bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic proteasomal inhibitor exposure enhances dopamine turnover and decreases dopamine levels but does not affect MPTP‐induced striatal dopamine depletion in mice
Authors: Hirst Sarah J. , Ferger Boris 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe validation of an in vivo proteasomal inhibitor (PSI) model to translate ubiquitin‐proteasomal‐system dysfunction involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) into a commonly accepted animal model is ongoing. Here we first report the effects of systemic administration of the proteasomal inhibitor Z‐lle‐Glu(OtBu)‐Ala‐Leu‐CHO (3 mg/kg, s.c., six times over 2 weeks) alone to extend the rat model to mice. Second we investigate the consequences of PSI pretreatment 42 weeks before an acute treatment with the neurotoxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in C57bl/6 mice. HPLC postmortem neurochemistry showed a significant increase in dopamine turnover and decrease of striatal dopamine levels, only 14 weeks after PSI treatment, but no enhancement of dopamine turnover or differences in striatal dopamine levels when comparing MPTP with MPTP plus PSI treatment. Behavioral analysis (rotarod, open field activity) did not indicate that PSI affects this type of motor behavior. Systemic PSI administration in mice appears not to be a valid animal model under the experimental conditions used. Potential solutions are discussed. Synapse 62:85–90, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Normalization of GABAA receptor specific binding in the substantia nigra reticulata and the prevention of L‐dopa‐induced dyskinesias in MPTP parkinsonian monkeys
Authors: Samadi Pershia , Morissette Marc , Calon Fréderic , Tahar Abdallah Hadj , Dridi Mehdi , Belanger Nancy , Meltzer Leonard T. , Bédard Paul J. , Di Paolo Thérèse 
Published: November 2007

AbstractL‐Dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD) is counfounded by the development of involuntary movements such as L‐Dopa‐induced dyskinesias (LIDs). In this study GABAA receptor autoradiography was assessed using [3H]flunitrazepam binding to the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor and [35S]t‐butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding to the chloride channel of GABAA receptors in the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) and subthalamic nucleus (STN). L‐Dopa‐treated parkinsonian monkeys experiencing LIDs were compared to animals in which LIDs was prevented by adjunct treatments with CI‐1041, a selective antagonist of the NR1A/2B subtype of NMDA receptor, or low doses of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline. Our results demonstrated a decrease of GABAA receptor specific binding in the posterior part of the SNr in dyskinetic monkeys compared to nondyskinetic animals, while no modulation has been observed in the STN. These results provide evidence for the first time that pharmacological treatments preventing LIDs in nonhuman primate model of PD are associated with normalization of GABAA receptor‐mediated signalling in the SNr. Synapse 62:101–109, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistent cognitive and dopamine transporter deficits in abstinent methamphetamine users
Authors: McCann Una D. , Kuwabara Hiroto , Kumar Anil , Palermo Michael , Abbey Rubyna , Brasic James , Ye Weiguo , Alexander Mohab , Dannals Robert F. , Wong Dean F. , Ricaurte George A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground: Studies in abstinent methamphetamine (METH) users have demonstrated reductions in brain dopamine transporter (DAT) binding potential (BP), as well as cognitive and motor deficits, but it is not yet clear whether cognitive deficits and brain DAT reductions fully reverse with sustained abstinence, or whether behavioral deficits in METH users are related to dopamine (DA) deficits. This study was conducted to further investigate potential persistent psychomotor deficits secondary to METH abuse, and their relationship to brain DAT availability, as measured using quantitative PET methods with [11C]WIN 35428. Methods: Twenty‐two abstinent METH users and 17 healthy non‐METH using controls underwent psychometric testing to test the hypothesis that METH users would demonstrate selective deficits in neuropsychiatric domains known to involve DA neurons (e.g., working memory, executive function, motor function). A subset of subjects also underwent PET scanning with [11C]WIN 35428. Results: METH users were found to have modest deficits in short‐term memory, executive function, and manual dexterity. Exploratory correlational analyses revealed that deficits in memory, but not those in executive or motor function, were associated with decreases in striatal DAT BP. Conclusions: These results suggest a possible relationship between DAT BP and memory deficits in abstinent METH users, and lend support to the notion that METH produces lasting effects on central DA neurons in humans. As METH can also produce toxic effects on serotonin (5‐HT) neurons, further study is needed to address the potential role of brain 5‐HT depletion in cognitive deficits in abstinent METH users. Synapse 62:91–100, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enabling systems thinking to accelerate the development of senior systems engineers
Authors: Davidz Heidi L. , Nightingale Deborah J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAs systems become more complex, the roles involved in developing and managing such systems also become more complex. Thus, there is increasing interest in educating and training engineering professionals to think more systemically. In particular, there is an increasing need to accelerate the development of senior systems engineers. As new educational degree programs in systems rapidly emerge and as companies scurry to establish systems training programs to meet this need, fundamental questions still remain about how systems thinking develops in engineers. Increased understanding of the mechanisms that develop systems thinking will enable effective and efficient development of senior systems professionals. After reviewing related literature, an exploratory and inductive study was designed to gather data on enablers, barriers, and precursors to systems thinking development in engineers. In a field study conducted primarily in the United States aerospace sector, 205 interviews were conducted in 10 host companies. Senior systems engineers were studied to better understand how they developed systems thinking, and information was collected on company procedures for developing systems engineers. Using interview and survey data, comparisons were made of two control groups and senior systems engineers. Proven stellar systems thinkers were also interviewed. To summarize the results, even though systems thinking definitions diverge, there is consensus on primary mechanisms that enable or obstruct systems thinking development in engineers. In order to reconcile the divergent definitions observed, a systems thinking framework and definition are given. The data show that the primary mechanisms that enable systems thinking development include experiential learning, specific individual characteristics, and a supporting environment. This document defines the research space on this topic and suggests applications for the results. Better understanding of systems thinking development provides a foundation for educational interventions and employee development in systems thinking for engineering professionals across industry, government, and academia. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Fresh Whole Blood Transfusions in Coalition Military, Foreign National, and Enemy Combatant Patients during Operation Iraqi Freedom at a U.S. Combat Support Hospital
Authors: Spinella Philip C. , Perkins Jeremy G. , Grathwohl Kurt W. , Repine Thomas , Beekley Alec C. , Sebesta James , Jenkins Donald , Azarow Kenneth , Holcomb John B. ,   the 31st CSH Research Working Group
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundUnited States military doctrine permits the use of fresh whole blood (FWB), donated by U.S. military personnel on site, for casualties with life‐threatening injuries at combat support hospitals. U.S. Military Medical Department policy dictates that all patients treated at military facilities during combat (coalition military personnel, foreign nationals, and enemy combatants) are to be treated equally. The objectives of this study were to describe admission vital signs and laboratory values and injury location for patients transfused with FWB, and to determine if FWB was employed equally among all patient personnel categories at a combat support hospital.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study evaluated admission vital signs and laboratory values, injury location, and personnel category for all patients receiving FWB at a U.S. Army combat support hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, between January and December 2004.ResultsEighty‐seven patients received 545 units of FWB. Upon admission, the average (±S.D.) heart rate was 144 bpm (±25); systolic blood pressure, 106 mmHg (±33); base deficit, 9 (±6.5); hemoglobin, 9.0 g/dl (±2.6); platelet concentration, 81.9 × 103/mm3 (±81); international normalized ratio (INR), 2.0 (±1.1); and temperature 95.7°F (±2.6). The percentages of intensive care patients who received FWB by personnel category were as follows: coalition soldiers, 51/592 (8.6%); foreign nationals, 25/347 (7.2%); and enemy combatants, 11/128 (8.5% (p = 0.38). The amount of FWB transfused by personnel category was as follows: coalition soldier, 4 units (1–35); foreign national, 4 units (1–36); and enemy combatant, 4 units (1–11) (p = 0.9).ConclusionsFresh whole blood was used for anemic, acidemic, hypothermic, coagulopathic patients with life‐threatening traumatic injuries in hemorrhagic shock, and it was transfused in equal percentages and amounts for coalition soldiers, foreign nationals, and enemy combatants.
Day‐Surgery Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Factors Influencing Same‐Day Discharge
Authors: Psaila J. , Agrawal S. , Fountain U. , Whitfield T. , Murgatroyd B. , Dunsire M. F. , Gonzalez J. G. , Patel A. G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundDay‐surgery laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) should be the procedure of choice in patients with symptomatic gallstone disease. This article assesses feasibility, patient outcome and predictive factors for successful day‐case laparoscopic cholecystectomy.MethodA retrospective analysis of our prospective database of 176 patients following laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a day‐surgery unit was performed. A telephone interview was conducted within 24 h after discharge and again after 3 weeks.ResultsOf the 176 cases included in this study, 74% had biliary colic, cholecystitis (16%), pancreatitis (8%), and jaundice (2%). In addition to LC, nine patients (5.1%) underwent laparoscopic bile duct exploration and ten (5.7%) had an additional procedure performed. Eighty‐six percent of the patients were discharged the same day. Multivariate analysis identified risk factors affecting same‐day discharge, including age greater than 50 years and intraoperative complications. Bile duct exploration reduced the odds of discharge but did not reach significance. Postoperative telephone interviews identified high patient satisfaction with 86% of respondents recommending LC as a day‐surgery procedure.ConclusionDay‐surgery LC is a safe procedure with an acceptable rate of patient discharge. However, intraoperative complications or age over 50 years adversely affected the same‐day discharge rate and as such should be taken into consideration when planning day‐case laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Clinical Benefits of Minimally Invasive Techniques in Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Perigli Giuliano , Cortesini Camillo , Qirici Etleva , Boni Daniele , Cianchi Fabio 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundRecently there has been a strong impetus to develop minimally invasive techniques in endocrine neck surgery. This study was designed to investigate the potential benefits of two minimally invasive thyroidectomy procedures, namely video‐assisted and open minimal‐incision thyroidectomy (VAT and MIT, respectively) when compared with conventional thyroidectomy.MethodsBetween May 2000 and June 2006, a prospective, nonrandomized study was performed on 957 consecutive patients undergoing thyroid surgery. Fifty‐six (5.8%) patients underwent VAT, 214 (22.4%) underwent MIT, and 687 (71.8%) underwent a conventional procedure.ResultsPatients were selected for VAT when total thyroid volume was ≤30 ml and for MIT when total thyroid volume was >30 but ≤80 ml as determined by ultrasonography. The length of the central neck skin incision was 1.5–2 cm for VAT, 2.5–3.5 cm for MIT, and 6–10 cm for the conventional operation. The incidence of definitive hypoparathyroidism or recurrent laryngeal palsy after VAT or MIT was comparable with that occurring after conventional treatment. Patients having VAT or MIT experienced significantly less postoperative pain than patients undergoing conventional treatment. Less pain was also registered in the VAT patient cohort when compared with the MIT cohort. Patients having VAT or MIT were more satisfied with the cosmetic result than patients who underwent conventional treatment, but no significant differences in patient satisfaction were found between the VAT and MIT groups.ConclusionsWhen compared with conventional treatment, VAT and MIT provided significant benefit in terms of cosmetic results and postoperative pain. Nevertheless, the main limiting factor for minimally invasive thyroid surgery still remains the size of the thyroid.
Carbohydrate intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study
Authors: Schulze Matthias B. , Schulz Mandy , Heidemann Christin , Schienkiewitz Anja , Hoffmann Kurt , Boeing Heiner 
Published: November 2007

It remains unclear what long-term effects of substituting carbohydrates at the expense of protein or fat may have with regard to diabetes risk. Our objective was to evaluate carbohydrate intake in predicting type 2 diabetes using substitution models for fat and protein. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 9702 men and 15 365 women aged 35–65 years and free of diabetes at baseline (1994–8) who were followed for incident type 2 diabetes until 2005. Dietary intake of macronutrients was estimated with a validated FFQ. We estimated the relative risk (RR) using Cox proportional hazards analysis. During 176 117 person-years of follow-up we observed 844 incident cases of physician-confirmed type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for age, BMI, waist circumference, potential lifestyle and dietary confounders, substituting 5 % of energy intake from total, saturated, or monounsaturated fat with carbohydrates was not associated with diabetes risk. In contrast, substituting carbohydrates for protein or PUFA was inversely related to diabetes risk (RR for 5 % energy substitution of protein 0·77 (95 % CI 0·64, 0·91); RR for PUFA 0·83 (95 % CI 0·70, 0·98)). These associations appeared to be similar for men and women, but gained statistical significance only among men for protein (RR 0·78 (95 % CI 0·61, 0·99)). Restricted cubic spline regression did not indicate non-linearity of these associations (P for non-linearity in full cohort was 0·353 and 0·349). In conclusion, a higher carbohydrate intake at the expense of protein and PUFA might be associated with decreased diabetes risk.
THOMAS HOBY'S ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CASTIGLIONE'S BOOK OF THE COURTIER
Authors: PARTRIDGE MARY 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe first English translation of Castiglione's Il cortegiano was produced by Thomas Hoby, and published in 1561. Hoby began work on the text during Edward VI's reign, when Italian culture was admired for its progressiveness by the Protestant elite. He translated Book iii as a self-contained commission for Elizabeth Parr, marchioness of Northampton. The book in question had particular relevance for the marchioness at that stage of her career. Having ‘Englished’ it, Hoby did not initially intend to translate the rest of Il cortegiano. He knew that someone else was already engaged upon the project. The identity of this alternative translator has hitherto remained unknown. However, a strong case can be made in support of the candidature of William Thomas. Hoby only embarked upon a full translation after Thomas's execution for treason in 1554. By 1556, he had completed his task, and produced a dedication addressed to Henry Hastings. His choice of dedicatee is generally attributed to a sense of political and spiritual affinity; Hastings moved in the same intellectual circles, and shared the same Protestant background, as Hoby. However, the young man who would later be known as the ‘Puritan earl’ conformed to the prescribed religion of the Marian regime. More significantly, he was the nephew of Cardinal Pole. Hoby and several of his evangelical friends were seeking rapprochement with the Catholic government in 1556. Hoby hoped his translation would commend him to Pole, thus effecting his political rehabilitation. However, the authorities were suspicious of Hoby – and of the stationer to whom he entrusted his book. Doubts were also raised about the Catholic orthodoxy of Castiglione's dialogues. Consequently, Hoby's translation was not published until after the Elizabethan accession.
STRATEGY AND MOTIVATION IN THE GUNPOWDER PLOT
Authors: NICHOLLS MARK 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to develop our understanding of the 1605 Gunpowder Plot by asking a number of elementary questions. Were the plotters terrorists in any meaningful sense? Were they religious fanatics, as the Jacobean state understandably chose to portray them after the event? Was their plan built on a misguided fantasy of widespread support for a Catholic insurrection, or does the Plot perhaps have a practical coherence that lies obscured by the drama of the projected strike against Westminster? How does evidence for coherent planning square with the strong desire for revenge, running through so much of the surviving testimony? Through answers to these questions, we begin to see the Gunpowder plotters as men engaged in a calculated and demonstrably pragmatic attempt to engineer a change in regime. Their planning was robust, and to the point, while the emotional power of revenge was channelled creatively by the ringleaders. The article concludes that the odds against success were long, but not impossible.
‘TALMUDICAL COMMONWEALTHSMEN’ AND THE RISE OF REPUBLICAN EXCLUSIVISM
Authors: NELSON ERIC 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis article makes the case that modern ideological republicanism has its roots, not in Athens or Rome, but in Jerusalem. It begins from the observation that republican political theory underwent a dramatic transformation in the middle of the seventeenth century. Before 1650, republicanism had always been a ‘relative’ position: those who argued in favour of republican government did so because they believed that republics were better than monarchies for various reasons. None of them had any interest in arguing that monarchy was an illegitimate constitutional form. In the second half of the seventeenth century, however, we see for the first time the appearance of what we might call republican ‘exclusivism’, the claim that republics are the only legitimate regimes. This article argues that the ‘exclusivist’ turn was prompted by the Christian encounter with a tradition of rabbinic commentary on two chapters of the Hebrew Bible (Deut. 17 and 1 Sam. 8), according to which the Israelite request for a mortal king was regarded as an instance of the sin of idolatry. It further demonstrates that the English pamphleteers at the centre of this story – John Milton, James Harrington, and Algernon Sidney – were themselves deeply conscious of the degree to which their views had been shaped by the writings of the ‘Talmudical commonwealthsmen’.
BRITISH PERCEPTIONS OF FLORENCE IN THE LONG EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: SWEET ROSEMARY 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTStudies of the Grand Tour conventionally focus upon the art and antiquities of Italy rather than the urban environment in which the tourists found themselves, and they generally stop short in the 1790s. This article examines the perceptions and representations of Florence amongst British visitors over the course of the long eighteenth century up to c. 1820 in order to establish continuity between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It considers why it was that British travellers appeared to be particularly attracted to Florence: initially they responded to congenial and pleasant surroundings, the availability of home comforts, and a sparkling social life. In the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Florence acquired new meanings for the British, who began to identify and admire a civilization which had been based upon mercantile wealth and liberty: the foundations for the Victorian celebration of Florence were laid. But the experience of Florence as a city had also changed: it was no longer simply the showcase of the Medici dukes. As a consequence the buildings, monuments, and paintings of the republican period, as well as the history which they embodied, came into focus for the first time.
AN ARMY WITHOUT DISCIPLINE? SUFFRAGETTE MILITANCY AND THE BUDGET CRISIS OF 1909
Authors: BEARMAN C. J. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis article analyses more than thirty demonstrations by suffragettes of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) connected with the Budget crisis of 1909, and challenges many of the established orthodoxies about suffragette militancy. Demonstrations did not represent spontaneous activity by the rank and file, but were carried out or at least led by WSPU employees or ‘professional’ militants, with several visible changes in tactics which indicate an organized campaign directed by the leadership. Damage to property, and the political violence which culminated in the terrorist tactics of 1912–14, did not begin as a response to wrongs done to the suffragettes, but because the leaders decided it was necessary. But these tactics were a counter-productive mistake which caused an adverse public reaction and justified the government in the introduction of forcible feeding. The WSPU was obliged to retreat in a humiliating reversal.
PARTIES, VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS, AND DEMOCRATIC POLITICS IN INTERWAR BRITAIN
Authors: McCARTHY HELEN 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe achievement of universal suffrage after 1918 stimulated new forms of democratic participation in Britain. These decades witnessed not only renewed efforts by political parties to mobilize the mass electorate, but also the establishment of new kinds of civic association, often secular in character, strongly invested in a discourse of active citizenship, and committed to creating and defending a space within associational life which was free of partisan or sectarian conflict. This article presents a fresh perspective on the political culture of interwar Britain by comparing and contrasting the experiences of four voluntary associations active during this period: the National Federation of Women's Institutes, Rotary International, the British Legion, and the League of Nations Union. It analyses their relationship with conventional party politics, rejecting the argument that these associations served as vehicles for middle-class anti-socialism, and concludes, instead, that their pluralist values and political centrism formed part of a wider response by political, religious, and educational elites to the challenge of class conflict, economic instability, and political extremism in the post-war decades.