bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Branchial Anomalies in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Schroeder James W. , Mohyuddin Nadia , Maddalozzo John 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVEWe sought to review the presentation, evaluation, and treatment of branchial anomalies in the pediatric population and to relate these findings to recurrences and complications.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGWe conducted a retrospective study at a tertiary care pediatric hospital.PATIENTSNinety‐seven pediatric patients who were treated for branchial anomalies over a 10‐year period were reviewed. Patients were studied if they underwent surgical treatment for the branchial anomaly and had 1 year of postoperative follow‐up; 67 children met criteria, and 74 anomalies were studied. RESULTS: Patients with cysts presented at a later age than did those with branchial anomaly fistulas or sinus branchial anomalies. 32% of branchial anomalies were previously infected. Of these, 71% had more than one preoperative infection. 18% of the BA were first arch derivatives, 69% were second arch derivatives and 7% were third arch derivatives. There were 22 branchial cysts, 31 branchial sinusies and 16 branchial fistulas. The preoperative and postoperative diagnoses differed in 17 cases. None of the excised specimens that contained a cystic lining recurred; all five recurrences had multiple preoperative infections.CONCLUSIONSRecurrence rates are increased when there are multiple preoperative infections and when there is no epithelial lining identified in the specimen.
Cochlear Cytokine Gene Expression in Murine Chronic Otitis Media
Authors: Ghaheri Bobak A. , Kempton J. Beth , Pillers De‐Ann M. , Trune Dennis R. 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVETo investigate chronic otitis media (COM) induction of cochlear cytokine genes.STUDY DESIGNRNA from cochleas of five C3H/HeJ mice with and without COM was isolated for cytokine expression in gene arrays. Immunohistochemistry was performed for the protein products of up‐regulated genes to confirm their expression in cochlear tissues.RESULTSCochleas from COM mice showed increased expression of 29 genes (>2X normal) and decreased expression of 19 genes (<0.5X normal). Cytokines expressed were largely those related to inflammation and tissue remodeling. Cochlear immuno‐histochemistry confirmed the presence of numerous cytokines, as well as NF‐kB, a major inflammatory transcription factor that drives cytokine expression.CONCLUSIONCOM causes elevated levels of cochlear cytokine mRNA, which demonstrates that inner ear tissues are capable of NF‐kB activation and cytokine production. This may be another mechanism of otitis media‐induced cochlear cytotoxicity in addition to that caused by migration of inflammatory cytokines from the middle ear.SIGNIFICANCECochlear tissues are capable of mounting an immunological response to middle ear inflammatory stimuli.
Powered Intracapsular Tonsillectomy in the Management of Recurrent Tonsillitis
Authors: Schmidt Richard , Herzog Amanda , Cook Steven , O'Reilly Robert , Deutsch Ellen , Reilly James 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVETo compare intracapsular tonsillectomy (IT) and traditional tonsillectomy (TT) in treating recurrent adenotonsillitis or streptococcal pharyngitis.DESIGNRetrospective chart review.SETTINGTertiary care pediatric referral center.RESULTSOf 166 patients who met all inclusion criteria, 117 received TT and 49 received IT. Seventeen TT patients and 8 IT patients were treated at least once postoperatively for streptococcal pharyngitis or tonsillitis. The mean number of infections after surgery in each group did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.295).CONCLUSIONThere was no difference between the IT and TT groups in postoperative infection rates.
Utilization of Free Tissue Transfer in Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Smith Russell B. , Sniezek Joseph C. , Weed Donald T. , Wax Mark K. 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVEFree tissue transfer is frequently incorporated into the reconstructive algorithm for a multitude of defects in the head and neck. With the increasing usage of free tissue transfer we undertook to review the most current advances in the field.DATA SOURCESPubMed search of all pertinent articles as they related to oropharyngeal reconstruction, flap choice, new technologies and techniques, and outcomes. Articles were chosen based on reviewer selection.METHODSThe microvascular committee met and discussed the current important topics in free tissue transfer. A priority list was created and ranked. Topics were assigned to the authors who conducted a narrative review of the literature.RESULTSFree tissue transfer has evolved to the point where a limited number of specific flaps are now utilized for most defects. Composite tissue is used to reconstruct composite defects. The coupling device and implantable Doppler are demonstrating a positive impact on flap survival and efficiency. Finally, outcomes in terms of quality of life, swallowing, and return to function have been shown to improve with the use of free tissue transfer.CONCLUSIONFree tissue transfer continues to be the reconstructive modality of choice for head and neck defects.
Histological Comparison of Implanted Cadaveric and Porcine Dermal Matrix Grafts
Authors: Richter Gresham T. , Smith Jacob E. , Spencer Horace J. , Fan Chun Y. , Vural Emre 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVESHistological comparison of human‐based (AlloDerm) and porcine‐based (ENDURAGen) dermal matrices regarding tissue incorporation and neovascularization as potential soft tissue augmentation materials.STUDY DESIGNIn vivo, rat model.METHODSSubcutaneous implantation of 1‐mm thick, 1 cm X 1 cm pieces of AlloDerm, ENDURAGen, and meshed ENDURAGen was performed in 24 Sprague Dawley rats. Implant materials were harvested at 4 (n = 12) and 8 weeks (n = 12). Histological quantification of soft tissue ingrowth and microvascular density was performed following hematoxylin‐eosin staining and CD34 immunohistochemistry, respectively.RESULTSAlloDerm showed significantly greater soft tissue in‐growth and microvascular density compared with both ENDURAGen and meshed ENDURAGen at 4 and 8 weeks (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSAlthough these results may differ in human host tissues, AlloDerm seems to be a more suitable dermal matrix implant than ENDURAGen for cases in which tissue incorporation and neovascularization are sought for the optimal outcome based on this animal model.
Comparison of Intradermal Dilutional Testing, Skin Prick Testing, and Modified Quantitative Testing for Common Allergens
Authors: Peltier Jacques , Ryan Matthew W. 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVESTo compare and correlate wheal size using the Multi‐Test II applicator with the endpoint obtained by intradermal dilutional testing (IDT) for 5 common allergens. To examine the safety of modified quantitative testing (MQT) for determining immunotherapy starting doses.STUDY DESIGNProspective comparative clinical study.SUBJECTS AND METHODSA total of 134 subjects were simultaneously skin tested for immediate hypersensitivity using the Multi‐Test II device and IDT.RESULTSThere was a 77% concordance between results from IDT and results from MQT. When there was a difference, MQT predicted a safer endpoint for starting immunotherapy in all but 2 cases.CONCLUSIONWheal size by SPT is predictive of endpoint by IDT. MQT is nearly as effective as formal IDT in determining endpoint.SIGNIFICANCEModified quantitative testing appears to be a safe alternative to IDT for determining starting doses for immunotherapy.
Recurrence in major depressive disorder: a neurocognitive perspective
Authors: Robinson O. J. , Sahakian B. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDepressive disorders are amongst the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide and, as such, it is predicted that by 2010 only cardio-ischaemic disorders will provide a greater burden. In addition to the sizable emotional, individual and social burden, depressive disorders cost an estimated US$83·1 billion per year in the United States alone. In spite of effective treatments, a large proportion of sufferers go on to experience recurrences. With successive recurrences, the likelihood of subsequent episodes increases. Despite this, research to date has tended to focus on first episodes or else has not distinguished between episodes. This editorial review highlights a number of differences between first and recurrent episodes which, in turn, recommend more longitudinal, recurrence-oriented, treatments. We also examine the findings from acute tryptophan depletion studies which, it is speculated, help to understand the differences between successive episodes. The overall aim, however, is to highlight the importance of recurrence in depression and to stimulate debate.
Progressive Apraxia of Speech as a Sign of Motor Neuron Disease
Authors: Duffy Joseph R. , Peach Richard K. , Strand Edythe A. 
Published: July 2007

Purpose
To document and describe in detail the occurrence of apraxia of speech (AOS) in a group of individuals with a diagnosis of motor neuron disease (MND).

Method
Seven individuals with MND and AOS were identified from among 80 patients with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and AOS (J. R. Duffy, 2006). The history, presenting complaints, neurological findings, and speech-language findings were documented for each case.

Results
Spastic or mixed spastic-flaccid dysarthria was present in all 7 cases. The AOS was judged as worse than the dysarthria in 4 cases. Nonverbal oral apraxia was eventually present in all cases. Aphasia was present in 2 cases and equivocally present in another 2. Dementia was present in 1 case and equivocally present in 2.

Conclusions
AOS can occur in MND, typically also with dysarthria, but not invariably with aphasia or other cognitive deficits. Thus, a diagnosis of MND does not preclude the presence of AOS. More importantly, MND should be a diagnostic consideration when AOS is a prominent sign of degenerative disease.
A Comparison of Linguistic Profiles in Subgroups of Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Haskill Allison M. , Tyler Ann A. 
Published: July 2007

PurposeTo compare morphosyntactic skills of preschoolers in different subgroups of language impairment.MethodEighty-three children participated in this study. They represented 4 groups: (a) language impairment-only, (b) speech-language impairment with minimal or no final cluster reduction/consonant deletion, (c) speech-language impairment with frequent final cluster reduction/consonant deletion, and (d) a no-impairment control group. Group performance was compared for finite and nonfinite morpheme production and sentence structure.ResultsChildren in the language impairment-only group had significantly higher performance than children in both speech-language impairment subgroups, even when errors that could be attributed to final consonant deletion/cluster reduction were taken into account. The language impairment-only and control groups' performance was similar for finite and nonfinite morpheme production, and both groups produced nonfinite plurals with significantly higher accuracy than finite third person singular forms. The language impairment-only group had significantly higher accuracy for both plural and third person singular relative to the group with speech-language impairment characterized by infrequent final cluster reduction/consonant deletion.ConclusionsChildren with speech-language impairment generally had poorer morphosyntactic skills than peers who had language deficits and age-appropriate speech skills. Final consonant and final cluster production skills alone did not account for group differences. Clinically, the findings suggest that it is important to assess carefully the speech skills, including final cluster production skills, of preschoolers who have language deficits and language skills of preschoolers who have speech sound disorders.
Retelling a Script-Based Story: Do Children With and Without Language Impairments Focus on Script and Story Elements?
Authors: Hayward Denyse V. , Gillam Ronald B. , Lien Phuong 
Published: July 2007

Purpose
The script frameworks model (R. Schank, 1975) and causal network model (T. Trabasso & L. Sperry, 1985) were used to assess script-based story retellings of children with and without language impairments (LI). When retelling scripts and stories, children developing typically include (a) more obligatory than optional elements, with few temporal sequencing errors, and (b) story elements having several versus few causal connections to other story elements. The purpose of this study was to determine whether children with LI demonstrated a similar pattern of recall.

Method
A script-based story retell was collected from 22 children with LI and 22 age-matched peers (AM). Retells were analyzed for inclusion of obligatory and optional elements, elements with high and low causal connectivity, and temporal sequencing accuracy.

Results
Retells from both groups contained more obligatory elements and elements with high causal connectivity. However, groups differed on the specific elements included.

Conclusions
Children in the AM group appeared to utilize script and causal connectivity elements when retelling a script-based story. Children in the LI group appeared to focus more on script elements than causal connectivity. Their deficiencies may reflect difficulties with flexible application of scripts and accessing relevant knowledge, and/or generalized difficulties organizing information and extracting patterns.
Mexican Immigrant Mothers' Perceptions of Their Children’s Communication Disabilities, Emergent Literacy Development, and Speech-Language Therapy Program
Authors: Kummerer Sharon E. , Lopez-Reyna Norma A. , Hughes Marie Tejero 
Published: July 2007

PurposeThis qualitative study explored mothers' perceptions of their children’s communication disabilities, emergent literacy development, and speech-language therapy programs.MethodParticipants were 14 Mexican immigrant mothers and their children (age 17–47 months) who were receiving center-based services from an early childhood intervention program, located in a large urban city in the Midwestern United States. Mother interviews composed the primary source of data. A secondary source of data included children’s therapy files and log notes. Following the analysis of interviews through the constant comparative method, grounded theory was generated.ResultsThe majority of mothers perceived their children as exhibiting a communication delay. Causal attributions were diverse and generally medical in nature (i.e., ear infections, seizures) or due to familial factors (i.e., family history and heredity, lack of extended family). Overall, mothers seemed more focused on their children’s speech intelligibility and/or expressive language in comparison to emergent literacy abilities.ConclusionsTo promote culturally responsive intervention, mothers recommended that professionals speak Spanish, provide information about the therapy process, and use existing techniques with Mexican immigrant families.
The role of gear technologists in supporting an ecosystem approach to fisheries
Authors: Jennings Simon , Revill Andrew S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Jennings, S., and Revill, A. S. 2007. The role of gear technologists in supporting an ecosystem approach to fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1525–1534. Central to an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) is reconciling the short-term need for catches with the long-term need for sustainability of target species and other ecosystem components. We assess the role of gear technology in supporting the objectives and implementation of EAF and identify the circumstances in which investment in the environmental performance of fishing gear provides the greatest benefits. The greatest benefits are usually achieved when gear technologists embed the new technology in the management system and when there are clear incentives to use it. We propose a framework for comparing combinations of management measures that might support EAF, based on knowledge of the environmental impacts of different gears in different areas and management systems. This framework helps us assess when fishing effects “matter” and when gear technologists should contribute to mitigating unwanted effects. Incentives and effective enforcement will be key to introducing gears with lower environmental impact. We expect that future emphasis on marine spatial planning, the use of environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment for fisheries, more equitable treatment of fisheries and other marine sectors, and rising oil prices will lead to greater pressure on gear technologists to support EAF.
Growth hormone (GH) treatment reduces peripheral thyroid hormone action in girls with Turner syndrome
Authors: Susperreguy S. , Miras M. B. , Montesinos M. M. , Mascanfroni I. D. , Muñoz L. , Sobrero G. , Silvano L. , Masini‐Repiso A. M. , Coleoni A. H. , Targovnik H. M. , Pellizas C. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryObjective  Turner syndrome (TS) is an indication for GH therapy in spite of the modest growth response. Somatic growth depends not only on GH insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) axis but also on thyroid hormone (TH) status. We have previously reported that supraphysiological IGF‐I levels diminished TH actions in rat tissues by reducing the nuclear TH receptor (TR). GH treatment to TS patients induces high IGF‐I levels and therefore a reduction of TH action in tissues may be expected. We aimed at evaluating the effect of GH therapy in TS girls on peripheral TH action.Design and patients  We set up a reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for TR mRNA estimation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and compared TR mRNA levels from 10 normal, 10 TS and 10 TS girls under GH therapy (0·33 mg/kg/week for 0·5–2 years).Measurements  After RNA extraction from PBMC, TR and β‐actin mRNAs were coamplified by RT‐PCR. In addition serum biochemical markers of TH action were measured: thyrotropin (TSH), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), osteocalcin (OC), β‐crosslaps (β‐CL), iodothyronines by electrochemiluminescency and IGF‐I by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) with extraction.Results  TR mRNAs from PBMC were reduced in TS patients under GH treatment. In turn, serum TSH, OC, β‐CL and IGF‐I were increased while SHBG was reduced by GH treatment in TS patients.Conclusions  GH treatment reduced TR expression in PBMC and biochemical serum markers of TH action. These results suggest that GH treatment in TS patients impair peripheral TH action at tissue level and prompt a role in the reduced growth response to the therapy.
Reduced thyroid volume and nodularity in dyslipidaemic patients on statin treatment
Authors: Cappelli Carlo , Castellano Maurizio , Pirola Ilenia , De Martino Elvira , Gandossi Elena , Delbarba Andrea , Salvi Andrea , Rosei Enrico Agabiti 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBackground  Little information is available concerning the possible antiproliferative effects of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) on the thyroid gland. We have hypothesized that the antiproliferative effects of statins observed in thyroid cell lines in vitro may have a clinical counterpart that could be detected by investigating the prevalence and size of thyroid nodules in patients on long‐term treatment with statins.Methods  We retrospectively evaluated 135 dyslipidaemic patients receiving statin therapy continuously for at least 5 years, and 137 controls. All the subjects were submitted to ultrasound investigation of the thyroid gland, to establish prevalence, number and volume of thyroid nodules.Results  Subjects treated with statins showed markedly lower prevalence of thyroid nodules (36·3%vs. 67·9%, P < 0·001), as well as reduced number and smaller total volume of lesions, as compared to the control group. A logistic regression analysis, taking into account age, sex, risk factors for the development of thyroid nodules and concomitant drug treatment, revealed that treatment with statins remained the only important predictor of the presence of thyroid nodules [odds ratio (OR) 0·312, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·156–0·625, P < 0·001] besides risk factors.Conclusions  Our data provide the first circumstantial evidence of an association between HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor treatment and reduced prevalence, number and volume of thyroid nodules. This finding may be explained by an antiproliferative and/or pro‐apoptotic effect of long‐term statin treatment on thyroid cells, in vivo.
Altered distribution of adiponectin isoforms in children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS): association with insulin sensitivity and circulating satiety peptide hormones
Authors: Haqq Andrea M. , Muehlbauer Michael , Svetkey Laura P. , Newgard Christopher B. , Purnell Jonathan Q. , Grambow Steven C. , Freemark Michael S. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryObjective  Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic syndrome characterized by relative hypoinsulinaemia and normal or increased insulin sensitivity despite profound obesity. We hypothesized that this increased insulin sensitivity is mediated by increased levels of total and high molecular weight adiponectin and associated with changes in levels of satiety hormones.Design, patients and measurements  We measured total adiponectin and its isoforms [high molecular weight (HMW), middle molecular weight (MMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) adiponectin] and satiety hormones in 14 children with PWS [median age 11·35 years, body mass index (BMI) Z‐score 2·15] and 14 BMI‐matched controls (median age 11·97 years, BMI Z‐score 2·34).Results  Despite comparable BMI Z‐scores and leptin levels, the PWS children exhibited lower fasting insulin and HOMA‐IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) scores compared to obese controls. For any given BMI Z‐score, the PWS children showed higher concentrations of fasting total and HMW adiponectin and higher HMW/total adiponectin ratios. The HMW/total adioponectin ratio was preserved in children with PWS at high degrees of obesity. In PWS children, fasting plasma total adiponectin, HMW adiponectin and HMW/total adiponectin ratio correlated negatively with age (P < 0·05), HOMA‐IR (P < 0·01), BMI Z‐score (P < 0·05), insulin (P < 0·01) and leptin (P < 0·05). In addition to higher fasting ghrelin concentrations, the PWS children showed significantly higher fasting levels of total peptide YY (PYY) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) compared to obese controls.Conclusions  Relative to controls of similar age and BMI Z‐score, the PWS children had significantly higher levels of total and HMW adiponectin, and increased ratios of HMW/total adiponectin. These findings may explain in part the heightened insulin sensitivity of PWS children relative to BMI‐matched controls.