bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE HUMAN SCIENCES IN COLD WAR AMERICA
Authors: ISAAC JOEL 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe last fifteen years have witnessed an explosion of interest in the history of the Cold War. Historical attention has focused not only on the diplomatic and military aspects of the conflict, but also, increasingly, on its cultural, intellectual, and technological dimensions. One of the fruits of this widening of scope in Cold War studies is a burgeoning literature on the development of the post-Second World War American human sciences. Studies of the Cold War career of the human sciences, however, have often been inflected by moralistic, and sometimes tendentious, claims about the relationship between the state and the academy. This article seeks to explain the chief characteristics of the historiography of the human sciences in Cold War America by describing its formation in the interstices of three distinct lines of inquiry: the history of science, the cultural turn in Cold War studies, and the history of the birth of the human science professions in the United States. It argues that historians of the post-war American human sciences have absorbed some features of these literatures, whilst neglecting others that offer more nuanced perspectives on the relationship between scientific research and its patrons during the Cold War era. Moreover, it suggests that the best prospects for the future maturation of the field lie in the recovery of ‘middle-range contextualizations’ that link post-war trends in the human sciences to interwar and turn-of-the-century developments, thereby making the Cold War context less all-encompassing than it has sometimes appeared.
Rac1 and RhoA GTPases have antagonistic functions during N‐cadherin‐dependent cell—cell contact formation in C2C12 myoblasts
Authors: Comunale Franck , Causeret Marie , Favard Cyril , Cau Julien , Taulet Nicolas , Charrasse Sophie , Gauthier‐Rouvière Cécile 
Published: August 2007

Background information. N‐cadherin, a member of the Ca2+‐dependent cell—cell adhesion molecule family, plays an essential role in the induction of the skeletal muscle differentiation programme. However, the molecular mechanisms which govern the formation of N‐cadherin‐dependent cell—cell contacts in myoblasts remain unexplored.Results. In the present study, we show that N‐cadherin‐dependent cell contact formation in myoblasts is defined by two stages. In the first phase, N‐cadherin is highly mobile in the lamellipodia extensions between the contacting cells. The second stage corresponds to the formation of mature N‐cadherin‐dependent cell contacts, characterized by the immobilization of a pool of N‐cadherin which appears to be clustered in the interdigitated membrane structures that are also membrane attachment sites for F‐actin filaments. We also demonstrated that the formation of N‐cadherin‐dependent cell—cell contacts requires a co‐ordinated and sequential activity of Rac1 and RhoA. Rac1 is involved in the first stage and facilitates N‐cadherin‐dependent cell—cell contact formation, but it is not absolutely required. Conversely, RhoA is necessary for N‐cadherin‐dependent cell contact formation, since, via ROCK (Rho‐associated kinase) signalling and myosin 2 activation, it allows the stabilization of N‐cadherin at the cell—cell contact sites.Conclusions. We have shown that Rac1 and RhoA have opposite effects on N‐cadherin‐dependent cell—cell contact formation in C2C12 myoblasts and act sequentially to allow its formation.
A dinoflagellate CDK5‐like cyclin‐dependent kinase
Authors: Bertomeu Thierry , Rivoal Jean , Morse David 
Published: August 2007

Background information. Mitosis during the dinoflagellate cell cycle is unusual in that the nuclear envelope remains intact and segregation of the permanently condensed chromosomes uses a cytoplasmic mitotic spindle. To examine regulation of the dinoflagellate cell cycle in the context of these unusual nuclear features, it is necessary to isolate and characterize cell cycle regulators such as CDK (cyclin‐dependent kinase).Results. We report the characterization of a CDK from the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum. This CDK reacts with an anti‐PSTAIRE antibody and was identified by protein microsequencing after partial purification. The protein microsequence shows homology toward the Pho85/CDK5 clade of CDKs. Neither the amount nor the phosphorylation state changed over the course of the cell cycle, in agreement with results reported for CDK5 family members in other systems.Conclusions. We conclude we have probably isolated a dinoflagellate CDK5‐like protein. The data reported here support the identification of this protein as a CDK5 homologue, and suggest that dinoflagellates may contain several CDK families.
Firing of transcription and compartmentalization of splicing factors in tomato radicle nuclei during germination1
Authors: Echeverría Olga , Vázquez‐Nin Gerardo , Juárez‐Chavero Silvia , de la Espina Susana Moreno Díaz 
Published: August 2007

Background information. Germination is a well‐characterized process in which embryo cells of seeds experience a programmed transition from quiescence to proliferation. For this reason they constitute a very good system to analyse nuclear evolution from a dehydrated practically inactive state until the steady state of proliferation. We analysed the temporal and spatial organization of transcription and splicing factors in nuclei of tomato radicle cells during germination. To address this issue we performed in situ immunodetection of several markers of these processes: the Z‐DNA stretches forming behind the active RNA polymerases, the splicing proteins U2B″ and Sm, and the trimethyl guanosin cap of small nuclear RNA. The concomitant structural changes of the different nuclear compartments were studied in meristematic nuclei by electron microscopy and high‐resolution cytochemistry for DNA and ribonucleoproteins.Results. In quiescent cells practically no Z‐DNA stretches were detected and splicing components localized mainly to one or two Cajal bodies associated to the nucleolus. In early germination, a massive de‐condensation of chromatin and nucleolar Z‐DNA conformation stretches were first detected, followed by the relocation of scarce splicing components to the small interchromatin spaces. Nucleoplasmic Z‐DNA stretches were not detected until 4 h of imbibition and were accompanied by an important increase of splicing components in this nuclear domain. Soon after the post‐germination stage, transcription and splicing topology and nuclear organization in meristematic nuclei resemble those in steady state growing tomato roots.Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that, in tomato, dormant nuclei splicing factors are stored in nucleolar Cajal bodies. In early germination, RNA polymerase I transcription is first activated, whereas mRNA transcription is fired later and is accompanied by a massive de‐condensation of chromatin and accumulation of splicing factors in the interchromatin domains. Nucleoplasmic Cajal bodies appear later in germination.
TMpro web server and web service: transmembrane helix prediction through amino acid property analysis
Authors: Ganapathiraju Madhavi , Jursa Christopher Jon , Karimi Hassan A. , Klein-Seetharaman Judith 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSummary: TMpro is a transmembrane (TM) helix prediction algorithm that uses language processing methodology for TM segment identification. It is primarily based on the analysis of statistical distributions of properties of amino acids in transmembrane segments. This article describes the availability of TMpro on the internet via a web interface. The key features of the interface are: (i) output is generated in multiple formats including a user-interactive graphical chart which allows comparison of TMpro predicted segment locations with other labeled segments input by the user, such as predictions from other methods. (ii) Up to 5000 sequences can be submitted at a time for prediction. (iii) TMpro is available as a web server and is published as a web service so that the method can be accessed by users as well as other services depending on the need for data integration.Availability: http://linzer.blm.cs.cmu.edu/tmpro/ (web server and help), http://blm.sis.pitt.edu:8080/axis/services/TMProFetcherService (web service)Contact: judithks@cs.cmu.edu or jks33@pitt.edu
Identification of compositionally distinct regions in genomes using the centroid method
Authors: Rajan Issaac , Aravamuthan Sarang , Mande Sharmila S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMotivation: It is known that most genomic regions of special interest, e.g. horizontally acquired sequences, genomic islands, etc. have distinct word (m-mer) compositions. Most of the earlier work along this direction, addressed di- and tri-nucleotide compositions. We present an approach that can be applied to analyze compositions of any given word size. The method, called the centroid approach, can reveal compositionally distinct regions in genomic sequences for any given word size.Results: We applied our method to 50 bacterial genomes and demonstrated its ability to identify embedded sequences of varying lengths from distantly related organisms. We also investigated the genetic makeup of the regions identified as compositionally distinct by our method, for four organisms from our dataset. Pathogenicity island (PAI) components and genes encoding strain-specific proteins are all frequently seen to be constituents of these regions.Availability: Program is available on request from the authors.Contact: sharmila@atc.tcs.comSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)
Authors: Graham Ian , Atar Dan , Borch-Johnsen Knut , Boysen Gudrun , Burell Gunilla , Cifkova Renata , Dallongeville Jean , Backer Guy De , Ebrahim Shah , Gjelsvik Bjørn , Herrmann-Lingen Christoph , Hoes Arno , Humphries Steve , Knapton Mike , Perk Joep , Priori Silvia G. , Pyorala Kalevi , Reiner Zeljko , Ruilope Luis , Sans-Menendez Susana , Op Reimer Wilma Scholte , Weissberg Peter , Wood David , Yarnell John , Jose Luis Zamorano 
Published: August 2007

Other experts who contributed to parts of the guidelines: Edmond Walma, Tony Fitzgerald, Marie Therese Cooney, Alexandra Dudina European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG): Alec Vahanian (Chairperson), John Camm, Raffaele De Caterina, Veronica Dean, Kenneth Dickstein, Christian Funck-Brentano, Gerasimos Filippatos, Irene Hellemans, Steen Dalby Kristensen, Keith McGregor, Udo Sechtem, Sigmund Silber, Michal Tendera, Petr Widimsky, Jose Luis Zamorano Document reviewers: Irene Hellemans (CPG Review Co-ordinator), Attila Altiner, Enzo Bonora, Paul N. Durrington, Robert Fagard, Simona Giampaoli, Harry Hemingway, Jan Hakansson, Sverre Erik Kjeldsen, Mogens Lytken Larsen, Giuseppe Mancia, Athanasios J. Manolis, Kristina Orth-Gomer, Terje Pedersen, Mike Rayner, Lars Ryden, Mario Sammut, Neil Schneiderman, Anton F. Stalenhoef, Lale Tokgözoglu, Olov Wiklund, Antonis Zampelas
The legacy of harvest and fire on ecosystem carbon storage in a north temperate forest
Authors: GOUGH CHRISTOPHER M. , VOGEL CHRISTOPH S. , HARROLD KATHERINE H. , GEORGE KRISTEN , CURTIS PETER S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractForest harvesting and wildfire were widespread in the upper Great Lakes region of North America during the early 20th century. We examined how long this legacy of disturbance constrains forest carbon (C) storage rates by quantifying C pools and fluxes after harvest and fire in a mixed deciduous forest chronosequence in northern lower Michigan, USA. Study plots ranged in age from 6 to 68 years and were created following experimental clear‐cut harvesting and fire disturbance. Annual C storage was estimated biometrically from measurements of wood, leaf, fine root, and woody debris mass, mass losses to herbivory, soil C content, and soil respiration. Maximum annual C storage in stands that were disturbed by harvest and fire twice was 26% less than a reference stand receiving the same disturbance only once. The mechanism for this reduction in annual C storage was a long‐lasting decrease in site quality that endured over the 62‐year timeframe examined. However, during regrowth the harvested and burned forest rapidly became a net C sink, storing 0.53 Mg C ha−1 yr−1after 6 years. Maximum net ecosystem production (1.35 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) and annual C increment (0.95 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) were recorded in the 24‐ and 50‐year‐old stands, respectively. Net primary production averaged 5.19 Mg C ha−1 yr−1in experimental stands, increasing by < 10% from 6 to 50 years. Soil heterotrophic respiration was more variable across stand ages, ranging from 3.85 Mg C ha−1 yr−1in the 6‐year‐old stand to 4.56 Mg C ha−1 yr−1in the 68‐year‐old stand. These results suggest that harvesting and fire disturbances broadly distributed across the region decades ago caused changes in site quality and successional status that continue to limit forest C storage rates.
Age‐related histopathological lesions in the Mongolian gerbil ventral prostate as a good model for studies of spontaneous hormone‐related disorders
Authors: Campos Silvana Gisele Pegorin , Zanetoni Cristiani , Scarano Wellerson Rodrigo , Vilamaior Patrícia Simone Leite , Taboga Sebastião Roberto 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe Meriones unguiculatus (Mongolian) gerbil has demonstrated significant prostatic responses to hormonal treatments, and to drugs against human prostatic hyperplasia Spontaneous neoplasia develops in the older animals. Thirty gerbils (age 18 months) were divided into non‐affected and prostatic lesion bearers and the prostate lesions were evaluated morphologically, immunohistochemically and quantitatively. The most frequent changes were in epithelial sites and, namely prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias, microinvasive carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. In the stromal compartment, cellular hyperplasia, when verified, was always associated with the sites of anomalous epithelium. Additionally, larger deposition of collagen fibrils, generating stromal fibrosis, was found in all the old gerbils analysed. The quantitative analysis showed that prostatic tissue proportions differed in altered areas, being specific for each lesion type. Isolated nuclear and nucleolar parameters were not effective in diagnosing the malign potential of lesions. However, the cellular proliferation and death indexes indicated larger cellular turnover in invasive lesions such as carcinomas. With these analyses, it could be verified that old gerbils present high propensity to develop spontaneous prostate changes and this may aid in a better understanding of the biological behaviour of human prostate cancer.
Protein metabolism in slow‐ and fast‐twitch skeletal muscle during turpentine‐induced inflammation
Authors: Muthny Tomas , Kovarik Miroslav , Sispera Ludek , Tilser Ivan , Holecek Milan 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe aim of our study was to evaluate the differences in protein and amino acid metabolism after subcutaneous turpentine administration in the soleus muscle (SOL), predominantly composed of red fibres, and the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) composed of white fibres. Young rats (40–60 g) were injected subcutaneously with 0.2 ml of turpentine oil/100 g body weight (inflammation) or with the same volume of saline solution (control). Twenty‐four hours later SOL and EDL were dissected and incubated in modified Krebs–Heinseleit buffer to estimate total and myofibrillar proteolysis, chymotrypsin‐like activity of proteasome (CHTLA), leucine oxidation, protein synthesis and amino acid release into the medium. The data obtained demonstrate that in intact rats, all parameters measured except protein synthesis are significantly higher in SOL than in EDL. In turpentine treated animals, CHTLA increased and protein synthesis decreased significantly more in EDL. Release of leucine was inhibited significantly more in SOL. We conclude that turpentine‐induced inflammation affects more CHTLA, protein synthesis and leucine release in EDL compared to SOL.
TECHNICAL ADVANCE: Free‐flow electrophoresis for purification of plant mitochondria by surface charge
Authors: Eubel Holger , Lee Chun Pong , Kuo John , Meyer Etienne H. , Taylor Nicolas L. , Millar A. Harvey 
Published: August 2007

SummarySample purity is the key for a successful in‐depth analysis of any given subcellular proteome. The suitability of free‐flow electrophoresis to assist conventional, centrifugation‐based techniques in the preparation of plant mitochondria from green and non‐green tissue was assessed by various means, including functional assays, immunoblots, electron microscopy and differential gel electrophoresis. Results indicated a significant increase in purity of the mitochondrial samples, highlighted specific contaminants previously reported as mitochondrial proteins, and also pointed to new means for separating plastids and peroxisomes from mitochondria in plant organellar extracts by exploiting differences in surface charge. This approach has the potential to allow a deeper and more comprehensive investigation of the Arabidopsis organellar proteomes, by providing a second dimension of separation based on surface charge in addition to conventional centrifugation purification protocols relying on size and density.
Dihydrodipicolinate reductase‐like protein, CRR1, is essential for chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis
Authors: Shimizu Hideyuki , Shikanai Toshiharu 
Published: August 2007

SummaryChloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) is a homolog of the bacterial NADH dehydrogenase NDH‐1 and is involved in cyclic electron transport around photosystem I. In higher plants, 14 subunits of the NDH complex have been identified. The subunit that contains the electron donor‐binding site or an electron donor to NDH has not been determined. Arabidopsis crr1 (chlororespiratory reduction 1) mutants were isolated by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging on the basis of their lack of NDH activity. CRR1 is homologous to dihydrodipicolinate reductase (DHPR), which functions in a lysine biosynthesis pathway. However, the dihydrodipicolinate‐binding motif was not conserved in CRR1, and the crr1 defect was specific to accumulation of the NDH complex, implying that CRR1 is not involved in lysine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Similarly to other nuclear‐encoded genes for NDH subunits, CRR1 was expressed only in photosynthetic tissue. CRR1 contained a NAD(P)H‐binding motif and was a candidate electron donor‐binding subunit of the NDH complex. However, CRR1 was detected in the stroma but not in the thylakoid membranes, where the NDH complex is localized. Furthermore, CRR1 was stable in crr2‐2 lacking the NDH complex. These results suggest that CRR1 is involved in biogenesis or stabilization of the NDH complex, possibly via the reduction of an unknown substrate.
Treatment of inherited protein C deficiency by replacement therapy with the French purified plasma‐derived protein C concentrate (PROTEXEL®)
Authors: Dreyfus M. , Ladouzi A. , Chambost H. , Gruel Y. , Tardy B. , Ffrench P. , Bridey F. , Tellier Z. ,   the PROTEXEL® study group
Published: August 2007

Background/Objectives  A multicentre retrospective study was performed to assess the efficacy/safety of a French purified plasma‐derived protein C (PC) concentrate in inherited PC deficiency.Materials and Methods  Nine patients were enrolled, five children aged < 5 weeks, among whom four with a severe deficiency were homozygous, and four patients < 37 years with PC levels ranging 14–25%, including one compound heterozygous.Results  Thirty replacement therapy courses were recorded with mean PC dosages ranging between 24–90 IU/kg/day for prophylactic courses and 51–209 IU/kg/day for treatment courses. Recoveries varied between 0·8 and 1·12% IU/kg in preventive situations and between 1·09 and 1·91% IU/kg for treatment courses; 23 treatment courses were performed in patients aged 1 day to 18 years, 19 out of 23 treatments resulted in complete recovery with no sequelae. Treatment efficacy was difficult to assess in four out of 23 cases because the thrombotic event was not confirmed in one case and due to late treatment initiation in the three other cases. Seven prophylactic treatments were used either in association of vitamin K antagonists or to prevent thrombotic events due to vitamin K antagonist introduction or withdrawal. The safety assessed during 914 infusions was excellent. No abnormal bleeding was reported, including with high doses, during surgery, with heparin therapy.Conclusions  Replacement therapy with this French PC concentrate is safe and effective in patients with inherited PC deficiency.
Prevalence of and risk factors for gallbladder polyps detected by ultrasonography among healthy Chinese: Analysis of 34 669 cases
Authors: Lin Wey‐Ran , Lin Deng‐Yn , Tai Dar‐In , Hsieh Sen‐Yung , Lin Chun‐Yen , Sheen I‐Shyan , Chiu Cheng‐Tang 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Gallbladder (GB) polyps are tumor or tumor‐like projections arising from GB mucosa. Although most polyps are benign, some early GB carcinomas present as polypoid lesions. The diagnosis of GB polyps is relatively easy by ultrasonography. Although numerous studies have investigated GB polyps, few studies have addressed the prevalence of and factors associated with GB polyps for specific ethnic populations. This study analyzes the prevalence and factors associated with GB polyps in a Chinese population who can afford a paid general checkup.Methods:  The prevalence of and risk factors for GB polyps diagnosed by ultrasonography were retrospectively investigated in 34 669 Chinese patients who underwent a general checkup at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Taipei, Taiwan) between 2000 and 2003. Demographic, hemogram, serum biochemistry, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C antibody, and ultrasonography study data was available for all the patients. The correlations between the prevalence of GB polyps and age, sex, body height, body weight, body mass index, hemogram, serum biochemistry, and viral markers were examined for all the patients.Results:  Excluding the patients who underwent cholecystectomy, the overall prevalence of GB polyps was 9.5% and highest for middle‐aged males. The analyzed risk factors with increased odds ratios (OR) for the development of GB polyps were male sex (OR 0.646, P < 0.0005) and hepatitis B virus surface antigen positivity (OR 1.113, P < 0.0005). Other demographic characteristics and biochemical parameters, including body height, body weight, body mass index, lipid profile, chronic hepatitis C virus infection, and liver function did not correlate with the presence of GB polyps.Conclusion:  The prevalence of GB polyps among the Chinese in this study is higher than that reported for other populations. Chinese males and other patients with chronic hepatitis B viral infections have a high risk for developing GB polyps.