bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between surface energy and adhesion strength in polyethylene—paper composites
Authors: Gervason Georges , Ducom Jean , Cheradame Herve 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis work reports adhesion behaviour of polyethylene on paper, and deals with the surface energy of the materials involved in the manufacture of these composites, and its influence on the adhesion strength, at constant roughness, for the paper substrates. The surface energy of different papers treated with various sizing agents was determined by measuring contact angles according to the Owens‐Wendt method. The peeling energy was shown to follow a linear relationship versus the reversible energy of adhesion. This result is explained by the fact that rupture takes place at the interface and that the size of the defect at the interface depends on the spreading coefficient. Corona treatment, applied to strongly sized papers before making the composites, restored the adhesion strength to its original range of values, again demonstrating the thermodynamic character of adhesion in thermoplastic‐paper composites.
Crosslinking reactions during processing of silane modified polyethylenes
Authors: Bullen David J. , Capaccio Giancarlo , Frye Christopher J. , Brock Thomas 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study of the crosslinking reactions in silane modified polyethylenes has been completed. Crosslinking of ethylene‐vinyl trimethoxy silane copolymers during high temperature melt processing has been investigated using melt rheological and infrared spectroscopic techniques. Two environmental factors are shown to influence crosslinking formation, namely oxidation of the polymer and the presence of di‐n‐butyl‐tin dilaurate, a condensation catalyst. These are believed to initiate high temperature crosslink formation via different non‐interacting mechanisms. It is deduced that silane crosslink formation as a result of oxidation is due to intramolecular interaction of oxidised polyethylene and pendant methoxy silane branches. Observation of a hydrogen bonded silanol intermediate species is consistent with this hypothesis.
Polymerization of MMA at the surface of inorganic submicron particles
Authors: Caris Carola H. M. , Van Elven Louisa P. M. , Van Herk Alex M. , German Anton L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInorganic submicron particles, such as TiO2, were modified with titanate coupling agents. The structure and stability of some titanates, both in solution and at the particle surface, were investigated by various methods. The modified titanium dioxide was dispersed in a solution of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) in water. The surfactant adsorbs at the now hydrophobic particle surface, thus creating a micellelike structure with an inorganic particle in the centre. In this system an emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate was carried out. Product formed at the particle surface is either physically bound by entanglement or chemically bound by covalent bonding to the titanates. In this way a core‐shell morphology is obtained with an inorganic core and a polymer shell. The effects of several reaction parameters on the kinetics of the polymerization were studied. The encapsulated TiO2 particles may offer interesting prospects in those applications where good coupling between polymer matrix and inorganic particles is necessary, such as latex paints and polymer composite materials.
XPS and SEM study of UV laser surface modification of polymers
Authors: Novis Yvan , De Meulemeester Rita , Chtaïb Mohammed , Pireaux Jean‐Jacques , Caudano Roland 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeveral commercial polymers—poly(ethylene) (PE), poly(propylene) (PP), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polystyrene (PS)—were treated in air with an argon‐fluorine UV excimer laser (λ = 193 nm).The polymer etch rate was investigated by two methods: quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and piercing of films.X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was performed on the modified surfaces after laser exposure at various fluences. Samples were subsequently analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).From our results, polymers may be classified into two categories concerning their reactivity towards UV laser light.— the weakly absorbing polymers (e.g. PE, PP, PVF2) where a photothermal process (thermal degradation) dominates the interaction.— the strongly absorbing polymers (e.g. PVC, PS) where a photochemical process (photoablation) dominates the interaction.
Adhesion improvement of polyester/aluminium interface by plasma polymerization pretreatments
Authors: Novis Yvan , Chtaïb Mohammed , Caudano Roland , Lutgen Pierre , Feyder Gusty 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPlasma polymerizations (PP) of acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) on polyester were used to improve the adhesion of the polyester/aluminium interface. It was found that this adhesion measured by the peel test method is 5‐10 times higher than in the case of untreated polyester. Comparisons of the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results obtained from the treated polyester, the untreated polyester and the reference spectra of poly(acrylic acid) cast from H2O suggest that the observed adhesion improvement can be explained in terms of the formation of new functionalities at the polyester surface.
FTIR/ATR study of the copolymerization of diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A with methyl‐substituted γ‐lactones catalyzed by rare earth triflate initiators
Authors: Arasa Mercè , Ramis Xavier , Maria Salla Josep , Mantecón Ana , Serra Angels 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMixtures of DGEBA with γ‐valerolactone (γ‐VL) or α‐methyl‐γ‐butyrolactone (γ‐MBL) 2:1 (mol/mol) were cationically copolymerized in the presence of scandium, ytterbium, or lanthanum triflates as initiators. The evolution of the different reactive groups was followed by means of FTIR/ATR spectroscopy. From these experiments, we could detect the coexistence of two unexpected processes: a reversion of the intermediate spiroorthoester formed to the initial products and a depolymerization process, which only takes place in samples with γ‐VL, when scandium triflate was used as initiator or when the proportion of ytterbium triflate was increased from 1 to 3 phr. When γ‐MBL was used as comonomer no depolymerization occurs which supports the proposed mechanism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2129–2141, 2007
Conformation transition kinetics of Bombyx mori silk protein
Authors: Chen Xin , Shao Zhengzhong , Knight David P. , Vollrath Fritz 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTime‐resolved FTIR analysis was used to monitor the conformation transition induced by treating regenerated Bombyx mori silk fibroin films and solutions with different concentrations of ethanol. The resulting curves showing the kinetics of the transition for both films and fibroin solutions were influenced by the ethanol concentration. In addition, for silk fibroin solutions the protein concentration also had an effect on the kinetics. At low ethanol concentrations (for example, less than 40% v/v in the case of film), films and fibroin solutions showed a phase in which β‐sheets slowly formed at a rate dependent on the ethanol concentration. Reducing the concentration of the fibroin in solutions also slowed the formation of β‐sheets. These observations suggest that this phase represents a nucleation step. Such a nucleation phase was not seen in the conformation transition at ethanol concentrations > 40% in films or > 50% in silk fibroin solutions. Our results indicate that the ethanol‐induced conformation transition of silk fibroin in films and solutions is a three‐phase process. The first phase is the initiation of β‐sheet structure (nucleation), the second is a fast phase of β‐sheet growth while the third phase represents a slow perfection of previously formed β‐sheet structure. The nucleation step can be very fast or relatively slow, depending on factors that influence protein chain mobility and intermolecular hydrogen bond formation. The findings give support to the previous evidence that natural silk spinning in silkworms is nucleation‐dependent, and that silkworms (like spiders) use concentrated silk protein solutions, and careful control of the pH value and metallic ion content of the processing environment to speed up the nucleation step to produce a rapid conformation transition to convert the water soluble spinning dope to a tough solid silk fiber. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technology acquisition choices for newly industrializing countries: The case of Taiwan
Authors: Contractor Farok J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article examines the determinants of technology development and acquisition for companies based in a newly industrializing nation. The actual selection of a method for acquiring a technological capability has to be analyzed at the firm level and is influenced by attributes of the technology in question, as well as by the attributes of the technology‐receiving organization. This article demonstrates that the selection of a technology transfer method has to be done on a case‐by‐case basis and provides several criteria. These criteria are, however, conditioned by the economic environment faced by the company, and government policies. Taiwan is chosen as an illustration in this article because it is a country trying to formulate a technology policy for its economy. Its days as a low‐cost producer of relatively unsophisticated goods are almost over. Yet the small scale of much of Taiwan's industry, growing technological protectionism, as well as changes in marketing and business organization in principal overseas markets, are some of the constraints on the ability of its companies to reach the cutting edge of technology in most industries. The article concludes by examining the role of the Taiwan government and indicating some policy directions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Two Mastectomy Techniques
Authors: Rodd Caroline D. , Velchuru Vamsi R. , Holly‐Archer Frances , Clark Allan , Pereira Jerome H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe unit was considering the routine use of diathermy scissors for standard mastectomy surgery. We therefore aimed to assess scientifically the outcome of patients following the use of this instrument in their operation before accepting it as a routine procedure.MethodsA single blind randomized control trial compared the outcome of patients undergoing simple mastectomy using either the standard scalpel blade technique or the bipolar cutting scissors technique. Each arm of the trial contained 30 patients.ResultsThe two primary outcome measures were blood loss intraoperatively and the operating time. There was a significant difference between the two groups, with a statistically significant benefit in the scissors group in terms of the secondary outcome measures of chest wall clearance and skin flap development as assessments of surgical completeness of mastectomy.There is no evidence of any other secondary outcome measures differing between the treatment groups.ConclusionThere is strong evidence that using electric scissors reduces intraoperative blood loss and operating time. There is some evidence that the scissors may provide better surgical completeness of mastectomy.
Microglia: a newly discovered role in visceral hypersensitivity?
Authors: Saab Carl Y. , Wang Jing , Gu Chunping , Garner Kirsten N. , Al-Chaer Elie D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGiven the growing body of evidence for a role of glia in pain modulation, it is plausible that the exaggerated visceral pain in chronic conditions might be regulated by glial activation. In this study, we have investigated a possible role for microglia in rats with chronic visceral hypersensitivity and previously documented altered neuronal function. Experiments were performed on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats pre-treated with neonatal colon irritation (CI) and on control rats. Effects of fractalkine (FKN, a chemokine involved in neuron-to-microglia signaling) and of minocycline (an inhibitor of microglia) on visceral sensitivity were examined. Visceral sensitivity was assessed by recording the electromyographic (EMG) responses to graded colorectal distension (CRD) in mildly sedated rats. Responses to CRD were recorded before and after injection of FKN, minocycline or vehicle. Somatic thermal hyperalgesia was measured by latency of paw withdrawal to radiant heat. The pattern and intensity of microglial distribution at L6–S2 in the spinal cord was also compared in rats with CI and controls by fluorescence microscopy using OX-42. Results show that: (1) FKN significantly facilitated EMG responses to noxious CRD by >52% in control rats. FKN also induced thermal hyperalgesia in control rats, consistent with previous reports; (2) minocycline significantly inhibited EMG responses to noxious CRD by >70% in rats with CI compared to controls 60 min after injection. The anti-nociceptive effect of minocycline lasted for 180 min in rats with CI, reaching peak values 60 min after injection. Our results show that FKN enhances visceral and somatic nociception, whereas minocycline inhibits visceral hypersensitivity in chronically sensitized rats, which indicates a role for microglia in visceral hypersensitivity.
Germ of a synthesis: space–time is spinorial, extra dimensions are time-like
Authors: Sparling George A.J 
Published: April 2007

A pressing issue for modern physics is the possibility of extra dimensions of space–time. Here, a novel approach to this question is put forward, with three facets:First, an integral transform is introduced into Einstein's general relativity that is non-local and spinorial. For Minkowskian space–time, the transform intertwines three spaces of six dimensions, whicha prioriare on an equal footing, linked by the octavic triality of Cartan. Two of these spaces are interpreted as null twistor spaces; the third may be regarded as giving space–time two extra time-like dimensions, for which the ordinary space–time is an axis of symmetry.Second, it is suggested that the extra dimensions perdure for a general space–time: the overall structure is controlled by a generalized Fefferman tensor. Accordingly, it is posited that the additional time-like dimensions arise naturally and constitute an aspect of space–time reality that ultimately will be amenable to experimental investigation. Conceivably, devices such as the Large Hadron Collider will uncover this reality.Third, it is argued that the structure hints at a synthesis of ideas deriving from general relativity, string theory, condensed matter physics, category theory and non-commutative geometry.
Compliance: a convincing case for learning management systems
Authors: Little Bob 
Published: April 2007

PurposeTo illustrate the value of using a learning management system to streamline training administration tasks and, especially, to provide evidence of compliance for the authorities in regulated industries.Design/methodology/approachThe approach to this topic is via interviews with experts. Officials from five US‐based organisations – four health‐care and one pharmaceutical organisation – explain the value of a learning management system to their particular organisation. They also outline the additional benefits that they have experienced – such as medical staff being able to spend more time with patients. There are also comments from an industry analyst specialising in learning management systems.FindingsLearning management systems not only enable training to be standardised and co‐ordinated within the largest and most fragmented organisations but also provide accurate records of learning and competence – which are vital in highly regulated industries.Practical implicationsThese are that every organisation in a “regulated” industry – especially those in the health‐care sector – should use an enterprise‐wide learning management system to improve the efficiency of their staff training and development. Moreover, they should use the user‐monitoring and record‐keeping functions of the learning management system to keep automated, up‐to‐date records of knowledge, skills and competencies for that industry's regulatory bodies.Originality/valueThis paper demonstrates – albeit anecdotally – the value of a learning management system, not just for the training function but also in operational terms. As such, it should be of interest not only to training and HR professionals but also to those responsible for organisational strategy, planning and operation.
Research on family reading: an international perspective
Authors: Train Briony 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThis paper presents a summary of international research in the field of family reading, a subject which refers both to the development of the literacy skills of family members, and to their shared process of reading.Design/methodology/approachIt begins by defining the key terms in family reading, then introduces the research methods employed in research in this area.FindingsResearch specifically focusing on parents is presented, with particular reference to young parents and fathers in prison. The issue of intergenerational reading is also introduced, whereby (in this instance) the young and the elderly share experiences via reading. The final theme of the paper is that of families sharing reading for pleasure, and public reading events for families are described. The paper concludes with a series of barriers to family reading, and a suggested model of effective family reading, for families and communities in any country.Research limitations/implicationsIn a paper of this scale and length, it is impossible to give more than a limited perspective of international research on family reading, yet the author believes that sufficient examples are given – and the research methods sufficiently globally applicable – for the paper to be of theoretical and practical value to public and school librarians, and academics.Originality/valueThe paper collates and reflects on examples of international research and practice, whilst providing a solid framework of research methods in the area of family reading.
Emerging strategic people management of coalmines in Central Queensland
Authors: Zheng Connie , Di Milia Lee , Rolfe John , Bretherton Phil 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to set a research agenda which will explore the link between strategic human resource management (HRM) and business performance of the coal industry in Central Queensland, Australia.Design/methodology/approachKey performance indicators of coalmines are collected from official statistics and other publicly available records. A survey instrument is to be designed and used to collect data related to experiences and perceptions of managers and employees in coalmines. Statistical tools are used to test interrelationships between key variables.FindingsThe research will be the first empirical study of the link between strategic HRM and business performance of the coal industry. The research outcomes will contribute to the body of knowledge concerning the relationship between strategic HRM and business performance. Studying people management practices in the coal industry enables us to paint a clearer picture of the key HRM issues currently faced by the industry. As management educators, we may be more able, as a result of this study, to provide solutions to some identified problems in the industry.Originality/valueThe coal industry is very important to sustainable regional economic development. An analysis of the impact of people management approaches to business performance is likely to lead to identifying some best practices that can be potentially adopted in the wider regional business community.
An empirical study of the anticipated consumer response to RFID product item tagging
Authors: Angeles Rebecca 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThis empirical study of consumer/shopper response to radio frequency identification (RFID) product item tagging anticipates what is likely to take place in the retail marketplace. Using the theories of procedural justice/fairness, expected utility, and prior literature on personal privacy the purpose of this study is to use the survey method to measure consumer willingness to purchase RFID‐tagged product items within the Canadian context. Procedural justice/fairness is operationalized using the implementation of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) enacted in Canada on January 1, 2004.Design/methodology/approachThis study used the survey questionnaire method after the sample participants (N=381) were exposed to an experimental treatment. Students and faculty members of the Faculty of Business Administration, University of New Brunswick Fredericton, Canada participated in this study.FindingsConsumers responded positively to the procedural justice concept using PIPEDA law in Canada. The less privacy sensitive group valued the specific RFID benefits, was willing to buy the tagged items to obtain specific benefits, was willing to pay more for these items, and was also less concerned about selected RFID issues.Practical implicationsPractical suggestions are given to retailers thinking of implementing product item RFID tagging to make their initiatives more successful.Originality/valueThis is one of the first empirical studies on the likely consumer response to product item tagging based on solid theoretical foundations.
Characteristics and impacts of ICT investments: perceptions among managers
Authors: Vehovar Vasja , Lesjak Dušan 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics and impacts of information‐communication technology (ICT) investments as perceived by ICT managers.Design/methodology/approachThe paper starts with an overview and a conceptualisation. The empirical part is based on a national RIS 2005 representative telephone survey (n=727) of companies in Slovenia. With respect to ICT developments the Republic of Slovenia, situated between Italy, Austria, Hungary and Croatia, is a typical (median) country of the European Union.FindingsThe size of ICT investments strongly determined the perception of ICT investments, but it had surprisingly little impact on its structure (i.e. hardware, software, education …). Satisfaction with ICT investments was relatively low, particular in small companies. One reason for this was the suboptimal implementation, particularly the lack of accompanying measures (e.g. education, organisational changes). The ICT investments brought considerable changes for the internal organisation and communication, but much less for the management. The clearest effect of ICT investments was the greater need to educate the employees.Practical implicationsMore attention is needed to the accompanying managerial, communication, education and organisational measures of ICT investments, particularly in small companies.Originality/valueThe paper sheds light on the structure of seven components (hardware, software, telecommunications, education …) of an ICT investment (as perceived by ICT managers). Hardware is diminishing as a stand‐alone ICT component. The paper also exposes the problem of a relatively low level of satisfaction with ICT investments. It analysed the link between the size of ICT investments and the evaluation rating given by ICT managers.
When a good standard development process fails
Authors: Jackson Mary 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThe meeting on the international interlibrary loan communication standard meeting in Washington DC under the auspices of the Association of Research Libraries is described.Design/methodology/approachThe article is based on comments and opinions regarding the failure of a good standard development process.FindingsThe difficulties of arriving at a consensus are identified and an analysis of the wider context of document delivery is suggested as a possible way forward.Originality/valueThis review is a useful source of information for librarians and others interested in good standard development.