bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyse d'une situation de détection et de localisation
Authors: Richard Jean-François , Rouanet H. 
Published: December 2007

The influence of the frequency of stimulus and the nature of the preceding stimulus have been analyzed in a detection-localisation situation consisting in detecting the position of the lacuna of a Landolt ring presented in short time vision. In the four cases considered, ranging from an uniform distribution of stimulus to an unimodal and little dispersed distribution, effects of positive recency were found.
Two mathematical adaptation models have been devised in an attempt to give an account of the overall results. Both imply the existence of a preparatory state varying from trial to trial and assume an all-or-nothing detection mechanism (an assumption compatible with the observations, at least as a first approximation). They essentially differ in that one of them assumes that the detection probability is independant from the preparatory state whereas the other assumes a higher detection probability when the stimulus is very close to the preparatory state than when it is far away.
Both models include the same number of parameters. Confronted to observations, the second model is far more satisfactory : it predicts — with a generally great accuracy — the amplitude of the recency and frequency effects wherever they are to be found. time vision. In the four cases considered, ranging from an uniform distribution of stimulus to an unimodal and little dispersed distribution, effects of positive recency were found.
Two mathematical adaptation models have been devised in an attempt to give an account of the overall results. Both imply the existence of a preparatory state varying from trial to trial and assume an all-or-nothing detection mechanism (an assumption compatible with the observations, at least as a first approximation). They essentially differ in that one of them assumes that the detection probability is independant from the preparatory state whereas the other assumes a higher detection probability when the stimulus is very close to the preparatory state than when it is far away.
Both models include the same number of parameters. Confronted to observations, the second model is far more satisfactory : it predicts — with a generally great accuracy — the amplitude of the recency and frequency effects wherever they are to be found.
Déficit mnésique d'origine organique et niveaux d'organisation des tâches à mémoriser
Authors: de Schonen S 
Published: December 2007

Two groups of patients, with frontal, temporal, parietal and 3rd vent. lesions, have been investigated. The experience was designed to test the importance of increasing levels of organization of 4 tasks in short-term and long term memory. Two modalities of learning have been chosen : one group of subjects was presented with each task only once for a fixed duration while the other group was allowed to carry on the learning until criterion was reached (one fautless recall).
Recall tests were carried out 24 hours later for both groups.
Results show that for the patients we have studied, forgetting is inversely related to the organization level of tasks, irrespective to learning modalities. duration while the other group was allowed to carry on the learning until criterion was reached (one fautless recall).
Recall tests were carried out 24 hours later for both groups.
Results show that for the patients we have studied, forgetting is inversely related to the organization level of tasks, irrespective to learning modalities.
Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Ramirez J. Raul 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A geographic imformation system (GIS) is a set of computer‐based tools to collect, store, retrieve, manipulate, visualize, and analyze geo‐spatial information (information identified by its location on the surface of reference, for example, the Earth). This article describes the major components of a GIS (hardware and software) with emphasis in the central processing units and peripheral device and major software components: collection, storage, retrieval, manipulation, query and analyze, and visualization. This discussion is followed by a discussion of applications in several fields using a set of examples to illustrate these topics. Then, the concept and implications of quality in GIS (spatial data quality, quality on embedded and external models) is discussed. Finally, some comments are presented over the future of GIS.
Programming Models: Client–Server, Process Groups, and Peer‐to‐Peer
Authors: van Renesse Robbert 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This article discusses various programming models for implementing distributed applications. We focus mostly on data‐sharing rather than CPU‐sharing applications. First we describe the client‐server model, and how basic distributed applications can be built using Remote Procedure Calls. We then move on to discuss how more sophisticated distributed applications can be developed with process groups and look in more detail at the virtual synchrony and publish/subscribe paradigms. Finally, we consider highly scalable peer‐to‐peer approaches to resource sharing and location, application level routing, and monitoring and aggregation.
A multicenter retrospective study defining the clinical and hematological manifestations of brucellosis and pancytopenia in a large series: Hematological malignancies, the unusual cause of pancytopenia in patients with brucellosis
Authors: Sari Ismail , Altuntas Fevzi , Hacioglu Sibel , Kocyigit Ismail , Sevinc Alper , Sacar Suzan , Deniz Kemal , Alp Emine , Eser Bulent , Yildiz Orhan , Kaynar Leylagul , Unal Ali , Cetin Mustafa 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe aim of the study is to review the clinical manifestations and the hematological findings of brucellosis and pancytopenia, with or without hematological malignancies. The records of 202 patients with brucellosis were evaluated retrospectively. Among these cases of brucellosis seen in a 6 year period between April 1999 and June 2005, 30 patients with pancytopenia were identified. The most common manifestation was fever, followed by weight loss, anorexia, malaise, arthralgia, and hepatosplenomegaly. Bone marrow biopsies revealed hypercellularity or normocellularity. The most common findings in the bone marrow evaluation were histiocytic hemophagocytosis and granulomas. Among all cases, we diagnosed 5 hematological malignancies (1 acute myelogenous leukemia, 2 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 2 multiple myeloma) concurrently with brucellosis. The clinical symptoms and findings were similar in patients with and without malignancies. In cases with malignancies, the bone marrow biopsy revealed predominant primary disease involvement. Significant increases in ESR and CRP, severe anemia and thrombocytopenia were observed in patients with malignancies. Peripheral blood counts in patients without malignancies returned to normal after antibiotic treatment for brucellosis. However, pancytopenia in two patients with malignancies did not recover because of primary resistant disease. We conclude that while histiocytic hemophagocytosis may be considered as a major cause of pancytopenia, leukemic infiltration can also be an extreme and unusual cause of pancytopenia in patients in whom brucellosis was concurrently diagnosed with hematological malignancies. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First Homo erectus from Turkey and implications for migrations into temperate Eurasia
Authors: Kappelman John , Alçiçek Mehmet Cihat , Kazancı Nizamettin , Schultz Michael , Özkul Mehmet , Şen Şevket 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRemains of fossil hominins from temperate regions of the Old World are rare across both time and space, but such specimens are necessary for understanding basic issues in human evolution including linkages between their adaptations and early migration patterns. We report here the remarkable circumstances surrounding the discovery of the first fossil hominin calvaria from Turkey. The specimen was found in the Denizli province of western Turkey and recovered from within a solid block of travertine stone as it was being sawed into tile‐sized slabs for the commercial natural stone building market. The new specimen fills an important geographical and temporal gap and displays several anatomical features that are shared with other Middle Pleistocene hominins from both Africa and Asia attributed to Homo erectus. It also preserves an unusual pathology on the endocranial surface of the frontal bone that is consistent with a diagnosis of Leptomeningitis tuberculosa (TB), and this evidence represents the most ancient example of this disease known for a fossil human. TB is exacerbated in dark‐skinned peoples living in northern latitudes by a vitamin D deficiency because of reduced levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Evidence for TB in the new specimen supports the thesis that reduced UVR was one of the many climatic variables presenting an adaptive challenge to ancient hominins during their migration into the temperate regions of Europe and Asia. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional neuroimaging of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty
Authors: Harris Sam , Sheth Sameer A. , Cohen Mark S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe difference between believing and disbelieving a proposition is one of the most potent regulators of human behavior and emotion. When one accepts a statement as true, it becomes the basis for further thought and action; rejected as false, it remains a string of words. The purpose of this study was to differentiate belief, disbelief, and uncertainty at the level of the brain.MethodsWe used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the brains of 14 adults while they judged written statements to be “true” (belief), “false” (disbelief), or “undecidable” (uncertainty). To characterize belief, disbelief, and uncertainty in a content‐independent manner, we included statements from a wide range of categories: autobiographical, mathematical, geographical, religious, ethical, semantic, and factual.ResultsThe states of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty differentially activated distinct regions of the prefrontal and parietal cortices, as well as the basal ganglia.InterpretationBelief and disbelief differ from uncertainty in that both provide information that can subsequently inform behavior and emotion. The mechanism underlying this difference appears to involve the anterior cingulate cortex and the caudate. Although many areas of higher cognition are likely involved in assessing the truth‐value of linguistic propositions, the final acceptance of a statement as “true” or its rejection as “false” appears to rely on more primitive, hedonic processing in the medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior insula. Truth may be beauty, and beauty truth, in more than a metaphorical sense, and false propositions may actually disgust us. Ann Neurol 2007
Alkaline hydrolysis of methyl acrylate grafted cellulose fibers
Authors: Jain Vaibhav , Ni Yonghao 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this work, methyl acrylate grafted cellulose fibers were hydrolyzed in an aqueous NaOH solution to obtain a superabsorbent hydrogel. The effect of process variables, such as the hydrolysis reaction time, temperature, and NaOH concentration, during alkaline hydrolysis were carefully determined and optimized. The degree of hydrolysis was estimated on the basis of the determination of the carboxylate group contents. The material loss during hydrolysis followed a first‐order reaction mechanism. The differences in the behavior of the grafted fibers during hydrolysis could be explained by their structural differences. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole rod doped with p‐toluenesulfonic acid via micelle formation
Authors: Kim Duk Ki , Oh Kyung Wha , Ahn Hee Jun , Kim Seong Hun 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRod‐type polypyrrole (PPY) doped with p‐toluenesulfonic acid (TSA) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization via a self‐assembly process. The shape of the PPY particles is mainly determined by the ratio of TSA/pyrrole (PY) and feed rate of the oxidant. Particle of different shapes (rod, grain, and partially rod) exhibit differences in morphology, electrical properties, dispersity, and thermal properties. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterning analysis was used to investigate the mechanism of rod formation. The effect of the TSA concentration on the PPY structure was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The PPY rods doped with TSA exhibited better electrical conductivity than granular PPY doped with TSA, and their dispersity and thermal stability were also higher. Self‐orientation of PPY in the micelles of TSA and high crystallinity of the rod particles led to improved thermal stability. Hence, the decomposition temperature of the polymer chain was considerably increased. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Effects of the cosurfactant 1‐butanol and feed composition on nanoparticle properties produced by microemulsion copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate
Authors: Otto Daniel P. , Vosloo Hermanus C. M. , Liebenberg Wilna , de Villiers Melgardt M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe concentration of the cosurfactant 1‐butanol (BuOH) determined the polymer weight and size for a series of poly(styrene‐co‐methyl methacrylate)s (P(St‐co‐MMA)) synthesized by the free‐radical (o/w) microemulsion technique. A factorial design established the levels of the experimental conditions for the polymerization i.e., concentration of the surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); concentration of the cosurfactant, BuOH; temperature and ratio of the styrene (St) to methyl methacrylate (MMA). An increase in the weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) and number‐average molecular weight (Mn) was observed in the P(St‐co‐MMA) series with an increase in BuOH concentration from 1 to 5 wt %. These effects could arise from the micellar aggregation induced by interfacial BuOH. The unique micellar conditions could be exploited to synthesize copolymers of varying molecular weight and size. Additionally, the composition of the copolymers was virtually templates of the feed composition. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Syntheses and Biological Activities of Benzimidazolo[2,1‐b] benzo[e]thiazepin‐5(10H)‐ones
Authors: Rastkari Noushin , Abdollahi Mohammad , Ahmadkhaniha Reza , Shafiee Abbas 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSubstituted benzimidazolo[2,1‐b]benzo[e]thiazepin‐5(10H)‐one derivatives were prepared in moderate to good yield by reaction of mercapto benzimidazole derivatives with 2‐chloromethylbenzoyl chloride as a coupling component. Their structures were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, NMR, and MS. Their antioxidant properties were evaluated by several methods: scavenging effect on 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, reducing power assay, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. In DPPH assay, 3h exhibited an activity stronger than trolox. In the reducing power assay and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, compound 3a was more active than 3h and similar to trolox. The antidiabetic effect was also determined, and the antidiabetic activities were correlated with their antioxidant properties, compound 3a was the most active compound in the in‐vivo experiments.
Usage impact factor: The effects of sample characteristics on usage‐based impact metrics
Authors: Bollen Johan , Sompel Herbert Van de 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThere exist ample demonstrations that indicators of scholarly impact analogous to the citation‐based ISI Impact Factor can be derived from usage data; however, so far, usage can practically be recorded only at the level of distinct information services. This leads to community‐specific assessments of scholarly impact that are difficult to generalize to the global scholarly community. In contrast, the ISI Impact Factor is based on citation data and thereby represents the global community of scholarly authors. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of community characteristics on assessments of scholarly impact from usage. We define a journal Usage Impact Factor that mimics the definition of the Thomson Scientific ISI Impact Factor. Usage Impact Factor rankings are calculated on the basis of a large‐scale usage dataset recorded by the linking servers of the California State University system from 2003 to 2005. The resulting journal rankings are then compared to the Thomson Scientific ISI Impact Factor that is used as a reference indicator of general impact. Our results indicate that the particular scientific and demographic characteristics of a discipline have a strong effect on resulting usage‐based assessments of scholarly impact. In particular, we observed that as the number of graduate students and faculty increases in a particular discipline, Usage Impact Factor rankings will converge more strongly with the ISI Impact Factor.
An HPSG approach to Arabic nominal sentences
Authors: Mutawa A.M. , Alnajem Salah , Alzhouri Fadi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper introduces a grammar for Arabic nominal sentences written in the formalism of Head‐Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). This grammar covers simple Arabic nominal sentences, though the same approach can be extended to cover other types of Arabic nominal sentences. The formalization has been implemented using the Linguistic Knowledge Building (LKB) system.
Writing consumer research: the world according to Belk
Authors: Brown Stephen , Schau Hope Jensen 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Writing is a core scholarly competence. Not only is it a skill that every academic must acquire, regardless of their methodological, philosophical or empirical affiliations, but also it is ‘a substantial differentiating characteristic of eminent researchers’. This article offers an analysis of the writing style of one of the field's most eminent researchers, Russell W. Belk. It identifies five literary devices that help Belk's writing stand out from the crowd and, while the article does not claim to contain the secret of writing success, it considers the crucial part writing plays in the consumer research process.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational Analysis of a Dermatan Sulfate‐Derived Tetrasaccharide by NMR, Molecular Modeling, and Residual Dipolar Couplings
Authors: Silipo Alba , Zhang Zhenqing , Cañada F. Javier , Molinaro Antonio , Linhardt Robert J. , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe solution conformation behavior of a dermatan‐derived tetrasaccharide—ΔHexA‐(1→3)‐GalNAc4S‐β‐(1→4)‐IdoA‐α‐(1→3)‐red‐GalNAc4S (S is a sulfate group)—has been explored by means of NMR spectroscopy, especially by NOE‐based conformational analysis. The tetrasaccharide was present as four species, two of which are chemically different in the anomeric orientation of the reducing 2‐deoxy‐2‐acetamido‐galactose (red‐GalNAc) residue, while the other two are the result of different conformations of the iduronic acid (IdoA) unit. The two α–β‐interconverting anomers were present in a 0.6:1 ratio. Ring conformations have been defined by analysis of 3JH,H coupling constants and interresidual NOE contacts. Both 2‐deoxy‐2‐acetamido‐galactose (GalNAc) residues were found in the 4C1 chair conformation, the unsaturated uronic acid (Δ‐Hex A) adopts a strongly predominant half‐chair 1H2 conformation, while the IdoA residue exists either in the 1C4 chair or in the 2S0 skewed boat geometries, in a 4:1 ratio. There is a moderate flexibility of Φ and Ψ torsions as suggested by nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs), molecular modeling (MM), and molecular dynamics (MD) studies. This was further investigated by residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). One‐bond CH RDCs (1DC,H) and long‐range H–H (3DH,H) RDCs were measured for the tetrasaccharide in a phage solution and interpreted in combination with restrained MD simulation. The RDC‐derived data substantially confirmed the validity of the conformer distribution resulting from the NOE‐derived simulations, but allowed an improved definition of the conformational behavior of the oligosaccharides in solution. In summary, the data show a moderate flexibility of the four tetrasaccharide species at the central glycosidic linkage. Differences in the shapes of species with the IdoA in skew and in chair conformations and in the distribution of the sulfate groups have also been highlighted.
Transient expression of LIM‐domain transcription factors is coincident with delayed maturation of photoreceptors in the chicken retina
Authors: Fischer Andy J. , Foster Shane , Scott Melissa A. , Sherwood Patrick 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn the retina of warm‐blooded vertebrates, photoreceptors are specified many days before the onset of synaptogenesis and the expression of photopigments. The factors that regulate the maturation of photoreceptors in the developing retina remain unknown. We report here that photoreceptors transiently express LIM‐domain transcription factors during the development of the chicken retina. We examined the differentiation of photoreceptors through the normal course of embryonic development and at the far periphery of the postnatal retina, where the differentiation of photoreceptors is slowed and persists across a spatial gradient. In the embryonic retina, we find visinin‐positive photoreceptors that transiently express Islet2 and Lim3 starting at E8 and ending around E15, but persisting in far peripheral regions of the retina through the first 2 weeks of postnatal development. During early stages of photoreceptor maturation, there is coincident and transient expression of the LIM‐domain factors with axonin1, a cell surface glycoprotein that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Coincident with the downregulation of Islet2 and Lim3, we find the upregulation of calbindin, red/green opsin, rhodopsin, and a synaptic marker in the outer plexiform layer (OPL; dystrophin). In the periphery of the postnatal retina, photoreceptors that express Islet2, Lim3, and axonin1 do not overlap with photoreceptors that express calbindin, red/green opsin, rhodopsin, and dystrophin. We propose that Islet2 and Lim3 may promote the expression of genes that are involved in the early stages of differentiation but may suppress the expression of genes that are required in the mature photoreceptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:584–603, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two‐Photon Absorption Cross‐Sections of Reference Dyes: A Critical Examination
Authors: Chandra Jha Prakash , Wang Yanhua , Ågren Hans 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe electronic structure and one‐ and two‐photon absorption spectra of four fluorophores, p‐bis(o‐methoxystyryl)benzene (Bis‐MSB), coumarin 307, fluorescein and rhodamine B, commonly used as reference compounds for two‐photon absorption spectra, have been theoretically calculated and compared with available experimental data. The possible reasons for the wide discrepancies in two‐photon absorption cross‐sections reported in the literature are discussed on the basis of the theoretical findings. The role of a solvent environment on the electronic one‐ and two‐photon absorption spectra is also studied. We highlight some necessary precautions that one needs to take when comparing literature results of two‐photon absorption cross‐sections.