bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of primary and sequential bioactivation pathways of carbamazepine in human liver microsomes using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Bu Hai‐Zhi , Zhao Ping , Dalvie Deepak K. , Pool William F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCarbamazepine (CBZ)‐induced idiosyncratic toxicities are commonly believed to be related to the formation of reactive metabolites. CBZ is metabolized primarily into carbamazepine‐10,11‐epoxide (CBZE), 2‐hydroxycarbamazepine (2‐OHCBZ) and 3‐hydroxycarbamazepine (3‐OHCBZ), in human liver microsomes (HLM). Over the past two decades, the 2,3‐arene oxidation has been commonly assumed to be the major bioactivation pathway of CBZ. Recently, CBZE has been also confirmed to be chemically reactive. In order to identify other possible primary and sequential CBZ bioactivation pathways, individual HLM incubations of CBZ, CBZE, 2‐OHCBZ and 3‐OHCBZ were conducted in the presence of glutathione (GSH). In the CBZ incubation, a variety of GSH adducts were formed via individual or combined pathways of 10,11‐epoxidation, arene oxidation and iminoquinone formation. In the CBZE incubation, the only detected GSH adducts were CBZE‐SG1 and CBZE‐SG2, which represented the two most abundant conjugates observed in the CBZ incubation. In the incubation of either 2‐OHCBZ or 3‐OHCBZ, a number of sequential GSH adducts were observed. However, none of the 2‐OHCBZ‐derived GSH adducts were detected in the CBZ incubation. Meanwhile, several GSH adducts were only observed in the CBZ incubation. In conclusion, CBZ can be bioactivated in HLM via 10,11‐epoxidation, 2,3‐arene oxidation, and several other pathways. In addition, the sequential bioactivation of 3‐OHCBZ appeared to play a more important role than that of either CBZE or 2‐OHCBZ in the overall bioactivation of CBZ in HLM. The identification of several new bioactivation pathways of CBZ in HLM demonstrates that possible CBZ bioactivation can be more complex than previously thought. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contribution of corporate social responsibility to sustainable development
Authors: Moon Jeremy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the motivations for and nature of business contributions to sustainable development though the medium of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It compares CSR with sustainable development, given that they are both ‘essentially contested concepts’; it introduces CSR's changing meaning and it explains why there has been a recent increase in CSR with reference to the increasing socialization of markets as a result of narrow market drivers, along with other social, governmental and globalization drivers. It uses Hart's ‘A natural‐resource‐based view of the firm’ to explain the way in which these drivers give rise to sustainable development agendas in companies and provides illustration of these. The concluding discussion identifies some limitations to CSR as a vehicle for sustainable development and signals important avenues of research for policy‐makers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Communicating strategic intent with systemigrams: Application to the network‐enabled challenge
Authors: Blair Charles D. , Boardman John T. , Sauser Brian J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe U.K. Ministry of Defense (MoD) has mandated the development of a network enabled capability (NEC) across all of defense, aimed at producing agile military and nonmilitary effects via a network of networks. This paper provides an overview of NEC, representing it as a complex human activity system of systems (SoS), analysis of which cannot rely on purely traditional reductionist engineering approaches, requiring instead a soft‐systems engineering approach. A literature review is then provided, covering nontraditional systems methodologies of the past 25 years, highlighting the more recent trend towards multimethodological practice. The paper introduces the systemic diagram, or systemigram, conceptual model, explaining its evolution from a form of visual language to its use as an appreciative learning system in a soft‐systems methodology. Using the written prose of MoD policy makers, a systemigram model is constructed which represents the NEC concept, providing a systemic visualization of its complexity and an elucidation of the key SoS attributes of emergence, hierarchy, and boundary. Finally, the NEC systemigram is used in an example storyboarding technique, demonstrating its utility as a platform for stakeholder dialog leading towards a refined model that reflects a deeper understanding of NEC strategy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10:309–322, 2007
Application of synchrotron‐radiation‐induced TXRF‐XANES for arsenic speciation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) xylem sap
Authors: Meirer F. , Pepponi G. , Streli C. , Wobrauschek P. , Mihucz V. G. , Záray G. , Czech V. , Broekaert J. A. C. , Fittschen U. E. A. , Falkenberg G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSynchrotron‐radiation‐induced total reflection x‐ray fluorescence (SR‐TXRF) analysis was used for x‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements for the speciation of arsenic in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) xylem sap. The objective of the presented work was to exploit the advantages of the TXRF geometry for XANES analysis. Measurements were accomplished at the bending magnet beamline L of HASYLAB, Hamburg, Germany, using a Si(111) double crystal monochromator and a silicon drift detector (SDD). Experiments were performed by growing cucumber plants in hydroponics containing arsenite [As(III)] or arsenate [As(V)] in order to identify the arsenic species of the collected xylem saps by K‐edge SR‐TXRF XANES. Cucumber xylem saps, as well as nutrient solutions containing arsenic in the two above‐mentioned species, were analyzed and compared with arsenate and arsenite standard solutions. Arsenic speciation in xylem sap down to 30 ng/ml (30 ppb) was achieved, and no alteration of the oxidation state was observed during the measurements. Analysis of xylem saps showed that As(V) taken up from the nutrient solution was reduced to As(III). As(III) contained in the nutrient solutions was found to be partially oxidized to As(V). These results confirmed the preliminary measurements obtained with flow injection analysis (FIA) and high‐performance liquid chromatography‐high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC‐HR‐ICP‐MS) and showed the competitive capability of SR‐TXRF XANES analysis for this application. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling dynamic processes in yeast
Authors: Klipp Edda 
Published: September 2007

AbstractYeast molecular and cell biology has accumulated large amounts of qualitative and quantitative data of diverse cellular processes. The results are often summarized as verbal or graphical descriptions. Moreover, a series of mathematical models has been developed that should help to interpret such data, to integrate them into a coherent picture and to allow for an understanding of the underlying processes. Dynamic modelling of regulatory processes in yeast focuses on central carbon metabolism, on a number of selected signalling pathways and on cell cycle regulation. These models can explain questions of general relevance, such as whether the dynamics of a network can be understood from the combination of in vitro kinetics of its individual reactions. They help to elucidate complicated dynamic features, such as glycolytic oscillations, effects of feedback regulation or the optimal regulation of gene expression. The availability of comprehensive qualitative information, such as protein interactions or pathway composition, and sets of quantitative data make yeast a perfect model organism. Therefore, yeast‐related data are often used to develop and examine computational approaches and modelling methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brewing yeast genomes and genome‐wide expression and proteome profiling during fermentation
Authors: Smart Katherine A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe genome structure, ancestry and instability of the brewing yeast strains have received considerable attention. The hybrid nature of brewing lager yeast strains provides adaptive potential but yields genome instability which can adversely affect fermentation performance. The requirement to differentiate between production strains and assess master cultures for genomic instability has led to significant adoption of specialized molecular tool kits by the industry. Furthermore, the development of genome‐wide transcriptional and protein expression technologies has generated significant interest from brewers. The opportunity presented to explore, and the concurrent requirement to understand both, the constraints and potential of their strains to generate existing and new products during fermentation is discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence of effects of human disturbance on alert response in Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus)
Authors: Li Chunwang , Jiang Zhigang , Tang Songhua , Zeng Yan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTo understand effects of human disturbance on alert response of Père David's deer, we carried out an experiment in the Dafeng Père David's Deer Reserve (32°59′–33°03′N, 120°47′–120°53′E), China. In the spring and summer, we observed alert responses (including stare, walking away, and flee) of deer and recorded the intensity of tourist disturbance in a small display pen using a laser‐range finder to measure the alert distance of a free‐ranging group in a large enclosure. We also recorded the pattern of head orientation when deer were resting in these two deer groups. After statistical analysis, we found that: 1) in small pen, the frequency of alert response was significantly different among different intensities of human disturbance; strong disturbance resulted in higher frequency of alert response; 2) stare distance in the free‐ranging group in summer was significantly longer than that in spring, but the distance of walking away and the distance of flee showed no significant difference between the two seasons; and 3) in free‐ranging group, there was no significant directional difference in head orientation, whereas in display group, there was a significant directional difference in head orientation. We suggest that: 1) under the captive situation, human disturbance may be one of the factors that affect alert response in Père David's deer; and 2) Père David's deer adopted different alert response to adapt to human disturbance under different circumstance. We recommended that relationships between alert response and human disturbance should be considered in ex situ conservation of this field extinct deer. Zoo Biol 26:461–470, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Egyptian tortoise conservation: A community‐based, field research program developed from a study on a captive population
Authors: Attum Omar , Baha El Din Mindy , Baha El Din Sherif , Habinan Suliman 
Published: September 2007

AbstractLocal community participation and ex situ conservation has the potential to assist the recovery of the endangered Egyptian tortoise, Testudo kleinmanni. We initiated an in situ community‐based conservation and research program from a captive population of T. kleinmanni. We used a captive population of the Egyptian tortoise to train a member of the local community as a research technician and used his indigenous tracking skills and knowledge of the area to collect activity and dietary data on 28 captive tortoises. We overcame problems with illiteracy by creating a data sheet based on symbols and numbers. This data sheet allowed us to use the indigenous knowledge of various people from the community, and employ them in the future. Our local community approach to data collection, in conjunction with a craft program, made the conservation of the Egyptian tortoise more rewarding to the local community by providing a more sustainable form of income than collecting animals for the pet trade. Our multidimensional approach (local community participation as research technicians, craft program, and trust building) for gaining local support eventually led to the rediscovery of wild Egyptian tortoises in North Sinai, which was significant, as this species was presumed extinct in Egypt. We have now shifted our focus to in situ conservation, using the research and local capacity building template developed from this captive population study. Our template can be used by zoos and conservation organizations with small budgets and collections of native species in natural habitats to create similar captive research programs that can be applied to in situ conservation. Zoo Biol 26:397–406, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Labor Force Participation among Low-Income Married Women
Authors: Miller Carole F. 
Published: September 2007

Race differences exist in the factors that influence the probability of participation by married women in low-income households. Given a relatively low average level of schooling among the women drawn from the low-income subsample, educational status is not a significant determinant, but experience is a significant positive determinant of the probability of participation among women of both races. The presence of preschool children has a significant, impeding effect on the probability of participation by white women, but is an insignificant factor for black women. Household financial status does not influence the probability of participation by married women from low-income households. Results from a Hausman test suggest that the influence of these variables should be accounted for in the fixed effect rather than as determinants of the demand for leisure. One limitation of the fixed effects model is the assumption of time-invariance of the latent characteristics. Some determinants of labor supply may not remain constant over time, such as the marginal utility of initial wealth. Results from a life cycle model in a setting of uncertainty may provide richer estimates than those reported in this paper.
Assessment of technological options and economical feasibility for cyanophycin biopolymer and high-value amino acid production
Authors: Mooibroek Hans , Oosterhuis Nico , Giuseppin Marco , Toonen Marcel , Franssen Henk , Scott Elinor , Sanders Johan , Steinbüchel Alexander 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Major transitions can be expected within the next few decades aiming at the reduction of pollution and global warming and at energy saving measures. For these purposes, new sustainable biorefinery concepts will be needed that will replace the traditional mineral oil-based synthesis of specialty and bulk chemicals. An important group of these chemicals are those that comprise N-functionalities. Many plant components contained in biomass rest or waste stream fractions contain these N-functionalities in proteins and free amino acids that can be used as starting materials for the synthesis of biopolymers and chemicals. This paper describes the economic and technological feasibility for cyanophycin production by fermentation of the potato waste stream Protamylasse™ or directly in plants and its subsequent conversion to a number of N-containing bulk chemicals.
Lateral Mobilization of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve to Facilitate Tracheal Surgery in Patients with Thyroid Cancer Invading the Trachea Near Berry’s Ligament
Authors: Miyauchi Akira , Ito Yasuhiro , Miya Akihiro , Higashiyama Takuya , Tomoda Chisato , Takamura Yuuki , Kobayashi Kaoru , Matsuzuka Fumio 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundThyroid cancer often invades the trachea and the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) at or near Berry’s ligament, which fixes the thyroid gland to the trachea. In patients with thyroid cancer invading the trachea near the ligament, preservation of the RLN is very difficult. Regardless of whether the nerve is preserved or is resected and reconstructed, the presence of the nerve interferes with tracheal resection and repair. We proposed a new technique to solve this problem.MethodsBefore tracheal surgery, the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle was divided along the lateral edge of the thyroid cartilage, and the RLN was mobilized and retracted laterally. We applied this technique in 11 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma invading the trachea. Two patients demonstrated vocal cord paralysis preoperatively. The procedures used for tracheal surgery in this series were partial resection of the trachea with creation of a tracheocutaneostomy, that with direct suture, and shaving off the tumor in 7, 2, and 2 patients, respectively.ResultsThe RLN could be preserved and mobilized laterally in eight patients. While three patients demonstrated transient vocal cord paralysis, the remaining five had functioning cords postoperatively. In three patients the RLN was resected, and the remaining distal stump was mobilized and anastomosed with the ansa cervicalis. These patients recovered their voices and maximum phonation time increased to the normal level. The tracheocutaneous stoma was closed with local skin flap about four months later in all patients.ConclusionLateral mobilization of the RLN facilitates the preservation of the nerve and the performance of tracheal surgery in patients with thyroid cancer invading the trachea at or near Berry’s ligament.
Aortopexy in Infants and Children—Long‐term Follow‐up in Twenty Patients
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Ulf , Simon Andreas , Ahrens Peter , Heller Klaus , Moritz Anton , Fieguth Hans‐Gerd 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundAortopexy has become an established surgical procedure for the treatment of tracheomalacia (TM) in infants and children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical outcome and respiratory function after aortopexy in the long term.MethodsBetween 1992 and 2006, 20 patients (6 female, 14 male) with TM were treated by bronchoscopically monitored pexis of the aorta via a right anterior thoracotomy. Patient age ranged from 4 months to 11 years (mean: 29 months). Five infants had previous surgery of esophageal atresia or tracheo‐esophageal fistulae, and five other patients were operated on for gastroesophageal reflux. Postoperative tidal expiratory flow (TEF25%) was compared to age‐related values.ResultsMean follow‐up was 7.8 years (range: 13 months to 10.7 years). There was no early or late mortality. Most patients (n = 16) showed immediate and permanent relief of symptoms. Compared to corresponding age groups, median TEF25% was slightly but not significantly decreased after aortopexy (p = 0.15). In one patient a re‐aortopexy was necessary. Another patient experienced recurrent tracheo‐esophageal fistula 3 years after aortopexy.ConclusionsThe bronchoscopically guided aortopexy is an efficient and simple method in the surgical treatment of TM in infants and children. The follow‐up data in this series of 20 patients showed improvement of respiratory function and permanent relief of symptoms in the long term.
Transesterification of Fish Oil to Produce Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters Using Ultrasonic Energy
Authors: Armenta Roberto E. , Vinatoru Mircea , Burja Adam M. , Kralovec Jaroslav A. , Barrow Colin J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study evaluated the production of fatty acid ethyl esters from fish oil using ultrasonic energy and alkaline catalysts dissolved in ethanol. The feasibility of fatty acid ethyl ester production was determined using an ultrasonic bath and probe, and between 0.5 and 1% KOH (added to the fish oil). Furthermore, factors such as ultrasonic device (bath and probe), catalyst (KOH and C2H5ONa), temperature (20 and 60 °C), and duration of exposure (10–90 min) were assessed. Sodium ethoxide was found to be a more efficient catalyst than KOH when transesterifying fish oil. Ultrasonic energy applied for greater than 30 min at 60 °C using 0.8% of C2H5ONa as a catalyst transesterified over 98% fish oil triglycerides to fatty acid ethyl esters. It is reasonable to conclude that the yield of fatty acid ethyl esters produced by applying ultrasonic energy to fish oil is related to the sonication time. Due to increases in the surface area contact between the reactants and the catalyst, ultrasonic energy has the potential to reduce the production time required by a conventional large‐scale commercial transesterification method that uses agitation as a way of mixing.
Ethnic and national identity among second‐generation immigrant adolescents in France: The role of social context and family
Authors: Sabatier Colette 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThis study, based on 365 second‐generation adolescents from five ethnic groups, examined the cultural identity according to two orientations (ethnic and national) including two components (affirmation and exploration). Parents (356 mothers, 292 fathers) are also interviewed. Following ecological models of development and acculturation, multiple layers of context and their influence were analyzed: socialization with peers (ethnic composition of school and friends), the perception of discrimination and several aspects of parent–adolescent relationship including the perception of adolescent of their relationship with parents and both mothers’ and fathers’ reports on their own ethnic and national enculturation practices and on their parental styles. Ethnic and national affirmations were found to be two independent orientations. Regression analysis showed that the highest explanation of variance came from the adolescent's perception of their relationship with their parents, followed by parental enculturation, and perceived discrimination. The school and peer context explained a lesser amount of variance. Parents’ contribution to cultural identity is not limited to the ethnic orientation; parents also contribute in a positive way to national identity. The parents’ contribution was different in the case of mothers and fathers. This reflects the dynamic of acculturation within immigrant families.