bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of NS‐21, an Anticholinergic Drug with Calcium Antagonistic Activity, on Lower Urinary Tract Function in a Rat Model of Urinary Frequency
Authors: Sasaki Yasuo , Hamada Kozo , Yamazaki Chiemi , Seto Toshie , Kimura Yutaka , Ukai Yojiro , Yoshikuni Yoshiaki , Kimura Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2007

Background: NS‐21 is under development for the treatment of urinary frequency and urinary incontinence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of NS‐21 and its active metabolite, RCC‐36, on lower urinary tract function in an experimental rat model of urinary frequency. Methods: Cystometrograms were recorded in anesthetized rats with bilaterally transected hypogastric nerves. All drugs were administered intraduodenally. Results: In sham‐operated rats, NS‐21 (≥ 50mg/kg) significantly increased the bladder capacity without significantly decreasing micturition pressure, while RCC‐36 (100mg/kg) significantly increased bladder capacity, and at a dose of a 30mg/kg, also caused a decrease in micturition pressure. This increase in bladder capacity appeared at lower doses of both NS‐21 and RCC‐36 in the hypogastric nerve‐transected rats. Propiverine (100mg/kg) increased bladder capacity and at a 30mg/kg, decreased micturition pressure in both sham‐operated and nerve‐transected rats. Oxybutynin (100mg/kg) and atropine (30mg/kg) decreased the micturition pressure in both sham‐operated and nerve‐transected rats without increasing the bladder capacity, while a similar anticholinergic calcium antagonist, terodiline (100mg/kg) had no effect on bladder capacity in either sham‐operated or nerve‐transected rats. Flavoxate (500mg/kg) significantly increased bladder capacity without significantly decreasing micturition pressure in both sham‐operated and nerve‐transected rats, while 50mg/kg of verapamil significantly increased bladder capacity without significantly decreasing the micturition pressure in nerve‐transected rats. Conclusions: NS‐21 and RCC‐36 increased bladder capacity at lower doses in hypogastric nerve‐transected rats than in sham‐operated rats. Furthermore, NS‐21 increased the bladder capacity without suppressing micturition pressure, suggesting that NS‐21 may be a more effective therapeutic drug than propiverine, oxybutynin or flavoxate for the treatment of urinary frequency and urinary incontinence.
Potentiating Effect of Buserelin Acetate, an LHRH Agonist, on the Proliferation of Ventral Prostatic Epithelial Cells in Testosterone‐Treated Castrated Rats
Authors: Maezawa Hiroaki , Komatsu Hideki , Kawaoi Akira , Ueno Akira 
Published: July 2007

Background: We used buserelin acetate ([D‐Ser(But)6] LHRH), an LHRH agonist and strong blocker of LH secretion, as a treatment for prostatic cancer. It is possible that this LHRH agonist has a proliferative effect on the prostate in addition to suppressing LH secretion. The purpose of this study was to examine the proliferative effect of LHRH agonist on rat prostatic epithelial cells. Methods: We determined the optimal dose of testosterone necessary to maintain a positive level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the ventral prostatic epithelial cells of castrated Wistar rats. Testosterone‐treated rats then received various doses of buserelin acetate. Castrated rats without exogenous testosterone also received buserelin acetate. The PCNA positivity was determined by immunohistochemistry with anti‐PCNA monoclonal antibody. Results: The optimal dose of testosterone enanthate was 4mg at 0 and 28 days after castration. Administration of buserelin acetate on day 0 and 28 in doses of 0.1 6mg to 1.28mg significantly increased PCNA positivity in a dose‐dependent manner. Administration of buserelin acetate to castrated rats without testosterone also increased PCNA positivity but there was no statistical significance. Conclusions: Buserelin acetate has a potentiating effect on the proliferation of ventral prostatic epithelial cells of castrated rat in the presence of a physiological level of exogenous testosterone. This effect may slightly influence the result of hormonal therapy by LHRH agonist.
Differential Diagnosis of Primary Benign and Malignant Retroperitoneal Tumors
Authors: Nakashima Jun , Ueno Munehisa , Nakamura Kaoru , Tachibana Masaaki , Baba Shiro , de Guchi Nobuhiro , Tazaki Hiroshi , Murai Masaru 
Published: July 2007

Background:Clinical differential diagnosis between malignant and benign tumors is important in order to select a therapeutic strategy for a primary retroperitoneal tumor.Methods:The clinical findings and radiological features of 25 patients with primary retroperitoneal tumors were retrospectively evaluated to find those signs that might contribute to the preoperative distinction between benign and malignant tumors.Results:Of 25 primary retroperitoneal tumors, 15 were benign. This may reflect the increased number of incidentally found small benign tumors. There were significant associations between the presence of symptoms and malignancy (P< 0.05), between irregular margins on imaging and malignancy (P< 0.05) and between the absence of calcification and malignancy (P< 0.05). Malignant tumors were significantly larger than benign tumors (11.45 ± 1.90 cm vs. 5.31 ± 0.43 cm). A retroperitoneal tumor scoring system was developed to distinguish primary retroperitoneal benign tumors from their malignant counterparts based on the: 1) maximum diameter equal to or larger than 5.5 cm, 2) presence of symptoms, 3) absence of calcification, 4) presence of irregular margins, and 5) presence of cystic degeneration or necrosis. A significant correlation was found between the incidence of malignant tumors and the total retroperitoneal tumor score (P < 0.05).Conclusion:This study suggests that the size of tumor, the presence of symptoms, irregular margins, and the absence of calcification may be valuable predictors of primary retroperitoneal malignant tumor.
Histologic Characteristics of Renal Cell Carcinomas with Lymph Node Metastasis
Authors: Kanamaru Hiroshi , Mori Hirotaka , Sasaki Miharu , Fujikawa Keita , Akino Hironobu , Miwa Yoshiji , Okada Kenichiro 
Published: July 2007

Background:This study was conducted to determine if there are any specific histologic features that are associated with lymph node metastasis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods:TNM classification, histologic grade, mean nuclear volume, cell type, and histologic architecture of the tumors were evaluated in 66 patients who had undergone nephrectomy and lym‐phadenectomy for RCC. In the 18 patients with positive lymph node metastasis, both primary lesions and metastatic lymph nodes were evaluated. Results:Lymph node status was correlated with primary tumor stage, venous involvement, and distant metastasis. The tumor grade was higher, and the mean nuclear volume was larger, in both primary and metastatic lesions of RCCs with lymph node metastasis than in tumors with no metastasis. In primary lesions of RCCs with lymph node metastasis, clear cell, alveolar, or cystic patterns were observed less frequently, and granular or spindle/pleomorphic cells and papillary or solid patterns, were observed more frequently, as compared to those lesions without metastasis. Comparison between primary and metastatic lesions in individual patients revealed no significant difference in grade or mean nuclear volume. The development of new cell types or histologic architectures, which was not noted in the primary lesions, was also a rare event in the metastatic lesions. Conclusion:Several characteristic histologic features, which may reflect the increased metastatic potential of the tumor, were observed in both primary and metastatic lesions in cases of RCC with lymph node metastasis. No substantial difference in histologic features was observed between the primary or metastatic lesions of individual patients.
Influence of Intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin Therapy on Systemic Immunological Status
Authors: Yoshimura Koji , Yamauchi Tamio 
Published: July 2007

Background: Intravesical bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCC) therapy for superficial bladder cancer induces obvious local immunological responses. The purpose of this study was to examine the systemic immunological influences induced by intravesical BCG therapy. Methods: We measured peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets (PBLS) and monocyte counts in 30 patients with superficial bladder carcinoma by two‐colored flow cytometry before, during, and after intravesical BCG treatment. Comparisons were made between 24 good treatment responders and 6 poor responders. Results: From 3 to 12 months after the beginning of treatment, PBLS and monocyte counts changed, as evidenced by an increase of suppressor T cells and a decrease of helper T cells. The good responders had higher cell counts than the poor responders, with differences in cell counts between good and poor responders more marked 1 month after beginning treatment, particularly of natural killer cells, cytotoxic T cells, and inducer T cells. These differences disappeared 3 months after the onset of treatment. Conclusion: Intravesical BCG therapy caused a marked and persistent alteration of the systemic immunological status.
Usefulness of Preoperative MRI Diagnosis in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Totsuka Yoshihiro , Ishizaka Hiroshi , Suzuki Keiji , Yamanaka Hidetosi 
Published: July 2007

Background:We examined the reliability of an MRI diagnosis prior to radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Methods:A radical prostatectomy was performed in 24 patients with prostate cancer. Resected specimens were fixed and 5 mm step sections vertical to the urethra were prepared to resemble MRI images. We compared this pathological map with the preoperative MRI diagnosis which included capsular or seminal vesicle invasion and tumor localization in the prostate. We defined a new criterion for the presence of capsular invasion as a chemical shift that occurred on the rectal side on T1 ‐weighted images 5 minutes after gadolinium (Gd) enhancement and the periprostatic venous plexus was not serial. We also examined 4 diagnostic factors of tumor localization including a low‐signal intensity area detected in the peripheral zone on T2‐weighted images, the presence of an enhanced area on Gd‐enhanced T1‐weighted images, and a low T2 with either Gd‐enhanced or nonenhanced T1‐weighted images. Results:The accuracy of a preoperative MRI diagnosis of capsular invasion was 16.7% using the conventional criteria, but 88.9% adding the new criterion. The accuracy of predicting seminal vesicle invasion was 63.2% in a group using a body surface coil compared to 75% in the group using an endorectal surface coil. The accuracy, positive predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing tumor localization were 69%, 74.4%, 35.1%, and 91.8%, respectively. Conclusion:This new criterion proved superior for diagnosing capsular invasion in prostate cancer patients. Also, analysis of tumor localization in the peripheral zone demonstrated that cancer detection is increased if the low‐signal intensity area is enhanced by Gd.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Clenbuterol for Urinary Incontinence after Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Noguchi Masanori , Eguchi Yoshiro , Ichiki Junji , Yahara Junro , Noda Shinshi 
Published: July 2007

Background:Urinary incontinence is one of the most common complications occurring after radical prostatectomy. We evaluated the efficacy of clenbuterol, a selective β2‐adrenoceptor agonist, in the treatment of incontinence occurring after radical prostatectomy, using urodynamic assessment. Methods:Fourteen men (mean age, 68 years) with post‐radical‐prostatectomy incontinence were treated with 20 mg of clenbuterol twice a day for 1 month. The urodynamic assessment was performed on all patients before and after the administration of clenbuterol. A pad scoring system was used to gauge the severity of incontinence before and after treatment. Results:At 1 month after administration of clenbuterol, 9 of the 14 patients (64%) had dramatic improvement in pad scores. Treatment failed in 5 patients (36%) with severe incontinence. The results of urodynamic studies showed that the mean functional urethral length of the patients with post‐radical‐prostatectomy incontinence increased significantly after treatment. Conclusion:These results suggest that clenbuterol can be used as an effective agent for treating mild‐to‐moderate stress incontinence after radical prostatectomy.
Nuclear p53 Overexpression in Bladder, Prostate, and Renal Carcinomas
Authors: Sinik Zafer , Alkibay Turgut , Ataoglu Oumür , Biri Hasan , Sözen Sinan , de Niz Nuri , Karaoglan Uustünol , Bozkirli Ibrahim 
Published: July 2007

Background:The aim of this study was to examine nuclear p53 overexpression in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and renal cell carcinoma. Methods:Forty‐four pathologic specimens from 39 bladder cancer patients, 41 prostatic adenocarcinoma, and 39 renal cell carcinoma specimens were analyzed immunohistochemically with D07 monoclonal antibody to detect the expression of the mutant p53 gene. Overexpression was said to occur when the number of positively‐stained tumor nuclei were≥ 10% in each specimen. p53 overexpression was correlated with the clinical and histopathological features of these cancers. Results:Nuclear p53 overexpression occurred in 18.2% of transitional cell bladder cancer specimens, 12.2% of prostate cancer specimens, and 17.9% of renal cell cancer specimens. Statistical analyses showed that grade, vascular invasion, and necrosis in bladder cancer, a high Gleason score in prostate cancer, and the 1‐year mortality rate in renal cancer were significantly related with p53 nuclear overexpression (P<0.05). Conclusion:Using the D07 monoclonal antibody, nuclear p53 overexpression is relatively uncommon in urologic malignancies, and moderately correlates with several histopathological and clinical features of urologic malignancies.
Significance of the BTA Test in Bladder Cancer: A Multicenter Trial
Authors: Miyanaga Naoto , Akaza Hideyuki , Kameyama Shuji , Hachiya Takahiko , Ozono Seiichiro , Kuroda Masao , Koga Hirofumi , Koiso Kenkichi 
Published: July 2007

Background:The BTA test is a latex agglutination assay for the qualitative detection in the urine of analytes that are associated with bladder tumor. We compared the results of the BTA test with those of voided urine cytology (VUC) in patients with bladder cancer. Methods:A multicenter trial was performed at 6 institutions. A total of 132 patients with histologically diagnosed bladder cancer were enrolled. Urine samples were split for BTA and VUC testing. Results:The sensitivities of the BTA test and VUC were 57.6% and 37.9%, respectively; this difference was significant (P< 0.001). The BTA test had much higher sensitivity for small, solitary, superficial tumors than did VUC. Conclusion:The BTA test is simple to perform, gives rapid results, and is far more sensitive than VUC for detection of bladder cancer. The BTA test has the potential to become an additional tool for detecting bladder cancer.
Relationship between Prostate‐Specific Antigen, Clinical Stage, and Degree of Bone Metastasis in Patients with Prostate Cancer: Comparison with Prostatic Acid Phosphatase and Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: Akimoto Susumu , Furuya Yuzo , Akakura Koichiro , Shimazaki Jun , Ito Haruo 
Published: July 2007

Background:The study was designed to examine the relation of the levels of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to clinical stage and bone metastasis in prostate cancer patients.Methods:Serum PSA, PAP, and ALP levels were evaluated in 272 patients with prostate cancer. The relation of the level of PSA, PAP, and ALP to clinical stage and to degree of bone metastasis were examined by a multiple comparison method using ranks. The superiority of a marker in the rate of detection of bone metastasis was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The correlation coefficients of the order of the extent of bone metastasis with PSA, PAP, and ALP were examined with Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient test.Results:The levels of PSA showed significant differences among 8 pairs of clinical stages, in contrast, the levels of PAP showed significant differences among 6 pairs, and the levels of ALP showed significant differences among only 4 pairs. The area under the ROC curves of PSA, PAP, and ALP for revealing bone metastasis was 84.9%, 81.4%, and 77.3%, respectively. The correlation coefficients of the order of extent of disease (EOD) with log (PSA), log (PAP), and log (ALP) were 0.346, 0.394, and 0.618, respectively, and the levels of ALP showed the most significant differences regarding the extent of bone metastasis.Conclusion:PSA was the best marker for differentiating clinical stages, but showed limited reliability for stratifying the extent of bone metastasis.
Effects of α‐Interferon on Sperm Production, Concentration, and Motility in the Rat
Authors: Hibi Hatsuki , Yokoi Keisuke , Yamamoto Masanori 
Published: July 2007

Background:We evaluated possible effects of α‐interferon (α‐IFN) on testicular spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm quality in the nude rat. Methods:Nude male rats were administered subcutaneous injections of human α‐IFN daily for 3 months. The luminal content of the cauda epididymidis was collected by micropuncture. Daily sperm production was determined by Amann's method and sperm concentrations were determined by microassay. Progressive motility was judged by evaluating the linear distance traveled by the sperm in a diluent. Serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were also measured at the end of the experiment. Results:Daily sperm production and epididymal sperm concentrations were significantly increased after administration of α‐IFN, while progressive motility of the spermatozoa was not altered. α‐IFN significantly increased serum testosterone levels, while it decreased serum LH levels and left serum FSH levels unchanged. Conclusion:α‐IFN may improve testicular spermatogenesis and increase the epididymal sperm concentration in the rat. These promising results with α‐IFN may pave the way for a new approach to treating male infertility.
Frequent Recurrence of Superficial Bladder Tumors in the Periorificial Region: Possible Predictor for Delayed Appearance of Invasive Intramural Ureteric Cancer
Authors: Kato Haruaki , Kiyokawa Hideo , Igawa Yasuhiko , Toguri Allan G. , Nishizawa Osamu 
Published: July 2007

Two cases of invasive lower ureteric cancer developed following frequent recurrence of superficial bladder tumors in the region of the ureteral orifice. The cancer focus could not be identified in the intramural ureter prior to intravenous urography which revealed hydronephrosis. When bladder tumors repeatedly develop near the ureteric orifice, careful investigations such as ureteral catheterization with a small brush for cytology or ureteroscopy are necessary for the early detection of invasive disease.bladder neoplasms,ureteral neoplasms
Construction and Voiding Functions of Three Types of Orthotopic Neobladders Using Colonic Segments: The Kobe University Experience
Authors: Okada Hiroshi , Yamanaka Nozomu , Oh‐Oka Hitoshi , Gotoh Akinobu , Nakamura Ichiro , Hara Isao , Fujisawa Masato , Gohji Kazuo , Arakawa Soichi , Kamidono Sadao 
Published: July 2007

Background At Kobe University Hospital we have created orthotopic neobladders since 1988 by using several colonic segments. Various types of neobladders were compared and a detailed description of these procedures and the voiding function outcome is presented. Methods Thirty‐two men with invasive bladder carcinoma or recurrent carcinoma in situ underwent a radical cystectomy followed by orthotopic neobladder replacement using a right colonic, ileocolic or sigmoid colonic segment. The functional capacity, percentage of residual urine volume, configuration of the neobladder, and location in the pelvis were evaluated 1 year after surgery. Voiding function was evaluated using a questionnaire which included questions on diurnal and nocturnal continence, and by uroflowmetric analysis. Results Operative time, blood loss, and functional neobladder capacity did not differ for the 3 types of neobladders. The configuration of the right colonic and ileocolic neobladders resembled the shape of a rugby ball. The configuration of the sigmoid neobladder was oval. The right colonic and ileocolic neobladders tended to be located along the right side wall of the pelvis. The sigmoid neobladder was located in the center of the pelvis. Daytime and nocturnal continence was not affected by either the type of neobladder or its configuration or position. Neobladders located in the center of the pelvis exhibited a better maximum flow rate than those located along the right wall of the pelvis. Conclusion The technical difficulty in constructing the 3 types of neobladders was approximately the same. For better voiding a neobladder should be located in the center of the pelvis.
Clinical Evaluation of Random Biopsy of Urinary Bladder in Patients with Superficial Bladder Cancer
Authors: Taguchi Isao , Gohji Kazuo , Hara Isao , Gotoh Akinobu , Yamada Yuji , Yamanaka Kazuki , Okada Hiroshi , Arakawa Soichi , Kamidono Sadao 
Published: July 2007

Background Superficial bladder cancer has a tendency to recur in the urinary bladder. One reason for recurrence is the presence of concomitant carcinoma in situ (CIS) or dysplasia. However, the usefulness of random biopsy of the urinary bladder has been unclear. Methods Between September 1990 and March 1996, 83 patients with superficial bladder cancer underwent mucosal biopsy of 6 different sites in the urinary bladder with macroscopically normal findings (random biopsy). The relationship between a positive biopsy (CIS or dysplasia) and the tumor characteristics was examined. The disease‐free survival of the patients according to the biopsy results was determined. Results The positive biopsy rate was 24.1% (CIS, 14.5% dysplasia, 9.6%). The incidence of positive biopsy in patients with high‐grade (C3), pT1 tumors, 3 or more and non‐papillary wide‐based tumors was significantly higher than that in patients with 1 or 2 tumors, low‐grade (G1, G2), pTa tumors and papillary tumors (P< 0.05). In patients with a single papillary tumor, positive biopsy was found in 9.5%. The disease‐free survival in patients with a positive biopsy did not differ from that in patients with a negative biopsy, because intravesical bacillus Calmette‐Guérin was instilled in patients with a positive biopsy. Conclusion Our results indicate that random biopsy is useful for detecting concomitant CIS or dysplasia and in the choice of drugs for intravesical instillation.