bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF VAPOUR PRESSURE DEFICIT ON LEAF WATER RELATIONS OF COCOS NUCIFERA IN NORTHEAST BRAZIL
Authors: PASSOS E. E. M. , PRADO C. H. B. A. , ARAGÃO W. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYDaily courses of leaf gas exchange and leaf water potential (Ψleaf) of green dwarf coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) were measured in irrigated plantations on the wet coastal plateau and in a dry semi-arid area of northeast Brazil. At both sites, significant correlations were obtained between stomatal conductance (gs) and vapour pressure deficit (VPDair), Ψleaf and VPDair, leaf transpiration (E) and gs, and E-Ψleaf. Despite these similar relationships between sites, stronger correlations involving gs-VPDair and E-Ψleaf were found at the semi-arid site, where whole-plant hydraulic conductance (gp) was correlated significantly with VPDair. In addition, at the semi-arid site, only, the net photosynthesis (PN) was not correlated with E and Ψleaf, and the intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) was disconnected from VPDair and Ψleaf. The different behaviour of leaf gas exchange and Ψleaf between sites was probably caused by low gs in response to high VPDair at the semi-arid site. Our results indicate potential for significant alterations in the pattern of leaf gas exchange during future climatic changes with increasing temperature and concomitant increases in VPDair. The atmospheric water stress will probably reinforce the strength of connection among water relation variables (E, Ψleaf, gs, gp, and VPDair), but it will disrupt the linear relationship between net CO2 assimilation and leaf water relations such as PN-E, PN-Ψleaf, WUEi-VPDair and WUEi-Ψleaf.
Richtungsgewerkschaft und gewerkschaftliche Autonomie 1890–1914
Authors: Langerhans Heinz 
Published: December 2008

Als es um die grossen Fragen der Taktik und nicht mehr nur um innerorganisatorische Konflikte ging, trat an die Stelle des Kompetenzstreits im einzelnen Fall der allgemeine Konflikt: die Frage nach der „Souveränität” in der Arbeiterbewegung. Die Parteiaktion wird vom Veto der Generalkommission abhangig gemacht.Die verschiedenen Massenstreiks, die um die Jahrhundertwende in verschiedenen Ländern Europas dieses Kampfmittel im Wahlrechts-kampf erprobten, insbesondere die zentrale Bedeutung des politischen Massenstreiks in der russischen Revolution von 1905, brachten die Debatte über die Mittel, mit denen in Deutschland, zum Beispiel in Preussen, der Wahlrechtskampf zu führen sei, in Fluss. Der internationale Sozialistenkongress in Amsterdam 1904 beschäftigte sich mit der Frage des Massenstreiks. Die Debatte hatte in der Presse kaum einen gewissen Umfang erreicht, als die Generalkommission mit dem Kölner Gewerkschaftskongress 1905 den Beschlussen der Partei in dieser Frage zuvorkam. Die Gewerkschaften stellten die Sozialdemokratie vor eine vollendete Tatsache. Die Aktualität der Frage wurde bestritten, jede Beschlussfassung über eine eventuelle zukünftige Anwendung politischer Massenstreiks wurde abgelehnt; der Gewerkschaftskongress erliess sogar in aller Forme in Diskussionsverbot. Der Referent zu dem Tagesordnungspunkt 4, „die Stellung der Gewerkschaften zum Generalstreik”, Bömmelburg, sagte auf dem Kölner Kongress: Alle internationalen Kongresse habben sich damit beschäftigt. Für Deutschland ist der politische Massenstreik indiskutabel. Er wird auf der Tagesordnung des nächsten Parteitages voraussichtlich zu finden sein. „Daher mussten auch wir diesmal dazu Stellung nehmen, um nicht Gefahr zu laufen, dass wir uns später Beschlüssen fügen mussten, die einseitig an anderer Stelle gefasst sind”.
Understanding the Anti-Radicalism of the National Civic Federation
Authors: Zerzan John 
Published: December 2008

The labor historians Perlman and Taft provide us with an acceptable, if general, introduction to the National Civic Federation:“The national organization was an outgrowth of the Chicago Civic Federation, organized in 1893, to bring about better relations between capital and labor and to promote the study of civic problems. The Chicago Civic Federation succeeded in averting a number of labor controversies, and in 1900, its chief promoter, Ralph Easley, sought to extend its range of activities. He founded the National Civic Federation, composed of capitalists, labor leaders, and representatives of the public.”
The Socialist League Leaflets and Manifestoes: An Annotated Checklist
Authors: Lemire Eugene D. 
Published: December 2008

From the formation of the Socialist League on December 30, 1884, until an anarchist take-over forced William Morris from the Common-weal editorship on May 25, 1890, the Council of the League gave a special importance to its pamphlet and leaflet publication. In Common-weal their significance was made quite explicit:“The Manifesto of the League, the pamphlets in the ‘Socialist Platform’ series, the leaflets issued by the Council of the League, and articles definitely so stated in the 'Weal, are the only authoritative expositions of the League's creed and policy.”After May 25, 1890, notions of “creed and policy” lost force, and – as some late publications show - it rapidly became impossible to identify any corporate responsibility.
Le Boulangisme et la Commune
Authors: Nere Jacques 
Published: December 2008

Rechercher des liens de filiation possibles entre la Commune et le mouvement boulangiste présente au premier abord un caractère paradoxal. Car le général Boulanger, officier de carrière, a combattu les Communards dans les rangs de l'armée de Versailles. Et les adversaires de Boulanger dans le mouvement ouvrier et socialiste n'ont pas manqué de rappeler ce souvenir. C'est ce que fait notamment l'ouvrier Avronsart, dans une interview de Boulanger dont l'authenticité fut d'ailleurs contestée. Plus tard, lorsque Boulanger pose sa candidature à l'élection partielle de la Seine, se constitue contre lui un groupe qui s'intitule précisément «la Commune» et qui présente la candidature de Protot. Tout serait à citer de la proclamation de ce groupe, dont nous nous bornerons à extraire ce raccourci historique quelque peu hardi:«Robespierre tue la Commune et fait Bonaparte; Cavaignac tue la Commune et refait Bonaparte; M. Thiers tue la Commune et voilà Boulanger.»
Thomas Hopkins und T. R. Edmonds — Zwei Vergessene „Ricardische Sozialisten”?
Authors: Nolte Ernst 
Published: December 2008

Im Paragraphen 2 der Misère de la philosophie führt Marx in der Polemik gegen Proudhon drei Titel von englischen „Sozialisten” an, in denen längst vor Proudhon „die egalitäre Anwendung der Ricardoschen Theorie” vorgeschlagen worden sei:Nous pourrions citer à M. Proudhon: l'Économie politique de Hopkins, 1822; William Thompson: An Inquiry into the Principles of the distribution of wealth, most conducive to human happiness, 1824; T. R. Edmonds: Practical, moral and political Economy, 1828; etc., etc., et quatre pages d'etc.
The International Labour Movement and the Limits of Internationalism: the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres, 1901–1913
Authors: Milner Susan 
Published: December 2008

SummaryDespite an abundance of literature on the Second International relatively little is known about the work of the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres (ISNTUC). Foundect in 1901 by the German and Scandinavian labour leaders, this exclusively trade union International (the forerunner of the post-war International Federation of Trade Unions) included representatives of most of the major labour movements of Europe and the USA. Under German leadership it occupied itself with exclusively trade union issues, a limitation which was contested by revolutionary labour federations. Study of the ISNTUC therefore reveals much about conceptions of internationalism within the internationally organized labour movement.
Irish Politics in Manchester 1890–1914
Authors: Fielding Steve 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThis article questions the prevalent assumption that prior to 1914 the Irish in Britain were unquestioningly attached to the Liberal party. It suggests that Home Rule forced the Irish into wider political sympathies which embraced both radical Liberalism and Labour. The Irish in Manchester are highlighted and the “progressive” nature of local Nationalism described. It is also denied that the transfer of Irish loyalties to Labour was proof of the emergence of a class politics or of their integration into the unskilled working-class. It is suggested that this was, in fact, evidence of their continued cultural and political distinctiveness.
The National Integration of European Working Classes (1871–1914)
Authors: van der Linden Marcel 
Published: December 2008

SummarySeven factors that may have contributed to the national integration of the working classes in Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Russia 1871–1914 are explored: the national process of capital accumulation, the international prestige of the nation, the coming of interregional connections, compulsory education, suffrage, the role of the army, and the introduction of social insurance systems. The (provisional) results of this exploration show a clustering of integration-promoting factors in Britain, Germany and France, which is to a certain extent lacking in Italy and Russia.
The Making of Russian Female Social Democrats, 1890–1917
Authors: Fieseler Beate 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe social composition of female RSDRP members (who constituted between 11% and 15% of the total party membership) prior to 1917 is analyzed using prosopographic methods. The analysis reveals that women social democrats tended to come from higher social classes, and to have a higher educational attainment, and professional occupations. Thus, it is misleading to characterize the RSDRP as a “workers' party”, for only its male contingent was composed mostly of workers.The analysis of the process of radicalization reveals the cultural barriers whioch these women had to overcome before they would join the party. Breaking free from their role in society meant, for them, leading fuller lives as women and an oppurtunity to dedicate themselves to the people.
The Making of a Female Marxist: E.D. Kuskova's Conversion to Russian Social Democracy
Authors: Norton Barbara T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYHistorians have traditionally overlooked the role of women in Russian Social Democracy. This article, based on archival as well as published sources, examines the radicalization of E.D. Kuskova (1860–1958), a long neglected participant in the Russian Marxist movement during its formative years.Kuskova was attracted to radicalism by its promise of a fulfilling life of service to society, and as an escape from the traditional, confining roles for women in prerevo-lutionary Russia. She came to Social Democracy after concluding that it provided a more satisfactory Weltanschauung and a more accurate diagnosis of Russia's socio-economic ills than did its ideological alternatives.
Whatever Happened to Red Clydeside?
Authors: Melling Joseph 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYRecent studies of industrial conflict during the First World War have challenged earlier interpretations of working-class politics in Britain. The debate has focussed on the events in west Scotland during the years when the legend of “Red Clydeside” was made. It is now commonplace to emphasise the limited progress of revolutionary politics and the presence of a powerful craft sectionalism in the industrial workforce. This essay discusses the recent research on workplace unrest, popular politics and the wartime state. Although the “new revisionism” provides an important corrective to earlier scholarship, there remain important questions which require a serious reappraisal of the forces behind the different forms of collective action which took place and their implications for the politics of socialism. It is argued that the struggles of skilled workers made an important contribution to the growth of Labour politics on the Clyde.
Labour Conflicts and Working-Class Culture in Early Modern Holland
Authors: Dekker Rudolf 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYFrom the 15th to the 18th century Holland, the most urbanized part of the northern Netherlands, had a tradition of labour action. In this article the informal workers' organizations which existed especially within the textile industry are described. In the 17th century the action forms adjusted themselves to the better coordinated activities of the authorities and employers. After about 1750 this protest tradition disappeared, along with the economic recession which especially struck the traditional industries. Because of this the continuity of the transition from theancien régimeto the modern era which may be discerned in the labour movements of countries like France and England, cannot be found in Holland.
1889 And All That: New Views on the New Unionism
Authors: Matthews Derek 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThis article reviews the existing literature on the rise of the New Unionism and suggests some revisions of the nature of the phenomenon based on recent research. One finding is that as institutions the unions were not militant but from their inception favoured a moderate stance regarding relations with employers. The causes of the New Unionism and the strike wave of 1889–1890 are analysed within a framework of neoclassical economics and the major operator in the situation is identified as the dwindling supply of rural labour which increased the value and bargaining power of the unskilled toward the end of the nineteenth century.
Collective Bargaining and the Emergence of National Employer Organisation in the British Shipbuilding Industry
Authors: Lovell John C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe article takes shipbuilding as a case study in the development of collective bargaining in Britain during the period 1889–1910. During the period shipbuilding employers established an effective national organisation and were successful in drawing the unions into an industry-wide disputes procedure. These developments occurred notwithstanding marked differences in outlook and interest as between the two main centres of activity in the industry, the Clyde and the northeast coast. The more militant posture of the Clyde employers towards the unions is examined in relation to a number of key issues – the apprentice and machine questions, managerial prerogative, wage control. In interpreting the general nature of the transition that occurred in the industry's labour relations, the article questions the view that the move to national bargaining was associated with a general commitment to the joint regulation of employment rules. It further suggests that the general level of employer acceptance of trade unionism may have been less than is sometimes assumed. These conclusions may well have a significance beyond the case in question.
Social Conflict and Trade-Union Organisation in the Catalan Cotton Textile Industry, 1890–1914
Authors: Smith Angel 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe article deals with the development of Catalan cotton textile trade unionism between 1890 and 1914. It has been argued that, given the economic difficulties which faced the cotton textile industry, employers were anxious to cut labour costs and unwilling to negotiate with trade unions. Between 1889 and 1891, therefore, they launched an attack on trade-union organisation within the industry. In many rural areas they were able to impose their will with relatively little difficulty. In urban Catalonia, however, they faced stiffer opposition. The state's response to labour unrest was not uniform. Nevertheless, at crucial moments the authorities supported the mill owners' assaults on labour organisation. The result was to radicalise the cotton textile labour force. This could be seen in the growing influence of socialists and anarchists in the textile unions' ranks, and in the increasing willingness of the textile workers to use general strike tactics.
Ralahine: An Irish Owenite Community (1831–1833)
Authors: Geoghegan Vincent 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThis article is a study of the Owenite community established in Co. Clare, Ireland from November 1831 to November 1833. It examines the role of economic crisis in Ireland in stimulating interest in Owenite solutions. It analyses the differing motivations of the various actors (landowner, Owenite reformer, the peasantry) in joining the venture. It examines the sources of the community's stability – economic, sociological, and cultural. It argues that the community was destroyed by the contradictory roles of its founder, Vandeleur, who was both owner and President. In the process a detailed description of the community is provided, covering matters such as institutional arrangements, the division of labour, wages and benefits, gender relationships, and religion.
Race, Ethnicity, and Union in the Chicago Stockyards, 1917–1922
Authors: Halpern Rick 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThis article examines the ways in which unionization impacted upon race relations in Chicago's meatpacking industry. It focuses upon a period when a dynamic working-class movement sought to overcome barriers imposed by a hierarchical job structure and reinforced by ethnic and racial divisions. The movement drew its strength from several sources. The support of the Chicago Federation of Labor threw the resources of a powerful local movement behind the campaign and encouraged the emergence of new, inclusive, forms of organization. The existence of shop-floor organizations further augmented the movement's power. Finally, the intervention of the government, in the form of binding arbitration, led to dramatic improvements in wages and conditions which helped the movement consolidate its position. Although these gains were undone and the movement destroyed, the union campaign transformed racial and class experiences in the stockyards.
From Pauperism to Social Policy
Authors: Metz Karl H. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe first part of this paper establishes the outlines of social policy in the course of the nineteenth century using Great Britain, Germany and France as examples, with particular emphasis on the differences arising from the varying political cultures of these countries. In the second part the paper attempts to establish comparisons for a generalized framework, also covering developments into the twentieth century. ‘Social policy’ in this instance means all state measures to safeguard the physical and social existence of employed workers on the basis of a criterion of fairness which is derived from their citizenship, it is political in other words. Safety ar work is as much a part of this as protection during illness, old age or unemployment. This study as a whole sets out to achieve some standardizations which will be useful in the analysis of the history of social policy and may also be helpful in the discussion of current socio-political problems.
Seasonal changes in host phenotype manipulation by an acanthocephalan: time to be transmitted?
Authors: BENESH D. P. , HASU T. , SEPPÄLÄ O. , VALTONEN E. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYMany complex life cycle parasites exhibit seasonal transmission between hosts. Expression of parasite traits related to transmission, such as the manipulation of host phenotype, may peak in seasons when transmission is optimal. The acanthocephalanAcanthocephalus luciiis primarily transmitted to its fish definitive host in spring. We assessed whether the parasitic alteration of 2 traits (hiding behaviour and coloration) in the isopod intermediate host was more pronounced at this time of year. Refuge use by infected isopods was lower, relative to uninfected isopods, in spring than in summer or fall. Infected isopods had darker abdomens than uninfected isopods, but this difference did not vary between seasons. The level of host alteration was unaffected by exposing isopods to different light and temperature regimes. In a group of infected isopods kept at 4°C, refuge use decreased from November to May, indicating that reduced hiding in spring develops during winter. Keeping isopods at 16°C instead of 4°C resulted in higher mortality but not accelerated changes in host behaviour. Our results suggest that changes in host and/or parasite age, not environmental conditions, underlie the seasonal alteration of host behaviour, but further work is necessary to determine if this is an adaptive parasite strategy to be transmitted in a particular season.
The dynamics of genetically markedAscaris suuminfections in pigs
Authors: NEJSUM P. , ROEPSTORFF A. , ANDERSON T. J. C. , JØRGENSEN C. , FREDHOLM M. , THAMSBORG S. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe genotypes of both host and parasite may influence the outcome of parasitic infections, but few attempts have been made to quantify the effect of parasite genotype on macroparasite infections of socio-economic importance. We examined variation in particular traits during the infection in pigs with the parasitic nematodeAscaris suum. We infected 26 pigs with mixtures of equal proportions of embryonated eggs from 4 single female worms each with a unique mtDNA haplotype – the eggs from each female worm were a mixture of siblings and half-siblings. Pigs were necropsied on days 14, 17 and 28 following inoculation, which corresponded to time-points before, during and after the main immune responses against the nematode. A total of approximately 11 000 worms were recovered at necropsy. The location in the small intestine was recorded for all worms and the length and mtDNA haplotype were determined for about 4200 individual worms. There were significant differences in the distribution and abundance of the 4 individual haplotypes among individual pigs demonstrating strong interactions between parasite and host. We found significant differences in the abundance and position in the small intestine as well as the size of worms among haplotypes. We conclude that both parasite and host effects as well as the interplay between them play important roles in determining the characteristics and outcome of infection.
Cryptopain-1, a cysteine protease ofCryptosporidium parvum, does not require the pro-domain for folding
Authors: NA B.-K. , KANG J.-M. , CHEUN H.-I. , CHO S.-H. , MOON S.-U. , KIM T.-S. , SOHN W.-M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYCryptosporidium parvumis an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis in mammals including humans. In the current study, the gene encoding the cysteine protease ofC. parvum(cryptopain-1) was identified and the biochemical properties of the recombinant enzyme were characterized. Cryptopain-1 shared common structural properties with cathepsin L-like papain family enzymes, but lacked a typical signal peptide sequence and contained a possible transmembrane domain near the amino terminus and a unique insert in the front of the mature domain. The recombinant cryptopain-1 expressed inEscherichia coliand refolded to the active form showed typical biochemical properties of cathepsin L-like enzymes. The folding determinant of cryptopain-1 was characterized through multiple constructs with or without different lengths of the pro-domain of the enzyme expressed inE. coliand assessment of their refolding abilities. All constructs, except one that did not contain the full-length mature domain, successfully refolded into the active enzymes, suggesting that cryptopain-1 did not require the pro-domain for folding. Western blot analysis showed that cryptopain-1 was expressed in the sporozoites and the enzyme preferentially degraded proteins, including collagen and fibronectin, but not globular proteins. This suggested a probable role for cryptopain-1 in host cell invasion and/or egression by the parasite.