bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intra‐ and interhemispheric EEG differences quantified by spectral analysis
Authors: Etevenon P. , Pidoux B. , Rioux P. , Peron‐Magnan P. , Verdeaux G. , Deniker P. 
Published: August 2007

In this work we have studied comparatively the relationships between alpha intensity, alpha frequency, root‐mean‐square amplitude and their standard deviations, versus the location of the four recorded EEG channels: left and right rolando‐parietal, left and right parieto‐occipital. Twenty‐four spectral parameters were computed for each 5‐min EEG recording, in the eyes closed situation.The hebephrenic group (36 EEGs from six patients) presented higher values of alpha intensity and RMS amplitudes with low coefficient of variation when compared with the other groups. The left/right rolando‐parietal amplitude ratio was 0.73 versus 1.52 for the parieto‐occipital ratio. An amplitude hypovariability in the central regions, probably associated with hyperarousal, especially in the left hemisphere, can then be observed in hebephrenics, together with high alpha intensity on the left parieto‐occipital area. In contrast, the paranoid group (16 EEGs from five patients) was low in alpha intensity and amplitude, with greater variability of the alpha frequency, especially on the left parieto‐occipital area. The two groups of schizophrenics differ from the control group (27 EEGs from 12 subjects) in terms of spectral parameters, the hebephrenic group presenting a possible interhemispheric dysfunction.
Affective disorders and ABO blood types
Authors: Rinieris P. M. , Stefanis C. N. , Lykouras E. P. , Varsou E. K. 
Published: August 2007

Results of the present study provide evidence of: 1) a positive association between bipolar affective disorder and blood type O and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood type A, 2) a positive association between unipolar affective disorder and blood type O, and 3) a positive association between involutional depression and blood type A and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood types B and O.Sex does not appear to modify the ABO blood types' distribution in patients with bipolar, unipolar affective disorder, or involutional depression, and the same holds for early‐ or late‐onset of the illness in patients with bipolar or unipolar affective disorder.Findings in the present study do not support the validity of the bipolar‐unipolar distinction of affective disorders, and provide evidence in favour of the view that involutional depression is a genetically distinct nosological entity.
Symptom reduction in depression after treatment with L‐tryptophan or imipramine
Authors: Lindberg D. , Ahlfors U. G. , Dencker S. J. , Fruensgaard K. , Hanstén S. , Jensen K. , Ose E. , Pihkanen T. A. 
Published: August 2007

Thirty‐eight in‐patients with endogenous‐ and 20 in‐patients with non‐endogenous depression, took part in a multi‐Centre 3‐week double‐blind trial where patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either 6 g L‐tryptophan or 150 mg imipramine daily. Item analysis of Hamilton ratings, before the investigation and weekly during the trial period demonstrated few statistically different mean scores on individual items between the two treatment groups. After 3 weeks' treatment a statistically significant item mean reduction on the 0.1 % level was found in the item Agitation in favour of imipramine‐treated, and in the item Work and Activities in favour of L‐tryptophan‐treated endogenously depressed patients. After 3 weeks' treatment a statistically significant item mean reduction on the 5 % level was found in the item Suicide in favour of imipramine‐treated non‐endogenously depressed patients.The present study has shown that, after 3 weeks' treatment, imi‐pramine and L‐tryptophan has decreased the mean score on individual items of HRS in about the same degree.
Psychobiology of mental disorders associated with childbearing: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Steiner M. 
Published: August 2007

The diagnostic issues, classification, incidence, genetic factors, and theories of etiology of psychiatric illness associated with childbirth are reviewed. Psychologic influences, psychosocial factors and the concept of biologic maladaptation associated with prospective motherhood are discussed.Postpartum mental distress is not a unitary phenomenon. The physiology of the puerperium is thus not a cause in itself of any of the symptoms, but rather must be regarded as a contributing or triggering factor acting upon an underlying predisposition.Clinical research of postpartum psychiatric syndromes (PPS) and animal behavior studies are inconclusive.It is suggested that major neuroendocrine research strategies currently used in studying affective disorders and schizophrenia should be applied in studying PPS.
Termination of the drug career: AN INTERVIEW STUDY OF 58 EX‐ADDICTS
Authors: Frykholm B. 
Published: August 2007

Fifty‐eight ex‐addicts, representing 87 % of a group found to be drug‐free at an earlier 3‐year follow‐up, have been the target group of an interview study, which aimed at elucidating various phases of the drug career. It was found that drug abusers tend to break their drug‐taking habits either early (before 2 years of abuse) or late (after 6 years or more). Those who abandoned the drug career early regarded giving up drugs as easy and had often been supported by relatives and drug‐free friends. Their dominating reason for giving up drugs was adverse drug reactions, or infectious complications. Those who abandoned the career late reported that it had been a difficult process and that they had received little or no support from friends and relatives. To a large extent they had resorted to the aid of outpatient clinics. This group of ex‐addicts gave as their most common reason for giving up drugs: they had grown tired of the life of a street addict. The considerable number of critics of psychiatric inpatient treatment (74 % rated inpatient clinics as moderately important or unimportant) casts doubt on present treatment approaches.A simplified clinical description of the drug career is given, where attention is focussed on three stages within the process of de‐addiction.
Disease pattern among 942 mentally retarded persons in a Danish county
Authors: Dyggve H. , Kodahl T. 
Published: August 2007

An analytical description is presented of 942 mentally retarded persons from the county of West Zealand. The prevalence of mental retardation (i.e. persons who were registered with an IQ below 75) was 0.36 %. Almost half of the patients were living in institutions. Of the patients 43 % were women and 57 % men.Important aetiological factors are listed. In almost one third of the patients, similar cases were present among the closcst relatives; 30 % of the patients were born as the fourth or subsequent child in the family; one sixth of the mothers were more than 35 years old at the birth of the handicapped child. Twenty‐two percent of the patients with IQs below 50 had Down's syndrome. Seventeen percent of the patients had epilepsy and 11 % cerebral palsy. In the central institution all patients had psychiatric or somatic complications.
Psychiatric assessment of healthy children with various EEG patterns
Authors: Bosaeus E. , Selldén U. 
Published: August 2007

A sample of 222 healthy children, 112 girls and 110 boys, aged 5–16 years, with different types of EEG pattern, were investigated by current child‐psychiatric methods. The children were recruited from a large material of children selected in accordance with strict criteria of normality from the paediatric and neurological points of view (Petersén & Eeg‐Olofsson (1970/71)).The aim of the child‐psychiatric assessment was to find out whether any clinical correlation with the EEG patterns could be shown. First of all, 96 children with some form of EEG deviation were included. Besides these, 126 children with normal EEG were recruited at random from the material. In this selected material significant relations emerged between clinical variables and EEG patterns. Normal EEG showed negative correlations with childpsychiatric variables, while deviating EEG patterns were positively correlated. Many of the correlations disappeared in the oldest age group.
Personality and mental health characteristic of Nigerian university students
Authors: Jegde R. O. 
Published: August 2007

In this paper are reported some of the results of a 1976 study of 145 female and 725 male freshmen University of Ibadan students who were assessed with the Health Opinion Survery, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and a 65‐item gerneral questionnaire. A major aim of the study was to obtian data on th social, personality and mental health characteistics of the studient.Over 6% of subjects assessed their current mental health to be “fair” or “poor” as opposed to “good” or “excellent”. There was no significant association betwween self‐assessed mental health significant relationship with Neuroticism, self‐assessed current physicl health and having problems to discuss with a doctor. These findings, along with the results of factor analysis of the general questionnaire, are discussed and their clinical, methodological and other implications commented upon.
Community reactions to mental disorders – A KEY INFORMANT STUDY IN THREE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Wig N. N. , Suleiman M. A. , Routledge R. , Srinivasa Murthy R. , Ladrido‐Ignacio L. , Ibrahim H. H. A. , Harding T. W. 
Published: August 2007

Attitudes towards mental disorders have been studied in rural areas of Sudan and Northern India and an urban area of the Philippines using standardized interviews with key informants. On average each informant knew by name 3.6 individuals who corresponded to descriptions provided of common mental disorders. The conditions most frequently identified were mental retardation (in all three areas), alcohol and drug related problems (in the Sudanese and Philippines areas) and acute psychosis (in the Indian area). In the Philippines area, the majority of informants indicated traditional healers as the primary source of help for psychological symptoms; in all areas people were judged to be more likely to seek help for psychological than for physical symptoms from traditional healers.Perceptions of mental illness and their consequences have been presented in graphic form through “attitude profiles”. These reveal differences in responses to the seven mental disorders presented to the key informants through vignettes. More negative and pessimistic attitudes were found in the Indian area than in the other two areas.The study has been carried out within a programme to introduce community based mental health care as part of primary health care in developing countries. The results have already been used in selecting priorities and designing interventions to promote community involvement. Their eventual use in evaluating the effectiveness of new forms of mental health care is also described.
The 24‐hour pattern of serum TSH in patients with endogenous depression
Authors: Weeke A. , Weeke J. 
Published: August 2007

The 24‐h pattern of serum thyrotropin (TSH) has been studied using hourly blood‐sampling in four patients with severe endogenous depression. All patients showed a pattern similar to that of normal subjects, with lowest levels of serum TSH between 0900 and 2000 h and highest levels between 2100 and 0800 h.A phaseshift of the TSH rhythm can therefore not account for our previous finding of a significant negative correlation between severity of endogenous depression and night increase in serum TSH measured as the difference between the values at 2400 and 1400 h.
Clinically significant side effects of lithium treatment A SURVEY OF 237 PATIENTS IN LONG‐TERM TREATMENT
Authors: Vestergaard P. , Amdisen A. , Schou M. 
Published: August 2007

A group of 237 patients in long‐term lithium treatment were questioned specifically about five side effects commonly associated with lithium treatment and unspecifically about “other” complaints. About one tenth of the patients did not complain of side effects, two thirds had one or two complaints, and one fourth had three or more.About one half of the patients complained of hand tremor, two thirds of increased thirst, one fifth of weight gain exceeding 10 kg, one fifth of diarrhea, and one tenth of edema of legs or face. A few patients had other complaints.For each side effect we analysed whether its presence was significantly associated with such patient and treatment variables as sex, age, duration of the lithium treatment, 12‐h serum lithium concentration, type of lithium preparation, and additional medication. Men complained of tremor significantly more often than women. Diarrhea was significantly less frequent in patients given additional treatment with antidepressants. Weight gain was associated with increased thirst and fluid output and with significantly increased blood pressure. None of the other variables distinguished between patients with and without the various complaints. We nevertheless hypothesize that a moderate reduction of the serum lithium level may lead to a lowering of the frequency of some side effects.
Stepwise regression analysis of an intensive 1‐year study of delirium tremens
Authors: Stendig‐lindberg G. , Rudy N. 
Published: August 2007

An intensive 1‐year study was carried out on 41 male patients, mean age 49, mean hospitalization time 49 days, admitted to a special ward of the Beckomberga Hospital with the diagnosis of delirium tremens and 50 concomitant somatic and psychiatric diagnoses (1–9 per capita), and given a standardized treatment. The mean duration of delirium tremens after admission was 2 days; 76 % recovered within 48 h. The duration after admission was positively correlated to age, number of previous delirium tremens, negatively correlated to B‐haemoglobin and B‐haematocrit for laboratory data obtained within the first 24 h and was positively correlated to blood sugar and S‐creatinine on data taken within 40 h (Pearson correlation matrix).Stepwise multiple regression (SWR) based on 46 quantitative and dummy variables (the latter used to represent the presence of various concomitant diseases) was employed to identify the factors predicting the duration of delirium tremens. On final SWR analysis, which limited the number of observations to cases with complete observation vectors, the following regression equation was obtained: Duration after admission = 3.47–0.93 (S‐magnesium)‐0.29 (B‐eosinophils) + 0.62 (liver disease), P > 0.05, n= 14. Although the regression coefficients were not statistically significant, S‐magnesium, negatively associated with the duration after admission, offered 20 % out of the total 38 % of explanation given, whereas B‐eosinophils, negatively associated, offered 12 %, and liver disease, positively associated, 6 %.The choice by the SWR program of S‐magnesium as the most important factor in predicting the duration of delirium tremens is consistent with clinical evidence that alcohol ingestion causes magnesium diuresis and that magnesium deficiency is present in chronic alcoholism. In view of this knowledge, it is reasonable to assume that the lack of statistical significance is due to the small sample size rather than to the alternative that no explanation is offered by S‐magnesium. Furthermore, B‐haemoglobin, S‐potassium, S‐ASAT, and S‐ALAT, known to be characteristically altered in delirium tremens, were found on forcing (a variant of SWR) to be of secondary importance to S‐magnesium as explaining factors, whereas blood sugar and S‐creatinine derived part of their explaining power from S‐magnesium.In conclusion, extensive use of SWR analysis based on 46 potential explaining variables points to serum magnesium concentration as the most important factor in predicting the duration of delirium tremens.
Influence of maternal distress during pregnancy on fetal development and mortality
Authors: Blomberg S. 
Published: August 2007

The children of 1,263 women whose applications for legal abortion in 1960 had been refused, were compared with the next children born in the same delivery wards. Thus paired, matched controls were obtained and the children were compared with regard to height and weight in relation to gestational age, prematurity, perinatal mortality and mortality up to 12 years of age.There was a significantly lower number of stillbirths in the proband series, which is probably due to an increased number of abortions of less viable fetus. There were no differences in weight and height development, prematurity or neonatal and subsequent mortality.
Long‐term treatment of depression with isocarboxazide
Authors: Larsen J. K. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2007

Isocarboxazide has been used as long‐term treatment for a selected group of 20 depressive patients, of whom some 90% (17/19) were non‐responders to treatment with tricyclic antidepressants. At the follow‐up the median duration of illness was 162 months, and the median duration of treatment was 42 months. Side‐effects and interactions were moderate thus legitimating a treatment procedure on which all the patients of the material responded better than on any other antidepressive treatment.Treatment with monoamine‐oxidase‐inhibitors, like isocarboxazide, should not be left untried in the case of therapy‐resistant depression.
Effect of repeated sleep deprivation on clinical symptoms and the TRH test in endogenous depression
Authors: Kvist J. , Kirkegaard C. 
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐eight patients with endogenous depression were treated with repeated total sleep deprivation (TSD) as the only treatment. In eight patients complete remission was obtained, but an early relapse occurred in five, and after 6 months only three patients (11 %) remained in remission. The remaining group of 20 patients with no or only a partial response to TSD also had a significant reduction of the score on the Hamilton Rating Scale (median 23 versus 17, P < 0.01).A thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulating test was performed before and after TSD. According to previous studies an increase of the maximal response in serum thyrotropin (TSH) to TRH (ΔΔ max TSH > 2.0 μU/ml), after TSD was taken as a predictor of a favourable long‐term outcome. Under blind conditions a correct prognosis was made in all patients (n= 8) from the group of responders. By comparison, only two of the 20 patients from the nonresponding group had a ΔΔ max TSH > 2.0 μU/ml after TSD.
Psychophysiological studies in schizophrenic patients selected on the basis of a “genetic marker”
Authors: Maricq H. R. , Weinrich M. C. 
Published: August 2007

Psychophysiological studies in schizophrenics have generally resulted in contradictory and inconclusive reports. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a better psychophysiological separation of schizophrenic and control subjects could be accomplished by selecting them on the basis of a biological marker: the high plexus visualization score (PVS).Finger blood flow, skin temperature and electrodermal recovery rates were studied in 64 male schizophrenics (33 high PVS and 31 low PVS) and 24 male controls (10 high PVS and 14 low PVS) matched for age. All control subjects and 30 of the schizophrenics (16 high PVS and 14 low PVS) had been drug‐free for at least 1 month. They were studied in a sound attenuated, temperature controlled room under 12 experimental conditions. The results demonstrate that, as predicted, schizophrenics with high PVS have the lowest finger blood flow rates, the lowest skin temperatures and the slowest GSR recovery rates of all groups studied. The largest difference in all three variables was found between high PVS schizophrenics and high PVS controls.The blood flow rates and the skin temperature were higher and the electrodermal responses were fewer in patients taking medications than in those receiving placebos. A suggestion of a bimodal distribution into “responders” and “non‐responders” was apparent only in patients receiving medications.
WHO collaborative study on impairments and disabilities associated with schizophrenic disorders
Authors: Jablensky A. , Schwarz R. , Tomov T. 
Published: August 2007

According to WHO estimates up to two‐fifths of all disability is associated with mental disorders. Because of the severe burden of psychiatric disability on individuals, families and communities, programmes aiming at its prevention, containment or reduction are likely in the future to receive a high priority in public health planning. However, the rational selection of effective approaches to disability prevention and reduction is hampered by the absence of: (i) agreed concepts and criteria of psychiatric impairments and disabilities; (ii) standardized methods for assessment; and (iü) knowledge about the predictors and precursors of specific impairments and disabilities in patients suffering from mental disorders.A recently undertaken WHO collaborative study in seven countries draws on findings from earlier research, and aims to contribute to the resolution of these problems. In the first phase of the project, instruments for the assessment of psychological impairments and specific disabilities in patients suffering from schizophrenic psychoses have been drafted. In the second phase, the instruments have been applied to assess series of 70 patients each selected in seven catchment areas on the basis of specified screening criteria. In the third phase, follow‐up examinations are being carried out at one‐ and two‐year points after the initial evaluation. It is expected that detailed information will be collected in the course of the study on the nature and extent of impairments and disabilities in the early stages of schizophrenia, and on their prognosis.
Mental health, neighborhood and related social variables in Oslo
Authors: Dalgard O. S. 
Published: August 2007

The present study aims at screening the psychiatric morbidity in different areas of Oslo, relating the findings to qualitative aspects of neighborhood. The general hypothesis is that the risk of mental disorders increases by decreasing quality of neighborhood, possibly through negative impact on psycho‐social variables like social network.The sample which consists of 1,003 randomly picked adults from five main types of neighborhood is interviewed by means of a structured questionnaire, and a statistical procedure is applied to estimate, on the basis of symptom scores, the risk of being “a psychiatric case”.In short, the hypothesis is by and large confirmed by the study, indicating that the lower the quality of neighborhood, in terms of possibilities for recreation and social interaction, as well as private and public services, the higher the prevalence of mental disorder, treated as well as untreated. Unsatisfactory social network is related to low quality of neighborhood and seems to interact with negative neighborhood characteristics, increasing sharply the risk of mental disorder in low quality areas.Variables like sex, age, marital status, education or place of birth can not explain the differences in psychiatric morbidity between the qualitatively different neighborhoods, nor can variables indicating mental health problems before moving into the present neighborhood.