bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GAP‐43 heterozygous mice show delayed barrel patterning, differentiation of radial glia, and downregulation of GAP‐43
Authors: McIlvain Vera , McCasland James S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractGAP‐43 heterozygous (HZ) mice exhibit abnormal thalamocortical pathfinding, fasciculation, and terminal arborization at postnatal day 7 (P7). Here we tested whether these defects are correlated with delayed development of HZ cortical patterns. We assessed the rate of barrel segregation and radial glia differentiation in wild‐type (WT) and HZ cortices. Since GAP‐43 is involved in some forms of neural plasticity, we also compared the duration of the critical period for lesion‐induced plasticity in both genotypes. Cytochrome oxidase histochemistry revealed a delay of approximately 1 day in barrel pattern formation in GAP‐43 HZ mice. GAP‐43 WT barrels showed complete segregation between P2–P3, while HZ barrels did not reach the same level of segregation until P3–P4. We found a similar delay in the transformation of radial glia from monopolar to multipolar phenotypes, from P5 in WT to P7 in HZ cortex. Radial glial cells represent many of the neuronal progenitors in developing cortex and aid in cell migration. Thus, the delay in radial glial differentiation may contribute to the delay in HZ barrel segregation. Interestingly, we found no change in the extent of the critical period for HZ cortical responsiveness to early peripheral damage or in the time course of the cortical response. As expected, GAP‐43 expression in HZ cortex is significantly reduced early in development. However, HZ GAP‐43 expression remains at maximum levels after P9, when it is normally downregulated. As a result, HZ GAP‐43 expression is near‐normal by P26, by which time near‐normal barrel dimensions have been restored. Our findings indicate that GAP‐43 deficiency leads to early delays in barrel development and suggest that these failures are followed by homeostatic responses, including prolonged GAP‐43 expression. These compensatory mechanisms may rescue normal cortical reorganization in neonates and near‐normal barrel morphology and GAP‐43 expression in adulthood. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Membrangestützte Extraktion bei enzymatischen Reaktionen in Anwesenheit organischer Lösungsmittel
Authors: Pflieger C. , Becker M. , Beckmann D. , Frense D. , Hensel J. , Hornbogen T. , Lauckner G. , Lisicki D. , Zocher R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDen vorgestellten Arbeiten liegt die Idee zugrunde, mit Hilfe einer Acetyltransferase, die kürzlich aus Taxus baccata isoliert werden konnte, Baccatin III kontinuierlich in einem Enzymreaktor herzustellen. Substrat der enzymatischen Umsatzreaktion ist das aus Eibenverschnitt gewonnene 10‐Deacetylbaccatin III. Ziel der Arbeiten ist die Ausbeutesteigerung und Kostenreduktion bei der Semisynthese von Paclitaxel, einem sehr wirksamen Cytostatika.
Relevanz eines informationstheoretischen Preprocessings bei der Prozessmodellierung mit Neuronalen Netzen
Authors: Machefer S. , Schnitzlein K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractVorgestellt wird die Anwendung einer modernen Preprocessing‐Methodik zur simultanen Datenaufbereitung und Variablenselektion für die Prozessmodellierung mit Neuronalen Netzen. Durch Kombination statistischer Methoden mit Algorithmen der Informationstheorie nach dem Konzept der Entropie der Information kann die Informationsdichte des Modellinputs erhöht werden. Im Vergleich mit Modellen höherer Dimensionalität ergeben sich im vorliegenden Anwendungsbeispiel trotz einer dramatischen Verringerung von Datenzahl und Variablen keinerlei qualitative Einbußen. Das Verfahren bietet gegenüber einer Sensitivitätsanalyse deutliche Vorteile bezüglich Selektionseindeutigkeit und Schnelligkeit.
Widerstandsbeiwerte der mantelseitigen Ein‐ und Austrittsstutzen von Rohrbündelapparaten bei turbulenter Durchströmung
Authors: Gnielinski V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractZur thermischen und hydraulischen Auslegung von Rohrbündel‐Wärmeübertragern ohne Umlenkeinrichtungen – mit einer nicht sehr großen Zahl von Rohren in der Praxis bei bestimmten Problemstellungen eingesetzt – sind die durch die Stutzen verursachten Druckverluste von Bedeutung. Widerstandsbeiwerte für die Ein‐ und Austrittsstutzen von Rohrbündelapparaten mit verschiedenen Anzahlen an Rohren unterschiedlicher Durchmesser und unterschiedlicher Anordnung im Bündel wurden daher in Abhängigkeit vom Stutzendurchmesser für zwei verschiedene Manteldurchmesser experimentell bestimmt.
An algorithm for the computation of the minimum distance of LDPC codes
Authors: Daneshgaran Fred , Laddomada Massimiliano , Mondin Marina 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe evaluation of the minimum distance of low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) codes remains an open problem due to the rather large dimension of the parity check matrixHassociated with any practical code. In this article, we propose an effective modification of the error impulse (EI) technique for computation of the minimum distance of the LDPC codes. The EI method is successfully applied to sub‐optimum decoding algorithms such as the iterative MAP decoding algorithm for turbo codes. We present novel modifications and extensions of this method to the sub‐optimum iterative sum‐product algorithm for LDPC codes. The performance of LDPC codes may be limited by pseudo‐codewords. There are, however, cases when the LDPC decoder behaves as a maximum‐likelihood (ML) decoder. This is specially so for randomly constructed LDPC codes operating at medium to high SNR values. In such cases, estimation of the minimum distancedmusing the error‐impulse method can be useful to assess asymptotic performance. In short, apart from theoretical interest in achievabledm, the technique is useful in checking whether an LDPC code is poor by virtue of having a lowdm. But, if a code has a highdm, simulations would still be needed to assess real performance. Copyright © 2006 AEIT.
Effect of indigenous stone bunding (kab) on crop yield at Mesobit‐Gedeba, North Shoa, Ethiopia
Authors: Alemayehu M. , Yohannes F. , Dubale P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStone bunding (kab) is an age‐old local conservation practice at Mesobit‐Gedeba. This study was conducted to assess the effect of this indigenous practice on crop yield. We compared original ground slope, terrace width, and slope position of the terraced area. The effect of slope width and slope position were found significant (p < 0·05) for both grain and biomass yields of the terraced sites. The mean grain and biomass yields decreased as the original ground slope of the terraced site increased. Both grain and biomass yields decreased with the width of the inter‐terrace area. Significant differences (p < 0·05) in mean grain and biomass yields were observed between the three slope positions. They decreased as one moved up the slope within the inter‐terrace area. In general, the study indicated that indigenous stone bunding has a positive effect on sorghum yield. Future studies should address different locations and crops and ways of integrating indigenous stone bunding with the current conservation programmes of the region. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of landuse/cover changes and degradation of Nairobi City, Kenya
Authors: Mundia C. N. , Aniya M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLanduse/cover in Nairobi City is changing rapidly because of the increased interactions of human activities with the environment as population increases. We used multi‐temporal Landsat images (1976, 1988 and 2000) together with physical and socio‐economic data in a post‐classification analysis with GIS to map landuse/cover distribution and to analyse factors influencing the landuse/cover changes for Nairobi City. An unsupervised classification approach, which uses a minimum spectral distance to assign pixels to clusters, was used with the overall accuracy ranging from 87 per cent to 90 per cent. Landuse/cover statistics revealed that substantial landuse/cover changes have taken place and that the built‐up areas have expanded by about 47 km2over the study period (1976–2000). Forests have decreased substantially while agricultural lands have been on the increase. Rapid economic developments together with the increasing population were noted to be the major factors influencing rapid landuse/cover changes.Urban expansion has replaced agricultural farmlands and other natural vegetation, thereby affecting habitat quality and leading to serious environmental degradation. The random, unplanned growths of environmentally degraded squatter settlements were noted to be emerging in the rural fringes. Successful planning of Nairobi's development will require reliable information about landuse/cover changes and factors influencing such changes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sexual health care in persons with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Servais Laurent 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn the past, preventive health concerning sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities was addressed through surgical sterilization as part of nationwide eugenic programs in many countries. For more than 30 years now, it has come progressively to light in the scientific literature that, besides major ethical and legal problems, these programs also failed to assess many of the individual's needs in sexual health. The fact that an increasing number of people with intellectual disabilities live in the community rather than in institutions has heightened public awareness that these individuals have sexual expectancies, desires, and needs that must be supported through both education and health services. The emergence of AIDS, including descriptions of cases among people with intellectual disabilities, has further demonstrated that surgical sterilization cannot be considered a global option to achieve preventive sexual health. The aim of this paper is to review scientific studies that have assessed the expectancies and support needs of persons with intellectual disabilities in terms of sexual health. These needs vary widely from one individual to another, according to life milieu, level of disability, and potential comorbidity. From this review, it appears that hygiene management, global gynecological care, and prevention of unplanned pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and abuse have been frequently identified as areas in which the presence of intellectual disability dictates specific support needs. Different approaches that have been evaluated to address these issues will also be discussed. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:48–56. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiovascular disease prevalence and risk factors of persons with mental retardation
Authors: Draheim Christopher C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews the recent literature on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence, CVD‐related mortality, physiological CVD risk factors, and behavioral CVD risk factors in adults with mental retardation (MR). The literature on the potential influences of modifiable behavioral CVD risk factors and the physiological CVD risk factors are also reviewed. Adults with mild to moderate MR residing in community settings appear to have an elevated disease prevalence, elevated CVD‐related mortality, more adverse physiological CVD risk factors, and elevated behavioral risk compared to others with and without MR. Preliminary evidence supports the benefits of participating in the recommended physical activity levels and consuming the recommended diets to reduce the risk for CVD. The lack of large‐scale longitudinal or experimental research indicates a gap in the research. The development of research‐based, appropriate, primary prevention programs and intervention strategies aimed at lowering the risk for CVD is highly recommended. Programs should focus on educating individuals with MR along with direct care providers and family members on the importance of appropriate dietary concepts, physical activity habits, and regular health screenings by physicians. Programs should be individualized to regional and cultural issues. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:3–12. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of maltreatment of people with intellectual disabilities: A review of recently published research
Authors: Horner‐Johnson Willi , Drum Charles E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMaltreatment can have a profound adverse effect on the health of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). People with ID may also be more likely to experience maltreatment than other groups. Historically, data on prevalence of maltreatment among people with ID have been sparse and methodologically weak but have suggested that the scope of the problem is considerable. Studies published between 1995 and 2005 were reviewed to determine estimated maltreatment prevalence among people with ID based on recent literature. Prevalence estimates for people with ID were compared to estimates for people with no disabilities and people with other types of disabilities. Only five studies provided maltreatment prevalence estimates for people with ID. The limited data suggest that maltreatment is more prevalent for people with ID than for people with no disabilities and may be higher for people with ID than for people with certain other disabilities. Most of the available research is still based on convenience samples. More population‐level data are needed to provide reliable estimates of the prevalence of this important health problem. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:57–69. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinicopathological phenotype of ALS with a novel G72C SOD1 gene mutation mimicking a myopathy
Authors: Stewart H.G. , Mackenzie I.R. , Eisen A. , Brännström T. , Marklund S.L. , Andersen P.M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA 71‐year‐old woman with a family history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was investigated for symmetrical, proximal limb and abdominal muscle weakness. Initial examination showed mild proximal muscle weakness in the arms and legs, slightly elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) level, and normal electromyographic (EMG) findings. A myopathy was the presumed diagnosis. Over the next year, weakness became severe and tendon reflexes became unelicitable; no upper motor signs were present. EMG then showed acute and chronic denervation and a muscle biopsy showed target fibers and grouped atrophy. DNA analysis revealed a G72C CuZn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutation. Fasciculations were absent throughout the disease. The patient died 53 months after symptom onset and autopsy revealed loss of lower motor neurons (LMN) and SOD1‐positive inclusions. This case expands the phenotypic spectrum of ALS associated with SOD1 mutations to include presenting features that mimic a myopathy. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Mechanomyographic and electromyographic responses to eccentric muscle contractions
Authors: Coburn Jared W. , Housh Terry J. , Malek Moh H. , Weir Joseph P. , Cramer Joel T. , Beck Travis W. , Johnson Glen O. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLittle is known regarding the modulation of torque during eccentric muscle actions. Mechanomyographic (MMG) and electromyographic (EMG) signals have been used to examine motor control strategies. The purpose of this study was to examine the MMG and EMG amplitude and frequency in relation to torque during eccentric muscle contractions. Eight women performed eccentric leg extension muscle contractions at 10–100% of peak torque (PT). A piezoelectric crystal contact sensor and bipolar surface electrodes were placed on the vastus medialis to detect the MMG and EMG signals. Polynomial regression analyses indicated that EMG amplitude (r2= 0.994) and MMG wavelet center frequency (CF) (r2= 0.846) increased linearly to 100% eccentric PT, whereas there were no significant relationships for EMG wavelet CF or MMG amplitude and eccentric torque. These results suggested that eccentric torque is primarily modulated through changes in motor unit firing rate. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Topotecan by 21‐day continuous infusion in children with relapsed or refractory solid tumors: A Children's Oncology Group study
Authors: Hawkins Douglas S. , Bradfield Scott , Whitlock James A. , Krailo Mark , Franklin Janet , Blaney Susan M. , Adamson Peter C. , Reaman Gregory 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPurposeThe Children's Oncology Group conducted a phase II trial of 21‐day continuous infusion topotecan to determine the response rate in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory malignant solid tumors.ProcedurePatients with Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT), osteosarcoma (OS), soft tissue sarcomas (STS), medulloblastoma (MB)/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), astrocytoma, or neuroblastoma (NB) recurrent or refractory to conventional therapy, measurable disease, and adequate organ function were treated with topotecan 0.3 mg/m2/day by continuous intravenous infusion for 21 consecutive days, followed by 7 days without therapy prior to response assessment.ResultsFifty‐five patients were enrolled; two were ineligible, two were removed from protocol therapy prior to evaluation for response, and one was inevaluable for response, leaving 53 and 50 patients evaluable for toxicity and response, respectively. Objective responses were seen in 2/20 patients with ESFT (both partial responses, 4 and 19 courses), 0/10 OS patients, and 0/12 STS patients. There were insufficient patients enrolled to determine the response rate for the MB/PNET, astrocytoma, and NB strata. The most common Grade 3 or 4 toxicities during the first course of therapy were thrombocytopenia (12/53), neutropenia (8/53), and fatigue (7/53).ConclusionIntravenous topotecan by 21‐day continuous infusion is tolerable in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory solid tumors. Limited activity was seen in ESFT and further development of this topotecan schedule as a single agent is not warranted. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2006;47:790–794. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rough set‐based proteochemometrics modeling of G‐protein‐coupled receptor‐ligand interactions
Authors: Strömbergsson Helena , Prusis Peteris , Midelfart Herman , Lapinsh Maris , Wikberg Jarl E.S. , Komorowski Jan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractG‐Protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most important drug targets. Because of a shortage of 3D crystal structures, most of the drug design for GPCRs has been ligand‐based. We propose a novel, rough set‐based proteochemometric approach to the study of receptor and ligand recognition. The approach is validated on three datasets containing GPCRs. In proteochemometrics, properties of receptors and ligands are used in conjunction and modeled to predict binding affinity. The rough set (RS) rule‐based models presented herein consist of minimal decision rules that associate properties of receptors and ligands with high or low binding affinity. The information provided by the rules is then used to develop a mechanistic interpretation of interactions between the ligands and receptors included in the datasets. The first two datasets contained descriptors of melanocortin receptors and peptide ligands. The third set contained descriptors of adrenergic receptors and ligands. All the rule models induced from these datasets have a high predictive quality. An example of a decision rule is “IfR1_ligand(Ethyl)andTM helix 2 position 27(Methionine)thenBinding(High).” The easily interpretable rule sets are able to identify determinative receptor and ligand parts. For instance, all three models suggest that transmembrane helix 2 is determinative for high and low binding affinity. RS models show that it is possible to use rule‐based models to predict ligand‐binding affinities. The models may be used to gain a deeper biological understanding of the combinatorial nature of receptor‐ligand interactions. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Terminal‐group effects on the folding behavior of selected beta‐peptides
Authors: Gee Peter J. , van Gunsteren Wilfred F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIt has been suggested that the stability of a beta‐peptide helical fold is affected by the interplay between the electrical charge of terminal groups and the dipole due to the helical conformation, the so‐called charge‐dipole stabilization; the numerical simulations presented herein test that suggestion. The motions of two beta‐peptide oligomers, each of which has been shown by NMR spectroscopy to fold into a different helical conformation, have been simulated. The simulated motions bear out empirical observations as to the effect of chemical protection of terminal groups on the stability of beta‐peptide helical folds and they support the hypothesis of charge‐dipole stabilization. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A glass‐like state in K4LiH3(SO4)4 crystal
Authors: Wiesner M. , Tylczyński Z. , Mróz B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractResults of a dielectric study of one‐component single crystal K4LiH3(SO4)4 (KLHS) indicate the existence of a glass‐like state as a result of competing interactions between two types of hydrogen bonds. Thee calculated activation energy is similar to that reported for other proton glass crystals and the temperature dependence of the order parameter, obtained from the cluster theory, has confirmed the glassy behaviour of the KLHS. A directional dependence of the glass‐like behaviour has been studied showing that in the temperature range 18–100 K the glassy state exists only in the [100] direction. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reliability and Availability of Pod Propulsion Systems
Authors: Aksu Serap , Aksu Seref , Turan Osman 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe application of pod propulsion in a number of vessel types has been increasing steadily over the last two decades. This increase is attributed to the great advantages being offered by pod propulsion systems such as high manoeuvring capability, low noise and vibration, low fuel consumption, etc. Despite these advantages, operators are cautious due to the encountered teething problems, especially in the very competitive passenger ship market, where reliability and the maintainability of the service are crucial. This paper presents a reliability assessment methodology and its application to a combined four‐pod propulsion system on a vessel equipped with two fixed‐ and two rotating‐pod units. The assessment methodology made use of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Markov Analysis complementarily. In the FTA, minimal cut set, reliability importance measure and availability analyses were also considered. From the quantitative reliability assessment, the calculated reliabilities of each fixed‐ and rotating‐pod unit, their components' reliabilities as well as the reliability of the combined four‐pod propulsion system showed good agreement with the acceptable reliability criteria suggested by the pod manufacturers/operators based on the service experience. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ab initio modeling of reaction of primary aliphatic diamines with CS2 in alkaline medium
Authors: Irgibaeva I. S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSynthesis of bis‐derivatives of dithiocarbamatic structures was carried out with the use of some initial primary diamines in interactiing with carbon bisulfide (CS2) in the alkaline medium. Thus, the observance of various temperature modes results in different reaction products. In the present work, quantum chemical calculation was performed by the density functional theory (DFT) method in approximating B3LYP with the basic set LanL2DZ of modeling systems C2H4(NH2)2 + 2CS2 + 2KOH and C2H4(NH2)2 + CS2 + 2CH3COOH. As a result of the calculations, it has been established that ethylenediamine (EDA) does not interact directly with carbon bisulfide. This interaction occurs in the first case with two molecules of CS2 after the formation of an intermediate particle (chelating complex between bidentate ligands ethylenediamine with two molecules of potassium hydroxide, which promotes a separation of a proton from an amino group) and in the second case with one molecule of CS2 with rising of temperature, corresponding to the cis‐isomer EDA and its complexation with two molecules of an acetic acid. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Quantum Chem, 2006