bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Comorbidity: Major Mental Illness and Problematic Substance Use
Authors: Siegfried Nandi 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The aim of this paper is to critically review the literature on major mental illness and problematic substance use in order to provide clinicians and policymakers with evidence to support proposed directions for management of the above. Method: The available literature was accessed using computerised databases and manual searching. Results: The predominantly North American-based literature is largely descriptive. Those studies which attempt empirical evaluation are limited by methodological weaknesses which include small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, inadequate measurement of substance use, lack of experimental design, and treatment drift over time. However, there is consensus among most studies regarding prevalence rates and treatment. Conclusions: Problematic substance use is the most common comorbid condition among people with a major mental illness and is associated with poorer patient outcomes. There is evidence to suggest that the integration of mental health and drug and alcohol services will result in improved detection, assessment and management of comorbidity. Integration refers to the provision of comprehensive services by a single service with staff who are competent in both mental health and drug and alcohol skills. A tolerant, non-confrontational approach to substance use is most appropriate for people with a major mental illness. Treatment programs need to recognise the longitudinal nature of substance abuse and dependence. More research needs to be conducted in this field in order to establish guidelines for effective management.
The impact of hypotension due to the trigeminocardiac reflex on auditory function in vestibular schwannoma surgery
Authors: Gharabaghi Alireza , Koerbel Andrei , Samii Amir , Kaminsky Jan , Von Goesseln Henning , Tatagiba Marcos , Samii Madjid 
Published: January 2008

Object
Surgical manipulation of the fifth cranial nerve during its intra- or extracranial course may lead to bradycardia or even asystole as well as arterial hypotension, a phenomenon described as the trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR). The authors studied the impact of this reflex on postoperative auditory function in patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery.

Methods
One hundred patients scheduled for VS surgery were studied prospectively for parameters influencing the postoperative auditory function. The evaluation included sex, age, pre- and postoperative auditory function, preoperative mean arterial blood pressure, preoperative medical diseases or medication (for example, antiarrhythmia drugs), tumor size and localization, and the intraoperative occurrence of the TCR.
The TCR, which occurred in 11% of the patients, influenced the postoperative hearing function in the patients with Hannover Class T3 and T4 VSs.
With an overall hearing preservation of 47%, 11.1% of the patients in the TCR group and 51.4% of those in the non-TCR group experienced preserved hearing function postoperatively. In cases involving larger tumors (Hannover Class T3 and T4), an intraoperative TCR was associated with a significantly worse postoperative hearing function during VS surgery (p = 0.005).

Conclusions
The hypotension following TCR is a negative prognostic factor for hearing preservation in patients undergoing VS surgery. Patients’ knowledge of this can be increased pre- and postoperatively. Further study of this phenomenon will advance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and may help to improve hearing preservation by controlling the occurrence of the TCR.
Comparison between neuroimaging classifications and histopathological diagnoses using an international multicenter brain tumor magnetic resonance imaging database
Authors: Julià-Sapé Margarida , Acosta Dionisio , Majós Carles , Moreno-Torres Àngel , Wesseling Pieter , Acebes Juan José , Griffiths John R. , Arús Carles 
Published: January 2008

Object
The aim of this study was to estimate the accuracy of routine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies in the classification of brain tumors in terms of both cell type and grade of malignancy.

Methods
The authors retrospectively assessed the correlation between neuroimaging classifications and histopathological diagnoses by using multicenter database records from 393 patients with brain tumors. An ontology was devised to establish diagnostic agreement. Each tumor category was compared with the corresponding histopathological diagnoses by dichotomization. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs, respectively), and the Wilson 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each were calculated.
In routine reporting of MR imaging examinations, tumor types and grades were classified with a high specificity (85.2–100%); sensitivity varied, depending on the tumor type and grade, alone or in combination. The recognition of broad diagnostic categories (neuroepithelial or meningeal lesions) was highly sensitive, whereas when both detailed type and grade were considered, sensitivity diverged, being highest in low-grade meningioma (sensitivity 100%, 95% CI 96.2–100.0%) and lowest in high-grade meningioma (sensitivity 0.0%, 95% CI 0.0–65.8%) and low-grade oligodendroglioma (sensitivity 15%, 95% CI 5.2–36.0%). In neuroepithelial tumors, sensitivity was inversely related to the precision in reporting of grade and cellular origin; “glioma” was a frequent neuroimaging classification associated with higher sensitivity in the corresponding category. The PPVs varied among categories, in general being greater than their prevalence in this dataset. The NPV was high in all categories (69.8–100%).

Conclusions
The PPVs and NPVs provided in this study may be used as estimates of posttest probabilities of diagnostic accuracy using MR imaging. This study targets the need for noninvasively increasing sensitivity in categorizing most brain tumor types while retaining high specificity, especially in the differentiation of high- and low-grade glial tumor classes.
Meningothelioma as the predominant histological subtype of midline skull base and spinal meningioma
Authors: Lee Joung H. , Sade Burak , Choi Eugene , Golubic Mladen , Prayson Richard 
Published: January 2008

Object
This study was undertaken to test a hypothesis that meningiomas of the midline skull base and spine are predominantly of the meningothelial histological subtype.

Methods
The cases of 794 consecutive patients who underwent resection for meningioma at the Cleveland Clinic between January 1991 and March 2004 were reviewed retrospectively. The authors analyzed the relationship between the tumors’ histological subtypes and sites of origin in the 731 patients from this group who harbored tumors that were determined to be benign histologically (World Health Organization Grade I).
Meningothelial meningiomas (MMs) accounted for 63.5% (464/731) of the Grade I tumors. The incidence of MM according to the site of origin was as follows: 84.9% (186/219) in the midline skull base, 58.3% (35/60) in the lateral skull base, 48.5% (183/377) in a non–skull base location, and 80% (60/75) in spinal locations. The incidence of MM in the midline skull base and spinal locations were significantly higher than in non–skull base or lateral skull base locations.

Conclusions
Meningiomas of the midline neuraxis are predominantly meningotheliomas. Analysis of the increasingly available data on genetic and topographic characteristics of MMs suggests that they may represent a unique entity, contrary to the prevailing belief that all benign meningiomas are identical tumors.
Initial clinical experience with Matrix detachable coils for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Murayama Yuichi , Viñuela Fernando , Ishii Akira , Nien Yih-Lin , Yuki Ichiro , Duckwiler Gary , Jahan Reza 
Published: January 2008

Object
The Matrix detachable coil is a new bioactive, bioabsorbable coil used in the endovascular embolization of intracranial aneurysms. It has a platinum core covered with a bioactive, bioabsorbable polymer (polyglycolic acid/lactide). The authors report on their initial midterm clinical experience with the first-generation Matrix detachable coil.

Methods
One hundred twelve patients harboring 118 aneurysms were treated using Matrix coils. Forty-nine aneurysms (41.5%) were associated with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Twenty-four lesions (49%) were harbored by patients with Hunt and Hess Grade I, 11 (23.4%) by patients with Grade II, eight (16.3%) by those with Grade III, and six (12.2%) by those with Grade IV. Four aneurysms (3.4%) were harbored by patients who had presented with nonacute SAH. Sixty-five aneurysms (55%) were unruptured. Fifty-seven lesions (48.3%) were small with a small neck, 29 (24.6%) were small with a wide neck, 30 (25.4%) were large, and two (1.7%) were giant. All patients were followed up to obtain angiography and clinical outcome data.
Technical complications occurred in six patients: two thromboembolic complications and four aneurysm perforations. Of these six patients, the status of two deteriorated because of aneurysm perforation and another two because of thrombus formation (morbidity 3.6%). There were five deaths—one due to rerupture after embolization. Angiography follow-up studies of 87 aneurysms were obtained. Seventy aneurysms demonstrated progressive occlusion or a stable neck (80.5%), and 17 had some degree of recanalization (19.5%). The aneurysms originally diagnosed as a neck remnant showed a 15% rate of recanalization.

Conclusions
Matrix coils can be delivered into aneurysms with technical complications similar to those encountered using GDCs. Midterm anatomical outcomes to date have shown moderate improvement in the recanalization rate when compared with those realized using the GDC system. Because of the increased friction associated with the first-generation Matrix coil, the packing density in most aneurysms was less than that achieved with GDCs. Prolonged angiography follow-up evaluations are needed to document long-term efficacy.
Atlantoaxial stabilization with the use of C1–3 lateral mass screw fixation
Authors: Horn Eric M. , Hott Jonathan S. , Porter Randall W. , Theodore Nicholas , Papadopoulos Stephen M. , Sonntag Volker K. H. 
Published: January 2008

✓ Atlantoaxial stabilization has evolved from simple posterior wiring to transarticular screw fixation. In some patients, however, the course of the vertebral artery (VA) through the axis varies, and therefore transarticular screw placement is not always feasible. For these patients, the authors have developed a novel method of atlantoaxial stabilization that does not require axial screws. In this paper, they describe the use of this technique in the first 10 cases.
Ten consecutive patients underwent the combined C1–3 lateral mass–sublaminar axis cable fixation technique. The mean age of the patients was 62.6 years (range 23–84 years). There were six men and four women. Eight patients were treated after traumatic atlantoaxial instability developed (four had remote trauma and previous nonunion), whereas in the other two atlantoaxial instability was caused by arthritic degeneration. All had VA anatomy unsuitable to traditional transarticular screw fixation.
There were no intraoperative complications in any of the patients. Postoperative computed tomography studies demonstrated excellent screw positioning in each patient. Nine patients were treated postoperatively with the aid of a rigid cervical orthosis. The remaining patient was treated using a halo fixation device. One patient died of respiratory failure 2 months after surgery. Follow-up data (mean follow-up duration 13.1 months) were available for seven of the remaining nine patients and demonstrated a stable construct with fusion in each patient.
The authors present an effective alternative method in which C1–3 lateral mass screw fixation is used to treat patients with unfavorable anatomy for atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation. In this series of 10 patients, the method was a safe and effective way to provide stabilization in these anatomically difficult patients.
Intramedullary neuroma of the cervicomedullary junction
Authors: Santagata Sandro , Tuli Sagun , Wiese Don E. , Day Arthur , De Girolami Umberto 
Published: January 2008

✓ Neuromas typically arise in the peripheral nervous system in response to traumatic injury at the site of partial or complete nerve transection as new axons from the proximal nerve stump sprout to reinnervate the distal segment. In rare cases neuromas have also been described as intramedullary spinal cord lesions. These lesions have been identified as incidental autopsy findings in association with prior trauma and cervical spondylosis, multiple sclerosis, spinal tumors, and syringomyelia.
The authors report the case of a 50-year-old man who had been involved in a motor vehicle accident, during which his car was struck from behind as it was stationary at an intersection, more than 5 years before presentation. A workup for syncopal and presyncopal episodes involved magnetic resonance imaging that revealed a 1.1-cm lesion at the cervicomedullary junction (CMJ). The imaging features of the lesion raised the question of an ependymoma or subependymoma. The lesion was excised, and examination of the tissue demonstrated a neuroma with haphazardly arranged interlacing bundles of axons ensheathed by Schwann cells with interfascicular regions of reactive glial cells and Rosenthal fibers, consistent with those present after traumatic injury. This case may represent the first true traumatic intramedullary neuroma of the CMJ diagnosed in a living patient and treated surgically.
Split–spinous process laminotomy and discectomy for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: a preliminary report
Authors: Cho Der-Yang , Lin Hung-Lin , Lee Wen-Yuan , Lee Han-Chung 
Published: January 2008

Object
The authors evaluated a new minimally invasive spinal surgery technique to correct degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis involving a split–spinous process laminotomy and discectomy (also known as the “Marmot operation”).

Methods
This prospective study randomized 70 patients with lumbar stenosis to undergo either a Marmot operation (40 patients), or a conventional laminectomy (30 patients), with or without discectomy. Spinal anteroposteri-or diameter, cross-sectional area, lateral recess distance, spinal stability, postoperative back pain, functional outcomes, and muscular trauma were evaluated. The follow up ranged from 10 to 18 months, with a mean of 15.1 months for the Marmot operation group and 14.8 months for the conventional laminectomy group.
Compared with patients in the conventional laminectomy group, patients who received a Marmot operation had a shorter mean postoperative duration until ambulation without assistance, a reduced mean duration of hospital stay, a lower mean creatine phosphokinase–muscular-type isoenzyme level, a lower visual analog scale score for back pain at 1-year follow up, and a better recovery rate. These patients also had a longer mean duration of operative time and a greater mean blood loss compared with the conventional group. Satisfactory neurological decompression and symptom relief were achieved in 93% of these patients. Most of the patients (66%) in this group needed discectomy for decompression. The postoperative mean lateral recess width, spinal anteroposterior diameter, and cross-sectional area were all significantly increased. There was no evidence of spinal instability in any patient. One patient with insufficient lateral recess decompression and recurrent disc herniation needed additional conventional laminectomy and discectomy, and one patient with mild superficial wound infection was successfully treated with antibiotics and frequent dressing changes.

Conclusions
A Marmot operation may provide effective spinal decompression. Although this method requires more operative time than a conventional method, it may involve only minimal muscular trauma, spinal stability maintenance, and early mobilization; shorten the duration of hospital stay; reduce postoperative back pain; and provide satisfactory neurological and functional outcomes.
Public Lifestyle in the Low‐Density City
Authors: Wall Alex 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMuch maligned, shopping centres have come to represent many of the negative aspects of low‐density areas. They are all too often associated with high car dependency and a paucity of cultural and public amenities. Alex Wall questions this preconception. Could the well‐conceived and designed shopping centre actually prove to be urban sprawl's redemption?. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ville‐Port, Saint‐Nazaire The Historic Periphery
Authors: de Solá‐Morales Manuel 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe harbour town of Saint‐Nazaire on the Atlantic coast of Brittany in northern France remains divided both by its memories and its built environment. Manuel de Solá‐Morales describes how his Ville‐Port project seeks to address the structural, visual and mnemonic divisions that have grown up over time between a working port and seaside resort. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture and Dispersal
Authors: Segal Rafi , Verbakel Els , Allen Stan , Smets Marcel , Whiting Sarah , Crawford Margaret 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTo close the issue, guest‐editors Rafi Segal and Els Verbakel curated a discussion with Stan Allen, Margaret Crawford, Marcel Smets and Sarah Whiting, and put some provocative questions to them: What constitutes public space in the contemporary city? Can the public sphere still exist in the urban context? Should public space be fought for by architects and urban designers? Or, as Allen proposes, is it the landscape architects alone who have been quick to realise the potential of the empty spaces in our cities as a ripe terrain for change? Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Putting the ‘I’ back into Architecture
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNeil Spiller gets personal in a bid to put the ‘I’ back into architecture. He celebrates the spatial experimentation of the work of Charlotte Erckrath. Creating a space of desire, she produces a subjective ‘synthesis of architect, body, space and view’. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermodynamics of salt lake system: Representation, experiments, and visualization
Authors: Kwok Kui S. , Ng Ka M. , Taboada Maria E. , Cisternas Luis A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA coherent, systematic approach for the determination of solid–liquid phase behavior of a multi‐component salt lake system for use in the synthesis of crystallization process is presented. It centers on the thermodynamics of such a salt lake system and integrates three interrelated activities—representation of the system phase behavior as a phase diagram/thermodynamic model, experimental determination of the necessary data and visualization of the relevant crystallization regions. To illustrate this approach, the thermodynamics of a simplified salt lake system Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+//Cl−, SO42− ‐H2O at 25°C and 1 atm was determined. The identification of process alternatives using the resulting phase diagram for recovering Li2SO4·H2O was also illustrated. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Electrochemical Alternatives for Drinking Water Disinfection
Authors: Martínez‐Huitle Carlos A. , Brillas Enric 
Published: January 2008

AbstractChlorination is the most common method worldwide for the disinfection of drinking water. However, the identification of potentially toxic products from this method has encouraged the development of alternative disinfection technologies. Among them, electrochemical disinfection has emerged as one of the more feasible alternatives to chlorination. This article reviews electrochemical systems that can contribute to drinking water disinfection and underscores the efficiency of recently developed diamond films in chlorine‐free electrochemical systems.
Assessing an author's influence using time series historiographic mapping: The oeuvre of conrad hal waddington (1905–1975)
Authors: McCain Katherine W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA modified approach to algorithmic historiography is used to investigate the changing influence of the work of Conrad Hal Waddington over the period 1945–2004. Overall, Waddington's publications were cited by almost 5,500 source items in the Web of Science (Thomson Scientific, formerly Thomson ISI, Philadelphia, PA). Rather than simply analyzing the data set as a whole, older works by Waddington are incorporated into a series of historiographic maps (networks of highly cited documents), which show long‐term and short‐term research themes grounded in Waddington's work. Analysis by 10–20‐year periods and the use of social network analysis soft‐ ware reveals structures—thematic networks and subnetworks—that are hidden in a mapping of the entire 60‐year period. Two major Waddington‐related themes emerge—canalization/genetic assimilation and embryonic induction. The first persists over the 60 years studied while active, visible research in the second appears to have declined markedly between 1965 and 1984, only to reappear in conjunction with the emergence of a new research field—Evolutionary Developmental Biology.
4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridine N‐oxide (DMAPO): An Effective Nucleophilic Catalyst in the Peptide Coupling Reaction with 2‐Methyl‐6‐nitrobenzoic Anhydride
Authors: Shiina Isamu , Ushiyama Hisaya , Yamada Yo‐ko , Kawakita Yo‐ichi , Nakata Kenya 
Published: January 2008

AbstractVarious carboxamides or peptides were synthesized from the corresponding carboxylic acids and amines or α‐amino acids in high yields by the catalysis of 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine N‐oxide (DMAPO) with 2‐methyl‐6‐nitrobenzoic anhydride (MNBA). Because the segment‐coupling reaction of α‐amino acids proceeds through the effective activation of the carboxylic acid moieties with DMAPO in the presence of tertiary amines under mild conditions, undesired racemization was hardly observed in the synthesis of oligopeptides such as Z‐Gly‐Phe‐Val‐OMe, Z‐Phe‐Val‐Ala‐OMe, and Bz‐Val‐Val‐OMe.
Using green and red fluorescent proteins to teach protein expression, purification, and crystallization
Authors: Wu Yifeng , Zhou Yangbin , Song Jiaping , Hu Xiaojian , Ding Yu , Zhang Zhihong 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe have designed a laboratory curriculum using the green and red fluorescent proteins (GFP and RFP) to visualize the cloning, expression, chromatography purification, crystallization, and protease‐cleavage experiments of protein science. The EGFP and DsRed monomer (mDsRed)‐coding sequences were amplified by PCR and cloned into pMAL (MBP‐EGFP) or pT7His (His10‐mDsRed) prokaryotic expression vectors. Then the fluorescent proteins were expressed in Rosetta (DE3) pLysS by IPTG induction or autoinduction. We purified the fluorescent proteins by affinity chromatography (Amylose and metal ion‐chelating column), anion‐exchange chromatography (High Q column), size exclusive chromatography (Sephacryl S‐200 column), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (Methyl HIC column) to exhibit the protein‐purification techniques. After purification, the fusion protein MBP‐EGFP was cleaved by TEV protease. The recombinant mDsRed protein was crystallized by hanging drop vapor diffusion technique to show students the basic operation of crystallization. The whole procedure can be monitored real time by naked eyes when using fluorescent proteins. The demonstration of expression, purification, crystallization, and protease cleavage became much more vivid and interesting, which greatly deepened the students' understanding of modern protein‐science techniques.