bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Root and Shoot Development of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (French Beans) as Affected by Soil Moisture and Fertilizer Potassium
Authors: Sangakkara U. R. , Hartwig U. A. , Nösberger J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe development of an extensive root system enables plants to overcome water stress. However, there is little information on the response of food legumes to soil moisture, especially during early growth, which determines crop establishment. Thus, an experiment was conducted under controlled conditions to identify the effect of soil moisture and fertilizer potassium on root and shoot growth of french beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings. The seedlings were grown in a sand medium under a high and low soil moisture regime and with 0.1, 0.8 or 3.0 mM potassium.Root lengths, dry weights and numbers of root hairs were greater under low soil moisture conditions. Potassium increased root growth irrespective of soil moisture regimes. The impact of potassium on root length was more pronounced under a high soil moisture regime. In contrast, potassium increased root dry weights and root hairs to a greater extent when plants were grown under dry conditions. The lack of adequate soil moisture increased specific leaf weights, and this phenomenon was reduced by the application of potassium. Shoot:root ratios also showed a similar phenomenon. The development of an extensive root system by french bean seedlings under dry conditions to extract a greater quantity of available soil moisture fur establishment and plant growth and the ability of potassium to promote this phenomenon is presented in this study.
Response of Root Branching and Shoot Water Potentials of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Soil Moisture and Fertilizer Potassium
Authors: Sangakkara U. R. , Hartwig U. A. , Nösberger J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExtensive branching patterns of roots and the maintenance of adequate water within shoots enables plants to overcome water stress. However, information on the relationship between fertilizer potassium, root branching patterns and shoot water potentials of food legumes grown under different soil moisture regimes is scarce. Thus, an experiment was conducted in a phytotron to ascertain the effect of fertilizer potassium on root branching patterns and shoot water potentials of a popular tropical food legumes (Frenchbeans Phaseolus vulgaris L). The plants were grown in a sand medium with 0.1, 0.8 or 3.0 mM of potassium under a suboptimal and optima) soil moisture regime.Root lengths and dry weights were enhanced by potassium, especially under a suboptimal soil moisture regime. The branching patterns changed due to potassium, where the numbers of second and third order roots increased under both soil moisture regimes, although the impact was greater in plants grown with low soil moisture. Plant water contents measured in terms of shoot water potential, relative water contents, rurgid weight: dry weight ratio and water uptake capacity were also increased by potassium. A positive relationship was observed between root branching patterns and water potentials with increasing potassium levels especially in plants grown under suboptimal soil moisture conditions. Shoot growth and nodulation was also promoted by potassium. The ability of plants to develop a more extensive branching pattern of roots by inducing a greater number of second and third order roots and changing the root branching habit from a herringbone to a dichotomous type to maintain a greater shoot water potential especially under low soil moisture regimes is presented.
The Effect of Chilling Maize Shoots and Roots on the Electric Potential, Composition of Fatty Acids and the ATPase Activity in the Non‐chilled Organs of Seedlings
Authors: Filek M. , Kościelniak J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of separate chilling (5°C for 2 and 4 days) on the shoots and roots of two maize hybrid seedlings on the electric potential, the composition of fatty acids and the ATPase activity in the microsomes of non‐chilled leaves and roots (20°C) was investigated. It has been found that the low temperatures induced on the non‐chilled organs gave similar changes to organs exposed to a reduced temperature. The changes consisted of a parallel depolarization of leaf and root membranes and similarly a decrease in the ATPase activity as well as changes in the unsaturation of the membranes’ fatty acids. The reduction of the acid content 18:2 was particularly significant, which in the leaf microsomes correlated with a drop in the ATPase activity.The similarity between the reactions of the chilled and non‐chilled parts of the plant gives evidence of a communication’ between the organs which may facilitate a coordinated reaction of the entire organism to stress. The background for these phenomena could be die action potential of die chilled parts of seedlings which, in the non‐chilled parts, might produce changes in the structure of biomembranes and in the activity of enzymes.
Dynamics of Dry Matter Accumulation in the Developing Grains of Three Wheat Genotypes with Contrasting Grain Weight
Authors: Nagarajan S. , Gambhir P. N. , Gupta N. K. , Pande P. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe accumulation of dry matter and its major components was studied in developing grains of two bold seeded (Selection‐111 and IWP‐5308) and one small seeded (kalyansona) wheat genotypes grown in pot culture condition. It was observed that in kalyansona, a sharp reduction in grain water content during the critical stage of grain enlargement limits its size resulting in compact filling of grains. In the developing grains of Selection‐111 and IWP‐5308, the high rate of dry matter accumulation was associated with their larger grain sink size. However, their lower grain density compared to kalyansona could be explained on the basis of non‐complementation between synthetic component and grain size (structural component). This non‐complementation may be due to relatively higher thermosensitive synthetic mechanism in the bold seeded genotypes.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on the Duration of the Pre‐anthesis Period and Spikelet Number per Spike in Barley
Authors: KERNICH G. C. , HALLORAN G. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of increased yield and grain number per unit area in barley in response to nitrogen application are well known. However, the influence of applied nitrogen on the rates and durations of developmental phases in barley are less well understood. Our objective was to investigate the effect of applied nitrogen on the duration of pre‐anthesis development in barley and the number of spikelets per spike in two barley cultivars, Franklin and Schooner, in two studies. We found no effect of nitrogen on the duration of the pre‐anthesis period in Schooner, when applied to pots at a rate of 0 or 55 kg N ha‐1, or when applied in the held at 0, 40 or 160 kg N ha‐1. However, this duration was extended in Franklin in the first study by an application of 55 kg N ha‐1. Both plant biomass and grain yield at maturity were increased between 0 and 55 kg N ha‐1, and 0 and 160 kg N ha‐1. Meld increase was largely associated with an increase in the number of tillers per plant.
Contribution of Plant Breeding to Long‐term Agronomic Trait Changes in Maize Hybrids FAO 100 and 200
Authors: Rozman L. , Kozumplik V. , Vasilj D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess improvements in performance of maize hybrids during a 20‐year period. Data on FAO 100 and 200 hybrids, released by the former Yugoslav Committee for Releasing Varieties, were utilized. For FAO 100 hybrids group, yield increased 0.0015 Mg ha‐1 year‐1 but was not significant. Breeding resulted in a significant decrease in days to silking. In the FAO 200 group, yield increased on the average 0.046 Mg ha˜ year‐. The genetic gain was not significant. A performance index, based on yield and several other traits, increased significantly during the period for both groups of hybrids, but the increase due to breeding was significant for the FAO 200 hybrids only.
Effects of Timing of Drought Stress on Phenology, Yield and Yield Components of Short‐duration Pigeonpea
Authors: Lopez F. B. , Johansen C. , Chauhan Y. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNine short‐duration pigeonpea genotypes were given adequate soil moisture throughout growth or subjected to water stress during the late vegetative and flowering (stress 1), flowering and early pod development (stress 2), or podfill (stress 3) growth stages under field conditions. The stress 1 treatment had no significant effect on the time to flowering. No stress treatment affected maturity or inter‐plant flowering synchronization. The interval from a newly opened flower to a mature pod was about 30 days for all genotypes, and was unchanged in plants that were recovenng from stress 1 or undergoing stress 2. Seed yield was reduced to the greatest extent by stress 2 (by 37 %) and not significantly affected by stress 3 for all genotypes. No consistent differences were found between determinate and indeterminate genotypes in the ability to maintain seed yield under both stress 1 and stress 2. The harvest index was significantly reduced (22 %) by stress 2 but not by stress 1. However, under each soil moisture treatment, genotypic differences for seed yield were associated largely with differences in total dry matter production (TDM). For all genotypes, the number of pods m‐2 was the only yield component significantly affected by the water stress treatments. The stability of other yield components should be fully exploited to improve the stability of seed yield under drought conditions (drought resistance). Possible characteristics which may improve the drought resistance of short‐duration pigeonpea include the ability to maintain TDM, low flowering synchronization, small pod size with few seeds pod‐1, and large 100‐seed mass.
Influence of Seed Quality on Field Establishment and Forage Yield of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.)
Authors: Pasumarty S. V. , Higuchi S. , Murata T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo seed lots of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivar ‘Makibashiro’ classified as high and poor quality seed lots, based on the speed of germination (T50), were used to examine the influence of seed quality on field establishment and forage yield. Field emergence rate was estimated approximately three weeks after sowing and found that plots sown with high quality seeds (Lot 1) had 452 seedlings m‐2 compared with 392 seedlings in the plots sown with low quality seed lot (Lot 2), but the difference was not significant. However, plant density in autumn (November, 1993), 3 months after sowing, was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the plots of the Lot 1 seed than that from the Lot 2 seed. The percentage of clover plants surviving over the winter from Lot 1 plots was 55% compared with 39% from the Lot 2 plots, but the difference was not significant. Total forage yield in Lot 1 plots harvested in July and monthly intervals to October, was significantly increased by 44% (P < 0.05) over that of Lot 2 plots, but this greater forage yield in high seed quality seed lot plots was produced early in the season. The results strongly imply that the primary advantage to be gained from high quality seed is an improved field establishment, which led to increased yield of clover. In Lot 1 plots, the percentage of weed dry matter in all the four harvests remained below 1% of die seasonal dry matter production, whereas in Lot 2 plots die percentage of weed dry matter ranged from 3.3–16.9%.
Influence of Low Light Irradiance on Grain Filling in Rice (Oryza saliva L.) cultivars
Authors: VOLETI S. R. , SINGH V. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTime course of grain filling pattern in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, grown under normal and low light intensities, was studied. The number of spikelets, partially filled grains and high density grains were monitored at a 5 day interval during grain filling period from uniform panicles tagged at anthesis. The low light tolerant cultivar Swarnaprabha had more high density grains and less partially filled grains throughout the grain filling period and at harvest compared to cultivar Ratna under both normal and low light intensities. Further, the opening of spikelets in two flushes in Swarnaprabha seemed to result in a more efficient resource allocation and hence better yield as compared to Ratna, in which the opening of spikelets was in a single flush on day 10.
Effect of Water Stress on Pyruvaté, Pi Dikinase and Phosphoenol Pyruvate Carboxylase Activities in the Leaves of Two Cultivars of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)
Authors: Contour‐Ansel D. , Ilami G. , Ouarzane A. , Louguet P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of withholding water on the specific activities of pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK EC 2.7.9.1.) and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31) was studied in two cultivars of Sorghum bicolor L. different in their sensitivity to water deficit. The drought sensitive cultivar ICSV 1063 and the more resistant cultivar MIGSOR were subjected to water deficit in controlled conditions. The results showed a decrease in both enzyme specific activities, higher for drought sensitive cultivar ICSV 1063, when leaf water potential (Ψ) was lowered to ‐2.3 MPa. Following rewatering, enzyme specific activities increased in both cultivars, with the increase being more significant in MIGSOR. Relative water content (RWC) decreased significantly for water‐stressed ICSV 1063 cultivar, lower for MIGSOR and returned quickly to that of control plants upon rehydration. Net photosynthesis showed a decrease for water‐stressed plants, higher for ICSV 1063. At minimal Ψ, net photosynthesis was completely inhibited, with the stomata being closed After rehydration, MIGSOR showed a better recovery in photosynthesis but never reached the initial values of day 0. Water stress had a striking effect, both on net photosynthesis by regulation of stomatal aperture and on PPDK and PEPC activities, although the enzymes were still active when photosynthesis ceased. Therefore the level of PPDK and PEPC activities may contribute to the limitation of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation.
Competition and Control of Volunteer Jerusalem Artichoke in Various Crops
Authors: SCHITTENHELM S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA major production constraint in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is caused by tubers which are not recovered at harvest. Such lost tubers raise a serious weed problem the following season. Winter wheat, oat, spring oilseed rape, sugarbeet, maize and ryegrass were grown in a field which had Jerusalem artichoke as the preceding crop in order to obtain information about their competitive ability and the efficacy of various control measurements against Jerusalem artichoke infestation. The Jerusalem artichoke treatments in these crops were: total control by regular hand weeding (TOC), mechanical/chemical control (MCC), and no control (NOC). Under the NOC treatment, Jerusalem artichoke infestation at harvest was variable among crops, with the number of shoots ranging from 9 to 25 m−2 in oat and maize stands respectively. The number of Jerusalem artichoke shoots in the MCC plots was reduced by 50 to 99 % in oat and maize, respectively. The highest crop yields in each of the six species were realized under the TOC treatment. Insignificant yield reductions were observed in the NOC treatment of wheat, oat, rape and ryegrass. However, under this management yield reductions of 91 and 81 % occurred in sugarbeet and maize respectively. Depending on the preceding crop, 1–9 shoots m−2 of Jerusalem artichoke were still recorded under the MCC plots in the following season. Consequently, for complete elimination of infestation, volunteers must be controlled in the second and probably in the third year following a Jerusalem artichoke crop.
Canopy Temperature Depression Association with Yield of Irrigated Spring Wheat Cultivars in a Hot Climate
Authors: Amani I. , Fischer R. A. , Reynolds M. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study examines the utility of measurements of canopy temperature depression (TD) below air temperature as an indirect selection criterion for grain yield in breeding of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TD differences can be rapidly assessed using a hand‐held infra‐red thermometer and may reflect differences in stomatal conductance. Replicated small plot experiments were conducted with 23–24 spring wheat cultivars planted at two dates in the winter cropping cycles of 1991–92 and 1992–93 at a hot low latitude location in Mexico.Across a two fold range in grain yield at each planting, TD was usually highly significantly correlated with grain yield. Averaging the results for each year, the phenotypic correlation TD vs. yield was 0.84** and 0.89** for 1991–92 and 1992–93, respectively. Correlations were strongest when TD was measured between noon and 4 pm, and were unaffected by crop stage of development (pre‐heading, heading, grain fill) or timing relative to irrigation. TD was positively correlated with stomatal conductance. We discuss possible causes of these high correlations, and their implications for wheat breeding.
An Analysis of the Response of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Components to Cycocel (Chlormequat) Application
Authors: Olumekun V. O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField‐grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Avalon) plants were treated with a formulation of 1.25 % Cycocel (2‐Chloroethyl trimethylammonium chloride) and 0.5% LI‐700 (acidified soya lecithin) at the beginning of stem extension in order to identify the component parts that are most affected and on which an assessment of the effectiveness of Cycocel formulations can be based. Cycocel consistently reduced culm length due to the reduction of the lengths of the first three basal internodes by 43, 37 and 15 % respectively. In absolute terms, the second internode contributed most to stem reduction, a feature retained up till maturity. There was evidence of relative dry matter redistribution from the stem to the leaves, while growth rate was slowed down such that treated plants matured later than the controls. The youngest fully opened leaf at the time of Cycocel application showed a transient reduction in length, area and dry weight, while total leaf area was largely unchanged. From the results, measurement of the lengths of the first two internodes proved to be the most sensitive indicator of effective Cycocel uptake.
Variabilität im β‐Glucangehalt der Haferkaryopse von 132 Kulturhafer‐ und 39 Wildhafergenotypen
Authors: Baur S. K. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Variability of the β‐glucan content in oat caryopsis of 132 cultivated‐oat genotypes and 39 wild‐oat genotypes In order to establish the genetic variability and the environmental dependency on the β‐glucan contents (% DM) in oat caryopses, several outdoor experiments have been conducted. For a test period of 3 years, 132 oat genotypes from the gene bank of the Federal Research Institute for Agriculture (FAL) in Braunschweig were cultivated in the field. Furthermore, 39 wild‐oat genotypes from the gene bank were grown in Mitscherlich pots in protected areas for a 2‐year test period. The genetic‐variance range of the 132 oat genotypes in terms of β‐glucan content is maximally 2.27 % DM (1993). During the 3‐year test period, the lowest value was 3.23 % DM and the highest 5.67 % DM. For the 39 wild‐oat genotypes, the variance range ofβ‐glucan content was slightly higher (2.95 % DM, 1992). The minimum was 3.13 % DM and the maximum 6.08 % DM (1992). The β‐glucan content (% DM) was significantly influenced by prevailing climatic conditions during the test year. In conclusion, it may be stated that, for oat breeding based on β‐glucan content (% DM) the oat's genetic variability for the cultivated and wild plants investigated is similar, so that there is actually no need to go back to the wild material.
Effects of the Developmental Stage at Harvest on Dry Matter and Chemical Component Partitioning in Berseem
Authors: Iannucci A. , Fonzo N. Di , Martiniello P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe influence of cutting applied at four stages of plant growth on dry matter, crude protein, total available carbohydrates and reducing sugar partitioning was examined in six genotypes of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). The research was conducted in Foggia (Italy) during 1990 and 1991 in a glasshouse with controlled water application. The plants were grown in a plastic‐lined, PVC cylinder. At each cut, dry matter and chemical components were evaluated in leaf, stem and root fractions; at the end of the biological cycle, seed yield was recorded.Plants showed similar dry matter partitioning between leaves and stems at the eighth internode stage. The crude protein concentration was highest in leaf fractions, reaching the maximum value (31%) at an early stage of growth (fourth internode stage). The maximum value of total available carbohydrates was obtained in the stems at the early flowering stage (11 %), whereas reducing sugars almost always showed higher concentrations in the leaves (4 %). As for forage and seed yields, the developmental stage at cutting had a great influence on dry matter and chemical component partitioning among the different organs. Genotypic differences were observed for dry matter partitioning in leaves and stems in all developmental stages, but diversity in chemical component content was more evident in the roots.
Nitrogen Level and Seeding Rate Effects on the Performance of Hulled Wheats (Triticum monococcum L., T. dicoccum Schubler and T. spelta L.) Evaluated in Contrasting Agronomic Environments
Authors: Castagna R. , Minoia C. , Porfiri O. , Rocchetti G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffects of the nitrogen level and of the seeding rate on the performance of Triticum monococcum L., T. dicoccum Schübler and T. spelta L. (hulled wheats, together referred as ‘farro’) in comparison with bread wheat (variety Eridano) were evaluated. Field trials were conducted in five contrasting environments located in the north and central areas of Italy. Eridano mean grain yield was 3.86 t ha−1, resulting the highest in all the field trials. T. spelta, T. dicoccum and T. monococcum net grain yield was 2.71 t ha−1, 2.371 ha−1 and 1.06 t ha−1, respectively. Significant differences in all the evaluated parameters were observed among the species as well as among the environments. Biomass yield, grain protein and SDS sedimentation values of the hulled wheats were significantly influenced by nitrogen, which had no effect on grain yield. The results show the necessity to breed hulled wheat varieties adapted to the Italian environments and competitive with the bread wheat productivity in the marginal areas.