bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuity or discontinuity of the life‐style in central Italy during the Roman imperial age‐early middle ages transition: Diet, health, and behavior
Authors: Belcastro Giovanna , Rastelli Elisa , Mariotti Valentina , Consiglio Chiara , Facchini Fiorenzo , Bonfiglioli Benedetta 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDento‐alveolar pathologies and alterations (dental wear, caries, abscesses, ante mortem tooth loss (AMTL), calculus, hypoplastic defects, and chipping) and skeletal markers of health (cribra orbitalia and periostitis) were analyzed in two skeletal samples from the necropolises of Quadrella (I–IV c. AD) and Vicenne‐Campochiaro (VII c. AD) in the Molise region of central Italy. The aim was to determine if the Roman Imperial Age‐Early Middle Ages transition characterized by political, socioeconomic, and cultural transformations affected the biology of these populations, particularly their alimentation and health status. The frequencies of caries and AMTL, similar in the two samples, suggest a high consumption of carbohydrates. The higher levels of heavy wear, calculus, and interproximal chipping in the Vicenne population indicate a greater use of fibrous foods (both meat and others), in line with the dietary model of Germanic peoples. Health conditions do not appear to have been good in either period, as shown by the high frequencies of linear hypoplasia and the presence of cribra orbitalia and periostitis. The diet of the individuals buried with horses of the Vicenne population did not differ from that of the rest of the population, whereas there were evident differences in the use of the teeth for nonmasticatory activities among these individuals. Therefore, from the point of view of alimentation and health status, the profound socioeconomic and cultural transformations during the Late Antiquity‐Early Middle Ages transition do not seem to have been translated into a true discontinuity of the two Molisan populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An academic genealogy on the history of American field primatologists
Authors: Kelley Elizabeth A. , Sussman Robert W. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we present the academic genealogy of American field primatologists. The genealogy has been compiled to formally document the historical record of this young field. Data have been collected from three main sources: 1) e‐mail surveys, 2) library and Internet research, and 3) verbal communication through forums such as American Association of Physical Anthropology meetings. Lineages of primatologists have been graphically displayed using Microsoft Visio. As of September 2005, 672 names and 239 affiliated universities, organizations and institutions have been recorded in 19 lineages. Five hundred and thirty‐eight of the 672 names, 80.1%, are field primatologists. The Hooton/Washburn lineage is the largest; 60.6% of the recorded field primatologists are linked to this lineage. In addition, four of the five professors who have mentored a comparable number of field primatologists at American universities since Washburn are linked to the Hooton/Washburn lineage; and the school where Washburn mentored a majority of his students, UC‐Berkeley, continues to have the highest overall graduation record for this subdiscipline. However, the field of primatology has been diversifying since the 1960s, and different universities are now responsible for graduating a substantial number of primatologists. We conclude that while the Hooton/Washburn lineage has remained remarkably homogenous in its anthropological focus, the field is also becoming increasingly enriched by primatologists who have had training in fields such as zoology, psychology, and ecology both in the United States and abroad. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Forelimb segment length proportions in extant hominoids and Australopithecus afarensis
Authors: Drapeau Michelle S.M. , Ward Carol V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractForelimb proportions have been used to infer locomotor adaptation in Australopithecus afarensis. However, little is known about proportions among individual forelimb segments in extant or fossil hominoids. The partial A. afarensis skeleton A.L. 438‐1 and the more complete skeleton A.L. 288‐1 provide the opportunity to assess relative length of the arm, forearm, wrist, and palm. We compare scaling relationships between pairs of forelimb bones of extant hominoids and A. afarensis, and length of individual forelimb elements to a body size surrogate. Hylobatids, and to a lesser extent orangutans, have the longest forelimb bones relative to size, although the carpus varies little among taxa, perhaps due to functional constraints of the wrist. Pan species are unique in having long metacarpals relative to ulnar length, demonstrating that they probably differ from the common chimp–human ancestor, and also that developmental mechanisms can be altered to results in differential growth of individual forelimb segments. A. afarensis has no forelimb bones that are significantly longer than those of humans for its size. It falls within the range of variation seen in modern humans for all comparisons relative to size, but appears to differ from the typical human brachial index due to a slightly shorter humerus and/or slightly longer ulna. It has short metacarpals like humans only among hominoids. Thus, while Pan may have elongated its metacarpus relative to ulnar length, A. afarensis may have reduced the length of its metacarpals and possibly its humerus relative to body size from the primitive condition. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elitism in psychoanalysis in the USA: narcissistic defense against cumulative traumas of prejudice and exclusion
Authors: Ponder Joann 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPsychoanalysts in the USA have been perceived as élitist and exclusionary. It is hypothesized that this behavior services as a narcissistic defense against feelings of marginalization and inadequacy, stemming from experiences of prejudice, loss, and exclusion in the past. It is further hypothesized that there has been an institutional and multigenerational transmission of cumulative traumas that originated with Freud and the European psychoanalysts. The roots and history of the narcissistic defense are examined, as well as its manifestations in American training and practice today. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A streetcar named desire and tennessee Williams' object‐relational conflicts
Authors: Griffies W. Scott 
Published: December 2006

AbstractArt, as a symbolic expression, often reflects intrapsychic conflicts within the artist, and many of Tennessee Williams' plays contain themes of desperate loneliness, human disconnectedness, and victimization between the powerful and the weak. Williams' genius as a playwright did not save him from painful depression that contained the above themes. He described his internal conflict as a psychic split between identifications with his aggressive, alcoholic father and his sensitive, artistic Dakin (that is, maternal) roots. Of his plays A Streetcar Named Desire is one of the most compelling. This paper examines the Blanche/Stanley victim/victimizer paradigm as the dramatization of a core conflict within Williams. Using historical data from his biographies, the author attempts to explicate the hypothesis that in Williams a “Stanley” representation was in violent conflict with a “Blanche” representation. The author proposes that this conflict significantly shaped Williams' psychic organization and became a central and oft‐repeated theme in his art and his life. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Malyngamide X: The First (7R)‐Lyngbic Acid that Connects to a New Tripeptide Backbone from the Thai Sea Hare Bursatella leachii
Authors: Suntornchashwej Suchada , Suwanborirux Khanit , Koga Kazushi , Isobe Minoru 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMalyngamide X (1), the first (7R)‐lyngbic acid connected to a new tripeptide backbone, was isolated from the Thai sea hare Bursatella leachii. The gross structure of 1 was established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Combination of the NMR spectroscopic experiments with α‐methoxy‐α‐(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid esters, 2,2,2‐trifluoro‐1‐(9‐anthryl)ethanol chiral solvating agent, and molecular mechanics of 1 and the synthetic molecular fragments allowed us to determine the absolute stereochemistry of all six stereogenic centers without hydrolytic degradation of the compound. Compound 1 displayed moderate cytotoxic, antitubercular, and antimalarial properties.
Toward the Total Synthesis of Onchidin, a Cytotoxic Cyclic Depsipeptide from a Mollusc
Authors: Kobayashi Shū , Kobayashi Jun , Yazaki Ryo , Ueno Masaharu 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe total synthesis of onchidin (1), a cytotoxic, C2‐symmetric cyclic decadepsipeptide from a marine mollusc, according to the published structure, is described. A novel β‐amino acid, (2S,3S)‐3‐amino‐2‐methyl‐7‐octynoic acid (AMO), was efficiently prepared in high yield with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity based on a catalytic asymmetric three‐component Mannich‐type reaction with a chiral zirconium catalyst. The formation of sterically unfavorable N‐methyl amide and hindered ester bonds were successfully demonstrated, and final macrocyclization was achieved at a secondary‐amide site. Completion of the synthesis of 1 suggested that a revision of the structure of the natural product is required. Two diastereomers were also synthesized as candidates for the actual structure of onchidin. Furthermore, efficient solid‐phase methods were employed for the combinatorial synthesis of other derivatives to clarify the real structure of onchidin. The solid‐phase assembly of a pentadepsipeptide containing all the building blocks was established followed by dimeric cyclization in solution.
Separation of Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Using a Long‐Alkyl‐Chain Benzenediazonium Compound
Authors: Toyoda Shouhei , Yamaguchi Yoshifumi , Hiwatashi Masataka , Tomonari Yasuhiko , Murakami Hiroto , Nakashima Naotoshi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe designed and synthesized 4‐dodecyloxybenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (1), which preferentially reacts with metallic single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by kinetic control. We first determined the suitable experimental conditions for the preferential reaction of 1 with individually dissolved SWNTs by monitoring the decrease in absorbance for the metallic SWNT in the range of 400–650 nm in the absorption spectrum of the SWNTs. The reacted SWNTs were thoroughly rinsed with THF to obtain THF‐insoluble SWNTs. The Raman spectrum of the THF‐insoluble SWNTs showed a strong peak near 180 cm−1, which corresponds to a semiconducting breathing band. The metallic breathing bands (≈220 cm−1) and Breit–Wingner–Fano (BWF) modes (1520 cm−1) corresponding to the metallic SWNTs were much weaker than those of the pristine SWNTs. We also confirmed that metallic peaks in the range of 400–650 nm in the absorption spectrum of THF‐insoluble SWNTs that were individually dissolved in an aqueous micelle of sodium cholate were almost nondetectable. All the results indicate that the THF‐insoluble SWNTs are semiconducting.
Multi‐input–Multi‐output Molecular Response System Based on Dynamic Redox Behavior of Hexaphenylethane‐type Electron Donors with the Tetrahydrophenanthrazepine Skeleton: Strong Chiroptical Signals through the Transmission of Point Chirality to Helicity
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Tanaka Shoko , Kawai Hidetoshi , Fujiwara Kenshu 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe title heterocyclic donors undergo reversible CC bond formation/cleavage upon electron transfer (dynamic redox behavior). The helical sense in both neutral and cationic states is interconvertible by facile ring flipping. The π‐type asymmetric center on the azepine nitrogen atom induces a significant degree of diasteromeric preference, thus endowing strong CD activity based on exciton coupling. Chiroptical properties could be modified not only by redox reactions but also by heat and protonation. The present redox pairs can serve as unprecedented three‐way‐input (e, H+, Δ) and two‐way‐output (UV/Vis, CD) response systems.
Conformational study of new amphipathic α‐helical peptide models of apoA‐I as potential atheroprotective agents
Authors: Beaufils Chrystel , Alexopoulos Charalampos , Petraki Maria P. , Tselepis Alexandros D. , Coudevylle Nicolas , Sakarellos‐Daitsiotis Maria , Sakarellos Constantinos , Cung Manh Thong 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAiming at contributing to the development of potential atheroprotective agents, we report on the concept and design of two peptide models, which mimic the amphipathic helices of apoA‐I and incorporate Met into their sequences to validate its role as oxidant scavenger: Ac‐ESK(Palm)KELSKSW10SEM13LKEK(Palm)SKS‐NH2(model 1 [W10, M13]) and Ac‐ESK(Palm)KELSKSM10SEW13LKEK(Palm)SKS‐NH2(model 2 [M10, W13]). Hydrophobic residues of both models cover about the half of the surface, while the positively and negatively charged residues constitute two separate clusters on the hydrophilic face. Palmitoyl groups were introduced into the Lys‐NϵH2groups at positions 3 and 17 to contribute to the amphipathic character of the peptides and stabilize the nonpolar face of the helix. Conformational study by the combined application of 2D‐NMR and molecular dynamics simulations, CD, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that model 1 adopts helical conformation and Met is well exposed to the microenvironment. Model 2 that derives from model 1 by exchanging W10(model 1) with M10and M13(model 1) with W13also displays helical characteristics, while Met is rather shielded. Oxidation experiments indicated that model 1 exhibits a 2‐fold more potent antioxidant activity towards LDL oxidation, compared to model 2, confirming the role of Met, when is devoid of steric hindrances, as oxidant scavenger for the protection of LDL. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 362–372, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The Nernst equation applied to oxidation–reduction reactions in myoglobin and hemoglobin. Evaluation of the parameters
Authors: Saroff Harry A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAnalyses of the binding of oxygen to monomers such as myoglobin employ the Mass Action equation. The Mass Action equation, as such, is not directly applicable for the analysis of the binding of oxygen to oligomers such as hemoglobin. When the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is analyzed, models incorporating extensions of mass action are employed. Oxidation–reduction reactions of the heme group in myoglobin and hemoglobin involve the binding and dissociation of electrons. This reaction is described with the Nernst equation. The Nernst equation is applicable only to a monomeric species even if the number of electrons involved is greater than unity. To analyze the oxidation–reduction reaction in a molecule such as hemoglobin a model is required which incorporates extensions of the Nernst equation. This communication develops models employing the Nernst equation for oxidation–reduction reactions analogous to those employed for hemoglobin in the analysis of the oxygenation (binding of oxygen) reaction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85: 450–455, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Differential expression of the Wnt and Frizzled genes in Flk1+ cells derived from mouse ES cells
Authors: Kim Dae Joong , Park Chun Shik , Yoon Jeong Kyo , Song Woo Keun 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEmbryonic stem (ES) cells have the potential to develop into various cell lineages including hemangioblasts (Flk1+), a common progenitor for hematopoietic and vascular endothelial cells. Previous studies indicate that Flk1+ cells, a marker for hemangioblast, can be derived from ES cell and that Flk1+ can be differentiated into hematopoietic or endothelial cells depending on culture conditions. We developed an improved in vitro system to generate Flk1+‐enriched cultures from mouse ES cells and used this in vitro system to study the role of Wnt signalling in early endothelial progenitor cells. We determined the expression of the Wnt and Frizzled genes in Flk1+ cells derived from mouse ES cells. RT‐PCR analyses identified significantly higher expression of non‐canonical Wnt5a and Wnt11 genes in Flk1+ cells compared to Flk1− cells. In contrast, expression of canonical Wnt3a gene was reduced in Flk1+ cells. In addition, Frizzled2, Frizzled5 and Frizzled7 genes were also expressed at a higher level in Flk1+ cells. The differential expression of Wnt and Frizzled genes in Flk1+ cells provides a novel insight into the role of non‐canonical Wnt signalling in vascular endothelial fate determination. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silica Nanoparticles for Fluorescence Sensing of ZnII: Exploring the Covalent Strategy
Authors: Teolato Pierluigi , Rampazzo Enrico , Arduini Maria , Mancin Fabrizio , Tecilla Paolo , Tonellato Umberto 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSilica nanoparticles (about 15 nm diameters), which contain a derivative of 6‐methoxy‐8‐(p‐toluensulfonamido)‐quinoline (TSQ) as a ZnII fluorescent probe covalently linked to the silica network, were prepared and studied as ZnII fluorescent chemosensors. The systems selectively detect ZnII ions in water rich solutions with a submicromolar sensitivity: 0.13 μM concentrations of ZnII can be measured with the only interference of CuII and CdII ions. Compared with free TSQ, the nanoparticles based systems have the advantage that they can be employed in aqueous solutions without aggregation problems while at the same time, they maintain a similar ZnII affinity and sensing ability. Addition of a second, substrate insensitive, fluorophore to the particles leads to the realization of a ratiometric sensor.
The Influence of Size on Phase Morphology and Li‐Ion Mobility in Nanosized Lithiated Anatase TiO2
Authors: Wagemaker Marnix , Borghols Wouter J. H. , van Eck Ernst R. H. , Kentgens Arno P. M. , Kearley Gordon J. , Mulder Fokko M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSustainable energy storage in the form of Li‐ion batteries requires new and advanced materials in particular with a higher power density. Nanostructuring appears to be a promising strategy, in which the higher power density in nanosized materials is related to the dramatically shortened Li‐ion diffusion paths. However, nanosizing materials also changes intrinsic material properties, which influence both ionic and electronic conductivity. In this work neutron diffraction is used to show that in addition to these two aspects, nanostructuring changes the phase behavior and morphology. Lithiated 40‐nm TiO2 anatase crystallites become single phase, either having the Li‐poor original anatase phase, or the Li‐rich Li‐titanate phase, in contrast to microsized crystallites where these two phases coexist in equilibrium within one crystal particle. In addition, LixTiO2 compositions occur with stoichiometries that are not stable in micron‐sized crystallites, indicating enhanced solid solution behavior. Reduced conduction electron densities at the sites of the Li ions are observed by NMR spectroscopy. This is accompanied by reduced spontaneous Li‐ion mobility, suggesting a correlation between the electron density at the Li‐ion site and the Li‐ion mobility. The present results show that in the case of lithiated anatase TiO2, significant effects on phase composition, morphology, and electronic configurations are induced, as well as slower intracrystallite Li diffusion.
Thermosensitive Copolymer Networks Modify Gold Nanoparticles for Nanocomposite Entrapment
Authors: Li Dongxiang , He Qiang , Cui Yue , Wang Kewei , Zhang Xiaoming , Li Junbai 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe core‐shell gold nanoparticles and copolymer of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) hybrids (Au@copolymer) were fabricated through surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) on the surface of gold nanoparticles in 2‐propanol/water mixed solvents. The surface of citrate‐stabilized gold nanoparticles was first modified by a disulfide initiator for ATRP. The slight cross‐linking polymerization between NIPAM and MBAA occurred on the gold surface and resulted in the formation of core‐shell Au@copolymer nanostructures that were characterized by TEM, and FTIR and UV‐visible spectroscopy. Such synthesized Au@copolymer hybrids possess clearly thermosensitive properties and exhibit “inspire” and “expire” water behavior in response to temperature changes in aqueous solution. Because of this property, we enable to trap and encapsulate smaller nanoparticles by using the free space of the copolymer‐network scaffold anchored at the gold surface.
Femtosecond Transient Absorption and Nanosecond Time‐Resolved Resonance Raman Study of the Solvent‐Dependent Photo‐Deprotection Reaction of Benzoin Diethyl Phosphate
Authors: Ma Chensheng , Du Yong , Kwok Wai Ming , Phillips David Lee 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA combined femtosecond transient absorption (fs‐TA) and nanosecond time‐resolved resonance Raman (ns‐TR3) study was performed to directly detect the dynamics and elucidate the mechanism of the excited state deactivation and solvent‐dependent photo‐deprotection pathways for benzoin diethyl phosphate (BDP) in neat acetonitrile (MeCN) and 75 % H2O/25 % MeCN. Comparison of the TA spectral evolution observed in the two solvents provides explicit evidence that the photophysical deactivation of the BDP singlet excited state has little solvent dependence. The TA spectra also indicate the related internal conversion (IC) and intersystem crossing (ISC) processes occur rapidly on hundreds of femtoseconds and ∼2–3 ps time scales, respectively. From this and in conjunction with a photochemistry study and ground state resonance Raman (RR) measurements, the TA results reveal that the phenacyl localized BDP triplet state (that is mainly nπ* nature) is the common and immediate precursor to the photo‐deprotection reaction in both solvents. However, the triplet deprotection follows different pathways in neat MeCN versus the largely water containing solvent. The deprotection reaction in MeCN was determined to occur with a ∼11 ns time constant and the reaction was found to be an unimolecular process leading to elimination of the diethyl phosphoric acid apparently concurrent with cyclization to yield the benzofuran product. In the water mixed solvent, the triplet reaction was observed to proceed with a ∼15 ns time constant and the reaction leads to not only the deprotection–cyclization but also a heterolytic dissociation to release the diethyl phosphate anion through a branching and competing mechanism. The ns‐TR3spectra combined with relevant DFT calculations have been used to characterize the dynamics, structure and vibrational frequencies to help identify the important intermediates as well as to explore the reaction pathway leading to formation of the solvolysis product in the largely water solvent. A consecutive mechanism has been revealed for the heterolysis–solvolysis reaction in the water mixed solvent. The present work provides direct and irrevocable evidence for the dynamics and mechanistic description of the overall photophysics and deprotection related photochemistry for BDP.