bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concentration of ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine oils usingCandida cylindracealipase: Optimization of reaction conditions
Authors: Wanasundara Udaya N. , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProduction of ω‐3 fatty acid concentrates from seal blubber oil (SBO) and menhaden oil (MHO) upon enzymatic hydrolysis byCandida cylindracealipase was optimized. In this process, the content of total ω‐3 fatty acids,Y1; eicosapentaenoic acid,Y2; and docosahexaenoic acid,Y3, in the final product was maximized. A three‐factor central composite rotatable design was used to study the effect of enzyme concentration (X1), reaction time (X2), and reaction temperature (X3). Second‐order polynomial regression models forY1,Y2, andY3were employed to generate response surfaces. After hydrolysis, a maximum of 54.3% total ω‐3 fatty acids was obtained from SBO at an enzyme concentration of 308 U/g oil, a reaction time of 40 h, and a reaction temperature of 37°C. Similarly, a maximum of 54.5% total ω‐3 fatty acids was obtained from MHO at an enzyme concentration of 340 U/g oil, a reaction time of 45 h, and a reaction temperature of 38°C.
A continuous process for the conversion of vegetable oils into methyl esters of fatty acids
Authors: Noureddini H. , Harkey D. , Medikonduru V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA continuous process for the transesterification of triglycerides to methyl esters was investigated in a pilot plant. The process was equipped with a motionless and a high‐shear mixer. The experimental studies explored variations in the mixing intensity, stoichiometry, and catalyst concentration on the overall conversion. The combined as well as individual effect of mixers was examined. The developed process resulted in high conversions of vegetable oils into methyl esters. Conversion of triglycerides to methyl esters in excess of 98% was achieved. Larger excess amounts of alcohol favored higher conversions. The motionless and high‐shear mixers each provided adequate mixing for the process. Higher catalyst concentrations resulted in higher conversions but increased the solubility of methyl esters in the glycerol layer. This reduced the amount of methyl esters separated by gravity settling.
Effects of mineral addition on the growth morphology of and arachidonic acid production by Mortierella alpina 1S‐4
Authors: Higashiyama Kenichi , Yaguchi Toshiaki , Akimoto Kengo , Fujikawaa Shigeaki , Shimizu Sakayu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe culture conditions for arachidonic acid (AA) production by Mortierella alpina 1S‐4 were investigated by means of a morphological study with the aims of obtaining a high AA yield and scale‐up. In a 50‐L jar fermentor study, a medium containing 3.1% soy flour and 1.8% glucose with 0.3% KH2PO4, 0.1% Na2SO4, 0.05% CaCl2·2H2O and 0.05% MgCl2·6H2O was found to be optimum. The AA yield reached 9.8 g/L/7 d, and the major morphology was small pellets (1–2 mm). However, in the case of the only addition of KH2PO4, the major morphology was filaments. The apparent viscosity increased to 2240 cp, thereby requiring a high agitation speed to maintain adequate oxygen tension, which caused mycelial damage due to shear stress and therefore a decrease in the AA yield. When a medium with Na2SO4, CaCl2, and MgCl2 was used, the major morphology was large pellets (2–3 mm), and mass transfer limitation through the pellet wall caused a decrease in the AA yield. Based on these results, a scale‐up study was carried out under the optimal conditions described above. An AA yield of 10.9 g/L/8 d was obtained in a 10‐kL industrial fermentor, and the major morphology was small pellets.
Stability of vitamin A in oil‐in‐water‐in‐oil‐type multiple emulsions
Authors: Yoshida Katsunori , Sekine Tomoko , Matsuzaki Fumiaki , Yanaki Toshio , Yamaguchi Michihiro 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe stabilityof vitamin A was studied in thee different emulsions: oil‐in‐water (O/W), water‐in‐oil (W/O), and oil‐in‐water‐in‐oil (O/W/O). The stability of retinol (vitamin A alcohol) in the O/W/O emulsion was the highest among the thee types of emulsions; remaining percentages at 50°C after 4 wk in the O/W/O, W/O, and O/W emulsions were 56.9, 45.7, and 32.3, respectively. With increasing peroxide value of O/W and W/O emulsifiers, the remaining percentage of vitamin A palmitate and retinol in the emulsions decreased significantly, indicating that peroxides in the formulae accelerate the decomposition of vitamin A. Organophilic clay mineral (an oil gelling agent and a W/O emulsifier) also affected the stability of retinol; synthesized saponite was better than naturally occurring bentonite for retinol stability. The stability of retinol in the O/W/O emulsion increased with increasing inner oil phase ratio (φi), whereas in O/W it was unaffected by φi. Encapsulation percent of retinol in the O/W/O emulsion, the ratio of retinol in the inner oil phase to the total amount in the emulsion, increased with increasing φi. The remaining percent of retinol in the O/W/O emulsion was in excellent agreement with encapsulation percent, suggesting that retinol in the inner oil phase is more stable than that in the outer oil phase. Addition of antioxidants (tert‐butylhydroxytoluene, sodium ascorbate, and EDTA) to the O/W/O emulsion improved the stability of retinol up to 77.1% at 50°C after 4 wk. We conclude that the O/W/O emulsion is a useful formula to stabilize vitamin A.
Characterization of a semisolid state in milk fat through T2* resolved T1 distributions by time domain nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Le Botlan D. , Ouguerram L. , Smart L. , Pugh L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe solid‐to‐liquid ratio is an important parameter in the study of fats. Many methods can be used: dilatometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). However, below approximately 20°C, NMR gives much lower solid‐to‐liquid values than DSC. This difference can be attributed to the presence of a semisolid state, whose T2 value would be of the order of 50–200 µs, and which should give an NMR signal of 14 to 88.5% of the total signal of this phase at a time when the signal of the liquid phase is measured. Thus, such a state is seen partially as a liquid by NMR. In a previous study using time domain NMR, we have shown that in milk fat samples an intermediate component state clearly exists between the solid and liquid phases, constituting only about 6% of an aged milk fat. The T2* distribution of these components in this intermediate state shows two peaks at about 60 and 170 µs. We have shown from the T2* resolved T1 distribution of the peak, corresponding to a T2* of approximately 60 µs, that there is in the continuity in the crystalline phase. This first intermediate component state does not exist in pure triglyceride or in cocoa butter, and is scarcely present in a tristearin crystal/soy oil suspension. We have attributed this first intermediate component to fatty acid residue extremities that protrude from the crystalline phase and/or to chain ends at the edges of holes created by short chains.
Flame‐ionization detector response to methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of fatty acids
Authors: Ulberth Franz , Gabernig Robert G. , Schrammel Franz 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe concept of theoretical response factors is not directly applicable to methyl esters of short‐chain fatty acids (FA), since their carbon deficiency is larger than expected from theory. Substituting the methyl group by an ethyl, propyl, or butyl group improved the flame‐ionization efficiency of fatty acid esters gradually, up to the point where the empirical response factors of the butyl esters were identical within experimental error to the theoretical values. Butyl esters of FA have a uniform flame‐ionization detection (FID) response irrespective of the number of carbon atoms contained in the FA. They exhibit a carbon deficiency of 1.0, i.e. the carbonyl carbon atom does not respond, as expected from theory. Compared to methyl esters, which have a carbon deficiency of 1.4–1.5 for short‐chain FA, use of butyl esters has the advantage that a precalculation of the FID response enables the analyst to judge whether the analytical system employed works properly and the data produced are accurate and reliable. Both acid (BF3 or H2SO4)‐and alkali (butoxide)‐catalyzed butyl ester preparation were equally effective, giving the analyst a choice of methods so that different analytical needs can be addressed efficiently. Computing response factors and comparing the theoretically expected values with those obtained experimentally gives the experimenter an indication whether the analytical system employed for FA profiling (transesterification plus the subsequent gasliquid chromatographic separation and quantitation by FID) works properly. This setup is particularly useful for an accurate analysis of the FA profile of milk fat.
Gold mineralization in siliceous-carbonate rocks of southeastern East Sayan
Authors: Airiyants E.V. , Zhmodik S.M. , Mironov A.G. , Borovikov A.A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Complex study and comparative analysis were carried out for two gold deposits, Vodorazdel’noe and Ondol’toi, localized among carbonate and siliceous-carbonate rocks of the Il’chir Formation in southeastern East Sayan. The Vodorazdel’noe deposit is of gold-quartz-sulfide type; it formed at 275–300 °C with the participation of highly concentrated chloride fluids and bears low-fineness gold associated with quartz-sulfide mineralization. In sulfur isotope composition (δ34S) the deposit ores are similar to sulfides of hydrothermal structures of slow-spreading ridges. The Ondol’toi deposit is formed by low-sulfide carbonate breccias and hematitized jasperoids. This deposit is localized in the frontal zone of a large thrust and bears gold-sulfide mineralization (fine-grained sulfides and submicron gold in siliceous-carbonate rocks and jasperoids). It is characterized by the presence of brecciated rocks and high contents of Hg, Sb, Ba, and Fe both in ores and in the host rocks. The established geologic, mineralogical, and geochemical features of the deposit permit it to be assigned to the Carlin type.
Fish intake, mercury, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of stroke in northern Sweden
Authors: Wennberg Maria , Bergdahl Ingvar A. , Stegmayr Birgitta , Hallmans Göran , Lundh Thomas , Skerfving Staffan , Strömberg Ulf , Vessby Bengt , Jansson Jan-Håkan 
Published: May 2007

Results of previous studies on fish intake and stroke risk have been inconclusive. Different stroke types have often not been separated. Our aim was to elucidate whether intake of fish, Hg or the sum of proportions of fatty acids EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) influence the risk of haemorrhagic or ischaemic stroke. Within a population-based cohort from a community intervention programme, 369 stroke cases and 738 matched controls were identified and included in the present nested case–control study. Information on fish intake had been recorded at recruitment, i.e. before diagnosis. Hg levels were determined in erythrocyte membranes, also collected at recruitment, and the relative content of fatty acids was measured in erythrocyte membranes or plasma phospholipids. The results showed that in women there was a non-significant decrease in stroke risk with increasing fish intake (OR 0·90 (95 % CI 0·73, 1·11) per meal per week). The risk in women differed significantly (P = 0·03) from that in men, in whom the OR for stroke rose with increasing fish intake (OR 1·24 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·51) per meal per week). The corresponding risk in men for Hg was 0·99 (95 % CI 0·93, 1·06), and for the sum of proportions of EPA and DHA 1·08 (95 % CI 0·92, 1·28). We conclude that the relationship between stroke risk and fish intake seems to be different in men and women. Increased levels of EPA and DHA do not decrease the risk for stroke and there is no association between stroke risk and Hg at these low levels.
Sex differences in prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency in infancy in a large multi-country trial in South-East Asia
Authors: Wieringa Frank T. , Berger Jacques , Dijkhuizen Marjoleine A. , Hidayat Adi , Ninh Nguyen X. , Utomo Budi , Wasantwisut Emorn , Winichagoon Pattanee 
Published: May 2007

To evaluate effects of Fe supplementation and sex on the prevalence of anaemia and Fe status in infants in South-East Asia, biochemical data from four parallel, randomized, double-blind trials with Fe and/or Zn supplementation in infants (n2452) in Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam was pooled. At recruitment (5 months of age), Hb concentrations were slightly but significantly lower in boy infants compared with girl infants (108·7 g/lv. 111.4 g/l,P = 0·04). At 11 months of age, boy infants not receiving Fe had significantly lower Hb (106·2 g/lv. 111.0 g/l,P < 0·001) and lower serum ferritin concentrations (14·3 μg/lv. 21.1 g/l,P < 0·001) than girl infants not receiving Fe. Consequently, boy infants had a relative risk of 1·6 (95 % CI 1·3, 2·1) to be anaemic, and of 3·3 (95 % CI 2·1, 5·0) for having Fe deficiency anaemia compared with girl infants. Fe supplementation significantly increased Hb concentrations in both boys and girls. There was no sex difference in Fe status in infants receiving Fe for 6 months. This study shows that the markedly higher risk for anaemia and Fe deficiency indicates higher Fe requirements in boy than in girl infants. In South-East Asia, standard infant feeding practices do not provide sufficient Fe to meet requirements of infants, especially boys. Current daily recommended intake for Fe in infancy is the same for boy and girl infants however. Our findings suggest that in especially the second half of infancy, Fe requirements for boy infants are approximately 0·9 mg/d higher than for girl infants.
INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE AND WOMEN’S HEALTH: A CLIENTS’ PERSPECTIVE
Authors: GUHA MAZUMDAR PAPIYA , GUPTA KAMLA 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIndia has a strong base of ancient indigenous systems of medicine and its national health policies and programmes have consistently promoted the integration of Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) into the country’s official health system. Realizing the safety and efficacy of ISM drugs, the Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) has suggested their use for certain women’s health problems and during pregnancy. Although the Government of India has attempted to integrate ISM through the country’s contemporary health programme of Reproductive and Child Health (RCH), utilization dynamics from the clients’ perspective is little understood. This study shows that, at least in urban areas, for the majority of women’s health problems biomedicine is regarded as the first choice, failure of which leads clients to seek treatment from ISM as a final resort. Nevertheless, women showed a preference for ISM treatment for certain specific health problems, strongly backed by a belief in their efficacy. Of the predictors that positively influenced women’s choice of ISM treatment, ‘strong evidenced-based results’ was found to be the most important. Women’s preference for ISM is dependent on the availability of competent providers.
Angioedema of the airway: an unusual case
Authors: Roper A J , Farragher A , Homer J J , Helbert M 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe report a case of angioedema caused by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and topical lignocaine spray, administered during nasendoscopy.Angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors is a rare but well known entity. Allergy to topical lignocaine has been acknowledged as a rare phenomenon when used for dental surgery and for skin anaesthesia, but it has not previously been reported after topical administration prior to nasendoscopy. In the reported case, our patient was unfortunate enough to be allergic to both lisinopril and lignocaine. The result was life-threatening airway obstruction, and the continued use of lignocaine spray sustained the laryngeal oedema. We advise that patients are asked about any and every allergy – specifically, any previous problems with dental procedures – before administration of local anaesthetic spray to the upper aerodigestive tract.
Attitudes towards childbearing, causal attributions for bipolar disorder and psychological distress: a study of families with multiple cases of bipolar disorder
Authors: MEISER BETTINA , MITCHELL PHILIP B. , KASPARIAN NADINE A. , STRONG KIM , SIMPSON JUDY M. , MIRESKANDARI SHAB , TABASSUM LAILA , SCHOFIELD PETER R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundFor families with multiple cases of bipolar disorder this study explored: attitudes towards childbearing; causal attributions for bipolar disorder, in particular the degree to which a genetic model is endorsed and its impact on the perceived stigma of bipolar disorder; and predictors of psychological distress.MethodTwo hundred individuals (95 unaffected and 105 affected with either bipolar disorder, schizo-affective disorder – manic type, or recurrent major disorder) were surveyed, using mailed, self-administered questionnaires.ResultsThirty-five (35%) participants reported being ‘not at all willing to have children’ or ‘less willing to have children’ as a result of having a strong family history of bipolar disorder. Being not at all or less willing to have children was associated with perceived stigma of bipolar disorder [odds ratio (OR) 2·42,p=0·002], endorsement of a genetic model (OR 1·76,p=0·046), and being affected (OR 2·16,p=0·01). Among unaffected participants only, endorsement of a genetic model was strongly correlated with perceived stigma (rs=0·30,p=0·004). Perceiving the family environment as an important factor in causing bipolar disorder was significantly associated with psychological distress (OR 1·58,p=0·043) among unaffected participants. Among affected participants, perceived stigma was significantly correlated with psychological distress (OR 2·44,p=0·02), controlling for severity of symptoms (p<0·001).ConclusionsHaving a genetic explanation for bipolar disorder may exacerbate associative stigma among unaffected members from families with multiple cases of bipolar disorder, while it does not impact on perceived stigma among affected family members. Affected family members may benefit from interventions to ameliorate the adverse effects of perceived stigma.
StrBioLib: a Java library for development of custom computational structural biology applications
Authors: Chandonia John-Marc 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSummary: StrBioLib is a library of Java classes useful for developing software for computational structural biology research. StrBioLib contains classes to represent and manipulate protein structures, biopolymer sequences, sets of biopolymer sequences, and alignments between biopolymers based on either sequence or structure. Interfaces are provided to interact with commonly used bioinformatics applications, including (psi)-blast, modeller, muscle and Primer3, and tools are provided to read and write many file formats used to represent bioinformatic data. The library includes a general-purpose neural network object with multiple training algorithms, the Hooke and Jeeves non-linear optimization algorithm, and tools for efficient C-style string parsing and formatting. StrBioLib is the basis for the Pred2ary secondary structure prediction program, is used to build the astral compendium for sequence and structure analysis, and has been extensively tested through use in many smaller projects. Examples and documentation are available at the site below.Availability: StrBioLib may be obtained under the terms of the GNU LGPL license from http://strbio.sourceforge.net/Contact: JMChandonia@lbl.gov
THE MYTH OF THE FEMALE DANDY
Authors: Gill Miranda 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Much discussion of dandyism in nineteenth-century France has focused on the relationship between this concept and an implicitly monolithic model of masculine identity initially associated with Beau Brummell. This article questions this tendency in two ways. First, it argues that male dandyism was more historically and linguistically context-dependent than has typically been acknowledged. The shifting semantics of dandyism become evident once canonical representations are reintegrated into the non-literary genres and discourses from which they emerged, including journalism, the Parisian literary physiology, and contemporaneous writing on temperament and psychology. The typologies, terms and concepts which circulated within these amorphous discourses frequently shaped contemporaneous readers' responses to literary texts. Second, the article seeks to outline a body of neglected discourse about female dandies and related types such as the
lionne
, focusing on texts by Barbey d'Aurevilly produced during the 1840s. These problematic figures, it proposes, illustrate the intense ambivalence generated by the concept of female exception in mid-nineteenth-century France, a cultural context in which female anomaly was viewed at once as a logical impossibility, a pathology, and an instance of moral monstrosity or sin.
Xiphinema rivesi from Slovania Transmit Tobacco ringspot virus and Tomato ringspot virus to Cucumber Bait Plants
Authors: Širca S. , Stare B. Geric , Pleško I. Mavrič , Marn M. Viršček , Urek G. , Javornik B. 
Published: May 2007

The dagger nematode, Xiphinema rivesi Dalmasso, a member of the X. americanum group, was detected in 2002 for the first time in Slovenia and for the fourth time in Europe (4). X. rivesi is a vector of at least four North American nepoviruses including Cherry rasp leaf virus (CRLV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), and Peach rosette mosaic virus (PRMV) (1,2). All of these viruses are included on the EPPO and EU lists of quarantine organisms, but none of the Xiphinema species found in Europe have been reported to transmit these nepoviruses. Three virus isolates, including TRSV (from Lobelia spp.; virus collection of the Plant Protection Service, Wageningen, The Netherlands), ToRSV (grapevine isolate PV-0381; DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany), and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) (from Vinca spp.; virus collection of the Plant Protection Service), were used in transmission tests with a population of X. rivesi found in Slovenia. X. rivesi is not known to transmit ArMV and this virus was included as a check. The nematodes were extracted from peach orchard soil collected near the village of Dornberk, and transmission tests fulfilled the set of criteria proposed by Trudgill et al. (3). Cucumis sativus cv. Eva, grown in a growth chamber at 25°C, was used as acquisition hosts and transmission bait plants. The acquisition hosts were mechanically inoculated and showing systemic symptoms before the introduction of nematodes. Noninoculated acquisition plants were included as controls. After a 10-day acquisition feeding period, the nematodes were transferred to healthy bait plants and allowed a 14-day inoculation feeding period. X. rivesi transmitted TRSV and ToRSV but not ArMV. TRSV and ToRSV bait plants developed systemic symptoms 4 to 6 weeks after the nematodes were transferred. Transmission of TRSV and ToRSV was confirmed by testing leaf and root sap of bait plants in a double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA. High virus concentrations were detected in the roots and leaves of TRSV and ToRSV symptomatic plants. DAS-ELISA on bait plants from nematodes that had been allowed to feed on ArMV-infected or the virus-free control acquisition plants gave negative results. No symptoms appeared on bait plants used for ArMV transmission or the control bait plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transmission of TRSV and ToRSV with a Xiphinema population from Europe. References: (1) D. J. F. Brown et al. Phytopathology 84:646, 1994. (2) L.W. Stobbs et al. Plant Dis. 80:105, 1996. (3) D. L. Trudgill et al. Rev. Nematol. 6:133, 1983. (4) G. Urek et al. Plant Dis. 87:100, 2002.