bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An efficient algorithm for the euclidean distance transformation
Authors: Kato Toshihiro , Hirata Tomio , Saito Toyofumi , Kise Kenji 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDistance maps of binary images contain, for each pixel, the distance between that pixel and the pixel of value 0 closest to it. They are useful for a variety of machine‐vision applications. This paper presents a simple and efficient algorithm for computing the Euclidean distance maps. The algorithm runs in O(N2) time for an N × N binary image, and it also works for other distances that appear in machine‐vision applications, such as city block and chessboard. Its parallel version runs in O(N2/p) time with p(1 ≤ p ≤ N) processors.
Weight Illusions and Weight Discrimination—a Revised Hypothesis
Authors: Ross Helen E. , Gregory R. L. 
Published: July 2007

The results of several experiments are reported most of which suggest that there is an optimum density for weight discrimination. This density corresponds to the “non-illusory” density, as determined by the density at which a visible weight is correctly matched with a hidden weight. The greater the illusion (whether of heaviness or lightness) the poorer the discrimination. It is pointed out that similar changes in discrimination occur as a result of peripheral sensory adaptation in many modalities; but that the size-weight illusion, and the associated discrimination changes, must be due to a central scaling process. A theoretical model is suggested.
Some Relevant Factors in the Transfer of Material from Short-Term to Long-Term Memory
Authors: Cohen Ronal L. , Johansson Bo S. 
Published: July 2007

The relationship between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) for digits was investigated by means of a Hebb-type experiment, viz. a presentation of a series of nine-digit numbers, in which a certain number recurs at intervals. Improvement in performance, with regard to the critical, or recurring, number was found when the rehearsal grouping was three-three-and-three, but was absent when there were no opportunities for rehearsal or when the rehearsal strategy was grouping five-and-four or searching for systematic numbers. However, if an overt recall response was given on each occasion the recurring number was presented, improved performance was found even with rehearsal strategy five-and-four. The conclusion was drawn that rehearsal is the main transferring mechanism from STM to LTM, with the occurrence of an over recall response as a subsidiary factor.
Voluntary Attention in Peripheral Vision and its Effects on Acuity and Differential Thresholds
Authors: Grindley G. C. , Townsend Valerie 
Published: July 2007

The three experiments described in this paper were intended to show whether voluntary attention to a particular part of the peripheral visual field had any effect on the accuracy of the subject's perception. Test objects near to threshold value (for acuity or for changes in luminance) were used. The experiments were also designed to study the possible distracting effect of other stimuli presented simultaneously in different parts of the field. In Experiment 1 the subject could be given foreknowledge of the position in which an acuity test object would appear. In Experiment 2 the signal of where to attend was given simultaneously with the exposure of an acuity test object. In Experiment 3 differential thresholds for luminance were investigated by methods similar to those used in Experiment 2. It was found in all these cases that the instructions to attend to a particular part of the peripheral field had no significant effect on perception unless there were simultaneously exposed “competing” stimuli in other parts of the field. The results support the view that, in peripheral vision, attention acts selectively on the immediate memory trace only when there is a complex pattern of stimulation.
Sentence Retention and Transformation Theory
Authors: Wright Patricia 
Published: July 2007

The number of words recalled in addition to a sentence can be used to measure the amount of space a sentence occupies in immediate memory. Generally an active sentence (K) requires less space in memory than a passive negative sentence (PN). But in the present experiments it was found that when subjects were presented with a block of sentences of only one syntactic form, there was no longer a difference in the amount of space needed to store K and PN sentences. However, the difference between K and PN reappeared when the tense of the verb in successive sentences was varied, even though the material was still presented in a block of either all K or all PN sentences. These results were interpreted as suggesting that subjects were remembering words and phrases from each sentence rather than deriving kernal strings and remembering transformation tags.
An Aspect of Perceptual Organization Involved in Reading Typed and Handwritten Words
Authors: Corcoran D. W. J. , Rouse R. O. 
Published: July 2007

Three experiments of identical design, but using different basic materials are reported. In experiment I the probability of recognizing tachistoscopically presented typed and handwritten words was found (a) when the two types of materials were presented in separate lists, and (b) when presented together in a mixed list when subjects did not know what type of material to expect next in the sequence. In Experiment II, two handwritings were employed and in Experiment III, upper and lower case typed material was used. The mixed condition resulted in poorer performance than the unmixed condition only in Experiment I when typing and handwriting were used. In Experiments II and III, mixing had no effect. It is suggested that different recognition programs are used for typed and hand-written characters.
The Effects of Intensity and Interval Rhythms on the Perception of Auditory and Visual Temporal Patterns
Authors: Handel Stephen , Yoder Delmar 
Published: July 2007

Repeating temporal patterns were presented in the auditory and visual modalities so that: (a) all elements were of equal intensity and were equally spaced in time (uniform presentation); (b) the intensity of one element was increased (accent presentation); or (c) the interval between two elements was increased (pause presentation). Intensity and interval patterning serve to segment the element sequence into repeating patterns. For uniform presentation, pattern organization was by pattern structure, with auditory identification being faster. For pause presentation, organization was by the pauses; both auditory and visual identification were twice as fast as for uniform presentation. For auditory accent presentation, organization was by pattern structure and identification was slower than for uniform presentation. In contrast, the organization of visual accent presentation was by accents and identification was faster than for uniform presentation. These results suggest that complex stimuli, in which elements are patterned along more than one sensory dimension, are perceptually unique and therefore their identification rests on the nature of each modality.
Location and Distance Estimates by Blind and Sighted Children
Authors: Hermelin B. , O'Connor N. 
Published: July 2007

Blindfold normal, blindfold autistic and congenitally blind children made reproduction location and distance estimates of an arm movement. For each task they first experienced a standard vertical movement of a predetermined extent. In the test tasks which followed, they either reproduced the movement exactly, reproduced the end point although commencing from a different starting position, or reproduced the same distance from a different starting point. Sighted normal children and blind children performed very similarly on both the reproduction and the location task. However on distance reproduction, the blind children underestimated the longer distances more markedly than did the normals. Autistic children resembled the blind in their attempts to reproduce the longer distances. In addition they had a tendency to overshoot over short distances in all tasks. The results are discussed in terms of the role of a visual reference system for different aspects of motor movements.
Memory for Urban Geography
Authors: Byrne R. W. 
Published: July 2007

Consistent patterns of errors are found in estimations of distances and angles along urban routes, even among subjects who know the areas well. These patterns can be used to discover the organization of the knowledge we use to find our way around in everyday life. In the first experiment, 80 undergraduates estimated by ratio scaling the walking distances between pairs of locations in St. Andrews. Routes varied independently in their location, number of major bends, and length. Relative overestimation of length was found with routes in the town centre, with routes having several major bends, and (perhaps as an experimental artifact) with short routes. In the second experiment, 30 Cambridge residents estimated the angles between pairs of roads, by drawing the configuration of roads at their junctions. The real angles were either in the range 60–70° or 110–120°. All the estimates differed little from 90°, regardless of the true magnitude of the angle. The implications of these findings for theories of mental representation of largescale space are discussed. A model is supported in which a spatial area is represented as a “network-map”, consisting of strings of locations forming a net of paths known to be traversable, but vector distance is not preserved.
Adaptive multivariable optimal predictive control
Authors: McDermott Patrick E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA multivariable control strategy that incorporates long‐term prediction is presented. The future control policy is calculated so as to minimize a weighted sum of squared input and output deviations from reference values. Constraints on inputs are explicitly incorporated in the minimization to allow optimum operation of the process. The control approach is developed to allow either adaptive operation or operation using a constant model that has been identified on‐ or off‐line. Several simulation examples are presented to demonstrate the robustness of the controller to unknown load dusturbances, process‐model mismatch, time‐varying dynamics and non‐minimum phase characteristics.
Ein Beitrag zur Epitaxie von Alkalihalogeniden auf Calcium‐ und Bariumfluorid
Authors: Kleber W. , Ickert L. , Ahrens E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlkalihalogenide (LiF, NaF, NaCl, NaBr, KCl, KBr, KJ) wurden im Hochvakuum auf (111)‐Flächen von Calcium‐ und Bariumfluorid aufgedampft. Vor dem Bedampfen wurden die Trägerkristalle an der Luft gespalten. Die orientierte Kristallisation der isotypen Alkalihalogenide auf den beiden isotypen Substraten wird auf Grund zahlreicher elektronenmikroskopischer Aufnahmen beschrieben und diskutiert.Außer der (111)‐Orientierung treten noch (100)‐Orientierungen und bei den Fluoriden die (110)‐Orientierung auf. Als Grundtendenz wird bei den Verwachsungsgesetzen der Einfluß übereinstimmender Symmetrie der simultanen Netzebenen deutlich. Bei Variation von Trägertemperatur und Übersättigung kommt die Wirkung von Oberflächenstufen und Adsorptionsschichten auf die Epitaxie zum Ausdruck. Die Keimdichte zeigt einen Zusammenhang mit der Gitterenergie der Depositkristalle. Es wird der Versuch unternommen, einige Fragen vom Standpunkt der kinetischen Theorie der Epitaxie zu deuten.
Hochtemperaturdiffraktometrie von Pulvermaterialien auf ZrO2‐Basis
Authors: Filatov S. K. , Frank‐Kamenetzkij V. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs wird eine Methode zur Hochtemperaturdiffraktometrie (bis 1300 °C) monokliner Pulvermaterialien auf ZrO2‐Basis beschrieben. Beispiele werden angeführt. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt der Genauigkeit der Indizierung der Debye–Scherrer‐Aufnahmen und der Abschätzung der Fehler bei der Bestimmung der Parameter nach einer vereinfachten Methode. Die Bedingungen für die Hochtemperaturdiffraktometrie tetragonaler und kubischer Materialien auf ZrO2‐Basis werden erörtert.
Experimentelle Verfolgung des BaSO4‐ und BaCrO4‐Fällungsvorganges
Authors: Kleber W. , Wagner G. , Hähnert M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDie Bariumsulfat‐ und Bariumchromatabscheidung wird durch kombinierten Einsatz elektrischer und elektronenmikroskopischer Messungen verfolgt. Die Übereinstimmung der durch den Leitfähigkeitsverlauf registrierten Teilvorgänge der Fällung mit den aus elektronenmikroskopisch abgeleiteten Kristallisationsstadien (Keimbildung, Kristallwachstum, Ostwald‐Reifung) ist gut.
Die dreidimensionale Orientierungsverteilungsfunktion und Methoden zu ihrer Bestimmung
Authors: Bunge H.‐J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUm die Orientierung eines Kristalles in einer vielkristallinen Probe vollständig beschreiben zu können, benötigt man mindestens drei Parameter. Zwei Parameter beschreiben die Orientierung einer bestimmten Kristallrichtung im Raum, der dritte legt eine Drehung um diese Richtung herum fest. Die Orientierungsverteilung der Kristallite wird daher durch eine Verteilungsfunktion von drei Variablen beschrieben. Diese Funktion ist nicht direkt meßbar, sie kann jedoch aus Einzelorientierungsmessungen oder aus Polfiguren berechnet werden. Diese beiden Methoden wurden zur Bestimmung der Orientierungsverteilung der Kristallite in kaltgewalzten Kupfer‐ und Stahlblechen verwendet. In beiden Fällen ergaben sich hohe Orientierungsdichtewerte nur innerhalb eines gewissen Schlauches im Orientierungsraum. Die Textur kann am besten durch das von Wassermann und Grewen eingeführte Modell der Fasertexturkomponenten beschrieben werden. Es wurden quantitative Kriterien zur Abschätzung des experimentellen Fehlers von Polfiguren entwickelt. Sie zeigen, daß mit Neutronenbeugung gemessene Polfiguren besonders geringe experimentelle Fehler aufweisen. Die aus der Textur berechneten Werte des Elastizitätsmoduls stimmen gut mit den experimentell ermittelten überein.
Feldelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung der heterogenen Silberkeimbildung
Authors: Paunov M. , Michailov E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDie heterogene Silberkeimbildung auf W‐Spitzenunterlage wird untersucht. Es wird eine Silberdampfquelle benutzt, die gleichmäßige Bedampfung der Spitze erlaubt. Die kritischen Adatomkonzentrationen für die 111‐ und 110‐Gebiete werden zu 2,3 · 1014 At cm−2 bzw. 1013 At cm−2 bestimmt. Mit dem von Gretz für die 100‐Gebiete bestimmten Wert wird die Reihenfolge der kritischen Adatomkonzentrationen mit n n > n aufgestellt. Auf Grund der Temperaturabhängigkeit der τkr werden die Aktivierungsenergien zur Desorption berechnet – Q = 25,700 cal mol−1 und Q = 27,000 cal mol−1. Es wird bei niedrigen Temperaturen eine Erhöhung des τkr‐Wertes festgestellt. Das wird als eine Abnahme der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit interpretiert.
Crystal Structure of K2Cr2O7, and a Structural Aspect of its Morphology
Authors: Kuz'Min E. A. , Iljukhin V. V. , Kharitonov Yu. A. , Belov N. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe structure of triclinic crystals of K‐bichromate is fully determined. The structure was separated from the three‐dimensional P(uvw) Patterson function by using the strong (multiple) peaks of the latter. The carefully worked out algorythm allowed the separation of 16 points of the fundamental set from the vector set (eight K atoms and eight Cr atoms). The remaining (light) atoms of the structure were localized at the second stage by reference to these latter. For the structure with 66 independent coordination parameters the divergence factor R over the entire volume of the sphere of 2500 non‐zero reflections hk0‐hk7 and 0kl‐3kl is equal to 0138.
X‐ray diffraction topography study of defects in potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystals
Authors: Lutsau V. G. , Fishman Ju. M. , Res I. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe direct observation of dislocations in KH2PO4(KDP) and NH4H2PO4 (ADP) single crystals has been performed by X‐ray diffraction topography methods. Crystals were grown by slow cooling of stirred solutions on different types of seed crystals. It is demonstrated that the main sources of dislocation generation are the seed surface, inclusions of mother liquor and foreign particles. Space orientation of dislocations and their Burgers vector directions are found. In regions far from the seed the dislocation density did not exceed 103 cm−2 and a number of specimens with cross‐sectional areas up to several cm2 were free from dislocations. Dynamical phenomena characteristic of the diffraction in a weakly deformed lattice have been observed over a wide range of μ t at the boundaries between the {101} and {100} growth sectors having different impurity contents. Several crystals show also nonuniform impurity distribution in the form ot the layers parallel to growing face (growth layers).
Über den Zusammenhang zwischen Kompressibilität und Härte von Mineralen und nichtmetallischen kristallinen Substanzen
Authors: Beckmann G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs wird versucht, die Kompressibilität χ feindispers verteilter, nichtmetallischer Einschlußsubstanzen mit Hilfe von Mikrohärtebestimmungen (nach Vickers) abzuschätzen. Unter Beachtung von thermoelastischen Beziehungen, namentlich aus der Bindungstheorie der Kristalle und der Diamantstruktur, führt eine logarithmische Darstellung χ (log HV) zu einem Büschel linearer χ‐Funktionen. Daneben läßt sich (zur Anwendung im technischen Bereich) eine Umrechnungsbeziehung zwischen Mohshärte und Vickershärte und umgekehrt angeben.
Die Bestimmung der intrakristallinen Magnesium‐Eisen‐Verteilung in Orthopyroxenen mit röntgenstrukturanalytischen Mitteln
Authors: Schubert G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVon metamorphen und vulkanischen Orthopyroxenen wurden die Intensitätsdaten (hk0) und (h0l) aus integrierten Weißenbergaufnahmen mit MoK‐Strahlung gewonnen. Die Gitterkonstanten wurden aus geeichten Weißenbergaufnahmen mit CuK‐Strahlung ermittelt. Der Chemismus für die metamorphen Proben ergab sich aus Elektronenstrahlmikroanalysen. Mit Hilfe von Elektronendichteprojektionen ϱ(xy) und ϱ(xz) konnten die Literaturangaben der Atomkoordinaten bestätigt, bzw. zum Teil neue bestimmt werden. Die intrakristalline MgFe‐Verteilung zwischen den Kationenlagen M1 und M2 ist einmal aus Elektronendichteprojektionen und zum anderen aus Strukturfaktorrechnungen gewonnen werden. Allgemein ist eine Preferenz des Eisens gegenüber der verzerrten M2‐Lage festzustellen. Die metamorphen Orthopyroxene weisen einen hohen Ordnungsgrad der MgFe‐Verteilung auf. Der vulkanische Orthopyroxen zeigt dagegen eine weniger geordnete Verteilung. Die Gründe für die Unterschiede werden diskutiert.
Stable Layer Systems with Diffusion Barrier Arrangements in Thin Film Technology
Authors: Langer H.‐D. , Schneider H. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe physical and chemical interaction processes in thin film arrangements are followed by different ageing phenomena which influence the stability of their physical parameters. These determine the reliability of the electronic components existing of thin films.On the base of own experimental investigations on tantalum and its oxides, beryllium oxide and tantalum‐rhenium alloys technological aspects and the application of new materials for lowering the ageing intensity are considered.
Point defects in barium‐sodium niobate (Ba2NaNb5O15) crystals
Authors: Arsenev P. A. , Linda J. G. , Sarafanova M. N. , Tikhonov V. E. , Farshtendiker V. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper deals with studies of the nature and the kinetics of point defect formation and dissociation in barium‐sodium niobate single crystals as a result of vacuum heat treatement and ionizing Co60 γ‐radiation.
Über das elektrolytische Wachstum und die Auflösung von Silbereinkristallen unter potentiostatischen Bedingungen. Einfluß der Zwillingsgrenzen
Authors: Kristev I. , Velinov V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDie Wachstums‐ und Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit von Silbereinkristallen wurden bei potentiostatischen Bedingungen untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Auflösung bedeutend schneller als das Wachstum verläft, was mit der Wirkung solcher zusätzlicher aktiver Stellen bei der Auflösung erklärt wird, die keinen bedeutenden Einfluß auf die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit des Einkristalls haben.Es wird gezeigt, daß die Zwillingsgrenzen einen starken Einfluß auf die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit haben. Bei der Auflösung ist ihre Wirkung viel schwächer und kann nicht registriert werden.Der asymmetrische Verlauf der Wachstums‐ und Auflösungsvorgänge ist am stärksten bei niedrigen Potentialen und wird besonders in Abhängigkeit von der Morphologie bei den Normalkristallen ausgedrückt.Mit Erhöhung der Überspannung wird der Einfluß der Zwillingsgrenzen auf die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit verstärkt.
The Precipitation of Sparingly‐Soluble Alkaline‐Earth Metal and Lead Salts with Slow Development of Supersaturation (Slow Anion and Hydroxyl Ion Addition): Kinetics of Nucleation and Induction Periods
Authors: Packter A. , Sahay S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBarium and lead sulphate and chromate precipitations were studied at 20° to 95°C at precipitation rates varying from 10−3to 10−7ionl−1sec−1: the supersaturation was developed by slow direct addition of anion to metal nitrate solution and by neutralisation of equivalent metal salt in excess acid solution. Slow heterogeneous nucleation occurred onto particles dispersed within the aqueous solution. The nucleation rate at any time wasequation imageWhereknis the rate constant for heterogeneous nucleation,N∞is the maximum number of potential nuclei,ntis the number of nuclei after timet,I.Ptis the ionic product (Cmt)(Cmt) and 2π is the number of metal salt ions in the critical nucleus, generally eight.Crystal growth started after induction periods (t̄) at times just after the times for maximum rate of formation of nuclei. The induction periods (t̄) for precipitations from solutions of initial cation concentrationcM0varied with precipitation rate (R) according to the relation, where γ = π/(π + 1) andk1(the unit reciprocal induction period) =.Nucleation rate constants for different precipitations were estimated from thek1values and are tabulated. For slow precipitations by direct anion addition, the rate constants were lower for precipitation from solution of the salt of greater solubility. The rate constants for slow precipitation of metal chromates from acid solution were far lower than those for slow precipitation by direct chromate addition. Rate constants decreased somewhat with rise in precipitation temperature.
Verteilung von Aktivatoren in Laser‐Kristallen
Authors: Kvapil Jiří , Perner B. , Kvapil Josef 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs wird der Einfluß der Züchtungsbedingungen auf den Verteilungskoeffizienten und auf die radiale Verteilung von Aktivatoren in Rubinen und Yttrium‐Aluminium‐Granaten beschrieben. Der Verteilungskoeffizient von Chrom hängt von allem von der Zusammensetzung der Züchtungsatmosphäre ab, während von ihr der Verteilungskoeffizient von Neodym unabhängig ist. Der Gradient der Aktivatorkonzentration im Querschnitt der Kristalle ist der mit der Phasengrenze parallelen Komponente des Temperaturgradienten proportional. Die Form der Phasengrenze der nach der Czochralski‐Methode gezüchteten Kristalle paßt sich der Form der Isothermen in der Schmelze an und die mit der Phasengrenze parallele Komponente des Temperaturgradienten ist vernachlässigbar. Die Phasengrenze der nach der Verneuil‐Methode gezüchteten Kristalle ist gewöhnlich unabhängig von der Form der Isothermen.
Luminescence of (GaAl)As layers grown by temperature gradient liquid phase epitaxy
Authors: Kühn G. , Zehe A. , Sutter D. , Streubel P. , Neels H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper the growth of AlxGa1–xAs layers with nearly constant composition along their thickness is described. By means of electroluminescence and cathodoluminescence measurements recombination mechanisms connected with the presence of Si are discussed. The aging behaviour of the light emitting diodes is supposed to depend on the AlAs content of the layers and to be connected with the diffusion of acceptors in the p‐n junction region.