bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Alberti's Window, Leonardo's Mirror, and van Gogh's Room
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter reviews Nelson Goodman’s proposals concerning depiction, identifies problems with them, and suggests how they can be overcome without appealing to a perceptual account of pictorial representation. Goodman’s proposal is that all pictorial systems are relatively replete, syntactically dense, and semantically dense. This is problematic because repleteness is not as well-defined as it should be, and density requires that pictures be analog representations, while many seem to be digital. These conditions were never meant to be sufficient for a system to be pictorial, but the problem is that they seem to be unnecessary as well.
Mimesis
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter explores the range of pictorial representation. It considers many kinds of projective systems and shows how they all manage to satisfy the conditions set forth in Chapters 2 and 3 for being pictures. In addition, common systems of auditory representation turn out to be pictorial according to this view; this is surprising but not terribly counterintuitive. Tactile line drawings sometimes used by the blind also turn out to be pictorial on the account offered herein, and the discussion of bare-bones content suggests some new avenues of research on tactile pictures. The chapter closes by considering how well the structural account fares with respect to a list of explananda offered by Robert Hopkins as the gold standard for a theory of depiction.
Other Visibilia and Other Media
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter considers John Haugeland’s original proposal for how bare-bones content should figure in an account of depiction. It argues that his account fails and identifies where the account fails, transparency, and the other conditions set forth in Chapters 2 and 3 step in to fill the gaps and explain Haugeland’s mistakes. The upshot is that Haugeland introduced an important (and neglected) tool for understanding pictures, but he did not use it to its fullest potential.
Bare Bones Content
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDominic Lopes proposed that pictures differ from other kinds of representations in that only pictures explicitly non-commit to properties. That is to say, with pictures, the price of representing something — say someone standing in front of someone else — is not being able to represent other things, such as the features of things behind the person represented. It is argued that this is not essential or unique to depiction, even though it is common only in pictures. Moreover, explicit non-commitment is only a feature of pictures’ fleshed-out contents: it does not appear in their bare-bones contents.
Understanding Commitments
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractChapters 6 and 7 describe the features of pictures’ bare-bones and fleshed-out contents, and raise important questions about how the two relate to one another. This chapter suggests that the relation between them is analogous to the relation that was supposed to exist between sense data and the objects we take ourselves to perceive. Sense data were a bad idea in the philosophy of perception, but they are a useful tool for understanding pictorial content.
Perceiving Pictures
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter shows that the account of picture perception and pictorial content sheds light on the debate between the two most popular theories of picture perception: the recognition theory due to Flint Schier and Dominic Lopes, and the experienced resemblance view due to Robert Hopkins. Though the present account sides with Lopes overall, Hopkins has captured something important about how we come to know pictures’ contents.
1 Deliberative democracy and legitimacy
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter outlines the theory of deliberative democracy and deliberative institutions, highlighting the legitimacy problems — to do with the scale of the deliberations and the motivation to participate — as experienced by the organizers of a citizens’ jury in Leicester, England, in 2000. It explains the approach and methods, outlines the argument, and summarizes five cases of deliberation in the UK’s National Health Service.
5 Deliberation as drama: publicity and accountability
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the second broad solution to the legitimacy problems: sharing arguments through the media. It sets out the structural features of the news media and shows how they filter out certain kinds of arguments and issues, using the example of a deliberative poll. It argues that successful argument sharing (or publicity) depends on the salience of the issue, but in such cases, small-scale deliberative processes can provide a useful focal point for coverage of all the arguments. ‘Manufacturing’ salience can lead to distortion of the issue and arguments.
6 Reason and Persuasion
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that the definition of rationality is a major source of disagreement over the legitimacy of decision making processes. It draws attention to battles over competing problem definitions and agendas as a means of controlling debate, and the failure of micro-deliberative processes to handle such battles. It identifies the rhetorical devices used by deliberators to persuade their external audiences, and the impact these have on the rationality of the process. It argues that the more decisive a process is, the more it will attract publicity and the more inclusive it will be, but also the greater the incentives are to act strategically.
National and global structural macroeconometric modelling
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes a framework for macroeconometric modelling, which draws out the links with economic theory relating to the long run and with theory relating to the short run. It elaborates a modelling strategy that can be employed to accommodate directly the theory of the long run, and notes the ways in which short-run theory can also be accommodated in national and global models. Recent literature on modelling short-run dynamics is reviewed, highlighting the difficulties in obtaining consensus on appropriate short-run restrictions and commenting on the approaches taken in the literature in examining policy shocks in general, and monetary policy in particular.
An economic theory of the short run
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter explores a set of identifying restrictions on the short-run dynamics that might be used to supplement the long-run restrictions if the model is to be used to investigate the effect of economically-meaningful shocks. Particular attention is paid to modelling monetary policy decisions, inflation targeting, the derivation of a base rate reaction function, and the identification of monetary policy shocks.
The UK macroeconomy
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter introduces the part of the book concerned with the practicalities involved in constructing a model of the UK economy. It describes the time series of the UK’s key macroeconomic variables over the last 30 to 40 years to provide an overview and commentary on the UK’s recent macroeconomic experiences.
Probability event forecasting with the UK model
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with forecasting and prediction based on the UK model. It elaborates on the notion of probability forecasting, which provides a useful means of conveying the uncertainties surrounding forecasts obtained from the model. It illustrates the usefulness of probability forecasts with reference to the Bank of England’s inflation targets and the UK’s growth prospects.
Political Economy and Natural Resource Use
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines evidence on the four ways in which a nation’s political system and its natural resource use are linked. First, when property rights to resources are weak, competition to acquire resources can be wasteful and characterized by rent-seeking and violent conflict. Weak ownership claims are most likely in countries where the rule of law is not well-established. Second, when a country’s political system is unstable or non-representative, the individual’s claim to a resource stock’s future return can be rendered insecure, reducing the payoff to natural resource conservation. Third, when a country’s natural resources are capable of generating significant rents but institutions of democratic governance and the rule of law are not well-established, corruption by government officials responsible for resource management can encourage rent-seeking, dissipating the benefits those resources would otherwise confer. Fourth, the mix of private vs. public good outputs produced by a nation’s natural resources (e.g., forests) can be affected by its political system. When a country’s government does not represent the interests of the entire population, the use of resource stocks to provide public good amenities, as opposed to salable products, may be under-emphasized.
Trade and the Environment in Developing Economies
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter studies the relationship between international trade, capital mobility, and environmental quality in developing countries. Although the ‘pollution haven hypothesis’ has dominated much of the discussion of the composition effects of trade between rich and poor countries, this paper argues that it is not supported by empirical evidence. Regardless of environmental policy, trade liberalization may still shift the development path towards environmentally-intensive activity in countries with a comparative advantage in this area. This paper also considers the fundamental differences between environmental problems associated industrial pollution emissions, and those that affect stocks of natural capital, such as fisheries and forests. In addition, it examines the effects of linkage between trade policies and environmental concerns in developing countries. Section 1 discusses the role of the environmental policy process and institutions, and how they interact with the trade regime. Section 2 reviews the empirical evidence on the effects of environmental policy on trade patterns, and the evidence on the effect of trade on environmental quality. Section 3 considers policy issues.
Environmental Policy Instruments and Institutions in Developing Countries
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe failure of public good provision in developing countries implies that many environmental and natural resource allocation problems that have been solved in developed countries, such as water pollution from sewage and indoor air pollution from cooking fires, continue to loom large. Decentralization and transparency in decision making, due process, and stakeholder participation in reform are needed to address these shortfalls. Because of poverty, efficiency is crucial to minimize overall costs. This, together with the wide dispersion in the distribution of pollution between polluters, speaks in favor of the use of flexible instruments such as information and market based mechanisms. At the same time, risk aversion, poverty, and unequal distribution imply that considerable attention must be paid to the distribution of costs and to a participatory approach in policy design.
Energy, Equity, and Economic Development
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThere exists the misconception that the percentage of energy used by households declines with development. However, the reverse is true: the use of modern energy by households increases both absolutely and as a percentage of energy use with development. As a result, there are several reasons to focus on energy, namely, that the increased provision of energy services has a demonstrated high marginal value in the context of broader economic growth; that energy services remain physically scarce and costly in many parts of the developing world; that production and provision of energy services give rise to thorny issues of economic sector regulation; and that there are important and challenging energy-environment links throughout the chain of production and consumption. This chapter considers the first three of these four aspects of energy and development, and concludes with a summary of lessons learned from previous energy-related development activities and implications for future activities in this area.
Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOf all the environmental concerns that developing countries face, the lack of adequate and good quality water is probably the most serious. This chapter examines two issues arising from poor water quality: (i) the impact it has on households through their use of such water for drinking and other domestic purposes, and through the facilities they employ for the disposal of household waste; and (ii) the consequence of poor water quality in inland rivers and lakes on other water uses (recreation, abstraction for domestic use, etc.). The overall implication of the analysis is that water supply targets under the Millennium Development Goals need careful cost benefit appraisal before they are implemented. Such targets also need a careful analysis of financial sustainability and in this regard, affordability is a critical element. The same remarks apply to sanitation programs, but the cost and benefit comparison is less clearly in favor of the program as a whole.
Recurrent Hypoxemia in Children Is Associated with Increased Analgesic Sensitivity to Opiates
Authors: Brown Karen A. , Laferrière André , Lakheeram Indrani , Moss Immanuela Ravé 
Published: September 2006

Background
Postsurgical administration of opiates in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has recently been linked to an increased risk for respiratory complications. The authors have attributed this association to an effect of recurrent oxygen desaturation accompanying OSA on endogenous opioid mechanisms that, in turn, alter responsiveness to subsequent administration of exogenous opiates. In a retrospective study, the authors have shown that oxygen desaturation and young age in children with OSA are correlated with a reduced opiate requirement for postoperative analgesia.

Methods
The current study was designed to test that conclusion prospectively in 22 children with OSA scheduled to undergo adenotonsillectomy. The children were stratified to those having displayed < 85% or > or = 85% oxygen saturation nadir during sleep preoperatively. Using a blinded design, the children were given morphine postoperatively to achieve an identical behavioral pain score.

Results
As compared with children in the > or = 85% group, the < 85% oxygen saturation nadir group required one half the total analgesic morphine dose postoperatively, indicating heightened analgesic sensitivity to morphine after recurrent hypoxemia.

Conclusions
Previous recurrent hypoxemia in OSA is associated with increased analgesic sensitivity to subsequent morphine administration. Therefore, opiate dosing in children with OSA must take into account a history of recurrent hypoxemia.
Mechanical Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes and Positive End-expiratory Pressure Prevents Alveolar Coagulation in Patients without Lung Injury
Authors: Choi Goda , Wolthuis Esther K. , Bresser Paul , Levi Marcel , van der Poll Tom , Dzoljic Misa , Vroom Margreeth B. , Schultz Marcus J. 
Published: September 2006

Background
Alveolar fibrin deposition is a hallmark of acute lung injury, resulting from activation of coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis. Previous studies have shown that mechanical ventilation with high tidal volumes may aggravate lung injury in patients with sepsis and acute lung injury. The authors sought to determine the effects of mechanical ventilation on the alveolar hemostatic balance in patients without preexistent lung injury.

Methods
Patients scheduled for an elective surgical procedure (lasting > or = 5 h) were randomly assigned to mechanical ventilation with either higher tidal volumes of 12 ml/kg ideal body weight and no positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or lower tidal volumes of 6 ml/kg and 10 cm H2O PEEP. After induction of anesthesia and 5 h later bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood samples were obtained, and markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis were measured.

Results
In contrast to mechanical ventilation with lower tidal volumes and PEEP (n = 21), the use of higher tidal volumes without PEEP (n = 19) caused activation of bronchoalveolar coagulation, as reflected by a marked increase in thrombin-antithrombin complexes, soluble tissue factor, and factor VIIa after 5 h of mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation with higher tidal volumes without PEEP caused an increase in soluble thrombomodulin in lavage fluids and lower levels of bronchoalveolar activated protein C in comparison with lower tidal volumes and PEEP. Bronchoalveolar fibrinolytic activity did not change by either ventilation strategy.

Conclusions
Mechanical ventilation with higher tidal volumes and no PEEP promotes procoagulant changes, which are largely prevented by the use of lower tidal volumes and PEEP.
Short-term Cardiorespiratory Effects of Proportional Assist and Pressure-support Ventilation in Patients with Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Kondili Eumorfia , Xirouchaki Nectaria , Vaporidi Katerina , Klimathianaki Maria , Georgopoulos Dimitris 
Published: September 2006

Background
Recent data indicate that assisted modes of mechanical ventilation improve pulmonary gas exchange in patients with acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Proportional assist ventilation (PAV) is a new mode of support that amplifies the ventilatory output of the patient effort and improves patient-ventilator synchrony. It is not known whether this mode may be used in patients with ALI/ARDS. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of PAV and pressure-support ventilation on breathing pattern, hemodynamics, and gas exchange in a homogenous group of patients with ALI/ARDS due to sepsis.

Methods
Twelve mechanically ventilated patients with ALI/ARDS (mean ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional concentration of oxygen 190 +/- 49 mmHg) were prospectively studied. Patients received pressure-support ventilation and PAV in random order for 30 min while maintaining mean airway pressure constant. With both modes, the level of applied positive end-expiratory pressure (7.1 +/- 2.1 cm H2O) was kept unchanged throughout. At the end of each study period, cardiorespiratory data were obtained, and dead space to tidal volume ratio was measured.

Results
With both modes, none of the patients exhibited clinical signs of distress. With PAV, breathing frequency and cardiac index were slightly but significantly higher than the corresponding values with pressure-support ventilation (24.5 +/- 6.9 vs. 21.4 +/- 6.9 breaths/min and 4.4 +/- 1.6 vs. 4.1 +/- 1.3 l . min . m, respectively). None of the other parameters differ significantly between modes.

Conclusions
In patients with ALI/ARDS due to sepsis, PAV and pressure-support ventilation both have clinically comparable short-term effects on gas exchange and hemodynamics.
Desflurane-induced Preconditioning against Myocardial Infarction Is Mediated by Nitric Oxide
Authors: Smul Thorsten M. , Lange Markus , Redel Andreas , Burkhard Natalie , Roewer Norbert , Kehl Franz 
Published: September 2006

Background
Volatile anesthetics induce myocardial preconditioning through a signal transduction pathway that is remarkably similar to that observed during ischemic preconditioning. Nitric oxide-dependent signaling plays an important role in anesthetic and ischemic preconditioning. Therefore, the authors tested the hypothesis that desflurane-induced preconditioning is mediated by nitric oxide.

Methods
Barbiturate-anesthetized rabbits were instrumented for measurement of hemodynamics. All rabbits were subjected to 30-min coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size was assessed with triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Myocardial nitric oxide synthase activity was assessed with a [H]L-arginine-conversion assay. Rabbits were randomized to five separate experimental groups. They received 0.0 or 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration desflurane for 30 min, which was discontinued 30 min before ischemia in the absence or presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA). L-NA was given either 20 min before or 10 min after desflurane administration, respectively. Data are mean +/- SEM.

Results
Infarct size was 56 +/- 8% in control experiments. Desflurane significantly (P < 0.05) reduced infarct size to 35 +/- 4%. Preconditioning by desflurane was totally blocked by administration of L-NA either during or after desflurane inhalation (58 +/- 4 and 59 +/- 9%, respectively). L-NA alone had no effect on infarct size (56 +/- 7%). Nitric oxide synthase activity was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by desflurane.

Conclusion
The results demonstrate that desflurane-induced preconditioning markedly reduced myocardial infarct size. This beneficial effect was blocked by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NA either during or after desflurane-administration. These data suggest that early desflurane-induced preconditioning is mediated by nitric oxide.