bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A DYNAMIC THEORY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Odani Shoshiro 
Published: March 2008

SummaryBased on experimental‐psychological investigations on schizophrenics of (1) resumption of interrupted activities, (2) retention of completed and uncompleted tasks, (3) substitute value of substitute actions, (4) activities of different degrees of reality, (5) psychical satiation, and (6) effect of success and failure on displacement of level of aspiration, a dynamic theory of schizophrenic personality has been developed.Schizophrenic personality is characterized by pathological fluidity of psychical material with dedifferentiation of inner personality structure.Symptomatology has been interpreted dynamically as modes of reaction of the pathologically changed person as a whole to his correspondingly changed world.
CONDITIONING OF SEIZURE DISCHARGES WITH ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE LIMBIC STRUCTURES IN CATS
Authors: Yoshii N. , Yamaguchi Y. 
Published: March 2008

Summary1. Using pure tone as the conditioned stimulus, conditioning of hippocampal or amygdaloid seizures with electrical stimulation of the limbic structures was tried in unanesthetized, half‐restrained cats.2. In the early stage of conditioning, generalized evoked patentials followed by generalized desynchronization and then hippocampal arousal pattern were induced by the conditioned stimulus.3. As conditioning proceeded, the single spikes or polyspikes diffusely irradiating from the sites electrically stimulated began to appear in the interval between two successive trials, and they could be seen during the conditioned stimulus after several hundreds and thousands trials.4. As for peripheral reactions, tonic contractions such as head turning and tonic stiffening were conditioned, but phasic contractions such as facial tics, chewing and licking were not with the present experimental methods.5. These animals often showed behavioral disorders such as rage reaction or lowering threshold of tonic‐clonic convulsions in the course of conditioning.6. The above‐described electroencephalographic and behavioral changes could be extinguished after experimental or natural extinction.
AMINO ACIDS IN THE BRAIN —ANALYSIS OF AMINO ACIDS IN VARIOUS AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX—
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuhisa , Iwado Takaaki , Kitamura Motoo , Uno Kazumasa , Sugiu Ryosuke 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe authors have described the actual conditions of amino acids of the brain in each area as analysed. Many suppositions can be made from these findings, but it is extremely difficult to substantiate these suppositions, especially because the subject is the human brain. It appears dangerous to draw any conclusions based on such suppositions, but some of the problems for future studies may be pointed out.1. Both glutamic acid and glutamine are contained in a considerable quantity in each area of the brain. Glutamine is found in greatest quantity in the motor and the occipital areas and it seems that glutamine plays an important role or that the inter‐reaction between glutamic acid and glutamine is very active in these areas.2. Phosphoethanolamine is contained in the greatest quantity in the frontal and the motor areas and it ssems to play an important role in the metabolism of amino acids containing phosphorus in the anterior half of the brain.3. Cystathionine is contained in a large quantity in the sensory, speech, and occipital areas, and it seems to play an important tole in the metabolism of amino acids containing sulfur.4. GABA seems to be greatly affected by postmortal changes and it is believed to be an important substance in the physiological and biochemical vital reactions of the brain.
REINE DEPRESSION UND ZYKLOTHYME DEPRESSION —Von intrafamiliärer Psychose her gesehene Beobachtungen—
Authors: Kurosawa Ryosuke , Suwa Hisashi , Kitamura Sachi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWe divided the endogeneous depression into two groups: Pure depression and cyclothymic depression. We observed two groups from the viewpoint of the psychosis of the family.The pure depression, which had only pure depression in the family. showed monopolar and simple symptoms. In comparison with it the cyclothymic cleprcssion, which had manic‐depressiv psychosis or cycloid psychosis (Leonhard) in the family. showed hipolar or reactive unstability in the symptoms. If a violent anxiety or stupor was observed in depressive state, we must consider the relation to the cycloid psychosis.This article is dedicated to Prof. Murakami in his honour of the tenth anniversary of the opening of his lecture at Kyoto University School of Medicine respectfully.
SIMILARITY OF ALPHA ACTIVITY DURING THE MOTOR CONDITIONING IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS*
Authors: Higashi Masamoto 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe EEGs during the repetition of thumb flexion responses at certain time intervals were investigated in seven pairs of monozygotic twins.Especially noteworthy was the enhancement of the basic alpha rhythm occurring antecedent to the coming stimulation, and this was clearly shown by registering the instantaneous analysis of alpha waves in each frequency. Its appearance was markedly similar in each pair of monozygotic twins.These results suggest there is a hereditary basis related to individual differences of conditional alpha activity. The significance of this phenomenon was discussed from a standpoint of active inhibition.Grateful acknowledgement is made to Prof. Eiji Inouye, for his constant interest and guidance in this investigation and revision of the manuscript.
CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION OF THE THETA WAVE OF THE BACKGROUND ACTIVITY IN EPILEPSY
Authors: Nakazawa Yoichi , Omura Shigemitsu 
Published: March 2008

Summary1. We have examined the EEGs from 51 epileptics to see if there is any relationship between paroxysmal dysrhythmia and the theta wave of the background activity and found that there certainly exists an antagonistic relationship between the two.2. It has been ascertained that the theta wave of the background activity is closely associated with irritability and that the relationship between the theta wave and so‐called epileptic personality such as irritability is particularly noteworthy.3. It has also been found that the frequency of appearance of the theta wave does not depend on the duration of epilepsy in the patient.4. The foregoing results we have obtained have led to the conclusion that in epilepsy paroxysmal dysrhythmia stands in a homeostatic relation to the continuous theta wave of the background activity, and to a sort of psychic symptom such as irritability to be developed in the patient.5. The clinical trait of epileptic, such as irritability, is to be considered not as a trait of an epileptic personality but as psychic symptom of epilepsy.
INFLUENCE OF THE AFFERENT IMPULSE OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVES ON THE SPLANCHNIC AFFERENT IN THE ANTEROLATERAL FUNICULUS OF THE SPINAL CORD
Authors: Urabe Miyoshi , Tsubokawa Takashi , Sakurat Hiraki , Seki Masao 
Published: March 2008

SummaryEvoked potentials to the splanchnic stimulation were recorded from the ipsi‐lateral posterior funiculus and from the bilateral anterolateral funiculi in the spinal cord. The former had a short latency and the latter had a long latency. Evoked potentials of the splanchnic nerve were recorded from the nucleus cuneatus and lemniscus medialis in the medulla, which had a short latency since their origin was in the impulses ascended through the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord. Evoked potentials were also recorded from the tractus spino‐m‐thalamicus and nucleus reticularis ventralis in the medulla, which had a long latency corresponding with those from the anterolateral funiculi of the spinal cord.The splanchnic impulse, ascended through the anterolateral funiculus of the spinal cord, was influenced by the effect of the vagal stimulation as well as the stimulation of the somatosensory and proprioceptive systems through mediation of the activity of the brain stem reticular formation. The vagal stimulation also exerted an inhibitory effect on the splanchnic afferent impulse in the anterolateral funiculus through some other mechanism than mediation of the brain stem reticular formation.
SPONTANEOUS THROMBOSIS OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Kawakita Yukio , Abe Kazuhiko , Miyata Yusuke , Horikoshi Shoichi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryTwo cases of internal carotid artery thrombosis in apparently healthy girls were reported. The first case died of massive encephalomalacia and was demonstrated to have widespread occlusion of the circle of Willis and the distal segments of the bilateral internal carotid artery. Since histological changes characterized by numerous thick intimal plaques were similar to those which occur during infectious diseases, it was suspected that chronic tuberculosis or otitis media which were revealed at autopsy might be responsible for the pathogenetic processes.The second case survived with a residual hemiparesis and dysphagia. No convincing etiological factor was found.
CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE EEG‐ACTIVATING EFFECTS OF A NEW CENTRAL STIMULANT, SODIUM‐BETA, BETA‐PENTAMETHYLENE‐GAMMA‐HYDROXYBUTYRATE
Authors: Kazamatsuri Hajime , Gotö Yökö , Sonoda Takaya , Taen Shiiji 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe activating effects of a new central stimulant, sodium‐beta, beta‐pentamethy‐lene‐gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB), were examined on a total of 129 patients (composed of 56 epileptics and 73 non‐epileptics) who had almost normal resting electroencephalograms.PHB was intravenously administered at the rate of 2.5 mg per minute of 0.1% solution up to the maximum 20 mg. 44 cases out of 56 epileptics (78.6%) as well as 14 out of 73 non‐epileptics (19.2%) showed paroxysmal discharges including spikes, spike and wave complex, multiple spikes and wave complex and high voltage slow burst; nearly all the known characteristic forms of epileptic seizure patterns were produced. The activating effect of PHB seemed to be most remarkable for the centrencephalic seizure discharge in the epileptic EEG.Clinical attacks were unwittingly provoked with PHB in only four cases of epilepsy, and they all closely resembled the habitual seizures of the patients. This suggests the possibility of using PHB for the production of clinical attacks for diagnostic purposes.In 18 patients, the activating effect of PHB was compared with that of Metrazol at intervals of several weeks and 20 mg of PHB proved to have an EEG activating potency approximately identical toL that of 400 mg of Metrazol. In comparison with Metrazol, it should be emphasized that PHB seemed to have several practical advantages, especially in regard to the lesser side effects at the dosage employed, and the great margin between the threshold of seizure discharge and that of clinical attack.From the results obtained, the authors recommend provocation with a slow intravenous injection of PHB as an effective and safe procedure to obtain additional information in the EEG to establish a positive diagnosis of epilepsy in patients with suspected seizures.
EFFECTS OF THIOPENTAL ON THE HUMAN SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED RESPONSE
Authors: Ikuta Takumi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe effect of Thiopental on the human somatosensory evoked response (E.R.) recorded on the scalp was studied in chronic schizophrenic patients. The E.R. was recorded successively before, during and after the intravenous injection of different dosages of Thiopental until after awakening. The changes in the latencies of the main positive peak and the main negative peak and the changes in the amplitude were analyzed quantitatively, comparing with the mean latency and the mean amplitude before injection.I observed a systematic change in latency, which increased and recovery was delayed proportional to the dosage. Among the peaks constituting the major positive peak, the latency of the later peak increased more, regardless of its polarity. The latency of the main positive peak increased without drug induced sleep. On an average, the increase without sleep is the same as the level to which the latency recovered when awakening occurred (125%).The changes in amplitude were inconsistent. There was a tendency to decrease at the beginning, but the individual changes differed markedly among subjects and dosages. Although it can not be applied in all subjects, analysis revealed two phases during the drug induced sleep. The later phase accompanied by characteristic E.R. pattern with augmented the first positive peak was attributed to the postnarcotic sleep. With larger dosages, synchronization of the EEG in beta frequency to the peripheral stimulation occurred first prior to the appearance of E.R.
EFFECT OF A LARGE DOSE OF DEXAMETHASONE, A SYNTHETIC ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONE, ON THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM IN RABBITS WITH ELECTRODES CHRONICALLY IMPLANTED IN THE BRAIN
Authors: Shimada Takeshi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe effects of a synthetic adrenocortical hormone, dexamethasone, on the behavior and on the electroencephalogram of the neocortex and hippocampus, on the midbrain reticular arousal response, the thalamic arousal response and on the recruiting response were examined in unrestrained and unanesthetized rabbits to investigate the effect of the adrenocortical hormone on the brain and to elucidate the mechanism of its action.Following the administration of dexamethasone the animal showed considerable alertness both in behavior and in EEG for about twenty minutes. The hormone caused an increase of both the midbrain reticular arousal response and the thalamic arousal response for ten to thirty minutes, but exerted little effect on the recruiting response.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BRAIN SWELLING I. CHANGES IN RESPIRATORY CONTROL 2,4‐DINITROPHENOL INDUCED ATPase ACTIVITY AND PHOSPHORYLATION — Correlation between Brain Swelling and Mitochondrial Function —
Authors: Ozawa Kazue , Itada Nobutomo , Kuno Sigeru , Seta Kiichiro , Handa Hajime , Araki Chisato 
Published: March 2008

SummaryBrain swelling was produced by exposing the cerebral cortex to air (rat) and by epidural compression (cat). The isolated mitochondria from swollen brains were investigated with regard to some basic properties relevant to their functional state, such as respiration, phosphorylation, respiratory control and ATPase activity.The biochemical findings correlated with clinical and electroencephalographic findings. In the moderate cases, the isolated mitochondria revealed a loosely coupled state of the oxidative phosphorylation, characterized by a decrease of respiration in the presence of a phosphate acceptor, with an essentially normal phosphorylative efficiency. The ATPase activity of the mitochondria was only slightly stimulated by 2,4‐dinitro‐phenol. On the other hand, the mitochondria of severe cases showed loss of phosphorylation, but in some cases, the improvement of phosphorylation was observed when serum albumin was added or the mitochondrial preparation was kept at 0 for two hours.The possible mechanism of the development of brain swelling was discussed from the viewpoint of the biochemical change in the mitochondria.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BRAIN SWELLING II. INFLUENCE OF BRAIN SWELLING AND ISCHEMIA ON THE FORMATION OF AN ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR IN MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: Ozawa Kame , Seta Kiichiro , Handa Hajime 
Published: March 2008

SummaryBrain swelling or complete ischemia by decapitation causes the loss of the ability to couple phosphorylation to respiration and the simultaneous formation of an ethanol‐extrectable inhibitor. This material also inhibits respiration in the presence of a phosphate acceptor system, respiratory control ratio, and 2.4‐dinitrophenol‐induced ATPase activity. These actions of this inhibitor are abolished by the presence of serum albumin. Enzymic formation of the inhibitor also occurred during the incubation of tightly coupled rat brain mitochondria at 22“.This inhibitor has properties consistent with those of higter fatty acids and its enzymic formation from endogenous lipides may be responsible for the rapid inactivation of oxidative phosphorylation in brain swelling or ischemia.The possible mechanism of the development of brain swelling was discussed from the viewpoint of the endogenous inhibitor.
EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS ON BEHAVIOR AND EEG, FOLLOWING DIRECT ADMINISTATION TO DOG'S BRAIN
Authors: Kobayashi Tsukasa , Suzuki Jirô 
Published: March 2008

Summary1. Two kinds of psychotropic drugs, chlorpromazine and imipramine, were examined in forty‐one dogs by means of the conditioned avoidance response and the electrocorticogram. These drugs were administered through three routes, namely intra‐peritoneal, intra‐arachnoid, and intra‐ventricular injection, with neither anaesthesia nor restraint.2. Following the intra‐arachnoid injection: Chlorpromazine produced the slow conditioned avoidance response in behavior, and asymmetrical ECoG, synchronized pattern. Imipramine demonstrated no attenuation of the conditioned avoidance response, and slight synchronization on the ECoG. The depressant action of chlorpromazine to the cerebral cortex was confirmed.3. Following the intra‐ventricular injection: Both drugs blocked tentatively the conditioned avoidance response and produced a continuous desynchronized pattern on the ECoG. The dissociation between the behavior and the ECoG was noticeable. The periventricular area might have a more important role on the conditioned avoidance response than the cerebral cortex.4. The difference of drug action between chlorpromazine and imipramine was manifested following the intra‐arachnoid injection.5. The significance of the function of the cerebral cortex and periventricular structures to the conditioned avoidance response and to the action of the drug was discussed.
SUCCESSIVE MEASUREMENTS OF URINARY 5‐HIAA IN MENTAL ILLNESS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DIURNAL CHANGES AND LOADING TEST WITH TETRABENAZINE
Authors: Hirose Masashi 
Published: March 2008

Summary

Successive measurement of 5‐HIAA excretion in relation to changes in the clinical condition revealed a tendency to a relative increase during the state of impaired consciousness, emotional disturbance or psychomotor restlessness.
Diurnal variations of 5‐HIAA levels in 3 hour urine fractions were the greatest in acute psychotics followed by organic psychotics, chronic schizophrenics and controls. Acute psychotics tended to stabilize with clinical improvement, but still were relatively unstable even in states of near remission. In the chronic schizophrenic group, variation was relatively small, about the same as in the control group.
No significant difference was demonstrated between the chronic schizophrenic and control groups in terms of the increase response of the 5‐HIAA level after L‐tryptophan loading.
Loading of tetrabenazine resulted in maximum release of 5‐HIAA within 9 hours and recovery to the initial level in 18 hours in the control group, while abnormal responses were seen in the three groups of psychotics, as follows;

In the chronic schizophrenic group, the maximum level of 5‐HIAA was reached more slowly and the recovery time prolonged (“delayed and probnged response”).
In the acute psychotic group, 5‐HIAA level was very high and recovered very rapidly (“excessive response”).
In the organic psychotic group, increase of 5‐HIAA level was more or less similar to that of the contro? group, but recovery tended to be delayed (“prolonged response”).
ON THE STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD SERUM IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS
Authors: Krasnova A. I. , Lozovsky D. V. , Faktor M. I. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe blood serum of schizophrenic patients differs from that of normal people and patients with a number of other mental diseases concerning its effect on glucose transformation with chicken erythrocites in the experiments in vitro causing an increase of the lactate/pyruvate coefficient. The extent of this effect is associated with the severity and duration of the schizophrenic process. A biologically active factor responsible for the described phenomenon is instable, thermolabile, and represents either a substance of a protein nature or a two‐component system consisting of a thermolabile protein carrier and an active low‐molecular compound proper.
A POLYGRAPHIC STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF ATROPINE ON HUMAN NOCTURNAL SLEEP
Authors: Toyoda T. , Sasaki K. , Kurihara M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary1) The effects of atropine on the human nocturnal sleep were studied polygraphically on nine male adults.2) No specific EEG changes were observed during nocturnal sleep and at awakening with administration of atropine in the doses ranging from 0.25 to 10.0 mg per person.3) A slight decrease in the amount of paradoxical stage in the first two hour segment of sleep was observed with atropine. Amount of stage increased slightly with smaller doses of atropine (0.25–0.5 mg). But these changes did not increase in parallel to the increase in the dose of the drug.4) In the following hours of sleep the percentage of the spindle‐stage showed an increase. As a whole the percentage of each sleep stage throughout a night under atropine in the doses experimented (0.25–10.0 mg) was almost the same as in the control sleeps with placebo.5) Pulse rate in the sleep with atropine of smaller doses (0.25–0.5 mg) showed no significant difference from that in the control sleep. With medium doses (1.0–2.5 mg) marked tachycardia was induced. With larger doses (5–10 mg) significant bradycardia preceding persistent tachycardia of marked degree was observed.6) GSR was not significantly influenced by smaller doses of the drug. With medium doses GSR on volar side of the hand was suppressed. With larger doses, GSR on both volar and dorsal sides of the hand was suppressed.7) These results were discussed with reference to the data reported in animal experiments, and also in relation to the effects of imipramine on sleep polygram.