bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NOTE ON THE EFFECTS OF FIRING TEMPERATURES ON THE STRENGTH OF FIRECLAY AND STONE WARE BODIES1
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe cross breaking strengths, porosities and shrinkages of fire‐clay and stoneware bodies were determined after firing to different temperatures. It was found that with one exception, maximum strength was developed by firing to cone 8, even when porosity and shrinkage data showed the bodies to be over or underfired at this temperature. The cause of weakening above cone 8 may be due to the formation of sillimanite. Bodies which develop maximum shrinkage and minimum porosity at cone 8 have a greater ratio of fired strength to dry strength when fired to cone 8, than those which are under or overfired at cone 8.
THE WATER SMOKING OF CLAYS1
Authors: Geller R. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Experimental Method.—The water smoking behaviors of two plastic brick clays, one shale and one fire‐clay were studied by heating 4‐in. cubes at different rates, two thermo‐elements being buried in the brick and two others placed against the exterior surface. Results of Conclusions.—To save time in water smoking, the ware should be previously dried not far from 100°C, good circulation should be provided in the kiln and the temp. of the interior of the product should not lag appreciably behind that of the kiln. It should be possible to water smoke heavy clay products in 15 hours with heating rate of 20°C per hour.
REFRACTORIES FOR OIL‐FIRED FURNACES AND BOILERS1
Authors: Grant W. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe failure of fire‐brick in oil fired furnaces results from (1) spalling and falling of side wall bricks, (2) disintegration of bricks in direct path of flame, (3) glazing of surface with green glaze which penetrates and weakens brick, and (4) erosion by flame. A plea is made for more research in the field.
NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE SAGGER SITUATION1
Authors: Simcoe George 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA questionnaire sent to a number of clay mfgs. elicited the information: (1) better sagger cost system needed; carborundum and Na SiO are frequent constituents of the sagger body; (3) jaw crusher better than pan grog; (4) sagger containing 30 per cent carborundum and lasting 20 or more fires is economical.
NOTE ON THE ACID RESISTANCE OF ENAMELED COOKING UTENSILS1
Authors: Swesly B. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Apparent segregation of the constituents of an enamel under the influence of gravitation.—Experiments with trial pieces with poured samples, and with enameled ware of various mfgr's. showed that the surface of the layer of enamel which is uppermost during firing and cooling is readily attacked by acid, thus indicating, apparently, that the more soluble materials tend to rise to the top of the melt. It is therefore recommended that enameled kitchen utensils be fired in an inverted position. In the discussion by Bryan A. Rice a series of similar experiments are described using small shallow cups. Quantitative tests failed to show any difference in acid resistance and it is suggested that the author's results were due to the nature of the gases in contact with the enamel surface or to volatilization. In his reply the author accepts this explanation of his results.
NOTE ON COBALT STAIN IN WHITE WARE BODIES
Authors: Watts Arthur S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Faulty methods of adding cobalt.—Cobalt oxide or directly added cobalt sulphate frequently causes a blue‐gray cast when the body is hard fired. Correct preparations of stain from cobalt sulphate.—To 750 ounces of pure water add 15 ounces pure cobalt sulphate (CoSO4+ 7H2O) and stir until dissolved. Then add 7.5 ounces of carbonate of soda (Na2CO3) and stir thoroughly. Adding stain to body.—Ball clay must be thoroughly blunged with body before adding stain. If used in a casting slip, add the stain as a part of the casting solution. Proportions stain to body.—For a body containing 10 per cent ball clay add 75 ounces stain solution to each 1500 pounds body, i. e., ½ ounce stain for each 10 pounds body. For bodies with higher ball clay content increase the stain addition in the same ratio up to 15% ball clay. Stain in glazes.—Add 10 ounces stain to each 100 pounds dry glaze batch when same is thoroughly wet in mill. For glaze high in lead, the amount of of stain required is increased.
THE VALUE OF AGEING THE TERRA COTTA BODY1
Authors: Clare R. L. , Long R. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt is shown that the terra cotta body when aged for a period of twelve days improves in plasticity, workability and strength. If the body is aged and subsequently repugged, still greater improvement is noted. This process is recommended as developing to the fullest extent the latent qualities of the body. The theory of this action seems to be a softening of the clay grains which with the retempering process results in a finer subdivision of the particles and a more intimate combmation of the clay and grog.
APPLlCATION OF ELECTRIC HEAT TO VITREOUS ENAMELING1
Authors: Barringer Lawrence E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA two‐compartment open‐chamber furnace with separating door operated from the outside is described. The source of heat is an electric current passed through a nichrome resistor ribbon wound over refractory supports arranged along the sides of the furnace. The front or preheating compartment is operated at 300°C and the back or finishing compartment at 900°C, with automatic control. The advantages, compared with oil heating, are: rejections reduced from 25 per cent to zero; 50 per cent increase in output for same floor space; 47.4 per cent lower fuel cost; improved quality and uniformity; lower maintenance cost and greater ease of operation.
TESTING COKE OVEN REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Harvey F. A. , McGee E. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT General Reluirements are stated for mat, bench walls, checker work, regenerator korbels, main flues, division walls, oven chambers and jamb blocks. The following Tests are described:—inspection, reheating tests on three qualities, bending test. Requirements and specifications are discussed. The latter part ofthe paper deals with Apparent density and Permanent expansion. It is shown that the relation between them is a linear one and a chart is given. The average of thirty‐nine determinations gives an apparent density, for Western brick, 0.016 higher than for Pennsylvania brick, due to the fact that the Western ganister is slower to transform than the Eastern.
BERYL AS A CONSTITUENT IN HIGH TENSION INSULATOR PORCELAIN
Authors: Twells Robert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwo series, one of 9 bodies and one of 6, were prepared, in which flint and feldspar were partially replaced, weight for weight, by beryl. Bars and discs were fired to cone 8 3/4, to 10, or to 10 3/4 and tested for shrinkage, transverse strength, impact strength, heat resistance, absorption of moisture, and dye penetration. The results show that introduced in proper proportions beryl increases the transverse strength, impact strength, heat resistance and dielectric strength. The best results are obtained with the following limits of composition:
AN EXPERIMENT IN ELECTRIC SMELTING GLASS ENAMEL1
Authors: Geisinger E. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTOperating economies will require smelting of enamel frits in electric furnaces. A refractory enamel containing high content of metallic oxides was smelted in a combination are and carbon resistor furnace, obtaining complete fusion without reduction of the oxides or change in character of the enamel.
THE HARROP TUNNEL KILN
Authors: Cramer W. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe successful application of the car tunnel kiln to the firing of electrical porcelains is described. This kiln is 321 feet long, 54 1/2 inches wide inside, and has a placing height of approximately 60 inches. The ware is placed in saggers as formerly. Ware has been fired through this kiln in 48 hours‐total time for heating up, soaking, and cooling. The kiln operates at cones 10, 11, and 12, depending upon the ware being fired. Natural gas is used as fuel and is supplied to the kiln through Maxon Premix burners. Auxiliary fuel oil equipment is also installed.
POROSITY: VII. THE DETERMINATION OF THE POROSITY OF HIGHLY VITRIFIED BODIES43
Authors: Washburn Edward W. , Bunting Elmer N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Design and Accuracy.—The accuracy limitations of the general laboratory research type of porosimeter are discussed and the principles of design indicated. McLeod‐Gauge Type of Porosimeter.—A new type of porosimeter is described with which the pore volume of any test piece may be directly determined within 0.01–0.02 cc. Results with Electrical Porcelain.—Tests of eight pieces of electrical porcelain indicated a porosity of 0±0.01 per cent. This result was confirmed by dye penetration tests. An Apparatus for Measuring the Porosity of Full Size Brick.—A simple and rapid apparatus for measuring the porosity of full size brick by the “General Method”(Jour. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 5, 113–16 (1922)) is figured and described.
NEED FOR MORE REFRACTORY HEAT INSULATORS Proposed Conductometers for Measuring Thermal Conductivity1
Authors: Pike Robt. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe commercial value of high temperature thermal insulators is discussed, and a numerical example of a problem in designing a flue for conducting hot gases is given. A suggestion is offered for carrying out research in the manufacture of more highly refractory thermal insulators than are at present available, and tentative specifications for refractory and insulating properties are given. It is further suggested that refractory manufacturers should interest themselves in such research. The need of a simple apparatus, called for convenience a conductometer, for carrying out routine investigations of thermal conductivity, is pointed out, and, after describing some of the more important apparatus formerly used, a design of an improved new type is suggested and the method of working up the results is described.
A LOW FIRE PORCELAIN1
Authors: Binns Charles F. , Burdick Tina 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPieces of the following composition were cast and then fired at about cone 02, or lower, and then glazed and fired at cone 4. The result was a pleasing porcelain.Frit Batch: Whiting, 0.32 × 100 = 32; Niter, 0.28 × 202 = 56.5: Borax, 0.12 × 328 = 45.8; Soda Ash, 0.18 × 106 = 19; Magnesite, 0.10 × 84 = 8.4; Calcined Clay, 0.24 × 222 = 53.3; Flint, 1.8 × 60 = 108; Total = 322. Georgia Clay 0.07 or 18 parts was added to the fritted batch
WET PROCESS ENAMELS FOR CAST IRON1
Authors: Danielson R. R. , REINECKER H. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTWet process enameling of cast iron is becoming of importance because of its application to the enameling of stove parts, sanitary fittings and hardware. This paper is a report of an extended investigation of wet process enamels for cast iron, in connection with the use of a ground coat.Compositions used in dry process enameling have served as a basis for the work, which includes a study of ground coats and white cover enamels. The effect of varying methods of preparing the frits, mill additions, and the relation of composition of the enamels to such properties as adherence, texture and opacity have been carefully studied. Ground Coats.—Sintering of most ground coat frits has been found desirable in order to develop best adherence on the castings. Clay gave best results as a mill addition for the groundvt and feldspar were found to be less satisfactory. Excessive additions of clay or flint produced flaking of the ground coat while feldspar tended to develop blistering. About 15 per cent of clay or 10 per cent each of clay and flint are recommended as mill additions for the ground coats.Excessive additions of any one flux were not desirable, and best results were obtained when sodium, lead and boric oxides were combined in more or less definite pro‐portions. Sodium oxide in excess of about 10 per cent gave rise to blistering. Boric oxide increased the firing range of the ground coats and was preferable to lead oxide on this account, although it tended to promote crawling of ground coats high in boric oxide if they were applied somewhat heavily.The best ground coats developed are Rg‐26, 17, 1, 25 and 18. Cover Enamels.—Cover enamels were smelted in the usual manner. The mill additions consisted of 5 per cent of clay, 8 per cent of tin oxide, and 45 per cent of water, all based on the weight of the dry frit.For best results, the cover enamel must he adapted to the ground coat in refractoriness. Boric acid increased the firing range of the enamels but tended to promote crawling, although this was less pronounced in the case of the more fusible compositions. Boric oxide improved the opacity when suhsituted for such fluxes as sodium and lead oxides. Cryolite increased opacity but additions above 10 per cent, based on the melted weight, tended to promote crawling. Considering all factors, cover enamels R‐14 11, 28, 1 and 18 gave best results.
THE ORGANIZATION OF A DECORATIVE CERAMIC RESEARCH DEPARTMENT1
Authors: Rhead Frederick H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTArtistic development has been slow in the clay industries and has not yet arrived at that stage where it can be legitimately considered a functioning organization activity.A research organization is a business activity and not a purely scientific venture. Therefore, it is incomplete if it concentrates on any one essential branch of the industry to the exclusion of the others. Future business possibilities are obviously the main activities.A budget should be arranged to cover a definite period and a program to provide for a definite result since research work involves considerable expenditure in labor and equipment.The typical art pottery organization is described, giving the qualifications of the various plant executives and directing heads. The research program in relation to losses is discussed. The types of losses are classified. The investment required in connection with a typical organization of a stated size is outlined. The development program with the results for the first twelve months and the year's results against the expenditures are summarized. The position occupied by the clay working industries in comparison to other national industries is discussed.
THE RELATIVE MERIT OF HEAT RESISTING ALLOYS FOR ENAMEL BURNING RACKS
Authors: Poste E. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTEnamel burning racks fail by oxidation and warpage. Several metals have been studied with regard to oxidation and warpage at a temperature from 1700° to 1800°F. These metals are listed in the order of increasing warpage and increasing oxidation. Actual data is given and comparisons are made by means of a chart. Conclusions are drawn in terms of the choice of rack material for burning heavy and light ware.
THE CAUSTIC CALCINATION OF DOLOMITE AND ITS USE IN SORREL CEMENTS1
Authors: Bole G. A. , Shaw J. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method for calcining dolomite in which the pressure of carbon dioxide is controlled is described. Less than ½ of one per cent of lime is liberated. Material was calcined in ton lots using external heating. Two types of retort were used: wrought iron and fire clay. Floors were laid from the material so calcined and physical tests made on the calcine to determine its availability as a stucco material.The effect of time, temperature, and pressure of carbon dioxide upon three types of dolomite is brought out.Dolomites are either double salts or solid solutions or mixtures of the two.The effect of lime and silica is pointed out.Dissociation, tensile strength, volume change, time of set, and weather test data are given.
I. THE USE OF PULSICHROME FROM A MANUFACTURER'S STANDPOINT
Authors: Clark Ernest 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTI. Two papers setting forth the advantages of the pulsichrometer for applying glazes, followed by discussions. In the pressing room the use of the pulsichrometer gives a uniform appearance; rapid application and pleasing effect in one operation in slipping department; eliminates the necessity for re‐burns in the kiln department; handled with greater speed in the fitting department.II. The advantages of the pulsichrometer versus the old method of applying glazes are the better production of colors and elimination of the “human element.” Closer coöperation is expected between the terra cotta manufacturer and the architect.
MOULDS FOR MAGNESITE, CHROME AND SILICA BRICK1
Authors: Ayars Erling E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Shrinkage.—Determination of allowance for shrinkage in mould manufacture is of prime importance. Design comes next. Types of Moulds.—Slip moulds including the open slip and vent bottom types, steel slip liner moulds, and the wooden knock‐down screw mould. Materials Used.—Soft steel, cold rolled steel, galvanized iron and hard woods. Moulding Tools.—The slicker, short scoop, smacker, putty knife, rammer and hammer. Manufacture of Moulds.—Relation to the manufacture of all kinds of brick made from these special refractory materials. The treatment of each type of mould includes materials and method of manufacture, the materials and kinds of brick, the manufacture of which it is best suited, together with the manipulation best suited to turning out a uniformly good product. Correction of mould faults and suggestions for overcoming difficulties encountered in moulding brick find their place wherever the discussion of the various moulds and operations suggests any of the common troubles of the moulder.
POROSITY: VI. DETERMINATION OF POROSITY BY THE METHOD OF GAS EXPANSION*
Authors: Washburn Edward W. , Bunting Elmer N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Theory of the method.—The pore volume is measured by allowing the gas which fills the pores to expand into a measured volume and measuring the accompanying fall in pressure. Applicability.—The method is in general applicable to pieces of any size and shape and to all classes of porous bodies or materials. A new porosimeter.—For rapid work with shaped test pieces a new porosimeter is described. The new instrument measures accurately both pore volume and bulk volume. A complete porosity determination can be made in 5 minutes. No weighing is required. The results on ceramic bodies arc reproducible to one unit in the first decimal place of the per cent porosity. Considerably higher accuracy than this can be secured if desired. Results.—The results obtained with the new method are in all cases higher, in a number of cases very much higher, than those obtained by the methods of liquid absorption in current use. For fired bodies the same results are obtained with dry air, hydrogen or helium as the pore filling gas. The results show conclusively that complete filling of all the pores in a reasonable time can not be secured by any of the current methods using a liquid as the pore filling agent.
THE HANDLING, STORING AND SETTING OF GLASS POTS1
Authors: Clark Wm. M. , Forsyth J. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT“A glass pot is a wonderful piece of engineering:” It is an expensive article and deserves the most careful treatment. The precautions indicated are; careful packing for shipment in ruin proof box cars, well padded pot carriages equipped with the spring suspensions, storage in a warm, dry room, careful preparation of furnace bench to insure an even distribution of load on the bottom of the pot and to make certain that the pot is level, or tilted slightly forward. Unnecessary jolts often result in damage which only becomes apparent when the pot is heated up.
SUGGESTED NEW METHODS IN THE PREPARATION OF DUST‐PRESSED BODIES1
Authors: Spurrier H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Milling.—A continuous pebble mill of the self‐feeding type is recommended. Segregation due to difference in density is not to be feared. Drying.—Instead of drying completely, wetting down, tempering, aging and grinding the author recommends drying the press cake only down to a water content of 16%, followed immediately by disintegrating and pressing. The pressed ware produced by this shortened procedure is very satisfactory. A Combined Disintegrator and Dryer.—The author suggests the application of a hot blast to the clay as it leaves the mill for the disintegrator thus drying and disintegrating it in one operation. This suggestion has not, however, been tried out.
THE WEATHERING OF GLASS CONTAINERS1
Authors: Ford. K. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTStability in storage is a requisite of commercial glass. A white film or surface spotted with white patches is frequently observed on glass that has been in storage for some time. These weathering effects can be produced artificially by several methods which are given. Several factors, including humidity, have been found to influence the rate at which weathering takes place. Dipping in hydrochloric acid before packing retards weathering and paper properly used in packing is effective in decreasing the tendency to weather.Three classes of weathering effects are given and illustrated with microphotographs. Experiments show that continued boiling removes the weathered surface.The products of weathering consist of crystals of soluble salt or salts, principally sodium carbonate, and an insoluble film.The lime, soda, and silica are found to have the same relative values in the weathered material as in the original glass, with the addition of certain amounts of carbonate, moisture, and dirt and organic material.Weathering is largely dependent on solubility. Glass showing the greatest resistance to weathering proves equally resistant to action of water at temperatures and pressures above normal.Condition of surface appears to influence the solubility. Alumina increases the resistance of glass to weathering. Sodium carbonate may exist in glass after manufacture and assist in weathering.
THE INFLUENCE OF GRIND AND BURN ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICA BRICK1
Authors: Howe R. M. , Kerr W. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFiner grinding improves the appearance of the brick and increases their strength somewhat but not in any marked degree, within the commercial limits of grinding. A grinding of from 15 to 20 minutes seems most desirable. The time of grinding does not affect the porosity appreciably. The firing temperature is the principal factor governing the final strength and also the permanent residual expansion. The maximum temperature cone 19, yielded the highest strength and the lowest expansion.
RESISTANCE TESTS ON FIRE BRICKS UNDER LOADS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Sieurin E. , Carlsson Fredr , Kjellgren B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMethod. —Mixtures of fine ground china clay and ball clay with grog (called by the author “chamotte”) of the same materials were made into 3 cm. cubes and subjected to a pressure of 2 kg. per sq. cm. at temperatures which sufficed to bring about a linear contraction of 0.3 per cent in 2 hours. Definite quantities of silica, alumina, ferric oxide, lime and magnesia were added and both the deformation and the usual softening points determined.Results. —Even very small amounts of the oxides of iron, calcium and magnesium brought about a considerable reduction in the resistance to pressure. A minimum in the resistance was observed with silica contents between 60‐70 per cent, which does not correspond to the minimum softening point or melting point of clay‐silica mixtures. Additions of alumina increased the temperature required to deform the specimens but with high alumina content mechanical failure due to lack of bonding material occurred. For many purposes clay fire brick will have to be replaced by more resistant materials, such as brick made from silica, aluminous mixtures and silicon carbide.
COLD END COMPENSATION ON A PYROMETER SYSTEM1
Authors: Thwing Charles B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAttention is called to the fact that every measurement involves two quantities and that failure to correctly determine either leads to erroneous results.The large cold end variation present in the usual method of mounting thermocouples in brick kilns is pointed out and an improved method shown.Various plans for converting the cold end error are described.