bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep mtDNA divergences indicate cryptic species in a fig-pollinating wasp
Authors: Haine Eleanor R , Martin Joanne , Cook James M 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Figs and fig-pollinating wasps are obligate mutualists that have coevolved for ca 90 million years. They have radiated together, but do not show strict cospeciation. In particular, it is now clear that many fig species host two wasp species, so there is more wasp speciation than fig speciation. However, little is known about how fig wasps speciate.

Results
We studied variation in 71 fig-pollinating wasps from across the large geographic range of Ficus rubiginosa in Australia. All wasps sampled belong to one morphological species (Pleistodontes imperialis), but we found four deep mtDNA clades that differed from each other by 9–17% nucleotides. As these genetic distances exceed those normally found within species and overlap those (10–26%) found between morphologically distinct Pleistodontes species, they strongly suggest cryptic fig wasp species. mtDNA clade diversity declines from all four present in Northern Queensland to just one in Sydney, near the southern range limit. However, at most sites multiple clades coexist and can be found in the same tree or even the same fig fruit and there is no evidence for parallel sub-division of the host fig species. Both mtDNA data and sequences from two nuclear genes support the monophyly of the "P. imperialis complex" relative to other Pleistodontes species, suggesting that fig wasp divergence has occurred without any host plant shift. Wasps in clade 3 were infected by a single strain (W1) of Wolbachia bacteria, while those in other clades carried a double infection (W2+W3) of two other strains.

Conclusion
Our study indicates that cryptic fig-pollinating wasp species have developed on a single host plant species, without the involvement of host plant shifts, or parallel host plant divergence. Despite extensive evidence for coevolution between figs and fig wasps, wasp speciation may not always be linked strongly with fig speciation.
Polarization and orientation of retinal ganglion cells in vivo
Authors: Zolessi Flavio R , Poggi Lucia , Wilkinson Christopher J , Chien Chi-Bin , Harris William A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the absence of external cues, neurons in vitro polarize by using intrinsic mechanisms. For example, cultured hippocampal neurons extend arbitrarily oriented neurites and then one of these, usually the one nearest the centrosome, begins to grow more quickly than the others. This neurite becomes the axon as it accumulates molecular components of the apical junctional complex. All the other neurites become dendrites. It is unclear, however, whether neurons in vivo, which differentiate within a polarized epithelium, break symmetry by using similar intrinsic mechanisms. To investigate this, we use four-dimensional microscopy of developing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in live zebrafish embryos. We find that the situation is indeed very different in vivo, where axons emerge directly from uniformly polarized cells in the absence of other neurites. In vivo, moreover, components of the apical complex do not localize to the emerging axon, nor does the centrosome predict the site of axon emergence. Mosaic analysis in four dimensions, using mutants in which neuroepithelial polarity is disrupted, indicates that extrinsic factors such as access to the basal lamina are critical for normal axon emergence from RGCs in vivo.
Independent centromere formation in a capricious, gene-free domain of chromosome 13q21 in Old World monkeys and pigs
Authors: Cardone Maria Francesca , Alonso Alicia , Pazienza Michele , Ventura Mario , Montemurro Gabriella , Carbone Lucia , de Jong Pieter J , Stanyon Roscoe , D'Addabbo Pietro , Archidiacono Nicoletta , She Xinwei , Eichler Evan E , Warburton Peter E , Rocchi Mariano 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Background
Evolutionary centromere repositioning and human analphoid neocentromeres occurring in clinical cases are, very likely, two stages of the same phenomenon whose properties still remain substantially obscure. Chromosome 13 is the chromosome with the highest number of neocentromeres. We reconstructed the mammalian evolutionary history of this chromosome and characterized two human neocentromeres at 13q21, in search of information that could improve our understanding of the relationship between evolutionarily new centromeres, inactivated centromeres, and clinical neocentromeres.

Results
Chromosome 13 evolution was studied, using FISH experiments, across several diverse superordinal phylogenetic clades spanning >100 million years of evolution. The analysis revealed exceptional conservation among primates (hominoids, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys), Carnivora (cat), Perissodactyla (horse), and Cetartiodactyla (pig). In contrast, the centromeres in both Old World monkeys and pig have apparently repositioned independently to a central location (13q21). We compared these results to the positions of two human 13q21 neocentromeres using chromatin immunoprecipitation and genomic microarrays.

Conclusion
We show that a gene-desert region at 13q21 of approximately 3.9 Mb in size possesses an inherent potential to form evolutionarily new centromeres over, at least, approximately 95 million years of mammalian evolution. The striking absence of genes may represent an important property, making the region tolerant to the extensive pericentromeric reshuffling during subsequent evolution. Comparison of the pericentromeric organization of chromosome 13 in four Old World monkey species revealed many differences in sequence organization. The region contains clusters of duplicons showing peculiar features.
Reinventing the Past: Mendelssohn's Antigone and the Creation of an Ancient Greek Musical Language
Authors: GEARY JASON 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
In 1841, Sophocles's Antigone was performed at the Prussian court theater with staging by Ludwig Tieck and music by Felix Mendelssohn. Commissioned by King Friedrich Wilhelm IV, this production aimed to re-create aspects of Greek tragedy by, among other things, using J. J. Donner's 1839 metrical translation and having an all-male chorus sing the odes. Mendelssohn initially experimented with imitating the purported sound of ancient music by composing primarily unison choral recitative and limiting the accompaniment to flutes, tubas, and harps; but he quickly abandoned this approach in favor of a more traditional one. Yet despite his overall adherence to modern convention, he did employ several strategies to evoke ancient Greek practice and thus to meet the unique demands of the Prussian court production.
Highlighting important distinctions between verse-types in the original poetry, Mendelssohn retained a vestige of his initial approach by composing unison choral recitative to indicate the presence of anapestic verse while turning to melodrama for the lyric verse of the play's two main characters. In addition, he reproduced the poetic meter by shaping the rhythm of the vocal line to reflect both the accentual pattern of Donner's translation and, in some cases, the long and short syllables of Sophocles's Greek verse. Owing largely to the irregular line lengths characteristic of Donner's text, the music is marked by conspicuously asymmetrical phrases, which serve to defamiliarize the otherwise straightforward choral styles being employed to convey the various moods of Sophocles's choruses. In the opening chorus, Mendelssohn alludes to the familiar sound of a Männerchor accompanied by a wind band, thereby suggesting the ode's celebratory and martial associations while recalling his own Festgesang written for the 1840 Leipzig festival commemorating the 400th anniversary of Gutenberg's printing press. The listener is thus presented with a thoroughly recognizable musical idiom and yet simultaneously distanced from it in a way that underscores the historical remoteness of ancient Greek tragedy.
The Cantata for the Twentieth Anniversary of October, or How the Specter of Communism Haunted Prokofiev
Authors: MORRISON SIMON , KRAVETZ NELLY 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
Prokofiev composed his Anniversary Cantata for the Twentieth of October in order to win favor with Soviet cultural officials. However, his decision to set authentic texts by Lenin, Marx, and Stalin, together with his decision to edit these texts to ensure musical cohesion, proved to be highly controversial. In 1937, the cantata came in for harsh criticism from the watchdog Committee of Artistic Affairs and was barred from performance. Prokofiev responded to the setback by retooling his creative methods and by composing a Party-line paean to Stalin.
Enthusiasm and Its Discontents: Religion, Prophecy, and Madness in the Music for Sophonisba and The Island Princess
Authors: WINKLER AMANDA EUBANKS 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
Enthusiasm, a state in which the soul is supposedly freed from the body and the human vessel is filled with the divine, troubled the religious mainstream in 17th-century England. During the English Civil War, radical Protestant sects used enthusiastic prophecy to justify rebellion against monarchical tyranny. Such practices drew fire from members of the Church of England who vilified the prophets' “religious enthusiasm” by associating it with madness and melancholy. This strategy pathologized enthusiasm, transforming it into a mental disorder.
Anti-enthusiastic discourses shaped musical and dramatic practices on the Restoration stage, as witnessed in two songs for enthusiastic prophets, Cumana in Nathaniel Lee's Sophonisba (music by Henry Purcell for a 1690s revival) and the elderly Brahmin priest in Peter Motteux's revision of The Island Princess (music by Richard Leveridge, 1699). Purcell's song for Cumana, “Beneath a Poplar's Shadow,” incorporates the standard conventions of musical madness and is even called a “mad song” in Orpheus Britannicus, Book Two (1702). Similarly, the Brahmin priest channels the speech of the false pagan gods in Leveridge's “Enthusiastick Song”—a piece that parallels contemporary political discourses about the “madness” of religious nonconformity and fanaticism. A close reading of the music, dramatic texts, and contemporary political, religious, and medical discourses demonstrates how musical representations of enthusiasm were affected by the critical rhetoric of religious orthodoxy.
A novel G106D alteration of the SDHD gene in a pedigree with familial paraganglioma
Authors: Ogawa Kazumi , Shiga Kiyoto , Saijo Shigeru , Ogawa Takenori , Kimura Noriko , Horii Akira 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHead and neck paragangliomas are tumors derived from parasympathetic paraganglia. Familial cases account for 10% or more of these tumors, and mutations of the genes encoding subunits for the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II, SDHD, SDHB, and SDHC, have been reported. We analyzed mutations in the all four SDH genes, SDHA through SDHD, in a Japanese family with cervical paraganglioma that include a father with bilateral tumors and his daughter with a malignant left carotid body tumor with nodal metastasis. This pedigree harbored a germline G106D alteration in exon 4 of the SDHD gene that has not previously been reported to date. The tumors of the father expressed biallelic SDHD, but the SDHD expression was highly suppressed by an unknown mechanism(s) in tumors of his daughter, and the wild‐type allele was predominantly suppressed in the metastatic node. These results suggest that the missense dysfunction of SDHD prepares neoplastic condition and that expressional silencing, particularly of the wild‐type allele, plays an important role in the malignant transformation of the paragangliomas. Our results may lead to a better understanding of this disease and to the development of methods for prevention of this disease. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RAI1 point mutations, CAG repeat variation, and SNP analysis in non‐deletion Smith–Magenis syndrome
Authors: Bi Weimin , Saifi G. Mustafa , Girirajan Santhosh , Shi Xin , Szomju Barbara , Firth Helen , Magenis R. Ellen , Potocki Lorraine , Elsea Sarah H. , Lupski James R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSmith–Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation disorder characterized by distinct craniofacial features and neurobehavioral abnormalities usually associated with an interstitial deletion in 17p11.2. Heterozygous point mutations in the retinoic acid induced 1 gene (RAI1) have been reported in nine SMS patients without a deletion detectable by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), implicating RAI1 haploinsufficiency as the cause of the major clinical features in SMS. All of the reported point mutations are unique and de novo. RAI1 contains a polymorphic CAG repeat and encodes a plant homeo domain (PHD) zinc finger‐containing transcriptional regulator. We report a novel RAI1 frameshift mutation, c.3103delC, in a non‐deletion patient with many SMS features. The deletion of a single cytosine occurs in a heptameric C‐tract (CCCCCCC), the longest mononucleotide repeat in the RAI1 coding region. Interestingly, we had previously reported a frameshift mutation, c.3103insC, in the same mononucleotide repeat. Furthermore, all five single base frameshift mutations preferentially occurred in polyC but not polyG tracts. We also investigated the distribution of the polymorphic CAG repeats in both the normal population and the SMS patients as one potential molecular mechanism for variability of clinical expression. In this limited data set, there was no significant association between the length of CAG repeats and the SMS phenotype. However, we identified a 5‐year‐old girl with an apparent SMS phenotype who was a compound heterozygote for an RAI1 missense mutation inherited from her father and a polyglutamine repeat of 18 copies, representing the largest known CAG repeat in this gene, inherited from her mother. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antenatal screening tests: Knowledge and practice patterns of obstetricians in Utah
Authors: Fisher Barbra M. , Varner Michael , Rose Nancy C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe sought to assess knowledge and practices of obstetricians regarding antenatal testing and test the efficacy of continuing education via a direct mailing. In June 2004, an educational brochure entitled “New Options for Maternal Serum Screening for Birth Defects” as well as an anonymous survey pertaining to antenatal testing was sent to 241 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Fellows and Junior Fellows residing in Utah. Data from the 85 (35%) respondents were analyzed. The majority of respondents practice obstetrics (81/85, or 95%). Of these, 67% of respondents perform sonograms routinely in their offices. Respondents were distributed evenly across all years of practice. Respondents offer HIV screening routinely (85%), but only 40% follow ACOG cystic fibrosis (CF) screening recommendations. Midtrimester serum screening is offered routinely by 89% of the respondents, but only 54% adequately understood the capabilities and limitations of the test. Questions related to the patient education brochure included in the mailing were answered correctly more often than the other questions. The brochure emphasized the usefulness of combined integrated screening for detecting Down syndrome, and 94% of respondents subsequently understood this concept. We show that in Utah, ACOG recommendations for HIV and maternal serum testing are being followed uniformly, but CF screening is still not being routinely offered. The accurate responses to questions related to an enclosed education brochure suggest that direct mailings may be useful for provider education, especially in regions where many providers practice remote from academic centers. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No association between periconceptional multivitamin supplementation and risk of multiple congenital abnormalities: A population‐based case‐control study
Authors: Czeizel Andrew E. , Puhó Erzsébet H. , Bánhidy Ferenc 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo previous Hungarian intervention trials showed that periconceptional folic acid‐containing multivitamin supplementation did not change the total (birth + fetal) prevalence of cases with multiple congenital abnormalities (MCAs). However, two US observational studies found an elevated risk for MCAs in the offspring of women who reported periconceptional use of multivitamins containing folic acid. These conflicting results stimulated us to evaluate the data set of the Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities and to check the possible association between the use of periconceptional multivitamin supplementations and the total prevalence of cases with MCAs. Of 1,349 cases with MCA, 69 (5.1%) had mothers who used multivitamins during the second and third month of pregnancy. Of 2,405 matched controls without any defect, 126 (5.2%) had mothers who used multivitamin supplementation in early pregnancy. Of 21,494 malformed controls with isolated congenital abnormalities, 1,052 (4.9%) mothers received supplementation with multivitamins during the critical period of CAs including MCAs. There was no difference in the use of multivitamins among the study groups either in the total data set or at the evaluation of only prospective medically recorded data. Medically recorded folic acid use without any multivitamins in the second and third gestational month showed some protective effect for MCAs. In conclusion, our observational case‐control study did not detect a folic acid containing multivitamins during the early pregnancy as a risk factor for MCAs. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of two dissolution apparatuses with correlation of in vitro‐in vivo data for prednisone and prednisolone tablets
Authors: Milsap Rebecca L. , Ayres James W. , Mackichan Janis J. , Wagner John G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDissolution profiles in 0‐1N hydrochloric acid using both the paddle stirrer apparatus and the spin filter apparatus were obtained for prednisone tablets made by seven different manufacturers and prednisolone tablets made by eight different manufacturers. Dissolution parameters were correlated with results obtained in three human bioavailability trials which were previously reported. Also, results obtained in one apparatus were correlated with those obtained in the other apparatus. Such correlations may be useful in the setting of in vitro dissolution rate specifications for commercial prednisone and prednisolone tablets.
Disposition of 5‐fluorouracil during chronic hepatic arterial infusion to patients with carcinoma in the liver and effect on circulating platelets
Authors: Sitar Daniel S. , Ruedy John R. , Shaw Douglas H. , Maksymiuk Andrew W. , Thirlwell Michael P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract5‐Fluorouracil was administered by continuous hepatic intra‐arterial infusion to eight patients with the diagnosis of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metastases. Its elimination characteristics were investigated to see if they correlated with therapeutic effect or reduced clinical toxicity when the drug was given by this route. Urinary excretion of drug and metabolites was similar to findings after intravenous bolus doses. Disposition changes could not be correlated with therapeutic effect or clinical toxicity. A dose‐related biphasic effect of 5‐fluorouracil was found on circulating platelets. Doses greater than 6 mg kg−1 d−1 decreased the number of circulating platelets, while doses less than that resulted in an increase in circulating platelets. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism of the effect of 5‐fluorouracil on platelets.
The renal clearance of disopyramide after bolus intravenous injection
Authors: Lawrence J. R. , Bryson S. M. , Sumner D. J. , Campbell B. C. , Whiting B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFollowing bolus intravenous injection of disopyramide in eight normal volunteers the renal clearance of the drug appeared to fall with time. In the first two hours after injection renal clearance had a mean value of 89·0 ml min−1and fell to 29·4 ml min−1between 48 and 72 h.In a separate study disopyramide was given by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion for 8 h following a loading dose of the drug. Renal clearance of disopyramide was thus estimated hourly over three narrow serum concentration ranges in a single volunteer. The estimate of renal clearance of the drug over the first hour following the start of these infusions was considerably in excess of values obtained later in the experiments.The change in disopyramide renal clearance following bolus injection is partially time‐dependent. There are, however, fallacies in calculating short‐term clearance values after bolus drug injection from the venous concentration‐time curve and these may partially explain the change in renal clearance of disopyramide with time.
Measurement of plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate
Authors: Doyle E. , Chasseaud L. F. , Taylor T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractConcentrations of the vasodilator isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) in human plasma can be measured with good sensitivity (about 0·2–0·5 ng ml−1) using electron‐capture gas chromatography after a one‐stage extraction. The mean recovery of ISDN from plasma was 83 per cent ± 9 standard deviation (S.D.). The precision of the method for the measurement of ISDN in plasma ranged from ± 14 per cent at 1 ng ml−1 to ± 7 per cent at 5 ng ml−1 to ± 4 per cent at 50 ng ml−1. The 95 per cent confidence limits of the least‐squares regression calibration line forced through the origin were ± 100 per cent at 1 ng ml−1, ± 11 per cent at 10 ng ml−1, and ± 8 per cent at 30 ng ml−1. The method has been used to assay many samples withdrawn after doses of drug at therapeutic levels to normal subjects.
Dose‐dependent disposition of oral propranolol in normal subjects
Authors: Mackichan Janis J. , Pyszczynski Dennis R. , Jusko William J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics and relative systemic availability or oral propranolol were studied in three healthy volunteers following administration of 10, 40, and 80 mg of propranolol hydrochloride. Plasma concentrations of propranolol were determined using a sensitive and specific fluorometric high pressure liquid chromatographic technique. In the dosage range studied, the amount of propranolol reaching the systemic circulation increased with dose, while half‐lives remained unchanged. The apparent ‘threshold dose’ for propranolol was much smaller than previously reported, and its contribution to the observed dose‐dependent availability is doubtful. Apparent intrinsic clearance values were shown to decrease with increase in dose, with a true maximal intrinsic clearance of 5·4 1kg−1 h−1. These data suggest the saturation of a low capacity enzyme system in the liver and are consistent with theoretical characteristics of a drug that is extensively metabolized during its first pass through the liver.
Disposition of intravenous theophylline‐7‐acetic acid in rabbits
Authors: Owen J. A. , Nakatsu K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTheophylline‐7‐acetic acid (T7AA) was administered intravenously to rabbits so that its distribution and rate of elimination could be ascertained. The analytical techniques used were liquid scintillation counting (14C) and high pressure liquid chromatography. T7AA was eliminated rapidly in the urine; the T½ was 11·6 min. This drug appears to accumulate in the kidney because after 60 min, approximately 15 per cent of the intravenous dose was found in that organ.
Pharmacokinetic characteristics of two different formulations of trimipramine determined with a new GLC method
Authors: Caillé Gilles , Besner Jean‐Guy , Lacasse Y. , Vézina M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA sensitive and specific gas chromatographic method using a nitrogen detector for the measurement of trimipramine plasma concentrations is described. This method was used to determine the relative bioavailability and some pharmacokinetic parameters of two formulations, tablets and capsules, in healthy volunteers. It was concluded the tablet and capsule formulations were pharmacokinetically equivalent.