bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monocyte count is an underlying marker of lacunar subtype of hypertensive small vessel disease
Authors: Cortina M. Gomis , Campello A. Rodríguez , Conde J. Jiménez , Ois A. , Voustianiouk A. , Téllez M. J. , Cuadrado E. , Roquer J. 
Published: April 2008

Background:  In the hypertensive small vessel disease (HSVD), it remains unclear why some patients develop lacunar infarcts (LIs) whilst others develop deep intracerebral hemorrhages (dICHs). Inflammation might be related to LI, and leukocyte and monocyte counts are regarded as an inflammatory marker of ischemic stroke.Objective:  We investigated the relationship between leukocyte and monocyte counts determined in the first 24 h after stroke onset in HSVD patients.Methods:  We prospectively studied 236 patients with first acute stroke because of HSVD (129 LI and 107 dICH). We analyzed demographic data, vascular risk factors, and white blood cell count subtypes obtained in the first 24 h after stroke.Results:  The multivariate analysis showed that LI subtype of HSVD was correlated with hyperlipidemia (P < 0.0001), a higher monocyte count (P = 0.002), and showed a trend with current smoking (P = 0.051), whereas dICH subtype was correlated with low serum total cholesterol (P = 0.003), low serum triglycerides (P < 0.0001), and high neutrophil count (P = 0.050).Conclusions:  In patients who developed HSVD‐related stroke, high monocyte count, current smoking, and hyperlipidemia are prothrombotic factors related to LI, whereas low cholesterol and triglyceride values are related to dICH. Monocyte count might be an inflammatory risk marker for the occlusion of small vessels in hypertensive patients.
EXPLICATION, EXPLANATION, AND HISTORY
Authors: HAMMER CARL 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTTo date, no satisfactory account of the connection between natural‐scientific and historical explanation has been given, and philosophers seem to have largely given up on the problem. This paper is an attempt to resolve this old issue and to sort out and clarify some areas of historical explanation by developing and applying a method that will be called “pragmatic explication” involving the construction of definitions that are justified on pragmatic grounds. Explanations in general can be divided into “dynamic” and “static” explanations, which are those that essentially require relations across time and those that do not, respectively. The problem of assimilating historical explanations concerns dynamic explanation, so a general analysis of dynamic explanation that captures both the structure of natural‐scientific and historical explanation is offered. This is done in three stages: In the first stage, pragmatic explication is introduced and compared to other philosophical methods of explication. In the second stage pragmatic explication is used to tie together a series of definitions that are introduced in order to establish an account of explanation. This involves an investigation of the conditions that play the role in historiography that laws and statistical regularities play in the natural sciences. The essay argues that in the natural sciences, as well as in history, the model of explanation presented represents the aims and overarching structure of actual causal explanations offered in those disciplines. In the third stage the system arrived at in the preceding stage is filled in with conditions available to and relevant for historical inquiry. Further, the nature and treatment of causes in history and everyday life are explored and related to the system being proposed. This in turn makes room for a view connecting aspects of historical explanation and what we generally take to be causal relations.
Intracellular minerals and metal deposits in prokaryotes
Authors: EDWARDS K. J , BAZYLINSKI D. A 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThanks to the work of Terrance J. Beveridge and other pioneers in the field of metal–microbe interactions, prokaryotes are well known to sequester metals and other ions intracellularly in various forms. These forms range from poorly ordered deposits of metals to well‐ordered mineral crystals. Studies on well‐ordered crystalline structures have generally focused on intracellular organelles produced by magnetotactic bacteria that are ubiquitous in terrestrial and marine environments that precipitate Fe3O4 or Fe3S4, Fe‐bearing minerals that have magnetic properties and are enclosed in intracellular membranes. In contrast, studies on less‐well ordered minerals have focused on Fe‐, As‐, Mn‐, Au‐, Se‐ and Cd‐precipitates that occur intracellularly. The biological and environmental function of these particles remains a matter of debate.
Crests on Cotton: “Souvenir” T‐Shirts and the Materiality of Remembrance Among the Kwakwaka'wakw of British Columbia
Authors: Glass Aaron 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis essay examines the production and circulation of printed T‐shirts as “souvenirs” within Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl) communities in British Columbia. Like button blankets in larger Northwest Coast cultures of visual display, such shirts are unique material forms that facilitate individual memories for specific events, collective family and village commemorations, and flexible affiliations at varying levels of identification. Drawing anthropological attention to the materiality of clothing as it mediates social relations, I address a mundane—if hallmark—form of modernity as it is indigenized within a micro‐economy of First Nations gift exchanges, fund‐raisers, and thrift stores, where it visually enables both the remembrance of local events and the re‐membering of social groups.
Evolutionism and Historical Particularism at the St. Petersburg Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography
Authors: Kan Sergei 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the 1900s–1920s, Lev Shternberg played a major role in transforming the St. Petersburg Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography into Russia's most comprehensive ethnology museum and a popular site for visitors. As an anthropologist, Shternberg was committed to both a Boasian investigation of individual cultures (and intercultural relations) and classical evolutionism. Hence he believed that his museum had to include displays depicting distinct cultures and culture areas and a separate department illustrating “the evolution and typology of culture.” The article examines his work of putting the former part of this vision into practice and the reasons why the latter one failed.
New diagnostic methods in dermatopathology: in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Ahlgrimm‐Siess Verena , Koller Silvia , Shabrawi‐Caelen Laila El , Hofmann‐Wellenhof Rainer , Kerl Helmut 
Published: April 2008

SummaryReflectance confocal microscopy is a new non‐invasive imaging technique which enables the visualization of upper skin layers in‐vivo at quasi‐histological resolution. Skin changes seen in confocal microscopy in Porokeratosis Mibelli and scabies infection are described in the following two cases.
Prevention of traumatic headache, dizziness and fatigue with creatine administration. A pilot study
Authors: Sakellaris George , Nasis George , Kotsiou Maria , Tamiolaki Maria , Charissis Giorgos , Evangeliou Athanasios 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: The complex pathobiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) offers numerous targets for potential neuroprotective agents. We evaluate the clinical benefit after creatine (Cr) administration in children and adolescentsMethods: A prospective, randomized, comparative, open‐ labelled pilot study of the possible neuroprotective effect of Cr was carried out on 39 children and adolescents, aged between 1 and 18 years of age, with TBI. The Cr was administered for 6 months, at a dose of 0.4 g/kg in an oral suspension form every day. For categorical variables, we used the Chi‐square test to identify differences between controls and cases. Statistical significance was defined as a p‐value < 0.05 and not statistically significant if p‐value > 0.1.Results: The administration of Cr to children and adolescents with TBI improved results in several parameters, including duration of post traumatic amnesia (PTA), duration of intubation, intensive care unit stay. Significant improvement was recorded in the categories of headache (p < 0.001), dizziness (p = 0.005) and fatigue (p < 0.001), aspects in all patients. No side effects were seen due to Cr administration.Conclusion: More specific examinations including brain spectroscopy for in vivo evaluation of Cr can be done, in order to draw conclusions for the optimal duration and manner of Cr supply, as well as its possible role for the prevention of TBI complications, in double blind studies.
Maturation of oral feeding skills in preterm infants
Authors: Amaizu N , Shulman RJ , Schanler RJ , Lau C 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: Safe and successful oral feeding requires proper maturation of sucking, swallowing and respiration. We hypothesized that oral feeding difficulties result from different temporal development of the musculatures implicated in these functions.Methods: Sixteen medically stable preterm infants (26 to 29 weeks gestation, GA) were recruited. Specific feeding skills were monitored as indirect markers for the maturational process of oral feeding musculatures: rate of milk intake (mL/min); percent milk leakage (lip seal); sucking stage, rate (#/s) and suction/expression ratio; suction amplitude (mmHg), rate and slope (mmHg/s); sucking/swallowing ratio; percent occurrence of swallows at specific phases of respiration. Coefficients of variation (COV) were used as indices of functional stability. Infants, born at 26/27‐ and 28/29‐week GA, were at similar postmenstrual ages (PMA) when taking 1–2 and 6–8 oral feedings per day.Results: Over time, feeding efficiency and several skills improved, some decreased and others remained unchanged. Differences in COVs between the two GA groups demonstrated that, despite similar oral feeding outcomes, maturation levels of certain skills differed.Conclusions: Components of sucking, swallowing, respiration and their coordinated activity matured at different times and rates. Differences in functional stability of particular outcomes confirm that maturation levels depend on infants' gestational rather than PMA.
Wheezy babies—wheezy adults? Review on long‐term outcome until adulthood after early childhood wheezing
Authors: Piippo‐Savolainen Eija , Korppi Matti 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPopulation‐based birth cohort studies have documented that about 30% of children suffer from wheezing during respiratory infection before their third birthday. Recurrent wheezing is common in early childhood, but most patients outgrow their symptoms by school age. However, recent long‐term postbronchiolitis follow‐up studies from Sweden and Finland have revealed that asthma is present in about 40% of young adults and over half of the cases are relapses after many symptom‐free years.In population studies, the principal predictors for later asthma have been parental asthma, recurrent wheezing, atopy and eosinophilia. In the Swedish postbronchiolitis study, atopic diathesis through the development of clinical atopy, and early passive smoking through bronchial hyper‐reactivity or later active smoking led to adult asthma. The Finnish postbronchiolitis follow‐up stressed early recurrence of wheezing, wheezing induced by less invasive viruses than respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), early‐life atopy and eosinophilia and parental asthma as predictors for adult asthma.Conclusion: The majority of wheezing infants and children outgrow their symptoms by school age, but based on recent long‐term follow‐up studies, asthma relapses are common in young adults. These studies have highlighted parental asthma, maternal smoking and wheezing induced by other viruses than RSV as predictive factors for later asthma.
Radiographic follow‐up of community‐acquired pneumonia in children
Authors: Surén Pål , Try Kirsti , Eriksson Jan , Khoshnewiszadeh Behzad , Wathne Karl‐Olaf 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To evaluate the value of radiographic follow‐up of community‐acquired pneumonia in children who are previously healthy.Methods: Patient records for the years 2003 and 2004 at the Ullevål University Hospital in Oslo were reviewed, and a total of 245 children were selected for the study. Radiographs were evaluated by two paediatric radiologists independently.Results: One hundred and thirty‐three patients had control radiographs, of which 106 were normal and 27 were abnormal. Only three of 27 patients with abnormal findings had further clinical problems that could be related to the pneumonia. Two of 106 with normal findings had further clinical problems, despite the normal control radiograph. Of the 112 without radiographic follow‐up, 10 had subsequent clinical problems, but most occurred within the first 4 weeks after discharge, before controls would have been scheduled.There were five patients who may have benefited from controls. One relapse could theoretically have been prevented. Four patients were cases for whom the pneumonias were the first manifestations of chronic lung disease. Such patients may have some benefit from control radiographs, but only in terms of detecting the chronic disease at an earlier stage, not in altering the clinical course. Such modest benefits must be weighed against the consequences of providing follow‐up to a large number of healthy children, and making lots of abnormal findings with no clinical significance.Conclusion: Control radiographs are not very valuable in children who are otherwise healthy.
The reliability of the Neonatal Oral‐Motor Assessment Scale
Authors: Da Costa Saakje P , Van Der Schans Cees P 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: Sucking problems in preterm infants can be specified by means of visual observation. The Neonatal Oral‐Motor Assessment Scale (NOMAS) is the visual observation method most commonly used to assess the non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) and nutritive sucking (NS) skills of infants up to approximately 8 weeks postterm. During the first 2 min of a regular feeding the infant's sucking skill is assessed, either immediately or on video. Although NOMAS has been used since 1993, little is known about the method's reliability. The aim of our study was to determine the test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability of NOMAS.Methods: The 75 infants included in this study were born at 26–36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). Four observers participated in the study. They were trained and certified to administer NOMAS in the Netherlands by M.M. Palmer between 2000 and 2002.Results: We found the test‐retest agreement of NOMAS to be ‘fair’ to ‘almost perfect’ (Cohen's kappa [κ] between 0.33 and 0.94), whereas the inter‐rater agreement with respect to the diagnosis was ‘moderate’ to ‘substantial’ (Cohen's κ, between 0.40 and 0.65). As a diagnostic tool, however, the current version of NOMAS cannot be used for both full‐term and preterm infants. For a measuring instrument such as NOMAS, one should aim at reliability coefficients for inter‐rater and test‐retest agreement of at least 0.8. A Cohen's κ of 0.6 or less we find unacceptable. Nonetheless, by observing sucking and swallowing according to a protocol much useful information can be gathered about the development of an infant's sucking skills. For instance, whether the infant is able to co‐ordinate sucking and swallowing, whether the infant can maintain sucking, swallowing and breathing during the continuous phase and whether the infant is able to suck rhythmically with equally long bursts. In addition, NOMAS offers useful aids for intervention.Conclusions: NOMAS should be re‐adjusted in order to improve inter‐rater agreement, and at the same time current insights into the development of sucking and swallowing should be incorporated in the method.
Mortality in childhood progressive encephalopathy from 1985 to 2004 in Oslo, Norway: a population‐based study
Authors: Strømme Petter , Magnus Per , Kanavin Øivind Juris , Rootwelt Terje , Woldseth Berit , Abdelnoor Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAims: The aims were to estimate case fatality and survival rates, standardized mortality ratio (SMR), and independent prognostic factors for survival, in a population‐based cohort of progressive encephalopathy (PE) patients.Methods: We divided onset of disease into neonatal and postneonatal groups and aetiology into metabolic (n = 55), neurodegenerative (n = 27) and HIV encephalopathy (n = 2) groups. Case fatality was the number of deaths divided by the number of patients. Cumulative survival probability at 10 years of follow‐up and independent risk factors for mortality were analyzed using the Kaplan‐Meier survival curve and the Cox model.Results: Case fatality was 36.9% and the mean and median follow‐up times were 3109 and 2887 days. At 1 and 10 years, the cumulative probability of survival was 81% and 66%. Neonatal onset showed increased risk of death compared to postneonatal onset (RR 3.0; 95% CI 1.4–6.2). Metabolic aetiology showed increased risk of death compared to other aetiology (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.10–1.46). The SMR of 37.7 for boys and 23.8 for girls was significantly increased (p < 0.001) compared to the total Norwegian population stratified by gender and age.Conclusions: Children with PE showed a vast excess in mortality compared to the general population stratified by gender and age. Neonatal presentation and metabolic aetiology were the most significant factors for increased risk of death.
Amplitude‐integrated electroencephalographic changes in a newborn induced by overdose of morphine and corrected with naloxone
Authors: Niemarkt HJ , Halbertsma FJJ , Andriessen P , Bambang Oetomo S 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) is a useful tool to assess brain function after perinatal asphyxia in term infants.We report a full‐term newborn with moderate perinatal asphyxia, who accidentally received an overdose of morphine (5000 μg/kg). The overdose of morphine resulted in a clear and immediate change of aEEG background activity from a continuous (C) to discontinuous (DC) background pattern. After administration of naloxone, the background activity restored immediately to continuous background pattern. The aEEG was used to monitor the stepwise reduction in continuous naloxone infusion.Conclusion: An overdose of morphine leads to clear and immediate changes in aEEG which restore after naloxone treatment. The aEEG can be used to monitor naloxone infusion.
Can we reduce episodes of haemoglobin desaturation in full‐term babies restrained in car seats?
Authors: Tonkin Shirley L , McIntosh Christine G , Nixon Gillian M , Rowley Simon , Gunn Alistair J 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To determine whether episodes of haemoglobin oxygen (SpO2) desaturation in full‐term infants restrained in car seats can be reduced by a simple foam plastic infant car seat insert designed to push the body forward, with space for the protuberant occiput to lie behind the spine, and so reduce flexion of the infant's head on the trunk.Methods: Eighteen healthy full‐term babies were evaluated while restrained in an infant car safety seat with, and without, the foam insert. Infants were monitored in each position for 30 min with continuous polygraphic recording of respiratory and heart rate, nasal airflow and SpO2.Results: Placement of the insert in the car seat was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of apneas with a fall in SpO2 >5% (median, interquartile range: 4.4 (0, 10.6) vs. 9.2 (5.4, 15.2) events per hour, p = 0.03). The one clinically severe episode of apnea, with a fall in SpO2 of more than 30%, occurred in the car seat without the insert.Conclusions: A car seat insert that allows the newborn's head to lie in a neutral position during sleep may reduce the frequency of mild episodes of reduced SpO2 in some full‐term newborn babies.
School stressors, psychological complaints and psychosomatic pain
Authors: Hjern Anders , Alfven Gösta , Östberg Viveca 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground: The proportion of Scandinavian school children reporting psychosomatic pain and psychological complaints have increased in recent decades. In this study we investigated these symptoms in relation to potential stressors in the school environment.Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted based on child interviews linked to nationally representative household surveys in Sweden during 2002–2003 covering a sample of 2588 children aged 10–18 years. The main outcome variable of psychosomatic pain signified suffering from headache as well as recurrent abdominal pain on a weekly basis.Results: School stressors, such as harassment by peers, schoolwork pressure and being treated poorly by teachers, were associated with psychosomatic pain as well as psychological complaints such as sadness, irritability, feeling unsafe and nervous. Harassment was identified as a particularly important determinant with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 3.1 to 8.6 for psychosomatic pain. All psychological complaints were associated with psychosomatic pain with adjusted ORs ranging from 2.2 to 3.7, and mediated most of the association of harassment to psychosomatic pain.Conclusions: School stressors are strongly associated with psychosomatic pain and psychological complaints in school children. Psychological complaints seem to function as mediators in the association of school stressors to psychosomatic pain symptoms to a great extent.
Recent anthropometric trends among Swedish school children: evidence for decreasing prevalence of overweight in girls
Authors: Sjöberg Agneta , Lissner Lauren , Albertsson‐Wikland Kerstin , Mårild Staffan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To assess the recent prevalence of overweight and obesity in 10 year old children in Göteborg, Sweden.Methods: Cross‐sectional data on weight and height from school health examinations, including fourth grade children, born in 1974 (n = 4126), 1990 (n = 4683) and 1994 (n = 4193) and measured in academic years 1984/1985, 2000/2001 and 2004/2005, were used. Weight classification was based on age‐ and sex‐specific body mass index cutoff values. The two latest cohorts were classified according to socio‐economic areas.Results: Between 2000/2001 and 2004/2005, the prevalence of overweight plus obesity in girls decreased from 19.6% to 15.9% (p < 0.01). Prevalence of obesity was 3.0% and 2.5% (nonsignificant), respectively. In boys, all differences between the corresponding cohorts were nonsignificant: 17.1% versus 17.6% were overweight (including obese) and 2.9% versus 2.8% were obese. In 1984/1985, prevalence of overweight plus obesity was only 8.6% among girls and 7.2% among boys, while 0.8% and 0.7% were classified as obese, respectively. The socio‐economic gradient in overweight prevalence remained, particularly in girls.Conclusions: This study suggests that the obesity epidemic in 10–11 year olds may be easing off in urban Sweden, and possibly reversing among girls. Even if future monitoring confirms these findings, much health promoting work still remains since the power of the ‘obesogenic environment’ will probably continue to be strong.