bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of the persistence of warfarin on wheat bait used for the control of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis)
Authors: ODAM E. M. , PEPPER H. W. , TOWNSEND M. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYWheat was treated with 14C‐warfarin sodium (0–02%, w/v. a.i.) using the recommended method for preparing bait for the control of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinesis L.). The persistence of this anticoagulant on sterilised grain was determined by monitoring the rate of change of radioactivity in five different treatments. The time taken for the initial concentration of warfarin to decrease by half in the samples buried in three forests with different soil types varied between 9 and 60 days, and appeared to be correlated with the soil conditions and rainfall. Wheat kept in a hopper exposed to the weather showed no loss of warfarin during the 12 month study period, although warfarin was lost from a pile of bait left exposed on the soil surface.A sixth radioactive treatment involved normal wheat (as purchased from a merchant) since most squirrel control work is done with unsterilised wheat. This showed that during the summer months when squirrel control is permitted the buried unsterilised wheat germinated, but there was no detectable radioactivity in the shoots. Warfarin was lost from both sterilised and unsterilised grain at similar rates when buried in the same forest.
Three‐dimensional mapping of stain and decay columns in trees
Authors: MERCER P. C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA visual and a computer method were used to produce three dimensional maps of stain and decay columns within trees. The merits of each method are discussed. Using these methods, tests were made to establish the accuracy of a pulsed‐electric‐current resistance meter (Shigometer) to estimate stain and decay columns in a nondestructive manner.
The effect of bulb size on the storage‐life of onions
Authors: WARD C. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn 2 years, 1972 and 1973, onion bulbs were harvested on various dates, graded into a range of sizes and stored at ambient temperatures. Periodic assessments showed that the number of bulbs that both rotted and sprouted increased with increasing bulb size. Although rotting can be controlled with benomyl seed dressing the increased tendency of large bulbs to sprout could have commercial implications. The date of commencement of sprouting was not affected by bulb size, but the percentage increase of sprouting was faster in the larger bulbs. Delayed harvesting also led to increased sprouting in store.
Field and laboratory observations on the substrates of the mushroom fungus gnat Lycoriella auripila (Diptera: Sciaridae)
Authors: BINNS E. S. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYObservations in mushroom houses showed that the number of larvae of L. auripila in the casing was higher than in the compost throughout the post‐casing phase of culture. The intestines of larvae from casing contained both peat and fungal material. Choice of oviposition site was accordingly non‐specific. Females from cropping houses appeared to consist of a mixture of monogenic (predominantly unsexual) and digenic (bisexual) strains. Males matured c. 2 days before females at 20 °C; such protandry appeared to be related to sexual differences in the extent of migration undertaken by the dimorphic sexes.Sciarids were reared from egg to adult equally effectively on (a) detached sporophores or on portions of (b) pileus, (c) stipe or (d) gills, all placed on moist peat, or on detached sporophores placed on a variety of inert substrates. Development was completed where sporophore material was the only food source and also occurred on peat to which only protein, particularly egg albumin, had been added. Hence, assuming no protein metabolism by a third organism, for development in the casing layer to occur, the mushroom need contribute only such proteins. However, their replacement by amino acids was not successful in limited tests.Addition of increasing amounts of the fungal metabolites mannitol and calcium oxalate to compost delayed development, and the accumulation of these materials during fungal growth may be responsible for the antagonism between mycelial and sciarid development which results in subsequent migration of emerging adults.
Inhibition of germination of Mycosphaerella brassicicola ascospores on young cabbage and cauliflower leaves
Authors: Hartill W. F. T. , Sutton P. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSymptoms of ringspot of brassicas, caused by Mycosphaerella brassicicola, rarely appeared on rapidly expanding leaves of cabbages and cauliflowers but were common on fully expanded leaves. M. brassicicola ascospores did not germinate, or germinated poorly, on expanding leaves or on recrystallised wax deposits taken from these young leaves. A high proportion germinated on expanded leaves, on waxes taken from expanded leaves and on various other surfaces in the absence of nutrients.A volatile metabolite, present in the younger leaves, appears to inhibit ascospore germination.
The effectiveness of fungicides used against Claviceps purpurea attacking male‐sterile barley in field trials
Authors: WOOD G. , SMITH J. R. COLEY 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSprays of benomyl applied during the flowering period to artificially inoculated barley heads were shown to be effective against ergot disease of male‐sterile barley. Under natural conditions, using germinating ergots as a source of ascospore inoculum, the effectiveness of benomyl was reduced — the reasons for this are discussed. Timing of fungicide application was critical as none of the fungicides tested showed marked eradicant properties. Sprays of benomyl just before and at maximum flower opening were best.
Host range and properties of artichoke yellow ringspot virus
Authors: RANA G. L. , GALLITELLI D. , KYRIAKOPOULOU P. E. , RUSSO M. , MARTELLI G. P. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe biological, serological and physico‐chemical properties of one isolate of artichoke yellow ringspot virus (AYRV) from Greece and another from Italy were compared.Both isolates infected 56 herbaceous species and there were few differences between them in the symptoms they caused.During purification they behaved identically and both tended to aggregate. Virus particles were isometric and measured c. 30 nm in diameter. In CsCl, virus sedimented as mixed aggregates of empty and full particles with buoyant densities varying from 1.20–1.30 g/ml and from 1.40–1.53 g/ml, respectively.The coat protein of AYRV contains a single polypeptide of mol. wt 53000 and the genome consists of two species of single‐stranded RNA with mol. wts 2.17 × 106 (RNA‐1) and 1.85 × 106 (RNA‐2) daltons, estimated under denaturing conditions.The two virus isolates are serologically very closely related but are unrelated to 28 other plant viruses with isometric particles. The characteristics of AYRV suggest that it is a possible member of the nepovirus group.
Groundnut eyespot virus, a new member of the potyvirus group
Authors: Dubern J. , DOLLET M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA virus causing ‘eyespot’ leaf symptoms in groundnut plants was transmitted by sap‐inoculation and by Aphis craccivora in the non‐persistent manner. It infected 16 of 72 species from five of 12 families and was easily propagated in Arachis hypogaea and Physalis floridana. The virus has particles c. 13 × 755 nm and is serologically closely related to soybean mosaic and pepper veinal mottle viruses, and more distantly to four other potyviruses. The virus differs in host range, in vitro properties and serological properties from previously described strains of soybean mosaic and pepper veinal mottle viruses. It seems to be a distinct member of the potyvirus group and we propose the name groundnut eyespot virus.
Host range, purification and some properties of hop mosaic virus
Authors: ADAMS A. N. , BARBARA D. J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYHop mosaic virus (HMV) causes severe symptoms in sensitive hop (Humulus Zupulus) cultivars, but over 90% of hop plants grown in England belong to tolerant cultivars and most of these plants are infected. HMV infected 11 herbaceous species symptomlessly but infection was systemic in only three of these: Nicotiana clevelandii, N. debneyi and Urtica urens. HMV did not infect 33 other species in 13 families. The virus was transmitted in the non‐persistent manner by the aphids Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Phorodon humuli. It was not seed‐borne in N. clevelandii, U. wens or hop.HMV was purified by precipitation from N. clevelandii extracts with polyethylene glycol followed by centrifugation in sucrose density gradients. The preparations contained filamentous particles c. 14 × 650 nm composed of c. 6% single‐stranded RNA of mol. wt c. 3.0 × 106 and a single protein species of mol. wt c. 34 000. HMV showed distant serological relationships to carnation latent, potato M, cowpea mild mosaic and hop latent viruses but it did not react with antisera to six other carlaviruses. The cryptogram for HMV is R/1: 3.0/(6): E/E: S/Ve/Ap.
Variation in the pathogenicity of three viruses of tomato
Authors: FRANCKI R. I. B. , GOULD A. R. , HATTA T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYTomato plants from Queensland with severe necrotic disease symptoms were shown to be co‐infected with a strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), referred to as the 0 strain (OCMV) and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) designated as the T strain (TAMV). TAMV alone was responsible for the necrotic reaction in tomato. OCMV and four other strains of the virus, did not acquire satellite RNA or an ability to cause necrosis in tomato by passage through Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi‐nc.It was observed that ‘fern leaf’ symptoms in tomato, usually ascribed to CMV infection, could also be caused by some strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). On the other hand, the range of symptoms produced by strains of CMV could be confused with those produced by strains of TMV and some other viruses, including tomato mosaic and tomato golden mosaic viruses.
A freeze/thaw technique for estimation of nitrogenase activity in detached nodules of Vigna mungo
Authors: SRIVASTAVA R. C. , MUKERJI D. , MATHUR S. N. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYFreezing (under inert conditions) of detached root nodules (with active rhizobia) in the presence of 0.05 ml toluene followed by thawing allowed N2‐dependent evolution of ammonia. The activity of the frozen/thawed and toluene‐treated nodules was affected similarly to that expected of nitrogenase by various known effectors of the enzyme. This freezehhaw technique thus offers an alternative method for estimation of nitrogenase activity in whole nodule preparations.
The effects of barley yellow dwarf virus and powdery mildew in oats and barley with single and dual infections
Authors: POTTER L. R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYPrior infection by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) initially suppressed, then subsequently enhanced the amount of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC ex Mérat) on oat cv. Maldwyn and barley cv. Proctor. Carbendazim applied as a spray decreased mildew on virus‐free and BYDV‐infected plants, but had no effect on virus symptoms. In oats, both mildew and BYDV infection significantly increased the number of heads but decreased the number of grains per head. Mildew infection of BYDV‐infected plants had no further effect. BYDV significantly increased the 1000 grain weight of oats, but mildew caused no significant alteration in grain weights of either virus‐free or BYDV‐infected plants. Both mildew and BYDV reduced the yield of oats, but mildew infection of BYDV‐infected plants caused no further significant alteration. Percentage crude protein was increased in grain from both BYDV‐infected and mildew‐infected oats, but significantly only in BYDV‐infected plants.In barley, the number of spikelets on the main shoot, the number of heads and the number of grains per head were all significantly reduced by BYDV but not by mildew. Mildew infection of BYDV‐infected plants had no further effect. Both BYDV and mildew significantly reduced the 1000 grain weight of barley, but mildew infection of BYDV‐infected plants caused a significant increase in 1000 grain weight compared to mildew‐free, virus‐infected plants. The yield of barley was significantly reduced by mildew and by BYDV, but no additional yield loss was caused by mildew infection of BYDV‐infected plants. The percentage crude protein of barley was increased, but not significantly, by mildew and by BYDV.
Effects of controlled epidemics of powdery mildew on grain yield of spring barley
Authors: SCOTT S. W. , GRIFFITHS ELLIS 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYPot‐grown barley plants were exposed to infection by powdery mildew at different growth stages and for different periods of time. Mildew attacks up to G.S. 5·0 (Feekes scale, Large, 1954) greatly reduced the number of fertile tillers at harvest and also reduced the number of grains per head and grain size, even when the disease was controlled during later stages of growth. Mildew infection after G.S. 5·0 still reduced tiller numbers but to a lesser extent and yield loss at these later stages was due mainly to loss in grain size and grain number. In one experiment the size of the root system was recorded at harvest. Mildew, particularly when the infection occurred early (before G.S. 7·0), reduced the size of the root system. Root weight per plant was strongly correlated with grain yield per plant and tiller number per plant.
Hedgerow hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) and blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) as hosts of fruit tree viruses in Britain
Authors: SWEET J. B. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYApple chlorotic leafspot virus (CLSV) was detected in 27 of 109 hawthorn and three of 67 blackthorn plants sampled in various parts of Britain. The CLSV isolates possessed similar properties to those isolated from other rosaceous species but differed in the severity of symptoms they induced in woody indicators. No seed or aphid transmission of CLSV was detected.Prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRV) and prune dwarf (PDV) viruses were detected in four and three respectively of 67 blackthorn plants. The PNRV and PDV isolates were serologically closely related to isolates from cherry. Arabis mosaic virus was detected in one blackthorn plant, but plum pox virus was not found in any of the tested plants.
A study of populations of black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) in winter wheat, as influenced by seed shed in the previous crop, cultivation system and straw disposal method
Authors: MOSS S. R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA two year experiment was conducted in winter wheat infested with black‐grass.In the first year black‐grass was either allowed to develop and shed seed freely or was completely controlled by herbicides.In the second year straw was either burnt or removed by baling and three cultivation systems were compared – ploughing, tine cultivations and direct drilling. No black‐grass herbicides were applied in the second year.The presence of seeds shed in the previous crop greatly influenced the black‐grass infestation in the direct drilled crop where it was calculated that 80–90% of plants were derived from these recently shed seeds. In the crop established after ploughing, the black‐grass infestation was unaffected by seed production in the previous crop. Tine cultivations gave results similar to those found with direct drilling. It is suggested that these differences between cultivations were due to the presence of old seeds in the soil which were brought up to the soil surface by ploughing, but not by cultivations which did not invert the soil.Straw burning destroyed many freshly shed seeds on the soil surface and resulted in less black‐grass in the crop although the effect tended to be masked by cultivations.The practical implications of the results are discussed.
Linkage between genes for resistance to downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) in lettuce
Authors: NORWOOD JUDITH M. , CRUTE I. R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYData are presented for the joint segregation of the gene combinations: Dm‐2/Dm‐3, Dm‐3/Dm‐6, Dm‐2/Dm‐6 and Dm‐6/Dm‐8, following inoculation with five races of B. lactucae. It is postulated that Dm‐2, 3 and 6 comprise a tight linkage group but that Dm‐6 and Dm‐8 are not linked as has been proposed previously. Information on the reaction of some resistant lettuce cultivars to certain B. lactucae races and some new postulated host genotypes is also presented.
Acid phosphatase isoenzymes of Brassica oleracea seedlings and their application to sib testing in F1 hybrids
Authors: WILLS A. B. , WISEMAN EVELINE M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYCrude extracts from cotyledons of 2‐day‐old seedlings were separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and stained for acid phosphatase. At least 22 bands were recognised, distributed over seven zones. Analysis of zone 1 allowed estimation of sib frequencies in 12 out of 19 hybrid cultivars. By applying either seedling zone 1 or acp‐1 seed acid phosphatase analysis, sib estimates could be made in 15 of these hybrids. It is suggested that this technique offers a practical and rapid means of estimating sib frequencies in commercial seed stocks.
Aerial dispersal of the potato gangrene pathogen, Phoma exigua var. foveata
Authors: CARNEGIE S. F. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA semi‐selective medium for isolating the potato gangrene pathogen, Phoma exigua var. foveata, from air is described. Airborne propagules of P. exigua var. foveata were generated for at least 57 min after the start of simulated raindrop impaction on senescent potato stems bearing pycnidia from a natural infection. The number of propagules generated as aerosols was 0·17% of that available for aerosolisation. The aerodynamic particle size of at least 92% of the aerosols was in the range 2·1–4·7 μm in diameter. Using a Casella High Volume Bacterial Sampler airborne propagules of P. exigua var. foveata were detected in the open air during rainfall from September to November at three sites in Southern Scotland. They were recovered at least 800 m down wind from the nearest potato crop. P. exigua var. exigua and P. eupyrena were also recovered from the air during rainfall. Very low numbers of P. exigua var. foveata were occasionally detected in the absence of rain. The role of airborne inoculum of P. exigua var. foveata is discussed in relation to reinfection of virus‐tested stocks of seed potatoes derived from stem cuttings.
The effect of seed treatment with benzimidazole‐based fungicides on infection of the foliage of overwintered salad onions by Botrytis cinerea
Authors: PRESLY A. H. , MAUDE R. B. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSeed treatments of carbendazim (Bavistin 50% W.p.) and thiophanate‐methyl (Mildothane 50% W.p.) applied to overwintered salad onions at 250 g a.i./kg seed protected the foliage of plants from infection by Botrytis cinerea during the seasons 1973–1976. Crop establishment and yield were also improved. Seed treatment with calomel was not effective. Chemical analysis of treated non‐viable seeds, retrieved from the soil, indicated that 73% carbendazim and 46% thiophanate‐methyl remained attached to the seeds after 9 months in the soil. Analyses of onion leaves revealed that each fungicide was represented by similar quantities of carbendazim, 5 μg/g fresh weight in October 1975 reducing to 1 μg/g fresh weight in May 1976. Bioassay tests showed that the fungicide was acropetally distributed and was present in all leaves early in the season (October) but was absent from some new leaves formed in the following spring.Carbendazim‐insensitive isolates of B. cinerea occurred after three seasons' use of this chemical. Sensitive isolates failed to grow on agar containing 1 μg/ml benomyl but all insensitive isolates (31 total) grew normally at this concentration and some were capable of growth on agar containing 1000 μg/ml benomyl. The emergence of foliar isolates of the fungus insensitive to the benzimidazole‐based compounds used in the treatment of seeds indicated that these fungicides did not provide a permanent solution to the disease problem.
Control of Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis squamosa in overwintered salad onions by fungicide sprays
Authors: PRESLY A. H. , MAUDE R. B. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn 1974/75, 13 sprays of 0·2% a.i. thiram applied at 14 day intervals to overwintered salad onions reduced the incidence of Botrytis cinerea and significantly increased onion yields. In 1977/78 both B. cinerea and B. squamosa occurred, and 12 iprodione sprays at 0·1% a.i. applied at 14‐day intervals or 6 sprays at 0·2% a.i. applied at 28‐day intervals gave good control of B. cinerea and B. squamosa and significantly increased onion yields. Benomyl (0·1% a.i. at 14‐day intervals, or 0·2% a.i. at 28‐day intervals) failed to control either pathogen because of the development of carbendazim‐insensitive strains of the fungi. Effective control of both pathogens and increased yields were obtained with an application of 0·4% a.i. thiram in October and November followed by an application of 0·2% a.i. iprodione in December and January.
Effects of treating seed potatoes from commercial and stem cutting stocks with benomyl, thiabendazole and 2‐aminobutane on yield and disease
Authors: HIDE G. A. , BELL F. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYPotato seed tubers of six cultivars from commercial stocks and from stocks derived from stem cuttings (healthier seed) were fumigated with 2‐aminobutane 2 wk after lifting or treated with benomyl or thiabendazole in January. 2‐aminobutane prevented skin spot and gangrene developing on treated tubers. Experiments were planted at Rothamsted (clay with flints soil) and at Woburn (sandy loam soil) in 1973–75.Healthier seed produced more stems/plant than commercial stocks and yielded on average 8% more at Rothamsted in 1973 and 1974 and respectively 5 and 10% more at Woburn in 1973 and 1975. Seed treatments did not consistently affect stem numbers or increase yield although all treatments tended to decrease tuber size.Infection of stem bases and tubers by Polyscytalum pustulans and Rhizoctonia solani was usually less from healthier than from commercial seed and was decreased by benomyl and thiabendazole in 1973 and 1974. Infection by Helminthosporium solani of the skin around tuber eyes was greater from healthier than from commercial seed but was decreased by benomyl and thiabendazole. 2‐aminobutane sometimes decreased infection of tubers by P. pustulans and R. solani but neither of stem bases nor of tubers by H. solani. Gangrene on tubers uniformly wounded at lifting was not consistently affected by seed source or seed treatment.Treating seed with benomyl or thiabendazole in 1975 decreased skin spot and black scurf in tubers stored until March 1976. These treatments also decreased silver scurf on the produce of commercial seed at Rothamsted but gangrene was not consistently affected by seed treatments.