bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunological aspects of juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis)
Authors: Lehner T. , Wilton J. M. A. , Ivanyi L. , Manson J. D. 
Published: July 2006

Cell‐mediated and humoral immunological investigations were carried out in 34 patients with advanced destructive periodontal disease. In 23 of these patients, 14 to 21 years old, juvenile periodontitis was diagnosed by clinical and radiological criteria. Stimulation of lymphocyte transformation by autologous plaque, Veillonella alcalescens, Fusobacterium fusiforme and Bacteroides melaninogenicus was impaired, the response to Actinomyces viscosus was intact, but those to unrelated antigens, such as purified protein derivative (PPD) or Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) and to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), were enhanced. However, lymphocytes stimulated by these antigens relased a factor causing macrophage migration inhibition in up to 65 % of patients. Substititution of autologous serum by homologous or fetal calf serum did not increase lymphocyte transformation, but was associated with conversion of the negative to positive macrophage migration inhibition activity, so that the latter was found in 80 % to 100 % of patients. Serum IgM, IgG and IgA concentrations were significantly increased and the haemagglutinating titres to related bacteria were higher than those found in controls.Comparable cell‐mediated and humoral immune responses were found in 11 patients, 22 to 29 years old, whose clinical and radiological features were similar to those in patients with juvenile periodontitis; the disease in these patients can be referred to as ‘post‐juvenile periodontitis’. The results suggest that in juvenile periodontitis a selective impairment of antigen induced DNA synthesis of lymphocytes to plaque and some Gramnegative organisms, is associated with release of macrophage migration inhibition factor.
The organisation of the gingival vasculature
Authors: Nuki Klaus , Hock Janet 
Published: July 2006

Vascular perfusion, vital microscopy and conventional histologic techniques were applied to a study of the structure and organisation of vessels in gingiva with no previous history of inflammation. The gingival vasculature around deciduous teeth of cats and dogs was found to be classifiable as a microvascular bed, containing arterioles, precapillary venules and venules less than 501974m in width. Capillaries predominated within crestal gingiva and within the superficial buccal and crevicular networks. Precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules were most common in the mid gingival region. Small arterioles and venules were present in apical gingiva.Capillaries, comprising the network in crestal gingiva, were arranged as interconnecting repetitive units. Changes in the width, length and local morphology of vessels in each unit, with inflammation, resulted in the formation of vessel loops. With continuing inflammation, certain connecting vessels were lost while other vessels became spatially rearranged.
Mast cells and periodontal disease
Authors: Coleman Edward J. , Schlissel Harvey J. , Gaffar Abdul 
Published: July 2006

Two groups of littermated hamsters with polyglucan‐forming streptococci in their oral flora, were set up in identical but separate quarters and fed a cariogenic diet. The control group was untreated, whereas the test group was inoculated orally with polyfructan‐forming streptococci (Strain SS‐2) by swabbing the teeth for four days. After forty‐four days, the animals were evaluated for dental caries, bone resorption and gingival mast cell population density.The inoculated hamsters showed a 2.24 X increase in dental caries, an 1.82 X increase in bone resorption, and a 1.50 X increase in mast cell numbers. The increases in each of these three parameters was statistically highly significant. The role of polyfructan‐forming streptococci in causing dental caries directly, and increasing numbers of mast cells with accompanying bone resorption along the alveolar crest and other periodontal disease symptoms is discussed.
Surface characteristics of cells from different layers of keratinized and non‐keratinized oral epithelia
Authors: Cleaton‐Jones P. 
Published: July 2006

Portions of clinically healthy non‐keratinized and keratinized oral epithelia were removed from adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). The epithelium was separated from the underlying lamina propria by trypsin digestion, following which the epithelial cells were separated from the various epithelial layers. These were examined with the light and scanning electron microscope.Cells from non‐keratinized epithelia have surface microplications while those from keratinized epithelia show microvilli and pits. Two distinct types of cell are therefore present. It is suggested that the different surface appearances are related to different types of mechanical adhesion between the cells.
Cell dynamics of experimental gingivitis in macaques
Authors: Johnson N. W. , Hopps R. M. 
Published: July 2006

Counts were made of cells present within the inflammatory focus in gingival biopsies from adult macaque monkeys with gingivitis of varying chronicity and severity. Data (Set I) were derived from biopsies taken 3 to 85 days after withdrawal of oral hygiene: during this period the mean gingival index rose from 0.7 to 2.1 but corresponding trends in size and nature of cellular infiltrate were not apparent ‐ the lesions containing 25–40 % macrophages, 20–30 % fibroblasts, 3–30% polymorphonuclear leucocytes, 10 % endothelial cells, 4–9 % lymphocytes and 5–11 % plasma cells. Infiltrates from molar teeth, however, tended to be smaller, to contain relatively more macrophages and fewer lymphocytes and plasma cells than tissue from anterior teeth. These data were compared with those derived from the same animals 5 months later (Set II) and from animals several years older with more severe disease (Set III). With more extensive and more long standing inflammation there were significant increases in plasma cell and polymorphonuclear leucocyte density, and decreases in fibroblasts and macrophages; lymphocyte and endothelial cell densities were relatively stable.The findings are interpreted as a mixed immune inflammatory response in which delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms may initially play a part but in which, as disease progresses, the humoral arm of the immune response seems to he more extensively deployed.
Dietetically provoked general and alveolar osteopenia in rats and its prevention or cure by calcium and fluoride
Authors: Ericsson Y. , Ekberg O. 
Published: July 2006

Male rats, 21‐100 days old at the start of different experiments, were kept for several weeks on synthetic diets, either adequate, or deficient in calcium (Ca) and at the same time low in protein and high in sucrose.For varying parts of the experimental periods the rats were given either dist. water, or water supplied with 2000 ppm Ca, 40 ppm fluoride (F), or both in a compatible form.Assessment was made of several parameters of the femoral bone density and of two histometric parameters of the alveolar bone density.The bone density in animals on Ca‐deficient diet was greatly improved by supplying either Ca or Ca+F with the drinking water. There was a tendency to higher mineral density with Ca+F supply than with Ca alone. Rats that had been on a high F, adequate diet were much more resistant to bone mineral depletion by a subsequent Ca‐deficient diet than were control rats that had been on the same diet without F.The alveolar bone generally reacted more strongly than the femoral bone to both deprivation and supplementation, and the tissue between the roots of one molar (M 2) more than the tissue between two molars (M 1–2).The correlations of alveolar bone parameters to femoral weight, ash, Ca and P content were all positive, in most cases statistically significant, and generally stronger for the M 2 than for the M 1–2 tissue. In an experiment where the deficient diet was supplied either as powder or as bread the results seemed to support the concept of an influence of masticatory force, particularly on the interdental bone septa.The connection between generalized osteopenia and alveolar bone loss and the roles of Ca and F are discussed.
Hydroxyproline content in gingival exudate before and after periodontal surgery
Authors: Hara Kohji , Takahashi Tokuya 
Published: July 2006

In the present study the hydroxyproline content in gingival exudate and serum obtained from individuals with periodontal disease was determined at three times; before, one month and six months after periodontal surgery. The gingival exudate was collected with filter paper strips according to the intracrevicular method. The hydrolysates of gingival exudate and serum were assayed colorimetrically for hydroxyproline.Although the hydroxyproline content of the exudate and of serum one month after surgery was higher than the values before surgery, the differences were not statistically significant. The values for exudate and serum at six months, however, were significantly lower than at one month; exudate 23.45 ± 13.13 μg/g vs. 39.85 ± 18.63, P < 0.05; serum 17.05 ± 2.22 μg/g ml vs. 19.34 ± 2.19, P < 0.05. These decreased values at six months postoperatively may reflect a decrease of collagen degradation in the course of gingival tissue repair.
The inhibition of mast cell degranulation in monkey gingiva by disodium cromoglycate
Authors: Nuki Klaus , Farnoush Ali 
Published: July 2006

The effect of Syrijet applied disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on mast cell degranulation and on gingivitis was investigated in rhesus monkeys. Mast cell counts were obtained by tracing representative areas from specially stained tissue sections and visually counting mast cells per unit area. Results revealed that while the drug inhibited mast cell degranulation, this was not associated with any detectable change in gingivitis in the time period studied.D.S.C.G. should provide an invaluable tool for the continued investigation of the role of mast cells in gingivitis.
Subgingival microflora and periodontitis
Authors: Williams B. L. , Pantalone R. M. , Sherris J. C. 
Published: July 2006

Predominant bacterial flora resident in subgingival plaque was characterized and evaluated in relation to the etiology of periodontal disease. Small groups of clinically and radiographically identified periodontal patients and control subjects were studied. A comprehensive inventory of cultivable flora was made. The most common group of organisms were the Gram‐positive rods, the majority of which were Actinomyces. A larger proportion of anaerobic Gram‐negative rods were isolated than indicated in the results of previous studies. Considerable variability in floral content was found in different sites in the same patient. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the flora between clinically normal and pathological sites of the same patients. A significantly greater number of facultative Actinomyces was present in the flora of periodontal patients as compared to control subjects.Sera from the same nine subjects were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence for circulating antibodies to 12 strains of plaque bacteria. No differences in antibody titers were observed between sera from periodontal patients and control subjects.
The effects of dentifrices on the appearance of the tooth surface observed with the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Saxton C. A. 
Published: July 2006

The changes which occur on the surfaces of teeth during the use of different types of toothpaste have been studied by the use of replicas and scanning electron microscopy. Two studies were conducted in which non‐abrasive pastes were compared with conventional dentifrices. The conventional dentifrices contained dicalcium phosphate dihydrate or aluminium trihydrate as the abrasives, while the non‐abrasive dentifrices contained acrylic spheres or particles of polyethylene.From the morphological appearance of the surface, it was demonstrated that the pellicle was present within 24 hours of cleaning with pumice and that its thickness increased with time. Relatively thicker pellicles were formed during the use of the non‐abrasive paste. This observation was confirmed by measurement of grooves made in the pellicle, which showed that the pellicle thickness could be as much as 10 μm during the use of the non‐abrasive paste. Comparison of colour photographs with replicas of the same teeth revealed that areas of cosmetic stain were correlated with a characteristic morphology of the pellicle as observed in the scanning electron microscope. Preliminary micro‐probe analysis revealed that heavily‐stained pellicles were highly mineralised. It is concluded that an abrasive is necessary to control the thickness of pellicle and to prevent the build up of cosmetic stain. During the maturation of undisturbed pellicle, changes in its physical properties occur which render its removal more difficult.
A radiochemical assay for glycolytic activity in dental plaque
Authors: Williams R. A. D. , Nuki Klaus , Nanda Veena , Schlenker R. 
Published: July 2006

A radiochemical technique for the rapid and precise measurement of glucose utilization of fresh samples of dental plaque is described. The method appears to be a sensitive indicator of the actual glycolytic ability of an organized microbial plaque including activity in the Embden‐Meyerhof pathway as well as heterolactic fermentation and the Entner‐Doudoroff pathway.It was found that the glycolytic rate of plaque associated with periodontal pockets was significantly higher than that for plaque not so associated.
The role of complement in initial gingivitis
Authors: Kahnberg K‐E. , Lindhe J. , Attström R. 
Published: July 2006

The effects of decomplementation by Cobra Venom Factor (CVF) on cell migration and vascular permeability in experimentally induced initial gingival inflammation in the dog have been determined. Gingivitis was provoked in four Beagle dogs with normal gingiva during an eight hour period by topical application of an extract of human plaque. In each dog, the applications were performed on one side of the jaws before, and on the contralateral side after decomplementation. Following six and a half hours of plaque extract application, colloidal carbon was injected intravenously in one of the hind legs. At the end of the application period biopsies were sampled, the tissue sections were embedded in Epon and semi thin sections (2–3 μm) were prepared and examined in the light microscope regarding (1) amount of carbon containing vascular units subjacent to the junctional epithelium (2) number of neutrophils and mononudear leukocytes within the junctional epithelium.The present experiment indicates that (1) plaque extract contains substances which, when applied onto the margin of normal gingiva, mediate attraction of leukocytes and alterations of the function of the dento‐gingival vasculature i.e. induce symptoms of initial gingivitis. (2) in the decotnplemented animals the plaque components displayed a) a reduced capacity to influence vascular function but b) an almost unaltered leukocyte attracting potential with regard to neutrophils.
The effect of dietary Gantrisin® supplements on the flora of periodontal pockets in four beagle dogs
Authors: Newman Michael G. , Sandler Mathew , Ormerod William , Angel Leo , Goldhaber Paul 
Published: July 2006

The predominant cultivable flora from advanced periodontal pockets (> 4 mm bone loss) was compared with the microbiota isolated from areas of incipient periodontal lesions (< 2 mm bone loss) in Beagle, dogs with periodontal disease. In addition the effect of long term dietary antibiotic (sulfisoxazole) administration on the microbial flora and the clinical course of periodontal disease in these animals was determined.Four male Beagle dogs, 40 months old, had been maintained on a soft diet for 36 months prior to the time of bacterial sampling; two of the animals had been given 44 mg/Kg Gantrisin® (sulfisoxazole) p.o. daily for 3 years. Clinical and radiographic examination of the dogs demonstrated that Gantrisin® seemed to have no effect on the development of periodontitis since both groups exhibited clinical signs of periodontal disease and demonstrated a range of alveolar bone destruction from minimal to severe.Bacterial samples were obtained and cultured from the base of each site utilizing anaerobic techniques. In addition, direct microscopy of whole plaque was carried out.The distribution of the predominant cultivable flora in both treated and non‐treated animals revealed that Gram positive organisms predominated in the incipient lesions, while Gram negative anaerobic rods predominated in advanced periodontal lesions. In all sites anaerobes outnumbered facultatively anaerobic bacteria by at least 2:1.
A genetic and epidemiologic study of periodontal disease in Hawaii
Authors: Chung C. S. , Kau M. C. W. , Chung S. S. C. , Schendel S. A. 
Published: July 2006

Using a modification of the Ramfjord procedure, 939 individuals aged 14 years or above of six racial groups were examined for periodontal disease to study the effects of genetic and epidemiologic factors with special emphasis on inbreeding and race. Other factors studied included sex, age, years of education, frequency of toothbrushing, smoking, tooth malalignment, and medical history.Among six racial groups, two distinct clusters were discernible even when relevant concomitant variables including years of education and oral hygiene practice were adjusted for. Caucasians, Japanese, and ≪Others≫ had clearly higher levels of periodontal health status than Hawaiians or part‐Hawaiians, Samoans, and Filipinos. The difference in Samoans and Filipinos may be explained in part by cultural and socioeconomic factors associated with their recent immigration to Hawaii. Inbreeding was not related to any indicator of periodontal disease showing inconsistency with the hypothesis of significant role of recessive genes in the etiology of the disease.Smoking was found to have adverse effect on periodontal health status, whereas no clear‐cut association was noted with tooth malalignment. The principal component analysis on eight periodontal disease variables led to the extraction of two major factors, destructive periodontal disease and plaque accumulation.
Regeneration of the basal lamina complex during epithelial wound healing
Authors: Sciubba James J. 
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this study was to follow the time sequence of events in the reformation of the attachment complex between epithelium and lamina propria of oral mucosa following incisional wounding. An incisional wound of minimal depth was made along the dorsal surface of rat tongue. From nine groups of animals, tissue specimens were collected from 0 through 96 hours and processed routinely for electron microscopy.The formation of the attachment complex was followed in relation to the epithelial cells migrating across the wound space. The earliest discernable changes denoting initiation of reattachment were preceded by a short period of direct contact between epithelial plasma membrane and fibrin. Attachment did not occur in epithelial cells not bordering on fibrin, suggesting that in the system studied such contact is a prerequisite for reattachment. The ultrastructural components of the attachment complex appeared in an orderly chronologic and spatial sequence, with the additional components appearing as time elapsed between the arrival of the cell in its new location and the collection of the tissue specimen.
Calcium deficiency, pregnancy and lactation in rats
Authors: Rasmussen P. 
Published: July 2006

Adult female rats were subjected to severe calcium deprivation by feeding them a calcium‐deficient diet containing oxalate (Test group a), and in addition by subjecting some of them to pregnancy and lactation (Test group b). The mandibles were collected for determination of ash and cortical bone area.The ash content of the mandible was reduced in both test groups, but the additional effect of pregnancy and lactation was less than that previously found in long bones. Planimetric analysis revealed that bone removal had not occurred from the periosteal surfaces of the mandible. Most of the bone loss had taken place by resorption from its endosteal surfaces.
Lymphocyte blastogenesis to plaque antigens in human periodontal disease
Authors: Lang Niklaus P. , Smith Frederic N. 
Published: July 2006

Lymphocyte transformation in response to dental plaque antigens has been used to determine the association between cellular immune responses and the periodontal status in man. An in vitro system for lymphocyte transformation was used. Triplicate microcultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated with four different concentrations of V. alcalescens, B. melaninogenicus, F. nucleatum, A. viscosus, A. naeslundii, S. sanguis and pooled plaque of human origin. Phytohemagglutinin served as a positive and saline as negative control. The uptake of 3H‐thymidine during blastogenesis was measured by liquid scintillation counting.Forty‐eight subjects divided into four equal groups of individuals with either normal gingivae, gingivitis, mild to moderate, or advanced periodontitis participated in the study. The subjects were all between 35 and 45 years of age. The peripheral blood lymphocytes of the normal subjects did not generally undergo blastogenesis with any of the organisms. However, when blastogenesis occured in other groups, the highest stimulation was found in the advanced periodontitis group. B. melaninogenicus stimulated blastogenesis only in the advanced group. A. viscosus and A. naeslundii stimulated lymphocytes to various degrees in all except the normal group. All the other antigens did not show any differences in stimulations between any of the groups.
Influence of diphosphonates on the pyrophosphatase activity in Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Wöltgens J. H. M. , Bervoets TH. J. M. , de Vries W. 
Published: July 2006

The existence and properties of an alkaline pyrophosphatase in Streptococcus mutans were determined.The PPi‐ase activity was Mg++ dependent and strongly inhibited by EHDP, Cl2MDP and MDP concentrations higher than 10‐2 M. Complex formation with different divalent ca tions can modify the inhibiting effect of diphosphonates. The consequences of this inhibi tion for dental calculus formation are discussed.
Studies of the predominant cultivable microbiota of early periodontitis
Authors: Darwish S. , Hyppa T , Socransky S. S. 
Published: July 2006

Plaque samples were taken from 3 comparably sized areas on the buccal surface of individual teeth of 7 patients with early periodontitis. The total counts from the area immediately coronal to the gingival margin were 10–100 times as high as counts from areas immediately apical to the gingival margin or at the base of the pocket.The microbial composition of the predominant cultivable microbiota in cach of the 3 sites on the teeth of 4 of the patients was studied using comprehensive cultural techniques. The sample were anaerobically dispersed, anaerobically serially diluted and plated in 5 environments. The isolates were extensively characterized and where possible identified to genus or species. The composition of the microbiota differed from subject to subject although the clinical conditions were seemingly similar. The two subjects who had been scaled two weeks prior to sample taking showed relativwely minor differences between the supragingival and subgingival samples. The predominant organisms detected were mainly S. sanguis, A. viscosus, and “suspected pairs”, in contrast the two subjects who had no scaling showed a remarkable difference between the supragingival and subgingival microbial flora. The subgingival flora consisted mainly of anaerobic microorganisms, with peptostreptococci predominating in one subject and B. melaninogenicus and A. israelii predominating in the other subject.