bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN ACCOUNT OF THE HATCHING STRATEGIES OF BIRDS
Authors: BOND G. M. , BOARD R. G. , SCOTT V. D. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Three basic hatching methods are described together with one subsidiary method. The symmetrical method is characterized by rotation of the chick in the egg during hatching climax; a line of damage around the circumference of the egg is evident at the beginning of a pushing phase which causes a fairly symmetrical cap to be broken from the shell. The asymmetrical method is used by a few long‐billed species; it involves little or no rotation of the chick in the egg, and produces asymmetrical shell remains. The megapodes have developed a unique hatching method in response to their unusual incubation conditions. Parental assistance has been observed in some species, but only as an auxiliary to either the symmetrical or asymmetrical method. Approximately 150 species have been categorized according to the hatching method(s) they use.2. Among those species adopting the symmetrical method, there is considerable variability as to how far the chick turns in the egg during hatching climax. On this basis, a spectrum of behaviour, expressed in terms of angle of rotation (θ), has been proposed. At one end lie species such as the bobwhite quail and little owl (θ≥ 360°), and at the other, the ostrich and rhea (θ≤ 90°).3. The theory that, with the exception of the megapodes, there is only one basic hatching method is examined. The tenets of this theory are found to be inconsistent with recent observations of species differences in hatching behaviour. It is concluded that hatching behaviour is governed by an intrinsic species‐specific programme, in turn influenced by mechanical or other external factors.4. The literature contains several suggestions as to the external factors that might influence hatching technique, but only one detailed investigation. It is proposed that interspecific differences in the mechanical properties of the egg integument (the shell and its underlying membranes) can be regarded as forming a spectrum from very brittle to comparatively tough. The amount of climax rotation by the chick is seen as an adaptive response to brittleness or toughness of the egg integument. The hatching technique of the chick is further modified as a response to the effect of moisture content on the integument.5. The selective pressures leading to the evolution of the symmetrical and asymmetrical hatching methods are discussed. The previous model for the development of the asymmetrical method is amended to account for those species of gull which may adopt either method.
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION IN INSECT COMMUNITIES: A GUIDE TO INSECT PHEROMONES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL INSECTS
Authors: ALI MAHMOUD FADL , MORGAN E. DAVID 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARY
Chemical communication plays an important part in the lives of insects, and particularly in lives of those that live in groups or social organizations.
Chemicals which are used in communication in the general sense are called semiochemicals, and there are a number of subdivisions recognized under this title.
Pheromones are a category of semiochemicals which are used for communication between individuals of the same species.
Pheromones are in turn subdivided into primer and releaser pheromones. The former produce a relatively long‐lasting physiological change in the receiver, and the latter stimulate the receiver to some immediate behavioural response.
Far more is known about releaser pheromones at present because they are easier to study.
Nine categories of releaser pheromone are recognized here, used by both social and non‐social insects.
Sex pheromones are widely used to bring the sexes together for mating, and they have been extensively studied in Lepidoptera.
Invitation pheromones, encouraging the species to feed or oviposit at an explored site, are not extensively known.
Aggregation pheromones are designed to bring individuals together into groups which may be temporary in sub‐social insects, or permanent in social insects.
Dispersal or spacing pheromones are used by other species to reduce intraspecific competition for scarce resources.
Alarm pheromones are a broad and sometimes unclearly defined group which communicate alarm or attack, chiefly in colonial species.
Trail pheromones, applied to a surface by an individual, to be followed by another, are confined to Hymenoptera, Isoptera and a few Lepidoptera as far as is known.
Territorial and home range pheromones may be widely distributed, but as yet few of them have been recognized.
Surface and funeral pheromones are even less well known. Surface pheromones may play a large part in species or colony recognition.
We can expect the number and complexity of pheromones to be much greater in social insects, a part of the subject which until now has received relatively less attention.
As our understanding of the subject grows we may expect other categories to be added to this list.
EVOLUTION OF MONOGAMY IN TERMITES
Authors: NALEPA CHRISTINE A. , JONES SUSAN C. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryTwo hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of lifetime monogamy in the Isoptera. The classic explanation is that (1) the male must be present to continually provide sperm for the vast number of eggs produced by the queen (Snyder, 1924: Brian, 1983). Thornhill & Alcock (1983) proposed that (2) synchrony in the availability of receptive females necessitates mate guarding; males subsequently gain if they improve the relative reproductive success of their sole partner.Our review of the literature on termite flight behaviour, courtship behaviour, and incipient colony development indicates that neither of these two hypotheses satisfactorily explains the evolution of monogamy in termites. Because incipient colonies of lower termites exhibit a very low fecundity, it is doubtful that the continued presence of the male initially was due to the need for a continuous supply of spermatozoa. It is possible, however, that sperm requirements for the fertilization of numerous eggs over an extended period of time may be a factor in the persistence of the termites' monogamous mating system. Female alates are much more dispersed in time than implied by Thornhill & Alcock (1983) and there is no evidence of mate guarding. The importance of mate assistance is, however, supported by the literature. We propose a third hypothesis that incorporates the mate assistance element of the Thornhill & Alcock hypothesis: (3) the monogamous mating system of termites was structured by ecological constraints, namely, the low quality and scattered nature of their food/nesting material and the high costs of searching for a mate.
THE OCCURRENCE AND ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF NOCTURNAL HABITS IN WATERFOWL
Authors: McNEIL RAYMOND , DRAPEAU PIERRE , GOSS‐CUSTARD JOHN D. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThis paper reviews the occurrence of nocturnal activity, particularly foraging, in wildfowl (Anseriformes) and shorebirds (Charadrii), and discusses its significance. Many duck species are mainly active at night while others regularly feed during both the day and night. Some ducks and geese are normally day feeders and occasionally forage during darkness. In a few duck species, courtship also has been observed at night. Most shorebirds forage both by day and night, in temperate and in tropical latitudes. Some are mainly crepuscular and nocturnal feeders and also display at dusk and at night. Some species may use their daytime territory at night.A few shorebird species, including some visual peckers and long‐billed tactile probers, use the same foraging method to detect and capture food by night as by day. However, some long‐billed species that forage visually during daytime modify their feeding techniques and rely completely or partly on tactile means for detecting prey at night. Large eyes seem an advantage to plovers and other sight feeders for night feeding. Numerous touch‐sensitive corpuscles in the bill of ducks and many scolopacid species favour tactile feeding. Some ducks, geese and shorebirds may especially use moonlit nights for feeding though, in a few species, moonlight seems to have no effect. The possible role of bioluminescence is also discussed.Nocturnal activity may occur for two reasons. The night may be preferred because foraging is more profitable or safest from predators. Alternatively, birds may be forced to forage at night because they fail to collect all their food requirements during the day. The evidence for both hypotheses is reviewed. Nocturnal activity does appear to allow wildfowl, and perhaps shorebirds, to avoid diurnal predators (including man). Shorebirds, and some ducks also seem to take advantage of prey that are more abundant and/or accessible at night. The main evidence for the supplementary feeding hypothesis comes from studies of seasonal variations in the occurrence of nocturnal feeding, about which rather little is known at present. The increasing availability of modern night‐viewing equipment may help to fill this gap.There are two important implications arising from the widespread occurrence of nocturnal activity in wildfowl. Most knowledge on time and energy budgets is based on daytime studies, and so may need to be revised. Wintering dabbling ducks and shorebirds, at least in some regions, may use different habitats by day and by night. If confirmed, there would be a need to preserve some wintering habitats which, although little used by ducks and shorebirds during the day, may be intensively used at night.
THE ORIGIN OF THE LAND PLANT SPOROPHYTE: AN INTERPOLATIONAL SCENARIO
Authors: HEMSLEY By ALAN R. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe origin of terrestrial plants from a charophycean ancestor is assumed as a basis for the consideration of the origin of life histories amongst this group. Charophycean algae are vegetatively gametophytic, thus requiring the interpolation of the multicellular sporophytic stage. The model presented here derives the sporophyte and typical sporangial contents from the zygospore produced from the reproductive structure of a hypothetical charophycean land plant ancestor. The presence of monads, dyads, and various forms of tetrads in the fossil record of presumed land plants add support to this model. In addition, such spore types suggest that the temporal relationship of meiosis to sporopollenin deposition was less strictly controlled than in extant land plants.
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS IN FERNS: MECHANISMS AND SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: SHEFFIELD By E. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryArguments against the compiling of generalized life cycles summarizing alternation of generations in ferns are presented, and some common misconceptions about breeding systems addressed. What little is known or can be deduced about time frames, mechanisms and significance of alternation events in the lives of two species: bracken fern (Pteridium) and Killarney fern (Trichomanes speciosum) is presented. Evidence is provided that gametophytes may play a more important role in survival of both these species than previously suspected, and the need for more long‐term studies and experiments/measurements of ferns in natural conditions/populations is stressed.
Comparative Theory and Political Practice: Do We Need a ‘State-Nation’ Model as Well as a ‘Nation-State’ Model?
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSome polities have strong cultural diversity, some of which is territorially based and politically articulated by significant groups that, in the name of nationalism, and self-determination, advance claims forindependence.In this article such polities are defined as ‘politically robustly multinational’. If the goal is peace and democracy in one state in such a polity, this article advances theoretical and empirical arguments to show that ideal typical ‘nation-state’ making policies are less appropriate than policies associated with new ideal type I construct called ‘state-nation’. Countries discussed are Spain, Belgium, and Canada and the ‘matched pair’ of successful Tamil political integration via state nation policies in India, and failed Tamil political integration due to nation-state policies in Sri Lanka.
The “Vertical Response Time”: Barriers to Ambulance Response in an Urban Area
Authors: Silverman Robert A. , Galea Sandro , Blaney Shannon , Freese John , Prezant David J. , Park Richard , Pahk Raymond , Caron Djorge , Yoon Sonia , Epstein Jonathan , Richmond Neal J. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Ambulance response time is typically reported as the time interval from call dispatch to arrival on‐scene. However, the often unmeasured “vertical response time” from arrival on‐scene to arrival at the patient's side may be substantial, particularly in urban areas with high‐rise buildings or other barriers to access.Objectives: To measure the time interval from arrival on‐scene to the patient in a large metropolitan area and to identify barriers to emergency medical services arrival.Methods: This was a prospective observational study of response times for high‐priority call types in the New York City 9‐1‐1 emergency medical services system. Research assistants riding with paramedics enrolled a convenience sample of calls between 2001 and 2003.Results: A total of 449 paramedic calls were included, with a median time from call dispatch to arrival on‐scene of 5.2 minutes. The median on‐scene to patient arrival interval was 2.1 minutes, leading to an actual response interval (dispatch to patient) of 7.6 minutes. The median on‐scene to patient interval was 2.8 minutes for residential buildings, 2.7 minutes for office complexes, 1.3 minutes for private homes (less than four stories), and 0.5 minutes for outdoor calls. Overall, for all calls, the on‐scene to patient interval accounted for 28% of the actual response interval. When an on‐scene escort provided assistance in locating and reaching the patient, the on‐scene to patient interval decreased from 2.3 to 1.9 minutes. The total dispatch to patient arrival interval was less than 4 minutes in 8.7%, less than 6 minutes in 28.5%, and less than 8 minutes in 55.7% of calls.Conclusions: The time from arrival on‐scene to the patient's side is an important component of overall response time in large urban areas, particularly in multistory buildings.
Implementation of an Emergency Department–based Transient Ischemic Attack Clinical Pathway: A Pilot Study in Knowledge Translation
Authors: Brown Michael D. , Reeves Mathew J. , Glynn Ted , Majid Arshad , Kothari Rashmi U. 
Published: January 2008

Objectives To assess the feasibility of implementing an emergency department (ED)—based transient ischemic attack (TIA) clinical pathway that uses computer‐based clinical support, and to evaluate measures of quality, safety, and efficiency. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of adult patients presenting to a community ED with symptoms consistent with acute TIA. Adherence to the clinical pathway served as a test of feasibility. Compliance with guideline recommendations for antithrombotic therapy and vascular imaging were used as process measures of quality. The 90‐day risk of recurrent TIA, stroke, or death provided estimates of safety. Efficiency was assessed by measuring the rate of uneventful hospitalization, defined as a hospital admission that did not result in any major medical event or vascular intervention such as endarterectomy or stent placement. Results Of the 75 subjects enrolled, physician adherence to the clinical pathway was 85.3%, and 35 patients (46.7%) were discharged home from the ED. Antithrombotic agents were prescribed to 68 (90.7%), and vascular imaging was performed in 70 (93.3%). The 90‐day risk of recurrent TIA was seven out of 75 (9.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.6% to 18.0%), one patient experienced stroke (1.3%; 95% CI = 0.2% to 7.2%), and three patients died (4.0%; 95% CI = 1.4% to 11.1%). Uneventful hospitalization occurred in 38 of 40 patients (95.0%). Conclusions Implementation of a clinical pathway for the evaluation and management of TIA using computer‐based clinical support is feasible in a community ED setting. This pilot study in knowledge translation provides a design framework for further studies to assess the safety and efficiency of a structured ED‐based TIA clinical pathway.
Vergleich zwischen dem Kapillarnetz des frühgeborenen und dem des reifen Kindes und Über die Bedeutung des unentwickelten Kapillarnetzes bei der Entstehung gewisser bei Frühgeburten vorkommender Eigenschaften.
Authors: MALI ATLE M. , RÄIHÄ. C.‐E. 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.1. Bei der Darstellung von Blutgefäss‐Injektionspräparaten wird die grössere Fragilität der Kapillaren von frühgeborenen im Vergleich zu denjenigen von reifen Kindern festgestellt.2. Beim Färben des Kapillarbluts wird konstatiert, dass die Maschen im Kapillarnetz der Frühgeburt um so weiter und spärlicher sind, je kleiner dieselbe war, als sie zur Welt kam.3. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass die grossen Maschen des Kapillarnetzes die Sauerstoffversorgung der Gewebe erschweren.4. Auf den obigen Befund lassen sich folgende Umstände wenigstens zum Teil zurückführen:a) der relativ niedrige Grundumsatz der Frühgeburt,b) ihre Neigung zur Azidose,c) ihre schlechte Wärmeregulation.5. Als eine Ursache der in den nächsten Tagen nach der Geburt auftretenden asphyktischen Anfälle wird der von dem weitmaschigen Kapillarnetz abhängende Sauerstoffmangel hervorgehoben. Die Entstehung von später, im Alter von 1 bis 3 Monaten vorkommenden aspyktischen Anfällen wird ausserdem durch die Abnahme des Bluthämoglobins begünstigt.6. Es wird angenommen, dass die Periodizität der Atmung bei Frühgeborenen primär von dem durch das weitmaschige Kapillarnetz hervorgerufenen Sauerstoffmangel in den Atmungs‐zentra abhängt.7. Die durch das weitmaschige Kapillarnetz hervorgerufenen Übelstände können eventuell auf die Entstehung der bei Frühgeburten häufig vorkommenden geistigen Entwicklungs‐schwäche einwirken.8. Als ein Faktor, der die Entstehung des Ikterus neonatorum begünstigt, gilt der von dem grossmaschigen Kapillarnetz abhängende, ungewöhnlich kleine Flächenraum der Leberkapillarwände sowie die eventuell vom Sauerstoffmangel der Leberzellen herrührende mangelhafte Leberfunktion.9. Es wird konstatiert, dass unsere bisherige Kenntnis der hormonalen Eegulierung des fetalen Wachstums uns zu der Annahme berechtigt, dass die Vermehrung der Kapillaren bis zum sechsten Fetalmonat eine relativ langsamere ist, als der Massenzuwachs des zentralen Nervensystems und des epithelialen Gewebes, und dass die Entwicklung des Kapillarnetzes vom sechsten Fetalmonat ab den Vorsprung verkürzt, den das Zentralnervensystem und die epithelialen Gewebe bis dahin im Wachstum gewonnen haben.
Über den Lungenbau der Früngeburt und des ausgetragenen Kindes, vor allem mit Rüeksicht auf die Entwicklung der elastischen Fasern und der Kapillaren.
Authors: KLEMOLA ERKKI 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung1. Die beste Grundlage bei Beurteilung des Entwicklungssrades des elastischen Stützgerüstes der Lungen ist das Gewicht des Fötus. Sogar noch bei solchen Föten, deren Gewicht gegen 2 ½ kg beträgt, sind die elastischen Fasern in den Lungen sehr schlecht entwickelt, aber bei Föten im Gewicht von über 3 kg scheint der Entwicklungsgrad schon relativ gut, ja er kann bei übergewichtigen Föten sogar äusserst mächtig sein.2. Solche Kinder, deren Geburtsgewicht unter 2.5 kg beträgt, oder »Frühgeburten» befinden sich während ihrer ersten Lebenszeit—1—2 Wochen, oder mehr, je nach dem Gewicht der Frühgeburt, — hinsichtlich der Struktur des elastischen Stützgerüstes ihrer Lungen im Vergleich zu ausgetragenen Kindern noch in einer ganz besonderen Stellung. Sie geraten in die Lage, mit Lungen atmen zu müssen, die ein relativ schlecht entwickeltes elastisches Gewebe enthalten, ein Umstand, der manche von den für Frühgeburten charakteristischen Atmungsstörungen verursachen dürfte.Die Frühgeburten holen jedoch den »Vorsprung» der ausgetragenen Kinder in 1—2 Monaten oder schon früher vollständig ein. Somit ist die Entwicklung der elastischen Fasern der Lungen bei Frühgeburten nicht verzögert, well sie dem »wirklichen Alter» (vom Befruchtungsaugenblick ab gerechnet) voraus ist. An dieser raschen Entwicklung kann nur die Atmungstätigkeit schuld sein.3. Das Kapillarnetz der Lungen ist desto dichter, um einen je schwereren Fötus es sich handelt.
Acute Rheumatic Infection in Children.
Authors: FRIEDLæNDER AXEL 
Published: January 2008

Summary.A material is presented comprising 446 children treated during the period 1914–43 in Kronprinsessan Lovisa's Children's Hospital in Stockholm for acute rheumatic infection. (Polyarthritis rheum.: 248 cases, Chorea rheum.: 198 cases.) Ekg and Fkg were systematically performed on 83 children during 1933–43. Age, year division, family disposition, mortality and recurrence percentage are investigated. Certain characteristic symptoms in the initial stage (abdominal pain, tonsillitis, free interval and monarticular appearance) are described.—The results of tonsillectomy are discussedThe frequency, diagnostic and prognostic value of erythema annulare, multiform erythema, rheumatic nodules and rheum. erythema nodosum are mentioned. Concerning the involvement of the heart, attention is drawn to the »primary» carditis, and the importance of Fkg for the early diagnosis of endocarditis is stressed (particularly phonocardiographic registration of gallop rhythm, systolic and diastolic murmurs are emphasized). The value of Fkg in the differential diagnosis between cong. heart disease, rheumatic carditis and »physiological» murmurs are discussed.—Some details as to rheumatic anaemia and the sedimentation rate during the course of ac. e. rheum, inf. are demonstrated.
Three years Prophylaxis against Rickets in Prematures, with D, Massive Dose
Authors: KLACKENBERG G. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.100 prematurely born infants, who had been treated with a massive dose of vitamin D for prophylactic purposes, were subjected to a control examination, in order to ascertain how far they were free from marked rachitic symptoms. This control showed that the protective effect of the administration of 500 000 international units of vitamin D2 per os was distinctly efficacious. During the three immediately following months the infants, with merely two exceptions, had not received any further supply of vitamin D. In 19 cases slight rachitic residues were clinically observed. Only 4 of them had been treated lege artis after the period, during which the massive dose is effective. Among the said cases, a strikingly large number consisted of twins and of infants who had received their massive dose later than one month after birth. This forces us to the conclusion that the massive dose should be administered at a very early stage, preferably during the first 14 days of life. No definite indications that the massive dose treatment had entailed any toxic lesions could be detected.