bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Victorians’ View of France
Authors: Martens Britta 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article makes the case for a critical consideration of the Victorians’ attitude towards France which goes beyond studies of literary influence and focuses on their response to French culture in a broader sense. Using Dickens’s writings on France as an example, it suggests that recent developments in cultural studies and research into the cross‐Channel exchange of ideas can enhance our understanding of the Victorians’ relationship with France and their concept of their own national culture.
A New Combination Treatment for Premature Ejaculation: A Sex Therapist’s Perspective
Authors: Perelman Michael A. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT
This article describes the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation (PE) from a sex therapist’s perspective and proposes that combination therapy integrating sex therapy and sexual pharmaceuticals is frequently the best treatment approach. Failure to appreciate the multimodal etiology and pathophysiology of PE makes the condition more difficult to diagnose and treat. Many physicians have tried pharmacologic approaches, but are limited to providing topical anesthetics or suggesting off-label uses of antidepressant and erectile dysfunction medications, because no medication is currently indicated specifically for PE. Furthermore, patients frequently relapse after discontinuation of the pharmaceutical. Sex therapists appreciate the multidimensional nature of PE for the patient and partner, but few patients seek out this approach, which is labor-intensive and often lacking long-term follow-up success. Most men with PE are not receiving treatment, secondary to their embarrassment about discussing their condition and a lack of clinician inquiry about sexual dysfunction. Even for those who do engage in discussion, diagnoses may be inconsistent, because a universally accepted definition of the condition and diagnostic criteria are nonexistent. Men with PE experience anxiety and lack sexual self-confidence; subsequently, their sexual and overall relationship frequently suffer. Because PE involves psychosocial and physiologic factors, treatment that addresses both should yield the best balance of function. There is interest in new agents designed specifically for PE to provide an improved pharmacotherapeutic opportunity. Yet, a combination treatment integrating pharmaceuticals and sex therapy would provide an optimized approach. Besides increasing coital latency directly, sexual pharmaceuticals could be used to provide greater opportunity for men to recognize their premonitory sensations to ejaculation more readily, facilitating a “choice point”, which is key to facilitating behavioral change and learning. Such a combination approach would result in prolonged ejaculatory latency, improved treatment satisfaction, and superior long-term outcome.
Effect of the 5-HT2A/2C Receptor Agonist DOI on Female Rat Sexual Behavior
Authors: Rössler Anne-Sophie , Bernabé Jacque , Denys Pierre , Alexandre Laurent , Giuliano François 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTIntroductionFemale rats display a repertoire of behaviors during a sexual encounter with a male, including sexually receptive (the lordosis response) and proceptive (darts and hops, and ear wigglings) behaviors.AimWe investigated the effects of subcutaneous injection of the 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist (2,5-dimethoxy-4-idophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI) on sexual behaviors of ovariectomized female rat hormonally supplemented with estradiol benzoate (10 µg) and progesterone (250 µg).MethodsBoth female and male sexual behaviors were observed for 10 minutes (pretest). Then females were injected with the treatment and after a 10-minute delay replaced with the same male for a 30-minute mating test (posttreatment period).ResultsDOI (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of darts and hops/mounts. In contrast, no significant differences in ear wigglings/mounts were observed. In addition, DOI failed to modify sexual receptivity.ConclusionThese data suggest that 5-HT2A/2C receptors are important in the regulation of female proceptivity.
What Can Prevalence Studies Tell Us About Female Sexual Difficulty and Dysfunction?
Authors: Hayes Richard D. , Bennett Catherine M. , Fairley Christopher K. , Dennerstein Lorraine 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Many recent studies have investigated the prevalence of female sexual difficulty/dysfunction.

Aim
Investigate female sexual difficulty/dysfunction using data from prevalence studies.

Methods
We reviewed published prevalence studies excluding those that had not included each category of sexual difficulty (desire, arousal, orgasm, and pain), were based on convenience sampling, or had a response rate &lt;50% or a sample size &lt;100.

Main Outcome Measures
For each study we used the prevalence of any sexual difficulty as the denominator and calculated the proportion of women reporting each type of difficulty. For each category of sexual difficulty we used the prevalence of that difficulty lasting 1 month or more as the denominator and calculated the proportion of difficulties lasting several months or more and 6 months or more.

Results
Only 11 of 1,248 studies identified met our inclusion criteria. These studies used different measures of sexual dysfunction, so generating a simple summary prevalence was not possible. However, we observed consistent patterns in the published data. Among women with any sexual difficulty, on average, 64% (range 16–75%) experienced desire difficulty, 35% (range 16– 48%) experienced orgasm difficulty, 31% (range 12–64%) experienced arousal difficulty, and 26% (range 7–58%) experienced sexual pain. Of the sexual difficulties that occurred for 1 month or more in the previous year, 62–89% persisted for at least several months and 25–28% persisted for 6 months or more. Two studies investigated distress. Only a proportion of women with sexual difficulty were distressed by it (21–67%).

Conclusions
Desire difficulty is the most common sexual difficulty experienced by women. While the majority of difficulties last for less than 6 months, up to a third persist for 6 months or more. Sexual difficulties do not always cause distress. Consequently, prevalence estimates will vary depending on the time frame specified by researchers and whether distress is included in these estimates.
Antibiotic Treatment Can Delay Ejaculation in Patients with Premature Ejaculation and Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Authors: El-Nashaar AbdelRahman , Shamloul Rany 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Premature ejaculation (PE) is regarded as the most common male sexual disorder. Previous studies reported that prostatic inflammation was highly prevalent in PE. However, the effect of antibiotic treatment of cases with PE and chronic prostatitis has not been extensively investigated.

Aim
To examine the effect of antibiotic treatment in delaying ejaculation in patients with PE and chronic prostatitis.

Methods
A total of 145 consecutive men attending of secondary premature ejaculation (SPE) were included in this study. Sequential microbiologic specimens were obtained from urine and prostatic fluid. Antibiotics were given for 1 month according to the results of their culture and sensitivity test. All patients were instructed to follow up with our clinic monthly for at least 4 months. At the end of the 4-month follow-up, another prostatic secretion analysis was performed.

Results
Based on expressed prostatic secretion culture and white blood cell (WBC) count, 94 (64.8%) were having chronic bacterial prostatitis. The remaining 51 (35.2%) patients had negative WBC count. Of the 94 patients with SPE and chronic bacterial prostatitis, 20 patients were left untreated and considered as a control group. All 74 patients with PE and chronic prostatitis continued the 1-month treatment duration. Following 1-month antibiotic treatment, all 74 patients with initially positive cultures had sterile final cultures (P &lt; 0.05). Sixty-two (83.9%) patients showed increases in their ejaculatory latency time and reported good control of their ejaculation and were considered treatment responsive. None of the control group patients experienced any improvement either in their prostatic infection condition or in their ejaculation time. The follow-up of treatment-responsive patients (N = 62) revealed no recurrence of PE with negative prostatic culture.

Conclusion
Successful eradication of causative organisms in patients with PE and chronic prostatitis may lead to marked improvement in intravaginal ejaculatory latency time and ejaculatory control.
Stromal cell‐derived factor 1 (SDF1) genetic polymorphism in a sample of healthy individuals, seronegative individuals exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) and patients infected with HIV‐1 from the Brazilian population
Authors: Reiche E. M. V. , Watanabe M. A. E. , Bonametti A. M. , Morimoto H. K. , Morimoto A. A. , Wiechmann S. L. , Matsuo T. , Miranda H. C. , Reiche F. V. , Oliveira K. B. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryThe interaction of viral and host factors is believed to determine not only the risk for initial human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) acquisition but also the course of the infection. Genetic polymorphisms in the chemokine receptors and their ligands were related to the susceptibility and resistance to HIV‐1 infection. A polymorphism in the conserved 3′ untranslated region of the stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF1) gene, which encodes a ligand of the CXCR4 receptor, has been related either to delayed progression to AIDS or to rapid disease progression and death. Global, regional, and ethnic distributions of frequencies of SDF1 genotypes and of the SDF1–3′A allele vary significantly. Although the HIV‐1 epidemic is increasing in Brazil, little information about the frequencies of host genetic mutations related to HIV/AIDS resistance in the Brazilian population has been reported. To address this question, this study was carried out in order to determine the frequencies of the SDF1 polymorphism and the SDF1‐3′A allele on 1061 genomic DNA samples purified from peripheral blood cells of 136 healthy individuals (group 1), 147 HIV‐1‐exposed seronegative individuals (group 2), 161 HIV‐1‐infected asymptomatic individuals and with CD4+ T‐cells count 350 mm−3 (group 3), and 617 HIV‐1‐infected individuals with AIDS and/or CD4+ T‐cells count < 350 mm−3 (group 4). The frequencies of the SDF1–3′A homozygous mutation were 3.7%, 6.1%, 4.3%, and 5.3% among groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P = 0.5120). The overall frequency of the SDF1‐3′A allele was 0. 1984 and did not differ among the four groups (P = 0.2744). The results underscore the global distribution of the SDF1 polymorphism and the hypothesis that the SDF1‐3′A allele, itself, may not be sufficient to prevent the risk of HIV‐1 infection and may be not related to the progression of the disease in the Brazilian population.
Excitation of g modes in Wolf—Rayet stars by a deep opacity bump
Authors: Townsend R. H. D. , MacDonald J. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
We examine the stability of ℓ= 1 and ℓ= 2 g modes in a pair of nitrogen-rich Wolf–Rayet stellar models characterized by differing hydrogen abundances. We find that modes with intermediate radial orders are destabilized by a κ mechanism operating on an opacity bump at an envelope temperature of log T≈ 6.25. This ‘deep opacity bump’ is due primarily to L-shell bound–free transitions of iron. Periods of the unstable modes span ∼11–21 h in the model containing some hydrogen, and ∼3–12 h in the hydrogen-depleted model. Based on the latter finding, we suggest that self-excited g modes may be the source of the 9.8-h periodic variation of WR 123 recently reported by Lefèvre et al.
Expected Annual Emergency Miles per Ambulance: An Indicator for Measuring Availability of Emergency Medical Services Resources
Authors: Patterson P.Daniel , Probst Janice C. , Moore Charity G. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: To ensure equitable access to prehospital care, as recommended by the Rural and Frontier Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Agenda for the Future, policymakers will need a uniform measure of EMS infrastructure. Purpose and Methods: This paper proposes a county‐level indicator of EMS resource availability that takes into consideration existing EMS resources (ambulances), population health and demographics, and geographic factors. The indicator, the EXpected annual emergency miles per AMBulance (EXAMB), provides a basis for comparing ambulance availability across counties within states. A method for calculating the EXAMB indicator is demonstrated using data from 5 states. Findings: The EXAMB indicator was negatively correlated with ambulance availability per 100,000 population in 4 of the 5 states in the study. The indicator was positively correlated with rurality in 3 states. In Mississippi, South Carolina, and Wyoming, whole‐county health professional shortage areas had median EXAMB values 45%–81% higher than those of the non–health professional shortage areas counties. Conclusions: Future research should explore the relationship of the EXAMB to EMS outcomes, with the ultimate goal of developing a nationally recognized indicator of “adequate” EMS resource availability.
Prevalence and Trends in Smoking: A National Rural Study
Authors: Doescher Mark P. , Jackson J. Elizabeth , Jerant Anthony , Gary Hart L. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of and recent trends in smoking among adults by type of rural location and by state. Methods: Random‐digit telephone survey of adults aged 18 years or older who participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 1994‐1996 (n = 342,055) and 2000‐2001 (n = 385,384). The main outcome measure was current cigarette smoking, defined as persons who smoke every day or some days, while nonsmokers were those who smoke not at all or reported never having smoked as many as 100 cigarettes. Findings: The prevalence of smoking changed little from the mid‐1990s; in 2000‐2001, it was 22.0% in urban areas, 24.9% in rural adjacent areas, 24.0% in large rural nonadjacent areas, and 24.9% in small rural nonadjacent areas. For rural locations combined, smoking prevalence was not below the 12% goal of Healthy People 2010 for any state, although the 12.5% prevalence in rural Utah approached this target. Prevalence was ≥28% for rural residents of Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana. Since the mid‐1990s, the prevalence of smoking for rural respondents decreased by more than 2 percentage points in 6 states: California, Connecticut, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Utah. However, it increased by 2 percentage points or more in 10 states: Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas. Conclusions: Smoking remains a refractory public health problem. Better ways to curb smoking in rural America are needed.
Antitobacco Media Awareness of Rural Youth Compared to Suburban and Urban Youth in Indiana
Authors: Zollinger Terrell W. , Saywell Robert M. , Overgaard Amanda D. , Przybylski Michael J. , Dutta‐Bergman Mohan 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:
Purpose: This study examined the awareness and impact of antitobacco media messages among rural, suburban, and urban youth. Method: Self‐administered questionnaires were received from 1,622, 1,059, and 1,177 middle school (sixth, seventh, and eighth grade) students in rural, suburban, and urban locations, respectively. Logistic regression compared media awareness and impact among the groups, controlling for grade, gender, race, and smoking behavior. Results: Compared to rural youth, suburban youth were more likely to recall media messages about the dangerous health effects of tobacco use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.94) and have their personal choice to use tobacco affected by the messages (OR = 1.85). Suburban and urban youth more often recalled antitobacco messages (OR = 2.00 and 2.15), reported that the messages made them think about the dangers of tobacco use (OR = 2.02 and 1.47), believed that these ads prevent youth from initiating tobacco use (OR = 3.21 and 1.46) and stop youth from using tobacco (OR = 2.25 and 1.47), and recalled seeing specific campaign television ads (OR = 3.72 and 3.57). Urban youth were more likely to recall specific campaign messages on the radio (OR = 1.58). Neither suburban nor urban youth differed from the rural youth on whether the campaign‐specific radio and television ads made them think about not using tobacco. Conclusions: The results support the need for targeting antitobacco media announcements to youth, based on their residence.
Technology, Job Satisfaction, and Retention: Rural Mental Health Practitioners
Authors: Meyer Deborah 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: Job satisfaction as it relates to retention of mental health professionals is a major problem in rural areas. Several authors have suggested that technology can positively influence job satisfaction and thus improve retention. Objectives: This study examined technology use and technology expertise in relationship to job satisfaction. It is based on a theoretical framework that asserts as technology use increases, communication among providers and access to educational and consultative resources increase as well, resulting in a boost in professional support and a reduction in isolation. Methods: Surveys were sent to 320 providers in rural southeast Ohio; 163 returned usable surveys. Findings: There was a statistically significant relationship between the combination of technology use and expertise and job satisfaction. Use alone, however, was not significant. Despite the fact that over 90% of respondents had access to both a computer and the Internet, just 45% used technology to communicate with peers and nearly 96% indicated that they never or rarely used the Internet for educational programs. Conclusions: The results challenge the assertion that technology plays a major role in job satisfaction and rural retention since access and perceived expertise did not guarantee technology usage. Decisions to stay or leave a rural practice involve a complex array of factors. Technology, with its ability to link providers to resources outside the geographic bounds of an individual's practice, may play a role, but since its adoption can be costly in both time and money, future studies need to determine its place in the retention model.
Physical Activity Among Rural Older Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Snively Beverly M. , Bell Ronny A. , Smith Shannon L. , Stafford Jeanette M. , Wetmore‐Arkader Lindsay K. , Quandt Sara A. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:
Purpose: This analysis describes physical activity levels and factors associated with physical activity in an ethnically diverse (African American, Native American, white) sample of rural older adults with diabetes. Method: Data were collected using a population‐based, cross‐sectional stratified random sample survey of 701 community‐dwelling elders with diabetes completed in 2 rural North Carolina counties. Outcome measures were as follows: first, physical activity in the past year, and second, days physically active in the prior week (0‐7). Potential correlates included personal and health characteristics and were evaluated for statistical significance using logistic regression models. Findings: About half (52.5%) of the participants stated that they had engaged in physical activity in the past year. Among those, 42.5% stated that they had no days with at least 30 minutes of continuous physical activity in the prior week, while 21.5% reported daily physical activity. Common activities were walking and housework. Correlates of physical activity in the past year and days active in the prior week included measures of physical health and mobility. Conclusions: Physical activity in this ethnically diverse sample of rural elders with diabetes is limited. Effort must be invested to increase physical activity in these groups.
Family Perspectives on Pathways to Mental Health Care for Children and Youth in Rural Communities
Authors: Boydell Katherine M. , Pong Raymond , Volpe Tiziana , Tilleczek Kate , Wilson Elizabeth , Lemieux Sandy 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: There is insufficient literature documenting the mental health experiences and needs of rural communities, and a lack of focus on children in particular. This is of concern given that up to 20% of children and youth suffer from a diagnosable mental health problem. Purpose: This study examines issues of access to mental health care for children and youth in rural communities from the family perspective. Methods: In‐depth interviews were conducted in rural Ontario, Canada, with 30 parents of children aged 3‐17 who had been diagnosed with emotional and behavioral disorders. Findings: Interview data indicate 3 overall thematic areas that describe the main barriers and facilitators to care. These include personal, systemic, and environmental factors. Family members are constantly negotiating ongoing tension, struggle, and contradiction vis‐à‐vis their attempts to access and provide mental health care. Most factors identified as barriers are also, under different circumstances, facilitators. Analysis clustered around the contrasts, contradictions, and paradoxes present throughout the interviews. Conclusions: The route to mental health care for children in rural communities is complex, dynamic, and nonlinear, with multiple roadblocks. Although faced with multiple roadblocks, there are also several factors that help minimize these barriers.
Na+ and pH dependence of proline and β‐alanine absorption in rat small intestine
Authors: Iñigo C. , Barber A. , Lostao M. P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAims:  Early characterization of intestinal absorption of imino acids in mammals has demonstrated the existence of a Na+‐dependent, Cl−‐independent transport system in rat small intestine, which is the only carrier for β‐alanine. Based on the substrate selectivity, it was proposed that the Proton Amino Acid Transporter 1 (PAT1) could be the same as this imino acid carrier. The present study characterizes the pH and Na+ dependence of proline and β‐alanine uptake in rat small intestine.Methods:  Intestinal uptake of radiolabelled l‐proline or β‐alanine was measured in brush border membrane vesicles and everted intestinal rings, in the presence and absence of Na+ and at different pH values.Results:  The existence of an inwardly directed H+ gradient in the absence of Na+ enhanced the initial entry of proline and β‐alanine in brush border membrane vesicles, that reached a transient overshoot with maximal value around 30 s. In the absence of pH gradient, no overshoot was shown. In entire tissue, there was an increase of proline and β‐alanine uptake at acidic pH that was higher in the presence of Na+ than in its absence. This ion dependence and pH effect of the amino acids uptake also increased with the incubation period. Substrate inhibition studies confirmed that intestinal proline absorption in rat occurs mainly by system B and PAT1‐like transporter.Conclusions:  There is a Na+‐independent, H+‐dependent transporter of amino acids at the apical membrane of the rat enterocytes.