bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Forest Cover on Snowpack and Ground‐Water Rechargea
Authors: Urie D. H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMeasurements of ground‐water recharge in sand drift aquifers in northern lower Michigan show that winter and spring precipitation provides a major portion of the annual water yield. In general, the accumulation of snow beneath forest canopies varied inversely with crown density during the winters of 1962 and 1963. Pine plantations with crown densities of over 80 percent in winter had 1.8 inches less water in the snowpack than neighboring deciduous forests, at the time of maximum accumulation. Ground‐water recharge during the melt period was proportionally lower beneath the pine forests where snow accumulation was least. The difference in snowmelt recharge was a major factor in the smaller annual water yields measured under these pine forests.
“Iron Water” from Wells: Causes and Preventiona
Authors: Broom M. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemical analyses of ground‐water samples taken from differing depths in a four‐county area in east Texas showed a general stratification with respect to dissolved iron, pH and hardness. On the basis of this stratification the waters of the ground‐water reservoir were divided into a shallow zone of oxidation, A; a deep zone of reduction, C; and an intermediate and unstable zone, B, in which waters from above and below are mixed. Ground water from zones A and C generally is almost free of iron, whereas water from zone B generally contains objectionable amounts. This zoning is explained by recent laboratory work and theoretical data on iron in natural waters. Wells constructed to draw only from zones A or C should yield water relatively free of iron.
Packer Testing in Water Wells Near Sarasota, Floridaa
Authors: Sutcliffe H. , Joyner B. F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDuring February and March 1964, the U. S. Geological Survey ran caliper, conductance, and temperature logs on several wells in the Sarasota area. The Florida Geological Survey had previously run gamma ray and electric logs on the same wells. Two flowing wells were selected for packer testing. The two wells are about the same depth, penetrate essentially the same geologic horizons, and are about 16 miles apart. The packers were set in the wells between the producing horizons of the formations penetrated and each of the horizons was tested for head, amount of production, and quality of water. One of the tests produced excellent results, indicating that the various producing zones were effectively isolated by the packers and that different quality of water, quantity of water, and a different head was available from each zone. The other test did not show sharp differences but did indicate the extent of contamination of the producing horizons in a flowing well which had been capped for approximately two years. These tests indicate that packer testing can measurably add to knowledge of the separation of permeable zones.
The Status of Ground‐Water Development in the Republic of Koreaab
Authors: Callahan J. T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Republic of Korea shares the world‐wide problems of water supply variability in time and space ‐ they have too little water at some time and in some places, and too much water in others. Drouth is a recurring threat; floods occur nearly every summer. The floods of July 1965 are reported to have been the most costly in history. The population is increasing at a rapid rate and material things are in short supply. However, the people of Korea are making a tremendous effort to modernize facilities, construct an industrial base, improve agricultural practices, control the rivers and develop water supplies, and in general, improve the standard of living. With a per capita income of about $80 per year, Korea has a long way to go in its climb up the economic ladder, but the people are able, intelligent, energetic and avid for learning and progress. They enjoy one of the highest literacy rates in the Far East, and have a trained core of professionals in most fields, except they lack a trained cadre of specialists in ground‐water studies and have very few experienced water well drillers. During the Japanese occupation of Korea systematic ground‐water studies were begun, and ground‐water development followed soon afterwards. But the limited staff of Japanese geologists employed in the effort returned to Japan at the end of World War II in 1945. In the uncertainty of the next 8 years, which included the Korean War, it was impossible to develop trained manpower and an organization.Presently, there is widespread interest on the part of the Korean Government to develop ground water wherever it may be for such uses as irrigation, industrial supply and development, municipalities, villages, and sanitary rural supply. As a result of this interest the author spent four months in Korea in the fall of 1964 and the spring of 1965 at the request of the Agency for International Development, U. S. Department of State, to review the situation and report on the feasibility of a United States supported effort to help the Korean Government to make systematic studies that would lead to ground‐water development, and to any necessary improvement of their methods of hydrologic data acquisition and utilization.
Determining Transmissibility from Cyclic Discharge
Authors: Sheahan N. Thomas 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA simplified method for determining the coefficient of transmissibility of an aquifer being pumped intermittently is developed by applying Stirling's Approximation Formula to the factorial functions in the Theis and Brown equation for drawdown in a well due to intermittent or cyclic discharge. A table of values of K, a term used in the simplified method, corresponding to the fraction of each cycle during which time discharge occurs is also presented.
Use of Type Curves Developed from Electric Analog Studies of Unconfined Flow to Determine the Vertical Permeability of an Aquifer at Piketon, Ohioa
Authors: Norris S. E. , Fidler R. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA type‐curve method for determining anisotropy of unconfined aquifers, developed from electric analog simulation, is applied to drawdowns observed near, a well pumping from a glacial outwash aquifer at Piketon, Ohio. The coefficient of vertical permeability, P z'averaged 365 gpd per square foot. Computed drawdown for the pumped well, based on this value, differed by only a small amount from the observed drawdown. The coefficient of storage, determined from type curves for an image well system, averaged 0.20, typical of unconfined aquifers. Application of the method required a thorough knowledge of geohydrologic controls operating at the test site.
Frequency Distribution of Dissolved Solids in Ground Watera
Authors: Davis G. H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe frequency distribution of dissolved‐solids content of ground waters in geologically and climatologically homogeneous terrane units commonly approximates a log‐normal distribution. A graphic logarithmic transformation is de‐scribed which permits rapid calculation of approximate values for the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. Statistical parameters calculated by this method show good agreement with known physical conditions in the terranes studied and are precise enough for use as a mea‐sure of variability of quality of ground waters for national planning purposes.
The Ground‐Water Consultant Looks to the Drillera
Authors: Klug M. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe consultant expects the driller to provide good data and competent performance. Exchanges of views associated with drilling and construction can prove to be mutually beneficial. Contacts between the consultants and the drillers have a tendency to upgrade the quality of the basic datacollected. These contacts may aid the driller in delivering full performance and thus improve the overall quality of thedrilling and construction he performs for the client. As a result, everybody associated with the water well industry‐drillers, consultants, and clients ‐ stands to gain by these contacts. It is hoped that these beneficial contacts within the water well industry will become even more common in years to come so we all can gain from one another's knowledge and experience.
Activities of the Hydrogeologic Map Committee of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology
Authors: LaMoreaux P. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIt is the purpose of this paper to call ro your attention the existence of the International Hydrogeologic Map Display and the International Legend for Hydrogeologic Maps, and to encourage those in the USA working in the water resources and associated fields to review these recommendations and forward their comments so that they may in turn be relayed to the next meeting of this international commit‐tee. It is requested that any maps following the legend be forwarded for addition to the committee's file and use in the Internationa] Display at the next General Assembly meeting of IUGG.
Cyclic Pumping for Drainage Purposes
Authors: Aron G. , Scott V. H. , Abu‐Zied M. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCriteria and formulas are presented for scheduling cyclic pumping operations, to maintain a given minimum drawdown as required for drainage purposes. Keeping the total cycle length constant, the pumping periods are successively shortened and the shutoff periods lengthened. Solutions of the equation for the relative length of the shutoff periods are presented in a family of curves, which greatly simplifies the scheduling procedure.
When Not to Acidizea
Authors: Walker W. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAcidizing water wells to increase yield has proved to be an uneconomical method of well development or rehabilitation in some cases where the aquifer permeability was low and normal operating head great, in wells affected by methane gas, or where the practical sustained yield of the aquifer had been exceeded. Illinois studies show that controlled pumping tests before, during and after development are necessary to accurately evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation methods employed. Geologic definition of aquifers and records of pumpage and water‐level information are invaluable aids.
Comments on Wafer Transfers and Related Problems in Urban Areas
Authors: Williams Roy E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHeavy development in certain areas of the United States and the growing shortage of additional, readily available water supplies therein have forced planners and hydrologists to resort progressively to more elaborate water‐supply systems. Among the most elaborate and most expensive systems proposed to date are the various plans for. transferring water toward the south from northward flowing Arctic rivers. A considerable portion of this water would be utilized for the expansion of already heavily urbanized areas.Meanwhile, many of the densely populated areas experiencing water shortages are subjected to other, perhaps more complex problems which appear to be, at least in part, a product of their increasing size. Therefore, the expenditure of large sums to supply them with water for indefinite growth appears to merit scrutinous study.An alternative approach designed to minimize both water diversion costs and problems associated with over‐populated areas is the stimulation of development in carefully selected regions well endowed with water and other natural resources. One such area and several of its attributes are discussed herein.
Induction‐Tuned Method to DetermineCasing Lengths in Hydrogeclogic Investigations
Authors: Marsh Charles R. , Parizek Richard R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn induction‐tuned device was designed and tested under a variety of well casing conditions. It can detect casing lengths to within 0.4 to 2.0 inches for casing ranging from 2 to 14 or more inches in diameter which are made of either magnetic or nonmagnetic metals. A casing separation as small as one inch is detectable for 12‐inch diameter casing and a four inch or more separation is detectable for 4‐inch I.D. casing. These values indicate the range in sensitivity expectable when determining casing separations.Dial readings in microamps are indicated as the ptobe is raised or lowered within a well bore. Readings vary depending whether the probe is centrally located or located to one side. The maximum and minimum dial reading is established for a given casing diameter at the start of a survey. A consistent change in dial reading from previous valves indicate a casing diameter change.The sensing element is a coil whose inductance is changed by varying its proximity to any metallic conductor. A coil and capacitor in parallel make a tuned circuit resonant at 3 K.C. The device includes a transistor in a phase shift oscillator, and a second transistor which acts as a current amplifier, a 0–100 μa d. c. meter driven through a bridge rectifier, capacitors, and other elements. Twelve to 14 volts at 4 to 6 milliamperes or less than 0.1 watt is sufficient to power the device.A maximum meter reading is obtained by adjusting an oscillator to the resonant frequency of the probe. Lowering the probe into a well casing detunes the probe, changing its impedance and the meter reading.All electrical elements are standard except the probe and all materials can be purchased for about $40.00 exclusive of the reel and cable assembly.
Application of the Gravity Survey Method to Watershed Hydrologya
Authors: Spongier Daniel P. , Libby Fred J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA gravity survey covering 250 square miles and including the Walnut Gulch watershed at Tombstone, Arizona has been conducted. The watershed is one of the experimental areas of the Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service in Tucson, Arizona.The gravity survey method was selected as the geophysical method that would give a regional picture of the subsurface geology before making extensive surveys by the seismic. refraction method. Basically, the gravity survey method detects and measures variations in the earth's gravitational force. These variations are associated with changes in rock and alluvium density near the surface. Many geologic structures of interest in watershed ground‐water hydrology cause disturbances in the normal density distribution which give rise to anomalies.The geology of the watershed is typical of Basin and Range province and contains deep basin fill deposits surrounded on the east, south, and southwest by igneous intrusives, volcanics, and sedimentary rocks. Concealed border faults may have a decided effect on the hydrology of the watershed.Four base stations were established and 360 gravity stations occupied by a Worden Educator* gravimeter loaned from the Geophysics Laboratory of the University of Arizona. Bench marks and large scale topographic maps served as control. Raw field data were reduced to the simple Bouguer anomaly values through the use of a computer program.The gravity survey reveals a 16‐mgal. gravity low over the east‐central portion of the watershed. This low is interpreted as indicating that about 3200 feet of low density alluvium underlies the area at this point. Gravity highs are associated with mountain ranges and igneous plugs where the more dense rocks occur.
An Evaluation of Some Geophysical Methods for Water Exploration in the Piedmont Area
Authors: Joiner T. J. , Warman J. C. , Scarbrough W. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Piedmont is underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks, from which it is difficult to locate quantities of ground water adequate for municipal and industrial purposes. Ground‐water occurrence and movement in the Piedmont is controlled by topography, recharge and discharge, rock type, fracture systems, and type and thickness of saprolite.Approximately 12 square miles in the Heflin area, Cleburne County, Alabama, were included in this study. Fractures within bedrock are the most effective avenues for ground‐water movement in this area, but domestic supplies can be produced from saprolite and alluvium overlying bedrock. Thick saprolite contributes to bedrock‐fracture production by absorbing water from streams and rainfall and releasing it slowly to underlying fractures.Seismic methods were used with geologic, hydrologie and topographic data to locate and define favorable areas for drilling. As shown on the seismic sections, faults or fracture systems appear to correlate with depressions on bedrock surfaces associated with thick saprolite zones. Seismic data indicate twenty‐five prospective areas for test drilling.Resistivity data were used to confirm seismic depth to bedrock, and to locate gravelly zones in buried stream channels. Some of the buried alluvium is thick enough to be considered a potential aquifer.Twenty‐five prospective areas are indicated by geophysical work in the Heflin area. A proposal to drill 10 wells to evaluate the most promising of these areas is presently being considered.
Sampling Equipment for Ground‐Water Investigations
Authors: McMilIion Leslie G. , Keeley Jack W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPortable pumping equipment for sampling of wells, discribed by written text, photographs, and a detailed drawing, has been constructed by the Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center.The equipment can sample to depths of 300 feet at pumping rates ranging between 7 and 14 gallons per minute, with rate variation dependent upon sampling depth.The unit is convenient in size and easy to operate because only one line has to be handled during its operation. This is a wire‐reinforced rubber hose that supports the submersible pump, contains the electrical cable, and conveys water.
Analysing Pumping Tests by Resistance Network Analogue
Authors: Herbert Robin 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA resistance network analogue is used to study the early stages of a pumping test in an unconfined aquifer. The results are compared with an alternative analysis due to Boulton (1965) and a good agreement is obtained.Unlike the theoretical analysis the analogue technique is versatile and can easily be used to study pumping tests with nonidealized boundary conditions, e.g., partially penetrating wells can be simulated. Thus the analogue method of analysis could prove to be a more realistic method for studying pumping tests than standard analytical techniques.
Investigation Program for Aquifer Protection Requirements, Chicagoland Deep Tunnel Plana
Authors: Papadopulos I. S. , Aten R. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA totally new concept, called the Deep Tunnel Plan for Flood and Pollution Control, is being implemented by the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Chicago. The plan envisions temporary storage of combined sewer overflows in a system of tunnels excavated in solid rock, deep under the City. After the end of a storm, the stored water would be pumped to the surface where it would be treated to remove pollution before being discharged into the waterways.Early planning studies indicate that the most favorable location for the tunnels is the Galena‐Platteville Dolomite which is the uppermost member of the Cambrian‐Ordovician aquifer. The protection of this highly‐developed aquifer from any possible contamination is therefore mandatory for the feasibility of the Deep Tunnel Plan.Preliminary investigations using an electric analog model, constructed on the basis of available data, indicate that aquifer protection can be provided by a system of recharge wells which would maintain flow into the tunnels at all times. Further detailed studies are in progress to verify and refine those preliminary conclusions. These studies include (a) detailed exploratory drilling; (b) controlled aquifer tests in selected zones; (c) pumping tests for specific capacity in the zone to be tunneled; (d) recharge injection tests; and (e) analog model analysis for future effects of the tunnels and recharge operations.
Graduate Studies in Hydrogeology and Hydrology at the University of Idaho
Authors: Williams Roy E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe interdisciplinary graduate program in hydrogeology at the University of Idaho is described. The curriculum is structured to permit the design of individual study programs which are in keeping with multiple use concepts. Flexibility sufficient to permit courses to be taken in several fields which support the students' major area of research is provided. This flexibility is maximized by the offering of two degree options. Discussion of a number of the research projects at the University illustrates several of the types of problems now being studied.
Ground Water in Economic Developmenta
Authors: Peterson Dean F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGround‐water development frequently provides a means whereby tremendous new economic opportunities are opened up. If supplies are overdrawn (mined) the ensuing regional economy may be able to afford replacements from more costly sources. In the United States the Salt River Valley of Arizona and the valleys of California provide examples.Two cases are treated in this paper, Israel and West Pakistan. In Israel, besides furnishing more than half of the basic source of water supply, ground‐water development provides opportunity for both quantity and quality management, which makes possible use of surface supplies and reclaimed sewage as firm rather than marginal sources. This development will permit the total water resource of this small country, where agricultural production ranks among the world's most efficient, to be utilized effectively down to almost the last drop by the mid 1970's. Israel must then look to desalted water from the sea for‐further expansion of its over‐all water supply.In West Pakistan a combination of level terrain and leaky canals since about 1890 led to threatened waterlogging and salinity of more than 25 million acres of irrigated land, even though supplies were less than half adequate for good productivity. By the 1950's low yields and increasing population threatened starvation. However, initiation of ground‐water development, first by the government and later by private enterprise, has, since 1960, led to construction of 3,500 governmental tube wells of about 3 cfs capacity and 30,000 private tube wells of slightly less than 1 cfs capacity.Results have been dramatic. Agricultural production and use of fertilizer are rapidly increasing, and opening of well development to private enterprise is providing the irrigator with benefits of free competition for his water custom which he did not previously enjoy. Ultimately, besides providing full supplies for an estimated 26 to 30 million acres, drainage and salinity problems will be mitigated if about 50 million acre‐feet are pumped each year from ground water including about 28 million acre‐feet to be mined from a reserve of about 1,900 million acre‐feet. With some difficult surface storage development due to terrain, mining may eventually be reduced. Though an eventual technological solution for the continuing overdraft is not now in sight, perhaps an economy may be built which can afford such a solution when the time comes.
Aquifer Storage Determination
Authors: Keeley Jack W. , Scalf Marion R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new method of determining aquifer storage coefficients has been developed for use in operations involving ground‐water recharge through wells. This work evolved from a research project dealing with the fate of DDT and nitrate in the Ogallala Aquifer in the High Plains of Texas.A tritium tracer was used to determine the detention time of the recharge water passing through a saturated volume of the aquifer. Tracer behavior was formulated ‘mathematically and verified by model simulation. The formulations provide a graphical solution for the detention time from which the storage coefficient may be calculated.The method will have immediate value in establishing storage coefficients of aquifers, such as the Ogallala, where plans for importation and distribution of supplemental water involve utilization of underground storage. Regarding water‐table conditions, this method promises to produce more reliable storage values than have been obtained from pumping tests.