bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow Properties of the Kaolinite-Water System
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: August 2006

For the last 20 years, the Ceramic Division at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been carrying on basic work with the kaolinite-water system. The results have been published from time to time in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society under the title of “Fundamental Study of Clay.”At the start, it was realized that natutal clays were so complex that it would be impossible to consider them as a basis for quantitative calculations. Therefore, most of our research has been carried out on specially prepared samples taken from the natural clay. These kaolinite samples had a known particle size, were free from organic matter, and had controlled adsorbed ions. In this way, the effect of anyone variable on the rheological properties could be studied in a logical way.
The Colloid Science of Silica and Silicones
Authors: Hauser Ernst A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA detailed explanation of the most important properties of natural and synthetic silica and silica gels is given. Specific reference is made to the differences between the formation of synthetic silica gels and of quartz and cristobalite. The effect exerted by the synthetic products is explained and the importance of their amorphous condition on their reactivity is also referred to. On the basis of ultra- and electron-microscopic studies it is demonstrated that these synthetic products are not crystalline, but amorphous aggregates, and it is also shown how their reactivity can be increased by appropriate dispersion before use.The colloidal properties of silicone resins are then pointed out and their production explained. Their advantages over purely organic matter and the reasons for this difference are also referred to.Finally, reasons are given why more attention must be paid to colloid science in any field where silica or silicones are studied or put to use.
The Mechanism of Dehydration of Mg-Vermiculite
Authors: Walker G. F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe hydrated Mg-vermiculite lattice contains double sheets of water molecules interleaved with silicate layers. In the fully hydrated condition, each water sheet is arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern and the interlayer cations are located midway between water sheets in octahedral coordination.Release of water molecules from interlayer positions leads at first to a gradual contraction of the basal spacing from 14.81 A, during which the water network becomes increasingly distorted. The contraction ceases temporarily at 14.36 A while further water is withdrawn. When the probability that a cation has a complete octahedral “shell” of water molecules at a given instant falls below a certain value, an abrupt contraction to 13.82 A takes place during which the cations are displaced to sites near the silicate layer surfaces.Release of further water causes a contraction to a lattice (11.59 A) in which single sheets of water molecules are interleaved with the silicate layers. The 11.59 A phase is stable until only a small proportion of the interlayer water remains, when an approximately regular interstratification of 11.59 A and 9.02 A (dehydrated) layers develops. The final traces of interlayer water are retained in the interior of the crystal with great tenacity owing to the sealing of the crystal near the edges.
The Illites from Some Northern Ohio Shales
Authors: Nelson Bruce W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Middle Paleozoic shales of northern Ohio contain a well-crystallized variety of illite as their main constituent. Powder diagrams relate the illite to the two-layer monoclinic muscovite crystallization. The low asymmetry of the 10 A reflection indicates that inter-layering of non-mica or hydrated-mica units is small. The relative intensities of the basal reflections show that the illites approach the ideal muscovite composition but have about one-fourth the octahedral aluminum replaced by iron and are deficient about one-half or less the interlayer potassium. The interlayer positions are essentially anhydrous. One-dimensional Fourier syntheses made before and after thermal treatment of the illites indicate that intensity changes of the basal reflections due to thermal treatment are related to electron density changes confined to the octahedral layer. Dehydroxylization begins at moderately low temperatures and continues until an anhydride structure is formed.
A Study of the Hydrothermal Reconstitution of the Kaolin Minerals
Authors: Roy Rustum , Brindley G. W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe progressive reconstitution of the thermally decomposed members of the kaolin group (the so-called “meta” phases) has been studied as a function of time, temperature and water vapor pressure of reconstitution, with a view to determining the extent of “pseudomorphism” after the parent structure. The nature of the dehydroxylated dickite which shows a 14A reflection has been investigated further but no additional x-ray data characteristic of a 14A-type structure can be found.The sequence of rehydration shows that all the meta phases tend to form kaolinite, but the actual sequence of events depends on the parent material. Under the proper conditions well-crystallized kaolinite is obtained from all the meta phases. However, the original minerals themselves could not be converted directly to kaolinite within the time limits of the experiments.
Spanish Investigations on Clay Minerals and Related Minerals
Authors: Albareda J. M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe studies undertaken by the Instituto de Edafologia y Fisiologfa Vegetal on clay minerals and related silicates can be classified into three main groups: (A) Mineralogical identification and crystalline structure: (B) physico-chemical behavior; and (C) technical applications. They are summarized briefly.
Clay-Mineral Research in Belgium (1945–1955)
Authors: Dekeyser W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFrom 1945 to 1949 clay-mineral studies in Belgium were connected with the Comité Belge pour l’Etude des Argiles, In 1947 this group organized the C. I. P. E. A., which in turn helped to form active national groups of clay workers. Clay-mineral research is now pursued in five laboratories in Belgium. Projects in Brussels include industrial problems, study of reactions of silicates and the oxides of Al, Ca, and Mg; quantitative determinations by x-ray spectrometry; and the use of a differential thermobalance and electron microscopy. Basic clay-mineral problems involving agriculture are being studied at Heverlee, where investigations include studies of fixation of iron on kaolinites and examination of the topography of kaolinite minerals attacked by different reagents. A group at Tervuren has been concerned with formation, deferrization, and determination of oxides by D. T. A. The Laboratoire National des Silicates at Mons is investigating creep phenomena in refractories. The activities of the Ghent group are described in a separate paper.
A Study of an Interstratified Illite-Montmoril Lonite Clay from Worcestershire, England
Authors: MacEwan Douglas M. C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis clay has been studied by Fourier transform methods, which show that it is a random interstratification of mica with montmorillonite, subject however to the limiting condition that montmorillonite layers are never contiguous. It is very similar to one of the mixed-layer clays from Kinnekulle, Sweden, described by Mrs. Byström. The “separation rule” is perhaps one of the factors conditioning the appearance of definite stages in the mixed-layer mica-montmorillonite sequence, as noted by Mrs. Byström.
The Bentonites from the Volcanic Region of Cabo de Gata (Almeria)
Authors: Martin-Vivaldi J. L. , Cano-Ruiz J. , Fontbote J. M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe smectic clay from Sierra de Gata, Cabo de Gata region, Almería, Spain, is montmor-illonoidal like the smectic clay from Serrata de Nijar in the same region. These clays are formed by alteration of calco-alkaline volcanic rocks by marine and/or hydrothermal action.
Clay Mineral Work Proceeding in Japan
Authors: Sudo Toshio 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStudies on clays in Japan were begun about 1900. Modern clay mineralogical work began about 1940 and is being developed in the following scientific and industrial branches: geology, mineralogy, chemistry, ceramics, soil sciences, soil mechanics, etc. Recent important items are as follows: (a) Order-disorder problems of clay minerals, (b) Studies of clay minerals by electron micrographs and electron diffraction methods, (c) Mixed-layer minerals, (d) Studies on alteration products of volcanic glass, (e) Studies on sedimentary rocks and recent sediments, (f) Clay minerals associated with various kinds of ore deposits, and particularly wall-rock alterations, (g) Soil clay minerals, particularly of volcanic ash soils, paddy soils, etc. (h) Mineralogical and Bolioid-chemical studies of bentonites and acid clays. (i) Clay deposits for ceramic uses, (j) Studies of complexes between clay minerals and organic reagents, (k) X-ray studies on transformation of kaolin minerals.The results emphasize certain general characters of Japanese clays such as a complex mode of association among clay minerals, or prevalent occurrence of minerals having a lower degree of crystallinity.
Clay Mineral Research in Australia
Authors: Gaskin A. J. , Walker G. F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAn account of recent progress and current work is given in a summarized form dealing mainly with clay investigations in C. S. I. R. O., an Australian government research organization.Although some emphasis is laid on the work designed to identify the nature and assess the properties of clays concerned with building-material manufacture, soils, and ceramics, there are several investigations which deal in a fundamental manner with the crystal structure and surface properties of clay minerals. These items of general interest include projects on the structure of vermiculite, the rehydration and surface properties of kaolinites, the nature and occurrence of Australian illites and attapulgites, and a regular exfoliation effect in montmorillonite suspensions.
Electrokinetic Phenomena in Colloidal Clays
Authors: Oakes D. T. , Burcik Emil J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWhile the variations of the physical properties of colloidal suspensions of bentonite clays under various conditions of contamination have been the subject of extensive investigations, the role of the associated electrical phenomena in the impartation of these physical properties is virtually undefined. Successful techniques for the measurement of the electrical phenomena have been reported previously but they are applicable only to very dilute clay suspensions in which negligible electrical interference between clay particles exists. Apparatus and techniques applicable to concentrations of colloidal material normally used in bentonite oil-well drilling fluids were developed and are discussed.Measurement of electrokinetic phenomena in concentrated suspensions was effected by application of the principle of electroosmosis by suitable modification of existing apparatus. The distinguishing modification was replacement of the conventional, consolidated diaphragm with a diaphragm of colloidal material supported by thin membranes.The applicability of the apparatus and techniques is demonstrated by qualitative comparison with data of previous investigations wherein the comparable depression of the electro-kinetic potential by the addition of various contaminating ions is shown. In addition, the relation between the measured electrokinetic potential and the filtration rate is shown to be linear and independent of the valence or type of contaminant for a major portion of the investigated concentration range. This suggests that for ions which appreciably repress the electrokinetic potential the fluid-loss may be used as a means of approximating the changes of the electrokinetic potential.
Viscosity Studies on Dilute Clay Mineral Suspensions
Authors: Wood W. H. , Gkanquist W. T. , Krieger I. M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA technique has been developed for obtaining reproducible viscometric data on dilute clay suspensions using the recently developed capillary viscometer of Maron, Krieger and Sisko. Aging and type of mixing have important effects on the viscosity of the dispersions. At-tapulgite, hectorite, and Wyoming bentonite exhibit non-Newtonian behavior at all concentrations studied. The effect of temperature on the reduced fluidities of suspensions of the three clays is negligible. In this respect they agree with the behavior predicted for suspensions of rigid, noninteracting particles.
Thermodynamic, Quasithermodynamic, and Nonthermodynamic Methods as Applied to the Electrochemistry of Clays
Authors: Marshall C. Edmund 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe consequences of a nonhomogeneous charge distribution in clay systems are first examined. The mean ionic activity is shown to be a geometrical rather than an arithmetical average. Potentiometrie methods of measurement, with (quasithermodynamic), and without (thermodynamic) liquid junctions are compared. The latter give chemical potentials of soluble molecular species or ratios of mean activities; neither of these affords a characterization of single cations in relation to clay surfaces. The quasithermodynamic method, like conductance measurements, affords data which can be interpreted directly in terms of single ions. The two are compared for dilute and more concentrated clay systems by using the ratio: “Cation conductivity/total conductivity of clay systems.” For dilute systems this ratio varies slowly and smoothly with concentration and with degree of saturation. High concentrations give an abnormally high value. Cataphoresis results are shown to be in agreement with conductance and Potentiometric data for dilute clay systems.
X-Ray Studies of the Alteration of Soda Feldspar
Authors: Brindley G. W. , Radoslovich E. W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStudies have been made of the alteration of pure albite single crystals and powders. No structural modification of the feldspar itself has been detected. No evidence has been obtained for any preferential orientation of an alteration product in relation to the initial feldspar. Under hydrothermal conditions at 280° C and 430° C., albite flakes and powders have been subjected to attack by 0.1 N HCl for periods ranging from a few hours to 52 days. The flakes changed mainly to boehmite, the powders to a variety of products, including a well-defined kaolinite. This difference of behavior is interpreted in terms of Correns’ ideas on the weathering of silicates.
Effect of Weathering on Clay Minerals
Authors: Murray Haydn H. , Leininger R. K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTypes of clay minerals have been determined in samples from three profiles in Indiana: (1) a residual soil from limestone; (2) a Pleistocene till of Illinoian age; (3) a Pleistocene till of Wisconsin, age. The type of clay minerals varies with depth from the surface because of degree of weathering. In the residual soil from limestone, montmorillonite is the dominant clay mineral; the entire profile is highly weathered. Likewise montmorillonite is dominant in the highly weathered portion of both the Illinoian till and the Wisconsin till. The relatively unweathered portion of both tills contains illite and chlorite as dominant clay minerals. The factors of the weathering process in central and southern Indiana evidently favor the development of the clay minerals having expanding lattices. The mechanism for changing chlorite and illite to montmorillonite seems to include oxidation of the iron in the lattice and subsequent leaching of magnesium and potassium.When surface clays are eroded and transported by streams into a marine environment, the expanding-lattice clay minerals may revert readily to the original type, either chlorite or illite.
Mineral Content and Distribution as Indexes of Weathering in the Omega and Ahmeek Soils of Northern Wisconsin
Authors: Whittig L. D. , Jackson M. L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractQuantitative estimation of mineral concentrations was made for the clay fractions of Omega loamy sand (Brown Podzolic) and Ahmeek loam (Brown Forest). These soils are relatively young and have developed from Pleistocene (late Wisconsin) outwash and till, respectively, in northern Wisconsin. A mineral weathering depth function was found, in which iliite and chlorite present at depth have weathered to vermiculite and montmorillonite nearer the surface, particularly in the clay fractions of Ahmeek loam. In the fine clay, the montmorillonite content increases from 5 percent in the C1 horizon to 44 percent in the A1 horizon. Conversely, chlorite decreases from 11 percent in the C1 to virtually none in the A1 horizon. Weathering in these soils is also reflected by distribution of minerals as a function of particle size. The occurrence of mineral-weathering depth and size functions in these young soils is attributed to accelerated leaching made possible by the coarse texture of the soils.
Clay Minerals Research at Ghent University
Authors: Dekeyser W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis contribution reviews the work done at Ghent University, together with some unpublished recent work. Next to the survey of clay minerals from soil samples for the soil mapping organization, the group has been concerned with the polytypism of micas, the alteration and transformation of clay minerals, and the role of migration of iron in mica-type structures under influence of temperature or chemical treatment. A study of growth spirals of biotite crystals threw some light on the origin and possibility of the existence of ordered sequences with great repeat distances, and also on the complexity of crystals of this type. The presence of dislocations in mica is also shown by examination of “bending figures” produced by indentation. A study of clay minerais in soil fractions from a limited area, reclaimed from the sea between the eleventh and nineteenth centuries, indicated great variation in mineral composition. If one accepts the logical working hypothesis that the mineral composition was homogeneously distributed at the start, one must accept a rapid transformation at particular spots. This evolution seems to proceed from muscovite (illite) toward montmorillo-nite. Neoformation of a small quantity of kaolinite accompanies the transformation to mont-morillonite.Experiments carried out to achieve this process in the laboratory showed that micas submitted to a stream of CO2 dissolve rather rapidly in presence of water. All attempts to obtain clay minerals from the obtained solutions failed, except one, when small quantities of mont-morillonite and kaolinite were formed. The thermal evolution of glauconite and the location of iron ions were also studied. Some remarks on formulas of clay minerals are presented.
Weathering of Mixed-Layer Clays in Soils
Authors: Tamura Tsuneo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe occurrence of mixed-layer clays was noticed in several New England soils; a particularly well developed mixed-layer sequence involving the weathering of randomly inter-stratified vermiculite and illite was intensively studied. Weathering of the interstratified system resulted in the formation of alumina in interlayer positions as evidenced by chemical and x-ray tests. The change in “apparent” spacing of the clay was found to be statistically correlated with sample depth which is in turn related to the intensity of weathering. The change in “vermiculite” spacing from 14.2 to 13.9 A was also found to be correlated with depth. The diffraction effects of the interstratified mineral are discussed in the light of the Hendricks and Teller formula and Méring’s refinement of the formula. The evidence points to the alumina being “brucitic” in character; this modifies the curves calculated by Brown and MacEwan for the randomly interstratified 10 to 14 A mineral. The role of interstratification in the process of soil formation is discussed.
Itinerary of Field Trip for Fifth National Clay Conference, October 8, 1956
Authors: White W. A. , Beavers A. H. , Wascher H. L. , Wilson G. M. , Droste J. B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA road log of a 37-mile field trip is presented. The route passed over a group of Early Tazewell moraines and the till plains in between. Stops were made at Flanagan, Drummer and Elliot soil profiles and the type Fithian illite locality. The soil profiles and Fithian cyclothem are described.
Analysis of Consistencies of Kaolin-Water Systems Below the Plastic Range
Authors: Langston Robert B. , Pask Joseph A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractConsistency curves and characteristics of Newtonian, pseudoplastic, Bingham body, thixo-tropic and dilatant types of flow are reviewed. The theoretical effects of particle shape on effective hydrodynamic volume and shear resistance for ideal suspensions are considered.The rheological properties of hydrogen and sodium mono base-exchanged kaolinite clays were determined, using a rotational viscometer, on slips containing up to 50 g solids per 100 g slurry. Changes in rheological properties were also evaluated as a hydrogen slip containing 20 g solids per 100 g slurry was converted into the sodium form.The discussion includes the effect of differences in charges and charge distribution on the sodium and hydrogen particles and the resulting effects on particle orientation and flocculation. Correction factors for dissociation and particle interference have allowed the use of Einstein’s equation for the viscosity of a suspension up to concentrations of about 40 percent solids for the hydrogen kaolinite system, and about 50 percent solids for the sodium kaolinite system.
Water Vapor Sorption on Lithium Kaolinite
Authors: Torrence Martin R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA sorption apparatus consisting of (1) a high vacuum system (<10−5 mm Hg), (2) an oil manometer to determine the equilibrium vapor pressure, (3) a quartz helix to determine weight of adsorbate, and (4) a constant temperature control for the adsorption chamber has been used to obtain water vapor sorption isotherms on kaolinite. Equilibrium between water vapor and the clay surface can be obtained in 2 hours with this equipment. The estimated error in relative pressure (P/P0) and amount of water adsorbed (X) are ± 0.001 and ± 0.07 mg H2O/g clay respectively. Reproducibility of sorption isotherms for clay samples similarly prepared are within these limits. When retested those clay samples that had stood in the laboratory for a few weeks gave sorption isotherms slightly different from the initial isotherm. This variation, while not excessive, seriously limited interpretation of the sorption data.In order to study the variation of sorption characteristics with curing conditions, two samples were stored at an elevated temperature (70°C) under two different conditions of moisture content and pressure; one sample as a water slurry (1 g clay per 10 ml H2O) and the other completely dry in an evacuated (<10−5 mm Hg) container. The effect on the sorption isotherms was in both cases very marked but of a different character.Compared with the sorption behavior of the initial Li kaolinite, the sample stored as a slurry showed greater water adsorption at all values of P/P0 and a disappearance of the marked hysteresis which persists to very low P/P0 on the initial sample; however, when stored in vacuo, Li kaolinite at all values of P/P0 adsorbed less water than the initial Li kaolinite. Data are presented to show that the sample stored as a slurry has been converted to an Al kaolinite. The reduced water sorption upon storage in vacuo is shown to be a permanent change.