bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Placebo‐controlled study of montelukast and budesonide on short‐term growth in prepubertal asthmatic children
Authors: Pedersen Søren , Agertoft Lone , Williams‐Herman Debora , Kuznetsova Olga , Reiss Theodore F. , Knorr Barbara , Dass S. Balachandra , Wolthers Ole D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundInhaled corticosteroids and anti‐leukotriene agents are widely used in the treatment of pediatric asthma. Although data on the effect of corticosteroids on growth are available, there are few such data on anti‐leukotriene agents. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of montelukast on short‐term lower leg growth rate (LLGR) in prepubertal children with asthma.MethodsForty‐two boys (6‐ to 12‐year old) and 29 girls (6‐ to 11‐year old) with mild asthma were randomized to 1 of 2 crossover arms, with two treatment sequences per arm: montelukast 5 mg once daily/placebo or inhaled dry powder budesonide 200 µg twice daily/placebo. Budesonide was used as a positive control to ensure that the method was sensitive enough to detect a suppression of LLGR. The 3‐week double‐blind treatment period was followed by a 3‐week washout. Primary outcome was LLGR over the 3‐week treatment, measured by knemometry.ResultsNinety‐four percent of patients completed the study. Mean LLGR was similar between patients receiving montelukast and placebo treatments: mean difference, −0.02 mm/week [95% confidence interval −0.14, 0.11]. Mean LLGR in patients receiving budesonide was significantly less than for those receiving placebo (difference of −0.16 mm/week [−0.25, −0.06], P = 0.002). Mean LLGR was similar for patients taking placebo in the two arms (0.43 and 0.44 mm/week).ConclusionMontelukast 5 mg did not significantly affect short‐term LLGR in prepubertal children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:838–843. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sunflowers as a trap crop for reducing soybean losses to the stalk borer Dectes texanus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Michaud JP , Qureshi Jawwad A , Grant Angela K 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLarvae of Dectes texanus LeConte cause significant losses to soybean production in the American High Plains by girdling the stalks of mature plants at their base, causing them to lodge. The authors demonstrated that cultivated sunflowers can reduce rates of D. texanus infestation in adjacent soybean fields because adult females prefer sunflower over soybean for feeding and oviposition. Since females do not avoid ovipositing in plants already containing their own eggs or those of conspecific females, sunflower plants can accumulate multiple eggs, and subsequent larval combat typically results in the survival of only one. In west central Kansas, planting one half of a center pivot irrigated field to sunflower in 2004 significantly reduced infestation of soybean plants in the other half of the field within 200 m of the crop border. Beyond 200 m from the sunflowers, the rate of soybean infestation increased significantly. Planting sunflowers in the non‐irrigated corners of a center pivot irrigated soybean field in 2005 reduced D. texanus infestation of soybeans by 65% compared with a control field without adjacent sunflowers. Surrounding a 0.33 ha soybean field with six rows of sunflowers in 2006 reduced soybean infestation to < 5% of plants, compared with 96% of sunflower plants. These results reveal that sunflowers can reduce D. texanus infestation in adjacent soybeans by acting as an ‘ovipositional sink’. Further research is warranted to determine the optimum crop area proportions and spatial configurations that will maximize the efficacy of a sunflower trap crop to reduce soybean losses due to D. texanus‐induced lodging. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Maintenance of female dominance in blue‐eyed black lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons) and gray bamboo lemurs (Hapalemur griseus griseus) under semi‐free‐ranging and captive conditions
Authors: Digby Leslie , Mclean Stevens Alexandra 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral species of Malagasy prosimians are characterized by female dominance, an unusual trait among mammals. We compare the extent to which female dominance is displayed and the mechanisms that are used to maintain dominance in the frugivorous blue‐eyed black lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons) and the folivorous gray bamboo lemurs (Hapalemur griseus griseus) housed at the Duke Lemur Center. All dominant–submissive interactions were recorded during 448 hr of focal animal observations. Both species of lemurs exhibited clear patterns of female dominance. However, the two species used aggressive dominance (defined as aggression+submission) and social dominance (defined as submission in the absence of aggression) to different extents in maintaining hierarchies within each group. The adult female blue‐eyed black lemurs used aggressive dominance (e.g., chase, cuff, bite) in more of their dominance interactions (66%) than did the adult female gray bamboo lemurs (40%). In both species, rates of aggressive dominance interactions were higher during feeding versus nonfeeding periods and while in smaller outdoor runs versus larger natural habitat enclosures, but the differences were not significant. Overall blue‐eyed black lemurs exhibit a more aggressive form of female dominance compared to the gray bamboo lemur. Zoo Biol 26:345–361, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of true iodine number of oils with conjugate unsaturation by use of hypochlorous acid reagent
Authors: Chowdhury R. Basu , Mukherjee S. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryHypochlorous acid reagent has conveniently been used for the determination of total unsaturation in oils containing conjugated double bonds. The use of 0.1 N HOCl reagent normally employed for oils with isolated double bonds leads to incomplete absorption, and the increase in concentration and reaction period gives desirable results in the presence of mercuric acetate catalyst. A 1‐hr. reaction period with 0.3 N HOCl reagent in the presence of 2.5% solution of the catalyst is recommended. A sample size varying between 0.07–0.1 g. and a 300–400% excess reagent should be employed to obtain reliable results. This procedure can be effectively used for determining the total unsaturation of tung oil, isomerized fatty acids, and dehydrated castor oil and can be employed for detecting the adulteration in commercial samples of tung oil, which cannot be ordinarily detected by the determination of the partial iodine number with the help of conventional procedures.
Solubility of monoglycerides in oil and its relation to the production of global edible spread
Authors: Hellman N. N. , Zobel H. F. , Senti F. R. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySolubility data have been presented for monostearin, monopalmitin, and monoglycerides of triple‐pressed stearic acid and hydrogenated lard in cotton‐seed oil. Monoglyceride precipitated from solution by quick chilling became less soluble after tempering 18 hrs. at 45°C. Decreased solubility was related to increased crystallinity as determined by X‐ray diffraction. Solubility data thus confirmed conclusions previously reported that tempering operates to improve global spread primarily through recrystallization which is now shown to involve converting precipitates of low degree of molecular order into more perfect crystals.
Effect of water activity on autoxidation of raw peanut oil
Authors: Gopalakrishna A. G. , Prabhakar J. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of water activity (aw) on rate of autoxidation of raw peanut oil at 37 C was studied. Up to 3 weeks of storage, no marked effect of aw on the rate of peroxide formation was noticeable. However, with prolonged storage, the rate of peroxide formation decreased rapidly at aw of 0.67 and higher as compared to aw of 0.50 and lower. At the end of 9 weeks’ storage, the peroxide value at aw=0.02‐0.50 was in the range of 31–35, while it was only ca. 10 at 0.79 and 0.92 aw. There was no noticeable influence of aw on the rate of free fatty acid formation. The oil stored for 7 weeks at 0.02 and 0.11 aw had fresh flavor, although the peroxide values were high; whereas the oils at 0.79 and 0.92 aw were stale, although the peroxide values were less than 10. The anisidine value at 0.02 aw (348) was higher than at 0.92 aw (62). The carbonyl values at 0.02 and 0.11 aw were also higher (1090, 1021) than at 0.79 and 0.92 aw (573, 780). The results indicate that the protective effect on the oil against peroxide formation at high aw may be due to certain components present in raw peanut oil.
Enzymatic glycerolysis of a triglyceride in aqueous and nonaqueous microemulsions
Authors: Holmberg Krister , Lassen Bo , Stark Maj‐Britt 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEnzymatic solvolysis of a model triglyceride, palm oil, was performed in microemulsions containing isooctane, sodiumbis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT), palm oil and a combination of water and glycerol as the polar component. Using a 1,3‐specific lipase both hydrolysis, leading to the formation of fatty acid and one mole of monoglyceride, and glycerolysis, giving three moles of monoglyceride, occur. The reaction was very slow in a completely nonaqueous system. Addition of a small amount of water led to an increased rate of glycerolysis, in addition to hydrolysis. It was found that by using3H labelled material reaction products originating from the two reactions were formed in equimolar amounts. The products probably emanate from a common intermediate. The molar ratio, R, of water and glycerol to surfactant turned out to be critical, optimum R‐value being 3.4. Four different lipases, one from porcine pancreas and three of fungal origin, were tested. No marked differences in ratio of monoglyceride to fatty acid formed were obtained, indicating that the ratio between glycerolysis and hydrolysis is constant regardless of the lipase used.
Determination of fatty acid composition of amaranthus species
Authors: Ayorinde Folahan O. , Ologunde Michael O. , Nana Erick Y. , Bernard Brian N. , Afolabi Oladapo A. , Oke Olusegun L. , Shepard Robert L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFatty acid compositions of the seed oils from eighteen vareties of amaranthus species have been determined after room temperature transesterification. Consistent with earlier studies, wide variations in the fatty acid composition are reported, and appear to be agronomically related. All variaties show significant levels (2–5%) of squalene and a combined linoleic acid and olaic acid occurrence of between 70–‐80%. This study represents the frist reported fatty acid composition of grain amaranthus cultivated in West Africa.
Hydrozirconation of oleyl alcohol
Authors: Karlsson Susanne , Hallberg Anders , Gronowitz Salo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHydrozirconation of oleyl alcohol gave a mixture of the ω‐and γ‐zirconium‐stearyl alcohols. The zirconium alkyl bonds were cleaved by reaction with D2O, Br2 or CO‐Br2‐2‐methoxyethanol. 18‐Bromo‐stearyl alcohol (X) and 3‐bromo‐stearyl alcohol (IX) were isolated after bromination and 2‐methoxyethyl 19‐hydroxynonadecanoate (XII) and dihydro‐3‐pentadecyl‐2(3H)‐furanone (XIII) after carbonylation.
Potentiometric titration of long chain quaternary ammonium compounds using sodium tetraphenyl borate
Authors: Wang C. N. , Metcalfe L. D. , Donkerbroek J. J. , Cosijn A. H. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCurrent methods for determining the activity of long chain quaternary ammonium compounds (QACS) are based either on dye partition, titration, or colorimetric analysis. The two major disadvantages of these methods are the disparity of partition coefficients among differently constituted QACS and the difficulty in detecting visual end points. Some potentiometric titration methods for QACS have been reported in the literature. However, back titration techniques, as well as complicated electrode systems, are generally involved.A new potentiometric titration system is presented which uses aqueous sodium tetraphenylborate (TPB) solution as a titrant and a platinum‐platinum electrode system to detect the end point. Standard potentiometric titration instruments may be used for this method. This new potentiometric method is superior in precision and accuracy to visual (colorimetric) methods.
The analysis of fatty alcohols and acids asp‐(methylthio)‐benzoate esters
Authors: Willett J. D. , Brody E. P. , Knight M. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThep‐(methylthio)‐benzoate ester of fatty alcohols is investigated. This derivative shows either a molecular ion or M‐168 m/e peak in its mass spectrum and mixtures may be qualitatively analyzed directly by mass spectrometry. The compounds absorb strongly in the ultraviolet, allowing quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography to 200 pmol.
Rapid determination of wax in sunflower seed oil
Authors: Morrison W. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA rapid turbidimetric method for determining wax content in sunflower seed oil is described. Oil is heated to 130 C, filtered, and after cooling, added to an equal volume of acetone. The mixture is then reheated under tap water to dissolve waxes which may have crystallized and is placed in an ice bath for 5 min. Turbidity is then measured and ppm wax is read from a previously prepared calibration curve. The amount of wax as determined by the turbidimetric method is in good agreement with the gas liquid chromatographic values.
Analytical13C NMR spectroscopy of fatty quaternary amines
Authors: Fairchild E. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNatural abundance13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CMR) has been used for the rapid, nondestructive analysis of fatty quaternary ammonium compounds. Quantitative analysis of mixtures of mono‐, di‐and tri‐fatty ammonium chlorides can be accommpublished under conditions that do not involve heat or extremes of pH and that are independent of solvent present. In order to determine optimal conditions for quantitative studies, carbon spin lattice relaxation times (T1) and nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) were determined for each of the components. The method of internal standard addition was used to determine reproducibility and accuracy of the method for the measurement of mono‐and tri‐fatty quaternary components in material consisting predominantly (i.e., greater than 90%) of di‐fatty‐dimethyl ammonium chloride.
Effect of culture conditions on fatty acid composition in lipids produced by the yeastcryptococcus albidus var. albidus
Authors: Hansson Lena , Dostálek Milan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe influence of culture conditions on the fatty acid composition in lipids produced by Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus CBS 4517 was studied.The major fatty acids in C. albidus var. albidus were oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and palmitic (16:0) acid. The relative amounts of fatty acids produced varied considerably during growth and lipid accumulation phases in nitrogen‐limited as well as excess‐nitrogen cultures. The degree of unsaturation correlated to the lipid content in the biomass and decreased with increasing amounts of cellular lipid. After glucose exhaustion, no further changes in the fatty acid composition nor in the lipid content of the cells were observed. A number of carbon and nitrogen sources could be utilized for lipid synthesis, but they influenced the fatty acid composition only to a minor extent.
An improved ashing procedure for the determination of heavy metals in edible oils
Authors: Tsai Wei‐Chong , Lin Chia‐Pao , Shiau Lihwiuan , Pan Shuh‐Der 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn accurate, reliable, and simple method was described for the determination of Pb, Cu, Cd, Mn, Zn, an d Fe in edible oils by atomic absorption spectrophotometry following burning of the sample in a restricted air supply. Recoveries for the six heavy metals by the proposed methods were about 100%. The relative standard deviation of the analysis for the lead at the level of 0.074 ppm was 6%, and the copper at the levels of 0.064 ppm and 0.158 ppm were 7% and 2%, respectively. The recovery of lead was found to be suppressed by the presence of a large quantity of iron in the oil, but the suppression was alleviated by adding a Mg(NO3)2 solution to the charred residue before ashing.
Linoleic acid oxidation catalyzed by various amino acids and cupric ions in freeze‐dried model systems
Authors: Farag R. S. , Osman S. A. , HallaBo S. A. S. , Girgis A. N. , Nasr A. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present investigation into the effect of amino acids on linoleic acid oxidation in freeze‐dried model system illustrates the existence of an autocatalytic chain reaction, in which all amino acids, except cysteine, exhibited minor antioxidant behavior. The antioxidant effect might be attributed to the absence of protonated amino nitrogen. Linoleic acid alone had an induction period of 15 hr, and on the addition of various α‐amino acids, the systems had induction periods ranging from 16‐19 hr. This increase did not exhibit any specific function for the studied amino acids. Cysteine exhibited an exceptional prooxidant effect due to the role of the HS‐group. The addition of copper at concentrations of 10‐5M and 10‐3M to the model systems composed of linoleic acid and various a‐amino acids exhibited minor and highly prooxidant effects, respectively, The prooxidant effect of these amino acids in the presence of copper might be due to amino acids‐copper complexes.
Review of rapeseed meal in animal nutrition: Ruminant animals
Authors: Thomke S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring recent years, world literature in this area has increasingly dealt with the assessment of low glucosinolate RSM‐type (LGRSM). Generally, the LGRSM‐types show clear advantages over the high glucosinolate RSM‐types (HGRSM). Acceptibility of concentrates to dairy cattle may be influenced negatively by increasing RSM of commercial Canadian HG‐type beyond 15%. LGRSM seems to be acceptable up to at least 20% of the concentrate mixture. LGRSM‐type meal of cv. Candle may possibly still be accepted at higher levels. There are indications of a higher nutritive value of the LG vs the HGRSM types. Candle has been found to be as good as, if not better than, Tower RSM. HGRSM of European origin at a level of 15–20% of the concentrate seems to decrease milk production and to influence milk composition negatively. Canadian‐type LGRSM feeding at a level of 25% of the concentrate does not seem to be harmful to dairy cattle. Inclusion of 34% LGRSM lowered feed intake and milk yield. Higher milk yields are indicated when Candle is included, in comparison to Tower. Only a limited influence on milk composition (protein, fat, solids—nonfat) has been reported to result from RSM‐feeding. Both HG‐ and LGRSM increase milk SCN− and decrease milk‐I contents, the milk‐I, however, to a minor extent. A minute part of the OZT has been found to be carried over into milk resulting in levels much below the safe level for human consumption. Inclusion of “gums” at levels up to several times the amount corresponding to normal production has not been found to impair production traits of dairy cattle or growing cattle. Microbiological degradation of RSM in the rumen can be minimized by formaldehyde treatment, which has been reported to increase milk production. Rapeseed and rapeseed expeller seem to be prospective fat and protein sources to dairy cattle, especially in rations low in crude fat (<15 g dig. fat/kg milk). The inclusion of these products increases blood cholesterol and plasma glycerides. The iodine number of milk fat is increased.
Oligosiloxanes from betulinol
Authors: Erä Väinö , Piiroinen Kaija 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOligosiloxanes were synthesized from betulinol and dimethyldichlorsilane. The reactions were carried out in solution, and the oligomers with molecular weights up to 3030 g/mol were obtained. The structure and thermal stability of the oligomers were determined by infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry, respectively.
Oxidative cyclization of unsaturated fatty acids with lead tetraacetate
Authors: Hashmi M. , Khan M. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reaction of 10‐undecenoic acid with lead tetraacetate (LTA) in the presence of acetic acid and anhydrous potassium acetate gave a eutectic mixture of 10(11)‐acetoxy‐11(10)‐methylundecanoic acid (25%), 10,11‐diacetoxyundecanoic acid (15%) and 5‐(ω‐carboxyoctyl) γ‐butyrolactone (45%). Similar reaction withcis‐9‐octadecenoic acid yielded a eutectic mixture of 9(10)‐acetoxy‐10(9)‐methyloctadecanoic acid (20%) and 4(5)‐(ω‐carboxyheptyl)‐5‐(4)‐octyl γ‐butyrolactone (40%). In the reaction withtrans‐2‐enoic acids (C16 and C18) products obtained were: 1,2‐diacetoxypenta‐ and heptadecane (27%), 3‐acetoxyhexa‐ and octadecanoic acid (31%) and 2‐(2‐penta‐ and heptadecyl) succinic anhydride (23%), respectively. The structures of individual compounds were characterized by spectral methods.
Laboratory endurance test of a sunflower oil blend in a diesel engine
Authors: Ziejeski M. , Kaufman K. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effects of using a 25/75 blend (v/v) of alkali refined sunflower oil and diesel fuel in a direct‐injection diesel engine were compared to a baseline test with diesel fuel. There were no significant problems with engine operation during the baseline test. However, problems were experienced while using the blended fuel. The major problems were (a) abnormal buildup on the injection nozzle‐tips, (b) injector needle sticking, (c) secondary injection, (d) carbon buildup in the intake ports, (e) carbon deposits on the exhaust valve stems, (f) carbon filling of the compression ring grooves, and (g) abnormal lacquer and varnish buildup on the third piston land. The 25.75 blend cannot be recommended for long‐term use in a direct‐injection engine.
Canola and high erucic rapeseed oil as substitutes for diesel fuel: Preliminary tests
Authors: Strayer R. C. , Blake J. A. , Craig W. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA cooperative project using the facilities of the POS Pilot Plant Corporation, the Saskatchewan Research Council and the Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, and funded by Agriculture Canada, was initiated in 1980 to investigate the feasibility of using canola and high erucic rapeseed oil as a replacement/extender to diesel fuel in direct‐injection diesel engines. Work carried out included the documented production and refining of canola and R500 (high erucic) vegetable oils, preparation of methyl ester and of blends of all these fuels with methanol and ethanol. These fuels were evaluated by ASTM and improvised tests to determine their usefulness as diesel fuel. Engine tests involved a 2‐cylinder Petter diesel and a 6‐cylinder John Deere turbocharged diesel. Results were similar for both engines in short‐term performance tests, and indicated that: (a) maximal power was essentially the same when burning canola oil as when burning diesel fuel; (b) specific fuel consumption was ca. 6% higher when burning canola oil, but because canola oil has a heating value 14% less than diesel fuel, the thermal efficiency is somewhat higher when operating on canola oil; (c) there were no starting problems down to 10 C; (d) there were fewer particulates in the exhaust when burning canola oil; and (e) there was generally less combustion noise when burning canola oil. The high viscosity of canola oil (ca. 35 times that of disel fuel at 20 C) poses a major problem in using the oil at low temperature. Blending with diesel fuel and the creation of a methyl ester from the canola oil both proved effective in reducing viscosity, but neither lowered the pour point apprecibly. Efforts on reduction of pour points and further work on blends and on heating the fuel are described.