bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reservoir Geological Modeling of the Arab D Reservoir in the Bul Hanine Field, Offshore Qatar: Approach and Results
Authors: Munn D. , Jubralla A. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Bul Hanine Arab D reservoir is the most important of offshore Qatar in terms of oil production potential. In 1980 contrary to earlier predictions, water-breakthrough occurred along discrete intervals of the reservoir in a crestal well. This led to the establishment of an integrated in-house study team in order to develop a consistent reservoir model and subsequently investigate various future development policies.
The reservoir geological model used during this study was constructed by subdividing the reservoir into rock/pore-type layers (fifty-two in total), for which sets of petrophysical parameters could be defined (porosity versus permeability relationships, capillary pressure curves, formation resistivity factors and resistivity index). In particular the development of the porosity/permeability relationships has led to a greatly improved permeability profiles in the uncored wells.
Several significant uncertainties (such as the special core analysis data, the inter-well geological heterogeneity and faulting/fracturing) remain to be investigated, using the developed detailed reservoir geological layering, during the history-match and prediction phases of the planned simulations.
Synchronous Deformation of the Neoautochthonous Sediments of the Northern Oman Mountains
Authors: Warrak M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The D3 structures deforming the neoautochthonous sediments in the southern part of the Northern Oman Mountains, are shown to be synchronous folds that developed contemporaneously with sedimentation. During their development, these folds tended to form highs associated with basins behind them, that migrated in time and space from east to west over Oman foredeep
Limestone Reservoir Development: A Simulation Approach
Authors: Al-Aruri A. D. , Sarkar P. R. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Kuwait Oil Company, KSC (KOC) has many oil producing reservoirs among which LL-X is a limestone. Despite the enormous volume of oil-in-place, very little has been produced uptil now due to the tight nature of the producing horizons and poor aquifer communication. In view of the rock heterogeneities, suspected crestal fracturing, complex fault pattern, areal and vertical variation of fluid properties, a detailed reservoir simulation study was warranted to design the optimum exploitation strategy. Consequently, simulation study was made on a model with 10962 cells. The optimum prediction scheme with five-spot pattern waterflood pattern was selected after screening a score of scenarios based on techno-economic evaluation. This paper highlights some important aspects of the study with the results obtained.
Effect of Internal Pressure and Cement Strength on the Resistance of Concentric Casing Strings
Authors: El-Sayed A. H. , Khalaf F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Some solutions have been suggested to avoid failure of casing particularly opposite massive salt bodies.The most effective of these solutions has been the use of multiple cemented casing strings. It has been found that dual cemented-casing strings have a collapse resistance superior to the sum of the collapse resistances of the casing strings composing this system. But, these results do not include the effect of the internal pressure.
This paper discusses the influence of a high internal pressure (alone, or combined with external pressure) and the cement properties on the collapse resistance of cemented concentric strings. The resistance of the system depends on the quality of the cement. A low quality cement will continue to creep after setting and will not contribute much to the system under combined pressure loads. The application of an internal pressure that corresponds to normal pressure gradients reduces the tangential stress and increases the collapse resistance of the system by 25% over the same system without internal pressure.
Field Desalting of Wet Crude in Kuwait
Authors: Chawla M. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Production of wet crude had been a growing field problem in Kuwait. The need to treat wet crude was felt for quite some time. Application of right technology and installation of proper desalting facilities were needed to solve this problem. Thus it was decided to install electrostatic desalting plants progressively in Kuwait's oil fields. By the end of 1986, 14 plants, (6 conventional (AC) and 8 dual polarity (AC/DC)) with a total capacity of over 750,000 STB/D of treated crude have been installed.
Accurate Estimation of Water Saturations in Complex Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Amin A. T. , Watfa M. , Awad M. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Large errors in the computed values of water saturations in the uninvaded zone (Sw) and invaded zone (Sxo) will occur if some of the parameters used in the interpretation are treated as constants. In particular, the application of constant values of the Archie factor (m) in the saturation equations has been found to introduce major errors.
A method was developed to calculate a " variable m " using resistivity and electromagnetic propagation logs. This method evaluates in detail the mixing in the invaded zone between the invading filtrate and the formation water. This allows representative values of the fluid properties in the invaded zone, such as resistivity and electromagnetic propagation time, to be obtained and used in the interpretation. The computed results using this technique were verified in water bearing zones, tar zones, zones with production tests and by comparison with core analysis.
Examples of well data are included where comparisons were made between the more conventional interpretation method, using constant values form and fluid properties, and this new interpretation method. The validity of the assumptions made, particularly with regards to the potential mismatch in the depth of investigations of the various measurements, were analysed in detail. This method has now been tried on a large number of wells, and has been shown to improve the accuracy of the computed values of saturations over the conventional method.
Variable Salinity Aquifer and its Effect on Reservoir Performance
Authors: Ghoniem S. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This work deals with a reservoir which have shown substantial variation in produced water salinity with location and time. Water dumping and variation in salinity within aquifer can be responsible for this phenomena. Using production data, well completion details, cased hole logs, and initial reservoir pressures, it was concluded that upper water dumping took place after production had started from the reservoir under investigation. Thus, initial open hole logs are considered dependable.
Representative initial open hole logs showed qualitative and quantitative variations in the aquifer salinity towards the East which confirms the initial production data. A technique was developed to calculate precisely the water cut from saturation profiles of some selected wells (calculated from open hole logs at various salinities). This technique, which was first checked at locations where the data were correctly specified, proved that the best match between calculated and observed water cuts for the selected wells was obtained at the highest tested salinity (23000 ppm NaCl). Therefore it is wise to calculate the original oil in place of such reservoir at the highest salinity (23000-28000 ppm NaCl) observed in the initial stage of production from reservoir. Geochemical analysis of produced water showed clear evidence of the presence of meteoric water in the reservoir aquifer. Therefore, complexity in the behaviour of salinity of produced water is attributed to the hydrodynamic factors.
Dual-Burst Thermal Decay Time Logging Overview and Examples
Authors: Olesen J-R. , Mahdavi M. , Steinman D. K. , Yver J. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Dual-Burst TDT* (TDT-P) tool is a 11116 -in. diameter pulsed neutron, dual detector tool system that uses a new method of analyzing the decay of a burst of fast neutrons in the downhole environment. The method provides an accurate measurement of the neutron capture cross section of the formation by employing a physically realistic model of the decay, which accounts for neutron diffusion effects, rather than displaying the decay as a sum of exponentials from the formation and borehole. Intrinsic sigma is computed directly from the decay curve instead of by using correction charts. The model is evaluated using over 2,500 data obtained in well characterized laboratory test formations. The benefit of the method is that the formation cross section is independent of the fluid in the borehole as well as independent of the neutron diffusion characteristics of the formation, characteristics which vary with lithology.
Selected results over the data base are discussed and compared to the results of a two-exponential processing over the same data. The insensitivity of the formation capture cross-section determination with the diffusion model to variations in borehole characteristics as well as tool geometry and, more importantly, timing is demonstrated.
Middle-Eastern log results are presented; they include TDT-P versus TDT-M comparisons, showing the variable effect of diffusion for different cases; an example of the insensitivity of formation sigma to borehole fluid characteristics. Results from a two component (formation and borehole) diffusion processing to invert the data, featuring a level by level fit of the diffusion coefficients to the measured data, are presented and compared with the results from a fast, real-time, wellsite computation using a single component model and diffusion coefficients predetermined from external input of lithology and borehole geometry.
Evaluation of Empirically Derived PVT Properties for Egyptian Oils
Authors: Saleh A. M. , Mahgoub I. S. , Asaad Y. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper evaluates the most frequently used empirical gas and oil PVT correlations for application in Egypt. Correlations are used to determine values for bubble point pressure, oil formation volume factor at saturation pressure, solution gas oil ratio, oil and gas formation volume factor and oil viscosity. Often, these properties are required for oil field computations when there are no experimental or laboratory measurements available. When only oil and gas gravities and reservoir pressure and temperature are available, it is imperative to use published correlations for making accurate estimates of the fluid's physical properties. A review of the correlations used, along with the statistical accuracy of these correlations when compared to Gulf of Suez and Western Desert field data, is provided in this paper.
Performance of a Pilot Cyclic Steam Stimulation Project in Kuwait
Authors: Milhem M. M. , Ahmed K. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The heavy oil sand reservoir of Kuwait containing a viscous, low API oil occurs at a shallow depth of about 422 feet subsea. Its reservoir temperature and pressure are generally low because of the shallow depths involved. The heavy oil reservoir has not been produced till now by the primary techniques. Primary recovery is expected to be low mainly due to lack of a natural driving mechanism.
Various studies were made to find out ways and means to recover the heavy crude oil from the shallow deposits in Kuwait. The viscosity, temperature behaviour of Kuwait heavy oil is such that its viscosity is reduced by a factor of more than 100 when the temperature is increased to 300° F which suggests that the oil might be produced successfully with thermal recovery processes. Other favourable conditions for such a process are the shallow depth of the accumulation and the relatively high oil saturation. In view of their size and favourable characteristics, Kuwait's heavy oilfields are obvious candidates for the application of thermal recovery methods. It was concluded that injection of limited amounts of steam might be a very effective method for stimulation of heavy-oil wells. To obtain an early answer on the suitability of thermal process a pilot project of four wells for steam stimulation was initiated in an area near light oil production facilities. This helped in transportation of produced crude. The other favourable factors for selecting the pilot area are:
Net pay thickness is the highest in the known area, The oil viscosity is moderate compared to other areas, Nearer to fresh water station. This is required as water needs to be transported by road tankers.
The pilot project was initiated with simplest design and was handled with in-house expertise with minimum input from outside consultants, to achieve the following objectives:
To determine the applicability of thermal recovery process for Kuwait's heavy oil deposits, To determine optimum steam injection rates, To observe reservoir response under different conditions of steam injection, To obtain information for future implementation of large scale project, To gain operating experience under local conditions and to determine problem areas.
The first steam injection was started in September 1982. This paper describes the performance until the end of September 1986. The operating practices and well performances are discussed in some detail.
In view of the favourable results obtained so far, steam soak projects have been expanded considerably since the start of this project. Presently another pilot of the same size as the one under discussion is underway. Further extension in the two pilot areas is being programmed.
Combustion Reaction Kinetics in Limestones Containing Heavy Oils
Authors: Bagci A. S. , Kok M. V. , Okandan E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Experimental results on combustion reaction kinetics for 12.6, 17.8 and 26.4 API gravity crudes from three different oil fields in Turkey are presented. Reaction experiments were carried out in limestone pack using Camurlu (asphaltenic), Raman and Garzan crude oils. In this subject area very limited data exist and no references can be cited for limestones containing crude oils. From this point of view, the results of this study will supply data to an area where not much is reported.
During this work, experiments were conducted in a stainless steel reaction cell under non-isothermal conditions, where linearly increasing temperature at a rate of 1 °C/min was obtained by using a temperature controlled heater. Constant air rate, 1.5 lt/min was used and the behaviour of samples at 25 and 50 psig pressures were investigated. The cell temperature, the amounts of O2, CO2, CO gases, air injection rates and pressures were measured.
Results showed that there were three reaction regions for combustion of crude oil in porous media when data were analyzed by the method proposed by Fassihi et al. Arrhenius constant, reaction rates and activation energies were calculated using Weijdema's reaction model. The molar CO2/CO ratios were found to become constant at high temperatures. The activation energies were calculated for each reaction region defined as low temperature oxidation (LTO), fuel deposition and high temperature oxidation (HTO). The atomic H/C ratios decreased while temperature was increasing.
Finally combustion reactions occuring in a limestone environment is compared with a sandstone environment for 17.8 API oil at 25 psig pressure. It was observed that considerable differences were obtained in atomic H/C, molar CO2/CO ratios and activation energy in HTO region.
Water Injection Performance: Case Study and Related Spontaneous Injectivity Improvement
Authors: El Sheemy M. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This Case Study examines the water injection performance in two land oil fields. Both produce from layered limestone reservoirs and employ raw water from deep aquifers for injection. The study findings indicate that well injectivity behavioral patterns can be influenced by injection zone permeability, initial well damage, injection water source aquifers as well as operating parameters of the surface injection system. They also show that spontaneous well injectivity improvements do occur and could be attributed to the injection water characteristics.
Reservoir Delineation with VSP and Well Log Data
Authors: Rodrick D. L. , Poster C. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A prospective Mishrif reef defined by surface seismic data was drilled, but the predicted porosity was not encountered. Acquisition and study of vertical seismic profile (VSP) data including complex trace attribute processing and waveform modelling, indicated that higher reefal porosity was developed farther updip. This prediction was confirmed by side-track drilling.
The Evolution of Khuff Completion
Authors: Al-Khayat S. A. , Mohammed M. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the changes and improvements in the design of Khuff Well completions in Bahrain; functions of the components will be emphasized and their performance evaluated.
In general, there have been three basic completion designs. Early wells have 5" liner Cemented across the Khuff zones with 5" tubing tied back from the liner to the surface. Subse quent wells were completed with 7" casing with a mechanical set seal bore packer and 5" tubing anchored to it. The latest group of wells are equipped with hydraulic set packers and the tubing is tied back through a floating seal assembly to allow for movement.
All designs use various configurations of landing nipples below and above the liner or packer seal assembly. Early designs also utili zed a sliding side door sleeve (circulating device) above the seal assembly. The later designs incorporate a landing nipple below a perforated pup in the tail section for flowing bottom hole pressure measurements.
Mixed Integer, Linear Programming Model for Multireservoir Strategic Planning
Authors: Saif M. A. , Kumar R. , Shanyoor M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper outlines the features of a Mixed Integer Linear Programming Model developed for multireservoir strategic planning and its practical application to Kuwait Oil Company (KSC) in arriving at an optimum production/ development policy involving a number of reservoirs over medium and long time periods (5-20 years). The input data to the model consist of a number of production/development plans ''profiles", generally from simulation studies of each reservoir. The model chooses one profile of each reservoir such that the overall cost of production and development are minimised and all other constraints are fulfilled.
Lekhwair Pilot Waterflood, North Oman
Authors: Willetts J. M. , Hogarth R. A. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Lekhwair field contains light, slightly undersaturated oil in two low permeability limestone reservoirs. Soon after being brought into production in 1976 the likely benefits of pattern waterflooding were recognised, but despite encouraging results from studies, there was still considerable concern regarding the sustainability of injection. A pilot waterflood with six inverted five-spots was therefore put on stream in October 1984. Injection is progressing without serious declines in injectivity, and pilot operations are proceeding very satisfactorily.
Injection water breakthrough into producers was not expected for towards ten years. Hence, a monitoring programme, utilising two observation wells drilled close to injectors, has been designed to obtain earlier results. Induced gamma ray spectrometry and induction logging tools have been used to distinguish between the low-salinity injection water and oil. Long-life radioactive tracers have been injected and frequent gamma ray logging is also monitoring the passage and depth profile of the flood front. Although sweep is still progressing at the observation wells, logging has shown already a recovery efficiency of 42%.
Practical Limitations in Obtaining PVT Data for Gas Condensate Systems
Authors: Eyton D. G. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the accuracy of laboratory generated PVT data for gas condensate reservoir fluids. Although there are recognised difficulties in obtaining representative samples from such reservoirs, there are also significant uncertainties in the results of laboratory studies performed using the samples. The largest uncertainties are associated with the measurements of small liquid volumes, dewpoints and chemical compositions. Reservoir engineers should be aware of these uncertainties and should weight PVT data accordingly, when used as input parameters to reservoir models.
Analysis and Phase Behavior of Khuff Gas System in Bahrain Field
Authors: Al-Mahroos F. M. , Tjoa G. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Khuff gas is the most important resource in Bahrain. About 90% of Bahrain's total energy needs, including power generation either for public utility or for industry, depends on the Khuff gas. In addition, it is used currently as a feed-stock to the petrochemical and refining industries, and for injection and artificial lift in the Bahrain oil field. A good knowledge of the phase behavior of the Khuff system is important to predict reservoir performance and future processing needs. This performance and future processing needs. This knowledge is also necessary to study multiple contact, partially miscible oil recovery projects in the partially miscible oil recovery projects in the Bahrain oil field which involve injection of the Khuff gas into the Mauddud and the Arab reservoirs.
In 1985, the Bahrain National Oil Company (BANOCO) launched a program to sample and analyze the Khuff gas. The objective of this program was to determine any lateral or vertical variation in Khuff fluid composition (Khuff formation covers 66,000 acres and consists of 2100 ft. thick dolomitic carbonate), to conduct laboratory experiments that are required for studying the phase behavior, and using the laboratory data to construct a mathematical model of the Khuff system based on the Peng-Robinson Equation of State.
Khuff gas wells 311, 359, 361, 369 and 372 were selected for sampling to provide optimum areal and vertical coverage of the three main Khuff intervals KO, KI and KII. Prior to sampling, the wells were conditioned by flowing at a flow rate of ±25% of the AOF potential during an extended period of time. This relatively low production period of time. This relatively low production rate was maintained to avoid any liquid drop-out in the formation which would lean out the samples. The sampled wells were flowed through a three phase separator at an average pressure of 1000 psig, in which gas and liquid rates were measured every hour to verify that the production rate remained stable during the test. The standard sampling procedure was to fill the liquid sample cylinders to full separator pressure and the gas sample cylinders to 60 – 75% of the separator pressure to prevent condensation in the sample container. The separator gas sampling manifold was provided with a side line to measure on-site the H2S and CO2 contents of the Khuff gas by using Kitagawa stain tubes. The sample cylinder pressure and temperature were recorded for all liquid and gas samples. The opening pressure of the sample cylinders were measured at the laboratory to verify that no leakage had occurred in transit.