bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adult Cognition: Piagetian Based Research Findings
Authors: Long Huey B. , McCrary Kay , Ackerman Spencer 
Published: March 2007

The work of Jean Piaget, widely recognized as pertinent to childhood cognition, has in recent years generated significant research based on adult samples. Because traditional Piagetian em phasis has been on young children the potential application of Piaget's theory to help in understanding and in explaining adult cognition has not been widely appreciated. Increasing in terest in adult development, however, has stimulated additional speculation and investigation in to the questions of adult cognition, including efforts to conceptualize adult cognitive develop ment in Piagetian terms. Application of Piagetian concepts to the study of adult cognition has occurred across a wide range and heretofore only limited efforts have been made to organize a review of the Piagetian literature on adult cognition around selected central issues. This extensive review, based on adult samples, reports the research findings concerning three specific topical issues that are of interest to the adult educator. The topics reviewed include the necessity, universality and persistence of the formal operations stage. Based on the literature reviewed, it is concluded that each of the topics requires further study, analysis and conceptualization.
Dynamics of Discrete Entrainment of the Circadian Rhythm in the Rat Pineal N-Acetyltransferase Activity during Transient Cycles
Authors: Illnerová Helena , Vaneček Jiří 
Published: March 2007

To elucidate entrainment of a pacemaker controlling the N-acetyltransferase (NAT) rhythm in the rat pineal gland, we studied the phase response curves (PRCs) of this rhythm. We exposed 50- to 60-day-old male Wistar rats maintained in a light-dark cycle (LD 12:12) to a 1-min light pulse at different times before midnight or at various times throughout the whole night. We then released them into constant darkness and studied the morning NAT decline during the night when rats were pulsed before midnight, as well as the evening NAT rise and the morning decline after 4 days following the pulses. The PRC for the first NAT decline and the PRCs for the NAT rise and decline after 4 days were compared with published transient PRCs (Illnerová and Vanēček, 1982b), in order to obtain a complete picture of the dynamics of the NAT rhythm entrainment during the transient cycles. Phase delays in the NAT rise due to a pulse before midnight were complete (i.e., identical to those of day 4) on day 1. Phase delays in the NAT decline were almost complete on day 1, while incomplete phase delays were observed on day 0. Phase advances in the NAT rise and decline due to a pulse past midnight had different dynamics: Advances in the decline were complete on day 1, while advances in the rise were absent on day 1 and much smaller than in the decline on day 4. The results are discussed in terms of a two-component (E-M) pacemaker controlling the NAT rhythm. The NAT rise may reflect the phase of the E-component, while the decline reflects the M-component. Phase delays of the E-component are accomplished within one cycle, and so are phase advances of the M-component. However, although delays of E already result in delays of M one cycle after the pulse, it takes several transient cycles before advances of M begin to induce advances of E.
Comparative Anatomy of the Mammalian Hypothalamic Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Authors: Cassone Vincent M. , Speh Joan C. , Card J. Patrick , Moore Robert Y. 
Published: March 2007

A detailed analysis of the cytoarchitecture, retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) pro jections, and immunohistochemical localization of major cell and fiber types within the hy pothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) was conducted in five mammalian species: two species of opossum, the domestic cat, the guinea pig, and the house mouse. Cytoarchitectural and immunohistochemical studies were conducted in three additional species of marsupial mammals and in the domestic pig. The SCN in this diverse transect of mammalian taxonomy bear striking similarities. First, the SCN are similar in location, lying close to the third ventricle (3V) dorsal to the optic chiasm (OC), with a cytoarchitecture characterized by small, tightly packed neurons. Second, in all groups studied, the SCN receive bilateral retinal input. Third, the SCN contain immu nohistochemically similar elements. These similarities suggest that the SCN developed char acteristic features early in mammalian phylogeny. Some details of SCN organization vary among the species studied. In marsupials, vaso pressin-like immunoreactive (VP-LI) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreac tive (VIP-LI) cells codistribute primarily in the dorsomedial aspects of the SCN, while in eutherians, VP-LI and VIP-LI cells are separated into SCN subnuclei. Furthermore, the marsupial RHT projects to the periventricular dorsomedial region, whereas the eutherian RHT projects more ventrally in the SCN into the zone that typically contains VIP-LI perikarya.
Photoperiodic Regulation of Gonadal Growth and Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Male Ferrets
Authors: Sisk Cheryl L. 
Published: March 2007

Testicular growth was monitored in male ferrets subjected to one of the following photoperiodic treatments begun at weaning (8 weeks of age): 8 hr light/day (short days), 18 hr light/day (long days), or short days followed by transition to long days at either 10, 12, or 14 weeks of age. Mean ages to achieve adult testis width of ≥12 mm were 27.5 ± 1.3, 25.0 ± 1.5, 23.6 ± 2.9, 20.0 ± 0.8, and 21.2 ± 1.0 weeks in ferrets raised from weaning in long days, raised from weaning in short days, and transferred from short to long days at 10, 12, or 14 weeks, respectively. This criterion was met significantly earlier by ferrets experiencing the photoperiod transition at 12 or 14 weeks of age than by ferrets housed in long days from weaning. At the end of the experiment (30 weeks of age), mean testis width was significantly smaller in ferrets raised in long days from weaning or transferred to long days at 10 weeks of age, compared to that of the other three groups (p < 0.05). In a second experiment, photoperiod experience with long or short days was begun at birth, and testicular size was monitored for a longer period of time. The time courses for testicular maturation were similar to that obtained when these treatments began at weaning. By 40 weeks of age, mean testis width of ferrets raised in long days was comparable to that of ferrets raised in short days. A third study determined that the retarded testicular growth observed in ferrets exposed to long days from weaning was correlated with diminished pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. At 28 weeks of age, mean LH pulse frequency was 0.86 ± 0.09 pulses/hr in ferrets undergoing spontaneous puberty in short days or photoinduced puberty after a short-to-long-day transition; pulse frequency was significantly lower (0.46 ± 0.26 pulses/hr; p < 0.05) in ferrets raised in long days. These results indicate that gonadal growth can be precociously induced in male ferrets by exposure to a sequence of short days followed by long days, and that the absence of sufficient prepubertal exposure to short days compromises pulsatile LH secretion and rate of gonadal growth. Experience with short days during development may be necessary for manifestation of stimulatory responses to long days.
A New Approach to the Forming of Thermoplastic-Matrix Continuous-Fiber Composites — Part 2: Experiments and Model
Authors: Ramani K. , Miller A.K. , Cutkosky M.R. 
Published: March 2007

"Die-less forming" is a new concept, intended to manufacture long compo nents of continuous-fiber thermoplastic-matrix composites. The concepts behind die-less forming have been tested in experiments on a two-roller demonstration machine. The experiments focused on finding the effects of important forming parameters on the shape. Laminates with special lay-up were also made and formed to study the effect of lay-up on shape. Quasi-isotropic laminates showed an unexpected "excess bending." An elastic/visco- plastic model has been developed to explain and predict this excess bending during die- less forming. The model is rate dependent and captures the shape dependency on strain rate, transverse feed magnitude and the lay-up. The model is based on the application of the principle of virtual displacements. The model predicts the net bend angle well for quasi-isotropic laminates.
Single-Peakedness and Disconnected Coalitions
Authors: Brams Steven J. , Jones Michael A. , Kilgour D. Marc 
Published: March 2007

Ordinally single-peaked preferences are distinguished from cardinally single-peaked preferences, in which all players have a similar perception of distances in some one-dimensional ordering. While ordinal single-peakedness can lead to disconnected coalitions that have a ‘hole’ in the ordering, cardinal single-peakedness precludes this possibility, based on two models of coalition formation: • Fallback (FB): Players seek coalition partners by descending lower and lower in their preference rankings until a majority coalition forms. • Build-Up (BU): Similar to FB, except that when non-majority subcoalitions form, they fuse into composite players, whose positions are defined cardinally. The ‘strange bedfellows’ frequently observed in legislative coalitions and military alliances suggest that even when players agree on, say, a left-right ordering, their perceptions of exactly where players stand in this ordering may differ substantially. If so, a player may be acceptable to a coalition but may not find every member in it acceptable, causing that player not to join and possibly creating a disconnected coalition.
Proximity in Production Networks
Authors: Burmeister Antje , Colletis-Wahl Kristian 
Published: March 2007

In a context of decreasing transport costs, quasiubiquity of quality infrastructure and the increasing importance of non-material flows, transport infra-structure appears to be less important as a location factor for industry. However, the globalization of markets and the restructuring of production systems lead to an increased role for transportation in industrial strategies. The traditional framework dealing with transportation mainly as a cost thus becomes less relevant for understanding the spatial dynamics of industry. The framework developed in this article divides production into transformation and circulation activities. Interactions between the transformation process and its environment of resources, suppliers, customers and other producers form a system of circulation of goods, information and knowledge. Transportation thus becomes a particular set of techniques of interaction in the space-time grid. The spatial dimension is introduced, not through the idea of mere spatial propinquity as a determinant of production networks, but through the concept of organizational proximity and its spatial and circulatory dimensions. The circulatory dimension of proximity describes rapid, reliable and well adapted circulation of goods and information as well as the efficient mobilization of external resources, especially of non-traded, specific resources. This dimension of proximity thus includes more than geographical accessibility. Its determinants are as much the infrastructure as a generic resource for circulation as the organization and the degree of control of flows of goods, information and people.
A Decade of Experience: Data from the Council on International Educational Exchange's International Faculty Development Seminars
Authors: Oberst Bethany S. 
Published: March 2007

Little is known about international faculty development and what works to bring about the desired globalization of our American college campuses. The files of the Council on International Educational Exchange's International Faculty Development Seminars are the source of valuable information about the effectiveness of the IFDS format. These data, collected over the ten-year history of the FEDS, are uneven: the questions were not written for the purposes of external research, and the responses do not always lend themselves to quantification. However, the files provide us with some rare information about who has been involved in international faculty development, who pays for these programs, and what the results have been in terms of enhancement of curriculum, research, and service. Since 1990, the IJDS have run 93 programs in 25 countries, enrolling 1,560 people from 613 colleges and universities. Particiants rate the seminars as extremely successful. Data indicate that a large majority of participants return to campus to create new courses, revise existing courses, get involved in new or enhanced research programs, and offer the campus and the community the benefits of their time abroad. It is recommended, however, that the IFDS staff the sending institutions, and the individual participants make more effort to specify the outcomes expected from these seminars. Also, more work must be done to enable more faculty to participate in structured overseas activities, and institutions must examine their own policies to see whether the policies further the goal of increased globalization, a goal that is part of so many campus mission statements and planning documents.
An Experimental Study of the Active Control of a Building Model
Authors: Nishimura Isao , Abdel-Ghaffar A.M. , Masri Sami F. , Miller R.K. , Beck J.L. , Caughey T.K. , Iwan W.D. 
Published: March 2007

This paper reports some of the results of an ongoing analytical and ex perimental study into the control of building-like structures subjected to nonstationary ran dom excitations such as earthquakes. The structural model used resembles a 5-story build ing about 2.5 meters high. The building model was subjected to a variety of direct-force excitations. The control algorithm used employs an adaptive structural member at a prede termined location in the model in order to attenuate the structural response relative to the moving building foundation. An electromagnetic actuator is used to generate the required control faces in the "smart" member. Among the key features of the algorithm under dis cussion are: 1. Only one active controller is required to attenuate the vibration response contributed by the first three modes; the damping factor is increased from virtually zero to about 20%. 2. Only two sensors are needed for this algorithm; this leads to simpler instrumentation and a more robust system. 3. Due to the optimization procedure used to select the controller location, a significant amount of damping augmentation is obtained from a relatively small amount of control energy. 4. The whole design procedure was demonstrated; special attention was paid to the time lag problem of the active controller and the stability of the system was discussed. As part of the design phase of this study, a system identification procedure was used to develop a suitable reduced-order mathematical model. The results of a simulation study J. of IN TELL. MATER. SYST. AND STRUCT., Yol. 3 -January 1992 1045-389X/92/01 0134-32 $6.00/0 © 1992 Technomic Publishmg Co., Inc. using this identified model are compared to experimental measurements. Problems en countered in the experimental phase of the study are reported and discussed. It is shown that 1) the algorithm under discussion is capable of reliably controlling the motion of the test structure under arbitrary dynamic environments, and 2) the features of the algorithm make it a promising candidate for application to large civil structures.
Properties of Water-Absorbed Polyurethane Ionenes
Authors: Hiraoka Kyoko , Yokoyama Tetsuo , Terada Takako 
Published: March 2007

Crosslinked polyurethane (PU) ionenes were prepared. NCO-terminated prepoly mer obtained from polyol blends of poly(oxytetramethylene)glycol (PTMG) and poly(oxyeth ylene)glycol (PEG) and 4,4'-methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) were made to react with 2- dimethylaminoethanol, resulting in amine-terminated (AT) prepolymer having isocyanurate ring in structure. By the reaction of AT-prepolymer with N,N,N' ,N'-tetramethyl-1,6-diaminohexane and 1,6-dibromohexane, crosslinked PU ionenes were obtained. Bound water existing in the hydrogel of crosslinked PU ionenes was determined by two methods. The amount of nonfreezing (bound) water determined by DSC was constant, ca. 9 water mol/[N+] mol, and not dependent upon the composition of PU ionenes. This type of water is considered to be the water strongly bound to [N+] ion site. On the other hand, the amount of bound water determined by drying measurement was greater than that determined by DSC measurement. In the drying mea surement, PU ionene containing larger amounts of PEG had larger amounts of bound water. The bound water determined by drying is considered to include water hydrated to polar ether [O] group in addition to nonfreezing water. 95 % of water existing in swollen hydrogel was free water, as in highly water-absorbing resin. Tensile properties of swollen gels were examined. It was suggested that the ionic aggregation that existed in dry state was destroyed in swollen state.
The Neural Control of Fish Swimming Studied Through Numerical Simulations
Authors: Ekeberg Örjan , Grillner Sten , Lansner Anders 
Published: March 2007

The neuronal generation of vertebrate locomotion has been extensively studied in the lamprey. Computer simulations of this system have been carried out with different aims and with different techniques. ln this article, we review some of these simulations, particularly those leading toward models that describe the interaction that occurs between the neuronal system and its mechanical environment during swimming. Here we extend these models, enabling two new experiments to be conducted. The first one addresses the role of sensory feedback by exposing the neuromechanical system to unexpected perturbations. The second one tests the validity of an earlier proposed hypothesis for the neural generation of three-dimensional (3D) steering by coupling this central pattern generator to a mechanical 3D simulation.
Panty Design Alternatives for Women and Girls with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Dallas Merry Jo , Wilson Patricia A. 
Published: March 2007

The principal objective of this study was to develop comfortable, functional, and aestheti cally satisfying panties for physically handicapped women and girls with adaptations for spe cial needs, such as those associated with self‐help and urinary incontinence. Detailed com ments about problems handicapped women and girls experienced with panties were solicited from 28 women and girls, aged 8–82, who require leg or body braces, crutches, and/or wheel chairs for mobility. Sixteen of these women elected to complete a second questionnaire which dealt with preferences in fiber content, fabric, elastic types, and styles of panties which might meet their needs. Of these women, 6 were chosen to wear the test designs and react to their ef fectiveness in solving individual problems.Designs and adaptations were developed with features which improved the fit and comfort, simplified dressing and undressing especially during toileting, and provided for the manage ment of urinary incontinence. Although function and comfort were of concern to handi capped women and girls, a fashionable appearance, cost, and the ease with which an adapted panty can be acquired were equally important. Solutions to perceived problems with panties required an individualized approach.
Women's Rights Network (WRN)
Authors: SLOTE KIM , CUTHBERT CARRIE 
Published: March 2007

We are wasting our time instead of discussing the development of the country. We should have something better to discuss than [wife-beating]!” (Comment by a Parliamentarian, Papua New Guinea, 1987). The [domestic violence] victim is often responsible in that he or she has made a bad choice of companions... [p]eople have to be more selective about their friends and lovers. (Milton H. Raphaelson, presiding justice of the Dudley District Court, Massachusetts, 1996).
Korn's Constant for a Parallelepiped with a Free Face or Pair of Faces
Authors: Ryzhak E. J. 
Published: March 2007

Kom's inequality is studied for vector fields (the "displacements") on a rectangular parallelepiped under some special boundary conditions (abbreviated below to BCs). The BCs are posed on two pairs of faces or, additionally, on one more face. The remaining pair of faces/face is "free" (by this is meant that the displacements are arbitrary on it). The BCs (where they are posed) are of one of the following three types: (1) zero displacements ("clamping"), (2) tangential displacements ("sliding"), or (3) normal displacements ("bending"). The relative dimensions of the parallelepiped are arbitrary. The exact values of Kom's constant k are found in some of the cases considered, and the rigorous upper bounds for it are found in the others. In particular, it is established that k = 4 when all the faces but one are clamped (i.e., for the displacements on a half-space with a compact supporter), the same result being valid for some other problems considered, where the BCs are posed on all the faces but one. Additionally, in the case when a pair of faces is free, the explicit simple formula for Kom's constant k versus "thickness" (by which is meant the mutual distance of free faces) is found; in particular, this yields that k approaches exponentially from above the value of four as the thickness increases. The results can be applied to the problem of determination of the bounds of elastic stability for the bodies of appropriate shape under specified BCs (e.g., for the plates of arbitrary thickness, clamped over the contour).
Technological protest in West Germany: signs of a politicization of production?
Authors: Conrad Jobst 
Published: March 2007

Conrad, J., 1990. Technological protest in West Germany: signs of a politicization of produc tion ? Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 4: 175-191. This study deals with the question of whether the increasing number of social conflicts around technology in general, as well as around specific technological projects, can be reasonably interpreted as evidence of a substantive politiciza tion of production in advanced capitalist democracies with historically new social problems and cleavages. The socio-economic conditions and determi nants of technological protest and the characteristics of the German protest development are described. The available research results provide some sup port for the above hypothesis but do not allow any stringent conclusions to be drawn, for reasons related to the pattern of protest development hitherto ob servable, and to deficits in social science research.
Forced Convective-Diffusive Heat Flow in Insulations: A New Analytical Technique Applied to Air Leakage through a Slit
Authors: Claesson Johan , Hellström Göran 
Published: March 2007

Forced convective-diffusive heat flow in porous insulation materials is governed by an equation for the air pressure distribution with an ensuing air flow and a heat equation with convection and diffusion. The pressure equation for a ho mogeneous material may be solved analytically with simple geometries and bound ary conditions. The new technique uses a transformed form of the convective-diffusive equation for which the awkward first-order derivatives of the temperature (the convective part) are removed. New explicit solutions for certain two-dimensional, steady-state cases may be derived. The considered example concerns air leakage through an insulation which is open on one side and airtight on the other except for an open slit. Air infiltrates through the slit and leaves through the open side. The solution gives the complete pressure and temperature fields. The extra heat loss due to air leakage is given by an explicit expression which contains only a single, dimensionless parameter.