bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Tricaine Methanesulfonate, Hypno, Metomidate, Quinaldine, and Salt on Plasma Cortisol Levels following Acute Stress in Threespot Gourami Trichogaster trichopterus
Authors: Crosby Tina C. , Hill Jeffrey E. , Watson Craig A. , Yanong Roy P. E. , Strange Richard 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Blood plasma cortisol concentration is an indicator of stress in fish, and anesthetics may serve to ameliorate stress and reduce the cortisol response. Previous studies have concentrated on cold- and warmwater species; little information exists for tropical fishes. Mortalities are increased after handling stress of threespot gourami Trichogaster trichopterus (Osphronemidae), a commonly cultured tropical ornamental fish. Plasma cortisol levels were evaluated in threespot gourami after a handling stressor and treatment with one of four anesthetics—tricaine methanesulfonate (TMS; 60 mg/L), metomidate (0.8 mg/L), quinaldine (5 mg/L), and Hypno (0.14 mg/L)—or salt (NaCl; 3 g/L). Fish in all anesthetic treatments had significantly lower cortisol levels than either salt-treated fish or the untreated controls. Therefore, the use of such anesthetics should be beneficial in reducing handling stress. Based on our data, further studies refining the use of anesthetics, particularly metomidate and quinaldine, with tropical ornamental species are warranted. Although salt did not reduce cortisol, it is beneficial as an osmoregulatory aid; therefore, future studies should investigate combination treatments of an anesthetic with salt.
Evaluation of Winter Severity on Growth of Young‐of‐the‐Year Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Murphy Margaret H. , Connerton Michael J. , Stewart Donald J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOverwinter growth of young‐of‐the‐year (age‐0) Atlantic salmon Salmo salar was studied during two winters in central New York streams. We hypothesized that longer and colder winters would negatively influence the growth of age‐0 Atlantic salmon. Further, we predicted that Atlantic salmon growth and survival would be positively correlated with their size before the winter period. Four cages were placed in streams at three sites in the winters of 2000 and 2001, with six individually marked Atlantic salmon per cage. One cage was retrieved monthly at each site and the weight, length, and energy density of each fish were measured to calculate growth rate and condition factor. All fish survived the winter experiment irrespective of starting size. Mean energy density of fish at the conclusion of each experiment was positively related to fish weight at the start. Winter conditions were different between years, stream temperatures being colder in 2000 than in 2001 (overall winter mean [SD], 0.71°C [2.487°C] versus 1.93°C [2.87°C]), accompanied by less variable temperatures, lower discharge, and more ice cover. Growth rates were negative during both winters, weight loss being significantly greater in the year with warmer, more variable temperatures. Growth rates were also significantly different between months, weight loss being greater in December and January and less (or replaced by positive growth) by the end of the winters (March). Mean energy density of salmon increased during the colder winter of 2000 but declined in 2001. Based on the observations in the current study, lower threshold temperatures for feeding activity may be even lower than previously reported, possibly near 0°C. We discuss the energetic implications of variable winter conditions on age‐0 Atlantic salmon.
Use of the Average and Fluctuating Velocity Components for Estimation of Volitional Rainbow Trout Density
Authors: Smith David L. , Brannon Ernest L. , Shafii Bahman , Odeh Mufeed 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship between discharge and fish density in streams is commonly accepted to be curvilinear, progressing from low discharge and low fish density to a peak and then declining to high discharge and low fish density. Discharge is related to water velocity; in general, as discharge increases velocity increases. Habitat complexity is an important aspect of salmonid ecology; more complex habitats support higher fish densities. Habitat complexity also influences the flow of water through the process of flow separation and turbulence production. More complex habitats generally exhibit higher levels of turbulence even though both may have similar average velocities. We tested whether the physical link between habitat complexity and turbulence was correlated with fish density. Turbulent kinetic energy and average velocity for three different levels of discharge and habitat complexity were measured in a flume. Turbulent kinetic energy was found to predict fish density, whereas average velocity did not. We concluded that the physical link between habitat complexity and turbulence production correlates with fish density and that turbulent kinetic energy captures the combined effect of discharge and cover, whereas average downstream velocity only measures the effect of changes in channel discharge.
Growth and Behavioral Consequences of Introgression of a Domesticated Aquaculture Genotype into a Native Strain of Coho Salmon
Authors: Tymchuk Wendy E. , Biagi Carlo , Withler Ruth , Devlin Robert H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSelective breeding for enhanced growth in Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and other fish typically involves use of the largest mature individuals to breed for future generations of aquaculture broodstock. Owing to an altered selection regime, faster‐growing fish may not be as adapted to the natural environment as wild fish. To increase understanding of the genetic changes underlying selection for enhanced growth that results in phenotypic differentiation of farmed from wild Pacific salmon, multiple generations of pure and hybrid families were generated for coho salmon O. kisutch, including pure farm (D), pure native (Ch; a natural strain propagated by wild and hatchery production), F1 and F2 hybrids, and F1 × wild backcross (BCh) genotypes. The family groups were reared in the laboratory under controlled conditions as (1) individual genotypic groups, (2) mixed groups under culture conditions, and (3) mixed groups under enriched (seminatural) conditions. The growth of the fish was tracked until smoltification. There was a significant genotype effect on growth performance (mass and length), with rankings as follows: D > F2 > F1 > BCh > Ch. This ranking remained the same in all three rearing environments. Behavioral differences were observed among the families, the fast‐growing domesticated families showing a reduced antipredator response relative to the slow‐growing wild families. Expression of the phenotypic differences in the hybrids and backcrosses, together with the results from a joint‐scale analysis on line means, suggests that additive genetic effects contribute significantly to the divergence between the fast‐ and slow‐growing strains. As phenotypic differences between strains are largely a consequence of additive gene action, the phenotypic effects of domestication are largely diluted within two generations of backcrossing to wild salmon. Knowledge of the genetic changes responsible for altered growth rates is crucial to our ability to predict the consequences of introgression of domestic strains into wild populations of salmon.
Excessive Rapid Palatal Expansion with Latham Appliance for Distal Repositioning of Protruded Premaxilla in Bilateral Cleft Lip and Alveolus
Authors: Fukuyama Eiji , Omura Susumu , Fujita Kiyohide , Soma Kunimichi , Torikai Katsuyuki 
Published: February 2006

Objective: This article reports a case of bilateral cleft lip and alveolus (BCLA) for which excessive rapid palatal expansion with a Latham appliance was performed for preoperative alignment of the protruded premaxilla. Postoperative changes of maxillary width were investigated with serial plaster casts. Patient and Results: A 3-month-old girl presented with complete BCLA in which the premaxilla was markedly protruded. Preoperative alignment of the protruded premaxilla with a Latham appliance was planned to facilitate primary lip repair. The appliance was placed when the patient was 4.5 months old. The necessary palatal expansion was estimated to be 7.0 mm in order to move the premaxilla backward into the ideal position. After palatal expansion and posterior repositioning of the protruded premaxilla, the primary operation, including cheiloplasty and gingivoperiosteoplasty, was performed when the patient was 7 months old. Excessive maxillary expansion might be a cause of transverse maxillomandibular discrepancy. Measurement with serial plaster casts demonstrated that maxillary widths increased from 42.3 mm pretreatment to 49.0 mm after orthopedic treatment but relapsed markedly to 43.5 mm at 3 months after the primary operation. Therefore, the net change of maxillary widths was only 1.2 mm. After alignment of the protruded premaxilla, tension-free soft tissue repairs were performed, and a harmonious alveolar arch was obtained without change in maxillary width. Conclusion: These results indicate that this method is useful for preoperative management of BCLA with protruded premaxilla.
Effects of Plaque Control on the Patency of Dentinal Tubules: An In Vivo Study in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Suge Toshiyuki , Kawasaki Akiko , Ishikawa Kunio , Matsuo Takashi , Ebisu Shigeyuki 
Published: March 2006

Background: The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the effects of plaque control on the patency of dentinal tubules using vital teeth of beagle dogs.Methods: Class V cavities were prepared on the cervical areas of the mandibular and maxillary molars in each dog with a diamond point. To simulate the state of dentinal hypersensitivity, the teeth were etched with 50% citric acid for 2 minutes to obtain patent dentinal tubules. Plaque control was achieved by brushing the left‐side teeth every day, whereas no plaque control was performed for the right‐side teeth. A dentin biopsy was performed after 1, 2, and 3 weeks using the cylindrical diamond point to obtain dentin specimens.Results: In the plaque control group, some of the dentinal tubules were occluded with precipitate (Ca/P = 1.49), and the diameter of the dentinal tubules decreased from 2.42 ± 0.33 μm (mean ± SD) to 1.11 ± 0.51 μm after 7 days, although most of the dentinal tubules remained open. In contrast, no precipitate was observed in the dentinal tubules of the non‐plaque control group. Also, the diameter of the dentinal tubules increased from 2.42 ± 0.33 to 2.9 ± 0.49 μm, due to the demineralization of the peritubular and intertubular dentin.Conclusion: Plaque control plays a key role in reducing the patency of dentinal tubules and, therefore, might promote the natural repair of dentinal hypersensitivity.
Description of the Subgingival Microbiota of Periodontally Untreated Mexican Subjects: Chronic Periodontitis and Periodontal Health
Authors: Ximenez‐Fyvie Laurie Ann , Almaguer‐Flores Argelia , Jacobo‐Soto Velia , Lara‐Cordoba Monica , Sanchez‐Vargas Luis O. , Alcantara‐Maruri Eulalio 
Published: March 2006

Background: Recent studies have suggested that changes in the prevalence and/or proportion of distinct microorganisms characterize the subgingival microbial profiles of populations around the world. At present, no information is available on the subgingival microbiota of Mexican subjects. The purpose of the present study was to determine the microbial composition of subgingival plaque in Mexican subjects with untreated chronic periodontitis.Methods: A total of 44 chronic periodontitis and 20 periodontally healthy subjects (who were currently non‐smokers) were selected. Clinical measurements including plaque accumulation, gingival erythema, bleeding on probing, suppuration, probing depth, and attachment level were recorded at six sites of every tooth. Up to 28 subgingival plaque samples were obtained from each subject and individually analyzed to determine the levels, proportion, and prevalence of 40 microbial species using the checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization technique.Results: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythensis were the only species that presented higher mean levels in periodontitis subjects. The proportions of P. gingivalis (P <0.001), T. forsythensis (P <0.01), and red complex species (P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and T. denticola; P <0.001) as a group were also significantly higher in periodontitis subjects. Periodontally healthy subjects harbored a significantly larger proportion of Actinomyces species (P <0.05). No significant differences were detected in the percentage of carriers of any of the species tested.Conclusions: Our results revealed that the subgingival microbiota of untreated chronic periodontitis Mexican subjects was characterized by increases in the level, prevalence, and proportion of classic periodontal pathogens. However, the prevalence and proportion of specific microbial species varied significantly from the results of other reports on subjects from different geographical locations.
Periodontitis Deteriorates Metabolic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki Rats
Authors: Pontes Andersen Carla C. , Buschard Karsten , Flyvbjerg Allan , Stoltze Kaj , Holmstrup Palle 
Published: March 2006

Background: Epidemiologic and clinical studies have indicated that periodontal disease (PD) may cause disturbances in general health and even affect diabetes. The aim of this study was to gain knowledge on the effect of PD on diabetes metabolic control in a new model for type 2 diabetes–associated PD (i.e., the Goto‐Kakizaki [GK] rat).Methods: GK rats represented the type 2 diabetes group and were allocated into two groups: diabetes or diabetes + PD group; Wistar rats represented the non‐diabetes group and were divided into non‐diabetes + PD and non‐diabetes groups. PD was induced by placing ligatures around second maxillary molars, and the animals were followed for 6 weeks. Serum insulin, glucose, and free fatty acid levels were evaluated; interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α were measured in adipose tissue supernatant; glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were calculated. Further, alveolar bone destruction was estimated morphometrically and radiographically.Results: Rats with diabetes + PD became almost 30% more glucose intolerant (P <0.01) and presented a 25% increase in IL‐1β in adipose tissue (P <0.05) compared to rats from the diabetes group. Moreover, PD associated with diabetes resulted in more alveolar bone destruction in comparison to PD in the absence of diabetes (P <0.01).Conclusions: Our results indicated that PD deteriorates metabolic control in diabetes, which emphasizes that PD may play a significant role for the course of diabetes. The GK rat can represent a suitable model for further studies on the association between PD and diabetes.
Phosphorus Runoff during Four Years following Composted Manure Application
Authors: Wortmann Charles S. , Walters Daniel T. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTRepeated manure application can lead to excessive soil test P (STP) levels and increased P concentration in runoff, but also to improved water infiltration and reduced runoff. Research was conducted to evaluate soil P tests in prediction of P concentration in runoff and to determine the residual effects of composted manure on runoff P loss and leaching of P. The research was conducted from 2001 to 2004 under natural runoff events with plots of 11‐m length. Low‐P and high‐P compost had been applied during the previous 3 yr, resulting in total applications of 750 and 1150 kg P ha−1 Bray‐P1 in the surface 5 cm of soil was increased from 16 to 780 mg kg−1 with application of high‐P compost. Runoff and sediment losses were 69 and 120% greater with no compost than with residual compost treatments. Runoff P concentration increased as STP increased, but much P loss occurred with the no‐compost treatment as well. Agronomic soil tests were predictive of mean runoff P concentration, but increases in STP resulted in relatively small increases in runoff P concentration. Downward movement of P was not detected below 0.3 m. In conclusion, agronomic soil tests are useful in predicting long‐term runoff P concentration, and risk of P loss may be of concern even at moderate soil P levels. The residual effect of compost application in reducing sediment and runoff loss was evident more than 3 yr after application and should be considered in P indices.
Influence of Soil Properties and Aging on the Toxicity of Copper on Compost Worm and Barley
Authors: Daoust Catherine M. , Bastien Christian , Deschênes Louise 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTInfluence of soil properties and aging on Cu partitioning and toxicity was assessed on 10 artificial soils constituted using a statistical design considering pH (5.5 and 7.5), organic matter (1–30% [w/w]), and clay content (5–35% [w/w]). Total Cu as well as water‐, CaCl2–, and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extracted Cu fractions were determined for each soil mixture. Ecotoxic effect was assessed by determining growth inhibition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and compost worm (Eisenia fetida) mortality. Analyses were repeated after a 16‐wk aging period of the soils at pH 7.5 (8 × 2‐wk wetting and drying cycle). Results indicated that pH was the main factor controlling Cu partitioning, ahead of organic matter and clay content. Calcium chloride (0.5 M)–extracted Cu fractions showed the best correlation with toxic responses (r = 0.55–0.66; p < 0.05), while total and DTPA‐extracted Cu concentrations could not explain differences in toxicity. Direct regressions between toxicity and soil properties (pH, organic matter, and clay content) provided better explanation of variance: r2 = 0.50 (p = 0.00006) for compost worm mortality, r2 = 0.77 (p < 0.00001) for barley shoot inhibition, and r2 = 0.92 (p < 0.00001) for barley root inhibition. Copper toxicity was mainly influenced by pH and, to a lesser extent, by organic matter and clay content. Aging in organic soils revealed a slight reduction in ecotoxicity while an increase was observed in soils with low organic matter content. Further investigation using longer aging periods would be necessary to assess the significance of this observation.
An Axenic Plant Culture System for Optimal Growth in Long‐Term Studies
Authors: Henry Amelia , Doucette William , Norton Jeanette , Jones Scott , Chard Julie , Bugbee Bruce 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe symbiotic co‐evolution of plants and microbes leads to difficulties in understanding which of the two components is responsible for a given environmental response. Plant–microbe studies greatly benefit from the ability to grow plants in axenic (sterile) culture. Several studies have used axenic plant culture systems, but experimental procedures are often poorly documented, the plant growth environment is not optimal, and axenic conditions are not rigorously verified. We developed a unique axenic system using inert components that promotes plant health and can be kept sterile for at least 70 d. Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum cv. CDII) plants were grown in sand within flow‐through glass columns that were positively pressured with filtered air. Plant health was optimized by regulating temperature, light level, CO2 concentration, humidity, and nutrients. The design incorporates several novel aspects, such as pretreatment of the sand with Fe, graduated sand layers to optimize the air–water balance of the root zone, and modification of a laminar flow hood to serve as a plant growth chamber. Adaptations of several sterile techniques were necessary for maintenance of axenic conditions. Axenic conditions were verified by plating and staining leachates as well as a rhizoplane stain. This system was designed to study nutrient and water stress effects on root exudates, but is useful for assessing a broad range of plant–microbe–environment interactions. Based on total organic C analysis, 74% of exudates was recovered in the leachate, 6% was recovered in the bulk sand, and 17% was recovered in the rhizosphere sand. Carbon in the leachate after 70 d reached 255 μg d−1 Fumaric, malic, malonic, oxalic, and succinic acids were measured as components of the root exudates.
Impact of Data Quality and Model Complexity on Prediction of Pesticide Leaching
Authors: Dann R. L. , Close M. E. , Lee R. , Pang L. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTAccurate input data for leaching models are expensive and difficult to obtain which may lead to the use of “general” non‐site‐specific input data. This study investigated the effect of using different quality data on model outputs. Three models of varying complexity, GLEAMS, LEACHM, and HYDRUS‐2D, were used to simulate pesticide leaching at a field trial near Hamilton, New Zealand, on an allophanic silt loam using input data of varying quality. Each model was run for four different pesticides (hexazinone, procymidone, picloram and triclopyr); three different sets of pesticide sorption and degradation parameters (i.e., site optimized, laboratory derived, and sourced from the USDA Pesticide Properties Database); and three different sets of soil physical data of varying quality (i.e., site specific, regional database, and particle size distribution data). We found that the selection of site‐optimized pesticide sorption (Koc) and degradation parameters (half‐life), compared to the use of more general database derived values, had significantly more impact than the quality of the soil input data used, but interestingly also more impact than the choice of the models. Models run with pesticide sorption and degradation parameters derived from observed solute concentrations data provided simulation outputs with goodness‐of‐fit values closest to optimum, followed by laboratory‐derived parameters, with the USDA parameters providing the least accurate simulations. In general, when using pesticide sorption and degradation parameters optimized from site solute concentrations, the more complex models (LEACHM and HYDRUS‐2D) were more accurate. However, when using USDA database derived parameters, all models performed about equally.
Cardiovascular effects of desflurane in mechanically ventilated calves
Authors: Keegan Robert D. , Greene Stephen A. , Valdez Reginald A. , Knowles Donald K. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine cardiovascular effects of desflurane in mechanically ventilated calves.
Animals—8 healthy male calves.
Procedure—Calves were anesthetized by face mask administration of desflurane to permit instrumentation. Administration of desflurane was temporarily discontinued until mean arterial blood pressure increased to ≥ 100 mm Hg, at which time baseline cardiovascular values, pulmonary arterial temperature, end-tidal CO2 tension, and end-tidal desflurane concentration were recorded. Cardiac index and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances were calculated. Arterial blood gas variables were measured and calculated. Mean end-tidal concentration of desflurane at this time was 3.4%. After collection of baseline values, administration of 10% end-tidal concentration of desflurane was resumed and calves were connected to a mechanical ventilator. Cardiovascular data were collected at 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 minutes, whereas arterial blood gas data were collected at 15 and 45 minutes after collection of baseline data.
Results—Mean ± SD duration from beginning desflurane administration to intubation of the trachea was 151 ± 32.8 seconds. Relative to baseline, desflurane anesthesia was associated with a maximal decrease in arterial blood pressure of 35% and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance of 34%. Pulmonary arterial blood temperature was decreased from 15 through 45 minutes, compared with baseline values. There were no significant changes in other measured variables. All calves recovered from anesthesia without complications.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of desflurane for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in calves was smooth, safe, and effective. Cardiopulmonary variables remained in reference ranges throughout the study period.