bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life with a New Baby: Stressors, Supports, and Maternal Experience
Authors: Pridham Karen F. , Egan Kathleen Batato , Chang Audrey S. , Hansen Marc F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe context in which mothers of new infants solve problems of infant care tasks includes day‐to‐day stressors and supports. Both may be a function of maternal experience in the form of parity or time since the infant's birth. Our short‐term (90‐day) longitudinal study explored the nature of the stressors and supports that mothers report in the infant's first three months, and examined their relationship to maternal experience. It was organized as six 15‐day periods to explore change over time.The stressors and supports recorded in the daily log that 62 mothers kept were coded in seven classes structured by the mothers' own language. In addition, they were coded using a second scheme as either existential (conditions, activities, or events of being) or social. Supports were almost equivalent in mean frequency to stressors throughout the 90 days. Four of the seven classes were more likely to be reported as stressors than supports. For both stressors and supports, the existential type was more frequent than the social type. Although overall, stressors and supports decreased significantly across the six periods, three support classes (activities/plans, behavior of self and others, and conditions) and three stressor classes (tasks/responsibilities, conditions, and events) did not change significantly. For all six periods, the relationship of stressors and supports, over all classes, was strong and positive.
The Family as the Unit of Care in Nursing: A Historical Review
Authors: Whall Ann L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCurrent discussions of nursing theory identify the metaparadigm of nursing as focused upon person, environment, health, and nursing. Literature was reviewed to determine if historical and current sources supported the understanding that the family as recipient of care was a continuing nursing focus. The review supported the contention that the family unit has been an early, continuing, and ever increasing focus of nursing care. Public health nursing was the first clinical area to emphasize service to families, and this continuing emphasis is evident for this practice area. The conclusion is drawn that if the family is now deemphasized as a unit of analysis and care, an historically important focus will be abandoned.
Migrant Farm Workers' Perceptions of Support Persons in a Descriptive Community Survey
Authors: Smith Linda Schoonover , Gentry David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis descriptive study was designed to identify those people North American black migrant farmworkers in eastern North Carolina considered to be supportive. The sample included 96 black male and female migrant workers between 18 and 60 years of age. Face to face interviews were conducted by seven interviewers in migrant camps in three rural counties and one migrant health center. The questionnaire consisted of 23 multiple choice questions and described supportive persons sought out by farmworkers to consult about concerns over personal or health problems. The majority of the farmworkers perceived that the crewleader was the one person in the camp that farmworkers turned to for help. The nursing implications of this dependent relationship are discussed, and strategies to strengthen supportive relationships for farmworkers are described.
The Health of Teenagers: A Focused Ethnographic Study
Authors: Magilvy Joan K. , McMahon Marty , Bachman Marty , Roark Susan , Evenson Christine 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study, a focused community analysis, was conducted to determine the health needs and status of the aggregate of school‐aged adolescents (13–18 years) using a method combining an epidemiologic approach with an ethnographic field method. Health was defined broadly, assumed to be interrelated with environmental, economic, social, educational, and cultural variables influencing adolescent life. The research involved five steps: collection of available secondary epidemiologic and census data; interviews with key informants, such as teachers, parents, school nurses, and other adults working with teenagers; participant observation and ethnographic interviews with primary informants, that is, teenagers from a variety of backgrounds; and finally, analysis and reporting of secondary and ethnographic data. Of the many themes generated in the data collection, four are reported here: lifestyle, health, pregnancy, and substance abuse. Findings included a typology of subgroups of the adolescent population that influenced lifestyles and led to different attitudes toward health, pregnancy, and substance abuse. The ethnographic approach facilitated an understanding of the health needs and attitudes of teenagers, implying a need for altered interventions and approaches by adults teaching and caring for them.
Construct Validity of a Clinical‐performance‐evaluation Tool in Community Health Nursing
Authors: Rudolph Elizabeth , Kaiser Katherine A. , Corrigan Marjorie J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn evaluative research study was conducted to examine the construct validity and applicability of a selected clinical‐performance‐evaluation tool. The tool was designed for baccalaureate students in a community health nursing course. Eighteen senior students functioning in two urban clinical agencies participated in the study. Data were collected at two evaluation points over one semester. Results indicated strong support for construct validity of the tool. This finding suggests a high level of correlation between theoretical concepts and clinical practice. Recommendations for use of the clinical performance evaluation tool are discussed.
Public Health Nursing Model for Contact Follow‐up of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Kellogg Bonnie , Dye Charlene , Cox Karen , Rosenow Greta 
Published: May 2007

AbstractContact follow‐up for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is an important component in the control of this communicable disease. In two recent cases, district public health nurses used a model that resulted in 100 percent compliance in the initial screening of industrial contacts to contagious pulmonary tuberculosis. Seven factors are believed to have contributed to this success rate. This approach to case management seems valuable, since compliance in follow‐up is a major obstacle in the control of the disease.
Urinary Incontinence in Women
Authors: Brink Carol A. , Wells Thelma J. , Diokno Ananias C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe majority of 200 women in community living between the ages of 55 and 90 described themselves as having some degree of uncontrolled urine loss. They reported severe wetting (63%) on a daily basis (69%), and most (56%) had had the problem for more than five years. These women completed the diagnostic phase of a treatment‐evaluation program currently in process.
Community Health Assessment and Program Planning in the Nurse Practitioner Curriculum: Evaluation of a Guided Design Learning Module
Authors: Selby Maija L. , Tuttle Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA 14‐hour learning module based on the Guided Design method was developed to teach community health assessment and program‐planning skills to nurse practitioner students. The module was developed because students in the program, part of a master's‐level community health nursing major, viewed community skills as irrelevant to their role. The module was implemented for two consecutive classes (n= 19) and was evaluated through a quasi‐experimental design that measured changes in (1) students' attitudes toward community health assessment and program planning as part of the nurse practitioner role, and (2) their ability to conduct community health assessment and program planning. Upon completion of the Guided Design module, all students satisfactorily assessed a real community and planned a health program to meet a community need, and they reported highly significant (P< 0.001) improvements in their attitudes toward these aspects of the nurse practitioner role.
Nursing in Cuba: Population‐focused Practice
Authors: Swanson Janice M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCuba, faced with an inadequate health care system at the time of its 1959 revolution, has brought about major health care reforms. Marked change in health status has occurred through the evolution of broader social change and the geographic distribution of health care to the entire population. The country was recently recognized as already having met the World Health Organization's mandate of “health for all by the year 2000,” and community health nursing has played a major role in achieving this goal. Cuba has implemented population‐focused community health nursing practice, an approach to improve the health of the entire community.
Long‐term Approaches to End Homelessness
Authors: Francis Marion B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUsing an epidemiologic framework, this article discusses the reports of two national conferences and the literature to describe homelessness as a consequence of poverty, alcoholism, mental illness, and family turmoil; power‐lessness; and an unsupportive, hostile environment, where the demand for affordable housing exceeds the supply. Nurses are urged to advocate for legislation to create more affordable housing as the first priority of public policy, and also address other long‐term approaches to end homelessness.
Home Care Nursing: A View From the Field
Authors: Myers Margaret B. 
Published: May 2007

Editor's Note A year ago Public Health Nursing published special content on home health care (4:2, June 1987). This past year has seen the crisis in home care escalate. Medicare claims denials are soaring. This year there are fewer home care agencies than there were a year ago, particularly voluntary agencies. This means patients, especially those without a payment source, are going without needed care. A recent conversation with a colleague gave rise to the following editorial. It is an eloquent, powerful statement about home care nursing as seen through the eyes of a practicing home care nurse. This guest editorial is adapted from Margaret Myers's “Report to the Subcommittee on Workplace and Salaries of the Governor's Task Force on the Nursing Shortage” for Connecticut. Its message is universal. I invite readers to respond through letters, which might comprise a special section in a future issue.S.L.S.
Cultural Relativity and Poverty
Authors: Martin Miriam E. , Henry Marshelle 
Published: May 2007

Abstract:The nurse who practices from a perspective of cultural relativity attempts to understand client behaviors within the context of the clients’culture. Viewing customs (behaviors) as a reflection of client beliefs and values can enhance the nurse's effectiveness with clients in poverty. This paper presents a case study in which a culturally relativistic perspective was used to assess and intervene with a family living in poverty.
College Students' Knowledge About AIDS and Attitudes Toward Condom Use
Authors: Strader Marlene K. , Beaman Margaret L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCollege students were surveyed to determine their knowledge about AIDS and attitudes toward condom use. Overall scores were high, with a mean of 22.5 on the 28‐item true‐false questionnaire. Of the 81 percent of respondents who indicated they were presently or had been sexually active, only 40 percent reported using condoms; 87 percent expressed an intention to have vaginal intercourse and 18 percent to have rectal intercourse. From the open‐ended questions about condoms, 37 beliefs were elicited and the 10 most frequently mentioned were identified. The majority of subjects reported protection against sexually transmitted diseases and preventing pregnancy as the most important reasons for using condoms. Forty‐seven percent also believed condoms important for preventing AIDS. Other significant beliefs about condom use included that they cause less worry, interfere with spontaneous sexual response, decrease pleasure for self and/or partner, are inconvenient and uncomfortable, and decrease feeling. The most significant referents for deciding about condom use were mothers in younger subjects and sexual partners for older subjects. These results indicate the need for influencing attitudes and normative beliefs to change condom use behavior.
Measuring Physical Activity in Midlife Women
Authors: Wilbur JoEllen , Miller Arlene , Dan Alice J. , Holm Karyn 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWomen's risks for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease are increasing. Although it is known that these risks decline with physical activity, it is difficult to associate specific risk levels with specific activity levels. Measuring activity levels is complex and problematic, especially in women. The present study explored the validity of a particular measure, the retrospective survey questionnaire, used with a female population to gauge physical activity, both occupational and leisure. To measure construct validity, four retrospective measures were administered to a sample of 43 middle‐aged women representing three occupational groups (teachers, clerical workers, nurses) known to differ in activity levels. In addition, measurement approaches were triangulated by including a prospective measure, a beeper‐cued record kept by subjects. A significant difference was noted among the groups on retrospective and prospective occupational activity measures, with clerical workers having the lowest levels of energy expenditure. The retrospective occupational measure correlated positively and significantly with the beeper‐cued record kept during work; however, no correlation was found between the retrospective leisure measure and the beeper‐cued record. These data suggest that the retrospective measure is appropriate for measuring the occupational dimension of physical activity. Additional study is required to identify women's leisure pursuits and the dimension of their household activities.
The Role of Black Churches in Supporting Compliance with Antihypertension Regimens
Authors: Smith Eva D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough considerable gains have been made in hypertension control in the United States, the rate of control in blacks is lower than in whites. It has been asserted that this low control rate in blacks is due to lack of compliance. Using previously tested and new measures, as well as chart audit, this pilot study evaluated the specific role and effectiveness of the black church in promoting compliance with antihypertension regimens. A sample of 63 hypertensive subjects from two inner‐city black churches participated; 33 were from a church that had a hypertension screening project and 30 were from one that did not. Clients from the church with the project did not score higher on a self‐report compliance measure than those from the church without the project. Furthermore, no relationship was found between support and compliance and blood pressure control, although relationships were seen between age and compliance scores, and between following a doctor's advice and compliance scores. The church without a screening program was viewed by clients as more supportive than the one with the program.
Interactions of Mothers and Fathers with Conduct Problem Children: Comparison with a Nonclinic Group
Authors: Webster‐Stratton Carolyn , Fjone Andra 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the interactions of clinic‐referred mothers and fathers with their conduct problem children with those of nonclinic “normal” parents and their children without problems in terms of their expression of positive and negative affect. Forty parents and their 20 children participated. Results indicated that clinic mothers and fathers exhibited significantly increased negative verbal behaviors with their children than nonclinic parents. Valence scores also indicated clinic mothers had significantly more negative nonverbal affect behaviors than nonclinic mothers. Clinic children exhibited significantly less positive verbal and nonverbal affect behaviors with their mothers than nonclinic children. Valence scores indicated that clinic children exhibited more negative nonverbal behaviors with both mothers and fathers in comparison to nonclinic children.
Adolescent Parents and Toddlers: Strategies for Intervention
Authors: Van Cleve Susan N. , Sadler Lois S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAdolescents share many developmental similarities with toddlers. When an adolescent becomes a mother, the parent‐toddler relationship is affected by the level of development of both individuals. It may be nurturing and satisfying, or it may be conflicted and frustrating for both. By comparing the developmental similarities the two share, the nurse is provided with a framework for assessing and working with these clients.SUMMARYAdolescent parents share many developmental similarities with their toddlers. The adolescent mother, who is usually the primary caretaker, is at risk for conflict with her child as the two pass through similar developmental stages. Issues of independence, limit testing, cognitive changes, and mobility surface for both individuals and may increase the potential for parent‐child conflict.Nurses are in an excellent position to assess these families for conflict and intervene appropriately. A continuing relationship with these families enables nurses to be a resource and assist adolescent assuming a successful parenting role.Specific strategies such as providing adolescents with a chance to role‐play difficult parent‐child interactions, providing them with concrete suggestions and demonstrations for handling toddler behavior, and planning respite care are helpful. The goal of such individualized care is the healthy growth and development of both young parents and young children.
Clinical Competencies for Community Health Nursing
Authors: Kenyon Virginia , Smith Elaine , Hefty Luella Vig , Bell Mary Lee , McNeil Jo , Martaus Theresa 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCost‐containment strategies initiated in the early 1980s caused a major shift in site of care delivery for persons needing nursing care. Where once the majority of clients were cared for in the acute‐care setting until they were self‐sufficient, now most are discharged to the home environment still requiring acute‐care nursing interventions as well as community health nursing skills. This rapid shift in practice sites has placed severe strain on community health nursing agencies. Not only are more nurses required to fill the increased demand for services, but the demand comes at a time when we are experiencing a severe nursing shortage. This has forced many agencies to hire acute care nurses who have little or no community health nursing experience. These nurses come to community health nursing expecting to use the same set of skills and knowledge base used in their acute‐care practice; however, the skill levels and concepts required for community health nursing are quite different from the acute care setting. Educational preparation has not kept pace with this shift in practice. Consequently, many nurses are not adequately prepared to enter community health nursing. Preparation must include theoretical and experiential components that focus on assessment skills (of the community and individual), decision making, case management, health systems management, teaching, and leadership. Collaborative efforts between community health organizations and educational institutions would seem to be one solution that would ensure adequately prepared nurses for community health nursing. The establishment and maintenance of strong staff‐development programs within community health nursing agencies are also required.
Public Health Nursing: Cross‐Training in Core Services
Authors: Feagin Rosina , Alford Rena L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDiminishing financial resources and increasing demands for health care precipitated one public health district to review its framework of delivery of care for effective and efficient use of personnel and facilities. Categorical funding patterns had promoted a framework that functioned along specialized programmatic lines in which were identified inequities in funding and staffing, and use of services by clients. In addition, to the often inefficient use of staff and fragmentation of patient care were the associated consequences of overcrowded clinics, long waiting lists for appointments, and chronic understaffing of some clinics. The concept of cross‐training in core services was initiated in one health center in October 1985. It was based on the belief that the best of generalized and specialized approaches to health care delivery in this district could be merged, and that all nursing staff should be proficient in certain basic functions. Results indicate improved efficiency in clinic management and flow, leading to reduced costs per patient encounter, increased demands for service that were met with existing staff, and reduced patient waiting time.
Nonreimbursed Home Health Care: Beyond the Bills
Authors: Phillips Elayne Kornblatt , Cloonan Patricia , Irvine Audrey , Fisher Mary E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe unprecedented growth in the home care industry over the past decade has produced a highly competitive environment for care delivery. To survive, most agencies are implementing strategies to maximize reimbursable care. This focus, while likely to improve an agency's financial situation, is fraught with potential problems. Reimbursed care represents only a small portion of the care that is required and delivered. Still, aside from anecdotes, little reporting has been done to document such additional service, much less to consider the consequences of reducing or deleting it. We selected a sample of 350 public health home care episodes throughout Virginia, and reviewed billing records to determine the number of billed home visits attached to them. We then reviewed home health records for the matching episodes and recorded all visits and other care‐related activities (e.g., telephone calls, conferences, laboratory trips). Total home visits increased, with an average of 1.5 unbilled home visits per episode. In addition, 10 additional care‐related activities take place per patient, none of which is billed. These findings represent one of the first attempts to quantify the amounts and types of nonbilled care delivered by nurses. This care consumes significant nursing resources and, as a result, may be destined to be reduced or totally eliminated.
Prevalence and Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in Mothers of Young Children
Authors: Hall Lynne A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMothers of young children are at risk for depressive symptoms due to their gender and status as parents. The primary purposes of this study were (1) to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms in a sample of mothers with young children, (2) to identify sociodemographic correlates of depressive symptoms among the women, and (3) to determine if chronic stress is associated with depressive symptoms independent of other risk factors. In‐home interviews were conducted with 196 mothers of 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression (CES‐D) Scale and the Everyday Stressors Index (ESI). High depressive symptoms (CES‐D ≥ 16) were reported by 49% of the mothers. They were highest among those who had never married, had less than a high school education, were under 25 years of age, were black, and had a low income. The ESI was a strong predictor of high depressive symptoms, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. In comparison to mothers reporting a low level of everyday stressors (score = 5), those scoring 15 were 3 times more likely to have high depressive symptoms; those scoring 35 were more than 30 times as likely to have high CES‐D scores. The results suggest the importance of chronic daily stressors as correlates of depressive symptoms in mothers of young children and also point to th need for multivariate models when examining predictors c those symptoms.