bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On more ambitious conditional cash transfers, social protection and permanent reduction of poverty
Authors: Cuesta José 
Published: January 2007

AbstractConditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTPs) show a remarkable flexibility. Based on that property, CCTPs might be extended to provide a more comprehensive and cohesive social protection umbrella. These programs might widen their scope by facilitating sector specific reforms and providing protection to large‐scale contingencies. By mobilising assets other than human capital and targeting more selectively population groups in changing circumstances, these programs might well become effective instruments to crack permanent poverty. This note discusses enabling changes to achieve such ambitious goals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The implications of recent research on trans fatty acids
Authors: Stanley John 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe link between the intake of industrially produced trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been reviewed recently. The authors concluded that elimination of industrially produced trans fatty acids from the USA diet might avert 22% of the 1.2 million CHD events in the USA every year. Denmark has introduced legislation which limits the trans fatty acid content of oils and fats destined for human consumption to 2% of total fatty acids. This has reduced trans fatty acid intake in Denmark to insignificant levels and it will be interesting to see what effects this has on risk of CHD. By contrast in the USA the FDA has chosen the labelling option which puts the onus on the consumer to make the right food choices although New York City has adopted a more interventionist approach in its restaurants and food outlets. The Danish approach is far more effective as can be seen from the amounts of trans fatty acids present in French fries and chicken nuggets purchased from McDonalds and KFC in the two countries.
Atypical localization of membrane type 1‐matrix metalloproteinase in the nucleus is associated with aggressive features of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ip Ying Chi , Cheung Siu Tim , Fan Sheung Tat 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMembrane type 1‐matrix metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP) is a versatile proteinase and recent studies indicated it could be internalized. Our earlier study found that it is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and could promote intrahepatic metastasis. The present study was conducted to examine its subcellular localization and its clinicopathological significance in HCC after curative partial hepatectomy. Localization of MT1‐MMP in 101 pairs of HCCs and their adjacent liver tissues, and 8 normal liver tissues was examined by the immunohistochemical method. MT1‐MMP protein was localized at membrane and cytoplasm of hepatocytes in the normal and tumor adjacent liver tissues. In contrast, the HCCs were highly heterogeneous with variable degrees of membrane, cytoplasmic, and even nuclear staining. Interestingly, patients with presence of nuclear MT1‐MMP were associated with poor overall survival (log‐rank test, P = 0.043) and large tumor size (>5 cm) (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.031). Subcellular distribution was further demonstrated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence with Hep3B stable transfectant overexpressing MT1‐MMP. Western blot analyses of subcellular fractions confirmed a differential partitioning of various post‐translationally modified MT1‐MMP in these fractions. Different antibodies corroborated the presence of MT1‐MMP in the nuclear fraction. Concomitant nuclear presence of MMP2 with MT1‐MMP further indicated its potential involvement in the nuclear functions. MT1‐MMP co‐localized with caveolin‐1 at the perinuclear region, suggesting nuclear translocation of MT1‐MMP via caveolae‐mediated endocytosis. In summary, the association of nuclear MT1‐MMP with aggressive tumor features including poor prognosis and large tumor expands its functional repertoire and further indicates a new functional role of MMPs within nuclei of tumor cells. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel low‐molecular weight inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase, TAE226, inhibits glioma growth
Authors: Shi Qing , Hjelmeland Anita B. , Keir Stephen T. , Song Linhua , Wickman Sarah , Jackson Dowdy , Ohmori Osamu , Bigner Darell D. , Friedman Henry S. , Rich Jeremy N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGlioblastomas are highly lethal cancers that resist current therapies. Novel therapies under development target molecular mechanisms that promote glioblastoma growth. In glioblastoma patient specimens, the non‐receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is overexpressed. Upon growth factor receptor stimulation or integrin engagement, FAK is activated by phosphorylation on critical tyrosine residues. Activated FAK initiates a signal transduction cascade which promotes glioma growth and invasion by increasing cellular adhesion, migration, invasion, and proliferation. We find that human glioma cell lines express different levels of total FAK protein and activating phosphorylation of tyrosine residues Tyr397, Tyr861, and Tyr925. As all glioma cell lines examined expressed phosphorylated FAK, we examined the efficacy of a novel low‐molecular weight inhibitor of FAK, TAE226, against human glioma cell lines. TAE226 inhibited the phosphorylation of FAK as well as the downstream effectors AKT, extracellular signal‐related kinase, and S6 ribosomal protein in multiple glioma cell lines. TAE226 induced a concentration‐dependent decrease in cellular proliferation with an associated G2 cell cycle arrest in every cell line and an increase in apoptosis in a cell‐line‐specific manner. TAE226 also decreased glioma cell adhesion, migration, and invasion through an artificial extracellular matrix. Together, these data demonstrate the potential benefit of TAE226 for glioma therapy. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On transport equations driven by a non‐divergence‐free force field
Authors: Arlotti L. , Banasiak J. , Lods B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe paper is devoted to initial boundary value problems for transport equations with non‐divergence‐free external field. The crucial role is played by integration along characteristics and associated Green's formula for which we provide a new proof which generalizes and clarifies previous versions. The paper concludes with an application of general theory to the Spencer–Lewis equation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dominant manifestation of pluripotency in embryonic stem cell hybrids with various numbers of somatic chromosomes
Authors: Vasilkova Anna A. , Kizilova Helen A. , Puzakov Mikhail V. , Shilov Alexander G. , Zhelezova Antonina I. , Golubitsa Alevtina N. , Battulin Nariman R. , Vedernikov Vitaly E. , Menzorov Alexey G. , Matveeva Natalia M. , Serov Oleg L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDevelopmental potential was assessed in 8 intra‐specific and 20 inter‐specific hybrid clones obtained by fusion of embryonic stem (ES) cells with either splenocytes or fetal fibroblasts. Number of chromosomes derived from ES cells in these hybrid clones was stable while contribution of somatic partner varied from single chromosomes to complete complement. This allowed us to compare pluripotency of the hybrid cells with various numbers of somatic chromosomes. Three criteria were used for the assessment: (i) expression of Oct‐4 and Nanog genes; (ii) analyses of teratomas generated by subcutaneous injections of the tested cells into immunodeficient mice; (iii) contribution of the hybrid cells in chimeras generated by injection of the tested cells into C57BL blastocysts. All tested hybrid clones showed expression of Oct‐4 and Nanog at level comparable to ES cells. Histological and immunofluorescent analyses demonstrated that most teratomas formed from the hybrid cells with different number of somatic chromosomes contained derivatives of three embryonic layers. Tested hybrid clones make similar contribution in various tissues of chimeras in spite of significant differences in the number of somatic chromosomes they contained. The data indicate that pluripotency is manifested as a dominant trait in the ES hybrid cells and does not depend substantially on the number of somatic chromosomes. The latter suggests that the developmental potential derived from ES cells is maintained in ES‐somatic cell hybrids by cis‐manner and is rather resistant to trans‐acting factors emitted from the somatic one. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 941–951, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of estrogen receptors α and β in the corpus luteum and uterus from non‐pregnant and pregnant llamas
Authors: Powell Susan A. , Smith Bradford B. , Timm Karen I. , Menino Alfred R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBecause estrogen may be involved in maternal recognition of pregnancy and embryonic migration in llamas, expression of estrogen receptor subtypes α (ERα) and β (ERβ) was evaluated in corpus luteum (CL), endometrium, and uterus using relative RT‐PCR. Tissues were recovered from sterile‐mated (SM) and pregnant (PG) females during Days 7–11 and 7–13 (Day 0 = day of mating), respectively, and follicular phase and juvenile females. Luteal expression of ERα and β was similar (P > 0.10) in SM and PG females and within Days 7–11, however, expression of ERα in ovarian tissue from follicular phase females was greater (P < 0.05) than Days 7 and 9 CL. Uterus expressed less ERα and β compared to endometrium (P = 0.07 and P < 0.01, respectively). Expression of ERα was greater (P < 0.05) in Day 7 and follicular phase uteri than Days 9 and 11, Day 13 PG and juvenile uteri. Uterine ERβ expression was greater (P = 0.09) in PG versus SM females and in mated compared to follicular phase females (P < 0.05). Endometrial expression of ERα and β did not differ (P > 0.10) between SM and PG females or by day. The presence of luteal ER during this period may mean a role for estradiol in maternal recognition of pregnancy. Observed increases in uterine ER expression with no changes in endometrium suggest expression increased in myometrium and/or perimetrium. Upregulation of myometrial ERβ in PG females may be involved in supporting uterine migration of the embryo. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 1043–1052, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensory ataxic neuropathy and esophageal achalasia in a patient with Sjogren's syndrome
Authors: Poglio Fabio , Mongini Tiziana , Cocito Dario 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe describe a patient who developed an ataxic sensory syndrome associated with xerophthalmia and progressive dysphagia with regurgitation. Electrophysiological findings were consistent with an axonal sensory neuropathy, and superficial peroneal nerve biopsy showed a reduction in number of myelinated fibers with epineurial inflammation. Rheumatoid factor, anti‐SSA/SSB and antinuclear antibodies were positive and a diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome was made. An endoscopic investigation revealed esophageal achalasia. We suggest that there may be a common autoimmune mechanism directed to different targets on the basis of this rare association. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Preparation of monodisperse hydrophilic polymer microspheres with N,N′‐methylenediacrylamide as crosslinker by distillation precipitation polymerization
Authors: Liu Guangyu , Yang Xinlin , Wang Yongmei 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHighly crosslinked cauliflower‐like poly(N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide) particles were prepared by distillation precipitation polymerization in neat acetonitrile with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. Monodisperse hydrophilic polymer microspheres with various functional groups, such as amide, pyrrolidone and carboxylic acid, with a spherical shape and smooth surface in the size range 120–600 nm were prepared by distillation precipitation copolymerizations of functional comonomers including N‐isopropylacrylamide, N‐vinylpyrrolidone, methacrylic acid with N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as crosslinker. The polymer particles were formed and precipitated out from the reaction medium during the distillation of the solvent from the reaction system through an entropic precipitation manner. The effects of the solvent and the degree of crosslinking on the morphology and the loading capacity of the functional groups of the resultant polymer particles were investigated. The resulting polymer particles were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Vibrational spectroscopic investigation of light‐induced polymerization process of epoxy resin, polytetrahydrofuran and spirobislactone
Authors: Zhang Yujie , Xu Jingwei , Chen Zhengjun , Qin Chuangye , Dou Yanli 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe light‐induced polymerization process of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE), 5,5′‐dicarboxylic‐7,7′‐dioxo‐2,2′‐spirodi(benzotetrahydrofuran) (DCSBL) and polytetrahydrofuran (pTHF‐250) was studied. 4‐[(2‐Hydroxytetradecyl)oxy]phenyl‐phenyliodoniumhexafluoroantimonate, camphorquinone and ethyl 4‐dimethylaminobenzoate were used as a photoinitiator system. The polymerization process was induced by light and monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A novel combination‐initiation polymerization process was proposed: first, cationic copolymerization of BFDGE and pTHF‐250 was initiated by the photoinitiator system and heat was released by this polymerization; then, copolymerization of BFDGE and DCSBL was induced by that heat while pTHF‐250 served as an anionic initiator. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The Hsp90 inhibitor, 17‐AAG, prevents the ligand‐independent nuclear localization of androgen receptor in refractory prostate cancer cells
Authors: Saporita Anthony J. , Ai Junkui , Wang Zhou 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDAndrogen receptor (AR) is the key molecule in androgen‐refractory prostate cancer. Despite androgen ablative conditions, AR remains active and is necessary for the growth of androgen‐refractory prostate cancer cells. Nuclear localization of AR is a prerequisite for its transcriptional activation. We examined AR localization in androgen‐dependent and androgen‐refractory prostate cancer cells.METHODS AND RESULTSWe demonstrate increased nuclear localization of a GFP‐tagged AR in the absence of hormone in androgen‐refractory C4‐2 cells compared to parental androgen‐sensitive human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Analysis of AR mutants impaired in ligand‐binding indicates that the nuclear localization of AR in C4‐2 cells is truly androgen‐independent. The hsp90 inhibitor, 17‐allylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐AAG), inhibits basal PSA expression and disrupts the ligand‐independent nuclear localization of AR at doses much lower than required to inhibit androgen‐induced nuclear import.CONCLUSIONSHsp90 is a key regulator of ligand‐independent nuclear localization and activation of AR in androgen‐refractory prostate cancer cells. Prostate 67: 509–520, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crosstalk between the subunits of the homodimeric enzyme triosephosphate isomerase
Authors: Zomosa‐Signoret Viviana , Aguirre‐López Beatriz , Hernández‐Alcántara Gloria , Pérez‐Montfort Ruy , de Gómez‐Puyou Marietta Tuena , Gómez‐Puyou Armando 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHomodimeric triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTIM) and T. brucei (TbTIM) are markedly similar in amino acid sequence and three‐dimensional structure. In their dimer interfaces, each monomer has a Cys15 that is surrounded by loop3 of the adjoining subunit. Perturbation of Cys15 by methylmethane thiosulfonate (MMTS) induces abolition of catalysis and structural changes. In the two TIMs, the structural arrangements of their Cys15 are almost identical. Nevertheless, the susceptibility of TcTIM to MMTS is nearly 100‐fold higher than in TbTIM. To ascertain the extent to which the characteristics of the interface Cys depend on the dynamics of its own monomer or on those of the adjacent monomer, we studied MMTS action on mutants of TcTIM that had the interface residues of TbTIM, and hybrids that have only one interfacial Cys15 (C15ATcTIM‐wild type TbTIM). We found that the solvent exposure of the interfacial Cys depends predominantly on the characteristics of the adjoining monomer. The maximal inhibition of activity induced by perturbation of the sole interface Cys in the C15ATcTIM‐TbTIM hybrid is around 60%. Hybrids formed with C15ATcTIM monomers and catalytically inert TbTIM monomers (E168DTbTIM) were also studied. Their activity drops by nearly 50% when the only interfacial Cys is perturbed. These results in conjunction with those on C15ATcTIM‐wild type TbTIM hybrid indicate that about half of the activity of each monomer depends on the integrity of each of the two Cys15‐loop3 portions of the interface. This could be another reason of why TIM is an obligatory dimer. Proteins 2007; © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toxicological studies on hydroalcohol extract of Calendula officinalis L.
Authors: Silva Erick J. R. , Gonçalves Eduardo S. , Aguiar Fábio , Evêncio Liriane B. , Lyra Mariana M. A. , Coelho Maria Cristina O. C. , Fraga Maria do Carmo C. A. , Wanderley Almir G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe hydroalcohol extract (HAE) of Calendula officinalis L. was evaluated for its acute toxicity by the oral route in rats and mice and for the subacute effect on hematological, biochemical and morphologic parameters in rats. In the acute toxicity test, HAE failed to cause death in the animals after administration of oral doses up to 5.0 g/kg. Oral treatment with HAE at 0.025, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg did not induce hematological alterations when compared with the control group. In the biochemical parameters, there was an increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and in alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. Morphological examination of the brain, kidney and heart did not show any alteration. However, inflammatory sites were found in the lung and liver, which were associated, respectively, with oral gavage and a possible hepatotoxic effect. HAE was non‐toxic in rats, although there was evidence of renal and liver overload. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Vivo antimalarial activity of aqueous extracts from Kenyan medicinal plants and their Chloroquine (CQ) potentiation effects against a blood‐induced CQ‐resistant rodent parasite in mice
Authors: Muregi Francis W. , Ishih Akira , Suzuki Tohru , Kino Hideto , Amano Teruaki , Mkoji Gerald M. , Miyase Toshio , Terada Mamoru 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHot water extracts from eight medicinal plants representing five families, used for malaria treatment in Kenya were screened for their in vivo antimalarial activity in mice against a chloroquine (CQ) resistant Plasmodium berghei NK65, either alone or in combination with CQ. Extracts of three plants, Toddalia asiatica (root bark), Rhamnus prinoides (leaves and root bark) and Vernonia lasiopus (root bark) showed high chemosuppression in the range 51%–75%. Maytenus acuminata, M. heterophylla, M. senegalensis and Rhamnus staddo had moderate activities of 33%–49% parasitaemia suppression in the root bark and/or leaf extracts, while Withania somnifera (root bark) had a non‐significant suppression (21%). In combination with CQ, extracts of V. lasiopus (all parts), leaf extracts of M. senegalensis, R. prinoides and T. asiatica as well as root barks of M. heterophylla, R. staddo and T. asiatica had improved parasitaemia suppression in the range 38%–66%, indicating synergistic interactions. Remarkable parasitaemia suppression by the extracts, either alone or in combination with CQ resulted into longer survival of mice relative to the controls, in some cases by more than 2 weeks. Plants, which showed significant antimalarial activity including V. lasiopus, T. asiatica and R. prinoides, should further be evaluated in the search for novel agents against drug‐resistant malaria. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum leptin and insulin levels in lactating protein-restricted rats: implications for energy balance
Authors: Ferreira C. L. P. , Macêdo G. M. , Latorraca M. Q. , Arantes V. C. , Veloso R. V. , Carneiro E. M. , Boschero A. C. , Nascimento C. M. O. , Gaíva M. H. 
Published: January 2007

The present study analysed the effect of protein restriction on serum insulin and leptin levels and their relationship with energy balance during lactation. Four groups of rats received isocaloric diets containing 170 g protein/kg or 60 g protein/kg from pregnancy until the 14th day of lactation: control non-lactating, control lactating (both fed a control diet), low-protein non-lactating and low-protein lactating. Energy intake, body composition, energy balance, serum insulin and leptin concentrations and the relationship between these hormones and several factors related to obesity were analysed. Low-protein-intake lactating rats exhibited hypoinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia, hypophagia and decreased energy expenditure compared with control lactating rats. The protein level in the carcasses was lower in the low-protein lactating group than in the control lactating group, resulting in a higher fat content in the first group compared with the latter. Body fat correlated inversely with serum insulin and positively with serum leptin level. There was a significant negative correlation between serum leptin and energy intake, and a positive relationship between energy intake and serum insulin level in lactating rats and in the combined data from both groups. Energy expenditure was correlated positively with serum insulin and negatively with serum leptin in lactating rats and when data from control non-lactating and lactating rats were pooled. Lactating rats submitted to protein restriction, compared with lactating control rats, showed that maternal reserves were preserved owing to less severe negative energy balance. This metabolic adaptation was obtained, at least in part, by the hypoinsulinaemia that resulted in increased insulin sensitivity favouring enhanced fat deposition, hyperleptinaemia and hypophagia.
Dose-dependent modulation of the T cell proteome by ascorbic acid
Authors: Grant Melissa M. , Mistry Nalini , Lunec Joseph , Griffiths Helen R. 
Published: January 2007

To investigate the hypothesis that the micronutrient ascorbic acid can modulate the functional genome, T cells (CCRF-HSB2) were treated with ascorbic acid (up to 150 μm) for up to 24 h. Protein expression changes were assessed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Forty-one protein spots which showed greater than two-fold expression changes were subject to identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight MS. The confirmed protein identifications were clustered into five groups; proteins were associated with signalling, carbohydrate metabolism, apoptosis, transcription and immune function. The increased expression of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (promotes intracellular signalling) within 5 min of ascorbic acid treatment was confirmed by Western blotting. Together, these observations suggest that ascorbic acid modulates the T cell proteome in a time- and dose-dependent manner and identify molecular targets for study following antioxidant supplementation in vivo.