bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tandem gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of volatiles from soybean oil
Authors: Selke E. , Moser Helen A. , Rohwedder W. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA time vs. volatile decomposition study was made on commercially available soybean oil aged under normal laboratory room conditions. Samples were taken at weekly intervals for peroxide value (PV) determinations, organoleptic evaluations and volatile analyses. Volatiles, stripped from the oil samples in an all‐glass system devoid of connecting joints, were collected and sealed in attached capillary tubes. The encapsulated compounds were introduced into a tandem gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer via a capillary crusher. All collections, transfers or introductions of volatiles were performed without the aid of solvents. Hydrocarbons and, subsequently, aldehydes were the principle volatiles associated with the initial and intermediate stages of soybean oil autoxidation (PV 0–11). A variety of other compounds were also found as the level of autoxidation increased. Identified compounds, PV's and organoleptic evaluations are correlated.
Synthetic fatty alcohol and acids‐new additions to the raw material pool for soaps and detergents
Authors: Moffett J. G. , DeAcetis W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe United States capacity for synthetic fatty alcohols and their derivatives has been greatly expanded. More recent additions to this alcohol pool have received wide acceptance in the marketplace. In fact, because they bring new features, mainly in the areas of economics and performance, their continued growth both in volume and in the number of applications is assured. With regards to synthetic fatty acids, over the past 30 years many potential candidate acid systems have been examined. A wealth of process technology has been accumulated. The marketplace has been tested with several new tailormade acids, and therefore now we believe the stage is set, the opportunities are at hand and we should see some large scale development in the United States in the near future.
Quantitative content of total polar lipids in soybean seeds
Authors: Zhukov A. V. , Vereshchagin A. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe exhaustive stepwise extraction of soybean seeds was performed in a specially designed apparatus by a solvent system containing chloroform, methanol, water, mineral acid, and antioxidant in an inert atmosphere. The yield of total lipids was as high as 99.95%. The possible artifact content in the extracted lipids was < 0.5%. Separation of polar lipids and determination of constituent groups of these compounds (fatty acyl groups and phosphate) has shown that 36.7 μmole (±4.6%) of polar lipids may be contained in 1 g dry wt of seeds, 25.9 μmole (±1%) of this amount being phospholipids.
Soybean lecithin processing unit operations
Authors: Brian R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemical engineering unit operations used in the processing of crude soybean oil to lecithin are defined and discussed. The unit operations of fluid flow, centrifugal separation, filtration, and heat transfer are discussed as they relate to commercial plant design. The types of equipment available for these unit operations and the merits of some particular types are discussed. The flow of a typical commercial plant is shown with utility consumption estimates.
Positional isomers formed during the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil
Authors: Chahine M. H. , Cousins E. R. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA commercial cottonseed oil was hydrogenated under nonselective, normal, and selective conditions. The operating variables used were within the ranges of those ordinarily found in large‐scale operations. For each run samples were withdrawn at iodine values of approximately 75, 62, and 48; and these samples were analyzed for the position of the donble bonds, content oftrans isomers, and content of linoleins.Double bonds were found in the 6 through 14 positions of the monounsaturated fatty acid groups resulting from the hydrogenations. On the basis of the percentage distribution of the double bonds, there appeared to be no marked tendency for the linoleoyl group to form 9‐ or 12‐isomers of the oleoyl group. In the early stages of the selective hydrogenation the rate at which double bonds shifted from the 9‐position was greater than the rate at which double bonds were hydrogenated.The conditions of hydrogenation did not have a marked effect on the distribution of the double bonds at iodine values of about 62 and 48.The conditions of hydrogenation did have a marked effect on the percentage oftrans bonds. At an iodine value of approximately 75 the content oftrans bonds, expressed as weight percentage of trielaidin, was 9.4 for the nonselective hydrogenation and 27.3 for the selective hydrogenation while at an iodine value of approximately 48 these values increased to 21.6 and 37.7, respectively.
Lecithin in oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Yeadon David A. , Goldblatt Leo A. , Altschul Aaron M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA study was made to investigate the use of purified phosphatide in I.V. emulsions. Lecithin isolated from egg yolk and purified by alumina and silica chromatography was analyzed by chromatographic strip techniques as a one‐component material. Highly purified lecithin was found to be an inefficient emulsifier. Moreover emulsions containing highly purified lecithin were heat‐sensitive. An emulsion physical stability test was developed to evaluate emulsifier formulations containing purified phosphatides for use with small amounts of emulsions (approximately 50 g.). Using this procedure, a considerable number of substances were tested as additives to enhance the purified lecithin's emulsifying power. None were found to be as effective as natural soybean phosphatide, which was used as a control. From these observations it is indicated that pure phosphatides are inefficient emulsifiers and that those phosphatide preparations possessing good emulsifying characteristics are presumably mixtures or complexes of the phosphatides with other substances.
Fractionation of animal fat glycerides by crystallization from acetone. Am improved lard oil
Authors: Morris S. G. , Gordon C. F. , Brenner N. , Meyers J. S. , Riemenschneider R. W. , Ault W. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryVarious edible and inedible grades of animal fats, such as lard, grease, tallow, and selectively hydrogenated lard, grease and tallow were separated into “oils” and “stearins” by crystallization from acetone.The chemical and physical properties as well as the yields of oils and stearins obtained by this method are described.Antioxidants and metal deactivators are much more effective in stabilizing lard and grease oils produced from partially hydrogenated fats than in stabilizing corresponding products from unhydrogenated fats.
Influence of alkali concentration and other factors on the conjugation of natural polyunsaturated acids as determined by ultraviolet absorption measurements
Authors: Herb S. F. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryOptimum conditions for production of maximum conjugation of methyl arachidonate were determined. These comprise heating the sample in 21% KOH glycol for 15 minutes at 180°C. The optimum conditions of isomerization have also been applied to methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl eicosapentaenoate, and docosapentaenoate prepared by physical methods. These conditions greatly increased the sensitivity of the spectrophotometric method for all the polyun‐saturated acids except linoleic, for which the sensitivity was unchanged.Analyses of a series of fats and oils isomerized under optimum conditions and also under standard conditions were in good agreement. Constants are given for use when pentaene acids are present as well as for acids of less unsaturation.Spectroscopic evidence strongly indicates than pentaene acids are present in lard.
Some aspects of inventory control in the soap industry
Authors: Ritchie Edmund 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTo obtain inventory control, you must first have records. Secondly, you must have some way to activate these records so that intelligent use can be made of them. The burden of record keeping should not be allowed to become paramount. The important thing is the action taken on the records, not the records. Thirdly, one person should be given the authority to control inventories for a given number of items. He, of course, will work within the frame‐work set up by top management as to the desired inventories to be carried, but within this frame‐work there is a great deal of leeway and, by smart requisitioning, he can do much to obtain lower inventories. Achieving lower inventories means the saving of dollars. And, after all, profits are what people are after in business. By keeping inventories in balance, he not only reduces the amounts carried but puts the company in a much more flexible position. In modern industry ability to change is important. The inventory control group has the responsibility to see that for its part the company is always ready to meet this ever‐changing sales picture.
Tuna fatty acids: II. Investigation of the composition of raw and processed domestic tuna
Authors: Roubal William T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOils from raw, precooked, and canned tuna were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. The analyses showed the presence in tuna oil of 20 fatty acids having chain lengths ranging from 14 to 22 carbon atoms and containing 0 to 6 double bonds. The polyunsaturated fatty acids underwent little change during processing from the raw to the canned product.
Bleaching off‐colored cottonseed oils with activated alumina: A preliminary cost study
Authors: Decossas K. M. , Molaison L. J. , Eaves P. H. , Pons W. A. , Patton E. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe majority of off‐colored cottonseed oils can be bleached to a prime color with 4% by weight or less of activated alumina in a single operation. Increasing the amount of alumina beyond 4% makes it possible to bleach the most difficult‐to‐bleach off‐colored cottonseed oils. Although additional research is required to establish the process and optimize conditions, results of a preliminary cost study indicate that this method should be competitive on a large scale with rerefining followed by conventional earth bleaching.A flow sheet is given. Investment and operating costs are reported for bleaching for six months annually in plants having daily capacities of 100,000, 500,000, and 1,000,000 lb of cottonseed oil, prime and/or off‐colored, in batches of 6,000, 30,000, and 60,000 lb, respectively.It is estimated that alumina bleaching of off‐colored oil, with solvent extraction of oil from spent alumina, would cost as little as 0.4Ţ/lb in the largest plant, 0.5Ţ/lb in the medium plant, and 1.2Ţ/lb in the small plant. These costs are calculated on the basis of the use of 4% alumina by weight of oil for off‐colored oil during one‐fourth of the season, in combination with 1%, 2%, or 4% of alumina for prime oil during three‐fourths of the season.Costs could be lowered by reducing oil losses and losses of alumina in regeneration, increasing filtration rates, and lowering alumina price as a result of additional research on its preparation. Lowered cost would make the method more attractive forprime oils as well.
Fatty acid composition of maturingVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. seeds. dihydroxyoleic acid舒A possible precursor of epoxyoleic acid
Authors: Miwa T. K. , Earle F. R. , Miwa Glenda C. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractQuantitative measurements of epoxyoleic acid and co‐occurring fatty acids in maturingVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. seeds were made to elucidate partially the mode of epoxyoleic biosynthesis. Free (+)threo‐12,13‐dihydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid was the major component at an intermediate maturation stage, and is believed to be dehydrated to free epoxyoleic acid before incorporation into glycerides.
The chemical and biological assay of essential fatty acids
Authors: Williams Mary C. , Reiser Raymond 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAfter defining and developing the background of essential fatty acids, the various chemical, biological and physical methods which have been used for their assay will be reviewed. Specific recommendations will be made regarding techniques in each method category for natural and processed fats. Special attention will be given to the distinction between the essential fatty acids and the other polynnsaturated acids.
The determination of polymers in fats and oils
Authors: Firestone David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFats and fatty acids are polymerized by oxidative or thermal processes. Structures have been deduced by using a number of chemical and physical techniques. General methods applicable to the analysis of polymerized oils include determinations of acetone number, iodine value (I.V.), molecular weight, dielectric constant, viscosity, and refractive index. Monomers, dimers, and trimers are separated generally by molecular distillation. In addition, urea fractionation and a number of chromatographic techniques are useful for the detection of monomers, dimers, and polymers.
Refractive index as an objective method for evaluation of rancidity in edible oils and fats
Authors: Arya S. S. , Ramanujam S. , Vijayaraghavan P. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCommon edible oils and fats (refined peanut oil, seasame oil, safflower oil, and butter oil, ghee) were exposed to direct sunlight, fluorescent light and Schaal Test. Data collected on refractive indices (ND25) show an increase of the order of 0.001±0.0003 at the stage of development of perceptible rancid odor. The pattern of changes in refractive indices and peroxide values of these edible oils, autoxidized at 100±5 C, show that refractive indices indicate more precisely the termination of the induction periods than peroxide values.
Hydrocarbons and alcohols of basking shark and pig liver lipids
Authors: Gershbein Leon L. , Singh Eric J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFour samples of the unsaponifiables of basking shark liver oil were adsorbed on alumina and eluted to yield Fractions 1–5, inclusive. Analyses by temperature programmed GC and by silica gel chromatography showed hydrocarbons in the first four fractions with squalene increasing to Fraction 3 and the pristane level being highest in Fraction 1. Aside from pristane and squalene, other hydrocarbons occurred at levels of 420–750 mg% in the oils on a weight basis, of which about 60% constituted a series of n‐paraffins (relative carbon number range: 15.0–38.0) together with smaller amounts of at least one branched chain saturated group. Unsaturated hydrocarbons eluted mainly after squalene. The oils contained up to 460 mg% sterol and 78–270 mg% alcohols of C10 to C30, the ratio of saturated to unsaturated members being about 1.6. The composition of the unsaponifiable lipids of pig liver was quite different from that of the marine oils. It contained 10.6% sterol in addition to 400 mg% alcohols, the latter consisting of 81.8% saturated components (C12 to C31; ratio of saturated: unsaturated members, 4.4). The hydrocarbons comprised 450–700 mg% of the unsaponifiable mixture and squalene, paraffins and additional unsaturated components occurred at levels of 20.6, 24.4 and 11.9 mg%, respectively. The saturated hydrocarbons were high in normal homologs of relative carbon number range, 15 to 36; pristane could not be detected.
Calcium and magnesium sequestration by sodium and potassium polyphosphates
Authors: Irani Riyad D. , Callis Clayton F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe sequestration of calcium by polyphosphates in the presence of oxalate as a precipitating agent is reported at 25 and 60C in the pH range of 5–12. Sequestration increased with temperature. The sensitivity of sequestration to pH changes decreased with increase in the chain length of the polyphosphates.Magnesium sequestration by polyphosphates in the presence of sodium oleate is given at pH values of 10.5 and 9.0.In dilute solution with pH values higher than 9.5, tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate were found to be the most effective calcium and magnesium polyphosphate sequestrants on a weight basis, respectively.The results are discussed from a semi‐theoretical viewpoint.
Comparison of methods for the quantitative determination of tall oil fatty acids by gas chromatography
Authors: Iden R. B. , Kahler E. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA gas‐chromatography procedure, using methyl margarate as an internal standard, has been applied to the quantatitive determination of unsaturated tall oil fatty acids. Such an internal standard is necessary for accurate analyses, especially if components of the unknown are present which are not sufficiently volatile to be measured in the chromatograph. The acids are converted to methyl esters before being chromatographed. The preparation of reliable standards, methods of esterification, accuracy obtained on prepared standards using both thermal conductivity and beta‐ray ionization detectors, and analyses of tall oil samples, are discussed.
Analyses of pecan, peanut, and other oils by gas‐liquid chromatography and ultra‐violet spectrophotometry
Authors: French R. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractComparative analyses of oils obtained from 12 varieties of pecans, 11 of peanuts, two of avocados and one each of citrus seed, Wesson oil, corn, and of lard by GLC and UV procedures showed good agreement except for Wesson oil, corn oil, and lard. Iodine values computed from GLC results checked Wijs values closely. Oleic acid ranged from 51 to 77% in pecans and from 43 to 64% in the peanut with linoleic acid in complementary percentages.Level of palmitic acid in the peanut varied directly with level of linoleic acid, in the avocado it apparently varied directly with level of hexadecenoic acid while in the pecan the level of palmitic remained constant even though the level of unsaturated acids varied widely. Both peanuts and pecans were locally grown under similar environmental conditions.
Some differences in composition of covering fat, intermuscular fat, and intramuscular fat of meat animals
Authors: Ostrander Joyce , Dugan L. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method is described for rapid, reproducible extraction of total lipids from adipose and muscle tissues. The distribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the depot fats and intramuscular lipids in loin or rib roasts of pork, beef, lamb, and veal has been determined. The phosphatides of the muscle were found to contain a greater amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the neutral fats of the intramuscular lipids.
The determination of mutton tallow in mutton/beef tallow mixtures
Authors: Szonyi C. , Craske J. D. , Tait R. S. , Poulos A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method is proposed for the determination of the mutton tallow content of mixed beef and mutton tallow samples. The calculation is based on the determination of conjugated diene,trans acids, and monocis unsaturated acids in the sample. The analytical findings are employed in a single equation which is weighted to minimize uncertainty due to natural variation. The method is largely independent of the degree of “seeding” of the tallow prior to sampling and is accurate to approximately ±14%. This accuracy is considered reasonable in view of the natural variations of the two fats and their close analytical similarity.
Acid‐treated florisil as an adsorbent for column chromatography
Authors: Carroll K. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAcid‐treated Florisil, prepared by the action of hot concentrated hyrochloric acid on Florisil, was found to be a useful adsorbent for separation of phospholipids and other complex lipids by column chromatography. This material gave separations similar to those obtained with commercial silicic acid but its coarse mesh size simplified the technical operations and permitted faster flow rates. Its use is illustrated by separations of model compounds and of lipids extracted from liver and brain.
Unsaturated aldehyde oils by the partial ozonization of soybean oil
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Anders D. E. , Teeter H. M. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAldehyde oils containing an average of one or two aldehyde groups per glyceride molecule were prepared by partial ozonization of soybean oil. Ozonization was carried out in ethyl acetate‐methanol solvent, and reduction of the ozonolysis products was done catalytically with palladium on charcoal in the presence of pyridine. Under these conditions, maximum conversion of unsaturated to carbonyl functionality was achieved without saturation of the unozonized double bonds. The products were oils having three different types of functionality: aldehydic, olefinic, and glyceride ester.
Incorporation of linolenic‐1‐C14 acid into eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in fish
Authors: Kayama Mitsu , Tsuchiya Yasuhiko , Nevenzel J. C. , Fulco Armand , Mead J. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFollowing intraperitoneal injection of methyl linolenate‐1‐C14 into kelp bass,Paralablax clathratus, the highly polyunsaturated fatty acids of their body fats were concentrated by low temperature crystallization from acetone, and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were isolated from the concentrate by reversed‐phase chromatography and hydrogenated. The resulting arachidic and behenic acids were degraded stepwise to margaric acid, and the distribution of activity was determined. The results indicate that the injected linolenic acid was converted to eicosapentaenoic acid and the latter incorporated into docosahexaenoic acid. A probable conversion pathway is linolenic acid薔6,9,12,15‐octadecatetraenoic acid薔8,11,14,17‐eicosatetraenoic acid薔5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid薔7,10,13,16,‐19‐docosapentaenoic acid薔4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoic acid.
A study of odor stability of commercial stearic acid through isolation and identification of its volatile odoriferous compounds
Authors: Cheng Hisung , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCommercial stearic acid may have an iodine value of less than 0.5. However, it develops a characteristic objectionable odor quite rapidly, sometimes before a shipment has reached its destination. The present investigation is an identification of the volatile odoriferous compounds which are responsible for this undesirable odor. Volatile compounds were isolated from commercial stearic acid and separated into acidic and nonacidic compounds. The acidic fraction did not have the characteristic off‐odor of the commercial stearic acid and was discarded. The nonacidic fraction was fractionated into pure compounds by repeated gas chromatography, which then were identified by a combination of gas chromatographic retention time and IR and mass spectrometry. A total of 52 compounds was identified positively. They contained a relatively large number of lactones, viz, 7 γ‐lactones, 4 δ‐lactones, and 2 γ‐2‐ene lactones. The other identified compounds were 11 saturated hydrocarbons, 7 saturated primary alcohols, 6 saturated methyl ketones, 10 saturated normal aldehydes, 4 saturated esters, and 1 diphenyl ether. In addition, 2 saturated aldehydes and 1 γ‐3‐ene lactone were identified tentatively. The odors of the saturated and unsaturated lactones were reminiscent of the objectionable odor characteristic of commercial stearic acid. Quantitative estimation indicated that commercial stearic acid contained: 0.47 ppm of 4‐hydroxy‐hexanoic acid, lactone; 0.06 ppm of 4‐hydroxy‐heptanoic acid, lactone; 0.31 ppm of 4‐hydroxy‐octanoic acid, lactone; 0.06 ppm of 4‐hydroxy‐nonanoic acid, lactone; and 0.53 ppm of 4‐hydroxy‐undecanoic acid, lactone.
Removal of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from marine oils during refining and hydrogenation for edible use
Authors: Addison R. F. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRaw marine oils containing from 2–8 ppm DDT group pesticides, 0.00–0.03 ppm dieldrin, and 3–13 ppm polychlorinated biphenyls (as Aroclor 1254) were subjected to pilot plant refining, hydrogenation, and deodorization for margarine stock production. Residues of all 3 groups were reduced to below detectable limits (0.06 ppm, 0.01 ppm, and 0.5 ppm for ΣDDT, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls [determined as decachlorobiphenyl], respectively) as a result of processing.