bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational reconstruction of the human skeletal muscle secretome
Authors: Bortoluzzi Stefania , Scannapieco Paolo , Cestaro Alessandro , Danieli Gian Antonio , Schiaffino Stefano 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn multicellular organisms, secreted proteins play pivotal regulatory roles in intercellular communication. Proteins secreted by skeletal muscle can act locally on muscle cells through autocrine/paracrine loops and on surrounding tissues such as muscle blood vessels, or they can be released into the blood stream, thus producing systemic effects. By a computational approach, we have screened 6255 products of genes expressed in normal human skeletal muscle. Putatively secreted proteins were identified by sequential steps of sieving, through prediction of signal peptide, recognition of transmembrane regions, and analysis of protein annotation. The resulting putative skeletal muscle secretome consists of 319 proteins, including 78 still uncharacterized proteins. This is the first human skeletal muscle secretome produced by computational analysis. Knowledge of proteins secreted by skeletal muscle could stimulate development of novel treatments for different diseases, including muscle atrophy and dystrophy. In addition, better knowledge of the secretion process in skeletal muscle can be useful for future gene therapy approaches. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fire engineering design of steel structures
Authors: Moore D B , Lennon T 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article reviews progress in the fire engineering design of steel structures. The problems associated with the tradiational prescriptive methods of achieving regulatory compliance are identified. The concept of a fire safety engineering approach to design is discussed in relation to the structural performance of complete buildings in fire and the development of analytical models to predict structural response at elevated temperature. Full‐scale tests, observations from real fires and predictive models have all indicated that the fire resistance of complete structures is significantly better than that of the single elements from which fire resistance is universally assessed. Recent full‐scale tests on an eight‐storey steel framed building with composite floors have attempted to identify the alternative load paths which provide this enhanced performance and to quantify the present factors of safety. These tests are described in some detail. Conclusions are drawn from previous experience and current research, and directions for future research efforts are identified.
Steel‐framed structures
Authors: Deierlein G G 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMuch of the material reviewed in this article involves recent efforts to develop and apply nonlinear analysis methods for accurate limit states design of steel‐framed structures. Beyond considerations related directly to methods of analysis, this includes reports of tests and other studies to provide behavioral information on members and connections. Emphasized in this review are topics related to overall frame behavior, including analysis methods and criteria for frame and beam‐column stability design, inelastic analysis and behavior of frames with rigid and semi‐rigid connections, and inelastic deformation capacity as influenced by buckling and fracture behavior.
Fatigue design and retrofit of steel bridges
Authors: Bowman Mark D 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis review examines recent work that has been conducted on the fatigue design, inspection and evaluation of steel bridges. Research studies to evaluate load histories and the influence of cyclic loads on fatigue critical details are discussed for both railway and highway bridge structures. Applications of conventional nondestructive testing and inspection methods are reviewed, and new developments in nondestructive evaluation are discussed. Retrofit and repair procedures that have been used for several different structural details are described. A summary of the fatigue strength and performance of several secondary structural bridge elements is presented. Finally, fatigue assessment procedures which have been proposed recently to design and evaluate new and existing bridge structures are presented.
FRP reinforcement for prestressed concrete structures
Authors: Soudki Khaled A 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper presents the state‐of‐the‐art on the use of fibre‐reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement in prestressed concrete. A brief introduction to FRP composite materials is given followed by an overview of recent research work on various aspects of FRP prestressed concrete structural members. Concepts for analysis and design of members prestressed with FRP tendons are discussed. Field demonstrations utilizing FRP prestressing reinforcement, are presented. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the feasibility of using FRP tendons in prestressed concrete applications.
Composite connections
Authors: Leon Roberto T 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFloor slabs can be utilized effectively to increase the strength and stiffness of a frame by providing continuous slab reinforcement across column lines. This review discusses the influence of floor slabs on the behavior of connections in typical steel buildings, with emphasis on American construction practices. The emphasis is on simplicity of detailing so that the force transfer mechanisms can be understood. The discussion aims to demonstrate three important concepts. First, the detailing of both the slab steel and the steel connection can have a great influence on frame performance, by turning ‘pinned’ connections into partially restrained or semicontinuous ones. Second, ignoring the effect of the slab, as is the conventional practice today, is not always a conservative approach. This is particularly important when seismic or other large accidental overloads occur, as the ductility and toughness of the structure can be impaired by unexpected failure mechanisms tied to slab effects Third, judicious use of composite action in the connections can lead to very economical and structurally efficient solutions. An extensive set of references, both to detailed design guidelines and general background issues, is provided.
Probabilistic structural optimization
Authors: Frangopol Dan M 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe objective of this review is to present a brief but comprehensive view of probabilistic structural optimization (PSO). An historical perspective is presented, basic concepts and various problem formulations are discussed, and recent developments focusing on practical applications are highlighted. A particular emphasis is placed upon the use of PSO based on consideration of life‐cycle cost in the process of design selection for new structural systems and in the optimal operation of existing ones. Finally, conclusions are drawn and directions for further research are identified.
Timber frame construction for medium‐rise buildings
Authors: Mettem C J , Bainbridge R J , Pitts G C , Enjily V 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSignificant developments which have been taking place recently in relation to medium‐rise timber frame construction in the UK have led to a major research project, Timber Frame 2000. This involves the full‐scale testing of a six‐storey prototype, along with many desk‐based, component‐based and site‐driven ancillary research activities.This review summarizes interim progress relating to commercial and technical studies, design and specification of the test building. Reference is made to the alternative British and European codes employed in the structural design of the test structure. The technical items due for investigation in the test phases of the building are also outlined.
Developments in insitu and prefabricated masonry for the 21st century
Authors: Caine Johan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article describes Curtins Consulting Engineers' experience in the innovative development of structural prestressed masonry through designs, research and application over the last 35 years. The cross‐fertilization of ideas and developments from other materials, and the unique advantages this has revealed for masonry are described. The techniques are illustrated with examples of applications.The article also describes some recent developments in prefabrication techniques which give masonry a new horizon for exciting developments and applications without the use of traditional mortar joints. The critical issues relating to the development of insitu masonry into the 21st century are also discussed.
Rehabilitation and reuse of historic masonry buildings in Europe
Authors: Binda L , Anzani A 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn the last 30 years, the restoration of our cultural heritage has become common practice. Initially, only very important monumental buildings were saved and restored, while the rest were demolished and replaced. Then historic centres and groups of buildings were protected, preserving all structures in a reaction to the previous systematic spoiling of the cultural heritage. Subsequently, it was recognized that all urban structures, including small dwellings, should be respected and preserved with great care.Nowadays, this respect for old buildings means finding out every detail of their architecture, fabric and structure. The importance of controlling the efficacy of the techniques of repair and improvement is appreciated[1].This article attempts to provide a state‐of‐the‐art review of the European, and in particular the Italian, attitude towards the reuse of historic buildings with the help of some case histories.
Seismic isolation of civil buildings in the USA
Authors: Kelly J M 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDesigning earthquake‐resistant low‐to medium‐rise structures is problematic in that their fundamental frequency of vibration is in the range of frequencies where earthquake energy is the strongest, so the building acts as an amplifier of the ground vibrations, with the floor accelerations increasing over the height of the building. Ultimately, the seismic design should reduce the accelerations in buildings to below the level of the ground accelerations. To do this the building must be flexible. Incorporating flexibility in a structural frame can cause problems, however: windows may fall out due to wind loads, partition walls may crack and floors may vibrate under foot. For a low‐or medium‐rise building, the necessary flexibility can only be achieved by using base isolation at the foundation level. A number of buildings have been built in the US using this innovative technology; this review will highlight a few of them.
Seismic isolation of civil buildings in Japan
Authors: Fujita Takafumi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractJapan is the country where seismic isolation is most widely used for civil buildings. Since the Hanshin‐Awaji earthquake of 17 January 1995 when the effectiveness of seismic isolation was demonstrated, base‐isolated buildings have become more popular in Japan. This article reviews seismic isolation systems which have been developed and used in Japan, their effectiveness in the earthquake, present applications, guidelines for safety evaluation of base‐isolated buildings, and future developments for seismic isolation.
Application of active structural control in Japan
Authors: Nishitani A 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article reviews the current state of active structural control in building applications. A variety of structural control technologies have been developed which are now being extensively employed in many structures. However, in terms of active structural control, only Japan has implemented active control systems in real full‐size buildings. To date more than 20 buildings in Japan have employed active systems. Details of these active control buildings are summarized in this article.
Space structures and configuration processing
Authors: Nooshin H 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMany thousands of impressive space structures have been built all over the world for covering sports stadiums, gymnasiums, leisure centres, aircraft hangars, railway stations and many other purposes. A number of these structures have spans of well over 200 m. The objective of this article is to present an overview of space structure forms with an emphasis on lattice grids, barrel vaults and domes. Also included is a brief discussion of the use of conceptual tools for computer‐aided processing of space structure configurations.
Pushover procedure for seismic analysis of buildings
Authors: Tso W K , Moghadam A S 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article is a state‐of‐the‐art review of the simplified inelastic analytical procedure commonly referred to as the ‘pushover analysis’ to estimate the seismic response of buildings. The basic steps of a pushover analysis are outlined. The choices available to users in each step are discussed and past studies involving the pushover procedure are briefly reviewed. Finally, the accuracy of the method compared to inelastic dynamic analysis is presented using examples.
Earthquake performance assessment of concrete structures
Authors: Aschheim Mark , Moehle Jack P , Lynn Abraham 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPerformance‐based earthquake engineering provides a framework for comparing seismic demands with member and system capacities in a way that provides a meaningful measure of expected performance. Demands and capacities may be computed using various approaches. Strength‐ and displacement‐based approaches are applied to assess the performance of a reinforced concrete (RC) moment‐resistant frame building damaged in the Northridge earthquake. Because the building was instrumented, the actual response and observed damage can be compared with expectations determined by calculation.
Self‐compacting high performance concrete
Authors: Okamura Hajime , Ouchi Masahiro 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSelf‐compacting concrete was first developed in 1988 in order to achieve durable concrete structures. Since then, various investigations have been carried out and the concrete has been used in practical structures, mainly by large construction companies. Investigations for establishing a rational mix‐design method and self‐compactability testing methods have been carried out from the viewpoint of making it a standard concrete.
Metal silos
Authors: Rotter J Michael 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMost solids which are handled in large quantities are stored in the form of small particles, for ease of handling. The storage containers for these solids are generically termed silos, though several other words are in use for special applications. Silos are used in most countries in the world to store a huge variety of different particulate or granular solids in bulk. Large silos are of particular importance in agriculture, food processing, power generation, mining, steel, cement, plastics, and chemical process industries. There has been no structural design standard applicable to these large metal structures until the drafting of Eurocode 3 Part 4.1, which is about to be published.This article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning metal silo structures and presents some of the background and philosophy of the new rules in the draft European standard for steel silos.
Gossamer superconductivity, new paradigm?
Authors: Won Hyekyung , Haas Stephan , Maki Kazumi , Parker David , Dora Balazs , Virosztek Attila 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe shall review our recent works on d‐wave density wave (dDW) and gossamer superconductivity (i.e. d‐wave superconductivity in the presence of dDW) in high‐T c cuprates and CeCoIn5. a) We show that both the giant Nernst effect and the angle dependent magnetoresistance (ADMR) in the pseudogap phases of the cuprates and CeCoIn5 are manifestations of dDW. b) The phase diagram of high‐T c cuprates is understood in terms of mean field theory, which includes two order parameters Δ 1 and Δ 2, where one order paremeter is from dDW and the other from d‐wave superconductivity. c) In the optimally to the overdoped region we find the spatially periodic dDW, an analogue of the Fulde‐Ferrell‐Larkin‐Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state, becomes more stable. d) In the underdoped region where Δ 2/Δ 1 ≪ 1 the Uemera relation is obtained within the present model. We speculate that the gossamer superconductivity is at the heart of high‐T c cuprate superconductors, the heavy‐fermion superconductor CeCoIn5 and the organic superconductors κ ‐(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 and (TMTSF)2PF6. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic properties and electronic structure of Gd3Cu4X4 (X = Ge, Sn)
Authors: Szytuła A. , Jezierski A. , Penc B. , Wawrzyńska E. , Zygmunt A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPolycrystalline samples of Gd3Cu4X4 (X=Ge, Sn) were investigated by means of magnetometry and XPS. Additionally, calculations of the electronic structures with the TB‐LMTO method were performed for both compounds. They were found to be antiferromagnets; the stannide – below 13 K and the germanide – below 11 K. The electronic structures determined from the photoemission spectra agree well with the results of the calculations. Analysis of the core levels indicates presence of the Cu+1 ions in both compounds. Besides, charge transfers from the Cu and Ge atoms, the latter only in Gd3Cu4Ge4, were detected. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis, Structure, and Thermal Properties of Two New Inorganic‐organic Framework Compounds: Hexaaqua(μ2‐1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylato)‐bis(N,N′‐1,10‐phenathroline)dicobalt(II) Dihydrate and Hexaaqua(μ2‐1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylato)‐bis(N,N′‐2,2′‐dipyridylamine)dinickel(II) Tetrahydrate
Authors: Rogan Jelena , Poleti Dejan , Karanović Ljiljana 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTwo binuclear complexes [Co2(C10H2O8)(C12H8N2)2 (H2O)6]·2H2O (1) and [Ni2(C10H2O8)(C10H9N3)2(H2O)6]·4H2O (2) were synthesized and their structures were determined by X‐ray structure analysis. In both structures metal centres are in deformed octahedral environments and they are linked by bis‐monodentately coordinated 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylate ligands as bridging units. In the packing arrangements of both compounds, binuclear units are connected by hydrogen bonds forming 2D pseudo‐layers, strengthened by face‐to‐face π‐π stacking interactions. The pseudo‐layers further construct 3D inorganic‐organic frameworks via system of hydrogen bonds. The complexes were also characterized by IR spectroscopy, TG and DSC analysis. Dehydration processes and thermal stability of the complexes are discussed. The dehydration enthalpies are calculated and the possible decomposition mechanisms are assumed.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Antibacterial Activities of Four Schiff Base Copper(II), Zinc(II), and Cadmium(II) Complexes Derived from 2‐[(2‐Dimethylaminoethylimino)methyl]phenol
Authors: You Zhong‐Lu , Zhu Hai‐Liang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFour Schiff base complexes, [Zn2L2(NCS)2] (1), [Cd2L2(NCS)2]n (2), [Zn4L2(N3)2Cl4(OH2)(CH3OH)] (3), and [Cu4L2(N3)2Cl4(OH2)(CH3OH)] (4) (where L = 2‐[(2‐dimethylaminoethylimino)methyl]phenol), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and single crystal X‐ray determinations. Both 1 and 2 are structurally similar polynuclear complexes. In 1, each Zn atom has a slightly distorted square‐pyramidal coordination configuration. In the basal plane, the Zn atom is coordinated by one O and two N atoms of one L, and by one O atom of another L. The apical position is occupied by one terminal N atom of a coordinated thiocyanate anion. The Zn···Zn separation is 3.179(3) Å. While in 2, the Cd1 atom is six‐coordinated in an octahedral coordination. In the equatorial plane, the Cd1 atom is coordinated by one O and two N atoms of one L, and by one O atom of another L. The axial positions are occupied by the terminal N and S atoms from two bridging thiocyanate anions. The coordination of Cd2 atom in 2 is similar to those of the zinc atoms in 1. The Cd···Cd separation is 3.425(2) Å. Both 3 and 4 are novel tetra‐nuclear complexes. Each metal atom in the complexes has a slightly distorted square‐pyramidal coordination. The arrangements of the terminal metal atoms are similar, involving one O and two N atoms of one L ligand and one bridging Cl atom defining the basal plane, and one O atom of a coordinated water molecule or MeOH molecule occupying the apical position. The coordinations of the central metal atoms are also similar. The basal plane of each metal atom involves one O atom of one L ligand, one terminal Cl atom, and two terminal N atoms from two bridging azide groups. The apical position is occupied by a bridging Cl atom which also acts as a basal donor atom of the terminal metal atom. The Schiff base ligand and the four complexes showed high selectivity and antibacterial activities against most of the bacteria.
Two New Polyoxovanadate‐supported Transition Metal Complexes: [Zn(en)2][Zn(en)2(H2O)2][{Zn(en)(enMe)}As6V15O42(H2O)]·4H2O and [Zn2(enMe)2(en)3][{Zn(enMe)2}As6V15O42(H2O)]·4H2O
Authors: Zheng Shou‐Tian , Chen Yong‐Mei , Zhang Jie , Yang Guo‐Yu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTwo novel As‐V‐O cluster supported transition metal complexes, [Zn(en)2][Zn(en)2(H2O)2][{Zn(en)(enMe)}As6V15O42(H2O)]·4H2O (1) and [Zn2(enMe)2(en)3][{Zn(enMe)2}As6V15O42(H2O)]·4H2O (2), have been hydrothermally synthesized. The single X‐ray diffraction studies reveal that both compounds consist of discrete noncentral polyoxoanions [{Zn(en)(enMe)}As6V15O42(H2O)]4− or [{Zn(enMe)2}As6V15O42(H2O)]4− cocrystallized with respective zinc coordination complexes. Interestingly, compounds 1 and 2 exhibit the first two polyoxovanadates containing As8V15O42‐(H2O)]6− cluster decorated by only one transition metal complex. Crystal data: 1, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 14.9037(4) Å, b = 18.1243(5) Å, c = 27.6103(7) Å, β = 105.376(6)°, Z = 4; 2 monoclinic, P21/n, a = 14.9786(7) Å, b = 33.0534(16) Å, c = 14.9811(5) Å, Z = 4.
Sm2As4O9: Ein ungewöhnliches Samarium(III)‐Oxoarsenat(III) gemäß Sm4[As2O5]2[As4O8]
Authors: Kang Dong‐Hee , Schleid Thomas 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSm2As4O9: An Unusual Samarium(III) Oxoarsenate(III) According to Sm4[As2O5]2[As4O8]Pale yellow single crystals of the new samarium(III) oxoarsenate(III) with the composition Sm4As8O18 were obtained by a typical solid‐state reaction between Sm2O3 and As2O3 using CsCl and SmCl3 as fluxing agents. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with the space group ${\rm P}{\bar 3}$ (No. 2, Z = 2; a = 681.12(5), b = 757.59(6), c = 953.97(8) pm, α = 96.623(7), β = 103.751(7), γ = 104.400(7)°). The crystal structure of samarium(III) oxoarsenate(III) with the formula type Sm4[As2O5]2[As4O8] (≡ 2 × Sm2As4O9) contains two crystallographically different Sm3+ cations, where (Sm1)3+ is coordinated by eight, but (Sm2)3+ by nine oxygen atoms. Two different discrete oxoarsenate(III) anions are present in the crystal structure, namely [As2O5]4− and [As4O8]4−. The [As2O5]4− anion is built up of two Ψ1‐tetrahedra [AsO3]3− with a common corner, whereas the [As4O8]4− anion consists of four Ψ1‐tetrahedra with ring‐shaped vertex‐connected [AsO3]3− pyramids. Thus at all four crystallographically different As3+ cations stereochemically active non‐binding electron pairs (“lone pairs”) are observed. These “lone pairs” direct towards the center of empty channels running parallel to [010] in the overall structure, where these “empty channels” being formed by the linkage of $^{2}_{\infty}\rm \{[SmO_{4}]^{9-}\}$ layers with the ecliptically conformed [As2O5]4− anions and the stair‐like shaped [As4O8]4− rings via common oxygen atoms (O1 – O6, O8 and O9). The oxygen‐atom type O7, however, belongs only to the cyclo‐[As4O8]4− unit as one of the two different corner‐sharing oxygen atoms.