bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) induces aneuploidy in drosophila and mouse germ‐line cells
Authors: Costa R. , Russo A. , Zordan M. , Pacchierotti F. , Tavella A. , Levis A. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ability of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) to induce aneuploidy was studied in the germ line of both Drosophila and the mouse. The Free Inverted × Chromosomes (FIX) genetic system, adopting a brooding scheme, was used to detect induced aneuploidy in Drosophila, and a cytogenetic method based on chromosomal counting in secondary spermatocytes was used in the mouse.In Drosophila a highly significant (P < 0.001) increase of aneuploidies was produced by NTA (5 × 10−2 M), which was greater than that produced by colchicine (7.5 × 10−6 M) and 5‐fluorodeoxyuridine (10−4 M), which were used as positive controls. Brooding effects were observed with NTA, which produced a maximum induction of chromosomal gain in brood I, suggesting a possible stage‐specific action during meiosis. The ability of NTA (275 mg/kg body weight) to induce meiotic aneuploidy (hyperhaploidy) also was confirmed in the mouse (P < 0.001), where all the aneuploidies detected were attributable to treatment of the metaphase I stage.
Genotoxicity evaluation of the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline and imipramine using human lymphocyte cultures
Authors: Saxena Renu , Ahuja Y. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo tricyclic antidepressants, amitriptyline and imipramine, were evaluated for their in vitro cytogenetic effects in human lymphocyte cultures.Peripheral blood cultures from three normal healthy donors were set up for 72 hr for each of the drugs. The drugs were added at the start (72‐hr exposure), 24 hr (48‐hr exposure), and 48 hr (24‐hr exposure) after initiation of the cultures. The concentrations evaluated at each exposure time were 50, 250, 1,000, and 10,000 ng/ml for amitriptyline and 25, 500, and 5,000 ng/ml for imipramine. The first two concentrations correspond to the plasma levels of the respective drugs after therapeutic doses. All treatments for a donor were given at the same time. Untreated cultures served as controls for the baseline frequency of the parameters assayed. The parameters assayed were chromosome aberrations, mitotic index, and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs).Amitriptyline was found to be nongenotoxic at plasma levels by all the parameters assayed. However, frequencies of chromosome aberrations and SCEs were significantly increased at concentrations 4 and 40 times the plasma level (1,000 and 10,000 ng/ml) although the actual increase was small. The mitotic index was not affected at any concentration.Though imipramine showed a significant increase in chromosome damage at the upper plasma level and at concentrations higher than that, SCE frequency was significantly increased only at concentration higher than the plasma level (5,000 ng/ml), the actual increase being small for both these parameters. The mitotic index was not affected at any concentration.These results suggest mat amitriptyline may be a slightly safer drug than imipramine from a genetic point of view.
A role for Connexin43 during neurodevelopment
Authors: Wiencken‐Barger Amy E. , Djukic Biljana , Casper Kristen B. , McCarthy Ken D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractConnexin43 (Cx43) is the predominant gap junction protein expressed in premitotic radial glial cells and mature astrocytes. It is thought to play a role in many aspects of brain development and physiology, including intercellular communication, the release of neuroactive substances, and neural and glial proliferation and migration. To investigate the role of Cx43 in brain physiology, we generated a conditional knockout (cKO) mouse expressing Cre recombinase driven by the human GFAP promoter and a floxed Cx43 gene. The removal of Cx43 from GFAP‐expressing cells affects the behavior of the mice and the development of several brain structures; however, the severity of the phenotype varies depending on the mouse background. One mouse subline, hereafter termed Shuffler, exhibits cellular disorganization of the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, accompanied by ataxia and motor deficits. The Shuffler cerebellum is most affected and displays altered distribution and lamination of glia and neurons suggestive of cell migration defects. In all Shuffler mice by postnatal day two (P2), the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum are smaller. Disorganization of the ventricular and subventricular zone of the cortex is also evident. Given that these are sites of early progenitor cell proliferation, we suspect production and migration of neural progenitors may be altered. In conclusion, neurodevelopment of Shuffler/Cx43 cKO mice is abnormal, and the observed cellular phenotype may explain behavioral disturbances seen in these animals as well as in humans carrying Cx43 mutations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA methylation dependent silencing of the human glutamate transporter EAAT2 gene in glial cells
Authors: Zschocke Jürgen , Allritz Claudia , Engele Jürgen , Rein Theo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS that is cleared from the extracellular space by a family of high‐affinity glutamate transporters. The astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT2 is thought to carry out the uptake of the vast quantity of glutamate, and dysregulation of EAAT2 expression is involved in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders with marked excitotoxic components. Here, we present a novel epigenetic mechanism by which the human EAAT2 gene is kept in a silent state. Sequence inspection identified a classical CpG island at the EAAT2 promoter. Bisulfite analysis of the DNA methylation profile revealed that lack of EAAT2 expression in human glioma cell lines was associated with a densely methylated EAAT2 promoter. In contrast, EAAT2 positive normal human brain tissue used as reference displayed hypomethylation of the same promoter regions. In vitro methylation of EAAT2 promoter sequences indeed altered the binding properties of nuclear factors to the respective DNA sites as illustrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Moreover, we observed a reduced activity of a methylated EAAT2 promoter construct as compared to the unmethylated control, both in a human glioma cell line and rodent primary astrocytes. Further supporting a role of DNA methylation for EAAT2 silencing, inhibition of DNA methyltransferases robustly enhanced EAAT2 mRNA transcription in several cell lines tested. In conclusion, the idea is put forward of an epigenetic mode of EAAT2 regulation based on the differential methylation of the gene promoter. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Browplasty as an adjunct to rhinoplasty
Authors: Webster Richard C. , Davidson Terence M. , Smith Richard C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBrbrow may be indicated. If the nasofrontal angle should not be retrodisplaced to deepen a shallow angle, brow augmentation may prove helpful in separating the nose from the forehead or in making the nose appear shorter in the vertical dimension. Augmentation and reduction browplastic techniques are discussed, and selected methods are illustrated. Some involve additional resection of frontal bone or procerus muscle at the time of nasal‐hump removal. Others employ grafts of bone and/or cartilage removed from the nose at the time of septorhinoplasty. The versatile aesthetic surgeon should be capable of changing all structures adjacent to the nose. Certain difficult cosmetic problems are best treated by directing appropriate attention to these structures and to the nose rather than by concentrating on the nose alone. That the brow is one of these important abutting landmarks is demonstrated.
Evaluation of the eye following periorbital trauma
Authors: Binder Perry S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPeriorbital trauma is usually associated with ocular complications. When confronted with a traumatized patient, one should therefore evaluate the eyes to determine the extent of injury. First, a noncontact examination should be conducted to assess the degree of ocular integrity. Once it is established that the eye is not damaged, further diagnostic work‐up and evaluation can be performed. Although most ocular complications are treated by ophthalmologists, eyelid lacerations, orbital hemorrhage, blowout fractures, and brain injuries may be treated by other subspecialists. Before orbital and ocular adnexal reconstructive surgery is performed, however, one must establish the patient's ocular status so that ocular damage will not be increased during surgery.
Wegener's granulomatosis and midline (nonhealing) “granuloma”
Authors: Batsakis John G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere has been considerable controversy over the years regarding the distinctions between various disorders characterized by a necrotizing and granulomatous inflammation of the tissues of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. It now seems clear that if infections and other known agents can be excluded, three clinicopathologic entities remain: Wegener's granulomatosis (a systemic disease), idiopathic midline (nonhealing) granuloma, and premalignant or malignant lymphoreticular lesions. The antigenic stimulus for all three may be related but remains unidentified.
Angiosarcoma of the maxillary sinus: Literature review and case report
Authors: Bankaci Murat , Myers Eugene N. , Barnes Leon , Dubois Philip 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA rare case of angiosarcoma of the maxillary sinus is reported. Review of the literature concerning angiosarcoma of the head and neck revealed 14 previously published cases involving the nose, nasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. Angiosarcoma of the skin and soft tissues of the head and neck differs in behavior from that affecting the nose, nasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. The case reported presents the protracted clinical course of this malignant tumor.
The pectoralis major myocutaneous island flap for reconstruction of the head and neck
Authors: Baek Se‐Min , Biller Hugh F. , Krespi Yosef P. , Lawson William 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe anatomy, design, and blood supply of the pectoralis major myocutaneous island flap are described. This versatile, nondelayed flap has, for the most part, replaced the usual cutaneous flaps. Clinical examples of its use in head and neck reconstructive surgery are presented.
Radiation therapy of the oral cavity: Sequelae and management, part 1
Authors: Beumer John , Curtis Thomas , Harrison Richard E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis is the first article in a two‐part series dealing with the effects and manifestations in the oral cavity of radiation therapy of head and neck tumors. In this section, oral mucous membranes, taste buds, edema and trismus, diet, salivary glands, bone, periodontium, teeth, and composition of oral flora are discussed. Dental management of the dentulous patient is then approached; criteria for preradiation extraction are delineated. In the next issue of Head & Neck Surgery, the final article in this series will discuss preradiation and postradiation extractions and will elaborate on the dental management (fluoride treatments, follow‐up, and restorative care) of the dentulous patient. Dental management of the edentulous patient will also be presented.
The pathology of head and neck tumors: Salivary glands, part 4
Authors: Batsakis John G. , Regezi Joseph A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdenoid cystic carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of salivary tissues are more plentiful in minor than in major salivary glands. In the latter, they comprise no more than 10% of tumors. In both sites, however, their clinical course is characterized by local aggressiveness, recurrences, and a relatively torpid and protracted course, eventually leading to death. The clinicopathologic aspects of these two lesions form the major part of this report. Their behavior is contrasted with that of the two other lesions presented: heterotopic salivary tissue, which is seldom the site of neoplasia; and necrotizing sialometaplasia, a self‐limited disorder that simulates malignancy both clinically and histopathologically.
Laryngeal keratosis and subsequent carcinoma
Authors: Crissman John D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe frequency with which carcinoma develops in laryngeal keratoses is a controversial subject. A study of 92 cases of laryngeal keratosis with a minimum of five years' follow‐up resulted in identification of three patients (3.26%) who developed laryngeal carcinoma. A review of the literature reveals that, in series of keratoses defined by stringent pathologic criteria, subsequent laryngeal carcinoma develops in 3.33%–4.31%. These findings support a low but predictable frequency of conversion to malignancy in laryngeal keratosis. A grading system for keratosis is presented and discussed with reference to clinicopathologic correlation.
Thyroid and associated polyglandular neoplasms in patients who received head and neck irradiation during childhood
Authors: Katz Alfred D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne hundred fifty‐one patients with a history of childhood irradiation to the head, neck, and thorax had neck explorations (142 for “cold” thyroid nodules and 9 for hypercalcemia). Fifty‐nine of the patients had thyroid carcinoma, and associated glandular tumors were found in 20 others. In addition, 6 female patients developed breast carcinoma; 4 of these women also had thyroid carcinoma. In this series, 48.6% of the patients irradiated for acne and 36.4% with tonsil and adenoid irradiation developed thyroid carcinoma, but only 10.5% with thymic irradiation did so. It is suggested that the workup on these patients include not only complete thyroid and parathyroid testing, but also a careful examination of all salivary glands, both major and minor. Women should have thorough breast examinations and should perhaps be followed as if they were in the potentially high‐risk breast group. When thyroid surgery is performed, a total thyroidectomy is recommended.
Importance of the columellar‐labial junction in rhinoplasty
Authors: Webster Richard C. , Davidson Terence M. , Smith Richard C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractConcentration on tip positioning may draw a surgeon's attention away from modifying positions of the nasofrontal angle and of the columellar‐labial junction. All three landmarks are, however, vital to the establishment of desirable profiles. This article emphasizes that changes in the positioning of the columellar‐labial junction may (1) eliminate certain hazards involved in changing tip position, (2) make it possible to produce aesthetic effects that cannot be achieved with tip positioning alone, and (3) make rhinoplasty safer and more predictable in certain difficult cases. Also presented are techniques that have been found to work most satisfactorily in changing angle and position. A few patients selected from among several thousand rhinoplastic cases are analyzed to underscore the significance of this area in rhinoplastic planning. Follow‐up varied from several months to several years.
Surgical approaches to the pituitary gland, with emphasis on the transseptal route
Authors: McDonald Thomas J. , Kern Eugene B. , Laws Edward R. , Pearson Bruce W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere are many different surgical approaches to the pituitary gland. The earliest approach was intracranial. Extracranial methods (transsphenoidal) then became briefly popular but were subsequently dropped in favor of a return to intracranial methods. Now extracranial approaches have definitely returned to favor, and the reasons for this interesting evolution are discussed. The various techniques are also described. The authors prefer the transseptal‐transsphenoidal variation of the extracranial approach and explain the advantages.
Diagnosis of infratemporal fossa tumors using percutaneous core needle biopsy
Authors: Shapshay Stanley M. , McCann Charles F. , Ucmakli Alptekin , Vaughan Charles W. , Strong M. Stuart 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree patients with infratemporal fossa carcinomas presented with severe, unrelenting facial pain, weight loss, and 5th cranial nerve deficit. Erosion of the base of the skull at the foramen ovale was present in two of these patients. Histologic diagnosis of infratemporal fossa malignancy was obtained by needle biopsy of the foramen ovale region; the technique is described. This approach to the infratemporal fossa is preferred to the more complicated external surgical approach with its greater risk of morbidity. Surgical approaches to the infratemporal fossa are also reviewed. Two of the patients were treated with radiotherapy; the third refused further therapy. Supravoltage radiotherapy with curative intent is the recommended treatment because of the difficulty of an en bloc tumor resection in the infratemporal fossa. Radioactive gold seeds may be implanted through an external surgical approach to boost the local dose.
Immunobiology of head and neck cancer: Basic concepts
Authors: Wanebo Harold J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPatients with squamous cancer of the head and neck have unique perturbations of the immune system. These patients have marked depression of cellular immunity even in the early stages of disease. The known facts about the immunobiology and the immunodeficiencies that commonly occur are discussed. Also reviewed are the relationships of the immunologic deficits to stage of disease, to prognosis, and to the suspected etiologic factors of smoking, alcoholism, and malnutrition. Highlights are given of current immunotherapeutic trials. To date, most of the successful efforts in both immunobiologic research and immunotherapy of head and neck cancer have dealt with general, rather than specific, immune reactions. Future development in the area of specific immune responses may permit more meaningful measurements of tumor‐specific reactions, thus yielding useful tools for immunodiagnosis as well as providing more effective and precise methods of immunotherapy.
Twenty‐five‐year experience with primary hyperparathyroidism at Columbia Presbyterian medical center
Authors: Dolgin Carey , Gerfo Paul Lo , Livolsi Virginia , Feind Carl 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA retrospective review of 500 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism seen from 1951 to 1975 was conducted; the effect of routine screening of calcium and phosphate levels (initiated in 1968) on the incidence and spectrum of the disease was analyzed. The majority of the patients (77%) were diagnosed in the eight‐year period after routine biochemical screening was instituted. Comparing the group of patients diagnosed before the advent of biochemical screening and those diagnosed since screening was instituted, we found: (1) a small but significant increase in the number of asymptomatic patients diagnosed (from 2% to 12%); (2) no change in the incidence of related medical disorders, i.e., nephrocalcinosis and hypertension; (3) no change in the incidence of primary hyperplasia and adenoma; and (4) no change in the mean serum calcium level, the mean age at diagnosis, or the number or location of the involved parathyroid glands. Although routine calcium screening has identified significantly more cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, screening apparently does not enable diagnosis at an earlier stage.
Cryosurgery: Theory and application to head and neck neoplasia
Authors: Carpenter Robert J. , Snyder G. Gordon 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhile surgery and radiation therapy remain the time‐tested modalities for the treatment of cancer in the head and neck, recent experimental and clinical experience has documented the effectiveness of cryosurgery as an adjunct in the treatment of selected neoplasms in individual patients. A review is provided of the theory of freezing as a method of cell destruction, and experimental and clinical experience illustrate the principles and application of cryosurgery to head and neck tumors.
Cervical metastases following radical neck dissection that preserved the spinal accessory nerve
Authors: Carenfelt C. , Eliasson K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn contrast to the original neck dissection technique, the spinal accessory nerve is routinely sacrificed in the so‐called classical neck dissection. The benefit of this routine has never been documented; on the contrary, facts have accumulated that indicate that the nerve should be preserved. The results in this article serve to emphasize this opinion. Of 80 patients who underwent radical neck dissection that preserved the spinal accessory nerve, the potential for cure was not jeopardized in a single case.
Myocutaneous trapezius flap
Authors: Panje William R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA random pattern flap, such as the nape‐of‐the‐neck flap, is a delayed cutaneous flap that relies on collateral circulation based on the skin pedicle. The myocutaneous trapezius flap, however, is a cervical flap that does not need to be delayed since it receives its blood supply from a musculocutaneous artery. The author has radiographic and clinical evidence that demonstrates that the upper one‐half of the trapezius muscle is primarily, and abundantly, supplied by the transverse cervical artery. If this artery is kept intact during resection and reconstruction, a flap as large as 12 × 42 cm may be maintained. This flap has been used in various types of reconstruction on 23 patients, and it has been successful in terms of viability, versatility, safety, and cosmesis.
Management of the congenital midline nasal mass: A review
Authors: Hughes Gordon B. , Sharpino George , Hunt William , Tucker Harvey M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe nasal encephalocele, the glioma, and the dermoid are the most common of the congenital midline nasal masses. Due to similar embryologic development, each of these lesions may be associated with bony cranial defects and intracranial abnormalities, as well as CSF leakage and the potential for fatal meningitis if not handled properly. Preoperative manipulation should be avoided. Radiologic studies are instructive only if they are positive. If intracranial attachments are identified radiologically or suspected clinically, neurosurgical consultation should be obtained, and intracranial exploration and resection should be carried out as the initial procedure. Extracranial resection of the remaining mass may be performed immediately after intracranial resection, may be postponed, or may become unnecessary.
Folded forehead flap for reconstruction of full‐thickness defects of the cheek
Authors: Shah Jatin P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA simplified technique is described for reconstruction of through‐and‐through full‐thickness defects of the cheek following resection of cancer. The standard forehead flap is employed with an extended application, whereby it is folded over itself twice to provide both an inner and an outer lining. This alternative technique appears to be a reliable and quick way of obtaining both cover and lining for reconstruction of through‐and‐through defects of the cheek.