bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Greek Warship
Authors: Tarn W. W. 
Published: May 2006

The evidence considered under D makes it, I think, impossible that the accepted theory can be true as regards the larger polyereis of the first three centuries B.C., which clearly were galleys a scaloccio of some sort. If what is put forward under A be true, the reason why the accepted theory was invented and has been so largely believed disappears. Nevertheless, there is still room for evidence that will support the accepted theory as to triremes generally, the quadriremes and quinqueremes of the fourth century, and the biremes of the first; and the theory may be true, even if the words thranite, zugite, and thalamite do refer to another arrangement.For a trireme, said Cartault, the evidence is overwhelming. Unfortunately he omitted to mention what it was, and with the best will in the world I have been unable to discover it. Assmann (1610) relied solely on the monuments. Luebeck however gives Schol, on Aelian's Tactica, Schol. on Frogs 1074) (see under A), Arr. Anab. 6, 5, 2 (see under B), Pollux 1, 87 (see under A), and Frogs 1074. Let me add Livy 33, 30, Aesch. Agam. 1617, Luc. Phars. 3, 529 seq.
The Dates of the Vases called ‘Cyrenaic’
Authors: Droop J. P. 
Published: May 2006

The literature dealing with the so-called ‘Cyrenaic’ vases is comparatively so huge that some excuse is needed for a fresh approach to the subject. That excuse is to be found in the new light shed on these vases through the recent excavations at Sparta by the British School at Athens, of which one result has been the discovery that Laconia was the home of the school which produced them.At Sparta this distinctive Laconian style is presented in good chronological sequence, and its course can be traced from its rise in the early seventh century, through its development and decline in the sixth and fifth centuries, to its end in the latter part of the fourth.It is true that the finds of pottery at the shrine of Artemis Orthia at Sparta consist of fragments of dedicated vases, the refuse, in fact, thrown out from time to time from the temple, so that what is presented by the stratification of the site is the chronological sequence not of the manufacture of the vases but of their destruction. Yet the development of the style as a whole, even when judged by the stratification, is so regular that it may be assumed that in most cases the order of destruction corresponded with that of manufacture. In any case the destruction of the older temple at the close of the seventh century gives at least one point where such correspondence is certain. Vases thrown out from the new temple must have been dedicated after the destruction of the older building. To divide the style with much certainty into six chronological periods called, and approximately dated
The Progress of Greek Epigraphy, 1913–14
Authors: Tod Marcus N. 
Published: May 2006

The following summary of the more important books and articles in the field of Greek Epigraphy which have been published during the year ending with the close of June 1914 continues the series of similar reviews which have appeared in the last eight issues of the Year's Work in Classical Studies, in which it has proved impossible, owing to pressure of material, any longer to devote a chapter annually to Greek Inscriptions. My sincere thanks are due to the Editor of this Journal for offering the shelter of these pages to a waif which otherwise must have come to a speedy, but I venture to hope not altogether unregretted, end.General.—The past year has witnessed the publication of a number of works which will prove invaluable to the Greek epigraphist and historian. Of the three new volumes of the Inscriptiones Graecae something will be said below. To the Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften, now nearing its completion, has been added a further section, edited by O. Hoffmann and P. Gärtchen, which contains the more important Ionic inscriptions published since 1905, addenda and corrigenda to those which appeared in G.D.I, iii. 2, 5, together with a grammar and index to the whole group.
On the Date and Origin of Minyan Ware
Authors: Childe V. Gordon 
Published: May 2006

Mr. Forsdyke in his brilliant article on this subject was unfortunately unable to make use of the important results of Dr. Soteriadhis' recent excavations in Phocis. The site explored near Dhrakmani on the estates of Messrs. Piperis and Ghiannakopoulos has greatly increased our knowledge of the forms of this pottery, supplying just the evidence Mr. Forsdyke requires as a test of his theory. The exploration of the mound near Hagia Marina in the same district serves to supplement the unpublished results from Orchomenos in Boeotia. Now, however, by the kindness of Dr. Soteriadhis I have been able to see the material in the Chaeronea Museum. It will accordingly be interesting to review Mr. Forsdyke's theory in the light of these new finds.In the large mound of Hagia Marina the excavator has been able to distinguish three main strata. Below the disturbed layers containing modern sherds, came a stratum one metre thick, containing Mycenean (L. M. III.) sherds mixed with Minyan ware. Immediately below this, the pottery called by Furtwängler at Orchomenos Kamares began to appear. At first apparently Minyan and ‘Early Mycenean’—by this I suppose is meant the northern variety of Mattmalerei—occur with it plentifully, but towards the bottom of the layer these disappear.
Where did Aphrodite find the Body of Adonis?
Authors: Μενάρδος Σῖμος 
Published: May 2006

In ancient Cyprus no one could have hesitated to point out the spot in question. But in the present day we have nothing to guide us except a hint of the famous Καινὴ ἰστορία of Ptolemy Hephaestion, as recorded by Photius in chap. cxc of the Myriobiblos.The mythographer deals in the seventh book with the Λευκὰς πέτρα which had the miraculous power of curing those who, when afflicted with love, dared to jump from it. It was this extreme remedy that Apollo counselled to Aphrodite, disconsolate at the death of Adonis: Μετὰ τὸνΑδώνιδός φασι θάνατον περιερχομένη καὶ ζητοῦσα ἡ Αφροδίτη εὖρεν αὐτὸνἐν Αργει πόλει τῆς Κύπρον ἐν τῷ τοῦ ἐριθίου Απόλλωνος ἰερῷ καὶ ἀνείλεναὐτόνWhereabouts in Cyprus was this πόλις Αργος? None of the ancient geographers tells us, and, so far as I know, no modern scholar has elucidated this point. All of them mention ᾿´Αργος among the towns in Cyprus not yet identified.A short while ago I expressed the opinion (in ᾿Αθηνᾶ vol. xviii, p. 343) that this ᾿´Αργος was ᾿´Αρσος and I now explain the reasons which appear to me sufficient to justify my conjecture.
The Coinage of the Ionian Revolt
Authors: Gardner P. 
Published: May 2006

In a paper published in the Proceedings of the British Academy, I tried to shew that the cities of Ionia which took part in the revolt against Persia in the years B.C. 500–494 issued an uniform coinage in electrum. So far as I am aware, this discovery has met with general acceptance. It may, however, in consequence of the place where it appeared, not have come fairly before most of those who are interested in Greek history and archaeology. I therefore propose here to state my view somewhat more in detail, and to trace certain corollaries which are as yet unpublished.I need not go through the story of the Ionian Revolt, as narrated by Herodotus: it is fair to assume that every scholar is familiar with it. It may, however, be well here to mention the cities, the names of which occur in this section of the story of Herodotus, with the definite facts recorded of them, as the issues of coins would probably be civic issues. It was Miletus, under the guidance of Aristagoras, which began the revolt (v. 35). It spread rapidly to Mylasa and Termera in Caria, as well as to Mytilene and Cyme.
Archaeology in Greece (1910–1911)
Authors: Dawkins R. M. 
Published: May 2006

The Season of 1910–1911 has witnessed the continuation of most of the excavations mentioned in the last of these reports, and the beginning of work in the island of Corfou (Kerkyra), which has, up to now, hardly yielded its full share of antiquities. This year, however, it has given us the most important discovery of the season, an almost complete sculptured pediment of an archaic Doric temple.This discovery was made near the monastery of Goritsa, which lies to the south of the town of Corfou. Here the chance finding of a sculptured slab led to an excavation by the Ephor Versakis on behalf of the Greek Archaeological Society. The work was presently supported by the Emperor of Germany, Doctor Doerpfeld assisting at the excavation, and the Greek Government was represented later by the Ephor Rhomaios. The temple itself is much destroyed; the importance of the discovery consists in the almost complete preservation of the sculpture of one of the pediments.
The Financial History of Ancient Chios
Authors: Gardner P. 
Published: May 2006

There is at present an unfortunate hiatus between the study of Greek history and the science of Greek coins. The historians, if we except Holm have not had familiarity with Greek coins, and the numismatists have seldom gone into larger questions; they have mostly been occupied with minute details, which no doubt in their way are important. Yet coins give the investigator most exact and trustworthy information; and in matters of commerce and finance are first-hand authorities. My History of Ancient Coinage was meant to do something towards filling the hiatus; but much remains to be done.At present I propose to treat briefly of the financial history of Chios as exhibited in the coins. I select that city for two reasons. In the first place the importance and wealth of the city, and its close connection with the main stream of Greek history, give it a claim to preference. In the second place the coins of Chios have been so fully and satisfactorily treated of by numismatists that I need not enumerate or discuss them in detail.
Cleostratus: A Postscript
Authors: Fotheringham J. K. 
Published: May 2006

Since writing my paper on Cleostratus, I have received from Professor Boll a copy of his masterly treatise, Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne, in which he incidentally deals with the πρῶτα σημεῖα of Cleostratus, which he identifies with the sign Libra. This interpretation is based on an excerpt from Antiochus, dealing with the pernicious degrees of the zodiac. The passage runs as follows:—Κέντρον Σκορπίου ἀπὸ ἔως ί κράσεως ᾿ Αρεως καὶ Κρόνου καὶ <ἡ>πρώτη μοῖρα κράσεως ῾ Ερμοῦ κτλProfessor Boll recognises that the words ἀπὸ . . . Κρόνου cannot refer to the Scorpion's sting, and supposes that after Σκορπίου the words τὸμέτωπον τοῦ Σκορπίου have fallen out. He then takes ἡ πρώτη μοῖρα as equivalent to the πρῶτα σημεῖα of Cleostratus, a traditional phrase unlike the terminology of the rest of the passage.
An Eastern Patriarch's Education in England
Authors: Marshall F. H. 
Published: May 2006

In The Times of January 28th, 1925, appeared tne interesting announcement that ‘Mar Shimun XXI, the Patriarch of the Nestorian or Assyrian Christians, who is only sixteen years of age, arrived in England yesterday, and proceeded to St. Augustine's College, Canterbury, where he is to be educated.’This is not the first occasion on which a Patriarch of an Eastern Church has received his education in England, and it may be instructive to follow the career of the Orthodox predecessor of the Nestorian Patriarch Mar Shimun XXI, especially as we possess a good deal of information about him, which is, I believe, practically unknown in England. The Greek in question was Metrophanes Critopoulos, who subsequently became Patriarch of Alexandria. He arrived in London about the middle of the year 1617.The whole story of this mission of Critopoulos is extremely interesting, for it is closely bound up with the struggle between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism in the Thirty Years' War, and with the aspirations of Cyril Loucaris, that Patriarch of Constantinople who was in close touch with Western ideas, was accused of being a Calvinist, and was duly anathematised therefor by the Council of Constantinople in 1638. He is probably best known in this country for his present of the celebrated Codex Alexandrinus to King Charles I in 1628.It is not my intention to describe the career of Cyril Loucaris, except in so far as it touches upon the story of Critopoulos; it has been presented at length by Neale, as has also the episode of Metrophanes Critopoulos as far as the information about him was then available.
The Heroic Sophrosyne and the Form of Homer's Poetry
Authors: Sheppard J. T. 
Published: May 2006

An Epic is not made by piecing together a series of heroic lays, adjusting their discrepancies and making them into a continuous narrative. There is only one thing which can master the perplexed stuff of epic material into unity; and that is, an ability to see in particular human experience some significant symbolism of man's general destiny. We do not appreciate what Homer did for his time, and is still doing for all the world, unless we see the warfare and the adventure as symbols of the primary courage of life. And it is not his morals, but Homer's art that does that for us.—Lascelles Abercrombie, The Epic.I.—The Modesty of Diomed.Pandar has shot his arrow at Menelaus. The truce is broken, and the critics have been fretting for a display of Agamemnon's prowess ever since they heard the promise and incitement of the Lying Dream. Now, at last, they think, Agamemnon will lead the attack, and the story can develope. A king ought not to sleep all night, said the Dream: and now, with the truce broken, and his precious brother wounded, Agamemnon will surely wake up. He does. ‘Then you would not have seen Agamemnon sleeping nor shirking, but very eager to the fight. He left the horses and the chariot … and went on foot …’ To the battle? No, to review his forces.
Notes on the Text of Strabo XIII. I
Authors: Leaf Walter 
Published: May 2006

There is no sort of textual corruption which cannot be abundantly illustrated from the MSS. of Strabo; but they stand almost alone in one characteristic—the multitude of lacunae. It is not a question here of mutilation on a large scale, such as the loss of most of the seventh book, nor of the omission of words or lines through such causes as homoioteleuton; these can be easily proved to exist, and probably there are many cases of them which we cannot now prove. But the peculiar lacunae of Strabo are due to a conscientious scribe, somewhere in the genealogy of the MSS., who had before him a copy in which from time to time he came across words or letters which for some reason he was unable to decipher; he has therefore left blanks corresponding in length to the missing letters. These lacunae have been recently discussed by Allen in C.Q. ix. 88. It is there shewn that they do not arise from any physical mutilation of the MS.; their cause must be left uncertain.Gaps such as these were evidently likely to be filled up in course of time, as Allen says, ‘either by bringing the ends together or by inserting supplements.’ And in the case of Strabo such supplements were constantly at hand.
Another Note on the Sculpture of the Later Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
Authors: Lethaby W. R. 
Published: May 2006

When I wrote my former notes I was undecided as to the meaning of two of the sculptured fragments. No. 1215 is described in the Catalogue as ‘Fragment of sculptured pier, with portions of two figures wrestling; one is half kneeling, and his left thigh is clasped by the hand of his opponent—perhaps the contest of Herakles and Antaeus.’ (Fig. 1.)The high relief shows that the fragment indeed belonged to a pedestal, and in re-examining it more carefully I find that a portion of the right-hand return still exists. Small as the trace is, it is enough to fix the place of the fragment in regard to the angle of the pedestal together with the vertical direction. It is plain, further, that the hand which grasps the leg is a left hand.
The Mysteries and the Oresteia
Authors: Tierney Michael 
Published: May 2006

As long ago as 1893, Dieterich, in a famous article on the ‘initiation’-scene in Aristophanes' Clouds, pointed out that there are a great many echoes of ritual hidden in ordinary works of Greek literature, especially in comedy and tragedy. His hint was followed up in 1900 by F. Adami, whose paper remains a storehouse of such echoes, but who has by no means exhausted the subject. G. Thomson's article in a recent issue of this Journal collects a number of instances in the Oresteia of Aeschylus in which similar echoes can be heard. The purpose of the present contribution is partly to criticise the interpretation put by Thomson on certain of the references to mystic rites which Headlam and he have noted, and partly to attempt to carry the search a stage farther.The point in Thomson's valuable paper on which most doubt will be raised in his readers' minds is his tendency to attribute to the Eleusinia all allusions to mysteries in the Oresteia. In his zeal for the exclusive glory of Eleusis, he assumes that its mysteries involved both rites and doctrines which the general consensus of scholars has denied to them. In one place he dismisses this general agreement by lumping modern authorities together as ‘archaeologists’ (p. 22, n. 13), a title which most of them, probably, would humbly deprecate. His procedure raises an important problem in method, and for this reason I may be excused for discussing some of his conclusions.
The Defence of the Acropolis and the Panic Before Salamis
Authors: Knight W. F. J. 
Published: May 2006

The Persian army, moving on Athens after Thermopylae, found the city deserted, but the Acropolis held by temple servants and ‘a few poor men’: who, remembering the oracle of the ‘wooden walls,’ ‘for a long time’ defended wooden breastworks against the Persians, but were in the end overpowered.Dr. G. B. Grundy, having recounted thus far the Herodotean story, writes (The Great Persian War, p. 357):‘But the strangest part of the whole story is the account of the impression created in the fleet by the news of the capture. The inconsistency between the description of the garrison and its defensive works, and the alarm created by the capture of the fortification, is so glaring as to be irreconcilable, and modern historians have naturally been led to form conjectures as to what actually took place.’
The Export of Attic Black-Figure Ware
Authors: Bailey B. L. 
Published: May 2006

It was suggested to me by Mr. T. J. Dunbabin that the question of Attic B.F. export might be treated by grouping chronologically—as far as possible, for the sake of convenience, in twenty-year periods—the Attic B.F. ware hitherto found at various sites. This method of grouping differs slightly, of course, from that of Payne, and I have not found it possible to adhere strictly to it throughout (e.g., for the middle of the sixth century), but it perhaps serves as well as any other for the purposes of what aims at being an economic rather than a purely archaeological survey.Throughout the paper only the earliest finds from any one site are listed. Although this method may well seem to give an undue importance to certain sites which were apparently but scant importers of the ware, it would be impossible—within the scope of such a paper—to give exhaustive lists of the finds of every date.
Some Features in the Style of Aeschylus
Authors: Earp F. R. 
Published: May 2006

In this paper I propose to concentrate on some few features in the style of Aeschylus. A clear and very readable account of his style in general has already been given by Prof. Stanford in the book published recently, but in that he deals lightly with the things with which I propose to deal now, the variations of style between the plays and the reasons of them.But before we come to them, a word about the reasons for the character of his style in general. That, as all readers know, is full of ‘grandiloquence,’ or as the Greeks called it, ὄγκος, of various kinds, mouth-filling words and bold mixed metaphors, and so on. Prof. Stanford suggests incidentally that this may be due to convention, but that is hardly likely. There is little ὄγκος in the very scanty fragments of his predecessors in Tragedy, and it is probable that Aeschylus elevated the style, as, according to tradition, he elevated the staging of the plays.
Naval Operations in the South Channel of Corcyra 435–433 B.C.
Authors: Hammond N. G. L. 
Published: May 2006

Such attention as the battle of Sybota has received has resulted rather in criticism of Thucydides than in clarification of the battle; yet, as the greatest naval battle between Greek and Greek before the Peloponnesian War, it is of some interest to the naval historian. My attempt to reconstruct the battle is based on the belief that Thucydides' account is accurate, though cursory in some respects, and contains enough topographical clues for my purpose. In interpreting these clues I have drawn upon the results of travels in Epirus, which I hope to publish elsewhere; the relevant data are adduced here in brief. The paper falls into two parts, a topographical introduction and the study of Thucydides' narrative.The South Channel of Corfu is contained between the almost parallel coasts of Corfu and Epirus. The Corfu coast between Cape Lefkimo and Cape Bianco is low-lying with sandy beach and shallow water inshore; but south of St. Theodoro Point sunken rocks make approach dangerous, especially off Cape Bianco, where the Bianco Shoal stretches both south and east into the Channel. Thus in modern times the only area suitable for beaching is between Cape Lefkimo and St. Theodoro Point. There is no evidence of any general change since antiquity in the coastline or sea-level; and as this coast is sheltered from heavy seas the extent of the Bianco Shoal and the sunken rocks is likely to have been more or less constant. The stretch of coast between Cape Lefkimo and St. Theodoro Point is alluvial and may therefore have encroached slightly on the sea since antiquity. The Cape Leukimme of Thucydides should be identified with Cape Lefkimo; apart from the persistence of the ancient name, it alone affords the beaching facilities required for a naval base.
Archaeology in Greece 1938–39
Authors: Robertson Martin 
Published: May 2006

Thanks are due to all those who have contributed towards this summary—in particular to Dr. Marinatos and other officials of the Greek Archaeological Department, and to various members of the American, French, German and Italian Schools of Archaeology at Athens. The material was collected by the Director of the British School, but other duties prevented him from writing it up.The year was one of exceptional achievement, and held promise of more to come. The palace of Nestor at Pylos, the treasure at Delphi, the further finds at Olympia, Dendra and Mycenae, the ashlar beehive tomb at Isopata, the Mycenaean tomb on the slope of the Areopagos, and the exploration of Thermopylae are all discoveries of unusual interest and importance, and the further development of some of them would, in normal times, have been eagerly awaited.