bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Redescription of Myxidium chelonarum Johnson, 1969 (Cnidospora: Myxidiidae) from Various North American Turtles*
Authors: JOHNSON CHARLES A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Myxidium chelonarum Johnson is redescribed from the bile system of Pseudemys s. scripta (Schoepff) (yellow‐bellied turtle) from Edenton, N.C. It was found in 13 other species and subspecies of turtles from North America. Trophozoite: green, round, flat, slightly ameboid, 11‐180 μ in diameter, hyaline ectoplasm, granular endoplasm, polysporous. Spore: boat shaped, suture lines indistinct, 4–6 striae arranged obliquely across spore, 2 polar capsules, polar filament 5–7 coils, average 32 μ long, spore 14 by 4 by 4 μ.Eight species of vertebrates were not susceptible.
Antagonists of Growth Inhibition of Crithidia by Allopurinol, a Guanine Analog
Authors: FRANK OSCAR , BAKER HERMAN , HUTNER S. H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Allopurinol, 4‐hydroxypyrazolo[3,4‐d] pyrimidine, a relatively non‐toxic xanthine‐oxidase inhibitor used to treat gout, inhibited growth (ID0–90 1.0 μg/ml) of the trypanosomatid flagellate of insects Crithidia fasciculata in minimal media in respect to biopterin, folic acid and purine. Allopurinol inhibition was antagonized by thymidine (4.0 μg/ml) when a) biopterin (≥ 1.0 ng) was present alone; traces of folate entering from the inoculum or contamination of chemicals probably sufficed here to satisfy the folate requirement; b) biopterin (5% pure) 1.0 ng was added together with either pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) 4.0 ng or hypoxanthine 0.01 mg. With biopterin absent, full growth was permitted by PGA 10 ng + hypoxanthine 0.03 mg, and completely inhibited by the standard concentration of allopurinol, but in this instance thymidine did not release the inhibition.Allopurinol is therefore useful for investigating pteridine function via inhibition analysis with the singularity that folate acts uniquely in trypanosomatids as precursor of biopterin, and the complication that both pteridines catalyze multiple biosyntheses. The biosynthetic step between folate and biopterin is postulated to be a site of inhibition of allopurinol in Crithidia.
The Comparative Systematics of Species Comprising the Hymenostome Ciliate Genus Tetrahymena*
Authors: CORLISS JOHN O. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. It has been 10 years since the taxonomic composition of the important hymenostome genus Tetrahymena has been given overall consideration, and even then the treatment was not extensive. New data of significance have been accumulated and a fresh analysis is clearly in order. Also today we recognize that entire assemblages or combinations of characteristics must be considered in understanding the species‐composition of a protozoan genus, and such an approach has never been uniformly applied in a comparative systematic study of all ciliates belonging to the Tetrahymena group.Three complexes within the genus may now be identified. In the 1st, the pyriformis complex, are placed T. pyriformis (the type‐species), T. setifera, and T. chironomi. In the 2nd, the rostrata group, are assigned T. rostrata, T. limacis, T. corlissi, and T. stegomyiae. In the 3rd, the patula complex, are found T. patula, T. vorax, and T. paravorax. Three additional, formerly independent species are here recognized as doubtful forms: T. faurei, T. glaucomaeformis, and T. parasitica.In spite of some overlapping in certain characters, such as total number of kineties or ciliary meridians, the 3 complexes may be considered distinctive on the basis of constellations of features of taxonomic value, including physiologic and morphogenetic as well as structural characteristics. Yet within each complex it is possible to differentiate clearly a number of separate species. The present analysis in no way closes the door to discovery of still additional, new species of Tetrahymena in the future, but it attempts to lay the groundwork for a uniform usage of combinatiomnas of criteria in comparative taxonomic studies of these and other relatively undifferentiated hymenostome species which possibly will be of some value in the whole area of ciliate systematics.
Induced Autogamy in 2 Species of Stylonychia
Authors: JAREÑO MARÍA A. , ALONSO PILAR , PÉREZ‐SILVA J. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS By using the split‐pair method autogamy was induced in Stylonychia mytilus Ehrenberg and S. muscorum Kahl, and the process was thoroly studied in the former. The pairs split early in conjugation continued the process as autogamonts and never united again altho they were placed in the same depression slide.The pattern of nuclear behavior during autogamy closely resembles that reported for conjugation. The fusion of pronuclei at metaphase is usually observed, but it occasionally fails and the stationary pronucleus appears to continue its development as a hemicaryon. The macronuclear anlage and the definitive micronuclei differentiate from particular products of the 3rd postgamic division.
Isospora Species of the Cat and Attempted Transmission of I. felis Wenyon, 1923 from the Cat to the Dog*
Authors: SHAH HARISH L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Fecal samples from 130 domestic cats from Illinois were examined for coccidia. Three species of Isospora were found: (1) I. felis Wenyon, 1923, with oocysts 38‐51 by 27‐39 μ with a mean of 41.6 by 30.5 μ and sporocysts 20‐26 by 17‐22 μ with a mean of 22.6 by 18.4 μ; it was found in 13% of the cats; (2) I. rivolta (Grassi, 1879) Wenyon, 1923, with oocysts 21‐28 by 18‐23 μ with a mean of 25.0 by 21.1 μ, and sporocysts 14‐16 by 10‐13 μ with a mean of 15.2 by 11.6 μ; it was found in 3% of the cats; and (3) I. bigemina (Stiles, 1891) Lühe, 1906, with oocysts 12‐15 by 10‐13 μ with a mean of 13.2 by 11.8 μ. and sporocysts 8‐10 by 6‐8 μ with a mean of 8.8 by 6.5 μ it was found in 1.5% of the cats.Four coccidia‐free puppies 1.5 months old were inoculated with 100,000 oocysts each of I. felis from the cat, but patent infections did not occur. Partial development of I. felis was not seen in tissue sections of the small intestine of a 5th pup killed 96 hours after inoculation with 150,000 I. felis oocysts. This coccidium is therefore presumably host‐specific.
Budding and Metamorphosis in Acineta tuberosa. An Electron Microscopic Study on Morphogenesis in Suctoria
Authors: BARDELE CHRISTIAN F. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. All stages (except conjugation) of the life cycle in Acineta tuberosa (Suctoria) were studied in the electron microscope. Budding starts with the invagination of a small pellicular area near the opening of the vacuole and bearing rows of barren basal bodies. Some of these basal bodies are incorporated into the swarmer‐anlage and give rise to 8 rows of cilia, while the other basal bodies remain barren on the mother cell's side of the brood pouch. They will provide their own genetic continuity and later give rise to the swarmer of the next generation. Kineties are not spaced on the growing swarmer‐anlage until their cilia are fully grown. Further details on the stalk‐forming crganelle and general features of the development of the larvae are given.Metamorphosis starts with the formation of basal disc and stalk. The stalk‐forming material is released thru scopular pores into a tube‐like mold formed by the scopula after having been pulled inward. Later, scopula pores spread from the scopular area proper and move upward. On their way to the apical part of the animal the cuticle is secreted. The differentiation of tentacles is described and new observations regarding a possible mode of haptocyst formation are given.The results are discussed with respect to the morphogenetic potentialities of cortical structures in general.
A Protozoon in the Central Nervous System of the Lungfish Polypterus enlicheri*
Authors: MARQUET E. , SOBEL H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trophozoites and what appear to be early spore forms of a parasitic protozoan present in the spinal cord of the lungfish Polypterus enlicheri are described. They are probably intra‐ and extracellular invaders into the anterior horn and are frequently located near capillaries. They provoke a glial response.The organisms have some myxosporidan features (7) and are tentatively classified as cnidosporidans.
The Occurrence and Development of Plasmodium mexicanum in the Western Fence Lizard Sceloporus occidentalis
Authors: JORDAN HELEN B. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. From various localities in California, 81 (21%) of 381 Sceloporus occidentalis were found infected with Plasmodium mexicanum. Variations in asexual reproduction and host response during the acute period of development are discussed.Appearance of initial infections in early March and the subsequent increase in natural incidence of the parasite, the absence of infections in hatchlings, and the persistence of numerous gametocytes in hibernating lizards suggest a period of spring transmission.
Ultrastructure of an Unusual Erythrocytic Form of Plasmodium berghei*
Authors: KILLBY VIRGINIA A. A. , SILVERMAN PAUL H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Unusual dense forms were discovered in ultrathin sections of Plasmodium berghei‐infected rat erythrocytes. These parasites frequently occurred with one or more typical trophozoites in a single blood cell. They appeared darker than both the neighboring trophozoites and the host erythrocyte. Ribosomes were visible in clusters in their compact cytoplasm. The endoplasmic reticulum, when present, had dilated cisternae often containing a material of low density. Large food vacuoles werecommonly seen along with the small vesicles harboring pigment granules. The single large nucleus had dense nucleoplasm. Multilaminated membraned bodies and sausage‐shaped vacuoles were, seen in some of the parasites.The exact identity of this form of P. berghei is not known. Its possible significance is discussed with particular reference to the differentiation of gametocytes.
Preliminary Studies on the Use of Ferritin‐Conjugated Antibodies to Plasmodium berghei*
Authors: KILLBY VIRGINIA A. A. , SILVERMAN PAUL H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The feasibility of applying immunoferritin technics in malarial antibody studies was explored using the asexual erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium berghei. Anti‐P. berghei antibodies were induced in rats by repeated infection and in rabbits by immunization with French press‐ or saponin‐prepared antigens. Ferritin tagging was observed in thin sections of some freed and intracellular P. berghei parasites after exposure to ferritin‐labeled antibodies.A more extensive localization of ferritin was observed in cells subjected to the indirect versus the direct method of incubation. With formalin as a prefixative as opposed to glutaraldehyde, an increased ferritin tagging and the distribution of ferritin at intracellular sites was evident. These observations are discussed in terms of the damage and associated increase in permeability which often appeared in our formalin‐fixed tissue.Controls with normal serum or normal uninfected erythrocytes differed in ferritin localization from their corresponding test materials in only a few trials. The need for antibody preparations as free as possible from reactivity to host components became obvious. The positive results obtained when ferritin alone (especially TC‐modified ferritin) was applied in excess indicated a nonspecific binding and the necessity of purifying the conjugates of unbound ferritin was stressed.Native ferritin was found in the large double membranebound host inclusions, small vesicles and residual body of P. berghei.
Some Factors Governing Feeding Behavior of Homalozoon vermiculare (Ciliophora, Holotricha)
Authors: SESHACHAR B. R. , SAXENA K. N. , GIRGLA HARVINDER 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Feeding activity of Homalozoon vermiculare on Paramecium and Blepharisma and on a number of non‐living materials was compared in order to understand its feeding behavior and some of the factors governing it. During a given period it involves a series of feeding responses, each response being completed in 5 stages: (i) contact of prey or non‐living particles with the oral rim of Homalozoon, (ii) ejection of toxin by Homalozoon, if the food is a living organism, (iii) paralysis of the prey, (iv) grasping, and (v) swallowing.The feeding activity of Homalozoon differs from one food to another and also on any one food at different times. These differences are governed by (i) the physiologic condition of Homalozoon and (ii) certain food characteristics. Its starvation, but not its developmental stage, markedly influences its feeding activity on any food. The food characteristics most important for feeding by Homalozoon are: (i) concentration of prey or non‐living particles in the medium, insuring their adequate contact with the organism's mouth, (b) susceptibility of living organisms to paralysis by the toxin, (c) suitability of particle size for accommodation in the organism's mouth, and (d) suitability of the food material to stimulate the grasping and swallowing responses. Homalozoon much prefers Paramecium to Blepharisma on account of (i) a greater susceptibility of Paramecium to paralysis by the toxin, and (ii) certain differences in the chemical characteristics of the certain proteins, particularly albumins, hemoglobin, etc., of the 2 organisms.
The Biology of Gregarina fernandoi n. sp. in the Cockroach Pysnoscelus surinamensis with Observations on its Development and Cytochemical Nature
Authors: SABARATN AM MANO 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Gregarina fernandoi n. sp. is a eugregarine. Its structure, development and life history in the gut of the cockroach Pycnoscelus surinamensis are described. It is named as a new species on the basis of its size, nuclear structure, structure and form of the gametocyst and oocyst.Observations were made on the different stages of the parasite and related to the pH of the gut. In the ceca, pH 4.5–5, the parasite was in its early stages of development, in the midgut, pH 6.5–7, it was in syzygy and in the rectum, pH 7.5–8, gametocysts were found.
Eimeria bateri Bhatia, Pandey and Pande, 1965 from the Hungarian Quail Coturnix c. coturnix in the United States and Its Attempted Transmission to the Chicken**
Authors: SHAH HARISH L. , JOHNSON CORNELL A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria bateri Bhatia, Pandey, Pande, 1965 is described from the Hungarian quail Coturnix c. coturnix for the first time in the U.S. Its oocysts are either ellipsoidal or ovoid, 14–28 by 12–19 μ with a mean of 20.5 by 15.3 μ. Its sporocysts are elongate ovoid, with a Stieda body, 8–12 by 6–9 μ with a mean of 10.3 by 7.5 μ.Two coccidia‐free chicks 8 days old were inoculated with 50,000 oocysts each of E. bateri, but patent infections did not occur. This coccidium is therefore presumably host‐specific.
Extra‐Intestinal Stages of Isospora felis and I. rivolta (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) in Cats*
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , FRENKEL J. K. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Evidence is presented that Isospora felis and I. rivolta invade the extra‐intestinal tissues of cats. Kittens were fed sporocysts of I. felis and I. rivolta. At specific intervals the kittens were killed and suspensions of extra‐intestinal tissues were fed to indicator kittens less than a day old. Oocyst production by the indicator kittens within the regular prepatent period was taken as evidence that coccidian stages were present in the inoculum consisting of extra‐intestinal tissues of cats.Tissues of kittens infected with I. felis for 5–104 days were infectious to newborn kittens as follows: liver and spleen mixture 3 out of 5 times, mesenteric lymph nodes 4 out of 4 times, brain and muscle mixture 1 out of 5 times, lungs 1 out of 5 times. The prepatent period in kittens consuming oocysts of I. felis was 7‐11 days; after consuming extra‐intestinal tissues of kittens it was 4–8 days. Distinct coccidian stages unlike those present in the gut were found singly and in groups of 2–15 in lymphoreticular cells of mesenteric lymph nodes of 2 kittens infected for 2–4 days.Tissues of kittens infected with I. rivolta for 5–21 days were infectious to newborn kittens as follows: liver and spleen mixture 3 out of 5 times, mesenteric lymph nodes 1 out of 5 times, brain, muscle and lung mixture none of 5 times. The prepatent period in kittens consuming oocysts of I. rivolta or extra‐intestinal tissues of cats was 5–7 days. Coccidian stages occurred singly or in pairs, intracellularly or free in the mesenteric lymph nodes of 3 out of 10 kittens infected for 1–8 days.
Trypanosoma pacifica sp. n. from the English Sole Parophrys vetulus Girard from Oregon*
Authors: BURRESON EUGENE M. , PRATT IVAN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISTrypanosoma pacifica sp. n. is described from the blood of the English sole, Parophrys vetulus Girard, from Oregon. The total length averages 35.9 μm of which 15.4 μm is free flagellum. Comparisons are made with other trypanosomes reported from related species of fishes and with those reported from marine fishes adjacent to North America.
Coccidia of the Leporidae*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. , IVENS VIRGINIA 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThirty‐six species of coccidia, all members of the genusEimeria, have been described from 3 of the 9 genera and 11 of the more than 48 species in the lagomorph family Leporidae. All these are described briefly in the present paper and their synonymies are given. Coccidia have been described from the single species ofOryctolagus, from 4 of the 13 species ofSylvilagusand from 6 of the 26 species ofLepus. These genera have 12, 12, and 14 known species ofEimeria, of which only 2 are shared byOryctolagusandSylvilagus.Lepushas none of the coccidia of these genera. One species is known to occur in the bile ducts of the liver, 13 in the intestine, and the location of 22 is unknown. Life cycles have been determined for 9 of the species, of which 8 have been worked out in the domestic rabbitOryctolagusand 1 in the cottontailSylvilagus.
Infectivity and Recovery of Tetrahymena pyriformis Strain S from Adult Female Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana)*
Authors: SEAMAN GERALD R. , TOSNEY T. , BERGLUND RICHARD , GOLDBERG GEORGE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISHemocoelomic injection of 5,800–8,000 cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain S per female cockroach resulted in lethargy of the insects within 24 hr and death within 72 hr. Ciliates could be recovered 24–48 hr after injection of these amounts of ciliates. Inoculation of smaller numbers of cells resulted in no apparent ill effects to the insects and ciliates could not be recovered.After recovery from cockroaches and reestablishment in axenic culture, the ciliates were rounded and contained large numbers of lipid droplets which decreased on continued cultivation. The ciliates underwent a sequence of morphologic alterations involving a decrease in length and width to form ovoid cells, an approach to the pyriform shapes (but smaller than normal size), an elongation to an abnormal length/width ratio, and then, after 6 days in culture, a return to the normal shape with usual dimensions.
Effects of Ethidium Bromide and Several Acridine Dyes on the Kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tropica*†
Authors: MORALES NYDIA M. , SCHAEFER FRANK W. , KELLER STEPHEN J. , MEYER RALPH R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISWhole cell DNA from Leishmania tropica has 2 peaks when banded by CsCl equilibrium density centrifugation. The main band has a buoyant density of 1.721 and the satellite band a buoyant density of 1.705, with Clostridium perfringens DNA (ρ= 1.6915) used as a reference. The satellite band has been identified as the kinetoplast DNA by purifying DNA from isolated kinetoplasts. L. tropica has the highest G + C content of both nuclear and kinetoplastic DNA thus far reported for trypanosomatids. The effects of ethidium bromide, acriflavin, proflavin, and 5‐aminoacridine on the kinetoplast of L. tropica have been compared. Ethidium bromide and acriflavin, but not proflavin or 5‐aminoacridine, induce dyskinetoplasty. L. tropica is one of the most sensitive trypanosomatids to ethidium bromide and acriflavin. Examination of the DNA from drug‐treated cells in CsCl gradients revealed a loss of the satellite band after ethidium bromide or acriflavin treatment, but not after proflavin or 5‐aminoacridine treatment. Cell division was required to produce these effects on the kinetoplast.
The Kinetic Complexity of Paramecium Macronuclear Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: SOLDO A. T. , GODOY G. A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISDNA extracted from macronuclei of axenically cultured Paramecium aurelia has been characterized with regard to its kinetic complexity. Renaturation of macronuclear DNA from this protozoon appeared to follow 2nd order kinetics and revealed the presence of 2 components: a main component comprising ∼96% of the genome which renatured slowly and a minor component comprising ∼4% of the genome which renatured at a rate ∼3000 faster than the main component. The value of the kinetic complexity of the main component has been estimated at 3.8 × 1010 daltons and that of the minor component at 1.45 × 107 daltons. It is suggested that the macronucleus contains ∼840 diploid copies of the slowly renaturing component; for each copy of the latter there are ∼100 copies of the fast renaturing component.
The Utilization of Glucose and Proline by Culture Forms of Trypanosoma brucei*
Authors: EVANS D. A. , BROWN R. C. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISExponentially dividing culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei did not utilize glucose provided in the culture medium. The inclusion of 2‐deoxyglucose in the medium had no effect on the growth of the trypanosomes. Glucose could be replaced by proline in the liquid phase of biphasic medium without affecting the doubling time of the organisms. Proline added to the culture medium in this way disappeared during the log phase of growth. Glucose in the culture medium was used by the trypanosomes only when the stationary growth phase had been reached. Lipid accumulated in stationary phase trypanosomes grown in glucose‐containing medium, but there was no lipid accumulation in log phase organisms or in those which had been grown in proline‐containing medium. Bloodstream trypanosomes transferred to liquid medium rapidly utilized glucose over the first 12 hr of culture, and this was accompanied by an accumulation of free pyruvate in the medium. The rate of glucose utilization fell off over the next 36 hr; this was accompanied by a lowering of free pyruvate in the medium and a rise in the proline oxidase activity of the trypanosomes. The possible biologic significance of proline to trypanosomes developing in the midgut of the tsetse vector is discussed.
Eine Neubeschreibung von Ctedoctema acanthocrypta Stokes, 1884 (Ciliata, Scuticociliatida)*
Authors: WILBERT NORBERT , BUITKAMP ULRICH 
Published: May 2007

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG. In einem eutrophen Gewässer wurden ökologische Untersuchungen der frei im Aufwuchs lebenden Ciliaten angestellt. Hierbei wurde Ctedoctema acanthocrypta Stokes, 1884 als ein typischer Vertreter dieser Ciliatengesellschaft gefunden. C. acanthocrypta ist ein hymenostomes Ciliat der Ordnung Scuticociliatida. Die Art ernährt sich von Bakterien und hat Massenentfaltungen im Frühjahr und Herbst. Ihre Artdiagnose basierte bisher nur auf Lebendbeobachtungen. Durch die Darstellung der Infraciliatur und Angaben zur Autökologie kann diese nun vervollständigt werden.SYNOPSIS. Ecologic studies were made of ciliates living free in the periphyton of an eutrophic pond. In the course of these studies, Ctedoctema acanthocrypta Stokes, 1884 was found to be a typical representative of this ciliate community. This species feeds on bacteria and reaches population peaks in the Spring and Fall. The diagnosis of C. acanthocrypta was based hitherto on observations of living material. In the present report the diagnosis is rendered more complete by a description of the infra‐ciliature and consideration of ecologic data.