bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts
Authors: Lippi-Green Rosina 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTTitle VII of the U.S. Civil Rights Act clearly forbids an employer to discriminate against persons of color for reasons of personal or customer preference. Similarly, a qualified job applicant may not be rejected on the basis of linguistic traits linked to national origin. In contrast to racial discrimination, however, an employer has considerable latitude in matters of language, provided in part by a judicial system which recognizesin theorythe link between language and social identity, but in practice is often confounded by blind adherence to a standard language ideology. The nature and repercussions of this type of linguistic discrimination are here explored. (Language and law, accent, discrimination, standard language ideology, critical language studies)
Sounds pretty ethnic, eh?: A pragmatic particle in New Zealand English
Authors: Meyerhoff Miriam 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA social dialect survey of a working-class suburb in New Zealand provides evidence thateh, a tag particle that is much stereotyped but evaluated negatively in NZ English, may persist in casual speech because it plays an important role as a positive politeness marker. It is used noticeably more by Maori men than by Maori women or Pakehas (British/European New Zealanders), and may function as an in-group signal of ethnic identity for these speakers. Young Pakeha women, though, seem to be the next highest users ofeh. It is unlikely that they are using it to signal in-group identity in the same way; instead, it is possible that they are responding to its interpersonal and affiliative functions for Maori men, and are adopting it as a new facet in their repertoire of positive politeness markers. (Gender, ethnicity, politeness, New Zealand English, intergroup and interpersonal communication)
Female–male differences in conversational interaction
Authors: Hirschman Lynette 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis article describes a preliminary experiment looking at possible differences in how females and males interact in conversation. The article analyzes data from an experiment where two females and two males talked to each other in all possible pairs; a total of 60 minutes of conversation (six dyads) was transcribed. The goal was to isolate quantifiable entities related to controlling or directing the conversation. We looked at issues such as who talked how much, how fluently or confidently – and how the two people in the conversation interacted in terms of interruptions and indications of support, agreement, or disagreement. The findings from such a small sample are only relevant to suggest hypotheses for further research. However, we noticed a number of interesting differences: the female speakers used more 1st person pronouns and fewer 3rd person references than the male speakers; the female speakers usedmm hmmat a much higher frequency than the male speakers; the female speakers also interrupted each other more; and the female/female conversation seemed more fluent than the other conversations, as measured by number of disfluencies and number of affirmative transitions upon speaker change. All of these differences suggest that this area is a fruitful one for further investigation. (Conversational analysis, gender differences)
Hawai'i Creole English as a literary language
Authors: Romaine Suzanne 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the use of Hawai'i Creole English (HCE) as a written language in a literary or poetic function. It is argued that HCE's lack of what Kloss 1967 callsAbstand‘autonomy, distance’ presents certain technical problems for writers, and acts as a barrier to furtherAusbau(also Kloss's term, ‘elaboration’) in the literary domain, particularly in the novel. Because it has no writing system of its own, HCE is represented as if it were a deviant or non-standard variety of English. In other words, HCE is forced to be a literarydialectrather than a literarylanguage. Some practical problems connected with the elaboration process are examined, such as standardization and related theoretical issues associated with narrative technique. The article concludes by considering the likelihood of successful resolution of these problems within the current political situation in the Hawaiian Islands. (Hawai'i, pidgin, creole, minority language, standardization,Abstand,Ausbau, orthography, literature, narrative, genre)
Plagiarism and ideology: Identity in intercultural discourse
Authors: Scollon Ron 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe concept of plagiarism, as used both in considerations of academic writing and in international negotiations over intellectual copyright, assumes a model of communication based on autonomous, rational, individuals who behave as originators of their own discourses. But studies of communication, beginning with Goffman's concepts of production format and footing – and also including the concepts of enactment, social role, face, politeness pragmatics, metaphors of self and communication, and innatist/social concepts of knowledge – indicate that such a unified, autonomous, and original communicative identity presupposes an oversimplified model of communication, centrally based in the ideology of the rational, autonomous individual which has been dominant in Europe since the Enlightenment. The concept of plagiarism masks the assertion of this ideological position. (Plagiarism, ideology, identity, intercultural discourse)
Language choice, social institutions, and symbolic domination
Authors: Heller Monica 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe study of language choice and code-switching can illuminate the ways in which, through language, social institutions with ethnolinguistically diverse staff and clients exercise symbolic domination. Using the example of French-language minority education in Ontario (Canada), this article examines the ways in which ethnic and institutional relations of power overlap or crosscut, forming constraints which have paradoxical effects. In an analysis of two classrooms, it is shown how an ideology of institutional monolingualism is supported or undermined by program structure, curriculum content, and the social organization of turn-taking, and how individuals use language choices and code-switching to collaborate with or resist these arrangements. The effect of these processes is to contain paradoxes and to produce new relations of power within the school. (Symbolic domination, choice of language, code-switching, French/English language contact, social institutions, Canada)
Variation in a secret creole language of Panama
Authors: Aceto Michael 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis article describes a secret language called “Gypsy” spoken in an English-derived creole speech community on the Caribbean island of Bastimentos in Panama. Data from this cryptolect are used as a means to examine language variation on the island. This article highlights the fact that a range of English-derived creole varieties exists in Bastimentos, lacking the effects of a lexically related metropolitan variety in the same geographical area. (Creole, cryptolect, Panama, secret language, speech play, variation)
Inventing one's “voice”: The interplay of convention and self-expression in ASL narrative
Authors: Rose Heidi M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTDrawing on the work of Jean-François Lyotard and Mikhail Bakhtin, this study analyzes personal narratives created and performed in American Sign Language (ASL) by three Deaf college students. These narratives can be viewed as “boundary phenomena” in that they reflect themes common to the Deaf oral tradition, yet were deliberately poetically created, extensively rehearsed and publicly performed, based on fact, and created with a specific rhetorical purpose. The texts are examined for literary features and themes, as well as for the key elements of performance and social-cultural context. Discussion centers on the ways in which students' individual styles emerged from exposure to the thematic and stylistic techniques of professional Deaf artists. (American Sign Language, personal narrative, narrative pragmatics, speech genres, intertextuality)
Heckling in Hyde Park: Verbal audience participation in popular public discourse
Authors: McIlvenny Paul 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSpeakers' Corner is a multicultural setting in a London park at which the general public can actively participate in popular debate. A successful “soap-box” orator should attract and keep an audience, elicit support from the crowd, and gain applause; indeed, a mastery of the crowd, the discourse, and the message is highly valued. However, although talk resources are deployed sensitively by speakers to elicit group affiliation and response, they are also exploitable by hecklers as resources for launching heckles and disaffiliative responses. Audiences at Speakers' Corner are not passive receivers of rhetorical messages; they are active negotiators of interpretations and alignments that may support, resist, or conflict with the speaker's and other audience members' orientations to prior talk. Using transcribed examples of video data recorded at Speakers' Corner, the timing, format, and sequential organization of heckling are described and analyzed with the tools and methods of conversation analysis. (Conversation analysis, audience response, popular public discourse, political speech, heckle)
Context-sensitivity in conversation: Eye gaze and the German repair initiatorbitte?
Authors: Egbert Maria M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTJust as turn-taking has been found to be both context-free and context-sensitive (Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 1974), the organization of repair is also shown here to be both context-free and context-sensitive. In a comparison of American and German conversation, repair can be shown to be context-free in that, basically, the same mechanism can be found across these two languages. However, repair is also sensitive to the linguistic inventory of a given language; in German, morphological marking, syntactic constraints, and grammatical congruity across turns are used as interactional resources. In addition, repair is sensitive to certain characteristics of social situations. The selection of a particular repair initiator, Germanbitte?‘pardon?’, indexes that there is no mutual gaze between interlocutors; i.e., there is no common course of action. The selection ofbitte?not only initiates repair; it also spurs establishment of mutual gaze, and thus displays that there is attention to a common focus. (Conversation analysis, context, cross-linguistic analysis, repair, gaze, telephone conversation, co-present interaction, grammar and interaction)
Twice-told tales: Collaborative narration of familiar stories
Authors: Norrick Neal R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTConsideration of twice-told tales, of narrative events built around stories already familiar to the participants, offers a special perspective on conversational storytelling, because it emphasizes aspects of narration which lie beyond information exchange, problem-solving etc. This article seeks to show that the retelling of familiar stories has at least three functions: (a) fostering group rapport, (b) ratifying group membership, and (c) conveying group values. It is shown that familiar stories exhibit characteristic structures, conditions on tellability, and participation rights. Such stories are prefaced so as to justify their retelling on the basis of the opportunity they offer for co-narration, and this in turn allows participants to modulate rapport and demonstrate group membership. (Discourse analysis, conversation, storytelling, narrative, co-narration)
Sinhala diglossia: Discrete or continuous variation?
Authors: Paolillo John C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSociolinguists disagree on how to characterize diglossia with respect to the structural relatedness of the H(igh) and L(ow) varieties: Ferguson 1959, 1991 holds that H and L should be distinct but related varieties of language, while others maintain that a continuum model is more appropriate. Both discrete models (Gair 1968, 1992) and continuum models (De Silva 1974, 1979) have been proposed for Sinhala, as spoken in Sri Lanka. In this article, I employ a computer-generated multidimensional graph of relations between varieties of Sinhala to show that the distribution of H and L grammatical features in a sample of naturally occurring texts supports the discrete H and L model more than the continuum model. A rigorous characterization of diglossia as a distinct type of language situation is proposed, based on the notion “functional diasystem.” (Diglossia, Sinhala, Sri Lanka, diasystem, hybridization, continuum, South Asia, standardization)
The Deterioration of Democracy in Austria, 1927–1932
Authors: Rath R. John 
Published: March 2009

By the spring of 1927 democratic institutions seemed to have secured a relatively firm footing in Austria. That appearance was deceptive. The same year saw the beginning of the deterioration of Austrian democracy.The achievement of a secure democratic political environment by 1927 appeared grounded in reality. Within eight years after the Austrian Social Democrats had quashed the threat of a Communist-inspired Soviet republic in Austria, the bourgeois-dominated democratic government had succeeded in building up a reliable police force, gendarmerie, and army adequate to protect it against any internal threats. Rent as it was by the endless power struggles of its leaders, the Heimwehr was still only a relatively weak force on the political horizon. The National Socialist Party, split into quarreling factions, amounted to little more than a noisy opposition group. With the marked improvement in the Austrian economy by the mid-1920s, Austrian anti-Semitism had noticeably declined by the end of 1926. Perhaps most important of all, the foreign financial assistance assured by the Geneva Protocol of 1922 and the subsequent economic stabilization measures under-taken by the government did much to put the country's financial house in good order.
The Changing Views of Marx and Engels about the Nationalities in the Austrian Monarchy, 1845–1855
Authors: Swoboda Wolfram W. 
Published: March 2009

Since developments of the last century increasingly involved the political emergence of ethnic and national minorities within polyglot empires, the concern of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels with nationalities is not surprising. It was they, in fact, who claimed a “scientific” basis for advocating revolution and who asked the important question: “What is the relationship between nationalist aspirations and social revolution?”The authors of the few works in English about the Marxist view of nationality tend to take a simplistic approach to this complex issue. Treating Marx's and Engels' ideas as though they were static has led to an interpretation portraying Marx and Engels as mere revolutionary nationalists. But although it avoids the complexities of a dynamic treatment of a problem in intellectual history, such an interpretation not only stumbles into oversimplification but it also, and almost unavoidably, misses one of the most novel interpretations of the European nationalities question in the mid-nineteenth century.An accurate analysis of Marxist ideas on the nationality issue can be made only in the context of Marx's and Engels' materialist view of history and with reference to the actual political upheavals in which Marx and Engels themselves participated and which colored their perceptions. This combination of ideology and experience evolved, slowly, within the Marxist framework into a set of clear criteria on nationality.
An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rus'
Authors: Magocsi Paul R. 
Published: March 2009

It is customary among western scholars who have written about the Carpatho-Rusyns to consider them “the most forgotten among the forgotten.” Little is known in the West about the political, economic, and cultural developments of Subcarpathian Rus', especially before 1918. Yet such an enormous amount of material has been written in eastern European languages about this territory that as early as 1931 the noted Slavic linguist Roman Jakobson could write: “In the whole east Slavic world, there is hardly any other marginal area whose past has been examined with such affectionate meticulousness and scholarliness as Carpatho-Russia.”The present study is intended as an introductory guide to the voluminous historiography of Subcarpathian Rus'. The material has been arranged according to the following topical and chronological subdivisions: bibliographical aids; general historical studies; early history to 1514; 1514 to 1711; 1711 to 1848; 1848 to 1918; 1918 to 1938; October, 1938, to March, 1939; 1939 to 1944; 1945 to the present; cultural developments; Rusyns in Hungary; Rusyns in Jugoslavia; and Rusyns in the United States. Works will be discussed under the heading which most nearly describes the period dealt with in the text regardless of the date of publication. The time periods were not designated arbitrarily but are based on certain historical events the significance of which will be clarified in the appropriate subsection. Most studies treated in this article deal exclusively or primarily with Subcarpathian Rus' only a few are concerned with problems of a more general nature. Many studies dealing with the recent history of the area are not necessarily included because they represent sound historical research but because they are valuable, highly selective accounts of crucial events, many of them written by the participants themselves.
Improvement of dynamic capabilities of heavy robots
Authors: Potkonjak V. , Krstulović A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe application of heavy robots is usually restricted to those problems where large loads are carried and high speed is not required. This paper proposes a method for the improvement of robot dynamic capabilities thus enabling a heavy robot to perform the fast manipulation. The approach follows the idea of “distributed positioning” and introduces redundancy. The concept adopted is proved on two different configurations: an elbow-scheme manipulation robot and a gantry welding robot.
Robot deboning for beef forequarters
Authors: Purnell G. , Maddock N. A. , Khodabandehloo K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYInitial development of a robotic meat cutting system based on force feedback control and continuous path planning is described. Forequarter beef cutting is attempted where each carcass processed will be compared to a database containing cut information for previously processed beef carcasses. Using the database information, cut start and end points can be defined along with initial path direction for each cut. A robot then drives a powered knife through the carcass utilising force feedback control to follow bone profiles, thus removing meat from the forequarter. An original cutting scheme suitable for robotic butchery of a beef forequarter is defined, along with a notation scheme for describing the cutting procedures.
Some comparisons of serial-driven and parallel-driven manipulators
Authors: McCloy D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA two-dimensional serial-driven manipulator is compared with two different parallel-driven manipulators, using workspace, power requirements and stiffness as criteria. The parallel-driven devices are based on the planar five-bar linkage; one has four revolute joints and one prismatic joint; the other has five revolute joints. Parallel operation is shown to offer advantages.
Displacements by Successive rotations for Vehicles Subject to Given Constraints
Authors: Romerio Michel V. , Burckhardt Christof W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe displacements of a vehicle on a plane can be subject to constraints depending on the nature of the vehicle. One can, for instance, think of the existence of a smallest turning circle for a car.In this paper our purpose is to show, on a simple example, how such constraints can be handled. We, in fact, consider the case of a vehicle the motions of which consist of a finite sequence of rotations, each rotation being subject to the following constraints.1) The radius of the circles along which the displacements of the vehicle take place are larger than a critical radius.2) The centers of the successive rotations are located along a straight line defined by the geometry of the vehicle.The mathematical analysis of this problem relies on a suitable choice of frames of reference in which the expression of the constraints is particularly simple. It is then shown that, under the above constraints, an arbitrary displacement can always be achieved by three approriate rotations.
A multi-agent environment in robotics
Authors: Oliveira Eugénio , Camacho R. , Ramos C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe use of Multi-Agent Systems as a Distributed AI paradigm for Robotics is the principal aim of our present work. In this paper we consider the needed concepts and a suitable architecture for a set of Agents in order to make it possible for them to cooperate in solving non-trivial tasks.Agents are sets of different software modules, each one implementing a function required for cooperation. A Monitor, an Acquaintance and Self-knowledge Modules, an Agenda and an Input queue, on the top of each Intelligent System, are fundamental modules that guarantee the process of cooperation, while the overall aim is devoted to the community of cooperative Agents. These Agents, which our testbed concerns, include Vision, Planner, World Model and the Robot itself.
Relationships-based recognition of structural industrial parts stacked in a bin
Authors: Fukada Youji , Doi Hiroshi , Nagemine Keiji , Inari Tkahiko 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThis paper describes an algorithm which recognizes the position and the orientation of a structural industrial part, such as a crankshaft, utilizing the relationships between its elementary blobs. Crankshafts are arranged tightly and piled up in multiple layers and their image from above includes regions (i.e. pictures) of crankshafts not only of the current top layer but also of the lower ones; it thus becomes complicated. First, the algorithm carries out the connectivity analysis for an input binary image, and then extracts elementary blobs by applying a line fitting procedure on every sequence of boundary pixels of connected regions. Next, each blob is judged to determine to which component of a part it corresponds, using the size model. Then the relationships (distances and orientations) between blobs are examined, using their relational models, and a group of blobs of one part is recognized. Its position and orientation are calculated simultaneously. This model matching algorithm is implicitly included in the procedures.
Introduction of the industrial robot in Britain
Authors: Fleck James 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe technical, managerial, organisational, economic and labour factors found to be important in an empirical study of more than forty firms adopting or considering robots, are outlined. Specific problems, arising from the requirements for managing integrated mechanical, electronic and computational systems, and the novel choreographic approach to production embodied in robots, are posed by the introduction of this new technology. For their effective solution, these problems demand an increased level of competence and expertise, at all levels from the managerial to the technical. But robots are just one part of modern automation, and in the future programmable automation – the integration of computer technology, robotics and conventional automation – will increasingly become the competitive standard in manufacturing industry. The introduction of such new technological standards, though forced by competitive pressures, will, however, require extensive institutional, organisational, and disciplinary adaptation if their full potential is to be realised and the UK is to remain one of the leading industrial nations.