bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifetime prevalence and inter-cohort variation in DSM-IV disorders in metropolitan China
Authors: LEE SING , TSANG ADLEY , ZHANG MING-YUAN , HUANG YUE-QIN , HE YAN-LING , LIU ZHAO-RUI , SHEN YU-CUN , KESSLER RONALD C. 
Published: October 2006

Background. This is the first study to examine variation across cohorts in lifetime risk of DSM-IV mental disorders in metropolitan China.Method. Face-to-face household interviews of 2633 adults in Beijing and 2568 adults in Shanghai were conducted from November 2001 to February 2002 using a multi-stage household probability sampling method. The Chinese World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) was used for assessment.Results. Lifetime prevalence of any disorder was 13·2%. Alcohol abuse (4·7%), major depressive disorder (3·5%), and specific phobia (2·6%) were the most common disorders. The median age of onset was later for mood (43 years) than anxiety (17 years) and substance use (25 years) disorders. Compared to observed lifetime prevalence, the projected lifetime risk as of age 75 years increased by 106% for major depressive disorder (7·2%), and was uniformly higher for all disorders. Relative odds of any lifetime disorder were 4·7 in the most recent cohorts (ages 18–34) compared to the eldest cohorts (ages [ges ]65).Conclusions. The findings of this cross-sectional study tally with the view that rapid socioeconomic changes may bring about increasing incidence of mental disorders in China. However, prospective longitudinal studies are needed to confirm if the increase is real. Because of the huge size of the Chinese population, any increase in projected lifetime risk of mental disorders represents an enormous increase in the number of affected individuals.
Urban Velocity Fields
Authors: Angel S. , Hyman G.M. 
Published: October 2006

The city is not an undifferentiated terrain and travel does not occur along straight-line paths at constant velocities. Variations in travel velocities at different locations bend the minimum time paths away from regions of high congestion. This paper discusses a transformation of the urban plane into a time surface on which distance corresponds to travel time, and describes the construction of minimum paths and isochrones for various velocity fields. This view of the urban transportation system allows us to discover some of the important features which are often hidden in a network description of the system.
Cost-Benefit Analysis as a Statistical Hypothesis Test: An Example from Urban Transportation
Authors: Ledyard J. O. 
Published: October 2006

A method to evaluate the estimated social benefits and costs of many urban transportation decisions is presented, based on the techniques of statistical hypothesis testing. After a slight critique of current practice in cost-benefit analyses, a general equilibrium model is formulated that includes many of the relevant variables and decisions which interact with an urban transportation system. The model is based on individual behavior assumptions (as opposed to macro-behavior) and uses the concept that commodities provide attributes. The significant omissions are mentioned and discussed. It is next shown that if the model is true, then hypotheses involving the Pareto-superiority (and Pareto-optimality) of various decisions with respect to transportation systems imply hypotheses restricting the values of parameters of a single linear equation. This allows the testing (i.e. falsification) of the original hypotheses by using the familiar T and F tests of regression analysis. These tests are based on a single-equation regression only using observations on the rates of use of, the attributes provided by, and the inputs to, the transportation system. The simplicity of the tests seems to indicate that revisions of the model towards reality would be very productive.
Cybernetic and General-System Approaches to Urban and Regional Research: A Review of the Literature
Authors: McLoughlin J Brian , Webster Judith N 
Published: October 2006

Certain theoretical concepts are introduced including the notion of systems, their structure and behaviour; cybernetics and information theory; the dynamics of systems which evolve and adapt their structure, and the maintenance of their organisation; the notion of control. Each concept is illustrated with examples drawn from various disciplines. The review continues by relating this theoretical framework to systems identified in human-settlement patterns. Contributions by regional scientists are noted, various approaches to urban/regional systems analysis are reviewed, and the specific problems of defining elements, interactions, and an appropriate environment, are discussed. In conclusion, an attempt is made to identify particular authors and ideas which appear to be the most significant contributions towards the understanding and guidance of change in towns and regions.
Mental Maps of the City: Suburban Preference Patterns
Authors: Johnston R J 
Published: October 2006

Many sets of observations have shown that intra-urban migration is generally oriented outwards, away from the City centre. Two major suggested explanations for this directional bias are Hoyt's concept of the sectoral structuring of socio-economic status residential patterns and Adams's ideas concerning the shape of the mental images of the City which its residents hold. The present paper presents an investigation of the mental maps of some sample respondents in the Christchurch urban area, New Zealand, which asks whether these images are influenced both by the perceived socioeconomic status of the various suburbs and a restricted view of the City. The results are encouraging and suggest that both Hoyt and Adams may have been correct in formulating their ideas. It is becoming commonplace within urban research to criticise the widely-used models of intra-urban residential patterns as inappropriate. Not all would agree with this, however, so further testing is required. Among the more important aspects needing further investigation are the assumptions on which the models are based, since if these are irrelevant then the validity of the models is extremely unlikely. The aim of the present paper is such an inquiry with reference to Hoyt's sectoral model of the residential patterns of socio-economic status groups.
Fundamental Properties of Löschian Spatial Demand
Authors: Gannon C A 
Published: October 2006

Spatial demand is the aggregate demand expressed at a particular location, under given supply conditions, by a set of individual consumers whose locations are dispersed over a geographical market area. Although the concept of spatial demand has played a central role in location and spatial economics since its development by Lösch and his incorporation of it into his model of spatial competitive equilibrium, a comprehensive rigorous characterization of spatial demand does not presently exist. Accordingly, the contribution of this paper is a quite general formulation of spatial demand and a rigorous specification and evaluation of some of its most important properties. Spatial demand is found to consist of two components: free spatial demand which corresponds to a situation in which the geographic market areas of suppliers do not interact, and competitive spatial demand which corresponds to a situation in which they do. This distinction allows the derivation of conditions for, among other things, the (1) existence of these two components, (2) continuity of the spatial demand function and its first derivative, and (3) convexity or concavity of the spatial demand function. Such properties of spatial demand are basic to an evaluation of the existence, stability, and general nature of spatial competitive equilibrium.
Urban Spatial Interaction
Authors: Angel S , Hyman G M 
Published: October 2006

This paper centres on the development of a geometrical representation of movement and spatial interaction in urban areas, as distinct from the network representation commonly used in modern studies. All quantities are treated as distributions over geographic space, rather than concentrations at nodes of a network. We present a continuous model of spatial interaction and calibrate it for Greater Manchester. The model is a trip distribution model which produces an allocation of trips from any area to all other areas in accordance with a derived trip density function. The inputs to the model are density functions for residences and workplaces of car commuters, and a velocity field. The velocity field defines a measure of the travel time between different locations. The outputs of the model are spatial distributions of accessibility of locations to jobs and residences, and a spatial distribution of traffic flow. We find that the location most accessible to jobs in Manchester is not in the centre of the city, but in a ring more than half a mile away from the centre. The maximum accessibility to residences is found to be approximately five miles away from the centre. The flow of traffic is derived as a spatial pattern and is found to peak approximately three miles from the centre of Manchester. The paper restricts itself to vehicular traffic and to radially symmetric spatial distributions. It should be seen as an attempt to introduce three major elements: time, distribution, and traffic assignment into a geometrical framework for dealing with problems of urban spatial interaction.
An Analysis of an Urban Thoroughfare
Authors: Hartwick P G , Hartwick J M 
Published: October 2006

This paper considers the economic impact of an urban transportation thoroughfare emanating from the central business district of a city to agricultural land. Utilizing the elements of microeconomic theory, namely the models of the producer and of the consumer, we have made an analysis of how a residential area develops around a thoroughfare under different assumptions including transportation costs along the thoroughfare, and the technology of producing residential dwellings in the surrounding area. This contribution can be looked upon as the analysis of residential development in a star-shaped city; the focus is on one branch of the star. With the aid of computer graphics, alternative economic landscapes surrounding the thoroughfare are simulated. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the nature of city-forming forces which are generated by the decision making of producers and consumers in spatially defined areas. By demonstrating in the particular case of an urban thoroughfare the powerful city-forming influences of decision making of city dwellers, it is hoped that urban policy makers may be alerted to some different aspects of the ongoing processes of urban change.
Equilibrium Models of Cities: 1. An Axiomatic Theory
Authors: Amson J C 
Published: October 2006

A study is undertaken of the concept of a city as an ‘urban gravitational plasma’ consisting of one or more species of civic matter (populations, activity rates, and so on) interacting on themselves and each other, and, at the same time, responding to relocation coercions induced by satisfaction potentials of various kinds (housing rentals, amenity levels, and so on). The latter are assumed to be coupled to the territorial densities of the individual species of civic matter through equations of state, for which the housing rental-population density relation in market equilibrium theory is a prototype. The study is divided into four parts. The first part (presented here) approaches the problem from a formal axiomatic viewpoint, and the axioms and definitions are discussed in relation to the real urban situations from which they are abstracted. The notion of equilibrium configurations for a city is introduced, and the general equilibrium equations necessary for their existence are developed. Three particular illustrations of these equations are offered: that of a single species city, and of a two species city—both with an ideal (polytropic) state equation—and that of a single species city with an imperfect (van der Waals) state equation. These illustrations will be examined in detail in the subsequent three parts of this study.
Residential Environmental Preferences and Choice: Empirically Validating Preference Measures
Authors: Menchik M 
Published: October 2006

In order to evaluate demands for new forms of residential environments (such as cluster development rather than the spread pattern of suburban sprawl), it may be useful to deal with persons' residential preferences directly, rather than their market choice. The paper develops residential environmental preference variables from questionnaire survey data. The preferences may be considered as relative tradeoffs among the residence's accessibility, characteristics of the house and lot (for example, lot size), the quality of the natural environment, and characteristics of the non-natural environment (for example, population density). At the same time, comparable measures are devised of the characteristics of the persons' present residences—their residential choice. Principal results are that the preference and choice variables do seem useful; that preferences, thus defined, do express themselves to some extent through market choice; and that different persons do in fact prefer different residential characteristics. Preferences for different residential characteristics tend to be negatively associated, so that there are persons with strong preferences for the natural environment who are willing to sacrifice a large lot to live in a beautiful area.
Structuration De L'espace Problème Foncier et Aménagement Du Territoire
Authors: Lipietz A 
Published: October 2006

La dimension spatiale de l'articulation des modes de production, dans leurs différentes branches, est la constitution d'espaces régionaux inégalement développés. Sur cette base matérielle se développent à leur tour une nouvelle division du travail et de nouveaux schémas d'accumulation, différents selon les régions (‘centres’ ou ‘périphéries’). Au stade du capital monopoliste, celui-ci peut organiser à l'échelle interrégionale des ‘circuits de branche’ profitant au maximum des fractionnements du marché du travail. Cependant la localisation des activités économiques rencontre des contraintes extra-économiques, et notamment la propriété foncière. Non seulement le prix du sol n'est pas un guide suffisant du développement pour l'allocation de l'espace, mais encore la structure juridique de la propriété du sol, garantie des rapports sociaux hérités du passé, fait obstacle aux formes monopolistes d'appropriation de l'espace. C'est à ces deux niveaux que s'impose l'action de l'État dans l'aménagement du territoire.
Spatial Aspects of Industrial Development in Western Europe: Economic and Political Areas
Authors: Hanappe P 
Published: October 2006

This paper argues that an industrial firm may exist on a regional, national, continental, or world scale. This dimension may be different for market, actual selling space, basic social existence, and plant location. A review of the main industrial sectors in present day Europe shows that most major firms are European-sized for market, circulation of commodities, and plant-location aspects, while they are definitely national for government help and subsidies, and that very often these helps and subsidies are vital for their survival. This contradiction helps to explain the difficulties, hazards, and accidents on the European scene. The internationalization of the economy pushes towards European integration; but the necessities of reproducing the basic conditions of production are dependent on the specific situation in each country: the function of political and ideological reproduction can nowadays be exerted only by national governments. European unification seems to be both necessary and impossible at the same time; its pursuit necessarily involves a collision course.
La Place Des Régions Françaises Dans la Division Internationale du Travail: Deux Scénarios Contrastés
Authors: Michon-Savarit Catherine 
Published: October 2006

Ce document constitue une synthèse d'un travail de réflexion mené conjointement par le Laboratoire de Conjoncture et Prospective et la Société ACT, sur l'avenir de l'industrialisation des régions françaises (LCP—ACT, 1974). Nous insisterons ici essentiellement sur la méthode et la démarche que nous avons adoptées pour tenter de répondre à cette question. En effet, l'avenir économique des différentes régions françaises est étroitement dépendant de la place occupée par la France dans la division internationale du travail (DIT). Pour construire cette image de la France dans la DIT, nous sommes partis de deux environnements internationaux contrastés, pour mettre en lumière le lien entre la place que pourrait occuper la France dans la DIT donc l'évolution des régions françaises, et la nature des équilibres mondiaux. Nous verrons successivement: — un résumé rapide des deux environnements internationaux, — comment à partir de chaque environnement, il découle logiquement une certaine place de la France dans la DIT, — à partir de cette image globale, comment nous avons mené l'analyse au niveau des régions, — deux exemples en guise de conclusion.
An Evaluation of Growth-Center Theory and Practice
Authors: Hansent N M 
Published: October 2006

This paper examines empirical and theoretical issues associated with the growth-center approach to regional development, and argues that despite many difficulties the major themes of the growth-center literature still have relevance to regional policy. Although there has been increasing interest in analyzing the nature and significance of spontaneously growing urban places, the growth-center approach is most meaningful in the context of induced growth. There is little evidence that induced growth centers generate significant spread effects on their economically lagging hinterlands; but they can properly serve as regional centers of in-migration. It is difficult to derive an adequate growth model from a market-oriented hierarchy of central place schemes. If one is concerned with innovations and impulses of economic change, using the central place model as a locational matrix or landscape, it should be recognized that information and innovations can be transmitted upward through the hierarchy or laterally among centers of the same level, even though the diffusion process is likely to operate in a downward direction. Recent studies by Pred, Törnqvist, and Goddard indicate that these issues may be clarified by shifting attention to organizational information flows within urban systems. Nevertheless, attempts to focus on the functioning of the ‘postindustrial’ society should not detract from the opportunities that manufacturing decentralization represents for many nonmetropolitan areas. Of course, better access within national (or even international) communications networks can be of considerable help to these areas, not only in attracting more manufacturing activity, but also in upgrading its quality. This in turn depends on the ability of people in lagging regions to take advantage of opportunities, that is, on the quality of rural human resources. The failure of most growth-center theory and practice to include explicitly human resource and manpower dimensions is at least equal to the neglect of information circulation.
An Econometric Model of Employment Growth in US Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Alperovich G , Bergsman J , Ehemann C 
Published: October 2006

This paper reports on tests of hypotheses about the determinants of employment growth in US metropolitan areas. All urban employment covered by Social Security is included; the hypotheses are tested for each of forty groups of four-digit SIC industries. The units of observation are 284 areas, including all SMS As, as of 1970, plus some smaller places. The period is 1965–1970. The two main findings are: First, ease of attracting labor is not shown to have an important influence on local employment growth. Second, access to markets is the most important factor, followed by localization economies, and—for some industrial groups—low wage rates and access to inputs; urbanization economies (measured by city size) are a negative factor for some groups. The research is part of a larger study of the determinants of migration and employment growth.
A Goal-Programming Model for Industrial Location Involving Environmental Considerations
Authors: Werczberger E 
Published: October 2006

This paper presents an application of goal programming to the planning of industrial location in the context of air-pollution policy. Goal programming is a modification of linear programming designed to solve problems characterized by a large number of conflicting objectives. The solution is obtained by expressing all objectives as constraints and minimizing the deviation of the allocation from the respective targets and standards. If lexicographic ordering of objectives prevails, the constraints can be introduced in order of their importance. The paper first discusses the theoretical basis for goal programming and then presents the mathematical formulation and the numerical evaluation of a hypothetical industrial-location problem. Finally, goal programming is evaluated for its implications for environmental planning.
Geographical Perspectives on United States Investment in the United Kingdom
Authors: Dicken P , Lloyd P E 
Published: October 2006

American direct investment in Britain has a long history, dating back to 1851. In the past twenty years, however, the magnitude of US investment in Britain has dramatically increased. Events such as the closure of the Imperial Typewriter Co. at Hull and the threatened withdrawal of Chrysler from its UK manufacturing operations have served to focus attention on the activities of US based multinationals in Britain. Direct investment by US companies has a very considerable impact on the UK economy. American owned enterprises employ one in every fourteen workers in private enterprise manufacturing and account for more than 10% of total output. There is a high degree of sectoral concentration in this ownership pattern with the main emphasis in vehicles, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and the food, drink, and tobacco industries. Spatially there is a particular tendency toward concentration in the South East. In terms of net gains over time, however, Scotland has fared particularly well in attracting US companies. Within the North West of England there is also a tendency toward sectoral and spatial concentration. The motor vehicles industry on Merseyside represents the most prominent cluster and, in a region chronically prone to serious unemployment, there is potentially a degree of vulnerability which might give legitimate cause for concern.
Office Location and the Cost of Maintaining Contact
Authors: Pye R 
Published: October 2006

When an office relocates from London, its accommodation costs and salary costs decrease substantially. Some contacts must, however, be maintained with people in the capital, resulting in an increase in travel costs. Those increases are compared with accommodation and salary savings to show that the greatest net saving is usually obtained by a move to a town in the outer South East. Such moves have been very common. Few offices would obtain greater savings by moving to the assisted areas, despite government incentives, which would have to be increased substantially to make those areas attractive. Similarly the replacement of 30% of meetings by cheap teleconferences would not alone persuade many more offices to move there. Policies concerning many aspects of travel and communications would have to be combined before relocation to the assisted areas would be worthwhile for more than a very small minority of offices.