bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVIEWS OF EXHIBITIONS
Authors: Haldane DUNCAN , Gent LUCY , Llewellyn NIGEL , Sumner ANN 
Published: August 2007

‘Suleyman the Magnificent’: British Museum, London, 18 February‐30 May 1988‘Mr. Cartwright's Pictures: A Seventeenth Century Collection’: Dulwich Picture Gallery, 25 November 1987‐28 February 1988‘Armada 1588–1988’: an exhibition at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, 20 April‐4 September 1988 and at the Ulster Museum, Botanic Gardens, Belfast, 12 October 1988‐8 January 1989 Organized by Stephen Deuchar; catalogue by M. J. Rodriguez‐Salgada et al. (Penguin Books) ISBN 0–14‐010301‐5.‘Parliament and the Glorious Revolution 1688–1988’: Banqueting House, London, 1 July‐1 October 1988 Accompanying leaflet by Neil Kirk, ‘Parliament and the Glorious Revolution 1688–1988’(HMSO) ISBN 0–1170‐1‐3919; list of exhibits by H. S. Cobb and D. J. Johnson published by House of Lords Records Office.
JRI, JF,and the Internet: Coauthors, New Authors, and Empirical Research
Authors: Butler Richard J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article examines how the Internet has changed the work of academic researchers and addresses the question of how expanded Internet usage has affected Journal of Risk and Insurance (JRI) and Journal of Finance (JF) articles, including the shift to empirical research, joint authorship, and new authorship. Internet availability significantly increased joint authorship overall (more for JF than for JRI), shifting upwards a strong secular trend toward working with other researchers. Another big impact of the Internet has been to increase the number of new authors (more for JRI than for JF).
Ultrasonic Evaluation of the Carotid Bifurcation
Authors: LANGLOIS YVES E. , ROEDERER GHISLAINE O. , STRANDNESS D. EUGENE 
Published: August 2007

SummaryNoninvasive tests for the detection of carotid occlusive disease have focused primarily on the indirect assessment of the internal carotid artery by the analysis of arterial pressure and flow. These tests can only detect the presence of flow‐reducing lesions and occlusions; they cannot differentiate between these two entities. Also, the assessment of bilateral disease is difficult using these techniques. The introduction of ultrasonic methods has widened the diagnostic capabilities of noninvasive testing. Analysis of the velocity waveform envelope using zero‐crossing detectors allows highly accurate identification of normal and severely diseased arteries. Used alone, however, this technique is limited in its ability to detect occlusions and provides no information on the energy content of the velocity spectrum. Furthermore, because it is often difficult to identify the sampling site with precision, the method does have limitations. The development of imaging techniques has helped to overcome this difficulty. While B‐mode scanning appears promising, reliance on the image alone may be misleading. By producing an acoustic shadow, calcification may in fact hide a lesion of interest. Also, the similar acoustic characteristics shared by soft plaques, thrombi, and blood make it difficult to identify accurately soft plaques and occlusions.The addition of Doppler devices to ultrasonic imaging techniques has provided instruments that produce an image of the artery from which the flow information is collected. Methods involving the combination of a pulsed Doppler unit and an imaging system are particularly useful in detecting flow from discrete points within the vessel and prevent errors associated with flow disturbances near the wall. Errors associated with these techniques are usually the result of misidentification of vessels and tend to decrease as the examiner gains experience. Although auditory interpretation of the Doppler signal has produced good results, the quantitative analysis of the spectra represents a considerable improvement in diagnostic accuracy. Correct vessel identification and more precise quantification of the degree of narrowing can be achieved with this technique. In a research setting, the duplex technique provides a useful means of assessing the natural history of carotid artery disease before and after endarterectomy. Further improvements, such as the computer‐based velocity waveform pattern recognition technique, have shown great potential in the objective evaluation of carotid disease. Although a great deal of work remains to be done, such techniques should provide us with a better understanding of and a more rational approach to the management of atherosclerotic disease at the carotid bifurcation.
Doppler Echocardiography in Pulmonary Stenosis
Authors: MURPHY DANIEL J. , LUDOMIRSKY ACHI , DANFORD DAVID A. , HUHTA JAMES C. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryDoppler ultrasound has dramatically improved the accuracy of noninvasive detection of pulmonary stenosis. Combined with careful two‐dimensional imaging, the site and severity of obstruction to pulmonary flow can be detected and quantified. Although there are some limitations to the technique, interpretive errors are avoidable with an understanding of the method and careful attention to detail during the performance of the examination. Doppler echocardiography has become a valuable adjunct to the nonsurgical treatment of valvular pulmonary stenosis and promises to provide more information for developing new management schemes in congenital heart disease.
Ultrasonic Duplex Scanning in the Evaluation of Arterial Grafts and Dilatations
Authors: BANDYK DENNIS F. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe progressive decline in patency of arterial bypasses and dilatations with time mandates a protocol of noninvasive testing for surveillance. The majority of patients requiring revision are asymptomatic and, therefore, screening with angiography is not warranted. With the development of the duplex scanner, a method is available that provides both anatomical and physiological information of arterial reconstructions. The technique permits a quantitative evaluation of the velocity waveform in arterial grafts and dilatations. Flow velocity in grafts can be calculated and used as a prognostic indicator of patency. A low graft flow velocity (peak systoloic velocity &< 45 cm/sec) indicates that graft patency is threatened and should prompt a complete evaluation. The ability to image the arterial system from the abdominal aorta to the tibial arteries permits precise localization of disease, detection of correctable graft lesions, and better selection of patients for arteriography. Approximately 5% of patent lower limb bypasses per year will be identified to have a hemodynamic abnormality that warrants correction. Duplex scanning is also ideally suited for the evaluation of transluminal angioplasty sites. Vessel patency and stenosis severity can be assessed based on the velocity spectra. Careful surveillance of arterial grafts and dilatations is rewarded by improved patency and the continued relief of limb ischemia.
Exercise Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: Wann L. Samuel , Sagar Kiran B. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryDoppler echocardiography is a promising technique for evaluating left ventricular performance during exercise. The method is inexpensive and relatively simple to perform and analyze. Studies of reasonable quality can be performed even at high workloads. Peak velocity of blood flow, acceleration, and stroke volume are parameters clearly related to the function of the left ventricle and can be used to show changes due to ischemia induced by exercise.A number of potential problems exist in applying Doppler echo to the assessment of left ventricular function. It is assumed that the interrogating beam of ultrasound is parallel to flow, and that the flow profile is relatively flat. Neither of these assumptions may be true, however, and the orientation of the ultrasound beam and flow could change during exercise. Problems exist in measuring aortic area. Deterioration of signal quality during exercise may make determination of the onset and termination of flow difficult, and outlining the flow velocity integral may be inaccurate. Despite these potential limitations, the method appears to work remarkably well. The ability to accurately detect changes in function as opposed to absolute function may be the best way to apply this method.Further work needs to be done to establish the precise determinates of ascending aortic blood flow and their relationship to preload, afterload, and contractility. Just as ejection fraction is not a pure indicator of left ventricular contractility, neither is aortic blood flow. In particular, afterload appears to have a major influence on blood flow velocity. Further study is clearly warranted to place the results of exercise Doppler measurements of ascending aortic blood flow into clinical perspective.
Evaluation of Coronary Artery Fistula by Color‐Flow Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: LUDOMIRSKY ACHI , DANFORD DAVID A. , GLASOW PATRICK F. , BLUMENSCHEIN SARAH D. , MURPHY DANIEL J. , HUHTA JAMES C. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAn asymptomatic newborn infant with a left coronary artery to right ventricular apex fistula was evaluated using color‐flow Doppler techniques. Color flow mapping during diastole showed a prominent turbulent flow signal that could be traced from the proximal left coronary artery, along the interventricular septum, to the right ventricular apex. Color flow Doppler is an important complement to two‐dimensional imaging for the identification and location of coronary artery fistulas.
Initial Clinical Experience with a Miniature Biplane Transesophageal Echocardiography Probe in Adults
Authors: HOPKINS WILLIAM E. , FEINBERG MICHA S. , BARZILAI BENICO 
Published: August 2007

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is now routinely used in cardiovascular medicine. With improved technology the size of TEE probes has increased. Recently there has been interest in using smaller probes for adult TEE. We used a miniature 32‐element, phased array biplane probe in 20 consecutive adults who underwent clinically indicated TEE evaluation. The miniature biplane probe was easily inserted without complication in all patients including one with thrombocytopenia and one with an esophageal stricture. Subjectively the probe was easier to insert and better tolerated by patients than standard adult TEE probes. High quality images of near‐, mid‐, and far‐field structures were obtained in a majority of patients. Color Doppler identified mitral regurgitation in 12 (60%) patients, tricuspid regurgitation in ten (50%) patients, and aortic insufficiency in five (25%) patients. The miniature biplane TEE probe used in this study enhanced patient comfort without significant loss of image quality.miniature biplane TEE probe
Mast cells in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques – a view to a kill
Authors: Lindstedt Ken A. , Mäyränpää Mikko I. , Kovanen Petri T. 
Published: August 2007

Mast cells – an introduction
Mast cell – a potent effector cell
Mast cells and atherosclerosis
Coronary mast cells in acute human myocardial infarction
Animal models of plaque erosion and rupture
Clinical approaches to stabilize mast cells in the atherosclerotic plaque
Conclusions

AbstractThe aim of the present review is to discuss the participation of mast cells in the pathogenesis of erosion and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, the major causes behind acute coronary syndromes and myocardial infarction. We present ex vivo observations describing mast cells and their activation in human atherosclerotic plaques and discuss in vitro and in vivo data showing that mast cells are potential regulators of inflammation, immunity and adverse remodeling, including matrix remodeling and cell death. Furthermore, we focus on studies that have been performed with human tissues and human mast cells, but when appropriate, we also discuss observations made in animal models. Finally, we present potential pharmacological means to modulate mast cell responses in the arterial vessel walls.
Zonula occludens‐1 and connexin 43 expression in the failing human heart
Authors: Kostin Sawa 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFocal disorganization of gap junctional distribution and down‐regulation of the major gap junctional protein connexin 43 are typical features of myocardial remodelling in the failing human heart. Increasing evidence indicates that connexin 43 interacts with zonula‐occludens‐1 (ZO‐1), and it has recently been shown that ZO‐1 promotes the formation and growth of gap junctional plaques. In the present study, distribution patterns of ZO‐1 and connexin 43 were studied in normal and in heart failure patients using double‐label immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. ZO‐1 was found to be co‐localized with connexin 43 at intercalated disks. Importantly, in patients with heart failure due to dilated or ischaemic cardimyopathy, areas of diminished connexin 43 expression were characterized by a markedly reduced ZO‐1 staining. Based on these data it is concluded that in patients with heart failure, down‐regulation of ZO‐1 matches the diminished expression levels of connexin 43, suggesting that ZO‐1 plays an important role in gap junction formation and gap junction plaque stability.
Endothelial stomatal and fenestral diaphragms in normal vessels and angiogenesis
Authors: Stan R.V. 
Published: August 2007

Introduction
Endothelial phenotypes—morphology
Structure of endothelial stomatal and fenestral diaphragms in normal endothelium
Structures present in the endothelium in neovascularization
Components of the stomatal and fenestral diaphragms
Working model of pv1 integration in the structure of the diaphragms
PV1 and the endothelial diaphragms in ontogeny
Regulation of endothelial specific structures
Function of endothelial diaphragms in normal vessels and angiogenesis
Conclusions

AbstractVascular endothelium lines the entire cardiovascular system where performs a series of vital functions including the control of microvascular permeability, coagulation inflammation, vascular tone as well as the formation of new vessels via vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in normal and disease states. Normal endothelium consists of heterogeneous populations of cells differentiated according to the vascular bed and segment of the vascular tree where they occur. One of the cardinal features is the expression of specific subcellular structures such as plas‐malemmal vesicles or caveolae, transendothelial channels, vesiculo‐vacuolar organelles, endothelial pockets and fenestrae, whose presence define several endothelial morphological types. A less explored observation is the differential expression of such structures in diverse settings of angiogenesis. This review will focus on the latest developments on the components, structure and function of these specific endothelial structures in normal endothelium as well as in diverse settings of angiogenesis.
FORMATION OF CRYSTALS IN THE SPINAL FLUID
Authors: HENRIKSEN ZWINER 
Published: August 2007

RésuméThe formation of crystals by the dehydration of the spinal fluid is in close correlation with its chemical composition which, in the normal spinal fluid, is very constant; seen in comparison with the electrolytes its content of organic ingredients is poor. Very favourable conditions are accordingly present for the formation of crystals by dehydration of the fluid, and it was therefore to be expected that the crystals found would give pictures of diagnostic value.If the solution of electrolytes is mixed with pathologic colloid substances, the crystal aggregates become very complicated.
A RATING SCALE FOR EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SIDE EFFECTS
Authors: SIMPSON G. M. , B. M. , B. GH. , ANGUS J. W. S. , P. F. R. C. , M. D. P. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYA modification of an earlier rating scale for extrapyramidal system disturbance is described, and evidence for the validity and reliability of the scale is presented. The usefulness of the scale in studies of neuroleptic drugs is discussed. By its application it is possible to quantify extrapyramidal side effects and to separate them into four principal factors.
BOOKS
Authors: Nimb Mogens , Bonde G. J. , Schiødt E. , Poulsen Henning , Reske‐Nielsen Edith 
Published: August 2007

WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: Eighteenth Report. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 1970 Measurements of man at work. An appraisal of physiological and psychological criteria in man‐machine systems. Proceedings of a symposium held in Amsterdam in 1969. Edited by Singleton Pletscher, A., & A. Marino (eds.): Psychotropic Drugs in Internal Medicine. The Theoretic, Experimental and Clinical Bases for a Rational Application of Psychopharmacotherapy in Internal Diseases. International Congress Series Schwarz, B., K. Weise & A. Thom: Sozialpsychiatrie in der sozialistischen Gesellschaft. W. J. C. Verhaart: Studies in Neuro‐Anatomy No. 8: Comparative Anatomical Aspects of the Mammalian Brain Stem and the Cord.
DEAFNESS AND MENTAL HEALTH: PSYCHIATRIC AND PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESS IN THE DEAF
Authors: Mahapatra S. B. 
Published: August 2007

The prevalence of psychiatric and psychosomatic diseases amongst patients who had become deaf in adolescence or in adult life due to otosclerosis was studied. This was to test the hypothesis that the deaf would be more susceptible to suffer from psychiatric disorders than control subjects. Assessment of 49 deaf patients who had a bilateral hearing loss of 40 dB or more and 40 control subjects who had a unilateral hearing loss of 40 dB or more by the Cornell Index N2 Questionnaire and psychiatric interview showed psychiatric illness to be significantly more common in the deaf than in the control subjects. Amongst the deaf patients, depressive illness was found to be the predominant type of psychiatric illness. There was, however, no significant difference in the prevalence of psychosomatic disorders between the two groups.The relationship of psychiatric illness in the deaf and such factors as positive psychiatric family history, the severity of deafness, living alone, duration of deafness were investigated. On the basis of the findings of this study, the significance of deafness as a psychological precipitant is discussed.
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN THE NEUROTIC ILLNESS
Authors: Sund A. 
Published: August 2007

A total of 103 young men in compulsory military service, diagnosed and treated for neurotic illness, were studied on the basis of medical and social background data, follow‐up and personal re‐examination to investigate prognostic factors in neurotic illness. Functional capacity was used as a criterion of neurotic illness. Functional capacity was used as a criterion of neurotic disability, and 55% of the patients had no ‘Funtional failure' during the average observation period of 10.7 years.Factors having a positive prognostic significance were: no psychiatric disorders in the immediate family, a good emotional environment in childhood, neither very strict nor unstructured upbringing, ability for social adjustment during adolescence, a harmonious marriage during the observation period and fitness for military service at follow‐up. Factors indicating high level of education and high social class did not effect long‐term prognosis, nor did mental capacity.Good social adjustment in adolescence has a positive effect on later functional capacity, and might be a more reliable prognostic evaluator than ordinary clinical personality assessment. A harmonious marriage provides a sense of specific security essential to the neurotic's capacity to function adequately in society. The ability to adjust to military service in spite of neurotic disorders has a high degree of correlation to a good civilian prognosis. The fact that education and social class did not affect prognosis might be an indication that factors traditionally regarded as predisposing to psychiatric illness are becoming less significant.
ON ARSON COMMITTED BY SCHIZOPHRENICS
Authors: Virkkunen M. 
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this investigation was primarily to clarify motives for arson. The statements of the mental examination of 30 schizophrenics who had committed arson plus 30 other arsonists for controls were examined.Expressions of hate were equally often the principle motive in both groups or in about half of the cases. Other expressions of hate associated with arson itself, and previous aggressiveness toward the victim were equally common. For the controls, however, expressions of hate were more often directed against family, relations and acquaintances, whereas for the schizophrenics they were directed against outsiders or the community as a whole. This difference approached statistical significance (P<.05). The arsons were sometimes associated with drunkenness, which triggered off aggressiveness more often in the controls than in the schizophrenics. This difference was statistically especially significant (P<.001).Hallucinations and delusions were principal motives in 30% of the schizophrenics statistically significantly more than in the controls (P<.01). Motives of hate were combined on top of psychotic motives in some cases. The objects for arson chosen by the schizophrenics were often places where nobody lived even temporarily, and thus harmless in this respect. For the controls, the objects were more often residential houses. This difference was statistically significant (P<.01) and could be considered to reflect either a desire to see fire only and/or an impulsive action in a psychotic state on the part of the schizophrenics. The attainment of sexual pleasure from watching the fire was not the essential factor except in a few cases. Contrary to the controls, there were no cases whatsoever of insurance fraud as motive for arson among the schizophrenics.
THE EFFECT OF LITHIUM CARBONATE IN COMBINATION WITH TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN ENDOGENOUS DEPRESSION: A double‐blind, multicenter trial
Authors: Lingjærde O. , Edlund A. H. , Gormsen C. A. , Gottfries C. G. , Haugstad A. , Hermann I. L. , Hollnagel P. , Mäkimattila A. , Rasmussen K. E. , Remvig J. , Robak O. H. 
Published: August 2007

Forty‐five endogenously depressed patients in nine different hospitals were given, randomly, tricyclic antidepressants plus placebo, or tricyclic antidepressants plus lithium carbonate, for a minimum of 4 weeks. At the hospital with the largest single material, the six patients in the lithium group showed significantly greater improvement after 1 and 4 weeks than the seven patients in the placebo group. At the other hospitals, a total of 14 patients received lithium and 18 placebo, with no significant difference in outcome. However, the heterogeneity of this part of the material might easily have obscured any real difference in treatment outcome. Treatment response in the total material did not correlate significantly with diagnosis (e.g., whether unipolar or bipolar affective illness), age or sex. No significant side effects were reported.It is concluded that lithium does not antagonize, but rather seems to enhance the therapeutic effect of tricyclic antidepressants. Therefore, when an endogenously depressed patient is considered suited for longterm prophylactic lithium medication, such medication ought to be started while the patient is still depressed and under treatment with anti‐depressant drugs.