bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for the veterinary care of laboratory animals: Report of the FELASA/ECLAM/ESLAV Joint Working Group on Veterinary Care
Authors:   Members Of The Joint Working Group On Veterinary Care:, Voipio Hanna-Marja , Baneux P , De Segura I A Gomez , Hau J , Wolfensohn S 
Published: March 2008

Summary Veterinary professionals working in partnership with other competent persons are essential for a successful animal care and use programme. A veterinarian's primary responsibilities are defined by their own professional regulatory bodies, but in this area of work there are further opportunities for contribution, which will assist in safeguarding the health and welfare of animals used in research. These guidelines are aimed not only at veterinarians to explain their duties, and outline the opportunities to improve the health and welfare of animals under their care, but also at employers and regulators to help them meet their responsibilities. They describe the desirability for postgraduate education towards specialization in laboratory animal medicine and detail the many competencies necessary to fulfil the role of the laboratory animal veterinarian. They detail the need for veterinary expertise to promote good health and good welfare of animals used in biomedical research during husbandry as well as when under experimental procedures. Regulatory and ethical aspects are covered as are the involvement of the veterinarian in education and training of others working in the animal care and use programme. Managerial aspects, including occupational health and safety, are also areas where the veterinarian's input can assist in the successful implementation of the programme.
A sparing procedure to clear the mouse mammary fat pad of epithelial components for transplantation analysis
Authors: Brill B , Boecher N , Groner B , Shemanko C S 
Published: March 2008

Summary Transplantation of epithelial cells into cleared fat pads is a widely used technique in the study of mammary gland biology. It was first described in 1959 and has remained a valuable technique, most recently in conjunction with the analysis of mammary anlagen from knockout mice with an embryonic lethal phenotype or reproductive defect, and for mammary epithelial stem-cell assays or analysis of precancerous cells. Mammary glands, unlike most other organs, mainly develop postnatally. When the small amount of endogenous epithelium present in the fat pad of a prepubertal mouse is removed, this clearance leaves a natural microenvironment that can be repopulated with exogenously supplied epithelial cells. Cells with the appropriate developmental potential (stem cells or progenitor cells) can regenerate the epithelial portion of the mammary gland after puberty and pregnancy. The conventional clearance of the fat pad is an involved surgical procedure. We have improved the technique and minimized surgery and recovery time, while maintaining an efficient removal of endogenous epithelium from the mammary fat pad.
Minimizing creatine kinase variability in rats for neuromuscular research purposes
Authors: Goicoechea M , Cía F , José C San , Asensio A , Emparanza J I , Gil A G , De Cerain A LÓPez , Aldazabal P , Azpitarte M , Otaegui D , De Munain A LÓPez 
Published: March 2008

Summary Rat serum or plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity is widely used to evaluate myopathic processes, to test the myotoxicity of different drugs, or to analyse the benefits of emerging gene therapies in some neuromuscular disorders. However, great variability is found in this determination. The aim of this study has been to control some factors of variation in order to reduce variability and increase the reproducibility of analytical data. 8–10-week-old Wistar-Han rats were used. The study consisted of four sequential phases. Phase I aimed to analyse the effect of ether and isoflurane as anaesthetic drugs. The objective of Phase II was to evaluate bleeding rats via retro-orbital sinus vs. tail vein. Phases III and IV were designed as two separate, repeated measure experiments on two factors: habituation to laboratory handling procedures in Phase III and gender in Phase IV. The repeated factor was the storage temperature of blood sample prior to centrifugation. Ether did not significantly increased the CK value. Using isoflurane, getting rats accustomed to laboratory handling procedures and whole blood refrigeration prior to centrifugation and serum separation resulted in statistically significant reduction in CK value and variability. Male rats showed significantly higher values than female rats. In the light of our findings, CK value and variability in rats may be minimized by choosing tail vein as site of bleeding, getting rats accustomed to laboratory handling procedures and maintaining whole blood refrigerated until centrifugation and serum separation.
Effect of temperature control upon a mouse model of partial hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Devey L , Festing M F W , Wigmore S J 
Published: March 2008

Summary In vivo models of hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) are widely used to study both the mechanisms of hepatic ischaemic injury and to seek means of hepatic protection. Achieving high-quality reproducible data are essential if the results of multiple studies are to be compared and reconciled. This paper presents our findings concerning the effect of intraoperative thermoregulation upon signal to noise ratios of hepatic IRI experiments in mice. Four experiments were conducted, using three different strategies for core temperature maintenance. Animals underwent hepatic IRI and euthanized 24 h postoperatively for measurement of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Duration of ischaemia was used to adjust the severity of injury. Experiment 1 utilized a constant output heating system and resulted in rising postoperative ALTs following increasing durations of hepatic ischaemia. Experiment 2, using the same constant output heating system confirmed a difference between ischaemic and sham-operated animals. Experiment 3 used a thermostatically controlled heating system and resulted in highly variable results with a small, but statistically significant correlation between ALT levels and rectal temperature readings. Experiment 4 used a homeothermic warming system and demonstrated highly reproducible data from increasing durations of ischaemia. High-quality data from hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion models are dependent upon careful control of intraoperative temperature. The use of homeothermic warming systems is recommended and conversely, the use of thermostatically controlled warming mats is to be avoided in these models.
A survey of rodent-borne pathogens carried by wild-caught Norway rats: A potential threat to laboratory rodent colonies
Authors: Easterbrook Judith D , Kaplan J B , Glass G E , Watson J , Klein S L 
Published: March 2008

Summary Unintentional infection of laboratory rodents can compromise scientific research as well as the health of the animals and animal handlers. The source of contamination often is unknown, but may be introduced by wild rats from surrounding environments. To determine whether rats in Baltimore, Maryland, USA carry infectious agents commonly found in laboratory rodent colonies, we live-trapped 162 rats during 2005 to 2006 and screened them for a panel of viruses, bacteria and parasites. Antibodies against rat coronavirus/sialodacryoadenitis virus (91.7%), Mycoplasma pulmonis (72.9%), cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (52.1%), rat parvovirus/rat minute virus (29.2%), Kilham rat virus (10.4%), Toolan's H-1 virus (10.4%), Sendai virus (4.2%) and Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus (4.2%), were detected in wild-caught Norway rats. Antibodies against reovirus and pneumonia virus of mice were not detected in wild Norway rats. Endoparasites, including Nippostrongylus braziliensis (71.6%), Rodentolepis nana or Hymenolepis diminuta (34.4%), Hetarakis spumosa (24.1%) and Trichuris muris (14.8%), as well as ectoparasites (14.8%), were identified in wild-caught rats. The risk of pathogen transmission from wild-caught rats to laboratory colonies needs to be mitigated by minimizing exposures rather than assuming wild animals represent a minimal hazard.
Gender and cognitive aspects of neonatal and juvenile neuromuscular locomotor development of F1 hybrid mice in swim tests
Authors: Adencreutz M , Hau J 
Published: March 2008

Summary F1 hybrid pups from crosses between the strains 129SvEv/Crl and C57BL/6/Crl were subjected to an analysis of the development of adult swimming pattern (from the day of birth until 21 days old) to study the potential gender difference in neuromuscular development of neonatal and juvenile mice and the cognitive component in the development of swimming skills. Swimming as a parameter of scrutiny was chosen because it requires total coordination of the body's muscles, and we have previously demonstrated that the gradual change from a neonatal to an adult swimming pattern follows a fixed pattern, that can be scored objectively. Five different parameters were scored: the position of the head in the water, the use of front legs, the use of hind legs, the use of the tail as a rudder and whether or not the animals are able to maintain a straight course in the water. Each parameter could be objectively scored as 0 (neonatal), 1 (juvenile) or 2 (adult) level of development. There was no significant difference between development of locomotor skills in female and male pups. The maximum score obtained at any given day of development was not altered by learning from the previous daily swimming experiences. However, in individual swimming sessions, the time span between exposure to the water and display of maximum swimming score for the age was significantly shortened by daily exposure to water and swimming, indicating habituation to submersion in water. Startle reactions to water exposure could be minimized and finally eliminated by daily swimming sessions. This suggests a cognitive component limited, however, by the physical maturation of the nervous system and muscles, thus not resulting in acceleration of the development of swimming skills.
Online Consumer Review: Word-of-Mouth as a New Element of Marketing Communication Mix
Authors: Chen Yubo , Xie Jinhong 
Published: March 2008

As a new type of word-of-mouth information, online consumer product review is an emerging market phenomenon that is playing an increasingly important role in consumers' purchase decisions. This paper argues that online consumer review, a type of product information created by users based on personal usage experience, can serve as a new element in the marketing communications mix and work as free “sales assistants” to help consumers identify the products that best match their idiosyncratic usage conditions. This paper develops a normative model to address several important strategic issues related to consumer reviews. First, we show when and how the seller should adjust its own marketing communication strategy in response to consumer reviews. Our results reveal that if the review information is sufficiently informative, the two types of product information, i.e., the seller-created product attribute information and buyer-created review information, will interact with each other. For example, when the product cost is low and/or there are sufficient expert (more sophisticated) product users, the two types of information are complements, and the seller's best response is to increase the amount of product attribute information conveyed via its marketing communications after the reviews become available. However, when the product cost is high and there are sufficient novice (less sophisticated) product users, the two types of information are substitutes, and the seller's best response is to reduce the amount of product attribute information it offers, even if it is cost-free to provide such information. We also derive precise conditions under which the seller can increase its profit by adopting a proactive strategy, i.e., adjusting its marketing strategies even before consumer reviews become available. Second, we identify product/market conditions under which the seller benefits from facilitating such buyer-created information (e.g., by allowing consumers to post user-based product reviews on the seller's website). Finally, we illustrate the importance of the timing of the introduction of consumer reviews available as a strategic variable and show that delaying the availability of consumer reviews for a given product can be beneficial if the number of expert (more sophisticated) product users is relatively large and cost of the product is low.
On the Value of Happiness: Herder contra Kant
Authors: Sikka Sonia 
Published: March 2008

IntroductionIn November of 1785, Kant published a highly unsympathetic review of the second part of Johann Gottfried Herder'sIdeas for a Philosophy of the History of Mankind. Herder had once been Kant's pupil, and had greatly admired his teacher, but the content of this review shows how profound the philosophical differences between them had by then become. A central area of dispute emerging from the review concerns the nature of happiness, and its place within the ‘destiny’ or ‘vocation’ (Bestimmung) of the human race. Kant is responding, in particular, to a section of theIdeasentitled: ‘The happiness (Glückseligkeit) of human beings is everywhere an individual good; consequently, it is everywhere climatic and organic, a child of practice, tradition, and custom.’ Although Kant is not mentioned by name in this section, it clearly contains critical rejoinders, often quite harsh in tone, to aspects of his practical philosophy and philosophy of history, as Herder understands them.
Bishop Martínez Compañón's Practical Utopia in Enlightenment Peru
Authors: Berquist Emily 
Published: March 2008

“Bishops, because they are bishops, cannot stop being vassals of their kings, and functionaries of their states. Nor are they exempt from practicing with all those around them, especially with their diocesans, works of mercy, physically as well as spiritually.I gave [the miners] as proof of this truth one of the soliloquies of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, in which he said: “You are a man, you are a citizen of the world.”—Bishop Martínez Compañón recounting his experiences with the Hualgayoc miner's guild in a letter to Viceroy Teodoro de Croix of Peru, May 1786.
Oxygen free radical activity in the second stage of labor
Authors: Mongelli Max , Wang Chi Chiu , Wang Wei , Pang Calvin C. P. , Rogers Michael Scott 
Published: March 2008

Objective. To assess fetal cellular injury arising from oxygen free radical activity in relation to the duration of the second stage of labor.Patients and methods. Cord arterial pH, malondialdehyde and organic hydroperoxides levels were determined following vaginal delivery of 326 term singleton pregnancies. Of these, 35 (11%) received epidural analgesia. The length of the second stage was recorded from the time of full dilatation to delivery.Results. Arterial cord pH, malondialdehyde and organic hydroperoxides were significantly correlated with duration of second stage of labor (r= −0.4492; r=0.2542; r=0.2244; respectively, p<0.001). The association of lipid peroxidation products with second stage duration was independent of cord pH. This correlation was unchanged when cases of operative delivery were excluded. However, the relationship lost statistical significance amongst cases who received epidurals.Conclusions. The duration of the second stage is correlated with raised reactive oxygen species‐derived lipid peroxidation products. Caution should be exercised in the management of prolonged second stage of labor.
Ovarian volume in gynecologically healthy women using no contraception, or using IUD or oral contraception
Authors: Christensen Jeanette T. , Boldsen Jesper , Westergaard Jes G. 
Published: March 2008

Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the ovarian volume by transvaginal ultrasonography in a gynecologically healthy population of women using no contraception, using intrauterine contraceptive device, or using oral contraceptive.Materials and method. The study had a cross‐sectional design. The ovaries of 428 women aged 14 45 who contacted the family planning clinic in the county of Funen were examined. Most of the statistical analyses were carried out using standard techniques. However polynomial regression analysis was used to model ovarian volumes as a function of the day of cycle.Results. No differences between the volumes of the right and the left ovary were found in any of the groups. Significant differences were found between the ovarian volumes of the three groups. The ovarian volumes were found to be largest in women using intrauterine contraceptive device, lesser in women using no contraception and smallest in women using oral contraception. A significant difference was found of the ovarian volumes throughout the menstrual cycle in women who were not using oral contraception. The ovarian volumes did not change throughout the menstrual cycle in women using oral contraception. In women not using oral contraception the largest ovary increased in volume from the start of the cycle to day 19, thereafter the volume declined. No evidence of any change of volume over the menstrual cycle was found in the smallest ovary and, for women using oral contraception, both ovaries. There was no correlation between age, height, weight, parity, and ovarian volume in any of the groups.Conclusion. The ovarian volumes, in gynecologically healthy women using intrauterine contraceptive device, are larger than in women using no contraception. It appears that oral contraception reduces the volumes of both ovaries in all phases of the menstrual cycle to equal levels.
Stillbirths and rate of neonatal deaths in 76,761 postterm pregnancies in Sweden, 1982‐1991: a register study
Authors: Ingemarsson Ingemar , Källén Karin 
Published: March 2008

Objective. To study stillbirths and neonatal mortality in the postterm period.Design. Register study of information obtained from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry (MBR), National Board of Health and Welfare, Stockholm.Methods. Singleton pregnancies with deliveries occurring between 1982 and 1991 were selected involving 914,702 women (of whom 76,761 had a postterm pregnancy continuing beyond the 42nd week of amenorrhea). All 2,043 records of dead infants were scrutinized before analysis of neonatal deaths. Stratification was made for year of birth, maternal age, and parity.Results. Generally, the rates of stillbirths and neonatal deaths were low. The stillbirth rate was highest for primiparas at 38 completed weeks (2.72‰), lowest at 40 weeks (1.23‰), then increasing to 2.26% in the postterm period. The difference v. multiparas was significant from 41 weeks onwards. Neonatal mortality was increased at 41 completed weeks for primiparas, but for multiparas it changed significantly first in the postterm period. The OR for a primipara to have an intrauterine death increased from 1.50 at 41 weeks (1.0 at 40 weeks) to 1.79 at 42 weeks and beyond. The OR for multiparas showed no sign of increase as gestation progressed.Conclusions. The results of this study indicate an increased risk of stillbirth with gestational age for primiparas but not for multiparas. The neonatal death rate was increased for both primiparas and multiparas (after 42 completed weeks).
Flashbulb memories for expected events: a test of the emotional‐integrative model
Authors: Curci Antonietta , Luminet Olivier 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFlashbulb memories (FBMs) are vivid, long‐lasting and consistent recollections for the reception context of shocking and unexpected public news. Only a few studies have assessed FBMs for predictable events. In the present study the emotional‐integrative model is considered to account for FBMs for an expected event, that is, the death of President Mitterrand, across two national groups, that are, French and Belgian citizens. Results showed that FBMs can develop for an expected event; they are affected by its emotional impact and subsequent rehearsal, while surprise did not play a role in their formation. The emotional‐integrative model was confirmed as a promising tool to model datasets on FBMs. It holds for both subsamples, with a better parsimony for Belgian respondents' data. Implications for the debate about the nature of FBMs are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium Supported on an Acidic Resin: A Unique Bifunctional Catalyst for the Continuous Catalytic Hydrogenation of Organic Compounds in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Seki Tsunetake , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk , van Vegten Niels , Baiker Alfons 
Published: March 2008

Abstract1% Palladium‐doped acidic resin (Amberlyst® 15; styrene‐divinylbenzene matrix with sulfonic acid groups) is shown to be a highly active catalyst for the continuous catalytic hydrogenation of CC bonds in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) without affecting CO bonds. This 1% Pd/Amberlyst‐15 catalyst promotes the industrially important selective formation of 2‐ethylhexanal from crotonaldehyde in a “one‐pot” pathway involving hydrogenation and aldol condensation with a number of merits. The selectivity behavior of 1% Pd/Amberlyst‐15 is strikingly different compared to that of 1% Pd/C and 1% Pd/Al2O3 due to its prominent bifunctional nature based on sulfonic acid groups adjacent to metallic Pd sites. Hybrid “[Pdn–H]+” sites are suggested to act as both metal and acid sites promoting the bifunctional catalysis.
Extracorporeal photopheresis: Lighting the way to immunomodulation
Authors: Babic Aleksandar M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPhotopheresis, initially established as an effective treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, has in recent years also been used to treat chronic graft vs. host disease, heart transplant rejection, and several other conditions requiring immunosuppression. Despite reported beneficial results of this procedure in treatment of various conditions, randomized controlled clinical trials are lacking for the majority of suggested indications. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of this procedure are still unclear. Deeper understanding of the molecular basis of photopheresis‐based immunomodulation will allow better selection of patients to be treated and will facilitate development of novel, minimally toxic immunomodulatory treatments. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanomaterialien für wiederaufladbare Lithiumbatterien
Authors: Bruce Peter G. , Scrosati Bruno , Tarascon Jean‐Marie 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEnergiespeicherung ist heute wichtiger denn je. Künftige Generationen von wiederaufladbaren Lithiumbatterien müssen tragbare Elektrogeräte (Mobiltelefone, Laptops etc.) mit Energie versorgen, Elektrizität aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen speichern und neue Hybrid‐Automobile mit der nötigen Energie versorgen können. Zur Erhöhung der Energie‐ und Stromdichte, die für die zukünftigen Herausforderungen bei der Energiespeicherung essenziell ist, muss eine neue (Nano‐)Materialchemie entwickelt werden. Wir müssen Wege finden, Nanomaterialien mit neuen Eigenschaften oder Eigenschaftskombinationen als Elektroden und Elektrolyte für Lithiumbatterien zu synthetisieren. In diesem Aufsatz beleuchten wir aktuelle Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Nanomaterialien, besonders nanostrukturierter Materialien, für wiederaufladbare Lithiumionenbatterien.