bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Servant(’s) Turn, in the Middle Ground
Authors: Hai Ambreen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 looks closely at servitude in Salman Rushdie’s first four major novels of the 1980s and 1990s to argue that Rushdie’s pathbreaking fiction constitutes a pivotal middle step in the trajectory charted in this book, paving the way for servitude fiction. In contrast to his predecessors, with his insider-outsider returnee vision, Rushdie brings servant characters into the middle ground (though still not the foreground). Rushdie’s pathbreaking work, while remaining focused on upper-class protagonists, creates a new visibility for servitude that is nonetheless self-contradictory. By comparison, this chapter shows how three younger transnational writers’ work—Shyam Selvadurai’s Funny Boy, Monica Ali’s Brick Lane, and Mohsin Hamid’s Moth Smoke—though not centered on servitude, also pulls servitude into the middle ground, while taking very different approaches to Rushdie’s. Together, in Part One, Chapters 1 and 2 set up a literary-historical context to measure the departures, innovations, and interventions of the servitude fiction examined in Part Two.
Legacies of Servitude, Global and Local
Authors: Hai Ambreen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 focuses on Kiran Desai’s Booker Prize–winning novel The Inheritance of Loss to explore how, compared to Umrigar’s The Space Between Us, it tackles three issues: the affective relations and micropolitics between an employer’s family and an aging servant, the intergenerational consequences of servitude, and the final crisis of betrayal of the servant by the employer. Where most readings of this novel focus on globalization, migration, (post)colonialism, nationalism, and separatism, it argues that these questions are connected through the crucial figure of the cook, who, though overlooked by most critics, constitutes the linchpin of the novel. Paying attention to Desai’s uses of humor, irony, and empathetic but unsentimental narrative modes, it shows how the cook connects these seemingly disparate issues and helps foreground the problems of social inequities, cultures of servitude, and the lasting consequences of servitude both within the postcolonial nation and across nations in the Global South and North.
Introduction
Authors: Marat Erica 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The introduction presents the book’s puzzle: Why are some violent acts more galvanizing than others? While some victims of abuse turn into symbols of resistance against a complacent society that tolerates violence, most suffer in silence, alone, and hidden from public view. It explains that certain conditions must be in place for an act of violence to become transformative: (1) the victims are identifiable as members of a group of known statistical victims; (2) the violence occurs within preexisting interpretive frameworks; and (3) both an image and a narrative of violence are available. The chapter outlines the book’s research methodology and its roadmap.
Transformative Violence in the Global Context
Authors: Marat Erica 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter builds on the qualitative studies and considers three factors—the presence of core activists, an identifiable victim from a kin group, and powerful images—that have been present in similar mobilization campaigns across the globe in the past three decades. Using a small antiviolence mobilization (AVM) data set on postviolence mobilization, this chapter reviews how the factors triggering protests in India and Mexico can thrive in other contexts as well. The significance of the qualitative indicators has been confirmed in nearly all cases. Quantitative analysis revealed additional factors present in both flash mobilization and planned campaigns. Finally, the chapter explores the limits of the transformative violence approach.
Conclusions
Authors: Marat Erica 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The conclusion outlines the transformative violence argument, presents case evidence used to build the argument, and discusses its applicability in the global context. It also highlights the advantages of the transformative violence approach in understanding sudden mobilization and mobilization against violence, for both social science researchers and policy analysts. Following events of transformative violence, deep changes took place in India and Mexico; the most substantive transformation took place among kin activists, whose plight was reproduced on the national and international levels and who continue to focus public attention on the identifiable victims years after the violent event. Smaller-scale violent events that involve attacks on marginalized communities and generate narrower mobilization take place with greater frequency than those that shake nations.
Subversion and Power
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter establishes subversion’s mechanism of action, its strategic role, and its value. Subversion produces outcomes through secret and indirect exploitation and manipulation of adversary systems. This mechanism allows a wide range of outcomes short of war and offers significant promise. Ideally, subversion is a cheap, easy, and effective alternative to, or complement to, the use of force. Paradoxically, however, even when used to avoid escalation, subversion may increase its likelihood. The reason is that secretly and indirectly exploiting and manipulating adversary systems poses a set of significant challenges that limit strategic value in practice. Importantly, the efforts required to overcome these challenges constrain the speed, intensity, and control that actors can achieve in subversive operations. Furthermore, the analysis shows these constraints interact in a way that confronts subversive actors with trade-offs that form a trilemma—at best they can have two out of these three variables. Consequently, subversion tends to be either too slow, too weak, or too volatile to produce strategic value in most circumstances. Finally, the chapter defines the quality of subversion based on these characteristics and formulates expectations for the empirical analysis.
How a Nation and Its People Move Forward
Authors: Emerson Michael O. , Bracey Glenn E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 considers the meaning of this book’s argument and findings. Throughout this book, we have argued that it is impossible to understand the United States without understanding both the role of race and the role of religion in animating American life. That is because race has been religionized, and racial inequality fuels the Religion of Whiteness (ROW). Thus we advocate thinking about racism spiritually, meaning centering the way racism functions not only materially and symbolically but also spiritually in people’s lives. Thinking about racism spiritually draws attention to the collective effervescence people feel as a result of belonging to the dominant group. This framework helps explain why people passionately uphold white supremacy, why betrayal is intrinsic to the ROW, and why people ill-served by racism defend racial inequity so fervently. The chapter concludes with a discussion of counter-storytelling as a means to resist the ROW and strengthen marginalized communities.
Evaluating Gardens and Gardening
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10—“Evaluating Gardens and Gardening”—is, apart from a summative conclusion to the book, the final chapter. It begins with an examination of the question that follows from Chapter 9: how is the aesthetic value of one garden compared to that of another? This follows the path developed in Chapter 5 and relies on a positive answer to the question in Chapter 9 concerning whether such comparison is possible. This is followed by a discussion of the character and value of garden criticism, with a particular emphasis on the garden critic. The chapter concludes with a discussion of gardening practice and the virtues and moral attitudes that such practice introduces or fosters, and this in turn is followed with a brief exploration of the moral obligations of garden designers, gardeners, and garden visitors.
How to Train Your Abled Linguist
Authors: Henner Jon 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the author talks about how some people think that autistic people are not able to understand that other people have thoughts and feelings. They use their beliefs to make guesses about if language is learned from nothing, or if people are born with language in their brains. The author does not think these people are right. Instead, he believes that their feelings about disabled people affect their understanding of how autistic people live in society. The author tries to explain that these people, who are linguists, need to understand disability and their own feelings about disability before they write about how disabled people use language.
The Justice Language Action Project
Authors: Sclafani Jennifer , Gounari Panayota , Fakhrutdinova Iuliia , Sarria Vannessa Quintana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the Justice Language Action Project, an educational outreach project that provides professional development in critical discourse analysis and language awareness to K-12 teachers and assists them in incorporating these perspectives into social justice-themed curricular units for their classrooms. The project was designed to address the needs of teachers in urban districts with high numbers of English learners and other minoritized students. These teachers were working to respond to the unprecedented challenges of the 2020–2021 school year—specifically, the longstanding educational inequities exacerbated by the pandemic and the traumatic events that sparked the Black Lives Matter movement across the nation. First, the authors describe the four-day workshop that they led in August 2021. Next, they describe the units that teachers created and their experiences, successes, and challenges in implementation. The chapter offers this model to other linguists seeking to engage in community partnerships to foster equity and inclusion in K-12 classrooms.
Conclusion
Authors: Mallinson Christine , Henner Jon , Hudley Anne H. Charity , Bucholtz Mary 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This conclusion to Inclusion in Linguistics provides a set of action plans to make linguistics a genuinely and intersectionally inclusive discipline and profession not merely in philosophy but, crucially, in practice. The resulting roadmap highlights specific recommendations made by the authors of the foregoing chapters, with particular attention to how to foster inclusion intersectionally, structurally, and educationally in all aspects of linguistics research, teaching, community partnerships, public engagement, and institutional and professional service. Central to these goals is the need to dismantle the barriers that make linguistics exclusionary and instead to embrace practices that center, support, and sustain minoritized scholars and students as well as sociopolitically marginalized communities. An inclusive linguistics will not look like the current version of the discipline, and it will not be confined to the ivory tower. Building a truly just, equitable, and inclusive linguistics will require ongoing and collective efforts.
The Foundations of the Moral Contract
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The key concept of the moral contract, in which states in democracies have a political obligation to redress structures of inequity, is introduced in this chapter. It discusses E.P. Thompson’s moral economy framework and Amartya Sen’s notion of “entitlement relations,” before establishing the idea of moral obligation by governments in democracies. It then lays out the meaning of the moral contract in the many complex inequities of colonial rule and challenges to these inequities by anti-colonial resistance. Through a discussion of the Constituent Assembly Debates and politics in India just after Independence, the chapter highlights the importance of equality as a political obligation placed on the state. It argues that similar obligations are evident in Pakistan, despite the failure of constitution-making and significant regime differences.
Practice
Authors: Gomes Anil 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that our faith in ourselves as the agents of our thinking is sustained by the practice of holding and being held accountable for our judgements, a practice which relates us to other people who are independent of us and our activities. It offers an account of the way in which practices sustain faith, sets out the nature of the practice of holding and being held accountable, and argues that this practice sustains our faith in ourselves as intellectual agents. It considers the kind of relation to an objective world which this secures and compares the overall argument of the book with the arguments offered by Descartes and Kant.
Framework and theoretical assumptions
Authors: Isac Daniela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main theoretical assumptions of the analysis proposed in later chapters. The general theoretical framework adopted in this book is that of the Minimalist program (Chomsky 1995). The chapter presents the general assumptions about the architecture of the grammar and the interfaces, about the typology of features (interpretable vs non-interpretable, valued vs unvalued), the processes of feature checking and feature valuation, and the structure of DPs (including the hierarchical position of pre-nominal and post-nominal modifiers, of pre-nominal and post-nominal demonstratives, of cardinals, weak and strong quantifiers, complements, possessives and prepositions).
A river of glowing light
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
On 30 June 1876, Prince Peter Kropotkin made a daring escape from a Tsarist prison where he had been incarcerated for his revolutionary activities. At the age of 20 he had joined a Cossack regiment in Siberia. Primed by reading Darwin’s recently published Origin of Species, he arrived in Siberia expecting to see competition everywhere in nature. Instead, what struck him was how dependent animals were on other members of their species. Russian evolutionists who, like Kropotkin, were familiar with the extreme rigours of the Russian climate tended to interpret the Darwinian struggle for existence as an endurance test against physical factors. But in the more crowded land and less exacting climate of England where Kropotkin took refuge after his escape, he found that scientists regarded the struggle for existence as a competition for resources. Kropotkin wrote a book, Mutual Aid, as a riposte, arguing that cooperation was important to evolution because of the advantage it confers on the group. Kropotkin idolized Darwin and believed that mutual aid was fully consistent with Darwin’s theory. While that is true, Kropotkin had overlooked something important. Natural selection does not operate on groups; rather, it favours the individuals best adapted to survive and reproduce, who thereby leave the most offspring. Many others have since fallen into the same trap as Kropotkin, believing for example that natural selection operates for the good of the species. Can we explain the evolution of altruism another way?
Matryoshka
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Evolution has fashioned living organisms as nested teams of separate parts fitted inside each other like Russian dolls. The discovery of life’s hierarchical structure and how it evolved emerged only gradually over a period of 200 years. An early step was the discovery of the lichen symbiosis in which a fungus encases algal cells that feed it. Eventually, it was recognized that both mitochondria and chloroplasts inside eukaryote cells are symbiotic in origin. A eukaryote cell is a team formed by cooperation. During evolution, teams of cooperators may be transformed into a new kind of individual when the replication of team members becomes dependent on the replication of the team. Such events constitute major transitions in evolution (MTEs), which are step changes in the history of life. It is how the first life, bacteria, more complex cells, and multicellular organisms all arose. MTEs require the suppression of conflict among team members. Suppression of conflict happens in two distinct ways, depending on whether the different members of the team are kin or clones on the one hand or unrelated on the other. In the former case, the power of kin selection can ensure cooperation, but in the second case something else is needed to tame the inevitable differences in an odd couple.
Good companions
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Through artificial selection and selective breeding, we have made animals tame, plants pliant, and both productive. ‘Tame’ means cooperative with humans and disinclined to cheat on the bargain by natural aggression or attempting to escape captivity. By passing the genes of wild species through the eye of a domestication needle, we have sewn the fate of these animals and plants into our own. The domestic dog is a legacy of our hunter-gatherer past. By contrast the domestic cat is a totem of what came next: agriculture. Cat domestication began in the Fertile Crescent of South-west Asia around 11,000 years ago. We have surrounded ourselves with domesticated animals and plants that have been genetically chiselled to human ends, but is it possible that we domesticated ourselves as well? In 1871, in his book The Descent of Man, Charles Darwin suggested that sociability would evolve from a starting point in what we would now call cooperative breeding. This intuition of Darwin’s is one of many examples of astonishing prescience in his work. It was not until 2014 that a comparative study showed that the extent of cooperative breeding correlates very closely with the degree of prosociality in different primates. We know that social behaviour evolves and that in our own and other species this has produced cooperativeness among both kin and non-kin, but in our own case should we regard this as self-domestication? It’s certainly a thought-provoking claim, but does it mean more than simply selection for cooperation?
A brand-new bag
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The first cell must have been a flimsy, membranous receptacle containing only simple molecules in a saline solution, but we don’t really know, because even the simplest living cell today is a bag of very sophisticated tricks, far removed from its ancestral state. We do know that when the first bacterial cells appeared they began to diversify and team up. To be small is to be at the mercy of the environment, but a bacterium is never alone, living in colonies of millions. Bacteria interact with each other via the molecules that they secrete into the environment, which may be either beneficial or antagonistic to other bacteria. When costly molecules such as enzymes are secreted into the environment, they become public goods from which all similar bacteria can benefit. As ever, there is the possibility that cheating cells can free ride on the efforts of others, undermining cooperation. The mechanism that prevents this happening in bacteria is the same one that preserves cooperation among people when they choose their companions. Bacteria also form teams of like individuals, but they do it the microbial way, surrounding themselves with clones. Quorum sensing enables bacteria to cooperate selectively, by manipulating public goods. By this means bacteria synchronize cooperation with kin, exchange with strangers, compete for resources, police cheats, and attack enemies. A major transition in evolution occurred when some of these external social functions were internalized through symbiotic cells combining.
That green new thing
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
More than 600 million years ago a eukaryote cell engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium. That eukaryote was the ancestor of the green algae, and the cyanobacterium ultimately became the chloroplast found in all plants and algae. These foundational events occurred only once, but photosynthesis spread far and wide through further symbioses, even reaching into the animal kingdom where chloroplasts turn up in corals and sea slugs. The primary endosymbiosis spawned seven secondary endosymbioses and two tertiary ones, adding up to ten major transitions in evolution. Like the mitochondrion, the chloroplast has a remnant genome, and it is inherited from just one parent. It is transmitted down the female line in flowering plants, but strangely it is carried from generation to generation in the male line via the pollen of conifers. But in both cases, it is the eukaryote in the symbiosis that is always dominant and in control. The major transitions that first produced the eukaryotes and then turned one of those into the ancestor of all green plants each happened just once in the history of life. However, the next major transition happened multiple times when single-celled eukaryotes became multicellular.
Ordering the primordial soup
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We don’t know exactly how life began, but we can deduce what barriers had to be overcome for it to happen. Working backwards from how living cells are structured, the first problem is that two quite different kinds of molecule are used to store and replicate the genetic blueprint on the one hand and to build a working cell from it on the other. The first uses genes made of DNA and the second uses enzymes made of protein. How can the gradual process of evolution, advancing only a small step at a time, get us from some primordial soup to this point? The answer is probably RNA, which has both the information-holding properties of DNA and some of the catalytic abilities of enzymes. Between our world and the primordial soup must have been an RNA world with no proteins or DNA. Today, RNA still has many important functions in the cell, in particular playing a role in the translation of the genetic sequence coded in DNA into the sequence of amino acids that make proteins. Once the primordial soup contained some spontaneously formed, random RNA chains, one could expect that any that were able to copy themselves would multiply, but there is an obstacle to reaching this point. An individual RNA molecule cannot simultaneously be in the three-dimensional shape required for catalysis and in the stretched out two-dimensional form required for copying. Thus, at least two identical molecules must cooperate; one must be the template for the other to copy.