bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid and specific serodiagnosis of western equine encephalitis virus infection in horses
Authors: Calisher C. H. , Al-D. Mahmud M. I. , El-Kafrawi A. O. , Emerson J. K. , Muth D. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Paired sera from 28 nonvaccinated horses with serologically confirmed western equine encephalitis (wee) virus infections were evaluated for immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG directed against wee virus, by use of enzyme immunoassay. Twenty-one of the horses developed ≥ 4-fold increases or decreases in serum IgM titers in paired serum samples, confirming the diagnosis of wee in these horses. Of the remaining 7 horses, 1 had stable IgM titers, 1 had a 2-fold increase in IgM titer between paired sera, 2 had 2-fold decreases in IgM titer, and for 3 horses adequate volumes were not available for both sera of the pair. Twenty-nine of 56 blood samples collected from these 28 horses had been collected within the first 3 days after clinical disease was recognized; all 28 horses and 48 of 53 available serum samples had IgM antibody to wee virus. Immunoglobulin M also was detected in sera of 27 of 45 other nonvaccinated horses that had illnesses clinically compatible with wee. Sera with IgM did not have cross-reacting IgM against eastern equine encephalitis virus. Therefore, the sensitivity, specificity, and lack of persistence of IgM was useful in the rapid diagnosis of wee virus infections in horses.
Thiacetarsamide in dogs: Disposition kinetics and correlations with selected indocyanine green kinetic values
Authors: Holmes Robert A. , Wilson Robert C. , McCall John W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetic values of thiacetarsamide (2.2 mg/kg) were determined in 6 healthy dogs after iv injection. A semilogarithmic plot of serum concentration vs time indicated that the 2-compartment open model best described thiacetarsamide disposition. A least-squares log linear regression microcomputer program was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic values. The mean elimination-phase half-life and clearance rate were 43 minutes and 200 ml/kg/min, respectively. Wide ranges in values were seen for the half-life (20.5 to 83.4 minutes) and the clearance rate (80.0 to 350.0 ml/kg/min).
Before thiacetarsamide was given to the dogs, indocyanine green (icg), an anionic dye that is eliminated almost entirely by hepatobiliary excretion, was administered iv at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight. The half-life of icg was 7.4 minutes, and the clearance rate was 8.43 ml/kg/min. There was a significant (P < 0.01) correlation between the half-lives of thiacetarsamide and icg, but not between the clearance rates. The variations in icg half-lives and clearance rates were less than those seen for thiacetarsamide.
Doxapram: Cardiopulmonary effects in the horse
Authors: Wernette K. M. , Hubbell J. A. E. , Muir W. W. , Sams R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cardiopulmonary effects of 3 dosages of doxapram hydrochloride (0.275 mg/kg, 0.55 mg/kg, and 1.1 mg/kg, iv) were studied in 6 adult horses. Doxapram given iv significantly (P < 0.05) decreased PaCO2 and increased respiratory rate, cardiac output arterial blood pressures (systolic, mean, and diastolic) arterial pH, and PaO2 at 1 minute after each dose was administered. Heart rate and mean and diastolic pulmonary arterial blood pressure were significantly (P < 0.05) increased 1 minute after the 2 larger dosages of doxapram were given (0.55 mg/kg and 1-1 mg/kg, iv), but not after the smallest dosage was given. All measurements, except heart rate and cardiac output, had returned to base line by 5 minutes after each dosing. Heart rate remained significantly (P < 0.05) increased 10 minutes after the 0.55 mg/kg dosage was given and 30 minutes after the 1.1 mg/kg dosage. Cardiac output remained significantly (P < 0.05) increased at 10 minutes, 5 minutes, and 30 minutes after the 0.275, 0.55, and 1.1 mg/kg dosages, respectively, were given.
Biochemical characterization of the leukotoxins of three bovine strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum
Authors: Scanlan C. M. , Berg J. N. , Campbell F. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The biochemical characteristics of the leukotoxins of 3 bovine isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum which represent biotypes A, AB, and B were compared. Two methods were used for the production of the leukotoxins: (1) medium M-l continuous dialysis sac cultures and (2) brainheart infusion agar plate cultures. The supernatant cultural fluids were fractionated sequentially by membranepartition chromatography, using ultrafilters with approximate molecular weight (mol wt) exclusion limits of 100,000,10,000, 2,000, and 500. The ultrafiltrates (< 500 mol wt) were fractionated by gel-permeation chromatography, using G-10 Sephadex. The leukotoxins of the 3 F necrophorum strains were estimated to have a molecular weight between 350 and 450. The leukotoxins in the ultrafiltrates (< 500 mol wt) were stable at 60 C for 4 hours and at 100 C for 30 minutes, stable to extremes of pH (3 to 11), and stable to degradative enzymes including trypsin, protease, a-amylase, lipase, deoxyribonuclease, and ribonuclease. Significant differences were not observed in the biochemical characteristics of the leukotoxins produced in vitro by the 3 F necrophorum biotypes. These assays were done, using monolayers of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The monolayers were exposed to the 4 ul-trafiltrates of both the continuous dialysis sac and brain-heart infusion agar cultures (pH 7.2) for 4 hours at 4 C, 25 C, and 37 C. Maximal cytotoxic activity in the assays was at 37 C.
Isolation and biological characterization of two lipopolysaccharides and a capsular-enriched polysaccharide preparation from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Fenwick B. W. , Osburn B. I. , Olander H. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A smooth-type lipopolysaccharide (HpS-lps), a rough-type lipopolysaccharide (HpR-lps), and a capsular-en-riched polysaccharide preparation (HpC-ps) were ex-tracted and purified from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5, strain J45, by the use of phenol-water (HpS- lps) and phenol-chloroform-petroleum-ether (HpR-lps) techniques. Chemical analysis of the HpS-lps and HpR- lps indicated that they contained 0.7% and 4.4% (w/w) 2- keto-3-deoxyoctonate, 11.8% and 10.4% phosphate, 0.8% and 0.8% nucleic acid, and 0.8% and 1.1% protein, re-spectively. The HpC-ps contained 0.3% 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate, 1.4% phosphate, 0.2% nucleic acid, and 0.8% protein. With sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the HpS-lps banded as a smooth-type lps and the HpR-lps banded as a rough-type lps. Electrophoresis of HpC-ps indicated the presence of a broad high molecular weight band. Gelation of Limulus amoebocyte lysate developed at a minimum concentration of 8 ng/ml of HpS-lps, 0.3 ng/ml of HpR-lps, and 35 ng/ml of HpC- ps. The lipopolysaccharide preparations provoked a positive dermal Shwartzman reaction in rabbits and swine, a biphasic febrile response in rabbits, and a monophasic response in swine. Responses were typical of endotoxic activity with swine having greater sensitivity than rabbits. The chick embryo 50% lethal dose was calculated to be 7.3 ng for HpS-lps, 1.6 ng for HpR-lps, 5.1 ng for the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli 0111:B4; and the HpC-ps was not toxic. In all assays, HpR-lps was significantly more toxic than was HpS-lps. The HpC-ps preparation was not toxic, even at high concentrations. Intrabronchial infusion of HpS-lps and HpR-lps in pigs induced lesions typical of those found in pigs dying in the acute stages of H pleuropneumoniae infections, thus indicating the possible involvement of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of porcine pleuropneumonia. The HpC-ps preparation did not induce clinical illness or pulmonary lesions in pigs.
Immunomodulation in weanling swine with dietary selenium
Authors: Blodgett D. J. , Schurig G. G. , Kornegay E. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The capability of dietary selenium (Se) to augment the immune response was evaluated in 96 crossbred weanling swine. Six groups of 16 pigs were fed diets with Se supplemented as sodium selenite at 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 mg/kg. The basal diet contained 0.068 mg of Se/kg. Weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency were similar for all diets. Whole blood concentrations of Se linearly increased as the dietary concentrations of Se increased. The humoral response was monitored by immunoglobulin G titers to lysozyme and ribonuclease, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although no significant difference in immunoglobulin G titers to either antigen was detected among diets, a similar trend in antibody response was noted. The diet with 0.9 mg of added Se/kg produced the highest antibody response to both antigens, whereas the diet with 0.3 mg of added Se/kg produced the lowest titers for both antigens. Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in the pigs by the dermal response to phytohemagglutinin. Significant difference was not detected in pigs fed the various diets in terms of the mean diameters of their dermal reactions to phytohemagglutinin injections. Although blood concentrations of Se were increased, rate and efficiency of weight gain and humoral and cell-mediated immunity were not significantly improved by adding 0.3 to 1.5 mg of Se/kg to diets.
Distinguishing between ovine abortion and ovine arthritis Chlamydia psittaci isolates with specific monoclonal antibodies
Authors: DeLong Walter J. , Magee Wayne E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Monoclonal antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci were prepared by both in vivo and in vitro immunization methods, using an abortion strain of C psittaci as the immunizing antigen. Seven of the 8 monoclonal antibodies produced were genus-specific by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence test. The genus-specific antibodies were reactive with a protease-resistant, periodate-sensitive antigen of < 14 kilodaltons. The remaining monoclonal antibody, 10D7, was specific for ovine abortion strains of C psittaci and nonreactive with 2 strains isolated from the joints of lambs with polyarthritis. The type-specific antigen was protease sensitive, but could not be detected in the immunoblot assay.
Effects of bolus injection of epinephrine and norepinephrine on systolic time intervals in stress-resistant and stress-susceptible pigs
Authors: Malo D. , DeRoth L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Systolic time intervals were measured in 15 stress-susceptible (ss) pigs to derive regression equations to determine to what extent their ventricular functions differed from those of stress-resistant (sr) pigs. Regression analysis revealed that the RR interval was the variable that was significantly (P < 0.01) related to electromechanical systole and left ventricular ejection time. The preejection period (pep) was independent of the RR interval. A normal increase of all systolic time intervals with age, independent of the RR interval, was also observed in sr and ss pigs. The 55-kg ss pigs had a higher noradrenergic tone than did 15-kg and 90-kg ss pigs, because their mean arterial blood pressure was higher and because their index values for electromechanical systole and their pep were shorter than those of sr pigs of the same body weights. The cardiovascular responses to biogenic amines were also different according to the degree of development and stress susceptibility. Changes in mean arterial pressure and pep were not as pronounced after injections of epinephrine and norepinephrine (10-8 mol/kg of body weight) were given. Subsequently, a decrease in cardiovascular responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine injections in 90-kg ss pigs were recorded. These results indicate that 55-kg ss pigs have a higher level of circulating catecholamines and that the myocardium becomes less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine after it is chronically exposed to these amines.
Radiographic assessment of laryngeal reflexes in ketamine-anesthetized cats
Authors: Robinson E. P. , Johnston G. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The competence of the laryngeal closure reflexes of cats anesthetized with ketamine was assessed. Radiographic evaluations of the respiratory and digestive tracts were made after colloidal barium suspension was instilled into the pharynges of conscious and ketamine-anesthetized cats. There was a significant ketamine dose-related response of spread of contrast medium into the supraglottic laryngeal area and into the stomach 2 minutes after contrast medium was instilled into the pharynx (P < 0.05). Cats did not aspirate contrast medium into the lower respiratory tract. Three ketamine-anesthetized cats aspirated contrasst medium into the subglottic area of the larynx, and 2 of these cats also aspirated the material into the cranial part of the trachea. This material was coughed up and swallowed within 5 minutes. Transit time of contrast medium into the stomach seemed to be increased in 11 of the 15 cats given the larger dosages of ketamine (24, 36, 48 mg/kg of body weight), compared with that in conscious cats and those given ketamine at 12 mg/kg. Competent laryngeal protective reflexes in cats can be maintained with ketamine anesthesia. Contrast radiography could be used as a diagnostic aid in ketamine-anesthetized cats suspected of laryngeal reflex abnormalities.
Concentrations of gentamicin in serum, milk, urine, endometrium, and skeletal muscle of cows after repeated intrauterine injections
Authors: Haddad Nadim S. , Pedersoli W. M. , Carson R. L. , Ravis W. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Healthy mature cows (n = 6) were injected intrauterinally (iu) with gentamicin (50 ml of a 5% injectable solution) daily for 3 consecutive days. Venous blood and milk samples were collected at postinjection (initial) hours (pih) 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 28, 31, 34, 37, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, and 71, and endometrial biopsies were performed at pih 6, 25, 48, 73, 95, and 119. Skeletal muscle biopsy samples were taken at pih 25 and 73, and urine was collected every 1 or 2 hours during 12 consecutive hours after the first iu injection. Serum, milk, urine, and tissue concentrations of gentamicin were measured by radioimmunoassay. The highest mean serum concentration of gentamicin occurred during the 3 hours after each injection (2.49 ± 1.46, 6.60 ± 5.47, and 4.98 ± 2.70 μg/ml). The mean peak concentration of gentamicin in milk occurred 3 to 6 hours after each injection. Mean peak urine concentration of gentamicin (256.8 ± 127.9 μg/ml) was measured at pih 6. The mean percentage of the first dose of gentamicin excreted in the urine within 12 hours was 14.78 ± 3.56. The highest concentration of gentamicin in endometrial tissue (639.16 ± 307.22 μg/g) was measured at pih 6, decreasing to 9.64 ± 3.55 μg/g before the next iu dose. Gentamicin was still detectable in endometrial tissue (0.86 ± 0.43 μg/g) 71 hours after the 3rd (last) iu injection.
Surgical treatment of endometriosis in 50 rhesus monkeys
Authors: Fanton John W. , Yochmowitz Michael G. , Wood David H. , Salmon Yolanda L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Surgical treatment of endometriosis was attempted in 50 female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Endometriosis was clinically staged as minimal (8% of the monkeys), moderate (18%), or massive (74%). Elective euthanasia was performed in 15 (30%) of the monkeys. Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed in 30 (60%) of the monkeys, and bilateral salpingo-oophoretomy alone was performed in 5 (10%) monkeys. Statistical differences were not found in Kaplin-Meier survival curves between the different stages of endometriosis (P = 0.6297).
Efficacy of clorsulon against mature, naturally acquired Fasciola hepatica infections in cattle and sheep
Authors: Zivmerman Gary L. , Wallace Dennis H. , Schons Debra J , Hoberg Eric P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clorsulon (3.5 or 7 mg/kg of body weight) was given orally to mature cows (dairy or beef) and to mature mixed-breed sheep harboring patent infections of Fasciola hepatica. Eighteen animals of each species were assigned to a control group (drug vehicle) or to 1 of 2 treatment (3.5 or 7.0 mg/kg) groups of 6 animals each. On posttreatment days 8 (cows) or 14 (sheep), the animals were slaughtered for recovery of flukes. In cows, the efficacy (P values for treatment groups vs control) of clorsulon against infections of mature F hepatica was 99.21% (P ≤ 0.0065) at 3.5 mg/kg and was 100% (P ≤ 0.0039) at 7 mg/kg. In sheep, the efficacy was 93.33% (P ≤ 0.0104) at 3.5 mg/kg and was 100% (P ≤ 0.0039) at 7 mg/kg. These results indicate that clorsulon is a highly effective compound for the treatment of mature F hepatica in cows and sheep.
Pressure-induced changes in fibular motor nerve conduction velocity and fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle-evoked potentials in a goat model of the downer cow syndrome
Authors: Onapito John S. , Raffe Marc R. , Cox Victor S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine the acceptable fibular motor nerve conduction velocity (ncv) in goats and to characterize pressure-induced changes in conduction velocity and muscle-evoked potentials (mep). The acceptable motor ncv in the adult goat was determined to be 95.9 ± 6.8 m/s. Limb compression in recumbent cows was modeled by application of external compression to the goat pelvic limb to increase im pressure to a minimum of 50 mm of Hg. This pressure, when applied for a 6-hour period, caused a 30% to 100% reduction of fibular motor ncv and a 10% to 100% reduction of amplitude of mep measured from fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle. The reduction of motor ncv and mep was associated with clinically evident limb dysfunction. The changes detected by the electrodiagnostic tests were proportional to the magnitude and duration of the locomotor deficits. The limb dysfunction was accompanied by muscular damage indicated by an increase of serum creatine kinase activity.
Normal motility of the cecum and right ventral colon in ponies
Authors: Ross Michael W. , Donawick William J. , Sellers Alvin F. , Lowe John E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To study the normal motility of the cecum and right ventral colon (rvc) in 3 mature Shetland ponies, a 6-part, indwelling, intraluminal catheter system was used to measure intraluminal pressure changes. Three catheters were placed in the cecum at 10, 25, and 40 cm from the cecocolic orifice, and 3 catheters were placed in the rvc at 10,20, and 30 cm from the cecocolic orifice. Recordings were made during the interdigestive period beginning 2 weeks after surgical operation was done.
Frequent, low-amplitude peaks (0.35 ± 0.13 coordinated peaks/min) were seen involving the cecal body and caudal cecal base, which represented a haustra-to-haustra mixing pattern. Coordinated pressure peaks originated in the cecal body and progressed to the cranial cecal base (0.07 ± 0.01/min) or originated in the cranial cecal base and progressed to the cecal body (0.07 ± 0.04/min).
Associated with a loud rush of ingesta heard on transabdominal auscultation and progression of liquid ingesta confirmed with barium contrast radiography, there was a series of coordinated, progressive pressure peaks which originated in the cecal body, sequentially involved the cecal base, traversed the cecocolic orifice, and extended into the rvc (0.36 ± 0.05/min). It seemed that a pacemaker region existed in the cecal body and initiated the important aborally propagated progressive pattern responsible for the transit of ingesta from the cecum to the rvc. A separate mechanism for the transit of gas was not identified.
In the rvc, infrequent, nondirectional, low-amplitude segmental pressure peaks (0.12 ± 0.06/min), and aborally progressive coordinated pressure peaks originating at the beginning of the rvc (0.09 ± 0.02/min), occurred. An orally directed progressive pressure pattern, beginning aborally and progressing to the origin of the rvc (0.26 ± 0.05/min), confirmed the presence of retropulsion in the rvc.
Femoral venipuncture for collection of multiple blood samples in the nonanesthetized rat
Authors: Horton Michael L. , Olson Carl T. , Hobson David W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A technique for blood collection via the femoral vein was developed for use in nonanesthetized rats. The technique was useful for single or serial blood collection. Volumes of 0.1 to 1 ml were collected for serum biochemical or venous blood gas determinations. The technique was effective, reproducible, did not require anesthesia, and was less stressful than other methods of blood collection in the rat.
Investigation of possible vaccine-induced epizootics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, using restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA
Authors: Whetstone C. A. , Wheeler J. G. , Reed D. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Viral DNA was extracted from each of 14 modified-live (ml) bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccines, representing all of the ml infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) vaccines licensed by the US Department of Agriculture for use in cattle. Restriction endonucleases Pst I and Bgl II were used to establish restriction enzyme patterns for the vaccinal viruses. Viral DNA from isolates obtained from 6 field samples of ibrv (1 from Colorado, 1 from West Virginia, 3 from Wisconsin, 1 from South Dakota) were digested with restriction endonucleases, and patterns were compared to evaluate the role of vaccinal virus in these field epizootics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Animals from which field samples were obtained had been vaccinated with ml ibrv vaccine before the epizootic of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis occurred in the herds. In 2 of the 6 field samples, DNA restriction endonuclease analyses patterns from the isolates were indistinguishable from the pattern for the vaccinal viruses used. In the remaining 4 field samples, DNA restriction endonuclease analyses patterns of the ibrv from isolates were different from those of the vaccinal viruses.
Clinical and pathologic changes in acute bovine aflatoxicosis: Rumen motility and tissue and fluid concentrations of aflatoxins B1 and M1
Authors: Cook W. O. , Richard J. L. , Osweiler G. D. , Trampel D. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of aflatoxin on bovine rumen motility were determined by radiotelemetric techniques. Aflatoxin altered amplitude and/or frequency of rumen contractions in steers given dosages of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 mg of aflatoxin/ kg of body weight. Effects of aflatoxin on rumen motility were dose dependent. An increase in elimination time of aflatoxin from rumen contents was observed in steers given the aflatoxin dosages of 0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg. The increase in elimination time of this toxin facilitates diagnostic capabilities for detecting bovine aflatoxicosis by obtaining rumen contents for analysis for aflatoxin. Aflatoxin was detected in rumen contents from steers at 2 hours after aflatoxin was administered. Thus, intraruminal metabolism of aflatoxin B1 to M1 may occur.
Feed aversion induced by intraruminal infusion with larkspur extract in cattle
Authors: Olsen J. D. , Ralphs M. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve Hereford heifers were infused with larkspur extract (group 1, n = 4), lithium chloride solution (group 2, n = 4), or sodium chloride solution (group 3, n = 4). After 3 weeks of being fed basal ration (meadow grass hay), all heifers were offered a ration of alfalfa pellets (3,400 g) in a 2-phase, single-day feeding regimen. In phase 1, the amount eaten within 45 minutes was measured by weigh-back of uneaten pellets. In phase 2, cattle that ate > 150 g of pellets in phase 1 were offered the balance of uneaten pellets and were infused with their respective designated solution. Five pairings of pellet feedings and appropriate infusions were given at 2- or 3-day intervals to initially induce feed aversion. Heifers in groups 1 and 2 developed a strong aversion to pellets by the 5th feeding. Persistence of aversion was tested twice at weekly intervals. Infusion of cattle with larkspur extract or lithium chloride solution induced a persistent aversion to an otherwise palatable feed.