bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations of the mandibular shape in extant hominoids: Generic, specific, and subspecific quantification using elliptical fourier analysis in lateral view
Authors: Schmittbuhl Matthieu , Rieger Jean , Le Minor Jean‐Marie , Schaaf André , Guy Franck 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhile a number of studies have documented the mandibular variations in hominoids, few focused on evaluating the variation of the whole outline of this structure. Using an efficient morphometrical approach, i.e. elliptical Fourier analysis, mandibular outlines in lateral view from 578 adult hominoids representing the genera Hylobates, Pongo, Gorilla, Pan, and Homo were quantified and compared. This study confirms that elliptical Fourier analysis provides an accurate characterization of the shape of the mandibular profile. Differences in mandibular shape between hominoid genera, species, subspecies, and to a lesser extent between sexes were demonstrated. Mandibles in great apes and hylobatids subspecies were generally less distinct from each other than were species. However, the magnitudes of differences among subspecies of Gorilla and Pongo approached or exceeded those between Pan troglodytes and P. paniscus. The powerful discrimination between taxa from the genus down to subspecific level associated to the relatively low level of intrageneric mandibular polymorphism in great apes provides strong evidences in support of the taxonomic utility of the shape of the mandibular profile in hominoids. In addition, morphological affinities between Pongo and Pan and the clear distinction between Homo and Pan suggest that the mandibular outline is a poor estimate of phylogenetic relationships in great apes and humans. The sexual dimorphism in mandibular shape exhibits two patterns of expression: a high degree of dimorphism in Gorilla, Pongo, and H. s. syndactylus and a relatively low one in modern humans and Pan. Besides, degree of mandibular shape dimorphism can vary considerably among closely related subspecies as observed in gorillas, arguing against the use of mandibular shape dimorphism patterns as characters in phylogenetic analyses. However, the quantification of the mandibular shape and of the variations among hominoids provides an interesting comparative framework that is likely to supply further arguments for a better understanding of the patterns of differentiation between living hominoids. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biporous polymeric beads fabricated by double emulsification for high‐speed protein chromatography
Authors: Sun Guo‐Yong , Yang Zheng , Dong Xiao‐Yan , Sun Yan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRigid biporous beads (BiPB) were fabricated by double emulsification. An aqueous suspension of superfine calcium carbonate granules and organic solvent were used as porogenic agents to create superpores and micropores, respectively. The polymerization of monomers, glycidyl methacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was initiated with benzoin ethyl ether by ultraviolet irradiation. Modified with diethylamine (DEA), the BiPB were derivatized into an anion‐exchange medium (which is denoted as DEA–BiPB). The DEA–BiPB with an average diameter of 46.3 μm was characterized to possess two types of pores, that is, micropores (20–200 nm) and superpores (500–5300 nm). Flow hydrodynamic experiments showed that the DEA–BiPB column had a smaller backpressure than that of the conventional microporous beads column at a given flow rate. The static adsorption capacity of the DEA–BiPB was close to that of the DEA–MiPB for bovine serum albumin. However, frontal analysis demonstrated that the dynamic binding capacity of the DEA–BiPB column was two times higher than that of the DEA–MiPB at a flow rate of 1800 cm/h. Moreover, the purification of the molecular chaperone GroEL was carried out with the DEA–BiPB column at two flow rates (150 and 1500 cm/h). This showed that the GroEL purification was nearly the same at the two flow rates tested. These results indicate that the DEA–BiPB column is promising for high‐speed protein chromatography. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 17–23, 2007
Nanoscratch testing to assess the fiber adhesion of short‐carbon‐fiber composites
Authors: King Julia A. , Miskioglu Ibrahim , Wright‐Charlesworth Debra D. , Van Karsen Charles D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a composite material, the degree of adhesion between the fiber and the matrix plays an important role in the overall performance of the material. Because the load between the fiber and the matrix is realized throughout the interphase region material, a lot of effort has gone into characterizing the strength of the interphase. In this study, nanoscratch tests on the composite samples were used to provide a relative measure of adhesion in different composite materials. Carbon‐filled nylon 6,6 and polycarbonate resins were evaluated with this method. The carbon fillers we used were polyacrylonitrile‐based carbon fibers sized and surface‐treated for the respective matrix and pitch‐based carbon fibers without any sizing or surface treatment. Tensile and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data for the composites we considered are also presented to compare to the nanoscratch results. It is shown that nanoscratch testing on the composites, with the proposed data analysis, can be an effective tool for determining the relative degree of adhesion between different composites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 328–335, 2007
The study of the grossing process in the grosses of fluted type
Authors: Abakacheva E. M. , Panov A. K. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper gives information about device of gross for fabrication of polymeric fluted sheet, capacity of grosses, the experimental study of the hydrodynamic characteristic of the melt form of the polymeric materials and the characteristic features of toughness of the fluted sheet. Authors gave special emphasis on reological features, factor of volume increasing, moisture cheese, toughness at spraining and density fluted sheet. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 72–80, 2007
Study on macromolecular metal complexes: Synthesis, characterization, and fluorescence properties of stoichiometric complexes for rare earth coordinated with poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Huang Fengqun , Zheng Yian , Yang Ying 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPoly acrylic acid (PAA) and its stoichiometric complexes with trivalent rare earth (RE) have been synthesized and well characterized by means of elemental analysis, IR, TG‐DTA, fluorescence spectra, etc. Chemical analysis indicated that the molar ratio of COO− and RE3+in the complex was closely dependent on the pH and the molar ratio of PAA and RE in the feed. The stoichiometric complexes in which the molar ratio of COO− and RE3+ is 3:1 can be formed under the conditions of pH 6.0 and PAA:RE = 3:1 (molar ratio in the feed). Spectroscopic studies suggested that the carboxylate bonded to the central metal ions was in the form of bidentate and these stoichiometric complexes possessed high‐temperature resistance. Due to efficient energy transfer from polymer to central metal ions, the emission intensity of Eu3+ and Tb3+complexes was stronger than that of simple compounds. Therefore, these complexes can be promising as potential fluorescent probes and photoluminous materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 351–357, 2007
Modification of melt, light, and heat stability of polyamide 6 by hindered piperidine amine and tertiary amine
Authors: Guo Xitao , Zhao Yaoming , Ning Ping , Li Linkai 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHindered piperidine amine (HPA) and tertiary amine (TA) were introduced into hydrolytic polymerization of caprolactam, and polyamide 6 (PA 6) modified by additives [HPA/TA = 1 : 1 (w/w)] was obtained. The effects of additives on the melt, light, and heat stability of PA 6 were studied. The results showed that with an increase in additive content, the viscosity of PA 6 increased and the elastic response decreased. Thus, the drawing property of PA 6 fibers during melt spinning was improved. With the addition of 0.1%–0.2% additives, the degree of variation in amino end group content and relative viscosity decreased during the process going from resin to fiber, indicating the modified PA 6 had improved melt stability. During light and heat aging, the ratio of retained fracture strength of PA 6 filament increased after modification by 0.1%–0.4% additives. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface morphology of the modified fiber remained almost the same, whereas that of the unmodified fiber was seriously destroyed when exposed to xenon light for 8 days or heated to 180°C in air for 1.5 h. The degree of variation of relative viscosity of the PA 6 fiber also decreased after modification by 0.1%–0.2% additives under oxidative degradation. All these results indicate PA 6 had better melt, light, and heat stability when modified by additives. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 538–544, 2007
Novel two‐stage phenol–formaldehyde resol resin synthesis
Authors: Monni Janne , Alvila Leila , Rainio Jouni , Pakkanen Tuula T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of phenol–formaldehyde resol resins was carried out in two stages to facilitate the start of a conventional batch process. In the first stage, the starting material solution was preprocessed in a continuous‐flow stirred‐tank reactor with a 5‐min residence time. In the second stage, synthesis was continued in a batch reactor. Samples were analyzed by titrimetric methods, gas chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Most of the starting materials were consumed in the preprocessing reactor, which allowed better control of the reactivity of the prepolymer solution in the second stage. The methylolation and condensation reactions proceeded steadily during the production process in the batch reactor. The results of the study indicated that dividing a conventional one‐stage batch process into two stages could facilitate the control of the initial stages of resol production. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:371–379, 2007
Polyelectrolyte complex hydrogel composed of chitosan and poly(γ‐glutamic acid) for biological application: Preparation, physical properties, and cytocompatibility
Authors: Kang Hahk‐Soo , Park Se‐Hoon , Lee Young‐Gi , Son Tae‐Il 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolyelectrolyte complex (PEC) hydrogels composed of chitosan as a cationic polyelectrolyte and poly (γ‐glutamic acid) (γ‐PGA) as an anionic polyelectrolyte were prepared from PEC dispersions based on a chitosan solution to which different amounts of γ‐PGA solutions were added to charge equivalency. The chemical structures of the PEC hydrogels were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The physical properties, fixed charge concentration, crystallinity, mechanical properties, micromorphology, and swelling properties of the PEC hydrogels were also investigated. The total fixed charge concentration of the PEC hydrogels varied as a function of pH on the pK intervals between chitosan (pK = 6.5) and γ‐PGA (pK = 2.27). The isoelectric points (IEP) were shifted to a lower pH with a higher weight ratio of γ‐PGA to chitosan. The elastic modulus was decreased with the weight ratio increasing from 0 : 1 to 1 : 1 (γ‐PGA/chitosan) by ionic crosslinking between the amino groups of chitosan and the carboxyl groups of γ‐PGA. The results of the swelling study showed that the swelling properties of PEC hydrogels were more affected by the change in the elastic restoring force than by the change in the fixed charge concentration depending on the pH. Also, the cytotoxicity of the PEC hydrogels was investigated using normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell lines, and the results showed the PEC hydrogels were not toxic. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:386–394, 2007
New polymeric materials for paper and textiles conservation. II. Grafting polymerization of ethyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymers onto linen and cotton
Authors: Princi Elisabetta , Vicini Silvia , Pedemonte Enrico , Arrighi Valeria , McEwen Iain J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the preservation of Cultural Heritage items, the use of polymeric materials for the consolidation and protection of artifacts with historical and artistic value is widely accepted, except for cellulose‐based materials, since here there are no suitable products and appropriate application techniques. Grafting polymerization of acrylic monomers onto cellulose chains represents an innovative method of restoration for both artificially and naturally aged textiles. In this article, some results concerning the grafting polymerization of ethyl acrylate/ethyl methacrylate 75/25 and ethyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/trifluoroethyl methacrylate 73/24.5/2.5 polymers onto linen and cotton are reported. The effectiveness of grafting polymerization as a method for textiles conservation is discussed. The consolidating and protective effects were investigated by evaluating the mechanical properties and the wetting behavior of the grafted samples, and comparing them with the original and aged substrates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 90–99, 2007
Cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes: Optimization of preparation parameters
Authors: Duarte A. P. , Bordado J. C. , Cidade M. T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAsymmetric cellulose acetate based membranes usually employed in reverse osmosis as well as in separations in aqueous systems can possibly be applied in the so‐called salinity process of energy generation. For these applications, membranes with a relatively high water permeability (sometimes also called water flux) and low salt permeability (or high salt rejection) are required. In this study the authors present the optimization of such membranes, which concerns the preparation parameters. The membranes studied were prepared from a solution whose composition were previously optimized.4 The authors concluded that the optimum preparation parameters are as follows: thickness of the liquid film of 100 μm; 30 s allowed for evaporation of the solvent; and temperature of coagulation bath of 0–4°C and 80–85°C as annealing temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 134–139, 2007
Durability of nano ZnO antibacterial cotton fabric to sweat
Authors: Li Qun , Chen Shui‐Lin , Jiang Wan‐Chao 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this article, an innovative method was put forward to evaluate the endurance of nano ZnO finished fabrics to sweat. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentration of zinc in immersion liquor, and at the same time, SEM experiments and biocidal tests were chosen to characterize the antibacterial performance. Half‐life time (t1/2) of zinc concentration on the fabric was introduced to evaluate the durability to sweat. The results indicated that nano ZnO antibacterial cotton fabric was relatively sensitive to acid artificial sweat while durable in saline or alkaline solution, the t1/2 exceeded 3000 min in them. SEM characterization and biocidal tests showed the same behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:412–416, 2007
A soft computing approach to model the structure–property relations of nonwoven fabrics
Authors: Chen Ting , Li Liqing , Koehl Ludovic , Vroman Philippe , Zeng Xianyi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA soft computing approach to model the structure–property relations of nonwoven fabrics for filtration use is developed. Because the number of samples is very limited, the artificial neural network model to be established must be a small‐scale one. Consequently, this soft computing approach includes two stages. In the first stage, the structural parameters are selected by using a ranking method, to find the most relevant parameters as the input variables to fit the small‐scale artificial neural network model. The first part of this method takes the human knowledge on the nonwoven products into account. The second part uses a data sensitivity criterion based on a distance method that analyzes the measured data of nonwoven properties. In the second stage, the artificial neural network model of the structure–property relations of nonwoven fabrics is established. The results show that the artificial neural network model yields accurate prediction and a reasonably good artificial neural network model can be achieved with relatively few data points by integrated with the input variable selecting method developed in this research. The results also show that there is great potential for this research in the field of computer‐assisted design in nonwoven technology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 442–450, 2007
Thermal characteristics and pyrolysis of methyl‐di(phenylethynyl)silane resin
Authors: Zhou Quan , Feng Xia , Ni Lizhong , Chen Jianding 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThermal stability of a recently synthesized polymeric methyl‐di(phenylethynyl)silane (MDPES) resin was studied using a number of thermal and spectrometric analytical techniques. The polymer exhibits extremely high thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the temperature of 5% weight loss (Td5) was 615°C and total weight loss at 800°C was 8.9%, in nitrogen atmosphere, while in air, Td5 was found to be 562°C, and total weight loss at 800°C was found to be 55.8% of the initial weight. Differential thermal degradation (DTG) studies show that the thermal degradation of MDPES resin was single‐stage in air and two‐stage in nitrogen. The thermal degradation kinetics was studied using dynamic TGA, and the apparent activation energies were estimated to be 120.5 and 114.8 kJ/mol in air, respectively, by Kissinger and Coats–Redfern method. The white flaky pyrolysis residue was identified to be silicon dioxide by FTIR and EDS, indicating that the thermal stability of polymer may be enhanced by the formation of a thin silicon dioxide film on the material surface. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl PolymSci 103: 605–610, 2007
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal properties of alternate copolymers containing N,N′‐bis(diphenylsilyl)tetraphenylcyclodisilazane
Authors: Zhu Yangping , Guo Li , Zhang Zhijie , Xie Zemin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHexamethyldisilazane was used as the starting material to synthesize N,N′‐bis(hydroxydiphenylsilanyl)tetraphenylcyclodisilazane (BHPTPC). By condensation polymerization of BHPTPC with α,ω‐bis(dialkylamino)dimethylsiloxane, a series of alternate copolymers containing N,N′‐bis(diphenylsilyl)tetraphenylcyclodisilazane was synthesized. GPC studies show that the highest molecular weight was obtained at a ratio of 1.005 : 1 (BHPTPC: α,ω‐bis(dimethyl amino)dimethylsiloxane). Data of DSC indicate that the temperature of glass transition (Tg) and temperature of melting point (Tm) decreased with the increasing of dimethylsiloxane segments units. Three stages of degradation were found in the thermogravimetric analysis curves. The activation energy of the copolymer (with m = 2, 3, and 7) was calculated by using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method. The activation energy of the copolymer with m = 2, 3, and 7 at second stage is 214, 211, and 184 kJ/mol, respectively. Isothermal gravimetric analysis shows that for the same temperature and the same time, the weight loss of the alternate copolymer was greatly less than that of common polydimethylsiloxane. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 611–617, 2007
Three‐dimensional observation of phase‐separated poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(styrene‐ran‐4‐bromostylene) blends by 3D NMR microscopy with X‐ray microscopy
Authors: Koizumi Satoshi , Yamane Yuji , Kuroki Shigeki , Ando Isao , Nishikawa Yukihiro , Jinnai Hiroshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) image patterns of phase‐separated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(styrene‐ran‐4‐bromostyrene) (PS‐Br) blends heated at 180°C for 6, 8, and 10 h were observed by 3D NMR microscopy with 3D X‐ray microscopy in order to characterize the 3D structure of the polymer blends using a standard 3D reconstruction protocol program for obtaining the 3D digital array of the PS‐Br/PMMA morphologies. The phase‐separated structure of the polymer blends in several 10‐μm scales was reasonably characterized. The phase‐separated structure of polymer blends by 3D NMR images was quantitatively consistent with that by 3D X‐ray images. It can be said that 3D NMR microscopy is a very useful means for analyzing the 3D structure of phase‐separated polymer blends as well as 3D X‐ray images. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 470–475, 2007
Antimicrobial finishing of wool fabrics with quaternary aminopyridinium salts
Authors: Zhao Tao , Sun Gang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractQuaternary aminopyridinium salts were employed in antimicrobial finishing wool fabrics. The effects of alkyl chain length in the salts, pH conditions of finishing baths, finishing time and temperature, and salt concentrations were investigated. The incorporated quaternary aminopyridinium salt molecules on wool were characterized by FTIR. The quaternary ammonium salt could form ionic interactions with anionic groups on wool, which contribute to the durable antimicrobial functions. All the finished wool fabrics exhibited antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli. The washing durability of antimicrobial functions on the finished wool fabrics was also studied. ©2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 482–486, 2007
Visualization study and analysis on preform growth in polyethylene terephthalate stretch blow molding
Authors: Huang Han‐Xiong , Yin Zhan‐Song , Liu Ji‐Hu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn stretch blow molding (SBM) process, the preform growth during the stretching and blowing is critical to the thickness distribution and properties of the final bottle. Whereas the thickness distribution is one of the most important criteria in the production of bottles. So this work focused on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) preform growth using a transparent mold, through which the instantaneous images of the preform in the stretching and blowing stage were captured. By changing the delay time of the preblow, the three preform growth types, referred to as dolphin, sandpile, and two‐bubble, were observed. The longitudinal and hoop stresses acting on the preform segment during the stretching and blowing were analyzed. Two parameters, on which the longitudinal and hoop stresses depend, respectively, were defined. Then combining the geometry and sizes of the preform, the stresses and temperature distribution on it, and the stress–strain curves of the PET material used, the cause for different preform growth types was systematically analyzed. On the basis of preform growth types, the thickness distributions of the bottles obtained under different delay times of the preblow were explained. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 564–573, 2007
Glutaraldehyde‐crosslinked chitosan beads for controlled release of diclofenac sodium
Authors: Kulkarni V. H. , Kulkarni P. V. , Keshavayya J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn inexpensive and simple method was adopted for the preparation of chitosan beads, crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA), for the controlled release of diclofenac sodium (DS). The beads were prepared by varying the experimental conditions such as pH, temperature, and extent of crosslinking. The absence of any chemical interaction among drug, polymer, and the crosslinking agent was confirmed by FTIR and thermal analysis. The beads were characterized by microscopy, which indicated that the particles were in the size range of 500–700 μm and SEM studies revealed smooth surface and spherical shape of beads. The beads produced at higher temperature and extended exposure to GA exhibited lower drug content, whereas increased drug loading resulted in enhanced drug release. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 211–217, 2007