bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘A very nice Theatre at Edinr.’: Sir Walter Scott and Control of the Theatre Royal
Authors: Worth Christopher 
Published: January 2009

In short, the drama is in ours, and in most civilized countries, an engine possessing the most powerful effect on the manners of society.Thus the idea of theatre is political … it must make possible the enactment of an actual political world in the midst of painful and complex transformations within and between politics.
Michel Tremblay, dramaturge-démiurge
Authors: Lavoie Pierre 
Published: January 2009

During the twenty years separating Gratien Gélinas's Tit-Coq in 1948, a play considered a foundation piece of Québécois (as opposed to French-Canadian) dramaturgy, and the 1968 creation of Michel Tremblay's Les Belles-Sœurs which opens the era of ‘new’ Québécois dramaturgy, Quebec society underwent a radical change. It was no longer traditional, religious and rural, but had become fully urbanized.A quarter of a century later, Michel Tremblay has published over twenty books—novels, plays and screenplays—composing an original body of work which reflects, sometimes almost clinically and through the use of joual (the idiomatic French spoken in the working-class district of East Montreal) the local Québécois reality. At the same time, it has a universal value: to a typically Montreal universe, Tremblay's creation integrates dramaturgical influences ranging from Greek tragedy to Tennessee Williams. The result is a unique and strong combination of a musical language, with powerful monologues and vivid dialogues, and of innovative dramatic structures reflecting (in a lucid and ironic manner) a society in quest of its identity, torn between traditional values centred on the family unit, and the liberating, dream world of the theatre.
Entre Cassandre et Clytemnestre: le théâtre québécois, 1970–90
Authors: Lafon Dominique 
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this article is to examine theatre in Quebec as the site of transformation of its collective images as they have evolved through theatrical texts over the past twenty years. Quebec society, in a constant state of mutation as it searches for its national identity, has been particularly receptive to forms of theatre that emphasize the theme of the family. For example, the first important work of this ‘new theatre’ which dared to liberate the language from its French model was Tremblay'sLes Belles-Sœurs, a play where all the action is located in a kitchen and whose characters are all women. In the development of Tremblay's work, we see how the discourses of women are taken over by masculine characters, mediated through the transvestite within a homosexual theme and finally liberated from the feminine model by the affirmation of the homosexual couple. In other more recent works, playwrights such as Normand Chaurette and Michel Marc Bouchard, have incorporated the search for a patrilinear descent into the very heart of the family conflict where the mother is put to death in a ritual killing, presented either as a ceremony (Chaurette), or as the unfolding of a myth (Bouchard).In all these cases, the evolution of the fictive family structure is the projection of social transformations taking place in Quebec where the maternal heritage, represented historically by France, is necessarily damaged and eventually eliminated in order to lay claim to a political structure which confirms the rights of the father.
Theatre and Political Discord: Theatre Rebels of Zimbabwe and Kenya
Authors: Ukpokodu I. Peter 
Published: January 2009

Though the world is aware of the political activities of the Nigerian playwright, Wole Soyinka, it might be difficult to find a better example of the relationship between a nation in a state of socio-political chaos and the arts in an African country than that of Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Kenya as exemplified in Matigari:Matigari, the main character [in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Matigari], is puzzled by a world where the producer is not the one who has the last word on what he has produced; a world where lies are rewarded and truth punished. He goes round the country asking questions about truth and justice. People who had read [Matigari] started talking about Matigari and the questions he was raising as if Matigari was a real person in life. When Dictator Moi [President of Kenya] heard that there was a Kenyan roaming around the country asking such questions, he issued orders for the man's arrest. But when the police found that he was only a character in fiction, Moi was even more angry and he issued fresh orders for the arrest of the book itself.
Woman and the City: The Semiotics of Embodiment
Authors: Bryant-Bertail Sarah 
Published: January 2009

C'est toujours cela que j'ai voulu donner sur scene: faire voir la force violente des idees, comment elles ploient et tourmentent les corps.Antoine VitezTwo years ago, a philosophy professor friend remarked that he would never forget Jules and Jim and the sense of walking with Jeanne Moreau through the beautiful French countryside in spring with its colours in full bloom. When reminded that the film was shot in black and white, he replied that it must have impressed him so much that his imagination had added colour to it. To remember a walk through the landscape of another country and time, to insert one's own colours into a scene: does this occur in theatre as in film? And if the landscape can be transformed, what becomes of Jeanne Moreau? More specifically, what happens when such a star is imported onto the stage as a legend of woman incarnate? What happens semiotically when the ‘incarnate’ legendary woman confronts the material presence of the actress? These questions had already begun to emerge a year earlier, when I saw Moreau in person at Avignon, first on a performance on the open-air stage of the Com d'honneui in the fourteenth-century Palais des Papes, and then at a public discussion just outside the palace wall.In Antoine Vitez's 1989 production of La Célestine, Jeanne Moreau played the mercurial, irascible procuress Célestine, the first picara, a larger-than-life character popular in Spain for four centuries. The play was written in 1499 by Fernando de Rojas, who coined the term tragicomedy to describe it.
Stage Metaphor: With or Without. On Rina Yerushalmi's Production of Ionesco's The Chairs
Authors: Rozik Eli 
Published: January 2009

In the last century it has become commonplace that faithfulness to the playwright, and the play, is not necessarily a commendable quality. The play is currently viewed as raw material for a production, a pre-text for a more complex and final text, which reflects the universe of the director rather than that of the playwright. The performance is a work of art in which dialogue is only one component among others, although usually of crucial importance. Similarly, the playwright is viewed as merely the designer of the verbal aspects of the final text, among other designers. The director, in contrast, is viewed as the actual sender of the message and accountable to audience and critics for the results of his decisions: whether he or she has impoverished or enriched the play, whether or not he or she succeeded in conveying some new insight. Without elaborating on a justification of this view, there is no doubt that the production of Ionesco's The Chairs, directed by Rina Yerushalmi at the Cameri Theatre, Tel Aviv, 1990, is a clear instance of such an approach.Perhaps the most striking decision of Yerushalmi was to get rid of any deviation from consistent characterization, although prescribed by the playwright in the stage directions of the play. Following Martin Esslin, with regard to plays within the style of the so-called ‘Theatre of the Absurd’, such deviations are among the features which are held responsible for the sense of absurdity and/or grotesque that such texts produce in the audience.
À Table: The Power of Food in French Women's Theatre
Authors: Beach Cecilia 
Published: January 2009

Contemporary women's theatre in France provides a rich corpus of plays that explore the social and psychological significance of food. Little wonder, given the deep, universal ties between women, particularly mothers, and food. As the anthropologist Carole Counihan explains:Food is a particularly important concern and symbol for females in all cultures. Women have universal responsibility for food preparation and consumption … They are defined as nurturers and carry out this role principally throughfeeding. In addition, women themselves are food for their children during pregnancy and lactation, intensifying their identification with food and its relevance as symbol … Western women also use food as symbol of self.
Assessing cost effectiveness of empirical and prophylactic therapy for managing leptospirosis outbreaks
Authors: GALLOWAY R. L. , LEVETT P. N. , TUMEH J. W. , FLOWERS C. R. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYThis study evaluates the utility and cost effectiveness of empirical and prophylactic antibiotic treatment of leptospirosis compared with conventional management. We developed decision trees comparing empirical antibiotic treatment (within 4–7 days of symptom onset) or prophylaxis to conventional antibiotic treatment (initiated ⩾7 days post-onset). Costs were calculated using both US and Barbados pricing. Empirical treatment provided slightly lower probability of survival, while prophylactic treatment resulted in slightly higher survival rates. Antibiotic treatment initiated after 4–7 symptomatic days was ineffective in preventing serious health outcomes, but cost less with the exception of azithromycin (US pricing). Empirical treatment in Barbados cost less than conventional treatment. Prophylaxis reduced rare serious health outcomes and resulted in significant cost savings for the United States and Barbados. Prophylactic therapy for high-risk individuals or prompt diagnosis and early treatment (before 4 days of symptoms) appear to be cost-effective approaches to prevent severe complications of leptospirosis.
A numerical testbed for hypotheses of extraterrestrial life and intelligence
Authors: Forgan D.H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has been heavily influenced by solutions to the Drake Equation, which returns an integer value for the number of communicating civilizations resident in the Milky Way, and by the Fermi Paradox, glibly stated as: ‘If they are there, where are they?’. Both rely on using average values of key parameters, such as the mean signal lifetime of a communicating civilization. A more accurate answer must take into account the distribution of stellar, planetary and biological attributes in the galaxy, as well as the stochastic nature of evolution itself. This paper outlines a method of Monte Carlo realization that does this, and hence allows an estimation of the distribution of key parameters in SETI, as well as allowing a quantification of their errors (and the level of ignorance therein). Furthermore, it provides a means for competing theories of life and intelligence to be compared quantitatively.
No “Student Members”—Only Student Fees
Authors: Spilhaus Fred 
Published: January 2009

AGU has three classes of individual membership: Members, Fellows, and Honorary Fellows. As you can see, “students” is not a membership class. For almost 50 years, members of AGU who are students have enjoyed much reduced dues and special rates for most AGU publications, meetings, and other services and activities. Throughout those years, AGU has tried to create a welcoming environment for students.Like many members who are now leaders in our community, I joined AGU as a graduate student. We benefited from our generous seniors as we joined the scientific fray at our early meetings and battled our way for recognition. I trust that we have shown the same support for the next generation and that this tradition continues to prosper.
Prognostic significance of the interaction between abnormal umbilical and middle cerebral artery Doppler velocimetry in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction
Authors: SPINILLO ARSENIO , MONTANARI LAURA , ROCCIO MARIANNA , ZANCHI SILVIA , TZIALLA CHRYSSOULA , STRONATI MAURO 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjective. To evaluate the prognostic significance of the interaction between umbilical artery (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler measurements in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR). Design. Cohort study. Setting. Third‐level Perinatology Center in Northern Italy. Population. A study of 184 singleton pregnancies at 24–35 weeks’ gestational age complicated by FGR and abnormal UA Doppler measurements. Methods. FGR was diagnosed by serial ultrasonograms. Neonatal brain damage was defined as the presence of cystic leukomalacia or grade III‐IV intraventricular hemorrhage. Main outcome measures. Perinatal death and neonatal brain damage. Results. The prevalence of fetal/neonatal death or brain damage was 18.2% (16/88) in pregnancies with UA absent/reversed diastolic flow and 4.2% (4/96) in those with increased UA Doppler pulsatility. Stepwise logistic regression identified decreasing gestational age (OR = 1.75, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.35–2.22) and absent/reversed UA blood flow (OR = 3.34, 95% CI = 1.1–10.9) as predictors of fetal/neonatal death or brain damage. A MCA pulsatility index below the 10th percentile was a risk factor for fetal/neonatal death or brain damage among women with absent/reversed UA diastolic flow (14/53 as compared to 2/35; OR = 5.9, CI =1.4–40.3) but not in pregnancies with forward velocity (1/33 as compared to 3/63; OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.02–6.13, Synergy index = 27.7, p = 0.007). Conclusions. In pregnancies complicated by FGR and absent/reversed UA end diastolic flow, vasodilatation of the MCA is a risk factor for neonatal death or brain damage.
Discontinuation of oxytocin in the active phase of labor
Authors: GIRARD BÉNÉDICTE , VARDON DELPHINE , CREVEUIL CHRISTIAN , HERLICOVIEZ MICHEL , DREYFUS MICHEL 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjective. To show that early discontinuation of oxytocin will not increase the mean duration of the active labor phase in a clinically significant way. Design. Controlled non‐inferiority study. Setting. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Caen, Clémenceau Hospital, France. Population. A total of 138 women with singleton pregnancy and a vertex presentation of over 34 gestational weeks, presenting a medical indication of induction of labor or a dystocia at onset of labor, from May 2005 to June 2006. Methods. Two parallel groups were compared: continuation of oxytocin until delivery versus discontinuation of oxytocin at the onset of the active phase. The clinically acceptable increase in mean duration of the active phase of labor (non‐inferiority margin) was set at 60 minutes. Main outcome measures. Primary outcome measure was duration of the active labor phase. Secondary outcome measures included total duration of labor, parameters concerning oxytocin use, rates of uterine hyperstimulation and fetal heart rate (FHR) abnormalities, and mode of delivery. Some neonatal outcomes were also analyzed. Results. Equivalence of the two strategies (continuation vs. discontinuation of oxytocin) was not demonstrated (p = 0.97 testing for non‐inferiority), the active phase even being significantly longer by a mean of 113 minutes (p = 0.0001 testing for superiority). The rates of cesarean sections, alterations of FHR and delivery hemorrhage were higher when oxytocin was continued, but not significantly. There were significantly more infants hospitalized in neonatology when oxytocin was continued (p = 0.028). Conclusions. Discontinuation of oxytocin at the onset of the active phase prolongs labor. We found no argument for discontinuing the infusion of oxytocin at the onset of the active phase.
Epidemiology of Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infection Caused by USA300 Strains of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin 3 Affiliated Hospitals
Authors: Jenkins Timothy C. , McCollister Bruce D. , Sharma Rohini , McFann Kim K. , Madinger Nancy E. , Barron Michelle , Bessesen Mary , Price Connie S. , Burman William J. 
Published: January 2009

Objective.To describe the epidemiology of bloodstream infection caused by USA300 strains of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA), which are traditionally associated with cases of community-acquired infection, in the healthcare setting.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Setting.Three academically affiliated hospitals in Denver, Colorado.Methods.Review of cases of S.aureusbloodstream infection during the period from 2003 through 2007. Polymerase chain reaction was used to identify MRSA USA300 isolates.Results.A total of 330 cases of MRSA bloodstream infection occurred during the study period, of which 286 (87%) were healthcare-associated. The rates of methicillin resistance among theS. aureusisolates recovered did not vary during the study period and were similar among the 3 hospitals. However, the percentages of cases of healthcare-associated MRSA bloodstream infection due to USA300 strains varied substantially among the 3 hospitals: 62%, 19%, and 36% (P< .001) for community-onset cases and 33%, 3%, and 33% (P= .005) for hospital-onset cases, in hospitals A, B, and C, respectively. In addition, the number of cases of healthcare-associated MRSA bloodstream infection caused by USA300 strains increased during the study period at 2 of the 3 hospitals. At each hospital, USA300 strains were most common among cases of community-associated infection and were least common among cases of hospital-onset infection. Admission to hospital A (a safety-net hospital), injection drug use, and human immunodeficiency virus infection were independent risk factors for healthcare-associated MRSA bloodstream infection due to USA300 strains.Conclusions.The prevalence of USA300 strains among cases of healthcare-associated MRSA bloodstream infection varied dramatically among geographically clustered hospitals. USA300 strains are replacing traditional healthcare-related strains of MRSA in some healthcare settings. Our data suggest that the prevalence of USA300 strains in the community is the dominant factor affecting the prevalence of this strain type in the healthcare setting.
Subelliptic estimates for some systems of complex vector fields: Quasihomogeneous case
Authors: Derridj M. , Helffer B. 
Published: January 2009

For about twenty five years it was a kind of folk theorem that complex vector-fields defined on

Ω
×

R

t

\Omega \times \mathbb R_t

(with

Ω
\Omega

open set in

R

n

\mathbb R^n

) by
\[

L
j

=

∂

∂

t
j

+
i

∂
φ

∂

t
j

(

t

)

∂

∂
x

,

j
=
1
,
…
,
n

,

t

∈
Ω
,
x
∈

R

,

L_j = \frac {\partial }{\partial t_j} + i \frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t_j}(\mathbf {t})\, \frac {\partial }{\partial x}\;,\; j=1,\dots , n\;,\; \mathbf {t}\in \Omega , x\in \mathbb R,

\]
with

φ
\varphi

analytic, were subelliptic as soon as they were hypoelliptic. This was the case when

n
=
1

n=1

, but in the case

n
>
1

n>1

, an inaccurate reading of the proof given by Maire (see also Trèves) of the hypoellipticity of such systems, under the condition that

φ
\varphi

does not admit any local maximum or minimum (through a nonstandard subelliptic estimate), was supporting the belief for this folk theorem. Quite recently, J.L. Journé and J.M. Trépreau show by examples that there are very simple systems (with polynomial

φ
\varphi

’s) which are hypoelliptic but not subelliptic in the standard

L
2

L^2

-sense. So it is natural to analyze this problem of subellipticity which is in some sense intermediate (at least when

φ
\varphi

is

C
∞

C^\infty

) between the maximal hypoellipticity (which was analyzed by Helffer-Nourrigat and Nourrigat) and the simple local hypoellipticity (or local microhypoellipticity) and to start first with the easiest nontrivial examples. The analysis presented here is a continuation of a previous work by the first author and is devoted to the case of quasihomogeneous functions.
On estimates for the ratio of errors in best rational approximation of analytic functions
Authors: Kouchekian S. , Prokhorov V. 
Published: January 2009

Let

E
E

be an arbitrary compact subset of the extended complex plane

C

¯

\overline {\mathbb C}

with nonempty interior. For a function

f
f

continuous on

E
E

and analytic in the interior of

E
E

denote by

ρ
n

(
f
;
E
)

\rho _n(f; E)

the least uniform deviation of

f
f

on

E
E

from the class of all rational functions of order at most

n
n

. In this paper we show that if

f
f

is not a rational function and if

K
K

is an arbitrary compact subset of the interior of

E
,

E,

then

∏

k
=
0

n

(

ρ
k

(
f
;
K
)

/

ρ
k

(
f
;
E
)
)
,

\prod _{k=0}^n (\rho _k(f; K) /\rho _k(f; E) ),

the ratio of the errors in best rational approximation, converges to zero geometrically as

n
→
∞

n \to \infty

and the rate of convergence is determined by the capacity of the condenser

(
∂
E
,
K
)

(\partial E, K)

. In addition, we obtain results regarding meromorphic approximation and sharp estimates of the Hadamard type determinants.
New evaluation measures for multifactor dimensionality reduction classifiers in gene–gene interaction analysis
Authors: Namkung Junghyun , Kim Kyunga , Yi Sungon , Chung Wonil , Kwon Min-Seok , Park Taesung 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Gene–gene interactions are important contributors to complex biological traits. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) is a method to analyze gene–gene interactions and has been applied to many genetics studies of complex diseases. In order to identify the best interaction model associated with disease susceptibility, MDR classifiers corresponding to interaction models has been constructed and evaluated as a predictor of disease status via a certain measure such as balanced accuracy (BA). It has been shown that the performance of MDR tends to depend on the choice of the evaluation measures.
Results: In this article, we introduce two types of new evaluation measures. First, we develop weighted BA (wBA) that utilizes the quantitative information on the effect size of each multi-locus genotype on a trait. Second, we employ ordinal association measures to assess the performance of MDR classifiers. Simulation studies were conducted to compare the proposed measures with BA, a current measure. Our results showed that the wBA and τb improved the power of MDR in detecting gene–gene interactions. Noticeably, the power increment was higher when data contains the greater number of genetic markers. Finally, we applied the proposed evaluation measures to real data.
Contact: tspark@stats.snu.ac.kr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.