bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wind turbine response to parameter variation of analytic inflow vortices
Authors: Maureen Hand M. , Robinson Michael C. , Balas Mark J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAs larger wind turbines are placed on taller towers, rotors frequently operate in atmospheric conditions that support organized, coherent turbulent structures. It is hypothesized that these structures have a detrimental impact on the blade fatigue life experienced by the wind turbine. These structures are extremely difficult to identify with sophisticated anemometry such as ultrasonic anemometers. This study was performed to identify the vortex characteristics that contribute to high‐amplitude cyclic blade loads, assuming that these vortices exist under certain atmospheric conditions. This study does not attempt to demonstrate the existence of these coherent turbulent structures. In order to ascertain the idealized worst‐case scenario for vortical inflow structures impinging on a wind turbine rotor, we created a simple, analytic vortex model. The Rankine vortex model assumes that the vortex core undergoes solid body rotation to avoid a singularity at the vortex centre and is surrounded by a two‐dimensional potential flow field. Using the wind turbine as a sensor and the FAST wind turbine dynamics code with limited degrees of freedom, we determined the aerodynamic loads imparted to the wind turbine by the vortex structure. We varied the size, strength, rotational direction, plane of rotation, and location of the vortex over a wide range of operating parameters. We identified the vortex conformation with the most significant effect on the blade root bending moment cyclic amplitude. Vortices with radii on the scale of the rotor diameter or smaller caused blade root bending moment cyclic amplitudes that contribute to high damage density. The rotational orientation, clockwise or counter‐clockwise, produces little difference in the bending moment response. Vortices in the XZ plane produce bending moment amplitudes significantly greater than vortices in the YZ plane. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The long‐run stock performance of preferred stock issuers
Authors: Howe John S. , Lee Hongbok 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe examine the long‐run common stock performance of preferred stock issuers. We find that significant abnormal underperformance is present only for 1 year after the issue. For the longer term we do not find consistently significant abnormal performance. This result contrasts with substantial underperformance of common equity and debt issuers during the 3 or 5 years post‐issue. The better long‐run performance of preferred issuers relative to common equity and debt issuers is driven primarily by financial firms' motivation to issue preferred stock to satisfy regulatory requirements of capital adequacy.
How a Wet Tropical Rainforest Copes with Repeated Volcanic Destruction
Authors: Jago Leigh C.F. , Boyd William E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe Holocene Period for the province of West New Britain, Papua New Guinea, is characterised by periodic catastrophic volcanism. The region is mantled in dense wet tropical rainforest, and has been occupied by people since the Pleistocene. Analyses of peat from two nearby sites within a lowland rainforest environment provide us with a macro-level landscape account of the periodic destruction and recovery of the coastal forests during seven periods of volcanic activity in the latter part (∼2900 yr ago to present) of the Holocene. Radiocarbon dating shows the very close correlation of the peat and tephra layers at both sites, yet the pollen analysis reveals different vegetation communities. These initial results allow us to begin identifying the processes of recovery, and to recognise different ecological pressures placed on vegetation at these neighbouring sites. Evidence of hydrological changes are observed beginning with a marine incursion recorded at Garu Site 3 ∼1360 14C yr B.P. The distinct differences in the vegetation re-establishment and community regeneration rates suggest the greater level of disturbance at Garu Site 1 could be related to the depth of the ashfall, although the proximity of a known human settlement may also be a contributing factor. Of note, palynologically, we found that the fern spore flora is particularly rich and believe it will be useful for ecological interpretation.
Sperm competition and the evolution of sperm midpiece volume in mammals
Authors: Anderson M. J. , Nyholt J. , Dixson A. F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSperm competition occurs when the gametes of two, or more, males compete for opportunities to fertilize a given set of ova. This study examined whether mammalian sperm morphology could be affected by sexual selection. Comparisons were made of linear and volumetric measurements of the sperm head, midpiece and flagellum for 123 species representing 71 genera of mammals having either single partner mating systems or multiple partner mating systems. Sperm midpiece volume was found to be significantly larger in those species were females mate with more than one male during a single peri‐ovulatory period. A positive correlation was also found between relative testes sizes and sperm midpiece volumes, while no relationship was found with any other sperm measure. These results indicate that, within mammals, the evolution of sperm midpiece volume has been affected by selection pressures resulting from sperm competition. The significance of these findings may relate to the density of mitochondria within the sperm midpiece. The mitochondria provide the energy required for sperm motility, in the absence of glycolytic support. A higher mitochondrial loading may therefore be associated with enhanced sperm motility.
Greek and the phylum Porifera: a living language for living organisms
Authors: Voultsiadou Eleni , Gkelis Spyros 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper gives a detailed analysis of Greek language elements in sponge terminology and nomenclature, thus contributing to its comprehension by the scientists working on sponge biology and enlightening the extensive contribution of the Greek language to zoological terminology. The contemporary terminology of sponge morphology and the taxa names of the three living classes of the phylum Porifera, down to the genus level, were recorded and examined for their possible Greek origin. The analysis of the recorded material showed that 67% of the morphological terms and 78% of the taxa names were formed from Greek elements. Different patterns of term and name formation were revealed. Detailed etymological analysis is presented for all morphological terms and suprageneric taxa names built of Greek elements. The Greek words used for the formation of terms and names are listed and their English translation is given. More than 70% of the Greek words found were used only once to form terms or taxa names. The contribution of the Greek element in sponge nomenclature in all decades from 1759 up to the present was >65%, with a slightly decreasing trend during the last two decades.
Orphan nuclear receptor DAX‐1 in human endometrium and its disorders
Authors: Saito Sumika , Ito Kiyoshi , Suzuki Takashi , Utsunomiya Hiroki , Akahira Jun‐ichi , Sugihashi Youko , Niikura Hitoshi , Okamura Kunihiro , Yaegashi Nobuo , Sasano Hironobu 
Published: October 2005

DAX‐1 (dosage‐sensitive sex reversal adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on the X chromosome gene 1) is a recently characterized member of the orphan nuclear receptor family. DAX‐1 functions as a global negative regulator of steroid hormone production. It inhibits adrenal 4 binding protein (Ad4BP)/steroidogenic factor‐1 (SF‐1) pathway‐dependent P450arom expression in cultured human endometriotic stromal cells and acts as a corepressor for estrogen receptors (ER). In this study we first examined the localization of DAX‐1 in 46 normal cycling endometria, 36 cases of endometrial hyperplasia and 103 cases of endometrial carcinoma by using immunohistochemistry to elucidate the possible involvement of DAX‐1 and its correlation to the status of Ad4BP/SF‐1, a universal transcription factor of steroidogenesis. We then evaluated DAX‐1 mRNA expression, using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction for DAX‐1 in 33 cases of endometrial carcinoma for further characterization. We subsequently correlated these findings with various clinicopathological parameters of the cases. Ad4BP/SF‐1 immunoreactivity was not detected in any human endometria examined. A significant inverse correlation was detected between the status of DAX‐1 immunoreactivity and histological grade (P = 0.0003) in endometrial carcinoma. The labeling index (LI) values of DAX‐1 in normal endometrium during the secretory phase (P < 0.0001) and hyperplasia (P < 0.0001) were significantly higher than that of carcinoma. No significant correlations were detected between DAX‐1 immunoreactivity and amounts of aromatase mRNA. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between DAX‐1 and ERα (P = 0.006) and ERβ LI (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that DAX‐1 may inhibit the proliferation and progression of endometrial carcinoma through inhibition of estrogenic actions, possibly by interacting with ER present in carcinoma cells, rather than regulating in situ steroidogenesis. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 645 – 652)
Net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange over grazed steppe in central Mongolia
Authors: Li S.‐G. , Asanuma J. , Eugster W. , Kotani A. , Liu J.‐J. , Urano T. , Oikawa T. , Davaa G. , Oyunbaatar D. , Sugita M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper presents results of 1 year (from March 25, 2003 to March 24, 2004, 366 days) of continuous measurements of net ecosystem CO2exchange (NEE) above a steppe in Mongolia using the eddy covariance technique. The steppe, typical of central Mongolia, is dominated by C3plants adapted to the continental climate. The following two questions are addressed: (1) how do NEE and its components: gross ecosystem production (GEP) and total ecosystem respiration (Reco) vary seasonally? (2) how do NEE, GEP, andRecorespond to biotic and abiotic factors? The hourly minimal NEE and the hourly maximalRecowere −3.6 and 1.2 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively (negative values denoting net carbon uptake by the canopy from the atmosphere). Peak daily sums of NEE, GEP, andRecowere −2.3, 3.5, and 1.5 g C m−2 day−1, respectively. The annual sums of GEP,Reco, and NEE were 179, 138, and −41 g C m−2, respectively. The carbon removal by sheep was estimated to range between 10 and 82 g C m−2 yr−1using four different approaches. Including these estimates in the overall carbon budget yielded net ecosystem productivity of −23 to +20 g C m−2 yr−1. Thus, within the remaining experimental uncertainty the carbon budget at this steppe site can be considered to be balanced. For the growing period (from April 23 to October 21, 2003), 26% and 53% of the variation in daily NEE and GEP, respectively, could be explained by the changes in leaf area index. Seasonality of GEP,Reco, and NEE was closely associated with precipitation, especially in the peak growing season when GEP andRecowere largest. Water stress was observed in late July to early August, which switched the steppe from a carbon sink to a carbon source. For the entire growing period, the light response curves of daytime NEE showed a rather low apparent quantum yield (α=−0.0047 μmol CO2 μmol−1photons of photosynthetically active radiation). However, theαvalues varied with air temperature (Ta), vapor pressure deficit, and soil water content.
Apoptosis of circulating lymphocyte in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction: Role of angiotensin II
Authors: EIAM‐ONG SOMCHIT , UDOM JANPEN , SUEBLINVONG TADA , EIAM‐ONG SOMCHAI 
Published: October 2005

SUMMARY:Background:  Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) could induce increased renal angiotensin II (ANG II), which enhances apoptosis of renal tubular cells and renal tissue loss. Systemic ANG II is also increased in UUO. There are no data available about whether UUO can induce apoptosis of circulating lymphocytes or not.Methods:  UUO or sham‐operated male Wistar rats (n = 8 in each group) were fed a drinking solution containing water, angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist (ARA; losartan, 500 mg/L) or angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI; enalapril: 200 mg/L) for 1 day or 7 days. Blood samples were collected and circulating lymphocyte cells were separated. The apoptotic cells were detected by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT assay)‐mediated digoxigenin/antidigoxigenin conjugated fluorescein method and counted under a fluorescence microscope. The apoptotic index was calculated.Results:  UUO caused marked increases in the apoptotic index of circulating lymphocytes in UUO rats at both 1 day and 7 days when compared with the respective sham groups (P < 0.001). Neither ARA nor ACEI treatment had an effect on the apoptotic index values in the UUO rats at 1 day. In the UUO rats at 7 days, the apoptosis of circulating lymphocytes was markedly decreased from 29.2 ± 2.7% to 11.9 ± 2.7% (P < 0.01) in the ARA‐treated rats and to 7.6 ± 2.7% (P < 0.001) in the ACEI‐treated rats.Conclusion:  UUO, via stimulation of ANG II, could promptly enhance apoptosis of circulating lymphocytes. The apoptosis persisted throughout the 7 days of the study. Prolonged UUO would impair lymphocyte cell immunity and the host defense mechanism. Continuous treatment with either ARA or ACEI could abrogate ANG II‐stimulated circulating lymphocyte apoptosis.
WHO class‐specific equations using height2 for predicting body weight: Crude indicator for dry weight in haemodialysis patients
Authors: LEE SEOUNG WOO , PARK GEUN HO , LEE SUN YOUNG , SONG JOON HO , KIM MOON‐JAE 
Published: October 2005

SUMMARY:Aim:  Body weight (BW) might be related to total body water, and the difference between a patient's actual BW and ideal BW (IBW) might be the volume marker. However, there has been no information about the association between IBW and dry weight (DW) in haemodialysis (HD) patients.Methods:  First, we analysed the relationship between DW and IBW in 51 HD patients. The IBW was calculated by 21 × Height (Ht)2. Weight status was analysed by the WHO classification. Second, in 12 436 controls, linear equations using Ht2 were sought to predict the BW in each sex and WHO class. Third, using these equations, predicted BW (PW) was compared with DW in each WHO class at the initiation and after 1 year in 619 new HD patients, retrospectively.Results:  Among 51 HD patients, 38 were normal weight in whom there was no difference between DW and IBW. In each sex and WHO class of the 12 436 controls, linear equations using Ht2 were developed to predict BW. These equations were applied to 619 new HD patients. In males, there were no differences between PW and DW in underweight (UW), overweight (OW), obese (OB) and extremely obese (EOB) patients at the initiation of the HD. In females, there were no differences between PW and DW in OW patients. Despite no statistical differences, there were wide ranges of distribution from −6 to 6 kg between PW and DW.Conclusions:  BW had a linear relationship with Ht2 and might be predictable by the WHO class‐specific equation using Ht2. These equations might be useful as a crude indicator of DW in HD patients.
A posterior sagittal approach for revision vaginoplasty
Authors: Taghizadeh Arash K. , Wilcox Duncan T. 
Published: October 2005

A retrospective study of eight patients who had undergone a posterior sagittal approach vaginoplasty without using bowel was presented by authors from London. This approach provides excellent exposure, and successful vaginoplasties can be achieved with total urogenital mobilization, despite long common channels.OBJECTIVETo review our experience with revision vaginoplasty without using bowel, by the posterior sagittal approach.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe notes of eight patients (median age 12.3 years, range 9.0–15.6) were retrospectively reviewed; all had had revision vaginoplasty using a posterior sagittal approach. Their original diagnosis was cloacal anomaly in three, urogenital sinus in two, cloacal exstrophy in two, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia in one patient.RESULTSIndications for re‐operation included: haematocolpos in four patients, absent vaginal opening in two, hydrocolpos in one, and vesico‐vaginal fistula in one. The vagina was reconstructed by total urogenital mobilization in seven patients and in one by anastomosing anterior and posterior aspects of a duplicated vagina. The vagina was mobilized by up to 6 cm in this manner. Bowel was not required for any of the vaginoplasties. The median (range) inpatient stay was 6 (4–17) days after surgery and the median follow‐up was 35.3 (4.5–50) months. One patient developed a vesico‐vaginal fistula and vaginal stenosis, and had further surgery. Two patients required subsequent use of vaginal dilators. The remainder have had a satisfactory outcome.CONCLUSIONSFor revisional vaginal surgery the posterior approach provides excellent exposure, and can be useful in dealing with a variety of pathologies. Combined with total urogenital mobilization, vaginoplasty can be successful despite long common channels. However, there were still several complications.
The effect of percentage free prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level on the prostate cancer detection rate in a screening population with low PSA levels
Authors: Pelzer Alexandre E. , Volgger Hubert , Bektic Jasmin , Berger Andreas P. , Rehder Peter , Bartsch Georg , Horninger Wolfgang 
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the prostate cancer detection rate at low total prostate‐specific antigen (tPSA) ranges of 2.6–4 and 4.1–10 ng/mL, according to different percentage free (f/t) PSA levels in a screening population.SUBJECTS AND METHODSIn all, 1809 consecutive screening volunteers with a tPSA level of 2.6–10.0 ng/mL were assessed. Ten systematic ultrasonography‐guided prostate biopsies and, since 2000, an additional five Doppler‐enhanced targeted biopsies were taken on the basis of age‐specific tPSA reference ranges. We analysed the detection rate of prostate cancer according to f/tPSA ranges of 0–9%, 10–14%, 15–18% and >18%.RESULTSThe detection rates for the subgroups with tPSA levels of 2.6–4.0 and 4.1–10.0 ng/mL were 20.2% and 27.0%, respectively. The cancer detection rate in the first group (2.6–4.0 ng/mL) at 0–10% fPSA was 22.9%, and that in the second group (4.1–10.0 ng/mL) at 0–10% was 36.9%. There were significant differences between these groups. If the f/tPSA was 10–15%, the cancer detection rate for the two groups were 22.6% and 32.5%, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the cancer detecting rates at an f/tPSA of 15–18% or >18%.CONCLUSIONThere is a statistically significantly higher cancer detection rate when the f/tPSA is <15% than in groups of men with a f/tPSA of >15% in screening population assessed primarily using tPSA level.
Strategies for the Safe Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Pacemaker‐Dependent Patients
Authors: GIMBEL J. ROD , BAILEY SHANE M. , TCHOU PATRICK J. , RUGGIERI PAUL M. , WILKOFF BRUCE L. 
Published: October 2005

Objective: To determine if strategies used to safely scan nonpacemaker‐dependent patients could be applied to facilitate safe MRI of pacemaker‐dependent patients.
Interventions: Ten pacemaker‐dependent patients underwent a total of 11 MRI scans of the head and neck. Screening, reprogramming VOO or DOO at 60 ppm, and monitoring strategies were used to facilitate MRI. A transmit‐receive coil was used and MRI pulse sequences were modified to limit the whole‐body specific absorption rate (SAR).
Results: All scans proceeded uneventfully. No difficulties in post‐MRI telemetry or interrogation were seen and no post‐MRI programming changes were noted. No patient experienced arrhythmia or symptoms during or immediately after MRI. Battery status remained unchanged. No patient experienced post‐MRI change in sensing thresholds. Three patients showed no change in the atrial or ventricular pacing thresholds when the pre‐MRI values were compared to the immediate post‐MRI values and the 3‐month follow‐up values. All other patients showed a rise or fall of 0.5 V in their chamber threshold values when the pre‐MRI, post‐MRI, and 3‐month follow‐up values were compared. More patients showed a fall in their pacing thresholds than a rise post‐MRI.
Conclusion: While clearly a higher risk group, like nonpacemaker‐dependent patients, MRI might be performed in pacemaker‐dependent patients if appropriate pacemaker reprogramming, patient monitoring, and MRI scanning techniques are implemented.
Transvenous Access to the Pericardial Space: An Approach to Epicardial Lead Implantation for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: MICKELSEN STEVEN R. , ASHIKAGA HIROSHI , DESILVA RANIL , RAVAL AMISH N. , MCVEIGH ELLIOT , KUSUMOTO FRED 
Published: October 2005

Background: Percutaneous access to the pericardial space (PS) may be useful for a number of therapeutic modalities including implantation of epicardial pacing leads. We have developed a catheter‐based transvenous method to access the PS for implanting chronic medical devices.
Methods: In eight pigs, a transseptal Mullins sheath and Brockenbrough needle were introduced into the right atrium (RA) from the jugular vein under fluoroscopic guidance. The PS was entered through a controlled puncture of the terminal anterior superior vena cava (SVC) (n = 7) or right atrial appendage (n = 1). A guidewire was advanced through the transseptal sheath, which was then removed leaving the wire in PS. The guidewire was used to direct both passive and active fixation pacing leads into the PS. Pacing was attempted and lead position was confirmed by cine fluoroscopy. Animals were sacrificed acutely and at 2 and 6 weeks.
Results: All animals survived the procedure. Pericardial effusion (PE) during the procedure was hemodynamically significant in four of the eight animals. At necropsy, lead exit sites appeared to heal without complication at 2 and 6 weeks. Volume of pericardial fluid was 10.8 ± 6.2 mL and appeared normal in four of the six chronic animals. Moderate fibrinous deposition was observed in two animals, which had exhibited significant over‐procedural PE.
Conclusions: Access to the PS via a transvenous approach is feasible. Pacing leads can be negotiated into this region. The puncture site heals with the lead in place. Further development should focus on eliminating PE and performing this technique in appropriate heart failure models.
Fingerprints of the hierarchical building-up of the structure on the mass–metallicity relation
Authors: Tissera Patricia B. , De Rossi María E. , Scannapieco Cecilia 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
We study the mass–metallicity relation of galactic systems with stellar masses larger than 109M⊙h−1 in Λ cold dark matter scenarios by using chemical hydrodynamical simulations. We find that this relation arises naturally as a consequence of the formation of the structure in a hierarchical scenario. The hierarchical building-up of the structure determines a characteristic stellar mass at Mc≈ 1010.2M⊙h−1 which exhibits approximately solar metallicities from z≈ 3 to z= 0. This characteristic mass separates galactic systems into two groups with massive ones forming most of their stars and metals at high redshift. We find evolution in the zero point and slope of the mass–metallicity relation driven mainly by the low-mass systems which exhibit the larger variations in the chemical properties. Although stellar mass and circular velocity are directly related, the correlation between circular velocity and metallicity shows a larger evolution with redshift because of the combination of chemical evolution and cosmology. The dispersion found in both relations is a function of the stellar mass and reflects the different dynamical history of evolution of the systems.