bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basal metabolic rate studies in humans: measurement and development of new equations
Authors: Henry CJK 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo facilitate the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University Joint (FAO/WHO/UNU) Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements which met in Rome in 1981, Schofieldet al.reviewed the literature and produced predictive equations for both sexes for the following ages: 0–3, 3–10, 10–18, 18–30, 30–60 and >60 years. These formed the basis for the equations used in 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU document,Energy and Protein Requirements.While Schofield's analysis has served a significant role in re-establishing the importance of using basal metabolic rate (BMR) to predict human energy requirements, recent workers have subsequently queried the universal validity and application of these equations. A survey of the most recent studies (1980–2000) in BMR suggests that in most cases the current FAO/WHO/UNU predictive equations overestimate BMR in many communities. The FAO/WHO/UNU equations to predict BMR were developed using a database that contained a disproportionate number – 3388 out of 7173 (47%) – of Italian subjects. The Schofield database contained relatively few subjects from the tropical region.The objective here is to review the historical development in the measurement and application of BMR and to critically review the Schofieldet al.BMR database presenting a series of new equations to predict BMR.DesignThis division, while arbitrary, will enable readers who wish to omit the historical review of BMR to concentrate on the evolution of the new BMR equations.SettingBMR data collected from published and measured values.SubjectsA series of new equations (Oxford equations) have been developed using a data set of 10 552 BMR values that (1) excluded all the Italian subjects and (2) included a much larger number (4018) of people from the tropics.ResultsIn general, the Oxford equations tend to produce lower BMR values than the current FAO/WHO/UNU equations in 18–30 and 30–60 year old males and in all females over 18 years of age.ConclusionsThis is an opportune moment to re-examine the role and place of BMR measurements in estimating total energy requirements today. The Oxford equations' future use and application will surely depend on their ability to predict more accurately the BMR in contemporary populations.
Review of the evidence linking protein and energy to mental development
Authors: Grantham-McGregor Sally , Baker-Henningham Helen 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the evidence as to whether the relationship between undernutrition and poor child development is causal.DesignSelected studies from developing countries were discussed. Observational studies were first considered then experimental studies of preventative and remedial supplementation. The type of functions affected, the presence of sensitive periods and the role of protein and energy versus that of micronutrients were reviewed.ResultsChildhood undernutrition is generally associated with concurrent and longer term deficits in cognition, behaviour and motor skills, although the relationship is likely to be confounded by socio-economic factors. Supplementation trials have had many design problems. However, those beginning at any age from pregnancy up to 24 months have consistently had concurrent benefits suggesting a causal relationship. Supplement begun in older children had little or no effect, albeit there are too few studies to conclude with confidence. The limited evidence suggests that benefits are more likely to be sustained if supplementation begins in late pregnancy or at birth and is continued until the child is at least 24 months old.Deficits in cognition tend to be global and there is insufficient evidence of specific deficits. There is some evidence that the first 2 years of life are most sensitive to the effects of undernutrition. Most studies have failed to separate the effects of energy and protein from those of micronutrients. One study showed that energy and/or protein affects children's development. Psychosocial stimulation has had consistent benefits on undernourished childrens' developmentConclusionsPublic health nutrition programmes should include a component in which children who are at risk are targeted during the first 2 years of life with combined interventions involving nutrition, health care and early stimulation.
The Oxford Brookes basal metabolic rate database – a reanalysis
Authors: Cole TJ , Henry CJK 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo produce prediction equations for basal metabolic rate (BMR) derived from weight and height covering the age range from birth to old age.DesignCross-sectional data on BMR, sex, age, weight, height, ethnicity and measurement technique from the Oxford Brookes BMR database.SettingWorldwide.SubjectsData for 13 910 men, women and children from 174 papers published between 1914 and 2001.ResultsAbsolute and proportional regression models were developed for each sex, showing a steep rise in predicted BMR with age until 15 years, more pronounced in males than females, then a gradual fall through adulthood. Predicted BMR increased by 6% and 1.4%, respectively, per standard deviation increase in weight and height. Predicted BMR in Caucasians was 4% higher than in non-Caucasians, though the effect size was sensitive to the inclusion or exclusion of data from certain influential publications. The effect of measurement technique on BMR, closed-circuit versus open-circuit, was small, near 1%.ConclusionsIt is possible to develop prediction equations that avoid splitting the data into arbitrary age groups. Heterogeneity between publications is greater than might be expected by chance, probably due to undocumented differences in technique.
Responding to the embodiment of distress in individuals defined as obese: Implications for research
Authors: Meekums Bonnie 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis article examines the evidence for a relationship between body image distress (BID) and obesity, and between emotional eating and obesity. The need is highlighted for treatment programmes that are responsive to these complex issues and combine this with diet and physical activity. Weight loss programmes so far have had a poor success rate. They have often sought to capitalise on BID as a motivation to lose weight, but there is some evidence that such an emphasis may be self‐defeating, as seriously overweight individuals may eat either to self‐punish or self‐comfort and may also avoid social situations that could support healthy lifestyles.The case is made for new research that addresses the highlighted psychological aspects of obesity. There is a need for both a randomised controlled trial (RCT) that will enable a statistical inference of causality relating to new treatments and qualitative, interview‐based research to elicit information regarding individual responses to treatment.Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) is proposed as one new treatment option for those individuals whose obesity is linked to emotional eating. Theoretical support and empirical research evidence for DMT are explored. However, since this treatment has not so far been applied with obese individuals, a pilot study is proposed prior to a RCT.
Nexplorer: phylogeny-based exploration of sequence family data
Authors: Gopalan Vivek , Qiu Wei-Gang , Chen Michael Z. , Stoltzfus Arlin 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Summary: Nexplorer is a web-based program for interactive browsing and manipulation of character data in NEXUS format, well suited for use with alignments and trees representing families of homologous genes or proteins. Users may upload a sequence family dataset, or choose from one of several thousand already available. Nexplorer provides a flexible means to develop customized views that combine a tree and a data matrix or alignment, to create subsets of data, and to output data files or publication-quality graphics.
Availability: Web access is from
Contact: arlin.stoltzfus@nist.gov
The experience of a man with severe challenging behaviour following resettlement from hospital: a single case design
Authors: Bissell Lianne , Phillips Neil , Kroese Biza Stenfert 
Published: November 2005

SummaryCarers’ behaviour is thought to contribute to the development and maintenance of challenging behaviour in people with learning disabilities (Emersonet al.1995;Hastings & Remington 1994). The present study sought to investigate the effectiveness of a behavioural intervention in the management of such problem behaviours by means of a long‐term follow‐up single case study. This study describes the prevalence and management of the severe challenging behaviours of a 55‐year‐old man, (Paul)1, with severe learning disabilities. The functional assessment showed a significant decrease in challenging behaviour after implementation of guidelines. However, effective dental treatment produced a further reduction in challenging behaviour, posing many implications for healthcare assessment and practice. The results of this single case study are discussed in the context of relocation practices, holistic assessment and service provision.
Hunting behaviour in West African forest leopards
Authors: Jenny David , Zuberbühler Klaus 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe leopard (Panthera pardus) is a major predator of mammals within the rainforest ecosystem of West Africa. Most of the available information on leopard hunting behaviour comes from studies conducted in open savannah habitats, while little is known about forest leopards. Our radio‐tracking data and scat analysis show that forest leopards differ in various ways from the savannah populations. Forest leopards are diurnal and crepuscular hunters who follow the activity pattern of their prey species. They exhibit seasonal differences in activity patterns, and they develop highly individualized prey preferences. These findings challenge the widespread notion of leopards as opportunistic nocturnal predators.
Tree formations in relation with soil and grasses in a dry savanna in Mali, West Africa
Authors: Picard Nicolas , Guéguen Katell , Abdoulaye Haroun A. , Diarisso Dalla , Karembé Moussa , Birnbaum Philippe , Nasi Robert 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe relationship between trees, grass and soil in a dry savanna in Mali was investigated, to identify variables that are most relevant to assess vegetation units. A 65 ha plateau was inventoried using a systematic square grid sampling pattern. Thirteen soil or topography variables, and tree and grass characteristics were measured at each sampling point. Multivariate analysis was used to separately analyse soil, tree and grass data, and to characterize tree–grass and tree–soil relationships. Four units of soils, four units of tree formations, and four units of grass formations were identified. There was a correspondence between these groups, indicative of four vegetation units: thicket, bare land, shrub savanna and tree savanna. Soil depth and soil texture were the soil variables that best related to tree vegetation. A negative correlation was found between tree basal area and grass dry biomass. Finally, vegetation units, as identified from tree species composition, had contrasted diameter structures and densities.
Estimating age of immobilized elephants from teeth impressions using dental silicon
Authors: Rasmussen Henrik Barner , Wittemyer George , Douglas‐Hamilton Iain 
Published: November 2005

AbstractHigh precision condensation dental silicon, ZetalaborTM, was used to create moulds of the lower jaw molars from 22 immobilized African elephants (Loxodonta africana Blumenback) during radio collaring operations. These moulds were used to determine the elephant's age using Laws and Jachmann's molar aging criteria. The technique proved easy and fast and produced useful imprints in 90% of the cases. We found our age estimates, based on physical appearance, made prior to immobilizations were relatively accurate, with 75% within ±3 years and 95% within ±5 years from the age indicated from molar evaluation. When re‐collaring the same individuals in 2–3 years, new moulds will be made to compare a known time period with the degree of tooth wear. This will provide verification of Laws age estimates from free‐ranging elephants.
Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia
Authors: Trinkel Martina , Kastberger Gerald 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSpotted hyenas are successful hunters, but they also scavenge. Their main food competitors are lions. In the Etosha National Park, Namibia hyenas are unable to prevent kleptoparasitism by lions and fail to acquire kills from lions. The reasons are the small ratio of hyenas to female and subadult lions at kills and the presence of adult male lions. Because of the hyenas’ small clan sizes and large territories they seem to be unable to recruit sufficient clan members to take over lion kills or deter lions from their own kills. In Etosha, 71% of hyena mortality was due to lions; four cubs and one adult female hyena were killed by male lions during a 1‐year study. Hyenas have evolved adaptations against lions and initiate aggressive interactions with lions without the immediate availability of food, which is termed mobbing behaviour. Etosha hyenas initiated mobbing attempts when lions were near the hyena's communal den. Possibly, Etosha hyenas mobbed lions to distract lions from the hyenas’ den and their cubs and to warn their dependent offspring to hide from lions.
Variability of zooplankton community along a section of the Upper Victoria Nile, Uganda
Authors: Mwebaza‐Ndawula L. , Sekiranda S. B. K. , Kiggundu V. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractZooplankton community along a stretch of Upper Victoria Nile was investigated at selected sites between Kalange and Namasagali during April, August and October 2000 as part of a wider ecological study to generate biological baseline data prior to construction of a hydropower plant at Dumbbell Island. The study provided an opportunity to investigate a riverine zooplankton community for comparison with the more studied lake communities. Field sampling was made with a plankton net of 25 cm mouth opening and 60 μm nitex mesh; fitted with sandbags for ease of operation in water currents. Zooplankton subsamples were examined under an inverted microscope at ×100 magnification. The 27 species encountered belong to three broad taxonomic groups: Copepoda, Cladocera and Rotifera. Rotifers had the highest number of species (sixteen) followed by copepods (six). Species richness and total numerical abundance were high at the two upstream sites and decreased significantly downstream. High zooplankton densities at upstream sites during April plummeted to much lower levels in August and October. By comparison, species richness and numerical abundance were much lower than those of Lake Victoria; the ultimate source of the Upper Victoria Nile water. This may be due to differences between lotic and lentic habitats as both physical and biological processes are known to be limited under flowing water conditions. The high species richness and numerical abundance at the two upstream sites may be due to positioning of sampling points downstream of islands and/or rock outcrops for ease of net sampling as well as a richer food environment observed in a parallel study of algal biomass. The type and level of impacts of the proposed hydropower station on biological communities will be determined by site location: either upstream or downstream of the plant. Monitoring surveys of both environment and biological parameters during and after construction of the power plant will be necessary to keep track of ecosystem changes and their implications.
Long‐term follow‐up of collagenous colitis after induction of clinical remission with budesonide
Authors: MIEHLKE S. , MADISCH A. , VOSS C. , MORGNER A. , HEYMER P. , KUHLISCH E. , BETHKE B. , STOLTE M. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryBackground:  Budesonide (Entocort) is effective for the treatment of collagenous colitis.Aim:  To assess the long‐term outcome of patients after induction of clinical remission by budesonide treatment.Methods:  Fifty‐one patients with chronic diarrhoea and histologically proven collagenous colitis were enrolled in randomized, placebo‐controlled crossover trial using budesonide 9 mg daily for 6 weeks. Patients in clinical remission after either initial or crossover budesonide treatment were followed using standardized questionaires. Clinical relapse was defined as five or more loose stools/day for at least 4 consecutive days.Results:  A total of 33 patients achieved clinical remission (85% per‐protocol). During a median follow‐up of 16 months, clinical relapse occurred in 20 patients (61%), after a median time of 2 weeks (range: 1–104, mean: 10 weeks). Patient age <60 years was identified as a significant risk factor for clinical relapse (OR = 7.4, P = 0.048). Budesonide was used for treatment of clinical relapse in 80% of patients achieving clinical response in all of them.Conclusions:  Budesonide is effective in the treatment of collagenous colitis. Clinical relapses may occur in a considerable number of patients, particularly in those <60 years. Treatment of clinical relapse with budesonide appears to be an effective option.
Systematic review: the model for end‐stage liver disease – should it replace Child‐Pugh's classification for assessing prognosis in cirrhosis?
Authors: CHOLONGITAS E. , PAPATHEODORIDIS G. V. , VANGELI M. , TERRENI N. , PATCH D. , BURROUGHS A. K. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryBackground:  Prognosis in cirrhotic patients has had a resurgence of interest because of liver transplantation and new therapies for complications of end‐stage cirrhosis. The model for end‐stage liver disease score is now used for allocation in liver transplantation waiting lists, replacing Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh score. However, there is debate as whether it is better in other settings of cirrhosis.Aim:  To review studies comparing the accuracy of model for end‐stage liver disease score vs. Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh score in non‐transplant settings.Results:  Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt studies (with 1360 cirrhotics) only one of five, showed model for end‐stage liver disease to be superior to Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh to predict 3‐month mortality, but not for 12‐month mortality. Prognosis of cirrhosis studies (with 2569 patients) none of four showed significant differences between the two scores for either short‐ or long‐term prognosis whereas no differences for variceal bleeding studies (with 411 cirrhotics). Modified Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh score, by adding creatinine, performed similarly to model for end‐stage liver disease score. Hepatic encephalopathy and hyponatraemia (as an index of ascites), both components of Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh score, add to the prognostic performance of model for end‐stage liver disease score.Conclusions:  Based on current literature, model for end‐stage liver disease score does not perform better than Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh score in non‐transplant settings. Modified Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh and model for end‐stage liver disease scores need further evaluation.
Personal view: why is my GI clinic filled with surgical mishaps? Post‐operative syndromes as an externality problem
Authors: SONNENBERG A. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe aim of the present analysis was to review why gastroenterology clinics appear filled with patients suffering from postsurgical syndromes.The long‐term sequelae of gastrointestinal surgery can be modelled as a negative production externality of surgical operations.When seeking to maximize their profits, surgeons are primarily concerned with the price and cost of surgery alone. They tend to ignore parts of the ensuing long‐term costs they impose through postsurgical syndromes on other medical specialties. The complication‐related rise in the cost of gastroenterology practice reflects parts of the societal costs of surgery that are not included on the surgical balance sheet. To the surgeon, surgery appears cheaper than to the rest of the medical community, because cost shifting from surgery to other medical specialties leads to a favourable surgical outcome with more surgical operations performed than medically needed or economically feasible.The amount of surgical sequelae could drop, if surgeons were forced to care for all their own postsurgical syndromes or if surgery entered a joint enterprise with gastroenterology caring for the same patient pool.
Evaluation of capsaicin ointment at the Korean hand acupressure point K‐D2 for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting
Authors: Agarwal A. , Dhiraaj S. , Tandon M. , Singh P. K. , Singh U. , Pawar S. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe K‐D2 point is the Korean hand acupressure point in Koryo Hand Therapy for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. We evaluated the efficacy of capsaicin ointment at the K‐D2 point in 186 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a randomised, prospective, double‐blind and placebo‐controlled study. Patients were randomised to have either placebo ointment or capsaicin ointment applied to the K‐D2 point of both hands 1 h before surgery under standardised anaesthesia. The ointment was removed 8 h later. Postoperative nausea and vomiting was evaluated 6 and 24 h following surgery. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was lower in the capsaicin group, with an absolute risk reduction (ARR) of 21%, a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 50% and a number‐needed‐to‐treat (NNT) of 5 at 0–6 h (p = 0.001), and an ARR of 11%, a RRR of 85% and a NNT of 9 at 6–24 h (p = 0.003). The need for rescue anti‐emetic treatment was also lower at 0–6 h (3 (3%) vs 11 (12%); p = 0.04) and at 6–24 h (5 (5%) vs 0; p = 0.02).
Effects of stream restoration and management on plant communities in lowland streams
Authors: PEDERSEN TINA CHARLOTTE MOUSTGAARD , BAATTRUP‐PEDERSEN ANNETTE , MADSEN TOM VINDBÆK 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. We evaluated restoration success on macrophyte species diversity and composition in lowland streams using communities in 30 naturally meandering stream reaches in the western part of Jutland, Denmark, as reference target communities. Fuzzy set clustering was used to examine the floristic and environmental similarity among reaches, whereas fuzzy set ordination was used to relate floristic patterns to environmental variables.2. Two major groups of streams were identified based on their floristic composition. One group consisted of reference and restored reaches and the other of the majority of channelised reaches. We found that management exerted a strong influence on the macrophyte communities and that the identified groups were related to differences in management intensity.3. Our results also indicate that bank morphology and bed level affected macrophyte communities in the streams, particularly the richness and abundance of terrestrial species. The analyses performed suggest that shallow and wide banks allow for a larger migration of species from the stream banks into the streams, thereby enhancing species diversity within the stream channel.4. The results of this study suggest that macrophyte communities in channelised lowland streams can recover following restorative interventions given that stream management (i.e. weed cutting and dredging) is minimised and that stream banks are reprofiled to improve the lateral connectivity between the stream and its valley.