bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N‐Acetyltransferase 2 Gene Polymorphism and Presbycusis
Authors: Ünal Murat , Tamer Lülüfer , Doğruer Zeynep Nil , Yildirim Hatice , Vayisoğlu Yusuf , Çamdeviren Handan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The enzyme of N‐acetyltransferase (NAT) is involved in the metabolism and detoxification of cytotoxic and carcinogenic compounds as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS). The excessive amount of ROS generation occurs in the ageing inner ear. The exact etiopathogenesis of presbycusis is not known, but it is generally accepted that it is the result of series of insults, such as physiologic age‐related degeneration, noise exposure, medical disorders and their treatment, as well as hereditary susceptibility. The effect of aging shows a wide interindividual range; we aimed to investigate whether profiles of NAT2 genotypes may be associated with the risk of presbycusis.Study Design: Hospital‐based, case‐control study.Methods: We examined 68 adults with presbycusis and 98 healthy controls. DNA was extracted from whole blood, and the polymorphisms of NAT2*5A, NAT2*6A, NAT2*7A/B, and NAT2*14A were determined using a real‐time polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence resonance energy transfer with a Light‐Cycler Instrument. Associations between specific genotypes and the development of presbycusis were examined by use of logistic regression analyses to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.Results: Gene polymorphisms at NAT2*5A, NAT2*7A/B, and NAT2*14A in subjects with presbycusis were not significantly different from in the controls (P > .05). However, in NAT2*6A, the risk of presbycusis was 15.2‐fold more in individuals with mutant allele than subjects with wild genotype (P = .013). Individuals with NAT2*6A heterozygote allele had a 0.34‐fold less risk in the development of presbycusis than subjects with mutant allele (P = .032)Conclusion: We demonstrated a significant association between the NAT2*6A polymorphism and age‐related hearing loss in this population. However, the sample size was relatively small, and further studies need to investigate the exact role of NAT2 gene polymorphism in the etiopathogenesis of the presbycusis.
Sinonasal Leiomyosarcoma: Review of Literature and Case Report
Authors: Ulrich Christian T. , Feiz‐Erfan Iman , Spetzler Robert F. , Isaacs Jeffrey D. , Hott Jonathan S. , Nakaji Peter , Coons Stephen W. , Joganic Edward J. , Kresl John J. , Milligan John M. , Lettieri Salvatore C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: To determine prognosis of primary sinonasal leiomyosarcomas after treatment.Study Design: Literature review and case report.Methods: Review of English literature from MEDLINE and independent sources with the addition of our case.Results: Including our case, 63 cases have been reported. Primary treatment includes resection with or without radiation. Chemotherapy has not been reported to be effective. In our case, however, chemotherapy, consisting of etoposide and high‐dose ifosfamide, caused the tumor to shrink significantly. On the basis of a review of all reported cases, the overall survival rate at a mean follow‐up of 38.24 month is 66%. The minimal overall survival rates at 5 and 10 years are 20% and 6%, respectively.Conclusion: The prognosis for primary sinonasal leiomyosarcomas is poor. However, a 10–year survival has been reported in a few patients. Chemotherapy may be a useful adjunct when managing extensive lesions unamenable to curative resection.
Antivascular Therapy of Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma with PTK787
Authors: Yazici Yasemin D. , Kim Seungwon , Jasser Samar A. , Wang Zhuoying , Carter Kenny B. , Bucana Corazan D. , Myers Jeffrey N. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator in tumor vascularization, growth, and metastasis. We investigated whether blockade of the VEGF receptor (VEGF‐R) signaling pathway by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK787 combined with CPT‐11, a semisynthetic camptothecin analogue, can inhibit the tumor growth and angiogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in an orthotopic nude mouse model.Methods: JMAR human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells were injected into the tongues of nude mice. Seven days later, the mice were randomized to receive a placebo, daily oral PTK787, weekly CPT‐11 injection, or PTK787 plus CPT‐11. After 4 weeks of treatment, the mice underwent necropsy, and the tongue tumors, cervical lymph nodes, and lungs were removed for immunohistochemical analyses.Results: CPT‐11, PTK787, and PTK787 plus CPT‐11 significantly decreased tumor volumes and prolonged survival. The combination treatment group had the most significant decrease in volume and increase in survival. PTK787 alone or in combination with CPT‐11 reduced the phosphorylation of VEGF‐R in tumor cells and tumor‐associated endothelial cells, was associated with decreased microvessel density, a decreased proliferative index, and an increased apoptotic index. PTK787 alone or the combination therapy resulted in apoptosis of both tumor cells and tumor‐associated endothelial cells.Conclusions: These results suggest that targeting VEGF‐R tyrosine kinase activity can be an effective therapeutic approach in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue.
Transnasal, Endoscopic Vocal Fold Augmentation
Authors: Trask Douglas K. , Shellenberger D Luke , Hoffman Henry T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe practice of injection laryngoplasty under local anesthesia has become more common as both the indications for the procedure and the number of injectable substances increased. Modifications to the injection techniques used for vocal fold augmentation have been described over the last decade that reflect changes in the established percutaneous and transoral approaches. These percutaneous and transoral injection techniques for the treatment of dysphonia secondary to glottic incompetence are well described and provide an adequate approach for most cases. However, these traditional methods may be difficult to master, require great patient tolerance, and may be impossible to perform when anatomic or physiologic barriers exist. We describe a new application of the fiberoptic transnasal endoscope to perform laryngeal injection using a flexible needle through a port in the endoscope. This technique is easily mastered and readily tolerated by patients who would not be candidates for the other injection techniques under local anesthesia. We present our favorable experience with this technique and identify its shortcomings coupled with recommendations to address future technical modifications.
Prevalence of Laryngeal Irritation Signs Associated with Reflux in Asymptomatic Volunteers: Impact of Endoscopic Technique (Rigid vs. Flexible Laryngoscope)
Authors: Milstein Claudio F. , Charbel Samer , Hicks Douglas M. , Abelson Tom I. , Richter Joel E. , Vaezi Michael F. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives: The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the prevalence of ENT findings in the normal asymptomatic population and 2) to compare findings between flexible and rigid laryngoscopes in an attempt to increase specificity of diagnosis of reflux in endoscopic laryngeal examinations.Study Design: Prospective study.Methods: Fifty‐two nonsmoker volunteers (24 male, 28 female), mean age of 42.7 years, with no history of ENT abnormalities or gastroesophageal reflux disease, underwent both rigid and flexible videolaryngologic examinations with a digital endoscopic unit. A group of three expert judges reviewed the oral and transnasal examinations blindly and independently for physical signs of irritation/inflammation commonly associated with reflux.Results: Atleast one sign of tissue irritation was detected in 93% and 83% of the population when using a flexible and a rigid laryngoscope, respectively. Results showed a high incidence of posterior commissure bar (53.2% and 51.9%), arytenoid complex edema/erythema (76.3% and 53.2%), and pseudosulcus (37.2% and 7.7%). Most signs were more frequently detected on flexible transasal examinations than with rigid transoral examinations: posterior pharyngeal wall (<0.01), interarytenoid irritation (<0.01), arytenoids complex irritation (<0.01), ventricular obliteration (<0.01), and pseudosulcus (<0.01).Conclusions: Several signs of posterior laryngeal irritation (e.g., interarytenoid bar, erythema of the medial wall of the arytenoids), which are generally considered to be signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux, are present in a high percentage of nonsymptomatic individuals, raising question about their diagnostic specificity. In addition, these signs were more often detected with flexible than with rigid laryngoscopes, suggesting that flexible laryngoscopy is more sensitive but less specific in identifying laryngeal tissue irritation.
A ChemoSensory Questionnaire for Patients Treated for Cancer of the Head and Neck
Authors: Goldberg Andrew N. , Shea Judy A. , Deems Daniel A. , Doty Richard L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives: To investigate primary chemosensory issues experienced by patients who undergo treatment for cancer of the head and neck and to develop and assess a ChemoSensory Questionnaire (CSQ).Design: Cross sectional survey for questionnaire development and testing.Methods: Literature, expert opinion, and focus group methodology were used to identify aspects of smell and taste affecting patients before, during, and after therapy for cancer of the head and neck. A draft instrument was compiled, reviewed, and revised. The revised instrument was administered along with a demographic and clinical form, the SF‐12, the Performance Status Survey, and the University of Michigan Head and Neck Quality of Life Questionnaire (HRQOL) to a sample of patients. After item and scale analyses and reductions, a final instrument was assembled. Construct validity and test‐retest reliability were assessed.Results: Two hundred six patients were included in the study. The final survey instrument consisted of eight items, four on smell and four on taste. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 for the smell scale and 0.78 for the taste scale. Correlations with other HRQOL scales ranged from 0.20 to 0.64 for the taste scale and from 0.10 to 0.33 for the smell scale. Good construct validity of the CSQ scores was demonstrated.Conclusions: Treatment for head and neck cancer negatively impacts smell and taste. A survey instrument was developed to evaluate chemosensory function that is simple to administer and is brief. This instrument will be of value in identifying factors that contribute to chemosensory disturbance and may serve as a guide for planning treatment regimens that minimize such disturbance.
Acoustic and vibrational damping in porous solids
Authors: Göransson Peter 
Published: December 2005

A porous solid may be characterized as an elastic–viscoelastic and acoustic–viscoacoustic medium. For a flexible, open cell porous foam, the transport of energy is carried both through the sound pressure waves propagating through the fluid in the pores, and through the elastic stress waves carried through the solid frame of the material. For a given situation, the balance between energy dissipated through vibration of the solid frame, changes in the acoustic pressure and the coupling between the waves varies with the topological arrangement, choice of material properties, interfacial conditions, etc.
Engineering of foams, i.e. designs built on systematic and continuous relationships between polymer chemistry, processing, micro-structure, is still a vision for the future. However, using state-of-the-art simulation techniques, multiple layer arrangements of foams may be tuned to provide acoustic and vibrational damping at a low-weight penalty.
In this paper, Biot's modelling of porous foams is briefly reviewed from an acoustics and vibrations perspective with a focus on the energy dissipation mechanisms. Engineered foams will be discussed in terms of results from simulations performed using finite element solutions. A layered vehicle-type structure is used as an example.
A phylogeny of ranid frogs (Anura: Ranoidea: Ranidae), based on a simultaneous analysis of morphological and molecular data
Authors: Scott Elizabeth 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDuring the last two decades, major taxonomic rearrangements were instituted in the anuran family Ranidae. Most of these changes were not based on phylogenetic analysis, and many are controversial. Addressing the phylogeny of Ranidae requires broader taxon sampling within the superfamily Ranoidea, the phylogenetic relationships and higher classification of which are also in a state of flux. No comprehensive attempt has yet been made to reconstruct ranid phylogeny using both morphological and molecular data. In the present contribution, data from 178 organismal characters were collated for 74 exemplar species representing the families Arthroleptidae, Hemisotidae, Hyperoliidae, Mantellidae Microhylidae, Petropedetidae, Rhacophoridae, Sooglossidae, and most subfamilies of Ranidae. These were combined with ∼1 kb of DNA sequence from the mitochondrial 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA gene regions in a simultaneous parsimony analysis with direct optimization. Results support the classification of Hemisus with the brevicipitine microhylids, confirm that Arthroleptidae (and its two component subfamilies Astylosterninae and Arthroleptinae) are monophyletic, and advocate the recognition of Leptopelidae. Monophyly of Ranidae is compromised by recognition of Petropedetidae, Rhacophoridae and Mantellidae, which should be recognized as subfamilies of Ranidae at present. Furthermore, Petropedetidae was found to be grossly paraphyletic, comprising three clades which are all considered separate subfamilies of Ranidae, i.e., Petropedetinae, Phrynobatrachinae and Cacosterninae. Three well defined subfamilies of Ranidae were consistently retrieved as monophyletic in a sensitivity analysis, i.e., Tomopterninae, Ptychadeninae and Pyxicephalinae. However, Ptychadeninae and Pyxicephalinae were embedded in Raninae and Dicroglossinae, respectively. Ceratobatrachinae is removed from Dicroglossinae. Dicroglossinae is synonymized with Pyxicephalinae. A new subfamily Strongylopinae is proposed. Raninae should be conservatively treated as a “metataxon” (sensuFord and Cannatella, 1993) until such time as it is fully revised. Tomopterninae is removed from synonymy with Cacosterninae. Morphological synapomorphies are reported for major monophyletic clades retrieved in the simultaneous analysis with equal weights. The present study found that many Old World clades appear to contain both African and Asian taxa, contrary to the findings of some recent biogeographical analyses. This study demonstrates the value of broad taxonomic sampling in ranid phylogeny, and highlights the immense contribution that can be made from detailed morphological data.© The Willi Hennig Society 2005.
Phylogeny ofMysis(Crustacea, Mysida): history of continental invasions inferred from molecular and morphological data
Authors: Audzijonytė Asta , Damgaard Jakob , Varvio Sirkka‐Liisa , Vainio Jouni K. , Väinölä Risto 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe studied the phylogenetic history of opossum shrimps of the genusMysisLatreille, 1802 (Crustacea: Mysida) using parsimony analyses of morphological characters, DNA sequence data from mitochondrial (16S, COI and CytB) and nuclear genes (ITS2, 18S), and eight allozyme loci. With these data we aimed to resolve a long‐debated question of the origin of the non‐marine (continental) taxa in the genus, i.e., “glacial relicts” in circumpolar postglacial lakes and “arctic immigrants” in the Caspian Sea. A simultaneous analysis of the data sets gave a single tree supporting monophyly of all continental species, as well as monophyly of the taxa from circumpolar lakes and from the Caspian Sea. A clade of three circumarctic marine species was sister group to the continental taxa, whereas Atlantic species had more distant relationships to the others. Small molecular differentiation among the morphologically diverse endemic species from the Caspian Sea suggested their recent speciation, while the phenotypically more uniform “glacial relict” species from circumpolar lakes (Mysis relictagroup) showed deep molecular divergences. For the length‐variable ITS2 region both direct optimization anda priorialignment procedures gave similar topologies, although the former approach provided a better overall resolution. In terms of partitioned Bremer support (PBS), mitochondrial protein coding genes provided the largest contribution (83%) to the total tree resolution. This estimate however, appears to be partly spurious, due to the concerted inheritance of mitochondrial characters and probable cases of introgression or ancestral polymorphism.© The Willi Hennig Society 2005.
The PhyloCode, types, ranks and monophyly: a response to Pickett
Authors: Laurin Michel , de Queiroz Kevin , Cantino Phil , Cellinese Nico , Olmstead Richard 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA report from the First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting recently published in Cladistics conveys several misconceptions about the PhyloCode and presents an erroneous interpretation of discussions that took place at that meeting. Contrary to Pickett's assertions, the PhyloCode is designed to name clades, not paraphyletic groups; the rejection of ranks has never been a fundamental principle of phylogenetic nomenclature; and specifiers under the PhyloCode differ in several ways from types under rank‐based nomenclature.© The Willi Hennig Society 2005.
A Bayesian approach for population pharmacokinetic modelling of sirolimus
Authors: Dansirikul Chantaratsamon , Morris Raymond G. , Tett Susan E. , Duffull Stephen B. 
Published: December 2005

AimsTo explore a Bayesian approach for the pharmacokinetic analysis of sirolimus concentration data arising from therapeutic drug monitoring (poorly informative concentration‐time point design), and to explore possible covariate relationships for sirolimus pharmacokinetics.MethodsSirolimus concentration‐time data were available as part of routine clinical care from 25 kidney transplant recipients. Most samples were taken at or near the trough time point at steady state. The data were analyzed using a fully conditional Bayesian approach with PKBUGS (v 1.1)/WinBUGS (v 1.3). Features of the data included noncompliance and missing concentration measurements below the limit of sensitivity of the assay. Informative priors were used.ResultsA two‐compartment model with proportional residual error provided the best fit to the data (consisting of 315 sirolimus concentration‐time points). The typical value for the apparent clearance (CL/F ) was 12.5 l h−1 at the median age of 44 years. Apparent CL was found to be inversely related to age with a posterior probability of a clinically significant effect of 0.734.ConclusionsA population pharmacokinetic model was developed for sirolimus using a novel approach. Bayesian modelling with informative priors allowed interpretation of a significant covariate relationship, even using poorly informative data.
Absence of an interaction between iron and mycophenolate mofetil absorption
Authors: Ducray Patricia Sanwald , Banken Ludger , Gerber Marianne , Boutouyrie Bruno , Zandt Hagen 
Published: December 2005

AimTo determine whether concomitant iron affects the absorption of mycophenolate mofetil.MethodsAn open‐label, single centre, randomized, crossover trial was conducted in 16 healthy males. Fasting subjects received mycophenolate mofetil alone (treatment A) or co‐administered with iron (treatment B).ResultsThe mycophenolic acid AUC(0,24 h) for treatments A and B were 42.5 ± 10.5 and 44.7 ± 12.4 µg ml−1 h, respectively. anova modelling showed the relative bioavailability of mycophenolate mofetil to be similar for the two treatments (90% confidence interval 0.92, 1.19).ConclusionsThere was no interaction between mycophenolate mofetil and iron supplements administered concomitantly to healthy fasting subjects.
Genetic polymorphisms in KCNQ1, HERG, KCNE1 and KCNE2 genes in the Chinese, Malay and Indian populations of Singapore
Authors: Koo Seok Hwee , Ho Woon Fei , Lee Edmund Jon Deoon 
Published: December 2005

AimsTo determine the genetic variability of long QT syndrome (LQTS)‐associated genes (KCNQ1, HERG, KCNE1 and KCNE2) among three distinct ethnic groups in the Singapore population.MethodsGenomic DNA samples from up to 265 normal healthy Chinese, 118 Malay and 139 Indian volunteer subjects were screened for genetic variations in the coding region of the LQTS‐associated genes using denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography and sequencing analyses.ResultsIn total, 37 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the coding exons of the LQTS‐associated potassium ion channel genes, seven of which were novel nonsynonymous polymorphisms. SNPs 356G→A (exon 1 of KCNQ1), 2624C→T and 2893G→A (exon 11 of HERG), 3164G→A, 3322C→G and 3460G→A (exon 14 of HERG), and 79C→T (exon 3 of KCNE2) resulted in Gly119Asp, Thr875Met, Gly965Arg, Arg1055Gln, Leu1108Val, Gly1154Ser and Arg27Cys amino acid substitutions, respectively. In addition, 16 intronic variants were detected. The functional consequence of these variants has not been studied and their association with risk of LQTS is unclear.ConclusionsThere exist multiple genetic polymorphisms of the LQTS‐associated genes in the three distinct Asian populations. Though the functional significance of many of these SNPs is unknown, this interindividual and interethnic genetic variability may underlie the different susceptibilities of individuals to developing LQTS.