bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic population structure of marine fish: mismatch between biological and fisheries management units
Authors: Reiss Henning , Hoarau Galice , Dickey‐Collas Mark , Wolff Wim J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn essential prerequisite of a sustainable fisheries management is the matching of biologically relevant processes and management action. In fisheries management and assessment, fish stocks are the fundamental biological unit, but the reasoning for the operational management unit is often indistinct and mismatches between the biology and the management action frequently occur. Despite the plethora of population genetic data on marine fishes, to date little or no use is made of the information, despite the fact that the detection of genetic differentiation may indicate reproductively distinct populations. Here, we discuss key aspects of genetic population differentiation in the context of their importance for fisheries management. Furthermore, we evaluate the population structure of all 32 managed marine fish species in the north‐east Atlantic and relate this structure to current management units and practice. Although a large number of studies on genetic population structure have been published in the last decades, data are still rare for most exploited species. The mismatch between genetic population structure and the current management units found for six species (Gadus morhua, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Merlangius merlangus, Micromesistius poutassou, Merluccius merluccius and Clupea harengus), emphasizes the need for a revision of these units and questions the appropriateness of current management measures. The implementation of complex and dynamic population structures into novel and less static management procedures should be a primary task for future fisheries management approaches.
Spatial construction skills of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and young human children (Homo sapiens sapiens)
Authors: Potì Patrizia , Hayashi Misato , Matsuzawa Tetsuro 
Published: February 2009

Abstract Spatial construction tasks are basic tests of visual‐spatial processing. Two studies have assessed spatial construction skills in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and young children (Homo sapiens sapiens) with a block modelling task. Study 1a subjects were three young chimpanzees and five adult chimpanzees. Study 1b subjects were 30 human children belonging to five age groups (24, 30, 36, 42, 48 months). Subjects were given three model constructions to reproduce: Line, Cross‐Stack and Arch, which differed in type and number of spatial relations and dimensions, but required comparable configurational understanding. Subjects’ constructions were rated for accuracy. Our results show that: (1) chimpanzees are relatively advanced in constructing in the vertical dimension; (2) Among chimpanzees only adults make accurate copies of constructions; (3) Chimpanzees do not develop in the direction of constructing in two dimensions as human children do starting from age 30 months. The pattern of development of construction skills in chimpanzees partially diverges from that of human children and indicates that spatial analysis and spatial representation are partially different in the two species.
Leveraging mobile technology for sustainable seamless learning: a research agenda
Authors: Looi Chee‐Kit , Seow Peter , Zhang BaoHui , So Hyo‐Jeong , Chen Wenli , Wong Lung‐Hsiang 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOver the next 10 years, we anticipate that personal, portable, wirelessly networked technologies will become ubiquitous in the lives of learners—indeed, in many countries, this is already a reality. We see that ready‐to‐hand access creates the potential for a new phase in the evolution of technology‐enhanced learning, characterised by ‘seamless learning spaces’ and marked by continuity of the learning experience across different scenarios or contexts, and emerging from the availability of one device or more per student. The challenge is to enable learners to learn whenever they are curious and seamlessly switch between different contexts, such as between formal and informal contexts and between individual and social learning, and by extending the social spaces in which learners interact with each other. In this paper, we review the potential of mobile learning research for designing seamless learning environments that can bridge both formal and informal learning, present a research agenda and discuss important methodological issues that concern research into formal and informal learning.
e is for exploration: Assessing hard‐to‐measure learning outcomes
Authors: Shephard Kerry 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe focus of this paper is on the use of e‐technologies to enable higher education to better assess aspects of learning that have proved difficult to assess using more conventional means. Higher education describes the knowledge and abilities it intends its graduates to have acquired before graduation, and it has a wide range of approaches to assess these. Higher education also seeks affective outcomes in the form of values, attitudes, behaviours and related attributes or dispositions, and these have consistently proved more difficult to assess by examination or assignment. After graduation, however, graduates are often assessed within the professions via portfolios, interview and peer or expert review. Assessment may focus on teamwork and networking skills, productivity, creativity and values fit to the profession. How can e‐technologies help with these forms of assessment? This paper reviews some of the e‐based approaches and explorations that have supported or could support assessment of affective attributes. At each stage, the paper seeks to establish the common elements of assessment in the different regimes and how e‐assessment contributes, or may contribute in the future. The paper concludes that many of the strengths of e‐assessment lend themselves to an evaluation paradigm rather than to conventional assessment for intended learning outcomes.
Does Equal Pay Legislation Reduce Labour Market Inequality?
Authors: Kaas Leo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper considers a labour market model of monopsonistic competition with taste‐based discrimination against minority workers to study the effect of equal pay legislation on labour market inequality. When the taste for discrimination is small or competition is weak, the policy removes job segregation and the wage gap completely. However, with a bigger taste for discrimination or stronger competition, equal pay legislation leads to more job segregation, and sometimes minority workers end up earning less than before. Profits of discriminating firms might increase, and discrimination can persist in the long run, although it would have disappeared without the policy.
Paternalism and Tax Competition
Authors: Kotakorpi Kaisa 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWhen consumers make mistakes, the government may wish to use paternalistic taxation as a corrective measure. We analyse the extent to which tax competition undermines the feasibility of paternalistic taxation. We show that the paternalistic component of a tax on a harmful good is reduced when there is cross‐border shopping, but it does not disappear altogether. In a model with tax competition between two countries, only one of which has a paternalistic objective, we show that a minimum tax rate requirement can be Pareto improving despite the divergence in policy objectives. Tax harmonization, however, reduces welfare in the non‐paternalistic country.
Anxious Solitude, Unsociability, and Peer Exclusion in Middle Childhood: A Multitrait–Multimethod Matrix
Authors: Spangler Tamara , Gazelle Heidi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study examines convergent and divergent validity for middle childhood anxious solitude, unsociability, and peer exclusion as assessed by five informants (peers, teachers, observers, the self, and parents). Participants were 163 (67 male, 96 female) third grade children (M age = 8.70 years). Parent reports were available for a subset of the sample (N = 95). Validity was analyzed via multitrait–multimethod correlation matrices and structural equation models. Results indicate that anxious solitude and peer exclusion have better convergent and divergent validity than unsociability, although there is evidence of shared method variance for all constructs. Peers have the best combination of convergent and divergent validity, and parents, the worst; teachers, observers, and the self demonstrated mid‐level validity.
Sticks and Stones: The Effects of Teasing on Psychosocial Functioning in an Overweight Treatment‐seeking Sample
Authors: Quinlan Nicole P. , Hoy Melanie B. , Costanzo Philip R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis self‐report and observational study explores the relationship between perceptions of different kinds of teasing experiences and psychosocial functioning in an overweight treatment‐seeking adolescent population. Participants were 96 adolescents enrolled in a residential weight‐loss camp program. Prior to the start of treatment, participants' weight status was measured by trained program staff, and participants' perceptions of teasing experiences and psychosocial functioning were assessed through self‐report questionnaires. Controlling for body mass index, more frequent and upsetting weight‐related teasing experiences were associated with worse psychological functioning. Adolescents most distressed by weight‐related teasing exhibited lower self‐esteem and higher depressive symptoms regardless of reported frequency of weight‐related teasing. Competence‐related teasing was also associated with more worries about weight, greater depressive symptoms, and more negative anti‐fat attitudes. Weight‐related teasing, but not competence‐related teasing, was associated with lower levels of program and social involvement for heavier adolescents.
Rethinking agency: persons and things in the heterotopia of ‘traditional Indian craft’
Authors: Venkatesan Soumhya 
Published: February 2009

Based on ethnography among handloom mat‐weavers in South India, this article asks how persons and things become agents, and what this process involves. Foucault's concept of the heterotopia is utilized to think through the puzzle seen in ‘traditional Indian craft’, but not restricted to it: why and how are certain marginalized persons and things brought by powerful others to the centre of a framed social space? How does this repositioning simultaneously enhance and constrain the capacity of these persons and things to act effectively? The article also proposes a way of thinking about acting things while avoiding the problem of intentionality.RésuméSur la base d'un travail d'ethnographie parmi les tisserands de tapis handloom d'Inde du Sud, l'auteur s'interroge sur la façon dont les personnes et les objets deviennent des agents et sur ce qu'implique ce processus. Le concept d'hétérotopie de Foucault est mis à contribution pour résoudre l'énigme de «l'artisanat indien traditionnel», sans toutefois s'y limiter : pourquoi et comment certaines personnes et certains objets marginalisés sont‐ils amenés par d'autres, plus puissants, au centre d'un espace social encadré? Comment ce repositionnement accroît‐il et restreint‐il à la fois la capacité d'agir efficacement de ces personnes et de ces objets? L'article propose également une approche de la réflexion sur les objets agissants, tout en évitant l'écueil de l'intentionnalité.
Neglect as project: how two societies forget
Authors: Littlewood Roland 
Published: February 2009

A new dispensation demands that details, indeed memories, of the old ways be forgotten as fresh ideals and modes of action become paramount. This article proposes that an initial step in forgetting involves neglect – more specifically the neglect of certain patterns of comportment or material evidence or practice that recall a past now considered undesirable. In a millennialist Caribbean community, past memories and technical practices are discouraged by ‘ideological work’ that constantly weighs the old order against a new world in the process of creation: ‘directed forgetting’. For a post‐communist Albanian village, by contrast, neglecting a technology appears a more transparently ‘spontaneous’ process. For both, memories are insubstantiated in an older material world, which must be avoided or destroyed.RésuméLa tendance est aujourd'hui à vouloir oublier les détails, voire les souvenirs, des anciennes manières de faire lorsque les idées et les modes d'action nouveaux deviennent prédominants. L'article part de l'idée que l'oubli commence par la négligence, et plus précisément par la négligence de certains modes de comportement ou signes et pratiques matérielles rappelant un passé considéré comme désormais indésirable. Dans une communauté millénariste des Caraïbes, les souvenirs et pratiques techniques du passé sont découragés par un «travail idéologique» qui met constamment en regard l'ordre ancien et le monde nouveau dans un processus de création : l'oubli «dirigé». Dans un village albanais postcommuniste, en revanche, le fait de négliger une technologie apparaît comme un processus spontané plus transparent. Dans les deux cas, les souvenirs sont consubstantiels d'un monde matériel ancien, qui doit être évité ou détruit.
On vegetable love: gardening, plants, and people in the north of England
Authors: Degnen Cathrine 
Published: February 2009

A dominant model in the West has metaphorically likened the human body to a machine since at least the time of the Enlightenment. Drawing on research in the north of England with gardeners, this article explores a different set of associations. I consider the implications of English gardening practices and knowledge that insist on reciprocal parallels between human bodies and intentionality and those of plants. While humans are not equated with plants, plants are incorporated into a worldview that is not straightforwardly mechanistic. I discuss the implications of describing these connections between plants and people as ‘simply’ metaphorical, arguing instead for a theoretical framing that seeks analytical space beyond metaphor.RésuméLa comparaison du corps humain à une machine est une métaphore dominante dans la pensée occidentale depuis le Siècle des Lumières au moins. À partir de recherches menées dans le Nord de l'Angleterre auprès de jardiniers, l'auteure explore un autre ensemble d'associations. Elle examine les implications des pratiques et connaissances du jardinage en Angleterre qui mettent l'accent sur des parallèles réciproques entre le corps et l'intentionnalité des humains et ceux des plantes. Bien que les humains ne soient pas assimilés aux végétaux, les plantes sont intégrées dans une vision du monde qui n'est pas rigoureusement mécaniste. L'auteure examine les implications qu'aurait une approche «simplement» métaphorique de ces liens entre plantes et personnes et avance qu'il faut, pour les décrire, un cadre théorique dont l'espace analytique irait au‐delà de la métaphore.
Long‐term outcome of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate use against hepatitis B in an HIV‐coinfected cohort
Authors: Alvarez‐Uria G , Ratcliffe L , Vilar JF 
Published: February 2009

ObjectivesTenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is active against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV. However, the long‐term efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is not well known and the appearance of resistance is a major concern. We have studied the efficacy of TDF against HBV in patients treated at an Infectious Diseases Unit.MethodsWe carried out a retrospective observational study of the efficacy of TDF against HBV replication in a cohort of 52 HIV‐coinfected patients who received TDF for at least 6 months.ResultsThe median duration of follow‐up of TDF treatment was 34 months. Forty‐one patients (79%) were positive for HBV envelope antigen (HBeAg) and 35 had received previous lamivudine monotherapy for a median duration of 32 months. Virological breakthrough was observed in nine cases (17%). At the end of the follow‐up period, HBV DNA levels were <1000 copies/mL in 42 patients (81%) and <200 copies/mL in 31 patients (60%). There were no significant differences between the lamivudine‐naïve and lamivudine‐experienced groups. In the lamivudine‐experienced group, the duration of previous lamivudine monotherapy was associated with failure to achieve HBV DNA levels <200 copies/mL (P=0.036). Adding lamivudine or emtricitabine to TDF did not improve virological suppression. In 39 patients who achieved <200 HBV DNA copies/mL during TDF treatment, virological breakthrough was seen only in two patients (5%) after a median follow‐up duration of 39.7 months.ConclusionsTDF was able to control HBV replication in most HIV‐coinfected patients after a median follow‐up duration of 34 months, regardless of previous lamivudine treatment. However, a sizeable proportion of patients developed virological breakthrough.
SUMOylation participates in induction of ischemic tolerance
Authors: Ja Lee Yang , Castri Paola , Bembry Joliet , Maric Dragan , Auh Sungyoung , Hallenbeck John M 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGround squirrels in hibernation torpor have been shown to have striking increases in global SUMOylation on tissue immunoblots. Here, we find evidence that global SUMOylation is also involved in ischemic tolerance in primary cortical neuronal cultures (from rats and mice) and SHSY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Cultured cortical neurons preconditioned by sublethal oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) were less vulnerable to severe OGD than non‐preconditioned neurons. Preconditioned neurons maintained elevated SUMO‐1 conjugation levels (and, to a lesser extent those of SUMO‐2/3) on western blots in contrast to non‐preconditioned cells. Further, cortical neurons and SHSY5Y cells in which transfected SUMO‐1 or SUMO‐2 were over‐expressed showed increased survival after severe OGD. In contrast, cell cultures subjected to depletion of endogenous SUMO‐1 protein by RNAi had reduced survival after exposure to this form of in vitro ischemia and an attenuated protective response to preconditioning. These findings suggest that maintenance of a globally elevated SUMO‐1 (and maybe SUMO‐2/3) conjugation level as revealed by immunoblot assays is a component of ischemic tolerance.
In situ 3D magnetic resonance metabolic imaging of microwave‐irradiated rodent brain: a new tool for metabolomics research
Authors: De Graaf Robin A. , Chowdhury Golam M. I. , Brown Peter B. , Rothman Douglas L. , Behar Kevin L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe rapid elevation in rat brain temperature achieveable with focused beam microwave irradiation (FBMI) leads to a permanent inactivation of enzymes, thereby minimizing enzyme‐dependent post‐mortem metabolic changes. An additional characteristic of FBMI is that the NMR properties of the tissue are close to those of the in vivo condition and remain so for at least 12 h. These features create an opportunity to develop magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging on microwave‐irradiated samples into a technique with a resolution, coverage and sensitivity superior to any experiment performed directly in vivo. Furthermore, when combined with pre‐FBMI infusion of 13C‐labeled substrates, like [1‐13C]‐glucose, the technique can generate maps of metabolic fluxes, like the tricarboxylic acid and glutamate‐glutamine neurotransmitter cycle fluxes at an unprecedented spatial resolution.
Muscarinic receptors prevent oxidative stress‐mediated apoptosis induced by domoic acid in mouse cerebellar granule cells
Authors: Giordano Gennaro , Li Li , White Collin C. , Farin Fred M. , Wilkerson Hui W. , Kavanagh Terrance J. , Costa L. G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn mouse cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) low concentrations of domoic acid (DomA) induce apoptotic cell death, which is mediated by oxidative stress; apoptosis is more pronounced in CGNs fromGclm(−/−) mice, which lack the modifier subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) and have very low GSH levels. By activating M3muscarinic receptors, the cholinergic agonist carbachol inhibits DomA‐induced apoptosis, and the anti‐apoptotic action of carbachol is more pronounced in CGNs fromGclm(+/+) mice. Carbachol does not prevent DomA‐induced increase in reactive oxygen species, suggesting that its anti‐apoptotic effect is downstream of reactive oxygen species production. Carbachol inhibits DomA‐induced activation of Jun N‐terminal (JNK) and p38 kinases, increased translocation to mitochondria of the pro‐apoptotic protein Bax, and activation of caspase‐3. Carbachol activates extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) MAPK and phospahtidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K) in CGNs from both genotypes. However, while the protective effect of carbachol is mediated by ERK1/2 MAPK in CGNs from both mouse genotypes, inhibitors of PI3K are only effective at antagonizing the action of carbachol in CGNs fromGclm(+/+) mice. In CGNs from bothGclm(+/+) and (−/−) mice, carbachol induces a MAPK‐dependent increase in the level of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2. In contrast, carbachol causes a PI3K‐dependent increase in GCL activity and of GSH levels only in CGNs from Gclm (+/+) mice. Such increase in GCL is not because of a transcriptionally‐mediated increase in glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit or glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit, but rather to an increase in the formation of the GCL holoenzyme. The results indicate that multiple pathways may contribute to the protective action of carbachol toward DomA‐induced apoptosis. Compromised GCLM expression, which is also found in a common genetic polymorphism in humans, leads to lower GSH levels, which can exacerbate the neurotoxicity of DomA, and decreases the anti‐apoptotic effectiveness of muscarinic agonists.
Triterpenoid CDDO‐methylamide improves memory and decreases amyloid plaques in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Dumont Magali , Wille Elizabeth , Calingasan Noel Y. , Tampellini Davide , Williams Charlotte , Gouras Gunnar K. , Liby Karen , Sporn Michael , Flint Beal M. , Lin Michael T. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOxidative stress is one of the earliest events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and can markedly exacerbate amyloid pathology. Modulation of antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory pathways represents an important approach for AD therapy. Synthetic triterpenoids have been found to facilitate antioxidant response and reduce inflammation in several models. We investigated the effect of the triterpenoid, 2‐Cyano‐3,12‐Dioxooleana‐1,9‐Dien‐28‐Oic acid‐MethylAmide (CDDO‐MA) in Tg19959 mice, which carry the human amyloid precursor protein with two mutations. These mice develop memory impairments and amyloid plaques as early as 2–3 months of age. CDDO‐MA was provided with chow (800 mg/kg) from 1 to 4 months of age. CDDO‐MA significantly improved spatial memory retention and reduced plaque burden, Aβ42 levels, microgliosis, and oxidative stress in Tg19959 mice.