bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychopathy and Physiological Responses to Threat of an Aversive Stimulus
Authors: Hare Robert D. , Frazelle Janice , Cox David N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological activity was monitored while 64 prison inmates awaited delivery of a 120dB tone during a 12‐sec “count‐down” procedure. The inmates were divided into four groups on the basis of global ratings of psychopathy (interrater reliability = .86) and scores on the Socialization (So) scale. Twelve inmates in the group considered to be most psychopathic (high ratings of psychopathy and low So scores) showed larger increases in heart rate and smaller increases in electrodermal activity in anticipation of the tone than did 20 inmates in the group considered to be least psychopathic (low ratings of psychopathy and high So scores). These findings were consistent with those of several previous studies, and were interpreted as a reflection of an association between psychopathy and the operation of efficient mechanisms for coping with threat.
Establishment and Implementation of Standardized Sleep Laboratory Data Collection and Scoring Procedures
Authors: Karacan Ismet , Orr William C. , Roth Thomas , Kramer Milton , Shurley Jay T. , Thornby John I. , Bingham Stephen F. , Salis Patricia J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo standardize data collection and processing procedures, three Veterans Administration sleep laboratories established standard procedures “on paper,” implemented them in a study, and assessed scoring agreement for sleep EEG‐EOG recordings. The first phase of the study resulted in a detailed written description of all basic procedures. For the second, each laboratory evaluated 6 mentally and physically healthy males on three consecutive nights. Overall scoring agreement was about 90%. It was at least 89% between pairs of laboratories for stage 0, 59% for stage 1, 95% for stage 1 REM, 92% for stage 2, and 80% for stages 3+4. Values for standard sleep EEG‐EOG parameters were generally similar among scoring laboratories, and interlaboratory scoring agreement compared favorably with one measure of intralaboratory agreement. The low agreement for stage 1 is attributable to the infrequent and sporadic occurrence of stage 1 and is considered to be trivial. That for stages 3+4 is more critical and is probably related to the subjective process involved in scoring these stages. These data indicated that these techniques produced a high degree of interlaboratory standardization, and consequently, concurrence in sleep stage scoring.
The Sleep of Skydivers: A Study of Stress
Authors: Beaumaster E. J. , Knowles J. B. , MacLean A. W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn this paper we report the results of a study in which we were able to assess the effects of a demonstrably stressful event—a sport parachute jump—on EEG recorded sleep.The sleep of 9 novice (one previous jump) and of 9 experienced (41 or more previous jumps) sport parachutists was monitored throughout the night for 4 nights prior to and for 1 night following the day during which a parachute jump had been scheduled to occur. A control group of sport parachutists who agreed not to make a jump during the course of their participation in the study were similarly seen for 5 consecutive nights.The results indicate that the execution, and to a lesser extent the anticipation, of the jump was stressful, especially for the novice group. However, the stressor induced only negligible changes in the sleep variables assessed. It is possible that there are critical differences in the effects on sleep of voluntarily imposed stresses and those which are commonly experienced in everyday life.
Biofeedback and Progressive Relaxation: Effects on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
Authors: Fey Steven G. , Lindholm Ernest 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo groups of subjects were pretrained in Jacobson's progressive relaxation, then instructed to lower their blood pressure while receiving contingent feedback or no feedback for two 1‐hr sessions. A third group was pretrained in a control relaxation procedure, then instructed to lower blood pressure while receiving contingent feedback. All subjects returned for a Follow‐up session in which they attempted to reduce blood pressure without feedback. The results indicated reliable decreases in systolic blood pressure for all three groups in the first two sessions. The group pretrained in progressive relaxation and given feedback achieved greater control than the other two groups which did not differ from each other. During the Follow‐up session, blood pressure decreases were small but reliable in the two groups pretrained in progressive relaxation. Heart rate and diastolic blood pressure decreased in all groups, with the progressive relaxation groups achieving the lowest levels. It is concluded that progressive relaxation and blood pressure feedback in combination are highly compatible and that progressive relaxation allows for modest blood pressure control in the absence of feedback.
Laterality of Body Focus and Digital Skin Temperature in Patients with Raynaud's Disease
Authors: Surwit Richard S. , Bradner Marilyn N. , Fenton Cynthia H. , Pilon Robert N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between lateralization of body image and right versus left vasomotor activity. Fifteen right‐handed female patients suffering from idiopathic Raynaud's disease demonstrated a relationship between the extent of right lateralization of body image and bilateral digital skin temperature during a controlled temperature stress test. In addition, subjects showing a reliable right side awareness demonstrated more unilateral vasospastic attacks in their right hand than their left hand white subjects showing no clear right lateralization by body image reported more left hand attacks than right hand attacks. These results were taken as consistent with previous work on the relationship between skin conductance and lateralization of body image.
An Early Event‐Related Cortical Potential
Authors: Goodin Douglas S. , Squires Kenneth C. , Henderson Beverley H. , Starr Arnold 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA waveform subtraction procedure, in which evoked potentials to rare tones (p=.15) in an Ignore condition were subtracted from the analogous waveforms in an Attend condition, revealed the existence of a previously unreported positive potential with a latency of approximately 165 msec (P165) which is related to cognitive stimulus processing. The potential was absent for frequent background tones. An analysis of latency and scalp distribution data showed that P165 could be differentiated from the stimulus‐evoked P200 potential, and experiments in which muscle tension was varied did not change the form of P165, supporting a neurogenic origin. Most likely P165 is an early manifestation of decision processes related to the later N200 and P300 potentials.
The Measurement of Human Penile Tumescence
Authors: Rosen Raymond C. , Keefe Francis J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe techniques of penile measurement have been developed in numerous laboratories in Europe, Australia, and the United States. Most researchers now use either circumference or volumetric devices, depending on the research rationale. Thermistors have not been adequately evaluated. This paper reviews the important measurement issues associated with each device, as well as relevant construction information. Examples of applied research are provided. With respect to overall efficacy of the transducers, we recommend volumetric procedures where precision of measurement is of critical importance. However, for efficiency and ease of use the circumference devices, particularly the mercury‐in‐rubber gauge, appear optimal. Penile tumescence measurement is of fundamental importance in determining basic parameters of the psychophysiological process of human sexual arousal.
The Regulation of Blood Pressure Reactions to Taxing Conditions using Pulse Transit Time Feedback and Relaxation
Authors: Steptoe Andrew 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are described in which 40 normotensive subjects were trained to reduce blood pressure (BP) both in undistracting conditions and while performing taxing tasks. Biofeedback was compared with relaxation in each case, and BP was continously monitored by the pulse wave velocity method. In Study 1, feedback and relaxation groups produced similar BP reductions when control was attempted in isolation. However, the relaxation group was significantly disturbed during performance of an auditory choice reaction time (RT) task. In contrast, feedback subjects showed identical BP modifications in the two conditions. In Study 2, the differences during the RT task proved to be short lived. However, the feedback group overcame pressor reactions to a mental arithmetic test more rapidly than could relaxation subjects, and the difference between groups persisted during no‐feedback trials. In both studies, modifications were more specific in the feedback condition, since alterations in heart rate, respiration and general activity were less prominent. It is suggested that it may be fruitful to use feedback for training people to overcome BP reactions to taxing conditions, rather than trying to modify tonic level alone.
Effects of Momentary Changes in Arousal on Discriminative Autonomic Classical Conditioning
Authors: Schandler Steven L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRelative to an intermediate arousal level, effects of stimulus‐controlled increases and decreases in arousal were examined during discriminative autonomic conditioning. After matching subjects to psychophysiologically‐indexed arousal criteria, three experimental and two control groups of 14 persons each were formed. Experimental groups received both high arousal training consisting of aversive conditioning with a discrete stimulus and low arousal training involving paired presentations of muscle biofeedback relaxation and a different cue. Formation of stimulus controlled arousal responses was assessed using heart rate, muscle, and electrodermal criteria. During discriminative conditioning, one experimental group received all conditioned stimuli compounded with high arousal cues, while another group received conditioned stimuli/low arousal cue compounds. The third experimental group received conditioned stimuli/neutral cue compounds. Electrodermal and digital pulse volume conditioning data indicated significantly greater conditioning associated with neutral cue manipulations. High arousal cue compounds resulted in conditioning superior to that displayed by low arousal cue compounds. Control groups data suggested that results were not due to simple transfer or physical cue properties alone.
A Convenient, Non‐hydrating Electrolyte Medium for the Measurement of Electrodermal Activity
Authors: Schneider Robert E. , Fowles Don C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments with 12 subjects each compared electrodermal recordings taken simultaneously with four different electrolyte media. These were polyethylene glycol, Unibase/glycol, Unibase, and hydrated agar (i.e., a site recorded with agar electrolyte after presoaking it with water). The primary purpose was to compare the electrolyte containing a mixture of Unibase/glycol with the other electrolytes. The glycol and the hydrated agar were assumed to reflect low and high levels of epidermal hydration, respectively, while Unibase provided a comparison with Unibase alone. These comparisons were made for positive SPRs and rapid recovery SCRs (and their associated prestimulus levels), which are believed to reflect the endosomatic and exosomatic manifestations of the epidermal membrane response.Unibase/glycol was quite similar to glycol alone; thus it offers a more convenient electrolyte for use when minimal hydration is required. The results were interpreted as indicating that Unibase/glycol is preferable for skin potential recordings, while Unibase is to be preferred for skin conductance recordings.
Imaginational Pavlovian Conditioning of Large‐Magnitude Cardiac Decelerations with Tilt as US
Authors: Furedy John J. , Klajner Felix 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTConventional operant biofeedback methods have not generally been successful in producing large‐magnitude cardiac decelerations, whereas a Pavlovian approach using negative body tilt as an unconventional unconditional stimulus (US) has been reported to yield more promising results. The two experiments reported here employed this powerful (elicits decelerations of 35 bpm) new US in an “imaginational” form of Pavlovian conditioning wherein the conditional stimulus (CS), rather than being a conventional and simple one (e.g., tone or light), was the following complex event: the word “drop” to which the subject was instructed to drop his head back, imagine the US, and, to help this imaginational process, to roll his eyes back. In Exp. I this complex CS was temporarily paired with the US at a .5‐sec CS‐US interval for 12 Experimentals, whereas for 12 Controls the same complex CS followed the US by 17 sec in a long backward‐control arrangement. The CS in the Experimentals yielded some 10 bpm decelerative responses relative to the 4‐bpm levels of the Controls, and during extinction (US omitted) the Experimentals' decelerations returned to the 4‐bpm level of the Controls. Exp. II assessed the possible contribution of the various motoric aspects of the complex “drop” CS by presenting 10 subjects with the same “drop” CSs, but omitting both the associated tilt USs and instructions to imagine the tilt. With these omitted, the “drop” CS produced no significant decelerations. Finally, a significant Experimental‐Control difference in Exp. I indicated that the deceleration training shows generalization or transfer to a situation where the subject is sitting up in a normal position rather than lying on the tilt table.
Bilateral Skin Conductance and Skin Potential in Schizophrenic and Normal Subjects: The Identification of the Fast Habituator Group of Schizophrenics
Authors: Patterson Terry , Venables P. H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTChronic schizophrenics from three different hospitals were compared to normal subjects on skin conductance parameters. In addition to “Responders” and “Nonresponders” as reported by Gruzelier and Venables (1972), a group of “Fast Habituator” schizophrenics was found. These subjects produce one or at most two responses before habituation in an orienting series. The SC waveform of fast habituator subjects shows long latency, slow risetime and long recovery, although the amplitude of response is within normal limits.
Effects of Multiple Sessions of True and Placebo Heart Rate Biofeedback Training on the Heart Rates and Anxiety Levels of Anxious Patients During and Following Treatment
Authors: Rupert Patricia A. , Holmes David S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFifty‐six adult males who were hospitalized with anxiety related problems were randomly assigned to the conditions formed by a 2 (instructions to increase heart rate, instructions to decrease heart rate) × 3 (true biofeedback, placebo biofeedback, no biofeedback) factorial plus 1 (no‐treatment control) design. Subjects were seen for 4 heart rate training/recording sessions and 1 subsequent transfer‐test session. Results indicated that: a) neither instructions alone nor the combinations of instructions and true or placebo biofeedback were more effective than simply sitting quietly (adaptation) for decreasing heart rate, b) instructions plus true biofeedback was more effective than instructions alone or instructions plus placebo biofeedback for increasing heart rate, c) multiple sessions of training did not enhance the level of control achieved early in the first session, d) the control achieved with biofeedback did not transfer to a subsequent no‐biofeedback situation, and e) biofeedback training did not influence subjects' subjective anxiety levels.
Influences of Subject Self‐Selection on the EEG Alpha‐Hypnotizability Correlation
Authors: Dumas Roland A. , Spitzer Sherry E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo determine the effect of subject self‐selection on the alpha‐hypnotizability correlation, the correlations between volunteer and invited subject groups were compared. For 8 volunteers the correlation between baseline eyes‐closed occipital alpha and the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility score was r=.72; for 12 invited subjects, that correlation was r=‐.02. The significant difference in these correlations gives support to a previously published paper which hypothesized, on the basis of a literature review, that sampling modifications generated by subject self‐selection were responsible for the occurrence of significant alpha‐hypnotizability correlations.
Cardiovascular and Electrodermal Responses Conditioned to Fear‐Relevant Stimuli
Authors: Fredrikson Mats , ÖHman Arne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined heart rate, finger pulse volume, and skin conductance responses in subjects conditioned to fear‐relevant (snakes and spiders) and fear‐irrelevant (flowers and mushrooms) slide stimuli by an electric shock unconditioned stimulus. A differential conditioning paradigm with an interstimulus interval of 8 sec was used. There were 4 habituation, 8 acquisition, and 20 extinction trials with each of the two cues. The results demonstrated reliable acquisition for finger pulse volume and skin conductance responses, with superior resistance to extinction for the fear‐relevant conditioned stimuli. The heart rate data showed no differentiation between reinforced and nonreinforced cues during acquisition and extinction, and no effect of fear‐relevance. This discrepancy between skin conductance and finger pulse volume responses, on the one hand, and heart rate, on the other, was interpreted as due to differences in innervation, with the former measures mainly reflecting sympathetic and the latter parasympathetic effects.
Effects of Level of Socialization on Electrodermal Detection of Deception
Authors: Waid William M. , Orne Martin T. , Wilson Stuart K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFifteen college students attempted to deceive a professional polygraph examiner, while 15 others who had nothing to hide also submitted to the examination. The examiner was blind as to whether each subject was deceptive or truthful. Using the skin conductance response (SCR), significant discrimination was made between deceptive and truthful subjects with both “guilty person” and “guilty knowledge” polygraph tests. On both types of test, however, subjects who were not detected were significantly less socialized (Socialization Scale of the California Psychological Inventory) than those who were detected. This reduced susceptibility to detection was mediated by a reduced SCR to deception among low‐socialization subjects. Among innocent subjects the highly socialized were more responsive electrodermally throughout the test, leading some of them to be misclassified as deceptive on at least one test. Implications of the results for both detection of deception and the construct of socialization are discussed.
Effects of Methylphenidate on Hyperactive Children's Evoked Responses During Passive and Active Attention
Authors: Klorman Rafael , Salzman Leonard F. , Pass Harold L. , Borgstedt Agneta D. , Dainer Karen B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEighteen hyperactive clinical responders to methylphenidate were taken off medication and tested in two sessions during which they received an acute dose of methylphenidate and placebo in counterbalanced order. Seventeen normal boys of comparable age were tested without drugs. For both samples, evoked potentials were recorded during a Continuous Performance Test. Normal children made fewer errors of commission and omission and displayed faster reaction times than hyperactives tested under placebo. In addition, under active attention, the late positive component (LPC) of placebo‐treated hyperactive boys' evoked responses exhibited smaller amplitude than normal controls'. Methylphenidate increased the amplitude of hyperactive patients' LPC and generally ameliorated their performance, especially commission errors and reaction times. The results confirmed previous findings of attentional disturbance in hyperactivity and normalization by methylphenidate of these patients' performance and electrophysiological activity during sustained attention.
Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Memory and Sleep Latencies in Connection with Repeated Awakenings From Sleep
Authors: ÅKerstedt Torbjörn , Gillberg Mats 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwelve subjects were kept awake 64 hrs. During baseline and recovery sleep, subjects were given a simple memory task. The subjects were awakened 3 times each night during slow‐wave sleep and shown 4 playing cards. Approximately 90 min later the subjects were again awakened and tested for retention of the previous cards and given 4 new cards to learn. This procedure was repeated 3 times each night and upon awakening the following morning. On the recovery night recall was reduced, slow‐wave sleep was lengthened, sleep latency was shortened, and body motility was reduced. It was suggested that the reason for the poorer recall was deeper sleep induced by the sleep deprivation.
Unibase/glycol as an Electrolyte Medium for Recording the Electrodermal Duct Filling Response
Authors: Schneider Robert E. , Fowles Don C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments with 12 subjects each compared electrodermal recordings taken simultaneously with four different electrolyte media. These were polyethylene glycol, Unibase/glycol, Unibase, and hydrated agar (i.e., a site recorded with agar electrolyte which had been attached to the skin long enough to attain a high degree of hydration). The primary purpose was to compare the electrolyte containing a mixture of Unibase/glycol with the other electrolytes. The glycol and the hydrated agar were assumed to reflect low and high levels of epidermal hydration, respectively. These comparisons were made for monophasic negative SPRs and slow recovery SCRs (and their associated prestimulus levels), which are believed to reflect the endosomatic and exosomatic manifestations of the epidermal duct filling response.Unibase/glycol was quite similar to glycol alone with the exception of the prestimulus SPL associated with negative SPRs. Taken in conjunction with previous findings, the results suggest that for most aspects of electrodermal activity Unibase/glycol is a convenient electrolyte medium for use when minimal hydration is required. It is argued on theoretical grounds that minimal hydration is preferable for skin potential recordings.
A Proposed Feedback Method For Studying the Inhibition of EEG Responses to Visual Stimuli
Authors: Mulholland Thomas B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA new method for studying inhibition of an electroencephalographic component of the OR to visual stimuli is described. The EEG response is suppression of the occipital alpha following visual stimulation. By a controlled feedback contingency, two stimuli are made to occur in sequence with a controlled time delay after the onset of alpha in the EEG. Inhibition is defined as a lack of EEG response to the first stimulus followed by a response to the second, delayed stimulus. Because the stimuli are feedback with regard to the occurrence of alpha, the dynamics of the alpha ‐ alpha suppression system are different when a response is made to the first stimulus (elicitation of OR to first stimulus) compared to not responding to the first stimulus but responding to the second delayed stimulus (inhibition of OR to the first stimulus).
Detection and Processing of Individual Components in the VEP
Authors: Aunon Jorge I. , McGillem Clare D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a new technique for use in the field of evoked potentials research. The technique makes use of the latency corrected average method for identification of the components of the single evoked potential. Examples are presented in which this technique is utilized to separate homogeneous subsets of potentials within a set of tests.