bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopaminergic regulation of ion transport in gills of the euryhaline semiterrestrial crabChasmagnathus granulatus: interaction between D1- and D2-like receptors
Authors: Genovese Griselda , Senek Mihaela , Ortiz Nicolás , Regueira Mariana , Towle David W. , Tresguerres Martín , Luquet Carlos M. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYThe effects of dopamine (DA) and dopaminergic agonists and antagonists on ion transport were studied in isolated perfused gills of the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus. DA applied under steady state conditions(perfusion with hemolymph-like saline) produced a transient increase of the transepithelial potential difference (Vte) from 2.2±0.2 to 4.8±0.3 mV, describing an initial cAMP-dependent stimulating phase followed by an inhibitory phase. Spiperone and domperidone(antagonists of D2-like DA receptors in vertebrates) completely blocked the response to DA, while the D1-like antagonist SCH23390 blocked only the inhibitory phase. Theophylline (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) and okadaic acid(protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A inhibitor) were also able to block the inhibitory phase, suggesting that it depends on adenylyl cyclase inhibition and on protein phosphatases. When the gills were perfused with hypo-osmotic solution, or with the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin, Vte was increased several-fold. DA applied under these stimulated conditions partially reversed the Vte increase by 54% and 25%, respectively. Similarly, the D1-like agonist, fenoldopam,produced a 33% reduction in the stimulated Vte. We propose that, in C. granulatus gills, DA stimulates adenylyl cyclase and therefore ion transport through D1-like receptors linked to a Gs protein,although they respond to antagonists that interact with D2-like receptors in vertebrates. The inhibitory phase seems to be mediated by D2-like receptors linked to a Gi/o protein, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase, although these receptors can be activated or blocked by agonists or antagonists that interact with D1-like receptors in vertebrates and insects.
Dopamine modulation of Ca2+ dependent Cl- current regulates ciliary beat frequency controlling locomotion inTritonia diomedea
Authors: Woodward Owen M. , Willows A. O. Dennis 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYThe physiological mechanisms controlling ciliary beating remain largely unknown. Evidence exists supporting both hormonal control of ciliary beating and control via direct innervation. In the present study we investigated nervous control of cilia based locomotion in the nudibranch mollusc, Tritonia diomedea. Ciliated pedal epithelial (CPE) cells acting as locomotory effectors may be electrically excitable. To explore this possibility we characterized the cells' electrical properties, and found that CPE cells have large voltage dependent whole cell currents with two components. First, there is a fast activating outward Cl- current that is both voltage and Ca2+ influx dependent(ICl(Ca)). ICl(Ca) is sensitive to DIDS and 9-AC, and resembles currents of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCC). Ca2+ dependence also suggests the presence of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels; however, we were unable to detect these currents. The second current, a voltage dependent proton current(IH), activates very slowly and is sensitive to both Zn2+ and changes in pH.In addition we identify a new cilio-excitatory substance in Tritonia, viz., dopamine. Dopamine, in the 10 μmol l-1-1 mmol l-1 range, significantly increases ciliary beat frequency (CBF). We also found dopamine and Tritonia Pedal Peptide(TPep-NLS) selectively suppress ICl(Ca) in CPE cells,demonstrating a link between CBF excitation and ICl(Ca). It appears that dopamine and TPep-NLS inhibit ICl(Ca) not through changing [Ca2+]in, but directly by an unknown mechanism. Coupling of ICl(Ca) and CBF is further supported by our finding that DIDS and zero [Cl-]outboth increase CBF, mimicking dopamine and TPep-NLS excitation. These results suggest that dopamine and TPep-NLS act to inhibit ICl(Ca),initiating and prolonging Ca2+ influx, and activating CBF excitation.
Antibody Arrays: Technical Considerations and Clinical Applications in Cancer
Authors: Sanchez-Carbayo Marta 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAntibody arrays represent one of the high-throughput techniques that are able to detect multiple proteins simultaneously. One of the main advantages of this technology over other proteomic approaches is that the identities of the measured proteins are known or can be readily characterized, allowing a biological interpretation of the results. Features such as lower sample volume and antibody concentration requirements, higher format versatility, and reproducibility support the increasing use of antibody arrays in cancer research. Clinical applications include disease marker discovery for diagnosis, prognosis, and drug response, characterization of signaling and protein pathways, and modifications associated with disease development and progression. This report presents an overview of technical issues of the main antibody array formats and various applications in cancer research. Antibody arrays are high-throughput tools that improve the functional characterization of molecular bases for disease. Furthermore, identification and validation of protein expression patterns, characteristic of cancer progression, and tumor subtypes may intervene and improve tailored therapies in the clinical management of cancer patients.
Photochemical Nucleophile Mapping: Identification of Tyr311 Within the Catalytic Domain of Rabbit Muscle Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate Dehydrogenase†
Authors: Hatanaka Yasumaru , Kaneda Masaki , Tomohiro Takenori 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPhotochemical mapping of nucleophiles in close proximity to the active site Cys149 of rabbit glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was demonstrated based on the nucleophilic aromatic photosubstitution reaction using two regioisomers of alkoxy‐fluoro‐nitro‐substituted benzenes. Two photophores were covalently attached to the active site SH group of GAPDH and the protein was subjected to photolysis then to the cyanogen bromide cleavage reaction. The advantage of this method is the capability to chase labeled products by monitoring absorption at 380 nm because of the chromogenic property of photophore. HPLC separation identified a large labeled peptide fragment that was further digested by V8 protease for Edman sequence analysis. From the recent X‐ray crystallography of rabbit GAPDH, Tyr311, His176, Ser238 and Lys183 are closely located to catalytic Cys149. Among these nucleophiles, Tyr311 was preferentially labeled with 2‐fluoro‐4‐nitrophenoxy photophore and no label was identified with the isomeric 4‐fluoro‐2‐nitrophenoxy photophore. The result clearly reflects the distance between Cys149 and nucleophiles to distinguish the nearest Tyr311. As photophores show great reactivity even with water under neutral conditions, the distance between nucleophiles and photophores is important for photo‐induced nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The method will provide a useful technique to survey nucleophiles within the catalytic domain.
Oxidation of A2E Results in the Formation of Highly Reactive Aldehydes and Ketones
Authors: Wang Zhen , Keller Lanea M. M. , Dillon James , Gaillard Elizabeth R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt has been reported that the photo‐oxidation of A2E, a component of human retinal lipofuscin, leads to products that are toxic to cells via dark reactions. Because these compounds have been implicated in the development of various maculopathies such as age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), it is important to determine the structures of those deleterious compounds. Both the photo‐oxidation and auto‐oxidation of A2E lead to the same complex mixture of products, some of which have lower molecular weights than the staring material. Because A2E is homologous to β‐carotene, it was hypothesized that its oxidation would lead to products analogous to those found in oxidized β‐carotene, namely, a series of cleavage products along the acyclic chain with the concomitant formation of aldehydes. This was found to be the case based upon 1) the formation of all of the aldehydes predicted from the oxidation of β‐carotene, 2) the loss of 28 amu (carbonyl moiety) from the molecular ion, 3) the facile reaction of the aldehydes with nitrophenylhydrazines to form nitrophenylhydrazones and 4) the subsequent MS/MS cleavage of those derivatives at the N‐N bond. If formed in vivo, these aldehydes would have toxic effects on any cell. Finally, the similarity in product mixtures from both the photo‐oxidation and auto‐oxidation strongly suggests that the intermolecular photo‐oxidation of A2E results primarily from a radical process without the involvement of singlet oxygen. Any formation of singlet oxygen most likely arises from sensitization by the aldehyde oxidation products, as this process is well known for aldehydes, in general, and retinal, specifically.
Singlet Oxygen Luminescence Dosimetry (SOLD) for Photodynamic Therapy: Current Status, Challenges and Future Prospects
Authors: Jarvi Mark T. , Niedre Mark J. , Patterson Michael S. , Wilson Brian C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAs photodynamic therapy (PDT) continues to develop and find new clinical indications, robust individualized dosimetry is warranted to achieve effective treatments. We posit that the most direct PDT dosimetry is achieved by monitoring singlet oxygen (1O2), the major cytotoxic species generated photo‐chemically during PDT. Its detection and quantification during PDT have been long‐term goals for PDT dosimetry and the development of techniques for this, based on detection of its near‐infrared luminescence emission (1270 nm), is at a noteworthy stage of development. We begin by discussing the theory behind singlet‐oxygen luminescence dosimetry (SOLD) and the seminal contributions that have brought SOLD to its current status. Subsequently, technology developments that could potentially improve SOLD are discussed, together with future areas of research, as well as the potential limitations of this method. We conclude by examining the major thrusts for future SOLD applications: as a tool for quantitative photobiological studies, a point of reference to evaluate other PDT dosimetry techniques, the optimal means to evaluate new photosensitizers and delivery methods and, potentially, a direct and robust clinical dosimetry system.
Singlet Oxygen Oxidation of Isolated and Cellular DNA: Product Formation and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Cadet Jean , Ravanat Jean‐Luc , Martinez Glaucia R. , Medeiros Marisa H. G. , Mascio Paolo Dl 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis survey focuses on recent aspects of the singlet oxygen oxidation of the guanine moiety of nucleosides, oligonucleotides, isolated and cellular DNA that has been shown to be the exclusive DNA target for this biologically relevant photo‐generated oxidant. A large body of mechanistic data is now available from studies performed on nucleosides in both aprotic solvents and aqueous solutions. A common process to both reaction conditions is the formation of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine by reduction of 8‐hydroperoxyguanine that arises from the rearrangement of initially formed endoperoxide across the 4,8‐bond of the purine moiety. However, in organic solvent the hydroperoxide is converted as a major degradation pathway into a dioxirane that subsequently decomposes into a complex pattern of oxidation products. A different reaction that involved the formation of a highly reactive quinonoid intermediate consecutively to the loss of a water molecule from the 8‐hydroperoxide has been shown to occur in aqueous solution. Subsequent addition of a water molecule at C5 leads to the generation of a spiroiminodihydantoin compound via a rearrangement that involves an acyl shift. However, in both isolated and cellular DNA the latter decomposition pathway is at the best a minor process, because only 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine has been found to be generated. It is interesting to point out that singlet oxygen has been shown to contribute predominantly to the formation of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine in the DNA of bacterial and human cells upon exposure to UVA radiation. It may be added that the formation of secondary singlet‐oxygen oxidation products of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine, including spiroiminodihydantoin and oxaluric acid that were characterized in nucleosides and oligonucleotide, respectively, have not yet been found in cellular DNA.
Social Capital and Health: Civic Engagement, Community Size, and Recall of Health Messages
Authors: Viswanath Kasisomayajula , Randolph Steele Whitney , Finnegan John R. 
Published: June 2006

Objectives. We explored the effects of community integration and pluralism on recall of cardiovascular disease health information messages. Methods. With 1980–1983 data from the Minnesota Heart Health Program, we examined whether ties to community groups were associated with recall of health messages, and whether this relation was modified by size and degree of differentiation of the community. Results. A higher level of civic engagement through ties to community groups was associated with better recall of health messages. Ties to community groups independently contributed to better message recall even after control for gender, education, and other variables. The moderating role of community size was non-significant but intriguing. Conclusions. Community group membership could increase exposure to health messages, providing a critical pathway for social capital to influence health promotion and, thus, public health outcomes.
Variations in the Health Conditions of 6 Chicago Community Areas: A Case for Local-Level Data
Authors: Shah Ami M. , Whitman Steven , Silva Abigail 
Published: June 2006

Objectives. Although local-level chronic disease and risk factor data are not typically available, they are valuable for guiding public health interventions and policies. To present a case for disaggregated community-level health data, we conducted a study exploring the relevance of such data to research on health disparities. Methods. We designed a population-based health survey to gather information on many health measures, 13 of which are presented here. Interviews were conducted with 1699 adults (18–75 years) in 6 Chicago community areas between September 2002 and April 2003. Results. Statistically significant variations in health measures were found between the 6 communities themselves (108 of 195 pairwise comparisons were significant) and between the communities and Chicago as a whole (35 of 54 comparisons were significant). Conclusions. The local-level variations in health revealed in this study emphasize that geographic and racial/ethnic health disparities are still prominent in Chicago and shed light on the limitations of existing city- and regional-level data.
Interpersonal Violence in the Lives of Urban American Indian and Alaska Native Women: Implications for Health, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking
Authors: Evans-Campbell Teresa , Lindhorst Taryn , Huang Bu , Walters Karina L. 
Published: June 2006

Objective. We surveyed American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) women in New York City to determine the prevalence of 3 types of interpersonal violence among urban AIAN women and the behavioral health and mental health factors associated with this violence. Methods. Using a survey, we questioned 112 adult AIAN women in New York City about their experiences with interpersonal violence, mental health, HIV risk behaviors, and help-seeking. The sampling plan utilized a multiple-wave approach with modified respondent-driven sampling, chain referral, and target sampling. Results. Among respondents, over 65% had experienced some form of interpersonal violence, of which 28% reported childhood physical abuse, 48% reported rape, 40% reported a history of domestic violence, and 40% reported multiple victimization experiences. Overwhelmingly, women experienced high levels of emotional trauma related to these events. A history of interpersonal violence was associated with depression, dysphoria, help-seeking behaviors, and an increase in high–HIV risk sexual behaviors. Conclusions. AIAN women experience high rates of interpersonal violence and trauma that are associated with a host of health problems and have important implications for health and mental health professionals.
Effects of Job Strain on Blood Pressure: A Prospective Study of Male and Female White-Collar Workers
Authors: Guimont Chantal , Brisson Chantal , Dagenais Gilles R. , Milot Alain , Vézina Michel , Mâsse Benoît , Moisan Jocelyne , Laflamme Nathalie , Blanchette Caty 
Published: June 2006

Objectives. We evaluated whether cumulative exposure to job strain increases blood pressure. Methods. A prospective study of 8395 white-collar workers was initiated during 1991 to 1993. At follow-up, 7.5 years later, 84% of the participants were reassessed to estimate cumulative exposure to job strain. Results. Compared with men who had never been exposed, men with cumulative exposure and those who became exposed during follow-up showed significant systolic blood pressure increments of 1.8 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.1, 3.5) and 1.5 mm Hg (95% CI=0.2, 2.8), respectively, and relative risks of blood pressure increases in the highest quintile group of 1.33 (95% CI = 1.01, 1.76) and 1.40 (95% CI = 1.14, 1.73). Effect magnitudes were smaller among women. Effects tended to be more pronounced among men and women with low levels of social support at work. Conclusions. Among these white-collar workers, exposure to cumulative job strain had a modest but significant effect on systolic blood pressure among men. The risk was of comparable magnitude to that observed for age and sedentary behavior. Men and women with low levels of social support at work appeared to be at higher risk for increases in blood pressure.
Interpersonal Violence Among Women Seeking Welfare: Unraveling Lives
Authors: Lown E. Anne , Schmidt Laura A. , Wiley James 
Published: June 2006

Objectives. Exposure to violence is a widespread problem among women who receive welfare benefits. Research has focused on partner violence among women with children on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), ignoring low-income women without dependent children who are eligible for General Assistance (GA). Methods. We report findings from a survey of 1235 women seeking TANF (N=1095) and GA (N=140) throughout a California county. Results. Estimates of recent physical, sexual, and severe violence were high in both populations. However, the highest rates occurred among women without children seeking GA, suggesting that they are at higher risk for sexual violence and more severe forms of physical violence, especially from intimate partners. This increased risk is partly accounted for by the co-occurrence of other serious health and social problems. In multivariate analyses, past-year violence was associated with substance use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5, 2.9), recent homelessness (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.4, 2.6), family fragmentation including divorce or separation (AOR=3.1, 95% CI 1.8, 5.2), or foster care involvement (AOR=2.2, 95% CI=1.1, 4.5) Conclusions. Welfare reform created TANF programs to address domestic violence. Women seeking GA may need similar services because of the high prevalence of violence.
Asbestos-Related Disease in South Africa
Authors: Braun Lundy , Kisting Sophia 
Published: June 2006

South Africa was the third largest exporter of asbestos in the world for more than a century. As a consequence of particularly exploitative social conditions, former workers and residents of mining regions suffered—and continue to suffer—from a serious yet still largely undocumented burden of asbestos-related disease. This epidemic has been invisible both internationally and inside South Africa.We examined the work environment, labor policies, and occupational-health framework of the asbestos industry in South Africa during the 20th century. In a changing local context where the majority of workers were increasingly disenfranchised, unorganized, excluded from skilled work, and predominantly rural, mining operations of the asbestos industry not only exposed workers to high levels of asbestos but also contaminated the environment extensively.
Neighborhood Social Capital and Dental Injuries in Brazilian Adolescents
Authors: Pattussi Marcos Pascoal , Hardy Rebecca , Sheiham Aubrey 
Published: June 2006

Objectives. Evidence suggests that communities with higher levels of social capital have better health, but this association has not been explored specifically in relation to dental injury. We investigated the association between social capital and dental injury. Methods. We conducted a multilevel study assessed individual and neighborhood effects on dental injury of 1302 14- to 15-year-old adolescents in 39 schools of Distrito Federal, Brazil. Children underwent a dental examination and, with their parents, answered a questionnaire about their local environments. Our data analysis used logistic multilevel modeling of students and neighborhood (the latter defined by catchment areas of schools). Results. The prevalence of dental injury was significantly lower in neighborhoods with higher levels of social capital, especially among boys. After control for individual and neighborhood variables, the adjusted odds ratio for a 1-unit increase in the standardized social capital index was 0.55 (95% confidence interval=0.37, 0.81; P=.002) among boys. Conclusions. Social capital may explain inequalities in rates of dental injury, especially among boys.
Effects of Domestic Violence on Perinatal and Early-Childhood Mortality: Evidence From North India
Authors: Ahmed Saifuddin , Koenig Michael A. , Stephenson Rob 
Published: June 2006

Objective. We examined the effect of physical violence during pregnancy on perinatal and early-childhood mortality. Methods. We estimated the prevalence of domestic violence during pregnancy among a population-based sample of 2199 women in Uttar Pradesh, India. We used a survival regression model to examine the risks for perinatal, neonatal, postneonatal, and early-childhood (aged 1–3 years) mortality by mother’s exposure to domestic violence, after we controlled for other sociodemographic and maternal health behavior risk factors. Results. Eighteen percent of the women in our study experienced domestic violence during their last pregnancy. After we adjusted for other risk factors, births among mothers who had experienced domestic violence had risks for perinatal and neonatal mortality that were 2.59 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.35, 4.95) and 2.37 (95% CI=1.21, 4.62) times higher, respectively, than births among mothers who had not experienced violence. We found no significant associations between domestic violence and either postneonatal or early-childhood mortality. Conclusions. Domestic violence is a significant risk factor for perinatal and neonatal mortality.