bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appraising Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy
Authors: Perez Edith A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the efficacy and safety of third-generation aromatase inhibitors as therapeutic options for patients with hormone-responsive breast cancer.Describe the impact of aromatase inhibitors on comorbidities that are common in this patient population.Identify the cost-effectiveness and quality-of-life effects of aromatase inhibitors.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Tamoxifen, once the gold standard adjuvant endocrine therapy for early breast cancer, is being challenged by third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) that have demonstrated improved disease-free survival in a variety of adjuvant settings for early breast cancer. Tamoxifen and AIs have different safety profiles, which should allow physicians to begin to individualize treatment based on a patient's comorbidities and risk factors. Because of its properties as a partial estrogen agonist, tamoxifen has a positive effect on serum lipids and may confer a cardioprotective benefit, as well as a beneficial effect on bone health. However, tamoxifen increases the risk for endometrial cancer and cerebrovascular/thromboembolic events. In comparison, the major side effect of AIs is increased bone loss, which may heighten the risk for osteoporotic fractures and bone pain. Because of their superior efficacy and manageable side effects, AIs are a cost-effective alternative to tamoxifen, and clinical guidelines now embrace AIs as appropriate adjuvant therapy for hormone-sensitive early breast cancer. The anticipated results of ongoing trials will provide further insights into the long-term safety and application of AI therapy in the adjuvant setting.
Chemotherapy Given Near the End of Life by Community Oncologists for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Murillo Jose R. , Koeller Jim 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Purpose. To characterize the chemotherapy given near the end of life to advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated in the community oncology setting using a medical records database.
Methods. We conducted a retrospective chart review of expired advanced (stage IIIb/IV) NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy. Patients who initiated chemotherapy in 2000–2003 were eligible. Patient demographics, all chemotherapy including dose and schedule, and disease-related events were collected.
Results. We report data from 10 community practices including 417 patients treated for advanced NSCLC in 2000–2003. The mean age was 67 years (median, 62 years) and 54% were male. Forty percent of patients were &gt;69 years of age and 35% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of ≥2. First-line chemotherapy included combination therapy in 84% of patients. Second-line therapy was given to 56% of patients. Twenty-six percent of patients received third-line therapy, while 10% received fourth-line therapy and 5% received fifth-line therapy or greater. Patients received a mean of 6.1 cycles of chemotherapy. For patients receiving chemotherapy at the time of death, the mean line of therapy being given was second line. Chemotherapy was given within 1 month and 2 weeks of death to 43% and 20% of patients, respectively.
Conclusion. The availability of new chemotherapeutic agents has caused a subsequent increase in the length of time patients are receiving chemotherapy with advanced NSCLC. This would suggest an increased use of chemotherapy near the end of life, which was identified in this study.
Oil splitting in industrial cleaning systems as studied by conductivity and interfacial tension
Authors: Adamy S. T. , Cala F. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCharacteristics of emulsion formation and splitting into aqueous and oily phases in simple and formulated surfactant systems were studied via conductivity. In systems composed of mixed nonionic ethoxylated alcohol surfactants, K2CO3, and emulsified n‐hexadecane, conductivity decreased linearly with increasing oil volume fraction at HLB (hydrophile‐lipophile balance) values of 12.9 and 13.9. The slope of the plot was ca. −3/2, in agreement with the Maxwell expression. At values less than or equal to an HLB of 11.3, conductivity first increased with a small addition of oil and then decreased nearly linearly with subsequent amounts. This was probably due to low HLB surfactants partitioning into the oily phase. When the type of oil was varied, the reduced conductivity also decreased linearly with volume fraction of emulsified oil. The slope was ca. −3/2 for oil weights ranging from very light (n‐hexadecane) to very heavy (80W–90 gear oil), also in agreement with the Maxwell expression. Oil separation rates were measured by monitoring the change in conductivity in the lower region of the emulsion (where the aqueous layer formed) during splitting of the oily phase. Heavier oils were found to separate faster than light oils. Oils containing lubricity agents split at the slowest rate. Systems with lower HLB surfactants also displayed slower splitting rates. Splitting rates for a variety of systems, from simple oil and saline systems to more complex formulated systems, over temperatures from 23 to 75°C, were related to oil‐aqueous interfacial tension values through a power law expression composed of the maximum splitting rate and the interfacial tension between saline and oil at 23°C.
Synthesis and surface properties of new dicephalic saccharide‐derived surfactants
Authors: Wilk Kazimiera A. , Syper Ludwik , Burczyk Bogdan , Sokoŀowski Adam , Domagalska Beata W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new group of nonionic dicephalic saccharide amides, N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐bis[(3‐d‐gluconylamido)propyl]‐amine, N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐bis[(3‐d‐glucoheptonylamido)propyl]‐amine, and N‐alkyl‐N,N‐bis[(3‐lactobionylamido)propyl]amines (alkyl: n‐C12H25′n‐C16H33′, n‐C18H37) were synthesized and characterized. Their structure and purity were confirmed by means of 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Carbon spectra were verified using a DEPT experiment. The surface and interfacial properties such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), standard free energy of micellization, ΔGCMC, surface excess concentration, ΓCMC, and surface area demand per molecule, ACMC, were determined. The tertiary nitrogen atom seems to have a surprising effect on surfactnat packing at the interface.
Separation and extraction of Φ‐methyl ester sulfoxylates: New features
Authors: Cohen L. , Soto F. , Luna M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper deals with the separation and purification of Φ‐methyl ester sulfoxylates obtained through the sulfoxidation process. Two new steps are implemented during separation of the final product from the nonreacted reagent: (i) hot water is used instead of water/ethanol mixture, and (ii) n‐butanol is used as the extractive phase after neutralization instead of ethanol, leading to a product with more than 75% active ingredient. A significant improvement in the separation and purification steps has been obtained. The new procedure allows a complete material balance of the main products formed during sulfoxidation of fatty acid methyl esters and thus can lead to study of the reaction conditions, which can improve both conversion and selectivity.
Sulfoxylated methyl esters as potential components of liquid formulations
Authors: Cohen L. , Soto F. , Luna M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSulfoxylated methyl esters (Φ‐MES) are obtained via sulfoxidation of fatty acid methyl esters with SO2, O2, and ultraviolet light of appropriate wavelength. These products may be used as co‐surfactants with linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and alkyl ether sulfate, either in heavy‐duty or in hand dishwashing liquids. Standard hand dishwashing formulations based on Φ‐MESC16 are presented and discussed with regard to solubility, viscosity, performance, and skin compatibility. The experimental results obtained indicate that the above‐mentioned products can be regarded as potential components for liquid formulations.
Novel new ester quaternaries for improved performance benefits as rinse cycle fabric softeners
Authors: Friedli Floyd E. , Keys Robert , Joe Toney C. , Portwood Owen , Whittlinger Dave , Doerr Markus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of new diesterquats and anidoester quats were synthesized and tested for biodegradation and softening. Methyldiethanolamine, 3‐methoxylpropylamine, diethanolaminopropylamine, aminoethylethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine, and diethanolamine were reacted, either “as is” or after alkoxylation, with tallow fatty acid and further converted into dialkyl quats. The diesterquat from diethanolisopropanolamine was by far the best of the ester quats synthesized in overall biodegradation, softening, and cost/ease of manufacture. It appears that two ester groups are needed for ready biodegradation as opposed to an amide‐ester combination. Increasing unsaturation of the alkyl chains within a molecule increases its rate of biodegradation slightly.
Characterization of the micellar structure of a barium nonylphenolate/Barium carbonate complex by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Su Biing‐Ming 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe micellar structure of a barium nonylphenolate/barium carbonate complex was characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Several NMR techniques, including measurement of spin‐lattice relaxation time, chemical shift variation, and line width of the 1H NMR signal and solid‐state 13C NMR data, were used in this study. NMR results indicate that the prepared barium nonylphenolate and barium carbonate complex formed a micelle structure with the oxygen atom of the nonylphenolate ring oriented toward the solid‐state center core of barium carbonate while the highly branched aliphatic chain pointed outward to the hydrocarbon solvent.
Lipid distribution on cotton textiles in relation to washing with cellulase
Authors: Obendorf S. Kay , Varanasi Arindam , Mejldal Rie , Nielsen Vibeke Skovgaard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEnzymes are used widely as effective additives to laundry detergents for improved detergency on soiled fabric. They have potential for cleaning of “dingy” soils in addition to the stain removal benefits. Cellulases contribute to the overall whiteness of cotton‐containing textiles when worn and washed several times, meaning that their cleaning is not associated solely with the regions characterized by high amounts of fatty material, e.g., collars/cuffs. The focus of this research was to study further the performance of cellulases for whiteness maintenance of cotton textiles. Cotton garments soiled by multiple wearings and washed using a cellulase treatment were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray microanalysis. Washing with cellulase significantly reduced residual soil concentrations at all morphological locations on the cotton fibers for each set of matched garments. The relative concentrations of residual soil on the fabrics agreed well with the color differences measured at 440 nm. Cellulase affected removal of oily soil from within the cotton fiber secondary wall, resulting in residual oil concentrations similar to those at morphological locations that were more accessible for detergency such as the fiber surface and crenulations. Since cellulase hydrolyzes cellulose, it was expected that the effect would be within the structure of the fiber, i.e., secondary wall. The cellulase effect on redeposition garments was similar to garments worn and washed. As with lipase, the enhanced removal of soil from the interior bulk structure of the cotton fiber with use of cellulase is unique, since most other detergent components have higher functionality at fabric, yarn, and fiber surfaces. We think that cellulase is functioning by hydrolyzing cellulose from the internal surfaces of fibrils within the secondary wall, opening up the pore structure for enhanced detergency and forming a new surface with each washing.
Terpyridine‐manganese complexes: A new class of bleach catalysts for detergent applications
Authors: Wieprecht Torsten , Heinz Uwe , Xia Juntao , Schlingloff Gunther , Dannacher Josef 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOxidation catalysis is one approach used to improve the performance of hydrogen peroxide in laundry bleach applications. We introduce herein a new class of bleach catalysts based on the ligand 2,2′∶6′,2″ terpyridine. A set of manganese complexes of substituted terpyridines was investigated with respect to their physicochemical properties and bleach performance. Introduction of electron‐donating hydroxy and amine substituents in the 4‐position of the individual pyridine rings improves the bleach performance in model experiments with morin (2′,3,4′,5,7‐pentahydroxyflavone) in solution as well as on tea‐stained cotton fabrics. All the catalysts show excellent bleach performance at 40 and 25°C under European washing conditions. Performance is superior to that of the activator tetraacetyl ethylenediamine (TAED) but depends critically on the substitution pattern. Dye damage caused by the catalysts is similar to that of TAED, proving that catalytic bleach systems with high performance and low damage are indeed feasible. Model experiments revealed that the complexes are highly stable under aqueous alkaline conditions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The optimal pH for catalytic activity is about 10. For a catalyst to have a high bleach performance, it must possess a sufficiently low activity to catalyze disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide, which is a major side reaction of catalytic bleach with manganese complexes. All the catalysts showed a similar affinity for the cotton fabric, suggesting that differences in bleach activity of complexes are not caused by differences in the fabric affinity.
Synthesis and surface‐active properties of trimeric‐type anionic surfactants derived from tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine
Authors: Yoshimura Tomokazu , Kimura Nobuhiro , Onitsuka Emika , Shosenji Hideto , Esumi Kunio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTrimeric‐type anionic surfactants (3CntaAm, where n is a hydrocarbon chain length of 8, 10, or 12) with three hydrocarbon chains and three carboxylate headgroups were synthesized from tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine, and their properties were investigated by surface tension, electrical conductivity, dynamic and static light‐scattering, fluorescence of pyrene, and emulsification power techniques. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of 3CntaAm were 0.00092–0.00834 mmol dm−3, and the surface tensions at the CMC were 33.3–39.9 mN m−1. The areas per molecule occupied by 3C10taAm and 3C12taAm were extremely small, showing they were highly compact at the air/water interface. In addition, adsorption or micellization behavior of 3CntaAm was estimated by parameters such as pC20 (the efficiency of surface adsorption), CMC/C20 (the ease of adsorption relative to the ease of micellization), and ΔGMo (Gibbs energy of micellization). Dynamic and static light‐scattering mesurements of 3CntaAm showed a hydrodynamic radius of 45–61 nm above the CMC and aggregation numbers of 10–82 at the CMC, respectively. The fluorescence intensity ratio of the first to the third band in the emission spectra of pyrene started to lower from far above the CMC for 3C8taAm and 3C10taAm, and below the CMC for 3C12taAm. This suggests that loose micelles or premicellar aggregates are formed in solutions. Mixtures of aqueous solutions of 3CntaAm and toluene formed oil‐in‐water‐type emulsions, and the stabilizing abilities were in the order of 3C8taAm>3C10taAm>3C12taAm. The degree of emulsification of 3C8taAm remained at 69% after 24 h of standing. Thus, 3CntaAm exhibited unique properties superior to monomeric or dimeric surfactants that were significantly influenced by their hydrocarbon chain lengths.
Adsorption of some anionic surfactants on barite and at solution/Air interfaces
Authors: Omar A. M. A. , Azzam E. M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe adsorption behavior of synthesized anionic surfactants with the chemical structure RO‐Ph‐N=N‐Ph‐SO3Na, where R is an octyl, dodecyl, or cetyl group, was analyzed by using a modified version of the Frumkin adsorption isotherm. The values of thermodynamic parameters (including free energy of micellization, ΔGmic, and of adsorption, ΔGads) at the solution/air interface and the solid/liquid interface were calculated, and the relation between the adsorption of the surfactants at these interfaces was investigated. Studies of the surface properties of these synthetic surfactants showed that the length of the hydrocarbon chain of these surfactants plays a major role in determining their surface and thermodynamic properties and that there is a good relationship between the effectiveness of adsorption of the surfactant and its efficiency as a collector.
Use of a liquid chromatograph‐ion trap mass spectrometer for end‐group characterization of various polyethoxylate materials
Authors: Combs Michael T. , Johnson David D. , Szekely‐Klepser Gabriella 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe separation and detection properties of various ethoxylated polymers were investigated with atmospheric pressure ionization liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Interesting chromatographic elution behavior based on functionality was noted. LC/MS using in‐source CID (collision‐induced dissociation) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection was compared for end‐group identification. Excellent end‐group identification was achieved when the end‐group molecular weight (MW) was greater than 100 Da and the average MW of the polymer was less than 400 Da by both MS/MS and in‐source CID. In cases where the end‐group MW was less than 100 Da, because of the low mass cut‐off in a quadrapole ion trap analyzer, in‐source CID produced the only characteristic end‐group ions. The use of a dual scan function allowed investigation of the oligomeric distribution followed by a narrow low‐mass scan using in‐source CID to generate end‐group information. This approach is applicable on instruments without MS/MS capability.
Synthesis of a novel dialkylaryl disulfonate gemini surfactant
Authors: Zaijun Li , Rui Yuan , Zhongyun Liu , Fushan Yin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA single‐step route was developed for synthesizing a dialkylaryl disulfonate gemini surfactant using α‐olefin sulfonic acid. The new process is very simple and effective, requiring neither the conventional alkylation unit nor strong acid catalysts. The resulting dialkylaryl disulfonica acids differ from existing products by having the sulfonyl group attached to the alkyl chain rather than the aromatic ring. To optimize the reaction conditions, a reliable double‐wavelength spectrophotometric method was studied to analyze the conversion of an aromatic (benzene or methylnaphthalene) based on the difference in ultraviolet absorption spectra between the aromatic and the corresponding dialkylaryl disulfonate. The experiments suggested that the reaction time and temperature affected the conversion and optimal condition; a reaction time of 5 h (or 4 h) and a reaction temperature of 150°C were obtained and applied to the products ditetradecylmethylnaphthalene disulfonate (DTMNDS) and ditetradecylbenzene disulfonate (DTBDS). In addition, the surface‐active properties of DTMNDS and DTBDS were investigated in detail. Their critical micelle concentrations were 2×10−5 and 1.7×10−4 mol·L−1, respectively. The data showed that the two new dialkylaryl disulfonate gemini surfactants had higher surface activities than the conventional dodecylbenzene sulfonate, suggesting they will have broad utility in industrial and household applications in the future.
Design and manufacturing of solid detergent products
Authors: Borchers Georg 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs a result of increasing demands on the product profile of solid detergent products, the requirements on the ingredients and the manufacturing process for these components are growing as well. A suitable way to achieve the objectives embraces the transformation to a granulated product with tailor‐made properties. During development, a main focus has to be put on an optimum granule formulation to fulfill the manifold product and performance criteria. Due to the complexity of the product mixtures, the selection of suitable formulation components most often has to be done experimentally. Unfavorable physical and chemical product properties require additional efforts and multiply the complexity. Finally, the selection of a suitable granulation process which is capable of processing the materials has to be considered from the outset to deliver the desired product quality.
Synthesis and some studies on fluorinated cationic surfactants: surface and biocidal activities
Authors: Mohamed M. Z. , Ghazy E. A. , Badawi A. M. , Kandil N. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree fluorinated cationic surfactants were prepared by condensing N‐(2‐bromoethyl)perfluoroalkylamides with stoichiometric amounts of pyridine, triethanolamine, and triethylamine to produce three quaternary ammonium salts. The surface and biocidal properties of these surfactants were investigated to find the relation between the structure of the hydrophilic portion of the compounds and their efficiency as biocides. The properties studied included critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness (IICMC), surface excess concentration (Tmax), and area occupied by a molecule (Amin). Free energies of micellization (ΔGmico) and adsorption (ΔGadso) of the surfactants in aqueous solution were calculated. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the prepared compounds were tested against five strains as representative group of microorganisms.
Catalytic destruction of paraoxon by metallomicelle layers of Co(II) and Cr(III)
Authors: Hafiz A. A. , El Awadi M. Y. , Badawi A. M. , Mokhar S. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo micellized ion complexes, Co(II) and Cr(III), were synthesized and found to possess good catalytic activity in cleaving the paraoxon/cobalt (chromate) complex phosphate ester. The complexes orm metallomicelles, which bind the substrate by coordinating with the phosphorus in the paraoxon (which is chemically similar to the nerve agents sarin and soman). Possible reasons for the acceleration include enhanced electrophilicity of the micellized metals, enhanced surface activity, and the recognized ability of cationic micelles to accelerate the cleavage of phosphate ester. The results of kinetic data (half‐lives) for paraoxon degradation were 16.5 and 28.9 min in the presence of Co(II) and Cr(III) metallomicelle layers, respectively. The higher the value of the stability constant, the more stable the Co(II) and Cr(III) complexes.