bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The power of sex: some reflections on the Caldwells' ‘African sexuality’ thesis
Authors: Heald Suzette 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article consists of a series of reflections about the nature of sexuality in East Africa framed in response to the theories put forward by J. C. Caldwell and his collaborators. It argues that their views fail to grasp the way sexual restraints and restrictions form the basis of the moral order in East African societies. Their model of a distinctively African sexual system overemphasises descent in a way that systematically underplays the importance of marriage and reduces ancestor cults to exclusive concern with lineage, reproduction and continuity. By contrast, it is argued with reference to the Gisu of Uganda, ancestral beliefs in their general form are associated with the overall templates for correct social living and these hinge not on lineality but on sexuality and its control. In this light, most East African cultures can be labelled ‘respect cultures’, in that they see their social orders as rooted in respect, respect which implies deference, attention to proper decorum and above all self-restraint. The rules problematise sexuality. The article then turns to the sacred power attributed to coitus itself. This is addressed by looking at the metaphor of the mingling of bloods, widely used of sexual intercourse in East Africa. In the last section of the article attention is paid to the contrast between consanguinity and alliance and the idea that the union of man and woman serves as the prototype of contractual relationships.
A Yoruba woman remembers servitude in a palace of Dahomey, in the reigns of Kings Glele and Behanzin
Authors: Morton-Williams Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA Yoruba woman in the Ketu-Yoruba town of Meko, in western Nigeria, gave an interview in January 1951 to the anthropologists William R. Bascom and Paul Mercier, in which she talked of her time in Dahomey as a servant in Simboji palace, some sixty years earlier. The conversation was written down by the author of this article and is offered to mark the centenary of the destruction of Abomey in 1992. She had served two mistresses, both of the same high rank. The first had committed suicide on the death of Glele, and the other she had served throughout the reign of Behanzin, during the defence against the French campaign led by General Dodds and the time of refuge in the north of the kingdom until the king's surrender. She had seen the king shut in a cage before his exile, when she had returned home. She gave new information about the ranking of royal wives, how they were ordered in groups, and the cries announcing their approach when out of the palace. The article ends with notes identifying places mentioned, matching Fon and Yoruba names, and relating her story to published accounts of events.
Cognitive and Metacognitive Aspects of Learning Disabled Adolescents' Composing Problems
Authors: Wong Bernice Y.L. , Wong Roderick , Blenkinsop Jennifer 
Published: April 2006

This study investigated the cognitive and metacognitive aspects of writing problems in learning disabled adolescents. Twenty-one learning disabled eighth and eleventh graders constituted the target population. The comparison groups included 15 normally achieving eighth graders and a reading-age control group of 23 normally achieving sixth graders. The participants wrote two reportive essays and one argument essay, and answered a questionnaire designed to probe their metacognition about the writing process. Results indicated that normally achieving eighth graders consistently and clearly surpassed their learning disabled counterparts in both quality and quantity of essay writing. Adult judges rated normally achieving eighth graders' essays to be substantially more interesting, much clearer in communicating the goals, and to contain a substantially more felicitous word choice than those of learning disabled eighth and eleventh graders. Moreover, they wrote longer essays with much fewer spelling errors than learning disabled eighth and eleventh graders. Finally, they possessed more mature and articulate conceptions of the writing task, and were more aware of the relevance of planning and audience in writing. In striking contrast, the learning disabled eighth and eleventh graders were comparable to the normally achieving sixth graders in their performances across a broad front. This comparability occurred in the three categories of holistic ratings of essays (interestingness, clarity in communication of goals, and word choice), structural ratings of paragraphs, and metacognition about the writing process. Interestingly, learning disabled eighth and eleventh graders were superior to normally achieving sixth graders in length of essays. However, the consistent, broad picture was that the learning disabled adolescents performed at a very similar level to that of younger normally achieving children. These findings permit the conclusion that the learning disabled adolescents in this study showed a developmental delay in the cognitive and metacognitive aspects of writing.
Getting Ready to Read: Guided Probing for Poor Comprehenders
Authors: Idol-Maestas Lorna 
Published: April 2006

An advance organizer, TELLS Fact or Fiction, was used to orient students to stories prior to reading them. The steps represented by the acronym were: (T) study story titles, (E) examine and skim pages for clues as to what stories were about, (L) look for important words, (L) look for hard words, (S) think about the story settings, and (Fact or Fiction) decide whether stories were factual or fictional. Teachers used the probing technique to guide 4 LD elementary students and 2 secondary students from general special education classes. Analysis of performance on comprehension questions showed that, in general, students' average performance on factual, sequential, and inferential questions improved when they used the technique. The two older students maintained acceptable performance on inferential questions when the technique was removed; the remainder of the subjects were unable to maintain their improved performance after teacher-guided assistance was removed.
Defining Reading and Writing Disabilities with and without IQ: A Flexible, Developmental Perspective
Authors: Berninger Virginia , Hart Teresa , Abbott Robert , Karovsky Penelope 
Published: April 2006

We compared three approaches to defining disabilities on predictor developmental measures related to reading and writing and on criterion reading and writing measures in an unreferred sample of 300 first, second, and third graders. For each measure, the children who fell in the lowest 5% of the normal distribution (based on the mean and standard deviation for grade) were assigned to the low-functioning group; those children who, based on the Mahalanobis statistic (.05 level, one-tail test), were significantly different from and below their VIQ were assigned to the underachieving group; finally, children who met the criterion for both underachieving and low functioning were assigned to the learning disabled group. Of the low-functioning group, 44% were learning disabled (also discrepant from their VIQ). Of the underachievers, 36% were learning disabled (also very low functioning). Thus, elimination of IQ in the definition of learning disabilities (as Siegel [1989] and Stanovich [1991] have recommended) would dramatically affect who is identified as learning disabled. We argue for a two-stage assessment model (cf. Leong, 1987) in which (a) absolute criteria without IQ are first used by classroom teachers to identify children who are low functioning in orthographic coding, phonological coding, word finding, fine motor, and visual-motor integration and who would benefit from early intervention to prevent reading and writing disabilities; and (b) relative criteria with IQ are subsequently used in more comprehensive psychoeducational assessment for learning disabled children whose problems persist despite early intervention. Based on our findings, we recommend that, in future research on reading and writing disabilities, investigators differentiate among low-functioning, underachieving, and learning disabled (low-functioning and underachieving) children and among component reading and writing skills.
Learning Disabilities Referrals, Eligibility Outcomes, and Services in Community Colleges: A Four-Year Summary
Authors: Mellard Daryl F. , Byrne Mark 
Published: April 2006

This study examined access to LD services in California's 103 community colleges. The data describe the pattern of referrals for LD, eligibility decisions, and students served according to age, ethnic, and gender groupings. Referrals in these settings are self-initiated and decisions on who receives state-supported classes and services are based on a statewide eligibility model. While the nature of students judged eligible and served as LD was similar to the referral patterns, the initial referrals themselves did not reflect the proportional groupings of the colleges' age, gender, and ethnic groups; besides, year-to-year fluctuations were noted. Fewer referrals were observed from some age and ethnic groups; the most notable differences included lower percentages of older students and Asian and Filipino students. These differences may be associated with such factors as the students' goals, self-attributions, and social influences. Of particular interest in future research is examination of influences on students' decisions to seek assistance in the community college setting.
Archaeological Systematics and the Study of Culture Process
Authors: Binford Lewis R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is argued that the normative theory of culture, widely held among archaeologists, is inadequate for the generation of fruitful explanatory hypotheses of cultural process. One obvious shortcoming of this theoretical position has been the development of archaeological systematics that have obviated any possibility of measuring multivariate phenomena and permit only the measurement of unspecified “cultural differences and similarities,” as if these were univariate phenomena. As an alternative to this approach, it is proposed that culture be viewed as a system composed of subsystems, and it is suggested that differences and similarities between different classes of archaeological remains reflect different subsystems and hence may be expected to vary independently of each other in the normal operation of the system or during change in the system. A general discussion of ceramic classification and the classification of differences and similarities between assemblages is presented as an example of the multivariate approach to the study of cultural variability. It is suggested that a multivariate approach in systematics will encourage the study of cultural variability and its causes and thereby enhance the study of culture process.
Archaeological Chronology of Grenada
Authors: Bullen Ripley P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSurvey and tests in Grenada indicate three major ceramic periods. The first, A.D. 0-700, is a typical Caribbean extension of the Saladoid-Barrancoid tradition of Venezuela. The second is represented by burnished, red-painted pottery with rim points and horns associated with black-and-red-painted cazuelas. A thick, crude ware which frequently exhibits deeply scratched surfaces characterizes the third. A late phase with finger-indented rims is associated with historic materials. These ceramic traditions are correlated with the pre-Arawak, Arawak, and Carib Indians.
Magnetic Prospecting in Southern California
Authors: Ezell Paul , Moriarty James R. , Mudie John D. , Rees Anthony I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA proton magnetometer was used in a magnetic survey of a site near San Diego, California. Two hearths and a fire pit were located which otherwise would not have been discovered without extensive excavation. Magnetic surveying of a site in southern California has proved successful and further use of the method in North America is warranted.
The Age of Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Hart John P. , Scarry C. Margaret 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA radiocarbon date of A.D. 1070 ± 60 was linked to the remains of maize (Zea mays), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and squash (Cucñrbita pepo) at the Roundtop site in the Susquehanna River valley of New York by William Ritchie in 1969 and 1973 publications. This date established the presence of beans in the Northeast at an earlier time than in most other areas of the eastern United States, where they are generally rare before A.D. 1300. Subsequently beans have been reported in pre-A.D.1300 contexts from at least eight other sites in the Northeast. Recent calibrated AMS dates on beans from Roundtop are no earlier than A.D. 1300 (Hart 1999a). Given that the original Roundtop date was responsible for the acceptance of early beans in the Northeast, the AMS dates suggested that beans may not become archaeologically visible there until ca. A.D. 1300. AMS dates on beans from four other sites, reported here, substantiate the Roundtop results. Beans and by extension maize-beans-squash intercropping are not evident in the Northeast before ca. A.D. 1300.
Tuna Tagging and the Extra-Oceanic Distribution of Curved, Single-Piece Shell Fishhooks in the Pacific
Authors: Landberg Leif C. W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCurved, single-piece shell fishhooks are found archaeologically in Oceania, Ecuador, southern Peru and northern Chile, and the Santa Barbara region of southern California. The hypothesis that fish were possible transpacific carriers of these shell fishhooks is examined in the light of recent tuna-tagging research. Tag release and recovery data show that three species of tuna are capable of undertaking long-range migrations. Skipjack tunas are known to migrate from Baja California to Hawaii. Some bluefin tunas have migrated from Baja California to Japan. Albacore, which is believed to consist of a single population in the northern Pacific Ocean, probably circumnavigates the Pacific. A migration model of the northern Pacific albacore population suggests at least one possible transportation route of shell fishhooks between Hawaii and the Santa Barbara region. Heyerdahl has postulated that the association at historic contact in the Santa Barbara region of the curved, single-piece shell fishhook, the frameless plank canoe, and the Polynesian-type cosmogony of the Chungichnish cult is evidence for pre-Columbian transpacific contact. Contrary to his theory, reasons are advanced here to suggest that these traits may instead be fortuitously associated rather than diffused as a complex.
Chronology of Sites at Killarney, Canada
Authors: Greenman E. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNear Killarney, Canada, three raised beaches of former Great Lakes stages have cultural material in circumstances indicating contemporaneity with the construction of the beaches 7000 B.C. and A.D. 1. The physical conditions demonstrating this contemporaneity are set forth in detail, with illustrations of artifacts in situ in gravels. The several components of two sites are distinguished, and a workshop with most of the artifacts in unfinished condition is described and illustrated. The geology, which involves Postglacial uplift of the Lake Huron basin along with rising and lowering levels, is fully outlined.
Diffusionism and Archaeology
Authors: Rowe John Howland 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDoctrinaire diffusionism is a menace to the development of sound archaeological theory based on comparative studies; it distracts archaeologists from such studies and seeks to destroy the basis of comparison. Diffusionist arguments are defective in principle, however. The bias in the selection of data for these arguments can be illustrated by listing cultural similarities between ancient Peru and the ancient Mediterranean.
Soil-Survey Reports and Archaeological Investigations
Authors: Saucier Roger T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMost soil-survey reports published since about 1957 by the Soil Conservation Service portray the soils data on a series of photomap base sheets generally at a scale of 1:20,000. Since all or portions of many of the 203 counties for which the reports are available lack detailed topographic maps, the soil-survey reports help alleviate this deficiency and also provide an economical source of aerial photos for use in archaeological surveys. Moreover, the soil-survey data presented in the photomaps often provide valuable clues to the locations of sites and should not be overlooked in survey work.
A Feldspar-Inlaid Ceramic Type from Spanish Colonial Sites
Authors: Fairbanks Charles H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA type of Mexican folk pottery first collected in 1920 at Cuernavaca is demonstrated to be of Iberian derivation and to date back as early as the 17th century. It has been found at Ft. Jesus in Mombasa, Kenya, and at the kiln site in the Old City of Panama. The pottery is decorated with inlays of small tesserae of feldspar and occasionally other minerals. Incision, stamping, low relief, and red paint are often associated decorative features.
Flint Stations in Central Alaska
Authors: Skarland Ivar , Giddings J . L. 
Published: April 2006

Our knowledge of the prehistory of interior Alaska is still very limited. Nearly all archaeological work in the territory has been in the Eskimo and Aleut regions. In the interior planned, systematic surveys have been conducted by Froelich Rainey, Frederica de Laguna, and Frederick Johnson, but most of these deal with relatively recent Athapascan sites. The only definitely pre-Athapascan site is the “Campus site” on the University of Alaska campus.From time to time random specimens are found in connection with road work, farming, and mining. Artifacts discovered in the Tanana Valley muck deposits, often at great depths, suggest, but do not prove, that man was contemporaneous with mammoth and other now extinct animals of the Pleistocene. One specimen found in association with a mastodon jaw, but not actually embedded in the bone, adds to the circumstantial evidence that man was here in the late Pleistocene, if not earlier.
The Archaeology of Ludlow Cave and Its Significance
Authors: Over W. H. 
Published: April 2006

The origin and culture of the older archaeological material taken from Ludlow Cave, Cave Hills, Harding County, South Dakota, in July, 1920, has been subjected to some discussion and speculation. The cave was named after William Ludlow, Chief Army Engineer of the Department of Dakota, who visited it in 1874 while accompanying the Custer Expedition from Fort Abraham Lincoln to the Black Hills.The cave is located in the northeast quarter of section 12, township 21, range 5 W, in the extreme northwest corner of the state in the Sioux Forest Reserve. Geologically, it is in the Ludlow Division of the Laramie formation, Upper Cretaceous Period. It is irregular in shape, extends back thirty-nine feet, and is sixteen feet wide and ten feet high. The entrance was partially blocked by rocks, each weighing several tons, which had fallen from above.
Nebo Hill, A Lithic Complex in Western Missouri
Authors: Shippee J. M. 
Published: April 2006

Twenty-Six years of periodic reconnaissance along the Missouri River bluffs in western Missouri have revealed numerous archaeological sites on which repeated finds of long well-made blades, lanceolate in form, have occurred. These typical blades are not found in the artifact inventories of the reported manifestations of the region, but do seem to bear striking similarities to artifacts of the lithic cultures of the Great Plains. Brief mention of this complex has appeared (Shippee, 1940, p. 12; Wedel, 1943, p. 102) but it has not been fully characterized. Data now available will be presented here; they are tentative until supplemented by excavation.The four sites which will be described are located in Clay County, Missouri, within a few miles of Kansas City (Fig. 4), in which area the Kansas River joins the Missouri. The prairies of eastern Kansas are relatively close by. The topographical locations and artifact inventories of these sites are practically identical.
A Report on Recent Archaeological Investigations in the Lagôa Santa Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Evans Clifford 
Published: April 2006

As a supplement to the recent review of H. V. Walter's book, The Prehistory of the Lagôa Santa Region, some additional information about the nature of his recent archaeological work is of interest. After the completion of our own year of archaeological field work in the Lower Amazon, three days were spent in the Lagôa Santa Region, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais with Mr. H. V. Walter studying his collections, and visiting and excavating with him some of the rock shelters and caves. Two sites, not mentioned in his report, are of such archaeological importance in the preceramic cultural history of South America that they should be brought to the attention of other archaeologists.By way of introduction, it should be stated that Mr. Walter, the British Vice-Consul in Belo Horizonte, is primarily interested in paleontological data, a quest which for fifteen years has led him to extensive exploration at his own cost in the caves in and around the Lagôa Santa region.
The Hogge Bridge Site and the Wylie Focus
Authors: Stephenson Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

The Lavon Dam and Reservoir, under construction by the Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, is one of the many projects throughout the country which will soon obliterate information relating to the prehistory of North America. This particular project is located on the East Fork of the Trinity River in Collin County, Texas, 21 miles northeast of Dallas. It was scheduled for completion in January, 1952.The Trinity River is one of several major rivers flowing in a southeasterly direction across the state of Texas. It heads in four branches north and northwest of the city of Dallas and flows into Galveston Bay and thence into the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 40 miles due east of the city of Houston. The East Fork (and its principal tributary, Pilot Grove Creek) is the easternmost of the headwater branches. It rises in Grayson County and enters the main stream in southwestern Kaufman County.
Unusual Georgia Petroglyph
Authors: Smith Margaret Perryman 
Published: April 2006

This petroglyph (Fig. 138) was found about ninety years ago in Douglas County, Ga., on a hill on the north banks of Sweetwater Creek, not far from where this creek empties into the Chattahoochee River.The petroglyph is quite different from any of the other known Georgia petroglyphs. The peculiar shape of the stone and the distinctive type of its markings make it one of the most interesting and rare examples of stone carvings in Georgia. The apparently purposely cut deep notch in the bottom of the stone is most puzzling and poses the problem of whether the stone might have been made to be placed upon a cross beam or a ridge pole.
Experiments in the Use of Atlatl Weights
Authors: Peets Orville H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEvidence is supplied that the weights often attached to atlatls do not add to the force of the dart. An experiment was made with a copy of the atlatl with stone weight from Baylor Rock Shelter and cast with and without the weight showed no significant difference. It is proposed that the purpose of the weights was to secure balance on the hand of the atlatl-dart combination. The superiority of the harpoon over the arrow in carrying a line is given as explanation of overlapping of relics of bow and atlatl along water courses.