bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF INSULIN, GLUCOSE AND GLYCEROL ON FAT METABOLISM IN ALLOXAN-DIABETIC SHEEP
Authors: REID R. L. , HINKS N. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of insulin, glucose injection and oral glycerol on blood or plasma levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), acetic acid and ketone bodies have been studied in alloxan-diabetic sheep. Insulin (0·5 i.u./kg.) lowered glucose levels only slightly, but induced a prompt and marked fall in FFA and acetate levels; ketones declined steadily after the first hour. The rate of utilization of injected glucose was considerably slower in diabetic than in non-diabetic sheep. FFA levels did not decline after glucose injection, while acetate levels declined slowly. Ketone levels were not affected significantly. Glycerol (180 ml.) per os reduced acetate and ketone levels, while tending to increase FFA values. Blood glucose also increased considerably. These data are consistent with present knowledge of the metabolic lesions in severe diabetes. However, it is concluded that there is impairment of acetate and, probably, ketone oxidation in severe diabetic ketosis. Finally, the metabolic changes recorded are compared with those which occur after insulin, glucose or glycerol administration to ewes showing clinical signs of ovine pregnancy toxaemia following severe and prolonged undernourishment in late pregnancy.
THE EXCRETION OF NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN THE URINE OF NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: CATHRO D. M. , BIRCHALL KATHLEEN , MITCHELL F. L. , FORSYTH CONSTANCE C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Following enzyme hydrolysis of the urine of infants aged 1 to 6 days, the neutral steroids have been extracted and their excretion patterns determined using a method based on paper chromatography. Three groups of compounds have been estimated—those reacting with Zimmermann reagent, those reducing blue tetrazolium and those giving sodium fluorescence. The first group includes the 17-oxosteroids and the latter two the corticoids. The steroid excretion patterns in the urine of these infants have been compared with those demonstrated by the same technique in adult female urine and in the urine of mothers in the 24 hr. following delivery.
For all groups of compounds, the excretion patterns in the urine of infants are different from those found in the urine of their mothers or in that of adult women. The outstanding feature in infant urine is the dominance of compounds which behave like steroids, and which either do not occur in adult urine, or are present in insignificant amounts. Less obvious changes in the excretion patterns of 17-oxosteroids and of corticoids in pregnancy urine are also described.
Many of the Zimmermann chromogens which are dominant in the urine in the first days of life have greatly diminished, or have disappeared, by the 6th day. This applies both to full-term and premature infants.
The pattern of excretion of blue tetrazolium-reducing material in the urine of newborn infants is extremely complicated and, apparently, unique. Tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone, which are the major corticoid metabolites in adult urine, are much less prominent in the urine in the first 3 days of life.
A blue tetrazolium-reducing steroid isolated from the urine of infants has been provisionally identified as 3β, 21-dihydroxypregn-5-ene-20-one.
The altered steroid excretion patterns found in the urine of newborn infants are thought to indicate that there are fundamental differences in the metabolism of adrenal and placental steroids which are peculiar to this period and comparable with those established within recent years for oestrogens and progesterone.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF EGGS AND EMBRYOS BETWEEN SIDES IN THE MOUSE
Authors: McLAREN ANNE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The variance of the distribution of eggs and embryos between left and right sides was analysed in mice. Little or no departure from the variance of a binomial distribution was detected for eggs, whether ovulation was spontaneous or induced, and whether the mean number of eggs shed was within normal limits or was raised well above the normal level. As pregnancy advanced, the distribution of embryos between sides became slightly more equal than the binomial, as a result of pre- and post-implantational mortality. In pigs, the tendency towards equalization was much stronger owing to migration of embryos between the two uterine horns. The right side tended to be reproductively superior to the left in mice, in respect both of ovulation rate and survival of embryos.
The correlation between left and right sides was negative after spontaneous ovulation, and after induced ovulation with a dose of hormone such that ovulation rate remained within normal limits. If, on the other hand, ovulation rate was raised above the normal level, a positive correlation between sides was found. These correlations arose not from any departures from binomiality in the distribution between sides, but from the level of variation between females in the total number of eggs or embryos. The condition for no correlation between sides is that the variance of total number should be equal to the mean. Positive correlations arise from inflation of this variance, a not unexpected consequence of increasing the mean ovulation rate above its physiological norm. Negative correlations imply that the variation between females is less than the variation between the two ovaries of a single female. In other words, the limit to the number of eggs shed operates on the female as a whole, and not on each ovary independently. The physiological implications of this finding are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF PITUITARY STALK SECTION ON LUTEAL FUNCTION IN THE FERRET
Authors: DONOVAN B. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of hypophysectomy or of division of the pituitary stalk on the growth and function of the corpora lutea in the ovaries of the pseudopregnant ferret was studied, and compared with the changes seen in the ovaries and uterus of normal animals. Hypophysectomy caused a fall in the weight of the ovaries and uterus and regression of the corpora lutea. Isolation of the pituitary gland from the brain was compatible with full development of the corpora lutea and did not interfere with the growth of the uterus during the first 4 weeks of pseudopregnancy. Later on, the ovarian and uterine weights fell below those of control animals. Blank operations, and stalk section with subsequent regeneration of the portal vessels, did not disturb luteal function. It is concluded that the pituitary gland of the pseudopregnant ferret secretes a luteotrophic hormone and that an additional factor, possibly oestrogen, may be required for optimal luteal activity.
THE EFFECT OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES ON EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED MUSCULAR ATROPHY AND ON TIBIAL EPIPHYSIAL CARTILAGE WIDTH IN NORMAL AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: SAPER J. , THOMPSON HELEN E. C. CARGILL , LORAINE J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Unilateral section of the sciatic nerve causes atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle with consequent reduction in wet weight and in fibre size of the muscle in both hypophysectomized and non-hypophysectomized animals.
2. The administration of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating, luteinizing and adrenocorticotrophic hormone, either before nerve section, immediately after nerve section or some time after atrophy has been established, had no effect on muscle fibre size.
3. The administration of TSH during the period immediately following nerve section caused a significant reduction in the tibial epiphysial cartilage width of the denervated limb. No difference in cartilage width between denervated and innervated limbs was observed following treatment with any of the other hormones.
4. In both normal and hypophysectomized animals the effect of the hormones on body weight and on the weight of normal and atrophic muscles was in keeping with their known physiological actions.
5. It is concluded that anterior pituitary hormones act on muscles by virtue of their well-known anabolic or catabolic properties, that their effects on total body weight and innervated and denervated muscle are generally similar and that, under the experimental conditions used, none of the hormones studied was capable of preventing the occurrence of atrophy in denervated muscle.
THE DETERMINATION OF STEROIDS IN CYST FLUID FROM HUMAN POLYCYSTIC OVARIES
Authors: GIORGI ELEONORA P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A micro-method has been developed for the determination of Δ4-3-ketosteroids and Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroids, oestradiol-17β, oestrone and oestriol in small volumes of cyst fluid. The method consists of separation of the neutral and phenolic fractions by solvent partition; fractionation of the neutral steroids by partition and paper chromatography and of the three oestrogens by adsorption chromatography after methylation. This technique has been applied to cyst fluid from the ovaries of twenty-one patients, twelve with the Stein—Leventhal syndrome, and nine with other gynaecological disorders. In the patients with the Stein—Leventhal syndrome the steroid concentrations in cyst fluid showed a definite pattern characterized by high concentrations of Δ4-androstenedione, low concentrations of progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and small amounts or undetectable oestrogens. In cyst fluid from the ovaries of the nine control patients there were, in general, lower concentrations of Δ4-androstenedione and significant amounts of oestradiol-17β. High concentrations of progesterone and oestrogens were found in the cyst fluid of patients with menorrhagia and endometriosis.
PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Authors: KENNEDY G. C. , LIPSCOMB H. S. , HAGUE P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Electrolytic lesions were produced in the median eminence in a series of rats; the resultant diabetes insipidus varied in severity over the whole range expected from this type of operation, and no part of the median eminence was spared. Plasma corticosterone was estimated both under resting conditions and after ether anaesthesia, and at different intervals after the induction of polyuria. Although the levels under both conditions were variable, the variability was not correlated with the severity of the polyuria, and the mean values were in the normal range.
THE DECIDUOMA ASSAY: A METHOD FOR MEASURING PROLACTIN
Authors: KOVAČÍC NADA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Mice 3 months of age were hypophysectomized on the 1st day of dioestrus and treated with prolactin for 5 consecutive days commencing immediately after hypophysectomy. One uterine horn was traumatized on the 3rd day of the experiment and autopsy was performed on the 6th day. Prolactin maintained the function of the corpus luteum and induced the formation of deciduomata in the injured uterine horn.
The increase in weight of the damaged uterine horn compared with the control horn was used as the end point. Since mechanical injury alone caused an increase of up to 10·4 mg., a positive response was taken as an increase of 11 mg. or more.
The response was treated as quantal and the percentage of positive responses was transferred to probits. Parallel line assays were used with three or two dose levels of the standard and the unknown.
The design permitted a simultaneous study of the effects of a preparation on both the damaged and the undamaged horns of the uterus. Prolactin caused an increase in weight of the damaged horn and gonadotrophin an increase in weight of both horns, but when prolactin was contaminated with gonadotrophin it could still be assayed by the difference in weight between the two.
Three different preparations of ovine prolactin (Armour) were assayed against the 2nd International Prolactin Standard and the results compared favourably with the maker's estimate of potency. Two preparations were also assayed by the pigeon crop gland and by the dioestrus methods and the results were similar. The index of discrimination was about unity.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS OF THE SKOMER BANK VOLE (CLETHRIONOMYS SKOMERENSIS)
Authors: ZARROW M. X. , WILSON E. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Marked pubic separation, comparable to that in the guinea-pig, mouse and deermouse, was observed to occur in the Skomer bank vole towards the end of gestation when the pubic gap measured 4–5 mm. Ovariectomized Skomer voles treated with oestradiol showed a pubic separation of 0·8–0·9 mm., while treatment with oestradiol and relaxin caused a separation of 2·5–4·6 mm. Relaxin alone had no effect.
THE PITUITARY STALK AND WATER METABOLISM IN THE MONKEY
Authors: HOLMES R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The pituitary stalk was divided in a series of rhesus monkeys. The animals were allowed to survive up to 12 months, and an attempt was made to correlate structural and functional changes in the pituitary with the pattern of water metabolism after operation.
It was found that if the cut ends of the stalk were separated by an impermeable barrier, the animals did not develop the classical signs of diabetes insipidus, despite the fact that the infundibular process atrophied below the lesion. If, however, the cut ends of the stalk were allowed to re-unite, the three classical phases of diabetes insipidus were usually apparent, but the 'permanent' polyuria diminished with time.
Separation of the cut ends of the stalk by a barrier was associated with signs of hypofunction of the pars distalis, and it is suggested that such hypofunction nullifies the effect of the neurohypophysial lesion on the development of polyuria.
THE USE OF GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE ASSAY OF SOME CORTICOSTEROIDS IN URINE
Authors: BAILEY E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Conditions are described for the measurement of cortisol, cortisone, prednisolone and prednisone* by gas chromatography. A procedure is outlined for measuring them and some of their unconjugated metabolites in urine. The procedure involves the separation of the urine extract into four paper chromatographic fractions, oxidation of each fraction with sodium bismuthate and gas chromatography of the oxidation products. This procedure is considered to be preferable in several respects to the methods currently used for the same purpose.
OESTROGEN ANTAGONISTS: ASSAY BY INHIBITION OF VAGINAL CORNIFICATION
Authors: LEE AUDREY E. , WILLIAMS P. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Spayed mice drinking dilute aqueous solutions of oestrone (40 μg./1.) maintain a state of vaginal cornification for several weeks.
A single injection of progesterone inhibits the vaginal response and the degree of inhibition can be measured. The ED 50 of progesterone by this method is about 75 μg.
A satisfactory 3 + 3-point assay of megestrol acetate, using progesterone as a standard, is reported.
A SYSTEM OF ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF 17α- AND 17β-PREGNANE-3,20-DIOLS AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION AS METABOLITES OF PROGESTERONE IN MAN, THE MONKEY, RABBIT AND GUINEA-PIG
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN J. , KNIGHTS B. A. , THOMAS G. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The relative elution properties of the eight 17β-pregnane-3,20-diols differing in configuration at C-3, 5, and 20 have been determined; a system of analysis is described by which any pregnanediol in this group can be characterized unambiguously. The required information can be obtained by chromatography of the compound, its acyl derivative and its oxidation product on the fluoroalkyl silicone polymer QF-1.
The region of elution of the diacetates of the corresponding 17α-pregnanediol group on QF-1 has also been determined, this information was obtained by the synthesis of four of the eight 17α-pregnanediols. The only members of the 17β-pregnanediol diacetate group which are eluted within this region are 5β-pregnane-3α, 20β-diol diacetate and its 3β-epimer.
The utility of this analytical approach is demonstrated by the identification of the pregnanediols from a variety of urinary sources. It is shown that the same three pregnanediols are excreted by man, the rabbit and the monkey as end products of progesterone catabolism. In the guinea-pig, the pregnanediol concentrations are very low, even after injection with progesterone, and only 5β-pregnane-3α, 20α-diol has been identified. The same system of gas chromatography has also been used to confirm some of the biochemical transformations previously reported by Cooke, Rogers & Thomas (1963).
A METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF 17-OXOSTEROIDS AND 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: DESHPANDE N. , BULBROOK R. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A simple method for the simultaneous estimation of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-oxosteroids in human plasma is described. It involves extraction of free corticosteroids, hydrolysis of glucuronosides with β-glucuronidase and solvolysis of sulphates, chromatography on silica gel and colorimetry using microcells. Recoveries of added steroids, using appropriate conjugated compounds were over 80%.
CYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF TEN OXIDATIVE ENZYMES OF RAT ANTERIOR PITUITARY AND THYROID GLANDS DURING VARIOUS PHASES OF SECRETORY ACTIVITY
Authors: SOBEL H. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The cytochemical distribution and changes of ten oxidative enzyme systems were studied in rat anterior pituitary and thyroid glands in various phases of secretory activity.
Enzyme activity was always localized to discrete, small cytoplasmic particles thought to be mitochondria. Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH)-Nitro-BT reductase activity in the thyroid gland was also found in nuclear membranes and in cytoplasmic clumps (probably endoplasmic reticulum).
There was an apparent increase in number and size and migration toward the Golgi zone of these granules (mitochondria ?) in gonadotrophic cells of castrated rats. No apparent difference was observed in the thyroid gland following thyroxine treatment and exposure to cold.
PREGNANETRIOL, PREGNANEDIOL AND OESTROGEN EXCRETION DURING ANOVULATORY MENSTRUAL CYCLES AND IN A PREMENOPAUSAL ADRENALECTOMIZED WOMAN
Authors: FOTHERBY K. , BROWN J. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The urinary excretion of pregnanetriol, pregnanediol and oestrogens was measured throughout five anovulatory cycles in three subjects, and throughout an anovulatory cycle and an ovulatory cycle in an adrenalectomized subject. Cyclical changes in pregnanetriol excretion, which paralleled the changes in oestrogen output, were observed during some of the anovulatory cycles and also during the ovulatory cycle in the adrenalectomized subject.
These findings suggest that one factor contributing to the increase in pregnanetriol excretion during the normal ovulatory menstrual cycle is the secretion by the ovary, at times of maximal oestrogen secretion, of a precursor (possibly 17α-hydroxyprogesterone) common to both oestrogens and pregnanetriol. However, that other factors are probably also involved is suggested by the particular pattern of pregnanetriol excretion during the normal ovulatory cycle and by the finding that the increase in pregnanetriol excretion at about the time of ovulation is usually greater than the increase found in the anovulatory cycle.
INHIBITION OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF GONADOTROPHIN, THYROTROPHIN AND CORTICOTROPHIN BY SMALL AMOUNTS OF SERUM AND CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID
Authors: REISS M. , PEARSE J. J. , DAVIS R. H. , HILLMAN J. C. , SIDEMAN M. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The action of human chorionic gonadotrophin on mice was inhibited by small amounts of serum (1·8 c.c.) and cerebro-spinal fluid (0·6 ml.) from thirty-one out of forty-two mentally and physically retarded male patients aged 8–16 yr. Serum from some of these patients also inhibited the action of thyrotrophic hormone in mice and of corticotrophin in rats.
Small (1·8 ml.) amounts of serum of three out of fifteen mentally normal subjects of the same age range inhibited the action of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG).
The serum of four healthy adult men had no inhibitory activity. However, the serum of the parents of two morons, whose serum was inhibitory, also inhibited the action of HCG.
The inhibition of gonadotrophic activity by the serum and cerebro-spinal fluid was similar to the action of protein-free pineal extracts.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF HUMAN PITUITARY AND CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: ILLEI G. , MORITZ PAMELA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Antisera were raised to human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG). Normal human serum and human pituitary and chorionic gonadotrophins reacted with both antisera in immunological experiments. After absorption with human serum, the γ-globulin fractions of the antisera were isolated, and only the reaction to the hormone preparations remained. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed a common antigenic factor in the α2-β globulin region. The γ-globulin fraction of HCG antiserum seems to be suitable for the assay of HCG, while that of the HMG antiserum might be employed for the detection of HMG.
THE BIOASSAY OF OXYTOCIN: INCREASED SENSITIVITY OF THE RAT UTERUS IN RESPONSE TO SERIAL INJECTIONS OF STILBOESTROL
Authors: FOLLETT B. K. , BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) Three daily injections of stilboestrol resulted in a thirteenfold increase in uterine sensitivity to oxytocin compared with that of uteri from rats in normal oestrus. These sensitive uteri have been used extensively for routine bioassay of oxytocin. The index of precision was 0·055 in six 'trial' assays.
(2) The results are discussed in relation to other sensitive assay procedures for oxytocin. The present method is as sensitive and accurate but more simple and economical.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ASSAY OF GONADOTROPHIN BY THE INDUCTION OF OVULATION IN IMMATURE MICE
Authors: WELLS M. , KHOSLA T. , BROWN P. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An assay method depending on the induction of ovulation in immature mice has been applied to the assay of human urinary gonadotrophin, human chorionic gonadotrophin, pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, and sheep and rat pituitary gonadotrophins. Valid parallel line assays were obtained in all cases, and the sensitivity and precision of the assay were such as to make it suitable for application to clinical studies.
Experiments with mixtures of gonadotrophins, and the use of a barbiturate to suppress gonadotrophin secretion, indicate that the assay was not specific for LH. It is suggested that the lack of specificity may be due in part to the secretion of a variable amount of gonadotrophin by the pituitaries of the test animals.
MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF WHOLE MAMMARY GLANDS OF MICE IN ORGAN CULTURE
Authors: RIVERA EVELYN M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Whole mammary glands from virgin female BALB/cCrgl mice were cultivated in a synthetic medium alone or with various hormone supplements, with or without addition of 5% rat serum. Except for one experiment lasting 12 days, all cultures were carried out for 5–6 days.
Regression of mammary glands occurred in synthetic medium alone and in synthetic medium supplemented with 5% serum only. When aldosterone, insulin, oestradiol and progesterone were added maintenance only was observed. When this combination was supplemented with prolactin and growth hormone, one or more of the following responses was found: more pronounced ductal dilatation than occurred in the absence of pituitary hormones, lateral bud formation, and irregular organization of duct endings. The addition of 5% serum to the latter medium resulted in alveolar development which was more apparent after 12 days than after 5–6 days. The alveolar cells were secretory but clear evidence for lobular organization was not obtained.