bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How state counter-industry campaigns help prime perceptions of tobacco industry practices to promote reductions in youth smoking
Authors: Hersey J C , Niederdeppe J , Ng S W , Mowery P , Farrelly M , Messeri P 
Published: November 2005

Objective:This study assessed the impact of state media campaigns that prominently feature counter-industry messages on youth cigarette smoking, beyond the effects of price, secular trends, tobacco control efforts, and the national truth®campaign.Methods:Rates of youth smoking were compared in three groups of states: (1) those with long funded counter-industry campaigns (California, Florida, and Massachusetts); (2) states with more recently funded counter-industry media campaigns (Indiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, and New Jersey); and (3) other states. An analysis was performed for a series of national telephone surveys of 12–17 year olds between 1999 and 2002, controlling for differences in demographic background, the price of cigarettes, and exposure to the national truth®campaign.Results:Between 1999 and 2002, rates of current smoking and established smoking decreased significantly faster in states with established or more newly funded counter-industry campaigns than in other states. State counter-industry campaigns appear to prime, or make more salient, negative perceptions about tobacco industry practices.Conclusion:Results highlight the value of continued state counter-industry campaigns.
Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke
Authors: Schick S , Glantz S 
Published: November 2005

Background:Exposure to secondhand smoke causes lung cancer; however, there are little data in the open literature on the in vivo toxicology of fresh sidestream cigarette smoke to guide the debate about smoke-free workplaces and public places.Objective:To investigate the unpublished in vivo research on sidestream cigarette smoke done by Philip Morris Tobacco Company during the 1980s at its Institut für Biologische Forschung (INBIFO).Methods:Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents now available at the University of California San Francisco Legacy Tobacco Documents Library and other websites.Results:Inhaled fresh sidestream cigarette smoke is approximately four times more toxic per gram total particulate matter (TPM) than mainstream cigarette smoke. Sidestream condensate is approximately three times more toxic per gram and two to six times more tumourigenic per gram than mainstream condensate by dermal application. The gas/vapour phase of sidestream smoke is responsible for most of the sensory irritation and respiratory tract epithelium damage. Fresh sidestream smoke inhibits normal weight gain in developing animals. In a 21day exposure, fresh sidestream smoke can cause damage to the respiratory epithelium at concentrations of 2 μg/l TPM. Damage to the respiratory epithelium increases with longer exposures. The toxicity of whole sidestream smoke is higher than the sum of the toxicities of its major constituents.Conclusion:Fresh sidestream smoke at concentrations commonly encountered indoors is well above a 2 μg/m3reference concentration (the level at which acute effects are unlikely to occur), calculated from the results of the INBIFO studies, that defines acute toxicity to humans. Smoke-free public places and workplaces are the only practical way to protect the public health from the toxins in sidestream smoke.
To what extent do smokers plan quit attempts?
Authors: Larabie L C 
Published: November 2005

Aims:Little is known about the extent to which quit attempts are planned ahead or initiated immediately following a sudden decision to quit. This is important because if most smokers quit abruptly, rather than plan ahead, this could impact heavily upon recommendations to health care professionals on the kind of smoking cessation advice they deliver to patients. This paper aims to address this gap in knowledge by examining detailed smoking histories taken from smoking and ex-smoking patients.Design:Face-to-face in depth semi-structured interviews.Participants:146 smoking and ex-smoking patients within a family medicine practice were recruited by means of screening 700 consecutive patients (14 years of age and older) and inviting eligible patients to participate. To be eligible, patients had to have smoked a minimum of five cigarettes per day for at least six months in their lives and made at least one serious quit attempt that lasted at least 24 hours. There were no refusals. Ex-smokers (n  =  67) were defined as those who had not smoked for six months. The remainder were classified as smokers (n  =  79).Measurements:Participants were asked to describe, in their own words, their most recent quit attempt and whether they had planned the quit attempt in advance, what were the triggers, and how long they abstained. A quit attempt was defined as planned if smokers set a quit date at some future time point. An unplanned quit attempt was defined as a sudden decision not to smoke any more cigarettes including those that might be remaining in the current pack. Information was also collected on methods used to quit and reasons for quitting.Results:A majority (51.6%) of quit attempts were reported as being unplanned. The figure was higher for ex-smokers than for smokers (67.1%v36.7%, p < 0.001). Most quit attempts were unaided (64%) and made for reasons of health (64%).Conclusions:The finding that so many quit attempts are unprepared suggests that models of smoking cessation should place greater emphasis on the dynamic nature of motivation to quit. This is an area that requires further investigation.
"Secundum processum et mentem Versoris": John Versor and His Relation to the Schools of Thought Reconsidered
Authors: Rutten Pepijn 
Published: November 2005

AbstractJohannes Versor († after 1482) was a prominent philosopher in the late fifteenth century, whose works were widely diffused. In recent scholarship, Versor has been associated with two schools of thought: Thomism and Albertism. These, however, were rivals—especially in Cologne, where Versor's works were printed repeatedly. Given this historical context, how should Versor's position amidst the quarrels of the schools be interpreted? Although he evidently used the works of both Albert and Thomas, there is no evidence that Versor ever committed himself to either Albertism or Thomism. In addition, the Cologne printings of his works suggest that Versor's contemporaries considered him an independent authority. Therefore, Versor cannot be rated among the members of either school.
Is the Indian Stock Market Integrated with the US and Japanese Markets?
Authors: Ahmad Khan Masood , Ashraf Shahid , Ahmed Shahid 
Published: November 2005

The paper attempts to understand the interlinkages and causal relationship between the Nasdaq composite index in the US, the Nikkei in Japan with that of NSE Nifty and BSE Sensex in India during the period January 1999 to August 2004, using daily closing data. The Johansen co-integration test is applied to measure the long-term relationship between the two indices and the Granger-causality test is used to check the short-term causal relationship. The analysis reveals that there is no long-term relationship of the Indian equity market with that of the US and Japanese equity markets. Further, Nasdaq and Nikkei have stronger causal relationship in 1999–2001 which becomes either very weak or disappears in 2002–2004. There seems to be a disassociation in the movements of the Nasdaq and Nikkei with that of the Sensex and Nifty. When the stock markets have no tendency to move together in the long-term and causal effects become weak in the short-term then the markets are segmented and provide ample room for diversification of investments. The recent surge of FII investments to the Indian equity market is primarily a reflection of this trend.
Circulating thrombopoietin as an in vivo growth factor for blast cells in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Corazza Francis , Hermans Christophe , D'Hondt Stéphanie , Ferster Alina , Kentos Alain , Benoît Yves , Sariban Eric 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThrombopoietin (TPO), the major growth factor for cells of the megakaryocytic lineage, is removed from circulation by binding to c-mpl receptors present on platelets and megakaryocytes. We studied patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and used TPO-induced c-fos protein up-regulation as a marker of c-mpl functionality and observed that c-mpl-presenting blast cells were present in 62% (37 of 60) of patients with ALL but that c-mpl was nonfunctional in 0 of 28 patients and that they were present in 56% (22 of 39) of patients with AML and were functional in 43% (12 of 28). Adequate increases in serum TPO level in response to thrombocytopenia were seen in patients with ALL and with c-mpl-deficient (c-mpl-) AML. In contrast, in patients with c-mpl-proficient (c-mpl+) AML, TPO levels were found to be inappropriately low but increased to expected values during induction chemotherapy as blasts disappeared. In vitro significant TPO-associated blast cell proliferation or decreased apoptosis was observed only in patients with c-mpl+ AML compared with ALL or c-mpl- AML and was highly correlated with low in vivo TPO levels (P < .001). These data suggest that, in patients with AML, inadequate TPO levels are secondary to TPO clearing by functional c-mpl receptor myeloid blast cells and that TPO may serve as an in vivo myeloid leukemic growth factor in a significant number of patients. (Blood. 2006; 107:2525-2530)
A novel murine model of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: response to intravenous IgG therapy
Authors: Ni Heyu , Chen Pingguo , Spring Christopher M. , Sayeh Ebrahim , Semple John W. , Lazarus Alan H. , Hynes Richard O. , Freedman John 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombo cytopenia (FNAITP) is a life-threatening bleeding disorder caused by maternal antibodies directed against fetal platelet antigens. The immunoreactive epitopes in FNAITP are primarily located in the extracellular regions of the platelet glycoprotein IIIa (β3 integrin). Here we have established a novel animal model of FNAITP using β3 integrin–deficient (β3-/-) mice. We demonstrated first that these mice are immunoresponsive to β3 integrin; β3-/- mice transfused with wild-type platelets generated specific anti–β3 antibodies which were able to induce thrombocytopenia in wild-type mice. Subsequently, β3-/- female mice (both naive and immunized) were bred with wild-type male mice to recapitulate the features of FNAITP. The titer of generated maternal antibodies correlated with the severity of FNAITP. High titer maternal anti–β3 anti-bodies caused severe fetal thrombocytopenia, intracranial hemorrhage, and even miscarriage. Furthermore, maternal administration of intravenous immunoglobulin G (IgG) ameliorated FNAITP and down-regulated pathogenic antibodies in both the maternal and fetal circulations.
Array comparative genomic hybridization reveals genomic copy number changes associated with outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Chen Weiyi , Houldsworth Jane , Olshen Adam B. , Nanjangud Gouri , Chaganti Seeta , Venkatraman Ennapadem S. , Halaas Jeffrey , Teruya-Feldstein Julie , Zelenetz Andrew D. , Chaganti R. S. K. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
To identify, in high-resolution regions of DNA, the copy number changes associated with outcome in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a disease with an approximately 50% mortality rate, we performed array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) on specimens from 64 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy. For the entire cohort, 55 commonly gained/lost regions, ranging in size from less than 1 Mbp to entire chromosomes, were identified using 1- to 2-Mbp and 2- to 4-Mbp resolution BAC arrays. Copy number changes of 9 minimal regions significantly correlated with overall survival, of which 6 were 10 Mbp or smaller. On multivariate analysis, loss of chromosomes 2 (2.4-4.1 Mbp) and 16 (33.8-35.6 Mbp) were found to be prognostic indicators of poor survival, independent of clinical features routinely used to predict outcome. Loss of chromosome 1 (78.2-79.1 Mbp) was predictive of good outcome. For a subset of 55 specimens classified according to cell-of-origin expression signature subtype, gain of chromosome 12 (45.4-53.8 Mbp) was found to be significantly associated with the germinal center B-cell-like DLBCL subtype. Overall, array-CGH identified relatively small genomic regions associated with outcome, which, along with follow-up expression studies, may reveal target genes important in DLBCL clinical behavior. (Blood. 2006;107:2477-2485)
T-helper cell type-2 regulation in allergic disease
Authors: Georas S. N. , Guo J. , De Fanis U. , Casolaro V. 
Published: November 2005

Substantial experimental evidence now supports the notion that allergic diseases are characterised by a skewing of the immune system towards a T-helper cell type-2 (Th2) phenotype.Studies using both human and mouse model systems have provided key evidence for the role that Th2 cytokines play in driving many of the hallmarks of allergic inflammation. Furthermore, the signalling pathways by which Th2 cytokines exert their effects on airway target cells are rapidly being elucidated, and antagonists of the Th2 pathway are under active development.In this review, the current knowledge of the role of T-helper cell type-2 cells in asthma is summarised, focusing on how and where T-helper cell type-2 cells differentiate from naïve precursors. The signalling molecules and transcription factors involved in T-helper cell type-2 differentiation will be reviewed in detail, in an attempt to translate studies using genetically modified mice into meaningful insights about asthma and other allergic diseases.
From cystic pulmonary airway malformation, to bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung
Authors: Ioachimescu O. C. , Mehta A. C. 
Published: November 2005

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) of the lungs is a known morphological subtype of nonsmall cell cancer. The current study presents several carcinogenetic theories of BAC and the possible relationship with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM).The authors present an unusual case of BAC developed in an area of CPAM, with subsequent progression to metastatic adenocarcinoma (AC). The case is unique due to the combination of: early age of presentation; neoplastic transformation of a CPAM; unaltered course over 15 yrs; and its particular pattern of slow morphogenesis and degeneration into an invasive AC of the lung.The case also presents the unique features of a long-standing, unaltered natural course of paediatric BAC towards invasive and metastatic AC, illustrating that lack of growth over many years cannot be entirely trusted as a criterion of benignity.In conclusion, clinicians and pathologists need to be aware of the fact that congenital pulmonary airway malformation so far represents the only known pre-invasive lesion for mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.
What are the questionnaire items most useful in identifying subjects with occupational asthma?
Authors: Vandenplas O. , Ghezzo H. , Munoz X. , Moscato G. , Perfetti L. , Lemière C. , Labrecque M. , L'Archevêque J. , Malo J-L. 
Published: November 2005

The present study assessed the usefulness of key items obtained from a clinical “open” questionnaire prospectively administered to 212 subjects, referred to four tertiary-care hospitals for predicting the diagnosis of occupational asthma (OA). Of these subjects, 72 (34%) were diagnosed as OA (53% with OA due to high-molecular-weight agents) according to results of specific inhalation challenges, and 90 (42%) as non-OA.Wheezing at work occurred in 88% of subjects with OA and was the most specific symptom (85%). Nasal and eye symptoms were commonly associated symptoms. Wheezing, nasal and ocular itching at work were positively, and loss of voice negatively associated with the presence of OA in the case of high-, but not low molecular-weight agents.A prediction model based on responses to nasal itching, daily symptoms over the week at work, nasal secretions, absence of loss of voice, wheezing, and sputum, correctly predicted 156 out of 212 (74%) subjects according to the presence or absence of OA by final diagnosis.In conclusion, key items,i.e.wheezing, nasal and ocular itching and loss of voice, are satisfactorily associated with the presence of occupational asthma in subjects exposed to high-molecular-weight agents. Therefore, these should be addressed with high priority by physicians. However, no questionnaire-derived item is helpful in subjects exposed to low-molecular-weight agents.
Quality control of spirometry: a lesson from the BRONCUS trial
Authors: Pellegrino R. , Decramer M. , van Schayck C. P. O. , Dekhuijzen P. N. R. , Troosters T. , van Herwaarden C. , Olivieri D. , Del Donno M. , De Backer W. , Lankhorst I. , Ardia A. 
Published: November 2005

This report describes the quality control programme used within the Bronchitis Randomized on N-acetylcysteine (NAC) Cost-Utility Study, a trial designed to assess the decline in lung function, exacerbation rate, health status, and cost-effectiveness with NAC or a placebo in 523 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease over a 3-yr period.Spirometry was scored from 0 (worst quality) to 6 (best quality). The mean score of 314 spirometries from 243 patients evaluated during the trial was 5.63±0.83. Linear regression analysis of the scores of 47 participating centres plotted against the time at which spirometries were performed yielded an intercept of 5.7±0.5 and a slope of -0.0001±0.001, which suggests that the initial high quality was maintained over time.Retrospective examination of a further 345 postbronchodilator spirometries from 208 patients with a forced expiratory volume at one second exceeding the mean individual value recorded over the study in excess of 20% revealed a slightly lower quality of the start-of-test manoeuvre compared with the 314 spirometries.In conclusion, these findings would suggest that the quality control programme is likely to have helped achieve and maintain long-term spirometry performance in the Bronchitis Randomized on N-acetylcysteine (NAC) Cost-Utility Study trial. Special care should be paid to the spirometries whose forced expiratory volume in one second values exceed the mean value.
Autofluorescence videothoracoscopy in exudative pleural effusions: preliminary results
Authors: Chrysanthidis M. G. , Janssen J. P. 
Published: November 2005

Videothoracoscopy has been proven to be a safe tool to establish the diagnosis in >90% of patients with exudative pleural effusions of unknown origin. In the majority of patients with malignant pleural diseases, the endoscopic appearance of pleural lesions during white light thoracoscopy is suggestive of malignancy, but could be misleading in some cases. The aim of the present study was to estimate whether the combination of thoracoscopy with autofluorescence modalities would be useful to further improve the diagnostic accuracy of the conventional method.The present study displays early results of thoracoscopy performed consecutively with a normal light source and with autofluorescence light in 24 patients with exudative pleural effusion during 2003–2004.In all cases of malignant pleuritis (carcinoma or mesothelioma), the colour of the affected area of the pleura changed from white/pink to red (sensitivity 100%). However, in two cases of chronic pleuritis, a colour change from white/pink to orange/red was recorded (specificity 75%).In conclusion, the calculated positive predictive value of colour change for malignant pleuritis during autofluorescence thoracoscopy in this study was 92%. However, the clinical value of autofluorescence thoracoscopy in daily practice remains to be proven.
Cytokine and chemokine expression in cigarette smoke-induced lung injury in guinea pigs
Authors: Kubo S. , Kobayashi M. , Masunaga Y. , Ishii H. , Hirano Y. , Takahashi K. , Shimizu Y. 
Published: November 2005

The guinea pig model of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung injury is known to exhibit many pathophysiological similarities to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the expression profiles of inflammatory mediators in the lung are poorly understood.Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used in this study to investigate the pulmonary expression profiles of cytokine and chemokine mRNA in response to single or repeated CS exposure in guinea pigs.A single CS exposure did not induce obvious inflammatory cell infiltration into the lungs, but it led to significant increases in the mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and decreases in IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Repeated CS exposure induced many features of COPD, such as marked accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils, augmented protease activities, lung structural alterations and increased airway resistance, accompanied by significant increases in the mRNA expression of IL-1β and MCP-1 and decreases in IL-2, IL-5, transforming growth factor-β, and eotaxin.In conclusion, in guinea pigs, inflammatory mediator changes in the lungs following cigarette smoke exposure are largely similar to those reported for smokers and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. This model will therefore be useful to further understand the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Mechanisms responsible for surfactant changes in sepsis-induced lung injury
Authors: Huang W. , McCaig L. A. , Veldhuizen R. A. W. , Yao L-J. , Lewis J. F. 
Published: November 2005

Pulmonary surfactant is altered in sepsis, and these changes contribute to the predisposition of septic lungs to subsequent insults, ultimately leading to acute lung injury. Specifically, the total amount of surfactant is lower in sepsis, mainly due to decreased small aggregate (SA) surfactant pools. The amount of large aggregate (LA) surfactant is not altered.To evaluate the mechanisms responsible for these alterations, trace doses of tritium-labelled dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (3H-DPPC)-labelled LA were instilled intratracheally into adult rats 20 hrs after caecal ligation and perforation (CLP) or sham surgery. Animals were sacrificed at 0, 1 and 4 h after instillation and recovery of3H-DPPC in alveolar macrophages (AM), LA and SA was measured. In separatein vitroexperiments, AM isolated from CLP/sham rats were incubated with LA or SA isolated from normal animals to evaluate the uptake of these aggregates into the AM.Results showed increased surfactant radioactivity associated with AM of CLP animals compared with sham animals bothin vivoandin vitro. In addition, more3H-DPPC label remained in LA forms in the CLP animalsin vivocompared with sham.These findings indicate that differences in surfactant aggregate uptake and large aggregate conversion occur in septic lungs, resulting in changes in surfactant pools.