bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular modifications of benzylphenol and benzyl‐1,3‐benzodioxole types of insect chemosterilants
Authors: Matolcsy György , Feyereisen René , Van Mellaert Herman , Pál Ágnes , Varjas László , Bélai Iván , Kulcsár Péter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRationally planned structural modifications were carried out on benzylphenols and benzyl‐1,3‐benzodioxoles described as fly chemosterilants and as anti‐juvenile hormones. The introduction of a prop‐2‐ynyloxy group at various sites of the molecule resulted in compounds with a moderate inhibitory action on cytochrome P‐450 mono‐oxygenases, as measured by aldrin epoxidation. One compound, 5‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐6‐prop‐2‐ynyloxy‐1,3‐benzodioxole, revealed chemosterilant activity on Phormia regina, but its activity was less than that of the parent compounds. 2,4‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐6‐[4‐(3‐methoxy‐3‐methylbutoxy)benzyl]phenol, which possessed a juvenoid structure, revealed no juvenile hormone (JH) activity but showed a high sterilant effect against Dysdercus cingulatus. In contrast to the parent substances, none of the tested compounds showed a detectable anti‐JH effect in the Galleria assay. 8‐Methoxy‐2,3‐methylenedioxydibenz[b,e]oxepine, a hitherto undescribed fused heterocyclic ring system, was devoid of activity, indicating the importance of free rotation and/or molecular flexibility. In spite of the moderate activities of these compounds, the manifold biological potential of the quinone‐methide mechanism justifies further research on these lines.
Relationships between chemical structure and phloem mobility in Ricinus communis var. Gibsonii with reference to a series of ω‐(1‐naphthoxy)alkanoic acids
Authors: Chamberlain Keith , Butcher Dennis N. , White Jean C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phloem translocation of an homologous series of ω‐(1‐[1‐4C]naphthoxy)alkanoic acids relative to that of applied [6,6′‐3H] sucrose was measured in Ricinus communis var. Gibsonii. Relative phloem mobility decreased with increase in octan‐l‐ol/water partition coefficients. However, non‐ionisable compounds with partition coefficients similar to the readily translocated acids were not phloem mobile. These results are explained in terms of an ion‐trap mechanism subject to limitations on the partition coefficients of the acids and possibly their anions.
The foliar uptake of isoproturon by wheat and Alopecurus myosuroides huds
Authors: Achhireddy Nagi R. , Kirkwood Ralph C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe uptake and translocation of 14C‐isoproturon (3‐p‐cumenyl‐1‐1,‐dimethylurea) in wheat (tolerant) and backgrass (sensitive) following foliar treatment under controlled environmental conditions were examined. The amount of 14C‐isoproturon translocated through the xylem was about 10 times that translocated through the phloem in both wheat and blackgrass. However, 25.5% of the applied 14C‐isoproturon was translocated in the xylem in blackgrass, compared with 8.9% in wheat. 14C‐isoproturon did not respond significantly to induced sink‐demand in either species. Leaf‐disc autoradiograms revealed the absorption of 14C‐isoproturon by the minor veins and translocation into the cut vein endings. No significant differences were found in between wheat and blackgrass in this respect.
Further studies of the deposition and persistence of binapacryl, bupirimate and diflubenzuron on apple foliage and fruit
Authors: Austin Douglas J. , Carter Kathleen J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn an extension of previous work, deposits and residues of binapacryl, bupirimate and diflubenzuron on mature foliage and the peel of developing fruit of Worcester and Cox apple trees were monitored throughout the 1980 season following applications by mistblower sprayer. The three compounds were applied as commercial formulations in trials to compare integrated pest management with routine farm spray programmes. In contrast to previous results, all three compounds persisted on foliage until leaf‐fall and were detected on the peel of harvested fruit. The mean residue of diflubenzuron on harvested Worcester fruit was 0.05 mg kg−1 fresh weight and on harvested Cox fruit was 0.02 mg kg−1 fresh weight. Binapacryl and bupirimate were present on harvested fruit of both cultivars. The unexpectedly long persistence of these chemicals in 1980 remains unexplained, but may be due to climatic factors.
Glyphosate–sediment interactions and phytotoxicity in turbid water
Authors: Bowmer Kathleen H. , Michael P. , Boulton D. , Short David L. , Higgins M. Leith 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn aquatic situations it was expected that adsorption by sediments and suspended solids would influence the movement of glyphosate away from the application zone and attenuate its phytotoxicity. However, the results of two experiments showed that only a minor proportion of glyphosate was adsorbed onto suspended solids, even in turbid irrigation water. Phytotoxicity, as measured by the effect on the root growth of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), was not significantly reduced. Where glyphosate was intentionally injected into flowing water of contrasting quality to simulate incidental contamination of water during foliage treatment, adsorption by benthic sediments attenuated loads of glyphosate only slowly. The attenuation was 13–27% for each kilometre of travel downstream, as compared to 31% observed previously. However, when glyphosate was sprayed onto the sediment exposed after channel draining, less than 7% of the glyphosate applied was subsequently eluted. Consequently, draining before treatment should be an effective strategy for minimising the contamination of irrigation water.
Degradation of dicarboximidic fungicides in wine. Part II: Isolation and identification of the major breakdown products of chlozolinate, vinclozolin and procymidone
Authors: Pirisi Filippo M. , Meloni Marco , Cabras Paolo , Bionducci Maria R. , Serra Adriana 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe main degradation products formed from the dicarboximidic fungicides chlozolinate, vinclozolin and procymidone in wine have been isolated and identified using spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. The fungicides were added to wine after fermentation. Chlozolinate underwent a rapid hydrolytic loss of the ethoxy‐carbonyl substituent, to give an oxazolidine that underwent hydrolytic cleavage to give 3′,5′‐dichloro‐2‐hydroxypropanilide. The oxazolidine ring of vinclozolin underwent a similar hydrolysis to give the corresponding anilide 3′,5′‐dichloro‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐methylbut‐3‐enanilide. Both these anilides were stable in wine for 150 days. A different degradation behaviour was observed with procymidone and led to the formation of 3,5‐dichloroaniline (3,5‐DCA), which, in turn, broke down but the derivatives could not be isolated. After consideration of the different behaviours of the fungicides on degradation in wine and in aqueous ethanol at pH4, together with their kinetic data, breakdown pathways are proposed.
Behavioural and electrophysiological investigation of 1‐(7‐ethoxygeranyl)‐2‐methylbenzimidazole on the house fly Musca domestica
Authors: Bradfisch Gregory A. , Miller Thomas A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe insecticidal properties of 1‐(7‐ethoxygeranyl)‐2‐methylbenzimidazole (EGMB) were investigated on larval and adult house flies. Unsynergised EGMB gave topical LD50 values of 0.53 μg per female fly on NAIDM strain house flies. When flies were pretreated with 5.2 μg piperonyl butoxide, susceptibility was increased (LD50 0.12 μg per female fly). House fly larvae were less susceptible to EGMB (LD50 2.2 μg). Poisoning with EGMB resulted in a rapid reduction in locomotor activity of both larval and adult house flies. This reduction in locomotion was progressive and led to complete paralysis. Various parameters of larval nervous system function were investigated in larvae during these early phases of poisoning. As early as 15 min after dosing larvae with LD95 doses of EGMB, sensory nerves were less responsive. Over a somewhat longer time (2–4 h), neurally evoked contractures were adversely affected by EGMB. In some cases, this effect appeared to be due to reduced postsynaptic potential amplitude; in other instances, it appeared to be due to an effect independent of neuromuscular transmission. The close temporal correlation between behavioural and electrophysiological observations suggests that the nervous and muscular systems are important sites of action of EGMB.
Antagonism of iprodione toxicity to Botrytis cinerea by mixed function oxidase inhibitors
Authors: Gullino M. Lodovica , Sisler Hugh D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fungitoxicity of iprodione to a sensitive strain of Botrytis cinerea was antagonised by a variety of cytochrome P‐450 mixed function oxidase inhibitors. Piperonyl butoxide, metyrapone and N‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐8,9,10‐trinorborn‐5‐ene‐2,3‐dicarboximide (MGK‐264) at non‐fungitoxic concentrations were strongly antagonistic, whereas sesamex, nuarimol, fenarimol, etaconazole and 6‐nitro or 6‐methoxy 1,2,3‐benzothiadiazole were moderately antagonistic. Phenobarbital and 2‐diethylaminoethyl 2,2‐diphenylvalerate (SKF 525‐A) were slightly antagonistic. The results suggest that fungitoxicity of iprodione may be dependent on an activation catalysed by a cytochrome P‐450 mixed function oxidase.
Residues of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on horticultural crops
Authors: McEwen Freeman L. , Braun Heinz E. , Ritcey Gwen M. , Frank Richard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFoliar applications of synthetic pyrethroids were made to several crops to determine residue levels at various intervals after application. On onions, residues of cypermethrin, permethrin and fenvalerate were negligible > 0.1 mg kg−1, 7 days after application. On lettuce, residues of fenvalerate and permethrin were 0.8 mg kg−1. On celery, residues of fenvalerate did not decline and ranged from 0.12 to 0.25 mg kg−1 during the 14‐day period. On green bush‐beans, residues of permethrin and cypermethrin did not decline during the 14‐day period and ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 mg kg−1. By day 7, residues of cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and permethrin on strawberries were less than the acceptable maximum tolerance of 0.1 mg kg−1 with the exception of cypermethrin, applied at the rate of 0.14 kg a.i. ha−1 which gave a residue of 0.14 mg kg−1.
Properties and inhibition of Sclerotium rolfsii chitin synthetase
Authors: Cohen Ephraim , Elster Iris , Chet Ilan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA chitin synthetase (CS) preparation was obtained from mycelium of the plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii and partially characterised. The CS activity was stimulated by N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine and magnesium cations with an optimum temperature of 30°C and an optimum pH of 6.4. The enzyme required proteolytic activation and so apparently existed in a zymogenic form. The fungal CS was strongly inhibited by the nucleoside‐peptide antibiotics polyoxin‐D and nikkomycin, and weakly inhibited by the terpenoyl benzimidazole, 1‐geranyl‐2‐methylbenzimidazole. It was insensitive to captan and to insecticidal benzoylphenyl ureas. Disrupted chitin formation caused by polyoxin‐D showed as swollen hyphae containing numerous depressions. The antibiotic also reduced formation of sclerotia and the few that did form were large, irregular in shape and light coloured.
The properties of RH 3866, a new triazole fungicide
Authors: Quinn James A. , Fujimoto Ted T. , Egan Anne R. , Shaber Steven H. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract2‐Butyl‐2‐(4 chlorophenyl)‐3‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)propanenitrile, RH 3866, a new broad‐spectrum fungicide was particularly effective against fungi in the subclass loculoascomycetidae and against powdery mildews and rusts. Some activity against fungi in the genera Fusarium, Monilinia and Rhizoctonia was also observed. The compound was translocated upwards when applied as a soil drench to control wheat‐leaf rust caused by Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici. Fenarimol‐resistant Aspergillus nidulans was cross‐resistant to RH 3866. Using a cell‐free yeast enzyme extract RH 3866 strongly inhibited desmethyl sterol production.
Determination of phosphine residues in fumigated cereals and other foodstuffs
Authors: Scudamore Keith A. , Goodship Gwen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn improved method for the determination of phosphine residues in a range of stored foodstuffs with a limit of detection better than 0.1, μg kg−1 is described. The method has been used to obtain data on the amount of phosphine which remains in these commodities after treatment at typical dosage levels and on its persistence during storage. Results show that in cereal grains and nuts residues fall quickly to below internationally recommended levels although trace amounts of phosphine could be detected several months after treatment in all commodities examined.
Fluorinated sterols, hormones and pheromones: Enzyme‐targeted disruptants in insects
Authors: Prestwich Glenn D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSubstitution of fluorine for hydrogen in essential sterols, juvenile hormones, and pheromones can lead to materials that interfere with insect growth, development, or communication, in novel and potentially useful ways. Examples have been drawn from work in these areas to illustrate (a) fluorocitrate generation via dealkylation of 29‐fluorophytosterols; (b) fluoroacetate release by β‐oxidation of fatty alcohols and acids; (c) inhibition of juvenile hormone esterase by trifluoromethyl ketones; (d) inhibition of antennal esterases that hydrolyse acetate pheromones; and (e) sensory disruption by acyl fluorides that mimic aldehyde pheromones.
A note on the effects of fluorine substituents on the biological activity and environmental chemistry of benzoylphenylureas
Authors: Luteijn Jan M. , Tipker Jacobus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHalogen‐substituted benzoyl ureas have been shown to possess interesting activity against insect larvae, preventing their development by interfering with the formation of cuticular tissue. Certain fluorinated compounds are particularly active. Activity can be related to certain characteristics, notably the spatial structure of the compound, so that those of optimum activity can be predicted.
A note on the synthesis and biological activity of polyfluorobenzyl pyrethroid esters
Authors: McDonald Edward , Punja Nazim 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe pentaflurobenzyl esters of acids related to chrysanthemic acid are active insecticides. Formal substitution of one or more of the fluorines in pentafluoro‐benzyl alcohol has led to a new series of insecticidal compounds. The synthesis of these esters has some novel aspects. Key factors contributing to the insecticidal activity of these esters in soil, particularly against corn root worm, are discussed, including rates of degradation and vapour pressure.
The photochemical decomposition of the herbicide isoproturon
Authors: Kulshrestha Gita , Mukerjee Sunil Kumar 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe photochemical degradation of the herbicide isoproturon in aqueous and non‐aqueous solutions and in soils has been investigated. Four new photometabolites were formed in non‐aqueous solution and three in soil. These were characterised by spectroscopic methods and identified by comparison with authentic synthetic samples such as 3‐(4‐isopropylphenyl)‐1‐methylurea; 3‐(4‐isopropylphenyl)urea; 4,4′‐diisopropylazobenzene and 4,4′‐diisopropylazoxybenzene. The pathway of formation of these photo products is depicted.
Laboratory selected resistance to diflubenzuron in larvae of aedes aegypti
Authors: Walker Alastair L. , Wood Roger J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe variation in tolerance to diflubenzuron [1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(2,6‐difluorobenzoyl)urea] was examined in fourth instar larvae of seven strains of Aedes aegypti, some of which were resistant to DDT and permethrin. The difference between the least and the most tolerant to diflubenzuron was approximately two‐fold. There was no correlation with resistance to the other insecticides. A DDT‐resistant strain (T8) was selected 10 times (during 12 generations) with diflubenzuron. The LC50 to diflubenzuron had increased 3.3 times by the S8 generation but there was no further increase in later generations despite further selection. Associated with this increase, a marked decrease in resistance to DDT was observed but no change in permethrin tolerance. A genetically enriched strain (Hotchpotch) was synthesised from 35 strains of different geographic origin and crossed to the selected T8 strain before subsequent generations were selected five times with diflubenzuron. This procedure resulted in an 8 to 12‐fold increase in the LC50 value over that for unselected T8, accompanied by a decrease in the slope of the log dose against probit mortality line.
Physiological factors affecting product yield in plant cell cultures
Authors: Fowler Michael W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhile the first commercial process systems for plant cell cultures are now operational, important questions still face the technology. Key amongst these is the need to raise and maintain product yields in a large number of cell lines. However, approaches to raising product yield are still largely empirical and suffer from a great lack of knowledge of the pathways and control systems for secondary metabolite synthesis in plants. This review examines some of the factors that have been found to affect product yield in plant cell cultures and assesses their potential for future development.
The biological activity of polyhydroxyalkaloids from plants
Authors: Fellows Linda E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolyhydroxy derivatives of octahydroindolizine, piperidine and pyrrolidine have been isolated from plants and microorganisms. Many have proved to be potent and specific inhibitors of glycosidase enzymes from a variety of organisms: as such they have potential application in several areas of agricultural and medical research.
Comparative histopathology of the chitin synthesis inhibitors nikkomycin X/Z, nikkomycin Z and polyoxin D. I: Effects on moulting, reproduction and digestion in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Mothes‐Wagner Ursula 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of the closely related chitin synthesis inhibitors, the nucleoside peptidyl antibiotics nikkomycin X/Z, nikkomycin Z and polyoxin D on the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, have been studied by electron microscopy. The application of all three compounds, nikkomycin X/Z (95% active ingredient, ratio of components unknown), nikkomycin Z (pure component) and polyoxin D (pure component) disrupted cuticle, eggshell and yolk synthesis and influenced the silk and salivary glands. Ultrahistological patterns indicated differences in the mode of action of the three compounds which were especially evident in an alteration of the nuclear ultrastructure in the mid‐gut cells, which was only caused by polyoxin D. Mechanisms of action and their consequences on function, based on previously published information on the action of these compounds, are discussed.
Synthesis and confirmation of structure of four mammalian metabolites of dieldrin and endrin
Authors: Bedford Colin T. , Crane Anthony E. , Harrod Rosina K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe first syntheses of syn‐12‐hydroxydieldrin, syn‐12‐hydroxyendrin and anti‐12‐hydroxyendrin have been accomplished by debenzoylation and epoxidation of three isomeric adduction products of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and 1,7,7‐trinorborna‐2,5‐dien‐7‐yl benzoate. A third known metabolite of endrin, 12‐ketoendrin, and a putative metabolite of dieldrin, 12‐ketodieldrin, were prepared from the corresponding alcohols by oxidation with chromium trioxide. Characterisation of the three debenzoylated intermediates as syn‐12‐hydroxyaldrin, and syn‐ and anti‐12‐hydroxyisodrin constitutes the first syntheses of these three possible metabolites of aldrin and isodrin.
Forecasting the efficiency of the sequential aerosol technique for tsetse fly control
Authors: Johnstone Donald R. , Cooper Jeremy F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn attempt has been made to link the results of laboratory toxicological studies on tsetse flies to the specification of application requirements for control or eradication of tsetse flies in the field. Relevant parameters have been identified and a consideration of their physical interactions has provided the basis for predicting the effect of changes in the operational variables on the efficiency of kill. Some implications for future developments in application techniques and for requirements in research and development have been recognised.
Studies on the mode of action of asulam, aminotriazole and glyphosate in Equisetum arvense L. (field horsetail). II: The metabolism of [14C]asulam, [14C]aminotriazole and [14C]glyphosate
Authors: Marshall George , Kirkwood Ralph C. , Martin David J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of [14C]asulam (methyl 4‐aminophenylsulphonylcarbamate), [14C] aminotriazole (1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ylamine) and [14C]glyphosate (N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine) were assessed in Equisetum arvense L. (field horsetail). Following application of the test herbicides (4mg⋍0.3 °Ci herbicide/shoot) to the shoots of 2‐year‐old pot‐grown plants, the total recovery of 14C‐label after 1 week and 8 weeks was high for all three herbicides (>80‐0% of applied radioactivity). Asulam was persistent (>69‐7% of recovered radioactivity) in both shoots and rhizomes. Sulphanilamide, a hydrolysis product of asulam, accounted for the remainder of the recovered radioactivity. Aminotriazole showed evidence of conjugation in shoots and rhizomes. The principal 14C‐labelled component in shoots was composed of high proportions of aminotriazole (>76‐3%) together with the metabolites: X (ninhydrin positive), β‐(3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazolyl‐1‐)α‐alanine, Y (diazotization positive) and various unidentified compounds. Rhizomes generally contained lower proportions of intact aminotriazole (>59.4%) together with the metabolites X,Y and unidentified compounds. The proportion of aminotriazole did not decrease with time in shoots or rhizomes; however, the ratio of metabolite X: Y moved in favour of Y as the interval after treatment increased. Glyphosate was extensively metabolised in shoots and rhizomes to yield aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and various unidentified compounds. Differential metabolism appears to be one of the factors which may govern the persistence and toxicity of the test herbicides in E. arvense.
Photostabilization of bioresmethrin by organic cations on a clay surface
Authors: Margulies Leon , Cohen Ephraim , Rozen Harel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhotostabilization of the pyrethroid insecticide bioresmethrin (BR) was achieved by adsorbing it onto the ciay montmorillonite with a cationic organic chromophore. Experiments in the dark showed that adsorption of BR to the surface of the clay did not inhibit its insecticidal activity. Complexes containing the organic cations methyl green (MG) or naphthylammonium (NA) retained their insecticidal activity against the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum for 3‐5 days in sunlight whereas unprotected BR was inactivated within a few hours. Optimum stabilization was achieved by definite amounts of BR and MG adsorbed, indicating that photostabilization was due to specific intermolecular interactions on the clay surface rather than to a UV‐screening effect. The interactions between BR and MG at the clay surface were studied by Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy.