bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for an association between CD23 and the receptor for a low molecular weight B cell growth factor
Authors: Gordon John , Webb Adrian J. , Walker Leonie , Guy Graeme R. , Rowe Martin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLow molecular weight B cell growth factor (BCGF) and a monoclonal antibody (MHM6) to the 45‐kDa, B lineage‐restricted, CD23 activation antigen (BLAST‐2; EBVCS) were found to be indistinguishable in their biological effects. Individually, both augmented DNA synthesis in activated, but not resting, B lymphocytes while no additional enhancement resulted from using the two agonists in combination. Furthermore, by increasing the expression of Tac, both MHM6 and BCGF promoted activated B cells to respond more vigorously to the late addition of recombinant interleukin 2. The presence of BCGF during B cell activations was found to down‐regulate the expression of the CD23 antigen while the coating of activated cells with MHM6 antibody diminished their capacity to absorb BCGF activity. The findings demonstrate that CD23 and a low molecular weight BCGF deliver a comparable growth‐promoting signal to activated B cells. A possible relationship between CD23 and the receptor for the low molecular weight BCGF is discussed.
Induction of H‐2‐specific antibodies by injections of syngeneic Sendai virus‐coated cells
Authors: Kievits Femia , Rocca Anna , Opolski Adam , Limpens Jacqueline , Leupers Tine , Kloosterman Tinie , Boerenkamp Walter J. , Pla Marika , Ivanyi Pavol 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe capacity of the B cell immunoglobulin receptor to recognize complexes of Sendai viral and H‐2b antigens was investigated by studying the antibody response to injections of syngeneic Sendai virus‐coated (SV+) spleen cells in C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Almost all mice produced alloreactive anti‐H‐2 lymphocytotoxic antibodies. In contrast, such antibodies were found very exceptionally in mice injected with normal (SV−) cells or with Sendai virus (SV) only. The reaction pattern of the cytotoxic antibodies induced was variable and ranged from almost anti‐private to widely cross‐reactive serotypes. The results of reactions on H‐2‐congenic, ‐recombinant and ‐mutant mouse strains, and of capping and immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the cytotoxic antibodies were directed against H‐2 class I molecules. The anti‐H‐2 antibodies exhibited enhanced binding for SV+ target cells, but absorption experiments showed that this was not the result of cross‐reactions with cell surface Sendai viral determinants or with a molecular complex of H‐2 plus SV. This conclusion was supported by the observation that syngeneic SV+ cells were not the predominant targets for the induced lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Our results do not support the existence of MHC‐restricted antiviral antibodies, but show the induction of anti‐class I H‐2 alloantibodies by injections with syngeneic SV‐coated cells. We present a model for regular induction of anti‐H‐2 antibodies without intentional alloimmunization.
Interleukin 4 (IgG1 induction factor): a multifunctional lymphokine acting also on T cells
Authors: Severinson Eva , Naito Takayuki , Tokumoto Hidekado , Fukushima Daikuchi , Hirano Atsuchi , Hama Kazuaki , Honjo Tasuku 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA cDNA encoding the murine interleukin 4 (IL4) (IgG1 induction factor/B cell‐stimulating factor no. 1) was recently cloned (Noma et al., Nature 1986. 319: 640; Lee et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986. 83: 2061). In this report we tested recombinant IL4 in various T cell assays. It was found that IL4 activated the murine T cell line CTLL to increased DNA synthesis but not to growth. It also activated normal concanavalin A (Con A)‐stimulated T cells both to increased DNA synthesis and to growth. These T cell growth factor‐like activities were not inhibitable by anti‐IL2 receptor antibodies. Evidence is given that both Lyt‐2+ and L3T4+ T cells responded to IL4. Finally, IL4 acted synergistically with phytohemagglutinin or Con A on normal T lymphocytes as well as on thymocytes. These data, as well as those of others, imply that lymphokines have a broader range of activity than previously anticipated.
The use of hybrid hybridomas to target human cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Lanzavecchia Antonio , Scheidegger Doris 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study describes a general strategy to produce hybrid monoclonal antibodies that are capable of targeting human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against any cell carrying the appropriate target antigen. This is done by fusing a HAT‐sensitive, G418‐resistant anti‐T3 hybridoma with immune spleen cells (or with other hybridomas) that produce antibodies against the desired target antigen. In the hybrid hybridomas the reassortment of Ig heavy and light chains results in the production of bifunctional antibody molecules. Because of their double specificity, these antibodies are able to bridge human CTL to target cells and trigger cytotoxic function. We have isolated several stable hybrid hybridomas in which one specificity is against T3 and one either against HLA antigens (class II, DC‐1, A3), human Ig (IgM, IgE, x), Toxoplasma gondii or an ovary carcinoma‐associated antigen. In all of these cases we show that culture supernatants can efficiently and specifically target any CTL clone against any target cell that possesses the relevant surface antigen recognized by the antibody. Furthermore, the killing requires as little as 0.1 ng/ml of antibody, occurs at effector to target ratios comparable to those used in conventional cytotoxic assays and does not affect bystander cells. Nonspecific killing of Fc receptor‐positive cells can be avoided using F(ab′)2 fragments. As an example, we show that it is possible to (a) change the major histocompatibility complex class and allospecificity of a CTL clone and (b) target CTL against non‐major histocompatibility complex antigens such as Ig, parasites and tumor‐associated antigens.
Interferon‐γ induces expression of the interleukin 2 receptor gene in human monocytes
Authors: Rambaldi Alessandro , Young Diane C. , Herrmann Friedhelm , Cannistra Stephen A. , Griffin James D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInterferon‐γ induces surface expression of interleukin 2 (IL 2) receptors on human monocytes and the monocytic cell line U937. Freshly prepared peripheral blood monocytes and U937 cells were found to lack detectable IL2 mRNA, but exposure of these cells to interferon‐γ induced IL2 receptor message at 6 h of culture. At least two IL2 receptor transcripts were detected (3.5 and 1.5 kb) in both monocytes and U937 cells, similar in size to IL2 receptor transcripts in activated T cells. These results show that interferon‐γ induces expression of the monocyte IL2 receptor gene.
Characterizing doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells using an integrated microfluidic device
Authors: Ye Nannan , Qin Jianhua , Liu Xin , Shi Weiwei , Lin Bingcheng 
Published: February 2007

AbstractApoptosis has now established its importance in numerous areas of biology and is recently receiving great attention as an important topic related to the development of diseases. In this work, an integrated microfluidic device was developed to characterize doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. A continuous concentration gradient of stimulator (doxorubicin) was generated in the upstream network and used to perfuse downstream cultured HepG2 cells. The appropriate fluorescent dyes were introduced into cells from the inlets connected to the cell culture chambers, allowing one to distinguish apoptotic cells from nonapoptotic or necrotic cells. The resultant fluorescence of cellular population was monitored and quantified with single‐cell resolution to infer the apoptosis process being studied. The feasibility of studying apoptosis was demonstrated by measuring several apoptotic events, including morphological alterations, plasma membrane phosphatidylserine externalization, and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. This microfluidic device, integrating the cell culture, stimulation, staining, and washing steps into a single device, can simultaneously generate a number of experimental conditions and investigate multiple parameters relating stimulation to apoptosis. It offers a unique platform to characterize various cellular responses in a high‐throughput fashion, which is otherwise impossible with conventional methods.
Analysis of solute transport in a divergent flow tracer test with scale‐dependent dispersion
Authors: Chen Jui‐Sheng , Chen Chia‐Shyun , Chen Chih Yu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt has been known for many years that dispersivities increase with solute displacement distance in a subsurface. The increase of dispersivities with solute travel distance results from significant variation in hydraulic properties of porous media and was identified in the literature as scale‐dependent dispersion. In this study, Laplace‐transformed analytical solutions to advection‐dispersion equations in cylindrical coordinates are derived for interpreting a divergent flow tracer test with a constant dispersivity and with a linear scale‐dependent dispersivity. Breakthrough curves obtained using the scale‐dependent dispersivity model are compared to breakthrough curves obtained from the constant dispersivity model to illustrate the salient features of scale‐dependent dispersion in a divergent flow tracer test. The analytical results reveal that the breakthrough curves at the specific location for the constant dispersivity model can produce the same shape as those from the scale‐dependent dispersivity model. This correspondence in curve shape between these two models occurs when the local dispersivity at an observation well in the scale‐dependent dispersivity model is 1·3 times greater than the constant dispersivity in the constant dispersivity model. To confirm this finding, a set of previously reported data is interpreted using both the scale‐dependent dispersivity model and the constant dispersivity model to distinguish the differences in scale dependence of estimated dispersivity from these two models. The analytical result reveals that previously reported dispersivity/distance ratios from the constant dispersivity model should be revised by multiplying these values by a factor of 1·3 for the scale‐dependent dispersion model if the dispersion process is more accurately characterized by scale‐dependent dispersion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The insolvent state: analyzing organized procedures for restructuring the bankrupt sovereign
Authors: Khachaturian Alex 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this Article is to examine the impetus behind the movement for a sovereign bankruptcy procedure. The intention is to look at what has (and has not) been said on this issue and evaluate the soundness of various proposals. Part II of this Article looks at the background of international debt crises and the underlying discussions that have taken place on this issue in the international arena. Part III looks at more recent thinking on the subject, sheds light on Argentina's catastrophic global debt crises, and discusses the statutory and market‐oriented solutions for sovereign debt crises. Part IV concludes that the way forward, for now, is to include majority action provision in bond contracts while encouraging responsible internal governance for sovereigns. Such an approach is beneficial until the international market revisits an overarching proposal. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Family history of cancer in children with acute leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma or non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma: The ESCALE study (SFCE)
Authors: Rudant Jérémie , Menegaux Florence , Leverger Guy , Baruchel André , Nelken Brigitte , Bertrand Yves , Hartmann Olivier , Pacquement Hélène , Vérité Cécile , Robert Alain , Michel Gérard , Margueritte Geneviève , Gandemer Virginie , Hémon Denis , Clavel Jacqueline 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe role of a family history of cancer in the etiology of childhood hematopoietic malignancies was investigated using the data from the ESCALE study. ESCALE, a population‐based case–control study, was carried out in France over the period, 2003–2004. A total of 773 cases of acute leukemia (AL), 130 of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), 163 of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and 1,681 population‐based controls were included. The controls were randomly selected from the French population and were frequency matched with the cases on age and gender. Cancer history in first‐ and second‐degree relatives was reported by the mothers in a structured telephone questionnaire that was the same for the cases and controls. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using an unconditional regression model taking into account the stratification variables and potential confounders. A family history of cancer was associated with an increased risk of HL (OR = 1.5 [1.0–2.2]) and NHL (OR = 1.8 [1.3–2.5]), but not AL (OR = 1.0 [0.9–1.2]). The ORs were higher when at least 2 relatives had a history of cancer or when 1 case occurred before age 46 years. Only HL was significantly associated with a family history of hematopoietic malignancies (OR = 2.0 [1.0–3.8]), mainly because of a significant association with a history of HL (OR = 5.4 [1.3–22]). In conclusion, the study findings support the hypothesis of familial susceptibility to childhood lymphoma, but do not suggest familial susceptibility to childhood AL. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasonography of hemorrhagic splenic cysts
Authors: Propper Richard A. , Weinstein Barbara J. , Skolnick M. Leon , Kisloff Barry 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCysts arising from the spleen are much less common than those arising from other organs such as kidney, liver, and ovary (1). Hemorrhagic cysts of the spleen are rare (1), but we have encountered two patients with this entity. The ultrasonograms in each patient demonstrated gravity‐dependent layering of two fluids of distinctly different echogenicity. The fluids were contained within a spherical mass. Acoustic enhancement was exhibited behind the mass in each case. This suggested the diagnosis of hemorrhagic cyst.
Ultrasound evaluation of hydronephrosis of pregnancy
Authors: Erickson L. M. , Nicholson S. F. , Lewall D. B. , Frischke Lauraline 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFour hundred ninety‐two patients, including 449 pregnant patients, 39 nonpregnant control patients, and 4 patients with pelvic masses, had renal ultrasonography using gray scale technique. Measurements of renal pelvic diameters in the normal pregnant patients revealed an overall incidence of 63 percent renal pelvic dilatation over the nonpregnant controls. Maximum normal renal pelvic diameters were 1.1 cm on the right and 0.9 cm on the left. The maximum normal expected renal pelvic diameter (97.5 percent confidence level) in pregnancy is 2.7 cm on the right and 1.8 cm on the left in the last two trimesters of pregnancy. There was no significant difference between primiparous and multiparous patients, but pregnant patients were significantly different from controls in every trimester (p < 0.01). Maximum dilatation occurred at 24–28 weeks of gestation. The right renal pelvis was enlarged to the greatest degree in 90 percent of normal patients. Patients with pelvic masses showed a similar pattern of right‐sided hydronephrosis.
Beat‐to‐beat variability of echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular end diastolic diameter and performance
Authors: Belenkie Israel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEchocardiographic measurements of left ventricular dimensions and performance correlate well with similar data from other sources. However, little attention has been paid to the beat‐to‐beat variations in these parameters in individual subjects. Considerable variability in measurements of left ventricular end diastolic diameter (EDD), R‐R interval, mean circumferential fiber shortening velocity (Vcf), and ejection fraction (EF) has been demonstrated in subjects in both sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation. The coefficients of variation have varied from 2.5 to 9 percent, 2.1 to 11.2 percent, 4.4 to 11.0 percent, and 3.4 to 7.8 percent, respectively, in different individuals in sinus rhythm and from 2.0 to 7.9 percent, 2.1 to 20.7 percent, 4.9 to 30.0 percent, and 1.9 to 90.0 percent, respectively, in different patients in atrial fibrillation. Recent ultrasound studies of the interrelationships among preload, afterload, cycle length, and indices of left ventricular performance have yielded variable results. In this study the relationships between both EDD and R‐R interval and echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular function were analyzed in individual subjects in both sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation. Changes in EDD and, to a lesser extent, cycle length were shown to be accompanied by predictable changes in indices of left ventricular function. EDD correlated better than did R‐R interval with Vcf and EF in 8 of 10 and 10 of 10 normal subjects, respectively, and in 9 of 11 and 7 of 11 patients in atrial fibrillation, respectively. The data suggest that preload has a more important effect than cycle length on left ventricular performance.
Ultrasonic real‐time guidance for percutaneous puncture
Authors: Saitoh Masahito , Watanabe Hiroki , Ohe Hiroshi , Tanaka Shigeki , Itakura Yasuhiro , Date Seiki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReal‐time scanning was applied to the sonically guided puncture technique. A special puncture attachment connected to the ultrasound sector scanner was developed for this purpose. A puncture needle is introduced into the scanning plane through the canal in the attachment. Excellent real‐time images of both the target lesion and the needle can be clearly seen on the oscilloscope during the puncture procedure. Puncture not only for cystic structures but also for solid masses can be made easily and safely by this new technique. Successful applications of the technique have been carried out for renal cyst puncture, percutaneous antegrade pyelography, percutaneous nephrostomy, percutaneous renal biopsy, and perineal prostatic biopsy.
Atrial septal thickness and area in normal heart specimens and in those with ostium secundum atrial septal defects
Authors: Rosenquist Glenn C. , Sweeney Lauren J. , Ruckman Roger N. , McAllister Hugh A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis anatomic study suggests that an understanding of the thickness of the atrial septum should allow better visualization of most portions of the blade‐shaped atrial septum during cross‐sectional echocardiography, both in normal subjects and in patients with ostium secundum atrial septal defects. The thickness measurements also demonstrate that difficulties in imaging the atrial septum are a function of resolution limits of existing echocardiographic equipment.
Analysis of biparietal diameter as an accurate indicator of gestational age
Authors: Kurtz Alfred B. , Wapner Ronald J. , Kurtz Robert J. , Dershaw D. David , Rubin Carl S. , Cole‐Beuglet Catherine , Goldberg Barry B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo date, there have been 25 studies attempting to correlate biparietal diameter and gestational age; of these, 17 meet specific criteria and thus are included in this evaluation. Although all studies have shown an increase in biparietal diameter with advancing gestational age, between 17 wk and term there is a discrepancy of approximately 3 wk. In this evaluation the charts are compared and the variations analyzed. An ideal table is constructed by combining the mean gestational age, calculated from a statistical analysis, and the variation at each millimeter point, determined by comparison of all the studies. It is hoped that this new 90% composite table, which consists of a range of gestational ages in weeks for each biparietal diameter, will not only provide more realistic indications of fetal age but also will serve as a reminder to sonographers, obstetricians, and patients of the relative accuracy and variations of biparietal diameter measurements.
Physical factors influencing numerical echo‐amplitude data extracted from B‐scan ultrasound images
Authors: Jaffe Conrade C. , Harris Daniel J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe replacement of analog‐scan converters by digital‐scan converters in commercially available B‐scan ultrasound equipment provides easily available numerical echo‐amplitude data from regions or organs of interest, once the image has been created. These values vary with, and are influenced by, a variety of physical variables, including transducer power output, time‐gain compensation, signal threshold, preprocessing digital signal level assignment, frequency, and acoustic beam width. Unless vigorous efforts are made to standardize these variables, clinical reports using numerical analysis as disease descriptors should be viewed critically.
Neonatal intracranial pathology demonstrated by high‐frequency linear array ultrasound
Authors: Sauerbrei Eric E. , Harrison Philip B. , Ling Emily , Cooperberg Peter L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have performed a total of 126 ultrasound scans of the brain in 86 different neonatal patients with a 7.0 MHz linear array transducer (6.5 cm in length), using the anterior fontanelle as a scanning window. Thirty‐one patients had demonstrable abnormalities confirmed by CT while 49 patients were normal. Using this technique we were able to reliably define normal lateral ventricles, subependymal hemorrhages, hematomas, intraventricular hemorrhages, hydrocephalus, and porencephalic cysts.
Determination of volume of arterial blood flow by an ultrasonic device
Authors: Uematsu Sumio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the results of a reevaluation of the reliability of a newly developed ultrasonic volume flow meter which was developed by Yoshimura and his co‐workers (1978). Measurements of volume blood flow (cc/sec) by this new technique were compared withmeasurement by the electromagnetic flow meter. Experiments were performed with an in vitro model as well as with physiological pulsatile flow in an animal model. Results of the study indicated a high degree of correlation between values measured by both techniques with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. I believe that this is an important technical development in the field of noninvasive quantitative determination of blood flow.
Cholecystosonography in children with sickle cell disease: Technical approach and clinical results
Authors: Cunningham Jerome J. , Houlihan Stephen M. , Altay C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractForty‐five children with sickle cell anemia were studied with meticulous cholecystosonograms using a 5‐MHz thyroid transducer. Good‐quality images were obtained. The most informative and useful view was the left‐side‐down decubitus study with the ultrasound gantry angled 45% to the anteroposterior axis. Rotating the patient rapidly through 360 degrees did not increase the information content of the examination. We found that one third of a random group of children with sickle cell anemia will have gallstones and one fifth will have “sludge”. A kinked deformity of the gallbladder may simulate a gallstone. Neither age, sex, weight, physical findings (except for hepatomegaly), nor a variety of biochemical measurements of the blood will be of much value in predicting gallbladder disease in any given patient.
Ultrasound in the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Authors: Blumhagen Joel D. , Coombs John B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAbdominal B‐scan ultrasound imaging was performed on 35 infants who presented with vomiting. A thick hypoechoic ring was visualized in 21 of the 23 patients found at surgery to have hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The ring was shown to represent the hypertrophied circular muscle of the pylorus. Each side of the ring measured 4 mm or more in thickness in the positive studies. None of the patients without hypertrophic pyloric stenosis showed this finding, although thinner hypoechoic rings were often seen, representing parasagittal sections of distal antral muscle.