bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parotid duct ligation for treatment of drooling in children with neurological impairment
Authors: Heywood R L , Cochrane L A , Hartley B E J 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective:Multiple surgical procedures have been advocated for the management of problematic drooling in neurologically impaired children. Parotid duct ligation is a quick and simple operation conducted via an intra-oral approach and usually performed simultaneously with other procedures. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of parotid duct ligation as a discrete procedure.Methods:All children who underwent bilateral parotid duct ligation as the solitary operative intervention at that time, between February 2003 and September 2006, were included in the study.Results:Ten children were studied. Surgery was successful in 80 per cent of cases. One patient (10 per cent) had a post-operative wound infection.Conclusions:Bilateral parotid duct ligation is an effective yet conservative operation for drooling in neurologically impaired children. It requires minimal surgical dissection and has a low morbidity rate. It should be considered as a potential first-line procedure in children who aspirate, and as a further surgical option in anterior droolers or those who continue to drool unacceptably following prior surgical intervention.
Reflux and sleeping disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Karkos P D , Leong S C , Benton J , Sastry A , Assimakopoulos D A , Issing W J 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntroduction:Laryngopharyngeal reflux is perhaps the most extensively researched laryngology topic of the last decade. It has been suggested that some supraoesophageal symptoms, most notably asthma and laryngospasm, may be associated with night-time, or supine, reflux. The aim of this review was to assess the levels of evidence regarding a correlation between night-time reflux, snoring and apnoea.Methods:A Medline search was performed using the terms ‘reflux’, ‘night-time’, ‘larynx’, ‘gastroesophageal’, ‘laryngopharyngeal’, ‘sleep’, ‘apnoea’, ‘snoring’ and ‘ear nose throat’. The retrieved literature was reviewed, focusing on randomised and non-randomised, controlled, prospective trials. Papers on both paediatric and adult populations were included. Non-English language papers were excluded.Results:We found no randomised, controlled trials or meta-analyses addressing the possible correlation between reflux and snoring and/or apnoea.Conclusions:The role of night-time reflux in paediatric and adult snoring and apnoea is well described in the literature, but is based on poor levels of evidence from uncontrolled studies and case reports.
Arrested growth ofTrypanosoma cruziby the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 and detection of calpain homologues in epimastigote forms
Authors: SANGENITO L. S. , ENNES-VIDAL V. , MARINHO F. A. , MOTA F. F. DA , SANTOS A. L. S. , D'AVILA-LEVY C. M. , BRANQUINHA M. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn this paper, we aimed to explore the effects of the calpain inhibitor III (MDL28170) and to detect calpain-like molecules (CALPs) in epimastigote forms ofTrypanosoma cruziisolate Dm28c. MDL28170 at 70 μMpromoted a powerful reduction in the growth rate after 48 h. The IC50value was calculated to be 31·7 μM. This inhibitor promoted an increase in the cellular volume, but not cell lysis, resulting in a trypanostatic effect.T. cruziCALPs presented a strong cross-reactivity with anti-Drosophila melanogastercalpain and anti-cytoskeleton-associated protein fromTrypanosoma bruceiantibodies, and labelling was found mainly intracellularly. Furthermore, an 80 kDa reactive protein was detected by Western blotting assays. No significant cross-reactivity was found with anti-human brain calpain antibody. The expression of CALPs was decreased in cells kept for long periods in axenic cultures in comparison to a strain recently isolated from mice, as well as in MDL28170-treated cells, the latter being paralleled by an increased expression of cruzipain. Different levels of CALPs expression were also detected in distinct phylogenetic lineages, like Y strain (lineage TCI), Dm28c (TCII) and INPA6147 strain (Z3 zymodeme). These results may contribute for the investigation of the functions of CALPs in trypanosomatids.
Equicontinuous geodesic flows
Authors: PRIES CHRISTIAN 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article is about the interplay between topological dynamics and differential geometry. One could ask how much information about the geometry is carried in the dynamics of the geodesic flow. It was proved in Paternain [Expansive geodesic flows on surfaces. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.13 (1993), 153–165] that an expansive geodesic flow on a surface implies that there exist no conjugate points. Instead of considering concepts that relate to chaotic behavior (such as expansiveness), we focus on notions for describing the stability of orbits in dynamical systems, specifically, equicontinuity and distality. In this paper we give a new sufficient and necessary condition for a compact Riemannian surface to have all geodesics closed; this is the idea of a P-manifold: (M,g) is a P-manifold if and only if the geodesic flow SM×ℝ→SM is equicontinuous. We also prove a weaker theorem for flows on manifolds of dimension three. Finally, we discuss some properties of equicontinuous geodesic flows on non-compact surfaces and on higher-dimensional manifolds.
Rigidity of measures invariant under the action of a multiplicative semigroup of polynomial growth on 𝕋
Authors: EINSIEDLER MANFRED , FISH ALEXANDER 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe prove that if a Borel probability measure on the circle group is invariant under the action of a ‘large’ multiplicative semigroup (lower logarithmic density is positive) and the action of the whole semigroup is ergodic then the measure is either Lebesgue or has finite support.
Human relaxin
Authors: Bell Robin , Tregear Geoffrey , Eddie Lawrence , Healy David 
Published: March 2009

The aim of this article is to review our knowledge of the status of human relaxin in reproductive medicine.Relaxin has a particular interest for obstetricians and gynaecologists for its potential to ripen the uterine cervix in order to promote effective labour. Despite research activity over approximately sixty years in the relaxin field since the original observation of Hisaw, there is still a considerable gap in our understanding of the role of relaxin in reproductive medicine. As pointed out by Sherwood in a comprehensive review of the relaxin literature, the accumulation of knowledge concerning the hormone is in its infancy.
Improved Tracking of Research Cruises
Authors: Urban Ed , Sathyendranath Shubha , de Leeuw Jan 
Published: March 2009

Every year, several hundred ocean research cruises are conducted by academic institutions and government agencies worldwide, with major expenditures of finances and human resources. Ships may be in the same ocean area at the same time without prior knowledge of one another's activities, missing opportunities for joint work. Some ships go to sea with empty berths, which might have been filled if scientists from other institutions or countries had known about the availability of space. Many scientists using in situ instruments have missed opportunities to deploy them in seldom visited parts of the ocean because the scientists did not realize a ship was going to that area, and opportunities for ”sea truthing“ of satellite observations in remote regions are missed.In an era of stagnant or shrinking budgets for research and ship operations, and increasing operational costs, it is imperative that scientists and ship operators look for ways to increase the efficiency of research cruises, for example, by reducing transit time and sharing research cruises. In addition, synergy of observations and opportunities for intercalibrations can be achieved in coordinated, multiple‐ship operations.
Metabolic disturbances in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Byrne Christopher D. , Olufadi Rasaq , Bruce Kimberley D. , Cagampang Felino R. , Ahmed Mohamed H. 
Published: March 2009

NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) refers to a wide spectrum of liver damage, ranging from simple steatosis to NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. NAFLD is strongly associated with insulin resistance and is defined by accumulation of liver fat &gt;5% per liver weight in the presence of &lt;10 g of daily alcohol consumption. The exact prevalence of NAFLD is uncertain because of the absence of simple non-invasive diagnostic tests to facilitate an estimate of prevalence. In certain subgroups of patients, such as those with Type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of NAFLD, defined by ultrasound, may be as high as 70%. NASH is an important subgroup within the spectrum of NAFLD that progresses over time with worsening fibrosis and cirrhosis, and is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. It is, therefore, important to understand the pathogenesis of NASH and, in particular, to develop strategies for interventions to treat this condition. Currently, the ‘gold standard’ for the diagnosis of NASH is liver biopsy, and the need to undertake a biopsy has impeded research in subjects in this field. Limited results suggest that the prevalence of NASH could be as high as 11% in the general population, suggesting there is a worsening future public health problem in this field of medicine. With a burgeoning epidemic of diabetes in an aging population, it is likely that the prevalence of NASH will continue to increase over time as both factors are important risk factors for liver fibrosis. The purpose of this review is to: (i) briefly discuss the epidemiology of NAFLD to describe the magnitude of the future potential public health problem; and (ii) to discuss extra- and intra-hepatic mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of NAFLD, a better understanding of which may help in the development of novel treatments for this condition.
Speech-Language Pathology Assistants Current State of Affairs
Authors: McNeilly Lemmietta 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The utilization of speech-language pathology assistants (SLPAs) is increasing in the United States particularly in the public schools. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association provides specific guidelines regarding the training, use, and supervision of (SLPAs; ASHA, 2004). The current state of affairs of SLPAs involves variable requirements across the states to qualify for SLPA credentials. The programs that educate SLPAs have variable technical and curricular requirements, and the educational requirements for regulating SLPAs also vary across the states. School-based SLPs continue to raise questions about the supervision requirements, funding, and reimbursement issues for working with SLPA in schools across the country.
Using What You Have: Training Teacher Assistants as Speech-Language Assistants
Authors: Keane Lisa , Rogers Laura 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The “Speech-Language Assistant (S/L Assistant or SLA) Model” in Broward County Schools was created to assist the speech-language pathologist (SLP) with the continuing effort to provide quality programs to students with speech and language impairments. Through the perseverance and dedication of a group of SLPs and the organization SPEECH (Speech Language Pathologists Energetically Effecting Change), a 3-year study called The Speech Language Improvement Plan was initiated. The study demonstrated that the use of S/L assistants increased dismissal rates, allowed for better caseload management, and improved the student / SLP ratio. In order to maintain consistency and fidelity of the SLA Model, specific requirements were established. Consideration of the S/L Assistant Model for a school requires that the school administrator and SLP review caseload, workload, and budget factors to determine the needs of the students. There are limitations to the responsibilities of an S/L assistant that must be taken into consideration as well. Training of the S/L assistant includes a variety of activities, readings, and observations along with verification of competencies.
The Evolution of an SLPA Program
Authors: Sparks Susan , Van Horne Lisa 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
There is an increasing demand for qualified individuals available in our profession. One answer to this crisis is to hire trained speech-language pathology assistants (SLPAs) to assist speech language pathologists (SLPs). Shoreline Community College's SLPA program was created in response to the shortage of fully trained SLPs. The program is designed in strict compliance with ASHA's guidelines (ASHA, 2004). Students attend lectures remotely, complete assigned reading, take quizzes, engage in in-class and online discussions, turn in assignments, and take exams without ever having to commute to the Shoreline campus. This allows students from across the state to complete their education while continuing to live and work in their communities.
Scabies Outbreak in an Intensive Care Unit with 1,659 Exposed Individuals—Key Factors for Controlling the Outbreak
Authors: Buehlmann Manuela , Beltraminelli Helmut , Strub Christoph , Bircher Andreas , Jordan Xavier , Battegay Manuel , Itin Peter , Widmer Andreas F. 
Published: March 2009

Objective.To investigate a large outbreak of scabies in an intensive care unit of a university hospital and an affiliated rehabilitation center, and to establish effective control measures to prevent further transmission.Design.Outbreak investigation.Setting.The intensive care unit of a 750-bed university hospital and an affiliated 92-bed rehabilitation center.Methods.All exposed individuals were screened by a senior staff dermatologist. Scabies was diagnosed on the basis of (1) identification of mites by skin scraping, (2) identification of mites by dermoscopy, or (3) clinical examination of patients without history of prior treatment for typical burrows. During a follow-up period of 6 months, the attack rate was calculated as the number of symptomatic individuals divided by the total number of exposed individuals.Interventions.All exposed healthcare workers (HCWs) and their household members underwent preemptive treatment. Initially, the most effective registered drug in Switzerland (ie, topical lindane) was prescribed, but this prescribption was switched to topical permethrin or systemic ivermectin as a result of the progression of the outbreak. Individuals with any signs or symptoms of scabies underwent dermatological examination.Results.Within 7 months, 19 cases of scabies were diagnosed, 6 in children with a mean age of 3.1 years after exposure to the index patient with HIV and crusted scabies. A total of 1,640 exposed individuals underwent preemptive treatment. The highest attack rate of 26%–32% was observed among HCWs involved in the care of the index patient. A too-restricted definition of individuals at risk, non-compliance with treatment, and the limited effectiveness of lindane likely led to treatment failure, relapse, and reinfestation within families.Conclusions.Crusted scabies resulted in high attack rates among HCWs and household contacts. Timely institution of hygienic precautions with close monitoring and widespread, simultaneous scabicide treatment of all exposed individuals are essential for control of an outbreak.
The Short-Tailed Fruit Bat Carollia perspicillata: A Model for Studies in Reproduction and Development
Authors: Rasweiler John J. , Cretekos Chris J. , Behringer Richard R. 
Published: March 2009

INTRODUCTIONCarollia perspicillata has proven to be a valuable laboratory model for studies in reproduction and development. We present here an overview of the care and handling of Carollia in captivity and discuss some pertinent studies in reproductive biology. Finally, we describe various features of the genome and some of the genetic manipulations that are now possible.
Darwin’s Finches: Analysis of Beak Morphological Changes During Evolution: Figure 1.
Authors: Abzhanov Arhat 
Published: March 2009

INTRODUCTIONFinches of the Galápagos Islands were first described by Charles Darwin during his voyage on the HMS Beagle in 1835. Since then, through the subsequent work of many biologists, Darwin’s finches have become a classic textbook example of many important processes in evolution. Today, this group of birds continues to be a significant source of information on such processes as speciation, niche partitioning, morphological adaptation, and species ecology. The approximately 14 species of Darwin’s finches are closely related to one another and display a remarkable degree of diversity in bill shapes and sizes that are adapted for different food sources (e.g., seeds, insects, and even young leaves or blood from sea birds) in an otherwise scarce environment. For example, the deep and wide bills of the Ground Finches, one of the subgroups of Darwin’s finches, are used to feed on seeds, whereas the Cactus Finches use their elongated and narrow bills to probe cactus fruit and flowers. These differences in bill shapes are not due to their differential usage or other external factors; rather, the differences are genetically and developmentally regulated and can be observed and studied during embryogenesis. Therefore, Darwin’s finches are becoming a very useful non-model animal and avian system in which to investigate the molecular basis of morphological changes during evolution.
PCR Primer Design
Authors: Apte Arun , Daniel Saurabha 
Published: March 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe objective of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is to amplify a specific DNA segment without any nonspecific by-products. In principle, each physical and chemical component of PCR can be modified to produce a potential increase in yield, specificity, or sensitivity. Yet the most critical parameter for successful PCR is optimal primer design. A poorly designed primer can result in little or no product, due to nonspecific amplification and/or primer-dimer formation leading to reaction failure, even when all the other parameters are properly optimized. This article provides general guidelines for PCR primer design, tips for development of primer pairs for more complex applications, and advice on the development of probes for real-time PCR.
Collection of Short-Tailed Fruit Bats (Carollia perspicillata) from the Wild: Figure 1.
Authors: Rasweiler John J. , Cretekos Chris J. , Behringer Richard R. 
Published: March 2009

INTRODUCTIONAdult female short-tailed fruit bats (Carollia perspicillata) exhibit a relatively high degree of reproductive synchronization in populations sampled carefully in Central America and on Trinidad. On the basis of these studies and temporal data for pregnancies in captive-bred animals, one may be able to sample adult female Carollia from other populations and, during much of the year, predict when different embryonic stages might be prevalent. Most adult female Carollia on Trinidad seem to carry two pregnancies each year, based on the observation that more than 90% are typically pregnant when sampled around the middle of each pregnancy period. For many females, the first pregnancy appears to be established between September and early November, includes a period of post-implantational developmental delay at the primitive streak stage, and is completed in March or April. A peak in births has been observed around April 1. Most parous females then conceive again at a post-partum estrus. In captive animals, this estrus usually occurs between 3 and 6 d after parturition, but sometimes, it is several days later. Using the available temporal data on pregnancies in both captive and wild Carollia, it is possible to predict when embryos at particular stages of development are most likely to be carried by females in the wild population on Trinidad. A similar approach might be used to collect embryos from another population, as outlined in this protocol.
Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization of Short-Tailed Fruit Bat (Carollia perspicillata) Embryos with RNA Probes
Authors: Rasweiler John J. , Cretekos Chris J. , Behringer Richard R. 
Published: March 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes whole-mount in situ hybridization of short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia perspicillata) embryos with RNA probes. This technique allows direct visualization of the mRNA expression pattern of a gene of interest within embryos fixed at a wide range of developmental stages. Due to limitations in probe penetration, the size of the specimen must be considered when using whole-mount procedures. In addition, the preparation of probe is an important step in whole-mount in situ hybridization. Two primary considerations for making a good probe are (1) a good template sequence and (2) an efficient labeling reaction. In our experience, the ideal template sequence for a whole-mount in situ probe should be 300-1000 bp in length. We have had little success using shorter probes, although they can be made to work in a case-by-case (and presumably sequence-dependent) manner. Typically, one begins with a cDNA or coding genomic fragment cloned into an in vitro transcription vector. The linearized vector is purified and used as the template for in vitro transcription. In this protocol, the in situ hybridization procedure is presented as a 3-d schedule: Day 1, Pre-treatment and hybridization; Day 2, Post-hybridization washes and antibody incubation; and Day 3, Post-antibody washes and color reaction.
Alcian Blue Staining of Cartilage of Short-Tailed Fruit Bat (Carollia perspicillata): Figure 1.
Authors: Rasweiler John J. , Cretekos Chris J. , Behringer Richard R. 
Published: March 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol is used to visualize the cartilaginous elements of the developing skeleton using alcian blue. It has been used with excellent results on the fruit bat Carollia perspicillata, as well as several other bat species at stages from CS 14 through CS 22. Staining has been shown to last at least 2 yr in benzyl alcohol:benzyl benzoate (BABB). However, staining has been observed to weaken during the course of months. It is therefore advisable to document results immediately.
Whole-Mount Immunohistochemistry of Short-Tailed Fruit Bat (Carollia perspicillata)
Authors: Rasweiler John J. , Cretekos Chris J. , Behringer Richard R. 
Published: March 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes whole-mount immunohistochemistry of short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia perspicillata) embryos. This method is used for direct visualization of the expression pattern of a protein of interest within embryos fixed at a wide range of developmental stages. It has been used with good results on embryos at stages from CS 11 through CS 15.