bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future Use of Automotive Gasoline in Light Aircraft
Authors: Wagner TO 
Published: December 2008

Use of unleaded automotive gasoline in light aircraft that were originally certified on Grade 80 aviation gasoline is attractive because automotive gasoline is more widely available and cheaper than Grade 80 aviation gasoline. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has approved Supplemental Type Certificates permitting operation of certain aircraft on alcohol-free unleaded automotive gasolines meeting ASTM Specification for Automotive Gasoline (D 439-86) specifications, and such use is expected to continue in the future.
Automotive gasolines are substantially more volatile than aviation gasoline, so the fuel supply systems on affected aircraft must be capable of handling the additional volumes of vapor generated at high altitudes or elevated ambient temperatures or both. While the Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) of summer-grade automotive gasoline may be reduced in the near future because of limitations imposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), automotive gasolines will generally still be more volatile.
Blending of alcohols such as ethanol in automotive gasolines cannot be anticipated well, since their use is very selective and usually depends on local tax incentives. Some state laws require presence of alcohol in automotive gasoline to be disclosed, but many do not. Ethanol differs substantially from gasolines in heat of combustion, heat of vaporization, stoichiometric A/F ratio, and water susceptibility, all of which can adversely affect engine performance. Also, ethanol blends have higher RVP than the base gasoline. There is no practical way for owners or pilots of light aircraft to tell whether an automotive gasoline contains alcohol or not.
Other than the changes in gasoline RVP, which would benefit aircraft operation only slightly, no changes in automotive gasoline quality or composition that would materially affect their use in aircraft are likely in the future.
For several reasons, it is impossible for gasoline refiner/marketers to assure that automotive gasoline will always meet the limits in the ASTM (D 439-86) specification, especially the limits on RVP, when the gasoline is used in aircraft. However, in the long term, operating new, light aircraft on automotive gasoline may be in the best interest of aircraft owners. If so, to provide adequate flight safety, new aircraft should be certified for year-round use on gasoline of the most-volatile ASTM class, which presently has 103 kPa (15 psi) RVP.
Lateral Buckling of Structurally Glazed Curtain Wall Framing
Authors: Clift CD 
Published: December 2008

Glass curtain walls consist of large glass panes typically supported by vertical and horizontal framing elements. Wind forces on the curtain walls are transmitted to the building frame at the floor levels, most often by the vertical framing. The glazing transmits the wind forces to the framing and also acts to restrain lateral-torsional motion of the framing. The horizontal members between mullions also may restrain lateral-torsional buckling of the mullions. This paper is concerned with the lateral buckling strength of the long slender framing elements and the design of such members. Since there is practically no literature on this subject, some designers make very conservative assumptions. For example, the paper illustrates that neglecting the bracing offered by structural glazing, even on the tension flange side of a member, can be very inefficient.
Analyses are given herein for several different supporting conditions that approximate minimum and maximum bracing and a realistic approximation to the restraint afforded by structurally glazed elements. For a typical application, comparisons are made of the allowable compressive stress given by current design procedures with corresponding values derived from different theoretical analyses. These comparisons show the great influence of the restraint that may be offered by the structurally glazed elements. Large increases in the allowable compressive stresses are possible. A method that experimentally provides verification of stability is presented, and several tests of such designs are discussed.
The significance of the conclusion generates a design/analysis method that more fully harnesses the multi-function capabilities of structurally glazed curtain wall framing. This will enable the designer, manufacturer, and contractor to provide a more efficient system that will thus have an edge in competition with other exterior wall products in the building construction industry.
Lime in the Environmental Program—An Overview
Authors: Lewis CJ 
Published: December 2008

High-calcium quicklime [calcium oxide (CaO)] is presently the major chemical used for controlling environmental pollutants. Areas of application for water include domestic water, industrial waste water, including acid mine drainage, and sewage and hazardous wastes. Domestic water is included because lime can remove metals in source waters which might be considered as pollutants. The area of application in air pollution control is the reduction of sulfur oxides in the stack gases of coal-fired boilers or other operations producing sulfur dioxide as a potential air pollutant. While the foregoing do not cover all of the environmental uses for lime, they are the major ones, an understanding of which should be helpful in almost any environmental application of lime.
The behavior of lime in these applications is discussed. Reference is also made to the use of dolomitic lime [calcium oxide; magnesium oxide (CaO; MgO)]. The magnesium content of this material gives rise to special considerations—for example, the solubility of magnesium sulfate as contrasted with that of calcium sulfate. This paper also calls attention to materials which are competitive with lime as a chemical in the environmental program.
The discussions include lime as the chemical for pH control of the liquid phase in sewage treatment, as well as for sludge dewatering and sludge stabilization prior to ultimate sludge disposal. Waste acids which favor the use of lime are contrasted with those which do not. Potential uses for lime in stabilizing tailings and in the construction of barrier walls around hazardous waste dumps are called to attention. In the field of sulfur oxides control, both wet and dry lime scrubbing procedures are covered, including reference to direct lime or limestone injection into coal-fired boilers.
The paper concludes with a review of the more important engineering considerations which must be taken into account when designing lime handling systems. These include storage, lime slaking, and lime slurry transport.
Use of Lime in the Design of Landfills for Waste Disposal
Authors: Malone PG , May JH 
Published: December 2008

The term “lime” includes a wide variety of materials produced by calcining or burning limestone or dolostone and using the resulting material directly or adding water to form a hydrated lime. Lime and products containing lime have been widely employed in landfills. Examples of the use of lime in landfill covers (caps), wastes, and liners are presented. Lime can provide a valuable chemical barrier to the transport of specific contaminants. Lime-pozzolan cements can be used to improve handling of wastes and decrease waste compaction. Lime-soil mixtures can be employed as low-permeability, chemically reactive liners.
Well-documented demonstration projects are required to obtain data needed for the acceptance of lime-augmented landfill designs. Where waste containing lime is employed, standards should be presented as to the chemical characteristics of waste that make them acceptable.
Canal Repair Techniques Using Lime-Stabilized Soil
Authors: Garver LL 
Published: December 2008

The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation has been plagued with failures of its canal embankments for a number of years, particularly those constructed with the expansive clay soils found in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Failures have occurred regardless of whether the canal was constructed of earth only or was lined with concrete.
The bureau has tried various repair techniques over the years, none of which have been completely successful until 1972, when a technique was tried which was relatively new to the bureau engineers—lime treatment of existing embankment. So successful were the results that the bureau has used the same technique, with variations, on five more repair jobs.
Effect of Lime Treatment on Collapse-Susceptible Soils in Tucson, Arizona
Authors: Nowatzki EA , Alfi AA 
Published: December 2008

This paper presents the results of a laboratory study conducted to determine the effectiveness of lime treatment in modifying the volume change behavior of a typical collapse-susceptible soil in Tucson, Arizona. A series of specimens containing 3% by weight of lime was prepared by statically compacting the mixture to maximum dry density at optimum moisture content as determined by ASTM D 698-78. Specimens were moist-cured under controlled conditions for from 0 to 7 days so that the effects of curing time could also be studied.
Following curing, specimens were tested in an oedometer to determine both “free” swell potential and collapse potential under either 47.9 or 191.5 kPa (0.5 or 2.0 ton/ft2) of applied normal stress. The results of these tests were compared with the results of similar tests performed on specially preconditioned, undisturbed samples and untreated, compacted specimens loaded under the same conditions. The comparison indicates that even moderate lime treatment substantially modified the collapse and free swell characteristics of the compacted soils and significantly improved their engineering behavior.
Some Applications of Computer-Assisted Quantitative Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Compton DAC , Young JR , Kollar RG , Mooney JR , Grasselli JG 
Published: December 2008

Many of the advantages of a research-grade Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) instrument arise as a consequence of the powerful minicomputer available as part of the instrument. This computer allows for enhanced treatment of the digital spectroscopic data in order to improve the analytical capabilities. These enhanced treatment methods can be used for improved qualitative analysis (for example, by spectral searching) or quantitative analysis.
Enhanced data treatment techniques routinely used in our laboratory will be discussed, including the advantages and limitations of each method. One particularly useful approach of obtaining quantitative information involves the use of variable ratio spectral subtraction. In this method, the absorbance spectrum of a compound is interactively subtracted from the spectrum of a mixture. The value of the ratio necessary to null out the absorption of the component gives the concentration. “Spectral stripping” involves sequentially subtracting several component spectra from a sample spectrum of a multicomponent mixture. Examples of these two techniques will be shown.
When small concentrations of a component are present in a diluent (for example, oil additives) a 1:1 subtraction of the diluent spectrum from the mixture spectrum yields a difference spectrum of the microcomponent from which quantitative information can be obtained.
Another procedure, useful when examining spectra with overlapping band contours, involves resolution enhancement (deconvolution) of the spectral data prior to quantitation. Using this technique the concentration of carboxylic acid salts have been measured in aromatic oils even though there are overlapping absorptions in the 1600 cm−1 region.
Test Devices for Ski Bindings Sold in Sports Shops: State of the Art and Future Development
Authors: Nagel A , Mösch S 
Published: December 2008

In the course of the last 15 years it has been possible to reduce the number of typical skiing injuries by means of consequent research, improvement of the skiing equipment, training of the personnel in sport shops, and information transmitted to the skiers.
Based on so-called “Lipe” numbers, a measure of unit adjustment tables with setting values for ski bindings were developed. In Germany this system is specified in the German Industrial Standard Release Bindings for Alpine Downhill Skiing; Adjustment Scale for Release Values (DIN 7881, Part 5). To set ski bindings according to these setting values, personnel of sport shops are under obligation to control the release forces or torques with a test device. Specifications for test devices are laid down in DIN Test Devices for the Adjustment of the Functional Unit Ski/Binding/Brake/Boot (32 921). Different measuring principles with certain advantages and disadvantages exist and both force-measuring and torque-measuring devices are in use. Desirable is a torque-measuring device that is simple to handle. Modern test devices register all input and calculated data as well as release values measured and give an output on a printer. Test devices are essential for detection and correction of wrong adjustment and functional disturbances of bindings. Therefore exact binding adjustments in sport shops without test devices are inconceivable in the near future.
A Small, Low Power Microcomputer-Based Controller for Snow Ski Bindings
Authors: Halsted L , Hull M 
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the design and field evaluation of a microcomputer-based ski binding controller built around the Hitachi HD 63P01M1 CMOS microcomputer. Included in the controller are signal conditioning electronics intended to interface with a six load component strain gage dynamometer that measures the loading between the boot and the ski. The controller processes digitized dynamometer signals in order to determine when the boot should be released from the ski. If release is warranted, then the controller generates a release command signal. The controller is powered by a rechargeable battery pack, with a single charge sufficient for an entire day of skiing. In order to conserve battery power, the dynamometer bridges are excited by pulses. The controller also features a first-in first-out buffer memory, which stores about 3.5 s of dynamometer data. The dynamometer data can then be transmitted to an auxilliary tape recorder if desired. The tape recorder is not carried on the ski, however. Packaged in a watertight aluminum housing, the controller is mounted on the ski behind the boot.
The new binding system has been field tested by two test subjects. The instrumentation system both controlled binding release and stored segments of boot loading data. The release control algorithm used in the tests compared measured axial and fore/aft bending moments to constant threshold values. Segments of loading data are presented for one test subject in two test runs distinguished by unstaged falls.
Results of an ASTM E-4 Round-Robin on the Precision and Bias of Measurements of Microindentation Hardness Impressions
Authors: Vander Voort GF 
Published: December 2008

An interlaboratory test program was conducted by ASTM Committee E-4 on Metallography, according to ASTM Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine the Precision of Test Methods (E 691), to develop information regarding the precision, bias, repeatability, and reproducibility of measurements of Knoop and Vickers microindentation impressions. Both types of indents were made using loads of 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 gf (five of each type at each load) using three ferrous and four nonferrous specimens of varying hardness. The indents were measured by 24 laboratories. Analysis of the test results according to E 691 have been used to prepare a Precision and Bias section for ASTM Test Method for Microhardness of Materials (E 384).
Fourteen laboratories measured the indents in the three ferrous specimens and nine labs had similar Vickers hardness measurements. Of the remaining five laboratories, two were consistently lower while three were consistently higher in measured Vickers hardness. For the Knoop indents in the ferrous specimens, the results were similar except that one lab that got consistently lower Vickers hardnesses had acceptable Knoop hardnesses.
Twelve laboratories measured the indents in the four nonferrous specimens, and the hardness data were in better agreement than for the ferrous specimens due to the much larger indents in the nonferrous specimens. For the Vickers data, one laboratory was consistently lower in hardness while two laboratories were consistently higher in hardness. For the Knoop data, three laboratories were consistently lower in hardness while one laboratory was consistently higher in hardness.
Three laboratories measured both ferrous and nonferrous Vickers and Knoop indents, although one of these laboratories (N) measured only one of the nonferrous specimens. Test results for laboratories N and O were acceptable while those for laboratory M were consistently lower in hardness for all specimens and for both Knoop and Vickers indents. This result suggests a consistent bias either in the calibration or the manner in which the indents were sized.
The repeatability and reproducibility intervals increased with increasing specimen hardness and decreasing test load, that is, with decreasing indent size. The within-laboratory and between-laboratory precision values improved as the specimen hardness decreased and the test load increased, that is, as the indent size increased.
Measurement of Rapid-Loading Fracture Toughness JId
Authors: Satoh M , Funada T , Urabe Y , Hojo K 
Published: December 2008

The effect of the loading rate on elastic-plastic fracture toughness, which defines stable crack initiation, has not been clear; therefore, the test method of elastic-plastic fracture toughness under rapid loading (rapid-loading fracture toughness JId) has not yet been established in ASTM Test Method for JIc, a Measure of Fracture Toughness (E 813-81).
The authors studied the JId test method by using a high-speed servohydraulic testing machine, by which the rapid-loading fracture toughness test could be done in accordance with ASTM Test Method for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials (E 399-83 ANNEX A7). We evaluated the applicability of the unloading compliance method to determine the stable crack initiation under rapid loading by comparing the results with the multiple specimen method.
We also applied the electric potential method, which is expected to be able to detect crack growth continuously to determine the stable crack initiation. Results are as follows. 1. The unloading compliance method is applicable to rapid-loading tests.JId measured by the unloading compliance method is the same as that obtained by multiple specimen method. 2. JId based on the electric potential method is about the same as that of the unloading compliance method. 3. JId depends on loading rate. Transition temperature between the brittle-ductile region tends to be higher as the loading rate increases.
Requirements for the Permitted Size of the Alignment Errors of Load Frames for Fatigue Testing and a Proposal for a Relevant Measuring Method
Authors: Baten RJH , d'Haen HJ , Jacobs FA , Muller MK , van Riesen PE , Tjoa GL 
Published: December 2008

This paper covers the activities of the working party on Requirements for Fatigue Testing Machines [3].
Requirements and recommendations are specified with respect to the alignment of load frames for fatigue testing, including load cell and (hydraulic) actuator.
Subsequently, a method is proposed to measure the alignment errors. Calculations are made and a series of alignment specimens are designed for load frames of different capacities to check whether or not the bending stresses under load, due to misalignment, correlate with the off-load measured alignment errors. Designs for clamping the alignment specimens are given and applied for the measurements as well.
The alignment errors to be specified, defined, and measured include: 1. Eccentricity. 2. Angular deflection. 3. Alignment error.
Although a literature survey was carried out, there appeared to be no specific requirements for the alignment accuracy of load frames. International standards mainly set out requirements concerning the accuracy of the load cell and the maximum allowable specimen bending at zero load. These standards, however, have omitted the effect of the alignment errors as defined in this paper.
Results of measurements obtained with the described method lead to a recommendation for its application, either in part or in total.
End Constraint and Alignment Effects in Three- and Four-Point Reverse Bending Tests
Authors: Bowman WD 
Published: December 2008

A specimen loaded in bending when rigidly clamped on the ends by specimen grips will undergo an axial force due to the conflict between the grips' resistance to move and the specimen ends' intention to move inwards. By mounting the grips on flexures and allowing them to move with the specimen ends while still applying a bending moment, pure bending on the specimen will result. A constant moment along the length of the specimen can be obtained by applying equal and opposite force couples to the ends of the specimen via the grips.
This paper examines the effects of specimen end conditions and alignment on test results obtained from three- and four-point reversing bend tests. Various end conditions can exist, such as fixed-fixed, fixed-free, free-free, and a special case in which the end condition is a combination of fixed and free. Each of these end conditions imposed on a specimen in bending is evaluated as to its contribution to axial forces and its ability to provide a true bending moment on the specimen. The effects of bending out of plane with respect to the specimen axis are also discussed.
This paper also describes an apparatus for testing specimens in three- and four-point reverse bending in which the axial force in the specimen is reduced.
Accuracy of High-Temperature, Constant Rate of Strain Flow Curves
Authors: Lenard JG , Karagiozis AN 
Published: December 2008

The components that make up a mathematical model of hot strip rolling include the conditions of equilibrium, roll deformation, friction at the roll-strip interface, and material behavior. The consistency and accuracy of the predictive capability of the model will depend on the quality and rigor of the representations of these components. This paper deals with one of the least tractable parameters—material behavior.
The difficulties associated with the determination of constitutive behavior are discussed. It is suggested that a standard method of testing for high-temperature strength be established.
Simple Stress Sensor: Utilizing of Stretcher Strains
Authors: Taniuchi K 
Published: December 2008

This article concerns an attempt to utilize stretcher strains to determine the stress concentration factor in the elastic-plastic state of steel strip specimens having semicircular notches. The dangerous section of steel gear tooth profiles is also brought under examination. In both cases, the utilization of stretcher strains provides successful results. For this undertaking, the observation of the striped pattern was made solely by the naked eye, without the use of a measuring instrument.
The examples shown will illustrate that the use of stretcher strains is a simple and convenient stress sensor.
A Survey of the Experimental Determination of Precision in Materials Research
Authors: McClelland HT , Birkland ML 
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this survey was to determine the extent to which the precision of data was determined during the course of experimental studies in materials research. Eight technical journals were sampled.
It was found that 23 ± 13% (at the 95% confidence level) of the papers in the journals examined reported experimentally determined precision. It would appear from these results that an effort should be made to train research personnel in modern experimental procedures.