bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reductive amination of 12‐ketostearic acid
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Fuller Glenn 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the preparation of 12‐aminostearic acid by reductive amination of 12‐ketostearic acid, the keto acid is first contacted with ammonia under pressure to produce an intermediate, not isolated, which is then hydrogenated to give the product. Variables such as time and temperature of reaction, hydrogen pressure, and amount and type of catalyst were examined to find optimum conditions for high yield and purity of 12‐amino‐stearic acid. With a hydrogenation pressure of 500 psi and 10% Raney nickel catalyst an essentially quantitative yield of product was obtained having a purity of 94%. With 34% catalyst and 260 psi hydrogen, a 98% yield of 98% pure product was obtained.
Mold induced changes in cacao lipids
Authors: Kavanagh T. E. , Reineccius G. A. , Keeney P. G. , Weissberger W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe free fatty acid content of sound cacao beans of nine geographic orgins varied from 2.7 to 4.8 meq./100 g fat. Fungi grown on cacao beans under humid environmental conditions have remarkable lipolytic activity. Values as high as 200 meq. free acid/100 g fat were obtained for badly deteriorated samples. Titration of the free fatty acids of cacao fat is suggested as a simple control procedure for detecting cocao butter obtained from moldy beans. Percentage composition of the free fatty acid fraction changes as a result of mold growth. Stearic and palmitic acid increased while oleic and linoleic acids decreased. Tracer experiments show no observable conversion of oleic acid to stearic. The changes suggest oxidative reactions to form carbonyl compounds.
First double bond site distributions in 16 vegetable and six animal reserve fats
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. , Selvaraj Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe dibasic acids corresponding to the first double bond site in 16 vegetable and 6 animal fats were obtained by standardized procedures, fractionated by liquid‐liquid countercurrent extraction and individual fractions analyzed. Results show that the site of the first double bond is not restricted exclusively or even predominantly to any single position but is spread over three or more positions in major proportions. First double bond site distributions show large differences in different biological species, different varieties from the same species and also different specimens from the same variety. Possible migration of double bonds in permanganate oxidation at alkaline pH is discussed.
A standardized procedure for oxidative determination of fully saturated glycerides in natural fats
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIsolation of fully saturated glycerides from oxidation products of fats with K2CO3 solution is subject to error from hydrolysis of mono‐ and diazelains to di‐ and monoglycerides respectively. Treatment of azelaoglycerides with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution does not produce detectable hydrolysis of mono‐ and diazelains and the bicarbonate insoluble fractions do not contain detectable amounts of diazelains by the sensitive insoluble calcium salt test. Procedures are available for comparison of saturated acid distributions in fully saturated glyceride and monoazelain fractions. On the basis of the above the fully saturated glycerides present in oxidation products from fats can now be accurately estimated.
Biological and medical aspects of fats
Authors: King C. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA key problem in structural studies of fatty acid glycerides is imposed by the sensitivity of shifts between the beta and alpha positions. The analogous aromatic esters, halides and ring structures tend to be more stable. Hence structures reported before 1923, when systematic studies were developed, were nearly all wrong or uncertain. The second major hurdle was to identify and control the position and configuration of the ethylene groups. Then two great leaps forward developed, in parallel, particularly in biological and medical research, when isotopes and micro chromatography became available. Now it is clear that each fatty acid has significant roles to play in normal biological functions and in relation to major problems in health and agriculture. These relationships are particularly fascinating and significant in relation to linoleic acid and the prostaglandins.
Effects of antioxidants on the thermal decomposition of fat peroxidesin Vacuo
Authors: Privett O. S. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. The antioxidants, α‐tocopherol, NDGA and hydroquinone, effected a marked acceleration on thein vacuo, thermal decomposition of fat peroxides. Their action, which appeared to be purely catalytic, increased progressively as their concentration was increased.2. The synergists, citric and ascorbic acids, exerted no influence on the rate of decomposition of the fat peroxides. However these agents suppressed the catalytic effect of the antioxidants to varying degrees. Both citric and ascorbic acids exerted their greatest influence at relatively low levels.3. The evidence lends support to the concept that the peroxide radical is the point of intervention by the antioxidant in the chain reaction of autoxidation.
Variation in crambe,Crambe abyssinica hochst
Authors: Lessman K. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOne hundred sixty‐two lines were used to detect genotypic diversity for 7 characters inCrambe abyssinica Hochst during 1970 and 1972. Lines used were from 2000 randomly selected out of PI247310 and PI279345, and reselected on the basis of their progeny performance in head row nurseries. The cultivars, ‘Prophet,’ ‘Meyer,’ and ‘Indy,’ were used as checks. Characters studied were seed yield, test wt, plant ht, % oil (measured gravimetrically and by nuclear magnetic resonance), days to bloom, and % glucosinolates. Statistical differences were detected among lines for all characters except % glucosinolates, based on individual year and combined analyses of variance. Broad sense heritability estimates ranged from .22–.88. Gains from selection, as a % of the mean for each character, were estimated at 1.13–14.11. Intercharacter relationships were analyzed by correlation. The ranges in variation for traits are considered limited for good progress from selection within the germplasm represented, but advances can be expected.
The effect of process conditions on positional and geometric isomerization during partial hydrogenation of trilinolein with copper catalyst
Authors: Kirschner E. , Lowrey E. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of some process conditions on isomer distributions during the partial hydrogenation of trilinolein with a copper type catalyst were studied. Modest effects on diene isomer distributions were noted by changes in temperature. Pressure and catalyst concentration, however, had little or no effect on diene isomer distributions over the range studied. Distribution of monoene isomers appeared to be insensitive to process conditions and extent of the reaction and suggests an equilibrium reaction. Very small amounts of saturates, if any, were formed during the reactions. The data support a conjugation then hydrogenation mechanism for hydrogenation of glyceryl dienoates with copper catalysts.
Design and analysis of sampling plans to estimate aflatoxin concentrations in shelled peanuts
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. , Wiser E. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethodology for use in the design and evaluation of sampling plans to estimate aflatoxin concentrations in lots of shelled peanuts is presented. Use of the operating characteristic curve for comparing and evaluating processor and consumer risks related to various sampling plans and application of the negative binomial distribution to estimate probabilities associated with sampling lots of shelled peanuts for aflatoxin concentration are discussed. Operating characteristic curves are developed for two different single‐sample plans, an attribute multiple sample plan, and the plan presently used by the peanut industry to estimate aflatoxin concentrations in commercial lots of shelled peanuts. An estimated prior distribution of lots according to aflatoxin concentration is used to predict, among others, such values as the per cent of all lots tested that will be accepted by the sampling plans and the average aflatoxin concentration in the accepted lots. All four of the sampling plans described in the paper are compared on the basis of values such as these. Other factors to be considered in the critical evaluation and selection of sampling plans for estimating aflatoxin concentrations in commercial lots of shelled peanuts are discussed.
Starch‐derived polyelectrolytes as builders in heavy duty detergent formulations
Authors: Wilham C. A. , McGuire T. A. , Mark A. M. , Mehltretter C. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA study was made of some carboxylated starches as builders in detergent formulations that contained linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. Two types of standard soiled cotton were used with water at 300 ppm hardness. Dicarboxyl starches and carboxymethyl starches having approximately two carboxyl groups per monomer unit were as effective as sodium tripolyphosphate on an equal weight basis in the detergent formulation. In a five‐day biochemical oxygen demand test these products showed low biodegradability.
The question of differences between iodine numbers of coconut oil and of the corresponding soapstock fatty acids
Authors: Zajcew Mykola 
Published: May 2007

SummaryExperiments have been made on coconut oil from pure endosperm, pure testa, and normal mixtures of the two. These experiments have shown that the spread in iodine value between refined coconut oil and the fatty acids found on the corresponding soapstock are greater than can be accounted for by the proportion of testa oil present in extracted whole crude oils. Furthermore the iodine value of the free fatty acid fraction of pure endosperm oils was found to be higher than that of the combined fatty acids in the same oils by an amount which varied inversely as the degree of hydrolysis which had occurred in the oil. From this it appears that preferential hydrolysis plays an important part in the production of coconut oil soapstock having higher iodine values than those of the corresponding refined oils.Attention is also called to some European publications which deal with this question and to the possibility that molds may be involved through their ability to decompose short chain acids to ketones.
The chemistry of polymerized oils. VI. The molecular weight distribution of thermally polymerized oils
Authors: Hoeve C. A. J. , Sutton Donald A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFlory’s polymerization theory can be applied to polymerized oils, provided that the different acids are randomly esterified with the alcohol groups of glycerol. This state is attained when the oils are heated at 300°C. for long periods. The calculated amounts of monomeric triglycerides in polymerized linseed oils are compared with experimental results, and calculated and measured weight average molecular weights are also compared.
Observations on the determination of lodine value with pyridine sulfate dibromide
Authors: Lips H. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIodine values determined with pyridine sulfate dibromide tended to increase with reaction time and amount of excess reagent. There was some evidence of halogen substitution in polymerized linseed oil and in pure compounds. Mercuric acetate used to catalyze halogen addition in this method also appeared to promote degeneration of the reagent. In the absence of reagent, the catalyst had no dehydrogenating action on oils, but reduced their iodine value, apparently by promoting oxidation, and by reacting at the double bond. Iodine value decreased with reaction time when the catalyst was used in the presence of chloroform, and high and erratic results were obtained in the presence of sulfur. Comparative iodine values with an iodine‐chlorine reagent also tended to increase with prolonged reaction, but were only slightly affected by the presence of sulfur or chloroform.
The isolation and characterication of the polymers formed during the autoxidation of ethyl linoleate
Authors: Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryEthyl linoleate autoxidized at 30°C. for 350 hours was separated into fractions of increasing polarity and molecular weight by extraction with solvent pairs of Skellysolve F and diethyl ether. The analytical results obtained on characterization of the more polar polymer fractions indicated that the oxidative polymers of ethyl linoleate were linked through carbon to oxygen bonds rather than carbon to carbon bonds. This postulation was substantiated by a successful depolymerization of the polymers and the catalytically hydrogenated polymers with hydrochloric, hydrobromic, or hydroiodic acid in aqueous ethyl alcohol. Characterization of the depolymerized product also indicated that the oxidative polymers were joined through carbon to oxygen bonds.
Formation of trans isomers during the hydrogenation of glyceride oils
Authors: Sims Rex J. , Hilfman Lee 
Published: May 2007

SummaryConditions which favor the selective hydrogenation of glyceride oils also favor the development of trans isomers. Complete curves are presented showing the formation and disappearance of trans isomers during the hydrogenation of linseed oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, lard, and edible tallow, as determined by the infrared spectrophotometric method. An unusually high percentage of tran linkages develops during the hydrogenation of tallow.
Linoleic acid from safflower oil by liquid‐liquid extraction
Authors: Beal R. E. , Brekke O. L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTests conducted on a pilot‐plant scale have demonstrated that linoleic acid of about 95% purity may be produced from safflower fatty acids containing about 75% linoleic acid, by a liquid‐liquid extraction process. Furfural was employed as the selective solvent, hexane as a secondary solvent, and the fractionation was made in a Podbielniak “double‐pup” centrifugal extractor. Best results were obtained when the proc
Paper chromatography of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of saturated aliphatic aldehydes
Authors: Bhalerao Vasant R. , Kummerow Fred A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA rapid method of separating the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of C1 to C9 aldehydes by descending chromatographic system has been described. Whatman No. 1 filter paper was impregnated with ethylene glycol‐methanol (1∶4, v/v), and n‐heptane saturated with methanol was used as a developing solvent. Complete separation was achieved in 3 hrs. It has been shown that the method can also be used for the separation of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives of ketones.
Extraction methods for drying oils
Authors: Rex Wingard M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe general trend in the industry is toward solvent‐extraction recovery and to larger plants. Technological change in recent years has been largely in improved equipment and process improvements to decrease operating costs and improve product quality. It is the author's opinion that the trend mentioned above and this type of technological change will continue in at least the near future. It is expected that any radical change in processing will come about only by a radical change in raw material or products desired rather than by the development of really new equipment or process methods. One interesting development in recent years is the increasing relative importance of the residue solids compared to the oil in the case of some of the materials. Plants have been built primarily as a source of protein rather than oil in certain cases. It also accounts for the incidence of some small plants in the raw material “fringe” areas contrary to the general trend.
Some aspects of the fluorescence of drying oils
Authors: Sims R. P. A. , Cooper F. P. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe fluorescence of vegetable oils may arise from both the non‐glyceride and the glyceride components of the oil. When linseed and safflower oils are heated, fluorescence decreases at first and then increases as polymerization progresses. The fluorescence of heated vegetable oils is masked by decomposition products and by nitromethane. Relating fluorescence to other characteristics of heated oils shows different functional relations for linseed, safflower, tung, and oiticica oils, and a general similarity of behavior between the two non‐conjugated oils and also between the conjugated oils.
Acetone as a selective solvent for vegetable oils
Authors: Youngs C. G. , Sallans H. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt has been shown that useful fractionations of soyabean and linseed oils can be made, using a selective solvent consisting of 3 to 7 parts of water per 100 parts acetone. Equilibrium diagrams were determined for soybean oil, using 3.5 and 6 parts water per 100 parts acetone, and for linseed, using 5 parts water per 100 parts acetone. Operation of a packed column, 2‐in. in diameter, 20 ft. high, showed that consistent H.E.T.S. values were obtained, using the above diagrams, and gave an average H.E.T.S. of 3.1 ft. for 1/4‐in. berl saddles and 5.9 ft. for 1/2‐in. raschig rings.The use of the equilibrium diagrams is illustrated by application to a hypothetical separation.
Interaction of gossypol with the ferrous ion
Authors: Jonassen Hans B. , Demint Robert J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe preparation of a solution of sodium gossypolate in aqueous acetone has been described. Indications of a 1∶1 mole ratio combination of the gossypolate and ferrous ions were established through conductometric and potentiometric studies in the presence of either chloride or perchlorate anion. Application of the method of continuous variations to differences in the absorption spectra of the two species confirmed the 1∶1 mole ratio of ferrous ion to gossypol. This finding is supported by analytical data. Values of pK for the dissociation constant of ferrous gossypolate, calculated from spectrophotometric measurement, averaged 7.3.Since the peri‐hydroxyls are the most plausible location of the sodium ions in sodium gossypolate, its reaction with ferrous ion results in displacement of the two sodium ions by the ferrous ion.
Alcohols from menhaden oil by sodium reduction
Authors: Pryde Everett H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMenhaden oil, a low cost fatty acid glyceride containing a high percentage of polyunsaturated material, has been reduced by means of sodium with 86–88% yields of alcohols having a correspondingly high degree of unsaturation. It has been shown that about one‐half of the polyolefinic unsaturation isomerized during the sodium reduction to conjugated double bonded structures. The higher unsaturated alcohols were selectively hydrogenated to give a colorless product which was substantially odorless and which had an average of one double bond per molecule.
Surface and interfacial tensions, viscosities, and other physical properties of some n‐aliphatic acids and their methyl and ethyl esters
Authors: Gros Audrey T. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

Determinations of surface tension, interfacial tension against water, viscosity, density, and refractive index were made at 75°C. for the saturated, evennumbered,n‐fatty acids from C2 through C18 and for the corresponding methyl and ethyl esters. The typical effect of temperature on the various physical constants was demonstrated for one of the fatty acids, myristic acid.

Surface tensions of the fatty acids were found to increase from 19.6 dynes/cm. for acetic to 27.7 dynes/cm. for stearic as the length of the carbon chain increased. Surface tensions for the ethyl esters were about 2.5 dynes/cm. lower than those for the corresponding acids, while the surface tensions for the methyl esters were about 2 dynes/cm. lower.

The interfacial tensions of the fatty acids and esters against water increased with increasing length of the fatty acid chain. The interfacial tension values for the acids were lower than those for the corresponding esters. For the longer chain length acids, increase in chain length had very little effect on the interfacial tension.

The viscosities of the fatty acids and esters increased as the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain increased. Because of molecular association the acids were most viscous, and their viscosity increased most rapidly with increasing chain length. Only small and consistent differences were found in the viscosities of corresponding methyl and ethyl esters.

The densities of the fatty acids and esters decreased with increasing chain length, the decrease being most marked for the fatty acids and least marked for the ethyl esters. No decrease in density of the ethyl ester series was detectable beyond the butyrate.

The refractive indices of the fatty acids and esters increased rapidly with increasing chain length. The refractive indices of the acids were greater than those for the corresponding esters, and at the longer chain lengths the refractive indices for corresponding methyl and ethyl esters were almost identical.
Computer monitoring of a mini‐refinery
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Ernst J. O. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA laboratory‐scale pilot plant is under construction so that problems involved in computer control of vegetable oil processing can be studied. Unit operations planned for this mini‐refinery are continuous alkali‐refining, bleaching, hydrogenating, and deodorizing. The alkali‐refining step, similar to the Swedish “Zenith” process, is already in operation. Transducers for oil color, sodium content, and free fatty acid concentration have been constructed; both crude and refined oils are being analyzed. Provision has been made to perform the same analyses at later stages of processing on the bleached, hydrogenated, and deodorized oils. Under Phase I of implementing computer control, electronic signals from the analytical transducers are sent to the computer via appropriate interfacing hardware, and results are returned to the operator via Teletype. Phase II will involve monitoring by the computer but with decision making and instructions to an operator, and Phase III will involve “closing the loop,” that is, having the computer directly control the process. Development of transducers, software and hardware such as is described here for the mini‐refinery, should facilitate subsequent implementation of computer control on a plant scale.
Rice bran oil. VIII. Tank settlings from crude rice bran oil as a source of wax
Authors: Cousins Edwin R. , Fore S. P. , Janssen H. J. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA typical sample of tank settlings from cruce rice bran oil was processed in various ways to obtain a hard, non‐tacky wax fraction. Two procedures investigated consisted of removal of the oil from the tank settlings by washing with acetone, destruction of the phosphatides through hydrolysis or saponification, and subsequent purification by fractionation from isopropanol solution; another involved hydration of the tank settlings, followed by separation of the aqueous and oil phases, and fractionation of the oil phase from isopropanol solution; and two procedures used simple fractionation of the tank settlings with the aid of solvents.Yield of the hard wax fractions from the typical sample of tank settlings varied from 8.3 to 13.7%, based on the weight of the original settlings. The iodine value varied from 11.1 to 17.6, the free fatty acid content from 2.1 to 7.3%, the phosphorus content from 0.01 to 0.15%. The lowest melting point observed was 75.3°C. and the highest was 79.9.The samples of hard wax were almost black in color when in the liquid state and could not be bleached readily with activated clay or carbon. The waxes were bleached readily by hydrogen peroxide and by chromium trioxide in the presence of sulfuric acid solution, or by combinations of these reagents. Practically white waxes could be produced with 0.5 part of 29% hydrogen peroxide and 1 part of chromium trioxide per 1 part of wax.