bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new p ‐terphenyl derivative from fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Sarcodon laevigatum
Authors: Ma Bing‐Ji , Hu Qun , Liu Ji‐Kai 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA new metabolite with p ‐terphenyl core, named sarcodan (1), together with three known p ‐terphenyl metabolites (3, 4, 5) represented as Fig. 1, was isolated from the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Sarcodon laevigatum . The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Isolation and identification of mixed linked β ‐glucan degrading bacteria in the intestine of broiler chickens and partial characterization of respective 1,3‐1,4‐β ‐glucanase activities
Authors: Beckmann Lutz , Simon Ortwin , Vahjen Wilfried 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMedia with 1,3‐1,4‐β ‐glucans as selective markers were used for isolation of non‐starch‐polysaccharide (NSP) degrading bacteria from the intestinal tract of broiler chicken. Formerly unknown 1,3‐1,4‐β endoglucanase activities in various bacterial species were identified in this study. E. faecium , Streptococcus , Bacteroides and Clostridium strains seem to be responsible for degradation of mixed linked β ‐glucans in the small intestine and in the hind gut of chickens. Strict anaerobic bacteria (Bacteroides ovatus , B. uniformis , presumably B. capillosus and Clostridium perfringens ) as well as an unidentified bacterium with 98% 16S rDNA homology to an uncultered chicken cecum bacterium were isolated. Additionally, Streptococcus bovis with 1,3‐1,4‐β ‐endoglucanase activity was also detected. Different 1,3‐1,4‐β ‐endoglucanase activity profiles were observed in SDS/PAGE zymograms. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Earlier spring in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Ho Chang‐Hoi , Lee E.‐J. , Lee I. , Jeong S.‐J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn the present study, long‐term changes in the first bloom date of shrub and tree species in Seoul (126.56°E, 37.34°N), Korea were examined using historical observational data for the period 1922–2004 (83 years). The study focused on two shrub species, golden‐bell (Forsythia koreana) and azalea (Rhododendron mucronulatum), and three tree species, cherry (Prunus yedoensis), peach (Prunus persica), and American locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The annual‐mean temperature has increased by about 2 °C in Seoul over the 83 years analyzed. The temperature increase is significant during the winter and early spring and becomes less significant during late spring. As a result of this regional warming, all five species showed an advance in the first bloom date over this time period. The advanced date is particularly apparent in early‐spring flowering species like golden‐bell (−2.4 days 10‐year−1), azalea (−2.4 days 10‐year−1), cherry (−1.4 days 10‐year−1), and peach (−1.4 days 10‐year−1) as compared to late‐spring flowering species like American locust (−0.5 days 10‐year−1).The present results have demonstrated that the major factor for the determination of flower blooming is heat accumulation, i.e. a certain threshold of growing degree‐days (GDD) index. In particular, early spring flowers were sensitive to the accumulation of warm temperature than late‐spring flowers. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Observation of SERS effect in Raman optical activity, a new tool for chiral vibrational spectroscopy
Authors: Abdali Salim 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA new tool for chiral vibrational spectroscopy is reported here. A surface enhanced effect was observed using Raman optical activity (ROA). This observation opens new possibilities for ROA as a tool for vibrational spectroscopy. The combination of surface enhanced effect (SE) and ROA into surface enhanced Raman optical activity (SEROA) takes this tool to another level, where a single molecule may be studied with respect to chirality, secondary structure and fold determination. ROA has been able to provide information about important dynamics in molecular understanding. Until recently, however, ROA measurements required a longer exposure and higher concentration of the sample. With SEROA these obstacles can be overcome because both studies on single molecule, i.e. very low concentration, and faster acquisition of the signal can be carried out. In the present, work silver colloids were mixed with solution, in which a pentapeptide, Met‐Enkephalin, was dissolved. SEROA signals were recorded and the results are reported here. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational characterization of poly(1‐methylpyrrole‐ co‐squaric acid) and poly(1‐dodecylpyrrole‐co‐squaric acid) by enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Sant'Ana Antonio Carlos , de Siqueira Leonardo José Amaral , Santos Paulo Sergio , Temperini Marcia Laudelina Arruda 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPoly(1‐methylpyrrole‐co‐squaric acid) (PMPS) and poly(1‐dodecylpyrrole‐co‐squaric acid) (PDPS), copolymers of the class of polysquaraines, were synthesized and their structure determined by UV‐VIS‐NIR, resonance Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. The spectroscopic results led to a structure different from that proposed in the literature, having radical units localized in the protonated squarate moieties and polypyrrole dication‐like segments. The resonance Raman profiles indicate the presence of two chromospheres that are consistent with the electronic data. The Raman assignment was supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of dopant effects in poly(3,4‐ethylenedi‐oxythiophene) using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Chiu William W. , Travaš‐Sejdić Jadranka , Cooney Ralph P. , Bowmaker Graham A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRaman spectroscopy has been used to study the doping processes in poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT prepared via conventional electrochemical methods. The initially doped PEDOT films resulting from the polymerization process were first dedoped before being further oxidized in different electrolyte solutions at a number of different potentials to generate polymer films doped with a variety of dopants with different doping levels. Raman spectra of these re‐doped PEDOT films were recorded ex‐situ in order to monitor the progress of the re‐doping processes by observing the shifts in the positions of CC stretching vibrations. This has provided an understanding of the extent of conversion between PEDOT structures from the dedoped state to the highly doped state during electrochemical re‐doping. It was discovered that the extent of conversion varies with the type of dopant incorporated in the polymer films, which suggests that the doping process depends also on the nature of the dopant. Factors such as the size, the structural complexity and the charge on the dopant are believed to have significant effects on the efficiency of the doping processes in PEDOT. A curve‐fitting method was also applied to fit the symmetric CαCβ stretching band and its neighboring bands, in order to calculate the ratio of the band intensities due to the neutral and the oxidized structures in PEDOT. The doping level can then be approximately estimated by substituting this ratio into a previously determined correlation equation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth of soybean sprouts affected by chitosans prepared under various deproteinization and demineralization times
Authors: No Hong Kyoon , Kim Soon Dong , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon , Meyers Samuel P 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChitosan, a natural biopolymer derived by deacetylation of chitin, has been extensively used in biomedical, agricultural and food applications. The ultimate aim of research effort was to develop various economic/simplified chitosan production processes for particular food applications. Therefore, a set of experiments was designed to evaluate the effect of chitosans prepared under various deproteinization (DP) times (at 0, 5 and 15 min) and demineralization (DM) times (at 0, 10, 20 and 30 min) on the growth of soybean sprouts. Chitosan treatment increased the total weight of soybean sprouts by 10.7–13.8% compared with that of the control; the effectiveness of the chitosan treatment was independent of DP and DM times. The increase (12.7%) in the growth of soybean sprouts by chitosan prepared without DP and DM steps was noteworthy. This investigation demonstrates that the elimination of DP and DM steps or a reduction in the reaction time required for optimum DP and DM in the production of chitosan needs further studies before being considered for particular usages. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Gallbladder cancer: A global perspective
Authors: Kapoor V.K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractGallbladder cancer, the commonest malignancy of the biliary tract worldwide, is common in northern India. It can be clinically obvious, an unexpected finding at laparotomy, detected incidentally on histological examination or may be missed only to present with recurrence during follow up. US, CECT, uppeer gastro‐intestinal endoscopy, and laparoscopy are useful for diagnosis and staging. We have adopted a ‘middle path’—between pessimistic nihilism of the West and aggressive radicalism of Japan—of management, i.e., extended cholecystectomy for early disease confined to the gallbladder and hepato‐dudodenal ligament, and non‐surgical palliation for advanced disease. The aetiological role of gallstones in the causation of gallbladder cancer needs to be investigated to decide the place of prophylactic cholecystectomy, if any. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:607–609. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An objective assessment of demography of gallbladder cancer
Authors: Kumar J. Ram , Tewari Mallika , Rai Arundhati , Sinha Rohan , Mohapatra Sadhu C. , Shukla Hari S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesGallbladder cancer (GBC) is a lethal disease with a wide geographical, ethnic, and cultural variation suggesting major environmental influences such as diet and life style factors in the development of disease. An objective assessment of demographic profile and full implication of these features to recognize the population at risk is needed. This study was therefore undertaken to study the demography of GBC in Varanasi.MethodsA retrospective study as a case—control model comprised 328 cases of GBC and 328 controls with gallstone disease (GSD). The relevant demographic data were collected and analyzed for identification of independent significant features and for the risk of GBC based on these features by calculating odds ratio.Results and ConclusionsGBC predominantly a disease of females belonged to fourth and fifth decade of life. Among 328 cases of GBC only 75 were male and 253 female (M:F = 1:3.37). Majority of GBC patients were above 40 years and multiparous females. Family history of GBC was higher in GBC patients. Majority of GBC patients were of low socioeconomic status and hailed from rural background. This group tends to consume open mustard oil and water from hand pump. This study emphasizes the usefulness of demographic evaluation in diagnosis of GBC and a systematic approach to assessment of demographic features of GBC is recommended. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:610–614. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gallstones and gallbladder cancer‐volume and weight of gallstones are associated with gallbladder cancer: A case‐control study
Authors: Roa Iván , Ibacache Gilda , Roa Juan , Araya Juan , de Aretxabala Xabier , Muñoz Sergio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundGallstones are considered the most important risk factor for gallbladder cancer.AimTo identify differences in the number, weight, volume, and density of gallstones associated with chronic cholecystitis (CC), gallbladder dysplasia (GD), and gallbladder cancer (GBC).MethodsA total of 125 cases were selected, of which 93 had gallstones associated with GBC and 31 had gallstones associated with GD. The controls were those with CC, matched by sex and age. The number, weight, volume, and density of these gallstones were examined in order to determine differences and relative cancer risk.ResultsNumber: Multiple gallstones were present in over 76% of cases (GBC and GD) and controls (P = ns). The average number of multiple stones was 21 in GBC versus 14 in controls (P < 0.01). Weight: The average weight of the gallstones was 9.6 g in GBC versus 6.0 g in controls (P = 0.0004). The average weight in multiple stones over 10 g had strong association with GBC (P = 0.0006). Volume: The average volume was 11.7 and 6.48 ml in GBC and controls (P = 0.0002). Average volumes of 6, 8, and 10 ml had a relative cancer risk of 5, 7, and 11 times, respectively. Size: No differences were shown between GBC, GD, and controls.ConclusionsThe volume of gallstones associated with other risk factors of GBC may be helpful in prioritizing cholecystectomies in symptomatic patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:624–628. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
K‐ras, p53 mutations, and microsatellite instability (MSI) in gallbladder cancer
Authors: Saetta Angelica A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDespite the considerable progress in understanding the molecular pathology of carcinogenesis, the genetic mechanisms underlying the development and progression of gallbladder cancer (GC) are poorly understood. The survival of GC patients is generally poor. Therefore, it is very useful to define valuable prognostic factors. The most extensively studied oncogenes in gallbladder carcinogenesis are ras, commonly mutated in neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. K‐ras oncogene is altered in a subset of gallbladder patients and mainly in those having anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary tract. Most of the studies of genetic abnormalities in GC have focused on p53 gene. p53 mutation/overexpression and/or LOH is present in more than 50% of gallbladder carcinomas, suggesting an important role in their pathogenesis. However, these results have not any predictive value yet. Moreover, the involvement of an alternative molecular pathway, that of microsatellite instability (MSI), is found in a limited group of GC patients. Additional research is necessary to establish its possible relation to defects of the mismatch repair (MMR) system and its proposed prognostic significance. Further elucidation of the molecular events specific to GC will help to identify novel molecular targets for the diagnosis and clinical management of the patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:644–649. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of modern imaging methods in diagnosis of gallbladder cancer
Authors: Rodríguez‐Fernández Antonio , Gómez‐Río Manuel , Medina‐Benítez Antonio , Moral Jesús Villar‐del , Ramos‐Font Carlos , Ramia‐Ángel José Manuel , Llamas‐Elvira José Manuel , Ferrón‐Orihuela Jose Antonio , Lardelli‐Claret Pablo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe poor prognosis of gallbladder cancer (GBC) is related to its dissemination capacity and usually late diagnosis due to its non‐specific clinical appearance. Recent improvements in hepatobiliary surgery have underlined the importance of an early specific diagnosis, which requires a multidisciplinary approach and, when possible, specialized equipment. The first step in an early diagnosis is to identify patients in the appropriate epidemiological setting (e.g., incidental finding, chronic cholecystitis) for the correct interpretation of test results. It is desirable to enhance the sensitivity of the initial ultrasound (US) examination by use of the appropriate technology in skilled specialist hands. When GBC is suggested by US findings, FDG‐PET can be considered complementary to establish the benign/malignant nature of the lesion and to obtain a primary staging study. If GBC is confirmed, thin slice spiral CT can contribute valuable information on local spread. In this regard, recent hybrid PET‐CT systems provide structural and functional information simultaneously and may offer early and accurate T, N, and M staging with an improved specificity. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:650–654. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CA 125: A potential tumor marker for gallbladder cancer
Authors: Chaube Amita , Tewari Mallika , Singh Usha , Shukla H.S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundCA 125 is a glycoprotein and a commonly used tumor marker in ovarian carcinoma. Its use in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) has not yet been reported. We have henceforth examined for the first time the diagnostic utility of CA 125 in patients with gallbladder diseases.Patients and MethodsSerum CA 125 was measured in 64 patients with GBC, 47 Gallstone disease (GSD) and 23 healthy volunteers by ELISA. CA 125 level was compared between different cohorts by non‐parametric test (Kruskal Wallis and Mann‐Whitney test). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was constructed to see the diagnostic utility of CA 125. Its level was also correlated with age, sex and clinico‐pathological parameters of the patients included in the study.ResultsMean value of CA 125 in patients with GBC, GSD and healthy volunteers was 77.44 ± 141.31 U/ml, 7.85 ± 5.40 U/ml, and 8.08 ± 3.26 U/ml respectively and showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). CA 125 at cut off value of 11 U/ml yielded 64% sensitivity and 90% specificity in differentiating benign from malignant gallbladder disease. CA 125 level increased with stage and grade of the GBC though this was not statistically significant. A higher level of CA 125 was found in presence of gallbladder mass, weight loss, ascites and loss of appetite compared to patients with GSD. No association of CA 125 was apparent with either age or sex of the patients.ConclusionCA 125 has a diagnostic potential for GBC and can differentiate GBC from GSD in light of other clinical details. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:665–669. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical strategies in patients with gallbladder cancer: Nihilism to optimism
Authors: Sikora Sadiq S. , Singh Rajneesh K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIntroductionGallbladder cancer is an aggressive disease with dismal results of surgical treatment and a poor prognosis. However, over the last few decades selected groups have reported improved results with aggressive surgery for gallbladder cancer.MethodsReview of recent world literature was done to provide an update on the current concepts of surgical treatment of this disease.ResultsLong‐term survival is possible in early stage gallbladder carcinoma. Tis and T1a gallbladder carcinoma can be treated with simple cholecystectomy only. However, in T1b and beyond cancers, aggressive surgery (extended cholecystectomy) is important in improving the long‐term prognosis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy should not be performed where there is a high index of suspicion of malignancy due to the frequent association with factors (such as gallbladder perforation and bile spill) which may lead to implantation of cancer cells and dissemination. Surgical resection for advanced carcinoma gallbladder is recommended only if a potentially curative R0 resection is possible. Aggressive surgery with vascular and multivisceral resection has been shown to be feasible albeit with an increase in mortality and morbidity. However, the true benefit of these radical resections is yet to be realized, as the actual number of long‐term survivors of advanced gallbladder carcinoma is few.ConclusionsSurgery for gallbladder carcinoma, like other malignancies, has the potential to be curative only in local or regional disease. Pattern of loco‐regional spread of disease dictates the surgical procedure. Radical surgery improves survival in early gallbladder carcinoma. The long‐term benefit of aggressive surgery for advanced disease is unclear and may be offset by the high mortality and morbidity. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:670–681. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of cancer gallbladder found as a surprise on a resected gallbladder specimen
Authors: Misra Mahesh Chandra , Guleria Sandeep 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCarcinoma gallbladder is associated with an overall 5‐year survival rate reported less than 5% due to late diagnosis. Advent of ultrasound scanning may help in detecting gallbladder polyps and an early gallbladder cancer. Excellent 5‐year survival (up to 100%) has been reported for Stage Ia disease and the survival has significantly improved for Stage Ib, II, and III if appropriate re‐operation is carried out soon after the incidental detection of gallbladder cancer. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is contraindicated in the presence of gallbladder cancer. It is recommended to excise all laparoscopic port sites, at the time of re‐operation. Re‐operation for Stage II gallbladder cancer is associated with a 90–100% 3‐year survival rate. Patients with Stage III and IV tumors also benefit from an extended cholecystectomy. Patients with bulky primary tumors without lymph node metastases (T4N0) seem to have a better prognosis than those with distant lymph node metastases, and should be treated aggressively. It is advantageous to perform the appropriate extent of surgery for gallbladder cancer at the initial operation. Heightened awareness of the presence of cancer and the knowledge of appropriate management are important. For patients whose cancer is an incidental finding on pathologic review, re‐resection is indicated for all disease except Stage Ia. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy have not been found effective as an adjuvant or palliative therapy in gallbladder cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:690–698. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemoradiotherapy in gallbladder cancer
Authors: de Aretxabala Xabier , Roa Ivan , Berrios Marcela , Hepp Juan , Gallardo Jorge , Cordova Andres , Roa Juan Carlos , Leon Jorge , Maluenda Fernando 
Published: May 2006

AbstractGallbladder cancer (GC) is considered a rare disease associated with a poor prognosis. Unfortunately, the low number of cases makes the performance of trials addressing the role of adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and/or palliative therapy difficult. For a long time, the majority of trials were 5‐fluorouracil (5 FU)‐based, and results were uniformly poor. Since the introduction of Gemcitabine, response rates of approximately 30% have been observed through the use of this drug and new approaches have been tested. In this sense, drugs such as Cisplatin and Capecitabine have been employed concurrently with gemcitabine and/or radiation. Since a recurrence pattern is both distant and local, chernoradiation seems a logical option to deal with the disease. However, at the present time, the lack of valid and scientific evidence means that most of the recommendations originate from trials dealing with other tumors, such as pancreas cancer and biliary tract cancer (BTC). The aforementioned treatment alternatives warrant further evaluation focusing on GC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:699–704. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.