bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nephrotoxicity induced by N‐(3,5‐dichlorophenyl)‐3‐hydroxysuccinamic acid in male and female Fischer 344 rats
Authors: Rankin Gary O. , Hong Suk‐kil , Anestis Dianne K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe agricultural fungicide N‐(3,5‐dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) is a more potent nephrotoxicant in female rats than in males. Similarly, nephrotoxicant NDPS metabolites studied to date in male and female rats have also demonstrated gender differences, being twice as potent as nephrotoxicants in females as in males. The purpose of this study was to examine the nephrotoxic potential of N‐(3,5‐dichlorophenyl)‐3‐hydroxysuccinimide (3‐NDHSA) in male and female Fisher 344 rats to determine if gender differences in nephrotoxic potential also exist for this metabolite. Rats (four per group) were administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 3‐NDHSA (0.1, 0.2 or 0.4  mmol kg−1) or vehicle, and renal function was monitored at 24 and 48 h. 3‐NDHSA 0.1 mmol kg−1 did not induce nephrotoxicity in male or female rats. In male rats, 3‐NDHSA 0.2 mmol kg−1 induced mild nephrotoxicity seen as diuresis and transient, mild proteinuria. However, 3‐NDHSA 0.4 mmol kg−1 induced marked nephrotoxicity. In female rats, 3‐NDHSA 0.2 mmol kg−1 induced mild nephrotoxicity, as evidenced by transient diuresis and proteinuria. As in males, 3‐NDHSA 0.4 mmol kg−1 induced marked nephrotoxicity. These results indicate that, unlike NDPS and other nephrotoxic NDPS metabolites, 3‐NDHSA does not exhibit gender differences in nephrotoxic potential. In addition, in comparison with NDPS and other nephrotoxic NDPS metabolites, 3‐NDHSA is a less potent nephrotoxicant that NDHS or 2‐NDHSA and similar to NDPS in nephrotoxic potential in male rats. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemical and enzymatic changes after black scorpion Heterometrus fastigiousus Couzijn envenomation in experimental albino mice
Authors: Chaubey Mukesh Kumar , Upadhyay Ravi Kant 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe toxic effects of Asian black scorpion Heterometrus fastigiousus (Family, Scorpionidae) venom were determined in albino mice (NIH strain). Venom was isolated and fractioned by Sepharose CL‐6B column chromatography. The toxicity of fractioned venom was determined in albino mice by subcutaneous envenomation. The LD50 of venom was found to be 15 mg kg−1 body weight and range of molecular weight of venom proteins responsible for toxicity was found from 9.5–63 kDs. The effects of fractioned venom on different biochemical and enzymatic parameters in blood serum and gastrocnemius muscle tissue of albino mice were determined after experimental envenomation. An increase in serum levels of glucose, free amino acids, uric acid, pyruvic acid and total protein was observed while a decrease in the cholesterol level in serum was observed after 4 h of envenomation. Increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamate–pyruvate transaminase (GPT) enzyme activity in serum was observed. Glycogen content in liver, atria, ventricle, rectus abdominus and gastrocnemius muscle was decreased after experimental envenomation. Activity of ALP, ACP, LDH, GPT, AChE and Na+K+ATPase enzymes in gastrocnemius muscle tissue of envenomed albino mice was studied. Inhibition in ALP, AChE and Na+K+ATPase enzyme activity and increase in ACP, LDH and GPT enzyme activity was observed in gastrocnemius muscle after scorpion envenomation. In vitro studies with AChE and Na+K+ATPase enzymes indicated that enzymatic activity of AChE was inhibited competitively by fractioned venom in gastrocnemius muscle. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 by Sudan Dyes
Authors: Ahmed Refat Nahla A. G. , Ibrahim Zein Shaban , Moustafa Gihan Gamal , Sakamoto Kentaro Q. , Ishizuka Mayumi , Fujita Shoichi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAzo dyes form a major class of chemically related compounds that are ubiquitous in foods, paints, printing inks, cosmetics, and also used as biological stains in histological and histopathological laboratories and clinics. Sudan I, sudan III, and sudan IV have been classified as category 3 carcinogens by International Agency for Research on Cancer. In this study, we investigated the difference between these three sudan dyes in induction of CYP1A1. We intraperitoneally treated Wistar rats with each of the three sudan dyes (I, III, and IV) for 3 days. Treatment of Wistar rats with sudan I produced the highest induction of CYP1A1 protein and mRNA whereas treatment of Wistar rats with sudan III produced about two third of CYP1A1 protein and mRNA than induced by sudan I. Furthermore, treatment of Wistar rats with sudan IV produced the lowest induction of CYP1A1 protein and mRNA which is about two third of that induced with sudan III treatment. We further investigated the effect of these sudan dyes on CYP1A1 transcription through investigating the xenobiotic response element (XRE) reporter activity in HepG2. The XRE reporter activity study showed the same trend of activity of sudan dyes comparable to the effects on CYP1A1 mRNA and protein. Immunohistochemical study revealed a differential pattern of distribution of CYP1A1 protein in rat liver among the three sudan dyes, apparent in the centrilobular and midzonal region with sudan III, progressing to panlobular with sudan I, whereas sudan IV showed a reversal of pattern of induction with the most intense staining in the periportal region. Our results suggest that there is an inverse relationship between the molecular size of the three sudan dyes and their ability to induce CYP1A1. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:77–84, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20220
Induction of drug metabolism enzymes and transporters by oltipraz in rats
Authors: Merrell Matthew D. , Augustine Lisa M. , Slitt Angela L. , Cherrington Nathan J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCoordinate regulation of Phase‐I and ‐II enzymes with xenobiotic transporters has been shown after treatment with microsomal enzyme inducers. The chemopreventive agent oltipraz (OPZ) induces Phase‐I and ‐II drug‐metabolizing enzymes such as CYP2B and NQO1. The purpose of this study was to examine the regulation of drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters in response to OPZ treatment and to investigate a potential role for constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in OPZ‐mediated induction. Sprague‐Dawley rats treated with OPZ exhibited increased mRNA and protein levels of both Nqo1 and Cyp2b1/2 by 24 h. To examine whether OPZ activates transporter gene expression via CAR, sexually dimorphic male and female Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with OPZ and mRNA levels quantified by bDNA signal amplification. OPZ induced Ugt1a6 and Ugt2b1 in males significantly higher than in females, indicating a CAR‐dependent mechanism of induction. However, OPZ induced microsomal epoxide hydrolase, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, and Cyp3a1/23 equally in both genders, indicating a CAR‐independent mechanism of induction of these genes. Similarly, the transporters Mdr1a, Mdr1b, Mrp3, and Mrp4 were induced by OPZ without any apparent difference between genders. In summary, OPZ coordinately increases multiple hepatic xenobiotic transporter mRNA levels, along with Phase‐I and ‐II enzymes some of which may occur through CAR‐dependent mechanisms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:128–135, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20225
Age‐related changes to tumor necrosis factor receptors affect neuron survival in the presence of beta‐amyloid
Authors: Patel Jigisha R. , Brewer Gregory J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInflammation including local accumulations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) is a part of Alzheimer's disease pathology and may exacerbate age‐related neurodegeneration. Most studies on TNF‐α and TNF neuronal receptors are conducted by using embryonic neurons. Few studies consider age‐related deficits that may occur in neurons. Age‐related changes in susceptibility to TNF‐α through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and receptor 2 (TNFR2) expression could increase susceptibility to β‐amyloid (1–42, Aβ42). Evidence is conflicting about which receptor mediates survival and/or apoptosis. We determined how aging affects receptor expression in cultured adult rat cortical neurons. Old neurons were more susceptible to Aβ42 toxicity than middle‐aged neurons, and the addition of TNF‐α was neuroprotective in middle‐aged neurons, but exacerbated the toxicity from Aβ42 in old neurons. These pathologic and protective responses in old and middle‐aged neurons, respectively, correlated with higher starting TNFR1 and TNFR2 mRNA levels in old vs. middle‐aged neurons. Middle‐aged neurons treated with TNF‐α plus Aβ42 did not show an increase in either TNFR1 or TNFR2 mRNA, but old neurons showed an up‐regulation in TNFR2 mRNA and not TNFR1 mRNA. Despite these mRNA changes, surface immunoreactivity of both TNFR1 and TNFR2 increased with the dose of TNF‐α in middle‐aged neurons. However, middle‐aged neurons treated with TNF‐α plus Aβ42 showed an up‐regulation in both TNFR1 and TNFR2 surface expression, whereas old neurons failed to up‐regulate surface expression of either receptor. These findings support the hypothesis that age‐related changes in TNF‐α surface receptor expression contribute to the neuronal loss associated with inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autologous synovial fluid enhances migration of mesenchymal stem cells from synovium of osteoarthritis patients in tissue culture system
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Muneta Takeshi , Morito Toshiyuki , Mochizuki Tomoyuki , Sekiya Ichiro 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSynovial fluid from osteoarthritic knee contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). One of the possible reservoirs of MSCs in synovial fluid is synovial tissue, and synovial fluid may induce mobilization of MSCs into synovial fluid in osteoarthritis patients. Here, we investigated whether synovial fluid expanded synovial MSCs in a tissue culture system. Human synovium and synovial fluid were obtained from osteoarthritis patients during total knee arthroplasties. In the tissue culture system, autologous synovial fluid expanded synovial cells statistically higher than αMEM + FBS, and the addition of TGFβ3 to αMEM + FBS increased expansion to a similar level in all 11 donors. The addition of decorin or anti‐TGFβ neutralizing antibody to synovial fluid partially inhibited synovial cell expansion. In cell culture assay, synovial fluid proliferated synovial cells fewer than αMEM + FBS. The expanded synovial cells in synovial fluid retained multipotentiality and showed surface markers similar to those of MSCs. We demonstrated that autologous synovial fluid enhanced expansion of MSCs in tissue culture of synovium from osteoarthritis patients by promoting cell migration. This effect was partially affected by TGFβ. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1413–1418, 2008
Subcellular distribution of the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) 2 and 3 in articular chondrocytes
Authors: Sun Tiezheng , Hunziker Ernst B. , Morales Teresa I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) is a major anabolic regulator in articular cartilage. The IGF‐binding proteins (IGFBPs) are increased during osteoarthritis (OA), but the function of the later proteins remains unknown. In general, the IGFBPs are pluripotential effectors capable of IGF regulation and of acting on their own to control key cell functions, including survival and proliferation. The independent functions are often associated with their cell location, and therefore this study explores the distribution of IGFBP‐2 and IGFBP‐3 in articular chondrocytes. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize IGFBP‐2 in normal human articular cartilage. Bovine chondrocytes were used for subcellular fractionation (hypotonic cell lysis) under nonreducing conditions and nuclear purification (centrifugation on sucrose cushions). Cell fraction markers and IGFBPs were assayed in the subcellular fractions by Western immunoblot. The IHC results showed association of IGFBP‐2 with chondrocytes, but not with the nuclei. Subcellular fractionation of isolated chondrocytes yielded intact nuclei as assessed at the light microscopic level; the nuclear marker histone H1 was exclusively associated with this fraction. More than 90% of the cytoplasmic marker GAPDH and all the detectable IGFBP‐2 were in the cytoplasmic fraction. Immunoreactive IGFBP‐3 was found in the cytoplasmic and peri‐nuclear/nuclear fractions. Chondrocytes contain intracellular IGFBP‐2 and IGFBP‐3 but only IGFBP‐3 is associated with nuclei. This suggests the hypothesis that the actions of these IGFBPs in articular cartilage extend beyond the classic modulation of IGF receptor action. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1421–1427, 2008
Branching out: Social identity comes to the forefront
Authors: Hannum Kelly M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor leaders, the issue of social identity—the parts of a person's identity that come from belonging to particular groups, including those based on age, ethnicity, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, and socioeconomic status—is becoming increasingly important in the way they lead. The social identities of those around you affect how they view you as a leader and how they view, and thus work with, others. Leaders can use an understanding of social identity to decrease their likelihood of misunderstanding others, increase their openness to different perspectives, and enhance their skill at accurately interpreting situations that call on their ability to lead.
Stabilization in Water of Polymer/Cu2+ Complexes Using Poly(sodium acrylate)‐graft‐poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) Graft Copolymers
Authors: Iatridi Zacharoula , Bokias Georgios 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe formation of complexes between Cu2+ ions and graft copolymers built from a PANa backbone and non‐ionic hydrophilic PDMAM side chains is investigated by means of turbidimetry, viscometry, DLS, ζ‐potential measurements, and UV‐vis spectrophotometry. The macroscopic phase separation which accompanies complexation is gradually depressed with increasing PDMAM content x, and water‐soluble complexes are formed for x = 70 mol‐%. The polymer/Cu2+ complexation is a charge neutralization process that leads to the formation of water‐soluble, compact, hybrid polymer/metal ion nanostructures. UV‐vis data indicate that this graft copolymer could possibly serve as a water‐soluble sensor for Cu2+ ions.magnified image
Diastereotopic Styrene Arrangement in the Heterosequences of Random Styrene‐Ethylene Copolymers
Authors: Longo Pasquale , Napoli Mariagrazia , Ricciardi Rosa 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRandom styrene‐ethylene copolymers have been synthesized by the hydrogenation of styrene‐butadiene copolymers. The samples were characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, thermal analysis, and Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy. In the 13C NMR spectra, the resonance of the methylene carbon next to a methine bearing a phenyl group presents splitting due to its diastereotopic positions with respect to the phenyl substituents of the second and third inserted styrene units. A definitive assignment of the resonances of the SEES sequences (S = styrene, E = ethylene) was obtained by synthesis of a suitable model compound: 5,10‐diphenyl‐pentadecane. X‐ray powder diffraction and thermal analysis show that these samples are amorphous. This is probably due to the shortness of the ethylene and styrene sequences in the copolymers. DSC thermograms show a single glass transition, at a intermediate temperature, between the Tg values of polystyrene and polyethylene, depending on the styrene content in the chain. FTIR spectra indicate the presence of styrene sequences in an isotactic arrangement.magnified image
Synthesis of Novel Rod‐Coil Amphiphilic Block Copolymers PAA‐b‐DPS with Fréchet‐Type Dendronized Polystyrene and Poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Yi Zhuo , Zhang Yanhong , Chen Yongming , Xi Fu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA series of well‐defined rod‐coil PAA‐b‐DPS block copolymers, containing Fréchet‐type dendronized polystyrene (DPS) with different generation as a rod‐like hydrophobic block and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a hydrophilic coil were synthesized. The procedure included the following steps: the precursor PMA‐b‐DPS copolymer was prepared through ATRP of Fréchet‐type dendritic styrene macromonomer bearing the first to the third generation (G1–G3), respectively, initiated by poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA‐Br). Then, by converting PMA into PAA by subsequent hydrolysis, the targeted amphiphilic copolymers were obtained. Moreover, by using the rod‐coil amphiphiles as building blocks, large compound micelles and vesicles were formed in a binary solvent mixture of DMF/H2O. Morphological changes in self‐assembly showed dependence on the length of the dendronized block.magnified image
Overview – Superplasticity Community
Authors: Curtis R.V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe overview starts with the background behind the creation of the European Superplasticity Community and its current activities, before moving on to a more detailed description of the UK’s IOM3 Superplasticity Committee and its terms of reference.A short history of the commercial development of the process is included which describes in images some of the key advances and applications of superplastic forming in some of its main markets, particularly with respect to the uses of commercial aluminium and titanium alloys.This overview then briefly relates the practical phenomenon of superplasticity, particularly with reference to metallic materials, but not exclusively, to the mechanisms by which large plastic elongations are observed. A new focussed ion beam etching technique is being adopted at the University of Oxford to provide physical scientists with new evidence on which to base their models for the mechanisms of superplasticity.Some potential applications of superplastic forming are then explored in the medical and dental sectors including the use of ceramic die materials for the manufacture of dental and maxillofacial prostheses and some results on the biocompatibility of as‐formed titanium alloys will be presented.A section on bulk metallic glasses (BMG’s) explains some of the similarities and differences between large deformation in BMG’s and crystalline superplastic materials. Some interesting results with Zr44Ti11Cu10Ni10Be25 are described.Two superplasticity standards have been published in the last few years that specify how the superplastic properties of materials should be measured. Before the ISO standard was published extensive changes were recommended by the UK working party, all of which were accepted. Now, the British Standards Institute have made the IOM3 Superplasticity Committee a sub panel of ISE/NFE/04/01 – the BSI committee concerned with the uniaxial testing of metals. The new panel advising on superplasticity measurement related to standards has the reference ISE/NFE/04/01/04 i.e. ‘panel 4.’Finally, the future of superplastic forming will be explored following a potentially significant development using laser technology
Grain refinement process in commercial 7075‐T6 aluminum alloy under friction stir welding and superplasticity
Authors: Motohashi Y. , Sakuma T. , Goloborodko A. , Ito T. , Itoh G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAbout the influence of substrate roughness and spray particle size on the adhesion of thermal spray coatingsProcess of grain refinement taking place during friction stir welding of a 7075‐T6 Al alloy was studied. It appears that the fine‐grained structure is formed by the grain fragmentation process, i.e., grains split by the development of internal boundaries with medium to high angle misorientations, mainly caused by dynamic recrystallization, followed by the evolution of new fine grains. The fine‐grained alloy shows superplasticity at around 673K at strain‐rate of 1×10‐3s‐1. Keywords: High strength aluminum alloy; Friction stir welding; Grain refinement; Continuous dynamic recrystallization
Recovery and recrystallization in the superplastic deformation of AA5182
Authors: Chen Z. , Kazantzis A.V. , De Hosson J.Th.M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe coarse‐grained Al alloy AA5182 exhibits poor superplasticity with a maximum elongation to failure not exceeding 220 % at 450 °C and at 10‐2 s‐1. The low values of the strain rate sensitivity indicate that the dislocation velocity is quite high and necking is developed quite soon during extension. The size (often exceeding 1 μm) and the distribution of the precipitates render them incapable of pinning the subgrain boundaries efficiently. As a result recovery and reconstruction by grain refinement occurs only within the necking region where the applied stress is concentrated. A fabrication method which will be able to introduce a large number of submicron sized precipitates will most likely result in sufficient pinning of the subgrain boundaries. This will promote recovery and reconstruction to take place more uniformly in the material rendering it appreciably superplastic.
Manufacture of Titanium implants
Authors: Klose J. , Rehtanz E. , Rothe C. , Eulitz I. , Güther V. , Beck W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTitanium is characterized by low density and excellent biocompatibility. Furthermore, Titanium based alloys feature a high strength. Due to this combination of properties Titanium and Titanium based alloys are increasingly used by medical technique. TiAl6V4 as an (α+β)‐alloy can only be formed substantially at high temperatures due to the limited deformation ability of the α‐phase. Titanium’s capability to dissolve several percent of oxygen causes difficulties at heat treatment and hot forming especially in thin dimensions. Alternative solutions and methods of resolution are being discussed. Based on a strip manufacturing process a cold rolled strip can be produced for specific applications. The process is mainly applicable to produce a cold rolled strip suitable for superplastic forming. For this purpose the superplastic forming was adapted to the new strip material. The cold rolled TiAl6V4‐strip exhibits a technically interesting area for superplastic forming. Formation of the microstructure and mechanical properties are being explained. On the basis of these results a first prototype shell of a pacemaker case was manufactured from the specific cold rolled TiAl6V4‐strip by superplastic forming. The results demonstrate the possibility to manufacture pacemaker cases with equable properties.
Failure prediction for Titanium alloys using a superplastic forming limit diagram approach
Authors: Leen S.B. , Kröhn M.A. , Hyde T.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSuperplastic forming limit diagrams (SPFLDs) are presented for both Ti‐6Al‐4V and Ti‐6Al‐2Sn‐4Zr‐2Mo alloys. FE‐predictedϵ1‐ϵ3‐ϵeqpaths for key points on the forming blank are then plotted on the SPFLD to predict failure. A key factor for reliable SPF forming limit prediction is the incorporation of a mechanisms‐based constitutive model, which includes microstructural effects, such as static and dynamic grain growth and associated hardening, and with material constants independent of the forming strain‐rate. The sinh model of Dunne and co‐workers is thus employed. Results from forming trials for both materials are used to assess the failure predictions.