bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Amino Acids by Dichloramine T
Authors: Gowda B Thimme , Rao P Jagan Mohana 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Kinetics of oxidations of several amino acids (alanine, leucine, aspargine, glutamine, and proline) by N,N-dichloro-p-toluenesulfonamide (generally known as dichloramine-T) have been studied in 1:1 (v/v) water–methanol medium in the presence of perchloric acid. The oxidations of alanine and leucine showed second order kinetics in [oxidant], first order in [amino acid] and inverse fractional order in [H+] over the entire range of [HClO4](0.0005–0.10 mol dm−3) used. But the kinetics of oxidations of aspargine, glutamine, and proline were [H+] dependent. The rate dependence in [oxidant] was second and first orders in [H+] ranges 0.0005–0.005 mol dm−3 and 0.005–0.10 mol dm−3, respectively. The kinetics in [amino acid] for these oxidations were also different. Variation in ionic strength of the medium or addition of the reduced product of the oxidant had no or negligible effects on the rates of reactions. Decrease in dielectric constant of the medium by increasing the methanol composition of the solvent decreased the rate in all the cases. Activation parameters have been computed from the Arrhenius plots. Plausible mechanisms consistent with the observed kinetics have been discussed.
Solvent Effect on Hydrogen Bonding Interaction between 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol in the Ground and Excited States and Triethylamine
Authors: Pal T K , Mallik G K , Ganguly T , Banerjee S B 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In the ground state 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthol (ThOH) forms with triethylamine (TEA) simple hydrogen bond, hydrogen-bonded ion pair or solvent-separated ion pair complex depending on the polarity of solvents. Fluorescence emission of ThOH is quenched by TEA in all solvents. The quenching rate constant kq is large in weakly polar solvents than in highly polar solvents and there is no evidence of formation of solvent-separated ion pair in latter solvents. It is suggested that restricted electron delocalization in excited ThOH molecule lowers the tendency of deprotonation of the OH group. The likely pathway of energy depletion is through intermediate singlet contact CT exciplex of the type A−D+ between ThOH and TEA.
Oxidation of Indigo Carmine by N-Haloarenesulfonamidates: A Kinetic Study
Authors: Puttaswamy  , Mahadevappa Dandinasivara Siddalingaiah , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal Subbegowda 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Kinetics of oxidation of indigo carmine (IC) by sodium N-haloarenesulfonamidates (RNXNa, where R=CH3C6H4SO2− or C6H5SO2− and X=Cl or Br) chloramine T (CAT), bromamine T (BAT), chloramine B (CAB), and bromamine B (BAB) in alkaline buffer (pH 9–11) has been followed spectrophotometrically at λmax=610 nm. Rate law, –d[IC]/dt=k[OX]0[IC]0[OH−]x where x&lt;1, is obeyed. The reaction products, benzenesulfonamide and toluenesulfonamide retard the rate. Sulfonated anthranilic acid formed was quantitatively determined. Variation of ionic strength or dielectric constant of medium and addition of halide ions have no effect on the reaction. A two pathway mechanism is proposed in which the hypohalous acid (HOX) and the anion of N-haloamine RNX− interact with the substrate in rate limiting steps. The rate increases in the order: BAT&gt;BAB&gt;CAT&gt;CAB, which is attributed to the difference in electrophilicities of halogen cations Br+ and Cl+ involved in the oxidation process and the ease with which these species are formed in reactions.
Photoelectric Effect of Metallophthalocyanine Derivatives
Authors: Hirohashi Ryo , Tanaka Toyohide , Koshijima Yoshihiro , Kamiyama Masafumi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photoelectric effect of copper phthalocyanine derivatives (CuPcR4) in a dispersed system in polycarbonate (PC) has been investigated with a sandwich-typed cell configuration of Au/CuPcR4 in PC/Ag. When the incident irradiation was directed through the Ag electrode, the photocurrent and photovoltage were observed for all CuPcR4 cells. It has been concluded that the photoelectric characteristics are not missed and that the values of the work functions of all CuPcR4 derivatives are between 4.67 and 4.78 eV.
The Preparation and Stereoselectivity of [Cr(l- or d-ala)x(l-leu)3−x] and the Possibility of the Optical Resolution of Dl-Alanine
Authors: Yoshimura Yoshitake , Kataoka Yuichi , Moriishi Hirobumi , Watanabe Tetsuo , Oki Hisaya 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
fac-(+)546-[Cr(l-ala)2(l-leu)]·1.5H2O and fac-(−)546-[Cr(d-ala)2(l-leu)]·1.5H2O were prepared by the method using an ethanol solution, with [Cr(l-leu)2(NCS)(OH2)](leu=leucinato) with l- or d-alanine used as the starting material respectively. Also, fac-[Cr(l- or d-ala)(l-leu)2]·2H2O was obtained from the filtrate, the standing temperatures were 5, 25, 40, and 55 °C. The optical purity of fac-(Λ)-[Cr(l- or d-ala)(l-leu)2]·2H2O increases with the rise in the standing temperature. In the case of Dl-alanine, [Cr(l-ala)2(l-leu)]·1.5H2O and [Cr(d-ala)(l-leu)2]·2H2O were obtained during heating and from the filtrate respectively. By using this procedure, the possibility of the optical resolution of Dl-alanine was shown.
Oxidation Using Quaternary Ammonium Polyhalides. IV. Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides with Benzyltrimethylammonium Tribromide
Authors: Kajigaeshi Shoji , Murakawa Katsuya , Fujisaki Shizuo , Kakinami Takaaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of sulfides with a stoichiometric amount of benzyltrimethylammonium tribromide and aqueous sodium hydroxide in dichloromethane at room temperature or in 1,2-dichloroethane under reflux gave the corresponding sulfoxides in good yields.
Generation and Chemical Fate of 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-phenylsulfonylethyl Carbanion
Authors: Uneyama Kenji , Momota Makoto 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-phenylsulfonylethyl carbanion generated by the action of LDA in THF–HMPA can be methylated and iodinated, where the tetraethylammonium cation plays an essential role for the stabilization of the carbanion.
Simple and Efficient Synthesis of α-Allenic Alcohols and Their Novel Conversion into 1-Aryl-3-formyloxy-1,3-butadienes
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Kanao Yoshiaki , Nishizaki Minoru , Oda Masaji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Reactions of carbonyl compounds with 3-bromo-1-propyne in the presence of SnCl2·2H2O and LiI·3H2O gave α-allenic alcohols in moderate yields together with small amounts of β-acetylenic alcohols. The α-allenic alcohols can be converted into 1-aryl-3-formyloxy 1,3-butadienes, novel 1,3-butadiene derivatives.
Synthesis of 2-[1-(Alkoxycarbonyl)alkyl]-3-methylbenzothiazolines and 3-Methyl-2-(2-oxoalkyl)benzothiazolines by the Direct Alkylation of Lithium Enolates with 3-Methylbenzothiazolium Salts
Authors: Chikashita Hidenori , Takegami Naoto , Yanase Yoshiyuki , Itoh Kazuyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A variety of lithium enolates derived from esters and ketones could be readily alkylated with 3-methylbenzothiazolium salts to give the novel α-(benzothiazolinyl) esters and ketones, 2-[1-(alkoxycarbonyl)alkyl]3-methylbenzothiazolines and 3-methyl-2-(2-oxoalkyl)benzothiazolines in good yields, respectively.
The Reaction of α,β-Acetylenic Ketones with Aroylhydrazines
Authors: Holla B Shivarama , Udupa K Venkatramana , Sridhar K R 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Reaction of 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1-aryl-2-propyn-1-ones (1) with aroylhydrazines (2) furnished 1-aroyl-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-5-aryl-5-hydroxy-2-pyrazolines (5) rather than the expected pyrazoles 3 or 4. On acid-catalyzed hydrolysis these hydroxypyrazolines are converted into the known 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-5-aryl-1H-pyrazoles (6). The structural elucidation of the products was carried out on the basis of analytical and spectral data. The newly synthesized nitrofuran derivatives are screened for their antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Most of them showed significant activity.
Electronic Conduction in Solid Nitrobenzene Containing Nitrobenzene Anion Radical and Tetrabutylammonium Perchlorate
Authors: Suga Kosaku , Takemura Hirofumi , Fujihira Masamichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The electric conductivities of frozen nitrobenzene containing various amount of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate and nitrobenzene anion radical were measured. The conductivity increased markedly with the concentration of the nitrobenzene anion radical. The mechanism of the electric conduction of the nitrobenzene is discussed and it is concluded that at low concentration of anion radical the increase of the electric conductivity is due to electronic conduction by a hopping mechanism. The rate constant of electron transfer (hopping) between any nearest neighbored sites is about 105 s−1 at −15 °C, which is smaller by 2 orders than that in hypothetical liquid nitrobenzene at the same temperature.
Mesomorphic Properties of Dialkyl N,N′-[1,4-Phenylenebis(methylidyne)]bis[4-aminobenzoates]
Authors: Matsunaga Yoshio , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The mesomorphic behavior of fourteen dialkyl N,N′-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylidyne)]bis[4-aminobenzoates] has been examined by optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry in order to make a comparison with the behavior of N,N′-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylidyne)]bis[4-alkylanilines] and to study the effects of branching of the ester alkyl groups. Among the results obtained, the following may be particularly important: (1) the unbranched alkyl ester is generally less polymesomorphic than the corresponding alkyl compound, (2) mesophase(s) is completely eliminated by the 1-methylation, and (3) the 3-methylbutyl, 3-methylpentyl, and 4-methylpentyl esters are more polymesomorphic than the unbranched alkyl esters.
Formation of Hydrotalcite–Acrylate Intercalation Compounds and Their Heat-Treated Products
Authors: Tanaka Masahito , Park In Yong , Kuroda Kazuyuki , Kato Chuzo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Hydrotalcite-like compounds (HT), layered double hydroxides with a few kinds of interlayer anions (X=CO32−, Cl−, and NO3−) were allowed to react with acrylate anions in order to prepare a novel inorganic–organic interstratified layered material by anion exchange. When HT–CO3 was used the anion exchange reaction did not occur. When HT–NO3 was employed the reaction proceeded to form a HT–acrylate intercalation compound. The formation of the intercalation compound from HT–Cl was observed only under a reaction condition using a concentrated acrylate solution. When the intercalation compound was heated at 80 °C with the addition of an initiator, the interlayer acrylate anions were polymerized to form a HT–polyacrylate intercalation compound.
Metal Complexes of Peptides. IV. Cobalt(III) Complexes with β-Alanyl-l-histidine (Carnosine) Functioning as a Quadridentate Ligand
Authors: Ama Tomoharu , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Uchijima Masato , Koine Norio , Yasui Takaji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Three cobalt(III) complexes containing β-alanyl-l-histidine (or carnosine: H2car), [Co(car)(L)]+ (L=en) and [Co(car)(L)]− (L=ox2− or CO32−), were newly prepared and characterized on the basis of their 13C NMR, UV and visible absorption, and circular dichroism spectra. In these complexes, the carnosine coordinates to a cobalt(III) ion as a quadridentate ligand in a meridional form with respect to the peptide chain. In the pH range of 0–6, these complexes exhibited the visible absorption spectral changes with pH. These changes are attributed to the protonation on the oxygen in β-alanyl moiety of the coordinating carnosine and the pKa values of [Co(car)(en)]+ and [Co(car)(ox)]− were estimated as ca. 1.5. The spectral behaviors of the present complexes were compared with that of [Co(Hcar)(en)(OH2)]2+, in which the carnosine functions as a terdentate ligand.
Tetrakis[3-(diethylamino)propyl]- and Tetrakis[3-(diethylmethylammonio)propyl]phthalocyanines: The First Amphiphilic Phthalocyanines
Authors: Kobayashi Nagao , Ojima Fumihiro , Osa Tetsuo , Vigh Steve , C. Leznoff Clifford 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The first amphiphilic cobalt (III) and copper phthalocyanines (V) have been prepared and are characterized by UV-absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra in water and organic solvents and in their mixtures. These phthalocyanines exist as dimers in water and as monomers in some organic solvents. Monomer–dimer equilibrium was affected by solvent polarity (or hydrophobicity); with lower cosolvent polarity favoring formation of monomers. Cyclic voltammetry suggests that III adsorbed onto glassy carbon (GC) from an aqueous or acetonitrile (AN) solution in monomeric, irrespective of its state in solution. The CoII/I redox potential of III shifts anodically by adsorption onto GC, and this shift is larger when adsorbed from an AN solution than from an aqueous solution. Electroreduction of oxygen occurs at more positive potential at III-adsorbed GC in plain solution than at bare GC in III-dissolved solution.
Preparation and Spectroscopic Characteristics of Geometrical Isomers of Bis[1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane]cobalt(III) Complexes with Thiolate Ligands
Authors: Konno Takumi , Bai Zhi-Ping , Okamoto Ken-ichi , Hidaka Jinsai 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The thiolato cobalt(III) complexes, [Co(SR)2(dmpe)2]+, where R denotes CH3, C2H5, or CH2C6H5 and dmpe denotes 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, were newly prepared from trans-[CoCl2(dmpe)2]+ and monothiolate ligands. The cis and trans isomers were formed for R=CH3 and CH2C6H5, while only the trans isomer was formed for R=C2H5. These isomers were assigned on the basis of the 1H NMR (500 MHz) and absorption spectra in comparison with those of the newly prepared [Co(SCH2CH2S)(dmpe)2]+ complex. The trans isomer showed the sulfur-to-cobalt charge-transfer band at lower energy than that of the cis isomer.
Preparation of 3(2H)-Furanones from 2-Propynyl Alcohol, CO, and Phenyl Halides under CO2 Atmosphere Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Inoue Yoshio , Ohuchi Kunihiro , Yen I-Fang , Imaizumi Shin 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The novel synthetic method for 2,2-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3(2H)-furanone (bullatenone) from 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, CO, and phenyl halides in the presence of a catalytic amount of transition metal complexes under the influence of CO2 has been described. It was revealed that there was the intermediate formation of an acetylenic ketone from the acetylenic alcohol, CO, and the phenyl halide followed by the formation of a cyclic carbonate from the acetylenic ketone and CO2 which underwent the decarboxylative transformation into the 3(2H)-furanone quantitatively.
The Discharge Characteristics of FeOCl in an Aprotic Organic Solvent
Authors: Takehara Zen-ichiro , Kanamura Kiyoshi , Imanishi Nobuyuki , Zhen Chen 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The discharge reaction of FeOCl was investigated and the discharge products were identified by XRD and EPMA. Lithium and solvent co-intercalate into FeOCl during the early stage of the discharge, in the low lithium concentration range in the FeOCl solid matrix (LixFeOCl, x&lt;0.6). Such compounds are stable. However, at higher concentrations of lithium, FeOCl co-intercalated by lithium and solvent gradually decompose to yield α-Fe and other compounds. The results show that three electrons are consumed during the discharge. On the other hand, the discharge curve of FeOCl in propylene carbonate containing 1.0 M LiBF4 indicates only a single charge transfer step. Therefore, the reaction mechanism of FeOCl can be explained by the intercalation of lithium in FeOCl followed by the decomposition of the intercalation compound formed between FeOCl, lithium and the solvent. The structure of FeOCl intercalated by lithium changes during the course of immersion in various solvents. This fact indicates that the solvent can easily intercalate into FeOCl and deintercalate from FeOCl. Such a behavior may arise from a weakening of the interaction between FeOCl layers after lithium intercalation, since the intercalation of lithium into FeOCl influences the chemical bonds in FeOCl. As a result, the interaction between FeOCl layers becomes weaker. Therefore, the intercalation and deintercalation of the solvent can easily take place. The stability of the FeOCl structure after cathodic reduction does not depend only on the concentration of lithium in FeOCl, but also on the kind of solvent.
Physicochemical Properties of Eicosane-1,20-bis(trimethylammonium) Dibromide in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Yasuda Masaaki , Ikeda Kenji , Esumi Kunio , Meguro Kenjiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The physicochemical properties of a cationic α,ω-type(bolaform) surfactant, eicosane-1,20-bis(trimethylammonium) dibromide (C20Me6), were investigated by means of surface tension, electrical conductivity, density, dye solubilization, fluorescence, and light scattering. The results obtained for C20Me6 were compared with those for decyltrimethylammonium bromide (C10Me3). The surface tension measurement suggests that C20Me6 has a folded, “wicket-like” conformation at the air–water interface. The cmc of C20Me6 was smaller than that of C10Me3. The apparent ionization degree of C20Me6 was larger, and the polarity of the micellar Stern layer was higher than that of C10Me3. It was found that the C20Me6 micelle has an aggregation number of about 19, a hydrodynamic radius of 16 Å, and a partial molar volume of 480.49×10−3 dm3 mol−1, suggesting that the micelle is nearly spherical; thus, the main alkyl chain is almost stretched, and the outermost region of the micelle is loose.
Potential Distribution in a Fluidized Bed Electrode
Authors: Eskikaya Tülay 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A study is described on the measurements of potential distribution in the bed and electrolyte of a hydrogen peroxide depolarized fluidized bed electrode consisting of 10 grams of silver coated glass beads in a cell of cyclindrical geometry. The results of potential profiles show that the electrode potentials both in static and fluidized beds were uniform throughout most of the bed. In the latter case, however, the degree of deactivation in the top of the bed is less than for a static bed, which explains current from fluidized bed. The variation of the charge-transfer coefficient along the bed, which is of great importance from the point of the performance of a fluidized bed electrode, is also determined.
Theoretical Studies on the Disproportionation of Carbon Monoxide on Nickel Clusters
Authors: Srivastava Arun K , Kojima Isao , Miyazaki Eizo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In the framework of CNDO (Complete neglect of differential overlap method, VOIP (Valence orbital ionization potential) has been evaluated using the method of Anno and Sakai and for exchange integrals Wolfsberg–Helmholtz approximation has been used. With these the problem of parametrization with reference to transition metals becomes rather less troublesome. In its present form the method has been used for studying the disproportionation of carbon monoxide on a nickel cluster having five atoms. A large number of theoretical models were devised, which are based upon various mechanistic possibilities; for each of these, bond energies between different atoms were calculated and plotted against the distance, with an aim of studying the formation and desorption of CO2. The present studies suggest that this reaction may follow a dissociative path, where in the first step one molecule of CO dissociates, leaving adsorbed carbon and oxygen on the Ni surface, followed by subsequent reaction of this adsorbed oxygen with another molecule of CO from the gas phase or it may follow disproportionation.
Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Organophosphonates and Their Adducts with Some Metal Salts
Authors: A. Saad Ebtsam , M. Ramadan Ramadan 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The synthesis of the new monobasic organophosphonates (C2H5O)RPO(OH), R=benzyl, benzoyl, or butanoyl group, by the hydrolysis of the neutral esters (C2H5O)2RPO is reported. The IR spectra of the new ligands showed that they were existed in solutions as dimers. The pKa values in 50% aqueous ethanol found to be 4.46, 3.98, and 3.48 for the benzyl, butanoyl, and benzoyl derivatives, respectively. These values were consistent with the calculated π-electron charge density. Solid complexes of the benzoylphosphonate with Pr, Eu, Er, and Co metal ions as well as the benzyl–Eu complex were isolated. The complex ratios were found to be 1:2 metal to phosphonate dimer. The octahedral arrangements were completed by the presence of a coordinated bidentate NO3 group. Ionic properties of these complexes were ruled out from conductometric measurements. The IR spectra as well as the calculated π-electron charge density for the benzoyl complexes showed that the preference site for complex formation was from the carbonyl oxygen in contrast with the benzyl one where complexation through the phosphoryl group in addition to the hydroxyl oxygen.
Temperature Dependence of Adsorption of Caesium Ions on Crystalline Hydrous Titanium Dioxide Fibers
Authors: Hayashi Hiromichi , Iwasaki Takashi , Onodera Yoshio , Fujiki Yoshinori 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The distribution coefficient of caesium ions, Kd, measured as a function of pH at 25–100 °C, decreased with increasing temperature. Enthalpy change of the adsorption of Cs+ on H2Ti4O9·nH2O estimated from the plot of logKd vs. T−1 in the range of 25–85 °C was −4.6 kcal mol−1. Above 95 °C, Kd values were lower than those extraporated from the plot due to a decrease in the crystallinity of the fibers.
Association of Carbon Tetrachloride, Chloroform, and Dichloromethane with Cyclodextrins in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Nishimura Makoto , Deguchi Toshio , Sanemasa Isao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The 1:1 host (cyclodextrin, CyD)–guest (CCl4, CHCl3, and CH2Cl2) association constants at 25 °C have been determined by making use of the volatilization rate of guest from aqueous into gaseous phase. No association was observed between γ-CyD and the three guests and between β-CyD and CH2Cl2.
[Cycloalkyl(phenylseleno)methylene]triphenylphosphoranes: Synthesis and Reactions of (Phenylseleno)alkenes
Authors: Minami Toru , Umezu Yasuo , Shikita Shoji , Okada Yoshiharu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The Wittig reaction of [cyclopropyl(phenylseleno)methylene]- and [cyclobutyl(phenylseleno)methylene]triphenylphosphoranes with aldehydes produced (Z)- and (E)-(1-cyclopropyl-1-phenylseleno)- and (1-cyclobutyl-1-phenylseleno)alkenes in moderate to good yields. The oxidation of the (E)-selenoalkenes to the corresponding selenoxides and subsequent thermolysis of the selenoxides led to cyclopropyl- and cyclobutylacetylene derivatives in good yields.
Photoaffinity Labeling of Pepsin
Authors: Yonezawa Hiroo , Wada Tetsuya 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Photoaffinity reagents for pepsin [Ala–Gly–Phe(N3), Gly–Gly–Phe(N3)–Phe–Gly–OEt, Gly–Gly–Phe–Phe(N3)–Gly–OEt] were synthesized by a solution method. The pentapeptides were cleaved rapidly at the peptide bond between two aromatic amino acid residues by pepsin. This shows that Phe(N3) residues of the photoaffinity reagents bind with the S1 or S1′ site of pepsin. Pepsin was irradiated with photoaffinity reagents and the remaining activity was measured. The pepsin activity was decreased more rapidly in the presence of photoaffinity reagents, compared with that in the absence of photoaffinity reagents. Photoaffinity labeling occured at pH 2.0; however, did not occur at pH 4.0. Photoaffinity labeling of pepsin with 3H-labeled Gly–Gly–Phe(N3)–Phe–Gly–OEt showed that about 9% of the pepsin bound covalently with the photoaffinity reagent.
Cis/Trans Isomerization of Perinaphthothioindigo Dye Adsorbed on Silica Gel
Authors: Fukunishi Koushi , Kobayashi Masaya , Morimoto Akihiro , Kuwabara Masaki , Yamanaka Hiroki , Nomura Mototeru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photoinduced and thermal cis/trans isomerization of the title compound adsorbed on silica gel has been studied by the immersion method. The cis/trans photoisomerization of the adsorbed state can be reversibly induced by irradiation. Thermal isomerization of the cis-to trans-isomer proceeds very fast on the surface. The results are compared with those obtained in solution.