bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A REMARK ON THE EXISTENCE OF BREATHER SOLUTIONS FOR THE DISCRETE NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION IN INFINITE LATTICES: THE CASE OF SITE-DEPENDENT ANHARMONIC PARAMETERS
Authors: Karachalios Nikos I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe discuss the existence of breather solutions for a discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation in an infinite $N$-dimensional lattice, involving site-dependent anharmonic parameters. We give a simple proof of the existence of (non-trivial) breather solutions based on a variational approach, assuming that the sequence of anharmonic parameters is in an appropriate sequence space (decays with an appropriate rate). We also give a proof of the non-existence of (non-trivial) breather solutions, and discuss a possible physical interpretation of the restrictions, in both the existence and non-existence cases.
ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF EIGENVALUES ASSOCIATED WITH STURM–LIOUVILLE PROBLEMS ON SHRINKING DOMAINS
Authors: Needham D. J. , King A. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe establish results concerning the detailed asymptotic structure of the eigenvalues of a class of regular and singular Sturm–Liouville problems as the domain size shrinks to zero. This is motivated by the recent paper of Bailey et al. and provides an extensive generalization of the results therein.
MULTIPLE POSITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR A CRITICAL GROWTH PROBLEM WITH HARDY POTENTIAL
Authors: Han Pigong 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this paper we study the existence and nonexistence of multiple positive solutions for the Dirichlet problem:$$ -\Delta{u}-\mu\frac{u}{|x|^2}=\lambda(1+u)^p,\quad u\gt0,\quad u\in H^1_0(\varOmega), \tag{*} $$where $0\leq\mu\lt(\frac{1}{2}(N-2))^2$, $\lambda\gt0$, $1\ltp\leq(N+2)/(N-2)$, $N\geq3$. Using the sub–supersolution method and the variational approach, we prove that there exists a positive number $\lambda^*$ such that problem (*) possesses at least two positive solutions if $\lambda\in(0,\lambda^*)$, a unique positive solution if $\lambda=\lambda^*$, and no positive solution if $\lambda\in(\lambda^*,\infty)$.
ESTIMATES OF BLOW-UP TIME FOR A NON-LOCAL REACTIVE–CONVECTIVE PROBLEM MODELLING OHMIC HEATING OF FOODS
Authors: Nikolopoulos C. V. , Tzanetis D. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this work, we estimate the blow-up time for the non-local hyperbolic equation of ohmic type, $u_t+u_{x}=\lambda f(u)/(\int_{0}^1f(u)\,\mathrm{d} x)^{2}$, together with initial and boundary conditions. It is known that, for $f(s)$, $-f'(s)$ positive and $\int_0^\infty f(s)\,\mathrm{d} s\lt\infty$, there exists a critical value of the parameter $\lambda>0$, say $\lambda^\ast$, such that for $\lambda>\lambda^\ast$ there is no stationary solution and the solution $u(x,t)$ blows up globally in finite time $t^\ast$, while for $\lambda\leq\lambda^\ast$ there exist stationary solutions. Moreover, the solution $u(x,t)$ also blows up for large enough initial data and $\lambda\leq\lambda^\ast$. Thus, estimates for $t^\ast$ were found either for $\lambda$ greater than the critical value $\lambda^\ast$ and fixed initial data $u_0(x)\geq0$, or for $u_0(x)$ greater than the greatest steady-state solution (denoted by $w_2\geq w^*$) and fixed $\lambda\leq\lambda^\ast$. The estimates are obtained by comparison, by asymptotic and by numerical methods. Finally, amongst the other results, for given $\lambda$, $\lambda^*$ and $0\lt\lambda-\lambda^*\ll1$, estimates of the following form were found: upper bound $\epsilon+c_1\ln[c_2(\lambda-\lambda^*)^{-1}]$; lower bound $c_3(\lambda-\lambda^*)^{-1/2}$; asymptotic estimate $t^\ast\sim c_4(\lambda-\lambda^\ast)^{-1/2}$ for $f(s)=\mathrm{e}^{-s}$. Moreover, for $0\lt\lambda\leq\lambda^*$ and given initial data $u_0(x)$ greater than the greatest steady-state solution $w_2(x)$, we have upper estimates: either $c_5\ln(c_6A^{-1}_0+1)$ or $\epsilon+c_7\ln(c_8\zeta^{-1})$, where $A_0$, $\zeta$ measure, in some sense, the difference $u_0-w_2$ (if $u_0\to w_2+$, then $A_0,\zeta\to0+$). $c_i\gt0$ are some constants and $0\lt\epsilon\ll1$, $0\ltA_0,\zeta$. Some numerical results are also given.
The effects of fish oil supplementation on rumen metabolism and the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in beef steers given diets containing sunflower oil
Authors: Lee M. R. F. , Tweed J. K. S. , Moloney A. P. , Scollan N. D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDuodenally and ruminally fistulated steers were offered grass silage and one of three concentrates at a ratio of 60: 40 (forage: concentrate on a dry-matter basis) : F0, F1 or F4 at 14 g/kg live weight. The concentrates were designed to be iso-lipid and to provide the same amount of sunflower oil but increasing amounts of fish oil : 0, 1 and 4 g per 100 g, respectively. Ruminal characteristics were measured along with fatty acid intakes and duodenal flows to determine the effect of fish oil on : ruminal pH, ammonia-N concentration, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism. Fish oil had no significant effect on ruminal pH, ammonia-N concentration or the molar proportions of the major VFA, although total VFA concentration was significantly reduced at the highest level of fish oil inclusion. Fish oil significantly increased the flow of long chain PUFA, total conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid to the duodenum and decreased the flow of stearic acid. Biohydrogenation, as determined by the net loss of fatty acid between the mouth and duodenum, of oleic and linolenic acid was not affected by fish oil inclusion and averaged 0·64 and 0·92, respectively. There was a small increase in the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid with increasing fish oil from 0·89 to 0·92 (P< 0·01) on F0 and F4, respectively. Biohydrogenation of the long chain PUFA C20 : 5(n-3) and C22 : 6(n-3) increased from 0·49 and 0·74 to 0·79 and 0·86 (P< 0·01), respectively when fish oil in the concentrate increased from 1 to 4 g per 100 g. The net effect of fish oil on lipid metabolism appears to inhibit the transition of vaccenic acid to stearic acid in the rumen resulting in a build up of this intermediate in the biohydrogenation pathway of C18 PUFA.
Tissue expression of uncoupling proteins in piglets given a low protein diet: a rôle for UCP2 and UCP3 in diet-induced thermogenesis
Authors: Jia J. , Jois M. , McDowell G. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to investigate the rôle of novel mitochondrial uncoupling proteins UCP2 and UCP3 in the poor efficiency of energy utilization observed in piglets offered a low protein diet. Eight male piglets (Landrace × Large White) from different litters were allocated randomly to one of two groups; a high protein group (HP) was given restricted amounts of a diet containing 270 g/kg of crude protein whereas the low protein group (LP) was offered ad libitum a diet containing 27 g/kg of crude protein. The experimental period extended over 4 weeks, including an initial period of 1 week for adaptation. Live weights were recorded weekly and food residues were weighed daily. During the 2nd and 3rd weeks, faeces were collected for measurement of digestible energy intake. Over the last 2 weeks whole body oxygen consumption was measured by indirect calorimetry before, 1·5 h after and 3·5 h after the start of feeding. The piglets were killed at the end of week 4 and tissue expressions of UCP2 and UCP3 were measured by Northern blot analyses using a partial length pig UCP2 probe that had high homology to both UCP2 and UCP3. The HP group maintained their live weight during the experimental period whereas the live weight of the LP group increased significantly (P < 0·01) but only slightly despite a digestible energy intake that was more than twice that of the HP group (P < 0·01). Whole body oxygen consumption of the LP piglets was about three times that of the HP piglets (P < 0·05), with similar increases 1·5 h after feeding (P < 0·05) in both groups indicating increased thermogenesis. A marked increase in the expression of UCP2 and UCP3 was observed in the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and spleen of the LP piglets. The results are consistent with a rôle for UCP2 and UCP3 in diet-induced thermogenesis in piglets and specifically in the regulation of efficiency of energy utilization in pigs.
A new model for low‐dose food challenge in children with allergy to milk or egg
Authors: Devenney Irene , Norrman Gunilla , Oldaeus Göran , Strömberg Leif , Fälth‐Magnusson Karin 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Background: Atopic eczema and food allergy are common in early childhood. Children seem to gradually develop tolerance to milk and egg, and it is a relief for families when their child can tolerate small amounts of these basic foods, even if larger doses may still cause symptoms. Aim: To develop a model for low‐dose oral food challenge, facilitating re‐/introduction of milk or egg. Methods: In 39 children sensitized to milk and/or egg, we performed 52 challenges using a new standardized model for low‐dose oral food challenge. The recipes were validated for blinding with sensorial tests. Results: Four children challenged to milk had a positive challenge outcome. There were no significant differences with respect to family history, associated atopic manifestations, nutritional supply, eczema severity, or skin‐prick test compared with the non‐reacting children, but total and specific IgE values were significantly higher. All but two of the non‐reacting children were able to introduce milk and egg into their diet without problems. Conclusion: We report recipes and a protocol to be used for standardized open and double‐blind placebo‐controlled low‐dose food challenge in young children, enabling the introduction of small amounts of egg and milk into the diet during tolerance development.
Is paediatric assessment of motor development of very preterm and low‐birthweight children appropriate?
Authors: DE Kleine Martin J. K. , Van Der Sanden Maria W. G. Nijhuis , Den Ouden A. Lya 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Aim: To determine whether paediatricians that examine, in regular clinical practice, very preterm and very‐low‐birthweight children at 5 y of age detect neurological impairments and functional motor problems in these children. Methods: We compared a paediatric judgement, a standardized neurological examination (Touwen examination) and a screening of motor development (Denver Developmental Screening Test; DDST) with the Movement ABC in 396 5‐y‐old very preterm and low‐birthweight children. Results: The Movement ABC detected clinically important motor disorders in 20.5% and borderline disturbances in 22.5% of the children. Compared to the Movement ABC, the sensitivity of the paediatric judgement was 0.19, Touwen examination 0.62 and DDST 0.52; the negative predictive values were 0.61, 0.74 and 0.69, respectively. Conclusion: Paediatric assessment of motor development in 5‐y‐old very preterm and low‐birthweight children generally is not sensitive enough to detect functional motor problems. The Movement ABC should be added to the assessment of the motor development of very preterm and low‐birthweight children at 5 y of age.
End‐tidal carbon monoxide measurements in infant respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Krediet Tannette G. , Cirkel Geert A. , Vreman Hendrik J. , Wong Ronald J. , Stevenson David K. , Groenendaal Floris , Egberts Johannes , Van Bel Frank 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Background: RDS involving inflammatory and oxidative processes may lead to increased production of carbon monoxide (CO). Aim: The relationship between end‐tidal CO, corrected for inhaled CO (ETCOc), and RDS severity was investigated in preterm infants as well as the value of early ETCOc measurements to predict chronic lung disease. Methods: 78 infants (30 no RDS, 32 moderate RDS, 16 severe RDS) were included. ETCOc was measured using the CO‐Stat™ End Tidal Breath Analyzer. Results: ETCOc was significantly higher in RDS compared to no RDS during the first week (p<0.05). Severity of RDS was the most significant independent variable in a stepwise regression model related to ETCOc (F‐test: 18.17). Negative predictive value of early (within first 12 h of life) ETCOc measurement (<2.5 ppm) for development of chronic lung disease was excellent (100%). Conclusion: During severe RDS, inflammation may contribute to increased lipid peroxidation leading to increased local CO production in the lung, indicated by increased ETCOc. Early ETCOc determinations may be helpful to exclude occurrence of chronic lung disease.
Role of Heme Oxygenase in the Protection Afforded Skeletal Muscle During Ischemic Tolerance
Authors: DUNGEY ALISON A. , BADHWAR AMIT , BIHARI AURELIA , KVIETYS PETER R. , HARRIS KENNETH A. , FORBES THOMAS L. , POTTER RICHARD F. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTObjective:Ischemic tolerance (IT) is known to improve resistance to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)‐induced injury; however, the mechanisms remain unknown. The authors hypothesized that induction of heme oxygenase (HO), a heat shock protein, would provide anti‐inflammatory benefits during IT, thereby preventing leukocyte‐derived I/R injury.Methods:Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to sham (n= 4), I/R (n= 9), preconditioning (PC)+I/R (n= 7), chromium mesoporphyrrin, to inhibit HO (CrMP;n= 4), or PC+I/R+CrMP (n= 6) groups. PC consisted of 5 cycles of I/R, each lasting 10 min, induced by tightening a tourniquet placed above the greater trochantor of the hindlimb. Twenty‐four hours later, the hindlimb underwent 2 h of no‐flow ischemia followed by intravital microscopy during 90 min reperfusion to assess capillary perfusion (#/mm), tissue injury (ratio of ethidium bromide to bisbenzimide labeled cells/100 μ m2), leukocyte rolling (Lr, #/1000 μ m2), and adhesion (La, #/1000 μ m2) in postcapillary venules of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle.Results:In the I/R group, Lr was significantly increased (7.1 ± 0.4) compared to sham (3.1 ± 0.4). PC+I/R increased Lr (10.8 ± 0.72), which was further exacerbated by the removal of HO (14.2 ± 1.3). La (7.8 ± 2.0) was significantly increased compared to sham (2.4 ± 0.9), while PC returned La back to sham levels (1.9 ± 0.7). Removal of HO activity, via CrMP, had no significant effect on La (3.9 ± 0.7). However, CrMP removed the protection to microvascular perfusion (I/R = 9.4 ± 1.1, PC = 16.6 ± 1.8, sham = 20.5 ± 2.8, PC+CrMP+I/R = 12.3 ± 2.3) and prevented protection from ischemia‐induced tissue injury.Conclusion:The data suggest that HO is an important protective mechanism during IT in skeletal muscle, but such protection was by mechanisms other than altered leukocyte–endothelial cell interaction.
Role of Vascular Heme Oxygenase in Reduced Myogenic Reactivity Following Chronic Hypoxia
Authors: NAIK JAY S. , WALKER BENJIMEN R. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTObjective:Exposure to chronic hypoxia (CH) results in a persistent endothelium‐dependent vascular smooth muscle hyperpolarization that diminishes vasoconstrictor reactivity. Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that products of both cytochrome P450 epoxygenase (CYP) and heme oxygenase (HO) are required for the persistent diminished myogenic reactivity following CH.Methods:The authors examined myogenic responses of mesenteric arteries isolated from control and CH (48 h; PB= 380 mmHg) rats in the presence of a HO inhibitor (zinc protoporphyrin IX; ZnPPIX) or combined HO and CYP epoxygenase inhibition (sulfaphenazole). Arteries were isolated and cannulated and the vascular smooth muscle was loaded with the Ca2 +indicator Fura‐2.Results:Control vessels maintained their internal diameter in response to step increases in intraluminal pressure, whereas arteries from CH animals passively distended. ZnPPIX augmented myogenic reactivity and [Ca2 +] in arteries from CH animals. Combined administration of sulfaphenazole and ZnPPIX did not have an additional effect compared to ZnPPIX alone. Myogenic reactivity in control vessels was not altered by ZnPPIX or ZnPPIX + sulfaphenazole.Conclusions:HO appears to play a role in regulating myogenic reactivity following CH. Furthermore, these data suggest that products of HO and CYP are both required for the observed attenuation in vasoreactivity following CH.
Platelet Recruitment in the Murine Hepatic Microvasculature During Experimental Sepsis: Role of Neutrophils
Authors: SINGER GEORG , URAKAMI HIDEJIRO , SPECIAN ROBERT D. , STOKES KAREN Y. , GRANGER D. NEIL 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTObjectives: Sepsis is a major clinical problem that often results in the dysfunction or failure of multiple organs, including the liver. While inflammatory cell activation has been implicated as an early critical event in sepsis‐induced liver dysfunction, there is growing evidence for the involvement of activated platelets in this pathologic process.Methods: Intravital microscopy was used in this study to assess the magnitude and time course of platelet adhesion in the liver microcirculation during experimental sepsis and to determine whether the platelet accumulation is linked to leukocyte infiltration. The adhesion of platelets and leukocytes in terminal hepatic venules (THV) and sinusoids was quantified at 2, 4, and 6 h after abdominal sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).Results: While the rolling and firm adhesion of platelets and leukocytes in THV were not altered in the first 2 h after CLP, platelet recruitment was observed at 4 h and further elevated at 6 h after CLP. Leukocyte adhesion in THV exhibited a similar time course. A similar accumulation of blood cells in sinusoids was noted after CLP. This was accompanied by an increased number of nonperfused sinusoids. CLP‐induced leukocyte and platelet recruitment in THV and sinusoids was attenuated in mice rendered neutropenic with anti‐neutrophil serum.Conclusion: These findings indicate that sepsis is associated with a neutrophil‐dependent recruitment of platelets in the liver microcirculation that impairs sinusoidal perfusion and may contribute to the liver dysfunction associated with sepsis.
Induction of LFA‐1‐Dependent Neutrophil Rolling on ICAM‐1 by Engagement of E‐Selectin
Authors: CHESNUTT BETSY C. , SMITH DAVID F. , RAFFLER NIKOLAI A. , SMITH MICHAEL L. , WHITE E. J. , LEY KLAUS 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTObjective: To study rolling of mouse neutrophils on E‐selectin and ICAM‐1 in an ex vivo flow chamber system.Methods: The authors developed a small autoperfused flow chamber (20 × 200‐μ m cross section) that allows direct visualization of cells with and without fluorescent labeling and does not require recirculation of blood.Results: Neutrophils rolled on E‐selectin alone, but were unable to interact with immobilized ICAM‐1. When ICAM‐1 was co‐immobilized with E‐selectin, the number of cells that rolled was doubled, but no significant firm adhesion was observed. This phenomenon was specific for E‐selectin, and no enhancement of rolling was observed when P‐selectin was immobilized with ICAM‐1. The increased neutrophil rolling seen on E‐selectin and ICAM‐1 substrates required β2 integrins. Treating mice with antibodies to the β2 integrins LFA‐1 and Mac‐1 showed that LFA‐1 was primarily responsible for mediating rolling on ICAM‐1 in this model. Increased rolling on E‐selectin and ICAM‐1 was significantly reduced following administration of a specific p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor.Conclusion: The data show that neutrophil rolling on E‐selectin leads to partial activation of LFA‐1, enabling LFA‐1‐dependent rolling on ICAM‐1. This mechanism is likely to amplify and accelerate neutrophil recruitment in inflammation.
A Practical Extension of Hydrodynamic Theory of Porous Transport for Hydrophilic Solutes
Authors: BASSINGTHWAIGHTE JAMES B. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTObjective: The equations for transport of hydrophilic solutes through aqueous pores provide a fundamental basis for examining capillary–tissue exchange and water and solute flux through transmembrane channels, but the theory remains incomplete for ratios, α, of sphere diameters to pore diameters greater than 0.4. Values for permeabilities, P, and reflection coefficients, σ, from Lewellen [18], working with Lightfoot et al. [19], at α = 0.5 and 0.95, were combined with earlier values for α < 0.4, and the physically required values at α = 1.0, to provide accurate expressions over the whole range of 0 < α < 1.Methods: The “data” were the long‐accepted theory for α < 0.2 and the computational results from Lewellen and Lightfoot et al. on hard spheres (of 5 different α's) moving by convection and diffusion through a tight cylindrical pore, accounting for molecular exclusion, viscous forces, pressure drop, torque and rotation of spheres off the center line (averaging across all accessible radial positions), and the asymptotic values at α = 1.0. Coefficients for frictional hindrance to diffusion, F(α), and drag, G(α), and functions for σ (α) and P(α), were represented by power law functions and the parameters optimized to give best fits to the combined “data.”Results: The reflection coefficients = {1 − [1 − (1 − φ)2]G′(α)} + 2α2fF′(α), and the relative permeability P/Pmax = φF ′(α)[1 + 9α5.5 · (1.0−α5)0.02], where φ is the partition coefficient or volume fraction of the pore available to solute. The new expression for the diffusive hindrance is F′(α) = (1−α2)3/2φ/[1+0.2 · α[p2·(1 − α2)16], and for the drag factor is G′(α) = (1−2α2/3−0.20217α5)/(1 − 0.75851α5) − 0.0431[1 − (1 − α10)]. All of these converge monotonically to the correct limits at α = 1.Conclusions: These are the first expressions providing hydrodynamically based estimates of σ (α) and P(α) over 0 < α < 1 They should be accurate to within 1–2%.
A Role for Heterocellular Coupling and EETs in Dilation of Rat Cremaster Arteries
Authors: MCSHERRY IAIN N. , SANDOW SHAUN L. , CAMPBELL WILLIAM B. , FALCK JOHN R. , HILL MICHAEL A. , DORA KIM A. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTObjective: The authors probed endothelium‐dependent dilation and endothelial cell Ca2 + handling in myogenically active resistance arteries.Methods: First‐order arteries were removed from rat cremaster muscles, cannulated, and pressurized (75 mmHg). Vessel diameter and endothelial cell Ca2 + were monitored using confocal microscopy, and arterial ultrastructure was determined using electron microscopy.Results: Acetylcholine (ACh) stimulated elevations and oscillations in endothelial cell Ca2 +, and concentration‐dependently dilated arteries with myogenic tone. NO‐independent dilation was blocked by 35 mM K+. Combined IKCa (1 μ M TRAM‐34) and SKCa (100 nM apamin) blockade partially inhibited NO‐independent relaxations, with residual relaxations sensitive to BKCa or cytochrome P‐450 inhibition (100 nM iberiotoxin, and 20 μ M 17‐ODYA or 10 μ M MS‐PPOH). 11,12‐EET stimulated iberiotoxin‐sensitive dilation, but did not affect endothelial cell Ca2 +. 15 mM K+ evoked dilation sensitive to inhibition of KIR (30 μ M Ba2 +) and Na+/K+‐ATPase (10 μ M ouabain), whereas these blockers did not affect ACh‐mediated dilations. Homo‐ and heterocellular gap junctions were identified in radial sections through arteries.Conclusion:These data suggest that rises in endothelial cell Ca2 + stimulate SKCa and IKCa channels, leading to hyperpolarization and dilation, likely due to electrical coupling. In addition, a component was unmasked following SKCa and IKCa blockade, attributable to activation of BKCa channels by cytochrome P‐450 metabolites.
Disinfection of Endoscopes: Review of New Chemical Sterilants Used for High-Level Disinfection
Authors: Rutala William A. , Weber David J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemical sterilants are used to high-level disinfect heat-sensitive semicritical items such as endoscopes. Most endoscopes have been reprocessed between each patient use with glutaraldehyde (&gt;2%) or the Steris System 1. Several new chemical sterilants have been developed recently, including 7.5% hydrogen peroxide, 0.08% peracetic acid plus 1.0% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.55% orthophthalaldehyde. In order to aid the infection control professional in choosing the appropriate disinfection methodology, this article reviews the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of high-level disinfectants intended for reprocessing endoscopes.