bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth rate of single acetaminophen crystals in supersaturated aqueous solution under different operating conditions
Authors: Omar W. , Al‐Sayed S. , Sultan A. , Ulrich J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSingle crystal growth experiments were conducted to investigate the growth rate of acetaminophen (paracetamol) crystals under carefully controlled conditions of temperature, supersaturation and pH value. The relative growth rate of the different faces was studied. Growth Rate Dispersion (GRD) was observed by studying the effect of supersaturation and temperature on the growth rate. The growth rate in all directions was found to be temperature dependant. Elongation of the crystals was measured due to the faster growth in the Y‐ direction and Xa direction compared to in the Xb direction. Dissolution of the crystals was observed at pH values greater than 8.5, and a growth rate retardation was observed when increasing the pH from 5.6, which is the normal value without additions, to higher values in both acidic and basic mediums up to 8.5. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimization of flow cytometric measurement of ZAP‐70 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Preobrazhensky Sergey N. , Bahler David W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of this study was to optimize a cell staining procedure for flow cytometric detection of zeta‐chain associated protein‐70 (ZAP‐70). Our specific objectives were to improve antibody selection criteria, identify a cell permeabilization procedure better tailored to ZAP‐70 analysis, as well as to establish objective criteria to control antigen stability.MethodsSequentially titrated 2F3.2‐FITC, 1E7.2‐FITC, and 1E7.2‐Alexa Fluor 488 anti‐ZAP‐70 antibodies were used to stain normal B and T cells and Scatchard analysis was applied to calculate Kd and Bmax values from saturation curves of specific binding. ZAP‐70 staining was compared in cells permeabilized with two commercially available kits, Triton X‐100, and a custom saponin procedure.ResultsNormal B‐cells were found to provide an excellent measure of nonspecific staining while varying ZAP‐70 antibodies and concentrations. Comparing Scatchard analyses of specific T‐cell binding revealed that 1E7.2‐Alexa Fluor 488 had the highest binding affinity of the tested anti‐ZAP‐70 antibodies and was the best choice. The highest levels of ZAP‐70 fluorescence occurred when cells were permeabilized using a noncommercial saponin procedure. Decrease of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell viability correlated with diminished ZAP‐70 expression; when viability was lower than 95% the percentage of bright positive samples was significantly decreased, indicating a possibility of false‐negative results.ConclusionsThe efficiency and reliability of flow cytometric detection of ZAP‐70 can be optimized by using Scatchard analysis to help select the most effective antibodies and antibody concentrations that maximize specific to nonspecific binding, by using a “custom” ZAP‐70 permeabilization procedure, and by better controlling antigen stability by measuring cell viability. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society.
Ongoing sonic hedgehog signaling is required for dorsal midline formation in the developing forebrain
Authors: Hayhurst Monica , Gore Bryan B. , Tessier‐Lavigne Marc , McConnell Susan K. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe division of the mammalian forebrain into distinct left and right hemispheres represents a critical step in neural development. Several signaling molecules including sonic hedgehog (SHH), fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been implicated in dorsal midline development, and prior work suggests that the organizing centers from which these proteins are secreted mutually regulate one another during development. To explore the role of the ventral organizing center in the formation of two hemispheres, we assessed dorsal midline development in Shh mutant embryos and in wildtype embryos treated with the SHH signaling inhibitor HhAntag. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that SHH signaling plays an important role in maintaining the normal expression patterns of Fgf8 and Bmp4 in the developing forebrain. We further show that FGF8 can induce the expression of Zic2, which is normally expressed at the midline and is required in vivo for hemispheric cleavage, suggesting that FGF signaling may stimulate dorsal midline development by inducing Zic2 expression. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Expression pattern of peptidylarginine deiminase in rat and human Schwann cells
Authors: Keilhoff Gerburg , Prell Tino , Langnaese Kristina , Mawrin Christian , Simon Michel , Fansa Hisham , Nicholas Anthony P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes are responsible for conversion of protein‐bound arginine to citrulline in most tissues of the body and are garnering increased interest for their physiological and pathological roles. Although it has been shown that oligodendrocytes of the CNS express the PAD isoenzyme type 2, nothing is presently known about PAD expression in Schwann cells, the myelinating cells of the PNS. To evaluate PAD expression in the PNS, cultivated rat and human Schwann cells and slices of fetal, juvenile, and normal and regenerated adult sciatic nerves were examined with RT‐PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analysis. Samples from cerebellar cultures and skin served as positive controls. One of the principle findings was that cultivated Schwann cells expressed significant levels of mRNA and protein for the PAD isoenzymes 2 and 3. PAD1 and PAD4, however, were not expressed in any types of Schwann cells. Using double immunofluorescence, the majority of PAD2 staining was localized in immature cell stages. Moreover, increased amounts of PAD2, PAD3, and peptidyl‐citrulline were also found in human fetal and rat juvenile and regenerated sciatic nerves as compared to similar normal adult specimens. Neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthases, enzymes that convert free arginine to citrulline, were also expressed in Schwann cells; however, their massive induction by LPS/K+, was not reflected in an enhanced peptidyl‐citrulline immunosignal. These data suggest that, similar to the CNS, citrullination of proteins may also exert a specific role in thecourse of PNS development and repair. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Mas‐allatotropin in the developing antennal lobe of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta: Distribution, time course, developmental regulation, and colocalization with other neuropeptides
Authors: Utz Sandra , Huetteroth Wolf , Vömel Matthias , Schachtner Joachim 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe paired antennal lobes (ALs) of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta serve as a well‐established model for studying development of the primary integration centers for odor information in the brain. To further reveal the role of neuropeptides during AL development, we have analyzed cellular distribution, developmental time course, and regulation of the neuropeptide M. sexta allatotropin (Mas‐AT). On the basis of morphology and appearance during AL formation, seven major types of Mas‐AT‐immunoreactive (ir) cells could be distinguished. Mas‐AT‐ir cells are identified as local, projection, and centrifugal neurons, which are either persisting larval or newly added adult‐specific neurons. Complementary immunostaining with antisera against two other neuropeptide families (A‐type allatostatins, RFamides) revealed colocalization within three of the Mas‐AT‐ir cell types. On the basis of this neurochemistry, the most prominent type of Mas‐AT‐ir neurons, the local AT neurons (LATn), could be divided in three subpopulations. The appearance of the Mas‐AT‐ir cell types occurring during metamorphosis parallels the rising titer of the developmental hormone 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E). Artificially shifting the 20E titer to an earlier developmental time point resulted in the precocious occurrence of Mas‐AT immunostaining. This result supports the hypothesis that the pupal rise of 20E is causative for Mas‐AT expression during AL development. Comparing localization and developmental time course of Mas‐AT and other neuropeptides with the time course of AL formation suggests various functions for these neuropeptides during development, including an involvement in the formation of the olfactory glomeruli. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone‐1 (GnRH‐1) is involved in tooth maturation and biomineralization
Authors: Tiong Jean , Locastro Thomas , Wray Susan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGonadotropin releasing‐hormone‐1 (GnRH‐1) is expressed in mouse incisors during development. In this report, we identify (1) cell type(s) that express GnRH‐1 throughout tooth development, (2) the GnRH‐1 receptor, and (3) the role of GnRH‐1/GnRH‐1 receptor signaling in tooth maturation. Results show that GnRH‐1‐positive cells in dental epithelium differentiate and populate multiple tooth structures including ameloblast and papillary layers that are involved in enamel formation and mineralization. The GnRH‐1 receptor was present, and in vitro a GnRH‐1 antagonist attenuated incisor GnRH‐1 cell expression. In vivo, in mice lacking GnRH‐1 (−/−), the incisors were discolored, longer, and more curved compared to wildtype. Elemental analysis of calcium, phosphorus, and iron revealed changes in −/− incisors consistent with GnRH‐1 affecting movement of minerals into the dental matrix. In sum, in tooth development a signal transduction pathway exists for GnRH‐1 via the GnRH‐1 receptor and disruption of such signaling affects incisor growth and biomineralization. Developmental Dynamics 236:2980–2992, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transdifferentiation in developmental biology, disease, and in therapy
Authors: Thowfeequ Shifaan , Myatt Emily‐Jane , Tosh David 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTransdifferentiation (or metaplasia) refers to the conversion of one cell type to another. Because transdifferentiation normally occurs between cells that arise from the same region of the embryo, understanding the molecular and cellular events in cell type transformations may help to explain the mechanisms underlying normal development. Here we review examples of transdifferentiation in nature focusing on the possible role of cell type switching in metamorphosis and regeneration. We also examine transdifferentiation in mammals in relation to disease and the use of transdifferentiated cells in cellular therapy. Developmental Dynamics 236:3208–3217, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
dTrf2 is required for transcriptional and developmental responses to ecdysone during Drosophila metamorphosis
Authors: Bashirullah Arash , Lam Geanette , Yin Viravuth P. , Thummel Carl S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe TATA box‐binding protein (TBP) related factor 2 (TRF2) has been well characterized at a biochemical level and in cultured cells. Relatively little, however, is known about how TRF2 functions in specific biological pathways during development. Here, we show that Drosophila TRF2 (dTRF2) plays an essential role in responses to the steroid hormone ecdysone during the onset of metamorphosis. Hypomorphic dTrf2 mutations lead to developmental arrest during prepupal and early pupal stages with defects in major ecdysone‐triggered biological responses, including puparium formation, anterior spiracle eversion, gas bubble translocation, adult head eversion, and larval salivary gland cell death. The transcription of key ecdysone‐regulated target genes is delayed and reduced in dTrf2 mutants. dTrf2 appears to be required for the proper timing and levels of ecdysone‐regulated gene expression required for entry into metamorphosis. Developmental Dynamics 236:3173–3179, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene expression patterns underlying proximal–distal skeletal segmentation in late‐stage zebrafish,Danio rerio
Authors: Crotwell Patricia L. , Mabee Paula M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTiming and pattern of expression of ten candidate segmentation genes or gene pairs were reviewed or examined in developing median fins of late‐stage zebrafish,Danio rerio. We found a general correspondence in timing and pattern of expression between zebrafish fin radial segmentation and tetrapod joint development, suggesting that molecular mechanisms underlying radial segmentation have been conserved over 400 million years of evolution. Gene co‐expression during segmentation (5.5–6.5 mm SL) is similar between tetrapods and zebrafish:bmp2b,bmp4,chordin, andgdf5in interradial mesenchyme and ZS;bapx1,col2a1,noggin3, andsox9ain chondrocytes. Surprisingly,wnt9ais not expressed in the developing median fins, thoughwnt9bis detected. In contrast to all other candidate segmentation genes we examined,bapx1is not expressed in the caudal fin, which does not segment. Together, these data suggest a scenario of gene interactions underlying radial segmentation based on the patterns and timing of candidate gene expression. Developmental Dynamics 236:3111–3128, 2007 © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gateway compatible vectors for analysis of gene function in the zebrafish
Authors: Villefranc Jacques A. , Amigo Julio , Lawson Nathan D. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe recent establishment of recombination‐based cloning systems has greatly facilitated the analysis of gene function by allowing rapid and high‐efficiency generation of plasmid constructs. However, the use of such an approach in zebrafish requires the availability of recombination‐compatible plasmids that are appropriate for functional studies in zebrafish embryos. In this work, we describe the construction and validation of Gateway compatible vectors based on commonly used zebrafish plasmids. We have generated pCS‐based plasmids that allow rapid generation of both N‐terminal and C‐terminal fusion proteins, and we demonstrate that mRNA synthesized from these plasmids encodes functional native or fusion proteins in injected zebrafish embryos. In parallel, we have established similar Gateway plasmids containing Tol2 cis elements that promote efficient integration into the zebrafish genome and allow expression of native or fusion proteins in a tissue‐specific manner in the zebrafish embryo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of this system to rapidly identify tissue‐specific cis elements to aid the establishment of blood vessel‐specific transgenic constructs. Taken together, this work provides an important platform for the rapid functional analyses of open reading frames in zebrafish embryos. Developmental Dynamics 236:3077–3087, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal venous and arterial patterning in chordin mutants
Authors: Délot Emmanuele , Shneyder Natalya , Zhang Hanwei , Bachiller Daniel 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInjection of colored methyl salicilate into the atria of fixed mouse embryos reveal the pattern of developing veins. See Délot et al., Developmental Dynamics 236:2586–2593. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement of microwave power amplifier intermodulation distortion by a novel second‐harmonic short‐circuit termination
Authors: Takayama Yoichiro , Watanabe Kazushi , Yamaguchi Kazuyuki , Fujita Takayuki , Maenaka Kazusuke 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe intermodulation distortion characteristics of a microwave Si MOSFET power amplifier are improved by realization of a true second harmonic short‐circuit termination of the drain. By the use of a circuit configuration taking account of the parasitic inductance of the FET drain, second harmonic short‐circuiting of the drain is realized. First, a two‐variable Taylor series expansion model of the drain current with respect to the gate voltage and the drain voltage is used and an approximate analysis by the perturbation method, including the low frequency (signal difference frequency) and second harmonic load dependence of the third‐order intermodulation distortion, is used for an analysis of the intermodulation distortion and its asymmetry. Next, a 1‐GHz Si MOSFET power amplifier is fabricated. Reduction of the intermodulation distortion and its asymmetry is realized by introducing a true second harmonic short circuit for the drain. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(11): 9–16, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20344
Measurement of temperature‐dependent complex permittivity for materials using cylindrical resonator under microwave irradiation
Authors: Guan Yong , Nikawa Yoshio 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA cylindrical resonator operating in TM010 mode at a frequency of 2.45 GHz is used. A sample placed in the resonator is dielectrically heated, amplifying the output of the vector network analyzer by a Radio Frequency (RF) power amplifier. The transmission coefficient of the resonator is measured while heating, and the temperature dependence of the complex permittivity of the material is determined. The results are discussed. By calculating the rigorous analysis for the electromagnetic field distribution, the error of measurement by perturbation is evaluated, and it is verified that the measurement error for the relative dielectric constant does not exceed 3.5%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(11): 1–8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20346
Digital terrestrial television transmission over OFDM/FM using satellite communications system
Authors: Anwar Khoirul , Hara Takao , Okada Minoru , Yamamoto Heiichi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe new digital terrestrial television transmission signals use the OFDM system. This system has the fundamental problem that the peak power to average power ratio (PAPR) of the signal is significant. In this paper, a satellite communication system is proposed as a supplemental network for digital terrestrial broadcasting. It is shown that effective use of the satellite power becomes possible at a large PAPR by using the FM system with a constant signal envelope as the secondary modulation, so that the problem can be resolved. It is shown analytically that a larger FM gain can be obtained by limiting the peak voltage of the OFDM signal by clipping. The degradation of the BER caused by clipping is derived by simulation and the system is optimized with regard to the degree of clipping. Taking the size and operational cost of the receiving station into account, channel design is performed assuming a real satellite channel. The overall transmission characteristics such as the transmission capacity of the satellite repeater and the channel quality are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(11): 74–84, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20385
Distortion‐free fusion of multiple video camera images using EPI analysis
Authors: Mikami Takeshi , Oo Thanda , Ono Shintaro , Kawasaki Hiroshi , Ohsawa Yutaka , Ikeuchi Katsushi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a method that uses an Epipolar Plane Image (EPI) to calibrate multiple video cameras and obtain distortion‐free fusion of these images. Generally speaking, the optical center of a camera exists inside its body making it physically difficult to focus these images at one point in multiple cameras. When fusing these types of camera images, distortion will occur unless three‐dimensional shape information is used. In this paper we perform distortion‐free image fusion by bringing these optical centers into agreement in a spatiotemporal field based on conditions in which multiple video cameras are installed on a movable object. The agreement points of the optical centers are automatically calculated by means of EPI matching. Because this process utilizes time‐variant redundancy of each camera image, a stable corresponding relationship is obtained even when there is no spatial overlap of the photographic range making it possible to install cameras with comparative freedom. In addition, because it is possible to ensure sufficient quality without using special external synchronization devices or position measurement devices, this method is also suitable for acquiring textures of large‐scale real scenes, such as urban spaces. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(11): 85–98, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20396
The parameter dependence of the inverse function delayed model on the success rate of combinatorial optimization problems
Authors: Sato Akari , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Nakajima Koji 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMuch research has been performed regarding attempts to solve NP hard or NP complete problems using neural networks, because high‐speed solutions then become possible through parallel processing. However, there is still the local minima problem. The Inverse Function Delayed (ID) model used in this paper is shown to be a powerful avoidance algorithm for the local minima problem, because the dynamics of the model can cause negative resistance and the local minima can be destabilized by this negative resistance. In this paper, the differences with the conventional Hopfield model and the hysteresis neuron model, due to the parameters of the ID model, are discussed successively. Moreover, from a general energy function E of the optimization problem, when a static output state is the solution representation, it is shown that the global minima and the local minima can be separated using the ID model in a problem where E=0 in the global minimum state. Afterwards, the parameter dependence of the success rate is discussed. As a result, a numerical experiment confirmed that a wide optimal parameter range showing a 100% success rate is obtained, though there is a slight special oscillating state (limit cycle). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(11): 41–54, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20402
Appearance reproduction of high‐dynamic‐range video based on human visual models
Authors: Hirai Keita , Nakaguchi Toshiya , Tsumura Norimichi , Miyake Yoichi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a method for improving image quality in order to match precisely the appearances of recorded video sequences with those of real scenes. Captured video and still images by cameras often have saturated and underexposed areas due to their limited dynamic range. Therefore, it is required to acquire images with a wide dynamic range and much tone data for the accurate reproduction of appearances. In addition, it is important to apply color reproduction processing based on human visual models to recorded videos because the appearances between the videos and real scenes differ due to the characteristics of human vision. In our method, a photometric high‐dynamic‐range (PHDR) video is generated by using a recorded video sequence and metadata of a camera such as the sensitivity (speed), aperture, and shutter speed. The PHDR video consists of the values of high‐dynamic‐range tone and absolute luminance. After the generation of a PHDR video, the video is processed by using color reproduction techniques based on spatiotemporal visual adaptation models for the accurate reproduction of appearances. Our results show that the proposed method reproduces fine appearance of videos which is the close appearance of real scenes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(11): 55–64, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20403