bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Multi-field) natural inflation and gravitational waves
Authors: Salvio Alberto , Sciusco Simone 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We provide a detailed study of natural inflation with a periodic non-minimal coupling, which is a well-motivated inflationary model that admits an explicit UV completion. We demonstrate that this construction can satisfy the most recent observational constraints from Planck and the BICEP/Keck collaborations. We also compute the corresponding relic gravitational wave background due to tensor perturbations and show that future space-borne interferometers, such as DECIGO, BBO and ALIA, may be able to detect it. Next, we extend this analysis and establish the validity of these results in a multi-field model featuring an additional R
2 term in the action, which allows us to interpolate between natural and scalaron (a.k.a. Starobinsky) inflation. We investigate the conditions under which the aforementioned future interferometers will have the capability to differentiate between pure natural inflation and natural-scalaron inflation. The latter analysis could open the door to distinguishing between single-field and multi-field inflation through gravitational wave observations in more general contexts.
Time-resolved FRS detection of OH radical for chemical reactions rate measurement
Authors: Plastinina Daria M , Koshlyakov Pavel V , Chesnokov Evgeniy N 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The time-resolved Faraday rotation spectroscopy method with a DFB diode laser at 1434 nm was used to detect the hydroxyl radical OH in the first overtone region. Experiments were made at the most intense Q(3/2) line of the 2Π3/2 electronic term. The sufficient concentration for radical measurement is 2 × 1012 cm−3, with the resolving time approximately 10−6 s. This resolution is sufficient for studying fast chemical reactions, which was demonstrated by measuring the rate constant of the OH and dimethylsulfide reaction.
Surface growth approach for bulk reconstruction in the AdS/BCFT correspondence*
Authors: Fang 方 Xi-Hao 西浩 , Chen 陈 Fang-Zhong 方中 , Sun 孙 Jia-Rui 佳睿 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this study, we extend the surface growth approach for bulk reconstruction into the AdS spacetime with a boundary in the AdS/BCFT correspondence. We show that the geometry in the entanglement wedge with a boundary can be constructed from the direct growth of bulk extremal surfaces layer by layer. Furthermore, we observe that the surface growth configuration in BCFT can be connected with the defect multi scale entanglement renormalization ansatz (MERA) tensor network. Additionally, we investigate the entanglement of purification within the surface growth process, which not only reveals more refined structure of entanglement entropy in the entanglement wedge but also suggests a selection rule for surface growth in the bulk reconstruction.
Development of in situ characterization techniques in molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Shen Chao , Zhan Wenkang , Li Manyang , Sun Zhenyu , Tang Jian , Wu Zhaofeng , Xu Chi , Xu Bo , Zhao Chao , Wang Zhanguo 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Ex situ characterization techniques in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have inherent limitations, such as being prone to sample contamination and unstable surfaces during sample transfer from the MBE chamber. In recent years, the need for improved accuracy and reliability in measurement has driven the increasing adoption of in situ characterization techniques. These techniques, such as reflection high-energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, allow direct observation of film growth processes in real time without exposing the sample to air, hence offering insights into the growth mechanisms of epitaxial films with controlled properties. By combining multiple in situ characterization techniques with MBE, researchers can better understand film growth processes, realizing novel materials with customized properties and extensive applications. This review aims to overview the benefits and achievements of in situ characterization techniques in MBE and their applications for material science research. In addition, through further analysis of these techniques regarding their challenges and potential solutions, particularly highlighting the assistance of machine learning to correlate in situ characterization with other material information, we hope to provide a guideline for future efforts in the development of novel monitoring and control schemes for MBE growth processes with improved material properties.
GHz photon-number resolving detection with high detection efficiency and low noise by ultra-narrowband interference circuits
Authors: Shi Tingting , Fan Yuanbin , Yan Zhengyu , Zhou Lai , Ji Yang , Yuan Zhiliang 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We demonstrate the photon-number resolution (PNR) capability of a 1.25 GHz gated InGaAs single-photon avalanche photodiode (APD) that is equipped with a simple, low-distortion ultra-narrowband interference circuit for the rejection of its background capacitive response. Through discriminating the avalanche current amplitude, we are able to resolve up to four detected photons in a single detection gate with a detection efficiency as high as 45%. The PNR capability is limited by the avalanche current saturation, and can be increased to five photons at a lower detection efficiency of 34%. The PNR capability, combined with high efficiency and low noise, will find applications in quantum information processing technique based on photonic qubits.
Decoding of unimanual and bimanual reach-and-grasp actions from EMG and IMU signals in persons with cervical spinal cord injury
Authors: Wolf Marvin , Rupp Rüdiger , Schwarz Andreas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objective. Chronic motor impairments of arms and hands as the consequence of a cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) have a tremendous impact on activities of daily life. A considerable number of people however retain minimal voluntary motor control in the paralyzed parts of the upper limbs that are measurable by electromyography (EMG) and inertial measurement units (IMUs). An integration into human-machine interfaces (HMIs) holds promise for reliable grasp intent detection and intuitive assistive device control. Approach. We used a multimodal HMI incorporating EMG and IMU data to decode reach-and-grasp movements of groups of persons with cervical SCI (n = 4) and without (control, n = 13). A post-hoc evaluation of control group data aimed to identify optimal parameters for online, co-adaptive closed-loop HMI sessions with persons with cervical SCI. We compared the performance of real-time, Random Forest-based movement versus rest (2 classes) and grasp type predictors (3 classes) with respect to their co-adaptation and evaluated the underlying feature importance maps. Main results. Our multimodal approach enabled grasp decoding significantly better than EMG or IMU data alone (p

<

0.05). We found the 0.25 s directly prior to the first touch of an object to hold the most discriminative information. Our HMIs correctly predicted 79.3 ± STD 7.4 (102.7 ± STD 2.3 control group) out of 105 trials with grand average movement vs. rest prediction accuracies above 99.64% (100% sensitivity) and grasp prediction accuracies of 75.39 ± STD 13.77% (97.66 ± STD 5.48% control group). Co-adaption led to higher prediction accuracies with time, and we could identify adaptions in feature importances unique to each participant with cervical SCI. Significance. Our findings foster the development of multimodal and adaptive HMIs to allow persons with cervical SCI the intuitive control of assistive devices to improve personal independence.
A simulator for Timepix-like pixel front-ends
Authors: Ballabriga Sune R. , Bromberger H. , Campbell M. , Llopart Cudie X. , Christodoulou P. , Sriskaran V. , Tlustos L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This work presents the development of a front-end simulation code for the Timepix3 readout chip [1], intended as digitizer stage in full detector simulation. The front-end electronics is modelled using an integrator stage and 3 parallel feedback loops with individually configurable time constants. The main feedback discharging the integrator consists of 3 low-pass filtered feedback loops. The leakage current compensation is approximated by an additional independent low-pass filtered feed-back loop. The system noise is modelled using independent bandwidth limited noise channels for pre-amplifier, feedback and threshold noise. The Timepix3 time of arrival (ToA) and time over threshold (ToT) measurement is implemented by a discriminator model with independent rise and fall times and 2 independent clock frequencies for ToA and ToT. The measured dependence of the ToT on the pre-amplifier input charge using test-pulses of a Timepix3 assembly is correctly reproduced for a wide range of discriminator settings.
The development of a laser system for use in the timing performance measurements of CMS HGCAL silicon modules
Authors: Khan F.A. , Noy M. , Steen A. , Monti F. , Ganjour S. ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: March 2024

Abstract
For optimal operations in the high radiation and pileup environment of the HL-LHC, the CMS-HGCAL requires precise timing information at the level of 30 ps (RMS) for a particle shower. The time measurement in silicon detector modules is performed using a per-channel time-of-arrival discriminator coupled with charge measurement to correct for the time-walk. The module design includes access holes in the PCB and in the sensor passivation to enable infrared laser light to be injected directly into the sensor cells. We present the calibration and timing-in of the system used to perform measurements.
Test and performance of the CMS ECAL barrel data conversion and digital processing ASIC for HL-LHC
Authors: Borca C. ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In preparation for the high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider, a new data conversion and digital processing ASIC, called LiTE-DTU, was designed. Implemented in a 65 nm CMOS technology, the LiTE-DTU features two 12-bit 160 MS s-1 successive approximation register time-interleaved ADCs, a data processing unit and enables efficient data transmission at 1.28 Gbps.
The LiTE-DTU has undergone extensive testing in both laboratory and beam tests, demonstrating excellent performance in the pre-production version, showing the production readiness of the design. The results of this comprehensive series of tests will be presented.
Energy distribution of fragments from H2 and H2
+ dissociation by electron impact for the use in numerical models applied to negative ion sources
Authors: Sartori E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In negative hydrogen ion sources, the kinetic energy of the atoms is directly related to the negative ion yield at the caesiated converter, with a larger contribution from hot atoms. The energy distribution of hydrogen atoms is related to the formation process: either the kinetic energy release, resulting from dissociation of the hydrogen molecules or molecular ions, or the proton neutralization either in the volume or during reflection at walls. The interpretation of recent experimental measurements related to the translational energy distribution of atoms or positive ions could profit from accurate inclusion of the initial energy distribution in numerical models. In this work, we focus on the calculation of the kinetic energy release for the various dissociation channels due to electron impact on H2 and H2
+, in the Franck-Condon and delta approximation. Since in negative ion sources non-equilibrium vibrational distributions of H2 are found, the energy distribution of fragments is calculated for all vibrational levels. The inverse cumulative distribution functions related to the main dissociation processes are given, as well as the cumulative distributions for all dissociation channels by electron impact, for simple implementation in Monte Carlo numerical simulations. Finally, the application of the method to few cases of interest for negative ion sources is discussed.
Tumor targeted nanohybrid for dual stimuli responsive and NIR amplified photothermal/photo-induced thermodynamic/chemodynamic combination therapy
Authors: Mehrotra Neha , Pal Kaushik 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The combination of photodynamic (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) for cancer treatment has gathered a lot of attention in recent years. However, its efficacy is severely limited by elevated levels of hypoxia and glutathione (GSH) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Multifunctional nanoparticles that can help remodel the TME while facilitating PDT/CDT combination therapy are the need of the hour. To this effect, we have developed O2 self-supplying, free radical generating nanohybrids that exhibit near infra-red (NIR) triggered photothermal (PTT)/photo-induced thermodynamic (P-TDT) and CDT for efficient breast cancer treatment. The surface of nanohybrids has been further modified by biointerfacing with cancer cell membrane. The biomimetic nanohybrids have been comprehensively characterized and found to exhibit high 2,2′-azobis-[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride (AIPH) loading, GSH depletion, oxygen self-supply with TME responsive AIPH release. Biological activity assays demonstrate efficient cellular uptake with homotypic targeting, excellent hemo- and cytocompatibility as well as high intracellular reactive oxygen species generation with synergistic cytotoxicity against tumor cells. The multifunctional nanohybrid proposed in the present study provides an attractive strategy for achieving NIR responsive, tumor targeted PTT/P-TDT/CDT combination therapy for breast cancer treatment.
Current development of theragnostic nanoparticles for women’s cancer treatment
Authors: Kashyap Ananya , Kumari Madhubala , Singh Arnika , Mukherjee Koel , Maity Dipak 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn the biomedical industry, nanoparticles (NPs—exclusively small particles with size ranging from 1–100 nanometres) are recently employed as powerful tools due to their huge potential in sophisticated and enhanced cancer theragnostic (i.e. therapeutics and diagnostics). Cancer is a life-threatening disease caused by carcinogenic agents and mutation in cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and harming the body’s normal functioning while affecting several factors like low levels of reactive oxygen species, hyperactive antiapoptotic mRNA expression, reduced proapoptotic mRNA expression, damaged DNA repair, and so on. NPs are extensively used in early cancer diagnosis and are functionalized to target receptors overexpressing cancer cells for effective cancer treatment. This review focuses explicitly on how NPs alone and combined with imaging techniques and advanced treatment techniques have been researched against ‘women’s cancer’ such as breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer which are substantially occurring in women. NPs, in combination with numerous imaging techniques (like PET, SPECT, MRI, etc) have been widely explored for cancer imaging and understanding tumor characteristics. Moreover, NPs in combination with various advanced cancer therapeutics (like magnetic hyperthermia, pH responsiveness, photothermal therapy, etc), have been stated to be more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies with negligible side effects. Furthermore, this review will further help to improve treatment outcomes and patient quality of life based on the theragnostic application-based studies of NPs in women’s cancer treatment.
The establishment of uncertain single pendulum equation and its solutions
*
Authors: Qiu Xiaoyue , Zhu Jiaxuan , Liu Shiqin , Liu Liying 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The single pendulum equation is commonly used to model the vibration characteristics of a single pendulum subjected to variable forces. A stochastic single pendulum equation driven by Wiener process describes the vibration phenomenon containing a noise term. However, there are also contradictions in some cases. Therefore, in this paper, uncertain single pendulum equation driven by Liu process is proposed to depict noise. Furthermore, analytical solutions as well as the inverse uncertainty distribution (IUD) of solutions for a class of uncertain single pendulum equations are presented. Finally, a paradox related to the stochastic single pendulum equation is given in the appendix.
On-chip fabrication and in-flow 3D-printing of microgel constructs: from chip to scaffold materials in one integral process
Authors: Reineke Benjamin , Paulus Ilona , Löffelsend Sophia , Yu Chien-Hsin , Vinogradov Dmitrii , Meyer Anna , Hazur Jonas , Röder Jonas , Vollmer Madita , Tamgüney Gültekin , Hauschild Stephan , Boccaccini Aldo R , Groll Jürgen , Förster Stephan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Bioprinting has evolved into a thriving technology for the fabrication of cell-laden scaffolds. Bioinks are the most critical component for bioprinting. Recently, microgels have been introduced as a very promising bioink, enabling cell protection and the control of the cellular microenvironment. However, the fabrication of the bioinks involves the microfluidic production of the microgels, with a subsequent multistep process to obtain the bioink, which so far has limited its application potential. Here we introduce a direct coupling of microfluidics and 3D-printing for the continuous microfluidic production of microgels with direct in-flow printing into stable scaffolds. The 3D-channel design of the microfluidic chip provides access to different hydrodynamic microdroplet formation regimes to cover a broad range of droplet and microgel diameters. After exiting a microtubing the produced microgels are hydrodynamically jammed into thin microgel filaments for direct 3D-printing into two- and three-dimensional scaffolds. The methodology enables the continuous on-chip encapsulation of cells into monodisperse microdroplets with subsequent in-flow cross-linking to produce cell-laden microgels. The method is demonstrated for different cross-linking methods and cell lines. This advancement will enable a direct coupling of microfluidics and 3D-bioprinting for scaffold fabrication.
Does entanglement enhance single-molecule pulsed biphoton spectroscopy?
Authors: Khan Aiman , Albarelli Francesco , Datta Animesh 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
It depends. For a single molecule interacting with one mode of a biphoton probe, we show that the spectroscopic information has three contributions, only one of which is a genuine two-photon contribution. When all the scattered light can be measured, solely this contribution exists and can be fully extracted using unentangled measurements. Furthermore, this two-photon contribution can, in principle, be matched by an optimised but unentangled single-photon probe. When the matter system spontaneously emits into inaccessible modes, an advantage due to entanglement can not be ruled out. In practice, time-frequency entanglement does enhance spectroscopic performance of the oft-studied weakly-pumped spontaneous parametric down conversion (PDC) probes. For two-level systems and coupled dimers, more entangled PDC probes yield more spectroscopic information, even in the presence of emission into inaccessible modes. Moreover, simple, unentangled measurements can capture between 60% and 90% of the spectroscopic information. We thus establish that biphoton spectroscopy using source-engineered PDC probes and unentangled measurements can provide tangible quantum enhancement. Our work underscores the intricate role of entanglement in single-molecule spectroscopy using quantum light.
Performance-control-orientated hybrid metal additive manufacturing technologies: state of the art, challenges, and future trends
Authors: Lv Jiming , Liang Yuchen , Xu Xiang , Xu Gang , Zhang Hongmei , Lu Haifei , Luo Kaiyu , Cai Jie , Lu Jinzhong 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have made significant progress in the basic theoretical field since their invention in the 1970s. However, performance instability during continuous processing, such as thermal history, residual stress accumulation, and columnar grain epitaxial growth, consistently hinders their broad application in standardized industrial production. To overcome these challenges, performance-control-oriented hybrid AM (HAM) technologies have been introduced. These technologies, by leveraging external auxiliary processes, aim to regulate microstructural evolution and mechanical properties during metal AM. This paper provides a systematic and detailed review of performance-control-oriented HAM technology, which is categorized into two main groups: energy field-assisted AM (EFed AM, e.g. ultrasonic, electromagnetic, and heat) technologies and interlayer plastic deformation-assisted AM (IPDed AM, e.g. laser shock peening, rolling, ultrasonic peening, and friction stir process) technologies. This review covers the influence of external energy fields on the melting, flow, and solidification behavior of materials, and the regulatory effects of interlayer plastic deformation on grain refinement, nucleation, and recrystallization. Furthermore, the role of performance-control-oriented HAM technologies in managing residual stress conversion, metallurgical defect closure, mechanical property improvement, and anisotropy regulation is thoroughly reviewed and discussed. The review concludes with an analysis of future development trends in EFed AM and IPDed AM technologies.
Conclusion
Authors: Collord Michaela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book has presented a fresh analysis of where authoritarian institutions come from and how they order power within a regime. It has traced the trajectories of ruling parties and legislatures from an early period of regime consolidation through subsequent episodes of socio-economic and institutional change. This concluding chapter reviews the main contributions of the book before engaging with three additional areas of inquiry. First, it expands on an earlier discussion of authoritarian discontinuities, examining the significance of John Magufuli’s presidency in Tanzania (2015–2021) and the political rupture it caused. Moving beyond the focus on dominant party regimes, it next engages with the implications of more competitive multiparty politics for legislative strengthening. Finally, it reflects on the relationship between legislative strengthening and democratization, pointing towards a more circumspect assessment of ‘democratic’ consolidation and its transformative potential.