bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Antibiotic Use in Children Between Canada and Denmark
Authors: Marra Fawziah , Monnet Dominique L , Patrick David M , Chong Mei , Brandt Christian T , Winters Meghan , Kaltoft Margit S , Tyrrell Gregory J , Lovgren Marguerite , Bowie William R 
Published: March 2007

Background: High rates of antibiotic prescribing in children lead to antibiotic resistance in the community. Surveillance on utilization rates and comparisons with other jurisdictions are methods for benchmarking. Surveillance on antibiotic use is well established in Europe, including Denmark, but until recently, similar data from Canada were lacking. Objective: To compare pediatric antibiotic prescribing rates in British Columbia, Canada, with those in Denmark. Methods: Population-based data on antibiotic prescriptions from British Columbia and Denmark were obtained from 1999 to 2003 for children less than 15 years of age. Annual trends in prescription rates per 1000 children were analyzed by using generalized linear models for all children less than 15 years of age; they were stratified by age group (0–4, 5–9, 10–14 y) for all antibiotics. Class-specific trends were also evaluated for penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, sulfonamides and trimethoprim, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Results: From 1999 to 2003, the overall British Columbia prescription rate was significantly higher than that of Denmark (p < 0.0001) at all age stratifications. In 2003, the British Columbia prescription rate was twice that of Denmark, at 608 versus 385 prescriptions per 1000 children, respectively. In both jurisdictions, the majority of antibiotics used were penicillins (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical class J01C), However, in British Columbia, most penicillins used were extended-spectrum (83% in 2003); in Denmark, 34% of penicillins used in 2003 were extended-spectrum and 56% were β-lactamase sensitive. In British Columbia, use of penicillins (−4.5%), cephalosporins (−5.5%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (−36%), and tetracycline (−1.6%) decreased over time, whereas in Denmark, use of penicillins increased by 11% over time and non-penicillin antibiotics remained stable. A significant increase in macrolide consumption was seen in British Columbia due to use of clarithromycin and azithromycin; in contrast, macrolide consumption declined in Denmark. Conclusions: Compared with Denmark, the antibiotic prescription rate for children is substantially higher in British Columbia. In addition, there has been a significant increase in the use of macrolides, especially the second-generation agents, in British Columbia compared with the use in Denmark. Further studies are required to delineate reasons for antibiotic prescribing patterns in these 2 jurisdictions.
Cardiology: Post-Cardiothoracic Surgery Atrial Fibrillation: A Review of Preventive Strategies
Authors: Baker William L , White C Michael 
Published: March 2007

Objective: To review the available literature addressing preventive strategies of post-cardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation (post-CTS atrial fibrillation). Data Sources: Pertinent articles related to the etiology, risk factors, and preventive strategies were identified through a MEDLINE search (1966–March 2007) using the MeSH terms atrial fibrillation, cardiothoracic surgery, cardiac surgery, etiology, neurohormonal, sympathetic, volume, fluid, inflammation, risk factors, operative, pacing, β-adrenergic blockers, amiodarone, sotalol, calcium-channel blockers, magnesium, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, fatty acids, PUFA, steroids, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles evaluated were limited to human studies, published in the English language, with a Jadad score greater than 3. References of identified articles were reviewed for additional pertinent articles. Data Synthesis: Post-CTS atrial fibrillation most commonly occurs on the second or third postoperative day, with an incidence of 20–50%. Etiology theories include neurohormonal activation, volume overload, and inflammation. Studies examining nonpharmacologic therapies have shown that maintenance of the anterior epicardial fat pad is not a viable prophylactic strategy. Biatrial cardiac pacing, especially in combination with amiodarone, is a viable preventive option. Withdrawal of preoperative β-blockers places patients at higher risk for atrial fibrillation; these drugs should be continued postoperatively. Evidence exists supporting the use of amiodarone, sotalol, and magnesium in addition to β-blockers. Since most of these strategies work by attenuating neurohormonal activation, adverse events, including hypotension and bradycardia, are of concern. Adding agents with antiinflammatory properties, including hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors or corticosteroids, may prove to be of benefit. Additional studies using novel therapies are needed in addition to established preventive strategies. Conclusions: Available evidence supports the continuation of preoperative β-blockers, as well as prophylactic amiodarone, sotalol, and magnesium. Other novel therapies, mostly targeting inflammation, are under investigation and may provide additional strategies.
“Life is a woman”: Gender, sex and sexuality in Bartók's The Wooden Prince
Authors: Kilpatrick Stephen 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper is a reassessment of Béla Bartók's The Wooden Prince, in light of the attitudes and beliefs of Bartók's contemporaries, in particular György Lukács, and the Ballet's librettist, Béla Balázs. Particular emphasis is given to Lukács's relationship with Irma Seidler and Balázs through examination of Lukács's essay, “Søren Kierkegaard and Regine Olsen” — a source overlooked in previous studies of this work. After analysing the views of Bartók's milieu regarding love and relationships, I conclude that the ballet's message is much more pessimistic than previously thought. This study places The Wooden Prince, which has been compared unfavourably with Bartók's other two stage works, alongside Duke Bluebeard's Castle as its companion in both musical and intellectual depth, and confirms Kodály's view that the ballet is the Allegro which balances the “desolate Adagio of the opera.”
Béla Bartók and the development of the formal analysis of Serbian vocal folk melodies
Authors: Radinović Sanja 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Béla Bartók's and Albert Lord's capital work on folk songs of the Serbs and Croats (Serbo-Croatian Folk Songs, Texts and Transcriptions of 75 Folk Songs from the Milman Parry Collection and a Morphology of Serbo-Croatian Folk Melodies, New York: Columbia University Press, 1951) has been known for more than six decades to Serbian experts. Yet, in Serbia Bartók's contribution have remained insufficiently studied and valued by the time being, specially his methodology of formal analysis and precious conclusions about the principles of traditional melopoetic shaping, realized on that basis. The author of this paper presents Bartók's notions on the formal structure of Serbo-Croatian folk songs, and then highlights delayed and extremely negative reaction on Bartók's work, made by the cultural public in postwar Belgrade. Namely, on account of this book of Bartók, Stanislav Vinaver and Josip Slavenski, renowned representatives of the then expert public opinion, engaged in a fierce debate with the Hungarian writer József Debreceni in the Književne novine (literary magazine) during the 1950's, concerning Bartók's political pretensions to a part of the Yugoslav territory, which are supposedly distinguishable precisely from some of the conclusions from the said study. Today it transpires that in the delicate political climate of the time the great authorities of Vinaver and Slavenski had a direct bearing on the negative reception of the said Bartók's ethnomusicological work, which considerably slowed down the potential development of Serbian ethnomusicology, primarily its methodological bases.
“Bartók always called me Latin”: The Influence of Béla Bartók on László Lajtha's life and art
Authors: Tari Solymosi Emőke 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Bartók's influence on his outstanding Hungarian contemporary, László Lajtha (1892–1963) remains as yet largely unresearched. Lajtha studied with Bartók at the Royal Hungarian Academy of Music and went on to become a composer, folk music researcher, versatile teacher, international cultural ambassador, and member of the French Academy. The two men's friendship and mutual respect lasted throughout Bartók's life. Among the leading musicians of the time, it was Bartók who first expressed his high opinion of the younger composer's talent. Bartók's influence can be observed in almost every field of Lajtha's work. For example, it was Bartók who recommended that Lajtha choose Paris as the place to complete his studies, which fostered in turn Lajtha's orientation toward Latin culture. Following in Bartók's footsteps, Lajtha became one of the greatest folk music collectors and researchers in Hungary, and this music also exerted a significant effect on his compositional style. Bartók recommended that the director Georg Hoellering commission Lajtha to write film music, which became an important new genre for the latter. A large number of documents — especially the unpublished letters from László Lajtha to John S. Weissmann, one of his former students — offer proof that Bartók's inspiration and practical assistance were of paramount importance to the development of Lajtha's career, oeuvre, and aesthetics.
The Teaching of Economics in Colombia
Authors: Hunter John M. , Ternent James Anthony Short 
Published: March 2007

This study was undertaken in June, 1959, because of the personal interest of the authors in Colombian education and because little is known about the present status of education in economics in Colombia. The cooperation of the various deans interviewed was gratifying; also appreciated was the financial and moral assistance of the Fondo Universitario Nacional.Critical evaluation and recommendations are not included herein. Readers may be interested in making comparisons with the study of UNESCO on the teaching of economics in various countries and with The Undergraduate Teaching of Economics of the American Economic Association.
Alberdi y Sarmiento: Planificadores de ciudades en desarrollo económico
Authors: Mouchet Carlos 
Published: March 2007

Bajo un mismo título hemos reunido a Alberdi y a Sarmiento, acercando nosotros, en un pretencioso papel de dueños de su posteridad, a dos hombres que ofrecieron el espectáculo de su distanciamiento y de su antipatía. Ese espectáculo ofrece la grandeza de dos que peleaban entre sí a favor de la Argentina.De diferente biología y de diferente estilo, los unía el fervor de un amor desesperado a la patria. Fueron hijos de una época, y, por lo tanto, con hondos nexos comunes, y ambos estuvieron animados de la fiebre de levantar en la tierra argentina una verdadera Nación.No me propongo especialmente escribir su larga batalla, sino exponer sus pensamientos sobre algunos problemas de la Argentina, a veces diversos, pero con notables coincidencias en lo general.
The United States and the Latin-American Economy
Authors: Wythe George 
Published: March 2007

Historically, the Middle and South American countries have been of interest to the United States primarily as sources of raw materials and foodstuffs. Until recently, most large U. S. investments went into the development of these products and of the transportation facilities necessary to move in machinery and supplies, and get out raw materials. The development of sugar plantations and mills in Cuba, railways and mines in northern Mexico, oil wells in Venezuela, copper mines in Chile and Peru illustrate the process. And, of course, this investment and the exports arising out of the investment, gave a great stimulus to sales of U. S. goods.The period from the 1870's to the mid-1920's was the classic period of economic development in Latin America and witnessed a tremendous inflow of people and investment capital. Movements of immigrants, capita], and goods constituted an indissoluble trinity. Much of our literature on Latin America reflects a nostalgia for this golden era.
El Colorido Folklore Paraguayo
Authors: Benítez Justo Pastor 
Published: March 2007

En nuestro caso debe entenderse el mito americano como transfiguración de los seres y fenómenos naturales en cuerpos extra-naturales o fuerzas sobrenaturales. En cambio, el folklore es más bien el fruto de la transculturación hispano-guaraní comenzando por la música, siguiendo con el ñandutí, las danzas, las canciones, refranes, adivinanzas, la platería, el vestido, las diversiones y la dietética.El mito es de origen guaranítico; el folklore, una creación del hombre paraguayo.Notoria es la diferencia entre los mitos amerindios y los clásicos. En Grecia, los dioses tienen pasiones humanas, son vengativos y sensuales. Encarnan como Zeus, Diana, y hasta el mismo Hércules fuerzas cósmicas y fenómenos naturales, con una imaginación distinta de la nuestra. Los helenos la poseían más rica que lo autóctona americana y, mucho más cultivada y cuyas representaciones son herencia de Egipto, Babilonia e India.
The Christian Democrats of Venezuela
Authors: Tugwell Franklin 
Published: March 2007

Representative government in Venezuela is in its infancy. Experience with the techniques of political competition within a democratic framework has until recently been almost non-existent. Yet the vigor and determination with which strides toward economic development and political legitimation are being executed suggest that perhaps the nation may be able to accomplish the task of creating a stable and effective polity without the sacrifice of respect for human dignity that has been so commonplace elsewhere. Political parties have had a key role in this process; they have, in effect, been instruments of transition.This essay analyzes the evolution and growth of one of these parties — the Christian Democratic party — an organization which, ranking second in size only to Rómulo Betancourt's Acción Democrática, stands today in a pivotal position in the nation's distribution of political power.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Charles Belair
Authors: Young Maurice de 
Published: March 2007

To students of the West Indies, the Negro in the New World, the French Revolution, or Haiti, the name of Jean-Jacques Dessalines appears with alarming frequency. Alarming, because it is so difficult to reconcile the deed of the successful organization and culmination of more than a decade of revolutionary struggle with the character presented by the classical historians.Chief lieutenant of the heroic and tragic Toussaint L'ouverture, he was, on the submission of the colonial army, reduced to command of a small force, although officially “General of Division,” on the right bank of the isolated Artibonite River Valley. Then, if we are to accept the interpretation of B. Ardouin, St.—Remy (Les Cayes), Madison, Stoddard, and other leading authorities on the period, after the particularly cruel and selfish act of betrayal, followed by the execution of Charles Belair, the nephew of Toussaint, Dessalines was offered the leadership of the consolidated revolutionary forces.
Literatura Peruana Reciente (1964-1965)
Authors: Nunez Estuardo 
Published: March 2007

El Cuadro de la literatura peruana en 1964 y dentro del primer semestre de 1965 es singularmente sugestivo, aun sin considerar un magnífico éxito literario que fue la novela laureada La ciudad y los perros de Mario Vargas Llosa, editada a fines de 1963 y proclamada un buen suceso dentro de todo el ámbito hispánico y aun en los sectores europeos a donde alcanza la difusión de sus versiones.Algunas de las obras reseñadas constituyen, coincidentemente, culminaciones de trayectorias representativas, tanto en la poesía y en la narrativa, como en el ensayo. No cabe duda, que al igual que en otros países hispanoamericanos, adviene una etapa de madurez creadora, doble expresión de un aliento americano en la temática y un horizonte universal en la estructura de las obras.
The Prebisch Thesis: A Theory of Industrialism for Latin America
Authors: Frankenhoff Charles A. 
Published: March 2007

“Historically the spread of technical progress has been uneven,” declared Dr. Raúl Prebisch, Executive Secretary of the United Nations’ Economic Commission for Latin America, “and this has contributed to the division of the World economy into industrial centers and peripheral countries engaged in primary production, with differences in income growth.” This division of the family of nations into relatively-developed “centers” and the developing “periphery” lies at the core of the Prebisch theory of industrialism for Latin America.The Prebisch “thesis”, already twelve years old, has grown out of the Latin-American experience and is gaining an increasing acceptance among Latin-American economists. The effort of this paper will be to lay open the elements of the Prebisch analysis uncritically at its several stages of development. But first it will be useful to review briefly the earlier development of economic growth theory in Latin America.
The Withdrawal of the United States from Haiti, 1928-1934
Authors: Cooper Donald B. 
Published: March 2007

The United States occupation of Haiti — despite benevolent intentions — was a thinly-disguised military dictatorship. The official view of the Department of State that the numerous U. S. officials there were merely advisers to the legitimate Haitian government, acting in accordance with limitations prescribed by treaty, was a polite fiction. It deceived no one, particularly the large number of Haitians who resented foreign experiments in benevolent despotism in their land.The real ruler of Haiti, as the system had evolved by the pivotal year of 1928 — the last “normal” year before the political crisis which precipitated withdrawal — was General John H. Russell, United States Marine Corps, the U. S. High Commissioner. The nominal ruler, President Louis Borno, generally relied upon his U. S. advisers. In Russell's own words “[Borno] has never taken a step without first consulting me.” When differences arose, usually as a result of pressures exerted on Borno by local politicians, General Russell was free to make appropriate concessions. But his will prevailed in any showdown conflict. The General was noted for his fairness, however, and his relations with Haitian officials were usually harmonious. Yet his military background, combined with his devotion to efficiency and economy, was not well-suited to preparing a dependent people for enlightened self-rule.
The Development of an Educational System in a Rural Guatemalan Community
Authors: Horst Oscar H. , McLelland Avril 
Published: March 2007

In the United States there is a constant preoccupation with the qualitative aspects of our educational system. This occurs in a nation where over 98 per cent of all children between the ages of seven and fourteen are attending school and where over 95 per cent of all inhabitants are considered literate. Thus, in terms of literacy and level of education, the United States is classified as highly advanced. Not so fortunate are the developing nations of the world.Latin America, as a major world region, is classified as underdeveloped and shares many of the economic and social misfortunes which plague that sector of the world's populace. Within Latin America there is a wide diversity of educational attainment. Although seven nations may be classified as advanced or moderately advanced, these represent less than one quarter of the region's population. The vast majority are less advantaged and among these are the inhabitants of Guatemala. Less than one quarter of its children between the ages of seven and fourteen attend school; less than 30 per cent over ten years of age are considered literate.
Les premiers rapports de la nation Haïtienne avec l'étranger
Authors: Lubin Maurice A. 
Published: March 2007

Un pays ne saurait vivre replié sur lui-même, prisonnier de ses frontières. II doit entretenir des relations de tous ordres avec l'étranger.Le gouverneur-empereur Dessalines en eut l'intuition. II prit en conséquence toutes les dispositions.En premier lieu, Dessalines rassura toutes les puissances coloniales qu'Haïti s'abstiendrait de troubler la paix des colonies situées dans l'Archipel des Antilles. C'était une préaution de style pour calmer les appréhensions des nations européennes et garantir l'oeuvre d'indépendance de la Nation Haïtienne, en lui évitant toutes les mesures de coercition de la part de l'Espagne, de la France, de l'Angleterre, du Portugal et des autres puissances intéressées dans cette partie de l'hémisphère américain.
Colombia: Learning the Foreign Policy Process
Authors: Drekonja-Kornat Gerhard 
Published: March 2007

Colombian policy makers dedicate little time and effort to international relations.M. Urrutia (1980)In view of Latin America's growing bargaining power within the international system, the Chilean Heraldo Muñoz (1981) has assessed the power potential of several Latin American states, basing his calculations on abstract statistics. According to this categorization, Colombia has a power potential comparable to that of Mexico, Argentina, and Venezuela. Colombians would probably be very surprised at such an analysis. As they see it, their country does not figure in international politics. Hence, the idea of a nation with a foreign nonpolicy (Drekonja-Kornat, 1982b) seems justified.However, countries must adapt to new situations, and growing tensions in the Caribbean Basin are forcing Colombia to examine the apparent contradiction between its potential and its real capacity. This is particularly important when one considers that Colombia's low profile in foreign policy is not a product of abstentionist or neutral doctrines (as in the case of Canada, Switzerland, or Austria) but is the result of historical developments occurring after the secession of Panama.
The Associated States and Independence
Authors: Abbott George C. 
Published: March 2007

The British experience with federations is not a happy one. Attempts to combine its smaller and poorer colonies into some form of larger political and economic union as part of its decolonization process are generally reckoned to have failed. Almost without exception, the individual colonies decided to go it alone, to seek independence on their own, that is.The former West Indian colonies are a case in point. Notwithstanding several attempts to bring them closer together, they have shown a remarkable tenacity to retain their individual existence and identity. The 1958 Federation, the most ambitious attempt to weld them into a nation, ended in failure after only three years and much internal wrangling. The larger islands of Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago went on to become independent on their own. A further attempt to amalgamate the remaining units, the so-called "Little Eight" into a Federation of the Eastern Caribbean also failed, after which Barbados sought independence on its own.
The Future of the Panama Canal
Authors: Manfredo Fernando 
Published: March 2007

Throughout most of its history, the importance of the Panama Canal — to the United States, to Panama, and to the international shipping community — was never questioned. This situation changed when the political confrontation between the United States and the Noriega regime took place in the 1980s, and most of the media began to suggest that the usefulness of the Panama Canal was on the decline and no longer of much importance to world trade. In this regard, the media seriously misrepresented the facts. Let us take a closer look at the Canal in order to gain a better perspective on the actual situation.Prior to World War I, the volume of trade going through the Panama Canal, though a useful transportation artery, was relatively small. In fact, in 1929, its peak pre-War year, the total volume was just 30 million tons.