bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why the dairy industry does not make greater use of veterinarians
Authors: Goodger William J. , Ruppanner Roger 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Interviews with 32 large-scale dairy operators in Tulare County, Calif, indicated that as large-scale dairies have replaced smaller dairies, the operator's reliance on the veterinarian as a primary source of advice about a wide range of dairy health management issues has declined. Large dairies require an integrated approach to herd management, ie, herd health, herd management, and production. Dairy operators do not look to veterinarians to provide this integrated approach, instead relying on feed representatives, nutritionists, accountants, and staff of dairy cooperatives. Operators perceive veterinarians as primary providers of clinical services only. As veterinarians have little conflict of interest or vested interest in giving advice about nutrition, proper facility design, and other general management issues, this perception of the veterinarian as a clinician only deprives the dairy operator of an objective appraisal of herd health, management, and production. Changing this perception will require a restructuring of many veterinary medical school curricula, with an emphasis on courses in epidemiology, preventive medicine, herd management, nutrition, and similar courses.
Treatment of canine pyometra and endometritis with prostaglandin F2α
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Feldman E. C. , Stabenfeldt G. H. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Seventeen bitches with pyometra or postpartum endometritis were treated with prostaglandin F2α. Response to the treatment included cessation of uterine discharge, decrease in uterine diameter, reduction in plasma progesterone concentration, and return of a normal leukogram. Treatment of 14 bitches was successful, and 13 of these bitches subsequently experienced estrus. Of those 13 bitches, 11 were bred and 9 became pregnant. In 2 bitches, pyometra developed again, within 6 weeks of the following estrus, illustrating that bitches so affected are susceptible to recurrence of the disease. Of 4 bitches with closed cervix, one failed to respond to treatment, and two bitches with closed cervix required ovariohysterectomy shortly after instituting treatment.
Radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the equine stifle
Authors: Nickels Frank A. , Sande Ronald 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the equine stifle were compared. Survey radiography, contrast arthrography, and arthroscopy were performed on both stifles of 10 horses. Nine of the horses were euthanatized to evaluate the effects of the techniques on the joints.
Techniques for double-contrast arthrography and arthroscopy were developed, and the findings were compared. Survey radiography identified only osseous structures. Double-contrast arthrography of the femoropatellar joint demonstrated articular surfaces of the trochlea, patella, and joint capsule. Those of the femorotibial joint defined the medial meniscus but not the lateral meniscus. On arthroscopy of the femoropatellar joint, intra-articular structures could be readily visualized. In the femorotibial sacs, structures were more difficult to identify. Gross examination of the stifle joint at necropsy revealed no overt effects of arthroscopy.
Inflammatory myopathy in a captive bengal tiger
Authors: Duncan I. D. , Stewart J. D. , Carpenter S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 9-year-old female Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) was presented with a history of progressive hindlimb weakness and muscle atrophy. Serum muscle enzyme activities were high, and electrophysiologic examination suggested an underlying myopathic process. Muscle biopsy revealed an inflammatory myopathy, with multifocal collections of inflammatory cells. There was severe muscle fiber necrosis with some evidence of regeneration. The cellular infiltrate consisted predominantly of macrophages, with a few lymphocytes and plasma cells. Evidence of parasitism or viral infection was not detected. Despite prolonged corticosteroid therapy, there was no clinical improvement or notable decrease in serum muscle enzymes activities. The tiger was euthanatized, and necropsy revealed generalized muscle inflammation, with no other pertinent findings.
Coccidia of feral swine from Florida
Authors: Greiner Ellis C. , Taylor Chester , Frankenberger William B. , Belden Robert C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fecal samples from 251 free-ranging feral swine (Sus scrofa) in Florida were examined for coccidia. Ten species of coccidia were recovered. In descending order with respect to prevalence, they were Eimeria porci, E debliecki, E neodebliecki, E scabra, E suis, E cerdonis, E polita, E perminuta, Isospora suis, and E spinosa. Of the swine examined, 87% were passing oocysts and 82% of the infected individuals were shedding at least 2 species of coccidia. All age classes included infected individuals. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence were found among study sites.
Baylisascaris procyonis and eimerian infections in raccoons
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-eight raccoons from Columbus, Ohio, were surveyed for intestinal parasites. Baylisascaris procyonis was found in 7, trichurid eggs in 2, capillarid eggs in 8, trichostrongyloid eggs in 9, and Eimeria procyonis oocysts in 23. Meronts, gamonts, and oocysts of E procyonis were found in epithelial cells at the tips of the villi of small intestine. Meronts were 7 × 5.5 μm and contained 4 to 10 merozoites which were 5 × 1.5 μm. Male gamonts were 15.5 × 11.7 μm and contained numerous gametes. Female gamonts were 13.7 × 11.3 μm. Oocysts were 15.5 × 11.8 μm and had the outer rough wall and the micropyle.
Baylisascaris procyonis-embryonated eggs were fed to 2 parasite-free cats, a Toxocara-free dog, a fox, a sheep, a goat, and numerous white laboratory mice. Neither lesions nor larvae were found in nonmurine hosts each fed 5,000 infective eggs; 16 or more eggs of the same inoculum were fatal to each mouse.
Ocular lesions in free-living raptors
Authors: Murphy C. J. , Kern T. J. , McKeever K. , McKeever L. , MacCoy D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a retrospective study, records of 931 raptors admitted to the Avian Clinic at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine and to the Owl Rehabilitation Research Foundation were evaluated to determine the prevalence, cause, and distribution of ocular lesions. Some form of ocular lesion was identified in 135 (14.5%) birds. Of these, 90% were the result of physical injury. Collisions accounted for 33% of ocular lesions; gunshot wounds accounted for 11%. Unilateral lesions were more common than bilateral lesions, with the anterior segment being most frequently involved. Hyphema was the most common clinical finding.
In a prospective study involving raptors admitted to the Avian Clinic from 1980-1982, it was found that 17 of 61 birds (28%) had some form of ocular lesion. The higher prevalence in this study was attributed to a lower proportion of juvenile cases and to increased detection of subtle lesions, especially those involving the posterior segment.
Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection attributable to Mycobacterium intracellulare serotype 10 in two rhesus monkeys
Authors: Fleischman R. W. , du Moulin G. C. , Esber H. J. , Ilievski Vladimir , Bogden A. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Infection with Mycobacterium intracellulare serotype 10 was diagnosed in 2 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a closed colony of 90 animals. The clinicopathologic presentation in 1 animal with advanced disease was characterized by a precipitous weight loss, therapeutically unresponsive diarrhea, anemia, weakness, prostration, refractory tuberculin tests (using mammalian old tuberculin and Μ bovis purified protein derivative tuberculin), and disseminated granulomas in the lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, salivary glands, and intestines. The lamina propria throughout the large and small intestines was infiltrated with mycobacteria-laden macrophages. Severe hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglobulinemia, mild hypocalcemia, and edema were compatible with a malabsorption-like syndrome.
The 2nd animal was clinically normal, but a weak positive tuberculin reaction to Μ bovis purified protein derivative at 72 hours necessitated euthanasia. This animal's disease was characterized by microgranulomas in the lungs, bronchial lymph nodes, liver, and pancreas, without involvement of the gastrointestinal tract.
There was no evidence of Μ intracellulare infection in the remaining 88 animals in the colony, as determined by mycobacterial cultures of tracheobronchial washings, additional tuberculin testing, thoracic radiography, and mycobacterial culture of the drinking water. Tuberculin testing and thoracic radiographs of personnel working with the nonhuman primates were also negative.
These cases were considered to be important because both animals were infected with the same serotype and because there has been an increasing number of isolations of this organism in human infections throughout Massachusetts. Drug-sensitivity testing revealed the organism to be sensitive to cycloserine and resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin, kanamycin, and pyrazinamide.
Ovine abortion and neonatal death due to toxoplasmosis in Montana
Authors: Rhyan J. C. , Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Of 33 ewes in a flock in Montana, 6 aborted or gave birth to weak lambs, which died within 2 days after birth. Two lambs and a placenta from 1 ewe as well as 1 lamb from another ewe were submitted for diagnosis. Focal necrotizing placentitis, focal pneumonia, focal hepatitis, focal interstitial nephritis, and focal nonsuppurative encephalitis were seen in tissue sections from 2 of the lambs. Toxoplasma gondii was found in smears and sections of the placenta and in sections of lung from 1 lamb. Mice inoculated with tissues from a lamb developed dye test antibodies to T gondii. Eleven of 12 ewes from the same flock had dye test antibody titers of 1:16 or more, and titers were 4-fold higher in aborting ewes than in ewes with normal lambs.
Seasonal transmission of Fasciola hepatica to cattle in northwestern United States
Authors: Hoover R. Craig , Lincoln Stuart D. , Hall Richard F. , Wescott Richard 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sentinel steers were placed with 3 beef herds on irrigated pastures in southern Idaho for 1-month periods from May until November 1982 to determine the transmission pattern of Fasciola hepatica. Transmission was found to increase through the pasture season, reaching a peak during November. Overwintering of metacercariae or snail-borne stages was not found to contribute to infections in the year under study. A variety of species of Lymnaea were found to be available in southern Idaho as potential intermediate hosts. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was found to be a good serologic indicator of light infections with F hepatica. The serum γ-glutamyltransferase activity was not diagnostically significant when the degree of fluke infection was low.
Phenylbutazone toxicosis in the horse: A clinical study
Authors: Collins Lynda G. , Tyler David E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a retrospective study of 269 horses that had been treated with phenylbutazone, horses receiving ≤ 8.8 mg/kg of body weight/day for ≤ 4 days or 2 to 4 mg/kg of body weight/day for up to 50 days remained clinically normal. Anorexia, depression, colic, hypoproteinemia, diarrhea, melena, weight loss, ventral edema, petechial hemorrhages of mucous membranes, oral and gastrointestinal tract erosions and ulcers, renal papillary necrosis, and death were among the complications seen in horses that had received > 8.8 mg/kg of body weight/day. In 2 cases, signs suggestive of gastrointestinal-related shock were also evident.
Use of a microtiter Coombs’ test for study of age, gender, and breed distributions in immunohemolytic anemia of the dog
Authors: Jacobs Robert M. , Murtaugh Robert J. , Crocker Daniel B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sixteen of 17 dogs with immunohemolytic anemia had a microtiter Coombs’ test titer ≥1:64. Performance of the test as a hemagglutination assay apparently increased the sensitivity of the test. Three of the dogs with immunohemolytic anemia were sexually intact females, 11 were spayed females, and 3 were sexually intact males. When age and gender were considered together, females were 4.3 times more likely to have immunohemolytic anemia than were males (P<0.05). When corrected for population age distribution, spayed females were not predisposed to the problem.
Management of proximal sesamoid bone fractures in the horse
Authors: Fretz P. B. , Barber S. M. , Bailey J. V. , McKenzie N. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The case records of 49 horses with proximal sesamoid bone fracture were studied. The population consisted of 20 Thoroughbreds, 20 Standardbreds, 5 Quarter Horses, 2 Arabians, and 2 grade horses. The fractured bones were classified into 5 categories: apical fractures, basilar fractures, abaxial fractures, middle one-third fractures, and bilateral comminuted-distracted fractures. Apical fractures occurred most frequently in the Standardbred, with the prevalence of medial fracture being equal to that of lateral fracture. Basilar fractures occurred predominantly in the Thoroughbred, with the highest prevalence in the lateral sesamoid bone of the right front fetlock. Bilateral comminuted-distracted fractures also occurred primarily in the right front fetlock. The prognosis following surgical removal of apical fractures appeared to be superior to that for stall rest alone. The prognosis for basilar fractures was poor.
Personal computer word processing for veterinary article writing: Personal computers and printers
Authors: Stogdale Lea 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Word processing makes the writing and altering of scientific articles faster, easier, and more accurate. Personal computers that are ideally suited to this use are now available. Certain factors must be taken into consideration when a system is selected with word processing in mind. A small business computer or a suitable transportable computer, linked to a printer, provides all the hardware, or machinery, necessary. This, along with a sufficiently powerful word processing program, and all the essential accessories, can be purchased for between $2,300 and $6,000. The editors of all (with one uncertain) 29 clinical veterinary and medical journals surveyed will accept articles written by the dense dot matrix or near-correspondence quality printers that frequently accompany personal computers. The major problem affecting the veterinarian who wishes to purchase a personal computer word processing system is that of spending the time to acquire sufficient information in order to choose the computer and the programs that will be appropriate to his or her requirements. These will include the specialized word processing demands of scientific article writing and many other applications, as appropriate.
Evaluation of analytical grade of metrizamide for canine stifle arthrography
Authors: Atilola Matthew A. , Pennock Paul W. , Sumner-Smith G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The use of analytical grade of metrizamide as contrast material in canine stifle arthrography was evaluated in 27 stifle joints. A concentration of 280 mg of I/100 ml was prepared, and the material was injected at a rate of 0.3 ml/cm thickness of the lateral to medial measurement. Acceptable arthrograms were produced in 22 (81.5%) cases. The mediolateral radiographic view was useful in demonstrating the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, the infrapatellar fat pad, and the tendon of the long digital extensor muscle. The caudocranial radiographic view was useful in demonstrating the medial and lateral menisci, the articular surfaces of the femoral condyles, and the outline of the joint capsule. Radiographs made within 15 minutes after injection of the contrast medium were acceptable, thus setting this period as the limit for obtaining useful arthrograms. The double contrast technique was found to be of little value.
Change of inhalation anesthetic agents for management of ventricular premature depolarizations in anesthetized cats and dogs
Authors: Hubbell J. A. E. , Muir W. W. , Bednarski R. M. , Bednarski L. S. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Ventricular premature depolarizations (vpd) were found in 27 cats and 14 dogs during inhalation anesthesia. For animals receiving halothane, the anesthetic agent was changed to enflurane (n = 22) or isoflurane (n = 15). After the change to enflurane, the vpd reverted to normal sinus rhythm (n = 19) or decreased in frequency (n = 3). After the change to isoflurane, the vpd reverted to normal sinus rhythm (n = 14) or decreased in frequency (n = 1). For 4 cats receiving enflurane, the inhalant agent was changed to halothane, which caused an increased frequency of vpd (n = 3) or reversion to normal sinus rhythm (n = 1). It was concluded that cats and dogs with vpd during inhalation anesthesia with halothane would benefit from a change to enflurane or isoflurane.
Isolation of streptococcus suis from swine in nebraska
Authors: Erickson E. Denis , Doster Alan R. , Pokorny Teri S. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Streptococcus suis was isolated from swine with localized and diffuse infections. The isolates (n = 121) were unable to grow in broth containing 6.5% NaCl. Their abilities to hydrolyze esculin were variable, as were their fermentative reactions in lactose, trehalose, raffinose, and inulin. Sorbitol was not attacked by any strain. Serologic reactions were obtained between the isolates and coagglutination reagents prepared from commercially available antisera to streptococcal groups D, R, or S.
New perspectives in cardiopulmonary therapeutics: Receptor-selective adrenergic drugs
Authors: Adams H. Richard 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Recent advances in basic biomedical research have led to the development of clinically useful drugs known as “second generation” adrenergic receptor stimulants (agonists) and blockers (antagonists). Adrenergic receptors are now differentiated into 4 distinct subtypes: α1, α2, β1, and β2. The new drugs are more receptor-selective and tissue-specific than older ones and, hence, have increased potential for directed therapeutic action, with relatively less side effects on nontargeted organs. The β2-selective agonist terbutaline, eg, causes bronchodilation with less β1-cardiac excitation than does the β1-β2 nonselective agonist isoproterenol. Compared with the latter, the β1,-selective agonist dobutamine increases myocardial contractile force and cardiac output with less β2-mediated vasodilation and hypotension. The β1selective antagonist metoprolol has advantage over the β1-β2 nonselective blocker propranolol for controlling β1-cardiac excitation in patients with compromised pulmonary function. Prazosin, an α1-selective blocking agent, evokes peripheral vasodilation with less reflex tachycardia than does the nonselective α1-α2 blocker phentolamine, probably because the former spares the prejunctional α2-receptors that subserve autoinhibition of norepinephrine release from the sympathetic neuron. The contemporary practice of internal medicine will no doubt include an understanding of the pharmacologic properties associated with the various adrenergic receptor subtypes.
Effect of yohimbine on xylazine-induced immobilization in white-tailed deer
Authors: Hsu Walter H. , Shulaw William P. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Two groups of white-tailed deer were given im injections of xylazine with a projectile syringe. Deer in one of the groups served as controls and did not receive any treatments other than xylazine. Deer in the other group were given yohimbine iv at various times (15 to 171 minutes) to evaluate its effect on xylazine-induced immobilization.
In 5 control deer given 3.7 ± 1.2 mg of xylazine/kg (mean ± SD), onset of recumbency was 13 ± 2 minutes and time to standing was 268 ± 76 minutes. In 20 principal deer given 2.8 ± 1.0 mg of xylazine/kg, onset of recumbency was 8 ± 7 minutes, time to sitting after giving yohimbine was 3 ± 4 minutes in 18 of the deer, and time to standing after giving yohimbine was 4 ± 5 minutes in 19 of the deer. Most of these deer were still moderately sedated 30 minutes after injection of yohimbine, but none of them became reimmobilized or as deeply sedated as before the injection of yohimbine. Yohimbine also reversed the bradycardia and respiratory depression induced by xylazine.
Clinical evaluation of American river otters in a reintroduction study
Authors: Hoover John P. , Root Charles R. , Zimmer Mark A. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Ten American river otters (Lutra canadensis) were evaluated clinically before release into Oklahoma waterways. Otters were immobilized for physical, radiographic, and electrocardiographic examinations and for collection of blood samples. Hematologic and serum biochemical analyses, urinalyses, parasitologic examinations, surgical omental biopsies, and necropsy findings were included. Respiratory tract disease, bacterial and parasitic infections, and starvation apparently were contributing causes of postrelease mortality in 4 of the otters.
Cardiomyopathy associated with vitamin E deficiency in seven gelada baboons
Authors: Liu Si-kwang , Dolensek Emil P. , Tappe James P. , Stover Janet , Adams Charles R. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Between November 1979 and July 1982, 7 captive gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) died; 5 of them died unexpectedly, 1 died after a 4-month history of heart failure, and 1 was anemic and dyspneic for 2 days before death. Of those that died unexpectedly, 1 was anemic and 4 were clinically normal. At necropsy, all baboons had white or pale patches of myocardium. Histologically, fibrosis and acute myocytolysis were observed in the myocardium. Three affected baboons were tested for plasma α-tocopherol content and were found deficient. Four unaffected baboons were given vitamin E for 24 months, and plasma α-tocopherol content returned to normal. Blood selenium content was determined in 1 affected baboon and was normal.
Splinting device for hindlimb fractures in horses
Authors: Beroza Gregory A. , Gentile Dennis G. , Goodness Paul , Charles Robert 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A Robert Jones bandage modified to include a steel walking bar frame and, in one case, side-supporting bars, was applied as a splinting device in 4 horses with hindlimb fractures (3 tarsal and 1 middle phalangeal). The modification was used as an adjunct to previous casting therapies or as a means for handling casting failures or soft tissue problems encountered during the casting period. This means of stabilization is easily adapted to replace a problematic cast in various clinical settings, is easily applied in the standing patient, is easily changed and adjusted on a regular basis, has minimal complications, is comfortable, and can be used for support for a long period.
Electrodiagnostic evaluation of deafness in two English Setter littermates
Authors: Sims Michael H. , Shull-Selcer Elizabeth 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two English Setter littermates (male and female) were evaluated for hearing difficulties at 4, 16, and 24 months of age. Auditory function was evaluated by behavioral response to pure-tone sounds, tympanometry, brain stem auditory evoked response, and acoustic reflex testing. Hereditary sensorineural deafness was diagnosed in both dogs. The extent of the hearing deficit, as characterized by these tests, was slightly different between the dogs, as well as between the ears in 1 dog.