bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transverse anisotropy of compressive failure in European oak – a digital speckle photography study
Authors: Ljungdahl Jonas , Berglund Lars A. , Burman Magnus 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The mechanical behaviour of European oak (Quercus robur L.) was studied in radial and tangential compression. Young's modulus and the yield strength were approximately 1.7- and 1.6-fold higher, respectively, in the radial direction. Strain fields were determined by digital speckle photography (DSP). Strains and the effective Poisson ratio could be determined separately in earlywood and latewood during deformation and failure events. In radial compression, strain data showed that rays contributed significantly to the high modulus. In addition, multiseriate ray microbuckling was observed to control yield strength. The microbuckling was localised in the low-density earlywood. In tangential compression, yield strength was controlled by vessel collapse in the low-density regions of the latewood. The strain field data provide direct evidence that the rays are the main micro-structural factor controlling transverse anisotropy in European oak.
Temperature-drop sensor for determination of drying curves in conventional lumber drying
Authors: Elustondo Diego , Oliveira Luiz , Lister Peter 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Conventional lumber drying is carried out by forcing hot air to flow across a pile of lumber layers separated by wood strips. The airflow provides the heat required to warm up the lumber and produce the moisture evaporation and, in theory, the difference in temperature at each side of the load can be used to estimate the evaporation rate. The main problem with this approach is that typical temperature sensors that are installed in conventional kilns are not accurate enough to measure the temperature drop across the load during periods of low evaporation. In this paper, a new sensor to measure the temperature drop across the load is proposed and tested in three experimental drying runs of 2″×6″ spruce-pine lumber. The results demonstrate that after calibration, the temperature drop across the load can be used to determine drying curves in conventional lumber drying. In the particular case of this study, calibration was performed by multiplying the experimental temperature drop across the load by a constant factor, which was adjusted by identifying the correction factor that best simulated the experimental green moisture content of the three lumber charges.
Preparation of acetoacetylated wood meal and its properties. Part 1. Preparation of parameter and preliminary evaluation of the antifungal activity
Authors: Nasuno Tomoko , Takano Toshiyuki , Yoshimura Tsuyoshi , Kamitakahara Hiroshi , Nakatsubo Fumiaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Acetoacetylated wood meal (AAWM) was prepared and a preliminary evaluation of its antifungal activity was carried out. Acetoacetylation of wood meal proceeded almost quantitatively with diketene under optimal reaction conditions, even as a heterogeneous reaction. Diketene concentration was the most important governing factor for this reaction. AAWM with a high weight percentage gain inhibited the fungal growth of Fomitopsis palustris.
Preparation of acetoacetylated wood meal and its properties. Part 2. Copper ion fixation by acetoacetylation
Authors: Nasuno Tomoko , Takano Toshiyuki , Kamitakahara Hiroshi , Nakatsubo Fumiaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Fixation of copper ions to acetoacetylated wood meal (AAWM) was conducted in Cu(OAc)2-MeOH solution. The maximum amount of copper fixed to AAWM was 147.9 mg g−1 under optimum conditions. From FT-IR analyses of AAWM containing copper ions (AAWM-Cu), it was concluded that a chelate was formed between copper and the acetoacetyl group of AAWM. In a leaching test, half of the copper in AAWM-Cu was retained, even at pH 4.0.
Detection of fungal decay by high-energy multiple impact (HEMI) testing
Authors: Brischke Christian , Welzbacher Christian Robert , Rapp Andreas Otto 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The suitability of a previously described high-energy multiple impact (HEMI) test for the detection of early fungal decay was examined. The HEMI test characterises the treatment severity of thermally modified wood by stressing the treated material by thousands of impacts of pounding steel balls. This method differentiates between heat treatment intensities, which are manifest as structural changes in the wood. Similar changes in wood structure are known for wood decayed by fungi. Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) decayed by brown rot and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) decayed by white rot were tested. Mass loss caused by fungal decay and resistance to impact milling (RIM) determined in HEMI tests were found to be highly correlated. Testing of non-degraded pine, beech, and ash (Fraxinus exelsior L.) showed only marginal effects of wood density on RIM. Furthermore, annual ring angles and RIM of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) were not correlated. Accordingly, the detection of RIM reduction in decayed wood is not masked by variations in density and orientation of the annual rings. Previous results showed no adverse effects of weathering on RIM. Thus, the detection of fungal decay with HEMI tests is feasible not only for laboratory purposes, but also for wood in outdoor applications that has already undergone weathering.
The Use of Digital Image Correlation to Verify the Behavior of Fiber Metal Laminate Cylinders under Torsional Loading
Authors: Backman D , Jodoin A , Poon C , Mendis Y 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Measurements made using digital image correlation were compared to both strain gages and displacement transducers during the testing of a fiber metal laminate cylinder under torsional loading. The image correlation results showed very good agreement with measurements made using both strain gages and displacement transducers. The image correlation results were also used to measure out-of-plane displacement of the cylinder and to determine the exact onset of initial buckling. Although strain gages remain a proven and valuable technology for measuring strain, image correlation can completely characterize full-field strains and full-field displacements in the cylinder. In addition, image correlation is able to provide insight into the material behavior at strain values where the gages are less reliable and more prone to failure.
Simulation of Heat Transfer and Residual Stresses from Cooling Curves Obtained in Quenching Studies
Authors: Penha RN , Canale LCF , Totten GE , Sarmiento GS , Ventura JM 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
This paper describes the use of computational simulation of heat transfer and resulting residual stress obtained by quenching a standard probe into different quench oils. Cooling curves were obtained after immersing a preheated 12.-mm diameter × 60 mm cylindrical Inconel 600 (Wolfson) probe with a Type K thermocouple inserted into the geometric center into a mineral oil quenchant as described in ASTM D 6200. Four different oil quenchants were used. Three of these oils were typical commercial quench oils and one was a used quench oil from a heat treating shop. Heat transfer coefficients were estimated using HT-Mod, a recently released commercial computational code. Using the cooling curve temperature—time data, the temperature distribution within the probe and the corresponding residual stresses were calculated using ABAQUS. These results of this work illustrate potential benefits of computational simulation to examine the potential impact of different quenchants and quenching conditions on a heat treatment process.
Quantification of UV‐Induced Erythema and Pigmentation Using Computer‐Assisted Digital Image Evaluation
Authors: Coelho Sergio G. , Miller Sharon A. , Zmudzka Barbara Z. , Beer Janusz Z. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTPhotography has been used in human skin research for some time. With the advent of digital photography in recent years, its use has increased. However, the focus has now turned from documentation to actual analysis and quantification of skin color changes. The advantages of digital photography out‐weigh any shortcomings as long as consistent, standardized procedures are followed and quality control is implemented. We present a simple procedure to standardize images and discuss a computer‐assisted digital image evaluation (CADIE) technique to quantify skin color changes following UV exposure. The CADIE approach is illustrated with examples from two different studies on UV responses in human skin. Using the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*a*b* color coordinate system in combination with a personal computer and image‐editing software, we analyzed digital images obtained in these two studies. We demonstrate the feasibility of using digital photography for objective evaluation of UV erythema in different racial/ethnic groups and for measuring pigmentation changes caused by repeated exposures over a period of several weeks. Our results indicate how objective assessment using CADIE can be an adjunct to visual and optical observation in clinical and scientific evaluations.
Discriminant Classification of Fish and Zooplankton Backscattering at 38 and 120 kHz
Authors: McKelvey Denise R. , Wilson Christopher D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAcoustic scattering layers were evaluated for species classification by means of 38‐ and 120‐kHz mean volume backscattering strength () collected during a 1995 acoustic–trawl survey of Pacific hake Merluccius productus off the west coasts of the United States and Canada. Scattering layers selected for analyses were shallower than 150 m and were analyzed with a −79‐decibel (dB) integration threshold. Pacific hakes, euphausiids, and Pacific hake–euphausiid mixes dominated the layers. Other scatterers (unidentified, noneuphausiid, or non—Pacific hake sources) were included in the analyses. The overall mean volume backscatter difference (Δ = 120 kHz – 38 kHz) was computed for each species category, and results varied depending on the species composition of the scattering layer (i.e., Pacific hakes = −7.1 dB, euphausiids = 11.9 dB, Pacific hakes–euphausiids = 3.5 dB, and other species = 0.1 dB). Discriminant function analysis of 120 kHz and 38 kHz separated echoes originating from each of the dominant scattering layers. Backscatter was then classified into species groups with a quadratic discriminant classification model, which obtained an overall correct classification rate of 84%. The use of multiple frequencies and these analytical methods (e.g., frequency differencing and discriminant classification functions) can provide an efficient and objective means of classifying sound‐scattering layers composed of different taxonomic groups.
Estimating Mortality from Mean Length Data in Nonequilibrium Situations, with Application to the Assessment of Goosefish
Authors: Gedamke Todd , Hoenig John M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Beverton–Holt length‐based mortality estimator has received widespread use primarily due to its applicability in data‐limited situations. The mean length of animals that are fully vulnerable to the sampling gear can be used to estimate total mortality from basic growth parameters and a known length at first capture. This method requires equilibrium conditions because the mean length of a population will change only gradually after a change in mortality. In this study, we derive the transitional behavior of the mean length statistic for use in nonequilibrium conditions. We investigate conditions affecting the reliability of the Beverton–Holt results and then develop a new procedure that allows a series of mortality rates to be estimated from mean length data representing nonequilibrium conditions in multiple years. We then examine an assessment of goosefish Lophius americanus that was criticized for its use of the Beverton–Holt estimator under nonequilibrium conditions. Using data from the 1963–2002 National Marine Fisheries Service annual fall groundfish surveys off the northeastern United States and assuming a single change in total mortality, we used the maximum likelihood method to estimate that the total mortality of goosefish in the southern assessment region increased from 0.31 to 0.60 per year in 1977. Estimates of the new mortality rate made three or more years after the change were relatively stable and only ranged from 0.55 to 0.71 per year, while estimates from the standard Beverton–Holt approach ranged from 0.37 to 1.1 per year. The results for goosefish in the northern assessment region showed that total mortality changed from 0.14 to 0.29 per year in 1978 and then to 0.55 per year in 1987. The new nonequilibrium estimator allows a change in mortality to be characterized reliably several years faster than would occur with the use of the Beverton–Holt estimator.
Rodent adrenocortical cells display high affinity binding sites and proteins for inhibin A, and express components required for autocrine signalling by activins and bone morphogenetic proteins
Authors: Farnworth Paul G , Wang Yao , Leembruggen Pauline , Ooi Guck T , Harrison Craig , Robertson David M , Findlay Jock K 
Published: March 2006

Inhibins are expressed in the adrenal cortex, but little is known of their binding or role in the adrenal. The aims of the present study were, first, to establish whether a mouse adrenocortical (AC) cell line expresses inhibins/activins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), along with proteins required for inhibin to antagonise activin and BMP actions and, secondly, to characterise and compare inhibin binding sites and proteins in the rat adrenal gland and AC cells. AC cells were found to: (1) express mRNA for multiple BMPs (BMP-2, -3, -4, -6, -8a), growth/differentiation factors (GDF-1, -3, -5, -9), Lefty A and B, and the inhibin α, βA and βB subunits (2) secrete inhibin A and inhibin B and (3) express mRNA encoding the inhibin co-receptor, betaglycan, along with activin and BMP type I (ALK2–7) and type II (ActRII, ActRIIB, BMPRII) receptors, and binding proteins (follistatin, BAMBI, gremlin). When applied to sections of rat adrenal glands, [125I]inhibin A specifically bound to cells of the adrenal cortex, mainly in the zona reticularis. Scatchard analyses of in vitro [125I]inhibin A binding to dispersed rat adrenal cells and AC cells revealed sites of high affinity (Kd(1) of 0.18 and 0.15 nM, respectively) and low affinity (Kd(2) of 2.6 and 1.3 nM, respectively. Competition for [125I]inhibin A binding by activin A or B (30 nM) was negligible, whereas BMP-2, -6 and -7 competed for between 21 and 33% of specific inhibin A binding (IC50 between 0.2 and 0.3 nM). Inhibin B crossreaction with inhibin A binding sites was < 8%. Multiple binding protein complexes (molecular weight ranging from 35 to > 220 kDa) were affinity labelled by [125I]inhibin A on both the primary rat adrenal and AC cells. The species of > 220 kDa were shown by immunoprecipitation to include betaglycan, the species of 105 kDa is consistent in size with type II receptors for activin/BMP, and that of 62 kDa co-migrates with the inhibin-follistatin complex.
In summary, the results show that inhibin A binds selectively and with both high and low affinity to AC cells via multiple binding proteins, including a single betaglycan-like species. The results support the role of glycosylated betaglycan in the high affinity binding of inhibin A, but provide consistent evidence from two independent sources of adrenal cells that inhibin A interacts with several membrane proteins in addition to those currently understood to mediate the anti-activin/BMP actions of inhibin.
Performant Clay/Carbon Nanotube Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Dubois Ph. , Alexandre M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis contribution aims at reviewing on very recent developments in syntheses, properties and (future) applications of polymer‐based nanocomposites filled with either organoclays and/or carbon nanotubes. Undoubtedly, the key‐challenge remains to reach a high level of nanoparticle dissociation (i.e., either to delaminate the silicate nanoplatelets or to break down the bundles of aggregated carbon nanotubes) and their fine dispersion upon melt blending within the selected polymer matrix. In that context, the in situ polymerization/grafting process as catalyzed directly from the nanofiller (organoclay or carbon nanotube) surface proved highly efficient allowing for the complete destructuration of the native filler aggregates. Dissociated nanoparticles were accordingly recovered, their surface was homogeneously coated/grafted by the in situ grown polymer chains as generated by this so‐called “Polymerization‐filling technique” (PFT). Interestingly enough, such surface‐coated organoclays and/or carbon nanotubes were further added as “masterbatch” in commercial polymeric matrices by twin‐screw extrusion. As a result of the pre‐destructuration of the nanofillers by PFT, it comes out that the resulting polymer nanocomposites displayed much higher thermo‐mechanical properties even with a nanofiller loading as tiny as 1wt%.
Kinetic study on the thermal dehydration of CaCO3 · H2O by the master plots method
Authors: Wanjun Tang , Donghua Chen , Cunxin Wang 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThermal dehydration process of calcium oxalate monohydrate, CaC2O4 · H2O, was reinvestigated from a viewpoint of reaction kinetics. On the basis of data of thermogravimetry, kinetic analysis was performed under nonisothermal conditions using an integral composite procedure, which includes a integral isoconversional method and an integral master plots method. The results of the integral isoconversional method of TGA data at various heating rates suggested that dehydration of CaC2O4 · H2O followed a single step with an activation energy of 99.02 ± 2.61 kJ/mol, and from the master plots method, the reaction was described by an Rn model. Finally, it was estimated that the pre‐exponential factor A = (2.82 ± 1.81) ×109 s−1, and the kinetic exponent n = 2.3 ± 0.2. The results of nonisothermal kinetic analysis of the thermal dehydration reactions of CaC2O4 · H2O suggested that the integral composite procedure be very successful in evaluating kinetic parameters and describing kinetic model of solid‐state reactions. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Research on stored biological samples: Views of African American and White American cancer patients
Authors: Pentz Rebecca D. , Billot Laurent , Wendler David 
Published: March 2006

AbstractProposals on consent for research with biological samples should be informed by empirical studies of individuals' views. Studies to date queried mostly white research subjects. The aim of this study was to compare the views of two groups of patients: cancer patients at a university clinic (Winship Cancer Institute at Emory Healthcare) and cancer patients at an inner city county hospital (Grady) who were given the option of tissue banking. Overall, 315/452 (70%) patients completed the survey. The Grady cohort was 86% African American; the Winship cohort was 82% White. The vast majority (95%) of individuals in both cohorts agreed to provide a biological sample for future research. Both cohorts were willing for their samples to be used to study cancer and other diseases, including Alzheimer disease. Few participants preferred to control the disease to be studied (10%) or wished to be contacted again for consent for each future research project (11%). In our sample, almost all clinical patients, regardless of site of care, ethnicity or socioeconomic status, were willing to provide a biological sample for research purposes and allow investigators to determine the research to be done without contacting the patients again. These findings support the recommendation to offer individuals a simplified consent with a one‐time binary choice whether to provide biological samples for future research. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The CACNA1A and ATP1A2 genes are not involved in dominantly inherited migraine with aura
Authors: Kirchmann Malene , Thomsen Lise Lykke , Olesen Jes 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEpidemiological studies indicate that migraine with typical aura (MA) has a major genetic component but the genes for MA have not been identified. However, the autosomal dominantly inherited familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is often caused by mutations in the CACNA1A or ATP1A2 genes. The aim of the study was to investigate if the CACNA1A or ATP1A2 genes are involved in MA with an apparently autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. From a clinic population diagnosed by a trained physician we recruited 34 extended families (comprising 174 MA patients) with an apparently autosomal dominant mode of inheritance of MA. We performed a linkage analysis of 161 of 174 MA patients and 79 unaffected relatives using a framework marker set of 44 markers for chromosome 1 and 22 markers for chromosome 19. Linkage analysis was made with a non‐parametric or autosomal dominant parametric model, either allowing for heterogeneity or not, using an affected only analysis. We identified no linkage to CACNA1A and ATP1A2 loci on chromosome 19 or 1, respectively. Additionally, at least two patients from each family and 92 healthy, unrelated controls were selected for a sequence analysis. We sequenced the 48 exons of CACNA1A and the 23 exons of ATP1A2, including promoter and flanking intron sequences. No polymorphism was identified in the CACNA1A or ATP1A2 genes with a strong correlation to MA. Our study shows that the CACNA1A or ATP1A2 genes are probably not involved in MA. To identify the genes involved in the common forms of migraine, future genetic studies should focus on MA and migraine without aura (MO) and not FHM. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Failure to confirm genetic association between schizophrenia and markers on chromosome 1q23.3 in the region of the gene encoding the regulator of G‐protein signaling 4 protein (RGS4)
Authors: Rizig Mie A. , McQuillin Andrew , Puri Vinay , Choudhury Khalid , Datta Susmita , Thirumalai Srinivasa , Lawrence Jacob , Quested Digby , Pimm Jonathan , Bass Nicholas , Lamb Graham , Moorey Helen , Badacsonyi Allison , Kelly Katie , Morgan Jenny , Punukollu Bhaskar , Kandasami Gomathinayagam , Curtis David , Gurling Hugh 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe chromosome 1q23.3 region, which includes the RGS4 gene has been implicated in genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia by two linkage studies with lod scores of 6.35 and 3.20 and with positive lod between 2.00 and 3.00 scores in several other studies. Reduced post mortem RGS4 gene expression in the brain of schizophrenics was reported as well as positive allelic association between markers at the RGS4 gene locus and schizophrenia. We have attempted to replicate the finding of allelic association with schizophrenia in a UK based sample of 450 subjects with schizophrenia and 450 supernormal controls. We genotyped the same SNP marker alleles investigated in the earlier studies and also a di‐nucleotide (GT)14 repeat microsatellite marker, which was 7 kb distal to RGS4. In the new UK sample there was no evidence for allelic or haplotypic association between RGS4 markers and schizophrenia. This might reflect genetic heterogeneity between the population samples, genotyping or other methodological problems. The finding weakens the evidence that mutations or variation in the RGS4 gene have an effect on schizophrenia susceptibility. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.