bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Polymorphisms and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Coulam Carolyn B , Jeyendran Rajasingham S 
Published: February 2008

ProblemTo be successful, pregnancy must induce its own blood supply through angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the best characterized regulator of angiogenesis and one polymorphism of the VEGF gene, −1154, has been suggested to be associated with recurrent spontaneous abortion. The aim of this study was to confirm or refute the relationship of VEGF −1154 to recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).Method of studyBuccal swabs were obtained from 152 women with history of two or more consecutive spontaneous abortions and 65 control women. DNA was extracted from the buccal swabs and analyzed for the presence of the VEGF −1154A/A gene.ResultsThe frequency of homozygosity of the VEGF −1154A gene was significantly higher among women experiencing RPL compared with fertile control women (16%versus 6%, P < 0.05).ConclusionHomozygosity of the VEGF −1154A gene may serve as a susceptibility factor affecting for RPL.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: How Valuable is Measurement of Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells at the Time of Abortion?
Authors: Paparistidis Nikolaos , Papadopoulou Chryssa , Chioti Athanassia , Papaioannou Demetrios , Tsekoura Christina , Keramitsoglou Theodora , Kontopoulou‐Antonopoulou Virginia , Agapitos Emmanouel , Balafoutas Christos , Varla‐Leftherioti Marighoula 
Published: February 2008

Problem Increased peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells are associated to immune‐mediated abortion, but their diagnostic value when measured at the time of miscarriage is unknown.Method of study In women with therapeutic (A = 79) or elective (C = 34) pregnancy termination, the NK‐cell percentage was measured before and 5 days after curettage. Additionally, immune‐mediated lesions (scored 0–3) and CD56+ and CD16+ decidual ΝΚs (scored 1–3) were detected on the abortion material.Results Aborters differed from controls in histological scores (P = 0.000) and in NK percentage (>12%) only in the measurement 5 days after the operation (P = 0.038). In comparison to histological lesions, NK measurement was found to have sensitivity 70%, specificity 73.68%, positive prognostic value 89.39% and negative prognostic value 43.75%.Conclusion An Increased NK‐cell percentage 5 days after the pregnancy termination could be a marker of immune aetiology of miscarriage, as the probability of an aborter with NK >12% to have an immune‐mediated abortion is almost 90%.
Update on diabetes mellitus: prevention, treatment, and association with oral diseases
Authors: Skamagas M , Breen TL , LeRoith D 
Published: February 2008

Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent disease that affects millions of people worldwide and has paralleled the growing population of overweight and obese individuals. Early detection of prediabetes and diabetes, as well as lifestyle interventions including diet and exercise, are the overarching objectives in preventing and managing diabetes. For individuals who do not achieve glycemic control with lifestyle modification, there are newer medication classes that assist with weight loss, more physiologic insulins with convenient delivery systems, and old standbys like metformin and thiazolidinediones. Glycemic control along with blood pressure and cholesterol management reduce microvascular and macrovascular disease including cardiovascular events.Mounting evidence demonstrates that diabetes is a risk factor for periodontitis and possibly oral premalignancies and oral cancer. The systemic inflammatory response generated by inflamed periodontal tissue may in turn exacerbate diabetes, worsen cardiovascular outcomes, and increase mortality. Thus, oral medical and surgical physicians are vital in treating oral pathology, recognizing new cases of diabetes, and counseling people with diabetes to promote oral health. This article presents updates in the diagnosis, risk factors, prevention, management, and peri‐oral complications of diabetes to assist oral health professionals in providing optimal care to patients with diabetes.
STUDIES IN BACTERIOSIS: XXI. AN INVESTIGATION OF MARSH SPOT OF PEAS: WITH A NOTE ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
Authors: LACEY MARGARET S. , GRIEVE BRIAN J. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.A bacterial examination was made of the cotyledon lesions of 200 dried and 200 fresh green‐pea seeds. Cultures made from 60 per cent, of the dried and 80 per cent. of the fresh peas were sterile; the remainder yielded growths of micro‐organisms of which the two predominating species were a sporing bacillus of the B. subtilis or B. mesentericus type and a minute yellow rod, probably B. herbicola aureum.These two types are often present on the outside of pea seeds, and were isolated in a few cases from the centres of the cotyledons of healthy peas.Further proof of the saprophytic nature of these two types, and of the other organisms isolated in the cultural tests. was afforded by numerous inoculation experiments, which all gave negative results.Tests on the germination of marsh‐spot seeds show that badly diseased seeds fail to germinate, while in less severe cases the primary shoot is frequently dead or dies soon after germination, the growth being continued by lateral development.After the seedling stage in most seasons no difference can be detected between plants grown from marsh‐spot or healthy seeds.No evidence was obtained of any increase of marsh spot in the progeny from diseased seeds as compared with that from healthy seeds grown under the same conditions.Pot‐culture experiments on the effect of soil and of excessive watering on the development of marsh spot gave entirely negative results. Pot cultures are apparently unsuitable for the development of marsh spot.
DOLLARSPOT DISEASE OF TURF AND ITS CAUSAL ORGANISM, SCLEROTINIA HOMOEOCARPA N.SP.
Authors: BENNETT F. T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

The disease of fine turf known in America as “dollarspot” occurs in all parts of Great Britain but is less prevalent than some other turf diseases.
The causal organism exists as several strains which maintain their respective characteristics under natural and cultural conditions. The strains differ in capacity for spore production; one yields ascospores and conidia, another ascospores only, and others reduced sporiferous structures only.
The U.S.A. strain and an Australian strain, as also some British isolants, belong to the last‐mentioned group.
The organism is characterized by well‐developed aerial mycelium, parts of which become reddish brown or cinnamon in colour; by sclerotial structures of parchment‐like thickness, in size from small flakes to expansive areas, olivaceous to black in colour; and by sporiferous structures arising from sclerotial sources.
The ascigerous fructification is an apothecium which reaches full development with ascospores in spring; the conidiophore becomes cupulate and bears conidia toward autumn.
The rate of growth of the strains and germination of spores is recorded for the range pH. 4–8.
The optimum temperature for growth of British strains is 20–25° C, the minimum 0–1° C, and the maximum 35–37° C. The possible influence of temperature on the establishment of non‐sporing strains abroad is discussed.
The organism is named Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, and a Latin diagnosis is given.
THE PROBLEM OF THE EVALUATION OF ROTENONE‐CONTAINING PLANTS
Authors: TATTERSFIELD F. , MARTIN J. T. , COCHRAN W. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY1. An account is given of the preparation and a few of the properties of a compound isolated from the extracts of Sumatra‐type derris root.2. This compound although in the present investigation containing extraneous material, probably sumatrol, yields optically inactive toxi‐carol in high yield, and is characterized by the switch‐over from laevo‐to dextro‐rotation on the addition of caustic potash in methyl alcohol to its benzene solution. and is mainly responsible for this feature of the Sumatra‐type resins under similar treatment. The change‐over in rotation was followed by a gradual fall in rotation of a unimolecular type. The compound is laevo‐rotatory in benzene and dextro‐rotatory in alcohol.3. The toxicities toAphis rumicisof rotenone, toxicarol precursor, sumatrol, toxicarol and the residual resins from the Sumatra‐type andDerris ellipticuroots have been determined. In our experiments the toxicity in descending order was Rotenone >D. ellipticaresin > Sumatra‐type resin > sumatrol = toxicarol precursor > inactive toxicarol.4. The statistical method used in analysing the insecticidal data is described in an Appendix.
STUDIES ON AMERICAN FOUL BROOD OF BEES
Authors: TARR H. L. A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYAmerican foul brood is not produced by direct inoculation of eggs, or larvae from the time of hatching to that just subsequent to sealing, by placing from 0.001 to 0.005 ml. of aqueous suspensions of washed spores ofBacillus larvae, obtained from natural sources, in their cells.With this method of oral inoculation, larvae are rarely removed by the bees and mature normally when each receive from a few thousand to over 45 × 106spores ofB. larvae.Feeding individual larvae with unwashed spores ofB. larvae, or with portions of crushed larvae recently affected with American foul brood, does not cause the disease.Methods of inoculation, in which the adult bees are allowed access to relatively dilute suspensions ofB. larvaespores, form a satisfactory means of initiating American foul brood in colonies of bees.It is inferred that adult bees play an important part in carrying American foul brood in the colony, and the possible role of the adult bee as “insect vector” of American foul brood is considered.
STUDIES ON AMERICAN FOUL BROOD OF BEES
Authors: TARR H. L. A. , Cochran W. G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe tissues of the developing chicken embryo form a more suitable substrate for the germination of the endospores of Bacillus larvae than any medium so far described.The addition of beef digest broth to a medium of minced chicken embryo hinders rather than promotes the germination of B. larvae spores.Concentrations of reducing sugars as high as 12.5% cause no apparent hinderance in the germination of B. larvae spores in embryo medium.
The effect of eyespot (Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron.) on wheat and the influence of nitrogen on the disease
Authors: Glynne Mary D. , Dion W. M. , Weil J. W. 
Published: February 2008

The effect of eyespot throughout the season on wheat receiving different amounts of nitrogen was studied in pot experiments. Plants inoculated in December showed chlorosis of outer leaves in February. Among plants with high nitrogen, eyespot killed 11%, caused straggling of 31% and whiteheads in 14% of the surviving ear‐bearing straws, reduced yield of straw by 8% and of grain by 16%. The loss in straw yield was due to reduction in plant number, that of grain was about half due to reduction in number of ears and half to production of lighter grains. Among plants with low nitrogen the disease killed 23% of the plants, caused straggling of 86% and whiteheads in 18% of the surviving ear‐bearing straws, and reduced yield of straw by 23% and of grain by 44%. The loss in straw yield was due to death of plants, that of grain was about two‐thirds due to the production of fewer ears and one‐third to that of lighter grains. In the high‐nitrogen series the number of shoots at the time of maximum tillering was reduced by 29%; in the low‐nitrogen series the disease caused reduction in height, a very uneven crop, delay in ear and anther emergence, and an increase in tail corn from 4% in the controls to 30% in the inoculated plants.All inoculated plants became infected, but those receiving high nitrogen had only 49% of the ear‐bearing straws with severe lesions at harvest, while those receiving low nitrogen had 86%. The larger number of tillers produced when nitrogen was applied may have enabled the less severely diseased shoots to survive and bear ears while the most severely infected died.
Physical Factors Affecting the Toxicity of Sprays to Stored Product Insects
Authors: Hewlett P. S. 
Published: February 2008

The problem of whether a given amount of active ingredient is more effectively applied in concentrated or dilute form is discussed. If y is percentage mortality and x1 and x2 are respectively log‐concentration of active ingredient and log‐volume (or deposit) of insecticide applied, y may be regarded as a uniform, continuous function of x1 and x2. The amount of active ingredient is constant, i.e. x1+x2=k, so thatdx/dx1=−dy/dx2=δy/δx1−δy/δx2Probit mortality, Y, can be substituted for y in (4). Thus, whether an active ingredient is better applied in concentrated or dilute form depends on the relative magnitudes of ∂y/∂x1 and ∂y/∂x2, or of ∂Y/∂x1 and ∂Y/∂x2. Equation (4) is true whenever an insecticide consists of an active ingredient in a diluent, whatever the dosage‐mortality relationship. Previous work is discussed in the light of (4) and its probit form, and it appears that the concentration at which an active ingredient is best applied can depend upon the nature and quantity of the active ingredient, and the method of application of the spray. There may be other facto*** The probit form of (4) is applied to the probit plane and confirmed experimentally. Flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum Herbst were sprayed with pyrethrins in Shell oil P 31, and it was found that ∂Y/∂x1 > ∂Y/∂x2, so that a given quantity of pyrethrins was more toxic in concentrated solution than in dilute.
AN AUTOMATIC VOLUMETRIC SPORE TRAP
Authors: HIRST J. M. 
Published: February 2008

A suction trap has been made in which the spores entering a narrow orifice, directed into the wind, are impacted on a Vaseline‐coated microscope slide moved across the orifice at 2 mm./hr. Estimates of spore content of the air can be made, with higher efficiency than by previous traps, at different times of day and thus be more closely correlated with variations in weather.Wind‐tunnel tests with spores of Lycopodium clavatum showed maximal and minimal efficiencies of 93.8 and 62.4% respectively, with a suction rate of 10.0 1./min., in the range of wind speeds from 1.5 to 9.3 m./sec.
BREAKDOWN OF TIMBER BY ASCOMYCETES AND FUNGI IMPERFECTI
Authors: SAVORY J. G. 
Published: February 2008

Soft rot of wood is caused by certain species of Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti The fungal hyphae typically run spirally in the central zone of the secondary xylem walls, where they give rise to cavities with pointed ends.The fungi causing soft rot are cellulose‐attacking species which initiate attack in the less heavily lignified parts of the walls of the wood elements. The rate of attack is increased when inorganic nutrient salts are added to the wood.Under laboratory conditionsChaetomium globosumcan cause severe decay of hardwoods.Soft rot causes serious deterioration of timber in water‐cooling towers and is therefore of considerable economic importance.
VARIATION IN PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE WORON.
Authors: MACFARLANE I. 
Published: February 2008

Three races of Plasmodiophora brassicae were distinguished by their different capacities to form clubs on different hosts; one failed to club turnip and swede and the others were identified by their effects on different turnip and swede varieties.In contrast to their effects on clubbing, these races caused equal numbers of root‐hair infections with zoosporangia, on all crucifers tested. It is evidently the later stages in the life cycle of the pathogen that cannot develop in clubroot‐resistant hosts.Some partially resistant varieties became clubbed when spore concentrations were increased above the level necessary to cause complete infection of susceptible varieties.Varieties susceptible to a particular race of P. brassicae do not seem to fall into any taxonomic group within the Cruciferae. Susceptible and resistant varieties may belong to the same species or may occur throughout a number of species and genera.
VIRUS DISEASES OF CACAO IN WEST AFRICA IX. STRAIN VARIATION AND INTERFERENCE IN VIRUS 1A
Authors: POSNETTE A. F. , TODD J. McA. 
Published: February 2008

Cacao virus iA, the most important and prevalent of the viruses that attack cacao in the Gold Coast, occurs in strains that differ widely in their virulence towards cacao. Outbreaks usually contain trees infected with different strains and individual trees are often infected simultaneously with more than one strain; this can be demonstrated by coppicing the trees, and by inoculating sets of test plants with grafts from different parts of one tree. Neither mild nor virulent strains seemed to be consistently dominant in roots or in other parts of cacao trees.Cacao plants infected with mild strains were nearly always protected against the effects of infection by virulent strains; however, virulent strains entered hosts already infected with mild strains, but usually without causing any symptoms unless the plants were coppiced. The severe symptoms that developed on new growth from such coppiced plants were seldom repeated in later growth. Mealybugs transmitted the virulent strains from leaves with symptoms characteristic of infection by the latter, but not from leaves free from such symptoms. These results suggest that the multiplication of a virulent strain is impeded in plants infected with a mild strain.In the field, infection with a mild strain protected mature trees against the effects of virulent strains spread by mealybugs. During 3 years in which 273 out of 387 previously uninfected trees became severely diseased, only 35 out of 416 infected with themildstrain developed symptoms of infectionwiththevirulent strain. Five years after infection with the mild strain, trees were yielding I pod per tree more than in the year they were infected, whereas the decrease on trees infected with the virulent strain was 16 pods per tree. Some limitations in the practical application of protection by mild strains, and objections to its use as a control measure, are discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SURVIVAL OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF FISH IN LOW TENSIONS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Authors: DOWNING K. M. , MERKENS J. C. 
Published: February 2008

The resistance to low tensions of dissolved oxygen over periods ranging from less than a day to a week was determined for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson), perch (Perca fluviatilis L.), roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)), and mirror carp, a domestic form of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) at 10°, 16° and 20°C., tench (Tinea tinea (L.)) at 10° and 16°C., dace (Leuciscus leuciscus (L.)) at 16° and 20°C., chub (Squalius cephalus (L.)) at 20°C., and bleak (Alburnus alburnus (L.)) at 16°C.At each temperature period of survival decreased with fall in oxygen tension.Rise in temperature between 10° and 20°C. reduced resistance to lack of oxygen of all species except rainbow trout, in which there was no significant difference between resistance at 16° and 20°C. Rise in temperature between 10° and 16°C. did, however, lower resistance considerably.Tench were the most resistant to lack of oxygen and, in general, trout were the most susceptible. At 20°C. mirror carp required a higher tension of oxygen to enable them to survive for a week than did rainbow trout, but for shorter periods could withstand much lower tensions than rainbow trout; at 10° and 16°C. their resistance was intermediate between that of tench and rainbow trout.
STUDIES OF THE BIOLOGY OF SCLEROTIUM CEPIVORUM BERK.
Authors: COLEY‐SMITH J. R. 
Published: February 2008

Sclerotia from 6‐week‐old pure cultures of Sclerotium cepivorum germinated immediately in soil only after abrasion of their rinds, but after burial in soil for a month or more, unabraded sclerotia became capable of germination.Marked stimulation of germination occurred in the presence of host plants (onion, leek and shallot). Little or no germination occurred in soil alone or in the presence of non‐host plants (barley, cabbage, carrot and white clover). Sclerotial germination was observed in a number of soils of widely differing pH and over a wide range of soil water content. Germination of sclerotia on uninjured onion roots was greatest at the tip region. On artificially injured roots sclerotial germination was enhanced but the effect of position was lost.Sclerotial germination was independent of contact between roots and sclerotia. It was induced by root extracts of all Allium spp. tested, but of no other plants. Boiling or autoclaving root extracts did not destroy the active principle and it is concluded that under field conditions sclerotia are induced to germinate by a thermostable chemical substance from Allium roots.The process of germination of sclerotia is described.
THE RELATION BETWEEN INFESTATION BY THE STALK BORER, BUSSEOLA FUSCA, AND YIELD OF MAIZE IN EAST AFRICA
Authors: WALKER P. T. 
Published: February 2008

The relation between yield and infestation by the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca Fuller, is expressed as a series of regression lines for crops of different potential yields. The reasons are given for assuming that the regression is rectilinear, and that the regression coefficient b, or rate of fall in yield, is proportional to the maximum expected yield of the crop, that is that bFor the crops examined, the formula for a general regression line of yield, as hundreds of pounds of dry grain per acre, on infestation, as the percentage of plants attacked transformed to angles, is y= 45.1–0.55x for a high‐yielding area, and y= 14.55–0.23x for a lower yielding crop. This is equivalent to a 35 lb./acre increase in grain yield for every 1% decrease in infestation for the higher yielding group, and 17 lb. increase per 1% decrease for the lower.The applications of the relationship are discussed, in particular to studies of the economics of control by insecticides, and of the accuracy of methods of sampling infestations.
Studies on parsnip canker
Authors: CHANNON A. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn Petri‐dish trappings in parsnip crops during the wet seasons of 1958 and 1960, ballistospores of Itersonilia pastinacae were first obtained in August and increased in number to a peak in October or November. In the dry seasons of 1959 and 1961 the spores were much fewer and appeared later. There was a diurnal periodicity in the numbers of spores trapped, the maximum concentration occurring around dawn and the minimum during the afternoon. The fungus occurred to only a small extent in the air over bare ground. The numbers of ballistospores of I. perplexans were lower than those of I. pastinacae, but showed somewhat similar seasonal and diurnal fluctuations.I. pastinacae was isolated from parsnip leaves either at the same time as, or shortly after, the earliest trappings from the air.Attempts to prevent the ballistospores of I. pastinacae reaching the roots, by raising ridges of soil or peat over them or by defoliating the plants, resulted in reductions in black canker on the roots.
The incidence and spread of viruses in sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratusL.) in relation to variety and the use of systemic insecticides
Authors: HULL ROGER , SELMAN I. W. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA detailed examination has been made of the natural infection in two field experiments with sweet peas. Common pea mosaic virus (CPMV) and pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) accounted for infection in most of the plants.In the first experiment, evidence was found of differences in ‘field resistance’ of fifteen varieties to PEMV but not to CPMV.The second experiment indicated that, though soil application of granular systemic insecticides rendered the plants toxic to aphids, it did not significantly reduce the spread of CPMV. The insecticides had no effects on the growth or flowering of the plants.Incidence of CPMV infection was significantly correlated with trap catches ofAcyrthosiphon pisum, Myzus persicaeandAphis fabaeand PEMV infection withAcyrthosiphon pisumandMyzus persicae.CPMV was not transmitted mechanically by flower cutting but the rate of infection was increased when the plants were layered.The epidemiology of CPMV and PEMV in relation to sweet peas is discussed.