bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
p21waf1/CIP1, a CDK inhibitor and a negative feedback system that controls macrophage activation
Authors: Lloberas Jorge , Celada Antonio 
Published: March 2009

Abstractp21WAF1/CIP1 (p21) is a crucial CDK inhibitor that controls the cell cycle. This molecule is also involved in the regulation of apoptosis and gene expression. However, like many other cell regulators, the functional activity of p21 depends on its cellular context and is controlled through phosphorylation and protein–protein interactions. p21 is also important in cells of the immune system regulating the cell cycle and preventing apoptosis of macrophages. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, two reports investigate the role of p21 further determining its critical role as a negative regulator of macrophage activation, in particular inhibiting the LPS‐dependent induction of TNF‐α and IL‐1β. The inhibition mediated by p21 is shown to be related to NF‐κB activity. Furthermore, the observation that p21−/− mice are more susceptible to septic shock supports the notion that p21 is a negative regulator of macrophage activation and therefore a potential new target to control inflammatory diseases.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 3/09
Authors: Ouyang Wenjun , Filvaroff Ellen , Hu Yan , Grogan Jane 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe cover picture features the hallmark set of scales representing the balancing of opinions in our Viewpoint series, with the schematic cell indicating the focus of this issue's series, i.e. Th17 cells/IL‐17. The schematic is taken from the article by Ouyang et al. (pp. 670–675) in which the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting the Th17 pathway for the treatment of autoimmune disease is considered.
The Day of Immunology 2009
Authors: Kaufmann Stefan H. E. , Hahner Astrid 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe year 2009 sees the bicentennial of Darwin's birth and the sesquicentennial of his major publication On the Origin of Species. Thus, 2009 will witness numerous attempts to interpret scientific results from an evolutionary standpoint. For immunology, this makes a lot of sense. The immune response has evolved as a countermeasure to nature's most evolution‐prone organisms – the microbes. The generation times of many microbes are in the range of minutes to hours, hence a million times faster than humans. Owing to their rapid generation times, microbes are best equipped to follow Darwinian evolution relying on random mutation followed by selection of the fittest.
An Efficient Route to Group 6 and 8 Metallaborane Compounds: Synthesis of arachno‐[Cp*Fe(CO)B3H8] and closo‐[(Cp*M)2B5H9] (M = Mo, W)
Authors: Geetharani K. , Kumar Bose Shubhankar , Pramanik Goutam , Kumar Saha Tanmoy , Ramkumar V. , Ghosh Sundargopal 
Published: March 2009

AbstractReaction of [Cp*Fe(CO)2I] (Cp* = η5‐C5Me5) with an excess amount of BH3·thf in toluene at 75 °C or with LiBH4 at –78 °C leads to the isolation of hydrogen‐rich ferraborane arachno‐[Cp*Fe(CO)B3H8] in good yield. In a similar fashion, reaction of [Cp*M(CO)3Cl] (M = Mo and W) with an excess amount of BH3·thf at 80 °C or at –78 °C with LiBH4 yielded metallaboranes [(Cp*M)2B5H9] (M = Mo, W). Isolated yields of closo‐[(Cp*M)2B5H9], (M = Mo and W), both from LiBH4 and BH3·thf, are good. All compounds were characterized in solution by IR, 1H, 11B, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and the structural types were unequivocallyestablished by crystallographic analysis of arachno‐[Cp*Fe(CO)B3H8].(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Palladium Complexes Containing Potentially Chelating Pyridylidene‐Type Carbene Ligands
Authors: Poulain Aurélie , Neels Antonia , Albrecht Martin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOxidative addition of 2‐bromopyridine derivatives containing a potentially chelating donor group E (E = NMe2, SMe, SPh) to palladium(0) gives C,E‐bound pyridylpalladium(II) complexes. Mono‐, di‐, and polymeric palladium complexes are obtained depending on the type of functionalization at the pyridyl nitrogen. With a lone pair at nitrogen, dimetallic products are isolated, while protonation gives monometallic pyridylidene‐type complexes. Remarkably, N‐methylation inhibits chelating ligand coordination and a one‐dimensional polymer is formed instead. Heck‐type arylation of styrene is used as a probe for the catalytic activity of the palladium pyridylidene complexes and reveals moderate activities. Mechanistic studies support a heterogeneous mode of action, including loss of the pyridylidene‐type ligand from the metal coordination sphere.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Systematic Electronic Control in Ambipolar Compounds Optimizes Their Photoluminescence Properties: Synthesis, Characterization, and Device Fabrication of Four‐Coordinate Boron Compounds Containing an N,O‐Chelating Oxazolylphenolate Ligand
Authors: Son Ho‐Jin , Han Won‐Sik , Wee Kyung‐Ryang , Chun Ji‐Yun , Choi Kyu‐Bum , Han Su Jung , Kwon Soon‐Nam , Ko Jaejung , Lee Chongmok , Kang Sang Ook 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of four‐coordinate boron compounds of the type N,O‐(OPhOxZArX)BPh2 or N,O‐(OPhOxZNPh2)BPh2 (5a–g) has been prepared by treating triphenylboron (TPB) with2‐(4,4‐dimethyl‐4,5‐dihydrooxazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐X‐arylphenols(HOPhOxZArX; 4a–f) or 2‐(4,4‐dimethyl‐4,5‐dihydrooxazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐(4‐diphenylamino)phenol (HOPhOxZNPh2; 4g). A systematic change in the electronic structures is achieved in these compounds by incorporating electron‐withdrawing (EW) and ‐donating (ED) groups [ArX (X = 4‐cyano‐, 2,4‐difluoro‐, 4‐chloro‐, phenyl, 4‐methoxy‐, and 4‐dimethylaminophenyl) or NPh2] at the 4‐position of the phenoxide. The absorption and emission maxima of the ED groups show a significant red‐shift compared to those observed in the EW groups. This red‐shift suggests that π‐conjugation is effectively extended over the arylphenoxides and oxazoline moiety once the boron center has been plugged into the corresponding ligands. The gradual decrease observed in the bandgaps on going from EW to ED groups is found to be in agreement with the increase in oxidation potentials determined by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments. In particular, a Hammet plot between the EW and ED substituents and oxidation potentials confirms the ground state electronic perturbation. Such alterations are attributed mainly to an elevation of the energy levels of the HOMOs), as further confirmed by a series of theoretical calculations on the frontier orbitals of each system. The ED group (‐NPh2) substituted compound 5g shows a bipolar character due to intramolecular charge transfer in the complex, with the highest photoluminescence quantum yield being obtained in toluene. This new boron complex was found to function as an emitter in electroluminescence (EL) devices, with a maximum brightness of 2905 cd/m2 at 13 V and a current efficiency of 1.63 cd/A at 6 mA/cm2, with a turn‐on voltage of 4.3 V.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Reactions of 3‐(Diethylboryl)stannoles with Isocyanates
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Thoma Peter , Kempe Rhett 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDiethynyl(diphenyl)stannane was prepared, fully characterised in solution and in the solid state, and its reaction with triethylborane, BEt3, afforded 3‐(diethylboryl)‐4‐ethyl‐1,1‐diphenyl‐stannole in essentially quantitative yield. Treatment with isocyanates converted this stannole and the known analogous 1,1‐dimethyl derivative into novel bicyclic compounds containing an aminoborane unit. These reactions were found to proceed diastereoselectively, again in essentially quantitative yield. The bicyclic compounds react with methanol through rearrangement and elimination of ethyl(dimethoxy)borane to give novel 1‐stannacyclopent‐3‐ene derivatives, one of which could be structurally characterised by X‐ray analysis. All final products and intermediates were studied in solution by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 11B, 13C, 119Sn NMR).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of Hafnacyclopentanes from Hafnocene Alkyne Complexes: Influence of Styrene Substituents on the C–C Coupling Regioselectivity
Authors: Beweries Torsten , Burlakov Vladimir V. , Arndt Perdita , Baumann Wolfgang , Spannenberg Anke , Rosenthal Uwe 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe alkyne complexrac‐(ebthi)Hf(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3) (1)[ebthi = 1,2‐ethylene‐1,1′‐bis(η5‐tetrahydroindenyl)] reacts with styrene andp‐(trifluoromethyl)styrene to give hafnacyclopentanes2and3, respectively. C–C coupling proceeds in different ways: whereas for complex2a hafnacyclopentane with substituents in the α,β‐position is formed, in the latter case only α,α coupling was observed. Complexes2and3can be activated with B(C6F5)3to form active catalysts for the polymerization of ethylene.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
New Mixed Li/Mg and Li/Mg/Zn Amides for the Chemoselective Metallation of Arenes and Heteroarenes
Authors: Rohbogner Christoph J. , Wunderlich Stefan H. , Clososki Giuliano C. , Knochel Paul 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNew mixed Li/Mg and Li/Mg/Zn amides have been synthesized starting from readily prepared secondary amines. They allow a highly chemoselective directed magnesiation or zincation of various polyfunctional aromatics and heteroaromatics. The kinetic basicity, solubility and stability of these new bases have been compared with those of the corresponding 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperamide‐derived bases.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Total Synthesis of Graphislactones A, C, D, and H, of Ulocladol, and of the Originally Proposed and Revised Structures of Graphislactones E and F
Authors: Altemöller Martina , Gehring Timo , Cudaj Judith , Podlech Joachim , Goesmann Helmut , Feldmann Claus , Rothenberger Alexander 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGraphislactones A–H and the structurally related ulocladol are highly oxygenated resorcylic lactones produced by lichens and fungi. We present total syntheses of graphislactones A, C–F, H and of ulocladol. Graphislactones E, F, and H were synthesized for the first time. The spectra of graphislactones E and F synthesized as the originally proposed structures were not in agreement with published data. Consequently, revised structures for these compounds are proposed, whose correctness is unambiguously proven by total synthesis and comparison of the spectroscopic data. Key steps in all syntheses are Suzuki couplings for the construction of the central biaryl bond and Dakin reactions to supply further hydroxy groups required in these highly oxygenated substrates. Graphislactones A, C, and H, acylated graphislactone D and ulocladol were prepared in 8–11 steps with 7–20 % yield starting with purchasable compounds, where the longest linear sequence consists of 5–9 steps. The syntheses are thus significantly shorter than the previously published syntheses of graphislactones A–D and of ulocladol. Graphislactones E and F were synthesized in 8 steps, where the longest linear sequences consist of 6 and 5 steps, respectively. They were isolated as the respective acetylated compounds with 25 and 10 % yield.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Kinetic Study of the Oxidation of Catechols in the Presence of Some Aza‐crown Ethers by Digital Simulation of Cyclic Voltammograms
Authors: Nematollahi Davood , Mohammadi‐Behzad Leila , Davarani Saied Saeed Hossainy 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe electrochemical oxidation of catechols (1) have been studied in the presence of diaza‐18‐crown‐6 (DA18C6) (3a), diaza‐15‐crown‐5 (DA15C5) (3b), and aza‐15‐crown‐5 (A15C5) (3c) as nucleophiles in aqueous solution, by means of cyclic voltammetry and controlled‐potential coulometry. The results indicate the participation of electrochemically generated o‐benzoquinones (2) in Michael‐type reaction with aza‐crown ethers (3) to form the corresponding new o‐benzoquinone‐aza‐crown ether adducts (5). Based on ECE mechanism, the observed homogeneous rate constants (kobs) of the reaction of o‐bezoquinones (2) with aza‐crown ethers (3) were estimated by comparing the experimental cyclic voltammograms with the digital simulated results. The calculated observed homogeneous rate constants (kobs) was found to vary in the order DA18C6>DA15C5>A15C5.
Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Analysis of Methyl‐parathion (MPT) and 4‐Nitrophenol (PNP) by a New Type p‐NiTSPc/p‐PPD Coated Carbon Fiber Microelectrode (CFME)
Authors: Tapsoba I. , Bourhis S. , Feng T. , Pontié M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA novel modified carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME) was obtained by combination of tetrasulfonated nickel phtalocyanine (p‐NiTSPc) electroformed film associated to para‐phenylenediamine (p‐PPD) electropolymerized outer‐coating. The modified CFMEs where denoted C/p‐NiTSPc and C/p‐NiTSPc/p‐PPD, respectively. These electrodes are dedicated to the organophosphates compounds (OPs) methyl‐parathion (MPT) and para‐nitrophenol (PNP). Our contribution shows that both OPs can be determined simultaneously on the unmodified and modified C/p‐NiTSPc CFMEs. A clear electrocatalytic activity towards both MPT and PNP redox process was observed, for the first time, in presence of p‐NiTSPc. The obtained sensitivity for the C/p‐NiTSPc CFME was 80 nA L mg−1 in the concentration range 0.01 to 10 mg/L with a detection limit of 40 μg/L. Also the combination of p‐NiTSPc and p‐PPD electrodeposited films show, for the first time, the possibility to discriminate on the C/p‐NiTSPc/p‐PPD CFME between MPT and PNP. Stability experiments were also conducted for 3 weeks in acetate buffer showing a good reproductibility of the sensitivity to PNP vs. time in presence of MPT with a little loss of sensitivity (5%) after 3 weeks.
Microchip frontal affinity chromatography to study the binding of a ligand to teicoplanin‐derivatized microbeads
Authors: Liu Xiaojun , Gomez Frank A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMicrochip frontal affinity chromatography was demonstrated to estimate the binding of 5‐carboxyfluorescin‐(D‐Ala)3 (1) to magnetic microbeads derivatized with teicoplanin (Teic) from Actinoplanes teicomyceticus. In this technique, a cross‐chip was used whereby the two side channels contained an identical length (1.5 mm) of derivatized Teic microbeads (affinity column) and underivatized beads (control column), respectively. Cylindrical NdFeB magnets were fabricated into the PDMS chips to retain the magnetic beads. Upon application of a voltage, a sample of 1 was continuously introduced into the affinity column followed by a buffer wash and the same sample from the control channel. The extent of interaction between 1 and the two types of beads in either microchannel resulted in differences in migration time of the ligand as detected by fluorescence. This difference was used to obtain a value for the binding constant between 1 and Teic‐beads of 5.4×104 M−1. This technique reduces the amount of sample needed for the binding assay as compared with conventional frontal affinity chromatography techniques.
Enantioselective in‐line and off‐line CE methods for the kinetic study on cimetidine and its chiral metabolites with reference to flavin‐containing monooxygenase genetic isoforms
Authors: Hai Xin , Adams Erwin , Hoogmartens Jos , Van Schepdael Ann 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn in‐line screening and an off‐line chiral CE method were developed to determine the stereoselectivity of flavin‐containing monooxygenase (FMO) isoforms using cimetidine (CIM) as a substrate. The S‐oxygenation of CIM was investigated using achiral chemical oxidants and (human supersomes) enzymatic metabolism procedures. In the off‐line setup, the chiral selector sulfobutylether‐β‐CD was chosen to separate the CIM S‐oxide (CSO) metabolites. The electrophoretic migration order of CSO was confirmed to be (+) before (−) through the use of single enantiomers obtained by preparative chromatography. For the electrophoretically mediated microanalysis method, the in‐line enzymatic reaction was performed in 100 mM phosphate reaction buffer (pH 8.3), whereas 50 mM phosphate buffer with 30 mM chiral selector (pH 2.5) was used as a BGE. During the screening of FMO isoenzymes by the electrophoretically mediated microanalysis method, formation of the new chiral center on the CIM sulfur was found to be stereoselective. FMO1 produces more (−)‐CSO‐enantiomer, while FMO3 generates mainly (+)‐CSO‐enantiomer. On the other hand, FMO5 shows no activity. The kinetic constants of FMO1 and FMO3 were measured by the off‐line method. AKm=4.31 mM for the formation of the (+)‐CSO‐enantiomer and aKm=4.56 mM for the (−)‐CSO‐enantiomer are reported for the first time for FMO1.
Verbal cued recall as a predictor of conversion to Alzheimer's disease in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Dierckx E. , Engelborghs S. , De Raedt R. , Van Buggenhout M. , De Deyn P. P. , Verté D. , Ponjaert‐Kristoffersen I. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveThis study was set up to investigate whether neuropsychological tests are able to predict conversion to AD among Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients.MethodsAt baseline the cognitive part of the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMCOG), the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), a Dutch variation of Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test, the Memory Impairment Screen plus (MISplus) and the Visual Association Test (VAT) were administered to 40 patients diagnosed with MCI. After 18 months, MCI‐patients were reassessed and a follow‐up diagnosis was established. Of those who were seen for follow‐up (n = 31), seven fulfilled (NINCDS‐ADRDA) criteria of probable AD, while 24 did not convert.ResultsA binary logistic regression analysis showed that the MISplus contributed most to the prediction of conversion (OR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.099–0.790). With a cut‐off of 2 out of 6, a positive predictive value of 71.5%, a negative predictive value of 91.5% and an overall diagnostic accuracy of 87.0% were achieved.ConclusionsThis prospective, longitudinal study shows that a score of 0 or 1 out of 6 on the MISplus may be a good indicator of future (within 18 months) progression to AD among MCI‐patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cidofovir induces an increase in levels of low‐risk and high‐risk HPV E6
Authors: Donne Adam J. , Hampson Lynne , He Xiaotong T. , Rothera Michael P. , Homer Jarrod J. , Hampson Ian N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground.Cidofovir is a nucleoside analogue that is used off‐license to treat recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) caused by HPV6/11. However, the effect of this drug upon low‐risk HPV 6/11 gene expression is unknown.Methods.The expression of E6 was evaluated by RT‐PCR in HPV−ve C33A cervical carcinoma cells stably transfected with both low‐ and high‐risk HPV E6 cDNA's and in SiHa (HPV16+ve) cervical carcinoma cells after treatment with 2 doses and durations of exposure to cidofovir.Results.Compared to the vector only transcript, E6 RNA levels showed an 8‐fold increase in low‐risk and 20‐fold increase in high‐risk E6‐expressing cells. High‐risk E6 protein levels were also detected by Western blot in cidofovir‐treated C33A Type16 E6‐transfected cells.Conclusion.These data may indicate a potential rationale for increased risk of genetic instability and thus transformation due to drug‐induced increase in the level of E6. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Cotton‐swab cryotherapy for oral leukoplakia
Authors: Yu Chuan‐Hang , Chen Hsin‐Ming , Chang Chia‐Chuan , Hung Hsien‐Yen , Hsiao Chuhsing Kate , Chiang Chun‐Pin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground.Oral leukoplakia (OL) is a common oral precancerous lesion. Cotton‐swab cryotherapy (CSC) is commonly used for treating skin lesions but is rarely used for treating OL lesions.Methods.Sixty OL lesions were treated by CSC once every 2 weeks until complete regression (CR) of the lesion had been achieved.Results.CR was achieved in all 60 OL lesions after an average of 6.3 treatments with cryotherapy. The number of CSC treatments required to achieve CR was significantly fewer for OL lesions on oral mucosal sites other than the tongue, those <2 cm2, those with epithelial dysplasia, and those with a surface keratin thickness of <55 μm. Multivariate analyses showed that only the location and area of the OL lesions were independent factors influencing the number of CSC treatments required to achieve CR.Conclusion.For OL lesions with a mean surface area of ≤1.8 cm2, CR can be achieved with fewer than 7 CSC treatments on average. CSC is a simple, safe, easy, conservative, and acceptable treatment modality for OL lesions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Receptor tyrosine kinases in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas—Evaluation for EGFR, c‐KIT, and HER2/neu expression
Authors: Chernock Rebecca D. , Perry Arie , Pfeifer John D. , Holden Joseph A. , Lewis James S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground.Our objective was to identify the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c‐KIT (CD117), and HER2/neu in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC).Methods.Immunohistochemistry for c‐KIT (CD117), EGFR, and HER2/neu was performed on paraffin‐embedded tissue from SNUC cases. A search for activating mutations in c‐kit exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 or gene amplification was undertaken by high‐resolution DNA melting curve analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for c‐kit and chromosome 4, respectively.Results.By immunohistochemistry, 9 of 11 cases (81.8%) were diffusely (4+) positive for c‐KIT, 3 of 11 cases (27.3%) were positive for EGFR, and none of the cases were positive for HER2/neu. Neither activating mutations nor gene amplification of c‐kit were detected in any of the 8 assessable tumors.Conclusion.c‐KIT is frequently expressed in SNUC. However, the overexpression is not due to activating mutations or gene amplification. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Neuronal circuit‐dependent alterations in expression of two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase in the hippocampus following electroconvulsive shock: A stereology‐based study
Authors: Jinno Shozo , Kosaka Toshio 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThere is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that GABAergic dysfunction is involved in various psychiatric disorders. The goal of our study was to investigate the influences of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), one of the most effective treatments for depression, on the GABAergic system in the hippocampus. In this stereology‐based study, we identified GABAergic neurons by immunostaining for two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65, and GAD67 and estimated the expression changes induced by single or repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS; an animal model of ECT). The numerical density (ND) of entire population of GABAergic neurons (expressing GAD65 and/or GAD67) was seldom altered by the administration of ECS. GAD67‐positive (GAD67+) neurons were also rarely affected by ECS. On the other hand, the ND of GAD65+neurons was changed in a layer‐specific manner. In the CA1 region, the ND of GAD65+neurons was increased in the strata radiatum/lacunosum‐moleculare (SR/SLM) by repeated ECS. In the CA3 region, the ND of GAD65+neurons was decreased in the stratum oriens and SR/SLM after single ECS. The expression ratio of GAD65 in GABAergic neurons was increased specifically in layers receiving afferents from the entorhinal cortex (EC), i.e., SR/SLM of the CA1 region and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG), after repeated ECS administration, whereas the expression ratio of GAD67 in GABAergic neurons was decreased in several layers by the same treatment. These results indicate that the ECS‐induced changes in ND of GAD65+or GAD67+neurons were most likely due to alterations in GAD expression rather than actual increases or decreases in cell numbers. Altogether, the neuronal circuit‐dependent alterations in GABA‐mediated signaling may play a contributory role in the depression treatment process introduced by ECT. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.