bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 5‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP STUDY OF MALE SCHIZOPHRENICS: EVALUATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN THE COMMUNITY
Authors: Christensen J. K. 
Published: August 2007

A 5‐year follow‐up of 119 discharged schizophrenic men is reported. Fifty‐three patients were not readmitted (arbitrarily defined as successes). Out of 66 failures, 47 were readmitted and discharged and 19 were readmitted and not discharged. Successes were older at discharge, had a longer duration of illness and a longer stay in hospital, lived to a greater extent under sheltered conditions and had a better employment record. There were fewer chronic successes, and also before the 5‐year follow‐up period, the failures had had more readmissions. More successes than failures had neither attended out‐patient control before nor after the last admission. More failures left the hospital against medical advice. The successes were more socially isolated, and at the time of follow‐up, they were less accepted by their relatives and had less of an awareness of being mentally ill. Aggravation of psychotic symptoms because of the patients' omission to take prescribed drugs was the most important cause of readmissions. At the time of follow‐up, more successes were severely disturbed. All the patients showed increasing social and familial problems during the follow‐up period.Attention is drawn to what appears to be important in preventing readmissions and making life easier for the patients and their family in the community. A need of more extensive after‐care facilities and a closer contact with relatives is emphasized.
A MULTINATIONAL, DOUBLE‐BLIND TRIAL WITH A NEW ANTIDEPRESSANT MAPROTILINE (LUDIOMIL®) AND AMITRIPTYLINE
Authors: Lauritsen B. J. , Madsen H. 
Published: August 2007

An account is given of a multinational double‐blind trial, in which the tetracyclic antidepressant maprotiline (Ludiomil®) was compared with amitriptyline. Two hundred and eleven patients participated; of these 191 completed the trial. In 68% of the cases, endogenous depression was diagnosed; the remaining cases were diagnosed as reactive or other depressions. Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression was used, and unwanted effects were registered on standardized scales.No statistically significant difference in antidepressive effect assessed by Total Hamilton Score (THS) and global evaluation was found between maprotiline and amitriptyline. However, a significant difference in favour of maprotiline was shown in the global evaluation of unwanted effects and as regards the individual symptoms “blurred vision” and “sweating”. The laboratory tests disclosed no positive difference between the two preparations.Advantages and disadvantages of multicentre trials are discussed and the value of standardized scales is pointed out. Factor analysis carried out on the same material is mentioned.
THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF SHORT‐TERM ORAL DIAZEPAM TREATMENT ON ACUTE CLINICAL ANXIETY IN A CRISIS CENTRE
Authors: Dasberg H. , Van Praag H. M. 
Published: August 2007

The assumption that oral diazepam treatment (20 mg daily) during 5 days in combination with active in‐patient crisis intervention has a favourable effect on acute clinical anxiety states was examined. A simple double‐blind random placebo‐diazepam design was applied on 30 crisis‐patients. The clinical improvement is defined as a difference‐score in ratings based on psychiatric interviews and ward observation.The evidence derived from totals of Hamilton scales, nurse scales, and visual analogue scales does not support the assumption that diazepam is therapeutically better than placebo if one compares the two medication groups as units. But for the sub‐group of patients with the highest levels of pre‐treatment anxiety, a short‐term administration of oral diazepam seems to be a valuable adjunct to a crisis intervention program. Moreover, diazepam has a selective action for the improvement of insomnia, respiratory and gastro‐intestinal complaints. Finally, diazepam or some factor connected with it has an adverse influence on some autonomous complaints.The need for the study of the relationship between clinical effect and pharmacokinetic values, especially plasma concentrations of the drug and its active metabolite is suggested for emphasis.
SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION IN DEPRESSIVES AND ATTEMPTED SUICIDES
Authors: El‐Gaaly A. A. 
Published: August 2007

In this study, a group of depressed patients who did not attempt suicide was compared with a group of depressed patients who attemptd suicide. All were English females. The two groups were comparable with regards to social class, and marital status. The suicidal group was younger.The results show no significant difference between the two groups in the degree of severity of depression, which was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. However, there was a significant difference in the degree of social dysfunction between the two groups. This was assessed using the Social Dysfunction Rating Scale described by Linn and co‐authors.
THE AUTOMATED ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF FLURAZEPAM AND NITRAZEPAM ON MOOD STATE
Authors: Sambrooks J. E. , MacCulloch M. J. , Rooney J. F. F. 
Published: August 2007

Some further results on the effects of the two hypnotic drugs, nitrazepam and flurazepam monohydrochloride, on mood state are described. An automated assessment and scoring system, Computer Assisted Psychometric System (C.A.P.S.), was used to assess mood state and showed that both hypnotics had a mild euphoriant effect even when administered to healthy volunteers during the daytime. This was most marked in the case of nitrazepam. It is argued that such euphoriant side effects should be further investigated as they can occur when hypnotics are administered on a long‐term nightly basis, and there may therefore be a dependency aspect for those patients who habitually take such hypnotic drugs.The broad scope of the C.A.P.S. system is also discussed.
PREVALENCE OF MENTAL ILLNESS AMONG 70‐YEAR‐OLDS DOMICILED IN NINE COPENHAGEN SUBURBS
Authors: Bollerup T. Rinder 
Published: August 2007

The results of a study on the prevalence of mental diseases and abnormalities among a geographically well‐defined group of 70‐year‐olds, all living in nine suburbs of Copenhagen, are submitted and discussed.The total psychiatric morbidity was found to be 15.5 %; 6.4 % suffered from psychoses, males preponderating, and 7.4 % were classified as “neuroses + personality disorders”, females preponderating. Only 15 % of the psychotic group were institutionalised.Of the entire material, 5 % were demented, and this included 1.6 % patients who were severely demented. There was a definite preponderance of males. Of the population, 2.6 % were living in their homes with senile or arteriosclerotic dementia. About 1 % of the population were looked after in their homes despite severe dementia of varying geneses.Hidden morbidity, meaning that the proband had neither been institutionalised nor had consulted a doctor for mental illness within the past 5 years, made up 15 % of the psychotic group and 19.2 % of the group “neuroses + personality disorders + alcoholism”. The total hidden morbidity constituted 2.6 % of the population or 16.5 % of the demonstrated psychiatric morbidity.The prevalence findings are on the whole on a level with those reported from other studies, most of which have been concerned with population groups over 65 years of age.
ANXIETY AND EEG ALPHA ACTIVITY IN NEUROTIC PATIENTS
Authors: Siciliani O. , Schiavon M. , Tansella M. 
Published: August 2007

The literature is reviewed on EEG alpha activity in different psychological states, i.e., morbid anxiety, attention and mental relaxation. In the present study, 20 male neurotic inpatients suffering from chronic moderate anxiety were assessed with respect to anxiety level and EEG alpha activity (frequency and per cent time) and fast activity. No significant EEG asymmetry was found. The average alpha per cent time was very low, most of the patients being low‐alpha subjects. Anxiety and alpha index were significantly correlated.The patients were then treated with either 80 mg per day of temazepam or placebo for 2 weeks (double‐blind). Significant effects were detected in the anxiety state, the drug group showing more improvement, but not in the EEG profile. The measures were expressed at this stage as change scores from the pre‐treatment values and correlations between them were computed. The only correlation of significance was a negative correlation between anxiety level and alpha index found after 1 week in the drug group.
PERORAL AND PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION OF LONG‐ACTING NEUROLEPTICS: A DOUBLE‐BLIND STUDY OF PENFLURIDOL COMPARED TO FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE IN THE TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Gerlach J. , Kramp P. , Kristjansen P. , Lauritsen B. , Lühdorf K. , Munkvad I. 
Published: August 2007

Fifty‐six out of 60 schizophrenic patients completed a double‐blind study of two long‐acting neuroleptics, penfluridol (peroral) and flupenthixol decanoate (parenteral). Half of the patients were on maintenance. therapy of flupenthixol prior to the study, the other half on penfluridol. The actual double‐blind study (12 weeks) was commenced after a preliminary period of 4 weeks, the patients in the two main groups being randomly divided into two further groups, one continuing the medication unchanged, the other changing to the alternative drug.It was found possible to make a sudden switch from penfluridol to flupenthixol decanoate and vice versa without any significant change in the condition of the patient. The same dosage (in 70% of the patients from 40 to 80 mg) of penfluridol was used per week as was employed for flupenthixol decanoate per fortnight. Changes in the intensity of the symptoms (total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) score) were more pronounced in the preliminary period (during unchanged treatment) than on changed medication in the blind period. Both drugs induced approximately the same degree of akathisia, Parkinsonism and autonomic side effects. The practical consequences of equipotent therapeutical effect of a peroral and parenteral long‐acting neuroleptic are briefly discussed.
A STUDY OF GENETIC FACTORS, CHILDHOOD BEREAVEMENT, AND PREMORBID PERSONALITY TRAITS IN PATIENTS WITH ANANCASTIC ENDOGENOUS DEPRESSION
Authors: Videbech Th. 
Published: August 2007

From a sample of 1,005 patients admitted to the State Hospital in Aarhus for the first time during the period 1950–1959 and who had been diagnosed as suffering from manic‐depressive psychosis or endogenous depression (affective psychoses), a subsample of 104 manic‐depressive patients with anancastic symptoms in the history were selected. The 104 probands were individually matched with 104 non‐anancastic probands with affective psychoses. The anancastic probands and the controls who were still living were seen personally at the follow‐up. Information concerning the psychiatric history of 945 first degree relatives of the anancastic probands and 1,000 first degree relatives of the controls were obtained.During the search for factors which could be used to distinguish affective psychoses with anancastic symptoms from affective psychoses without these traits, a positive correlation was found between the presence of anancasms and the following factors: (a) premorbid obsessive personality traits; (b) traumatic environmental factors in childhood; (c) a tendency to monopolarity; (d) a preponderance of monopolar depressions in the family; (e) the presence of secondary cases of anancastic endogenous depression. The findings are compatible with a theory which attributes a pathoplastic effect to the obsessive personality giving rise to anancastic symptomatology in the form of affective psychoses which tend to a unipolar course.
A STUDY OF ATTEMPTED SUICIDES IN URBAN VERSUS RURAL AREAS, WITH A FOLLOW‐UP
Authors: Niskanen P. , Koskinen T. , Lepola U. , Venäläinen E. 
Published: August 2007

The group of subjects consisted of 44 patients (attempters) who were admitted to hospital for treatment because of attempted suicide during a 3‐month period in Northern Savo (in Eastern Finland), another 44 patients (non‐attempters) admitted to hospital in the same period for other reasons serving as controls. The number of women was the same in both groups, and so was, in consequence, the number of men. The study compared the attempters with the non‐attempters and, in addition, the patients coming from urban areas with those coming from rural areas, the ratio of the urban to the rural patients being the same in both groups. The study was based on personal psychiatric interviews with the patients, which took place in each case both immediately following the patients, which took place in each case both immediately following the patient's admission and precisely 3 months afterwards.The results showed that schizophrenia was significantly more frequent in the rural than in the urban attempter group. By contrast, alcoholism and alcohol abuse were more frequent in the urban than in the rural attempter group. Compared with the urban patients, the rural patients tended to be psychically more seriously desordered. Poisoning by drugs was a significantly more frequent means of attempted suicide in the urban than in the rural group. The patients in the latter group, again, had resorted oftener to the so‐called “active” methods of attempted suicide.Of the attempters, 25 % attempted suicide anew during the 3‐ month follow‐up period, the corresponding figure for the nonattempter group being only 6%. During the follow‐up period, a greater number of suicidal attempts was made by the patients in the rural group than by those in the urban group, and, as regards the intent to succeed, the attempts of the former were more serious than those of the latter. The so‐called “active” methods were used more often by rural than by urban patients also during the follow‐up period. All in all, the self‐destructive behaviour exhibited during the follow‐up period was graver in the rural than in the urban group.
PREDISPOSITION FOR MENTAL SYNDROMES: A STUDY COMPARING PREDISPOSITION FOR DEPRESSION, NEURASTHENIA AND ANXIETY STATE
Authors: Nyström S. , Lindegård B. 
Published: August 2007

A hypothesis of selective predisposition for depression, neurasthenic syndrome and anxiety states has been tested in a prospective study. The primary material for the investigation consisted of 4,000 city inhabitants who had registered a private car. Almost all of these could be invited to a group investigation by questionnaire in the autumn of 1959. Out of those invited, 83% participated, and out of these, 3,019 were males (the secondary material).Six years later, the registers of public psychiatric out‐ and in‐patient units in the city were examined as to the appearance in 1960 or later of the men in the secondary material. One hundred and fourteen of these men were found in the registers. For each of these men ten controls, matched for age, were chosen from the rest of the secondary material.Thirty‐seven of the patients had had a depression and 17 a neurasthenic syndrome as the main diagnosis, and 17 had an anxiety state as the main or secondary diagnosis. As independent factors were chosen the Sjöbring personality factors sub‐validity (psychasthenic traits), sub‐stability (syntonia) and sub‐solidity (hysteroid habitual attitude), as well as subclinical phenomena related to the neurasthenic, depressive and anxiety syndromes.It was not possible to show a specific predisposing power of the background factors investigated. Psychasthenic premorbid personality, however, was significantly related to depression, and also showed a strong tendency to an association with neurasthenic syndrome and anxiety, states.
SEX CHROMATIN ANOMALY AMONG CHINESE PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENTS COMPARED TO SCHOOLCHILDREN
Authors: Tsuang M. T. 
Published: August 2007

In a study of sex chromatin abnormality among Chinese psychiatric inpatients, buccal smears were examined from a total of 1,253 psychiatric inpatients (639 males and 614 females). One male psychiatric inpatient (1.6/1000) was chromatin positive (+ve); two female psychiatric inpatients (3.3/1000) were found to have two sex chromatin bodies (++ve).The lower rate for male inpatients in comparison to Chinese schoolboys (2.3/1000) is thought to reflect a higher rate of mental subnormality in the primary schoolchildren. This is considered attributable to the special nature of the school system and psychiatric patient facilities in Taiwan. The higher rate for female inpatients in comparison with the schoolgirls (0.5/1000) tends to indicate a predisposition to mental disorder in favor of psychosis associated with double sex chromatin abnormality in the female.
MALE TRANSSEXUALS
Authors: Sturüp G. K. 
Published: August 2007

Since 1953 the Danish law permitting castration has been applied to transsexuals. Case histories are here reported on ten cases, operated up to 19 years before the follow‐up. Six of these presented typical syndromes. In some of the early cases the reluctance on the part of therapists to adopt an active therapy has ben too great. Two subjects had died before the follow‐up investigation, but both had formerly reported satisfaction with the treatment to their therapists. One case ‐ happily married ‐ had emigrated with the husband. At the interviews the three others confirmed happiness and satisfaction with their female way of life. They are living in rasonably good social circumstances.Three cases were not typical. A promiscuous massive sexual activity exhibited by these patients ha made it very difficult to endorse a surgical solution to their strongly presented with to obtain sex reassignment. At the follow‐up all three were very satisfied with their female role. After several years in their new sex role, two of these were still promiscuous.The last case presents unusually complicated sex role problems. He continues o live as a male, but he still insists 19 years after castration, that the operation saved his life. In spite of his handicap, he claims to be satisfied that he obtained the permit.None of the operated cases committed sucide, but one cae ‐ not operated but living as a female ‐ dveloped a paranoid reaction resulting in sucide.
WITHDRAWAL PSYCHOSIS: A STUDY OF 30 CONSECUTIVE CASES
Authors: Fruensgaard K. 
Published: August 2007

A study was carried out of 30 consecutive patients with withdrawal psychosis who in the period 1972 to 1975 were admitted to a psychiatric department or were attended by the department while hospitalized in a somatic department. There was a clear majority of women among cases of psychosis following drug withdrawal (15 as against four) and a clear majority of men among cases of psychosis following alcohol withdrawal (nine as against two). Competing pathogenetic factors could be considered present in most cases in the last mentioned group.In most cases the abrupt cessation took place in conjunction with admission to hospital, most frequently surgical cases or cases of acute drug toxication. In other cases abrupt cessation was decided upon by the patient himself. Frequently predelirium treatment was either omitted or was given in the form of neuroleptics. Approximately a quarter of the patients initially denied their abuse.The study indicates that withdrawal psychosis can make its debut or become manifest at so late a stage as about the 14th day of the withdrawal phase following use of benzodiazepines and d‐propoxiphene. It is further indicated that abrupt cessation of benzodiazepines taken in “therapeutic” doses for several years in some instances can give rise to a withdrawal psychosis.
LITHIUM TREATMENT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Authors: Vendsborg P. B. , Bech P. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2007

The problem of lithium maintenance treatment and weight gain was examined in 70 manic‐melancholic patients who had been in treatment for 2 to 10 years. Their case records were reviewed and they answered a questionnaire.Out of 70 patients, 45 increased in weight with a mean weight gain of about 10 kg. The patients who increased in weight during the treatment were overweight already before the start and reached a weight about 20% higher than their ideal weight. They nearly all found themselves overweight and took measures to slim.No connection between a history of infant obesity and weight gain was found. Increase in appetite was only found in one third of the patients and had only a weak influence on the degree of weight gain. Nearly all the patients felt an increased thirst, and a very clear correlation between liquid intake and weight gain was found.It is recommended that all patients are repeatedly warned of the risks involved in satisfying their increased thirst on lithium by fluids rich in calories.
A HOSPITAL POPULATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PATINETS UNDERGOING CHANGE
Authors: Nystrup J. 
Published: August 2007

From a cnesus investigation in 1953 at the Aarhus Psychiatric Hospital, 393 schizophrenic patients were selected (Population 53, P53) and compared with 282 schizopharenics from the 1962 census at the hospital (Population 62, P62). Through hospital records and the central psychiatric register in Denmark, the population from 1953 was follwoed for 18 years, the 1962 population for 9 yerars.At adminssion it appeared that few of the patients had ever married. This was particularly so for the males. The males were also found to belong to lwoer soical group thatn would have been the case in a sample from the general Danish populatin. In 1962 more patients had obtained State Disability Pension befroe admission than the 1953 population. More than two‐thirds of all admission than the 1953 population. More than two‐thirds of all admitted schizophrenic patients were in; psychiatric hospital withinh 3 months after onset of illness. Around two‐thirds were admitted upon the request of relatives. In the investigated period the expenses for medicine per patient had increased eightfold, whereas expenses for food had less than doubled.Only 15 % of the schizophrenic patients in the investigated populations were discharged to their homes. Four per cent were discharged to a nursing home; 22% had died. Of the 15% discharged to their homes, about 50% were readmitted for some time at a later period. In 1962, however, many more patients were discharged after less than 2 years of hospital stay than was the case for the 1953 population. The readmission rates increased from 38% in the 1953 population to 62% in the 1962 populatin.
Abnormalities in the orienting response in senile dementia
Authors: Jonsson C.‐O. , Mälhammar G. , Waldton S. 
Published: August 2007

Forty‐five female patients with the diagnosis of senile dementia and subdivided according to degree of mental deterioration were paged over a loudspeaker placed directly to the right or to the left of the patient. In the most demented subgroup, motor and/or verbal orienting responses often failed to appear. A turn towards the loudspeaker used was more often evoked in the least deteriorated subgroups. Turing in inadequate directions is tentatively explained in terms of dysfunctions within the auditory system and with reference to the disorientation of the patients.Twenty of the senile dementia patients were also compared with 20 healthy aged persons concerning habituation of orienting responses when exposed to 15 stimulations with intermittent light. The demented patients did not habituate significantly whereas control subjects did. The defective habituation of the patients is tentatively explained in terms of their memory disturbances and low capacity to interpret sensory data.
A method for testing differences in morbidity risk for affective psychoses
Authors: Breborowicz G. , Trzebiatowska‐Trzeciak O. 
Published: August 2007

A modified method for testing differences between two proportions is described and its use for testing differences in the morbidity risk for affective psychoses is discussed. The method is based upon the u test for comparison of two proportions.An example of the application of the method to study sex differences in morbidity risk for affective psychoses in parents of probands with unipolar depression and manic‐depressive psychosis is presented.