bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer and Information Networks
Authors: Greenberger Martin , Aronofsky Julius , McKenney James L. , Massy William F. 
Published: October 2006

The most basic conclusion coming out of the EDUCOM seminars is that computer networking must be acknowledged as an important new mode for obtaining information and computation. It is a real alternative that needs to be given serious attention in current planning and decision-making. Yet the fact is that many institutions are not taking account of networks when they confer on whether or how to replace their main computer.
Articulation of the possibilities of computer networks goes back to the early 1960's and before, and working networks have been in evidence for several years now, both commercially and in universities. What is new, however, is the unmistakable recognition—bordering on a sense of the inevitable—that networks are finally practical and here to stay. The visionary and promotional phases of computer networks are over. It is time for hard-nosed comparative analysis.
Another conclusion of the seminars has to do with the factors that hinder the fuller development of networking. The major problems to be overcome in applying networks to research and education are political, organizational, and economic in nature rather than technological. This is not to say that the hardware and software problems of linking computers and information systems are completely solved, but they are not the big bottlenecks at present. Research and educational institutions must find ways to organize themselves as well as their computers to work together for greater resource sharing.
The coming of age of networks takes on special significance as a result of widespread dissatisfactions expressed with the present computing situation. There is a feeling that the current mode of autonomous, self-sufficient operation in the provision of computing and information services is frequently wasteful, deficient, and unresponsive to users' needs because of duplication of effort from one installation to another, incompatibilities, and inadequate documentation, program support, and user assistance. Complaints about the relative lack of uniform standards and the paucity of information on what programs and data are available and how to get and use them are commonplace.
The human tendency, when beset by problems such as these, is to seek a savior in the next new technology—networks in this case. But networking does not in and of itself offer a solution to current deficiencies. What it does offer is a promising vehicle with which to bring about important changes in user practices, institutional procedures, and government policy that can lead to effective solutions.
Thus more critical than whether networking is developed and applied is how it is developed and applied. For example, networking emphasizes the need for standards and good documentation. Unless effective mechanisms are developed and strong measures taken in networking to ensure that suitable standards and documentation are developed, present inadequacies could get worse, not better.
Budget and the National Cancer Program
Authors: Rauscher Frank J. 
Published: October 2006

The budget picture for the NCI is presented for your information and evaluation-evaluation in the sense that I need and would appreciate your comments. A major issue of course is balance, in terms of clinic versus laboratory; short-term versus long-term; academic versus commercial; targeted versus nontargeted; grants versus contracts versus intramural; national versus international, and the like. It must be recognized that within a program of this emotion, visibility, and importance scientific findings and other considerations will dictate changes on at least a monthly basis. Things other than science contribute to this balance. On any given day we live within the impact of at least three budget years (what we received and did last year, what we will receive and do this year, and what this will allow us to receive and do next year). The federal budgetary process as well as the priority-setting processes of science are such that new directions cannot be taken as quickly as would be optimal.
Priorities must be set in cancer at least in their broad sense; for in addition to other areas of biomedical research, there are other compelling demands for the limited federal dollar. There will never be enough resources to do all that can be done or needs to be done in cancer research. That probably is as it should be. In this regard it is heartening that operating funds for the institutes at NIH other than NCI will increase by $264 million in 1974. It is as true that information from research in other disciplines and categorical diseases will provide leads to cancer, as well as the reverse. And certainly, virtually no one wants to see resources for cancer increased at the expense of other important tasks and opportunities.

This article is not an attempt to justify or to defend the spending plan of the National Cancer Program. It is to let you know what's going on and to seek further advice on how to do it better. Articles on other aspects of the program will be published in journals including
Science
,
Cancer Research
, and the
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
.
Anthropological Film: A Scientific and Humanistic Resource
Authors: Soren E. Richard 
Published: October 2006

More than a scientific endeavor but not strictly one of the humanities either, anthropology stands between these basic kinds of intellectual pursuit, bridging and contributing to both. Not limited to natural history, anthropology touches art, historical process, and human values, drawing from the materials and approaches of both science and humanities. This professional interest in a broad understanding of the human condition has led anthropologists to adapt and use modern cameras and films to inquire further into the variety of ways of life of mankind and to develop method and theory to prepare anthropological film as a permanent scientific and humanistic resource.
Until quite recently the evolution of human culture and organization has diverged in the hitherto isolated regions of the world. Now this divergence has virtually ceased; we are witnessing an unprecedented period in human history—one where cultural divergence has turned to cultural convergence and where the varieties of independently evolved expressions of basic human potential are giving way to a single system of modern communications, transport, commerce, and manufacturing technology.
Before the varieties of ways of life of the world disappear, they can be preserved in facsimile in anthropological films. As primary, undifferentiated visual information, these films facilitate that early step in the creation of new knowledge which is sometimes called humanistic and without which scientific application lies dormant, lacking an idea to test. In keeping with the two scholarly faces of anthropology, humanistic and scientific, anthropological films may provide material permitting both humanistic insight and the more controlled formulations of science.
The lightweight filming equipment recently developed has been adapted by anthropologists as a tool of scholarly visual inquiry; methods of retrieving visual data from changing and vanishing ways of life have been developed; and new ways to reveal human beings to one another by using such visual resources have been explored. As a result, not only can anthropological film records permit continued reexamination of the past human conditions from which the present was shaped, but they also facilitate an ongoing public and scientific review of the dynamics of the human behavioral and social repertoire in relation to the contemporary conditions which pattern human responses and adaptation.
How man fits into and copes with the changing world is of vital interest and concern. Visual data provide otherwise unobtainable information on human potential, behavior, and social organization. Such information, fed into the public media, facilitates informed consideration of alternative possibilities. By contributing to a better informed society, such films will help make our future more human and more humane.
Causality and Anticipation
Authors: Burgers J. M. 
Published: October 2006

I have discussed the problem whether an explanation of the phenomena of life can be deduced from an exclusive reliance on causal relationship as in the currently accepted physical description, or whether attention should be given to something more. For this more the concept of anticipation is taken. Starting from what we observe in our own minds various notions involved in the idea of anticipation have been brought forward. The picture is derived from the philosophy of A. N. Whitehead. It is admissible in this philosophy to postulate an influence of anticipation on the statistical weights which play a part in quantum physics. This influence could change the probability distribution of the results of atomic reactions and thus account for living beings having a way of behavior of their own.
I have also tried to show that an inquiry into the possibility that living organisms possess features not covered by present-day physics need not lead to a belief in supernatural phenomena. The idea of purpose should not be condemned. It does not mean being directed toward a definite goal for some billions of years. Although no quantitative relations have come forward the role of anticipation can be discussed on a rational basis and finds support in an important philosophical system. It introduces some attractive features into the definition of life and it can help to probe the depth of problems which the reductionist principle leaves unanswered. It might be considered as a picture complementary to the physical picture.
On the "Rawness" of Subsoils
Authors: Lipman Chas. B. 
Published: October 2006

Subsoils of arid regions are certainly no less "raw" than those of semi-arid regions, and probably only slightly less so than those of humid regions.
2. If, as seems as yet unproved, inoculated legume seeds fail to develop on humid subsoil material, such failure can not justifiably be attributed as is done by Alway, McDole and Rost, to a lack of available phosphoric acid and potash.
3. A lack of available nitrogen probably is sufficient to account for rawness of subsoils.
4. The poor aeration of subsoils which indirectly results in their rawness, may be accounted for more simply than by Hilgard's explanation of the washing down of fine particles into the subsoil, which prevents proper aeration.
The advantages of a rolling foot in human walking
Authors: Adamczyk Peter G. , Collins Steven H. , Kuo Arthur D. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThe plantigrade human foot rolls over the ground during each walking step,roughly analogous to a wheel. The center of pressure progresses on the ground like a wheel of radius 0.3 L (leg length). We examined the effect of varying foot curvature on the mechanics and energetics of walking. We controlled curvature by attaching rigid arc shapes of various radii to the bottoms of rigid boots restricting ankle motion. We measured mechanical work performed on the center of mass (COM), and net metabolic rate, in human subjects (N=10) walking with seven arc radii from 0.02–0.40 m. Simple models of dynamic walking predict that redirection of COM velocity requires step-to-step transition work, decreasing quadratically with arc radius. Metabolic cost would be expected to change in proportion to mechanical work. We measured the average rate of negative work performed on the COM, and found that it followed the trend well (r2=0.95), with 2.37 times as much work for small radii as for large. Net metabolic rate(subtracting quiet standing) also decreased with increasing arc radius to a minimum at 0.3 L, with a slight increase thereafter. Maximum net metabolic rate was 6.25 W kg–1 (for small-radius arc feet),about 59% greater than the minimum rate of 3.93 W kg–1, which in turn was about 45% greater than the rate in normal walking. Metabolic rate was fit reasonably well (r2=0.86) by a quadratic curve,but exceeded that expected from COM work for extreme arc sizes. Other factors appear to increase metabolic cost for walking on very small and very large arc feet. These factors may include effort expended to stabilize the joints(especially the knee) or to maintain balance. Rolling feet with curvature 0.3 L appear energetically advantageous for plantigrade walking,partially due to decreased work for step-to-step transitions.
Interspecific variation in beeswax as a biological construction material
Authors: Buchwald Robert , Breed Michael D. , Greenberg Alan R. , Otis Gard 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARY
Beeswax is a multicomponent material used by bees in the genus Apis to house larvae and store honey and pollen. We characterized the mechanical properties of waxes from four honeybee species: Apis mellifera L., Apis andreniformis L., Apis dorsata L. and two subspecies of Apis cerana L. In order to isolate the material effects from the architectural properties of nest comb, we formed raw wax in to right, circular cylindrical samples, and compressed them in an electromechanical tensometer. From the resulting stress–strain curves,values for yield stress, yield strain, stress and strain at the proportional limit, stiffness, and resilience were obtained. Apis dorsata wax was stiffer and had a higher yield stress and stress at the proportional limit than all of the other waxes. The waxes of A. cerana and A. mellifera had intermediate strength and stiffness, and A. andreniformis wax was the least strong, stiff and resilient. All of the waxes had similar strain values at the proportional limit and yield point. The observed differences in wax mechanical properties correlate with the nesting ecology of these species. A. mellifera and A. cerana nest in cavities that protect the nest from environmental stresses, whereas the species with the strongest and stiffest wax, A. dorsata, constructs relatively heavy nests attached to branches of tall trees, exposing them to substantially greater mechanical forces. The wax of A. andreniformiswas the least strong, stiff and resilient, and their nests have low masses relative to other species in the genus and, although not built in cavities,are constructed on lower, often shielded branches that can absorb the forces of wind and rain.
Total facial nerve exploration: Transmastoid, extralabyrinthine, and subtemporal indications and results
Authors: May Mark 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIncreasingly, surgeons are using a middle fossa approach through a craniotomy to reach the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve and geniculate ganglion in patients with intact hearing.This paper describes a transmastoid operation that provided exposure of the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve without performance of a craniotomy. In this procedure the geniculate ganglion and labyrinthine segments of the facial nerve were exposed, while cochleovestibular function was spared; recovery of the facial nerve in patients with Bell's palsy or herpes zoster oticus (even those patients with a dry eye) was favorably influenced.
Patient survival factors in paranasal sinus mucormycosis
Authors: Blitzer Andrew , Lawson William , Meyers Bert R. , Biller Hugh F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnalysis of 170 cases of paranasal sinus mucormycosis collected from the literature and 9 cases of our own revealed a 50% mortality for this disease. When analyzed according to decade, survival has increased to 70% in the cases reported from 1970‐1979. There were no significant differences between the survivors and the fatalities when evaluated according to age, sex, laterality, or radiographic findings. There was a markedly poorer prognosis for those patients with hemiplegia, facial necrosis, and nasal deformity. The underlying disease was an important determinant of survival: 75% of patients with no systemic disease, 60% of diabetics, and 20% of patients with other disorders survived. Surgical debridement or radical resection and the use of amphotericin B significantly increased survival. Their combination further enhanced survival, especially in the diabetic.
Prognostic value of eustachian tube function in pediatric tympanoplasty
Authors: Manning Scott C. , Cantekin Erdem I. , Kenna Margaret A. , Bluestone Charles D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPoor eustachian tube function and prevalence of infectious ear disease are thought to be the reasons for less successful outcome associated with tympanoplasty in children. Since both of these factors are related to age, identification of those patients who may benefit by delaying the surgery has been a concern to otolaryngologists. In an effort to investigate the role of eustachian tube function on the outcome, we tested the tubal function in 63 ears (56 children) undergoing tympanoplasty for central perforations. In 49 ears (78%), the graft took; of these, 33 had good middle‐ear function, 8 developed persistent or recurrent otitis media, and 8 had severe retraction or atelectasis. There was a significant association (p<0.01) between outcome and preoperative tubal function as determined by combining the active and passive function parameters. However, the prognostic value of tubal function testing was low; predictive values for success and lack of success being 68% and 56%, respectively. Other factors, such as graft placement (medial or lateral) contralateral ear status, and child's age, were not associated with outcome. Consistent with other studies, good eustachian tube function was shown to predict good outcome, but poor tubal function was not helpful in predicting poor outcome.
Cartilage‐perichondrial composite graft tympanoplasty in the treatment of posterior marginal and attic retraction pockets
Authors: Levinson Richard M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe atelectatic retraction pocket (ARP) has been implicated in the development of chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma. The ARP's tendency for persistence or recurrence despite treatment is a significant otologic problem. The purpose of this study is to define and discuss this clinical entity and the use of cartilage‐perichondrium tympanoplasty as a safe and predictable method of treatment, reducing destructive complications while maintaining ear function. A retrospective analysis of 85 operated ears is presented.
Real time variable bit rate video traffic prediction
Authors: Mao Guoqiang , Liu Huabing 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReal time variable bit rate (VBR) video traffic prediction plays an important role in dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes by providing an accurate estimation of the instantaneous bandwidth requirement of VBR video traffic and it has been widely used in dynamic bandwidth allocation. A number of prediction algorithms were proposed in the literature and they can be broadly classified into two categories: time domain approaches and wavelet domain approaches. In this paper, we first present a survey of the existing algorithms in the literature. On the basis of the survey, new algorithms are proposed in the time domain and in the wavelet domain, respectively. Simulations using real VBR video traces are conducted which show that the proposed algorithms achieve better performance than those in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Electrochemistry of Vitamin B12 in Ionic Liquids and Its Use in the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Vicinal Dibromoalkanes
Authors: Lagunas M. Cristina , Silvester Debbie S. , Aldous Leigh , Compton Richard G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe present the first electrochemical study in ionic liquid media of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), a biologically important molecule, and show its suitability as catalyst in the electroreduction of dibromoalkanes.
Brain hydrodynamics study by phase‐contrast magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial color doppler
Authors: Balédent Olivier , Fin Loïc , Khuoy Louis , Ambarki Khalid , Gauvin Anne‐Cécile , Gondry‐Jouet Catherine , Meyer Marc‐Etienne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the contributions of phase‐contrast magnetic resonance (PCMR) and transcranial color Doppler (TCCD) imaging in the investigation of cerebral hydrodynamics.Materials and MethodsA total of 13 healthy subjects were studied. Blood velocity measurements were performed with TCCD and gated PCMR imaging in major intracranial and extracranial arteries stages. Peak systolic velocity and end‐diastolic velocity were extracted to establish correlations between TCCD and PCMR imaging. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and intracranial volume change (IVC) during the cardiac cycle were calculated, taking into account cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oscillations.ResultsDespite an underestimation of velocities with PCMR imaging, significant correlations were observed for velocity measurements between the two modalities in extracranial vessels, but were poorly correlated in intracranial vessels. PCMR data processing gave a mean CBF of 690 ± 90 mL/minute.ConclusionPCMR imaging provides complementary information to TCCD to assess various intracranial parameters such as instantaneous velocities, blood and CSF flow distributions, volume variation, or pressure regulation mechanisms during cardiac cycles. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hazards and hazard mitigation techniques for natural gas and hydrogen fueling operations
Authors: Rivkin, P.E. Carl 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe 2006 edition of NFPA 52 Vehicular Fuel Systems Code addresses natural gas and hydrogen storage and refueling safety. Specifically, this document addresses the issues of:
Gas and liquefied gas storage
Vehicle‐dispensing operations
Gas piping
System siting
System maintenance
This article describes the hazards associated with the operations listed and how the code sets requirements to mitigate these hazards. This document, which was initially issued in 1984, is the first edition of NFPA 52 that addresses hydrogen systems. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Study on hydrogen uptake of functionalized carbon nanotubes
Authors: Bachmatiuk A. , Borowiak‐Palen E. , Jedrzejewski R. , Rümmeli M. H. , Gemming T. , Pichler T. , Kalenczuk R. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHydrogen uptake in carbon materials, in particular in carbon nanotubes, is a highly active and important research area due to the current need to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. We have begun detailed studies on the hydrogen storage capacity for various carbon nanotube based materials, namely, B‐doped SWCNT and bamboo‐CNT. The actual hydrogen content was measured via a volumetric method at room temperature and elevated pressure. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Expression of transmembrane carbonic anhydrases IX and XII in ovarian tumours
Authors: Hynninen P , Vaskivuo L , Saarnio J , Haapasalo H , Kivelä J , Pastoreková S , Pastorek J , Waheed A , Sly W S , Puistola U , Parkkila S 
Published: October 2006

Aims Carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes IX and XII have been suggested to play a role in oncogenic processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate CA IX and XII expression in patients with ovarian tumours.Methods and results A series of ovarian tumours was immunostained for CA IX and XII and the results were correlated with histopathological and clinical parameters. Most cases of borderline mucinous cystadenomas, mucinous cystadenocarcinomas and serous cystadenocarcinomas were moderately or strongly positive for CA IX. In malignant tumours, the staining was most prominent in hypoxic regions. Expression of CA XII was detected in all tumour categories, although the mean staining intensity was weaker than for CA IX in all groups except for clear cell carcinomas.Conclusions The wide expression of CA IX and XII in ovarian tumours suggests that these isozymes could represent potential targets in ovarian cancer therapy. The expression pattern of CA IX suggests that it could also serve as a useful histopathological marker protein for hypoxia in malignant ovarian tumours.