bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Method for Reducing the Variation in Metabolism Tests, with Application to the Effects of Temperature, Sex and Weight on the Oxygen Consumption in Guinea‐pigs
Authors: LUNDHOLY LENNART 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The variations found in determining the basal metabolisms are so considerable both as between different individuals and in the same individual on different occasions that it often involves considerable labour to show statistically the effects of drugs or other factors on the metabolism.In order to diminish the labour involved in such attempts, the author indicates a procedure in which, after setting out from determination of the total metabolism of several animals taken together, a mean value for the individual animals is found by dividing the total metabolism by the number of animals. This will apparently reduce the variation. The advantages and drawbacks of this procedure are discussed.The effects of temperature, sex and weight on the oxygen consumption of guinea‐pigs were investigated in the way thus indicated. The oxygen consumption per sq. metre, as we found, increased by 9–15 % when the temperature fell from 32° C to 26° C, it being noted that the oxygen consumption of small animals increased relatively more than that of larger animals.If the body surface was estimated according to Vierordt's formula: body surface = K weight 2/3, the result indicated that males had a higher oxygen consumption per sq. metre than females; that at 26° C as well as at 32° the oxygen consumption per sq. metre diminished with increasing weight.If, however, the body surface was computed by experimentally found formulae, no difference between the relative oxygen consumption of males and females could be noted. Nor at 32° were there any statistically significant differences between the oxygen consumption/m2 of animals at different weights. At thermo‐neutrality, therefore, the oxygen consumption/m2 appears to be practically constant in guinea‐pigs weighing between 250 and 1,110 grams.
The Effect of Two Wave‐Lengths of Light upon the Same Retinal Element
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Well isolated elements picked out by the micro‐electrode technique from the dark adapted retina of the cat have been stimulated with one or two wave‐lengths of a spectrum and the discharge of spikes counted at ‘on’ and ‘off’.In many isolated elements the log intensity—spike frequency curves have been shown to run a different course for different wave‐lengths. When this is so two wave‐lengths can be shown to elicit different relative frequencies at ‘on’ and ‘off’ within a large range of variation in the energy ratio of the two wave‐lengths. The pure on‐elements and a considerable number of on/off‐elements do not have these properties; wave‐lengths equated for equal visual purple activation at one energy level then remain equated at all intensity levels.When two wave‐lengths, which can be differentiated by their relative spike frequencies at ‘on’ and ‘off’, are acting simultaneously on the same element it is generally found that either of the two is proponent and succeeds in maintaining its off/on‐ratio in the sum whilst the properties of the other one are suppressed.By making such comparisons in equal retinal visual purple units the contribution of visual purple stimulation can be kept constant for all wave‐lengths to be combined. By these means contributions from other types of receptors to the interaction patterns of two wave‐lengths can be distinguished.Several examples of interaction between the effects of two wave‐lengths upon the same element are given. They substantiate the conclusion that interaction can take place when one wavelength simultaneously stimulates two photochemical substances with ordinates overlapping the same spectral region.For the experiments support has been received from the Rocker‐feller Foundation and the Swedish Medical Research Council.
Regeneration of the Motor and Sensory Fibres in the Sciatic Nerve and the Suralis Nerve of the Cat
Authors: INBERG K. R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The regeneration of motor or sensory fibres after cutting and suturing the sciatic nerve was examined histologically. By previous denervation one kind of fibre was eliminated in each set of operation. By obsenving the behaviour of both classes of regenerated fibres towards a sensory branch (suralis) with a confirmed normal composition morphological signs of an orientation mechanism can be studied without the injurious effect of a more direct esperimentation technique.
The reappearance of the regenerated motor fibres in a normal group‐formation in the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve may be recognized at a comparable level.
A normal fibre number, a uniform growth and an electro‐physiologically confirmed conductivity in the suralis nerve was obtained only when sensory fibres were available in the sciatic nerve. In two cats with a previous sensory denervation of the sciatic neive only a very limited number of small fibres in the suralis was in a late stage found. In an experiment with a shorter duration the number of fibres was somewhat larger. Consequently there must be an absorption of fibres which have grown into an unsuitable branch.
There were no signs of an attractive effect combined with fibre degeneration dich was not followed by a regeneration of the same class of fibres.
An abnormal growth of a number of what were probably motor fibres into the suralis was connected with the cutting and suturing of the sciatic nerve with a previous sensory denervation a few millimeters above the branching point of the suralis. It is probable that fibres which have made unsuitable connections are not always absorbed. Therefore also the idea of a central reorganization may prove valid.
Inactivation of Thrombin by the Blood of Different Mammnls
Authors: UDVARDY MIKLÓS D. F. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Esperiments carried out with low thrombin concentrations show that sera of different species under similar conditions inactivate different quantities of thrombin.
The course of the thrombin inactivation by sera of 12 mammalian species, during the initial phase, is calculnted.
Sera of horse, cattle, rabbit, sheep and goat absorb thrombin, and the fermentative inactivation has A constant velocity during the initial phase. Another group of sera (rat, mice, dog, guinea‐pig, pig, hedpehog) shows no absorption, the inactivation is more rapid. and the reaction velocity is not constant.
“Adrenergic Blocking” Substances (Quaternary Derivatives of N,N‐Dibenzyl‐β‐Chloroethylamine)
Authors: NYMAN EBBE , FLANTIN LARS‐OLOF 
Published: December 2008

Summary.An account is given of the preparation of some quaternary‐derivatives of the Dibenamine series, one of which is stated to have a very high activity, which will be discussed in detail in a following paper.
The Effect of Transection of the Hypophysial Stalk on the Mammary Glands of Lactating Babbits
Authors: JACOBSOHN DORA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of transection of the hypophysial stalk on lactation is investigated in rabbits.Morphologically intact lactating mammary glands are found until 20 days after transection of the hypophysial stalk. Mammary glands studied 24 to 33 days after transection of the hyp. stalk presented persistent lactating acini but a reduction of the parenchyma.In spite of the presence of morphologically intact mammary glands lactation is interfered with. The sucklings do not receive the material necessary for maintaining their lives.The expenses of this investigation were defrayed in part by a grant from Medicinska Fakulteten, Lund. The author extends thanks to Miss Gunhild Hansson and Miss Inga Lundberg for skilful technical assistance in support of this work.
On the Regeneration of Serum Polysaccharide and Serum Proteins in Normal and Intoxicated Rabbits
Authors: WERNER IVAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The changes in the serum proteins and the serum polysaccharide after blood and plasma losses have been studied in normal and poisoned rabbits.In normal rabbits there is a relative as well as an absolute increase of the α‐ and β‐globulins and a decrease of the albumin and γ‐globulin after bleeding. The absolute increase of the β‐globulin is largest.After bleedings, single or repeated for long periods, there is an increase of the glucosamine content of serum. This increase does not parallel any of the main fractions of the serum proteins. The analysis figures indicate that there is a subfraction more rich in carbohydrate than the α2‐globulin. This subfraction will increase more rapidly the first few days of bleeding than the other components of the α‐ and β‐globulins.In animals given phosphorus or benzene perorally there is also an increase of the α‐ and β‐globulins after bleeding. Here the increase in α‐globulin is largest.In these animals there is no increase of the glucosamine content.Severely poisoned animals may produce highly abnormal electrophoretic patterns.Poisons of the bone marrow such as lead and benzene given parenterally do not considerably affect the regeneration picture of the serum proteins. There is also a normal rise in the glucosamine content after bleeding in bone marrow poisoned animals.The poisoning experiments indicate that the liver is the site of formation of the serum polysaccharide.The probable physiological rôle of the bound carbohydrate of the serum proteins is discussed.
Cytological and Fractionation Studies on the Cytoplasmic Constituents of Tissue Mast Cells.
Authors: JULÉN CHRISTINA , SNELLMAN OLLE , SYLVEN BENGT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Cytological investigations and data obtained by differential centrifugation of suspensions of ox liver capsule mast cells provide the following conclusions as to the nature and topography of the cytoplasmic constituents of tissue mast cells:The large mast granules are heavy elements, easily sedimentable at low‐speed centrifugation. They are not particularly water soluble. Nothing is so far known about their composition. In contradiction to previous claims the statement seems justified that these granules do not contain heparin. Their pronounced basophilia suggests that some acid material is present, and in addition they are probably rich in protein, lipids, and enzymes.The easily water soluble metachromatic and oxyphilic anticoagulant is located in the intergranular cytoplasm of tissue mast cells, and is provisionally regarded as a microsome structure. This material is made up of minute particles with a diameter below 10 mμ, which have a strong tendency to form aggregates. The native anticoagulant constitutes a heparin‐protein complex with a molecular weight of about 100,000. Other chemical data on this newly isolated native substance are briefly discussed.Previous conceptions regarding the variable metachromatic staining reactions of the large mast granules are explained by the observation that microsome material is adhering to the surface of the granules under question. A reconstruction of the submicro‐scopic structure of mast cytoplasm is presented.
The Metabolism of Uterine Muscle Studied with Radioactive Phostphorus P32.
Authors: WALAAS OTTO , WALAAS EVA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The incorporation of radioactive p32 into uterine and skeletal muscle has been studied on castrated rats without and with injection of estradiolbenzoate.
The specific activity of inorganic phosphate was significantly higher in uterine than in skeletal muscle both in castrated and in estradiolbenzoate injected rats.
Injection of estrogenic hormone increased the incorporation of Pas in the acid soluble fraction of uterine muscle (marginal statistical significance). No effects on the inorganic phosphate or acid insoluble fraction were found.
Estradiolbenzoate had no effect on the phosphate turnover in skeletal muscle or in blood.
The results indicate an increased metabolic rate in uterine muscle after estrogenic injection.
The Autogenetic Inhibition During Strech and Contraction of the Muscle.
Authors: HAGBARTH K. E. , NAESS K. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The inhibitory effect of simultaneous stretch and contraction has been investigated by means of the monosynaptic reflex. In some supplementary experiments the effect of the stretch and the contraction has been examined separately.

The rehactoriness of the motoneurons, as set up by a discharge, may play a considerable rô1e in producing “the silent period” seen during stretch reflexes, and together with the autogenetic inhibition must be taken into consideration in explaining the effects obtained by stretch and contraction.
The inhibitory effect due to stimulation of the small motor fibres (gamma efferents) has been studied and the results discussed with reference to the cross‐excitation of the afferent fibres and refractoriness.
Combination of stretch and contraction produces a very rapidly developing inhibition, even if the two processes separately only give facilitation.
Rebound is seen after strong and rapidly developing inhibition. It is greater the greater the preceding inhibition.
Cyclic activity of motoneurons responding to stretch has been found in the absence of efferent connexions, and has been associated with clonus.
On the Behavior of Electrolytes in Gastric Juice Indued by Histamine.
Authors: LINDE S. , OBRINK K. J. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Acidity, chloride, sodium and potassium were determined in gastric juice obtained a t constant rates. The relation of the concentrations of H+, Cl‐ and Na+ to the secretion rate was found to be in accordance with the diffusion theory of TEORELL. The relation between the concentration of potassium and various secretion rates was, however, practically uninfluenced. The total amount of K+ was directly proportional to the volume secreted. This was considered to suggest that potassium appears in the gastric juice as a result of the HCI secretory process. This did not contradict a diffusibility of K+ through the gastric mucosa.
The Effect of the Centrifugal Force upon the Nerve Discharge from the Horizontal Canal.
Authors: GERNANDT BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of the centrifugal force during rotation on the position of the cupula was recorded by needle electrodes in the vestiular nerve.The experiments were performed on decerebrate cats which were rotated with the head removed from the axis of rotation 40 and 10 cm., respectively. The rotational effect on the labyrinth was measured by recording the impulse activity from single cells in the vestibular nerve. When the cat was placed with its head farthest from the axis of rotation, the centrifugal force acted on the cupula which also was acted on indirectly by the flow, due to inertia, of endolymph. Depending on the rotational direction, the centrifugal force and inertia either supplemented or counteracted each other. With the shorter distance between the labyrinth and the axis of rotation (10 cm.), this effect of centrifugal force was of much less significance.The results have been discussed and related to the labyrinthine overstimulations that may occur in modern aviation.This work has been supported by a grant from “ADOLF ROBBERTS fond”.
Studies on the Mechanism of the Action of Alloxan
Authors: BRUNFELDT K. , IVERSEN M. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Following the administration of alloxan to untreated and to insulin‐treated, alloxan‐diabetic animals, only slight fluctuations of the blood sugar curve are observed as compared to those seen after administration of alloxan to the intact animals. In perfusion of cat's liver, only a faint influence of alloxan on the glycogenolysis is observed; on the other hand, a massive injury of the liver tissue is seen. The results confirm the supposition of the presence of intact beta cells as a necessary condition for the occurrence of the typical phases of the blood sugar curve after the administration of alloxan.
Pyruvate and Lactate Content of the Blood During and After Muscular Work
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Determinations of the pyruvate and lactate content of capillary blood during the steady state of heavy muscular work showed, that both substances are found in increasing amounts with increasing severity of work. At cessation of work the lactate concentration immediately began to decrease, whereas the pyruvate concentration showed a further increase with its maximum 3–5 minutes after cessation of work, before it began to decline.The ratio lactate pyruvate consequently has different values during pyruvate work and at different times after work.It is assumed that the increased amount of pyruvate found in the blood during and after work is formed by the oxidative elimination of the lactic acid,We are greatly indebted to dr JENS HALD of the Biological Laboratories of Medicinalco Ltd. who kindly provided us with hard to get chemicals and valuable advice.
Changes in the Ascorbic Acid Content of the Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy in the Rabbit after Gonadotrophs Stimulation1
Authors: HOKFELT BERNT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A study is made of the changes in the ascorbic acid content of the corpus luteum of pregnancy in the rabbit (12th day of pregnancy) at varying times (45 minutes to 48 hours) after the intravenous administration of 450 I. U. of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophn (PMS).Gonadotrophic stimulation gives rise to changes in the weight of the corpus luteum (+ 39 per cent after 12 hours, – 18 per cent after 48 hours). This fact must be taken into consideration in the calculations of the ascorbic acid content.Gonadotrophic stimulation causes a rapid, relatively considerable fall in the ascorbic acid content, i. e. 10 per cent after 45 minutes, 22 per cent after 11 /2 hours and 25 per cent after 3 hours. This is followed by a considerable increase, with a maximum 24 hours after stimulation.Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin is considered to affect the corpus luteum either directly or indirectly.
Observations into the Diuresis of Rats after Period Ingestion of Massive Doses of Water1
Authors: MØLLER‐CHRISTENSEN E. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

By repeated administrations of large doses of water it is possible to increase the resistance of rats to water intoxication.
Seven tests showed that the animals had acquired a capacity for increasing their diuresis.
Two tests showed an ability to reduce the excretion of NaCl in the urine.
The role of the adrenocortical hormones in protecting against water intoxication is discussed.
Do Adrenergic Vasodilator Nerves Exist?
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Cholinergic sympathetic vasodilator fibres supply the muscles of the hindlimbs of the cat.The chemical transmission at sympathetic vasodilator nerve endings is discussed. The suggestion is made that the chemical transmission is exclusively cholinergic. The existence of adrenergic vasodilator fibres is seriously questioned. No support was found for the view that histaminergic vasodilator fibres occur in the sympathetic outflow of the cat.This study was supported by a grant to one of the authors (B. U.) from the Swedish Medical Research Council. The authors are indebted to Sandoz A. G., Basel for a generous supply of di‐hydroergotamine.
The Ratio β‐Hydroxybutyric Acid/Acetoacetic Acid In the Blood under Various Experimental Conditions
Authors: GAMMELTOFT ALLAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The two components in the reversible reduction‐oxidation system, β‐hydroxybutyric acid/acetoacetic acid and their proportionate changes in the blood under experimental conditions have been examined:1: in fasting humans after ingestion of glucose and during exercise.2: in perfused liver‐ and muscle‐tissue of the cat.The pronounced variations in the reduction‐oxidation ratio of the ketone bodies in humans in these experiments might be explained by interaction between the β‐hydroxybutyric acid/acetoacetic acid system and the lactic acid/pyruvic acid system.In perfusion of liver‐ and muscle‐tissue reproducible changes take place in the reduction‐oxidation system of the ketone bodies, progressing with the duration of the perfusion. Attempts to influence on these changes by adding other reduction‐oxidation systems to the system of ketone bodies gave no indication of a reaction between the different systems.Unknown factors are still to be considered in the interpretation of in vitro experiments to the metabolism of the living cell.
Acetylcholine and Respiration
Authors: LILJESTRAND G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In the non‐atropinized cat small doses of acetylcholine stimulate respiration practically only by lowering the blood pressure, thereby causing local oxygen want within the carotid and aortic bodies. With somewhat larger doses (0.2 mg) there is also a direct stimulation of the chemoreceptors as well as an inhibition of the centre and a restriction of the amplitude of the single respirations.After atropinization large amounts of acetylcholine which increase the blood pressure call forth a number of alterations in respiration. At first there is a short respiratory standstill, due to flushing of the centre by the drug. A short phase of increased breathing, caused by stimulation of the chemoreceptors, then sets in. It is followed by an apnoea, which is analogous to adrenaline apnoea, i. e. is mainly the result of decreased activity of the chemoreceptors in consequence of the better blood flow; the preceding period of increased respiration prolongs the apnoea and sometimes leads to Cheyne‐Stokes respiration. When the blood pressure has again reached its normal level, a small increase of ventilation may be noted, in the main due to stimulation of the chemoreceptors.Local application of eserine on the carotid bodies increases the respiratory response to oxygen deficiency and carbon dioxide accumulation. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the chemoreceptors to these stimuli as well as to lobeline is diminished or abolished by local treatment with atropine, whereas clamping of the carotids induces the typical rise in blood pressure. These results are interpreted as evidence that acetylcholine is the chemical mediator within the carotid body.