bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and correlates of resistance training in a regional Australian population: Table 1
Authors: Humphries B , Duncan M J , Mummery W K 
Published: July 2008

BackgroundThe core components of physical activity, cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, balance and flexibility can provide many health benefits and potentially slow declines associated with aging. Aerobic exercise message to the public has been widely promoted by national health authorities, although the promotion of resistance training has received far less attention.Objectivesn this research, the prevalence of resistance training in a sample of adults living in regional Australia was primarily assessed.DesignA computer-assisted telephone interview survey (n=1230) was conducted by the Population Research Laboratory at Central Queensland University on Queensland adults in October to November 2006. Respondents were asked to report the frequency with which they engaged in resistance training.ParticipantsRespondents were 18 years or older that could be contacted by direct-dialled, land-based telephone service. A telephone database using a computer program to select, with replacement, a simple random sample of phone numbers selected respondents.ResultsAlmost 14% of the population did some form of gym-based resistance training in the week before the survey. There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in participation levels with age. Participation was highest amongst the youngest 18–34-year-olds (23.8%), steadily declining with age to a low of 7% in the 55 years and older age group. There was no significant association between sexes and participation in resistance training.ConclusionsThe findings underscore the need to increase overall education on the benefits of resistance training with an emphasis among targeted adult populations to increase participation in resistance training.
Ten year follow-up study comparing conservative versus operative treatment of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. A matched-pair analysis of high level athletes
Authors: Meuffels D E , Favejee M M , Vissers M M , Heijboer M P , Reijman M , Verhaar J A N 
Published: July 2008

Objective:To compare long term outcome of highly active patients with anterior cruciate ligament ruptures treated operatively versus non-operatively.Design:We reviewed high level athletes with an anterior cruciate ligament rupture on either MRI or arthroscopic evaluation more than 10 years previously, who were treated conservatively. They were pair-matched with patients who had had an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patella-tendon-bone, with respect to age, gender and Tegner activity score before injury.Participants:In total 50 patients were pair-matched.Results:We found no statistical difference between the patients treated conservatively or operatively with respect to osteoarthritis or meniscal lesions of the knee, as well as activity level, objective and subjective functional outcome. The patients who were treated operatively had a significantly better stability of the knee at examination.Conclusion:We conclude that the instability repair using a bone-patella-tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a good knee stabilising operation. Both treatment options however show similar patient outcome at 10 year follow up.
Effects of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory function and repetitive sprint performance in wheelchair basketball players
Authors: Goosey-Tolfrey V , Foden E , Perret C , Degens H 
Published: July 2008

BackgroundThere is considerable evidence that respiratory muscle training improves pulmonary function, quality of life and exercise performance in healthy athletic populations. The benefits for wheelchair athletes are less well understood. Therefore, in the present study, influence of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory function and repetitive propulsive sprint performance in wheelchair basketball players was examined.MethodsUsing a placebo-controlled design, 16 wheelchair athletes were divided to an experimental (IMT; n=8) or placebo (sham-IMT; n=8) group based on selective grouping criteria. 30 dynamic breaths were performed by the IMT group twice daily at a resistance equivalent to 50% maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and 60 slow breaths were performed by the sham-IMT group once a day at 15% MIP for a period of 6 weeks.ResultsIn the IMT group, both MIP and maximum expiratory pressure (17% and 23%, respectively; p≤0.03) were improved. Similar improvements were noted for the sham-IMT group with 23% and 33% from baseline for MIP and maximum expiratory pressure, respectively (p≤0.03). There were no significant changes in pulmonary function at rest and any of the performance parameters associated with the repetitive sprint test (sprint and recovery times, peak heart rate and peak blood lactate concentration). Reported experiences of using the IMT training device suggested “less breathlessness” and “less tightness in the chest during the training”.ConclusionsAlthough there was no improvement in sprint performance, an improved respiratory muscle function and quality of life were reported by participants in both the IMT and sham-IMT groups.
Tobacco policy in American prisons, 2007
Authors: Kauffman R M , Ferketich A K , Wewers M E 
Published: July 2008

Objective:To examine current tobacco policy in US prisons and explore changes in prison tobacco policies over time.Data source:Telephone survey of the 52 US departments of correction.Main outcome measures:Current tobacco policy; distribution of free tobacco; availability of smoking cessation programming and cessation aids.Participants:Complete responses were received from 51 of 52 (98%) departments, while one provided partial information.Results:The majority of correctional systems (60%) reported total tobacco bans on prison grounds, with most remaining facilities (27%) having an indoor ban on tobacco use. No prisons distributed free tobacco. No major violence was reported relating to the implementation of stricter tobacco policies; however many respondents noted that tobacco became a major contraband item following the implementation of a total ban. While most prison systems with an indoor tobacco ban (86%) reported having tobacco cessation programmes, few of those with total bans (39%) continued such programmes after the initial transition period.Conclusion:Total tobacco bans have often been accompanied by the termination of tobacco cessation programmes. Such actions undermine efforts to promote long-term cessation resulting in a missed public health opportunity.
The Stroke Impact Scale 3.0
Authors: Carod-Artal Francisco Javier , Coral Luciane Ferreira , Trizotto Daniele Stieven , Moreira Clarissa Menezes 
Published: July 2008

Background and Purpose—We sought to assess the psychometric attributes of the Brazilian version of the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) 3.0 in stroke survivors.Methods—Patients were evaluated by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, Barthel Index, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, modified Rankin Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Health-related quality of life was evaluated with the MOS–Short Form 36 and SIS 3.0.Results—One hundred seventy-four stroke survivors were assessed (mean age, 56.9 years; 55.2% male). Hand function had a prominent floor effect (45.9%), whereas a ceiling effect was observed in the communication domain (17.3%). The internal consistency of SIS (Cronbach’s α=0.94) and SIS domains (item-dimension correlation, 0.17 to 0.89) were satisfactory; only the emotion domain had poor internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.49). Test-retest reliability was evaluated in 50 consecutive patients. Concerning the stability of the SIS, the weighted κ values ranged from 0.33 (item 3a) to 0.94 (item 7e). Intraclass correlation coefficient values for the SIS domains ranged from 0.48 (emotion) to 0.94 (hand function). Standard error of measurement values for SIS domains ranged from 6.85 (mobility) to 9.63 (social participation). Regarding convergent validity, a significant correlation (Spearman’s correlation coefficient,P<0.0001) was found between the SIS composite physical domain and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (−0.69), modified Rankin Scale (−0.81), Barthel Index (0.87), Lawton Scale (0.76), and MOS–Short Form 36 physical component summary (0.61). SIS domain scores significantly decreased as modified Rankin Scale scores increased (discriminative validity; ANOVA,P<0.0001).Conclusions—The Brazilian version of SIS 3.0 has satisfactory psychometric properties and can be used in stroke survivors to assess health-related quality of life.
De La Conclusion Et La Rédaction Des Traités Collectifs
Authors: De Sydow G. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAvant d'entrer en matière, nous tenons à dire en quelques mots quelle est la méthode que nous avons suivie dans notre étude. Nous avons limité l'examen de notre étude aux seuls procédés employés pour la conclusion d'un grand nombre de traités collectifs posant des règles de droit et des formes adoptées dans leur rédaction. L'étude porte cependant moins sur les détails de forme que sur les aspects qui présentent une importance au point de vue juridique Nous traiterons ici premièrement du préambule des traités, et ensuite de la mise en vigueur des traités, de la clause coloniale, des réserves aux traités et de leur dénonciation, de la revision et de l'interprétation des traités et, enfin, de la question des langues authentiques.
Atlantpagtens Juridiske Betydning1)
Authors: Brüel Erik 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMan opfatter sædvanligvis Atlantpagten som et isoleret Fænomen. Jeg vil forsøge at sætte Pagten ind i en større Sammenhæng. Pagten er hverken Begyndelse eller Afslutning paa en Udvikling, men Led i en saadan. Den er fremgaaet af en historisk og sociologisk Udvikling. Denne vil jeg til at begynde med kort skitsere og dernæst gennemgaa Pagtens vigtigste Bestemmelser, fortolke dem og maaske ogsaa kritisere dem en Smule for endelig at afslutte min Fremstilling med nogle Bemaerkninger om Forholdet mellem Pagten paa den ene Side og de forenede Nationers Pagt og Traktatkomplekset angaaende det europæiske Forsvarsfaellesskab paa den anden.
The Impact of Positive-Definite Moisture Transport on NWP Precipitation Forecasts
Authors: Skamarock William C. , Weisman Morris L. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A positive-definite transport scheme for moisture is tested in a nonhydrostatic forecast model using convection-permitting resolutions. Use of the positive-definite scheme is found to significantly reduce the large positive bias in surface precipitation forecasts found in the non-positive-definite model forecasts, in particular at high precipitation thresholds. The positive-definite scheme eliminates spurious sources of water arising from the clipping of negative moisture values in the non-positive-definite model formulation, leading to the bias reduction.
Reduced memory and attention performance in a population-based sample of young adults with a moderate lifetime use of cannabis, ecstasy and alcohol
Authors: Indlekofer F , Piechatzek M , Daamen M , Glasmacher C , Lieb R , Pfister H , Tucha O , Lange KW , Wittchen HU , Schütz CG 
Published: July 2008

Abstract Regular use of illegal drugs is suspected to cause cognitive impairments. Two substances have received heightened attention: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) and δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC or ‘cannabis’). Preclinical evidence, as well as human studies examining regular ecstasy consumers, indicated that ecstasy use may have negative effects on learning, verbal memory and complex attentional functions. Cannabis has also been linked to symptoms of inattention and deficits in learning and memory. Most of the published studies in this field of research recruited participants by means of newspaper advertisements or by using word-of-mouth strategies. Because participants were usually aware that their drug use was critical to the research design, this awareness may have caused selection bias or created expectation effects. Focussing on attention and memory, this study aimed to assess cognitive functioning in a community-based representative sample that was derived from a large-scale epidemiological study. Available data concerning drug use history allowed sampling of subjects with varying degrees of lifetime drug experiences. Cognitive functioning was examined in 284 young participants, between 22 and 34 years. In general, their lifetime drug experience was moderate. Participants completed a neuropsychological test battery, including measures for verbal learning, memory and various attentional functions. Linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between cognitive functioning and lifetime experience of drug use. Ecstasy and cannabis use were significantly related to poorer episodic memory function in a dose-related manner. For attentional measures, decrements of small effect sizes were found. Error measures in tonic and phasic alertness tasks, selective attention task and vigilance showed small but significant effects, suggesting a stronger tendency to experience lapses of attention. No indication for differences in reaction time was found. The results are consistent with decrements of memory and attentional performance described in previous studies. These effects are relatively small; however, it must be kept in mind that this study focussed on assessing young adults with moderate drug use from a population-based study.
Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of the intravenously administered CB1 receptor agonist Org 28611 in healthy male volunteers
Authors: Zuurman L , Passier PCCM , de Kam ML , Kleijn HJ , Cohen AF , van Gerven JMA 
Published: July 2008

Abstract CB1/CB2 agonists are reported to have sedative, amnestic, analgesic and anti-emetic properties, which would make them ideal drugs for outpatient treatments under conscious sedation. The main objective of this in human study was to assess the sedative properties of Org 28611, a potent water-soluble CB1 agonist. Single ascending doses were administered during a slow 25 min infusion and after a 1 min bolus administration to healthy male volunteers. In addition, the pharmacokinetics, amnestic properties, postural stability, electro-encephalography, behavioural and cardiovascular effects were studied. Midazolam 0.1 mg/kg was used as a positive control. The pharmacokinetic parameters were proportional to dose. No effects were observed after intravenous administration of doses up to Org 28611 1 μg/kg. Dose-related effects were observed at higher doses. Although subjects reported subjective sedation after administration of Org 28611 3-10 μg/kg, the observed sedation was considerably less than after midazolam. Org 28611 is, therefore, not suitable for providing sedation for outpatient surgical procedures and doses above the maximum tolerated dose of 3 μg/kg (either administered as a slow infusion or a bolus dose) can cause untoward psychotropic effects.
The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of SL65.1498, a GABA-A 2,3 selective agonist, in comparison with lorazepam in healthy volunteers
Authors: de Haas SL , Franson KL , Schmitt JAJ , Cohen AF , Fau JB , Dubruc C , van Gerven JMA 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBenzodiazepines are effective short-term treatments for anxiety disorders, but their use is limited by undesirable side effects related to Central Nervous System impairment and tolerance development. SL65.1498 is a new compound that acts in vitro as a full agonist at the γ-aminobutyric acidA2 and 3 receptor and as a partial agonist at the 1 and 5 receptor subtypes. It is thought that the compound could be anxiolytic by its activation at the alpha2 and alpha3 receptor subtypes, without causing unfavourable side effects, which are believed to be mediated by the alpha1 and alpha5 subtypes. This study was a double-blind, five-way cross-over study to investigate the effects of three doses of SL65.1498 in comparison with placebo and lorazepam 2 mg in healthy volunteers. The objective was to select a dose level (expected to be therapeutically active), free of any significant deleterious effect. Psychomotor and cognitive effects were measured using a validated battery of measurements, including eye movements, body sway, memory tests, reaction-time assessments, and visual analogue scales. The highest dose of SL65.1498 showed slight effects on saccadic peak velocity and smooth pursuit performance, although to a much lesser extent than lorazepam. In contrast to lorazepam, none of the SL65.1498 doses affected body sway, visual analogue scale alertness, attention, or memory tests. This study showed that the three doses of SL65.1498 were well tolerated and induced no impairments on memory, sedation, psychomotor, and cognitive functions.
Neural markers of symptomatic improvement during antidepressant therapy in severe depression: subgenual cingulate and visual cortical responses to sad, but not happy, facial stimuli are correlated with changes in symptom score
Authors: Keedwell P , Drapier D , Surguladze S , Giampietro V , Brammer M , Phillips M 
Published: July 2008

Abstract Resting state activity in the ventral cingulate may be an important neural marker of symptomatic improvement in depression. The number of task related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies correlating blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response with symptomatic improvement is limited and methodologies are still evolving. We measured BOLD responses to sad and happy facial stimuli in 12 severely depressed individuals in the early stages of antidepressant treatment (Time 1) and 12 weeks later (Time 2) using event-related fMRI. We calculated correlations between temporal changes in BOLD response and changes in symptom scores. Most subjects improved markedly by Time 2. At Time 1, depression severity correlated positively with responses to sad stimuli in the right visual cortex, subgenual cingulate, anterior temporal pole and hippocampus and correlated negatively with responses to happy stimuli in left visual cortex and right caudate. Decreases in individual effect sizes of right subgenual cingulate and right visual cortical responses to sad, but not happy, facial stimuli were correlated with decreases in symptom scores. There are contrasting cortical and subcortical responses to sad and happy stimuli in severe depression. Responses to sad stimuli show the strongest correlates of clinical improvement, particularly in the subgenual cingulate.
Combining identity by descent and association in genetic case-control studies
Authors: Zhang Qingrun , Wang Shuang , Ott Jurg 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
In human case-control association studies, one of the chi-square tests typically carried out is based on a 2 × 3 table of genotypes (homogeneity of three genotype frequencies in case and control individuals). We formulate the two degrees of freedom associated with a given genotype distribution in terms of two biologically relevant parameters, (1) the probability F that an individual's two alleles are identical by descent (IBD) and (2) the frequency p of one of the alleles.

Results
Imposing the restriction, F ≥ 0, makes some of the genotype frequencies invalid thereby reducing noise. We propose a new statistical association test, the FP test, by focusing on allele frequency differences between case and control individuals while allowing for suitable IBD probabilities. Power calculations show that (1) the practice of generally carrying out two association tests (allele and genotype test) has an increased type I error and (2) our test is more powerful than conventional genotype and allele tests under recessive trait inheritance, and at least as powerful as these conventional tests under dominant inheritance.

Conclusion
For dominant and recessive modes of inheritance, any apparent power gain by an allele test when carried out in conjunction with a genotype test tends to be purchased entirely by an increased rate of false positive results due to omission of a multiple testing correction. As an alternative to these two standard association tests, our FP test represents a convenient and more powerful alternative.
Time-dependent biphasic modulation of human BDNF by antidepressants in neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Donnici Lorena , Tiraboschi Ettore , Tardito Daniela , Musazzi Laura , Racagni Giorgio , Popoli Maurizio 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Recent rodent studies reported that antidepressant treatments affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in a way that is dependent on treatment duration, by selective modulation of different BDNF transcripts. However, no data are available for the human BDNF gene. We studied the effect of different antidepressants on BDNF mRNA expression in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.

Results
Cultured cells were treated with the antidepressants fluoxetine, reboxetine and desipramine for different time lengths (6, 24, 48 hours). Expression of total BDNF mRNA was analyzed by reverse transcription PCR and levels of different BDNF transcripts were detected by hemi-nested PCR with specific primers.
Short-term treatment (6 hours) with reboxetine or desipramine reduced total BDNF, whereas long-term treatment (48 hours) significantly increased total BDNF mRNA levels. These changes were accounted for by differential regulation of BDNF IV and VIa/b transcripts. Fluoxetine showed no significant effects.

Conclusion
This is the first study showing biphasic changes in the expression of total and specific BDNF transcripts in human cells following antidepressant treatments. These findings suggest that biphasic induction of BDNF by antidepressants could be a feature common to rodents and humans and encourage the use of SH-SY5Y cells as a tool for investigation of drug effects on human genes.
Polymorphisms of selected Xenobiotic Genes contribute to the development of Papillary Thyroid Cancer susceptibility in Middle Eastern population
Authors: Siraj Abdul K , Ibrahim Muna , Al-Rasheed Maha , Abubaker Jehad , Bu Rong , Siddiqui Shakaib U , Al-Dayel Fouad , Al-Sanea Osama , Al-Nuaim Abdulrahman , Uddin Shahab , Al-Kuraya Khawla 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
The xenobiotic enzyme system that enables us to detoxify carcinogens exhibits identifiable genetic polymorphisms that are highly race specific. We hypothesized that polymorphisms of these genes may be associated with risk of thyroid cancer. To evaluate the role of genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotic genes in thyroid cancer, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study in Saudi population.

Methods
223 incident papillary thyroid cancer cases and 513 controls recruited from Saudi Arabian population were analyzed for the association between polymorphisms in genes encoding folic acid metabolizing enzymes MTHFR and six xenobiotics-metabolizing enzymes including CYP1A1 T3801C, C4887A, GSTP1 A1578G, C2293T, GSTM1, GSTT1, NAT2 G590A, NQO*1 C609T, using PCR-RELP.

Results
Among selected genes, CYP1A1 C4887A genotypes CA, AA and variant allele A demonstrated significant differences and greater risk of developing thyroid cancer comparing to wild type genotype CC (CA vs. CC; p < 0.0001, OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.36–2.70, AA vs. CC; p < 0.001, OR = 3.48, 95% CI = 1.74–6.96 and CA+AA vs. CC; p < 0.0001, OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.49–2.88). GSTT1 null showed 3.48 times higher risk of developing thyroid cancer (p < 0.0001, 95% CI = 2.48–4.88) while GSTM1 null showed protective effect (p < 0.05, OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.52–0.99). Remaining loci demonstrated no significance with risk.

Conclusion
Of the 9 polymorphisms screened, we identified GST, GSTM1 and CYP1A1 C4887A, may be of importance to disease process and may be associated with papillary thyroid cancer risk in Saudi Arabian population.