bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of zeranol on reproduction in beef bulls: Scrotal circumference, serving ability, semen characteristics, and pathologic changes of the reproductive organs
Authors: Deschamps J. C. , Ott R. S. , McEntee K. , Heath E. H. , Heinrichs R. R. , Shanks R. D. , Hixon J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of zeranol on scrotal circumference, serving ability, semen characteristics, and postmortem measurements of the genital organs were determined in beef bulls from 9 to 20 months of age. Group 1 (n = 5) served as a nonimplanted control group. Group 2A (n = 5) was implanted with 36 mg of zeranol at birth and at 3 and 6 months of age. Group 2B (n = 5) was implanted with 36 mg of zeranol every 3 months from birth through 18 months of age. Scrotal circumference was adversely affected by zeranol in groups 2A and 2B, but values approached those of group 1 with increasing age. Serving ability was also affected adversely but tended to recover with increasing age. Semen quality was low in groups 2A and 2B and did not improve with increasing age.
There was no difference in testicular weight, vesicular gland weight, and penis length among groups when bulls were slaughtered at 20 months of age. Epididymal weight was greater in group-2B bulls and was most likely a consequence of epididymal lesions. Histologic examination of the genital organs revealed that zeranol induced adenomyosis and sperm granulomas in the caudae epididymidis and markedly altered the structure of the sexual accessory glands of bulls in groups 2A and 2B. Alterations in the vesicular glands were characterized by reduced alveolar development and an increase in connective tissue. Low epithelium associated with focal areas of squamous metaplasia were common in the prostate of groups 2A and 2B bulls. Lesions in the bulbourethral glands were characterized by low glandular epithelium, focal areas of squamous metaplasia, cystic collecting ducts, and an increase in connective tissue. Groups 2A and 2B had more abnormal seminiferous tubules than did group 1. Lesions in groups 2A and 2B may have been direct effects of zeranol or may have resulted from reduced testosterone secretion.
Inhibition of macrophage adenylate cyclase by the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety of sesquiterpene lactones from forage plants
Authors: Elissalde Marcel H. , Ivie G. Wayne 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Inhibition of murine macrophage adenylate cyclase activity by sesquiterpene lactones isolated from toxic forage plants was highly correlated with the presence of the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety on the molecule (ie, hymenovin and helenalin). Tenulin, a sesquiterpene lactone which does not contain this reactive moiety, caused minimal inhibition of the enzyme. Reaction of the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety of hymenovin and helenalin with cysteine decreased the number of reactive moieties available to alkylate the enzyme, thus decreasing the inhibition of adenylate cyclase by these 2 sesquiterpene lactones. As the reaction time available for the reduction by cysteine of the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety decreases, the amount of adenylate cyclase inhibition increases. Stimulation of the hymenovin- or helenalin-inhibited adenylate cyclase by prostaglandin E1 or E2 or by sodium fluoride did not reverse the inhibition of the enzyme, but did stimulate the undamaged adenylate cyclase in the sesquiterpene lactone treatment groups to the same degree as in the nontreated control. These data indicate that sesquiterpene lactones containing an α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety are potent inhibitors of macrophage adenylate cyclase activity. This moiety may have a significant role in the toxicity of some sesquiterpene lactones in poisonous plants when ingested by livestock.
Tetramine cupruretic agents: A comparison in dogs
Authors: Allen K. G. D. , Twedt D. C. , Hunsaker H. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cupruretic effects of 2 tetramine (N,N'-bis (2-aminoethyl) alkane diamine) chelators were examined in healthy dogs fed a commercial dog food containing 12.2 μg of copper/g of dry diet. Two groups of 3 dogs each were given either 300 mg of 2,2,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride or 2,3,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride for 23 consecutive days. Serum and 24-hour urine samples obtained before drug administration and during therapy were analyzed for copper, zinc, and iron concentrations. Both tetramines produced a significant cupruresis without significant changes in serum copper or in serum or urine zinc and iron concentrations. The 2,3,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride produced a 4- to 9-fold greater cupruresis than did 2,2,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride and resulted in a daily loss of more than 2 mg of copper in the urine. The dogs had no laboratory or clinical evidence of toxic side effects to either cupruretic agent during the treatment period. The results of the present study indicate that 2,3,2-tetramine should be an effective decoppering drug for use in dogs.
Cross protection of mice and swine given live-organism vaccine against challenge exposure with strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae representing ten serovars
Authors: Sawada Takuo , Takahashi Toshio 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mice and swine vaccinated (subcutaneous inoculation) with live acriflavine-fast attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, strain Koganei 65-0.15 (serovar 2), were challenge exposed with 10 strains of E rhusiopathiae pathogenic for swine; the latter strains comprised serovars 9 and 10 and other previously undetermined.
Vaccinated mice did not die after they were challenge exposed (subcutaneous inoculation) with serovars 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, or N, but vaccinated mice challenge exposed with strain 2553 (serovar 20) had 30% mortality. Nonvaccinated control mice died after they were challenge exposed with all serovars tested.
One of 2 vaccinated swine challenge exposed (intradermal inoculation) with each of strains 911 (serovar 8), 2179 (serovar 10), or 2553 developed localized urticarial lesion at the site of intradermal inoculation. Vaccinated swine challenge exposed with serovars 4, 6, 7, 9, 15, 16, or N did not have clinical signs of acute swine erysipelas. Nonvaccinated control swine developed localized lesions at the site of intradermal challenge inoculation.
Experimental infection and abortion of pregnant guinea pigs with a unique spirillum-like bacterium isolated from aborted ovine fetuses
Authors: Bryner J. H. , Ritchie A. E. , Pollet Lori , Kirkbride C. A. , Collins J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Study was made of the pathogenicity of a spirillum-like, anaerobic, gram-negative bacterium, originally isolated from aborted lambs, for pregnant guinea pigs. Reproducible conditions for propagation and preservation of the bacterium were determined as requisite for the preparation of cultures for animal inoculation.
A preliminary experiment was done with 10 pregnant guinea pigs to test for an infective dose of organisms that would produce abortion. High-passage cultures (n = 50) were used to inoculate these guinea pigs intraperitoneally. Six of 10 guinea pigs aborted, and the organism was cultured from fetal tissues of 5 guinea pigs.
Isolates from 3 of the 6 guinea pigs were propagated through 4 passages on blood agar and used to infect 3 groups, each of 5 guinea pigs. A 4th group of 5 guinea pigs was inoculated with the original culture. Three of 5 animals in the first 3 groups, which had been given the low-passage cultures from the preliminary trial, and 2 of 5 guinea pigs in the 4th group, which had been given the original culture, aborted. Antibody against the spirillum was detected in 19 of 30 inoculated guinea pigs.
The major microscopic lesions were acute suppurative placentitis and splenitis. This bacterium retained pathogenic properties sufficient to cause infection, abortion, and microscopic lesions in two-thirds of the guinea pigs, in spite of high in vitro passage. The organism has unique ultrastructures, and its genus and species are yet to be determined.
Serologie survey of viral antibodies in the Peruvian alpaca (Lama pacos)
Authors: Rivera Hermelinda , Madewell Bruce R. , Ameghino Enrique 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sera from more than 100 alpacas (Lama pacos) from the Peruvian southern sierra were examined for antibodies to 8 viruses known to infect other domestic animals. On the basis of these serologic findings and previously published serologic or clinical data, it is now known that the alpaca can be infected with the following viruses: parainfluenza-3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, bluetongue virus, border disease virus, influenza A virus, rotavirus, rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and contagious ecthyma virus.
Effects of xylazine on equine intestinal vascular resistance, motility, compliance, and oxygen consumption
Authors: Stick J. A. , Chou C. C. , Derksen F. J. , Arden W. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Isolated jejunal segments were perfused at a constant blood flow rate to determine simultaneously the effects of xylazine on intestinal vascular resistance, motility, compliance, and oxygen consumption in 12 anesthetized ponies. Xylazine was infused into the artery perfusing the intestinal segment (group 1), or into the jugular vein as a single iv bolus (group 2), or 3 times as iv boluses repeated at 10-minute intervals (group 3). Dose-response curves in group 1 indicated a biphasic response to the drug with vasoconstriction, increased motility, and increased oxygen consumption at lower doses followed by a return toward base-line values at higher doses. Intestinal compliance decreased at lower doses, but increased at higher doses. A single iv bolus of xylazine (group 2) induced systemic hypotension for 30 minutes, and increased intestinal vascular resistance for 10 minutes accompanied by increased motility, and repeatedly administered iv boluses of xylazine (group 3) increased and prolonged these effects. The results indicated that xylazine, especially in repeated doses, may decrease bowel viability by simultaneously increasing intestinal vascular resistance, motility, and oxygen consumption.
Clearance of nasal mucus in nonanesthetized and anesthetized dogs
Authors: Whaley Sandra L. , Wolff Ronald K. , Muggenburg Bruce A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clearance rates for nasal mucus in the maxillary turbinate region were measured in 8 Beagle dogs. 99mTc Macroaggregated albumin (10 μl) was instilled in the nasal maxillary region of dogs under general anesthesia. A gamma camera was used to detect movement of the 99mTc macroaggregated albumin in the nose for 1 hour after it was instilled. Velocity of mucus was measured in the 8 dogs each under 3 conditions of anesthesia: (a) anesthesia with pentobarbital given iv (20 mg/kg of body weight), (b) anesthesia with halothane gas, and (c) no anesthesia. Mean velocities (± SD) were 3.7 ± 1.4 mm/min in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, 4.3 ± 2.5 mm/min in dogs anesthetized with halothane, and 3.4 ± 1.7 mm/min in awake dogs. The differences between the 3 anesthetic conditions were not significant at the P < 0.05 level. Use of anesthesia at a light surgical plane provides a controlled method for measurement of clearance of nasal mucus with minimal alterations from the nonanesthetized state.
Cross protection of mice and swine inoculated with culture filtrate of attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and challenge exposed to strains of various serovars
Authors: Sawada Takuo , Takahashi Toshio 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mice and swine inoculated subcutaneously with culture filtrate vaccine prepared from acriflavine-fast attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strain Koganei 65-0.15 (serovar 2), were challenge exposed to 20 pathogenic strains of E rhusiopathiae of 18 serovars and type N. Vaccinated mice survived after challenge exposure to serovars lb, 2, 8 (strain Goda), and type N, but mortality occurred in vaccinated mice challenge exposed to other strains: 20% to 30% mortality in mice challenge exposed to serovars la, 11, 12, 15, 16, or 21; 40% to 50% mortality in mice challenge exposed to serovars 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 (strain 911); and 60% to 80% mortality in mice challenge exposed to serovars 9, 10, 18, or 19. All vaccinated mice died after challenge exposure with strain 2553 (serovar 20). Non-vaccinated control mice died after challenge exposure to all strains.
Of 2 vaccinated swine challenge exposed to strain 2553, 1 developed a local urticarial lesion at the site of intradermal exposure. Vaccinated swine challenge exposed to serovars la, lb, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, or type N did not have clinical signs of acute erysipelas. Nonvaccinated control swine developed acute generalized erysipelas or localized urticarial lesions at the site of intradermal exposure.
Common internal parasites found in the stomach, large intestine, and cranial mesenteric artery of Thoroughbreds in Kentucky at necropsy (1985 to 1986)
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C. , Drudge J. H. , Swerczek T. W. , Crowe M. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 278 Thoroughbreds (< 1 to 31 years old) were examined at necropsy (July 9, 1985, to Feb 2, 1986) in Kentucky for various internal parasites. Examination was not made of all the horses for each of the parasites.
Specific parasites recovered from the stomach of foals (n = 30) and yearlings and older horses (n = 96) and percentage (in parentheses) of each age category infected, respectively, were as follows: Gasterophilus intestinalis 2nd instar (53% and 32%) and 3rd instar (37% and 24%); G nasalis 2nd instar (7% and 8%) and 3rd instar (7% and 10%); Habronema spp immature (7% and 13%); H muscae (3% and 8%); Draschia megastoma (3% and 5%) and lesions (0% and 2%); and Trichostrongylus axei (0% and 3%).
Parasites in the large intestine included Anoplocephala perfoliata, which was found in the cecum of 30% of the foals (n = 87) and in 60% of the yearlings and older horses (n = 186). Probstmayria vivipara and immature Oxyuris equi were not found in the colon and rectum of any of the horses (n = 53 foals and n = 101 yearlings and older); mature O equi were not sought.
Examination of the cranial mesenteric artery for Strongylus vulgaris revealed immature and/or mature specimens in 9% of foals (n = 87) and 14% of yearlings (n = 44); lesions of S vulgaris were present in 25% of foals (n = 87) and 34% of yearlings (n = 44).
Pathogenesis of simulated natural infections with Ostertagia ostertagi in calves
Authors: Wiggin C. J. , Gibbs H. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The possibility of a mucosal hypersensitivity reaction and its relationship to the pathogenesis of simulated natural infections with Ostertagia ostertagi were studied in calves. Four groups of 4 calves each were used. One group was used as noninfected control; a 2nd group was given increasing doses of infective larvae; a 3rd group was given increasing doses of larvae and these were removed by succeeding treatment with an anthelmintic; and a 4th group was given an initial dose of larvae which was then eliminated with an anthelmintic. All calves given larvae became sensitized, as shown by an intradermal skin test. The continuously infected calves had significantly (P < 0.05) higher fecal egg counts, eosinophil counts, plasma pepsinogen values, and worm burdens and significantly (P < 0.05) lower lymphocyte counts than did the other groups of calves. These animals also had the most extensive mucosal pathologic changes. The group given intermittent larval challenge exposures followed by an anthelmintic showed decreased lymphocyte values, but these were not significant. Plasma pepsinogen values of this group increased between every challenge exposure and treatment, a 3-day period. This indicated that a mucosal hypersensitivity reaction had occurred in these calves at these times, because they were shown to have been sensitized, and challenge-exposure infections were not present for sufficient time to have produced direct pathologic effects. It therefore seems that a part of the pathologic changes in O ostertagi infections may be the result of the continuous challenge exposure experienced by the animals through a constant intake of larvae from pasture and the intestinal reaction to this challenge exposure.
Methionine toxicosis in cats
Authors: Maede Yoshimitsu , Hoshino Takuo , Inaba Mutsumi , Namioka Shigeo 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cats given dl-methionine (1 g/kg of body weight/day) developed severe hemolytic anemia with marked increase of methemoglobin (MetHb) concentration and Heinz-body formation at treatment-day 6 to 10. Cats fed 0.5 g of me-thionine/kg for 52 days had a moderate Heinz-body hemolytic anemia with methemoglobinemia at treatment days 17 to 31, but thereafter recovered from the anemia despite continuation of methionine feeding, indicating an adaptation of the cats. In vitro, significant (P < 0.01) increases of MetHb concentration and Heinz-body formation were observed when rbc were incubated with plasma from cats fed (1 g of methionine/kg) or with 10 mM 3-methylthiopropionate, a product of methionine ca-tabolism. However, these increases were not observed when rbc were incubated with 10 mM methionine. Seemingly, excessive methionine intake leads to production of an intermediate of the methionine catabolism that may affect rbc directly as an intensive oxidizing agent, resulting in an excessive oxidation of hemoglobin to MetHb and Heinz-body formation.
Determination of bromide ion concentration in Greyhound urine by ion chromatography
Authors: Moore Howard , Riusech David J. , Duer Wayne C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An ion chromatographic method was used to determine Br ion in the urine of Greyhounds. Phenol was added to the urine, before filtration through a 30,000-molecular weight cutoff filter and to the eluant (pH 11, NaOH-Na2CO3), as a preservative. Urine from 103 racing Greyhounds resulted in a mean ± sd of 3.60 ± 2.72 mg of Br/L of urine. Urine samples obtained from a Greyhound, to which 2 g of KBr was administered, yielded a diurnal elimination pattern with a half-life of 7.6 days.
Effect of shipping stress on clincopathologic indicators in F344/N rats
Authors: Bean-Knudsen David E. , Wagner Joseph E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A variety of hematologic, serum chemistry, and cytochrome P450 variables from 20 F344/N rats were measured and analyzed statistically to determine the effects of shipping stress on clinicopathologic indicators. Additionally, whole body, liver, and total kidney weights were recorded and compared. Ten rats were assayed upon receipt (stressed group), and 10 additional rats were held on a wire substrate for 12 days (poststress group) and assayed. Significant differences were detected between the 2 groups in ratio of total kidney weight to body weight, segmented neutrophil count, monocyte count, eosinophil count, and serum cholesterol, serum potassium, serum aspartate transaminase, and serum lactate dehydrogenase values.
Toxoplasma gondii cysts in placentas of experimentally infected sheep
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine the presence of tissue cysts in ovine placentas, 6 ewes were inoculated orally with 10,000 Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at 60 days of gestation. The ewes were euthanatized and necropsied 21, 52, 56, 57, 57, and 62 days after T gondii inoculation, and placental cotyledons from each ewe were collected and homogenized. To distinguish between the presence of tachyzoites that are killed by acid pepsin solution and bradyzoites (from cysts) unaffected by this solution, a portion of each homogenate was inoculated into mice and another portion was inoculated into mice after digestion in acid pepsin solution. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated in 26 of 34 (76.4%) of mice inoculated with nondigested placentas of all 6 ewes and in 16 of 34 (47%) mice inoculated with digested placenta of 5 of 6 ewes. Seemingly, cysts do occur in placental tissue, but the digestion method was inferior, compared with the nondigestion method for recovery of T gondii from placenta.
Development of a defined medium for Haemophilus somnus isolated from cattle
Authors: Inzana Thomas J. , Corbeil Lynette B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nutritional factors that influence the growth of Haemophilus somnus were examined, and a defined medium was developed. Optimal growth of H somnus in broth occurred under conditions of maximum aeration. Nutritional components required for or enhanced growth of most H somnus isolates in the defined medium included uracil, d-glucose, isotonic NaCl, Na2HPO4, nicotinamide, flavin mononucleotide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and a variety of salts and amino acids. The defined medium supported optimum growth of 18 of 21 isolates of H somnus from cattle.
Seroreactivity of Peruvian sheep and goats to small ruminant lentivirus-ovine progressive pneumonia virus
Authors: Madewell B. R. , Ameghino E. , Rivera H. , Inope L. , De Martini J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sera from 3,369 sheep and 1,394 goats in Peru were examined by agar-gel immunodiffusion for antibodies to ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv). The point prevalence rates for antibodies to oppv in sheep were 1.7% to 40.6% (mean, 19.02%) in the 7 flocks studied, whereas for goats, the point prevalence rates for antibodies that cross-reacted with oppv in 12 herds were 0.0% to 45.1%. For sheep, a direct association between increasing age and increasing seroreactivity to oppv was established, and there was evidence to indicate that lambs born to primiparous ewes and raised separated from all other sheep after they were weaned may have been less likely to become infected with oppv than those lambs born to multiparous ewes and not separated from other sheep after they were weaned. For goats, antibodies to oppv were detected in 7 of 12 herds studied, the highest infection rate being present within a herd in the Lima department (district).
Effects of flunixin meglumine and dexamethasone on aqueous protein values after intraocular surgery in the dog
Authors: Krohne Sheryl D. G. , Vestre W. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of flunixin meglumine and/or dexamethasone on aqueous protein concentrations were evaluated in dogs during and after intraocular surgery. Flunixin meglumine plus dexamethasone had the greatest inhibitory effect on postoperative aqueous protein increases with 64.2% inhibition over base-line aqueous protein values 24 hours after surgery. Dexamethasone alone had a 45.6% inhibition and flunixin meglumine alone had a 22.4% inhibition. Treatment with these drugs separately or in combination had a marked effect in decreasing postoperative inflammation.
Cystometrography and urethral pressure profiles in healthy horse and pony mares
Authors: Clark E. Susan , Semrad Susan D. , Bichsel Pierre , Oliver John E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cystometrography and urethral pressure evaluations were performed in 7 horse mares and 5 pony mares before and after sedation with xylazine. Before sedation, mean ( ± sd) maximal bladder contraction pressure was 91.4 ± 16.5 cm of H2O in horses and was 86.0 ± 14.4 cm of H2O in ponies, and maximal urethral closure pressure was 49.1 ± 19.4 cm of H2O in horses and 37.7 ± 14.4 cm of H2O in ponies. A significant difference was not found between values of nonsedated vs sedated animals. Only values for threshold volume were significantly different (P < 0.05) between nonsedated horses (1,982 ± 1,241 ml) and ponies (825 ± 412 ml).