bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Regional Hydroclimatology and Water Resources on Seasonal to Interannual and Decade‐to‐Century Timescales
Authors: Meko David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrecipitation, runoff, snowpack, and other elements of the hydrologic cycle respond to climate change on many different timescales. Responses are typically regional rather than local and are linked to large‐scale features of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Changes in regional hydroclimatology are important to water resources in most parts of the world, but especially in arid and semiarid regions that are often plagued by chronic shortfalls of water. Instrumental records of precipitation and streamflow indicate that changes on decadal‐and‐longer timescales have been large enough to be of practical importance, and paleoclimatic records suggest that even larger changes have occurred over the past few centuries. Tree‐ring records are perhaps the most useful of the paleoclimatic resources for extracting hydroclimatic estimates with annual resolution. Paleolimnological data has also figured prominently in pointing out possible large changes in regional hydroclimatology prior to the start of the tree‐ring record. In North America, multiple types of proxy records suggest low‐frequency variance in runoff may have been amplified about 500 years ago, with associated multidecadal periods of drought and wetness.
A Guide to International Hydrologic Science Programs
Authors: Lawford R G , Eden S 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Building on the successes of a few mature organizations dealing with the hydrological sciences and the International Hydrologic Decade of the 1960s, the number of water research and applications programs has grown rapidly in the past two decades. This growth can be attributed to new global research priorities (e.g. climate change), new technologies (e.g. satellites and high speed computers), new environmental awareness (e.g. globalization and its environmental impacts), and a growing awareness of the limits to available safe water in many parts of the world. Although some progress was made towards better structuring of hydrologic research activities during preparations for the International Water Decade (1981–1990), the relative roles and relationships among the plethora of groups and projects can still be confusing unless the range of activities and responsibilities is viewed in a broader context. This overview provides some context for these programs.
In general, international hydrologic research activities are undertaken within a programmatic framework developed by a community of scientists and coordinated by international scientific organizations and government agencies. Because international frameworks and programs do not fund research directly, they must rely on nations for funding support and experts. Frequently, national and international programs are implemented in an iterative and symbiotic way whereby national programs provide a core set of projects, while international programs provide the intellectual frameworks and organizational structures. Effective implementation of international hydrologic science programs in this context relies on mutual trust and respect, and on the clear articulation and pursuit of a shared vision.
This article provides an overview of the international hydrological science programs and their priorities, and identifies related global hydrometeorological and applications programs that either directly or indirectly provide scientific support for water management. It also describes mechanisms that facilitate the application of hydrologic science to regional and national water resource issues and those that inform the public and decision makers of the results from these international science programs.
Hypercapnia
Authors: Dahan Albert , Olofsen Erik 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Hypercapnia or the increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO
2
) above normal values (4–6.5 kPa, 30–48 Torr) is often observed in patients with pulmonary disease, patients with a drug‐induced reduction of the ventilatory drive (for example, because of administration of opioid‐like drugs or anesthetics), or is artificially induced to study the ventilatory control system (for example, by increasing inspired CO
2
to study the effects of drugs on this control system). In this short review, we will focus on the latter, i.e., the mathematical description of the ventilatory controller and some techniques to measure the ventilatory drive. Note that the model(s) we will discuss can be applied to “chemical control of breathing” only. Chemical control of breathing is control dependent on arterial blood gasses (e.g., PaCO
2
, PaO
2
, and pH), and it is active during states of mental relaxation, such as non‐REM sleep, anesthesia, and possibly physical relaxation. The models do not apply to the respiratory effects of exercise or behavioral/emotional activities such as eating, speaking, and playing a musical instrument.
Hypoxia
Authors: Ward Denham S. , Jensen Jens Ingemann 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA great many cellular and physiological effects of hypoxia exist and a great difference exists in the hypoxic tolerance among species. For example, both the crucian carp (related to the goldfish) and some freshwater turtles can tolerate anoxia for extended periods of time, and they have evolved different mechanisms for this tolerance. Getting oxygen from the environment into the cells requires multiple coordinated steps of both diffusion and convection. The step of getting oxygen into the blood is, in many ways, quantitatively the most important. This chapter will concentrate on the changes in pulmonary ventilation that result from hypoxic exposure, and the development of quantitative models to describe this response.
Image Coding
Authors: Gerek Ömer Nezih , Çetin A. Enis 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDigital images constitute a significant portion of the digital data that are stored on disks and transferred on wired/mobile networks. A typical image occupies a large amount of memory in a database. For example, for a Web‐sized color image of size 640×480, the raw file size is about 1 MB. The file sizes of special purpose images, such as medical (CT, MRI, US, etc.) or landsat images, are even larger. In a communication system, this would mean bandwidth, and a large disk space for storage. In either case, image data compression or image coding is the remedy. In this article, we will describe basic issues of image coding and indicate some novel techniques that are currently used.
Microfluidics
Authors: Cunningham David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis chapter reviews the area of microfluidics from a broad perspective with the aim of describing the current workings, state of the technology, and application to commercial products. An historical perspective places current technologies into perspective. Manufacturing and construction techniques are described for some of the most common processes. Key aspects of capillary electrophoresis are covered to give a basic understanding of electroosmotic flow and electromigration, necessary to understand the workings of commercially available chips. Various methods and applications are described for the generation of discrete small volumes and the movement of small volumes. Finally, microfluidic components are described with examples of commercial products.
Skin
Authors: Kudsi Omar Yusef , Pomahac Bohdan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSkin plays a crucial role in the interaction with the surrounding atmosphere and covers the external body. Skin loss remains one of the most evident problems in the treatment of various clinical cases including burned patients, diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and wounds. Loss of large skin areas is incompatible with sustained life. With the recent advancement of skin engineering, scientists currently seek a universal skin product. They aim to achieve unlimited production of anti‐rejection skin. Skin substitute materials may be able to stimulate regeneration rather than repair, and tissue‐engineered skin may match the quality of split‐skin autografts, the present gold standard. Although scientific and technological advances have contributed to the development of skin substitutes, continued research has the potential to dramatically alter the field of medicine. Improvement of skin alternatives will result from inclusion of additional cell types and from modifications of culture media and scaffolds. The introduction of specific design modifications to tissue‐engineered skin is important because the addition of such features will expand the use of skin products beyond those of healing wounds. For example, tissue‐engineered skin could be used to treat a variety of diseases by delivering growth factors or other therapeutic agents. Successful steps in this field have already been taken; it is possible to transfect keratinocytes with adenoviruses or retroviruses that can carry genes of interest.
Space Physiology
Authors: Beckers Frank , Verheyden Bart , Aubert André E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Space exploration has been a dream of humankind ever since Baron von Münchausen, Jules Verne, Tsiolkovsky, Goddard, and many others. However, this intriguing environment is not without risks. The human body has developed over the past thousands of years in the constant presence of gravity. When this gravitational force is no longer acting on the body, changes occur. Some of these changes occur immediately; others progress only slowly.
In the past 40 years of human space flight (first orbital flight by Yuri Gagarin in April 1961), several hazards for the human body have been identified. Bone mineral density is lost, and muscle atrophy and cardiovascular deconditioning occur. These changes in human physiology have to be reversed again when astronauts return to Earth. This reversal can cause adaptation problems, especially after long‐duration space flights. Also the reaction of the human physiology to radiation in space poses a huge risk at this moment.
To make long‐duration space flight possible, we must understand the mechanisms of physiological adaptation. Only with this knowledge can effective countermeasures be developed.
Tissue Engineering of Kidney, Bladder, and Urethra
Authors: Atala Anthony 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPatients suffering from a variety of urologic diseases may be treated with transplanted tissues and organs. However, a shortage of donor tissues and organs exists which is worsening yearly because of the aging population. Scientists in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are applying the principles of cell transplantation, material science, and bioengineering to construct biological substitutes that will restore and maintain normal function in diseased and injured urologic tissues. The chapter reviews recent advances that have occurred in the regeneration of urologic organs and describes how these applications may offer novel therapies for patients with urologic disease.
Genotype–epigenotype–phenotype correlations in females with frontometaphyseal dysplasia
Authors: Zenker Martin , Nährlich Lutz , Sticht Heinrich , Reis André , Horn Denise 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFrontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD) belongs to a group of overlapping skeletal dysplasias, the common molecular basis of which are mutations of FLNA, the gene encoding filamin A. The nature of the mutation has been considered the major determinant of the phenotype within this group that comprises the otopalatodigital syndromes (OPD1, OPD2) and Melnick–Needles syndrome besides FMD. However, to date the molecular pathomechanisms are not well understood. In FMD only few FLNA mutations have been reported which do not cluster in a specific region of the protein. We report on a novel de novo mutation 5182G → T in exon 31 of the FLNA gene in a girl with manifestations of FMD and OPD1. This mutation is predicted to lead to the exchange of a highly conserved glycine residue at position 1,728 by cysteine (G1728C) in repeat 15 of the filamin A rod domain. In a second family with FMD, we identified a known mutation (S1186L) in a mother and her son. In contrast to most previous reports on manifesting females or carriers of the FLNA‐related skeletal dysplasias, the affected females presented here showed only mild to moderate skewing of X‐inactivation against the mutant allele. Our data may indicate that in females, genotype–phenotype correlation between certain FLNA mutations and OPD1 and FMD, respectively, is less strict than previously assumed. We propose that X‐inactivation is an important epigenetic modifier of the phenotype in females with the FLNA‐related skeletal dysplasias. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multicolor banding detects a complex three chromosome, seven breakpoint unbalanced rearrangement in an ICSI‐derived fetus with multiple abnormalities
Authors: Seller Mary J. , Bint Susan , Kavalier Fred , Brown Richard N. , Ogilvie Caroline Mackie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe describe a fetus from an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) pregnancy with severe facial clefts, receding jaw, preauricular skin tags, postaxial hexadactyly, bi‐lobed right lung, supernumerary cranial bone, and dilated lateral ventricles of the brain. Using a combination of G‐banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), whole chromosome paints (WCPs), subtelomere probes, and multicolor banding (MCB), the karyotype was found to include a de novo unbalanced highly complex chromosome rearrangement (hCCR) involving chromosomes 3, 12, and 15 with seven breakpoints, and including monosomy for two separate regions of chromosome 12. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Folate gene polymorphisms and the risk of Down syndrome pregnancies in young Italian women
Authors: Coppedè Fabio , Marini Giulia , Bargagna Stefania , Stuppia Liborio , Minichilli Fabrizio , Fontana Ilaria , Colognato Renato , Astrea Guia , Palka Giandomenico , Migliore Lucia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMaternal impairments in folate metabolism and elevated homocysteinemia are known risk factors for having a child with Down syndrome (DS) at a young age. The 80G>A polymorphism of the reduced folate carrier gene (RFC‐1) has been recently demonstrated to affect plasma folate and homocysteine levels, alone or in combination with the 677C>T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene. We performed the present study on 80 Italian mothers of DS individuals, aged less than 35 at conception, and 111 Italian control mothers, to study the role of the RFC‐1 80G>A, MTHFR 677C>T, and MTHFR 1298A>C genotypes to the risk of a DS offspring at a young maternal age. When polymorphisms were considered alone, both allele and genotype frequencies did not significantly differ between DS mothers and control mothers. However, the combined MTHFR677TT/RFC‐1 80GG genotype was borderline associated with an increased risk (OR 6 (CI 95%: 1.0–35.9), P = 0.05), and to be MTHF1298AA/RFC‐1 80(GA or AA) was inversely associated with the risk (OR 0.36 (CI 95%: 0.14–0.96), P = 0.04). Present results seem to indicate that none of the RFC‐1 80G>A, MTHFR 677C>T, and MTHFR 1298A>C polymorphisms is an independent risk factor for a DS offspring at a young maternal age; however, a role for the combined MTHFR/RFC‐1 genotypes in the risk of DS pregnancies among young Italian women cannot be excluded. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interpretation of metabolic flux maps by limitation potentials and constrained limitation sensitivities
Authors: Wahl S. Aljoscha , Takors Ralf , Wiechert Wolfgang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo new concepts, “Limitation Potential” and “Constraint Limitation Sensitivity” are introduced that use definitions derived from metabolic flux analysis (MFA) and metabolic network analysis (MNA). They are applied to interpret a measured flux distribution in the context of all possible flux distributions and thus combine MFA with MNA. The proposed measures are used to quantify and compare the influence of intracellular fluxes on the production yield. The methods are purely based on the stoichiometry of the network and constraints that are given from irreversible fluxes. In contrast to metabolic control analysis (MCA), within this approach no information about the kinetic mechanisms are needed. A limitation potential (LP) is defined as the reduction of the reachable (theoretical) maximum by a measured flux. Measured fluxes that strongly narrow the reachable maximum are assumed to be limiting as the network has no ability to counterbalance the restriction due to the observed flux. In a second step, the sensitivity of the reduced maximum is regarded. This measure provides information about the necessitated changes to reach higher yields. The methods are applied to interpret the capabilities of a network based on measured fluxes for a L‐phenylalanine producer. The strain was examined by a series of experiments and three flux maps of the production phase are analyzed. It can be shown that the reachable yield is drastically reduced by the measured efflux into the TCA cycle, while the oxidative pentose‐phosphate pathway only plays a secondary role on the reachable maximum. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production of target‐specific recombinant human polyclonal antibodies in mammalian cells
Authors: Wiberg Finn C. , Rasmussen Søren K. , Frandsen Torben P. , Rasmussen Lone K. , Tengbjerg Kaja , Coljee Vincent W. , Sharon Jacqueline , Yang Chiou‐Ying , Bregenholt Søren , Nielsen Lars S. , Haurum John S. , Tolstrup Anne B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe describe the expression and consistent production of a first target‐specific recombinant human polyclonal antibody. An anti‐Rhesus D recombinant polyclonal antibody, Sym001, comprised of 25 unique human IgG1 antibodies, was produced by the novel Sympress expression technology. This strategy is based on site‐specific integration of antibody genes in CHO cells, using the FRT/Flp‐In recombinase system. This allows integration of the expression construct at the same genomic site in the host cells, thereby reducing genomic position effects. Different bioreactor batches of Sym001 displayed highly consistent manufacturing yield, antibody composition, binding potency, and functional activity. The results demonstrate that diverse recombinant human polyclonal antibody compositions can be reproducibly generated under conditions directly applicable to industrial manufacturing settings and present a first recombinant polyclonal antibody which could be used for treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn and/or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxidative Rearrangements of Tricyclic Vinylcyclobutane Derivatives
Authors: Grota Juliane , Mattay Jochen , Piech Krzysztof , Bally Thomas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree tricyclic vinylcyclobutanes (3‐methylenetricyclo[5.3.0.02,6]decanes 1–3) have been subjected to ionization by photoinduced electron transfer in solution and by X‐irradiation in Ar matrices. All three compounds undergo oxidative cycloreversion; the cleavage of the four‐membered ring, however, occurs in a different direction depending on the presence of a methyl group in position 6 of the tricyclic framework. In those derivatives, cycloreversion is found to lead to 1‐methyl‐8‐methylene‐1,6‐cyclodecadiene radical cations (5.+ from 1, 8.+ from 2) which upon back electron transfer yield two different hydrocarbons (6 from 5.+, 9 from 8.+), depending on the configuration around the endocyclic double bonds of the respective cyclodecadiene derivative. In the absence of a methyl group on C6, the cycloreversion leads to a radical cation complex between 1‐methylenecyclopent‐2‐ene and cyclopentene (12.+) which appears to revert to 3 on back electron transfer. The intermediate radical cations 5.+, 8.+, and 12.+ have been identified and characterized by UV/Vis and IR spectra in Ar matrices. The mechanism of their formation is elucidated by quantum chemical calculations.
Understanding Sulfone Behavior in Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino Reactions with Aryl Iodides
Authors: Alonso Inés , Alcamí Manuel , Mauleón Pablo , Carretero Juan C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUnlike traditionally used acyclic 1,2‐disubstituted alkenes, the reaction of α,β‐unsaturated phenyl sulfones with aryl iodides under Heck reaction conditions takes place mainly by means of a four‐component domino process, involving one unit of the alkene and three units of the aryl iodide, affording substituted 9‐phenylsulfonyl‐9,10‐dihydrophenanthrenes. We report here the results of a computational study on the mechanism of this domino arylation reaction. Based on these results we can explain why vinyl sulfones, unlike other electron‐deficient alkenes such as enones, preferentially follow this domino pathway instead of the usual Heck pathway. The key step is a CH activation process in which a five‐membered palladacycle is formed. The greater ability of vinyl sulfones, relative to enones, to reach the transition state that leads to the formation of the initial palladacycle makes the difference.
Density Functional Theory Study on Electronic Property of Cluster NixFe and NiFex (x=1–5)
Authors: Fang Zhi‐Gang , Hu Hong‐Zhi , Guo Jing‐Xue 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMore than one hundred models were designed to reflect the local structure and electronic property of Ni‐Fe amorphous alloys. After calculating by DFT method, a series of configurations of clusters NixFe and NiFex (x=1–5) were gained. The configurations, which possessed the lowest energies and non‐imaginary frequencies, were considered the most stable optimized structures. The catalytic activity, charge and magnetic properties were analyzed and discussed. The different Fe content changed the catalytic properties of clusters through altering the value of Fermi level of every cluster. However the density of state (DOS) nearby Fermi level and average 3d orbital population of atom Ni, which were also important properties related to the catalytic activation, were little changed. Based on the Fermi level, the activity of catalyst toward hydrogenation reaction would be considered best when the ratio of Ni to Fe was close to 1. The Fermi level of clusters was far distant to the level of nitrogen in singlet state. It would be the reason why the reaction condition in ammonia synthesis and nitrogen fixation process was rigorous. When Fe atom contents were higher than 75% (NiFe3), the electrons transferred from atom Fe to Ni, but when the ratio was decreased, the transfer was reversed. The ratio of atoms of local structure also played an important role in the aspect of electron transition. On the average 3d orbital population of atom Fe, the average magnetic moments of Fe atoms in clusters were calculated. When Fe atom contents were 50% nearly, the average magnetic moment achieved the highest point.
Simulative Calculation of Mechanical Property, Binding Energy and Detonation Property of TATB/Fluorine‐polymer PBX
Authors: Ma Xiu‐Fang , Xiao Ji‐Jun , Huang Hui , Ju Xue‐Hai , Li Jin‐Shan , Xiao He‐Ming 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMolecular dynamics (MD) method was used to simulate 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) coated with fluorine containing polymers. The mechanical properties and binding energies of PBXs were obtained. It was found that when the number of chain monomers of fluorine containing polymers was the same, the elasticity of TATB/F2314 was increased more greatly than others and the binding energy of TATB/F2311 was the largest among four PBXs. Detonation heat and velocity of such four PBXs were calculated according to theoretical and empirical formulas. The results show that the order of detonation heat is TATB>TATB/PVDF>TATB/F2311>TATB/F2314>TATB/PCTFE while the order of detonation velocity is TATB/PVDF<TATB/F2311<TATB/F2314<TATB/PCTFE<TATB.