bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN ALGORITHM FOR ESTIMATING SURFACE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS WITH LANDSAT MSS DIGITAL DATA1
Authors: Ritchie Jerry C. , Cooper Charles M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Algorithms for Landsat MSS digital data are needed to reduce the necessity of calibrating each Landsat scene if these data are to be useful in monitoring programs for surface suspended sediments. In this study digital data were extracted from 16 Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scenes collected between March 1987 and August 1988 over Enid Reservoir in North Central Mississippi. These data were converted to radiance and reflectance data for comparison with field measurements of surface suspended sediment concentrations. Concentrations ranged from 2 to 168 mg/1 during the study with only four greater than 100 mg/l. Linear and polynomial regression analyses were used to relate the surface suspended sediment concentrations with radiance and reflectance. Reflectance in MSS band 2 (0.6 to 0.7 μm) and MSS band 3 (0.7 to 0.8 μm) were best related to the surface suspended sediment concentrations with coefficients of determination accounting for 71 percent and 68 percent of the variation in the data, respectively. Regressions with radiance data accounted for 36 percent (band 2) or less of the variation. Logarithmic transformations of either reflectance or sediment concentrations increase the coefficients of determination for MSS band 2 reflectance data to 81 percent. Regressions between the ratio of MSS band 1 to MSS band 2 reflectances and concentrations also accounted for 80 percent of the variation. An equationLoge SS (mg/l) = 9.21R½+ 2.71R½2 + 8.45,where S is surface suspended sediment concentrations and R1/2 is the ratio of MSS band 1 to MSS band 2 reflectances, provided the best fit to the data with a coefficient of determination of 0.82. This equation is essentially the same as an algorithm proposed by Topliss et at. (1990), for estimating surface suspended sediment concentrations in Canadian coastal waters. These equations for Enid Reservoir and Canadian waters suggest that it may be possible to develop an algorithm for widespread use for estimating surface suspended sediments.
ESTIMATING AQUIFER PARAMETERS FROM A HORIZONTAL WELL PUMPING TEST IN AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER1
Authors: Edwards Kenneth B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A pumping test on a phreatic glacial till aquifer was performed near Ames, Iowa, in November 1990. The head in a horizontal well was pumped down rapidly and then held constant for the duration of the 30‐hour test. Throughout the test, the flow rate at the pumped well and the head at an adjacent vertical observation well were recorded.The pumping test data were used to determine the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield of the aquifer. The results indicate a hydraulic conductivity of 2.23 × 10−5 cm/s and a representative specific yield of 0.03. Hydraulic conductivity was calculated by a simple integration of Darcy's Law after extrapolating the data to steady state. Specific yield was determined by use of several methods from the literature and a new method proposed by the author. The results show that specific yield increases with time, and that each method is within an order of magnitude of the others.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL DISPLAY MANAGER: A TOOL FOR WATER QUALITY DATA INTEGRATION1
Authors: Samuels William B. , Taylor Phillip L. , Evenhouse Paul B. , Bondelid Timothy R. , Eggers Paul C. , Hanson Sue A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Environmental Display Manager, EDM, is a development system on an IBM 3090 mainframe at the U.S. EPA National Computer Center in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. EDM provides mapping, display, analysis support, and information management capabilities to workstations located across the United States, and connected to EPA through federal, state, academic, and private communications networks. Through interactive software, EDM can quickly support analyses, create maps and graphics, and generate reports that integrate millions of pieces of environmental data. The concept of EDM is to provide easy access to environmental information, to provide automated environmental analyses and reports, and then to provide data, graphics, images, text, and documents that can be used by numerous output devices, software packages, and computers.The mapping cumponent works with an electronic version of the 54,000 7.5 minute quad sheets of the U.S. Geological Survey. The software also works with a hydrographic data base of the surface waters of the United States. With the maps, a user can look at the rivers in any state, can zoom in on a small pond, and can overlay and identify particular features such as industrial waste dischargers and factories. The hydrography allows routing for modeling programs, identification of upstream and downstream components, and linkage of environmental features associated with surface waters. Alternatively, users can query data based on latitude/longitude, city name, EPA permit number, state agency and station code, river name or number, and river cataloging unit. The maps can be overlaid with roads and environmental sites such as: municipal and industrial dischargers, Superfund sites, public drinking water supplies, water quality monitoring stations, stream gages, and city locations. Retrievals from related systems can be performed for selected sites creating graphics showing water quality trends, discharge monitoring reports, and permit discharge limits.
COMPUTER ASSISTED NEGOTIATION OF MULTIOBJECTIVE WATER RESOURCES CONFLICTS1
Authors: Thiessen Ernest M. , Loucks Daniel P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Since the early 1970s, a large volume of literature has accumulated related to multiobjective water resources management problems. A relatively small portion of this specifically addresses the negotiation process required when there are multiple decision makers with conflicting objectives. This paper focuses on that process and describes a computer program designed to assist such negotiation processes. This interactive computer assisted negotiation support system is called ICANS.ICANS is designed for dynamic, multi‐issue, multi‐party negotiation problems. Based on information provided in confidence by each party via an interactive graphical interface, the program can help determine if there exist any possible alternatives that are equivalent or even preferred to each party's decision in the absence of a negotiated agreement. If such alternatives exist, through a series of iterations in which each party's input data, assumptions, and preferences may change, ICANS can assist the parties in their search for a mutually acceptable and preferred agreement.A simple example illustrates the data requirements and the use of ICANS in negotiation experiments.
REGIONAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF TOTAL SOLUTES IN THE SASKATCHEWAN RWER BASIN1
Authors: Taylor Barry R. , Hamilton Hal R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In the Saskatchewan River Basin (365,000 km2), which drains the Canadian prairie from the Rocky Mountains east to Manitoba, concentrations of total solutes are usually within the range of 100 to 1000 mg/L. Total solutes levels in tributaries increase markedly from west to east across the basin, as mountain snowmelt and dilute surface runoff are replaced by ion‐rich ground water and concentrated prairie runoff as the major influences on solute concentrations. In contrast, total solutes concentrations in main‐stem rivers are nearly constant, ranging 200–300 mg/L, with only a small increase across the basin. Dilute mountain runoff dominates solute concentrations in main‐stem rivers, despite the influx of increasingly ion‐rich water from tributaries.The principal long‐term trends in total solute concentrations across the basin, as revealed by linear and sine‐curve regressions, were due to the construction of reservoirs, which depress the natural winter maximum in solute concentrations and disrupt the sinusoidal annual pattern, while sharply reducing seasonal variation. These regression methods did not show anticipated anthropogenic increases in salt load in the Red Deer or South Saskatchewan Rivers, but a trend of slowly increasing solutes concentrations (2 mg/L/yr) was detected for autumn flows in the lower Bow River. Municipal wastes from the City of Calgary or irrigation return flows are probably responsible for this increase.
TOTAL SOLUTES LOADS AND GEOCHEMICAL YIELDS IN THE SASKATCHEWAN RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Taylor Barry R. , Hamilton Hal R. , Macdonald Gordon 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: River solute loads have seldom been measured in very large, complex drainage basins, nor have the methods of calculating loads been critically examined. For sites in the Saskatchewan River Basin, Canada, rating curves were poor predictors of solute loads because correlations between discharge and total solutes concentration were weak (R2 < 0.05 in most cases) and suffered from hysteresis. In contrast, the interval method produced reliable estimates in all seasons and sites tested, and was little affected by sampling schedule. The limit of precision (SE) for estimates of mean annual or seasonal solute load was 10–15 percent of the mean (5 percent in very small basins), reached with 10 years or more of data.Two‐thirds or more of total annual solute load was transported during the open‐water season, but the proportion carried during winter increased from 8 percent to 34 percent from the upstream to the downstream end of the basin, due to reservoirs retaining and mixing water. Annual loads of total solutes varied from 6.2 × 104 tonnes in foothills tributaries to almost 4.0 × 106 tonnes in the Saskatchewan River near the mouth. But, on an areal basis, the mountain and foothills region was the dominant solute source, producing 43–97 tonnes/km2/yr, compared with only 3–22 tonnes/km2/yr for prairie rivers. This difference is a consequence of greater rainfall and, hence, more rapid erosion in the mountains.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NILE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL FORECAST SYSTEM1
Authors: Barrett Curtis B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is developing a river forecast system for the Nile River in Egypt. The river forecast system operates on scientific work stations using hydrometeorological models and software to predict inflows into the high Aswan Dam and forecast flow hydrographs at selected gaging locations above the damThe Nile Forecasting System (NFS) utilizes satellite imagery from the METEOSAT satellite as the input to the forecast system. Satellite imagery is used to estimate precipitation over the Blue Nile Basin using five different techniques. Observed precipitation data and climatic statistics are used to improve precipitation estimation. Precipitation data for grid locations are input to a distributed water balance model, a hill slope routing model, and a channel routing model. A customized Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed to show political boundaries, rivers, terrain elevation, and gaging network. The GIS was used to develop hydrologic parameters for the basin and is used for multiple display features.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A GIS‐BASED CONTAMINANT SOURCE INVENTORY OVER THE SPOKANE AQUIFER, SPOKANE COUNTY WASHINGTON1
Authors: Lackaff Beatrice B. , Hunt Bruce J. , Von Essen Ian E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statutes require identification of all potential sources of contamination within a wellhead protection area. All wells over Spokane County's aquifer are included in one wellhead protection zone called the Aquifer Sensitive Area (ASA).A GIS‐based Contaminant Source Inventory (CSI) was developed for the ASA. Datasets listing businesses and agencies within the ASA were imported into the GIS from state, county, city, and local agencies. These datasets were selected, joined, and sorted using GIS relational database capabilities into one ASA “business master file.” Map files were projected and transformed into common coordinates. Next, business sites within the master file were spatially related by address to the digital map files. Likely Critical Materials Users (CMU) were identified by sorting on selected standard Industrial Codes (SIC). Additional files of CMUs were imported into the Contaminant Source Inventory. GIS queries were performed to locate specific materials, quantities, and storage facilities, and to analyze CMU activity within selected buffer zones.This project demonstrated the usefulness of GIS technology in the development, management, maintenance, and analysis of vast quantities of data associated with a local wellhead protection pro. gram.
SENSITIVITY OF A PRAIRIE WETLAND TO INCREASED TEMPERATURE AND SEASONAL PRECIPITATION CHANGES1
Authors: Poiani Karen A. , Johnson W. Carter. , Kittel Timothy G. F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: We assessed the potential effects of increased temperature and changes in amount and seasonal timing of precipitation on the hydrology and vegetation of a semi‐permanent prairie wetland in North Dakota using a spatially‐defined, rule‐based simulation model. Simulations were run with increased temperatures of 2°C combined with a 10 percent increase or decrease in total growing season precipitation. Changes in precipitation were applied either evenly across all months or to individual seasons (spring, summer, or fall).The response of semi‐permanent wetland P1 was relatively similar under most of the seasonal scenarios. A 10 percent increase in total growing season precipitation applied to summer months only, to fall months only, and over all months produced lower water levels compared to those resulting from the current climate due to increased evapotranspiration. Wetland hydrology was most affected by changes in spring precipitation and runoff. Vegetation response was relatively consistent across scenarios. Seven of the eight seasonal scenarios produced drier conditions with no open water and greater vegetation cover compared to those resulting from the current climate. Only when spring precipitation increased did the wetland maintain an extensive open water area (49 percent).Potential changes in climate that affect spring runoff, such as changes to spring precipitation and snow melt, may have the greatest impact on prairie wetland hydrology and vegetation. In addition, relatively small changes in water level during dry years may affect the period of time the wetland contains open water. Emergent vegetation, once it is established, can survive under drier conditions due to its ability to persist in shallow water with fluctuating levels. The model's sensitivity to changes in temperature and seasonal precipitation patterns accentuates the need for accurate regional climate change projections from general circulation models.
USE OF THE KRIGING METHOD FOR STUDYING CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER DROUGHTS1
Authors: Chang Tiao J. , Teoh Choo B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTround water drought events were derived by taking a truncation level through the time series of daily ground water depth that are recorded elevation differences between the water table and land surface at a well site. Droughts of various truncation levels at 70, 80, 90, and 95 percent, were obtained, where a 70 percent truncation level means that 70 percent of ground water depth data are less than or equal to the truncated value. The conditional probability that a drought occurring at a certain truncation level will prolong and advance to that of the next higher level was estimated. The regionalization analysis was conducted assuming that conditional probabilities estimated at selected wells are regionalized variables. Contour lines of conditional probabilities for each truncation level were constructed to express their spatial variability in the region. Estimation errors associated with the regionalization were reasonably small.
CLIMATE, SNOW COVER, GLACIERS, AND RUNOFF IN THE TIEN SHAN, CENTRAL ASIA1
Authors: Aizen Vladimir B. , Aizen Elena M. , Melack John M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Pica Shan, a mountainous region located on the northern periphery of central Asia, has a wide range of climatic and hydrological conditions. On the basis of long term data from 348 meteorological and glaciological stations, the annual distribution of precipitation in different regions and elevational zones of the Tien Shan was calculated. Major climatic features are the entrance of moisture during spring‐summer, small winter precipitation, decrease of precipitation towards the east and the center of the mountains or with distance up valleys, and increase of precipitation with altitude up to crest‐lines of ranges. Annual total evaporation from snow can be 50–60 mm per year, reaching 30 percent of snow accumulation.Four main groups of rivers were identified: rivers with mainly snow nourishment, rivers with mainly glacial nourishment, rivers with mainly rain nourishment, and rivers with mainly ground water nourishment. Coefficient of runoff variation in Tien Shan's rivers is about 0.20, and coefficient of glacial runoff variation is about 0.15. Glacial runoff is 15–20 percent of the total volume of river runoff.
HERBICIDE CONTAMINATION BY THE 1993 GREAT FLOOD ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RWER1
Authors: Chong S.‐K , Klubek Brian P. , Weber John T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Great Flood of 1993 inundated more than 355,000 ha of illinois cropland, creating great concern for the possible contamination of farmland by herbicides. The objective of this study was to assess the herbicide contamination of floodwaters and farmland due to the great flood of 1993. Floodwater samples were collected between August 5 and December 20, 1993, at the Horseshoe Lake State Game Reserve in Alexander County, Illinois, USA. Water and suspended sediment were tested separately for the more commonly used herbicides in Illinois and the midwestern USA: alachior, atrazine, and cyanazine.These herbicides were detected in the floodwater samples, but concentrations were all below the health advisory concentration of 3 μg/L established for drinking water by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. No herbicides were detected in the suspended sediment.After the recession of the flood, soil samples from flooded and non‐flooded corn fields were collected for comparison. Soil samples taken from two out of three sampling locations had a 0.4 to 0.8 μg/kg increase in atrazine at the flooded verses the non‐flooded sites. Concentrations were 500 to 1,000 times lower than the recommended 1 mg/kg rate at which this herbicides typically applied to soil.
A SIMULATION OF RIVER‐BASIN RESPONSE TO MESOSCALE METEOROLOGICAL FORCING: THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN EXPERIMENT (SRBEX)1
Authors: Lakhtakia M. N. , Yarnal B. , Johnson D. L. , White R. A. , Miller D. A. , Yu Z. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A mesoscale meteorological model, a surface hydrology model, and a ground‐water hydrology model are linked to simulate the hydrographic response of a large river basin to a single storm. Synoptic climatology is employed to choose a representative hydro‐climatic event. The mesoscale meteorological model uses three nested domains to simulate relatively high‐resolution precipitation over a sub‐basin of the Susquehanna River Basin. The hydrology models simulate surface runoff and ground‐water baseflow using both analyzed and simulated precipitation. The hydrologic abstractions are handled using both Curve Number and Green‐Ampt routines. To support the linkage of the numerical models, special attention is given to data resampling and reprojection.The mesoscale meteorological model simulation captures the spatial and temporal structure of the storm event, while the hydrology models represent the timing of the event well. The Curve Number method generates a realistic hydrograph with both analyzed and simulated precipitation. In contrast, the hydrographic response generated by the Green‐Ampt routine is inferior. Several interrelated factors contribute to these results, including: the nature of the precipitation event chosen for the experiment; the tendency of the mesoscale meteorological model to underpredict low intensity, widespread precipitation in this case; and the influence of the surface soil‐texture characteristics on infiltration rates.
ESTIMATION OF REGIONAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM ARID AND SEMI‐ARID SURFACES1
Authors: Liu Jingmiao , Kotoda Kazuo 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Evapotranspiration (ET) from oasis and Gobi surfaces in the Heihe River region of China was estimated by Kotoda (1986) and Advection‐Aridity (Brutsaert and Stricker, 1979) models. The ET estimates were compared with eddy‐correlation ET estimates. The ET estimated by both models are in good agreement with ET obtained by means of eddy‐correlation method for the oasis surface while underestimating ET as compared to the eddy‐correlation method. For the Gobi surface, the models yielded obviously overestimates of evapotranspiration.In order to estimate evapotranspiration from arid surfaces, the Kotoda model was modified by introducing the surface moisture availability parameter a from Barton (1979). The modified Kotoda model yielded ET estimates that were very close to that from the eddy‐correlation method for the Gobi surface. The modified Kotoda model was used to estimate evapotranspiration from the Heihe River watershed, an area with complicated topography and land use, and the results compared with those from a water balance method. A sensitivity analysis of the modified model was performed. The results show that the modified Kotoda model can reflect the relationship between the actual evapotranspiration and the main controlling factors on it for both wet and arid surfaces reasonably. From this study, it can be concluded that the modified Kotoda model is applicable fro the estimation of regional evapotranspiration from areas with complicated topography and land use.
CONTINENTAL SCALE SIMULATION OF THE HYDROLOGIC BALANCE1
Authors: Arnold J. G. , Srinivasan R. , Muttiah R. S. , Allen P. M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the application of a continuous daily water balance model called SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) for the conterminous U.S. The local water balance is represented by four control volumes; (1) snow, (2) soil profile, (3) shallow aquifer, and (4) deep aquifer. The components of the water balance are simulated using “storage” models and readily available input parameters. All the required databases (soils, landuse, and topography) were assembled for the conterminous U.S. at 1:250,000 scale. A GIS interface was utilized to automate the assembly of the model input files from map layers and relational databases. The hydrologic balance for each soil association polygon (78,863 nationwide) was simulated without calibration for 20 years using dominant soil and land use properties. The model was validated by comparing simulated average annual runoff with long term average annual runoff from USGS stream gage records. Results indicate over 45 percent of the modeled U.S. are within 50 mm of measured, and 18 percent are within 10 mm without calibration. The model tended to under predict runoff in mountain areas due to lack of climate stations at high elevations. Given the limitations of the study, (i.e., spatial resolution of the data bases and model simplicity), the results show that the large scale hydrologic balance can be realistically simulated using a continuous water balance model.