bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CREMOFAC—a database of chromatin remodeling factors
Authors: Shipra Agrawal , Chetan Kumar , Rao M. R. S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Motivation: Chromatin-remodeling is an important event in the eukaryotic nucleus rendering nucleosomal DNA accessible for various transaction processes. Remodeling Factors facilitate the dynamic nature of chromatin through participation of the collective action of (i) ATP and (ii) Non-ATP dependent factors. Considering the importance of these factors in eukaryotes, we have developed, CREMOFAC, a dedicated and frequently updated web-database for chromatin-remodeling factors.
Results: The database harbors factors from 49 different organisms reported in literature and facilitates a comprehensive search for them. In addition, it also provides in-depth information for the factors reported in the three widely studied mammals namely, human, mouse and rat. Further, information on literature, pathways and phylogenetic relationships has also been covered. The development of CREMOFAC as a central repository for chromatin-remodeling factors and the absence of such a pre-existing database heighten its utility thus making its presence indispensable.
Availability:
Contact: mrsrao@jncasr.ac.in
Fluorescence digital photography of acne using a light‐emitting diode illuminator
Authors: Ahn Hyo Hyun , Kim Soo Nam , Kye Young Chul 
Published: October 2006

Background/purpose: The fluorescence findings of several dermatological diseases, such as erythrasma, tinea versicolor, and acne are helpful for diagnosis and follow‐up. However, many experience difficulty taking photographic images of fluorescence. The aim of this study was to develop a 405 nm light‐emitting diode (LED) system for fluorescence digital photography of acne and to determine whether such a diode can be used to evaluate acne.Methods: Eight healthy acne patients were compared with controls by fluorescence digital photography using a digital camera equipped with a 405 nm LED illuminator. Digital photographs were taken by two different ways of exposure, i.e. appropriate exposure level and longer exposure. One side of the nose, cheek, and glabella was compared. The numbers and extents of fluorescence dots were counted and measured. As normal controls, seven individuals with apparent oiliness and no acne were enrolled.Results: Red fluorescent facial dots were observed and photographed digitally using the 405 nm LED illuminator. These were more numerous and extensive on the glabella and cheeks of acne patients.Conclusion: Fluorescence digital photography of acne was successfully performed using a 405 nm LED illuminator. This illuminator could be used for acne evaluations.
Hepatocellular oncofetal protein, glypican 3 is a sensitive marker for α‐fetoprotein‐producing gastric carcinoma
Authors: Hishinuma M , Ohashi K‐I , Yamauchi N , Kashima T , Uozaki H , Ota S , Kodama T , Aburatani H , Fukayama M 
Published: October 2006

Aims Glypican 3 (GPC3) is a cell surface heparan sulphate proteoglycan expressed specifically in the fetal liver and malignant neoplasms of hepatocyte lineage. The aim was to evaluate the significance of GPC3 in α‐fetoprotein (AFP)‐producing gastric carcinoma (GC) and other forms of GC.Methods and results We immunohistochemically evaluated GPC3 expression in representative cases of AFP‐producing GC and in a tissue microarray of a consecutive series of GCs with other markers of hepatocyte lineage (AFP, PIVKA‐II and hepatocyte antigen, HEP). In a series of 10 cases of AFP‐producing GC, we observed immunohistochemical positivity for GPC3, PIVKA‐II and HEP in 10, three and three cases in components with a hepatoid pattern and in nine, two and five cases in components with a non‐hepatoid pattern, respectively. In a series of 118 cases of GC, we observed positivity for AFP, GPC3, PIVKA‐II and HEP in one (0.8%), four (3.4%), six (5.1%) and 26 cases (22%), respectively. GPC3 was observed concurrently with AFP and discordantly with PIVKA‐II and HEP. GPC3 positivity was clearly stronger in a larger area compared with immunoreactivity for AFP.Conclusions GPC3 is a sensitive marker for AFP‐producing GC and its hepatoid component and is therefore useful to identify this aggressive subgroup of GC.
SYNTHESIS OF GANGLIOSIDES DURING DEVELOPMENT AND ITS RELATION TO THE QUANTITATIVE CHANGES OF SUBCELLULAR PARTICLES OF RAT BRAIN
Authors: Rubiolo De Maccioni Alicia H. , Caputto R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Different subcellular fractions prepared from developing rat cerebrum were quantified by determinations of dried weights and protein contents. It was found that there is an increase of 2–2·5 times in the weights of synaptosomes and mitochondria/g of tissue during the first 20 days of extrauterine life.A period of fast synthesis of gangliosides, with a similar pattern of increase for the different subcellular particles, was found during the first 15 days of life by study of the incorporation of injected d‐[1‐14C]glucosamine in rats at different stages of development. Attempts to find out if gangliosides from a certain fraction are precursors of those of other fractions indicated that in all fractions the gangliosides increase independently of the other fractions. It is concluded that the enzymic systems of synthesis of these glycolipids are present in vivo in all the fractions considered.
SYNAPTOSOMAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN A CELL‐FREE SYSTEM*
Authors: Morgan I. G. , Austin L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Synaptosomes were isolated from cerebral cortex of young rats and incubated with14C‐labelledl‐leucinein vitro. Amino acid incorporation into proteins of the synaptosomal cytoplasm, mitochondria and membrane components was observed. There was no incorporation into proteins of the vesicles. The protein‐synthesizing system was not stimulated by the addition of either ATP or an ATP‐generating system. ATP at all concentrations was inhibitory.Two different protein‐synthesizing systems operate in the synaptosome. One, sensitive to inhibition by chloramphenicol and related antibiotics, is found in the mitochondrial subfraction and the other, inhibited by cycloheximide, is located either in the membrane components or the synaptosomal cytoplasm. This second system resembles the eukaryotic ribosomal system in its sensitivity to cycloheximide. Both the synaptosomal soluble fraction and the synaptosomal membrane fractions were shown previously to contain RNA. This RNA could function in protein‐synthesizing mechanisms in the synaptosome. These results deomonstrate that protein is synthesized in axonal components and show that it is unnecessary to postulate that all axonal protein is supplied by somato‐axonal flow.
THE EFFECT OF β,β′‐IMINODIPROPIONITRILE AND ANAESTHESIA ON SOME ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES OF RAT BRAIN AND RETINA
Authors: Williams S. , Paterson R. A. , Heath H. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—A significant increase in the retinal ATP content of anaesthetised rats was found 6 days after administration of β, β′‐iminodipropionitrile (IDPN). With the development of retinal dystrophy variable ATP levels were observed from the 8th to the 12th day and low values were recorded on the 17th and 21st days.At 8 days after IDPN administration the ATP content of anaesthetised rat brain was significantly increased with slight decreases in ADP and AMP levels.The differences in the level of these adenine nucleotides in unanaesthetised and anaesthetised rat brain were not significant before or after IDPN administration.These results were related to previous experiments on the action of IDPN on the electroretinal response and the later development of a retinal microangiopathy. It was suggested that IDPN has a primary neurotoxic effect followed by the development of vascular morphological changes.
ACETYL‐ AND PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITIES IN SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA OF RATS1
Authors: Klingman Gerda I. , Klingman J. D. , Poliszczuk Anna 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The quantitative method of Ellman, Courtney, Andres and Featherstone (1961) was adapted to a differential assay for the determination of acetyl‐ and pseudocholinesterase activities of sympathetic ganglia of rats. The activities of the cholinesterases of superior cervical, stellate and thoracic chain ganglia and of the abdominal ganglionic complexes in apposition to the superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries (superior mesenteric, coeliac and cardiac ganglia) were measured. B.W.284C51 dibromide, 5 × 10−5m, and ethopropazine hydrochloride, 3·15 × 10−5m, were employed to inhibit selectively acetyl‐ and pseudocholinesterases, respectively. Linearity was shown to be maintained with enzyme concentrations corresponding to 0·12‐0·5 mg of ganglion (wet wt.)/incubation. Under the experimental conditions of this assay, the rates of the reaction of ganglionic acetyl‐ and pseudocholinesterases were linear for time periods greater than those employed for calculating the rates of hydrolysis in the homogenates of sympathetic ganglia. Several experimental approaches were used to ascertain the specificity of the inhibitors and of the reaction.Of the total cholinesterase activity of sympathetic ganglia of rats, 55‐63 per cent was due to acetylcholinesterase and 31‐39 per cent to pseudocholinesterase. On the basis of the specific enzyme activity, superior cervical, stellate and superior mesenteric ganglia contained higher acetyl‐ and pseudocholinesterase activities than did thoracic chain, coeliac and cardiac (abdominal) ganglia. The specific activity of acetylcholinesterase was similar in rat and cat superior cervical ganglia and sympathetic cervical trunks while the pseudocholinesterase activity of these two tissues was somewhat lower in cats than in rats.
CELL‐FREE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY MOUSE BRAIN DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Johnson T. C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Cell‐free homogenates were employed to study the nature of the mechanism that is responsible for the rapid decrement in protein synthesis during early neural development. There was a progressive loss of polypeptide synthesis in post‐mitochondrial fractions that were isolated from increasingly older tissue. By the time the animals were approximately 17 days old, the rate of amino acid incorporation had decreased to the rate that was measured in adult brain preparations. This decrement in synthetic activity was similar to that previously measured in developing intact brain cells. The loss in protein synthesis was demonstrated to be independent of cellular membrane permeability and under the influence of intracellular control mechanisms. Although the nature of the control mechanism is still not clear, a lack of template RNA to direct protein synthesis was not the limiting factor in the decreased synthesis of the older brain preparations.
METABOLIC PARAMETERS OF ONTOGENESIS OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN THE BRAIN. SODIUM‐POTASSIUM ACTIVATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE IN DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYO BRAIN
Authors: Zaheer N. , Iqbal Z. , Talwar G. P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) The activity of the Na‐K ATPase in the particulate fraction of the chick embryo brain has been assayed at different stages of development with the objective of finding whether or not changes in the activity of this enzyme bear any relation to the maturation of spontaneous and evoked electrical activity of the growing chick brain.(2) The specific activity of the enzyme is low on day 6 and it rises rapidly between days 10 and 12, at which time it attains a plateau and remains essentially unchanged from day 12 until day 20. Experimental evidence rules out the possible presence of an inhibitor of the enzyme in 8‐day‐old brain homogenates, suggesting that these developmental changes in the activity of the enzyme may represent new synthesis of enzyme rather than its activation. The period between days 10 and 12 does not represent a unique stage of general protein synthesis.(3) The chick brain particulate enzyme has an optimum activity at pH 7·4 and at 37°. It is optimally activated by a Na+ concentration of 100mm and K+ concentration of 20 mm. The enzyme is inhibited by ouabain and Ca2+.(4) The results have been discussed.
EFFLUX OF ACCUMULATED CALCIUM FROM BRAIN MICROSOMES1
Authors: Robinson J. D. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) A microsomal preparation from rat brain accumulated calcium by an ATP‐dependent process during incubation in a hypotonie medium. Accumulation was reduced in media containing 100 mm‐NaCl, 100 mm‐KCl or 100 mm‐choline chloride or 200 mm‐sucrose. During prolonged incubations NaCl further decreased calcium content unlike the other ions; this suggests a release of accumulated calcium by NaCl.(2) Microsomes that had accumulated calcium during a prior incubation (‘preloaded microsomes’) lost calcium during a subsequent incubation. NaCl specifically increased the rate of loss of calcium. Ouabain had no effect on the NaCl‐induced efflux.(3) Loss of calcium from preloaded microsomes, both with and without NaCl, had a high temperature coefficient. Measurements of monovalent cation content showed no correlation of either the uptake or loss with a simple ion‐exchange process and the accumulated calcium did not exchange with calcium in the medium.(4) ATP specifically reduced the efflux of calcium from preloaded microsomes. Although the diminished loss of calcium could be attributed in part to reaccumulation, this was not the only mechanism since ATP also reduced the loss from continuously perfused microsomes preloaded with calcium.(5) A series of neurotropic drugs had little effect on the efflux of calcium. Low concentrations of chlorpromazine decreased calcium retention less than 20 per cent.
LIPIDS AND PROTEOLIPIDS IN ISOLATED SUBCELLULAR MEMBRANES OF RAT BRAIN CORTEX*
Authors: Lapetina E. G. , Soto E. F. , Robertis E. De 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The cerebral cortex of the rat was submitted to an extensive cell fractionation schedule and in the various fractions, protein, proteolipid protein, total phospholipids, cholesterol, galactolipids, plasmalogens, and gangliosides were determined. With increasing purification the different isolated membranous structures: i.e. myelin, nerve ending membranes, synaptic vesicles, mitochondria, and microsomes, show a definite biochemical specialization reflected in their lipid composition. The presence of gangliosides in some nerve ending membranes is confirmed, and the possible functional role of these acid glyco‐lipids is discussed.The importance of proteolipids as structural components of membranes is recognized. The richness of these compounds in myelin is confirmed and a special localization in the nerve ending membranes is indicated.Analysis of the molar ratios of the different lipids and proteins in the isolated membranes demonstrates that each one has a specific pattern of molecular organization. This pattern is discussed in relation to the macromolecular structures revealed by electronmicroscopy and some of the molecular models postulated for cell membranes.
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN THE FELINE CEREBELLUM
Authors: Phillis J. W. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Histochemical procedures for the localisation of AChE have been used on the cerebella of normal and operated cats to investigate the presence of cholinergic pathways. The evidence indicates that some mossy afferent fibres and deep nuclear cells are cholinergic. The presence of AChE in many cells in the granule cell layer suggests that some parallel fibres and association pathways in the cerebellum may also be cholinergic. The relationship of these results to studies on the pharmacology and distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the cerebellum is discussed.
THE CATIONIC COMPOSITION OF INCUBATED CEREBRAL CORTEX SLICES
Authors: Franck G. , Cornette M. , Schoffeniels E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— 1. A new type of cutting table is described. It makes use of the elastic properties of a nylon thread, 0·08 mm thick, in which longitudinal vibrations greatly increase its ability to cut through soft tissue. Two slices of cerebral cortex may thus be obtained within 3–4 min after the death of an animal.2. The extent of the swelling of a brain slice, as well as the ionic shift, is directly related to the amount of oxygen in the incubating fluid. Under the best conditions of oxygen supply, the swelling of a first slice was close to 12·2 ± 4·3 per cent after 5 hr of incubation. The corresponding values for the Na+ and K+ contents were respectively 119·3 ± 6·9 and 70·9 ± 5·0 μequiv./g of final fresh weight (P2).3. Incubation in complete anoxia leads to a considerable shift in the cation content of the slice, which acquires a composition close to that of the incubating fluid. This suggests that a large part of the cell population is still metabolically active when oxygen is present.4. The inulin space represents 47·1 ± 5·8 per cent of the initial fresh weight. It is independent of the amount of fluid taken up by the slice as well as of anoxia.5. The cation content of the non‐inulin space, calculated by assuming that the inulin space has the same composition as the incubation medium, was 77·7 μequiv./ml and 160·3 μequiv./ml for Na+ and K+ respectively.6. The meaning of the inulin space, as well as the physico‐chemical state of the cations in the slice, are discussed.
PASSAGE OF 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE THROUGH THE BLOOD‐BRAIN BARRIER, ITS METABOLISM IN THE BRAIN AND ELIMINATION OF 5‐HYDROXYINDO‐LEACETIC ACID FROM THE BRAIN TISSUE
Authors: Bulat M. , Supek Z. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— 5‐HT was injected intravenously in rats (10 mg/kg) and a marked increase in brain 5‐HT and 5‐HIAA was observed. For the first 10 min after injection the penetration of 5‐HT into the brain and formation of 5‐HIAA is evident. After 10 min degradation of exogenous 5‐HT and elimination of 5‐HIAA are prominent. Metabolism of exogenous 5‐HT in the brain is very fast (half‐life between 5 and 10 min; completely metabolized in approximately 80 min). The importance of these results in explaining the permeability of blood‐brain barrier to 5‐HT is discussed.Experiments on brain slices show that 5‐HT is more readily metabolized in brain tissue than eliminated into incubation medium. In contrast, 5‐HIAA very easily leaves brain tissue.
CHOLINESTERASES OF RAT SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA AFTER IMMUNOSYMPATHECTOMY, DECENTRALIZATION AND AXOTOMY12
Authors: Klingman Gerda I. , Klingman J. D. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Immunosympathectomy was produced in Sprague‐Dawley rats by the subcutaneous injection of 300 units of nerve growth factor (NGF)‐antiserum (1.56 mg of freeze‐dried serum)/g/day for 6 days, the first dose being given 5–8 hr after birth. The immunosympathectomized rats and their control littermates were killed 2½ and 7 months after birth.Ganglionic acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase activities were measured by an adaption (Kungman, Kungman and Pouszczuk, 1968) of the colorimetric method of Ellman, Courtney, Andres and Featherstone (1961). Following immunosympathectomy the activities of these enzymes decreased significantly in superior cervical, stellate, thoracic chain, cardiac (abdominal), coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglia. The reduction of the acetylcholinesterase activity was greater than expected in a number of sympathetic ganglia, e.g. superior cervical, stellate, coeliac and cardiac ganglia, if one considered that only the postganglionic neurons were affected by immunosympathectomy. The activities of these enzymes were also reduced in the cervical sympathetic trunks from NGF‐antiserum‐treated rats. By means of decentralization and axotomy it was shown that 45 per cent of the total ganglionic acetylcholinesterase activity was associated with the preganglionic and 55 per cent with the postganglionic elements of the superior cervical ganglion from control rats. It was concluded that immunosympathectomy also affects the preganglionic sympathetic neurons. It is not known whether this is a primary effect of the NGF‐antiserum or a secondary effect resulting from the absence of over 90 per cent of the postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies.
RESPIRATION IN VITRO OF SYNAPTOSOMES FROM MAMMALIAN CEREBRAL CORTEX
Authors: Bradford H. F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— —(1) The respiratory properties of synaptosomes and mitochondria from mammalian cerebral cortex are compared.(2) Synaptosome showed high and linear respiration with glucose and pyruvate as substrates in Krebs‐Ringer media. Mitochondria showed such respiration only with pyruvate as substrate in media lacking Na and high in K and phosphate.(3) Exposure of synaptosomes to hypotonic media caused loss of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and protein, and respiration diminished and became non‐linear.(4) Both ATP and phosphocreatine were synthesised by synaptosomes with glucose as substrate. ATP was synthesised by mitochondria in the presence of pyruvate.(5) Synaptosome but not mitochondria showed some capacity for active accumulation of potassium.(6) Both mitochondria and synaptosomes respired with glutamate as substrate. Glutamate caused 80 per cent loss of ATP and phosphocreatine in synaptosomes but did not diminish the level of mitochondrial ATP.
INHIBITION BY γ‐HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE OF ACETYLCHOLINE‐STIMULATED PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL SYNTHESIS IN CEREBRAL CORTEX SLICES AND OF PHOSPHATIDIC ACID‐INOSITOL TRANSFERASE IN CEREBRAL CORTEX PARTICULATE FRACTIONS1
Authors: Hokin Mabel R. , Brown Donna F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

γ‐Hexachlorocyclohexane inhibits the ACh‐stimulated synthesis of phosphatidylinositol in guinea pig cerebral cortex slices, as measured either by the incorporation of [2‐3H]inositol or of 32P. Phosphatidylinositol synthesis in the control slices is not inhibited.
The synthesis of phosphatidylinositol from CDP‐diglyceride in cerebral cortex microsomal preparations is inhibited by γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane. The incorporation of [2‐3H]inositol into lipid in the absence of added cytidine nucleotide in these preparations is not inhibited.
δ‐Hexachlorocyclohexane profoundly inhibits phosphatide synthesis and phosphate metabolism in cerebral cortex slices both in the presence and absence of ACh. This isomer also inhibits the exchange reaction for the incorporation of [2‐3H]inositol into lipid in the microsomal preparations.
α‐, and β‐Hexachlorocyclohexanes do not inhibit either ACh‐stimulated or control synthesis of phosphatidylinositol in cerebral cortex slices; nor do they inhibit the exchange reaction for [2‐3H]inositol incorporation into lipid in the microsomal preparations.
The specific effects of γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane are taken as providing evidence that ACh‐stimulated phosphatidylinositol synthesis in cerebral cortex slices probably involves the CDP‐diglyceride pathway. The possibility is discussed that the primary action of ACh in this system is to cause an increased activity of diglyceride kinase to provide phosphatidic acid for this pathway.
LACK OF ABNORMALITY IN BRAIN AROMATIC AMINES IN RATS AND MICE SUSCEPTIBLE TO AUDIOGENIC SEIZURE*
Authors: McGeer E. G. , Ikeda H. , Asakura T. , Wada J. A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The levels of certain amines (catecholamines, 5‐HT, and ‘histamine’) and of certain enzymes (tyrosine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, ChAc, or AChE) in whole brain or selected brain areas of rats and mice susceptible to audiogenic seizure have been compared with the levels in matched groups of non‐sensitive animals. Sensitive groups included both those where susceptibility is inborn and those where it is induced by administration of methionine sulphoximine or thiosemicarbazide. No significant difference was found which could be correlated with susceptibility to audiogenic seizure.