bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stability of soybean oil products obtained by regioselective chemical interesterification
Authors: Konishi Hiroaki , Neff William E. , Mounts Timothy L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOxidative stability of products produced as potential margarine basestock from soybean oil and methyl stearate by a novel chemical regioselective interesterification was evaluated. The oxidative stability of the products was evaluated by peroxide formation and volatile analysis during storage in the dark with oxygen at 60°C for 72 h. The product obtained by regioselective interesterification resulted in the lowest peroxide formation and volatile concentration sample in comparison with soybean oil and the randomized product of the regioselective interesterified product. Regioselective interesterification of soybean oil with methyl stearate produced a product with increased oxidative stability.
Capillary GC of triglycerides in fats and oils using a high temperature phenylmethylsilicone stationary phase. Part II. The analysis of chocolate fats
Authors: Geeraert E. , Sandra P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe analyses of the fats and oils used in the chocolate industry are reported. Triglyceride mixtures are directly injected on an FSOT column coated with a phenylmethylsilicone gum stationary phase. On phenylmethylsilicone phase, besides a carbon number separation, the triglycerides are separated according to the different combinations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the triglycerides. Cocoa butters of different origin were analyzed and their POP:POS:SOS ternary diagram is discussed. The profiles of the non‐cocoa butter fats such as butter oil, oils originating from nuts (e.g., hazelnut, almond, Brazil nut, walnut) and cocoa butter equivalents are presented. The elucidation of a complex chocolate fat mixture is shown and discussed in view of the recognition of the different constituents (pattern recognition) and in view of the detection and quantification of adulterations.
International
Authors: Kim Dong Hoon 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe consumption of edible fats and oils in Korea is expected to reach 600,000 MT, a three‐fold increase, in 10 years from 1979 to 1989. Even if the best efforts are applied to increasing the production of indigenous oil resources such as rice bran, rapeseed, sesame, perilla, peanut, and soybean, the dependence on imported fats and oils (about 80%) likely will continue. The rapid increase in consumption of edible fats and oils in future will certainly warrant intensified research efforts related to fat and oil production and consumption.
Viewpoint
Authors: Bartbolomew David 
Published: January 2007

ConclusionThese are the major considerations in the study of how Chicago soybean futures affect prices of fats and oils. There are some very dynamic forces at work. Rather small changes can have an important leverage on the interplay between the two categories. Keen perception of these changes is necessary to keep them in focus. Even today’s advanced development of mathematical elegance is inefficient in capturing all the nuances that are involved. But the intrigue is there for those who enjoy the challenge.
Botanical trash analysis of cottonseed oil mill process streams
Authors: Morey P. R. , Bethea R. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the content of bract and leaf (likely carriers of suspect byssinotic agent[s]) in the process and trash streams in a cottonseed oil mill. A rapid procedure is described to determine the percentage of bract and leaf particles in trash sieved from cottonseed samples. Using this technique, it was found that bract and leaf particles were largely removed from cottonseed by the sum total of processing steps occurring during cleaning and delintering. With the exception of the trash streams from the safety shaker, bract and leaf particles were almost nonexistent in the hulling and separating room. Processing of linters through cleaners and beaters was ineffective in removing the bract and leaf fragments entangled in the fiber mass.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude and deodorized vegetable oils
Authors: Larsson B. K. , Eriksson A. T. , Cervenka M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe efficiency of the refining process in removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from crude vegetable oils was studied. Samples of the crude oils (coconut, soybean and rapeseed oils) and the corresponding refined, deodorized oil were taken on‐line in three Swedish oil refineries and margarine manufacturing plants and analyzed for 20 different PAHs. Of the crude oils, coconut oil had by far the highest PAH levels. However, the PAH levels in the refined coconut oils were very low. This shows that the activated charcoal treatment used for removing PAHs from coconut oil achieves the desired effect. The crude soybean and rapeseed oils contained relatively low, but varying, amounts of PAH. At present these oils are not purified by activated charcoal. Nevertheless, the PAH levels in the refined oils were considerably lower than those in the corresponding crude oils. This probably is due to evaporation of PAH in the deodorization process, where steam is passed through the hot oil under high vacuum. However, deodorization has only a marginal effect on the high molecular PAHs, of which several are classified as carcinogens.
Is arterial stiffening in Alström syndrome linked to the development of cardiomyopathy?
Authors: Smith J. C. , McDonnell B. , Retallick C. , McEniery C. , Carey C. , Davies J. S. , Barrett T. , Cockcroft J. R. , Paisey R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground  Alström syndrome (AS) is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by retinal degeneration, childhood obesity, and severe insulin resistance. Dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown aetiology is a well‐recognized and potentially lethal complication. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between vascular function, hyperinsulinaemia and cardiac performance in AS.Materials and methods  Fifteen subjects with AS (mean age 21 years, range 10–35) were studied and compared with age‐, sex‐, and blood pressure‐matched healthy controls. Large artery stiffness and wave reflections were assessed in both groups by measuring aortic and brachial pulse wave velocity (PWV) (carotid‐femoral and carotid‐radial) and augmentation index (AIX) (Sphygmocor). In AS subjects, left ventricular function was assessed by echocardiography and metabolic parameters including fasting insulin, glucose, lipids and brain natriuretic peptide were also measured.Results  Comparing AS subjects vs. controls (mean ± SD), AIX was elevated in AS subjects (18 ± 9% vs. 3 ± 11%, P < 0·0001). No significant changes in brachial PWV (8·1 ± 1·3 m s−1 vs. 7·3 ± 1·1 m s−1, P = 0·14) or aortic PWV (6·5 ± 1·1 m s−1 vs. 6·0 ± 1·0 m s−1, P = 0·26) were observed. AS subjects were hyperinsulinaemic and had disturbances in lipid profiles relative to controls. No correlations were observed between vascular, metabolic and echocardiographic parameters.Conclusions  In AS there are alterations in the shape of the central arterial pressure waveform associated with augmented aortic systolic pressure and indicative of increased wave reflection. Unfavourable central arterial haemodynamics in AS may contribute to the development of cardiomyopathy but other aetiological factors are probably involved.
Subcellular multitasking – multiple destinations and roles for the Plasmodium falcilysin protease
Authors: Ralph Stuart A. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe Plasmodium falcilysin protease is a M16‐family protease that has been previously identified as a food vacuole enzyme that participates in the breakdown of haemoglobin. Plant homologues of this protease are responsible for breaking down transit peptides that have been processed in mitochondria and plastids, and in this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Ponpuak and colleagues show that falcilysin participates in degradation of transit peptides and haemoglobin in discrete subcellular organelles. The recruitment of a gene product from one cellular compartment to another is a recurring phenomenon in molecular evolutionary biology, and arises through a number of distinct mechanisms. Plasmodium accomplishes this triple act by targeting products of the single falcilysin gene to multiple compartments.
Ethical difficulties in clinical practice: experiences of European doctors
Authors: Hurst S A , Perrier A , Pegoraro R , Reiter-Theil S , Forde R , Slowther A-M , Garrett-Mayer E , Danis M 
Published: January 2007

Background:Ethics support services are growing in Europe to help doctors in dealing with ethical difficulties. Currently, insufficient attention has been focused on the experiences of doctors who have faced ethical difficulties in these countries to provide an evidence base for the development of these services.Methods:A survey instrument was adapted to explore the types of ethical dilemma faced by European doctors, how they ranked the difficulty of these dilemmas, their satisfaction with the resolution of a recent ethically difficult case and the types of help they would consider useful. The questionnaire was translated and given to general internists in Norway, Switzerland, Italy and the UK.Results:Survey respondents (n = 656, response rate 43%) ranged in age from 28 to 82 years, and averaged 25 years in practice. Only a minority (17.6%) reported having access to ethics consultation in individual cases. The ethical difficulties most often reported as being encountered were uncertain or impaired decision-making capacity (94.8%), disagreement among caregivers (81.2%) and limitation of treatment at the end of life (79.3%). The frequency of most ethical difficulties varied among countries, as did the type of issue considered most difficult. The types of help most often identified as potentially useful were professional reassurance about the decision being correct (47.5%), someone capable of providing specific advice (41.1%), help in weighing outcomes (36%) and clarification of the issues (35.9%). Few of the types of help expected to be useful varied among countries.Conclusion:Cultural differences may indeed influence how doctors perceive ethical difficulties. The type of help needed, however, did not vary markedly. The general structure of ethics support services would not have to be radically altered to suit cultural variations among the surveyed countries.
The Textual History of the Materia Medica in the Han Period: A System-Theoretical Reconsideration
Authors:   Schmidt
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the present essay is to throw light on the process of generating the materia medica in China. Western forms of medical pluralism led to the appearance of the first known materia medica in approximately the 4th century BC. In the East, by contrast, the emergence of a materia medicacan merely be localized to a period certainly no later than the 2nd century AD. Thus, existing theories suggest a gap of more than five centuries between the evolution of the materia medica in each of the two hemispheres. This gap, the author suspects, is much too large. The study shows that one can track four lineages of material medica in the transmitted literature of the Han period. However, each lineage appears to be an upgraded form of materia medica. Thus, the emergence of a materia medica must have antedated these four lineages. The author concludes that it is precisely this multiple reproduction of a materia medica that reflects the human interest in establishing and consolidating an infrastructure for health care. L'objet de cet essai est d'éclairer le processus d'élaboration des materia medica en Chine. Les formes occidentales de pluralisme médi cal ont conduit à l'apparition des premières materia medica connues approximativement au ive siècle avant notre ère. En Extrême-Orient, en revanche, l'émergence d'une materia medica ne peut être située que dans une période qui ne doit pas être postérieure au iie siècle de notre ère. En d'autres termes, les théories existantes suggèrent un décalage de plus de cinq siècles entre l'évolution des materia medica dans l'un et l'autre hémisphère. Ce décalage, pense l'auteur, est beaucoup trop grand. La présente étude montre que l'on peut retracer quatre lignées de materia medica dans les textes des Han qui nous ont été transmis. Or, chacune de ces lignées se présente comme une forme révisée de materia medica. L'émergence d'une materia medica doit donc être antérieure à ces quatre lignées. L'auteur conclut que cette reproduction multiple de materia medica reflète en fait l'intérêt humain pour établir et consolider une infrastructure sanitaire.
What Did Su Che See in the North? Publishing Regulations, State Security, and Political Culture in Song China
Authors: De Weerdt Hilde 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis article investigates two kinds of publishing regulations issued during the Song Dynasty, those governing cross-border smuggling of written texts and those on texts relating to border affairs. It argues that the Song court's and Song officials' anxiety about the smuggling of state documents into the surrounding empires was foremost an expression of their concern over the circulation of state documents among literate elites inside Song territory. The analysis of cross-border smuggling focuses on alleged smuggling "to the north," i.e., to the empires bordering on the Song Empire's northern frontier. In order to substantiate the systematic connections made among Song publishing regulations, official and elite constructions of "the north" and elite political culture, the author contrasts prohibitions on the cross-border smuggling of texts to those governing other goods and compares publishing regulations in The Tang Code and The Classified Laws of the Qingyuan Period of ca. 1202. Cette étude s'intéresse à deux sortes de règlements sur les publications promulgués par les Song: ceux qui régissaient la contrebande transfrontalière des textes écrits et ceux qui concernaient les textes relatifs aux affaires frontalières. L'argument développé est que l'inquiétude de la cour et des fonctionnaires des Song relativement à la contrebande des documents d'État au profit des empires voisins reflétait avant tout leurs craintes concernant la circulation des documents gouvernementaux au sein des élites lettrées sur le territoire même des Song. L'analyse de la contrebande transfrontalière se concentre sur la prétendue contrebande vers "le Nord", autrement dit les empires jouxtant les Song sur leur frontière nord. L'auteur justifie les rapports qu'elle établit systématiquement entre les règlements Song sur les publications, la construction de la notion de "Nord" au sein de la bureaucratie et de l'élite lettrée, et la culture politique de l'élite, en comparant les prohibitions relatives à la contrebande transfrontalière des textes et celles concernant d'autres produits, et compare les règlements sur les publication dans le Code des Tang et dans la Législation classifiée de l'ère Qingyuan (vers 1202).
The Theory of Successful Intelligence as a Basis for Gifted Education
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. , Grigorenko Elena L. 
Published: January 2007

A number of models are available for use in gifted education. The theory of successful intelligence, one such model, provides a basis for identification, intervention, and evaluation in gifted programs. This article describes the model, allowing practitioners and other interested parties to apply the model in a gifted education environment. The article contains four main parts. The first part presents the theory of successful intelligence and data in support of it. The second part shows how to implement the model in schools and presents data in support of the success of its school implementation. The third part relates the theory of successful intelligence to other models of gifted education. The fourth part briefly draws some conclusions.
The Effects of Mentoring Relationships on Preservice Teachers' Attitudes Toward Academically Diverse Students
Authors: Moon Tonya R. , Callahan Carolyn M. , Tomlinson Carol A. 
Published: January 2007

Preservice teachers from seven universities were studied as part of a three-year project focusing on how preservice teachers develop an awareness of the needs of academically diverse learners and then implement or modify instruction to meet those needs. The research reported here describes the impact of the study's interventions on preservice teachers' attitudes, beliefs, and practices as they relate to academically diverse learners. All participants completed a survey designed to assess their attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding struggling and gifted learners prior to and upon completion of the interventions. Using a univariate repeated analysis of variance technique, statistically significant differences were found between the two intervention groups' attitudes toward differentiation. Results suggest that, as novices become more acquainted with the realities of the classroom, they gain a clear picture of the complexity involved in appropriate curriculum modifications to address the academic needs of diverse learners.
Neurologic complications associated with intrathecal liposomal cytarabine given prophylactically in combination with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine to patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Jabbour Elias , O'Brien Susan , Kantarjian Hagop , Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Ravandi Farhad , Cabanillas Maria , Thomas Deborah A. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis has led to a significant improvement in the outcome of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Liposomal cytarabine (Enzon Pharmaceuticals, Piscataway, NJ; Skye Pharma, San Diego, CA), an intrathecal (IT) preparation of cytarabine with a prolonged half-life, has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of neoplastic meningitis. Liposomal cytarabine was given for CNS prophylaxis to 31 patients with newly diagnosed ALL. All patients were treated concurrently with hyper-CVAD chemotherapy (fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) including high-dose methotrexate (MTX) and cytarabine on alternating courses. Liposomal cytarabine 50 mg was given intrathecally on days 2 and 15 of hyper-CVAD and day 10 of high-dose MTX and cytarabine courses until completion of either 3, 6, or 10 IT treatments, depending on risk for CNS disease. Five patients (16%) experienced serious unexpected neurotoxicity, including seizures, papilledema, cauda equina syndrome (n = 2), and encephalitis after a median of 4 IT administrations of liposomal cytarabine. Toxicities usually manifested after the MTX and cytarabine courses. One patient died with progressive encephalitis. After a median follow-up of 7 months, no isolated CNS relapses have been observed. Liposomal cytarabine given via intrathecal route concomitantly with systemic chemotherapy that crosses the blood-brain barrier such as high-dose MTX and cytarabine can result in significant neurotoxicity.
Image analysis by pulse coupled neural networks (PCNN)—a novel approach in granule size characterization
Authors: Antikainen Osmo , Kachrimanis Kyriakos , Malamataris Stavros , Yliruusi Jouko , Sandler Niklas 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A biologically inspired spiking neural network model, the pulse coupled neural network (PCNN), has been applied for the first time in bulk particle characterization, and specifically in the characterization of pharmaceutical granule size distributions. The PCNN was trained on surface images of pharmaceutical granule beds, and the adjustable parameters (radius neuron interconnection, r0, linking weight coefficient, β, local threshold potential, VΘ, and number of iterations) were successfully optimized using design of experiments. As demonstrated with size fractions of granules, it was found that the PCNN produced granule size-dependent signals. In general, a first highest and relatively narrow peak located in the region of two to twelve iterations corresponded to smaller particle size, while larger particles resulted in wider peaks and in highest (not first) peak at a range between 13 and 25 iterations. Better predictions, i.e. lower RMSEP (root mean squared error of prediction) values, were obtained using high β value, low r0 and VΘ values, while the number of iterations had to exceed 110 and the optimized model (RMSEP lower than 5) corresponded to PCNN variables: r0 = 1, β = 0.4, VΘ = 2, and number of iterations = 150. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the model was 0.94 and the predicted variation (Q2) was 0.91, while the Pearson correlation coefficient between the predicted and the measured mean particle size by sieving for eight test batches was 0.98. These findings could be characterized as promising and encouraging for the further use of image analysis by PCNNs in pharmaceutical bulk particle size and shape characterization.
Enteric-coated solid dosage forms containing sodium bicarbonate as a drug substance: an exception from the rule?
Authors: Breitkreutz Jörg , Gan Tjwan Gie , Schneider Bernd , Kalisch Peter 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate) is used as an oral medication in disorders such as mild metabolic acidosis and chronic kidney disease. The two commercial products on the German market, bicaNorm and Nephrotrans, and also newly developed multiple-unit pellet formulations, have been characterized in these investigations by in-vitro methods like disintegration and dissolution testing. Both marketed products containing sodium bicarbonate are of sufficient pharmaceutical quality according to the European Pharmacopoeia. However, they and the novel pellet preparations showed different drug release at moderately elevated pH values. Early drug release may cause dose dumping in the stomach and adverse drug effects from the developed carbon dioxide. The soft capsule preparation (Nephrotrans) released the smallest amount of sodium bicarbonate at pH 1 and 4.5 of all formulations tested. It appeared that oral dosage formulations of sodium bicarbonate were an exception to the rule: the monolithic soft capsule seemed to be superior to an enteric-coated tablet as well as to multiple-unit pellet formulations from the biopharmaceutical point of view. Our results correspond with individual reports on adverse effects from patients treated with the sodium bicarbonate products.