bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research in Australian Geography: reflections from the pages of Australian Geographical Studies
Authors: GALLOWAY ROBERT W. , YOUNG ELSPETH A. 
Published: March 2008

The IGU Sydney Conference made 1988 a memorable year for Australian geographers. It provided us with unique opportunities to meet old friends and colleagues and to forge contacts with new acquaintances; and, through our involvement in the huge range of activities associated with the meeting, it involved many of us in a global network of geographers, the benefits of which we continue to reap. Our 1988 visitors, primarily from the northern hemisphere, also benefited. Through publications, seminars and excursions Australian geography and Australian geographers came to the attention of their overseas counterparts with new intensity.During the period from 1988 our experiences as editors of Australian Geographical Studies have suggested that this momentum has been maintained. Australian geographers continue to make a highly significant contribution to scholarly debates in all major contemporary research areas. However what are these areas? Are they static or changing? And what can Australian Geographical Studies tell us not only about these trends but also about what they might mean for future interests of Australian geographers?In presenting a summary of the journal's activities and offerings over the last three and a half years we consider these questions in two different ways. First we present an analysis of the topics which honours and post‐graduate geography students have been studying for their theses over the last decade. These are taken from the biennial geography thesis lists which David Wadley and his collaborators have painstakingly compiled for the journal throughout this period. Secondly we look at the manuscripts submitted to us during our period as editors.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENTS
Authors: JAY L. S. , HIRSCH G. P. 
Published: March 2008

Comparative Analysis of SettlementsSummaryThe aim of this paper is to describe the development of an analytica technique for use in the study of individual settlements and contiguous areas. Two examples are given of an analysis of a single factor: “retail sales per head of population” and “social structure of occupied population”, and two examples of an analysis of functional relationships, namely: “delineation of retail service areas” and “elucidation of regional characteristics”. Data for the exercise were taken from official British census publications and were obtained from a house to house survey in the county of East Sussex.Analyse Comparative De L'habitat et des Structures ÉcologiquesRésuméCe rapport a pour but la mise au point d'une technique d'étude des villages et des structures écologiques de la région. Deux exemples d'analyse d'un facteur simple sont donnés: »ventes au détail par tête d'habitant« et »structure sociale de la population active«, et deux exemples d'analyse de relations fonctionnelles »délimitation de zones de distribution au détail« et »détermination des caractéristiques régionales«. Les matériaux ont été extraits des publications du recensement Britannique officiel et obtenus à la suite d'une enquête par foyers dans le comté de «l'East Sussex«.Vergleichende Analyse Von WohnortenZusammenfassungZiel der Arbeit ist, die Entwicklung eines analyhschen Verfahrens zum Studium einselner Wohnorte und ihrer Nachbargebiete aufzuzeigen. Zwei Beispiele für die Analyse von Einzelfaktoren werden gegeben: «Kleinhandelsumsätze pro Kopf der Bevölkerung“ und «Sozialstruktur der Beschäftigen”, sowie zwei Beispiele für die Analyse funktionaler Abhängigkeiten, nämlich: «Die Beschreibung von Kundenbezirken des Kleinhandels“ und «Auffindung regionaler Eigenarten”. Die Arbeit basiert auf veröffentlichtem Material des offiziellen britischen Zensus und auf einer Totalerhebung in der Grafschaft von East‐Sussex.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND ADVICE AVAILABLE TO UNITED KINGDOM FARMERS: DESCRIPTION AND APPRAISAL
Authors: JONES GWYN E. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySOURCES OF INFORMATION AND ADVICE AVAILABLE TO UNITED KINGDOM FARMERS: DESCRIPTION AND APPRAISALPrior to 1939 the advisory services available to United Kingdom farmers, which were State‐aided, were closely associated with local and regional centres of agricultural education. After the war, a National Agricultural Advisory Service, as a branch of the Ministry of Agriculture, was established in England and Wales, while in Scotland and Northern Ireland the pre‐war system was continued. In addition various mass media, commercial and private sources of information and advice operate. Despite the emphasis and financial resources given to agricultural advisory work relatively little is known of the extent to which they are used, or of their effectiveness as change‐agents. Some data are presented, drawn from surveys in Mid‐Wales and the East Midlands of England. These suggest that the use of specific advisory agencies varies for different kinds of farming innovations, depending upon farmer's experience, and that a high level of information‐seeking is a particular trait, peculiar to some farmers only.ZusammenfassungDIE LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHEN INFORMATIONS‐ UND BERATUNGSQUELLEN IM VEREINIGTEN KÖNIGREICH: BESCHREIBUNG UND WURDIGUNGVor 1939 waren die den Landwirten des Vereinigten Königreichs zugänglichen Beratungsdienste, soweit sie vom Staat getragen wurden, eng mit den örtlichen und regionalen landwirtschaftlichen Ausbil‐dungszentren verbunden. Nach dem Krieg wurde für England und Wales ein Nationaler Landwirtschaftlicher Beratungsdienst als Zweig des Landwirtschaftsministeriums eingerichtet, während Schottland und Nord‐Irland das Vorkriegssystem beibehielten.Neben den staatlichen Beratungsinstitutionen stehen den Farmern zahlreiche Massenmedien, kommerzielle und private Beratungs‐ und Informationseinrichtungen zur Verfügung. Trotz des Nachdrucks und der finanziellen Unterstützung, die der landwirtschaftlichen Beratungsarbeit zuteil werden, ist relativ wenig über deren Resonanz und Wirksamkeit bekannt. Die Studie gibt hierzu einige Daten aus Erhebungen in Mid‐Wales und in den Eastmidlands von England. Diese lassen erkennen, daß die Inanspruchnahme der verschiedenen Beratungseinrichtungen und ‐mittel mit der Art des jeweiligen Beratungsanliegens variiert und hierbei weitgehend von der Erfah‐rung der Farmer abhängt. Ein besonders stark ausgeprägtes Infor‐mationsbediirfnis konnte nur bei relativ wenigen Farmern festgestellt werden.
RURAL SETTLEMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN
Authors: BRACEY HOWARD E. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryRURAL SETTLEMENT IN GREAT BRITAINIn this paper the evolution of rural settlement in Great Britain is examined with special regard to the effect of the increased mobility created by motor transport. The subject is divided in three parts: the first concerns the distribution or situation of settlements, the second the actual structure and form of villages and the third the village community.ZusammenfassungLÄNDLICHE SIEDLUNG IN G ROß‐5‐B R IT ANN IENDer Beitrag gibt einen Überblick iiber die Entwicklung der ländlichen Siedlung in Groß‐Britannien. Hierbei wird den Auswirkungen der durch die Motorisierung gesteigerten Mobilität besondere Aufmerk‐samkeit gewidmet. Das Thema ist in drei Abschnitte gegliedert: Im ersten Abschnitt befaßt sich der Autor mit der regionalen Ver‐teilung bzw. Lage der Siedlungen, im zweiten mit der gegenwärtigen Struktur und Form der Dorfer. Im dritten Abschnitt wird die Dorfge‐meinde behandelt.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ‘OTHER FARMERS’
Authors: SHEPPARD D. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryTHE IMPORTANCE OF ‘OTHER FARMERS’When statements are made that farmers influence each other, the basis for this is usually subjective rather than objective, such as a farmer's report on what influenced, or informed, him. Two mechanisms may be involved: farmers may talk to each other, or each may keep an eye on what his neighbours are doing. Some objective checks on this showed that farmers in Great Britain do not, to any great extent, pass on information by talking, and are often not well aware of what most other farmers are doing in their district. However they may have considerable knowledge of what particular farmers, for example leaders, are doing.ZusammenfassungDIE BEDEUTUNG ‘ANDERER LANDWIRTl’Wenn die Feststellung gemacht wird, daB die Landwirte sich gegen‐seitig beeinflussen, so ist die Basis dafür gewöhnlich mehr subjektiv als objektiv, ebenso wie der Bericht eines Landwirtes darüber, was ihn beeinflußt oder unterrichtet hat. Zwei Mechanismen können dabei eine Rolle spielen: Die Landwirte können miteinander sprechen oder jeder mag darauf sehen, was seine Nachbarn tun. Einige objektive Feststellungen darüber zeigten, daß die Landwirte in Großbritannien nur in geringem Maße Informationen gesprächsweise austauschen und daß sie oft nicht besonders gut wissen, was die meisten der ande‐ren Landwirte in ihrem Bezirk tun. Auf der anderen Seite besteht oft eine beträchtliche Kenntnis darüber, was besondere Landwirte, z. B. ‘leaders’, tun.
SOZIALE WERTE UND SOZIALER WANDEL IN DER LANDLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT
Authors: LUPRI EUGEN 
Published: March 2008

SummarySOCIAL VALUES AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN RURAL SOCIETYSocial values as integrating elements of a social system shape forms of human relations. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the various influences of the urbanisation‐processes on farmers' traditio‐nalistic attitudes and attachment to the soil. The concept of ‘social value’ serves as a tool for analysis. It is empirically established that this traditionalistic attachment to the soil is subject to change and makes way for a more positivistic orientation to the land. With increasing urbanisation the land loses its social significance. As a means for production it takes on an instrumental character. The analysis is based on data acquired by participant observation, supported by interviews using a standardised questionnaire in two rural villages in Hesse.ZusammenfassungSOZIALE WERTE UND SOZIALER WANDEL IN DER LANDLICHEN GESELLSCHAFTSoziale Werte als integrierende Elemente eines Sozialsystems pragen menschliche Verhaltensformen. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, die mannigfaltigen Auswirkungen des Urbanisierungsprozesses auf die traditionale Einstellung und Verbundenheit der Bauern zu ihrem Land aufzuzeigen. Die Begriffskategorie ‘sozialer Wert’ dient als analytisches Werkzeug. Es wird der empirische Nachweis erbracht, dass die traditionale Landverbundenheit dem Wandel unterworfen ist und einer von einem positivistischen Geist durchdrungenen Orien‐tierung zum Boden Platz macht. Mit zunehmender Urbanisierung ver‐liert der Boden seine soziale Bedeutung. Als Produktionsmittel hat er instrumentalen Charakter angenommen. Die Analyse basiert auf Da‐ten, die durch teilnehmende Beobachtung und einer sich anschliessen‐den Befragung in zwei hessischen Bauerndörfern an Hand eines stan‐dardisierten Fragebogens ermittelt wurden.
PROBLEMES PSYCHOSOCIOLOGIQUES DE LA PEDAGOGIE RURALE
Authors: BRETONÈS GUY‐JOSÉ 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThis paper draws the main lines to be followed in the field of education aiming at a better development of the rural milieu. The first part describes the different psychological tests which can be used for measuring the levels of personality‐development, discusses their advantages and disadvantages with respect to types of rural populations studied, and explains which methods of testing appear to be the most preferable.In the second part an account is given of the methods to be used in education in developing countries, which should be based upon a deeper knowledge of the existing social‐psychological situation, which can be acquired by testing the population.Résumé PROBLÈMES PSYCHOSOCIOLOGIQUES DE LA PÉDAGOGIE RURALE Ce texte trace les grandes lignes d'une action rationnelle en matière de pédagogie du développement en milieu rural. La première partie évoque les différents tests utilisés, les résultats généraux obtenus, ceux que l'on peut escompter de l'étude de ces tests en fonction des divers types de populations étudiées. La seconde partie envisage le problème de la pédagogie du développement dans le cadre des pays en voie de développement et le rôle prédominant qu'elle doit y jouer si elle est basée sur une connaissance approfondie de la situation psychosociologique et sur des méthodes de travail appropriées.ZusammenfassungSozial‐Psychologische Probleme Des Ländlichen BildungswesensDer Beitrag zeichnet die Hauptlinien, die im Bildungswesen beachtet werden sollten, wenn man eine Verbesserung der ländlichen Lebensverhältnisse anstrebt. Im ersten Teil werden verschiedene psychologische Tests beschrieben, die zur Bestimmung der Stufen in der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung angewendet werden können, ihre Vorteile und Nachteile bei den untersuchten Bevölkerungstypen diskutiert und die vermutlich besten Testmethoden erklärt. Im zweiten Teil wird über die Methoden berichtet, die im Bildungswesen der Entwicklungsländer angewendet werden. Diese sollten auf besseren Kennmissen der bestehenden sozial‐psychologischen Verhältnisse beruhen, die man sich durch Testen der Bevölkerung aneignen könne.
ATTITUDE DE L'AGRICULTEUR FLAMAND VIS‐A‐VIS DE SA SITUATION SOCIALE
Authors: BEDDEGENOODTS M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAttitude of the Flemish Farmer with Regard to his Social PositionFlemish farmers have been confronted at the outset of the 20th century with an increasing industrialisation and with profound social changes from which an inevitable disequilibrium and unrest have resulted. Compared to the position of industrial workers, that of the farmers is precarious and the prospects are uncertain. Reappraisal of the function of agriculture has become a basic problem to be faced. The disinterestedness of modern society in this essential part of social life is characteristic of our time. It makes the farmer suffer, all the more so because the economic conditions in the present period of transition are unfavourable to him.It seems that an interesting reaction to the new situation, at least with a part of the agricultural population, becomes manifest in certain forms of co‐operative organisation. The dramatic disequilibrium will be restricted to those marginal operations, that have no future in the European Common Market.
THE IMPACT OF CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE ON POLITICAL LIFE IN THE NORTH AMERICAN REGION
Authors: BERTRAND ALVIN L. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Impact of Changes in Agriculture on Political Life in the North American RegionThis paper follows a general approach to the above topic, although agricultural change in the English‐speaking Carribean nations has not progressed in the same manner as in the United States and Canada. Three general areas of social change are reviewed. These include: 1. Changes in the relationship of people to the land, 2. Changes in the interpersonal relations of ruralites, 3. Changes in rural social institutions.The impact of change on political institutions is described at both the local and national level. At the local level, increasing demands for improvements in services, increasing use of technology, and an evergrowing demand for subsidy, credit, and welfare programs have served to modify the traditional autonomous, familistic patterns of government to more centralized and integrated operations.At the national level, the changing political scene is analyzed in terms of four sources of power which have been traditional with agricultural systems. First, the legislative power of agriculture is diminishing as the farm vote drops and rural‐oriented legislators are retired. Second, agricultural political power derived from championing a ‘grassroots ideology’ is being lost in an emerging urban‐industrial ideology. Third, agriculture is having to form coalitions and compromises with many new and diverse groups which could be ignored in past power struggles. Finally, the emerging source of political power of agricultural systems, is seen most clearly in its control of the ‘expertise’ in food and fiber production.
WANDLUNGEN DES ZIEL‐ UND WERTSYSTEMS: DER EINFLUSS VON WANDLUNGEN IN DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT AUF DIE GESELLSCHAFT1
Authors: SACHS DR. R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryChanges in Goals and ValuesIf social change and alterations in a set of values are consequent upon ‘technological progress’, then, as far as the majority of the European countries is concerned, the initial impulses emanated from trade and industry rather than from agriculture. However, no part of society remains unaffected by the changes it causes in any other part. The problems of agriculture, which is compelled to change, increasingly become the problems of the industrial orientated European society. The growing substitution of labour by capital in a labour‐divided market economy compels agriculture to effect decisive changes in its structure and goals towards a maximum of rationalization and specialization, together with a high degree of co‐operative effort, and towards a relaxation and an increased flexibility of emotional attitudes towards the means of production with special emphasis on their profitableness. Nevertheless, the growing experience of the increasing disparity in incomes and of the decline in social esteem (‘backwardness’) brings the farmers into a number of conflicts. Their reactions (confidence, resignation, or stubbornness) differ according to their economic or intellectual background, on the basis of the general sense of insecurity attached to a minority. In this situation the European economic and agricultural policy is torn between die demand for a reduction in the agricultural labour force and the postulate, according to which the agricultural sector is too valuable to be given up; apart from the question of food production, there are sociological, ethical, and aspects of town and country planning which are of importance in this connection. Meanwhile part‐time farming (and residential gardening) seem to be spreading and to combine rural‐agrarian with urban‐industrial values, without, however, eradicating the essential differences between the two. Under the impact of social and economic developments in Europe one can observe both in the West and in the East a differentiation in agricultural prototypes and a pragmatic trend to adjust the respective ideologies accordingly.
THE ROLE OF REGIONAL ORGANIZATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ISRAEL ‐ SOME PRELIMINARY REMARKS
Authors: WEINTRAUB D. , SHAPIRO O. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Role of Regional Organization in Rural DevelopmentThis paper constitutes a report on the concept of regional organization in Israel and some aspects of its implementation. The term ‘regional organization’ is used in its broadest sense, covering formally organised enterprises as well as networks of relations, and including both manifest and latent functions. Regional organization is treated both as a method of development and as a social system growing out of daily interaction. The paper consists of four parts: first, a brief outline of rural and general development in Israel is sketched, as the background against which regional organization is analysed. Second, the concept of regional organization in Israel, i.e. the goals and functions, is presented. Third, the problems which arise during the implementation of this concept are discussed, including: a. the size and composition or the regional system, b. its ecological basis as opposed to its functional character, c. the scope of regional cooperation, d. the internal conditions necessary for the sustained development of the regional system as a whole, e. the general institutional conditions suitable for regional development. Fourth, and finally, a brief description of a current research project on some of these problems is given.
DIE LANDWIRTSCHAFT AUF DEM WEG IN DIE INDUSTRIEGESELLSCHAFT1
Authors: HARSCHE EDGAR 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAgriculture on the March in an Industrial SocietyThe right way to integrate agriculture in the European industrial system is a problem. Modern techniques enable the farmers in industrial countries to provide more nutrition for the industrial population than is needed. The process of rationalisation is accompanied by strong concentration, both regional and structural. Agricultural productivity is increasing much faster near the big cities and the industrial centres than in the remote marginal zones. Already in the zones of industrial concentration in Western Europe, farms with an industrial character predominate. On the other hand the family farm is still typical of the underdeveloped marginal zones with a weaker economy.As a societas naturalis' the family is beyond human discussion. Man, however, is responsible for the concrete historical realisation of its existence. The smallholding is the form of family existence that is adjusted to the bourgeois‐artisan world of early modern times, prior to the enormous development of industry. In a fully industrialised society, however, it has no chance of surviving.The high financial needs of the industrially organised enterprise with more than one worker requires, also in agriculture, financial structures and entrepreneurial forms corresponding to those of modern industrial society. The number of capital‐owners among agriculturists is increasing. Private ownership of a traditional farm by one family will disappear.An agricultural policy that fixes the inherited structures and privileges of the past does not recognize the dynamic character of the ‘justitia socialis’.
PART‐TIME FARMING AND FARM SIZE
Authors: GASSON RUTH 
Published: March 2008

SummaryPart‐Time Farming and Farm SizeBritish agricultural policy is to support farm incomes so that farm businesses above a certain size can provide a reasonable living. Many farms in south‐east England above this level are in fact run by part‐time farmers with additional sources of income, while some judged to be inadequate to employ one man full‐time nevertheless provide the sole livelihood of their occupiers. Full‐time farmers often endeavour to improve their income position by buying more land when the opportunity arises. Here they may be in competition with prospective part‐time farmers who are attracted by the farmhouse and regard the land as an amenity. This conflict could be resolved by selling the farmhouse with a small plot of land separately from the remaining farm land.
THE SITUATION OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY IN EUROPE: REVIEW OF INVESTIGATIONS ASD OF INSTITUTIONS ENGAGED IN RURAL SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN EUROPE
Authors: KÖTTER HERBERT 
Published: March 2008

SummaryReview of Investigations and of Institutions Engaged in Rural Sociological Research and Training in EuropeThe report was initiated by the Working Party on Rural Social Problems in Europe, and financed by FAO. It is based on information gathered by the author partly by questionnaires, and partly by personal visits to 24 countries.General information is given on the overall position of rural sociology in Europe, its professionalization, the possibilities for training and research in academic and non‐academic institutions, and finally the focus and scope of recent research projects.The general introduction is followed by chapters dealing with one country. The summary gives some recommendations concerning the further development of the discipline.Finally, it contains a list of institutions and personalities in Europe engaged in training and/or research in rural sociology or closely related fields, and a list of professional organizations and relevant periodicals.