet and exercise are essential to determine if there are clinically meaningful differential effects on lipids associated with individual antipsychotic drugs.
Weight gain as a prognostic indicator of therapeutic improvement during acute treatment of schizophrenia with placebo or active antipsychotic
Authors: Ascher-Svanum Haya , Stensland Michael D. , Kinon Bruce J. , Tollefson Gary D. 
Published: November 2005

Treatment-emergent weight gain may be a general marker of therapeutic improvement, even when improvements occur in the absence of active antipsychotic treatment. To investigate the association between treatment-emergent weight gain and therapeutic improvement across placebo and active treatments, and to examine the association between reported treatment-emergent weight changes and the treatments’ reported efficacy. Data from a randomized, double-blind trial comparing treatment of schizophrenia with placebo and olanzapine were used to correlate weight change and change in psychopathology. Additionally, we correlated effect sizes of the efficacy of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol and placebo (reported in meta-analytical reviews), with their reported weight changes. Weight gain significantly correlated with clinical improvements for placebo and olanzapine. The correlation between treatments’ efficacy and corresponding weight changes was high (r 0.88, p 0.05). Treatment-emergent weight gain appears to be an important marker of symptom reduction, and may not be exclusively attributable to pharmacological perturbations.
Enhanced sensitivity to inhibition of SHP2, STAT5, and Gab2 expression in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Authors: Scherr Michaela , Chaturvedi Anuhar , Battmer Karin , Dallmann Iris , Schultheis Beate , Ganser Arnold , Eder Matthias 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Although targeting the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase activity by imatinib mesylate has rapidly become first-line therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), drug resistance suggests that combination therapy directed to a complementing target may significantly improve treatment results. To identify such potential targets, we used lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) as a tool for functional genomics in cell lines as well as primary normal and CML CD34+ cells. In a conditional cell culture model, we demonstrate that RNAi-mediated reduction of SHP2, STAT5, and Gab2 protein expression inhibits BCR-ABL-dependent but not cytokine-dependent proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, colony formation of purified primary CML but not of normal CD34+ colony-forming cells is specifically reduced by inhibition of SHP2, STAT5, and Gab2 expression, respectively. In addition, coexpression of both anti-BCR-ABL and anti-SHP2 shRNAs from a single lentiviral vector induces stronger inhibition of colony formation as compared to either shRNA alone. The data indicate that BCR-ABL expression may affect the function of normal signaling molecules. Targeting these molecules may harbor significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of patients with CML.
Treatment for Allergic Rhinitis and Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria: Focus on Oral Antihistamines
Authors: Morgan Matthew M , Khan David A , Nathan Robert A 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVE To review the efficacy and safety of first- and newer-generation antihistamines for the management of allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU), with a focus on management in the pharmacy. DATA SOURCES A literature review was performed using MEDLINE (1966–October 2005), with no time or language restrictions. Key words or phrases used were histamine, antihistamine(s), first- and second-generation, allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic urticaria, quality of life, impairment, sedation, cost-effectiveness, astemizole, cetirizine, desloratadine, diphenhydramine, fexofenadine, loratadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, and mizolastine. Additional references were found in the bibliographies of the articles cited. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Clinical trials and other experimental studies of the use of antihistamines for the management of allergic rhinitis and CIU were selected. Review papers and guidelines were also included. DATA SYNTHESIS First-generation antihistamines are effective at ameliorating the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and CIU; however, they are associated with adverse effects due to a lack of selectivity for the histamine H1-receptor and an ability to bind to cerebral H1-receptors. Newer-generation agents, in general, possess high H1-receptor selectivity and a low tendency to cross the blood–brain barrier, while maintaining efficacy. In general, safety at elevated doses has been demonstrated for the newer antihistamines, although higher rates of sedation and impairment have been reported with increasing doses for some agents. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists can play an important role in the management of allergic rhinitis and CIU by considering the relative advantages of newer-generation agents when reviewing treatment options.
Impedanzspektroskopie für gewebebasierte Biosensoren (Impedance Spectroscopy for Tissue-based Biological Sensors)
Authors: Thielecke Hagen 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Dieser Artikel behandelt die Anwendung der Impedanzspektroskopie zur Charakterisierung kleinster biologischer Gewebeproben. Es wird auf die Empfindlichkeit eingegangen, mit der biologisch relevante Parameter erfasst werden können, sowie eine Kapillarmessmethode und deren Anwendung zur Unterstützung der pharmazeutischen Therapieentwicklung und medizinischen Therapieoptimierung vorgestellt.
Bioluminescence Color Modulation of Vibrio fischeri Strain Y1 Coupled with Alterable Levels of Endogenous Yellow Fluorescent Protein and Its Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Karatani Hajime , Matsumoto Shoji , Miyata Koji , Yoshizawa Susumu , Suhama Yuki , Hirayama Satoshi 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTBioluminescence (BL) (λmax∼ 535 nm) of Vibrio fischen' strain Y1 has been previously characterized in terms of the fluctuation in intracellular levels of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). In this study fluorescence microscopic analysis has revealed that yellow fluorescence, as well as blue fluorescence attributable to a luciferase intermediate, is localized to the periphery of V. fischeri Y1 cells. This finding indicates that both YFP and the luciferase are present in the vicinity of the cell membrane. By using cyanide to enhance yellow BL, it has been shown that BL modulation is coupled with the fluctuations in the intracellular levels of YFP and the primary emitter. On the basis of the BL characterization, combined with results of a sedimentation experiment, it has been shown that larger cells produce a relatively stronger yellow BL. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis of cell‐protein extracts has shown that the YFP level is more alterable than the luciferase level. It is postulated that the yellow BL modulation takes place in connection with cell growth.
Biological Monitoring of Solar UV Radiation at 17 Sites in Asia, Europe and South America from 1999 to 2004
Authors: Munakata Nobuo , Cornain Santoso , Kanoko Mpu , Mulyadi Ketut , Lestari Sri , Wirohadidjojo Widodo , Bolseé David , Kazadzis Stelios , Meyer‐Rochow Victor , Schuch Nelson , Casiccia Claudio , Kaneko Motohisa , Liu Chung‐Ming , Jimbow Kowichi , Saida Toshiaki , Nishigori Chikako , Ogata Katsumi , Inafuku Kazuhiro , Hieda Kotaro , Ichihashi Masamitsu 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTA small and robust dosimeter for determining the biologically effective dose of ambient UV radiation has been developed using UV‐sensitive mutant spores of Bacillus subtilis strain TKJ6312. A membrane filter with four spots of the spores was snapped to a slide mount. The slide was wrapped and covered with two or more layers of polyethylene sheet to protect the sample from rain and snow and to reduce monthly‐cumulative doses within the measurable range. From 1999, monthly data were collected at 17 sites for more than 1 year, and data for 4 to 6 consecutive years were obtained from 12 sites. Yearly total values of the spore inactivation dose (SID) ranged from 3200 at subarctic Oulu to 96000 at tropical Denpasar, and the mean yearly values of SID exhibited an exponential dependence on latitude in both hemispheres with a doubling for about every 14 degrees of change. During the observation period, increasing trends of UV doses have been observed at all sites with more than 5 years of data available. Year‐to‐year variations at high and middle latitude sites are considered due mostly to climatic variation. At three tropical sites, negative correlations between the yearly doses and the column ozone amounts were observed. The results verified the applicability of spore dosimetry for global and long‐time monitoring of solar UV radiation, in particular at tropical sites where no monitoring is taking place.
Determination of Photo‐oxidation Products Within Photoyellowed Bleached Wool Proteins
Authors: Dyer Jolon M. , Bringans Scott D. , Bryson Warren G. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTPhoto‐oxidative processes occurring in wool can lead to significant photoyellowing of the fiber. In particular, wool that has been chemically bleached photoyellows more rapidly and to a greater degree than untreated wool. Direct identification of the chromophores responsible for such yellow discoloration in irradiated wool has proven to be elusive for many years. This article describes the characterization and location of yellow photo‐oxidation products within the proteins of photoyellowed bleached wool fabric, using advanced protein chemistry techniques. The discolored fabric was enzymatically digested and chromatographed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography, with monitoring at 400 nm, to select out fractions containing yellow chromophoric species. Thorough tandem mass spectrometric analysis was then used to sequence peptides and, in turn, to characterize modifications to key amino acid residues that had resulted in yellow chromophore formation. In total, 11 separate yellow chromophoric species were identified, ten derived from tryptophan residues and one from tyrosine. The tryptophan‐derived modifications characterized included hydroxytryptophan, N‐formylkynurenine, hydroxyformylkynurenine, kynurenine, hydroxykynurenine, carbolines, tryptophandiones and nitro‐tryptophan. The tyrosine‐derived modification of tyrosine to dopa was also identified. The range of photomodifications we observed provides insight into the photo‐oxidation pathways occurring within irradiated fibrous proteins leading to the formation of yellow chromophores.
Understanding service experience in non‐profit performing arts: Implications for operations and service management
Authors: Hume Margee , Sullivan Mort Gillian , Liesch Peter W. , Winzar Hume 
Published: November 2005

AbstractRecent research in the non‐profit performing arts has shown that marketing efforts designed to increase revenue from ticket sales are not achieving the results required to sustain the performing arts. This paper applies operations management analytical techniques to the non‐profit performing arts to increase understanding of operational issues and inform service management strategy. The paper takes a two‐study idiographic approach. Implementing a modified version of service transaction analysis (STA), Study One describes a performing arts service from provider and customer perspectives, identifies service gaps and develops an elaborated service description incorporating both perspectives. In Study Two, building on the elaborated service description and extant research, in‐depth interviews are conducted to gather thick descriptions of predictors of satisfaction, value and service quality as they relate to repurchase intention (RI). Technical, functional and critical factors required to improve organizational performance are identified. Implications for operational strategy, service design and service management theory for this context are discussed.
Climate change and population history in the pacific lowlands of Southern Mesoamerica
Authors: Neff Hector , Pearsall Deborah M. , Jones John G. , Arroyo de Pieters Bárbara , Freidel Dorothy E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCore MAN015 from Pacific coastal Guatemala contains sediments accumulated in a mangrove setting over the past 6500 yr. Chemical, pollen, and phytolith data, which indicate conditions of estuarine deposition and terrigenous inputs from adjacent dry land, document Holocene climate variability that parallels the Maya lowlands and other New World tropical locations. Human population history in this region may be driven partly by climate variation: sedentary human populations spread rapidly through the estuarine zone of the lower coast during a dry and variable 4th millennium B.P. Population growth and cultural florescence during a long, relatively moist period (2800–1200 B.P.) ended around 1200 B.P., a drying event that coincided with the Classic Maya collapse.