bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The measurement of alcohol‐related accidents
Authors: HARFORD THOMAS C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines some of the major ethical and research issues associated with the measurement and recording of alcohol‐related problems. Because self‐reports of the history of the amount of alcohol ingested are sometimes unreliable, the assessment of the role of alcohol in casualties often relies on a variety of methods which are both diverse and interrelated. The unique measurement problems posed by the diversity of alcohol measures are reviewed and issues in selection and recording bias of alcohol's involvement in injury are discussed. A number of fundamental ethical and moral issues related to measurement are identified.
Effects of mass media communications on health and safety habits: an overview of issues and evidence
Authors: WILDE GERALD J. S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA review is presented of factors that have been investigated on their relevance in mass media communications that are specifically designed to alter health and safety related behaviours of the recipients. While alcohol consumption is a major concern in this paper, the evidence regarding the effective use of mass communications for the modification of other health and safety habits has also been incorporated. Specific topics include the choice of yardstick of effect, study methodology and the strength of conclusion this permits, as well as the dependency of the effect of mass communication upon its four constituent components: the source, the content of the message, the channel of communication, and the characteristics of the recipients. Reference is made to the effect of educational journalism related to the prevention of health problems and to efforts to increase the educational value of traffic accident reports in daily newspapers through the inclusion of information that is potentially helpful to accident avoidance.
Punishment as a factor in preventing alcohol‐related accidents
Authors: ROSS H. LAURENCE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAs a humanitarian and economic ‘bad’, infliction of punishment requires justification in terms of compensating achievements, as well as moral appropriateness. In the context of road accidents, there is evidence that increasing the certainty and swiftness of threatened punishment may deter risky behavior, although increasing the severity of the threat seems ineffective. These effects may be generalizable to other kinds of accidents, but empirical evidence is lacking. A further possibility for the justifiable use of punishment is in its application to negligent service of alcohol.
Prevention of alcohol‐related accidents in the community
Authors: HOLDER HAROLD D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper establishes a conceptual and operational basis for development of community prevention programs to reduce alcohol‐related accidents. A public health perspective of accidents is proposed as the philosophical basis for local prevention interventions in which accidents are viewed as system problems (system outputs, if you will) not simply problems caused by a few alcohol‐dependent individuals. Since there are no examples of controlled community prevention research projects (trials) which have demonstrated a reduction in community‐level alcohol‐related accidents, such controlled [rials are needed in the future. An example of one being developed by the Invention Research Center, Berkeley, CA is provided. Without such controlled trials, prevention research will be unable to demonstrate that such accidents can actually be reduced. This paper explores the applications of a public health perspective to the prevention of alcohol‐involved accidents at the community level including a conceptual model of alcohol‐involved trauma and suggested design, alternative local interventions, possible outcome measures, and phases for community prevention of alcohol‐related accidents.
Vietnam veterans' rapid recovery from heroin addiction: a fluke or normal expectation?
Authors: ROBINS LEE N. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBetween 1972 and 1974, the outcomes of army enlisted men who had served in Vietnam during 1970–71 were evaluated and compared with that of a matched group. This paper reports the major findings of that study with respect to frequency of narcotic addiction in and after Vietnam, and the major risk factors for Vietnam addiction and later relapse. Extraordinary access to records facilitated drawing the sample, locating it, and verifying interview responses. The surprisingly low levels of readdiction and the rarity of addiction to narcotics alone as compared with poly‐substance dependence are findings still not entirely incorporated into public and scientific views of heroin addiction. Some defenses against that incorporation are examined.
Evaluation of syringe‐exchange for HIV prevention among injecting drug users in rural and urban areas of Wales
Authors: KEENE JAN , STIMSON GERRY V. , JONES STEVE , PARRY‐LANGDON NINA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper considers the prevention of HIV in rural and urban areas among both opiate and non‐opiate drug injectors. A 2‐year study evaluated specialist and community based syringe‐exchange provision in Wales. Numbers of clients and patterns of attendance at eight syringe‐exchange schemes were monitored together with comparative cross‐sectional studies of attenders (n = 152) and non‐attenders (n = 176) from the population of drug injectors in 1990 and 1991. A total of 1171 clients made 7553 visits in the 2‐year period, 110000 syringes were issued and 80% of needles and syringes were returned. There were feat demographic differences between attenders and non‐attenders, but large and significant differences in HIV risk behaviour; only 9% of attenders had recently shared syringes in 1990 (10% in 1991) compared to 41% of non‐attenders (39% in 1991). The catchment areas of specialised services were limited (5 miles or less) and insufficient in rural areas. Alternative community approaches to syringe distribution and exchange are examined.
Factor analysis of ICD‐10 symptom items in the 1988 National Health Interview Survey on Alcohol Dependence
Authors: MUTHÉN BENGT O. , HASIN DEBORAH , WISNICKI KATHLEEN S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe present paper analyzes data from the 1988 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS88) of US adults. This general population survey is important in that it is the largest survey to date that collects detailed information on alcohol consumption and alcohol problems. The NHIS88 is a multi‐stage complex sample household study with a sample size of about 44 000 adults of which about 20 000 reported that they were current drinkers. Symptom items were used for classification of individuals into categories of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence based on the DSM‐III‐R, DSM‐IV, and ICD‐10 classification. The present analyses are based on 20 items corresponding to the ICD‐10 classification, the elements of which are closely related to the Edwards–Gross alcohol dependence syndrome concepts. A single dimension corresponding to alcohol problems in general accounted for much of the correlations among these items, but additional dimensions of interest were also identified. Of the ICD‐10 elements only Impaired Control, Tolerance, and Withdrawal could be identified as separate dimensions.
The dimensionality of alcohol abuse and dependence: factor analysis of DSM‐III‐R and proposed DSM‐IV criteria in the 1988 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: MUTHÉN BENGT O. , GRANT BRIDGET , HASIN DEBORAH 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDecisions on the final version of the DSM‐IV alcohol abuse and dependence criteria will be determined largely by the APA's substance abuse field trials, conducted primarily in treated, clinical samples. Among the major objectives of the field trials are to study the boundaries between abuse and dependence, and to identify specific criteria that define the abuse category. The decisions on revisions of the abuse and dependence criteria in DSM‐IV should, however, be informed by data from non‐treated or general population samples as well. The present study addresses the field trial objectives using recent data from a large general population survey, the 1988 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS88). The paper reports on factor analyses to assess the dimensions underlying the DSM‐III‐R and DSM‐IV dependence and abuse criteria as operationalized in the NHIS88. The focus of the analyses is on whether models with more than one dimension are needed and if so, the correspondence of the dimensions to criteria sets defined in the DSM‐III‐R and DSM‐IV. The analyses show that a two‐dimensional model is required. The dimensions are interpreted as abuse and dependence, but the sets of criteria that define each of the dimensions show important deviations from the criteria sets used in the DSM definitions.
Shop steward handling of alcohol‐related problems
Authors: DELANEY WILLIAM P. , AMES GENEVIEVE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing direct observations and extensive field interviewing over a 4‐year period, this paper examines practices and beliefs of shop stewards in their effects on drinking patterns and consequences. It also includes response frequencies from a random sample survey questionnaire (n = 984) that are consistent with the qualitative analysis of steward behavior. Several themes are extracted which position steward handling of alcohol‐related cases as intervening between disciplinary measures of supervisors and consequences of work‐related drinking of union employees.
Interaction of public policy advocacy and research in the passage of New Zealand's Smoke‐free Environments Act 1990
Authors: CARR‐GREGG MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the public policy campaign that led up to the passage of New Zealand's Smoke‐free Environments Act 1990, arguably the toughest tobacco control legislation in the world, focusing on the critical interaction between advocacy and research. The paper argues that had it not been for the Toxic Substances Board Report and the publicity it received, it is doubtful that the Smoke‐free Environments Act would have been enacted. The tobacco industry catch cry that ad bans don't work, largely fell on deaf ears because of the Toxic Substances Board Report's findings, and the public health advocate's ability to refer to an authoritative Department of Health document.
The risk of alcohol
Authors: ANDERSON PETER , CREMONA ANNE , PATON ALEX , TURNER CHARLOTTE , WALLACE PAUL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe have reviewed 156 papers which provided sufficient information to relate individual alcohol consumption to risk for a variety of physical damage. Overall, there was evidence for a dose‐response relationship between level of alcohol consumption and risk of harm for liver cirrhosis, cancers of the oropharynx, larynx, oesophagus, rectum (beer only), liver and breast, and blood pressure and stroke. An increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy and sudden coronary death was associated with heavy drinking. There was evidence for a protective effect of alcohol consumption against risk of coronary heart disease, which could be achieved at consumption levels of less than 10 g alcohol a day. The mortality of non‐drinkers was higher than that of moderate drinkers in some studies. Level of alcohol consumption and total mortality were dose‐related when non‐drinkers were excluded. The finding of a dose‐relationship between alcohol and harm suggested causality. It was not possible to define individual risk for all harms at a given level of alcohol consumption because of variations in methodology, but some idea of the order of magnitude of the increased risk can be obtained from calculating trends of pooled log‐odds ratios. At levels of alcohol consumption of more than 20–30 g a day, all individuals are likely to accumulate risk of harm. Current guidelines on upper limits of lower risk drinking in different countries (168–280 g of alcohol a week for men and 84–140 g a week for women) reflect levels at which the risk of total mortality is not greatly increased above one.
Research in general practice for smokers and excessive drinkers in Australia and the UK. III. Dissemination of interventions
Authors: RICHMOND ROBYN L. , ANDERSON PETER 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article reviews the main methods of dissemination of interventions to doctors for the benefit of patients who are smokers and excessive drinkers. Firstly, the modes of delivery of interventions are discussed suck as: postal delivery, face‐to‐face strategies such as an educational facilitator, courier, training workshops, reinforcement contact after training, and teaching in medical school. Secondly, vie examine GPs' delivery of interventions working in association with others such as with: the health visitor, health facilitator, practice nurse, and specialist clinic. Thirdly, we discuss the debate about the public health impact of GP interventions for smokers, which is about rates of recruitment of patients to programs and about the most effective interventions that will continue to be used by GPs. Fourthly, doctors underutilize their opportunities to identify and intervene with smokers and excessive drinkers and we explore many of the barriers to intervention. Finally, there are several new initiatives in general practice that require research including: matching GPs to specific treatments, comparing the uptake and continued use of different levels of interventions, evaluating the most effective ways of delivering interventions to GPs, and the training of doctors in the intervention methods.
Mediators and moderators of young adults'drinking
Authors: FROMME KIM , RUELA ANTHONY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDirect effects of modeling and indirect effects of social perception processes have been implicated in the acquisition and maintenance of alcohol use. Parental and peer drinking behavior (assessed from self‐reports), and student perceptions about parent and peer drinking (assessed from student estimates of their parents' and friends' alcohol use) were examined through surveys of college students, their parents, and a same‐sex best friend. Results showed that students' perceptions about their parents' drinking and parents' self‐reported quantity of alcohol consumed mere significant correlates of students' own drinking. Perceptions about their friends' alcohol use were found to mediate the strong correlation between student and friend drinking. Perceived similarity to parents, but not perceived similarity to their friend, moderated the relation between students' alcohol use and their perceptions about the alcohol use of significant others. When parents were asked to estimate the alcohol use of their sons, daughters, and the average college student, they consistently estimated lower consumption for their offspring than for the average student.
HIV risk‐taking behaviour among amphetamine users in Sydney, Australia
Authors: HANDO JULIE , HALL WAYNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA survey was undertaken of needle‐sharing and sexually risky behaviour among 231 Australian amphetamine users, half of whom usually injected amphetamine. The prevalence of risky needle use and sexual behaviour was similar to that observed in recent Australian surveys of opioid injectors. About a third of those who had ever injected had shared needles, and the variables that best predicted frequency of sharing needles were having an injecting drug user as a partner, having experienced symptoms of dependence on amphetamines, and having sought medical treatment for an amphetamine related problem. Regular condom use with either regular or casual partners toas low; only the minority employed in the sex industry regularly used condoms. Sexual risk‐taking was not related to needle‐sharing or amphetamine use. Although Australian amphetamine and opioid users have reduced their risks of transmitting HIV, there remains a substantial minority of both types of drug injector who continue to place themselves and others at risk by sharing needles and engaging in unsafe sexual behaviour.
Substance use, risky behaviors, and victimization among a US national adolescent sample
Authors: WINDLE MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractData from the National Adolescent Student Health Survey were used to study the interrelations among substance use, risky (dangerous) behaviors, and victimization among 8th and 10th graders. Pearson correlations indicated significant associations between substance use and both higher levels of risky behaviors (e.g., hitchhiking, going on a blind date) and victimization among adolescents. Regression analyses indicated the potency of risky behaviors as a predictor of victimization for male adolescents, and a significant risky behavior by illicit drug use interaction for female adolescents. Results are discussed with regard to potential short‐ and long‐term health consequences of risky behaviors and violent victimization for psychological development in adolescence and adulthood.
Genetic and social influences on starting to smoke: a study of Dutch adolescent twins and their parents
Authors: BOOMSMA DORRET I. , KOOPMANS JUDITH R. , VAN DOORNEN LORENZ J. P. , ORLEBEKE JACOB F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn a study of 1600 Dutch adolescent twin pairs we found that 59% of the inter‐individual variation in smoking behaviour could be attributed to shared environmental influences and 31% to genetic factors. The magnitude of the genetic and environmental effects did not differ between boys and girls. However, environmental effects shared by male twins and environmental effects shared by female twins were imperfectly correlated in twins from opposite‐sex pairs, indicating that different environmental factors influence smoking in adolescent boys and girls. In the parents of these twins, the correlation between husband and wife for‘currently smoking’(r = 0.43) was larger than for‘ever smoked’(r = 0.18). There was no evidence that smoking of parents (at present or in the past) encouraged smoking in their offspring. Resemblance between parents and offspring was significant but rather low and could be accounted for completely by their genetic relatedness. Moreover, the association between‘currently smoking’in the parents and smoking behaviour in their children was not larger than the association between‘ever smoking’in parents and smoking in their children.
Alcohol involvement in fatal traffic crashes in the United States: 1979–90
Authors: ZOBECK TERRY S. , GRANT BRIDGET F. , STINSON FREDERICK S. , BERTOLUCCI DARRYL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTrends in alcohol‐related traffic crash fatalities for the United States were examined with data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System for the years 1979–90. Alcohol‐related traffic crash fatalities have decreased 10% over the 12 years studied, from 20245m 1979 to 18 279 in 1990. Fatality rates per 100 million vehicle miles traveled, and per 100 000 population, registered vehicles and licensed drivers have decreased even more sharply. Rates of blood alcohol testing of fatally injured drivers rose substantially among the States, with the nationwide rate increasing from 44% in 1979 to 75% in 1990. Factors that may be affecting these trends are discussed.
Transitions in patterns of heroin administration: a study of heroin chasers and heroin injectors
Authors: GRIFFITHS PAUL , GOSSOP MICHAEL , POWIS BEVERLY , STRANG JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA community sample of 408 heroin users was interviewed about changes in their predominant route of heroin administration. Clear preferences for specific routes of drug administration were evident. Two predominant routes of administration were found: injection (54%) and‘chasing the dragon’(44%). More than a third of the sample had changed their predominant route of administration (a‘transition’). Most commonly, only one transition was reported, from chasing to injecting. However, transition to injection was not inevitable: the majority of‘chasers’had never moved to regular injecting despite often using at high doses for many years. Modelling suggests that many chasers give up heroin without moving to injecting. The results indicate, however, a continuing risk of switching from chasing to injecting for those who continued to use. Women were less likely to move from chasing to injecting. Some heroin users had made the transition from injection to chasing; 28 (16%) of the. current chasers had previously been regular heroin injectors. This change in route is less well‐known and to our knowledge has not been previously investigated. Multiple transitions in route mere uncommon; predominant route of administration, once established appears robust. Harm reduction interventions directed towards changing the risk behaviours of heroin users should take account of the different routes of current administration and the potential for future transitions within continued drug use.
The effects of order of questions on reported alcohol consumption
Authors: HARFORD THOMAS C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis research note draws upon the US National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience among youths aged 17–24 to report the effects of variation in the ordering of alcohol questions upon the prevalence of heavier drinking. A secondary analysis of the NLS indicated a substantial decrease in the prevalence of heavier drinking between 1984 and 1985 which is attributed to the order of presentation of two differently styled questions regarding heavier drinking.
Comparison of six alcohol consumption measures from survey data
Authors: WYLLIE ALLAN , ZHANG JIA‐FANG , CASSWELL SALLY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractData were collected from a national sample of 1680 New Zealanders that allowed comparison of six different alcohol consumption measures. A measure based on reports of typical frequency and the amount typically consumed in 15 specified drinking locations produced the highest estimate of consumption. This measure and three others showed a particularly high degree of correlation, these being: a measure based on typical frequency and typical occasion amount; a variation of the Finnish period estimate; and a New Zealand variation of the period estimate that incorporated a typical frequency measure. The four measures just described, together with a last 7 days measure, showed generally consistent results when data were examined at the level of the total population and age, gender and socio‐economic sub‐groups. A measure based on the last two drinking occasions showed the hast consistency with the other measures. The high degree of consistency found in the present study is similar to that found in a previous Finnish study and gives confidence that different ways of obtaining information about alcohol consumption, including relatively quick methods, can lead to similar conclusions about the comparative drinking of population sub‐groups.