bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sandwich Method—A Proposed Approach to the Measurement of Oxygen Transmission Rate Through Moisture-Sensitive Barrier Films
Authors: Wood RC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A technique for measuring the oxygen transmission rate characteristics of moisture-sensitive barrier films is described. In this method, the operator constructs a thin sandwich in which the test specimen is confined between moist tissues and cover slips of an oxygen-transparent material. The assembled “sandwich” is tested in a conventional manner using the ASTM Test for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric Sensor (D 3985). Using appropriate salt solutions, it has been found possible to develop profiles and measure the transmission characteristics of films exposed to different humidity environments. Preliminary tests using specimen duplicates indicate that the method is reproducible.
A Twelve-Year Macroinvertebrate Study in the Vicinity of Two Thermal Discharges to the Susquehanna River Near York Haven, PA
Authors: Wurtz CB , Skinner WF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The macroinvertebrate fauna of a 14.5-km segment of the Susquehanna River in the vicinity of York Haven, PA was sampled each August for twelve successive years (1967 through 1978) in relation to two power plant thermal discharges. A total of 223 species was collected. Of these, 19 species commonly occurred and were considered to form the basic macroinvertebrate community. Discharges from the power plant with natural draft cooling towers (Three Mile Island Nuclear Station) had no significant effect on the downstream community. Discharges from the once-through cooling plant (Brunner Island Steam Electric Station) reduced the number of macroinvertebrate species in the plume of the discharge.
Precision of Low-Level Soluble Copper Measurements in Natural Freshwater Systems
Authors: Means JL , Ferrante JG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The primary objective of this study has been to evaluate the precision of the accepted analytical methodology for soluble copper in natural fresh waters of varying copper concentrations and chemical characteristics. Six different river water samples and low-level copper standards and blanks were sent in blind form to ten participating analytical laboratories that routinely analyze copper at ambient levels. Statistical analysis of the results yields a standard deviation of ±1.0 μg/L for a mean copper concentration of 6.0 μg/L, and ±0.8 μg/L for a mean copper concentration of 0.8 μg/L. The implications of these results with respect to guidelines on maximum permissible dissolved copper concentrations (mpc) in water are as follows. It might be reasoned that a copper measurement is not significantly greater than the mpc unless it exceeds one or even two standard deviations of the mpc value. If the mpc for copper is, for example, 12.0 μg/L, then the measured copper concentration would have to exceed 13.8 μg/L if one standard deviation is assumed to be an acceptable scatter or 15.6 μg/L for two standard deviation variation. The report also contains generalized standard deviation data for copper concentrations ranging from 0 to 14 μg/L, statistical analyses of intralaboratory variation, and correlations of interlaboratory precision with solution composition.
A Rapid Method for Determining Triuranium Octoxide (U3O8) by Fluorometry
Authors: Ho CL , Dupre B , Mahan C 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A rapid method for determining triuranium octoxide (U3O8) in geologic, biologic, and water samples by fluorometry is described. Release of total U3O8 from geologic samples was accomplished by fusing samples with lithium tetraborate at 1040°C (1904°F) and subsequently dissolving the molten sample in 1.6N nitric acid. U3O8 in biologic samples and in association with organic substances in water was liberated by oxidation with concentrated nitric acid. U3O8 in 1.6N nitric acid was complexed with trioctylphosphine oxide and extracted into cyclohexane. The recovery of 0.1-μg U3O8 in the presence of 100 to 500 μg each of potential interfering elements ranged from 99 to 105%. Results on reference samples corresponded well to the reported values. The new method proved to be more reproducible and efficient than the method that uses ethyl acetate extraction from a saturated aluminum nitrate solution for determining total U3O8 in geologic samples.
Complementary Statistical Methodology for Precision and Bias Determination of Test Methods from Collaborative Studies on Analysis of Solutes in Water Cited in ASTM Standard Practice D 2777-86
Authors: Goddard MJ , Malaiyandi M 
Published: February 2009

AbstractASTM Standard Practice D 2777-86 provides simplified numerical methods for the statistical analysis of collaborative tests of chemical assays. Herein, we discuss the critical assumptions underlying the statistical methods in the standard practice. Further statistical analyses are discussed to indicate additional information which may be obtained through a more rigorous statistical treatment.
Mode II Wood Test Specimen: Beam with Center Slit
Authors: Murphy JF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A test specimen and equation are demonstrated to measure critical Mode II stress-intensity factor KIIc for wood. Knowledge of this critical material property is necessary for predicting crack propagation loads and, specifically, split propagation loads in split wood beams. Results for the specimen with two different notches reveal a difference in coefficient of variation of KIIc of a factor of two.
An Analysis of Notch-Size Effects at the Fatigue Limit
Authors: Du Quesnay DL , Yu MT , Topper TH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This investigation examines the variation of the fatigue notch factor with notch size for sharp and blunt notches. Analytical expressions are developed to predict the fatigue notch factor for sharp notches based on short crack fracture mechanics and for blunt notches based on Neuber's rule. Experimental evidence to support these expressions is provided together with fatigue notch factors for circularly center-notched plate specimens of 2024-T351 aluminum and SAE 1045 steel. The notch diameters were varied from 0.24 to 5.0 mm. The specimens were tested in laboratory air under uniaxial constant-amplitude loading at load ratios of R = −1 and R = 0. Further experimental evidence to support the analysis is provided by data from the literature for two low carbon steels and a copper. At the fatigue limit, the fatigue notch factor increases with notch size for sharp notches. However, a notch-size effect does not occur for blunt notches. The observed notch-size effects from this and other investigations are in good agreement with the analytical expressions that are presented.
Introduction to Symposium on the Fitting of Footwear
Authors: Trott AW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
[The Symposium on the Fitting of Footwear, held 27 April 1987 in Cincinnati, Ohio, was sponsored by ASTM Committee F-13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear. Arthur Trott and B. Everett Gray served as chairmen. Six papers from the symposium are presented in this issue of Journal of Testing and Evaluation; Mr. Trott has provided a brief Introduction.—Editor]
The Futile Search for the Perfect Shoe Fit
Authors: Rossi WA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The common assumption that perfect or correct shoe fit can be expected if the shoe and fitting are proper is untenable for a variety of reasons. For instance, no two feet of a pair are exactly alike, inevitably resulting in some degree of shoe misfit. Also, the foot assumes four different sizes and shapes under different conditions: at rest, on weight-bearing, in gait, and under thermal variations, yet all must comply to a shoe of only one size and shape.
The complexities of shoe fit are further exacerbated by other obstacles. These include the prevailing design of shoe lasts, the absence of uniformity of shoe sizes, the limited training and skills of most shoe salespeople and fitters, the subjective determination of shoe fit by customer and fitter alike, and the role of footwear fashions.
Hence shoe fit at best must be a compromise with the ideal. Nevertheless, improvements are possible, as suggested in this paper.
Introduction to Symposium on Halogenated Solvents Technology—A Look at the Future
Authors: Gavlin G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We are in the midst of a critical period in the history of industrial halogenated solvents, a history that dates back some 60 years. Accurate data on current annual use are not available to me, but it must exceed 2 million metric tons, certainly a strong measure of economic success, the ability to beat all competition based on performance, price, and, yes, safety—certainly safety from fire, the scourge of all industrial chemical operations. Furthermore, this has always been considered to have been achieved at low levels of acute toxicity.
Preventing and Coping with Water Pollution
Authors: Andrews DE , Cosler DJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Halogenated organic solvents (HOS) have only recently been recognized as a major class of ground water contaminants. The mechanisms for HOS subsurface migration are discussed and the available investigative and remedial techniques summarized. HOS migration involves transport in the saturated and unsaturated zones by any of the following mechanisms: liquid HOS movement, volatilization into and diffusion through the air phase of the unsaturated zone, and aqueous phase transport. Several processes affect the migration. These include advection, dispersion, sorption/desorption, biochemical transformation, volatilization, and diffusion. With an appropriate understanding of how HOS migration occurs, an investigator can more effectively utilize available diagnostic tools such as remote sensing, geophysics, and direct measurements to ascertain the nature, extent, and impacts of a release to the environment. Cost-effective remedial solutions can then be designed and implemented. These solutions can consist of a combination of source control, recovery of “free product”, soil remediation, and ground water restoration.
Solving Air Pollution by Reducing Emission Losses from Solvent Vapor Cleaning Systems
Authors: Gerard DR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses design of vapor cleaning systems and how proper design can reduce solvent losses from these units. It addresses such items as proper freeboard, work openings, heat balance, compartment dimensions, covers, operational controls, and heating elements. Solvent loss mechanisms are discussed in detail, such as diffusional losses, solvent drag-out, leakage, and poor maintenance.
One section is devoted to choosing the proper solvent for a cleaning system and how the physical characteristics of solvents can contribute to high losses if the solvent is improperly chosen.
Solvent emission reduction devices, such as hoods, transport systems, freeboard chillers, containment of sprays, hot vapor drying, carbon adsorbers, and solvent cool-down coils, are detailed in regard to their effectiveness. The final section is dedicated to process control of the cleaning system through the use of computers.
Federal Regulation of the Halogenated Solvents
Authors: Cammer PA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The chlorinated cleaning solvents have drawn the attention of regulatory agencies in recent years because of their popularity in a wide variety of industries. Initiation of regulatory review is sometimes viewed by chemical users and the public as the beginning of highly restrictive regulation or a ban. Consequently, an irreversible market impact can occur before a regulatory decision is made. The regulatory and market history of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene are traced from the 1960s to the present. Current regulatory activities concerning methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) are reviewed, as are the prospects for future federal regulation. State regulation of the solvents also is discussed, focusing on regulation of air toxics and Proposition 65 in California and air toxics regulation in New York.
Influence of Frequency on the Actual Testing Load of Hydraulic Mechanical Testing Machines
Authors: Wang Z , Radin A , Laird C 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The influence of frequency on the actual testing load of hydraulic mechanical testing machines is discussed. Different materials were tested on an MTS 810 machine at different frequencies. Based upon experimental results, a relationship between frequency, maximum load, and material stiffness was established.
Precompressed Concrete Corbels
Authors: Chakrabarti PR , Kashou SI 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Very short members such as concrete brackets, corbels, and ledger beams are exposed to direct shear force. While much research has been done on reinforced concrete corbels, experimental data on the performance of precompressed concrete corbels and high-strength concrete corbels are limited. This study was designed to verify the shear-friction theory of design as suggested in the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code. Nine corbels, divided into three series with the average concrete strength ranging between 33.23 MPa (4820 psi) and 65.72 MPa (9530 psi), were subjected to varying compressive forces and light confining steel. The corbels were loaded monotonically to failure and studied at the California State University at Fullerton. In all cases, the shear span to depth ratio (a/d) was less than 0.5. Incremental static load was gradually applied until the specimen failed. The study indicated that the ACI Code provisions are conservative and the shear friction theory needs modification.
Regression Analysis of Single Specimen Fracture Toughness Data with Serially Correlated Errors
Authors: Moskovic R , Windle PL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The statistical properties of errors associated with J-integral estimates and crack growth measurements obtained by single specimen fracture toughness test methods are examined. It is shown that the errors in the J estimates can be serially correlated. Slope and intercept estimates and their standard errors are derived for the fitted line on the basis of a regression model, suggested by Mandel, which makes allowance for the serial correlation of errors in J. A theoretical model is developed to compare the scatter apparent on a J/Δa plot with the true error inherent in the data.
Using the Aspergillus Bioassay to Detect and Measure Preservatives in Wood
Authors: Morrell JJ , Scheffer TC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Detecting and estimating levels of preservatives in wood poses a considerable problem for the inspector who lacks sophisticated analytical equipment. Bioassays offer a simpler way of doing this. The Aspergillus niger bioassay, which is based on the absence of dark-pigmented spores in the presence of toxicants, represents one attractive method. The A. niger bioassay is simple and inexpensive to perform, sensitive to many currently available wood preservatives, highly reproducible, and potentially widely applicable.
A Technique to Evaluate the Bonding Reactivity of Thermosetting Adhesives
Authors: Humphrey PE , Zavala D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The rate at which thermosetting adhesive bonds develop strength critically effects the economic viability of many manufacturing processes. Bonds between the constituents of laminated and particulate panel products, overlays, and moldings must, for example, attain a certain minimum strength before the hot press used in their manufacture may be opened. A technique is reported that will prove useful to adhesive technologists endeavoring to develop resins with reactivities tailored to the specific conditions occurring within products during their manufacture. With the technique, many small lap-shear bonds pressed under controlled conditions of temperature and load are pulled after a range of curing times for measurement of their accumulated shear strength. This enables a family of shear-strength development curves to be constructed for a range of nearly constant temperature conditions. The effect of temperature on the bonding kinetics of the adhesive-adherend combination may thereby be evaluated. The technique lends itself to standardization for use in commercial laboratories, requiring much simpler sample preparation and apparatus than previously reported methods in which bonds are tested in tension perpendicular to the glueline. Wood adherends and a liquid phenol formaldehyde adhesive are used in a candidate system demonstrating the technique.
Nondestructive Testing: Interpretation of Deflection Bowl for Falling Weight Deflectometer Tests on Flexible Pavements
Authors: Jung FW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Nondestructive testing methods such as Dynaflect or Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) provide dynamic or impulse deflection data which represent a deflection basin of the flexible pavement under the test load. The magnitude of the deflections and the shape of the deflection basin in relation to the magnitude and configuration of the test load provide excellent data for a diagnostic “probe” of structural pavement strength at the location and time of testing. Meaningful comparison between tests at different times or locations requires adjustment of the measured and processed data for a standard temperature and a standard test load.
A program (PROBE) has been developed which implements this fundamental consideration for the FWD test. Different versions of the PROBE calculate the following primary response parameters under the test load: curvature and horizontal strain in the asphalt concrete (AC) layer; elastic stiffness or modulus of the subgrade; and vertical deflection, stress, and strain on top of the subgrade. In its backcalculation feature, based on a calibrated method of equivalent layer thickness (ELT), the program determines the combined effect of AC and base layer stiffnesses on the subgrade. The horizontal AC strain is computed kinematically (i.e., directly via the curvature of the deflection basin).
With regard to the accuracy of actual response parameters, the program has been tested against numerous forwardly calculated cases, using linear-elastic layer theory as a benchmark. It has also been tested on FWD field test data from a test site in Ontario.
All response parameters influenced by changes in the AC temperature are adjusted for a chosen standard AC temperature, and new concepts of modelling such adjustments are introduced. Differences are discussed between results from ideally elastic and actual soil materials as used at a test site in Ontario.
Design of a Multi-Spring Floating Die Compaction System for Plastic Powders
Authors: Crawford RJ , Cumberland DJ , Keating TG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the design and use of a rig to simulate double-ended compaction of powder into a solid mass. The design uses three linear levels of springs in a novel way to model the load-deformation characteristic for the material being compacted. It was found that this design worked extremely well, producing compacts which had properties similar to those expected from a true double-ended compaction rig. The design of this rig thus provides an economic way of compacting powders into a solid mass using a single hydraulic ram but with the benefits of the double-ended compaction mode.
Inflammability Ranking of Metals and Alloys in an Oxygen Atmosphere
Authors: Sato J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Fire spread limits along low flammability metal rods of copper, nickel, Monel (Monel 400), and tin-bronze (BC 3), in a high pressure oxygen atmosphere, have been studied experimentally and theoretically. Theoretical results have shown that two types of low flammability metals exist: one for metals like copper, the other for metals like nickel. The low flammability nature of copper is attributable to the low heat of formation of copper oxide. On the other hand, the low flammability nature of nickel is attributable to the high activation energy of the oxidation reaction. With the combined experimental and theoretical studies, the inflammability ranking of these metals and alloys has been discussed. The inflammability ranking is as follows (from the lowest flammability): copper, Monel (Monel 400), nickel, tin-bronze (BC 3).
Investigation of the Influence of Impact Velocity and Temperature on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of the Material 22 NiMoCr 37
Authors: Krompholz K , Ullrich G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Precracked modified Charpy subsize impact test specimens of the nuclear reactor pressure vessel material 22 NiMoCr 37 (similar to SA 508 Class II) have been impact tested in the as-received condition. Impact tests were performed at temperatures 233 ≤ T/K ≤ 423. Specific impact energies were determined by (1) dial readings, (2) integration of load versus load point displacement diagrams, and (3) integration of load versus time diagrams. In all cases the agreement was excellent.
The evaluation of the impulse for the different impact velocities revealed clearly the different behavior of the dynamic processes during impact. A unique graphical function for the impulse versus temperature diagrams for the different initial impact velocities was found.
The dynamic fracture toughness values were determined for the different temperatures following the equivalent energy approach for the upper shelf regime. In the other cases the rules for the 95% secant method or the load maximum were applied. The transition temperature between upper and lower shelves for the specific absorbed energies and the dynamic fracture toughness values were not equal; this fact can be explained by the technique applied for the fracture toughness determination.
Strength and Stiffness of Metal Railing Systems and Rails for Buildings
Authors: Stern EG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Building codes and agency regulations concerning permanent railing systems and rails for buildings cover the required resistance of these building elements to potential forces and disregard their deflections. This is the case despite the fact that deflections and residual deflections may govern the performance of railings and rails according to recent test data established by the American Society of Civil Engineers' Task Group on Pre-Standardization of Permanent Railing Systems and Rails for Buildings. The updating of building codes and agency regulations with the inclusion of deflection criteria is appropriate.
Reference data were obtained based on the application of vertical and horizontal static loads to 60 steel, aluminum, red-brass, yellow-brass, and stainless steel picket, panel, and pipe railing systems and rails of various designs. These data indicate that design loads of, say, 900 N (200 lbf) applied horizontally at the centers of railing systems of two 1.50-m (5-ft) spans may, under given conditions, be resisted only at deflections ranging from 65 to 125 mm (2 1/2 to 5 in.). On the other hand, a lesser deflection may be required under certain conditions because of the psychological aspects involved. Those railing systems which did not meet the 900-N (200-lbf) design-load requirements at acceptable deflections might be remedied by the use of inserts in the pipe and tubular posts or the use of stronger posts.
The Barnacle Electrode: A Compromise Between Analysis and Experiment
Authors: Fullenwider MA 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe analysis for the Barnacle electrode is reviewed and presented in its contemporary aspects. The field has some exciting facets, wide variances in the calculated quantities being issued with different techniques.The bi-electrode yields data related to the deep bulk of the metal, while the barnacle cell determines surface quantities that are orders of magnitude different. Diffusion coefficients in the case of 4340 steel differ by five orders of magnitude, and solubilities at the surface are four orders of magnitude smaller than those for the bulk.