bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical issues in using buprenorphine in the treatment of opiate dependence
Authors: Chadderton A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper looks at the current role of buprenorphine in the treatment of opiate dependence. It suggests that buprenorphine is a useful alternative to methadone and that in at least some cases it may be the preferred option. Buprenorphineis a partial agonist and a partial antagonist with a ceiling of opiate activity probably approximately equal to 30mg methadone. It achieves this at a dose of 10‐12mg, although there is considerable individual variation. Because of its ceiling effect it has a good safety profile compared to full agonists such as methadone although some overdose deaths, particularly in conjunction with benzodiazepine abuse, have been reported in France. Induction of buprenorphine may take slightly longer than for methadone and there is a higher dropout rate compared to methadone in the first 2 weeks. This is probably due to the antagonist action of buprenorphine causing more withdrawal symptoms in comparison to methadone. Also, the ceiling effect for buprenorphine means that some clients do not experience sufficient opiate activity to satisfy them. Buprenorphine has a long half‐life and dissociates slowly from opiate receptors. Most clients can be dosed second‐daily but some find this unacceptable due to mood swings and/or withdrawal symptomson the second day. For these clients daily dosing is required. Transferring from buprenorphine to methadone is straightforward and well tolerated by clients. Transferring from methadone to buprenorphine, however, is more difficult because of the partial antagonist action of buprenorphine. Clients experience withdrawal symptoms that can take up to 2 weeks to settle. Most clients find these symptoms unacceptable when transferring from doses of over 30mg of methadone. The optimum method for transferring from methadone to buprenorphine is still to be determined. Withdrawal from buprenorphine appears to be relatively easier than from methadone. This is presumably due to buprenorphine's partial agonist effect at mureceptors. It is expected that during 2000 buprenorphine will be approved for use in Australia for the treatment of opiate dependence. It may well becomea first‐line choice for opiate replacement in heroin dependence. It is also likely to be useful in assisting detoxification fromboth methadone and heroin.
The effects of stakeholder interactions on capacity for integrated coastal governance in Morocco and Tunisia
Authors: Jobbins Guy 
Published: June 2007

In order to assess how stakeholder interactions affect local coastal governance in North Africa, 70 in-depth semi-structured interviews with 88 subjects were conducted across two sites in Morocco and Tunisia. Using Kooiman's socio-political theory of governance as an analytical framework, stakeholder interactions were analysed both in terms of intentional and conditional levels and related to three elements of governance capacity; images, tools and action potential. Aspects of the sites investigated included fresh water resources, fisheries management, agriculture, wetland conservation, tourism and recreational management, socio-economic development and urbanisation. The analysis revealed general similarities across both sites.
Central-peripheral interactions were found to be weakened by the hierarchical nature of command, especially the lack of decentralised decision-making. Cross-sectoral co-ordination at local and regional levels was also weak, leading to both conflicts and gaps in policies and programmes. Centralisation was also relevant to the interactions between state and society, with civil organisations constrained in their activities, rarely independent, and generally denied access to decision-making forums. Many constraints on action were identified, most obviously resource constraints, but also critical technical, authority and political constraints acting on officials, whilst most resource users and civil society organisations were operating under economic, political and opportunity constraints.
The central problem identified in both countries was that the maintenance of under-resourced command-and-control systems has undermined capacities to meet complex, dynamic and diverse sets of governance needs. In order to develop sustainable coastal areas both nations will need to engage in a process of institutional development to accompany conservation and resource management policies.
Antiphonal Vocalization of a Subterranean Rodent, the Naked Mole‐Rat (Heterocephalus glaber)
Authors: Yosida Shigeto , Kobayasi Kohta I. , Ikebuchi Maki , Ozaki Ryoko , Okanoya Kazuo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAcoustic signalling is one of the most common communication mediums in a broad range of social animals, and it often encodes attributes of the signaller such as sex, kin relatedness and dominance rank. Particularly, antiphonal vocalization has been regarded to have an important function in animals living in an environment where visual cues are unreliable. Antiphony enables to acknowledge that one's signal was received with certainty. We show the first evidence of such acoustic signals among rodents: the naked mole‐rat. The society of this eusocial subterranean species is organized hierarchically according to body size. Naked mole‐rats are functionally blind, and rely highly on acoustic communication. We focused on one of their vocalizations: the soft chirp (SC). SCs are the most frequent sounds, and are often emitted upon physical contact. We expected the SC to be antiphonal, and if so, SC may function to distinguish colony members from intruders, and/or identify social rank and individuality. To examine our predictions, we placed pairs of individuals of different size together, and recorded their vocal behaviour. The intervals between the SCs of two individuals were shorter than expected intervals which were based on the assumption that animals vocalized without reference of the preceding SC. The acoustic properties of SCs varied among individuals according to body weight and colony of origin. The emission rate was positively related to the relative difference in body weight. Therefore, SCs have an antiphonal nature and may function as expected. These characteristics of SC were highly similar to those of antiphonal sounds in other social species.
A case of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria presenting with intra‐abdominal bleeding due to splenic rupture, developing renal infarct
Authors: UZUN S. , ALPAY N. , OZTURK G. B. , SAKA B. , YENEREL M. , ERTEN N. , KARAN M. A. , TAŞCIOGLU C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare disorder characterized by intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and thrombosis. Thrombotic attacks are life threatening and are responsible for nearly 50% of PNH‐related deaths. Compared with thrombotic events, bleeding related to thrombocytopenia in PNH is quite rare. This report describes an atypical clinical presentation with problems in the diagnosis and management of a woman who presented with a splenic infarct followed by massive intra‐abdominal bleeding due to splenic rupture. She also developed a renal infarct during hospitalization after diagnosis.
COSMOLOGICAL MODEL WITH BORN–INFELD TYPE SCALAR FIELD
Authors: TROISI A. , SÉRIÉ E. , KERNER R. 
Published: June 2007

The non-abelian generalization of the Born–Infeld non-linear lagrangian is extended to the non-commutative geometry of matrices on a manifold. In this case, not only do the usual SU(n) gauge fields appear, but also a natural generalization of the multiplet of scalar Higgs fields, with the double-well potential as a first approximation. The matrix realization of non-commutative geometry provides a natural framework in which the notion of a determinant can be easily generalized and used as the lowest-order term in a gravitational lagrangian of a new kind. As a result, we obtain a Born–Infeld-like lagrangian as a root of sufficiently high order of a combination of metric, gauge potentials and the scalar field interactions. We then analyze the behavior of cosmological models based on this lagrangian. It leads to primordial inflation with varying speed, with possibility of early deceleration ruled by the relative strength of the Higgs field.
Revisiting the Second Wave
Authors: Jacobs Elizabeth 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
This interview between Professor Mary King and Elizabeth Jacobs took place at the Rothermere American Institute, Oxford University, during the course of 2004 and 2005. Mary King's work as Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies for the United Nations takes her to all corners of the globe. On this occasion she had returned to the United Kingdom to present a research paper at the international conference “The United States and Global Human Rights” held at Oxford University. The timing of the interview was made pertinent by this context and by the fact that it was almost forty years to the day after the main subject of the interview—the position paper by Mary King and Casey Hayden titled “Sex and Caste: A Kind of Memo”—first appeared at the SNCC retreat in Waveland, Mississippi in the fall of 1964. The paper was later published in the April 1966 issue of the pacifist and transatlantic War Resisters League Liberation magazine, and became a key text of second-wave feminism.
Asymmetric Lewis Acid Catalyzed Addition of Isocyanides to Aldehydes – Synthesis of 5‐Amino‐2‐(1‐hydroxyalkyl)oxazoles
Authors: Wang Shixin , Wang Mei‐Xiang , Wang De‐Xian , Zhu Jieping 
Published: June 2007

AbstractStannous chloride efficiently catalyzes condensations between α‐isocyanoacetamides (1) and a variety of aldehydes to afford the corresponding 5‐amino‐2‐(1‐hydroxyalkyl)oxazoles (3) in good to excellent yields. The [Sn‐(R)‐Ph‐PyBox](OTf)2‐catalyzed reaction between 1a and 2‐(benzyloxy)acetaldehyde (2g) shows an isoinversion effect, with the maximum enantiomeric excess of oxazole 3g (80 %) being obtained at –40 °C. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Sc2Te5O13 und Sc2TeO6: Die ersten Oxotellurate des Scandiums
Authors: Höss Patrick , Schleid Thomas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSc2Te5O13 and Sc2TeO6: The First Oxotellurates of ScandiumSc2Te5O13 and Sc2TeO6 are the first oxotellurates of scandium that could be structurally elucidated by X‐ray diffraction using single crystals. The scandium(III) oxotellurate(IV) Sc2Te5O13 was synthesized by reacting Sc2O3 with TeO2 at 850 °C and crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group (no. 2) and the lattice parameters a = 660.67(5), b = 855.28(7), c = 1041.10(9) pm, α = 86.732(8), β = 86.264(8), and γ = 74.021(8)° (Z = 2). The crystal structure contains chains respectively strands of alternatingly edge‐ and vertex‐sharing [ScO6]9− and [ScO7]11− polyhedra. These strands are connected by [TeO3+1](2+2)− oxotellurate(IV) anions. The coordination spheres of Sc3+ appear markedly smaller than those of M3+ cations in the other known compounds of the formula type M2Te5O13 (M = Y, Dy – Lu), therefore Sc2Te5O13 is not really isotypic, but only isopuntal with these compounds. Single crystals of the scandium(III) oxotellurate(VI) Sc2TeO6 were obtained through the fusion of a mixture of Sc2O3 and TeO3 at 850 °C. It crystallizes trigonally (a = 874.06(7), c = 479.85(4) pm and c/a = 0.549) with the Na2SiF6‐type structure in space group P321 (no. 150) and three formula units per unit cell. Its crystal structure is built up by a hexagonal closest packing (hcp) of oxide anions with the Sc3+ cations residing in 1/3 and the Te6+ cations in 1/6 of the octahedral interstices in a well‐ordered occupation pattern. Thus one can address the structural situation in Sc2[TeO6] as a stuffed β‐WCl6‐type arrangement.
Stopped‐flow Spectrophotometric Study on the Reaction between Carbon Dioxide and [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]3+ Ion in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Jacewicz Dagmara , Chylewska Agnieszka , Dąbrowska Aleksandra M. , Chmurzyński Lech 
Published: June 2007

AbstractKinetics of the reaction of [tetraamminediaquacobalt(III)] perchlorate ion with carbon dioxide in aqueous solution was studied at various temperatures (5–25 °C), variable concentration of CO2 (0.005M; 0.01M; 0.015M) and over the pH range 6.04–8.15 at a fixed ionic strength of solution (1 M NaClO4). Investigations were carried out using stopped‐flow spectrophotometry in the range of 300 – 700 nm. The results enabled determination of the number of steps of the reaction studied. Based on the kinetic equations, rate constants were determined for each step. Finally, the mechanism of carbon dioxide uptake by [tetraamminediaquacobalt(III)] perchlorate ion was proposed and discussed.
A Teacher's Implicit Model of How Children Learn
Authors: Parsons John M. , Graham Norman , Honess Terry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is assumed that knowledge of a teacher's ‘implicit model’ of how children learn is an invaluable aid to effective in‐service training, and that the process of developing such a model is, in itself, of value to the teacher. This study describes the framework within which the ‘implicit model’ of one particular teacher was articulated and made explicit. The framework draws on grid technique and the audio/video recording of lessons, and involves associated rules and theory for interpretation, relying especially on negotiated feedback and thematic analysis. It is concluded that the framework would allow for the development of a sophisticated understanding and articulation of any teacher's implicit model, whatever its focus.
Pupil Typifications of Topic Work
Authors: Ghaye Anthony 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper explores the suggestion that teaching might become more effective if teachers had a better understanding of pupil states of mind. For three school terms a class of 30, 11‐year‐old children, kept written accounts of their classroom experiences with one teacher. These accounts were ‘typifications' of their topic‐based work. Four questions are considered. (1) What typifications did the children use? (2) Are typifications unidimensional or multidimensional in meaning? (3) Which typifications are transpersonal and/or transcontextual? (4) Do pupil typifications change over time? Pupil preoccupations were principally of three kinds, ('pupil‐task’, ‘interpersonal’ and cognitive and affective ‘outcomes'). Across the year there was a general shift from a preoccupation with ‘task’ to ‘outcome’. Less able pupils showed a more sustained predilection for ‘pupil‐task’ typifications. The accounts of the more able children reflected an early preoccupation with ‘outcomes'.
New Statistical Methods for Analysing Social Structures: an introduction to multilevel models
Authors: Paterson Lindsay , Goldstein Harvey 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn introductory account is given of developments in multilevel modelling of educational and other social data. The technique is introduced with some simple examples and its importance is explained. Examples of applications in a number of areas are given, including repeated measures designs, school effectiveness studies, area‐based studies and political opinion sample surveys. Almost all data collected in the social sciences have some form of inherent hierarchical structure, and this structure should be reflected in the statistical models that are used to analyse them. It is suggested that multilevel techniques and associated software packages have reached the stage when they can and should be applied routinely in the analysis of social data, and that failure to do so can result in potentially serious misinterpretations.
Computer Anxiety in Primary Schoolchildren and University Students
Authors: Todman John , Lawrenson Helen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA group of first‐year psychology students and a group of 9 year‐old children of comparable intelligence completed self‐report inventories measuring computer anxiety (CA), mathematics anxiety (MA), trait anxiety (TA) and computer experience (CE). The contributions of age, sex, TA and CE to scores on CA and MA were investigated in multivariate and univariate analyses of covariance. The children were less anxious about computers than the students. The children had higher CE scores than the students, but this difference did not account for the students' higher levels of CA. MA was related to TA and, for students only, MA was higher for females. The results were interpreted as encouraging indications of the absence of a strong link between CA and MA, with the former showing signs of reduction as early experience with computers becomes the norm.
Figuring Out Ethnic Equity
Authors: Gomm Roger 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper is a response to Barry Troyna's “Underachievers or Underrated”, British Educational Research Journal, Volume 17, No. 4, 1991. It draws attention both to the inappropriateness of the model of ethnic equity which grounds Troyna's claim that Asian pupils are being treated inequitably, and to shortcomings in the way in which Troyna handles numerical data to present them as evidence of this claim.
Subcultural Retreat: negotiating the design and technology curriculum
Authors: Paechter Carrie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe National Curriculum for design and technology requires that the new subject be delivered in a cross‐curricular way, involving teachers from a number of previously‐existing subject areas. The negotiation by teachers of this new curriculum and its associated new subculture has taken place in a context in which struggles for power and control in the new departments form a significant factor. Associated with this struggle is the retreat by some teachers and departments into the subcultures of their originating subjects and thus further away from the integrated intentions of design and technology as developed in the Order and Non‐Statutory Guidance. The paper explores the concept of subcultural retreat as it applies in this situation.
Alcohol policy content analysis: a comparison of public health and alcohol industry trade newsletters
Authors: ANGLIN LISE , JOHNSON SUZANNE , GIESBRECHT NORMAN , GREENFIELD THOMAS 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA content analysis was designed to discover both discrepancies and common ground between two public health and two alcohol industry trade newsletters with respect to alcohol policy. A total of 203 articles were coded according to key topics. Results across all newsletters showed 11 topics that appeared in more than 25% of selected articles. Among such frequently cited topics were drinking and driving and industry advertising. Comparison between the two types of newsletter showed significant differences for mentions of youth and prevention (more in public health) and taxation (more in trade). The authors discuss why certain topics are more popular than others, and the different presentation style of the two types of newsletter. Evidence for a possible convergence of interests between public health and industry representatives appears mainly with regard to youth and drinking and driving. Future research might explore the implications of this convergence of interests.
Remarkable solvent effects in the hydro‐ and solvothermal synthesis of copper‐1,10‐phenanthroline complexes
Authors: Chen Xiong‐Bin , Chen Bin , Li Yi‐Zhi , You Xiao‐Zeng 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCompound {[Cu(II)/Cu(I)]2(ophen)4(Htpt)}•2H2O (1) was obtained by hydrothermal reaction. Compound 1 is a mixed‐valence copper coordination complex with a different coordination environment. The X‐ray structural analysis of 1 revealed two crystallographically independent dimeric [Cu2(ophen)2]+ units bridged by two µ1‐carboxylate groups of the tpt ligand into a butterfly‐shaped molecule in the crystal structure. Compound [Cu(I)3(CN)3(phen)3] (2) was synthesized using ethanol instead of water, and consisted of an infinite helix chain formed from [Cu(I)(phen)]+ units bridged by cyano groups. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arsenic sorption and redox transformation on iron‐impregnated ordered mesoporous carbon
Authors: Gu Zhimang , Deng Baolin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOrdered mesoporous carbon has been actively investigated for its potential applications as catalyst supports, electrochemical materials and gas separation media. In this study, we tested an iron‐modified ordered mesoporous carbon (FeOMC) for its ability to adsorb arsenic from the aqueous phase. The FeOMC synthesis involved the preparation of an ordered silica template SBA‐15, in situ polymerization of acrylic acid in the template, carbonization and template removal to obtain the ordered mesoporous carbon, and iron impregnation. Batch experiments showed that the pH level of the solution had a major impact on arsenic sorption. Further, we found that the presence of anions (i.e. PO43− and SiO32−) could significantly decrease the sorption of both arsenate and arsenite. Arsenite oxidation to arsenate was observed in alkaline solutions, with or without anions being present. The oxidation of arsenite was attributed to both direct and catalytic reactions with the surface functional groups on the ordered mesoporous carbon. Adsorption of arsenic on FeOMC could be well explained by the surface complexation model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of gel on crystallization behavior of natural rubber after accelerated storage hardening test
Authors: Yunyongwattanakorn Jintana , Sakdapipanich Jitladda T. , Kawahara Seiichi , Hikosaka Masamichi , Tanaka Yasuyuki 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCrystallization of natural rubber (NR) and purified NR after storage hardening of the rubbers under dried condition with phosphorus pentoxide was investigated by dilatometry and polarized light microscopy. The purified NR was prepared by removing proteins and fatty acid ester groups from fresh NR (FNR) through deproteinization and transesterification, respectively. The rubbers were characterized in regard as gel content, ester content and crosslink density. Nucleation (I) and growth rates (V) of the gel fraction estimated from the number of spherulites and their sizes observed in the course of isothermal crystallization depended on supercooling (ΔT = Tm0 − T). Tm0 is equilibrium melting temperature and T is absolute temperature. Slope of linear line in a plot of logarithmic V versus 1/TΔT for NR was independent of time for storage hardening, suggesting that the lateral surface free energy and diffusion were little function of branching and crosslinking. The rate of crystallization of FNR significantly decreased when the crosslink density increased. Since the overall crystallization is functions of chain mobility and surface free energy, the slower crystallization of well crosslinked FNR may be attributed to the less chain mobility and small value of Δσ due to the formation of crosslinked and branched entities. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Spontaneous Coating of Carbon Nanotubes with an Ultrathin Polypyrrole Layer
Authors: Pumera Martin , Šmíd Břetislav , Peng Xinsheng , Golberg Dmitri , Tang Jie , Ichinose Izumi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA novel protocol for precisely coating individual multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with an ultrathin layer of polypyrrole was developed. The nanocoated MWCNTs were successfully prepared by in situ chemical deposition of polypyrrole in an aqueous suspension of MWCNTs. The coating layer was very uniform and the thickness of the layer was determined by controlling the monomer concentration used, which gave nanometer precision. The products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and conductivity and current–voltage measurements. The ultrathin polypyrrole layer could electrically insulate individual MWCNTs.