bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chitin Bodies Vs Teeth of Hookworm
Authors: Siagian Forman Erwin 
Published: March 2024

Aims: To differentiate morphologically and functionality of chitin bodies belong to Necator americanus (old world hook worm) vs. 2 pair of teeth belong to Ancylostoma duodenale (new world hook worm)
Discussion: Anemia due to hookworms caused by persistent blood loss. Those micro-bleeding occurs due to the attachment to the villi of the host’s small intestine in order to facilitate feed on their host’s blood. Hookworms use their two pairs of teeth (A. duodenale) or cutting plates called chitin bodies (N. americanus) to fasten their attachment onto the mucosa and submucosa, where at the same time they secrete a series of biochemically active polypeptides that prevent blood from clotting and supress the host inflammatory response. Differences in the shape of teeth or similar apparatus in the two species of hookworms that infect humans play a role in the occurrence of persistent minor bleeding that causes anemia and this also depend on the number of hookworms invaded the host.
Conclusion: chitin bodies of N. americanus causes less bleeding than two pairs of teeth belongs to A. duodenale
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Teenage Pregnancy at Paynesville, Monrovia, Liberia: Facility Based Cross Section Study
Authors: Sinnatwah James D. , Carter Boye B. , Femi-Adepoju Abiola Grace 
Published: March 2024

Introduction: In Liberia, teenage pregnancy is a serious public health issue that causes social and economic hardship. Adolescent birth rates are among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, according to statistics. There are significant differences in the prevalence of teenage pregnancy between and within nations. Most teenage pregnancies occur in places with poorer incomes and lower levels of education. The purpose of this research is to determine the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in Liberia and to investigate the risk factors related to it, particularly in the Paynesville city community of Duport Road cow field block "B.".
Methods: The research that was done using the Duport Road Clinic as a resource center provided the data for this study. Fifty girls between the ages of 15 and 19 who visited the hospital and lived in the community throughout the study period were recruited as participants. Total population sampling was used to interview all 50 of the females. A population-based cross-sectional survey is used in this quantitative study to gather data, and IBM 20.0 SPSS was used for analysis.
Results: According to the report, 50.2% of adolescent girls between the ages of 15 and 19 had started having children at the time of the survey. Teenage pregnancy in the community was significantly correlated with age (OR = 6.9; 95% CI: 4.647, 10.366, p – value 0.001), teenagers living with their parents (OR = 1.057; p > 0.001), non-use of contraception (OR = 2.53; 95% CI: 1.739, 3.683), and teenage girls who were aware of contraceptive methods (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 0.443, 18.463).
Conclusion: In conclusion, a number of factors, including early sexual initiation, cohabitation, lack of education, and contraceptive non-use, contribute to the high rate of teenage pregnancy in Liberia. Interventions including encouraging the use of contraception, discouraging early sexual beginning, and setting up family planning clinics are advised in order to lessen its prevalence.
T‐genes and limb bud development
Authors: King Mary , Arnold Jelena S. , Shanske Alan , Morrow Bernice E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe T‐box family of transcriptional factors is ancient and highly conserved among most species of animals. Haploinsufficiency of multiple T‐box proteins results in severe human congenital malformation syndromes, involving craniofacial, cardiovascular, and skeletal structures. These genes have major roles in embryogenesis, including the development of the limbs. Formation of the limbs begins with a limb bud and its morphogenesis requires complex epithelial–mesenchymal interactions. Recent studies have shown that T, Tbx2, Tbx3, Tbx4, Tbx5, Tbx15, and Tbx18 are all expressed in the limb buds, and many have developmental functions. The study of these genes is clinically relevant as mutations in several of them cause human congenital malformation syndromes. Furthermore, understanding the function and biology of these genes is important in understanding normal embryogenesis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Real‐time generation of augmented video sequences by background tracking
Authors: Douze Matthijs , Charvillat Vincent 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe present a real‐time system that outputs a multi‐layer augmented video from a normal video stream. The input sequence is captured in a known environment: a panoramic image (the reference background) is provided before shooting. We use background tracking to register each input frame with this reference, and background subtraction to segment the foreground objects. Our background tracking method is a coarse‐to‐fine integration of three state‐of‐the‐art algorithms that we make resistant to occlusions. In particular, we introduce an algebraic technique to properly adapt the Jurie and Dhome (JD) tracker (the most robust of them). We report experimental results on real and synthetic data which validate our approach. We generate our augmented video sequences by compositing layers: a natural or synthetic background and several natural or synthetic foregrounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Peptide Aldehyde Libraries Employed in the Discovery of Reversible SARS Coronavirus Main Protease (SARS‐CoV Mpro) Inhibitors
Authors: Al‐Gharabli Samer I. , Shah Syed T. Ali , Weik Steffen , Schmidt Marco F. , Mesters Jeroen R. , Kuhn Daniel , Klebe Gerhard , Hilgenfeld Rolf , Rademann Jörg 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA method for the parallel solid‐phase synthesis of peptide aldehydes has been developed. Protected amino acid aldehydes obtained by the racemization‐free oxidation of amino alcohols with Dess–Martin periodinane were immobilized on threonyl resins as oxazolidines. Following Boc protection of the ring nitrogen to yield the N‐protected oxazolidine linker, peptide synthesis was performed efficiently on this resin. A peptide aldehyde library was designed for targeting the SARS coronavirus main protease, SARS‐CoV Mpro(also known as 3CLpro), on the basis of three different reported binding modes and supported by virtual screening. A set of 25 peptide aldehydes was prepared by this method and investigated in inhibition assays against SARS‐CoV Mpro. Several potent inhibitors were found with IC50values in the low micromolar range. An IC50of 7.5 μMwas found for AcNSTSQ‐H and AcESTLQ‐H. Interestingly, the most potent inhibitors seem to bind to SARS‐CoV Mproin a noncanonical binding mode.
PNC‐28, a p53‐derived peptide that is cytotoxic to cancer cells, blocks pancreatic cancer cell growth in vivo
Authors: Michl Josef , Scharf Bruce , Schmidt Anna , Huynh Chan , Hannan Raquibul , von Gizycki Hans , Friedman Fred K , Brandt‐Rauf Paul , Fine Robert L. , Pincus Matthew R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPNC‐28 is a p53 peptide from its mdm‐2‐binding domain (residues 17–26), which contains the penetratin sequence enabling cell penetration on its carboxyl terminal end. We have found that this peptide induces necrosis, but not apoptosis, of a variety of human tumor cell lines, including several with homozygous deletion of p53, and a ras‐transformed rat acinar pancreatic carcinoma cell line, BMRPA1. Tuc3. On the other hand, PNC‐28 has no effect on untransformed cells, such as rat pancreatic acinar cells, BMRPA1, and human breast epithelial cells and no effect on the differentiation of human stem cells. In this study, we now test PNC‐28 in vivo for its ability to block the growth of BMRPA1. Tuc3 cells. When administered over a 2‐week period in the peritoneal cavities of nude mice containing simultaneously transplanted tumors, PNC‐28 causes complete destruction of these tumors. When delivered concurrently with tumor explantation at a remote site, PNC‐28 causes a complete blockade of any tumor growth during its 2‐week period of administration and 2 weeks posttreatment, followed by weak tumor growth that plateaus at low tumor sizes compared with tumor growth in the presence of a control peptide. When administered after tumor growth has occurred at a site remote from the tumor, PNC‐28 causes a decrease in tumor size followed by a slow increase in tumor growth that is significantly slower than growth in the presence of control peptide. These results suggest that PNC‐28 may be effective in treating cancers especially if delivered directly to the tumor. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Verification of the profile of mood states‐brief: Cross‐cultural analysis
Authors: Yeun Eun Ja , Shin‐Park Kay KongBum 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis international study investigated whether the mood states of adults can be compared between different settings and cultures using the same instrument, namely, by comparing the psychometric properties of the Profile of Mood States‐Brief (POMS‐B) using data gathered in the United States and Korea. The Korean research instrument was a translation of the original POMS‐B, and was evaluated psychometrically for each country separately as well as for the two countries combined, based on a convenience sample of 184 adults: The POMS‐B was administered to 69 native English speakers and the Korean version (K‐POMS‐B) was administered to 115 native Korean speakers. The mean total mood disturbance (TMD) score was 23.59 (SD = 16.7): 26.11 (SD = 15.9) for the Americans and 21.06 (SD = 17.5) for the Koreans. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was high for both versions. The content validity index was 96% in the K‐POMS‐B. The Korean version of the POMS‐B seems to be ready for use in research. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 1173–1180, 2006.
The association between depressive personality and treatment outcome for depression following a group cognitive–behavioral intervention
Authors: Saulsman Lisa M. , Coall David A. , Nathan Paula R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe present study investigated the association of depressive personality traits to treatment outcome for depression. One hundred and nineteen patients with a primary diagnosis of major depression were divided into high‐ and low‐depressive personality groups, and depression symptomatology was assessed pre‐ and postparticipation in a standardized group cognitive–behavioral intervention. Analyses revealed poorer pre‐state and end‐state functioning for the high‐depressive personality group. However, rate of improvement pre‐ to posttreatment was comparable between the two groups. Subsequent multiple regression analyses revealed that when controlling for pretreatment depression severity, depressive personality was not a predictor of depression treatment outcome. Within the methodological parameters of the current study, depressive personality traits were not associated with a poorer response to cognitive–behavioral treatment for depression. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 1181–1196, 2006.
Calcium sources used by post‐natal human myoblasts during initial differentiation
Authors: Arnaudeau Serge , Holzer Nicolas , König Stéphane , Bader Charles R. , Bernheim Laurent 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIncreases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ are crucial for inducing the initial steps of myoblast differentiation that ultimately lead to fusion; yet the mechanisms that produce this elevated Ca2+ have not been fully resolved. For example, it is still unclear whether the increase comes exclusively from membrane Ca2+ influx or also from Ca2+ release from internal stores. To address this, we investigated early differentiation of myoblast clones each derived from single post‐natal human satellite cells. Initial differentiation was assayed by immunostaining myonuclei for the transcription factor MEF2. When Ca2+ influx was eliminated by using low external Ca2+ media, we found that approximately half the clones could still differentiate. Of the clones that required influx of external Ca2+, most clones used T‐type Ca2+ channels, but others used store‐operated channels as influx‐generating mechanisms. On the other hand, clones that differentiated in low external Ca2+ relied on Ca2+ release from internal stores through IP3 receptors. Interestingly, by following clones over time, we observed that some switched their preferred Ca2+ source: clones that initially used calcium release from internal stores to differentiate later required Ca2+ influx and inversely. In conclusion, we show that human myoblasts can use three alternative mechanisms to increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ at the onset of the differentiation process: influx through T‐types Ca2+ channels, influx through store operated channels and release from internal stores through IP3 receptors. In addition, we suggest that, probably because Ca2+ elevation is essential during initial differentiation, myoblasts may be able to select between these alternate Ca2+ pathways. J. Cell. Physiol. 208: 435–445, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surrogate threshold effect: an alternative measure for meta‐analytic surrogate endpoint validation
Authors: Burzykowski Tomasz , Buyse Marc 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn many therapeutic areas, the identification and validation of surrogate endpoints is of prime interest to reduce the duration and/or size of clinical trials. Buyse et al. [Biostatistics 2000; 1:49–67] proposed a meta‐analytic approach to the validation. In this approach, the validity of a surrogate is quantified by the coefficient of determination R obtained from a model, which allows for prediction of the treatment effect on the endpoint of interest (‘true’ endpoint) from the effect on the surrogate. One problem related to the use of R is the difficulty in interpreting its value. To address this difficulty, in this paper we introduce a new concept, the so‐called surrogate threshold effect (STE), defined as the minimum treatment effect on the surrogate necessary to predict a non‐zero effect on the true endpoint. One of its interesting features, apart from providing information relevant to the practical use of a surrogate endpoint, is its natural interpretation from a clinical point of view. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opposite changes of whole‐soil vs. pools C : N ratios: a case of Simpson's paradox with implications on nitrogen cycling
Authors: PIÑEIRO GERVASIO , OESTERHELD MARTÍN , BATISTA WILLIAM B. , PARUELO JOSÉ M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEcosystem and soil scientists frequently use whole soil carbon:nitrogen (C : N) ratios to estimate the rate of N mineralization from decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). However, SOM is actually composed of several pools and ignoring this heterogeneity leads to incorrect estimations since the smaller pools, which are usually the most active, can be masked by the larger pools. In this paper, we add new evidence against the use of C : N ratios of the whole soil: we show that a disturbance can decrease the whole‐soil C : N ratio and yet increase C : N ratios of all SOM pools. This curious numerical response, known as Simpson's paradox, casts doubt on the meaning of frequently reported whole‐soil C : N changes following a disturbance, and challenges the N mineralization estimates derived from whole‐soil C : N ratio or single‐pool modeling approaches. Whole‐soil C : N ratio may not only hide features of the labile SOM pool, but also obscure changes of the large recalcitrant SOM pools which determine long‐term N availability.
Thermal niche, large‐scale movements and implications of climate change for a critically endangered marine vertebrate
Authors: McMAHON CLIVE R. , HAYS GRAEME C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractClimate change is expected to have a number of impacts on biological communities including range extensions and contractions. Recent analyses of multidecadal data sets have shown such monotonic shifts in the distribution of plankton communities and various fish species, both groups for which there is a large amount of historical data on distribution. However, establishing the implications of climate change for the range of endangered species is problematic as historic data are often lacking. We therefore used a different approach to predict the implications of climate change for the range of the critically endangered planktivourous leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). We used long‐term satellite telemetry to define the habitat utilization of this species. We show that the northerly distribution limit of this species can essentially be encapsulated by the position of the 15°C isotherm and that the summer position of this isotherm has moved north by 330 km in the North Atlantic in the last 17 years. Consequently, conservation measures will need to operate over ever‐widening areas to accommodate this range extension.
Ontogenetic shift from facilitation to competition in a desert shrub
Authors: MIRITI MARIA N. 
Published: May 2006

Summary

Spatiotemporal responses to habitat conditions are important components of plant population and community dynamics. Plant stage or size is a common predictor of plant performance for a range of ecological conditions, including responses to neighbours. Plant response to local conditions varies from seedling establishment through to senescence, with strong implications for population regulation.
I investigated size‐dependent responses to near adult neighbours among a uniquely quantitative sample of mapped juvenile and adult bur‐sage (Ambrosia dumosa), a common shrub in the Colorado Desert of California.
Analyses of juvenile establishment and survival for two 5‐year census periods from 1984 to 1989 and 1989 to 1994 determined that germination and survival was greater for juveniles located under adults compared with away from adults. However, analyses of neighbour effects on growth of plants from the 1984 cohort showed that near adult neighbours improved juvenile growth over the 10‐year interval from 1984 to 1994, but reduced adult growth.
A size‐dependent, ontogenetic shift occurs because neighbouring adult plants significantly improve the demographic performance of juveniles, but diminish that of larger established plants.
The ontogenetic niche shift may be a useful framework to describe such differential responses of juvenile and adult plants. The utility of this framework is that responses to spatial and temporal variability in the environment are clearly demonstrated through ontogenetic constraints on plant performance, which provide an alternative mechanism of coexistence within and between species.
The virtual lecture hall: utilisation, effectiveness and student perceptions
Authors: Cramer Kenneth M. , Collins Kandice R. , Snider Don , Fawcett Graham 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe presently introduce the Virtual Lecture Hall (VLH), an instructional computer‐based platform for delivering Microsoft PowerPoint slides threaded with audio clips for later review. There were 839 male and female university students enrolled in an introductory psychology class who had access to review class lectures via the VLH. This tool was made available through the course website following the first midterm. Approximately 20% used the resource, and 18% completed a five‐item survey tapping their perceptions of whether the VLH enhanced learning or increased grades; and whether they wanted the resource in other courses. The total number of student accesses was calculated, as was the total duration (in minutes) that students used the VLH. After accounting for initial midterm test score differences, results showed that students who used the VLH for 100 minutes or more scored, on average, 15% higher in their second midterm. The student perceptions of the VLH were also highly favourable. Directions for future research in resource development and implications for educators are also discussed.
The Dynamics of Returns to Education in Kenyan and Tanzanian Manufacturing*
Authors: Söderbom Måns , Teal Francis , Wambugu Anthony , Kahyarara Godius 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe use micro data on manufacturing employees in Kenya and Tanzania to estimate returns to education and investigate the shape of the earnings function in the period 1993–2001. In Kenya, there have been long‐run falls in the returns to education while for Tanzania there is evidence of rising returns in the 1990s. The earnings functions are convex for both countries and this result is robust to endogeneity. Convexity may be part of the explanation as to how rapid expansion of education in Africa has generated so little growth if expansion has been concentrated at lower levels of education.
Glucose Withdrawal Induces Oxidative Stress followed by Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Cells but not in Normal Human Astrocytes
Authors: Jelluma Nannette , Yang Xiaodong , Stokoe David , Evan Gerard I. , Dansen Tobias B. , Haas-Kogan Daphne A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTumor cells rely preferentially on anaerobic glycolysis rather than on respiration for ATP generation, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. We explored the effects of glucose withdrawal on glioblastoma multiforme–derived cell lines and their nontransformed counterparts, normal human astrocytes. We found that glucose withdrawal induces extensive apoptosis in glioblastoma multiforme cells but not in normal astrocytes. In all cells examined, ATP levels are sustained on glucose withdrawal due to elevation of fatty acid oxidation and ensuing respiration; however, we show that oxidative stress generated in the mitochondrial respiratory chain is the direct cause of cell death in glioblastoma multiforme cells. Oxidative stress that only occurs in glioblastoma multiforme cells underlies the selective susceptibility to glucose withdrawal–induced apoptosis documented in the malignant cells. This study implicates glycolysis as a potentially efficient and selective target for glioblastoma multiforme treatment. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(5):319–30)
Interactive Feedback between ENSO and the Indian Ocean
Authors: Kug Jong-Seong , Kang In-Sik 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A feedback process of the Indian Ocean SST on ENSO is investigated by using observed data and atmospheric GCM. It is suggested that warming in the Indian Ocean produces an easterly wind stress anomaly over Indonesia and the western edge of the Pacific during the mature phase of El Niño. The anomalous easterly wind in the western Pacific during El Niño helps a rapid termination of El Niño and a fast transition to La Niña by generating upwelling Kelvin waves. Thus, warming in the Indian Ocean, which is a part of the El Niño signal, operates as a negative feedback mechanism to ENSO. This Indian Ocean feedback appears to operate mostly for relatively strong El Niños and results in a La Niña one year after the mature phase of the El Niño. This 1-yr period of phase transition implies a possible role of Indian Ocean–ENSO coupling in the biennial tendency of the ENSO. Atmospheric GCM experiments show that Indian Ocean SST forcing is mostly responsible for the easterly wind anomalies in the western Pacific.