bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of canola oil in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Rezaei Karamatollah , Temelli Feral 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rale on the extent of conversion and the product composition in the enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis of canola oil in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) was investigated using lipase from Mucor miehei immobilized on macroporous anionic resin (Lipozyme IM). Reactions were carried out in a continuous flow reactor at 10, 24, and 38 MPa and 35 and 55°C. Supercritical fluid chromatography was used to analyze the reaction products. A conversion of 63–67% (triglyceride disappearance) was obtained at 24–38 MPa. Mono‐and diglyceride production was minimum at 10 MPa and 35°C. Monoglyceride production was favored at 24 MPa. The amount of product obtained was higher at 24–38 MPa due to enhanced solubility in SCCO2. Complete hydrolysis of oil should be possible by increasing the enzyme load and/or decreasing the quantity of the oil substrate. There was a drop in triglyceride conversion over a 24‐h reaction time at 38 MPa and 55°C, which may be an indication of loss of enzyme activity. Pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate are important parameters to be optimized in the enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis of canola oil in SCCO2 to maximize its conversion to high‐value products.
Oxidative stability of stripped and nonstripped borage and evening primrose oils and their emulsions in water
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ahmad , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOxidative stability of stripped and nonstripped borage and evening primrose oils and their emulsions in water was evaluated. The results indicated that column chromatographic techniques provide an effective means for stripping vegetable oils of their minor components. However, some minor components may be retained in the stripped oils. The minor components in borage and evening primrose oils significantly (P<0.05) influenced their oxidative stability in the dark. In contrast, the behavior of endogenous antioxidants in borage and evening primrose oil‐in‐water emulsions, according to the “polar paradox” theory, was difficult to evaluate. Correlations existed between peroxide value (PV) and conjugated dienes (CD) (P<0.05) as well as 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and hexanal content (P<0.01) for most oils and emulsion systems. Therefore, CD and TBARS may generally be used to assess the oxidative stability of borage and evening primrose oils and their oil‐in‐water emulsions in addition to or in place of PV and headspace volatiles, respectively.
Defining the Role of Flavonoid Structure on Cottonseed Oil Stabilization: Study of A‐ and C‐Ring Substitution
Authors: Tsimogiannis Dimitrios , Oreopoulou Vassiliki 
Published: January 2007

AbstractStructure—activity relationships of flavonoids against cottonseed oil oxidation are the objective of this work, which focuses on the contribution of C‐ring and 5,7‐di‐OH A‐ring. Flavonoids with a catecholic B‐ring, namely quercetin, fisetin, luteolin, taxifolin, (+)‐catechin and eriodictyol were added in increasing concentrations to cottonseed oil and the induced decrease in the rate constant of peroxide formation (k) and peroxide values (PV) were determined. The flavonoid depletion was monitored during the autoxidation with high‐performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detector (HPLC‐DAD) analysis. The fully substituted C‐ring was established as the most significant element for maximal antioxidant activity; quercetin even decreased k by 86% in comparison with the control and presented the highest decrease of PV per mmole of antioxidant. Flavonoids missing the 2,3‐double bond or the 3‐OH (taxifolin, luteolin) resulted in a smaller decrease of k, and the lack of both of the above structural elements (eriodictyol) resulted in the smallest decrease. Lack of the 4‐carbonyl in the C‐ring had the least negative effect on antioxidant activity since (+)‐catechin presented the strongest protection after quercetin and fisetin. The activity of the latter flavonoid proved that A‐ring hydroxyls, despite the unfavorable m‐configuration, participate in the stabilization of the lipid substrate, although their significance was secondary.
Self‐efficacy mediates the relation between pain‐related fear and outcome in chronic low back pain patients
Authors: Woby Steve R. , Urmston Martin , Watson Paul J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study aimed to determine whether self‐efficacy beliefs mediated the relation between pain‐related fear and pain, and between pain‐related fear and disability in CLBP patients who exhibited high pain‐related fear. In a cross‐sectional design, 102 chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients completed measures for pain, disability, self‐efficacy and pain‐related fear (fear of movement and catastrophizing). Multistep regression analyses were performed to determine whether self‐efficacy mediated the relation between pain‐related fear and outcome (pain and/or disability). Self‐efficacy was found to mediate the relation between pain‐related fear and pain intensity, and between pain‐related fear and disability. Therefore, this study suggests that when self‐efficacy is high, elevated pain‐related fear might not lead to greater pain and disability. However, in instances where self‐efficacy is low, elevated pain‐related fear is likely to lead to greater pain and disability. In view of these findings, we conclude that it is imperative to assess both pain‐related fear and self‐efficacy when treating CLBP patients with high pain‐related fear.
Functional role of lingual nerve in breastfeeding
Authors: Yokouchi Kumiko , Fukushima Nanae , Kakegawa Akira , Kawagishi Kyutaro , Fukuyama Tetsuhiro , Moriizumi Tetsuji 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFunctional role of lingual nerve in breastfeeding was investigated in rat pups during the suckling period. DiI, a postmortem neuronal tracer, was used to confirm the immature lingual nerve (LN) responsible for tongue sensation and resulted in successful fiber labeling anterogradely to the tongue, which showed different distribution patterns from fiber labeling derived from the hypoglossal nerve. Unilaterally LN‐injured pups did not show suckling disturbance with absence of any shortening (P11 pups: 559 ± 16 s; 105% of the control value) in nipple attachment time and the survival rate remained high (P11: 100%). Bilaterally LN‐injured pups showed suckling disturbance with marked shortening (P11 pups: 220 ± 54 s; 42% of the control value) in nipple attachment time and a low survival rate (P1: 33%; P11: 41%). Bilaterally infraorbital nerve‐injured or bilaterally bulbectomized pups did not show any nipple attachment at all and there were no survivors, confirming the crucial roles of upper lip sensation and olfaction in suckling. Based on these findings, we conclude that tongue sensation is very important, but not essential for suckling.
A non‐transformed oligodendrocyte precursor cell line, OL‐1, facilitates studies of insulin‐like growth factor‐I signaling during oligodendrocyte development
Authors: Lagarde William H. , Benjamin Robert , Heerens Ann T. , Ye Ping , Cohen Rick I. , Moats‐Staats Billie M. , D'Ercole A. Joseph 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe process by which oligodendrocyte progenitors differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes is complex and incompletely understood in part because of the paucity of oligodendrocyte precursors cell lines that can be studied in culture. We have developed a non‐immortalized rat oligodendrocyte precursor line, called OL‐1, which behaves in a fashion consistent with developing oligodendrocytes in vivo. This OL‐1 line provides a model for the study of oligodendrocyte development and offers an alternative to the CG‐4 cell line. When OL‐1 cells are propagated in conditioned growth media, they have morphology consistent with immature oligodendrocytes and exhibit A2B5 antigen positive and myelin basic protein‐negative immunoreactivity. Withdrawal of conditioned growth media and culture in serum‐free medium results in OL‐1 cell maturation, manifested by a shift to myelin basic protein‐positive immunoreactivity, A2B5 antigen‐negative immunoreactivity, decreased NG2 mRNA expression, increased expression of proteolipid protein mRNA, and increased expression of CNP protein. In addition, the expression of proteolipid protein and its splicing variant DM‐20 exhibit a pattern that is similar to brain proteolipid protein expression during development. When OL‐1 cells are exposed to Insulin‐like growth factor‐I, there are significant increases in proteolipid protein mRNA expression (p < 0.05), the number of cell processes (p < 0.05), and cell number (p < 0.05). Treatment with the caspase inhibitors Z‐DEVD‐FMK and Z‐VAD‐FMK (inhibitors of caspases 3, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 1, 3, 4, respectively), Insulin‐like growth factor‐I, or both, results in a similar increase in cell number. Because Insulin‐like growth factor‐I does not substantially increase the BrdU labeling of OL‐1 cells, these data collectively indicate that Insulin‐like growth factor‐I increases OL‐1 cell number predominately by promoting survival, rather than stimulating proliferation. This non‐immortalized oligodendrocyte precursor cell line, therefore, exhibits behavior consistent with the in vivo development of oligodendrocytes and provides an excellent model for the study of developing oligodendrocytes.
Professional Middle Class Youth in Post-Reform Vietnam: Identity, Continuity and Change
Authors: KING VICTOR T. , NGUYEN PHUONG AN , MINH NGUYEN HUU 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThere is very little information or analysis on middle class youth in Vietnam. This paper begins to fill this gap in our knowledge by utilising data on urban, educated professional youth from the Survey Assessment of Vietnamese Youth (2003–04) and an ethnographic investigation in Hanoi between 1999 and 2002. It considers some of the conceptual and analytical issues in addressing the character and definition of the middle class in Southeast Asia more generally, and provides contextual information on the emergence of the middle class in Vietnam and the transformation of the class structure there. The information available suggests that the expanding young middle class in Vietnam exhibits many of the characteristics of the middle class everywhere—possession of cultural capital, a firm interest in and commitment to education, an orientation to consumption and to accessing news and information, and aspirations to improve and develop in personal and career terms. However, the continuing close relationship between members of the middle class and the Vietnamese state suggests that there is little evidence as yet of the middle class developing a political identity or of the emergence of civil society. The data demonstrate continuity in state-generated employment and education between the current generation and its predecessor, which arises from the continuing influence of the state on Vietnamese society in its role as provider of employment, career paths, education and scholarships, as well as from the continuing influence of the senior generation on their children.
The identification of a genetically unique piroplasma in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis)
Authors: BIRKENHEUER A. J. , HARMS C. A. , NEEL J. , MARR H. S. , TUCKER M. D. , ACTON A. E. , TUTTLE A. D. , STOSKOPF M. K. 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYDuring a routine health check of a wild-caught North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) small piroplasms were noted within erythrocytes. Analyses of the 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequences determined that this was a genetically unique organism most closely related to Babesia microti-like parasites found in other small carnivores. Subsequently 39 wild-trapped North American river otters from North Carolina were tested for the presence of piroplasma deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) via polymerase chain reaction and piroplasma DNA was detected in 82% (32/39) of these samples. Sequencing of partial 18S rRNA genes from selected cases determined that they were identical to the sentinel case. This report documents the existence of a genetically unique piroplasma in North American river otters and indicates that the prevalence of piroplasma in North Carolina otters is quite high. The pathogenic potential of this organism for otters or other species remains unknown.
Spreadsheet functional programming
Authors: WAKELING DAVID 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe functional programming community has shown some interest in spreadsheets, but surprisingly no one seems to have considered making a standard spreadsheet, such as Excel, work with a standard functional programming language, such as Haskell. In this paper, we show one way that this can be done. Our hope is that by doing so, we might get spreadsheet programmers to give functional programming a try.
Characterization of Lipase in Reversed Micelles Formulated with Cibacron Blue F‐3GA Modified Span 85
Authors: Zhang Dong‐Hao , Guo Zheng , Dong Xiao‐Yan , Sun Yan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSorbitan trioleate (Span 85) modified by Cibacron Blue F‐3GA (CB) was prepared and used as an affinity surfactant to formulate a reversed micellar system for Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) solubilization. The system was characterized and evaluated by employing CRL‐catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil as a model reaction. The micellar hydrodynamic radius results reflected, to some extent, the redistribution of surfactant and water after enzyme addition, and the correlation between surfactant formulation, water content ( W0), micellar size, and enzyme activity. An adequate modification density of CB was found to be important for the reversed micelles to retain enough hydration capacity and achieve high enzyme activity. Compared with the results in AOT‐based reversed micelles, CRL in this micellar system exhibited a different activity behavior versus W0. The optimal pH and temperature of the encapsulated lipase remained unchanged, but the apparent activity was significantly higher than that of the native enzyme in bulk solution. Kinetic studies indicated that the encapsulated lipase in the reversed micelles of CB‐formulated Span 85 followed the Michaelis‐Menten equation. The Michaelis constant was found to decrease with increasing surfactant concentration, suggesting an increase of the enzyme affinity for the substrate. Stability of the lipase in the reversed micelles was negatively correlated to W0.
Screening, prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis B reactivation in patients with haematological malignancies
Authors: Lalazar Gadi , Rund Deborah , Shouval Daniel 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients with haematological malignancies is increased compared with the general population worldwide. HBV reactivation is common following chemotherapy and is associated with a high mortality despite prompt anti‐viral treatment. HBV reactivation may necessitate interruption of chemotherapy with adverse prognostic consequences for the haematological disease. Chemotherapy‐induced immune suppression may lead to increased HBV replication. Immune reconstitution within the weeks and months following recovery from chemotherapy may be associated with a flare of hepatitis B manifested by hepatocellular injury. Risk factors associated with HBV reactivation include detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HBV DNA, Hepatitis B e (HBeAg) antigen, antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc), treatment with corticosteroids, young age and male gender. Lamivudine is effective during HBV reactivation due to immune suppression. Clinical trials have demonstrated that pre‐emptive antiviral treatment with lamivudine is superior to deferred treatment. Current recommendations emphasise screening for HBV infection in all haematology patients, particularly prior to chemotherapy. Patients who are HBsAg positive or HBV DNA positive should receive pre‐emptive treatment with lamivudine before chemotherapy. The duration of lamivudine treatment may be prolonged commensurate with the degree of immunosuppression. HBV naïve patients should be immunised against hepatitis B, as should haematopoietic stem cell donors. In summary, overt and occult HBV pose a serious, but preventable, threat. Pre‐treatment screening of patients at risk should be practiced diligently by all clinicians that treat patients with malignancies.
Profile of polymorphisms of drug‐metabolising enzymes and the risk of therapy‐related leukaemia
Authors: Bolufer Pascual , Collado Maria , Barragan Eva , Calasanz María‐José , Colomer Dolors , Tormo Mar , González Marcos , Brunet Salut , Batlle Montserrat , Cervera José , Sanz Miguel‐Angel 
Published: January 2007

SummaryTherapy‐related acute myeloid leukaemia/myelodysplastic syndrome (t‐AML/t‐MDS) results from an impaired ability to detoxify chemotherapeutic drugs or repair drug‐induced genetic damage caused by genetic polymorphisms in enzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs. We analysed the prevalence of genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1*2A(T6235C), CYP2E1*5B(C‐1019T), CYP3A4*1B(A‐290G), del{GSTT1}, del{GSTM1}, NQO1*2(C609T), MTHFR(C677T) and TYMS 2R/3R in 78 t‐AML/t‐MDS and 458 normal individuals (control group, CG) using real‐time and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based methods. The incidences of polymorphisms among t‐AML/t‐MDS patients and CG individuals were similar. However, a polymorphism profile consisting of CYP1A1*2A, del{GSTT1} and NQO1*2 strongly modified the risk of t‐AML/t‐MDS. The absence of all three polymorphisms decreased the risk of t‐AML/t‐MDS 18‐fold (odds ratio (OR) = 0·054, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0·005–0·63, P = 0·02), whereas the presence of only NQO1*2 or all three polymorphisms enhanced the risk of t‐AML/t‐MDS (OR = 2·09, 95% CI = 1·08–4·03, P = 0·03 and OR = 18·42, 95% CI = 1·59–212·76, P = 0·02 respectively). Thus, the profiles of genetic polymorphisms of drug‐metabolising enzymes might explain the increased risk to t‐AML/t‐MDS observed in some patients treated with polychemotherapy.
A new deletion defect leading to α‐thalassaemia in a large Dutch Caucasian family
Authors: Nooitgedagt J. E. , Harteveld C. L. , Starreveld J. S. , Versteegh F. G. A. , Giordano P. C. 
Published: January 2007

Summary α‐thalassaemia is a common inherited haemoglobin disorder that can cause only mild symptoms in carriers and is often either not diagnosed or mistaken for iron deficiency anaemia in the Netherlands. Although considered rare in North‐Europeans, we also regularly observe common and rare defects in this population. It is important to be alert for the mild symptoms of these carriers because compound heterozygous and homozygous combinations can result in intermediate, severe or fatal disease in the progeny of healthy carriers. Using a new technical application, a novel α°‐thalassaemia deletion was recently detected in our laboratories in a propositus of a large Dutch Caucasian family. We report the phenotypic and molecular study of this new form of α°‐thalassaemia (called ‐ ‐OHα‐thalassaemia deletion), which was observed in 10 of the 19 individuals studied in the index family. Our results indicate that the frequency of these unsuspected α°‐thalassaemia defects is probably underestimated in the Netherlands.
The dexamethasone‐suppressed corticotropin‐releasing hormone stimulation test and the desmopressin test to distinguish Cushing's syndrome from pseudo‐Cushing's states
Authors: Pecori Giraldi Francesca , Pivonello Rosario , Ambrogio Alberto Giacinto , De Martino Maria Cristina , De Martin Martina , Scacchi Massimo , Colao Annamaria , Toja Paola Maria , Lombardi Gaetano , Cavagnini Francesco 
Published: January 2007

SummaryObjective  Cushing's syndrome (CS), when fully expressed, is easily diagnosed. Mild cases, however, may require careful distinction from pseudo‐Cushing's states as may occur in depression, alcoholism, polycystic ovary disease and visceral obesity. The aim of the present study is a reappraisal of the diagnostic accuracy of the two tests most commonly used to differentiate CS from pseudo‐Cushing's: corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation after low dose dexamethasone administration and desmopressin stimulation.Design  The study population comprised 32 patients with CS and 23 with pseudo‐Cushing's evaluated retrospectively.Methods  Urinary free cortisol (UFC), serum cortisol at midnight and after low dose dexamethasone (1 mg overnight and 2 mg over two days) were measured. Further, patients were tested with dexamethasone + CRH and desmopressin and the diagnostic performances of the two tests were compared in the entire series as well as in patients with mild hypercortisolism only (i.e. UFC < 690 nmol/24 h).Results  As expected, measurement of UFC, assessment of cortisol rhythmicity and inhibition after 1 mg/2 mg dexamethasone failed to clearly classify patients with pseudo‐Cushing's. Administration of CRH following 2‐mg dexamethasone achieved 100% sensitivity but 62·5% specificity. Conversely, desmopressin testing correctly classified all but two patients with pseudo‐Cushing's (90% specificity) with 81·5% sensitivity. Diagnostic accuracy was comparable in the subgroup with mild hypercortisolism (21 CS, all 23 pseudo‐Cushing's patients). Desmopressin offered an incremental diagnostic effectiveness of 35·8/million inhabitants compared with dexamethasone + CRH as a second‐line test.Conclusions  Neither of the two tests guarantees absolute diagnostic accuracy. The specificity of dexamethasone + CRH is less brilliant than previously reported and appears to be inferior to desmopressin stimulation. The greatest diagnostic effectiveness results from the low‐dose dexamethasone test combined with the desmopressin test. Skilful use of dynamic testing and balanced clinical judgement are necessary to distinguish between Cushing's syndrome and pseudo‐Cushing's.