bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COSTS AND EFFECTS OF A WATER PROGRAM FOR A SMALL STRIPPING COMPANY‐SOUTHEASTERN OHIO1
Authors: Dreese G. Richard , Bryant Harold L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to use economic analysis in determining the ability of a small strip mining company to incure the financial burden of carrying out various alternative mine drainage abatement programs. The quantity and quality of water with which the company has to deal were determined and treatment and diversion programs were costed out. The company's market area and the market structure were analyzed. It was found that pricing policies were determined by a dominant firm, so the target company had no control over its price per ton of coal.The costs and revenue of the firm were analyzed for the period 1960‐1970 and, even without a water quality program, losses were incurred in six out of eleven years. Analysis of the average cost curve indicates that the per unit cost could have been reduced by increasing output thereby increasing efficiency.The conclusions of the study were that the small company could not unilaterally implement mine drainage programs because the added costs would seriously worsen its already precarious financial position. Even uniformly enforced legislation might reduce the small firms competitive position because of economies of scale associated with the large treatment facilities used by big mining companies.
AN ANALOG COMPUTER DEMONSTRATION OF DOUBLE‐PEAKED INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPHS1
Authors: Diskin M. H. , McCarthy J. R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe properties of an instantaneous unit hydrograph model consisting of two cascades of linear reservoirs in parallel were explored with the aid of an analog computer. By proper choice of the model parameters it is possible to produce two‐peaked instantaneous unit hydrographs. The relative magnitudes and locations of the two peaks can be varied by changing the values of the parameters. An example of the use of the analog computer to select the parameters of the model giving the best fit to an observed runoff hydrograph is also included. The analog computer used in the study was the ASTRAC II developed at the University of Arizona.
KINEMATIC FLOW ON LONG IMPERMEABLE PLANES1
Authors: Overton D. E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAn analysis of more than 200 overland flow hydrographs generated by simulated rainfall on long impermeable planes showed that kinematic waves prevailed over dynamic waves. Although laminar flow appears to occur at low flows, most flows appear to be either in the transition from the laminar to the turbulent state or in a fully developed turbulent state. Location of the laminar‐turbulent transition could not be explained in terms of Reynolds number alone. The transition was significantly affected by rainfall intensity‐a factor which rendered quantification of the transition indeterminate. However, the error involved in treating all flows as turbulent would be small with the resulting analysis made considerably less complex.
SUMMER FLOODING AT CHICAGO AND POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS TO URBAN‐INCREASED HEAVY RAINFALL1
Authors: Changnon Stanley A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: :Studies of two measures of flooding in the Chicago metropolitan area reveal a wide range of floods with the magnitude related to recurrence interval expressions of rain intensity. Minor type floods (in basements and underpasses) usually result from localized heavy rains (≤ 3‐hour duration) with return intervals of 1 to 2 years, and more major floods result from rains with return intervals of 2 to 5 years (or more). Urban‐factors help lead to increases in warm season rain events in Chicago with 1‐ to 4‐year return intervals. These apparently help lead to 10 to 100 percent more flooding events in Chicago than expected. The range of increase varies depending on locale and type of flood, but the increases in storms should be accounted for in drainage designs.
RESPONSE FUNCTIONS OF CROPS YIELD TO SOIL MOISTURE STRESS1
Authors: Palacios Enrique V. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A methodology for determining an optimal irrigation policy to obtain maximum economic yield of crops is presented. The method is based on an empirical response function, relating crop yield to soil moisture stress in different stages of plant growth. The function was developed from data obtained in field experiments on several crops and may be useful in determining when and how much to irrigate. Additionally, a mathematical expression is derived from that function which estimates the economic loss if irrigation is not applied in the opportune moment.
NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF PRECIPITATION AND CANOPY THROUGHFALL UNDER CORN, SOYBEANS, AND OATS1
Authors: White Everett M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The effects of corn, soybean, and oat canopies on plant nutrient contents of throughfall precipitation (TFP) were studied to determine if canopies alter the meteoric precipitation (MP) composition. TFP samples collected at 5 cm from corn or soybean rows contained more NH4, NO3, soluble PO4, total PO4, and soluble K ions than samples collected at 25 and 45 cm distances from the row. Enrichment of MP by the canopies was least at the 45 cm distance. Oat canopies enriched MP more than soybean or corn canopies for most of the ions, probably due to the difference in season of growth. Thus, canopies of these crops alter the nutrient concentration of MP.
FARMERS’ATTITUDES TOWARD GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN PREVENTING AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION1
Authors: Parent F. Dale , Lovejoy Stephen B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Concern over the pollution of our lakes and streams has become a major issue in the United States. Sedimentation from sigricultural lands has been identified as a significant factor in water pollution. Some citizens suggest that government should force compliance with soil loss standards, while others suggest that we ask farmers to voluntarily comply. Related questions are “DO farmers think government should be involved in controlling erosion and protecting water quality?”“To what extent should government be involved?” What level of government should be involved? Federal? State? Local?“Why should pay for water quality projects?”Farmers from a small watershed in northeastern Indiana were interviewed before and after a major demonstration project. Their responses suggest that farmers feel that individual landowners should be responsible for controlling erosion and agricultural nonpoint source water pollution. However, over 60 percent of the study fanners indicated that the federal government should play an important role, in terms of both technical and financial assistance.
DESIGN FREEBOARD AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY1
Authors: Yoe Charles E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Design freeboard is an increment of height added to a dam, floodwall, levee, or channel, above and beyond the design flood height, intended to serve as a safety factor to account for unforeseen errors in design. Current policies of the Corps of Engineers with regard to the handling of design freeboard for local flood protection studies in economic analyses lead to economic inefficiency. An analysis of these policies in the case study of a levee raising plan for Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania, reveals that a $200 million project which is considered economically justified under anent policies is in fact not justified under strict economic efficiency criteria Congress has directed that water resources development projects be planned for the objective of National Economic Development. Under current policies that is not being done.
EVALUATION OF A LARGE SCALE IRRIGATION SYSTEM – DAIMCHEH, IRAN1
Authors: Miremadi Mehdi 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the existing furrow irrigation system of Karun Agro Industry, a sugar cane plant in Daimcheh, Iran. Although the system is only eight years old, design and operational problems have reduced its efficiency by 50 percent. Lack of skilled irrigation workers, inadequate control of irrigation water, and problems with night irrigation have resulted in substantial revenue losses for the plant.This study evaluates the existing irrigation system, and recommends modifications and improvements to increase its efficiency. Final recommendations include the use of various irrigation methods, improvements to the existing system, and cancellation of night irrigation.
DISTRIBUTION AND STOCHASTIC GENERATION OF ANNUAL AND MONTHLY PRECIPITATION ON A MOUNTAINOUS WATERSHED IN SOUTHWEST IDAHO1
Authors: Hanson Clayton L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The 18‐year precipitation record from the dense gage network on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed located in southwest Idaho was used to determine the spatial distribution of annual and monthly precipitation on a mountainous watershed. Analyses of these data showed a linear relationship between annual amounts and elevation. This relationship was best when the gages were grouped into downwind and upwind sites. This grouping was appropriate because most of the winter storms moved over the watershed from the west and southwest, and the heaviest precipitation was on the west (downwind) side of the watershed. Gage sites along the western and southern watershed borders were most representative of the upwind gages on the east side, because they measured the precipitation from the air moving upwind onto the watershed. The maximum annual precipitation on the watershed was just leeward of the western watershed boundary.The monthly precipitation and elevation relationship was also best represented by grouping the gage sites into upwind and downwind sites. However, during the summer when there are only small amounts of pre cipitation and thunderstorms are the source of most precipitation, one equation can be used to represent the elevation relationship. This study also showed that the log‐normal distribution could be used to generate the annual synthetic series, and the cube‐root‐normal distribution could be used to generate monthly synthetic series for all locations on the watershed.
IMPACTS OF SILVICULTURE ON FLATWOODS RUNOFF, WATER QUALITY, AND NUTRIENT BUDGETS1
Authors: Riekerk H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Three forest watersheds were isolated by roads in poorly drained flatwoods of Florida. After 12 months of baseline calibration the forest in one watershed was harvested and regenerated with minimum disturbance, in the second watershed with maximum disturbance from common practices, and in the third watershed left intact as a control.Water yields from the maximum treatments increased a significant 250 percent while that from the minimum treatments increased 117 percent as compared to the control. Weed vegetation remaining after the minimum treatment continued significant water use. The water yield increases lasted only for one year.Water quality was reduced by both treatments with the most effect immediately after the maximum disturbance. Absolute levels of suspended sediments, potassium, and calcium remained relatively low. The maximum treatment caused significant changes in net cation balances only for one year.The information shows relative little effect of silvicultural practices in flatwoods on water quality as compared to data from upland forests. Water yield increases may be manipulated by the degree of harvest and weed control practices.
WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL BY VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ON WESTERN RANGELANDS1
Authors: Hibbert Alden R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIncreasing water for onsite and offsite uses can be a viable objective for management of certain western rangelands. One approach utilizes water harvesting techniques to increase surface runoff by preventing or slowing infiltration of rain. An attractive alternative, where applicable, is to replace vegetation that uses much water with plants that use less so that more water percolates through the soil to streams and ground water. Most sites are too dry to increase water yield in this way; probably less than 1 percent of the western rangelands can be managed for this purpose. However, where annual precipitation exceeds about 450 mm (18 inches) and deep‐rooted shrubs can be replaced by shallow‐rooted grasses, there is potential to increase streamflows and to improve forage for livestock. Little or no increase can be expected by eradication of low‐density brush and pinyon‐juniper woodlands. Potentials for improving water yield are reviewed and summarized by vegetation types.
SYSTEMS FOR RAINFALL AND RUNOFF USE, TUCSON, ARIZONA1
Authors: DeCook K. James , Foster Kennith E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryRainfall and runoff in the Tucson, Arizona, urban area can be used to augment residential and municipal water supplies. Residential rainfall‐harvesting systems include a catchment surface, collection and concentration components, separation and treatment units, storage capacity and distribution capability. A system to control runoff can divert water from urban washes for use in parks or other landscaped areas or can be used to enhance recharge to groundwater reservoirs. A reduction in flood hazards or peaks is a concurrent benefit of controlling and diverting runoff.
WATERSHED PLANNING FOR ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT1
Authors: Ferguson Bruce K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAcid drainage from abandoned mines is a widespread problem in old mining regions. Agencies seeking to abate it face the prospect of dealing with hundreds of potential abatement projects, stretching decades into the future. A systematic regional analysis is necessary to establish locations, objectives, priorities, and phasing of such projects. The U.S. Bureau of Mines developed a novel procedure for abatement planning in the 420 square mile Blacklick Creek Watershed in Pennsylvania. The plan sought to direct abatement projects toward pollution sources where degradation was worst and adverse effects greatest. It established abatement priorities by comparing the “supply” of sources to be reclaimed (the degrees of old mines' water quality degradation) with the “demand” for abatement to be done (the natural and cultural values represented by the region's demography, land use and other non‐mining characteristics). Matrices were used to define the relationships among mining and non‐mining factors; maps were developed to show the geographic distribution of the conclusions. The locations, priorities, and phasing of abatement objectives shown on the maps should provide guidance for any abatement effort, no matter what type of technology is applied to achieve the objectives. Over the many years in which abatement projects are to be performed in the Watershed, the plan can be used to define, coordinate, and establish priorities for the projects in a manner that can result in maximum abatement benefits from the application of limited funds.
WATER QUALITY IN THE PAWTUXET RIVER: METAL MONITORING AND GEOCHEMISTRY1
Authors: Latimer James S. , Carey Constance G. , Hoffman Eva J. , Quinn James G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Pawtuxet River flows from a relatively rural area through some of the more highly industrialized sections of Rhode Island. During its journey, the river receives many municipal, industrial, and ground water sources of metal constituents. The present report is the first in a two part series in which the water quality of this urban river was evaluated by a chemical monitoring study of the sources, transport mechanisms, and fate of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and nickel in the river. The second paper will use the chemical data to derive and calibrate a steady‐state water quality model for this river.The metal concentrations In the river tended to increase from the headwaters to the mouth with river stations nearest to point source outfalls showing elevated values. In some sections of the river, levels of a few of the metals could not be explained by the point sources; and other inputs, including sediment resuspension, axe proposed to make up this apparent unbalance. The ability of a municipal secondary treatment plant to remove metals was demonstrated, and the tie‐in of the effluent from a major chemical company to the plant did not cause any observable deterioration in treatment efficiency.
GROUND AND SURFACE WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF NORTH CAROLINA SANITARY LANDFILLS1
Authors: Borden Robert C. , Yanoschak Thomas M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ground and surface water quality monitoring data from 71 municipal sanitary landfills in North Carolina were analyzed to determine the nature and extent of current contamination problems and identify any common characteristics associated with this contamination. A total of 322 surface and 411 ground water quality records were analyzed using the SAS data system. Almost all the landfill records included inorganic and heavy metal analyses while approximately half of the records also included organic analyses by CC/MS.Our analysis indicates that landfills are having measurable impacts on ground and surface water quality, but these impacts may not be as severe as is commonly assumed. Statistically significant increases were detected in the average concentrations in ground water and downstream surface water samples when compared to upstream surface water samples. The largest percentage increases were observed for zinc, turbidity, total organic carbon, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and lead. Violations of ground water quality standards for heavy metals and hazardous organic compounds were detected at 53 percent of the landfills where adequate data existed. The moat common heavy metal violations were for lead (18 percent), chromium (18 percent), zinc (6 percent), cadmium (6 percent), and arsenic (6 percent) (percentage of landfills violating shown in parenthesis). The organic compounds that appear to pose the greatest threat to ground water are the chlorinated solvents (8 percent), petroleum derived hydrocarbons (8 percent), and pesticides (5 percent). A comparison of monitoring data from sanitary landfills and secondary wastewater treatment plants suggests that the concentrations of heavy metal and organic pollutants discharged to surface waters from these two sources are similar.
EFFECTS OF SLUDGE AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON RUNOFF WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Mostaghimi S. , Younos T. M. , Tim U. S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Simulated rainfall was used on experimental field plots to compare the effect of chemical fertilizer and sludge application on sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus in runoff from no‐till and conventional tillage systems. Chemical fertilizer application under the no‐till system resulted in the least amount of total N and P in surface runoff. However, sludge application under the no‐till system resulted in the least amount of NO3‐N and sediment in surface runoff. The worst water quality scenarios were observed when either sludge or chemical fertilizer were surface‐applied under a conventional tillage system. Nitrogen losses from the conventional tillage system were minimized when sludge was incorporated into the soil. However, phosphorus and sediment yield from such a system were significantly higher when compared to phosphorus and sediment yield from the no‐till system.The results from this study indicate that the use of sludge on agricultural land under a no‐till system can be a viable alternative to chemical fertilizer for nitrogen and phosphorus control in runoff. A more cautious approach is recommended when the sludge is incorporated into the soil in a conventional tillage system because of potential for high sediment and phosphorus yield in surface runoff.
PARAMETER ESTIMATES FOR A GROUND WATER MODEL1
Authors: Condon M. R. , Traver R. G. , Fergusson W. B. , Chadderton R. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a parameter sensitivity study of a two‐dimensional flow and transport model of a contaminated site. Hydrogeological and site data from previous investigations were used for calibration. The USGS contaminant transport model (MOC) was used.After flow calibration to establish a reference model, parameters were varied to examine the effect each had on predictions of a contaminant plume. Hydrogeological parameters and a step size parameter were incrementally varied individually. Each result was compared to the reference model output to evaluate changes in concentration values and contaminant plume configuration.The study indicated that a generally predictable trend can be established for some parameters not affected by pumping or similar high stresses. Ranges were identified to relate concentration error or plume change to the amount of parameter error. Some parameter perturbations produced distorted model responses at high stress locations. Porosity and anisotropy were found to be the most influential of the model parameters studied on the plume predictions. (KEY TERMS: ground water hydrology; hydrogeology; pollution modeling; water quality; model calibration.)
CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF LANDUSE ON WATER QUALITY IN A SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN WATERSHED1
Authors: Bolstad Paul V , Swank Wayne T 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water quality variables were sampled over 109 weeks along Coweeta Creek, a fifth‐order stream located in the Appalachian mountains of western North Carolina. The purpose of this study was to observe any changes in water quality, over a range of flow conditions, with concomitant downstream changes in the mix of landuses. Variables sampled include pH, HCO32−, conductivity, NO3−−‐N, NH4+‐N, PO43−‐P, C1−‐, Na, K, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, 5iO2, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total and fecal coliform, and focal streptococcus. Landcover/landuse was interpreted from 1:20,000 aerial photographs and entered in a GIS, along with information on total and paved road length, building location and density, catchment boundaries, hydrography, and slope. Linear regressions were performed to relate basin and near‐stream landscape variables to water quality.Consistent, cumulative, downstream changes in water quality variables were observed along Coweeta Creek, concomitant with downstream, human‐caused changes in landuse. Furthermore, larger downstream changes in water quality variables were observed during stormflow when compared to baseflow, suggesting cumulative impacts due to landscape alteration under study conditions were much greater during storm events. Although most water quality regulations, legislation, and sampling are promulgated for baseflow conditions, this work indicates they should also consider the cumulative impacts of physical, chemical, and biological water quality during stormflow.
UNIT HYDROGRAPHS DERWED FROM THE NASH MODEL1
Authors: Boufadel Michel C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Unit hydrograph ordinates are often estimated by deconvoluting excess rainfall pulses and corresponding direct runoff. The resulting ordinates are given at discrete times spaced evenly at intervals equal to the duration of the rainfall pulse. If the new duration is not a multiple of the parent duration, hydrograph interpolation is required. Linear interpolation, piece‐wise nonlinear interpolation and graphical smoothing have been used. These interpolation schemes are expedient but they lack theoretical basis and can lead to undesirable results.Interpolation can be avoided if the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) for the watershed is known. Here two issues connected with the classic Nash IUH are examined: (1) how should the Nash parameters be estimated? and (2) under what conditions is the resulting hydrograph able to reasonably represent watershed response? In the first case, nonlinear constrained optimization provides better estimates of the IUH parameters than does the method of moments. In the second case, the Nash IUH gives good results on watersheds with mild shape unit hydrographs, but performs poorly on watersheds having sharply peaked unit hydrographs. Overall, in comparison to empirical interpolation alternatives, the Nash IUH offers a theoretically sound and practical approach to estimate unit hydrographs for a wide variety of watersheds.