bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Educational Intervention to Improve Antimicrobial Use in a Hospital‐Based Long‐Term Care Facility
Authors: Schwartz David N. , Abiad Homer , DeMarais Patricia L. , Armeanu Emilian , Trick William E. , Wang Yue , Weinstein Robert A. 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVES: To improve antimicrobial use in patients receiving long‐term care (LTC).DESIGN: Prospective, quasi‐experimental before–after assessment of the effects of physician education and guideline implementation.SETTING: Public LTC and acute care hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Twenty salaried internists who provided most of the medical care to LTC patients.INTERVENTION: National guidelines, hospital resistance data, and physician feedback were incorporated into a series of four teaching sessions presented over 18 months and into booklets detailing institutional guidelines on the optimal management of common LTC infection syndromes.MEASUREMENTS: One hundred randomly selected LTC patients treated with antimicrobials were reviewed before these interventions were implemented and 100 after, and measures of the quality of care were compared. The effect of the interventions on antimicrobial days and starts were also assessed using interrupted time series analysis.RESULTS: Charted clinical abnormalities met guideline diagnostic criteria (62% vs 38%, P=.006), and initial therapy agreed with guideline recommendations (39% vs 11%, P<.001), more often in the post‐ than in the preintervention cohort. Mean census‐adjusted monthly LTC antimicrobial days fell 29.7%, and antimicrobial starts fell 25.9% during the intervention period; both decreases were sustained during the 2‐year postintervention period.CONCLUSION: The teaching and guideline intervention improved the quality and reduced the quantity of antimicrobial use in LTC patients.
Are the Insider Trades of a Large Institutional Investor Informed?
Authors: Golec Joseph 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe use a unique data set to consider whether a large institution's (Fidelity funds) insider trades are informed. Theoretical studies of large informed traders suggest that their information advantage could be greater for buy trades than sell trades, be short‐ or long‐lived, and be exploited by varying the pace of trade execution. Although there is evidence of each of these, Fidelity seems to be informed only for quickly executed buy trades. Other trades outperform a stock market index but not a four‐factor return model. This performance profile is consistent with Fidelity's fees, which depend on performance compared to an index.
Price Clustering on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Authors: Aşçıoğlu Aslı , Comerton‐Forde Carole , McInish Thomas H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper examines price clustering on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). Regardless of tick and lot size, prices ending in zero and five are the most popular. The TSE has no market makers or direct negotiation between traders; therefore, clustering is not explained by collusion or negotiation. Our evidence supports the attraction hypothesis. Clustering also extends to order book depth. There is evidence of strategic trading behavior as traders place orders one price tick better than zero and five to avoid queuing orders at prices ending in these digits. Strategic trading behavior declined and clustering increased when the market became anonymous.
Difficulty and Modern Poetry
Authors: Monte Steven 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article examines and expands upon criticism on difficulty, in literature and in other arts, in order to gain theoretical and practical perspective on key questions relating to modern poetry and to poetic difficulty (if not to difficulty in all art). Topics addressed include: the implications of ‘difficulty’ as concept and term, the importance of modernism to our understanding and evaluation of difficulty, what characterizes modern difficulty (difficulty since romanticism), how to account for modern difficulty, how difficulty informs and is informed by postmodern and other perspectives since modernism, the significance and qualities of poetic difficulty, the theoretical challenges of discussing difficulty as something experience by a reader (rather than as an intrinsic property of a text), and difficulty as an aesthetic (a topic that involves discussion of simplicity as an aesthetic and discussion of difficulty as a necessary aesthetic). Beyond its theoretical and historical claims regarding modern poetry, difficulty, and modernism, this article argues for more sustained consideration of the experience of reading in interpretation and for more nuanced aesthetic evaluation in criticism.
Evidence in the Palm of Your Hand: Development of an Outcomes‐Focused Knowledge Translation Intervention
Authors: Doran Diane M. , Mylopoulos John , Kushniruk André , Nagle Lynn , Laurie‐Shaw Brenda , Sidani Souraya , Tourangeau Ann E. , Lefebre Nancy , Reid‐Haughian Cheryl , Carryer Jennifer R. , Cranley Lisa A. , McArthur Greg 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of the project was to develop an electronic information gathering and dissemination system to support both nursing‐sensitive outcomes data collection and evidence‐based decision‐making at the point‐of‐patient care. Background: With the current explosion of health‐related knowledge, it is a challenge for nurses to regularly access information that is most current. The Internet provides timely access to health information, however, nurses do not readily use the Internet to access practice information because of being task‐driven and coping with heavy workloads. Mobile computing technology addresses this reality by providing the opportunity for nurses to access relevant information at the time of nurse–patient contact. Method: A cross‐sectional, mixed‐method design was used to describe nurses' requirements for point‐of‐care information collection and utilization. The sample consisted of 51 nurses from hospital and home care settings. Data collection involved work sampling and focus group interviews. Findings: In the hospital sector, 40% of written information was recorded onto “personal papers” at point‐of‐care and later transcribed into the clinical record. Nurses often sought information away from the point‐of‐care; for example, centrally located health records, or policy and procedure manuals. In home care, documentation took place in clients' homes. The most frequent source of information was “nurse colleagues.” Nurses' top priorities for information were vital signs data, information on intravenous (IV) drug compatibility, drug references, and manuals of policies and procedures. Implications: A prototype software system was designed that enables nurses to use handheld computers to simultaneously document patients' responses to treatment, obtain real‐time feedback about patient outcomes, and access electronic resources to support clinical decision‐making. Conclusion: The prototype software system has the potential to increase nurses' access to patient outcomes information and evidence for point‐of‐care decision‐making.
Integrated Care for Older People: Methodological Issues in Conducting a Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Reed Jan , Childs Sue , Cook Glenda , Hall Amanda , McCormack Brendan 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Introduction: Systematic reviews are a useful approach for nurses to take in exploring issues important to their practice, and in this article the process of conducting a systematic literature review on integrated care for older people is described. The review was conducted as one strand of a research project aiming to inform the development of locality‐based integrated care for older people in Northern Ireland, a development driven by observations of user needs. Methodology: Systematic literature review methodology is summarized and critiqued. The process of undertaking the review in this study is described with a focus on the first stage of identifying literature, and the challenges that this presents in a review which draws on multiple bodies of work. Results: Producing a systematic literature review in integrated care is a complex undertaking, comprising a variety of different sectors, organizations, care settings, professionals, and other users, with their own bodies of knowledge; the need for an inclusive approach; the need to search a wide range of databases; nonspecific terminology; and the inappropriateness of study design hierarchies as selection criteria. Conclusions: While such a literature review might provide a basis for research and practice, the ability of the review team to call upon a wide range of skills, experience, and knowledge across the information management field and the care system is crucial.
Vector activity of Hyalesthes obsoletus living on nettles and transmitting a stolbur phytoplasma to grapevines: a case study
Authors: Bressan A. , Turata R. , Maixner M. , Spiazzi S. , Boudon‐Padieu E. , Girolami V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe report a case study on the vector activity of a Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) population living on nettle plants (Urtica dioica) and transmitting a stolbur phytoplasma (Sp) to grapevines (Vitis vinifera). The research was conducted in a site that included a vineyard bordered with a large fallow area where nettles were the predominant plant species together with sparse old grapevines. Nettles hosted a high population of H. obsoletus. By using transparent sticky traps to sample adults, we observed that the daily flight activity of males and females to grapevines in the fallow was unimodal peaking between 15 and 21 h in the day. Adults were unable of great dispersion into the vineyard and the pattern of insect captures inside the planting reflected the pattern of Sp‐infected grapevines in the late autumn. When insects were forced to feed on grapevine cuttings for transmission assays, survival of H. obsoletus decreased after 24–48 h. The scarce propensity of the vector to move into the vineyard and feed on grapevines was counterbalanced by the rapidity of H. obsoletus to inoculate Sp to grapevines (estimated minimum inoculation access period ranged from 3 to 6 h) and a relative high incidence of Sp in the population of H. obsoletus that ranged between 20% and 30% of sampled insects as shown by a polymerase chain reaction–based procedure. Characterisation of Sp by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of nonribosomal phytoplasma DNA showed the occurrence of an Sp strain known to infect H. obsoletus associated to nettles and grapevines in Germany.
Assessing the genetic diversity of tobacco germplasm using intersimple sequence repeat and inter‐retrotransposon amplification polymorphism markers
Authors: Yang B.C. , Xiao B.G. , Chen X.J. , Shi C.H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe genetic diversity of 118 tobacco accessions, including flue‐cured tobacco, sun‐/air‐cured tobacco, burley tobacco, oriental tobacco and wild tobacco, was characterised using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) and inter‐retrotransposon amplification polymorphism (IRAP) markers. ISSR and IRAP banding patterns and genetic distance (GD) values showed the low level of genetic diversity within and among cultivated tobacco types. There was higher GD and average heterozygosity among wild tobacco types than those among cultivated tobacco. Genetic diversity of tobacco germplasm was low, with a high level of genetic identity (>0.77) between the different types. However, neighbour‐joining cluster analysis of marker‐based GDs showed that the accessions from the same tobacco type, as classified by manufacturing quality traits, were nearly clustered into the same group. These results will help in the formulation of appropriate strategies for variety improvement in tobacco, and ISSR and IRAP markers of the genetic diversity will contribute to further study and improvement of tobacco.
Prospects of partial root zone irrigation for increasing irrigation water use efficiency of major crops in the Mediterranean region
Authors: Kirda C. , Topcu S. , Cetin M. , Dasgan H.Y. , Kaman H. , Topaloglu F. , Derici M.R. , Ekici B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractField experiments were conducted for 3 years from 2000 to 2002 to assess proportional crop yield differences obtained under conventional deficit irrigation (CDI) and partial root zone irrigation (PRI) practices, compared with full irrigation (FULL) where plant water requirements were fully met. The experimental crops included vegetables (tomato and pepper), field crops (maize and cotton) and citrus. The fruit yield of greenhouse‐grown tomato with FULL irrigation was higher than with PRI (7–22% lower) but was not significantly different. The PRI treatments had 7–10% additional tomato yield over CDI receiving the same amount of water. The yield of pepper, however, decreased in proportion to the level of irrigation deficit with no increase of irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). No seed yield decrease was evident for cotton with the deficit treatments (PRI and CDI) compared with FULL irrigation. Similarly, the PRI treatment did not give any yield benefit for maize compared with CDI. The ranking of fruit yields of mandarin, FULL > PRI > CDI, was the same as that of other crops; however, the differences were not significant. Although the deficit treatments (PRI and CDI) had as high as 39% increase in IWUE, compared with FULL treatment, some adverse effects on fruit quality were evident such as smaller size of fruits under the deficit treatments.
Long‐term yield and water use efficiency under various tillage systems in Mediterranean rainfed conditions
Authors: Cantero‐Martínez C. , Angás P. , Lampurlanés J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractConservation tillage (CT) can be beneficial for soil, water and soil organic matter conservation in Mediterranean areas that are prone to soil erosion and where water availability for crops is the main factor for sustainability. CT is the best option to protect the soil from erosion, improve infiltration, reduce soil evaporation and so conserve rainwater to increase crop water use (WU) and also water use efficiency (WUE). While CT can play an important role in reaching the stability and sustainability of these agricultural systems, performance depends upon the choice and adoption of an appropriate soil management (tillage) system. In rainfed areas of the Ebro Valley, winter cereals are the main crop sown. This paper presents the results of 15 years of research in different soil and climatic conditions of the area of CT on water conservation, WU and WUE. Long‐term experiments, comparing different tillage systems, were established in 1987, 1990 and 1992, at three locations in the Ebro Valley, chosen according to their degree of aridity (Selvanera, Agramunt and El Canós). Results reveal that CT was most effective in increasing yield under the driest conditions at Agramunt (10–15%), still effective with a smaller advantage under slightly wetter conditions at El Canós (5–10%) but ineffective at Selvanera, the wettest site. CT only increased WU in some years at Agramunt and never at the other two sites. The benefits of CT to both increased yield at Agramunt and El Canós were determined by improved WUE arising from changes in the pattern of WU before and after anthesis.
Effects of straw mulching on soil temperature, evaporation and yield of winter wheat: field experiments on the North China Plain
Authors: Chen S.Y. , Zhang X.Y. , Pei D. , Sun H.Y. , Chen S.L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractStraw mulching is an effective measure to conserve soil moisture. However, the existence of straw on the soil surface also affects soil temperature, which in turn influences crop growth, especially of winter crops. Five‐year field experiments (2000–2005) investigated the effects of straw mulching and straw mass on soil temperature, soil evaporation, crop growth and development, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Luancheng Station on the North China Plain. Soil is a moderately well‐drained loamy soil with a deep profile at the station. Two quantities of mulch were used: 3000 kg ha−1 [less mulching (LM)] and 6000 kg ha−1 [more mulching (MM)], representing half and all of the straw from the previous crop (maize). In the control (CK), the full quantity of mulch was ploughed into the top 20 cm of soil. The results showed that the existence of straw on the soil surface reduced the maximum, but increased the minimum diurnal soil temperature. When soil temperature was decreasing (from November to early February the next year), soil temperature (0–10 cm) under straw mulching was on average 0.3°C higher for LM and 0.58°C higher for MM than that without mulching (CK). During the period when soil temperature increased (from February to early April, the recovery and jointing stages of winter wheat), average daily soil temperature of 0–10 cm was 0.42°C lower for LM and 0.65°C lower for MM than that of CK. With the increase in leaf area index, the effect of mulching on soil temperature gradually disappeared. The lower soil temperature under mulch in spring delayed the development of winter wheat up to 7 days, which on average reduced the final grain yield by 5% for LM and 7% for MM compared with CK over the five seasons. Mulch reduced soil evaporation by 21% under LM and 40% under MM compared with CK, based on daily measuring of microlysimeters. However, because yield was reduced, the overall WUE was not improved by mulch.
Accelerating Life-Sustaining Gifts: The Case for Uniform Organ Donor Driver's License
Authors: Raible Jane A. 
Published: June 2007

The making of organ donor gifts when one's own body no longer needs the tissue seems a reasonable way in which one may make a gift that projects into the future.Still, tissue shortages exist everywhere. Even England, where understanding of the intersection of health needs and distributive justice is generally viewed as more advanced than in the United States, suffers from a tissue shortage. We can only assume that the waiting lists for organs will grow unless our response to organ need changes dramatically. since our developing medical technologies will increasingly provide us with methods lor successful transplantation.Common law has prevented individuals in the past from providing for the disposition of their own bodies. Passage of the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act in the 50 states and promulgation of similar measures throughout Canada, however has overcome that tradition. This Act permits persons to donate organs with the gift becoming effective upon death. Support for the Act was strong, and the bill was enacted state by state with unprecedented swiftness. Yet, organs are still not readily available.
The Expert Witness in Medical Liability Cases
Authors: Sanbar S. S. , Pataki Leonard I. 
Published: June 2007

This article presents an overview of the role of the medical expert witness in litigation involving issues of medical liability or malpractice in order to introduce the potential physician expert witness to some of the major problems and situations that may arise.The expert medical witness is needed among other reasons, to define the standard of medical care required in the Physician/patient relationship which is frequently the crucial element in a professional liability case. The plaintiff. in order to prevail in his law suit, must show, among other components, (1) what the required standard of care was in his case, (2) that the defendant failed to meet that standard, and (3)th at this failure was the cause of the injury alleged.The standard of care required of a physician is commonly defined as adherance to “the skill and learning commonly possessed by a member of the profession in good standing.”
Using the Law to Protect Health: The Frustrating Case of Smoking
Authors: Christoffel Tom , Stein Sandra 
Published: June 2007

It is Recommended … That it be recognized by all organizations and associations concerned with smoking and health that the campaign against smoking is political and economic in character and requires decisions based on political and economic factors.Government and Social Action Conclusions of the Third World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1975The only way we know today to stop cancer is to stop smoking. …Dr. David Baltimore, Nobel Laureate and Professor of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at the Public Forum on The Future of Cancer Research and Cancer Care, Boston University School of Medicine's Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center dedication, Faneuil Hall, Boston. Mass., October 12, 1979.
The Right to Refuse Psychiatric Medication
Authors: Matthews Daryl B. 
Published: June 2007

Robert Plotkin of the Mental Health Law Project called the case a “tremendous victory” for the patients’ rights movement. Alan Stone, President of the American Psychiatric Association, bemoaned it as “the most impossible, inappropriate, ill-considered judicial decision in the field of mental health law.” The case is Rogers v. Okin, and in deciding it, U.S. District Court Judge Joseph L. Tauro has gone farther than any previous court in establishing the right of hospitalized psychiatric patients to refuse medication.The class action suit was filed in 1975 by a group of patients involuntarily committed to the Austin and May Units of the Boston State Hospital. It was brought against the Massachusetts Commissioner of Mental Health, now Dr. Robert Okin, and thirteen psychiatrists and a psychologist who were then on the staff of Boston State Hospital.
The Case of Brother Fox: Immunity Procedures in the Treatment of Terminally Ill Incompetent Patients
Authors: Williams C. Dickerman 
Published: June 2007

In the “Brother Fox case,” the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York for the Second Department, in a thoughtful and exhaustive opinion, announced several rulings of significance affecting the treatment of the terminally ill. The decision dealt with both competent and incompetent patients, but is especially relevant to more complex problems associated with the incompetent patient.The court held that a competent terminally ill patient was entitled to refuse medical treatment and, that a competent person might lawfully direct that treatment be withheld should he later become terminally ill and incompetent. The court then declared that these rights were of constitutional dimension, embodied in the constitutional right of privacy, and not based on a mere common law “bodily right of self determination.”
Report on the National Commission: Good as Gold
Authors: Annas George J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract:The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research ended its work by substantially endorsing the status quo which places primary reliance on local Institutional Review Boards for subject protection. This was predictable because of the Commission's researcher-dominated composition which permitted it to assume that (1) research is good; (2) experimentation is almost never harmful to subjects, and (3) researcher-dominated IRBs can adequately protect the interests of human subjects. The successor Presidential Commission can learn much by re-examining these premises.
Appropriateness Review
Authors: Berriman W. Thomas 
Published: June 2007

During the last half of 1980, health systems agencies (HSAs) throughout the country will be conducting appropriateness reviews for the first time. For many HSAs, this will be their initial venture into reviewing existing institutional health services, as distinguished from their reviews of proposed capital expenditures and new institutional health services under the authority of Section 1122 of the Social Security Act or state certificate of need (CON) laws. The scope, content, and effect of appropriateness reviews present numerous areas of uncertainty, some of which this article will examine.Appropriateness review was enacted originally as part of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (the “Act”). It was a compromise. The concept originated among health planners who were dissatisfied with their inability to initiate changes in the health care delivery system. This weakness resulted from their essentially reactive posture in reviewing new projects proposed by existing facilities.