bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solubility and hydrolysis of tetravalent actinides
Authors: Neck Volker , Kim J. I. 
Published: August 2006

The solubility and hydrolysis of Th(IV), U(IV), Np(IV), and Pu(IV) are critically reviewed and a comprehensive set of thermodynamic constants at I = 0 and 25°C is presented. The hydrolysis constants are selected preferentially from experimental studies at actinide trace concentrations, where the interference of colloid formation can be excluded. Unknown formation constants of mononuclear complexes An(OH)n4-nare estimated by applying a semi-empirical electrostatic model and an empirical correlation with the known constants of other actinide ions. Based on the known and estimated hydrolysis constants, the solubility products of An(OH)4(am) or AnO2× xH2O(am) are calculated from experimental solubility data available in the literature. The SIT is used for ionic strength corrections.The solubilities of U(IV), Np(IV), and Pu(IV) hydroxides or hydrous oxides can be calculated by accounting only for mononuclear hydrolysis species. The considerably higher solubilities of amorphous Th(IV) precipitates at pH <5 include major contributions of polynuclear species. The solubility data in acidic solutions depend strongly on the preparation and crystallinity of the solid phase. In neutral and alkaline solutions, where An(OH)4(aq) are the predominant aqueous species, the solubilities of AnO2(cr) become equal to those of the amorphous solids. This indicates that the crystalline dioxides are covered by amorphous hydroxide layers.
Streifende-Inzidenz-Interferometrie mit diffraktiven Elementen für die Formmessung von Mantelflächen stabförmiger Objekte I: Messprinzip und Theorie (Grazing Incidence Interferometry using Diffractive Optical Elements for the Shape Measurement of the Mantle Surface of Rod-shaped Objects I: Measuring Principle and Theory)
Authors: Brinkmann S. , Dresel T. , Schreiner R. , Schwider J. 
Published: August 2006

In einem zweiteiligen Artikel wird über streifende Inzidenz-Interferometrie mit Hilfe von diffraktiven Referenzelementen berichtet. Streifende Inzidenz-Interferometrie ermöglicht auch das interferometrische Vermessen der Oberflächengestaltabweichungen bei rauhen Oberflächen.
Dabei werden im Teil I das Prinzip, die zugrunde liegende Theorie, die Designprinzipien angepaßter diffraktiver Phasenmasken sowie die Lösung der Justierprobleme der technischen Testobjekte relativ zum Interferometer dargestellt.
Über einige kalibrierte Rasterkraftmikroskope in der PTB (About Several Calibrated Scanning Force Microscopes in the PTB)
Authors: Hasche Klaus , Herrmann K. , Mirandé W. , Seemann R. , Ahbe Th. , Büchner H. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In ein kommerzielles Rasterkraftmikroskop (SFM) wurden drei Miniatur-Laserinterferometer eingebaut. Diese Modifizierung dient dazu, das SFM zu kalibrieren und seine metrologische Leistungsfähigkeit zu verbessern. Dieses SFM wird für topographische Messungen einschließlich der Kalibrierung geometrischer Normale eingesetzt.
Um den Einfluss des Abbe-Fehlers zu vermeiden, wurde eine neue Anordnung der Laserinterferometer ohne Abbe-Offset entwickelt und realisiert.
Ferner wird über eine Kombination dieses SFM mit dem Abtastsystem eines anderen kommerziellen SFM berichtet, das verschiedene alternative Abtastverfahren durchzuführen gestattet.
Schließlich wird ein Auswerteverfahren für topographische Messungen auf der Basis nicht-orthogonaler trigonometrischer Funktionen umrissen.
Linearisierung der thermischen Frequenzdurchstimmung von Nd:YAG-Miniatur-Festkörperlasern (Linearization of Thermal Tuning of Nd:YAG Miniature Solid State Lasers)
Authors: Bräuer T. , Kinder T. , Salewski K.-D. 
Published: August 2006

Die Frequenzdurchstimmung von monolithischen Nd:YAG-Miniatur-Festkörperlasern kann sehr effektiv mit einer Mikroheizung erfolgen. Dabei zeigt sich jedoch, dass das Zusammenwirken verschiedener Faktoren zu einem nichtlinearen Durchstimmverhalten führt. Da andererseits mehrere interferometrische Messverfahren linear durchstimmbare Laserquellen bevorzugen, stellt sich die Frage, wie dies durch eine definierte Ansteuerung des elektrischen Stromes, mit dem die Mikroheizung gespeist wird, erreicht werden kann.
Auf der Grundlage eines thermischen Ersatzschaltbildes der Laseranordnung kann ein eindeutiger Zusammenhang zwischen dem Heizstrom und der dem Laserkristall zugeführten Wärmemenge ermittelt werden. Das theoretische Modell ermöglicht die Berechnung des zeitlichen Verlaufes der Stromfunktion, der erforderlich ist, um die gewünschte lineare Änderung der Kristalltemperatur und der damit verbundenen linearen Frequenzdurchstimmung des Lasers zu erzielen.
Tiefen- und Längennormale aus Silizium (Depth and Lateral Standards Made of Silicon)
Authors: Frühauf J. , Krönert S. , Brand Uwe 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Die Silizium-Mikrotechnologie eignet sich hervorragend für die Herstellung von Maßverkörperungen. Auf dieser Grundlage wurden Normale für die Kalibrierung taktiler und optischer Profilmessgeräte entwickelt. Sie stellen Abmessungen bereit, wie sie für dreidimensionale Strukturen der Mikrotechnik typisch sind: 1µm bis 1000 µm in der Tiefe und 10 µm bis 62,5 mm in lateraler Richtung. Daneben enthalten die Normalkörper weitere Strukturen wie Rillengitter und scharfe, vertikale Stufen, die z.B. ein Kontrolle des Auflösungsvermögens und der Tastspitze ermöglichen.
Eingriffsfreie Ultraschall-Durchflussmessung bei gestörten Strömungsprofilen (Non-invasive Ultrasonic Flow Measurement at Disturbed Profiles)
Authors: Gätke J. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss gestörter Strömungsprofile in zylindrischen Rohren, hervorgerufen durch 90°- Krümmer, auf das Verhalten von Ultraschall-Durchflussmessern, die nach dem Laufzeitverfahren arbeiten, beschrieben. Es werden die gemessenen Strömungsgeschwindigkeitswerte mit Referenzwerten, den über die Rohr-Querschnittsfläche gemittelten Strömungsgeschwindigkeitswerten, in Beziehung gebracht und verallgemeinernde Ergebnisse mitgeteilt.
Polychromatische Fernfeld-Specklemuster mit kontinuierlichem oder diskretem Spektrum zur Charakterisierung von Oberflächenrauheiten (Surface Roughness Characterization based on Polychromatic Far-field Speckles of Continuous or Discrete Spectral Distribution)
Authors: Lehmann P. , Patzelt S. , Goch Gert 
Published: August 2006

Mittels polychromatischer Streulichtverfahren lassen sich technische Oberflächen auch dann noch zuverlässig bezüglich ihrer Rauheit charakterisieren, wenn die Höhendifferenzen der Mikrotopografie die mittlere Wellenlänge des Lichtes überschreiten, sodass konventionelle Streulicht-Messtechniken versagen. Polychromatisches Licht kann auf zweierlei Weise erzeugt werden: durch die Kombination von unterschiedlichen Laser-Lichtquellen, die bei unterschiedlichen Wellenlängen emittieren, oder durch eine einzelne Quelle, welche Licht von schmalbandiger, kontinuierlicher Spektralverteilung aussendet.
Es wird gezeigt, dass bei derselben Kohärenzlänge kontinuierlich spektralverteiltes Licht, wie es z.B. von einer Superlumineszenzdiode emittiert wird, prinzipielle Vorteile bietet. Experimentelle Resultate werden vorgestellt, die unter Verwendung von diskret (trichromatisch) und kontinuierlich spektralverteiltem Licht gewonnen wurden. In beiden Fällen wurde die spektrale Bandbreite der Lichtquelle und die Rauheit der untersuchten Oberflächen variiert.
Near Infra-Red Chemical Species Tomography of Sprays of Volatile Hydrocarbons (Nah-Infrarot-Tomographie zur Bestimmung der Verteilung von Spraypartikeln und flüchtigen Kohlenwasserstoffen)
Authors: Hindle F. P. , Carey S. J. , Ozanyan K. B. , Winterbone D. E. , Clough E. , McCann H. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
We report an All-Opto-Electronic tomography system that is sensitive to hydrocarbon vapour distribution, or liquid spray distribution, with temporal resolution of over 3000 frames per second. A tomography system comprising 32 channels has been built and tested. For chemical sensitivity to saturated hydrocarbons, we exploit the principle of Near Infra-Red (NIR) absorption at 1700 nm relative to a reference wavelength, using laser diode sources whose technology is based on that of the communications industry. Images are obtained from a laboratory set-up incorporating both gaseous injection and a liquid Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) system. The performance of a prototype system on a running GDI engine is reported. The difficulty in performing concentration measurements of the gaseous fuel within the liquid spray region is shown, and means to improve this performance are discussed. However, it has been found possible to image the liquid spray cone using attenuation of the reference beam. These images correlate well with other techniques [1].
X-ray structure determination of quasicrystals – limits and potentiality
Authors: Haibach T. , Cervellino A. , Estermann M.A. , Steurer Walter 
Published: August 2006

State-of-the-art X-ray diffraction techniques allow quasicrystals to be characterised quantitatively. Based on two-dimensional scans of Bragg reflections with high spatial resolution twinned approximants or nanodomain structures can be reliably distinguished from quasiperiodic average structures. Linear phason strain as well as mosaicity can directly be detected in situ under non-ambient conditions. Accurate cell parameters can be obtained. The experimental limitations are discussed.
Methods to determine the space group and the optimum n-dimensional unit cell are shown. The phases of the reduced structure amplitudes can be obtained by several techniques. Highly resolved electron density distributions are derived from a combination of Patterson deconvolution techniques with maximum entropy methods. Special emphasis is put on the achievable resolution of experimentally determined electron density distributions. Based on a subtle n-dimensional atomic surface modelling the structure can be described in an accurate way according to the standards in conventional crystallography. All relevant structural parameters are determined quantitatively by an n-dimensional structure refinement. Different structure models are distinguished by their likelihood. The reliability of a quantitative structure determination is examined.
A transition path from the zinc-blende to the NaCl type
Authors: Sowa Heidrun 
Published: August 2006

In order to find a transition path from the zinc-blende to the NaCl type both structures are described with the aid of heterogeneous sphere packings. If all atoms in such crystal structures are replaced by like ones, atomic arrangements result that correspond to homogeneous sphere packings belonging to the diamond type or forming a cubic primitive lattice, respectively.
It is shown, that a diamond configuration may be deformed into a cubic primitive lattice within the Wyckoff position Imma 4(e) mm2 0,¼,z. The corresponding phase transition in binary compounds from the zinc-blende to the NaCl type can be described as a deformation of a heterogeneous sphere packing in the subgroup Imm2 of Imma. Since no bonds have to be broken this type of transition is displacive.
In addition, structural relations between high-pressure phases of semiconductors like silicon and germanium and related AB compounds are shown.
Mixed alkali systems: Dietzels theorem, X-ray structure, hygroscopicity, and 29-Si MAS NMR of NaRbSi2O5 and NaCsSi2O5
Authors: de Jong B.H.W.W.S. , Supèr H.T.J. , Frijhoff R.M. , Spek A.L. , Nachtegaal G. 
Published: August 2006

NaRbSi2O5, Mr 244.63, λ(MoKα)=0.71073 Å, 150K, monoclinic, P21/c, a=4.8570(10)°, b=13.5403(10)°, c=7.7328(10) Å, β=90.908(10)°, V=508.49(13) Å3, μ(MoKα)=10.23 mm-1, Z=4, F(000)=464, Dx=3.1954(8) g/cm3, R1=0.0899 for 743 reflections with I>2.0σ(I), wR2=0.2425 for all 2534 reflections.
NaCsSi2O5, Mr 584.13, λ(MoKα)=0.71073 Å, 150K, orthorhombic, Pna21, a=17.0743(10)°, b=4.9011(10)°, c=13.3391(10) Å, V=1116.3(3) Å3, μ(MoKα)=7.08 mm-1, Z=8, F(000)=1072, Dx=3.4757(9)g/cm3, R1=0.0199 for 1103 reflections with I>2.0σ(I), wR2=0.0465 for all 2668 reflections.
The crystal structures of NaRbSi2O5 and NaCsSi2O5 have been determined. Though the nominal composition of both phases is that of a phyllosilicate, their anion topology is similar and consists of double chains of [SiO4] tetrahedra forming 4-membered T rings, i.e. rings consisting of 4 tetrahedra in chair conformation and built from Q3 units. The alkali-oxygen distances in the Na2O-Cs2O-SiO2 system tend to support the notion that in mixed alkali systems the alkali-oxygen distance of the smaller cation decreases at the expense of that of the larger one. The observed very high hygroscopicity of both crystalline phases might be rationalized by substantial underbonding of some of the oxygen atoms. 29-Si spin lattice relaxation times, T1, vary largely between 535 and 493 sec for NaRbSi2O5 and 2440 and 2329 sec for NaCs-Si2O5.
Crystal structure of M(IO3)2 metal iodates, twinned bypseudo-merohedry, with MII: MgII, MnII, CoII, NiII and ZnII
Authors: Phanon Delphine , Bentria Bachir , Jeanneau Erwann , Benbertal Djamal , Mosset Alain , Gautier-Luneau Isabelle 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The non-centrosymmetric materials Zn(IO3)2, Mn(IO3)2, Co(IO3)2, Mg(IO3)2 and β-Ni(IO3)2 have been synthesised by evaporation of nitric acid solutions of metal salts and lithium iodate. All these compounds are isostructural and their structures were characterised both by X-ray diffraction on powder and single crystals. They crystallise in the monoclinic crystal system, space-group type P21 (no. 4) with a pseudo-hexagonal lattice, as shown by the lattice parameters of Mn(IO3)2 for example: a = 11.247(1) Å, b = 5.045(1) Å, c = 11.246(1) Å, β = 120.02(1)°, V = 552.5(1) Å3, Z = 4. This monoclinic symmetry with a ∼ c and β ∼ 120° leads to a three-individual pseudo-hexagonal twin by pseudo-merohedry. The structure reveals a three-dimensional network in which each octahedrally coordinated cation is linked to ten others via iodate bridges. All these metal iodates generate second harmonics.
Collision Model of `Fall-Off´ in Recombination Reactions
Authors: Nyeland C. 
Published: August 2006

Assuming random, multiple collisions the `fall-off´ problem in chemical recombination reactions is reconsidered. Following this approximative model the `fall-off´ from third order reactions at low pressure to second order reactions at high pressure appears in a simple way as a consequence of the collision time considered as the lifetime of the unstable van der Waals complex formed initially in the recombination mechanism.Comparisons are presented for results from the `fall-off´ following the Lindemann type mechanism, and of the method of Troe, Gilbert
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Measurements on Liquid Acetonitrile and Acetonitrile Water Mixtures
Authors: Hardy E.H. , Zygar A. , Zeidler M.D. 
Published: August 2006

Precise temperature dependent H, D,By a new method, the acetonitrile deuterium quadrupole coupling constant was determined to 162(6) kHz.An isotope effect of about 5% on the acetonitrile correlation time of the reorientation of the symmetry axis is observed. It decreases if the water content is increased. For the effective correlation time of the C-H/D vector the isotope effect is about 25%. This effect was separated into a contribution of 3% for only one molecule which is deuterated and 21% for the deuteration of the remaining molecules.The anisotropy of the reorientation of acetonitrile was calculated in the limit of rotational diffusion. In neat deuterated ammonia the reorientation about the symmetry axis is about ten times faster than the reorientation of the symmetry axis itself. Due to different activation energies the anisotropy increases with decreasing temperature. The isotope effect is also anisotropic and the rotational anisotropy in protonated acetonitrile is about fourteen. The anisotropy is higher in the binary mixtures. At the critical composition it is fourteen for the deuterated and twenty for the protonated sample.In the mixture of critical composition simultaneous relaxation measurements on both phases were possible. This allows a determination of the coexistence curve. No anomaly of the rates was observed on approaching the coexistence curve.
Studies on Hydrogen Bond Formation of Papaverine and Pentazocine
Authors: Gangopadhyay J. , Lahiri Sujit Chandra 
Published: August 2006

Hydrogen bond formation is important in drug-receptor interactions.Therefore the hydrogen bond formation of the drugs papaverine and pentazocine with alcohols and phenols were studied. The results suggest that hydrogen bonding is more prominent in papaverine than hydrophobic interactions whereas the reverse is the case for pentazocine where hydrophobic interactions overweigh its hydrogen bonding capability.
Studies on Thermodynamic Dissociation Constants of 2,2’-Bipyridine, or 1,10-Phenanthroline in Acetone + Water Mixtures and Gibbs Energy of Transfer of the Hydrogen Ion from Water to Acetone + Water Mixtures
Authors: Bandyopadhyay G. , Lahiri Sujit Chandra 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The thermodyamic dissociation constants for isoelectric reaction of the type LH+ ⇔ L + H+ (where L = 2,2’-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline) have been determined pH-metrically at 298 K in acetone + water mixtures (0-90% of acetone). The pK-values were found to pass through a minimum at about 64-74 Wt% of acetone and then increase. The data are utilized to calculate the Gibbs energies of transfer of the H+ ion from water to acetone + water mixtures from which inferences have been made regarding structural variations and solvent basicity of aquo-organic mixtures.
Attempts have been made to understand the basicity and structural properties of acetone + water mixtures from a comparative study of ΔG0
t(H+) profiles, excess relative permittivity εE
r(X) and excess Gibbs energy profiles. Acetone has been found to structure forming over the whole composition range and structure formation is maximum in the region 60-70 Wt% of acetone.
Tautomerization and Dissociation of Dimethyl Phosphonate Ions(CH3O)2P(H)=O•+:Theory and Experiment in Concert
Authors: Heydorn L.N. , Ling Y. , Oliveira G. de , Martin J.M.L: , Lifshitz C. , Terlouw J.K. 
Published: August 2006

The unimolecular gas phase chemistry of the title ion,(CHThe identity of the ions was probed by tandem mass spectrometry methods. These include MI (metastable ion) or CID (collision induced dissociation) spectra, consecutive MI/CID and CID/CID spectra, NRMS (neutralization-reionization mass spectra), NR/CID and CIDI (collision induced dissociative ionization) spectra, time-resolved CID spectra and deuterium labelling. The energetics of the CHTheory and experiment yield a consistent potential energy profile that describes the isomerization and low energy dissociation chemistry of ions
Transference Numbers, Conductance and Viscosity Studies of Copper Sulfate in Ethylene Glycol–Water Mixtures at 20 °C
Authors: Tsierkezos Nikos G. , Molinou Ioanna E. 
Published: August 2006

Cell voltage (emf), conductivities and viscosities of copper(II) sulfate solutions in ethylene glycol–water mixtures have been measured at 20 °C. The transference numbers of CuSODie EMK, Leitfähigkeiten und Viskositäten von CuSO
Simultaneous Estimation of Mixing Rates and Genetic Drift Under Successive Sampling of Genetic Markers With Application to the Mud Crab (Scylla paramamosain) in Japan
Authors: Kitakado Toshihide , Kitada Shuichi , Obata Yasuhiro , Kishino Hirohisa 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In stock enhancement programs, it is important to assess mixing rates of released individuals in stocks. For this purpose, genetic stock identification has been applied. The allele frequencies in a composite population are expressed as a mixture of the allele frequencies in the natural and released populations. The estimation of mixing rates is possible, under successive sampling from the composite population, on the basis of temporal changes in allele frequencies. The allele frequencies in the natural population may be estimated from those of the composite population in the preceding year. However, it should be noted that these frequencies can vary between generations due to genetic drift. In this article, we develop a new method for simultaneous estimation of mixing rates and genetic drift in a stock enhancement program. Numerical simulation shows that our procedure estimates the mixing rate with little bias. Although the genetic drift is underestimated when the amount of information is small, reduction of the bias is possible by analyzing multiple unlinked loci. The method was applied to real data on mud crab stocking, and the result showed a yearly variation in the mixing rate.
Clinical and Genotype Studies of Cardiac Tumors in 154 Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Jóźwiak Sergiusz , Kotulska Katarzyna , Kasprzyk-Obara Jolanta , Domańska-Pakieła Dorota , Tomyn-Drabik Małgorzata , Roberts Penelope , Kwiatkowski David 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. Tuberous sclerosis complex is an autosomal dominant disorder in which hamartomas occur in several organs. Cardiac rhabdomyomas, the most common heart tumors of childhood, are well known to be associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. Our aim for this study was to characterize the incidence, progression, and clinical consequences of tuberous sclerosis complex–associated rhabdomyomas in a large cohort of patients with TSC1 and TSC2 genotypes.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Patients (154) with tuberous sclerosis complex were evaluated, including clinical assessment, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. Mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes were identified in 127 patients.
RESULTS. Cardiac rhabdomyomas were found in 74 (48%) patients. Tumors were most frequent in children younger than 2 years (65%). Tumor regression or disappearance was observed in 37 (68%) of 55 children. However, in 6 (3.9%) of them (aged 10-15 years), cardiac rhabdomyomas were noted to either grow (3 cases) or appear de novo (3 cases), such that the frequency of cardiac rhabdomyomas in adolescents was 6 (54%) of 11. Most (61%) tumors were clinically silent. Clinical manifestations included heart failure (5.4%), arrhythmias (23%), and murmurs (14.9%). One child died as a result of cardiac insufficiency. Cardiac rhabdomyomas were more frequent in theTSC2 (54%) than TSC1 (20%) groups.
CONCLUSIONS. Cardiac rhabdomyomas are seen in the majority of young children with tuberous sclerosis complex. Most produce no clinical consequences and will spontaneously regress. However, during puberty, cardiac rhabdomyomas may enlarge or appear de novo; thus, attention should be paid to potential clinical signs and monitoring by echocardiography should be performed. Cardiac rhabdomyomas were observed more often in the TSC2 group.
Cover Picture: Three Dimensional Characterization of Unmodified and Sr‐Modified Al‐Si Eutectics by FIB and FIB EDX Tomography (Adv. Eng. Mater. 8/2006)
Authors: Lasagni F. , Lasagni A. , Holzapfel C. , Mücklich F. , Degischer H. P. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe cover shows the 3D‐morphology of the eutectic Si phase in an unmodified AlSi12‐alloy. These 3D‐structures were reconstructed by means of a new Focused Ion Beam Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (FIB‐EDX) method. More about the study of the three‐dimensional morphology of different eutectic architectures of unmodified and Sr‐modified AlSi‐alloys can be found in the article by F. Lasagni et al. on page 719.