bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D dust radiative transfer simulations in the inhomogeneous interstellar medium
Authors: Perez E. Vidal , Baes M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe study of dusty discs is an important topic in astrophysics, as they seem to be abundant around different objects and are related to different phenomena. In this poster we present 3D radiative transfer simulations of T Tauri type discs with an inhomogeneous dust distribution to investigate the effect of a clumpy medium on the dust temperature distribution. Our initial results indicate that the structure of the dust temperature distribution is rather insensitive to the structure of the ISM, but nevertheless we find a clear and systematic dependence on the parameters describing the structure of the clumpiness of the dust medium.
Alfvén waves damping in protostellar disks providing a way to expand the action of the magneto-rotational instability
Authors: Vidotto A. A. , Jatenco-Pereira V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn order for the magneto-rotational instability to take place, we need a sufficiently ionized disk. Here, we study, besides viscous dissipation, another heating mechanism for the disk that involves the damping of Alfvén waves due to its interaction with dust grains.
HST ACS/HRC imaging of the intergalactic HII regions in NGC 1533
Authors: Werk J. K. , Putman M. E. , Meurer G. R. , Ryan-Weber E. V. , Oey M. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIntergalactic HII regions, far from the confines of a galactic disk, represent a mode of star formation in low-density gas outside of galaxies. The figure below (left) shows an R-band continuum image of NGC 1533 from the SINGG Hα survey (Meurer et al. 2006) overlaid with HI contours and the location of three intergalactic HII regions discovered by Ryan-Weber et al. (2004). The HI contours are 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2 and 4.0 ×1020 cm−2 and have a resolution of ~1′. ACS/HRC images of the intergalactic HII regions (right) are composites of UV, V, and I bands. The half-light radii of the clusters associated with regions 1, 2, and 5 are 24.7, 21.7, and 17.0 pc, respectively, at the distance to NGC 1533 (21 Mpc; Tonry et al. 2001). Assuming a Salpeter IMF with Mup = 100, Hα/UV ratios indicate a small number of ionizing O stars relative to the total number of UV-emitting O and B stars. These young (4-6 Myr), intergalactic stellar populations lend valuable insight to our understanding of the methods by which star formation is triggered and may even represent the first episodes of star formation in emerging galaxies.
Inferring the nature of turbulence in star-forming regions with polarimetric observations
Authors: Wiebe D. , Watson W. D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe consider the possibility to study the nature of MHD turbulence in star-forming regions with three different kinds of polarimetric data, namely, the linear polarization of starlight due to extinction by aligned dust grains, the polarized dust thermal radiation at far infrared or submillimeter wavelengths, and the linear polarization of molecular lines due to the Goldreich-Kylafis effect in the anisotropic MHD medium.
Chandra and Spitzer observations of young clusters
Authors: Wolk S. J. , Spitzbart B. D. , Bourke T. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe combination of spatial and spectral resolution allow us to use Chandra in the study regions of massive star formation which had been inaccessible even from the ground until the last decade. IRAC and MIPS data from Spitzer can be combined with the X–ray data to provide insight into the presence of a disk and the activity of the star. The total package allows us to better understand the evolution of the clusters. We have an ongoing program to study several young star forming clusters including distant clusters between 1-3 kpc which support O stars, RCW 38, NGC 281 and RCW 108 and well as clusters within a kpc including IRAS 20050+2720 and NGC 1579, which is a small cluster centered on the Be star LkHα101 and is of uncertain distance although the X-ray data help us refine the current distance estimates. Given the space constraints we only discuss RCW 108 below.
HD simulations of super star cluster winds
Authors: Wünsch R. , Palouš J. , Tenorio-Tagle G. , Silich S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe numerically model winds driven by super star clusters (SSC) using the hydrodynamic code ZEUS with the new radiative cooling procedure. The importance of cooling on the wind dynamics depends on the properties of the central cluster: the energy and mass deposition rates Lsc and Ṁsc, and the cluster radius Rsc. Low mass clusters behave adiabatically, and their winds are well described by the solution of Chevalier & Clegg (1985). However, for larger Lsc and Ṁsc and/or smaller Rsc, cooling becomes important, and the wind enters the radiative regime in which the wind temperature quickly drops to 104 K at a small distance away from the cluster (Silich et al., 2004). There is no stationary wind solution for very energetic and compact clusters. This is expressed by the line of the critical luminosity Lcrit shown by the left panel as a function of Rsc.In the case of SSC above the threshold line, the stagnation point Rst appears inside the cluster. It splits the cluster volume into two parts: the outer one with r > Rst where the wind velocity is always positive, and the inner one r < Rst where it has a complicated time-dependent profile. The mass inserted into the outer region leaves the cluster in a form of quasi-stationary wind, while most of the mass from the inner region either accumulates there or passes the inner boundary and eventually feeds further star formation. The middle figure shows that the stagnation point Rst asymptotically approaches the cluster radius Rsc with the increasing Lsc.The right figure summarises several of our calculations for a cluster with an Rsc = 10 pc. It shows the amount of the mass Ṁout outflowing from the cluster depending on Lsc. It can be seen that Ṁout grows with Lsc following the power-law fit of the simulations Ṁout ≈ Lsc0.54. However, the fraction of the outflowing mass to the total mass deposited by the cluster Ṁsc decreases with Lsc from 100% for Lsc = Lcrit to several percent for Lsc = 5 × 1044 erg s−1.
Synthetic observations of turbulent flows in diffuse multiphase interstellar medium
Authors: Yamada Masako , Koyama H. , Omukai K. , Inutsuka S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe examined observational characteristics of multi-phase turbulent flows in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) by calculating atomic and molecular carbon lines. Radiation field maps of C+, C0, and CO line emissions were generated by calculating the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (nonLTE) level populations and high resolution hydrodynamic simulations of diffuse ISM. By analyzing synthetic line emission, we found a high ratio between the lines of high- and low-excitation energies in the diffuse multi-phase interstellar medium. Our results shows that simultaneous observations of the lines of warm- and cold-gas tracers will be useful in examining the thermal structure, and hence the origin of diffuse interstellar clouds.
Effects of methyl β‐cyclodextrin on EDHF responses in pig and rat arteries; association between SKCa channels and caveolin‐rich domains
Authors: Absi M , Burnham M P , Weston A H , Harno E , Rogers M , Edwards G 
Published: April 2007

Background and purpose:The small and intermediate conductance, Ca2+‐sensitive K+ channels (SKCa and IKCa, respectively) which are pivotal in the EDHF pathway may be differentially activated. The importance of caveolae in the functioning of IKCa and SKCa channels was investigated.Experimental approach:The effect of the caveolae‐disrupting agent methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MβCD) on IKCa and SKCa localization and function was determined.Key results:EDHF‐mediated, SKCa‐dependent myocyte hyperpolarizations evoked by acetylcholine in rat mesenteric arteries (following blockade of IKCa with TRAM‐34) were inhibited by MβCD. Hyperpolarizations evoked by direct SKCa channel activation (using NS309 in the presence of TRAM‐34) were also inhibited by MβCD, an effect reversed by cholesterol. In contrast, IKCa‐dependent hyperpolarizations (in the presence of apamin) were unaffected by MβCD. Similarly, in porcine coronary arteries, EDHF‐mediated, SKCa‐dependent (but not IKCa‐dependent) endothelial cell hyperpolarizations evoked by substance P were inhibited by MβCD. In mesenteric artery homogenates subjected to sucrose‐density centrifugation, caveolin‐1 and SK3 (SKCa) proteins but not IK1 (IKCa) protein migrated to the buoyant, caveolin‐rich fraction. MβCD pretreatment redistributed caveolin‐1 and SK3 proteins into more dense fractions. In immunofluorescence images of porcine coronary artery endothelium, SK3 (but not IK1) and caveolin‐1 were co‐localized. Furthermore, caveolin‐1 immunoprecipitates prepared from native porcine coronary artery endothelium contained SK3 but not IK1 protein.Conclusions and Implications:These data provide strong evidence that endothelial cell SKCa channels are located in caveolae while the IKCa channels reside in a different membrane compartment. These studies reveal cellular organisation as a further complexity in the EDHF pathway signalling cascade.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 332–340; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707222
Expression of Concern: Protective role of PI3‐kinase‐Akt‐eNOS signalling pathway in intestinal injury associated with splanchnic artery occlusion shock
Authors: Roviezzo F , Cuzzocrea S , Di Lorenzo A , Brancaleone V , Mazzon E , Di Paola R , Bucci M , Cirino G 
Published: April 2007

Background and purpose:Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is a dynamic enzyme tightly controlled by co‐ and post‐translational lipid modifications, phosphorylation and regulated by protein‐protein interactions. Here we have pharmacologically modulated the activation of eNOS, at different post‐translational levels, to assess the role of eNOS‐derived NO and of these regulatory mechanisms in intestinal injury associated with splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock.Experimental approach:SAO shock was induced by clamping both the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac trunk for 45 min followed by 30 min of reperfusion. During ischemia, 15 min prior to reperfusion, mice were given geldanamycin, an inhibitor of hsp90 recruitment to eNOS, or LY‐294002 an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K), an enzyme that initiates Akt–catalysed phosphorylation of eNOS on Ser1179. After 30 min of reperfusion, samples of ileum were taken for histological examination or for biochemical studies.Key results:Either LY‐294002 or geldanamycin reversed the increased activation of eNOS and Akt observed following SAO shock. These molecular effects were mirrored in vivo by an exacerbation of the intestinal damage. Histological damage also correlated with neutrophil infiltration, assessed as myeloperoxidase activity, and with an increased expression of the adhesion proteins: ICAM‐I, VCAM, P‐selectin and E‐selectin.Conclusions and implications:Overall these results suggest that activation of the Akt pathway in ischemic regions of reperfused ileum is a protective event, triggered in order to protect the intestinal tissue from damage induced by ischaemia/reperfusion through a fine tuning of the endothelial NO pathway.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 377–383; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707233
More PKA independent β‐adrenergic signalling via cAMP: Is Rap1‐mediated glucose uptake in vascular smooth cells physiologically important?
Authors: Jensen J 
Published: April 2007

The proteome characterising a specific cell type makes up a unique intracellular signalling network and signalling has to be studied in a cell specific manner. β‐Adrenergic receptors are coupled to production of cAMP and PKA was initially believed to be the only protein activated by cAMP. However, cAMP‐mediated signalling via Epac and Rap1 has emerged as an important contributor to cAMP signalling. In the current issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Kanda and Watanabe report that adrenaline stimulates glucose uptake in vascular smooth muscle cells. With pharmacological methods, supplemented with small interfering RNA against Rap1, the authors demonstrate that adrenaline increases glucose uptake via Gs, adenylate cyclase, cAMP and Rap1 activation. The authors could document neither PKA nor Epac as the receptor for cAMP mediating the effect. Although there is no doubt that Rap1 mediates adrenaline‐stimulated glucose uptake in vascular smooth muscle cells, it may be too early to exclude PKA and Epac.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 423–425; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707248
Rules, institutions, and North's institutionalism: state and market in early modern England
Authors: Carruthers Bruce G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDouglass North's influential institutional analysis argues that political institutions affect economic institutions, which influence economic growth. His definition of institutions assumes that rules function as constraints, and leads to an interpretation of capital market growth after the Glorious Revolution as resulting from new political constraints on the Crown. This definition is too restrictive, however. It fails to acknowledge the generative function of rules, and so overlooks other connections between political and economic institutions. I revisit the case of early modern England to show how new political rules generated new forms of economic action that accelerated capital market growth.
The emergence and growth of an improbable laboratory in economics and management: the case of BETA
Authors: Cohendet Patrick , Llerena Patrick 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of this contribution is to trace the process by which such an improbable research unit, the BETA at the University Louis Pasteur, has emerged and grown and to stress the interesting outcomes. The paper can be read as a case study on the emergence and development of a ‘knowledge creating community’. Such an analysis requires the understanding of the micro‐dynamics of the complex co‐evolution between four different elements in the production of research: small epistemic communities as active units of production of specialised knowledge in different domains of economics and management, the lab as a research institution, the University as the locus of collective representation, and key individuals as boundary spanners. In particular, the analysis of this evolution reveals the importance of the earliest stages of the collective effort that necessitates the interaction and coordination of dispersed actors. From these interactions progressively emerged a coherent unit of production of knowledge with shared codes, a common ‘code‐book’, and shared experiences. The real recognition of the lab as an institution came much later (recognition by the French CNRS ‐ 1985). From this moment, the lab as an institution had to show its capability to sustain both cumulative progress and some turnover of personnel.
Analysis of the Clinical Variables Associated with Recrudescence after Malignant Hyperthermia Reactions
Authors: Burkman James M. , Posner Karen L. , Domino Karen B. 
Published: April 2007

Background
Some patients develop recrudescence after a malignant hyperthermia (MH) reaction, but it is not clear which patients are at risk. The authors analyzed clinical variables associated with recrudescence after a clinical MH episode.

Methods
Data were obtained from Adverse Metabolic Reaction to Anesthesia reports in the North American Malignant Hyperthermia Registry. Patients who underwent general anesthesia and with an MH clinical grading score of 20 or greater, indicating a likely MH reaction, were included in this analysis. Patient characteristics, anesthetic agents, MH reaction clinical details, and postoperative outcomes were compared in the recrudescence and no recrudescence groups using chi-square tests and Z tests for categorical variables and the Student t test for continuous variables. Associations of clinical variables with recrudescence were assessed with univariate and multivariate logistic regression.

Results
Of 308 patients, 63 (20%) had recrudescence. The mean time from initial reaction to recrudescence was 13 h (SD = 13 h). Patients with recrudescence were more likely to have a muscular body type (P < 0.01), malignant hyperthermia score of 35 or greater (P < 0.01), a temperature increase (P < 0.01), and more than 150 min from induction to adverse reaction (P < 0.05). Muscular body type, a temperature increase, and a longer time from induction to initial malignant hyperthermia reaction were associated with recrudescence on multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions
Recrudescence occurred in 20% of patients. Muscular body types had a higher rate of recrudescence, perhaps associated with increased muscle mass. The risk of recrudescence increased as time from induction to the initial MH reaction increased, perhaps as a result of greater muscle exposure to triggering agents.
Evaluating Teamwork in a Simulated Obstetric Environment
Authors: Morgan Pamela J. , Pittini Richard , Regehr Glenn , Marrs Carol , Haley Michèle F. 
Published: April 2007

Background
The National Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths identified "lack of communication and teamwork" as a leading cause of substandard obstetric care. The authors used high-fidelity simulation to present obstetric scenarios for team assessment.

Methods
Obstetric nurses, physicians, and resident physicians were repeatedly assigned to teams of five or six, each team managing one of four scenarios. Each person participated in two or three scenarios with differently constructed teams. Participants and nine external raters rated the teams' performances using a Human Factors Rating Scale (HFRS) and a Global Rating Scale (GRS). Interrater reliability was determined using intraclass correlations and the Cronbach alpha. Analyses of variance were used to determine the reliability of the two measures, and effects of both scenario and rater profession (R.N. vs. M.D.) on scores. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to compare external with self-generated assessments.

Results
The average of nine external rater scores showed good reliability for both HFRS and GRS; however, the intraclass correlation coefficients for a single rater was low. There was some effect of rater profession on self-generated HFRS but not on GRS. An analysis of profession-specific subscores on the HFRS revealed no interaction between profession of rater and profession being rated. There was low correlation between externally and self-generated team assessments.

Conclusions
This study does not support the use of the HFRS for assessment of obstetric teams. The GRS shows promise as a summative but not a formative assessment tool. It is necessary to develop a domain specific behavioral marking system for obstetric teams.
Submandible Angle in Nonobese Patients with Difficult Tracheal Intubation
Authors: Suzuki Noriko , Isono Shiroh , Ishikawa Teruhiko , Kitamura Yuji , Takai Yujiro , Nishino Takashi 
Published: April 2007

Background
Although functional immobility of craniofacial structures during direct laryngoscopy may cause difficult tracheal intubation (DTI), there may be an unfavorable specific craniofacial feature for successful tracheal intubation. The aim of this study was to identify the specific craniofacial features associated with DTI.

Methods
Digital photographs of nonobese patients with DTI (23 males and 18 females) and age- and body mass index-matched patients with easy tracheal intubation (ETI) (16 males and 16 females) were taken and used for measurements of various craniofacial dimensions. Composite facial pictures of each patient group were constructed for visualization of differences of the craniofacial features.

Results
Mandible position angle was significantly smaller in DTI males than in male patients with ETI. Submandible angle was significantly larger in both male and female DTI patients than in patients with ETI. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the submandible angle was a significant and independent variable associated with DTI among the craniofacial dimensions for both sexes. The specific craniofacial features were visually more evident in the profile in than frontal composites.

Conclusion
Increased submandible angle characterizes craniofacial features of patients with DTI.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Propofol Microemulsion and Lipid Emulsion after an Intravenous Bolus and Variable Rate Infusion
Authors: Kim Kye-Min , Choi Byung-Moon , Park Si-Won , Lee Soo-Han , Christensen Lane V. , Zhou Jiaye , Yoo Byung-Hoon , Shin Hye-Won , Bae Kyun-Seop , Kern Steven E. , Kang Sung-Hong , Noh Gyu-Jeong 
Published: April 2007

Background
The aim of this trial was to evaluate the induction and recovery characteristics of microemulsion propofol (Aquafol; Daewon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea). Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety profile were investigated. Lipid emulsion propofol (Diprivan; AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom) was used as a comparator.

Methods
Thirty-one healthy volunteers aged 20-79 yr were given an intravenous bolus of propofol 2 mg/kg, followed by variable rate infusion for 60 min. Each volunteer was studied twice with different formulations at an interval of 1 week. Arterial concentrations of propofol were measured, and Bispectral Index was used as a surrogate measure of propofol effect. The induction and recovery characteristics including bioequivalence were evaluated by noncompartmental analysis. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were investigated using a population approach with mixed effects modeling. The rate, severity, and causal relation of adverse events were analyzed.

Results
Both formulations were bioequivalent. The observed time to peak effect after a bolus of both formulations was 1.5 min. Plasma concentration of propofol at loss of consciousness, time to loss of consciousness after a bolus, and time to recovery of consciousness after discontinuation of infusion did not show significant differences. The population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics revealed a variety of differences between two formulations. Aquafol showed similar safety profile to Diprivan.

Conclusions
The efficacy and safety of Aquafol were not different from those of Diprivan within the dose range in this study.
Scopolamine Prevents Dreams during General Anesthesia
Authors: Toscano Adelchi , Pancaro Carlo , Peduto Vito Aldo 
Published: April 2007

Background
Dreaming during anesthesia is not a well-understood phenomenon. Anticholinergic drugs are used in anesthesia as premedication, but their use to decrease the incidence of dreams and psychological adverse reactions after anesthesia is not well established. The authors therefore studied the efficacy of intramuscular atropine and scopolamine for the prevention of dreams during general anesthesia with propofol and nitrous oxide.

Methods
Healthy women undergoing minor gynecologic surgery were randomly assigned to receive 2.5 microg/kg scopolamine or 10 microg/kg atropine intramuscularly (n = 50/group). In both groups, anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol as a 2.5-mg/kg bolus, followed by 12 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) as a continuous infusion and 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Two interviews regarding dreaming activity and characteristics were conducted at 20 min and 6 h after surgery.

Results
None of the patients in the scopolamine group and 47% of the patients in the atropine group reported the occurrence of dreams 20 min after recovery. The results were similar at 6 h: 6% of the scopolamine group and 43% of the atropine group reported dream activity. No differences in sedation or anesthetic requirements were found.

Conclusions
Previous studies in animals and humans suggest that dreams are affected by drugs acting on the central cholinergic system. The current results suggest that intramuscular scopolamine prevents dreams or dream recall in healthy young women undergoing short elective surgery with propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia.