bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stabilization Mechanisms in Polyolefin-Asphalt Emulsions
Authors: Hesp SA , Woodhams RT 
Published: March 2009

The successful use of polyethylene as a polymeric modifier in asphalt paving materials has encouraged research into development of a product where the polyolefin is emulsified in the hot asphalt medium without being subjected to phase separation. In the last thirty years, patents and publications have given new and old ways of accomplishing the difficult task of achieving an inherently stable mixture.
These polymer-in-asphalt type dispersions suffer from a tendency towards gross phase separation by coalescence and subsequent creaming. It has been reported in a number of feasibility studies that the polymer-asphalt incompatibility, as experienced in polyolefin modified mixtures, translates into a deterioration of ultimate properties. However, in the absence of these detrimental effects, asphalt concrete properties could be enhanced significantly. The possible benefits to our roads as reported in the literature are substantial: increased rutting resistance, low temperature cracking resistance, elevated tensile strength and others.
A condensed review illustrates the various approaches that have been employed for the stabilization of polyolefin dispersions in asphalt binders for paving applications.
Extrapolation of C(T) Specimen J-R Curves
Authors: Wilkowski GM , Marschall CW , Landow MP 
Published: March 2009

In many structural flaw evaluations, frequently it is necessary to predict the maximum load where a ductile tearing failure mode is expected. In such a calculation, large ductile crack growth needs to be accounted for to predict the maximum load, especially for large structures and/or lower toughness materials. One difficulty in such an evaluation is that the amount of crack growth obtainable in C(T) specimens that can be machined from the material (e.g., from a pipe) is relatively small. Because of this, it is necessary to extrapolate the J-R curves to the larger amount of crack growth. No generally accepted method exists for such extrapolations.
This paper discusses methods used to evaluate J-R curves extrapolation techniques. As part of this study, several materials were evaluated using C(T) specimens of various sizes but with the same thickness. This is frequently the case for piping, whereas for a pressure vessel or other heavy-wall structure the specimens will frequently not even be the same thickness as the structure. The results in this study showed more geometry effects with the JM-R curve than expected.
Fracture Toughness in the Transition Regime for A533B-1 Steel: The Effect of Specimen Sidegrooving
Authors: Morland E 
Published: March 2009

This report describes the results of an experimental test program to investigate the influence of specimen sidegrooving on the cleavage fracture toughness of A533B-1 steel. The work represents a companion study to a previous investigation into the effects of specimen size on the cleavage fracture toughness of the same A533B-1 plate material.
Compact specimens were prepared in two sizes (12.5 and 25 mm thick) in the 0, 20 or 50% sidegrooved conditions. A total of 160 tests were performed in the transition regime with a minimum of 29 specimens being tested for each specimen size and depth of sidegrooving. Variations in cleavage fracture toughness were characterized using exponential curve fits to data across a temperature range and arithmetic mean values calculated at discrete test temperatures.
The results show that sidegrooving has the effect of decreasing the mean level of cleavage toughness in the upper transition regime (high mean K levels) and increasing it in the lower transition regime (low mean K levels). These results are explained in terms of the competing effects of increased specimen constraint and reduced net thickness in sidegrooved specimens. Reduced resistance to ductile tearing in sidegrooved specimens is also shown to be a contributing factor to decreased toughness levels in the upper transition regime.
Use of the Direct-Current Electric Potential Method to Monitor Large Amounts of Crack Growth in Highly Ductile Metals
Authors: Marschall CW , Held PR , Landow MP , Mincer PN 
Published: March 2009

The direct-current electric potential method is receiving increasing attention for monitoring crack extension in J-resistance curve testing. Among its advantages over the unloading-compliance method are: (1) no time-consuming unloadings are required, (2) a continuous record of crack extension versus displacement can be obtained, and (3) the method can be used at higher strain rates where unloading compliance cannot be used.
Despite the advantages of the direct-current electric potential method, questions persist regarding its ability to monitor large amounts of crack growth in highly ductile materials where large displacements and large amounts of plastic strain occur. This paper presents details of an experiment conducted on a 3T planform-size compact specimen of 25.4 mm thickness to assess the ability of the direct-current electric potential method to accurately measure crack extension in a highly ductile material. The material selected was Type 304 austenitic stainless steel. It was found that the Johnson expression, often used to calculate crack extension from direct-current electric potential data, significantly underestimated the actual amount of crack extension. However, a simple modification of the Johnson expression resulted in excellent agreement between calculated and measured crack extensions.
Protective Clothing Development at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Ltd
Authors: Coughlan JE 
Published: March 2009

Historically in the smelting industry, burns which result in serious injuries, with the potential to be fatal are caused from exposure to molten aluminium and molten bath electrolyte splash. Employees clothing is their final line of defence from these hazards.
Results from laboratory and wearer tests showed that a lightweight ZIRPRO treated 100% wool fabric provided excellent protection from molten aluminium (750°C—900°C) and molten bath electrolyte (cryolite 1050°C) yet was lightweight and comfortable to wear, durable, and easy to launder.
NZAS adopted clothing made from this fabric - sitewide as an alternative to traditionally worn borax treated cotton garments.
The effectiveness of the new wool clothing is presently being evaluated along with the impact that this change, which affected all employees has had on the NZAS workforce.
Solidification and Stabilization of Phenol and Chlorinated Phenol Contaminated Soils
Authors: Sell NJ , Revall MA , Bentley W , McIntosh TH 
Published: March 2009

Phenol and chlorinated phenols are toxic compounds found in many treated wood products such as fence posts and railroad ties, hence soils near such treatment facilities or near old railroad yards can be quite contaminated. This study investigated the results of using sodium bentonite clay modified with dimethyl di(hydrogenated tallow) ammonium chloride mixed with Type I portland cement to immobilize a series of phenols (phenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol) from a sandy Shawano B horizon (typic Udipsamment) soil.
The test soil was mixed with the various phenols at a contaminant concentration of 1000 mg/kg. An admixture of contaminated soil and modified clay (0 to 10% w/w organoclay) was prepared. Final solidification was done by adding cement at concentrations of 16 to 39% w/w. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and unconfined compressive strength determinations were made. The results of these tests indicate potential for using these organoclay admixtures for treating soils contaminated with various chlorinated phenols.
Application of Radioactive Waste Solidification Methods to Hazardous Wastes in Italy
Authors: Donato A , Ricci GA 
Published: March 2009

The application of radioactive waste solidification processes to industrial hazardous waste (HDW) has been studied. An investigation to identify the most significant HDW types currently produced in Italy was carried out, and samples were collected from various producing industries to use in an experimental solidification program. The solidification processes have been divided into two categories: (1) processes using polymers as binders (polyester resins and urea-formaldehyde), applicable to the solidification of HDW of mixed organic-inorganic nature; and (2) processes using cement, applicable to HDW of inorganic nature.
The applicability of the mentioned solidification processes to some representative HDW was studied by establishing for each the best waste-to-binder ratio. Mechanical strengths and heavy metal releases were then determined. HDW incorporation in cement and in polyester resins is feasible, and the solidified final product satisfies the regulatory requirements. On the contrary, the incorporation in urea-formaldehyde resins is not applicable. The solidification costs have been calculated.
Mixture Design Optimization Considering Three Disposal Options for Solidified Heavy Metal Sludges
Authors: Shin H-S , Kim J-O , Koo J-K , Shin E-B 
Published: March 2009

This research evaluated the feasibility of three different disposal options such as landfill, reuse in construction, and ocean disposal for solidified materials containing synthetic heavy metal sludges—copper and chromium. Three factors—binder/sludge, fly ash/binder, and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) sludge ratios—were investigated in terms of physical and leaching properties. Considering the actual disposal environment, three different leachants, namely, acidic water, distilled water, and seawater, were used in the leaching tests.
The inhibition of cement hydration by copper sludge significantly affected the physical properties of solidified materials. Fly ash additions deteriorated the overall properties of solidified material, but the use of a sodium silicate solution had no significant effect. Leachate characteristics after 24-h extraction were strongly affected by the nature of leachant, and leached metal concentrations were well matched with theoretical solubility according to leachate pH. A comparison of leaching characteristics indicated that acidic water was the most aggressive toward leaching the solidified matrices and that distilled water was slightly more aggressive than seawater. Leachate alkalinity after seawater leaching decreased less than initial seawater alkalinity, which would be caused by carbonate influx and magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] formation onto solidified matrices.
Results of triplicate tests and statistical analysis indicated that the binder/sludge ratio had the greatest effect on physical properties while the type of leachant had the greatest effect on leaching properties. Mixture design optimization using linear programming was attempted for the economic comparison of three disposal options. As a result, ocean disposal as well as reuse in construction were estimated as the preferred disposal alternatives for solidified heavy metal sludge.
Cement Conditioning of Waste Materials and Polluted Soil Using the GEODUR Process
Authors: Brodersen K , Hjelmar O , Mortensen S 
Published: March 2009

In this work, two areas of application of the GEODUR additive in cement stabilization of waste materials have been investigated: stabilization of radioactive contaminated soil and stabilization of municipal solid waste incinerator ash. Preliminary experimental work on a clayey soil contaminated with radioactive cesium and strontium has indicated that the GEODUR process is a technically feasible method for soil solidification. The retarding effects of humic materials in the soil are eliminated by the additive even at low cement contents. The solidified soil is not particularly strong, but has satisfactory water permeability. Retention of cesium is reasonably good, but not as good as for the untreated soil. Retention of strontium is not good but is considerably improved by carbonation. The volume stability during permanent immersion of the solidified products in water is satisfactory, but crack formation during dryout cannot be excluded.
In a parallel experimental investigation of the effect of stabilizing incinerator ash with cement with and without addition of GEODUR it was found that the additive reduces the leachable fractions of copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead. Addition of GEODUR was also found to reduce the rate of release of cadmium, copper, and lead (and possibly zinc) from cement-stabilized incinerator ash in a marine (seawater) environment. Incinerator ash stabilized with 7.4 and 13% sulfate-resistant cement was investigated. It seems likely that application of the GEODUR process in some cases may reduce the amount of cement necessary for stabilization of incinerator ash without sacrificing waste form performance. The results presented are based on a limited number of results from continuing experimental programs which are expected to produce a more complete basis for firmer and more quantitative conclusions.
Modification of the EXCO Test Method for Exfoliation Corrosion Susceptibility in 7XXX, 2XXX, and Aluminum-Lithium Alloys
Authors: Lee S , Lifka BW 
Published: March 2009

The EXCO test (ASTM G 34) is widely used to predict long-term exfoliation corrosion of high strength aluminum alloys in seacoast and other service environments. Recent experience has shown that the EXCO test does not always accurately predict the resistance of 7X50 and 2024 products processed to different degrees of resistance to exfoliation. The test also severely underestimates resistance to exfoliation of 2090-T8 products.
For 7X50 alloys, the standard EXCO test is too corrosive for materials in T7 types tempers. This unrealistic corrosion occurs during the first 24 h of the test, during which time the solution is highly acidic, starting at pH 0.4 and gradually stabilizing at pH 3.2. Tests in a preconditioned EXCO solution, prepared by exposing a piece of 7150 plate in fresh EXCO solution for 24 h to eliminate the period of low pH, showed better correlation with atmospheric test results. Subsequent chemical analyses of this preconditioned solution led to a modified EXCO solution capable of distinguishing the different levels of resistance to exfoliation that are inherent in the three commercial tempers (T6, T76, and T74). This modified solution contains 600 mg/L of aluminum ion plus 4M (142 g/L) chloride and 0.6M (37.2 g/L) nitrate concentrations, and has a pH of 3.2.
When conducted at a temperature of 52°C, the modified EXCO solution accurately reflected the performance of 2090 and 2024 alloys in a seacoast atmosphere.
Exfoliation Corrosion Testing of Aluminum-Lithium Alloys
Authors: Thompson JJ 
Published: March 2009

A study was performed comparing the corrosion resistance of new aluminum alloys in shipboard environments with accelerated laboratory corrosion test environments. The aluminum-lithium (Al-Li) alloys tested were 2020-T651, 2090-T8E41, and 8090-T851. For comparison, 7075 aluminum was tested in the exfoliation susceptible T651 temper and the resistant T7351 temper. Shipboard exposures were performed aboard aircraft carriers deployed to the Mediterranean Sea, and to the Indian Ocean during the monsoon season. Accelerated laboratory tests performed were EXCO (ASTM G 34-86), sulfur dioxide salt fog (ASTM G 85.A4-85), and MASTMAASIS (ASTM G 85.A2-85).
After shipboard exposure, the aluminum-lithium alloys in commercial tempers exhibited pitting corrosion similar to 7075-T7351. Aluminum alloy 7075-T651 exhibited severe exfoliation. During a mild shipboard exposure in which 7075-T651 developed superficial exfoliation, 8090-T651 exhibited moderate exfoliation demonstrating these alloys are not inherently exfoliation resistant.
Standard accelerated laboratory tests were effective predictors of performance in 7075 aluminum, but were not as effective for aluminum-lithium alloys. For 7075 aluminum, shipboard behaviors were reproduced in sulfur dioxide and MASTMAASIS salt fog after 3 to 4 weeks, and in EXCO after 48 h. For commercial Al-Li alloys, the standard accelerated laboratory tests did not reproduce shipboard exposure results.
Procedures and Fixtures for Removing, Capping, Handling, and Testing Masonry Prisms and Flexural Bond Specimens
Authors: Jones WD , Butala MB 
Published: March 2009

Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. (MMES), is currently assessing the safety of the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant. Many of the facilities at this plant are constructed using unreinforced hollow clay tile walls (HCTWs). In the spring of 1990 a testing program that includes in situ, laboratory, and shake table tests, and nondestructive examinations was initiated.
This paper presents the techniques used for removing, capping, and handling masonry prism specimens for testing normal and parallel to the bed joints. It also presents similar techniques used for removing, handling, and testing flexural bond masonry specimens. How these techniques can be used to obtain consistent test results and why they are required to meet relevant ASTM standards is described. These fixtures can also be used for fabrication of laboratory test specimens.
Performance of an Internally Braced Slurry-Diaphragm Wall for Excavation Support
Authors: Bono NA , Liu TK , Soydemir C 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the construction performance of an internally braced diaphragm wall constructed by the slurry trench method at a waterfront site on the Boston Harbor in Massachusetts. Due to the proximity of an existing building, waterfront structures and the harbor, as well as the unfavorable subsoil conditions, a cross-lot bracing system was selected for excavation support. The earth support system was instrumented by inclinometers and strain gages, and the existing abutting building was monitored by settlement reference points. Instrumentation data allowed monitoring of performance of the excavation support system as well as settlements in the existing adjacent building during the foundation construction.
The performance data indicated significantly unsymmetrical lateral displacements of the opposite diaphragm walls resulting from the unequal loads imposed by the building surcharge on one side as well as the limited soil mass on the opposite harbor side. Also, the daily collected data made it possible to take quick remedial action on the lateral support system at the time of a critical incident.
The Influence of Fiber Waviness on the Compressive Behavior of Unidirectional Continuous Fiber Composites
Authors: Highsmith AL , Davis JJ , Helms KLE 
Published: March 2009

The influence of fiber waviness and matrix nonlinearity on the compressive behavior of continuous fiber composites is studied. A micromechanics model based on the kinematics of the fibers has been developed to predict the behavior of unidirectional composites with initially wavy fibers under compressive loads. The initial waviness has been idealized as sinusoidal. Nonlinear shear behavior of the matrix has been included. Because the shear strain in the matrix is a function of position, the deformed shape of the fibers differs from the initial shape. Therefore, the deformed fiber shape is represented by a sine series.
Fiber waviness and matrix shear properties have been determined experimentally for T650-42/Radel C under several conditions. These experimental data have been used as input into the analytical model. Predicted compressive response is in reasonable agreement with experimental data.
Deterioration of Thermal Insulation Properties of Extruded Polystyrene: Classification and Quality Control System in Sweden
Authors: Sandberg PI 
Published: March 2009

In the process of assessing design values for thermal conductivity of insulating materials, knowledge of the time-dependent deterioration of the insulation performance is important. Extruded polystyrene is affected by changes in the composition of the gas mixture in the cells (normally referred to as ageing) and in some applications by moisture accumulation, both mechanisms resulting in a higher thermal conductivity.
In the Swedish quality control system the determination of thermal conductivity is carried out 91 ± 7 days after manufacture. Part of the ageing has by then already taken place, and the rest of the ageing during the life span of a building is taken care of by a specified addition (Δλa) to the laboratory value in the assessment of the design value. The more ageing that takes place before the determination of the thermal conductivity, the more accurate the design value will be. Different ways of accelerating the ageing have been discussed. This paper describes a method of acceleration by cutting the specimens into thin slices. It is shown that, by making use of this method, no extra addition allowing for the ageing under service conditions is needed (i.e., Δλa = 0).
The paper also deals with moisture accumulation in soil insulation and inverted roofs. The moisture corrections (Δλm) in the classification system are given. A method for acceleration of the moisture pickup and correlation to in situ measurements as well as a theoretical model for predicting moisture accumulation are described. Finally, effects of moisture on thermal conductivity are discussed.
A Dynamic Test Method for Determining Transfer Function Coefficients for a Wall Specimen Using a Calibrated Hot Box
Authors: Burch DM , Zarr RR , Licitra BA 
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a dynamic test method for determining transfer function coefficients (TFCs) for a wall specimen using a calibrated hot box (CHB). In this method, a wall specimen is installed between the climatic and metering chambers of a CHB. After a steady specimen heat transfer rate is attained, the air temperature in the climatic chamber is quickly ramped from an initial to a final temperature level in a linear manner. The final temperature level is maintained until a new steady specimen heat transfer rate is attained. The metering chamber is maintained at a steady indoor condition and is used as a calorimeter. The transient heat transfer rate at the inside surface of the wall specimen is determined at hourly time steps from an energy balance of the metering chamber. The poles and residues for a ramp analytical solution are derived by analyzing the measured specimen heat transfer response. The ramp analytical solution is subsequently used to form a triangular pulse from which TFCs are derived.
The dynamic test method was conducted on a masonry wall. Empirical TFCs derived by the test method predicted the diurnal performance of the wall specimen with good agreement. In fact, the results predicted by empirical TFCs tracked the measured results as closely as an analytical model.
The Development of a Simple Instrument for Measuring Pavement Roughness and Predicting Pavement Rideability
Authors: Janoff MS , Hayhoe GF 
Published: March 2009

Based on the results of recent research, it is possible to develop performance specifications for a simple instrument that would measure profile-type roughness in only one wheelpath—instead of two, as in the profilometer—and which would compute a roughness index that is as highly correlated with pavement rideability measurements as the roughness indexes derived from the full profile.
This paper summarizes the results of the research that led up to the development of these specifications, describes the potential accuracy and validity of this instrument in measuring pavement roughness and predicting rideability—including comparisons with a profilometer—and summarizes its design specifications.
This instrument would retain the advantages of the profilometer in terms of accuracy and validity in predicting pavement rideability from pavement roughness measurements, while also retaining the advantages of a response-type roughness measuring system in terms of low cost, ease of use, and data analysis.