bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innateness and Moral Psychology
Authors: Nichols Shaun 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that the recent attempts to use Chomsky-style arguments in support of innate moral knowledge are uniformly unconvincing. The chapter proceeds as follows: Section 1 sets out the basic form of the central argument in the Chomskian arsenal — the poverty of the stimulus (POS) argument, as well as the conclusions about domain specificity and innate propositional knowledge that are supposed to follow. Section 2 distinguishes three hypotheses about innateness and morality: rule nativism, moral principle nativism, and moral judgment nativism. Sections 3–5 consider each of these hypotheses. It is argued that while there is some reason to favour rule nativism, the arguments that moral principles and moral judgment derive from innate moral knowledge don't work. The capacity for moral judgment is better explained by appeal to innate affective systems rather than innate moral knowledge. In the final section, it is argued that the role of such affective mechanisms in structuring the mind complicates the standard picture about poverty of the stimulus arguments and nativism. For the affective mechanisms that influence cognitive structures can make contributions that are neither domain general nor domain specific.
Ethics
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Al-Kindī’s extant ethical corpus is relatively small, but sufficient to show that his ethics is an application of his Neoplatonic ideas about metaphysics and psychology. He provides the first Arabic account of Socrates, a philosophical hero who is presented as despising things of the physical world, or “external goods” — Socrates is here conflated with the Cynic philosopher Diogenes. In al-Kindī’s largest ethical treatise, On Dispelling Sorrows, al-Kindī provides a work of consolation which uses Platonist ideas to undergird a broadly Stoic or Cynic teaching on the value of external goods.
The Heavens
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter shows how al-Kindī interweaves ideas from Greek cosmology to give a theory that can explain the efficacy of astrology and how God’s providence is dispersed by means of heavenly influence. A concrete example is found in al-Kindī’s works on meteorology, since he thinks that weather is produced by celestial causation. The mechanics of this causation are explained differently in different works, which leads to a consideration of the authenticity of On Rays, which is ascribed to al-Kindī, and its place in his corpus. Finally, the chapter considers whether al-Kindī’s account commits him to determinism, and whether he thinks universal causal determinism is compatible with human freedom.
Introduction
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the role of entrepreneurship as a driver of economic growth in Europe following the 1990s. It then outlines the purpose of this book, which is to explain why entrepreneurship became important in the area of public policy. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
The Emergence of the Entrepreneurial Economy
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explains how and why the economic role of entrepreneurship has changed so dramatically in the past half century. It explains how the economic role of new startups and small business in the capital (or Solow) economy was generally viewed as imposing inefficiency on the economy. It then discusses how this marginal or negative role of new and small firms in the knowledge economy was actually reinforced. The reasons why the contributions of entrepreneurship to economic growth become widely recognized only with the emergence of the entrepreneurial economy are considered. A view is proposed in which the entrepreneurial economy can be defined as an economy where entrepreneurship plays a key role in generating economic growth.
Entrepreneurial Access
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that providing entrepreneurial access to knowledge spillovers through geographic proximity to knowledge sources is not sufficient; external knowledge spillovers need to be absorbed. It identifies two factors facilitating the absorption of external knowledge spillovers: a spillover conduit, such as a board director or manager, and close geographic proximity. These findings suggest not only that the composition of boards is endogenous to the relative importance of absorbing external knowledge spillovers for the entrepreneurial firm, but also that the composition of boards may be influenced by factors other than their role in controlling managers to reduce agency problems.
Faith and the Presidency
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This book examines the religious beliefs, commitments, affiliation, and practices (church attendance, prayer, Bible reading, and personal morality) of eleven presidents, discusses the influences upon and nature of their faith, and assesses how it contributed to their understanding of political ideology and practice. It also analyzes how these presidents’ religious views and values helped shape the way they formulated and promoted specific policies. In addition, the book examines how presidents dealt with religious constituencies, interest groups, and leaders, evaluated religious issues (such as religious liberty, the relationship between church and the state, government support for religion, the proper place of religion in public life, and the connection between religion and public morality and civic duty), and appraised key public policy matters (such as the proper tasks of government, civil rights, education, and war and peace). The book explores social and cultural factors that influenced these presidents, but it focuses primarily on the intellectual and moral presuppositions that helped guide their understanding of political and religious issues and their actions while in office. Special attention is paid to five themes: the separation of church and state, civil religion, America as a chosen nation, the nature of their convictions, and the issue of character. Does the concept of the separation of church and state require presidents to confine their religious values to their private lives and operate from a secular perspective in fulfilling their office? Is it proper for a president’s religious convictions to direct him in performing his duties, devising a philosophy of government, and implementing his policies? How have presidents served as both the nation’s pastor and prophet, called on at times to comfort and assure Americans and at others to challenge and inspire them? To what extent has the pervasive belief that America is divinely chosen to spread democracy, individual liberty, and justice to the world influenced presidents’ actions? How have their worldviews — blueprints for understanding, explaining, and managing reality — influenced presidents’ thoughts and actions? What factors, including religious training, biblical study, and spiritual nurture, have shaped the character of these presidents?
John F. Kennedy
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Like Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy attended church regularly while president and used religious rhetoric extensively in his speeches, especially in discussing his campaign for world peace. Eisenhower, however, provided strong governmental support for the Judeo-Christian tradition, whereas Kennedy maintained a much stricter separation between church and state. The Democrat’s vitality, idealism, powerful rhetoric, and charisma inspired many younger Americans to social activism. Kennedy’s faith is difficult to analyze. As the nation’s only Catholic president, whose religious affiliation was a major issue in the 1960 election, he is central to an examination of religion and the presidency. Moreover, his assassination and funeral evoked a torrent of religious language, analysis, and emotion and reinforced the importance of civil religion in American society. On the other hand, his faith had much less influence on his thinking and policies than that of the other presidents analyzed in this book. In addition, beneath his exuberant, commanding public persona were private vices that contradicted his Catholic faith. Given Kennedy’s pragmatic style of governing, perspective toward Catholicism, and lack of a coherent philosophy, there does not seem to be much relationship between his policies and his faith. Nevertheless, he did present moral rationales for his stances on numerous issues, including education, juvenile delinquency, women’s rights, world hunger, poverty, and the Alliance for Progress. To assess Kennedy’s approach, three issues are examined: the Peace Corps, civil rights, and the limited test ban treaty. The most intense religious controversy during Kennedy’s tenure was provoked by the 1962 Supreme Court case that ruled that school-sponsored prayers as part of a regularly scheduled devotional exercise violated the Constitution.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Religion and politics have been deeply intertwined throughout American history, and there is a long and rich tradition of both scholarly and popular analysis of American presidents. Although numerous books explore the presidents’ personal piety and use of civil religion rhetoric, few books or articles examine, or even suggest, that their religious convictions influenced their public policies and performance as our nation’s chief executives. This book provides an in-depth analysis of the religious convictions and practices of eleven presidents who lived in different historical eras and had different denominational backgrounds. It focuses on those chief executives for whom religion was an important issue because of their own beliefs, the issues they confronted, the elections they participated in, and/or the times in which they lived. In evaluating the faith of these eleven presidents and the role of religion in their administrations, five themes are emphasized: the nature of their convictions, the separation of church and state, civil religion, America as a chosen nation, and the issue of character.
The Early Career of King Duṭugämuṇu
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, focusing on the early life of King Duṭugämuṇu. The king is depicted as a virtuous lay devotee for whom service to the Triple Gem is of paramount concern. The story begins with a short tale describing how his father, King Kāvantissa, meets his mother, Queen Vihāramahādevī, after she had been cast adrift at sea by her father to appease the gods. Duṭugämuṇu is born, along with his younger brother Tissa, to the pair in the southern kingdom of Ruhunu.
The Commencement of the Relic Shrine
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, focusing on Duṭugämuṇu's plan to build a large monastic residence for the Sangha and the Relic Shrine of Golden Garlands (Pāli: Mahāthupa) in Anurādhapura. The text extols these acts of merit and reinforces the virtue of such deeds by noting how arahants and deities lent their assistance to the king.
Religion, Twice Removed: Exploring the Role of Media in Religious Understandings among “Secular” Young People
Authors: Clark Lynn Schofield 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPopular entertainment media are implicit (and sometimes explicit) means by which a culture describes itself, including the images and ideas, stories, and fantasies that draw from and supply its religious imagination. Using in-depth interviews with 71 young people who describe themselves as not very religious, this chapter explores the role of these media in young peoples’ understandings of religion and spirituality. Most of these teens freely and energetically explore the “what if?” world of the entertainment media. Some are fascinated by supernatural spiritual images that echo the “dark side” of evangelicalism’s emphasis on sin and punishment. Others see in films and television programs signs of spiritual comfort. And a few, the true secularists, see nothing spiritual at all.
Redefining the Boundaries of Belonging: The Transnationalization of Religious Life
Authors: Levitt Peggy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the 21st century, many people will live transnational lives, belonging to several societies and cultures at once, and they will use religion to do so. This chapter discusses how immigrants from Pakistan, India, Ireland, and Brazil living in the Boston area are reshaping the religious landscape and, by so doing, calling into question fundamental assumptions about nations, immigration, and religion.
When a Funeral Isn't Just a Funeral: The Layered Meaning of Everyday Action
Authors: Munson Ziad 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that the common social science focus on identifying a singular authentic meaning of social phenomena leads us to misunderstand the role of religion in contemporary life. Using data drawn from a national study of the American pro-life movement, it argues that the religious sphere frequently and easily overlaps with everyday domains such as politics and the family. In this overlap, events take on a polysemous character; they contain within them multiple, irreducible meanings that become available to both participants and outside observers. Ultimately, such polysemy is more than just an intellectual curiosity or problem of categorization; it is a key site of human agency in creating new possibilities for meaning and action.
Science and Mammon
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the financial and economic aspects of modern science. It discusses industry and government funding of research, as well as technology transfer. It also examines some significant case studies involving money and science, such as the Human Genome Project, Nancy Olivieri, Merck and Vioxx, tobacco research, Jesse Gelsinger’s death in a gene therapy clinical trial, John Moore’s cell line, and embryonic stem cell research. An overview of the book is also provided.
Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the different kinds of interests that may affect scientific research and defines conflicts of interest for individual scientists and for research institutions. It explores how conflicts of interest can undermine scientific objectivity as well as the public’s trust in research. It discusses three basic strategies for dealing with conflicts of interest: disclosure, management, and prohibition. In many cases, disclosure is all that is required to deal with conflicts of interest, but prohibiting the conflict may be required in cases.
Publication
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines some of the ethical problems that can arise when the pursuit of profit and prestige affect scientific publication, including bias, duplicate publication, salami science, problems with access to data and materials, and undeserved authorship. To address these concerns, scientific journals, research institutions, professional associations, and funding agencies should develop policies and guidelines for scientific publication. Granting agencies should continue their support for research, education, and policy development pertaining to ethics and integrity in scientific publication. Universities, colleges, and government and private laboratories should sponsor educational and training programs that address the ethics of scientific publication.
Introduction
Authors: Brydon Michael 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This introduction crystallizes the debates in the last twenty years regarding the theological positioning of Hooker. It posits that although there has been a tendency to locate his Anglican identity amongst the 19th-century advocates of the Oxford Movement, it is actually a creation of the 17th century. Through a study of printed material, a programme of chronological analysis is outlined from the Jacobean period to the death of Queen Anne.
3 The Establishment of Anglican Triumphalism
Authors: Brydon Michael 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
At the Restoration, the avant-garde interpretation of the Polity emerged triumphant. This was briefly challenged by an un-Anglican biography produced by John Gauden, until Isaac Walton produced a suitable corrective. Walton’s biography not only established the image of the peaceable faithful divine, but also discreetly marginalized Book VII, with its unacceptable belief that episcopacy only enjoyed divine approbation, and Book VIII’s belief in an original political compact.
Artworks as Artifacts
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This second essay is concerned with the intentional-historical account of art, focusing on the nature of the artifactuality of artworks presupposed by the account. It develops ideas on the artifactuality of artworks in counterpoint with recent contributions on the subject by Paul Bloom and Amie Thomasson. Against Bloom — who seeks to extend the intentional-historical account to all artifacts — it defends the claim that artworks remain a distinctive sort of artifact in possessing, perhaps alone of all artifact kinds, only intentional-historical necessary conditions. Against Thomasson — who maintains that artifact-making necessarily involves a substantive conception of what is being made — it defends the claim that the conception of artwork necessarily involved in art-making, although not without content, is about as insubstantive as an object concept can be.
Evaluating Music
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay attempts to identify plausible mid-level principles by reference to which one might conceivably justify an evaluation of some music as good, where mid-level principles are ones whose specificity lies between the extremes of, on the one hand, music's being good if it affords appropriate listeners worthwhile experiences, and on the other hand, music's being good if it displays this or that set of technical features held to be productive of musical worth, such as monothematic structure or coherent harmony. The essay draws on the perspective developed in an earlier essay, ‘What Is Aesthetic Pleasure?’, which proposed that the distinctive mark of aesthetic satisfaction in art is that it is satisfaction deriving from attention that focuses on the relation of content to form and form to content in the given work of art. The mid-level principles of musical evaluation arrived at are illustrated in connection with one of Schubert's piano sonatas, the Sonata in A major, D. 959.
Musical Thinking
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay, which begins with a commentary on Wittgenstein's scattered remarks on musical understanding, poses the question of whether there is a distinctive, non-verbal form of thinking that music, or alternatively, the composing or performing of music, might be said to exemplify. A positive answer is returned, and three candidates for such distinctively ‘musical’ thinking are sketched. These are illustrated with a number of musical examples, most notably, Beethoven's ‘Tempest’ Sonata and Stan Getz's rendition of ‘The Girl from Ipanema’.
Two Notions of Interpretation
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay brings into relief a distinction among semantic interpretations or among activities of semantic interpreting, which cuts across verbal and non-verbal phenomena. The distinction is between interpretations that aim to answer the question ‘Whatdoessuch and such mean?’ and those that aim to answer the question ‘Whatcouldsuch and such mean?’, the former exemplifying thedeterminativemode and the latter theexploratorymode of interpreting. The essay also investigates the relationship between determinative and exploratory interpretation in a given inquiry, and the varying, sometimes interlocking, motivations with which determinative and exploratory interpretations are undertaken.
Hypothetical Intentionalism: Statement, Objections, and Replies
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay briefly restates the view, which locates the meaning of a literary text not in what its author intended it to mean (what one can call ‘utterer's meaning’), nor in what the text might be said to mean as a piece of language in the abstract (what one can call ‘textual meaning’), but roughly in what an appropriate audience would most reasonably hypothesize the contextually situated author to have meant by composing precisely the text that he or she did (what one can call ‘utterance meaning’). It then considers a fair number of objections to the view in the literature and attempts to respond to them.
Schopenhauer's Aesthetics
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay explores Schopenhauer's relationship to Kant, and stresses the extent to which the great pessimist's aesthetic philosophy relies on Kant's metaphysics even more than it does on Kant's aesthetics. It highlights the breadth of Schopenhauer's vision of the role of art and of the liberating aesthetic experiences it makes possible. It addresses the puzzle of how the art of music — which according to Schopenhauer presents us with blind, ceaseless, and hateful willing in its most unvarnished form — can yet provide aesthetic experience of the highest order, justifying Schopenhauer's according to music the foremost position among the arts.
Common Projects
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter attempts to understand the widespread and plausible treatment of loyal caring for good common projects — for their own sake and not just for their contribution to the well-being of individuals — as a manifestation of a moral virtue. The relation of common projects to human good is explored, and it is argued that being for a good common project for its own sake is commonly an excellent way of being for one's associates as persons, even if not exactly for their well-being as such.
A Future for Presentism
Authors: Bourne Craig 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis book concerns the nature of time. It shows how presentism, the view that only the present exists, can be defended. Part I of the book shows how presentism is the only viable alternative to the tenseless theory of time. It then develops a framework for solving problems traditionally associated with the position, such as finding truthmakers for past‐tensed statements; McTaggart's argument; the need for other times other than the present time; how to give the proper semantics for future contingent statements; how to deal with transtemporal relations between the past and the present; how we can meaningfully talk about past individuals; and how accounts of causation relations can be formulated. Part I concludes with a discussion of the direction of time and causation, the decision‐theoretic problem known as ‘Newcomb's problem’, and the possibility of time travel and causal loops. Part II focuses on the problems for presentism raised by relativity theory. It begins by giving a self‐contained exposition of the concepts of special relativity and its philosophical implications. The last two chapters focus on certain cosmological models of general relativity: namely, the expanding universes, and Gödel's infamous model. The necessary physics is explained, with the aid of diagrams.