bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein Induces Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Late Gene Expression by Interfering with Splicing Inhibitory Elements at the Major Late 5′ Splice Site, SD3632
Authors: Somberg Monika , Zhao Xiaomin , Fröhlich Monika , Evander Magnus , Schwartz Stefan 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
We have initiated a screen for cellular factors that can induce human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) late gene expression in human cancer cells. We report that the overexpression of polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), also known as heterologous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNP I), induces HPV-16 late gene expression in cells transfected with subgenomic HPV-16 plasmids or with full-length HPV-16 genomes and in persistently HPV-16-infected cells. In contrast, other hnRNPs such as hnRNP B1/A2, hnRNP F, and hnRNP Q do not induce HPV-16 late gene expression. PTB activates SD3632, the only 5′ splice site on the HPV-16 genome that is used exclusively by late mRNAs. PTB interferes with splicing inhibitory sequences located immediately upstream and downstream of SD3632, thereby activating late gene expression. One AU-rich PTB-responsive element was mapped to a 198-nucleotide sequence located downstream of SD3632. The deletion of this element induced HPV-16 late gene expression in the absence of PTB. Our results suggest that the overexpression of PTB interferes with cellular factors that interact with the inhibitory sequences. One may speculate that an increase in PTB levels or a reduction in the concentration of a PTB antagonist is required for the activation of HPV-16 late gene expression during the viral life cycle.
Electron Cryomicroscopy Reveals Different F1+F2 Protein States in Intact Parainfluenza Virions
Authors: Ludwig Kai , Schade Boris , Böttcher Christoph , Korte Thomas , Ohlwein Nina , Baljinnyam Bolormaa , Veit Michael , Herrmann Andreas 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
Electron cryomicrographs of intact parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) virions revealed two different surface structures, namely, a continuous layer and distinct individual spikes. The structure of these spikes reconstructed from intact virions was compared with known F ectodomain structures and was found to be different from the prefusion PIV5 F0 structure but, surprisingly, very similar to the human PIV3 F postfusion structure. Hence, we conclude that the individual F1+F2 spikes in intact PIV5 virions also correspond to the postfusion state. Since the observed fusion activity of PIV5 virions has to be associated with prefusion F1+F2 proteins, they have necessarily to be localized in the continuous surface structure. The data therefore strongly suggest that the prefusion state of the F1+F2 protein requires stabilization, most probably by the association with hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. The conversion of F1+F2 proteins from the prefusion toward the postfusion state while embedded in the virus membrane is topologically difficult to comprehend on the basis of established models and demands reconsideration of our current understanding.
Herpes Simplex Virus ICP27 Increases Translation of a Subset of Viral Late mRNAs
Authors: Fontaine-Rodriguez Errin C. , Knipe David M. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) ICP27 immediate-early protein plays an essential role in the expression of viral late genes. ICP27 is a multifunctional protein and has been reported to regulate multiple steps of mRNA synthesis and processing, including transcription, splicing, and nuclear export. Recently, ICP27 was reported to interact with translation factors and to stimulate translation of the viral late mRNA encoding VP16. We examined the effects of ICP27 on accumulation, nuclear export, and translation of HSV 1 (HSV-1) late mRNAs encoding VP16, ICP5, and gD. We confirm here that ICP27 stimulates translation of VP16 mRNA as well as an additional HSV-1 late ICP5 mRNA. The data presented here demonstrate that translation levels of both VP16 and ICP5 mRNA is reduced during infections with the ICP27-null virus mutant
d
27-1, and with ICP27 C-terminal deletion mutant viruses
n
406 and
n
504, compared to wild-type virus. In contrast, the translation of gD mRNA is not affected by the presence of ICP27 during infection. These data demonstrate that ICP27 functions to increase the translation levels of a subset of HSV-1 late genes, and this function requires the C terminus of ICP27.
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm Dynamics in African Green Monkeys
Authors: Pandrea Ivona , Ribeiro Ruy M. , Gautam Rajeev , Gaufin Thaidra , Pattison Melissa , Barnes Mary , Monjure Christopher , Stoulig Crystal , Dufour Jason , Cyprian Wayne , Silvestri Guido , Miller Michael D. , Perelson Alan S. , Apetrei Cristian 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTThe mechanisms underlying the lack of disease progression in natural simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) hosts are still poorly understood. To test the hypothesis that SIV-infected African green monkeys (AGMs) avoid AIDS due to virus replication occurring in long-lived infected cells, we infected six animals with SIVagm and treated them with potent antiretroviral therapy [ART; 9-R-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl) adenine (tenofovir) and beta-2,3-dideoxy-3-thia-5-fluorocytidine (emtricitabine)]. All AGMs showed a rapid decay of plasma viremia that became undetectable 36 h after ART initiation. A significant decrease of viral load was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and intestine. Mathematical modeling of viremia decay post-ART indicates a half-life of productively infected cells ranging from 4 to 9.5 h, i.e., faster than previously reported for human immunodeficiency virus and SIV. ART induced a slight but significant increase in peripheral CD4+T-cell counts but no significant changes in CD4+T-cell levels in lymph nodes and intestine. Similarly, ART did not significantly change the levels of cell proliferation, activation, and apoptosis, already low in AGMs chronically infected with SIVagm. Collectively, these results indicate that, in SIVagm-infected AGMs, the bulk of virus replication is sustained by short-lived cells; therefore, differences in disease outcome between SIVmac infection of macaques and SIVagm infection of AGMs are unlikely due to intrinsic differences in the in vivo cytopathicities between the two viruses.
Molecular Characterization of a Subgroup Specificity Associated with the Rotavirus Inner Capsid Protein VP2
Authors: McDonald Sarah M. , Patton John T. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
Group A rotaviruses are classified into serotypes, based on the reactivity pattern of neutralizing antibodies to VP4 and VP7, as well as into subgroups (SGs), based on non-neutralizing antibodies directed against VP6. The inner capsid protein (VP2) has also been described as a SG antigen; however, little is known regarding the molecular determinants of VP2 SG specificity. In this study, we characterize VP2 SGs by correlating genetic markers with the immunoreactivity of the SG-specific monoclonal antibody (YO-60). Our results show that VP2 proteins similar in sequence to that of the prototypic human strain Wa are recognized by YO-60, classifying them as VP2 SG-II. In contrast, proteins not bound by YO-60 are similar to those of human strains DS-1 or AU-1 and represent VP2 SG-I. Using a mutagenesis approach, we identified residues that determine recognition by either YO-60 or the group A-specific VP2 monoclonal antibody (6E8). We found that YO-60 binds to a conformationally dependent epitope that includes Wa VP2 residue M328. The epitope for 6E8 is also contingent upon VP2 conformation and resides within a single region of the protein (Wa VP2 residues A440 to T530). Using a high-resolution structure of bovine rotavirus double-layered particles, we predicted these epitopes to be spatially distinct from each other and located on opposite surfaces of VP2. This study reveals the extent of genetic variation among group A rotavirus VP2 proteins and illuminates the molecular basis for a previously described SG specificity associated with the rotavirus inner capsid protein.
Stabilized Binding of TBP to the TATA Box of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Early (tk) and Late (gC) Promoters by TFIIA and ICP4
Authors: Zabierowski Susan E. , DeLuca Neal A. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTWe have recently shown that ICP4 has a differential requirement for the general transcription factor TFIIA in vitro (S. Zabierowski and N. DeLuca, J. Virol. 78:6162-6170, 2004). TFIIA was dispensable for ICP4 activation of a late promoter (gC) but was required for the efficient activation of an early promoter (tk). An intact INR element was required for proficient ICP4 activation of the late promoter in the absence of TFIIA. Because TFIIA is known to stabilize the binding of both TATA binding protein (TBP) and TFIID to the TATA box of core promoters and ICP4 has been shown to interact with TFIID, we tested the ability of ICP4 to stabilize the binding of either TBP or TFIID to the TATA box of representative early, late, and INR-mutated late promoters (tk, gC, and gC8, respectively). Utilizing DNase I footprinting analysis, we found that ICP4 was able to facilitate TFIIA stabilized binding of TBP to the TATA box of the early tk promoter. Using mutant ICP4 proteins, the ability to stabilize the binding of TBP to both the wild-type and the INR-mutated gC promoters was located in the amino-terminal region of ICP4. When TFIID was substituted for TBP, ICP4 could stabilize the binding of TFIID to the TATA box of the wild-type gC promoter. ICP4, however, could not effectively stabilize TFIID binding to the TATA box of the INR-mutated late promoter. The additional activities of TFIIA were required to stabilize the binding of TFIID to the INR-mutated late promoter. Collectively, these data suggest that TFIIA may be dispensable for ICP4 activation of the wild-type late promoter because ICP4 can substitute for TFIIA's ability to stabilize the binding of TFIID to the TATA box. In the absence of a functional INR, ICP4 can no longer stabilize TFIID binding to the TATA box of the late promoter and requires the additional activities of TFIIA. The stabilized binding of TFIID by TFIIA may in turn allow ICP4 to more efficiently activate transcription from non-INR containing promoters.
Novel Mammalian Herpesviruses and Lineages within the
Gammaherpesvirinae
: Cospeciation and Interspecies Transfer
Authors: Ehlers Bernhard , Dural Güzin , Yasmum Nezlisah , Lembo Tiziana , de Thoisy Benoit , Ryser-Degiorgis Marie-Pierre , Ulrich Rainer G. , McGeoch Duncan J. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Novel members of the subfamily
Gammaherpesvirinae
, hosted by eight mammalian species from six orders (Primates, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Carnivora, Scandentia, and Eulipotyphla), were discovered using PCR with pan-herpesvirus DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene primers and genus-specific glycoprotein B (gB) gene primers. The gB and DPOL sequences of each virus species were connected by long-distance PCR, and contiguous sequences of approximately 3.4 kbp were compiled. Six additional gammaherpesviruses from four mammalian host orders (Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Primates, and Proboscidea), for which only short DPOL sequences were known, were analyzed in the same manner. Together with available corresponding sequences for 31 other gammaherpesviruses, alignments of encoded amino acid sequences were made and used for phylogenetic analyses by maximum-likelihood and Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov chain methods to derive a tree which contained two major loci of unresolved branching details. The tree was rooted by parallel analyses that included alpha- and betaherpesvirus sequences. This gammaherpesvirus tree contains 11 major lineages and presents the widest view to date of phylogenetic relationships in any subfamily of the
Herpesviridae
, as well as the most complex in the number of deep lineages. The tree's branching pattern can be interpreted only in part in terms of the cospeciation of virus and host lineages, and a substantial incidence of the interspecies transfer of viruses must also be invoked.
Pain relief after intratendinous injections in patients with tennis elbow: results of a randomised study
Authors: Zeisig E , Fahlström M , Öhberg L , Alfredson H 
Published: January 2008

Background:“Tennis elbow” is a difficult condition to treat. Ultrasonography (US) and colour Doppler (CD) guided injections with polidocanol targeting the area with increased blood flow in the extensor origin have shown promising clinical results.Objective:To evaluate and compare effects of US and CD guided intratendinous injections with sclerosing polidocanol and a local anaesthetic (lidocaine + epinephrine), in patients with tennis elbow.Design:Prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover study.Setting:Sports Medicine Unit, Umeå University.Patients:32 patients (36 elbows), age range 27 to 66 years, with a long duration of elbow pain diagnosed as tennis elbow, were included in the study. All patients were followed up 3 and 12 months after treatment. Two patients were excluded due to other interventions during the study.Interventions:One US and CD guided injection with the sclerosing agent polidocanol (group 1) or the local anaesthetic lidocaine plus epinephrine (group 2). At the 3 month follow-up, additional injections with polidocanol were offered to both groups (crossover for group 2).Main outcome measures:Satisfaction with treatment (Yes/No), elbow pain during activity (visual analogue scale), and maximum voluntary grip strength.Results:There were no significant (p<0.05) differences in the outcome between group 1 and group 2. In both groups, there was a significantly lower VAS at the 3-month and 12-month follow-ups, and grip strength was significantly higher at the 12-month follow-up.Conclusions:US and CD guided intratendinous injections gave pain relief in patients with tennis elbow. Polidocanol and lidocaine plus epinephrine injections gave similar results.
Mapping tobacco industry strategies in South East Asia for action planning and surveillance
Authors: Stillman F , Hoang M , Linton R , Ritthiphakdee B , Trochim W 
Published: January 2008

Objective:To develop a comprehensive conceptual framework of tobacco industry tactics in four countries in South East Asia for the purpose of: (1) generating consensus on key areas of importance and feasibility for regional and cross country tobacco industry monitoring and surveillance; (2) developing measures to track and monitor the effects of the tobacco industry and to design counterstrategies; and (3) building capacity to improve tobacco control planning in the participating countries.Design:A structured conceptualisation methodology known as concept mapping was used. The process included brainstorming, sorting and rating of statements describing industry activities. Statistical analyses used multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. Interpretation of the maps was participatory, using regional tobacco control researchers, practitioners, and policy makers during a face to face meeting.Participants:31 participants in this study come from the four countries represented in the project along with six people from the Johns Hopkins Blomberg School of Public Health.Conclusions:The map shows eight clusters of industry activities within the four countries. These were arranged into four general sectors: economics, politics, public relations and deception. For project design purposes, the map indicates areas of importance and feasibility for monitoring tobacco industry activities and serves as a basis for an initial discussion about action planning. Furthermore, the development of the map used a consensus building process across different stakeholders or stakeholder agencies and is critical when developing regional, cross border strategies for tracking and surveillance.
Cloning of the ATP sulphurylase gene ofSchizosaccharomyces pombeby functional complementation
Authors: Simonics Tibor , Maráz Anna 
Published: January 2008

The ATP sulphurylase gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been cloned by complementation of cysteine auxotrophy of a selenate-resistant mutant, which supposedly had a defect in ATP sulphurylase. A sulphate nonutilizing (cysteine auxotrophic) and selenate-resistant mutant of S. pombe was transformed with a wild-type S. pombe genomic library and sulphate-utilizing clones were isolated. The open reading frame encoding the ATP sulphurylase enzyme was found to be responsible for the restoration of sulphate assimilation. Transformants became as sensitive for selenate as the wild-type strain and produced a comparable amount of ATP sulphurylase as the prototrophic strains. The cloned ATP sulphurylase gene (sua1) proved to be an efficient selection marker in an ARS vector, when different isogenic or nonisogenic S. pombe selenate-resistant mutants were used as cloning hosts. Complementation of sua1–mutations by sua1-bearing multicopy vectors functions as a useful dual positive and negative selection marker. The cloned sua1 gene also complemented the met3 (ATP sulphurylase deficient) mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
Chromosomalgfplabelling ofPseudomonas aeruginosausing a mini-Tn7transposon: application for studies of bacteria–host interactions
Authors: Barnes Rebecca J. , Leung Kam Tin , Schraft Heidi , Ulanova Marina 
Published: January 2008

Analysis of bacterial interactions with host cells using multiple techniques is essential for studies on microbial pathogenesis and for the development of new antimicrobial therapies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe, often life-threatening pulmonary infections in individuals with impaired host defense mechanisms. Using a mini-Tn7 transposon delivery system, we have chromosomally labelled the strain P. aeruginosa PAK with a green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) and tested PAKgfp as a research tool for studies of bacteria–host interactions. We were able to reliably and rapidly measure the interactions of PAKgfp with A549 human lung epithelial cells by using flow cytometry, a fluorometric microplate reader-based assay, and fluorescence microscopy. With these analytical tools, we have demonstrated the adhesion of PAKgfp to the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin and the involvement of fibronectin in PAKgfp–A549 cell interactions. PAKgfp can be successfully used to explore the effects of various pharmacological compounds on P. aeruginosa – host cell interactions in both in vitro and in vivo systems, with potentially important medical applications.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE PROTOCOLS FOR AD-HOC SENSOR NETWORKS USING DIFFERENT RADIO MODELS
Authors: YANG TAO , BAROLLI LEONARD , IKEDA MAKOTO , DURRESI ARJAN , XHAFA FATOS 
Published: January 2008

In this paper, we consider the behavior of a wireless ad-hoc sensor network for different radio models. By means of simulations, we analyze the performance of three protocols: AODV, DSR, and DSDV considering two radio models TwoRayGround and Shadowing. In difference with other works, we generalize the type of radio model by allowing the path loss randomnesses to be present in the service environment of the network. We study the perceived Goodput and Depletion of the ad-hoc sensor network and compare the performance of three protocols for different scenarios. The simulation results confirm the fact that the shadowing phenomena, by destroying the regularity of the network, reduce the mean distance among nodes and at the same time increase the interference level and the latency of packet transmission. In particular, we found a maximum relative difference of 70%. On the other hand, for the proactive DSDV routing protocol the energy consumption rate seems to be independent of the radio model, at least for moderate size of the network (256 nodes). Also, we found that the packet delivery ratio of AODV and DSR routing protocols are more stable than DSDV protocol.
Characterization of the metasomatic agent in mantle xenoliths from Devès, Massif Central (France) using coupled
in situ
trace-element and O, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions
Authors: Touron S. , Renac C. , O'Reilly S. Y. , Cottin J.-Y. , Griffin W. L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Spinel lherzolites and harzburgites from Mont-Briançon and Marais de Limagne in the Devès volcanic district display coarse-grained to porphyroclastic microstructures and the modal content of volatile-bearing phases increases with the degree of deformation. Clinopyroxene and/or spinel are partly or totally reacted to amphibole. The coupled interpretations of trace-element, rare earth element (REE) and O–Sr–Nd data for clinopyroxene and amphibole indicate that the metasomatized mantle beneath Devès is a mixture of depleted and enriched mantle associated with an alkaline, high field strength element poor, and light rare earth element, U- and Th-rich carbonate-rich silicate fluid–melt metasomatic agent. Oxygen isotope and REE data for clinopyroxene–amphibole pairs indicate a (La/Yb)
N
enrichment related to an increasing metasomatic agent/rock ratio.
The Development of a Miniature Optical Sensor for Balloon-Borne Measurements of Ozone Profiles
Authors: Wolff Mareile A. , Herber Andreas , Jacobi Hans-Werner , Schrems Otto , Hoops Jan , Ruhe Wilfried 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A new autonomous balloon-borne sounding system for the measurement of stratospheric trace gas profiles was designed and constructed. Major components of the sonde are a miniature grating spectrometer, which covers a wavelength range from the ultraviolet (200 nm) to the visible (850 nm), and a commercial radiosonde. The low-weight sonde (approximately 1.7 kg) measures the spectral solar irradiance and meteorological parameters during the ascent through the atmosphere. Because of the decreasing ambient temperature during an ascent, the temperature of the spectrometer decreases by about 15 K. Active temperature stabilization is not included, and the irradiance measurements show a strong temperature dependence. The temperature-induced wavelength shift, the absolute irradiance, and the dark signal behavior were characterized as a function of the spectrometer’s temperature. Based on this laboratory characterization, an inflight correction for changes in the dark current and for the wavelength drift was applied. In the test program described herein, ozone profiles were determined from changes in the measured solar spectral irradiance caused by ozone absorption in the Hartley and Huggins bands. Comparisons were performed with results of simultaneous electrochemical ozonesonde and lidar measurements. The ozone number density profile retrieved using the new sonde agrees with the independently measured ozone profiles within 20% for altitudes above 18 km. In the lower stratosphere, the discrepancies increase to 50%.