bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Fiber Orientation and Length in Fiber Assemblies
Authors: Komori Takashi , Marishima Kunio 
Published: March 2007

General formulas are derived for the estimation of fiber orientation and distribution in fiber assemblies whose constituent fibers are arbitrarily crimped. It is found that the density function of orientation can be estimated by solving an integral equation which relates it to the average numbers of fiber cross sections formed on the unit areas of randomly positioned and variously-oriented secant planes. The formula is: ν(Θ, Φ) = L ∫π0 dθ ∫π 0 dϕ.1(θ, ϕ; Θ, Φ)Ω(θ. ϕ) sin θ , where L is the total length of the fibers in a unit volume, Ω(θ, ϕ) sin θ is the density function of fiber orientation, ν Θ, Φ is the areal density of the number of intersections formed by a secant plane with an orientation of (Θ, Φ), and 1 θ, ϕ; Θ,Φ is defined as | sin θ sin Θ cos(ϕ - Φ) + cosθ cos Φ. It is shown also that the total fiber length can be calculated by two methods.
Changing Woman: Postcolonial Reflections On Acts 16.6-40
Authors: Staley Jeffrey L. 
Published: March 2007

Most contemporary interpreters of Acts 16.6-40 describe Paul's journey in Mace donia as a 'missionary journey to Europe'. This essay challenges that designation, arguing that it is a colonialist geographic identification with no actual textual basis, and one that has helped foster the ideology of modern colonialist missionary movements. Nevertheless, the essay goes on to note that there is solid textual evi dence for arguing Acts 16.6-40 does indeed mark a change in Paul's missionary activity, one that is now more explicitly in conflict with Roman colonial power. After identifying the evidence for this, the essay takes a cue from Musa Dube Shomanah's 1997 Vanderbilt dissertation and argues that Lydia and the pythonic slave girl function as 'border women' whose presence evokes a colonialist 'land- possession type-scene' similar to those related with Rahab (Josh. 2), the Syro Phoenician woman (Mk 7), and the Samaritan woman (Jn 4). The struggle for the ideological possession of the land and women reminds the author of the border woman from his own childhood on the Navajo Indian Reserva tion in Arizona, and two novels that deal with Navajo and pueblo Native American border women (Laughing Boy, by Oliver La Farge, and Ceremony, by Leslie Mar mon Silko). While the Navajo border woman in the first novel reflects a similar ideology as Acts 16.6-40, despite the author's intention; the latter novel offers an insightful postcolonial appropriation of mythic border women which can revitalize the biblical metaphor and deconstruct its colonialist ideology.
The Diabetes Assertiveness Test
Authors: Gross Alan M. , Johnson William G. 
Published: March 2007

A number of investigators have suggested that preadolescent insulin-dependent diabetics have a higher level of psychological adjustment problems than their non-diabetic peers. In this paper: 1. Social coping skill deficits are presented as a possible explanation for this phenomenon. 2. The development of a social coping skill tool, the Diabetes Assertiveness Test, is discussed. 3. Preliminary data suggesting social coping skills training as an adjunct to medical treatment is presented. 4. Lastly, the implications that social skills training raise in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes are discussed.
Readability and prestige in scientific journals
Authors: Hartley J. , Trueman M. , Meadows A.J. 
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews studies that have been made of relation ships between a journal's readability and its prestige. After discussing the concepts of readability and prestige, and how they might be measured, the authors review ten experimental studies (i) which have mampulated the textual difficulty of extracts from journal articles and examined their prestige ratings, or (ii) which have calculated correlation coefficients between readability measures of journal articles and the journals' pre stige rankings. It is concluded that, in the main, there is little evidence to support the notion held by some that prestige is inversely related to reading difficulty. In practical terms it has not been found easy to measure satisfactorily either prestige or readabil ity. It is concluded, nonetheless, that reliable methods of assessing the difficulty of journal articles could have useful applications.
'Engineering Humour': Masculinity, Joking and Conflict in Shop-floor Relations
Authors: Collinson David L. 
Published: March 2007

The focus of this paper is on the organizational significance of shop-floor humour and in particular its relationship to gender identity and working-class resistance. A brief review of the literature on organizational humour is followed by a more detailed examination of the illuminating analysis by Willis of school/shop-floor counter-culture. Although his research provides a strong basis for the case study presented below, it is criticized for a tendency to romanticize working-class culture, humour and informal opposition. In contrast, by means of an empirical analysis of joking forms in the components division of a lorry producing factory, the paper then explores not only the collective elements, but also the internal divisions and contradictions that characterize shop-floor relations. By critically questioning the workers' manifest search to secure a highly masculine sense of identity, the paper is able to highlight a 'darker side' of shop-floor culture, which underpins and ultimately undermines the creative humour and collectivity found in the factory.
Centralization or Formalization? Indifference Curves for Strategies of Control
Authors: Zeffane Rachid M. 
Published: March 2007

Drawing on previous research on patterns of organization structures, this paper examines the question of strategic structural choice between centralized and formalized means of control. An alternative approach in conceiving and operationalizing the problem of choice is suggested. This uses the 'Indifference Curves' postulate as put forward in neo-classical economic theory. An operational model featuring 'trade-offs' between centralized and formalized control is proposed. The conclusions are that the framework based on the notion of 'indifference' provides reasonable theoretical strength in portraying and explaining trade-offs in structural choices. Theoretically infinite trade-offs in choices between means of control find limits in the purposive search for equilibrium (optimum choice), for example in matching the amount/type of structuring with constraints such as size.
Informal Collaboration in R & D. The formation of Networks Across Organizations
Authors: Kreiner Kristian , Schultz Majken 
Published: March 2007

A barter economy is operated by the Danish biotech community. This barter economy is significant as an 'interactional infra-structure' for the emergence and discovery of collaborative R&D venues. Norms of liberally sharing information on the frontier of research greatly enhance the efficiency of the network forma tion process. Our study documents the whole process of informally forming collaborative relations amongst companies and universities in biotech R&D. A model is developed which serves as an interpretive scheme for case studies. The patterns of collaboration depicted in this paper appear to be anarchistic and random, but we argue that these traits are somewhat 'domesticated' by com munity norms. Furthermore, in spite of its strategic importance, networking appears to be totally out of managerial purview and control. However, we suggest that these collaborative relations may in certain, often paradoxical, ways be channelled and conditioned by managerial fiat.
The Exhaustion of Left and Right: Perspectives on the Political Participation of the Disadvantaged
Authors: Rosenau Pauline M. , Paehlke Robert 
Published: March 2007

While it is often assumed that those of a left political conviction favor the increased political participation of the disadvantaged and those of a more conservative bent oppose it, examination of the views of five ideologically defined intellectual tendencies raises doubts about this conclusion. Political orientations of a left-right character are not consistently linked to issue positions on this question. In general, Liberals call for measures to increase the participation of the disadvantaged and Conservatives warn against such action. But New Right Conservatives, surprisingly, also seek to mobilize the disadvantaged, and generally favor their participation. Western Marxists often argue that the disadvantaged must actively participate in the struggle for social change while the Marxist-Leninists contend that to attribute such an active role to the disadvantaged could seriously threaten the entire socialist-communist project. Fundamental values, in the form of philosophical assumptions about human nature are hypothesized to be as helpful as political ideology of a left-right character in understanding views on the participation of the disadvantaged. Western Marxists and Liberals are both optimistic about human nature and they favor participation of these groups while Conservatives and Marxist-Leninists are pessimistic about humankind and discourage it. The New Right characterizations of human nature are contradictory and their enthusiasm for the political participation of the disadvantaged can be interpreted as either a deeply held emotional commitment, or merely one element in a calculated electoral strategy.
Spectator Violence in Sport: a Selected Review
Authors: Case Robert W. , Boucher Robert L. 
Published: March 2007

The incidence of spectator violence at sporting events appears to be increasing at an alarming rate in present-day society. Research specifically dealing with crowd violence has also increased concomitantly. This article selectively reviews spectator violence research in an effort to articulate past and present trends. Traditionally, sport psychologists have attempted to study spectator violence by focusing on the aggression levels of individual fans. In turn, sport sociologists have used collective behavior theories in their attempts to identify possible determinants of crowd violence. It seems incumbent upon the researchers of future studies in this area to look to hypothetical questions that encompass both schools of thought. The need for an understanding of spectator violence in sport environments is real. During the past few years, several tragedies related to sport spectator violence have been reported. If similar incidents are to be avoided, the phenomenon of spectator violence must be carefully studied from both psychological and sociological perspectives.
Universalism against contextual thinking in multicultural music education – Western colonialism or pluralism?
Authors: Westerlund Heidi 
Published: March 2007

Hellenic-Cartesian-Kantian thinking is omnipresent in Western and European culture. This paradigm is culturally lived and experienced in music education as well. Could African thinking in its implicit cultural constructions recall for Westerners their long forgotten ontology? Could African music form a backdrop for the amnesis of Western music teachers and researchers? What are the concrete structures and practices which constitute knowing and understanding on the basis of sound? For Africans, music signifies social sharing and attendance in the most forceful ways. Is it possible for a Western music educator to gain the experience and insight of the modes of meaning which constitute traditional African music? Models which are based on the typical Western dichotomy between subject and object and between body and mind or which represent atomistic methodological individualism, should be abandoned when African music is included in education and research.
Reviews : Pharmacotherapy of adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: challenges, choices and caveats
Authors: Garland E. Jane 
Published: March 2007

A recent increase in stimulant treatment of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been documented. Challenges in treating adolescent ADHD with methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine include compliance with frequent dosing, abuse potential and wear-off or rebound effects. Co-morbid anxiety, occurring in at least 30 percent of ADHD youths, is associated with lower rate of response to stimulants. The effective alternatives, tricyclic antidepressants or pemoline, are each associated with rare but serious toxicity. Bupropion has recently proven effective in controlled trials. Other noradrenergic or dopamine-enhancing agents such as venlafaxine and nicotine show some benefit in open trials. The need for more options in pharmacotherapy of ADHD is evidenced by rapid adoption in clinical practice of alternative and adjunctive medication despite lack of controlled research on efficacy and safety. The indications for long-term stimulant treatment of ADHD present some controversy, and highlight a need for more research on safety and efficacy through the lifespan. Thresholds for diagnosis are much lower with DSM than with ICD, and thresholds for treatment are contentious, given the performance-enhancing effects of stimulants in normal students. The endpoint for treatment is unclear, as stimulants are also effective in adult ADHD. Based on short- and intermediate-term studies to date, stimulant medication is clearly more efficacious than cognitive and behavioral strategies for the symptoms of ADHD. Longer term research is needed to determine whether sustained stimulant therapy will reduce the adverse emotional, behavioral and academic consequences of inattention and impulsivity in adolescents and adults.
Langage poétique, poétique du langage
Authors: Genette Gérard 
Published: March 2007

L'approche de divers systèmes signifiants à l'aide d'un modèle sémio tique élaboré, en principe, à partir du langage déllotatif de la communica tion, pose le problème de la formalisation de certains aspects des systèmes signifiants qui ne correspondent pas aux structures saisissables par le modèle linguistique usuel. C'est à ce stade de la recherche que la sémiologie, suivant la démarche de la philosophie la plus traditionnelle, introduit la distinction norme-anomalie, en considérant comme déviatoire tout ce qui échappe aux grilles de la linguistique dénotative. Or, le concept d'anomalie, s'il insiste clairement sur la différence entre une certaine structure signifiante et une autre considérée comme " normale ", présente plusieurs désavantages que la pratique quotidienne des sémiologues ne cesse de dénoncer. Ainsi, la distinction norme-anomalie permet difficile ment une description non-réductrice des structures dites " déviatoires ". D'autre part, cette distinction pose le problème des critères qui fonderaient une structure comme normale et une autre comme déviatoire ( donc le problème du point de départ et de l'orientation de la recherche même). A cette discussion, dont l'importance est capitale pour la constitution d'une sémiologie générale, et pour toute science sociale, les recherches sur les systèmes signifiaiits dits " artistiques " ( la littérature, la peinture, le ciné ma, etc.) peuvent apporter beaucoup. Il s'agit en effet, dans ces systèmes signi fiants, d'un langage dit " poétique " dont les structures échappent d'emblée à celles du langage considéré comme principalement dénotatif et sur lequel le modèle sémiologique est généralement construit. De sorte que, dans l'étude du langage poétique, le problème norme-anomalie est posé, pour ainsi dire, à son niveau de base : au niveau de la matière linguistique elle-même, là où se différencient dans le tissu même du langage, la " norme " et " l'anomalie ". Vu plus généralement, le problème est le suivant : Est-ce qu'un modèle sémiotique général, englobant tous les systèmes signifiants, est possible ? Un modèle dont les différents niveaux, correspondant aux différents systèmes sémiotiques, peuvent s'intégrer dans une totalité axio matisable, sans s'exclure comme " anonialies" l'un par rapport à l'autre ? Si oui, à partir de la formalisation de quel corpus linguistique ce modèle général est-il possible ? Et comment intégrer dans ce modèle sémiotique général, les particu larités considérées aujourd'hui comme déviatoires? Le texte de Gérard Genette ouvre un débat que les efforts de sémiolo gues — logiciens, mathématiciens, psycholinguistes, sociologues, etc. — devraient alimenter. (Note de la Rédaction.)
Dry Testing of Water Spray Systems
Authors: Lev Y. , Strachan D.C. 
Published: March 2007

Fire protection water spray systems are prone to blockages which can make them less effective in a fire situation. Testing these systems with water is unpopular with operators since it can cause major interference with plant operations. A number of candidate dry test methods have been considered in the present study. Following these considerations and a demonstration of the use of a mist-based system, it was decided to develop this method further. The principal objectives of the present study have been to optimise the performance of such a system and to produce design data which will facilitate the develop ment of equipment for a wide range of pipe networks including Halon fire ex tinguishing systems. The work included mathematical modelling of mist losses during pipe flow confirmed by laboratory tests. An investigation of the effect of partial blockage on mist emission and the determination of minimum mist density to ensure acceptable visibility was also carried out.
Ignition Propensity Testing at Different O2 Concentrations
Authors: Wu E-Chung , Ihrig Arthur M. , Norman Vello 
Published: March 2007

Ignition propensity of cigarettes on soft furnishings is a function of oxygen availability. Oxygen availability, in turn, depends on air movement, and substrate permeability and geometry. Experiments are described where oxygen concentrations over a range from 14 to 36% were used to control oxygen availability and thereby simulate the effects of the other above named parame ters. The experiments were carried out with two cigarettes (high and low tobacco density and paper permeability), two fabrics (Denim and California Standard, both treated with a range of levels of potassium acetate to obtain an array of different ignitabilities), and two configurations (Flat and L). Each cigarette was characterized in terms of an Ignition Oxygen Level (IOL) (minimum O2 concentration required for ignition) and an Extinction Oxygen Level (EOL) (maximum O 2 concentration below which the cigarettes self- extinguish). The IOL is a function of fabric ignitability, and the EOL is a func tion of fabric permeability. When the results are plotted on a grid of Fabric Ig nitability (FI) versus Oxygen Availability (OA) three domains result: (1) combinations of FI and OA where ignitions take place, (2) combinations of FI and OA where the cigarette self-extinguishes, and (3) combinations of FI and OA where the cigarette burns its whole length without causing an ignition. The experiments demonstrated that when cigarettes are ranked according to ignition propensity, the rankings can reverse depending on test conditions. Thus, of the two test cigarettes, the high density/paper permeability cigarette was more ignition-prone under conditions of limited oxygen availability, whereas the low density/paper permeability cigarette became more ignition- prone as oxygen availability increased.
Corrosivity Test Methods for Polymeric Materials. Part 3- Modified DIN Test Method
Authors: Bennett James G. , Kessel Stephen L. , Rogers Charles E. 
Published: March 2007

This is the third in a series of papers to investigate corrosivity test methods published by the Polyolefins Fire Performance Council, an operating unit of The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. In the first paper, 24 polymeric materials were evaluated for smoke corrosivity following the "Stan dard Test Method for Measuring the Corrosive Effect of Smoke from the Burn ing or Decomposition of Materials and Products" proposed by ASTM E05.21.70 which uses a radiant combustion/exposure apparatus. The second paper dis cussed the evaluation of the same 24 materials using the CNET corrosion test method "Plastics-Smoke Generation-Determination of the Corrosivity of Fire Effluents (Static Method)" under consideration by ISO TC61/SC4/WG2 and IEC TC89/WG3 and compared the CNET combustion results with the ASTM E05.21.70 results. In this paper, the 24 polymeric materials were evaluated us ing a modified "Testing of Cables, Wires and Flexible Cords; Corrosivity of Combustion Gases DIN 57 472 Part 813 Standard" acid gas test method and the results are compared to the previous ASTM E05.21.70 and CNET results. These commercially available polymeric materials cover a broad range of com positions used for wire and cable insulation and jacketing. The samples were decomposed in a modified DIN apparatus under dynamic conditions and the combustion gases were absorbed in a water trap where the pH and the conductivity were measured. The DIN apparatus was modified by the addition of gas dispersion frits for improved absorption of the combustion gases in the aqueous solution. The acid content of the aqueous solutions was determined using a silver nitrate/ammonium thiocyanate Volhard titration. The data demonstrate that the modified DIN test method using these indirect determinations of corrosive potential does differentiate polymeric materials, ranking them in a similar order to the ASTM E05.21.70 test method. Little cor relation with the CNET % Corrosivity Factor "COR" was found. Reasons for these differences are discussed. To complete the review of corrosion test methods, studies are under way to evaluate these same 24 materials with the "Fire Response Standard for Deter mining the Corrosive Effect of Combustion Products Using a Cone Corro simeter" proposed by ASTM D09.21.04.
Breastfeeding Problems Associated with the Early Introduction of Bottles and Pacifiers
Authors: Newman Jack 
Published: March 2007

Breastfeeding is a natural physiologic process upon which human survival has depended for uncounted generations. Natural selection over millions of years has ensured that breastmilk contains all the nutritional requirements of the newborn period and beyond. In order to prevent problems for the few, modern management of labour, delivery and the postpartum period has subjected most mothers and infants to routines which are contrary to the physiologic principles underlying successful breastfeeding. The early introduction of bottles may render suckling less effective or may result in breast refusal, thus paving the way for failure to thrive, hyperbilirubinemia, "colic" and crying, prolonged and frequent feedings, sore and cracked nipples for the mother, and it may contribute to the onset of plugged ducts and mastitis. Alternatives to bottles can be used when supplementation is thought to be indicated. They include using a lactation aid, finger feeding, or feeding with a cup, spoon, or eyedropper.
Effects of Storage, Time, Temperature, and Composition of Containers on Biologic Components of Human Milk
Authors: Williamson Manita T. , Murti Prema K. 
Published: March 2007

Effects of steel and glass storage containers, duration of storage up to seven hours, and storage temperature on the concentration of humoral and cellular fac tors in 357 samples of human breastmilk were examined. Leukocytic functions were estimated by E-rosetting of sheep RBCs by T-lymphocytes and phagocytosis of S. cere visieae by phagocytes. Immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were studied by single radial immu nodiffusion technique (SRID). Viability and cell counts reduced during the storage period, but were greater than 60 percent of baseline values. IgG, IgA, and IgM levels in milk did not show significant decline after storage (p>0.01). Milk stored in glass yielded a greater number of func tional cells after storage at 4°C. JHL12:31-35, 1996.