bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis in clinical genetics: An applied anthropometric method
Authors: Butler Merlin G. , Meaney F. John , Kaler Stephen G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe hand is a complex anatomical structure with the component bones susceptible to a combination of environmental and genetic factors that may affect the bone length and width. The alterations may involve a single bone or specific group of bones. The metacarpophalangeal pattern profile (MCPP) developed by Poznanski, Garn, and others (Poznanski et al. Birth Defects VIII (5): 125–131, 1972) is a graphic representation of the relative lengthening and shortening of the 19 tubular bones of the hand useful for diagnosis, comparison of dissimilar patients, and gene carrier detection. The profile hand bone measurements are derived from posteroanterior hand radiographs and are standardized for age and sex. Specific profiles have been developed for several syndromes. Therefore, MCPP analysis has developed from a method of describing changes in the hand to a technique useful in assigning a diagnosis to a specific syndrome and evaluation of skeletal development. The current status of MCPP analysis in clinical genetics, particularly with the Prader‐Labhart‐Willi and Sotos syndromes, is discussed.
Sex determination of fragmentary crania by analysis of the cranial base
Authors: Holland Thomas Dean 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe cranial base can be used to determine the sex of fragmentary or deformed skulls. An initial study used nine measurements taken from 100 crania in the Terry Collection. The sample was divided equally by race and sex. Six regression models were formulated that predicted correctly the sex of the sample with 71–90% accuracy. In a separate test, a control sample of 20 skulls, also drawn from the Terry Collection but not involved with formulating the regression equations, was correctly classified with 70–85% accuracy.
Anthropometry and the biological structure of the Hvar population
Authors: Rudan Pavao , Roberts Derek F. , Janicijevic Branka , Smolej Nina , Szirovicza Lajos , Kastelan Andrija 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBiological structure of the population of the island of Hvar was investigated by using the data on anthropometric variation among nine village populations; 24 body and 14 head dimensions were analysed from 487 male and 437 female adult subjects. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed heterogeneity among the populations, which says much for the strength of the isolating factors on the island. Using correlations of anthropometric and geographic distance, the observed patterns of variation among villages were closely related to geography, suggesting migration to be an important factor in the formation of the island's population structure. Populations of the examined villages were further grouped to form the population of the eastern part and the population of the western part of the island, which have an ethnodemographic and sociocultural basis. The analyses revealed heterogeneity between the populations and thus provided evidence to support the hypothesis about the existence of the genetically different groups living in the same biotope.
Neanderthal parietal, vertebrate fauna, and stone artifacts from the upper pleistocene deposits of Contrada Ianní di San Calogero (Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy)
Authors: Bonfiglio L , Cassoli PF , Mallegni F , Piperno M , Solano A 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHuman skeletal remains recovered at a new archaeological site, dating back to the Italian Mousterian age are analyzed. The finds consist of a left parietal of a child about 2–3 years old. The metrical, morphometrical, and morphological traits of this parietal are compared to those of other Neanderthal children. The geological features of the site, its fauna, and stone artifacts recovered there during quarry operations are also analyzed.
Anthropometric multivariate structure and dermatoglyphic peculiarities in biochemically and morphologically different heterozygous groups
Authors: Kobyliansky E , Livshits G 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMultivariate analysis of the relationship between degree of heterozygosity at four blood group loci and the morphological variability in a human population was carried out. Additionally, the possibility that dermatoglyphic patterns correlate with biochemical and anthropometric variables was also investigated. A strong and significant increase in the frequency of morphologically multimodal individuals was observed, which paralleled the heterozygosity level. Discriminant analysis, by quantitative characters, of the closest pair of biochemically different samples yielded a satisfactory discrimination. Multiple correlations of each variable with all the others (18 traits), the communality of characters, the index of integration, and the Mahalanobis distances of the factor scores for each individual (all extracted from principal component analysis) were all indicative of the different multivariate structures of homo‐and heterozygous individuals and thus supported the hypothesis that heterozygotes tend to cluster near the center of the joint multivariate distribution. The dermatoglyphic patterns showed a certain relationship with the morphological makeup of individuals. Correlations between biochemical heterozygosity at blood group loci and patterns of digital dermatoglyphics were rather irregular.
Affinities between contemporary and skeletal Jewish and non‐Jewish groups based on tooth morphology
Authors: Sofaer Jeffrey A. , Smith Patricia , Kaye Edith 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSamples from five Jewish and six non‐Jewish populations were compared in terms of the frequencies of 19 dental morphological variables. All but one of the samples came from Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East. Nine were from contemporary populations, and two were skeletal. Of the skeletal groups, one was Jewish, excavated on Mount Zion, Jerusalem, and dated at around 3,000 years old; and the other non‐Jewish, excavated on the east coast of Australia, and dated at between 1,000 and 200 years old. Assessment of affinity between the different groups was based on smallest space analysis and cluster analysis. The results demonstrated relative proximity of the Jewish groups (with one exception), despite the fact that they came from a wide geographical area. In particular, the sample from Mount Zion showed greater affinity with three of the four living Jewish populations than with most non‐Jewish groups. The skeletal Australian sample formed a cluster of its own, distinct from all the other groups. For six of the groups, the relationships based on tooth morphology showed good correspondence with known relationships based on single locus polymorphisms. The similarity of the Jewish groups to each other in terms of both tooth morphology and single locus polymorphisms was of special interest, since differences in other morphological and anthropometric characteristics, thought to be the result of selection, are known to exist between the Jewish populations.
Maxillary molar occlusal polygons in five human samples
Authors: Morris Donald H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAngular and linear measurements of maxillary first molar occiusal polygons are given foryoung San (Bushmen), Sotho, Asiatic Indians, Whites, and Papago Indians. Angularand linear measurements are inseparably related. Much greater variation occursin widths than in lengths. Maximum variation occurs between San and Papago. Papago maxillary first molars are separable from Old World molar samples in two of four angles and eight of 13 indices.
Post‐pleistocene changes in tooth root and jaw relationships
Authors: Smith Patricia , Wax Yochanan , Adler Fanny , Silberman Uri , Heinic Gady 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMandibles of 126 sexed skeletal specimens, from Near Eastern sites dating over the past 12,000 years were radiographed. From the radiographs obtained, digitised tracings were made of crown length (mesiodistal), root height and width, and corpus height mesial to the premolars and first and second molars. The dataobtained were analysed using, rank transformation procedures. The significance of unidirectional trends in relation to periods sampled was examined graphically and analytically through linear regression analysis of the ranks on thechronological scale, and Spearman's rank correlation was used to comparerelationships between different parameters of individual teeth in differentperiods. Significant reduction was found in crown length between 12,000 B.P. and 6,000 B.P., but no further reduction was found between 6,000 B.P. and 1,000 B.P. Little change was observed in root size, but corpus height showed significant reduction over the past 6,000 years. The differences observed in the timing and extent of reduction in crown, root, and corpus height are associated with a lowintrapopulation correlation between them.
Effects of altitude, ethnicity‐religion, geographical distance, and occupation on adult anthropometric characters of eastern Himalayan populations
Authors: Majumder Partha P. , Gupta Ranjan , Mukhopadhyay Barun , Bharati Premananda , Roy Subrata K. , Masali M , Sloan AW , Basu Amitabha 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWith a view to estimating the effect of altitude on body dimensions vis‐à‐vis ethnicity‐religion, geographical distance, and occupation, a comprehensive multivariate statistical analysis was performed on data pertaining to 16 anthropometric characters collected from 1,103 individuals (643 males and 460 females) belonging to two ethnic groups—Sherpa and Lepcha. Samples were drawn from several locations in the eastern Himalayan region—Darjeeling and Kalimpong in West Bengal (India), and Nepal, situated at low (1,000–2,000 meters) and high (above 3,500 meters) altitudes. The individuals sampled practice different occupations and follow different religions. Significant age and sex effects were observed. The data were age‐adjusted, and sexes were treated separately. A test of equality of mean vectors indicated heterogeneity among population groups. Almost all characters were found to contribut significantly to the ability to discriminate between the groups. The overall probability of correctly classifying an individual based on body dimensions into the group in which she or he actually belongs was high (between 0.64 and 0.77). Shape and size factors could be identified that explained about 50% of the total variance and yielded a reasonable separation of the groups. Results of four different types of multivariate statistical analyses were in agreement, and showed that altitude is most highly associated with body dimensions.
Individual admixture estimates: Disease associations and individual risk of diabetes and gallbladder disease among Mexican‐Americans in Starr County, Texas
Authors: Hanis Craig L. , Chakraborty Ranajit , Ferrell Robert E. , Schull William J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe ethnic and geographic distributions of several common chronic diseases show distinct patterns that are consistent with the distribution of genes and genetic admixture. For example, diabetes and gallbladder disease occur most frequently among Amerindians, while those genetically admixed with them (such as Mexican‐Americans) have intermediate rates, and lowest rates are found among Whites and Blacks. Because there will be heterogeneity from individual to individual in ancestral affinity within an admixed population, a method is developed for estimating each person's admixture probability. Results confirm that there is substantial heterogeneity of individual admixture among Mexican‐Americans in Starr County, Texas, with a mean value indicating that 65% of genes in this population are Caucasian derived and 35% Amerindian derived. The individual estimates are shown to be unrelated to the probability of being diabetic and only marginally related to gallbladder disease, with those having the most Amerindian affinity being at increased risk. These results are a consequence of the independent assortment of loci and indicate that unless the markers employed are related (including linkage) to the disease of interest, the method will have limited utility. Individual admixture estimates will be useful, however, for examining aspects of population structure and will find increased utility for predicting disease and examining disease associations as more and more of the genome is represented by markers, a very probable prospect with the abundance of DNA polymorphism being identified by restriction enzymes.
Gene flow and variation in stature and craniofacial dimensions among indigenous populations of Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras
Authors: Little Bertis B. , Malina Robert M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPopulations with histories of outbreeding tend to be taller even in the face of seemingly unchanged health and nutritional circumstances, while inbreeding generally results in a negative correlation between body dimensions and level of inbreeding. Populations that have experienced a positive secular trend in stature and maturation typically have histories of higher outbreeding rates in combination with improved nutritional, health, and economic conditions, suggesting a genetic‐environment interaction. In general, Middle American Indians have not experienced a secular trend in stature, nor a substantial increase in their standard of living, but they have experienced varying degrees of admixture with Spanish and African populations since the Spanish Conquest. The relationship between estimated gene flow and variation in several anthropometric dimensions is thus considered in indigenous Mesoamerican populations. Available data on height, sitting height, craniofacial dimensions, and admixture rate of Indian populations from southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras were assembled from the literature. The population mean data on 3,371 adults from 23 populations for males and 18 for females were analyzed by regression with anthropometry as the dependent variable, and log10 of admixture as the independent variable. Admixture was ⩽ 28.9% in this study and is suggestive of a primarily traditional Indian cultural and economic base. The results suggest that populations with higher admixture tend to be taller, and that the increase in stature is due to greater subischial length in both sexes. A decrease in nasion‐menton height, and an increase in nasal breadth, nasal height, and the nasal index is suggested for the dimensions of the craniofacial complex. These data thus suggest changes in anthropometric dimensions and proportions associated with gene flow, apparently in the absence of improved health and nutritional conditions.
Ontogenetic, intraspecific, and interspecific variation of the prehallux in primates: Implications for its utility in the assessment of phylogeny
Authors: Wikander Richard , Covert Herbert H. , Deblieux Donald D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe prehallux is a sesamoid bone occurring in the region of the hallucial tarso‐metatarsal joint in a number of metatherian and eutherian orders and in some nonmammalian tetrapods. Within the order Primates, it occurs invariably in ceboids and Hylobates, with extreme infrequency in pongids and Homo, and is absent in other primates groups.It has been suggested that, first, the prehallux is homologous both within and across the infraclasses Metatheria and Eutheria; second, it has functional significance in that it contributes to joint stability and is an adaptation to arboreality; third, its presence results in diagnostic features on the entocuneiform and hallucial metatarsal, so that original presence or absence can be unambiguously assessed in instances when the bone itself is not preserved; and fourth, because of presumed homology, it may be employed in the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships.The present study concludes that the homologous nature of the bone is open to reasonable doubt, the assumption of homology does not yield significantly more parsimonious phylogeny reconstructions than does the assumption of analogy, there are no invariant diagnostic features associated with its presence, and functional explanations currently offered are of questionable validity. Thus, the prehallux is at present of little utility in either establishing or precluding phylogenetic relationships among primates.
Genetic variation within and among lion tamarins
Authors: Forman Lisa , Kleiman Devra G. , Bush R. Mitchell , Dietz James M. , Ballou Jonathan D. , Phillips Lyndsay G. , Coimbra‐Filho Adelmar F. , O'Brien Stephen J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe golden lion tamarinLeontopithecus rosalia rosalia, one of the rarest and most endangered of New World primates, has been the focus of an intensive research and conservation effort for two decades. During that period, managed breeding from 44 founders has brought the captive population to over 400 individuals, a number that equals or exceeds the estimated number of free‐ranging golden lion tamarins. The extent of genetic variation among golden lion tamarins was estimated with an electrophoretic survey of 47 allozyme loci from 67 captive and 73 free‐ranging individuals. The amount of variation was low, compared to 15 other primate species, with 4% of the loci being polymorphic (P), and with an average heterozygosityHestimate of 0.01 in these callitrichids. Electrophoretic analyses of captive and free‐ranging animals (N = 31) of two allopatric morphotypes,Leontopithecus rosalia chrysopygusandL. r. chrysomelas, were similar to theL. r. rosaliafindings insofar as they also revealed limited genetic polymorphism. Computation of the Neigenetic distance measurements showed that the three morphotypes were genetically very similar, although discernible differentiation had occurred at two loci. These data are consistent with the occurrence of recent reproductive isolations of these subspecies.
Low rate of population increase of the Gidra papuans in the past: A genealogical‐demographic analysis
Authors: Ohtsuka Ryutaro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe population increase rate of the Gidra in lowland Papua in the past was estimated using the rate of intergenerational replacement of females based on genealogical records involving 889 women, alive or deceased, who completed reproduction. During the period from a century ago to the time of manifest influence of civilization several decades ago, the Gidra had a constant annual increase rate of about 0.2%. The discussion includes a historical assessment of this rate with reference to the local conditions and an ecological explanation for its microenvironmental variation and suggests a reassessment of the methodology for studying fertility and population growth in anthropological and prehistoric populations.
Three‐dimensional measurement of the occlusal surfaces of lower first molars of Australian aboriginals
Authors: Sekikawa M. , Akai J. , Kanazawa E. , Ozaki T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe occlusal surfaces of lower first molars of Australian Aboriginals were measured in three dimensions with the aid of Moiré contourography. Molar cuspal heights in this population were higher than in Japanese (Mongoloid) but lower than in Dutch (Caucasoid) populations. Intercuspal distances were considerably larger than those in the two other populations. Populational differences in occlusal features may influence both craniofacial structures and jaw movements in the three populations. Low correlations between the cuspal heights and the intercuspal distances in the other two populations were also found in this population, indicating that human molar cuspal height is independent of the transverse size of the crown.Mean values for the height of the three principal cusps in lower first molars were less than those in upper ones. However, the height of the hypoconid, which was the highest in the lower molar cusps, showed almost the same mean value as the height of the upper three principal cusps, indicating that the height of the main functional cusp, in both upper and lower first molars, was almost the same.
Sexual dimorphism in mandibular growth of French‐Canadian children 6 to 10 years of age
Authors: Buschang P. H. , Tanguay R. , Demirjian A. , la Palme L. , Goldstein H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPolynomial regression is used to model the mandibular growth of 28 girls and 26 boys who were followed longitudinally from 6 to 10 years of age. The pooled‐within individual designs indicate that ramus height follows a linear pattern of size increase; corpus and total mandibular lengths display curvilineal, decelerating, patterns of growth over the age range. Multivariate analyses of variance reveal significant sex differences in size, favoring boys, for the two length measures at 6 years of age. Growth velocity for corpus length is also significantly greater in boys than in girls. Sexual dimorphism in the growth of total mandibular length is more complex, including differences in velocity and deceleration. Ramus height shows no significant pattern of variation between boys and girls for either size or growth velocity.
Method for analyzing outlines with an application to recent Japanese crania
Authors: Yasui Kinya 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIf the visual image and quantitative treatment of a form could be merged, the combination could become a powerful analytical method in morphology. A method is presented for creating an averaged outline. In this method, since the averaged outline is produced statistically, hypothesis testing can be performed on the visual image of the outlines. Intra‐ and intergroup variation of the outlines can then be assessed by taking allometry into account. This method is applied to the analysis of sexual differences in the midsagittal outline of recent (1880s–1920s) Japanese crania. The averaged outlines of both sexes showed subtle features that could not be detected by traditional measuring techniques. Because the roundness, flatness, or protrusion of specific aspects of the morphology are clearly apparent, sexual differences in this sample could be identified. Changes resulting from allometry did not seem to be present in either sex. The shape distance (DIR) introduced here matched well the visual impression derived from comparisons of the Japanese sample with a Jomon (Neolithic) male and the Broken Hill specimen.
Variations in sexual dimorphism in the skulls of rats subjected to malnutrition, castration, and treatment with gonadal hormones
Authors: Dahinten Silvia L. , Pucciarelli Hector M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo groups of weanling rats were subjected to malnutrition, one with periodic injections of testosterone (males) and the other with estradiol (females). Two other groups (castrated males or castrated females) received normal feedings. In control animals, the relative weights (mg/gm body weight) of testes, seminal vesicles, and ovaries were greater than in malnourished rats. However, relative weights of those organs in hormone‐treated, malnourished animals were greater than in those subjected to malnutrition alone and still greater than in controls. Normal sexual cranial dimorphism (SCD) was decreased 16% by male castration, 23% by malnutrition, and 83% by estradiol treatment in malnourished females. On the other hand, normal SCD was increased 20% by female castration and more than 200% by testosterone treatment in malnourished males. All monosexual comparisons corroboratedthe bisexual range of distances found. Testicular but not ovarian secretions seemed to influence sexual cranial dimorphism. Malnutrition delayed SCD because of a deficiency of testosterone level in stressed males. It is suggested that estradiol in females may counteract sexual cranial development and that its inhibitory effect may be additive to the testosterone deficit evoked by malnutrition.