bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitroscreening for the tumoricidal properties of international medicinal herbs
Authors: Mazzio Elizabeth A. , Soliman Karam F. A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThere is growing use of anticancer complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) worldwide. The purpose of the current study is to assess a sizeable variety of natural and plant sources of diverse origin, to ascertain prospective research directives for cancer treatment and potential new chemotherapy drug sources. In this study, 374 natural extracts (10 µg/mL–5 mg/mL) were evaluated for dose‐dependent tumoricidal effects using immortal neuroblastoma of spontaneous malignant origin. The findings indicate no pattern of tumoricidal effects by diverse plants with similar families/genus under the classes Pinopsida, Equisetopsida, Lycopodiosida, Filicosida, Liliopsida Monocotyledons or Magnoliopsida Dicotyledons. The results indicate that many of the most commonly used CAMs exhibited relatively weak tumoricidal effects including cats claw, astragalus, ginseng, echinacea, mistletoe, milk thistle, slippery elm, cayenne, chamomile, don quai, meadowsweet, motherwort and shepherd's purse. The data demonstrate that the most potent plant extracts were randomly dispersed within the plantae kingdom (LC50= 31–490 µg/mL) in order of the lowest LC50Dioscorea villosa(Dioscoreaceae) >Sanguinaria canadensis(Papaveraceae) >Dipsacus asper(Dipsacaceae) >Populus balsamifera(Salicaceae) >Boswellia carteri(Burseraceae) >Cyamopsis psoralioides(Fabaceae) >Rhamnus cathartica(Rhamnaceae) >Larrea tridentate(Zygophyllaceae) >Dichroa febrifuga(Hydrangeaceae) >Batschia canescens(Boraginaceae) >Kochia scoparia(Chenopodiaceae) >Solanum xanthocarpum(Solanaceae) >Opoponaxchironium (Umbelliferae) >Caulophyllum thalictroides(Berberidaceae) >Dryopteris crassirhizoma(Dryopteridaceae) >Garcinia cambogia(Clusiaceae) >Vitex agnus‐castus(Verbenaceae) >Calamus draco(Arecaceae).These findings show tumoricidal effect by extracts of wild yam root, bloodroot, teasel root, bakuchi seed, dichroa root, kanta kari, garcinia fruit, mace, dragons blood and the biblically referenced herbs: balm of gilead bud, frankincense and myrrh gum. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterointerfaces in Semiconductor Nanowires
Authors: Agarwal Ritesh 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSemiconductor nanowires have attracted considerable recent interest due to their unique properties, including their highly anisotropic geometry, large surface‐to‐volume ratio, and carrier and photon confinement. Currently, tremendous efforts are devoted to the rational synthesis of advanced nanowire heterostructures. Yet, if functional devices are to be made from these materials, precise control over their composition, structure, morphology, and dopant concentration must be achieved. Their fundamental properties must also be carefully investigated since the presence of a large surface and interfacial area in nanowires can profoundly alter their performance. In this article, the progress, promise, and challenges in the area of nanowire heterostructured materials are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the effect of different types of heterointerfaces on device properties.magnified image
Cocaine activates Homer1 immediate early gene transcription in the mesocorticolimbic circuit: Differential regulation by dopamine and glutamate signaling
Authors: Ghasemzadeh M. Behnam , Windham Lindsay K. , Lake Russell W. , Acker Christopher J. , Kalivas Peter W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHomer proteins are intracellular scaffolding proteins that, among glutamate receptors, selectively bind to group1 metabotropic glutamate receptors and regulate their trafficking and intracellular signaling. Homer proteins have been implicated in synaptic and behavioral plasticity, including drug‐seeking behavior after cocaine treatment.Homer1gene activation leads to transcription of a variant mRNA (Homer1a), which functions as an immediate early gene. Homer1a competes with the constitutive Homer proteins (Homer1b/c/d, Homer2a/b, Homer3) for binding to group1 metabotropic glutamate and IP3 receptors. Binding of Homer1a to these proteins disrupts their association with the intracellular signaling scaffold and modulates receptor function. In this study, using RT‐PCR, activation ofHomer1amRNA transcription in response to acute and repeated administration of cocaine was characterized in prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area, three mesocorticolimbic nuclei of the rat brain. Moreover, the dopaminergic and glutamatergic regulation ofHomer1gene activation by cocaine was investigated. Acute cocaine rapidly and transiently activated transcription ofHomer1amRNA in all three nuclei. However, repeated administration of cocaine was not effective in inducing theHomer1amRNA transcription after various withdrawal times ranging from 2 h to 3 weeks. The acute cocaine‐mediated activation ofHomer1gene was regulated by D1 but not D2 dopamine receptors. The blockade of AMPA or NMDA glutamate receptors did not prevent cocaine‐mediated activation ofHomer1gene in the three mesocorticolimbic nuclei. These data indicate that acute administration of cocaine transiently activatesHomer1gene producing the immediate early geneHomer1amRNA in the three mesocorticolimbic nuclei of the rat brain. Activation ofHomer1gene may contribute to the cocaine‐mediated synaptic and behavioral plasticity. Synapse 63:42–53, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homeland security preparedness: Balancing protection with resilience in emergent systems
Authors: Haimes Yacov Y. , Crowther Kenneth , Horowitz Barry M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe report of the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection [PCCIP, Executive Order 13010, The White House, Washington, DC, 1997] which was issued in October 1997 set in motion a revolutionary and expensive national homeland security initiative under the rubric of critical infrastructure protection. The PCCIP addressed a plethora of sources of risk to the nation's critical infrastructures, along with numerous risk management options. For simplicity, we partition solution possibilities into two major types: protecting system assets and adding resilience to systems. Much of government research efforts focus on analyzing component systems and their assets. Systems engineers are particularly interested in characteristics that emerge from the system design, which are affected by changes to component systems, but also by changes that reflect the way systems are constructed and integrated. Adding resilience to a system expands the focus beyond component systems to include a study of emergent, system‐level attributes for homeland security consideration. Balancing protective and resilience actions through system‐level analysis will provide a means to improve the overall efficiency of regional and national preparedness. This paper explores concepts of emergence, resilience, and preparedness as a foundation for establishing a framework to assess the balance between the two areas of infrastructure risk mitigation. We propose several considerations that must be included in a framework to assess protection and resilience tradeoffs, and we present a simple illustrative study that demonstrates several of the framework concepts and provides a means for further discussion about the complex interactions that are faced when evaluating the resilience of a system. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
A Unified Survey of Applicability of Theories of Mixed Adsorbed Film and Mixed Micellization
Authors: Chakraborty Tanushree , Ghosh Soumen 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMixed micelles are an ever‐interesting field in applied as well as academic research. An interesting problem is to determine the composition of the mixed monolayer and the micellar phase and interaction parameters among the individual components. Several theories have already been put forward to address these problems. In this work, we attempt to apply several theories to several experimental systems already published. Experimental elucidation of the proportion of individual components in such a mixed state of aggregation is impossible up till now to the best of our knowledge.
Hannah Arendt et l'exclusion radicale contemporaine
Authors: Ellyson Catherine 
Published: October 2008

Résumé.Prenant le contre-pied des critiques de l'œuvre d'Hannah Arendt lui reprochant de dépeindre des acteurs uniformes et superficiels et de promouvoir une sphère politique caractérisée par la vacuité, le présent article présente la pensée d'Arendt dans les termes d'une discussion continuelle sur le thème de la puissance et de l'impuissance, de la participation et de l'exclusion. De ce point de vue et malgré le mépris apparent de cette auteure pour la misère, l'article soutient qu'une préoccupation à l'égard de l'exclusion radicale est non seulement possible dans une perspective arendtienne, mais qu'elle est mêmerequise.Abstract.Contrasting with critics of Hannah Arendt who assume that the political actors she describes are uniform and superficial, and the political sphere she promotes, empty, this article presents Arendt's thinking as an ongoing discussion on power and powerlessness, on participation and exclusion. From this standpoint and in spite of the author's apparent despise for misery, this article contends that, from an arendtian perspective, a concern for contemporary radical exclusion is not only possible, butrequired.
Le monde de Pierre Bourdieu : Éléments pour une théorie sociale des Relations internationales
Authors: Mérand Frédéric , Pouliot Vincent 
Published: October 2008

Résumé. Cet article jette un regard original sur les débats contemporains en Relations internationales (RI) à la lumière de la sociologie de Pierre Bourdieu. Sa riche théorie sociale permet d'établir des ponts entre les approches conventionnelles et celles qui sont issues de la mouvance critique en RI. Plus précisément, nous identifions six contributions que pourrait apporter une approche bourdieusienne. Sur le plan métathéorique, cette approche se caractériserait par une épistémologie réflexive, une ontologie relationnelle et une théorie de la pratique, trois axes qui s'inscrivent à la jonction des grands débats théoriques en RI. D'un point de vue plus centré sur l'application, la sociologie de Bourdieu permet l'étude de la politique mondiale en tant qu'imbrication complexe de champs sociaux, l'ouverture de l'État comme champ de pouvoir, de même qu'une meilleure prise en compte de la nature symbolique de la puissance.Abstract. This article takes a fresh look at current debates in International Relations (IR) in the light of Pierre Bourdieu's sociology. We argue that Bourdieu's social theory could help build bridges between conventional and critical approaches in IR. More specifically, we identify six contributions that a Bourdieusian approach can make. At the meta-theoretical level, such an approach would be characterized by a reflexive epistemology, a relational ontology and a theory of practice – three dimensions that address key theoretical debates in IR. On a more applied level, Bourdieu's sociology enables us to study world politics as a complex of “embedded social fields”, to open up the state's field of power, and to factor in the symbolic nature of power.
Does Compulsory Voting Lead to More Informed and Engaged Citizens? An Experimental Test
Authors: Loewen Peter John , Milner Henry , Hicks Bruce M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract. Does compulsory voting lead to more knowledgeable and engaged citizens? We report the results from a recent experiment measuring such “second-order effects” in a compulsory voting environment. We conducted the experiment during the 2007 Quebec provincial election among 121 students at a Montreal CEGEP. To receive payment, all the students were required to complete two surveys; half were also required to vote. By comparing knowledge and engagement measures between the two groups, we can measure the second-order effects of compulsory voting. We find little or no such effects.Résumé. Le vote obligatoire augmente-t-il le niveau d'information et l'engagement politique des citoyens? Nous présentons les résultats d'une expérience mesurant de tels « effets secondaires' » dans un environnement caractérisé par le vote obligatoire. Nous avons mené une expérience auprès de 121 étudiants d'un cégep montréalais lors de l'élection québécoise de 2007. Afin de recevoir une somme d'argent, les étudiants n'avaient qu'à compléter deux questionnaires; une moitié des participants devait en plus voter le jour de l'élection. En comparant le niveau d'information et l'engagement entre les deux groupes, nous pouvons mesurer les effets secondaires du vote obligatoire. Notre expérience révèle que le vote obligatoire a peu ou pas d'effet sur les connaissances et la participation.
Whodunnit? Voters and Responsibility in Canadian Federalism
Authors: Cutler Fred 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.Government accountability in Canada depends on Canadian voters' attributing responsibility to multiple levels of government for policy outcomes. This study presents the first comprehensive account of these responsibility judgments. The data are from panel surveys of voters in Ontario and Saskatchewan as they faced provincial elections in the fall of 2003 and then the federal election of 2004. Voters were asked about conditions in a number of policy areas and then asked to separately attribute responsibility to the two senior levels of government. Voters do not strongly differentiate the governments' roles and there is little variation across issues. Attentiveness to politics only very slightly improves the quality of responsibility attributions, and only on issues where responsibility is objectively clearer. The results suggest that federalism is a major challenge for Canadian voters wishing to reward or punish their governments for policy outcomes.Résumé.La responsabilisation gouvernementale au Canada dépend de la capacité du citoyen à différencier clairement les sphères d'activité des divers paliers de gouvernement. Cette étude offre, pour la première fois, un portrait exhaustif des mécanismes d'attribution de la responsabilité dans le système fédéral canadien. Les données sont tirées de deux enquêtes en panel réalisées durant les campagnes électorales provinciales de l'Ontario et de la Saskatchewan à l'automne 2003, puis durant la campagne fédérale de 2004. Deux aspects principaux de ces enquêtes ont été retenus pour cette étude. Tout d'abord, les répondants ont été interrogés sur leur perception de l'état des choses quant à une série d'enjeux de politique publique (économie, système de santé, et ainsi de suite). Ils ont ensuite dû attribuer la responsabilité de ces politiques aux deux paliers supérieurs de gouvernement au Canada. Il s'avère que les électeurs ne différencient que faiblement le rôle de chaque palier de gouvernement et ce, quel que soit l'enjeu. La capacité d'attribution de la responsabilité n'est que légèrement affectée par le niveau d'attention à la politique de l'électeur. Les résultats de l'analyse suggèrent que la nature fédérale du système politique canadien demeure un défi important à surmonter pour l'électeur qui désire récompenser ou punir ses gouvernements pour une politique publique donnée.
Youth Turnout: Adolescents' Attitudes in Ontario
Authors: Anderson Cameron D. , Goodyear-Grant Elizabeth 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.The last two decades have witnessed dramatic downswings in voter turnout. Turnout decline among the youngest voters has been particularly pronounced, even discounting for normal life-cycle effects. Voting and abstention are habitual, so initial turnout decisions set the course for the life span. Consequently, greater attention to the immediate pre-adult years is necessary. This is the task we undertake using survey data on Ontario adolescents' attitudes toward voting.Résumé.Les deux dernières décennies témoignent d'un déclin dramatique de la participation électorale. Chez les plus jeunes électeurs, cette tendance s'avère particulièrement prononcée, même en tenant compte des effets habituels du cycle de vie. Le fait de voter ou de s'en abstenir sont une question d'habitude, de sorte que la décision initiale de pparticiper ou non tend à déterminer le comportement pour la vie. Il importe donc d'accorder plus d'attention aux années précédant immédiatement l'âge adulte. C'est la tâche que nous entreprenons en nous appuyant sur les données de sondages portant sur l'attitude des adolescents de l'Ontario à l'égard du vote.
The Dog That Hasn't Barked: The Political Economy of Contemporary Debates on Canadian Foreign Investment Policies
Authors: Hale Geoffrey 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.This article examines the responses of Canadian business leaders, national newspapers, and governments to record numbers of foreign takeovers of Canadian-based firms in 2004–2007. It assesses the political, economic, financial market, and regulatory contexts for takeover activity in historical, macro-economic, and micro-economic contexts in light of Canada's historically firm-centred business culture. It summarizes five dimensions of policy and media discourse on the interrelated issues of foreign investment and corporate consolidation, including debates on “hollowing out” and “national champions.” It concludes that the limited influence of nationalist and related business interests on recent Canadian government policies reflects Canada's growing economic interdependence with other countries, particularly the growing role played by Canadian-based multinationals in foreign markets.Résumé.Le présent article examine la réaction des leaders du monde des affaires canadien, des journaux nationaux et des gouvernements devant le nombre record de prises de contrôle étrangères de sociétés exerçant leur activités au Canada entre 2004 et 2007. Il évalue l'activité de prise de contrôle selon les données de la politique, de l'économie, des marchés financiers et de la réglementation, dans des contextes historique, macroéconomique et microéconomique, compte tenu de la culture des affaires canadienne, traditionnellement axée sur l'entreprise. Il présente un sommaire des cinq dimensions des politiques et du discours des médias sur des questions liées : l'investissement étranger et la consolidation des sociétés, dont le débat sur l'«évidement» et les «champions nationaux». Il conclut que le peu d'influence des intérêts commerciaux nationalistes ou apparentés sur les politiques récentes du gouvernement du Canada reflète l'interdépendance croissante entre le Canada et d'autres pays et, notamment, le rôle croissant sur les marchés étrangers des multinationales établies au Canada.
Can Canadians Take a Hint? The (In)Effectiveness of Party Labels as Information Shortcuts in Canada
Authors: Merolla Jennifer L. , Stephenson Laura B. , Zechmeister Elizabeth J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.This paper examines the usefulness of Canadian political party labels as information shortcuts. We supplement survey data analysis with the results of an experiment that tested whether knowing a party's position on an issue influenced opinion expression. We find that, contrary to findings in other countries, among our subject pool, Canadian political parties are not consistently useful as information cues. The Liberal party cue is hardly useful, and while the Conservative party cue can be effective, it appears to push partisans toward a more liberal stance on selected opinions. Only the NDP cue appears to influence opinions in the expected direction. These mixed findings run counter to foundational works on party labels as information shortcuts (mostly focused on US politics) and, instead, are consistent with previous scholarship on Canadian politics.Résumé.Cet article examine l'utilité des étiquettes politiques des partis canadiens comme sources d'information sommaire. Nous analysons des données d'enquête ainsi que les résultats d'un sondage visant à déterminer si le fait de connaître la position d'un parti sur une question donnée influençait l'expression des opinions. Contrairement aux résultats obtenus dans d'autres pays, nous constatons chez les sujets observés que les étiquettes des partis politiques canadiens ne sont pas uniformément utiles comme sources d'information sommaire. L'étiquette du Parti libéral s'avère à peine utile, tandis que l'étiquette du Parti conservateur, peut-être plus efficace, semble inciter les partisans à une position plus libérale. Seule l'étiquette du NPD semble influencer les avis dans la direction prévue. Ces conclusions mixtes contredisent des travaux fondamentaux sur le même sujet (portant pour la plupart sur la politique aux États-Unis) et confirment plutôt les études antérieures sur la politique canadienne.
Governing Moods: Anxiety, Boredom, and the Ontological Overcoming of Politics in Heidegger
Authors: McKenzie Jonathan 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.Much recent scholarship explores the consequences of Heidegger's transformation of philosophic thinking for our understanding of political theory at the edge of modernity. In a response to recent readings, this essay argues that the contemporary literature on Heidegger fails to account for two fundamental concerns: the ontic/ontological distinction and the importance of moods, particularly anxiety and boredom. Utilizing these moods, this essay explores the ways in which Heidegger's thought escapes politics through a privileging of the ontological, or object-less, experience, relying on a reclusive reflection as the way to authenticity. Instead of fostering a strong community or strong liberal sense of self, Heidegger leaves us with the nothingness of anxiety and the emptiness of boredom as our alternatives. By transcending the ontic in favor of the ontological, Heidegger divorces himself from politics in the everyday sense and posits an existential response to political theory that is unable to foster authentic collective life.Résumé.Une part importante de la littérature récente explore les conséquences de la transformation de la pensée philosophique amenée par Heidegger et ses effets sur notre compréhension de la théorie politique à l'aube de l'ère moderne. En réponse à de récentes lectures, cet essai relève deux manquements fondamentaux dans la littérature contemporaine sur Heidegger. Le premier concerne la distinction entre l'ontique et l'ontologique et le deuxième a trait à l'importance des humeurs, plus particulièrement l'anxiété et l'ennui. En explorant ces humeurs, cet essai dévoile les manières dont la pensée de Heidegger échappe à la politique en privilégiant l'expérience ontologique ou immatérielle et en se fondant sur la réflexion recluse, voie qui mène à l'authenticité. Au lieu de favoriser une communauté forte ou un sens profond et libéral de soi, Heidegger nous laisse comme options de rechange le néant de l'anxiété et le vide de l'ennui. En transcendant l'ontique en faveur de l'ontologique, Heidegger se sépare de la politique au sens premier du terme pour donner une réponse existentielle à une théorie politique incapable de forger une vie collective authentique.
Mumbādevī and the Other Mother Goddesses in Mumbai
Authors: VICZIANY MARIKA , BAPAT JAYANT 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMumbādevī is the patron Goddess of the city of Mumbai, one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities of Asia. Local traditions say that Mumbādevī was a Koḷī Goddess and worshipped by the indigenous Koḷī fisher community for centuries. However, since the turn of the twentieth century the temple of Mumbādevī and the rituals surrounding the Goddess have gradually been Sanskritised. Today, Mumbādevī is more closely associated with the Gujarati community. This paper examines this transformation and in doing so reflects on the survival of Mumbādevī, the ongoing popularity of Goddess worship in Mumbai and the failure of Hindu fundamentalists to subordinate the Mother Goddesses of Mumbai to a more limited range of Hindu Gods.