bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EARLY RELEASE COMMITTEE FOR PRISONERS VERSUS COMPUTER
Authors: HASSIN YAEL 
Published: March 2006

Abstract In this research we compared the results of two decision‐making processes. The first process relates to the Early Release Committee for prisoners, which has a discretionary power to release prisoners who have served twothirds of their sentence. The second process involves the use of the same variables as those which were available to the release committee in the course of its decision‐making process, to obtain a computer decision. It was found that the committee was wrong in 75.4% of its decisions, while the computer was wrong in only 30.3%. Some implications of this are discussed.
THOU SHALT NOT EXECUTE
Authors: EREZ EDNA 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article discusses the historical developments in the approach of Hebrew law to capital punishment. It presents the biblical principles and modes of capital punishment, and discusses subsequent reforms and innovations of the Talmudic and post‐ Talmudic scholars. The sanctity and invaluableness of life, so fundamental to Hebrew law, did not allow for the substitution of any other type of punishment for death. Reluctance to impose death penalties was expressed in various procedural and substantive legal requirements for conviction in capital cases, requirements that rendered the imposition of the death penalty virtually impossible. The few exceptions to this practice were noted and the relevance of Hebrew law to secular law in contemporary society is discussed.
A TEST OF THE ORTEGA HYPOTHESIS IN CRIMINOLOGY
Authors: GREEN GARY S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFollowing J. Cole and S. Cole (1973), we attempt to ascertain whether important scientific work is dependent upon works of lesser quality for fruition. The “Ortega hypothesis” posits such a dependence, and we test this assertion in criminology. Using some 2700 works published in criminology between 1945 and 1972, we demonstrate that less important works (those with few citations) are rarely utilized by much more important papers (those with the highest citation counts). The Ortega hypothesis is refuted, and most criminological literature contributes nothing or little that is useful to the field. This corroborates the conditions found by the Coles to exist in physics after their test of Ortega. The data we use are from Wolfgang et al. (1978).
SOCIAL CHANGE AND THE INTERPRETATION OF RESEARCH
Authors: WADSWORTH M.E.J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article aims to demonstrate the value of time as a variable in the study of causes of crime, and considers its usefulness in assessing the relative importance of personal attribute and social pressure hypotheses. Historical reviews of changes both in certain aspects of childrearing and in popular views of their likely consequences for the adult life of the child show an association between these changes, and changes in research findings about causes of crime. Findings seem to have reflected contemporary popular views of the importance of childhood experience, and as these changed so too did research findings. Two interpretations are discussed. First, have investigators been so much influenced by contemporary opinions that their work has been biased, either in selection of measures or in interpretation and analysis of findings? Second, perhaps histori‐cal reviews show that society's definition of “criminal,” both in the definition of law‐breaking and in the description of the individual, is rooted in its own contemporary culture. Implications of these two possible interpretations for present criminological research are discussed.
ST. LOUIS POLICE RECRUITS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors: WATTS EUGENE J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPolice consultants throughout the twentieth century have advocated improvement in recruitment as a key component of their campaign for police “professionalization.” Not until after World War II, however, did most major urban police forces substantially alter entrance standards. Unfortunately, scholars have not undertaken the research necessary to document the diachronic dimension of police recruitment, particularly in light of these changes in requirements. Quantitative analysis of the social backgrounds of officers in the St. Louis Police Department, which is widely considered to be one of the nation's most professional forces, provides the first accurate answer to the question of who policed the city. This examination reveals marked shifts in the education, ethnic identification (including race), military experience, age, and length of residence of recruits, but that modifications of entrance standards were clearly responsible only for changes regarding the latter two factors. More important is the finding that such developments did not disturb the great continuity in the social background of St. Louis police recruits. Thus officers in 1970, like their predecessors at the turn of the century, were predominantly married men from blue collar backgrounds, with checkered occupational histories and a high proportion of prior unemployment and incidence of previous arrests.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES FOR HISTORICAL ANALYSES
Authors: PISCIOTTA ALEXANDER W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOne of the most obvious deficiencies in the literature on the criminal justice system is reflected in the lack of research on the historical development of the police, courts, and corrections. Even more evident is the paucity of research which is theoretically or methodologically grounded. As a result of the failure of historians to specify their a priori assumptions, methodology, and theoretical perspective, it is difficult for consumers of the literature to appreciate how researchers have selectively sampled and interpreted historical events and arrived at their conclusions. This article addresses this problem by adapting and applying to historical research on the juvenile justice system some of the theoretical and methodological insights presented by Thomas S. Kuhn (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions and George Ritzer (1975) Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science. The study focuses upon outlining the assumptions and methodology underlying three theoretical perspectives which have been consciously or unconsciously adopted by a majority of historical researchers: the march of progress, social context, and conflict perspectives. After outlining these perspectives, a selective review of the juvenile justice literature is offered in order to demonstrate how these orientations have been applied in interpreting the origin, development, operation, and impact of the juvenile court and juvenile reformatory. Finally, suggestions are offered which provide general guidelines for applying these perspectives to any aspect of the criminal justice system within an historical context.
MALA IN SE
Authors: WOLFE NANCY TRAVIS 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAlthough the terms mala in se and mala prohibita appear in legal treatises, in court opinions, and in statutes, their definitions are far from clear. In the following article, the doctrine of mala in se is examined in regard to its historical genesis, the rationales which lie behind it, and its legal utility. Discussion of the concept involves questions about the relationship of the mala in se doctrine to common law, to mens rea, to the idea of sin or moral turpitude, and to statutory law. When viewed from an historical perspective, the distinction between the designations of mala in se and mala prohibita is far from precise; this definitional difficulty may presage gradual disappearance of the classifications from legal literature.
WHORING AROUND: Some Comments on Deviance Research in the Private Sector
Authors: INCIARDI JAMES A. , SIEGAL HARVEY A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe trends are explored through which criminologists and other social scientists are being pushed out of academia and finding their way into the private sector, especially in the area of “deviance research.” In this research area, within the private sector, the work of thecontract researcher is discussed. The relationship between contract researcher and client is compared to that of prostitute and john, one in which many hopes and expectations are created, but where the encounter satisfies neither. The organization of private, contract research is considered and concern for the uses of these studies is raised.
CAST THE FIRST STONE?
Authors: TOCH HANS 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNotorious scientific scandals leave the impression that a line between ethical and unethical research can be drawn, but routine examples show that an ethical penumbra exists. Breaches of ethics in science rarely surface. Most collegial charges of unethical conduct can be dismissed as being partisan; outsiders’ethical questions are more threatening, because they imply that violations are widespread. Such implications can be neutralized by “self‐regulation.” Unethical behavior must be purposive. Technical violations can be attributed to ignorance. The downplaying of ethics preserves the “community‐of‐scholars” myth; highlighting the ethics issue would destroy this myth.
DETERRENCE WITHOUT PUNISHMENT
Authors: TOBY JACKSON 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDeterrence is conceivable without formal punishment administered by the state provided that informal social disapproval and self‐condemnation are the predictable consequences of criminal behavior. Unfortunately. such consequences cannot be counted on in modern secular societies, partly because of the social heterogeneity that prevents consensus on what is heinous behavior. This article considers the feasibility of symbolic redefinition of criminal acts so as to make social disapproval and self‐condemnation more probable. The crime of rape is used to illustrate this approach. The issue is: Can collective efforts at symbolic redefinition of crime be mobilized through the political process and thereby prevent some crimes from occurring that otherwise would take place?
EEG AS A PREDICTOR OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Authors: MEDNICK SARNOFF A. , VKA JAN VOLA , GABRIELLI, Jr. WILLIAM F. , ITIL TURAN M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSlowing of alpha brain activity has been reported among antisocial individuals. One popular hypothesis to explain this slowing assumes a developmental lag, that is, brain immaturity. Studies to date have not established whether the brain wave activity precedes the development of antisocial behavior. The present longitudinal study attempts to answer this question by looking at EEG brain activity measures taken before the beginning of delinquent activity. Slower alpha patterns proved to be characteristic of later delinquents. The findings, however, do not support the developmental immaturity hypothesis.
ORGANIZATIONAL DEVIANCE AND POLITICAL POLICING
Authors: TURK AUSTIN T. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDeviance in the policing of political activities may be either legal or behavioral. Both are generated to satisfy external demands without risking undeniable failure. Tactics of secrecy and scapegoating to avoid the perils of external scrutiny are supplemented by applying the principles of need to know and plausible deniability. The demand for results regardless of methods makes legal deviance inevitable and behavioral deviance very probable. Deviance in political policing is very unlikely to be inhibited significantly by legal reforms or public politics. Organizational changes are more likely to have some impact.
SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ARRESTS Variations in Pretreatment Arrests of Clients in Drug Treatment Programs
Authors: SINGH B. K. , JOE G. W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study examines variations in pretreatment arrest patterns of clients admitted to federally funded drug treatment programs. Data from published annual reports of the Client Oriented Data Acquisition Process (CODAP)‐the nationol monitoring system of drug abuse treatment‐are used. Variations based on sex and age are found, but not for race. The type of drug abuse was associated with differential arrest patterns. The results suggested that cocaine and hallucinogen users were more likely to have been arrested of the ten categories of drug users considered
U.S. SOCIAL STRUCTURE, CRIME, AND IMPRISONMENT
Authors: JOUBERT PAUL E. , STEVEN PICOU J. , ALEX McINTOSH W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis research develops a structural model of crime and imprisonment in the United States from data on 49 states which was evaluated through a series of path and regression analyses. The major findings revealed that crime rates were effectively predicted by social structural characteristics, primarily urban population characteristics, and in turn that prison admissions were predicted by crime rates. Prison releases were not as strongly influenced by structural characteristics as crime rates and prison admissions; however, prison admissions were found to significantly affect releases. Variations in social structural determinants of violent and property crimes were also observed. The implication of these results ore discussed and suggestions for future research are presented.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY: A Basis for Juvenile Correctional Reform?
Authors: MORASH MERRY ANN 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCognitive developmental theory has been increasingly offered as on explanation for lawbreaking. The theory suggests that lawbreaking results from individuals not having sufficiently developed reasoning abilities to resolve moral dilemmas, specificially those involving illegal acts. This article reports on on original test of the association between reasoning and law‐breaking and addresses shortcomings of prior research. The article concludes that although the theory has been recommended and used as a basis for program design, there is little evidence to suggest that reasoning is, indeed, related to lawbreaking. Since ideological appeal of the theory may result in its adoption in program settings, continued empirical testing of hy‐potheses derived from the theory is of considerable importance.
PATTERNS OF FORGETTING AND TELESCOPING: An Analysis of LEAA Survey Victimization Data
Authors: SCHNEIDER ANNE L. , SUMI DAVID 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe research reported in this article sought to estimate the feasibility of measuring patterns of forgetting and forward telescoping in victimization survey data. It was suggested that if these two sources of memory bias could be accurately and reliably measured, victimization survey data could be adjusted to produce improved estimates of both the amount of crime and of changes in the crime rate over time. Examination of the data suggests that the likelihood of developing a general model for correcting mnemonic biases is very low. ll˜is conclusion follows from: (I) evidence indicating differential victimization survey recall across reported and unreported crime events; (2) the apparent dissimilarities of telescoping/forgetting patterns across samples and seasons; and (3) the lack of a stable comparison estimate of the “true” distribution of incidents with which to calibrate a correction model.
RECIDIVISM AMONG OFFENDERS AND EX‐MENTAL PATIENTS: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: RIBNER STEPHEN A. , STEADMAN HENRY J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPrior work has demonstrated a consistently higher rate of arrest for ex‐offenders than for ex‐mental patients. although as a group ex‐patients are more often arrested than the general population. From 1968 and 1975 data, the current study examines some of the possible explanations for the higher rates of offenders as compared to ex‐mental patients. Even when age and prior arrests are controlled, the variables with the strongest association with subsequent arrest, a higher proportion of offenders are arrested after release than ex‐patients.
MASCULINITY AND DELINQUENCY
Authors: NORLAND STEPHEN , WESSEL RANDALL C. , SHOVER NEAL 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA strong positive association between masculinity and delinquency is on important assumption in theories which explain why (1) males are more delinquent than females and (2) females are becoming increasingly delin‐quent. Self‐report measures obtained from 1002 junior and senior high school students from a large Southeastern city constitute the data for an examination of the first of these relationships. Factor analytic procedures were used to identify the components of masculinity: leadership, aggressive‐ness, competitiveness, ambitiousness, and successfulness. Separate models of masculinity, opportunity, attachment to conventional others, and belief in the moral validity of low are constructed for status, property, and aggressive offenses. For females, masculinity has no direct effects on any type of delinquency. For males, masculinity is directly related only to status offenses. The results are inconsistent with analyses of females' delinquency that emphasize their adoption of masculine characteristics.
SELF‐CONCEPT, NEGATIVE FAMILY AFFECT, AND DELINQUENCY: A Comparison Across Mexican Social Classes
Authors: MEADOW ARNOLD , ABRAMOWITZ STEPHEN I. , DE LA CRUZ ARNOLD , BAY GERMAN OTALORA 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUsing a semistructured measure to minimize cross‐cultural biases, we examined the relationship between negative self and family‐other affect and delinquency among 135 Mexican families of varying social class. The results indicated that: (a) both processed and released delinquent youths and their parents evaluated themselves more negatively than nondelinquent youths and their parents; (b) appraisals in the families of processed and released delinquents did not differ appreciably; (c) migrant families tended to manifest the most negativity and lower‐class families the least, with middle‐class families in between; and (d) socioeconomic status did not predict the relationship between family hostility and delinquency. The results are seen as providing more support for the family control theory of delinquency than for processing‐labeling theory.
WOMEN, CRIME, AND DEPENDENCY An Application of the Theory of Law
Authors: KRUTTSCHNITT CANDACE 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article seeks to show how economic dependency, a characteristic which is particularly representative of a woman's location in social life, is related to the outcome of criminal prosecution. A stratified random sample of 1034 cases of women offenders was drawn from the files of on Adult Probation Deportment in northern California. Based on multiple regression analysis, the findings give tentative support to the expectation that sentencing disparities within offense categories can be predicted from the degree to which a woman is economically dependent upon someone else for her day‐to‐day existence: the more dependent she is. the less severe her disposition.
DENSITY, DELINQUENCY, AND DESIGN Formal and Informal Control and the Built Environment
Authors: GILLIS A. R. , HAGAN JOHN 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study reviews the literature concerning the general impact of the physical environment on social disorganization, crime, and juvenile delinquency, with a specific focus on the relationship between household density, building density‐design, and juvenile delinquency. Two perspectives on control are shown to have developed in an environmental context. One emphasizes the capacity of the built environment to impair informal social control, and the other focuses on the attraction of the same environments for agents of formal social control (the police). A path model is presented. showing that building density‐design is an independent predictor of marijuana use and supporting the view that the physical environment can affect informal control. The model also shows that building density‐design is a significant predictor of police presence. thus giving empirical support to the notion that the physical environment can affect formal control.
“REPEAT PLAYERS” IN A CRIMINAL COURT The Fate of their Clients
Authors: PHILLIPS CHARLES DAVID , EKLAND‐OLSON SHELDON 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThat judges, defense attorneys, and prosecutors are part of a courthouse community that responds to organizational pressures is no longer questioned. What remains puzzling is exactly what impact organizational factors have on case outcomes. In this research, one aspect of this general question is investigated‐whether the clients of “repeat‐players” enjoy special benefits or bear special burdens when punishments are distributed. Previous research has found that the clients of repeat‐players frequently fare worse than other defendants. In the court under study, we find the distribution of justice unaffected by this variable. The task for future research is to specify those conditions under which the level of attorney‐court contact either will or will not have an impact on the distribution of punishment.
RADICAL CRIMINOLOGY: An Explication
Authors: BOHM ROBERT M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study addresses the current controversy involving radical criminology. It is argued that much of the polemic related to radical criminology is directed at a “straw man.” a monolithic conception of the perspective that fails to consider important philosophical, theoretical, practical, and nominal dfferences among those who write radical criminology (i.e.p “radical criminologists”). Furthermore, although radical criminologists share many philosophical, theoretical, and practical assumptions, it is emphasized that they hold to these shared assumptions with dffering degrees of sensitivity, sophistication, andsubtlety a point often ignored by critics and enthusiasts alike. Consequently, this study explicates not only some of the shared assumptions of radical criminologists, but also some of the dfferences.
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AND LETHAL ASSAULTS AGAINST POLICE
Authors: BAILEY WILLIAM C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis investigation provides a multivariate analysis of the deferrent effect of the death penalty on the rate of lethal assaults against the police. Examining statelevel data for the period 1961 to 1971, we hypothesize a significant inverse relationship between the rate of police killings and (1) the statutory provision for capital punishment and (2) the execution rate of convicted murderers. Contrary to the deferrence hypotheses, no support is found for the argument that the provision and use of the death penalty provides an added measure of protection for the police. Rather, variation in police killings rates, like the general homicide rate, would appear to be largely a function of various sociodemographic factors.
RESPONDING TO THE “CALL FOR PAPERS”: Participation at A.S.C. Annual Meetings
Authors: DOERNER WILLIAM G. , De ZEE MATTHEW R. , LAB STEVEN P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to examine the participation of criminology and criminal justice graduate departments at the 1977‐1979 American Society of Criminology meetings. Results show that institutional prestige. not productivity, is the leading predictor of meeting participation. In addition, meeting participation does not appear to be influenced by meeting site. Finally, it is suggested that criminologists focus more attention upon professional activities in order to facilitate our understanding of criminology as a science.
Delinquent Careers A Test of the Career Escalation Model
Authors: ROJEK DEAN G. , ERICKSON MAYNARD L. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTIn the treatment of status offenders, the espousal of a medical therapeutic model has led to the development of diversion programs designed to offset a progressive career escalation from petty to serious delinquent acts. Using the offense histories of 1200 juveniles, transition probabilities were created to test for offense specialization and offense escalation. Controlling for age, sex, and race or ethnicity, the career transition configurations were reflective of homogeneous, number‐independent Markov processes. The implications of these findings run counter to many popular assumptions of delinquency causation and treatment and challenge the basic tenets of many status offender programs.