bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interactive Effects of Psychological Contract Breach and Organizational Politics on Perceived Organizational Support: Evidence from Two Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Kiewitz Christian , Restubog Simon Lloyd D. , Zagenczyk Thomas , Hochwarter Wayne 
Published: February 2009

abstractWe explore the effects of the social context on the relationship between psychological contract breach (PCB) and perceived organizational support (POS) in two studies. We build on the premise that psychological contract breach (i.e. the organization's failure to fulfil the obligations employees believe they are owed) signals to employees that they are not cared for and valued by the organization (i.e. reduces POS). In support, a longitudinal study of 310 employees shows that PCB at Time 1 explains significant variance in POS at Time 2 (beyond that explained by POS at Time 1). Building on this result, we advance the argument that employees' perceptions of organizational politics serve as a heuristic for the overall benevolent or malevolent character of the organization and its agents. Accordingly, we expect that when employees perceive PCB and high levels of organizational politics, they will be more likely to hold the organization responsible for PCB and thus report lower levels of POS in response to breach. This line of reasoning received support in a second study of 146 employees which showed that perceptions of organizational politics moderate the PCB–POS relationship. Our results suggest that the social context in which psychological contract breaches occur matters and that managers should consider the organization's perceived political landscape when anticipating how employees will respond to broken promises.
The development of change blindness: children's attentional priorities whilst viewing naturalistic scenes
Authors: Fletcher‐Watson S. , Collis J.M. , Findlay J.M. , Leekam S.R. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract Change blindness describes the surprising difficulty of detecting large changes in visual scenes when changes occur during a visual disruption. In order to study the developmental course of this phenomenon, a modified version of the flicker paradigm, based on
Rensink, O’Regan & Clark (1997), was given to three groups of children aged 6–12 years and to a group of adults. This paradigm tested the ability to detect single colour, presence/absence and location changes of both high and low semantic importance in a complex scene. Semantically important changes were detected more quickly and accurately than less semantically important changes, by all age groups, indicating that children had the same attentional priorities as adults. Older children achieved more efficient and accurate detection of changes than younger children and reached almost adult level at 10–12 years old. These improvements parallel age‐related developments in attention and visual perception.
Young children separate multiple pretend worlds
Authors: Skolnick Weisberg Deena , Bloom Paul 
Published: February 2009

Abstract Each fictional world that adults create has its own distinct properties, separating it from other fictional worlds. Here we explore whether this separation also exists for young children's pretend game worlds. Studies 1 and 1A set up two simultaneous games and encouraged children to create appropriate pretend identities for coloured blocks. When prompted with a situation that required the use of a Game 1 object in Game 2, 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds were reluctant to move pretend objects between games, even when the alternative‐world object was explicitly highlighted as a possible choice. Study 2 found the same effect when the two game worlds were presented sequentially. This suggests that, even for young children, multiple pretend game worlds are kept psychologically separate.
COBRA: Compression of the Basis for PCA Represented Animations
Authors: Váša L. , Skala V. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract In this paper, we present an extension of dynamic mesh compression techniques based on PCA. Such representation allows very compact representation of moving 3D surfaces; however, it requires some side information to be transmitted along with the main data. The biggest part of this information is the PCA basis, and since the data can be encoded very efficiently, the size of the basis cannot be neglected when considering the overall performance of a compression algorithm. We present a new work in this area, as none of the papers about PCA based compression really addresses this issue. We will show that for an efficient and accurate encoding there are better choices than even sophisticated algorithms such as LPC. We will present results showing that our approach can reduce the size of the basis by 90% with respect to direct encoding, which can lead to approximately 25% increase of performance of the compression algorithm without any significant loss of accuracy. Such improvement moves the performance of the PCA encoder beyond the performance of current state of the art dynamic mesh compression algorithms, such as the recently adopted MPEG standard, FAMC.
The Takeover Directive: Is a Little Regulation Better Than No Regulation?
Authors: Clarke Blanaid 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article examines Directive 2004/25/EC on Takeover Bids through a regulatory lens in order to determine its effectiveness as a regulatory mechanism. A central regulatory problem for European legislators is to determine the optimal balance between harmonisation and diversity, and the directive reflects the balance which was struck. The article questions whether the resulting ‘light regulatory touch’ may have jeopardised the existing efficient self‐regulatory regime which operates in the UK (the largest European takeover market), while simultaneously undermining the directive's goal of facilitating takeovers and yielding a level playing field.
‘One Commixture of Light’: Rethinking some Modern Uses and Critiques of Gregory of Nazianzus on the Unity and Equality of the Divine Persons
Authors: FULFORD BEN 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGregory of Nazianzus' doctrine of the Trinity is both a constructive source and an object of critique for Leonardo Boff's account of the Trinity. I argue that Gregory's account of the unity of the Trinity in the monarchy of the Father does not entail the ontological subordination of Son and Spirit nor otherwise obviate the equality of the divine persons. On Gregory's account, the unity and equality of the divine persons is bound up with that of their distinct identities in the very particular modes in which they relate to one another: a unity transcending all human commonality. By contrast, Boff's theology of the Trinity seems to elide the real distinction between God and creatures and erode the differences between the divine persons, so subverting the social programme he derives from his doctrine.
To PE or not to PE: A P3‐like ERP component reflecting the processing of response errors
Authors: Ridderinkhof K. Richard , Ramautar Jennifer R. , Wijnen Jasper G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractERP studies have highlighted several electrocortical components that can be observed when people make errors. We propose that the PE reflects processes functionally similar to those reflected in the P3 and that the PE and P3 should covary. We speculate that these processes refer to the motivational significance of rare target stimuli in case of the P3 and of salient performance errors in case of the PE. Here we investigated whether PE amplitude after errors in a Simon task is correlated specifically to varying target–target intervals in a visual oddball task, a factor known to parametrically affect P3 amplitude. The amplitude of the PE, but not the NE, was observed to covary with the effect of target–target interval on P3 amplitude. The specificity of this novel finding supports the notion that the PE and P3 reflect similar neurocognitive processes as possibly involved in the conscious processing of motivationally significant events.
Microsaccadic inhibition and P300 enhancement in a visual oddball task
Authors: Valsecchi Matteo , Dimigen Olaf , Kliegl Reinhold , Sommer Werner , Turatto Massimo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIt has recently been demonstrated that the presentation of visual oddballs induces a prolonged inhibition of microsaccades. The amplitude of the P300 component in event‐related potentials (ERPs) has been shown to be sensitive to the category (target vs. nontarget) of the eliciting stimulus, its overall probability, and the preceding stimulus sequence. In the present study we further specify the functional underpinnings of the prolonged microsaccadic inhibition in the visual oddball task, showing that the stimulus category, the frequency of a stimulus, and the preceding stimulus sequence influence microsaccade rate. Furthermore, by co‐recording ERPs and eye movements, we were able to demonstrate that, despite being largely sensitive to the same experimental manipulation, the amplitude of P300 and the microsaccadic inhibition predict each other only weakly.
The heart contracts to reward: Monetary incentives and preejection period
Authors: Richter Michael , Gendolla Guido H. E. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract Wright's (1996) integration of motivational intensity theory (Brehm & Self, 1989) and Obrist's (1981) active coping approach predict that cardiovascular reactivity in active coping depends on the importance of success when task difficulty is unclear. Despite the support for this perspective, one of the basic hypotheses—the mediation of these effects by beta‐adrenergic activity—has not been tested yet. To close this gap, participants worked on a delayed‐matching‐to‐sample task and could earn either 1, 15, or 30 Swiss Francs for a successful performance. Results showed that preejection period reactivity—an indicator of beta‐adrenergic impact on the heart—increased with increasing incentive value. Thus, this experiment closes a gap in the support of Wright's model by demonstrating that beta‐adrenergic reactivity is associated with incentive value under conditions of unclear difficulty.
Rosiglitazone acts as a neuroprotectant in retinal cells via up‐regulation of sestrin‐1 and SOD‐2
Authors: Doonan Francesca , Wallace Deborah M. , O’Driscoll Carolyn , Cotter Thomas G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRosiglitazone is a member of the thiazolidinedione family of synthetic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) agonists. It is a selective ligand of the PPARγ subtype and functions by regulating the transcription of insulin‐responsive genes. A screen of FDA‐approved compounds identified rosiglitazone as a novel anti‐apoptotic agent in retinal cells both in vitro and in vivo, functioning as a neuroprotectant in response to oxidative and calcium stress. We have found that the likely mechanism of action is via increased protein expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD‐2) and sestrin‐1, boosting antioxidant defences. Transcription of both genes appears to be mediated by PPARγ as their up‐regulation is reversed by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 and proliferator hormone response elements were found in the putative promoter regions of mouse SOD‐2 and sestrin‐1. However, further investigation revealed that p53 expression was also induced in response to rosiglitazone and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirm that it is a bona fide target of PPARγ. Furthermore, inhibition of p53 partially blocks the observed increase in SOD‐2 and sestrin‐1 expression indicating that p53 expression is upstream of both antioxidants. We conclude that rosiglitazone may increase cell survival in retinal diseases and potentially other neuronal diseases in which oxidative stress is a key factor.
Interaction of the amyloid imaging tracer FDDNP with hallmark Alzheimer’s disease pathologies
Authors: Thompson Paul W. , Ye Liang , Morgenstern Jennifer L. , Sue Lucia , Beach Thomas G. , Judd Duncan J. , Shipley Nicholas J. , Libri Vincenzo , Lockhart Andrew 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe distinctive cortical uptake of the tracer 18F‐FDDNP (2‐(1‐{6‐[(2‐fluoroethyl(methyl)amino]‐2‐naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is believed to be because of its binding to both neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and highly fibrillar senile plaques. We therefore investigated the binding of a tracer concentration of 3H‐FDDNP to brain sections containing AD hallmark pathologies. Semi‐adjacent sections were labelled with 3H‐PIB (Pittsburgh compound‐B, 2‐[4′‐(methylamino)phenyl]‐6‐hydroxybenzothiazole) and 14C‐SB13 (4‐N‐methylamino‐4′‐hydroxystilbene) for comparison. Neocortical sections containing widespread senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy, produced a sparse and weak labelling following incubation with 3H‐FDDNP. Furthermore, in sections containing NFTs, there was no overt labelling of the pathology by 3H‐FDDNP. In contrast, sections labelled with 3H‐PIB displayed extensive labelling of diffuse plaques, classical plaques, cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy and NFTs. 14C‐SB13 produced a broadly similar binding pattern to PIB. Radioligand binding assays employing in vitro generated amyloid‐β peptide fibrils demonstrated a ∼10‐fold reduced affinity for 3H‐FDDNP (85.0 ± 2.0 nM) compared with 3H‐PIB (8.5 ± 1.3 nM). These data provide an alternative mechanistic explanation for the observed low cortical uptake of 18F‐FDDNP in AD; in that the ligand is only weakly retained by the hallmark neuropathology because of its low affinity for amyloid structures.
The case for the development of novel analgesic agents targeting both fatty acid amide hydrolase and either cyclooxygenase or TRPV1
Authors: Fowler CJ , Naidu PS , Lichtman A , Onnis V 
Published: February 2009

Mandarin translation of abstractAlthough the dominant approach to drug development is the design of compounds selective for a given target, compounds targeting more than one biological process may have superior efficacy, or alternatively a better safety profile than standard selective compounds. Here, this possibility has been explored with respect to the endocannabinoid system and pain. Compounds inhibiting the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), by increasing local endocannabinoid tone, produce potentially useful effects in models of inflammatory and possibly neuropathic pain. Local increases in levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide potentiate the actions of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, raising the possibility that compounds inhibiting both FAAH and cyclooxygenase can be as effective as non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs but with a reduced cyclooxygenase inhibitory ‘load’. An ibuprofen analogue active in models of visceral pain and with FAAH and cyclooxygenase inhibitory properties has been identified. Another approach, built in to the experimental analgesic compoundN‐arachidonoylserotonin, is the combination of FAAH inhibitory and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 antagonist properties. Although finding the right balance of actions upon the two targets is a key to success, it is hoped that dual‐action compounds of the types illustrated in this review will prove to be useful analgesic drugs.Mandarin translation of abstract
Emerging strategies for exploiting cannabinoid receptor agonists as medicines
Authors: Pertwee Roger G 
Published: February 2009

Mandarin translation of abstractMedicines that activate cannabinoid CB1and CB2receptor are already in the clinic. These are Cesamet®(nabilone), Marinol®(dronabinol; Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol) and Sativex®(Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol with cannabidiol). The first two of these medicines can be prescribed to reduce chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting. Marinol®can also be prescribed to stimulate appetite, while Sativex®is prescribed for the symptomatic relief of neuropathic pain in adults with multiple sclerosis and as an adjunctive analgesic treatment for adult patients with advanced cancer. One challenge now is to identify additional therapeutic targets for cannabinoid receptor agonists, and a number of potential clinical applications for such agonists are mentioned in this review. A second challenge is to develop strategies that will improve the efficacy and/or the benefit‐to‐risk ratio of a cannabinoid receptor agonist. This review focuses on five strategies that have the potential to meet either or both of these objectives. These are strategies that involve: (i) targeting cannabinoid receptors located outside the blood‐brain barrier; (ii) targeting cannabinoid receptors expressed by a particular tissue; (iii) targeting up‐regulated cannabinoid receptors; (iv) targeting cannabinoid CB2receptors; or (v) ‘multi‐targeting’. Preclinical data that justify additional research directed at evaluating the clinical importance of each of these strategies are also discussed.Mandarin translation of abstract
Activation of muscarinic receptors elicits inotropic responses in ventricular muscle from rats with heart failure through myosin light chain phosphorylation
Authors: Hussain RI , Qvigstad E , Birkeland JAK , Eikemo H , Glende A , Sjaastad I , Skomedal T , Osnes JB , Levy FO , Krobert KA 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose: Muscarinic stimulation increases myofilament Ca2+sensitivity with no apparent inotropic response in normal rat myocardium. Increased myofilament Ca2+sensitivity is a molecular mechanism promoting increased contractility in failing cardiac tissue. Thus, muscarinic receptor activation could elicit inotropic responses in ventricular myocardium from rats with heart failure, through increasing phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC).Experimental approach: Contractile force was measured in left ventricular papillary muscles from male Wistar rats, 6 weeks after left coronary artery ligation or sham surgery. Muscles were also frozen, and MLC‐2 phosphorylation level was quantified.Key results: Carbachol (10 µmol·L−1) evoked a positive inotropic response only in muscles from rats with heart failure approximating 36% of that elicited by 1 µmol·L−1isoproterenol (20 ± 1.5% and 56 ± 6.1% above basal respectively). Carbachol‐evoked inotropic responses did not correlate with infarction size but did correlate with increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure, heart weight/body weight ratio and lung weight, primary indicators of the severity of heart failure. Only muscarinic receptor antagonists selective for M2receptors antagonized carbachol‐mediated inotropic effects with the expected potency. Carbachol‐evoked inotropic responses and increase in phosphorylated MLC‐2 were attenuated by MLC kinase (ML‐9) and Rho‐kinase inhibition (Y‐27632), and inotropic responses were abolished byPertussistoxin pretreatment.Conclusion and implications: In failing ventricular muscle, muscarinic receptor activation, most likely via M2receptors, provides inotropic support by increasing MLC phosphorylation and consequently, myofilament Ca2+sensitivity. Enhancement of myofilament Ca2+sensitivity, representing a less energy‐demanding mechanism of inotropic support may be particularly advantageous in failing hearts.Mandarin translation of abstract
Epigallocatechin‐gallate modulates chemotherapy‐induced apoptosis in human cholangiocarcinoma cells
Authors: Lang Molly , Henson Roger , Braconi Chiara , Patel Tushar 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground: Green tea polyphenols are chemopreventive in several cancer models but their use as adjunctive therapeutic agents for cancer is unknown.Aims: Cholangiocarcinomas respond poorly to chemotherapeutic agents and our aims were to assess the utility of green tea polyphenols as adjuncts to chemotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma.Materials and Methods: We assessed the effect of purified green tea catechins on chemotherapy‐induced apoptosis in KMCH, CC‐LP‐1 and Mz‐ChA‐1 human cholangiocarcinoma cells, and on chemosensitivity of Mz‐ChA‐1 cell xenografts in nude mice.Results: Epigallocatechin‐gallate (EGCG), but not the structurally related catechin epigallocatechin, sensitized cells to apoptosis induced by gemcitabine (GEM), mitomycin C or 5‐fluorouracil in vitro. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytosolic cytochrome c expression and apoptosis were increased in cells incubated with EGCG and GEM compared with either agent alone. Furthermore, EGCG decreased in vivo growth and increased the sensitivity to GEM of Mz‐ChA‐1 cell xenografts in nude mice.Conclusions: The green tea polyphenol EGCG sensitizes human cholangiocarcinoma cells to chemotherapy‐induced apoptosis and warrants evaluation as an adjunct to chemotherapy for the treatment of human cholangiocarcinoma.
Applicant Considerations Associated with Selection of an Emergency Medicine Residency Program
Authors: Laskey Sara , Cydulka Rita K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives:  The primary objective of this study was to assess variables that residency applicants ranked as influential in making residency choices. The secondary objective was to determine if residents were satisfied with their residency choices.Methods:  A secondary analysis was performed on a cohort database from a stratified, random sampling of 322 emergency medicine (EM) residents collected in 1996–1998 and 2001–2004 from the American Board of Emergency Medicine Longitudinal Study on Emergency Medicine Residents (ABEM LSEMR). Residents rated the importance of 18 items in response to the question, “How much did each of the following factors influence your choice of residency program location?” The degree to which residents’ programs met prior expectations and the levels of satisfaction with residency programs were also assessed. All analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics.Results:  Three‐hundred twenty‐two residents participated in the survey. Residents considered the following to be the most important variables: institutional reputation, hospital facilities, program director reputation, and spousal influence. Several geographic and gender differences were noted. Ninety percent (95% confidence interval [CI] = 86% to 93%) of residents surveyed in their final year answered that the residency program met or exceeded expectations. Seventy‐nine percent (95% CI = 76% to 82%) of residents identified themselves as “highly satisfied” with their residency choice.Conclusions:  The most influential factors in residency choice are institutional and residency director reputation and hospital facilities. Personal issues, such as recreational opportunities and spousal opinion, are also important, but are less influential. Significant geographic differences affecting residency choices exist, as do minor gender differences. A majority of residents were highly satisfied overall with their residency choices.
Direct Observation of Residents in the Emergency Department: A Structured Educational Program
Authors: Dorfsman Michele L. , Wolfson Allan B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives:  The objective was to describe the implementation of a program of structured direct observation of emergency medicine (EM) residents during clinical shifts in the emergency department (ED).Methods:  The authors developed a program in which an observer spent 4 to 5 hours with each resident, without intervening in the clinical encounters. A structured data form was developed to document the resident’s performance in a number of defined clinical areas relevant to patient care and mastery of the core competencies. Individual strengths and weaknesses were noted, and the observer provided directed feedback at the end of the session.Results:  Over an 18‐month period, 32 EM residents were observed during their ED shifts. The sessions not only provided specific information on individual residents’ performances, but also identified areas where the residency program curriculum could be enhanced and provided a means of assessing mastery of the core competencies. In addition, the program provided an opportunity to give detailed and timely directed feedback to residents. Both residents and attending staff found the sessions acceptable and useful.Conclusions:  Implementation of a structured direct observation program was feasible and well received and provided insight into the strengths and weaknesses of residents both individually and as a group.