bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HuR interacts with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase, and modulates reverse transcription in infected cells
Authors: Lemay Julie , Maidou-Peindara Priscilla , Bader Thomas , Ennifar Eric , Rain Jean-Christophe , Benarous Richard , Liu Lang Xia 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Reverse transcription of the genetic material of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a critical step in the replication cycle of this virus. This process, catalyzed by reverse transcriptase (RT), is well characterized at the biochemical level. However, in infected cells, reverse transcription occurs in a multiprotein complex – the reverse transcription complex (RTC) – consisting of viral genomic RNA associated with viral proteins (including RT) and, presumably, as yet uncharacterized cellular proteins. Very little is known about the cellular proteins interacting with the RTC, and with reverse transcriptase in particular. We report here that HIV-1 reverse transcription is affected by the levels of a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein – the RNA-binding protein HuR. A direct protein-protein interaction between RT and HuR was observed in a yeast two-hybrid screen and confirmed in vitro by homogenous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF). We mapped the domain interacting with HuR to the RNAse H domain of RT, and the binding domain for RT to the C-terminus of HuR, partially overlapping the third RRM RNA-binding domain of HuR. HuR silencing with specific siRNAs greatly impaired early and late steps of reverse transcription, significantly inhibiting HIV-1 infection. Moreover, by mutagenesis and immunoprecipitation studies, we could not detect the binding of HuR to the viral RNA. These results suggest that HuR may be involved in and may modulate the reverse transcription reaction of HIV-1, by an as yet unknown mechanism involving a protein-protein interaction with HIV-1 RT.
Mammosphere culture of metastatic breast cancer cells enriches for tumorigenic breast cancer cells
Authors: Grimshaw Matthew J , Cooper Lucienne , Papazisis Konstantinos , Coleman Julia A , Bohnenkamp Hermann R , Chiapero-Stanke Laura , Taylor-Papadimitriou Joyce , Burchell Joy M 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Introduction
The identification of potential breast cancer stem cells is of importance as the characteristics of stem cells suggest that they are resistant to conventional forms of therapy. Several techniques have been proposed to isolate or enrich for tumorigenic breast cancer stem cells, including (a) culture of cells in non-adherent non-differentiating conditions to form mammospheres and (b) sorting of the cells by their surface phenotype (expression of CD24 and CD44).

Methods
We have cultured metastatic cells found in pleural effusions from breast cancer patients in non-adherent conditions without serum to form mammospheres. Dissociated cells from these mammospheres were used to determine the tumorigenicity of these cultures. Expression of CD24 and CD44 on uncultured cells and mammospheres derived from the pleural effusions was documented.

Results
We found that the majority (20/27) of the pleural effusions tested contained cells capable of forming mammospheres of varying sizes that could be passaged. After dissociation and plating with serum onto adherent dishes, the cells can differentiate, as determined by the increased expression of cytokeratins and MUC1. Analysis of surface expression of CD24 and CD44 on uncultured cells from 21 of the samples showed that the cells from some samples separated into two populations, but some did not. The proportion of cells that could be considered CD44+/CD24low/- was highly variable and did not appear to correlate with the ability to form the larger mammospheres. Of eight pleural effusion mammospheres tested in severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) mice, four were found to induce tumours when only 5,000 or fewer cells were injected, whereas the same number of uncultured cells did not form tumours. The ability to induce tumours appeared to correlate with the ability to produce the larger mammospheres. Uncultured cells from a highly tumorigenic sample (PE14) were uniformly negative for surface expression of both CD24 and CD44.

Conclusion
This paper shows, for the first time, that mammosphere culture of pleural effusions enriches for cells capable of inducing tumours in SCID mice. The data suggest that mammosphere culture of these metastatic cells could provide a highly appropriate model for studying the sensitivity of the tumorigenic 'stem' cells to therapeutic agents and for further characterisation of the tumour-inducing subpopulation of breast cancer cells.
Evidence of the Oncologic Superiority of Cylindrical Abdominoperineal Excision for Low Rectal Cancer
Authors: West Nicholas P. , Finan Paul J. , Anderin Claes , Lindholm Johan , Holm Torbjorn , Quirke Philip 
Published: June 2008

Purpose Abdominoperineal excision (APE) of the rectum and anus for rectal cancer continues to have greater local recurrence and poorer survival than that seen following anterior resection. Changing to an extended prone perineal dissection results in a more cylindrical specimen and should improve outcomes. Patients and Methods One hundred twenty-eight specimens from patients who underwent APE that was performed for potentially curable primary rectal adenocarcinoma were dissected according to standard protocol in Leeds and Stockholm between 1997 and 2007 and were studied. Tissue morphometry was performed on the cross sectional photographs of 93 patient cases. Results The cylindrical technique removed more tissue in the distal rectum and in all slices that contained tumor compared with the standard operation (both P < .0001). Greater distance was observed from the muscularis propria or internal sphincter to the anterior, posterior, and lateral resection margins (all P < .0001). This was associated with lower circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement (14.8% v 40.6%; P = .013) and intraoperative perforations (3.7% v 22.8%; P = .0255). An increase in the amount of tissue removed in the distal rectum (P < .0001) was demonstrated by a single surgeon who changed from the standard to the cylindrical technique during the study period; the change was associated with a reduction in CRM positivity (from 36.2% to 12.5%) and in perforations (from 12.8% to 0.0%). Conclusion Cylindrical APE performed in the prone position for low rectal cancer removes more tissue around the tumor that leads to a reduction in CRM involvement and intraoperative perforations, which should reduce local disease recurrence. The cylindrical technique has the potential to improve patient outcomes substantially if appropriate surgical education programs are developed.
Intermittent Target Inhibition With Dasatinib 100 mg Once Daily Preserves Efficacy and Improves Tolerability in Imatinib-Resistant and -Intolerant Chronic-Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Shah Neil P. , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Kim Dong-Wook , Réa Delphine , Dorlhiac-Llacer Pedro E. , Milone Jorge H. , Vela-Ojeda Jorge , Silver Richard T. , Khoury H. Jean , Charbonnier Aude , Khoroshko Nina , Paquette Ronald L. , Deininger Michael , Collins Robert H. , Otero Irma , Hughes Timothy , Bleickardt Eric , Strauss Lewis , Francis Stephen , Hochhaus Andreas 
Published: June 2008

Purpose Dasatinib is a BCR-ABL inhibitor, 325-fold more potent than imatinib against unmutated BCR-ABL in vitro. Phase II studies have demonstrated efficacy and safety with dasatinib 70 mg twice daily in chronic-phase (CP) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) after imatinib treatment failure. In phase I, responses occurred with once-daily administration despite only intermittent BCR-ABL inhibition. Once-daily treatment resulted in less toxicity, suggesting that toxicity results from continuous inhibition of unintended targets. Here, a dose- and schedule-optimization study is reported. Patients and Methods In this open-label phase III trial, 670 patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant CP-CML were randomly assigned 1:1:1:1 between four dasatinib treatment groups: 100 mg once daily, 50 mg twice daily, 140 mg once daily, or 70 mg twice daily. Results With minimum follow-up of 6 months (median treatment duration, 8 months; range, < 1 to 15 months), marked and comparable hematologic (complete, 86% to 92%) and cytogenetic (major, 54% to 59%; complete, 41% to 45%) response rates were observed across the four groups. Time to and duration of cytogenetic response were similar, as was progression-free survival (8% to 11% of patients experienced disease progression or died). Compared with the approved 70-mg twice-daily regimen, dasatinib 100 mg once daily resulted in significantly lower rates of pleural effusion (all grades, 7% v 16%; P = .024) and grade 3 to 4 thrombocytopenia (22% v 37%; P = .004), and fewer patients required dose interruption (51% v 68%), reduction (30% v 55%), or discontinuation (16% v 23%). Conclusion Dasatinib 100 mg once daily retains the efficacy of 70 mg twice daily with less toxicity. Intermittent target inhibition with tyrosine kinase inhibitors may preserve efficacy and reduce adverse events.
Mature and Immature Extracranial Teratomas in Children: The UK Children's Cancer Study Group Experience
Authors: Mann Jillian R. , Gray Elizabeth S. , Thornton Claire , Raafat Faro , Robinson Kathleen , Collins Gary S. , Gornall Peter , Huddart Simon N. , Hale Juliet P. , Oakhill Anthony 
Published: June 2008

Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe the features, treatment, and risk factors for relapse of children with mature teratoma (MT) and immature teratoma (IT) to assist future treatment plans. Patients and Methods Patients were younger than 16 years of age and referred to the UK Children's Cancer Study Group centers with biopsy-proven extracranial MT and IT and no prior chemotherapy. Complete excision, with the coccyx in sacrococcygeal patients, and follow-up, including serum alpha-fetoprotein monitoring for early detection of malignant yolk sac tumor (YST) recurrence, were recommended. Carboplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin (JEB) were given for YST relapse, whereas relapsed MT and IT were treated at clinicians’ discretion, usually surgically. Pathology was reviewed and treatments, outcome, and prognostic features assessed. Results There were 351 patients, 227 with MT, 124 with IT. Tumor sites were: testis (n = 53), ovary (n = 130), sacrococcygeal region (n = 98), thorax (n = 23), and other (n = 47). Surgical resection was incomplete in 26% of MT and 40% of IT patients; 5-year event-free survival was 92.2% and 85.9%, respectively, and 5-year overall survival was 99% and 95.1%. Poorer outcome occurred with incomplete resection, tumor rupture, nongonadal site (particularly sacrococcygeal), young age, higher stage and grade, and gliomatosis peritonei, but not with cyst fluid aspiration/spillage, tumor enucleation, nodal gliomatosis, or microfoci of YST in the tumor (Heifetz lesions). JEB was effective for YST recurrence, but not for MT or IT. Conclusion Treatment remains primarily surgical, with JEB chemotherapy for YST relapse. No definite response followed JEB for pure MT and IT. Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery for sacrococcygeal patients is not advocated.
Pregnancy Intention and Preterm Birth: Differential Associations Among a Diverse Population of Women
Authors: Afable‐Munsuz Aimee , Braveman Paula 
Published: June 2008

CONTEXT:  Studies published to date provide mixed evidence on the relationship between unintended pregnancy and preterm birth, and none take into consideration that the meaning of unintended pregnancy may vary across racial and ethnic groups. METHODS:  Data from the 1999–2003 rounds of the Maternal and Infant Health Assessment, a population‐based, representative survey of postpartum women in California, were used to assess the relationship between pregnancy intention and preterm birth. For racial and ethnic groups in which an association was found, sequential logistic regression was conducted to further examine the relationship while controlling for socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS:  In unadjusted results, pregnancy intention was associated with preterm birth among both whites and immigrant Latinas, but not among blacks or U.S.‐born Latinas. Among whites, compared with women who reported that their pregnancy was intended, those who were unsure about their pregnancy had elevated odds of preterm birth (odds ratio, 1.4), as did those who reported their pregnancy was unwanted (1.7) or mistimed (1.4). Among immigrant Latinas, those who reported being unsure about their pregnancy were at higher risk of preterm birth than were those who reported an intended pregnancy (1.6). After adjustment for socioeconomic factors, the association remained significant for immigrant Latinas who were unsure about their pregnancy (1.5), but none of the associations remained significant for whites. CONCLUSIONS:  Women’s interpretations of questions about pregnancy intention and their social experiences regarding pregnancy intention may vary by race or ethnicity. Studies on the association between pregnancy intention and preterm birth may need to be group‐specific.
Pathways from Family Religiosity to Adolescent Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use
Authors: Manlove Jennifer , Logan Cassandra , Moore Kristin A. , Ikramullah Erum 
Published: June 2008

CONTEXT:  Few studies with nationally representative longitudinal data have examined whether and how family religiosity is associated with adolescent sexual and contraceptive behavior. METHODS:  Data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to examine associations between a multidimensional measure of family religiosity assessed during early adolescence and reproductive health outcomes (sexual activity, number of partners and consistent contraceptive use) at age 17. Pathways through which family religiosity is associated with these outcomes were identified using structural equation models. RESULTS:  Family religiosity was negatively associated with adolescent sexual activity, both directly (beta, −0.14) and indirectly (−0.02). The indirect association was mediated by family cohesion (as reflected in parental monitoring among the entire sample and among males, and in parent‐teenager relationship quality and family routine activities among females) and negative peer behaviors. Greater family religiosity was indirectly associated with having fewer sexual partners (−0.03) and with using contraceptives consistently (0.02); these relationships were mediated through later age at first sex, more positive peer environments and higher levels of parental monitoring and awareness. However, among sexually active males (but not females), family religiosity was directly and negatively associated with contraceptive consistency (−0.11). CONCLUSION:  Cohesive family environments and positive peer networks contribute to reduced levels of risky sexual behavior among adolescents from religious families. Parents who monitor their children’s activities and peer environments, engage their families in regular activities and foster strong parent‐child relationships can help reduce risky sexual behavior, regardless of family religiosity. Parental involvement in prevention programs may help reduce rates of teenage pregnancy and STDs.
En busca de la utopa: los Estudios Ibricos, puente o frontera? / In search of utopia: Iberian studies as bridge or frontier
Authors: Bans Enrique 
Published: June 2008

Iberian Studies pose a fascinating problem from the point of view of hermeneutics the study of theories of how to understand matters from another's point of view. Given its vocation of building bridges, Iberian Studies have to face the problem that pre-judices and the history
of any academic discipline weigh heavily on such an undertaking. An uncontaminated, unprejudiced position is neither possible nor desirable. Together with a close examination of such pre-judices and their action of transmitting knowledge about otherness, this article offers a reflection
around the possibility of Iberian Studies as a science of mediation.
Los estudios ibricos plantean un apasionante problema desde el punto de vista de la hermenutica el estudio de las teoras de como entender los asuntos desde el punto de vista del otro. Dada su vocacin de tender puentes,
los estudios ibricos se enfrentan a la problemtica de que los pre-juicios y la historia de cualquier disciplina acadmica tienen un peso importante en esa tarea. La asepsia, la posicin no-contaminada, no slo es imposible, sino tambin indeseable. Junto a una descripcin detallada de la
estructura de esos pre-juicios y de su accin en la transmisin de los conocimientos sobre una alteridad, el artculo ofrece tambin una reflexin en torno a las posibilidades para una ciencia de mediacin como son los estudios ibricos.
Intergranular and Interphase Constraints in Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Holt R. A. , Daymond M. R. , Xu F. , Cai S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We report the development of intergranular and interphase constraints in textured Zircaloy-2, Zr-2.5Nb, and Excel alloy during room temperature tension and compression loading in two or three directions relative to the parent texture. Neutron diffraction was used to track the lattice strain development in the α-phase (all alloys) and β-phase (Zr-2.5Nb and Excel) in three principal directions relative to the parent texture. Zircaloy-2 at room temperature is essentially single phase hcp αZr. The active deformation mechanisms appear to be, in order of increasing critical resolved shear stress, prism (a) slip, basal (a) slip, tensile twinning and pyramidal (c+a) slip. No compressive twinning was observed. Combined with intergranular constraints due to prior thermal treatment, these mechanisms result in substantial asymmetry in the yield stress and lattice strain development (compression versus tension). In Zr-2.5 Nb and Excel, the α-phase appears to deform by the same slip mechanisms as Zircaloy-2, and similar assymmetry of the yield stress and lattice strain development is observed. However, the existence of tensile twinning is not clearly evidenced. The β-phase also deforms by slip, but the critical resolved shear stress is much higher than that for the slip mechanisms in the α-phase, leading to the development of very large interphase constraints in the plastic deformation regime. This is attributed to a combination of solution strengthening of the β-phase (by Nb and, in Excel, Mo) and by grain size.
Effects of Coal Clinkers on Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Briquettes
Authors: Kocaman Israfil , Burak Sisman Can , Gezer Erhan 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of coal clinker used in briquette production on physical and mechanical properties of briquettes. To do this, seven briquette classes were formed by changing the volume of coal clinker and all-in aggregates and porous briquettes were produced for each class according to Turkish Codex no. 406 (TS 406) and tested. Increasing ratio of coal clinker volume affected the compressive strength and water absorption of the briquettes negatively. As for the dimensional changes, bulk densities, losses due to freezing-thawing, and heat conductivity decreased and were affected positively. It was concluded that coal clinkers might be used in briquette production in certain ratio to make them profitable and lessen their adverse effects on the environment.
Effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Special Education in School-Aged Children
Authors: Levine Todd P. , Liu Jing , Das Abhik , Lester Barry , Lagasse Linda , Shankaran Seetha , Bada Henrietta S. , Bauer Charles R. , Higgins Rosemary 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on special education at age 7 with adjustment for covariates.METHODS. As part of the prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of children with prenatal cocaine exposure (Maternal Lifestyle Study), school records were reviewed for 943 children at 7 years to determine involvement in special education outcomes: (1) individualized education plan; (2) special education conditions; (3) support services; (4) special education classes; and (5) speech and language services. Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on these outcomes with environmental, maternal, and infant medical variables as covariates, as well as with and without low child IQ.RESULTS. Complete data for each analysis model were available for 737 to 916 children. When controlling for covariates including low child IQ, prenatal cocaine exposure had a significant effect on individualized education plan. When low child IQ was not included in the model, prenatal cocaine exposure had a significant effect on support services. Male gender, low birth weight, white race, and low child IQ also predicted individualized education plan. Low birth weight and low child IQ were significant in all models. White race was also significant in speech and language services. Other covariate effects were model specific. When included in the models, low child IQ accounted for more of the variance and changed the significance of other covariates.CONCLUSIONS. Prenatal cocaine exposure increased the likelihood of receiving an individualized education plan and support services, with adjustment for covariates. Low birth weight and low child IQ increased the likelihood of all outcomes. The finding that white children were more likely to get an individualized education plan and speech and language services could indicate a greater advantage in getting educational resources for this population.
Electric Control on the Nanoscale Using Tubular Image States
Authors: Segal Dvira , Král Petr , Shapiro Moshe 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe discuss the use of Tubular Image States (TIS) of electrons in the vicinity of nanotubes as a new vehicle for controlling and optically addressing nanoscale devices. We show that the stability of the TIS arises from the interplay between the attractive image potentials and the repulsive centrifugal potentials arising from the rotation of the electron about the cylindrically shaped nanotubes. We discuss the theory and some of the potential applications of TIS, and, in particular, the trapping of a single electron by a quadrupole made up of four nanotubes in the so‐called “nano‐Paul trap” configuration.
Molecular Dynamics of Methylamine Following CH and NH Vibrational Excitation and Promotion to the Ã State
Authors: Golan Amir , Rosenwaks Salman , Bar Ilana 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe molecular dynamics of methylamine, CH3NH2, was investigated via vibrationally mediated photodissociation. It was found that the ∼243.1 nm photolysis of initially excited N–H and C–H fundamental stretches and combinations and overtones of methyl deformation yields H photofragments. Surprisingly, the deformations promote the H atom release more effectively, implying mode‐dependent enhancement of photodissociation in a relatively large molecule with a torsional degree of freedom. The H Doppler profiles correspond to low translational energies, supporting the dominant non‐adiabatic N–H dissociation channel.
An Analysis of Two Liquid‐State Adaptive Feedback Experiments
Authors: Brumer Paul , Hoki Kunihito , Spanner Michael 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAdaptive feedback experiments, which provide an engineering oriented approach to optimizing a desired target in a molecular process, have been extensively developed over the past decade. Efforts to extract the control mechanisms that underlie the observed control have, however, only recently begun in earnest. We describe the results of the analyses of two liquid state adaptive feedback experiments, showing that the resultant control takes little advantage of coherent quantum effects.