bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Maxwell, electromagnetism, and fluid flow in resistive media’” by Glenn Brown]
Authors: Narasimhan T. N. 
Published: October 2006

Glenn Brown takes issue with my statement, “It is hoped that Maxwell's contribution to the foundations of fluids in porous media will receive due attention, and that his novel approach will lead to new insights.” He considers that, because Maxwell did not explicitly develop his theory for fluid flow in porous media, his ideas should not be treated as a contribution in that area. Brown contends that doing so is a disservice to Darcy, and is revisionist.Brown and I differ in the way we perceive science. He looks at the material I have presented from an ideological perspective of upholding Darcy's position in history. On the other hand, I do not question Darcy's valid contribution. Rather, I presented some of Maxwell's fascinating ideas that are relevant to the study of fluid flow in porous media, published in the same year Darcy published his seminal work. I have shown that the relevance of Maxwell's ideas to flow in porous media has gone unnoticed in the literature. Scientists are fallible human beings, and important ideas and thoughts are occasionally overlooked.When, on a rare occasion, we chance upon such an oversight, it is part of our scientific enterprise to bring the finding to the attention of the scientific community. It is up to the community to judge the historical significance of the new information.
Hearing examines opportunities in lunar science and resource use
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Scientists at a congressional hearing on lunar science and resources debated the feasibility of exploiting lunar resources, and indicated that further exploration of the Moon could yield significant advances in lunar science.The hearing, held on 1 April by the U.S. House of Representatives Science Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics, followed up on the announcement by President George W. Bush on 14 January of the Space Exploration Initiative. This has prompted a re‐orientation in NASA to focus on space exploration and manned missions to the Moon and Mars. The first launch of a lunar robotic mission is slated for no later than 2008.
Young solid Earth researchers of the world unite!
Authors: Simons Frederik J. , Becker Thorsten W. , Kellogg James B. , Billen Magali , Hardebeck Jeanne , Lee Cin‐Ty A. , Montési Laurent G. J. , Panero Wendy , Zhong Shuie 
Published: October 2006

In early January 2004, one of us attended a workshop on “science priorities and educational opportunities that can be addressed using ocean observatories.” The attendees constituted a broad group—men and women, scientists, engineers, educators, representatives from the private and public sector—but lacked diversity in at least one important aspect: age.A well‐known marine geophysicist (with a published record stretching over 30 years) came to me at the ice‐breaker party and said (and I paraphrase):“I'm glad you're here:you're young, you might actually see this project flourish before you retire. There're not enough young people here.” At some point or another, every young scientist may have a similar experience.
Interball Mission generates results on magnetospheric dynamics and magnetosphere‐ionosphere interaction
Authors: Zelenye L. M. , Petrukovich A. A. , Lutsenko V. N. , Mogilevsky M. M. 
Published: October 2006

The Interball project was an international solar‐terrestrial science program conducted by the Russian space agency in the second half of the 1990s [Zelenyi, 1997]. Interball‐Tail (Interball‐1), with an apogee of 200,000 km, perigee of 500 km, and inclination of ∼63° was targeted at studies of the solar wind, the magnetotail, and the outer magnetosphere. Interball‐Auroral (Interball‐2), with an apogee of 20,000 km and the same inclination, was targeted at studies of the inner magnetosphere and the auroral zone.Interball‐Tail was launched on 3 August 1995 and entered the atmosphere in October 2000 in a fully functional state. Interball‐Auroral was launched on 29 August 1996 and operated for 2.5 years. The Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences was primarily responsible for the program. Sub‐satellites provided by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Republic were detached from both Interball spacecraft shortly after the launch and remained within several thousands of km from the mother spacecraft throughout the flight.
Sedina likely moonless
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The slow, 40‐day rotation period for the newly discovered distant planetoid Sedna is likely not due to the presence of a moon, which could have provided a gravitational tug.A series of images taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope on 16 March failed to reveal a moon, Michael Brown, a member of the research team that discovered Sedna, announced on 14 April. Though, there is a slight chance that Hubble could not have detected a moon if such a companion body was behind Sedna or transiting in front of it.
Ocean commission report includes key recommendations for science and governance
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The preliminary report of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy released on 20 April, calls for ecosystem‐based management of the oceans, dramatically restructuring federal governance oversight of ocean issues, and doubling the federal ocean and coastal research budget over the next 5 years to $1.3 billion per year.The report by the congressionally‐mandated and presidentially‐appointed commission includes nearly 200 recommendations for establishing a coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy framework.
“Coupling” Semantics and science in earthquake research
Authors: Wang Kelin , Dixon Timothy 
Published: October 2006

Coupling is a convenient word that describes a wide variety of interactions or feedback processes, including those that we do not fully understand. Examples in Earth science include ocean‐atmosphere coupling, climate‐tectonics coupling, and core‐mantle coupling. The word is also very popular in discussions of plate boundary earthquake processes.As a vague expression, fault coupling is a perfectly adequate term, describing some kind of mechanical interaction between rocks of each side of a fault. For those of us who try to infer fault processes from geodetic measurements, coupling usually indicates a state of no or low current slip. If a fault is fully locked, we may say it is “coupled” or “fully coupled.” If a plate boundary fault is slipping at the long‐term plate convergence rate, we may say it is “decoupled.” Fault segments that are slipping more slowly than the plate convergence rate are then “partially” coupled. To avoid awkward expressions such as “negatively” or “overly” coupled, an equivalent description has been used in the literature; that is, to define a “coupling ratio” with values ranging from negative to greater than unity. For describing kinematics, these expressions would not be wrong. However, with one additional step, our usage of the word coupling can lead to confusion. That step is to describe a fault that is not slipping as “strongly coupled.”
Climate change, salmon in the NOAA budget spotlight
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A U.S. Senate hearing on 29 April about the administration's proposed budget for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration fiscal year 2005 turned testy when senators pressed for specific information about the agency's programs on abrupt climate change and protecting wild salmon.Sen. Olympia Snowe (R‐Maine), chair of the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation's Subcommittee on Oceans, Fisheries, and Coast Guard, expressed concern that funding for the agency's program on abrupt climate change appears to be eliminated in the proposed budget.
National science board report indicates U.S. research workforce may decline in size
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The United States continues to maintain a global leadership role in research and development, but some troubling trends could affect the science and engineering workforce and the U.S. economy, according to the 2004 edition of Science and Engineering Indicators, a biennial report of the National Science Board.The report was issued on 4 May.
Plotting early nineteenth‐century hurricane information
Authors: Bossak Brian H. , Elsner James B. 
Published: October 2006

Hurricane climate research is based largely on records from the past 100 years or so. The official Atlantic hurricane record extends back to 1851, but data prior to the middle twentieth century need to be treated with particular caution. To better understand climate mechanisms responsible for variations in hurricane activity, it is important to have long‐term records.Tropical cyclone impacts in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century have been mapped by combining information from historical documents using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The resulting historical hurricane information tool (HHIT) is based on Environmental Systems Research Institute's ArcView GIS. It is available on CD‐ROM and online through the Hurricane Climate Institute at Florida State University. The HHIT contributes to greater accessibility of pre‐instrumental U.S. hurricane information and can serve as a basis for re‐analysis of early U.S. hurricanes.
Environmental Magnetism: Principles and Applications of Enviromagnetics
Authors: Geissman John 
Published: October 2006

As the authors state in their preface to Environmental Magnetism: Principles and Applications of Enviromagnetics, this is a quite new science. It began from disparate beginnings involving interdisciplinary approaches to studying young sediment records to tease out a history of past but geologically recent global change. Today the subject has blossomed into an important, vibrant field that envelops many aspects of the geosciences and beyond.It is a true delight to review this book, and not just because Subir Banerjee has done such an outstanding job of providing in the forward, as he states, “a welcoming invitation for the reader to the contents of the book and its special character.” It is indeed of special character, written by two highly accomplished scholars who have devoted a considerable amount of their research attention to linking the magnetic record of geologic materials to Earth processes. The first book on this subject, Environmental Magnetism by R.Thompson and F. Oldfield,was published in 1986 and provided the community with a compilation of several applications oriented toward environmental studies using rock and paleomagnetic approaches. Evans and Heller's volume is quite different.
Long‐term variation of geomagnetic field strength: A cautionary note
Authors: Goguitchaichvili Avto , Urrutia‐Fucugauchi Jaime , Alva‐Valdivia Luis M. , Riisager Janna , Riisager Peter 
Published: October 2006

Earth's magnetic field is generated through magnetohydrodynamic processes within the fluid outer core. Several factors that may influence these processes, such as variations in heat flow across the core‐mantle boundary, are believed to have varied through geologic time, triggering speculation that Earth's magnetic field may have been significantly different in the geological past. Based on painstakingly difficult paleo‐intensity experiments, it has, for example, been suggested that Earth's dipole moment was much weaker during the Mesozoic, and perhaps related to different mantle convection [Thomas and Biggin, 2003].The variable quality of published paleointensity estimates makes global compilations difficult, and extreme care must be taken not to interpret problematic data in terms of geodynamic features. In fact, recently available reliable paleo‐intensity data suggest that the paleo‐strength during early‐middle Cretaceous may have been comparable or even higher than the present intensity and not “anomalously” low as suggested in previous studies [Tauxe and Staudigel, 2004]. The identification of any long‐term features of virtual dipole moment (VDM) seems to rely heavily on the criteria for accepting paleo‐intensity data, which casts serious doubts on the quality and geomagnetic significance of the majority of existing data. In a recent analysis, Thomas and Biggin [2003]—based on so‐called self‐consistency selection criteria—concluded that the relatively low intensity during the Mesozoic is a real phenomenon.
Widespread, low‐level contaminants present in many U.S. streams and rivers
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A federal water quality monitoring program has found that widespread levels of contaminants at very low concentrations are present in many U.S. river basins and aquifer systems. Mixtures of chemical compounds, degradation or “breakdown” products, and seasonal pulses of chemicals are also present in these water bodies, according to scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey.The scientists provided this information during a 14 May briefing on Capitol Hill, which USGS used to announce the release of a program report, “Water Quality in the Nation's Streams and Aquifers ‐ Overview of Selected Findings, 1991–2001.”
Expedition explores Mariana Arc undersea volcanoes
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A recently concluded expedition to explore seven submarine volcanoes in the Mariana Arc in the western Pacific Ocean made what is thought to be the first direct observation of a deep‐sea volcano during an eruptive episode.At a 13 May briefing in Washington, D.C., scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration described how an unmanned submersible, the Remotely Operated Platform for Ocean Science (ROPOS), dived into murky waters about one half of a kilometer below the ocean surface off of NW Rota 1 volcano.
Model parameter experiment begins new phase
Authors: Hogue Terri , Wagener Thorsten , Shaake John , Duan Qingyun , Hall Alan , Gupta Hoshin , Leavesley George , Andreassian Vazken 
Published: October 2006

The Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) is an ongoing international project to help develop techniques for the a priori estimation of parameters used in land surface parameterization schemes of atmospheric and hydrological models. MOPEX is affiliated with both the Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUBS) and the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX),and is supported by the GEWEX American Prediction Project (GAPP) as well as by individual participants.Current procedures for a priori parameter estimation are often based on relationships between model parameters and basin characteristics—that is, soils, vegetation, topography climate, geology, etc. These developed relationships have not been fully validated through rigorous testing using retrospective hydrometeorological data and corresponding land surface characteristics. This is partly because the necessary database needed for such testing has not been available. Moreover, there still exists a gap in our understanding of the links between model parameters and land surface characteristics.
Comment on “Impact demagnetization by phase transition on Mars”
Authors: Mohit P. Surdas 
Published: October 2006

In their Eos article (16 December 2003, pp. 561, 567), Rochette et al. described their experimental investigation of the demagnetization of pyrrhotite under pressure and explored the implications for impact demagnetization on Mars. Although the experimental results are very rigorous, there are a few inaccuracies in problems with the discussion of impact demagnetization; namely, the distinction between magnetized and non‐magnetized crust, the modeling of impact‐induced shock pressure distribution, and the discussion of plausible martian magnetic carriers.First, the map shown in their Figure 1 is somewhat deceptive. It shows only those anomalies with amplitude >20 nT at 400 km altitude, and the authors refer to the 20‐nT contour as the “limit of magnetized and non‐magnetized Noachian crust.” In fact, most of the Noachian age southern highlands crust is magnetized, the main exceptions being the interiors of Hellas and Argyre basins and the Tharsis region (see Connerney et al., [2004] for the most recent magnetic map of Mars). The average intensity of magnetic anomalies as a function of radius around the Hellas, Argyre, and Isidis basins (Figure 1) shows the crust to be completely demagnetized only within ∼0.8 x the basin radius.
Support expressed in Congress for U.S. high‐performance computing
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Advocates for a stronger U.S. position in high‐performance computing—which could help with a number of grand challenges in the Earth sciences and other disciplines—hope that legislation recently introduced in the House of Representatives will help to revitalize U.S. efforts.The High‐Performance Computing Revitalization Act of 2004 would amend the earlier High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (Public Law 102‐194), which is partially credited with helping to strengthen U.S. capabilities in this area. The bill has the support of the Bush administration.
Comments solicited on federal appointments
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The National Academies is soliciting comments from the U.S. science community on the issue of the appointment of scientists, engineers, and health professionals to presidentially appointed positions in the federal government, and to federal advisory committees charged with formulating science‐based policy or reviewing research proposals.The National Academies' ad hoc Committee on Ensuring the Best S & T Presidential and Advisory Committee Appointments is charged with examining the barriers to appointment of the most qualified candidates. It will examine the appointments process and the principles that should be observed in selecting scientists, engineers, and health professionals to serve on federal advisory committees.
NASA announces organizational shake‐up affecting Earth and space science programs
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

On 24 June, the National Aeronautic and Space Administration announced major organizational changes that will affect the agency's Earth and space science programs.NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe announced that a “streamlining” of the agency's functions into four mission offices will involve combining the current Earth science and space science enterprises into one all‐encompassing science mission directorate.
Call for balanced research agenda for U.S. water resources
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A new report from the National Research Council of the National Academies recommends the creation and maintenance of a coordinated, comprehensive, and balanced national water resources research agenda, and also calls for regularly assessing federal agencies research activities as the best way for the U.S. to deal with likely water crises in the twenty‐first centuryThe report, “Confronting the Nation's Water Problems: The Role of Research,” was released 17 June.
Centennial of a pioneer in meteorology, geophysics
Authors: Schröder Wilfried 
Published: October 2006

In 2004 we celebrate the 100th birthday of a great scientist and a leading proponent of our geophysical disciplines, Hans Ertel,who was formerly professor of geophysics and theoretical mechanics at the Humboldt University in Berlin. He was also director of the (German) Institute of Metorology and Geophysics, and vice‐president of the German Academy of Sciences; also in Berlin.Ertel was the founder of the Alexander von Humboldt Commission. Under his leadership, and in cooperation with other German academies, a comprehensive collection of letters from and to von Humboldt has been assembled and edited.
NASA restructuring draws mixed reactions
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Some scientists are optimistic about what they say will be new opportunities and clout that the Earth and space sciences will have under the organizational restructuring that NASA announced on 24 June, while others are concerned that these sciences may be buried bureaucratically and suffer fiscally.Under the restructuring, which takes effect on 1 August, Goddard Space Flight Center director Alphonso Diaz will become the Science associate administrator. Associate administrator for space science Edward Weiler will become the new head of Goddard. Associate administrator for Earth Science, Ghassem Asrar, will be science deputy associate administrator and chief scientist for exploration
Radon data from the Roselend experiment in the French Alps
Authors: Garcia‐Vindas J. R. 
Published: October 2006

Regarding the article by Provost et al. (Fractured Porous Media under Influence: The Roselend Experiment, Eos, 23 March 2004; pp. 113, 119), I have some comments concerning the interpretation of radon data and the instrumentation used for this purpose. In the first instance, it is obvious that the site presents a great number of advantages for studying the fluid transport phenomena in porous media, and I encourage the authors to continue in this investigation.My first observation is concerning the radon data shown in the article.The authors show the data obtained in one station, using a Barasol® probe to measure radon in the air. The Barasol® probe was created initially to measure radon concentrations in the soil, and its precision is not the same as a probe like an AlphaGUARD®, for example. Moreover, the authors are aware of this limitation. It will be interesting to compare this data with that obtained with the AlphaGUARD®, or in the instrumented chamber described in the article that is 55 m from the tunnel entrance, named the Inner Room by the authors.
Launch of First IODP Expedition
Authors: Jacobs Judy 
Published: October 2006

The scientific team for the first expedition of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) departed Astoria, Oregon on 28 June for the Juan de Fuca Ridge, off the coast of British Columbia.The team will undertake hydrologic, micro‐biological, seismic, and tracer studies to evaluate fluid flow within the oceanic crust. Andrew Fisher, co‐chief scientist and geologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, along with Tetsuro Urabe of the University of Tokyo, will lead some 50 scientists and technicians aboard the JOIDES Resolution, a “floating university?” in this leg of IODP's quest to provide information about Earth's history.
Accuracy and intuition: The mission of a science journalist
Authors: Gramling Carolyn 
Published: October 2006

After years of experimenting with how to explain my thesis research to family and friends, I realized two things: (1) just because I was the presumed expert on a topic didn't mean I could easily break it down into absorbable nuggets of information; but (2) trying to do that was an absorbing challenge. It was more than a game; it was a sort of mission. How do I convince my audience that the underlying science isn't too esoteric—that science can be more fun than intimidating?The AAAS Mass Media Science and Engineering Fellowship program seemed like a perfect opportunity to undertake this mission. As a recent Ph.D. in marine geochemistry in the MITAVHOI Joint Program for Oceanography, I had written and presented specialized papers geared toward scientists. However, as a science journalist, I imagined I would be a sort of interpreter, an intermediary between scientists and the general public, translating complicated scientific concepts into readable prose, while maintaining constant vigilance against jargon and assumptions. Something like that.