bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women Writers
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The anti-suffrage cause was very fortunate in its women writers. Opponents of votes for women included many of the best-selling female novelists of the day and a number of prominent women writers on social issues. This chapter considers the relationship between women writers and women readers, and the role of the New Woman as a late 19th-century literary icon. The novels of Charlotte Yonge, Eliza Lynn Linton, Mary Ward, and Marie Corelli are discussed in relation to these authors' anti-suffrage beliefs, and their fears of the deeper threat which suffragism posed to gender relations and the established social order. The same writers' journalism frequently spelt out such threats in lurid detail. The final section of the chapter returns to issues of social service and social reform. Some anti-suffrage reformers made their impact upon social thinking through their writings as well as through social action, including Octavia Hill, Beatrice Webb, and Florence Bell.
The Women's National Anti‐Suffrage League
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The Women's National Anti-Suffrage League (WNASL) was launched in July 1908 to counter a new threat of imminent female enfranchisement. As a Women's League, it was developed on the basis of anti-suffrage views and traditions of female activism which extended back to the 1889 Appeal. During the two years of its independent existence, the WNASL formed over a hundred local branches, published leaflets and the monthly Anti-Suffrage Review, gathered hundreds of thousands of petition signatures, and achieved recognition from a sympathetic Prime Minister. It also began to organize its own local government activities so as to underline the existence of positive alternatives to the parliamentary franchise. The chapter analyzes these developments, concluding that the WNASL deserves to be understood on its own terms rather than merely as a precursor of the mixed-sex National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage (1910-18).
A Retrospective View of Failure
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This final chapter weighs up the extent to which anti-suffrage hopes of protecting and reinforcing distinctive gender roles were matched by developments in public life in the inter-war years. The post-war careers of former anti-suffrage leaders illustrate their new opportunities for gendered public service. Gender continuity and change are evaluated in relation to parliamentary politics and government, before turning to the evolution of the non-political women's movement. This retrospective survey prepares the way for conclusions on the women anti-suffragists' long-term historical importance. Women leaders were always at the heart of organized anti-suffragism. Their role was often distinctive and sometimes creative. Anti-suffragism was a women's social cause, and found widespread support within the British women's movement as well as among the female public. The histories of suffragism and anti-suffragism are closer than has often been assumed. Though anti-suffrage women failed to hold back democracy, they succeeded in giving voice to important currents of conservative opinion.
Escape-Tragedies
Authors: Wright Matthew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the critical reception of the escape-tragedies in 19th- and 20th-century scholarship. The plays have often been thought ‘un-tragic’ for various reasons. The chapter explores exactly what it means to say that a play is, or is not, ‘tragic’, and examines how and in what ways genre has affected scholarly understanding of the plays. A case is made for reading Helen, Andromeda, and Iphigenia as a connected trilogy.
Afterword
Authors: Wright Matthew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis short conclusion sums up the argument of the book as a whole. It repeats the view that the escape-tragedies are a trilogy, or at least a thematically connected group of plays very closely linked. It is argued that the escape-tragedies are in fact ‘tragic’ in not only a historical, Greek sense of the word, but also in a looser, ahistorical sense: they are profoundly dark, pessimistic plays which raise awful questions about human life.
2 Philosophy and the Gospel
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores three related claims made by Torrance, and shows the way in which they are related to his fundamental assumptions about the relation between early Christianity and Hellenistic philosophy and the way in which Gregory of Nazianzus differs from the other two Cappadocians. The first claim is that Gregory of Nazianzus sees the three divine persons as ‘substantive relations’, whereas the other two Cappadocians see them as ‘modes of being’ (tropoi huparxeōs). Second is that for Basil and Gregory of Nyssa ousia is an ‘abstract’ and ‘impersonal’ concept. Thirdly, Torrance describes as ‘rather dualist’ the distinction which Basil and Gregory of Nyssa tend to draw between the transcendent unknowable ‘Being of God’ and ‘the uncreated energies of his self-revelation’. The chapter examines some other factors which influence Torrance's reading of Gregory of Nyssa, notably his reading of Cappadocian analogies and his response to debates in contemporary theology about the doctrine of the Trinity.
4 Reading Gregory of Nyssa's Trinitarian Theology
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents some suggestions about what the four readings of Gregory of Nyssa studied so far say about how Gregory is now read; to what extent these readings reflect developments in recent trinitarian theology, and to what extent they reflect ambiguities in Gregory's own thought. It argues that the four theologians (Torrance, Jenson, Zizioulas, and Brown) differ slightly in the extent to which they think the difference between East and West is merely one of perspective, or is a more substantial difference in theological concepts.
8 The Christian Life: Ethics
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Gregory sees his advice for the good life as springing from his conceptions of incarnation and salvation. If Gregory thinks that in Christ the human is not obliterated, but transformed, and if in salvation human nature in general will not be obliterated but transformed, then one would expect his ethics similarly to be aimed at the transformation, not the denial, suppression, or punishment of the material aspects of life. However, it must be admitted that some of his language about the soul turning away from the things of this world is very ambivalent. This chapter investigates how some contemporary commentators have reacted to it, and looks at some particular practical issues which have drawn writers' attention to Gregory's theology, notably those of the ascetic life, pilgrimage, and the ethical implications of his doctrine of creation and the Trinity. The chapter then considers what one might call the eschatological fulfilment of these ideas.
9 Reading Gregory of Nyssa on Christ, Salvation, and Human Transformation
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter offers some reflections on how Gregory is read, to what extent these readings reflect developments in recent theology and the study of patristics, and to what extent they reflect ambiguities in Gregory's own thought. Although the questions asked mirror those dealt with at the end of Part I, it is shown that while some answers demonstrate the same patterns of reading, other answers are strikingly different.
13 Macrina—in Life and in Letters
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The bond between Gregory of Nyssa an his sister, Macrina, as portrayed in On the Soul and the Resurrection and in The Life of Macrina, has been used by some modern writers as a kind of test to verify whether Gregory's real life attitudes toward women bear out his more theoretical advocacy of equality. Other modern authors have approached these texts more suspiciously — not so much reading in them evidence of Gregory's duplicity or androcentrism, as using them to demonstrate how, even in these apparently intimate pictures of a female life, the woman is a construct and is not allowed to speak for herself. This chapter examines a range of these accounts, beginning with the more straightforward ones, which use the texts as historical evidence for the life of a 4th-century ascetic woman and her relationship with her brother. It discusses the problems of such historical readings and then sets out various alternative and more literary readings.
15 Apophatic Theology as ‘Reaching out to What Lies Ahead’
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of Part IV of the book, which extends the discussion of Gregory of Nyssa's concept of epektasis which was begun in Chapter 7. From the perspective of theologians of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, who frequently question previous assumptions about the nature of theology and its relation to contemporary culture, the writings of Gregory are very interesting and attractive: not only did he write about the nature of God and the difficulty of knowing God, but he also wrote about the nature of language (both religious and non-religious) and its implications for the writing of theology. Furthermore, he, along with the other Cappadocian fathers, is quite clearly in his writings trying to negotiate a place for Christian theology in the late antique world: he develops various genres of theological writing, and thinks about the arenas of theological reflection and Christian action (monasteries and every day life). To him, the questions of what theology is and how it should be done are very live. The chapters in this part of the book focus on two readings of Gregory (from Scot Douglass and John Milbank) which set him alongside, or in the context of, writers such as Heidegger, Derrida, and Jean-Luc Marion.
16 God and Being: Beings and Language
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter deals with a reading of Gregory's apophaticism which is particularly focused on his philosophy of language. In his interpretation, Scot Douglass builds on the work of patristic scholars such as Mariette Can évet, Ekkehard Mühlenberg, and Alden Mosshammer; he brings to his analysis, however, a profound interest in post-Heideggerian philosophy and his approach assumes that Gregory still has profound and interesting things to say about the nature and purpose of theology. The chapter first outlines Douglass's account of Gregory's philosophy language. It then indicates how Douglass makes connections between this and the rest of Gregory's theology, in particular Gregory's notions of divine presence through revelation and incarnation; the specific nature of theological discourse and the nature of the soul's encounter with that of which it cannot speak. It then comments on the connections that Douglass draws between Gregory's theology and Heidegger, Derrida, and Marion and the conclusions he subsequently draws about the nature of theology as the Cappadocians saw it.
17 The Gift, Reciprocity, and the Word
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
John Milbank is not interested in an analysis of Cappadocian theology for its own sake. Rather, he is usually more interested in how Gregory fits into the a broader spectrum of Christian writers and to what extent those writers can answer the questions posed by the contemporary context. This chapter shows that although questions of the origin and nature of language do come into Milbank's analysis, his primary interest in Gregory revolves around the more basic questions of theological language — how is it possible to speak of that which is other? — and (especially) ontology — in what way are humans related to that which is other? In order to answer these questions, Milbank appeals to the notion of gift and, in particular, his own notion of gift as ‘purified gift-exchange’. It is argued that Milbank's reading of Gregory is best understood as the discovery (in the sense of an uncovering) of a theology of purified gift-exchange in a pre-modern writer. This background explains his focus on various elements in Gregory's theology (reputation, generation, growth, and embodiment), which he thinks are characterized by a particular notion of reciprocity.
Poland
Authors: Jasiewicz Krzysztof 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the development of political parties and the party system in post-communist Poland. Special attention is given to the ways in which elections, parliamentary and presidential, have contributed to the emergence and consolidation of political cleavages and the party system. Other factors, such as legislation, organizational structures, mass media, patterns of voting behaviour, and popular political attitudes, are discussed as well. Finally, the adequacy of the cartel party model in relation to Poland is assessed. The analysis focuses on the issue of the functionality of parties and the party system: have the unquestionable achievements of Poland in her democratic transition been generated within a political process in which parties played significant and functional role, or has Poland succeeded on the road to pluralist democracy despite her complex and confusing party system?
10 The Durability of the Party System in Chile
Authors: Angell Alan 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chilean parties have shown a remarkable capacity for survival after years of turbulent ideological polarization followed by a prolonged period of clandestine activity during the Pinochet dictatorship 1973-1990. This chapter argues that this is due to the deep historical and social roots of the parties; their capacity to represent most major social groups; and their efficiency as agents of government. A remarkable characteristic since the return to democracy in 1990 is the electoral success of the same coalition in every Presidential, Congressional, and Municipal election. This is explained because the centre-left coalition encompasses the majority of the electorate, because it is seen as the agent of democracy in the long struggle against dictatorship, and because of its sustained and impressive economic performance.
2 Late Christendom
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the wide-ranging role played by Christianity and the churches in Western societies in the 1940s and 1950s, and considers the limits of their influence and the new challenges which they were facing. The years of the Second World War and then of the cold war boosted the sense of Christian national identity in many Western countries. The church building boom was accompanied by a relatively brief surge in church-going, which was probably strongest in the middle classes and among students. However, the biggest problem faced by most of the churches was still the lack of involvement, or even alienation, of the working class.
5 Affluence
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter looks at the ways in which rising living standards and changes in family life affected religion, focusing mainly on England and France. It argues that the booming economies and the individual affluence of the ‘long 1960s’ had far-reaching effects on many aspects of life in Western societies, not least including religion. Countries that had previously been overwhelmingly Christian and Jewish were pushed in the direction of a growing religious pluralism by large-scale non-Christian immigration. Affluence weakened the position of Christianity and the churches in at least four other ways. Economic change in the countryside undermined the rural cultures which had often been strongholds of Catholicism. The burgeoning youth culture provided a host of new possibilities for adolescents, often drawing them away from the organizations provided and the values propagated by the churches. Collective identities and communal institutions of all kinds were weakened as the life of married couples focused on the home and the nuclear family, and as individuals claimed the right to live in their own way without outside interference. A more prosperous society could also afford to pay a growing number of trained professionals to take over many of the roles previously performed by priests, nuns, or voluntary religious workers.
6 New Worlds
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the emergence and spread of various counter-cultures in the 1960s. Counter-cultures began to emerge around 1965 in California's Bay Area, and quickly spread eastward, to New York, reaching London and Amsterdam in 1966, and eventually meeting in the Pacific in Sydney and Auckland. In the short run, the most obvious point was that large numbers of young people — as one aspect of a wider rebellion against conventional society — were breaking away from the churches in which they had been brought up. In the longer term, the more significant fact was that in breaking away they became open to a huge variety of new ideas, many of which were to have a continuing influence in the latter part of the century. Many of these apparently new ideas were actually quite old, but until the 1960s they had not been widely known.
10 From ‘Christian Country’ to ‘Civilized Society’
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of legal reforms in the in the 1960s and 1970s on religion. It argues that legal reforms mark an important stage in the decline of Christendom, and the move towards a pluralistic society, in which a range of contrasting moral standpoints have an accepted standing. The precise ways in which this happened varied between countries. In mainly Catholic countries, the issues of abortion and sometimes divorce brought an inevitable conflict between the church authorities and the proponents of reform. In mainly Protestant countries, the role of the churches was usually more complex and varied. But the overall result was to reject the idea that any one set of moral principles should be regarded as normative, and to seek viable compromises between the requisites of rival moralities.
11 The End of Christendom?
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the shift in public perceptions of the religious identity of Western societies during the ‘long 1960s’.It argues that whatever the real extent of change in popular belief and practice, most people believed that they were moving into a ‘pluralist’, ‘post-Christian’, or even ‘secular’ society. Some enthused; some were horrified; most simply regarded it as a fact. This was as much true in the United States as in Europe.
Conclusion
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This concluding chapter presents a summary of discussions in the preceding chapters, discussing the similarities and differences between these explanations and those offered by other writers. It contends that explanations for religious change in the 1960s must operate at three levels: the long-term preconditions, the effects of more immediate social changes, and the impact of specific events, movements, and personalities. In this respect, the methodology used in this study is closest to that of Alan Gilbert who, in The Making of Post-Christian Britain integrates a range of factors, some very long-term and others much more recent.
DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE HEALTH EVALUATION
Authors: GRANATH Sten , HELANDER Jan 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA medical, psychological and sociological study of 400 persons of various ages was carried out. The investigation was aimed at verifying frequent reports in the literature regarding the discrepancy between the health statements made by doctors about the patients' health and the patients' own statements of their health condition. The World Health Organization's definition of good health was used as a basis for the hypotheses to be tested. Factor analysis was used to analyse the results and the following conclusions were reached.

The nature of the doctor's health statements depend upon the patient's age and his psychological well being.
The patient's own statements about his health are similarly dependent upon age and psychological well being.

Therefore, discrepancies between the patients' and the doctor's statements are not attributable to differences in other variables examined in the study.
PROFESSIONAL ISOLATES IN NEW ZEALAND'S ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME1
Authors: TAYLOR A. J. W. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA comparison was made between 24 ‘professional isolates’ with a current practical interest in Antarctica and 19 other men from winter‐over parties at Scott Base. The results showed that the ‘professionals’ were the more self‐sufficient, but that both groups were composed of slightly introverted and well‐balanced individuals.
Non‐instructional correlates of student ratings: a brief review
Authors: Morgan Ben B , Ogden George D 
Published: January 2008

Summary

It is clear from this review that student ratings are influenced by a variety of different extraneous variables, and not only by single variables in isolation, but also by the interaction of variables. Although there has been a recent resurgence of research in this area which has contributed to our understanding of the effects of these variables, a considerable amount of additional research is needed in order to explicate the direct and interacting effect of the relevant variables. Research from a wide variety of instructional systems, and cross‐cultural research is particularly needed.
Class variables seem to be the most potent set of variables since almost all variables related to the class situation have been found to influence rating. The weakest set of variables seems to be the student variables. With a few notable exceptions (e.g. student grades and grade expectations), the findings with respect to student variables have been inconsistent. At best, the effects of instructor (but non‐instructional) variables seem to be intermediate in strength to class and student variables.
The findings of this review suggest that individual ratings must be interpreted in light of the situation in which the ratings are made. At the very least, departmental norms should be established along dimensions based on class variables such as size, level, subject matter, etc. (cf. Hoffman, 1978), and indeed, until their effects are better understood, norms should also be based on certain of the student and instructor variables.