bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Prosody of Orkney and Shetland Dialects
Authors: Leyden Klaske van , Heuven Vincent J. van 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study is to find experimental support for impressionisticclaims that there are prosodic differences between the dialects of Orkney andShetland. It was found that native listeners had no difficulty in discriminatingbetween Orkney and Shetland dialects when presented with speech fragmentscontaining only melodic information. The results of a subsequent acoustic investigationrevealed that there is a striking difference in pitch-peak location, which canbe characterised as a shift in the location of the entire rise, i.e. both the onset andthe peak. Shetland has early alignment, whereas the accent-lending rise in Orkneyoccurs late, so that in disyllabic words with initial stress the pitch peak does notcoincide with the stressed syllable, but is delayed until the post-stress syllable.Finally, the perceptual relevance of the prosodic parameters identified in theacoustic study was investigated.
Selection on knockdown performance inDrosophila melanogasterimpacts thermotolerance and heat-shock response differently in females and males
Authors: Folk Donna G. , Zwollo Patty , Rand David M. , Gilchrist George W. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYWe studied adaptive thermotolerance in replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster artificially selected for high and low knockdown temperature (TKD), the upper temperature at which flies can no longer remain upright or locomote effectively. Responses to selection have generated High TKD populations capable of maintaining locomotor function at ∼40°C, and Low TKD populations with TKD of∼35°C. We examined inducible knockdown thermotolerance, as well as inducible thermal survivorship, following a pretreatment heat-shock (known to induce heat-shock proteins) for males and females from the TKD selected lines. Both selection for knockdown and sex influenced inducible knockdown thermotolerance, whereas inducible thermal survivorship was influenced only by sex, and not by selection. Overall, our findings suggest that the relationships between basal and inducible thermotolerance are contingent upon the methods used to gauge thermotolerance,as well as the sex of the flies. Finally, we compared temporal profiles of the combined expression of two major heat-shock proteins, HSC70 and HSP70, during heat stress among the females and males from the selected TKD lines. The temporal profiles of the proteins differed between High and Low TKD females, suggesting divergence of the heat-shock response. We discuss a possible mechanism that may lead to the heat-shock protein patterns observed in the selected females.
Tolerance for uncertainty and perceived risk among women receiving uninformativeBRCA1/2test results
Authors: O'Neill Suzanne C. , DeMarco Tiffani , Peshkin Beth N. , Rogers Sarah , Rispoli Jessica , Brown Karen , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis , Schwartz Marc D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWomen who receive uninformativeBRCA1/2genetic test results face ongoing uncertainty about their future cancer risks. This article prospectively examined the influence of intolerance for uncertainty and perceived breast cancer risk on psychological distress following the receipt of uninformativeBRCA1/2test results. Sixty‐four women who received uninformativeBRCA1/2mutation test results completed measures of Intolerance for Uncertainty, perceived breast cancer risk, and measures of cancer‐related, genetic testing, and general distress. Cancer‐related (ΔR2 = 0.18,P ≤ 0.001), general (ΔR2 = 0.04,P ≤ 0.05), and genetic testing distress (ΔR2 = 0.12,P ≤ 0.01) were associated with intolerance for uncertainty at 1 month post‐disclosure. The interaction of intolerance for uncertainty and breast cancer perceived risk predicted cancer‐related (ΔR2 = 0.10,P ≤ 0.001) and genetic testing distress (ΔR2 = 0.09,P ≤ 0.01) at 6 months post‐disclosure. Distress was highest among patients with highest perceived risk and intolerance for uncertainty, suggesting that those who have difficulty coping with their ambiguous risk are at risk for long‐term distress. The clinical and research implications of these results are discussed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of the Cognitive Performance Scale (Minimum Data Set) and the Mini‐Mental State Exam for the detection of cognitive impairment in nursing home residents
Authors: Paquay Louis , Lepeleire Jan De , Schoenmakers Birgitte , Ylieff Michel , Fontaine Ovide , Buntinx Frank 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the diagnostic accuracy of an outcome measurement scale of the Minimum Data Set of the Resident Assessment Instrument for nursing homes (MDS/RAI‐NH), the Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) and the Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE) for the detection of cognitive impairment. The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly – Revised (CAMDEX‐R) was used as the reference standard.Study design and settingThis study was part of a larger prospective study (QUALIDEM) involving a diagnostic procedure and two‐year follow‐up on the quality of primary care for demented patients. CAMDEX‐R and MDS/RAI‐NH were administered to 198 residents, aged 65 or more, living in 42 low and high care institutions for aged people.Main outcome measuresIndicators of diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, odds ratio and area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC).ResultsThe CAMDEX‐based prevalence of cognitive impairment was 75%. The diagnostic values of a CPS score of two or more for the detection of cognitive impairment were: sensitivity = 0.81; specificity = 0.80; PPV = 0.92; NPV = 0.57. The diagnostic values of a MMSE score of less than or equal 23 were: sensitivity = 0.97; specificity = 0.59; PPV = 0.88; NPV = 0.85. For CPS, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.81–0.91), and not significantly different (p = 0.63) from the MMSE score, 0.88 (0.83–0.93).ConclusionsCPS and MMSE demonstrated similar performance to detect cognitive impairment in nursing home residents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COMPOSITION OF MOUSE BRAIN MYELIN DURING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Horrocks L. A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Myelin was isolated from the brains of mice at ages of 14, 24, 41, 44, 47, and 182 days and the contents of lipid phosphorus, cholesterol, lipid galactose, alkenyl groups, ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, choline phosphoglycerides, sphingomyelin, and serine and inositol phosphoglycerides were determined. Significant differences in the composition relative to total lipid phosphorus were found in the myelin. At 14 days of age, the myelin had lower relative amounts of cholesterol, galactolipids, alkenyl groups, and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and a higher relative amount of choline phosphoglycerides.
FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF HISTOCHEMISTRY OF FRUCTOSE‐1,6‐DIPHOSPHATE d‐GLYCERALDEHYDE‐3‐PHOSPHATE‐LYASE IN THE RAT BRAIN
Authors: Maeda T. , Shimizu N. , Wegmann R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The distribution of fructose‐1,6‐diphosphate d‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate‐lyase (I.U.B. 4.1.2.13) (fructose diphosphate aldolase) in brain sections fixed by alcohol was studied using a gelled substrate mixture containing d‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate: NAD oxidoreductase (I.U.B. 1.2.1.12) and phenazine methosulphate. The formazan precipitation pattern in brain sections depends on the experimental conditions determining the affinity of the complex of Nitro‐blue tetrazolium and phenazine methosulphate to tissue components. The complex is unable to precipitate on the white matter in fresh sections but alcohol fixation increases its affinity to the white matter and decreases it to the neuropil. Using the modified histochemical method, aldolase activity in the brain was seen both in the gray and white matter. Although the distribution of this enzyme activity in the gray matter was generally identical with that obtained previously, in the present study enzyme activity was found in the paraventricular structures and in the white matter where negative activity was previously obtained.
PROPERTIES OF MEMBRANE‐BOUND HEXOKINASE IN RAT BRAIN
Authors: Teichgráber P. , Biesold D. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— —‐(1) The total hexokinase activity present in the mitochondrial fraction can be solubilized completely by incubation with salt and Triton X‐100. This activity cannot be entirely released by washing with sucrose or by freezing and thawing.(2) A part of the particle bound hexokinase exists in a latent form. The latent form is apparent after incubation with high salt concentrations, detergents or by freezing and thawing.(3) Solubilization of membrane bound hexokinase is pH‐dependent. Incubation in salt solutions increases the specific activity ten‐fold. The salt concentration and pH are con‐current. At pH 7.0 part of the hexokinase is solubilized. The lower the pH the less salt is required to release the same amount of activity.(4) Triton X‐100 solubilizes particle‐bound hexokinase, but to a less extent than salts. The activation of hexokinase is greater with Triton X‐100 than with salt.(5) The possible nature of the bonds between hexokinase and mitochondrial membranes is discussed.
COMPARTMENTATION OF GLUTAMATE METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: EXPERIMENTS WITH LABELLED GLUCOSE, ACETATE, PHENYLALANINE, TYROSINE AND PROLINE
Authors: Van den Berg C. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) Phenylalanine, proline and presumably tyrosine are precursors of the small glutamate pool in brain. This follows from the finding that with these precursors the specific radioactivity of glutamine is higher than the specific radioactivity of glutamate.(2) Glucose is not as efficient a precursor of glutamate and related amino acids in the brain of 10‐day‐old mice as it is in the adult brain.(3) Acetate, phenylalanine, tyrosine and proline are incorporated to about the same extent in glutamate, aspartate and glutamine in the brains of 10‐day‐old and adult mice.(4) The results suggest that the brain of the immature animal uses substrates other than glucose, relative to glucose better than the brain of adult animals.
COLCHICINE‐BINDING ACTIVITY IN PARTICULATE FRACTIONS OF MOUSE BRAIN1
Authors: Feit H. , Barondes S. H. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Both particulate and soluble fractions of brain homogenates bound [3H]colchicine. Approximately one‐half of the total colchicine‐binding activity in mouse brain was found in the particulate fraction. Of the particulate fractions, the microsomal and nerveending subfractions which sediment at the 1·0–1·2 m interface on sucrose gradients were richest in colchicine‐binding activity. Intact microtubules were not found in these fractions, but colchicine‐binding activity of these fractions may be related to the presence of microtubular protein.
THE EFFECT OF FOOD DEPRIVATION ON ENZYME ACTIVITY IN DEVELOPING BRAIN1
Authors: Swaiman K. F. , Daleiden Jeanne M. , Wolfe R. N. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Brain and body weights, contents of DNA and protein and activities of 1,6‐diphosphofructoaldolase (aldolase, EC 4.1.2.13), creatine phosphokinase (CPK, EC 2.7.3.2), and isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD, EC 1.1.1.42) in brain (minus cerebellum and brain stem) were studied in control and food‐deprived rats at 7, 14 and 21 days of postnatal age. Activities of all three enzymes per brain were less in the food‐deprived animals. In both groups of rats the ratios of aldolase/DNA and CPK/DNA increased with maturation, indicating that increasing activity per brain during maturation was the result of both increased activity per cell and increased numbers of cells. The ratio of ICD/DNA decreased with maturation but was essentially the same in both the food‐deprived and control groups. Increase of ICD activity per brain with maturation was attributable to increased numbers of cells. Food deprivation in immature animals resulted in lowered activities per brain for aldolase, CPK and ICD because of diminished cell multiplication.
RELATION OF ATP AND CREATINE PHOSPHATE TO FAST AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT IN MAMMALIAN NERVE1
Authors: Sabri M. I. , Ochs S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) levels in cat sciatic nerve maintained in vitro were measured. Anoxia produced by N2 or NaCN or the uncoupling of phosphorylation with DNP reduced the combined levels of ATP + CP to approximately one‐half of control levels within 15 min. These agents also blocked fast axoplasmic transport in vitro within 15 min.A block of glycolysis with iodoacetic acid (IAA) reduced the combined levels of ATP + CP to approximately one half of control levels within 1.5–2 h and exposure of nerve in vitro to IAA caused a block of fast axoplasmic transport within the same interval. The correlation of the time at which block of transport occurred with the fall in the level of high‐energy phosphates is consistent with the hypothesis that ATP supplies the energy required by the mechanism underlying fast exoplasmic transport.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CATECHOLAMINE AND HISTAMINE RECEPTOR SITES MEDIATING ACCUMULATION OF CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3′,5′‐MONOPHOSPHATE IN GUINEA PIG BRAIN1
Authors: Chasin M. , Mamrak F. , Samaniego Sylvia G. , Hess S. M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Five areas of guinea pig brain were examined to determine the properties of the receptor sites mediating increases in [3H]adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Both epinephrine and histamine were effective in causing increases in cyclic AMP in slices derived from cerebral cortex, hippocampus or amygdala, but not in diencephalon or brainstem. Stimulation of slices of cerebral cortex by either epinephrine or histamine resulted in a small, but reproducible, decrease in specific radioactivity of the [3H]‐cyclic AMP produced, as did stimulation of the hippocampus by epinephrine. The catecholamine receptor was an α‐adrenergic receptor in all three areas where epinephrine was effective; α‐adrenergic stimulation, but not β‐adrenergic stimulation, increased levels of [3H]‐cyclic AMP. Furthermore, α‐, but not β‐adrenergic blocking agents, prevented the epinephrine‐ induced increase of both [3H]‐ and total cyclic AMP in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Only antihistaminic agents were capable of antagonizing the histamine‐induced increase of both [3H]‐ and total cyclic AMP in these two brain areas. The catecholamine receptor in the amygdala also appeared to be an α‐adrenergic receptor. The effects of histamine and epinephrine together were far greater than the sum of effects of either hormone alone in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
THE SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF HISTIDINE DECARBOXYLASE IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF RAT BRAIN
Authors: Baudry M. , Martres Marie‐Pascale , Schwartz J.‐C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The subcellular distribution of histidine decarboxylase (assayed by two different isotopic methods) and several biochemical markers (lactate dehydrogenase, DOPA decarboxylase and protein) was determined in rat cerebral cortex. After differential centrifugation, the enzyme activity was found mainly in the crude mitochondrial and soluble fractions. Further separation of the former on discontinuous sucrose gradients showed that the particulate histidine decarboxylase (HD) was found in the synaptosomal fraction. After osmotic shock, HD activity appeared in the supernatant fraction suggesting that a major portion of the enzyme is localized in the cytoplasm of cortical nerve endings. By analogy with other brain amines, this finding, together with the presence of histamine in synaptic vesicles (Kataoka and de Robertis, 1967), can be taken as further support for the hypothesis of a role as neurotransmitter for histamine.Various brain regions were homogenized under conditions leading to synaptosome formation. The distribution of HD between ‘particulate’ and soluble fractions differed from one region to the other, but did not give any clear‐cut indication of regions rich in cell bodies or nerve terminals.
THE INCORPORATION OF DOUBLE‐LABELLED ACETATE INTO GLUTAMATE AND RELATED AMINO ACIDS FROM ADULT MOUSE BRAIN: COMPARTMENTATION OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN BRAIN
Authors: Van den Berg C. J. , Ronda G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract– We have determined the incorporation of [3H]‐, [1‐14C]‐ and [2‐14C]acetate into glutamate, glutamine and aspartate of the adult mouse brain. All these three acetates were incorporated more extensively into glutamine than into glutamate. This has been reported by several authors for each of these labelled acetates in separate experiments. It was shown that [3H, 2‐14C]acetate can be used to obtain an acetate labelling ratio analogous to the previously used [2‐14C]acetate/[1‐14C]acetate labelling ratio. From these acetate labelling ratios of glutamine and glutamate conclusions can be deduced about the dynamic relationship of these amino acids with each other and with the tricarboxylic acid cycle.A fairly large isotope effect between acetate and glutamate was observed. As this isotope effect is very likely caused by the citrate synthase reaction, it can be argued that citrate synthase involved in the conversion of labelled acetate into glutamate is far out of equilibrium in vivo. Comparing our data with literature data, the possibility can be suggested that citrate synthase in the acetate metabolizing compartment is in situ kinetically distinct from citrate synthase in other compartments of the brain.
COMPARISON OF LEVELS OF ADENOSINE 3′,5′‐MONOPHOSPHATE IN HIGHLY PURIFIED AND MIXED PRIMARY CULTURES OF NEURONS AND NON‐NEURONAL CELLS FROM EMBRYONIC CHICK SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA
Authors: Wallace L. J. , Partlow L. M. , Ferrendelli J. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrimary cultures containing ≥99% neurons, ≥99% non‐neuronal cells (glia), or both cell types were prepared from the sympathetic ganglia of 12‐day chick embryos. Levels of cyclic AMP in the non‐neuronal cells (∼14 pmol/mg protein) were approximately 3‐fold higher than levels in the neurons (∼4 pmol/mg protein). Mixed cultures had concentrations of cyclic AMP which fell between the values measured for pure neuronal and pure non‐neuronal cultures. The measured cyclic AMP values of mixed cultures were indistinguishable from values predicted by summing the expected contributions of the neurons and non‐neuronal cells. Thus, contact between the neurons and non‐neuronal cells in these mixed cultures did not appear to alter the level of cyclic AMP in either cell type. Neuronal‐glial interactions, such as the specific neuronal stimulation of non‐neuronal cell proliferation, occurred independently of any changes in the level of cyclic AMP in the mixed cultures. Cell density was varied in both pure and mixed cultures, and both cyclic AMP concentrations and amounts of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA were measured. The cyclic AMP content of the non‐neuronal cells varied inversely with cell density. [3H]Thymidine incorporation was independent of cell density in both neuronal and non‐neuronal cultures. Parallel density‐dependent decreases in cyclic AMP concentration and [3H]thymidine incorporation were observed in mixed cultures as cell density was increased. The data suggest that there is no relationship between changes in rate of non‐neuronal cell proliferation and cyclic AMP levels in these cultures.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON GLUTAMYL‐tRNA SYNTHETASES ISOLATED FROM CYTOPLASM AND MITOCHONDRIA OF CALF BRAIN
Authors: Charelziński Marian , Borkowski T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPreparations of glutamyl‐tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.17) were isolated from cytoplasm and mitochondria of calf brain and purified by 14 and 9.5 times respectively. The effect of pH and that of the concentration of basic incubation mixture components on glutamyl‐tRNA formation were estimated. The two preparations showed differences in response to optimum ration of Mg2+/ATP which is 6 for cytoplasmic system and 1 for mitochondrial system in aminoacylation reaction and a considerable difference in sensibility to concentration change of monovalent cations. Dithiotreitol not only protected both enzymatic preparations against thermal inactivation but even increased their activity.
HISTAMINE‐SENSITIVE ADENYLATE CYCLASE IN HYPOTHALAMUS OF RAT BRAIN: H1 AND H2 RECEPTORS
Authors: Portaleone P. , Pagnini G. , Crispino A. , Genazzani E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— In in vitro experiments on rat hypothalamic homogenates the effects of biogenic amines such as histamine (HA), noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5‐HT) and drugs such as isoprenaline (ISP), 2‐(2‐pyridyl)ethylamine (H2 stimulant—Hls), 4‐methyl‐histamine (H2 stimulant H2s), mepyramine (H1 antagonistp Hla), cimetidine (H2 antagonist—H2a) were tested on adenylate cyclase activity. HA possessed a powerful stimulating effect on hypothalamic adenylate cyclase activity, higher than that shown by the other substances.The stimulating effect of HA was greatest in hypothalamic tissue from male rats, while tissue from females showed only a modest stimulation. H2s, induced a greater stimulation of adenylate cyclase than Hls. On the other hand, the H2a inhibited HA stimulation to a greater extent than the Hla, Hla and H2a, when used together, completely inhibited the HA stimulation. HA may have a neurotrans‐mitter role in the hypothalamus, and in this area there appears to be a mixed population of H1 and H2 receptors, with a majority of H2 receptors.
SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF MARKER ENZYMES AND OF NEUROTOXIC ESTERASE IN ADULT HEN BRAIN1
Authors: Richardson R. J. , Davis C. S. , Johnson M. K. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Neurotoxic esterase (NTE) is now regarded as the site of the primary biochemical lesion in the delayed neuronal degeneration produced by certain organophosphorus esters. Since hens are the species of choice in studies of this neuropathy the subcellular distribution of NTE and marker enzymes in adult hen brain was carried out. Up to 70%, of NTE was recovered in a microsomal fraction (P3) which was also enriched in 5′‐nucleotidase (5′‐ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.5), a plasma membrane marker. The protein content of this fraction (31% of the parent homogenate) is double that of equivalent mammalian brain fractions. The LDH distribution suggests that the P3 fraction contained many small synaptosomes. Subfractionation of microsomes by rate and equilibrium centrifugation on sucrose density gradients segregated the RNA but failed to separate the NTE. 5′‐nucleotidase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase (D‐glucose‐6‐phosphate phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.9) from each other. NTE was considerably concentrated (2–5 times) in subfractions of the P2 fraction, which are believed to be enriched in synaptosomal membranes. A similar localization of NTE and AChE was found in subfractions of P2 from neonatal chick brain. Axon fragments contained a significant amount of NTE which was not associated with the myelin. Nuclear and mitochondrial fractions were low in NTE. Microsomes could be partitioned in biphasic aqueous polymer systems, but with little enrichment of NTE. The possible association of NTE with synaptosomal membranes suggests that early events in organophosphorus neuropathy may occur at the axonal (? synaptic) surface.