bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary arachidonic acid on metabolism of deuterated linoleic acid by adult male subjects
Authors: Emken E. A. , Adlof R. O. , Duval S. M. , Nelson G. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of dietary supplementation with 20:4n−6 on uptake and turnover of deuterium‐labeled linoleic acid (18:2n−6[d2]) in human plasma lipids and the synthesis of desaturated and elongated n−6 fatty acids from 18:2n−6[d2] were investigated in six adult male subjects. The subjects were fed either a high‐arachidonic acid (HIAA) diet containing 1.7 g/d or a low‐AA (LOAA) diet containing 0.21 g/d of AA for 50 d. Each subject was then dosed with about 3.5 g of 18:2n−6[d2] as the triglyceride (TG) at 8:00 a.m., 12:00, and 5:00 p.m. The total 18:2n−6[d2] fed to each subject was about 10.4 g and is approximately equal to one‐half of the daily intake of 18:2n−6 in a typical U.S. male diet. Nine blood samples were drawn over a 96‐h period. Methyl esters of plasma total lipid (TL), TG, phospholipid, and cholesterol ester were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy. Dietary 20:4n−6 supplementation did not affect uptake of 18:2n−6[d2] in plasma lipid classes over the 4‐d study period nor the estimated half‐life of 24–36 h for 18:2n−6[d2]. The percentages of major deuterium‐labeled desaturation and elongation products in plasma TL, as a percentage of total deuterated fatty acids, were 1.35 and 1.34% 18:3n−6[d2]; 0.53 and 0.50% 20:2n−6[d2]; 1.80 and 0.92% 20:3n−6[d2] and 3.13 and 1.51% 20:4n−6[d2] for the LOAA and HIAA diet groups, respectively. Trace amounts (<0.1%) of the TL concentration data for both 20:3n−6[d2] and 20:4n−6[d2] were 48% lower (P<0.05) in samples from the HIAA diet group than in samples from the LOAA diet group. For a normal adult male consuming a typical U.S. diet, the estiamted accumulation in plasma TL of 20:4n−6 synthesized from 20 g/d (68 mmole) of 18:2n−6 is 677 mg/d (2.13 mmole). Dietary supplementation with 1.5 g/d of 20:4n−6 reduced accumulation of 20:4n−6 synthesized from 20 g/d of 18:2n−6 to about 326 mg/d (1.03 mmole).
Suppression of hypercholesterolemia in hepatoma‐bearing rats by cabbage extract and its component, S‐methyl‐l‐cysteine sulfoxide
Authors: Komatsu Wataru , Miura Yutaka , Yagasaki Kazumi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of cabbage extract on cholesterol metabolism was studied in Donryu rats subcutaneously implanted with an ascites hepatoma cell line (AH109A). The hepatoma‐bearing rats exhibited hypercholesterolemia induced by increasing cholesterogenesis in the host liver and decreasing steroid excretion into feces. The cabbage extract intake or administration reduced serum cholesterol level and enhanced fecal bile acid excretion and cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase activity, the rate‐limiting enzyme of bile acid biosynthesis, in the microsomal fraction of the liver. Furthermore, S‐methyl‐l‐cysteine sulfoxide, a component of cabbage, could mimic the effect of cabbage extract when orally administered. These results suggest that cabbage suppresses hypercholesterolemia responding to hepatoma growth by upregulating cholesterol catabolism and that S‐methyl‐l‐cysteine sulfoxide in cabbage is one of the factors suppressing hypercholesterolemia in the hepatoma‐bearing rats.
Conjugated linoleic acid modulates tissue levels of chemical mediators and immunoglobulins in rats
Authors: Sugano Michihiro , Tsujita Akira , Yamasaki Masao , Noguchi Miwa , Yamada Koji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the levels of chemical mediators in peritoneal exudate cells, spleen and lung, and the concentration of immunoglobulins in mesenteric lymph node and splenic lymphocytes and in serum were examined in rats. After feeding diets containing either 0 (control), 0.5 or 1.0% CLA for 3 wk, there was a trend toward a reduction in the release of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) from the exudate cells in response to the dietary CLA levels. However, CLA did not appear to affect the release of histamine. A similar dose‐response pattern also was observed in splenic LTB4, lung LTC4 and serum prostaglandin E2 levels, and the differences in these indices between the control and 1.0% CLA groups were all statistically significant. The reduction by CLA of the proportions of n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in peritoneal exudate cells and splenic lymphocyte total lipids seems to be responsible at least in part for the reduced eicosanoid levels. Splenic levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM increased while those of IgE decreased significantly in animals fed the 1.0% CLA diet. This was reflected in the serum levels of immunoglobulins. The levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM in mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes increased in a dose‐dependent manner, while IgE was reduced in those fed the higher CLA intake. However, no differences were seen in the proportion of T‐lymphocyte subsets of mesenteric lymph node. These results support the view that CLA mitigates the food‐induced allergic reaction.
Dietary docosahexaenoic acid and immunocompetence in young healthy men
Authors: Kelley D. S. , Taylor P. C. , Nelson G. J. , Mackey B. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the absence of eicosapentaenoic acid, on human immune response (IR). A 120‐d study with 11 healthy men was conducted at the Metabolic Research Unit of the Western Human Nutrition Research Center. Four subjects (control group) were fed the stabilization or basal diet (15, 30, and 55% energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrate, respectively) throughout the study; the remaining seven subjects (DHA group) were fed the basal diet for the first 30 d, followed by 6 g DHA/d for the next 90 d. DHA replaced an equivalent amount of linoleic acid; the two diets were comparable in their total fat and all other nutrients. Both diets were supplemented with 20 mg d‐α‐tocopherol acetate per day. Indices of IR were examined on study day 22, 30, 78, 85, 106, and 113. Addition of DHA at moderately high levels did not alter the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured with phytohemag‐glutinin or concanavalin A, or the delayed hypersensitivity skin response. Also, additional DHA did not alter the number of T cells producing interleukin 2 (IL2), the ratio between the helper/suppressor T cells in circulation, or the serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G, C3, and interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R). DHA supplementation, however, caused a significant (P=0.0001) decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells which was mainly due to a decrease in the number of circulating granulocytes. The number of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation was not affected by Dietary DHA enrichment, but the percentage of lymphocytes in white blood cells increased because of a reduction in granulocyte numbers. None of these indices was changed in the control group. Our results show that when total fat intake is low and held constant, DHA consumption does not inhibit many of the lymphocyte functions which have been reported to be inhibited by fish oil consumption.
The metabolism and n−6/n−3 ratio of essential fatty acids in rats: Effect of dietary arachidonic acid and a mixture of sesame lignans (sesamin and episesamin)
Authors: Umeda‐Sawada Rumi , Ogawa Megumi , Igarashi Osamu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study, we examined the effect of dietary arachidonic acid (AA) and sesame lignans on the content and n‐6/n‐3 ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in rat liver and the concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and ketone bodies in serum. For 4 wk, rats were fed two types of dietary oils: (i) the control oil diet groups (CO and COS): soybean oil/perilla oil=5∶1, and (ii) the AA‐rich oil group (AO and AOS): AA ethyl esters/palm oil/perilla oil=2∶∶1, with (COS and AOS) or without (CO and AO) 0.5% (w/w) of sesame lignans. Dietary AA and sesame lignans significantly affected hepatic PUFA metabolism. AA content and n‐6/n‐3 ratio in the liver were significantly increased in the AO group, despite the dietary total of n‐6 PUFA being the same in all groups, while AOS diet reduced AA content and n‐6/n‐3 ratio to a level similar to the CO and COS groups. These results suggest that (i) dietary AA considerably affects the hepatic profile and n‐6/n‐3 ratio of PUFA, and (ii) dietary sesame lignans reduce AA content and n‐6/n‐3 ratio in the liver. In the AO group, the concentration of acetoacetate was significantly increased, but the ratio of β‐hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate was decreased. On the other hand, the AO diet increased the concentration of TG in serum by almost twofold as compared to other groups. However, the AOS diet significantly reduced serum IG level as compared to the AO group. In addition, the AOS diet signicantly increased the acetoacetate level, but reduced the β‐hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio. These results suggest that dietary sesame lignans promote ketogenesis and reduce PUFA esterification into TG. This study resulted in two findings: (i) sesame lignans inhibited extreme changes of the n‐6/n‐3 ratio by reducing hepatic PUFA content, and (ii) the reduction of hepatic PUFA content may have occurred because of the effects of sesame lignans on PUFA degradation (oxidation) and esterification.
Dietary cyanidin 3‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside increases ex vivo oxidation resistance of serum in rats
Authors: Tsuda Takanori , Horio Fumihiko , Osawa Toshihiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of dietary cyanidin 3‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside (C3G), a typical anthocyanin pigment, on the generation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) during serum formation ex vivo and susceptibility of serum to further lipid peroxidation was studied in rats. Rats were fed a diet containing C3G (2 g/kg) for 14 d. Feeding C3G resulted in a significant decrease in generation of TBARS during serum formation. The serum from the C3G‐fed group showed a significantly lower susceptibility to further lipid peroxidation provoked by 2,2′‐azobis (2‐amidinopropane)hydrochloride or Cu2+ than that of the control group. No significant differences were observed in serum phospholipid, triglyceride, esterified cholesterol, and free fatty acid concentrations between the control and the C3G‐fed groups. Concentrations of endogenous antioxidants remaining in the serum after blood coagulation were not affected by the C3G feeding. These results demonstrate that feeding C3G increases the ex vivo oxidation resistance of the serum without affecting serum endogeneous antioxidant levels, and reduces the TBARS generated during serum formation without changing the concentrations of serum lipids.
Protective effect of a vitamin E analog, phosphatidylchromanol, against oxidative hemolysis of human erythrocytes
Authors: Koga Takuro , Moro Keiko , Terao Junji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe protective effect of a vitamin E analog, phosphatidylchromanol [1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐2′‐(hydroxyethyl)‐2′, 5′,7′,8′‐tetramethyl‐6′‐hydroxychroman; PCh], against oxidative hemolysis of human erythrocytes was examined and was compared with those of vitamin E (α‐tocopherol) and 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol (PMC). These three compounds at 50 μM protected the erythrocytes from hemolysis, when erythrocyte suspension (10%, vol/vol) was incubated with a water‐soluble radical generator, 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidino‐propane)‐dihydrochloride (75 mM). When erythrocyte suspension was oxidized after pretreatment with these compounds (50 μM) for 30 min followed by washing, PCh protected about 54% of erythrocytes from the hemolysis, while α‐tocopherol protected only about 16% of the cells and PMC did not show any protective effect. During preincubation, α‐tocopherol, PMC, and PCh were incorporated into the cells at the concentration of 12.6, 3.7, and 16.3 nmol/mg protein, respectively. Moreover, PCh was found in the ghost membrane fraction at a 20% higher level than α‐tocopherol, and no PMC was detected in this fraction. These results indicate that phosphatidyl group in PCh accts as an excellent carrier of chromanol moiety into cells as well as an anchor within membranes more efficiently than phytyl group in α‐tocopherol. PMC seems to be slightly anchored within membranes because of the lack of hydrophobic side chain. The excellent antihemolytic activity of PCh is likely to be caused by its accumulation within erythrocyte membranes.
N‐Stearoyl‐phosphatidylserine: Synthesis and role in divalent‐cation‐induced aggregation and fusion
Authors: Morillo Margarita , Sagristá M. Luisa , de Madariaga M. Africa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractN‐Acylphosphatidylserines have been isolated from intact and injured tissues, but the participation of such acidic phospholipids in membrane aggregation and fusion has not been demonstrated. We have synthesized N‐stearoylphosphatidylserine (NSPS) and examined divalent‐cation‐induced aggregation of NSPS‐liposomes, which leads to membrane destabilization and fusion. The purified lipid was characterized by its chromatographic and spectroscopic (infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance) properties and by its chemical degradation pattern. Aggregation of unilamellar NSPS‐liposomes was studied as a function of calcium and magnesium concentration. The ability of calcium and magnesium to induce vesicle aggregation is higher for phosphatidylserine (PS)‐liposomes (threshold concentration 1.5 mM for calcium and 4.6 mM for magnesium) than for NSPS‐liposomes (threshold concentration 2.8 mM for calcium and 6.6 mM for magnesium). The irreversibility of the aggregation reactions after adding EDTA suggests that vesicle fusion might occur in the presence of calcium and magnesium. Preliminary studies, based on mixing of both lipid and internal aqueous contents, show that fusion rather than aggregation of NSPS‐liposomes occurs in the presence of calcium ions. The tendency of NSPS‐liposomes to aggregate at higher cation concentrations than PS‐liposomes suggests that N‐acylation of phosphatidylserine protects the membrane against degenerative damage caused by aggregation and fusion.
Long‐chain alkenes of the haptophytes Isochrysis galbana and Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: Rieley Gareth , Teece Mark A. , Peakman Torren M. , Raven Anthony M. , Greene Kirstie J. , Clarke Timothy P. , Murray Martin , Lettley John W. , Campbell Catherine N. , Harris Roger P. , Parkes R. John , Maxwell James R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe major alkenes of the haptophytes Isochrysis galbana (strain CCAP 927/14) and Emiliania huxleyi (strains CCAP 920/2 and VAN 556) have been identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by mass spectrometric analysis of their dimethyl disulfide adducts. The dominant alkene in I. galbana is (22Z)‐1,22‐hentriacontadiene, with 1,24‐hentriacontadiene and 1,24‐tritriacontadiene present in much lower abundance; (22Z)‐1,22‐hentriacontadiene also occurs in E. huxleyi (strain CCAP 920/2), together with (2Z,22Z)‐2,22‐hentriacontadiene (the major hydrocarbon) and (3Z,22Z)‐3,22‐hentriacontadiene. Minor abundances of 2,24‐hentriacontadiene and 2,24‐tritriacontadiene are also present in this strain. In contrast, the dominant alkene in E. huxleyi (strain VAN 556) is (15E,22E)‐1,16,23‐heptatriacontatriene with the related alkatriene 1,15,22‐octatriacontatriene also present and (22Z)‐1,22‐hentriacontadiene occurring as a minor component. From structural relationships (15E,22E)‐1,15,22‐heptatriacontatriene is proposed to derive from the same biosynthetic pathway as that of the characteristic C37 alkenones which occur in both E. huxleyi and I. galbana. The C31 and C33 dienes likely derive from chain extension and decarboxylation of (Z)‐9‐octadecenoic acid or (Z)‐7‐hexadecenoic acid, using a pathway analogous to that elucidated previously in the chlorophyte Botryococcus braunii. Therefore, long‐chain dienes and trienes, which can co‐occur in haptophytes, may have distinct biosynthetic pathways.
Epoxidation reactions of unsaturated fatty esters with potassium peroxomonosulfate
Authors: Lie Ken Jie Marcel S. F. , Pasha Mohammed Khysar 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEpoxidation of the double bond in methyl oleate, octadec‐11E‐en‐9‐ynoate, ricinoleate (12‐hydroxy‐octadec‐9Z‐enoate), iso‐ricinoleate (9‐hydroxy‐octadec‐12Z‐enoate), and 12‐oxo‐octadec‐9Z‐enoate with potassium peroxomonosulfate (oxone, 2 KHSO5.K2SO4) in the presence of trifluoroacetone or methyl pyruvate gave the corresponding monoepoxy derivatives. Reaction of Oxone® with methyl linoleate and octadeca‐9Z,11E‐dienoate furnished the corresponding diepoxystearate derivative. Methyl 9,12‐dioxo‐octadec‐10Z‐enoate was obtained when a C18 furanoid fatty ester (methyl 9,12‐epoxy‐9,11‐octadecadienoate) was treated with Oxone®. The yield of these reactions was very high (85–99%), and the epoxy derivatives were readily isolated by solvent extraction. The products were identified by spectroscopic methods.
Callyspongynes A and B: New polyacetylenic lipids from a southern australian marine sponge, Callyspongia sp
Authors: Rooney Francis , Capon Robert J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA Callyspongia sp. collected by SCUBA off Barwon Heads, Australia, has afforded two new polyacetylenic lipids, callyspongynes A and B, the structures of which were assigned by spectroscopic analysis and chemical derivatization.
Comparative effects of α‐ and γ‐linolenic acids on rat liver fatty acid oxidation
Authors: Kumamoto Tamotsu , Ide Takashi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt has been reported that both n−3 and n−6 octadecatrienoic acids can increase hepatic fatty acid oxidation activity. It remains unclear, however, whether different enzymes in fatty acid oxidation show a similar response to n−3 and n−6 octadecatrienoic acids. The activity of hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes in rats fed an oil mixture rich in α‐linolenic acid (18:3n−3) and borage oil rich in γ‐linolenic acid (18:3n−6) was therefore compared to that in rats fed an oil mixture rich in linoleic acid (18:2n−6) and a saturated fat (palm oil) in this study. Linseed oil served as the source of 18:3n−3 for the oil mixture rich in this octadecatrienoic acid and contained 30.6% 18:3n−3 but not 18:3n−6. Borage oil contained 25.7% 18:3n−6 and 4.5% 18:3n−3. Groups of seven rats each were fed diets containing 15% various fats for 15 d. The oxidation rate of palmitoyl‐CoA in the peroxisomes was higher in rats fed a fat mixture rich in 18:3n−3 (3.03 nmol/min/mg protein) and borage oil (2.89 nmol/min/mg protein) than in rats fed palm oil (2.08 nmol/min/mg protein) and a fat mixture rich in 18:2n−6 (2.15 nmol/min/mg protein). The mitochondrial palmitoyl‐CoA oxidation rate was highest in rats fed a fat mixture rich in 18:3n−3 (1.93 nmol/min/mg protein), but no significant differences in this parameter were seen among the other groups (1.25–1.46 nmol/min/mg protein). Compared to palm oil and fat mixtures rich in 18:2n−6, a fat mixture rich in 18:3n−3 and borage oil significantly increased the hepatic activity of carnitine palmitoyl‐transferase and acyl‐CoA oxidase. Compared to palm oil and a fat mixture rich in 18:2n−6, a fat mixture rich in 18:3n−3, but not fats rich in 18:3n−6, significantly decreased 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase activity. Compared to palm oil and a fat mixture rich in 18:2n−6, borage oil profoundly decreased mitochondrial acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase activity, but a fat mixture rich in 18:3n−3 increased it. 2,4‐Dienoyl‐CoA reductase activity was significantly lower in rats fed palm oil than in other groups. Compared to other fats, borage oil significantly increased Δ3, Δ2‐enoyl‐CoA isomerase activity. Activity was also significantly higher in rats fed 18:2n−6 oil than in those fed palm oil. It was confirmed that both dietary 18:3n−6 and 18:3n−3 increased fatty acid oxidation activity in the liver. These two dietary octadecatrienoic acids differ considerably, however, in how they affect individual fatty acid oxidation enzymes.
Free fatty acid fractions from some vegetable oils exhibit reduced survival time‐shortening activity in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Miyazaki Makoto , Huang Min‐Zhao , Takemura Naoya , Watanabe Shiro , Okuyama Harumi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPreviously, we demonstrated that several vegetable oils that included low‐erucic rapeseed oil markedly shortened the survival time (by ∼40%) of stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats as compared with perilla oil, soybean oil, and fish oil. We considered that a factor other than fatty acids is toxic to SHRSP rats, because the survival time‐shortening activity could not be accounted for by the fatty acid compositions of these oils. In fact, a free fatty acid (FFA) fraction derived from lipase‐treated rapeseed oil was found to be essentially devoid of such activity. A high‐oleate safflower oil/safflower oil/perilla oil mixture exhibited a survival time‐shortening activity comparable to that of rapeseed oil, but the activity of this mixed oil was also reduced by lipase treatment. A partially hydrogenated soybean oil shortened the survival time by ∼40%, but a FFA fraction derived from lipase‐treated partially hydrogenated soybean oil shortened it by 13% compared with soybean oil. Fatty acid compositions of the rapeseed oil and a FFA fraction derived from lipase‐treated rapeseed oil were similar, but those of hepatic phospholipids of rats fed the oil and FFA were slightly but significantly different. These results support the interpretation that the survival time‐shortening activity exhibited by some vegetable oils is due to minor components other than fatty acids, and that an active component(s) were produced in or contaminated soybean oil during the partial hydrogenation processes.
Docosahexaenoic acid does not affect aggression of normal volunteers under nonstressful conditions. A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study
Authors: Hamazaki Tomohito , Sawazaki Shigeki , Nagao Yoko , Kuwamori Toyomi , Yazawa Kazunaga , Mizushima Yutaka , Kobayashi Masashi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe previously found that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake prevents aggression enhancement at times of mental stress. In the present study we investigated changes in aggression under nonstressful conditions. Forty‐six students of two universities took either DHA‐rich fish oil capsules containing 1.5 g DHA (DHA group: 13 males and 9 females) or control oil capsules containing 97% soybean oil plus 3% of another fish oil (control group: 11 males and 13 females) for 3 mon in a double‐blind fashion. At the start and end of the study they took an aggression‐estimating test (P‐F Study) without a stressor component. DHA (5.9 to 8.5%, P<0.001) and eicosapentaenoic acid (0.7 to 1.5%, P<0.001) increased in red blood cell phospholipids in the DHA group, while linoleic acid increased slightly (8.3 to 9.1%, P<0.002) in the soybean oil control group. In the control group, measured aggression levels decreased from 34.8 to 29.4% (P<0.005), whereas they remained stable in the DHA group (33.5 to 33.8%). The intergroup differences (−5.4 vs. 0.3%) were marginally significant (P≤0.05). Aggression levels were stable in the DHA group whether there was stressor (as previously shown) or not. This effect of DHA appears to be interesting, considering the reported association between a low intake of n‐3 fatty acids and depression.