bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of size on Vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops) gait parameters: A cross‐sectional approach
Authors: Vilensky Joel A. , Gankiewicz Eva , Townsend Douglas W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA comparison of the values of certain temporal and spatial locomotor parameters was made among ten different‐aged (sized) vervet monkeys locomoting at nine identical speeds. Cycle and stance durations decreased across speed for all the animals; at any one speed both parameters also varied directly with body size. Stride length increased with speed for all the animals and was greater in the larger animals. Swing duration and hindlimb support length tended to be relatively consistent for each animal across speed, but varied among the animals directly with body size. Hindlimb duty factor decreased with speed for any one animal but showed no direct correlation with size. Hindlimb angular excursion also showed no correlation with size, nor did it show a simple relationship with speed. In terms of gaits and gait transitions, the data indicate that vervets use a very wide variety of gait types, which are not easily correlated with speed or body size. Furthermore, the data suggest the existence of a run–gallop transition zone of speeds for these animals, rather than the existence of a specific transition speed. Finally, the data were used to test intraspecifically the elastic and dynamic similarity models, both of which predict how locomotor parameters will change with size in animals. The results are generally consistent with the dynamic model.
Study of five haemogenetic markers (Gc, C3, Bf, Ag, and GALT) in six Indonesian populations and in 12 subgroups of Balinese
Authors: Scherz R. , Breguet G. , Ney R. , Pflugshaupt R. , Bütler R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn various ethnic groups of the Indonesian archipelago and of Bali, the polymorphisms of the serum proteins Gc globulin (vitamin D‐binding protein), C3 (complement component 3), Bf (complement factor B), Ag x,y (lipo‐protein allotypes), and of the red cell enzyme system GALT (galactose‐1P‐uri‐dyltransferase) were analysed. Among the studied proteins, the Gc system was the most informative one for the anthropologist. Besides considerable differences of frequencies of the common alleles Gc*1F, Gc*1S and Gc*2, a number of rare alleles (1A1, 1A3, 1A8, 1A9, 1A12, 1C2, 1C21, 1C24, and 2C8) and some new ones (1C28, 1C29, 1C30, 2C9) were observed. The presence of Gc*1A1 demonstrates the relationship to the Australo‐Melanesian populations, but Mongolian variants (1A3, 1A8, 1A9, 1C2) were also encountered.Within the C3 system a very high frequency of the C3*S allele was observed in all populations. The rare alleles C3*F0.55, C3S1, and C3*S0.5 were observed in some groups. A new allele (C3*F0.35) was detected in a Chinese individual and in a nobleman from Bali. The frequency of the Bf*F allele was rather low in general, and the Bf*S0.7 allele was found in three Indonesian individuals only. The Ag*(x) frequencies were rather high, as it is known for Asiatic populations. Variability among subgroups was not very pronounced. The GALT*2 allele (Duarte variant of the enzyme) was observed very rarely; however, it was present in several populations. Enzyme activities could not be determined, and therefore we cannot tell whether the galactosaemia gene (GALT*0) was present or not.
Palmar dermatoglyphics of dyslexia
Authors: Jamison C. Sorenson 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPalmar dermatoglyphic prints were taken of 261 dyslexics (173 males and 88 females) and compared against those of 707 controls (372 males and 335 females). Dyslexics of both sexes were found to exhibit greater complexity in terms of ridge count and pattern location than controls, particularly on the left hand. Specifically, both male and female dyslexics exhibited higher left a‐b counts, wider atd angles on both palms, and higher frequencies of pattern in left interdigital area IV. Additionally, male dyslexics also had higher right a‐b counts and greater frequency of pattern in the left hypothenar area. Dyslexics of both sexes were also found to have more distally located axial triradii, and investigation of bilateral asymmetry found dyslexics to exhibit more directional asymmetry than controls in the variable of a‐b count, with the left value for both groups being greater than the right.It was concluded that the study evidenced strong support for the hypothesis that some causative factor relating to the development of dyslexia is operating during the time period in which dermatoglyphic features are formed. The relevance of these findings in terms of the Geschwind hypothesis and the possible importance of prenatal testosterone are discussed.
Directional asymmetry in the forelimb of Macaca mulatta
Authors: Falk Dean , Pyne Linnea , Criss Helmkamp R. , DeRousseau C. Jean 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAsymmetry was investigated in the forelimbs of 150 rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) skeletons using measurements of right and left humerii, radii, ulnae, second metacarpals, and femora. Seven of the ten forelimb dimensions were larger on the right than on the left side. Paired t‐tests revealed that the mean of the right side was significantly larger than that for the left for two measurements of the ulna and two of the humerus. No measurement was significantly larger on the left than on the right side. These results indicate a small but significant asymmetry in the forelimb bones of rhesus monkeys and, as is the case for humans, the direction of asymmetry favors the right side. Our findings are consistent with an interpretation of hypertrophy of certain muscles and opens the question of whether rhesus monkeys preferentially use their right forelimbs for manipulative tasks that require manual dexterity, as is the case for humans. These forelimb skeletal asymmetries are discussed in light of the recent literature on cortical asymmetry and handedness in nonhuman primates.
New first metatarsal (SKX 5017) from Swartkrans and the gait of Paranthropus robustus
Authors: Susman Randall L. , Brain Timothy M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new, complete hallucal metatarsal (SKX 5017) was recovered from the “lower bank” of Member 1 at Swartkrans (ca. 1.8 m.y. BP). The new metatarsal is attributed to Paranthropus robustus, the predominant hominid found in Member 1 (>95% of hominid individuals). SKX 5017 is similar to Olduvai Hominid 8‐H from bed I, Olduvai (ca. 1.76 m.y. BP), and both resemble humans most closely among extant hominoids. The base, shaft, and head of SKX 5017 suggest human‐like foot posture and a human‐like range of extension (= dorsiflexion) at the hallucal metatarsophalangeal joint, while at the same time the distal articular surface indicates that a human‐like toe‐off mechanism was absent in Paranthropus. The fossil evidence suggests that Homo habilis and Paranthropus may have attained a similar grade of bipedality at roughly 1.8 m.y. BP.
Some additional morphological and metrical observations on pan brain casts and their relevance to the taung endocast
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUsing an increased sample of chimpanzee brains and brain casts, 32 hemispheres were measured to determine the variability of OP–FP (occipital–pole) and OP–LS (occipital pole–lunate sulcus) arc dimensions and their ratios. The Taung endocast was remeasured to test Falk's assertions that the lunate sulcus is in a pongid position. The average ratio for the chimpanzee brains was 0.218, a value more than 2 + S.D.'s posterior to Falk's placement of the lunate sulcus on the Taung specimen. It is suggested that the chimpanzee and Taung occipital poles have a different morphometric pattern, the former being coincident with the caudal end of the LC (lateral calcarine) fissure. The Taung OP–LS arc consistently measured at least 42 mm, and not 40 mm as claimed by Falk.
A functional consequence of an ossified mandibular symphysis
Authors: Greaves Walter Stalker 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAccording to most recent workers, the presence of fused symphyses in some mammals is explained by the common view that muscle force is transmitted better across a fused, as opposed to an unfused, mandibular symphysis. Recent theoretical work has cast doubt on the importance of fusion for simple force transmission by suggesting that force can also be transmitted efficiently across an unfused symphysis, an expectation that has since been confirmed by a number of observational studies. Perhaps the real significance of symphyseal fusion is that, in animals with upper and lower incisor tooth rows that apply large forces to relatively small resistant food items, muscle force from both sides of the head is reliably available only when the symphysis is fused. Independent movement between the two sides of the lower incisor row, permitted by a patent symphysis, allows the possibility that one side of the lower row will come into contact with the upper incisor row, dissipating all of the muscle force from that side. The dissipation of approximately half of the available jaw muscle force, allowed by a patent symphysis, cannot be ignored when attempting to explain the presence of fused symphyses if one accepts the idea that strong incisor biting is an important element in the masticatory apparatus of those primates and other mammals with fused mandibular symphyses.
Tooth scaling and evolutionary dwarfism: An investigation of allometry in human pygmies
Authors: Shea Brian T. , Gomez Anne M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGould has predicted that in rapidly dwarfed lineages the postcanine teeth exhibit a different scaling pattern than is the normal interspecific trend. His prediction of strong negative allometry has not been frequently tested in quantitative detail. Here we present results of scaling analyses of the molar teeth in African pygmies compared with other Africans of larger size and in Philippine pygmies compared with Filipinos of larger size. We find a pattern of strong negative allometry of tooth size to skull and body size in both these comparisons. This scaling pattern is explained by recourse to the developmental bases (known or inferred) of dwarfing in these populations. Body size decrease is related to low levels of the growth control substance insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I), which does not appear to affect the size of the dentition. The implications of such developmental information for our understanding of allometric patterns in general, and dwarfing events in particular, are discussed.
Power analysis in biological anthropology
Authors: Hodges Denise C. , Schell Lawrence M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPower in statistical terms is the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis. Power analysis, although generally not employed by biological anthropologists, is especially useful in interpreting statistical tests in which the null hypothesis is not rejected, and in determining appropriate sample sizes. In this report, the utility of statistical power analysis and the level of variation in power is illustrated by performing power analysis on paleopathology data (Cohen and Armelagos: Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture, 1984). The power analyses indicate that most samples are adequately large for detecting large differences among groups, but are inadequate for detecting small differences. Statistical analyses with inadequate power to detect small to medium effects may be of questionable utility in many areas of biological anthropology, as well as in paleopathology. The application of power analysis is recommended for determining necessary sample size in advance of data collection and for interpreting negative results.
Back muscle function during bipedal walking in chimpanzee and gibbon: Implications for the evolution of human locomotion
Authors: Shapiro Liza J. , Jungers William L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe evolution of erect posture and locomotion continues to be a major focus of interest among paleoanthropologists and functional morphologists. To date, virtually all of our knowledge about the functional role of the back muscles in the evolution of bipedalism is based on human experimental data. In order to broaden our evolutionary perspective on the vertebral region, we have undertaken an electromyographic (EMG) analysis of three deep back muscles (multifidus, longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum) in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and gibbon (Hylobates lar) during bipedal walking. The recruitment patterns of these three muscles seen in the chimpanzee closely parallel those observed in the gibbon. The activity patterns of multifidus and longissimus are more similar to each other than either is to iliocostalis. Iliocostalis recruitment is clearly related to contact by the contralateral limb during bipedal walking in both species. It is suggested that in both the chimpanzee and gibbon, multifidus controls trunk movement primarily in the sagittal plane, iliocostalis responds to and adjusts movement in the frontal plane, while longissimus contributes to both of these functions. In many respects, the activity patterns shared by the chimpanzee and gibbon are quite consistent with recent human experimental data. This suggests a basic similarity in the mechanical constraints placed on the back during bipedalism among these three hominoids. Thus, the acquisition of habitual bipedalism in humans probably involved not so much a major change in back muscle action or function, but rather an improvement in the mechanical advantages and architecture of these muscles.
Quantitative genetic analysis of Bi‐lliac breadth
Authors: Ikoma Eiki , Kanda Sanae , Nakata Shuji , Wada Yo , Yamazaki Keisuke 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBi‐iliac breadth, the frontal maximum diameter between right and left iliac crests, was measured in 1,547 male and 2,085 female residents of a rural area in Japan. All subjects were over 14 years of age. The bi‐iliac breadth showed an increase related to age but little sex difference. Modification of age and sex variations from the measured value was obtained by calculation of the score, represented by arithmetical means and standard deviations. Distribution of these scores appeared to be binomial, and since binomial distribution approaches normal distribution when n is large, it is presumed that this trait gains normal distribution. Thus variation of bi‐iliac breadth in subjects 20–79 years of age enables us to analyze inheritance.No significant difference was found between husband and wife in the correlation coefficients or between father and daughter (0.13 ± 0.08). Significant differences were found as follows: father‐son (0.35 ± 0.05) (P < 0.001), mother‐son (0.28 ± 0.05) (P < 0.001), and mother‐daughter (0.28 ± 0.06) (P < 0.001). There was no indication of maternal or paternal effects, since no significant difference was found in father‐child and mother‐child correlation coefficients. It is concluded that bi‐iliac breadth is a quantitative genetic trait under control of polygenes on autosomes. Regression coefficient of child on midparental value was 0.55 ± 0.05, approximately twice the means of four pairs of correlation coefficients between parent‐offspring. Narrowly, heritability was estimated as 0.54 ∼ 0.55. Contribution of dominance to total variance was small (VD = 0.11), in contrast to the larger additive genetic variance (VA = 0.54).
Fitness and fertility among kalahari !Kung
Authors: Pennington Renee , Harpending Henry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this paper we develop a model that examines fertility and childhood mortality patterns and their relationship to environmental variables. Interactions among environmental variables can account for different fertility patterns and different mixes of these variables can produce similar patterns of fertility. Our model attempts to quantify the idea that there is a trade‐off between producing a few children likely to survive to reproductive age and producing a greater number of children with lower chances for survival. The optimum mix of these strategies depends on environmental characteristics. We use the model to make predictions about fertility and mortality patterns among two Bushmen populations of southern Africa—the Ghanzi and Ngamiland !Kung—using data collected by Harpending in 1967–1968. The results do not support explanations of the low fertilities observed among !Kung Bushmen women, in whom it is thought that fitness is maximized by limiting fertility, and show no relationship between mortality and family size in either !Kung population. Instead, the number of offspring reaching reproductive age in both populations increases as their completed family size increases.We examine the effects of sex, birth order, and paternal investment on mortality. No sex ratio differences and no differences in mortality by sex or birth order are present. Infant mortality among women who married more than once is significantly higher than among women who married once, suggesting that paternal care has a significant effect.
Pubertal growth of the cephalometric point gnathion: Multilevel models for boys and girls
Authors: Buschang Peter H. , Tanguay Richard , Demirjian Arto , Lapalme Lise , Goldstein Harvey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo‐level polynomial models are used to summarize the amount Sella‐Gnathion (S‐Gn) and direction Nasion‐Sella‐Gnathion (N‐S‐Gn) of growth changes for the cephalometric landmark gnathion. Growth descriptions pertain to a mixed longitudinal sample of 209 French‐Canadian children 10–15 years of age. The boy's growth curve attains mean minimum prepubertal velocity at 10.8 years and maximum pubertal velocity at 14.1 years. The girl's curve follows a cubic pattern, attaining maximum pubertal velocity at 12.1 years. Boys are larger than girls throughout the age range. Variation between‐subjects increases with age in a curvilinear fashion. Growth direction of gnathion is more horizontally directed for girls than boys. Small but significant changes in growth direction occur between 10 and 15 years of age.
Distribution of epidermal ridge minutiae
Authors: Stoney David A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distribution of epidermal ridge minutiae on the distal portion of male human thumbprints has been characterized. For each of 412 thumbprints, a centrally locatedfocal minutiawas chosen and neighboring minutiae were sampled. Minutiae were considered to be neighbors if there were no other minutiae appearing in the intervening region defined by the two minutia events and the ridge system. For each neighbor minutia, thetotal ridge distancebetween the focal and neighbor minutiae was measured. This distance is the total length of ridges appearing in the intervening region.The number of neighbor minutiae occurring about the focal minutia was found to be normally distributed with a mean of 6.42 (n = 412). The distribution of total ridge distances was not adequately described by the negative exponential distribution, but was well described by a gamma distribution with a shape parameter of 0.193 and a scale parameter of 5.91 mm. This gamma distribution reflects a local overdispersion of minutiae.This study is noteworthy as the first to describe the distribution of epidermal ridge minutiae within the ridge structure. The results support prior work based on quadrat sampling and eliminate two possible sources of error.A possible explanation for the overdispersed distribution lies in the growth stress model for minutia formation. Minutia formation may alleviate local growth stress, thereby removing the impetus for formation of additional minutiae in the immediately surrounding region.
Migration models of prehistoric postmarital residence
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt has previously been suggested that residential practices can be inferred from within‐ or between‐group analysis of male and female skeletal morphology. Arguments have proceeded from intuitively derived hypotheses about the genetic consequences of drift and migration. In this paper, a formal basis is presented for these hypotheses using modified versions of Wright's island model and the migration matrix method. It is shown that the usual measures of standardized genetic variance or genetic kinship can be decomposed into male, female, and male/female components. The male and female components can in turn be used separately to assess the effect of different residential practices on the population genetic structure of the two sexes. Following upon these models, nonmetric cranial trait data from prehistoric sites in west‐central Illinois are used to delineate the probable residential practices for this region.
Social networks of disease spread in the lower illinois valley: A simulation approach
Authors: McGrath Janet W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study illustrates the use of disease modeling and simulation techniques to the study of the spread of disease within and between social networks. A Reed‐Frost type model of disease spread is used to construct a simulation of the spread of tuberculosis within three prehistoric populations of the Lower Illinois River Valley during Middle Woodland, Late Woodland, and Mississippian times. A high and low population size was modeled for each time period. Late Woodland model 2 (low population estimate) is the only model that experienced pathogen extinction with host survival. The rest of the models experienced rapid and severe host population decline. The results of the simulation suggest that a social network size of between 180 and 440 persons is required under the conditions of this model for host‐pathogen coexistence (i.e., endemicity) to occur. The severe population decline experienced by these populations suggests that tuberculosis as modeled here could not have existed in these populations. Future refinements of modeling and simulation techniques can provide additional insights into how disease spreads among social contacts.
Carnivore alteration of human bone from a late prehistoric site in illinois
Authors: Milner George R. , Smith Virginia G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe nature and pattern of destruction of human bone by scavenging animals, probably canids, is described for 30 Oneota skeletons from a west‐central Illinois cemetery dated at ca. A.D. 1300. The most frequently damaged parts of the skeleton include bones covered by relatively little soft tissue, such as the major joints of the limbs, and those in the facial, abdominal, and gluteal regions.
Variability in body physique, ecology, and subsistence in the Fly River region of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Hyndman David C. , Ulijaszek Stanley J. , Lourie John A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere are some 40,000 indigenous peoples of the Fly River drainage in Papua New Guinea. The 4,000‐mm rainfall contour ecologically demarcates hunter‐horticulturalist peoples living in the rainforests of the Upper Fly from hunter‐gatherer peoples living in the savanna‐swamplands of the Middle and Lower Fly. A complex of factors operate to create significant physical differences between Upper Fly peoples and those of the Middle and Lower Fly. The ecological division between rainforests and savanna‐swamplands demarcates a clear clinal separation by stature of Upper Fly peoples from those of the Middle and Lower Fly.