bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trace metal contents of fish meal and of the lipid phase extracted from fish meal
Authors: Lunde Gulbrand 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn fish meal produced industrially and in the laboratory from mackerel (Scomber scomber), herring (Clupea harengus), Norway pout (Boreogadus esmarkii) and capelin (Mallotus villosus), the following trace elements have been determined: cadmium, zinc, lead, copper, iron and cobalt, and, in the lipid phase extracted from the meals: selenium, arsenic, bromine, zinc, iron and copper. In addition phosphorus was determined. The results show that the level of zinc, lead and iron is higher in the industrially produced meals compared to those produced in the laboratory. Assuming that the zinc to cadmium ratio occurring naturally in seawater is about 100 to one, then the results indicate that zinc seems to be enriched relative to cadmium in the fish meal. Besides the elements arsenic, bromine, selenium and phosphorus which are present in the lipid phase as organic compounds, zinc, iron and cobalt are also present. These are probably complexed bound by the phospholipids. The selenium detected in the lipid phase (0.3 to 3 parts/million) shows that the organic lipid‐soluble selenium compounds do not decompose during the production of the fish meal.
The preservation and storage of leaf protein preparations
Authors: Arkcoll David B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMoist leaf protein is most readily preserved for a few months by adding 1 % acetic acid. When dried leaf protein is stored, there is oxidation of the lipid fraction which decreases the carotenoid and tocopherol contents, and affects the nutritional value and palatability of the protein. Oxidation is especially rapid when products are stored in the light because of the catalytic effect of chlorophyll. The preparations contain 0.8 to 1.7 mg/g of β‐carotene that oxidises fast giving some protection to other lipids. Using carotene oxidation as an index, satisfactory storage is best achieved by processing extracts rapidly to avoid the destruction of natural antioxidants and the formation of lipoperoxides in the juice; dried products will then keep well at room temperature, packed tightly in bags impermeable to light and oxygen.
The study of some properties of rapeseed protein with a view to protein concentrate production
Authors: Girault A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOptimum conditions for extraction and precipitation of rapeseed proteins have been defined: 10% NaCl extracts 70% of the total nitrogen (Nt) of a laboratory defatted flour and 0.1 N‐NaOH, 89% (but only 62% of the Nt of an industrial oil meal). The maximum precipitation of these proteins occurs at pH 3 (NaCl extract) and pH 6.5 (NaOH extract) with fairly low yields (22 and 51% of protein nitrogen, respectively). The explanation lies in the distinctive behaviour of two protein groups. The first one, composed of high molecular weight proteins, is readily precipitated by HCl; the second one, comprised of basic, low molecular weight proteins of excellent amino‐acid composition, is precipitated with great difficulty (trichloroacetic acid). Furthermore, the low protein yields generally reported also originate in important differences in solubility between laboratory defatted flour and industrial meal proteins, probably due to the denaturing action of heat and moisture used in oil‐processing.
Nutritive value and baking properties of bread supplemented with candida utilis
Authors: Yáñez E. , Wulf H. , Ballester Digna , Fernández Natividad , Gattás Vivien , Mönckeberg F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe enrichment of bread with the yeast Candida utilis, at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 10% cultivated on sugar beet molasses, was studied. The physical characteristics, chemical composition and biological quality of the protein were determined in every case. The results showed that the farinograph valorimeter value and the physical dough characteristics were adversely affected by the addition of C. utilis. The loaf volume decreased noticeably at levels of fortification higher than 1%. The colour became increasingly darker with every rise in supplementation level. Chemical analyses of bread showed that addition of C. utilis increased the concentration of crude protein from 14.4% in the control bread to 21.3% in the 10% enriched bread. The biological study in rats showed that p.e.r. progressively increased from 0.84 for the control bread to 1.74 for the highest level of supplementation (P < 0.001). Supplementation of bread with C. utilis can make an important contribution to meeting the daily protein requirements in those countries where this food constitutes a significant part of the diet.
The sorption of iodide by soils as influenced by equilibrium conditions and soil properties
Authors: Whitehead D. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sorption of iodide was reduced when soil was dried before equilibration with an iodide solution. With undried soils, sorption continued for > 48 h, maximum sorption occurred at pH values < 5 but a secondary sorption peak occurred at pH 8.5 to 9.0, particularly with a soil containing a high level of organic matter. Temperature had only a small effect on sorption over the range 10 to 35 °C.Maximum values for the sorption of iodide by two surface soils (0 to 10cm) at pH 6.6 to 6.8, assessed with a soil: solution ratio of 1:10, an equilibrium time of 40 h and at room temperature, were 25 and 6 fig I/g soil, respectively. The amounts of iodide sorbed by these soils, and by soils taken from successive 10 cm layers to a depth of 40 cm at the same two sites, were closely related to the contents of organic matter in the soils but not to contents of iron or aluminium oxides or of clay. Treatment of the surface soils with hydrogen peroxide to destroy organic matter greatly reduced the sorption of iodide at the pH of about 5.5 that resulted from the treatment. The removal of iron and aluminium oxides with Tamm reagent also resulted in a marked reduction in sorption at pH < 5.The results indicate that sorption was due in part to soil organic matter and in part to iron and/or aluminium oxides. At pH > 6, organic matter appeared to be the major sorbing constituent but under more acid conditions the oxides appeared to be increasingly important.
A comparison of X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry and chemical methods for determining sulphur in plant material
Authors: Bolton John , Brown George , Pruden Gordon , Williams Carolyn 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid method for determining total S in plants by X‐ray fluorescence spectro‐metric analysis of ground pelletised plant material is compared with chemical methods using titrimetric, flame photometric and turbidimetric methods of sulphate determination. Errors in the chemical methods were caused by incomplete oxidation of organic sulphur and by non‐reproducibility of the turbidimetric determination of sulphate. A method incorporating the oxidation of the sample with HNO3 and Mg(NO3)2 and titration of the reduced sulphate by mercuric acetate gave recoveries accurate to a mean of 1% when determining the sulphur content of sulphur compounds.Taking the results for plant materials determined by the titrimetric method as standard, XRF gave sulphur values with a mean difference of 4%; the flame photometric determination of sulphate after HNO3 + Mg(NO3)2 oxidation gave results with a mean difference of 12%. The effect of absorption of S radiation by silicon is noted.
Chemical and in vivo evaluation of a brown midrib mutant of zea mays. II. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of digested and undigested alkali lignins and undigested dimethyformamide lignins
Authors: Gordon A. J. , Griffith P. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectra were obtained on the alkali lignins extracted from Tr and bm1 cornstalks, before and after digestion by sheep, and on the dimethylformamide lignins (DMFL) from undigested cornstalks. Differences due to solvent extraction, plant genotype and digestion were apparent. The bm1 corn lignin has a higher degree of cross linking of the propane side chain of the lignin molecule than Tr corn lignin, a factor which may be significant in determining the effect of lignin on digestibility. The main effect of digestion was to increase the degree of cross‐linking of the propane side chain, especially with the Tr lignin. Alkali lignin n.m.r. spectra were considerably different from DMFL n.m.r. spectra. For example over 40% of the total bm DMFL protons were highly shielded protons but these were virtually absent in the alkali lignins. These highly shielded protons cannot be explained by the presence of ferulic and p‐coumaric acids in DMFL.
Characterisation of three wheat proteins found in chloroform‐methanol extracts of flour
Authors: Redman D. G. , Ewart J. A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree wheat proteins, CM1, CM2 and CM3 constituting in total more than 1% of flour proteins, have been isolated from chloroform—methanol (2:1 v/v) extracts of flour. CM1 and 2 have single chains with m.w. of 13 000 and isoleucine as the C‐terminal amino acid. They appear to be closely related even in amino acid sequence as judged from fingerprints. All three proteins are soluble in chloroform—methanol after freeing from lipid, but only moderately so in water. CM3 becomes insoluble after reduction of SS bonds due to aggregation of the reduced poly‐peptide chains by secondary forces. It differs appreciably from CM1 and 2 in sequence and has C‐terminal leucine and a m.w. of 15 000.The mobilities of CM2 and 3 at pH 3.2 are very close to ALB 13A and ALB 13B, respectively, and the albumins found in electrophoretic patterns of crude gliadin preparations do in fact represent mixtures of both classes.
Response by sugar beet to soil dressings and foliar sprays of manganese
Authors: Draycott A. P. , Farley R. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResponse by sugar beet to manganese in 16 field experiments on organic soils is reported. Soil applications of manganous oxide and manganese silicate “frit” were compared with foliar sprays of manganese sulphate equivalent to 9 and 18 kg/ha Mn in seven experiments (1969 to 1971); three experiments during the same period tested up to three sprays of manganese sulphate, each equivalent to 9 kg/ha Mn on severely manganese‐deficient crops. Six previous experiments (1936 to 1941) compared soil applications of manganese sulphate, in the seedbed and as top‐dressings, with foliar sprays of manganese sulphate in amounts up to 42 kg/ha Mn to the soil and up to 1.5 kg/ha Mn in the sprays.The manganous oxide and the silicate frit did not prevent deficiency and increased neither the concentration of manganese in the leaves during the growing season nor the sugar yield at harvest. Manganese sulphate sprays increased the concentration of manganese in the leaves, cured most of the symptoms and increased sugar yield by up to 1.5 tons/ha. On average of the ten experiments 1969 to 1971, the crop responded little to treatment when less than 20% of plants showed symptoms. When 21 to 60% of plants were affected, the sprays increased sugar yield by 5% and by 17% when more than 60% were affected. Of several extractants tested, the fraction of soil manganese extracted by normal ammonium acetate buffered to pH 7.0 and containing hydroquinone was best correlated with the concentration of manganese in the leaves. The early experiments showed that large soil dressings of manganese sulphate controlled symptoms and increased sugar yield but sprays applying much smaller quantities were equally effective.
Sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis of wheat gliadins
Authors: Ewart J. A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolypeptide chain weights of α‐, β‐ and γ‐gliadin fractions have been estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulphate. Values lie in the range 32 000 to 44 000. When available data on the amino acid analyses were adjusted and compared, significant similarities emerged. It is suggested that these gliadins contain a minimum of 4 cystine residues/molecule. The results provide support for the hypothesis that glutenins and gliadins have evolved from a common precursor. The results of an amino acid analysis of a previously unreported β‐gliadin component are included.
Effect of feeding restricted amounts of a medium and a high protein diet during the finishing period on growth, fat deposition and feed efficiency of male and female broilers
Authors: Auckland John N. , Fulton Robert B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn experiment is described in which male and female broilers were fed either a 20 or a 23% crude protein diet, at 4 levels of intake—ad libitum and about 96, 92 and 87% of ad libitum—from 35 to 56 or 60 days of age.Males ate more, grew faster and converted food to body weight more efficiently than females. Male carcasses were significantly leaner than female carcasses at market age.On average, birds fed the high‐protein diet ate a similar amount of food, grew at a slightly slower rate and converted food to body weight significantly less efficiently than birds fed the medium‐protein diet. Carcass dry matter of birds fed the high‐protein diet contained only about two percentage points less ether extract than that of those fed the medium protein diet.Growth rate and feed efficiency in the 35‐ to 56‐day period decreased as the feed allowance was reduced. Groups fed the lowest level of food intake were kept until 60 days of age, when live weight was similar but carcasses were somewhat leaner than those of ad libitum groups at 56 days. In spite of the similarity in final live weight and lower body fat content, food conversion in the 35‐ to 60‐day period for birds fed the lowest level of food intake was less efficient than that for ad libitum groups in the shorter 35‐ to 56‐day period.
Effect of feeding restricted amounts of a medium‐ and high‐protein diet on growth and body composition of ducklings
Authors: Auckland John N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA total of 216 ducklings of mixed sex were fed diets containing either 19.5 or 24.7% crude protein, either to appetite or to 85% of appetite, from 1 to 21 or 24 days of age.There were no significant interactions between dietary protein content and level of feeding. At 21 days ducklings fed the high‐protein diet were 28% heavier than those fed the medium‐protein diet and birds fed the higher level of intake were 17% heavier than restricted groups. At 24 days the body weight of restricted ducklings was similar to that of those fed the higher level of intake at 21 days. From 1 to 21 days efficiency of food utilisation was better for ducks fed the high rather than the medium protein diet, but similar for the two levels of food intake. Efficiency of the restricted groups in the 1 to 24 days period was slightly worse than that of groups of similar body weight fed the higher level of intake from 1 to 21 days.At 21 days carcasses of ducklings fed the high protein diet contained 31% dry matter, of which 34% was fat and 53% was protein, compared with 34% dry matter in the carcasses from the medium protein groups, of which 41% was fat and 48% was protein. Feed restriction had no effect on carcass dry matter and the reduction in percentage ether extract was only about half the magnitude of the reduction due to dietary protein level. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on percentage protein in fat‐free dry matter. At 24 days carcasses of restricted ducklings contained more dry matter but the proportions of ether extract and crude protein were similar to those in younger (21 days) ducklings of similar body weight fed at the higher level of food intake.
Total cations in the size‐fractions of some british and malayan soils and their release to H+‐resins
Authors: Bolton John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTotal K, Na, Ca and Mg in the sand, silt and clay of six British and four Malayan soils and the proportions released to H+‐resins in 1 h, 3, 10, 23 and 43 days were measured. The clays contained and released to the resins more K and Mg than coarser fractions. The release was continuous except from the acid Malayan soils which stopped releasing K after 3 days.More Mg was released to the resins than K, although no non‐exchangeable Mg but much non‐exchangeable K was released to ryegrass grown in the soils (after liming). This suggests that H+‐resins caused structural decomposition of the clay minerals which, together with the anomolous K release from acid soils, would limit their usefulness for measuring soil cations available to crops.
Fungal lipids. II. Effects of Varying Concentration of Nitrogen in the Medium and Incubation Period on the Chemical Composition of Lipids of Pythium irregulare Buisman
Authors: Bhatia I. S. , Raheja R. K. , Sukhija P. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEffects of varying the concentration of nitrogen in the medium and the incubation period on the chemical composition of lipids of Pythium irregulare Buisman were studied. In general, with low C/N ratios, the growth of mycelium and the lipid synthesis were found to increase up to the eleventh day of incubation after an initial lag period of five days. Thereafter only slight changes were observed. The fatty acid composition with low C/N ratios showed a considerable variation throughout the growth period. With high C/N ratios, the lipid content continued to increase during the whole period of growth. During this phase of growth, a rapid synthesis of triglycerides along with a marginal increase in the polar fraction was observed.In all the non‐polar lipid classes, oleic and palmitic were the major fatty acid components. Free fatty acid fractions comprised mainly of palmitic, oleic and arachidic acids. In all polar lipid fractions, except phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acids, oleic and palmitic were the principal acids. By argentation thin‐layer chromatography, eight mixed triglyceride classes were observed.
The aleurone layer of wheat. IV. Effects of extraction by aqueous media
Authors: Stevens Derrick J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of aleurone layer were prepared from wheat bran by a non‐aqueous method and extracted with (i) water, (ii) 1 M‐sodium chloride solution, (iii) 0.04 M‐hydrochloric acid and (iv) 0.04 M‐sodium hydroxide solution. The amounts of protein in the extracts were measured and the extracted materials examined by the Scanning Electron Microscope. The results showed that the walls of the aleurone cells were not impermeable to the protein of the cell contents, since substantial amounts were extracted by all of the media. Comparison of the S.E.M. micrographs with those of unextracted material, together with the protein extraction results, showed that although alkali extracted more protein than did acid, it did not affect the aleurone granules, which were solubilised by acid. This evidence could not be reconciled with the widely‐held view that aleurone grains are composed of protein.
Benthic marine and blue–green algal species as a source of choline
Authors: Dasilva Edgar , Jensen Arne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpecies of red, brown and green seaweeds and blue‐green algae were evaluated as sources of choline. A third of the seaweeds and all the blue‐green algae gave very low values. Of the remainder, the brown seaweeds yielded contents between 0.1 to 6, the red 1 to 6 and the green 3 to 8 mg choline/g of dry alga. The seasonal variation was investigated in three brown algae. Commercial seaweed meals from Ascophyllum nodosum showed nearly constant levels of choline. The chromatographic behaviour of the choline‐reineckate complex was also studied.
Factors affecting the puffing quality of paddy
Authors: Srinivas T. , Desikachar H. S. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHistological studies showed that in good puffing varieties of paddy the aleurone layer was thin and weak at the specific points of bursting while the clearance between the husk and kernel was large and the grain was easily shelled. In the poor puffing varieties the aleurone was uniformly thicker along the peripheral section while clearance between husk and grain was smaller and the grains were relatively more difficult to shell.Optimum maturity of grains at an average grain moisture of 20 to 24% was essential for getting maximum puffing. Delayed harvesting caused sun checks and reduced overall puffing expansion. Sun checks caused by severe drying in the sun produced a similar effect. High grain density was associated with better puffing.
Preservation of high‐moisture dried prunes with sodium benzoate instead of potassium sorbate
Authors: Schade John E. , Stafford Allen E. , King A. Douglas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relative efficacy of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate as preservatives for high‐moisture dried prunes was determined using prunes with moisture contents between 31 and 38%. As the moisture content of the prunes increased, the level of preservative required increased. Higher concentrations of sodium benzoate than potassium sorbate were required to achieve equal protection of prunes from spoilage. The relative efficacy of these preservatives varies with the type of microbial spoilage. While sodium benzoate generally appeared to be about equally effective against the yeast and moulds used, potassium sorbate was more effective against the mould than against the yeasts. It appeared that it would take 40 to 90% more sodium benzoate than potassium sorbate to preserve high‐moisture dried prunes from both types of spoilage. On the basis of the present commercial levels of potassium sorbate, it should be possible to preserve commercially produced high‐moisture dried prunes using sodium benzoate without exceeding the U.S. legal limit of 0.1%.
Two improved methods for the determination of soluble carbohydrates
Authors: Flood Alan E. , Priestley C. Austen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractModifications have been made to a periodate oxidation procedure originally described by Rappaport et al.1,2 These have resulted in a procedure suited to the routine determination of a wide range of carbohydrates in solution, including soluble sugars, sugar alcohols, oligosaccharides and the hydrolysis products of reserve polysaccharides. A reasonably accurate estimate of fructose in a mixture of sugars is possible by the determination of the periodate consumption of aliquots before and after the destruction of fructose.An improved ferricyanide method is suited to the determination of reducing sugars.Both methods may be applied with equal success to hexose and pentose sugars. When used in conjunction, the two methods enable the estimation of fructose, reducing sugar, sucrose and sugar alcohol in aliquots of the same extract.
Variability in fatty acid composition in peanut. II. Spreading group
Authors: Sekhon K. S. , Ahuja K. L. , Jaswal Satvir , Bhatia I. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOil content and fatty acid composition of 50 spreading peanut types and correlations thereof are reported. There was little variation in oil content (49.7 ± 2.01); among fatty acids, oleic (49.9 ± 12.5) and linoleic (34.4 ± 12.4) showed wider variation. Oleic and linoleic were found to have a very strong negative correlation (−0.942).