bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined Spinal‐Epidural Anesthesia in a Dog
Authors: NOVELLO LORENZO , CORLETTO FEDERICO 
Published: February 2006

Objective—To report use of combined spinal epidural anesthesia for tail resection and surgical exploration of the pelvic canal and the perineal–pararectal area in a dog.Animal—A 4‐month‐old, 13 kg male Collie dog.Methods—Under inhalant anesthesia, an epidural catheter was threaded through a Tuohy needle at L5–L6. Then using a Whitacre spinal needle bupivacaine and fentanyl were administered in the subarachnoid space at L6–L7 level. Fifteen minutes later, morphine was administered epidurally. Bupivacaine and morphine were administered epidurally 4 hours after the subarachnoid injection.Results—No cardiorespiratory response to surgical stimulation was observed. Postoperative analgesia was satisfactory, and the catheter was removed 30 hours later. No complications or neurologic sequelae occurred before discharge or were noted 10 days later.Conclusion—Combined spinal‐epidural anesthesia provided excellent intraoperative anesthesia and perioperative analgesia in a dog undergoing surgery involving the pelvic canal.Clinical Relevance—Combined spinal‐epidural anesthesia can be performed in dogs, and its use should be considered in major surgeries caudal to the diaphragm, as the epidural catheter allows cranial extension of the block, providing excellent intraoperative anesthesia and perioperative analgesia.
Cesarean Section and Ovariohysterectomy After Severe Uterine Torsion in Four Cows
Authors: SCHÖNFELDER AXEL M. , SOBIRAJ AXEL 
Published: February 2006

Objective— To report a technique for intra‐partum ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in cows after severe uterine compromise after uterine torsion.Study Design— Clinical case report.Animals— Four cows with uterine torsion.Methods— After a ventrolateral cesarean section, uterine closure, and uterine detorsion, the laparotomy incision was elongated (20 cm) caudally so that the uterus can be completely exteriorized. The uterus was separated from broad ligaments by transection between 2 rows of overlapping interrupted sutures placed in the broad ligaments to a point ∼2 cm caudal to the external os of the cervix. The vagina was occluded with 2 clamps directly caudal to the external os of the cervix and closed with 5 single cruciate sutures that penetrated all layers, and then the vagina was transected between the suture line and external os to remove the uterus. The abdominal incision was closed in layers.Results— All cows survived the surgery; however, 1 died the next day from Escherichia coli sepsis and 1 was euthanatized at 8 days because of unresponsive E. coli mastitis. One cow, 28 days after surgery developed a 15 cm perivaginal abscess, which resolved after drainage. This cow and the fourth cow survived and lactated.Conclusions— Intra partum OVH is technically possible after cesarean section in cows with uterine compromise or necrosis after uterine torsion.Clinical Relevance— Ovariohysterectomy should be considered in cows with severe uterine torsion that have uterine tissue compromise to improve survival.
High‐Resolution Analysis of the Surface P Wave as a Measure of Atrial Electrophysiological Substrate
Authors: Redfearn Damian P. , Lane Joanne , Ward Kevin , Stafford Peter J. 
Published: February 2006

Background: At present atrial electrophysiology can only be assessed by invasive study. This limits available data in humans concerning atrial electrophysiologic changes in disease and in response to intervention. Indirect evidence suggests that the signal‐averaged P wave (SAPW) may provide noninvasive markers of atrial electrophysiology but no direct evaluations that measure both refractoriness and conduction time have been reported. Methods: We investigated 9 patients attending for diagnostic electrophysiological studies (4 male; mean age 35.7 years). A 20‐pole catheter was positioned in the right atrium; a decapole catheter was placed in the coronary sinus. Atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and conduction times were measured at the lateral and septal right atrium and the left atrium during sinus rhythm (SR) and at pacing cycle lengths of 600, 500, and 400 ms. Simultaneous SAPW recordings were taken during SR and pacing at 600 ms. Intravenous flecainide (2 mg/kg) was given after which the protocol was repeated. Results: Flecainide slowed conduction significantly at all sites (P < 0.05). During baseline measurements, rate adaptation of AERP was observed (P < 0.02 at the septum). Flecainide increased filtered P wave duration (P < 0.05) and reduced P wave energies (P < 0.05). Negative correlation was observed between P wave energies and conduction time with an inverse relationship between high‐frequency energy and left atrial AERP. Conclusions: The SAPW provides a noninvasive marker of atrial electrophysiology.
Prognostic Significance of Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Diphtheritic Myocarditis After Hospital Discharge: A Long‐Term Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Celik Turgay , Selimov Nazim , Vekilova Afet , Kursaklioglu Hurkan , Iyisoy Atila , Kilic Selim , Isik Ersoy 
Published: February 2006

Objective: We aimed to investigate the long‐term cardiac mortality and the relationship between cardiac mortality and electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with diphtheritic myocarditis who survived after hospital discharge. Materials and Methods: Between 1991 and 1996, 32 patients (all males, mean age 21.00 ± 3.77 years) surviving diphtheritic myocarditis were included in the study and they were followed up for an average of 16.3 months (range 10.3–26.8 months) after hospital discharge. Clinical evaluation, ECG, and echocardiography were performed on admission, daily while in hospital and at the time of discharge. ECG changes were permanent during the follow‐up period. The causes of death of the patients during follow‐up period were inferred from the death records of the patients and talking to the people witnessing cardiac arrest. Results: We observed that the patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) and T wave inversion at hospital discharge had lower survival rates than that of the patients without these ECG changes in the long term. Although univariate Cox regression analysis identified LBBB (P = 0.001) and T wave inversion (P = 0.014) as the predictors of survival, only LBBB was an independent predictor of survival in multivariate Cox regression analysis. Adjusted hazard ratio was calculated as 13.67 for LBBB (P = 0.001; CI = 2.81–66.28). Conclusion: Diphtheritic myocarditis does not only demonstrate a malignant clinical course during acute phase of the disease, but also during the long‐term follow‐up period, especially in patients with LBBB and T wave inversion. Besides, T wave inversion and LBBB can help us to predict survival rate of the patients in long term. Moreover, LBBB is an independent predictor of long‐term survival in diphtheritic myocarditis.
Effects of Atropine and Pirenzepine on Heart Rate Turbulence
Authors: Vukajlovic Dejan D. , Guettler Norbert , Miric Milutin , Pitschner Heinz Friedrich 
Published: February 2006

Background: It has been shown that mortality risk in patients after myocardial infarction could be estimated by heart rate turbulence (HRT), a short‐term change in heart rate after ventricular premature beat (VPB), presumably caused by baroreceptor mechanism. We sought to determine whether pharmacological blockade with atropine, or augmentation of vagal tone with pirenzepine given in small doses would influence HRT. Methods: In 30 patients with normal echocardiogram, and without signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease, after electrophysiologic examination or radiofrequency ablation for supraventricular arrhythmias was completed, turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS) in basal state, after 1.3 mg IV pirenzepine and finally, after atropine in dose of 0.04 mg/kg of body weight were compared. Results: As assessed by Friedman ANOVA test both pirenzepine and atropine caused a significant change in both TO (P < 0.01) and TS (P < 0.01). The mean basal TO of −3.6 ± 2.9%, changed after pirenzepine to −5.99 ± 5.6% (P < 0.01), and after atropine it changed to −3.3 ± 18.1% (P < 0.01). The mean basal TS of 18.6 ± 10.1 ms/R‐R interval increased after pirenzepine to 26.8 ± 19.9 ms/R‐R interval (P < 0.05), and decreased after atropine to 1.2 ± 0.8 ms/R‐R interval (P < 0.01). Mean cycle length increased after pirenzepine from 706.8 ± 106.8 to 830 ± 151.9 ms (P < 0.01), and decreased after atropine to 454.2 ± 58.1 ms (P < 0.01). Conclusion: A conclusion could be drawn that vagomymetic manipulation with intravenous pirenzepine increases HRT; vagal blockade with atropine decreases HRT. This finding suggests that a normal vagal innervation of heart is a prerequisite for the phenomenon of HRT.
Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Systemic Sarcoidosis
Authors: Uslu Nevzat , Akyol Ahmet , Gorgulu Sevket , Eren Mehmet , Ocakli Birsen , Celik Seden , Yildirim Aydin , Aksu Huseyin , Nurkalem Zekeriya 
Published: February 2006

Purpose: The identification of subjects with systemic sarcoidosis at higher risk for sudden death is an unresolved issue. An influence of the autonomic activity on the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias was postulated. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis provides a useful method to measure autonomic activity, and is a predictor of increased risk of death in various conditions. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate HRV in patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Methods: The study included 35 patients with biopsy proven systemic sarcoidosis who were not taking antiarrhythmic medications. Thallium scintigraphy was performed to all patients with systemic sarcoidosis. The cardiac sarcoidosis was accepted in 16 patients as abnormal thallium scintigraphy and normal coronary arteriography. The time‐domain analysis of HRV was expressed as the standard deviation of all normal to normal NN intervals (SDNN) detected during 24‐hour Holter monitoring. Twenty‐four healthy subjects represented a control group for HRV analysis. Results: There were no differences in age (44 ± 13 years for cardiac sarcoidosis, 42 ± 15 years for noncardiac sarcoidosis, and 40 ± 10 years for control group; P = NS), sex (the ratio of female; 63%, 68%, and 55%, respectively; P = NS), and echocardiographic ejection fraction (63 ± 10%, 67 ± 8%, and 69 ± 6%, respectively; P = NS) among study groups. The mean SDNN value of the group with cardiac sarcoidosis was significantly lower than both the group with noncardiac sarcoidosis and the control group (72 ± 32 ms vs 110 ± 46 ms and 152 ± 36 ms; P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion: HRV is decreased in patients with systemic sarcoidosis compared to the control group. This decreasing is more obvious in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis.
Functional Significance of KCNH2 (HERG) K897T Polymorphism for Cardiac Repolarization Assessed by Analysis of T‐Wave Morphology
Authors: Linna Eeva H. , Perkiömäki Juha S. , Karsikas Mari , Seppänen Tapio , Savolainen Markku , Kesäniemi Y. Antero , Mäkikallio Timo , Huikuri Heikki V. 
Published: February 2006

Background: Although KCNH2 (HERG) K897T polymorphism has been shown to be associated with the QT interval measured from 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG), the functional significance of K897T polymorphism has been debated. The aim of this study was to test whether the K897T polymorphism of the KCNH2 (HERG) gene coding for the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ channel influences cardiac repolarization assessed by principal component analysis (PCA) of T‐wave morphology. Methods: Twelve‐lead ECGs were digitized and T‐wave morphology was analyzed with a PCA method in a population consisting of 228 healthy middle‐aged subjects (121 women and 107 men). DNA samples were genotyped for the nucleotide 2690 A>C variation of the KCNH2 gene, corresponding to the KCNH2 K(lysine)897T(threonine) amino acid polymorphism. Results: The allele frequencies were 0.86 (K) and 0.14 (T). The KCNH2 K897T polymorphism was associated with the total cosine R‐to‐T (TCRT), which reflects the wave front direction between depolarization and repolarization. TCRT was 0.421 in the genotype KK and 0.300 in the genotypes KT and TT (P = 0.04). The difference of TCRT was more marked between the KCNH2 K897T genotypes in women (P = 0.03) than in men (P = 0.52). Conclusions: The common K897T polymorphism of the cardiac potassium channel KCNH2 has functional significance for cardiac electrical properties. Subjects with a less common genotype, KT or TT, have smaller TCRT, which reflects dyssynchrony between depolarization and repolarization and is associated with an increased risk of cardiac mortality.
Implant–tooth‐supported fixed partial prostheses: correlations between in vivo occlusal bite forces and marginal bone reactions
Authors: Akça Kıvanç , Uysal Serdar , Çehreli Murat Cavit 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate maximal occlusal bite forces (MOF) and marginal bone level (MBL) changes in patients with implant–tooth‐supported fixed partial prostheses (FPP).Material and methods: Twenty nine partially edentulous patients consecutively who received 34 three‐occlusal unit FPP with terminal implant and tooth support were subjected to quantification of MOFs using a sub‐miniature load cell connected to a data acquisition system and measurement of the MBL changes around implants in digitalized periapical radiographs obtained at prostheses delivery and 24‐month follow‐up.Results: MOFs for implant support (mean: 353.61 N) significantly differed from tooth support (mean: 275.48 N) (P<0.05), while gender did not influence MOFs (P>0.05). MBL changes at mesial and distal sites of the implants at 24 months of functional loading were 0.28 and 0.097 mm respectively.Conclusion: Although MOFs under functional loading might indicate an increase in load participation for supporting implant, the rigid connection between implant and natural tooth via three‐occlusal unit FPP does not jeopardize the time‐dependent MBL stability of the implant under functional loads.
SENSORY EVALUATION OF VANILLA‐DAIRY DESSERTS BY REPERTORY GRID METHOD AND FREE CHOICE PROFILE
Authors: GONZÁLEZ‐TOMÁS LUIS , COSTELL ELVIRA 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT“Natillas” are semisolid dairy desserts widely consumed in Spain, with notable differences existing between commercial brands in their composition and sensory and physical properties. The repertory grid method, in conjunction with the free choice profile (FCP), was used to provide data on how consumers perceived eight commercial “natillas” samples. The most frequent terms used were: vanilla flavor, sweetness, consistency and liquid texture as described by 77, 67, 57 and 53% of the consumers, respectively. A three‐dimensional solution was chosen. Dimension 1 accounted for 27.23% of variance and separated the samples largely by yellow‐color intensity and consistency. Dimension 2 (15.88%) was mainly related to the visual attributes of texture, creaminess and different notes of flavor. The third dimension (11.34%) was related to structural‐texture attributes, orange‐yellow color and acid and artificial flavors. The assessors plot showed two clusters. Analysis of each group data revealed differences in their perception of sample variation, mainly regarding texture and color.
USING HIGH‐LEVEL CONSUMER‐RESEARCH METHODS TO CREATE A TOOL‐DRIVEN GUIDEBOOK AND DATABASE FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING
Authors: MOSKOWITZ HOWARD , GOFMAN ALEX , BECKLEY JACQUELINE 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT We present aspects and data for a tool‐driven database for marketing and product development, which are publicly accessible. The objective is to create a method whereby knowledge of concepts and products can be archived using overviews of a specific product category. The first phase of the database comprises systematic analysis of product concepts, which contain elements dealing both with features and emotions. The concept phase provides an idea about responses to statements about product features, along with responses to emotional elements and brands. The second phase comprises an analysis of the competitive frame of products, even before systematic product development is initiated. This second phase identifies expected and thus reasonable ranges of product‐sensory features, levels of acceptance of typical products, relations between liking and sensory attributes and segmentation of sensory preferences. Together, the two phases provide a guide to product developers new in a category, archive current knowledge and provide a sourcebook for marketers and developers alike, which is accessible using research tools. The two phases allow product development to become more scientific, more based on common experience rather than individual expertise and thus more efficient, without compromising corporate knowledge of specific ingredients, processes or business opportunities.
SHELF‐LIFE ESTIMATION OF APPLE‐BABY FOOD
Authors: GÁMBARO ADRIANA , ARES GASTÓN , GIMÉNEZ ANA 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT The aim of the present work was to study the evolution of the color of an apple‐baby food and to estimate its sensory shelf life. Samples of apple‐baby food stored at 25C were analyzed using trained assessors and a consumer panel. A zero‐order reaction kinetics was found for the evolution of sensory color with storage time. Color was highly correlated with consumers' rejection percentage and overall acceptability, which indicates that consumers consider this attribute when deciding to accept or reject this product and in assigning their acceptability scores. Using this correlation, the sensory cutoff point for color, corresponding to a 25% consumer rejection, was calculated. Sensory shelf life was estimated using consumer data. Sensory shelf life estimated by survival analysis was in agreement with that calculated considering an acceptability limit of 6.0 in a 9‐point hedonic scale.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY AND DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY ATTRIBUTES IN CHEDDAR CHEESE*
Authors: CASPIA E.L. , COGGINS P.C. , SCHILLING M.W. , YOON Y. , WHITE C.H. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT The relationship between the consumer acceptability of Cheddar cheese and its descriptive sensory attributes was determined using preference mapping and logistic regression for three Cheddar cheeses. A trained panel (n = 9) differentiated the cheeses based on taste, aroma and textural attributes. The overall order of consumer preference (P < 0.05) for the three cheeses was 9, 7 and 12 months of aging time, respectively. The trained panel characterized the 7‐ and 9‐month‐old cheeses as having young/undeveloped flavors such as “cooked,”“buttery” and “creamy” flavors, and had volatiles that were responsible for the creamy flavor in cheeses. The 12‐month‐old cheese was characterized by aged/developed flavors and included volatile compounds responsible for fruity aromas and sulfurous, earthy and free fatty acid flavors. External preference mapping revealed six clusters of consumers with varying Cheddar cheese preferences; 74, 95 and 61% of the consumers found 7‐, 9‐ and 12‐month‐old cheeses to be acceptable, respectively.
Positive Solution of Two‐Dimensional Solute Transport in Heterogeneous Aquifers
Authors: Herrera Paulo , Valocchi Albert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe transport of contaminants in aquifers is usually represented by a convection‐dispersion equation. There are several well‐known problems of oscillation and artificial dispersion that affect the numerical solution of this equation. For example, several studies have shown that standard treatment of the cross‐dispersion terms always leads to a negative concentration. It is also well known that the numerical solution of the convective term is affected by spurious oscillations or substantial numerical dispersion. These difficulties are especially significant for solute transport in nonuniform flow in heterogeneous aquifers. For the case of coupled reactive‐transport models, even small negative concentration values can become amplified through nonlinear reaction source/sink terms and thus result in physically erroneous and unstable results. This paper includes a brief discussion about how nonpositive concentrations arise from numerical solution of the convection and cross‐dispersion terms. We demonstrate the effectiveness of directional splitting with one‐dimensional flux limiters for the convection term. Also, a new numerical scheme for the dispersion term that preserves positivity is presented. The results of the proposed convection scheme and the solution given by the new method to compute dispersion are compared with standard numerical methods as used in MT3DMS.
Tracer Mass Recovery in Fractured Aquifers Estimated from Multiple Well Tests
Authors: Sanford William E. , Cook Peter G. , Robinson Neville I. , Weatherill Douglas 
Published: February 2006

AbstractForced‐gradient tracer tests in fractured aquifers often report low mass recoveries. In fractured aquifers, fractures intersected by one borehole may not be intersected by another. As a result (1) injected tracer can follow pathways away from the withdrawal well causing low mass recovery and (2) recovered water can follow pathways not connected to the injection well causing significant tracer dilution. These two effects occur along with other forms of apparent mass loss. If the strength of the connection between wells and the amount of dilution can be predicted ahead of time, tracer tests can be designed to optimize mass recovery and dilution. A technique is developed to use hydraulic tests in fractured aquifers to calculate the conductance (strength of connection) between well pairs and to predict mass recovery and amount of dilution during forced gradient tracer tests. Flow is considered to take place through conduits, which connect the wells to each other and to distant sources or sinks. Mass recovery is related to the proportion of flow leaving the injection well and arriving at the withdrawal well, and dilution is related to the proportion of the flow from the withdrawal well that is derived from the injection well. The technique can be used to choose well pairs for tracer tests, what injection and withdrawal rates to use, and which direction to establish the hydraulic gradient to maximize mass recovery and/or minimize dilution. The method is applied to several tracer tests in fractured aquifers in the Clare Valley, South Australia.
Partial percutaneous discectomy for treatment of thoracolumbar disc protrusion: retrospective study of 331 dogs
Authors: Kinzel S. , Wolff M. , Buecker A. , Krombach G. A. , Stopinski T. , Afify M. , Weiss C. , Kupper W. 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To determine retrospectively the prognosis and outcome for dogs diagnosed with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease treated with partial percutaneous discectomy (PPD).Methods: Three hundred and thirty‐one dogs presenting with symptoms of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease from 1998 to 2003 were treated with PPD. Diagnosis and location of intervertebral disc disease was confirmed by clinical examination, radiography, myelography and magnetic resonance imaging. PPD was performed via fluoroscopy‐guided removal of a 5 mm bore cylinder out of the central intervertebral space.Results: Clinical success after surgery was achieved in 159 (88·8 per cent) grade II to IV patients and 58 (38·2 per cent) grade V patients. The mean (sd) time from percutaneous discectomy to first improvement was 8·3 (13·2) days.ClinicalSignificance: The PPD approach to the thoracolumbar spine involves minor trauma (yielding rapid recovery) and less pain, and produces results comparable with open fenestration. Consequently, this simple minimal invasive technique can be recommended as an alternative to the technique of fenestration and can be easily performed in addition to open surgical decompression techniques or prophylactically. However, it is not a replacement for surgical treatment in dogs with thoracolumbar disc disease that require removal of disc fragments causing spinal cord or nerve root compression.