bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF AWARENESS ON CORTICAL EVOKED POTENTIALS TO CONDITIONED AFFECTIVE STIMULI
Authors: Begleiter Henri , Gross Milton M. , Porjesz Bernice , Kissin Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA previous paper of ours (Begleiter, Gross, & Kissin, 1967) demonstrated that it was possible to condition affective meaning to meaningless figures (CS), and significantly alter visual evoked potential (VEP) amplitudes and latencies to them, without the S's awareness of the CS–UCS relationship (Experiment I, totally unaware). In the present study some Ss were deliberately informed that a CS–UCS connection existed; however, the exact nature of their relationship was not divulged (Experiment II, slightly aware). Other Ss were explicitly informed of the correct CS–UCS contingency, and entire conditioning paradigm (Experiment III, fully aware). One physiological (VEP) and two behavioral (interflash interval and semantic differential) indices of conditioning were obtained during an extinction procedure, and demonstrated significant differences between CRs in Experiment II, but none in Experiment III. VEP amplitudes to positive and negative CSs were enhanced in Experiment II, and suppressed in Experiment I, in comparison to the neutral CS. This effect was most marked in responses to the negative CS. It is suggested that level of awareness of the CS–UCS contingency might be reflected in our physiological index of conditioning ‐ VEP amplitude.
CENTRAL EFFERENT PROCESSES AND AUTONOMIC‐BEHAVIORAL INTEGRATION
Authors: Germana Joseph 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTNeurophysiological and psychophysiological studies have provided a substantial amount of data concerning the integration of autonomic and somatic responses. It is clear that this integration is primarily achieved within the central nervous system and that coordinated autonomic‐behavioral activity is reflected, at the periphery, in the anticipatory and preparatory phases of movement. It is suggested that the central efferent organization of these preparatory responses is directly responsible for emotional experience. The demonstration that autonomic events are highly correlated with behavioral responses is regarded as providing further support for the view that the primary concern of the central nervous system is the production of adaptive behavior.
INFANT HEART RATE RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS AND STATE
Authors: Berg Kathleen M. , Berg W. Keith , Graham Frances K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate (HR) response to simple stimuli apparently changes from an accelerative to decelerative response in the first few months of life. The present study of 4 month old infants showed that response depends on state and on the intensity and rise time of stimuli. The response was solely decelerative in alert infants but in less alert states of increasing agitation or increasing somnolence, deceleration lessened and acceleration appeared. Rapid rise time had an acceleratory effect which was more pronounced during sleep than during the waking state. Results were compared with those obtained to the same stimuli in parallel studies of newborns and adults. It appears that the decelerative response in awake Ss, presumably an orienting response, has a curvilinear relationship to age which cannot be ascribed to differences in initial HR level, state, stimulus intensity, or stimulus rise time.
INFLUENCE ON THE INDUCTION AND ELICITATION OF CONTACT‐DERMATITIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Mettrop Peter J. G. , Visser Piet 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn the present experiment the authors investigated whether the previously found influence of exteroceptive stimulation of the extremities on the elicitation of an allergic or secondary reaction of the skin in guinea‐pigs to DNCB is elaborated via the toxic or primary reaction. An influence of the stimulation on the primary reaction was found too.The experiment was conducted in two parts: 1) Two experimental groups were stimulated electrically on different schedules, continuous or repetitive. A 48 hour interval between stimulation and application of DNCB was added. The skin reactions were rated by 4 observers on a 5‐point rating scale. 2) Two experimental groups were stimulated on the same schedules as above. The corticoid levels were measured at different times after stimulation.The experiment showed that the probability of a skin reaction on the allergic (secondary) contact to a threshold dose was greater for the continuously stimulated group than for the control group.Relationships between corticoid levels and skin reactions were discussed. The hypothesis that stimulation has a direct influence on the allergic contact was supported.
EEG AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSE PATTERN DURING WAKING AND SLEEP STAGES
Authors: Keefe F. Barry , Johnson Laverne C. , Hunter Edna J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe response hierarchy of EEG and autonomic variables to tones of increasing intensity was studied during waking and sleep stages 2, REM, and SW (3 & 4 combined). Tones of 1000 Hz (5 sec duration, 55 sec ISI) were presented to 35 young adult male subjects. During waking, the tones began below awake auditory threshold and increased by 5 db until a motor response (button press) was made. During sleep, tones began at awake threshold and went to arousal threshold, i.e., motor response and/or an EEG change indicative of arousal. Changes in EEG, finger pulse amplitude, heart rate, skin potential, skin resistance, and respiration period were measured for each stimulus and were compared to a pseudostimulus response scored 25 sec prior to the actual stimulus.In the awake state, statistically significant responses (p < .05) were found for EEG, finger pulse, heart rate early deceleration, skin potential, and skin resistance to the tone at awake threshold, but not to tones at lesser db levels. During sleep, significant EEG responses were present to tones 30–25 db below arousal threshold, finger pulse 20–15 db below, and heart rate acceleration 20–5 db below. Significant skin potential, skin resistance, and motor responses were seen only at arousal threshold. Thus, in sleep, in contrast to waking, there were clear responses to stimuli below the arousal threshold, and there was definite ordering of the appearance of the various responses: EEG preceded the cardiovascular, with electrodermal and motor occurring only at arousal. This order was constant over sleep stages.Arousal thresholds were very similar across sleep stages in day sleepers (approximately 35 db above awake threshold). The threshold during stage 2 for night sleepers was about 15 db lower than that for day sleepers.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE AVERAGE EVOKED RESPONSE TO TONE ONSET AND CESSATION
Authors: Pfefferbaum Adolf , Buchsbaum Monte , Gips James 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAuditory average evoked responses (AERs) produced by tone onset (ON responses) and tone cessation (OFF responses) were studied in 14 normal adult subjects. When short (500 msec) tone bursts were presented widely spaced (2500 msec between tones), ON responses were large, in contrast to OFF responses, which were less than one‐third their size. But when long tones (2500 msec) were succeeded by brief (500 msec) silences, OFF and ON responses were comparable in size. In addition to this observed effect of the ratio of the percent of time the tone was on to the percent of time the tone was off, control experiments suggested that increased duration of preceding interval, unexpectancy of stimulus occurrence, and decreased mean frequency of stimulus presentation all increase the amplitude of both OFF and ON responses. OFF responses were found to be more sensitive to stimulus spacing effects than ON responses.
Some Antecedents of Directional Fractionation: Effects of “Intake‐Rejection,” Verbalization Requirements, and Threat of Shock on Heart Rate and Skin Conductance
Authors: Blaylock Barbara 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFollowing recent contradictory claims in the literature regarding the phenomenon of directional fractionation, the present study was designed to investigate variables related to this differential patterning of autonomic response. Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were recorded from 89 male students who either attended to flashing lights or worked a subtraction problem under threat‐of‐shock or no‐shock conditions. Effects of instructions to verbalize later were also investigated.While significant task differences were demonstrated which were consistent with the directional fractionation hypothesis, instructions to verbalize later affected neither HR nor SC. Threat of shock significantly elevated HR during the task only for Ss attending to flashing lights. However, threat of shock significantly raised HR and SC levels immediately after instructions (and preceding the task) when combined with instructions for subtraction. Results were contrary to arousal theory, supportive of Lacey's theory of an “intake‐rejection” dimension, and contrary to Campos and Johnson's verbalization findings.
A Zero‐Setter and Voltage Reference Unit for EEG Amplifier Systems
Authors: Macpherson Leonard , Kopell Bert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis article describes a combined zero‐setter and voltage reference unit employed by the authors in the measurement of EEG Averaged Evoked Responses. The sequential pulse generator that synchronously programs the required number of these units is outlined. The method could be of general use whenever an arbitarary zero voltage reference point or baseline is required on a signal waveform.
Stereotype Temporal Conditioning in Infants
Authors: Brackbill Yvonne , Fitzgerald Hiram E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigated stereotype temporal conditioning of pupillary dilation and constriction in infants. Stereotype conditioning of dilation was obtained, though it was less uniform over subjects than simple temporal conditioning of the same responses. Relevant speculative concepts concerning the physiological basis of discriminating time and ordinal position are presented.
Range Correction Applied to Heart Rate and to GSR Data
Authors: Lykken D. T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe utility of the range correction, in which each individual autonomic level or response measure is expressed in terms of estimates of that S's maximum and minimum level or response amplitude, was evaluated in terms of the apparent reduction in error variance indicated by larger or more significant treatment effects. The data analyzed were from an experiment in which 48 Ss received 12 painful shocks in each of four conditions of shock predictability. A reduction in error variance resulted from correcting, for individual differences in tonic range, measures of tonic SC (a replication of previous findings) and measures of tonic HR (a new finding). A reduction in error variance also resulted from dividing each SCR to shock by that S's largest SCR, i.e., by correcting phasic SCR measures for individual differences in range of SCR. No marked improvement resulted from a similar correction of phasic HRR data.
Performance and Mood Following Variations in the Length and Timing of Sleep
Authors: Taub John M. , Berger Ralph J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relative effects of extended sleep, sleep deprivation, and shifts of accustomed sleep time on subsequent performance and mood were studied. Ten regular 2400–0800 sleepers worked on E‐paced addition and vigilance tasks, and completed an adjective check list to rate their mood following 2100‐0800 extended, 2100‐0500 advanced‐shift, 2400‐0800 habitual, 0300‐0800 deprivation, and 0300‐1100 delayed‐shift conditions of sleep. Accuracy and speed of response on the vigilance task were significantly poorer, and negative affect was significantly greater after the conditions of shifted sleep and altered sleep duration than after the habitual sleep condition. Changes in the mood and performance measures were unrelated to prior sleep length or any specific alterations in the electrophysiological patterns of sleep.
Awakening Latency From Sleep For Meaningful and Non‐Meaningful Stimuli
Authors: Langford G. W. , Meddis R. , Pearson A. J. D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPersonally significant and non‐significant low intensity sound stimuli were used to determine awakening latencies from sleep stages REM and 2. Latency was measured from stimulus onset to a) the sleeper's own acknowledgement of waking, and b) alpha rhythm onset. Both stimuli were presented twice, once in each sleep stage, to 8 Ss. Voluntary response latencies in REM were shorter than in stage 2 (p <.025) but no difference was found for the latency of alpha rhythm onset. The personally significant stimulus, however, caused a significantly shorter awakening latency using both criteria. The results suggest that perceptual thresholds are low in both sleep stages 2 and REM but that the ability or willingness to organize a response is greater in REM sleep.
Psychopathy and Physiological Activity In a Mixed‐Motive Game Situation
Authors: Hare Robert D. , Craigen Daniel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were recorded while 17 psychopathic (P) and 17 nonpsychopathic (NP) inmates (referred to as A) were engaged in a mixed‐motive game situation with another S (referred to as B). On each trial A had to choose the intensity of shock to be delivered to himself and to B. B then was given a chance to retaliate, although his choices were actually overridden by the experimenter. A 10 sec tone (CS) preceded delivery of shock to each S. There were no differences between Groups P and NP in the intensity of shock chosen for themselves and for the other (B) Ss. Compared with Group NP, Group P gave small unconditioned skin conductance (SC) responses to shock directly received and to shocks delivered to the other S. There were no differences between groups in the unconditioned HR response to either direct shock (acceleration) or to shocks delivered to the other S (slight deceleration). Group P gave small electrodermal orienting responses (ORs) and anticipatory responses (ARs) to the CS preceding shock to self and shock to other; Group NP gave relatively large ORs and ARs to the CS preceding shock to self, and small ones prior to shock to other. Both Groups gave a biphasic conditioned HR response–acceleration followed by deceleration; each component was larger in Group P than in Group NP, and the acceleratory component in Group P appeared on the first trial. The electrodermal data were consistent with the view that psychopaths experience little fear arousal prior to reception of aversive stimuli by themselves or by others. It was suggested that the anticipatory HR responses of the psychopathic Ss were part of an adaptive response that helped them to cope with stress.
Heart Rate Changes in Pain and Hypnosis
Authors: Hilgard Ernest R. , Morgan Arlene H. , Lange Arthur F. , Lenox John R. , Macdonald Hugh , Marshall Gary D. , Sachs Lewis B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate was measured in four experiments using the cold pressor test, with the following results: (1) the heart rate rise between relaxation and stress levels was significant when the water was sufficiently cold (significant in 0°C and 5°C water, not 10°C); (2) the amount of heart rate rise in the normal waking state in 0°C water is unrelated to the hypnotizability of the subject; (3) there is a significant difference in heart rate following a hypnotic induction with suggestions of analgesia, although the reduction in heart rate rise is unrelated to the amount of reduction in felt pain; (4) heart rate rise during hallucinated pain in highly hypnotizable subjects is not significantly different from the rise recorded during normal waking or hypnotically analgesic conditions.These moderately confusing results take on some semblance of order if it is assumed (1) that the control of voluntary processes through hypnotic analgesia (agitation, grimacing) accounts for some reduction in heart response even though uncorrelated with reduced pain, (2) that the homeostatic and sensory‐information aspects of the cold water pain are probably little reduced, even though subjectively the pain may be absent altogether, and (3) the motivational‐emotional aspects of pain are more labile than the sensory‐discriminative aspects, in accordance with the Melzack‐Wall Gate Theory.
Relationships Among EEG Alpha Frequency, Reaction Time, and Age: A Biofeedback Study
Authors: Woodruff Diana S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo examine the relationship between the frequency of the EEG alpha rhythm and reaction time, the biofeedback technique was used to manipulate brain wave frequency in 10 young and 10 old subjects. Subjects first learned to increase the percent time they spent in their modal brain wave frequency, and then they were trained to increase the percent time they spent in brain wave frequencies 2 Hz faster and 2 Hz slower than their modal frequency. Simple auditory reaction time (RT) was measured during biofeedback immediately after subjects reached a set criterion at each biofeedback task. To control for the effect of biofeedback training on RT, groups of 5 old and 5 young subjects heard a pre‐recorded feedback signal which was not contingent upon their brain wave activity. Experimental subjects increased the abundance of alpha activity above baseline levels while control subjects did not. Results indicated that experimental alteration of brain wave frequency affected RT. When the subjects produced fast brain waves their RT was significantly faster than when they produced slow brain waves. Correlations between brain wave period and RT were small. Thus, the data did not provide unequivocal support for the notion that the alpha rhythm serves as a master timing mechanism for behavior, but the relationship between controlled EEG activity and RT was clearly demonstrated.
The Effects of Stimulus Expectancy on Evoked Brain Potentials
Authors: Porjesz Bernice , Begleiter Henri 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of self‐generated expectancy of stimulus content on the visual evoked potential to physically identical stimuli were studied in college students. The subject set up his own internal expectant; by choosing to see either a bright or dim Hash. When a bright or dim Hash was anticipated, the potentials evoked by u medium stimulus intensity resembled the responses elicited by an actual bright or dim flash, respectively. Significant differences in visual evoked potential amplitude were obtained between identical medium intensity stimuli depending on the stimulus intensity expected, despite (he constant physical properties of the stimulus. 1 In1 results suggest that a subject's expectancy of certain physical parameters of a stimulus are as important In determining (he resultant visual evoked potential as the actual physical features of the stimulus.
The More or Less Startling Effects of Weak Prestimulation
Authors: Graham Frances K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWeak lead stimulation can modify the human startle reflex It is proposed that, with the aid of physiological measures taken in the interval between lead and startle stimuli, this paradigm offers a promising method of investigating different levels of central processing, the operation of a short time‐constant as opposed to a long time‐constant system, and the operation of an orienting‐Attentional as apposed an Intensity dependent activational system.
The Effect of REM Deprivation: Is It Detrimental, Beneficial, or Neutral?
Authors: Lewin Isaac , Glaubman Hanania 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBased on the assumption that the mental aspect of REM sleep is an extreme state of divergent thinking, it was hypothesized that the psychological effect of REM deprivation varies on a dimension of creativity versus rote learning. On the creativity pole, REM deprivation has a damaging effect, while on the rote learning pole, it has a beneficial effect.The subjects (.Ss) were 12 male undergraduate students. Each spent 3 nights in the laboratory. Ss served us their own controls, with 5 days separating the REM deprivation and the non‐REM deprivation nights.Before going to bed, each of the Ss was given 4 tasks, on which testing took place the fallowing morning. Comparable tasks, in a balanced design, were used on the REM deprivation and on the non‐REM deprivation nights, The tasks given were: (a) serial memory, (b) “clustering” memory, (c) word fluency, and (d) Guilford's Utility Test.Results showed a significant decrement in creativity (the Guilford's Utility Test), and a significant increment in role memory (the serial memory task), due to REM deprivation. No significant differences were found for the other 2 tasks used, which were somewhere in‐between the two extreme poles of creativity and role learning. These results might explain earlier, contradictory findings in this area.These results lend further support to the general assumption that REM sleep is used by the organism for internal information processing. However, an additional assumption has to be. made, that this processing is divergent and not convergent.
Reaction Time and Heart Rate Between the GET SET and GO of Simulated Races
Authors: St1ern Robert M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe results of three experiments are reported in which simulated race situations, i.e., GET SET—5 sec—GO, were used to examine the anticipatory HR response and RT. The first study involved sprinting up a flight of stairs and the second and third a bicycle sprint. The typical pattern of phasic HR found was acceleration until 1 sec prior to GO and then deceleration. Tonic HR appeared to be a function of the degree of anticipated physical effort. Muscle potential, recorded in the first experiment, appeared to he related to HR. No systematic relationship was found between HR and RT.
Physiological Assessment of Sexual Arousal in Women
Authors: Hoon Peter W. , Wincze John P. , Hoon Emily Franck 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this investigation was to validate the use of vaginal photoplethysmography along with six other physiological measures for the assessment of sexual arousal in women. Six women in counterbalanced order were presented control, dysphoric, and sexually arousing videotapes. Subjective ratings revealed that subjects experienced moderate levels of sexual and anxiety arousal during the videotapes, and comprehension quizzing at the end of the experiment showed that subjects attended to the content. Heart rate, heart rate variability, and skin conductance response failed to discriminate between any of the videotapes. In order from highest to lowest sensitivity, vaginal blood volume, skin conductance, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and forehead temperature showed significant increases during the erotic videotape. Though sensitive, skin conductance appeared to he unreliable. Areas for further research were identified.
Cardiac and Somatic Response Patterns During a Reaction Time Task in Children and Adults
Authors: Lawler Kathleen A. , Obrist Paul A. , Lawler James E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPsychophysiological responses were studied in 25 fifth grade boys and 25 male college students during a choice reaction lime task. Attention to the task was manipulated through changes in two variables: uncertainly and motivation. Heart rate responses reflected changes in uncertainty for both groups. Heart rate, forearm EMG, eye blinks and movements, and general body movement differentiated between two levels of motivation. These results indicated that children and adults responded similarly, and that heart rate and forearm EMG were the most sensitive indices of changes in stimulus variables. Further examination of cardiac and somatic responses revealed an association between cardiac and task‐relevant somatic activity. A study of response patterns over trials confirmed (his relationship, which was discussed in terms of a two‐process model.