bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cribra orbitalia, a possible sign of anemia in early historic native populations of the British Columbia coast
Authors: Cybulski Jerome S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExcavated and museum skeletons of the postcontact period revealed cribra orbitalia in four native ethnolinguistic divisions of the British Columbia coast, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Coast Salish. Affected skulls were distributed among 25 of 35 localities, indicating widespread occurrence in a mainly heterogeneous population. Manifestations were similar to porotic hyperostosis, and additional lesions in the sample tend to support the concept that cribra orbitalia is related to anemia. Both inherited and acquired disorders may have been involved in the etiology. A uniquely high incidence of 52.9% occurred in immature of the Haida, a relatively homogeneous population. However, marked variability in expression by age group and by sex in the total sample is suggestive of iron‐deficiency anemia. The data and historical information parallel modern expectations of susceptibility. Among 454 skulls, cribra orbitalia occurred in 32.7% of growing children and adolescents, 19% of infants and toddlers, 13.3% of adult females, and 4.8% of adult males. Postcontact disruptions and disease may have figured in promoting iron‐deficiency anemia, but noted precontact occurrences may also have been due to the disorder.
Condylar translation and the function of the superficial masseter muscle in the rhesus monkey(M. mulatta)
Authors: Carlson David S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship between translation of the mandibular condyle during symmetrical mandibular rotation, i.e., symmetrical jaw depression and elevation, and the function of the superficial masseter muscle was examined in light of relative torque and the length‐tension relationship for muscle. Lateral cephalograms of live adult rhesus monkeys(Macaca mulatta) were analyzed using two models: (1) Model A, normal symmetrical jaw rotation accompanied by condylar translation; and (2) Model B, mandibular rotation about an axis fixed at the position of the condyles during centric occlusion.The decrease in relative torque and the excursion of the superficial masseter at mouth‐open positions are significantly greater in Model B than in Model A. Symmetrical rotation of the jaw about a fixed axis would result in a 35% greater loss of maximum producible tension at maximum gape than rotation associated with condylar translation. These results suggest that condylar translation during mandibular depression and elevation functions to minimize reduction in relative torque and excursion of superficial masseter muscle, thereby maintaining optimal potential for exerting maximum tension during jaw closure.
ABO‐typing of ancient skeletons from Israel
Authors: Micle S. , Kobilyansky E. , Nathan M. , Arensburg B. , Nathan H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSixty‐eight ancient skeletons, unearthed at Jerusalem and En Gedi and, according to the archeological data belonging to Jewish residents of these places from about 1,600 to 2,000 years ago, were ABO‐typed by means of the hemagglutination‐inhibition test. The blood groups of 13 skeletons were undiagnosable and the remaining 55 showed the following distribution: 30.91% A‐group, 14.54% B‐group, 50.91% AB‐group and 3.64% O‐group. According to these findings, the population to which these skeletons belonged must have had a high frequency of genesIA andIB, and a low occurrence of O blood group and its relatedIO gene.
Congruence of distance matrices based on cranial discrete traits, cranial measurements, and linguistic‐geographic criteria in five Alaskan populations
Authors: Ossenberg N. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBiological distances (C. A. B. Smith's Measure of Divergence) based on 25 nonmetric skull variants have been compared with distances (Mahalanobis' D2) based on cranial measurements of four Eskimo populations representing the Yupik subdivision of the Eskaleut linguistic stock, and one Aleut population. The ranking of Measures of Divergence (pooled‐sex samples ) for ten pairwise comparisons is significantly correlated (pearman's rs) with both the male and female rankings of the F‐values of D2. In addition, the nonmetric distances showed stronger concordance than the metric distances with a hierarchy based on linguistic and geographical affinities. These findings indicate that, depending upon the particular battery of variants used, discrete traits provide valid taxonomical information in the study of extinct human populations.
Variations in the anterior patellar groove of the human femur
Authors: Wanner James A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn analysis of the anterior patellar groove of the human femur shows considerable variation in its medial and lateral spects. The groove itself, measured by the angle it encloses, shows considerably less variation than its individual components. The suggested functional relationship between bicondylar angle and lateral elevation of the patellar groove does not obtain for this sample.
Eskimo craniofacial morphology, cold stress and the maxillary sinus
Authors: Shea Brian T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA determination of the capacity of the maxillary sinus was made for eight Eskimo populations, one Mongolian population and one American white population. Statistical analyses reveal strong and significant correlations of the mean temperature of the coldest month where these populations live with differences in mean maxillary sinus volume (MSV) values. Results indicate that maxillary sinus volume in Eskimo populations decreases in colder areas. These changes may be due to commensurate structural ramifications of internal nasal anatomy variation, specifically of the inferior concha (maxilloturbinal) and inferior meatus.A review of the physiological, morphological and cultural responses of the Eskimo to cold suggests that only the facial area as a whole, and the internal nasal apparatus in particular, sustain significant cold exposure. The “cold‐engineered” hypothesis of Mongoloid craniofacial form (Coon et al., '50) finds little support in the anthropological research and literature.
Intra and intertribal genetic variation within a linguistic group: The Ge‐speaking Indians of Brazil
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Neel J. V. , Gershowitz H. , Migliazza E. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA total of 562 individuals living in four villages of two Brazilian Indian tribes (Cayapo and Krahó) was studied in relation to blood groups ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego; haptoglobin, Gc, acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase types. These results were compared with those obtained previously among the Xavante, and the inhabitants of three other Cayapo villages, all of whom speak Ge languages; the ranges in gene frequencies observed in a representative series of South American Indians from all over the continent were also compiled. The Ge Indians are characterized by low frequencies ofRz, medium frequencies ofR1,R2, R0, orr,Jka andPGM11, and high frequencies ofGc2 andACPA when compared with other South American tribes. Genetic distance analyses based on six loci indicate that the intratribal variability observed among Cayapo is of the same order of magnitude as those obtained among the Xavante and Krahó, being much less pronounced than those observed among the Yanomama and Makiritare. The intertribal differences within this linguistic group are much less pronounced than those encountered among tribes that speak more differentiated languages.
Corrigenda to “estimation of stature from long limb bones of American Whites and Negroes,” American Journal Physical Anthropology (1952)
Authors: Trotter Mildred , Gleser Goldine C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe amount of disparity between the lengths of the radii and ulnae of 177 Negro female skeletons of the Terry Collection was questioned. An error was found and corrections have been made in the relevant statistics and tables.
Presence of correlations between the five palmar area patterns
Authors: Floris Giovanni 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe true patterns and vestiges in the five palmar areas and their possible correlations in a series of four Sardinian populations are considered. Of the significant differences observed during the examination, a greater homogeneity was found in the males rather than in the females. The variability found both for the rate and for the correlations in the four samples of both sexes calls for caution in interpreting data from small samples. Also in evidence was a strong negative correlation between the third and fourth interdigital areas; but there is no correlation if only the patterns determined by accessory triradii are considered. Finally a few positive correlations between the other palmar areas exist.
Genetic studies in Ecuador: Acetylator phenotypes, red cell enzyme and serum protein polymorphisms of Shuara Indians
Authors: Goedde H. W. , Benkmann H. G. , Agarwal D. P. , Kroeger A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPopulation genetic studies of Shuara Indians in Ecuador are performed for GPT, AP, PGM1, Ak, EsD, 6‐PGD, Hp, Gc, C3, Bg, ChE, Tf, Pi, Bf phenotypes, IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C3‐proactivator, C4 levels and acetylator phenotypes. Some systems having a polymorphism in many other populations showed a lack of some of those alleles in the population under study (C3, ChE, Tf, AK and almost absent 6‐PGD, Bg, Bf).
The dentition of the Queckchi Indians. Anthropological aspects
Authors: Escobar Victor , Michael Conneally P. , Lopez Cesar 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe incidence of nine minor dental traits, in 540 Queckchi Indians from Guatemala is reported. A combination of frequencies of neither Caucasoid nor Mongoloid groups was observed. The apparently Caucasoid elements of their tooth morphology might well be the result of admixture with Spanish genes during the conquest.
Dermatoglyphics of American Blacks
Authors: Qazi Qutub H. , Mapa Helouise C. , Woods James 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDermatoglyphics of 100 male and 100 female phenotypically normal Black Americans living in New York City were analyzed. The significant bimanual asymmetry was noted only for patterns in the second and the third interdigital areas of the palms. The significant sex differences included excess of digital arch patterns in females and higher mean finger ridge counts in males.Distribution of dermatoglyphic characteristics of Black Americans in our study was compared to those of Black Americans studied by Steinberg et al. ('75) and Caucasian Americans studied by Schaumann and Alter ('76). The results show that significant differences in the dermatoglyphics exist not only between the Caucasian and Black subjects but also between the two groups of Black Americans.
The immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm and Km) of twelve Indian Tribes of Central and South America
Authors: Gershowitz Henry , Neel James V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes are presented, for the first time, for six South American Indian tribes (Baniwa, Kanamari, Kraho, Makiritare, Panoa, and Ticuna) and one Central American tribe (Guaymi). Additional allotype information is presented for five previously reported South American tribes (Cayapo, Piaroa, Trio, Xavante and Yanomama). The distributions of the Gm and Km allotypes among all the tribal populations tested to date are reviewed and evidence is presented for the presence of a north (high) ‐south (low) cline in Km frequency. The wave theory of the populating of the South American continent was tested by an examination of the distribution of six alleles (Gmax;g, Gma;b0,3,t, Dia, Rz, TFD Chi, and 6PGDC), absent in some populations but with polymorphic proportions in others. The present, limited, data failed to confirm the theory.
Bilateral asymmetry of human skeletal non‐metric traits
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe use of non‐metric skeletal traits to compute population distance statistics assumes strong genetic control of trait expression. An investigation of bilateral asymmetry frequencies of human cranial and postcranial non‐metric traits shows that asymmetry is common. This suggests that environmental stress, as well as the genotype, is important in controlling trait frequencies.
Differences between populations in body shape of children and adolescents
Authors: Eveleth Phyllis B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGrowth is marked by changes in body shape as well as increase in body size. It is suggested that changes in body shape in childhood and adolescence be analyzed by least squares fit lines for one dimension on a second at successive ages. These are preferred during childhood to the traditional indices of anthropologists because body proportions change with growth, and one can identify the direction of the change and observe which body dimension is changing, or if both are. Furthermore, populations may be compared by analysis of covariance for different patterns of growth related to sex and ethnic groups.Analysis of a number of populations have demonstrated clear differences between the sexes and between populations for the following body proportions: sitting height to leg length, arm length to leg length, biacromial width to biiliac width.
Contribution of breast volume and weight to body fat distribution in females
Authors: Katch Victor L. , Campaigne Barbara , Freedson Patty , Sady Stanley , Katch Frank I. , Behnke Albert R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBreast volume and body composition were measured in 45 adult females to determine the contribution of breast weight and breast volume to total body fat. Plaster casts were filled with sand of known density to obtain breast volume. Breast weight was computed as breast volume times its density. The correlation between total breast volume and percent body fat was r = .40. Breast weight (X = 484 grams) accounted for 3.5 percent of the total weight of body fat, and at most, 12 percent of the estimated quantities of sex‐specific fat. A theoretical model is proposed for the distribution of body fat in the female which subdivides total body fat into three components: reserve storage fat, essential fat, and expendable storage fat.
Within‐species brain‐body weight variability: A reexamination of the Danish data and other primate species
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA restudy of the Danish brain weight data published by Pakkenberg and Voigt ('64), using partial correlation techniques, confirms and extends their earlier conclusions regarding a much stronger allometric relationship between height and brain weight than between body weight and brain weight. The relationship is particularly strong in males, and not in females, which is hypothesized to be related to higher fat components in the latter. Comparative data for smaller samples of Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, Macaca, Papio, and Saimiri using body weights, suggest that such relationship also hold more strongly in males than females, although more reliable data are greatly needed. In addition to providing within‐species ranges of variability for variously derived neural statistics (e.g., encephalization quotients, “extra neurons,” etc.), for “normal” primates, it is suggested that while allometric trends do exist within species, and particularly males, evolutionary pressures leading to larger brain size were probably very diverse, and that any one homogenistic theory is unlikely.
Dental asymmetry as a measure of environmental stress in the Ticuna Indians of Colombia
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Nweeia Martin T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry is reported for a marginally Westernized, horticultural Indian group, the Ticuna of the Regíon Amazonas, Colombia. Asymmetry is lower than in other Amerindian and Eskimo groups reported to date, which accords with the adequacy and reliability of traditional food sources and complements the claim that protein intake is at or above minimum requirements. Partitioning the variation by sex, arcade, dimension, and tooth discloses several statistically significant effects. Among these: 1) females are proportionately more asymmetric than males; 2) maxillary teeth are more asymmetric than their mandibular counterparts; 3) the mesiodistal dimension is less canalized than buccolingual width in the maxilla, but is more asymmetric in the mandible; and 4) the pattern of asymmetry corresponds closely with the morphogenetic gradients within each tooth field, suggesting that bilaterality provides an additional measure for disclosing underlying genetic and ontogenetic patterns in the dentition.
Middle Pleistocene hominids from Olduvai Gorge, Northern Tanzania
Authors: Rightmire G. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCranial, dental, and mandibular remains of eight Olduvai hominids are described in detail. Four individuals were recovered in situ in Beds II to IV, while three more are most probably derived from Bed IV, the Masek Beds and the Lower Ndutu Beds. One specimen is of uncertain provenance. Deposits from which the fossils were collected range from late Lower Pleistocene to Middle Pleistocene in age. Of particular interest are three fragmentary lower jaws, which can be compared to mandibles of Homo erectus known from localities in Northwest Africa and China. Olduvai hominid 22, a nearly complete half mandible with crowns of P3‐M2 in place, shares many anatomical features with fossils from Ternifine and Choukoutien. This individual is also similar to a jaw from the Kapthurin Formation west of Lake Baringo, Kenya. How best to interpret these comparisons is not clear, but in view of marked similarities between specimens representing geographically diverse populations from different time periods, it may be unwise to rely on mandibular evidence alone to document the presence of regional lineages. Gradual change and continuity within a sequence of Northwest African Homo fossils has been endorsed by many workers, but such hypotheses cannot be tested adequately with the fragmentary jaws available.
Frontal sinus size in Eskimo populations
Authors: Hanson Christine L. , Owsley Douglas W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frontal sinuses of 143 Eskimo skulls from two sites in the Hudson Bay region of Canada were examined radiographically. No between‐site or sex differences were noted in the size of the sinuses. On average, the sinuses are small and often bilaterally absent. The Canadian samples have smaller sinuses than reported for Alaskan Eskimos or American Indian groups.
The O.H. 7 (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) hominid partial brain endocast revisited
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe O.H.7 brain endocast was reexamined using a stereoplotting apparatus to quantify the amount of distortion. Some 127 measurements for each of the left and right sides were taken and treated statistically by student t‐tests, both in paired and grouped fashion. Grouped data indicated no significant left‐right differences. Paired data suggested three small regions of distortion, which produced three pairs of left‐right differences that were significantly different. Given the very local nature of these minor distortions, it is concluded that the original reconstruction by Tobias was essentially correct. In addition, multiple regression analyses of selected chord‐arc dimensions suggest that a volume in excess of 700 ml is most probable.
The effects of race, sex, and nutrition on craniofacial differentiation in rats. A multivariate analysis
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWistar and Holtzman rats were fed (a) control diet ad libitum (controls); (b) restricted control diet (undernourished); and (c) low‐protein diet ad libitum (malnourished), from weaning to 70 days of age. Mahalanobis D2 distances between cranial groups were assessed. Besides, differences among traits were assessed by the analysis of variance and Tukey test. The relative influence of each factor yielded a decreasing sequence: protein‐calorie malnutrition (PCM)‐Protein deficit (PD)‐race‐sex. However, this sequence differed between races. The significant sexual dimorphism in Wistar controls disappeared because of PCM and PD. Race and sex, race and nutrition, and race, sex, and nutrition interacted. Traits were classified into: (a) specific, (b) nonspecific, and (c) invariable. The specific race traits were alveolar length and foraminal width. The specific nutritional traits were neurocranial and splanchnocranial lengths and heights, alveolar and neurocranial widths, and the neuro‐splanchnorcranial index (NSI) and the neurocranial vertico‐transversal index (NVTI). There were no specific sexual traits. It was concluded that nutritional factors can modify a taxonomic distance in three different ways: (a) evoking morphological differences among populations of the same racial group, (b) altering differences among racial groups, and (c) modifying the pattern of sexual dimorphism of a population. It is suggested that craniological studies should take into account only the set of specific traits, disregarding both specific traits due to other factors and nonspecific ones.
Ossification in the hand and foot of the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina). II. Order of appearance of centers and variability in sequence
Authors: Newell‐Morris Laura , Tarrant Lewis H. , Fahrenbruch Carol E. , Burbacher Thomas M. , Sackett Gene P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe order of appearance of the carpals, tarsals and secondary epiphyseal centers in the hand‐wrist and foot‐ankle regions of the fetal and infant pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) was reconstructed using a cross‐sectional sample of 127 animals and a longitudinal one of 14 animals. Comparison of the most common sequence in the monkey with that described in the human studies showed major interspecific differences in the order of appearance of several groups of centers, particularly those involving the thumb and great toe. The monkey displays a degree of sequence variability equivalent to that documented by the human longitudinal data, with certain centers markedly variable in timing and/or order of appearance. The evidence from related animals suggests a strong genetic component underlying some of the variable sequences observed, as has been reported in the human studies. The demonstrated variability in both timing and sequence precludes the use of specific centers in the determination of gestational age in fetuses of unknown conception date.
Additional fossil Hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania: 1976–1979 specimens
Authors: White Tim D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFossil hominid specimens recovered from the Pliocene Laetolil Beds in Tanzania in 1935 and between 1974 and 1979 are described (BMNH M. 18773, L.H.‐2, ‐3/6, ‐5, ‐14, ‐15 to ‐17, ‐19, and ‐21 to ‐26). Of special interest is a partial juvenile skeleton. Anatomical descriptions, measurements, and illustrations are presented. Specimens described are referred to Australopithecus afarensis.
The distribution of Gc subtypes among the Mongoloid populations
Authors: Matsumoto Hideo , Matsui Kiyoshi , Ishida Nakao , Ohkura Koji , Teng Yao‐Sheng 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe polymorphism of Gc (group‐specific components) has been investigated for a series of 3,160 individual samples from 11 Mongoloid populations in Asia and North and South America by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. The samples fall into six Gc phenotypes which can be explained by the three common alleles, Gc1F, Gc1S, and Gc2, together with several variant phenotypes explained as the heterozygotes for the three common alleles. The distribution of Gc1F suballele appears to be considerably different from population to population among Mongoloids, ranging from 0.105 (Machiguenga Indans, Peru) to 0.609 (Kadazan, Borneo). A clear geographic cline from Southeast Asia into South America in Gc1F allele was observed in the populations. In general, Gc1F allele frequencies are lower in European populations and higher in African populations. The range of variability in the Gc1F values observed among the Asiatic populations is between the Africans and the Europeans.