bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Summary of the 2000 Surgeon General's Listening Session: Toward a National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity
Authors: Jackson Yvonne , Dietz William H. , Sanders Charlene , Kolbe Lloyd J. , Whyte John J. , Wechsler Howell , Schneider Bruce S. , McNally Laura A. , Charles‐Azure Jean , Vogel‐Taylor Martina , Starke‐Reed Pamela , Hubbard Van S. , Johnson‐Taylor Wendy L. , Troiano Richard P. , Donato Karen , Yanovski Susan , Kuczmarski Robert J. , Haverkos Lynne , McMurry Kathryn , Wykoff Randolph F. , Woo Violet , Noonan Allan S. , Rowe Jonelle , McCarty Kathy , Spain Christine B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To provide insight into discussions at the Surgeon General's Listening Session, “Toward a National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity,” and to complement The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: On December 7 and 8, 2000, representatives from federal, state, academic, and private sectors attended the Surgeon General's Listening Session and were given an opportunity to recommend what to include in a national plan to address overweight and obesity. The public was invited to comment during a corresponding public comment period. The Surgeon General's Listening Session was also broadcast on the Internet, allowing others to view the deliberations live or access the archived files. Significant discussion points from the Listening Session have been reviewed by representatives of the federal agencies and are the basis of this complementary document.Results: Examples of issues, strategies, and barriers to change are discussed within five thematic areas: schools, health care, family and community, worksite, and media. Suggested cooperative or collaborative actions for preventing and decreasing overweight and obesity are described. An annotated list of some programmatic partnerships is included.Discussion: The Surgeon General's Listening Session provided an opportunity for representatives from family and community groups, schools, the media, the health‐care environment, and worksites to become partners and to unite around the common goal of preventing and decreasing overweight and obesity. The combination of approaches from these perspectives offers a rich resource of opportunity to combat the public health epidemic of overweight and obesity.
Antibody‐Induced Lysis of Isolated Rat Epididymal Adipocytes and Complement Activation In Vivo
Authors: Dickinson Keith , North Tracey J. , Telford Gary , Smith Susan E. , Edwards Bryan M. , Main Sarah H. , Field Ray , Hatton Diane , Vaughan Tristan J. , Flint David J. , Jones Robert B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To identify human monoclonal antibodies selectively binding to human adipocytes and to evaluate their ability to induce lysis of isolated rat adipocytes in vitro and to reduce rat complement levels in vivo.Research Methods and Procedures: Using phage display technology, human monoclonal antibodies binding to human adipocyte plasma membranes were identified. Three antibodies (Fat 13, Fat 37, and Fat 41) were selected based on their additional cross‐reaction with rat adipocytes and reformatted as a rat chimeric IgG2bs. The ability of these antibodies, both singly and in combination, to induce lysis of rat epididymal adipocytes in vitro and the reduction of serum complement levels in vivo in the rat was evaluated.Results: All antibodies caused similar time‐ and dose‐dependent lysis of isolated rat adipocytes. Calculated mean EC50 values (maximum percentage of lysis in parentheses) were 0.680 μg/mL (63.2%), 0.546 μg/mL (72.4%), and 0.391 μg/mL (73.7%) for Fat 13, Fat 37, and Fat 41, respectively. Combinations were no more effective than individual antibodies in inducing lysis. Anti‐adipocyte antibodies (both singly and in combination) were also similarly effective in vivo. In rats, doses of monoclonal antibody up to 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal generally caused almost complete depletion of serum complement up to 24 hours after dosing recovering to baseline values by day 5.Discussion: Individual and combinations of monoclonal anti‐adipocyte antibodies produced a complement‐dependent and concentration‐dependent activity to lyse adipocytes in vitro and in vivo as measured by a dramatic depletion in serum complement.
Plasma Leptin Response to an Epinephrine Infusion in Lean and Obese Women
Authors: Couillard Charles , Mauriège Pascale , Prud'homme Denis , Nadeau André , Tremblay Angelo , Bouchard Claude , Després Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Because leptin production by adipose tissue is under hormonal control, we examined the impact of epinephrine administration on plasma leptin concentrations.Research Methods and Procedures: We measured plasma leptin, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA) responses after a 60‐minute epinephrine infusion (0.010 μg/kg fat free mass/min) followed by a 30‐minute recovery period (no infusion) in a group of 11 lean (mean body mass index ± SD: 22.6 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and 15 obese (30.0 ± 1.3 kg/m2) premenopausal women. Leptin, insulin, and FFA levels were measured in plasma before (−15 and 0 minutes) and at every 30 minutes over the 90‐minute period.Results: In both lean and obese individuals, plasma leptin was significantly reduced by epinephrine (p < 0.0001). Body fat mass was associated with fasting leptin levels (r = 0.64, p < 0.0005) as well as with the decrease in leptinemia (r = −0.51, p < 0.01) produced by epinephrine administration. Furthermore, we noted a large range of leptin response to epinephrine among our subjects, especially in obese women (from −12 to −570 ng/mL per 60 minutes). However, there was no association between postepinephrine leptin and FFA levels (r = −0.14, p = 0.55).Discussion: Results of this study indicate that leptin levels decrease after epinephrine administration in both lean and obese premenopausal women. However, the heterogeneity in the response of leptin to catecholamines suggests potential alterations of the leptin axis that may contribute to generate a positive energy balance and, thus, may favor weight gain in some obese individuals.
The Obesity Epidemic: Pathophysiology and Consequences of Obesity
Authors: Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States: more than 20% of adults are clinically obese as defined by a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or higher, and an additional 30% are overweight. Environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors have been shown to contribute to the development of obesity. Elevated body mass index, particularly caused by abdominal or upper‐body obesity, has been associated with a number of diseases and metabolic abnormalities, many of which have high morbidity and mortality. These include hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, gallbladder disease, and certain malignancies. This underscores the importance of identifying people at risk for obesity and its related disease states.
Classification of Obesity and Assessment of Obesity‐Related Health Risks
Authors: Aronne Louis J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe barriers to the evaluation and treatment of obesity by health‐care providers include a lack of awareness of obesity as an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality and inadequate training in the medical management of obesity. However, the increased risk of medical disorders and emotional consequences associated with obesity make the disorder a priority for physicians to assess and treat. Obesity researchers have published and promoted the use of evidence‐based, practical guidelines to educate physicians about how best to approach obesity as a medical disorder. The guidelines support classification and assessment of obesity as an important component of the patient's medical care. Assessment begins with classification by body mass index (BMI), with overweight and obesity defined as a BMI of 25 and 30 kg/m2, respectively. Patients with high‐risk combinations of BMI, waist circumference, and specific cardiovascular risk factors should begin a weight‐loss program if no contraindications are present. Proper assessment also includes evaluation of complicating factors for obesity, such as sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes, psychosocial factors, and the use of medications that may contribute to obesity. Special attention should be paid to elements of the physical examination that often are performed incorrectly in obese patients, such as pelvic exams. Gathering this information will allow the clinician to tailor a weight‐loss program to each patient individually. Although this represents the most challenging component of obesity care, resources are available to guide the clinician.
Management of Obesity as a Chronic Disease: Nonpharmacologic, Pharmacologic, and Surgical Options
Authors: Fujioka Ken 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe successful management of obesity requires a long‐term approach that is tailored to an individual's lifestyle and needs. Initial treatment should focus on lifestyle modifications—dietary interventions and increased physical activity—with behavioral modification strategies used adjunctively. Several antiobesity drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in obese patients, as well as in overweight individuals with at least one obesity‐related comorbidity. Most are approved only for short‐term weight loss, but sibutramine and orlistat are approved for long‐term weight loss and maintenance. In addition to weight reduction, in clinical trials these drugs provided beneficial actions on several cardiovascular risk factors. Several other drugs currently approved for other uses show promise in their ability to cause weight loss. Surgical options should be reserved for severely obese patients with significant medical comorbidities or physical conditions.
Outpatient Management of Obesity: A Primary Care Perspective
Authors: Hill James O. , Wyatt Holly 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn estimated 64% of the adult population in the United States is either overweight or obese. Because obesity affects such a large percentage of the population and carries with it numerous health risks, it is essential that physicians treat obesity and encourage healthy‐weight maintenance within the primary care setting. Effective weight management will require providing the appropriate physical environment for the overweight or obese patient, properly evaluating the impact of a patient's weight on health, evaluating a patient's readiness to change, setting appropriate weight‐loss goals, and providing information and help about how to modify dietary and physical activity patterns. Achieving and maintaining weight loss is more likely to be successful when there is a physician‐patient partnership where the physician provides support and motivation for the patient's efforts to initiate and maintain a healthy body weight.
Probability of Adult Overweight and Risk Change during the BMI Rebound Period
Authors: He Qing , Karlberg Johan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To develop a probability chart of adult overweight based on childhood body mass index (BMI) values and to evaluate the BMI change during the BMI rebound period during childhood, in different populations, with the use of risk function curves.Research Methods and Procedures: A longitudinal growth study of 3650 full‐term healthy Swedish children followed from birth to 18 years of age. Weight and height values of our subjects were obtained.Results: A probability chart for reaching a BMI > 23 kg/m2 at 18 years of age was constructed for boys and girls. For example, a BMI of 18 kg/m2 at 4 years of age is associated with 0.70 probability of attaining a BMI > 23 kg/m2 at 18 years of age in boys; a BMI of 16 kg/m2 at 4 years of age leads to 0.40 probability of having a BMI > 23 kg/m2 at 18 years of age in girls. Children with an obvious BMI rebound before 8 years of age have a high risk of being overweight at 18 years of age. There is a clear trend of BMI increase from the 1970s to the 1990s in U.S. children from a parallel dataset, and Hispanic children are at the highest risk of adult overweight.Discussion: The probability chart for adult overweight developed here provides a functional method of defining childhood obesity that is based on the risk of long‐term ill health rather than on a certain statistical cut‐off point. It will help pediatricians or healthcare workers identify those children who are at a high risk of becoming overweight in adulthood, which will allow clinical intervention at younger ages.
The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2001 Update
Authors: Rankinen Tuomo , Pérusse Louis , Weisnagel S. John , Snyder Eric E. , Chagnon Yvon C. , Bouchard Claude 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis report constitutes the eighth update of the human obesity gene map, incorporating published results up to the end of October 2001. Evidence from the rodent and human obesity cases caused by single‐gene mutations, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) uncovered in human genome‐wide scans and in crossbreeding experiments in various animal models, association and linkage studies with candidate genes and other markers is reviewed. The human cases of obesity related in some way to single‐gene mutations in six different genes are incorporated. Twenty‐five Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as one of their clinical manifestations have now been mapped. The number of different QTLs reported from animal models currently reaches 165. Attempts to relate DNA sequence variation in specific genes to obesity phenotypes continue to grow, with 174 studies reporting positive associations with 58 candidate genes. Finally, 59 loci have been linked to obesity indicators in genomic scans and other linkage study designs. The obesity gene map depicted in Figure 1 reveals that putative loci affecting obesity‐related phenotypes can be found on all chromosomes except chromosome Y. A total of 54 new loci have been added to the map in the past 12 months, and the number of genes, markers, and chromosomal regions that have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes is now above 250. Likewise, the number of negative studies, which are only partially reviewed here, is also on the rise.
Alcohol Consumption in the Severely Obese: Relationship with the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Dixon John B. , Dixon Maureen E. , O'Brien Paul E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to examine the association between the clinical and biochemical features of the metabolic syndrome and quantity and type of alcohol intake in the severely obese.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study was performed in 486 consecutive severely obese subjects. Data on alcohol consumption was collected by serial clinical interviews and a questionnaire. The relationship between alcohol intake and the clinical and serum chemistry features of the metabolic syndrome was analyzed by multiple statistical techniques. Laboratory measures included lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and fasting serum insulin. An indirect index of insulin resistance was calculated using the log‐transformed fasting insulin and glucose product.Results: There were 486 subjects, 84% women, with a mean age of 40.6 ± 10 years (range, 16 to 71 years) and a body mass index of 45.3 ± 7 kg/m2 (range, 34 to 77 kg/m2). Alcohol consumers (N = 276) showed a marked reduction in the adjusted odds ratio of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio = 0.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.16 to 0.55) compared with rare or nonconsumers (N = 210). There was a U‐shaped relationship between the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption and fasting triglyceride, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and index of insulin resistance measurements. Consumers of <100 g/wk had more favorable measures. The effect was attenuated when diabetics were excluded from the analysis. Timing of alcohol consumption did not influence outcome measures.Discussion: Light‐to‐moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes, reduced insulin resistance, and more favorable vascular risk profile in the severely obese. We would propose that light to moderate alcohol consumption should not be discouraged in the severely obese.
Overweight, Waist Circumference, Age, Gender, and Insulin Resistance as Risk Factors for Hyperleptinemia
Authors: Mendoza‐Núñez Víctor Manuel , García‐Sánchez Ángel , Sánchez‐Rodríguez Martha , Galván‐Duarte Rosa Elba , Fonseca‐Yerena María Eugenia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the influence of overweight, waist circumference, age, gender, and insulin resistance as risk factors for hyperleptinemia.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study was carried out in a population of 197 subjects: 59 men (21 aged <60 years and 38 aged ≥60 years) and 138 women (37 aged <60 years and 101 aged ≥60 years). The groups were stratified by overweight and normal weight. After a 12‐hour fasting period, we measured serum leptin and insulin levels with radioimmunoassay methods. We also measured serum glucose and lipid profile. The data were analyzed by means of comparative tests. A variance‐stabilizing transformation (natural logarithmic) was used to meet multiple linear regression, analysis of covariance, and logistic regression models.Results: The leptin serum levels were higher and statistically significant in young and older women than they were in men. We observed an interaction between gender and body mass index to explain the difference in leptin levels (p < 0.0001). Our study demonstrated an inverse relationship between leptin with age and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. In logistic regression analysis, the overweight × gender interaction and waist circumference have a statistically significant influence as independent variables on hyperleptinemia (overweight × gender odds ratio = 6.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 46.86; p < 0.05 and waist circumference odds ratio = 4.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.47 to 12.83; p = 0.001).Discussion: Women who were overweight or had a higher waist circumference (women ≥ 88 cm and men ≥ 102 cm) have a significantly higher risk of having hyperleptinemia. The increase in age as an isolated variable is not a risk factor for hyperleptinemia.
Regional Intra‐Subject Variability in Abdominal Adiposity Limits Usefulness of Computed Tomography
Authors: Greenfield Jerry R. , Samaras Katherine , Chisholm Donald J. , Campbell Lesley V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging, the most accurate methods of abdominal fat measurement, have been applied using a number of protocols, ranging from single‐slice area determination to multiple‐slice volume calculation. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of single‐slice CT for abdominal fat area measurement by estimating the intra‐subject variability in abdominal fat areas and comparing the ranking of subjects across four contiguous abdominal levels.Research Methods and Procedures: Nineteen premenopausal women (age, 35.3 ± 1.4 years; mean ± SE) were studied. CT was used to measure intra‐abdominal fat (IAF) area, percentage of total intra‐abdominal area (%IAF), subcutaneous abdominal fat (SAF) area, and IAF/SAF at four adjacent cross‐sectional lumbar levels (L2–L4). Intra‐subject variability (percentage) was defined as SD/mean × 100. Total body fat was measured by DXA, which was further analyzed for central abdominal fat.Results: Mean body mass index was 24.9 ± 1.0 kg/m2. The average (range) intra‐subject variability was 28% (8% to 61%) for IAF, 46% (19% to 124%) for %IAF, 26% (14% to 38%) for SAF area, and 19% (7% to 71%) for IAF/SAF. The pattern of this variability was not uniform between subjects, because their ranking by IAF area was markedly different at each CT level.Discussion: We demonstrated significant intra‐subject variability in CT‐measured adipose tissue areas across four predetermined sites. This resulted in a difference in the ordering of subjects by IAF at each of the four imaging sites, suggesting that the usefulness of single‐slice CT in the assessment of abdominal adiposity in premenopausal women may be limited, particularly when performed for the purpose of making comparisons between subjects based on abdominal fat area.
Work‐Related Physical Activity Is Not Associated with Body Mass Index and Obesity
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Fisac Juan L. , Guallar‐Castillón Pilar , Díez‐Gañán Lucía , García Esther López , Banegas Jose R. Banegas , Artalejo Fernando Rodríguez 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To analyze the association of work‐related physical activity (WRPA) and leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) with body mass index (BMI) and obesity in the Spanish adult population aged 20 to 60 years.Research Methods and Procedures: The data were taken from the 1993 Spanish National Health Survey. We analyzed a sample of 12,044 men and women representative of the Spanish population aged 20 to 60 years. BMI and frequency of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) were obtained from self‐reported weight and height. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression models were constructed, adjusting for the main confounding factors. WRPA and LTPA were measured by two questions to classify subjects into four categories of physical activity.Results: Neither mean BMI nor percentage of obesity varied significantly (p > 0.05) by WRPA. Mean BMI was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in those who were inactive in their leisure time (25.90 kg/m2 in men and 24.43 kg/m2 in women) than in those who reported vigorous activity (24.42 kg/m2 and 22.97 kg/m2 in men and women, respectively). The odds ration (OR) for obesity decreased with increasing level of LTPA in both men (OR of 0.64 for vigorous activity) and women (OR = 0.68), showing a statistically significant dose‐response relation in both men (for linear trend, p = 0.0021) and women (p = 0.0245).Discussion: These results raise questions about the association between WRPA and obesity and suggest the need to reexamine models of the obesity epidemic that point to automation of the workplace as one of the major explanatory factors.