bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Screening,Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Perkins Jennifer M. , Dunn Julia P. , Jagasia Shubhada M. 
Published: April 2007

IN BRIEF
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects ∼ 7% of all pregnancies and is defined as carbohydrate intolerance during gestation. This review addresses screening recommendations, diagnosis, and treatment of GDM. It is crucial to detect women with GDM because the condition can be associated with several maternal and fetal complications, such as macrosomia, birth trauma, cesarean section, and hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, and hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. Several treatment options are discussed, as well as the need for long-term risk modification and postpartum follow-up.
Why should the Odra River mouth area not be regarded as an estuary? A geologist's point of view
Authors: Osadczuk Andrzej , Musielak Stanisław , Borówka Ryszard 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The authors find no arguments that would justify application of the term "estuary" to the area of the Odra River discharge into the Baltic Sea. The physiography, geology, and hydrology of the Odra river mouth show that the area possesses many more characteristics typical of flow-through coastal lagoons than those of estuaries. Of key importance in this respect is the Szczecin Lagoon, an extensive, shallow water body separated from the open sea by a barrier intersected by three narrow and long straits. The lagoonal nature of the area is demonstrated also by its geological history.
Presence of the broad-nosed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle) in coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk
Authors: Tarnowska Katarzyna , Sapota Mariusz 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The broad-nosed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle) is a species considered threatened with extinction on the Polish Baltic coast. The presence of S. typhle in the Gulf of Gdańsk was investigated primarily by means of scuba diving, and the species was recorded at 12 of 20 sites, which were investigated. A total of 85 individuals were found. The highest numbers were observed near the mouth of the river Płutnica and near the pier in Sopot. Pipefish were found in bottom areas covered with green algae (Cladophora sp. and Enteromorpha sp.) and brown algae (Pilayella sp.), but not by vascular plants as was previously reported.
Analysis of medical screening and surveillance in 21 occupational safety and health administration standards: Support for a generic medical surveillance standard
Authors: Silverstein Michael 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwenty‐one Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) standards were identified which contain medical service provisions intended to help in the identification and control of harmful health effects of workplace exposures. The utility and effectiveness of these provisions have not previously been evaluated. All 21 standards were reviewed and assigned numerical scores for each of 24 potential medical program elements. Several of these elements were combined to calculate Quality Control, Screening Utility, and Surveillance Utility scores for each standard. Total scores varied greatly, suggesting a lack of consistency and uniformity which was even more obvious when the actual regulatory language was examined. The mean Quality score was only 26% of potential points. Seventeen of 21 standards received less than half the total possible Quality score. When arrayed on a two by two matrix only two standards scored above 50% for both Screening and Surveillance Utility. It was concluded that the medical service provisions in OSHA standards are lacking in consistency and coherence. Two major shortcomings are the lack of quality control elements and the absence of surveillance features which would permit medical program results to be utilized for prevention activities including the identification and control of workplace hazards. A generic occupational medical surveillance standard could address these current weaknesses. Elements of such a generic standard are proposed.
Noise and gastric secretion
Authors: Tomei Francesco , Papaleo Bruno , Baccolo Tiziana Paola , Persechino Benedetta , Spanò Giovanni , Rosati Maria Valeria 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn view of the increasing incidence of diseases such as gastritis and ulcers in workers exposed to noise, we assessed whether noise does in fact affect gastric secretion. Then, considering the conflicting findings published on the effects of noise on gastric secretion, we also investigated whether the response was related to differences in baseline secretion, and whether it was further modified by a hydroalcoholic meal.We studied 50 dyspeptic subjects engaged in various types of work but not occupa‐tionally exposed to noise. They were exposed to a “pink noise” stimulus of 95 dB administered through earphones, lasting 15 minutes.Gastric secretion sometimes remained unchanged, sometimes increased, or sometimes even decreased in relation to the baseline hydrochloric acid secretion. The hydroalcoholic meal did not generally modify the effects of noise. These findings might help explain the differences in previous reports on this question.
Lung cancer among tin miners in Southeast China: Silica exposure, silicosis, and cigarette smoking
Authors: Hua Fu , Xueqi Gu , Xipeng Jin , Shunzhang Yu , Kaiguo Wu , Guidotti Tee L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Dachang Tin Mine is an industrial facility with high rates of lung cancer compared to the resident population in Guangxi province in southern China. Historically, exposure to silica dust was very high in the 1950s, falling in recent years to levels in keeping with international standards. Radon levels in the mine are low. We report the findings of a case‐control study nested into a cohort study on miners working in Dachang. Cases of lung cancer among miners incident from 1973–1989 were obtained from local comprehensive medical records covering workers employed at the mine. These were matched approximately 3 to 1 with miners randomly chosen from the district surrounding the mine within the same birth decade. Matched odds ratios of 2.42 (95% confidence limit [CL] 1.3, 4.4) for underground employment, 3.52 (95% CL 1.7, 7.5) for smoking, and 2.04 (95%) CL 1.2, 3.7) for silicosis as determined on chest film were noted. Multi‐factor analysis of unconditional logistic regression showed that among the risk factors for excess mortality from lung cancer only the years spent drilling underground and the cumulative smoking index (product of daily cigarette consumption and number of years smoking) were independent contributors to risk and there was no interaction observed. The presence of silicosis did not contribute to predicting risk independently of the years spent underground.
Cohort study among workers exposed to benzene in China: I. General methods and resources
Authors: Yin S.‐N. , Linet M. S. , Hayes R. B. , Li G.‐L. , Dosemeci M. , Wang Y.‐Z. , Chow W.‐H. , Jiang Z.‐L. , Wacholder S. , Zhang W.‐U. , Dai T.‐R. , Chao X.‐J. , Zhang X.‐C. , Ye P.‐Z. , Kou Q.‐R. , Meng J.‐F. , Zho J.‐S. , Lin X.‐F. , Ding C.‐Y. , Kneller R. , Blot W. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBenzene is recognized internationally as a leukemogen, but the available data to clarify dose‐response relationships and examine risks of malignancies other than leukemia are sparse. A collaborative study was therefore carried out to expand on a previous retrospective cohort mortality study of Chinese benzene‐exposed workers. Methods and resources used in the 16‐year follow‐up of 74,828 benzene‐exposed and 35,805 unex‐posed workers employed for any length of time during 1972–1987 in 712 factories in 12 cities in China are described. Details are provided of the study organization, assessment of benzene exposures since 1949, characterization of factories and workers by exposure status, city, and sex, identification and confirmation of cancers and other deaths, and quality control procedures. The distinguishing features of the study are discussed in relation to earlier cohort studies, and study limitations as well as strengths are presented.
Occupation and stomach cancer in a cohort of Swedish men
Authors: Chow Wong‐Ho , McLaughlin Joseph K. , Malker Hans S. R. , Weiner Jan A. , Ericsson Jan L. E. , Stone B. J. , Blot William J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUsing the Cancer‐Environment Registry of Sweden, which links the 1960 census information on employment with cancer incidence data from 1961–1979, we conducted a systematic, population‐based assessment of stomach cancer incidence by industry and occupation for men in Sweden. Nearly 17,000 stomach cancer cases were diagnosed during the 19 years of follow‐up. Stomach cancer incidence was elevated among miners and quarrymen, farmers and fishermen, and craftsmen and production workers. Men who held white collar jobs, including professional and technical, administrative and management, clerical, and sales jobs, had a reduction in stomach cancer incidence. Examination of specific jobs revealed generally elevated rates of stomach cancer among men who may be exposed to dusty work environments, such as quarry workers, stone cutters, circular and plane operators, construction workers, crane operators, heavy laborers, and shop and construction metal workers. These occupational associations mostly were observed for stomach cancers of noncardia origin, and no significant associations were found with cardia cancers. We had no information on dietary or other potential confounding factors and cannot make inferences about the role of occupation per se, but the current findings support those of earlier investigations and add to the evidence of a small but significant occupational role in stomach carcinogenesis.
Lung cancer among steelworkers in Ontario
Authors: Finkelstein Murray M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA population‐based case‐control study was carried out to follow up observations of increased lung cancer risk in the steel pouring areas of two Ontario steel mills. Study subjects were all men, aged 45–75 years, who died of lung cancer in the cities of Hamilton or Sault Ste‐Marie, Ontario from 1979–1988. Nine hundred sixty‐seven lung cancer victims were matched with 2,827 control subjects who died of other causes. Work histories were provided by the employers of steelworkers. In comparison with other residents of their cities, the relative risk of death from lung cancer was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58–1.23) for steelworkers in Sault‐Ste Marie and was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.89–1.37) for steelworkers in Hamilton. In internal comparisons within the steel companies, increased lung cancer risk was observed among foundry, coke oven, and pouring pit workers. Retrospective hygiene assessment suggested that the increased risk of lung cancer among steel pourers might be related to the use of tar‐based mold coating agents or to exposure to mineral fibers.
Lung cancer mortality in a french cohort of hard‐metal workers
Authors: Lasfargues Gérard , Wild Pascal , Moulin Jean J. , Hammon Brigitte , Rosmorduc Bernard , du Noyer Catherine Rondeau , Lavandier Michel , Moline Jean 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA cohort mortality study was carried out among workers of a plant producing hard metals using cobalt as a binder. This study was aimed at assessing possible lung cancer risks in relation with cobalt exposure. Seven hundred nine male workers with at least 1 year of employment were included in the cohort and followed for mortality from 1956 to 1989. Job histories were provided by the administration of the plant, whereas smoking habits were collected from medical records and by interview. The causes of deaths were ascertained from hospital and general practitioner records. The observed numbers of deaths (obs) were compared with the expected based on national rates with adjustment for age, sex, and calendar time (standardized mortality ratio; SMR). The overall mortality did not differ from that expected (obs = 75, SMR = 1.05), whereas mortality due to lung cancer was in significant excess (obs = 10, SMR = 2.13). This excess was higher among workers employed in the areas with the highest exposure (obs = 6, SMR = 5.03). No trend was observed, however, with duration of employment or time since first employment. Smoking data were available for 81% of the workers and 69% of the deceased and showed that smoking alone does not account for these lung cancer excesses, yet, because of the small numbers involved, no firm conclusion should be drawn from this study.
VDT‐related musculoskeletal symptoms: Interactions between work posture and psychosocial work factors
Authors: Faucett Julia , Rempel David 
Published: April 2007

AbstractVideo display terminal (VDT) operators (n = 150) in the editorial department of a large metropolitan newspaper participated in a study of day‐to‐day musculoskeletal symptoms. Work posture related to the VDT workstation and psychosocial work factors were also investigated for their contributions to the severity of upper body pain, numbness, and stiffness using a representative subsample (n = 70). Self‐report measures included Karasek's Job Content Instrument and the author‐designed Work Interpersonal Relationships Inventory. Independent observations of work posture were performed using techniques similar to those reported by Sauter et al. [1991]. Pain during the last week was reported by 59% (n = 88) of the respondents, and 28% (n = 42) were categorized by symptom criteria potentially to have musculoskeletal disorders. More hours per day of VDT use and less decision latitude on the job were significant risk factors for potential musculoskeletal CTDs. Head rotation and relative keyboard height were significantly related to more severe pain and stiffness in the shoulders, neck, and upper back. Lower levels of co‐worker support were associated with more severe hand and arm numbness. For both the region of the shoulders, neck, and upper back and the hand and arm region, however, the contributions of relative keyboard and seat back heights to symptom severity were modified by psychological workload, decision latitude, and employee relationship with the supervisor. Alternative explanations for these findings are discussed.
Humoral immune responses of workers occupationally exposed to wheat flour
Authors: Kolopp‐Sarda Marie N. , Massin Nicole , Gobert Bernard , Wild Pascal , Moulin Jean‐Jacques , Béné Marie C. , Faure Gilbert C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWheat flour is a complex organic dust likely to induce immune responses when inhaled in work environment conditions. We compared the humoral status of 159 exposed workers from 11 flour mills and one industrial bakery with that of 41 workers from a salt factory. IgG, IgA, and IgM levels of antibodies to whole flour and to gliadin were assayed using ELISA tests in serum and saliva samples. Serum levels of IgG and IgA to both antigens were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in occupationally exposed workers. Exposed workers had significantly higher levels of salivary IgG (p = 0.005) and IgA (p < 0.0001) to whole flour and of salivary IgG (p = 0.0005) to gliadin. In both groups, similar levels of anti‐gliadin salivary IgA antibodies were observed. These data suggest that occupational exposure to wheat flour triggers specific immune responses, most likely through stimulation of the mucosal immune system. The presence of significant levels of serum antibodies, however, indicates that a systemic immunologic response is also present among exposed individuals.
60 hertz magnetic field exposure assessment for an investigation of leukemia in telephone lineworkers
Authors: Breysse Patrick N. , Matanoski Genevieve M. , Elliott Elizabeth A. , Francis Marcie , Kaune William , Thomas Kris 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present the assessment of magnetic field exposure conducted as a part of a nested case‐control investigation of leukemia mortality in telephone lineworkers. For the purposes of exposure classification, telephone company jobs were initially divided into two classes: those with potential for working in an electric environment, referred to as linework jobs, and those not working in an electric environment, referred to as nonlinework jobs. Linework jobs were further divided into the following four categories: outside plant technicians (OPT), installation/maintenance/repair (IMR) technicians, central office technicians (COT), and cable splicing technicians (CST). These job groupings were based on similarity of work tasks and exposure environments. Emdex data‐logging dosimeters were used to measure personal exposures to ELF magnetic fields for 204 telephone company workers. Three general classes of exposure indices were calculated for each exposure record: measures of central tendency, measures of peak or maximum exposure, and measures of exposure variability.CSTs had the highest full‐shift mean and median exposure, 4.3 and 3.2 mG, respectively. CSTs also ranked the highest, with average peak, average 95th percentile, and average time above background equal to 99.2 mG, 11.1 mG, and 156 min, respectively. In addition, the results suggest the OPT and IMR technicians have exposures similar to nonlineworkers. Exposure classifications, therefore, which misclassify all lineworkers into one “telephone lineworker” job grouping are not appropriate and future studies should concentrate on cable splicing technicians.
Lead exposure in a tank demolition crew: Implications for the new OSHA construction lead standard
Authors: Waller Kirsten , Osorio Ana Maria , Jones Jeff 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has recently extended the basic health and safety provisions of the OSHA lead standard for general industry to workers in the construction industry. In this report we describe a tank demolition worksite that midway through the project strengthened its lead exposure control activities to a level that approximated the current lead standard. Of 12 tested ironworkers and laborers who worked at the site before the change, zinc protoporphyrin levels increased and seven developed blood lead levels (BLL) >50 μg/dL. After the change these workers' BLLs declined. Six workers hired after the change did not experience increases in zinc protoporphyrin and none developed BLL >25μg/dL. The experience at this worksite demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of implementing the current lead standard in construction settings.
Dose‐response relations between urinary cadmium and tubular proteinuria in cadmium‐exposed workers
Authors: Järup Lars , Elinder Carl Gustaf 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCadmium in urine reflects the body burden in cadmium‐exposed individuals. Urinary β2‐microglobulin is frequently used as a marker of tubular proteinuria with an arbitrarily chosen value (34 μg/mmole creatinine) as the cut‐off limit. Both this cut‐off level and a lower limit (25 μg/mmole creatinine) were used in a study of the relationship between urinary cadmium and β2‐microglobulin in 561 cadmium‐exposed battery workers. There was a clear dose‐response relation between the urinary cadmium level and the prevalence of tubular proteinuria ranging from 0.8% in the lowest exposure group, excreting less than 1 nmole cadmium/mmole creatinine, to 46.4% (50.0 for the lower cut‐off level) in the highest exposure group with a mean urinary cadmium of 15 nmole/mmole creatinine.The relation between urinary cadmium and tubular proteinuria was also assessed using probit analysis. There was a 10% response at a urinary cadmium of 3 nmole/mmole creatinine. The impact of age on the dose‐response relation was explored in two age groups with the cut‐off point at 60 years of age, showing a 10% prevalence of tubular proteinuria at urinary cadmium levels of 1.5 nmole/mmole creatinine in this older age group and 5.0 nmole/mmole creatinine in the category under 60 years of age.The study thus indicates that the present health‐based limit (10 nmole/mmole creatinine) proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) is too high and it is suggested that a new limit should be set to 3 nmole/mmole creatinine.
Walk‐through surveys for child labor
Authors: Feingold Ellen , Wasser Janice 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChild labor is increasing in both developing and developed countries. Walk‐through surveys were used to identify children, aged 8–15 years, working in six sites in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, the largest cities in Israel. Of the 45 children who were interviewed, 20 were Jewish Israeli born, 19 were recent Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union, and six were Arabs from Judea, Samaria, and Gaza.The majority of children were either too young for employment, according to the Israeli Child Labor Laws, and/or receiving less than the legal minimum wage. Many were performing physical labor that might be expected to interfere with normal growth and development. Many of the children had visible signs of impaired physical health. Some were subjected to physical and/or verbal abuse.Walk‐through surveys are recommended as a tool for routine use for surveillance of hazardous working conditions, case‐finding, and evaluating the efficacy of preventive measures. The World Health Organization recommendations are emphasized to eliminate hazardous working conditions and to provide on‐the‐job health and social services to working children.
Neurobehavioral evaluation of venezuelan workers exposed to organic solvent mixtures
Authors: Escalona Evelin , Yanes Leopoldo , Feo Oscar , Maizlish Neil 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo assess the applicability of the World Health Organization (WHO) Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery (NCTB), we evaluated 53 male and 29 female Venezuelan workers exposed to mixtures of organic solvents in an adhesive factory, and 56 male and 11 female workers unexposed to any type of neurotoxic chemical. The average age of unexposed workers was 30 years and 33 years for those exposed, average schooling for both groups was 8 years, and the mean duration of exposure was 7 years. The NCTB, which assesses central nervous system functions, is composed of seven tests that measure simple motor function, short‐term memory, eye‐hand coordination, affective behavior, and psychomotor perception and speed. The battery includes: profile of mood states (POMS); Simple Reaction Time for attention and response speed; Digit Span for auditory memory; Santa Ana manual dexterity; Digit‐Symbol for perceptual motor speed; the Benton visual retention for visual perception and memory; and Pursuit Aiming II for motor steadiness. In each of 13 subtests, the exposed group had a poorer performance than the nonexposed group. The range of differences in mean performance was between 5% and 89%. particularly in POMS (tension‐anxiety, anger‐hostility, depression‐rejection, fatigue‐inertia, confusion‐bewilderment), Simple Reaction Time, Digit‐Symbol, and Santa Ana Pegboard (p < .05). In multivariate regression analyses, controlling for the effects of age, sex, and education, significantly poorer performance in the exposed was found for tension‐anxiety, hostility, depression, and confusion moods in the POMS, and in digit‐symbol and simple reaction time (p < .05). These alterations were also dose‐related using years of exposure in analyses of covariance. Compared to the nonexposed, the exposed subjects demonstrated an increased frequency of subjective symptoms of fatigue, difficulties with memory, confusion, paresthesias in upper and lower extremities, and sleep disturbances. We conclude that the methodology is applicable to the population studied. The tests of the NCTB were accepted by the subjects and were administered satisfactorily, except for occasional difficulties in verbal comprehension in subtests of POMS, which is the only test that requires more demanding verbal skills. The magnitude of the behavioral deficits is consistent with the probable high level of exposure and with the range of deficits previously reported in workers with long‐term solvent exposures.