bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The inhibition of endothelial activation by unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: De Caterina Raffaele , Spiecker Martin , Solaini Giancarlo , Basta Giuseppina , Bosetti Francesca , Libby Peter , Liao James 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDietary long‐chain fatty acids (FA) may influence pathological processes involving endothelial activation and leukocyte‐endothelial interactions, such as inflammation and atherosclerosis. We previously showed that the n‐3 FA docosahexaenoate (22:6n‐3, DHA) inhibits cytokine‐stimulated expression of endothelial‐leukocyte adhesion molecules and soluble cytokines in the range of nutritionally achievable plasma concentrations. More recently we assessed structural determinants of VCAM‐1 inhibition by FA. Cultured endothelial cells were incubated first with various saturated, monounsaturated, n‐6 or n‐3 polyunsaturated FA alone and then together with interleukin‐1 or tumor necrosis factor. Saturated FA did not inhibit cytokine‐induced endothelial activation, while a progressive increase in inhibitory activity was observed, for the same chain length, with the increase in double bonds accompanying the transition from monounsaturates to n‐6 and, further, to n‐3 FA. Comparison of various FA indicated no role of the double‐bond position or configuration; the greater number of double bonds could explain the greater inhibitory activity of n‐3 vs. n‐6 FA. In order to ascertain mechanisms for these effects, we demonstrated inhibition of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation by DHA in parallel with a reduction in hydrogen peroxide (a critical mediator of NF‐κB activation) released by endothelial cells either extracellularly or intracellularly. This suggests that a property related to fatty acid peroxidability (the presence of multiple double bonds) is related to inhibitory properties of hydrogen peroxide release and, consequently, of endothelial activation.
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and hepatic gene expression
Authors: Jump Donald B. , Thelen Annette , Mater Michelle 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have profound effects on hepatic gene transcription leading to significant changes in lipid metabolism. PUFA rapidly suppress transcription of genes encoding specific lipogenic and glycolytic enzymes and induce genes encoding specific peroxisomal and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Using the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα)‐null mouse, we showed that dietary PUFA induction of acyl PPARα is not required for the PUFA‐mediated suppression of fatty acid synthase (FAS), S14, or L‐pyruvate kinase (L‐PK). Studies in primary rat hepatocytes and cultured 3T3‐L1 adipocytes showed that metabolites of 20:4n‐6, like prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), suppress mRNA encoding FAS, S14, and L‐PK through a Gi/Go‐coupled signal transduction cascade. In contrast to adipocytes, 20:4n‐6‐mediated suppression of lipogenic gene expression in hepatic parenchymal cells does not require cyclooxygenase. Transfection analysis of S14CAT fusion genes in primary hepatocytes shows that peroxisome proliferator‐activated PPARα acts on the thyroid hormone response elements (−2.8/−2.5 kb). In contrast, both PGE2 and 20:4n‐6 regulate factors that act on the proximal promoter (−150/−80 bp) region, respectively. In conclusion, PUFA affects hepatic gene transcription through at least three distinct mechanisms: (i) a PPAR‐dependent pathway, (ii) a prostanoid pathway, and (iii) a PPAR and prostanoid‐independent pathway. PUFA regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism involves an integration of these multiple pathways.
The double bond in unsaturated fatty acids is the necessary and sufficient requirement for the inhibition of expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules through interference with nuclear factor‐κB activation
Authors: Massaro M. , Carluccio M. A. , Bonfrate C. , Siculella L. , Lazzerini G. , Bernini W. , Basta G. , De Caterina R. 
Published: February 2007

ConclusionsThese results indicate that the single double bond present in oleic acid is a necessary and sufficient requirement for FA inhibition of endothelial activation. Since this occurred independent of the stimuli used and was present also with PMA, bypassing membrane receptors, these results point to an interference with a common signal transduction pathway for cytokine signaling. These results are accounted for by an inhibition of NF‐χB activation, here demonstrated at the same concentrations required for the inhibition of surface protein. Relevance of these observations to explaining the alleged beneficial antiatherogenic effects of the Mediterranean diet, in which oleic acid in olive oil is a major nutritional component, could lie in the relatively selective displacement of saturated FA by oleate addition to endothelial cells which was also shown to occur in our system. Thus, an increase in the unsaturation index in cell membranes by oleic acid‐rich diets is theoretically additive to the effects of polyunsaturated FA. By these mechanisms, monocyte recruitment in response to atherogenic stimuli might be decreased (3).
Effects of third trimester consumption of eggs high in docosahexaenoic acid on docosahexaenoic acid status and pregnancy
Authors: Borod Emily , Atkinson Robin , Barclay William R. , Carlson Susan E. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryHigh‐DHA eggs appear to be a practical way to increase maternal DHA status. The data suggest that high‐DHA eggs could decrease the incidence of preterm and low‐birth‐weight births, and this could be tested in a study with more statistical power. The neurodevelopment of infants from women fed low‐ and high‐DHA eggs could also provide helpful information.
Long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and triacylglycerol metabolism in the postprandial state
Authors: Roche Helen M. , Gibney Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractElevated plasma triacylglycerol (TG; triglyceride) concentrations, especially in the postprandial state, have been associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Postprandial lipemia represents a complex series of reactions which occur following the ingestion of a meal containing fat and is associated with a number of adverse metabolic events including the production of atherogenic chylomicron remnants, the formation of the highly atherogenic small dense low density lipoprotein particles, a reduction in the concentration of the cardioprotective high density lipoprotein fraction and the activation of coagulation factor VII. Fish oils are a rich source of the long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Long chain n‐3 PUFA are effective hypotriglyceridemic agents, lowering both fasting and postprandial TG concentrations. There is a large body of evidence which shows that n‐3 PUFA reduces plasma TG concentrations through reduced endogenous very low density lipoprotein production. This in turn may account for the reduced postprandial lipemic response following n‐3 PUFA supplementation. However, this does not preclude a contribution of enhanced chylomicron clearance, which may be mediated through altered chylomicron size, structure or chemical composition, or altered lipoprotein lipase metabolism in terms of enzyme concentration, activity, or affinity for chylomicrons. However the precise biochemical nature of this effect remains to be established. The reduction of postprandial plasma TG concentrations by n‐3 PUFA may partly explain why n‐3 PUFA intake is inversely related to CHD mortality.
n‐3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease—the urgent need of clinical trials
Authors: Schmidt Erik Berg , Dyerberg Jørn 
Published: February 2007

ConclusionsData from epidemiological studies, animal experiments, and clinical trials of biochemical effects in humans lend support for a beneficial role of n‐3 PUFA in CHD. So far only a few trials of n‐3 PUFA with clinical endpoints have been published. Further clinical studies in patients with acute myocardial ischemia, post‐MI patients, patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery or stenting during PTCA, and patients with arrhythmias should be undertaken. Only results from controlled clinical trials with hard end points can establish whether n‐3 PUFA reduce the risk of CHD and will have an impact on patient treatment.
Metabolism of anandamide and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol: An historical overview and some recent developments
Authors: Di Marzo Vincenzo , De Petrocellis Luciano , Bisogno Tiziana , Melck Dominique 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnandamide (N‐arachidonoylethanolamine) and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol are the two endogenous agonists of cannabinoid receptors discovered to date. Like other eicosanoids, and unlike classical neuromodulators, these two compounds are synthesized by neurons on demand, i.e., their biosynthesis, rather than release, is stimulated by Ca2+ influx and cell membrane depolarization. Both endocannabinoids can be produced from membrane phosphoglycerides through the action of phospholipases, althoughde novo pathways have also been suggested. Once released by cells, the action of both anandamide and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol is terminated—after their diffusion through the cell membrane—by the hydrolysis of the amide or ester bonds to yield arachidonic acid, which is then immediately reincorporated into phospholipids. One enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of both endocannabinoids in nervous and nonnervous cells. This enzyme also recognizesN‐palmitoylethanolamine, an antiinflammatory congener of anandamide, with a catalytic efficiency that depends on the cell type under study. However, the existence of different isozymes with different affinity for anandamide andN‐palmitoylethanolamine has not been investigated. Moreover, little work has been performed on the regulation of anandamide formation and breakdown, and several open questions remain as to the possible biosynthetic and degradative mechanisms of cannabimimetic 2‐arachidonoylglycerol in nucleated blood cells such as macrophages. Finally, the co‐existence of both endocannabinoids in invertebrates has not been fully established. Here we briefly review the state of the art, and present new data from our laboratory, on these four largely unexplored aspects of endocannabinoid metabolism.
Formation ofN‐acyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine andN‐acylethanolamine (including anandamide) during glutamate‐induced neurotoxicity
Authors: Hansen Harald S. , Moesgaard Birthe , Hansen Henrik H. , Schousboe Arne , Petersen Gitte 
Published: February 2007

AbstractN‐Acyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) is present in very small amounts in mammalian tissues (less than 0.1% of total phospholipids). However, NAPE as well as its degradation product,N‐acylethanolamine (NAE), can be formed in certain neuronal tissues in response to increased [Ca2+]i. A high [Ca2+]i will activate the NAPE‐formingN‐acyl‐transferase using thesn‐1 acyl group of a donor phospholipid as substrate in the transfer reaction. This membrane‐bound enzyme seems to have no substrate specificity with respect to transfer of acyl groups; thus the fatty acids in theN‐acyl group of NAPE are mainly 16:0 and 18:1, corresponding to the fatty acids in thesn‐1 acyl group of the donor phospholipids. The NAPE‐hydrolyzing phospholipase D also seems not to be acyl‐group specific. In mouse neocortical neurons in primary culture, formation of NAPE and NAE is stimulated by glutamatevia activation of theN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate‐receptor. Both NAPE and, to a lesser extent, NAE accumulate in a linear fashion for many hours while at the same time the neurons are dying. Likewise, in neurons prelabeled with14C‐arachidonic acid,14C‐arachidonic acid‐labeled NAPE, and anandamide (=N‐arachi‐donoylethanolamine) are accumulating. The formation of NAPE and NAE may represent a cytoprotective response in relation to various forms of neurotoxicity.
The pool of fatty acids covalently bound to platelet proteins by thioester linkages can be altered by exogenously supplied fatty acids
Authors: Muszbek Laszlo , Haramura Gizella , Cluette‐Brown Joanne E. , Van Cott Elizabeth M. , Laposata Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe goals of this investigation were, first, to develop a chemical strategy to identify and quantitate the mass of fatty acid which is covalently bound to proteins by thioester linkage in unactivated platelets, and, second, to determine whether exogeneously added fatty acids can alter the fatty acid composition of thioester bound fatty acids. Studies with radio‐labeled fatty acids cannot identify and quantitate the actual fatty acids bound to proteins because they permit analysis of only the radiolabeled fatty acids added and their metabolites. Therefore, in the absence of metabolic labeling by radiolabeled fatty acids, we isolated the thioester‐linked fatty acids from platelet proteins using hydroxylamine at neutral pH to form fatty acid hydroxamates. The hydroxamates were subsequently converted to fatty acid methyl esters by acid methanolysis for quantitation by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Using platelet specimens from 14 subjects, 74% of the fatty acid recovered from the unactivated platelet proteins as thioester linked was palmitate. Importantly, however, 22% was stearic acid, and oleate was 4% of the total thioester bound fatty acid. There was minimal variability (2.6‐fold at maximum) between the subjects in the amount of the thioester‐linked palmitate and thioester‐linked stearate. However, there was substantial variability (>100‐fold at maximum) between subjects in the amount of thioester‐linked oleate. We also demonstrated that incubation of platelets with exogenous fatty acids can alter the profile of fatty acids bound to platelet proteins by thioester linkages. Incubation of platelets with 100 µM palmitate for 3 h increased the amount of thioester‐linked palmitate by up to 26%, and incubation of platelets with 100 µM stearate increased the amount of thioester‐linked stearate up to 30%. In support of the observation that radiolabeled fatty acids other than palmitate were shown to be capable of binding to platelet proteins by thioester linkage, our results indicate that the fatty acids actually bound to unactivated platelet proteins include a significant amount of stearate, and variable amounts of oleate, as well as palmitate. In addition, the data show that palmitate and stearate can be increased, as a percentage of total protein‐bound fatty acid, by incubation with exogenous palmitate and stearate, respectively.
Recovery of fish oil‐derived fatty acids in lymph of thoracic duct‐cannulated wistar rats
Authors: Reicks Marla , Hoadley James , Satchithanandam Subramaniam , Morehouse Kim M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe absorption of equivalent doses of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids was compared in rats when administered as the ethyl ester concentrate, ethyl ester concentrate plus olive oil, free fatty acid or triacylglycerol (menhaden oil). Lymph was collected from a thoracic duct cannula for 24 hr after dosing via an indwelling duodenal catheter. After 24 hr, the absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid was greater for the free fatty acid and menhaden oil than for the ethyl ester form, but docosahexaenoic acid absorption was comparable for all forms. Other rats had greater plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids 5 hr after oral gavage dosing with menhaden oil than did rats dosed with the ethyl ester form.
Incorporation of linoleic acid and its conversion to λ‐linolenic acid in fungi
Authors: Kamisaka Yasushi , Yokochi Toshihiro , Nakahara Toro , Suzuki Osamu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe incorporation of [1‐14C]linoleic acid (LA) into lipids ofMortierella ramanniana var.angulispora was studied to determine which lipid classes participated in the δ6‐desaturation of [1‐14C]LA. [1‐14C]LA was rapidly taken up into fungal cells and esterified into various lipids. Comparison of the profile of [1‐14C]LA incorporation between fungal cells at the exponential growth phase and the stationary growth phase showed that [1‐14C]LA incorporation into most lipids—except for triacylglycerol (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC)—were greatly reduced at the stationary growth phase. Desaturation of [1‐14C]LA into λ‐linolenic acid (GLA) readily occurred at the exponential growth phase, but was greatly decreased at the stationary growth phase. Moreover, pulse‐chase experiments revealed that the radiolabel incorporated into phosphatidylserine (PS) and PC rapidly turned over, while that in TG and diacylglycerol (DG) accumulated after the 4 hr chase. In addition to the change of the radiolabel in individual lipids, the content of radiolabeled GLA converted from [1‐14C]LA varied with individual lipids. In phospholipids such as PC, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and PS, radiolabeled GLA rapidly increased after 1 hr and then decreased after 4 hr. On the other hand, a gradual increase in radiolabeled GLA until 4 hr was observed in TG. These results suggest that LA, which has been esterified into phospholipids such as PC, PE and PS, is readily desaturated to GLA, which is then transferred to TG. These differences in the fate of GLA derived from LA between phospholipids and neutral lipids may be reflected in the GLA content in the individual lipids.
The distribution and phylogenetic significance of desmethylsterols inChenopodium andAtriplex: Coexistence of Δ7‐ and Δ5 ‐sterols
Authors: Xu Sihua , Patterson Glenn W. , Lusby William R. , Schmid Kathy M. , Salt Thomas A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwenty‐one species in the Chenopodiaceae were analyzed for sterol composition. In ten of eleven species ofChenopodium, the major desmethylsterols were Δ7‐sterols accompanied by lower proportions of Δ5‐sterols. InC. fremontii this pattern was reversed. The sterol profiles of five species ofAtriplex were characterized by the coexistence of Δ7‐ and Δ5‐sterols in ratios of 0.3∶1 to 0.4∶1. MaleAtriplex plants contained higher proportions of Δ5‐sterols than femaleAtriplex plants. OneCeratoides and twoSalicornia species contained Δ5‐sterols as their predominant sterols.
Identification of the new 23‐methyl‐5,9‐pentacosadienoic acid in the spongeCribrochalina vasculum
Authors: Carballeria Néstor M. , Reyes Elba D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe phospholipid fatty acids from the spongeCribrochalina vasculum were studied, revealing the presence of the new 23‐methyl‐5,9‐pentacosadienoic acid (26∶2) which completes theiso‐anteiso 26∶2 (Δ5,9) series. Other phospholipid fatty acids isolated include 26‐methyl‐5,9‐heptacosadienoic (28∶2) and 25‐ methyl‐5,9‐heptacosadienoic (28∶2), as well as the branched acids 8‐methylhexadecanoic and 11‐methyloctadecanoic. The fatty acids described in this work were found in phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol. The sterol composition ofC. vasculum consisted of petrosterol, and interesting cyclopropane containing sterol, and the more common sitosterol. The phospholipid fatty acid composition of the demospongeIrcinia strobilina is also reported upon.
Predicting the outcome of Legg-Calve-Perthes’ disease in children under 6 years old
Authors: Gent Edward , Antapur Prasad , Mehta Rajnikant L. , Sudheer Vastara M. , Clarke Nicholas M. P. 
Published: February 2007

Purpose In this study, we investigated the outcome of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease in children presenting under 6 years old. Firstly, we wished to know the outcome in terms of femoral head deformity in this age group. Secondly, we investigated the potential for improvement in femoral head deformity with growth and remodelling after the Perthes lesion had healed. Thirdly, we assessed the ability of Herring's lateral pillar classification to predict femoral head deformity in this age group. Methods The outcome in this group was assessed using Stulberg's classification of femoral head deformity and compared to that for older children with Perthes seen at our institution over the same period. To investigate the potential for improvement of Stulberg grade with growth we assessed the hips at the stage of final healing (Waldenstrom IV) and again at skeletal maturity. To assess whether Herring's classification of lateral column collapse is predictive of deformity at this age we recorded the Herring class A, B or C at the time of maximum fragmentation and compared this to Stulberg grade. Results Out of a total of 127 children (131 hips) seen at our institution, 67 children (69 hips) presented before the age of 6 years. The number of Stulberg III and IV hips was 14 (20%) and 10 (15%), respectively. Chi-squared test of age against outcome confirmed that the younger children overall had a better outcome ( P < 0.001). Stulberg grade did not improve predictably after the stage of final healing. Twenty-three hips graded as Stulberg III and IV at Waldenstrom IV were reassessed at skeletal maturity. Three changed from Stulberg III to IV and five changed from Stulberg IV to III, but none had improved to Stulberg I/II. Herring's classification was predictive of outcome, with 96% of Herring A hips having Stulberg I or II outcome, 61% of Herring B hips having Stulberg I or II outcome, while 60% of Herring C hips (18 hips) had significant femoral head deformity, and 10 hips Stulberg III and 6 hips Stulberg IV. Conclusions Perthes in children presenting before 6 years of age can result in significant femoral head deformity which does not predictably improve with time. The risk of a poor outcome can be predicted by Herring's classification of lateral pillar collapse.
Intensified mid-Holocene Asian monsoon recorded in corals from Kikai Island, subtropical northwestern Pacific
Authors: Morimoto Maki , Kayanne Hajime , Abe Osamu , McCulloch Malcolm T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCoupled records of Sr/Ca and oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) of coral skeletons have been used to produce quantitative estimates of paleo-sea surface temperature (SST) and δ18O of surface seawater that can in some cases be converted to sea surface salinity (SSS). Two fossil corals from Kikai Island in the subtropical northwestern Pacific, a location affected by East Asian summer and winter monsoons, were analyzed to investigate differences between mid-Holocene and present-day SST and SSS. At 6180 cal yr BP, SSTs were roughly the same as today, both in summer and winter; δ18Oseawater and SSS values were higher both in summer (+ 0.5‰, +1.1 psu) and in winter (+ 0.2‰, + 0.6 psu) than modern values. At 7010 cal yr BP, SSTs were slightly cooler both in summer and winter (−0.8 and −0.6 °C), whereas δ18Oseawater and SSS had higher values in summer (+ 0.3‰, + 0.6 psu) and in winter (+ 0.8‰, + 1.9 psu) than present-day values. These results are consistent with other marine records for the mid-Holocene of the low and midlatitudes in the northwestern Pacific. Such regional conditions indicate that the East Asian summer and winter monsoons were more intense in the mid-Holocene, which was likely a function of the mid-Holocene insolation regime.