bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drilling Optimization Technique – Using Real Time Parameters
Authors: Iqbal Fauzan 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Once a drilling system is established, there are only few parameters that can be altered or changed due to the system constraints and limitations. However; with the variation in encountered formation characteristics the optimum value of drilling parameters changes and during drilling only few operational parameters can be changed to their optimum values. The real time data is used to re-evaluate the optimum values of such parameters (RPM, WOB etc) by using simple analysis technique. With the help of this simple program the operator can change the characteristics to their respective optimum values and get maximum rate of penetration within allowable constraints. Thus, an increase in rate of penetration will ultimately reduce the drilling cost. These result in an economic, cost effective and efficient drilling operation.
The paper elaborates the above discussion, shows how simple program can analyze the on going drilling process and suggests recommendations to acquire better results.
Synergies of Underground Gas Storage and Enhanced Oil Recovery in a Fractured Reservoir
Authors: De Kok Joop , Ali Abduladim , Clemens Torsten 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Schönkirchen Tief reservoir is located in the Vienna Basin. The reservoir contained 19 mn m3 oil originally in place. The current recovery factor after 45 years of production is 59 %. The field was produced by water injection. The wells, located at the crest of the high relief structure are exhibiting a high water cut. In 2006-2007, a comprehensive study was performed to optimise the future development of the field.
The field is made up of different types of dolostones. The lower part of the field consists of fractured dolomite, the upper part of weathered dolomite and dolomite debris. A dual-permeability model was used to simulate the flow in the dolomite and the weathered zone, whereas a single-permeability model was sufficient for the debris.
The main recovery mechanisms for this reservoir are imbibition and water/oil gravity drainage. Laboratory experiments indicated that the dolomite is water-wet to mixed-wet at reservoir conditions of 100 degrees centigrade.
The results of the study show that an economically attractive option for the field development is a combination of Underground Gas Storage and EOR. Due to the fact that the current reservoir pressure is below initial pressure, within half a year, about 1 bn m3 can be injected. Only about one third of this gas has to remain as cushion gas during the first cycle. To further increase the amount of gas which can be used for UGS, fluids have to be withdrawn from the reservoir. Drilling horizontal wells close to the original oil/water contact enable injection of additional 2 bn m3 gas.
The gas injection leads to gas/oil gravity drainage of the oil and water present in the matrix of the fractured reservoir. The oil is collected by the horizontal wells, resulting in incremental oil recovery of up to 5 % of oil originally in place.
Lightweight Cement Slurry Design Optimization for Cementing High Flow-Rate Wells in Low-Temperature Ranges
Authors: Radojevic Dean , Palitsyn Andrey , Krasovsky Alexander 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
It is important for wells in the Yuzhno-Khylchuyu field (Russian Arctic region) to have sufficient zonal isolation and thermal protection between production casings and the permafrost media because they will initially be produced with high flow-rates. High cement integrity helps prevent the permafrost from thawing therefore alleviating problems associated with the creation of unwanted cross-flows and eventual casing deterioration.
Low-density cement slurry has been used as an alternative to foam cementing because it contains hollow microspheres which help decrease cement thermal conductivity. The use of hollow microspheres in cement blends creates further challenges for engineers with regards to slurry optimization. Special attention is given to slurry properties because the presence of hollow microspheres can influence slurry rheology, increase cement setting time, and act negatively on compressive strength development.
The optimization of slurry design takes all of these parameters into consideration while resolving the problem of heat insulation, thus helping reduce the chance of primary cementing failure over the life cycle of the well.
The optimization of the cement slurry design makes it possible to significantly decrease the initial cement setting time, provide high compressive strength, and resolve the problem of heat insulation.
Counting Fish: Environmental Benefits Calculation for Avoided Costs Analysis in Urban Water Use Efficiency Planning
Authors: Joung Katie Shulte , Dickinson Mary Ann 
Published: October 2008

This report documents a project undertaken for the California Urban Water Conservation Council to create a method to calculate water utility avoided costs and assign economic value to the environmental benefits of raw water savings as a result of implementing urban water conservation programs.
It is assumed that water savings associated with implementation of conservation programs can be quantified and represented as a reduction in the demand for water from a particular set of supply sources. This demand reduction may in turn result in a change to the availability of an environmental benefit provided by that source. Environmental valuation, as it is applied here, is relatively new and there are numerous complications, ambiguities, data gaps and differences of opinion in the application of the methodology. For that reason, this report should be considered a pioneering effort to put together all the required elements in a single coherent framework.
Sustainable Reclaimed Water Management by Subsurface Drip Irrigation System: a study case for forage production
Authors: Palacios M.P. , Mendoza-Grimón V. , Fernández F. , Fernandez-Vera J.R. , Hernandez-Moreno J.M. 
Published: October 2008

In the Canary Islands the price fluctuation of groundwater (0.3 to 0.7 €/m3), which is a private resource, often limits the recovery of the agricultural investments. Availability of alternative resources (reclaimed water: RW, desalinized seawater: DW and desalinized reclaimed water: DRW) at a foreseeable price will allow people to design the optimal infrastructures adapted to their needs The pumping cost is included in the “public” water price of DW (0.6 €/m3), RW (0.2 €/m3) and DRW (0.42 €/m3), but only if it is under 300 m of altitude. As a subsurface irrigation system (SDI), uses the soil as a natural advanced (but not high cost) water treatment, the in situ reuse of RW produced by lower tech wastewater plants would provide a valuable resource for the small villages.
A successful study case is presented here. A 2-year SDI experiment was performed using RW, cultivating alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Sudan grass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor ssp sudanense). Although a saline (EC: 2.24 dS/m) and sodic (SAR: 6.9) water was used, irrigation with SDI led to high forage yields (between 8.4 and 11.9 kg of fresh matter/m2 obtained by 8 harvests per year). However, sand filter and drip lines have to be cleaned weakly and every 6 months respectively. As a conclusion of this study, adequate plant germination and yields, and feasibility of SDI using a secondary effluent was demonstrated. Besides, water cost represents only 24 to 17 % from the gross income.
Integration of biomass drying with combustion/gasification technologies and minimization of emissions of organic compounds
Authors: Svoboda Karel , Martinec Jiří , Pohořelý Michael , Baxter David 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMoisture content (MC) of green biomass or raw biomass materials (wood, bark, plants, etc.) commonly exceeds 50 mass % (wet basis). The maximum possible MC of biomass fuel for big scale combustion (e.g. fluidized bed combustion with low external heat losses) is approximately 60–65 mass %. Higher biomass MC generally causes operational problems of biomass combustors, lower stability of burning and higher CO and VOC emissions. Gasification of biomass with higher MC produces fuel gas of lower effective heating values and higher tar concentrations. In this review, various technological schemes for wood drying in combination with combustion/gasification with the assessment of factors for possible minimization of emissions of organics from the drying processes are compared. The simple direct flue gas biomass drying technologies lead to exhaust drying gases containing high VOC emissions (terpenes, alcohols, organic acids, etc.). VOC emissions depend on the drying temperature, residence time and final MC of the dried biomass. Indirect biomass drying has an advantage in the possibility of reaching very low emissions of organic compounds from the drying process. Exhaust drying gases can be simply destroyed as a part of the total combustion air (gas) in a combustion chamber or a gasifier. Liquid, condensed effluents have to be treated properly because they have relatively high content of organic compounds, some of them accompanied by odor. Drying of biomass with superheated steam offers more uniform drying of both small and bigger particles and shorter periods of higher temperatures of the dried biomass, particularly if drying to the final MC below 15 mass % is required. In practical modern drying technologies, biomass (mainly wood) is dried in recirculated gas of relatively high humidity (approaching saturation) and the period of constant rate drying is longer. Drying of moist wood material (saw dust, chips, etc.) is required in wood pellet production. Emissions of organics in drying depend on biomass properties, content of resins, storing time and on operational aspects of the drying process: drying temperature, drying medium, final MC, residence time, and particle size distribution of the dried biomass (wood). Integration of biomass drying with combustion/gasification processes includes the choice of the drying medium (flue gas, air, superheated steam). Properties of the drying media and operational parameters are strongly dependent on local conditions, fuel input of the combustion/gasification unit, cleaning of the exhaust drying media (gas, steam, wastewater), and on environmental factors and requirements.
Polymer interfaces used in electrochemical DNA-based biosensors
Authors: Galandová Júlia , Labuda Ján 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNowadays DNA-based biosensors represent powerful tools for the study of DNA sequence, DNA chemical interactions and damage. Among them, biosensors with an electrochemical signal transducer play the most important role. The performance of a biosensor strongly depends on the method of a biorecognition element being attached to the electrode. This review refers to polymer materials being used to create a DNA-electrode interface. The main terminology is given in Introduction followed by a description of polymers and polymer-based nanocomposites and their electrochemical properties. A comprehensive table reports examples of the electrochemical detection of DNA immobilized on the polymer matrix. Finally, a short survey is given.
Application of hydrocolloids as baking improvers
Authors: Kohajdová Zlatica , Karovičová Jolana 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHydrocolloids (or gums) belong to a group of biopolymers widely used in food technology. In the bakery industry, these compounds help to improve food texture and moisture retention, to retard starch retrogradation, and, finally, to enlarge the overall quality of the products during storage. Since recently, some hydrocolloids are being used due to their polymeric structure as fat replacers to obtain low calorie products and to substitute gluten in the formulation of gluten-free breads. This study describes the applications of some hydrocolloids in the bakery industry. Technological effects of these substances for different types of bakery products are also discussed.
Micromorphology and anatomy of three <i>Symphytum</i> (Boraginaceae) taxa from Turkey
Authors: Akcin Oznur Ergen , Baki Hilal 
Published: October 2008

Symphytum asperum Lepechin, S. ibericum Steven and S. sylvaticum Boiss. were examined morphologically, micromorphologically and anatomically. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine leaf surface and trichomes of these species. These species had bifacial and hypostomatous leaf types. Epidermal cells of leaves were usually polygonal or irregular in form. The pattern of anticlinical cells may vary in different species and between the upper and lower epidermis of the same species. Stomata are anisocytic and anomocytic in three species. Stomata index is 27.5 for S. sylvaticum, 24.65 for S. ibericum and 21.86 for S. asperum glandular trichomes are capitate in forms and more dense on the lower epidermis than upper epidermis. Eglandular trichomes are simple, short or long, unicellular or multicellular and thin or thick. Key words: Micromorphology, Anatomy, Symphytum DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1496 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 93-103, 2007 (December) Â Â
Comparison of pollen morphological structures of some taxa belonging to <i>Asparagus</i> L. and <i>Fritillaria</i> L. (Liliaceae) from Turkey
Authors: Ozler H , Pehlivan S 
Published: October 2008

Pollen grains of 20 taxa from two genera of the Liliaceae were examined and compared by LM (light microscope), SEM (scanning electron microscope) and pollens of four taxa were also examined with TEM (transmission electron microscope). Pollen grains shed as monads. They are monosulcate and ellipsoidal. Fritillaria crassifolia subsp. crassifolia Freyn & Smt. sometimes sheds the pollen as dyads. Exine is semitectate and the tectum is perforate. Columellae are simplicolumellate. Ectexine is thicker than endexine. Exine sculpture (ornamentation) is reticulate, reticulate-rugulate, rugulate and retipilate in Asparagus pollens and reticulate, suprareticulate, rugulate-reticulate and striate-reticulate in Fritillaria pollens. Sulcus extends from distal to proximal in some pollens of Asparagus and Fritillaria. Â Key words: Asparagus, Fritillaria, Liliaceae, Pollen morphology DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1498 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 111-120, 2007 (December)
Genetic diversity in potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L.)
Authors: Mondal MAA , Hossain MM , Rasul MG , Uddin M Shalim 
Published: October 2008

Genetic diversity in 31 potato genotypes (parents and their hybrid progenies) was determined using multivariate analysis. Cluster analysis revealed that the parents and their hybrid progenies could be grouped into five different clusters. The maximum number of genotypes were included in clusters II and V. Cluster V had maximum and cluster I had minimum intra-cluster distance. Cluster mean showed wide range of variation for several characters among single as well as multi-genotypic clusters. Considering diversity pattern, parents should be selected from clusters I, III and V for the improvement of potato. Â Key words: Genetic diversity, Cluster analysis, Potato DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1499 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 121-125, 2007 (December)
Response of chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) to zinc and molybdenum fertilization
Authors: Bozoglu Hatice , Ozcelik Huseyin , Mut Zeki , Pesken Erkut 
Published: October 2008

A field experiment was conducted in Amasya conditions in northern Turkey for two years in order to determine the effect of zinc and molybdenum fertilization on chickpea following a completely randomized block design with three replications. Doses of zinc (Zn0 : 0, Zn1 : 1 ppm, Zn2 : 2 ppm) and molybdenum (Mo0 : 0, Mo1 : 0.05 ppm, Mo2 : 0.1 ppm) were applied on leaf when the plants were in vegetative stage. Variation of years on all investigated characters was statistically significant. Applied zinc or molybdenum failed to show any significant effect on any parameter. It was found that effect of Zn Ã Mo interaction was statistically significant (p < 0.01) on the seed yield. The highest seed yield resulted from Zn2 (2 ppm) Ã Mo0 interaction. This was followed by Zn1 (1 ppm) Ã Mo1 (0.05 ppm) and Zn1 Ã Mo2 doses showing no statistical differences from each other. Â Key words: Chickpea, Seed yield, Zinc, Molybdenum, Response DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1503 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 145-149, 2007 (December)
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
Authors: Gauglitz Günter 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Comparison with Other Spectroscopic Methods1.2.Development and Uses2.Theoretical Principles2.1.Electronic States and Orbitals2.2.Interaction Between Radiation and Matter2.2.1.Dispersion2.2.2.Absorption2.2.3.Scattering2.2.4.Reflection2.2.5.Band Intensity2.3.The Lambert–BeerLaw2.3.1.Definitions2.3.2.Deviations from the Lambert ‐ Beer Law2.4.Photophysics2.4.1.Energy Level Diagram2.4.2.Deactivation Processes2.4.3.Transition Probability and Fine Structure of the Bands2.5.Chromophores2.6.Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism2.6.1.Generation of Polarized Radiation2.6.2.Interaction with Polarized Radiation2.6.3.Optical Rotatory Dispersion2.6.4.Circular Dichroism and the Cotton Effect2.6.5.Magnetooptical Effects3.Optical Components and Spectrometers3.1.Principles of Spectrometer Construction3.1.1.Sequential Measurement of Absorption3.1.2.Multiplex Methods in Absorption Spectroscopy3.2.Light Sources3.2.1.Line Sources3.2.2.Sources of Continuous Radiation3.2.3.Lasers3.3.Selection of Wavelengths3.3.1.Prism Monochromators3.3.2.Grating Monochromators3.3.3.Electro‐Acoustic and Opto‐Acoustic Wavelength Generation3.4.Polarizers and Analyzers3.5.Sample Compartments and Cells3.5.1.Closed Compartments3.5.2.Modular Arrangements3.5.3.Open Compartments3.6.Detectors3.7.Optical Paths for Special Measuring Requirements3.7.1.Fluorescence Measurement3.7.2.Measuring Equipment for Polarimetry, ORD, and CD3.7.3.Reflection Measurement3.7.4.Ellipsometry3.8.Effect of Equipment Parameters3.9.Connection to Electronic Systems and Computers4.Uses of UV ‐ VIS Spectroscopy in Absorption, Fluorescence, and Reflection4.1.Identification of Substances and Determination of Structures4.2.Quantitative Analysis4.2.1.Determination of Concentration by Calibration Curves4.2.2.Classical Multicomponent Analysis4.2.3.Multivariate Data Analysis4.2.4.Use in Chromatography4.3.Fluorimetry4.3.1.Inner Filter Effects4.3.2.Fluorescene and Scattering4.3.3.Excitation Spectra4.3.4.Applications4.4.Reflectometry4.4.1.Diffuse Reflection4.4.2.Color Measurement4.4.3.Regular Reflection4.4.4.Determination of Film Thickness4.4.5.Ellipsometry4.5.Resonance Methods4.5.1.SurfacePlasmon Resonance4.5.2.Grating Couplers4.5.3.Other Evanescent Methods4.5.4.Interferometric Methods4.6.On‐Line Process Control4.6.1.Process Analysis4.6.2.Measurement of Film Thicknesses4.6.3.Optical Sensors4.7.Measuring Methods Based on Deviations from the Lambert – Beer Law5.Special Methods5.1.Derivative Spectroscopy5.2.Dual‐Wavelength Spectroscopy5.3.Scattering5.3.1.Turbidimetry5.3.2.Nephelometry5.3.3.Photon Correlation Spectroscopy5.4.Luminescence, Excitation, and Depolarization Spectroscopy, and Measurement of Lifetimes5.5.Polarimetry5.5.1.Sugar Analysis5.5.2.Cellulose Determination5.5.3.Stereochemical StructuralAnalysis5.5.4.Use of Optical Activity Induced by a Magnetic Field5.6.Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS)
Enzymes, 3. Food Application
Authors: Horsmans Poulsen Charlotte , Kragh Karsten M. , Frisbak Sorensen Jens , Grassin Catherine , Herweijer Marga , Wilms Jan , de Roos André , Borch Soe Jorn 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Enzymes in Baking2.Enzymes in Fruit Juice Production and Fruit Processing3.Enzymes in Brewing4.Enzymes in Dairy Applications5.Other Food Applications
A Novel Neutral State Green Polymeric Electrochromic with Superior n‐ and p‐Doping Processes: Closer to Red‐Blue‐Green (RGB) Display Realization
Authors: Cihaner Atilla , Algı Fatih 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTwo donor‐acceptor systems, 4,7‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole (TSeT) and 4,7‐di‐2,3‐dihydrothieno[3,4‐b][1,4]dioxin‐5‐yl‐2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole (ESeE) are synthesized and electropolymerized to give polymers PTSeT and PESeE, respectively. One of the polymers, PTSeT, is blue‐green in the neutral state and soluble, exhibiting a deep‐red emission color. The other, PESeE, is the first 2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole‐based neutral state green polymer with a narrow bandgap (1.04 eV). Furthermore, PESeE has superior and durable n‐ and p‐doping processes. Beyond the stability and the robustness, both of the polymer films exhibit multi‐electrochromic behavior.
Synthesis, characterization and efficacy of chemically crosslinked PVA hydrogels for dermal wound healing in experimental animals
Authors: Gupta A. , Kumar R. , Upadhyay N. K. , Surekha P. , Roy P. K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this study, we have investigated the efficacy of crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel as a wound dressing material, using rat as the animal model. The hydrogel was synthesized by chemical crosslinking of PVA with potassium persulphate and the crosslinking reaction parameters were optimized. The developed hydrogel was found to possess excellent mechanical properties, high water absorption capacity, gel content, and optimum water vapor transmission rate, indicating its ability to act as an effective wound dressing material. The inherent nontoxic characteristics of PVA remained unaltered after crosslinking. The in vitro diffusion studies of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as model protein, indicated a relatively slow release of protein resulting from its microencapsulation in the polymeric matrix. For in vivo studies, full‐thickness excision wounds (2 × 2 cm2) were made on the dorsal surface of rats. The hydrogel was applied on the wound and changed at regular intervals. For comparison of wound healing ability, a radiation crosslinked PVA‐based hydrogel, “HiZel” was used as a reference control. The wounds treated with PVA hydrogel healed faster as indicated by an increased rate of wound contraction (16.5 days versus 22.0 in control group). Treatment with “Hizel” led to increase in hydroxyproline in the wound tissue, whereas treatment with PVA hydrogel led to increase in both hydroxyproline as well as hexosamine. This probably provides added strength to the tissue, thereby indicating that PVA hydrogel had higher efficacy than “Hizel”. The results suggest that chemically crosslinked PVA hydrogel could be used as an effective wound dressing material. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and flocculation properties of poly(acrylamide‐methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane)
Authors: Shang Hongzhou , Liu Jianping , Zheng Yubin , Wang Leigang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA novel hydrophobically modified and cationic flocculant poly(acrylamide‐methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane) (P(AM‐DMC‐MAPMS)) was synthesized by inverse emulsion polymerization. The molecular structure of hydrophobically cationic polyacrylamide (HCPAM) was characterized by FTIR and 1H‐NMR. The effects of DMC and MAPMS feed ratio on intrinsic viscosity and solubility were measured. The effects of hydrophobically cationic flocculants on reactive brilliant red X‐3B solution and kaolin suspension were studied. It was found that the introduction of MAPMS could increase the intrinsic viscosities of P(AM‐DMC‐MAPMS) and enhance the flocculation properties to anionic dye solution and kaolin suspension, but reduced their water‐solubility. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009