bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SERUM 'HORMONAL' IODINE IN RELATION TO THYROID FUNCTION AND TREATMENT WITH ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE (ACTH)
Authors: SALTER W. T. , ROSENBLUM I. 
Published: December 2008

The calibration and application of a catalytic method for serum and tissue iodine is described. The apparatus is simple, multiple determinations can be performed simultaneously, and the answer read directly from a spectrophotometer scale. For routine work with human serum in the clinic, 0·5 ml. samples are used. The values so obtained conform closely to those obtained by distillation procedures employing larger samples. Large pools of human serum yield a value of 5·3 μg. iodine/100 ml. (protein-bound). The arbitrary 'normal' range of values is the same as for other methods, i.e. approximately 4–8 μg./100 ml. The method is also applicable to decigram samples of fresh tissue.
The effect of treatment with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) upon circulating thyroid hormone is illustrated in several clinical cases, i.e. acromegaly, the nephrotic syndrome, scleroderma and Cushing's syndrome.
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Authors: EBLING F. J. 
Published: December 2008

As studied in samples of dorsal skin taken at biopsy and measured by sebaceous cell counts, the sebaceous alveoli of immature female rats increased in size for 2 days after the implantation of 1 mg. of oestradiol benzoate, and decreased progressively on days 3, 5 and 9 to a level much below normal on day 20. This was accompanied by an increase in size of the sebaceous cells which was evident by the first day after implantation. There was no subsequent decrease in size below normal. Changes in alveolar number may also have taken place.
Wounding appeared to increase the size of the sebaceous glands for a distance of at least 2–8 mm. from the edge of the wound, and this effect was apparent even 1 day after wounding.
THE ACTION OF GLYCINE ON THE LIVER GLYCOGEN OF FASTING MICE, NORMAL AND ADRENALECTOMIZED
Authors: LOCKETT MARY F. , EVANS MARY M. 
Published: December 2008

The effects of injected glycine on the liver glycogen of fasting normal and adrenalectomized mice have been compared with those of injected glucose.
In both normal mice and cortisone-treated adrenalectomized mice glycine caused significant reduction in hepatic glycogen (Table 1).
In salt-maintained and in DOCA-treated adrenalectomized mice,glycine hada glycogen-sparing action, equivalent, carbon for carbon, to that of glucose.
These observations are related to the influence of C 11 oxygenated adrenal steroids on protein metabolism.
SOME EFFECTS OF ADMINISTERING 'ANTI-THYROXINE' COMPOUNDS TO RATS
Authors: LAWSON A. , SEARLE C. E. 
Published: December 2008

A number of thyroxine analogues have been administered to rats, and their effect on the uptake of radioactive iodine has been investigated. The marked depressions nearly always obtained can in many cases be attributed to iodide liberated by decomposition of the drugs. A marked sex difference was observed with certain compounds.
In long-term experiments in which the drugs were incorporated in the diet alone or together with thiouracil, the growth rate, thyroid weight and thyroid total iodine were determined.
STUDIES ON THE HORMONAL INDUCTION OF MAMMARY GROWTH AND LACTATION IN THE GOAT
Authors: COWIE A. T. , FOLLEY S. J. , MALPRESS F. H. , RICHARDSON K. C. 
Published: December 2008

Extensive morphological and functional investigations have been carried out on the artificial induction of mammary development and lactation in the goat using hexoestrol alone and in combination with progesterone, at several dose levels and proportions. Administration of the oestrogen and progesterone was either by tablet implantation or by subcutaneous injection in oily solution. Forty animals were used, of which twenty-three were ovariectomized during infancy. Special histological techniques were devised for studying and estimating quantitatively the degree of mammary development. In the later experiments this was achieved by surgically removing one half of the udder, i.e. one gland, when the lactation curve had reached a maximum. In three normally lactating goats the operation had no influence on the milk yield of the remaining gland.
For the dose levels used, the milk yields of the animals receiving oestrogen and those receiving oestrogen and progesterone did not differ significantly. In general, the artificially induced milk yields were below the expected yields had the animals come into lactation after kidding.
It appeared highly probable that the total area of secretory epithelium in the artificially developed gland was less than in the normally developed udder. A high correlation was observed between the surface area of the secretory epithelium in the entire half udder and the milk yield.
Several marked abnormalities were observed in the microscopic structure of the udders. These were less evident in the glands of the goats receiving progesterone provided the oestrogen dose was not excessive.
THE EFFECTS OF THYROXINE AND THIOURACIL ON THE TUBERCULIN REACTIONS OF GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: LEECH F. B. , PATERSON A. B. 
Published: December 2008

Three groups of twelve guinea-pigs were selected from a batch inoculated with a live culture of BCG. Two of these groups were selected for treatment with thyroxine and thiouracil. The third served as untreated controls. The experiment was divided into three periods; in the first, groups I and III received thyroxine and thiouracil respectively; in the second, all drug treatment was discontinued; in the third, the treatments were reversed, thiouracil being given to group I and thyroxine to group III. All guinea-pigs were injected intradermally with OT and PPD tuberculins at the end of the first and third periods; the diameters of the 24 hr. lesions were analysed by the appropriate statistical methods.
Thyroxine and thiouracil had opposite effects on the reactions to PPD tuberculin, the former depressing the average response. Effects on the reactions to OT were irregular. There were no significant effects on the fresh weights of the adrenal glands.
THE ACTION AND FATE OF VASOPRESSIN IN NEWBORN AND INFANT RATS
Authors: HELLER H. 
Published: December 2008

Estimations of urine volumes and inulin U/P ratios in newborn rats after the administration of 4·5 ml. water and 10 mU. vasopressin/100 g. body weight failed to show an antidiuretic response comparable to that produced in adult controls. When body surface was chosen as the basis of dosage, relatively larger amounts of water were given to newborn rats. These produced an increase in the rate of urine flow (which, however, still remained well below the adult level), but an inhibitory effect of vasopressin again could not be demonstrated.
Experiments on older rats (up to 4 weeks of age) showed that an antidiuretic effect of vasopressin comparable to that of adults develops only after several weeks of postnatal life, approximately at the same time as a full diuretic response to water could be obtained.
When 10 mU. vasopressin/100 g. body weight was injected both adult and newborn rats excreted about 10% of this dose.
It is suggested that vasopressin acts less effectively in newborn rats because for some time after birth the kidney is less responsive to the posterior pituitary antidiuretic hormone than in adults.
MECHANISM OF THE CHROMATOPHOROTROPHIC EFFECT OF ACTH
Authors: SULMAN F. G. 
Published: December 2008

The chromatophorotrophic effect of ACTH which, in the Addisonian patient does not require the presence of the adrenal glands, has been studied in the tree frog (Hyla arborea).
Frog skin in vitro gave the chromatophorotrophic effect with solutions of ACTH. Slight reactions were produced by intermedin, pitressin and pitocin, while fifteen other hormones and thirty-eight amines gave negative reactions. There was a conspicuous difference between the effective concentration of ACTH in vivo and in vitro, the doses required for the in vitro effect being about a thousand times higher.
Adrenalectomized, hypophysectomized, as well as intact frogs showed the full chromatophorotrophic effect.
THE EFFECT OF COMPLETE ADRENALECTOMY ON THE WALLABY (SETONYX BRACHYURUS)
Authors: BUTTLE JENNIFER M. , KIRK R. L. , WARING H. 
Published: December 2008

1. Data are presented on the survival time of the wallaby, Setonyx brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard), subjected to double adrenalectomy in a two-stage operation. Animals maintained on a normal diet after the second operation had a mean survival time of 36 hr. Treatment with 1% saline, injections of whole cortical extract, and of deoxycorticosterone acetate increased the mean survival time to 91, 83 and 108 hr. respectively, but did not maintain life indefinitely.
2. The typical symptoms following the removal of the second adrenal were increasing anorexia, muscular weakness and eventual collapse, with convulsive seizures during the collapsed state in some cases.
3. Determinations of plasma sodium and potassium values showed a marked decline in plasma sodium, and a rapid rise in plasma potassium during the terminal stages. Blood glucose generally fell to low levels, while chloride fell sharply in some cases and tended to rise and then fall again in others.
4. These results are compared with the findings reported on the American opossum, Didelphis virginiana.
THE COMPARATIVE POTENCY OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC OESTROGENS IN THE RHESUS MONKEY
Authors: ECKSTEIN P. , KROHN P. L. , ZUCKERMAN S. , HEALY M. J. R. 
Published: December 2008

1. The minimum amount of oestrogen, given as a single intramuscular injection, that is required to induce oestrogen withdrawal uterine bleeding ('threshold dose') has been estimated for eleven oestrogens in twenty-five spayed adolescent or mature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).
2. The threshold dose was always smaller when it was approached from supra-threshold dosage levels (falling series) than from sub-threshold levels (rising series).
3. The oestrogens tested can be arranged in the following decreasing order of potency: oestradiol dipropionate, stilboestrol dipropionate, oestradiol caprylate, oestradiol benzoate, oestradiol benz-butyrate, oestrone benzoate, stilboestrol, hexoestrol, oestradiol, oestrone, dienoestrol.
4. Esterification of the oestrogens increased the potency and duration of bleeding, but diminished the latent interval between the injection and the onset of bleeding.
5. Latency before bleeding was shorter, and duration of bleeding was longer the more potent the oestrogen.
6. The latent interval before bleeding was shorter for falling series of injections than for rising series of injections.
7. At doses above the threshold, latency before bleeding and duration of bleeding tended to become shorter.
CHANGES IN THYROID ACTIVITY AT LOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES AND AT HIGH ALTITUDES, AS TESTED WITH 131I
Authors: VERZÁR F. , SAILER E. , VIDOVIC V. 
Published: December 2008

The activity of the thyroid gland of rats was observed by measuring the uptake of 131I in the living animal over a period of several days. The method is described in detail, and the importance of iodine contained in the diet or applied to the skin, in affecting the results, is stressed.
Reduction of the atmospheric pressure to 250 and 380 mm Hg decreases the uptake of 131I. The lower the pressure, the less iodine is concentrated in the thyroid.
Under natural conditions a small decrease of thyroid activity at an altitude of 3450 m (490 mm Hg) can be noticed, but not at 2010 m altitude (592 mm Hg).
The depression of the thyroid is temporary; after some days 131I is taken up again with normal velocity.
At low atmospheric pressure (below 480 mm Hg) the body temperature decreases, but this, too, is restored to normal in 3–4 days.
The adaptation of thyroid activity to low atmospheric (oxygen) pressure may play an important part during acclimatization to high altitudes. The mechanism underlying the alteration in thyroid function and, in particular, the relation between the thyroid and adrenocortical activity is discussed. It is suggested that the increased adrenocortical activity and the decrease of thyroid activity observed at low oxygen or atmospheric pressure may be inter-connected.
STRESS AND EPIDERMAL MITOTIC ACTIVITY
Authors: BULLOUGH W. S. 
Published: December 2008

An examination has been made of the actions and interactions of the androgenic, oestrogenic and glucocorticoid hormones on epidermal mitotic activity in the mouse. Testosterone, which has a moderate mitogenic action in the male, does not appear to stimulate adrenal secretion. Thus no antimitotic mechanism is brought into play, and the mitotic activity induced by testosterone continues indefinitely.
Oestrogenic hormones, on the other hand, cause active growth of the adrenal cortex, and this appears to be accompanied by active glucocorticoid hormone secretion. Thus the stimulation of epidermal mitotic activity caused by oestrogens is counteracted by the antimitotic action of the glucocorticoid hormones. This reaction occurs naturally on a limited scale at each oestrous period, and it is especially obvious after repeated injections of oestrone and after oestradiol implantation.
Cortisone, when given simultaneously with oestrone, largely prevents the initial rise in mitotic activity, and conversely, adrenalectomy prevents the development of the full mitotic inhibition after oestradiol implantation. A detailed consideration of these last results suggests that the glucocorticoid hormones, while playing a major role in the antimitotic mechanism, may not represent the whole of that mechanism. Evidence is reviewed to indicate that the oestrogenic stimulus to the adrenal cortex passes by way of the anterior pituitary gland, and it is possible that a pituitary hormone may itself exert an antimitotic action.
THE ACTION OF RELAXIN ON THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS OF THE GUINEA-PIG, STUDIED ELECTROMETRICALLY
Authors: CATCHPOLE H. R. , JOSEPH N. R. , ENGEL M. B. 
Published: December 2008

Liquid junction potentials were determined in the pubic symphyses of guinea-pigs. The electrolytes studied were isotonic NaCl and its 1/10 dilution, and isotonic KCl. A theoretical treatment relates values found at various stages of relaxation to the density of immobile, negatively charged colloid of the symphysial connective tissue matrix.
Spayed females were injected with small priming doses of oestradiol benzoate for 4 days, then treated with graded doses of relaxin, and potential readings made 8–10 hr. later. Linear relations were found between junction potentials and the logarithm of the relaxin dose.
An electrometric unit of relaxin is defined as that amount of hormone producing a 50% decrement in the density of immobile colloidal charge at the symphysis. This approximates the standard 'palpation unit'. Animals treated with priming doses of oestrogen alone gave no significant potential fall, while large doses of relaxin alone showed low normal values. Thus the necessity for both hormones in evoking the full electrometric relaxation response confirms findings of previous authors on palpable relaxation.
OBSERVATIONS ON FOETAL GROWTH IN MULTIPLE PREGNANCY IN MAN
Authors: McKEOWN THOMAS , RECORD R. G. 
Published: December 2008

1. Observations on foetal growth in human pregnancy are recorded on 22,454 single, 325 twin, 249 triplet and 27 quadruplet maternities.
2. Mean birth weights of singletons, twins, triplets and quadruplets are respectively 7·43, 5·27, 4·00 and 3·07 lb.
3. For single, twin, triplet and quadruplet pregnancies, mean durations of gestation (in days) are 280·5, 261·6, 246·8 and 236·8.
4. Mean birth weight is greater for small than for large litters even when comparison is restricted to births delivered after the same period of gestation (see Table 4).
5. It is suggested that these observations, which are in accord with reports on experimental animals, raise two questions: (a) why is foetal growth retarded in multiple pregnancy during the last weeks of gestation? and (b) why is onset of labour earlier in multiple than in single pregnancy?
6. In consideration of 5 (a) it is shown that:
(i) Mean foetal weight appears to be independent of litter size until about the 27th week of gestation.
(ii) The rate of growth of multiple foetuses is slower than that of single foetuses from a stage of gestation which varies with size of litter as follows: quadruplets from about 26 weeks; triplets from 27 weeks; and twins from 30 weeks. In the case of singletons, foetal growth is linear between 30 and 36 weeks; after 36 weeks the rate of growth is reduced.
(iii) At the times from which the respective rates of foetal growth are retarded, mean litter weights of twins, triplets and quadruplets are approximately the same. These mean litter weights (in lb.) are: quadruplets at 26 weeks, 7·6; triplets at 27 weeks, 6·9; twins at 30 weeks, 6·9. The mean weight of single births at 36 weeks is 6·5 lb.
(iv) From the time that foetal growth is retarded, litter weight increment is approximately the same for every size of litter.
Support is provided for the view that (a) retardation of foetal growth in large litters is attributable, at least in part, to crowding in the uterus (see Table 6); and (b) the restriction on foetal growth in the crowded uterus may be imposed by the placenta (see Table 7).
7. In consideration of 5 (b) it is shown that mean litter weights of singletons, twins, triplets and quadruplets at birth are respectively 7·43, 10·53, 12·00 and 12·28 lb. It is suggested that these observations are not inconsistent with the view that the early onset of labour in multiple pregnancy is due to distension of the uterus, if we suppose that the amount of distension which the uterus will tolerate during the last weeks of gestation decreases as pregnancy advances.
8. Mean litter weights of multiple births increase with birth order.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOSE-RESPONSE LINE IN ALLEN-DOISY TESTS OBTAINED BY THE INTRAVAGINAL ADMINISTRATION OF OESTRONE IN DISTILLED WATER AND IN 50 % AQUEOUS GLYCEROL
Authors: BIGGERS J. D. 
Published: December 2008

1. No differences have been found between the intravaginal dose-response lines obtained when oestrone is administered in 50% aqueous glycerol or in distilled water.
2. The mean slope was found to be 2·08, s.e. (observed) 0·10; this is significantly smaller than the values obtained by the subcutaneous method.
3. Significant secular variations have been observed both in the slope and in the median effective dose.
4. The intravaginal method is approximately 200 times more sensitive than the subcutaneous method.
5. The χ2 test for goodness of fit shows that the regression between log dose and the probit of response is linear in intravaginal tests.
RELATIONSHIP OF THE DIABETOGENIC ACTIVITY OF OX PITUITARY EXTRACTS TO THEIR GROWTH HORMONE CONTENT
Authors: REID E. 
Published: December 2008

Different batches of crude bovine pituitary extract were compared with respect to the 'D/G ratio', i.e. the ratio of diabetogenic activity in cats to growth-promoting activity in rats. The ratio was low for some extracts which had been incubated as in the experiments of Marks & Young [1940], but wide variations were found with 'normal' (non-incubated) extracts, for some of which the ratio was notably high.
Purified preparations of the diabetogenic factor isolated from crude extracts appeared to consist predominantly of growth hormone (GH), as shown particularly by examination in the ultracentrifuge (see Addendum).
The possibility that 'purified GH' might, in common with crude extracts, vary in D/G ratio, received little support from tests performed on semi-purified GH fractions isolated from crude extracts, or on purified GH preparations subjected to mildly destructive treatments such as incubation with carboxypeptidase, which did not impair either diabetogenic or growth-promoting activity. Tests with the GH preparation (pig) of Raben & Westermeyer [1952] did not confirm their claim that it lacks diabetogenic activity.
The growth-promoting activity of GH is reduced by ACTH or posterior-pituitary extract, and enhanced by thyrotrophin. The diabetogenic activity of GH is known to be enhanced by ACTH under certain conditions. Variations among crude extracts in D/G ratio may thus be attributable to variations in the content of certain hormones other than GH.
Data are presented for changes in body-weight in cats treated with crude pituitary extracts or purified GH.
THE MODE OF ACTION OF ANTITHYROID DRUGS: RESULTS WITH TWO IN VITRO TESTS
Authors: PITNEY W. R. , FRASER T. RUSSELL 
Published: December 2008

1. Two in vitro tests are described for measuring the inhibitory potency of antithyroid drugs on enzymic and non-enzymic oxidative iodination of protein; one, a milk enzymic iodination test, and the other an enzyme-free peroxide iodination test.
2. Five recognized antithyroid drugs have been tested: 2-thiouracil, 2-carbethoxythio-methyl-glyoxaline, potassium thiocyanate, resorcinol and sulphathiazole. By means of the milk enzymic test they could be ranged in order of potency, as indicated by the molar concentrations required for 50 % inhibition. They could also be separated into different types by the speed with which they pass from minimal to maximal inhibition with rising molar concentration.
3. With the enzyme-free peroxide test, thiouracil, but not resorcinol, was found to be inert; with the enzymic test, both were nearly equivalent in potency.
SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THE ANTIGENICITY OF OX ANTERIOR PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE IN SHEEP
Authors: FERGUSON K. A. , BOYDEN S. V. 
Published: December 2008

Using the tannic acid haemagglutination test, antibodies reacting with a purified preparation of ox growth hormone were detected in the sera of sheep following injection with crude anterior pituitary extract or with purified ox growth hormone.
Prior absorption of the sera with various anterior pituitary preparations rich in ox growth hormone inhibited haemagglutination. Absorption of the sera with anterior pituitary preparations containing negligible amounts of growth hormone or with ox serum did not inhibit haemagglutination. It is concluded that ox growth hormone is antigenic in the sheep.
THE EFFECT OF REPEATED INJECTIONS OF ADRENALINE ON THE HAEMOPOIETIC TISSUES OF THE RABBIT
Authors: GHADIALLY F. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of repeated injections of adrenaline on the blood and haemopoietic tissues of the rabbit was studied. A 'panhyperplasia' of the marrow was produced. No change was detected in the lymph nodes. The peripheral blood showed no significant change in the total erythrocyte, total and differential leucocyte and Cook-Arneth counts.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE AND ACTH ON ADRENAL TRANSPLANTS IN THE RAT
Authors: WOODRUFF M. F. A. , BOSWELL THELMA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of cortisone and ACTH on auto- and homotransplants of adrenal tissue has been studied in adrenalectomized rats. If the two hormones are administered simultaneously in appropriate dosage the regeneration of autotransplants is not inhibited, but neither ACTH alone nor cortisone and ACTH combined, in various dosages, have any decisive beneficial effect on the survival of homotransplants.
A positive Thorn test is of value as an index of the presence of a healthy transplant in the strain of rats employed, but a negative result does not necessarily exclude this.
The significance of these findings is discussed.