bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law Enforcement
Authors: Vaughn Robert , Simon Judith C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractGlobalization resulting from the explosive growth of the Internet has had a profound effect upon law enforcement. Law enforcement has historically relied upon information to protect and to serve. The Internet has increased information‐sharing capabilities on a global scale. Not only can law enforcement benefit from the volume of readily accessible information available over the Internet, but that information can now be readily shared with numerous other agencies and the public. On the other hand, the Internet has also negatively affected law enforcement, because now criminals and organized crime have at hand a tool that makes them anonymous, gives them accessibility to the world, and the speed with which to strike quickly and escape detection. Law enforcement faces issues of jurisdiction, security, and privacy, all of which must be taken into consideration in serving the interests of the public.
Local Area Networks
Authors: Summers Wayne C. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Local area networks (LANs) have become ubiquitous, not only in businesses and academia, but in homes. As more and more locations need access to the Internet and shared resources, LANs are being installed as a cheap alternative. Where once computer users worked in isolation on personal computers, local area networks allow computer users to share hardware, software, and data as well as enhance communications. This chapter summarizes the variety of local area network configurations, looks briefly at the importance of local area networks to the Internet, and explores the emerging wireless technology. The chapter also provides an outline for readers who are interested in setting up their own local area networks.
Marketing Communication Strategies
Authors: Strauss Judy 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Widely regarded as the fastest growing communication medium in history, the Internet offers marketers unique ways to reach and build relationships with their prospects and customers. Communication, along with product distribution and transaction functions (e‐commerce), yield the Internet's greatest value for marketers. Interactive advertising, e‐mail, free software and music samples, online communities, and Web sites are just a few of the online communication tactics that draw customers, move them to product trial, and entice them to return for more. This article explores the roots, role, and context of online marketing communication; examines online advertising; direct marketing, sales promotion, and marketing public relations in depth; and looks into the future of the marriage of technology and communication as expressed on the Internet.
Marketing Plans for E‐commerce Projects
Authors: Roldan Malu 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A marketing plan is a valuable tool for ensuring that an e‐commerce project balances the creativity of its core team with the realities of the business setting and its target customers. The key to building a useful marketing plan is a thorough marketing research effort that builds a well‐founded understanding of a company's target markets, product design, and industry. A company considering an e‐commerce offering would be well advised to consider incorporating marketing approaches engendered by the Internet boom including bricks and clicks approaches, viral marketing, permission marketing, and m‐commerce. This chapter offers an overview of these approaches and a practical guide for conducting the research and analysis required to build a comprehensive and credible e‐commerce marketing plan.
Medical Care Delivery
Authors: Schwaitzberg Steven D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAs the inevitable march toward ubiquity continues, the Internet has crept into nearly every aspect of medical care delivery. From the way health care personnel research current medical information to the methods by which patients are educated, the practice of medicine has been revolutionarily changed. On the other hand, the very open nature of the Internet, arguably its greatest strength, is also its Achilles heel in the medical arena. The massive volumes of medically related information that are frequent targets of the lay population vary in quality and accuracy. Tremendous amounts of personal information find their way through cyberspace, perhaps subject to any number of prying eyes. Clearly this digital transformation is not yet complete. Privacy legislation (e.g., Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) will place significant limitations as to what can be transmitted electronically and to whom without a patient's express permission. Yet at the same time, practitioners' access to up‐to‐date, multimedia medical data has never been better, potentially raising the standard and safety of medical care delivery.
Middleware
Authors: Simon Robert 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Middleware is the software layer programmers use to develop distributed applications that run on different kinds of computers and need to communicate through networks. Middleware is one of the essential enabling technologies behind the explosive growth of Internet‐delivered services and products, including e‐commerce. This chapter provides an
introduction
to the fundamental software technology underlying modern middleware systems. I describe the
basic system architecture
for distributed middleware systems and then discuss key concepts in distributed programming, including remote procedure calls and distributed object systems. I then present an
overview of the basics of current middleware systems
, including
object request brokers
,
message‐oriented middleware
and transactional servers. The chapter concludes with a description of
current trends
.
Mobile Commerce
Authors: Cronin Mary J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Wireless networks, cellular subscribers, and mobile equipment sales have soared over the past 5 years. Analysts agree that there will be more than a billion mobile phone users worldwide by the end of 2003, surpassing the number of Internet users and giving rise to optimistic forecasts about mobile commerce revenues in the billions of dollars by 2005. Mobile‐commerce, however, is not simply a wireless extension of e‐commerce on the Internet. This chapter defines m‐commerce and its unique mobile value proposition and presents a typology of leading mobile commerce applications. It discusses the technical foundations for deployment of mobile commerce worldwide including the migration from second‐ to third‐generation wireless networks, the roll out of more sophisticated and feature‐rich mobile devices, and the role of standards in supporting interoperability between wireless networks, mobile devices, and mobile commerce applications. This technical discussion provides the foundation for an analysis of the regional differences in adoption rates for mobile commerce and a detailed comparison of mobile commerce adoption drivers and barriers in Japan and the United States. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the key success factors for mobile commerce.
Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Nesbary Dale 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Facing competition on a number of levels, nonprofits are turning to the Internet and e‐commerce to solicit funds and seek volunteers. Many nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations are working to determine the best methods of integrating Internet and e‐commerce into their organizations. This chapter examines volunteerism and fundraising as they are affected by the Internet and e‐commerce. Along with a literature review, case studies of nonprofit Internet and e‐commerce use are presented. Recommendations to nonprofit managers with respect to implementing Internet and e‐commerce technologies are made. Finally, key nonprofit Web directories and search engines are listed to give the reader additional examples of nonprofit use of the Internet for e‐commerce purposes.
Online Analytical Processing (
OLAP
)
Authors: Morabito Joseph , Stohr Edward A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Online analytical processing (OLAP) represents a natural extension to traditional reporting in decision support environments. Generally, decision support has followed two tracks: the first driven by the information technology (IT) professional leveraging database technology and the second by the computer scientist utilizing artificial intelligence. The associated concepts of data warehousing and OLAP are driven by business needs and the IT industry. In this chapter, we review the technology of OLAP, its utility in e‐commerce applications, sample OLAP designs, and a sample information architecture for enabling clickstream analysis. We also advance a business intelligence architecture to support knowledge‐based work.
Online Auctions
Authors: Anders Gary C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to an in‐depth discussion of online auctions. It begins with a basic description of an online auction and provides examples of some of the largest retail and industrial auctions. Among the topics covered are the online auction leaders, the various types of auctions, how auctions make money based on various types of fees. This is followed by a discussion of the nature of competition in the online auctions industry. We show that competitiveness of the dominant global online auctions is based on economies of scale and scope. New local auctions specializing in localized products and services have begun to enter this industry dominated by global auctions such as eBay andAmazon.com. I compare local auctions to global auction sites to identify the competitive advantages needed to offset the economies of scale. Next, a review of the academic literature on auctions, and particularly online auctions is presented. Afterward is a consideration the transactions costs and bidding behavior that often leads to the “winner's curse.” The conclusion raises the issue of taxing online auctions and discusses the need for new teaching and research approaches.
Online Auction Site Management
Authors: Wurman Peter R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The successful deployment and operation of an online auction system requires knowledge of mechanism design, system architecture, and successful Internet business practices. Online auctions pose several challenges to Web developers because they are intensely data driven and have temporal behaviors that must be faithfully implemented. This chapter discusses many of the issues that an auction provider should consider when selecting or developing an auction software system. Auctions can be seen as a mechanism that is precisely defined by sets of rules that govern bidding, quoting, and clearing. These activities will have natural components in the software system, and the choices made in the architecture of the auction system will affect its scalability, temporal integrity, and overall complexity. Complementary features of auction systems, such as catalogs, search tools, and reputation mechanisms, are also discussed.
Online Communities
Authors: Sproull Lee 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter traces the development and nature of online communities. It discusses technology, processes, and attributes common to many online communities. It then demonstrates how underlying technologies and social processes can result in many types of communities, depending on member and sponsor interests. Just as community types can differ, so too can the positive and negative consequences that accrue to members, sponsors, and the larger society. The chapter concludes with an overview of research methodologies and issues for understanding online communities.
Online Publishing
Authors: Brooks Randy M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOnline publishing is the process of designing electronic texts for public distribution and display on a computer screen. The computer screen requires a remediation of print design conventions, because the orientation of the screen is horizontal rather than vertical. All aspects of the publishing process are changed by moving from paper to online publishing—the acquisition and preparation of digital content, the distribution of texts, and the usability of text all become more dynamic, flexible and user‐controlled. This chapter examines the remediation of the print publication into emerging conventions of online publishing and hypertext, in which documents are broken into small modules with carefully designed navigation. Effective design of usable online documents depends on clear orientation, strategic navigation, consistent publication style and the publisher's ability to maintain the electronic text as a living, dynamic publication.
Online Stalking
Authors: Loundy David J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
As more conduct of every type moves online, increasing numbers of stalkers turn to the Internet to engage in unwelcome behavior as well. Although there is no agreed‐on definition of “cyberstalking,” online stalking is just that, stalking‐like behaviors conducted online. Although different jurisdictions have different approaches to addressing such behavior, there is often a remedy available to those who are being harassed online. This article discusses the problem of online stalking, motivations of stalkers, examples, and types of remedies that may be available to victims.
Passwords
Authors: Rasmussen Jeremy 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA password is a sequence of characters required for access to a computer system. A password is used to identify and authenticate each user in a multiuser system and to prevent users from accessing data that they are not meant to see. Passwords are widely used on the Internet, from logging onto a Web site to accessing a particular application on a server. In fact, passwords are the most commonly used form of authentication on computer systems today because they are easy to set up and administer in automated systems. However, they present several security issues of which system administrators should be cognizant. These include password guessing, sniffing, and cracking. Administrators should implement policies and mechanisms to help prevent against these threats. Even so, the sophistication of modern password cracking tools is such that passwords alone may be insufficient to provide strong authentication and ought to be combined with some other sort of authentication to strengthen system access controls.
Peer‐to‐Peer Systems
Authors: Camp L. Jean 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Peer to peer systems are bringing Windows‐based computers onto the Internet as full participants. Peer to peer systems utilize the connectivity and capacity to share resources offered by the Internet without being bound by the constraints imposed by the domain name system. Peer to peer (P2P) systems are so named because each computer has the same software as the other—every computer is a peer. In contrast, an application on a server is far more powerful than the client that accesses the server. Peer computers are fundamentally equals. In the history of the network, computation has cycled, from distributed on the desktop to concentrated in one centralized location. Peer to peer systems are at the decentralized end of the continuum. P2P systems utilize the processing power or data storage capacities at the end points of the Internet.
The fundamental basis of P2P is cooperation. Therefore P2P systems require trust. Cooperation is required to share any resource, whether it be two children splitting chocolate cake or two million people sharing files. Discussions of P2P therefore require some discussion of trust and security. P2P systems are powerful because they are able to leverage computers that are not consistently identified by domain name or IP address, are not always connected to the network, have highly variable processing power when connected, and are not designed to have particular server capabilities other than that provided by the peering network. The systems are built to withstand high uncertainty and therefore can accept contributions from anyone with a connection, even a modem.

After considering the generic issues of P2P systems specific systems are described: Napster, SETI @home, Gnutella, Freenet, Publius, and Kazaa. Limewire and Morpheus are implementations of Gnutella. Rougher introductions are provided for commercial peer to peer systems Groove and Tenix. The specific systems are used to illustrate problems of coordination and trust. Coordination includes naming and searching. Trust includes security, privacy, and accountability (J. L. Camp,

).
Politics
Authors: Gronke Paul 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of how the Internet has affected politics for individuals and for political organizations. The substantive focus is on political participation in the United States. The Internet is popularly described as a revolutionary agent of democracy. Any technological change, however, has to be analyzed in the context of the rationality of political action. The Internet will reduce the cost of political information, but is not likely to suddenly make politics more relevant and rewarding to the mass public. The Internet is not likely to increase rates of voting or participation. The Internet has, however, dramatically lowered the costs of mobilization for pre‐existing organizations such as political parties, candidates, and interest groups. Interestingly, because of this, the Internet has primarily reinforced income, class, and racial divides in political power.
Privacy Law
Authors: Everett‐Church Ray 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

This chapter addresses the foundations of privacy and discusses how they are being applied to today's Internet business environment. The chapter begins by explaining
fundamental concepts in privacy law
, including constitutional and common‐law bases for protecting individual privacy. The roots of privacy‐related legislative policies are discussed, focusing on well‐established “fair information practices.”
Privacy laws in the United States and the European Union
are surveyed, as are new issues relating to national security investigations and
how businesses might be affected
.
Business privacy issues
, including personnel matters, training, and internal privacy policies, are discussed. An extensive review of
consumer privacy issues
, including “cookies” and privacy practices of the online advertising industry, is also undertaken. In the
final section
, issues surrounding the development and implementation of privacy policies are discussed, including a review of enforcement actions by the Federal Trade Commission.
Propagation Characteristics of Wireless Channels
Authors: Shankar P. M. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Abstract
An overview of the characteristics of wireless channels is given. The phenomena of attenuation and fading are described in detail. Models available in literature to estimate the attenuation are reviewed for both indoor and outdoor wireless systems. Short term fading, long term fading and methods to mitigate fading using diversity techniques are explained. A brief appendix explains the decibel units of power used in wireless systems.
Public Accounting Firms
Authors: Chang C. Janie , Nellen Annette 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Certified public accounting (CPA) firms track thousands of data for clients, maintain security over financial data, perform numerous calculations, and access and use many types of information. Technology provides efficiency to firms in performing these tasks. Internet and e‐business opportunities have been embraced by CPA firms because these technologies enable the firms to expand and enhance services offered to clients and to have constant and wider access to information. New uses of technology have raised privacy and security considerations for CPAs, as well as regulatory concerns about the transmission and online reporting of financial information. In response, CPAs, often through their professional organizations, have created assurance tools, training, certifications, and practice development ideas to maximize the use of technology in providing a high level of service to clients. Continued development of new uses of the Internet will further enhance the services offered by CPA firms.
Public Networks
Authors: Thompson Dale R. , Apon Amy W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPublic networks offer a variety of choices for business networking needs. This chapter describes how private networks composed of leased lines are different from public networks. The chapter also describes the structure of public networks, including the structure of the public switched telephone system and the common technologies used in public networks. Advantages of using public networks over a private network of leased lines include value‐added services, lower cost for a given performance, and the removal of the requirement of maintaining in‐house expertise for network maintenance and support, planning, and disaster recovery. Disadvantages include potential variation in performance due to congestion on the public network and lack of control over day‐to‐day operations, upgrades, and long‐range planning for capacity changes. The chapter concludes with a description of the use of public networks in the Internet and E‐commerce environments.
Real Estate
Authors: Bardhan Ashok Deo , Jaffee Dwight 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe real estate industry has been an active and early adopter of the Internet. The Internet has been used by the industry as a marketing tool, a communication medium, and as a platform for collaborative activity. In the process, new kinds of firms have been established, providing new forms of value creation. Reductions in transaction costs have impacted the form and structure of markets, as well as the location decision in real estate. Technical characteristics of the Internet and the accompanying network externalities and economies of scale have affected real estate activity. The specific nature of the Internet and e‐commerce has also resulted in extending the geographical reach and reducing the locational specificity of real estate markets. While e‐commerce has made real estate markets somewhat more competitive, its impact on traditional intermediation and demand for real estate by type are still unclear.
Return on Investment Analysis for E‐business Projects
Authors: Jeffery Mark 
Published: July 2008

AbstractReturn on investment (ROI) analysis is often an essential component of a management decision to invest in an Internet, e‐business, or any other information technology project. This chapter reviews the basic concepts necessary for calculating ROI and applies these concepts to an e‐business project. Research on ROI for corporate investments in information technology (IT) is also reviewed. A case example illustrates how a project's cash flows, combined with the initial investment, can be used to calculate the return on investment. The challenge in practice is to quantify the costs and benefits of an e‐business project. In addition, risk plays a significant role, because poor estimates and risk events are most often the drivers of poor ROI when IT projects are put into practice. Methods of incorporating uncertainty in assumptions and risk into an ROI analysis are described. Finally, for the executive manager, important questions to ask when reviewing ROI analysis are discussed, as well as how ROI analysis is one component of synchronizing IT investments with corporate strategy. For investment‐strategy synchronization, information technology portfolio management is reviewed.