bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-administration of a food security scale by adolescents: item functioning, socio-economic position and food intakes
Authors: Gulliford Martin C , Mahabir Deepak , Nunes Cheryl , Rocke Brian 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the reliability and validity of a six-item food security scale when self-administered by adolescents.DesignCross-sectional questionnaire survey including the six-item food security measure, socio-economic variables and a food-frequency questionnaire.SettingRepresentative sample of 29 schools in Trinidad.SubjectsIn total 1903 students aged approximately 16 years.ResultsItem affirmatives ranged from 514 (27%) for the ‘balanced meal’ item to 128 (7%) for the ‘skipped or cut meals often’ item and 141 (7%) for the ‘hungry’ item. Item-score correlations ranged from 0.444 to 0.580. Cronbach'sαwas 0.77. Relative item severities from the Rasch model ranged from −1.622 (standard error 0.043) for the ‘balanced meal’ item to 1.103 (0.068) for the ‘skipped or cut meals often’ item and 0.944 (0.062) for the ‘hungry’ item. The ‘hungry’ item gave a slightly lower relative severity in boys than girls. Food insecurity was associated with household overcrowding (adjusted odds ratio comparing highest and lowest quartiles 2.61, 95% confidence interval 1.75 to 3.91), lack of pipe-borne water in the home, low paternal education or paternal unemployment. After adjusting for socio-economic variables, food insecurity was associated with less frequent consumption of fruit (0.75, 0.60 to 0.94) or fish (0.72, 0.58 to 0.88) but more frequent consumption of biscuits or cakes (1.47, 1.02 to 2.11).ConclusionsThe food security scale provides a valid, reliable measure in adolescents, although young people report being hungry but not eating relatively more frequently than adults. Food-insecure adolescents have low socio-economic position and may eat less healthy diets.
Height, age at menarche, body weight and body mass index in life-long vegetarians
Authors: Rosell Magdalena , Appleby Paul , Key Tim 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectiveWe investigated whether life-long adherence to a vegetarian diet is associated with adult height, age at menarche, adult body weight and body mass index (BMI), used as indicators of growth, development and obesity, in a large sample of adults.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric data and information on age, ethnicity, education, age at menarche and age at becoming a vegetarian were obtained through a questionnaire. Self-reported height and weight were calibrated using predictive equations derived from a previous validation study.SettingUnited Kingdom.SubjectsThe study includes 45 962 British men and women aged ≥ 20 years of whom 16 083 were vegetarians (not eating fish or meat).ResultsIn men and women, there were no significant differences in height, weight or BMI between life-long vegetarians (n= 125 (men) andn= 265 (women)) and people who became vegetarian at age ≥ 20 years (n= 3122 (men) andn= 8137 (women)). Nor was there a significant difference in age at menarche between life-long vegetarian women and women who became vegetarian at age ≥ 20 years.ConclusionThis study suggests that, compared with people who become vegetarian when adult, life-long vegetarians do not differ in adult height, weight, BMI or age at menarche in women.
Fruit and vegetable intakes in a sample of pre-school children participating in the ‘Five for All’ project in Bradford
Authors: Cockroft JE , Durkin M , Masding C , Cade JE 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackgroundLongitudinal research has shown that eating fruit and vegetables during childhood has a positive impact on long-term health outcome from heart disease and asthma. However, recommendations for fruit and vegetable intakes in pre-school children are not as explicit as those for adults and few data exist on actual intakes of fruit and vegetables in this particular age group.AimsTo describe fruit and vegetable intakes in the daily diets of a sample of pre-school children in Bradford, West Yorkshire, and to compare the findings with existing national UK data.SubjectsPre-school children aged 3 and 4 years (n= 207). All subjects attended nurseries in the Airedale and Bradford South and West regions at the time of the study.DesignDietary data were collected using the pre-validated CADET (Child and Diet Evaluation Tool) diary. All children were also seen individually in order to assess their awareness and preference for a range of fruit and vegetables.ResultsIntakes of fruit and vegetables in this sample of pre-school children were below recommended levels. Only 16% of children in this sample were successfully eating fruit and vegetables on five occasions a day and conversely 14% ate no fruit and vegetables at all. Vegetable intakes were far lower than fruit intakes with 39% of the sample consuming no vegetables. There were statistically significant differences in median fruit and vegetable intakes between children with different demographic and lifestyle variables, such as which nursery they attended and what the highest educational qualification in the household was. Children's awareness of and preferences for different fruit and vegetables significantly affected their median intakes of fruit and vegetables.ConclusionFruit and vegetable intakes in this sample of pre-school children were far lower than the recommended levels of 5 portions a day. A greater diversity of intakes should be encouraged and these data suggest that this may be attained by increasing children's awareness by exposing them to a wider range of fruit and vegetables.
Environmental and psychosocial correlates of physical activity in Portuguese and Belgian adults
Authors: Bourdeaudhuij Ilse De , Teixeira Pedro J , Cardon Greet , Deforche Benedicte 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate differences in reported physical activity levels and in perceived environmental and psychosocial correlates of activity between Portuguese and Belgian adults; and to analyse the relative contribution of environmental and psychosocial variables in explaining physical activity within different contexts in Portugal and Belgium.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingOne city in Portugal (Oeiras) and one in Belgium (Ghent).SubjectsIn total 526 participants, 247 from Portugal and 279 from Belgium, completed the long International Physical Activity Questionnaire and a validated questionnaire on environmental and psychosocial correlates.ResultsFor the sum of all activities of at least moderate intensity, a significantly higher mean level of activity was found in Belgian adults (P < 0.001). However, comparable percentages of the Belgian (38%) and Portuguese (42%) samples did not meet the recommendation of 30 min per day. The variance explained by environmental factors was lower (1% to 8%) than by psychosocial factors (maximum 42%). Regression analyses showed activity-specific relations with environmental variables which were analogous in both countries. Walking/cycling for transportation and walking for recreation were related to social support from family and/or friends and to walkability and walking facilities in the neighbourhood. Recreational physical activity was mainly determined by social support, self-efficacy, and perceived benefits and barriers.ConclusionsActivity campaigns addressing psychosocial determinants are needed to encourage leisure-time activity, while a combination of neighbourhood design changes and encouragement of social support in walking is warranted to increase walking in different contexts.
Past food habit change is related to obesity, lifestyle and socio-economic factors in the Malmo Diet and Cancer Cohort
Authors: Sonestedt Emily , Wirfält Elisabet , Gullberg Bo , Berglund Göran 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo examine if obesity status and socio-economic and lifestyle factors are associated with self-reported past food habit change, and also whether the level of obesity depends on the reason for change.DesignCross-sectional analysis within the Malmo Diet and Cancer (MDC) study using data from the baseline examination and the extensive socio-economic and lifestyle questionnaire including questions of past food habit change. The risk of having changed food habits in the past was examined using logistic regression. Mean differences in obesity status across categories of reasons for past food habit change were examined using analysis of variance.SettingMalmö, the third largest city in Sweden.SubjectsA sub-sample (15 282 women and 9867 men) from the MDC cohort recruited from 1992 to 1996.ResultsIndividuals with body mass index (BMI) >30 kg m−2 had an increased risk of having reported past food habit change compared with individuals with BMI <25 kg m−2 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.48–1.83 for women; OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.32–1.76 for men). The highest level of obesity was observed among individuals who had changed their diet due to reasons related to the metabolic syndrome. Changers were more likely to be highly educated and to live alone, be retired, ex-smokers and non-drinkers at baseline.ConclusionsBecause past food habit change is related to obesity and other lifestyle and socio-economic factors, a complex confounding situation may exist that could seriously influence observed relationships between diet and disease. Studies need to collect information on past food habit change and take this information into account in the analysis and when interpreting study outcomes.
Nutrition security, livelihoods and HIV/AIDS: implications for research among farm worker households in South Africa
Authors: Lemke S 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectivePrevious research on the health transition and nutrition security in black South African households revealed the need for further research among farm workers who belong to the poorest population categories. This article gives an overview of the link between nutrition security, livelihoods and HIV/AIDS in South Africa, drawing conclusions for research among farm worker households.Design and setting: A literature review, observations on farms and interviews with farmers and key informants were carried out in 2003 and 2004. Peer examination was done with South African and German researchers from the natural and social sciences.ResultsFarm workers face poverty and nutrition insecurity and continue to be a tragically underserved population group, also in terms of research. There is furthermore a lack of in-depth research on underlying causes for nutrition security in South Africa and on the link with livelihoods, poverty and HIV/AIDS. Micro-social qualitative research from the household and gender perspective is required, as valid data on households, their internal dynamics and therefore the reflection of social realities are missing. A multidisciplinary research approach based on a new conceptual framework was developed to address the situation of farm worker households.ConclusionThe outlined research contributes to existing programmes on farms in the North West Province, with the findings being valid also for other parts of southern Africa facing poverty, nutrition insecurity and HIV/AIDS.
Dietary intakes and health-related behaviours of Korean American women born in the USA and Korea: The Multiethnic Cohort Study
Authors: Park Song-Yi , Murphy Suzanne P , Sharma Sangita , Kolonel Laurence N 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectiveThis study assessed and compared heath-related behaviours and nutrient and food group intakes between US-born and Korea-born Korean American women.Design and subjectsCross-sectional analyses were performed for ethnic Koreans who participated in the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and Los Angeles in 1993–1996. The sample included 492 Korean American women aged 45–75 years who were born in the USA (n= 274) or Korea (n= 218). Participants were recruited using driver's license files as a primary sampling source and completed a self-administered questionnaire, including a quantitative food frequency section.ResultsThe proportion overweight or obese was 31.4% in US-born and 9.4% in Korea-born women. US-born women had higher intakes of total fat and fat as a percentage of energy, and lower intakes of sodium, vitamin C, β-carotene and carbohydrate as a percentage of energy, than Korea-born women. Comparing intakes of food group servings from the Food Guide Pyramid, US-born women reported more whole grains, red meat and nuts, and less soy products, than did Korea-born women. US-born women also consumed fewer vegetables and fruit than those born in Korea. Few women in either group reported intakes that met the recommendations for dairy foods. Intake of discretionary fat from the Pyramid tip was higher in US-born than in Korea-born women.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the acculturation of Korean immigrants affects dietary intakes in ways that may alter risks of several chronic diseases. Further studies will be necessary to examine the effects of dietary acculturation on disease patterns.
Glycaemic index, glycaemic load and risk of endometrial cancer: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Silvera Stephanie AN , Rohan Thomas E , Jain Meera , Terry Paul D , Howe Geoffrey R , Miller Anthony B 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectiveHigh-glycaemic-load diets may increase endometrial cancer risk by increasing circulating insulin levels and, as a consequence, circulating oestrogen levels. Given the paucity of epidemiological data regarding the relationship between dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load and endometrial cancer risk, we sought to examine these associations using data from a prospective cohort study.Design, setting and subjectsWe examined the association between dietary glycaemic load and endometrial cancer risk in a cohort of 49 613 Canadian women aged between 40 and 59 years at baseline who completed self-administered food-frequency questionnaires between 1982 and 1985. Linkages to national mortality and cancer databases yielded data on deaths and cancer incidence, with follow-up ending between 1998 and 2000.ResultsDuring a mean of 16.4 years of follow-up, we observed 426 incident cases of endometrial cancer. Hazard ratios for the highest versus the lowest quartile level of overall glycaemic index and glycaemic load were 1.47 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.90–2.41;Pfor trend = 0.14) and 1.36 (95% CI = 1.01–1.84;Pfor trend = 0.21), respectively. No association was observed between total carbohydrate or total sugar consumption and endometrial cancer risk. Among obese women (body mass index > 30 kg m−2) the hazard ratio for the highest versus the lowest quartile level of glycaemic load was 1.88 (95% CI = 1.08–3.29;Pfor trend = 0.54) and there was a 55% increased risk for the highest versus the lowest quartile level of glycaemic load among premenopausal women. There was also evidence to support a positive association between glycaemic load and endometrial cancer risk among postmenopausal women who had used hormone replacement therapy.ConclusionsOur data suggest that diets with high glycaemic index or high glycaemic load may be associated with endometrial cancer risk overall, and particularly among obese women, premenopausal women and postmenopausal women who use hormone replacement therapy.
Efficacy of a community-based dietary intervention to enhance micronutrient adequacy of high-phytate maize-based diets of rural Malawian children
Authors: Yeudall Fiona , Gibson Rosalind S , Cullinan Timothy R , Mtimuni Beatrice 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of a community-based dietary intervention to reduce risk of micronutrient inadequacies in high-phytate maize-based Malawian diets.DesignQuasi-experimental post-test design with a non-equivalent control group.SettingFour villages in Mangochi District, Southern Malawi.ParticipantsHouseholds with children aged 3–7 years in two intervention (n = 200) and two control (n = 81) villages participated in a 6-month intervention employing dietary diversification, changes in food selection patterns, and modifications to food processing to reduce the phytate content of maize-based diets. Baseline comparability between the groups was confirmed via assessment of sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometry, knowledge and practices, morbidity, haemoglobin and hair zinc. After 12 months, knowledge and practices and dietary intakes were assessed by interactive 24-hour recalls, one during the food plenty and a second during the food shortage season. Nutrient adequacy for the two groups was compared via dietary quality indicators and predicted prevalence of inadequate intakes using the probability approach.ResultsIntervention children had diets that were significantly more diverse and of a higher quality than those of controls. Median daily intakes of protein, calcium, zinc (total and available), haem iron, vitamin B12 and animal foods (grams; % of total energy) were higher (P<0.05) whereas phytate intakes, phytate/zinc and phytate/iron molar ratios were lower (P<0.01) in the intervention group; some spread of knowledge and practices to controls occurred.ConclusionsOur community-based dietary strategies reduced the predicted prevalence of inadequate intakes of protein, calcium, zinc and vitamin B12, but not iron, in children from Malawian households with very limited resources.
Maternal micronutrient status and decreased growth of Zambian infants born during and after the maize price increases resulting from the southern African drought of 2001–2002
Authors: Gitau R , Makasa M , Kasonka L , Sinkala M , Chintu C , Tomkins A , Filteau S 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effects on maternal micronutrient status and infant growth of the increased maize prices that resulted from the southern African drought of 2001–2002.DesignLongitudinal cohort study.SettingA maternal and child health clinic in Lusaka, Zambia.SubjectsMaternal and infant health and nutrition data and maternal plasma were being collected for a study of breast-feeding and postpartum health. Samples and data were analysed according to whether they were collected before (June to December 2001), during (January 2002 to April 2003) or after (May 2003 to January 2004) the period of increased maize price. Season and maternal HIV status were controlled for in analyses.ResultsMaize price increases were associated with decreased maternal plasma vitamin A during pregnancy (P= 0.028) and vitamin E postpartum (P= 0.042), with the lowest values among samples collected after May 2003 (vitamin A: 0.96 μmol l−1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84–1.09,n= 38; vitamin E: 30.8 μmol mmol−1triglycerides, 95% CI 27.2–34.8,n= 64) compared with before January 2002 (vitamin A: 1.03 μmol l−1, 95% CI 0.93–1.12,n= 104; vitamin E: 38.9 μmol mmol−1triglycerides, 95% CI 34.5–43.8,n= 47). There were no significant effects of sampling date on maternal weight, haemoglobin or acute-phase proteins and only marginal effects on infant weight. Infant length at 6 and 16 weeks of age decreased progressively throughout the study (P-values for time of data collection were 0.51 at birth, 0.051 at 6 weeks and 0.026 at 16 weeks).ConclusionsThe results show modest effects of the maize price increases on maternal micronutrient status. The most serious consequence of the price increases is likely to be the increased stunting among infants whose mothers experienced high maize prices while pregnant. During periods of food shortages it might be advisable to provide micronutrient supplements even to those who are less food-insecure.
Use of the platelet function analyser (PFA‐100®) to quantify the effect of low dose aspirin in patients with ischaemic heart disease
Authors: Coakley M. , Self R. , Marchant W. , Mackie I. , Mallett S. V. , Mythen M. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryContinuing aspirin up until surgery in cardiac surgical patients may increase peri‐operative blood loss. It is possible that there is a subset of patients particularly sensitive to aspirin. The platelet function analyser (PFA‐100®) can demonstrate the antiplatelet effect of aspirin. This study was designed to assess the effect of daily 75 mg aspirin on platelet function, as measured by the PFA‐100®, in 92 patients with ischaemic heart disease. Patients were classified into three groups according to their PFA‐100® results; aspirin hyper‐responders (16%), aspirin normal responders (33%) and aspirin non‐responders (51%). The PFA‐100® has potential as a screening tool to identify patients who are either hyper‐responsive or resistant to aspirin. Pre‐operative PFA‐100® screening to isolate aspirin hyper‐responders could enable the vast majority of patients to continue with aspirin therapy pre‐operatively, avoiding the risks of stopping treatment.
A randomised comparison of the Portex Softseal™ laryngeal mask airway with the LMA‐Unique™ during anaesthesia
Authors: Cook T. M. , Trümpelmann P. , Beringer R. , Stedeford J. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryWe have compared the performance of the single use laryngeal airway devices Softseal™ and LMA‐Unique™ in a randomised comparative trial in anaesthetised healthy patients who did not receive neuromuscular blockade. Primary outcome was success of airway placement. Secondary outcomes included manipulations and complications during use, ease of insertion, airway and fibreoptic assessment of airway positioning, and complications postoperatively. We planned to study 300 patients but interim analysis demonstrated the study should be stopped after 100 patients. During insertion the Softseal™ required more attempts for successful insertion (p = 0.041), more manipulations (p < 0.0001) and caused more complications (p = 0.048). Failure of placement occurred in five cases with the Softseal™ and none with the LMA‐Unique™ (p = n/s). Two Softseal™ needed to be removed during maintenance because of airway obstruction, giving an overall failure rate of seven (p = 0.013). Serial tests of positioning favoured the LMA‐Unique™ (p = 0.012). Ventilation was more successful in the LMA‐Unique™ group but the difference was not significant (p = 0.051). Seal pressure was higher with the Softseal™ (26.5 vs. 20.5 cmH2O, p = 0.005). Fibreoptic view via the devices was not statistically significantly different. During maintenance of anaesthesia more complications arose with the Softseal™ (p = 0.03). Anaesthetist ratings of ease of insertion and overall usefulness favoured the LMA‐Unique™ (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.024, respectively). After anaesthesia, sore throat occurred more frequently and was more severe in those patients anaesthetised with a Softseal™ both in recovery (p = 0.015) and at 24 h (p = 0.012). We conclude that the Softseal™ performs less well and causes more complications than the LMA‐Unique™.
Histamine release during adult cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Fayaz K. M. , Pugh S. , Balachandran S. , Sudheer P. S. , Hall J. E. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryHistamine, an inflammatory mediator in its own right, may also be a marker for a more widespread systemic inflammatory process. In this study we have examined variations in plasma histamine concentrations produced during the course of cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass, the relationship between these variations and intra‐operative events. By assays of serum tryptase and CD‐63 expression we have also attempted to identify the source of histamine. Histamine concentrations that were significantly raised from baseline level were demonstrated. These were elevated from the time of aortic cross‐clamping and continued to be raised for 24 h postoperatively (p < 0.00625). This was associated with an increase in CD‐63 expression (p < 0.025) (but not an increase in tryptase concentration) following aortic cross‐clamping and protamine administration, suggesting that basophils are the source of histamine. 41% of patients had arrhythmias in the post bypass period. The rise in histamine levels was not related to the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias.