bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching New Religious Movements
Authors: Bromley David G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Since its inception around 1970, the study of new religious movements (NRMs) has evolved into an established multidisciplinary field. At the same time, both the movements and the scholars who study them have been the subjects of intense controversy. In this book, a group of senior NRM scholars who have been instrumental in the development of the field offer pivotal essays in the form of chapters that present the basics of NRM scholarship along with guidance for teachers on classroom use.
Abuse in New Religious Movements: Challenges for the Sociology of Religion
Authors: Jacobs Janet 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the study of abuse in new religious movements. Drawing on the literature on patriarchal charismatic movements, the chapter explores the dynamics of physical and sexual abuse that characterized leader-follower relationships across a diverse number of religious groups. Case studies are used to illustrate the types of violence that were reported by devotees. Feminist theories of patriarchal social structure and feminist analyses of violence are used to help explain this troubling aspect of religious commitment. Finally, various strategies for teaching about violence in NRMs are discussed, with an emphasis on the difficulties that these issues raise for classroom teaching.
Altruism, Religion, and Health: Exploring the Ways in Which Helping Others Benefits Support Providers
Authors: Krause Neal 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter suggests that, for those so inclined, a religious community in which altruism is prescribed might be useful. It discusses the ways in which formal places of worship provide opportunities for helping behaviour and its associated health benefits to flourish. Because religions extol the virtues of loving others and helping those in need, and offer both informal and formal ways of putting these virtues into practice, it is no surprise that more volunteer work is done through churches, synagogues, mosques, and so on than through any other organization. There are many ways in which religion promotes helping behaviour, which all merit further study. The primary function of religion is to provide a sense of meaning to life and that helping others may be the best avenue for doing so. The chapter reviews four major studies that address volunteering in the religious setting and concludes that a good deal of volunteer work takes place in this setting, and the benefits of volunteering may be the greatest for older adults who help within the church.
Uneven Secularization in the United States and Western Europe
Authors: Norris Pippa , Inglehart Ronald 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that secularization is proceeding apace on both sides of the Atlantic — at different speeds and at different levels. It describes systematic and consistent evidence establishing the variations in religiosity among postindustrial nations, in particular, contrasts between America and Western Europe. It compares and contrasts two alternative explanations for transatlantic differences: the religious market theory postulates a link between levels of religious competition and levels of religious observance; the secure secularization theory is the view that levels of societal modernization, human development, and economic inequality drive levels of religious belief and activity.
Immigration and the New Religious Pluralism
Authors: Casanova José 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows that one of the most significant consequences of the new global patterns of transnational migration has been a dramatic growth in religious diversity in the United States and Western Europe. The new immigrant religions, however, present significantly different challenges of integration in Christian/Secular Europe and in Judeo-Christian/Secular America due to the different histories of immigration and modes of immigrant incorporation, the different patterns of religious pluralism, and the different types of secularism in both regions. Religion in the United States constitutes a positive resource insofar as religious associations and religious collective identities constitute one of the accepted avenues for immigrant incorporation and for mutual group recognition in the public sphere of American civil society. In Europe, by contrast, secularist world views and various institutional patterns of public recognition through different forms of church-state relations make the incorporation of immigrant religions in the public sphere of European civil societies a more contentious issue.
Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania
Authors: Stan Lavinia , Turcescu Lucian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Religious groups have emerged as powerful political actors in post‐communist Eastern Europe, especially in predominantly Christian Orthodox countries like Romania. The book discusses the interplay between religion and politics in six major areas of public affairs—nationalism and ethnic identity; confronting the communist past; restitution of Greek Catholic property abusively confiscated by communist authorities; elections and membership in political parties; religious instruction in public schools at pre‐university level; and sexuality, including abortion and prostitution. In each area, it discusses the negotiations between religious, political actors and civil society representatives; the dominance of the Orthodox Church relative to other religious groups; and the influence of denominations on legislation and governmental policy. While the Orthodox Church has asked for recognition as state, national church, religious minorities demanded equality, and the civil society asked for separation of church and state, Romanian post‐communist authorities have maintained a tight grip on religious affairs.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Sibling Relationships
Authors: Michalski Richard L. , Euler Harald A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Sibling relationships are unique. They are the longest lasting human social relationship exceeding, on average, the length of relationships with parents, mates, and children. The powerful underlying evolved psychological mechanisms activated in the contexts of sibling relationships are revealed in the attempts often made by parents to foster closeness between their children. Parents often attempt to groom young children for the arrival of a younger sibling. Put simply, there would be no need for such attempts if it were not for the evolved psychological mechanisms triggered in the minds of children that attempt to counteract the diversion of parental resources to siblings. This chapter shows that the most powerful guidance available to unmask this psychology is offered by evolutionary theories including inclusive fitness theory, parental investment theory, and parent-offspring conflict theory.
Elizabeth Bowen
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book offers a critical account of Elizabeth Bowen, a significant 20th-century Irish writer still too little known and appreciated. It considers her novels, short stories, essays, and family history, showing how her work both inherits from the Modernist movement and transforms its experimental traditions. The book explores Bowen's adaptation of Irish Protestant Gothic in relation to the Troubles of the 1920s and the Second World War, especially the London Blitz. It reads her explorations of childhood as a response both to Henry James and to the European novel of adultery. Focusing on the ideas of return and reflex, it reads the presence of the supernatural, and of other kinds of haunting, in her work in relation to concepts drawn from both Freud and T. S. Eliot. The book also makes use of non-fictional materials in its interpretations, notably, Bowen's wartime reports from neutral Ireland and the diaries of her wartime lover Charles Ritchie. The intention is to demonstrate the ways in which Bowen's writing merges personal story with public history. The book's radical readings, which depend on a wealth of original research, propose that Bowen is as important to 20th-century literary studies as her much better-known Irish Protestant fellow writer, Samuel Beckett.
Responses of Marine Phytoplankton Populations to Fluctuations in Marine Climate
Authors: Smayda Theodore J. , Borkman David G. , Beaugrand Gregory , Belgrano Andrea 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the responses of phytoplankton as an indicator species of climate variation and change in Narragansett Bay, located in the northwest Atlantic, and in the North Sea and neighbouring regions of the northeast Atlantic. Narragansett Bay is selected because of the availability of a 38-year (1959-96) quantitative time series of phytoplankton and habitat based on weekly measurements. The seemingly increasing problem of harmful algal blooms and their possible link to climate variability and change are discussed.
Marine Birds and Climate Fluctuation in the North Atlantic
Authors: Durant Joël M. , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Anker-Nilssen Tycho , Harris Michael P. , Thompson Paul M. , Wanless Sarah 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter shows how climate might influence seabirds directly through variations in temperature and wind. It also provides an overview of the potential indirect impact of climate variability on North Atlantic seabird populations. Seabirds are sensible to climate change either positively as shown by the extension of the fulmar population, or negatively as shown by the Atlantic puffins. Thanks to their position as top predators, their response to climate change is a good index of its effect on the whole food web.
Statistical Thought
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The book examines the distinguishing features of the various contending approaches to statistical inference (including decision-making) that are currently available in statistical literature, and traces the historical evolution of the concepts underlying these approaches and their applications. The first part entitled, Perspective, shows that statistical inference is really a prolongation of the philosophical problem of induction, and in it, probability is involved both in the input (in the form of model) and the output (for quantifying uncertainty). Four different approaches (behavioural, instantial, pro-subjective Bayesian, and purely subjective) to such statistical induction arise due to the invocation of different conceptions of probability (objective and subjective) at the two stages of the process. The comparative characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of the different approaches are considered, and it is concluded that each is appropriate in its natural setting. The second part entitled, History, discusses how the different types of probability originated and evolved, and how their application to statistical induction gave rise to the variety of concepts and principles associated with the different approaches. After some reference to pre-history, the developments made by the principal contributors to probability and statistics during 17th-20th centuries (from Cardano, Pascal, Fermat, Huygens, and James Bernoulli through to Daniel Bernoulli, Bayes, Laplace, Gauss, to Galton, Karl Pearon, Fisher, Jeffreys, de Finetti, Neyman, E. S. Pearson, Wald, and their successors) are delineated.
Electromagnetism of Continuous Media
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Morro Angelo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book is devoted to the mathematical modelling of electromagnetic materials. Electromagnetism in matter is developed with particular emphasis on material effects, which are ascribed to memory in time and nonlocality. Within the mathematical modelling, thermodynamics of continuous media plays a central role in that it places significant restrictions on the constitutive equations. Further, as shown in connection with uniqueness, existence and stability, variational settings, and wave propagation, a correct formulation of the pertinent problems is based on the knowledge of the thermodynamic restrictions for the material. The book is divided into four parts. Part I (chapters 1 to 4) reviews the basic concepts of electromagnetism, starting from the integral form of Maxwell’s equations and then addressing attention to the physical motivation for materials with memory. Part II (chapers 5 to 9) deals with thermodynamics of systems with memory and applications to evolution and initial/boundary-value problems. It contains developments and results which are unusual in textbooks on electromagnetism and arise from the research literature, mainly post-1960s. Part III (chapters 10 to 12) outlines some topics of materials modelling — nonlinearity, nonlocality, superconductivity, and magnetic hysteresis — which are of great interest both in mathematics and in applications.
Role of network analysis in comparative ecosystem ecology of estuaries
Authors: Christian Robert R. , Baird Daniel , Luczkovich Joseph , Johnson Jeffrey C. , Scharler Ursula M. , Ulanowicz Robert E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Estuaries are excellent ecosystems for testing the veracity of the inferences of ecological network analysis for three reasons. First, more network analyses have been conducted on estuaries than any other kind of ecosystem. Second, estuarine environments are often stressed by natural and anthropogenic forcings. These conditions allow hypotheses of response to stress to be formulated and tested. Finally, sampling of estuaries has often been extensive, such that reasonable food webs can be constructed under different conditions of stress. This chapter reviews studies that incorporate these three elements, and assesses how efficacious analysis output variables are at describing the effects of stress. Output variables index a range of trophic dynamic properties from populations to entire food webs. The assessment is structured in the context of this range.
Size-based analyses of aquatic food webs
Authors: Jennings Simon 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents size-based analyses of aquatic food webs, where body size rather than species identity is the principle descriptor of an individual's role in the food web, provides insights into food web structure and function that complement, and extends those from species-based analyses. Focus is given to body size because it underpins predator-prey interactions and dictates how the biological properties of individuals change with size. Thus, size-based food web analyses offer an approach for integrating community and ecosystem ecology with energetic and metabolic theory.
Fundamental Processes in Ecology
Authors: Wilkinson David M 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book raises and attempts to answer the following thought experiment: ‘For any planet with carbon-based life, which persists over geological time-scales, what is the minimum set of ecological processes that must be present?’. The main intention of this book is to use an astrobiological perspective as a means of thinking about ecology on Earth. Its focus on processes contrasts with the commoner focus in ecology textbooks on entities such as individuals, populations, species, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. The book suggests that seven ecological processes are fundamental (not including natural selection and competition, which characterize all of life rather than only ecology): energy flow (energy consumption and waste product excretion), multiple guilds (autotrophs, decomposers, and parasites), tradeoffs (specialization versus generalization, leading to biodiversity within guilds), ecological hypercycles (cycles within cycles), merging of organismal and ecological physiology (as life spreads over the planet, biotic and abiotic processes interact so strongly as to be inseparable), photosynthesis (which it suggests likely in most biospheres but not inevitable), and carbon sequestration. These fundamental processes lead to the emergence of nutrient cycling. The integration of Earth System Science with ecology is vitally important if ecological science is to successfully contribute to the massive problems and future challenges associated with global change. The book is heavily influenced by Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis.
The Structure of Physical Chemistry
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book is by C. N. Hinshelwood, the distinguished author and Nobel Laureate (1956). Physical chemistry is a difficult and diversified subject. Based on the experience of university teaching, this book lays emphasis on the structure and continuity of the whole subject and tries to show the relation of its various parts to one another. Certain themes run through physical chemistry and these have been used to unify the composition. The treatment is neither historical nor formally deductive, but at each stage the author tries to indicate the route by which an inquiring mind might most simply and naturally proceed in order to understand physical chemistry.
Greek Lyric, Tragedy, and Textual Criticism
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
W. S. Barrett (1914-2001) was one of the finest Hellenists of the second half of the 20th century, known above all for his celebrated edition of Euripides' Hippolytus. This volume of his collected scholarly papers includes five articles published between 1954 and 1978, together with a much larger number of others that remained unpublished in his lifetime and are presented here for the first time. They deal mainly with Greek lyric poetry (Stesichoros, Pindar, Bacchylides) and Tragedy.
R. O. A. M. Lyne
Authors: Lyne R. O. A. M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book collects the papers of Oliver Lyne, and was conceived by a group of his former pupils and colleagues as a memorial to Oliver. To make it the more accessible, effective, and compact, it was eventually decided to omit papers which were particularly short or technical, or which had been superseded through Oliver's later work or changes of view. Oliver's output may be grouped into three periods: the first (A) from the beginning to the publication of The Latin Love Poets (1980); the second (B) from 1983 to the publication of Horace: Behind the Public Poetry (1995); the third (C) the papers that followed. The papers (like the books) present a striking concentration on the most well-known period of Latin poetry, from c.60 BC to c.20 AD, and show particular concern with the relation of personal and public poetry. Period A is chiefly preoccupied with personal poetry, which is conceived as reflecting actual personality and opinions. Period B deals with poetry which seems to present a public and Augustan stance. This stance, however, is undermined; undermining indeed (with its more devious congeners) forms perhaps the central concern in Lyne's analysis of poetry. The return to avowedly or professedly personal poetry in period C now gives more emphasis to its literary forms and structures, and to intertextuality.
The Measure of Mind
Authors: Matthews Robert J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book provides a sustained critique of a widely held representationalist view of propositional attitudes and their role in the production of thought and behaviour. On this view, having a propositional attitude is a matter of having an explicit representation that plays a particular causal/computational role in the production of thought and behaviour. The book argues that this view does not enjoy the theoretical or the empirical support that proponents claim for it; moreover, the view misconstrues the role of propositional attitude attributions in cognitive scientific theorizing. This book develops an alternative measurement-theoretic account of propositional attitudes and the sentences by which we attribute them. On this account, the sentences by which we attribute propositional attitudes function semantically like the sentences by which we attribute a quantity of some physical magnitude (e.g., having a mass of 80 kilos). That is, in much the same way that we specify a quantity of some physical magnitude by means of its numerical representative on a measurement scale, we specify propositional attitude of a given type by means of its measurement space. Propositional attitudes turn out to be causally efficacious aptitudes for thought and behaviour, not semantically evaluable mental particulars of some sort. This book's measurement-theoretic account provides a plausible view of the explanatorily relevant properties of propositional attitudes, the semantics of propositional attitude attributions, and the role of such attributions in computational cognitive scientific theorizing.
Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses atomic force microscopy (AFM), focusing on the methods for atomic force detection. Although the force detection always requires a cantilever, there are two types of modes: the static mode and the dynamic mode. The general design and the typical method of manufacturing of the cantilevers are discussed. Two popular methods of static force detection are presented. The popular dynamic-force detection method, the tapping mode is described, especially the methods in liquids. The non-contact AFM, which has achieved atomic resolution in the weak attractive force regime, is discussed in detail. An elementary and transparent analysis of the principles, including the frequency shift, the second harmonics, and the average tunneling current, is presented. It requires only Newton's equation and Fourier analysis, and the final results are analyzed over the entire range of vibrational amplitude. The implementation is briefly discussed.
The Problem of Metaphor: Chinese Reflections
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that the ‘literal’/‘metaphorical’ dichotomy is not integral to the nature of language, but is an analytical construct developed by Aristotle in promoting his own style of philosophical ‘precision’. Chinese lacks any truly comparable dichotomy, without thereby losing ability to find linguistic precision. ‘Semantic stretch’ is suggested as a preferable, non-dichotomous, alternative to ‘metaphor’.
Analysis and Management of Watersheds
Authors: Dixon John A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe concept of ‘watershed management’ combines two things, namely managing the physical aspects of water resources and managing the socio-economic systems. The problem of watershed management has mixed impacts, mixed institutional jurisdictions, and mixed signals as to what are benefits and costs. An integrated and multi-disciplinary approach is needed. Understanding the sociology of watersheds is crucial because in many cases, groups and communities inhabiting the upper watersheds tend to be both physically and politically remote, and tend to be outside the national mainstream. Increased public participation is essential, but more needs to be done to focus on the role of mountain communities. Economic analysis of watersheds focuses on the measurement and monetary valuation of various activities of interest within the watershed. The chapter uses case studies and examples to illustrate these issues and discusses some policy implications.