bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of european corn borer egg masses density by sampling of runs
Authors: Vaillant J. , Derridj S. 
Published: October 2006

SummarySpatial distributions of individuals may be considered in two ways: Firstly, individuals are situated on a continuum. Secondly, individuals are situated on discrete units, for example, insect eggs on plants. The aim of this paper is to show that sometimes, in the latter case, sampling methods based on infestation runs can be of interest in estimating population density. Analytical results are obtained under complete spatial randomness hypothesis and alternative hypotheses. Sampling procedures with limited cost are discussed and the European corn borer (ECB) case is mainly considered.
Spatial distribution and mortality process of Anoplophora malasiaca (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) eggs in citrus groves
Authors: Adachi Ishizue 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe study was carried out in two (A and B) citrus groves to clarify the spatial distribution patterns of eggs and larvae, and to analyse the mortality process of eggs. From the analysis by using the mean density and the mean crowding, it was clarified that the distributions of eggs were contagious and that larvae were more contagiously distributed than eggs. The τ and z indices showed that the operation of egg mortality was inversely density‐dependent in both groves, and that the degree of inverse density‐dependence was greater in A than in B grove. The spatial correlations between the emergence holes and the eggs or larvae in each tree, which were analysed by using ω index, showed that the distributions were more overlapping between the emergence holes and the larvae than the eggs. As the result of dividing trees into several groups according to the number of emergence holes, it was clarified that the survival rates of eggs were positively correlated with the number of emergence holes. In conclusion, inversely density‐dependent mortality process was considered to be caused by lower mortality rates of eggs in the trees with more emergence holes. Especially in A grove, because the trees with more emergence holes were larger in diameter and more egg oviposition, the inversely density‐dependent mortality process was considered to be detected more conspicuously than in B grove.
Modelling the effects of population aggregation on the efficiency of insect pest control
Authors: Barclay Hugh J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA methodology is developed to assess the effects of spatial distribution on the efficiency of insect pest control. This methodology is especially applicable to pest control methods whose efficiency of action depends either positively or negatively on pest density It is applied here to the sterile insect technique and pheromone trapping for male annihilation, which both depend negatively on density. This methodology relies on quantifying clumps of various size and then relating this to efficiency of control and predicting the total pest production given the information on clump sizes and efficiency of control for each clump size. It is found that control is about four times as difficult for a population that is highly clumped (k of the negative binomial distribution=0.25) as for a regularly dispersed population.
On the stability of the stock‐harvesting system controlled by a feedback management procedure
Authors: Harada Yasushi , Sakuramoto Kazumi , Tanaka Syoiti 
Published: October 2006

SummaryStability of the stock‐harvesting system regulated by a feedback control procedure of catch quota is examined. In the procedure considered, catch quota is changed proportionally to the difference between current and the target stock level (with a proportionality constant h) and to the annual stock growth rate (with a proportionality constant g). Condition for the local stability of the target equilibrium is obtained as a function of the stock‐recruitment relation, survival probability of adults, target stock level, time lag before implementation of regulation, age of sexual maturity of the stock, and proportionality constants g and h. It is shown that, (1) the procedure has the stabilizing effect; it can stabilize the target stock level that is unstable under constant harvest, (2) lower target stock level favors larger g and smaller h, when the target is set around MSYL (the stock level that gives MSY), (3) the degree of stability, measured by the time required to recover the target stock level, is an increasing function of the target stock level, (4) stability and sustainable yield are in trade‐off, (5) time delay caused by the time needed before sexual maturity does not affect the stability significantly, but the effect of the time lag before implementation of regulation is significant. Comparison between harvest‐control and effort‐control procedures is also made, and the advantage of the latter in terms of stability is shown.
The influence of the social environment on sexual maturation of female deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi)
Authors: Lombardo Donna L. , Terman C. Richard 
Published: October 2006

SummaryFemale deermice housed from weaning with groups of five females, five males or five males plus five females had significantly smaller uteri at 35–38 days of age compared to females reared alone. The uterine weights of females reared in the three grouped treatments did not differ significantly among themselves nor did those reared alone or with another animal of either sex. Uterine and ovary weights revealed no significant inhibition or stimulation of sexual maturation dependent upon sex of the adult conspecific with which young females were housed. The number of conspecifics (five or more of either sex) housed with young females was of primary importance in the retardation of uterine development observed.
Continuous population estimates for Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) occurring in infestations
Authors: Coulson R. N. , Pulley P. E. , Pope D. N. , Fargo W. S. , Edson L. J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryInfestations of Dendroctonus frontalisZimm. are often observed to enlarge continuously by the colonization of new hosts in a pattern similar to a forest fire. This pattern of infestation growth presents unique problems in quantitatively estimating populations of D. frontalis. Beetle populations on each infested tree in an infestation go through five processes: attack, oviposition, reemergence, survivorship, and emergence. These processes, which have been described mathematically in the literature, each take several days for completion. In order to follow the distribution and abundance of D. frontalis throughout the course of development of a spot, we need a daily estimate of the number of beetles involved in each process on every tree. Since it is not practical to sample each tree daily, we developed a procedure whereby quantitative estimation procedures for within‐tree populations were used in combination with the mathematical models for the life processes to produce a daily record of the number of adults successfully attacking trees, the number of eggs oviposited, the number of beetles reemerging, number of beetles surviving within the trees, and the number of beetles emerging. These daily estimates were then summarized for all trees in the spot for the duration of the infestation.The daily record of populations of D. frontalis, used with information on infestation geometry, were suggested to be of value in describing and elucidating several important facets of population dynamics including dispersal patterns within infestations, between tree beetle loss (mortality), and time lags among the various population processes. The information reported can be used to develop simulation models of population dynamics or to validate existing models.
Comparative population studies of three Pieris butterflies, P. rapae, P. melete and P. napi, living in the same area
Authors: Ohsaki Naota 
Published: October 2006

SummaryUtilization of patchy habitats by adult populations of three Pieris butterflies, P. rapae, P. melete and P. napi was studied throughout the flight season in an area of their coexistence, about 3×1.5 km, in a farm village in the mountains in Inabu, Aichi Prefecture. Field study was by the mark‐recapture method. Results were analyzed by dispersal distances and recapture duration decay curves for adults of different age‐classes estimated on the basis of physical condition of their wings, together with supplementary information of daliy egg‐laying rate of females, obtained in field cages.Sexually immature, mated femals of P. rapae after teneral stage showed a migratory flight. On the other hand, reproductive females and all males of P. rapae were strongly resident within suitable habitats, and reproductive females begun to lay eggs abundantly at sunny places of newly suitable areas within a short period. P. melete seemed to disperse gradually from emerged stites and females of this species continued to lay some constant numbers of eggs for more than ten days over a wider area. P. napi appeared more like P. melete than P. rapae.The habitats of the three species can be characterized as follows:P. rapae, temporary, continued for pre‐reproductive females but localized for reproductive females and all males, and unstable;P. melete, permanent, widespread, and stable;P. napi, permanent, localized, and stable.The numbers of generations of P. rapae, P. melete and P. napi were estimated to be about six, three and three, respectively. Seasonal fluctuations in the number of adults were influenced by the stability of their habitats, i. e., the population size fluctuated sharply in P. rapae, but it was much more stable in P. melete and P. napi. In view of these results, it can be said that P. rapae fits the general characteristics of a r‐strategist whereas P. melete and P. napi are more K‐strategic than P. rapae.
Ecological studies of Roparidia fasciata in Okinawa island I. Distribution of single‐ and multiple‐foundress colonies
Authors: Suzuki Hiroshi , Murai Minoru 
Published: October 2006

SummaryTo compare between a single‐foundress colony and a multiple‐foundress colony at the pre‐emergence state of a social wasp, R. fasciata, nest distributions and colony terminations were investigated in 8 sites with different environmental conditions. Marking experiments were also conducted in two sites at high wasp density.
Foundress populations were composed of single‐foundress colonies in sites C, D and E, new environments where have recently suited for inhaviting, at low wasp density. In sites like A and B which were used year after year, at high wasp density, coexistence of multiple‐and single‐foundress colonies was observed.
From the marking experiment, nests initiated by a single foundress were more distant away from the nest where the original foundress emerged the fall before, compared to multiple‐foundress nests which were initiated by multiple foundress.
Greater percentage of colony termination was observed in single‐foundress nests than in multiple‐foundress nests, and the colony termination in single‐foundress colonies increased with the nest density.
Ant predation was the key factor causing the variation of the percentage of colony termination.
Asynchronous pupation of univoltine insects as evolutionarily stable phenology
Authors: Iwasa Yoh 
Published: October 2006

SummaryEvolutionarily stable seasonal timing of larval feeding stages is studied theoretically for univoltine insects. In the evolutionarily stable (or ESS) population, each individual maximizes its own lifetime reproductive success by choosing the hatching and pupation dates, given the resource availability curve with a peak in the middle of a year, a higher daily mortality in the feeding stages, and the growth rate decreasing with the larval biomass in the population. If growth rate is proportional to the body size, the population at the ESS is composed of a mixture of phenotypes differing in hatching and pupation, but pupation interval over which some popation occur every day is much longer than hatching interval. If growth rate increases with the body size at a speed slower than linearly, large sized larvae should pupate earlier than small ones.
Combining pheromone‐baited and food‐baited traps for insect pest control: Effects of developmental period
Authors: Barclay Hugh J. , Haniotakis George E. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryAn age‐structured population dynamics model is presented that incorporates pheromone‐trapping and food‐trapping as control methods for an insect pest. The model yields the following results. Low rates of pest survivorship allow lower trapping rates for control. Species with long developmental periods are easier to control than those with shorter developmental periods (other factors being equal) due to lower net survival. The rates of pheromone trapping alone for effective control are usually very high. The combination of pheromone and food trapping allows control with much lower trapping rates than either method alone. Even small amounts of immigration of adult pests into the control area renders pheromone control ineffective, whereas food traps suppress both the immigrants and the resident population. Food‐ (or odor‐) baited traps which attract both males and females are only somewhat more efficient than those which attract females alone. The existence of density‐dependent population regulation assists the control program substantially, but this assistance declines as food trapping becomes a more important part of the control program. Larval competition strongly affects the required trapping rates for eradication; species in which all larvae exert strong competition are much easier to control than those in whic the younger larvae contribute little to the total competitive depression.
Effects of female body size and timing of nest foundation on the reproduction of the Japanese paper wasp, Polistes jadwigae Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Tsuchida Koji 
Published: October 2006

SummaryFemales in hibernation site (FH) were significantly larger than foundresses (FO), suggesting that larger FH were less successful in founding their nest. Body size of FO did not correlate with two nest characters, i.e., the number of cells at pupal stage (CP) and the timing of nest foundation (DP). However, CP negatively correlated with DP in 2 of 3 studied years, suggesting that foundress who founded her nest earlier than others tended to construct larger number of cells irrespective of her body size.
Relationship between surplus energy and body weight in fish populations
Authors: Hiyama Yoshiaki , Kitahara Takeru 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThis paper theoretically analyses the relationship between surplus energy, which is available for either somatic growth or reproduction, and body weight. From the data of metabolism and growth of the biwamasu, Oncorhynchus rhodurus, obtained by Miura et al., a Bernoulli's differential equation is induced to represent the relationship between body weight and the sum of surplus energy and active metabolic rate. Solving this equation gives the amount of surplus energy, f(Wx), as follows:f(Wx) = (αWx1−γ+β1−γ)1/(1−γ)−Wx, in which α, β and γ are constants and Wx is body weight at age x. The function is applied to ten fish populations and consequently it is found to be useful for a wider age range and a wider variety of fishes than the conventional function.
Note on a method for analyzing stage‐frequency data
Authors: Manly Bryan F. J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA new method for analyzing stage‐frequency data is proposed which is based on the estimation of rates of transition between one stage and the next highest stage in one unit of time, and a unit time survival rate that is assumed to be constant. Once these estimates are calculated it becomes possible to also estimate the mean durations of stages, stage‐specific survival rates, and numbers entering stages. An advantage of the method is that it can be applied with any distribution of entry times to stage 1, and any distribution of numbers in stages when sampling begins. Use of the method is illustrated on data from a copepod population in a Canadian lake.
Warning coloration in sawfly Athalia rosae larva and concealing coloration in butterfly Pieris rapae larva feeding on similar plants evolved through individual selection
Authors: Ohara Yoshitsugu , Nagasaka Koukichi , Ohsaki Naota 
Published: October 2006

SummaryGreen larvae of the butterfly Pieris rapae and black larvae of the sawfly Athalia rosae feed on green leaves of the same cruciferous plants. To demonstrate that P. rapae has concealing coloration and that A. rosae has warning coloration, the larvae of the two species were supplied to naive chicks Gallus gallus on white, green or black backgrounds. P. rapae larvae were palatable and their green body color acted as a concealing coloration. On the other hand, A. rosae larvae were unpalatable and their black body color acted as a warning coloration.There is a general consensus that warning coloration is an altruistic character which needs victims, and thus can evolve through kin selection or green beard selection. However, black A. rosae larvae were seldom injured by chicks' attack, in particular, on the green background. Therefore, the warning coloration of A. rosae larvae can be a selfish character and hence can evolve through individual selection as well as concealing coloration of P. rapae.
Host plant conspicuousness and the distribution of eggs and larvae in the butterfly, Anthocharis scolymus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Authors: Masumoto Toshiya , Nomakuchi Shintaro , Sawada Kouji 
Published: October 2006

SummaryWe investigated how the distribution pattern of eggs and larval on the host plant, Turritus glabra, was influenced by the oviposition behavior of the pierid butterfly Anthocharis scolymus. Females searched for the host plants visually and they frequently approached taller host plants with sparse surrounding vegetation. After encountering host plants, oviposition behavior of females was independent of host plant characteristics such as height, density, and type of surrounding vegetation. A female laid eggs singly on a host plants. Most females appeared to lay their eggs regardless of the presense of eggs on the host plant. Consequently egg and larva tended to be abundant on conspicuous host plants as measured by height or relative isolation from other plants. However, overcrowding of eggs on an individual host decreased the survival rate of larvae.
The plastic reproductive allocation of the cruciferous perennial Rorippa indica in response to different degrees of feeding damage
Authors: Yano Shuichi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe degree of feeding damage in the wild to the cruciferous perennial Rorippa indica (L.) Hieron ranged from 0% (not damaged) to 100% (heavily damaged). However, “not damaged” and “heavily damaged” individuals did not differ in the relative suitability of their intrinsic traits for P. rapae, which caused the heaviest damage on the plant. Therefore, the different degrees of feeding damage may be due to variability in the extrinsic traits of the plant, that is, it may be determined by the habitat conditions where individual plants exist. Furthermore, R. indica allocated more resource to seed production at the expense of the roots when it was experimentally subjected to heavy leaf damage. The result suggested that R. indica individuals may escape, by means of seed dispersal and seed dormancy, from unfavorable habitats where they are heavily damaged by herbivores.
Correlated effects of the response to conditioned medium in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Lavie Batia , Ritte Uzi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryDispersal rates were measured in lines selected for high and low response of egg production to conditioned media, and responsivness of egg production was measured in lines selected for high and low dispersal. A positive correlation was found between these two traits, each of which had previously been found to have a simple genetic basis. It is suggested that in Tribolium castaneum the sensitivity to environmental conditions is mediated through a Sensor gene, which can activate either response, according to circumstances.
Detection of, and sampling procedures for, the citrus blackfly in urban southern Florida
Authors: Dowell Robert V. , Cherry Ronald H. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe dispersion pattern of the citrus blackfly (CBF)Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby on urban citrus trees was studied in southern Florida. There was no usable correlation (r2=0.41) between the % of older leaves infested with CBF versus that on the newest mature flush, but there was a strong correlation (r2=0.87) between the % of leaves in the newest mature flush infested with CBF and loge, where is the number of egg spirals of CBF/leaf on the same leaves. CBF egg spirals are distributed among the flushes in groups rather than singly and the flushes are not over‐dispersed. Visual surveys proved superior to sticky traps for the detection of CBF at low densities (<5% leaves infested) on citrus trees in an urban setting. A sampling procedure is described herein based upon visual surveys.
The influence of urine from asymptotic laboratory populations on sexual maturation in prairie deermice
Authors: Terman C. Richard , Bradley Eric L. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryMale and female prairie deermice housed singly from weaning (21 days) until 40 days of age had urine from one of the following sources applied daily to their nostrils: sexually mature laboratory population males or females, and sexually mature breeder males or females from our laboratory colony. Other males and females were treated with water. Records were obtained of the weights of the tests, seminal vesicles and bacula of males and the ovaries and uteri of females at 40 days of age.The major results of this study were as follow: Female urine from sexually mature and inhibited population or isolated mice stimulated the development of the male reproductive organs significantly more than water or male urine. Male urine applied to young males did not differentially affect the weights of their reproductive organs compared with water and thus showed no inhibition effects.The reproductive organs of females treated with male urine did not differ significantly in weight from those of females treated with female urine. Females treated with water developed significantly larger uteri than those treated with urine from sexually mature population females (P≤0.02), inhibited population females (P<0.001) and inhibited population males (P<0.007).
Searching preference of the parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) for different stages of the host, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in the laboratory
Authors: Heong K. L. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe functional response parameters of the parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) to the third instar, the fourth instar and the pupae of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) were estimated from the Random Parasitoid Equation. By modifying this equation for a two host situation and using the parameters estimated above, a no switch model could be obtained. This model was then used to test for switching. In the preference experiments where two stages of the host were presented to the female parasitoid, a definite preference for the fourth instar followed by the pupa and the third instar, respectively was shown. There was, however, no evidence of switching. There was also no evidence that the data fitted the no switch models which suggests that when the parasitoid is searching in an environment with two or more hosts, its searching behaviour is more complex.