bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of waveform inversion, part 1: conventional wavefield vs logarithmic wavefield
Authors: Shin Changsoo , Pyun Sukjoon , Bednar J. Bee 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis is the first in a series of three papers focused on using variants of a logarithmic objective function approach to full waveform inversion. In this article, we investigate waveform inversion using full logarithmic principles and compare the results with the conventional least squares approach. We demonstrate theoretically that logarithmic inversion is computational similar to the conventional method in the sense that it uses exactly the same back‐propagation technology as used in least‐squares inversion. In the sense that it produces better results for each of three numerical examples, we conclude that logarithmic inversion is also more robust. We argue that a major reason for the inherent robustness is the fact that the logarithmic approach produces a natural scaling of the amplitude of the residual wavefield by the amplitude of the modelled wavefield that tends to stabilize the computations and consequently improve the final result. We claim that any superiority of the logarithmic inversion is based on the fact that it tends to be tomographic in the early stage of the inversion and more dependent on amplitude differences in the latter stages.
Genetic differentiation and natural hybridization between the Sardinian endemicManiola nuragand the EuropeanManiola jurtina
Authors: GRILL A. , RAIJMANN L. E. L. , VAN GINKEL W. , GKIOKA E. , MENKEN S. B. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Mediterranean island of Sardinia is known for its multitude of unique genetic lineages. We view one of them in a larger phylogeographic context. The endemic Sardinian Meadow Brown butterfly,Maniola nurag, is restricted to the mountainous areas of the island, whereas its widespread close relative,Maniola jurtina, also occurs on the coast. At intermediate altitudes the species’ distributions overlap. There, a number of individuals exhibit phenotypic characteristics intermediate between the two species. We examined patterns of intra‐ and interpopulation variation in 10M. nuragpopulations from Sardinia and 16M. jurtinapopulations from Sardinia and continental Europe, as well as 17 intermediate individuals, sampled in 1999–2002, by means of allozyme markers, combining it with a morphometric analysis based on 18 wing‐characters of 52 males. At the 15 loci studied (aldolase,aat‐1,aat‐2,g6pdh,gpd,idh‐1,idh‐2,mdh‐1,mdh‐2,mpi,me,leu‐ala,pgi,pgm, and6pgdh), 76 different alleles were detected, 63 of which were shared byM. nuragandM. jurtina. None of the loci was found to be alternatively fixed between the two species. In that respect, this study testifies to the difficulties that may arise when trying to identify hybrids from genotypic data. Levels of genetic variation in island populations (M. jurtina:HO = 0.137–0.189;M. nurag:HO = 0.141–0.270) were comparable to those of mainlandM. jurtina(HO = 0.141–0.236). A Bayesian admixture analysis supported the hypothesis of mixed (hybrid) ancestry of individuals occurring at intermediate altitudes. Similarly, neighbour‐joining and unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) analyses, as well as morphometrics hinted at the existence of aManiola‐hybrid zone in Sardinia at intermediate altitudes. We discuss the results in the light of the phylogeography of other Sardinian taxa with the aim to reach a general understanding of the biogeographic history of this island's endemic species.
Trends in private dental service provision in major city and other Australian locations
Authors: Brennan David , Spencer A. John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: To investigate time trends in dental service provision by location.Design: Five cross‐sectional surveys across a 20‐year period.Setting: Australian private general dental practice.Participants: A random sample of dentists.Methods: Mailed questionnaires were collected in 1983, 1988, 1993, 1998 and 2003 (response rates 71–76%).Main outcome measures: Annual services per dentist.Results: Decreases in the provision of restorative services, and increases in diagnostic and preventive services, occurred in major city locations but not in other locations. While decreases over time were observed in extraction rates in both major city and other locations, higher extraction rates persisted outside of major city locations. Denture and endodontic services fluctuated over time in both major city and other locations, with no difference by location observed in 2003–2004. No changes over time were observed for crown and bridge services, but crown and bridge services remained higher in major city compared with other locations in 2003–2004.Conclusions: While the overall content of dentist workloads has changed to include less emphasis on removal and replacement of teeth and more effort on diagnosis and prevention aimed at retention of natural dentitions, a gap by location remains, with dentist workloads outside of major city locations marked by higher rates of tooth extraction and lower rates of preventive services.
Modulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability in pathogenesis, autophagy and control of metabolism
Authors: Lemasters John J 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe mitochondrial inner and outer membranes have contrasting permeability characteristics. The outer membrane is non‐specifically permeable to all low‐molecular‐weight solutes, whereas the inner membrane is impermeable except through specific transporters. After stresses and sometimes in normal physiology, the permeability of the two membranes can reverse. In the inner membrane, permeability transition pores open to cause the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). As the MPT involves more and more mitochondria, autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis progressively develop linked to the proportion of mitochondria injured and the extent of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, a phenomenon of necrapoptosis. By contrast, the outer membrane may decrease its permeability after certain stresses via closure of voltage‐dependent anion channels (VDAC). The VDAC closure globally suppresses mitochondrial function to prevent futile ATP hydrolysis in hypoxia–ischemia and possibly the release of toxic superoxide under conditions of oxidative stress. The VDAC closure may also facilitate selective oxidation of acetaldehyde after ethanol exposure and promote aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. By contrast, VDAC opening is proposed to stimulate oxidative phosphorylation and promote insulin release by glucose‐stimulated pancreatic beta cells. Thus, VDAC serves as a global regulator, or governator, of mitochondrial function. Understanding of how these mitochondrial membrane permeability changes are themselves regulated remains incomplete and requires future study.
Glycine as a potent anti‐angiogenic nutrient for tumor growth
Authors: Yamashina Shunhei , Ikejima Kenichi , Rusyn Ivan , Sato Nobuhiro 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAccumulating lines of evidence suggest a possibility that glycine is useful as an immuno‐modulating amino acid. Glycine most likely prevents the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in Kupffer cells, thereby minimizing LPS receptor signaling and cytokine production. Moreover, it was reported that dietary glycine inhibits the growth of tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in cancer progression by promoting new blood vessel formation. Activation of VEGF receptor has been shown to result in activation of phospholipase C‐γ and increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The VEGF‐induced cell proliferation is dependent on intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The effects of glycine on VEGF‐induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cell line (CPA) were studied. The VEGF increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration rapidly, but glycine blunted increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration due to VEGF. Further, the inhibitory effects of glycine were prevented by low concentrations of strychnine (1 µmol/L) or incubation with chloride‐free buffer. Moreover, glycine increased influx of radiolabeled chloride into CPA cells approximately 10‐fold. Furthermore, mRNA 92% identical to the β‐subunit of the glycine‐gated chloride channel from spinal cord was identified in endothelial cells using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Finally, glycine significantly diminished serum‐stimulated proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. These data indicate that the inhibitory effect of glycine on growth and migration of endothelial cells is due to activation of a glycine‐gated chloride channel. This hyperpolarizes the cell membrane and blocks influx of Ca2+, thereby minimizing growth factor‐mediated signaling. Therefore, glycine can be used not only for treatment of inflammation, but also for chemoprevention and treatment of carcinoma.
Weekly high‐dose calcitriol and docetaxel in patients with metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer previously exposed to docetaxel
Authors: Petrioli Roberto , Pascucci Alessandra , Francini Edoardo , Marsili Stefania , Sciandivasci Angela , De Rubertis Giovanni , Barbanti Gabriele , Manganelli Antonio , Salvestrini Francesco , Francini Guido 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the activity and tolerability of weekly high‐dose calcitriol and docetaxel in patients with metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) previously exposed to docetaxel, as patients who progress after docetaxel treatment might be considered for second‐line chemotherapy, but with no standard salvage therapy available we hypothesised that high‐dose calcitriol might restore sensitivity to chemotherapy.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study comprised 26 patients who had progressed after first‐line treatment with docetaxel‐based chemotherapy had failed. Treatment cycles consisted of calcitriol (32 µg orally as 0.5 µg tablets) on day 1 and docetaxel (30 mg/m2 intravenous) on day 2, administered for six consecutive weeks followed by a 2‐week rest interval for a maximum of 24 cycles.RESULTSThere was a response in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level in eight patients (31%); seven (27%) had a stable PSA level for ≥ 12 weeks. The median time to PSA progression was 4.2 months and the median survival was 9.3 months. The regimen was generally well tolerated; there was grade 2 hypercalcaemia, probably related to calcitriol, in one patient after six treatment cycles.CONCLUSIONWeekly high‐dose calcitriol and docetaxel seems to be an effective and well‐tolerated treatment option for patients with metastatic HRPC previously exposed to docetaxel‐based chemotherapy.
Length of gestation and gender are associated with HLA genotypes at risk for Type 1 diabetes (Italian DIABFIN 3)
Authors: Locatelli M. , Buzzetti R. , Galgani A. , Montemari A. L. , Khazrai M. , Petrone A. , Visalli N. , Meschi F. , Minicucci L. , Lorini R. , Cristaldi A. , Valorani M. G. , Bottazzo G. F. , Pozzilli P. ,   on behalf of the DIABFIN Study Group
Published: May 2007

AbstractAim  The aim of this study, which is part of the ongoing DIABFIN project, was to correlate HLA class II genotypes, classified for their effect on susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes (T1D), with various risk factors during pregnancy and the neonatal period.Methods  Cord blood was collected from 4349 neonates; 1.0% were at high HLA risk (HR), 9.0% at moderate HLA risk (MR), and 90.0% at low HLA risk (LR) for T1D. Information about the mother's pregnancy, type of delivery, the neonates’ clinical features at birth, and family history for autoimmune diseases were collected.Results  Significant correlations were found between the different HLA risk categories and length of gestation, even when adjusted for sex, weight and length at birth of the neonate, birth order and mother's age (adjusted P = 0.007). The male : female ratio tended to increase from the LR to the HR category, from 1.00 and 1.21, respectively, in the LR and MR groups, to 1.62 in the HR group (P = 0.05).Conclusions  Length of gestation is inversely correlated with HLA risk categories for T1D. The higher the HLA risk for T1D, the shorter the gestational age, especially in male neonates.
A randomized pilot study in Type 1 diabetes complicated by severe hypoglycaemia, comparing rigorous hypoglycaemia avoidance with insulin analogue therapy, CSII or education alone
Authors: Thomas R. M. , Aldibbiat A. , Griffin W. , Cox M. A. A. , Leech N. J. , Shaw J. A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAim  To determine potential for amelioration of recurrent severe hypoglycaemia without worsening in overall control in individuals with long‐standing Type 1 diabetes (T1DM).Methods  Twenty‐one people with T1DM characterized by altered hypoglycaemia awareness and debilitating severe hypoglycaemia were randomized in a pilot 24‐week prospective study to optimized analogue therapy (ANALOGUE; lispro/glargine); continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy (CSII; lispro); or re‐education with relaxation of blood glucose targets on existing conventional insulin regimen (EDUCATION). Glycaemic profiles and duration of biochemical hypoglycaemia were measured by continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring and self‐monitored blood glucose.Results  Further severe hypoglycaemia was prevented in five participants (71%) in each group (P = 0.06). Incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was: 0.6 (ANALOGUE), 0.9 (CSII), and 3.7 (EDUCATION) episodes per patient year. Restoration of hypoglycaemia awareness was confirmed by validated questionnaire in three (43%) ANALOGUE, four (57%) CSII and five (71%) EDUCATION patients. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was significantly improved in the ANALOGUE group between weeks 0 and 24 (8.6 ± 1.1 vs. 7.6 ± 0.8%; P = 0.04 for change). Non‐significant improvement was seen in the CSII group (8.5 ± 1.9 vs. 7.4 ± 1.0%; P = 0.06). No change in HbA1c was seen in the EDUCATION group (8.5 ± 1.1 vs. 8.3 ± 1.0%; P = 0.54). There were no episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis or any other adverse events in any group.Conclusions  In this pilot randomized trial comparing optimized ANALOGUE, CSII or EDUCATION alone in unselected individuals with recurrent severe hypoglycaemia, we show potential for restoring hypoglycaemia awareness and preventing further severe hypoglycaemia with concomitant improvement in glycaemic control in ANALOGUE and CSII groups.
The Influence of Classroom Ethnic Composition on Same‐ and Other‐ethnicity Peer Nominations in Middle School
Authors: Bellmore Amy D. , Nishina Adrienne , Witkow Melissa R. , Graham Sandra , Juvonen Jaana 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe study of peer group status typically involves examination of peer nominations received. In this study, the focus was on nominations given and received. We examined the degree to which middle school students from different ethnic groups demonstrate same‐ethnicity preferences in their peer nominations, the effects of the classroom ethnic composition on these preferences, and the association between same‐ethnicity preferences and social standing. Latina/o, Asian, and White students demonstrated a positive same‐ethnicity bias (i.e., greater acceptance and less rejection of same‐ethnicity peers) whereas African‐American students demonstrated a global same‐ethnicity bias (i.e., they were more likely to nominate African‐American students in general). All students made more nominations to same‐ethnicity peers when there were larger numbers of same‐ethnicity peers in the classroom. Students who made more acceptance nominations to same‐ethnicity peers were more accepted among same‐ethnicity peers and less accepted among other‐ethnicity peers. The significance of the ethnic context to understanding students' peer status and the benefits and costs of same‐ethnicity biases are discussed.
Children's Evaluation of Other People's Self‐Descriptions
Authors: Gee Caroline L. , Heyman Gail D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChildren's evaluations of what people communicate about themselves were examined in three studies with a total of 296 participants (aged four to 12). Participants heard scenarios in which characters' motivations to reveal truthful information were systematically manipulated to examine (1) children's understanding that people do not always reveal true information, and (2) children's use of contextual cues to judge the credibility of what individuals say about themselves. Results from Study 1 suggest that elementary school children are quite sophisticated at reasoning with reference to motive information. Study 2 suggests that preschool children can also make use of motive information that is salient and familiar. For example, even preschool children responded that boys are less likely than girls to reveal to peers that they like to play with dolls. Study 3 suggests that children's reasoning about self‐presentation is linked to their beliefs about social acceptability norms.
HPA‐13bw neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and low frequency alloantigens: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Bertrand Gerald , Bianchi Frederic , Alexandre Marie , Quesne Jeannine , Chenet Christophe , Martageix Corinne , Jallu Vincent , Kaplan Cecile 
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND: Fetal‐neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) linked to rare or private antigens is not a rare event.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Such a case discovered during the follow‐up of a second child with jaundice with mild thrombocytopenia is reported here. Platelet (PLT) genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–sequence‐specific primers method and PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Serologic investigation was done with the monoclonal antibody–specific immobilization of PLT antigens technique. Glycoprotein Ia–specific amplification and sequencing were performed for the polymorphism 807 (exon 7).RESULTS: The mother was found to be HPA‐13aaw, and the father HPA‐13abw. A maternal alloantibody directed against HPA‐13bw has been characterized, leading to the diagnosis of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.CONCLUSION: This report provides further evidence that NAIT associated with low‐frequency antigens is not restricted to single families. Therefore, laboratory investigation of a suspected case should be carried out in a specialist laboratory well experienced in optimal testing to propose appropriate management for the index case and subsequent pregnancies.
Mechanical Properties of Magnesia–Spinel Composites
Authors: Atkinson Alan , Bastid Phillipe , Liu Qiuyun 
Published: May 2007

The mechanical properties of magnesia–spinel composite ceramics, which are candidate materials for supporting solid oxide fuel cells, have been measured as a function of porosity (up to 30%) and temperature (up to 900°C). The theory for the ring‐on‐ring test has been re‐examined to resolve an inconsistency in the literature. The Young's modulus shows an exponential dependence on porosity that is in agreement with the expectation of minimum solid area models. Fracture toughness, fracture energy, and flexural strength are all approximately proportional to Young's modulus. The mechanical properties are not greatly dependent on temperature, but there is a detectable increase in fracture toughness with temperature, which could be due to some limited plasticity.
Phyllostomid Bats of Lowland Amazonia: Effects of Habitat Alteration on Abundance
Authors: Willig Michael R. , Presley Steven J. , Bloch Christopher P. , Hice Christine L. , Yanoviak Stephen P. , Díaz M. Mónica , Chauca Lily Arias , Pacheco Víctor , Weaver Scott C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTHabitat fragmentation and conversion are among the human activities that pose the greatest threat to species persistence and conservation of biodiversity. This is particularly true in the Neotropics, where bats represent important components of biodiversity from taxonomic and functional perspectives, and provide critical ecosystem services (e.g., seed dispersal and pollination). We assessed the degree to which conversion of lowland Amazonian rain forest to agriculture, and its subsequent abandonment and secondary succession, affect the abundances of populations of phyllostomid bats in the vicinity of Iquitos, Perú. During 90,720 net‐m‐h of sampling, we captured 3789 bats of five families; of these 3764 were phyllostomids representing 44 species, 23 genera, and three feeding guilds. We focus on the 24 most abundant species of phyllostomids. In terms of abundance, frugivores dominated assemblages in all habitat types and seasons. Eight species consistently responded to habitat conversion, two species consistently responded to season, two species responded consistently to both habitat and season, and five species responded to habitat conversion in a season‐specific manner. Frugivores and nectarivores were abundant in areas that had been converted to agriculture, which suggests that these bats are resilient to extant levels of disturbance and may be important in promoting secondary succession. However, this result may be scale‐ or context‐dependent. If habitat conversion continues and dramatically reduces the areal extent and increases fragmentation of mature forest, then a complex metacommunity dynamic may characterize the region and source populations of bats may become threatened or extirpated locally.
The rate of hepatitis B and C virus infections and the importance of HBV vaccination in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Tavil Betul , Cetin Mualla , Tuncer Murat , Gumruk Fatma , Yuce Aysel , Demir Hulya , Aytac Selin , Kuskonmaz Baris , Unal Sule , Yetgin Sevgi 
Published: May 2007

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the rate of hepatitis B and C virus infection and emphasize the importance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination in leukemic children.Methods: One hundred and sixty children who were treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Hematology Unit were included in the study. They were 71 (44.4%) girls and 89 (55.6%) boys with a mean age of 6.45 ± 3.87 years.Results: Of these 160 children, 22 (13.8%) were anti‐HBs‐positive and 138 (86.2%) were anti‐HBs‐negative at the diagnosis of ALL. Among the 138 anti‐HBs‐negative children, 67 (41.9%) were vaccinated for HBV during maintenance chemotherapy, and 71 (44.3%) could not be vaccinated. Two (2.9%) vaccinated and 22 (30.9%) unvaccinated children developed HBV infection during the follow‐up period (P < 0.001). Among 160 children treated for ALL, 24 (15.0%) had HBV, three (1.9%) had hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, and 29 (18.1%) had toxic hepatitis. The majority of patients with HBV or HCV infections had high risk (HR) protocol, whereas most of the patients with toxic hepatitis had low risk (LR) protocol, especially St Jude Total XIII LR protocol.Conclusion: Viral hepatitis and toxic hepatitis were observed more commonly in the HR and LR group, respectively, of ALL patients. This could be explained by intensive chemotherapy and more heavy blood product administration in the HR group and the chemotherapeutic agents of methotrexate and 6‐mercaptopurine, basic drugs used in the LR group. In respect to protection from these complications, periodical liver function tests, serological tests for HBV and HCV, and vaccination for HBV should be performed for all children with ALL.