bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value Chain Analysis
Authors: Kleindl Brad 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMichael Porter's value chain framework is widely used as a strategic tool for identifying how the functional components of a firm provide value and margins for a business. The adoption of e‐commerce tools and techniques has led to a new perspective on value chain development, the e‐commerce value chain. Information technology has affected industry structure by allowing firms to gain efficiency in operations, driving down costs. At the same time, this technology has decreased pricing power and increased price competition. Firms are still forced to focus their strategic efforts on gaining sustainable competitive advantages. This chapter outlines the value chain framework, identifies emerging new business models that utilize e‐commerce tools and techniques, proposes a framework for an e‐commerce value chain, and gives examples of how these business models and value chains are used by businesses.
Video Streaming
Authors: Tuttle Herbert 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Streaming video is a technology that allows a user to access a video on the Internet and then start viewing it as it is being delivered to the user's computer or other device. This eliminates the time spent in fully downloading a video before viewing. Streaming video has become popular with many businesses, educators, and individual users. Because of some network data transmission limitations, there are many technical challenges in producing and streaming a good‐quality video. Even with these challenges, streaming video is an exciting area that will continue to grow. Reform to existing copyright rules may curb the growth seen over the last couple of years.
Visual Basic
Authors: Owen Dennis O. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Visual Basic has been a favorite application development platform for Windows programming. Recent trends in application development are toward using the World Wide Web and Internet technologies as a data transport mechanism. The Web server will become the data and application repository of choice. Applications will no longer reside on the client; data and applications alike will reside on the server. Clients will receive programs and data over an Internet‐like connection through a browser. Tools to develop these systems are pivotal to the success of this trend. At the same time, existing systems must continue to be supported. This chapter looks at Visual Basic as a tool to facilitate new Windows and Web application development and to maintain existing applications.
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Authors: Cassel Lillian N. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHandheld devices allow people to carry their calendars, address books, reminders, games, and various other tools in a compact unit. However, the prospect of attaching the handheld to the resources of the Internet adds another dimension to the usefulness of these devices. The wireless application protocol (WAP) is an open, global specification to allow wireless devices to access and interact with information and services. This chapter reviews the components of WAP and the challenges involved in producing materials appropriate for access by wireless devices, especially those with small screens, such as the typical handheld device.
Wireless Marketing
Authors: Kwok Pamela M. H. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The dramatic development in wireless technologies has created a dynamic business environment for marketers. More important, wireless technologies also bring fundamental changes to business. The earlier optimism and overconfidence in dot‐com companies and adventures in mobile commerce (e.g., i‐mode in Japan) have been disappointing to consumers and investors alike. Nevertheless, many retain a positive attitude toward the future of wireless business and mobile commerce. Worldwide wireless Internet users are expected to reach 48% in 2005. The increasingly ubiquitous ownership of mobile phones in developed countries, together with new product development (e.g., Web‐enabled mobile phones), wireless technologies (e.g., general packet radio service—“always on connections,” universal mobile telephone system, and wideband code division multiple access), have stimulated potential demand for wireless services and new business opportunities. This chapter takes a closer look at the wireless economy and explores key elements in wireless marketing and future challenges for m‐marketers (mobile marketers).
Personality and intimate partner aggression in dating relationships: the role of the “Big Five”
Authors: Hines Denise A. , Saudino Kimberly J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAlthough personality is shown to predict negative relationship experiences, few researchers have used a structural model of personality to study the ways that personality contributes to intimate partner aggression (IPA). This study investigates the five‐factor model of personality and its associations with both the use and receipt of psychological, physical, and sexual IPA in 179 men and 301 women. Each of the five factors of personality was associated with at least one type of IPA perpetration or victimization. The dimensions of neuroticism and agreeableness were the strongest predictors of IPA particularly for women. Results are discussed in terms of why personality should be considered as a predictor for both the use and receipt of IPA, why sex differences emerged, and future research that should be conducted. Aggr. Behav. 34:593–604, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embedded Shape‐Memory Alloy Wires for Improved Performance of Self‐Healing Polymers
Authors: Kirkby Eva L. , Rule Joseph D. , Michaud Véronique J. , Sottos Nancy R. , White Scott R. , Månson Jan‐Anders E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe report the first measurements of self‐healing polymers with embedded shape‐memory alloy (SMA) wires. The addition of SMA wires shows improvements of healed peak fracture loads by up to a factor of 1.6, approaching the performance of the virgin material. Moreover, the repairs can be achieved with reduced amounts of healing agent. The improvements in performance are due to two main effects: (i) crack closure, which reduces the total crack volume and increases the crack fill factor for a given amount of healing agent and (ii) heating of the healing agent during polymerization, which increases the degree of cure of the polymerized healing agent.
Circularly Polarized Dielectric‐Loaded Antennas: Current Technology and Future Challenges
Authors: Mirsaneh Mehdi , Leisten Oliver P. , Zalinska Beata , Reaney Ian M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn the last few years, dielectric loaded antennas (DLAs) have emerged as a viable solution for high‐gain reception at microwave frequencies for handheld devices such as satellite phones, radios, and global positioning systems. This article compares the performance, cost, and volumetric efficiencies of the two dominant designs, namely the dielectrically loaded quadrifilar‐helix and microstrip patch antennas. The current and future material requirements for DLAs are discussed and an example is given of a recently developed castable glass ceramic based on BiNbO4, which is suitable in terms of properties and glass formability for the single‐step fabrication of net‐shape antenna cores.magnified image
Large‐Area Silver‐Coated Silicon Nanowire Arrays for Molecular Sensing Using Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Baohua , Wang Haishui , Lu Lehui , Ai Kelong , Zhang Guo , Cheng Xiaoli 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA new and facile method to prepare large‐area silver‐coated silicon nanowire arrays for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)‐based sensing is introduced. High‐quality silicon nanowire arrays are prepared by a chemical etching method and used as a template for the generation of SERS‐active silver‐coated silicon nanowire arrays. The morphologies of the silicon nanowire arrays and the type of silver‐plating solution are two key factors determining the magnitude of SERS signal enhancement and the sensitivity of detection; they are investigated in detail for the purpose of optimization. The optimized silver‐coated silicon nanowire arrays exhibit great potential for ultrasensitive molecular sensing in terms of high SERS signal enhancement ability, good stability, and reproducibility. Their further applications in rapidly detecting molecules relating to human health and safety are discussed. A 10 s data acquisition time is capable of achieving a limit of detection of approximately 4 × 10−6 M calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA), a biomarker for anthrax. This value is 1/15 the infectious dose of spores (6 × 10−5 M required), revealing that the optimized silver‐coated silicon nanowire arrays as SERS‐based ultrasensitive sensors are extremely suitable for detecting Bacillus anthracis spores.
Acrylic Nanocomposite Resins for Use in Stereolithography and Structural Light Modulation Based Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Manufacturing Technologies
Authors: Gurr Matthias , Hofmann Daniel , Ehm Michael , Thomann Yi , Kübler Rainer , Mülhaupt Rolf 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA novel family of optically transparent acrylic nanocomposites containing up to 30 wt % silica nanoparticles with an average diameter of 20 nm was developed for application in structural light modulation (SLM) and stereolithography (SL) technologies. The uniform dispersion of nanoparticles affords a significantly improved toughness/stiffness‐balance of the photopolymerized and postcured nanocomposites. It is possible to increase stiffness, as expressed by Young's modulus, from 1290 to 1700 MPa without encountering the embrittlement typical for many other conventional filled polymers. Fracture behaviour is examined by means of fracture mechanics investigation and SEM analyses of fracture surfaces. According to TEM analyses and measurement of optical transmittance remarkable uniform dispersion of silica nanoparticles was achieved. The silica nanoparticle concentrations up to 17 wt % give only marginally higher viscosities and do not affect transmittance, while slightly increasing the exposure times needed in photopolymerization. Moreover, the silica nanoparticles afford materials with reduced shrinkage and improved properties. The green effective ankle splay out (EASO) measured on H‐shaped diagnostic specimens, is significantly reduced for the nanocomposite materials from 1.38 mm for the unfilled material to 0.82 mm for nanocomposites containing 30 wt % nanosilica. The building accuracy is increased significantly with increasing content of silica nanofillers.
Synthesis of Self‐Supported Ordered Mesoporous Cobalt and Chromium Nitrides
Authors: Shi Yifeng , Wan Ying , Zhang Renyuan , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHerein, we demonstrate an ammonia nitridation approach to synthesize self‐supported ordered mesoporous metal nitrides (CoN and CrN) from mesostructured metal oxide replicas (Co3O4 and Cr2O3), which were nanocastly prepared by using mesoporous silica SBA‐15 as a hard template. Two synthetic routes are adopted. One route is the direct nitridation of mesoporous metal oxide nanowire replicas templated from SBA‐15 to metal nitrides. By this method, highly ordered mesoporous cobalt nitrides (CoN) can be obtained by the transformation of Co3O4 nanowire replica under ammonia atmosphere from 275 to 350 °C, without a distinct lose of the mesostructural regularity. Treating the samples above 375 °C leads to the formation of metallic cobalt and the collapse of the mesostructure due to large volume shrinkage. The other route is to transform mesostructured metal oxides/silica composites to nitrides/silica composites at 750–1000 °C under ammonia. Ordered mesoporous CrN nanowire arrays can be obtained after the silica template removal by NaOH erosion. A slowly temperature‐program‐decrease process can reduce the influence of silica nitridation and improve the purity of final CrN product. Small‐angle XRD patterns and TEM images showed the 2‐D ordered hexagonal structure of the obtained mesoporous CoN and CrN nanowires. Wide‐angle XRD patterns, HRTEM images, and SAED patterns revealed the formation of crystallized metal nitrides. Nitrogen sorption analyses showed that the obtained materials possessed high surface areas (70–90 m2 g−1) and large pore volumes (about 0.2 cm3 g−1).
Factors affecting the development of lung function in Tunisian children
Authors: Trabelsi Y. , Pariès J. , Harrabi I. , Zbidi A. , Tabka Z. , Richalet J. P. , Buvry A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe undertook to evaluate the impacts of morphology at birth, physical activity, anthropometric, socioeconomic and environmental factors on lung function in healthy Tunisian children. Pulmonary function parameters were measured with a Minato portable spirometer in a randomized population of 756 healthy children (388 males and 368 females) aged between 6 and 16. The morphology at birth, the gestational age, the physical activity, the socioeconomic status, the type of habitation, and the environmental factors were all assessed by a standard questionnaire. Using univariate analysis, we found that: (1) morphometric parameters (height, weight, maximal inspiratory, and expiratory perimeter), as well as sex were highly associated with pulmonary function parameters; (2) Height at birth showed strong significant relations with FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC; (3) lung function parameters were influenced by physical training of our children, socioeconomic status, indoor pollution, and passive smoking; and (4) we did not observe any association between the gestational age and the weight at their birth and lung function parameters. Using a general linear model analysis, morphometric parameters, age, sex, type of heating, and maximal inspiratory and expiratory perimeters had significant relation with respiratory parameters. In our population of healthy Tunisian children, the main predictive factors of the pulmonary development were the morphological factors such as height, weight, maximal inspiratory, and expiratory thoracic perimeter, sex and age, and the environmental conditions such as type of heating but not morphology at birth, physical activity, or socioeconomic status. Am. J.Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Which cranial regions reflect molecular distances reliably in humans? Evidence from three‐dimensional morphology
Authors: Smith Heather F. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractKnowledge of the degree to which various subsets of morphological data reflect molecular relationships is crucial for studies attempting to estimate genetic relationships from patterns of morphological variation. This study assessed the phylogenetic utility of six different human cranial regions, plus the entire cranium. Three‐dimensional landmark data were collected for 83 landmarks from samples of skulls from 14 modern human populations. The data were subsequently divided into anatomical regions: basicranium, upper face, mandible, temporal bone, upper jaw, cranial vault, and a subset of points from around the entire cranium. Depictions of population molecular distances were calculated using published data on microsatellites for the same or closely related populations. Distances based on morphological variation of each of the anatomical regions were compared with molecular distances, and the correlations assessed. The morphology of the basicranium, temporal bone, upper face, and entire cranium demonstrated the highest correlations with molecular distances. The morphology of the mandible, upper jaw, and cranial vault, as measured here, were not significantly correlated with molecular distances. As the three‐dimensional morphology of the temporal bone, upper face, basicranium, and entire cranium appear to consistently reflect genetic relationships in humans, especially with more reliability than the cranial vault, it would be preferable to focus on these regions when attempting to determine the genetic relationships of human specimens with no molecular data. Am. J.Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sentinel surveillance of occupational diseases: A quality improvement project
Authors: Spreeuwers D. , de Boer A.G.E.M. , Verbeek J.H.A.M. , de Wilde N.S. , Braam I. , Willemse Y. , Pal T.M. , van Dijk F.J.H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundOccupational diseases are generally underreported. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a sentinel surveillance project comprising motivated and guided occupational physicians would provide higher quality information than a national registry for a policy to prevent occupational diseases.MethodsA group of 45 occupational physicians participated in a sentinel surveillance project for two years. All other occupational physicians (N = 1,729) in the national registry were the reference group. We compared the number of notifications per occupational physician, the proportion of incorrect notifications, and the overall reported incidence of occupational diseases.ResultsThe median number of notifications per occupational physician during the project was 13.0 (IQR, 4.5–31.5) in the sentinel group versus 1.0 (IQR, 0.0–5.0) in the reference group (P < 0.001). The proportion of incorrect notifications was 3.3% in the sentinel group and 8.9% in the reference group (P < 0.001). The overall reported occupational disease incidence was 7 times higher (RR = 6.9, 95% CI: 6.5–7.4) in the sentinel group (466 notifications per 100,000 employee years) than in the reference group (67 notifications per 100,000 employee years).ConclusionsA sentinel surveillance group comprising motivated and guided occupational physicians reported a substantially higher occupational disease incidence and a lower proportion of incorrect notifications than a national registry. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:834‐842, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental exposure to Libby asbestos and mesotheliomas
Authors: Whitehouse Alan C. , Black C. Bradford , Heppe Mark S. , Ruckdeschel John , Levin Stephen M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundThirty‐one cases of mesothelioma resulting from exposure to Libby Asbestos have been identified from Libby, Montana. Eleven cases not previously reported are the subject of this report.MethodsThese cases are in non‐occupationally exposed people, appearing to have resulted from exposure to contamination of the community, the surrounding forested area, and areas in proximity to the Kootenai river and railroad tracks used to haul vermiculite.ResultsThese exposures are considered to be of a low degree of magnitude, but are similar to those in Western Australia's crocidolite mine at Wittenoom Gorge. An epidemic of mesothelioma can likely be expected from this type of asbestos contamination over the next 20 plus years. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:877‐880, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Halogenbrücken in der supramolekularen Chemie
Authors: Metrangolo Pierangelo , Meyer Franck , Pilati Tullio , Resnati Giuseppe , Terraneo Giancarlo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHalogenbrücken sind nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen, in denen Halogenatome als elektrophile Spezies auftreten. Die Energien und geometrischen Charakteristika derartiger Bindungen werden im vorliegenden Kurzaufsatz beschrieben, und es wird diskutiert, welche Voraussetzungen Moleküle erfüllen müssen, um diese Wechselwirkungen eingehen zu können. Die Bildung von Halogenbrücken wirkt sich auf alle Forschungsgebiete aus, die durch molekulare Erkennung und Selbstorganisation bestimmt sind. Es werden einige Prinzipien für das Kristall‐Engineering mithilfe von Halogenbrücken vorgestellt. Das Potenzial derartiger Wechselwirkungen zeigt sich auch in Flüssigkristallen, magnetischen und leitfähigen Materialien sowie in biologischen Systemen.
Biaryl Phosphane Ligands in Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination
Authors: Surry David S. , Buchwald Stephen L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed amination reactions of aryl halides have undergone rapid development in the last 12 years, largely driven by the implementation of new classes of ligands. Biaryl phosphanes have proven to provide especially active catalysts in this context. This Review discusses the application of these catalysts in CN cross‐coupling reactions in the synthesis of heterocycles and pharmaceuticals, in materials science, and in natural product synthesis.
Efficiency of non‐reactive isothermal bubble column based on mass transfer
Authors: Majumder Subrata Kumar 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBubble column reactor as a gas–liquid contactor is extensively used in the chemical and biochemical industries. Mass transfer coefficients governing the transport processes in bubble contactors are a growing concern in chemical and biotechnological processes whose rates are often limited by the mass transfer rate. The influences of different physical, dynamic and geometric variables affect the efficiency characterization of the equipment which are involved in gas/liquid mass transfer processes. This characterization has great importance to optimize the process plant design. In this article, efficiency of two‐phase mass transfer in bubble column reactors has been analyzed based on dynamic, geometric and physical variables of the system. An empirical correlation for mass transfer efficiency has also been developed in terms of those variables. The present analysis on the gas–liquid mass transfer efficiency of bubble column may give insight into a further understanding and modeling of multiphase reactors in industrial applications. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of hydrolysis and oxidation reactions of carbonyl sulfide on particle matter
Authors: Wang Hailin , Cheng Jie , Li Jinjun , Hao Zhengping 
Published: July 2008

AbstractReactions of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) on atmospheric particles were investigated in a flowing system using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) at 293 K. Results show that OCS could be slowly oxidized and hydrolyzed on atmospheric particles. As a simplified model, alumina (Al2O3) was used to further compare the two reactions and the results indicate that hydrolysis reaction of OCS has an advantage over oxidation reaction to take place at a given time and that heterogeneous reactions of OCS on particles at atmospheric conditions may include oxidation and hydrolysis reactions. To explore the effect of metals on hydrolysis reaction, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) supported on Al2O3 were prepared by incipient wetness method, and the results suggest that all metal oxides significantly enhance the initial intrinsic activity of OCS when compared with unmodified Al2O3. The Zn‐modified Al2O3 gives a significant increase of CO2 produced throughout the time‐scale of these experiments and the possible reaction processes are proposed. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.