bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gram‐Chromotrope: a New Technique that Enhances Detection of Microsporidial Spores in Clinical Samples
Authors: MOURA HERCULES , SILVA JORGE L. NUNES DA , SODRÉ FERNANDO C. , BRASIL PATRICIA , WALLMO KRISTY , WAHLQUIST SUSANNE , WALLACE SARA , CROPPO GIAN P. , VISVESVARA GOVINDA S. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYWe have developed a new staining procedure that combines the traditional Gram staining for bacteria and the Weber's chromotrope staining method, the standard technique for the detection of microsporidia spores in clinical Specimens. This “Gram‐chromotrope” staining technique enhances the staining characteristics of microsporidia spores and facilitates the easy detection and differentiation of spores from other microorganisms that are found in clinical specimens, especially stool samples. This new technique is fast, reliable, and simple to perform, and can be easily adapted for use in clinical laboratories.
Formation of the Giardia Cyst Wall: Studies on Extracellular Assembly Using Immunogold Labeling and High Resolution Field Emission SEM
Authors: ERLANDSEN STANLEY L. , MACECHKO PAUL T. , KEULEN HARRY VAN , JARROLL EDWARD L. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYEncystment of the intestinal protozoan, Giardia, is a key step in the life cycle that enables this parasite to be transmitted from host to host via either fecal oral, waterborne, or foodborne transmission. The process of encystment was studied by localizing cyst wall specific antigens with immunofluorescence for light microscopy and immunogold staining for field emission scanning electron microscopy. Chronological sampling of Giardia cultures stimulated with endogenous bile permitted identification of an intracellular and extracellular phase in cyst wall formation, a process which required a total of 14‐16 h. The intracellular phase lasted for 8‐10 h, while the extracellular phase, involved the appearance of cyst wall antigen on the trophozoite membrane, and the assembly of the filamentous layer, a process requiring an additional 4‐6 h for completion of mature cysts. The extracellular phase was initiated with the appearance of cyst wall antigen on small protrusions of the trophozoite membrane (‐15 nm), which became enlarged with time to caplike structures ranging up to 100 nm in diameter. Caplike structures involved with filament growth were detected over the entire surface of the trophozoite including the adhesive disc and flagella. Encysting cells rounded up, lost attachment to the substratum, and became enclosed in a layer of filaments. Late stages in encystment included a “tailed” cyst in which flagella were not fully retracted into the cyst. Clusters of cysts were seen in which filaments at the surface of one cyst were connected with the surface of adjacent cysts or the “tailed” processes of adjacent cysts, suggesting that the growth of cyst wall filaments may be at the terminal end. In conclusion, the process of encystment has been shown to consist of two morphologically different stages (intracellular and extracellular) which requires 16 h for completion. Further investigation of the extracellular stage with regard to assembly of the filamentous layer of the cyst wall may lead to innovative methods for interfering with production of an intact functional cyst wall, and thereby, regulation of viable Giardia cyst release from the host.
In Vitro Replication of Nosema algerae (Microsporidia), a Parasite of Anopheline Mosquitoes, in Human Cells above 36° C
Authors: TRAMMER THOMAS , CHIORALIA GABRIELA , MAIER WALTER A. , SEITZ HANNS M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTMicrosporidia form a large and ubiquitous group of obligately intracellular parasitic eukaryotes, increasingly recognized as pathogens in humans. Transmission of invertebrate microsporidia to mammals has been considered impossible because temperature seemed to be a limiting factor for development. Nosema algerae, a microsporidian of anopheline mosquitoes, was cultured in human muscle fibroblasts at temperatures of 31° C and 38° C. This is the first record of an invertebrate microsporidian developing in human cells at a temperature above 36° C. The ultrastructure of N. algerue growing in human muscle fibroblasts is similar to that of Bruchiola vesicularum, a microsporidian species previously described in the muscle of an AIDS patient.
Factors fromTrypanosoma cruziInteracting with AP‐1 Sequences
Authors: ESPINOSA JOAQUÍN , MARTINETTO HORACIO , PORTAL DANIEL , D'ANGELO MAXIMILIANO , TORRES HECTOR N. , FLAWIÁ MIRTHA M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTInteraction between factors fromTrypanosoma cruziextracts and AP‐1 sequences was studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Using a double‐stranded probe carrying the AP‐1 sequence from the SV40 promoter, three specific complexes designated A, B, and C were detected. Complexes A and C were formed when using single‐stranded probes. The relative amount of complex B, specific for double‐stranded DNA, increased as a function of probe length. Complexes were stabilized by cross‐linking with UVC irradiation and resolved on denaturing SDS‐PAGE. Complex A generated bands of 60‐ and 39 kDa; complex B produced two bands of 46‐ and 43 kDa; and complex C generated one band of 43 kDa. The AP‐I binding activity was much higher in purified nuclear preparations than in soluble fractions, and was detected in crude extracts from the three forms of the parasite. The binding signal, however, was much stronger in amastigote and trypomastigote than in the epimastigote forms. Specific binding was increased by oxidative stress. Antibodies raised against peptides corresponding to conserved domains of mammalian c‐Jun and c‐Fos detected bands of 40‐ and 60 kDa, respectively, in a nuclear epimastigote preparation.
Autogenous onlay bone grafts vs. alveolar distraction osteogenesis for the correction of vertically deficient edentulous ridges: a 2–4‐year prospective study on humans
Authors: Chiapasco Matteo , Zaniboni Marco , Rimondini Lia 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: The purposes of this study were to compare: (a) autogenous bone grafts (ABG) and distraction osteogenesis (DO) for their ability in correcting vertically deficient mandibular ridges and their capability in maintaining over time the vertical bone gain obtained before and after implant placement; and (b) the survival and success rates of implants placed in the reconstructed or distracted areas.Material and methods: In a 2‐year period (2001–2002), 17 patients presenting with vertically atrophied partially edentulous mandibles requiring implant‐supported prosthetic rehabilitation, were included in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Eight patients (group 1) were treated with ABG harvested from the mandibular ramus, while nine patients (group 2) were treated by means of DO. In group 1, patients received implants 4–5 months after the reconstructive procedure, while in group 2 implants were placed at the time of distraction device removal (approximately 3 months after the completion of distraction). A total of 19 endosseous implants were placed in group 1, and 21 implants were placed in group 2 patients. For both groups, after an additional 3–5‐month period, prosthetic rehabilitation was started.Results: Bone resorption before implant placement was significantly higher in group 1 (P=0.01), while no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups as far as survival and success rates of implants and peri‐implant bone resorption after the start of prosthetic loading were concerned.Conclusion: The results suggested that: (a) both techniques may effectively improve the deficit of vertically resorbed edentulous ridges; (b) survival and success rates of implants placed in the reconstructed/distracted areas are consistent with those of implants placed in native bone.
Electronic injury surveillance in Perth emergency departments: Validity of the data
Authors: Gillam Chris , Meuleners Lynn , Versluis Liz , Hendrie Delia , Sprivulis Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective:  To assess the validity of data collected by a new injury surveillance system in metropolitan public hospital ED in Western Australia.Methods:  A reference group of four experts used text descriptions recorded in the injury surveillance system to independently assign codes for intent and cause of injury for each case in the sample. These codes were then compared with the intent and cause codes which triage nurses had assigned to these cases. The level of agreement between these codes were assessed by means of descriptive statistics. Systematic coding errors were also identified and analysed.Results:  Of the 419 cases with adequate text descriptions, triage nurses agreed with the reference group of experts in 91.9% (intent) and 79.2% (cause) of cases. Falls accounted for 28.6% (n = 120) of cases and falls code agreement was 86.7%. Self‐harm accounted for 5.3% (n = 22) of cases and self‐harm code agreement was 77.3%. Systematic errors were detected in the coding of agent of injury, the underlying mechanism of injury and falls involving a mode of transport.Conclusions:  The new injury surveillance system can be successfully used in ED and provides a valid mechanism for monitoring injuries. Refinements to reduce systematic coding errors might improve the validity and quality of the data. A larger sample is needed to assess the validity of the self‐harm code.
Laboratory investigation into optimal temperature for plaster of Paris application
Authors: Conroy Sheree M , Ward David , Fraser John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: The present study aimed to determine the relationship between heat generated and time taken to reach maximum temperature when creating plaster of Paris casts, in relation to dipping water temperature and plaster slab thickness.Methods: The study was conducted in a laboratory setting. A standard procedure for dipping, draining, layering and covering plaster slabs was developed. A standard temperature measurement and data‐recording method was applied. Variables tested were dipping water temperature (25, 30, 40, 50°C) and plaster slab thickness (10‐ply and 15‐ply).Results: Mean maximum temperature varied between 31.9 and 41.7°C, and was proportional to dipping water temperature and plaster slab thickness. Mean time to maximum temperature varied between 1216 and 728 s, and was inversely proportional to dipping water temperature and directly proportional to plaster slab thickness. All means were significantly different (P = 0.01).Conclusion: Increasing dipping water temperature and number of layers of plaster when making plaster slabs significantly increases temperature of plaster setting. These data are important for an understanding of optimum conditions for safer cast application. The present study highlights the need for further research in this area.
Tryptophan Modulates Cell Viability, Phagocytosis and Oxidative Metabolism in Old Ringdoves
Authors: Paredes Sergio D. , Terrón María Pilar , Marchena Ana María , Barriga Carmen , Pariente José A. , Reiter Russel J. , Rodríguez Ana B. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract:   The decrease of melatonin with age contributes to immunosenescence. Its restoration via tryptophan may have immuno‐enhancing effects. Therefore, we determined the effect of tryptophan administration on circulating serotonin, melatonin, cell viability, phagocytic function and levels of free radical generation of blood heterophils from old ringdoves (Streptopelia risoria), aged 11–13 years. The animals received a single oral capsule of l‐tryptophan 1 hr after the onset of the light period. The tryptophan treatment significantly increased serum melatonin and serotonin levels, cell viability, phagocytosis index and phagocytosis percentage. Superoxide anion levels decreased significantly with respect to vehicle values, with the nocturnal reduction being greater than that which occurred during the light period. This suggests that orally administered tryptophan at the beginning of the day enhanced heterophil viability, phagocytic response and detoxification of superoxide anion radicals deriving from this immune function, as a result of the immunoregulatory action of melatonin and serotonin.
Association of Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism with Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Nacak Muradiye , Erbagci Zulal , Buyukafsar Kansu , Yurtsever Ahmet Sencer , Tiftik Rukiye Nalan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important role in the physiological control of blood pressure and inflammation. Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the gene for ACE was investigated in relation to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible association between allergic contact dermatitis and insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene. A total of 90 patients with allergic contact dermatitis and 160 control persons were enrolled in the present study. ACE I/D genotypes were determined by the polymerase chain reaction. Allelic frequencies and genotype distribution of the ACE I/D polymorphism in the patient group were significantly different from control group (ACE II genotype 30.0% versus 17.5%, P = 0.022; ACE I allele 51.7% versus 39.4%, P = 0.008). Our data suggest that the ACE polymorphism could be a risk factor for patients with allergic contact dermatitis.
SELECTIVE DEPOSITION OF α‐TOCOPHEROL IN LIPIDS OF FARMED BLUE MUSSELS (MYTILUS EDULIS)
Authors: SIGURGISLADOTTIR SJÖFN. , ACKMAN ROBERT G. , O'KEEFE SEAN F. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT.Alpha‐tocopherol was the only one among the four (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) tocopherols which could be detected in farmedMytilus edulis(blue mussels) sampled from Ship Harbour, Nova Scotia, in the summers of 1989 and 1990. The α‐tocopherol when determined as the content of mussel meat was found to vary somewhat with sampling time but was typically between 4 and 12 μg/g mussel meat. It was observed, on a meat basis, to decrease during the midsummer spawning period as triacylglycerol‐rich gametes were released. Thus for most of the year it was presumably at a higher level in the gonads than in the rest of the body, and higher in females than males. Lipid was in the range of 1–2% of mussel meat and α‐tocopherol proportion relative to lipid and highly unsaturated fatty acids is comparable to other fishery products and favourable in terms of current health concepts of benefits from highly unsaturated fatty acids of marine origin.
VOLATILE ANALYSIS OF OXIDIZED OILS BY A DIRECT SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION METHOD1
Authors: SNYDER JANET M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAnalytical supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been utilized to characterize the volatile content of oxidized vegetable oils. A major advantage of SFE is that the temperatures employed in the extraction reduce the probability of hydroperoxide decomposition. To test the SFE‐based method, canola, corn, soybean and sunflower oils were stored at 60C for 16 days in loosely capped bottles. The volatiles content of each oil was then desorbed by using supercritical CO2 for extraction directly onto a gas chromatographic column where they were subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Extraction conditions of 50C and 1500 psi were utilized for both the zero‐time oils and the oxidized oils to determine the change in concentration of the individual volatile compounds. Peroxide values (PV) were also determined for each oil and these ranged from 0.4 to 1.1 meq/kg for the zero‐time oils and from 52 to 82 meq/kg for the samples aged 16 days. These PV values all correlated well with the increase in concentration of several volatile compounds. Hexanal, the largest volatile peak found in the zero‐time oils, measured 0.4–0.6 ppm but increased to 52–366 ppm in the highly oxidized oils. Corn oil was the only oil that had measurable amounts of 2,4‐decadienal isomers at the initial sampling time. However, after storage, the decadienal isomers were found to be major volatile components in the total volatiles profile for all of the oils. The described SFE method proved to be a rapid and benign technique and very effective for determining the extent of oxidation in vegetable oils.
STORAGE STABILITY OF MICROENCAPSULATED SEAL BLUBBER OIL
Authors: WANASUNDARA UDAYA N. , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe oxidative stability of microencapsulated seal blubber oil (SBO) was compared with that of its unencapsulated counterpart. Wall materials tested were β‐cyclodextrin, maltodextrin and corn‐syrup solids. Aqueous dispersions containing the wall material, Tween‐80 as an emulsifier, and SBO were thoroughly mixed and then spray‐dried. The storage stability of the spray‐dried products at room temperature was determined by monitoring changes in their fatty acid composition, peroxide, conjugated diene and 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Among the wall materials tested, β‐cyclodextrin and to a lesser extent corn‐syrup solids were found to be suitable encapsulating agents for SBO, but maltodextrin was inadequate. The encapsulated oils may be easily handled and incorporated into food formulations.
REVIVAL OF INHIBITED IN VITRO LIPOLYSIS
Authors: ABDUL‐HAMID A. , FENNEMA O. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis study focused on the ability of supplemental reactants [emulsion (Em), bile salts (BS), calcium (Ca), lipase‐colipase (LC)] to increase (revive) the rate of lipolysis in samples that had been reacted to the point of significant inhibition. An in vitro method was used to monitor the rate of lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil. Inhibited control samples and samples containing chitosan were successfully revived only by the addition of Em. Inhibited samples containing red wheat bran were revived only by the addition of Em or BS and these reactants were equally effective. Inhibited samples containing extracts of either chitin or oat bran, were revived to the greatest extent by Em and moderately by BS. For all samples, it was concluded that interfacial congestion was an important cause of lipolysis inhibition.
ENZYMATIC MODIFICATION OF BORAGE OIL: INCORPORATION OF EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID
Authors: AKOH CASIMIR C. , SISTA RAMANI V. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTBorage oil (Borago officinalis L.) fatty acid composition was modified to incorporate eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), with an immobilized nonspecific SP435 lipase from Candida antarctica as biocatalyst. Transesterification, between borage oil and EPA ethyl ester (EEPA) was carried out in hexane. Incorporation increased with increasing concentration of EEPA. An enzyme concentration of 20% gave 31% EPA incorporation into borage oil. As the incubation time increased, EPA incorporation was also increased up to 36 h.
PHENOL COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN SELECTED LIQUID SMOKES
Authors: SCHWANKE SUEANN K. , IKINS WILLIAM G. , BREWER M. SUSAN 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTLiquid smokes including mesquite, hardwood blend, hickory (aqueous), and hickory‐oil (oil‐based) were subjected to direct ether extraction; phenolic components were separated and identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A solution containing 1,250 μg/ml each of phenol, isoeugenol, o‐cresol, m‐cresol, 4‐allylsyringol, catechol, 4‐methylcatechol, 2,6‐dimethoxy‐phenol, 2‐methoxyphenol, 4‐ethylphenol, and 2,3‐dimethylphenol was injected directly or ether extracted prior to GC/MS separation for quantification of phenols in smokes and for recovery calculations. Phenol, guaiacol, syringol, and catechol in ether and ether extracted from oil were used as standards for oil‐based smoke. The total amount of phenols in the smokes was similar but the proportions of individual phenols differed. Hickory smoke contained more syringol and its derivatives (4‐allysyringol and 4‐methylsyringol) than mesquite; mesquite contained more phenol, o‐cresol, catechol and 4‐methylcatechol than hickory.
OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF FRESH AND HEAT‐PROCESSED DARK AND LIGHT MUSCLES OF MACKEREL (Scomber scombrus)
Authors: SHAHIDI FEREIDOON , SPURVEY SHARON A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTOxidative stability of light and dark comminuted muscle of raw and thermally processed mackerel stored at 4C was studied over a 21 day period by monitoring changes in conjugated dienes (CD) and 2‐thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values. The quantity of headspace (HS) volatiles, propanal, and hexanal as well as the ratio of aliphatic to olefinic (Rao) or diallylmethylene (Rad) protons in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 NMR) spectra of oils were determined. The content of CD of light and dark ground mackerel muscle samples exhibited a consistent increase over the entire storage period. Furthermore, secondary oxidation products as reflected in the TBA values and content of propanal, hexanal and HS gases, generally, showed a gradual increase in their level. The concentration of propanal, the dominant volatile of the HS gases, increased markedly up to day 6 of storage, but afterwards began to decline continuously. A similar trend was noted for hexanal, but at a lesser extent. The Rao and Rad values in the 1H NMR spectra of lipids from all stored samples increased constantly during storage. In all samples, the dark ground muscle exhibited a higher degree of oxidation than its light counterpart. Furthermore, heat‐processed dark comminuted muscle oxidized faster than its raw counterpart while generally an opposite trend was observed for the light ground muscle.
POTENTIAL FOR EXAGGERATION OF PCB CONTENTS OF PACKAGED FISH BY PHTHALATES FROM THE WRAPPING MATERIAL OR SOLVENTS
Authors: ACKMAN R. G. , MACPHERSON E. J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA convenient method for recovering PCBsfrom lipids is to digest the matrix in concentrated H2SO4 and recover the unaffected PCBs into hexane for determination by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. In a recent fish analysis case the peaks for these PCBs were accompanied by a large component identified as di‐ (2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, shown to have migrated into fish lipidfrom a heavy plastic wrap, and only partly destroyed by the H2SO4. The di‐n‐butyl and di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalates bracket the major Aroclor peak region of chromatograms on a methyl silicone GC column and possibly a di‐n‐hexyl phthalate ester would very likely be superimposed directly on the PCBs. In the course of this work it was found that commercially available hexanes of presumed high quality contained the same di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate plasticizer in proportions high enough to be of concern in such analyses.
FATE OF THE SYNERGISTIC ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM ASCORBIC ACID, LECITHIN, AND TOCOPHEROL IN MAYONNAISE: PARTITION OF ASCORBIC ACID
Authors: MEYER ANNE S. , JACOBSEN CHARLOTTE 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe distribution of ascorbic acid between the lipid and aqueous phase was investigated in mayonnaises enriched with fish oil containing a synergistic antioxidant mixture of ascorbic acid, lecithin and γ‐tocopherol, i.e., the A/L/T system (Löliger and Saucy 1989). The ascorbic acid was found to be located in the aqueous phase indicating that the A/L/T system broke down in mayonnaises. Based on the hypothesis that synergistic antioxidant action between ascorbic acid, lecithin and tocopherol requires that the three components are in close assembly, the results offer an explanation as to why the A/L/T system does not function antioxidatively in mayonnaises.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND TOCOPHEROL CONTENT OF AMAZONIAN PALM OILS
Authors: SHUKLA VIJAI K.S. , JENSEN OLE HOLM 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe characteristics of oils recovered from seeds of Astrocaryum chambira and A. urostachys have been evaluated. The gas chromatographic analyses showed that lauric and myristic acids are predominant fatty acids accounting for 50.8–52.3 and 26.2–28.1% of the total, respectively; thus, resembling closely to palm kernel stearines. Tocotrienols were the major antioxidants present in both Astrocaryum chambira and A. urostachys Kernel oils. Application of these oils in the confectionery industry without use of any fractionation techniques is recommended.