bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of carbon monoxide in electrically induced non‐adrenergic, non‐cholinergic relaxations in the guinea‐pig isolated whole trachea
Authors: Dellabianca A , Sacchi M , Anselmi L , De Amici E , Cervio E , Agazzi A , Tonini S , Sternini C , Tonini M , Candura S M 
Published: December 2006

Background and purpose:Nitric oxide (NO) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are considered transmitters of non‐adrenergic, non‐cholinergic (NANC) relaxations in guinea‐pig trachea, whereas the role of carbon monoxide (CO) is unknown. This study was designed to assess the participation of CO, and to investigate the localization of haem oxygenase‐2 (HO‐2), the CO‐producing enzyme, in tracheal neurons.Experimental approach:NANC responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) at 3 and 10 Hz were evaluated in epithelium‐free whole tracheal segments as intraluminal pressure changes. Drugs used were: L‐nitroarginine methyl ester (L‐NAME, 100 μ
M) to inhibit NO synthase (NOS), α‐chymotrypsin (2 U ml−1) to inactivate VIP, zinc protoporphyrin‐IX (ZnPP‐IX, 10 μM) to inhibit HO‐2, and 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ, 10 μM), a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor. For immunohistochemistry, tissues were exposed to antibodies to PGP 9.5, a general neuronal marker, HO‐2 and NOS, and processed with an indirect immunofluorescence method.Key results: α‐Chymotrypsin did not affect NANC relaxations. ODQ inhibited NANC responses by about 60%, a value similar to that obtained by combining L‐NAME and ZnPP‐IX. The combination of ODQ, L‐NAME and ZnPP‐IX reduced the responses by 90%. Subpopulations of HO‐2 positive neurons containing NOS were detected in tracheal sections.Conclusions and Implications:In the guinea‐pig trachea, NANC inhibitory responses at 3 and 10 Hz use NO and CO as main transmitters. Their participation is revealed following inhibition of NOS, HO‐2 and soluble guanylyl cyclase. The involvement of CO as a relaxing transmitter paves the way for novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of airway obstruction.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 220–226. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706968
Self‐determination, stage of readiness to change for exercise, and frequency of physical activity in young people
Authors: Daley Amanda J. , Duda Joan L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGrounded in self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) and the transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983), the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between exercise regulations varying in self‐determination with stage of readiness to change for exercise and physical activity patterns in university students. A cross‐sectional survey design was used. The sample consisted of 409 (158 men, 251 women) university undergraduates aged 18–30 years. Participants completed the Behavioural Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire‐2, the visual analogue stage of change for exercise ladder, and a physical activity questionnaire. Linear discriminant function analyses revealed that men and women at the early stages were less self‐determined in the regulation of their exercise behaviour than those at the later stages of change. Additionally, men and women who were more self‐determined reported being more physically active over the previous 3 months. These results suggest that self‐determination may have an important role to play in the adoption and maintenance of health‐promoting behaviours in young adults.
The relationships between hamstring flexibility, lumbar flexion, and low back pain in rowers
Authors: Stutchfield Ben M. , Coleman Simon 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this study, we examined the relationships between low back pain, hamstring flexibility, and lumbar flexion in rowers. Twenty‐six male university rowers participated. Hamstring flexibility was assessed using an adjusted straight leg raise technique, and lumbar flexion was assessed via a distraction of skin marks protocol while long sitting. A questionnaire ascertained rowing details and low back pain characteristics. Low back pain was highly prevalent. No association was observed between low back pain and hamstring flexibility, or between hamstring flexibility and lumbar flexion. Sufferers of low back pain showed reduced lumbar flexion (P=0.03; 95% confidence interval = − 3.7 to −0.2). Results obtained using the adjusted straight leg raise technique suggested that low back pain was not associated with hamstring inflexibility, which suggests that increasing hamstring flexibility for rehabilitation or prevention of low back pain in rowers might not be necessary.
Prognostic Value of Portal Pressure at the Time of Kasai Operation in Patients With Biliary Atresia
Authors: Duché Matthieu , Fabre Monique , Kretzschmar Benno , Serinet Marie‐Odile , Gauthier Frédéric , Chardot Christophe 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAim:To examine the prognostic value of portal pressure at the time of Kasai operation in patients with biliary atresia (BA).Patients and Methods:All 127 patients with BA, born between 1991 and 1996, who underwent a Kasai operation in Bicêtre Hospital were studied. Intraoperatively, the umbilical vein was catheterised and a portal pressure index (PPI), defined by the height of the physiologic saline column above the liver surface level, was measured. Overall patient survival, survival with native liver (SNL) and, in patients living with their native liver, survival without significant portal hypertension (SwsPHT) were calculated by Kaplan‐Meier method and compared by univariate and multivariate analyses.Results:Measurement of PPI was successful in 113/127 patients (89%) without complication. Median PPI was 15 cm (range, 5–35). Portal pressure index was positively correlated with age at surgery and histological severity of liver fibrosis. Ten‐year overall patient survival was 78.2%; 10‐year SNL was 35.7%. In patients living with their native liver, 5‐ and 10‐year SwsPHT were 65.3% and 43.6%, respectively. Portal pressure index >15 cm, complete extrahepatic BA and polysplenia were independently associated with a worse SNL. Portal pressure index >15 cm and the absence of postoperative normalisation of bilirubin were independently associated with a worse SwsPHT.Conclusion:Biliary atresia patients with elevated portal pressure at the time of Kasai operation have lower chances of success of this procedure and a higher risk of developing portal hypertension, even if bilirubin levels normalise after the operation. Measurement of PPI was simple and safe and better predicted the postoperative outcome than did the histological scores of liver fibrosis.
Characteristics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease With Onset During the First Year of Life
Authors: Ruemmele Frank M , El Khoury Maurice G , Talbotec Cécile , Maurage Chantal , Mougenot Jean‐François , Schmitz Jacques , Goulet Olivier 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTBackground:Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is recognized in young children, however, only rare data on onset and evolution are available in children younger than 1 year. In the present clinical study, we aimed to analyze characteristics and clinical course of children with very early onset IBD. We were particularly interested in the relationship between bacterial infections and the use of antibiotics before the onset of IBD.Patients and Methods:The IBD database of Necker‐Enfants‐Malades‐Hospital was screened for patients with IBD with disease onset during the first year of life and a follow‐up of at least 2.5 years. Ten patients were identified during the period 1996–2002.Results:All patients presented with rectal bleeding and had colonic involvement. Four patients had definitive diagnosis of Crohn disease; ulcerative or indeterminate colitis was seen in 2 and 4 children, respectively. Five of the patients had a positive history of neonatal or early‐onset bacterial infection with use of antibiotics before onset of IBD, 4 patients were still breastfed and 3 just weaned when GI symptoms started. Seven patients had a severe onset of disease requiring bowel rest, parenteral nutrition and steroid medication, followed by azathioprine or cyclosporine medication. Surgery was necessary in 3 of 10 patients. Disease relapses were frequent and observed in 8 of 10 children.Discussion:Very early onset IBD may reflect a subgroup of patients characterized by a particular sensitivity to modifications of the intestinal flora. Neonatal IBD was most often severe in presentation and evolution.
Enterobius vermicularis and Colitis in Children
Authors: Jardine Michelle , Kokai George K , Dalzell A Mark 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTObjectives:We observed a cohort of children presenting with rectal bleeding that were identified as having Enterobius vermicularis at colonoscopy and questioned the reliability of conventional diagnostic methods of identifying E. vermicularis.Patients and Methods:The study was retrospective in nature and subjects were investigated by colonoscopy between May 1997 and December 1999. Patients were identified as having E. vermicularis infestation by direct visualisation of the adult worms at colonoscopy. Patients were treated with mebendazole and a record of their clinical response documented.Results:A total of 180 colonoscopic examinations were performed during the study period. E. vermicularis was identified macroscopically in 31 cases (17.2%). The symptom profile of patients with E. vermicularis were abdominal pain, 19 of 26 (73%); rectal bleeding, 16 of 26 (62%); chronic diarrhoea, 13 of 26 (50%) and weight loss, 11 of 26 (42%). Ova cysts and parasites were identified in none of the saline swabs analysed in 20 patients. Sellotape testing was performed in only 4 patients and was negative in all. Of the 26 children, 21 (81%) demonstrated histopathological features of nonspecific colitis. There was clinical resolution of symptoms in 19 of 23 patients.Conclusions:We suggest that in patients with symptoms suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease, E. vermicularis infestation must be excluded as a common cause of nonspecific colitis. We also suggest that diagnostic tests such as saline swabs and Sellotape testing may be lacking in sensitivity.
Intervals of Totally Bounded Group Topologies
Authors: COMFORT W.W. , REMUS DIETER 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:Let G be a group and let 𝒯i (i= 0, 1) be totally bounded Hausdorff group topologies on G such that 𝒯0⊂𝒯1 and w(G, 𝒯i)=αi with ω≤α0 < α1. Let [𝒯0, 𝒯1] denote the (partially ordered) “interval” of group topologies 𝒯 for G such that 𝒯0⊂𝒯⊂𝒯1. Then:(a) every cardinal γ such that α0≤γ < α1 satisfies |{𝒯ε[𝒯0, 𝒯1]: w(G, 𝒯)=γ}| ≥γ+; and (b) [𝒯0, 𝒯1] contains a well‐ordered set which is order‐isomorphic to the cardinal number α1.The present proof, based in part on the Peter‐Weyl‐van Kampen theorem, rests on the fact that every compact Hausdorff group K with w(K)=α≥ω contains homeomorphically the space {0, 1}***; thus the present emphasis is topological. In contrast, the second‐listed author had earlier achieved the same result using the theory of unitary representations (Habilitationsschrift, Fall, 1995). Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 22A05, 54H11, 54A10.
On Transition Systems and Non‐well‐founded Sets
Authors: LAZIĆ R.S. , ROSCOE A.W. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:(Labelled) transition systems are relatively common in theoretical computer science, chiefly as vehicles for operational semantics. The first part of this paper constructs a hierarchy of canonical transition systems and associated maps, aiming to give a strongly extensional theory of transition systems, where any two points with equivalent behaviors are identified. The cornerstone of the development is a notion of convergence in arbitrary transition systems, generalizing the idea of finite (n‐step) approximations to a given point. In particular, our canonical transition systems are also uniform spaces.The resulting hierarchy has very rich combinatorial (and topological) structure, and a lot of the first part of the paper is devoted to its study. We also discuss fixed points in this framework.In the second part of the paper, we show how to obtain a model of set theory with Aczel's Anti‐Foundation Axiom (AFA) from canonical transition systems constructed earlier. We study further the structure of the model thus obtained, and also give a few more abstract results, concerning consistency and independence in the presence of AFA.
The Epidemiology of Physical Activity and Cancer
Authors: OLIVERIA S.A. , CHRISTOS P.J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Experimental studies in animals and epidemiological studies in human populations support an inverse association between exercise and the development of cancer. Physical activity has been shown to be protective against the development of breast and colon cancer and may also be important for other kinds of cancer such as that of the prostate. The proposed biological mechanisms for the physical activity–cancer association include exercise's effect on immune function, transit time of digestion, hormones, and body fat. There has been little research on physical activity and the effect on progression of cancer, although there are studies to suggest that it may slow the clinical course of the disease. Furthermore, exercise may be beneficial in the treatment of cancer through mood elevation, decreased loss of lean tissue, and increased quality of life.Much is still to be learned about the effect of exercise on cancer. The intensity, duration, frequency, and type of exercise that is relevant need to be clarified. As well, the time period during life when exercise is important has not been determined. It seems reasonable to conclude that exercise, a modifiable risk factor, is beneficial in preventing certain forms of cancer. Public health interventions may hold promise for cancer prevention.
Androgens Regulate Protein Kinase Cδ Transcription and Modulate Its Apoptotic Function in Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Gavrielides M. Veronica , Gonzalez-Guerrico Anatilde M. , Riobo Natalia A. , Kazanietz Marcelo G. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), a member of the novel PKC family, leads to apoptosis in several cell types. Although the molecular bases of PKCδ activation are being unfolded, limited information is available on the mechanisms that control its expression. Here, we report that in prostate cancer cells PKCδ is tightly regulated by androgens at the transcriptional level. Steroid depletion from the culture medium causes a pronounced down-regulation of PKCδ protein and mRNA in androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells, an effect that is rescued by the androgen R1881 in an androgen receptor (AR)–dependent manner. Analysis of the PKCδ promoter revealed a putative androgen responsive element (ARE) located 4.7 kb upstream from the transcription start site. Luciferase reporter assays show that this element is highly responsive to androgens, and mutations in key nucleotides in the AR-binding consensus abolish reporter activity. Furthermore, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we determined that the AR binds in vivo to the PKCδ ARE in response to androgen stimulation. Functional studies revealed that, notably, androgens modulate phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)–induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells, an effect that is dependent on PKCδ. Indeed, androgen depletion or AR RNA interference severely impaired the apoptotic function of PKCδ or the activation of p38, a downstream effector of PKCδ in LNCaP cells—effects that can be rescued by restoring PKCδ levels using an adenoviral delivery approach. Our studies identified a novel hormonal mechanism for the control of PKCδ expression via transcriptional regulation that fine-tunes the magnitude of PKCδ apoptotic responses. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11792-801)
Matrix Metalloproteinase Polymorphisms and Bladder Cancer Risk
Authors: Kader A. Karim , Shao Lina , Dinney Colin P. , Schabath Matthew B. , Wang Yunfei , Liu Jun , Gu Jian , Grossman H. Barton , Wu Xifeng 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMP) contribute to tumor microenvironment and are associated with bladder cancer. A study examining the association between MMP polymorphisms and bladder cancer risk has never been published. We analyzed the association of 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one microsatellite polymorphism in MMP genes MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, and MMP-12 with bladder cancer risk in 560 Caucasian patients and 560 controls matched on age, gender, and ethnicity. Individual, combination, haplotype, and diplotype analyses were done. No associations between individual MMP polymorphisms and overall bladder cancer risk were seen. The MMP-9 microsatellite ≥24 CA repeat allele and the MMP-12-82 GG polymorphisms were associated with invasive bladder cancer risk [odds ratio (OR), 2.60; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.07–6.26; and OR, 4.59; 95% CI, 1.21–17.32, respectively]. Smoke-stratified analyses revealed several associations between MMP polymorphisms, alone and in combination, with bladder cancer risk, particularly in light smokers. Linkage disequilibrium was seen in all of the MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, and MMP-12 SNPs and in four of five MMP-9 polymorphisms tested. Several MMP-9 haplotype and diplotypes were associated with overall and invasive bladder cancer risk. Our study suggests that genetic variations in the MMP family are associated with bladder cancer risk. Heavy carcinogen exposure may overwhelm some of the genetic effects of MMP polymorphisms. Our study confirms the importance of taking a multigenic pathway–based approach to risk assessment. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11644-8)
Endothelins Induce CCR7 Expression by Breast Tumor Cells via Endothelin Receptor A and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1
Authors: Wilson Julia L. , Burchell Joy , Grimshaw Matthew J. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Endothelin expression is increased in breast tumors and is associated with invasion and metastasis, whereas CCR7 expression by breast tumor cells may have a role in the organ specificity of breast cancer spread. In this article, we have analyzed whether endothelins influence breast tumor cell expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7. Stimulation of human breast tumor cell lines with endothelins increased cell surface expression of CCR7 via endothelin receptor A. The iron chelators desferrioxamine and cobalt chloride, which induce hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated transcription, also increased CCR7 expression; transfection of a dominant-negative version of the HIF regulatory subunit, HIF-1α, into MCF-7 cells abolished CCR7 induction by endothelins, indicating that increased expression is due to HIF-1 stabilization. Endothelin stimulation promoted invasion toward the CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21. Endothelin-mediated chemokine-independent invasion itself is dependent on CCR7 activity and could be abolished using a CCR7-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. In human breast carcinomas, mRNA expression of endothelins correlated with the level of CCR7 expression, both of which were associated with the presence of lymph node metastases. Expression of the CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 was also higher in breast cancer patients with lymph node involvement compared with those without, but expression of these chemokines did not correlate with endothelin expression. These data show that CCR7 may be regulated by the breast tumor microenvironment and further support the use of endothelin receptor antagonists in the treatment of invasive and metastatic breast cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11802-7)
Quantitating Therapeutic Disruption of Tumor Blood Flow with Intravital Video Microscopy
Authors: Iga Arthur M. , Sarkar Sandip , Sales Kevin M. , Winslet Marc C. , Seifalian Alexander M. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Vascular-disrupting agents (VDA) kill tumor cells by selectively disrupting blood circulation in tumors. In vivo analysis of this intensely studied class of anticancer agents is invaluable for preclinical assessment of pharmacodynamic end points and effective therapeutic windows. In this review, we consider the role of intravital video microscopy in measuring tumor vascular response to VDAs, the potential of which lies in the opportunity to quantitate specific variables and to obtain real-time information on how VDAs affect tumor microcirculation. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11517-9)
Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Down-regulates Phospho-Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 via Activation of MKP-1 in Response to Radiation
Authors: Nyati Mukesh K. , Feng Felix Y. , Maheshwari Divya , Varambally Sooryanarayana , Zielske Steven P. , Ahsan Aarif , Chun Patrick Y. , Arora Vinay A. , Davis Mary A. , Jung Mira , Ljungman Mats , Canman Christine E. , Chinnaiyan Arul M. , Lawrence Theodore S. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase plays a crucial role in the cellular response to DNA damage and in radiation resistance. Although much effort has focused on the relationship between ATM and other nuclear signal transducers, little is known about interactions between ATM and mitogenic signaling pathways. In this study, we show a novel relationship between ATM kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), a key mitogenic stimulator. Activation of ATM by radiation down-regulates phospho-ERK1/2 and its downstream signaling via increased expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase MKP-1 in both cell culture and tumor models. This dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 is independent of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity and is associated with radioresistance. These findings show a new function for ATM in the control of mitogenic pathways affecting cell signaling and emphasize the key role of ATM in coordinating the cellular response to DNA damage. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11554-9)
SLC5A8 Triggers Tumor Cell Apoptosis through Pyruvate-Dependent Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases
Authors: Thangaraju Muthusamy , Gopal Elangovan , Martin Pamela M. , Ananth Sudha , Smith Sylvia B. , Prasad Puttur D. , Sterneck Esta , Ganapathy Vadivel 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Tumor cells up-regulate glycolysis but convert pyruvate into lactate instead of oxidizing it. Here, we show that pyruvate, but not lactate, is an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDAC) and an inducer of apoptosis in tumor cells and that SLC5A8, a Na+/monocarboxylate cotransporter, is obligatory for this process. We found that SLC5A8 is expressed in nontransformed breast epithelial cell lines but silenced by DNA methylation in tumor cell lines. The down-regulation of the gene is also evident in primary breast tumors. When MCF7 breast tumor cells are transfected with SLC5A8 cDNA, the cells undergo pyruvate-dependent apoptosis. Butyrate and propionate also induce apoptosis in SLC5A8-expressing cells, whereas lactate does not. The differential ability of these monocarboxylates to cause apoptosis in SLC5A8-expressing MCF7 cells correlates with their ability to inhibit HDACs. Apoptosis induced by SLC5A8/pyruvate in MCF7 cells is associated with up-regulation of p53, Bax, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), TRAIL receptor (TRAILR) 1, and TRAILR2 and down-regulation of Bcl2 and survivin. Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes are differentially expressed in nontransformed cells and tumor cells such that the latter convert pyruvate into lactate. Silencing of SLC5A8 coupled with conversion of pyruvate into lactate in tumor cells correlates with increased HDAC activity in these cells compared with nontransformed cells. Our studies thus identify pyruvate as a HDAC inhibitor and indicate that the Na+-coupled pyruvate transport underlies the tumor-suppressive role of SLC5A8. We propose that tumor cells silence SLC5A8 and convert pyruvate into lactate as complementary mechanisms to avoid pyruvate-induced cell death. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11560-4)