bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Virtual flow cytometry” of immunostained lymphocytes on microscopic tissue slides: iHCFlow™ tissue cytometry
Authors: Cualing Hernani D. , Zhong Eric , Moscinski Lynn 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground:A method and approach is developed for fully automated measurements of immunostained lymphocytes in tissue sections by means of digital color microscopy and patent pending advanced cell analysis. The validation data for population statistic measurements of immunostained lymphocytes in tissue sections using tissue cytometry (TC) is presented. The report is the first to describe the conversion of immunohistochemistry (IHC) data to a flow cytometry‐like two parameter dot‐plot display, hence the technique is also a virtual flow cytometry. We believe this approach is a paradigm shift, as well as novel, and called the system iHCFlow™ TC. Seven issues related to technical obstacles to virtual flow cytometry (FC) are identified.Design:Segmentation of a 512 × 474 RGB image and tabular display of statistical results table took 12–15 s using proprietary developed algorithms. We used a panel of seven antibodies for validation on 14 cases of mantle cell lymphoma giving percentage positive, total lymphocytes, and staining density. A total of 2,027 image frames with 810,800 cell objects (COBs) were evaluated. Antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8, Bcl‐1, Ki‐67, CD20, CD5 were subjected to virtual FC on tissue. The results of TC were compared with manual counts of expert observers and with the results of flow cytometric immunophenotyping of the same specimen.Results:The correlation coefficient and 95% confidence interval by linear regression analysis yielded a high concordance between manual human results (M), FC results, and TC results per antibody, (r = 0.9365 M vs. TC, r= 0.9537 FC vs. TC). The technical issues were resolved and the solutions and results were evaluated and presented.Conclusion:These results suggest the new technology of TC by iHCFlow™ could be a clinically valid surrogate for both M and FC analysis when only tissue IHC is available for diagnosis and prognosis. The application for cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis is for objective, rapid, automated counting of immunostained cells in tissues with percentage results. We report a new paradigm in TC that converts IHC staining of lymphocytes to automated results and a flow cytometry‐like report. The dot plot histogram display is familiar, intuitive, informative, and provides the pathologists with an automated tool to rapidly characterize the staining and size distribution of the immunoreactive as well as the negative cell population in the tissue. This systems tool is a major improvement over existing ones and satisfy fully the criteria to perform Cytomics (Ecker and Tarnok, Cytometry A 2005;65:1; Ecker and Steiner, Cytometry A 2004;59:182–190; Ecker et al., Cytometry A 2004;59:172–181). © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Temporal and spatial expression profiles of the Fat3 protein, a giant cadherin molecule, during mouse development
Authors: Nagae Shigenori , Tanoue Takuji , Takeichi Masatoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCadherins constitute a superfamily of cell–cell interaction molecules that participate in morphogenetic processes of animal development. Fat cadherins are the largest members of this superfamily, with 34 extracellular cadherin repeats. Classic Fat, identified in Drosophila, is known to regulate cell proliferation and planar cell polarity. Although 4 subtypes of Fat cadherin, Fat1, Fat2, Fat3, and Fat4/Fat‐J, have been identified in vertebrates, their protein localization remains largely unknown. Here we describe the mRNA and protein distributions of Fat3 during mouse development. We found that Fat3 expression was restricted to the nervous system. In the brain, Fat3 was expressed in a variety of regions and axon fascicles. However, its strongest expression was observed in the olfactory bulb and retina. Detailed analysis of Fat3 in the developing olfactory bulb revealed that Fat3 mRNA was mainly expressed by mitral cells and that its proteins were densely localized along the dendrites of these cells as well as in their axons to some extent. Fat3 transcripts in the retina were expressed by amacrine and ganglion cells, and its proteins were concentrated in the inner plexiform layer throughout development. Based on these observations, we suggest that Fat3 plays a role in the interactions between neurites derived from specific subsets of neurons during development. Developmental Dynamics 236:534–543, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactivity and X‐ray Structural Studies in Ligand Substitution of [Cp/(Ind)Ru(dppf)Cl] – Epimerisation in [Cp/(Ind)Ru(Josiphos)Cl] {Cp = η5‐C5H5, Ind = η5‐C7H9, dppf = 1,1′‐Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene, Josiphos = (R)‐(–)‐1‐[(S)‐2‐(Diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocenyl]ethyldicyclohexylphosphane}
Authors: Ng Sin Yee , Fang Guihua , Leong Weng Kee , Goh Lai Yoong , Garland Marc V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLigand substitution of [(Ind)Ru(PPh3)2Cl] (1) led to the isolation of [(Ind)Ru(PPh3){Ph2P(CH2)2C9H7}Cl] (2), [(Ind)Ru(dppf)Cl] (3) and [(Ind)Ru{(Ph2PCH2)3CMe}]PF6 ([4]PF6), and diastereoisomers [(R)‐ and (S)‐(Ind)Ru(Josiphos)Cl] [(R)‐5 and (S)‐5], where (R)‐(S)‐Josiphos is the ferrocene‐based chiral diphosphane ligand (R)‐(–)‐1‐[(S)‐2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocenyl] ethyldicyclohexylphosphane. The Cp analogues of 5, viz. (R)‐6 and (S)‐6, were also obtained from [CpRu(PPh3)2Cl] (1a). Josiphos‐dependent epimerisation was observed, with conversion of the (S) isomer to the (R) isomer in both cases. Chloride abstraction of 3 with NaPF6 in CH3CN and NaN3 in EtOH gave [(Ind)Ru(dppf)(CH3CN)]PF6 ([7]PF6) and [(Ind)Ru(dppf)(N3)] (8), respectively. The azido ligand in 8 underwent [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to give a N‐bound bis(methoxycarbonyl)‐1,2,3‐triazolato complex, 9. X‐ray crystal structures of the new complexes, except (R)‐5, (S)‐5 and (S)‐6, have been determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Two‐ and Three‐Dimensional Coordination Polymers From the Reaction of Bis‐ and Tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine with Titanium and Zirconium Alkoxides
Authors: Fric Helmut , Puchberger Michael , Schubert Ulrich 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe reaction of bis(2‐aminoethyl)amine with M(OiPr)4 (M = Ti, Zr) affords the chain‐like coordination polymers [M2(OiPr)8(H2NCH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2)]∞, where only the NH2 groups of the amine are coordinated to the M2(OiPr)8 units. 2D NMR spectroscopy shows that the adducts dissociate into the starting compounds when dissolved in CD2Cl2 but are slowly re‐formed in solution over a period of two weeks. Puckered layers of condensed six‐membered rings of [Ti2(OiPr)8]3[N(CH2CH2NH2)3]2 are formed when [Ti(OiPr)4] is treated with tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine. The voids in the center of the rings are filled by non‐coordinated Ti2(OiPr)8 guest molecules. In contrast, chains of [Zr2(OiPr)8(H2NCH2CH2NR′CH2CH2NH2)] {R′ = CH2CH2NH2[Zr2(OiPr)8(HOiPr)]} are formed upon treatment of tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine with [Zr(OiPr)4].(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Two Novel Reactions of a Ruthenium‐Coordinated Phenazine – Oxidative Aromatic Ring Hydroxylation and Dimerization via a New C–N Bond Formation
Authors: Banerjee Priyabrata , Mostafa Golam , Castiñeiras Alfonso , Goswami Sreebrata 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe reaction of [Ru(CH3OH)2(N∧N)2]2+ [N∧N = 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) and 1,10‐ortho‐phenanthroline(phen)] with the phenazine ligand, [HL1 = 6‐p‐anisyl‐2‐(p‐anisylamino)‐3(4H)‐p‐anisylimine‐9‐methoxyphenazine] in the presence of a base (NEt3) afforded two mononuclear ruthenium complexes, [Ru(L1)(N∧N)2]X (2), and [Ru(LO)(N∧N)2]X2 (3), [LO = 7‐methoxy‐5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2,3‐bis(4‐methoxyphenylimino)‐3,5‐dihydro‐2H‐phenazin‐1‐one] together with a diruthenium complex [(N∧N)2RuL2Ru(N∧N)2]X3 (4), [L2 = 7,8′‐dimethoxy‐5,10′‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2,3′‐bis(4‐methoxyphenylamino)‐3,2′‐bis(4′‐methoxyphenylimino)‐3,5,2′,10′‐tetrahydro‐[1,5′]biphenazinyl‐5′‐ylium], (X = ClO4– or CF3SO3–). The complexes 3 and 4 were also obtained from the pure complex 2 under two different experimental conditions. Oxidative aromatic ring hydroxylation of the complex 2 produced 3 while the diruthenium complex, 4, was formed by dimerization of 2 via a new C–N bond formation. The products were thoroughly characterized with the help of 1H NMR and ESI‐MS spectral measurements. Final authentication of the two complexes of the transformed phenazine ligands viz. 3 and 4 were made by single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination of the two representative complexes. These compounds are intensely colored and show transitions in the visible region, which are ascribed as metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT). Notably, intensities of the two MLCT of the compound 4 are significantly higher than those of 2 and 3. Redox properties of the complexes are reported. Electrochemical oxidation of compound 2, even in the presence of trace moisture, produced compound 3. Cyclic voltammetry of compound 3 shows a reductive response near–0.35 V. Its one‐electron reduced product is blue and shows an intense EPR signal at g = 2.001. The voltammogram of the diruthenium complex 4 consists of two responses near 0.70 and 0.85 V. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A New Biomimetic‐Like Aromatization of the Cyclic End Groups of Terpenoids with Stereospecific Migration of One of the Methyl Groups: A Convenient Route to Isorenieratene (ϕ,ϕ‐Carotene)
Authors: Valla Alain , Andriamialisoa Zo , Valla Benoist , Labia Roger , Le Guillou Régis , Dufossé Laurent , Cartier Dominique 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of isorenieratene, a natural carotenoid isolated from the marine sponge Reniera japonica and from some anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria or nonphotosynthetic actinomycetes, was performed from α‐, β‐ and retro‐ionones. In this series of cyclohexenes, this synthesis is the first to include a one‐pot aromatization of the cyclic end group with concomitant regioselective migration of one methyl group from the gem dimethyl functionality. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Highly Enantioselective Cyanoformylation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by a Mononuclear Salen‐Ti(OiPr)4 Complex Produced In Situ
Authors: Chen Shi‐Kui , Peng Dan , Zhou Hui , Wang Li‐Wei , Chen Fu‐Xue , Feng Xiao‐Ming 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn efficient enantioselective cyanoformylation of aldehydes with ethyl cyanoformate, catalyzed by a salen‐Ti(OiPr)4 complex generated in situ, has been developed. Studies of nonlinear effects indicated that the mononuclear salen‐titanium complex, and not a heterochiral complex, played a key role in the stereodiscriminating step of the reaction. During the preparation of the catalyst, the addition of isopropyl alcohol was shown to avoid the formation of a heterochiral complex. In the presence of 5 mol‐% catalyst, the reaction can be carried out in excellent yields (up to 99 %) and with high enantioselectivities (up to 91 % ee). From preliminary studies, a transition state to explain the origin of the asymmetric induction has been proposed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Diastereospecific Tandem Prins Cyclisation/Rearrangement Reactions for the Desymmetrisation of Cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienes
Authors: Elliott Mark C. , El Sayed Nahed N. E. , Paine James S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Prins cyclisation has been used for the first time to desymmetrise a 1,4‐diene. Products derived from both normal Prins and rearrangement pathways were obtained, all with complete stereocontrol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Effect of near‐fault ground motion and damper characteristics on the seismic performance of chevron braced steel frames
Authors: Dicleli Murat , Mehta Anshu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study is aimed at comparing the seismic performance of steel chevron braced frames (CBFs) with and without fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) as a function of the characteristics of the near‐fault (NF) ground motion and FVD parameters. For this purpose, comparative nonlinear time history (NLTH) analyses of single and multiple storey CBFs with and without FVDs are conducted using NF ground motions with various velocity pulse periods scaled to have small, moderate and large intensities. Additionally, NLTH analyses of single‐ and four‐storey CBFs with FVDs are conducted to study the effect of the damping ratio and velocity exponent of the FVD on the seismic performance of the frames. The analyses results revealed that the seismic performance of the CBFs without FVDs is very poor and sensitive to the velocity pulse period and the intensity of the NF ground motion due to brace‐buckling effects. Installing FVDs into the CBFs significantly improved their seismic performance by maintaining their elastic behaviour. Furthermore, FVDs with smaller velocity exponents and larger damping ratio are observed to be more effective in improving the seismic performance of the CBFs subjected to NF earthquakes. However, FVDs with damping ratios larger than 50% do not produce significant additional improvement in the seismic performance of the CBFs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical study of hysteresis in annular swirling jets with a stepped‐conical nozzle
Authors: Vanierschot M. , Van den Bulck E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the experimentally observed hysteresis in the mean flow field of an annular swirling jet with a stepped‐conical nozzle. The flow is simulated using the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach for incompressible flow with a k–ε and a Reynolds stress transport (RSTM) turbulence model. Four different flow structures are observed depending on the swirl number: ‘closed jet flow’, ‘open jet flow low swirl’, ‘open jet flow high swirl’ and ‘coanda jet flow’. These flow patterns change with varying swirl number and hysteresis at low and intermediate swirl numbers is revealed when increasing and subsequently decreasing the swirl. The influence of the inlet velocity profile on the transitional swirl numbers is investigated. When comparing computational fluid dynamics with experiments, the results show that both turbulence models predict the four different flow structures and the associated hysteresis and multiple solutions at low and intermediate swirl numbers. Therefore, a good agreement exists between experiments and numerics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving functional magnetic resonance imaging motor studies through simultaneous electromyography recordings
Authors: MacIntosh Bradley J. , Baker S. Nicole , Mraz Richard , Ives John R. , Martel Anne L. , McIlroy William E. , Graham Simon J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpecially designed optoelectronic and data postprocessing methods are described that permit electromyography (EMG) of muscle activity simultaneous with functional MRI (fMRI). Hardware characterization and validation included simultaneous EMG and event‐related fMRI in 17 healthy participants during either ankle (n = 12), index finger (n = 3), or wrist (n = 2) contractions cued by visual stimuli. Principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) were evaluated for their ability to remove residual fMRI gradient‐induced signal contamination in EMG data. Contractions of ankle tibialis anterior and index finger abductor were clearly distinguishable, although observing contractions from the wrist flexors proved more challenging. To demonstrate the potential utility of simultaneous EMG and fMRI, data from the ankle experiments were analyzed using two approaches: 1) assuming contractions coincided precisely with visual cues, and 2) using EMG to time the onset and offset of muscle contraction precisely for each participant. Both methods produced complementary activation maps, although the EMG‐guided approach recovered more active brain voxels and revealed activity better in the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Furthermore, numerical simulations confirmed that precise knowledge of behavioral responses, such as those provided by EMG, are much more important for event‐related experimental designs compared to block designs. This simultaneous EMG and fMRI methodology has important applications where the amplitude or timing of motor output is impaired, such as after stroke. Hum Brain Mapp 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hemodynamic responses in neural circuitries for detection of visual target and novelty: An event‐related fMRI study
Authors: Gur Ruben C. , Turetsky Bruce I. , Loughead James , Waxman Jonathan , Snyder Wendy , Ragland J. Daniel , Elliott Mark A. , Bilker Warren B. , Arnold Steven E. , Gur Raquel E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oddball paradigm examines attentional processes by establishing neural substrates for target detection and novelty. Event‐related functional imaging enables characterization of hemodynamic changes associated with these processes. We studied 36 healthy participants (17 men) applying a visual oddball event‐related design at 4 Tesla, and performed an unbiased determination of the hemodynamic response function (HRF). Targets were associated with bilateral, albeit leftward predominant changes in frontal‐parietal temporal and occipital cortices, and limbic and basal ganglia regions. Activation to novelty was more posteriorly distributed, and frontal activation occurred only on the right, while robust activation was seen in occipital regions bilaterally. Overlapping regions were left thalamus, caudate and cuneus and right parietal precuneus. While robust HRFs characterized most regions, target detection was associated with a negative HRF in the right parietal precuneus and a biphasic HRF in thalamus, basal ganglia, and all occipital regions. Both height of the HRF and longer time to peak in the right cingulate were associated with slower response time. Sex differences were observed, with higher HRF peaks for novelty in men in right occipital regions, and longer time to peak in the left hemisphere. Age was associated with reduced peak HRF in left frontal region. Thus, indices of the HRF can be used to better understand the relationship between hemodynamic changes and performance and can be sensitive to individual differences. Hum Brain Mapp 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complex relationship between BOLD signal and synchronization/desynchronization of human brain MEG oscillations
Authors: Winterer Georg , Carver Frederick W. , Musso Francesco , Mattay Venkata , Weinberger Daniel R. , Coppola Richard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) depends on the coupling of cerebral blood flow, energy demand, and neural activity. The precise nature of this interaction, however, is poorly understood. A positive correlation between BOLD‐response and cortically generated local field potentials, which reflect the weighted average of synchronized dentrosomatic components of pyramidal synaptic signals, has been demonstrated. Likewise, positive BOLD‐responses have been reported in conjunction with scalp‐recorded synchronized electromagnetic activity by a number of groups. However, it is not yet clear how the opposite electromagnetic pattern, i.e. cortical desynchronization, is related to the BOLD signal. To address this question, we conducted a combined event‐related fMRI and 275 sensor whole‐head MEG study during identical visual two‐choice reaction time task conditions in 10 human subjects. We found complex sequences of MEG‐synchronization and desynchronization across a wide frequency range in the visual and motor area in close correspondence with “locales” of positive BOLD‐responses. These results indicate that a correspondence of positive BOLD‐responses is not exclusively found for cortical synchronization but also for desynchronization, suggesting that the relationship between BOLD signals and electromagnetic activity might be more complex than previously thought. Hum Brain Mapp 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
‘Prefrontal’ cognitive performance of healthy subjects positively correlates with cerebral FDOPA influx: An exploratory [18F]‐fluoro‐L‐DOPA‐PET investigation
Authors: Vernaleken Ingo , Buchholz Hans‐Georg , Kumakura Yoshitaka , Siessmeier Thomas , Stoeter Peter , Bartenstein Peter , Cumming Paul , Gründer Gerhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDopamine neurotransmission influences those cognitive processes, which are generally regarded as prefrontal cortical functions. In previous positron‐emission‐tomography (PET) studies, net blood‐brain clearance of [18F]‐fluoro‐l‐DOPA (FDOPA) correlated with impaired cognitive performance in patients with Parkinson's disease or schizophrenia. We hypothesized that FDOPA influx also correlates with performance of cognitive tasks associated with prefrontal functioning in healthy volunteers. The net blood‐brain clearance of FDOPA (K) was mapped in a group of 11 healthy volunteers and calculated in striatal volumes‐of‐interest. The Wisconsin‐Card‐Sorting‐Test (WCST), Stroop‐Test, Trail‐Making‐Test (TMT‐A/B), and Continuous‐Performance‐Test (CPT‐M) had been administered previously to the same subjects. No correlation of K with perseverative errors in WCST or age could be found. However, there were significant positive correlations between the magnitude of K in caudate nucleus, putamen, and midbrain with performance of the TMT‐B, CPT‐M, and the Stroop test. Highest correlations were found between the time needed to perform the Stroop interference task and the K of striatal areas (Caudate nucleus: −0.780, P = 0.005; putamen: −0.870, P < 0. 001). Thus, the present findings reveal a strong correlation between dopamine synthesis capacity in striatum of healthy volunteers and performance of cognitive tasks linked to the prefrontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surprises from the crystal structure of the hepatitis C virus NS2-3 protease
Authors: Gouttenoire Jerome , Moradpour Darius , Penin François 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus is a major global health problem affecting an estimated 170 million people worldwide. Chronic infection is common and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. There is no vaccine available and current therapies have met with limited success. The viral RNA genome encodes a polyprotein that includes 2 proteases essential for virus replication. The NS2-3 protease mediates a single cleavage at the NS2/NS3 junction, whereas the NS3-4A protease cleaves at 4 downstream sites in the polyprotein. NS3-4A is characterized as a serine protease with a chymotrypsin-like fold, but the enzymatic mechanism of the NS2-3 protease remains unresolved. Here, we report the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the NS2-3 protease at 2.3 Å resolution. The structure reveals a dimeric cysteine protease with 2 composite active sites. For each active site, the catalytic histidine and glutamate residues are contributed by one monomer, and the nucleophilic cysteine by the other. The carboxy-terminal residues remain coordinated in the 2 active sites, predicting an inactive postcleavage form. Proteolysis through formation of a composite active site occurs in the context of the viral polyprotein expressed in mammalian cells. These features offer unexpected insights into polyprotein processing by hepatitis C virus and new opportunities for antiviral drug design.