bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycobacterium bovis: the importance of milk and dairy products as a cause of human tuberculosis in the UK. A review of taxonomy and culture methods, with particular reference to artisanal cheeses
Authors: ROWE MICHAEL T , DONAGHY JOHN 
Published: October 2008

Mycobacterium bovis is the cause of tuberculosis (TB) in cattle and other ruminants. It can also cause tuberculosis in humans, and consumption of unpasteurized milk or products made from infected and untreated animals is thought to be the primary vehicles of transmission. Although a control programme for cattle exists in the UK, the disease is becoming more prevalent in the cattle population. The increasing interest in artisan cheeses made from unpasteurized milk and recent cases of human TB in which cheese was the known cause has highlighted the need for empirical data on the survival kinetics of M. bovis during the manufacture and ripening of such cheeses.
Influence of transmembrane pressure on the separation of caprine milk oligosaccharides from protein by cross‐flow ultrafiltration
Authors: MARTINEZ‐FEREZ ANTONIO , GUADIX ANTONIO , ZAPATA‐MONTOYA JOSE E , GUADIX EMILIA M 
Published: October 2008

Goat milk shows similarities with human milk in terms of their oligosaccharides composition. However, the supplementation of goat milk protein in infant formulae is not allowed, which demands a previous separation of oligosaccharides from protein. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transmembrane pressure on the fractionation of oligosaccharides, protein, lactose and calcium in the diafiltration of caprine milk through a 50 kDa tubular ceramic membrane. Permeates with more than 99% of the original oligosaccharides were obtained after four diavolumes. It was seen that transmembrane pressure had a great influence on filtration time and protein transmission.
Role of EG‐VEGF in human placentation: Physiological and pathological implications
Authors: Hoffmann Pascale , Saoudi Yasmina , Benharouga Mohamed , Graham Charles H. , Schaal Jean‐Patrick , Mazouni Chafika , Feige Jean‐Jacques , Alfaidy Nadia 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPre‐eclampsia (PE), the major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, is thought to be caused by shallow invasion of the maternal decidua by extravillous trophoblasts (EVT). Data suggest that a fine balance between the expressions of pro‐ and anti‐invasive factors might regulate EVT invasiveness. Recently, we showed that the expression of the new growth factor endocrine gland‐derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG‐VEGF) is high in early pregnancy but falls after 11 weeks, suggesting an essential role for this factor in early pregnancy. Using human villous explants and HTR‐8/SVneo, a first trimester extravillous trophoblast cell line, we showed differential expression of EG‐VEGF receptors, PKR1 and PKR2, in the placenta and demonstrated that EG‐VEGF inhibits EVT migration, invasion and tube‐like organisation. EG‐VEGF inhibitory effect on invasion was supported by a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 production. Interference with PKR2 expression, using specific siRNAs, reversed the EG‐VEGF‐induced inhibitory effects. Furthermore, we determined EG‐VEGF circulating levels in normal and PE patients. Our results showed that EG‐VEGF levels were highest during the first trimester of pregnancy and decreased thereafter to non‐pregnant levels. More important, EG‐VEGF levels were significantly elevated in PE patients compared with age‐matched controls. These findings identify EG‐VEGF as a novel paracrine regulator of trophoblast invasion. We speculate that a failure to correctly down‐regulate placental expression of EG‐VEGF at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy might lead to PE.
Bone reactions to controlled loading of endosseous implants: a pilot study
Authors: Wiskott H. W. Anselm , Cugnoni Joel , Scherrer Susanne S. , Ammann Patrick , Botsis John , Belser Urs C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives: To validate an experimental setup designed to apply load onto bone tissue using osseointegrated implants in a rabbit model. Specifically, (1) to design an apparatus capable of generating controlled forces, (2) to assess implant placement, maintenance and loading and (3) to evaluate outcome variables using three radiological methods.Material and methods: New Zealand White rabbits were used. Two dental implants were inserted 15–18 mm apart in the animals' tibiae. After 3 months of healing, the implants were loaded normal to their long axes using a pneumatically activated device. A 15 min load regimen at 1 Hz was applied 5 days per week. Every week the applied load was increased by 5 N up to week 8 and by 10 N up to 100 N by week 14. Groups of animals (n=3) were sacrificed at load levels 25, 50 and 100 N. One unloaded controlateral implant in each group provided the baseline data. The rabbits were computer tomography (CT) scanned and radiographed using conventional frames every 4–5 weeks. After sacrifice, a volume of interest (VOI) located in the inter‐implant zones and a VOI set as a ring surrounding the distal implant were analyzed using micro computer tomography (μCT).Results: A variety of osseous responses was observed, ranging from minor alterations to significant increases in porosity and lamelling of the cortical layer. μCT data of the inter‐implant VOI demonstrated an initial increase in total volume (upto 50 N) followed by stabilization. Concomitantly, bone volumetric density first decreased and then augmented until the end of the experiment. This phenomenon was not observed in the peri‐implant VOI, for which volumetric density augmented from the beginning to the end of the experiment.Conclusions: 1. In future trials the loading devices must be constructed so as to sustain heavy cyclic loads over prolonged periods. 2. When properly handled, rabbits are cooperative animals in this application. In a third of the sites, signs of inflammation were observed. 3. In the inter‐implant VOI, the cortical bone tended to react in two phases: first, as an increase in porosity and lamelling and second, as an augmentation of bone volumetric density. The peri‐implant VOI adapted only by augmenting volumetric density.
Early loading of ITI implants supporting maxillary fixed full‐arch prostheses
Authors: Lai Hong‐Chang , Zhang Zhi‐Yong , Zhuang Long‐Fei , Wang Feng , Liu Xin , Pu Yi‐Ping 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the predictability of the early‐loaded sand‐blasted, large‐grit and acid‐etched (SLA) implants supporting maxillary‐fixed full‐arch prostheses.Material and methods: Ninety‐one ITI SLA implants were placed in 12 edentulous maxillae. The impressions were taken at 4 weeks post‐surgery. The abutments were tightened and the final fixed prostheses were cemented at 6 weeks after implant placement. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was conducted on the day of the surgery, at 4 and 6 weeks post‐surgery. Panoramic radiographs were taken immediately after surgery, at 4 weeks post‐surgery, immediately after prostheses attachment (baseline) and at the yearly follow‐ups.Results: The survival rate of implants was 98.90%. The success rate of prostheses was 100% during the follow‐ups. The radiographic result showed no radiolucency around the implants and the marginal bone level revealed no significant resorption compared with the baseline. The marginal bone level remained coronally beyond the first thread. The RFA results revealed Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) values of 63.44±4.32, 57.14±4.25 and 66.43±3.78 for the three time points.Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that early loading of ITI implants supporting maxillary fixed full‐arch prostheses should be predictable.
Expression of S100A6 protein in a broad spectrum of cutaneous tumors using tissue microarrays
Authors: Fullen Douglas R. , Garrisi Angela J. , Sanders Donita , Thomas Dafydd 
Published: October 2008

Background:  S100A6, a calcium‐binding protein in the S100 family, has been observed in melanocytic nevi, neural tumors, fibrohistiocytic tumors and is overexpressed in melanoma. Previous studies reported S100A6 expression in atypical fibroxanthomas (AFX) but not in a small number of desmoplastic melanomas (DM). Limited data on S100A6 expression in cutaneous epithelial tumors exists in the literature. The goal of this study was to determine the specificity and sensitivity of S100A6 protein in a spectrum of cutaneous mesenchymal or epithelial tumors.Methods:  Tissue microarrays of cutaneous epithelial neoplasms, mesenchymal neoplasms, DM and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) were stained with S100A6 antibody.Results:  Eleven basal cell carcinomas (BCC) failed to express S100A6, whereas all 10 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) expressed S100A6. Four of seven microcystic adnexal carcinomas (MAC) stained for S100A6. Tumors with duct differentiation variously expressed S100A6 protein, with two hidradenomas showing the strongest staining. Malignant spindle cell tumors, with the exception of 13 of 30 MPNST, had a high incidence of S100A6 positivity.Conclusions:  S100A6 expression may distinguish SCC from BCC, MAC from BCC and hidradenoma from other adnexal tumors. S100A6 expression favors DM over MPNST but overlap limits its diagnostic use.
Reliability of cranial base measurements on lateral skull radiographs
Authors: Arponen H , Elf H , Evälahti M , Waltimo‐Sirén J 
Published: October 2008

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Arponen H, Elf H, Evälahti M, Waltimo‐Sirén JObjective –  To explore the reliability of identification of anatomic landmarks on lateral skull radiographs of young unaffected individuals that has conventionally been used to diagnose pathologic relationships in the craniovertebral junction.Material and Methods –  From the Helsinki longitudinal growth study, 20 randomly selected lateral radiographs were analyzed and re‐analyzed by two examiners. Both located seven cephalometric landmarks based on which five measurements were calculated. The differences of results were compared. With similar method three radiographs were analysed by 11 examiners and results were compared.Results –  Some anatomic landmarks were easier to locate than others on lateral skull radiographs leading to differences in measurements based on them. We found the magnitude of the difference to be dependent on the landmark serving as reference. Inter‐ and intra‐examiner errors were of similar magnitude, although intra‐examiner error declined in the repeated landmark identification. Variation in a single landmark location had in general little effect on the measurement value.Conclusion –  Variations in landmark location lead to differences in numeric evaluation of the anatomic relationships in the skull base area. These differences were, however, shown to have little clinical significance. Hence, the documented methods are applicable for screening of basilar pathology.
Three‐dimensional motion analysis – an exploratory study. Part 1: Assessment of facial movement
Authors: Popat H , Richmond S , Playle R , Marshall D , Rosin PL , Cosker D 
Published: October 2008

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Popat H, Richmond S, Playle R, Marshall D, Rosin PL, Cosker DObjectives –  To objectively quantify facial movement in response to facial expression and spoken word.Design –  Experimental study.Setting –  Department of Dental Health and Biological Sciences, University Dental Hospital, Cardiff, UK.Experimental Variable –  Facial movement was assessed in response to a standardized smile expression and the utterance ‘puppy’. The sequences were recorded using a non‐invasive, three‐dimensional motion analysis image capture system (3dMDface™ Dynamic System) at 48 frames per second.Outcome Variable –  To quantify the facial movement, sequential frames of a sequence were aligned to the baseline/reference frame three‐dimensionally using best fit on non‐moveable points in the upper half of the face. Accuracy of the alignment process for each sequence was tested using the percentage of stable points (i.e. within ±0.5 mm) within the upper half of the face.Results –  Quantifiable changes in facial topology were seen during both the standardized smile expression and the utterance ‘puppy’. The mean percentage of points (SD) that remained stable within the upper half of the face during the utterance ‘puppy’ was 88.8% (4.7). During the standardized smile expression, there were a much lower percentage of stable points in the upper half of the face with a mean (SD) of 60.9% (3.2).Conclusion –  The 3dMDface™ Dynamic System allows objective, three‐dimensional, non‐invasive assessment of facial movement. The utterance ‘puppy’ is a more appropriate measure of facial movement when compared with the standardized smile expression.
Three‐dimensional motion analysis – an exploratory study. Part 2: Reproducibility of facial movement
Authors: Popat H , Richmond S , Playle R , Marshall D , Rosin PL , Cosker D 
Published: October 2008

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Popat H, Richmond S, Playle R, Marshall D, Rosin PL, Cosker DObjectives –  To investigate the reproducibility of using spoken word as a measure of facial movement.Design –  Experimental study.Setting and Sample Population –  Department of Dental Health and Biological Sciences, University Dental Hospital, Cardiff. 22 normal subjects.Experimental Variable –  Subjects were asked to say the word ‘puppy’ in a normal, relaxed manner twice within a 10‐second time interval. The sequence was recorded using a non‐invasive, three‐dimensional motion analysis image capture system (3DMDface™ Dynamic System) at 48 frames per second.Outcome Variable –  Corresponding frames between the two utterances were aligned three‐dimensionally using best fit on non‐moveable points on the upper half of the face. Reproducibility was measured as the percentage point deviation between ± 0.5 mm between two corresponding frames.Results –  Mean intrasessional reproducibility (SD) for the group was recorded at 86.2% (5.8). The reproducibility ranged from a minimum of 66.8% to a maximum of 97.5%. When the utterance was split into its two separate viseme segments (/p//u//p/ and /p//y/), the second part of the utterance was seen to be more reproducible than the first. The male group were more reproducible than the female group.Conclusion –  Intrasessional reproducibility of the utterance ‘puppy’ shows high intra‐ and intersubject variability in this group of normal subjects and therefore further research needs to be conducted before being able to confidently use this word as a reproducible measure of facial movement.
Evaluation of a Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis Scheme for Typing Human
Brucella
Isolates in a Region of Brucellosis Endemicity
Authors: Kattar Mireille M. , Jaafar Rola F. , Araj George F. , Le Flèche Philippe , Matar Ghassan M. , Abi Rached Roland , Khalife Simon , Vergnaud Gilles 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Brucellosis remains an important anthropozoonosis worldwide.
Brucella
species are genetically homogeneous, and thus, the typing of
Brucella
species for epidemiological purposes by conventional molecular typing methods has remained elusive. Although many methods could segregate isolates into the phylogenetically recognized taxa, limited within-species genetic diversity has been identified. Recently, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) was found to have a high degree of resolution when it was applied to collections of
Brucella
isolates from geographically widespread locations, and an assay comprising 16 such loci (MLVA-16) was proposed. This scheme includes eight minisatellite loci (panel 1) and eight microsatellites (panel 2, which is subdivided into panels 2A and 2B). The utility of MLVA-16 for the subtyping of human
Brucella
isolates from geographically restricted regions needs to be further evaluated, and genotyping databases with worldwide coverage must be progressively established. In the present study, MLVA-16 was applied to the typing of 42 human
Brucella
isolates obtained from 41 patients recovered from 2002 to 2006 at a tertiary-care center in Lebanon. All isolates were identified as
Brucella melitensis
by MLVA-16 and were found to be closely related to
B. melitensis
isolates from neighboring countries in the Middle East when their genotypes were queried against those in the web-based Brucella2007 MLVA database (
http://mlva.u-psud.fr/
). Panel 2B, which comprised the most variable loci, displayed a very high discriminatory power, while panels 1 and 2A showed limited diversity. The most frequent genotype comprised seven isolates obtained over 7 weeks in 2002, demonstrating an outbreak from a common source. Two isolates obtained from one patient 5 months apart comprised another genotype, indicating relapsing disease. These findings confirm that MLVA-16 has a good discriminatory power for species determination, typing of
B. melitensis
isolates, and inferring their geographical origin. Abbreviated panel 2B could be used as a short-term epidemiological tool in a small region of endemicity.
Detection of Bacterial and Yeast Species with the Bactec 9120 Automated System with Routine Use of Aerobic, Anaerobic, and Fungal Media
Authors: Chiarini Alfredo , Palmeri Angelo , Amato Teresa , Immordino Rita , Distefano Salvatore , Giammanco Anna 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

During the period 2006 and 2007, all blood cultures required by four units at high infective risk and most of those required by other units of the University Hospital of Palermo, Palermo, Italy were performed using a Bactec 9120 automated blood culture system with a complete set of Plus Aerobic/F, Plus Anaerobic/F, and Mycosis IC/F bottles. The aim of the study was to enable the authors to gain firsthand experience of the culture potentialities of the three different media, to obtain information regarding the overall and specific recovery of bacteria and yeasts from blood cultures in the hospital, and to reach a decision as to whether and when to utilize anaerobic and fungal bottles. Although very few bloodstream infections (1.8%) were associated with obligate anaerobes, the traditional routine use of anaerobic bottles was confirmed because of their usefulness, not only in the detection of anaerobes, but also in that of gram-positive cocci and fermentative gram-negative bacilli. In this study, Mycosis IC/F bottles detected 77.4% of all the yeast isolates, 87.0% of yeasts belonging to the species
Candida albicans
, and 45.7% of nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli resistant to chloramphenicol and tobramycin. In order to improve the diagnosis of fungemia in high-risk patients, the additional routine use of fungal bottles was suggested when, as occurred in the intensive-care unit and in the hematology unit of the University Hospital of Palermo, high percentages of bloodstream infections are associated with yeasts, and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria and/or multiple bacterial isolates capable of inhibiting yeast growth in aerobic bottles.
Rapid Multiplex PCR and Real-Time TaqMan PCR Assays for Detection of
Salmonella enterica
and the Highly Virulent Serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C
Authors: Woods David F. , Reen F. Jerry , Gilroy Deirdre , Buckley Jim , Frye Jonathan G. , Boyd E. Fidelma 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
is a human pathogen with over 2,500 serovars characterized.
S. enterica
serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C are two globally distributed serovars. We have developed a rapid molecular-typing method to detect serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C in food samples by using a comparative-genomics approach to identify regions unique to each serovar from the sequenced genomes. A
Salmonella
-specific primer pair based on
oriC
was designed as an internal control to establish accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Serovar-specific primer sets based on regions of difference between serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C were designed for real-time PCR assays. Three primer sets were used to screen a collection of over 100
Salmonella
strains, and both serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C gave unique amplification patterns. To develop the technique for practical use, its sensitivity for detection of
Salmonella
spp. in a food matrix was determined by spiking experiments. The technique was also adapted for a real-time PCR rapid-detection assay for both serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C that complements the current procedures for
Salmonella
sp. isolation and serotyping.
Escherichia coli
O125ac:H6 Encompasses Atypical Enteropathogenic
E. coli
Strains That Display the Aggregative Adherence Pattern
Authors: Barros Samar F. , Abe Cecilia M. , Rocha Sérgio P. D. , Ruiz Renato M. , Beutin Lothar , Trabulsi Luiz R. , Elias Waldir P. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

O125 is an enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC) serogroup, which includes the O125ac:H6 serotype, defined as atypical EPEC. Strains of this serotype displayed the aggregative adherence (AA) pattern with HEp-2, Caco-2, T84, and HT-29 cells, possessed all the LEE region genes, and expressed intimin, Tir, and EspABD, although the attaching-effacing lesion was not detected in vitro. These results confirm that
E. coli
O125ac:H6 is atypical EPEC that displays the AA pattern and indicate the necessity of testing for EPEC genes combined with the determination of the adherence pattern for atypical EPEC identification.
Combined Multilocus Short-Sequence-Repeat and Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Typing ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisIsolates
Authors: Thibault Virginie C. , Grayon Maggy , Boschiroli Maria Laura , Willery Eve , Allix-Béguec Caroline , Stevenson Karen , Biet Franck , Supply Philip 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTShort-sequence-repeat (SSR) sequencing was applied to 127Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisisolates typed by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and IS900restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Combined MIRU-VNTR and SSR typing followed by secondary IS900RFLP typing is an improved approach to high-resolution genotyping of this pathogen.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Molecular Epidemiology after Emergence of Clone USA300 in San Francisco Jail Populations
Authors: Tattevin Pierre , Diep Binh An , Jula Michael , Perdreau-Remington Françoise 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

We performed a longitudinal analysis of 502 unique methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) clinical isolates originating from San Francisco jail inmates between 2000 and 2007. Strain USA300, first encountered in 2001, accounted for 82.1% (412/502) of MRSA infections. Non-USA300 MRSA strains were rarely found after 2005 (one isolate in 2006, three in 2007).