bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obstruction of the small intestine by a trichobezoar in cattle: 15 cases (1992–2002)
Authors: Abutarbush Sameeh M. , Naylor Jonathan M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine historical and clinical findings, treatment, and outcome for cattle with small intestinal obstruction caused by a trichobezoar.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—15 cattle.
Procedures—Medical records of cattle with a diagnosis of small intestinal obstruction by a trichobezoar from 1992 to 2002 were reviewed. Information pertaining to various aspects of diagnosis, treatment, and outcome was collected from records.
Results—Trichobezoars were more common in young cattle, and affected cattle did not deteriorate clinically as rapidly as cattle with other types of intestinal obstruction. The most common initial owner complaints included decreased or absent fecal output, inappetance, abdominal distension, and signs of abdominal pain. Common clinical findings were dehydration, decreased or absent rumen motility, signs of depression, splashing sounds during succussion of the abdomen, and a pinging sound on percussion of the abdomen. The jejunum was obstructed in 10 cattle. Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis and chronic inflammation were common laboratory findings. All 4 cattle that underwent abdominocentesis had peritonitis. The obstructing trichobezoar was removed surgically in 9 cattle, of which 7 survived and 2 died. The 6 cattle treated medically died or were euthanized.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Obstruction of the small intestine by a trichobezoar is uncommon, but it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cattle with signs of intestinal obstruction, particularly if they are younger than 4 years of age and have a history of nonacute signs of intestinal obstruction. Surgical removal appears to be a favorable method of treatment and should be considered when this condition is suspected.
Fabrication of nanostructure via self-assembly of nanowires within the AAO template
Authors: Wang Zhen , Brust Mathias 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The novel nanostructures are fabricated by the spatial chemical modification of nanowires within the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. To make the nanowires better dispersion in the aqueous solution, the copper is first deposited to fill the dendrite structure at the bottom of template. During the process of self-assembly, the dithiol compound was used as the connector between the nanowires and nanoparticles by a self-assembly method. The nanostructures of the nano cigars and structure which is containing particles junction are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These kinds of novel nanostructure will be the building blocks for nanoelectronic and nanophotonic devices.
5‐Hydroxy fatty acid amides from δ‐lactones and alkyl glucamines
Authors: Frykman Hans B. , Isbell Terry , Cermak Steven C. 
Published: November 2006

Abstractδ‐Lactones derived from unsaturated fatty acids are useful precursors to fatty amides due to their enhanced reactivity. Consequently, temperature‐sensitive glucamines were easily converted to their 5‐hydroxy fatty acid amides in high yield (52–97%) by reaction with C18 and C20 δ‐lactones. High yields of amides (52–97%) were obtained with little or no solvent at 90°C in less than 24 h. C18 δ‐lactones were more miscible in the glucamine than the C20 δ‐lactones and thus increased reaction rates and yields of amides. In addition, amidation reactions run in the absence of catalyst gave good yields, whereas reactions in the presence of base catalysts completely inhibited the reaction. The 1‐(N‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxy fatty acid amido)‐d‐glucitols are expected to have useful properties as biodegradable components in detergents.
Combined monte carlo/thermodynamic model of formation of microporous aggregate structure like silica from quaternary ammonium silicate solutions
Authors: Romm Freddy , Karchevsky Valeria , Figovsky Oleg 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuaternary ammonium silicate is a surfactant with very high content of silica that allows its use for preparation of protective coatings. The problem of silica aggregation from quaternary ammonium solution in limited volume is the focus of this paper. The system is described by a model based on a Monte Carbo approach with thermodynamic limitations. Thermodynamic characteristics are estimated by statistical polymer method. The model is employed for estimation of such properties as monomer concentration and tortuosity. The results of computer simulation are used for forecasting properties of coatings and for practical preparation of samples coated with quaternary ammonium silicate‐based composition.
Hydrophobic hydration of cationic mixed micelles by alkoxyethanols in aqueous media
Authors: Singh Bakshi Mandeep , Doe Hidekazu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe conductances of hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HPyCl) + tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) mixtures over the entire mole fraction range of HPyCl (αHPyCl) were measured in aqueous binary mixtures of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether containing 10 to 30 wt% additive in their respective binary mixtures at 30°C. Each conductivity curve showed a single break over the whole mole fraction range of HPyCl + TTAB mixtures. From the break in the conductivity curve, various micellar parameters were calculated and the results were discussed on the basis of alkoxyethanol's hydrophobic hydration of the mixed micelle. The micellar parameters of HPyCl, TTAB, and of their mixtures showed a strong dependence both on the amount and on the number of repeating units of ethylene and diethylene glycol derivatives. The hydrophobic hydration was considerably higher in the case of diethylene glycol derivatives owing to the presence of an extra ether oxygen. An evaluation of the non‐ideality in the HPyCl + TTAB mixtures in the presence of additives revealed that alkoxyethanols reduce the unlike surfactant monomer interactions in order to form the mixed micelles in comparison to those in pure water. It has also been observed that such interactions systematically decrease with an increase in the number of repeating units from monomethyl ether to monobutyl ether, both in the case of ethylene and diethylene glycol derivatives.
Analysis of surfactants: Part II
Authors: Morelli John J. , Szajer Gerald 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe present a comprehensive review of the literature devoted to the analysis of surfactants. The period covered is 1995 through 1998. We address patents, reviews, books, journal articles, and any conference proceedings abstracted by Chemical Abstract Services. We consider classical, instrumental, and state‐of‐the‐art analytical applications, including those not in common practice but in a developmental stage. We also include analytical techniques that make use of surfactants for improved performance, although such treatment is not comprehensive. Literature from foreign language sources is covered as completely as practical.
High‐performance poly(butylene oxide)/poly (ethylene oxide) block copolymer surfactants for the preparation of water‐in‐oil high internal phase emulsions
Authors: Mork Steven W. , Rose Gene D. , Green D. Patrick 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh‐performance surfactants have been developed for the preparation of water‐in‐oil high internal phase emulsions (HIPE), particularly for the preparation of polymerized HIPE foams. High‐efficiency surfactants with poly(butylene oxide)/poly(ethylene oxide) (BO/EO) block copolymer backbones have been developed that can stabilize an HIPE through polymerization at concentrations as low as 0.006 wt% based on total emulsion weight. Polymerizable versions have been developed that bind into the polymeric foam backbone. BO/EO block copolymer surfactants also allow preparation of polymerized HIPE foams without salt in the aqueous phase. HIPE with the BO/EO surfactants have been prepared at room temperature and polymerized at temperatures exceeding 90°C. By minimizing the required amount of surfactant, allowing the surfactant to react during HIPE polymerizations, eliminating the need for salt, and stabilizing over a broad range of temperatures, BO/EO block copolymer surfactants have demonstrated their place as high‐performance HIPE surfactants.
A perspective on the contribution of surfactants and lipids toward “Green Chemistry”: Present states and future potential
Authors: Urata Kouichi , Takaishi Naotake 
Published: November 2006

Abstract“Green Chemistry” has become a subject of increasing interest in recent years. The goal of efforts in this area is to develop environmentally friendly methods and processes to replace traditional reactions that use organic solvents, consume much energy, and generate undesirable by‐products and/or waste. Utilization of renewable resources is an important component of Green Chemistry. Fats and oils represent one such resource. They can give rise to many types of surfactants and lipids that can modify properties of boundary phases between different phases. Thus, phase‐transfer catalysts (PTC) based on surfactants or lipids have been reported to be useful in reactions such as oxidation and hydration reactions and in glycidyl ether formation. Another approach to satisfying Green Chemistry requirements is the recovery and recycling of reactants and/or substrates used. In the preparation of alkyl glyceryl ethers, the intermediate 1,3‐dioxolane compounds prepared by addition of acetone to alkyl glycidyl ethers can be hydrolyzed to regenerate reusable acetone. Other examples of methodologies based on surfactants or lipids are summarized, and their potential contribution to Green Chemistry is discussed.
Contact angle of surfactant solutions on precipitated surfactant surfaces
Authors: Luangpirom Natthakeeraya , Dechabumphen Nimit , Saiwan Chintana , Scamehorn John F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study, the contact angle of a saturated aqueous surfactant solution onto the surface of a precipitate of that surfactant is investigated. Those precipitates include fatty acids (C10, C12, C14, C16, and C18), sodium salts of fatty acids (C14, C16, and C18), calcium salts of fatty acids (C8, C10, C12, C14, C16, and C18). On virgin surfaces, free fatty acids and calcium salts of fatty acids have advancing contact angles (θA) between 77 and 92°, with little dependence on alkyl chain length for C12 and higher alkyl chains. The sodium salt of a fatty acid has a lower θA than the free fatty or the calcium salt of the soap. The calcium salt of dodecyl sulfate has a lower θA than the calcium salt of dodecanoic acid (θA = 46 vs. 82°), but the calcium salt of the 18‐carbon hydrophobes showed nearly the same contact angle for the soap and the alkyl sulfate. Greasiness, or slipperyness, or a scummy feel of a precipitated surfactant does not necessarily correspond to a hydrophobic surface.
Synthesis and surfactant properties of a new “extended” glucidoamphiphile made from D‐glucose
Authors: Scorzza C. , Godé P. , Martin P. , Miñana‐Pérez M. , Salager J. L. , Villa P. , Goethals G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe prepared a new nonionic surfactant, 8, in which the n‐dodecyl chain is attached at the C‐3 carbon of the D‐glucose‐based glucopyranose moiety by the linkage Z=−O‐(α‐PP‐O)n with −O‐(α‐PP‐O)n being a commercial poly‐(α‐propyloxy) oligomeric mixture (with average ñ=6). This amphiphilic behavior study showed that, when compared to the reference compound 3‐O‐dodecyl‐D‐glucopyranose (Z=O), compound 8 exhibits (i) a water solubility that is 100‐fold higher, (ii) a hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance value increase from 8.5 to 12.6 units, and (iii) a slighly lower critical micelle concentration.
An alternative synthesis and mobile phase ion chromatography of alkanedisulfates
Authors: Cormier James F. , Dower Andrea , Boucher Sheryl , Blair Shamus , Marangoni D. Gerrard , Smith‐Palmer Truis 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPreparation of alkane disulfates using chlorosulfonic acid results in a crude product containing significant amounts of chloride, sulfate, and hydroxyalkanesulfates. This paper describes an alternative synthesis using trimethylamine:sulfur dioxide complex in anhydrous pyridine. Workup with sodium hydroxide and washing in acetone results in a crude product with less than 1% inorganic impurity and ∼0–3% hydroxyalkanesulfate. Recrystallization from acetone reduces the inorganic impurity to less than 0.1%. Alkanedisulfates can be separated from the corresponding hydroxyalkanesulfates, chloride, and sulfate using mobile phase ion chromatography with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) as the ion‐pairing agent and acetonitrile as the organic modifier. With the crude octanedisulfate and decanedisulfate product mixes, the alkanedisulfate is retained more strongly by the ion‐pairing effect; but with the tetradecane species, hydrophobic interaction dominates and the tetradecanedisulfate elutes before the hydroxytetradecanesulfate. The choice of acetonitrile gradient and TBAOH is particularly important for the separation of the dodecane derivatives because the opposing effects of polarity (hydrophobic effect) and electrostatic interaction with TBAOH are of similar strength.
Mixed monolayer and mixed micelle formation in binary mixture of surfactants—Systems for trioxyethylenated dodecyl sulfonate and some polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohol ether nonionic surfactants
Authors: Wang Zhong‐Ni , Li Gan‐Zuo , Mu Jian‐Hai , Zhang Wen‐Xia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe interaction and synergism of some polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohol ether (POE) nonionic surfactants (C12E2, C12E3, C10E5, C10E7, where Cx indicates number of carbon atoms in the chain and Ey indicates number of oxyethylene glycol ethers) with trioxyethylenated dodecyl sulfonate (C12E3S) in mixed monolayer formation at the surface and in mixed micelle formation in aqueous solutions were studied at 25 and 40°C by calculating interaction parameters (βα, βM) from surface tension‐concentration data by use of Rosen's equations based on the nonideal solution theory. All the systems investigated adapt reasonably well to the nonideal model, with negative values of βσ and βM (where M means micelle and σ refers to the air‐liquid interface) indicating a favorable interaction between the mixed surfactants. Either at a monolayer or in a mixed micelle, the attractive interaction becomes stronger when the alkyl chain in the POE surfactant is longer, i.e., when the POE becomes more hydrophobic. The interaction increases in the order C10E7<C10E5<C12E3, C12E2. For the two C10En (n= 5,7)/C12E3S systems, as temperature increases from 25 to 40°C, the interaction increases in a mixed micelle, but it decreases in a mixed monolayer. Synergism in mixed micelle formation exists for C12E3S/C10En mixtures when X1M, the mole fraction of POE in a mixed micelle, is ≈0.4–0.8, whereas synergism does not occur in the systems of C12E3S/C12Em due to the large difference between CMC1 and CMC2, i.e., large |In(C1M/C2M)| value (where CMC=critical micelle concentration). The degree of synergism in mixed micelle formation is temperature independent and is 0.23, 0.18, and close to zero for C10E5/C12E3S, C10E7/C12E3S, and C12Em(m=2,3)/C12E3S systems, respectively. Synergism in surface tension reduction effectiveness occurs in C12E3S/C12E2 and C12E3S/C12E3 systems. The mole fractions of POE in the solution phase are 0.302 and 0.333 for the two mixtures at the point of maximum synergism.
Self‐assembly of compounds based on a glycerin skeleton as C‐3 building block. Part II
Authors: Urata Kouichi , Takaishi Naotake 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPart I reviewed the properties of alkyl glyceryl ethers and their derivatives in forming self‐assemblies such as liquid crystals. Part II covers strategies for the synthesis of several types of artificial ether lipids with a glycerin backbone, such as dicephalic surfactants, gemini surfactants, calamitic bola‐amphiphiles, dendrimers, and membrane components of archaebacteria, which have been reported to constitute unique self‐assemblies useful as materials for future nanochemistry.
Synthesis and study of the surface properties of long‐chain alkylnaphthalene sulfonates
Authors: Tan Xiaoli , Zhang Lu , Zhao Sui , Yu Jiayong , An Jingyi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLong‐chain alkylnaphthalene sulfonates were synthesized by means of a Wurtz‐Fittig reaction, and the basic properties were studied in water at 30°C. Through surface tension measurements, the following values were determined: the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the surface tension at the CMC (γCMC). The following values were calculated: area per molecule at the CMC (ACMC), standard free energy change of micellization (ΔGmico), standard free energy of adsorption (ΔGado), and the “efficiency” of a surfactant in reducing surface tension (pC20). The micelle aggregation numbers were measured through steady‐state fluorescence‐quenching methods. As the chain length of the hydrocarbon of n‐alkylnaphthalene sulfonate increased, the Krafft temperature increased, the surface tension decreased, the value of CMC decreased, pC20 increased, ΔGado and ΔGmico became more negative, and the micelle aggregation number increased. The results showed that sodium α‐(n‐decyl)naphthalene sulfonate (DNS) had a high pC20, low Krafft temperature, and lower CMC than other surfactants in this study. Thus, DNS and the other n‐alkylnaphthalene surfactants studied exhibit desirable properties that may be of value in some fields such as detergency, oil recovery, and dyes.
Characterization of alcohol ethoxylates as alcohol ethoxy sulfate derivatives by liquid chromatography‐Mass spectrometry
Authors: Cassani Giorgio , Pratesi Claudio , Faccetti Lorella , Pravettoni Stefano , Nucci Giancarlo , Andriollo Nunzio , Valtorta Luigi , Matheson Lee 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe characterization of alcohol ethoxylates (AE) to determine ethylene oxide (EO) adduct distribution has been studied in our laboratory for many years by using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). This paper describes the LC‐MS approach being used to analyze both nonderivatized and derivatized AE. We conclude that the best way to determine EO adduct distribution is by first converting the AE to alcohol ethoxy sulfates (AES) and then by using LC‐MS with electrospray ionization in the negative ion mode. A convenient laboratory technique for converting small‐scale samples of AE to AES has been discovered and is reported herein. Several examples of EO adduct distribution determined by this method are presented for both linear and isomeric AE samples.
Synthesis and evaluation of new amphiphilic polyethylene glycol‐based triblock copolymer surfactants
Authors: Mohamed M. Z. , Ismail D. A. , Mohamed A. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe report in this investigation the synthesis of a new series of amphiphilic ABA‐triblock copolymers consisting of double‐chain hydrophobic moieties (A) of different chain lengths attached to each end of polyethylene glycols of different molecular weights (B). The identities of the prepared compounds were confirmed by elemental and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The prepared compounds showed good water solubility. Some of their surface properties, such as the critical micelle concentration, effectiveness of water surface tension reduction, surface excess concentration, standard free energies of adsorption and micellization, and surface area per molecule, were determined.
Monitoring the linear alkylbenzene sulfonation process using high‐temperature gas chromatography
Authors: Molever K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractControlling the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) sulfonation process is a critical part of the LAS manufacturing process; this process can be monitored by assaying for LAS content, unsulfonated linear alkylbenzene (LAB), and LAB sulfones. Traditionally, assaying the LAB and LAB sulfone contents has been time consuming and not straightforward. A simple and rapid procedure is described for the isolation and simultaneous capillary gas chromatographic (GC) quantification of LAB and LAB sulfones in LAS. The procedure involves extraction of the unsulfonated LAB and the LAB sulfones into n‐heptane; sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate or linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid (reacted to form sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate) remains in the aqueous extraction solvent layer. High‐temperature capillary GC using a specialty metal capillary column enables both LAB and high molecular weight LAB sulfones to be quantified.
Phase behavior of fatty acid/oil/water systems: Effect of the alkyl length chain acid
Authors: Bravo B. , Márquez N. , Ysambertt F. , Chávez G. , Cáceres A. , Bauza R. , Graciaa A. , Lachaise J. , Salager J. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phase behavior of different fatty acids (FA) in pseudo‐ternary mixtures [(water)/(FA) + (alcohol)/(oil)] was studied. The Winsor I‐III‐II transitions of ionized compounds were attained by varying the FA composition through the formulation scan. The middle‐phase volume, the pH of the optimum system, and the partition coefficient increased with the chain length of FA. Conversely, the acid partition coefficient allows calculation of the Gibbs free energy of transfer of a CH2 group from oil to water, which is found to be +0.87 J/mol.
Quick identification of polyterephthalate in laundry detergents by simultaneous pyrolysis methylation‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Uchiyama Toshihiko , Kawauchi Akihiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis report summarizes method development for the identification of polyterephthalates using simultaneous pyrolysis methylation‐gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Ground detergent products are directly pyrolyzed together with the methylation reagent tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Key fragments separated via gas chromatography are detected by a mass selective detector. Trace levels of polyterephthalates in laundry detergent products were identified within 20 min without interference from surfactants or other organics. Detection limit was 0.05% by weight in product.
Hydrotropic properties of some short‐chain alkylbenzene‐ and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates
Authors: Burns Robert L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlkylbenzene sulfonates based on toluene, xylene and cumene, and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates act as hydrotropes in surfactant systems. One measure of hydrotropicity is the amount of hydrotrope required to clear a cloudy detergent formulation; some hydrotropes are more effective than others, depending on the surfactant formulation. Another measure is the modification of the viscosity of surfactant formulations; the change in the viscosity depends on the amount and type of hydrotrope used and on the specific formulation involved. Additionally, alkylnaphthalene sulfonate hydrotropes change the solubility of nonionic surfactants in water, and both types of hydrotrope raise the cloud point of nonionic surfactant solutions; however, the naphthalene‐based hydrotropes are more efficient. Ross‐Miles foam test data are used to compare the foam characteristics of different alkylnaphthalene sulfonates. A critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined for the alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, but although alkylbenzene sulfonates do show some surface activity, a CMC could not be found for these materials.