bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscoelastic Loss Characteristics of Cord-Rubber Composites
Authors: Tabaddor F. , Clark S. K. , Dodge R. N. , Perraut J. M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Calculated and experimentally generated complex moduli of tire cord-rubber composites are compared. Halpin-Tsai equations in complex form are defined and used to calculate the elastic and loss components of the composite moduli. Additionally, stress-strain relationships for bias ply composites are included. Experimental techniques consisted of prestrained cyclic tensile and torsional tests on tubular specimens. Composite properties of typical polyester and steel tire cord reinforcements were evaluated as functions of end count, cross-ply angle, and thickness of rubber filler between plies.
Effects of Some Environmental and Test Conditions on Tire Treadwear Indices
Authors: Bascunana J. L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A treadwear investigation was carried out with four brands of radial tires having different tread rubber compounds. The tires were randomly selected, except for one brand in which they were selected from the same mold and date. Identical series of tests were conducted in cold and hot weather. Treadwear was measured by both tire weight and groove depth. A discussion of the results is included.
Tire Treadwear — A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Factors: Generic Type, Aspect Ratio, Tread Pattern, and Tread Composition Part I: Introduction and Details on the Organization of the Program
Authors: Veith A. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This four-part series of papers addresses the problem of systematic determination of the influence of several tire factors on tire treadwear. Both the main effect of each factor and some of their interactive effects are included. The program was also structured to evaluate the influence of some external-to-tire conditions on the relationship of tire factors to treadwear.
Part I describes the experimental design used to evaluate the effects on treadwear of generic tire type, aspect ratio, tread pattern (groove or void level), type of pattern (straight rib or block), and tread compound. Construction procedures and precautions used to obtain a valid and functional test method are included. Two guiding principles to be used in the data analyses of Parts II and III are discussed. These are the fractional groove and void concept, to characterize tread pattern geometry, and a demonstration of the equivalence of wear rate for identical compounds on whole tread or multi-section tread tires.
Tire Treadwear — A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Factors: Generic Type, Aspect Ratio, Tread Pattern, and Tread Composition. Part II: Results of the Primary Treadwear Test Series
Authors: Veith A. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In Part II, the influence of four construction parameters and one composition parameter on treadwear is studied. The treadwear rates obtained from the experimental design described in Part I are analyzed using regression analysis and simple averaging techniques. In general the analyses indicate that generic type has the strongest influence on the rate of treadwear; followed in order of importance by groove void fraction and aspect ratio which are about equivalent to each other, compound loss modulus (discussed in more detail in Part III), and groove pattern type. However, in addition to the main effects, treadwear rates also depend on the interaction between some of the variables as well as on the severity of the treadwear tests.
Evolving the Banded Radial Tire
Authors: Markow E. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Development of the banded radial tire is discussed. A major contribution of this tire design is a reliable run-flat capability over distances exceeding 160 km (100 mi). Experimental tire designs and materials are considered; a brief theoretical discussion of the mechanics of operation is given based on initial two-dimensional studies and later on more complete finite element modeling. Results of laboratory tests for cornering, rolling resistance, and braking are presented. Low rolling resistance, good cornering and braking properties, and low tread wear rate along with good puncture resistance are among the advantages of the banded radial tire designs.
A Laminated Composite Solid Element and its Application to Tire Analysis
Authors: Stechschulte R. A. , Luchini J. R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper describes a solid isoparametric element which can incorporate multiple composite layers in the same element and still predict in-plane and out-of-plane coupling. Finite element models using this element have been used with good success to predict the global response of a tire during contact. This element, used in conjunction with any of a number of global-local methodologies, offers potential for reducing the computational effort required in the analysis of tires.
Sensitivity of Temperature Rise in a Rolling Tire to the Viscoelastic Properties of the Tire Components
Authors: Beringer C. W. , Kwon Y. D. , Prevorsek D. C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The sensitivity coefficient of tire temperature to heat generation rate of tire compounds is derived based on a simplified tire geometry and one-dimensional heat transfer approximation. This provides a simple and quick means for estimating the magnitude of change in the steady-state tire rolling temperature resulting from the difference in the heat generation rates of cord and rubber in the tire. The use of this sensitivity coefficient in several tire temperature analyses gave good indications of the temperature change. Shortcomings and limitations of the approach are also discussed.
On the Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Rubber Vulcanizates
Authors: Chow C. L. , Cundiff C. H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A method for characterizing rubber vulcanizates for engineering design analysis is described. The material characterization is based on the elastic strain energy functions expressible in terms of both Mooney-Rivlin and Valanis-Landel types of formulation. The specimens are flat sheets and long thin cylinders. Considering both accuracy of the predicted stress-strain results and testing time, the pure shear method is preferred over other forms of biaxial loading. This method was automated using an MTS testing machine equipped with a PDP 11/04 mini-computer. A filled vulcanizate under load exhibits progressive stress-softening before it reaches an equilibrium state; this behavior was incorporated into the automatic testing procedure to ensure consistent and reproducible results. The adequacy and accuracy of the material coefficients derived from this method were checked against measured results and found to be satisfactory.
An Axisymmetric Finite Element and Its Use to Examine the Effects of Construction Variables on Radial Tires
Authors: Satyamurthy K. , Hirschfelt L. R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A nonlinear axisymmetric formulation has been developed which allows circumferential as well as radial and lateral displacements. Significant circumferential displacements occur in radial tires under an inflation load both in the crown region and in the sidewall of the tire. The model is used in this study to assess the types of deformations that occur and the effect of construction variables on these deformations. The variables considered include belt angle, belt width, belt edge filler modulus, and chafer angle. The effect of changes in these variables on both in-plane and circumferential deformations, as well as cord loads and interply shear strains are reported. Wherever possible the numerical results are compared with experimental measurements. Predicted deformations due to chafer orientations were sometimes unexpected, but were confirmed by experiment.
Transient Properties of Truck Tires on Real Road Surfaces
Authors: Weber R. , Münster M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The cornering, or lateral force response of heavy-duty truck tires, has been evaluated on real road surfaces at speeds of 10–60 km/h. The special mobile truck tire dynamometer has a two-test-tire carriage mounted just ahead of the rear support tires of an articulated truck (tractor) trailer. Equal slip angles may be applied simultaneously to both test tires.
The frequency response was evaluated by typical phase angle methods. The phase angle (lag of lateral force behind instantaneous angle) increased with frequency (time rate of application of angle) and decreased with increasing speed.
Four-Wheel Drive Cars Without Intermediate Differential Gear: Impact on Tire Tread Wear
Authors: Bottasso F. , Bandel P. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Longitudinal tire forces on four-wheel drive cars, both with and without a differential gear between the axles, are compared with those on two-wheel drive cars; tests were made on a curved trajectory.
A “critical speed” may be defined which depends solely on characteristics of the car and test tires; this is usually of the order of a few tens of kilometers per hour. Above that speed, for the lateral accelerations normally reached, the additional longitudinal forces caused by lack of an intermediate differential do not increase the relative tread wear rate relative to that on a two-wheel drive car. Cars almost always operate above this critical speed. Below it, however, the additional longitudinal forces caused by lack of a differential are much higher and obviously would lead to higher rates of tread wear.
A New Type of Precision Tire
Authors: Tretyakov O. B. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A process is suggested for improving the rubber-cord composite in a radial tire through precision stage-by-stage molding of its parts. This starts by casting an inner elastomeric envelope of the carcass from a liquid oligomer mix. The full molding technology uses acoustic and resonance effects to optimize the degree of order of the structure and of rubber uniformity. The resultant precision tires should have a higher degree of order of both macro- and microstructure than do present commercial tires. Reduced stress concentration in locations that have high failure rates in commercial tires are considered. A new theory, CSSOT, is used for optimizing tires from results of stress-strain cycles.
Twisting Stiffness and Lateral Vibration of a Radial Tire Sidewall
Authors: Yamazaki S. , Akasaka T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The present authors recently gave an analytical method for estimating three spring constants Kr, Ks, and Kt for sidewall stiffnesses of radial tires. These represent the radial, lateral, and in-plane rotational directions respectively [1,2,3]. The method is based on netting theory with special consideration to stiffness of the rubber matrices in the sidewall. These theoretical results were verified by experiment to have sufficient accuracy. In order to confirm the availability of these spring constants, the twisting stiffness Rt of a radial tire has been analyzed in the present paper by using a spring-supported ring model. An explicit formula for Rt, expressed in terms of the three components of the spring constant, was obtained. Experiments were conducted on a 175SR14 radial tire by increasing the inflation pressure while keeping the tread circumference constant. The theoretical results agreed well with the experimental results. A related problem is also referred to; this is the forced lateral vibration with fundamental eigen-modes of the inflated sidewall-rim system when the tread is fixed. Eigen-frequencies calculated by using those spring constants coincide well with the experimental results.
Elements in the Road Evaluation of Tire Wear
Authors: Brenner F. C. , Kondo A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Experiments to evaluate the wear of tires on vehicles are run for various purposes. Compounds may be compared, tread on tire designs evaluated, or an assessment of tread life made. These are several but by no means the only experimental objectives. Although the objectives may vary, all evaluation methods include common steps. This paper describes the procedural steps to be followed to achieve a treadwear evaluation, discusses the results of such experiments, and makes the following recommendations concerning the design of the course. The course should: vary the terrain, the pavement composition, and its geometric features; demand a variety of vehicle maneuvers; wear tires at moderate rates for precise measurement and to insure that the test will extend over several weeks; and wear tires equally at front and rear for rear axle driven vehicles.
Mathematical Prediction of Dynamic Tire Behavior
Authors: Zorowski C. F. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The subject of the problems and progress in predicting the mechanical behavior of tires subjected to dynamic loading is treated in two parts. The difficulties associated with this problem and various methods that have been proposed for its treatment are first discussed. The application of finite element techniques is emphasized, both with respect to current success and future potential. The second part presents a detailed analysis of this same problem using classical membrane theory. Although the model is developed using the same basic considerations employed by earlier investigators, its final formulation provides for greater generality and flexibility in application. It has the capability of defining meridian profiles and, consequently, cord strains under a condition of inflation and centrifugal loading as a function of geometric and cord load parameters designated at any point on the tire carcass. The result is a method of analysis which can be easily applied to study the effects of a variety of tire design and constructional constraints on carcass shape and cord tensions.
Improvement of Tire Traction with Chlorobutyl Rubber
Authors: Keller R. C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The skid resistance of tires can be improved with tread compounds which have high hysteresis losses. Chlorobutyl rubber is a chlorinated isobutylene-isoprene copolymer of interest in tread compounds because of its high damping (low resilience) characteristics. The traction of tread stocks containing blends of Chlorobutyl and SBR has been evaluated in laboratory and tire tests. In the laboratory, traction performance is estimated using the Portable Skid Resistance Tester as well as the classical rebound tests. Typical results are summarized. The influence of compounding parameters, namely, composition of the polymer blend and carbon black loading, on the skid properties of the tread compound is also discussed. Tire traction performance is determined with an automated vehicle designed to measure both peak and sliding skid resistance. Overall, significant improvements in traction performance have been found for radial tires with Chlorobutyl-containing tire treads; the level of improvement is directly proportional to the Chlorobutyl content of the polymer blend. Some loss in treadwear appears unavoidable, however.
Scale Modeling of Equilibrium Tire Temperature
Authors: Schuring D. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Examination of heat generation in an earthmover tire traversing rigid terrain indicates that almost all heat originates in the tire bulk; heat generated in the contact area is small and can be neglected. Modeling of equilibrium bulk heat requires using the same compound for model and prototype, keeping both tires geometrically similar, and running them at constant speed long enough to reach equilibrium temperature. Then, three model rules apply; one allows for geometrical distortion of cord arrangement in static loading, and the others impose similar mechanisms of heat generation and dissipation on the model and prototype. The effect of cord distortion on heat generation is unknown, however, and has to be assessed experimentally.
Preliminary tests indicate that the model rules of heat generation are basically correct. Problems associated with stress distortion (due to cord distortion), heat convection, and inflation pressure buildup (due to heat buildup) remain. Self-modeling tests on the same tire, and scale model tests with geometrically similar tires are recommended.
Effect of Polymer, Road Surface, and Driving Conditions on Wear Surface Characteristics of Tire Treads
Authors: Martin F. R. , Biddison P. H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Treads made with emulsion styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR), solution SBR, polybutadiene (BR), and a 60/40 emulsion SBR/BR mixture were built as four-way tread sections on G78-15 belted bias tires, which were driven over both concrete and gravel-textured highways and on a small, circular, concrete test track. The tires were front mounted. When driven on concrete highway, all except the BR tread had either crumbled- or liquid-appearing surfaces, thought to have been formed by mechanical degradation or fatigue. When cornered on concrete, these materials formed small cylindrical particles or rolls. The BR tread had a smooth, granular-textured surface when driven on concrete highway and a ridge or sawtooth abrasion pattern when cornered on concrete. All the materials appeared rough and torn when run on gravel-textured highway. The differences in wear surface formed on BR tread and the other three are thought to be due primarily to the relatively high resilience of BR.
Tire Traction Assessed by Shear Force and Vehicle Performance
Authors: Fancher P. S. , Segel L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tire shear force data for ten different types of passenger car tires tested on wet surfaces are studied to examine the influence of test surface, velocity, and load on the maximum lateral force, maximum braking force, maximum resultant force, and locked wheel braking force. Tire traction rankings based on these four measures are compared with each other and with rankings obtained from J-turn and diagonal braking tests on a vehicle equipped with the same types of tires using the rank difference correlation method. The findings show that rankings based on a small number of maximum lateral force tests correlate well with rankings based on J-turn tests.
Mechanics of the Pneumatic Tire. Part II. The Laminar Model under Inflation and in Rotation
Authors: Robecchi E. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Difficulties in the study of the tire are presented by the materials used in tire construction, specifically the problem of achieving a convenient representation of the elastic characteristics of the rubberized fabric. Notable progress has been made in the formulation of the theory of combined orthotropic laminae which includes the contribution of the rubber compound and, more importantly, the effects of combining layers or plies having different characteristics. The laminar model of the tire is of particular interest for the study of the radial tire in which the effect of the carcass-belt combination is very important. This study first considers the tire under inflation alone and gives illustrative examples of applications to several types of tires. The net model for the bias ply tire is discussed as a special case of the theory. The study is then extended to consideration of the effects of centrifugal force in rotation in addition to inflation pressure.
Development of a Vertical Stiffness Relationship for Belted Radial Tires
Authors: Rhyne T. B. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Vertical stiffness is a fundamentally important property of tires. This property is often expressed by some empirical formula not directly tied to the physics of the tire. It would be useful to have a physics-based formula that could reliably predict vertical stiffness from a minimum set of pertinent, easily obtained parameters. This paper extends the ring model used by Koutny in his thermodynamic studies of tire stiffness and applies it directly to the question of vertical stiffness without regard to thermodynamics. A master curve of tire vertical stiffness is obtained that includes all tires that meet the assumptions of the model, regardless of size. A simple formula for tire vertical stiffness is developed from the master curve. The formula is correlated to a wide variety of tire stiffness measurements. One use of such a formula could be to develop more reliable tire load capacity standards. In the course of the analysis, it is found that the vertical stiffness depends significantly on the structural shear stiffness of the tire sidewalls.
Truck Tire Operating Temperatures on Flat and Curved Test Surfaces
Authors: LaClair T. J. , Zarak C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Operating temperature is critical to the endurance life of a tire. Fundamental differences between operations of a tire on a flat surface, as experienced in normal highway use, and on a cylindrical test drum may result in a substantially higher tire temperature in the latter case. Nonetheless, cylindrical road wheels are widely used in the industry for tire endurance testing. This paper discusses the important effects of surface curvature on truck tire endurance testing and highlights the impact that curvature has on tire operating temperature. Temperature measurements made during testing on flat and curved surfaces under a range of load, pressure and speed conditions are presented. New tires and re-treaded tires of the same casing construction were evaluated to determine the effect that the tread rubber and pattern have on operating temperatures on the flat and curved test surfaces. The results of this study are used to suggest conditions on a road wheel that provide highway-equivalent operating conditions for truck tire endurance testing.
A Simplified Model for Predicting the Pneumatic Stiffness of Conventional and Multi-Cell Inflation Mechanisms for Off-Road Tires
Authors: Summers T. W. , Richards C. M. , Jarboe N. E. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
An efficient yet reliable model is developed to predict the static stiffness of pneumatic off-road motorcycle tires inflated by both traditional and non-traditional inflation mechanisms. The model does not include tire sidewall or carcass structural stiffness effects; instead, only the pneumatic component resulting from pressure and volume changes is considered. Model predictions are verified via experimentally measured static stiffness and internal tire pressure data. The analytical and experimental data presented compare the static stiffness behavior of an off-road motorcycle tire inflated with a traditional inner tube to the static stiffness behavior of the same tire inflated by a novel flat-proof inflation system composed of discrete air cells. Results show that the flat-proof inflation system produces performance enhancing static stiffness characteristics over those of the conventional inner tube.
Force Characteristics of Tire Tread Delamination
Authors: Daws J. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Belt-leaving-belt tread separations in radial tires have been pointed out as a cause of vehicle accidents. This paper presents the results of measurements on the level of forces generated during a tread delamination. This study showed that tires that had been cut to generate a belt-leaving-belt separation always generated a leading edge flap and that the interaction of this flap with the vehicle body is responsible for the tractive force generation. The research also showed that the total impulse generated by a belt-leaving-belt separation represents a small fraction of the total vehicle momentum at highway speed.