bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basics of Videodisc and Optical Disk Technology
Authors: Paris Judith 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article outlines basic videodisc and optical disk technology. Both optical and capacitance videodisc technology are described. Optical disk technology as a mass dlgltal image and data storage device Is defined and briefly compared with other established information storage media including magnetic tape and microforms. The article includes a look Into the future of videodisc and optical disk.
Statistical recognition of content terms in general text
Authors: Dillon Martin , Federhart Peggy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article discusses ways to improve the quality of retrieval systems that depend on the use of truncated words or quasi‐word stems as an indexing vocabulary. The problems addressed are the generalizability and stability of discriminant function analysis for selecting good topical terms from terms of relatively high frequency in a database drawn from abstracts of Harris Survey press releases. Results confirm that topical terms can be identified by their statistical properties. Consistently high recall of topical terms under a variety of different conditions implies persistent underlying properties strong enough to resist changes in test environment.
File maintenance of MeSH headings in medline
Authors: Humphrey Susanne M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article addresses file maintenance of subject headings in the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE, a bibliographic retrieval file which is indexed using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), NLM's subject authority. The emphasis is class maintenance in which sets of records in MEDLINE are changed by maintenance actions which reflect yearly changes in MeSH. Specific types of maintenance action are described with examples to highlight problem areas. Class maintenance failures, checking class maintenance, and informing endusers of MeSH changes resulting in class maintenance are discussed. Technical constraints and feasibility are not analyzed in detail; rather, the approach is geared toward requirements and impact of maintenance from the standpoint of vocabulary specialists and end‐users. The article concludes with a brief statement on defining file maintenance policy.
Fair use versus fair return: Copyright legislation and its consequences
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis , Curtis Mary E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to examine the ramifications of legislative recognition of the concept of fair use in the Copyright Act of 1976. The fair use concept, while of small consequence in its normative origins, has turned out to be the foundation of the most perplexing and divisive issues in the new legislative guidelines governing copyright. Legislative recognition of the concept of fair use, coupled with enormous growth of a new technology—extending from xerography to on‐line database systems—creates de facto exemptions to both the intent and content of new copyright guidelines. The issue is not one of limiting use or suppressing information, but of mechanisms for safeguarding the rights of copyright holders, be they authors or publishers, and insuring the free flow of information by providing a proper return on both intellectual creativity and capital expenditures. The authors argue that the elimination, or at least curtailment of fair use doctrine, coupled with an increase in technological approaches to reporting of secondary use of copyrighted material, will benefit all sections of the knowledge industry. Authors will receive proper royalties on use; publishers will be able to sell more books and journals at lower prices; and librarians will be liberated from extensive chores such as monitoring usage or determining fee schedules and transferences. The issue is one of fair return—an issue obscured and ultimately subverted by fair use.
Applications of multidimensional scaling: Comment on “a method for studying intercorrelated circulation patterns in library systems”
Authors: McGrath William E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractApplications of multidimensional scaling to library circulation, with implications formanagement decisions in the areas of collection building, housing of collections, allocation of funds, and on‐line retrieval are discussed. As a data‐descriptive, hypothesis‐generating technique, implications for theory building, hypothesis testing, prediction, and explanation are also discussed. Cautions concerning the interpretation of clusters, dimensions, the form of input matrices, and care in the definition of objects submitted to scaling are mentioned.
A drill and practice program for online retrieval
Authors: Boyce Bert R. , Martin David , Francis Barbara , Sievert Mary Ellen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDAPPOR, a drill and practice program for online retrieval provides reinforcement to students engaged in learning the basic command protocols of the major vendors of bibliographic databases. The DAPPOR evaluation program overcomes the difficult problems of determining the correctness of a user response in a highly flexible environment. The coding of answer definitions and the process of recursive reduction used by the evaluation program are described.
Information science research: The search for the nature of information
Authors: Kochen Manfred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHigh‐level scientific research in the information sciences is illustrated by a sample of recent discoveries involving the design of information‐processing algorithms, bibliometric scaling, and flows of information in biological systems and in countries. It is pointed out that when the concept of information first assumed an independent identity, the only known information processing systems were biological; now, after four decades of vigorous development of electronic information systems, the search for the essential nature of information is focussing again on biological systems and on sociotechnological systems as well.
Online searching styles: A case‐study‐based model of searching behavior
Authors: Fidel Raya 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe model of operationalist and conceptualist searching styles describes searching behavior of experienced online searchers. It is based on the systematic observation of five experienced online searchers doing their regular, job‐related searches, and on the analysis of 10 to 13 searches conducted by each of them. Operational‐ist searchers aim at optimal strategles to achleve precise retrieval; they use a large range of system capabilities in their interaction. They preserve the specific meaning of the request, and the aim of their iterations is an answer set representing the request precisely. Conceptualist searchers analyze a request by seeking to fit it into a faceted structure. They first enter the facet that represents the most important aspect of the request. Their search is then centered on retrieving subsets from this primary set by introducing additional facets. In contrast to the operationalists, they are primarily concerned with recall. During the interaction they preserve the faceted structure, but may change the specific meaning of the request. Although not comprehensive, the model aids in recognizing special and individual characteristics of searching behavior which provide explanations of previous research and guidelines for further investigations into the search process.
An investigation of different string coding methods
Authors: Goyal Pankaj 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study Investigates various techniques for the automatic coding of English Language strings. The strings are titles drawn from bibliographic files, but the techniques do not require any prior knowledge of the source. Variations of the techniques have also been tested and it has been shown that string abbreviation or coding based on the maximum entropy principle gives the best results. Some of the reasons for the nonuniqueness of the generated codes are presented.
Artificial intelligence: Underlying assumptions and basic objectives
Authors: Cercone Nick , McCalla Gordon 
Published: June 2007

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) research has recently captured media interest and it is fast becoming our newest “hot” technology. AI is an interdisciplinary field which derives from a multiplicity of roots. In this article we present our perspectives on methodological assumptions underlying research efforts in Al. We also discuss the goals (design objectives) of AI across the spectrum of subareas it comprises. We conclude by discussing why there is increased interest in AI and whether current predictions of the future importance of AI are well founded.
Research productivity and breadth of interest of computer scientists
Authors: Subramanyam K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe relationship between research productivity of computer scientists (as indicated by the number of papers published) and the breadth of research interest was investigated. A random sample of 419 authors was drawn from a four‐year cumulative author index of Computer and Control Abstracts. Data on the number of papers published by these authors and the subject dispersion of these papers were also gathered from Computer and Control Abstracts. A moderately strong positive correlation was found between the number of papers published by each author and the number of subfields of computer science in which these papers were published. Research productivity and breadth of research interest of computer scientists appear to be directly related. It also appears that computer scientists have a more diversified research interest within their own field than environmental scientists who tend to work consistently in a well‐defined subfield of their discipline.
Online search patterns: NLM CATLINE database
Authors: Tolle John E. , Hah Sehchang 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this article the authors present their analysis of the online search patterns within user searching sessions of the National Library of Medicine ELHILL system and examine the user search patterns on the CATLINE database. In addition to the CATLINE analysis, a comparison is made using data previously analyzed on the MEDLINE database for the same time period, thus offering an opportunity to compare the performance parameters of different databases within the same information system. Data collection covers eight weeks and includes 441, 282 transactions and over 11, 067 user sessions, which accounted for 1680 hours of system usage. The descriptive analysis contained in this report can assist system design activities, while the predictive power of the transaction log analysis methodology may assist the development of real‐time aids.
Person‐to‐person communication in an applied research/service delivery setting
Authors: Salasin John , Cedar Toby 
Published: June 2007

AbstractData from a national survey (n = 1666) of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of rural mental health services were used to conduct a sociometric analysis of person‐to‐person communication in tData from a national survey (n = 1666) of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of rural mental health services were used to conduct a sociometric analysis of person‐to‐person communication in tData from a national survey (n = 1666) of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of rural mental health services were used to conduct a sociometric analysis of person‐to‐person communication in the field. This article describes the structure of the person‐to‐person communication network in terms of its connectedness, centrality, homogeneity, and differentiation. Despite the diversity of survey respondents, and apparently meager interorganizational communication, communication in the field is similar, in many respects, to that observed in “invisible colleges.” While the probability of two randomly chosen individuals being in contact is low (0.0008), over 70% were connected indirectly. The person‐to‐person communication network is also highly centralized and exhibits higher than expected communication among respondents in the same professional role, type of work organization, and geographical region. It does not appear to be highly differentiated with respect to topic, since the majority of information providers are contacted with respect to a number of topi While the probability of two randomly chosen individuals being in contact is low (0.0008), over 70% were connected indirectly. The person‐to‐person communication network is also highly centralized and exhibits While the probability of two randomly chosen individuals being in contact is low (0.0008), over 70% were connected indirectly. The person‐to‐person communication network is also highly centralized and exhibits higher than expected communication among respondents in the same professional role, type of work organization, and geographical region. It does not appear to be highly differentiated with respect to topic, since the majority of information providers are contacted with respect to a number of topics.
Information transfer as technical assistance for development
Authors: Dosa Marta L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPolicies for development assistance have undergone several changes in recent decades. These changes have affected the information needs in developing countries and the responses of aid agencies. The article outlines trends in assistance strategies and types of international organizations as sources of information transfer. The review concludes with information‐related factors to be considered by technical assistance projects and implications for developing countries.
International cooperation in information systems and services
Authors: Neelameghan A. , Tocatlian J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article considers information exchange as an essential element in international cooperative arrangements. It examines in some detail the information systems of the United Nations and its specialized agencies and their impact on and contribution to international cooperation. The library, archives, and information programs of Unesco are described. The article considers recent trends observed in the establishment of a global information network, under the auspices of the United Nations, in order to facilitate a more equitable distribution of technological information and promote technical cooperation among developing countries. Certain features of Unesco's regional approach to information network development are reviewed and their advantages are described. The impact, both beneficial and disadvantageous, of information technology on international cooperation in the information area is examined. The special problems faced by developing countries wishing to benefit fully from international (cooperative) information systems are discussed as well as some of the strategies adopted in an effort to find solutions to some of these problems. The authors conclude that in the coming years the transfer of information will have to be considered as a whole encompassing the production, recording, processing, distribution and use of information, the economic aspects of related industries, the sociopolitical and socioeconomic characteristics of the countries participating in a given information system, and the contribution of the information communication industry to the economic development of nations.
An overview of social measures of information
Authors: Menou Michel J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe rise of the information society calls for quantitative and qualitative measures of information activities at the subnational, national, and international levels, which could help us better understand the issues and make sounder decisions. This article reviews recent developments in this direction as they relate to sectoral studies centered around kinds of information, information institutions and services, messages and communication technologies, and to global studies, concerned with the production and consumption of information, social change, information channels, policies and information indices. An account of efforts in the area of information statistics is also given. The present limitations of the various kinds of measures are discussed. It is advocated that consistent, comprehensive, and meaningful information measures need to be compiled regularly, evaluated, and upgraded to properly monitor, interpret, and control the far reaching changes taking place nationally and internationally.
Electronic publishing: The predicament of occasional users in the editorial process
Authors: Standera O. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe editorial process of electronic publishing including text entry, editing and editorial review, is a source of particular problems for the occasional user. This issue was studied as part of the project Electronic Publishing at the University of CalgThe editorial process of electronic publishing including text entry, editing and editorial review, is a source of particular problems for the occasional user. This issue was studied as part of the project Electronic Publishing at the University of Calgary. 4497 man‐machine actions were evaluated and user performance over five months was monitored with number of actions per error serving as performance indicator. It appears that the relative progress of users expressed as number of actions per error is affected by the amount (both in terms of frequency of use and number of actions) of use and that absolute values of performance are influenced by motivation, temperament and aptitude for specific tasks. Actions have been measured against the sum total of both comprehension and random errors; it has been found that at the level of total errors around 7% casual users attained the proficiency of steady users. The phenomenon of errors caused by abstraction has received special attention demonstrated on the “cut‐and‐paste” function, and six measures are suggested to aid in the human information processing Involv function, and six measures are suggested to aid in the human information processing Involved.
An investigation of online searcher traits and their relationship to search outcome
Authors: Bellardo Trudi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study investigated some attributes of online searchers that were believed to affect the quality of their search results. Subjects were selected from the online searching courses in six library schools. The searching proficiency of the subjects was measured by their performance on two DIALOG searches. Their creativity level was measured using two self‐report inventories; their intelligence level was approximated from their GRE Verbal and Quantitative scores; and their personality traits in regard to masculinity, femininity, and self‐esteem were measured using the Interpersonal Disposition Inventory. The large number of independent, predictor variables were reduced by factor analysis and the derived factors were related to the dependent variable, online searching performance, in a multiple regression analysis. The findings suggest that differences in searching performance can be attributed, to a small degree only, to general verbal and quantitative aptitude, artistic creativity, and to an inclination toward critical and analytical creative thinking. The findings also raise doubts, however, that high intelligence and other attributes cited by writers in the field are necessary for high performance. The notion that searching performance can be predicted by or is dependent upon certain cognitive or personality traits has thus become highly suspect.
Informatics and small computers in Latin America
Authors: Alvarez Jose , Smiley Steven M. , Rohrmann Francisco 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe microelectronics revolution has opened numerous opportunities for developing countries. This paper highlights some of the potential benefits, as well as some of the more pressing social and legal problems, facing Latin American nations in the area of informatics and small computers. The discussion covers potential uses, the role of central governments, implications for economic development, and transborder data flows. In order to benefit from this technology, Latin American nations must analyze their current situations, strengthen electronic and communications infrastructures, and pinpoint possible sources of conflict and cooperation.
Are there enduring patents?
Authors: Noma Elliot , Olivastro Dominic 
Published: June 2007

AbstractU.S. patents (and the technology they represent) age and eventually become obsolete. In this diachronous study, the citations by patents in a given year are compared to the number in subsequent years. The major findings are that, even though influential patents remain influential as they age, both highly and infrequently cited patents age at the same rate. This means that citations do not automatically beget more citations, and without this bandwagon effect, no patents are enduring. In addition, the distribution of patents by number of citations received is stable over time (here, in each year they are distributed as a negative binomial).
The personal computer: Missing link to the electronic journal?
Authors: Case Donald 
Published: June 2007

AbstractScientific publishing has evolved over three centuries of technological change. It now faces problems that include rapid growth, literature scatter, increasing costs, and excessive delays in publication. This article examines technical solutions to increasing delays and costs and explores new ways of disseminating research information. Noting developments in computer networking and microcomputer applications, the author contends that the widespread use of personal computers will accelerate the development of electronic publishing.
Library/information services and the nation's elderly
Authors: Moore Bessie Boehm , Young Christina Carr 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe fastest growing segment of the population of the United States is that of persons 65 years and older. These persons have special information needs that can be filled, in part, by library and information services that are targeted to them. The National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) notes an urgency to improve library and information services to the aging now and in preparation for the 30% rise in the over‐age‐65 population expected by the year 2000. The authors discuss the library and information needs of the aging, the current state of services to the aging, and steps taken by NCLIS to call attention to the need for enhancement of these services. Suggestions are given for libraries and service providers to consider for cooperation and collaboration in serving the elderly.
Bibliometric techniques applied to issues management: A case study
Authors: Lancaster F. W. , Lee Ja‐Lih 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOnline data bases can be used to track the growth of the literature on some topic and to follow the diffusion of the topic through data bases of various types. This type of tracking may be valuable in identifying topics likely to become significant socOnline data bases can be used to track the growth of the literature on some topic and to follow the diffusion of the topic through data bases of various types. This type of tracking may be valuable in identifying topics likely to become significant social or technological “issues”; it might therefore become a useful tool in issues management. A case study on the subject of acid rain is describe it might therefore become a useful tool in issues management. A case study on the subject of acid rain is described.