bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Potential of Systematic Collections for Archaeological Research
Authors: BROWN JAMES A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe potential usefulness of archaeological collections is immeasurable, but like any organization a collection is as good as its integrity. The degree of integrity of old museum collections is often underestimated, with unfortunate consequences to their usefulness as curation becomes lax or the materials are dispersed. The systematic feature of collections is their greatest asset no matter how old or limited they are. This integrity is fragile and rarely retrievable, although there are circumstances in which fragments of objects scattered in many holdings can be brought together to restore an important collection. A case study of artifacts from a unique prehistoric site of Spiro in eastern Oklahoma illustrates the effect that varying degrees of systematic collection have on the information useful to modern scientific analysis. At the same time it shows how a unique artwork in marine shell can be restored through the rejoining of fragments scattered among many collections.
EPITOPE‐SPECIFIC REGULATION OF MEMORY B‐CELL EXPRESSION*
Authors: Herzenberg Leonore A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIgG antibody responses to individual epitopes on complex antigens can fail despite the presence of fully competent populations of memory B‐cells, ample carrier‐specific help and the normal production of IgG antibody responses to other epitopes on the same antigen. These response failures reveal the existence of an “epitope‐specific” regulatory system that selectively controls the expression of memory B‐cells in antibody responses to hapten‐carrier conjugates and other complex antigens.Our earlier B‐cell studies describe successive stages in memory B‐cell development and consider the potential role(s) that IgD receptors on “early” memory B‐cells play in determining in situ primary and anamnestic response characteristics.1‐5 Our more recent work, however, shows that an Igh‐restricted regulatory system also plays a major role in defining such response characteristics.6‐12 This previously unrecognized system, which controls memory B‐cell expression (rather than development), selectively regulates IgG antibody production to each of the individual epitopes on T‐dependent antigens such as DNP‐KLH and DNP‐CGG (the DNP hapten on keyhole limpet hemocyanin and chicken gamma globulin, respectively)We have shown that this system can be induced to specifically suppress IgG2a anti‐DNP responses to DNP‐KLH without interfering with primary or secondary antibody responses to the KLH epitopes on the same molecule. Furthermore, it can be induced to specifically suppress IgH‐1b allotype responses to all DNPKLH epitopes without interfering either with other allotype and isotype responses to DNP‐KLH or with Igh‐1b responses to other antigens in the same animal. Thus, under conditions where memory development is optimal, this highly versatile regulatory mechanism is key to determining the amount, specificity, affinity and Igh isotype/allotype representation of IgG antibody responses.Since we have recently published a full description of this Igh‐restricted “epitope‐specific” system, we have chosen to briefly outline its properties here using a somewhat extended version of the “summary slides” prepared for the meeting. Many of the findings summarized in this outline are illustrated by evidence and presented at the meeting (and included here); however, this evidence was presented to underscore the importance of epitope‐specific regulation for studies of in situ and adoptive memory responses and consequently does not fully document the findings discussed. [For such documentation, we refer the reader to our published work.6‐12
ON A DUSTY GAS SHOCK TUBE*
Authors: Glass I. I. , Miura H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAnalytical and numerical methods were used to investigate the flow induced by a shock wave in a shock tube channel containing air laden with suspended small solid particles. Exact results are given for the frozen and equilibrium shock wave properties as a function of the diaphragm‐pressure ratio and shock wave Mach numbers. The driver contained air at high pressure. A modified random choice method, together with an operator‐splitting technique, shows clearly the decay both of a discontinuous frozen shock wave and of a contact discontinuity and the formation both of a stationary shock structure and of an effective contact front of finite thickness. The effects of particle diameter, particle‐number density, and diaphragm‐pressure ratio on the transitional behavior of the flow are investigated in detail. The alteration of the flow properties owing to the presence of particles is discussed thoroughly and compared with classical shock tube flows.
Proto‐oncogene fos: Factors Affecting Expression and Covalent Modification of the Gene Product
Authors: BARBER J. R. , SASSONE‐CORSI P. , VERMA I. M. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYExpression of proto‐oncogene fos is induced in response to a variety of growth factors and differentiation‐specific agents. However, the induction of fos gene expression is not influenced by inhibition of protein synthesis. We, therefore, entertained the notion that expression of the fos gene may be governed by posttranslational modification of cellular transcriptional factors. We report here that transcription of the human c‐fos gene is modulated by negatively and positively acting cellular factors.The nuclear protein products of the resident oncogene of the FBJ‐murine osteosar‐coma virus (v‐fos) and its corresponding cellular proto‐oncogene (c‐fos) are stoichiometrically phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. The c‐fos protein is more highly phosphorylated than the v‐fos protein due to the phosphorylation of unique sites tentatively localized to the c‐terminal 20 amino acid residues. The protein kinase C agonist, TPA, stimulates phosphorylation of the c‐fos, but not the v‐fos protein.
c‐myc Gene Effects on Cell Growth and Transformation
Authors: SORRENTINO VINCENZO , DROZDOFF VLADIMIR , ZEITZ LOUIS , FLEISSNER ERWIN 
Published: December 2006

Epidemiological surveys of occurrence of human neoplastic disease as well as in‐vitro and in‐vivo experimental models indicate that tumorigenesis is a multistep process involving independent genetic events.1‐3 In particular, studies with retroviruses and cloned oncogenes demonstrate that cooperation between oncogenes is required for full transformation of primary embryo cells in culture.4–8Differences in response to growth factors can be observed between normal cells, which are capable of limited replication and are poorly transformable, and established cell lines, which can be more easily transformed by transfer of cloned oncogenes or exposure to carcinogens.9 Recent reports have provided evidence for effects of some oncogenes at specific points along biochemical pathways that regulate mitosis.10–13 For example, altered expression of the myc gene has been implicated in stimulation of cell growth in response to competence‐inducing growth factors in normal cells and deregulation of cell growth in some neoplastic cells.14–16Mouse C3H10T1/2 cells have been widely used in in‐vitro transformation studies with chemicals and radiation.17,18 Several lines of evidence are suggestive of more than a single genetic event occurring before cells become able to overgrow the normal monolayer. 19–22 After carcinogenic treatment the appearance of foci of transformed cells is dependent upon proliferation of the initiated cell population, suggesting the requirement for a stochastic event in progression toward a transformed phenotype.23,24Here we discuss results obtained by introducing the c‐myc coding region via a murine retroviral vector into mouse C3H10T1/2 and rat F2408 cells. We observe that constitutive c‐myc expression promotes growth in semisolid media and enhances responsiveness to PDGF, EGF, FGF, and TGF‐β. Introduction of an exogenous c‐myc gene into C3H10T1/2 does not result in cells that are tumorigenic. However, the expression of an exogenous myc gene increases the tumorigenicity of C3H cells carrying a mutated ras oncogene.We also observed that C3H10T1/2 cells expressing an exogenous myc gene are more efficiently transformed upon radiation or chemical carcinogen treatment.
Changes in Calcium Homeostasis during Aging and Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: PETERSON CHRISTINE , RATAN RATIV , SHELANSKI MICHAEL , GOLDMAN JAMES 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYSeveral observations indirectly suggest that intracellular calcium regulation may be altered by aging and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, calcium homeostasis was examined directly in skin fibroblasts from Alzheimer's patients and compared to cells from normal young and elderly controls. Alterations in both bound and free calcium were noted; cells from Alzheimer's donors have higher levels of bound calcium but lower concentrations of free intracellular calcium when compared to cells from young and normal aged donors. These changes in calcium homeostasis may be physiologically significant, since processes that require transient elevations of intracellular free calcium, such as cell spreading, decline in the Alzheimer's cells. In summary, cultured skin fibroblasts from normal aged and Alzheimer's patients demonstrate deficits in calcium homeostasis and other metabolic processes when compared to cells from young donors.
The Moral Arguments and the Traditions of Religious Ethics
Authors: SHINN ROGER L. 
Published: December 2006

What have religious traditions to do with military research and action? The relation is both important and problematic. To ignore it is foolish. For many people, ethics is an integral part of religious belief. Even the nonreligious or irreligious must recognize that some people and societies, probably a majority of people around the world, understand their ethics as part of their religion. A glance at the world today quickly shows the importance of religious traditions, for better and worse, in international conflicts. But the problems in the relationship are immense. Both the significance and the confusions of the relationship rise out of the nature of religious ethics.Religious morality involves claims with a transcendent dimension. The transcendent dimension is conceptualized in many ways. It may refer to a God, who is creator and judge of humankind. It may affirm a spiritual realm that infuses the natural. It may describe a universal loyalty that encompasses particularistic loyalties of individuals, tribes, or nations. In one way or another, a religious morality completes and often overrides common, prudential considerations.That transcendent reference is frequently corrupted by the claim of transcendent and universal justification for partisan demands. Rather than subordinate such demands to a higher judgment, individuals or groups often identify their own interests with transcendent norms. This habit is known in the biblical tradition as idolatry.
Strategies for the Development of Vaccines for Typhoid Fever, Shigellosis, and Cholera
Authors: MILLER SAMUEL I. , MEKALANOS JOHN J. 
Published: December 2006

Enteric fevers and diarrheal diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the developing world.1 Traditional approaches to the development of vaccines for bacterial diseases include the parenteral injection of purified components or killed organisms.2 These methods require technologically advanced preparation and are relatively expensive despite their proven benefits. Live oral vaccine strains have several advantages over parenteral vaccines: low cost, ease of administration, and simple preparation.The development of live vaccines has been limited by lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of disease on a molecular level. Candidate live vaccine strains require nonrevertable genetic alterations that affect the virulence of the organism, but not its induction of an immune response. Work defining the mechanisms of toxigenesis of Vibrio cholerae has made it possible to create live vaccine strains based on deletion of the toxin genes.3,4 We will discuss below recent studies that have begun to define the molecular basis of Salmonella typhimurium macrophage survival and virulence. This may lead to the development of a live oral Salmonella typhi vaccine that can be used as a carrier for heterologous antigens. This approach has the advantage that immunity to multiple diseases could be generated with a single vaccine strain. Attenuated Salmonella typhi would deliver heterologous antigens directly to the immune effector cell, the macrophage, and generate cell‐mediated as well as humoral immune response.5
Role of Peptidergic Sensory Neurons in Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow and Protectiona
Authors: HOLZER P. , LIPPE I. TH. , RAYBOULD H. E. , PABST M. A. , LIVINGSTON E. H. , AMANN R. , PESKAR B. M. , PESKAR B. A. , TACHE Y. , GUMP P. H. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe present findings have revealed a new aspect of how mechanisms of gastric mucosal resistance to injury are called into effect and are coordinated by the nervous system. Capsaicin‐sensitive sensory neurons in the stomach play a physiological role in monitoring acid influx into the superficial mucosa. Once activated, they strengthen gastric mucosal defense against deep injury, with a key process in this respect being an increase in blood flow through the gastric mucosa. This concept opens up completely new perspectives in the physiology and pathophysiology of the gastric mucosa if we consider that the long‐term integrity of the gastric mucosa may be under the subtle control of acid‐sensitive sensory neurons and that, vice versa, improper functioning of these neural control mechanisms may predispose to gastric ulcer disease.The present observations also indicate that some of the peptides contained in gastric sensory nerve endings might fulfill a transmitter or mediator role in controlling gastric mucosal blood flow and integrity. Whereas substance P and neurokinin A are unlikely to play a role in the regulation of gastric mucosal blood flow, there is severalfold evidence that CGRP is very important in this respect. This peptide, which in the rat gastric mucosa originates exclusively from spinal sensory neurons,2,4,27 is released upon stimulation of sensory nerve endings and is extremely potent in facilitating gastric mucosal blood flow and in protecting the mucosa from injurious factors. Selective ablation of spinal sensory neurons containing CGRP weakens the resistance of the gastric mucosa against acid injury, which is most likely due to inhibition of protective vasodilator reflexes. We now aim at providing direct pharmacological evidence that antagonism of endogenously released CGRP results in similar pathophysiological consequences as ablation of capsaicin‐sensitive sensory neurons.
ΨX in the Categorical Perspective and the Proximal Adjunction Space
Authors: SRIVASTAVA PRAMILA , SINGH SANGITA 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Among different approaches to the Smirnov compactification ΨX of a separated proximity space X, two have been described. These are constructions of ΨX (i) via p‐embedding in a cube and (ii) based on proximal zero sets and proximal ultrafilters. Both of the approaches use extensively the proximal Urysohn lemma and the proximal Tietze extension theorem, direct proofs of which have been given independent of the Smirnov compactification and the theory of uniform spaces.A theory of proximal adjunction spaces has been developed and ΨX is realised as an adjunction space with applications involving pushouts and pullbacks in the category Prox.The paper concludes with a presentation of the category ProxG of proximal transformation groups, or PG spaces, as objects and p‐continuous equivariant maps as morphisms. It is indicated that the Smirnov compactification provides a functor Ψ from the category ProxG to its full subcategory CptG with compact Hausdorff G‐spaces as objects. The orbit functor π induced by the orbit map is seen to commute with Ψ.
THE CANADA‐FRANCE REDSHIFT SURVEY
Authors: LE FÈVRE O. , LILLY S. J. , CRAMPTON D. , HAMMER F. , TRESSE L. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe Canada‐France Redshift Survey (CFRS), conducted with the CFHT MOS spec‐trograph, has provided secure redshifts for ∼600 galaxies with 0≤z≤1.3 of which more than 350 are at z≥0.5. This unique data set allows to investigate the evolution of the luminosity function of galaxies over timescales ∼50% the present age of the universe. We find that the luminosity function of red galaxies does not change much over the redshift range of the CFRS, while the luminosity function of blue galaxies is strongly evolving, consistent with a ∼1 magnitude brightening at z∼0.75 (but equivalently described by an increase in comoving density). Morphological information with HST will help to establish whether the evolution we observe is due to simple brightening of individual objects with look‐back time.
Preliminary Evaluation of Besipirdine for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: HUFF F. J. 
Published: December 2006

Besipirdine hydrochloride (HP 749) is an indole‐substituted analog of 4‐aminopyridine. Besipirdine enhances both cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system, and may have greater efficacy than purely cholinergic agents in treating dementia due to Alzheimer's disease.1 The present study examined the efficacy and tolerability of two doses of besipirdine (5 and 20 mg BID) in 275 patients with Alzheimer's disease during 3 months of treatment and during 3 months after withdrawl of treatment.Besipirdine was generally well tolerated. The level of performance on a cognitive test was sustained during 3 months of treatment with besipirdine, whereas the performance of patients treated with placebo deteriorated over the same time period. The results suggest a dose‐response relationship, with greater efficacy after 3 months of treatment and longer persistence after treatment withdrawal for besipirdine 20 mg BID than for 5 mg BID. A clinical global rating did not detect a besipirdine treatment effect. The full efficacy after 3 months of treatment did not persist after withdrawal of treatment, suggesting that the benefit is primarily symptomatic. Treatment with higher doses and for longer periods may enhance efficacy on both cognitive and clinical global assessments.
A Note on Holsztyński's Theorem
Authors: ARAUJO J. , FONT J. J. , HERNÁNDEZ S. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTIn this note we provide an elementary proof of the following generalization of Holsztyński's theorem [2]: If there exists a linear isometry T of a completely regular subspace A of C0 (X) into C0 (Y), then there is a subset Y0 of Y and a continuous map h of Y0 onto X and a continuous map a:Y0→K, |a| = 1, such that (Tf)(y) =a(y)f(h(y)) for all y∈Y and all f∈A. As a consequence, we extend to C0(X)‐spaces an old result by Myers [3].
The Glicksberg Theorem on Weakly Compact Sets for Nuclear Groups
Authors: BANASZCZYK W. , MARTÍN‐PEINADOR E. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTBy the weak topology on an Abelian topological group we mean the topology induced by the family of all continuous characters. A well‐known theorem of I. Glicksberg says that weakly compact subsets of locally compact Abelian (LCA) groups are compact. D. Remus and F.J. Trigos‐Arrieta [1993. Proceedings Amer. Math. Soc. 117] observed that Glicksberg's theorem remains valid for closed subgroups of any product of LCA groups. Here we show that, in fact, it remains valid for all nuclear groups, a class of Abelian topological groups introduced by the first author in the monograph, “Additive subgroups of topological vector spaces” [1991. Lecture Notes in Math. 1466].
Finite‐to‐One Mappings on Infinite‐dimensional Compacta
Authors: POL ROMAN 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTWeakly infinite‐dimensional compacta can be classified by means of essential maps onto “transfinite cubes” (Smirnov's compacta). We investigate the behavior of this classification under finite‐to‐one mappings. In particular, we show that this topic is closely related to an open problem about the invariance of strong infinite‐dimensionality under light mappings on compacta. We provide also an analogue for the transfinite dimension ind of Hurewicz's the‐orem on dimension‐rising mappings.
On Being Haunted by the Future
Authors: Wood David 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDerrida insists that we understand the 'to-come' not as a real future 'down the road', but rather as a universal structure of immanence. But such a structure is no substitute for the hard work of taking responsibility for what are often entirely predictable and preventable disasters (9/11, the Iraq war, Katrina, global warming). Otherwise "the future can only be anticipated in the form of an absolute danger". Derrida devotes much attention to proposing, imagining, hoping for a 'future' in which im-possible possibilities are being realized. It is important to steer clear of the utopian black hole, the thought (or shape of desire) that the future would need to bring a future perfection or completion. The future may well exhibit a universal structure of immanence. But what is equally disturbing is not our inability to expect the unexpected, but the failure of our institutions to prevent the all-too-predictable.
“Un Pueblo Laborioso”: Mudejar Work in the Cantigas
Authors: Liu Benjamin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis essay analyzes the idea of “work” as a site of convergence between two meanings of the term mudejar: the sociohistorical, in which the Mudejar is a tax-paying minority Muslim under Christian rule, and the aestheticist, in which mudejar describes a style of architectural and artisanal craftsmanship. Both senses—minority labor as taxable production and as cultural product—are studied in the poetic and social contexts of medieval Spanish poetry, with specific attention to thirteenth-century Galician-Portuguese poetry. The essay concludes by identifying a shift, described in terms articulated by Pierre Bourdieu, in the economic relations between Christians and Muslims, from that primarily viewed as an interpersonal social relation to a material relation expressed as goods and capital.
Writing Without Borders: Textual Hybridity in the Works of the Mancebo de Arévalo
Authors: Narváez Córdova María Teresa 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUsing the Aljamiado work of the Morisco known as El Mancebo de Arévalo, this study demonstrates the multiculturalism of sixteenth-century Spain. Because of the intrinsic graphic and discursive hybridity of the Aljamiado phenomenon, in which Romance—Castilian in this case—is written using Arabic characters, the reader of the Mancebo's work is confronted with blurred cultural frontiers. The task of establishing his sources is also challenging, given that he draws on texts as diverse as the Qur'an, St. Paul, Thomas à Kempis, and La Celestina; and he includes quotations in Castilian as well as Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin. This author offers a compelling example of the cultural complexity of a Spain that is still heir to the coexistence of the “three cultures.”