bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GISP binding to TSG101 increases GABAB receptor stability by down‐regulating ESCRT‐mediated lysosomal degradation
Authors: Kantamneni Sriharsha , Holman David , Wilkinson Kevin A. , Corrêa Sônia A. L. , Feligioni Marco , Ogden Simon , Fraser William , Nishimune Atsushi , Henley Jeremy M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe neuron‐specific G protein‐coupled receptor interacting scaffold protein (GISP) is a multidomain, brain‐specific protein derived from the A‐kinase anchoring protein‐9 gene. We originally isolated GISP as an interacting partner for the GABAB receptor subunit GABAB1. Here, we show that the protein tumour susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101), an integral component of the endosomal sorting machinery that targets membrane proteins for lysosomal degradation, also interacts with GISP. TSG101 co‐immunoprecipitates with GISP from adult rat brain, and using GST pull‐downs, we identified that the eighth coiled‐coiled region of GISP is critical for TSG101 association. Intriguingly, although there is no direct interaction between GISP and the GABAB2 subunit, their co‐expression in HEK293 cells increases levels of GABAB2. GISP also inhibits TSG101‐dependent GABAB2 down‐regulation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells whereas over‐expression of a mutant GISP lacking the TSG101 binding domain has no effect on GABAB2 degradation. These data suggest that GISP can function as a negative regulator of TSG101‐dependent lysosomal degradation of transmembrane proteins in neurons to promote receptor stability.
Here Comes the Second World
Authors: KHANNA PARAG 
Published: July 2008

American‐led globalization has enabled the third great powershift of the last five hundred years—the “rise of the rest” following on the rise of the West and then the rise of the US as the dominant power in the West.When China, India, Brazil, Turkey and the rest sit at the table of global power with the West what will the world order look like? Will it be post‐American? Will it be culturally non‐Western, but play by the same rules of an open international order laid down by the American's after World War II?In the following pages, leading American and Asian intellectuals ponder these questions.
China and the Rest Are Only Joining the American‐Built Order
Authors: IKENBERRY G. JOHN 
Published: July 2008

American‐led globalization has enabled the third great powershift of the last five hundred years—the “rise of the rest” following on the rise of the West and then the rise of the US as the dominant power in the West.When China, India, Brazil, Turkey and the rest sit at the table of global power with the West what will the world order look like? Will it be post‐American? Will it be culturally non‐Western, but play by the same rules of an open international order laid down by the American's after World War II?In the following pages, leading American and Asian intellectuals ponder these questions.
Be Wary of Asian Triumphalism
Authors: SLAUGHTER ANNE‐MARIE 
Published: July 2008

American‐led globalization has enabled the third great powershift of the last five hundred years—the “rise of the rest” following on the rise of the West and then the rise of the US as the dominant power in the West.When China, India, Brazil, Turkey and the rest sit at the table of global power with the West what will the world order look like? Will it be post‐American? Will it be culturally non‐Western, but play by the same rules of an open international order laid down by the American's after World War II?In the following pages, leading American and Asian intellectuals ponder these questions.
Do Human Rights Require a Strong State?
Authors: FUKUYAMA FRANCIS 
Published: July 2008

Will China's authoritarian leaders succeed in building a future by erasing the past? Can the ideology of “nationalist consumerism” obliterate memory altogether? Will the Olympic applause drown out the weak and exiled witnesses of the Tiananmen crackdown?In this section we listen to a key Tiananmen student leader two decades on as well as check in with today's young elites in Beijing. A political leader from the reformist regime in 1989 calls for justice from house arrest and a young Chinese novelist wonders what kind of identity is possible without memory.
Culture, Segregation, and Tolerance in Urban America*
Authors: Sharp Elaine B. , Joslyn Mark R. 
Published: July 2008

Objective.The objective of this article is to examine whether racial tolerance attitudes are influenced by the character of the urban subculture in which individuals live. Specifically, is there a significant association betweenFlorida's (2002)concept of creative class and racial tolerance among white survey respondents?Methods.The Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey that comprises respondents across some 27 cities provides the data for this analysis. Ordered logit regression was utilized.Results.Independent of key explanations of racial tolerance such as racial threat and contact theories, creative class or new political culture cities are associated with more progressive racial attitudes among white respondents. In addition, important evidence is uncovered that shows creative class operates as an interactive variable, conditioning the effects of traditional determinants of tolerance.Conclusions.Evidence suggests that creative class or new political culture cities should be viewed as constituting distinctive cultural milieus that have important direct and interactive effects on tolerance attitudes.
Post‐Hurricane Katrina Employment Recovery: The Interaction of Race and Place*
Authors: Zottarelli Lisa K. 
Published: July 2008

Objective. The mass migrations, infrastructure decimation, and widespread impact zone make Hurricane Katrina an especially difficult disaster from which to recover. Employment is an important aspect of effective disaster recovery. The purpose of this article is to examine determinants of employment recovery approximately one month and one year after Hurricane Katrina.Methods. The data are from a two‐stage survey of Hurricane Katrina survivors conducted by the Gallup Organization in September/October 2005 and August 2006. A series of logistic regression models were preformed on data from the two time points.Results. The results suggest a complexity to inequality where race and place interact to determine employment recovery. Displacement, gender, income, and homeownership were also significant.Conclusions. Recovery efforts and future research need to incorporate more complex understandings of vulnerability, with particular attention paid to the issues of employment and reemployment.
Does Campus Diversity Promote Friendship Diversity? A Look at Interracial Friendships in College*
Authors: Fischer Mary J. 
Published: July 2008

Objectives. One of the hopes of having diverse campus environments is that the daily interaction with students from different backgrounds will promote interracial understanding and friendship. However, it is not clear to what extent interactions and friendships are multiracial. This article examines the impact of college characteristics, social distance felt toward other groups, and precollege friendship diversity on the formation of interracial friendships in the first year of college.Methods. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, I examine how college characteristics, social distance felt toward other groups, and precollege friendship diversity affects the formation of interracial friendships in the first year of college.Results. The results show that while precollege experiences and initial attitudes do have an impact on the formation of interracial friendship in college, campus racial/ethnic diversity is also important in predicting friendship heterogeneity. Minorities have higher predicted friendship diversity than whites, but this difference nearly disappears in the most diverse schools due to the interactive effects of school diversity on friendship diversity for white students.Conclusions. This research provides evidence of the social benefits of assembling a diverse student body, particularly for white students, and can add to the debate over the continuation of affirmative action policies.
School Readiness of Children of Immigrants: Does Parental Involvement Play a Role?*
Authors: Lahaie Claudia 
Published: July 2008

Objectives.Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey—Kindergarten Cohort, this article analyzes the link between parental involvement and the school readiness of children of immigrants.Methods.Multivariate regression models estimate the association between parental involvement and the school readiness in English proficiency and math scores of children of immigrants. They also estimate the impact of this association on the gap in math scores between children of immigrants and children of natives.Results.Results demonstrate that parental involvement is associated with an increase in the level of English proficiency for children of immigrants. Parental involvement also is associated with a decrease in the gap in math scores between immigrant children from English‐ and non‐English‐speaking backgrounds. Parental involvement decreases the gap in math scores between children of immigrants and children of the native born by a third of a standard deviation.Conclusion.Given that parental involvement appears to benefit children of immigrants and given that they have lower academic achievement than children of the native born, these findings suggest that parental involvement policies and practices targeting children of immigrants could help decrease the academic achievement gap between children of immigrants and children of the native born.
Food Insufficiency, Food Stamp Participation, and Mental Health*
Authors: Heflin Colleen M. , Ziliak James P. 
Published: July 2008

Objectives. This study examines whether the mental health consequences associated with food insufficiency vary by food stamp participation status and/or the value of the food stamp benefit received.Methods. We use longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics along with fixed‐effect methods that control for unobserved heterogeneity to test our hypotheses.Results. We find that, conditional on the food stamp benefit amount, the emotional distress associated with food insufficiency is higher among food stamp participants. Moreover, we find evidence of a dosage effect such that food‐insufficient individuals who receive higher amounts of food stamp benefits suffer greater emotional distress than food‐insufficient individuals who receive lower levels of food stamp benefits. However, the negative mental health effects of food insufficiency and food stamp participation are driven primarily by periods of transition onto the Food Stamp Program and into food insufficiency.Conclusions. The negative mental health aspects of participating in the Food Stamp Program seem to outweigh the positive mental health aspects, at least during the period of application and initial receipt, suggesting that programmatic reform is needed to improve overall well‐being among new participants.
Determining Democracy in the Organization of the Islamic Conference*
Authors: Calfano Brian Robert , Sahliyeh Emile 
Published: July 2008

Objectives. We determine the conditions that account for change in the realized level of political rights and civil liberties within the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).Methods. We use ordered logit to assess the impact of religious pluralism and fragmentation and related controls on changes in Freedom House Political Rights and Civil Liberties scores at five‐year intervals between 1976 and 2004.Results. Findings suggest that the presence of non‐Islamic religious groups within OIC states leads to an increase in political rights, while the presence of Islamic groups practicing a version of the faith not officially recognized by the state reduced political rights and civil liberties.Conclusions. Islam's influence on democratization does not fall neatly into either the “pro” or “con” categories that have so strongly defined the relevant literature. Islam's influence is, instead, variable and contingent on the wider degree of religious characteristics within each state.
Neuroimaging genetics: new perspectives in research on major depression?
Authors: Frodl T. , Möller H.‐J. , Meisenzahl E. 
Published: July 2008

Objective:  Stress‐related changes in the hippocampus are influenced by genetic factors. To enhance our understanding of both the interaction between the brain, behaviour and genetics and of biological mechanisms in mood disorders neuroimaging genetics provide a good opportunity.Method:  A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify articles on neuroimaging genetics in major depression (MD).Results:  Hippocampal volumes were found to be associated with polymorphisms in the promotor region of the serotonin transporter (5‐HTTLPR) in patients with MD. Met‐allele carriers of the BDNF (val66met) polymorphism had smaller hippocampal volumes in both patients and healthy controls when compared with homozygous val‐allele carriers. Polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (5‐HTTLPR) and 5‐HT1a receptor are associated with increased amygdala activation investigated with functional MRI in patients with MD.Conclusion:  Genetic variants seem to modulate the effects of stress on hippocampal volumes as well as amygdala activity as well as the development of the brain.
Cumulative prevalence of personality disorders between adolescence and adulthood
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey G. , Cohen Patricia , Kasen Stephanie , Skodol Andrew E. , Oldham John M. 
Published: July 2008

Objective:  To investigate the cumulative prevalence of personality disorder (PD) among adults in the community, based on prospective longitudinal data from a series of psychiatric interviews.Method:  Psychiatric interviews were administered to a regionally representative community‐based sample of 568 individuals in 1983 (mean age = 14), 1985–1986 (mean age = 16), 1991–1993 (mean age = 22), and 2001–2004 (mean age 33).Results:  The point prevalence of any current DSM‐IV PD, including depressive PD and passive‐aggressive PD, varied between 12.7% and 14.6% across the four diagnostic assessments. The cumulative prevalence of PD increased at each of the follow‐up assessments. At mean age 33, the estimated lifetime prevalence of PD was 28.2%.Conclusion:  The cumulative prevalence of PD, based on a series of interviews conducted during adolescence and adulthood, may be substantially higher than the point prevalence of current PD based on a single assessment interview.
The Roles of Soil Characteristics and Toxin Adsorption in Avian Geophagy
Authors: Brightsmith Donald J. , Taylor John , Phillips Timothy D. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTGeophagy, the intentional ingestion of soil, is a widespread phenomenon whose function is still debated. Recent studies suggest that consumed soils adsorb dietary toxins and provide sodium. However, quantification of soil choice has been absent from most studies, prohibiting the direct comparison of soil use and characteristics. To determine correlates among bird use and soil characteristics, we analyze physical structure, mineral composition, and alkaloid adsorption (14 soil characteristics in total) for 22 soil samples from a riverbank ‘clay lick’ used by macaws and parrots (family Psittacidae) in Amazon lowland forests in the Tambopata region of southeastern Peru. We quantified bird preferences through photographic mapping. Mineral concentrations were determined using analyses designed to approximate the mineral availability in the vertebrate stomach. The sodium levels in the soil were much higher than in food plants consumed by parrots in this region. Both adsorption of quinine, the model alkaloid used, and sodium concentration correlated significantly with bird use. Sodium explained a much higher percentage of the variation in bird use than quinine adsorption. However, the analyses were complicated by the high degree of correlation among soil variables: clay percentage and sodium concentration were highly correlated with each other and with bird use, making it impossible to determine which of these may have the greater contribution to bird preference. The results suggest that the soils consumed provide an important source of dietary sodium and adsorb alkaloid toxins.
The Vascular Disrupting Agent 5,6‐Dimethylxanthenone‐4‐Acetic Acid Improves the Antitumor Efficacy and Shortens Treatment Time Associated with Photochlor‐sensitized Photodynamic Therapy In Vivo
Authors: Seshadri Mukund , Bellnier David A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this report, we examined the antitumor activity of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combination with 5,6‐dimethylxanthenone‐4‐acetic acid (DMXAA), a vascular disrupting agent currently undergoing clinical evaluation. BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous CT‐26 colon carcinomas were treated with PDT using the second‐generation chlorin‐based sensitizer, 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a (Photochlor) with or without DMXAA. Long‐term (60‐days) treatment outcome, induction of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), vascular damage (microvessel density, MVD) were evaluated as endpoints. In addition, treatment selectivity was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the foot response assay. A highly synergistic interaction was observed with the combination of low‐dose DMXAA and PDT (48 J cm−2 at 112 mW cm−2) resulting in ∼60% long‐term cures. The duration of the PDT session for this combination therapy protocol was only 7 min, while the duration of a monotherapy PDT session, selected to yield the equivalent cure rate, was 152 min. MRI showed markedly less peritumoral edema after DMXAA + short‐duration PDT compared with long‐duration PDT monotherapy. Similarly, DMXAA + PDT caused significantly less phototoxicity to normal mouse foot tissue than PDT alone. Increased induction of cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐6 (P < 0.001) was observed at 4 h followed by extensive vascular damage, demonstrated by a significant reduction in MVD at 24 h after combination treatment. In conclusion, Photochlor‐sensitized PDT in combination with DMXAA exhibits superior efficacy and improved selectivity with clinically feasible illumination schemes. Clinical evaluation of this novel combination strategy is currently being planned.
Absorption Spectra of Human Skin In Vivo in the Ultraviolet Wavelength Range Measured by Optoacoustics
Authors: Meinhardt Merve , Krebs Ronald , Anders Angelika , Heinrich Ulrike , Tronnier Hagen 
Published: July 2008

AbstractKnowledge of the optical properties of human skin in the ultraviolet range is fundamental for photobiologic research. However, optical properties of human skin in the ultraviolet spectral range have so far mainly been measured ex vivo. We have determined the absorption spectra of human skin in vivo in the wavelength range from 290 to 341 nm in 3 nm steps using laser optoacoustics. In this technique, optical properties are derived from the pressure profile generated by absorbed light energy in the sample. In a study on 20 subjects belonging to phototypes I–IV, we studied the optical properties at the volar and dorsal aspect of the forearm as well as on the thenar. Analysis of the measured absorption spectra shows that comparable skin areas—like different sides of the forearm—have qualitatively similar optical characteristics. Still, the optical properties may vary substantially within the same area, probably due to the skin structure and inhomogeneities. Comparison of the spectra from different skin sites indicates that the spectral characteristics of the stratum corneum and its chromophores play an important role for the optical properties of human skin in vivo in the ultraviolet B range.
In Vitro Survival of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cells Following Combined Treatment with Ionizing Radiation and Photofrin‐mediated Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Sharma Prachi , Farrell Thomas , Patterson Michael S. , Singh Gurmit , Wright James R. , Sur Ranjan , Rainbow Andrew J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIt has been suggested that combination high dose rate (HDR) intraluminal brachytherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may improve efficacy of treatment, reduce toxicity and enhance quality of life for patients. To provide a cellular basis for this we examined the in vitro sensitivity of MRC5 normal lung fibroblasts and four NSCLC cell lines following HDR radiation, PDT and combined HDR radiation and PDT. HDR radiation was cobalt‐60 gamma rays (1.5–1.9 Gy min−1). For PDT treatment, cells were exposed to 2.5 μg mL−1 Photofrin for 18–24 h followed by light exposure (20 mW cm−2). For combined treatment cells were exposed to Photofrin and then either exposed to light and 15–30 min later exposed to HDR radiation or exposed to HDR radiation and 15–30 min later exposed to light. D37 values calculated from clonogenic survival curves indicated a six‐fold difference in HDR radiation sensitivity and an eight‐fold difference in PDT sensitivity. The effect of combined treatment was not significantly different from an additive effect of the individual treatment modalities for the NSCLC cells, but was significantly less than additive for the MRC5 cells. These results suggest an equivalent tumor cell kill may be possible at reduced systemic effects to patients.
Lipoteichoic Acid Synergizes with Glycosphingolipids To Potently Stimulate Secretion of Interleukin-6 from Human Blood Cells
Authors: Meron-Sudai Shiri , Matityahou Ariella , Keisari Yona , Cox Kathleen H. , Hasty David L. , Ofek Itzhak 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT

In the present study, we found that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) synergizes with glycosphingolipids to stimulate human blood cells to secrete cytokines. We employed globoside, kerasin, and lactosylceramide as representative neutral glycosphingolipids and mixed gangliosides GM
2
and GM
3
as representative acidic glycosphingolipids. LTA and the glycosphingolipids enhanced cytokine secretion by human whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and purified monocytes in a dose-dependent manner. The level of synergy ranged up to ∼10-fold greater than the additive stimulation caused by LTA and glycosphingolipid alone. The greatest synergy was observed with GM
3
. We also found that LTA synergizes with the synthetic bacterial lipopeptide mimic Pam3CysK4. In contrast, the glycosphingolipids suppressed the stimulation caused by Pam3CysK4. The stimulation of human cells requires the simultaneous presence of LTA and the glycosphingolipids and probably requires their physical interactions, as shown by dot blotting and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments. We hypothesize that the enhanced stimulation is due to heterooligomers that form between LTA and glycosphingolipids at the subcritical micelle concentrations used in these experiments. Previous studies showed that LTA also synergizes with hemoglobin. The data taken together suggest that LTA may be a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, although its full activity requires the presence of a synergistic partner(s).