bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensible Heat Flux by Surface Layer Scintillometry and Eddy Covariance over a Mixed Grassland Community as Affected by Bowen Ratio and MOST Formulations for Unstable Conditions
Authors: Odhiambo G. O. , Savage M. J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMeasurements of sensible heat flux for an extended period for unstable conditions using surface layer scintillometry (SLS) and eddy covariance (EC) and supplemented by Bowen ratio measurements for a mixed grassland community on the eastern seaboard of South Africa are presented. Measurements of SLS sensible heat flux density were compared with those obtained using EC for a wide range of Bowen ratio (β). Also presented is an analysis of the different forms of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) functions used in micrometeorology and suggested by various authors, done by comparing EC sensible heat and measured by SLS through the use of an iterative determination of Monin–Obukhov parameters. A comparison of the SLS-measured structure parameter of air temperature CT2 corrected for β and uncorrected was carried out, with the results showing good correspondence but with a slight bias indicating that not correcting SLS measurements of CT2 for β would also result in a slight bias in H. Eddy covariance estimates of sensible heat flux density (HEC), obtained using averaging periods between 1 and 120 min and compared with scintillometer measurements, demonstrated that short-time averaging periods resulted in underestimated HEC. The EC measurements for 60- and 120-min averaging periods were sometimes inconsistent with SLS measurements. A sensitivity analysis indicates that both the EC and SLS measurements of H are influenced by β. For 0 &lt; β &lt; 0.2, the correction to HSLS amounts to more than 10% compared to more than 20% for HEC, although the magnitude of the differences are small. A comparison of HEC and HSLS measurements for 0.1 intervals of β between 0 and 4.3 shows reasonable correspondence for β &gt; 1. For 0 &lt; β &lt; 1, the HSLS (y) versus HEC (x) scatterplot linear regression slope decreased from 1.25 to close to 1 for β increasing from 0 to 1. A comparison between β-corrected HEC and HSLS measurements—the latter computed using various empirical stability functions used by MOST—shows significant differences compared to HEC ranging from almost 20% overestimation for some methods to 20% underestimation for others. Long-term use of the recommended MOST stability functions for the SLS method is shown to result in reasonable correspondence between SLS and EC sensible heat flux for a wide range in atmospheric conditions, stability, and sensible heat magnitude.
Lagrangian Drifter Dispersion in the Surf Zone: Directionally Spread, Normally Incident Waves
Authors: Spydell Matthew , Feddersen Falk 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLagrangian drifter statistics in a surf zone wave and circulation model are examined and compared to single- and two-particle dispersion statistics observed on an alongshore uniform natural beach with small, normally incident, directionally spread waves. Drifter trajectories are modeled with a time-dependent Boussinesq wave model that resolves individual waves and parameterizes wave breaking. The model reproduces the cross-shore variation in wave statistics observed at three cross-shore locations. In addition, observed and modeled Eulerian binned (means and standard deviations) drifter velocities agree. Modeled surf zone Lagrangian statistics are similar to those observed. The single-particle (absolute) dispersion statistics are well predicted, including nondimensionalized displacement probability density functions (PDFs) and the growth of displacement variance with time. The modeled relative dispersion and scale-dependent diffusivity is consistent with the observed and indicates the presence of a 2D turbulent flow field. The model dispersion is due to the rotational components of the modeled velocity field, indicating the importance of vorticity in driving surf zone dispersion. Modeled irrotational velocities have little dispersive capacity. Surf zone vorticity is generated by finite crest-length wave breaking that results, on the alongshore uniform bathymetry, from a directionally spread wave field. The generated vorticity then cascades to other length scales as in 2D turbulence. Increasing the wave directional spread results in increased surf zone vorticity variability and surf zone dispersion. Eulerian and Lagrangian analysis of the flow indicate that the surf zone is 2D turbulent-like with an enstrophy cascade for length scales between approximately 5 and 10 m and an inverse-energy cascade for scales of 20 to 100 m. The vorticity injection length scale (the transition between enstrophy and inverse-energy cascade) is a function of the wave directional spread.
Observations of Polarity Reversal in Shoaling Nonlinear Internal Waves
Authors: Shroyer E. L. , Moum J. N. , Nash J. D. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Observations off the New Jersey coast document the shoaling of three groups of nonlinear internal waves of depression over 35 km across the shelf. Each wave group experienced changing background conditions along its shoreward transit. Despite different wave environments, a clear pattern emerges. Nearly symmetric waves propagating into shallow water develop an asymmetric shape; in the wave reference frame, the leading edge accelerates causing the front face to broaden while the trailing face remains steep. This trend continues until the front edge and face of the leading depression wave become unidentifiable and a near-bottom elevation wave emerges, formed from the trailing face of the initial depression wave and the leading face of the following wave. The transition from depression to elevation waves is diagnosed by the integrated wave vorticity, which changes sign as the wave’s polarity changes sign. This transition is predicted by the sign change of the coefficient of the nonlinear term in the KdV equation, when evaluated using observed profiles of stratification and velocity.
Modeling the Dynamics of the North Water Polynya Ice Bridge
Authors: Dumont Dany , Gratton Yves , Arbetter Todd E. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The North Water polynya, the largest polynya in the world, forms annually and recurrently in Smith Sound in northern Baffin Bay. Its formation is governed in part by the formation of an ice bridge in the narrow channel of Nares Strait below Kane Basin. Here, the widely used elastic–viscous–plastic elliptical rheology dynamic sea ice model is applied to the region. The idealized case is tested over a range of values for e = [1.2, 2.0] and initial ice thicknesses from 0.75 to 3.5 m, using constant northerly winds over a period of 30 days, to evaluate long-term stability of different rheological parameterizations. Idealized high-resolution simulations show that the formation of a stable ice bridge is possible for e ≤ 1.8. The dependence of the solution in terms of grid discretization is studied with a domain rotated 45°. A realistic domain with realistic forcing is also tested to compare time-variant solutions to actual observations. Cohesion has a remarkable impact on if and when the ice bridge will form and fail, assessing its importance for regional and global climate modeling, but the lack of observational thickness data during polynya events prevents the authors from identifying an optimal value for e.
Experiments with EOF-Based Perturbation Methods and Their Impact on the CPTEC/INPE Ensemble Prediction System
Authors: Mendonça Antônio Marcos , Bonatti JoséPaulo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe impact of modifications of the perturbation method based on empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) used operationally upon the ensemble prediction system (EPS) at the Center for Weather Prediction and Climate Studies/National Institute for Space Research (CPTEC/INPE) is evaluated. The main changes proposed in this study are to apply the EOF method to perturb the midlatitudes, apply additional perturbations to the surface pressure (P) and specific humidity (Q) fields, and compute regional perturbations over South America. The impact of these modifications in the characteristics of the initial perturbations and in the quality of the EPS forecasts is investigated. The EPS forecasts are evaluated through average statistical scores over the period 15 December 2004–15 February 2005. The statistical scores used in the evaluation are pattern anomaly correlation, root-mean-square error, ensemble spread, Brier skill score, and perturbation versus error correlation analysis (PECA). Results indicate that with the inclusion of perturbations on P and Q, EOF-based perturbations acquire a more baroclinic structure. It is also observed that the simultaneous application of additional perturbations both in the extratropics and to the P and Q fields improves the performance of CPTEC EPS and enhances the quality of forecast perturbations. Moreover, regional EOF-based perturbations computed over South America have positive impact on the ensemble forecasts over the target region.
Bow Echo Mesovortices. Part I: Processes That Influence Their Damaging Potential
Authors: Atkins Nolan T. , St. Laurent Michael 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This two-part study examines the damaging potential and genesis of low-level, meso-γ-scale mesovortices formed within bow echoes. This was accomplished by analyzing quasi-idealized simulations of the 10 June 2003 Saint Louis bow echo event observed during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX). This bow echo produced both damaging and nondamaging mesovortices. A series of sensitivity simulations were performed to assess the impact of low- and midlevel shear, cold-pool strength, and Coriolis forcing on mesovortex strength. By analyzing the amount of circulation, maximum vertical vorticity, and number of mesovortices produced at the lowest grid level, it was observed that more numerous and stronger mesovortices were formed when the low-level environmental shear nearly balanced the horizontal shear produced by the cold pool. As the magnitude of deeper layer shear increased, the number and strength of mesovortices increased. Larger Coriolis forcing and stronger cold pools also produced stronger mesovortices. Variability of ground-relative wind speeds produced by mesovortices was noted in many of the experiments. It was observed that the strongest ground-relative wind speeds were produced by mesovortices that formed near the descending rear-inflow jet (RIJ). The strongest surface winds were located on the southern periphery of the mesovortex and were created by the superposition of the RIJ and mesovortex flows. Mesovortices formed prior to RIJ genesis or north and south of the RIJ core produced weaker ground-relative wind speeds. The forecast implications of these results are discussed. The genesis of the mesovortices is discussed in Part II.
Randomised controlled trial of CD–ROM-based cognitive–behavioural self-care for bulimia nervosa
Authors: Schmidt U. , Andiappan M. , Grover M. , Robinson S. , Perkins S. , Dugmore O. , Landau S. , Treasure J. , Eisler I. , Williams C. 
Published: December 2008

BackgroundCognitive–behavioural self-care is advocated as a first step in the treatment of bulimia nervosa.AimsTo examine the effectiveness of a CD–ROM-based cognitive–behavioural intervention in bulimia nervosa and eating disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) (bulimic type) in a routine setting.MethodNinety-seven people with bulimia nervosa or eating disorder NOS were randomised to either CD–ROM without support for 3 months followed by a flexible number of therapist sessions or to a 3-month waiting list followed by 15 sessions of therapist cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) (ISRCTN51564819). Clinical symptoms were assessed at pre-treatment 3 months and 7 months.ResultsOnly two-thirds of participants started treatment. Although there were significant group × time interactions for bingeing and vomiting, favouring the CD–ROM group at 3 months and the waiting-list group at 7 months, post hoc group comparisons at 3 and 7 months found no significant differences for bingeing or vomiting. CD–ROM-based delivery of this intervention, without support from a clinician, may not be the best way of exploiting its benefits.
General hospital presentations of non-fatal hanging over a 28-year period: case–control study
Authors: Hawton Keith , Bergen Helen , Casey Deborah , Simkin Sue 
Published: December 2008

SummarySuicide by hanging and self-strangulation (‘hanging’) has become more common. We studied people who presented to hospital during a 28-year study period after using these methods for non-fatal self-harm. Hanging increased greatly in frequency during this time. The male:female ratio was nearly 3:1. Females were distinguished from males by far higher rates of psychiatric care, personality disorder and previous self-harm. Compared with matched individuals who presented with non-fatal self-poisoning, more of those who used hanging had high suicidal intent, fewer used alcohol in association with the act, and more subsequently died by suicide. They represent an important subgroup of those who self-harm, who require especially careful assessment and follow-up.
Aggressive incidents on a psychiatric intensive care unit
Authors: Cohen Dermot P. , Akhtar Mohammed Saleem , Siddiqui Adeel , Shelley Cathy , Larkin Conal , Kinsella Anthony , O'Callaghan Eadbhard , Lane Abbie 
Published: December 2008

Aims and MethodThis study looked at patient aggressive behaviour on an Irish psychiatric intensive care unit, and whether it was related to diagnosis, patient's insight and symptomatology. Each aggressive incident was recorded throughout the patient's stay using the Staff-Observed Aggression Scale.ResultsNinety-nine individuals were admitted to the unit during the study. We recorded 82 aggressive incidents, with most occurring during the daytime and on weekdays. There was no statistical difference in BPRS scores between the aggressive and non-aggressive groups. the aggressive patient group had a lower insight score than the non-aggressive group (P < 0.05) as measured on the Schedule of the Assessment of Insight. However, when gender and verbal aggression only were included in the analysis, the difference in insight was less significant (P=0.07).Clinical ImplicationsAggression is common on a psychiatric intensive care unit. Low levels of insight in patients may increase the risk of aggression.
Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal in a general hospital
Authors: Quinn Siobhain , Samuel Rani , Bolton Jim , Iankov Borislav , Stout Anna 
Published: December 2008

Aims and MethodTo assess the quality of prescriptions for alcohol detoxification and vitamin prophylaxis for in-patients who were alcohol-dependent in a general hospital, before and after the introduction of prescribing guidelines. We assessed 27 prescription charts before and 22 after intervention against standards based on national guidelines.ResultsThere was an increase of 43% (95% CI 20–65%) in the proportion of alcohol detoxification prescriptions that met the guidelines. for vitamin prophylaxis there was an increase of 64% (95% CI 42–85%).Clinical ImplicationsThe pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal in the general hospital can be significantly improved by promoting and making readily available a prescribing guideline. In turn, this may reduce alcohol-related brain damage.
1 Year on: how psychiatrists feel about the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
Authors: Donaldson Andrew , Carswell Christine , Brown Keith 
Published: December 2008

Aims and MethodTo investigate whether psychiatrists' views of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 had changed over time, we repeated our survey of psychiatrists' views and experiences of the Act, 1 year after our original study; 356 College members were surveyed by postal questionnaire.ResultsA response rate of 66% was achieved. More than half (53%) of respondents were reasonably satisfied with the Act and 51% would choose to use it in preference to the previous Act. the majority (89%) felt that their daytime workload had increased as a result of the Act; 17% received payment for Mental Health Act-related work.Clinical ImplicationsSatisfaction with the Act has improved since its introduction; however, areas of concern remain.
Liaison psychiatrist in a specialist diabetes centre
Authors: Dalvi Madhusudan , Feher Michael , Caglar Esra , Catalan Jose 
Published: December 2008

Aims and MethodTo identify psychiatric conditions that may require psychiatric treatment in individuals referred from a diabetes centre to a liaison psychiatry diabetes clinic and to examine the referral pattern and reasons for referral. the study was a prospective case-note survey over a 12-month period.ResultsThe most common reason for referral was low mood (37.5%) and the most common psychiatric diagnosis was adjustment disorder (28.6%). Most individuals were referred by diabetes specialist nurses (53.1%). the majority (85.7%) were seen by a clinical psychologist after an initial assessment by a psychiatrist.Clinical ImplicationsCommon mental disorders occur frequently in individuals referred to a liaison diabetes clinic, hence the importance of early diagnosis. the involvement of psychiatrists in specialist diabetes clinics is very limited and better involvement is desirable.
The effects of domestic violence and sexual abuse on mental health
Authors: Itzin Catherine , Bailey Susan , Bentovim Arnon 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe Department of Health and National Institute for Mental Health in England have undertaken a programme of research and policy development since spring 2004 in partnership with the Home Office which has important implications for the practice of psychiatry. This article looks at the Victims of Violence and Abuse Prevention Programme (VVAPP) guide ‘Tackling the Health and Mental Health Effects of Domestic and Sexual Violence and Abuse’ launched in 2006, supported by Department of Health and Home Office ministers and national clinical directors.
Photoaccelerated Reductive Coupling of Acid Chlorides with Conjugate Dienes and Styrenes by Use of Neodymium Metal in N,N-Dimethylacetamide
Authors: Li Zhi-fang , Tomisaka Yuri , Nomoto Akihiro , Zhang Yongmin , Ogawa Akiya 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Upon photoirradiation, neodymium metal powder in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) exhibits excellent reducing ability for the reductive coupling of benzoyl chlorides with conjugate dienes and styrenes.
Mechanism of Catalytic Chalcogen Atom Replacement of Phosphine Chalcogenides and Separation of the Intermediate Phosphine
Authors: Aizawa Sen-ichi , Majumder Arpi , Maeda Daisuke , Kitamura Akina 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The reaction mechanism of the chalcogen atom replacement of phosphine chalcogenides has been revealed to be dissociative from a kinetic investigation for the reaction of phosphine selenide with sulfur. The dissociation is enthalpically promoted by the catalysis of Pd0. For a bidentate phosphine chalcogenide, the intermediate phosphine was separated as the PdII complex by the catalysis and oxidative addition of Pd0 complex. The novel catalytic replacement and dissociation of chalcogen atom are applicable to regeneration of phosphines from their oxides via the phosphine sulfides.
Task Specific Ionic Liquids for Cellulose Technology
Authors: Ohno Hiroyuki , Fukaya Yukinobu 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Design of ionic liquids for dissolution, depolymerization, and energy conversion of cellulose and their derivatives is described. Importance of physicochemical properties such as polarity and hydrogen-bonding ability of the ionic liquids is described, and some practical approaches to prepare novel ionic liquids as solvents for cellulose technology are reviewed with latest results.
Self-organization of Multilayered Oil Droplet in Water
Authors: Suzuki Kosuke , Akthar Rumana Jahan , Mahara Hitoshi , Hashimoto Hajime , Iwatsubo Takashi , Nishimura Satoshi , Yamaguchi Tomohiko 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Dynamic behavior of initially sessile droplets of oleic acid with sodium oleate was investigated in an aqueous buffer solution. The interface of droplet highly fluctuated at pH 9.0 and concomitantly grew a multilayered structure inside of the droplet. Volume change of the droplet suggested the existence of three independent mass-transport processes. This phenomenon was observed under specific conditions of pH and oil composition.
Submicron Distribution of Organic Matter of Carbonaceous Chondrite Using Near-field Infrared Microspectroscopy
Authors: Kebukawa Yoko , Nakashima Satoru , Nakamura-Messenger Keiko , Zolensky Michael E 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Carbonaceous chondrites are known to contain up to a few wt % organic carbon. Organic materials are disseminated in the clayish matrix, and some of them have been reported to be in the form of submicron organic globules. However, little is known about the nature of these microscopic organics. The organic matter distribution of the Bells (CM2) carbonaceous chondrite has been studied using a near-field infrared (NFIR) microspectrometer. Organic matter distribution and mineral associations at the submicron scale spatial resolution were observed.
Characterization of a Fluoride-bridged Mixed-valent Tetrairon(II,II,III,III) Complex
Authors: Miyazato Yuji , Ohba Masaaki , Hayami Shinya , Maeda Yonezo , Tadokoro Makoto , Okawa Hisashi 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A di-μ-fluoride mixed-valent tetrairon(II,II,III,III) complex, [{Fe2(L)(dnba)}2(μ-F)2](BF4)2, was synthesized and characterized by X-ray structural analysis, UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy, and Mössbauer measurement.
Synthesis of Biologically Active Carbazole Alkaloids Using Selective Transition-metal-catalyzed Coupling Reactions
Authors: Knölker Hans-Joachim 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Highly convergent syntheses of substituted carbazoles are most conveniently achieved using organometallic chemistry. Construction of the carbazole framework via the iron-mediated route proceeds by a sequence of C–C and C–N bond formation. In the highly efficient palladium-catalyzed route the C–N bond is formed first followed by generation of the C–C bond. This article highlights some recent developments and applications to the total synthesis of biologically active carbazole alkaloids.
Seasonal variability in Dinophysis spp. abundances and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning outbreaks along the eastern Adriatic coast
Authors: Ninčević-Gladan Živana , Skejić Sanda , Bužančić Mia , Marasović Ivona , Arapov Jasna , Ujević Ivana , Bojanić Natalia , Grbec Branka , Kušpilić Grozdan , Vidjak Olja 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Annual dynamics and ecological characteristics of the genus Dinophysis spp. and associated shellfish toxicity events were studied from 2001 to 2005 during monitoring fieldwork in the coastal waters of the eastern Adriatic Sea. Analysis of the seasonal occurrence of Dinophysis species identified D. acuminata and D. sacculus as typical spring species, D. caudata, D. fortii and D. rotundata as summer and late summer species and D. tripos as a winter species. The highest abundances occurred when there were large differences between surface and bottom temperatures and salinities. D. caudata, D. sacculus and D. rotundata abundances had significant relationships with Δt, while the highest abundances of D. acuta, D. fortii and D. tripos were associated with high Δs values. Much higher abundances of D. caudata and D. fortii in offshore compared to inshore waters of the northern Adriatic Sea and the significant inverse relationship of these species' abundances with salinity suggested the possibility of their transport by Italian river-influenced coastal waters towards the eastern Croatian coast during the summer season and under stratified conditions. Toxicity events occurred more frequently in the more eutrophicated northern Adriatic Sea than in the southern Adriatic Sea and mostly succeeded the rainfall periods. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin profile analyses identified okadaic acid and yessotoxin as the main DSP toxins occurring in Croatian waters.