bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity correlates with lymphangiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor‐C expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Franchi Alessandro , Massi Daniela , Santucci Marco , Masini Emanuela , Degl'Innocenti Duccio Rossi , Magnelli Lucia , Fanti Elena , Naldini Antonella , Ardinghi Camilla , Carraro Fabio , Gallo Oreste 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic free radical molecule that has been implicated in tumour angiogenesis and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the mechanism underlying the effect of NO on tumour spread remains largely unknown. Tumour lymphangiogenesis has recently received considerable attention and there is increasing evidence that it is relevant for metastasis to lymph nodes in HNSCC. Here, we study the correlation between inducible NOS synthase (iNOS) activity and lymphangiogenesis in a series of 60 HNSCCs and the possible involvement of the lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐C. HNSCC presenting with lymph node metastasis had a significantly higher lymphatic vessel density in both the tumour mass and the peritumour area (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively). Similarly, tumours with lymph node metastasis showed greater lymphatic vessel area than tumours with no lymph node involvement (p = 0.001 for intratumour lymphatics and p < 0.001 for peritumour lymphatics). iNOS activity measured in specimens from the tumour periphery correlated strongly with both lymphatic vessel density and lymphatic vessel area (p = 0.01, rs = 0.45 and p < 0.001, rs = 0.725, respectively). Conversely, these correlations were not observed in specimens from the tumour core. In addition, VEGF‐C mRNA expression was significantly elevated in tumours with high iNOS activity (p = 0.008, rs = 0.563), and VEGF‐C expression correlated positively with the presence of lymph node metastases (p = 0.03). In vitro, in the A431 human squamous carcinoma cell line, exogenous and endogenous stimulation of the iNOS pathway led to up‐regulation of VEGF‐C, which was blocked by the NOS inhibitor L‐NNA. Taken together, our results indicate that iNOS activity may promote lymphangiogenesis and spread to lymph nodes in HNSCC, with the possible involvement of VEGF‐C. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation of rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines using retinoic acid
Authors: Barlow Jason W. , Wiley Joe C. , Mous Marieke , Narendran Aru , Gee Matthew F.W. , Goldberg Michael , Sexsmith Elizabeth , Malkin David 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackgroundRhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most frequent sporadic soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence. The overall 5‐year survival rate for patients with RMS is 70% with the use of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Novel therapeutic approaches are necessary to improve on these outcomes particularly among the more aggressive alveolar RMS (ARMS) and late stages of disease, where 5‐year survival is less than 20%. Retinoids have been successfully used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) and neuroblastoma.PurposeHowever, analysis of retinoids as a differentiating agent for RMS has been incomplete. This work examined the ability of retinoic acid (RA) to promote differentiation of RMS cell lines by examining the expression of myogenic proteins in five RMS cell lines in response to All‐trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) or 9‐cis retinoic acid (CRA).ResultsAnalysis of growth curves indicates that both retinoids suppress cell growth of Rh4 and Rh28. RD cells only responded to‐CRA whereas Rh30 and Rh18 did not respond. Following treatment with ATRA FACS analysis showed an altered cell cycle with the same pattern as the growth curves. ATRA altered cellular morphology of two cell lines, Rh4 and Rh28, and induced Troponin T expression in these cells suggesting a differentiating effect.ConclusionsThese studies suggest that retinoids are effective inducers of growth arrest and differentiation in some RMS cell lines, and offer a basis for further in vivo testing in mice of ATRA as a potential approach to ARMS treatment. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2006;47:773–784. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatoblastoma in a child with neurofibromatosis type I
Authors: Uçar Canan , Çalışkan Ümran , Toy Hatice , Günel Engin 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA major hallmark of NF1 is the development of benign tumors, including peripheral neurofibromas, plexiform neurofibromas, gliomas of the optic tract, other low grade gliomas, and pheochromocytomas. Hepatoblastoma have not been previously reported in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. We present a case of a 9‐month‐old boy diagnosed with both hepatoblastoma and neurofibromatosis type 1. Hepatoblastoma occurs in association with several well‐described cancer predisposition syndromes, including familial adenomatous polyposis, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Li‐Fraumeni syndrome, trisomy 18, and glycogen storage disease type I. This paper describes a case of hepatoblastoma diagnosed in association with neurofibromatosis type 1. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:357–359. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: A variable disease in childhood
Authors: Odame Isaac , Li Patricia , Lau Loretta , Doda Wendy , Noseworthy Mary , Babyn Paul , Weitzman Sheila 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is rare in childhood but occurs most commonly in children with multisystem (MS) LCH. In adults, by contrast, the lung is the most common and usually the sole organ affected. This retrospective study describes the clinical manifestation, course, and outcome of PLCH in children consecutively diagnosed at two Canadian institutions.ProcedureThe medical records of children (<18 years of age) consecutively diagnosed with LCH at the two stitutions, were examined to ascertain the demographic details, pathological diagnosis, and organs involved. Further clinical details including, the clinical manifestation, details of therapy, course of lung disease, and clinical outcome were extracted for patients with PLCH. Initial and follow‐up lung radiographs and CT scans were re‐reviewed.ResultsOf the 178 patients with LCH, 40 (22.5%) presented with MS disease. Thirteen (7.3%) had PLCH, seven at initial diagnosis, and six at the time of disease progression. The median age was 10.1 months and mean was 11.9 months at diagnosis of PLCH. Lung involvement was always in the context of MS LCH, and half of the patients had no respiratory symptoms. Disease‐free survival was around 70%, with a mean follow‐up duration of 7 years. Of the four patients who died, three had other risk‐organ involvement. Five of the nine surviving patients have had complete radiological resolution of PLCH.ConclusionPLCH is seen in less than 10% of childhood LCH, but more than 30% of MS LCH. About half of children with PLCH may be asymptomatic, and the prognosis appears to depend on the presence or absence of other risk‐organ involvement. The MS PLCH found in children appears to be a different disease from the single system (SS) PLCH seen in adults. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute myeloid leukemia in a child with hereditary thrombocytopenia
Authors: Rheingold Susan R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA child with a known diagnosis of an autosomal dominant macrothrombocytopenia, Fechtner Syndrome, developed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently the disease gene for the inherited macrothrombocytopenias has been identified as MYH9, encoding for non‐muscle myosin heavy chain‐A. MYH9 has never been associated with the development of acute leukemia, but MYH11 is disrupted in the M4 eosinophilia sub‐type of AML (inv16). The patients leukemic blasts did carry the common t(8;21) which yields an AML1–ETO fusion protein that inhibits AML‐1. Despite his thrombocytopenia, the patient successfully completed intensive bone marrow cytoreduction without significant bleeding complications and is now in remission for over 3 years. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:105–107. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time‐dependence of piezo‐resistive behavior for polyethylene/foliated graphite nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Guohua , Lu Jinrong , Lu Wei , Wu Dajun , Wu Cuiling 
Published: November 2005

AbstractHigh‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/foliated graphite (FG) nanocomposites were prepared by blending HDPE with FG fillers. This nanocomposites exhibited much more distinct piezo‐resistive behavior (electric response under applied pressure), when compared with conventional conducting polymer composites. In this paper, the time‐dependences of piezo‐resistance, reproducibility and stability of the piezo‐resistive behavior for HDPE/FG nanocomposites are investigated. It is shown that the time‐dependence of piezo‐resistive behavior strongly depends on the fixed pressure and FG concentration. Under a lower fixed pressure, the relative resistance decreases with time, whereas the composite resistance increases with time under a higher fixed pressure. The shift of relative resistance changes more slowly at higher filler concentrations. The average ‘nanosheet’ separation in the nanocomposite changing with time under fixed pressures is the origin of the time‐dependent piezo‐resistive behavior. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
2,6‐Diamino‐4‐phenylphenol (DAPP) copolymerized polyimides: synthesis and characterization
Authors: Chen Bor‐Kuan , Tsai Yu‐Jie , Tsay Sun‐Yuan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNovel soluble copolyimides containing phenyl and hydroxyl pendant groups were synthesized from pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and two diamines, 2,6‐diamino‐4‐phenylphenol (DAPP) and 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA), in various ratios via thermal imidization. The structures and physical properties of the copolyimides were characterized by FTIR, elemental analysis, DSC, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), TGA, a universal testing machine for stress–strain behaviour, and a dielectric analyzer to study the effect of DAPP on the physical properties of the modified polymers. Copolyimides containing more than 40 mol% DAPP were soluble in hot N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and dimethylformamide (DMF), and possessed a high glass transition temperature (358 °C) and a high modulus (3.9 GPa). Introduction of the diamine DAPP could also reduce the dielectric constant. A segment of imide linkages could convert to benzoxazole linkages by decarboxylation at temperatures higher than 420 °C under vacuum. Although the heat‐treated polybenzoxazoles (PBOs) exhibited many good properties, they were found to be too rigid and brittle to be processable for microelectronic applications. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Virtual identification of essential proteins within the protein interaction network of yeast
Authors: Estrada Ernesto 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTopological analysis of large scale protein‐protein interaction networks (PINs) is important for understanding the organizational and functional principles of individual proteins. The number of interactions that a protein has in a PIN has been observed to be correlated with its indispensability. Essential proteins generally have more interactions than the nonessential ones. We show here that the lethality associated with removal of a protein from the yeast proteome correlates with different centrality measures of the nodes in the PIN, such as the closeness of a protein to many other proteins, or the number of pairs of proteins which need a specific protein as an intermediary in their communications, or the participation of a protein in different protein clusters in the PIN. These measures are significantly better than random selection in identifying essential proteins in a PIN. Centrality measures based on graph spectral properties of the network, in particular the subgraph centrality, show the best performance in identifying essential proteins in the yeast PIN. Subgraph centrality gives important structural information about the role of individual proteins, and permits the selection of possible targets for rational drug discovery through the identification of essential proteins in the PIN.
TEMPO‐mediated dispersion polymerization of styrene in the presence of camphorsulfonic acid
Authors: Oh Sejin , Kim Kijung , Lee Byung H. , Shim Sang Eun , Choe Soonja 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe TEMPO‐mediated polymerization of styrene in the presence of camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) is carried out using controlled radical dispersion polymerization. In the absence of TEMPO and CSA, 92% of conversion was achieved within 3 h of polymerization. When TEMPO is solely used, broadening of particle size with narrow PDI was observed because of the prolonged polymerization time. However, when 1:1 molar ratio of CSA/TEMPO was added, the fairly monodisperse PS microspheres having 5.83 μm average size and 3.42% CV (coefficient of variation) were successfully achieved because of the narrow molecular weight of intermediate oligomers and shortening of the polymerization time. This result obviously indicates that the addition of CSA in TEMPO‐mediated dispersion polymerization not only shortens the polymerization time but also greatly improves the uniformity of the microspheres. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 62–68, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl amine)‐based amphiphilic comb‐like dextran glycopolymers by a two‐step method
Authors: Zhu Junmin , Gosen Christine , Marchant Roger E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPoly(vinyl amine) (PVAm)‐based amphiphilic glycopolymers were synthesized by a two‐step method, that is dextran molecules (Dex, Mw = 1500) were attached to the PVAm backbone by reacting amine groups with dextran lactone, and then, hexanoyl groups (Hex) were attached by reacting the PVAm free amine groups with N‐(hexanoyloxy)succinimide. By adjustment of the feed ratios of Dex/Hex, amphiphilic comb‐like glycopolymers with various hydrophilic and hydrophobic balances were prepared, and their structures were characterized by 1H NMR. Surface activity of the amphiphilic glycopolymers at the air/water interface was demonstrated by reduction in water surface tension. Adsorption of the amphiphilic glycopolymers at the solid/water interface was examined on octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)‐coated coverslips by water contact angle measurements. The results show that the amphiphilic glycopolymers need about 20 mol % of dextran attachment to make an effective hydrophilic coating. In comparison with the one‐step reaction by addition of dextran lactone and alkyl succinimide simultaneously, the two‐step approach can attach Dex on PVAm as high as possible in the first step, and offers quantitative advantages in controlling the ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains along the PVAm backbone, resulting in increased water solubility for the final amphiphilic glycopolymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 192–199, 2006
Air‐stable and recoverable catalyst for copper‐catalyzed controlled/living radical polymerization of styrene; In situ generation of Cu(I) species via electron transfer reaction
Authors: Hizal Gurkan , Tunca Umit , Aras Sermin , Mert Humeyra 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCopper‐catalyzed controlled/living radical polymerization (LRP) of styrene (St) was conducted using the silica gel‐supported CuCl2/N,N,N′,N′,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (SG‐CuCl2/PMDETA) complex as catalyst at 110 °C in the presence of a definite amount of air. This novel approach is based on in situ generation and regeneration of Cu(I) via electron transfer reaction between phenols and Cu(II). Sodium phenoxide or p‐methoxyphenol was used as a reducing agent of Cu(II) complexes in LRP. The number–average molecular weight, Mn,GPC, increases linearly with monomer conversion and agrees well with the theoretical values up to 85% conversion The molecular weight distribution, Mw/Mn, decreases as the conversion increases and reaches values below 1.2. The catalyst was recovered in aerobic condition and reused in copper‐catalyzed LRP of St. For the second run, the number–average molecular weights increased with monomer conversion and the polydispersities decreased as the polymerization proceeded and reached to the value <1.3 at 81% conversion. The recycled catalyst retained 90% of its original activity in the subsequent polymerization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 77–87, 2006
Synthesis and liquid crystalline properties of new amide‐modified poly(1,4‐cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Deepa P. , Divya K. , Jayakannan M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNew series of cycloaliphatic poly(ester‐amide)s, poly(1,4‐cyclohexanedimethyleneterephthalate‐co‐1,3‐cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalamide), were synthesized through solution polymerization route. The compositions of ester/amide units in the copolymers were varied from 0 to 100% by varying the amount of 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol and 1,3‐cyclohexanebis(methylamine) in the feed. The structures of the polymers were confirmed by NMR and FTIR, and the molecular weights were determined by inherent viscosity. The composition analysis by NMR reveals that the reactivity of the diamine toward the acid chlorides is lowered than that of diol, which results in the formation of more ester content in the poly (ester‐amides). The thermal analysis indicate that the new poly(ester‐amide)s having less than 10 mol % of amide linkages are thermotropic liquid crystalline from 200 to 250 °C and a thread like nematic phases are observed under the polarizing microscope. WXRD studies suggest that the liquid crystalline domains promote the nucleation process in the polyester chains and increases the percent crystallinity of the poly(ester‐amide)s. The glass transition temperature of the copolymers initially increases with increase in amide units because of the presence of nematic phases and subsequently follows the Flory–Fox behavior. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 42–52, 2006
Photoactive, liquid‐crystalline, hyperbranched benzylidene polyesters: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Murali M. , Samui A. B. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA novel photoactive, liquid‐crystalline, hyperbranched benzylidene polyester (PAHBP) was synthesized from a dilute solution of an A2 photoactive monomer [bis(4‐hydroxybenzylidene)‐4‐phenyl cyclohexanone] and a B3 monomer (1,3,5‐benzene tricarboxylic acid chloride) by the solution polycondensation method in the presence of pyridine as a condensing agent. PAHBP was thoroughly characterized by Fourier transform infrared, 1H and 13C NMR, ultraviolet–visible spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography. The inherent viscosity of the polymer was 0.35 dL/g in tetrahydrofuran. The degree of branching was 0.53, which confirmed the branched architecture of the polymer. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and polarized optical microscopy were used to examine the thermal stability and thermotropic liquid‐crystalline properties of the hyperbranched polyester. The polymer exhibited a nematic mesophase over a wide range of temperatures. The photoreactivity of PAHBP was studied by photolysis under ultraviolet light. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 53–61, 2006
Polymerization of cyclopentadiene initiated by methylaluminoxane
Authors: Zhang Dongheng , Sun Wen‐Hua , Hou Junxian , Jie Suyun , Chang Fei 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe polymerization of cyclopentadiene (CPD) was effectively initiated by methylaluminoxane (MAO) to generate poly(cyclopentadiene) (polyCPD). The effects on the polymerization of some reaction parameters such as the monomer concentration, the initiator concentration, and solvents were investigated. The conversion of CPD was monitored with gas chromatography to investigate the reaction kinetics. The polymerization rate was proportional to the concentrations of MAO in the first order and of the CPD monomer in the second order, and a reasonable cationic polymerization mechanism was suggested on the basis of the kinetic study. PolyCPD obtained at a low temperature could be dissolved in toluene or chloroform, and this indicated lower cross‐coupling during the polymerization reaction. 1H NMR and IR analysis of the polymer indicated that there were almost equal amounts of 1,2‐enchainment and 1,4‐enchainment in the polymer chain. The measurement of polyCPD showed its unique properties as a potential candidate for stable wrappings or electronic packaging materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 264–272, 2006
Intricate relation between the content and interactive roles of β‐cyclodextrin in fixing the characteristics of conducting polyaniline composites
Authors: Anitha G. , Subramanian E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis work is an investigation of the influence of β‐cyclodextrin (CD) on the synthesis and characteristics of conducting polyaniline composites (PCDs). In a systematic way, this influence was studied with two different approaches for five PCDs: (1) increasing the initial CD content under identical preparation conditions (three composites: PCD1, PCD2, and PCD3) and (2) using the same initial CD content (as in PCD2) under different preparation conditions (two composites: PCD4 and PCD5). The quite unexpected order of the electrical conductivity (PCD2 < PCD3 < PCD1 < PCD4 < PCD5), the IR and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy features, and the scanning electron microscopy characteristics (the particle size decreased from PCD1 to PCD3 but increased for PCD4 and PCD5) all exposed and confirmed the markedly different physicochemical characteristics associated with the two groups of composites. PCD5 remained unique among the five (prepared in i‐PrOH–H2O–acid; the other four were prepared in H2O–acid). Differences in the characteristics existed within the group also. The development of all these characteristics in an unrelated order was found to originate from the amount of CD in its two roles as encapsule and dopant toward polyaniline. The interrelation between the content and roles of CD was, however, intricate in combination with the experimental conditions employed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 281–294, 2006
Behavior of nitroxyl radical in the polymerization process forming copolymers bearing diarylnitrone pendants and photocontrol of refractive indices for these copolymers
Authors: Tanaka Kenta , Takayanagi Emi , Igarashi Tetsutaro , Sakurai Tadamitsu 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTo establish the reaction condition under which the radical copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with α‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐methacryloyloxyphenyl)‐N‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)nitrone (HMDN) proceeds smoothly to give photoreactive copolymers, the effects of the nitrone chromophore on the extent to which the radical polymerization of MMA is inhibited were investigated. It was found that the reversible addition of initiating radical to the CHN+(O−) moiety in the nitrone chromophore readily occurs to give the nitroxyl radical. It was also found that the latter radical undergoes an efficient coupling reaction with propagating radical to inhibit the radical copolymerization of MMA with HMDN. However, on raising the reaction temperature and the radical concentration, the copolymerization was successfully carried out. This polymerization condition allowed us to prepare the HMDN/MMA, HMDN/styrene, and HMDN/cyclohexyl acrylate copolymers in good yields. The photoirradiation of the copolymer film prepared on a silicon wafer lowered its refractive index by 0.003–0.023, depending on the relative composition of the diarylnitrone chromophore in these copolymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 88–97, 2006