bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thrust force calculations for pressure safety valves
Authors: P.E. Robert D'Alessandro 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWhen a pressure safety valve actuates, thrust forces are developed. These thrust forces must be considered for the proper installation of the relieving device. For gas or vapor compressible flow, Simpson developed thrust force plots that can be used to calculate the magnitude of the thrust force. Although these charts are available in the open literature, the assumptions behind the charts and the underlying equations are not. This article addresses these issues. All equations and fundamental assumptions are stated and all flow models are explained. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the use of the equations and the corresponding Simpson Charts. In addition, several important modifications to the original charts are noted. The thrust force equations for a relief valve operating with a subcritical nozzle and a subcritical outlet, which are absent from the original Simpson Charts, are included here. The extent of the region where the relief valve operates with a critical flow nozzle and a subcritical flow outlet is modified to account for backpressure effects. Finally, the concept of a minimum relief valve outlet to nozzle area ratio is introduced. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Light extraction process in moth‐eye structure
Authors: Kasugai H. , Nagamatsu K. , Miyake Y. , Honshio A. , Kawashima T. , Iida K. , Iwaya M. , Kamiyama S. , Amano H. , Akasaki I. , Kinoshita H. , Shiomi H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe theoretically calculated the light extraction efficiency of the light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with a moth‐eye structure by rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA). The dependences of light extraction efficiency on aspect ratio and period were measured. Light extraction efficiency was almost constant until the period of 170 nm and then gradually decreased with increasing of period. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of exciton hopping in AlGaN epilayers by photoluminescence spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Tamulaitis G. , Kazlauskas K. , Žukauskas A. , Mickevičius J. , Shur M. S. , Fareed R. S. Qhalid , Zhang J. P. , Gaska R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMonte Carlo simulation of exciton hopping reveals the features of the potential profile in AlGaN (with Al content of ∼26%) responsible for S‐shaped and W‐shaped temperature dependences of photoluminescence band peak position and bandwidth, respectively. One of the samples was grown using the conventional metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), while the second one was grown with the insertion of a buffer layer grown by migration enhanced MOCVD (MEMOCVDTM) technique. The potential profile is shown to be double‐scaled in both Al0.26Ga0.74N epilayers, and the exciton hopping occurs through random potential fluctuations within isolated low‐potential regions with the average energy of the localized states dispersed on the second scale. Both energy fluctuation scales were found to be in the range of 18‐20 meV and were independent of the growth technique used. Meanwhile, the carrier lifetime was 30 ps in the sample grown by conventional MOCVD and 190 ps in the sample grown using the MEMOCVDTM technique. We conclude that the difference in the lifetimes is caused by the density of nonradiative recombination centers rather than by the potential fluctuations affecting the carrier motion. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of V/III ratio on the optical properties of Eu‐doped GaN
Authors: Sawahata J. , Seo J. W. , Takiguchi M. , Saito D. , Nemoto S. , Akimoto K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEffect of V/III ratio on the optical properties of Eu‐doped GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy using NH3 as a nitrogen source was studied. The incorporation efficiency of Eu increased with decreasing NH3 flow rate. The intensity of the Eu‐related emission in samples grown under lower V/III ratio was seven times larger than those of higher V/III ratio. These results may be due to the increase of Eu concentration and of nitrogen vacancy complex which will play an important role in energy transfer from GaN to Eu. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two to three dimensional transitions of InGaN and the impact of GaN overgrowth
Authors: Yamaguchi T. , Einfeldt S. , Gangopadhyay S. , Pretorius A. , Rosenauer A. , Falta J. , Hommel D. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe heteroepitaxial growth of InGaN on GaN was studied by in‐situ reflection high‐energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The misfit strain between InGaN and GaN was relaxed by the deposition of a few‐nm‐thick wetting layer and the subsequent formation of nano‐islands without misfit dislocations, which is the so‐called Stranski‐Krastanov growth mode. Thus, InGaN nano‐islands with a very high density of around 1012 cm–2 and a very small aspect ratio of ∼2.1 (diameter/height) were achieved. In this paper, we also discuss the problems regarding GaN overgrowth of an InGaN nano‐island layer. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stimulated emission and carrier dynamics in AlInGaN multi‐quantum wells
Authors: Hashemizadeh S. A. , Wells J.‐P. R. , Brown J. , Murzyn P. , Jones B. D. , Wang T. , Parbrook P. J. , Fox A. M. , Mowbray D. J. , Skolnick M. S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPump‐probe measurements resonant with the lowest energy transition of 2 nm thick AlInGaN multiple quantum wells show fast decay components between 3 to 21 ps from stimulated emission. On a slower timescale contributions from spontaneous recombination of carriers are also observed. The inferred threshold for stimulated emission is near 50 µJ/cm2. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimizing the internal quantum efficiency of GaInN SQW structures for green light emitters
Authors: Fuhrmann D. , Rossow U. , Netzel C. , Bremers H. , Ade G. , Hinze P. , Hangleiter A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractGaxIn1–xN/GaN single quantum well (QW) structures emitting in the range of 450 nm to 620 nm have been grown by MOVPE. Temperature and excitation power dependent photoluminescence (PL) was used to determine the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) for these structures. For the blue emitting QWs high IQE values on the order of 60% were achieved. Due to a reduced growth temperature, reduced growth rate and increased V/III ratio we obtained QWs with good morphology and high In content above 25%. Thinner QWs with high In content showed a clear improvement of IQE compared to QW‐structures with larger thickness but smaller In‐content emitting at the same wavelength. Between λ peak = 460 nm and 530 nm we observed a slight reduction in IQE with values of 58% at 490 nm and 40% at 525 nm. But towards λ peak = 620 nm IQE decreased due to the electric field induced separation of the electron and hole wavefunction down to 1%. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low resistance and highly reflective ohmic contacts to p ‐type GaN using transparent interlayers for flip‐chip light emitting diodes
Authors: Song June‐O , Kwak J. S. , Hong Hyun‐Gi , Ferguson Ian T. , Seong Tae‐Yeon 
Published: May 2006

AbstractZn (3 nm)/Rh (100 nm) and oxidized Ag‐ITO (100 nm)/Al (200 nm) schemes for the formation of low resistance and highly reflective ohmic contacts for flip‐chip light emitting diodes were investigated. It is shown that annealing the samples at 430 and 530 °C for 1 min in air results in good ohmic behaviors with specific contact resistances of ∼10–5 Ωcm2 LEDs fabricated using the Zn/Rh contact layers give forward‐bias voltages of 3.09–3.12 V at the injection current of 20 mA. Furthermore, the oxidized Ag‐ITO film/Al contacts also show good ohmic characteristics with contact resistivity of 10–5 Ωcm2 when annealed at 330 °C for 5 min in vacuum. LEDs fabricated using the oxidized Ag‐ITO film/Al contacts layers give forward‐bias voltages of ∼3.40 V at 20 mA. It is clearly shown that a transparent contact interlayer is necessary to make high‐quality ohmic contacts to p ‐type GaN for thermally stable flip‐chip LEDs using Rh‐ and Al‐reflectors. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A novel furanocoumarin from Feroniella lucida exerts protective effect against lipid peroxidation
Authors: Phuwapraisirisan Preecha , Surapinit Serm , Tip‐pyang Santi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe protective effect of Feroniella lucida against lipid peroxidation was investigated. Bioassay‐guided separation using rat brain as a model led to the isolation of a new antioxidant furanocoumarin named feroniellamin (6) along with five known coumarins (1–5). The structure of 6 was characterized by interpretation of spectroscopic data. Feroniellamin inhibited lipid peroxidation with an IC50 value of 52 µm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors that prevent learning in electrochemistry
Authors: Schmidt Hans‐Jürgen , Marohn Annette , Harrison Allan G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractElectrochemistry plays an important role in curricula, textbooks, and in everyday life. The purpose of the present study was to identify and understand secondary‐school students' problems in learning electrochemistry at an introductory chemistry level. The investigation covered four areas: (a) electrolytes, (b) transport of electric charges in electrolyte solutions, (c) the anode and the cathode, and (d) the minus and plus poles. Written tests were given to high‐school students in five cycles. The population from which random samples were drawn totalled 15,700 subjects. Students were asked to select the correct answers and to justify their choices. It was found that students based their reasoning on four alternative concepts: (a) During electrolysis, the electric current produces ions; (b) electrons migrate through the solution from one electrode to the other; (c) the cathode is always the minus pole, the anode the plus pole; and (d) the plus and minus poles carry charges. The results suggest a teaching strategy in which students first experience and learn about electrochemistry concepts. In the second step, appropriate concept terms are added, and students then are confronted with the alternative concepts described in this article. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 258–283, 2007
Intervention‐free Interval following Strictureplasty for Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Roy Pratik , Kumar Devinder 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIntroductionStrictureplasty is now well established as a bowel‐sparing alternative for surgical treatment of complicated Crohn’s disease. Limited resection is still preferred in patients with uncomplicated disease, as subsequent reoperation rates are low.MethodsA retrospective review of 26 patients who underwent surgery for small bowel Crohn’s disease between 1996 and 2004 was undertaken. A total of 96 small bowel strictureplasties had been performed; 19 patients had strictureplasties performed in isolation, and the remaining 7 patients underwent strictureplasty with concomitant limited resection.ResultsThere was no operative mortality. The median follow‐up was 41 months. Four patients developed complications that required further surgery. At 41 months, 73.3% of patients undergoing strictureplasty alone and 79.7% undergoing strictureplasty with concomitant resection were intervention‐free. If followed up to 70 months or more, the same proportion of patients would remain intervention‐free. Four patients developed further recrudescent disease and required surgery: strictureplasty, limited resection, or both. Of these patients, 25% were intervention‐free at 41 months.ConclusionsOur results show that strictureplasty alone or with concomitant resection can confer intervention‐free periods of 41 months or more in 73.3% of patients, suggesting that strictureplasty can be utilized as an alternative to limited resection in uncomplicated Crohn’s disease.
Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a placebo- and paroxetine-controlled trial
Authors: Perahia D.G.S. , Wang F. , Mallinckrodt C.H. , Walker D.J. , Detke M.J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective:Duloxetine doses of 80 and 120 mg/day were assessed for efficacy and safety in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).Methods:In this randomized, double-blind trial, patients age ≥ 18 meeting DSM-IV criteria for MDD were randomized to placebo (N = 99), duloxetine 80 mg/day (N = 93), duloxetine 120 mg/day (N = 103), or paroxetine 20 mg/day (N = 97). The primary outcome measure was mean change from baseline in the 17-item Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD17) total score after 8 weeks of treatment; a number of secondary efficacy measures also were assessed. Safety and tolerability were assessed via collection and analysis of treatment–emergent adverse events (TEAEs), vital signs, and weight. The Arizona sexual experiences scale was used to assess sexual functioning. Patients who had a ≥ 30% reduction from baseline in the HAMD17 total score at the end of the acute phase entered a 6-month continuation phase where they remained on the same treatment as they had taken during the acute phase; efficacy and safety/tolerability outcomes were assessed during continuation treatment.Results:More than 87% of patients completed the acute phase in each treatment group. Duloxetine-treated patients (both doses) showed significantly greater improvement (P < 0.05) in the HAMD17 total score at week 8 compared with placebo. Paroxetine was not significantly different from placebo (P = 0.089) on mean change on the HAMD17. Duloxetine 120 mg/day also showed significant improvement on most secondary efficacy measures (six of nine) compared with placebo while duloxetine 80 mg/day (three of nine) and paroxetine (three of nine) were significantly superior to placebo on fewer secondary measures. HAMD17 mean change data from this study and an identical sister study were pooled as defined a priori for the purposes of performing a non-inferiority test versus paroxetine. Both duloxetine doses met statistical criteria for non-inferiority to paroxetine. TEAE reporting rates were low in all treatment groups and no deaths occurred in the acute or continuation phases.Conclusions:The efficacy of duloxetine at doses of 80 and 120 mg/day in the treatment of MDD was demonstrated. Tolerability, as measured by TEAEs, and safety were similar to paroxetine 20 mg/day and consistent with previous published data on duloxetine in the treatment of MDD.
A naturalistic multicenter study of intramuscular olanzapine in the treatment of acutely agitated manic or schizophrenic patients
Authors: San L. , Arranz B. , Querejeta I. , Barrio S. , De la Gándara J. , Pérez V. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundWe conducted a naturalistic, multicenter, 24-hour, nonrandomized, observational study describing for the first time the effectiveness and safety of intramuscular (IM) olanzapine to control agitation and aggression in “real world” patients with psychosis. The data thus obtained was compared with that reported from randomized double-blind clinical trials.Method92 patients attending psychiatric emergency settings were enrolled. The study subjects were 44 male and 48 female patients with a mean age of 36.5 ± 12 years and DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of schizophrenia (48.9%), psychotic disorder not specified (23.9%) or bipolar disorder (27.2%). 10 mg IM olanzapine was administered to all patients. An optional second injection was permitted ≥ 2 hours later in line with hospital policy. Evaluations (PANSS-EC and CGI-S) were performed at baseline and 2 and 24 hours following the IM injection.ResultsTwo hours after IM olanzapine was administered, a mean decrease of –9.6 in the PANSS-EC from a baseline score of 26.5 was recorded. At the 24-hour endpoint a statistically and clinically significant reduction in the PANSS-EC scores (11.6 ± 5.3) was observed as compared with values at study entry (26.5 ± 5.9) and at 2 hours endpoint (16.9 ± 9.3), which represent a mean decrease of –14.9 and –5.3, respectively.ConclusionThe present naturalistic study provides naturalistic data on the effectiveness of IM olanzapine in the treatment of acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar mania that is in line the data obtained in randomized double-blind clinical trials.
Small and growth‐restricted babies: Drawing the distinction
Authors: SIFIANOU POPI 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe terms “small for gestational age” and “intrauterine growth restriction” have been used interchangeably to denote an in utero growth‐restricted neonate. However, the two terms are not synonymous; not all small babies are growth restricted and not all growth‐restricted ones are small. Research evidence, extending back to the middle of the last century, reveals that the number of growth‐restricted babies who escape attention is not negligible and that the postnatal outcome of these babies is not uneventful. This paper highlights this issue and further discusses the available diagnostic tools for the identification of in utero‐restricted neonates, that is, clinical assessment, anthropometric indices and obstetric ultrasound. Each of these tools has strengths and limitations, but, if combined, each could complement the other and help differentiate well‐grown babies from those who are growth restricted.Conclusion: Identification of growth‐restricted neonates is feasible through the integrated use of diagnostic tools.
SCARNA: fast and accurate structural alignment of RNA sequences by matching fixed-length stem fragments
Authors: Tabei Yasuo , Tsuda Koji , Kin Taishin , Asai Kiyoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Motivation: The functions of non-coding RNAs are strongly related to their secondary structures, but it is known that a secondary structure prediction of a single sequence is not reliable. Therefore, we have to collect similar RNA sequences with a common secondary structure for the analyses of a new non-coding RNA without knowing the exact secondary structure itself. Therefore, the sequence comparison in searching similar RNAs should consider not only their sequence similarities but also their potential secondary structures. Sankoff's algorithm predicts the common secondary structures of the sequences, but it is computationally too expensive to apply to large-scale analyses. Because we often want to compare a large number of cDNA sequences or to search similar RNAs in the whole genome sequences, much faster algorithms are required.
Results: We propose a new method of comparing RNA sequences based on the structural alignments of the fixed-length fragments of the stem candidates. The implemented software, SCARNA (Stem Candidate Aligner for RNAs), is fast enough to apply to the long sequences in the large-scale analyses. The accuracy of the alignments is better or comparable with the much slower existing algorithms.
Availability: The web server of SCARNA with graphical structural alignment viewer is available at
Contact: scarna@m.aist.go.jp
Supplementary information: The data and the supplementary information are available at .
Anti‐CXCR3 staining is useful for detecting human cutaneous and mucosal mast cells
Authors: FUKIWAKE Noriko , MOROI Yoichi , IMAFUKU Shinichi , MASUDA Teiichi , KOKUBA Hisashi , FURUE Masutaka , URABE Kazunori 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTHuman synovial mast cells (MC) can be immunolabelled with antihuman CXCR3 antibody (Ab) (clone 49801). We have investigated whether cutaneous and mucosal MC are stained with anti‐CXCR3 Ab in paraffin‐embedded sections. Immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence double staining assays were performed with anti‐CXCR3, anti‐tryptase, and anti‐chymase Ab using normal skin, psoriatic skin lesions, and normal colon. When compared with tryptase and chymase staining, 100% of the cutaneous and 98% of the mucosal MC were positive for CXCR3. Anti‐CXCR3 staining is a useful marker for human cutaneous and mucosal MC in paraffin‐embedded sections.
A case of discoid lupus erythematosus of the eyelid
Authors: KOGA Monji , KUBOTA Yumiko , KIRYU Hiromaro , NAKAYAMA Juichiro 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTA 39‐year‐old man was first evaluated 12 years ago for erosive erythema of the left lower eyelid. The response to topical therapy was poor. The eyelid lesion was excised on the patient's demand 6 years ago and blepharoplasty was performed. However, recurrence of erythematous plaques at the same site prompted referral to our department. Examination clinically revealed atrophic erythematous plaques and several white papules on the left lower eyelid, in addition to an atrophic erythema of the upper back. The histopathological findings of both plaques and papules were typical of discoid lupus erythematosus. Immunoserological findings suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus were absent. The lesions improved with administration of low‐dose corticosteroids. Discoid lupus erythematosus involving the eyelid is rare, and definitive diagnosis often takes considerable period of time. In patients with lesions of the eyelid such as erythema or papules that are refractory to treatment, skin biopsy and careful physical examination of the entire body for similar lesions are important.
Trends in alcohol‐related mortality in Sweden 1969–2002: an age‐period‐cohort analysis
Authors: Rosén Måns , Haglund Bengt 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTAim  To study the effects of age, period and cohorts on alcohol‐related mortality trends in Sweden. Design  The study comprises an age‐period‐cohort analysis.Setting and participants  The analysis was based on all deaths in the Swedish population between 1969 and 2002.Measurements  Data on alcohol‐related deaths in Sweden from 1969 to 2002 excluding accidental injury and homicide were used. The analysis covered 43 021 deaths. Findings  Time period and birth cohort both influenced alcohol‐related mortality. Male cohorts born in the 1930–40s exhibited the highest alcohol‐related mortality, while for females those born in the 1940–50s had the highest alcohol‐related mortality. For both men and women, those born in the 1960–70s had the lowest age‐adjusted alcohol‐related mortality. High‐risk cohorts were young or in early adulthood during the periods that alcohol became more available in Sweden. The low‐risk cohorts of the 1960–70s were brought up during a period when society was concerned with increasing alcohol problems and more emphasis was placed on issuing alcohol awareness information in schools.Conclusions  Cohort effects were found suggesting that the link between alcohol consumption and non‐accident alcohol‐related mortality at the population level is dependent on other factors that may change over time. One such factor may be that restrictive alcohol policies have a greater effect on drinking in those who are younger at the time they are put into effect.