bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular responses induced during high‐intensity eccentric and concentric isokinetic muscle contraction in healthy young adults
Authors: Okamoto Takanobu , Masuhara Mitsuhiko , Ikuta Komei 
Published: December 2005

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to determine the differences in cardiovascular response between high‐intensity eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) contractions, and to obtain the basic data applicable to resistance training in middle‐aged and elderly individuals. The subjects who participated in this study were nine healthy men (age 24·1 ± 1·3 years). ECC and CON were randomly selected, as each test consisted of a high‐intensity (80% of peak torque) bout of 60 s of ECC and CON isokinetic contractions of the flexor carpi radialis. Systolic pressure (SBP), diastolic pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) during ECC and CON were measured using a Finometer. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated by SBP and DBP. Rate‐pressure product (RPP) was calculated by SBP and HR. SBP, DBP, MAP and RPP during ECC were significantly smaller compared with CON. It is clear that cardiovascular response by high‐intensity contraction is smaller in ECC than in CON. High‐intensity ECC has been suggested to exert only small stress to the cardiovascular system. Thus, being a contraction mode it may be applicable to resistance training.
An attract‐and‐kill system to control Carpophilus spp. in Australian stone fruit orchards
Authors: Hossain Mofakhar S. , Williams David G. , Mansfield Catherine , Bartelt Robert J. , Callinan Leigh , Il’ichev Alex L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDuring two growing seasons, the use of an attract‐and‐kill system for control of Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and the effective range or drawing power of the attract‐and‐kill stations were examined in stone fruit orchards in the Goulburn Valley, northern Victoria, Australia. Three attract‐and‐kill stations, baited with synthetic aggregation pheromone plus co‐attractant, were placed about 50 m apart in the upwind corner of each treated block 5–6 weeks before the fruit began to ripen. Large numbers of Carpophilus spp. were caught in the attract‐and‐kill stations immediately after placement. By the time fruit had ripened, the number of Carpophilus spp. caught had decreased greatly. Fruit damage caused by Carpophilus spp. in treated blocks, especially in 2000–2001 season, was almost zero (0.1% and 0.6%) in trees and on the ground, respectively, whereas the damage levels in control blocks were 5.2% and 19.9% in trees and on the ground, respectively. This study indicates that excellent protection of ripening stone fruit may be achieved by using attract‐and kill‐stations.
Slit‐scan tomography evaluation of the anterior chamber and corneal configurations at different ages
Authors: Jonsson Maria , Markström Klas , Behndig Anders 
Published: December 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the aqueous humour and corneal volumes, their correlations to age, sex and refractive status, and their changes with age. Methods:  A total of 153 eyes of 153 healthy volunteers and 58 eyes of 58 patients planned for cataract surgery were examined with Orbscan II slit‐scan tomography and the autorefractometer‐keratometer. In 16 eyes of 16 volunteers, the same examinations were performed twice with a 4‐year interval. Anterior chamber volumes were calculated with a 3‐dimensional mapping method, corneal volumes were calculated, and multiple refraction and corneal/anterior chamber configuration variables were registered. Results:  The aqueous humour volume is inversely correlated to the age of the individual (r = − 0.22, p = 0.001), with an average decrease of 1.4 ± 2.6 µl per year on longitudinal follow‐up (p = 0.042). Specifically, the posterior part of the anterior chamber undergoes a pronounced reduction in volume with time, whereas the volume of the anterior part increases slightly with time. Increasing steepness and peripheral thinning of the cornea (p = 0.034), and a reduction in corneal volume (p = 0.037) were also seen with increasing age. Males had less steeply curved corneas and higher aqueous humour volumes than females. Conclusion:  The anterior segment of the eye undergoes continuous alterations with age, which differ significantly between the genders. These normal differences and alterations may be of importance in the planning of refractive procedures, and in the evaluation of disease processes.
In vitro antifungal effect of amine fluoride‐stannous fluoride combination on oral Candida species
Authors: Meurman JH , Kari K , Waltimo T , Kotiranta A , Inkeri J , Samaranayake LP 
Published: December 2005

Objective:  The combination of amine fluoride and stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2) was, by chance, found to be antifungal in a clinical trial. This study investigated its effect on pathogenic Candida species with the hypothesis that the antifungal action on different species is variable.Materials and methods:  Growth inhibition effect of Meridol® mouth rinse which contains 250 ppm AmF/SnF2 was evaluated on 43 reference and clinical strains of Candida albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. Meridol® base solution without AmF/SnF2 was used as a negative control.Results:  Undiluted Meridol® mouth rinse killed most study strains within a few minutes. In ascending order, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. dubliniensis showed higher resistance against AmF/SnF2 than C. guilliermondii.Conclusion:  AmF/SnF2 could be used as a potent adjunct to antifungal therapy for oral yeasts. Although different Candida species demonstrated variable sensitivity the most prevalent oral yeast C. albicans appeared sensitive to the AmF/SnF2 combination.
Proinflammatory cytokine levels in saliva before and after treatment of (erosive) oral lichen planus with dexamethasone
Authors: Rhodus NL , Cheng B , Bowles W , Myers S , Miller L , Ondrey F 
Published: December 2005

Objective:  To explore the potential of detecting the level of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1‐alpha (IL‐1‐α), IL‐6, and IL‐8 in whole unstimulated saliva (WUS) in monitoring the therapeutic effects of topical dexamethasone on these salivary cytokines in subjects with erosive oral lichen planus (OLP).Study design:  Thirteen definitively diagnosed OLP subjects were enrolled in the study as were 13 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. The OLP subjects were treated with 0.1% dexamethasone oral rinse for 6 weeks. Prior to treatment and at the end of clinical trial, the visual analog scale (VAS) for symptoms was recorded, WUS was collected and these proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed by ELISA.Results:  Following the dexamethasone treatment, the levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐8 were decreased significantly, and IL‐1‐α and IL‐8 were detected at a level without a statistically significant difference from controls. VAS value was decreased significantly and was found to significantly correlate with the decrease in IL‐1‐α and IL‐8 levels.Conclusions:  These preliminary results indicate that salivary analysis of NF‐κB‐dependent cytokines may be applied to monitoring the therapeutic response of OLP.
Prevalence of erosive tooth wear and associated risk factors in 2–7‐year‐old German kindergarten children
Authors: Wiegand A , Müller J , Werner C , Attin T 
Published: December 2005

Objectives: The aims of this study were to (1) investigate prevalence and severity of erosive tooth wear among kindergarten children and (2) determine the relationship between dental erosion and dietary intake, oral hygiene behaviour, systemic diseases and salivary concentration of calcium and phosphate.Materials and methods: A sample of 463 children (2–7 years old) from 21 kindergartens were examined under standardized conditions by a calibrated examiner. Dental erosion of primary and permanent teeth was recorded using a scoring system based on O'Sullivan Index [Eur J Paediatr Dent2 (2000) 69]. Data on the rate and frequency of dietary intake, systemic diseases and oral hygiene behaviour were obtained from a questionnaire completed by the parents. Unstimulated saliva samples of 355 children were analysed for calcium and phosphate concentration by colorimetric assessment. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were applied to the data.Results: Prevalence of erosion amounted to 32% and increased with increasing age of the children. Dentine erosion affecting at least one tooth could be observed in 13.2% of the children. The most affected teeth were the primary maxillary first and second incisors (15.5–25%) followed by the canines (10.5–12%) and molars (1–5%). Erosions on primary mandibular teeth were as follows: incisors: 1.5–3%, canines: 5.5–6% and molars: 3.5–5%. Erosions of the primary first and second molars were mostly seen on the occlusal surfaces (75.9%) involving enamel or enamel–dentine but not the pulp. In primary first and second incisors and canines, erosive lesions were often located incisally (51.2%) or affected multiple surfaces (28.9%). None of the permanent incisors (n = 93) or first molars (n=139) showed signs of erosion. Dietary factors, oral hygiene behaviour, systemic diseases and salivary calcium and phosphate concentration were not associated with the presence of erosion.Conclusions: Erosive tooth wear of primary teeth was frequently seen in primary dentition. As several children showed progressive erosion into dentine or exhibited severe erosion affecting many teeth, preventive and therapeutic measures are recommended.
Comparison Between Sildenafil-Treated Subjects with Erectile Dysfunction and Control Subjects on the Self-Esteem And Relationship Questionnaire
Authors: Cappelleri Joseph C. , Bell Stephen S. , Althof Stanley E. , Siegel Richard L. , Stecher Vera J. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) can negatively impact psychosocial measures of a patient's sexual life.

Aim
To evaluate self-esteem, confidence, and relationships in men with ED, before and after treatment with sildenafil citrate (Viagra®), with reference to controls without ED.

Methods
Sildenafil-naïve patients with ED were enrolled in a 10-week, open-label, flexible-dose (25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg) trial of sildenafil. In a separate study, men without ED who did not take sildenafil also completed the Self-Esteem And Relationship (SEAR) questionnaire. In addition to traditional statistical testing, equivalency testing was applied to compare the ED group, before and after treatment, with the control group and to examine whether the ED group improved to normative ranges on the SEAR questionnaire after treatment (within half a standard deviation of the normative or control group mean).

Main Outcome Measures
Baseline and end-of-treatment responses on psychosocial aspects of ED were measured with the validated SEAR.

Results
Mean SEAR scores between subjects with ED (N = 93, mean age 55.0 years) at baseline and control subjects without ED (N = 94, mean age 52.5 years) were statistically different from zero and not statistically equivalent. Conversely, mean SEAR scores between ED subjects after treatment and control subjects were statistically equivalent and not statistically different from zero.

Conclusions
The results indicate that sildenafil is associated with normalization of relationships, confidence, and self-esteem in men with ED.
Role in Virulence of aBrucella abortusProtein Exhibiting Lectin-Like Activity
Authors: Vemulapalli Tracy H. , Vemulapalli Ramesh , Schurig Gerhardt G. , Boyle Stephen M. , Sriranganathan Nammalwar 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTBrucella abortusis a facultative, intracellular zoonotic pathogen which can cause undulant fever in humans and abortions in cattle. A 14-kDa protein ofB. abortuswas previously identified to be immunogenic in animals infected withBrucellaspp. In this study, we discovered that the 14-kDa protein possessed immunoglobulin binding and hemagglutination properties that appeared to be based on the protein's lectin-like properties. Hemagglutination inhibition experiments suggested that the 14-kDa protein has affinity towards mannose. Disruption of the gene encoding the 14-kDa protein in virulentB. abortusstrain 2308 induced a rough-like phenotype with an altered smooth lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immunoblot profile and a significant reduction in the bacterium's ability to replicate in mouse spleens. However, the mutant strain was stably maintained in mouse spleens at 2.0 to 2.6 log10CFU/spleen from day 1 to week 6 after intraperitoneal inoculation with 4.65 log10CFU. In contrast to the case for the smooth virulent strain 2308, in the rough attenuated strain RB51 disruption of the 14-kDa protein's gene had no effect on the mouse clearance pattern. These findings indicate that the 14-kDa protein ofB. abortuspossesses lectin-like properties and is essential for the virulence of the species, probably because of its direct or indirect role in the synthesis of smooth LPS.
Members of the 30- to 32-Kilodalton Mycolyl Transferase Family (Ag85) from Culture Filtrate of
Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
Are Immunodominant Th1-Type Antigens Recognized Early upon Infection in Mice and Cattle
Authors: Rosseels Valérie , Marché Sylvie , Roupie Virginie , Govaerts Marc , Godfroid Jacques , Walravens Karl , Huygen Kris 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT

The characterization of protective antigens is essential for the development of an effective, subunit-based vaccine against paratuberculosis. Surface-exposed and secreted antigens, present abundantly in mycobacterial culture filtrate (CF), are among the well-known protective antigens of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and
Mycobacterium bovis
. Culture filtrate, prepared from
Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
ATCC 19698 grown as a surface pellicle on synthetic Sauton medium, was strongly and early recognized in experimentally infected B6
bg/bg
beige mice and cattle, as indicated by elevated spleen cell gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secretion and lymphoproliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. Strong proliferative and ex vivo IFN-γ responses against antigen 85 (Ag85) complex (a major protein component from
M. bovis
BCG culture filtrate) could be detected in cattle as early as 10 weeks after oral
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
infection. Synthetic peptides from the Ag85A and Ag85B components of this complex were strongly recognized, whereas T-cell responses were weaker against peptides from the Ag85C protein. A promiscuous T-cell epitope spanning amino acids 145 to 162 of Ag85B (identical sequence in
M. bovis
and
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
) was identified in experimentally infected cattle. Finally, young calves, born from cows with confirmed paratuberculosis, demonstrated proliferative responses to purified, recombinant Ag85A and Ag85B from
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
. These results indicate that the
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
Ag85 homologues are immunodominant T-cell antigens that are recognized early in experimental and natural infection of cattle.
Production and Characterization of Guinea Pig Recombinant Gamma Interferon and Its Effect on Macrophage Activation
Authors: Jeevan A. , McFarland C. T. , Yoshimura T. , Skwor T. , Cho H. , Lasco T. , McMurray D. N. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTGamma interferon (IFN-γ) plays a critical role in the protective immune responses against mycobacteria. We previously cloned a cDNA coding for guinea pig IFN-γ (gpIFN-γ) and reported that BCG vaccination induced a significant increase in the IFN-γ mRNA expression in guinea pig cells in response to living mycobacteria and that the virulent H37Rv strain ofMycobacterium tuberculosisstimulated less IFN-γ mRNA than did the attenuated H37Ra strain. In this study, we successfully expressed and characterized recombinant gpIFN-γ with a histidine tag at the N terminus (His-tagged rgpIFN-γ) inEscherichia coli. rgpIFN-γ was identified as an 18-kDa band in the insoluble fraction; therefore, the protein was purified under denaturing conditions and renatured. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the recombinant protein yielded the sequence corresponding to the N terminus of His-tagged gpIFN-γ. The recombinant protein upregulated major histocompatibility complex class II expression in peritoneal macrophages. The antiviral activity of rgpIFN-γ was demonstrated with a guinea pig fibroblast cell line (104C1) infected with encephalomyocarditis virus. Interestingly, peritoneal macrophages treated with rgpIFN-γ did not produce any nitric oxide but did produce hydrogen peroxide and suppressed the intracellular growth of mycobacteria. Furthermore, rgpIFN-γ induced morphological alterations in cultured macrophages. Thus, biologically active rgpIFN-γ has been successfully produced and characterized in our laboratory. The study of rgpIFN-γ will further increase our understanding of the cellular and molecular responses induced by BCG vaccination in the guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Comparison of Gamma Interferon-Mediated Antichlamydial Defense Mechanisms in Human and Mouse Cells
Authors: Roshick Christine , Wood Heidi , Caldwell Harlan D. , McClarty Grant 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTGamma interferon (IFN-γ)-induced effector mechanisms have potent antichlamydial activities that are critical to host defense. The most prominent and well-studied effectors are indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO) and nitric oxide (NO) synthase. The relative contributions of these mechanisms as inhibitors of chlamydial in vitro growth have been extensively studied using different host cells, induction mechanisms, and chlamydial strains with conflicting results. Here, we have undertaken a comparative analysis of cytokine- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IDO and NO using an extensive assortment of human and murine host cells infected with human and murine chlamydial strains. Following cytokine (IFN-γ or tumor necrosis factor alpha) and/or LPS treatment, the majority of human cell lines induced IDO but failed to produce NO. Conversely, the majority of mouse cell lines studied produced NO, not IDO. Induction of IDO in human cell lines inhibited growth of L2 and mouse pneumonitis agent, now referred to asChlamydia muridarumMoPn equally in all but two lines, and inhibition was completely reversible by the addition of tryptophan. IFN-γ treatment of mouse cell lines resulted in substantially greater reduction of L2 than MoPn growth. However, despite elevated NO production by murine cells, blockage of NO synthesis with thel-arginine analogueN-monomethyl-l-arginine only partially rescued chlamydial growth, suggesting the presence of another IFN-γ-inducible antichlamydial mechanism unique to murine cells. Moreover, NO generated from the chemical nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside showed little direct effect on chlamydial infectivity or growth, indicating a natural resistance to NO. Finally, IFN-γ-inducible IDO expression in human HeLa cells was inhibited following exogenous NO treatment, resulting in a permissive environment for chlamydial growth. In summary, cytokine- and LPS-inducible effectors produced by human and mouse cells differ and, importantly, these host-specific effector responses result in chlamydial strain-specific antimicrobial activities.
Identification of a New Spore Wall Protein from
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Authors: Xu Yanji , Takvorian Peter , Cali Ann , Wang Fang , Zhang Hong , Orr George , Weiss Louis M. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT
Microsporidia form environmentally resistant spores that are critical for their host-to-host transmission and persistence in the environment. The spore walls of these organisms are composed of two layers, the exospore and the endospore. Two spore wall proteins (SWP1 and SWP2) have been previously identified in members of the Encephalitozoonidae family. These proteins localize to the exospore. The endospore is known to contain chitin, and a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored chitin deacetylase has been localized to the plasmalemma-endospore interface. Using proteomic techniques, we have identified a new spore wall protein (SWP3) that is located in the endospore. The gene for this protein is located on chromosome 1 and corresponds to the open reading frame ECU01_1270. SWP3 is predicted to have a signal peptide and to be GPI anchored. Consistent with these modifications, two-dimensional electrophoresis demonstrated that SWP3 has an acidic pI and a molecular mass of <20 kDa. By immunoelectron microscopy, this protein was found on the cell surface during sporogony and in the endospore in mature spores. SWP3 has several potential O-glycosylation sites, and it is possible that it is a mannosylated protein like the major polar tube protein (PTP1).
The
lpf
Gene Cluster for Long Polar Fimbriae Is Not Involved in Adherence of Enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
or Virulence of
Citrobacter rodentium
Authors: Tatsuno Ichiro , Mundy Rosanna , Frankel Gad , Chong Yuwen , Phillips Alan D. , Torres Alfredo G. , Kaper James B. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT

Using the enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC) genome sequence, we found that EPEC E2348/69 has an
lpfABCDE
gene cluster homologous (about 60% identical at the protein level) to the
Salmonella
long polar fimbria (LPF) operon. To determine whether this operon is essential for adherence, the

lpfABCD
E2

3

genes were deleted from EPEC strain E2348/69 by allelic exchange. Analysis of the resulting EPEC

ΔlpfABCD
E23

strain showed no change in adherence to HeLa cells or to human intestinal biopsy cells in the in vitro organ culture (IVOC) system compared to the wild type. Sera from volunteers experimentally infected with E2348/69 showed no antibody response to the major subunit protein, LpfA. These results suggested that the

lpf
E23

gene cluster is not necessary for EPEC adherence and attaching/effacing (A/E) lesion formation on human biopsy samples and is not expressed during human infection. We also identified an
lpf
gene cluster in
Citrobacter rodentium
strain ICC168 (

lpf
cr

). A Δ

lpfA
cr

mutant of ICC168 retained wild-type adherence and A/E lesion-forming activity on HeLa cells. C3H/HeJ mice were infected with a wild-type
C. rodentium
strain and its

lpfA
cr

isogenic mutant. Both strains were recovered at high levels in stools, and there were no significant differences between the groups both in terms of the number of CFU/organ (colon and cecum) and in terms of the amount of hyperplasia, as measured by weight. Similar results were observed in a second mouse strain, C57BL/6. These data suggest that in addition to playing no apparent role in EPEC pathogenesis,

lpf
cr

is not required for
C. rodentium
virulence in either the C3H/HeJ or C57BL/6 mouse model.