bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dendritic cells as immune regulators: the mouse model
Authors: Griffiths K.L. , O’Neill H.C. 
Published: June 2008

Introduction
The range of murine dendritic cell types
The tolerogenic function of dendritic cells
Regulatory dendritic cells and immunosuppression
The ubiquitous myeloid suppressor cells
What are regulatory dendritic cells?
AbstractDendritic cells (DC) are central to the immune system because of their role in antigen presentation leading to either tolerance or immunity among cells of the adaptive immune response. It is becoming increasingly evident that DC show extensive plasticity in terms of their origin and function, giving rise to a number of subsets represented differentially in all lymphoid organs. This article considers the tolerogenic capacity of murine DC and draws a distinction between DC that induce tolerance in the immature state and immunity in an inflammatory context, and those that act as regulatory cells inducing immunosuppression in the presence of inflammation.
Quality control for normal liquid‐based cytology: Rescreening, high‐risk HPV targeted reviewing and/or high‐risk HPV detection?
Authors: Depuydt Christophe E. , Arbyn Marc , Benoy Ina H. , Vandepitte Johan , Vereecken Annie J. , Bogers Johannes J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe objective of this prospective study was to compare the number of CIN2+cases detected in negative cytology by different quality control (QC) methods. Full rescreening, high‐risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV)‐targeted reviewing and HR HPV detection were compared. Randomly selected negative cytology detected by BD FocalPoint™ (NFR), by guided screening of the prescreened which needed further review (GS) and by manual screening (MS) was used. A 3‐year follow‐up period was available. Full rescreening of cytology only detected 23.5% of CIN2+ cases, whereas the cytological rescreening of oncogenic positive slides (high‐risk HPV‐targeted reviewing) detected 7 of 17 CIN2+ cases (41.2%). Quantitative real‐time PCR for 15 oncogenic HPV types detected all CIN2+ cases. Relative sensitivity to detect histological CIN2+ was 0.24 for full rescreening, 0.41 for HR‐targeted reviewing and 1.00 for HR HPV detection. In more than half of the reviewed negative cytological preparations associated with histological CIN2+cases no morphologically abnormal cells were detected despite a positive HPV test. The visual cut‐off for the detection of abnormal cytology was established at 6.5 HR HPV copies/cell. High‐risk HPV detection has a higher yield for detection of CIN2+ cases as compared to manual screening followed by 5% full review, or compared to targeted reviewing of smears positive for oncogenic HPV types, and show diagnostic properties that support its use as a QC procedure in cytologic laboratories.
Regulation of cell cycle entry by PTEN in smooth muscle cell proliferation of human coronary artery bypass conduits
Authors: Jia Guanghong , Mitra Amit K. , Gangahar Deepak M. , Agrawal Devendra K. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractProliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is the key event in the pathogenesis of intimal hyperplasia (IH) leading to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) occlusion. The saphenous vein (SV) conduits are often affected by IH, while the internal mammary artery (IMA) conduits remain remarkably patent. SMC proliferation is mediated by the cell cycle, under the control of cyclin‐dependent kinases (cdks), cdk‐inhibitors and the retinoblastoma protein (Rb). Early passage of the SMCs through the cell cycle involves crossing the non‐reversible G1 checkpoint, the restriction (R) point. In this study, we investigated the effect of mitogenic insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1 stimulation on the R‐point and its relationship with the phosphorylation of Rb protein and the cdk inhibitors p21 and p27 in SV and IMA SMCs. We observed no change in the R‐point following IGF‐1 activation in either SV or IMA SMCs. However, Rb‐phosphorylation occurred much earlier and was quantitatively greater in SV SMCs than IMA. Overexpression of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in SV SMCs followed by IGF‐1 activation significantly decreased the expression of cyclin E and pRb and induced p27 expression in SV SMCs, while, pRb levels were markedly decreased and p27 levels were significantly increased in IMA SMCs. Silencing the PTEN gene by siRNA transfection of IMA SMCs significantly induced the expression of pRb and inhibited p27 expression, while, the expression levels of cyclin E, pRb, p21 and p27 were unaffected by the silencing of PTEN in SV SMCs. These results demonstrate that the PTEN plays a critical role in regulating cell cycle entry. Therefore, overexpression of PTEN possibly by means of gene therapy could be a viable option in regulating the cell cycle in SV SMCs in the treatment of vein graft disease.
Who sends what: a comparison of dermatopathology referrals from dermatologists, pathologists and dermatopathologists
Authors: Goldenberg Gary , Camacho Fabian , Gildea Jacob , Golitz Loren E. 
Published: June 2008

Background:  Dermatopathologists, dermatologists and pathologists interpret skin pathology specimens.Objective:  To examine dermatopathology referral patterns of dermatologists, pathologists and dermatopathologists.Methods:  We retrospectively reviewed diagnoses rendered by one dermatopathologist to 916 primary interpretation cases (543 from university dermatologists and 373 from private practice dermatologists) and 517 consultations (450 from dermatologists, 52 from pathologists and 15 from dermatopathologists). Each diagnosis was assigned into one of six categories. Chi‐square tests were used to compare referral types pairwise and correspondence analysis was performed.Results:  All profile comparisons tested significantly from each other (p‐value < 0.01) except the comparison between dermatopathologists and pathologists. Correspondence analysis suggested that consultation profile of dermatopathologists was most dissimilar from other profiles and tended to associate more with the presence of malignant and benign melanocytic referral types. Referral pattern of pathologists was more similar to that of dermatologists who interpret skin pathology specimens than that of dermatopathologists.Limitations:  Small sample size, referral bias, difficulty classifying certain lesions.Conclusions:  Referral pattern of dermatopathologists was most dissimilar from other profiles and tended to associate more with malignant and benign melanocytic referral types. Referral pattern of pathologists was more similar to that of dermatologists who interpret skin pathology specimens than that of dermatopathologists.
Shrinkage of cutaneous specimens: formalin or other factors involved?
Authors: Kerns Mary Jo J. , Darst Marc A. , Olsen Thomas G. , Fenster Mark , Hall Philip , Grevey Scott 
Published: June 2008

Background:  Shrinkage of cutaneous tissue during processing is a source of controversy. This study was designed to prospectively determine tissue shrinkage at two intervals: 1 min after excision and after 24 to 48 h of formalin fixation. Secondarily, gender, age, site, prior biopsy scar and solar elastosis were evaluated with respect to shrinkage.Methods:  Ninety‐seven cutaneous specimens were measured prior to excision, 1 min after removal and after 24 to 48 h of formalin fixation. Width of prior biopsy scar, damage to elastic fibers and solar elastosis were subjectively quantified.Results:  Significant tissue shrinkage occurred immediately after excision, prior to formalin fixation. Mean shrinkage (95% confidence interval): length 20.66% ± 2.15% and width 11.79% ± 2.35%. Range of shrinkage: length 0 to 41.18% and width −18.75% (indicating expansion) to 37.50%. Patient age was significant; shrinkage decreased 0.3% per year of increasing age. Site was less significant; trunk excisions measured 5% greater shrinkage than head/neck excisions. As solar elastosis increased, shrinkage decreased.Conclusions:  Cutaneous tissue shrinkage following excision is primarily because of intrinsic tissue contractility. Increasing patient age and solar elastosis correlate with less shrinkage. The clinicians and dermatopathologists must be cognizant of the expected shrinkage of submitted specimens for settling discrepancies within the medical record.
Cost‐effectiveness considerations for home health V.A.C.® Therapy in the United States of America and its potential international application
Authors: Trueman Paul 
Published: June 2008

AbstractVacuum‐assisted closure (V.A.C.®) Therapy (KCI International, San Antonio, TX) has been widely used in hospital settings. However, use of V.A.C.® Therapy in home health settings outside of the United States of America (USA) is often limited because of financial considerations. This review paper considers the published evidence on V.A.C. Therapy in home health settings from the USA and beyond and explores the potential economic implications of V.A.C. Therapy in home health settings.
Vacuum‐assisted closure home care training: a process to link education to improved patient outcomes
Authors: Woo Kevin Y , Sibbald R Gary 
Published: June 2008

AbstractNegative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) applies subatmospheric pressure across the wound bed inducing cellular and molecular changes that are beneficial to wound healing. This healing modality may facilitate tissue debridement, infection/inflammation control, and moisture balance; the key components of the wound bed preparation paradigm. To ensure that scientific evidence is diffused into daily clinical practice, we are proposing a knowledge transfer model that articulates an educational plan for the various levels of professional development. The discussion highlights the challenges and potential solutions to integrate NPWT into a seamless continuum of care including a community‐based patient care model.
Equal Sex Ratios of a Marine Green Alga, Bryopsis plumosa
Authors: Togashi Tatsuya , Cox Paul Alan 
Published: June 2008

Abstract By finding some important culture conditions as below, we succeeded in experimentally controlling the whole life history of a dioecious marine green alga, Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh. In this study, we focused on the primary and secondary sex ratios (i.e. at inception and maturity) using these culture techniques. Gametogenesis was induced by culturing haploid gametophytes with Provasoli's enriched seawater (PES) medium under a 14:10 h light : dark cycle at 14 °C. Formed zygotes grew into diploid sporophytes, which were cultured for 3 months with PES medium under a 14:10 h light : nbsp;dark cycle at 18 °C. Then they were transferred into Schreiber medium and cultured under a 10:14 h light : dark cycle at 22 °C. Within 1 week, zoosporogenesis was observed. Zoospores were released within a couple of days. Each zoospore soon germinated and grew into a unisexual gametophyte. The primary sex ratio was examined in gametophytes that originated from a single sporophyte. The secondary sex ratio was studied in the field. Both were estimated as 1:1. Synchronized meiotic cell divisions might occur during zoosporogenesis dividing each sex‐determining factor evenly among zoospores. Given the equal sex ratio at maturity, there seems to be no environmental factor that differentially affects the survival of male or female gametophytes in nature.
Accumulation of Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead in Four Populations ofSedum alfrediiGrowing on Lead/Zinc Mine Spoils
Authors: Deng Dong‐Mei , Deng Jin‐Chuan , Li Jin‐Tian , Zhang Jun , Hu Min , Lin Zhou , Liao Bin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSedum alfrediiHance is a newly reported zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator native to China. In this study, four populations ofS. alfrediiwere collected from Yejiwei (YJW), Jinchuantang (JCT) and Qiaokou (QK) lead (Pb)/Zn mines located in Hunan Province as well as Quzhou (QZ) Pb/Zn mine located in Zhejiang Province for exploring the intraspecies difference of this plant in metal accumulation. Although they grew in the Pb/Zn spoils with relatively similar levels of Zn, Cd and Pb, remarkable differences among the four populations in tissue heavy metal concentrations were observed. The shoot Zn concentration of QZ population (11 116 mg/kg) was highest and nearly five times higher than that of the JCT population (1 930 mg/kg). Furthermore, the shoot Cd concentration observed in the QZ population (1 090 mg/kg) was also highest and 144 times higher than that found in the JCT population (7.5 mg/kg). As for Pb concentrations in the shoot of different populations, a fourfold difference between the highest and the lowest was also found. Such difference on metal accumulation was population‐specific and may be significantly explained by differences in the soil properties such as pH, organic matter (OM), and electrical conductivity (EC). Taking biomass and metal concentration in plants into consideration, the QZ, YJW and QK populations may have high potential for Zn phytoremediation, the QZ population may have the highest potential in Cd phytoremediation, and the QK population may be the most useful in Pb phytoremediation.
Acid Phosphatase Activity May Affect the Tuber Swelling by Partially Regulating Sucrose‐mediated Sugar Resorption in Potato
Authors: Wang Da‐Yong , Lian Yong , Zhu De‐Wei 
Published: June 2008

Abstract APase activity is involved in regulating many physiological and developmental events by affecting the resorption process. In this study, we investigate the role of APase activity in tuber development in potato. APase activities were mainly localized in cytoplasm, gaps among cells and stroma of amyloplasts of parenchyma cells at the stage of tuber swelling. AP1, encoding a putative APase, was also highly expressed in swelling tubers and a low level of expression was observed in elongated stolons and matured tubers. Inhibition of APase activity by applying Brefeldin A, an inhibitor of APase production and secretion, significantly suppressed the tuber swelling and moderately affected the stolon elongation and the tuberization frequency. During tuber development, sucrose serves as the main soluble sugar for long‐distance transportation and resorption. Moreover, inhibition of APase activity by Brefeldin A markedly reduced the sucrose content in tubers and further decreased the starch accumulation, suggesting that the function of APase in regulating the tuber swelling might be at least partially mediated by the sugar resorption. Exogenous sucrose treatments further indicate the important role of sucrose‐mediated sugar resorption in tuber swelling. These results suggest that the APase activity might affect the tuber swelling by partially regulating the sucrose‐mediated sugar resorption.
Is Mass‐based Metabolism Rate Proportional to Surface Area in Plant Leaves? A Data Re‐analysis
Authors: Jin Dongmei , Dai Yiqiang , Sun Li , Sun Shucun 
Published: June 2008

Abstract We re‐analyzed two large published databases on leaf traits of plant species from seven different biomes, and determined the scaling relationship between leaf metabolism rate (mass‐based photosynthesis capacity, Amass, and mass‐based dark respiration, Rdmass) and specific leaf area (SLA) across biomes, using a standardized major axis (SMA) method. Overall pooled data produced a scaling exponent of 1.33 for the relationship between Amass and SLA, significantly larger than 1.0; and 1.04 between Rdmass and SLA. The scaling exponent of the relationship between Amass and SLA ranged between 1.23 (in tropical forest) and 1.66 (in alpine biome), and it was significantly larger in alpine (1.66) and grass/meadow (1.52) biomes than in tropical forest (1.23) and wetland (1.27). The exponent of the relationship between Rdmass and SLA, however, was much smaller in wetland (1.05) than in temperate forest (1.29) and tropical rainforest (1.65). In general, the predicated universal scaling relationship that the mass‐based metabolism rate should be proportional to surface area in organisms is not applicable at the leaf‐level in plants. Rather, the large slope difference of the relationship between leaf metabolism rate and SLA found among biomes indicates that the strength of the selective forces driving the scaling relationship is different among the biomes. The result basically suggests the importance of increasing SLA to plant carbon gain in stressful environments and to carbon loss in favorable habitats, and therefore has an important implication for survival strategies of plants in different biomes.
Modelling the RXTE light curve of η Carinae from a 3D SPH simulation of its binary wind collision
Authors: Okazaki A. T. , Owocki S. P. , Russell C. M. P. , Corcoran M. F. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The very massive star system η Carinae exhibits regular 5.54 yr (2024 d) period disruptive events in wavebands ranging from the radio to X-ray. There is a growing consensus that these events likely stem from periastron passage of an (as yet) unseen companion in a highly eccentric (e∼ 0.9) orbit. This Letter presents 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations of the orbital variation of the binary wind–wind collision, and applies these to modelling the X-ray light curve observed by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). By providing a global 3D model of the phase variation of the density of the interacting winds, the simulations allow computation of the associated variation in X-ray absorption, presumed here to originate from near the apex of the wind–wind interaction cone. We find that the observed RXTE light curve can be readily fitted if the observer's line of sight is within this cone along the general direction of apastron. Specifically, the data are well fitted by an assumed inclination i= 45° for the orbit's polar axis, which is thus consistent with orbital angular momentum being along the inferred polar axis of the Homunculus nebula. The fits also constrain the position angle φ that an orbital-plane projection makes with the apastron side of the semimajor axis, strongly excluding positions φ &lt; 9° along or to the retrograde side of the axis, with the best-fitting position given by φ= 27°. Overall the results demonstrate the utility of a fully 3D dynamical model for constraining the geometric and physical properties of this complex colliding wind binary system.
Stellar dynamical evidence against a cold disc origin for stars in the Galactic Centre
Authors: Cuadra Jorge , Armitage Philip J. , Alexander Richard D. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Observations of massive stars within the central parsec of the Galaxy show that, while most stars orbit within a well-defined disc, a significant fraction have large eccentricities and/or inclinations with respect to the disc plane. Here, we investigate whether this dynamically hot component could have arisen via scattering from an initially cold disc – the expected initial condition if the stars formed from the fragmentation of an accretion disc. Using N-body methods, we evolve a variety of flat, cold, stellar systems, and study the effects of initial disc eccentricity, primordial binaries, very massive stars and intermediate mass black holes. We find, consistent with previous results, that a circular disc does not become eccentric enough unless there is a significant population of undetected 100–1000 M⊙ objects. However, since fragmentation of an eccentric disc can readily yield eccentric stellar orbits, the strongest constraints come from inclinations. We show that none of our initial conditions yields the observed large inclinations, regardless of the initial disc eccentricity or the presence of massive objects. These results imply that the orbits of the young massive stars in the Galactic Centre are largely primordial, and that the stars are unlikely to have formed as a dynamically cold disc.
Effect of Thread Pitch and Frictional Coefficient on the Stress
Concentration in Metric Nut-Bolt Connections
Authors: Dragoni E. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
By means of the finite element method, this paper establishes how much the stress state within standard metric nut-bolt connections is affected by variations of the thread pitch and of the frictional coefficient. Following a validated simplified approach, the actual three-dimensional geometry of each connection is replaced by an axisymmetric model which recreates the outline of the joint on an appropriate meridional section. The numerical data prove that, for prescribed nominal thread diameter and bolt load, the peak stress in the screw monotonically increases as the pitch decreases. Further, as far as complete sticking between nut and bolt is not achieved, the stress level linearly increases with the coefficient of friction, the rate of variations being higher at the lowest pitches.
Statistics of Combined Linear and Quadratic Springing Response of a
TLP in Random Waves
Authors: Naess A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The paper presents the results of statistical analyses of combined first-order and second-order, sum-frequency response in heave, pitch, and roll of a TLP structure subjected to random, long-crested seas. The results are based on available numerically calculated data for the linear and quadratic transfer functions from the waves to the hydrodynamic loads on the TLP. It has also been assumed that the equations of motion in heave, pitch, and roll can be reasonably well approximated by a set of uncoupled, linear, and time-invariant equations.
H
∞
Fuzzy Tracking Control Design for Nonlinear Active Fault Tolerant Control Systems
Authors: Wu Huai-Ning , Bai Ming-Zhen 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This paper studies the problem of H∞ fuzzy tracking control design for nonlinear active fault tolerant control systems based on the Takagi and Sugeno fuzzy model. Two random processes with Markovian transition characteristics are introduced to model the system component fault process and the fault detection and isolation decision process used to reconfigure the control law, respectively. The random behavior of the FDI process is conditioned on the fault process state. The parallel distributed compensation scheme is employed for the control design. As a result, a closed-loop fuzzy system with two Markovian jump parameters is obtained. Based on a stochastic Lyapunov function, a sufficient condition for stochastic stability of the closed-loop fuzzy system with a guaranteed H∞ model reference tracking performance is first derived. A linear matrix inequality approach to the control design is then developed to reduce the effect of the external disturbance and reference input on tracking error as small as possible. Finally, a simulation example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.