bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapeseed oil transesterification by heterogeneous catalysis
Authors: Peterson G. R. , Scarrah W. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMethyl fatty esters derived from vegetable oils are a promising fuel for direct injection diesel engines. This study's purpose was to identify a heterogeneous catalyst to selectively produce methyl fatty esters from low erucic rapeseed oil. Most experiments were at atmospheric pressure and approximately the corresponding boiling point temperature of the mixture, 60–63 C. However, the catalytic activity of an anion exchange resin was tested at 200 C and 68 atm (1000 psig) and at 91 C and 9.2 atm (135 psig). All samples were analyzed by thin layer chromatography with samples from the elevated temperature and pressure experiments also analyzed by mass spectroscopy. The most promising catalyst examined was CaO·MgO. The activities of the catalysts CaO and ZnO appear to be enhanced with the addition of MgO, therefore the transesterification reaction mechanism may be, in this instance, bifunctional. The anion exchange resin catalyst at 200 C and 68 atm generated substantial amounts of both methyl fatty esters and straight‐chain hydrocarbons, even though these reactions did not go to completion. At 91 C and 9.2 atm the cracking also occurred but at a substantially reduced rate, and no transesterification was noted.
Inorganic phosphate in crude palm oil: Quantitative analysis and correlations with oil quality parameters
Authors: Goh S. H. , Tong S. L. , Gee P. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA convenient method, not involving ashing or acid digestion, for the determination of inorganic phosphorus content in crude palm oil, is developed. Direct extraction from solvent‐diluted palm oil by dilute acid allows the inorganic phosphates to be analyzed by the usual phosphomolybdenum blue complex. Using this method, phosphate analyses in palm oil samples were correlated with other oil quality parameters and the results discussed.
The effects of vegetable oil properties on injection and combustion in two different diesel engines
Authors: Ryan T. W. , Dodge L. G. , Callahan T. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFour different vegetable oils, each in at least 3 different stages of processing, have been characterized according to their physical and chemical properties, their injection and atomization characteristics, and their performance and combustion characteristics in both a direct‐injection and an indirect‐injection diesel engine. The injection and atomization characteristics of the vegetable oils are significantly different than those of petroleum‐derived diesel fuels, mainly as the result of their high viscosities. Heating the oils, however, results in spray characteristics more like those observed with diesel fuel. The 2 engine types demonstrated different sensitivities to the composition of the various oils. The combustion characteristics and the durability of the direct‐injection engine were affected by the oil composition. The indirect‐injection engine, however, was not greatly affected by composition. Two different preliminary specifications have been proposed: a stringent specification including compositional requirements for direct‐injection engines, and a less stringent specification for indirect‐injection engines. The specifications are discussed in terms of the data and the rationale used in their development. Some precautions concerning the application of the specifications are also presented.
Methyl and ethyl soybean esters as renewable fuels for diesel engines
Authors: Clark S. J. , Wagner L. , Schrock M. D. , Piennaar P. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe primary problems associated with using straight soybean oil as a fuel in a compression ignition internal combustion engine are caused by high fuel viscosity. Transesterification of soybean oil with an alcohol provides a significant reduction in viscosity, thereby enhancing the physical properties of the renewable fuel to improve engine performance. The ethyl and methyl esters of soybean oil with commercial diesel fuel additives revealed fuel properties that compared very well with diesel fuel, with the exception of gum formation, which manifested itself in problems with the plugging of fuel filters. Engine performance using soybean ester fuels differed little from engine performance with diesel fuel. A slight power loss combined with an increase in fuel consumption were experienced with the esters, primarily because of the lower heating value of the esters than for diesel fuel. Emissions for the 2 fuels were similar, with nitrous oxide emissions higher for the esters. Measurements of engine wear and fuel‐injection system tests showed no abnormal characteristics for any of the fuels after the 200‐hr tests. Engine deposits were comparable in amount, but slightly different in color and texture, with the methyl ester engine experiencing greater carbon and varnish deposits on the pistons.
New amphoteric surfactants derived from lysine. I. Preparation and properties of Nε‐acyllysine derivatives‐acyllysine derivatives
Authors: Yokota Hirofumi , Sagawa Kouichiro , Eguchi Chikahiko , Takehara Masahiro , Ogino Keizo , Shibayama Toshiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNew amphoteric surfactants were prepared from Nε‐acyllysine which was obtained by the thermal dehydration of a higher fatty acid salt of lysine and was not soluble in water. Nα,Nα‐dimethyl‐Nε‐acyllysine was prepared by the catalytic reductive condensation of Nε‐acyllysine ester with formaldehyde in good yield. Nα,Nα,Nα‐trimethyl‐Nε‐acyllysine was obtained from the reaction of Nα,Nα‐dimethyl‐Nε‐acyllysine ester with methyl iodide. Confirmation of the structure of these derivatives was obtained by spectrometric and spectroscopic analyses.The solubility of Nε‐acyllysine was improved significantly by the introduction of Nα‐methyl groups. Physicochemical and surface active properties of the derivatives were investigated in terms of isoelectric points, dissolution temperatures, surface tensions, critical micelle concentrations (cmc), foaming properties and wetting powers. Nα,Nα,Nα‐trimethyl‐Nε‐acyllysine had lower dissolution temperatures than Nα,Nα‐dimethyl‐Nε‐acyllysine. The latter showed lower surface tensions than the former at cmc. Nα,Nα‐dimethyl‐Nε‐lauroyllysine was best in wetting power and foaming property.
Uses of soybean oil in the application of herbicides
Authors: Kapusta George 
Published: January 2007

AbstractField studies were conducted in 1982 and 1983 at Southern Illinois University to evaluate soybean oil as a carrier for preemergence and postemergence herbicides and as an enhancing agent for postemergence herbicides. Preemergence and postemergence herbicides applied with rotary nozzles in a soybean oil carrier volume as low as 5 L/ha afforded weed control equal to that achieved when the herbicides were applied in 187 L/ha water with flat fan nozzles. Soybean oil as an enhancing agent for four postemergence soybean herbicides was equal to petroleum crop oil concentrate with three of the herbicides but distinctly less effective with the fourth herbicide.
Thermochemical applications for fats and oils
Authors: Lipinsky E. S. , Anson D. , Longanbach J. R. , Murphy M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFats and oils are well established in food, surfactant and coatings applications. Historically, fats and oils were employed to provide lighting and warmth. Increasing production of fats and oils and increasing uncertainties regarding the reliability of petroleum resources make it desirable to reconsider thermochemical applications of fats and oils. Difficulties associated with the use of fats and oils for vehicular applications are discussed, and use in stationary diesel engines is suggested.Conventional kerosene space heaters are designed to make use of the vaporization behavior of this fuel. Changes in heater design are required to take into account the pyrolytic degradation of the fuel when fats and oils are used, and a traveling grate burner was designed for this purpose.Pyrolysis of fatty acids at temperatures exceeding 500 C yields a mixture of gaseous and liquid products. The gaseous products include ethylene, but little propylene. The liquid product is primarily a mixture of substituted styrenes.Further development is needed for these thermochemical applications of fats and oils. Fuel and olefin markets present valuable cushions to keep the price of fats and oils from fluctuating as during the early 1980's, when soybean oil has varied from .15 per pound to .40 per pound. The triglycerides can provide a future source of feedstocks for petrochemicals, if petroleum prices and availabilities change dramatically. Most of the development work needed consists of down‐to‐earth large‐scale experiments in semi‐commercial or commercial equipment to determine the best methods of fuel storage, feeding and conditions for combustion and steam cracking.
Behavior of hydrogenation catalysts. I. Hydrogenation of soybean oil with palladium
Authors: Ray John D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA statistical method for evaluation of catalysts was used to determine the behavior of palladium catalyst for soybean oil hydrogenation. Empirical models were developed that predict the rate,trans‐isomer formation, and selectivity over a range of practical reaction conditions. Two target iodine value (IV) ranges were studied: one range for a liquid salad oil and the other for a margarine basestock. Although palladium has very high activity, it offered no special advantage intrans‐isomer formation or selectivity. Palladium can substitute for nickel catalyst, at greatly reduced temperature and catalyst concentrations, for production of salad oil or margarine basestock from soybean oil.
Empirical modeling of soybean oil hydrogenation
Authors: Ray John D. , Carr B. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEmpirical hydrogenation models were generated from statistically designed laboratory experiments. These models, consisting of a set of polynomial equations, relate the operating variables of soybean oil hydrogenation to properties of the reaction and of the fat produced. These properties include reaction rate,trans‐isomer content and melting point. Operating variables included in the models were temperature, hydrogen pressure, catalyst concentration, agitation rate and iodine value.The effects of catalyst concentration and agitation rate were found to be significant in determiningtrans‐isomer content, which in turn influences the melting characteristics of the hydrogenated oil. Pressures above 30 psig were found to have little effect ontrans‐isomer content, although pressure was very important in determining reaction rate. Reaction temperature was observed as the most important factor in determining thetrans‐isomer content for a given iodine value. Generally, 50 to 60%trans isomer content is predicted by the model for the iodine value range and operating conditions used in this study. Thus, these predictive models can assist in scaling up hydrogenation processes and in determining the optimum operating parameters for running commercial hydrogenation.
Study of oxidation by chemiluminescence. IV. Detection of low levels of lipid hydroperoxides by chemiluminescence
Authors: Yamamoto Y. , Niki E. , Tanimura R. , Kamiya Y. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) induced decomposition of organic hydroperoxides gave strong chemiluminescence. Chemiluminescence intensity reached its maximum a few seconds after the addition of sodium hypochlorite and decreased to the background level in three min. Good linear relationships were observed between total chemiluminescence counts in three min and the amounts of hydroperoxides. This chemiluminescence method can be applied to the detection of low levels of lipid hydroperoxides.
Determination of peroxide value by conventional difference and difference‐derivative spectrophotometry
Authors: Lezerovich Alberto 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe spectrophotometric behavior of the system iodide‐iodine‐iodate‐oxygen was studied, and a simple iodometric method to determine peroxide value by conventional, difference or difference‐derivative spectrophotometry was developed. The procedures are carried out inside standard photometric cells containing iodide solution to which the sample is added. Absorbance or its first derivative with respect to wavelength is measured to determine iodine concentration by means of calibration curves. No special care to avoid iodide oxidation by atmospheric oxygen is necessary.The method is applicable even to lipids that give emulsions with water, such as phosphatides, and precise results are obtained even at low peroxide values.The use of a digital spectrophotometer with data processing and programming facilities allowed development of an interactive program for automatic operation, which is outlined.
Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters with high accuracy and reliability. IV. Fats with fatty acids containing four or more carbon atoms
Authors: Bannon Cecil D. , Craske John D. , Hilliker Audrey E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThose aspects of the quantitative methanolysis of fats with fatty acids containing four or more carbon atoms and the gas liquid chromatographic analysis of the methyl esters which have not been adequately dealt with to date were investigated. Accurate analysis of the esters requires the optimization of the total chromatographic system using a carefully prepared methyl ester primary standard and applying, as the only correction factors, the theoretical flame ionization detector response factors of Ackman and Sipos. These factors now have also been shown to be highly accurate for short chain saturated fatty acid methyl esters, in particular methyl butyrate and methyl caproate. Under the conditions specified by the international methods for the methylation (methanolic KOH) of fats with fatty acids containing four or more carbon atoms, saponification of the esters, once formed, proceeds much more rapidly for short chain than for long chain esters. This problem is easily overcome by neutralizing the catalyst, which then leads to very stable solutions and contributes to column life. This step should be mandatory in the international procedures. Tristearin methylated more slowly than other triacylglycerols under the standard conditions, but there was no difficulty in the case of unsaturated fatty acids of this chain length. Satisfactory results could not be obtained when sodium methoxide was the catalyst. The optimum procedure rendered unnecessary the use of methyl pentanoate as an internal standard for the accurate quantitation of methyl butyrate.
Effects of β‐carotene on light stability of soybean oil
Authors: Warner K. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: January 2007

Abstractβ‐Carotene was added to soybean salad oils to study its effect in inhibiting flavor deterioration due to light exposure. Flavor evaluations indicated that (a) when oils treated with citric acid were exposed to light (7535 lux) for 8 to 16 hr, oils containing 5 to 10 ppm β‐carotene showed improved flavor stability compared to oils containing 0 to 1 ppm β‐carotene; and (b) when oils were not treated with citric acid, only oils containing 20 ppm β‐carotene were more stable to light. Capillary gas chromatographic analysis showed that the addition of 1 to 20 ppm of β‐carotene significantly decreased formation of 2‐heptenal and 2,4‐decadienal in the absence or presence of citric acid. Determination of peroxide values showed the same trends as gas chromatographic analyses of volatiles. In the presence of 15 and 20 ppm β‐carotene, some off‐flavors, as well as poor ratings for color quality, were reported by panelists. Therefore, flavor deterioration initiated by light can be inhibited effectively in soybean oil, without affecting color quality, by addition of β‐carotene at concentrations from 5 to 10 ppm to oils treated with citric acid.
Gamma‐irradiation to inactivate thioglucosidase of crucifers
Authors: Lessman K. J. , McCaslin B. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe crucifers contain glucosinolates which through enzymatic hydrolysis give rise to toxicants that limit the use of oil‐free meal obtainable from this plant family. Seeds from three crucifers were used to test gamma irradiation to inactivate enzyme systems as a step toward detoxification. Seeds ofCrambe abyssinica Hochst (crambe), ground seeds ofSinapis alba L. (mustard), and seeds ofBrassica napus L. (rape) were subjected to gamma‐irradiation (6.25, 12.5, 25.0 and 50.4 Mrad) to inactivate thioglucosidase and/or destroy glucosinolates. Samples of ground seeds, their oil‐free meals, previously irradiated ground seeds and their oil‐free meals were assayed for glucose, a product of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates present in the crucifer seeds. The 50.4 Mrad exposure inactivated thioglucosidase but did not destroy glucosinolates. The fatty acid contents of extracted oils were affected. The amino acid profile of defatted crambe protein meal was affected, while that of white mustard was not.
Alkyl ethoxylates: An assessment of their oral safety alone and in mixtures
Authors: Zerkle Tanya B. , Ross Joseph F. , Domeyer Bruce E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSome alkyl ethoxylates (AEs), nonionic surfactants which are widely used in industry and in household cleaning products, have been demonstrated to produce acute neuropharmacologic effects when sufficient systemic exposure is achieved. An investigative program was undertaken to characterize these effects and to evaluate the neuropharmacologic potential of some AEs with specific chainlengths, both commercially available materials and a pure homologue, following accidental oral exposure. Results show that even these AEs can be used safely in household cleaning products when their pharmacological properties are taken into consideration.Intraperitoneal administration of aqueous solutions of AEs to rats resulted in a progressive and reversible syndrome of central nervous system excitation and depression (ataxia, loss of righting) that resembled the induction of and recovery from general anesthesia. Oral administration to rats and mice of aqueous solutions of AEs, alone or in combination with anionic surfactants and ethanol, at concentrations that approach or exceed the maximum expected in household products (10–25%), rarely induced general anesthesia and then only at very high dose volumes (10 ml/kg and above).Based on these results and the fact that products containing the AEs evaluated usually produce emesis in humans, it is concluded that: (i) AE‐induced general anesthesia is not predicted to occur in humans following accidental oral exposure to products containing both the AEs and anionic surfactants, and (ii) general anesthetic effects in humans following accidental oral exposure to products containing fairly high levels of the specific AEs as the nonionic surfactant would be expected to occur only in cases of extremely high volumes of accidental ingestion (≥10 ml/kg).
A rapid, automated method for the determination ofcis andtrans content of fats and oils by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: van de Voort F. R. , Ismail A. A. , Sedman J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA rapid Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method was developed to simultaneously determine percentcis andtrans content of edible fats and oils. A generalized, industrial sample‐handling platform/accessory was designed for handling both fats and oils and was incorporated into an FTIR spectrometer. The system was calibrated to predict thecis andtrans content of edible oils by using pure triglycerides as standards and partial least squares as the chemometric approach. The efficacy of the calibration was assessed by triglyceride standard addition, by mixing of oils with varyingcis/trans contents, and by analyzing fats and oils of known iodine value. Each of the approaches verified that the FTIR method measured thecis andtrans content in a reproducible (±0.7%) manner, with the measured accuracies being 1.5% for standard addition and 2.5% for the chemically analyzed samples. Comparisons also were made to the conventional American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) method for the determination oftrans isomers by IR spectroscopy. The FTIR‐partial least squares approach worked well over a wide range oftrans contents, including those between 0 and 15%. The sample‐handling accessory designed for this application is robust, flexible, and easy to use, being particularly suited for quality‐control applications. In addition, the analysis was automated by programming the spectrometer in Visual Basic (Windows), to provide a simple, prompt‐based user interface and to allow an operator to carry outcis/trans analyses without any knowledge of FTIR spectroscopy. A typical analysis requires less than two minutes per sample. The derived calibration is transferable between instruments, eliminating the need for recalibration. The integrated analytical system provides a sound basis for the implementation of FTIR methods in place of a variety of AOCS wet chemical methods when analytical speed, cost, and environmental concerns are issues.
Wetting of fat crystals by triglyceride oil and water. 1. The effect of additives
Authors: Johansson Dorota , Bergenståhl Björn , Lundgren Eva 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWetting of fat crystals has been extensively examined in this work by contact angle (θ) measurements of fat crystal, oil, and water in three‐phase contact. Contact angle was measured in oil. The crystals were nonpolar and wetted by oil for a contact angle equal to 0°, and polar and wetted by water for an angle equal to 180°. Fat crystals are expected to contribute to the stability of margarine emulsions if they are preferentially wetted by the oil phase (0°<θ<90°), but result in instability if they are preferentially wetted by the water phase (90°<θ<180°). In the absence of oil and water additives, fat crystals in α and β' polymorphs were introduced to the oil/water interface from the oil side (contact angle θ ∼ 30°). β Polymorphs were completely wetted by oil (θ ≈ 0°). The contact angle for β' crystals decreased with increasing temperature and was slightly lower in butter oil than in soybean oil. Emulsifiers in the oil phase (lecithins, monoglycerides and their esters, ethoxylated emulsifiers) and surface‐active proteins in the water phase (milk proteins) made the crystals more polar (higher θ). Nonsurface‐active proteins, sugar, and citric acid had no significant effect, although concentrations of salt lowered θ. Contact angle increased with temperature for emulsifiers of limited solubility in the oil, e.g., saturated monoglyceride.
Lipid composition of ten edible seed species from North Vietnam
Authors: Imbs A. B. , Pham Long Quoc 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe lipid composition and oil content of ten edible seed species from North Vietnam(Cassia tora, Ipomoea aquatica, Raphanus sativus, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, Cucurbita pepo, Luffa cylindrica, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna aurea, Sesamum orientale) have been investigated. The contents of hydrocarbon, triacylglycerol, free fatty acid, sterol, di‐ and monoglycerol, and polar lipid fractions have been determined with a thin‐layer chromatography (TLC)/flame‐ionization detection analyzer. Molecular species of hydrogenated triacylglycerols and the fatty acid composition of total lipids also have been analyzed by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography. The quantities of major phospholipid classes of four seed species(C. tora, I. aquatica, R. sativus, V. aurea) have been determined by two‐dimensional TLC and the spectrophotometrical phosphorus analysis. The fatty acid compositions of nonpolar and polar lipid fractions of these four species also have been analyzed.