bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Potent and Selective Zwitterionic Agonists of the δ‐Opioid Receptor. Part 1.
Authors: Middleton Donald S. , Maw Graham N. , Challenger Clare , Jessiman Alan , Johnson Patrick S. , Million William A. , Nichols Carly L. , Price Jenny A. , Trevethick Michael 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From Carbenes to Allenes and Coordination Polymers. Part 1. Ever Present Never Twice the Same
Authors: Saalfrank Rolf W. , Maid Harald 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2‐Pyridylsilyl Group: A Useful Multifunctional Group in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Itami Kenichiro , Yoshida Jun‐ichi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Mannich‐Type Addition of Ketene Silyl Acetals and Thioacetals to N,N‐Dialkylhydrazones
Authors: Diez Elena , Prieto Auxiliadora , Simon Monika , Vazquez Juan , Alvarez Eleuterio , Fernandez Rosario , Lassaletta Jose Maria 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metal Cation Recognition and Lanthanoid Luminescence Sensing Systems via Ligand Chirality Approach
Authors: Shinoda Satoshi , Kataoka Yumiko , Tsukube Hiroshi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Impact of age on outcome of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Razzouk Bassem I. , Estey Elihu , Pounds Stanley , Lensing Shelly , Pierce Sherry , Brandt Mark , Rubnitz Jeffrey E. , Ribeiro Raul C. , Rytting Michael , Pui Ching‐Hon , Kantarjian Hagop , Jeha Sima 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe prognostic significance of age among pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was investigated.METHODSThe authors reviewed the outcome of 424 patients who were ≤21 years of age at the time of diagnosis of AML (excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia) between 1983 and 2002 at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (n= 288) or the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (n= 136). Two treatment eras (1983‐1989 and 1990‐2002) were examined because of the greater intensity of treatment during the recent era.RESULTSAfter controlling for the effects of cytogenetics, white blood cell (WBC) count, French–American–British (FAB) subtype, and treatment era, they observed that age and treatment era interacted significantly in relation to event‐free survival (EFS) (P= .033). Patients 10 years of age or older were at greater risk of an adverse event than younger patients in the recent era (hazard ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3‐2.6;P= .005) but not in the early era. The rate of adverse events (death or recurrence) increased significantly with each year of age in the recent era (4.3%/year; 95% CI: 1.9‐6.8%;P= .001) but not in the early era. The rate of death increased significantly with each year of age in both eras (4.4%/year; 95% CI: 2.3‐6.5%;P<.001). EFS and survival showed no association with study site, and the effects of age were similar at the 2 sites.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that age is an independent prognostic factor in childhood AML and that children younger than 10 years benefit more than older children from newer intensive therapies. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Evidence for the early onset of aberrant promoter methylation in urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Dhawan D , Hamdy FC , Rehman I , Patterson J , Cross SS , Feeley KM , Stephenson Y , Meuth M , Catto JWF 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere is evidence that carcinoma in situ (CIS) is the precursor of invasive urothelial carcinoma, a tumour characterized by frequent gene promoter methylation. The timing of altered DNA methylation is unknown in this pathway. Here we investigate gene methylation in 196 consecutive samples of normal urothelium, CIS, and tumours from 104 patients with both CIS and invasive urothelial carcinoma using quantitative methyl‐sensitive polymerase chain reaction for six genes (p16, p14, E‐cadherin, RARβ2, RASSF1a, and GSTP1). Control normal urothelial samples from 15 patients with no history of urothelial carcinoma were also analysed. Immunohistochemistry established the expression of well‐characterized CIS markers p53 and cytokeratin 20. Promoter methylation occurred frequently in both normal urothelium and CIS samples from patients with urothelial carcinoma, and increased with progression from normal to invasive urothelial carcinoma, at both specific loci (χ2 test: E‐cadherin, p = 0.0001; RASSF1a, p = 0.003, RARβ2, p = 0.007, p16, p = 0.024) and in general (methylation indices [t‐test, p < 0.0001]). Methylation was associated with cytokeratin 20 expression (t‐test, p = 0.004) and poor prognosis, and with increased progression to tumour death in patients whose CIS samples showed methylation, in comparison with those without methylation (log rank p < 0.03). Promoter methylation occurs early in the urothelial carcinogenic pathway and appears to be a good biomarker of the invasive urothelial carcinoma phenotype. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE BIRTH OF MODERN MEMORY
Authors: LEVINGER MATTHEW 
Published: April 2006

John Edward Toews, Becoming Historical: Cultural Reformation and Public Memory in Early Nineteenth-Century Berlin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. pp. xxiv + 466.George S. Williamson, The Longing for Myth in Germany: Religion and Aesthetic Culture from Romanticism to Nietzsche. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. pp. xiv + 428.Peter Fritzsche, Stranded in the Present: Modern Time and the Melancholy of History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004. pp. 268.Each generation chooses its own objects of historical inquiry. Over the past decade or two, many historians have moved away from perennial topics in social and political history, turning their gaze on more ethereal questions in the realm of “memory studies.” The three splendid books under review here examine elusive phenomena in nineteenth-century Europe: the transformation of historical consciousness, the invention of national myths, and the emergence of nostalgia as a prominent element of European culture after the French Revolution and the Napoleonic age. Taken together, these works vividly illustrate both the value and the challenges of scholarship on the modern historical imagination.
Management of fever without source in young children presenting to an emergency room
Authors: Massin Martial M. , Montesanti Jessica , Lepage Philippe 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Background: The management of fever without source in young children is controversial. Aim: To analyse the management approach in our paediatric emergency room, and to correlate it to existing practice guidelines. Methods: We indexed 2176 consecutive patients, aged 1 to 36 mo, seen in our emergency department because of fever ≥ 38.5°C. Patients with chronic illness, recent antibiotic use, focal bacterial infection or typical viral illness were excluded, and the management approach of the remaining 376 patients was analysed. Results: The most common final diagnosis was acute febrile illness (n=228), whereas bacterial and viral infections were demonstrated in 120 and 28 patients, respectively. Most of the time, our residents correctly ordered complete blood count, chest radiograph and urinalysis in children for whom those investigations are recommended. A blood culture was rarely obtained, even in patients under empirical antibiotherapy. Residents often ordered chest radiograph and urinalysis in low‐risk patients, and conflicted with guidelines when considering the prescription of empirical antibiotherapy. Their management allowed the early diagnosis and treatment of two pneumococcal bacteraemias, one meningococcal bacteraemia, seven urinary tract infections and 11 pneumonias, which would have been initially missed by strict adherence to the guidelines. Conclusion: Significant differences exist in the management of the young febrile child between our practice patterns and guidelines, without influence on patient outcome.
Glutamate in current paediatric amino acid solutions is not toxic
Authors: Pohlandt Frank 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Aim: To discuss the viewpoint article “How much glutamate is toxic in paediatric parenteral nutrition?” Acta Paediatr 2005;94;16–9.Conclusion: There is no doubt that glutamate used at high bolus doses in animal experiments would permanently damage brain cells. However, these effects should not be extrapolated to the condition of parenteral nutrition of newborn infants when much smaller amounts of glutamate are infused constantly during 24 h. Clinical studies proving the maintenance of plasma glutamate concentrations within the reference range during parenteral nutrition were not considered. The authors have alarmed neonatologists with arguments without substance.
Somatotropic axis derangement as an underlying factor in the genesis of retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Yeung Melinda Y. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent research data suggest a significant role of prolonged low serum insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I concentration in the genesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Evidence also reveals significant early postnatal nutritional deficits and growth deceleration among premature newborns. Conclusion. Since serum IGF‐I concentration is positively related to nutritional status, particularly protein nutrition, it would suggest that protein under‐nutrition may be a major determinant of low serum IGF‐I concentration and in the high risk of ROP.
Health and Wealth: Empirical Findings and Political Consequences
Authors: Jones Andrew M. , Doorslaer Eddy van , Bago d’Uva Teresa , Balia Silvia , Gambin Lynn , Quevedo Cristina Hernández , Koolman Xander , Rice Nigel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere is increasing concern that equity in health and health care in Europe may suffer as a result of the expansion of the European Union and the ageing of its populations. This article reviews the findings of the ‘‘ECuity III’’ project: a network of European health economists who have investigated socioeconomic inequalities in health and health care. In order to help inform the policy debate about how to secure health equity in our ageing European societies, the project pays particular attention to the key decisions about income, health and health care in age groups around the retirement age, as these prove to be crucial for a better understanding of cross-country differences in inequalities.
Differential evolutionary conservation of motif modes in the yeast protein interaction network
Authors: Lee Wei-Po , Jeng Bing-Chiang , Pai Tun-Wen , Tsai Chin-Pei , Yu Chang-Yung , Tzou Wen-Shyong 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe importance of a network motif (a recurring interconnected pattern of special topology which is over-represented in a biological network) lies in its position in the hierarchy between the protein molecule and the module in a protein-protein interaction network. Until now, however, the methods available have greatly restricted the scope of research. While they have focused on the analysis in the resolution of a motif topology, they have not been able to distinguish particular motifs of the same topology in a protein-protein interaction network.ResultsWe have been able to assign the molecular function annotations of Gene Ontology to each protein in the protein-protein interactions ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. For various motif topologies, we have developed an algorithm, enabling us to unveil one million "motif modes", each of which features a unique topological combination of molecular functions. To our surprise, the conservation ratio, i.e., the extent of the evolutionary constraints upon the motif modes of the same motif topology, varies significantly, clearly indicative of distinct differences in the evolutionary constraints upon motifs of the same motif topology. Equally important, for all motif modes, we have found a power-law distribution of the motif counts on each motif mode. We postulate that motif modes may very well represent the evolutionary-conserved topological units of a protein interaction network.ConclusionFor the first time, the motifs of a protein interaction network have been investigated beyond the scope of motif topology. The motif modes determined in this study have not only enabled us to differentiate among different evolutionary constraints on motifs of the same topology but have also opened up new avenues through which protein interaction networks can be analyzed.
The use of standardized patients for mock oral board exams in neurology: a pilot study
Authors: Kissela Brett , Harris Steven , Kleindorfer Dawn , Lindsell Christopher , Pascuzzi Robert , Woo Daniel , Szaflarski Jerzy , Kanter Daniel , Schneider Alex , Sostok Michael , Broderick Joseph 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Mock oral board exams, fashioned after the live patient hour of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology exam, are commonly part of resident assessment during residency training. Exams using real patients selected from clinics or hospitals are not standardized and do not allow comparisons of resident performance across the residency program. We sought to create a standardized patient mock oral board exam that would allow comparison of residents' clinical performance.

Methods
Three cases were created and then used for this mock oral boards exercise utilizing trained standardized patients. Residents from the University of Cincinnati and Indiana University participated in the exam. Residents were scored by attending physician examiners who directly observed the encounter with the standardized patient. The standardized patient also assessed each resident. A post-test survey was administered to ascertain participant's satisfaction with the examination process.

Results
Resident scores were grouped within one standard deviation of the mean, with the exception of one resident who was also subjectively felt to "fail" the exam. In exams with two faculty "evaluators", scores were highly correlated. The survey showed satisfaction with the examination process in general.

Conclusion
Standardized patients can be used for mock oral boards in the live patient format. Our initial experience with this examination process was positive. Further testing is needed to determine if this examination format is more reliable and valid than traditional methods of assessing resident competency.
Redox Behavior of Poly(2,5-dihydroxyaniline) Synthesized by Electropolymerization in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Morita Masayuki , Takase Hironari , Ishikawa Masashi , Matsuda Yoshiharu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Poly(2,5-dihydroxyaniline) films, synthesized by electropolymerization of 2,5-dimethoxyaniline followed by hydrolysis of methoxy groups in an acidic solution, gave a characteristic redox response like a hydroquinone/quinone couple in aqueous electrolyte solutions. The film showed electrocatalysis for a simple redox system.
Study on Flaking Process in Bearings by White Etching Area Generation
Authors: Hiraoka K , Nagao M , Isomoto T 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
White etching area (WEA) is widely known as a microstructural change caused by rolling contact fatigue of a bearing. It has been reported that early flaking accompanied by the WEA occurred in such bearings as those for automotive alternators, and effective measures have been demanded. The WEA type microstructural change has so far been studied in detail, particularly for butterfly, which was metallographically characterized as follows: First, the WEA coexists with microcracks, which was initiated by nonmetallic inclusions and extended at the angle of 45 deg to the raceway. Second, according to the TEM study, the WEA consists of ultrafine grain as small as approximately 10 nm in diameter. The authors want to establish a counter measure against the early flaking from a material side. Its realization requires the clarification of flaking processes, especially the cause-effect relationship between microcrack and WEA, so that an appropriate measure is taken in the prevention of microcrack or WEA itself. In this study, high carbon chromium bearing steel (JIS SUJ2) specimens containing voids with a few µm diameter were prepared through powder metallurgy, and were subjected to rolling contact fatigue tests by thrust-type testers. Many 45 deg microcracks and WEA initiated by the voids were successfully reproduced just below the raceway. It was found by observation that a microcrack forms first and then WEA generation follows. In addition, the stress analysis by computer simulations found out that WEA generates only in the hydrostatic compressive region localized by the presence of the microcrack. Therefore, WEA in rolling contact fatigue is a secondary phenomenon preceded by a microcrack. It was concluded that an effective counter measure against the early flaking with WEA is to improve the resistance to microcrack initiation during rolling contact fatigue.
Assessing Mortality of Released or Discarded Fish Using a Logistic Model of Relative Survival Derived from Tagging Data
Authors: Hueter Robert E. , Manire Charles A. , Tyminski John P. , Hoenig John M. , Hepworth Daniel A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe mortality of released or discarded fish in commercial and recreational fisheries and in fisheries‐independent research is a critical area of study for contemporary fisheries science. Key questions involving postrelease survival include the following: What fraction of the bycatch discarded in a commercial fishery survives? What is the hooking mortality of fish released by recreational anglers, and how does this vary with the treatment and condition of the fish? What fraction of tagged fish do not survive the stress of capture and tagging? What percentage of hatchery‐raised fish survive after stocking? To address these and related questions, we develop a two‐step approach to estimating absolute postrelease survival rates. First, fish are tagged and assigned to discrete classes based on their condition (from best to worst) at release. The relative survival of fish released in different conditions is estimated from tag returns by fitting a logistic model. Then, assuming that fish in the best condition survive to the same degree as fish that were not captured, absolute survival rates in the other categories are determined. Applying this method to one example from field research, we estimate that 69% of blacktip sharks Carcharhinus limbatus and 60% of bonnetheads Sphyrna tiburo survived the stress of gill‐net capture, tagging, and release in a 1992–2004 study in Florida. Our method has broad application to determining the condition‐ or treatment‐specific survival rates of released fish of many types in fisheries and research projects in which tag‐and‐recapture methods can be used.
Effect of zeolite filler on the thermal degradation kinetics of polypropylene
Authors: Pehlivan H. , Balköse D. , Ülkü S. , Tıhmınlıoğlu F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this study, the thermal degradation behavior of polypropylene (PP) and PP–zeolite composites was investigated. Clinoptilolite, a natural zeolitic tuff, was used as the filler material in composites. The effects of both pure clinoptilolite and silver‐ion‐exchanged clinoptilolite on the thermal degradation kinetics of the PP composites was studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Polymer degradation was evaluated with DSC at heating rates of 5, 10, and 20°C/min from room temperature to 500°C. The silver concentration (4.36, 27.85, and 183.8 mg of Ag/g of zeolite) was the selected parameter under consideration. From the DSC curves, we observed that the heat of degradation values of the composites containing 2–6% silver‐exchanged zeolite (321–390 kJ/kg) were larger than that of the pure PP (258 kJ/kg). From the DSC results, we confirmed that the PP–zeolite composites can be used at higher temperatures than the pure PP polymer because of its higher thermal stability. The thermal decomposition activation energies of the composites were calculated with both the Kissinger and Ozawa models. The values predicted from these two equations were in close agreement. From the TGA curves, we found that zeolite addition into the PP matrix slowed the decomposition reaction; however, silver‐exchanged zeolite addition into the matrix accelerated the reaction. The higher the silver concentration was, the lower were the thermal decomposition activation energies we obtained. As a result, PP was much more susceptible to thermal decomposition in the presence of silver‐exchanged zeolite. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 143–148, 2006
Antimicrobial activity of statistical polymethacrylic sulfopropylbetaines against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria
Authors: Ward Marty , Sanchez Melissa , Elasri Mohamed O. , Lowe Andrew B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of statistical copolymers derived from 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate with four different hydrophobic comonomers (ethyl, butyl, cyclohexyl, and octyl methacrylates) have been prepared via conventional free radical copolymerization under bulk conditions. The copolymers have been subsequently modified, with 1,3‐propanesultone to yield the corresponding polysulfoproylbetaine derivatives. Those copolymers exhibiting the requisite aqueous solubility have been screened with respect to their antimicrobial activity against two common and notorious pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). We show that certain copolymers do indeed exhibit antimicrobial activity. The extent of activity is related to the molecular characteristics of the materials such as the molar composition and structure of the hydrophobic comonomer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1036–1041, 2006
Preparation and ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile‐polyethylene oxide
Authors: Yang Hui‐Ying , Wu Gang , Chen Hongzheng , Yuan Fang , Wang Mang , Fu Ren‐Jun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe transparent and flexible solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) were fabricated from polyacrylonitrile‐polyethylene oxide (PAN‐PEO) copolymer which was synthesized by methacrylate‐headed PEO macromonomer and acrylonitrile. The formation of copolymer is confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements. The ionic conductivity was measured by alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy. Ionic conductivity of PAN‐PEO‐LiClO4 complexes was investigated with various salt concentration, temperatures and molecular weight of PEO (Mn). And the maximum ionic conductivity at room temperature was measured to be 3.54 × 10−4 S/cm with an [Li+]/[EO] mole ratio of about 0.1. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 461–464, 2006