bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anchoring Devices in Science for Policy
Authors: van der Sluijs Jeroen , van Eijndhoven Josée , Shackley Simon , Wynne Brian 
Published: March 2007

This paper adds a new dimension to the role of scientific knowledge in policy by emphasizing the multivalent character of scientific consensus. We show how the maintained consensus about the quantitative estimate of a central scientific concept in the anthropogenic climate-change field - namely, climate sensitivity - operates as an `anchoring device' in `science for policy'. In international assessments of the climate issue, the consensus-estimate of 1.5°C to 4.5°C for climate sensitivity has remained unchanged for two decades. Nevertheless, during these years climate scientific knowledge and analysis have changed dramatically. We identify several ways in which the scientists achieved flexibility in maintaining the same numbers for climate sensitivity while accommodating changing scientific ideas. We propose that the remarkable quantitative stability of the climate sensitivity range has helped to hold together a variety of different social worlds relating to climate change, by continually translating and adapting the meaning of the `stable' range. But this emergent stability also reflects an implicit social contract among the various scientists and policy specialists involved, which allows `the same' concept to accommodate tacitly different local meanings. Thus the very multidimensionality of such scientific concepts is part of their technical imprecision (which is more than just analytical lack of resolution); it is also the source of their resilience and value in bridging (and perhaps reorganizing) the differentiated social worlds typical of modern policy issues. The varying importance of particular dimensions of knowledge for different social groups may allow cohesion to be sustained amidst pluralism, and universality to coexist with cultural distinctiveness.
In Quest of a Lost Father? Inmates' Preferences of Staff Relation in a Psychiatric Prison Ward
Authors: Ben-David Sarah , Silfen Peter 
Published: March 2007

The findings presented in the following paper suggest that staff members and prison inmates do not agree regarding preferred qualities of staff-inmate relationships. Staff members believe that the crucial relationship qualities in the context of a correctional institution are involvement; support; inmate autonomy; an antiauthoritarian position; and that the relationship should be of a friendly, informal nature, with a low degree of staff control of inmates. By contrast, prison inmates prefer to experience a staff member as an authoritarian patron in an apparent wish to be controlled by a clear, definite set of rules and expectations. It would appear that with regard to the inmates, the slightly modified Goffmanian style of relationship, especially as it pertains to definite boundaries, endures and perhaps predominates. The research was conducted in the psychiatric ward of the Mental Health and Clinical Criminology Center affiliated with the Israel Prison Service.
Social change in Indian Tibet
Authors: Crook John Hurrell 
Published: March 2007

The traditional economy of Ladakh was based in a polyandrous domus transmit ted between generations by primogeniture. Different forms of polyandry and its monogamous alternative are related to contrasts in the subsistence base as bet ween agricultural production and an urban cash economy of traders. The con struction of the military road from Kashmir to Leh, the capital of Ladakh, has facilitated shifts in resource availability which affect numerous interconnected features of the Ladakhi pattern of living; marital patterns, educational orienta tion, the stability of the monastic land-owning system, the balance of influence between muslim and buddhist Ladakhis on the one hand and newcomers mostly from Kashmir on the other and the use of the Ladakhi language. While the monastic system is clearly under strain and the whole buddhist culture of the region threatened there are signs of strength and adaptability in the old culture that may still reorient to the demands of the developing economy. Tourism merely accentuates the pressures and changes which the strategic open ing of Ladakh during the conflicts of India with Pakistan and China had already begun.
Stress-Softening Effects in Elastomeric Networks
Authors: Kontou E. 
Published: March 2007

The stresses observed during retraction are usually lower in magnitude than can be accounted for from considerations such as irreversible alteration of structure due to fracture of chains or their detachment from filler particles. The mechanism underlying this hysteresis has been modeled empirically by the introduction of irreversibil ity into the damping function. In this work a modification of the damping function is proposed in terms of the reduc tion of the Mooney-Rivlin constants, during the retraction of the strain. A good agreement with the experimental data, obtained for four different networks, has been verified.
Patterns of Misconduct in the Federal Prison System
Authors: Innes Christopher A. 
Published: March 2007

Both the recent growth and resulting transformations in the federal prison population have presented the Federal Bureau of Prisons with a number of difficult challenges, including those of dealing with increasing numbers of incidents of misconduct and serious disturbances. Among the explanations that have been proposed for these problems is the notion of a "new offender," who is believed to be younger and more violent than previous generations of federal inmates. Analyses of misconduct data on a cross-section of inmates within the federal prison system failed to find consistent evidence that such offenders are driving changes in misconduct rates. However, when the analyses are limited to only a recent admissions cohort and focus on the early years of incarceration, some evidence does appear to support the perception among BOP staff that a different type of inmate is arriving in the federal prison system. These results are discussed in terms of the contrasting perspectives in the literature on misconduct and the need to address both the style of behavior that inmates "import" into prison with them and the conditions that they encounter and must cope with during the course of their incarceration. Finally, ways in which the Bureau is attempting to influence these behaviors, with some apparent success, are discussed.
Freire, Conscientization, and Adult Education
Authors: Lloyd Arthur S. 
Published: March 2007

Paulo Freire, Brazilian educator, has elaborated an educational theory within the framework of a theory of radical social change and expressed in a literacy training program. A central concept is "conscientization," and development of critical consciousness through a process of reflection and action. Opposed to this "problem-posing" education, committed to personal and social liberation, is a "banking" education whose objective is domesti cation. Although American adult educators acknowledge the need for social change, their chief focus is on individual self-fulfillment. Predominantly a middle-class enterprise, adult education neither shares the perspectives nor serves the interests of "marginal" groups. Although its most obvious application may be with "oppressed" people, conscientization should have applicability to any education which includes as goals both democratization and radical social change.
Formal Organizational Structure and Participation in Planning Continuing Professional Education
Authors: Fox Robert D. 
Published: March 2007

This study explored and described the relationship between formal organizational structures and extent of participation of clients, faculty and program administrators in planning continuing professional education programs in six Southern land-grant universities. Each university was treated as a case study. Data were collected by interviews and content analysis of policy documents. The study found that the extent of structural integration/differentiation of the formal organization of continuing education is described by the extent to which responsibility for the delivery of continuing professional education is located in a university-wide continuing education delivery system as opposed to numerous college-based delivery systems. In addition, extent of par ticipation of clients increased when planning occurred in the context of campus-wide continuing education delivery systems and decreased in college-based delivery systems. Program ad ministrators participated most in planning which occurred in the context of college-based delivery systems. Type of organizational context was not associated with extent of faculty par ticipation in planning.
Diapause Induction and Termination: North-South Strain Differences in Ostrinia nubilalis
Authors: Skopik Steven D. , Takeda Makio 
Published: March 2007

Diapause induction and termination responses of a northern strain (Minnesota [MN]) of Ostrinia nubilalis were compared with those of a southern strain (Georgia [GA]). A ther moperiod in constant light (12 hr at 25°C alternating with 12 hr at4°C) failed to induce diapause in GA larvae, but approximately 50% diapause induction was observed in the MN population. Moreover, the 50% of MN larvae that continued their development (i.e., underwent pupation and adult development) did so at a slower rate, as measured by days to pupation, than GA larvae. In the laboratory, diapausing MN larvae responded more slowly to the optimal light-dark (LD) cycle for terminating diapause, LD 16:8, than did GA larvae. In the field MN populations are univoltine (i.e., are characterized by one generation per year). A delayed termination response in the spring, coupled with a longer critical daylength for diapause induction as daylength decreases during late summer (earlier diapause) restricts the time during which development can occur as contrasted with GA populations. In addition, it is postulated that these two phenomena, coupled with a possibly slower growth rate in the MN insects as revealed under laboratory conditions, may collectively represent the basis for univoltinism in the field.
Inhibition of GABA Transaminase Enhances Light-Induced Circadian Phase Delays but Not Advances
Authors: Golombek Diego A. , Ralph Martin R. 
Published: March 2007

The CNS neurotransmitter GABA is distributed extensively throughout the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the site of circadian pacemaker cells in mammals. Pharmacological agents that act at GABAA receptors alter specific circadian responses to light and may induce phase shifts of circadian rhythms. In the present study, the role of endogenously released GABA in rhythm regulation was investigated using vigabatrin (γ-vinyl GABA), an agent that has been shown to increase chronically or acutely the CNS levels of this neurotransmitter by inhibiting GABA transaminase. In Experiment 1, hamsters in constant darkness (DD) received a saline or a vigabatrin injection 1 hr before a 15-min, 700-lux light pulse. Vigabatrin increased photic phase delays but did not affect advances. In Experiment 2, vigabatrin delivered chronically via osmotic minipump treatment did not affect locomotor activity period in DD. However, after 14 days of infusion, photic phase delays (but not advances) were greatly increased in the vigabatrin group. In Experiment 3, in constant light (LL), chronic vigabatrin-treated animals showed an increased period that returned to pretreatment values after the 14-day drug infusion. The results are consistent with the phase-dependent effects of other agents that alter GABA neurotransmission. The data support the general hypothesis that GABA modulates the circadian responses to light in a phase-dependent manner, and may participate in entrainment to light-dark cycles by influencing the relative responsiveness to light in the early and late subjective night.
Sensitivity of the Human Circadian Pacemaker to Moderately Bright Light
Authors: Boivin Diane B. , Duffy Jeanne F. , Kronauer Richard E. , Czeisler Charles A. 
Published: March 2007

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to the resetting effect of moderately bright light (∼1260 lux), and to assess the direct effect of such light exposure by comparison to a control group of subjects undergoing the same behavioral manipulations but with a similarly timed exposure to darkness instead of light. Endogenous circadian phase and amplitude were assessed in dim light (∼10-15 lux) before and after two consecutive series of three 5-hr exposures to ∼1260 lux or to darkness (∼0.03 lux) in two different groups of young healthy men, using the constant-routine technique. The light or darkness exposure was centered 1.5 hr after the initial fitted endogenous temperature minimum and 12 hr opposite the newly scheduled midpoint of the sleep episode, in order to induce a phase advance in the light-exposed subjects. The phase of the endogenous circadian pacemaker was assessed by a dual-harmonic regression model from core body temperature recorded every minute during constant routines. Urinary volume was measured at each micturition, subjective alertness every 20 min, and cognitive performance hourly. The endogenous circadian phase shifted to a significantly earlier time after each series of light exposures in the treatment group than it did in the control group (two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures: F = 67.91, p = 0.0001). The analysis of circadian curves of urine production, subjective alertness, and cognitive performance scores revealed that all variables maintained stable temporal relationships with the endogenous circadian temperature minimum—an indication that these rhythms shifted in the same direction and by an equivalent amount. Despite comparable behavioral schedules, including the timing of bedrest/sleep and social contacts, circadian temperature rhythm of control subjects free-ran under dim light conditions, indicating that moderately bright light exerted a direct biological effect on the human circadian pacemaker in the treatment group. The present study also demonstrated that light of ∼1260 lux (which is of substantially lower intensity that the ∼7000-12,000 lux used in prior experiments) produces robust phase advances of the endogenous circadian temperature rhythm, which has been shown to be an accurate marker of the output of the circadian pacemaker (Czeisler et al., 1989). These results support the hypothesis that the phase-shifting effect of light on the human circadian pacemaker has a strongly nonlinear relationship to illuminance levels, such that it is preserved despite marked reductions in light intensity.
Current Status and Future Prospects for Community Development Corporations
Authors: Keating W. Dennis , Krumholz Norman , Star Phil 
Published: March 2007

This review essay examines community-based development and looks at the status and future prospects of community development corporations (CDCs). The following publications are discussed: 1. Rachel G. Bratt, Rebuilding a Low-Income Housing Policy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 399 pp., $34.95. 2. Renee Berger, Against All Odds: The Achievements of Community-Based Development Organizations (Washington, D.C.: National Congress for Community Economic Development, March 1989), 10 pp., $10.00. 3. Neil S. Mayer, The Role of Nonprofits in Renewed Federal Housing Efforts (Cambridge, Ma.: Center for Real Estate Development, MIT, March 1988), HP 16,32 pp., $5.00. 4. Neal R. Pierce and Carol F. Steinbach, Corrective Capitalism: The Rise of America's Community Development Corporations (New York: Ford Foundation, July 1987), 8 pp., no price.
Cultural Views of Breastfeeding Among High-School Female Students in Japan and the United States: A Survey
Authors: Yeo SeonAe , Mulholland Phyllis M. , Hirayama Munehiro , Breck Sandra 
Published: March 2007

This study compares the attitudes toward breastfeeding of high-school students in Japan and the United States. The study was conducted as a cross-sectional survey with a convenience sample (N=329). Data were collected in 1989 and 1990 at two private, girls-only high schools (Tokyo, Japan and Farmington, Michigan). Retrieval rates were 100 percent (Tokyo) and 78 percent (Michigan) respectively. Responses were compared by the chi-square (x2) test with Yate's correction and factor analyses. Tokyo students perceived that their mothers talked positively about breastfeeding (54 percent), while only 17 percent of Michigan students reported that their mothers did so (<.001). Less than five percent of the Tokyo students felt that breastfeeding disturbs family life, whereas nearly 98 percent of the Michigan students felt so (p<.001). Tokyo students scored significantly higher on the 'family' factor, while the Michigan students scored significantly higher on the 'self factor. Overall, this study indicates that high school students in Japan have more positive attitudes toward breastfeeding than students in the United States; however, teenagers in the United States are more interested than their Japanese age-mates in gaining information about breastfeeding.
Deterrence Theory and the Spiral Model Revisited
Authors: Zagare Frank C. , Kolgour D. Marc 
Published: March 2007

The theoretical literature of interstate conflict is dominated by two conceptual models, classical deterrence theory and the spiral model. The fundamental tenet of classical deterrence theory is that credible and capable threats can prevent the initiation, and contain the escalation, of conflict. By contrast, proponents of the spiral model claim that the prescriptions associated with deterrence theory frequently lead to vicious cycles of reciprocated conflict. According to Jervis `both sets of theorists fail to discuss the conditions under which their theories will not apply'. In this article we do just that, identifying and comparing the conditions associated with conflict spirals and with crisis stability, in the context of a game-theoretic escalation model with incomplete information. For the special case in which a challenger is likely willing to endure an all-out conflict, our analysis indicates that the conditions associated with successful deterrence, limited conflict, and escalated conflict are mutually exclusive.
Some descriptions of schizophrenia-like illness in the German literature of the early nineteenth century
Authors: Crighton James 
Published: March 2007

The situation of German psychiatry in the early nineteenth century is of interest as the specialty was developing in a society which was still largely non- industrial. Examination of the literature of the time allows, therefore, a testing of hypotheses concerning schizophrenia as a disease of industrial society. This study presents a number of descriptions of illness resembling schizophrenia derived from textbooks on mental illness and psychiatric journals from the period 1790-1830, as well as a fictional account in a novella by Georg Büchner dating from 1835. These descriptions suggest that schizophrenia did occur not uncommonly in pre-industrial Germany, and that the most detailed descriptions tended to come from non-specialist sources. The implications of this for the non-recognition of schizophrenia before Kraepelin's account of 1896 are discussed.
General Aptitude Test Battery Factor Structures for Saudi Arabian and American Samples : A Comparison
Authors: Dagenais Fred 
Published: March 2007

The General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) has been used in America for over 45 years and administered abroad in 13 languages in 35 countries, including an Arabic version. Correlation matrices for the 12 GATB tests for samples of 4,000 Americans and 749 Saudi Arabians were analysed by factor and cluster analysis. The resulting factor structures and group mean score profiles are contrasted. Three similar factors emerged (Cognitive, Psychomotor and Spatial Perception) for both samples and factorial equivalence established. The profiles of mean scores for the two groups are similar in both shape and amplitude. One can have confidence in the results when an Arabic version of the GATB is administered to Saudi Arabian males. Further study should be made of tests measuring the Spatial Perception construct, so that this important ability dimension can be used with greater precision with Saudi Arabian males for selection, counselling, and training.
Cognitive Profiles of Poor Readers in Oriya Language: Are They Similar to English Readers?
Authors: Das J.P. , Nanda Sambit , Dash Udaya N. 
Published: March 2007

Can we assume that the generally poor reader in Oriya language may be distin guished from good and average readers on the basis of selected cognitive tasks that do not involve reading? Furthermore, are their cognitive performance differ ences similar to those found among good and poor readers in English among Canadian children whose mother tongue is English? School children from Grades 3 and 5 participated in the study. They came from two kinds of schools: of poor and average quality. Cognitive tests measuring simultaneous and successive processing, and some planning and attention tasks were administered. Results from the average quality school showed that the poor readers were clearly poor in both simultaneous and successive tests and in only some planning and attention tests. The Canadian and Oriya children's cognitive patterns were thus similar. The need for taking a much larger sample to separate the truly dyslexic child from the "garden-variety"poor readers and then examining their cognitive patterns is suggested.
Tanzania: A Case of 'Dependent Science'
Authors: Gaillard Jacques 
Published: March 2007

This paper provides an overview of the state of the science and technology (S&T) in Tanzania. After mapping the institutional research situation, the strengths and weaknesses of the Tanzanian national scientific community are assessed. The main topics covered include Tanzanian science policy, the institutional landscape, the conditions under which scientists work in Tanzania, including professional changes, the variety of funding mechanisms supporting S& T activities, and scientific outputs. Tanzanian scientists are facing a multiple professional dependency including foreign aid dependency to go on training (even in Tanzania), to finance their research work and to complement their incomes. In addition, Tanzanian researchers are dependent on foreign colleagues at each stage of their scientific work. Foreign funding modalities have changed during the last twenty years and this may lead to greater national ownership in the future. Although foreign funding will be necessary to sustain the survival of the Tanzanian scientific community in the near future, it is argued that the government should increase its support to S&T activities to ensure a needed revival.
Science and Bureaucracy in Traditional China
Authors: Yung Sik Kim  
Published: March 2007

Bureaucracy had a profound effect on nearly all aspects of the society and culture in traditional China. Science was no exception, and although bureau cracy should rank at the top of the list of subjects to be studied in the context of Chinese science, yet, the relation between science and bureaucracy in China has not been studied properly so far. What is abundant is impressionistic state ments concerning the stimulating or hindering effects of bureaucracy on the development ofscience in China. In this essay, by indicating what I consider to be problems and possibilities in the study of the subject, I try to present a more nuanced approach needed for an adequate understanding of this very complex and multifaceted relation. Looking at previous discussions about the relations between the two, this essay then notes some common problems in them, after which the nature of this relation is examined more generally. In doing so I draw upon my reflections about the relation between science and another cultural element, religion, in traditional China. I then suggest some new perspectives that can be brought into the study of the relation between science and bureaucracy in China, and conclude by mentioning some topics that can be studied fruitfully in a new light.