bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lowered Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors, but Not Increased Insulin Sensitivity, with Infliximab
Authors: Di Rocco Paola , Manco Melania , Rosa Giuseppina , Greco Aldo V. , Mingrone Geltrude 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To verify whether Infliximab could modify insulin sensitivity and TNF‐α and GLUT4 mRNA expression in muscle and adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects. Soluble TNF receptors I and II (TNFR‐I and TNFR‐II) were also assayed.Research Methods and Procedures: Six obese subjects were investigated before and 2 weeks after a single intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg Infliximab; insulin sensitivity was evaluated by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, and TNF‐α and GLUT4 mRNA expression were assessed by reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on muscle and adipose tissue. TNF‐α, TNFR‐I, and TNFR‐II were determined using the ELISA technique.Results: Infliximab infusion did not affect fasting plasma insulin or fasting plasma glucose levels; whole body glucose uptake did not change significantly. TNF‐α and GLUT4 mRNA did not show any significant change in muscle or adipose tissue. Serum TNF‐α was undetectable before and after treatment, whereas TNFR‐I and TNFR‐II concentrations significantly decreased (p < 0.01).Discussion: An explanation for the absence of effect of Infliximab on insulin resistance in morbidly obese subjects may be the paracrine way of action of this cytokine. Because Infliximab is predominantly distributed within the vascular compartment, its effectiveness in penetrating muscle and adipose tissue is potentially low. The significant decrease of TNFR‐I and TNFR‐II might be ascribed to a targeted effect of Infliximab on the immune system.
Melanin‐Concentrating Hormone Receptor Mutations and Human Obesity: Functional Analysis
Authors: Gibson William T. , Pissios Pavlos , Trombly Daniel J. , Luan Jian'An , Keogh Julia , Wareham Nicholas J. , Maratos‐Flier Eleftheria , O'Rahilly Stephen , Farooqi I. Sadaf 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMelanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH), a neuropeptide highly expressed in the lateral hypothalamus, has an important role in the regulation of energy balance and body weight in rodents. We examined whether mutations in the two known MCH receptors might be associated with obesity‐related phenotypes in humans. Among 106 subjects with severe early onset obesity and a history of hyperphagia, we found two missense variants in MCHR1: Y181H and R248Q. Neither of these was found in 192 normal weight controls. R248Q cosegregated with obesity across two generations; family data were unavailable for Y181H. When expressed in HEK293 cells, R248Q showed no evidence of constitutive activation or ligand hypersensitivity for extracellular signal‐regulated kinase phosphorylation. In addition, R248Q showed no enhanced suppression of cAMP generation. Two common single‐nucleotide polymorphisms were found to be in linkage disequilibrium: g.‐114A>G and c.39C>T. No association between either of these single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and obesity‐related phenotypes was found among a population cohort of 541 whites. Only two rare noncoding variants were found in MCHR2. In conclusion, mutations in the MCH receptors are not commonly found in humans with severe early onset obesity. Clarification of the relationship of these variants to obesity must await study in other populations and/or in genetically modified mice.
Exercise‐Induced Reduction in Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Women: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ross Robert , Janssen Ian , Dawson Jody , Kungl Ann‐Marie , Kuk Jennifer L. , Wong Suzy L. , Nguyen‐Duy Thanh‐Binh , Lee SoJung , Kilpatrick Katherine , Hudson Robert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To determine the effects of equivalent diet‐ or exercise‐induced weight loss and exercise without weight loss on subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, and insulin sensitivity in obese women.Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty‐four premenopausal women with abdominal obesity [waist circumference 110.1 ± 5.8 cm (mean ± SD)] (BMI 31.3 ± 2.0 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: diet weight loss (n = 15), exercise weight loss (n = 17), exercise without weight loss (n = 12), and a weight‐stable control group (n = 10). All groups underwent a 14‐week intervention.Results: Body weight decreased by ∼6.5% within both weight loss groups and was unchanged in the exercise without weight loss and control groups. In comparison with controls, cardiorespiratory fitness improved within the exercise groups only (p < 0.01). Reduction in total, abdominal, and abdominal subcutaneous fat within the exercise weight loss group was greater (p < 0.001) than within all other groups. The reduction in total and abdominal fat within the diet weight loss and exercise without weight loss groups was greater than within controls (p < 0.001) but not different from each other (p > 0.05). Visceral fat decreased within all treatment groups (p < 0.008), and these changes were not different from each other. In comparison with the control group, insulin sensitivity improved within the exercise weight loss group alone (p < 0.001).Discussion: Daily exercise without caloric restriction was associated with substantial reductions in total fat, abdominal fat, visceral fat, and insulin resistance in women. Exercise without weight loss was also associated with a substantial reduction in total and abdominal obesity.
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome across Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels in Women
Authors: Farrell Stephen W. , Cheng Yiling J. , Blair Steven N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome across age strata and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels in women.Research Methods and Procedures: 7104 women underwent a physical examination, including a maximal treadmill exercise test. Participants were divided into CRF quintiles according to age. The metabolic syndrome was identified using Adult Treatment Panel‐III Guidelines. Tests for trend were performed on demographic variables across CRF quintiles, as well as prevalence of the metabolic syndrome across CRF quintiles, age strata, and maximal workload achieved [maximal metabolic equivalent (MET) level].Results: The overall prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 6.5%. Age‐ and smoking‐adjusted prevalence was lower across quintiles of CRF (19.0%, 6.7%, 6.0%, 3.6%, and 2.3% for quintiles I to V, respectively, p for trend = 0.001). Smoking‐adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was higher across age strata (2.4%, 2.7%, 6.4%, 8.7%, 15.3%, and 16.1% for ages 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70 to 80, respectively, p for trend = 0.001). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the different age groups for women who achieved a maximal MET level of 11 or higher was one‐third to one‐fourth that of women who achieved lower maximal MET levels.Discussion: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was markedly lower across progressively higher levels of CRF in women of different age strata. Because regular physical activity improves components of the metabolic syndrome, modest increases in CRF among low fit women may ameliorate the metabolic syndrome in some instances.
Percentage Fat in Overweight and Obese Children: Comparison of DXA and Air Displacement Plethysmography**
Authors: Radley Duncan , Gately Paul J. , Cooke Carlton B. , Carroll Sean , Oldroyd Brian , Truscott John G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare percentage body fat (percentage fat) estimates from DXA and air displacement plethysmography (ADP) in overweight and obese children.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐nine children (49 boys and 20 girls) 14.0 ± 1.65 years of age, with a BMI of 31.3 ± 5.6 kg/m2 and a percentage fat (DXA) of 42.5 ± 8.4%, participated in the study. ADP body fat content was estimated from body density (Db) using equations devised by Siri (ADPSiri) and Lohman (ADPLoh).Results: ADP estimates of percentage fat were highly correlated with those of DXA in both male and female subjects (r = 0.90 to 0.93, all p < 0.001; standard error of estimate = 2.50% to 3.39%). Compared with DXA estimates, ADPSiri and ADPLoh produced significantly (p < 0.01) lower estimates of mean body fat content in boys (−2.85% and −4.64%, respectively) and girls (−2.95% and −5.15%, respectively). Agreement between ADP and DXA methods was further examined using the total error and methods of Bland and Altman. Total error ranged from 4.46% to 6.38% in both male and female subjects. The 95% limits of agreement were relatively similar for all percentage fat estimates, ranging from ±6.73% to ±7.94%.Discussion: In this study, conversion of Db using the Siri equation led to mean percentage fat estimates that agreed better with those determined by DXA compared with the Lohman equations. However, relatively high limits of agreement using either equation resulted in percentage fat estimates that were not interchangeable with percentage fat determined by DXA.
Amount of Food Group Variety Consumed in the Diet and Long‐Term Weight Loss Maintenance
Authors: Raynor Hollie A. , Jeffery Robert W. , Phelan Suzanne , Hill James O. , Wing Rena R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Decreases in variety of foods consumed within high‐fat‐dense food groups and increases in variety of foods consumed within low‐fat‐dense food groups are associated with lower energy intake and greater weight loss during obesity treatment and may assist with weight loss maintenance. This study examined food group variety in 2237 weight loss maintainers in the National Weight Control Registry, who had lost 32.2 ± 18.0 kg (70.9 ± 39.5 lbs) and maintained a weight loss of at least 13.6 kg (30 lbs) for 6.1 ± 7.7 years.Research Methods and Procedures: At entry into the registry, registry members completed a food frequency questionnaire from which amount of variety consumed from different food groups was assessed. To provide a context for interpreting the level of variety occurring in the diet of registry participants, food group variety was compared between registry participants and 96 individuals who had recently participated in a behavioral weight loss program and had lost at least 7% of initial body weight.Results: Registry members reported consuming a diet with very low variety in all food groups, especially in those food groups higher in fat density. Registry participants consumed significantly (p < 0.001) less variety within all food groups, except fruit and combination foods, than recent weight losers after 6 months of weight loss treatment.Discussion: These results suggest that successful weight loss maintainers consume a diet with limited variety in all food groups. Restricting variety within all food groups may help with consuming a low‐energy diet and maintaining long‐term weight loss.
Does Prior Authorization of Sibutramine Improve Medication Compliance or Weight Loss?
Authors: Risser Joseph A. , Vash Peter D. , Nieto Lurline 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study was designed to examine whether prior authorization for insurer reimbursement of weight loss medication affects compliance with taking sibutramine or adherence to a medical weight control program. The underlying hypothesis is that physician advocacy through prior authorization increases patient compliance and treatment outcomes.Research Methods and Procedures: A retrospective review was conducted of 22 subjects who had received a prescription for sibutramine that was reimbursed through their health insurer by prior authorization (PAR) and compared them with 47 randomly selected subjects who were also prescribed sibutramine but did not receive reimbursement (non‐PAR). Outcome measures included the percentage weight lost, visits to the clinic, and number of prescriptions received at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.Results: The proportion of subjects remaining in the clinic program, the number of clinic visits made, the number of prescriptions received, and the amount of weight lost were all significantly greater among PAR subjects than among non‐PAR subjects. PAR subjects used the medication 37% longer by month 6 (2.43 vs. 1.52 prescriptions; p < 0.02), visited the clinic 44% more often (72.5 vs. 40.5 visits in 12 months; p < 0.0006), and achieved 38% better maximal weight loss (16% vs. 9.9% at 6 months; p < 0.49) than non‐PAR subjects.Discussion: This study suggests that, when those medications are not included on a health insurer's formulary, the use of the prior authorization process may improve both medication and behavioral compliance.
Obesity and Overweight Prevalence in Polish 7‐ to 9‐Year‐Old Children
Authors: Małecka‐Tendera Ewa , Klimek Katarzyna , Matusik Paweł , Olszanecka‐Glinianowicz Magdalena , Lehingue Yves ,   Behalf of the Polish Childhood Obesity Study Group
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Secular trend in childhood obesity is a well‐known phenomenon, and it is important to monitor it in cross‐sectional studies. The study aim was to estimate prevalence of obesity and overweight in Polish 7‐ to 9‐year‐old children and to compare the results with a French study based on the same protocol.Research Methods and Procedures: The study was conducted in 2001 according to the protocol of the European Childhood Obesity Group. Height and weight were measured, and BMI was calculated to define nutritional status in a randomly selected group of 2916 (1445 girls and 1471 boys) primary school children. Obesity and overweight were estimated according to International Obesity Task Force references with curve for obesity and overweight passing through 30 and 25 kg/m2 at age 18, respectively.Results: Overweight (including obesity) was found in 15.4% of Polish children (in 15.8% of girls and 15.0% of boys) and obesity in 3.6% (3.7% of girls and 3.6% of boys) compared with 18.1% of overweight and 3.8% of obese children in French study. There was no significant difference in nutrition status between Polish and French children except for higher frequency of overweight in French 9‐year‐old boys. The same trend of decreasing overweight through age classes was observed in both populations.Discussion: The prevalence of obesity and overweight (including obesity) in prepubertal children estimated in two European countries according to the same protocol and using the same references showed little differences between the two populations despite higher prevalence of obesity in Polish than French adults.
High‐density Lipoprotein Apolipoprotein A‐I Kinetics in Obesity
Authors: Ooi Esther M. M. , Watts Gerald F. , Farvid Maryam S. , Chan Dick C. , Allen Michael C. , Zilko Simon R. , Barrett P. Hugh R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Low plasma concentrations of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol and apolipoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I) are independent predictors of coronary artery disease and are often associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. However, the underlying kinetic determinants of HDL metabolism are not well understood.Research Methods and Procedures: We pooled data from 13 stable isotope studies to investigate the kinetic determinants of apoA‐I concentrations in lean and overweight—obese individuals. We also examined the associations of HDL kinetics with age, sex, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment score, and concentrations of apoA‐I, triglycerides, HDL‐cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol.Results: Compared with lean individuals, overweight—obese individuals had significantly higher HDL apoA‐I fractional catabolic rate (0.21 ± 0.01 vs. 0.33 ± 0.01 pools/d; p < 0.001) and production rate (PR; 11.3 ± 4.4 vs. 15.8 ± 2.77 mg/kg per day; p = 0.001). In the lean group, HDL apoA‐I PR was significantly associated with apoA‐I concentration (r = 0.455, p = 0.004), whereas in the overweight—obese group, both HDL apoA‐I fractional catabolic rate (r = −0.396, p = 0.050) and HDL apoA‐I PR (r = 0.399, p = 0.048) were significantly associated with apoA‐I concentration. After adjustment for fasting insulin or Homeostasis Model Assessment score, HDL apoA‐I PR was an independent predictor of apoA‐I concentration.Discussion: In overweight—obese subjects, hypercatabolism of apoA‐I is paralleled by an increased production of apoA‐I, with HDL apoA‐I PR being the stronger determinant of apoA‐I concentration. This could have therapeutic implications for the management of dyslipidemia in individuals with low plasma HDL‐cholesterol.
Adiposity in Middle‐aged Women is Associated with Genetic Taste Blindness to 6‐n‐Propylthiouracil
Authors: Goldstein Gretchen L. , Daun Henryk , Tepper Beverly J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Taste blindness to the bitterness of 6‐n‐propylthiouracil (PROP) may be a genetic marker for food preferences and dietary choices that ultimately influence body weight. A previous study in middle‐aged women showed that those who were taste blind to PROP (i.e., nontasters) had higher BMIs than those with the greatest sensitivity to PROP (i.e., supertasters). This study tested the hypothesis that the nontaster phenotype was associated with greater adiposity in middle‐aged women.Research Methods and Procedures: Forty women with a mean BMI of 26.6 ± 1.3 kg/m2 and a mean age of 41.8 ± 1.8 years were recruited from the local community. They were classified as nontasters (n = 8), medium tasters (n = 18), or supertasters (n = 14) of PROP using a filter paper screening procedure. Anthropometric measures included height, weight, body fatness, triceps skinfold thickness, and waist circumference. Dietary restraint and disinhibition were also measured to assess cognitions associated with body weight.Results: BMI was 6.2 units higher in nontaster women compared with supertaster women (29.7 ± 0.9 vs. 23.5 ± 0.9, respectively; p < 0.05). Body fatness (p < 0.01) and triceps skinfold thickness (p < 0.05) were also higher in these women. Waist circumference showed a trend in the appropriate direction. Although disinhibition was associated with greater adiposity, the relation between PROP status and adiposity was not altered after controlling for disinhibition.Discussion: The PROP nontaster phenotype was strongly associated with several measures of adiposity in middle‐aged women. These data confirm our previous findings and suggest that the PROP polymorphism may be a reliable indicator of weight gain susceptibility.
Adipose Gene Expression Patterns of Weight Gain Suggest Counteracting Steroid Hormone Synthesis
Authors: van Schothorst Evert M. , Franssen‐van Hal Nicole , Schaap Mirjam M. , Pennings Jeroen , Hoebee Barbara , Keijer Jaap 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To identify early molecular changes in weight gain, using analysis of gene expression changes in adipose tissue of mice fed well‐defined humanized (Western) high‐fat and low‐fat (control) diets during a short (3‐ to 5‐week) time interval.Research Methods and Procedures: An adipose‐enriched cDNA microarray was constructed and used for the expression analyses of visceral adipose tissues of wildtype young adult C57BL/6J male mice on different diets.Results: Mice on a high‐fat diet had significantly higher body weight (at most, 9.6% greater) and adipose tissue weights compared with mice on a control diet. Gene expression analyses revealed 31 transcripts significantly differentially expressed in visceral adipose tissue between the diet groups. Most of these genes were expressed more on the high‐fat diet. They mainly encode proteins involved in cellular structure (e.g., myosin, procollagen, vimentin) and lipid metabolism (e.g., leptin, lipoprotein lipase, carbonic anhydrase 3). This increase in gene expression was accompanied by a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and carbohydrate metabolism (ATP citrate lyase). Importantly, genes belonging to steroid hormone biosynthesis (3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase‐1, cholesterol side‐chain cleavage cytochrome P450, and steroid‐11β‐hydroxylase) were all expressed less in mice on a high‐fat diet.Discussion: A short time period of 3 to 5 weeks of high‐fat feeding altered gene expression patterns in visceral adipose tissue in male mice. Gene expression changes indicate initiation of adipose tissue enlargement and the down‐regulation of adipose steroid hormone biosynthesis. The latter suggests a mechanism by which initial progression toward weight gain is counteracted.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Fluoxetine as Adjuncts to Group Behavioral Therapy for Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Devlin Michael J. , Goldfein Juli A. , Petkova Eva , Jiang Huiping , Raizman Pamela S. , Wolk Sara , Mayer Laurel , Carino Janel , Bellace Dara , Kamenetz Claudia , Dobrow Ilyse , Walsh B. Timothy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Although binge eating disorder is a common and distressing concomitant of obesity, it has not yet been established whether affected individuals presenting to behavioral weight control programs should receive specialized treatments to supplement standard treatment. This study was designed to examine the added benefit of two adjunctive interventions, individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and fluoxetine, offered in the context of group behavioral weight control treatment.Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred sixteen overweight/obese women and men with binge eating disorder were all assigned to receive a 16‐session group behavioral weight control treatment over 20 weeks. Simultaneously, subjects were randomly assigned to receive CBT + fluoxetine, CBT + placebo, fluoxetine, or placebo in a two‐by‐two factorial design. Outcome measures, assessed at the end of the 16‐session acute treatment phase, included binge frequency, weight, and measures of eating‐related and general psychopathology.Results: Overall, subjects showed substantial improvement in binge eating and both general and eating‐related psychopathology, but little weight loss. Subjects who received individual CBT improved more in binge frequency than did those not receiving CBT (p< 0.001), and binge abstinence was significantly more common in subjects receiving CBT vs. those who did not (62% vs. 33%,p< 0.001). Fluoxetine treatment was associated with greater reduction in depressive symptoms (p< 0.05). The 54 subjects who achieved binge abstinence improved more on all measures than the 62 subjects who did not. In particular, these subjects lost, on average, 6.2 kg compared with a gain of 0.7 kg among non‐abstainers.Discussion: Adjunctive individual CBT results in significant additional binge reduction in obese binge eaters receiving standard behavioral weight control treatment.
Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese Japanese Children
Authors: Yoshinaga Masao , Tanaka Satoru , Shimago Atsushi , Sameshima Koji , Nishi Junichiro , Nomura Yuichi , Kawano Yoshifumi , Hashiguchi Jun , Ichiki Takeo , Shimizu Shinichiro 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the prevalence of and sex differences related to the metabolic syndrome among obese and overweight elementary school children.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 471 overweight or obese Japanese children. Children meeting at least three of the following five criteria qualified as having the metabolic syndrome: abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, low high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels, and high fasting glucose levels. Fasting insulin levels were also examined.Results: Japanese obese children were found to have a significantly lower prevalence (17.7%) of the metabolic syndrome than U.S. obese adolescents (28.7%, p = 0.0014). However, Japanese overweight children had a similar incidence (8.7%) of the metabolic syndrome compared with U.S. overweight adolescents (6.8%). Hyperinsulinemia in girls and abdominal obesity in boys are characteristic features of individual metabolic syndrome factors in Japanese children.Discussion: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is not lower in preteen Japanese overweight children than in U.S. overweight adolescents, although it is significantly lower in Japanese obese preteen children than in U.S. obese adolescents. Primary and secondary interventions are needed for overweight preteen children in Japan.