bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Morphology and Division of Eudiplodinium neglectum Dogiel (Ciliata Entodiniomorpha) from the Stomach of a Moose (Alces americana).*
Authors: KRASCHENINNIKOW SERHIJ 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. The material containing the ciliate Eudiplodinium neglectum Dog. from the rumen of a moose was fixed with 4% formalin solution and studied both unstained and after staining with methylene blue or methyl green.This ciliate is closely related to Eudiplodinium neglectum Dog. (1925) formae spectabile Dog. (1925) and impalae Dog. (1925), but differs from them in the presence of a transverse cuticular line. The form of the macronucleus of the investigated ciliates is regularly elongated clavate, the anterior end being wider than the posterior one. The following measurements were obtained from 14 specimens: length 81.3 μ (67.2–112 μ), width 66.2 μ (48.8–84 μ).During division the anterior daughter gets the old skeletal plate and a new one arises de novo in the posterior daughter. The anlage of a new skeletal plate for the posterior daughter was observed in earlier and later telophases, first as an indistinct structure, later as a group of a variable number of granules, more often about 30. This anlage gradually grew into a typical skeletal plate. The anlage of the pharynx in the posterior daughter was seen in later telophases. A part of the distal end of the old skeletal plate (one, two or five rectangular prisms belonging to this organelle) and a part of the distal end of the old oesophagus are possibly cut off during division and dissolved in the protoplasm of the posterior daughter. A crossing of the distal end of the old skeletal plate by the division plane was observed only in those specimens in which this part consisted of one row of the rectangular skeletal prisms and was not found in the specimens with a shaft of the skeletal plate consisting of two rows of polygons. In later division stages a bending of the old skeletal plate takes place.The morphological plasticity of the skeletal plate (loss of the distal part and subsequent bending of this organelle during the division of the ciliate) observed by the present writer and its dynamic reversibility (disappearing during starvation and thickening under satisfactory feeding conditions, reported by Westphal) confirm the assumption that the skeletal lamina functions primarily as a storage organelle. Some cases of destruction and defective development of the old skeletal plate were observed.The presence of fat in some specimens of E. neglectum Dog. is noted.
Some Factors Affecting Alkaline Phosphatase Activity inTetrahymena pyriformisW.
Authors: Fennell R. A. , Degenhardt Eeward F. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY.Objectives of the investigation were to: (1) ascertain whether, on the basis of enzyme inhibition, localization, and staining intensity, multiple phosphatases exist inTetrahymena pyriformisW; (2) show activity values for phosphatase in specimens ofT. pyriformisW from various ages and types of culture solutions; and (3) test the reliability of the Ca‐cobalt technique for demonstration of phosphatase in cell nuclei.Complete inhibition of phosphatases (Ca‐cobalt) was obtained with semi‐carbazide, HCI and 0.2 m citrate buffer, pH 5.5. Potassium cyanide (0.01 m) tended to activate phosphatase with adenosinetriphosphate and inhibited phosphatase with Na‐glycerophosphate, adenosine‐5‐phosphate, adenosine‐3‐phosphate, glucose‐1‐phosphate, and creatine phosphate solutions. A differential inhibition of phosphatase was obtained with inhibitors other than KCN.Phosphatase‐active areas were in essentially the same intracellular position in all substrate solutions with the exception of enzyme‐active areas in organisms from tryptone‐MgCl2‐citrate (0.01 m, pH 5.5) solutions; in the latter, both nuclear and cytoplasmic activity was evident. Organisms from tryptone‐MgCl2‐citratel (0.02 m), and vitamin‐enriched tryptone solutions exhibited abundant cytoplasmic phosphatase with the azo‐dye procedure. On the other hand, cytoplasmic phosphatase was not demonstrated with the Ca‐cobalt procedure.Results obtained with enzyme inhibitors, various substrate solutions and evaluation of staining intensities suggest but do not demonstrate that 3 phosphomonoesterases, which hydrolyze glycero‐phosphate, adenosine‐5‐phosphate, and adenosinetriphosphate, exist inTetrahymena pyriformisW.Nuclear reactions obtained with the Ca‐cobalt procedure were believed to be artifacts, with the exception of reactions obtained with cells from tryptone‐MgCl2‐citrate solutions subsequent to incubation in adenosinetriphosphate solution.
Long‐term Adaptation to Fatty Acids by the Phytoflagellate, Polytoma uvella
Authors: Cirillo Vincent P. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. The adaptation to fatty acids by Polytoma depends upon two mechanisms: 1. The induced synthesis of fatty acid oxidase which precedes growth. 2. A long‐term physiological adaptation spanning several cell generations which results in an increase of the initial rate of growth.Analysis of the long‐term adaptation shows that the adaptation does not result from the selection of fast‐growing mutants. The generation time on butyrate of unadapted cells is initially ca. 24 hours and it is reduced to ca. 10 hours after the second subculture in butyrate medium. Adaptation to butyrate results in a simultaneous adaptation to caproate.
Studies on Trichomonads. I. The Metabolism of Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonads from the Nasal Cavity and Gecum of Swine
Authors: Doran David J. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. The metabolism of Tritrichomonas foetus (strain, BP‐1) and trichomonads from the nasal cavity and cecum of swine was studied manometrically under similar experimental conditions. At pH 6.4, quantitative and qualitative differences were observed. The cecal (probably T. suis) and nasal trichomonad used glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, lactose, sucrose, raffinose, and trehalose. T. foetus used all except lactose and raffinose. All three were inhibited by iodoacetate and arsenite. T. foetus and the nasal form were significantly inhibited by fluoride and 8‐hydroxyquinoline, whereas the cecal trichomonad was not. At varied pH, all failed to oxidize Krebs' cycle intermediates. The amounts of oxygen consumed by T. foetus and the nasal trichomonad in the presence of lactate and pyruvate were at levels similar to those with disaccharides; the cecal trichomonad was indifferent toward both substances. Anaerobically, lactate and pyruvate increased the evolution of gas by all three trichomonads. Aerobic acid formation was demonstrated for all three forms. Anaerobically, metabolic CO2 and gas(es) that were not absorbed by KOH were evolved by all three. Pure oxygen was inhibitory to glucose utilization and stimulatory to the endogenous respiration of all trichomonads; the nasal form was affected the least.The writer believes that the cecal trichomonad is different from T. foetus and the nasal trichomonad of swine. The relationship between the nasal trichomonad and T. foetus remains in doubt.
Rhythmic Cell Division in Populations of Gonyaulax polyedra*†‡
Authors: SWEENEY BEATRICE M. , HASTINGS J. WOODLAND 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In cultures of the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra grown with alternating light and dark periods of 12 hours each, at least 85% of all cell divisions which occur in a day take place during a 5‐hour period spanning the end of the dark period and the beginning of the light period. A very distinct maximum in the number of recently divided cells occurs at about the time the light period begins.This diurnal periodicity in cell division is lost after 4 to 6 days in continuous bright light, but will persist for at least 14 days in continuous dim light. The period of approximately 24 hours under constant conditions is only slightly altered by varying light intensity and temperature, both of which factors are known to affect markedly the generation time. The time at which cell division occurs is therefore postulated to be controlled by some sort of rhythmic or clock mechanism.Similarities between the cell division rhythm and the endogenous rhythm of luminescence in this organism are discussed. The occurrence of a glow, or steady light emission of low intensity, at about the time of cell division, is described, and it is suggested that this glow may result from cellular changes accompanying certain stages of cell division.
Non‐axenic and Axenic Growth of Vorticella microstoma
Authors: FINLEY HAROLD E. , McLAUGHLIN DAVID , HARRISON DORIS M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Vorticella microstoma was grown non‐axenically and axenically at pH 6.4. Vorticellas were maintained indefinitely on Bacillus cereus in a medium composed of Proteose‐Peptone, Cerophyl, and the filtrate from boiled wheat kernels. Prolific growth occurred in 2‐membered cultures. A medium containing hydrolyzed gelatin, aqueous liver extract, yeast nucleic acid hydrolysate, glucose, and penicillin is recommended for axenic growth.The potential value of vorticellids as research tools is discussed together with metabolic implications of supplementing sterile Proteose‐Peptone broth with natural substances in particle form. The ineffectiveness of adding tryptophan, thiamine, glycine, and chelating agents to the axenic medium was considered. Refinements of the axenic medium are on trial.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über das Nephridialsystem von Paramaecium.
Authors: SCHNEIDER L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.The structure of the excretory apparatus of Paramecium caudatum and P. aurelia was studied in electro‐micrographs of ultrathin sections. The so‐called nephridial plasma visible in light microscopy was revealed as a network of fine branching tubules (nephridial tubules), of average diameter about 200 Å, which surround the nephridial canals. The nephridial tubules are connected peripherally directly to branches of the endoplasmic reticulum, which extends throughout the organism. During diastole of the radial canals the nephridial tubules open into the nephridial canals, but this connection is broken during systole. Surrounding the nephridial plasma are bundles of larger tubular elements (about 500 Å diameter).The osmiophile wall of the terminal nephridial canal continues without change in the walls of the ampulla, the injection canal and the contractile vacuole. Contractile fibrillar elements, arranged in fiat band‐like bundles and of tubular structure (about 150‐250 A diameter) without periodic cross‐striations, begin at the top of the ampulla and extend, along the surface facing the pellicle, over the injection canal and contractile vacuole to the excretory canal, which they surround as a spiral envelope.The closing of the contractile vacuole to the excretory canal is effected by a relatively compact membrane without pores, so that the emptying of the vacuole must follow breaking of this membrane. The function of the excretory system is discussed in the light of these new observations.
Hydramoeba hydroxena (Entz), a Parasite on the Fresh‐water Medusa, Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester, and its Pathogenicity for Hydra cauliculata Hyman
Authors: RICE NOLAN E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.An amoeba found on the fresh‐water medusa, Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester, collected in the Southampton Quarry Pond at Richmond, Virginia, is described and found to be identical with Hydramoeba hydroxena (Entz) which occurs on various species of fresh‐water hydras. Transfer of the amoeba to Hydra cauliculata Hyman, and other experiments, show it to be a facultative parasite for this species. The pathogenicity of the amoeba is decreased by fouling of the culture medium; the resistance of the hydra is decreased by starvation. Hydramoeba is also capable of destroying adult fresh‐water medusae in six days. Its relation to young medusae is not known, but the amoeba apparently does not attack the polyps or other developmental stages.
The Inadequacy of Monobacterially‐fed Paramecium aurelia as Food for Didinium nasutum
Authors: BURBANCK W. D. , EISEN JAMES D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Sterile Didinium nasutum were fed Paramecium Aurelia which had been grown on monofloral cultures of five different species of bacteria and on a wild mixed culture of bacteria. Didinia grown on monoflorally‐fed paramenia or starved paramecia maintained a low daily division rate (0.88‐2.06), and after 3 or 4 days died, frequently showing structural abnormalities before death. Didinia fed paramecia grown on a wild mixture of bacteria showed a higher division rate (4.96), did not die after 3 or 4 days, and encysted, when the food was exhausted. It is suggested that a diet consisting of monoflorally‐fed or starved paramecia is inadequate for Didinium. This may be due to the lack of some substance or substances related to the enzyme system of the predator, possibly proteolytic enzymes elaborated by paramecia. In the experiments of Gause on the destruction of one species by another, his failure to establish population oscillations between Didinium and Paramecium might have been due to an inadequate diet for the didinia which resulted in their lack, of encystment and death.
A Redescription of Cyclidium glaucoma O.F.M., 1786 (Ciliata:Hymenostomatida), with Particular Attention to the Buccal Apparatus*
Authors: BERGER JACQUES , THOMPSON JESSE C. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.An accurate description of Cyclidium glaucoma O.F.M., 1786, is presented. Fixed specimens were treated with the Chatton‐Lwoff silver impregnation technique and the standard Feulgen nucleal reaction. Living material was examined by phase microscopy. Components of the infraciliature have been given special attention, particularly in the buccal area. In brief consideration of the systematic status of this species emphasis is placed upon the close relationship of the pleuronematine and tetrahymenine groups of hymenostome ciliates. Comparisons on structures found in C. glaucoma with corresponding structures in species belonging to quite closely related families are made, and the fundamental nature of the infraciliary tetrahymenal buccal apparatus and the polar basal granule‐complex is discussed.
The Problem of Homonyms among Generic Names of Ciliated Protozoa, with Proposal of Several New Names*
Authors: CORLISS JOHN O. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Over ninety genera of ciliated protozoa have been given names preoccupied by the generic names of other animal organisms. To date some sixty of these junior homonyms never have been corrected. In half of these cases the homonymous ciliate names have been buried as synonyms of one kind or another, however, and need be of no further practical concern. For the remaining genera, thirty in number, replacement names arc proposed in the present paper in accordance with provisions of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. Such action is considered to be in the best interest of ultimate taxonomic stability among the groups of organisms involved. New names also have had to be proposed for five families or subfamilies whose type genera have lost their original names through homonymy.
Mode of Action of 3‐Amino‐l,2,4‐Triazole on Photosynthetic Microorganisms*
Authors: AARONSON S. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.3‐Amino‐l,2,4‐triazole (AT) inhibits the multiplication and pigment synthesis of several photosynthetic pro‐tists, Ochromonas danica, 0. malhamensis, Euglena gracilis and Rhodopseudomonas palustris; it also inhibits the catalase activity of beef liver and O. malhamensis. Fe++, Fe+++ or lecithin annul the inhibition by AT of multiplication and pigment synthesis in O. danica. Chelation of iron is suggested as the main action of AT on Odanica,
Malayan Protozoa 4. Epistylis caldwelli n. sp. (Ciliata: Peritricha), from Freshwater Neuston*
Authors: LAIRD MARSHALL 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Epistylis caldwelli n.sp., a β‐mesosaprobic epi‐biont, was collected from the surface zone of only two of 164 water bodies at Singapore. It is recorded from the neustonic mosquito larvae Anopheles (Anophele s) hyrcanus Pallas subsp., An. (Myzomyia) kochi Donitz and Culex (Lutzi a) fuscanus Wiedemann, also from corixids, Micronecta quadristrigata Bred‐din, copepods, Mesocyclops leuckarti aequatorialis Kiefer, and floating dragonfly exuviae. Subsurface and benthic organisms were not infested. The squat zooids (av, 57.6 ± 34.8 μwhen fully extended) have a median contractile vacuole and a long and sinuous macronucleus. Colonies consist of 2–16 individuals on a short and unusually massive stalk up to 50 μthick.
The Centrioles of Trichonympha from Termites and their Functions in Reproduction
Authors: CLEVELAND L. R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.The centrioles of Trichonympha from termites do not differ, either in structure or function, from those of Trichonympha in Crypiocercus. The previous claims of a difference are erroneous. The roles of the centrioles in the reproduction of new extranuclear organelles and in nuclear duplication are described. The centrioles are autonomous organdies. They are just as essential for a cell's existence as are chromosomes.
In vitro Cultivation of Plasmodium elongatum in Duck Tissues*
Authors: WEISS MARGARET L. , MANWELL R. D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Cultures of tissues from ducks infected with Plasmodium elongatum supported the growth and development of the parasites for 72 hours. Cultured parasites exhibited the same properties when reintroduced into the vertebrate host as did cells derived from similar sources upon direct transfer into a new bird. Parasites derived from acute infections led to patent infections after an incubation period of 7–8 days. Parasites derived from latent infections gave rise to infections becoming apparent after 11–15 days. Results of dilution experiments show that this lag period is not due to low numbers of parasites contained in tissues from latent infections. It is concluded that invaded cells may, after the acute stage of the infection, elaborate some hypothetical inhibitor which arrests multiplication of the parasite, while not interfering with its viability or virulence.
The Influences of Temperature on the Host‐Parasite Relationships of Several Species of Snakes Infected with Entamoeba invadens*
Authors: BARROW JAMES H. , STOCKTON JACK J. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Entamoeba invadens was studied in 8 species of snakes at temperatures of 13–14° and 25°C. Infected snakes of all species failed to show any gross pathology at 13°C, although amoebae were isolated from the snakes by culture. At the higher temperature all species showed pathological changes, most severe in Natrix, dekayi and red belly, and progressively less severe in the garter, milk, ribbon, ringneck and green snakes. For the last S species, the pathology in the liver and intestine was so characteristic as to provide an adequate basis for identification of the snake. Snakes infected at the lower temperature and later transferred to 25° showed the same pathological changes as those kept at 25° throughout. The possible effects of behavior patterns of snakes on pathogenicity of the amoebae are pointed out.
Effect of Storage Temperature, Equilibration Time, and Buffers on Survival of Tritrichomonas foetus in the Presence of Glycerol at Freezing Temperatures*
Authors: FITZGERALD PAUL R. , LEVINE NORMAN D. 
Published: May 2007

Tritrichomonas foetus survives when frozen in the presence of 1 M glycerol after growth in cysteine‐peptone‐liver‐maltose (CPLM) medium. In the present study, survival upon storage was better in a chest‐type freezer at a constant −21°C than in an upright freezer from which were recorded cyclic temperature fluctuations between −23 and −25° or in a dry‐ice chest with a nominal temperature of −72°. By the use of special thermocouples inside the freezing tubes, it was found that the temperature fluctuated between −22 and −24° in the chest‐type freezer, between −19 and −30° in the upright freezer, but rising as high as ‐2° when the door was opened and samples were removed, and markedly in the dry‐ice chest as the dry ice melted and was replaced, sometimes rising to as high as −27°. The poorer survival in the latter 2 freezers was considered due to temperature fluctuation.When equilibration with glycerol was carried out at room temperature, survival upon subsequent freezing was better following rapid equilibration (glycerol added all at once; equilibration time, 1 hour) than following slow equilibration (1/6 of the final amount of glycerol added each hour for 6 hr.; equilibration time, 7 hr.).Survival was extremely poor following either rapid or slow equilibration in the refrigerator (4°). Since T. foetus can grow indefinitely at 37° in the presence of 10% glycerol and since it is protected by glycerol when frozen, there is a critical zone near 4° in which glycerol appears to be toxic.Buffering the storage medium to pH's 6.3 to 7.1 with glycyl‐glycine increased survival upon freezing, but buffering to the same pH's with triethanolamine had no significant effect upon survival, and buffering to pH's 7.1 to 7.5 with phosphates decreased survival upon freezing.
Polymorphism in Tetrahymena vorax*
Authors: WILLIAMS NORMAN E. 
Published: May 2007

Two types of polymorphism, differing greatly in stability characteristics, have been recognized in Tetrahymena vorax strain V2. The basic life history involves three stages: a microstome, a macrostome, and a cyst. The appearance of each of these stages is dependent upon conditions of substrate availability, i.e., macrostomes persist in the presence of suitable ciliate prey, microstomes persist in the presence of bacteria or organic nutrient solutions, and cysts appear under conditions of starvation.Superimposed upon the basic life history is a second level of polymorphism: three markedly different types of sublines have been obtained from a single parental clone. No intermediate types have been observed. When grown under identical controlled conditions, the three types of sublines differ significantly in cell and nuclear size, meridian number, growth properties, competence to form cysts and macrostomes, and serotype. Each subline of a given type is subject to transformation into one or both of the other types. These transformations are usually spontaneous events with very low frequencies, although certain transformations may be induced. Once a transformation has occurred, the new phenotype is inherited by subsequent generations of cells for an indefinite period in a way which is independent of environmental influences. The available information suggests that the three types of sublines are not the result of gene mutations, but rather represent alternate epigenetic stable states of a single cellular system.