bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclooxygenase-1 haplotype C50T/A-842G does not affect platelet response to aspirin
Authors: Pettinella Caterina , Romano Mario , Stuppia Liborio , Santilli Francesca , Liani Rossella , Davì Giovanni 
Published: March 2009

SummaryCOX-1 polymorphism C50T, in complete linkage disequilibrium with the other polymorphism A-842G, has been depicted as a determinant of pharmacological response to aspirin treatment. Whether these polymorphisms exert an effect on response to aspirin both in vitro and ex vivo is still controversial. We geno-typed a population of 148 healthy individuals for the C50T/A-842G haplotype. Thirty of them underwent low-dose aspirin (100 mg daily) treatment for four weeks and were followed up for seven days after withdrawal. In this subgroup, we evaluated the thromboxane-dependence of biochemical and functional indexes used to monitor the antiplatelet effect of low-dose aspirin. Among the 148 subjects studied, 10 were heterozygous for the C50T/A-842G haplotype (6.7%) and only one was homozygous for the 50T/-842G haplotype (0.67%). In the group on low-dose aspirin, serum thromboxane (TX) B2 as well as urinary 11-dehydro-TXB2 and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced aggregation were similarly suppressed in carriers and non-carriers of the 50T/-842G haplotype, with an increase until basal levels of all the parameters within seven days after withdrawal. We found no relationship between the 50T/-842G haplotype and the so-called phenomenon of aspirin resistance. Platelet cyclooxygenase activity, as reflected by serum TXB2, was uniformly and persistently suppressed by low-dose aspirin in both carriers and non carriers of these polymorphisms.
Radiosity Approach for the Shortwave Surface Radiation Balance in Complex Terrain
Authors: Helbig Nora , Löwe Henning , Lehning Michael 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The influence of topography on the radiation balance in complex terrain has so far been investigated either with very simple or very sophisticated approaches that are limited, respectively, by an uncontrolled spatial representation of radiative fluxes or heavy computational efforts. To bridge this gap in complexity, this paper proposes the radiosity approach, well known in computer graphics, to study anisotropic reflections of radiation in complex terrain. To this end the radiosity equation is rederived in the context of three-dimensional radiative transfer. The discretized equation is solved by means of an adapted version of progressive refinement iteration. To systematically study terrain effects, the geometrical disorder provided by the topography is considered in its simplest approximation by Gaussian random fields. These model topographies capture the most important length scales of complex terrain, namely a typical elevation and a typical valley width via the variance and the correlation length of the field, respectively. The mean reflected radiation is computed as a function of these length scales and sun elevation, thereby explicitly addressing finite system sizes and grid resolutions. A comparison with an isotropic parameterization of terrain reflections reveals that mean values are similar whereas spatial distributions vary remarkably. It is also shown that the mean reflected radiation in real topography is reasonably well characterized by the Gaussian approximation. As a final application of the method, the effective albedo of a topography is shown to vary with sun elevation and domain-averaged albedo, leading to albedo differences up to 0.025.
Statistics on High-Cloud Areas and Their Sensitivities to Cloud Microphysics Using Single-Cloud Experiments
Authors: Satoh Masaki , Matsuda Yuya 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStatistics on high-altitude cloud areas associated with deep cumulus clouds and their sensitivities to cloud microphysics are studied in the framework of single-cloud experiments with an explicit cloud system–resolving model. A comprehensive six-category single-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme is used to investigate parameter dependency. High-cloud areas are defined by the threshold values of the outgoing longwave radiation, and probability distribution functions of high-cloud areas are obtained. First, resolution dependencies on grid sizes of approximately 3.5, 7, and 14 km are examined. It is found that although quantitative differences are confirmed, diurnal variations in high-cloud covers are similarly captured by all three experiments conducted. The main focus of the sensitivity experiments of cloud microphysics is on the fall speed and number concentration, or mean radius, of ice particles. The results clearly show that the sum of snow and cloud ice amounts is closely related to high-cloud covers. Among the number of experiments conducted, one interesting result is that the intercept parameters of snow and graupel have opposite effects on high-cloud covers. As the intercept parameter of graupel increases, the graupel amount increases because of an increase in the accretion rate of cloud water by graupel, which results in a decrease in the amount of snow and hence a decrease in high-cloud covers. This implies that a greater production of graupel leads to an increase in precipitation efficiency.
Weakening Trend in the Atmospheric Heat Source over the Tibetan Plateau during Recent Decades. Part II: Connection with Climate Warming
Authors: Duan Anmin , Wu Guoxiong 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In Part I the authors have shown that heating sources in spring over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), and in particular the sensible heat flux (SHF), exhibit a significant weakening trend since the mid-1980s that is induced mainly by decreased surface wind speed. The possible reason of such a change is further investigated in Part II by analyzing historical observations and the NCEP/Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis. The steady declining trend in the surface wind speed over the TP after the 1970s arises mainly from the zonal component. Since the mean altitude of the TP is about 600 hPa and the surface flow is controlled by the East Asian subtropical westerly jet (EASWJ) for most parts of the year, the substantial tropospheric warming in the mid- and high latitudes to the north of the plateau results in a decrease of the meridional pressure gradient in the subtropics. As a result, the EASWJ and the surface winds over the TP are decelerated. Moreover, changes of the general circulation in the twentieth century simulated by 16 coupled climate models driven by natural and anthropogenic forcings are examined. Intercomparison results suggest that sulfate aerosol indirect effects and ozone may be important in reproducing the weakening trend in EASWJ. Although nearly half of the models can successfully reproduce the observed trends in the EASWJ during the last two decades, there is an obvious spread in simulation of the spatial patterns of twentieth-century tropospheric temperatures, suggesting significant room still exists for improvement of the current state-of-the-art coupled climate models.
A Political World Philosophy in terms of All-under-heaven (Tian-xia)
Authors: Tingyang Zhao 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper presents an overall view of the Philosophy of Tian-xia, a particular form of neo-universalism developed by its author and very much debated in the last years. The system of Tian-xia, or ‘all-under-heaven’, is a philosophical re-elaboration of an ancient form of Chinese universalism. The world is constituted as a global unity and a basic concept of political philosophy. It aims at a world institution as a way to rethink all problems in the world as problems of the world. Zhao Tingyang has analytically developed this view in some recent publications in Chinese. This article represents the most recent attempt to provide a synthetic view of his philosophy of ‘all-under-heaven’.
War, Peace, and China's Soft Power: A Confucian Approach
Authors: Bell Daniel A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe contemporary Chinese intellectual Kang Xiaoguang has argued that Chinese soft power should be based on Confucian culture, the most influential Chinese political tradition. But which Confucian values should form the core of China's soft power? This paper first explores the coexistence of state sovereignty and utopian cosmopolitanism through an analysis of Confucian tradition up to contemporary Chinese nationalism. It insists on the exogenous roots of the cosmopolitan ideal and its relations with the ideal of a harmonious political order and a global peace. Then, it compares the philosophy of ‘all-under-heaven’ in its classical and contemporary forms, with Mencius’ theory of a ‘hegemon’, a theory that still informs the moral language that Chinese intellectuals use to evaluate foreign policy, especially regarding morally-justified warfare. It ends on a reflection on the role that Mencius's theory of just and unjust war can play in the contemporary Chinese context and to help understanding and defining the stance of China in the international geo-political context.
Rotator Cuff Repair Rehabilitation: A Level I and II Systematic Review
Authors: Baumgarten Keith M. , Vidal Armando F. , Wright Rick W. 
Published: March 2009

Background: There is no consensus for the optimal postoperative rehabilitation protocol after rotator cuff repairs. Objective: To determine if there is sufficient level I or II evidence available in the literature for establishment of a uniform, optimal rotator cuff rehabilitation protocol. Data Sources: A systematic review of level I and II English-language, prospective, randomized controlled trials published between 1966 and 2008 was performed. MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and secondary references were appraised for studies that met the inclusion criteria. Search terms included rotator cuff, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor, rehab, rehabilitation, physical therapy, and physiotherapy. Study Selection: Inclusion criteria were English-language level I or level II studies, including randomized clinical trials involving the rehabilitation of rotator cuff repairs. Exclusion criteria were non-English language, level IV or V studies, or studies involving shoulder rehabilitation of diagnoses other than rotator cuff repairs. Three independent reviewers arrived at a consensus for including 4 studies in this review out of 12 studies identified by the literature search. Data Extraction: Included studies underwent worksheet quality appraisal independently by each of the 3 authors identifying strengths, weaknesses, and biases. The quality appraisal was then discussed among the authors and consensus reached regarding the strengths, weaknesses, and value of the included studies. Results: Two studies examined the use of continuous passive motion for rotator cuff rehabilitation, and 2 studies compared an unsupervised, standardized rehabilitation program to a supervised, individualized rehabilitation program. These studies did not support the use of continuous passive motion in rotator cuff rehabilitation, and no advantage was shown with a supervised, individualized rehabilitation protocol compared to an unsupervised, standardized home program. Each investigation had weaknesses in study design that decreased the validity of its findings. Conclusion: There is not enough high-level evidence to develop an evidence-based medicine approach to rotator cuff rehabilitation. There is a need for well-designed level I and level II trials to elucidate the optimal rotator cuff repair rehabilitation protocol.
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Measurements Differ Depending on Stabilization Techniques
Authors: Wilk Kevin E. , Reinold Michael M. , Macrina Leonard C. , Porterfield Ron , Devine Kathleen M. , Suarez Kim , Andrews James R. 
Published: March 2009

Background: The loss of glenohumeral internal rotation range of motion in overhead athletes has been well documented in the literature. Several different methods of assessing this measurement have been described, making comparison between the results of studies difficult. Hypothesis: Significant differences in the amount of internal rotation range of motion exist when using different methods of stabilization. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Three techniques were used bilaterally in random fashion to measure glenohumeral internal rotation range of motion: stabilization of the humeral head, stabilization of the scapula, and visual inspection without stabilization. An initial study on 20 asymptomatic participants was performed to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability for each measurement technique. Once complete, measurements were performed on 39 asymptomatic professional baseball players to determine if a difference existed in measurement techniques and if there was a significant side-to-side difference. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used. Results: While interrater reliability was fair between all 3 methods, scapular stabilization provided the best intrarater reliability. A statistically significant difference was observed between all 3 methods ( P < .001). Internal rotation was significantly less in the dominant shoulder than in the nondominant shoulder ( P < .001). Conclusion: Differences in internal rotation range of motion measurements exist when using different methods. The scapula stabilization method displayed the highest intrarater reproducibility and should be considered when evaluating internal rotation passive range of motion of the glenohumeral joint. Clinical Relevance: A standardized method of measuring internal rotation range of motion is required to accurately compare physical examinations of patients. The authors recommend the use of the scapula stabilization method to assess internal rotation range of motion by allowing normal glenohumeral arthrokinematics while stabilizing the scapulothoracic articulation.
A Novel Optochemical Sensor for Fe3+ by an Intramolecular Charge-transfer Fluorescence Probe: 4-Dimethylamino-2′,5′-dihydroxychalcone
Authors: Wang Wenyan , Wei Yanli , Shuang Shaomin , Dong Chuan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
4-Dimethylamino-2′,5′-dihydroxychalcone (DMADHC), a typical compound that exhibits excited-state intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) characteristics and possesses good photophysical properties, is synthesized and used as fluoroionophore for a Fe3+ sensitive optochemical sensor. The sensor shows a linear response toward Fe3+ in the concentration range of 3.984×10−7–1.135×10−5 M with a limit of detection of 8.223×10−9 M. It exhibits excellent selectivity for Fe3+ over a large number of cations such as alkali, alkaline earth, and transitional-metal ions.
High-performance Photooxidation of Phenol with Singlet Oxygen in an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Inoue Nobuhiro , Ishioka Toshio , Harata Akira 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Photooxidation of phenol using singlet oxygen generated in ionic liquid was reported. Singlet oxygen is produced via photosensitized reaction of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfophenyl)porphine in ethylammonium nitrate. The production rate of singlet oxygen was 2.2 times faster than that in aqueous media containing the same. The resulting oxidized product from phenol was pure benzoquinone with no by-product like quinhydrone usually found in aqueous media. The advantage of this method is high yield of benzoquinone with no harmful agents like metal catalysis or oxidizer as well as easy product separation.
Immunophenotypic Analysis of CD103+ B-Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Authors: Dong Henry Y. , Weisberger James , Liu Zach , Tugulea Sorina 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
CD103 is characteristically expressed in hairy cell leukemia (HCL), a B-lymphoproliferative disorder highly responsive to treatment with purine analogs. Other CD103+ diseases are rare and do not respond well to the same therapy, including HCL variant (HCLv) and splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (SMZL) variants. We analyzed 215 cases of CD103+ B-lymphoproliferative disorders to further delineate their immunophenotypic features. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that 78.6% of all cases expressed CD25 and CD103, characteristic of classical HCL. Cases analyzed immunohistochemically were also invariably positive for annexin-A1; a subset coexpressed CD10 (33/169 [19.5%]) or BCL1 (26/65 [36.9%]). In contrast, 21.4% of cases lacked CD25, a subset of which was analyzed and was invariably negative for annexin-A1, CD10, and BCL1. The CD25– cases had variable morphologic features ranging from HCLv and SMZL to prolymphocytic leukemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Clinically, patients with CD25– disease tended to be older (P = .001), typically had leukocytosis (P = .014), and did not respond well to cladribine or pentostatin. We suggest categorizing CD103+ B-lymphoproliferative disorders into 2 groups. While HCL coexpresses CD25 and annexin-A1, diseases lacking CD25 and annexin-A1 behave clinically differently and can be separated from HCL on diagnosis.
One size does not fit all: Motivational predictors of contextual benefits of therapy
Authors: Whalley Ben , Hyland Michael E. 
Published: March 2009

Background. A common sense view in psychotherapy holds that there are individual differences in response to different treatments. However, despite considerable effort, no clear rationale exists to guide the selection of therapy for individual patients.Objectives. Rather than focusing on specific components of therapy as a basis to predict interactions between patients and treatments, we draw on motivational concordance theory and a contextual model of psychotherapy to test whether, in an analogue study, perceived effectiveness of different therapy vignettes is related to human values.Method. Two samples (undergraduates and members of the public) read short vignettes, informed by six therapies for depression (cognitive behaviour therapy, client‐centred therapy, antidepressant medication, existential psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and a complementary medicine: Bach flower essences), provided ratings of perceived effectiveness, and completed questionnaire measures of dispositional motivations (Schwartz Values Scale and the Spiritual Connection Questionnaire‐14). Responses were analysed using multidimensional scaling (MDS).Results. In both samples, expectancy for the cognitive behavioural‐informed vignette was related to Self‐direction and Stimulation, and was opposed to Tradition, Conformity and Security. Expectancies for the Drug vignette were associated with Power and Security.Conclusion. People perceive therapies as more effective if the therapy is congruent with their values. These preliminary data suggest motivational concordance is a useful framework for predicting client‐treatment interactions.
High-technology materials based on modified polysaccharides
Authors: Singh Ram P. , Pal Sagar , Krishnamoorthy S. , Adhikary P. , Ali Sk. Akbar 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Polysaccharides are abundantly available from farm, forest, and microbial resources. They are used in myriad applications. It has been established in the authors' laboratory that their performance is enhanced considerably on purification, grafting by polyacrylamide (PAM), and subsequent hydrolysis as well as cationization. The most significant performance is enhanced in flocculation where it has been found that the modified polysaccharides outperform existing flocculants in national and international markets. Similar effects are observed in their performance in turbulent drag reduction (DR), percolation, and rheology. The present article outlines the details of materials, mechanisms, and practical applications of these novel materials.
Conformational symmetry and vibrational dynamics of polymers
Authors: Tandon Poonam , Kumar Naresh , Gupta Vineet , Chaturvedi Deepika , Mishra Soni , Gupta Vishwambhar D. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Polymers are an important class of materials, and their conformation dictates their dynamical, thermodynamical, and hydrodynamical behavior. Several spectroscopic and other techniques have been employed to characterize their conformation. However, little use has been made of group-theoretical techniques except in the classification of symmetry species. In the present review, an attempt has been made to correlate normal modes and their dispersion profiles with the conformation of the polymeric systems. This has been attempted in the case of 2-, 3-, 4-fold and α-helical polymers.
Paclitaxel-albumin interaction in view of molecular engineering of polymer-drug conjugates
Authors: Hess Michael , Jo Byung-Wook , Wunderlich Stefan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The interaction of water-soluble polymer conjugates of the anticancer agent paclitaxel and albumin as model protein has been investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and NMR. Drugs and drug conjugates can enter the hydrophobic core of albumin; the kinetics of the interaction with the fluorophore, however, differs. Given the information about the steric situation of the formed complexes, some aspects of molecular engineering of the drug are discussed.
Thin Film Endurance (Wear) Testing
Authors: Sargent DJ 
Published: March 2009

During the past three decades, many techniques for evaluating solid film endurance (wear) life have been investigated. All are based on area, point, or line contact and vary only to the extent of the ingenuity of the “inventor.”
Several of the testers and procedures have become industry “standards,” and, in fact, three have become ASTM standards. These standards will be reviewed, as will wear testing and techniques, as pertain to solid, thin film evaluations, in general.
Recommendations for Land Disposal of Oil Spill Cleanup Debris
Authors: Farlow JS 
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and Development (ORD) has sponsored a number of studies relating to effective and environmentally appropriate methods of disposal of oil spill debris. Although some of these studies are still in progress, enough has been learned so that both research and operations personnel agree that sound technology for the land disposal of oily wastes does exist today.
This paper presents practical recommendations to help local officials and cleanup contractors select a suitable disposal strategy, short descriptions of the actual disposal methods, and references to literature containing detailed how-to-do-it information.
Thermal oxidation processes (burning, incineration, and pyrolysis) are only briefly mentioned. The land disposal methods of land cultivation, sanitary landfilling, and direct burial are discussed in more detail, together with their monitoring implications. Tables are presented of potential problems and solutions, site selection criteria, and comparisons between the land disposal methods (advantages, applicability to debris types, environmental considerations, and costs).
Emergency Disposal of Oil Spill and Wastes in Northern and Central California
Authors: Caron DD 
Published: March 2009

The objectives of this paper are (1) to determine the degree to which the disposal of oil spill wastes in the northern half of California is a problem, (2) to make specific recommendations as to how the disposal situation might be improved, and (3) to put forth general theories as to why the problem exists. The paper, following an information section for those unfamiliar with northern California, is organized so that each objective is examined in turn. Thus, the first section describes the system being analyzed; the second, third, and fourth sections are entitled, respectively, “The Disposal Situation,” “Recommendations,” and “Why Is There a Problem?”
The paper finds there is a very serious potential problem in the disposal of oil spills wastes outside the immediate San Francisco Bay area. Specific recommendations for improvement are made and hypothesis as to why the problem exists are given.