bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron‐Rich, Bicyclic Biaryl‐Like KITPHOS Monophosphines via [4+2] Cycloaddition between 1‐Alkynylphosphine Oxides and Anthracene: Highly Efficient Ligands for Palladium‐Catalysed CN and CC Bond Formation
Authors: Doherty Simon , Knight Julian G. , Smyth Catherine H. , Jorgenson Graeme A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractElectron‐rich, bicyclic biaryl‐like KITPHOS monophosphines have been prepared via Diels–Alder cycloaddition between 1‐alkynylphosphine oxides and anthracene in an operationally straightforward and highly modular synthetic protocol that will allow access to an architecturally and electronically diverse family of ligands. Palladium complexes of these ligands are highly efficient catalysts for the Buchwald–Hartwig amination and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of a wide range of aryl chlorides, which for the vast majority of substrate combinations outperform their o‐(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl‐based counterparts.
Semicontinuous distillation for ethyl lactate production
Authors: Adams Thomas A. , Seider Warren D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA novel semicontinuous process for the production of ethyl lactate from ethanol and lactic acid is studied. The process utilizes a middle vessel integrated with a distillation column to perform a ternary separation of the reaction mixture. A pervaporation unit separates ethanol from water. This new form of process intensification is shown to be economically superior to traditional batch and continuous alternatives for a wide range of production rates. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Polymorphisms in the 3′ UTR of the serotonin transporter are associated with cognitive flexibility in rhesus macaques
Authors: Vallender Eric J. , Lynch Laurie , Novak Melinda A. , Miller Gregory M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe serotonin system is an important neurophysiological mediator of many behavioral phenotypes. Genetic variation within this system is thought to contribute not only to the natural range of behavioral differences, but also to neuropsychiatric pathologies. Cognitive flexibility, the ability to change patterns of response as reward context shifts, is an important trait that underlies many complex social interactions. Environmental manipulations of the serotonin system have been shown to alter performance on tests measuring cognitive flexibility. Variation at the serotonin transporter promoter region (5HTTLPR) has recently been shown to associate with the performance of rhesus monkeys on an object discrimination reversal learning task [Izquierdo et al., 2007]. Here, we demonstrate that functional genetic variation at the serotonin transporter 3′ untranslated region, independent of 5HTTLPR, also associates with performance in an object discrimination reversal learning task in rhesus macaques. The polymorphisms comprising the T:G:T haplotype (T1970, G1991, and T2327) were associated with fewer errors on a reversal learning test and greater levels of cognitive flexibility. We have previously demonstrated that the T:G:T haplotype renders lower levels of gene expression in vitro, paralleling the functionality of human 3′ UTR haplotypes, as well as the short allele of 5HTTLPR found in both macaques and humans. The 3′ UTR haplotypes are independent and in linkage equilibrium with the 5HTTLPR locus. Together, these data lead to the intriguing possibility that differences observed in human cognitive flexibility, whether naturally or in pathological states, may be associated with genetic variation in the serotonin transporter 3′ untranslated region also. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis induce regulatory B cells
Authors: Correale Jorge , Farez Mauricio , Razzitte Gabriela 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the importance of B‐cell control during parasite infections in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.MethodsPeripheral blood CD19+ B cells from 12 helminth‐infected MS patients, 12 MS patients without infection, 10 patients infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, 8 subjects infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and 12 healthy control subjects were purified using magnetic cell sorting. Interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor‐α, lymphotoxin, transforming growth factor‐β, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, and nerve growth factor secretion were evaluated after stimulation with CDw32 L cells and CD40 antibody using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The production of anti–myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgG and IgM antibodies was evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent spot assays. Cell phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry.ResultsHelminth infections in MS patients created a B‐cell population producing high levels of IL‐10, dampening harmful immune responses through a mechanism mediated, at least in part, by the ICOS‐B7RP‐1 pathway. The IL‐10–producing B‐cell phenotype detected expressed high levels of CD1d and was similar to the one observed in mature naive B2 cells (namely, CD11b−, CD5−, CD27−, and IgD+). Moreover, B cells isolated from helminth‐infected MS patients also produced greater amounts of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor compared with those of normal subjects, T. cruzi–infected subjects, P. brasiliensis–infected subjects, or uninfected MS patients, raising the possibility that these cells may exert a neuroprotective effect on the central nervous system.InterpretationIncreased production of B‐cell–derived IL‐10 and of neurotrophic factors are part of the parasite's regulation of host immunity and can alter the course of MS, potentially explaining environmental‐related MS suppression observed in areas with low disease prevalence. Ann Neurol 2008
Control degrees of freedom using the restraining number: further evaluation
Authors: Vasudevan Suraj , Konda N. V. S. N. Murthy , Rangaiah Gade Pandu 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA simple and effective procedure for the computation of control degrees of freedom (CDOF) using the concept of restraining number has been recently proposed by our group. The goal of the present contribution is to further evaluate and enhance this procedure. The restraining number is applied to a few more important units. In particular, a detailed analysis has been done for determining the restraining number of membrane separators, given their increasing importance in the industry today. The restraining number procedure is then successfully applied to compute the CDOF of several industrial‐scale processes with distinctly unique characteristics. The simplicity, reliability, general applicability and effectiveness of the procedure are thus further demonstrated. To sum up, the present contribution improves upon and details the CDOF procedure clearly, discusses further issues like the restraining number for variable speed pumps and membrane separators, redundancies for absorbers and strippers and finally, the applicability of this procedure to three‐phase distillation columns and complex industrial processes. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A complex process of the asymmetric reduction of prochiral aromatic ketone by yeast cell with the introduction of an organic solvent as the separation medium
Authors: Yang Zhong‐Hua , Zeng Rong , Wang Yu , Li Wei , Lv Zao‐Sheng 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEnantiomerically pure aromatic alcohols are important chiral building blocks for many single enantiomer pharmaceuticals. The asymmetric reduction of the corresponding prochiral ketone by active yeast cells is one of the most promising synthesis routes for chiral alcohols. But the space‐time productivity is low. To promote the reaction, a complex process of the asymmetric reduction reaction with the introduction of an organic solvent as a separation factor was studied in this work. The asymmetric reduction of acetophenone (ACP) to chiral α‐phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was chosen as the model reaction. It was found that organic solvents with more than 3.5 of logP, such as n‐octane, were favorable for the asymmetric reduction reaction. The yield of the reaction could be remarkably promoted with this technique. The reaction could further be improved by adding ethanol as cosolvent. The initial ACP concentration could be as high as 60 mmol/l, which is about six times larger than that of reacting in a single aqueous phase. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lattice Boltzmann simulations of flows with fluid–fluid interfaces
Authors: Jia Xinli , McLaughlin J. B. , Kontomaris K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews recent developments of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for the simulation of isothermal flows containing fluid–fluid interfaces. Two formulations of the fluid–fluid LBM and some recent variants of these formulations are discussed. Simulation results are assessed through comparisons with experimental data or theoretical analyses. The goal of this review is to facilitate the judicious application of the LBM to practical flows. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light intensity distribution in heterogenous photocatalytic reactors
Authors: Pareek Vishnu , Chong Siewhui , Tadé Moses , Adesina Adesoji A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we have discussed the state of the art on numerical techniques for estimating light intensity distribution in photocatalytic reactors. After giving a brief introduction to various photocatalytic reactor designs, a detailed derivation of the radiation transport equation (RTE) has been presented. The RTE is an integrodifferential equation and needs appropriate boundary conditions and optical properties of the medium. To provide a boundary condition for the light emitted from the radiation sources, a number of lamp source models have been described. Different approaches for the numerical simulation of the RTE have been presented with special emphasis on the Monte Carlo and finite volume (or discrete ordinate) approaches. In the Monte Carlo approach, the reaction space was divided into small cubical cells. The path of a photon was traced using a stochastic approach. A conservative variant of the discrete ordinate model available in FLUENT was used to assess the effect of wall reflectivity, catalyst loading, and phase function parameter on the light intensity distribution. For relatively low catalyst loadings, the wall reflectivity strongly influenced the light intensity distribution. However, for an optically thick medium, the wall reflectivity had very little or no effect. The volume‐averaged light intensity distribution decreased rather sharply with the catalyst loading and an opposite trend was obtained for LVREA. Finally, a semiempirical kinetic model was presented to evaluate the rate of reaction and conversion of a photoreactor using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Model verification was carried out using experimental data for photodegradation of Bayer liquor. A correlation coefficient of 0.974 between simulated and experimental results indicated that the proposed model was adequate. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlations for the grindability of the ball mill as a measure of its performance
Authors: Sahoo A. , Roy G. K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA ball mill is the vital component in industries viz. mineral dressing, ore processing, fertilizers, food and diary, pharmaceuticals and many others. The present work involves a meticulous study of the effects of the various parameters on the performance of a ball mill. The parameters studied in this work are particle size, number of balls, time of grinding, particle density, and speed of the ball mill (rpm). An attempt has been made to develop correlation for the performance of the ball mill by correlating these variables with the grindability on the basis of dimensional analysis approach as well as fractional factorial design method. It is observed that these parameters influence the performance of the ball mill significantly. The performance of a ball mill is measured with reference to the quantity of undersize or fines (amount of ground material passing through a 120‐mesh screen) per revolution of the mill, collected for variation of each of the individual parameters.Finally, the calculated values of the fines in terms of the grindability of the mill obtained through the correlations by both the above‐mentioned methods are compared with the experimental values, thereby justifying the analysis with reasonable deviations. Thus, the developed correlations can be applied to know the grindability of the ball mill over a wide range of parameters. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel atmospheric freeze‐dryer using vortex tube and multimode heat input: simulation and experiments
Authors: Rahman S. M. A. , Mujumdar Arun S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis article presents a study of a novel fixed‐bed atmospheric freeze‐dryer using a vortex tube to generate cryogenic temperature air for drying and multimode heat supply. A two‐layer moving boundary model was developed to simulate the variation of the transient moisture content distribution in the drying product in the form of a thin slab, sublimation front temperature, location of the sublimation front and moisture content as well as temperature distribution inside the dry layer. An experimental setup was designed and fabricated to verify the predicted results. A series of experiments were conducted using rectangular and disc‐shaped potato and carrot samples, as model heat‐sensitive products. Effects of different modes of heat input in various combinations on the drying rate were also investigated both experimentally and numerically. Fairly good agreement was found between the predicted values and the experimental data. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical optimization and kinetic modeling of xylanase production by Arthrobacter sp.
Authors: Rajendran Aravindan , Selvaraj Vimalnath , Thangavelu Viruthagiri 
Published: July 2008

AbstractXylanases are hydrolytic enzymes which randomly cleave the β‐1, 4 backbone of the complex plant cell wall polysaccharide xylan. Diverse forms of these enzymes exist, displaying varying folds, mechanisms of action, substrate specificities, hydrolytic activities, and physicochemical characteristics. This article focuses on the fermentative production of xylanase from Arthrobacter sp. and the factors affecting the production. The batch‐submerged fermentation was carried out in a 250‐ml Erlenmeyer flask. The inoculum size of 5% v/v, initial pH of 7.0, and shaking speed of 150 rpm at 32 °C were maintained for the optimization of medium components. The cell growth, xylanase activity, cellulase activity, protein, and pH were determined at regular time intervals. Plackett–Burman statistical methodology was adopted to study the effect of media components on xylanase production. The effect of temperature and pH was studied using optimized medium composition determined by Plackett–Burman experimental design. The maximum xylanase activity of 4.0 U ml−1 at 84 h at the optimum temperature of 35 °C and pH of 7.0 was obtained. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular‐scale investigation of polymerization, nucleation, and growth of polystyrene particle by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Yamamoto Tetsuya , Higashitani Ko 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTo clarify the mechanism of the nucleation and growth processes in the soap‐free polymerization of polystyrene latex particles in water, the polymerization process was investigated on a molecular scale, by using an atomic force microscope (AFM), as well as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a dynamic light scattering apparatus (DLS). A ‘cationic’ initiator was employed to make all the polymeric materials produced, such as oligomers, embryos, nuclei, and grown particles, adsorb electrostatically on the negatively charged mica plate of molecular‐scale smoothness. This in situ transfer of polymeric materials in the bulk onto the mica surface enables us to observe the images of polymeric materials during the reaction process and to estimate what is happening in the nucleation and growth processes of particles, at least qualitatively. The most important findings of the present study are that1 these molecular‐scale polymeric materials, to which much attention has not been paid probably because of the difficulty of detection, are continuously born in the bulk throughout the reaction process of particle formation, and2 they play an important role in the growth of particles. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The forces at work in colloidal self‐assembly: a review on fundamental interactions between colloidal particles
Authors: Li Qin , Jonas Ulrich , Zhao X. S. , Kappl Michael 
Published: July 2008

AbstractColloidal particles with well‐defined sizes can self‐assemble into ordered, crystalline structures under non‐equilibrium conditions. This phenomenon originates from the various forces acting upon them. In this article, we provide an overview on the forces at work in a colloidal system, in particular, the roles of these forces at various stages in colloidal self‐assembly. Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrodynamic, and capillary forces, as well as Brownian motions, are extensively discussed, whereas other types of interactions are briefly introduced and summarized. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of gold/silica composite artificial opal by a multiple‐step electroplating process
Authors: Li Wenjiang , Xie Fei , Sun Tan , Liao Yufeng 
Published: July 2008

AbstractArtificial opal with a three‐dimensional periodic structure was prepared using mono‐dispersed silica microspheres by a force packing method in an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass cell. The gold/silica composite opal was obtained through the infiltration of gold nano‐particles into the voids of the silica opals by electroplating technique. The transmission and reflection spectrum of the gold/silica composite opal presented a red shift with increasing electroplating time. The optical images were taken after each treatment of electroplating–washing–drying circle, which were precisely selected at same area using an optical microscope. The SEM images show that the gold nano‐particles could be directly deposited on the surface of silica spheres in the opaline structure after electroplating. We proposed that the effective refractive index of the composite opal was increased because of the infiltration of gold, which resulted in the spectra shifting to a longer wavelength. The gold/silica composite opal film could provide a simple way to tune the opal properties by controlling the ratio of gold in the silica opal. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of M‐ZSM‐5 composites prepared from ZSM‐5 zeolite
Authors: Song Chun‐Min , Yan Zi‐Feng 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMicromesoporous M‐ZSM‐5 composites were hydrothermally synthesized by the self‐assembly of precursors, alkali‐treated ZSM‐5 nanoparticles, with CTMABr surfactant in alkaline media and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) etc. The XRD and TEM results indicated the M‐ZSM‐5 composites possess ordered hexagonal structure, and the wall of mesopore contains micropores due to the secondary‐building units of the structure of ZSM‐5 zeolite. Simultaneously, M‐ZSM‐5 materials also contain overgrowth mesoporous MCM‐41 on the rough surfaces of microporous ZSM‐5 zeolite. It is found that the microporosity and mesoporosity of M‐ZSM‐5 depend on conditions of synthesis and alkaline treatment for ZSM‐5 zeolite. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The modification of activated carbons and the pore structure effect on enrichment of coal‐bed methane
Authors: Zhao Guo‐Feng , Bai Peng , Zhu Hong‐Mei , Yan Ri‐Xiong , Liu Xin‐Mei , Yan Zi‐Feng 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA series of activated carbons (ACs) were modified with HNO3, H2O2, O2 and N2 heat treatment in order to alter the pore structure and investigate the influence of the pore structure on enriching coal‐bed methane. The pore structure and surface chemical property of all samples were characterized by physical adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K, infrared spectroscopy methods (FT‐IR), temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) and Boehm titrations. Results showed that oxidizing treatments with HNO3, H2O2 and O2 affected the pore structure significantly and introduced oxygen surface groups that could be removed under N2 heat treatment. All the samples were evaluated in the simple pressure swing adsorption (PSA) apparatus and the evaluation results indicated that the concentration of enriched methane increased with the surface area of AC and the most optimum pore size with the best enrichment performance is in the range 0.758–0.776 nm. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A compact optimization strategy for combustion in a 125 MW tangentially anthracite‐fired boiler by an artificial neural network
Authors: Sun Dan‐Ping , Fang Qing‐Yan , Wang Hua‐Jian , Zhou Huai‐Chun 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn the past decade, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been widely utilized to model, control, and optimize combustion processes in utility boilers. Since many highly correlated factors influence the combustion process in a furnace, it is necessary to select several important parameters to form a more simplified ANN model, which can be easily put into real‐time operation. In this paper, a parameter representing the secondary air assignment mode was quantified by the ratio of the damper opening values between the upper and lower secondary air. This parameter, together with the oxygen concentration in flue gas, the volatile matter and the heating value of coal, constitute the four input parameters of the ANN. Its output is the efficiency of the boiler. The ANN model was trained from 34 samples obtained from experiments on a 125 MW pulverized‐coal‐fired boiler, and the results predicted by the network model agreed well with the experimental results. A compact optimization strategy for combustion was proposed, by which the best combination of the oxygen concentration and the secondary air assignment mode can be determined directly according to the volatile matter and the heating value of coal. For two coals, the combustion in the furnace was obviously improved with the help of the optimization strategy, and its applicability was validated. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recovery of precious metals from spent automobile catalytic converters using supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Faisal Muhammad , Atsuta Yoichi , Daimon Hiroyuki , Fujie Koichi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRecovery of precious metals (platinum, palladium, and rhodium) from a solid matrix sample by supercritical carbon dioxide containing a chelating ligand, a tributyl phosphate (TBP), was studied. The effects of temperature, pressure, and static extraction time on the extraction efficiency were investigated. All experiments were performed using a supercritical fluid extraction system at a temperature range of 40–80 °C and a pressure of up to 30 MPa. Results showed that addition of the chelating ligand was necessary to extract the metals. Experiments with pure supercritical carbon dioxide result in no extraction of the metals. It has been observed that the extraction efficiency of metals was strongly dependent on temperature, pressure, and static extraction time. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.