bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slab fractures of the third carpal bone in Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds: 155 cases (1977–1984)
Authors: Stephens Paul R. , Richardson Dean W. , Spencer Pamela A. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Case records and radiographs of 155 horses with third carpal bone (C3) slab fractures were reviewed. Of these cases, race records were obtained for 72 Thoroughbreds and 61 Standardbreds. Three performance criteria were examined: ability to make 1 start, ability to make 10 starts or earn > $2,000 (within 1 year of first start after the fracture), and earnings per start. Treatment distribution (lag screw fixation, fragment excision, or rest) was similar in both breeds.
Significant differences between breeds were identified in age and sex distributions, fracture displacement, and postinjury performance. In Thoroughbreds, there was a tendency for fractures to occur in the right C3 (59%); in Standardbreds, forelimbs were affected equally. The dorsomedial aspect of C3 was the site of fracture in 87% (135/155) of the cases. Horses referred for treatment were predominantly 2-year-old Standardbreds and 3-year-old Thoroughbreds. Females of both breeds were less likely to race after injury than males (46 vs 90%). In Standardbreds, all 38 horses with racing starts before fracture were able to race again. Prior racing starts were not related to outcome in Thoroughbreds.
The effects of treatment on outcome were not significantly different. Fracture characteristics did not significantly affect outcome, but did influence treatment selection. Convalescent time was not correlated with any of the variables examined (including treatment) or related to outcome; time from admission to first start averaged 11 months. In Standardbreds, 77% of the horses with C3 slab fracture raced after injury; in Thoroughbreds, 65% raced. Earnings per start declined in each breed, but the decline was more pronounced in Thoroughbreds.
Evaluation of tiamulin for treatment of mycoplasmal pneumonia in swine
Authors: Ross R. F. , Cox D. F. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
During 3 trials, using affected pigs of various ages, tiamulin was evaluated for treatment of experimentally induced mycoplasmal pneumonia. Pneumonia was induced in respiratory tract disease-free swine by intratracheal inoculation of a lung homogenate containing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Eleven days after inoculation, when more than 20% of pigs were coughing, pigs were allotted to 3 or 4 groups (n = 8 pigs each) and were given regimens of no medication or 60 mg, 120 mg, or 180 mg of tiamulin/L of drinking water for 10 days. Twenty-one days after cessation of medication, pigs were euthanatized and then were necropsied. Results obtained from the 3 trials did not indicate significant difference among treatment groups in severity of macroscopic or microscopic lesions induced by M hyopneumoniae or in detection of M hyopneumoniae by use of immunofluorescent technique. Clinical evaluations, daily gain, and feed efficiency did not differ significantly among treatment groups. In this study, tiamulin administration did not have beneficial effects in swine with mycoplasmal pneumonia.
Distracted cervical spinal fusion for management of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy in large-breed dogs
Authors: Ellison Gary W. , Seim Howard B. , Clemmons R. M. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Using an autogenous bone graft (obtained from the iliac crest), 4-mm cancellous bone screws, and polymethylmethacrylate, a distracted cervical spinal fusion technique was performed on 10 dogs with myelographic evidence of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy. All dogs had evidence of dynamic soft tissue spinal cord compression, as indicated by flexion, extension, and traction myelographic views. Of the 10 dogs, 4 previously had undergone surgery by use of ventral slot or cervical disk fenestration techniques, and their neurologic status had deteriorated after the original surgery. Preoperative neurologic status of the 10 dogs included nonambulatory tetraparesis (n = 5), severe ataxia with conscious proprioceptive deficits (n = 2), and mild ambulatory ataxia with conscious proprioceptive deficits (n = 3). Five dogs had signs of various degrees of cervical pain. Clinical improvement was observed in 8 of 10 dogs—either improved neurologic status or elimination of cervical pain. Implant loosening developed in 3 dogs; 2 of them were euthanatized because of lack of neurologic improvement. Radiographic evidence of bony cervical fusion was observed during a 9- to 24-week period in 6 of the 8 surviving dogs. The distracted cervical fusion technique appears to be a valid surgical procedure to manage cervical spondylomyelopathy in those dogs in which the lesions are limited to one cervical intervertebral disk space.
Sources of Prototheca spp in a dairy herd environment
Authors: Anderson K. L. , Walker R. L. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A source of Prototheca spp causing mastitis in a herd of 263 milking cows in North Carolina was investigated. Of 38 samples from the dairy environment, 18 (47%) contained Prototheca spp. Isolation sites included cattle drinking water; a feed trough; mud, dirt, and excreted feces from a dirt lounging area; water, sludge, mud, and vegetation from a creek in the lounging area; and the floor of a freestall barn.
Samples were collected from 5 additional dairies, including one dairy with and 4 dairies without a history of protothecal mastitis. Prototheca spp were isolated from 48 (25%) of 190 samples from various sites on all 6 dairies. Isolates were P zopfii (45; 94%) and P wickerhamii (3; 6%). Isolation frequency ranged from 4 to 47% of samples/dairy. There was no apparent difference in the isolation frequency of Prototheca spp from samples from dairies with or without a history of protothecal mastitis. Sites characterized by wetness and the presence of organic matter most commonly yielded Prototheca spp. Because Prototheca spp appear to be common in the dairy environment, factors in addition to presence in the environment may be important in development of protothecal mastitis.
Blastomycosis in cats: Five cases (1979–1986)
Authors: Breider Mike A. , Walker Tommy L. , Legendre Alfred M. , VanEe Rene T. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Medical records of 5 cats with blastomycosis examined at the University of Tennessee Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1979 to 1986 were reviewed. Clinical signs of blastomycosis varies depending on the organ(s) affected, but respiratory tract disease was most common, followed by cns signs and ocular problems. A definitive diagnosis was made by identification of characteristic fungal organisms in biopsy or necropsy specimens. Two cats treated with amphotericin B did not respond to treatment and died or were euthanatized. The lungs, brain, eyes, and lymph nodes commonly were affected, but one cat had only cutaneous and regional lymph node involvement. The respiratory tract appeared to be a common primary site of infection, with dissemination to other organ systems. The typical host response was a pyogranulomatous cellular infiltrate with numerous fungal organisms evident.
Variable locations of nutrient foramina of the proximal phalanx in forelimbs of Standardbreds
Authors: Losonsky J. M. , Kneller S. K. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Bilateral metacarpophalangeal radiographs of 100 Standardbreds were examined for visualization and location of nutrient foramina of the proximal phalanx. Foramina were located in the dorsal or palmar cortex or were not visible radiographically. Of 100 horses, 45 had bilaterally symmetrical foramina. Left and right proximal phalangeal foramina were asymmetrical in the remaining 55 horses. Of 200 proximal phalangeal foramina (in 100 horses), 78 were in the dorsal cortex, 61 were in the palmar cortex, and 61 were not visible radiographically. A significant (P = 0.05) effect of age or sex could not be determined.
Effect of removal of lacrimal and third eyelid glands on Schirmer tear test results in cats
Authors: McLaughlin Susan A. , Brightman Alan H. , Helper Lloyd C. , Primm Nicholas D. , Brown Marcus G. , Greeley Shannon 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Schirmer tear tests I and II values for 10 healthy cats were 16.2 ±3.8 mm/min and 13.2 ±3.4 mm/min, respectively. Surgical removal of the lacrimal gland or the third eyelid gland from the left eye resulted in decreased Schirmer tear test-I values. Clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis sicca were not seen until the lacrimal and third eyelid glands were removed, at which time the Schirmer tear test-1 value was close to 0 mm/ min. Conjunctival glands (accessory lacrimal glands of Krause and Wolfring) appeared to contribute little to tear production in these cats.
Subtotal colectomy for treatment of chronic constipation associated with idiopathic megacolon in cats: 38 cases (1979-1985)
Authors: Rosin Eberhard , Walshaw Richard , Mehlhaff Cheryl , Matthiesen David , Orsher Robert , Kusba Jill 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Chronic constipation, nonresponsive to medical management and associated with idiopathic megacolon, was diagnosed in 38 cats from 1979 to 1985. All cats were treated by subtotal colectomy and enterocolostomy in which the ileum or distal portion of the jejunum was joined to a 2- to 4-cm segment of distal portion of the colon preserved to accommodate an end-to-end anastomosis. After surgery, cats usually were depressed and anorectic, had tenesmus, and passed liquid tarry feces. In 37 cats 1 week to 3 months after surgery, character of the feces changed from diarrhea to soft semiformed or formed feces. One cat had severe diarrhea that was nonresponsive to diet change and pharmacologic treatment; the diarrhea resolved after 4.5 months. One cat developed a stricture of the enterocolostomy, which was relieved by 3 balloon catheter dilatations. All cats regained normal appetite, did not lose weight, and were not incontinent. Three cats had sporadic episodes of constipation and were easily treated. Results of histologic examination of the resected portion of colon in 23 cats were inconclusive.
Neurologic, endocrinologic, and pathologic findings associated with large pituitary tumors in dogs: Eight cases (1976-1984)
Authors: Sarfaty Deborah , Carrillo Joseph M. , Peterson Mark E. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Invasive tumors of the pituitary gland were diagnosed in 8 dogs. Seven of the dogs had been treated for pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism before the onset of neurologic signs. All 8 dogs had behavior abnormalities and similar neurologic signs: 6 dogs had rotary nystagmus and 7 dogs had symmetric tetraparesis. Once neurologic signs developed, the clinical course in all 8 dogs had a mean duration of 4.7 ± 2.0 months before death or euthanasia; 5 dogs had a clinical course of ≤ 2 months. Necropsy was performed in 7 dogs. The histologic diagnosis was malignant pituitary adenocarcinoma in 2 dogs and pituitary adenoma in 5 dogs.
Kleingrass-associated hepatotoxicosis in horses
Authors: Cornick Janyce L. , Carter G. Kent , Bridges Charles H. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Chronic hepatic disease was diagnosed in 6 horses with history of anorexia and weight loss. These horses consistently had abnormally high serum γ-glutamyltransferase activities, total and direct bilirubin and blood ammonia values, and sulfobromophthalein clearance times, whereas serum iditol dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were variable. In the 6 horses, histologic examination of the liver revealed lesions of chronic hepatitis with varying degrees of fibrosis. All 6 horses had ingested kleingrass (Panicum coloratum) for variable periods. Three healthy horses fed kleingrass hay for 90 days developed hepatic lesions and increases in serum γ-glutamyltransjerase activities similar to those in the 6 horses with chronic hepatitis. Characteristic hepatic lesions in both groups of horses included bridging hepatic fibrosis, cholangitis, and hepatocellular regeneration.
Pancreatic abscess in dogs: Six cases (1978–1986)
Authors: Salisbury S. Kathleen , Lantz Gary C. , Nelson Richard W. , Kazacos Evelyn A. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Pancreatic abscess was diagnosed by exploratory celiotomy in 6 dogs. The most common clinical signs included acute onset of lethargy (n = 5), anorexia (n = 6), vomiting (n = 5), and diarrhea (n = 2). Physical examination revealed pain response to abdominal palpation (n = 5), depression (n = 5), icterus (n = 3), fever (n = 3), and cranial abdominal mass (n = 2). Consistent preoperative clinicopathologic abnormalities included leukocytosis with left shift, observance of toxic neutrophils on the blood smear, hyperlipasemia, hyperamylasemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity. In 5 of 6 dogs, abdominal radiography revealed increased soft tissue density in the cranial portion of the abdomen. Ultrasonography performed on 4 dogs confirmed pancreatic mass. In all dogs, exploratory celiotomy revealed a cavitary pancreatic mass that contained sterile, mucopurulent material. Histopathologic diagnoses included acute necrotizing or chronicactive pancreatitis and steatitis. Two dogs were euthanatized at the time of diagnosis, and the remaining 4 were treated by use of pancreatic debridement(s), open abdominal drainage, and intensive administration of fluids and antibiotics. One dog was euthanatized 4 days after surgery, because of progressive pancreatic abscessation. Three dogs recovered and were discharged.
Neonatal Neospora caninum infection in dogs: Isolation of the causative agent and experimental transmission
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Hattel A. L. , Lindsay D. S. , Topper M. J. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Neospora caninum infection was diagnosed in 5 young dogs from 2 litters with a common parentage. The pups were born healthy, but developed hind limb paresis 5 to 8 weeks after birth. The predominant lesions were polyradiculoneuritis and granulomatous polymyositis. Neospora caninum was seen microscopically in sections of naturally infected pups, and was isolated in cell cultures, mice, and dogs inoculated with infected canine tissues. Antibodies to N caninum were detected in sera of infected dogs by indirect fluorescent antibody test.
Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy in horses: 17 cases (1984–1985)
Authors: Harrison I. W. , Raker C. W. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Review of medical records of 78 horses admitted to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals with dorsal displacement of the soft palate revealed 94% of these horses to have evidence of an intermittent abnormal “gurgling” respiratory noise at the time of exercise. Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy was used as a primary treatment for 17 of these horses, with a success rate of 58%. Anatomic dissection of 30 horses indicated that the midcervical region is the optimal site for sternothyrohyoideus myectomy to alleviate dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
Diarrhea associated with sand in the gastrointestinal tract of horses
Authors: Bertone J. J. , Traub-Dargatz J. L. , Wrigley R. W. , Bennett D. G. , Williams R. J. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Four horses with diarrhea had radiographic evidence of large quantities of sand in the gastrointestinal tract. Initially, none of the horses had sufficient fecal sand quantity to suggest sand enteropathy. Diarrhea resolved in all horses within 2 days of oral administration oj psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid. Historically, all 4 horses had lost weight or had difficulty maintaining weight. After treatment was administered, the horses either gained weight or were easier to maintain in good condition.
Disseminated histoplasmosis in dogs: 12 cases (1981–1986)
Authors: Clinkenbeard Kenneth D. , Cowell Rick L. , Tyler Ronald D. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Diarrhea, intestinal blood loss, anemia, and lethargy were predominant clinical findings in 12 dogs with disseminated histoplasmosis. Young dogs were affected most commonly, with 6 dogs being 1 to 3 years old. A diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis was established on the basis of histologic or cytologic detection of Histoplasma organisms in intestinal or rectal mucosa in 7 dogs, in circulating leukocytes in 5 dogs, in bone marrow in 3 dogs, and in multiple tissues at necropsy in 1 dog (4 dogs had Histoplasma organisms detected in > 1 site). Anemia was detected in 10 dogs (pcv <20% in 3 dogs), and the anemia was inadequately regenerative or nonregenerative in 7. Hypoalbuminemia was detected in 9 dogs, and serum albumin concentrations were low (<1.0 g/dl) in 4 of the 9 dogs. Of 5 dogs treated with ketoconazole, 2 were in remission for ≥ 1 year. Corticosteroid therapy may have exacerbated the disease in 4 dogs. Histoplasma infection of multiple organs was detected in 5 necropsied dogs.
Verapamil administration for acute termination of supraventricular tachycardia in dogs
Authors: Kittleson Mark , Keene Bruce , Pion Paul , Woodfield Jerry 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Verapamil, a calcium channel-blocking drug, was administered iv at a dosage that ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 mg/kg of body weight to 14 dogs with supraventricular tachycardia. The dosage was titrated, administering 0.05 mg/kg every 5 to 30 minutes following the initial 0.05 mg/kg dose in all but 1 dog. The drug terminated the arrhythmia in 12 dogs and slowed the ventricular rate in 1 dog. One dog was unresponsive to verapamil administration and became transiently hypotensive after the administration of a total dose of 0.15 mg/kg over 5 to 6 minutes. Various arrhythmias occurred after verapamil administration, but none required additional treatment or caused serious sequelae. Verapamil was an effective treatment for acutely converting supraventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm in these dogs. It appears to be safe when administered in the aforementioned dosage range.
Radiographic signs of isolated splenic torsion in dogs: Eight cases (1980–1987)
Authors: Stickle R. L. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Abdominal radiographs of 8 dogs with confirmed isolated splenic torsions were evaluated retrospectively. Radiographic signs included suboptimal abdominal detail, displacement of other abdominal organs, loss of visualization of the body of the spleen in its normal position (in the left cranial portion of the abdomen) on the ventrodorsal radiographic view, identification of the spleen in an abnormal location or shape, splenomegaly, and splenic gas. When the spleen location and shape could be identified as abnormal (3 dogs), the spleen appeared folded into a C shape in the central portion of the abdomen on the lateral radiographic view.
Avocado (Persea americana) intoxication in caged birds
Authors: Hargis A. M. , Stauber E. , Casteel S. , Eitner D. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Avocados of 2 varieties were mashed and administered via feeding cannula to 8 canaries and 8 budgerigars. Two control budgerigars were given water via feeding cannula. Six budgerigars and 1 canary died within 24 to 47 hours after the first administration of avocado. Deaths were associated with administration of both varieties of avocado. Higher dose was associated with greater mortality. The 2 budgerigars given water were normal throughout the observation period. Results indicated that avocados are highly toxic to budgerigars and less toxic to canaries. Postmortem findings observed in some birds included subcutaneous edema in the pectoral area and hydropericardium.
Use of farrowing rate as a measure of fertility of boars
Authors: Clark L. Kirk , Schinckel Allan P. , Singleton Wayne L. , Einstein Mark E. , Teclaw Robert F. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
The first 100 single-boar services of 140 boars were analyzed to determine whether the farrowing rate resulting from initial services predicted the farrowing rate of subsequent services. The data were analyzed for the influence of parity, number of matings per estrus, season of service, and interaction of these variables on farrowing rate. Sow parity influenced farrowing rate. Sows with parity >8 and gilts had the lowest farrowing rates (P<0.01). Sows with parity 2 through 5 had the highest farrowing rates (P<0.01). One and 2 matings/estrus resulted in reduced farrowing rates (P<0.01), compared with farrowing rates of >2 matings/estrus. Farrowing rate for services during the summer was lower than that for other seasons of the year (P<0.01). Evidence of interaction among these variables was not found. Therefore, the result of each service recorded was adjusted to the mean farrowing rate of sows with parity 2 through 5, sows mated ≥3 times/service, and sows serviced in the spring. After these adjustments, the farrowing rates for the first 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 services were analyzed to determine associations with farrowing rates for subsequent services through 100 farrowings. These data also were analyzed to determine whether the associations were strengthened by removal of the first 10 services from the data. The best farrowing rate association indicated that for each 1% increase in farrowing rate subsequent to the first 50 services, the farrowing rate for the second 50 services increased 0.33% (P<0.01). The maximal R2 value in these regressions was only 11% and was a measure of the proportion of the variability of the later farrowing rates predicted by the variability of the initial farrowing rates. Thus, farrowing rate of initial services of boars (<50) cannot be used as a reliable estimate of farrowing rate for subsequent services through 100 farrowings and, therefore, cannot be used as a management tool for culling subfertile boars to improve herd reproductive performance.
Transrectal ultrasonography of the caudal portion of abdominal and pelvic cavities in horses
Authors: Schmidt Andrew R. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A 5-MHz transducer was used transrectally to image palpable structures in the caudal portion of abdominal and pelvic cavities of 12 horses. In 8 healthy horses, structures scanned transrectally included the left kidney, spleen, urinary bladder, urethra, accessory sex organs in the male, portions of the intestinal tract, caudal portion of the aorta, and iliac arteries, and, in small horses, the cranial mesenteric artery. The transrectal technique was used to evaluate these structures in 4 horses with clinical signs indicating intrapelvic or intra-abdominal disease. Seemingly, transrectal ultrasonography provided diagnostic information about structures accessible to transrectal palpation.
Open joint injuries in horses: 58 cases (1980–1986)
Authors: Gibson K. T. , McIlwraith C. W. , Turner A. S. , Stashak T. S. , Aanes W. A. , Trotter G. W. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A retrospective study was made of 58 horses with open joint injuries admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital. Twenty-five (43%) were admitted within 24 hours of injury, 15 (26%) were examined 2 to 7 days after injury, and 18 (31%) were evaluated a week or more after the initial injury. The joints of the lower portions of the limbs most commonly were affected, with injuries that varied from puncture wounds to severe lacerations with soft tissue deficits. Diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs and results of synovial fluid analysis and radiography. Radiography was found to be an important diagnostic tool, indicating joint involvement in 80% of horses on which it was done. Sixteen horses were euthanatized on the day of admission; of the horses treated, 53% that were examined within the first 24 hours developed septic arthritis, and the overall survival was 65%. Ninety-two percent of horses examined within 2 to 7 days of injury developed septic arthritis, with 38.5% surviving; all horses evaluated a week or more after joint injury had septic arthritis, and 50% survived. The prognosis for return to function was best in horses that were examined within the first 24 hours. Horses examined more than 24 hours after injury had a significantly (P<0.05) higher chance of developing septic arthritis, and thus, were significantly (P<0.0014) less likely to survive the injury.