bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic fragment‐ion‐based extension strategy for rapid screening and identification of serial components of homologous families contained in traditional Chinese medicine prescription using high‐resolution LC‐ESI‐ IT‐TOF/MS: Shengmai injection as an example
Authors: Zheng Chaonan , Hao Haiping , Wang Xuan , Wu Xiaolan , Wang Guangji , Sang Guowei , Liang Yan , Xie Lin , Xia Chunhua , Yao Xilin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe paper presents a modified and universally applicable diagnostic fragment‐ion‐based extension strategy (DFIBES) to efficiently process the information acquired by liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization source in combination with hybrid ion trap and high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry [LC‐(ESI)‐IT‐TOF/MS], facilitating the structural determination of serial components contained in traditional Chinese medicine prescription (TCMP). The key advantage of DFIBES is that it facilitates the rapid classification of the complicated peaks into well‐known chemical families, which significantly simplifies the complicated procedures of structural characterization. Moreover, considering that a certain family of compounds usually produces identical fragment ions, the DFIBES would be widely applicable to many other families of compounds identification besides the presently validated ginsenosides and lignans. Shengmai injection, composed of Panax ginseng, Radix ophiopogonis, and Schisandra chinensis, was taken as a TCMP example to conduct and validate the proposed DFIBES. Diagnostic fragment ions (DFI) for each chemical family contained in Shengmai injection was firstly determined or proposed from the separated analysis of 15 authentic standards and the extract of S. chinensis. The ESI‐MSn fragmentation patterns of ginsenosides and lignans were then systematically studied for developing the ‘structure extension’ approach. Upon LC‐IT‐TOF/MS analysis and DFIBES, more than 30 ginsenosides and 20 lignans have been rapidly detected and identified from Shengmai injection, supporting that the DFIBES is a very powerful strategy and would be widely applicable for the complicated components identification from TCMP and other complicated mixtures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of 2‐substituted benzofuran fragment ions from 6‐alkyl‐ and 6‐aryldibenzo(d,f)(1,3)dioxepine derivatives under electron ionization—a useful precursor ion for isomeric differentiation
Authors: Begala Michela , Tocco Graziella , Meli Gabriele , Podda Gianni , Urru Silvana A. M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTandem mass spectrometry has been applied to differentiate three sets of o‐, m‐ and p‐methyl, ‐methoxy and ‐nitro‐substituted‐6‐phenyl‐dibenzo(d,f)(1,3)dioxepines. Collision‐induced dissociation (CID) experiments have been carried out on 2‐phenylbenzo[b]furan fragment ions, which originate from the decomposition of the molecular ions after their EI‐induced isomerization to spirocyclic structures. With the exception of m‐ and p‐methylphenylbenzo[b]furan isomers, which display identical CID mass spectra, the three isomeric methoxy‐ and nitrophenylbenzo[b]furan fragment ions display very characteristic CID behavior which allows unequivocal differentiation of the 6‐phenyl‐dibenzo(d,f)(1,3)dioxepine isomers. 6‐(o‐nitrophenyl)‐dibenzo(d,f)(1,3)dioxepine isomer, does not form a 2‐(o‐nitrophenyl)benzo[b]furan ion and, therefore, it can be differentiated from the m‐ and p‐ isomers based on the mere EI mass spectra. Furthermore, it shows a characteristic ion most likely due to an ortho effect between the nitro group and the dioxepine ring. Multiple stage mass spectrometric techniques (MSn), labeled derivatives and reference compounds were used in order to gain additional information on the structures of product ion from the CID fragmentation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluoxetine affords robust neuroprotection in the postischemic brain via its anti‐inflammatory effect
Authors: Lim Chae‐Moon , Kim Seung‐Woo , Park Ju‐Young , Kim Chaekyun , Yoon Sung Hwa , Lee Ja‐Kyeong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is widely used in the treatment of major depression including after stroke. In this study, we tested whether fluoxetine protects neuronal death in a rat cerebral ischemia model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The administration of fluoxetine intravenously (10 mg/kg) at 30 min, 3 hr, or 6 hr after MCAO reduced infarct volumes to 21.2 ± 6.7%, 14.5 ± 3.0%, and 22.8 ± 2.9%, respectively, of that of the untreated control. Moreover, the neuroprotective effect of fluoxetine was evident when it was administered as late as 9 hr after MCAO/reperfusion. These neuroprotective effects were accompanied by improvement of motor impairment and neurological deficits. The fluoxetine‐treated brain was found to show marked repressions of microglia activation, neutrophil infiltration, and proinflammatory marker expressions. Moreover, fluoxetine suppressed NF‐κB activity dose‐dependently in the postischemic brain and also in lipopolysaccharide‐treated primary microglia and neutrophil cultures, suggesting that NF‐κB activity inhibition explains in part its anti‐inflammatory effect. These results demonstrate that curative treatment of fluoxetine affords strong protection against delayed cerebral ischemic injury, and that these neuroprotective effects might be associated with its anti‐inflammatory effects. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased oxidation of certain glycolysis and energy metabolism enzymes in the frontal cortex in Lewy body diseases
Authors: Gómez Anna , Ferrer Isidre 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLipoxidative damage of aldolase A, enolase 1, and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was found in the frontal cortex in a percentage of aged controls by bidimensional gel electrophoresis, Western blot test, in‐gel digestion, and mass spectrometry. Aldolase A and enolase 1 were altered in 12 of 19 cases, whereas oxidation of GAPDH was found in 6 of 19 controls. The three enzymes were oxidized in the frontal cortex in the majority of cases of incidental Parkinson's disease (iPD), PD, and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Differences were statistically significant (χ2 test) for GAPDH in PD and DLB. Densitometric studies have shown that the ratio of oxidized protein per spot is higher in iPD, PD, and DLB compared with controls. These findings show oxidation of three enzymes linked with glycolysis and energy metabolism in the adult human brain as well as increased oxidation of aldolase A, enolase 1, and GAPDH in the frontal cortex in Lewy body diseases. Modifications of these enzymes may result in decreased activity and may partly account for impaired metabolism and function of the frontal lobe in PD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatiotemporal variability of precipitation total series over Turkey
Authors: Türkeş Murat , Koç Telat , Sariş Faize 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLong‐term changes and trends in the series of monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation totals of 97 stations in Turkey were analysed by considering their spatial and temporal characteristics. Secular trends in precipitation series were examined with the Mann–Kendall rank correlation test for the general period 1930–2002, whereas spatial variabilities of, and relationships between, the precipitation series at 86 of these stations were investigated by the principal component analysis (PCA) for the period 1953–2002 when the length of data is at its best for the stations subjected to the PCA. Major findings of the paper can be summarized as follows: (1) First principal component (PC1) generally describes climatology of the precipitation totals in Turkey that is closely governed by the large‐scale and/or synoptic scale atmospheric features (i.e. surface and upper air pressure and wind systems). (2) In winter, it is very likely that the greater PC1 loadings over the western and south‐western parts of Turkey characterized mainly with the Mediterranean rainfall regimes indicate influence of the large‐scale atmospheric circulation and associated weather patterns. However, smaller PC1 loadings over the north‐eastern and eastern parts of Turkey are very likely related to the influence of the northerly mid‐latitude cyclones, and the northerly and easterly circulations linked with the Eastern Europe and the Siberian originated high pressures on spatial variations of winter precipitation. (3) As for the long‐term temporal variability, it was detected that there is an apparent decreasing trend in the winter precipitation totals of Turkey, whereas a general increasing trend is dominant in the precipitation totals of spring, summer and autumn seasons. (4) Observed decreasing trends are the strongest over the Mediterranean and the Mediterranean Transition rainfall regime regions. (5) Strong decreasing trends are also mostly found in winter months of the year, while apparent increasing trends show up at some stations in the months of April, August and October. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Prospective, double blind, randomized, controlled trial of simvastatin in human fracture healing
Authors: Patil Sanjeev , Holt Graeme , Raby Nigel , McLellan Alastair R. , Smith Karen , O'Kane Sarah , Beastall Graham , Crossan James F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAlthough statins are widely prescribed as cholesterol‐lowering drugs, a number of studies suggest that these compounds may have anabolic effects on bone. Our aim was to assess whether simvastatin affects the rate of fracture healing in humans. A prospective, double‐blind, randomized controlled trial was performed. Individuals who had sustained an undisplaced, extra‐articular fracture of the distal radial metaphysis were recruited from a trauma clinic. Patients were randomized to receive simvastatin 20 mg once daily or a placebo. Regular clinical and radiological follow‐up was undertaken for a 12 week period. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry assessment of bone mineral density was conducted at 2 and 12 weeks postinjury. Biochemical markers of bone turnover were assayed during the study period. Time to fracture union was defined as the time to cortical bridging in four cortices on plain radiographs. In addition, the rate of trabecular union was assessed. Eighty patients were recruited, of which 62 completed the study (31 in each group). Study cohorts were matched for age and gender. For patients receiving simvastatin therapy, the mean time to fracture union was 71.6 days (SD 22.2 days, SEM 3.8 days). This compared to 71.3 days (SD 21.3, SEM 4.1 days) for the control cohort (p = 0.6481). There was no significant difference between bone mineral density or bone biochemical markers between groups (p > 0.05). Despite promising results from in vivo and in vitro animal studies, simvastatin at a treatment dose of 20 mg once daily does not affect the rate of fracture healing in humans. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:281–285, 2009
ModernSphagnumδ13C signatures follow a surface moisture gradient in two boreal peat bogs, James Bay lowlands, Québec
Authors: Loisel Julie , Garneau Michelle , Hélie Jean‐François 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCarbon isotopic composition ofSphagnummacrofossils can potentially be used as a palaeohydrological tool for peat‐based climatic studies since a relationship betweenSphagnumδ13C values and peatland surface moisture has been presented in previous studies. In order to verify this hypothesis, modernSphagnumδ13C values were measured along a moisture (microtopographic) gradient in two boreal peat bogs. Isotopic measurements were performed on bulk material ofS. fuscum,S. magellanicum,S. capillifoliumand S.pulchrum. Isotopic variations found within and betweenSphagnumspecies along the microtopographic gradient were compared using analysis of variance. A significant positive correlation (P < 0.0001) was found betweenSphagnumδ13C values and their position along the surface moisture gradient. Results show that13C‐depleted values are related to low water table depths (WTD), while13C‐enriched values correspond to a water table that is close to the peat surface. Although the mechanisms underlying carbon fractionation processes in mosses are not well understood, we demonstrate that water resistance to CO2diffusion is an important fractionation process that is observed in bulkSphagnumδ13C measurements, since drier and wetter samples exhibit consistent and very different isotopic signatures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The business model: an integrative framework for strategy execution
Authors: Richardson James 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

We have many useful frameworks for formulating business strategy, i.e., devising a theory of how to compete. Frameworks for strategy execution are comparatively fragmented and idiosyncratic.

This paper proposes a business model framework to link the firm's theory about how to compete to its execution. The framework captures previous ideas about business models in a simple logical structure that reflects current thinking in strategy.

The framework is a useful tool for the strategist, for teaching, and for research on business models in strategy.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minding the cognition: toward a strategic knowledge management for competitive advantage
Authors: Muthusamy Senthil 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe knowledge base of an organization is considered its intellectual capital, and is increasingly emphasized as a vital source of competitive advantage. Engineering, managing, and leveraging knowledge (individual‐, group‐, and organizational‐level knowledge) are becoming strategic activities in many organizations for achieving competitive advantage.In this context, building organizational capabilities to acquire, create, and disseminate knowledge on a continual basis has become a key challenge for strategy and organizational design experts. While the research and practice in this regard has focused extensively on Information Technology (IT) capabilities for building knowledge communities, the process dimension of learning, knowledge creation, and dissemination has received less attention.This paper articulates the need for cultivating the various learning as well as socio‐cognitive routines to create and leverage knowledge and suggests how this approach would help formulate better strategies and enhance employees' commitment.This article also highlights the importance of a dynamic approach to managing organizational cognition, a critical factor in organization survival. We further discuss the implications for strategic management and organization development practices.Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Planning with Blue Ocean strategy in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Butler Colin 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Blue Ocean strategy emphasizes revisiting the value added of various activities in the value chain. Key activities should have added value whilst other activities should have reduced value. Some activities should be eliminated and new activities should be introduced.

Non‐customers should be targeted through innovation and change in strategy rather than competing head‐on with direct competitors. In the UAE, new businesses are starting in a high‐growth economy and new strategies are being implemented by small and medium‐sized enterprises and multinational enterprises.

This paper investigates approaches to a Blue Ocean strategic formulation and implementation by both the SME and MNE sectors and analyses key differences between the firms of different sizes. The sample is taken from the cities of Abu Dhabi and Dubai.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of tourist art and souvenirs — the arc of the boomerang: from hunting, fighting and ceremony to tourist souvenir
Authors: Hume David L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the history and development of tourist art and souvenirs and discusses the reception of such artefacts, alongside works of fine art, within the museogallery system. Beginning with the relationship between cultural tourism and anthropology, it identifies common links between ethnographic artefacts, works of fine art and souvenirs collected in Australia during the latter half of the 20th century. Approaching these objects from the discipline of art history, this research takes as its priority the formal qualities of the artefacts and charts the transition of the boomerang, among other Aboriginal artefacts, from functional tool designed for hunting, to a marker of people and place made for sale as a tourist commodity. Other questions addressed in this research are as follows: What, other than size and price, attracts tourists to certain souvenirs and not others? Where is their final resting place and what meaning is attached to them through the narrative appended by the maker and by the consumer? How is it effected by the resulting location of display? Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent and emerging anti‐diabetes targets
Authors: Mohler Michael L. , He Yali , Wu Zhongzhi , Hwang Dong Jin , Miller Duane D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDiabetes is a disease that affects over 150 million people worldwide for which there are multiple oral and injectable medications. Because of trends in obesity and sedentary lifestyles, diabetes rates in both developed and developing countries are increasing at an alarming rate. Current medications are not adequately effective in maintaining long‐term glycemic control in most patients, even when used in combination, leaving diabetics susceptible to developing life threatening and debilitating complications such as cardiovascular disease, blindness, kidney complications, and amputations. Consequently, there is a critical need for more potent pharmacotherapies with novel mechanisms of action. A panel of 20 emerging diabetes targets is presented, and small molecule modulators for each target will be discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 29, No. 1, 125–195, 2009
Epidermal stem cells: location, potential and contribution to cancer
Authors: Ambler CA , Määttä A 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEpidermal stem cells have been classically characterized as slow‐cycling, long‐lived cells that reside in discrete niches in the skin. Gene expression studies of niche‐resident cells have revealed a number of stem cell markers and regulators, including the Wnt/β‐catenin, Notch, p63, c‐Myc and Hedgehog pathways. A new study challenges the traditional developmental paradigm of slow‐cycling stem cells and rapid‐cycling transit amplifying cells in some epidermal regions, and there is mounting evidence to suggest that multi‐lineage epidermal progenitors can be isolated from highly proliferative, non‐niche regions. Whether there is a unique microenvironment surrounding these progenitors remains to be determined. Interestingly, cancer stem cells derived from epidermal tumours exist independent of the classic skin stem cell niche, yet also have stem cell properties, including multi‐lineage differentiation. This review summarizes recent studies identifying the location and regulators of mouse and human epidermal stem cells and highlights the strategies used to identify cancer stem cells, including expression of normal epidermal stem cell markers, expression of cancer stem cell markers identified in other epidermal tumours and characterization of side‐population tumour cells. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased expression and nuclear localization of the centrosomal kinase Nek2 in human testicular seminomas
Authors: Barbagallo Federica , Paronetto Maria P , Franco Renato , Chieffi Paolo , Dolci Susanna , Fry Andrew M , Geremia Raffaele , Sette Claudio 
Published: October 2008

AbstractProtein kinases that regulate the centrosome cycle are often aberrantly controlled in neoplastic cells. Changes in their expression or activity can lead to perturbations in centrosome duplication, potentially leading to chromosome segregation errors and aneuploidy. Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) are characterized by amplification of centrosomes through unknown mechanisms. Herein, we report that Nek2, a centrosomal kinase required for centrosome disjunction and formation of the mitotic spindle, is up‐regulated in human testicular seminomas as compared to control testes or other types of testicular germ cell tumours. In addition, Nek2 activity is also increased in human seminomas, as demonstrated by immunokinase assays. Analysis by immunohistochemistry indicated that Nek2 is prevalently localized in the nucleus of neoplastic cells of primary human seminomas. Such nuclear localization and the up‐regulation of Nek2 protein were also observed in the Tcam‐2 seminoma cell line. We demonstrate that nuclear localization of Nek2 is a feature of the more undifferentiated germ cells of mouse testis and correlates with expression of the stemness markers OCT4 and PLZF. These studies suggest that up‐regulation of Nek2 is a frequent event in human seminomas and that this may participate in the onset or progression of neoplastic transformation through deregulation of centrosome duplication and/or nuclear events in germ cells. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management and successful desensitization in methotrexate‐induced anaphylaxis
Authors: Bouchireb Karim , Dodille Aurélie , Ponvert Claude , Gouraud François , Dubrel Marie , Brugières Laurence 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAnaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions to methotrexate are rare. In patients with methotrexate‐induced anaphylaxis, discontinuation of treatment may increase the risk of death due to cancer progression. In such patients, desensitization may enable the patient to continue treatment with methotrexate. We report the case of a child with metastatic osteosarcoma, who experienced an anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reaction to methotrexate. Skin tests with methotrexate were not performed because their diagnostic value is controversial. Desensitization with methotrexate was successful and allowed the patient to complete 12 additional courses of chemotherapy. Thus, we confirm that desensitization may be a safe procedure in patients with cancer who experience methotrexate‐induced anaphylaxis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:295–297. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new type of eco‐friendly resist based on nonchemically amplified system
Authors: Park Ji Young , Yun Je Moon , Kim Jin‐Baek 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNovel water‐processable photopolymers were designed to be useful as environment‐friendly photolithographic materials. By copolymerization of 2‐(2‐diazo‐3‐oxo‐butyryloxy)ethyl methacrylate (DOBEMA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methacryllic acid (MAA), and sodium 4‐vinylbenzenesulfonate (SVBS), two kinds of polymers, poly(DOBEMA‐co‐HEMA‐co‐SVBS) for negative‐tone resist and poly(DOBEMA‐co‐MAA) for positive‐tone resist, were synthesized and their photolithographic properties were investigated. The single component negative‐tone resist produced 0.8 μm line and space patterns using a mercury‐xenon lamp in a contact printing mode using pure water as casting and developing solvent at a exposure dose of 25 mJ cm−2. On the other hand, the single component positive‐tone resist produced 0.8 μm line and space patterns at a much higher dose of 150 mJ cm−2. Thus, the negative resist showed much improved sensitivity when compared with the positive resist and the reported nonchemically amplified resists. This sensitivity is comparable with those of typical chemically amplified resists. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7534–7542, 2008