bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability in non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitor concentrations among HIV‐infected adults in routine clinical practice
Authors: Moltó José , Blanco Asunción , Miranda Cristina , Miranda José , Puig Jordi , Valle Marta , DelaVarga Meritxell , Fumaz Carmina R. , Barbanoj Manuel José , Clotet Bonaventura 
Published: May 2006

What is already known about this subject

The concentration of protease and non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibtors in plasma has been related to both efficacy and toxicity.
Most antiretroviral concentration data come from selected populations of patients undergoing therapeutic drug monitoring programmes, which may overestimate interindividual variability.

What this study adds

Our study has demonstrated the large interindividual variability in antiretroviral drug concentrations in an unselected population of patients during routine clinical practice.
These results may provide interesting information to clinicians for the management of antiretroviral therapy in HIV‐infected patients.

AimsThe objective of this study was to assess interindividual variability in trough concentrations of plasma of non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) and protease inhibitors (PI) among HIV‐infected adults in a routine outpatient setting.MethodsOne hundred and seventeen patients who attended our clinic for routine blood tests, and who were receiving antiretroviral therapy which included NNRTI or PI were studied. Patients were not informed that drug concentrations were going to be measured until blood sampling. The times of the last antiretroviral dose and of blood sampling were recorded. Drug concentrations were considered optimal if they were above the proposed minimum effective value. In addition, efavirenz, nevirapine and atazanavir concentrations were considered potentially toxic if they were > 4.0 mg l−1, > 6.0 mg l−1 and > 0.85 mg l−1, respectively.ResultsOverall, interindividual variability of NNRTI and PI concentrations in plasma was approximately 50%, and only 68.4% of the patients had drug concentrations within the proposed therapeutic range. Poor adherence explained only 35% of subtherapeutic drug concentrations.ConclusionInterindividual variability in trough concentrations of NNRTI and PI among HIV‐infected adults is large in routine clinical practice, with drug concentrations being outside the therapeutic window in a significant proportion of patients. These findings provide further evidence that therapeutic drug monitoring may be useful to guide antiretroviral therapy in clinical practice.
A survey of the fauna of streams on Mount Elgon, East Africa, with special reference to the Simuliidae (Diptera)
Authors: WILLIAMS T. R. , HYNES H. B. N. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe stream fauna of Mt Elgon is described from collections taken during a 6‐week visit. Collections were mainly made on the cultivated slopes below the belt of montane forest, and although stations were concentrated on the western sides of the mountain sufficient were worked elsewhere to show that there was little or no geographical variation of the fauna.The streams are physically diverse but faunistically rather uniform, with a few genera dominating the fauna throughout the entire range of altitude investigated. Most of the other taxa showed evidence of altitudinal limitation which may be attri‐buted to the pronounced temperature gradients of the mountain's streams.As the species of Simuliidae and adult Elminthidae could be reliably distinguished their distributions were studied in greater detail. The Simuliidae showed a pronounced zonation of species, the majority being confined to narrow ranges of altitude below the forest margin. Factors considered to influence their distribution were principally altitude (temperature), current speed and, to a lesser extent, stream size. The influence of these factors on the distribution of adult Elminthids was less marked, although all species showed at least an upper or a lower limit of altitude, and more than half the commoner species a preference for a particular stream type.Taxonomic knowledge of African freshwater faunas allows few groups to be identified beyond the genus, and with this limitation the Elgon stream fauna is found to differ in only minor respects from the faunas of other highland areas in Central Africa.
The determination of mineralization losses in correlation with the estimation of net primary production with the oxygen method and chemical inhibitors
Authors: GOLTERMAN H. L. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryIn samples of eutrophic lake water incubated during a few days with dinitrophenol it was found that the decrease of particulate‐carbon was about equal to the decrease of the particulate‐nitrogen (in %) and was lower than the simultaneous O2‐consumption. The measured mineralization appeared to be strongly temperature‐dependent and nearly stopped at 3°C. These facts suggest that the mineralization of the particulate material is caused by a bacterial process and not only by respiration. It means, that only part of the O2 consumption in darkness (overnight) should be subtracted from the net algal production in the light to estimate the net daily production. Further, it could be demonstrated with samples incubated with DCMU that the oxygen consumption in hght bottles is larger than in the dark bottle. The two effects work in the same direction as they both increase the results of the calculation of daily primary production from the field observations.
The chemical hydrology of the River Oshun, Western State, Nigeria
Authors: EGBORGE AUSTIN B.M. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe changes in the chemistry of the waters of a small river before and immediately after it has been dammed are reported here.Pre‐impoundment investigations reveal the paucity of nutrient salts which became slightly more concentrated in the Ientic environment created after the closure of the dam. Also, the fluctuations in the chemistry of the waters were influenced by a number of physical factors notably water level, current velocity and temperature.Deoxygenation of the usually oxygen‐undersaturated river waters was not observed after the closure of the Asejire dam built across the River Oshun.
Suspended organic matter in fast‐flowing streams in Scotland
Authors: EGGLISHAW HENRY J. , SHACKLEY P. E. 
Published: May 2006

Summary1. Samples of suspended microscopic particles were collected from a small stream (Shelligan Burn) over a distance of 3–6 km, in conditions of low and high flow, and from a longer stream (River Almond) over a distance of 27 km during average flow.2. In the low‐flow conditions in the Shelligan Burn the commonest material was non‐cellular detritus, with living diatoms, all originating from the bed of the stream, as the only other relatively abundant component. The concentration of some species of diatoms varied considerably in the course of the stream, others were more evenly distributed. Zoospores of Chlorophyceae were In much higher concentration in one short stretch of the stream, whereas filaments of the same group were fairly evenly distributed. Backwaters contained lower concentrations of certain components, presumably due to local sedimentation in the decreasing rate of flow. No clear differ‐ences were found between samples from pool stations and those from nearby riffles. A sample from the mouth of a small tributary contained more of certain materials originating from its denser bankside vegetation, and less moss because of its sparse‐ness on the unstable bed. Its diatom flora was different from that of the main stream, having fewer of the epilithic and epiphytic species but more of the mud‐surface ones. As there was no significant downstream increase in the volume of flow the absolute abundance of particles was relative to their concentration.3. In one flood condition in the same stream there was a downstream increase in the concentration of suspended monocotyledenous tissue and non‐cellular detritus. The absolute abundance of detritus at the most downstream station was at least forty‐five times greater than it was in the low‐flow conditions.4. In the River Almond the commonest materials in suspension were again non‐cellular detritus and diatom cells. There was a distinct downstream increase in the concentration of the diatoms and also of Chlorophyceae. The volume of flow increased downstream so that between the most upstream and downstream stations tbe absolute abundance of diatoms increased 100 times and Chlorophyceae increased 1000 times.
Aquatic macrophytes as limnological indicators
Authors: SEDDON B. 
Published: May 2006

SummarySpecies of submersed and floating‐leaved aquatic macrophytes have been place in a series based on their patterns of occurrence in an ordination of floristic lists. Two chemical parameters from lake water analyses are correlated with the species assemblage in individual lakes and trophic categories are defined on the quantitative chemical characteristics of lake waters. The range and limiting tolerance of solute content for many aquatic species are described and related to these trophic categories. Restiction towards eutrophic conditions is considered as an obligate relatinship reflecting physiological demands. Some dystrophic and oligotrophic species are shown to have wide tolerance and are thought to be excluded from sites of higher trophic status by competition rather than physiological limitation.
The vertical distribution of some ciliated Protozoa in the plankton of a eutrophic pond during summer stratification
Authors: GOULDER R. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe vertical distribution of some ciliated Protozoa in the plankton of a pond in north‐west England was investigated during August 1971. At this time, when the pond was stratified with an oxygen dificient hypolimnion, ciliates were counted at 10‐cm depth intervals every 5 h over 25 h. The most common species (Loxodes magnus and L. striatus) were confined to the hypolimnion; there was no diurnal migration into the epilimnion.Earlier work had shown that Loxodes species require oxygen; it is therefore possible that these ciliates, which inhabited the oxygen dificient hypolimnion, migratedvertically, from time to time, to an oxygen supply at the boundary with the well‐oxygenated epilimnion. To test this, Loxodes populations were confined in cellophane tubese both in the hypolimnion (at 3 m) and epilimnion (0.5 m) for 12 and 24 h (earlier trials had shown that the tubes were not markedly toxic). The ciliates died at both depths, and in a further experiment when Loxodes were confined at 3 m and 0.5 m and sampled at 5‐h intervals up to 25 h it was found that they survived longer in the hypolimnion. It is suggested that ciliatees confined at 3 m died because they were unable to migrate vertically to an oxygen supply, while those at 0.5 m died because some other adverse factor was operating in the eiplimnion. Laboratory experiments showed that Loxodes died inn water in which phytoplankton photosynthesis took place and it is suggested that side effects of photosynthesis in the epilimnion (e.g. a rise in pH) caused the death of ciliates exposed at 0.5 m.
The variability in numbers of perch Perca fluviatilis L. caught in traps
Authors: BAGENAL T. B. 
Published: May 2006

SUMMARYThe variability in the catch of perch traps set in Windermere over the period 1955–70 has been analysed. Altogether 2690 catches in four series have been treated by analyses of variance after a logarithmic transformation. A representative value of the between traps variance from all sources of variation has been used to estimate the reliability of the mean catches based on different numbers of traps. It is shown that many traps are needed to obtain consistent results.
The variability of the catch from gill nets set for pike Esox lucius L.
Authors: BAGENAL T. B. 
Published: May 2006

SUMMARYThe variability of the catch of pike Esox lucius L. from gill nets in Windermere over the period 1961–71 has been analysed. Altogether 2952 catches have been treated by analysis of variance after an appropriate transformation. A representative value of the residual between catch variance has been used to estimate the reliability of the means of catches based on different numbers of net settings. It is shown that many settings of gill nets are required to get a reliable mean catch.
Studies on Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong: composition and distribution of the phytoplankton and its relationship to environmental factors
Authors: HODGKISS I. J. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryPhytoplankton counts and chemical/physical analyses were carried out twice weekly for 2^ years on samples taken from Plover Cove Reservoir, and a description of the variations in species composition and abundance is followed by an analysis of the effects of these environmental factors on algal growth, and their correlation with phytoplankton abundance. In addition, 24‐h surveys were carried out over a 1‐year period in an attempt to evaluate the seasonal, diurnal and vertical distribution patterns ofthe more abundant phytoplankters.Blue‐green algal blooms were greatest in winter 1967/68 and in autumn 1969; shoreline‐attached diatoms were prevalent in winter 1968/69 and winter 1969/70. The blue‐green algal blooms have been attributed to a high rate of phosphorus and nitrogen supply, and the occurrence of diatoms at such specific times to an increase in light penetration due to the paucity of phytoplankton at these times. Various well‐marked distribution patterns were seen, and the seasonal pattern in the case of Microcystis aeruginosa was shown to be closely correlated with fluctuations in certain chemical parameters, namely. ammonia‐N, nitrate‐N and phosphate concentrations. Predictions have been made concerning future trends in the algal community of the reservoir.
The seasonal and spatial distribution of some benthic ciliated Protozoa in Esthwaite Water
Authors: GOULDER R. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryFrom April 1969 to December 1970, oxygen concentrations and other physical and chemical parameters were determined in the bottom water at five sites (depths 14, 12, 8, 5 and 3 m) in Esthwaite Water in the English Lake District. In winter the bottom water at all five sites was oxygenated; while in summer, conditions at the deeper sites became anaerobic and concentrations of sulphide, ammonia and carbon dioxide increased.During the same period, some benthic ciliated Protozoa were counted at the same five sites. The species considered were Loxodes magnus, L. striatus, Frontonia leucas, Spirostomum minus, S. teres, Stentor coeruleus, S. polymorphus and Caenomorpha medusula and populations were assessed as number of individuals per 01 ml of sediment. It was found that: (1) the most dense populations tended to be at the deeper sites; (2) population maxima generally occurred when the bottom water was oxygenated (except for C. medusula) and; (3) there was, over the 21 months, considerable irregularity in the size and timing of population maxima.In March‐April 1970, population densities of benthic ciliates, at the five sites, were measured in terms of individuals per cm2 of lake bottom. Population densities decreased with decrease in site depth. The availability of food organisms, turbulence and sediment texture were considered as factors which might control this distribution.
The seasonal variation and distribution of phytoplankton in the River Oshun, Nigeria
Authors: EGBORGE AUSTIN B. M. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe seasonal variation in abundance of the phytopiankton groups in the river Oshun before and immediately after the closure of the Asejire dam is described.The river was dominated by the Bacillariophyceae throughout the period before impoundment but soon after, the Volcocaceae and the Dinophyceae became preponderant at the lake although the diatoms remained dominant at the source. Also, the period of maximum abundance of the diatoms occurred 8 weeks before the other phytoplankton groups attained their maxima in the river.Correlation coefficient values enumerated by computer revealed the controlling effect of the discharge, transparency and nitrate nitrogen on phytoplankton development in the Oshun.
Ecological studies on Chaoborus (Diptera, Chaoboridae) in Lake George, Uganda
Authors: McGOWAN LESLEY M. 
Published: May 2006

Summary(1) Chaoborus anomalus and Chaoborus ceratopogones were found together throughout the year in Lake George, Uganda, the larvae forming 65‐85% by number of the macro‐benthos of the central lake area.(2) First and second instar larvae were wholly planktonic and third and fourth instar larvae mainly benthic during the day, migrating into the water column at night. A proportion of the third and fourth instar larvae were found in the water column during the day in the centre of the lake where light attenuation was greatest. C. anomalus showed a greater tendency to be benthic than C. ceratopogones.(3) Planktonic larvae were distributed in dense patches thought to be cohorts resulting from oviposition by swarms of adult females. The maximum density of planktonic larvae recorded was 31.7 × 102/m2 column. Third and fourth instar larvae were more evenly distributed in the benthos of the central lake area, the maximum density recorded was 79.9×102/m2.(4) First and second instar larvae occurred mainly in the inshore regions, very few were found in the centre of the lake. Oviposition is likely to take place inshore. The patches of planktonic larvae were not stationary. Dispersal of larvae away from the shore may be active or may result from complex oscillations of the water mass produced by storms. In C. ceratopogones the floating egg batches could he carried away from the north shore by currents produced by inflows and prevailing winds.(5) Adults of C. ceratopogones were more numerous during the rainy seasons than during the dry seasons. A similar, though less marked seasonality was found in the occurrence of C. anomalus adults. The biomass of benthic larvae of C. ceratopo‐gones was estimated at 387.0 mg C/m2 in the dry season, June 1970, and 130 0 mg C/m2 in the rainy season, October 1970. That of C. anomalus was constant at 241.7 and 254.3 mg C/m2 in June and October, 1970 respectively.(6) No difference was found in the horizontal distribution of the larvae, or in the size and weight attained by the various stages.(7) Interspecific differences were found in the mean number of eggs per adult female (309, C. anomalus and 224, C. ceratopogones); in the nature ofthe egg batches; n i the morphology of the larval mouthparts and pharyngeal sphincters, as well as i n the vertical distribution of the larvae and seasonal occurrence of the adults. On the basis of these differences the co‐existing species are thought not to be competing for the same resources.
The spatial distribution of desmids in lakes in northern Minnesota, U.S.A.
Authors: BLAND R. D. , BROOK A. J. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryAs a result of studies in certain lakes in northern Minnesota it has been found that the spatial distribution of desmids in them depends especially on the following factors: the constitution, abundance and distribution of the lakes' submerged aquatic flora and the morphometry and consequent patterns of their water circulation. The study has also shown a positive relationship between the size of desmid cells present in the plankton and the extent of water circulation. The latter factor may determine the composition and hence the diversity of lake phytoplankton.
The riddle of the dual expression of IgM and IgD
Authors: Geisberger Roland , Lamers Marinus , Achatz Gernot 
Published: May 2006

SummarySignalling through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) is required for peripheral B lymphocyte maturation, maintenance, activation and silencing. In mature B cells, the antigen receptor normally consists of two isotypes, membrane IgM and IgD (mIgM, mIgD). Although the signals initiated from both isotypes differ in kinetics and intensity, in vivo, the BCR of either isotype seems to be able to compensate for the loss of the other, reflected by the mild phenotypes of mice deficient for mIgM or mIgD. Thus, it is still unclear why mature B cells need expression of mIgD in addition to mIgM. In the current review we suggest that the view that IgD has a simpIy definable function centred around the basic signalling function should be replaced by the assumption that IgD fine tunes humoral responses, modulates B cell selection and homeostasis and thus shapes the B cell repertoire, defining IgD to be a key modulator of the humoral immune response.
Population dynamics in wild boar Sus scrofa: ecology, elasticity of growth rate and implications for the management of pulsed resource consumers
Authors: BIEBER CLAUDIA , RUF THOMAS 
Published: May 2006

Summary
In terrestrial ecosystems many species show large population fluctuations caused by pulsed resources, such as mast seeding. A prime example of a mammal strongly affected by mast seeding of trees is the wild boar Sus scrofa, a species that has become a pest in many parts of the world. We investigated the population dynamics of wild boar to assist the development of effective management strategies for this species and possibly for other pulsed resource consumers.
We analysed published vital rates of wild boar using Leslie matrix projection models and elasticity analysis. Models were based on vital rates of animals under poor, intermediate and good environmental conditions, which represent combinations of differences in food availability (particularly mast of beech Fagus sylvatica and/or oak Quercus spp.) and winter climate.
Interestingly, we observed a crossover in the ranking of elasticities (e; the relative impact of each vital rate on population growth rate λ) when comparing different conditions. While the elasticity of λ to adult survival was highest in poor environments [e(Padult) = 0·36, e(Pjuvenile) = 0·22], the elasticity of λ to juvenile survival was highest under good conditions [e(Padult) = 0·16, e(Pjuvenile) = 0·28]. Thus juvenile survival becomes increasingly important for population growth as habitat conditions improve.
Our analysis of empirical beech mast records gave some indication of an increase of full masts over the last few decades. Modelling different beech mast scenarios showed that an increase in full mast frequency will lead to a rapid increase in λ. The availability of alternative food resources, namely agricultural crops, may also contribute to an expansion of wild boar populations.
Synthesis and applications. We suggest that, whenever possible, management strategies should be based on separate elasticity analyses for different environmental conditions, especially for species dependent on pulsed resources. For wild boar we suggest the following principal management strategies to stop further population increases: (i) supplementary feeding should be strictly avoided; (ii) under good environmental conditions, reducing juvenile survival will have the largest effect on λ, whereas strong hunting pressure on adult females will lead to most effective population control in years with poor conditions.