bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT CARROT VARIETIES (DAUCUS CAROTA L.)
Authors: DA SILVA EMERSON AUGUSTO , VIEIRA MANOELA ALANO , VIEIRA EDUARDO ALANO , DE MELLO CASTANHO AMBONI RENATA DIAS , AMANTE EDNA REGINA , TEIXEIRA EVANILDA 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT Four carrot cultivars (Aline, Nogman, RZ and Wokraw) were evaluated in terms of their chemical and organoleptic characteristics. Chemical and sensory characteristic correlations were close to 1.0 between the root cylindrical form and the attributes internal and external colors, minerals, total and insoluble alimentary fibers. There was a strong correlation between minerals, insoluble alimentary fiber and acidity. The Wokraw variety was superior in sweetness but similar in juice. While the carrot cultivars studied in this work differ statistically in most of their sensory features, they were similar to most of the physical and chemical characteristics. This shows that the competition between cultivars is necessary when deciding about the raw material selected to be used in carrot juice production. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSChemical and physical characteristics of raw material are generally analyzed to improve agro‐industrial product quality. Consumer preference for natural juices is increasing because of their nutritional properties. This work evaluated four carrot varieties and concluded that sensorial evaluation with a trained panel is a reliable practical procedure for the selection of varieties for carrot juice processing.
DEACIDIFICATION OF ADLAY SEED (COIX LACHRYMA‐JOBI VAR. MAYUEN) MISCELLA WITH ANION‐EXCHANGE RESIN
Authors: DU SHAO‐LONG , ZHOU CHUN‐SHAN , YANG LIU‐QING 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT This study examined the potential of ion‐exchange adsorption technique for the deacidification of adlay seed miscella. The adsorption properties, including the adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics, of free fatty acids (FFAs) onto anion‐exchange resin LSD‐263 were investigated. Regression results showed that the Freundlich model can describe the adsorption isotherm better than the Langmuir model can. The positive values of enthalpy indicated that an endothermic process in our study range – the negative value of free energy indicated the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process – and the positive values of entropy showed the increased randomness at the solid/liquid interface during the adsorption process. The Lagergren first‐order model and the Ho pseudo second‐order model were used to investigate the adsorption data and Ho's model could present the experimental data better than Lagergren's model could. The adsorption constant increase with temperature indicated that higher temperature would benefit the adsorption process. Analysis of adlay seed oils revealed that the application of LSD‐263 could get a high % removal of FFAs (about 90%) and partly remove phospholipids (68.58%) and pigments (64.41%) without significant change of oil content and fatty acid composition. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConventional neutralization of vegetable oils by alkali or physical refining is considered very energy consuming. In addition, all the refining operations subject oils to high temperatures. High temperatures seem to be the most harmful parameter, which is responsible for hydrolytic, oxidative and polymerization alterations.Improving the quality of processed oils by reducing side effects and energy consumption has been among the most attractive research areas throughout the past half‐century. Due to its characteristic as a highly effective and energy‐saving technology, ion‐exchange processing has the potential of being an alternative vegetable‐refining technique. However, there has not been much fundamental research concerning the adsorption of free fatty acids from vegetable oils by anion‐exchange resins.Deacidification of vegetable oil with ion‐exchange resins can be operated at low temperature (<50C). These mild conditions, which contrast with the condition in industry practices, are expected to preserve the sensitive and bioactive components in vegetable oils. Moreover, due to high separation effectiveness, ion‐exchange processing can be done with vegetable miscella itself without any further solvent removal by evaporation.
DETERMINATION OF AN EFFECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FOR IMMERSION WATER COOLING OF CANNED FOODS
Authors: MOHAMED IBRAHIM O. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT Transient temperature measurement inside cans packed with tomato purees were used to estimate can surface heat flux as a function of time during the immersion cooling cycle of the thermal processing of canned foods. The estimation was carried out using a developed computer program based on a sequential function specification algorithm. The estimated heat fluxes were used to solve the direct heat conduction problem for the cans' internal temperature distributions at any position and time including internal surface temperature. The accuracy of the calculated heat flux was verified using the root mean square error for the temperatures at the sensor position. An effective heat transfer coefficient as a function of time was calculated from the knowledge of surface temperatures and heat flux history. A time‐averaged effective heat transfer coefficient of 137 ± 7 (W/m2·C) was obtained in this study, which was comparable to a published value obtained using pilot scale data.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research work provides a systematic approach for estimating heat transfer coefficients during food processing operations. The method was based on both the inverse and the direct solution of heat conduction in cylindrical geometry. The experimental setup showed that with a single transient temperature measurement, an accurate estimate of an effective heat transfer coefficient can be achieved. This research also showed how heat transfer coefficient changes with time during immersion cooling. The effective heat transfer coefficient accounts for the internal lacquer coating and external polymeric printing coating thermal resistances. The heat transfer coefficient obtained in this research is an addition to scarce data on such an important parameter, which will help in the optimization of the thermal processing of canned foods by accounting for the cooling phase lethality.
Can a Darwinian Be a Christian?
Authors: Dawes Gregory W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA number of recent historians claim to have defeated what they call the ‘conflict thesis’, the idea that there exists some inevitable conflict between Darwinism and Christianity. This is often thought to be part of a broader ‘warfare thesis’, which posits an inevitable conflict between science and religion. But, all they have defeated is one, relatively uninteresting form of this thesis. There remain other forms of the conflict theses that remain entirely plausible, even in light of the historical record.
Typology in Optimality Theory
Authors: Gordon Matthew 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of constraint re‐ranking basis makes Optimality Theory (OT) a typologically oriented theory of phonology. Permuting the prioritization of constraints on a language‐specific basis generates a factorial typology of phonological patterns. Patterns generated by an optimality‐theoretic account can be compared with the set of attested patterns found in languages of the world to determine how well the analysis fits the observed typology. The typological predictions of OT are constrained to a large extent by the grounding of markedness constraints in independent facts about speech articulation, perception, and processing. Nevertheless, comprehensive typological analyses within OT commonly overpredict the existence of apparently unattested patterns. These cases of overgeneration may stem from several sources: they may be pathologic, may reflect accidental gaps due to the paucity of a given phenomenon, or may be grounded in diachronic biases in speech perception or production. The phonetic underpinnings and factorial typology of three phenomena are discussed in this article: syllable structure, the distribution of contour tones, and the loci of laryngeal neutralization.
Event‐Related Potentials and Language Processing: A Brief Overview
Authors: Kaan Edith 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSince the publication of the first papers on event‐related brain potentials (ERP) and language in the 1980s, the field of electrophysiology of language has evolved a great deal. This article is a brief overview of ERPs and language‐processing research. It discusses how ERPs are derived, provides the pros and cons of using ERPs for language‐processing research, and gives a summary of the major ERP components relevant to research on speech perception (mismatch negativity), word and sentence comprehension (N400, left anterior negativity, P600), and word production (lateralized readiness potential, N200). Additionally, it addresses current controversies concerning the interpretation of these components. Applications of the ERP technique are illustrated with research on first and second language acquisition, bilingualism, and aphasia.
Selective Photobleaching of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids in Photosystem I Particles under High‐Light Treatment
Authors: Andreeva Atanaska , Abarova Silvia , Stoitchkova Katerina , Picorel Rafael , Velitchkova Maya 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPhotosystem I particles (PSI‐200) isolated from spinach leaves were studied by means of absorbance, 77K fluorescence and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. The aim was to obtain better insight into the changes of the pigment spectral properties in those particles during prolonged exposure to high‐light intensities and to reveal the involvement of these pigments in the photoprotection of the PSI. During prolonged exposure to high‐light intensities of spinach PSI particles, a loss of a significant amount of photosynthetic pigments was observed. It was shown that various pigments exhibited different susceptibility to photodamage. In addition to bleaching of chlorophyll a (Chl a), bleaching of carotenoids was also clearly observed. RR technique allowed us to recognize the type and conformation of photobleached carotenoid molecules. Raman data revealed a nearly full photobleaching of the long‐wavelength lutein molecules. The observed similar bleaching rate of the lutein molecules and the most‐red shifted long‐wavelength Chl a, located in the antenna membrane protein Lhca4, suggested that these molecules are located closely. Our results showed that the photobleached antenna pigments and especially luteins and the most long‐wavelength absorbing chlorophylls are involved in photoprotection of PSI core complex.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Photocarcinogenesis†
Authors: Beissert Stefan , Loser Karin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSkin cancer constitutes one of the most frequent types of malignancies in humans with rapidly increasing incidences almost worldwide. UVR is an essential risk factor for the development of premalignant as well as malignant skin lesions. In this context UVR can function as a complete carcinogen by inducing “UV signature” DNA mutations and by suppressing protective cellular antitumoral immune responses. UV‐induced DNA damage can result in impaired cutaneous cell cycle control if cell cycle regulators, such as the p53 gene, are affected. Besides interfering with cell cycle control genes, UV‐induced DNA damage can result in the release of interleukin‐10, a cytokine with known immunosuppressive effects on T‐helper(h)‐1 cells. For the development of antitumoral immune responses antigen‐specific activation of effector T cells by antigen‐presenting cells (APC) is required. It was demonstrated that UVR can inhibit antigen presentation both directly and indirectly via the induction of suppressive cytokines. In addition, subsets of T cells are induced upon UVR, which can actively suppress major histocompatibility complex class I/II‐restricted immune responses. These UV‐induced regulatory T cells appear to belong to the CD4+CD25+ T cell lineage and can express the characteristic transcription factor Foxp3, which programs for suppressor function. In mice UV‐induced regulatory T cells can control the development of UV‐induced skin cancer. Peripheral regulatory T cells are maintained by the expression of B7 molecules and can be expanded by APC of the skin. Recently, epidermal expression of CD254 (RANKL) has been shown to connect UVR with the expansion of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells. In the following, new molecular and cellular mechanisms of UV‐induced skin tumor development will be described and discussed.
The “Benzothiazine” Chromophore of Pheomelanins: A Reassessment†
Authors: Napolitano Alessandra , De Lucia Maria , Panzella Lucia , D’Ischia Marco 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe characteristic absorption and photochemical properties of pheomelanins are generally attributed to “benzothiazine” structural units derived biogenetically from 5‐S‐cysteinyldopa. This notion, however, conveys little or no information about the structural chromophores responsible for the photoreactivity of pheomelanins. At pH 7.4, natural and synthetic pheomelanins show a defined maximum around 305 nm, which is not affected by reductive treatment with sodium borohydride, and a monotonic decrease in the absorption in the range 350–550 nm. These features are not compatible with a significant proportion of structural units related to 2H‐1,4‐benzothiazine and 2H‐1,4‐benzothiazine‐3‐carboxylic acid, the early borohydride‐reducible pheomelanin precursors featuring absorption maxima above 340 nm. Rather, these features would better accommodate a contribution by the nonreducible 3‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydrobenzothiazine (λmax 299 nm) and benzothiazole (λmax 303 nm) structural motifs, which are generated in the later stages of pheomelanogenesis in vitro. This conclusion is supported by a detailed liquid chromatography/UV and mass spectrometry monitoring of the species formed in the oxidative conversion of 5‐S‐cysteinyldopa to pheomelanin, and would point to a critical reassessment of the commonly reported “benzothiazine” chromophore in terms of more specific and substantiated structural units, like those formed during the later stages of pheomelanin synthesis in vitro.
Agreement Between Diary Records of Time Spent Outdoors and Personal Ultraviolet Radiation Dose Measurements
Authors: Chodick Gabriel , Kleinerman Ruth A. , Linet Martha S. , Fears Tom , Kwok Richard K. , Kimlin Michael G. , Alexander Bruce H. , Freedman Daryl M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLittle is known about the validity of self‐recorded sun exposure and time spent outdoors for epidemiological research. The aims of the current study were to assess how well participants’ self‐recorded time outdoors compared to objective measurements of personal UVR doses. We enrolled 124 volunteers aged 40 and above who were identified from targeted subgroups of US radiologic technologists. Each volunteer was instructed to wear a polysulfone (PS) dosimeter to measure UVR on their left shoulder and to complete a daily activity diary, listing all activities undertaken in each 30 min interval between 9:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M. during a 7 day period. In a linear regression model, self‐recorded daily time spent outdoors was associated with an increase of 8.2% (95% CI: 7.3–9.2%) in the personal UVR exposure with every hour spent outdoors. The amount of self‐recorded total daily time spent outdoors was better correlated with the personal daily UVR dose for activities conducted near noon time compared to activities conducted in the morning or late afternoon, and for activities often performed in the sun (e.g. gardening or recreation activities) compared to other outdoor activities (e.g. driving) in which the participant is usually shaded from the sun. Our results demonstrated a significant correlation between diary records of time spent outdoors with objective personal UVR dose measurements.
Both Notch1 and Notch2 contribute to the regulation of melanocyte homeostasis
Authors: Kumano Keiki , Masuda Shigeo , Sata Masataka , Saito Toshiki , Lee Suk‐young , Sakata‐Yanagimoto Mamiko , Tomita Taisuke , Iwatsubo Takeshi , Natsugari Hideaki , Kurokawa Mineo , Ogawa Seishi , Chiba Shigeru 
Published: November 2007

SummaryNotch signaling affects a variety of mammalian stem cells, but there has been limited evidence that a specific Notch molecule regulates adult stem cells. Recently, it was reported that the reduced Notch signaling initiated at the embryonic stage results in a gradual hair graying phenotype after birth. Here we demonstrate that the oral administration of a γ‐secretase inhibitor (GSI) to wild‐type adult C57/Bl6 mice led to a gradual increase in gray spots, which remained unchanged for at least 20 weeks after discontinuing the GSI. In GSI‐treated mice, there was a severe decrease in unpigmented melanocytes in the bulge/subbulge region where melanocyte stem cells are located. While we confirmed that Notch1+/−Notch2+/− double heterozygous mice with a C57/Bl6 background were born with a normal hair color phenotype and gradually turned gray after the second hair cycle, in the c‐kit mutant Wv background, Notch1+/− and Notch2+/− mice had larger white spots on the first appearance of hair than did the Wv/+ mice, which did not change throughout life. Notch1+/−Notch2+/−Wv/+ mice had white hair virtually all over the body at the first appearance of hair and the depigmentation continued to progress thereafter. Using a neural crest organ culture system, GSI blocked the generation of pigmented melanocytes when added to the culture during the period of melanoblast proliferation, but not during the period of differentiation. These observations imply roles of Notch signaling in both development of melanocyte during embryogenesis and maintenance of melanocyte stem cells in adulthood, while the degree of requirement is distinct in these settings: the latter is more sensitive than the former to the reduced Notch signaling. Furthermore, Notch1 and Notch2 cooperates with c‐kit signaling during embryogenesis, and they cooperate with each other to regulate melanocyte homeostasis after birth.
Detection of Murine Norovirus 1 by Using Plaque Assay, Transfection Assay, and Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR before and after Heat Exposure
Authors: Baert Leen , Wobus Christiane E. , Van Coillie Els , Thackray Larissa B. , Debevere Johan , Uyttendaele Mieke 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT
The correlation between the detection of murine norovirus 1 RNA by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and the infectivity by plaque assay before and after heat exposure (80°C) was examined. No correlation was found in the current study. Moreover, heat inactivation had a much stronger detrimental effect on virus infectivity than on the integrity of the viral genome.
Plasmid Patterns of
Bacillus thuringiensis
Type Strains
Authors: Reyes-Ramírez Arturo , Ibarra Jorge E. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Practically all
Bacillus thuringiensis
strains contain a set of self-replicating, extrachromosomal DNA molecules or plasmids, which vary in number and size in the different strains. The plasmid patterns obtained from gel electrophoresis have previously been used as a tool to characterize strains, but comparison of the plasmid patterns has been limited in the number and diversity of strains analyzed. In this report, we were able to compare the plasmid patterns of 83 type strains (out of 84) and 47 additional strains from six serotypes. The information obtained from this comparison showed the importance of this tool as a strain characterization procedure and indicates the complexity and uniqueness of this feature. For example, with one exception, all type strains showed a unique plasmid pattern. All were unique in such a way that none showed even a single comigrating plasmid in the agarose gels, and therefore, cluster analysis was impossible, indicating that plasmid patterns are qualitative rather than quantitative features. Furthermore, comparison between strains belonging to the same serotype showed a great difference in variability. Some serotypes (e.g., israelensis) showed the same basic pattern among all its strains, while other serotypes (e.g., morrisoni) showed a great diversity of patterns. These results indicate that plasmid patterns are valuable tools to discriminate strains below the serotype level.
An Engineered Chymotrypsin/Cathepsin G Site in Domain I Renders
Bacillus thuringiensis
Cry3A Active against Western Corn Rootworm Larvae
Authors: Walters Frederick S. , Stacy Cheryl M. , Lee Mi Kyong , Palekar Narendra , Chen Jeng S. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

The western corn rootworm remains one of the most important pests of corn in the United States despite the use of many pest management tools. Cry3A, the first coleopteran-active
Bacillus thuringiensis
toxin isolated, has not been useful for control of the corn rootworm pest complex. Modification of Cry3A so that it contained a chymotrypsin/cathepsin G protease recognition site in the loop between α-helix 3 and α-helix 4 of domain I, however, resulted in consistent activity of the toxin (“mCry3A”) against neonate western corn rootworm. In vitro chymotrypsin digests showed that there was a substantial difference between the enzyme sensitivity of mCry3A and the enzyme sensitivity of Cry3A, with mCry3A rapidly converted from a 67-kDa form to a ∼55-kDa form. The introduced protease site was also recognized in vivo, where the ∼55-kDa form of mCry3A toxin was rapidly generated and associated with the membrane fraction. After a point mutation in m
cry3A
that resulted in the elimination of the native domain I chymotrypsin site (C terminal to the introduced chymotrypsin/cathepsin G protease site of mCry3A), the in vitro and in vivo digestion patterns remained the same, demonstrating that the introduced site was required for the enhanced activity. Also, 55-kDa mCry3A generated by cleavage with chymotrypsin exhibited specific binding to western corn rootworm brush border membrane, whereas untreated 67-kDa mCry3A did not. These data indicate that the mCry3A toxicity for corn rootworm larvae was due to the introduction of a chymotrypsin/cathepsin G site, which enhanced cleavage and subsequent binding of the activated toxin to midgut cells.
CodY ofStreptococcus pneumoniae: Link between Nutritional Gene Regulation and Colonization
Authors: Hendriksen Wouter T. , Bootsma Hester J. , Estevão Silvia , Hoogenboezem Theo , de Jong Anne , de Groot Ronald , Kuipers Oscar P. , Hermans Peter W. M. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTCodY is a nutritional regulator mainly involved in amino acid metabolism. It has been extensively studied inBacillus subtilisandLactococcus lactis. We investigated the role of CodY in gene regulation and virulence of the human pathogenStreptococcus pneumoniae. We constructed acodYmutant and examined the effect on gene and protein expression by microarray and two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis analysis. The pneumococcal CodY regulon was found to consist predominantly of genes involved in amino acid metabolism but also several other cellular processes, such as carbon metabolism and iron uptake. By means of electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNA footprinting, we showed that most of the targets identified are under the direct control of CodY. By mutating DNA predicted to represent the CodY box based on theL. lactisconsensus, we demonstrated that this sequence is indeed required for in vitro DNA binding to target promoters. Similar toL. lactis, DNA binding of CodY was enhanced in the presence of branched-chain amino acids, but not by GTP. We observed in experimental mouse models thatcodYis transcribed in the murine nasopharynx and lungs and is specifically required for colonization. This finding was underscored by the diminished ability of thecodYmutant to adhere to nasopharyngeal cells in vitro. Furthermore, we found thatpcpA, activated by CodY, is required for adherence to nasopharyngeal cells, suggesting a direct link between nutritional regulation and adherence. In conclusion, pneumococcal CodY predominantly regulates genes involved in amino acid metabolism and contributes to the early stages of infection, i.e., colonization of the nasopharynx.