bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Vaccinations, Business Activity, and Firm Value
Authors: Bizjak John M. , Kalpathy Swaminathan L. , Mihov Vassil T. , Ren Jue 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Using establishment-level data, we show that COVID-19 vaccinations boost business activity and firm performance in the United States. A 10-percent increase in vaccination rates results in a 4-percent to 6-percent increase in customer visits. We document the channels through which vaccinations increase store visits and the limits to the effect of vaccines on business activity. At the firm level, vaccinations increase sales and earnings, impact expansion decisions, and decrease probability of default, but the benefits vary across businesses. Vaccinations create private economic benefits to firms, shareholders, and employees, in addition to their intended public health benefits.
Assessment of the global population size of the Mongolian gazelle Procapra gutturosa
Authors: Buuveibaatar Bayarbaatar , Strindberg Samantha , Ariunbaatar Barkhasbaatar , Batdorj Sodnompil , Batzaya Tsogt , Dashpurev Tserendeleg , Dejid Nandintsetseg , Kirilyuk Vadim E. , Mueller Thomas , Naranbaatar Galsandorj , Otgonbayar Baatargal , Shiilegdamba Enkhtuvshin , Tsolmon Jambalsuren , Usukhjargal Dorj , Uuganbayar Ganbold , Olson Kirk A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Mongolian gazelle Procapra gutturosa is a wild ungulate ubiquitous across the largest remaining temperate grasslands of Mongolia, Russia and China. The species is nomadic and ranges over long distances, resulting in widely fluctuating abundance in any given location. Therefore, a comprehensive and range-wide survey is required to accurately estimate its global population size, but challenges are posed by the expansive geographical distribution and the political boundaries across the species’ vast range. To obtain an estimate of the total population, we compiled data from recent range-wide surveys. During 2019–2020, we estimated the population size in Mongolia by conducting line transect distance surveys and total counts, and by deriving numerical predictions for unsurveyed areas through data analysis. The gazelle's population in Russia was surveyed in 2020 across its summer range using simultaneous counts, transect surveys and expert knowledge. The distance sampling surveys in Mongolia revealed that slightly more than half of the gazelles along the transects were detected. Our assessment of the gazelle population, although probably an underestimate, suggests there are c. 2.14 million individuals in Mongolia and c. 30,000 in Russia. These results confirm that the Mongolian gazelle is the most abundant nomadic ungulate in the open plains across its range. However, to obtain more accurate estimates across all range states and effectively monitor the gazelle's population status, it is essential to implement standardized survey protocols that correct for imperfect detection. At present, the management of the Mongolian gazelle is inadequate, as there is a lack of regular monitoring to identify any adverse population changes that could necessitate conservation interventions.
Nesting of the Critically Endangered gharial Gavialis gangeticus in Bardia National Park, Nepal
Authors: Bashyal Ashish , Shrestha Nischal , Thapa Rosy , Shrestha Sandeep , Sanjel Makunda , Densmore Llewellyn D. , Khadka Bed 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe gharial Gavialis gangeticus is a Critically Endangered crocodilian currently known from only 14 disjunct locations in Nepal and India. The protected stretch of the Babai River in Bardia National Park, Nepal, is home to one of the six subpopulations of gharials that have exhibited recent evidence of reproduction. However, there is limited information available on the gharial population in this region. We conducted surveys during the breeding, nesting and hatching seasons of gharials during 2020–2022 to study the gharial population in the Babai River in Bardia National Park. We located one breeding group of gharials in Soth Khola (2–3 individuals) and one in Dhanuse (5–6 individuals), and we observed pre-mating or mating behaviours in all 3 years. We identified potential nesting areas on sand banks of 19–175 m in length. During nesting seasons we found abundant signs of nesting only in Dhanuse, including entry and exit trails of female gharials to and from the water and trial nests. In 2020 and 2021 we did not find any signs of hatching, probably because of flooding. In 2022 we recorded two gharial nests, producing c. 60 hatchlings, in Dhanuse. Our findings indicate that the gharial population in the Babai River is probably nesting annually. We recommend various conservation actions for this gharial population.
True ‘contradictions’ and conflicts in the Talmud
Authors: Hulatt Owen , Oro Hershtein Lucas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this article, we consider the presence of what appear to be true contradictions in the Talmud. We consider and reject a glut-theoretic response. We argue these apparently contradictory Talmudic passages should be understood not as ordinary propositions, but as being given under an operator. This allows us to understand these rulings as genuinely conflicting, but not genuinely contradictory. We illustrate the broad shape of such a view through consideration of Hans Kelsen's late-period philosophy of law. We also consider and reject responses to this issue given by Rashi, R. Kook, and R. Feinstein. We close by considering why a system of Jewish law which allows for jointly affirmed conflicting propositions is desirable. We claim that if, as Maimonides suggests, the fundamental project of Jewish law is the eradication of idolatry, then the law itself should remind us that God's ways are higher than our ways. One way of doing so is to resist capture by a transparent set of principles, by allowing for conflicting rulings to be affirmed. This article does not presuppose familiarity with the Talmudic corpus or Jewish tradition.
Learning biases in proper nouns
Authors: Tanaka Yu 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIt has been proposed that there are cognitive biases in language learning that favour certain patterns over others. This study examines the effects of such bias factors on the learning of the phonology of proper nouns. I take up the phenomenon of compound voicing in Japanese surnames. The results of two judgment experiments show that, while Japanese speakers replicate various kinds of statistical regularities in existing names, they tend to extend only phonologically motivated patterns to novel names. This suggests that phonological naturalness plays a role even in the learning of a highly faithful category of words, namely proper nouns, and provides evidence for the relevance of learning biases in synchronic grammar.
Fiscal policy and inequality in middle- and high-income countries: redistributive effects of tax and spending shocks
Authors: Isiaka Abdulaleem , Mihailov Alexander , Razzu Giovanni 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Motivated by the sharp increases in public spending following the global financial crisis, we employ the GMM Panel VAR approach at annual frequency between 2004 and 2014 to investigate the dynamic response of alternative income distribution variables to shocks imposed on tax revenues and three key components of social expenditures: social protection, health, and education. We confirm the potential of fiscal policy to reduce income inequality in the medium to longer run, but point to the differential approaches to pursue such a goal in middle- versus high-income countries. We find that the particular expenditure component under consideration matters in terms of the dynamic effect on inequality and on different parts of the income distribution, as well as in terms of the implied time profile. In middle-income countries, positive education spending shocks are the most effective in achieving better distributional outcomes over a medium run of several years. By contrast, in high-income countries, positive health spending and tax shocks have a more pronounced favorable dynamic distributional effect.
The equitable impact of sugary drink taxation structures on sugary drink consumption among Canadians: a modelling study using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition
Authors: Smith Brendan T , Warren Christine M , Anderson Laura N , Hammond David , Manuel Douglas G , Li Ye , Andreacchi Alessandra T , Rosella Laura C , Fu Sze Hang , Hobin Erin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objective:
Estimate the impact of 20 % flat-rate and tiered sugary drink tax structures on the consumption of sugary drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages and 100 % juice by age, sex and socio-economic position.

Design:
We modelled the impact of price changes – for each tax structure – on the demand for sugary drinks by applying own- and cross-price elasticities to self-report sugary drink consumption measured using single-day 24-h dietary recalls from the cross-sectional, nationally representative 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition. For both 20 % flat-rate and tiered sugary drink tax scenarios, we used linear regression to estimate differences in mean energy intake and proportion of energy intake from sugary drinks by age, sex, education, food security and income.

Setting:
Canada.

Participants:
19 742 respondents aged 2 and over.

Results:
In the 20 % flat-rate scenario, we estimated mean energy intake and proportion of daily energy intake from sugary drinks on a given day would be reduced by 29 kcal/d (95 % UI: 18, 41) and 1·3 % (95 % UI: 0·8, 1·8), respectively. Similarly, in the tiered tax scenario, additional small, but meaningful reductions were estimated in mean energy intake (40 kcal/d, 95 % UI: 24, 55) and proportion of daily energy intake (1·8 %, 95 % UI: 1·1, 2·5). Both tax structures reduced, but did not eliminate, inequities in mean energy intake from sugary drinks despite larger consumption reductions in children/adolescents, males and individuals with lower education, food security and income.

Conclusions:
Sugary drink taxation, including the additional benefit of taxing 100 % juice, could reduce overall and inequities in mean energy intake from sugary drinks in Canada.
Explaining the distinction between religious and political activism in Islamism: evidence from the Tunisian case
Authors: Merone Fabio , McCarthy Rory 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTunisia's Islamist movement Ennahda has announced a separation of political and religious work, apparently reinforcing a “post-Islamist” argument that Islamic parties have left behind religious mobilization. However, the boundary between religious and political fields is highly porous. We ask why the distinction between religious and political activism remains a point of ambiguity within Islamism. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 48 men and women who participated in the movement in the 1970s and 1980s in Tunis and Sousse, we develop a microlevel explanation of Islamist mobilization. We argue that religious and social Islamist activism is replete with political intent, which worked through three mechanisms: a counter-hegemonic ideology, an activist engagement in social transformation, and a formal organization. These findings add empirical insights to the case of Ennahda, provide leverage in explaining the politicization of Salafist movements, and underscore the legacy of asymmetric party capacities in shaping outcomes in a democratic transition.
Rituelle sexuelle Gewalt
Authors: Mokros Andreas , Schemmel Jonas , Körner André , Oeberst Aileen , Imhoff Roland , Suchotzki Kristina , Oberlader Verena , Banse Rainer , Kannegießer Anja , Gubi-Kelm Silvia , Lehmann Robert , Volbert Renate 
Published: April 2024

Zusammenfassung: Unter ritueller sexueller Gewalt werden Formen organisierten sexuellen Missbrauchs verstanden, die ideologisch geprägt sind und von mehreren Täter_innen über längere Zeiträume ausgeübt werden. Üblicherweise wird in Verbindung mit dem Phänomen von Prozessen absichtlicher Persönlichkeitsspaltung, induzierten Amnesien und Instruierbarkeit der Opfer ausgegangen. Im Zuge eines Projekts, das durch die Unabhängige Kommission zur Aufarbeitung sexuellen Kindesmissbrauchs aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend gefördert worden ist, wurden mehrere Veröffentlichungen erstellt, darunter eine Online-Umfrage an 165 selbst-definierten Betroffenen ( Nick et al., 2018 ; https://doi.org/10.21706/TG-12-3-244 ). Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich insbesondere mit der Ergebnisinterpretation der Studie von Nick et al. kritisch auseinander. Angesichts umfangreicher empirischer und theoretischer Literatur sind drei Punkte festzuhalten: 1) Sowohl die Angaben zu Amnesie als auch zum Wiedererinnern erscheinen gedächtnispsychologisch unplausibel. 2) Die Angaben über erlittenen rituellen sexuellen Missbrauch sind alternativ durch suggestive Prozesse erklärbar. 3) Es liegen keine belastbaren Belege für Phänomene wie die intentionale Persönlichkeitsspaltung vor. Angesichts der möglichen Gefahren für Betroffene (Bestärkung suggerierter Scheinerinnerungen, nicht-hilfreiche Therapie / Beratung) ist ein vorsichtiger Umgang mit Behauptungen über die Existenz von ritueller sexueller Gewalt geboten, auch im Rahmen öffentlich geförderter Projekte.
Constraints on the Timing and Lower Crustal Accretion at the Schulz Massif, Mohns Ridge, Arctic Mid Ocean Ridges
Authors: Bjerga A. , Stubseid H. H. , Pedersen L. E. R. , Corfu F. , Whitehouse M. , Pedersen R. B. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe ultraslow‐spreading Mohns Ridge is a key supersegment of the Arctic Mid‐Ocean system, where it represents a boundary between the Jan Mayen hotspot in the south and the highly anomalous Knipovich Ridge to the north. Understanding the timing and mode of Plio‐Pleistocene seafloor spreading along this ridge segment is critical for establishing the recent geodynamic evolution of the Norwegian‐Greenland Sea. To investigate magmatic accretion at this ultraslow spreading ridge, we collected samples from the Schulz Massif, which is located off‐axis at 73.4°N and exposes gabbroic intrusives and mantle peridotite. The petrology and petrography of these samples indicate that the exposed crustal section underwent multiple episodes of magmatism, which are characterized by distinct crystal sizes and geochemistry. To calibrate the age of the seafloor, we combined high‐resolution and high‐precision single zircon U‐Pb geochronology. Our data suggest that seafloor spreading has been nearly symmetrical for the last ∼4.6 Myr with a time‐averaged half‐spreading rate of ∼7.4 mm yr−1. Crystal size analysis of olivine in porphyric intrusions suggests that the crustal section was fed crystal‐laden melts with recurrence rates predicted to stabilize fault‐dominated seafloor spreading. Our combined geochronological and crystal size approach gives a critical perspective on the mode of seafloor spreading in the Mohns Ridge and allows insights into accretionary mechanisms and crustal structures during symmetric seafloor spreading.
Strong Green‐Up of Tropical Asia During the 2015/16 El Niño
Authors: Satriawan T. W. , Luo X. , Tian J. , Ichii K. , Juneng L. , Kondo M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractEl Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the main climate mode that drives the interannual variability in climate and consequently vegetation greenness. While widespread green‐up has been reported and examined in tropical America during El Niño, it remains unclear how vegetation in tropical Asia changes during the period. Here, we used four remote sensing‐based leaf area index (LAI) products to investigate changes in vegetation greenness during the 2015/16 El Niño in tropical Asia. We found a strong green‐up during the 2015/16 El Niño in tropical Asia, with its regional average LAI stronger than that of tropical America. The drivers for the green‐up vary across the region, with radiation being the main driver for continental tropical Asia, and temperature and soil water anomalies in the west and east parts of maritime tropical Asia, respectively. These findings provide important insights into the response of tropical Asia's vegetation to extreme climate anomalies.
Bayesian History Matching Applied to the Calibration of a Gravity Wave Parameterization
Authors: King Robert C. , Mansfield Laura A. , Sheshadri Aditi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBreaking atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) in the tropical stratosphere are essential in driving the roughly 2‐year oscillation of zonal winds in this region known as the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO). As Global Climate Models (GCM)s are not typically able to directly resolve the spectrum of waves required to drive the QBO, parameterizations are necessary. Such parameterizations often require knowledge of poorly constrained physical parameters. In the case of the spectral gravity parameterization used in this work, these parameters are the total equatorial GW stress and the half width of phase speed distribution. Radiosonde observations are used to obtain the period and amplitude of the QBO, which are compared against values obtained from a GCM. We utilize two established calibration techniques to obtain estimates of the range of plausible parameter values: History matching & Ensemble Kalman Inversion (EKI). History matching is found to reduce the size of the initial range of plausible parameters by a factor of 98%, requiring only 60 model integrations. EKI cannot natively provide any uncertainty quantification but is able to produce a single best estimate of the calibrated values in 25 integrations. When directly comparing the approaches using the Calibrate, Emulate, Sample method to produce a posterior estimate from EKI, history matching produces more compact posteriors with fewer model integrations at lower ensemble sizes compared to EKI; however, these differences become less apparent at higher ensemble sizes.
Bed Shear Stress and Near‐Bed Flow Through Sparse Arrays of Rigid Emergent Vegetation
Authors: Aliaga J. , Aberle J. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractVegetation is an essential component of natural rivers and has significant effects on flow and morphodynamic processes. Although progress has been made in characterizing flow resistance in vegetated flows, the impact of vegetation on bed shear stress, a key driver of sediment transport, still needs better characterization and understanding. This research, explores bed shear stress and near‐bed flow characteristics in sparse arrays of rigid emergent cylinders mimicking vegetation over a rough bed. For this purpose, a novel adaptation of a shear plate was used to measure bed shear stress at the canopy scale. These measurements were analyzed in relation to spatially averaged near‐bed flow quantities for different array densities. The results show that, for a constant water depth, the investigated cylinder canopy enhances the ratio between bed shear stress and bulk flow velocity (i.e., Darcy‐Weisbach bed friction factor) compared to unobstructed open‐channel flows, and that this ratio increases with array density. Moreover, higher near‐bed velocities were observed for higher array densities. On the other hand, no influence of the cylinder array on near‐bed values of turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent stresses was observed. Finally, it is shown that the thickness of the near‐bed layer is a suitable parameter to scale the ratio between bed shear stress and bulk flow velocity in vegetated rough bed flows.
Seismic Constraints on Hydrothermal Circulation and Magmato‐Tectonic Interactions Beneath Lucky Strike Volcano, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Bohidar S. , Crawford W. C. , Cannat M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe Lucky Strike volcano is the central edifice of the Lucky Strike segment on the slow spreading Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. The volcano summit hosts one of the largest known deep‐sea hydrothermal fields, and overlies an axial magma chamber (AMC) whose summit reflector lies 3–3.8 km beneath the seafloor. We present a 12‐year microearthquake catalog beneath the volcano, which we constructed using data collected from 2007 to 2019 as part of the EMSO‐Azores observatory. The catalog reveals continuous low magnitude seismicity (85% with ML < 0), focused mainly north‐northwest of the hydrothermal field and 0–2 km above the AMC reflector. Focal mechanisms estimated only from the 2010–2011 deployment show a mixture of thrust, normal and strike/slip faulting mechanisms. We propose that the observed microearthquake activity is due to thermal cracking, tectonic cracking, and possible small dike injections occurring at the base of hydrothermal downflow zones. We document a ∼800 m eastward shift of the seismicity sometime during a catalog gap from June 2013 to April 2015, accompanied by a change in the seismicity pattern from a patch just above the AMC to a more vertically aligned structure. We also identify several higher seismicity periods, often including relatively large magnitude events (ML > 0.8). We interpret the spatio‐temporal variations in seismicity patterns and the correlation between larger magnitude events and higher seismicity periods to indicate that the hydrothermal domain is a dynamic interface, where the variations are caused by changes in permeability and/or temperature induced by tectonic and small episodic melt injections.
Erythropoietin restrains the inhibitory potential of interneurons in the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Curto Yasmina , Carceller Héctor , Klimczak Patrycja , Perez-Rando Marta , Wang Qing , Grewe Katharina , Kawaguchi Riki , Rizzoli Silvio , Geschwind Daniel , Nave Klaus-Armin , Teruel-Marti Vicent , Singh Manvendra , Ehrenreich Hannelore , Nácher Juan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSevere psychiatric illnesses, for instance schizophrenia, and affective diseases or autism spectrum disorders, have been associated with cognitive impairment and perturbed excitatory-inhibitory balance in the brain. Effects in juvenile mice can elucidate how erythropoietin (EPO) might aid in rectifying hippocampal transcriptional networks and synaptic structures of pyramidal lineages, conceivably explaining mitigation of neuropsychiatric diseases. An imminent conundrum is how EPO restores synapses by involving interneurons. By analyzing ~12,000 single-nuclei transcriptomic data, we generated a comprehensive molecular atlas of hippocampal interneurons, resolved into 15 interneuron subtypes. Next, we studied molecular alterations upon recombinant human (rh)EPO and saw that gene expression changes relate to synaptic structure, trans-synaptic signaling and intracellular catabolic pathways. Putative ligand-receptor interactions between pyramidal and inhibitory neurons, regulating synaptogenesis, are altered upon rhEPO. An array of in/ex vivo experiments confirms that specific interneuronal populations exhibit reduced dendritic complexity, synaptic connectivity, and changes in plasticity-related molecules. Metabolism and inhibitory potential of interneuron subgroups are compromised, leading to greater excitability of pyramidal neurons. To conclude, improvement by rhEPO of neuropsychiatric phenotypes may partly owe to restrictive control over interneurons, facilitating re-connectivity and synapse development.