bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution towards the glyceride structure of kamala seed oil
Authors: Rajiah A. , Subbaram M. R. , Achaya K. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractKamala (Mallotus philippinensis) oil was crystallized using acetone at temperatures progressively lowered from ambient to −15C. The five fractions thus obtained were subjected to intensive analysis using a variety of methods. These included thin layer chromatography before and after hydrogenation, cryoscopic mean molecular wt determination, fatty acid analysis by ultraviolet absorption and by gas liquid chromatography of the hydrogenated silylated esters, determination of total unsaturation using the Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn reagent, hydroxyl value determination, nuclear magnetic resonance, lipase hydrolysis, ester number determination both as ferric hydroxamate complexes and infrared absorption, and glycerol determination by silylation followed by gas liquid chromatography. The evidence is consistent with the presence in kamala seed oil of polyacid glycerides carrying from 3 to 8 fatty acids.
Brain free fatty acid levels in rats sacrificed by decapitation versus focused microwave irradiation
Authors: Cenedella R. J. , Galli C. , Paoletti R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractValues are presented for whole brain free fatty acid levels of rats sacrificed by decapitation vs focused microwave irradiation. Free fatty acids were quantitated by specific colorimetric analysis. Within ca. 1 min of sacrifice by either decapitation or microwave, rat whole brain free fatty acid concentrations ranged from ca. 80–100 μg/g fresh tissue. If the brain remained in the head for a total of 5 min after decapitation, free fatty acid levels increased by over 100%. The free fatty acids at this time were enriched with arachidonic acid. The increase in free fatty acid levels following decapitation was completely absent in rats sacrificed by the microwave irradiation. This microwave technique could be a valuable tool in determining free fatty acid and other heat stable compounds in brain tissue.
Stability of prostaglandin E compounds in solution
Authors: Srivastava K. C. , Clausen J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the present paper the stability of prostaglandins E1, E2, and E3has been studied in two types of solvents: (a) solvents in which they can be used in clinical trials and (b) solvents which are commonly used for their isolation from biological systems. The solvents used in the first type were ethanol, saline, and water while those in the second type were chloroform and ethylacetate. In addition to this the effect of light on stability of these prostaglandins in chloroform also has been studied.
An overview of the biochemical pharmacology of probucol
Authors: Barnhart J. W. , Rytter D. J. , Molello J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProbucol was effective in lowering serum total cholesterol in mice at dietary levels as low as 0.0075%. It was also effective after a single 100 mg/kg I.V. dose in mice. The incorporation of acetate‐14C into liver lipids of rats and mice was not significantly affected by probucol, although the results, especially in mice, make it impossible to rule out such an effect. Cholesterol absorption was estimated in rats using a dual isotope technique. The observed reductions were not statistically significant. Several liver enzyme activities were determined after probucol treatment in rats, and a significant elevation (32%) was observed in only one, glutamic dehydrogenase. Serum cholesterol was lowered markedly in cholesterol‐fed cynomolgus monkeys by probucol. There was no effect on the excretion of neutral steroids and the observed increase in fecal bile acids after drug treatment could not be confirmed statistically.
Diet and cholesteremia
Authors: Kritchevsky David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe statistical correlation between elevated serum cholesterol levels and increased risk of coronary heart disease has channeled thinking towards regarding dietary fat and cholesterol as the principal causes of hypercholesteremia. Since 1909 there have been a number of changes in nutrient availability in the United States. Protein availability is unchanged but the ratio of animal to vegetable protein rose from 1.06 in 1909 to 2.37 in 1972. Fat availability has risen by 26% with the ratio of animal to vegetable fat falling from 4.88 in 1909 to 1.64 in 1972. A review of available data indicates that amount and type of protein may affect cholesteremia and atherosclerosis in experimental animals. Soy protein is less cholesteremic than casein but the extent of difference can be affected by the type of carbohydrate. In a semi‐purified, cholesterol‐free diet, saturated fat exerts an atherogenic effect but unsaturated fat does not. No atherogenicity is evident when saturated fat is added to laboratory ration. In the semipurified diet, fructose is more atherogenic than glucose, and casein is more atherogenic the soy protein. The latter difference can be virtually eliminated if alfalfa raplaces cellulose as the ditary fiber. The data suggest that all elements of the diet interact and can affect cholesteremia and atherosclerosis. These effects must be considered in the planning of dietary intervention trials.
Radical scavenging reactions of α‐tocopherol II. The reaction with some alkyl radicals
Authors: Urano Shiro , Yamanoi Shinju , Hattori Yuji , Matsuo Mitsuyoshi 
Published: November 2006

Abstractα‐Tocopherol was reacted with some alkyl radicals (ethyl, n‐propyl, iso‐propyl, n‐butyl, and sec‐butyl radical) to study its radical scavenging reactivity. The two types of products (alkyl ethers of α‐tocopherol and cyclohexadienones) were obtained on treatment of each radical. These structures were determined by the spectral analysis. It was observed that α‐tocopherol is very sensitive to the alkyl racidals and that the yields of the cyclohexadienones are decreased and that of the alkyl ethers are not much varied with an increase of carbon numbers of the alkyl radicals.
1‐Docosanol and other long chain primary alcohols in developing rat brain
Authors: Natarajan V. , Schmid H. O. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLong chain alcohols were detected in developing rat brain at ages ranging from 5 to 40 days. They were at their highest level of 0.0109% of the total lipids at the age of 10 days and decreased to 0.0036% at the age of 40 days. They consisted mainly of hexadecanol, octadecanol, octadecenol, eicosanol, docosanol, and tetracosanol. The fact that substantial amounts of fatty alcohols having more than 20 carbon atoms were present in myelinating rat brain indicated a chain length specificity in their utilization for0‐alkyl and0‐alk‐1‐enyl glycerolipid biosynthesis.
Lecithin inhibits fatty acid and bile salt absorption from rat small intestine in vivo
Authors: Saunders D. R. , Sillery J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring digestion of a fatty meal, long chain free fatty acids (FFA) and lecithin are among the lipids solubilized in intestinal contents as mixed micelles with bile salts. We hypothesized that if lecithin were not hydrolyzed, the mixed micelles would be abnormal, and absorption of FFA and bile salts would be depressed. To test this hypothesis, isolated segments of rat small intestine were infused in vivo with micellar solutions of 2 mMolar linoleic acid and 10 mMolar taurocholate to which was added 3 mMolar 1‐palmitoyl, 2‐oleoyl lecithin (a common lecithin in bile and food), or 1‐palmitoyl lysolecithin (the hydrolytic product of lecithin). Absorption of FFA and bile salt was measured under steady state conditions using a single‐pass technique. Lecithin depressed the rate of FFA absorption by 40% (p<0.025) in jejunal and ileal segments whereas lysolecithin was associated with normal rates of FFA absorption. Lecithin also reduced taurocholate absorption from the ileum by 30% (p<0.05). These data support the idea that lecithin may depress FFA and bile salt absorption from the small intestine in pancreatic insufficiency.
Relative autoxidative and photolytic stabilities of tocols and tocotrienols
Authors: Lehmann J. , Slover H. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relative stabilities of selected individual tocols and tocotrienols and of equimolar mixtures of either α‐ plus γ‐ or α‐ plus δ‐ tocopherols were determined in methyl myristate and methyl linoleate during autoxidation and photolysis. Solutions containing 0.05% of the appropriate tocopherol(s) or tocotrienols were subjected to UV light (254 nm) or to a flow of 4.3 ml/min of oxygen, both at 70 C. Tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T−3) were determined by gas chromatography without preliminary separation or purification. Under photolytic conditions, stabilities in increasing order in methyl myristate were γ‐T−3<α‐T−3<δ‐T<α‐T <γ‐T<5,7‐T<β‐T and in methyl linoleate were α‐T<α‐T−3≤γ‐T−3≤β‐T≤5,7‐T <γ‐T<δ‐T. A solvent effect on the initial rate of photolysis was observed for 5‐methyl substituted tocols but not for the tocols with an unsubstituted 5‐position or for the tocotrienols. Under autoxidative conditions, stabilities in increasing order in methyl myristate were α‐T=α‐T−3 <β‐T−3<γ‐T−3<δ‐T−3<γ‐T<δ‐T=β‐T and in methyl linoleate were α‐T<α‐T−3 <γ‐T−3<β‐T<γ‐T<δ‐T. Tocopherols were much more stable during autoxidation in methyl myristate than they were in methyl linoleate. In mixtures, there was no significant protection of α‐tocopherol by either γ‐ or δ‐tocopherol under any of the conditions used. However, α‐tocopherol was highly effective in protecting γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols in methyl myristate during both photolysis and autoxidation and in methyl linoleate during photolysis. During autoxidation in methyl linoleate, α‐tocopherol protection of γ‐ and δ‐ tocopherols after 24 hr was slight tough measurable.
Localization of a source of marine odd chain‐length fatty acids. II. Seasonal propagation of odd chain‐length monoethylenic fatty acids in a marine food chain
Authors: Paradis M. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe unusual occurrence of elevated levels of odd chain length fatty acids (OCFA) in smelt taken during winter months in Jeddore Harbour, Nova Scotia, is due to the dietary intake of large numbers of the amphipodPontoporeia femorata (Kröyer). Sampling over two winters confirms that the seasonal peak period for this amphipod, in stomachs is mid‐December to the end of February. The distributions of monoethylenic isomers are compared to distinguish exogenous and endogenous smelt dietary features in terms of the geographically limited phenomenon of high OCFA levels and the essential absence of biological activity for these acids.
An enzymatic protective mechanism against lipid peroxidation damage to lungs of ozone‐exposed rats
Authors: Chow C. K. , Tappel A. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of whole animal exposure to ozone and of dietary α‐tocopherol on the occurrence in rat lung of lipid peroxidation and alteration of the activity of enzymes important in detoxification of lipid peroxides were studied. Exposure to 0.7 and 0.8 ppm ozone continuously for 5 and 7 days, respectively, significantly elevated the concentration of TBA reactants, primarily malonaldehyde, produced by lipid peroxidation, as well as the activities of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase and glucose‐6‐phosphate (G‐6‐P) dehydrogenase. As a logarithmic function of dietary α‐tocopherol (0, 10.5, 45, 150 and 1500 mg/kg), the increase in formation of malonaldehyde and the increase in activities of GSH peroxidase and G‐6‐P dehydrogenase were partially inhibited. The activity of GSH reductase was not affected by dietary α‐tocopherol. The concentration of malonaldehyde and the activity of GSH peroxidase in lung were linearly correlated (p<0.001). This study confirmed the occurrence of lipid peroxidation in the lung during ozone exposure and revealed an enzymatic mechanism against damage. An apparent compensation mechanism is that with increased lipid peroxides there is increased activity of GSH peroxidase, which in turn increases lipid peroxide catabolism. The increased activities of GSH reductase and G‐6‐P dehydrogenase also function in the protective chain by providing increased levels of GSH and NADPH, respectively.
Enzymatic synthesis of glucosylsphingosine by rat brain microsomes
Authors: Curtino Juan A. , Caputto Ranwel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLabeled glucosylceramide was formed when rat brain microsomes were incubated with14C‐UDP‐glucose. When sphingosine was added to the incubation mixture, labeled glucosylsphingosine was synthesized, and the formation of glucosylceramide increased.
Phospholipid synthesis in mammary tissue. Choline and ethanolamine kinases: Kinetic evidence for two discrete active sites
Authors: Infante J. P. , Kinsella J. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCholine and ethanolamine kinases are located in the high speed supernatant of lactating bovine mammary gland. Maximum activities of choline and ethanolamine kinases were observed at pH 9.2 and 8.0, respectively, with the rate of ethanolamine phosphorylation being 1/15 that of choline phosphorylation. Activation energies of 29 joules (Q10‐1.5) and 31 joules (Q10=1.5) were calculated between 3.4 and 31.3C for choline kinase and ethanolamine kinase, respectively. Above 31.3 C, the Arrhenius plot deviated from linearity for both enzymes, suggesting that denaturation was occurring. An apparent Km of 0.25 mM for choline was obtained for choline kinase activity. The apparent Km of ethanolamine kinase for ethanolamine was unusually high (17 mM), and activity was not linear with increasing protein concentration. Activity was tripled and the Km decreased to 2.5 mM when the enzyme preparation was washed with butanol: benzene mixture, suggesting the presence of an endogenous competitive inhibitor(s), with respect to ethanolamine. Choline kinase was not affected by the solvent wash. Substrate competition studies revealed that choline kinase was slightly inhibited competitively by ethanolamine (apparent Ki=19–21 mM), whereas choline was a potent competitive inhibitor of ethanolamine kinase (apparent Ki=0.33–0.50 mM). The results indicated that these two kinase activities were mediated by two distinct active sites, possibly on a single protein. The significance of choline in the regulation of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis is discussed.
Structure‐function activity of azasterols and nitrogen‐containing steroids
Authors: Kabara Jon J. , Holzschu Donald L. , Catsoulacos Demokri Tos P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirty‐nine nitrogen‐containing steroids were tested against two gramnegative, five gram‐positive, and two yeast organisms. Many of these steroids have been preiously reported to inhibit various metabolism processes involving sterol metabolism. While low minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were recorded for sterol producing yeast, growth of bacteria which contain no sterols was also inhibited. Structure‐function studies provided no relationship between biological activitity and hypocholesteremic effects of these azasteroids. A hypothesis put forward is that amino and azasteroids are effectors of membrane which, in the case of mitochondria, lead to changes in adenosine triphosphate levels and/or dehydrogenase activity. Their effects on sterol metabolism, there‐fore, may be of secondary consideration.
Saturated and monounsaturated long chain hydrocarbon profiles of lipids from orange, grapefruit, mandarin and lemon juice sacs
Authors: Nagy Steven , Nordby Harold E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSaturated and monounsaturated long chain hydrocarbons were determined in four citrus fruit species‐orange, grapefruit, mandarin and lemon. All species manifested their own intrinsic profiles. In the saturated fraction, iso and anteiso hydrocarbons comprised between 45 and 58% of the total hydrocarbons, while in the monounsaturated fraction the range was 2 to 22%. As a general rule, odd‐numbered, iso hydrocarbons were always found at percentages higher than their anteiso homologs.
The incorporation of 2‐aminoethylphosphonic acid into rat liver diacylglyceroaminoethylphosphonate
Authors: Curley Jean M. , Henderson Thomas O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRats intravenously administered (14C) 2‐aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) incorporated ca. 16% of the total injected compound into liver lipids. Thin layer chromatography and selective chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of the labeled lipids demonstrated that essentially all of the radioactivity was in one compound, diacylglycerol‐AEP, the phosphonate analog of phosphatidylethanolamine. Lipids from kidneys, heart, skeletal muscle, adipose, pancreas and brain were examined and found to contain less than 2% collectively of the total injected radioactivity. The residues from the tissues contained ca. 3.2% of the total injected (14C) AEP.
Fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation: II. Methods for analysis and characterization
Authors: Malshet V. G. , Tappel A. L. , Burns V. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of pH and of the metal chelator, europium (Tric[2,2,6,6‐tetra‐methyl‐3,5‐heptanedionate]), upon fluorescence of lipid peroxidation products were tested, and fluorescence decay times and fluorescence polarization values were determined. Measurements of fluorescence intensity showed that the fluorescence of these compounds was quenched at basic pH and that it was restored by adjustment of pH to neutrality. Metal chelator decreased the fluorescence intensity 8–15%. pH Effects and metal coordination effects are useful for analysis and characterization of these fluorescent products. Fluorescence polarization and fluorescence decay times are also useful analytical techniques for characterization of fluorescent products.
Preparation of psychosines (1‐O‐hexosyl sphingosine) from cerebrosides
Authors: Radin Norman S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA convenient method for large or small scale preparation of psychosine from cerebroside has been developed by adaptation of published procedures. Cerebroside is refluxed with butanol and aqueous KOH, then the KOH is removed with perchloric acid. The fatty acids are removed by extraction with hexane and the excess perchloric acid is removed by partitioning between chloroform, ethanol, and water.
Specificity ofGeotrichum candidum lipase with respect to double bond position in triglycerides containingcis‐octadecenoic acids
Authors: Jensen Robert G. , Gordon Dennis T. , Heimermann Wayne H. , Holman Ralph T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFifteen approximately random, mixed, triacylglycerols, each of which contained 12∶0, 14∶0, 9, 12–18∶2, 16∶0 and only one positional isomer ofcis 18∶1 (Δ2 through Δ16), were synthesized. These mixtures were used as substrates for the lipase from the microorganismGeotrichum candidum to define the specificity of the enzyme for unsaturated fatty acids. Comparatively small quantities of the 18∶1 isomers, other than 9–18∶1, were hydrolyzed. Relatively large amounts of 18∶2 were released from all substrates. There was no preference between 9–18∶1 and 18∶2. The positional isomers other than 9–18∶1 accumulated in the di‐ and mono‐acylglycerols.
Leaf wax of oats
Authors: Tulloch A. P. , Hoffman L. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLeaf wax of oats (Kelsey variety) consists of hydrocarbons (5%), esters (10%), free alcohols (45%), free acids (2.5%), β‐diketone (5.5%), hydroxy‐β‐diketones (2.5%), and unidentified (29%). Wax on leaf blades contains more free alcohols than wax on leaf sheaths, and wax on the flag leaf sheath contains more β‐diketone than wax on the rest of the plant. Principal hydrocarbons are C29, C31, and C33. The esters, mainly C44–C48 and C52, are probably C18–C22 and C26 esters of hexacosanol. Free alcohols are almost entirely hexacosanol. The β‐diketone is hentriacontane‐14, 16‐dione. Hydroxy β‐diketones are a mixture of 5‐, 6‐ and 7‐hydroxyhentriacontane‐14, 16‐diones in the proportions 58∶35∶7. The wax also contains a small amount (0.5%) of 1,16‐hexacosanediol.
Effect of oxidation on chemical spectral and immunochemical properties of egg yolk lipoprotein
Authors: Hara I. , Shimasaki H. , Sato J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStudies are reported on the changes in the chemical, spectral, and immunochemical properties of the low density lipoprotein fraction of hen's egg yolk during oxidation. Sonication for 15 min at 15–20 C in the presence or absence of iron gave an increase in thiobarbituric value and UV absorption but did not influence the fluorescence. Storage at 50 C in the absence of iron after sonication for 15 min at 15–20 C produced increases in absorptivity in the fluorescence and UV spectra, as well as thiobarbituric values. Similar changes were produced without sonication in the presence of iron in ca. 8 days storage at 50 C. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid completely inhibited the effect of copper, as well as iron, under these conditions. Immunoelectrophoresis pattern was effected by oxidation under conditions that gave an increase in absorptivity in the fluorescence spectra. The first change appeared to involve a minor fast moving component which decreased even when oxidation was inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. As the oxidation proceeded, the mobility of the major component in the immunoelectrophoresis analysis was altered. The major reaction affecting the immunochemical properties appeared to be between the product of lipid oxidation and the protein moiety.
Preferential labeling of brain cholesterol by {3‐14C}D(−)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate
Authors: Devivo D. C. , Fishman M. A. , Agrawal H. C. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract{3‐14C}D(−)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate or {2‐14C}glucose was injected subcutaneously into 15‐day old suckling rats. The animals were killed 3, 6 and 24 hr later by decapitation. Brain proteins, cholesterol, glycolipids, and phospholipids were extracted and prepared for counting. The {3‐14C}D(−)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate injected animals showed ca. twofold greater labeling (p<.001) of brain cholesterol compared to {2‐14C}glucose; whereas the {2‐14C}glucose injected animals showed ca. fourfold greater labeling (p<.001) of brain proteins than {3‐14C}D(−)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate at all time points. The difference in labeling of brain glycolipids and phospholipids was less striking, but greater labeling was apparent at each time point in the {2‐14C}glucose injected animals compared to the {3‐14C}D(−)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate injected animals. These data suggest that D(−)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate behaves differently than glucose, being a more direct precursor for brain cholesterol biosynthesis and a less effective precursor for brain protein synthesis. Further studies ascertaining the specific activities of the precursors are necessary to quantitatite the respective contributions of D(−)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate and glucose to lipid and protein synthesis in the rat brain during development.
Fatty acid composition of carotenoid esters in soybean and rapeseed oils
Authors: Froehling P. E. , Van Den Bosch G. , Boekenoogen H. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe amounts of the different carotenoids (lutein, lutein monoesters and diesters) in soybean and rapeseed oil were determined through a combination of column chromatography and UV spectrometry. The lutein diesters in the oils have been isolated by a combination of column and thin layer chromatography. Identification and determination of the amount of the various fatty acids of the lutein diesters have been carried out by means of gas chromatography after transesterification of the fatty acids to their methyl esters. Comparison of the fatty acids of the lutein diesters with those of the triglycerides of the oils revealed a striking difference. First, the fatty acids of the lutein diesters have shorter chains than the triglycerides acids. Secondly, the lutein fatty acids are more saturated than the fatty acids of the triglycerides of the corresponding oils. However the amount of linoleic acid in the case of the fatty acids of the lutein diesters in rapeseed oil is greater than that in the fatty acids of the triglycerides in rapeseed oil.