bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia Results in GABAergic Channelopathy
Authors: Poolos Nicholas P. 
Published: November 2005

AMPA/Kainate Receptor–mediated Downregulation of GABAergic Synaptic Transmission by Calcineurin after Seizures in the Developing Rat Brain Sanchez RM, Dai W, Levada RE, Lippman JJ, Jensen FE J Neurosci 2005;25:3442–3451 Hypoxia is the most common cause of perinatal seizures and can be refractory to conventional anticonvulsant drugs, suggesting an age-specific form of epileptogenesis. A model of hypoxia-induced seizures in immature rats reveals that seizures result in immediate activation of the phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) in area CA1 of hippocampus. After seizures, CA1 pyramidal neurons exhibit a downregulation of GABAA receptor (GABAAR)-mediated inhibition that was reversed by CaN inhibitors. CaN activation appears to be dependent on seizure-induced activation of Ca2+-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs), because the upregulation of CaN activation and GABAAR inhibition were attenuated by GYKI 52466 [1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine hydrochloride] or Joro spider toxin. GABAAR β2/3 subunit protein was dephosphorylated at 1 h after seizures, suggesting this subunit as a possible substrate of CaN in this model. Finally, in vivo administration of the CaN inhibitor FK-506 significantly suppressed hypoxic seizures, and posttreatment with NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfonylbenzo[ f]quinoxaline) or FK-506 blocked the hypoxic seizure-induced increase in CaN expression. These data suggest that Ca2+-permeable AMPARs and CaN regulate inhibitory synaptic transmission in a novel plasticity pathway that may play a role in epileptogenesis in the immature brain.
Pharmacogenetics of Epilepsy: One Step Forward?
Authors: Sills Graeme J. 
Published: November 2005

Genetic Predictors of the Maximum Doses Patients Receive during Clinical Use of the Antieileptic Drugs Carbamazepine and Phenytoin Tate SK, Depondt C, Sisodiya SM, Cavalleri GL, Schorge S, Soranzo N, Thom M, Sen A, Shorvon SD, Sander JW, Wood NW, Goldstein DB Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:5507–5512. Phenytoin and carbamazepine are effective and inexpensive antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). As with many AEDs, a broad range of doses is used, with the final “maintenance” dose normally determined by trial and error. Although many genes could influence response to these medicines, obvious candidates are known. Both drugs target the α-subunit of the sodium channel, encoded by the SCN family of genes. Phenytoin is principally metabolized by CYP2C9, and both are probable substrates of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein. We therefore assessed whether variation in these genes associates with the clinical use of carbamazepine and phenytoin in cohorts of 425 and 281 patients, respectively. We report that a known functional polymorphism in CYP2C9 is highly associated with the maximum dose of phenytoin ( P = 0.0066). We also show that an intronic polymorphism in the SCN1A gene shows significant association with maximum doses in regular use of both carbamazepine and phenytoin ( P = 0.0051, and P = 0.014, respectively). This polymorphism disrupts the consensus sequence of the 5′ splice donor site of a highly conserved alternative exon (5N), and it significantly affects the proportions of the alternative transcripts in individuals with a history of epilepsy. These results provide evidence of a drug-target polymorphism associated with the clinical use of AEDs and set the stage for a prospective evaluation of how pharmacogenetic diagnostics can be used to improve dosing decisions in the use of phenytoin and carbamazepine. Although the case made here is compelling, our results cannot be considered definitive or ready for clinical application until they are confirmed by independent replication.
A Possible Causative Role for Blood–Brain Barrier Failure and Reactive Astrocytosis in Acquired Epilepsy
Authors: D'Ambrosio Raimondo 
Published: November 2005

Lasting Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption Induces Epileptic Focus in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex Seiffert E, Dreier JP, Ivens S, Bechmann I, Tomkins O, Heinemann U, Friedman A J Neurosci 2004;24:7829–7836 Perturbations in the integrity of the blood–brain barrier have been reported in both humans and animals under numerous pathologic conditions. Although the blood– brain barrier prevents the penetration of many blood constituents into the brain extracellular space, the effect of such perturbations on the brain function and their roles in the pathogenesis of cortical diseases are unknown. In this study, we established a model for focal disruption of the blood–brain barrier in the rat cortex by direct application of bile salts. Exposure of the cerebral cortex in vivo to bile salts resulted in long-lasting extravasation of serum albumin to the brain extracellular space and was associated with a prominent activation of astrocytes with no inflammatory response or marked cell loss. By using electrophysiological recordings in brain slices, we found that a focus of epileptiform discharges developed within 4 to 7 days after treatment and could be recorded up to 49 days postoperatively in more than 60% of slices from treated animals but only rarely (10%) in sham-operated controls. Epileptiform activity involved both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Epileptiform activity also was induced by direct cortical application of native serum, denatured serum, or albumin-containing solution. In contrast, perfusion with serum-adapted electrolyte solution did not induce abnormal activity, thereby suggesting that the exposure of the serum-devoid brain environment to serum proteins underlies epileptogenesis in the blood–brain barrier–disrupted cortex. Although many neuropathologies entail a compromised blood–brain barrier, this is the first direct evidence that it may have a role in the pathogenesis of focal cortical epilepsy, a common neurologic disease.
One‐Year Clinical Outcomes After Complete Arterial Coronary Revascularization
Authors: OSTER HARTMUT , SCHWARZ FRANZ , STÖRGER HANS , HOFMANN MANFRED , PIANCATELLI CLAUDIA , THOMAS JULE , HAASE JÜRGEN 
Published: November 2005

Background: Conventional coronary bypass surgery applies single internal mammary arteries and saphenous vein graft conduits for revascularization of occluded coronary arteries. While the use of saphenous vein grafts is limited by early graft occlusion, little data exist on clinical experiences with complete arterial revascularization.
Patients and Method: From January 2003 to July 2004, 390 patients were transferred from Red Cross Hospital Cardiology Center to the Rotenburg Cardiovascular Center for coronary bypass operation. From these patients, 200 were selected for complete arterial revascularization. Mean age of the patients was 66.7 ± 8.0 years; 80.5% were male; 68.5% had triple‐vessel disease, 31% had two‐vessel disease, and 0.5% had single‐vessel disease; 32% were diabetic; and 6.5% had a previous bypass operation. Left ventricular ejection fraction was >50% in 85.5% and 30–50% in 14.5%. Double internal mammary artery grafts were used in 98% and single internal mammary artery grafts in 2%. In 51%, the right internal mammary artery was connected with the left internal mammary artery as a T‐graft and in 17%, it was used as a free aortocoronary graft. Radial artery grafts were used in 4%. The average number of anastomoses per patient was 3.4.
Results: During the primary in‐hospital stay, 1.5% of the patients had to undergo reoperation, 3.5% had myocardial infarctions, 3.5% had wound healing complications, 1.0% experienced an ischemic stroke, and 1 patient died following an acute myocardial infarction. At 12 months, 1.0% underwent percutaneous reinterventions, 0.5% had to be reoperated, 0.5% had a myocardial infarction, and 1.0% died. The actuarial survival rate at 12 months was 99%.
Conclusion: When both the internal mammary arteries are used as the preferred surgical strategy, complete arterial revascularization can be performed with excellent clinical results over 12 months.
Percutaneous Saphenous Vein Graft Interventions with and without Distal Filter Wire Protection
Authors: HOFMANN MANFRED , STÖRGER HANS , SCHWARZ FRANZ , SCHWARZ CLAUS‐EBERHARD , REINEMER HARALD , RUEF JOHANNES , SCHÖPF JOSEF , HAASE JÜRGEN 
Published: November 2005

Background: Embolic protection during SVG interventions using distal balloon occlusion and aspiration has shown to reduce periprocedural complications compared to unprotected SVG interventions. A similar effect is expected from filter wires.
Patients and Methods: A total of 174 SVG interventions carried out with (group A; n = 87) or without distal filter wire protection (group B; n = 87) were retrospectively matched for the location of distal graft anastomosis and analyzed for baseline and procedural characteristics, for TIMI flow grade before and after PCI, for the postprocedural CK elevation, and for major adverse cardiac events at 30 days and 6 months (primary end point). Location of distal graft anastomosis was the left anterior descending artery in 19.6%, the left diagonal branch in 6.9%, the left marginal branch in 17.2%, the left posterolateral branch in 24.2%, the mid‐segment of the right coronary artery in 28.7%, and the posterior descending artery in 3.4%.
Results: Baseline clinical demographics showed no relevant differences between both the groups. Mean age of vein grafts was 11.7 ± 4.3 years in group A versus 10.6 ± 4.9 years in group B (P = 0.15). The number of stents per lesion was 1.4 ± 0.8 in group A versus 1.0 ± 0.8 in group B (P < 0.01). The total length of stents was 32.2 ± 16.2 mm in group A versus 20.9 ± 12.1 mm in group B (P < 0.01). TIMI flow grade pre was 2.5 ± 0.8 in group A versus 2.7 ± 0.6 in group B (P < 0.05). TIMI flow grade post was 2.9 ± 0.3 versus 2.9 ± 0.2. Improvement of TIMI flow grade after SVG intervention was 0.4 ± 0.7 in group A versus 0.2 ± 0.6 in group B (P < 0.05). Postprocedural CK‐MB elevations were observed in 17 patients of group A versus 14 patients of group B (P = 0.18). At 30 days, there were no myocardial infarctions (MIs) and no deaths in either group. One patient of group A had to be reoperated and four patients of group A underwent repeat PCI (4.6%) versus one patient of group B (1.2%). At 6 months, there were again no MIs and no deaths in either group. Target lesion revascularization rate was 17.3% in group A versus 11.5% in group B (P <0.02).
Conclusion: When distal filter wire protection is used in high risk SVG lesions, the clinical outcome of percutaneous interventions may be equal to low risk SVG lesions without filter wire protection.
Contrary food requirements of the larvae of twoCurtonotus(Coleoptera: Carabidae:Amara) species
Authors: Saska P. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe larvae of carabids that are granivorous as adults can be granivorous, omnivorous or carnivorous. The differences in larval food preferences ofAmara aulicaandAmara convexiuscula, two closely related species of the subgenusCurtonotus, were studied. Survival and duration of development of non‐diapausing first and second instar larvae were compared. The third instar larvae were not studied because they go into diapause prior to pupation. The larvae were fed diets consisting of insect larvae (Tenebrio molitor), seeds ofArtemisia vulgaris, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Urtica dioicaorCirsium arvenseand a mixed diet consisting of insect larvae and seed. Larvae ofA. aulicarequired seeds for successful development, whereas those ofA. convexiusculadeveloped on both an insect diet and seeds ofArtemisia. The difference in larval food requirements facilitates the coexistence of these closely related species, which frequently share the same habitat.
Effects of Nitrogen fertilisation and regrowth period on fatty acid concentrations in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Authors: Elgersma A. , Maudet P. , Witkowska I.M. , Wever A.C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractInformation on lipids in forages is scarce, and effects of nitrogen (N) application level and regrowth period on the fatty acid (FA) concentration and composition of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were studied. N was applied at 0, 45 and 100 kg ha−1, and swards were cut after various regrowth periods, resulting in six treatments designed as randomised blocks with three replicates. The stages of development ranged from vegetative to elongating swards, with herbage yield levels from 1.9 to 4.2 t dry matter (DM) ha−1. Concentrations of individual FA were determined by gas chromatography, and canopy characteristics and herbage quality were assessed. The treatments resulted in canopies with contrasting DM yields and protein concentrations. Five FAs, representing 98% of total FAs, were studied in detail. On an average, the concentration of these major FAs in fresh grass was 15.1 g kg−1 DM, and 69% of the major FAs consisted of C18:3. Regrowth period affected (P < 0.05) the total FA concentration, and significantly (P < 0.01) lower concentrations of C18:3 and C16:1 were found after a longer period of regrowth. N application resulted in higher (P < 0.001) concentrations of all FAs. The FA composition was not affected by N application, but a longer regrowth period significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the proportion of C18:3 and increased those of C18:2 and C16:0. A strong, positive overall linear relation was found between the concentrations of total FAs and C18:3 with the crude protein concentration in the herbage. These studies demonstrate opportunities to affect the FA concentration and composition of FA in herbage through management strategies, which could affect milk FA composition.
Simulations to Verify Horizontal Flow Measurements from a Borehole Flowmeter
Authors: James Scott C , Jepsen Richard A. , Beauheim Richard L. , Pedler William H. , Mandell Wayne A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis paper reports on experiments and simulations of subsurface flow from a slotted acrylic tube deployed in a sand‐tank flow chamber for two different purposes. In the first instance, the slotted tube is used to represent a single fracture intersected by an uncased well. In the second instance, the slotted tube is used to represent a multislot well screen within a porous medium. In both cases, the scanning colloidal borescope flowmeter (SCBFM) measures ground water velocity within the well by imaging colloids traveling through a well to measure their speed and direction. Measurements are compared against model simulations. For the case of a slotted tube representing a single fracture, SCBFM and model results agree with respect to the flow direction and to within a factor of 1.5 for the speed near the well’s center. Model and experimental agreement lend confidence that for an uncased well drilled in a fractured‐rock medium, a calibrated SCBFM could be used to identify and quantify flowing features. Next, the SCBFM was deployed in a four‐column multislotted casing with slots aligned with the flow direction. Another numerical model was developed to estimate the flow field within this well screen to evaluate the potential usefulness of employing the SCBFM in a screened well to estimate flow speed and direction in the surrounding porous medium. Results indicate that if the slots are not aligned with the flow, the SCBFM may only provide order‐of‐magnitude speed measurements and direction measurements with an uncertainty of approximately ±25°.
Effects of Alcohol on the Vibrational Relaxation in Liquid CS2
Authors: Slie W. M. , Litovitz T. A. 
Published: November 2005

Ultrasonic attenuation measurements were made in liquid carbon disulfide over a frequency range from 5 to 155 Mc at a temperature of −63°C. Further measurements were made when methyl, propyl, and butyl alcohol were added in concentrations up to 0.06 mole percent. In each case the relaxation frequency is increased linearly with the amount of alcohol added. The relaxation frequency for pure CS2 is 27.8 Mc. The shifts of relaxation frequency in liquid CS2 with alcohol added are:
methyl alcohol 24.7 Mc/mole percent
propyl alcohol 38.7 Mc/mole percent
butyl alcohol 50.7 Mc/mole percent.
The collision probabilities (P) of like and unlike molecules in the liquid as compared to the gas are unexpectedly close, (PAB/PAA)liq being approximately 0.65 (PAB/PAA)gas. Possible reasons for this will be considered.
Radiated Flow Noise
Authors: Skudrzyk Eugen J. , Haddle G. P. 
Published: November 2005

Recently, Lighthill used an improved estimate for the time scale of flow noise, which leads to more than 500 times greater radiation-field pressures for boundary-layer noise. The new theoretical predictions approach the levels generated by rotating cylinders or by large ships. The new theory shows that radiation field is generated in the strongly intermittent outermost part of the boundary layer. The radiation field generated by small vehicles is much greater than that of large ships, because of their smaller stability and the greater intermittency of the turbulence. Radiated flow noise is generated by the boundary-layer turbulence directly. Flow-excited wall vibrations contribute to radiated noise only at frequencies below 500–1000 cycles, provided the boundary layer is thick and the vessel walls thin.
Measurements showed there was practically no difference between the radiation field generated by a relatively thin aluminum-shell buoyant unit, or by one made of solid wood. Radiation-field measurements obtained by three independent methods will be presented: (a) by a hydrophone in the non-turbulent region of the buoyant unit, (b) by a nearfield insensitive hydrophone in the boundary layer, and (c) by three hydrophones at a distance 60 ft from the rising buoyant unit at depths of 250, 150, and 80 ft. [Sponsored by Naval Ordnance Systems Command.]
Integration of biological sources
Authors: Hernandez Thomas , Kambhampati Subbarao 
Published: November 2005

This paper surveys the area of biological and genomic sources integration, which has recently become a major focus of the data integration research field. The challenges that an integration system for biological sources must face are due to several factors such as the variety and amount of data available, the representational heterogeneity of the data in the different sources, and the autonomy and differing capabilities of the sources.
This survey describes the main integration approaches that have been adopted. They include warehouse integration, mediator-based integration, and navigational integration. Then we look at the four major existing integration systems that have been developed for the biological domain: SRS, BioKleisli, TAMBIS, and DiscoveryLink. After analyzing these systems and mentioning a few others, we identify the pros and cons of the current approaches and systems and discuss what an integration system for biologists ought to be.
The design of the Triton nested relational database system
Authors: Harvey Tina M. , Schnepf Craig W. , Roth Mark A. 
Published: November 2005

Unique database requirements of applications such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided software engineering(CASE), and office information systems(OIC) have driven the development of new data models and database systems based on these new models. In particular, the goal of these new database systems is to exploit the advantages of complex data models that are more efficient (in terms of time and space) than their relational counterparts.
In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of the Triton nested relational database system, a prototype system based on the nested relational data model. Triton is intended to be used as the backend storage and access component of the aforementioned applications.
This paper describes the architecture of the Triton system, and compares the performance of the nested relational model versus the relational model using Triton. In addition, this paper evaluates the EXODUS extensible database toolkit used in the development of the Triton system including key features of the persistent programming language E and the EXODUS storage manager.
Database research at AT&T Bell Laboratories
Authors: Jagadish H. V. 
Published: November 2005

Bell Laboratories is the Research and Development arm of AT&T. There is today tremendous support for database research in Bell Labs and in AT&T. This is expected to continue since database technology is recognized as being central not just to Teradata, NCR, and AT&T's computing business but to its core communication business as well. What you see described below is a survey of the current state of a young and growing research effort in the database area. You should expect to see a stronger “resume” a few years down the road.
Research at AT&T Bell Labs is never directed from above, towards specific projects or objectives. Individual researchers select their areas of research based on a combination of factors that include individual skill and interest, other on-going activity and potential for collaboration, and the likelihood of intellectual or monetary impact. While research activity can range from the highly theoretical to the completely applied, it is expected that most research be performed within the framework of some larger objective; and this framework is typically provided by a prototype system.
In addition to the core set of people here full-time, often there are visitors. You will see the names of many of these in the publications listed. For instance, most recently Oded Shmueli from the Technion spent a year with us. Currently, Avi Silberschatz is visiting from Austin.
Third normal form made easy
Authors: Salzberg Betty 
Published: November 2005

Third normal form is defined in different inequivalent ways in elementary data base textbooks. The method given in many of these books for decomposing a file into third normal form is non-algorithmic, depends on human recognition of a pattern, and has severe limitations and unexplained complexities. This is not necessary. There is an excellent algorithmic method available which is easy to learn, and which can be programmed.
The objective of this paper is to examine the differences concerning how third normal form is presented in various textbooks, and to present an easy way of introducing it to students.
This article appeared previously in the June 1986 issue of SIGCSE BULLETIN.
Missing information (applicable and inapplicable) in relational databases
Authors: Codd E. F. 
Published: November 2005

There has been some technical and justified criticism of the treatment of missing information in the data sublanguage SQL and in IBM's Database 2 system (a relational database management system). Some of this criticism has been directed (by mistake) at the relational model. The purpose of this paper is to clarify and extend the treatment of missing information by the relational model.
The clarification places heavy emphasis on the semantic aspects of missing information. The extension, which is relatively minor, provides a systematic approach (independent of data type) to dealing with the inapplicability of certain properties to some objects. This extension does not invalidate any part of the present version of the relational model.