bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Evidence‐Based Acute Pain Management Practices on Inpatient Costs
Authors: Brooks John M. , Titler Marita G. , Ardery Gail , Herr Keela 
Published: January 2009

Objectives. To estimate hospital cost changes associated with a behavioral intervention designed to increase the use of evidence‐based acute pain management practices in an inpatient setting and to estimate the direct effect that changes in evidence‐based acute pain management practices have on inpatient cost.Data Sources/Study Setting. Data from a randomized “translating research into practice” (TRIP) behavioral intervention designed to increase the use of evidence‐based acute pain management practices for patients hospitalized with hip fractures.Study Design. Experimental design and observational “as‐treated” and instrumental variable (IV) methods.Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Abstraction from medical records and Uniform Billing 1992 (UB92) discharge abstracts.Principal Findings. The TRIP intervention cost on average $17,714 to implement within a hospital but led to cost savings per inpatient stay of more than $1,500. The intervention increased the cost of nursing services, special operating rooms, and therapy services per inpatient stay, but these costs were more than offset by cost reductions within other cost categories. “As‐treated” estimates of the effect of changes in evidence‐based acute pain management practices on inpatient cost appear significantly underestimated, whereas IV estimates are statistically significant and are distinct from, but consistent with, estimates associated with the intervention.Conclusions. A hospital treating more that 12 patients with acute hip fractures can expect to lower overall cost by implementing the TRIP intervention. We also demonstrated the advantages of using IV methods over “as‐treated” methods to assess the direct effect of practice changes on cost.
The Impact of Music on Childhood and Adolescent Achievement*
Authors: Southgate Darby E. , Roscigno Vincent J. 
Published: January 2009

Objective. The study examines the association between music involvement and academic achievement in both childhood and adolescence using three measures of music participation: in school, outside of school, and parental involvement in the form of concert attendance.Methods. We review prior work pertaining to music's impact on achievement and then draw from two nationally representative data sources (ECLS‐K and NELS:88). Our analyses apply logistic and OLS regression techniques to assess patterns of music involvement and possible effects on math and reading performance for both elementary and high school students.Results. Music involvement varies quite systematically by class, and gender status, and such involvement holds implications for both math and reading achievement, and for young children and adolescents. Notably, associations with achievement persist in our modeling even when prior achievement levels are accounted for. Although music does mediate some student background effects, this mediation is only minimal.Conclusions. Music participation, both inside and outside of school, is associated with measures of academic achievement among children and adolescents. Future work should further delineate the relevant processes of music involvement, as well as how background inequalities and music involvement intersect in relation to educational performance.
Motivating Participation: The Symbolic Effects of Latino Representation on Parent School Involvement*
Authors: Shah Paru 
Published: January 2009

Objective. Decades of research suggest that parental involvement is vital for positive student academic achievement and thus one often‐proposed solution to alleviate the poor educational outcomes of minority students is to increase their parents' participation in school. Building on a psychological motivation argument, I investigate how the symbolic effects of minority representation impact minority parent involvement.Method. I test my hypotheses with original survey data from 324 Latino parents in Chicago.Results. My analysis suggests that, as hypothesized in the symbolic representation literature, Latinos in positions of power within schools send important heuristic cues to Latino parents that change their orientations to participation and ultimately manifest as increased school involvement.Conclusions. These results support education policies that attempt to increase the minority presence in schools at the administrative and governance levels, and highlight the need for greater enforcement of current diversity requirements under NCLB.
Irrigation production functions with water‐capital substitution
Authors: Shani Uri , Tsur Yacov , Zemel Amos , Zilberman David 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe dynamics of biomass growth implies that the yield of irrigated crops depends, in addition to the total amount of water applied, on irrigation scheduling during the growing period. Advanced irrigation technologies relax constraints on irrigation rates and timing, allowing us to better adjust irrigation scheduling to the varying needs of the plants along the growing period. Irrigation production functions, then, should include capital (or expenditures on irrigation equipment) in addition to aggregate water. We derive such functions and study their water‐capital substitution properties. Implications for water demand and adoption of irrigation technologies are investigated. A numerical example illustrates these properties.
Agricultural technology and child labor: evidence from India
Authors: Self Sharmistha , Grabowski Richard 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChild labor continues to be a major problem in developing countries, particularly in agricultural countries. The latest ILO global report points out that nine out of every ten child laborers is involved in the agricultural sector. The focus of this article is on the rural sector in India, a country where child labor continues to be prevalent. A number of factors have been found to significantly influence the extent of child labor. This article will focus on the type of technology utilized in the agricultural sector. Technology is divided into two types: biochemical and mechanical. The empirical results indicate that biochemical technology has both positive and negative effects on child labor. However, mechanical technology is found to have a statistically significant and negative impact on child labor.
Quantitative analysis of the maxilla and the mandible in hyper‐ and hypodivergent skeletal class II pattern
Authors: Nair R , Deguchi T Sr , Li X , Katashiba S , Chan YH 
Published: January 2009

Structured AbstractAuthors – Nair R, Deguchi T Sr., Li X, Katashiba S, Chan YHObjectives – To examine the volumetric (size) difference in the maxilla and the mandible of hyper‐ and hypodivergent skeletal patterns in Angle class II malocclusion.Design – Descriptive retrospective study. The hypothesis is that a hypodivergent mandible has a larger size than a hyperdivergent mandible.Setting and Sample Population – Using cone‐beam computed tomography, 20 subjects with Angle class II malocclusion were classified into two groups; 10 of 20 subjects formed a hyperdivergent group while the rest formed a hypodivergent group.Material and methods – Cone‐beam computed tomography images were obtained and processed and 3D volume data was measured by one clinician. Dahlberg’s technique was used to assess the measurement error and significant difference was set at p < 0.05.Results – No significant differences were found between the volumes of the maxilla and mandible in both groups. Differences were observed in the ratio of mandibular/maxillary volumes. The hypodivergent group had a significantly larger (p = 0.014) ratio than the hyperdivergent group.Conclusions – Maxillary and mandibular volumes differ between hyper‐ and hypodivergent skeletal patterns.
The effect of rainforest fragmentation on species diversity and mimicry ring composition of ithomiine butterflies
Authors: UEHARA‐PRADO MARCIO , FREITAS ANDRÉ V.L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract.

Subfamily Ithomiinae comprises about 370 species of Neotropical butterflies associated with humid forest habitats from Mexico to northern Argentina. Adult Ithomiinae are central models in many mimicry rings throughout their range, and are assumed to have high potential as bio‐indicators. Here, we compare diversity and composition of Ithomiinae mimicry rings in continuous vs. fragmented landscapes, and evaluate values these butterflies hold for ecological assessment and monitoring of anthropogenic disturbance.
Sampling was carried out at four sites inside a large forest block, the Morro Grande State Reserve, and in five forest fragments in a neighbour‐fragmented landscape. Butterflies were sampled with portable traps, baited with a fermented mixture of banana and sugar cane juice. Sampling was carried out during the period most favourable for the capture of ithomiine butterflies in southeastern Brazil.
There was no difference between landscapes in species richness and diversity index, but dominance index, and the distributions of tribes and mimicry rings between them was clearly different. The higher average light intensity in the understorey of fragments could explain in part the higher abundance of mimicry patterns typical of open sunny habitats, and concomitantly reduced abundance of clearwing mimicry patterns, typical of shaded habitats. These results confirm the potential of ithomiine assemblages as biological indicators of habitat quality.
Changes in phenology of hoverflies in a central England garden
Authors: GRAHAM‐TAYLOR LYN G. , STUBBS ALAN E. , BROOKE M. de L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract.

Hoverfly data, obtained from 20 species during 1991–2007 from a single garden in Peterborough, England, were analysed to test for temporal trends in timing of first and last appearance, flight‐period length and maximum number.
During this period of climate warming, first appearance in spring has become significantly earlier for three species and flight period longer for a different set of three species.
Key correlates of first appearance date and flight‐period length were winter temperature, which increased over the study period, and spring temperature which showed a non‐significant warming trend. Wetter summers also marginally lengthened the flight period. In addition, there were significant year effects, suggestive of population responses to changing climate independent of prevailing temperature.
However, there was little evidence that last appearances in autumn have become later, and maximum numbers have not increased.
These trends match those reported from other, better‐studied taxa.
Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Activation of Porcine Alveolar Macrophages by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Miller Laura C. , Lager Kelly M. , Kehrli Marcus E. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
Control of virus replication initially depends on rapid activation of the innate immune response. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are potent inducers of innate immunity against viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a positive-sense RNA virus, initiates infection in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), elicits weak immune responses, and establishes a persistent infection. To understand the role of single-stranded RNA and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates in eliciting host immunity, we sought to determine if TLRs, particularly those that respond to viral molecular patterns, are involved in PRRSV infection. Activation of TLR3 in PAMs with dsRNA increased gene expression for alpha interferon and suppressed PRRSV infectivity. In contrast, TLR4 activation by the treatment of PAMs with lipopolysaccharide did not influence PRRSV infectivity.
Growth of Adenocarcinoma on Routine Microbiological Media Inoculated with Fluid from a Pleural Effusion in an 82-Year-Old Female
Authors: Muldrew Kenneth L. , Edberg Stephen C. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
We report the first documented case of adenocarcinoma cell growth on routine microbiological media. Pleural fluid culture from an 82-year-old female showed colonies with fried egg appearance on routine microbiological media that were negative for bacterial microorganisms. Stains of the colonies demonstrated clusters of viable neoplastic cells.
Mengovirus-Induced Rearrangement of the Nuclear Pore Complex: Hijacking Cellular Phosphorylation Machinery
Authors: Bardina Maryana V. , Lidsky Peter V. , Sheval Eugene V. , Fominykh Ksenia V. , van Kuppeveld Frank J. M. , Polyakov Vladimir Y. , Agol Vadim I. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
Representatives of several picornavirus genera have been shown previously to significantly enhance noncontrollable bidirectional exchange of proteins between nuclei and cytoplasm. In enteroviruses and rhinoviruses, enhanced permeabilization of the nuclear pores appears to be primarily due to proteolytic degradation of some nucleoporins (protein components of the pore), whereas this effect in cardiovirus-infected cells is triggered by the leader (L) protein, devoid of any enzymatic activities. Here, we present evidence that expression of L alone was sufficient to cause permeabilization of the nuclear envelope in HeLa cells. In contrast to poliovirus, mengovirus infection of these cells did not elicit loss of nucleoporins Nup62 and Nup153 from the nuclear pore complex. Instead, nuclear envelope permeabilization was accompanied by hyperphosphorylation of Nup62 in cells infected with wild-type mengovirus, whereas both of these alterations were suppressed in L-deficient virus mutants. Since phosphorylation of Nup62 (although less prominent) did accompany permeabilization of the nuclear envelope prior to its mitotic disassembly in uninfected cells, we hypothesize that cardiovirus L alters the nucleocytoplasmic traffic by hijacking some components of the normal cell division machinery. The variability and biological significance of picornaviral interactions with the nucleocytoplasmic transport in the infected cells are discussed.
Dendritic Cells Are Required for Optimal Activation of Natural Killer Functions following Primary Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Authors: Kassim Sadik H. , Rajasagi Naveen K. , Ritz Barry W. , Pruett Stephen B. , Gardner Elizabeth M. , Chervenak Robert , Jennings Stephen R. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTNatural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the optimal clearance of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in mice. Activated NK cells function via cytokine secretion or direct cytolysis of target cells; dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to make critical contributions in the activation of both of these functions. Yet, the magnitude and physiological relevance of DC-mediated NK cell activation in vivo is not completely understood. To examine the contribution of DC help in regulating NK cell functions after infection with HSV-1, we utilized a transgenic mouse model that allows the transient ablation of DCs. Using this approach, it was found that the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) expression potential of NK cells is quantitatively and qualitatively impaired in the absence of DCs. With regard to priming of NK cytolytic functions, the ablation of DCs did not significantly affect cytotoxic protein expression by NK cells. An in vivo cytolytic assay did, however, reveal impairments in the magnitude of NK cell cytotoxicity. Overall, this study provides direct evidence that functional DCs are required for optimal IFN-γ expression and cytolytic function by NK cells following infection with HSV-1.
Pathogenesis of 1918 Pandemic and H5N1 Influenza Virus Infections in a Guinea Pig Model: Antiviral Potential of Exogenous Alpha Interferon To Reduce Virus Shedding
Authors: Van Hoeven Neal , Belser Jessica A. , Szretter Kristy J. , Zeng Hui , Staeheli Peter , Swayne David E. , Katz Jacqueline M. , Tumpey Terrence M. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTAlthough highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have yet to acquire the ability to transmit efficiently among humans, the increasing genetic diversity among these viruses and continued outbreaks in avian species underscore the need for more effective measures for the control and prevention of human H5N1 virus infection. Additional small animal models with which therapeutic approaches against virulent influenza viruses can be evaluated are needed. In this study, we used the guinea pig model to evaluate the relative virulence of selected avian and human influenza A viruses. We demonstrate that guinea pigs can be infected with avian and human influenza viruses, resulting in high titers of virus shedding in nasal washes for up to 5 days postinoculation (p.i.) and in lung tissue of inoculated animals. However, other physiologic indicators typically associated with virulent influenza virus strains were absent in this species. We evaluated the ability of intranasal treatment with human alpha interferon (α-IFN) to reduce lung and nasal wash titers in guinea pigs challenged with the reconstructed 1918 pandemic H1N1 virus or a contemporary H5N1 virus. IFN treatment initiated 1 day prior to challenge significantly reduced or prevented infection of guinea pigs by both viruses, as measured by virus titer determination and seroconversion. The expression of the antiviral Mx protein in lung tissue correlated with the reduction of virus titers. We propose that the guinea pig may serve as a useful small animal model for testing the efficacy of antiviral compounds and that α-IFN treatment may be a useful antiviral strategy against highly virulent strains with pandemic potential.
Roles of Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Proteins in Major Immediate-Early Gene Expression and Viral Replication of Human Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Cosme Ruth S. Cruz , Yamamura Yasuhiro , Tang Qiyi 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a member of the β subgroup of the family
Herpesviridae
, causes serious health problems worldwide. HCMV gene expression in host cells is a well-defined sequential process: immediate-early (IE) gene expression, early-gene expression, DNA replication, and late-gene expression. The most abundant IE gene, major IE (MIE) gene pre-mRNA, needs to be spliced before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. In this study, the regulation of MIE gene splicing was investigated; in so doing, we found that polypyrimidine tract binding proteins (PTBs) strongly repressed MIE gene production in cotransfection assays. In addition, we discovered that the repressive effects of PTB could be rescued by splicing factor U2AF. Taken together, the results suggest that PTBs inhibit MIE gene splicing by competing with U2AF65 for binding to the polypyrimidine tract in pre-mRNA. In intron deletion mutation assays and RNA detection experiments (reverse transcription [RT]-PCR and real-time RT-PCR), we further observed that PTBs target all the introns of the MIE gene, especially intron 2, and affect gene splicing, which was reflected in the variation in the ratio of pre-mRNA to mRNA. Using transfection assays, we demonstrated that PTB knockdown cells induce a higher degree of MIE gene splicing/expression. Consistently, HCMV can produce more viral proteins and viral particles in PTB knockdown cells after infection. We conclude that PTB inhibits HCMV replication by interfering with MIE gene splicing through competition with U2AF for binding to the polypyrimidine tract in MIE gene introns.
ANALYTICAL TREATMENT OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC SHIELDING TENSOR INTEGRALS OVER EXPONENTIAL-TYPE FUNCTIONS
Authors: BERLU LILIAN , SAFOUHI HASSAN 
Published: January 2009

The present work concerns the analytical and numerical development of three-center molecular integrals over Slater-type functions (STFs) and B functions of the second order involving [Formula: see text] in the operator. These integrals appear in the analytic expression of the nuclear magnetic shielding tensor. The basis set of STFs is used to represent atomic orbitals. These STFs are expressed in terms of B functions, which are better suited to apply the Fourier transform method thoroughly developed by Steinborn group. Analytic expressions are obtained for the integrals of the second order involved in nuclear magnetic resonance shielding tensor over B functions. These expressions turned out to be similar to those obtained for the usual molecular multi-center integrals. Consequently, the numerical evaluation of the integrals under consideration will benefit from the work previously done on the molecular multi-center integrals.
γ-Secretase Inhibitors Abrogate Oxaliplatin-Induced Activation of the Notch-1 Signaling Pathway in Colon Cancer Cells Resulting in Enhanced Chemosensitivity
Authors: Meng Raymond D. , Shelton Christopher C. , Li Yue-Ming , Qin Li-Xuan , Notterman Daniel , Paty Philip B. , Schwartz Gary K. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Because Notch signaling is implicated in colon cancer tumorigenesis and protects cells from apoptosis by inducing prosurvival targets, it was hypothesized that inhibition of Notch signaling with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSI) may enhance the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells. We first show that the Notch-1 receptor, as well as its downstream target Hes-1, is up-regulated with colon cancer progression, similar to other genes involved in chemoresistance. We then report that chemotherapy induces Notch-1, as oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), or SN-38 (the active metabolite of irinotecan) induced Notch-1 intracellular domain (NICD) protein and activated Hes-1. Induction of NICD by oxaliplatin was caused by an increase in the activity and expression of γ-secretase complex, as suppression of the protein subunit nicastrin with small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented NICD induction after oxaliplatin. Subsequent inhibition of Notch-1 signaling with a sulfonamide GSI (GSI34) prevented the induction of NICD by chemotherapy and blunted Hes-1 activation. Blocking the activation of Notch signaling with GSI34 sensitized cells to chemotherapy and was synergistic with oxaliplatin, 5-FU, and SN-38. This chemosensitization was mediated by Notch-1, as inhibition of Notch-1 with siRNA enhanced chemosensitivity whereas overexpression of NICD increased chemoresistance. Down-regulation of Notch signaling also prevented the induction of prosurvival pathways, most notably phosphoinositide kinase-3/Akt, after oxaliplatin. In summary, colon cancer cells may up-regulate Notch-1 as a protective mechanism in response to chemotherapy. Therefore, combining GSIs with chemotherapy may represent a novel approach for treating metastatic colon cancers by mitigating the development of chemoresistance. [Cancer Res 2009;69(2):573–82]