bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyvinyl chloride dermatitis not caused by phthalates
Authors: Schulsinger Charlotte , Møllgaard Klaus 
Published: April 2006

Seven cases of contact dermatitis in children due to identification bracelets made of poly‐vinyl chloride plastic are reported. Patch tests with the bracelets were negative in the five cases tested. It is concluded that the reactions were irritant due to some unknown chemical in the bracelets.The most widely used plasticizers in PVC, phthalates, must have very low sensitising properties, as only one positive patch test was found in 1532 patch tests with phthalate mix, performed as a joint study by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group.
Skin and mucous membrane problems from “no carbon required” paper
Authors: Menné Torkil , Asnaes Gydde , Hjorth Niels 
Published: April 2006

The Copenhagen Telephone Company uses 800,000–900,000 sets of no carbon required paper per year. Since 1977 the employees have related itching, dermatitis and symptoms from the mucous membranes to contact with the paper.In 35 employees a total of 4000 epicutaneous tests were performed with negative results.A questionnaire study of 2400 in the company revealed a close relationship between the symptoms and the work intensity with the NCR paper.
Occupational dermatitis. An epidemiological study in the rubber and cement industries
Authors: Varigos G. A. , Dunt D. R. 
Published: April 2006

An epidemiological study of occupational dermatitis in a tyre company and a cement company is reported. Ninety‐seven percent of 999 lyre workers and 78 % of 151 cement workers were screened by an occupational nurse and subsequently assessed by a specialist dermatologist. Prevalence rates of occupational contact dermatitis were 37 per HHXI and 68 per 1000 in the tyre and cement companies, respectively. Maintenance workers and tyre builders ‐ particularly if they were Yugoslav and female ‐ had high prevalence rates amongst tyre workers.Workers'compensation claim rates for the lyre company are similar to U.K. and U.S. rates for this industry. Prevalence rates of 37 per 100 can be considered as a lower limit for this industry. The high prevalence rates in the cement company are noteworthy and require further study.
Occurrence of contact allergy and hand eczemas in hospital wet work
Authors: Lammintausta K. , Kalimo K. , Havu V. K. 
Published: April 2006

The occurrence of contact sensitivity and hand dermatitis was studied in hospital employees. The incidence of contact allergy was 21%. Nickel (9%) was the most common allergen followed by perfumes (6%).Present or previous hand dermatitis was detected in 46%. Of those with positive reactions, 53% had suffered from hand dermatitis as compared to 44% of those without positive reactions, 70% of those with sensitivity lo fragrances had suffered from hand dermatitis. The occurrence of hand dermatitis was more frequent in persons, who had developed contact allergy lo rubber chemicals or to both nickel and cobalt, simultaneously.
Sensitizing potential of 14 mono (meth) acrylates in the guinea pig*
Authors: van der Walle H. B. , Klecak G. , Geleick H. , Bensink T. 
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the sensitizing potential of 14 mono(meth)acrylates, when tested by the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and Freund's complete adjuvant test (FCAT) with an identical, intradermal induction concentration. A new grading classification of the sensitization potential is proposed.Mono(meth)acrylates show a wide range of sensitizing potential. Compared with other (meth)acrylates, methyl methacrylate is a moderate sensitizer. Attention was paid to concomitant sensitization of additives. In 9 of 16 FCATs, concomitant sensitization occurred to the inhibitors hydroquinone and p‐methoxy phenol.
Skin testing with simple equipment in photodermatoses
Authors: van Hecke Eric 
Published: April 2006

We have reviewed 275 patients who were tested in the light testing clinic in the 10 years from 1972 to 1981. 151 patients (55%) were referred with eczematous changes of the skin attributed to light, while 76 (28%) had a history of polymorphic light eruption. Light tests gave abnormal results in 54(36%) of the dermatitis group, showing a photoallergy in 17 patients and UV sensitivity with or without sensitivity to visible light in 30 patients. 7 out of 10 cases with clinical reactions to phenothiazines also had abnormal test results.Patients with polymorphic light eruption reacted normally in our test system. Abnormal tests were obtained in solar urticaria, in a few cases of non‐eczematous phototoxic reaction, folliculitis of the acne type and systemic lupus crythematosus.Additional patch tests with standard allergens revealed a high % of contact sensitivity in the 30 UV sensitive patients.
Is Cytox® 3522 (10% methylene‐bis‐thiocyanate) a human skin sensitizer?
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Hamann Knud 
Published: April 2006

Methylene‐bis‐thiocyanate is an antimicrobial agent in Cytox® 3522 (American Cyanamid Corporation) and Nalco® 206 (Nalco Chemical Company). Both are wide‐spectrum industrial biocides.Cytox® 3522 showed a strong sensitization potential in guinea pigs using the Guinea Pig Maximization. Test and the Open Epicutaneous Test procedures.In spite of this, human sensitization has not been reported. This may be explained by several factors such as limited exposure, low‐use concentration and alack of diagnostic patch tests in selected patients.
Phototoxic and contact toxic reactions of the exocarp of sweet oranges: a common cause of cheilitis?
Authors: Volden G. , Krokan H. , Kavli G. , Midelfart K. 
Published: April 2006

Irritant skin reactions were produced within 1 h after application of the exocarp of sweet oranges or alchoholic extracts therefrom. Such reactions faded within 48 h. The exocarp. or extracts thereof, induced phototoxic reactions which were strongest at 72 h after exposure. The phototoxic reactions were only induced in natural blondes and only with some oranges.The in vivo phototoxic reactions were confirmed in vitro, causing a slight but clear photo‐inhibition of Candida albicans. Only some oranges inhibited growth.
Hand eczema in nickel‐sensitive female twins
Authors: Menné T. , Holm N. V. 
Published: April 2006

The Danish Twin Register represents a population‐based twin sample where the twins enter the Register independently of disease.All female twins born between 1906–30 and available in the Register in January 1978 were sent a questionnaire concerning possible nickel sensitivity. Among 74ft pairs living in the eastern part of Denmark, 129 twins from 115 pairs had a possible nickel allergy. Through a subsequent personal visit and, in most eases, patch testing, 34 monozygotic probands from 30 pairs and 45 dizygotic probands from 41 pairs were considered to have a verified nickel sensitivity and fulfilled the restriction criteria for the present study.The prevalence of present or previous hand eczema in both the monozygotic and the dizygotic probands was 41% (95% confidence limits: 30–52%). In 15 of the 32 with hand eczema, this was in the form of a relapsing pompholyx.Analysis of the monozygotic pairs showed that the risk of developing hand eczema in the co‐twins seemed independent of whether the proband had nickel allergy and hand eczema or nickel allergy alone. Furthermore, it was found that the number of affected co‐twins was comparable with the background population. Thus the association between nickel allergy and hand eczema is probably not due to a common genetic predisposition. Environmental factors seem decisive.
Patch testing with substances not included in the standard series
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Nørholm A. 
Published: April 2006

During a 5‐year period, 3664 consecutive patients were patch tested in a private dermatology practice with the Standard Series of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG). 454 of these were tested with one or more additional substances which were suspected of having caused their dermatitis. 194 of the 454 patients had positive reactions to one or more of the additional substances. Most of these reactions were of current relevance, and in only 25% of the patients could the allergies have been predicted by the use of the Standard Series alone.In approximately 50% of the patients, the reactions to additional substances could be traced to occupational sources.
Occupational dermatoses in hospital cleaning women
Authors: Hansen K. S. 
Published: April 2006

In an investigation of 541 members of a hospital cleaning department, a prevalence rate of occupational skin diseases of 15.3% was found. During their hospital employment, 39.1% had it skin disease. Higher prevalence in the younger age groups can be explained by the selection of those with skin diseases for work away from the cleaning department. A large number developed their disease shortly after employment began. This was an indication that the observed prevalent conditions were irritant diseases. The distribution by diagnosis confirms this conclusion in as much as 75% of the occupational skin diseases were irritant dermatitis, 21% allergic contact dermatitis, and 4% monilia of the finger webs.The causes of allergic contact dermatitis were found to be formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and chloramine in addition to nickel and rubber. Among the causes of irritant dermatitis were detergents, alkaline substances, acids and sodium perborate as well as hypochlorite, and hypobromite combinations.In order to reduce occupational skin diseases among cleaning personnel, it is necessary to extend both local and more general prophylactic measures.
Oral challenge with metal salts (II). Various types of eczema
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Nørholm A. 
Published: April 2006

299 patients with chronic dermatitis of obscure origin were challenged orally in a controlled study with 2.5 mg nickel, 2.5 mg chromium, and 1 mg cobalt given as salts of the respective metals.Flares of the dermatitis were seen in 12 of 61 patients with patch‐test‐negative hyperkeratotic eczema, in 9 of 32 patients with patch‐test‐negative perianal eczema, and in 7 of 143 patients with various other patch‐test‐negative eczemas. In this latter group, flares were seen only among patients with nummular eczema or hand eczema. Among 34 patients with various positive patch tests not relevant to the current dermatitis, 3 with hand eczema experienced flares.Patients who reacted to oral challenge with the metal salt to which they had a positive patch test, included 3 of 9 with nickel allergy. 2 of 5 with cobalt allergy and 6 of 15 with chromate allergy. These patients were tested openly.Low metal diets were prescribed for 33 patients who had flares after oral challenge with specific metal salts. For 23 of these, the dermatitis cleared or improved markedly after following the diet for at least 4 weeks. Responses to a questionnaire sent to the 23 patients indicated that 16 had followed the prescribed diet rigorously or intermittently for at least a year.
Standard photopatch testing with Waxtar®, para‐aminobenzoic acid, potassium dichromate and balsam of Peru
Authors: Kroon Susanne 
Published: April 2006

194 patients were standard photopatch tested with Wastar® as is (coal tar 5%) and 161 patients were photopatched tested with para‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA) 5% in alcohol, potassium dichromate 0.5 in petrolatum, and a mixture of balsams of Peru as is. The photopatches were irradiated with UVA.40 patients (25%) had phototoxic reactions to Waxtar® and 4 of them showed pigmentation after 7 days. Only a few patients had photocontact urticaria. I patient had a late‐reaction to PABA and showed a cross‐reaction to glyceryl PABA but a negative reaction to paraphenylenediamine (PPD) and benzociane 5% in the standard test.No patients had positive photopatch reactions to potassium dichromate when irradiated with UVA.2 patients had phototoxic reactions to balsam of Peru. None had photoallergic reactions.Standard photopatch testing is a time consuming procedure which creates problems both for the staff and for the patients. The yield of unexpected, relevant positive reactions is insignificant.From a cost‐benefit view, photopatch testing is only warranted in cases giving rise to a clinical suspiction of photodermatitis.
Phototoxicity of Heracleum laciniatum
Authors: Kavli G. , Volden G. , Middlefart K. , Haugsbø S. , Prytz J. O. 
Published: April 2006

Phytophotodermatitis from Heracleum laciniatum is described in 2 typical cases. Experimental phytophotodermatitis was produced using homogenates from leaves of the plant and long‐wave ultraviolet light. The homogenates of leaves produced strong phototoxic reactions. The minimal phototoxic erythema dose was determined to be lowest for abdominal and midback skin.The action spectrum for Heracleum Laciniatum homogenates applied topically was found to be in the range 315–375 nm with peak sensitivity at 330–335 nm.
Ficus carica; isolation and quantification of the photoactive components*
Authors: Zaynoun S. T. , Aftimos B. G. , Ali L. Abi , Tenekjian K. K. , Khalide U. , Kurban A. K. 
Published: April 2006

The presence and levels of furocoumarins in several parts of Ficus carica including the milky sap, were investigated. The results show that psoralen and bergapten are the only significant photoactive compounds, and are present in appreciable quantities in the leaf and shoot sap but are not detected in the fruit or its sap. These compounds are more concentrated in the leaf sap compared to the shoot sap. The psoralen levels are several times higher than those of bergapten. Lower concentrations of both compounds are present in autumn compared to spring and summer.These findings suggest that the reaction is induced primarily by psoralen. The response can follow contact with the leaf and shoot sap but not with the fruit sap, and is expected to occur more frequently from exposure to the leaf sap. The higher content of both photoactive compounds in spring and summer is partly responsible for the increased incidence of fig dermatitis during these seasons. Ingestion of the fruit does not cause photos ensitiszation and the absence of photoactive furocoumarins in the fruit and its sap remains unexplained.
Quantification of cutaneous oedema in patch test reactions by measurement of skin thickness with high‐frequency pulsed ultrasound
Authors: Serup Jørgen , Staberg Bent , Klemp Per 
Published: April 2006

69 doubtful and positive patch test readings (?+21, +23, ++ 18, +++7) in 15 contact dermatitis patients were studied by measurement of skin thickness as an expression of allergic oedema. Exposed skin was compared with a regional control. Skin thickness was measured by 15 MHz pulsed ultrasound (A‐scan) to 0.1 mm accuracy. The ?+, +, ++, and +++ reactions could be separated by measurements of absolute difference in thickness (p < 0.001, p<0.001, p<0.02) between exposed and non‐exposed skin; the mean increases were 0.14, 0.49, 0.93, and 1.37 mm. The ?+, +, and ++ reactions, but not the +++ reactions, could also be separated by measurements of relative increase in skin thickness (p<0.001, p<0.001, n.s.); the mean increases were 7%, 25%, 50% and 55%. The normal thickness of the skin of the back was shown to have increased (p<0.02) in patients with +++ reactions only.It is concluded that the high‐frequency ultrasound method is suitable for quantification of doubtful and positive patch test reactions. The +++ reactions are probably explained by the normal thick skin of the back, and they need no separate recording in patch testing. Standards of increase in skin thickness in doubtful and positive patch tests are defined: absolute increase (mm) was ?+≤0.2; +0.3–0.7; ++ 0.8–1.3 (+++≥ 1.4); relative increases were?+ < 15%; +15–45%, ++(+++ included)>45%.
Hand dermatoses and sick‐leave: relationship between educational level, physical activity at work and housework as main occupation
Authors: Kavli Guinnar , Førde Olav H. 
Published: April 2006

In parallel with a coronary risk factor survey in northern Norway, 14,667 men and women answered questions concerning health, life style, and social background. The occurrence of hand dermatoses varied only slightly within groups with different educational level and groups with different physical activity at work. Women with housework as their main occupation had a somewhat higher frequency of hand dermatoses than employed women.Sick leave due to hand dermatoses was 4–5 times more frequent in both sexes in less educated compared to highly educated individuals, and more frequent in men and women with physically active jobs. These differences may partly reflect differences in the over‐all frequency of sick leave.
Gold sensitivity blast transformation
Authors: Silvennoinen‐Kassinen S. , Niimäki A. 
Published: April 2006

A 36‐year‐old female patient developed eczema from wearing gold jewellery. Epicutaneous skin tests were performed with gold leaf, potassium dicyanoaurate, gold sodium thiosulphate, gold chloride, sodium chloroaurate and potassium bromoaurate. The test was positive with gold sodium thiosulphate only. Blast transformation was induced with all the gold salts except sodium chloroaurate, and the positive responses seemed 10 be dose‐dependent.In vitro gold salt‐induced reactions are useful in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis.
Patch testing in children
Authors: Pevny Irmgard , Brennenstuhl Martin , Razinskas Garv 
Published: April 2006

The results of 10 years of patch tests in children with eczema aged between 3 and 16 years are reported. 147 children were tested, of whom 104(71 %) reacted. 334(6.1%) of 5398 tests were positive and 302 were relevant. 3,539 tests were negative in the 104 children who reacted to at least one substance. 1,525 negative tests were found in 43 children who showed no positive reactions, making a total of 5,064 negative tests among 141 children.The conclusions are: (i) Positive tests are relatively infrequent in children in relation to the large number of tests performed, (ii) The high number of negative results shows that the skin of children can be tested with the concentrations used for adults, and supports the allergic nature of the positive reactions in the series, which were relevant in 90% of the patients.
Chelating effect of EDTA on nickel
Authors: van Ketel W. G. , Bruynzeel D. P. 
Published: April 2006

The chelating effect of disodium ethylenediamine tetra‐acetate (EDTA) in nickel‐allergic patients was investigated. After pretreatment of the right half of the patient's back with 10% EDTA in a cream, and the left half of the back with the cream base only, various concentrations of nickel sulphate were patch tested on these areas. The blocking effect of the 10% EDTA cream appeared to be significant in comparison with that of the cream base only (p < 0.01).A barrier cream with 10% EDTA might be of help in nickel‐allergic patients with eczema of the hands.
Contact allergy to phenol‐formaldehyde resins
Authors: Bruze Magnus , Fregert Sigerid , Zimerson Erik 
Published: April 2006

Adverse reaction to phenol‐formaldehyde resins include depigmentation, irritant dermatitis, chemical burns and allergic contact dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis from phenol‐formaldehyde resin has mainly been ascribed to resins based on paratertiary‐butyl phenol and formaldehyde, and such a resin is included in the ICDRG standard patch test series, based on phenol and formaldehyde, 26 patients were positive to at least 1 resin. The figures for positive reactions to paratertiary‐butyl phenol‐formaldehyde resin and the 2 other resins were 0.8%, 1.0% and 3.0% (440 tested subjects), respectively. Therefore, a battery of phenol‐formaldehyde resins should be used for screening purposes, since patch testing with the paratertiary‐butyl phenol‐formaldehyde resin is not sufficient to identify patients with contact allergy to phenol‐formaldehyde resins.Several of the 26 patients were patch tested with the basic substances phenol, formaldehyde and paratertiary‐butyl phenol, but only 1 positive reaction to formaldehyde was noted. The sensitizing capacity of 2‐methylol phenol, 4‐methylol phenol and 2,4,6‐trimethylol phenol, all 3 compounds being possible ingredients of resins based on phenol and formaldehyde, was demonstrated; 5 of 14 resin positive patients reacted to at least 1 of these methylol phenols.
Patch tests with fragrance materials and preservatives
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , Liem Dhiam H. , Nater Johan P. , van Ketel Willem G. 
Published: April 2006

179 patients suspected of cosmetic allergy were patch tested with a series of 16 fragrance materials and 9 preservatives. In 67 patients (37.4%), for more of these substances gave positive reactions. In the group of fragrance materials, the largest numbers of positive patch test reactions were seen to isocugenol, oak moss, geraniol, α‐amylcinnamic alcohol, and a mixture of α‐amylcinnamic aldehyde and α‐hexylcinnamic aldehyde.The fragrance mix in the ICDRG standard series detected nearly 80% of cases of contact allergy to fragrance materials other than its constituents. In the group of preservatives, Kathon CG® and quaternium‐15 scored the highest number of positive reactions. Its is argued that the commonly used patch test concentrate on of 2% for oak moss and geraniol may be too low to detect all cases of sensitization.
Work‐related hand eczema in atopics
Authors: Rystedt Ingela 
Published: April 2006

549 individuals with severe (group I). 406 with moderate (group 2)atopic dermatitis in childhood. 222 with respiratory allergy hut no a topic dermatitis in childhood (group 3), and 199 without personal of family atopy (group 4) were studied as to occupational health symptoms due to hand eczema. In groups 1, 2 and 4, there was a slightly significant difference (p < 0.05) between the frequency of hand eczema in individual with and without Occupational exposure in chemicals, water, soil or wear (friction). Despite no such work. 55% in group 1 and 44% in group 2 had developed hand eczema About 1/4 of the atopics in extreme risk occupations, such is ladies hairdressers and nursing assistants, had dot developed band eczema.Altogether, 9% in groups 1 and 2 and 3% in group 4 had changed their jobs due to eczema, the majority from work with to work without exposure lo chemicals, water, soil nr wear. Social factors had usually contributed to the change. The healing rate after taking up a new occupation was 15% in group 1.36% in group 2 and 67% (4 out of 6) in group 4. The majority of the patients whose eczema had not healed had improved in their new occupations. It is claimed that medical reasons for change of occupation should be carefully weighed against social reasons.
Contact dermatitis due to Centelase®
Authors: Santucci B. , Picardo M. , Centelase A. 
Published: April 2006

The triterpenic fraction of the plant Centella Asiatica (Umbelliferae) causes cicatrization and stimulates skin growth, acting on the production of collagen fibres by fibroblasis. Centelase® contains the total triterpenic fraction and is used in the treatment of certain forms of scarring (1).We report 2 cases of contact dermatitis due to Centelase cream.