bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Sodium Ions for the Excretion of Ammonium and Hydrogen Ions in the Urine
Authors: RYBERG CARL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The aim of the present work has been to investigate whether the urinary excretion of NH4 and H+ takes place by an exchange with positive ions from the urine. pH in the urine and the excretion of NH4 were investigated under conditions, where the amount of positive ions reaching the distal part of the tubules was reduced. The following results were found:

At high values of the excretion of NHJ, a cation deficiency resulted in a decrease in this quantity.
Simultaneously a very large reduction in the urinary excretion of Na+ and a more moderate decrease in the excretion of the other cations were found.
The pronounced reduction in the urinary excretion of Na+ was absent in the beginning of an acidosis, when the formation of ammonia was small.
The hydrogen ion concentration of the urine varied with the content of Na+ over a considerable range of concentration. When Na+ or K+ were ingested, pH decreased in spite of the increasing diuresis.

The experiments support the idea that NHt and H+ are excreted by exchange with cations from the tubular fluid. It is emphasized that the privileged position apparently occupied by the sodium ion is not necessarily associated with the exchange process itself but may be due to an active transport of this ion from the tubular cells to the interstitial fluid.The possible effects of an active transport of sodium on the migration of other ions are discussed.
Interaction of Ergotamine and Carbon Dioxide on Blood Pressure and Respiration
Authors: LILJESTRAND Åke 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The action of ergotamine on the effect of inhaled carbon dioxide on blood pressure and respiration in the cat has been investigated.The results indicate that the fall of blood pressure caused by carbon dioxide in the ergotaminized cat is principally due to a central inhibition of the blood pressure regulation, the inhibition being relatively specific to carbon dioxide. The local vasodilating action of the carbon dioxide then appears.Ergotamine was also found to exert an inhibitory influence on respiratory regulation. It caused a decrease both in the normal ventilation and in the extent of the usual increased ventilation following inhalation of carbon dioxide. This action is interpreted as arising from a diminished sensitivity of the respiratory centre.
The Effect of Essential, Synthetic Amino Acids on the Growth of Rats
Authors: WRETLIND K. A. J. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The author has studied the growth of rats which as the sole source of nitrogen had received a mixture of the racemic forms of the 10 essential amino acids, synthetically produced. As nitrogen‐free diet, a mixture containing merely 0.002 % N was used.On a diet containing 10 % of this amino acid mixture a growth averaging 0.33 ± 0.14 grams per day was obtained.On a 20 % diet the growth of the rats averaged 0.89 ± 0.15 grams per day.On the other hand if the rats received 30 and 40 % amino acids in the diet, a decrease in weight, averaging 0.11 ±0.25 and 0.63 ±0.27 grams per day respectively, resulted. Thus, it must be considered that these synthetic amino acids in their racemic forms, contain some toxic matter, but exactly whence it emanates has not yet been ascertained.The synthesis of the 10 essential amino acids is briefly described.
Renal Excretion of Glycerol
Authors: SVEINSSON SVEIN L. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Orientatory investigations were made respecting the renal excretion of glycerol in man.A method for the splitting of glycerol in biological samples by means of periodic acid is described. The method permits of distinguishing between glycerol and attendant substances which give colour reactions similar to those produced by glycerol.At plasma‐glycerol concentrations above 30 mg% the excretion percentage has, in accordance with Holst, been found to be independent of the concentration in plasma and of diuresis.At lower plasma‐glycerol concentrations the excretion percentage decreases with decreasing concentration in plasma.These findings respecting the excretion are explained by assuming that glycerol is a threshold substance with low Tm (concentration threshold about 10 mg%), the excretion of which at higher concentrations of glycerol in plasma is, however, completely governed by a passive retrodiffusion of glycerol in the proximal tubuli.Through this conception of the glycerol excretion Holst's findings can be brought into harmony with the theory of phosphorylation as part of the process of active tubular reabsorption.
The Individual Variability in Respiration. Elucidated by Determination of the Excitability of the Respiratory Centre
Authors: ØSTERGAARD TORSTEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Individual variations in the excitability of the respiratory centre are considerable. Numerically expressed — by a special method — the excitability coefficients of 36 patients (convalescents after melancholia) were found to vary from 12.2 to 34.4, and from 11.6 to 41.3, in 26 normal subjects. Correspondingly, pronounced individual variations were ascertained in respect of rate and depth of respiration, of ventilation, and of CO2 tension in alveolar air — in the cases of 26 normal subjects and 36 patients.
The Amount of Hemoglobin and the Blood Volume in Relation to the Pulse Rate and Cardiac Volume During Rest
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , RUDHE ULF , SJÖSTRAND TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In a material composed of children, women and men, including athletically trained men and women, the amount of hemoglobin and the blood volume estimated on the basis of the amount of hemoglobin have been placed in relation to the pulse rate, to the pulse rate/standard metabolism ratio estimated by and to the heart volume, determined roentgenologically on a subject in prone position.There is a clear correlation between the amount of hemoglobin and the pulse rate during rest. The correlation is brought out still more clearly if the amount of hemoglobin is pulse rate/standard metabolism placed in relation to the ratio which may be taken as a reference standard for the stroke volume during rest.The amount of hemoglobin and, to a still somewhat higher degree, the blood volume show a very close correlation to the heart volume determined roentgenological^ on a subject in prone position. The correlation coefficient for children, women and men is about 0.90. Broadly speaking, the figures for children, women and men, the athletically trained included, fall along the same regression line.The results serve to explain in a simple way the varying values for the resting pulse rate and heart volume, found in children and adults, women and men, and the physically trained and the untrained, respectively. It seems thus that the larger heart volume in healthy, athletically trained persons could be entirely attributed to the increased blood volume in connection with physical training.The regulation of the blood distribution (in heart, lungs and systemic circulation) is discussed with due regard to the results obtained.The costs of the investigation have been partly defrayed by a grant from the Therese and Johan Andersson Memorial Fund.
Increase of the Amount of Hemoglobin and Blood Volume in Connection with Physical Training
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , RUDHE ULF , SJÖSTRAND TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In the present paper we report on an investigation in which the amount of hemoglobin determined after the method of SJÖSTRAND (1948) in a number of athletically trained men and women has been compared with that in an average group of the respective sexes.The athletically trained men and women showed considerably higher amounts of hemoglobin and blood volumes than the average material. On the whole, the best trained men deviated by 41%, and the women by 44% from the reference material.In three men and one woman the amount of hemoglobin was determined just before and immediately after a skiing tour in the mountains. The figures were 10–19 per cent higher after the training than before.In a patient who had been confined to bed for a considerable length of time (owing to fracture of the leg) the amount of hemoglobin was determined repeatedly. It showed a successive decrease, amounting at its maximum to 15 per cent of. the original figure. The amount of hemoglobin and blood volume seems accordingly to vary with the degree of physical training.The costs of the investigation have in part been defrayed by a grant from the Therese and Johan Andersson Memorial Fund.
The Amount of Hemoglobin (Blood Volume) in Relation to the Pulse Rate and Heart Volume During Work
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , RUDHE ULF , SJÖSTRAND TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.By determination of the total amount of hemoglobin and the blood volume estimated on that basis, in a material of children, women and men, including athletes a very marked correlation, + 0.82 and + 0.90, respectively, was found between the amount of hemoglobin and the pulse rate during work—or the work at which the pulse reaches a level of about 170 beats per minute. This indicates that there is a close correlation between the total blood volume and the stroke volume during work.In 12 persons (among the adults) with different amounts of hemoglobin, the heart volume was determined during the performance of a varying amount of work on the bicycle ergometer.In one group of the tested persons the heart volume diminished only slightly up to a pulse rate of about 150 beats per minute, but afterwards more rapidly. In another group the heart volume diminished in proportion to the increase of the pulse rate.The first‐mentioned group consisted of individuals of average build, the latter of men of more leptosomatic type, with a small amount of hemoglobin in comparison to body height.When the movements of the left ventricular and of the aortic walls were recorded during the different cardiac periods with electrokymography, it was found that the systolic emptying of the left ventricle greatly increased during work, although the heart volume remained unchanged or was actually less than during rest. It was also shown with the same technique that there was a parallelism between the change in the heart volume during work and the filling of the left ventricle.There seems to be no direct correlation between the heart volume and the stroke volume in the same individual, an assumption, which might be expected if the stroke volume were regulated in accordance with Starling's heart law. These findings are discussed and a new hypothesis in regard to the regulation of the blood circulation and the blood distribution is advanced in order to explain the results found in normal man.
The Distribution of Sympathin N and Sympathin A in Spleen and Splenic Nerves of Cattle
Authors: von EULER U. S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Extracts of splenic nerves and spleen contain small but definite amounts of adrenaline (sympathin A) in addition to noradrenaline (sympathin N) as assayed by differential tests on cat's blood pressure and hen's rectal caecum.This finding constitutes the base for a dual adrenergic nerve transmission, as indicated by remote effects after nerve stimulation (CANNON and KOSENBLUETH).Extracts of spleen contained on an average adrenaline to 7.2 per cent of the total catechols and extracts of splenic nerves significantly less, on an average 2.2 per cent.The results are in favour of the assumption that the noradrenaline in the nerves is partly methylated, this process being more intense in the peripheral parts of the nerves.
Some Remarks on the Determination of Histamine with Special Reference to Horse Blood
Authors: SCHMITERLÖW CARL G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.When treating histidine solutions according to BARSOTTM‐GADDUM‐CODB'S histamine extraction method it has been found that a small part of the histidine will be transformed into histamine. This is in accordance with the findings of ÅKERBLOM (1941).A simple method of extracting histamine from blood is described. To one volume of blood two volumes of ethyl alcohol is added together with H2SO4 sufficient to give the mixture a pH of about 4. The mixture is allowed to stand for 11/2 hour. After filtration and washing of the precipitate with alcohol the total filtrate is evaporated to a small volume in vacuo. After dilution with water and adjusting the pH to neutral the extract is ready for biological testing.Using this extraction method histamine was quantitatively recovered from water solutions of histamine and also from histamine added to horse blood.The amount of histamine in horse blood has been determined both according to CODE'S method and to the method described in this paper. Using CODE'S method a mean value of about 0.18 μg histamine per ml blood (expressed as dihydrochloride) was found whereas the other method gave a mean value of 0.065 μ per ml. Some part of the histamine obtained with CODE'S method may derive from the histidine in hemoglobin, decarboxylated during the extraction procedure. When extracting pure hemoglobin solutions according to CODE'S method the final extracts contain histamine in a concentration which corresponds to the above‐mentioned difference.
The Significance of Ketone Bodies in Fat Metabolism
Authors: GAMMELTOFT ALLAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In experiments on starving human subjects it has been demonstrated that the ketone concentration in the venous blood is lower than in the arterial blood. This arterio‐venous ketone difference increases markedly with increase in the blood ketone concentration. From the third day of starvation the arterio‐venous difference reaches a value of about 7 mg per cent indicating that the participation of the peripheral tissues in the fat metabolism is practically exclusively an oxidation of ketone bodies. This assumption is confirmed by simultaneous determinations of the arterio‐venous oxygen difference. Determinations of this kind on human subjects have been supolemented by corresponding determinations on dogs poisoned with phlorhizine.LUNDSGAARD'S suggestion that the fat metabolism always follows the scheme: partial oxidation of fatty acids in the liver to ketone, bodies, followed by oxidation of the ketones in the peripheral tissues is discussed. It is concluded that though this type of fat metabolism is found in humans already from the third to fourth day of starvation it cannot be considered the normal type of fat metabolism.
Studies on the Biochemistry of Human Semen
Authors: LUNDQUIST FRANK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Some practical and theoretical objections against the viscosimetric assay of hyaluronidase as generally employed have been advanced.
A simplified method for the preparation of hyaluronate from vitreous humor, synovial fluid and umbilical cords has been worked out and some properties of the preparations determined.
A method for the assay of hyaluronidase using viscosity measurements has been worked out based on the demonstration that the enzymatic depolymerisation follows a monomolecular reaction scheme. The reaction constant under specified conditions is used as a measure of hyaluronidase activity.
The feasibility of defining an international unit of hyaluronidase based on measurement of the reaction constant is discussed.
The Occurrence of Citric Acid in the Shell Substance of Eggs of Chickens, Ducks, and Geese
Authors: THUNBERG T. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The author has investigated the percentual Ci‐content of shells from chicken, duck, and goose eggs. The citric acid analyses have been carried out according to the method of Hunter and Leloir. The experimental material was composed of 30 chicken eggs, 6 duck eggs, and 6 goose eggs. The average Ci‐content in some‐what rounded figures of chicken eggs was found to be 1.5 mg. per g., of duck eggs 0.4 mg., and of goose eggs 0.3 mg., or expressed in p. p. m., 1,500, 400, and 300. A negative correlation seems to exist between the weight of the egg and the Ci‐content of the egg shell. The author stresses the practical importance of knowledge of the factors influencing the Ci‐content of the shell.
Selective Adaptation and the Off/on‐ratio of the Retinal On/off‐elements
Authors: GERNANDT BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The threshold of retinal on/off‐elements, isolated by the micro‐electrode technique in the cat retina, have been determined for three wave‐lengths as test light, a red, a green and a blue, before and after adaptation to one of three adapting lights, Ilford spectral green, blue or red.Statistical threshold correlations were calculated. Blue and red as well as blue and green proved to be independent for on‐ and off‐component, but there was a negative correlation of ‐0.46 between Green on‐components and Red off‐components, signifying that a certain number of the elements, responding best to green at onset could not respond to red at cessation of illumination, as would be required by a mechanism of contrast.Adaptation with the three adapting colours was found to give a number of highly selective and extremely variable effects in terms of the three test lights.The amount of depression, caused by coloured adaptation, was found to depend on the off/on‐ratio in such a fashion that the on‐sensitive elements tended to loose sensitivity at ‘on’, the off‐sensitive at ‘off’.For some elements the off/on‐ratio was found to increase towards the two ends of the spectrum.
The Origin in the CNS of Gastric Secretory Impulses Induced by Hypoglycemia
Authors: JÖGI PRITS , STRÖM GUNNAR , UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The gastric secretory response to hypoglycemia produced by insulin remains after decortication. After decerebration the secretory response disappears in most animals. In a few animals a reduced and delayed response remains.
Effect of Sulfa Preparations and Methyl Thiouracil on the Urinary Output of Vitamin C in the Rat
Authors: KINNUNEN OLAVI 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Sulfa preparations and methyl thiouracil deplete the stores of vitamin C in the organism. In prolonged use and in large doses they cause a lack of vitamin C which can be ascertained at least in laboratory experiments. Hence it is recommendable that vitamin C be administered in connection with the sulfa therapy especially as infectious cases themselves already cause an increased consumption of the vitamin.
Efferent Nervous Pathways Involved in Cutaneous Vasodilatation Induced by Activation of Hypothalamic Heat Loss Mechanisms
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , STRÖM GUNNAR , UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In the cat and dog cutaneous vasodilator responses induced by activation of hypothalamic heat loss mechanisms are completely abolished by sympathectomy.No evidence was obtained to indicate the participation of dorsal root dilator fibres in centrally induced cutaneous vasodilatation.
The Strong Histaminolytic Activity of Lymph and its Bearing on the Distribution of Histamine between Lymph and Plasma in Dogs
Authors: CARLSTEN ARNE , KAHLSON GEORG , WICKSELL FINN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In anaesthetised dogs the histamine‐destroying activity of lymph and plasma and the distribution of histamine between lymph and plasma under various conditions were determined with the following results.

The lymph is very potent in destroying histamine. In vitro the histaminolytic activity of lymph is on the average > 30 times greater than of plasma. In vivo intralymphatically administered histamine is inactivated at a very high rate.
Lymph normally does not contain histamine in detectable quantities. The histamine concentration of plasma can be raised to very high levels by histamine injections and by histamine liberators without the appearance of the slightest trace of excess histamine in the lymph.
The Rate. of Lactate Utilization in Man During Work and at Rest
Authors: RÄMMAL KALJULA , STRÖM GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The fall in blood lactate concentration during “recovery” from prolonged, moderately hard muscular work was studied in two subjects, working on a bicycle ergometer. The rate of lactate utilization during “recovery” was found to be greater during light muscular Work than at rest. Lactate utilization at rest was found to be faster after prolonged than after short muscular work.
“Adaptation Factor's” to Weak Legit‐ Adaptation of Isolated Retinal Elements
Authors: GERNANDT BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Isolated elements in the fully‐dark‐adapted cat's retina have been subjected to modest light‐adaptation of about 8 metres candles for 10 min. and the drop in threshold measured for a red, a green and a blue monochromatic test light.An ‘adaptation factor’ was calculated for each test light and element to show how many times the threshold had changed as a consequence of the adaptation.These adaptation factors varied over a range of about 1–600, in terms of multiples of threshold, both for the different test colours as well as from element to element.The variation with the test colour demonstrates that the modest light‐adaptation used had a differential effect with respect to colour. If visual purple alone were involved this substance must therefore exist in other states of probability than the one determined by the standard absorption measured in extracts from dark‐adapted eyes.The effect of light adaptation on the off/on‐ratio shows that the elements also become differently balanced under the influence of light.
Impulses from a Cutaneous Receptor with Slow Adaptation and Low Mechanical Threshold
Authors: FRANKENGAEUSER B. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It was found that a pressure applied to the distribution area of the surd nerve (rabbit) elicited a slowly adapting response. The adaptation time was about five minutes. Pacinian corpuscles were excluded. The end organs responsible for this discharge were localized within 0.2 mn. Their mechanical threshold remained below 200 mgr. The discharge from a sinzle receptor followed the all or none law. So after discharge was obtained. Four to eight receptors were found per cm2skin.
The Effect of Illumination upon the Sensitivity of Isolated Retinal Elements to Polarization
Authors: DONNER K. O. , GRANIT RAGNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Polarizing electrodes were placed in the nasal and temporal corners of the eye of the dark‐adapted decelerated cat and the threshold discharge of retinal elements to polarization and illumination was measured by studying the spikes isolated by a micro‐electrode in the eye.In certain types of element the threshold to polarization rose when the eye was illuminated at 1,000 times threshold strength, in others not.Some elements that in the dark had a lower threshold for anodal currents beanie more sensitive to the cathode during illumination and, vice rersa, some elements with lower thresholds to cathodal stimulatin became more sensitive to anodal stimulation during illumination.After illumination the polarization thresholds often returned to normal before the thresholds to illumination did so.
The Effect of Silurian (Mersttlyl) on the Osmotic Pressure of the Blood
Authors: EDLUND T. , LINDERHOLM H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Determinations of the total osmotic pressure of rabbit blood plasma after treatment with sailorman showed that the drug was without effect in this respect during the hours immediately following administration. The action of salyrganl on absorption from joints, found by the authors in an equivalent material, cannot, therefore, be due to a rise in the osmotic pressure of the blood.