bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women and Music
Authors: Swinburne J. 
Published: January 2007

“‘Will my daughter prove a good musician?‘I think she'll sooner prove a soldier.’”Shakespeare.It is generally accepted that women are the musical sex. It is taken for granted that nearly all women in the middle and upper classes are musically inclined, and practically every girl of these classes “learns music,” or better still, “studies music.” Our musical colleges have far more girls than men. Socially, ladies monopolise any performance there is; a man may sing a song, but that is generally all; he hardly ever plays the piano or violin. Some of us remember times when a man playing the piano was considered odd; it was essentially a lady's instrument. At a concert, especially a ballad concert, or a piano or fiddle recital, women fill most of the seats.
Bringing Converse Back In: Modeling Information Flow in Political Campaigns
Authors: Zaller John 
Published: January 2007

In his 1962 paper, “Information Flow and the Stability of Partisan Attitudes,” Converse explained why moderately sophisticated voters are sometimes most susceptible to persuasion in election campaigns. Such people, Converse argued, pay enough attention to campaigns to be fairly heavily exposed to persuasive messages but lack the sophistication to be able to resist. The present article extends this model in several ways, showing that it can yield important insights into House elections, presidential elections, presidential primary elections, and the dynamics of presidential popularity.On the theoretical side, this article introduces the notion of differential information flow, which is the idea that campaigns consist of multiple messages that may penetrate differentially far into the mass electorate. It shows that differential information flow can help explain nonobvious but theoretically interesting patterns of attitude change in several areas.On the substantive side, this article pays particular attention to the dynamics of incumbent advantage in House elections, showing among other things, why senior incumbents are typically able to build up huge winning margins in weakly contested elections but are unable to maintain this advantage under challenge.
Auricle Reconstruction With a Nickel–Titanium Shape Memory Alloy as the Framework
Authors: Chi Fang‐Lu , Wang Shen‐Jun , Liu Hong‐Jian 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study is to explore the biocompatibility and implantability of a nickel–titanium (NiTi) alloy in auricle reconstruction.Methods and Materials: Twelve New Zealand rabbits underwent subcutaneous implantation with a NiTi alloy framework shaped like the human auricle under general anesthesia. The implant was inserted after skin expansion. Implant vascularization was evaluated at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after implantation by histologic analysis. Immunohistochemical methods were used to examine expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in tissue around the implant. The fibrovascular ingrowth rate of implants was determined by bone scanning using 99mTc‐PYP. The surface of the NiTi alloy implant was examined microscopically with scanning electron microscopy.Result: The implant harvested showed only partial vascularization at 1 month and completely vascularized at 3 months. The amount of vascular endothelial growth factor‐positive cells was markedly increased at 6 months and reached the highest number at 3 months. The fibrovascular ingrowth rate of implant was assessed by 99mTc‐PYP bone scan using ratios of 99mTc‐PYP activity in placement regions versus the contralateral normal region. One rabbit had exposure of the NiTi alloy framework as a result of overlying skin flap necrosis. It was rescued with animal skin without the complete removal of the framework. All the other rabbits tolerated the implant well, and there were no complications.Conclusion: The NiTi alloy implant represents an alternative implant for auricular reconstruction.
Effect of Infections and Environmental Factors on Growth and Nutritional Status in Developing Countries
Authors: Bhutta Zulfiqar Ahmed 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTDespite numerous advances and improvements in child health globally, malnutrition remains a major problem and underlies a significant proportion of child deaths. A large proportion of the hidden burden of malnutrition is represented by widespread single and multiple micronutrient deficiencies. A number of factors may influence micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries, including poor body stores at birth, dietary deficiencies and high intake of inhibitors of absorption such as phytates and increased losses from the body. Although the effects of poor intake and increased micronutrient demands are well described, the potential effects of acute and chronic infections on the body's micronutrient status are less well appreciated. Even more obscure is the potential effect of immunostimulation and intercurrent infections on the micronutrient distribution and homeostasis. The association therefore of relatively higher rates of micronutrient deficiencies with infectious diseases may be reflective of both increased predisposition to infections in deficient populations as well as a direct effect of the infection itself on micronutrient status indicators. Recently the association of increased micronutrient losses such as those of zinc and copper with acute diarrhea has been recognized and a net negative balance of zinc has been shown in zinc metabolic studies in children with persistent diarrhea. It is also recognized that children with shigellosis can lose a significant amount of vitamin A in the urine, thus further aggravating preexisting subclinical vitamin A deficiency. Given the epidemiological association between micronutrient deficiencies and diarrhea, supplementation strategies in endemic areas are logical. The growing body of evidence on the key role of zinc supplementation in accelerating recovery from diarrheal illnesses in developing countries supports its use in public health strategies.
Acute effects of periodontal therapy on bio‐markers of vascular health
Authors: D'Aiuto Francesco , Parkar M. , Tonetti Maurizio S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAim: We aimed to study the impact of periodontal therapy on several bio‐markers related to vascular health.Material and Methods: Fifty‐five consecutive subjects (age range 30–64 years) having severe periodontitis received an intensive session of periodontal therapy under local anaesthesia and provided blood samples before and 1 and 7 and 30 days following therapy. High‐sensitivity assays were utilized to quantify serum concentrations of inflammatory markers [interleukin(IL)‐1β, tumour necrosis factor‐α], plasma haemostatic (D‐dimer) and endothelial soluble markers [soluble E‐selectin(s‐Es) and von Willebrand factor antigen (r‐WF:Ag)].Results: Periodontal therapy elicited a significant activation of the haemostatic system (38% and 68% mean increases of plasma D‐dimer 1 and 7 days after therapy, respectively, p<0.001), together with moderate endothelial dysfunction (10% and 30% mean increases at 24 h in plasma soluble E‐selectin, p<0.05 and von‐Willebrand factor, p<0.01, respectively). D‐Dimer and s‐Es acute changes were significantly correlated with periodontal treatment time (p<0.05). Cigarette smoking status and body mass index strongly influenced the acute release of IL‐1β (p<0.05), D‐dimer (p<0.01) and s‐Es (p<0.01).Conclusions: Periodontal therapy represents a novel and reliable non‐drug‐induced model to investigate in vivo the interplay between inflammation, coagulation and endothelial cell activation.
Two Distinct Types of Blood Vessels in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Have Contrasting Prognostic Implications
Authors: Yao Xin , Qian Chao-Nan , Zhang Zhong-Fa , Tan Min-Han , Kort Eric J. , Yang Ximing J. , Resau James H. , Teh Bin Tean 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Intratumoral microvascular density (MVD) has been controversial as an indicator of prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Classification of the intratumoral blood vessels based on differential expressions of blood vessel markers has not been correlated with patient prognosis in CCRCC. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of different categories of blood vessels with the patients' outcomes.
Experimental Design: Seventy-eight CCRCC patients who underwent nephrectomy alone were enrolled. Paraffin-embedded CCRCC tissues, together with 16 nonmalignant kidney cortex tissues, were used in tissue microarray analyses and conventional section analyses. The characteristics of intratumoral blood vessels were identified by multiple blood vessel markers and pericyte markers. A computerized image analysis program was used to quantitatively calculate the vascular density.
Results: Two distinct types of microvessels were identified in CCRCC: undifferentiated (CD31+/CD34−) and differentiated (CD34+) vessels. A higher undifferentiated MVD significantly correlated with higher tumor grades and shorter patient survival. In contrast, a higher differentiated MVD significantly correlated with lower tumor grade and longer survival. Multivariate analyses showed that undifferentiated MVD was an independent prognostic factor for patient survival. An inverse correlation between undifferentiated MVD and differentiated MVD was also identified in CCRCC.
Conclusions: This is the first report showing distinct types of vasculature in CCRCC correlated with contrasting prognoses. A refined classification of CCRCC based on vasculature is therefore important for evaluating prognosis, and it may also have therapeutic implications.
Clinical Relevance of E2F Family Members in Ovarian Cancer—An Evaluation in a Training Set of 77 Patients
Authors: Reimer Daniel , Sadr Susann , Wiedemair Annemarie , Stadlmann Sylvia , Concin Nicole , Hofstetter Gerda , Müller-Holzner Elisabeth , Marth Christian , Zeimet Alain G. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Purpose: The major obstacle in treating ovarian cancer is the rapid development of platinum resistance during therapy. Deregulation of members of the E2F family of transcription factors is crucially involved in carcinogenesis and probably in mechanisms underlying platinum resistance. We therefore investigated the relevance of the whole set of E2F family members in predicting clinical outcome and their significance in predicting platinum resistance.
Experimental Design: Real-time PCR of all E2F family members was done from 77 ovarian carcinomas, defined as our training set, and 8 healthy control samples. The correlation with clinicopathologic characteristics, platinum resistance, and survival was investigated. Furthermore, the cross-talk of E2F family members was assessed for its value in predicting survival and platinum resistance.
Results: The proliferation-promoting E2F1 and E2F2 were associated with grade 3 tumors and residual disease &gt;2 cm in diameter after initial surgery. Survival analyses showed low expression of E2F1 or E2F2 to be significantly associated with favorable disease-free and overall survival (E2F1, P = 0.039 and 0.047, respectively; E2F2, P = 0.009 and 0.006, respectively). In contrast, high expression of inhibiting E2F4 or E2F7 predicted favorable disease-free and overall survival (E2F4, P = 0.047 and 0.042, respectively; E2F7, P = 0.048 and 0.042, respectively). A high E2F2 to E2F4 ratio was the most valuable prognostic variable for disease-free survival in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 6.494; P = 0.002). Tumors considered platinum resistant were associated with lower E2F4 and E2F7 expression (P = 0.012 and 0.009, respectively) compared with platinum-sensitive tumors. Again, ratios of E2F1 or E2F2 to E2F7 were the most favorable variables in predicting platinum resistance.
Conclusions: We here show that deregulation of both proliferation-promoting and proliferation-inhibiting E2F transcription factors and their cross-talk is crucially involved in the tumor biology of ovarian cancer and influences clinical outcome. Furthermore, down-regulation of E2F7 may contribute to mechanisms underlying platinum resistance, and calculation of ratios of proliferation-promoting E2F1 to E2F7 could serve as a putative predictor of platinum resistance.
Parthenolide, a Natural Inhibitor of Nuclear Factor-κB, Inhibits Lung Colonization of Murine Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Kishida Yuki , Yoshikawa Hideki , Myoui Akira 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Purpose: The transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) regulates the expression of several genes important for tumor metastasis and is constitutively active in the highly metastatic murine osteosarcoma cell line LM8. Parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, was reported to inhibit the DNA binding of NF-κB. The purpose of this study is to investigate the usefulness of parthenolide as target for antimetastatic therapies.
Experimental Design: We examined the effect of parthenolide on metastasis-associated phenotypes in vitro and in murine experimental lung metastasis models by s.c. and i.v. inoculation of LM8 cells.
Results: We found that parthenolide strongly induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro. In the in vivo metastasis models, parthenolide treatment suppressed lung metastasis when treatment was initiated concurrently with s.c. or i.v. inoculation of tumor cells, whereas lung metastasis was not reduced when parthenolide was given after the homing of tumor cells. The growth of s.c. tumors that developed at the inoculation site was not suppressed by parthenolide. We also found that the genetic inhibition of NF-κB activity by expressing mutant IκBα suppressed lung metastasis in vivo but not s.c. tumor growth. This supports our notion that the metastasis-preventing effect of parthenolide is mediated at least in part by inhibition of NF-κB activity.
Conclusions: These findings suggested that NF-κB is a potential molecular target for designing specific prophylactic interventions against distant metastasis and that parthenolide is a hopeful candidate for an antimetastatic drug.
Targeting Fanconi Anemia/BRCA2 Pathway Defects in Cancer: The Significance of Preclinical Pharmacogenomic Models
Authors: Gallmeier Eike , Kern Scott E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDefects in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway occur in subsets of diverse human cancers. The hypersensitivity of FA pathway-deficient cells to DNA interstrand cross-linking and possibly other agents renders these genes attractive targets for a genotype-based, individualized anticancer therapy. A prerequisite before clinical trials is the validation and quantification of this hypersensitivity in suitable preclinical pharmacogenomic models. In addition, the effects of combinational therapy need to be evaluated and novel agents sought. We discuss here the pitfalls and limitations in the interpretation of common FA models when applied to the validation of FA gene defects as therapeutic targets. In general, all preclinical models are prone to certain artifacts and, thus, promising results in a single or few models rarely translate into clinical success. Nevertheless, the extraordinary robustness of FA pathway-deficient cells to interstrand cross-linking agents, which are observable in virtually any model independent of species, cell type, or technique used to engineer the gene defect, in various in vitro and in vivo settings, renders these gene defects particularly attractive for targeted therapy. Clinical trials are now under way.
Observing conducted tours: The ethnographic context in tourist research
Authors: Seaton A. V. 
Published: January 2007

This paper explores observational contexts in ethnographic methodologies, deploying participant and unobtrusive observation in research designed to monitor the existential world of the tourist, including perceptions and satisfactions, during the course of the tourism event. The paper differentiates between two contrasting contexts of ethnographic observation the open field and the closed field and sets out to inventory some of the distinctive problems and opportunities associated with each. The paper draws attention to the importance of the conducted touring party as a social grouping that may be envisaged, both historically and in contemporary terms, as the primary unit of tourism, and reaffirms the potential of unobtrusive and participant observational methods for studying it. The analysis and discussion have practical relevance for both theoretical and applied tourism researchers.
Protective role of IFN-γ in collagen-induced arthritis conferred by inhibition of mycobacteria-induced granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 production
Authors: Kelchtermans Hilde , Struyf Sofie , De Klerck Bert , Mitera Tania , Alen Marijke , Geboes Lies , Van Balen Maarten , Dillen Chris , Put Willy , Gysemans Conny , Billiau Alfons , Van Damme Jo , Matthys Patrick 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMice with a disrupted IFN-γ system are remarkably susceptible to experimental autoimmune diseases, such as collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), which rely on the use of CFA. The inflammatory lesions of these IFN-γ knockout (KO) mice are characterized by an excessive proportion of neutrophils. Here, we show that the increased severity of CIA in IFN-γR KO as compared with wild-type mice is accompanied by increased levels of the CXC chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2), a major neutrophil-attracting chemokine in mice. We demonstrated that the heat-killed mycobacteria present in CFA elicited production of GCP-2 in mouse embryo fibroblast cultures and that this production was inhibited by IFN-γ. Inhibition of GCP-2 production by IFN-γ was STAT-1-dependent. IFN-γ receptor KO mice treated with neutralizing anti-GCP-2 antibodies were protected from CIA, indicating the in vivo importance of GCP-2 in the pathogenesis of CIA. Our data support the notion that one of the mechanisms whereby endogenous IFN-γ mitigates the manifestations of CIA consists of inhibiting production of GCP-2, thereby limiting mobilization and infiltration of neutrophils, which are important actors in joint inflammation. These results may also be applicable to other experimental models of autoimmunity that rely on the use of CFA.
Attenuated induction of epithelial and leukocyte serine antiproteases elafin and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in Crohn’s disease
Authors: Schmid Michael , Fellermann Klaus , Fritz Peter , Wiedow Oliver , Stange Eduard F , Wehkamp Jan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractElafin (or skin-derived antileukoprotease) and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) are serine antiproteases antagonizing human neutrophil elastase (HNE), thereby preventing tissue injury from excessive release of proteolytic enzymes by inflammatory cells. Furthermore, elafin and SLPI are “defensin-like” molecules with broad antimicrobial activity. The balance between proteases and antagonists may critically determine inflammatory processes in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Real-time PCR was performed to quantitate colonic, proinflammatory cytokine IL-8, protease (HNE), and antiprotease mRNA (elafin and SLPI) in a total of 340 biopsies from 117 patients (47 CD, 45 UC, 25 controls). Histological inflammation was scored, and HNE, elafin, and SLPI were localized and semiquantified by immunostaining in 51 colonic paraffin sections (23 CD, 11 UC, 17 controls). Proinflammatory IL-8, degree of histological inflammation, and granulocyte content were similar in UC and CD. Elafin stained predominantly in the epithelium and SLPI in mucosal inflammatory cells. HNE mRNA levels and immunostaining were increased equally in both forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Levels of mRNA and immunostaining of the antiproteases elafin and SLPI were enhanced strongly in inflamed versus noninflamed UC. It is surprising that comparing inflamed versus noninflamed CD, this increase was significantly less pronounced for elafin and even lacking for SLPI. Despite comparable degrees of inflammation and protease levels, the induction of both antiproteases was attenuated in CD. This could contribute to the transmural depth of tissue destruction in CD. Elafin and SLPI may be added to the list of defensin-like peptides with diminished induction in CD versus UC.
Management of the Child Born Small for Gestational Age through to Adulthood: A Consensus Statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society
Authors: Clayton P. E. , Cianfarani S. , Czernichow P. , Johannsson G. , Rapaport R. , Rogol A. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Objective: Low birth weight remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in early infancy and childhood. It is associated with an increased risk of health problems later in life, particularly coronary heart disease and stroke. A meeting was convened to identify the key health issues facing a child born small for gestational age (SGA) and to propose management strategies.
Participants: There were 42 participants chosen for their expertise in obstetrics, peri- and neonatal medicine, pediatrics, pediatric and adult endocrinology, epidemiology, and pharmacology.
Evidence: Written materials were exchanged, reviewed, revised, and then made available to all. This formed the basis for discussions at the meeting. Where published data were not available or adequate, discussion was based on expert clinical opinions.
Consensus Process: Each set of questions was considered by all and then discussed in plenary sessions with consensus and unresolved issues identified. The consensus statement was prepared in plenary sessions and then edited by the group chairs and shared with all participants.
Conclusions: The diagnosis of SGA should be based on accurate anthropometry at birth including weight, length, and head circumference. We recommend early surveillance in a growth clinic for those without catch-up. Early neurodevelopment evaluation and interventions are warranted in at-risk children. Endocrine and metabolic disturbances in the SGA child are recognized but infrequent. For the 10% who lack catch-up, GH treatment can increase linear growth. Early intervention with GH for those with severe growth retardation (height sd score, &lt;−2.5; age, 2–4 yr) should be considered at a dose of 35–70 μg/kg·d. Long-term surveillance of treated patients is essential. The associations at a population level between low birth weight, including SGA, and coronary heart disease and stroke in later life are recognized, but there is inadequate evidence to recommend routine health surveillance of all adults born SGA outside of normal clinical practice.