bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PATTERNS OF BOWHEAD WHALE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE NEAR BARROW, ALASKA, IN FALL 1982‐1989
Authors: Moore Sue E. , Clarke Janet T. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAlthough the distribution and relative abundance of bowhead whales varied annually within the fall whaling area near Barrow, Alaska, the distance of whales from shore was not significantly different among years 1982‐1989 (ANOVA, F= 0.5, P > 0.5). The minimum detectable distance for the ANOVA was 12 km (α= 0.05, β= 0.1). Annual median distance of random bowhead sightings from shore ranged from 23 to 39 km, with an eight‐year median of 32 km. Highest annual bowhead sighting rates were positively associated with the proportion of feeding whales, indicating that whale feeding opportunities may affect the availability of whales within hunting range each fall.
AGING LIVE ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS AND SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS
Authors: Arnbom T. A. , Lunn N. J. , Boyd2 I. L. , Barton T. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study describes a method for extracting post‐canine or incisor teeth from live antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) and southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) respectively and their use to determine age in a field situation. Dental elevators were used to loosen the teeth from the alveolus and periodental ligament. Most teeth were removed within l‐2 min and a total of 214 and 81 teeth were collected by this method from antarctic fur seals and southern elephant seals respectively. No seal recaptured at intervals up to a year after a tooth was extracted showed signs of infection or distress related to removal of the tooth. Teeth were thin‐sectioned for the purpose of aging. In both species cementum growth layer groups were a more satisfactory indicator of age than dentinal growth layer groups. Estimates of age from cementum growth layers were confirmed for Antarctic fur seals using seals which had been tagged as pups up to 16 yr before sampling.
REPRODUCTIVE SYNCHRONY AND THE ESTIMATION OF MEAN DATE OF BIRTH FROM DAILY COUNTS OF NORTHERN FUR SEAL PUPS
Authors: Trites Andrew W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo methods for estimating the mean date of birth from daily counts of northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus) are presented and applied to data collected on the Pribilof Islands in 1951, 1962, 1963 and 1983. The mean date of birth over the four years was July 9. Reproduction is highly synchronized and consistent from one year to the next. Pupping occurs over a five week period with over 50% of the pups being born during the first two weeks of July.
HABITAT USE PATTERNS AND RANGES OF THE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO
Authors: Ballance Lisa Taylor 
Published: August 2006

Abstract: I studied behavior and range patterns of individual bottlenose dolphins during 1984 in the mid‐eastern Gulf of California, Mexico. Dolphin sighting rate was significantly higher in areas close to estuary mouths, 0.306 sightings per hour compared with 0.155 sightings per hour in areas distant from estuary mouths. Dolphins used these estuarine areas to feed; 61% of all behavior observed near estuaries was feeding as compared with 23% elsewhere. Traveling comprised 61% of all behavior observed in areas distant from estuary mouths. Estuaries are sites of large concentrations of nutrients which support great numbers of filter‐feeding zooplankton and fish. Bottlenose dolphins may specialize on esmarine prey, or they may feed in estuarine areas simply because of the abundance of potential prey that these systems support. In either case, data on relative numbers, distribution patterns, behavior and diet indicate that this is a general trend in habitat use for many coastal populations of this species in the Pacific and Atlantic.Ranges of a few individuals spanned a minimum of 65 km of coastline, and animals were not permanent residents of a monitored bay. In contrast, dolphins off the coast of Sarasota, Florida, have been reported to be year‐round residents with smaller ranges. This difference in degree of site fidelity may be related to habitat differences. The west coast of Florida is dotted with numerous and large estuarine systems which may host permanent prey populations and support resident groups of dolphins. The Gulf of California coastline contains few estuaries; most are small and perhaps support prey resources which are ephemeral, requiring dolphins to range over larger distances in search of food.
PHOTOPERIOD DEFINES THE PHENOLOGY OF BIRTH IN CAPTIVE CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS
Authors: Temte Jonathan L. , Temte Jo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA population‐based analysis was used to evaluate the role of photoperiod in regulating the precise annual birth timing of captive California sea lions. Latitudinal variation of 463 birth dates was explained by a response to a common photoperiod, 11.48 h/d, occurring 242 d pre‐partum and immediately before blastocyst implantation. The lengths of the pupping seasons at the 18 largest captive colonies were significantly correlated to those estimated by the photoperiod model. Hence, the phenology of birth in this species is defined by photoperiod.
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC SEASONALITY ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE PRIBILOF NORTHERN FUR SEAL
Authors: Trites Andrew W. , Antonelis George A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWeather conditions recorded from 1956 to 1986 on St. Paul Island, Alaska, were probed to establish their influence upon the northern fur seal's life cycle (Callorhinus ursinus). Air temperatures, wind speeds, and relative humidity levels were seasonally decomposed and compared with the timing of pupping and migration. Most pups are born in early July when air temperatures and relative humidity approach their highest annual levels and wind speeds are at their lowest. Weather conditions favor growth and survival of pups from July to September but are unfavorable in June. A rapid deterioration in weather through October and November corresponds with the fall migration of pups and lactating females. The data suggest the pivotal event in the fur seal's life cycle is the timing of birth and survival of nursing pups. As such, the ultimate determinant of the precisely timed fur seal life cycle appears to be climatic seasonality during the breeding season.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICAN FUR SEALS and THE PURSE‐SEINE FISHERY
Authors: Wickens Patti 
Published: August 2006

AbstractOperational interactions occur between South African (Cape) fur seals and the purse‐seine fishery in South Africa. Seals eat fish from the nets but the main concern is the activity of seals causing fish to sound, resulting in loss, or partial loss of the catch. Detectable loss occurs on approximately 5% of hauls. In addition to this, smaller quantities may be lost on each haul as seals depress the net float line while moving into and out of the net. The cost of seal interference is difficult to quantify because the mass of fish lost is not known, and the loss is essentially one of additional fishing time required to fill the total allowable catch for the fishery. An estimate of the cost is calculated as between 1.6% and 4.1% of the landed value of the fishery. Some seals are killed by fishermen when they pose a potential threat to the safety of the crew aboard, and some may drown if caught in the net or pump. Overall this is probably fewer than a thousand seals per year. It is also known that if seals are thought to be disturbing the fish, these seals near the nets may be deliberately killed by purse‐seine fishermen. Overall this mortality, whether deliberate or incidental, is probably negligible in terms of the population size of South African fur seals.
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN CAPTIVE HARBOR SEALS (PHOCA VITULINA)
Authors: Nielsen Jens 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPeripheral blood was collected from 13 captive seals (12 harbor seals and 1 gray seal) of various ages to study different immunological and hematological parameters. In vitro mitogenic reactivity of blood lymphocytes was measured by means of a microculture lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). After stimulation with different doses of the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), all examined seals showed significant proliferative responses to each mitogen. Furthermore, mitogenic reactivity significantly decreased with animal age suggesting this parameter of seal lymphocyte function is age‐related. The present experiments support that the LTT is a suitable tool to monitor the functional capacity of seal lymphocytes. By means of the erythrocyte‐rosette (E:‐rosette) test it was demonstrated that a subpopulation of mononuclear seal bloosd leucocytes formed rosettes with sheep red blood cells (Srbc). This observation indicates that the phenomenon probably represents a marker for T lymphocytes in the seal as in several other mammalian species. Furthermore, the percentage of Srbc rosette‐forming cells decreased with the age of the animals. Total blood leucocyte counts and differential leucocyte counts were determined by light microscopy. The number of leucocytes varied considerably among individual animals. Parallel to a significant decline of the percentage of lymphocytes with age, a corresponding increase in the percentage of neutrophils was demonstrated. In all of the seals, the percentages of monocytes and eosinophils were found to be low with only minor individual variation. The LTT and the E‐rosette test are suggested as potential tools to elucidate immunological disorders in the seal.
IDENTIFICATION OF WHALE SPECIES BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SARCOPLASMIC PROTEINS
Authors: Ukishima Yoshiyuki , Sakane Yumiko , Fukuda Akira , Wada Shiro , Okada Shoji 
Published: August 2006

AbstractLiquid chromatography (LC) was applied to identify whale species by analyzing water‐soluble sarcoplasmic proteins in skeletal muscles. Twenty‐five samples from four baleen whale species (fin whale, sei whale, Bryde's whale, and minke whale) and eight toothed whale species (sperm whale, Baird's beaked whale, short‐finned pilot whale, Dall's porpoise, northern right whale dolphin, Pacific white‐sided dolphin, common dolphin, and striped dolphin) were analyzed. Water‐soluble sarcoplasmic proteins were extracted from each sample and analyzed using a UV‐VIS spectrophotometric detector at 280 nm and a pho‐todiode array detector. The chromatographic profiles of each sample showed distinctive qualitative and quantitative characteristics for each whale species, making species identification possible. A photodiode array detector was useful for further accurate identification of whale species by obtaining the absorption spectra of separated protein peaks. These results suggest that the LC method is readily applicable to rapid, simple, and reliable identification of whale species.
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIABILITY OF STRIPED DOLPHINS (STENELLA COERULEOALBA) IN THE SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN WATERS
Authors: Garcia‐Martinez J. , Barrio E. , Raga J. A. , Latorre A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFrozen muscle samples from 44 striped dolphins stranded on the Spanish Mediterranean coasts from 1990 to 1993 have been studied by means of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction site analysis. Thirty‐five of these dolphins were affected by a die‐off occurring during this time in the western Mediterranean Sea. The mtDNA from each dolphin was digested with 15 restriction endonucleases that recognized 61 different restriction sites. The specific location of these sites on the mitochondrial gene map allowed us to determine the distribution of variability along this molecule. From the restriction analysis, a total of 15 different composite patterns or haplotypes was obtained and their phylogenetic relationships established both by cladistic and phenetic methods.Estimates of sequence divergence among the 15 haplotypes ranged from 0.148% to 0.919%. Haplotype diversity (average heterozygosity) obtained was 0.789, a high value compared to other available data on cetaceans, especially considering that only a small area of the distribution of the species has been sampled. Neither population subdivision nor any evidence of correlation between haplotype frequencies and temporal or geographic distribution of dolphins has been detected.
VENTILATORY RATE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SURFACE‐FEEDING AND NON‐SURFACE‐FEEDING FIN WHALES (BALAENOPTERA PHYSALUS) IN THE WATERS OFF EASTERN LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, U.S.A., 1981–1987
Authors: Kopelman Arthur H. , Sadove Samuel S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObservations of feeding and ventilatory behavior of individual fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus)were made from various vessels during the months of May–September, 1981–1987, in the waters off eastern Long Island, N.Y., U.S.A. Intervals between blows were measured and recorded to the nearest second. Information about behavior was recorded, as were location, depth, and surface temperature at sounding dives. Animals observed feeding at the surface were noted as such, ail others were considered non‐surface‐feeding animals. Data were compiled by individual, month, year, and analyzed for mean interblow interval during surface activity bouts; mean dive duration; and overall mean blow interval.Overall mean blow intervals (±SE) of 47.89 ± 0.81 set for surface‐feeding (n= 10,411), and 57.92 ±0.97 sec for non‐surface‐feeding animals (n= 11,024), differed significantly (Mann‐Whitney U, P < 0.001). Interblow intervals for surface activity bouts (±SE) of 12.29 ± 0.05 set for surface‐feeding (n= 7,894), and 13.58 ± 0.06 set, for non‐surface‐feeding animals (n = 8,187), also differed significantly (Mann‐Whitney U, P < 0.001), as did mean dive duration (159.53 ± 2.16 sec, n= 2,517, for surface‐feeding animals; 185.86 ± 2.53 set, n= 2,837, for non‐surface‐feeding animals). Yearly comparisons of blow intervals between surface‐feeding and non‐surface‐feeding animals during surface activity bouts yielded significant differences for each year except 1981, while comparisons of dive durations yielded significant differences for all years except 1981, 1982, and 1985.
MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTION IN MANATEES
Authors: Duignan Pádraig J. , House Carol , Walsh Michael T. , Campbell Terry , Bossart Gregory D. , Duffy Noel , Fernandes Peter J. , Rima Bert K. , Wright Scott , Geraci Joseph R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe first evidence of exposure of free‐ranging Florida manatees (Trichechus manatees latirostris) to a morbillivirus is reported. Blood samples were collected from 148 Florida manatees between 1977 and 1994. The sample included manatees that were under rehabilitation (n = 97), free‐ranging (n = 40) and fresh necropsy specimens (n = 11). Serum from six animals (4%) neutralized porpoise and dolphin morbilliviruses to a higher titer than any other member of the Morbillivirus genus. Antibodies were not detected in sera from 12 free‐ranging Antillean manatees (T. manatus manatus) from Guyana sampled in 1992 or from 12 hand‐reared Amazonian manatees (T. inunguis) sampled in 1984. Immunoprecipitation studies using radio‐labelled canine distemper virus protein and serum from Florida manatees showed precipitation of the nucleo‐capsid (N) protein. The combination of low antibody titers and absence of clinical disease suggest that the Florida manatee is a dead‐end host. Sporadic infection may occur following contact with another species in which infection is enzootic. Morbillivirus could, either by fatal infection or more insidious effects on the immune system or reproduction, pose a problem to this already threatened species.
LOW FREQUENCY NARROW‐BAND SOUNDS PRODUCED BY BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS
Authors: Schultz Ken W. , Cato Douglas H. , Corkeron Peter J. , Bryden M. M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe present a new sound type recorded from bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in eastern Australian waters: low‐frequency, narrow‐band (LFN) harmonic sounds (defined as less than 2 kHz). Most of these sounds were of frequencies less than 1 kHz and were recorded commonly from socializing dolphins. These sounds differ significantly from narrow‐band whistles, which are higher in frequency and longer in duration. The absence of these sounds in most studies of the acoustic behavior of bottlenose dolphins may reflect geographic differences in repertoires or result from insufficient sampling. Alternatively, these sounds may have been ignored where the focus of research was on other sound types.
ACCLIMATION TO CAPTIVITY: A QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATE BASED ON SURVIVAL OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS AND CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS
Authors: Small Robert J. , Demaster Douglas P. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAn estimate of how long marine mammals need to acclimate to captivity would permit more precise comparisons of husbandry practices, yet no quantitative analysis of acclimation has been performed. Therefore, we estimated the duration of acclimation to captivity for bottlenose dolphins (BD) and California sea lions (CSL) by comparing 5‐d survival rates during the first 90 d of captivity with a survival rate based on days 91‐365 in captivity. Wild‐born BD (n = 1,270) and CSL (n = 1,650) acclimate to captivity in approximately 35 and 40 d, respectively, whereas captive born BD (n = 332) and CSL (n = 992) acclimate in approximately 50 and 40 d, respectively. When transferred between two institutions, BD (n = 911) acclimated in the same amount of time (45 d) as when first transferred from the wild, whereas transferred CSL (n = 336) acclimated more rapidly (15 VJ. 40 d) than when first transferred from the wild. Based on results from these two species, a 60‐d acclimation period is recognized as a distinct interval of relatively high mortality that should be treated separately from long‐term survival estimates when evaluating husbandry practices of ocean‐aria and zoos.
STUDY OF VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION IN CAPTIVE NORTHERN FUR SEALS (CALLORHINUS URSINUS) AND ITS EFFECT ON SERUM VITAMIN E
Authors: Mazzaro Lisa M. , Dunn J. Lawrence , Furr Harold C. , Clark Richard M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to determine the effect of vitamin A supplementation on serum vitamin E in adult female northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). In the first experiment five animals received, in addition to their routine dietary multivitamin supplement, a high‐level vitamin A supplement (53 μmol retinyl palmitate/d) for 30 d. Five seals consuming their routine dietary supplement served as controls. Serum vitamin E decreased significantly in animals receiving high‐level vitamin A supplements. At the end of 30 d serum vitamin E averaged 18.6 μg/mL in the control animals and 13.4 μg/mL in the animals receiving the high‐Ieve1 vitamin A supplement. In experiment 2 ten animals received the high level vitamin A supplement for 60 d. After 30 d, serum vitamin E levels were reduced, but by 60 d had returned to baseline levels. However, the ratio of serum vitamin E to phospholipid, another index of vitamin E status, remained decreased. Although the exact mechanism of interaction is unknown, this study shows that when providing vitamin supplements for captive pinnipeds, vitamin interactions must be considered. The vitamin A supplementation currently used by some institutions seems unnecessary and may have detrimental effects on vitamin E status.
COUNTS OF GROWTH LAYER GROUPS IN CEMENTUM AND DENTINE IN RINGED SEALS (PHOCA HISPIDA)
Authors: Stewart Robert E. A. , Stewart Barbara E. , Stirling Ian , Street Elaine 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe compared counts of growth layer groups (GLGs) in the dentine of un‐decalcified, unstained cross‐sections and in the cementum of decalcified, stained longitudinal sections of canine teeth from 144 ringed seals (Phoca hispida). Although there was a statistically significant correlation until approximately 10 GLGs, about 75% of paired readings at ≤ 10 cementum GLGs disagreed. After 10 GLGs, the number of GLGs in the cementum usually was greater. The maximum GLG count in cementum was 33, compared to a maximum in dentine of only 19. Interobserver differences in median counts were not statistically significant using cementum or dentine counts. Regression analysis revealed that for cementum in female seals, readers differed at higher counts (P < 0.05),andfor dentine, there was a constant difference of about 0.6 GLGs (P< 0.05) for male seals and 1.1 GLGs (P< 0.05) for female seals. Counting GLGs in the cementum of decalcified and stained longitudinal sections provided higher counts and more agreement between readers,andit was the better of the methods examined for ageing ringed seals.
SPERM WHALE PHYLOGENY REVISITED: ANALYSIS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Heyning John E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSome recent analyses of three mitochondrial DNA regions suggest that sperm whales are the sister group to baleen whales and, therefore, the suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales) constitutes a paraphyletic group. I cladistically analyzed the available morphological data, including that from relevant fossil taxa, for all families of extant cetaceans to test this hypothesis. The results of this analysis unambiguously support a monophyletic Odontoceti including the sperm whales. All synapomorphies that support the Odontoceti node are decisive, not related to the evolution of highly correlated characters, and provide the same result regardless of what order of mammals is used as an outgroup. These numerous, anatomically diverse, and unambiguous characters make this clade one of the best‐supported higher‐level groupings among mammals. In addition, the fossil evidence refutes a sperm whale/baleen whale clade. Both the molecular and morphological data produce the same unrooted tree. The improper rooting of the molecular tree appears to be producing these seemingly incongruent phylogenies.
SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS IN THE KVARNERIĆ (NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA)
Authors: Bearzi Giovanni , Notarbartolo‐DI‐Sciara Giuseppe , Politi Elena 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA bottlenose dolphin community was studied from small inflatable craft from 1987 to 1994 in a relatively large area (about 800 km2) east of the islands of Loˇsinj and Cres, northern Adriatic Sea. A total of 106 individuals were photoidentified based on natural permanent marks on their dorsal fins. Most of the dolphins were resighted on a regular basis, indicating a high level of year‐round site fidelity, although their range was evidently greater than the chosen study area. Dolphin density was highly variable and considerably lower than for most well‐known bottlenose dolphin communities. Groups averaged seven individuals, with a mode of two. Groups entirely composed of adults were the smallest, groups with calves the largest. Group fluidity was high, seasonal and yearly changes in mean group size being also considerable. Summer was the peak calving season, with a striking variation in the number of births on alternate years. Poor evidence of shark predation was found. The social organization of this dolphin community seemed to be highly flexible, possibly as an adaptation to cope with environmental changes as well as with a limited and variable availability of prey.
EVALUATION OF AN EFFECTIVE METHOD TO ESTIMATE AGE OF CAPE FUR SEALS USING GROUND TOOTH SECTIONS
Authors: Oosthuizen Wessel H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTeeth of known‐age Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus were used to validate age estimated from ground sections. In the canines, dentine growth layer groups (GLGs) reflected age accurately but no reliable readings could be obtained from GLGs in the cementum. Upper canines were the most suitable for age estimation. By contrast, in the postcanines where the cementum is thicker, only GLGs in the cementum could be used for age determination, but not with the same accuracy as for dentine in the canines. Therefore, it is recommended that GLGs in the dentine be used to determine age in the Cape fur seal. However, pulp cavities in canines closed at about 13 yr and consequently GLGs in the cementum of the postcanines should be used where the pulp cavities of canines are closed. Accurate estimation of age is not possible from the dentine of older animals.