bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection of FS receivers from the interference produced by HEO FSS satellites in the 18 GHz band: Effect of the roll‐off characteristics of the HEO system satellite antenna beams
Authors: Finamore Anna Carolina , Fortes José Mauro P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper focuses on the protection of fixed service (FS) receivers from the aggregate interference produced by the satellites of multiple highly elliptical orbit satellite systems (HEOs). It analyzes the protection given to FS receivers operating in the 18 GHz frequency band by the power flux‐density (pfd) mask contained in Article 21 of the 2003 edition of the Radio Regulations [International Telecommunication Union, 2003.]. This mask establishes the maximum allowable value for the pfd produced by any of the satellites of a non‐geostationary system at the Earth's surface. The protection offered to FS receivers by this mask is analyzed in four interfering environments, each containing three identical HEO systems. Four types of HEO systems, with different orbital characteristics, are considered: three having satellites that operate only in the northern hemisphere and one having satellites that operate in both hemispheres. All satellite antennas are assumed to radiate 0.3° spot beams. Each HEO satellite is modelled so that the maximum pfd it produces at the Earth's surface just meets the RR Article 21 mask and the analysis takes into account the roll‐off characteristics of the satellite antenna beams. To reflect the multiplicity of possibilities concerning the geographical location and technical characteristics of the victim FS receiver (e.g. latitude, longitude, azimuth and elevation of its receiving antenna, antenna gain, receiver noise temperature, etc.) a number of cases were evaluated. The concept of interference in excess [Int. J. Satellite Commun. Networking 2006; 24: 73–95] was used to combine the results corresponding to FS receivers located at the same latitude and having the same receiving antenna elevation angle but for which the location longitude and the azimuth of the pointing direction of its receiving antenna are randomly chosen. Results are expressed in terms of the cumulative distribution function of the interference in excess. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Achieving a balanced organizational structure in professional services firms: some lessons from a modeling project
Authors: Kunc Martin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWhile many factors affect the organizational shape that managers in professional services firms should achieve, one has the greatest importance: the ratio of junior, mid‐level, and senior staff, usually referred to as a firm's leverage. The tensions between short‐term (market demand and firm profitability—a static equilibrium issue) and long‐term issues (organizational structure and professional development—a dynamic equilibrium issue) were analyzed in a modeling for learning project. Managing a professional service firm implies important trade‐offs between satisfying staff development and financial performance. A hiring and promotion proactive policy aimed at satisfying professional staff development leads to an expensive organizational structure without any certainty for future growth perspectives. However, a reactive hiring policy is not better since it burns out mid‐level staff due to delays in training and hiring, which increase staff departures. Therefore, a widely applied “up‐or‐out promotion system” seems to be the right policy for managing professional services firms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing strategy design and planning in public utilities through “dynamic” balanced scorecards: insights from a project in a city water company
Authors: Bianchi Carmine , Montemaggiore Giovan Battista 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn the last decade there has been an increasing effort to provide public utilities managers with planning and control tools, to take into account not only operational but also strategic issues. Among them are customer satisfaction, internal business process efficiency, business image, and bargaining power against other counterparts (e.g., the municipal administration). Often, however, such an effort has been oriented to generate a large volume of data, focused only on financial indicators and on a static view of the relevant system. This paper shows how the use of “dynamic” balanced scorecards can significantly improve the planning process in a strategic learning perspective. Insights from a project in a municipal water company are analysed and discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
System dynamics and cybernetics: a synergetic pair
Authors: Schwaninger Markus , Ríos José Pérez 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe authors advocate building a bridge between two systems approaches, namely system dynamics (SD) and the viable system model (VSM), which is the main exponent of organizational cybernetics (OC). Such a synthesis is aimed at opening a path towards a better capability of actors to deal with complex issues in both organizations and society. Given their respective strengths—modeling and simulation of content issues in the case of SD, and providing a viable organizational context in the case of OC—a combination of the two approaches is claimed to be potentially fertile. That argument gets twofold support. Firstly, the complementarity of SD and the VSM is cogently shown. Secondly, the authors refer to examples of synergy development through a combination of the two approaches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental analysis of the dynamic structure and behavior of managerial support systems
Authors: Clark Thomas D. , Jones Mary C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper provides a System Dynamics approach to assessment of a theoretical model of management support systems (MSS). It extends theory about the structure of MSS using the system dynamics indexed variable approach. Experimentation with relationships among system elements suggests possible MSS management policies and offers insight into how to successfully manage such systems. Several key insights into the interactive behavior of the elements in the system are provided. For example, we show that the level of MSS use lags changes in the problem space as it becomes more complex. This in turn affects MSS quality because it can bring into question the decisions made that were based on the MSS. It is, therefore, necessary to ensure changes in problem space are understood quickly and reacted to in a timely manner.
Characteristics of CO2 corrosion scale formed on P110 steel in simulant solution with saturated CO2
Authors: Yin Zhifu , Zhao Wenzhen , Bai Zhenquan , Feng Yaorong 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe SEM, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and XPS were employed to systematically characterize the component and microstructure of the corrosion scale formed on P110 steel exposed to carbon dioxide (CO2) environment. A loose and porous microstructure in corrosion scale was observed under turbulent flow condition for 120 h at 100 °C with a carbon dioxide partial pressure of 4 MPa in which the principal component was iron carbonate (FeCO3), whereas at 160 °C the corrosion scale was composed mainly of FeCO3 and a little amount of FeO(OH). In addition, complex carbonate (Mg,Fe)CO3 was produced because some Fe positions in FeCO3 lattice were substituted by Mg. It showed that a double‐layer structure of corrosion scale was observed at 160 °C compared with the result at 100 °C. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale Stochastic Simulations for Tensile Testing of Nanotube‐Based Macroscopic Cables
Authors: Pugno Nicola M. , Bosia Federico , Carpinteri Alberto 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThousands of multiscale stochastic simulations are carried out in order to perform the first in‐silico tensile tests of carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based macroscopic cables with varying length. The longest treated cable is the space‐elevator megacable but more realistic shorter cables are also considered in this bottom‐up investigation. Different sizes, shapes, and concentrations of defects are simulated, resulting in cable macrostrengths not larger than ≈10 GPa, which is much smaller than the theoretical nanotube strength (≈100 GPa). No best‐fit parameters are present in the multiscale simulations: the input at level 1 is directly estimated from nanotensile tests of CNTs, whereas its output is considered as the input for the level 2, and so on up to level 5, corresponding to the megacable. Thus, five hierarchical levels are used to span lengths from that of a single nanotube (≈100 nm) to that of the space‐elevator megacable (≈100 Mm).
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of AgCuVO4
Authors: Möller Angela , Jainski Judith 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDark red single crystals of AgCuVO4 were obtained from hydroxide fluxes in Ag‐containers at 430 °C. According to X‐ray diffraction data AgCuVO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (Z = 4, a = 925.5(1) pm, b = 677.8(1) pm, c = 540.1(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0753). The Pearson code (oP28) and Wyckoff sequence (dc4a) indicate that AgCuVO4 is related to the olivine‐type of structure, but the first coordination sphere of AgI and CuII differ significantly from the C.N. 6 with irregular square‐pyramidal [AgO5] polyhedra and distorted square‐planar [CuO4] units. These differences in crystal chemistry are discussed and MAPLE as well as ECoN values are given.
Synthesis, Structures and Magnetic Properties of Two Binuclear Cobalt(II) Complexes Bridged by Bis(p‐nitrophenyl) Phosphate or Diphenylphosphinate Ion
Authors: Tian Jin‐Lei , Gu Wen , Yan Shi‐Ping , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTwo new binuclear cobalt(II) complexes, [Co2L1(μ2‐DPP)]2+ (1) (HL1 = N, N, N′, N′‐ tetrakis (2‐benzimidazolylmethyl)‐2‐hydroxyl ‐1,3‐diaminopropane; DPP = diphenylphosphinate) and [Co2L2(μ2‐BNPP)2]+ (2) (HL2 = 2,6‐bis‐[N,N‐di(2‐ pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]‐4‐methylphenol, BNPP = bis(4‐nitrophenyl)phosphate) have been synthesized and their crystal structures and magnetic properties are shown. In 1, each CoII atom has a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination sphere with a N3O2 donor set and the central two CoII atoms are bridged by one alkoxo‐O atom and one μ2‐DPP ion with the Co1‐Co2 separation of 3.542Å. In 2, each CoII atom has a pseudo octahedral environment with a N3O3 donor set and the central two CoII atoms are bridged by a phenolic oxygen atom of L2 and two μ2‐BNPP ions with the Co1‐Co2 separation of 3.667Å. Susceptibility data of 1 and 2 indicate intramolecular antiferromagnetic coupling of the high‐spin CoII atoms.
The Synthesis of (η3‐C3H5)Pd{Si[N(tBu)CH]2}Cl and the Catalytic Property for Heck Reaction
Authors: Zhang Ming , Liu Xiaoli , Shi Chaojun , Ren Chunxia , Ding Yuqiang , Roesky Herbert W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTreatment of N‐heterocyclic silylene Si[N(tBu)CH]2 (1) and [(η3‐C3H5)PdCl]2 in toluene led to the formation of the mononuclear complex (η3‐C3H5)Pd{Si[N(tBu)CH]2}Cl (3), the silicon analogue to N‐heterocyclic carbene complex (η3‐C3H5)Pd{C[N(tBu)CH]2}Cl (2). Complex 3 was characterized with 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Investigation shows that (η3‐C3H5)Pd{Si[N(tBu)CH]2}Cl is an active catalyst for Heck coupling reaction of styrene with aryl bromides.
Chelating Complexes of Diethylzinc and ZnCl2 with 2,2‐Bipyridine and 1,6,7,12,13,18‐Hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATN) as Ligands
Authors: Krahmer Jan , Beckhaus Ruediger , Saak Wolfgang , Haase Detlev 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe 1,6,7,12,13,18‐hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATN) complex [(Et2Zn)3(μ3‐HATN)] was synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis and ESI‐MS spectrometry. Attempts to prepare ZnCl2 complexes of HATN leads only to the mononuclear [(Cl2Zn)(HATN)] derivative, characterized by X‐ray diffraction, IR‐ and UV/Vis‐spectroscopy as well as ESI‐MS spectrometry. The bright red 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy) complex [(Et2Zn)(bipy)] (1) was synthesized and characterized by X‐ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. The UV/Vis‐spectra of the HATN‐complexes show absorptions in regions of far longer wavelengths than the corresponding 2,2′‐bipyridine or 1,10‐phenantroline complexes. Consequently the π*‐LUMO of HATN (5) is lower in energy than the π*‐LUMO of 2,2′‐bipyridine (2) or 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen).
Structural Studies of New Sulfito Mercurates(II) with General Formula xM[XHgSO3]middot;yHgX2·zMX·nH2O (M = NH4, K; X = Cl, Br)
Authors: Weil Matthias , Baumann Stefan , Breitinger Dietrich K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSeveral solid phases with the general formula xM[XHgSO3]·yHgX2·zMX·nH2O were obtained from aqueous solutions during phase formation studies in the systems M2SO3/HgX2 (M = NH4, K; X = Cl, Br). All phases were structurally characterized on the basis of single crystal X‐ray diffraction data and adopt new structure types. Compounds with x, y, z = 1 and n = 0 are isostructural (structure type I) and crystallise with two formula units in space group P21/m and lattice parameters of a ≈ 9.7, b ≈ 6.2, c ≈ 10.4Å, β ≈ 111°. Compounds with x, y = 1 and z, n = 0 (structure type II) crystallize in space group Cmc21 with four formula units and lattice parameters of a ≈ 5.9, b ≈ 22.0, c ≈ 6.9Å. The structures with x = 2, y, z = 1 and n = 0 are likewise isostructural (stucture type III) and consist of four formula units in space group Pnma with lattice parameters of a ≈ 22.2, b ≈ 6.1, c ≈ 12.4Å. K[HgSO3Cl]·KCl·H2O is the only representative where x = 1, y = 0, z = 1 and n = 1 (structure type IV). It is triclinic (space group $P{\bar 1}$) with four formula units and lattice parameters of a = 6.1571(8), b = 7.1342(9), c = 10.6491(14) Å, α = 76.889(2), β = 88.364(2), γ = 69.758(2)°. Characteristic for all structures types is the segregation of the M+ cations and the anions and/or HgX2 molecules into layers. The [XHgSO3]− anions are present in all structures and have m symmetry, except for K[HgSO3Cl]·KCl·H2O with 1 symmetry (but very close to m symmetry). The different [XHgSO3] units exhibit very similar Hg‐S distances (average 2.372Å) and are more or less bent with ∠(X‐Hg‐S) angles ranging from 159.7 to 173.7°. The molecular HgX2 entities present in structure types I‐III deviate only slightly from linearity with ∠(X‐Hg‐X) angles ranging from 174 to 179°. The structures are stabilised by interaction of the K+ or NH4+ cations that are located between the anionic layers or in the vacancies of the framework, by K‐O contacts or, in case of ammonium compounds, by medium to weak hydrogen bonding interactions of the type N‐H···O.
[1,2‐P2S8]2− – a New Member of the Thiophosphate Family: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Vibrational Spectrum of [NH4(2.2.2‐cryptand)]2[1,2‐P2S8] and [NH4(18‐crown‐6)]2[1,2‐P2S8]·H2O
Authors: Gjikaj Mimoza , Wu Peng 
Published: July 2008

AbstractColourless block‐shaped crystals of [(NH4)2(2.2.2‐cryptand)2][P2S8] (1) and [(NH4)2(18‐crown‐6)2][P2S8]·H2O (2) could be obtained by the reaction of an aqueous solution of ammonium hexathiohypodiphosphate, (NH4)4P2S6·2 H2O, with sulfur and 2.2.2‐cryptand or 18‐crown‐6. The crystal structures of both compounds have been determined by single‐crystal X‐Ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 2032.7(2), b = 1243.6(2), c = 2244.6(2) pm, β = 98.64(1)°, and Z = 8, whereas compound 2 crystallizes also monoclinic in the space group P21/c with a = 2121.3(2), b = 865.5(1), c = 2345.4(2) pm, β = 91.96(1)°, and Z = 4. It could be established that the title compounds contain a new type of six‐membered [1,2‐P2S4] ring with P – P bond and three S – S linkages. The tetrahedral environment of each phosphorus is completed by a (formally) single and double bonded sulfur atom attached externally to the [1,2‐P2S4] ring. These terminal PS2 units are mesomerically stabilized according to their P – S distances. FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of the title compounds are recorded and interpreted.
Beiträge zum thermischen Verhalten und zur Kristallchemie wasserfreier Phosphate. XXXIX
Authors: Benser E. , Schöneborn M. , Glaum R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractContributions on the Thermal Behaviour and Crystal Chemistry of Anhydrous Phosphates. XXXIX, Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Structural Systematics of Quaternary Vanadium(IV) Oxidephosphates MIIV2O2(PO4)2 (MII: Co, Ni, Cu)By vapour‐phase assisted solid state reactions single‐crystals of the oxidephosphates α‐CoV2O2(PO4)2 (green), β‐NiV2O2(PO4)2 (yellow), and CuV2O2(PO4)2 (brown) suitable for structural investigations were grown (α‐CoV2O2(PO4)2: P21/c, Z = 2, a = 6.310(1), b = 7.275(1), c = 7.441(2) Å, β = 90.30(2)°, R1 = 0.044, wR2 = 0.083, 1515 independent reflections, 71 variables; β‐NiV2O2(PO4)2: P21/c, Z = 2, a = 7.4013, b = 7.2595, c = 7.4230Å, β = 121.56°, R1 = 0.037, wR2 = 0.084, 1117 independent reflections, 61 variables; CuV2O2(PO4)2: Pbca, Z = 8, a = 7.352(1), b = 12.652(1), c = 14.504(2) Å, R1 = 0.048, wR2 = 0.067, 2886 independent reflections, 136 variables). β‐CoV2O2(PO4)2 and α‐NiV2O2(PO4)2 were obtained as powders only. The α‐forms belong to the α‐Fe2O(PO4) structure family, while the β‐forms are isotypic to NiTi2O2(PO4)2 (Lipscombite/Lazulite structure family). The oxidephosphate structures are characterized by three‐dimensional networks of [PO4] tetrahedra and [MV2O12] groups formed by face‐sharing of [MIIO6] and [VIVO6] octahedra.
Pathways leading to early growth faltering: an investigation into the importance of mucosal damage and immunostimulation in different socio-economic groups in Nepal
Authors: Panter-Brick Catherine , Lunn Peter G. , Langford Rebecca M. , Maharjan Makhan , Manandhar Dharma S. 
Published: July 2008

Early childhood growth retardation persists in developing countries despite decades of nutritional interventions. Adequate food is necessary, but not sufficient, to ensure normal growth where there is ubiquitous exposure to infection. Pathways associated with infection, small intestinal mucosal damage and chronic immunostimulation remain largely undemonstrated in countries other than The Gambia. We conducted a longitudinal study of one squatter and one middle-class group (n 86, 3–18 month olds) to assess these relationships in Nepal. Growth, mucosal damage index (MDI; urinary lactose:creatinine ratio adjusted for body weight), morbidity reports, and blood concentrations of albumin, α-1-acid glycoprotein, IgG and Hb, were recorded monthly. Growth status worsened dramatically from 6 to 18 months, with squatters more stunted (height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), P < 0·001) and underweight (weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), P = 0·009) than middle class. IgG increased with age, was elevated in squatter children, and negatively related to WAZ (P = 0·034). MDI showed significant negative associations with growth performance, explaining 9 and 19 % of height and weight deficits (ΔHAZ, P = 0·004; ΔWAZ, P < 0·001). Unexpectedly, these associations were weaker in squatter children, namely in the group which showed poorer growth, elevated morbidity, greater pathogen exposure (IgG) and higher MDI (P < 0·001). In Nepal, as in The Gambia, children exhibit poor growth, mucosal damage and immunostimulation. The relative impact of pathways associated with infection and undernutrition may, however, differ across socio-economic groups: in poorer children, the impact of mucosal damage and immunostimulation could be masked by nutritional constraints. This has important implications for public health interventions.
Shifting body weight-fecundity relationship in a capital breeder: maternal effects on egg numbers of the autumnal moth under field conditions
Authors: Heisswolf A. , Klemola T. , Andersson T. , Ruohomäki K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn the literature, various environmental factors are described as being capable of influencing the reproductive output of insect females irrespective of their body size. Still, female body size or weight is widely used as a proxy for fecundity. In the present study, a seven-year data set on the autumnal moth, Epirrita autumnata (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), was used to analyze whether the body weight-fecundity relationship in this capital breeding, cyclic forest defoliating lepidopteran is constant across years. Ambient temperature conditions and density of conspecifics during larval development, the length of the pupal period, as well as moth densities in the parent generation were examined as factors capable of modifying the body weight-fecundity relationship. While the regression slope of potential fecundity (total egg numbers per female) on pupal mass was constant across years, the mean total egg number per given body weight (the regression intercept) was significantly different between years. This residual variance in egg numbers after controlling for the effect of pupal mass was best explained by the pooled geometrid density (autumnal and winter moths) in the parent generation. The total egg number per given body weight decreased with increasing density of geometrid moths in the parent generation. Thus, maternal density effects on offspring fecundity were found in this system. Their rather weak nature suggests, however, that this maternal effect alone does not have the potential of causing cyclic population dynamics in the autumnal moth.
The frequency of colour vision defective students in a school of art and the influence of their defects
Authors: Pickford R. W. 
Published: July 2008

Summary1. It has not been possible to show that the frequency of red/green defectives is different in a school of art from that in the population as a whole, or that the distribution of frequencies of sub-types is different, either for men or women.2. One colour defective out of seven did not know of the defect until tested in this research, four were tested by a doctor at school before coming to the college of art and two were tested informally by friends after coming to the college. In every case where it was used by non-psychologists the Ishihara Test seems to have given unsatisfactory information, and in this research it was very unsatisfactory except for crude screening.3. All the subjects showed surprising powers of adaptation, partly as a result of realizing their difficulties consciously and learning to avoid colours which would give rise to difficulty.4. It is clear that with better testing, which reveals the degree and type of defect accurately, and a more understanding approach on the part of a trained psychologist who realizes how to explain a person's colour difficulties and to give him insight into the nature of his problems, much help could be given. It should not be necessary and is not desirable that all red/green defectives should be excluded from schools of art, because some of them may have quite considerable artistic ability.