bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The characteristics of dyadic trust in executive coaching
Authors: Alvey Susan , Barclay Kathleen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis qualitative study explores the development of trust in executive coaching relationships. Interviews were conducted with 27 high‐level executives who were voluntarily engaged in executive coaching for the purpose of leadership development. The theory that emerged from these findings, as expressed in an integrated model of sequential, interdependent trust development, was that interplay of relational, situational, and behavioral factors influenced the development of trust in executive coaching. Trust was highest when (a) the client was willing to disclose honest feelings and thoughts to the coach and was met with a supportive, nonjudgmental reaction from the coach; (b) the organization was supportive of the positive leadership development that could occur in executive coaching; (c) the coach and client were clear about expectations of confidentiality and outcomes; and (d) the coach supportively confirmed the client's developmental needs, and challenged the client's leadership behaviors. These multiple, interdependent factors manifested throughout the coaching relationship to result in bonds of trust.
An exploratory review of global leadership: The example of French and British leadership styles
Authors: Evans David 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe emerging global leader must demonstrate specific competencies to succeed in the international marketplace. International leaders must be able to create strategic partnerships with individuals from different cultures. In this article, the author, after reviewing state of the art research in the field, describes the difficulties involved in leading multicultural teams in Franco–British collaborative ventures. Corporate human resource managers at British Petroleum and Vivendi Corporation in the United Kingdom and Eurotunnel Corporation in France revealed that cultural differences impact international leadership styles.
Adding ethical consideration to the decision‐making process: A leadership challenge
Authors: Berry Gregory R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStakeholder analysis offers a well‐established framework for understanding organizational context and environment. Stakeholder analysis also offers a lens through which ethical considerations can be consciously evaluated and included in organizational decision making. In this article, the author offers a brief overview of the ethics literature and then examines the decision‐making process to identify how and when opportunities arise to include ethical considerations into the decision‐making process. He concludes by offering suggestions on how leaders might improve their ethical decision‐making by using a more macro and strategic stakeholder lens.
Quantitative determination of dihydrostreptomycin in bovine tissues and milk by liquid chromatography‐ electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Cherlet Marc , De Baere Siegrid , De Backer Patrick 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDihydrostreptomycin (DHS) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in veterinary medicine in combination with benzylpenicillin for the treatment of bacterial infections in cattle, pigs and sheep. A method to determine its residues in edible tissues of cattle, as well as in milk, was developed and validated. Extraction of DHS from the tissues was performed using a liquid extraction with a 10 mM phosphate buffer containing 2% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid, while milk samples were treated with a 50% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid solution, followed by a solid‐phase clean‐up procedure on a carboxypropyl (CBA) weak cation exchange column. Ion‐pair chromatography, using a mixture of 20 mM pentafluoropropionic acid in water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase, was used to retain DHS and the internal standard streptomycin (STR) on a Nucleosil (5 µm) reversed‐phase C18 column. The components were detected and quantified by electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry. The method could be validated according to EC (European Community) requirements with respect to linearity, trueness and precision, the latter evaluated at the maximum residue limit (MRL)—1000 ng g−1 for kidney, 500 ng g−1 for muscle, liver and fat, and 200 ng g−1 for milk—, at one‐half of the MRL and at one and a half times the MRL. A limit of quantification of 10 ng g−1 and 1 ng ml−1 was obtained for all tissues and for milk, respectively, which is far below one‐half of the MRL as requested, while the limit of detection was in the low ppb range, varying between 1.9 and 4.2 ng g−1 for the different tissues tested, and being 0.6 ng ml−1 for milk. The method was used for the monitoring of DHS residues in incurred tissue and milk samples coming from cattle medicated with DHS in combination with benzylpenicillin by intramuscular injection, in order to evaluate withdrawal times. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glow discharge electron impact ionization source for miniature mass spectrometers
Authors: Gao Liang , Song Qingyu , Noll Robert J. , Duncan Jason , Cooks R. Graham , Ouyang Zheng 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA glow discharge electron impact ionization (GDEI) source was developed for operation using air as the support gas. An alternative to the use of thermoemission from a resistively heated filament electron source for miniature mass spectrometers, the GDEI source is shown to have advantages of long lifetime under high‐pressure operation and low power consumption. The GDEI source was characterized using our laboratory's handheld mass spectrometer, the Mini 10. The effects of the discharge voltage and pressure were investigated. Design considerations are illustrated with calculations. Performance is demonstrated in a set of experimental tests. The results show that the low power requirements, mechanical ruggedness, and quality of the data produced using the small glow discharge ion source make it well‐suited for use with a portable handheld mass spectrometer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh
Authors: Khalil Mohammad I. , Rahman Muhammad S. , Schmidhalter Urs , Olfs Hans‐Werner 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA 90‐day laboratory incubation study was carried out using six contrasting subtropical soils (calcareous, peat, saline, noncalcareous, terrace, and acid sulfate) from Bangladesh. A control treatment without nitrogen (N) application was compared with treatments where urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied at a rate of 100 mg N (kg soil)–1. To study the effect of N fertilizers on soil carbon (C) turnover, the CO2‐C flux was determined at nine sampling dates during the incubation, and the total loss of soil carbon (TC) was calculated. Nitrogen turnover was characterized by measuring net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) and net nitrification (NN). Simple and stepwise multiple regressions were calculated between CO2‐C flux, TC, NNM, and NN on the one hand and selected soil properties (organic C, total N, C : N ratio, CEC, pH, clay and sand content) on the other hand. In general, CO2‐C fluxes were clearly higher during the first 2 weeks of the incubation compared to the later phases. Soils with high pH and/or indigenous C displayed the highest CO2‐C flux. However, soils having low C levels (i.e., calcareous and terrace soils) displayed a large relative TC loss (up to 22.3%) and the added N–induced TC loss from these soils reached a maximum of 10.6%. Loss of TC differed depending on the N treatments (urea > AS > AN >> control). Significantly higher NNM was found in the acidic soils (terrace and acid sulfate). On average, NNM after urea application was higher than for AS and AN (80.3 vs. 71.9 and 70.9 N (kg soil)–1, respectively). However, specific interactions between N‐fertilizer form and soil type have to be taken into consideration. High pH soils displayed larger NN (75.9–98.1 mg N (kg soil)–1) than low pH soils. Averaged over the six soils, NN after application of urea and AS (83.3 and 82.2 mg N (kg soil)–1, respectively) was significantly higher than after application of AN (60.6 mg N (kg soil)–1). Significant relationships were found between total CO2 flux and certain soil properties (organic C, total N, CEC, clay and sand content). The most important soil property for NNM as well as NN was soil pH, showing a correlation coefficient of –0.33** and 0.45***, respectively. The results indicate that application of urea to acidic soils and AS to high‐pH soils could be an effective measure to improve the availability of added N for crop uptake.
Long‐term fertilization impacts on corn yields and soil organic matter on a clay‐loam soil in Northeast China
Authors: Zhu Ping , Ren Jun , Wang Lichun , Zhang Xiaoping , Yang Xueming , MacTavish Don 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA long‐term fertilization experiment with monoculture corn (Zea mays L.) was established in 1980 on a clay‐loam soil (Black Soil in Chinese Soil Classification and Typic Halpudoll in USDA Soil Taxonomy) at Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, China. The experiment aimed to study the sustainability of grain‐corn production on this soil type with eight different nitrogen (N)‐, phosphorus (P)‐, and potassium (K)–mineral fertilizer combinations and three levels (0, 30, and 60 Mg ha–1 y–1) of farmyard manure (FYM). On average, FYM additions produced higher grain yields (7.78 and 8.03 Mg ha–1) compared to the FYM0 (no farmyard application) treatments (5.67 Mg ha–1). The application of N fertilizer (solely or in various combinations with P and K) in the FYM0 treatment resulted in substantial grain‐yield increases compared to the FYM0 control treatment (3.56 Mg ha–1). However, the use of NP or NK did not yield in any significant additional effect on the corn yield compared to the use of N alone. The treatments involving P, K, and PK fertilizers resulted in an average 24% increase in yield over the FYM0 control. Over all FYM treatments, the effect of fertilization on corn yield was NPK > NP = NK = N > PK = P > K = control. Farmyard‐manure additions for 25 y increased soil organic‐matter (SOM) content by 3.8 g kg–1 (13.6%) in the FYM1 treatments and by 7.8 g kg–1 (27.8%) in the FYM2 treatments, compared to a 3.2 g kg–1 decrease (11.4%) in the FYM0 treatments. Overall, the results suggest that mineral fertilizers can maintain high yields, but a combination of mineral fertilizers plus farmyard manure are needed to enhance soil organic‐matter levels in this soil type.
An integrated sampling/speciation method for inorganic arsenic in soil solution
Authors: Weigand Harald , Argut Ilona , Marb Clemens , Koch Christoph , Diemer Jürgen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractArsenic mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity in soil‐water systems are strongly affected by species distribution. In spite of species‐selective analytical tools, results may be biased by postsampling oxidation or reduction of compounds. The scope of this study was to delineate a speciation method for inorganic arsenic integrated with pore‐water sampling to prevent problems related to postsampling species transformation. Experiments were performed with exchange cartridges packed with quaternary amine (nitrate‐form) to separate anionic arsenate from uncharged arsenite. Standard solutions with varied As(III) : As(V) ratios as well as groundwater and soil‐solution samples were studied. Analyses were performed by ICP‐MS using either extraction cartridges directly coupled to the instrument or samples obtained by offline speciation tests. Results showed that As(III) passes the packed bed with the rinsing solution, while As(V) is retained on the column and can be released by elution with 0.25 M NH4NO3. Recoveries between 98% and 116% were insensitive to pH variation (pH 3–8) and competing anions. Groundwater samples from a contaminated site yielded recoveries between 92% and 125% when the sum of As(III) and As(V) was compared to total As. Integration of the speciation scheme with pore‐water sampling was tested in a soil‐column experiment. Soil material from a fen site with elevated geogenic As contents was subjected to a varying moisture regime. Reducing conditions during prolonged saturation caused a marked increase of As(III) concentrations. Conversely, when the soil was drained, total As levels decreased and were dominated by As(V). Overall, extraction results with standard solutions and natural samples indicate reliable performance of the method in experimental investigations and field studies.
Long‐term development of nitrogen fluxes in a coniferous ecosystem: Does soil freezing trigger nitrate leaching?
Authors: Callesen Ingeborg , Borken Werner , Kalbitz Karsten , Matzner Egbert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn many forest ecosystems chronically large atmospheric deposition of N has caused considerable losses of inorganic N by seepage. Freezing and thawing of soil may alter the N turnover in soils and thereby the interannual variation of N seepage fluxes, which in turn makes it difficult to evaluate the N status of forest ecosystems. Here, we analyzed long‐term monitoring data of concentrations and fluxes of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) in throughfall and seepage from a Norway spruce stand at the Fichtelgebirge (SE Germany) between 1993 and 2004. Despite constant or even slightly increasing N inputs in throughfall, N losses with seepage at 90 cm declined from 15–32 kg N ha–1 y–1 in the first years of the study period (1993–1999) to 3–10 kg N ha–1 y–1 in 2000 to 2004. The large N losses in the first years coincided with extreme soil frost in the winter of 1995/96, ranging from –3.3°C to –1.0°C at 35 cm soil depth. Over the entire observation period, maximum fluxes of nitrate and ammonium were observed in the mineral soil following thawing of the soil. The elevated ammonium and nitrate fluxes resulted apparently from increased net ammonification and nitrification rates in the mineral soil, whereas mineral‐N fluxes in the O horizon were less affected by frost. Our data suggest that (1) extreme soil frost may cause substantial annual variations of nitrate losses with seepage and that (2) the assessment of the N status of forest ecosystems requires long periods of monitoring. Time series of biogeochemical data collected over the last 20–30 y include years with extreme cold winters and warm summers as well as unusual precipitation patterns. Analysis of such long‐term monitoring data should address climate extremes as a cause of variation in N outputs via leaching. The mean loss of 14.7 kg N with seepage water during 12 y of observation suggests that the forest ecosystem was saturated with N.
Variations of soil phosphorus accumulation in Nanjing, China as affected by urban development
Authors: Yuan Da‐Gang , Zhang Gan‐Lin , Gong Zi‐Tong , Burghardt Wolfgang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHuman activities can affect the biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus substantially. However, the relationship between P accumulation and urban development process is largely unknown. This study investigated the influence of urban development on the P accumulation in urban and suburban soils, using Nanjing (China) as a case. Based on its urban development history, Nanjing was divided into suburban and urban area, and the urban area was subdivided into urban north and urban south. Soil total P (TP) and available P (AP) of 578 samples from 68 pedons at different locations were measured. Thickness‐weighted mean P content of each pedon (Pw), P content of the surface soil layer (Ps), the highest P content of each pedon (Ph), and the lowest P content (Pl) of each pedon were selected as statistical indices. Compared with the background value, urban and suburban soils were enriched in P. The highest TP content was up to 11.14 g P kg–1, and the highest AP content was up to 360 mg P kg–1. However, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons of Pw, Ps, Ph, Pl showed that urban south with longest residential history had the highest TPw, TPs TPh, and APw, APl contents, and urbanizing suburban had the lowest TPw and APw, APl contents. For both APs and APh, there was no significant difference between suburban and urban area. However, significant differences between urban south and urban north were observed. The results demonstrated that urban development process, including population quantity and level of urban infrastructure, could influence soil P accumulation and distribution in urban environment. A more detailed assessment is required to avoid the potential secondary eutrophication caused by excess P release from those anthropogenic high‐P soils.
Enzyme activities and litter decomposition in agricultural soils in northern, central, and southern Germany
Authors: Dilly Oliver , Munch Jean Charles , Pfeiffer Eva‐Maria 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough enzyme activities were extensively investigated in soils with reference to abiotic environmental conditions and human impact, their role in litter decomposition is not fully understood. Therefore, decomposition rates and enzyme activities were studied using nylon bags and three litter types buried in silty‐loamy Cambisols and Luvisols in northern, central, and southern Germany under similar averaged temperature and precipitation and a maritime to continental gradient. After 180 d, the ash‐free mass remaining ranged between 15% and 68% for the Triticum, Secale, and Lolium litter. The enzyme activities were mainly controlled by the litter type and the decomposition time and less but significant by site. The highest decomposition rate occurred at the central German site for Lolium litter associated with highest arginine ammonification and urease activity in litter. In contrast, the recalcitrant Secale and Triticum litter were decomposed more rapidly at the northern and southern site where urease, protease, and arginine ammonification was high in the bulk soil. The β‐glucosidase activity was similar in soil and litter at the three locations and was not correlated to the velocity of litter decomposition. Since the abiotic environmental factors at the maritime to continental gradient did not explain the site‐specific velocity of both rapidly decomposing and refractory litter, enzyme activities related to the N cycling like arginine ammonification and urease activity were recognized to velocity of litter decomposition.
Cadmium and zinc accumulation in willow and poplar species grown on polluted soils
Authors: Dos Santos Utmazian Maria N. , Wenzel Walter W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWoody plant species that produce high biomass have been proposed for use in phytoremediation technology. We investigated the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in Salix babylonica, S. caprea, S. dasyclados, S. matsudana × alba, S. purpurea, S. smithiana, Populus tremula, and P. nigra clones grown in a pot experiment on a Calcaric and a Eutric Cambisol (pH 7.2 and 6.4) of different levels of contamination (total metal concentrations in mg kg–1 in soil A: 32.7 Cd, 1760 Zn; soil B: 4.34 Cd, 220 Zn).Generally, the tested clones tolerated large metal concentrations in soils and had larger Cd and Zn concentrations in leaves compared to the roots. The largest Cd concentrations in leaves were found in two clones of S. smithiana (440 mg kg–1 on soil A; 70 mg kg–1 on soil B). One of the S. smithiana clones had also the largest Zn concentrations (870 mg kg–1) on soil B but accumulated slightly less Zn than a S. matsudana × alba clone (2430 mg kg–1) on soil A. The Cd concentrations in leaves of both S. smithiana clones on soil A are the largest ever reported for soil‐grown willows. The bioconcentration factors of the best performing clone reached 15.9 for Cd and 3.93 for Zn on the less contaminated soil B. Also based on the metal contents in leaves, this clone was identified as the most promising for phytoextraction.The metal concentrations in leaves observed in the pot experiment do not reflect those found in a previous hydroponic study and the leaf‐to‐root ratios are clearly underestimated in hydroponic conditions. This demonstrates the need for testing candidates for phytoextraction crops on soils rather than in hydroponics. Our data also show that the phytoextraction potential should be tested on different soils to avoid misleading conclusions.
Application of low‐phosphorus‐containing legume residues reduces extractable phosphorus in a tropical Ultisol
Authors: Somado Eklou A. , Kühne Ronald F. , Sahrawat Kanwar L. , Becker Mathias 
Published: April 2007

AbstractApplication of legume green manure (GM) is suggested to be effective in increasing the availability of native soil phosphorus (P) and the dissolution and utilization of phosphate rock (PR)‐P by food crops.Experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of extractable P (P extracted by Bray‐1‐extracting solution) of an Ultisol amended with or without GM residues of contrasting P concentrations in the absence of growing plants. In two separate experiments, GM residues of Aschynomene afraspera (a flood‐tolerant legume) and of Crotalaria micans (upland) with varying P concentrations were added to an acidic soil amended with PR‐P or triple superphosphate (TSP) in plastic bottles. Soil moisture was brought to field capacity of the soil in the upland experiment and saturated with distilled water in the lowland setup. This was done to simulate aerobic upland and anaerobic lowland soil conditions in the relevant plastic bottles. Only P concentration of the residues added varied, while lignin and C : N ratios were similar. A temperature of 25°C was maintained throughout the experiment.Changes in soil extractable Bray‐1‐P were measured at the end of the incubation period (60 or 80 d). In the aerobic soils, extractable P in the combined PR+GM or TSP+GM treatments was significantly lower than in the PR‐ or TSP‐ treated soils. The amendment with GM residues alone significantly increased Bray‐1‐P over the unamended control in the case of the inorganic P‐fertilized GM residues. The trend in extractable P was similar in the soils incubated under anaerobic conditions. However, in the case of PR, concentrations of P extracted by Bray‐1 solution did not significantly change in the presence or absence of GM.The results suggest that the incorporation of GM residues with low P concentration does not lead to a net P release in upland or lowland soils. These results have implications for nutrient cycling in farming systems in W Africa as most of the soils are poor and very low in available P.
Apoptosis and chemo‐resistance in colorectal cancer
Authors: Prabhudesai S.G. , Rekhraj S. , Roberts G. , Darzi A.W. , Ziprin P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSystemic chemotherapy plays an integral part in treating advanced colorectal cancer. However 50% of patients respond poorly or have disease progression due to resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. This article reviews the pathways that regulate apoptosis, apoptotic mechanisms through which chemotherapeutic agents mediate their effect and how deregulation of apoptotic proteins may contribute to chemo‐resistance. Also discussed are potential therapeutic strategies designed to target these proteins and thereby improve response rates to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:77–88. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.