bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of various classes of anti‐emetics in preventing deoxynivalenol‐induced vomiting in swine
Authors: Prelusky Dan B. , Trenholm H. Locksley 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a potent emetic agent. While the basic mechanisms which invoke and mediate emesis are still poorly understood, various neurotransmitters appear to be involved. The action of these transmitters can be blocked by various receptor‐specific antagonists. The current study investigated the efficacy of several classes of receptor antagonists to block the emetic effect of DON. Following anti‐emetic pretreatment, pigs were administered the toxin (i.v., 80 μg/kg, or oral, 300 μg/kg) and the onset of emesis was monitored. Certain specific serotonin (5HT3)‐receptor antagonists (ICS 205‐930, BRL 43694 A) were found to efficaciously prevent DON‐induced vomiting. These observations support the hypothesis that serotonin plays an important role in chemically induced emesis. Also moderately effective, but requiring high doses, were the 5HT2‐receptor antagonists, cyproheptadine and sulpiride. A variety of compounds possessing strong anticholinergic activity were also efficacious. These, however, apparently act directly at the emetic center and thus are capable of preventing emesis regardless of the cause, including chemically induced vomiting. Non‐effective were the antihistaminic and antidopaminergic anti‐emetics; except, those which also possessed considerable anticholinergic activity, and i.v. administered chlorpromazine which has been speculated to block specific receptors found in the brain's chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) reportedly involved in initiating emesis. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Search for chlorinated sesquiterpene lactones in the neurotoxic thistle Centaurea solstitialis by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, and model studies on their possible artifactual formation
Authors: Hamburger Matthias , Wolfender Jean‐Luc , Hostettmann Kurt 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn HPLC method has been developed for the analysis of sesquiterpene lactones of the neurotoxic plant Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae). The presence of sesquiterpene lactone chlorohydrins in extracts was investigated by means of liquid chromatography‐thermospray mass spectrometry. In contrast to earlier reports of a series of mono‐ and dichlorohydrins from this plant, traces only of two monochlorohydrins could be detected in lipophilic extracts. Model studies carried out with extracts and with the genuine sesquiterpene diepoxide repin and its epimer subluteolide showed that (i) monochlorohydrins can be formed in CHCl3 under usual laboratory conditions; (ii) the epoxide moiety at C‐4 of the sesquiterpenes is extremely labile, reacting immediately and quantitatively with traces of HCl to the corresponding monohydrins; (iii) epoxide ring opening at the acyl side chain occurs only at higher HCl concentrations. Confirmation of the peak identity was obtained by the isotope ratio of chlorinated compounds and comparison with authentic samples. The structures of the mono‐ and dichlorohydrins were established by NMR spectroscopy. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatotoxin (microcystin) and neurotoxin (anatoxin‐a) contained in natural blooms and strains of cyanobacteria from Japanese freshwaters
Authors: Park Ho‐Dong , Watanabe Mariyo F. , Harada Ken‐Ichi , Nagai Hidetoshi , Suzuki Makoto , Watanabe Masayuki , Hayashi Hidetake 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmounts of hepatotoxic microcystin and neurotoxic anatoxin‐a were estimated in natural blooms and strains of cyanobacteria from freshwaters in Japan. A simultaneous analysis method of anatoxin‐a and microcystin was applied to natural bloom samples, which has been dominated by several species and the strains of cyanobacteria which produced simultaneously both toxins. The natural blooms examined in the present study were mainly composed of Anabaena and Oscillatoria, but most also contained Microcystis and other cyanobacteria. Only one sample was almost unialgal, Anabaena spiroides, collected from Lake Sagami. The toxins in 14 samples collected from nine different natural blooms during 1988–1992 were identified as microcystins‐RR, ‐YR, and ‐LR; desmethyl‐7‐microcystin‐LR (7‐DMLR); and anatoxin‐a. Microcystins were the main toxins contained in these natural blooms, with anatoxin‐a not being detected or of very little quantity. 7‐DMLR was detected in samples only from Lake Kasumigaura. Five strains of Anabaena isolated from waters in Japan produced a small amount of anatoxin‐a, but no microcystins. One half of the strains of Microcystis produced microcystins and/or anatoxin‐a. This is the first study showing Microcystis producing both anatoxin‐a and microcystins. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aflatoxin, kwashiorkor, and morbidity
Authors: Adhikari Miriam , Ramjee Gita , Berjak Patricia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChildren suffering from kwashiorkor could be grouped as those in whom aflatoxin was detectable in both serum and urine, and those in whom this mycotoxin was undetectable. Examination of the clinical records of the aflatoxin‐positive and negative children (58% and 42% of the sample, respectively) showed several other differences between the two groups. Compared with the aflatoxin‐negative group, the children scored as aflatoxin‐positive showed a significantly lower haemoglobin level (P = 0.02), a longer duration of oedema (P = 0.057), an increased number of infections (P = 0.037), and a longer duration of hospital stay (P = 0.008). The present findings suggest that the consumption of a staple food such as maize that is contaminated with the fungus Aspergillus flavus exposes susceptible kwashiorkor children to the metabolic hazards of aflatoxins, resulting in a greater risk of frequent infections. © 1994 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of citrinin and ochratoxin A
Authors: Braunberg Robert C. , Barton Curtis N. , Gantt Oscar O. , Friedman Leonard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe mycotoxins citrinin and ochratoxin A are produced in common by some molds and have been found together in a number of foods and animal feeds. We used in vitro tests to determine if the Same effects are produced by these two mycotoxins when they act both independently and together. Renal cortical cubes prepared from kidneys of young adult Hormel‐Hanford miniature swine were cultured in the presence or absence of the toxins for 1 h at 37°C. The concentration of the toxins both singly and in combination ranged from 10−6 to 10−3 M. The tissues were incubated, removed, rinsed, and reincubated to measure transport of either tetraethylammonium (TEA) or paraminohippurate (PAH) ions and protein synthesis, using 3H‐leucine. The transport data were analyzed by a recently developed logistic function test to ascertain whether the effects were additive, synergistic, or antagonistic. The significance of deviation was tested after a potency multiplier was added to the mixture. Data for three of the five experiments measuring TEA transport indicated a synergistic effect; for the other two, the results were not significantly different from additivity. The Same was true for PAH transport. For protein synthesis, one experiment showed synergism; for the other, nonadditivity was not significant. None of the measurements showed antagonism between the two toxins. As with several other systems, tests of biochemical effects showed that administration of citrinin and ochratoxin A together did not elicit either consistent or strong synergistic responses.
Characteristics of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins derived from short‐necked clams (Tapes japonica) in Mikawa Bay
Authors: Okumura Masanao , Yamada Seiji , Oshima Yasukatsu , Ishikawa Naohisa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA “red tide” bloom of Alexandrium temarense occurred in Mikawa Bay in April 1991. In association with this, paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin was detected in short‐necked clams by mouse bioassay. High performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated large quantities of the N‐sulfocarbamoyl toxins, C1, and C2 (approximately 90% of the total toxins), whose latent potency was confirmed by treatment with boiling at low pH. © 1994 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ribosomal DMA sequences discriminate among toxic and non‐toxic Pseudonitzschia species
Authors: Scholin C. A. , Villac M. C. , Buck K. R. , Krupp J. M. , Powers D. A. , Fryxell G. A. , Chavez F. P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCultured isolates of Pseudonitzschia australis Frenguelli, P. delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden, P. americana (Hasle) Fryxell, P. pungens (Grunow) Hasle, and P. pungens f. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle from Monterey Bay, California, were compared on the basis of their large‐subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LsrDNA). Pseudonitzschia australis, P. pungens f. multiseries, and P. delicatissima were previously shown to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid; the remaining isolates are considered non‐toxic. For each isolate approximately 800 base pairs of LsrDNA, encompassing both evolutionarily conserved and evolutionarily variable regions of the molecule, were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Phylogenetic trees generated by parsimony analysis of aligned sequences afford a preliminary view of the organisms genetic relationships. Species defined by morphological criteria are also distinguishable by LsrDNA sequence. Organisms known or suspected to produce domoic acid cluster at different termini on the phylogenetic tree. Two genetically distinct strains of P. australis and P. pungens were identified. Development of a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay of the LsrDNA is described. The RFLP assay discriminates each species, including distinguished strains of P. australis and P. pungens. The restriction test provides a rapid and convenient method for screening isolates' LsrDNA, facilitating further tests of the apparent positive correlation between Pseudonitzschia species' ribosomal gene signatures, morphology, and capacity to produce domoic acid. copy; 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Degradation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin by aquatic bacteria
Authors: Jones Gary J. , Bourne David G. , Blakeley Robert L. , Doelle Hörst 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBacterial degradation of the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide hepatotoxin microcystin was confirmed in natural waters and by isolated laboratory strains. Degradation of 1 mg L−1 microcystin LR typically began 2‐8 days after addition to surface water samples. At concentrations greater than 1 mg L1 there was an initial slow removal of microcystin LR, rather than a distinct lag (or conditioning) phase, before rapid degradation commenced. The lag phase was absent upon re‐addition of microcystin LR to the water. Both single strains and mixed bacterial cultures capable of degrading microcystin LR were isolated from surface water samples. One single strain isolated was a gram‐negative rod and appeared to be a Pseudomonas sp., although standard taxonomic tests have given inconclusive results. Degradative activity was mostly intracellular and equally active against microcystin LR and RR, but not against nodularin. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins by surfclams, Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1897) in the gulf of maine: Seasonal changes, distribution between tissues, and notes on feeding habits
Authors: Shumway Sandra E. , Sherman Sally A. , Cembella Allan D. , Selvin Rhonda 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAccumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins by surfclams, Spisula solidissima, was studied over a period of two years at two inshore locations in southern Maine and at six stations on Georges Bank in the Gulf of Maine. Whole animals as well as individual tissues (siphon, mantle, digestive gland, foot, adductor muscle, gill) were analyzed for PSP‐toxicity levels using the standard AOAC mouse bioassay. Analyses of gut contents were carried out on surfclams from both inshore and offshore locations to identify the type of particles ingested. Surfclams feed primarily on phytoplankton and detrital material characteristic of the overlying seawater and surface sediment. No evidence was found for any selection based on particle size or type. Elevated levels of PSP toxins were noted in surfclams from Georges Bank more than two years after initial toxification. Toxins were not evenly distributed among the various tissues of surfclams. Initially, maximum toxicity among surfclam tissues was found in digestive glands; however, subsequent analyses of samples collected later in the year indicated that toxicity in gill and mantle tissues had increased relative to initial values. No toxicity was detected in adductor muscles. Surfclams are characterized by a high variation in total toxin load among individual animals, with a tendency for decreasing variation as toxin levels increase. Archived data from the Main Department of Marine Resources revealed annual and seasonal patterns of toxin accumulation by surfclams, i.e., toxin accumulation is an annual event, with initial increases in toxicity usually occurring in early spring. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Domoic acid‐producing diatom blooms in Monterey Bay, California: 1991‐1993
Authors: Walz P. M. , Garrison D. L. , Graham W. M. , Cattey M. A. , Tjeerdema R. S. , Silver M. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDuring the autumn of 1991, numerous seabird fatalities in Monterey Bay, California, led to the discovery of a new domoic acid‐producing diatom, Pseudonitzschia australis. Since this initial event, sizable populations of P. australis, as well as other likely toxin producers, P. pungens f. multiseries and P. pseudodelicatissima, have occurred biannually in Monterey Bay. Using the highly sensitive FMOC‐HPLC method, we detected domoic acid whenever Fseudonitzschia australis was found in the plankton, even at densities as low as 4.0 × 103 cells/L. Based on correlations of domoic acid and P. australis abundances and the overwhelming biovolume dominance of P. australis, we conclude that P. australis has been the major domoic acid producer during the period of our study.Our study suggests that P. australis cells may always be toxic in natural populations and that toxin concentrations on a per‐cell basis have no statistically significant relationship to population density or to nutrient concentrations other than silicate. Cellular levels of domoic acid were positively correlated with silicate concentrations, which is at variance with reports from prior culture experiments. These conclusions must be tentative because of the limited extent of our sampling. Nevertheless, these preliminary data indicate that further investigations of environmental conditions affiliated with cell growth and toxin production in P. australis are warranted.As a practical matter, domoic acid in the pelagic environment cannot be reliably or consistently detected by monitoring domoic acid levels in intertidal mussels. Direct measurement of domoic acid using sensitive HPLC methods is probably the most cost‐effective and accurate approach for an ongoing phycotoxin monitoring program. © 1994 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of fusaproliferin, a new toxic metabolite from Fusarium proliferatum
Authors: Ritieni Alberto , Fogliano Vincenzo , Randazzo Giacomino , Scarallo Angela , Logrieco Antonio , Moretti Antonio , Manndina Luisa , Bottalico Antonio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new toxic sesterterpene, named fusaproliferin, was purified from corn kernel cultures (120 ms/kg dry culture) of a strain of Fusarium proliferatum isolated from com ear rot in northern Italy. The strain, designated ITEM‐1494, also produced fumonisin B., (1.500 mg/kg dry culture) and beauvericin (90 mg/kg dry culture), but not moniliformin. To monitor toxicity, the brine shrimp assay was used throughout the isolation procedure. Fusaproliferin had a molecular formula of C27H40O5, and it is the first sesterterpene isolated from a Fusarium species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary studies on the inflammatory actions of the venoms of some Australian spiders
Authors: Korszniak Natalie V. , Story David F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExperiments were performed using an anaesthetised rat model to investigate the local inflammatory responses produced by intradermal injections of crude venom gland extracts from a number of Australian spiders, namely, Phonognatha graeffei, Delena cancerides, Isopeda montana, Badumna insignis, Lampona cylindrata, Steatoda grossa, S. capensis Hann. All of the venom gland extracts tested, with the exception of that from S. capensis, produced increases in vascular permeability consistent with acute inflammatory responses. The responses primarily involved the activation of 5‐HT receptors, since they were markedly reduced by the nonselective 5‐HT1/5‐HT2‐receptor antagonist methiothepin. Some of the venoms caused liberation of endogenous mediators of inflammation, and some had components that acted directly on the vasculature to increase vascular permeability. Histamine appeared to have little if any role in the observed increases in vascular permeability following intradermal injection of the spider venoms. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on structure‐activity relationship of seiridins, phytotoxins produced by three species of Seiridium
Authors: Sparapano Lorenzo , Evidente And Antonio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe phytotoxins seiridin (SEI) and iso‐seiridin (ISE), two Δαβ‐butenolides produced in vitro by Seiridium cardinale, S. cupressi, and S. unicome, as well as their derivatives obtained by chemical modification of each toxin, were analyzed for their bioactivity. The effects of each compound on host and non‐host plants and their antimicrobial activity on bacteria were investigated. The toxicity of both seiridins (SEIs) decreased in the derivatives with modifications of the γ‐lactone ring or with acetylation of the hydroxy group of the aliphatic side chain at C‐4. Shoot tissues of Cupressus macrocarpa artificially infected by S. cardinale leached electrolytes more than those of C. sempervirens and C. arizonica. Electrolyte loss from shoot tissues of cypress plants treated with each derivative also decreased for most of them. Seed germination was not affected by SEI and ISE derivatives. Inhibition of root growth of three herbaceous test plants was studied. SEI and 3,4‐dihydro SEI were active to germlings of lettuce. No ISE derivative affected root growth of lettuce and oat germlings. Reduction was observed on roots of radish germlings treated with acetyl ISE or 3,4‐dihydro ISE. No derivative of SEI or ISE elicited hormone‐like activity as SEI did. Antibacterial activity shown by SEI and ISE at 150 μM accounted for both hydrogenated derivatives of SEI. The integrity of the Δαβ‐unsaturated‐γ‐lactone ring and the location of the hydroxy group in the heptyl side chain are features of importance in biological activity of the two butenol ides. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective chemisorption and detoxification of aflatoxins by phyllosilicate clay
Authors: Phillips Timothy D. , Sarr A. Bashir , Grant Patrick G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPractical and effective strategies for the detoxification of aflatoxins are critically needed. We have shown that a phyllosilicate clay (HSCAS): i) tightly binds aflatoxins in aqueous solutions, including milk; ii) markedly decreases the bioavailability of radiolabeled aflatoxins; iii) greatly diminishes aflatoxicosis in young animals, i.e., rats, chickens, turkeys, lambs, and pigs; and iv) reduces the level of aflatoxin M1in the milk from lactating dairy cattle and goats. In further studies, ligands with one or more of the functional groups in common with aflatoxin were reacted with HSCAS in vitro in an attempt to elucidate the specificity and mechanism of tight binding (or chemisorption). A chemisorption index (Cα) was developed, allowing for direct comparison of various clay and zeolitic minerals with HSCAS. Chemisorption indices were determined by HPLC analysis of extracts of the supematants and sorbed pellets (exhaustively extracted with methanol and chloroform). The β‐dicarbonyl system of aflatoxin was found to be essential for tight binding by HSCAS. Comparison of the chemisorption indices from various classes of compounds with spectral data (DRIFTS) indicated that the molecular mechanism of aflatoxin binding may involve the chelation of metal ions in HSCAS with the β‐dicarbonyl moiety in aflatoxin. Computer modeling was utilized to provide additional information. Preliminary evidence suggests that aflatoxin B1may react at surfaces and within the interlayers of HSCAS particles. With knowledge of the mechanism involved, it has been possible to further enhance the propensity of HSCAS for aflatoxins. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of monoclonal antibodies for the analysis of mycotoxins
Authors: Dietrich Richard , Schneider Elisabeth , Usleber Ewald , Märtibauer Erwin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies against aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, T‐2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, 3‐acetyl‐deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, and roridin A were developed after immunization of BALB/c mice and fusion of the splenocytes with myeloma cells. The antibodies were characterized in terms of immunoglobulin subclass, sensitivity, and specificity. The use of these antibodies in competitive enzyme immunoassays, either as microtiter plate assays or membrane‐based quick tests, as well as for the production of immunoaffinity columns is described. The advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies compared to polyclonal antisera for the improvement of mycotoxin analysis are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of datura alkaloids by using chromatographic techniques: A review
Authors: Papadoyannis Ioannis N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA review of techniques used for the analysis of alkaloids in legume seeds, feedstuffs and plants is presented in this article. The analysis is performed by chromatographic techniques. Mainly Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas Chromatography (GC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) are applied. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FAO programmes for prevention, regulation, and control of mycotoxins in food
Authors: Boutrif Ezzeddine 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe article provides information on recent past and current activities carried out by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) at national, regional, and international levels to assist member countries in overcoming the problems raised by mycotoxins in foods and feeds. It gives special emphasis to the preventive aspects at the stages of production and storage of those commodities which are particularly sensitive to mycotoxin contamination. Specific projects implemented by the FAO in various countries to prevent and control mycotoxin contamination are cited with particular reference to the on‐going FAO/United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Regional Training Network for Mycotoxin Control in Asia. The article also provides an update of the Codex Alimentarius effort to establish international guideline levels for different mycotoxins in various foodstuffs and agricultural commodities and to develop sampling plans for aflatoxin control in peanuts and maize and their products. It proposes a set of recommended actions at various levels to monitor and control mycotoxin levels in foods and to promote international cooperation in this field. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.