bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The new biochemistry: blending the traditional with the other
Authors: Boyer Rodney 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDesigning and presenting a modern biochemistry course is a challenging task. With an overabundance of topics to cover and a limited amount of class time, instructors must be creative and flexible. Traditionally, biochemical studies have been based on protein structure and function with emphasis on metabolism and bioenergetics. Developing methods in molecular biology are providing a new perspective on biochemistry. To train students for the future, it is imperative that these new topics be blended with the traditional. Model syllabi with this perspective are presented for a typical one‐year, (28 weeks, two semester) course for biochemistry majors and the shorter survey course (one half‐year, 14 weeks, one semester) for nonmajors, usually health professionals and biological science majors. The major change suggested from the present is to move the coverage of nucleic acid structure and function before metabolism. It is then possible to present metabolism in a more contemporary format with emphasis on regulation and integration. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Understanding initial velocity after the derivatives of progress curves
Authors: Claro Enrique 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA simple approach to facilitate, in practical terms, the understanding of the concept of initial velocity is proposed. After monitoring colorimetrically p‐nitrophenol appearance due to alkaline phosphatase hydrolysis of p‐nitrophenylphosphate, in an experimental protocol that takes little more than 10 min, derivatives of progress curves are obtained. These plots of velocity vs. time result a valuable educational tool to evaluate effects of inaccurate estimates of initial velocity on the calculation of the KM and Vmax parameters. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A laboratory experiment demonstrating the dynamic character of membranes
Authors: Pugh Michael Eugene , Schultz Emeric 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn experiment demonstrating changes in the fatty acid composition of bacterial membranes from bacteria grown at 22 and 37d̀C is described. The changes in composition confirm expected generalizations. The isolation method is simple and provides samples of fatty acid methyl esters ready for gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS) analysis within about 1.5 h. Analysis by GC‐MS involves the use of a computer library for fatty acid methyl ester identification and takes an additional hour. The experiment can easily be adapted to study other factors that influence membrane composition. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The kinetic properties of liver glucokinase and its function in glucose physiology as a model for the comprehensive study of enzymes' kinetic parameters and reversible inhibitors
Authors: Bustos Diego M. , Iglesias Alberto A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractGlucokinase is a key enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism in mammals. Particularly relevant is the involvement of the liver enzyme for the maintenance of blood glucose concentrations. In playing this key role, the occurrence of normal kinetic parameters of liver glucokinase is critical. Modification of Km and/or Vmax results in pathological situations occurring with hypo‐ or hyperglycemia. Based on this, an exercise is proposed in which different mice cell lines with abnormalities in glucose utilization are analyzed to determine the metabolic alteration at a molecular level. The student must determine the cause of abnormality by processing the kinetic data. Also, the characterization of different compounds that are reversible inhibitors of the enzyme from kinetic data is required to identify a drug that can correct the pathology in each case. One major objective of the problem is to learn about the meaning of kinetic parameters of enzymes, as well as the action of different types of reversible inhibitors. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The development of virtual lectures to aid in the teaching of medical biochemistry
Authors: Balfour Margaret , Chan Chi‐bew , Heur Martin , Rolf Robert , Tseng Tony , Lieberman Michael A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis communication describes the establishment of two virtual lectures, created in Macromedia's Director program, consisting of animation, voice‐overs and text, which can stand alone in the teaching of the urea cycle and phospholipid metabolism to medical students. The use of these teaching aids adds yet another teaching modality to biochemistry, and increases the level of “active” learning which must occur. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
No association of depression and anxiety with the metabolic syndrome: the Norwegian HUNT study
Authors: Hildrum B. , Mykletun A. , Midthjell K. , Ismail K. , Dahl A. A. 
Published: December 2008

Objective:  To examine the associations of depression and anxiety with the metabolic syndrome.Method:  Cross‐sectional study of 9571 participants aged 20–89 years in the Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT 2). We assessed anxiety and depression with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the metabolic syndrome with the International Diabetes Federation criteria.Results:  Despite generous statistical power and use of both continuous and categorical approaches, we found no association between anxiety or depression and the metabolic syndrome in models adjusted for age, gender, educational level, smoking, physical activity and pulse rate. When adjusted for age and gender only, we found a weak positive association for depression when a continuous measure was used, but not at the case level. The findings were similar across sexes, and robust for exclusion of cardiovascular disease and antidepressants.Conclusion:  In this largest study to date we found no association of anxiety and depression with the metabolic syndrome.
Sub‐threshold manic symptoms in recurrent major depressive disorder are a marker for poor outcome
Authors: Smith D. J. , Forty L. , Russell E. , Caesar S. , Walters J. , Cooper C. , Jones I. , Jones L. , Craddock N. 
Published: December 2008

Objective: A small but significant proportion of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) report mild manic symptoms which are below the diagnostic threshold for a hypomanic episode.Method: We tested for an association between sub‐threshold manic symptoms and clinical outcome in almost 600 patients with recurrent MDD who also had no known family history of bipolar disorder.Results: 9.6% of this large sample had a life‐time history of sub‐threshold manic symptoms. These patients were significantly more likely to have a history of poor response to antidepressants (OR 2.84; 95% CI 1.23–6.56;P < 0.02) and more likely to have experienced psychosis (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.05–4.09;P < 0.04). They had also experienced more depressive episodes on average (P = 0.006) and were more likely to have been admitted to hospital (P < 0.03).Conclusion: Sub‐threshold manic symptoms in patients with recurrent MDD may be a useful clinical marker for poor response to antidepressants and a more morbid long‐term clinical course.
Clinical impact of enhanced diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in high-risk haematology and stem cell transplant patients
Authors: Barnes R A , White P L , Bygrave C , Evans N , Healy B , Kell J 
Published: December 2008

Aims:To investigate the impact of routine use of biomarkers for diagnosing fungal infection within a care pathway on antifungal usage and clinical outcomes.Methods:A cohort of high-risk haematology and stem cell transplant patients was entered into a neutropenic care pathway in which targeted diagnostic testing replaced empiric antifungal treatment. Patients were screened twice a week by PCR and antigen testing during fever or when chronic graft versus host disease was present and were followed-up for a minimum of 1 year.Results:No excess morbidity or mortality was seen in patients in whom empiric antifungal treatment was withheld, and there were substantial savings in antifungal drug expenditure.Conclusions:The introduction of a comprehensive diagnostic surveillance strategy to exclude invasive fungal infection in high-risk patients with haematological malignancy and those undergoing transplantation can result in improvements in clinical management. There are also potential additional benefits of improved patient survival, decreased morbidity and decreased hospital stay.
Power-Law and Long-Memory Characteristics of the Atmospheric General Circulation
Authors: Vyushin Dmitry I. , Kushner Paul J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe question of which statistical model best describes internal climate variability on interannual and longer time scales is essential to the ability to predict such variables and detect periodicities and trends in them. For over 30 yr the dominant model for background climate variability has been the autoregressive model of the first order (AR1). However, recent research has shown that some aspects of climate variability are best described by a “long memory” or “power-law” model. Such a model fits a temporal spectrum to a single power-law function, which thereby accumulates more power at lower frequencies than an AR1 fit. In this study, several power-law model estimators are applied to global temperature data from reanalysis products. The methods employed (the detrended fluctuation analysis, Geweke–Porter-Hudak estimator, Gaussian semiparametric estimator, and multitapered versions of the last two) agree well for pure power-law stochastic processes. However, for the observed temperature record, the power-law fits are sensitive to the choice of frequency range and the intrinsic filtering properties of the methods. The observational results converge once frequency ranges are made consistent and the lowest frequencies are included, and once several climate signals have been filtered. Two robust results emerge from the analysis: first, that the tropical circulation features relatively large power-law exponents that connect to the zonal-mean extratropical circulation; and second, that the subtropical lower stratosphere exhibits power-law behavior that is volcanically forced.
Once There Was a Child! The State of the Neurological Condition
Authors: Barron Jules 
Published: December 2008

The diagnosis, remediation and social adjustment of children who suffer with a neurological impairment, to any degree, is not only a multi-disciplinary problem, but also necessitates community understanding and sensitive support. There is no question that many communities still suffer from a “cultural lag” with regard to this much needed enlightment. It is equally true that we have come a long way from that point in history when a N.I. child was sentenced for life to the attic. At first glance it seems we have come a long way---but have we really?---C.C.E.
Viewpoint
Authors: Christoplos Florence 
Published: December 2008

In this article the value and nature of a broadly inclusive medical-psychological-educational paradigm in the treatment of handicapped children is described. The relative value for educators in either a medical-psychiatric paradigm or a psychologicalbehavioral paradigm in the treatment of handicapped children (particularly the so-called learning disabled) has been discussed at length by Ullmann and Krasner (1966). Educators, having no available paradigm of their own, have for the most part been the recalcitrant recipients of the good intentions of both psychologists and medical doctors in proposing such paradigms. Although both medical and behavioral psychological paradigms are valuable, neither recognize the unique role of education. What is proposed in this discussion is an educational addition to a broadly inclusive treatment paradigm for handicapped children.
Visual Motor Disabilities in Children with Functional Articulation Defects
Authors: Lawreitre Joyce R , Potter Robert E. 
Published: December 2008

This investigation attempted to determine if the presence of visual-motor integration disabilities, as measured by the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration, was greater in preschool and primary grade children having functional articulation defects than in those without articulation defects - that is, normal speakers. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the subjects possessing functional articulation defects showed a significantly higher degree of visual-motor integration disability than did the controls. Other statistical comparisons revealed that the male subjects with functional articulation defects performed significantly less well than did the control males on the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration. However, this difference was not found between the female subjects and female controls. A positive correlation was found to exist between visual-motor integration ages and the chronological and mental ages of the sample population.
Is Special Education Necessary? Can This Program Possibly be Reduced?
Authors: Jansen Mogens , Ahm Jette , Jensen Poul Erik , Leerskov Anders 
Published: December 2008

In Denmark special education was introduced many years ago. In the instruction of the Danish language, in particular, special education has become a well established institution, and in recent years this program has developed to the extent where about 15 percent of all Danish school children at some time or other during their course of schooling will have received some form of remedial instruction. The introduction of different preventive measures has in no way seemed to reduce the apparently rather heavy need for instruction of this nature. In view of the fact that special education is often tantamount to a segregation of the pupils concerned from the rest of their class, it is in conflict with the general philosophy which tends to let the largest possible number of the pupils in a class stay together throughout the entire compulsory education period. With the above as background, we shall now present our views on the question of whether it will be possible to reduce the need for special education by means of an overall expansion of the general educational facilities, to a sufficient extent so as to also take care of the educational needs of the pupils in question.
Training Non-Readers in “Listening Achievement”
Authors: Goolsby Thomas M. , Lasco Richard A. 
Published: December 2008

The major purpose of this study was to determine whether listening experience for children resulted in improved ability to recognize information heard. Subjects were five-year-old children randomly selected from five kindergartens of an average population and randomly assigned to three groups. Between pretests and posttests different amounts and kinds of training in listening were applied for each of the three groups. Resulting data indicated that different treatments did not make for a difference in performance. Comparison with data of another study by the author, in which the subjects were culturally deprived children, indicated that immediate feedback seemed to produce comparable levels of listening achievement regardless of whether the subjects are culturally deprived or of the general population. No feedback to culturally deprived Head Start subjects resulted in their significantly lower listening achievement level.
The Individualized Education Program —Part 2
Authors: Turnbuil Ann P. , Strickland Bonnie , Hammer Susan E. 
Published: December 2008

This two-part article gives a concise description of the PL 94-142 regulations. Part 1 has suggestions for implementing the regulations and Part 2 regards the components of an Individualized Education Program (IEP). The legal requirements are reviewed and step-by-step procedures described for legal compliance, for developing useful IEPs, and for effective administration. No official government endorsement was sought or is implied though the overview is believed to be accurate and authoritative. — G.M.S. This paper examines the IEP as a basis for defining appropriate education. A discussion of required IEP components provides educators with a framework in which to view the process of IEP development. State and local education agencies, who have the responsibility of guiding a systematic development of an IEP providing a practical and workable program, may find the suggestions helpful. Others may find the suggestions can contribute to a systematic approach for providing appropriate education to handicapped students through the specifications of the IEP.
Middle Ear Pathology as a Factor in Learning Disabilities
Authors: Masters Lowell , Marsh George E. 
Published: December 2008

Speech and hearing problems among the learning disabled are taking their place with reading deficiency as one of the central intellectual problems exhibited by the LD child. One specific contributing agent to such problems may, for some children, be middle ear infections during the early phases of language learning. Such infections could irreversably disrupt development. This pilot study found a disproportionately large number of LD elementary school-aged children with middle ear pathology. Though the pathology was assessed in elementary school, not in infancy, and was not significantly related to measured language problems, the higher incidence of middle ear pathology among the LD children deserves the practitioner's attention and further study. Its relationship to vestibular system dysfunctions would be of particular interest (see Ayres, January 1977). — G.M.S. A study was conducted to determine the incidence of middle ear pathology in groups of learning disabled and regular class students and to assess the students' general levels of language functioning. Subjects were 179 regular class students and 108 learning disabled students in the first four grades of school. All subjects were white and of middle socioeconomic status and had passed a pure-tone screening. Each was examined with an impedance audiometer employing tympanometry. Thirty-three regular class and 33 learning disabled third graders who had received the impedance examination were Development. The results showed a significantly higher proportion of learning disabled subjects with middle ear pathology. General language abilities within each group were similar regardless of the integrity of the middle ear. Explanations for the significantly greater incidence of middle ear pathology in the learning disabled sample are discussed.
Constitutional Growth Delay and Learning Problems
Authors: Gold Ruth F. 
Published: December 2008

The author points to an important distinction between constitutional growth delay and familial short stature. The familially short attain milestones at normal times while the constitutionally delayed reach full height and development milestones at a later age. The author suggests distinguishing the two syndromes since different intervention strategies are indicated. — G.M.S. Records of children admitted to a growth clinic and follow-up questionnaires were examined to determine the incidence of learning problems in children with constitutional growth delay and those with familial short statute. Reported learning problems were significantly greater in the group with constitutional growth delay. Because of the high correlation, it is suggested that the relationship between physical and cognitive development level be considered when selecting educational interventions. Children who are slow learners or have learning problems and are slow in physical development may not need remediation per se, but may require an opportunity to learn at a rate commensurate with their developmental level.
The Effect Of Two Language Training Approaches On Syntactical Skills of Language-Deviant Children
Authors: Weller Carol 
Published: December 2008

The effects of the language training approach of Carl Bereiter and Siegfried Engelmann and the language training approach of Marion Blank were experimentally investigated with the parts of speech of descriptor words and functor words. Four children, aged 4 to 5, whose language was deficient in these parts of speech, received both training approaches in a multiple baseline design. Comparisons were drawn as to the effectiveness of these approaches in increasing the use of these parts of speech in free speech situations. Results of the comparison showed the Bereiter-Englemann approach to be more effective than the Marion Blank approach in increasing the use of descriptor and functor words. Furthermore, Bereiter-Engelmann approach proved more efficient in use of teacher time spent to produce the behavioral changes in these two parts of speech.
Relationship Between Pregnancy and Birth Complications and the Later Development of Learning Disabilities
Authors: Colletti Lorraine F. 
Published: December 2008

The present study was an interdisciplinary, empirical study of the perinatal histories of 50 learning disabled children, aged 7 to 12 years, who had minimum neurological dysfunctions. Subjects were drawn from children whose learning disabilities had been diagnosed at the Neuro-Education Center of Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Mich. A normative population was used for comparative purposes. The experimental group had a significantly higher number of pregnancy and birth complications on birth records than the norm (p<.05). A pattern of significantly lower scaled scores was found on the Wechsler Arithmetic and Digit Span (p < .05), and a pattern of significantly higher scores was found on Similarities (p < .05). Academic achievement was found to be significantly below grade level in all basic academic areas, i.e., reading, mathematics, and spelling. Sight vocabulary was the only area that was normal. The epidemiologic evidence is sufficiently strong to indicate that there exists “a continuum of reproductive insult resulting in varying degrees of neuropsychiatric disability” (Pasamanick & Knobloch 1960).
“It's All Right if Kids Can't Read”—
Authors: Richards John 
Published: December 2008

Our title comes from a feature article that appeared in the Los Angeles Times last fall. Picked up by newspapers nationwide, the story quoted Dr. Richards, who is director of the Kaiser-Permanente Learning Disability Clinic in San Diego with such statements as "Admit it, some people just can't read," "It's like a physical handicap for some kids, a code they'll never break," and "There comes a time to give up trying to teach some of them to read and start letting them live around it." Though generally pessimistic, there were statements made to suggest a concerned, humanistic, yet pragmatic professional. Examples, "Let's not say a child is a failure just because he can't do one thing," or "It's OK if a kid feels all right about himself even if he can't read." I thought it important that Dr. Richards should have the chance to explain himself to the profession and, therefore, have provided him the opportunity to elaborate his views in an in-depth interview with the Journal of Learning Disabilities. G.M.S.