bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of alcoholism treatment on cirrhosis mortality: a 20‐year multivariate time series analysis
Authors: HOLDER HAROLD D. , PARKER ROBERT NASH 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSubstantial empirical evidence suggests that alcohol consumption is an important cause of cirrhosis mortality levels. However, recent research has failed to find the expected positive relationship between consumption and cirrhosis mortality, in both the United States and Canada, when data from the mid‐1970s through the late 1980s are analysed. Although recent studies have investigated a number of possible explanations, this study examines the hypothesis that an increase in the provision of treatment for alcoholism resulted in a disjuncture in the established relationship between consumption and cirrhosis deaths. This hypothesis if evaluated with a multivariate time series model in which the relationship between consumption and cirrhosis mortality is estimated with controls for treatment and the unemployment rate, using data from the US state of North Carolina. The results indicate that with treatment controlled, changes in cirrhosis mortality are independent of consumption. Further, treatment has a significant short‐term lagged effect on cirrhosis mortality, suggesting that the impact of treatment on chronic alcohol abusers may be one of delaying the consequences of such abuse.
Predictors of smoking behaviour: an application of Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour
Authors: GODIN GASTON , VALOIS PIERRE , LEPAGE LINDA , DESHARNAIS RAYMOND 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present paper was to verify the basic assumptions underlying the theory of planned behaviour for the prediction of cigarette smoking intentions and behaviour among adults of the general population (study 1) and a group of pregnant women (study 2). Each study was developed based upon Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour. In both studies, baseline data was collected at home with trained interviewers and with the use of paper and pencil questionnaires. The self‐report on behaviour was obtained 6 months (study 1) and between 8 and 9 months (study 2) after baseline data collection. In study 1, for smokers, perceived behavioural control, attitudes and subjective norm were explaining intention, whereas perceived behavioural control and habit were the most important predictors of behaviour, fn study 2, smoker's intentions was mainly under the influence of perceived behavioural control and attitude, whereas behaviour was predicted by perceived behavioural control only. The present studies suggest that promotional programmes should help smokers to know and develop their will‐power regarding non‐smoking of cigarettes and should be informed of the effort required in order to modify smoking behaviour.
The incidence of illicit drug use in the United States, 1962–1989
Authors: GFROERER JOSEPH , BRODSKY MARC 
Published: January 2006

The Data Note Series is edited by Bridget Grant of the US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismAbstractEpidemiological descriptions of drug abuse in the US in the Ian three decades have generally not included data on the patterns and trends in the incidence of illicit drug use (i.e. new users). In this paper, estimates of illicit drug use incidence are presented, based on retrospective data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Incidence of marijuana use began increasing in the 1960s and reached a peak in 1973, after which a continuing decline was seen. Cocaine use incidence began to increase in the late 1960s and reached a peak in 1982, then declined.
Depressed affect as a predictor of increased desire for alcohol in current drinkers of alcohol
Authors: GREELEY JANET , SWIFT WENDY , HEATHER NICK 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMale drinkers (n = 45) were asked to rate their desire for a drink of alcohol when presented with the sight, smell and taste of their preferred alcoholic beverage and of a lemon cordial drink. The subjects’level of depressed affect on that day and their average daily consumption of alcohol over the last 30 days were measured prior to exposure to these cues. Both level of depressed affect and log of mean daily alcohol consumption predicted increased desire for alcohol when alcohol cues were present, accounting for 40% of the variance in desire. When presented with the lemon cordial cues only 14% of the variance in desire for alcohol was explained by these variables. Also, Spearman's rank order correlations were calculated between heavy drinkers’(n = 19) ratings of self‐efficacy to resist drinking and desire for alcohol in the presence of the alcohol cues. There were significant negative correlations between desire for alcohol and self‐efficacy ratings on the‘urges and temptations’and‘positive social situations’subscales of the Situational Confidence Questionnaire‐39. Several alternative accounts of these findings are discussed.
Reversibility of alcohol‐induced immune depression
Authors: TØNNESEN HANNE , KAISER ANNA H. H. , NIELSEN BEATRICE B. , PEDERSEN ANNE E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlcohol abusers have suppressed cellular immune function. The aim of the study was to investigate the time of sobriety required to normalize immune function. Delayed hypersensitivity was investigated during disulfiram controlled abstinence in ten heavy alcoholics and in seven moderate drinkers without liver diseases. For comparison a control group of eight previous drinkers was tested. The skin test responses were modest initially with a median area of response of 12 mm2 (range 0–31) in the heavy alcoholics and 3 mm2 (0–15) in the moderate drinkers, ft improved significantly in both groups after two weeks of sobriety. The responses stabilized after 8 weeks at 74 mm2 (54–102) in the heavy alcoholics and after 9 weeks at 63 mm2 (42–76) in the moderate drinking group. The control group had skin lest responses of 70 mm2 (46–87), not different from the responses of the alcohol groups after two months of abstinence. The results suggest that while 2 weeks of abstinence from alcohol will improve the depressed cellular immunity, 2 months of sobriety is necessary to normalize it.
Increased desire to smoke during acute stress
Authors: PERKINS KENNETH A. , GROBE JAMES E. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Conditions which promote smoking urges, or desire to smoke, are believed to be important in maintaining smoking behaviour, yet little controlled research has examined acute situational factors which increase desire to smoke. In this study, 16 male and 16 female smokers either smoked or sham‐smoked with an unlit cigarette after brief abstinence during two sessions, one involving a stressful computer task and the other a non‐stress task. Desire to smoke was greater during the stress vs. non‐stress task for sham‐smokers (p < 0.01). Furthermore, although smoking desire decreased markedly after smoking in the smoking smokers (p < 0.001), even this group tended to report greater desire to smoke during stress (p < 0.10). There were no differences between males and females. These findings indicate that exposure to stressors increases desire to smoke, and suggest that such situations may be influential in maintaining smoking behaviour in smokers not attempting to quit.
The effects of methadone on immune function among injecting drug users: a review
Authors: McLACHLAN COLIN , CROFTS NICK , WODAK ALEX , CROWE SUZANNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMethadone maintenance therapy is advocated as a major preventive strategy for the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other blood‐borne infectious agents among injecting drug users (IDUs) because of its effects in decreasing the frequency of injecting and presumably sharing of equipment. As an opioid agonist, methadone may share the direct and indirect immunoregulatory effects of other opioids, and thus affect susceptibility to, and the natural history of, HIV infection. Available evidence pertaining to methadone and immune function is reviewed. The long‐term immunosuppression observed in heroin injectors on present (incomplete) evidence appears to be caused by factors associated with a drug‐using lifestyle rather than by a direct action of heroin. Although data are conflicting, it is most likely that methadone does not significantly impair immune function and is safe for HIV‐infected IDUs, possibly even allowing some improvement of immune function to occur. The increasing reliance placed on methadone maintenance to control the epidemic of HIV infection in IDUs requires that remaining uncertainties regarding methadone and immune function are clarified urgently.
A longitudinal study of reasons for smoking in adolescence
Authors: McGEE ROB , STANTON WARREN R. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract This longitudinal study examined factors related to smoking at age 13 and to persistence of smoking from ages 13 to 15 years in a sample (n =719) of New Zealand adolescents. History of smoking at 9 and 11 years predicted smoking at 13 (odds ratio = 2.8), persistence of smoking from age 13 to 15 (OR = 2.4) and smoking at 15 among those not smoking at age 13 (OR = 2.4). While there were no significant sex differences in pre‐adolescent and early adolescent smoking, by age 15 more girls than boys reported smoking. A concern with the immediate negative effects of smoking (taste, smell, feeling ill and feeling silly) as a reason for not smoking at age 13 was inversely related to smoking at age 15 (OR = 0.4). Reasons for smoking at age 13 were not associated with later smoking. Family disadvantage and use of alcohol and other drugs were also associated with later adolescent smoking.
Adverse consequences of lysergic acid diethylamide
Authors: ABRAHAM HENRY DAVID , ALDRIDGE ANDREW M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe continued endemic use of hallucinogenic drugs, and of LSD in particular, raises concern regarding their short and long term adverse consequences. The epidemiology of LSD abuse is reviewed suggesting an increase in LSD use among the young as the prevalence rates for other substances continues to fall. Evidence supports the association of LSD use with panic reactions, prolonged schizoaffective psychoses and post–hallucinogen perceptual disorder, the latter being present continually for as long as 5 years. Evidence does not support claims of genetic disorders arising from hallucinogens. In light of the foregoing, current data confirm earlier findings of long lasting psychopathology arising in vulnerable individuals from the use of LSD. A hypothetical long term molecular mechanism of adverse effects is proposed.
Measurement of the severity of amphetamine dependence
Authors: CHURCHILL ANDREW C. , BURGESS PHILIP M. , PEAD JOHN , GILL TONY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA Severity of Amphetamine Dependence Questionnaire (SAmDQ) was administered to 101 subjects attending an Australian drug dependency treatment centre. The SAmDQ was adapted from the Severity of Opiate and Alcohol Dependence Questionnaires (SODQ & SADQ). The structural characteristics of the SAmDQ were examined and compared with previous findings reported on samples of opiate addicts with the SODQ. A high degree of consistency was found between the results obtained with the SAmDQ and previous findings with the SODQ. The relationship between the SAmDQ and the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) was also examined. The findings suggest that further development of amphetamine dependence measurement is required.
Consumption of buprenorphine and other drugs among heroin addicts under ambulatory treatment: results from cross–sectional studies in 1988 and 1990
Authors: SAN LUIS , TORRENS MARTA , CASTILLO CLAUDIO , PORTA MIQUEL , DE LA TORRE RAFEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe assessed the prevalence of consumption of buprenorphine and other drugs among heroin addicts under ambulatory treatment in two cross‐sectional studies conducted in 1988 (188 subjects) and in 1990 (197 subjects). Patients were enrolled in one of three different programmes: methadone maintenance programme (MMP), antagonist maintenance programme (AMP) and drug‐free programme (DFP). Information given by participants was compared with results of urine screening for drugs. Urine samples were tested using enzyme immunoassay for the detection of heroin, cocaine, dextropropoxyphetie, cannabis and benzodiazopnies, and radioimmunoassay for buprenorphine. Sixty‐six percent of patients in 1988 and 71% of patients in 1990 reported having consumed buprenorphine at some time during their history of drug dependence (period prevalence) and 5.9% and 6.1%, respectively, tested positive to the drug (point prevalence). In over 70% of these patients consumption was by the intravenous route. Consumption of cannabis, cocaine and benzodiazepines was also very high in the study population. Overall, patients in the DFP group consumed the largest number of the drugs tested, while those in the AMP group consumed the smallest number. Abuse of buprenorphine could be more widespread than previously reported.
Alcohol consumption in the European Community: uniformity and diversity in drinking patterns
Authors: HUPKENS CHRISTIANNE L. H. , KNIBBE RONALD A. , DROP MARIA J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWithin the European Community (EC) drinking patterns in the southern countries can be characterised by daily consumption of wine at meals, and in the northern countries by less frequent consumption of beer outside meats. Yet, as in past decades in the southern countries beer consumption and in the northern countries mine consumption strongly increased, the question is whether the distinction in drinking patterns still applies. This paper (1) describes for each country of the EC total alcohol consumption, (2) examines the frequency and the context of consumption of the new beverage type and (3) analyses whether subpopulations, defined by sex, age and educational level, differ m the adoption of the new beverage type. In all countries wine is consumed more often at meals compared to beer. Older people consume beer in greater numbers and more frequently than younger people, who consume beer in greater numbers. People of higher educational level consume the new beverage type mare often compared to people of lower educational level, who consume the traditional beverage type more frequently. Finally, males and females differ less in the frequency of consumption of the new beverage type than in the frequency of the traditional beverage type.
Public discourse on the benefits of moderation: implications for alcohol policy development
Authors: Casswell Sally 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere is increasingly widespread acceptance of a protective effect of alcohol against coronary heart disease and a consequent delay of mortality among the elderly. This information has been widely disseminated in the popular media and by industry related sectors. The policy arguments based on the epidemiological data are that moderate alcohol use is beneficial, therefore policy should not impact on moderate drinkers, only on heavy drinkers. This fits well with the arguments of those opposed to population public health measures such as taxation, controls on availability, and enforcement of drink‐driving laws like random breath testing. However, there is a growing consensus among public health researchers that population measures are most effective at reducing alcohol‐related harm. Concern has been expressed that the current public discourse on benefits of moderation will influence individuals to drink more. Of equal, or even greater, concern is the likelihood that this public discourse will decrease the chances that effective population focused policies will be implemented.
Should the controlled provision of heroin be a treatment option? Australian feasibility considerations
Authors: HAMMER GABRIELE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA proposal for a trial to provide heroin to dependent users in a controlled manner is currently being considered in the Australian Capital Territory. The political background to this proposal is outlined, as is the current ‘drug scene’. A Stage 1 examination found that a trial of controlled provision of heroin is feasible in principle and recommended a further stage (Stage 2) of feasibility investigations to explore the practicalities. The results of the Stage 1 investigations and the proposals for Stage 2 are incorporated into discussion about three important issues: the feasibility research process, the therapeutic relationship, and social control. These considerations have wider applicability, both for treatment services for illegal drug users generally and for informing drug policy debates. Much can be learnt from the feasibility considerations, whether or not a trial of the controlled provision of heroin eventuates in Australia.
Socially desirable responding and self‐reported HIV infection risk behaviors among intravenous drug users
Authors: LATKIN CARL A. , VLAHOV DAVID , ANTHONY JAMES C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study examined the extent to which self‐report of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors might depend upon socially desirable response tendencies, and whether socially desirable responding might serve as a confounding variable in the study of risk behaviors and HIV serostatus. The subjects were 2885 intravenous drug users participating in the ALIVE study in Baltimore, Maryland. Participants completed an interview and were tested for HIV serostatus. The interview covered HIV risk behaviors, and included established scales to measure ‘self‐deception’ and ‘impression management’, two separate dimensions of socially desirable responding. Seven items for each scale were scored true/false, with a summary score used for analysis. Scores on self‐deception and impression management were inversely related to self‐reports of sharing injection equipment, injecting at shooting galleries, and injecting more than once a day. Neither self‐deception nor impression management was associated with cocaine use. Self‐reported receptive anal intercourse was associated inversely with self‐deception but not with impression management. HIV serostatus was not associated with social desirability, and statistically controlling for social desirability had a negligible impact on the magnitude of associations between risk behaviors and HIV serostatus. The results indicate that measures of social desirability may be used to ascertain sensitive areas of inquiry in interviews of intravenous drug users.
Developments in drinking behavior in the Netherlands from 1958 to 1989, a cohort analysis
Authors: NEVE RUDIE J. M. , DIEDERIKS JOSEPH P. M. , KNIBBE RONALD A. , DROP MARIA J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlcohol consumption in the Netherlands increased at a very fast rate from 1960 to 1975, especially among young men. The question is raised whether members of the cohort that started drinking during the 1960s show a lasting deviation from cohorts born earlier with respect to drinking behavior. Cohort analysis is used to assess the effects of aging, period and cohort membership on changes in abstinence, mean consumption and heavy drinking in the Netherlands in the last three decades. Social interaction theory (Skog, 1980) is used as an interpretative framework. Conclusions are that abstinence is related w aging, while mean consumption and heavy drinking are associated with period effects. Populations of men and women appear to change drinking behavior collectively. Results on women are more regular than those on men.
Mortality in a sample of convicted drinking drivers
Authors: MANN ROBERT E. , ANGLIN LISE , WILKINS KARL , VINGILIS EVELYN R. , MACDONALD SCOTT 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMortality rates for 639 drinking drivers were calculated. The sample consisted of all individuals convicted of a second offence in two Ontario cities (Oshawa and North Bay) between 1973 and late 1978. There were 53 deaths (51 males, 2 females) in the sample prior to the end of 1986. Among males, significant excess total mortality was observed (Standardized Mortality Ratio = 1.7); similar trends were observed among females. Age‐related excess mortality and excess mortality by cause were strikingly similar to mortality patterns observed among alcoholics.
Religiosity and attitudes towards drug use among 13–15 year olds in England
Authors: FRANCIS LESLIE J. , MULLEN KENNETH 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA sample of 4753 13–15 year olds attending the third and fourth year classes of 29 secondary schools completed a questionnaire concerned with attitudes towards the use of alcohol, butane gas, glue, heroin, marijuana and tobacco, together with indices of religious affiliation, belief and practice. The data demonstrated that young adolescents' attitudes towards drug use varies considerably from one substance to another and that religiosity is a significant predictor of attitudes towards the use of each of the substances included in the survey.
The role of psychobiological states in chemical dependency: who becomes addicted?
Authors: NEISS ROB 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper argues that recent developments in the understanding of psychobiological states may help to explain individual differences in susceptibility to addiction. It points out that the construct of arousal is deficient for this purpose and that a more fruitful approach views humans as bundles of state‐dependent selves, strongly affected by self‐efficacy and response expectancies. Coping skills, enhancement behaviors, and other state‐regulating techniques are seen as crucial to liability to chemical dependency and the social learning underlying their genesis is explored. Under this view drug experiences are held to be analogous to hypnotic inductions and psychological approaches to therapy could usefully focus on helping addicts develop a metaperspective on the succession of psychobiological states.
Self‐titration of nicotine: evidence from the Scottish Heart Health Study
Authors: WOODWARD MARK , TUNSTALL‐PEDOE HUGH 
Published: January 2006

AbstractData from 2754 cigarette smokers who smoke no other forms of tobacco are extracted from the baseline cross‐sectional survey of the Scottish Heart Health Study. Carbon monoxide in expired‐air (CO‐E), serum thiocynate and serum cotinine measurements from these smokers are compared with the carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine and tar yields of the cigarettes which they smoke, controlling for daily cigarette consumption, the sex of the smoker and the other cigarette yields. CO‐E is found to increase positively with CO and tar yield, but inversely with nicotine yield. Thiocyanate increases positively with CO, is not significantly affected by tar, but increases inversely with nicotine. Cotinine is affected only by tar, in a positive direction for women. We conclude that smokers appear to self‐titrate their consumption of nicotine by more aggressive smoking of lower‐strength cigarettes.
Alcohol and non‐traffic unintended injuries
Authors: HINGSON RALPH , HOWLAND JONATHAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn a review of the English language literature on alcohol and unintentional injury we identified 21 studies on falls, 36 on drownings and 32 on bums from 1947‐1986. The proportion of fatal and non‐fatal fall victims who had been drinking ranged from 21–77%, and 18–53% respectively. In three more recent studies, 35–63% of persons fatally injured in falls had been drinking. In five other studies 13–37% of persons injured in non fatal falls had been drinking. In our earlier review of drowning studies with complete ascertainment and duration of submergence specified, 27–47% of those who drowned had positive BAC's. In eight subsequent studies, alcohol was identified in 21–47% of drowning deaths. In our earlier review alcohol was involved in 9‐86% of bum deaths. In five more recent US studies, alcohol was found in 12–61 % of fatally injured burn victims. Case control studies are needed to establish whether alcohol increases the risk of trauma. Studies are also needed of interventions to reduce the proportion of these injuries where alcohol is involved.