bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering hydrogen‐bonded duplexes
Authors: Gong Bing 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBased on several simple, readily available building blocks, oligoamide strands carrying various arrays of hydrogen‐bond donors and acceptors, i.e. hydrogen‐bonding sequences, have been designed and synthesized. Detailed characterization indicates that these oligoamide strands associate via their hydrogen‐bonding edges into doubled stranded pairs (duplexes), which are characterized by programmable sequence specificity and adjustable stability. Using these hydrogen‐bonded duplexes as association units, supramolecular structures, such as β‐sheets and non‐covalent block copolymers, are obtained by simply mixing the corresponding components. Recently, by incorporating reversible covalent interactions into these hydrogen‐bonded duplexes, sequence‐specific formation of covalently linked structures has been realized under thermodynamic conditions, which has opened an entirely new avenue to the development of previously unknown dynamic covalent structures such as various block copolymers. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The role of basic design data in preventing explosions within fired equipment: A case study
Authors: Wasileski Robert F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe availability, collection, and proper application of accurate and complete Basic Design Data (BDD) are essential aspects of Loss Prevention practice. This article presents a case study to illustrate the importance of properly collecting and applying accurate BDD when designing Fired Equipment. In the case study presented, an explosion occurred inside a newly installed Catalytic Thermal Oxidizer (CatOx) shortly after initial start‐up. Root cause investigation revealed that the project team, in the design and specification of the CatOx control system, had misapplied the BDD. Consequently, this led to operation of the CatOx within the flammability envelope of the particular system, resulting in an explosion.This article provides a brief discussion of BDD and its application. The case study is presented in detail using flammability diagrams for the system to demonstrate where the CatOx was intended to operate versus where it actually operated during the incident. The discussion leads the reader through the incident lifecycle, from the conceptual design of the CatOx, through the Engineering and Commissioning phases, and into the Incident Investigation. The conclusions drawn from this incident further emphasize the value of accurate BDD to the design and operation of Fired Equipment. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 26: 221–228, 2007
Experimental and theoretical determination of the mixing efficiency at low‐energy Ar+ bombardment: case study of the Cu/Co system
Authors: Menyhard M. , Süle P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe mixing of a Co/Cu bilayer induced by low‐energy ion bombardment was studied by AES depth profiling and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. The conditions of the ion bombardment were as follows: Ar+ ion, 1 keV energy, 82° angle of incidence (with respect to the surface normal). In AES depth profiling, the in‐depth concentration distribution was estimated from the measured Auger intensities assuming that the in‐depth distribution is an erf function. The variance (σ2) of the erf function gave the broadening of the interface due to ion bombardment, which divided by the fluence (Φ) and deposited energy (FD given by SRIM) gave the mixing efficiency (σ2/ΦFD) to be 0.08 ± 0.01 nm5/keV. The mixing efficiency calculated by MD, 0.09 nm5/keV, agreed well with that estimated from the experimental data, and both have been close to the value assuming ballistic mixing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dlk/ZIP kinase, a novel Ser/Thr‐specific protein kinase with multiple functions
Authors: Scheidtmann Karl Heinz 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDlk/ZIP kinase is a member of the DAP kinase family which has been implicated in apoptosis. However, Dlk/ZIP kinase does not induce apoptosis per se. Rather, downregulation of Dlk/ZIP kinase by siRNA results in apoptosis and multinucleated cells suggesting that Dlk/ZIP kinase fulfills a vital function in processes other than apoptosis. Indeed, Dlk/ZIP kinase interacts with several transcription and splicing factors pointing to a role in transcription, presumably via chromatin modification. Moreover, it appears to participate in regulation of cell polarity and contractile processes in non‐muscle or smooth muscle cells. Finally, Dlk/ZIP kinase seems to play a role in mitosis, particularly cytokinesis. Thus, rather than being a proapoptotic kinase, Dlk/ZIP kinase participates in diverse and vital processes.
Angiogenic growth factor levels in maternal and fetal blood: correlation with Doppler ultrasound parameters in pregnancies complicated by pre‐eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Schlembach D. , Wallner W. , Sengenberger R. , Stiegler E. , Mörtl M. , Beckmann M. W. , Lang U. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo correlate levels of angiogenic growth factors with Doppler ultrasound parameters in pregnancies complicated by pre‐eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).MethodsIn 16 women with pre‐eclampsia and 15 women with isolated IUGR, pulsatility indices (PI) in the umbilical and uterine arteries were measured by Doppler ultrasonography. At delivery, maternal and fetal blood (umbilical vein and artery separately) was sampled and angiogenic growth factors measured by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsUmbilical artery PI was significantly higher in women with IUGR than in those with pre‐eclampsia, whereas uterine artery PI was not statistically significantly different. Maternal soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1) levels were higher in women with pre‐eclampsia than in those with IUGR (P < 0.0001). Umbilical vein basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) levels were lower in women with pre‐eclampsia than in those with IUGR (P < 0.05). Placental growth factor (PlGF) levels in the umbilical vein were below the detection limit in nearly all samples of IUGR fetuses and lower than in those with pre‐eclampsia (P < 0.001). Maternal PlGF levels were inversely correlated with PI values of both vessels. In the umbilical vein sFlt‐1 was positively and soluble kinase insert domain receptor (sKDR) negatively correlated with umbilical artery PI. No correlation could be found in the serum of the umbilical artery for all growth factors and for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in all compartments.ConclusionsThe correlations between maternal and fetal angiogenic growth factor serum levels and Doppler ultrasound indices of uterine and umbilical arteries in pre‐eclampsia and IUGR reflect the severity of the disorders especially for the fetus. A combination of both measurements may be useful in future screening for early prediction of pregnancy complications. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metformin treatment in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome—is reduced complication rate mediated by changes in the uteroplacental circulation?
Authors: Salvesen K. Å. , Vanky E. , Carlsen S. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo study a possible effect of metformin on the uteroplacental circulation.MethodsForty pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of metformin (1700 mg/day) during pregnancy. Doppler ultrasound examinations of the uterine arteries were performed at 12, 19, 24, 32 and 36 gestational weeks and of the umbilical artery at 19, 24, 32 and 36 gestational weeks.ResultsThere was a greater mean bilateral uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) at 12 weeks (1.95 vs. 1.58, P = 0.02), and a greater reduction in mean PI from 12 to 19 weeks (P = 0.03) in metformin‐treated women. There were no differences in mean PI values between groups at 19, 24, 32 or 36 gestational weeks. Pregnancy complications, such as preterm delivery before 32 weeks, severe pre‐eclampsia or serious postpartum events, occurred only in the placebo group (7 of 22 vs. 0 of 18, P = 0.01). There were no associations between uterine artery Doppler measurements and pregnancy complications. We found no differences between groups in mean umbilical artery PI at 19, 24, 32 or 36 gestational weeks.ConclusionsIn this small randomized trial, metformin treatment in pregnancy reduced uterine artery impedance between 12 and 19 weeks of gestation, and this was associated with reduced complication rate. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biotechnology and the fats and oils industry — An overview
Authors: Rattray James B. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBiotechnology is the application of single or multicellular organisms and of associated or derived enzyme systems to the production of desirable products. Particular discussion has been made of the derivation of fats and oils from animals, plants and microorganisms. General consideration has been given to methods, primarily plant breeding and agronomic practices for the improvement of the quantity and quality of oil produced by soybean, rapeseed, palm and sunflower. The possible importance of yeasts, fungi and algae as sources of single cell oil has been examined. A particular role of these systems in the production of specialty oils has been suggested. Enzyme systems, either associated with the intact cell or in isolation, can be used to varying degrees of success in either a free or immobilized form. Particular reference has been made to application of these systems to reactions including specific hydrolysis of triacylglycerols, acylation of glycerol, interesterification of triacylglycerols, wax ester formation and steroid transformations. Consideration has been given to particular plants and microorganisms as sources of new fats and oils. The major impact of biotechnology on the industry is believed to be associated with the production of high value specialty products including cocoa butter substitutes, biosurfactants, waxes and various prostaglandin derivatives. General consideration has been given to the possible relative importance of plant and microbial systems, engineering and scale‐up problems, and overall economics of present biotechnological procedures.
Cocoa bean cell and embryo culture
Authors: Wen Ming‐Che , German Bruce , Kinsella John E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCallus culture of cocoa bean was initiated from immature cotyledons on agar medium. By dispersing these callus cells, a liquid suspension culture was established. The lipid composition of cocoa suspension culture was investigated and compared with those of cocoa beans of different maturities. Factors affecting fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in cocoa suspension cultures also were studied. In parallel studies, asexual embryos were proliferated from immature zygotic embryos cultured in semisolid or liquid medium. The factors affecting the lipid composition in cultured embryos are discussed.
Prospects and problems in the large scale production of metabolites from plant cell tissue cultures
Authors: Shuler M. L. , Pyne J. W. , Hallsby G. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA wide range of plant products can be made directly by using plant cell tissue cultures. However, the economic production of even highvalue products from such cultures has not been conclusively demonstrated. One problem is that rapid growth and high product yields often appear to be mutually exclusive with plant cell tissue cultures. Some level of cellular differentiation often is required for the expression of genes associated with product formation; only unorganized cells grow rapidly. Another problem results from the tendency of plant cells to form aggregates, which leads to a mixture of cell types in culture. The biological response is a function not only of the chemical environment but also the physical (e.g. hydrodynamic) environment which makes scale‐up of suspension processes difficult. In addition, cell lysis due to high liquid shear is a significant design constraint. Some of these problems can be circumvented by using multi‐stage continuous culture devices or with immobilized cell reactors. Emphasis will be on membrane entrapped cultures.
Plant‐derived catalysts and precursors for use in prostaglandin synthesis
Authors: Ahern Tim J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractArachidonic acid derivatives such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and prostacyclin have been recognized to have significant pharmaceutical potential. Presently they are not available commercially in large amounts because their low concentrations in living tissues and multiple asymmetric carbon centers make the cost of their extraction or chemical synthesis prohibitively expensive. However, the theoretical feasibility of the commercial production of such C‐20 compounds by means of fermentative and enzyme engineering processes that bypass animal sources entirely has been demonstrated. The precursor, arachidonic acid, is present in microorganisms adaptable to large‐scale fermentation. For the purpose of this study, a model describing changes in arachidonic acid production by the red alga,Porphyridium cruentum, in response to induced lipogenesis and variation of light intensity and temperature was developed. In addition, the demonstration that immobilized microsomes containing prostaglandin synthetase activity in a stable amphiphilic gel eliminates the need for the expensive and time‐consuming enzyme recovery methods used previously. Furthermore, the ability of a leguminous enzyme to catalyze the synthesis of prostaglandin indicates that low cost catalysts and precursors of plant origin are available for the synthesis of such compounds.
Suitability of commercial cottonseed for producing edible high protein flours by liquid classification
Authors: Hron R. J. , Koltun S. P. , Graci A. V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe 1976 and 1977 crops of glanded cottonseed from oil mills located in 7 major U.S. cottonbelt growing areas were evaluated as to their suitability for processing into edible, high‐protein flours. Both the physical and chemical characteristics of fuzzy seed samples were studied. Ginned seed samples were hulled, dried, comminuted, slurried with hexane and liquid classified by both a laboratory differential settling test (DST) and pilot plant liquid cyclone process (LCP). Liquid cyclone operating data and extensive analytical data of the kernels, flour and meals produced are shown. A free gossypol level of 1.10% or less in full fat kernels was the determining factor for producing edible flours from glanded seed by the LCP. The Lower Rio Grande Valley area was the only area from which liquid classified cottonseed flour consistently exceeded the current maximal free gossypol standard of 450 ppm. Ca. 94% of the total U.S. cottonseed production is suitable for producing edible, high‐protein flours by liquid classification.
Extraction of alkaloids and oil from bitter lupin seed
Authors: Ortiz J. G. F. , Mukherjee K. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractQuinolizidine alkaloids and the oil were recovered from seeds of bitter lupin,Lupinus mutabilis, by 2 extractions using hexane as the only organic solvent, Ground and flaked lupin seed was extracted first with hexane, which recovers the oil and those alkaloids that occur as free bases. Subsequently, the hexane‐insoluble salts of the alkaloids retained in the defatted flakes were converted into hexanesoluble free bases by treatment with aq sodium carbonate or ammonium hydroxide and removed by another extraction with hexane. A low‐alkaloid proteinaceous meal was obtained with practically no loss of protein. The alkaloids dissolved in the oil were completely recovered by extraction with aq hydrochloric acid.
Influence of world fat and oil consumption on protein supply
Authors: Senti F. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFat and oil consumption has influenced the world protein supply principally through the production of oilseeds among vegetable oil sources, fish oil among marine oils and butter among animal fats. In total amount, oilseed protein production is comparable to world production of protein in red meat and in milk. All oilseed and fish meal protein byproducts and some milk protein byproducts find their greatest use in animal and poultry products production. Increased demand for the latter products with concurrent demand for feed protein has shifted the relative values of oil and meal. Increasingly, oilseed production, like meat production, is producing oil as a coproduct, if not a byproduct, of protein production. Although food use of oilseed protein concentrates is increasing, both as fortificants of traditional foods and in newly developed meat analogs, this market appears unlikely to increase demand for protein concentrates as much as the world demand for increase in animal and poultry products.
The present and future role of peanuts in meeting the world’s need for food
Authors: Wilson Coyt T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPeanuts have a potential for supplying a significant portion of the world’s needs for edible vegetable oils and the protein portion of human diets. Africa, India and Mainland China account for ca. 75% of the world’s production. In these countries yields are low, markets are not well developed, and most of the crop is crushed for oil with the cake being used as animal feed or fertilizer. Government programs to encourage production by price supports, research and education have been sporadic. Peanuts are likely to fall further behind soybeans and sunflower seed as sources of edible vegetable oils and dietary protein.
Fats and processes used in manufacturing chocolate and confectionery coatings
Authors: Johnston G. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe basic requirements of the confectioner for fats to be used in chocolate are briefly reviewed. The melting properties of the polymorphs of cocoa butter and variation in them are outlined together with methods of measuring them. These properties govern two important steps in the manufacture of chocolate—tempering and cooling. The tempering process and methods for determining the state of temper in a sample are noted. The main types of chocolate in common use are described along with two main processes used for their manufacture. The polymorphic forms commonly found in commercial operations are discussed. The discussion on chocolate and cocoa butter leads to reasons for the interest of confectioners in so‐called coating fats or cocoa butter substitutes. The various classes of fat which have been tried so far for this use are briefly reviewed along with their limitations from the viewpoint of the confectioner and his consumers. Desirable specifications for a coating fat and possible future developments in their use in the candy industry are discussed briefly.
Antioxidants for food fats and oils
Authors: Sherwin E. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTypes of antioxidants currently available for food fats and oils are listed, and theoretical and practical aspects of selecting the proper ones for various food uses are reviewed. Consideration is given to relative potencies, modes of application, regulations governing use, and some of the more prominent problems encountered in their commercial applications. A brief look is taken into future needs and possible developments with fat and oil antioxidants.
Fat systems for bakery products
Authors: Baldwin R. R. , Baldry R. P. , Johansen R. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFat systems for cake, Danish pastries and bread are described in terms of physical and chemical characteristics as well as performance. Results indicate that additives, such as surfactants and dough conditioners in well formulated fat systems, can increase tolerance, improve uniformity and extend storage life of baked products. The polar and nonpolar lipids naturally present in flour are shown to affect finished bread quality, with the polar lipids showing an improving effect. The apparently divergent trends in the development and use of specialized shortenings for specific baked products vs. the development and use of multipurpose bulk systems for a variety of baked products are reviewed.
Margarine and margarine oils: Finished product quality
Authors: Wiedermann Lars H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFinished margarine quality is presented in terms of the margarine manufacturer’s needs as expressed by in‐house quality control and oil blend specifications. The philosophy of adequate performance testing is discussed as are the needs for in‐process controls. Without adequate and effective in‐process controls, specification testing practices result in only after‐the‐fact information and defeat the real purpose of specifications, which is to insure quality production and not merely to assess whether or not it has been attained. Although margarine manufacturers have found effective means of applying these controls to their own production, they have been lax in applying them to their raw material receipts, an emphasis that is at least of equal importance to finished product quality.
Elemental C, H and N microanalysis of crushed rock and soil samples
Authors: Lindgren F. T. , Stevens G. R. , Jensen L. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA sensitive and reproducible method for elemental analysis of rock and soil samples has been developed using a modified Hewlett‐Packard 185 CHN analyzer. Samples are combusted in an inert He atmosphere (with and without catalyst) with a carefully controlled combustion time and temperature. Absolute mass calibration is available on samples of from 1–500 µg total CHN content. Analysis of chromatograms is made by both manual and computer techniques. Finely crushed rock (or dust) samples of from 50–100 mg may be analyzed for most forms of carbon content and for N and H with a high degree of technical reproducibility. Step‐wise calcination at 150 C and 550 C allows evaluation of adsorbed CO2, potential organic and amorphous carbon content. Although carbide carbon is partially recovered, essentially quantitative recovery of finely divided graphitic (and diamond) as well as amorphous, carbonate and all organic carbon may be obtained.
Studies on replacement of phosphate builders in laundry detergents using radiolabeled soils
Authors: Illman J. C. , Albin T. B. , Stupel H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe fabric detergency performance of systems containing different types of surfactants and several builders of reduced phosphate content has been compared using a radiolabeled sebum‐clay soil. Use of this soil allows quantitative measurement of both sebum and clay removal from soiled swatches, generally cotton and permanent press Dacron‐cotton. One study compared alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxysulfate (AEOS) and alcohol ethoxylate (AEO) as surfactants in formulations containing from 0–45% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Especially under hard water conditions, the AEO and AEOS considerably out‐perform the LAS and AS at equal use concentrations and are less sensitive to phosphate reduction. Tests with cotton swatches soiled with five different carbon black‐oil mixtures generally rank the surfactants in the same order, although individual responses of the cloths vary considerably. A further study compares the effect of replacing STPP with sodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) in formulations containing varying amounts of AEO or LAS. Detergency improves significantly with increasing surfactant concentration, particularly with AEO, and declines as builder strength is reduced. AEO exceeds LAS considerably in performance under the test conditions even at relatively high concentrations of LAS. Another study compares the performance of AEO and LAS at equal concentrations in formulations containing a variety of builders. AEO is generally superior to LAS in removing both sebum and clay soils and is less sensitive to builders and water hardness. The builders generally rank in this order: STPP > NTA = citrate > carbonate > sulfate.