bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HEALTH AND WELL‐BEING FOR OLDER ADULTS THROUGH PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND SPORTS ‐ OUTLINE OF A MODEL
Authors: Meusel H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFor maintaining and developing motor mobility in old age, motor activity is essential. Many phenomena, which have so far been thought to be due to natural consequences of the ageing process, can now be traced back to lack of physical activity. These findings are illustrated by references to the most important human subsystems (such as the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system, etc.). To keep these subsystems, and the body as a whole, functioning as well as possible, we must improve their specific adaptability through sport and exercise. Sport and exercise for the elderly, as well as gymnastics for senior citizens, should therefore improve coordinative skills, the ability of the muscles to relax, joint flexibility, muscle strength, endurance, vegetative adaptability, stress tolerance, control of body weight, and resistance to infection.Training plans for the elderly should cater for as wide a range of abilities and skills and include as great a variety of activities as possible. In this way physical activity will be most efficient as a means of prophylaxis against premature deterioration of motor performance in old age. By maintaining motor ability older people will increase their well‐being and improve the quality of their life.
Ejection of hypervelocity binary stars by a black hole of intermediate mass orbiting Sgr A*
Authors: Sesana A. , Madau P. , Haardt F. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The discovery of hypervelocity binary stars (HVBs) in the Galactic halo would provide definite evidence of the existence of a massive black hole companion to Sgr A*. Here, we use a hybrid approach to compute the rate of ejection and the total number of HVBs produced by a hypothetical intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH, M2 &lt; 105 M⊙) orbiting Sgr A*. Depending on the mass of M2 and on the properties of binary stars in the central parsec of the Milky Way, we show that the number of undisrupted HVBs expected to be expelled from the Galactic Centre before binary black hole coalescence ranges from zero to a few dozen at most. Therefore, the non-detection of stellar binaries in a complete survey of hypervelocity stars would not rule out the occurrence of an IMBH–Sgr A* in-spiralling event within the last few ×108 yr.
Growth Coalitions and Rural Development Policy in the EU and the US Coalitions pour la croissance et politique de développement rural dans l’Union européenne et les États‐Unis Wachstumskoalitionen und Politik zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums in der EU und den USA
Authors: Warner Mildred , Shortall Sally 
Published: December 2008

SummaryGrowth Coalitions and Rural Development Policy in the EU and the USA recent issue of EuroChoices (7:1) was devoted to a discussion of comparative US–EU rural development policies. This article discusses the concept of growth coalitions, well developed in urban literature but less so in rural literature. Some light is shed on the different positions of rural and environmental issues in EU and US policies. The agricultural lobby is the dominant actor in agricultural growth coalitions because it perceives land in terms of its exchange value. Environmental and rural development actors perceive land in terms of its use value and its contributions to quality of life: they form a rural development coalition, seeing the need to balance growth with quality of life, but they have less political power than the agricultural growth coalition. In the European context, rural and environmental agendas are linked to a multi‐functional agricultural agenda allowing common ground between these two coalitions and greater visibility in the policy arena. In the US, rural interests and environmental groups are more often in opposition to agriculture. This reduces their political visibility and clout. The challenge is how to link the power of the agricultural growth coalitions with rural development coalitions to achieve a broader balance of concerns and a more effective rural development policy.
EFFECTS OF SOME VASOACTIVE DRUGS ON THE VESSELS OF CEREBRAL GREY MATTER IN THE DOG
Authors: HÄGGENDAL EGIL 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTEgil Häggendal. Effects of some vasoactive drugs on the vessels of cerebral grey matter in the dog. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 66. Suppl. 258. 55–79. ‐ The effects on cerebral circulation of intravenously infused pressor substances, noradrenaline and metaraminol (Aramine MSD) and injected papaverine were studied in 11 mongrel dogs, anaesthetized with pentobarbital. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by external recording of the clearance of radioactive krypton (Kr85) from the brain after short intracarotid injections. Resolutions of the clearance curves into the main components allowed evaluation of blood flow of the cerebral grey matter as distinguished from flow of other cerebral or extracerebral tissues. Previous studies concerning the major effects of the used pressor drugs and papaverine were confirmed but the effects were found to be much more pronounced for the grey matter than for the brain as a whole. The vasoconstricting effect of the pressor drugs was observed also in hypotensive states. It was demonstrated that cerebral autoregulation of flow still functioned during the increased vascular resistance produced by the pressor drugs. Papaverine was also found to dilate the cerebral vessels while the latter were under the influence of the pressor drugs. The effects of these substances were also obvious when slight hypoxia and/or hypercapnia were induced. The mechanism of the earlier described differentiated effect of pressor drugs in normal and hypotensive state is discussed.
The Effect of Metabolic and Ion Transport Inhibitors on the Impulse Activity and Oxygen Uptake of an Isolated Crustacean Neurone
Authors: Glacobini Ezio 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of 19 metabolic and ion transport inhibitors acting at various enzymatic levels within several metabolic pathways was investigated upon a single neurone preparation of the crayfish stretch receptor organ. Both the nerve cell function as judged by its impulse activity and its metabolism expressed by oxygen uptake were studied. Each inhibitor was tried at various concentrations and pH values. The effect of the respiratory inhibitors, especially rotenone and antimycin A, suggests a coupling of respiration and impulse activity in the crustacean nerve cell. The marked effect of the glycolytic inhibitors and of Na‐malonate strongly suggests a link between glycolysis and Krebs' cycle from one side and maintenance of impulse activity from the other. This view is also supported by the effect of glucose restoring activity after the block caused by several inhibitors. Ouabain and digoxin inhibit both impulse activity and oxygen uptake. In general respiration seems to be less sensitive to inhibitors than the impulse activity, indicating the presence of a safety factor for respiratory processes.
Lactate Elimination and Oxidation in Thyroidectomized, Untreated and Thyroxine‐treated Rabbits
Authors: Svedmyr Nils 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOn the infusion of 11.5 mg L(+)lactate per kg per min for 60 min in the rabbit the increase in the lactate concentration in the blood was smaller in thyroxine‐treated than in untreated and thyroidectomized animals. This was considered to be due to an increase in the metabolic rate of lactate after thyroxine. The regression coefficient for the correlation between the stimulation of oxygen consumption and the increase in the lactic acid content of the blood was higher in thyroxine‐treated than in untreated and thyroidectomized animals.
The Effect of Triiodothyronine Treatment on the Catecholamine Content of the Blood during Infusion of Adrenaline in Man
Authors: Haggendal Jan , Svedmyr Nils 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of a 30 min i.v. infusion of adrenaline in a dose of 0.1μg/kg/min on the catecholamine content of venous blood was investigated in 5 healthy subjects accustomed to such tests. The adrenaline content increased during the infusion and after 20–30 min reached a maximum value. Oral administration of 1 mg triiodothyronine, which dose potentiated some of the metabolic effects of adrenaline, did not affect either the basal adrenaline content of the blood or the course of its increase during the infusion. The noradrenaline content did not change significantly. It seems probable that the potentiating action of triiodothyronine on certain of the adrenaline effects cannot be ascribed to a change in catecholamine uptake or breakdown.
Sulphate Conjugation during Pregnancy and under the Influence of Cortisone
Authors: Ulkkinen Martti O. P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDuring pregnancy there is a tendency to lower sulphate conjugation with p‐nitrophenol and also perhaps a tendency to lower sulphurylation of the steroids in guinea pig and rat. Cortisone has no influence on the sulphate conjugation capacity of these compounds in non‐pregnant rats. The sulphurylation capacity of placenta is very low also, and the balance between conjugation and hydrolysis can be assumed to be on the side of the latter.
Two Types of Stretch‐Activated Post‐Synaptic Inhibitions in Spinal Motoneurones as Differentiated by Strychnine
Authors: Kellerth Jan‐Olof , Szumski Alfred J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effects of strychnine on post‐synaptic inhibitions were intracellularly investigated in cat popliteal, common peroneal and hamstring motoneurones which were activated by stretch of the triceps surae, tibialis anterior or semitendinosus muscles. Inhibitions from muscle stretch were studied by the following four criteria: i) hyperpolarization of the post‐synaptic membrane, ii) decrease in size of the monosynaptic excitatory post‐synaptic potential, iii) reduction of firing rate of a motoneurone stimulated by injected depolarizing current, and iv)“synaptic activation noise” in a hyperpolarizing direction. Post‐synaptic inhibitions abolished by strychnine (strychnine‐ sensitive) and those remaining after strychnine (strychnine‐resistant) were identified. Both types of inhibition were shown to act on the post‐synaptic membrane. Strychnine‐resistant post‐synaptic inhibition was frequently encountered and was found to have characteristics similar to those described for presynaptic inhibition.
Respiratory and Circulatory Effects of CO2 Administered Gastroenterally
Authors: Landin A.‐M. , Malmborg O. , Nisell O. , Zetterquist S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPure CO2 was injected through a tube into the stomach of 15 subjects for at least 15 min and with a rate of 50–300 ml per min. The CO2 administration caused a proportional increase of the ventilation by 1.4—6.3 1/min. The simultaneous increase of CO2 expiration (43—264 ml/min) was less than expected from the amount given, implying an accumulation in the body of 6—30 per cent of the CO2 injected. The changes in arterial CO2 tension were small, while blood sampled in 7 cases from the pulmonary artery showed more marked increases. There was also a significant rise of the oxygen uptake and of the heart rate, with a concomitant tendency to an increase of the cardiac output. The pulmonary vascular resistance decreased in 6 cases out of 8.
Effects of Combined Hormone Therapy on Erythropoiesis in the Intact Rabbit
Authors: Halvorsen S. , Lindemann R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of hypothalamic stimulation was compared with the effect of administration of GH — ACTH and GH — ACTH — thyroxin — testosterone to intact rabbits daily for 2 weeks and the changes in erythropoiesis have been followed with the same parameters as in the previous study. GH‐ACTH caused a moderate reticulocytosis but less than GH alone, and a slight increase in red cell mass but less than ACTH alone. The effect of the combined hormone administration was intermediate between the effect of the single hormones. Increased production of GH and ACTH is unlikely to be the cause of the effect of hypothalamic stimulation on erythropoiesis. GH‐ACTH‐fhyroxin‐testosterone increased both reticulocytes, red cell mass, red cell mass per kg body weight, hemoglobin, number of erythrocytes and hematocrit, and the effect following 2 weeks of administration was more marked than following electrical stimulation of hypothalamus. The end effect of combined hormone therapy on erythropoiesis cannot therefore be separated from the end effect of electrical stimulation of hypothalamus. There was, however, no significant increase in plasma erythropoietin levels in the group of rabbits receiving combined hormone therapy for 14 days when tested either in starved or in polycythemic mice. This finding may point to the existence of another operating mechanism in the rabbits receiving electrical stimulation of hypothalamus than in those receiving hormones.
The Effect of Cinchophen on the Acid Polysaccharides of the Gastric and Duodenal Wall in Dog
Authors: Häkkinen I. , Hartiala K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDogs were fed with an ulcerogenic agent, cinchophen, for 6 days and 14 days. The acid polysaccharides of the gastric wall were fractionated and the aminosugar content of the fractions was determined. After 6 days cinchophen feeding a significant increase in the amount of fractions containing chondroitin sulfuric acid B and in three fractions containing epithelial sulfopolysaccharides were noted, whereas the amount of the fraction containing hyaluronic acid showed an opposite tendency. The change in chondroitin sulfuric acid B content was the greatest in the middle sections of the mucosa of the antrum. At this time no ulcers had yet appeared.After 14 days feeding the content of chondroitin sulfuric acid B fell significantly in all parts of the gastric wall (duodenum, antrum and corpus). In antrum and duodenum it was noted that one of the epithelial polysaccharide fractions also fell. These changes were found over the whole area of the gastric and duodenal wall. The bearing of these observations on the changes in nutritional conditions in the gastric wall is discussed. It would appear that cinchophen feeding is followed by changes in the connective tissue polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphuric acid B and that these changes take place already prior to the ulcer formation.
The Effect of Restraint on the Content of Acid Polysaccharides of Glandular Gastric Wall in Rat
Authors: Häkkinen I. , Hartiala K. , Lang H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRats were subjected to restraint of various lengths of time. In the experiments of longer duration ulcers developed whereas in the shorter experiments no ulcers were seen. The aminosugar content of acid polysaccharides in the gastric wall of the glandular stomach were increased slightly in the “pre‐ulcerous” groups and fell sharply to below control values in the ulcer groups. Fractionation of polysaccharides from the ulcer groups showed that the fractions believed to contain connective tissue polysaccharides (chondroitin sulfuric acid and hyaluronic acid) and one of the fractions containing epithelial mucopolysaccharides fell significantly. This effect has also been seen in other studies in dogs after cinchophen feeding. This study shows that the changes in the gastric wall polysaccharides can be affected endogenously without any pharmacological agents.
Effect of Thyroidectomy on the Postnatal Fate of the Extra‐adrenal Chromaffin Tissue of the Rat
Authors: Lempinen Matti , Ojala Kari 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe present study was undertaken in an attempt to explain the possible intermediate effect of cortisone through thyroid gland on the extra‐adrenal chromaffin tissue of the rat. No significant difference in the postnatal disappearance of extra‐adrenal chromaffin cells was observed between the thyroidectomized and normal unoperated controls. On the other hand, cortisone administration sufficient to in‐ crease the amount of extra‐adrenal chromaffin tissue, did not much inactivate the thyroid, as judged histologically.
The Effect of Gold Exposure on the Catecholamine Excretion of Rats Treated with Decaborane
Authors: Johnson D. G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRats treated with decaborane exhibited a marked reduction in the noradrenaline (NA) content of heart, liver, and spleen but no significant fall in adrenal catecholamines. Decaborane‐treated animals excreted less NA but more adrenaline (A) than control animals. When exposed to 3° C, control animals survived and showed increased NA excretion in contrast to decaborane‐treated rats, which, however, responded with increased excretion of A until death after 4–6 days. Unlike adrenalectomized controls adrenalectomized rats treated with decaborane failed to increase their NA excretion during cold exposure and died in less than 20 hrs. The survival of cold‐exposed animals appears to be related to the liberation of NA, with A release serving as an important secondary mechanism of defense against cold. The results suggest that decaborane treatment curtails the supply of NA in vivo, presumably owing to inhibition of synthesis.
Acid‐Base Changes in Rat Brain Tissue during Acute Respiratory Acidosis and Baseosis
Authors: Pontén U. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe CO, buffer capacity of brain tissue in vivo was studied by measuring the tissue bicarbonate concentration at various tissue CO2 tensions in rats which were either hyperventilated, or breathed various CO2 concentrations spontaneously for 30 min. Measurements of the tissue lactate content indicated that the technique of freezing the tissue in situ did not lead to tissue hypoxia. The main increase in the tissue bicarbonate concentration at a given inspired CO2 concentration occurred within 30 min, but there was a slow further increase from 30 to 180 min. The values did not differ significantly between groups anesthetized with pentobarbital or phenobarbital and they were not influenced by variations of the inspired oxygen concentration from 20 to 50%. The mean tissue bicarbonate concentration was 16.0 meq/kg tissue H2O at a tissue CO2 tension (PtCO2) of 40 mm Hg. The buffer capacity of the tissue, defined as βCO2 = d log PtCO2/d log (HCO3/PtCO2 · S2) was 1.5. This means that when the CO2 tension was changed from 20 to 120 mm Hg, the tissue bicarbonate concentration increased from 12.5 to 22.5 meq/kg tissue H2O. Theoretical derivation of an equivalent buffer system with the same buffer capacity showed that at least 35 mmoles of buffer/kg tissue H2O were needed to explain the in vivo buffer capacity of the tissue. The theoretical buffer system made it possible to derive buffer base values for the tissue, and to construct a curve for the calculation of base excess values.
The Action of Insulin on Glycogen Synthesis in Rat Diaphragm. A comparative study of in vitro and in vivo effects
Authors: Søvik Oddmund 
Published: December 2008

AbstractInsulin, administered by intraperitoneal injection in doses which did not significantly alter the blood glucose, caused a 40‐fold increase in the incorporation of 14C‐glucose into glycogen of the diaphragm. To study this effect of insulin, activities of glycogen synthetase and levels of glucose‐6‐P were determined, and compared with the'corresponding values in the isolated diaphragm. Insulin, in vitro, caused a 2‐fold increase in the glucose‐6‐P independent form of glycogen synthetase, while the enzyme activity in the presence of glucose‐6‐P remained unchanged. When glycogen synthetase was studied in vivo, no change of the glucose‐6‐P dependent to the glucose‐6‐P independent form of the enzyme was observed. Insulin, in vitro, did not affect glucose‐6‐P levels when glucose was excluded from the incubation medium. After insulin in vivo glucose‐6‐P levels were increased by 75 per cent. The results suggest that insulin in vivo can markedly stimulate glycogenesis without causing any synthetase D → I conversion. It is suggested that glucose‐6‐P plays an important role in the regulation of muscle glycogen synthesis in vivo.
Monoamine Oxidase Activity in the Bovine Splenic Nerve Granule Preparation
Authors: Roth R. H. , Stjärne L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMonoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined in fractions obtained from bovine splenic nerve with both dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) as substrates. DA was found to be a much better substrate for MAO than NA. The bulk of the MAO in this preparation was found in the nerve granule fraction, which by electron microscopic evaluation seemed to be largely free from mitochondrial contamination. These findings suggest that bovine splenic nerve in addition to mitochondrial bound MAO also contains a form of MAO, with a substrate preference for DA, which seems to be associated with the nerve granules.
Circulatory and Respiratory Adaptation during Prolonged Exercise in the Supine Position
Authors: Ekelund L. G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCirculatory and respiratory changes during prolonged, non‐steady state exercise in the supine position were studied by the heart catheterization technique in six healthy young men of average physical fitness. The work load was chosen so that they could perform supine exercise for one hour. This load gave a mean heart rate of about 128 beats/min after 10 min and 142 beats/min after 50 min of work. The circulatory changes during these experimental conditions were characterized by a constant cardiac output and a continuous increase in heart rate, indicating a continuously falling stroke volume. The systemic arterial blood pressure fell continuously, but the mean pulmonary arterial pressure fell markedly between 10 and 20 minutes' work and then remained unchanged. The acid base status was fairly stable during exercise. The respiratory response was characterized by a slight increase in total ventilation, an unchanged alveolar ventilation and a slight increase in dead‐space ventilation. The small increase in total ventilation was due to a small increase in respiratory rate and tidal volume. The overall ventilation‐perfusion relationship was unchanged. Both circulatory and respiratory changes may be explained by a decreased tonus in the capacity vessels with a shift in the distribution of the blood.
The Effect of Cholecystokinin‐Pancreozymin Preparations on Hepatic Bile Output in Fasting and Digesting Dogs
Authors: Jonson G. , Svartengren G. , Thulin L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe output of hepatic bile was studied in 3 unanesthetized dogs with permanent external common duct fistulas during infusion of cholecystokinin‐pancreozymin preparations. The doses were such that the secretin content was negligible. Infusion during fasting doubled the output. Infusion during digestion of food with bile gave either a decrease of the output or an initial increase followed by a decrease. These patterns appear to be related to the gastric and duodenal activity during the experiments. Physiologic or pharmacologic interventions on hepatic bile output should thus be evaluated only when side effects on gastro‐intestinal motility and secretion can be excluded.