bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TERTIARY FLORAS OF INDIA AND THEIR BEARING ON THE HISTORICAL GEOLOGY OF THE REGION
Authors: Lakhanpal Rajendra N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGeologically India is divisible into three units (1) Peninsular, (2) Extra‐Peninsular and (3) Jndo‐Gangetic Plain. The Tertiary floras of India can conveniently be divided into two groups — Palaeogene and Neogene. As known today, Palaeogene floras are found only in the Peninsular India, while Neogene occur in both the Peninsular and extra‐Peninsular regions. They are predominantly tropical floras, made up of genera now largely confined to the Old World.A notable feature of the Indian Palaeogene is the occurrence of a few southern hemisphere taxa which may recall the pre‐Cenozoic relationships between India and the Gondwana continents to the south.The London Clay flora shows noticeable general resemblance with the Indian Palaeogene. This feature is discussed taking into account the Tertiary plant fossils known from northern Africa. Phytogeographic comparison is also made with the Malaysian region. It is envisaged that there were large scale migrations and intermingling of floras over Malaysia, India, Arabia and Eastern Africa during Neogene time. Records of Dipterocarpaceae provide significant evidence. Water seems to have been a major factor in controlling the distribution of plants at low latitudes throughout the Cenozoic era.The palaeogeography of India during the Early Eocene and Miocene epochs has been reconstructed on the joint evidence of plant and animal fossils.Much work remains to be done before we shall have a clear understanding of the sources and migrations of the plants which have survived in southern Asia throughout Tertiary times to the present.
EDWARD NATHANIEL BANCROFT'S OBSCURE BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS AND HIS FATHER'S PLANT NAMES
Authors: Mabberley D. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe plants newly described by E.N. Bancroft, particularly in newspapers, are identified; of these, Cassia porturegalis (Leguminosae) is C. italica (Mill.) Spreng., a name published in 1800. Resulting from a search of early Jamaican botanical literature, overlooked binomials are identified, as are the overlooked names of other Caribbean plants: Psidium wrightii Krug & Urban, non Wright (Myrtaceae) becomes P. parvifolium (Griseb.) Griseb. Names published by Bancroft senior are considered and appended is a list of a further 80 overlooked names of New World plants: all are identified except for some species of Alloplectus, Opuntia, Passiflora and Zea, which remain obscure, while Chaetanthera tenella gives way to C. ramosissima (Compositae).
THE UNNECESSARY CONSERVATION OF GENERIC LECTOTYPES
Authors: Wilbur Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is contended that the proposed conservation of such lectotypes as that of Bombax ceiba L. for the genus Bombax is unnecessary. To insist that the type of a genus must conform completely with the generic protologue is an unreasonable requirement. The lectotype of the genus Jatropha L. (Euphorbiaceae) is discussed as another example of this proposed but ill‐advised requirement. It is argued that such proposals for conservation be rejected.
ADENANTHERA BICOLOR MOON AND THE OPERATION OF ARTICLE 32
Authors: Tjaden W. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe proposal by R. D. Meikle to amend Article 32 (Taxon 28(5/6): 600–601, 1979) should be rejected. It has an arbitrary purpose in intending to validate a name in a sense contrary to what its author arguably intended, and contrary to general usage of that name. Further, it does not achieve the intended result, although it may be mistakenly held to do so.
TYPIFICATION OF CLIMACIUM AMERICANUM BRID.
Authors: Vitt Dale H. , Horton Diana G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAuf Grund der Nennung von Richard's Namen in Bridel's Originalbeschreibung von Climacium americanum Brid. wird ein Lectotyp für diese Art in Richard's Herbarium (PC) ausgewählt, zumal Bridel's Herbarium (B) ein zur Typifizierung von C. americanum geeignetes Examplar nicht enthält. Die Nennung von Richard's Namen durch Bridel im Zusammenhang mit der Flora Boreali‐americana unterstützt die Ansicht, daß Richard auch als Autor zumindest des Bryophyten‐Teiles dieses Werkes in Frage kommt.
THE IDENTITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF OPUNTIA AURANTIACA LINDLEY
Authors: Moran V. C. , Zimmermann H. G. , Annecke D. P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLindley's original description of Opuntia aurantiaca, which is an economically important weed in South Africa and eastern Australia, is accurate but he was mistaken in recording that Gillies originally collected the plant and that it came from Chile. These errors are the basis of confusion about the identity and distribution of this cactus. Evidence is presented to show that O. aurantiaca is an introduced floral element in Argentina and Uruguay and a study of the biography of the botanist Nicholas Nugent, indicates that the West Indies may be the original distributional centre of this plant.
GENETICS OF LUPINUS VIII. VARIATIONS IN THE OCCURRENCE OF ALKALOIDS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF LUPINUS NANUS
Authors: Mankinen C. B. , Harding James , Elliott Mathilde 
Published: April 2006

SummaryExtensive variation was observed for alkaloids in Lupinus nanus. Of the nine alkaloids studied, one was always present, one was nearly always present, one was nearly always absent, and the occurrence of the remaining six was extremely variable. There was little divergence between four geographic subspecies. All populations exhibited polymorphisms for at least two alkaloids. The average number of polymorphisms per population was approximately 4.5 or 50 percent of alkaloids studied. The highest number was found in L. nanus ssp latifolius and the smallest number in L. nanus ssp apricus. The high frequency of some alkaloids suggests natural selection. Alkaloid number 9 was found in all plants throughout all populations of the four subspecies examined. Methods for measuring divergence of populations from subspecies profiles in terms of alkaloid frequencies were developed. Estimates indicated that marginal populations often diverged more from subspecies profiles than did central populations. Methods for measuring population variance were developed and estimates often indicated that central populations were more variable than marginal populations. But these generalizations were not without exception.
THE TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF SOME ASIATIC SPECIES OF MURDANNIA (COMMELINACEAE): THE IDENTITY OF COMMELINA MEDICA LOUR. AND COMMELINA TUBEROSA LOUR.
Authors: Faden Robert B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe taxonomic and nomenclatural history of Commelina medica Lour. and C. tuberosa Lour. is outlined and Loureiro's diagnostic characters are presented. The three tuberous‐rooted, scapose Murdannia species from Indochina and south China are described. A complete synonymy is provided for each one and each in turn compared with Loureiro's descriptions of C. medica and C. tuberosa. Murdannia medica, as recently interpreted, is found to have been correctly associated with C. medica. The combinations M. spectabilis and M. edulis are made for the species usually called M. loureirii and M. scapiflora, respectively. The former species usually has been associated with C. tuberosa Lour., but the latter is shown to be Loureiro's plant. Aneilema azureum, A. loureirii β. horsfieldii, A. platyphyllum and A. multiscaposum are placed in synonymy for the first time. Murdannia medica and M. spectabilis are found to be closely related to each other but not to M. edulis. The first two are related to M. vaginata because of shared unusual inflorescence and floral morphologies. A new section Vaginatae is described for these three species. The relationships of M. edulis are not established with certainty, but this species must be placed in section Murdannia.
LEGUMINOSAE SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE
Authors: Isely Duane , Polhill Roger 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis paper is an historical resume of names that have been used for the group of legumes whose members have papilionoid flowers. When this taxon is treated as a subfamily, the prefix “Papilion‐”, with various terminations, has predominated. We propose conservation of Papilionoideae as an alternative to Faboideae, coeval with the “unique” conservation of Papilionaceae at the family rank.
NOTES ON TWO LINNAEAN SPECIES OF SOLANUM (SOLANACEAE)
Authors: Nee Michael 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe identity of Solanum verbascifolium L. is established as that of an uncommon species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum of the Bahamas, Florida Keys and the Yucatan Peninsula previously known as S. blodgettii Chapm. or S. donianum Walp. Solanum laurifolium L.f., a later homonym of S. laurifolium Mill., is a species of Cordia in the Boraginaceae.
COMMENTS ON THE TYPIFICATION OF TWO LINNAEAN SPECIES OF PHLOX (POLEMONIACEAE)
Authors: Reveal James L. , Broome C. Rose , Brown Melvin L. , Frick George F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe lectotype of Phlox ovata L., a Plukenet illustration proposed by Wherry (1955), is shown to be based on a specimen of Ruellia caroliniensis (Walter) Steudel (Acanthaceae). This lectotypification must stand even though specimens of P. ovata were present in the Linnaean Herbarium. Wherry considered the two elements and purposefully selected a Plukenet illustration as the type of the species. The Allegheny Phlox must now be called P. latifolia Michx. Also, the type of P. setacea L. is shown not to be a synonym of P. subulata L. var. subulata, but representative of the southern phase which Wherry (1929) called var. australis. The type of P. setacea is probably a John Banister collection from Virginia. The name, P. subulata var. setacea (L.) Brand (1907) has priority over var. australis Wherry.
NUMERICAL TAXONOMIC ANALYSES OF ALLOZYMIC VARIATION IN CAPSICUM (SOLANACEAE)
Authors: Jensen Richard J. , McLeod Michael J. , Eshbaugh W. Hardy , Guttman Sheldon I. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStarch gel electrophoresis has been employed to produce allozyme profiles of 966 individual plants representing twelve morphologically defined domestic and wild taxa of Capsicum. A total of 63 alleles representing 23 enzyme loci has been recognized. These alleles were used as characters in numerical taxonomic analyses, by way of cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis, of patterns of variation within and between these taxa. The results demonstrate that in some cases there is good agreement between morphological and allozymic patterns of variation while in other cases there is little such agreement. The major groups of taxa, i.e., the white‐flowered and purple‐flowered groups, are easily discernible but there are problems within these groups. For example, C. pubescens is easily separable from C. cardenasii and C. eximium yet the latter two are indistinguishable. The same pattern is noted, although not so clearly, in the C. baccatum‐C. praetermissum complex. Whereas these two taxa can be separated, the two varieties (baccatum and pendulum) of C. baccatum cannot. Additionally, there is complete overlap among the members of what may be called the C. annuum complex, i.e., C. annuum v. annuum, C. a. v. aviculare, C. chinense, and C. frutescens. Finally, the inclusion of two other wild taxa, C. chacoense and C. tovari, permits speculation on the systematic relationships between these taxa and the other wild and domestic taxa.
ADDENDA ON THOMAS WALTER (c. 1740–1789)
Authors: Ewan Joseph 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWalter's handwriting, illustrated here, is unrecorded. Though William Bartram must have known Walter, evidently John Fraser, who delivered Walter's Flora to the printer, did not visit Bartram's home, as did Michaux, and a stream of botanical visitors. Michaux may have visited Walter's plantation.
STRUCTURAL VALUE: A CONCEPT USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATIONS
Authors: McNeill J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe number of hierarchical clustering methods now available in numerical taxonomy is such as to be capable of yielding a bewilderingly large number of dendrograms. Moreover, mathematical criteria for choice of method have met with limited acceptance. The construction of dendrograms, whether on phenetic, eclectic, or cladistic principles, is not, however, the entire process of classification. Although both dendrograms and hierarchical classifications are ultrametric representations of relationship, the latter are always rank‐defined while the former may be defined on continuous distances. Even rank‐defined dendrograms are often so complex in terms of ranks and branching points (nodes) as to be unacceptable in practice as taxonomic classifications. In such cases a process of simplification is necessary beyond that involved in the ultrametric transformation. Although methods exist for assessing best ultrametric transformation, little consideration has been given to the subsequent simplification process. In this paper the criteria used by taxonomists in determining whether a classification shows an acceptable degree of simplification (e.g., by the compression or splitting of a dendrogram) are analysed. The extent to which a classification meets these criteria is termed its structural value. Psychological research has shown that the hierarchical organisation of stimuli aids memory and that the number of stimuli that can readily be considered at one time shows an upper limit of about five to seven. Hierarchical classification subdivides large groups into mentally more manageable ones (‘leaflets’ of a hierarchical tree) and it is suggested that the fewer additional taxa (nodes) and additional ranks required to do this, the higher the structural value. A structural value statistic (V) is developed which is the one‐complement of a loss function with terms representing the extent to which the leaflet sizes (nij) nodes (T) and ranks (r) are in excess. In the simplest case, where a is the desired leaflet size and T∗ and r∗ are the consequent ‘best’ number of nodes and ranks (not necessarily integral), the structural value of a classification of N basic taxa can be expressed as
calculated only over ni j > a, r > r∗, T > T∗. The structural value statistic is applied to a number of hypothetical situations and to a range of published classifications dating from 1753 to 1976. It is suggested that the statistic, which is essentially independent of the data used in assessing similarity, supplements the existing data‐dependent criteria for determining the quality of a classification and serves to specify more precisely one aspect of the hierarchical classificatory process.
INDIAN PODOPHYLLUM: IS IT PODOPHYLLUM EMODI OR PODOPHYLLUM HEXANDRUM?
Authors: Soejarto Djaja D. , Faden Robert B. , Farnsworth Norman R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe source of Indian Podophyllum is variously referred to as Podophyllum emodi Wall. or P. hexandrum Royle. The latter is shown to be the earliest available name for this taxon.
ON MNIUM TRICHOMANIS LINNAEUS (HEPATOPHYTA)
Authors: Stotler Raymond Eugene , Crotz Darrell Keith 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe initial use of the name Mnium in the generic sense contained not only species of mosses but two liverworts as well, namely, M. trichomanis L. and M.fissum L. These hepatic species, now regarded as validly published in accordance with the I.C.B.N., have long been recognized as segregates within the genus Calypogeja Raddi. Although lectotypes had been selected for these two taxa sometime ago, those specimens are at odds with the original protologue of Linnaeus and must be superseded. Further, study of authentic specimens of the taxa in question reveals that neither name has been used in the sense of the original author and they are proposed here as nomina rejicienda under Art. 69. If rejected, a new name would be needed to accommodate those elements previously referred to as Calypogeja fissa sensu Raddi et auct. div. which is unequivocally shown to be the equivalent of M. trichomanis L. Additionally C. fissa sensu the Linnaean basionym, is shown to be conspecific with C. arguta Mont. et Nees which could then replace C. fissa as the earliest legitimate name available. Calypogeja trichomanis sensu Müller and modern authors is regarded as a species nova (C. azurea Stotl. et Crotz) since it cannot be correlated with any previous legitimate name.
TYPIFICATION OF PODOPHYLLUM HEXANDRUM ROYLE
Authors: Soejarto D. D. , Greenwood B. D. , Lauener L. A. , Farnsworth N. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRoylean Podophyllum specimens mounted on sheet no. 13/1 in deposit at the Merseyside County Museums (LIV), Liverpool (Great Britain), has been identified and designated as the lectotype of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle.
POLYCLAVE KEYING WITH ONE CARD PER CHARACTER
Authors: Sinnott Quinn P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA modified polyclave keying method is described which employs one card per character rather than character state. This can allow a great reduction in the total number of cards required for keying, along with a lessened need to keep the cards carefully sorted. This allows practical field use of the key. The keying deck is an attribute type with up to 78 taxa and 10 character states or 156 taxa and 5 character states per card. Identifications are made by overlapping the character cards on an identification board. Additional cards or decks are required when the number of character states is greater than 10 (or five in the 156 taxa version) or the number of taxa exceeds 78 (156 in the larger version).
THE IDENTITY OF STIPA COLUMBIANA MACOUN AND S. VIRIDULA VAR. MINOR VASEY (GRAMINEAE, STIPEAE): A REBUTTAL
Authors: Barkworth Mary E. , Maze Jack 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe characteristics of the lectotype of Stipa columbiana Macoun are reviewed in detail and shown to include those generally considered diagnostic of the species S. lemmonii (Vasey) Scribner but not those diagnostic of S. columbiana auct. Thus the name S. columbiana Macoun must either be rejected, as proposed earlier or, because it has priority, applied to the species now known as S. lemmonii. The characteristics of the lectotype of S. viridula var. minor Vasey, which is the basionym of S. occidentalis var. minor (Vasey) C. L. Hitchc., are also reviewed and shown to demonstrate that the specimen belongs to S. lettermanii Vasey, not S. columbiana auct.
NOTE AU SUJET DE CULCASIA SCANDEMS PAL. BEAUV. (ARACEAE) … CET INCONNU
Authors: Letouzey R. , Ntepe C. 
Published: April 2006

RésuméCette note est la recherche du type réel de cette espèce, ce qui a inévitablement conduit à des investigations historiques dont les points d'interrogation ne sont pas exclus: les études antérieures, en particulier de SCHOTT. d'ENGLER et de HEPPER, ont à ce jour mené à des interprétations différentes et litigieuses et à une connaissance imparfaite de la répartition géographique de ce taxon. Le travail effectué ici doit permettre de reprendre le problème de cette espèce, sur des bases plus certaines.
THE MASCULINE GENDER OF THE GENERIC NAME STYRAX LINNAEUS (STYRACACEAE)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Steyskal George C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBotanists have used Styrax in all genders. The etymology of Styrax, the problems with its classical and dictionary genders, and arguments for and against the various botanical genders are evaluated. We find that the Linnaean adoption of neuter was a simple error, the use of feminine has only theoretical justification and that masculine gender best fits the wording of our present (Botanical) Code for Styrax, as well as Panax.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON DRYOPTERIS ADANS.
Authors: Fraser‐Jenkins C. R. , Jermy A. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDryopteris oreades Fomin replaces the name D. abbreviata (DC.) Newman for one of the sexual diploid species in the D. filix‐mas (L.) Schott aggregate on two main grounds. First, the original concept of de Candolle was not that of the sexual diploid taxon; however the actual identity of de Candolle's taxon, though probably D. pseudomas (Wollaston) Holub & Pouzar, is open to considerable doubt and cannot now be ascertained. Various interpretations have been followed with a preponderance in favour of its incorrect application to the sexual diploid taxon. Thus the name Polystichum abbreviatum DC. has become a long‐persistent source of error and it should be regarded as a nomen ambiguum. Secondly, the taxon P. abbreviatum DC. was accepted in Dryopteris by Newman at varietal rank only and he did not make the combination D. abbreviata (DC.) Newm. so frequently attributed to him. Moreover the combination can no longer be made because of the publication of D. abbreviata (Schrad.) O. Kuntze (1891), based on Aspidium abbreviatum Schrader, an unrelated taxon.
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE OLD WORLD LUPINES
Authors: Plitmann Uzi 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAbout twelve species of Lupinus are centered in the Mediterranean and North African parts of the Old World. They show limited morphologocal polymorphism, but they are diverse in other ways. The group as a whole features three unique characteristics of evolutionary significance: (a) a special geographical distribution, disjunct from the main center in America, with allopatric rough‐seeded and partially sympatric smooth‐seeded species; (b) karyotype polymorphism, with at least seven different chromosome numbers, none of which has been encountered in the New World; (c) systematic disassociation, by which most species are taxonomically unrelated and genetically isolated.This cyto‐geographical complex pattern and systematic divergence are best understood on the assumption that a few lupines of various origins migrated by means of long‐range dispersal from their primary center in North America during the Neogene. The migrations were repeated quite haphazardly.Rough‐seeded migrules were established in NW Africa, while smooth‐seeded ones arrived at the Mediterranean, probably later on.During the Miocene lupine populations spread and diverged along the Mediterranean and in Africa north of the equator, succeeding the Tethyan flora.Their present eco‐geographical distribution is the outcome of both climatic and edaphic changes during the Quaternary, combined with the impact of human activities from the Pleistocene on. Whereas the evolution of Lupinus in the New World has been enhanced by processes such as ecological differentiation and intensive hybridization, that of the Old World lupines has been inhibited owing to rapidly increasing aridity and civilization. The main changes in the gene pool of wild populations could be caused by disruptive differentiation, i.e., occasional hybridization and subsequent intergradations with escaped or neglected, sporadically domesticated strains.
LUPINUS HEPTAPHYLLUS (VELLOSO) HASSLER VS. LUPINUS HILARIANUS BENTHAM
Authors: Dunn David B. , Planchuelo Ana Maria 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe arguments are presented concluding that the names Lupinus hilarianus Benth. and Cytisus heptaphyllus Velloso were applied to very different material and certainly do not belong to the same species. It is concluded that C. heptaphyllus does not belong in the genus Lupinus. It is questionable whether the name fits any of the species currently known for allied genera. Article 63 prohibits the use of L. hilarianus, so the next name published which applies to specimens of the species involved, Lupinus gibertianus C. P. Smith, must be accepted.
THE ORIGIN OF LAND PLANTS: A NEW LOOK AT AN OLD PROBLEM
Authors: Lowry Brian , Lee David , Hébant Charles 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAlthough current ideas on evolution of the earth's atmosphere vary widely, it seems certain that when plants first invaded the land habitat they were exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation more intense than that found today. We suggest that an early obvious protective adaptation would be the accumulation of substituted cinnamic acids from the deamination of aromatic amino acids. If so, by making possible a diverse range of phenylpropanoid biochemistry, including the synthesis of lignin, this initial adaptation would have exerted a profound effect on the course of higher plant evolution.