bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing of Photoperiodic Flowering: Light Perception and Circadian Clock
Authors: Zhou Yun , Sun Xiao‐Dong , Ni Min 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFlowering symbolizes the transition of a plant from vegetative phase to reproductive phase and is controlled by fairly complex and highly coordinated regulatory pathways. Over the last decade, genetic studies in Arabidopsis have aided the discovery of many signaling components involved in these pathways. In this review, we discuss how the timing of flowering is regulated by photoperiod and the involvement of light perception and the circadian clock in this process. The specific regulatory mechanisms on CONSTANS expression and CONSTANS stability by the circadian clock and photoreceptors are described in detail. In addition, the roles of CONSTANS, FLOWERING LOCUS T, and several other light signaling and circadian‐dependent components in photoperiodic flowering are also highlighted.
Recent Advances in Cloning and Characterization of Disease Resistance Genes in Rice
Authors: Dai Liang‐Ying , Liu Xiong‐Lun , Xiao Ying‐Hui , Wang Guo‐Liang 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRice diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses are one of the major constraints for sustainable rice (Oryza sativa L.) production worldwide. The use of resistant cultivars is considered the most economical and effective method to control rice diseases. In the last decade, a dozen resistance genes against the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea and the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae have been cloned. Approximately half of them encode nuclear binding site (NBS) and leucine rich repeat (LRR)‐containing proteins, the most common type of cloned plant resistance genes. Interestingly, four of them encode novel proteins which have not been identified in other plant species, suggesting that unique mechanisms might be involved in rice defense responses. This review summarizes the recent advances in cloning and characterization of disease resistance genes in rice and presents future perspectives for in‐depth molecular analysis of the function and evolution of rice resistance genes and their interaction with avirulence genes in pathogens.
Targeting Proteins for Degradation by Arabidopsis COP1: Teamwork Is What Matters
Authors: Lin Rongcheng , Wang Haiyang 
Published: January 2007

Abstract Arabidopsis COP1 (Constitutive Photomorphogenic 1) defines a key repressor of photomorphogenesis in darkness by acting as an E3 ubiquitin ligase in the nucleus, and is responsible for the targeted degradation of a number of photomorphogenesis‐promoting factors, including phyA, HY5, LAF1, and HFR1. Light activation of multiple classes of photoreceptors (including both phytochromes and cryptochromes) inactivates COP1 and reduces its nuclear abundance, allowing the accumulation of these positively acting light signaling intermediates to promote photomorphogenic development. Recent studies suggest that Arabidopsis COP1 teams up with a family of SPA proteins (SPA1‐SPA4) to form the physiologically active COP1‐SPA E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. These COP1‐SPA complexes play overlapping and distinct functions in regulating seedling photomorphogenesis under different light conditions and adult plant growth. Further, the COP1‐SPA complexes act in concert at a biochemical level with the CDD (COP10, DET1, and DDB1) complex and COP9 signalosome (CSN) to orchestrate the repression of photomorphogenesis.
Polycomb‐group (Pc‐G) Proteins Control Seed Development in Arabidopsis thaliana L.
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Xue , Ma Li‐Geng 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPolycomb‐group (Pc‐G) proteins repress their target gene expression by assemble complexes in Drosophila and mammals. Three groups of Pc‐G genes, controlling seed development, flower development and vernalization response, have been identified in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.). MEDEA (MEA), FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED2 (FIS2), and FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM (FIE) are Pc‐G genes in Arabidopsis. Their functions in seed development have been extensively explored. The advanced findings of molecular mechanism on how MEA, FIS2 and FIE control seed development in Arabidopsis are reviewed in this paper.
Molecular Biological and Biochemical Studies Reveal New Pathways Important for Cotton Fiber Development
Authors: Xu Yu , Li Hong‐Bin , Zhu Yu‐Xian 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAs one of the longest single‐celled seed trichomes, fibers provide an excellent model for studying fundamental biological processes such as cell differentiation, cell expansion, and cell wall biosynthesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress in cotton functional genomic studies that characterize the dynamic changes in the transcriptomes of fiber cells. Extensive expression profilings of cotton fiber transcriptomes have provided comprehensive information, as quite a number of transcription factors and enzyme‐coding genes have been shown to express preferentially during the fiber elongation period. Biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene is found significantly upregulated during the fiber growth period as revealed by both microarray analysis and by biochemical and physiological studies. It is suggested that genetic engineering of the ethylene pathway may improve the quality and the productivity of cotton lint. Many metabolic pathways, such as biosynthesis of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides are preferentially expressed in actively growing fiber cells. Five gene families, including proline‐rich proteins (PRP), arabinogalactan proteins (AGP), expansins, tubulins and lipid transfer proteins (LTP) are activated during early fiber development, indicating that they may also be needed for cell elongation. In conclusion, we identify a few areas of future research for cotton functional genomic studies.
Phytochrome‐regulated Gene Expression
Authors: Quail Peter H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIdentification of all genes involved in the phytochrome (phy)‐mediated responses of plants to their light environment is an important goal in providing an overall understanding of light‐regulated growth and development. This article highlights and integrates the central findings of two recent comprehensive studies in Arabidopsis that have identified the genome‐wide set of phy‐regulated genes that respond rapidly to red‐light signals upon first exposure of dark‐grown seedlings, and have tested the functional relevance to normal seedling photomorphogenesis of an initial subset of these genes. The data: (a) reveal considerable complexity in the channeling of the light signals through the different phy‐family members (phyA to phyE) to responsive genes; (b) identify a diversity of transcription‐factor‐encoding genes as major early, if not primary, targets of phy signaling, and, therefore, as potentially important regulators in the transcriptional‐network hierarchy; and (c) identify auxin‐related genes as the dominant class among rapidly‐regulated, hormone‐related genes. However, reverse‐genetic functional profiling of a selected subset of these genes reveals that only a limited fraction are necessary for optimal phy‐induced seedling deetiolation.
Preceptor rewards: How to say thank you for mentoring the next generation of nurse practitioners
Authors: Campbell Suzanne Hetzel , Hawkins Joellen W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurpose: To answer the question how do faculty nurture and reward clinical preceptors and what supports do preceptors require?Data sources: Data came from the literature and from surveying a purposive sample of 26 faculty members teaching clinical courses and arranging precepted experiences for nurse practitioner (NP) students at 26 public and private institutions across the United States. The vehicles for the survey were personal contact and e‐mail.Conclusions: Schools offer preceptor rewards varying widely in their monetary value, from tuition and continuing education vouchers, verification of hours toward recertification, access to services and events on campus, reduced price or free admission to museums, cultural and sports events, and lectures. Faculty nurture preceptors by nominating them for awards, providing letters of reference, editing manuscripts, and collaborating on research projects. Supports for preceptors from the literature reflected National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties guidelines (2000), and the policies of schools and clinical agencies, such as providing copies of program objectives and student credentials.Implications for practice and education: As NP programs have proliferated, there is increased pressure on faculty to find, nurture, reward, and retain good preceptors. Faculty must continue to work with program and agency administrators to comply with policies and create preceptor rewards to recognize their gifts to us, to our schools, and to the profession.
Job satisfaction among Arizona adult nurse practitioners
Authors: Schiestel Charlotte 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurpose: A literature review for studies of job satisfaction among nurse practitioners (NPs) suggests that the true determinants of job satisfaction have not been discovered. The purpose of this study was to determine job satisfaction among adult health NPs (ANPs) practicing in Arizona.Data sources: The Misener nurse practitioner job satisfaction scale was mailed to 329 Arizona ANPs who were certified by the Arizona State Board of Nursing (47% response rate).Conclusions: The mean overall satisfaction score was 4.69 out of a possible score of 6.0 for very satisfied. Differences in employer type, gender, annual income, membership in professional nursing organization, or full‐time versus part‐time employment status did not result in significantly different scores on the job satisfaction scale in this group.Implications for practice: A deep and sustained nursing shortage, the exodus of experienced nurses from the profession, and a projected shortage of primary care providers have generated interest among professional groups, private and government healthcare commissions, and the healthcare industry in determining what factors may influence an individual to choose and remain active in nursing practice. Researchers, educators, employers, and the healthcare industry must look beyond well‐worn assumptions about job satisfaction to explore what the individual NP finds satisfying about his or her role.
A case study of an older adult with severe anemia refusing blood transfusion
Authors: Thomas C. Michelle , Coleman Harriet R. , Morritt Taub Leslie‐Faith 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurpose: To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of severe anemia in an older adult who presents the challenge of declining blood transfusion in a real‐world scenario where critical thinking, evidence‐based care, and collaboration with other providers must come together to serve this patient’s unique needs.Data sources: Extensive review of the scientific literature on anemia and the situation in which a patient refuses blood transfusion presented in a case study format.Conclusions: A thorough physical assessment, complete health history, and appropriate diagnostic workup should be used to distinguish the normal effects of senescence from the signs and symptoms of anemia. Common conditions that cause anemia in the elderly include chronic disease, iron deficiency, and gastrointestinal bleeding. These conditions may result in profound anemia. The challenge can be compounded when, because of religious tenets, a patient does not accept a blood transfusion. This case study challenges nurse practitioners to apply knowledge, seek guidance, and make appropriate referrals to care for a patient in order to render care within the parameters of the patient’s belief system.Implications for practice: The astute primary care provider recognizes that anemia is not an expected physiological change associated with aging but a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Fatigue, weakness, and dyspnea are all symptoms of anemia that may be overlooked and attributed to the aging process. Further, in keeping with the principles of autonomy and self‐determination, it is the clinician’s duty to work with all patients to restore them to a state of optimal health while respecting deeply held spiritual beliefs.
The transtheoretical model and primary care: “The Times They Are A Changin’”
Authors: Singer Ethan A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurpose: To identify the transtheoretical model and the five stages of change that assist to bring about behavioral change. A case study is presented to illustrate how the model can be applied by primary care nurse practitioners (NPs) to assist patients toward a healthier lifestyle.Data sources: Scientific literature, theoretical framework, and case study.Conclusions: The transtheoretical model has implications in primary care to assist NPs in assessing what stage a patient may be in, offering encouragement to promote a healthier lifestyle change, and reassessing the patient to maintain the desired healthy behavior.Implications for practice: Primary care NPs can use the transtheoretical model to better advance patients into a healthy behavioral change. Documentation of the current stage a patient is in can promote continuity of care among providers, outline specific health promotion initiatives to enhance patient care, and provide documentation during regulatory inspections.
How well are nurse practitioners prepared for practice: Results of a 2004 questionnaire study
Authors: Hart Ann Marie , Macnee Carol L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceived preparedness of nurse practitioners (NPs) for practice after completing their basic NP educational programs and to evaluate NPs’ perceived preparedness in and their perceived importance of select clinical content areas basic to NP education.Data sources: This cross‐sectional descriptive study used a written questionnaire consisting of 32 items, two of which contained 25 subitems. Subjects were asked to rate their overall level of preparedness when they completed their NP program and both their level of preparation in and the importance of 25 clinical content areas. The questionnaires were administered to attendees at two large national NP conferences in 2004; a total of 562 questionnaires were completed and used in the analysis.Conclusions: Ten percent of the sample perceived that they were very well prepared for practice as an NP after completing their basic NP education. Fifty‐one percent perceived that they were only somewhat or minimally prepared. Current age, years since graduation from an NP program, and age when attending the NP program did not differ significantly for those who felt prepared versus those who did not. For a number of content areas, subjects did not perceive that they were well prepared in the same areas that they perceived were very important.Implications for practice: Our results indicate that formal NP education is not preparing new NPs to feel ready for practice and suggests several areas where NP educational programs need to be strengthened. Practicing NPs are the basis of the NP profession, and their views need to be sought, listened to, and reflected upon as we advance toward expanded preparation at the doctoral level.
Village Elections, Accountability and Income Distribution in Rural China
Authors: Yao Yang 
Published: January 2007

AbstractChina has experimented with village elections for nearly 20 years. Using village and household survey data collected from 48 villages of 8 Chinese provinces for the period 1986–2002, this paper studies how the introduction of elections affects village governance and income distribution in Chinese villages. The econometric analysis finds the following outcomes. First, village elections have increased the share of public expenditure and reduced the share of administrative expenditure in the village budget, so the accountability of the elected village committee has been enhanced. Second, elections have not led to more income redistribution; instead, they have reduced the progressiveness of income redistribution. Third, elections have reduced income inequality measured by the Gini coefficient in villages. The reduction is equivalent to 5.7 percent of the sample average, or 32 percent of the growth of the Gini coefficient in the period of 1987‐2002. Because village elections have not led to more income redistribution, this positive effect must have come from more public investment, which benefits the poor more than wealthier people. The general conclusion that we draw from our results is that, despite institutional constraints, village elections have improved village governance and the life of villagers.(Edited by Xinyu Fan)
Sustaining Economic Growth in China under Energy and Climate Security Constraints
Authors: Lu Xuedu , Pan Jiahua , Chen Ying 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAfter over a quarter of a century of high economic growth, there is no sign that China will slow its pace of economic development. In the meantime, domestic energy security and international climate security have become of increasing concern given China's growth patterns. In this paper, the authors look at the future prospects of growth of the economy, energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. For China as a developing country, energy security constitutes a more immediate and challenging constraint for China in meeting its development target than the problem of emission reduction. Energy efficiency and diversification have been actively pursued for addressing energy security issue but with positive co‐benefit of climate security. International cooperation can promote both securities for a health growth of the economy.(Edited by Xinyu Fan)
FDI Flows between China and ASEAN: Emerging Factors and Prospect
Authors: Shu Yuan , Zeng Kaisheng 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEconomic relations between China and ASEAN have further intensified since the 1990s. Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows between the two economic giants have reached a new high, attracting the attention of policy‐makers and economists. The present paper investigates recent contextual changes and identifies some significant emerging factors that exert influence on the flows of FDI between China and ASEAN. This paper also analyzes the development trend of FDI between the two economies, and it is found that the FDI flows are at a historical turning point.(Edited by Xiaoming Feng)
What Do Employers Want? Views of Chinese and Canadian Job Seekers
Authors: Sun Ying , Luke Chan M. W. , Tiessen James H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRapid globalization has led to many studies of cross‐cultural issues and their implications for management. As China's importance in the international economy rises, the level of international business cooperation continues to increase. This paper first identifies differences in the cultural orientations of Chinese and Canadians entering the job market and then examines how these orientations are related to their perceptions of the criteria employers use when hiring. The analyses show that the cultural differences are not consistent with Hofstede's previous work. Further, there are significant differences in the qualities that are considered important when seeking a job. The results of this study increase mutual understanding and improve business relationships between the two countries.(Edited by Zhinan Zhang)
Effects of Glutathione and Ascorbic Acid on Streptomycin Sensitivity of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Goswami Manish , Mangoli Suhas H. , Jawali Narendra 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

We examined the effects of antioxidants and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the antibacterial action of aminoglycosides in
Escherichia coli
. We concluded that reduced streptomycin sensitivity in the presence of glutathione and ascorbic acid is not due to the antioxidant-mediated scavenging of ROS.
High-Level Telithromycin Resistance in a Clinical Isolate of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Wolter Nicole , Smith Anthony M. , Low Donald E. , Klugman Keith P. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

A rare clinical isolate of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, highly resistant to telithromycin, contained
erm
(B) with a truncated leader peptide and a mutant ribosomal protein L4. By transformation of susceptible strains, this study shows that high-level telithromycin resistance is conferred by
erm
(B), wild type or mutant, in combination with a
69
GTG
71
-to-TPS mutation in ribosomal protein L4.
Validation of Mixed-Genome Microarrays as a Method for Genetic Discrimination
Authors: Wan Yan , Broschat Shira L. , Call Douglas R. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Comparative genomic hybridizations have been used to examine genetic relationships among bacteria. The microarrays used in these experiments may have open reading frames from one or more reference strains (whole-genome microarrays), or they may be composed of random DNA fragments from a large number of strains (mixed-genome microarrays [MGMs]). In this work both experimental and virtual arrays are analyzed to assess the validity of genetic inferences from these experiments with a focus on MGMs. Empirical data are analyzed from an
Enterococcus
MGM, while a virtual MGM is constructed in silico using sequenced genomes (
Streptococcus
). On average, a small MGM is capable of correctly deriving phylogenetic relationships between seven species of
Enterococcus
with accuracies of 100% (
n
= 100 probes) and 95% (
n
= 46 probes); more probes are required for intraspecific differentiation. Compared to multilocus sequence methods and whole-genome microarrays, MGMs provide additional discrimination between closely related strains and offer the possibility of identifying unique strain or lineage markers. Representational bias can have mixed effects. Microarrays composed of probes from a single genome can be used to derive phylogenetic relationships, although branch length can be exaggerated for the reference strain. We describe a case where disproportional representation of different strains used to construct an MGM can result in inaccurate phylogenetic inferences, and we illustrate an algorithm that is capable of correcting this type of bias. The bias correction algorithm automatically provides bootstrap confidence values and can provide multiple bias-corrected trees with high confidence values.
Localization of Ruminal Cellulolytic Bacteria on Plant Fibrous Materials as Determined by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization and Real-Time PCR
Authors: Shinkai Takumi , Kobayashi Yasuo 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

To visualize and localize specific bacteria associated with plant materials, a new fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol was established. By using this protocol, we successfully minimized the autofluorescence of orchard grass hay and detected rumen bacteria attached to the hay under a fluorescence microscope. Real-time PCR assays were also employed to quantitatively monitor the representative fibrolytic species
Fibrobacter succinogenes
and
Ruminococcus flavefaciens
and also total bacteria attached to the hay.
F. succinogenes
was found firmly attached to not only the cut edges but also undamaged inner surfaces of the hay. Cells of phylogenetic group 1 of
F. succinogenes
were detected on many stem and leaf sheath fragments of the hay, even on fragments on which few other bacteria were seen. Cells of phylogenetic group 2 of
F. succinogenes
were often detected on hay fragments coexisting with many other bacteria. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene copy number analysis, the numbers of bacteria attached to the leaf sheaths were higher than those attached to the stems (
P
< 0.05). In addition,
R. flavefaciens
had a greater tendency than
F. succinogenes
to be found on the leaf sheath (
P
< 0.01) with formation of many pits.
F. succinogenes
, particularly phylogenetic group 1, is suggested to possibly play an important role in fiber digestion, because it is clearly detectable by FISH and is the bacterium with the largest population size in the less easily degradable hay stem.