bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in herring biology: from simple to complex, coping with plasticity and adaptability
Authors: Geffen Audrey J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGeffen, A. J. 2009. Advances in herring biology: from simple to complex, coping with plasticity and adaptability. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1688–1695. At least two centuries of investigations on herring have been absorbed by scientific journals, and applied and basic research has produced groundbreaking concepts in fisheries, population biology, and marine ecology. By the 1970s, a firm understanding of herring biology formed the basis for more sophisticated research. At that point, herring populations had been delineated, and their migration patterns described. The reproduction and early stage biology were characterized in ways that could be applied to fisheries management. However, over the subsequent four decades, new approaches and technology overturned many of the earlier findings. Behavioural studies revealed a repertoire of patterns that extended the concept of schooling, and genetic analyses showed high levels of stock mixing. Application of otolith analysis to larval, juvenile, and adult fish revealed the scope of plasticity in growth and life-history strategies. Developments in physiological research have revealed that herring are not “primitive”, as once believed, but highly adaptable in their nutrition and metabolism. These advances fundamentally changed our view of herring, and the resulting challenge is to synthesize current knowledge to help explain the significance of adaptability and plasticity in its flexible life history.
Does Low-dose Droperidol Administration Increase the Risk of Drug-induced QT Prolongation and Torsade de Pointes in the General Surgical Population?
Authors: Nuttall Gregory A. , Eckerman Karen M. , Jacob Kelly A. , Pawlaski Erin M. , Wigersma Susan K. , Marienau Mary E. Shirk , Oliver William C. , Narr Bradly J. , Ackerman Michael J. 
Published: March 2009

Background
The US Food and Drug Administration issued a black box warning regarding the use of droperidol and the potential for torsade de pointes (TdP).

Methods
The primary objective of this retrospective study was to determine whether low-dose droperidol administration increased the incidence of TdP in the general surgical population during a 3-yr time period before and after the Food and Drug Administration black box warning. A random sample of 150 surgical patients during each time interval was selected to estimate the droperidol use for each time period.

Results
During the time period before the black box warning (July 1, 1998 to June 30, 2001), 2,321/139,932 patients (1.66%) had QT prolongation, TdP, or death within 48 h after surgery. We could identify no patients who clearly developed TdP before the black box warning. There was one patient for whom the cause of death could not positively be ruled out as due to TdP. In the time period after the black box warning (July 1, 2002 to June 30, 2005), 2,207 patients (1.46%) had documented QT prolongation, TdP, or death within 48 h after surgery, including only two cases (<0.1%) of TdP. The incidence of droperidol exposure was approximately 12% (exact 95% confidence interval, 7.3-18.3%) before the black box warning and 0% after placement of the black box warning on droperidol. Therefore, we estimate that approximately 16,791 patients (95% confidence interval, 10,173-25,607) were exposed to droperidol, none of whom experienced documented TdP.

Conclusions
This indicates that the Food and Drug Administration black box warning for low dose droperidol is excessive and unnecessary.
Activation of a G Protein–coupled Inwardly Rectifying K+Current and Suppression of I hContribute to Dexmedetomidine-induced Inhibition of Rat Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Neurons
Authors: Shirasaka Tetsuro , Kannan Hiroshi , Takasaki Mayumi 
Published: March 2009

Background
Alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist has been reported to produce inhibition of arginine vasopressin release, diuresis, and sympatholytic effects. However, its mechanisms of central action remain incompletely understood. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons, which are in direct contact with noradrenergic synapses and are controlled by the hyperpolarization-activated currents, are called Ih (H current). The effect of dexmedetomidine, a highly selective and potent agonist, at alpha2 adrenoceptors on Ih is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dexmedetomidine on the PVN neuron, which is involved in the arginine vasopressin release and autonomic regulation.

Methods
The authors investigated the effects of dexmedetomidine on the membrane properties in PVN magnocellular neurons and an Ih in PVN parvocellular neurons with a whole cell patch clamp technique using a rat brain slice preparation.

Results
Dexmedetomidine dose-dependently hyperpolarized PVN magnocellular neurons. In the voltage clamp mode, dexmedetomidine induced an outward current, with a reversal potential of -94 mV, and this was shown to depend on the external concentration of K. Pretreatment with Ba or peptide toxin tertiapin blocked hyperpolarization induced by dexmedetomidine. The effect of dexmedetomidine was blocked by an alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine. Ih was suppressed dose dependently by dexmedetomidine in PVN parvocellular neurons. Pretreatment with Cs occluded the Ih suppression by dexmedetomidine. Yohimbine blocked the Ih suppression by dexmedetomidine. The Ih sensitive to dexmedetomidine was weakly modulated by intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

Conclusions
Dexmedetomidine inhibited PVN magnocellular neurons by activation of the G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K current and inhibited PVN parvocellular neurons by suppression of Ih.
Novices Ventilate and Intubate Quicker and Safer via Intubating Laryngeal Mask Than by Conventional Bag–Mask Ventilation and Laryngoscopy
Authors: Timmermann Arnd , Russo Sebastian G. , Crozier Thomas A. , Eich Christoph , Mundt Birgit , Albrecht Bjoern , Graf Bernhard M. 
Published: March 2009

Background
Because airway management plays a key role in emergency medical care, methods other than laryngoscopic tracheal intubation (LG-TI) are being sought for inadequately experienced personnel. This study compares success rates for ventilation and intubation via the intubating laryngeal mask (ILMA-V/ILMA-TI) with those via bag-mask ventilation and laryngoscopic intubation (BM-V/LG-TI).

Methods
In a prospective, randomized, crossover study, 30 final-year medical students, all with no experience in airway management, were requested to manage anesthetized patients who seemed normal on routine airway examination. Each participant was asked to intubate a total of six patients, three with each technique, in a randomly assigned order. A task not completed after two 60-s attempts was recorded as a failure, and the technique was switched.

Results
The success rate with ILMA-V was significantly higher (97.8% vs. 85.6%; P < 0.05), and ventilation was established more rapidly with ILMA-V (35.6 +/- 8.0 vs. 44.3 +/- 10.8 s; P < 0.01). Intubation was successful more often with ILMA-TI (92.2% vs. 40.0%; P < 0.01). The time needed to achieve tracheal intubation was significantly shorter with ILMA-TI (45.7 +/- 14.8 vs. 89.1 +/- 23.3 s; P < 0.01). After failed LG-TI, ILMA-V was successful in all patients, and ILMA-TI was successful in 28 of 33 patients. Conversely, after failed ILMA-TI, BM-V was possible in all patients, and LG-TI was possible in 1 of 5 patients.

Conclusion
Medical students were more successful with ILMA-V/ILMA-TI than with BM-V/LG-TI. ILMA-TI can be successfully used when LG-TI has failed, but not vice versa. These results suggest that training programs should extend the ILMA to conventional airway management techniques for paramedical and medical personnel with little experience in airway management.
Kvβ1.3 Reduces the Degree of Stereoselective Bupivacaine Block of Kv1.5 Channels
Authors: Arias Cristina , Guizy Miriam , David Miren , Marzian Stefanie , González Teresa , Decher Niels , Valenzuela Carmen 
Published: March 2009

Background
Kvbeta1.3 subunit modifies the gating and the pharmacology of Kv1.5 channels, decreasing their sensitivity to block induced by drugs, suggesting that Kvbeta1.3 competes with them for a binding site at Kv1.5 channels.

Methods
Currents generated by the activation of Kv1.5 and Kv1.5 + Kvbeta1.3 channels expressed in HEK293 cells and Xenopus oocytes were recorded by using whole cell patch clamp and voltage clamp techniques.

Results
Block of Kv1.5, but not that produced on Kv1.5 + Kvbeta1.3 channels, was voltage dependent. In both channels, bupivacaine block was time dependent. R(+)- and S(-)-bupivacaine blocked Kv1.5 with IC50 4.4 +/- 0.5 microM (n = 15) and 39.8 +/- 8.2 microM (n = 16; P < 0.05), respectively. These values increased fourfold for R(+)-bupivacaine (17.2 +/- 2.2 microM) and twofold for S(-)-bupivacaine (71.9 +/- 11.5 microM) in Kv1.5 + Kvbeta1.3 channels. Therefore, the degree of stereoselectivity (theta) decreased from 9 to 4 in the presence of Kvbeta1.3. The decrease in potency to block Kv1.5 + Kvbeta1.3 channels was the result of a less stable interaction between bupivacaine enantiomers and channels. Differences in stereoselectivity in each situation were due to a more favorable interaction between the channel and R(+)-bupivacaine. In the presence of Kvbeta1.3, stereoselectivity was abolished for V514A mutant channels (involved in bupivacaine binding but not in Kvbeta1.3 binding) but not for L510A (part of Kvbeta1.3 binding site).

Conclusions
The degree of stereoselective block of Kv1.5 decreases from 9 to 4 when Kvbeta1.3 is present. L510 is determinant for the modulation of bupivacaine block, because it is the only residue of the S6 segment that binds to both bupivacaine and Kvbeta1.3. These findings support an overlapping binding site for drugs and Kvbeta1.3.
Psoriatic Arthritis-Associated Polyneuropathy: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Narayanaswami Pushpa , Chapman Kristine M , Yang Michele L , Rutkove Seward B 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Psoriatic arthritis (PA) occurs in about 30% of patients with psoriasis. Although polyneuropathy is described in association with many connective tissue diseases, it is rarely reported in the autoimmune dermatoses. We describe 3 patients with polyneuropathy associated with PA. The clinical and electrophysiologic features are consistent with a chronic distal symmetric sensorimotor axonal process. PA-associated neuropathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic length-dependent axonal polyneuropathies.
GDASH: a grid-enabled program for structure solution from powder diffraction data
Authors: Griffin Thomas A. N. , Shankland Kenneth , van de Streek Jacco , Cole Jason 
Published: March 2009

The simulated annealing approach to structure solution from powder diffraction data, as implemented in theDASHprogram, is easily amenable to parallelization at the individual run level. Very large scale increases in speed of execution can therefore be achieved by distributing individualDASHruns over a network of computers. TheGDASHprogram achieves this by packagingDASHin a form that enables it to run under the Univa UDGrid MPsystem, which harnesses networks of existing computing resources to perform calculations.
Increased heat‐shock protein 90 expression contributes to impaired adaptive cytoprotection in the gastric mucosa of portal hypertensive rats
Authors: Tominaga Masayuki , Ohta Masayuki , Kai Seiichiro , Iwaki Kentaro , Shibata Kohei , Kitano Seigo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Portal hypertensive (PHT) gastropathy results in an increased susceptibility to damage. Adaptive cytoprotection against ethanol‐induced damage is impaired in the gastric mucosa of rats with portal hypertension. Excessive nitric oxide (NO) production occurs in portal hypertension and is mediated in part via heat‐shock protein (Hsp)90 production. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between adaptive cytoprotection after exposure to ethanol and gastric expression of Hsp90 in PHT rats.Methods:  Portal hypertension was induced in rats by staged portal vein occlusion. Adaptive cytoprotection to 70% ethanol was evaluated by assessing the injury index of the gastric mucosa with or without pretreatment with 10% ethanol. Expression of Hsp90 mRNA was evaluated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and expression of Hsp90 protein was evaluated by western blotting. The effect of Hsp90 inhibition in PHT rats was evaluated by administration of geldanamycin.Results:  Gastric Hsp90 mRNA expression in PHT rats was significantly less than that in sham‐operated (SO) controls. However, after 10% ethanol pretreatment, Hsp90 mRNA expression was significantly greater in PHT rats than in SO controls. In PHT rats, gastric Hsp90 protein expression after 10% ethanol pretreatment was significantly greater than that without the pretreatment. However, the pretreatment had no effect on the injury index compared to SO rats. Administration of geldanamycin prior to 10% ethanol pretreatment significantly decreased the injury index in response to 70% ethanol in the PHT rats.Conclusions:  These results show that 10% ethanol pretreatment markedly increases gastric Hsp90 expression in PHT rats. Excessive production of Hsp90 may contribute impaired adaptive cytoprotection.
Benefits of endoscopic submucosal dissection according to size and location of gastric neoplasm, compared with conventional mucosal resection
Authors: Hoteya Shu , Iizuka Toshiro , Kikuchi Daisuke , Yahagi Naohisa 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground and Aims:  To clarify optimal therapeutic strategies for early gastric cancers without vestigial remnant or recurrence, we evaluated the benefits of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) according to tumor size and location.Methods:  From January 2000 to December 2007, a total of 328 gastric lesions were treated using conventional EMR, while 572 lesions were treated by ESD. Patients who underwent surgery on the upper gastrointestinal tract before EMR or ESD were excluded from the study. We compared tumor size, location and rates of complete resection, curative resection, postoperative bleeding, perforation and local recurrence between EMR and ESD according to tumor situation.Results:  Overall local complete resection rate (EMR, 64.2%; ESD, 95.1%) and overall curative resection rate (EMR, 59.5%; ESD, 82.7%) were significantly higher in ESD than in EMR. No significant differences were seen in complication rates between EMR and ESD. Local recurrence was detected in 13 lesions (4.0%) of the EMR group during follow up. In contrast, no local recurrence was detected in the ESD group. For lesions 5 mm or less in diameter, complete resection rate in the EMR group was not significantly inferior to that in the ESD group at any location. However, rates were overwhelmingly better in the ESD group than in the EMR group for lesions more than 5 mm in diameter, regardless of location.Conclusion:  We concluded that lesions exceeding 5 mm in diameter should be treated by ESD, although a high resection rate is obtained also with EMR for lesions of 5 mm or less in diameter.
EFFICIENCY OF LIABILITY RULES WITH MULTIPLE VICTIMS
Authors: Jain Satish K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This paper investigates the structure of liability rules from the efficiency perspective when there are multiple victims. It is shown that, when there is one injurer and multiple victims, there is no liability rule with the property of invariably yielding efficient outcomes. The fact that there is no rule which is efficient for all applications of course does not in any way preclude the possibility of a rule being efficient with respect to some subclass of applications which may be of interest. We consider in this paper the important subclass of applications (′) which are such that the expected loss of a victim depends only on the care level taken by that victim and the care level taken by the injurer. It is shown that a sufficient condition for a one‐injurer multiple‐victim liability rule to be efficient with respect to the above subclass of applications ′ is that its structure be such that: (i) whenever the injurer is negligent and a particular victim is non‐negligent, the entire loss incurred by that victim must be borne by the injurer; and (ii) whenever a particular victim is negligent and the injurer is non‐negligent, the entire loss incurred by that victim must be borne by the victim himself. In fact, for an important subclass of one‐injurer multiple‐victim liability rules, characterized by the condition that the proportions in which the loss incurred by a particular victim is to be borne by the injurer and that victim must depend only on the non‐negligence proportions of the injurer and that victim, the above condition is both necessary and sufficient for efficiency with respect to the restricted subclass of applications ′.
Cognitive and emotional associations to positive schizotypy during adolescence
Authors: Debbané Martin , Van der Linden Martial , Gex‐Fabry Marianne , Eliez Stephan 
Published: March 2009

Background:  Sub‐clinical symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations and delusions, known as positive schizotypy, constitute one of the strongest predictive factors for adult psychotic disorders. Recent cognitive models suggest that the expression of positive schizotypy is associated with depression, anxiety, metacognitive beliefs and self‐monitoring deficits. In this study, we present empirical data on the relationships positive schizotypy hold with both emotional and cognitive factors.Methods:  A sample of 163 adolescents (77 females) participated in this study (mean age 15.3, 12–18 years). Subjects filled out self‐report questionnaires assessing the emotional dimensions of depression and anxiety, as well as metacognitive beliefs. Self‐monitoring skills were assessed using an action monitoring paradigm sensitive to dysfunctions associated with psychosis‐proneness. Multivariate regression models were employed to examine emotional and cognitive contributions to positive schizotypy during adolescence.Results:  Analyses revealed that dimensions of depression, anxiety, and metacognitive beliefs significantly correlated with the expression of positive schizotypy. When accounting for the effects of depression and metacognitive beliefs in adolescents reporting hallucinations, self‐monitoring dysfunctions seemed to represent a significant factor in the expression of positive schizotypy.Conclusion:  The present results suggest that the expression of positive schizotypy during adolescence is modulated by emotional factors of depression and anxiety, as well as metacognitive beliefs and self‐monitoring dysfunctions. The current data lend some evidence that supports the cognitive‐developmental account of positive symptom formation before the onset of a psychotic disorder.
Biomechanical and histological behavior of zirconia implants: an experiment in the rat
Authors: Kohal Ralf J. , Wolkewitz Martin , Hinze Marc , Han Jung‐Suk , Bächle Maria , Butz Frank 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective: This study aimed at evaluating the integration of zirconia implants in a rat femur model.Material and methods: Zirconia implants with two distinct surface topographies were compared with titanium implants with similar topographies. Titanium and zirconia implants were placed into the femurs of 42 male Sprague–Dawley rats. Four groups of implants were utilized: machined zirconia implants, zirconia implants with a rough surface, machined titanium implants, and titanium implants with an electrochemically roughened surface. After a healing period of 28 days, the load‐bearing capacity between the bone and the implant surface was evaluated by a push‐in test. Additionally, after a healing period of 14 and 28 days, respectively, bone tissue specimens containing the implants were processed and histologically analyzed.Results: The mean mineralized bone‐to‐implant contact showed the highest values after 14 and 28 days for the rough surfaces (titanium: 36%/45%; zirconia: 45%/59%). Also, the push‐in test showed higher values for the textured implant surfaces, with no statistical significance between titanium (34 N) and zirconia (45.8 N).Conclusions: Within the limits of the animal investigation presented, it was concluded that all tested zirconia and titanium implant surfaces were biocompatible and osseoconductive. The presented surface modification of zirconia implants showed no difference regarding the histological and biomechanical results compared with an established electrochemically modified titanium implant surface.
Association of glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms with the susceptibility to major depressive disorder and treatment responses in Korean depressive patients
Authors: Lee Hwa-Young , Kang Rhee-Hun , Han Sang-Woo , Paik Jong-Woo , Chang Hun Soo , Jeong Yoo Jung , Lee Min-Soo 
Published: March 2009

Objective:Major depressive disorder (MDD) is closely related to stress reactions and serotonin probably underpins the pathophysiology of MDD. Alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis at the gene level have reciprocal consequences on serotonin neurotransmission. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) polymorphisms affect glucocorticoid sensitivity, which is associated with cortisol feedback effects. Therefore, we hypothesised that GR polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to MDD and predict the treatment response.Method:Ninety-six subjects with a minimum score of 17 on the 21-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) at baseline were enrolled into the present study. The genotypes of GR (N363S, ER22/23EK, Bcl1, and TthIII1 polymorphisms) were analysed. The HAMD score was again measured after 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment to detect whether the therapeutic effects differed with the GR genotype.Results:Our subjects carried no N363S or ER22/23EK genetic polymorphisms and three types of Bcl1 and TthIII1 genetic polymorphisms. The C/C genotype and C allele at Bcl1 polymorphism were more frequent in MDD patients than in normal controls (p < 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). The genotype distributions did not differ significantly between responders and non-responders.Conclusion:These results suggest that GR polymorphism cannot predict the therapeutic response after antidepressant administration. However, GR polymorphism (Bcl1) might play a role in the pathophysiology of MDD. Future studies should check this finding in larger populations with different characteristics.
Cichlid fish visual systems: mechanisms of spectral tuning
Authors: CARLETON Karen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHundreds of species of cichlid fishes have evolved in the Great Lakes of Africa. These colorful fishes are known for their ecological diversity. Here, we discuss the diversity of their visual systems. Cichlids have seven unique cone opsin genes, which produce visual pigments sensitive from the ultraviolet to the red end of the spectrum. Different species typically express three visual pigments to produce a trichromatic visual system. Because species differ in which sets of opsin genes they express, visual sensitivities can differ widely. In addition to the large visual pigment shifts from changing gene expression, cichlids can also more finely tune visual pigments through alterations in opsin amino acid sequence. Both of these tuning mechanisms likely play an important role in cichlid ecology and could contribute to the evolution of cichlid diversity through speciation.