bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Administration and Practice of Leasehold Pastoralism in Turkmenistan
Authors: Behnke Roy , Jabbar Abdul , Budanov Akmohammet , Davidson Grant 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Turkmenistan retains a centralised system of livestock production in which many essential assets are owned by the state. This article examines the impact of state ownership on natural resource allocation, husbandry practices and herd mobility. The article is based on a three-year study of rangelands, livestock production, flock economics and land tenure at two study sites, one in central and the other in eastern Turkmenistan. The study documents a high degree of variability in conditions at different pastoral localities, despite the imposition of a single, monolithic system of state administration. There is also ample evidence of the continuing importance of late Soviet-era agricultural reforms, but little evidence of any revival of indigenous Turkmen social institutions.
Development and the Enclosure Movement in Pastoral Tibet since the 1980s
Authors: Bauer Ken 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This article discusses the implementation of development policies in pastoral areas of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) since the reforms of the 1980s. It analyses why certain kinds of interventions - particularly fencing - have been introduced. The rhetoric and reality of markets, technology, degradation and land tenure in the reform era are put into ecological, historical and cultural perspective. The causes and potential consequences of widespread fencing are also considered and, based on these trends, the article speculates on the future development trajectory of pastoral areas in the TAR.
Pastoralism in the Gorno-Badakhshan Region of Tajikistan
Authors: Robinson Sarah 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This report describes the major grazing systems and current problems facing pastoralists in the Pamir mountains of Tajikistan. Field observations and household income data, as well as a participatory assessment of living standards, are presented. The report discusses changes in livestock numbers and seasonal migrations that have occurred as a result of Tajikistan's independence from the USSR and the subsequent civil war there (1993-1997). Changing land tenure laws and adaptations of pastoralist systems are described, along with development initiatives that are attempting to ameliorate poverty among Tajikistan's pastoralists.
Green Governmentality and Pastoralism in Western China: 'Converting Pastures to Grasslands'
Authors: Yeh Emily T. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
One of China's newest large-scale 'ecological construction' projects, 'converting pastures to grasslands' (tuimu huancao), calls for the creation of three new types of zones on existing pastures: zones in which grazing is to be permanently banned, zones in which grazing is to cease for a period of several years, and zones in which pasture is to be seasonally closed. This project is likely to significantly alter the livelihoods of tens of thousands of pastoralists living in Western China. The paper discusses the policy context in which tuimu huancao emerged, analyzing both continuities with and disjunctures from previous ecological restoration and rangeland management policies, including 'Open up the West,' the Sloping Land Conversion Project, and the 'four that form a complete set' (si peitao). Differences suggest that tuimu huancao constitutes a deepening of state control over territory, and can be understood as an emergent form of green governmentality in China. The paper then discusses tuimu huancao implementation on the Tibetan plateau, specifically in Qinghai and Sichuan provinces. Finally, directions for future research are outlined.
Developing Alternatives to Resettlement for Pastoralists on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Richard Camille 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This field report from the People's Republic of China describes the rapid changes in the large-scale settlement of pastoralists brought on by government policies. It discusses China's Grassland Law and the more recent 'converting pastures to grasslands' (in Mandarin, tuimu huancao) initiative. The complications and paradoxes of present land use policies are discussed drawing on empirical evidence gathered during fieldwork. This report describes efforts by two NGOs working in Tibetan pastoral communities to build social capital and cooperative entities for the purpose of improving economic welfare, particularly in response to the challenges faced as a result of government policies.
De-Development in Eastern Kyrgyzstan and Persistence of Semi-Nomadic Livestock Herding
Authors: Farrington John D. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This article discusses postcollective herding practices of Kyrgyzstan's seminomadic pastoralists illustrated by case studies of herders in the highland areas of eastern Kyrgyzstan in 2004. After independence in 1991, the privatisation of all livestock meant the burden of risk devolved onto individuals rather than networks, such as collectives or clan units, for the first time in the history of these pastoralists. The ongoing process of social reorganisation which followed livestock privatisation has resulted in a wide variety of coping strategies being employed by herders, including both short- and long-distance migration as partnerships, individual families, extended families or reorganised herding cooperatives. At the same time, reduced livestock numbers since independence have left vast areas of grazing lands vacant. In spite of the many dramatic changes of the last 150 years, migration patterns and cultural identity among Kyrgyz herders have persisted.
Hunter-Herder Continuum in Anabarski District, NW Sakha, Siberia, Russian Federation
Authors: Ventsel Aimar 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Anabarski district in NW Sakha was traditionally a region with mixed hunting/ reindeer herding economy. Unusual for tundra reindeer herding, domestic reindeer herding in the Anabar tundra contained many features typical of taiga reindeer herding (riding on mounted deer, milking). In the local economic system, rich reindeer owners focused more on herding and poor people either worked for rich reindeer herders or left their animals in the herds of wealthy people and hunted seasonally for wild reindeer and Arctic foxes. Soviet agriculture incorporated this model into the collective farm ecology. While reindeer brigades focused on reindeer herding and hunted for their own needs, hunters migrated with small reindeer herds in their territory and left animals in the care of the reindeer brigades for the summer season. This practice continued up to the 'snowmobile revolution' in 1996. Although the reindeer economy prospered, i.e. the number of reindeer increased constantly, the district 'produced' meat of domestic reindeer only in these periods when the migration direction of wild reindeer was suitable. In post-socialist times, after the collapse of the planned economy, most native people of the district started to hunt intensively for subsistence, but in addition to this, private hunting enterprises emerged. At the same time, the government of the Republic of Sakha banned the slaughter of domestic reindeer. Since domestic reindeer were thus removed from the economic sphere, people in reindeer brigades either left for hunting enterprises or started to hunt wild reindeer to sell meat in order to have extra income. In this article, I argue that the hunter-herder continuum and the model of land use in the Anabarski district was adapted as an economic strategy in Soviet industrial agriculture and resisted general reindeer herding standards based on Komi commercial reindeer herding. This continuum made the shift from the Soviet into the post-Soviet economy easier and regulated the use of common pool resources of the tundra (cooperation between hunting and reindeer herding enterprises).
Is Siberian Reindeer Herding in Crisis? Living with Reindeer Fifteen Years after the End of State Socialism
Authors: Anderson David G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Most commentators on Siberian reindeer herding conclude that the dramatic drop in the numbers of domestic reindeer after the collapse of state socialism point to a crisis in reindeer husbandry. This article argues that instead of focusing on numbers we should focus on the way people form new relationships with reindeer in order to take advantage of opportunities thrown up by the post-Soviet landscape. By making reference to two case studies in the taiga and treeline areas, the author gives examples of 'interstitial practices' that reindeer herders use to survive and profit from fractured and over-regulated spaces. The author argues that the unique skills of reindeer herding, which allow people to alter the way that they use space and react to temporal pressures, give post-Soviet reindeer herders a unique adaptive strategy in a post-Soviet economy.
The Social Movement of Meat in Taimyr, Northern Russia
Authors: Ziker John P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Continuities in social, economic, and religious organisation of the formerly nomadic Dolgan and Nganasan in northern Russia are described, along with the process by which key values and norms are perpetuated. Kinship, communal property concepts, and delayed reciprocity are integral to local resource allocation and resource management. Benefits of sales to outsiders are funnelled into local networks, a practice that should continue if traditional strategies are to thrive.
Experience, Movement and Mobility: Komi Reindeer Herders' Perception of the Environment
Authors: Habeck Joachim Otto 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
On the basis of fieldwork among Komi reindeer herders in the north of Russia, the author discusses the concepts of movement and mobility. In the first part, he describes reindeer herders' migrations from an outsider's point of view, which reflects the conventional academic approach to the theme of pastoralists' mobility. Komi reindeer husbandry may be described as a transhumant system with protracted linear migrations. In the second part, he tries to look beyond these etic categories and gives an account of their movements from an emic perspective. Moving through the forests and tundra is inextricably connected with a sense of temporality, with the seasons and the weather, with events and memories, and with experience, learning and 'enskilment' (Ingold 2000). This emic perspective is discussed in the frame of Tim Ingold's thoughts about 'the perception of the environment' and other phenomenological approaches. The author differentiates between mobility as the potential of movement, and movement as mobility 'acted out'. The etic (outsiders') perspective can explain pastoral migrations as a potential (mobility), yet it cannot fully account for the pastoralists' being in action (movement).
Darcy's law‐based models for liquid absorption in polymer wicks
Authors: Masoodi Reza , Pillai Krishna M. , Varanasi Padma Prabodh 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWicking of liquids in polymer wicks made of sintered polymer beads is studied experimentally where three different polymer wicks (made from polycarbonate, polyethylene, and polypropylene) and three different well‐characterized liquids (hexadecane, decane, and dodecane) are used to plot the mass of wicked liquid as a function of time. The experimental results are compared with the predictions from the Washburn equation as well as a Darcy's law‐based formulation. The suction pressure needed to pull the liquid up a wick in the formulation is modeled using a new energy balance (EB) method and a capillary method. In the former, the released surface energy during wetting is equated to the viscous losses during liquid motion; in the latter, the suction pressure is obtained by treating the wick pore‐space as a bundle of capillary tubes. The Darcy's law‐based formulation also considers the effect of gravity in its predictions. The newly proposed EB method in conjunction with gravity yields the most satisfying predictions. All parameters used in the proposed model were measured independently and no fitting parameters were used. The success of this method is especially notable for a large‐pore polypropylene wick where it was the only model to predict the final steady‐state height for the liquid column. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Soft condensed matter perspective on moisture transport in cooking meat
Authors: van der Sman R. G. M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe have viewed cooking meat from the perspective of soft condensed physics and posed that the moisture transport during cooking can be described by Flory‐Rehner theory of swelling/shrinking polymer gels. This theory contains the essential physics to describe the transport of liquid moisture due to the denaturation and shrinkage of the heated protein matrix. The validity of our hypothesis is shown by a numerical model, which comprises a linearization of the Flory‐Rehner theory augmented with Darcy's law for porous media flow, applied to the simulation of cooking experiments performed on a rectangular piece of beef. Reasonably, comparable results are obtained from simulations and experiments. Further analysis of simulations resolves yet another unexplained phenomena observed during heating of meat. Literature review suggests that Flory‐Rehner is applicable to cooking of other gel‐like foods. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Meta‐study on association between the monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) and schizophrenia
Authors: Li Dawei , He Lin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe human monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) has attracted considerable attention as a candidate gene for schizophrenia based both on its chromosomal position and its enzyme function as a key factor in neurotransmitter catabolism pathways. However studies to date have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) and T941G polymorphisms and schizophrenia. In an attempt to clarify this inconsistency we conducted a meta‐analysis based on both alleles and genotypes (up to February 2006). In this study, however, we found no significant evidence of association with the two schizophrenia susceptibility polymorphisms. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social organization of black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Deqin, China
Authors: Cui Liang‐Wei , Huo Sheng , Zhong Tai , Xiang Zuo‐Fu , Xiao Wen , Quan Rui‐Chang 
Published: September 2007

AbstractData on social organization of two bands of black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) were collected when the monkeys were crossing an open spot at Nanren and Bamei (northwest of Yunnan, China) using a sampling rule where individuals within one social unit are spatially closer to each other than individuals between social units. The typical pattern of social organization in this sample was multiple adult females (AFs) and their offspring with one adult male (AM) in a one‐male unit (OMU), similar to that of many other colobines. In such units, on average one male is associated with 4.0 AFs and 2.5 of their offspring. Moreover, there are multimale/multifemale units and monogamous units besides OMUs. All bisexual units traveled together with at least one all‐male unit as a cohesive band. In two bands of monkeys, 87% of AMs in bisexual units were within OMUs, 7.8% within monogamous units and 5.2% within multimale, multifemale units. In the Bamei band, 6.7% of AMs were in the all‐male unit. The size of OMUs in the Nanren band was larger than that of the Bamei band, with more AFs and juveniles, which may be related to better conservation in the Nanren band's habitat. For the Nanren band, the average number of AFs in OMUs varied across time, increasing from 4.3 in 1994 to 5.1 in 2001, and then decreasing to 3.8 in 2005. This article suggests three possible explanations for this variation, but more data are needed for these hypotheses to be tested. Am. J. Primatol. 70:169–174, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limb use and preferences in wild orang‐utans during feeding and locomotor behavior
Authors: Peters Helga H. , Rogers Lesley J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractLimited data are available on hemispheric lateralization in wild orang‐utans. There has been only one previous investigation of limb preferences in wild orang‐utans [Yeager, 1991]. We examined the lateralization of limb use in wild Bornean orang‐utans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) with the aim of providing more insight into possible hemispheric specialization in wild nonhuman primates. Here, we report in detail on limb use and preference during arboreal locomotion between trees (N=6) and on feeding involving one limb (N=8) and two limbs (N=6). We distinguished between locomotion between overlapping trees (Type I) and locomotion involving gap crossing (Types II and III). For locomotion Type I, the six orang‐utans showed no leading hand preference, however for locomotion Types II and III, all six showed significant right‐hand preferences. All eight orang‐utans showed individual hand preferences for reaching for food, but no significant group bias was found. Limb preferences for feeding involving two limbs (hand–hand or hand–foot) differed between juveniles (right hand–right foot), adult females (left hand–right hand) and adult males (right hand–left hand). Although not present for all tasks, the results indicate that orang‐utans do show evidence of hemispheric specialization, but the use of the hands is not under a strong lateralized hemispheric control and is adaptable. Am. J. Primatol. 70:261–270, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Towing the party line: territoriality, risky boundaries and male group size in spider monkey fission–fusion societies
Authors: Wallace Robert B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSpider monkey communities are classic fission–fusion primate societies. I present data suggesting that spider monkeys (Ateles chamek) at Lago Caiman are territorial; adult males traveled further and faster than adult females and subgroup size was significantly higher in boundary areas of the spider monkey territory where intercommunity disputes were observed than in non‐boundary areas. I then go on to examine data from 20Atelescommunities distributed across 14 study sites and five species to investigate how a series of demographic, ecological and geographical parameters influence the number of males in a given spider monkey community. Analyses suggest that the number of males is not significantly related to the number of females in a community, the area of the community home range, or the total perimeter length of the community boundary. However, risky boundary perimeter length, or the length of perimeter that directly borders another spider monkey community, explains 88% of observed variations in the number of males in each community. I discuss the results in relation to spider monkey ecology and territoriality, as well as the potential of this relationship for explaining chimpanzee (Pan) behavior given their extremely similar fruit specialist, male philopatry, territoriality and fission–fusion social system. Am. J. Primatol. 70:271–281, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleeping site ecology in a rain‐forest dwelling nocturnal lemur (Lepilemur mustelinus): implications for sociality and conservation
Authors: Rasoloharijaona Solofonirina , Randrianambinina Blanchard , Zimmermann Elke 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSuitable sleeping sites as potentially restricted resources are suggested to shape sociality in primates. We investigated sleeping site ecology of a rain‐forest dwelling sportive lemur in eastern Madagascar for the first time. Using radiotelemetry, we characterized the type, quality and usage of sleeping sites as well as social sleeping habits of 11 focal individuals of the weasel sportive lemur (Lepilemur mustelinus) during the dry and the onset of the rainy season. Morphometric measurements provided additional information. The sexes showed an unusual sexual dimorphism for primates. Males and females did not differ in body length, but females surpassed males in body mass suggesting female dominance. Both sexes used dense vegetation and holes in hollow trees high above the ground as shelters for sleeping during the day. No sex difference in the quality of tree holes was found, but focal individuals used tree holes more often than open sleeping sites in dense vegetation. Both sexes showed high sleeping site fidelity limited to two to six different sites that they used primarily solitarily. The results imply that suitable sleeping sites are limited and survival of this species will strongly depend on the availability of mature rain forests with suitable hollow trees. Furthermore, these findings provide evidence of a solitary sleeping and ranging system in this rain‐forest dwelling sportive lemur with suitable sleeping sites as defendable resources. Am. J. Primatol. 70:247–253, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular simulation of structure and loading‐drug character of poly(propylene‐co‐γ‐butyrolactone carbonate)
Authors: Lu Lingbin , Liu Suqin , Huang Kelong 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBased on COMPASS forcefield, the relationship between microstructure and macroscopic properties of poly(propylene‐co‐γ‐butyrolactone carbonate) (PPCG) was investigated by “Materials Studio” simulation soft successfully for the first time. The results of simulation showed that the molecular chain of PPCG was flexible. Degradable carbonic and carboxylic ester groups were distributed outside the PPCG cell. Furthermore, the structure of microphase separation was observed in PPCG cell. The “Materials Studio” also simulated and calculated the reciprocity between PPCG and caffeine molecule. It was further found that the caffeine molecule was selectively distributed among the segment of carbon dioxide (CO2) rather than the segment of γ‐butyrolactone (GBL). So the microphase separation structure of PPCG can be applied to the self‐assembly of drug molecule. And the conclusion offered a theoretical basis for the self‐assembly behavior of drug molecule. In a word, the results of molecular simulation not only verified the experimental conclusions, but also showed a clear description of the relationships between molecular structure and macroscopic properties of PPCG. Moreover, it offered a reference for studying the reciprocity between carrier and drug molecule further. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Preparation of poly(ether sulfone) nanofibers by gas‐jet/electrospinning
Authors: Lin Yi , Yao Yongyi , Yang Xiaozhan , Wei Na , Li Xuqing , Gong Ping , Li Ruixia , Wu Dacheng 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPoly(ether sulfone) (PES) nanofibers were prepared by the gas‐jet/electrospinning of its solutions in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). The gas used in this gas‐jet/electrospinning process was nitrogen. The morphology of the PES nanofibers was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. The process parameters studied in this work included the concentration of the polymer solution, the applied voltage, the tip–collector distance (TCD), the inner diameter of the needle, and the gas flow rate. It was found from experimental results that the average diameter of the electrospun PES fibers depended strongly on these process parameters. A decrease in the polymer concentration in the spinning solutions resulted in the formation of nanofibers with a smaller diameter. The use of an 18 wt % polymer solution yielded PES nanofibers with an average diameter of about 80 nm. However, a morphology of mixed bead fibers was formed when the concentration of PES in DMF was below 20 wt % during gas‐jet/electrospinning. Uniform PES nanofibers with an average diameter of about 200 nm were prepared by this electrospinning with the following optimal process parameters: the concentration of PES in DMF was 25 wt %, the applied voltage was 28.8 kV, the gas flow was 10.0 L/min, the inner diameter of the needle was 0.24 mm, the TCD was 20 cm, and the flow rate was 6.0 mL/h. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008