bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? – Historicism and Hospitality
Authors: Bowen John 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Victorian Literary Studies and future directions. This group of four essays was originally commissioned by Francis O’Gorman (University of Leeds), who also provides an introduction to the cluster.The full cluster is made up of the following articles:‘Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? – Introduction’, Francis O’Gorman, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00467.x.‘Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? – Revising the Canon, Extending Cultural Boundaries, and the Challenge of Interdisciplinarity’, Joanne Shattock, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00468.x.‘Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? –“Interesting Times” and the Lesson of “A Corner in Lightning”’, David Amigoni, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00469.x.‘Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? – Historicism, Collaboration and Digital Editing’, Valerie Sanders, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00470.x.‘Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? – Historicism and Hospitality’, John Bowen, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00471.x.***The field of Victorian Studies has been dominated by a historicist approach and methodology. Much of the most influential work in Victorian Studies could be summarised under the heading ‘historical research in culture’. Yet there are serious conceptual difficulties with such an historicist approach, in particular those identified in Martin Heidegger's seminal essay ‘The Age of the World Picture’ and by the exemplary work of Jacques Derrida, particularly his writings on the question of hospitality. In this article, I explore the hospitality of Victorian studies, both within nineteenth‐century texts and the hospitality of the field itself, to question the limits of the Victorian historicism to which we are accustomed. I argue that the lack of attention to European literary and philosophical work – my examples include the fiction of Gustave Flaubert, as well as the work of Heidegger and Derrida – mark particularly problematic limits to the hospitality of Victorian studies in its dominant historicist conceptions.
Byron and Mesolongi
Authors: Minta Stephen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article is a new examination of Byron's relationship with Mesolongi. The town is conventionally represented as the theatre of Byron's failure – whether heroic, foolish, tragic or otherwise – and his death there as the unintended consequence of a largely ill‐considered commitment. In the context of Greek archival material, however, Byron's time in Mesolongi can be read very differently. For westernising Greeks, such as the political and military leader Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Byron had a role to play in Greek affairs that was both symbolic and pragmatic. He would be a symbol of an important change in British foreign policy towards Greek independence, a development associated with the advent of Canning as Foreign Secretary; and he was to have the primary responsibility for the disbursement of a loan which Greece was raising on the London market, a loan which would reunite the Greek insurgents after a period of civil war. Byron clearly understood the nature of this dual role and was fully prepared to take it on. Only the accident of his death prevented the full realisation of its possibilities. I use here a number of important Greek archives: those of Mavrokordatos, the Koundouriotis brothers, the Metropolitan Ignatios, as well as material from the papers of the London Greek Committee which are held in the National Library of Greece. I seek to show that Byron's time in Mesolongi can be read constructively, whatever local and temporary difficulties may cloud the picture, and that he pursued a vision of Greek Independence that was both coherent and pragmatic.
Nurse‐led flexible cystoscopy: the UK experience informs a New Zealand nurse specialist’s training
Authors: Osborne Sue 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFlexible cystoscopy utilizes a fibre‐optic scope with a light source to examine the internal surfaces of the bladder and urethra. The procedure is undertaken to investigate and diagnose the cause of lower urinary tract symptoms. It is also used extensively to detect the recurrence of bladder tumours in people diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and kidney. In the UK, the advent of flexible cystoscopy clinics undertaken by appropriately trained and supervised nurses has been one way of improving provision of a flexible cystoscopy service. Information from published literature informed the decision to establish a nurse‐led flexible cystoscopy clinic at one large District Health Board in New Zealand. This article reviews the current body of knowledge on nurse‐led flexible cystoscopy, focusing on the education and training required to prepare nurses for independent cystoscopy practice. Literature findings are discussed, along with the observations of a urology nurse specialist undertaking flexible cystoscopy training in New Zealand and anecdotal evidence from visits with nurse cystoscopists in England during 2006. Carefully designed research studies published in literature have a key role to play in augmenting the body of evidence around this relatively new area of nursing practice, and as such should be strongly encouraged in both countries. It is recommended that nurse cystoscopy training and competencies are standardized and adopted internationally in order to increase the transferability of findings from research on the clinical outcomes of nurses performing nurse‐led flexible cystoscopy.
Serotypes, Clones, and Mechanisms of Resistance of Erythromycin-Resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Isolates Collected in Spain
Authors: Calatayud Laura , Ardanuy C. , Cercenado E. , Fenoll A. , Bouza E. , Pallares R. , Martín R. , Liñares J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to analyze the distributions of antibiotic susceptibility patterns, serotypes, phenotypes, genotypes, and macrolide resistance genes among 125 nonduplicated erythromycin-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
clinical isolates collected in a Spanish point prevalence study. The prevalence of resistance to macrolides in this study was 34.7%. Multiresistance (to three or more antimicrobials) was observed in 81.6% of these strains. Among 15 antimicrobials studied, cefotaxime, moxifloxacin, telithromycin, and quinupristin-dalfopristin were the most active drugs. The most frequent serotypes of erythromycin-resistant isolates were 19F (25%), 19A (17%), 6B (12%), 14 (10%), and 23F (10%). Of the 125 strains, 109 (87.2%) showed the MLS
B
phenotype [103 had the
erm
(B) gene and 6 had both
erm
(B) and
mef
(E) genes]. Sixteen (12.8%) strains showed the M phenotype [14 with
mef
(E) and 2 with
mef
(A)]. All isolates were tested by PCR for the presence of the
int, xis, tnpR
, and
tnpA
genes associated with conjugative transposons (Tn
916
family and Tn
917
). Positive detection of
erm
(B),
tet
(M),
int
, and
xis
genes related to the Tn
916
family was found in 77.1% of MLS
B
phenotype strains. In 16 strains, only the
tndX, erm
(B), and
tet
(M) genes were detected, suggesting the presence of Tn
1116
, a transposon recently described for
Streptococcus pyogenes
. Five clones, namely, Sweden
15A
-25, clone
19F
ST87, Spain
23F
-1, Spain
6B
-2, and clone
19A
ST276, accounted for half of the MLS
B
strains. In conclusion, the majority of erythromycin-resistant pneumococci isolated in Spain had the MLS
B
phenotype, belonged to multiresistant international clones, and carried the
erm
(B),
tet
(M),
xis
, and
int
genes, suggesting the spread of transposons of the Tn
916
family.
Concanavalin A Protects Mice from a Lethal Inoculation of IntragastricKlebsiella pneumoniaeand Reduces the Induced Liver Damage
Authors: Kuo Chih-Feng , Wang Ya-Hui , Lei Huan-Yao , Wang Chiou-Huey , Tsao Nina 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIntragastric inoculation ofKlebsiella pneumoniaecan cause invasive diseases, including necrosis of liver tissues and bacteremia. The effect of concanavalin A (ConA) onK. pneumoniaewas tested. Pretreatment with ConA was able to protect mice fromK. pneumoniaeinfection in an intragastric model.K. pneumoniae-induced mouse death and liver injury such as liver necrosis, as well as blood levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by ConA. ConA administered intravenously as late as 24 h afterK. pneumoniaeinoculation was still protective. In an in vitro assay, ConA was able to bindK. pneumoniaecells directly and further agglutinate them but had no effect on their in vitro growth. Surveys of bacterial counts of ConA-treated mice revealed that the bacteria were eliminated effectively in both blood and liver tissues. Furthermore, the bactericidal activity of macrophages againstK. pneumoniaewas also enhanced in a dose-dependent manner by ConA in an in vitro culture. These data suggest that ConA is a potentially therapeutic agent forK. pneumoniae-induced liver infection.
An Early Response to Environmental Stress Involves Regulation of OmpX and OmpF, Two Enterobacterial Outer Membrane Pore-Forming Proteins
Authors: Dupont Myrielle , James Chloë E. , Chevalier Jacqueline , Pagès Jean-Marie 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Bacterial adaptation to external stresses and toxic compounds is a key step in the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains that are a serious threat to human health. Although some of the proteins and regulators involved in antibiotic resistance mechanisms have been described, no information is available to date concerning the early bacterial response to external stresses. Here we report that the expression of
ompX
, encoding an outer membrane protein, is increased during early exposure to drugs or environmental stresses. At the same time, the level of
ompF
porin expression is noticeably affected. Because of the role of these proteins in membrane permeability, these data suggest that OmpF and OmpX are involved in the control of the penetration of antibiotics such as β-lactams and fluoroquinolones through the enterobacterial outer membrane. Consequently, the early control of
ompX
and
ompF
induced by external stresses may represent a preliminary response to antibiotics, thus triggering the initial bacterial line of defense against antibiotherapy.
Bartonella quintanaLipopolysaccharide Is a Natural Antagonist of Toll-Like Receptor 4
Authors: Popa Calin , Abdollahi-Roodsaz Shahla , Joosten Leo A. B. , Takahashi Nozomi , Sprong Tom , Matera Giovanni , Liberto Maria Carla , Foca Alfredo , van Deuren Marcel , Kullberg Bart Jan , van den Berg Wim B. , van der Meer Jos W. M. , Netea Mihai G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTBartonella quintanais a gram-negative microorganism that causes trench fever and chronic bacteremia.B. quintanalipopolysaccharide (LPS) was unable to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines in human monocytes. Interestingly,B. quintanaLPS is a potent antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as it inhibited both mRNA transcription and the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 byEscherichia coliLPS in human monocytes, at ratios ranging from 1,000:1 to 10:1 (B. quintanaLPS toE. coliLPS). Likewise,B. quintanaLPS blocked the interaction ofE. coliLPS with TLR4 in transfected cell lines. The extent of the inhibitory effect ofB. quintanaLPS was demonstrated in microarray studies, which showed downregulation of practically all genes induced by LPS in monocytes. Because of the role of TLR4 in inflammation,B. quintanaLPS may prove useful as a potent anti-TLR4 agent with therapeutic potential in both infections and autoimmune inflammation.
Chemokine Signatures in the Skin Disorders of Lyme Borreliosis in Europe: Predominance of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in Erythema Migrans and Acrodermatitis and CXCL13 in Lymphocytoma
Authors: Müllegger Robert R. , Means Terry K. , Shin Junghee J. , Lee Marshall , Jones Kathryn L. , Glickstein Lisa J. , Luster Andrew D. , Steere Allen C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe three skin disorders of Lyme borreliosis in Europe include erythema migrans, an acute, self-limited lesion; borrelial lymphocytoma, a subacute lesion; and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, a chronic lesion. Using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, we determined mRNA expression of selected chemokines, cytokines, and leukocyte markers in skin samples from 100 patients with erythema migrans, borrelial lymphocytoma, or acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans and from 25 control subjects. Chemokine patterns in lesional skin in each of the three skin disorders included low but significant mRNA levels of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1 and the dendritic cell chemoattractant CCL20 and intermediate levels of the macrophage chemoattractant CCL2. Erythema migrans and particularly acrodermatitis lesions had high mRNA expression of the T-cell-active chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 and low levels of the B-cell-active chemokine CXCL13, whereas lymphocytoma lesions had high levels of CXCL13 and lower levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10. This pattern of chemokine expression was consistent with leukocyte marker mRNA in lesional skin. Moreover, using immunohistologic methods, CD3+T cells and CXCL9 were visualized in erythema migrans and acrodermatitis lesions, and CD20+B cells and CXCL13 were seen in lymphocytoma lesions. Thus, erythema migrans and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans have high levels of the T-cell-active chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, whereas borrelial lymphocytoma has high levels of the B-cell-active chemokine CXCL13.
Bacillus anthracis
Spores of the
bclA
Mutant Exhibit Increased Adherence to Epithelial Cells, Fibroblasts, and Endothelial Cells but Not to Macrophages
Authors: Bozue Joel , Moody Krishna L. , Cote Christopher K. , Stiles Bradley G. , Friedlander Arthur M. , Welkos Susan L. , Hale Martha L. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Bacillus anthracis
is the causative agent of anthrax, and the spore form of the bacterium represents the infectious particle introduced into a host. The spore is surrounded by an exosporium, a loose-fitting membrane composed of proteins and carbohydrates from which hair-like projections extend. These projections are composed mainly of BclA (
Bacillus
-collagen-like protein of
B. anthracis
). To date, exact roles of the exosporium structure and BclA protein remain undetermined. We examined differences in spore binding of wild-type Ames and a
bclA
mutant of
B. anthracis
to bronchial epithelial cells as well as to the following other epithelial cells: A549, CHO, and Caco-2 cells; the IMR-90 fibroblast line; and human umbilical vein vascular endothelium cells. The binding of wild-type Ames spores to bronchial epithelial cells appeared to be a dose-dependent, receptor-ligand-mediated event. There were similar findings for the
bclA
mutant, with an additional nonspecific binding component likely leading to significantly more adherence to all nonprofessional phagocytic cell types. In contrast, we detected no difference in adherence and uptake of spores by macrophages for either the wild-type Ames or the
bclA
mutant strain. These results suggest that one potential role of the BclA fibers may be to inhibit nonspecific interactions between
B. anthracis
spores with nonprofessional phagocytic cells and thus direct the spores towards uptake by macrophages during initiation of infection in mammals.
Antibodies Elicited by the Bovine Lungworm,Dictyocaulus viviparus, Cross-React with Platelet-Activating Factor
Authors: Kooyman Frans N. J. , de Vries Erik , Ploeger Harm W. , van Putten Jos P. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTParasite N-glycans may play an important role in helminth infections. As antibodies fromDictyocaulus viviparus-infected calves strongly react with N-glycans, we investigated the characteristics of the major immunodominant glycoprotein (GP300) of this parasite. Probing of worm extracts with various lectins demonstrated unique binding of GP300 to wheat germ agglutinin. Analysis of lectin-purified GP300 revealed that the glycan was substituted with phosphorylcholine and reacted with the phosphorylcholine-specific antibody TEPC-15. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with GP300-coated plates and GP300-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in conjunction with free phosphorylcholine or TEPC-15 demonstrated that antibodies from infected calves recognized phosphorylcholine on GP300. Additional assays showed that these antibodies cross-reacted with the phosphorylcholine moiety present on platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), a proinflammatory mediator of the host. Heavily infected calves contained high levels of serum GP300-specific IgG1 but low levels of IgA and IgG2 and showed a reduced influx of eosinophils in the lungs, all consistent with a neutralization of PAF activity. In conclusion, we demonstrated thatD. viviparusinfection elicits GP300-specific antibodies that cross-react with PAF and may neutralize PAF function, thus limiting the development of a protective response as well as parasite-induced host pathology.
Rehabilitation of Scapular Muscle Balance
Authors: Cools Ann M. , Dewitte Vincent , Lanszweert Frederick , Notebaert Dries , Roets Arne , Soetens Barbara , Cagnie Barbara , Witvrouw Erik E. 
Published: July 2007

Background Strengthening exercises for the scapular muscles are used in the treatment of scapulothoracic dysfunction related to shoulder injury. In view of the intermuscular and intramuscular imbalances often established in these patients, exercises promoting lower trapezius (LT), middle trapezius (MT), and serratus anterior (SA) activation with minimal activity in the upper trapezius (UT) are recommended. Hypothesis Of 12 commonly used trapezius strengthening exercises, a selection can be performed for muscle balance rehabilitation, based on a low UT/LT, UT/MT, or UT/SA muscle ratio. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Electromyographic activity of the 3 trapezius parts and the SA was measured in 45 healthy subjects performing 12 commonly described scapular exercises, using surface electromyography. Results For each intramuscular trapezius ratio (UT/LT, UT/MT), 3 exercises were selected for restoration of muscle balance. The exercises side-lying external rotation, side-lying forward flexion, prone horizontal abduction with external rotation, and prone extension were found to be the most appropriate for intramuscular trapezius muscle balance rehabilitation. For the UT/SA ratio, none of the exercises met the criteria for optimal intermuscular balance restoration. Conclusion In cases of trapezius muscle imbalance, some exercises are preferable over others because of their low UT/LT and UT/MT ratios. Clinical Relevance In the selection of rehabilitation exercises, the clinician should have a preference for exercises with high activation of the LT and MT and low activity of the UT.
AIDS patients have increased surfactant protein D but normal mannose binding lectin levels in lung fluid
Authors: Jambo Kondwani C , French Neil , Zijlstra Ed , Gordon Stephen B 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) and Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL) are collectins that have opsonic and immunoregulatory functions, are found in lung fluid and interact with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We compared collectin levels in lung fluid and serum from HIV infected and normal subjects to determine if alterations in lung collectin levels were associated with HIV infection and might result in increased susceptibility to other pulmonary infections.

Methods
Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected from 19 HIV-infected individuals and 17 HIV-uninfected individuals, all with normal chest X ray at time of study. HIV viral loads and peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts were measured in all subjects. SP-D was measured in lung fluid, and MBL in both lung fluid and serum.

Results
SP-D levels were not significantly different in lung fluid from HIV-uninfected (median 406.72 ng/ml) and HIV-infected individuals with high CD4 count (CD4 >200) (median 382.60 ng/ml) but were elevated in HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 count (median 577.79 ng/ml; Kruskall Wallis p < 0.05). MBL levels in serum were not significantly different between HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected individuals (median 1782.70 ng/ml vs 2639.73 ng/ml) and were not detectable in lung fluid.

Conclusion
SP-D levels are increased in lung fluid from AIDS patients but not in patients with early HIV infection. MBL levels are not altered by HIV infection or AIDS. There is no evidence that altered pulmonary collectin levels result in susceptibility to infection in these patients.
MASPECTRAS: a platform for management and analysis of proteomics LC-MS/MS data
Authors: Hartler Jürgen , Thallinger Gerhard G , Stocker Gernot , Sturn Alexander , Burkard Thomas R , Körner Erik , Rader Robert , Schmidt Andreas , Mechtler Karl , Trajanoski Zlatko 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
The advancements of proteomics technologies have led to a rapid increase in the number, size and rate at which datasets are generated. Managing and extracting valuable information from such datasets requires the use of data management platforms and computational approaches.

Results
We have developed the MAss SPECTRometry Analysis System (MASPECTRAS), a platform for management and analysis of proteomics LC-MS/MS data. MASPECTRAS is based on the Proteome Experimental Data Repository (PEDRo) relational database schema and follows the guidelines of the Proteomics Standards Initiative (PSI). Analysis modules include: 1) import and parsing of the results from the search engines SEQUEST, Mascot, Spectrum Mill, X! Tandem, and OMSSA; 2) peptide validation, 3) clustering of proteins based on Markov Clustering and multiple alignments; and 4) quantification using the Automated Statistical Analysis of Protein Abundance Ratios algorithm (ASAPRatio). The system provides customizable data retrieval and visualization tools, as well as export to PRoteomics IDEntifications public repository (PRIDE). MASPECTRAS is freely available at http://genome.tugraz.at/maspectras

Conclusion
Given the unique features and the flexibility due to the use of standard software technology, our platform represents significant advance and could be of great interest to the proteomics community.
Absence of glaucoma in DBA/2J mice homozygous for wild-type versions of Gpnmb and Tyrp1
Authors: Howell Gareth R , Libby Richard T , Marchant Jeffrey K , Wilson Lawriston A , Cosma Ioan M , Smith Richard S , Anderson Michael G , John Simon WM 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
The glaucomas are a common but incompletely understood group of diseases. DBA/2J mice develop a pigment liberating iris disease that ultimately causes elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma. We have shown previously that mutations in two genes, Gpnmb and Tyrp1, initiate the iris disease. However, mechanisms involved in the subsequent IOP elevation and optic nerve degeneration remain unclear.

Results
Here we present new mouse strains with Gpnmb and/or Tyrp1 genes of normal function and with a DBA/2J genetic background. These strains do not develop elevated IOP or glaucoma with age.

Conclusion
These strains provide much needed controls for studying pathogenic mechanisms of glaucoma using DBA/2J mice. Given the involvement of Gpnmb and/or Tyrp1 in areas such as immunology and tumor development and progression, these strains are also important in other research fields.