bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The economic cost of teen drinking: late graduation and lowered earnings
Authors: Renna Francesco 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effect that binge drinking has on the probability of graduating on time from high school and on future earnings. The analysis is conducted on students in their senior year of high school using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Importantly, the usual instruments used to correct for the endogeneity of the drinking variable are found to be robust only for women. This paper finds that heavy drinking decreases the probability of graduating on time. Binge drinking does not have a direct impact on adults' labor earnings, but graduating late results in lower labor income. Because of a late graduation, young men who binge in high school will face an earnings penalty of 1.5–1.84 percentage points. Women also face a penalty, but this seems mostly due to the fact that women who graduate late work in industries and occupations that pay less. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child care before 6 months of age: a qualitative study of mothers' decisions and feelings about employment and non‐maternal care
Authors: Leach Penelope , Barnes Jacqueline , Nichols Michelle , Goldin Jon , Stein Alan , Sylva Kathy , Malmberg Lars‐Erik ,   the FCCC team
Published: October 2006

AbstractEmployment of women while their children are infants has increased in the UK in the last decade. This study of 57 employed mothers of infants less than seven months old examined their retrospective reports of planning child care and their contemporaneous feelings about the child care they were using, based on qualitative interviews. Issues addressed included mothers' reasons for returning to employment at that time, their theoretical preferences among a range of child care types and providers and the process of making actual choices, including the range and types of advice received and the involvement of fathers. Mothers were also encouraged to discuss their feelings about how child care was working out once the infant was settled. Continuing concerns expressed by mothers included the importance of open communication with caregivers, their desire to keep control over infants' daily lives and upbringing, worries about infants' safety and concerns about the levels of cognitive stimulation they received. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4‐[18F]fluorophenyl ureas via carbamate‐4‐nitrophenyl esters and 4‐[18F]fluoroaniline
Authors: Olma Sebastian , Ermert Johannes , Coenen Heinz H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFour different no carrier added (n.c.a.) 4‐[18F]fluorophenylurea derivatives are synthesized as model compounds via two alternative routes. In both cases carbamate‐4‐nitrophenylesters are used as intermediates. Either n.c.a. 4‐[18F]fluoroaniline reacts with carbamates of several amines, or the carbamate of n.c.a. 4‐[18F]fluoroaniline is formed at first and an amine is added subsequently to yield the urea derivative. The choice of the appropriate way of reaction depends on the possibilities of precursor synthesis.The radiochemical yields reach up to 80% after 50 min of synthesis time while no radiochemical by‐products can be determined. These high yields were possible due to an optimized preparation of n.c.a. 4‐[18F]fluoroaniline with a radiochemical yield of up to 90%. From the various ways of its radiosynthesis, the substitution with n.c.a. [18F]fluoride on dinitrobenzene is chosen, using phosphorous acid and palladium black for reduction of the second nitro group. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of isotopomers of dopamine labeled with deuterium or tritium
Authors: Pająk M. , Kańska M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of four isotopomers of dopamine labeled with deuterium or tritium is reported. The ring labeled [2′,5′,6′‐2H3]‐, and [2′,5′,6′‐3H3]‐dopamine were obtained using acid catalyzed isotopic exchange between dopamine and heavy or tritiated water respectively. Two selectively labeled isotopomers, i.e. [1R‐2H]‐, and [1R‐3H]‐dopamine were synthesized by enzymatic decarboxylation of L‐DOPA using the enzyme tyrosine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.25) from Streptococcus faecalis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and bio evaluation of a new fatty acid derivative labelled with technetium‐99m
Authors: Mathur Anupam , Mallia Madhava B. , Subramanian Suresh , Banerjee Sharmila , Kothari K. , Sarma H. D. , Venkatesh Meera 
Published: October 2006

Abstract123I‐iodophenylpentadecanoic acid (IPPA) and 123I‐beta‐methyliodophenylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) are radiolabelled fatty acid derivatives used for assessment of myocardial viability. Because of limited accessibility of 123I in the clinical scenario, a 99m‐technetium‐based agent would be more advantageous. In this context, a xanthate derivative of 15‐hydroxypentadecanoic acid (HPDA) was synthesized for radiolabelling with [99mTcN]2+ intermediate.Direct reaction of the HPDA with carbon disulphide in presence of crushed sodium hydroxide in dry tetrahydrofuran resulted in moderate yield of the desired xanthate product. The prepared ligand was radiolabelled with [99mTcN]2+ intermediate and the resultant complex was characterized by paper electrophoresis and HPLC. The labelled preparation was assessed for its myocardial extraction and retention characteristics using Swiss mice model.The HPDA xanthate derivative was obtained in a low yield of ∼30%. Labelling via the [99mTcN]2+intermediate gave more than 95% complexation. During in vivo studies with the [TcN]2+ labelled complex maximum heart uptake observed was 3.10%ID/g at 5 min p.i., which cleared out rapidly, with retention of 0.79%ID/g of the activity at 60 min p.i.The 99mTcN‐HPDA xanthate derivative showed some uptake in the heart but rapid wash out and substantial uptake in the background organs (blood, liver and lungs) led to unfavourable critical ratios at all the time points of study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI and methionine metabolism in brain gliomas: Preliminary results
Authors: Sadeghi Niloufar , Salmon Isabelle , Tang Bich Ngoc Thanh , Denolin Vincent , Levivier Marc , Wikler David , Rorive Sandrine , Balériaux Danielle , Metens Thierry , Goldman Serge 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate in brain gliomas the relationship between tumor vascularity measured by MR‐based maximum regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and tumor amino‐acid metabolism based on maximum carbon‐11 methionine (MET) uptake on positron emission tomography (PET).Materials and MethodsEighteen patients with histologically proven primary brain gliomas were included in the study. In addition to conventional MR sequences, dynamic MR images, including a first‐pass gadopentetate dimeglumine T2*‐weighted echo‐planar perfusion sequence and a PET study using MET, were acquired. Eleven patients had low‐grade gliomas, and seven had high‐grade gliomas. rCBV ratios and MET uptake ratios normalized to the contralateral white matter (WM) corresponding values were measured in each tumor. Both maximum rCBV ratios and maximum MET uptake ratios were correlated to histopathology. The maximum rCBV ratios were correlated to the maximum MET uptake ratios.ResultsBoth the maximum rCBV ratios and maximum MET uptake ratios of high‐grade gliomas were significantly higher than those of low‐grade gliomas (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between maximum rCBV ratios and maximum MET uptake ratios (Spearman: r = 0.89, P < 0.00001).ConclusionThe maximum rCBV ratio and maximum MET uptake ratio are significantly correlated in gliomas, reflecting a close link between amino acid uptake and vascularity in these tumors. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vibrational spectra of ScAsO4·H2O
Authors: Baran Enrique J. , Schwendtner Karolina , Kolitsch Uwe 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe powder Fourier‐transform (FT) infrared and Raman spectra of ScAsO4· H2O were recorded and are discussed with a factor‐group analysis based on of its known structural characteristics.Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Striatal dopaminergic neurons are lost with Parkinson's disease progression
Authors: Porritt Michelle J. , Kingsbury Ann E. , Hughes Andrew J. , Howells David W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIncreased numbers of dopaminergic neurons are described in the striatum of patients with Parkinson's disease. In postmortem striatal tissue from Parkinson's disease patients with short disease duration (≤8 years), the number of dopaminergic neurons is approximately four times that in patients with long duration (≥16 years). The data suggest the possibility that the presence of large numbers of these striatal dopaminergic neurons may be harmful and may accelerate the disease process. Alternatively, these neurons may be lost to the disease process. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Botulinum toxin and neuromotor rehabilitation: An integrated approach to idiopathic cervical dystonia
Authors: Tassorelli Cristina , Mancini Francesca , Balloni Laura , Pacchetti Claudio , Sandrini Giorgio , Nappi Giuseppe , Martignoni Emilia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCurrently, the best treatment option for idiopathic cervical dystonia (ICD) is injection of botulinum toxin (BTX) into the affected muscles, whereas rehabilitative approaches have given disappointing results. We evaluated whether the association of an ad hoc rehabilitative program may improve the clinical efficacy of BTX treatment in a single‐center, cross‐over, controlled study. Forty patients with ICD were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups: (1) BTX type A (BTX‐A) plus a specific program of physical therapy (BTX‐PT) or (2) BTX‐A alone (BTX‐0). Patients in the BTX‐PT group showed a longer duration of the clinical benefit (118.8 vs. 99.1 days) and needed a lower dose of BTX at reinjection (284.5 vs. 325.5 units). In addition, they showed more marked reductions in their disability in activities of daily living (−9.7 vs. −4.85 points) and subjective pain (−13.35 vs. 6.95 points) scores. Association of BTX‐A therapy with a specific program of physical therapy may improve ICD treatment outcome. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Everyday activities and social contacts among older deaf sign language users: Relationships to health and well‐being
Authors: Werngren‐Elgström Monica , Brandt Åse , Iwarsson Susanne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to describe the everyday activities and social contacts among older deaf sign language users, and to investigate relationships between these phenomena and the health and well‐being within this group. The study population comprised deaf sign language users, 65 years or older, in Sweden. Data collection was based on interviews in sign language, including open‐ended questions covering everyday activities and social contacts as well as self‐rated instruments measuring aspects of health and subjective well‐being. The results demonstrated that the group of participants was homogeneous in their productive and leisure activities, regardless of gender and age. The number of productive activities was related to all aspects of health, while the number of leisure activities was related to perceived health and subjective well‐being. No significant relationship was found between aspects of health and subjective well‐being and the frequency of social contacts with family/relatives or visiting the deaf club and meeting friends. It is concluded that the variety of activities at the deaf clubs are important for the subjective well‐being of older deaf sign language users. Further research should investigate the importance and perceived value of the various activities at the deaf clubs. When evaluating the results of this study, the fact that the total number of participants was small, and the dropout rate was high, has to be borne in mind. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron is not involved in oxidative stress‐mediated cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and bleomycin
Authors: Kaiserová H , den Hartog G J M , Šimůnek T , Schröterová L , Kvasničková E , Bast A 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:The anticancer drugs doxorubicin and bleomycin are well‐known for their oxidative stress‐mediated side effects in heart and lung, respectively. It is frequently suggested that iron is involved in doxorubicin and bleomycin toxicity. We set out to elucidate whether iron chelation prevents the oxidative stress‐mediated toxicity of doxorubicin and bleomycin and whether it affects their antiproliferative/proapoptotic effects.Experimental approach:Cell culture experiments were performed in A549 cells. Formation of hydroxyl radicals was measured in vitro by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). We investigated interactions between five iron chelators and the oxidative stress‐inducing agents (doxorubicin, bleomycin and H2O2) by quantifying oxidative stress and cellular damage as TBARS formation, glutathione (GSH) consumption and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. The antitumour/proapoptotic effects of doxorubicin and bleomycin were assessed by cell proliferation and caspase‐3 activity assay.Key results:All the tested chelators, except for monohydroxyethylrutoside (monoHER), prevented hydroxyl radical formation induced by H2O2/Fe2+ in EPR studies. However, only salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone and deferoxamine protected intact A549 cells against H2O2/Fe2+. Conversely, the chelators that decreased doxorubicin and bleomycin‐induced oxidative stress and cellular damage (dexrazoxane, monoHER) were not able to protect against H2O2/Fe2+.Conclusions and implications:We have shown that the ability to chelate iron as such is not the sole determinant of a compound protecting against doxorubicin or bleomycin‐induced cytotoxicity. Our data challenge the putative role of iron and hydroxyl radicals in the oxidative stress‐mediated cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and bleomycin and have implications for the development of new compounds to protects against this toxicity.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 920–930. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706930
Processing of the AIDA‐I precursor: removal of AIDAC and evidence for the outer membrane anchoring as a β‐barrel structure
Authors: Suhr Martin , Benz Inga , Schmidt M. Alexander 
Published: October 2006

Summary The AIDA‐I adhesin known to be responsible for the diffuse adherence (DA) phenotype of the diarrhoea‐genie Escherichia coli (DAEC) strain 2787 has been shown previously to be synthesized as a precursor protein and to undergo additional C‐terminal processing. Here, the C‐terminal processing of the AIDA‐I precursor and the outer membrane topology of the cleaved C‐terminal fragment, AIDAC, were investigated. By isolation of the cleaved AIDAC fragment and N‐terminal sequencing, the C‐terminal cleavage site was identified between Ser‐846 and Ala‐847 thereby indicating a molecular mass of 47.5 kDa for AIDAC. The correct processing to AIDA‐I and AIDAC in OmpT, OmpP and DegP protease‐deficient E. coli strains as well as in avirulent salmonellae and shigellae points to an autocatalytic cleavage mechanism. The cleaved AIDAC was localized in the outer membrane. A leader sequence‐AIDAC fusion was efficiently routed to the outer membrane. Analysis by protease digestion, secondary‐structure prediction and modelling, by comparison with structurally related bacterial proteins like the lgA1 protease from neisseria, the vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori, and the VirG protein of Shigella flexneri, strongly indicates that AIDAC is present in the outer membrane as a β‐barrel structure.
Systemic Antibody Response to Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and LPS O111, O157 and O55 in Healthy Brazilian Adults
Authors: Zapata‐Quintanilla L. B. , Palmeira P. , Tino‐De‐Franco M. , Amaral J. A. , Carbonare C. B. , Carbonare S. B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEnterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) can cause a variety of human illnesses ranging from uncomplicated diarrhoea to haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uremic syndrome. The serotype O157:H7 has been associated with numerous outbreaks worldwide, but in Brazil the infection is rare. Brazilian adults present antibodies reactive with the principal virulence factors of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) that have many genetic and antigenic similarities with EHEC. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are components of outer membranes and important virulence factors of Gram‐negative bacteria. LPS O111 is present in EPEC and EHEC strains. LPS O157 is found only in EHEC strains, but it has some structural similarities with LPS O55 present in EPEC strains. This study investigates the levels of IgG and IgM seric antibodies reactive with EHEC O157:H7, EHEC O111:H–, EPEC O111:H– and the levels of anti‐LPS O111, LPS O157 and LPS O55 antibodies in healthy adults living in São Paulo, Brazil. The antibody levels were determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for 100 individual serum samples, and the presence of anti‐bacterial and anti‐LPS seric antibodies was confirmed. Positive correlations were found among the three kinds of antibodies. The concentrations of IgM anti‐LPS were significantly higher than those of IgG, and surprisingly, the concentrations of anti‐LPS O157 were high in view of the infrequent isolation of O157 bacteria in Brazil. Our results suggest that there is a cross‐reacting immunity to EHEC in the Brazilian population, which may be a result of the immunity to EPEC antigens. Alternatively, Brazilians may be exposed to EHEC more frequently than has previously been thought.
Primary and metastatic perineal adenocarcinoma: aetiology and management
Authors: Leon R. , Ramesh A. , Wilson M. S. , O’Dwyer S. T. 
Published: October 2006

Objective:  Adenocarcinoma of the perineum is unusual. This series of nine patients highlights the challenges of management.Method:  Six male and three female patients aged 29–85 years presented to a single unit, five were T4 and three were T3 tumours.Results:  Pain and swelling in the perineum and perianal tissues remote from the anal canal occurred in six patients whilst three patients had chronic perineal fistulae, two of whom had longstanding Crohn's disease. In eight patients a primary adenocarcinoma was identified. One patient with fistulating perineal Crohn's disease had multifocal mucinous adenocarcinoma without evidence of a gastrointestinal primary. Radical multimodality treatment including long course chemo‐radiotherapy (CRT) and radical abdominoperineal resection was used in seven patients, four of whom required perineal reconstruction with myocutaneous flaps. Two patients had CRT without surgery (one unresectable and one refused surgery). Negative resection margins were achieved in six of seven patients. All seven patients undergoing resection were well palliated with relief of pain and currently four patients remain free of disease with only one patient developing further perineal disease remote from the surgical resection site.Conclusion:  Perineal adenocarcinoma may be associated with an occult colorectal primary or chronic fistulae. Lower GI endoscopy and biopsies of non‐healing mucous producing fistulae should be undertaken to establish the diagnosis. Radical surgery often achieves local disease control.
Surgical treatment for urethral recurrence after ileal neobladder reconstruction in patients with bladder cancer
Authors: Yoshida Kenji , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Kinoshita Hidefumi , Matsuda Tadashi , Ogawa Osamu 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVETo report a retrospective study evaluating the management of superficial urethral recurrence after ileal neobladder construction in patients with bladder cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn 77 consecutive patients with ileal neobladder after radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer, urethral recurrence was evaluated and transurethral resection (TUR) used as an initial treatment for superficial urethral recurrence. Urethrectomy with urinary re‐diversion was performed when further recurrence developed.RESULTSFour patients (5%) presented with a superficial urethral recurrence and all four were treated by TUR as initial therapy. One patient has had no evidence of recurrence after initial TUR, although the other three patients were later treated with salvage urethrectomy due to repeated urethral recurrence. As a result, the stage of urethral recurrence advanced from pTa to pT1–pT2 in two of the three patients. For urinary re‐diversion, one patient had a conversion from a Studer pouch to an ileal conduit, using the afferent limb, and the other two were converted from a Hautmann pouch to a continent reservoir using the Appe‐Mainz procedure. There was no evidence of metastasis or local recurrence in any of the four patients.CONCLUSIONUrethral preservation at initial therapy for superficial recurrence might be reasonable, and sequential urethrectomy after attempted urethral preservation might be strategically feasible. Urinary re‐diversion from a neobladder to a catheterizable continent reservoir using the appendix would be a good choice and maintains the quality of life.
Testicular microlithiasis: what does it mean clinically?
Authors: Dagash Haitham , MacKinnon Ewen A. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVETo review our current practice of follow‐up for boys with testicular microlithiasis (TM), an uncommon condition characterized by calcification within the seminiferous tubules, detected by ultrasonography (US); TM has been associated with both benign and malignant conditions of the testes but the natural history of TM in children remains unclear.PATIENTS AND METHODSAll boys diagnosed with TM over a 14‐year period were included in this study. A search of the radiology database was carried out using the keywords ‘testicular microlithiasis’ and ‘testicular calcification’. A retrospective case‐note review was then used to determine age at diagnosis, presenting symptoms, indication for testicular US, outcome and follow‐up. We also searched Medline/PubMed, using the same keywords for published data on TM from 1970 to 2006.RESULTSOver the study period 711 testicular scans were taken in 623 patients; seven cases (1.1%) of TM were identified. The mean (range) age at presentation was 12 (7–15) years. The presenting symptoms were testicular pain (three), undescended testes (two), hydrocele (one) and asymptomatic scrotal swelling (one). In five cases the TM was bilateral and in two a solitary kidney was identified. Only one patient had tumour markers measured (β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin and α‐fetoprotein) and these were within normal limits. On yearly US follow‐up, the TM was less prominent in one patient, unchanged in four and two were lost to follow‐up. Three patients are currently on yearly US follow‐up while two are under the care of adult general surgeons. The analysis of reports published to date indicated that malignancy only develops when TM is associated with other predisposing factors.CONCLUSIONThere is no convincing evidence that TM alone is premalignant. However, when it accompanies other potentially premalignant features we recommend annual US follow‐up.