bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Career Planning and Development in the Hospitality Industry: the Four Seasons Experience
Authors: Pallett William J. 
Published: March 2007

Over the past two years, FourSeasons Hotels has assisted more than 2, 000 of its employees in their personal career planning. Employees at every level, from housekeepers and secretaries up to senior management, have gone through the program, and we are continuing to promote it vigorously. The idea that companies should support employees in their career planning is arelativelynewone. Traditionally, developmentplans forindividualemployees have been handed down from above. Today, however, organizations need to take a more active role in encouraging individual career planning. Certainly, at Four Seasons, we found that our employees were increasingly demanding such assistance. At the same time, we recognized that we could reap tremendous benefits from providing it. At Four Seasons, we conduct regular employee attitude surveys. These surveys consistently indicate that we enjoy a very high loyalty rating—among the highest of any company in any industry. At the same time, they point to emerging concerns that need to be addressed. By 1986 it had become clear that employees wanted more help in planning their careers, and more information about the opportunities that might be available to them in the future. We saw, however, that career planning could be much more than just an employee benefit. It would also benefit Four Seasons. Through career planning: • Employees would be able to make betterinformedcareerdecisions about the opportunities that became available to them. • Employees would become more realistic about their career prospects. • Employees would become much more articulate in describing their strengths, interests, goals and developmental requirements. This would result in valuable input for management development and succession planning purposes.
Policy Evaluation and Learning
Authors: Van der Knaap Peter 
Published: March 2007

But what experience and history teach us is this, that nations and governments have never learned anything from history. (G. W. F. Hegel, 1837, cited in Feyerabend 1978) Contemporary literature on policy evaluation challenges the 'traditional', rational-objectivist model of policy evaluation. Instead, an argumentative- subjectivist approach is forwarded, conceiving of policy-making as an ongoing dialogue, in which both governmental and societal actors contest their views on policy issues by exchanging arguments. It is argued that, through constructive argumentation, policy actors, networks or advocacy coalitions may arrive at moral judgements on policy issues and, hopefully, at 'better' policies and ways of delivering those policies. The paradigm shift from the rational-objectivist model to the argumentative-subjectivist approach has implications for the way policy evaluation is studied as a means of institutionalized policy-oriented learning; the searching process of improving and perfecting public policy and its underlying normative assumptions through the detection and correction of perceived imperfections. Policy- oriented learning can be studied from a cybernetic control, a cognitive development and a social-constructivist perspective. Within policy-oriented argumentation and negotiation—the discursive processes that constitute the roots of policy-oriented learning—there may (still) be a need for methodologically sound assessments of the cost-effectiveness or 'quality' of policy measures. Accepting this premise, we advance an integrated learning strategy, in which the 'traditional', rational-objectivist role of evaluating institutions may well serve to complement more argumentative-oriented perspectives.
Improvement, Inspection and Self-Review
Authors: Chapman Christopher 
Published: March 2007

Recent research suggests that what the teacher does in the classroom is three to four times more important in terms of pupil outcomes than what happens at whole school level. Local Education Authority (LEA) level is thought to have even less influence on pupil outcomes Reynolds (1999). This implies that teachers are crucial to raising educa tional standards. If teacher's valuable skills and knowledge are not developed or harnessed effectively then schools only have a limited capacity for school improvement. It may be argued that the more that teacher's skills and know ledge are developed through Professional Development, the greater the effect they may have on student outcomes because of these increased skill and knowledge levels. Their position in the classroom puts teachers in a potentially powerful position in terms of raising educa tional standards, however only quietly in the corner of some schools can true collaborative practice and self review be seen to be happening. The more marginalised, demoralised and technicised teachers become the more we are limiting the potential for school improvement. The key to raising educational standards is improving teacher performance in the classroom through the develop ment of teaching and learning. One method of reviewing, evaluating and hoping to develop performance is to rely on the externally imposed inspection framework. The 1992 Education Act facilitated the setting up of the Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED). Central government, irrespective of political party has been fanatically com mitted to the principle of holding schools accountable for their actions and progress through inspection. Frequently we hear politicians and policy makers speak of 'improve ment through inspection '.
A Sociological Approach to Fraud in Science
Authors: Bridgstock Martin 
Published: March 2007

This paper extends sociological theory into the controversial area of the presentation of fraudulent scientific results. Although representative evidence does not exist, sufficient cases are known to reveal that fraud is not uncommon in science. Using a 'systems' approach first, areas appear within science and on its periphery where the scientific community's sanctions are inoperative. On the margins of science, these categories include 'hired hands', pseudo-scientists and industrial scientists. Within the scientific community the lack of guaranteed detection of fraud also creates circumstances where sanctions are inapplicable. Within this framework, the 'action' approach indicates possible factors motivating individuals toward fraud. For many groupings, a major factor appear to be a commitment to a theory so strong that it overrides disconfirmation, and diminishes fears of detection. Other factors include career considerations and political views. In each case evidence is produced to show, prima facie, that fraud is prevalent in the circumstances outlined.
Qualitative Data Analysis: Can Computers Do It?
Authors: Richards Lyn , Richards Tom 
Published: March 2007

Qualitative data analysis contains built-in constraints - on volume of records, complexity of analysis, detail of classification and ability to explore emergent theory. Those constraints, rarely acknowledged, conflict with goals central to the method. The article describes one response, a system for computer-aided indexing, searching and analysis of unstructured data. Designed to replicate and go beyond methods special to qualitative data analysis, it uses the speed, power and memory of the computer to overcome constraints. It allows storage and exploration of any quantity of text or other data and any volume of information about it. Text and indexing information are stored separately in ways that permit immediate retrieval of material in any indexing category or combination of categories, exploration of that material by combinations of category, characteristics of respondents, settings or files, and examination of the interplay of themes by synthesis of new concepts abstracted from index and file data.
Some Anomalies in the Law Relating to Infection of Milk
Authors: Aspin G.D. 
Published: March 2007

The submission is made that the opportunity presented by the enactment of new legislation for the control of infection of milk has not been fully exploited. It is contended that the new legislation is not equitable in the apportionment of responsibility for public health and financial commitment, to the medical officer and local authority respectively. Attention is directed to the danger of infection of milk arising from " carriers " of disease and the lack of provision in the Milk and Dairies Regulations, 1949, adequately to meet this contingency. Suggestions are made for, examination of all persons employed on milk production ; compulsory pasteurisation of all milk on premises where " carriers " are resident ; the spreading of the financial burden of compensation payments over a greater area to remove anomalies between areas of pro duction and consumption of milk ; limitation of the clause relating to compensation in the Regulations and unification of the statutory control of milk production under one authority—the local authority. Examples of arbitration awards are quoted to emphasize the difficulties which have arisen in the day-to-day administration of the legislation in the hope that changes may be made in the immediate future which will eliminate diversity in interpretation.
Symposium on EMPLOYMENT OF THE AGING
Authors: Brooke C.O.S. Blyth 
Published: March 2007

Some statistics are given of the increases that have occurred in the proportion of elderly persons in the population in this and other countries, and some views are expressed as to reasons why associated problems have become intensified. The call to seek solutions and put them into practice is not only on social and ethical grounds, but also to form a model for other countries to copy. It is stressed that these problems are essentially the concern of public health and deserve more attention than they have yet received. Senility is declared to be a preventable condition, being dependent on disease or disuse of faculties superimposed on the uncontrollable processes of aging. The claim is made that physical and mental exercise is a physiological need, but that many do not have the opportunity or incentive to take it otherwise than in employment. This must be to an extent described as beneficial capacity, which is constantly diminishing. A pioneer scheme for providing part-time remunerative employment for the elderly in Finsbury is briefly described and its success is submitted as evidence of the conclusions reached.
The New Social State?
Authors: Eräsaari Risto 
Published: March 2007

In this article an attempt is made to discuss some new strategies of the social state as an alternative to welfare-state management One example is the emergence of 'social networks' by means of which it is hoped to shrink the state apparatus, diminish costs, bring the social bureaucracies closer to the people, and produce ideologies of natural and national togetherness But a network society in which 'everyone becomes a social worker for everyone else' seems likely to universalize the repressive character of the therapeutic society. The new social state is increasingly a critical manifestation of heroic socio- cultural practices The influence of social bureaucracies is not weakening but getting stronger The community rhetoric becomes a form that symbolizes and reinforces social life. Critical discussion on the social state easily becomes propagandistic. And the focus of the new discussion seems to be both on the simple order of everyday life and on the contradictions and complexities of modern society.
Natural Resources and Problems of Development
Authors: Antonsen Per 
Published: March 2007

The author focuses on problems in the economy of the developing countries likely to arise as a consequence of mineral exploitation in the new territories. A general shortage of mineral resources, although predicted, should not uncritically be adopted as a sufficient explanation of the demonstrated interest of industrial enterprises in undertaking heavy investments in the new territories. The economic security claimed by institutions financing large-scale investments, may just as likely force the companies to seek options for long-term supplies from these areas, unhampered by the politically caused instabilities perceived in the Third World. This develop ment may tend to push the developing countries into the role of subsidiary suppliers in the world market. The committees preparing the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea have so far taken no realistic measures to counteract this possibility, which may prove detri mental to the economies of several developing countries. The Conference will, in the opinion of the author, provide little but a settlement of disputed interests among the coastal states.
The Arab Use of Oil: October 1973—July 1974
Authors: Davis Jerome D. 
Published: March 2007

Davis J. The Arab Use of Oil: October 1973-July 1974. Cooperation and Conflict, XI, 1976, 57-67. What happened in the period October 1973-July 1974, with respect to the Arab use of the oil 'weapon'? How did it happen and why? The embargoes, production cuts, and price rises which characterized the period were not the result of a tightly knit 'cartel'. Neither were they the product of sheer happenstance. In fact the events of this period were the logical outcome of historical trends in the international petroleum industry and of the delicately balanced Arab coalition against Israel. In this latter respect, crude oil was used as a means of diplomatic leverage, as a complement to Arab objectives both in the October war and in the round of diplomacy which ensued. Nor should the rise in prices during this period be credited wholly to the Arab nations. Iran was the 'hard-liner' in the critical meeting of the 'Gulf Six', whose decisions have resulted in one of the most massive resource transfers in history. Jerome D. Davis, Institute of Political Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
Futures Studies and National Security: The Swedish Experience
Authors: Andrén Nils 
Published: March 2007

Andrén, N. Futures Studies and National Security: The Swedish Experience. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 39-56. The focus of this paper is both on the development and structure of Swedish defence- oriented studies concerning the future development of the international system and on some of the major problems related to these studies. The studies form part of a long-range planning system and take place in an organization consisting of three major groups of actors, politicians, administrators or bureaucrats, and researchers. General principles are laid down by the Ministry of Defence (or in the final instance, by Government and Parliament). Planning requirements for the studies are to a large extent formulated in accordance with the experiences and traditions of the authorities in charge of national defence. Research activities are conducted by or in close contact with The National Defence Research Institute (Försvarets Forskningsanstalt, FOA). Some general problems of futures studies are discussed as a background. In the studies related to defence planning, two major approaches may be distinguished. The one is to design, on the basis of appropriate research, general long-range projections, expressed as 'alternative futures'. The other is to produce special defence scenarios. These scenarios play an important part in assessing the character and consequences of possible future threats against Sweden and may hence serve as yardsticks for measuring - by simulation and other devices- alternative future defence structures. Finally, the futures studies are assessed as a scholarly activity in a setting marked not only by more or less well-defined and articulated political goals and biases, but also by administrative necessities and institutional preferences.
Crisis Management by Military Cooperation with a Small Ally: American-Israeli Cooperation in the Syrian- Jordanian Crisis, September 1970
Authors: Bar-Siman-Tov Yaacov 
Published: March 2007

Bar-Siman-Tov, Y. Crisis Management by Military Cooperation with a Small Ally: American-Israeli Cooperation in the Syrian-Jordanian Crisis, September 1970. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 151-162. The aim of this study is to examine the American—Israeli military cooperation in the Jordanian-Syrian crisis of September 1970, as an illustrative case of crisis management by military cooperation with a small ally, in a situation where there are inadequate conditions for the effective employment of direct coercive diplomacy by the major power. The U.S. role in the resolution of the crisis became effective only when it demonstrated clearly that it had a credible means to manage the crisis. The military cooperation with Israel increased tremendously the American credibility and therefore its coercive diplomacy bargaining position in the crisis. The U.S. succeeded in employ ing its military cooperation with Israel as an effective means of crisis management. because the preliminary conditions for that strategy were present. The U.S. had a local ally with its own interests, motivation and capability to act as a 'crisis manager assistant'. The main negative result of the crisis for the U.S. was Israel's increased bargaining power. When a superpower is unable to protect its vital interests by use of its own direct coercive diplomacy and needs to rely on the assistance of an ally, it has no choice other than to accept the increased bargaining power of the ally.
Theories of Peaceful Change: an Excursion to the Study of Change in International Relations in the 1930s
Authors: Antola Esko 
Published: March 2007

Antola, E. Theories of Peaceful Change: an Excursion to the Study of Change in International Relations in the 1930s. Cooperation and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 235-250. In this article an attempt is made to relate the debate on peaceful change of the inter-war years to the current interest in the concept of change in the study of international relations. The author offers a descriptive account of the main themes of the debate fifty years ago. Finally, problems and possibilities concerning the application of these ideas in the world today are discussed.
Das Primat der Neutralitätspolitik: Building Regimes at Home
Authors: Sundelius Bengt 
Published: March 2007

Sundelius, B. Das Primat der Neutralitätspolitik: Building Regimes at Home. Coop eration and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 163-178. In this article the strategies used by the traditional foreign policy chief to control the passageway between the foreign and domestic arenas of public activity will be discussed. The paper focuses on the domestic struggle over the conduct of foreign policy. Drawing on the works of Charles Kegley and Robert Keohane, it is argued that the continued prominence of the Swedish Foreign Ministry in this sector can be understood in the context of the persistence of a well-entrenched decision regime built around the concept of neutrality. The apparent ability of this traditional gatekeeper to dominate this internal management process also in the face of the decentralizing pressures associated with interdependence will be explained in terms of the decision regime concept. The study contributes to an understanding of how international developments affect the internal organizational life of a state. Further study into the domestic roles of the international guardians of the national interest in other states, too, may be warranted. Regime-building may facilitate international cooperation or national policy coordination. It may also help perpetuate the influence of hegemonic actors in the international system and within a domestic setting. The unmasking of the attributes of decision regimes in various states or in various international issue areas would seem to be an important task for a political scientist.
Forcible Rape and the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Chappell Duncan 
Published: March 2007

Forcible rape, a crime which the criminal justice system has historically been inept at handling, has finally achieved in the past decade the recognition it deserves as a societal and crim inological problem warranting serious attention. Its cogency to a variety of current social issues—the position of women in a traditionally male-dominated society, interracial conflict, the inconsistent and discriminating imposition of the death penalty—has put rape in the spotlight of public and official concern. This article singles out a number of salient points of con cern in the control and reduction of rape and describes some efforts that have been or are being made to bring about a reversal in the upward trend o f rape rates. A current, comprehensive, nation-wide research project on forcible rape is described, with a summary of how the results of the project are expected to be utilized by criminal justice agencies and by other organizations dealing with rape. Other points of concern discussed in this paper are the legal and moral issues revolving around the lack of consensus in the definition of rape, not only as specified in state statutes but also as viewed by law enforcement agencies. Conceptual differences in the definition of rape lead to inequitable and inconsistent handling of rape by the criminal justice system in addition to seriously impugning the validity, and hence usefulness, of official crime statistics. Finally, changes in the treatment of rape victims, with the concomitant benefits to them and to the criminal justice agencies responsible for controlling and prosecuting rape, are discussed.
Radio and television broadcasting to Cuba: U.S. communication policy and the International First Amendment
Authors: Gallimore Tim 
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the international legal, regulatory, and policy questions raised by U.S. government broadcasting over Radio and TV Marti. The paper also argues that the U.S. broadcasts to Cuba are the latest in America's attempt to establish a type of international First Amendment using Article 19 of the UN Declaration of Human Rights. The U.S. attempt to use Article 19 to justify broadcasting to Cuba is based on that part of the international legal framework which has least support from the world community. Justification for the broadcasts is even more tenuous because they violate the legally binding and more widely accepted regulations of the International Telecommunications Union.
The impact of class position on women's experience of receiving health education information whilst in hospital
Authors: Henshaw Lynne 
Published: March 2007

Objective To explore the impact of class position on women's experience of receiving health education information whilst in hospital for elective surgery. Design A qualitative methodology taking a feminist standpoint. Setting Gynaecological units of three hospitals in divergent locations. Method In-depth interviews with a quota sample of 36 women who had undergone hysterectomy, drawn in equal numbers from each class position from three different centres. Results Emerging themes indicate that women from differing class backgrounds have varied informational needs. Working class women accepted a passive role as patients and were satisfied with minimal information. In contrast, middle class women expected to take an active role and expressed a desire for more information. Neither group of women were entirely satisfied with the information provided for recovery. Conclusion Women have demonstrated they are not a homogeneous group and have different informational needs. Health educators need to take a more differentiated approach, beginning with taking felt needs into account. Patient empowerment also needs to be addressed, as the notion of a free choice may be curtailed by unequal power relationships between patients and health professionals. Patient education should be viewed by both nurses and doctors as a necessity rather than a luxury.