bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of proximal and distal high‐frequency jet ventilation in an experimental animal model
Authors: Bandy Kenneth R , Nicks Joanne J. , Donn Steven M. , Naglie Ronald A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHigh‐frequency jet ventilation using either a proximal or a distal endotracheal injection site through a triple‐lumen endotracheal tube was studied in 10 adult cats. The comparative effects on pulmonary gas exchange, tracheal pressure, heart rate, and blood pressure were examined for each injection site at both high (8–12 pounds per square inch [PSI] and low (5–8 PSI) jet‐driving pressures in normal and lung‐injured cats. Lung injury was created by modification of a surfactant washout technique previously demonstrated in rabbits. Alveolar ventilation (Paco2) was found to be significantly better with distal than with proximal jet injection under all experimental conditions. At high jet‐driving pressures, peak inspiratory pressure was higher in both normal (p = 0.03) and lung‐injured cats (p = 0.002) with distal high‐frequency jet ventilation. In addition, lung‐injured animals were observed to have higher distal mean airway pressures at high jet‐driving pressures (p < 0.01). No differences in oxygenation were found in any circumstances. The results of this animal study suggest that distal high‐frequency jet ventilation may be more effective in those situations in which improvement in alveolar ventilation is the major goal and that during proximal high‐frequency jet ventilation airway pressures should be monitored as far distally as possible.
Aerosolized metaproterenol compared to subcutaneous epinephrine in the emergency treatment of acute childhood asthma
Authors: Ruddy Richard M. , Kolski Gerald , Scarpa Nina , Wilmott Robert 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn a double‐blind, randomized trial, we compared the effects of aerosolized metaproterenol to subcutaneous epinephrine in 35 episodes of acute asthma in children between 6 and 19 years of age. Patients were randomized to two parallel groups and then received both a placebo medication and an active medication to a maximum of three treatments. Repeated treatments were given to 15 patients on metaproterenol and 12 patients on epinephrine. Initial improvement in PEFR and FEV, were statistically significant and comparable in both groups. Patients receiving a second metaproterenol treatment had more improvement in respiratory rate and clinical score compared with those in the epinephrine group. There were fewer treatment failures in the metaproterenol group. Follow‐up at 24 to 48 hours showed significant treatment failure differences between the two groups (metaproterenol = 0, epinephrine = 5; p < 0.05). Side effects were similar in both groups; in all instances they were mild, and their frequency did not increase in patients receiving repeated doses of medications. In conclusion, aerosolized metaproterenol was well tolerated in acute childhood asthma in repeated doses, and it appeared to be associated with prolonged bronchodilation and improved outcome.
Breast feeding and maternal smoking as predictors of wheezing in children age 6 to 10 years
Authors: McConnochie Kenneth M. , Roghmann Klaus J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe possibility that controllable environmental factors such as passive smoking and non‐breast feeding contribute substantially to wheezing has implications for prevention. Effects of passive smoking and non‐breast feeding on wheezing in children aged 6 to 10 years were explored in a historical cohort study of 223 children. Family history of respiratory allergy or asthma, male sex, maternal smoking, and non‐breast feeding were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with wheezing in bivariate analysis. In multivariate loglinear analyses, predictors of wheezing included non‐breast feeding (p = 0.05, odds ration = 2.1), male sex (p< 0.03, odds ratio = 3.1), and family history of respiratory allergy (p < 0.03, odds ratio = 2.6). In a second model, predictors included an interaction of maternal smoking and family history (p < 0.005, odds ratio = 4.6) in addition to male sex and family history of respiratory allergy. In further exploration based on tabular analysis, maternal smoking appeared to increase wheezing among children in whom the family history of respiratory allergy was positive (p < 0.001). Among children in whom the family history of respiratory allergy was negative, non‐breast feeding appeared to increase wheezing (p = 0.01). Promotion of breast feeding and reduction of maternal smoking might reduce childhood wheezing.
Effect of a beta‐agonist nebulization on lung function in neonates with increased pulmonary resistance
Authors: Rio Maria Gomez‐Del , Gerhardt Tilo , Hehre Dorothy , Feller Rosalyn , Bancalari Eduardo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPulmonary resistance is elevated early in preterm infants who later develop chronic lung disease. This early increase in pulmonary resistance may play a role in the development of severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)A β‐2‐agonist (isoetharine HCI) was used as an aerosol in 13 preterm infants with elevated pulmonary resistance. Their birthweight ranged from 880 to 1630 g, their gestational age from 27 to 34 weeks, and their post natal age from 3 to 18 days. All infants had required mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome and therefore were at risk to develop BPD. Pulmonary mechanics were measured before and 30 minutes after aerosol treatment, determining inspiratory and expiratory flow with a pneumotachometer and esophageal pressure through a water‐filled feeding tube. The treatment was well tolerated with no significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate, or respiratory rate. Pulmonary resistance decreased significantly from 130 ± 35 cm H2O/L/sec to 89 ± 24 cm H2O/L/sec after the treatment. Dynamic lung compliance increased in 11 of the 13 infants. It is concluded that β‐2‐agonist nebulization is effective in reducing the early increase in pulmonary resistance that occurs in preterm infants who are at risk of developing BPD. This effect may be due to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, to improved mucociliary transport, and to a reduction in peribronchial edema.
A Study of spirometry in children from Mexico City
Authors: Namihira Delia , Fernandez Federico , Strope Gerald L. , Helms Ronald W. , Pekow Penny , Bojalil Bonfiglio Munoz 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA study was conducted in two elementary schools in Mexico City to determine values for pulmonary function tests in school‐aged residents of Mexico City. The schools were located in Xalostoc, a highly industrialized area of Mexico City, and San Lorenzo, a suburban area of the city. Although data regarding atmospheric pollution were not available, there is an acknowledged higher level of macroenvironmental air pollution in Xalostoc. Pulmonary function tests were performed on 468 children in San Lorenzo and 405 children in Xalostoc. No differences between residents of the two communities for acute or chronic respiratory conditions were detected by questionnaire. The pulmonary function data demonstrate that boys have larger forced vital capacities (FVC) and forced expiratory flows over the middle half of the FVC (FEF25‐75) than girls. Slopes of regression lines for FVC but not for FEF25‐75 are greater in boys and girls from Xalostoc than in boys and girls from San Lorenzo. This suggests that young children from Xalostoc may experience ill effects of air pollution but develop catch‐up growth later. There were no important community or gender effects on slopes of regression lines for height and weight on age. In general, the regression lines for FVC and FEF25‐75 were below regression lines reported for children of Mexican ancestry living at sea level.
Longitudinal study of lung mechanics in normal infants
Authors: Masters I. B. , Seidenberg J. , Hudson I. , Phelan P. D. , Olinsky A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLung mechanics and partial forced expiratory flows were measured serially in seven normal infants during the first year of life. Lung mechanics were measured by the end inspiratory occlusion technique and partial forced expiratory flows by the rapid chest compression method. Thoracic gas volume, compliance, and partial forced expiratory flows measured at functional residual capacity progressively increased with age and correlated with height cubed. Respiratory system resistance progressively fell whereas volume‐corrected flows remained fairly constant over the study period. These findings provide longitudinal lung function data and support the concept of isotropic lung growth. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3; 3–7.
Bronchodilating activity of oral clenbuterol in asthmatic children after single administration of different dosages
Authors: Boner A. L. , Bennati D. , Castellani C. , Sette L. , Schiassi M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe dose‐response activity of clenbuterol, a new long‐acting β2‐agonist, was evaluated in 12 children aged 5 to 11 years with moderate to severe asthma. The study was a double‐blind cross‐over comparison of three oral dose levels: 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 μg/kg and placebo all in the form of syrup. Pulmonary function, heart rate, blood pressure, and tremor were evaluated at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, then hourly for 8 hr, following the ingestion of the drug. The bronchodilating effect of clenbuterol, evaluated as percentage changes in expiratory flow rates was significantly different from placebo. The overall fall‐off in the effect of 1.0 μg/kg and 1.5 μg/kg doses after 8 hr was small. The results of the 1.0 μg/kg dose often overlapped those of the 1.5 μg/kg dose, suggesting that a single 1.0 μg/kg dose of clenbuterol is most advisable in children, assuring the most favorable risk/benefit ratio. Even the highest dose of clenbuterol caused only a marginal increase in tremor, not statistically different from that induced by placebo. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3; 34–37.
Lung function and bronchial responsiveness in children who had infantile bronchiolitis
Authors: Duiverman E. J. , Neijens H. J. , van Strik R. , Affourtit M. J. , Kerrebijn K. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA number of studies have shown that children who had infantile bronchiolitis are at increased risk of recurrent episodes of wheezing. A genetic predisposition to atopy is mentioned in some studies and is contested by others. Lung function abnormalities and increased bronchial responsiveness (BR) have been described after infantile bronchiolitis. We investigated children who had had the clinical syndrome of bronchiolitis during infancy and compared them with asthmatic and healthy children of the same age regarding bronchial caliber, smooth muscle tone, and responsiveness to histamine. Lung function was measured by forced oscillometry. We found that most children with current symptoms had either decreased baseline bronchial caliber, increased bronchial smooth muscle tone, or increased BR. These patients are comparable to mild asthmatics. The children without current symptoms are comparable to healthy children in these respects. Recurrent respiratory symptoms after bronchiolitis should be regarded as mild asthma and treated as such. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3; 38–44.
Comparison of the occlusion and inflation techniques for measuring total respiratory compliance in sick, intubated infants
Authors: Heaf D. P. , Turner H. , Stocks J. , Helms P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRespiratory system compliance (Crs) can be used to assess lung stiffness in sick, intubated infants, avoiding the use of an esopnageal balloon. Crs was assessed in a group of 15 sick, intubated infants using the occlusion and inflation techniques. The occlusion technique gave satisfactory results in 13 infants. Apneic pauses following occlusion were obtained in infants up to 10 months of age. Satisfactory measurements of Crs were obtained in all 15 infants usinq the inflation technique, but difficulty was experienced in obtaining data over the tidal volume range in three of them. A close agreement was found between the two methods of measuring Crs in the ten infants in whom a direct comparison was possible. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:78–82.
Effects of nebulized fenoterol, associated with ipratropium or steroids, on the heart rate of infants under one year of age with acute wheezing
Authors: Mallol Javier , Muñoz Ricardo , Puppo Homero , Ulloa Victor , Toro Olivia , Girardi Guido , Barrueto Luis 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fenoterol alone or associated with ipratropium bromide or steroid on the heart rate in young children. Ninety‐four infants less than 1 year of age were randomly allocated to receive nebulized fenoterol alone, fenoterol plus ipratropium bromide, fenoterol plus corticosteroids, or normal saline solution. An increase in heart rate was observed in all four groups. The increases were statistically significant (P < 0.001) in all three treatment groups, and no difference between them was observed (F = 0.65, NS). However, the heart rate remained within clinically acceptable limits. We conclude that nebulized fenoterol alone or combined with ipratropium or steroids can be safely used in the treatment of wheezy infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:83–85.
Therapeutic evaluation of piperacillin for acute pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Reed Michael D. , Stern Robert C. , Myers Carolyn M. , Klinger Jeffrey D. , Yamashita Toyoko S. , Blumer Jeffrey L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe efficacy and pharmacokinetics of piperacillin monotherapy were studied in 46 patients with cystic fibrosis. Two patients were dropped from the study within 24 hr of enrollment because of drug‐associated nausea and vomiting. Initially fourteen older patients (> 12 years) receiving piperacillin 450 mg/kg/day underwent a preliminary evaluation. Based on the results, 30 younger patients (⩽ 12 years) randomized in a double‐blind fashion received either 600 or 900 mg/kg/day of piperacillin in six divided doses. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates for t1/2, Vdss, and Cl were similar for first dose and steady‐state evaluations. In 27 patients, approximately 43% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine after 4 hr. Piperacillin CiR averaged 49% of the total Cl. No difference in overall clinical efficacy could be identified between 600 and 900 mg/kg/day of piperacillin using two different objective scoring systems. Although a reduction in sputum Pseudomonas colony counts was greater following the 900 mg/kg/day regimen, this appeared to be independent of clinical effect. In 14 patients (32%), a distinct adverse serum‐sicknesslike reaction was observed. The incidence of this reaction appeared to increase as the dose of piperacillin increased. All signs and symptoms of this reaction resolved within 36 hr of discontinuing piperacillin administration but recurred immediately on rechallenge in four patients. All patients with the adverse reaction were subsequently treated with β‐lactam antibodies without ill effect. Overall, clinical improvement appeared to be independent of the piperacillin dose. Our data support the use of total daily piperacillin dosages not exceeding 600 mg/kg. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:101–109.
Changes in cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid in children with Ondine's curse
Authors: Hedner J. , Hedner T. , Breese G. R. , Lundell K. H. , Lundberg D. , Lundström N. R. , Østergaard E. , McCown T. J. , Mueller R. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of three acid monoamine metabolites, two purines, and a group of amino acids were determined in two children with chroniccentral alveolar hypoventilation (Ondine's curse). The levels of all assayed neuroactive substances, metabolites, and amino acids, with one exception, were normal compared to an age‐matched group of neurologically healthy children. The levels of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid in the children with Ondine's curse were approximately 2.4 times higher than expected for age range. The present findings may indicate a link between central nervous system dopamine activity and chronic central alveolar hypoventilation. Among other possible explanations, the changes seen might represent a primary alteration in dopamine activity or may reflect a change in dopamine turnover resulting from the chronic hypoventilation. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:131–135.
Acute bronchiolitis: Predisposing factors and characterization of infants at risk
Authors: Carlsen Kai‐HÅKon , Larsen Stig , Bjerve ØIvind , Leegaard Jens 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFifty‐one infants hospitalized because of acute bronchiolitis and 24 control children were prospectively followed until 2 years of age. Respiratory syncytial virus was detected initially in 31 index children parainfluenza virus in two, and rhinovirus in one. More index children were born during the months April through September, and six index children had neonatal respiratory complications. The index children were breast‐fed for shorter periods, lived in more crowded homes, and had more siblings. No significant differences were found for atopic background and atopic illness at 2 years of age. The index children had more respiratory infections and episodes of bronchopulmonary obstruction during the follow‐up period (60% with three or more episodes). To characterize the hospitalized children, a discriminant analysis was performed. A discriminant function classified 47 of 51 index children as belonging to the index group and 21 of 24 control children to the control group.
Sodium cromoglycate and carbachol‐induced bronchoprovocation in asthmatic children
Authors: Barbato A. , Pisetta F. , Mesirca P. , Ragusa A. , Zacchello F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTen children with mild bronchial asthma underwent bronchial challenge with carbachol on three consecutive days; using a double‐blind technique, they were given inhaled saline placebo on the first day and placebo or sodium cromoglycate (SCG) on the second and third days 15 min prior to the bronchial provocation test with carbachol. We did not find any significant difference between the baseline and placebo values, but we did obtain a statistically significant difference when comparing baseline with post‐SCG and placebo with post‐SCG values. These results demonstrate a protective effect of SCG on carbachol‐induced bronchospasm in asthmatic children.
Is there a place for rigid bronchoscopy in the management of pediatric lung disease?
Authors: Godfrey S. , Springer C. , Maayan C. H. , Avital A. , Vatashky E. , Belin B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA review of 364 rigid bronchoscopies in children is presented of whom 55% were younger than 3 years old. The commonest diagnoses in the under 1 year old group were related to congenital anomalies, in the 1–3 year group to inhaled foreign bodies, and in the over 3 year group to bronchiectasis. It is noted that some 30–40% of the tests could have been undertaken with a flexible bronchoscope, but it is suggested that the advantages of the flexible instrument in children with lung disease, as distinct from upper airway disease, are less than in adult practice. Clear benefits for the management of the patient should be obvious before undertaking bronchoscopy in children, and careful consideration should be given to the type of instrument most likely to provide the results desired.
Hypercarbic ventilatory responses of infants at risk for SIDS
Authors: Coleman J. Michael , Mammel Mark C. , Reardon Christine , Boros Stephen J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe examined the hypercarbic ventilatory responses (HVR) of 143 infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 34 normal control infants. Sixty‐five of the atrisk infants had experienced apparent life‐threatening events (ALTE), and 78 were siblings of SIDS victims. Twenty‐three (35%) of the ALTE infants experienced subsequent apnea; one died of SIDS. Seven (9%) of the SIDS siblings experienced subsequent apnea; two ultimately died of SIDS. In the HVR studies, we measured tidal volume (VT), minute ventilation (VE), frequency of breathing (f), and end‐tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) at rest and while breathing 2% and 4% CO2. Mean HVR values for the ALTE, sibling, and control groups were all similar. The mean HVR values for those at‐risk infants who experienced subsequent apnea were not different from those who did not experience subsequent apnea. However, those infants experiencing subsequent apnea had higher mean VT/kg values (P < 0.01) and lower mean PETCO2 values (P < 0.001) than those who did not. The SIDS siblings had significantly lower resting VT/kg values than either the near‐miss infants or normal controls (P < 0.01).We did not find depressed HVR values in infants at risk for SIDS. On the contrary, those infants who experienced subsequent apnea had evidence suggesting relative hyperventilation. SIDS siblings had evidence suggesting relative hypoventilation. These findings are interesting and thought‐provoking. However, HVR studies do not appear to be sensitive, specific, or appropriate for the general screening of infants at risk for SIDS.
Changing patterns in neonatal respiratory diseases
Authors: Field D. J. , Milner A. D. , Hopkin I. E. , Madeley R. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing the current Nottingham Health District, England, as a geographically defined population we have investigated the changing patterns of neonatal respiratory diseases. We have categorized all newborns who developed a respiratory problem during either 1977 or between April 1, 1983, and March 31, 1984 using a system based on that of Hjalmarson (Acta Paediatr Scand 1981; 70:773–783). There has been no change in the incidence of any of the disease types. However, the gestation of babies in two groups, idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and minimal respiratory disturbance (requiring added oxygen for less than 6 hours), has shown a significant reduction. Overall, mortality for infants developing IRDS has shown a slight decrease, and for infants between 29 and 32 weeks gestation, mortality has shown a significant reduction. Overall, requirements for oxygen therapy and ventilation have shown a threefold increase, while hours in receipt of continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) have increased sevenfold.
Pulmonary function at 1 year of age in survivors of neonatal respiratory distress: A multivariate analysis of factors associated with sequelae
Authors: Moriette G. , Gaudebout C. , Clement A. , Boule M. , Bion B. , Relier J. P. , Gaultier C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe studied pulmonary function 1 year after neonatal respiratory distress (RD) in 54 infants who had been treated at birth in the same neonatal intensive care unit. RD was related to hyaline membrane disease in 36 cases (group 1) and to other causes in 18 cases (group II). Compared with predicted values, dynamic lung compliance (CL) was lower (< −2 SD) and total pulmonary resistance (RL) was higher (+ 2 SD) in 18 (33%) and 12 (22%) infants, respectively. The relationships between these functional abnormalities at 1 year of age and the characteristics of the neonatal respiratory disease were assessed using a multifactorial analysis (multiple correspondences analysis). We found that elevated RL (> +2 SD) at 1 year of age was very significantly related with hyaline membrane disease, involving both high rate of positive pressure ventilation and prolonged intubation, and with the presence of both tachypnea and abnormal chest X rays at the time of discharge. Compared with elevated RL, the relationships between low CL (< −2 SD) and the same neonatal characteristics were less significant; in particular, there was no strong link between low CL and hyaline membrane disease. Finally, birth before 30 weeks gestation was an index of severity.