bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Een experiment met toevalsreeksen
Authors: Visser S. W. , van der Bijl W. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryAn experiment with random series.The authors constructed a random series by writing down in a haphazard sequence the 411 numbers from 1519 to i92g. The average distance betweentops (which is 3 in a random series) differs significantly from this value. Shuffling of the numbers results in a series which is random as measured by the average distance between tops.
Variantie‐analyse
Authors: Kuiper N. H. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryAnalysis of variance.Introduction: Some theory of I inear vector spaces can be applied at not too hard a mathematical level to some problems of analysis of variance. It is then possible to define some much used notions (main effect, interaction, confounding, orthogonality) and many experimental designs and their analysis get rather transparent, partly as a consequence of simple notations.§ 1. A function (y1, …yN) defined over N points (= e.g. experimental units in agricultural field trials) assigns a real number to any of these points. Such functions can be added and they can be multiplied with a real number: they can be considered as vectors and then form an N‐dimensional vector space E. Subspaces are: the I‐dimensional space of constant functions (of general means); the space of functions that are constant within the classes of a classification of the N points (fig. 2). If the classification corresponds with some influence A (amount cf phosphor added to the field; variety; fertility) then this space denoted by A is called the space of impure main‐effects of influence A. An independent basis, and hence the dimension of A are determined. The number of degrees of freedom of a sub‐space of E is defined to be its dimension. Also a space of impure interactions of two (or more) influences A and B is defined.§2. The stochastic variables y1, …yn have a normal distribution with expectation values y&#x030c;1…, y&#x030c;N and all with the same variance a. They are combined to a stochastic N‐dimensional vector y with expectation vector y&#x030c;.It has sense to define a metric in the vector space, determined by a scalar product:(a, b) = a1 b2+ a2 b2+…+ aN bN. The length of a vector is √(a,a) The angle between a and b isϕ :cosϕ= (a, b)/√(a,a).(b,b) The orthogonal projection of a vector yon a linear space A is denoted by yA. It follows that§ 3. The space A* of pure main effects of the influence A is the linear subspace of A perpendicular to the space of general means.§4. The space of pure interactions of A and B is defined to be the subspace of the space A X B of impure interactions, perpendicular to the spaces A and B.§5. Two influences or interactions are confounded, if their (pure) spaces meet in a space of dimension > o. Confounding may be complete or partial.§6. All orthogonal two‐way classifications are determined.§7‐ Statistical considerations are given. In particular the F‐test is mentioned.§8. Two examples of orthogonal two‐way‐classifications.§9. How to deal with non‐orthogonal classifications. An iteration technique to approximate likelihood estimates for two main effects, given by Stevens and Ha mm in g, is proved and understood in terms of vectors.§10. An example with two effects, one of which is linear fertility, is given in detail.§11. Latin squares.§12. Factorial designs.
Voorspellen van historische ontwikkelingen
Authors: Baudet H. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryPrediction of historical developments.Apart from the thirst for knowledge concerning the past, the urge to see into the future has invariably fulfilled an important function in the historical activity of the mind. Our ancestors in the middle ages, who gave a mystic interpretation to historical events, regarded history purely as a divine plan which would ultimately lead to the end of the world and the Day of Judgment. Their successors of the Renaissance period, after the Middle Ages, looked back to the ancient classical times by cultivating the notion that the historical process constituted a cycle with a continuous rise and fall, which would continue unchanged in the historical future. Modern history then created two notions regarding the future — developed from historical interpretation — which, although widely different, found each other and entered into a close union in the eighteenth and the nineteenth century. These were the notion of History as a Human Plan and the notion of History as Evolution.It is interesting to observe how at the present time, whilst eagerly weighing the chances of our Western future, new prognoses are actually being tried out — with more extensive material than ever before — but also how these prognoses of our time have changed nothing in and have added nothing to the four older systems. In the present era the four themes are powerfully active — completely at random — in our world of thought.
Voorspellen van het weer
Authors: Visser S. W. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryPrediction of the weather.The daily predictions of the minimum temperature to be expected during the night, which have been published by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute since 21st September, 1952, fulfil the statistical requirements, but on closer inspection it appears that the weak point in these predictions is the tolerance factor. The correlation coefficient of the expected and the observed tolerance during 86 observation days is only + 0.21.By replacing the tolerance factor in the prediction by its average value the Royal Netherland Meteorological Institute at De Bilt attains a correlation coefficient of + 0.884 between the observed and the expected minimum temperature, while the result of the persistency test (tomorrow the same weather as to‐day) is + 0.760.The investigation into variation (fig. 2) indicates the natural differences between the coastal areas and the inland areas; the variation decreases from the coast to the inland areas.The temperature differences between Den Helder and De Bilt (fig. 3, curve H) during the winter (average values for approximately 1000 observation days) increase according as the minimum temperature at De Bilt decreases. This effect is also observed in the summer (1950 and very high temperatures in 1947).The high correlation coefficient attained proves the reliability of the predictions.
Voorspellen van waterstanden
Authors: Mazure J. P. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryPrediction of water levels.Predicting of water levels may consist of: a. Prediction of the level on a given moment, b. Prediction of change through hydraulic works. c. Indication of the level to be used as a basis for the design of hydraulic works.As only c is of a statistical nature, most attention is given to it. Examples are given, but when — as in deciding about the height of dikes — the consequences of higher waterlevels than were used as a basis may be disastrous — much reluctance is met to accept this decision as a statistical one. It is shown how nevertheless the statistical approach is the best with regard to the safety of the areas protected by the dikes and how this approach may be used even when circumstances are new (as in the case of the IJssel lake) and no frequency‐distribution based on experience is available.
Voorspellen van productie‐resultaten
Authors: de Jong A. J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryPrediction of production results.The possibility of the prediction of what is going to happen in the future on the basis of what has happened in the past is demonstrated. A simple explanation of the principles of the statistical control chart and of its manupulation in practice is given. By the application of control chart technique the producer is shown to be in a position to discern between two types of causes affecting the quality of his product, viz. mere chance causes which are unavoidable and other causes which might well prove to be avoidable. Statistical methods, of which the control chart is only one example, are recommended as valuable and powerful fools in handling and solving various types of production problems.
Methoden voor het vergelijken, toetsen en schatten van onbekende kansen1
Authors: van Eeden Constance 
Published: April 2008

SummaryMethods for comparing, testing and estimating unknown probabilities.This expository paper deals with the 2 times 2‐table for comparing two probabilities. It gives the exact distribution under the hypothesis tested, the normal approximation and several methods for combining independent tests of this kind. Furthermore it deals with a test for the hypothesis H0: p = p0 and gives exact methods and approximations for determining a confidence interval for an unknown probability.
Waarneming en rationeel gedrag
Authors: Hartog J. A. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryObservation and Rational Behaviour.Wald's theory of Decision Functions is illustrated by means of an example, using D. J. Bross' terminology. This paper is meant to supplement prof. D. van Dantzig's 1952 paper, entitled “Playing against Nature”, also read before the Vereniging voor Statistiek.
De verantwoordelijkheden van de statisticus1
Authors: van Dantzig D. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIn this lecture the responsibilities of the statistician are discussed. He always has to find a compromise between his mathematical and his social conscience, because he hardly ever would be allowed to apply the mathematical theory to practical problems if he would consult his mathematical conscience only. This is explained by an example in which his research serves for preparing the important government decisions to be taken in order to prevent future flood calamities like the one that happened on February 1st,1953.
Kwantificering in de sociale wetenschappen
Authors: Somermeyer W. H. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryQuantification in the social sciencesAfter some remarks about the psychological background of quantification, four kinds of entities are distinguished: measurable, scalable, modal or classifiable variables, and finally variables that cannot even be classifiedDifficulties of characterizing entities with respect quantifiability are exemplified by the notion of utility in economics, and to toleration in sociology.Practical problems of measurement in the social sciences are traced back to man's ability to lie and his dis inclination to speak, when questioned about matters of importance to him.The limitations of summarizing measures, such as totals and averages, are brought to the fore, while the neglect of variances in social sciences is criticized.Because the mathemical form of economic and social relationships is rarely specified by theory, measures such as coefficients of elasticity cannot be determined with precision. Moreover, the latter are not really constants, since time cannot be explained away altogether.
Kwantificering in medisch onderzoek
Authors: Rümke Chr. L 
Published: April 2008

SummaryQuantification in Medical ResearchIn medecine statistical methods can be used in the comparison of efficiency of several treatments. In the past in most cases intuition was used to come to a judgment on the results of the comparison. Quantification of the results of treatments is made possible by the application of statistical methods, and so the exactness of judgments can be enlarged. For this reason we may speak of the power of statistics in this field. Some examples of this power are given. The application of statistical methods in comparing results of treatments bring along some ethical problems of which both physician and statistician ought to be aware. It is necessary that observations in patients are used as efficiently as possible!
Kwantificering in taal encrypto‐analyse1
Authors: de Vries M. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryQuantification in language and Crypto‐analysisIn this paper the statistical properties of different languages are considered and it is shown howevery language may be charactarised by a parameter, the so called “invariant paramete”. This parameter, and the character of a language in general, can be changed by crypto‐transformations. Statistical methods for finding the key of crypto‐transformations are discussed and illustrated by examples. It is shown how these methods can be made ineffectual by using special crypto‐transformations, eradicating those statistical properties of the language, which constitute systematic deviations from randomness in the numbers and combinations of letters used.
Het matchen in de psychologie
Authors: Spitz J. C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryMatching in PsychologyIn experimental psychology the matching method seems to be one of the most promising methods. This paper deals with the matching of a series of t elements against a series of t other elements. The stated null hypothesis is: for a fixed order of one of the series each permutation of the second series has the same probability.As a test criterion in the case of one matching is defined: the number r of matches, e.g. the number of “right pairs”; for n matchings: .As the distribution of for t=3 cannot be found in literature, a table of is given for n=I(I)30: see table I. The way of calculating and verifying is discussed.For the problem of t=3 and n 31 the degree of approximation by the normal distribution and by the Pearson's Type III distributions is examined. With the application of a correction for continuity the former gives for n=30 a reasonable approximation, the latter a very good approximation: see table 2.
Tables for use in rank correlation
Authors: Kaarsemaker L. , van Wijngaarden A. 
Published: April 2008

SamenvattingRangcorrelatietabellenIn het artikel worden tabellen gegeven voor de verdeling onder de nulhypothese van de toetsingsgrootheid S van Kendall's rangcorrelatiemethode in het geval van ongelijke waarnemingen. (Zie M. G. Kendall, Rank Correlation Methods, London 1948, hoofdstukken 1, 4 en 5). Getabelleerd zijn de eenzijdige overschrijdingskansen van alle voorkomende S‐waarden voor n=4, 5,…, 40 (Tabellen I en II), de kritieke waarden met eenzijdige overschrijdingskansen 0,01, 0,025, 0,01 en 0,1 voor n = 4, 5,…, 40 (Tabel III) en de spreiding van de verdeling van S voor n=40, 41,…, 100 (Tabel IV).
Toets voor de gelijkheid van twee kleine kansen met behulp van even grote steekproeven en net onderscheidingsvermogen van deze toets1
Authors: Klerk‐Grobben Gerda , Prins H. J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryA test for comparing two small unknown probabilities, using samples of equal size, and its power.For testing the difference between two small proportions a slightly revised form of the sign test is used, giving a better approximation of the significance level α and a larger power.A table of critical values of the test and graphs of its powerfunction are given.
Ordered variables in discontinuous distributions*
Authors: Abdel‐Aty S. H. 
Published: April 2008

SamenvattingGerangschikte variabelen in discrete verdelingenDit artikel behandelt de berekening van de waarschijnlijkheidsverdeling van de y‐de waarneming naar volgorde van grootte uit een steekproef van k waarnemingen van een discrete verdeling, d.w.z. van een stochastische grootheid, die n verschillende waarden kan aannemen. Rekening houdend met de kans op gelijke waarnemingen wordt de exacte waarschijnlijkheidsverdeling van de r‐de waarneming afgeleid voor kleine waarden van k en n. In het bijzonder worden de gevallen r= 1 en r=k beschouwd, terwijl ook de simultane verdeling van de r‐de en de s‐de waarneming naar grootte berekend wordt. De correlatie tussen de f‐de en de s‐de waarneming en de waarschijnlijkheidsverdeling van de “range” warden eveneens beschouwd.De resultaten van deze onderzoekingen warden toegepast op de binomials verdeling en, met een uitbreiding tot het geval n→∞, op de verdeling van Poisson. Voor deze twee gevallen geeft de schrijver benaderingen voor de momenten van de onderzochte waarschijnlijkheidsverdeling, die in het geval van de binomiale verdeling alleen gelden voor niet te kleine n.
Statistische analyse van muziek
Authors: Lisman J. H. C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThis paper presents an application of statistical methods in analysing music. By counting the notes in pieces of music, frequency distributions are obtained and analysed.Particularly Bach's compositions are considered, which appear to be rather disciplined as to the use of the 12 notes in dependence of the key. Perhaps it would be possible to characterize different composers by means of these frequency distributions.Also a specimen of modern music without any key is discussed.
Confidence intervals associated with a straight line fitted by least squares
Authors: Kerrich J. E. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryEen betrouw baarheidsstrook voor een rechte lijn, bepaald met behulp van kleinste kwadraten.In de regressie‐analyse kan men op vrij eenvoudige wijze een betrouwbaarheidsinterval vinden voor één punt van de regressielijn, behorende bij een willekeurig gegeven waarde van de abscis. Dit onderwerp wordt in de meeste handboeken over statistiek behandeld. In tegenstelling hiermee wordt een andere vraag, die hier nauw rnee samenhangt, meestal niet behandeld. Dit is het bepalen van een betrouwbaarheidsstrook voor de lijn in zijn geheel. In dit artikel worden beide methoden besproken.
“Design and analysis of industrial experiments”*
Authors: Davies O. L. , En F. J. van Dun , Hamaker H. C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryDesign and analysis of industrial experiments This paper is based on a lecture on the “Design and Analysis of Industrial Experiments” given by Dr O. L. Davies on the 8th of May 1954 to the Industrial Section of the “Vereniging voor Statistiek”. Production, formulation, and testing are distinguished as three separate fields of chemical activity where experimental designs can be applied, and various numerical examples of such experiments are discussed in detail. They consist of a 23factorial design, a 24half replicate and a 25quarter replicate fractional factorial design, and a three‐way classification. In a final section the recent designs developed by Box for the exploration of response surfaces are briefly considered.
Toespraak door de directeur van de Stichting “Kwaliteitsdienst voor de Industrie”
Authors: de Fremery J. D. N. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryAdress of the Director of the Foundation Industrial Quality Service.The increasing of productivity also has an important qualitative aspect, To promote the qualitative increase of productivity the “Kwaliteitsdienst voor de Industrie” (Industrial Quality Service) wants to organize courses through which the statistical quality control methods can for each separate branch of industry be made available to those who are able to apply these methods, but who cannot spare the time and the energy required to take fully note of the mathematical and statistical backgrounds.
Belletjes in glasbuizen – de keuze van de fabricagemethode van een massaproduct *
Authors: Seligmann P. S. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryFor a certain mass production pieces of glass tubing are required, 6 cm long, free of bubbles and coated inside with an expensive coating. These pieces are obtained by cutting away the bubbles from tubes 100 cm long, coating the remaining pieces with a minimum length of 33 cm and finally cutting the coated pieces of tubing into pieces of 6 cm.A discussion is given about the relations between the costs of production and various technical parameters, and about the conditions necessary for minimizing these costs.
Militaire toepassingen van Operations Research*
Authors: Zoutendijk G. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryMilitary applications of Operations Research.Modern warfare is so complex that military commanders cannot be expected to survey all the features of a military operation or a new armanientsystem. They need scientists to assist them in taking decisions.Operations Research was of great importance in World War II. It is concerned with the study of weapons, tactics and strategy. In this paper some of the results of O.R. are treated. After the war O.R. scientists have continued their studies. The Korean war has supplied new experimental data. The methods of O.R. have become of great importance in industry too.A little country like Holland is dependent on her bigger allies as to many results of O.R. Nevertheless there are fields where scientific research bf the Dutch is required. The territorial defence is one of them, because of the special difficulties presented by the Dutch territory: the existence of land below sea‐level, where heavy tanks cannot operate, and where it is impossible to dig foxholes; the A. A. defence of dikes, and the consequences of the bursting of a dike. O.R. can help to solve the difficulties.
Statistical priesthood *) (Savage on personal probabilities [1])
Authors: van Dantzig D. 
Published: April 2008

Samenvatting In verband met de huidige ontwikkeling van de ekonomische beslissingstheorie heeft de subjectivistische opvatting van net waarschijnlijkheidsbegrip tegenwoordig weer meer aanhangers dan enige tijd geleden. Eén daarvan is Leonard J. Savage, die deze opvatting in zijn boek “The foundations of statistics” [1] nadrukkelijk verdedigt. Daarom wordt in dit artikel het boek van Savage en de subjectivistische opvatting in het algemeen aan een kritisch onderzoek onderworpen. Ter vergelijking worden de opvattingen van Jacob Bernoulli, en ook die van de schrijver van dit artikel, kort samengevat. Het boek bevat vele en ernstige gebreken. Noch zijn beschouwingen, noch zijn voorbeelden wettigen het vermoeden dat schrijver veel statistische ervaring bezit.Voorts wordt uitvoerig aangetoond, dat het “beginsel van de kleinste spijt” op niet ter zake doende gronden kan leiden tot strategieën die verre van optimaal zijn en altijd bijna het slechtst mogelijke resultaat hebben. Dit van Savage afkomstige beginsel mag daarmede wel als definitief weerlegd worden beschouwd.
Statistiek en Marktanalyse: Inleiding tot de Statistische Dag 1957
Authors: Kohnstamm G. A. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIt is only seldom that one can collect sufficient statistical data to effect concrete market researches asked for. Therefore the main problem for the market analyst is on the one hand how to obtain, with reasonable efforts, the figures he needs, and on the other hand, how to arrange them in such a manner that it is possible to deduce from them conclusions that form reliable “tools for management”. After a preliminary speech to introduce the subject of the “Statistische Dag”, the author treats some market‐research problems with which a Netherlands exporter of raw materials for the textile industry has to contend.
Substituut‐variabelen in correlatieberekingen
Authors: Somermeiier W. H. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe recently repeated assertion that in correlation analysis it makes little difference whether one variable (x2) is used instead of another one (x3), provided the coefficient of correlation (r23) between x2 and x3 is high, is scrutinized.To that purpose the ranges of coefficients of correlation with respect to the substitute variable are expressed in formula 3. Moreover, by way of example, extreme values of coefficients of simple correlation (r13 and r34), of multiple correlation (R1.34 and R3.14) and of regression (α13 and α14, α31 and α34) relating to the substitute variable, are calculated on the basis of empirical values of coefficients of simple correlation relating to the substituted and the remaining variables.The outcome of those calculations are summarized in the tables 1 and 3, and in the graph.Table 1 presents ranges of r13 for given values of r12 and r23, table 3 shows extreme values of coefficients of single and multiple correlation and regression in case an additional variable x4 is introduced and r12, r14, r24 and r23 are given. The graph shows an ellipse as the boundary of the inner closed domain of compatible values of r13 and r34.Those results clearly indicate the need for caution in substituting one variable by another.