bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling of unbounded media for fluid‐structure interaction applications ‐ a review
Authors: Hamdan Fadi H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMany structures used at sea must be able to withstand the occasional extreme weather conditions and the risk of underwater explosions. This applies not only for military ships and submarines but also for tankers and civil exploration and extraction platforms. An understanding is therefore required of the effects of shock induced water waves and unbounded fluid‐structure interaction on floating and submerged structures. For modelling purposes these structures may be considered as a system of five components: the structure itself, any fluid within it, the surrounding fluid including the effects of cavitation, the farfield fluid medium and the effect of shock waves. The first two are sufficiently well understood, the remaining three are the subject of continuous research. Recent developments have created new possibilities for treating the farfield fluid medium. Hence, this paper which discusses the various methods used in the modelling of this problem.
Phase shifting method for retroreflective grating analysis
Authors: Zhang Xianzhu , North Walter P.T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA phase shifted retroreflective grating system has been presented for measuring the derivative and contour of quasi flat specular surfaces. The system has been tested with a small indent of maximum depth less than 10 microns. The experiment shows that the system can tell the defect size, shape and polarity (indent/outdent). The method can be developed for industrial application in nondestructive testing and evaluation(NDTE).
Catalogue of photoelastic fringes for a biaxially loaded infinite plate with a hole
Authors: Cárdenas‐Garcia Jaime F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a typical catalogue of “virtual” photoelastic isochromatic fringes around the hole of a biaxially loaded infinite plate for two problems. Problem 1 relates to an infinite plate in which the circular hole is drilled first and then the loads are applied. Problem 2 is the residual stress problem in which the hole is drilled after the biaxial load is applied to the infinite plate. Use of this catalogue allows visualisation of the stress distribution around the hole, and a first approximation to the solution of the inverse problem using photoelasticity.
Predicting the Number of Defects Remaining In Operational Software
Authors: Hartman P. J. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTSoftware is becoming increasingly critical to the Fleet as more and more commercial off‐the‐shelf (COTS) programs are being introduced in operating systems and applications. Program managers need to specify, contract, and manage the development and integration of software for warfare systems, condition based monitoring, propulsion control, parts requisitions, and shipboard administration. The intention here is to describe the state‐of‐the‐art in Software Reliability Engineering (SRE) and defect prediction for commercial and military programs. The information presented here is based on data from the commercial software industry and shipboard program development. The strengths and weaknesses of four failure models are compared using these cases. The Logarithmic Poisson Execution Time (LPET) model best fits the data and satisfied the fundamental principles of reliability theory. The paper presents the procedures for defining software failures, tracking defects, and making spreadsheet predictions of the defects still remaining in the software after it has been deployed. Rules‐of‐thumb for the number of defects in commercial software and the relative expense required to fix these errors are provided for perspective.
Open Systems Architecture C41 Template
Authors: Madaio J. , Hillers B. J. , Vasilakos J. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe Affordability Through Commonality Office (PMS 512) of PEO Surface Strike, in order to promote and enable the implementation of Open Systems Architecture (OSA) for Navy systems, established the Total Ship Open Systems Architecture (TOSA) Industry/Navy Integrated Product Team (IPT). TOSA has developed a notional open C4I template which incorporates an OSA. The application of OSA to C4I spaces will increase flexibility, upgradability, scalability, and adaptability and decrease total ownership cost over the lifecycle of the ship. Open systems concepts are well established in the commercial information technology (IT) field as a means to increase competition among vendors (broaden the market applicability and reduce costs). While the benefits of OSA are easily discernable for IT systems, the use of OSA for HM&E ship systems inter‐faces represents a new and unproven application. An important feature of the adaptable ship concept is the Functional Element (FE) zone, which represents physical divisions of a ship with managed functions, configurations, interfaces, and characteristics. This paper describes how the OSA process was applied to develop an example FE Zone template for a specific space, a notional Combat Information Center (CIC) zone. The resulting concept may be used to develop a family of templates to open the remaining Command, Control, Communications, Computing and Intelligence (C4I) zones on a ship.
Naval Research into the New Millennium — Pitfalls, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Sacks S. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTNaval research will be critical in meeting the challenges of the new millennium. Pitfalls in the process exist. This article discusses how modeling and simulation can lead to incorrect conclusions and how over‐reliance on inclusion of commercial off‐the‐shelf products may not yield what is really needed. The idea that Information Technology may not be the answer to every need, and can actually cause problems, is also discussed. Research opportunities are addressed. The article reviews the issue of whether the new paradigm of a single corporate entity defining a new generation of ships will necessarily bring into the picture research and technology concepts that may derive from a broader team approach.
On Acquisition Reform, Risk and Structural Reliability
Authors: Hess P. E. , Beach J. E. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTU.S. Navy acquisition reform is presented as a means of reducing costs and risks in the acquisition process, while providing improved mission performance for Navy assets. The DD 21 acquisition program is an outgrowth of this desire, with the attainment of the U.S. Navy's performance goals by new designs being demonstrated by commercial design teams instead of being based upon traditional, detailed military specifications. One role of the U.S. Navy technical community will be to certify that the design meets the program performance goals. Because of an absence of formal performance metrics, there may be unmitigated risks that the certification process will either approve an unacceptable design or reject an acceptable design. Both types of risk would negatively impact the U.S. Navy acquisition process. This paper discusses the programmatic risk reductions inherent in adopting a technical risk‐based approach by identifying the role of reliability‐based acceptance criteria for ship structures.
RIB 2000 Database for Performance Improvement
Authors: Latorre R. , Miller A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTFor nearly 40 years the Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat (RIB) has evolved from a first generation surf boat for lifesaving into a number of second generation utility, recreational and military designs. This paper summarizes the important factors in second generation development such as weight, hull material selection, and engine selection. Then it reviews the compatibility of the RIB with current combatant design objectives — manning reduction, radar cross section reduction, and topside weight reduction — to project the third generation design as an integral component of future combatant designs.
Hull Material Evaluation for Navy 44 Sail Training Craft
Authors: Arvidson M. H. , Miller P. H. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTMaterial characterization tests were performed at the U.S. Naval Academy to identify a toughened laminate for the new Navy 44‐foot sail training vessels. After preliminary analysis using classical lamination theory, four different cores, five laminates and seven resin systems were tested in UV exposure, four‐point bending, lateral panel pressure, and simulated bow impact. Results showed substantial improvements in strength, toughness, cost and weight were possible over the existing laminate, with the lightest acceptable laminate yielding a weight savings equivalent to 3.5% of the vessel's displacement.
The Design Of Visual Landing Aids For Shipborne Helicopter Operations
Authors: Smith A. J. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTAny aircraft approach to landing that takes place over featureless terrain presents operational difficulties to pilots due to the absence of those ground‐derived textural cues that normally enable them to assess the flight path of the aircraft. Night, low visibility, crosswind and ship motion effects are factors that further increase the task difficulty for ship‐borne operations. Visual aids such as a Glide Slope Indicator are of vital importance in these circumstances.Currently the trend in helicopter operations from ships is toward more flights taking place in high sea states and low visibility. This reinforces the need for the full stabilization of precision guidance aids and requires the use of high intensity lighting. To support operations in high sea states it is necessary for the visual aids to function at pitch and roll angles greater than those defined for safe landings.A Stabilized Glide Slope Indicator and a fully Stabilized Horizon Bar together with ship outline lighting significantly enhance the cues that a pilot can derive from the ship. By using green luminescent panels for these latter aids a system is created that is effective in precipitation and is compatible with the use of Night Vision Goggles (NVG). These aids enhance safety and operational limits.
Streetfighter ‐ Sampling Alternatives of Analysis for Future Small Combatants
Authors: Skvarla Kai A. , McKesson Chris B. , Barlow Alan 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTLooking ahead to the challenges that will confront future navies highlights concern over access to battle space vital to the support of expeditionary operations. The blue water might of the current Navy may not prove successful in addressing this concern. The intent of the discussion that follows is to identify the missions for which the small, fast, inexpensive yet heavily armed surface platform could benefit these types of operations. Following that, an effort has been made to define and address major design issues associated with a ship that embodies these characteristics. The ideas presented are a mix of those already discussed in the open literature and extrapolations thereof.
Assessing New Technology For Naval Ships
Authors: Sherman Thomas R. , Wilson Robert A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTA unique physics‐based whole ship design synthesis model for assessing the impact of new technologies and mission requirements on naval ship design is presented. This tool permits the cost and performance impact and implications of new technology to be properly understood by the mission analyst, the technologist, and the naval architect. The mission analyst can use the information provided by the design synthesis model as inputs to war‐gaming exercises or to help determine the preferred combination of affordable mission requirements. The technologist can use the model to determine whether the benefits of a specific technology warrant the required investment. The naval architect can use the tool to assess the overall impact of a new technology on the ship design. A discussion on how the model accommodates the competing requirements of speed versus accuracy and flexibility versus ease of use to satisfy the needs for all users is presented. Finally, the benefits of the model to each type of user are demonstrated by specific examples drawn from real applications.
Technology Insertion in Today's Fleet/Force
Authors: Bales S.L. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTDeclining U.S. defense budgets, global proliferation of technology, and the emergence of an uncertain, if not asymmetric, threat environment have led the Office of Naval Research (ONR) to redefine its mission and processes. As the steward for Naval Research since 1946, ONR has traditionally produced scientific breakthroughs and technology options that enable the superior capabilities of the Navy after Next. Since 1992, several steps have been taken to also align ONR with today's and tomorrow's Navy and Marine Corps requirements. This paper will highlight the outreach and reach‐back program that provides the mechanism for Naval Research to more fully support today's forces.
T‐AKE: Acquiring the Environmentally Sound Ship of the 21
Authors: Markle Stephen P. , Gill Sean E. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTDepartment of Defense (DoD) program managers are increasingly challenged with the difficulties of balancing the risks associated with cost, schedule, and performance in an era of intense competition for increasingly scarce resources. Requirements associated with environmental, safety, and health (ESH), in the context of thirty to forty‐year service lives, have not been consistently, or in some cases adequately, addressed in DoD programs. Environmental protection (EP) requirements generally do not fit the normal requirements generation and product synthesis model typically applied to weapon system development. As with all requirements, early identification is the key to integration into the total system. Recognition that EP requirements must be integrated at program conception led to development of the ESH Integration Model by the U.S. Navy Lewis and Clark (T‐AKE) Auxiliary Cargo Ammunition Ship Program. Institutionalization of this model has enabled the T‐AKE Program to establish EP performance requirements for the twelve‐ship class that substantially reduce the environmental footprint of the Navy. Compared to the fifteen ships that it will be replacing, T‐AKE will require fifty percent less manning and reduce waste streams by seventy percent enabling an annual life cycle cost savings of $5M in ashore waste disposal costs. The T‐AKE Program has been the first to achieve the Chief of Naval Operations vision for the “Environmentally Sound Warship of the 21st Century” through design integration of EP requirements.
Beyond Electric Ship
Authors: Young Stuart , Newell John , Little Graeme 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe marine engineering development strategy for the Royal Navy was endorsed in 1996 and formulated a road‐map to achieve life‐cycle cost savings in future warships whilst maintaining operational capability. Since then development work has focused on de‐risking the ‘Electric Ship’ concept so that the technologies are available for use in future warships. This paper reviews progress to date and then discusses how the strategy is likely to change in the future. Potential future technologies are also assessed.
David W. Taylor, Naval Constructor, U.S.N. His Reflections on Ship Protection — Are They Lessons for Today?
Authors: Hansen S. , Wegner Dana M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThis article features excerpts from a lecture given at the Naval War College in 1910 by David W. Taylor, Naval Constructor, USN. Among many wise observations in the lecture are some classical views illuminating the constant struggle in ship designs between offensive power and passive protection. We resurrect Taylor's previously unpublished words believing that we are at a similar crossroads today and that we could benefit by revisiting his admonitions. This paper attempts to show why this is so. Historical notes have been provided to further illuminate selected subjects in the text.
Passive Protection Versus Active Defenses
Authors: Hansen Ib S. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe increased risk of surprise attacks resulting from changed Navy missions (Hansen 2000; Hansen and Wagner 2001) makes it desirable to consider the possible development of improved passive protection systems. It is not obvious, however, which direction such development should take for optimum returns. This paper provides a tool to compare the effectiveness of different general approaches in terms of the reduction in out‐of‐action probabilities they can provide. A method is described to estimate the probabilities for different ships attacked by weapon salvos, and an illustration of the method is given by applying it to two general conceptual ship types, each with three different postulated levels of passive protection, all exposed to salvos varying from one to four weapons in size. Conclusions are given on the basis of the illustrated example, with the caveat that they should be revisited as additional results are developed. The feasibility of the different approaches to passive protection has to be determined by research and development.
Methodology for Developing Reliability‐Based Load and Resistance Factor Design(LRFD) Guidelines for Ship Structures
Authors: Ayyub Bilal M. , Assakkaf Ibrahim A. , Beach Jeffrey E. , Melton William M. , Nappi Natale , Conley Judy A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe main objective of ship structural design is to ensure safety and functional performance requirements of a structural system for target reliability levels, for a specified period of time, and for a specified environment. As this must be accomplished under conditions of uncertainty, probabilistic analyses are necessary in the development of such probability‐based design criteria of hull structural components for surface ships. A methodology for developing load and resistance factor design (LRFD) guidelines for ship structures is outlined in this paper, and demonstrated for surface ship hull girders. Future design guidelines for hull structural components of a marine vessel are currently being developed using reliability methods and are expressed in a special format such as the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) format. Reliability of these structural elements can be defined as its ability to fulfill their design functions for a specified time period. This ability is commonly measured using probabilities. Reliability is therefore, the occurrence probability of the complementary event to failure. Based on this definition, reliability is one of the components of risk. Safety can be defined as the judgment of risk acceptability for the system making it a component of risk management.The performance of a ship structural component is defined by a set of requirements stated in terms of tests and measurements of how well the system or element serves various or intended functions over its service life. Risk and reliability measures can be considered as performance measures that can be specified in the form of target reliability levels (or target reliability indices, β0's). The selected reliability levels of a particular structural element reflect the probability of failure of that element and the risk associated with it.In this paper, reliability methods for developing LRFD‐based partial safety factors (PSFs) for ship hull structural are described. These methods include analytical procedures, such as the First‐Order Reliability Method (FORM), for calculating the partial safety factors. These factors can be used in LRFD formats to account for the uncertainties in strength and in the load effects. The FORM procedure can be used to determine these factors based on prescribed probabilistic characteristic of strength and load effects.
Risk Analysis and Management for Marine Systems
Authors: Ayyub Bilal M. , Beach Jeffrey E. , Sarkani Shahram , Assakkaf Ibrahim A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTSources of risk to marine systems include equipment failure, external events, human error, and institutional error. Equipment failure, the most readily recognized hazard on ships, may be categorized as either independent failure, such as the loss of steering because of the failure of a power steering pump or common‐cause failure, such as the loss of propulsion and steering resulting from a total loss of electrical power to the ship. Risk from external events arises from hazards such as collision with other ships, sea state; wind, and ice or other weather factors. Humans provide another source of risk to marine systems when they lack skill, are excessively fatigued, or commit sabotage. Institutional failure creates risks from poor management including inadequate training, poor communications, and low morale.Risk studies may be classified according to whether they focus primarily on assessment, management, or communication; these aspects of risk studies are described to prepare users and readers of this paper for performing risk‐based analysis of marine systems. Methods are provided in the paper that can be used to develop risk‐based standards for system safety. The relationship between risk and standards is studied from a historical perspective. Great successes in controlling risk to health and safety are exemplified by the development of design methods for buildings, bridges, or super tankers that render them capable of withstanding extreme storms. Yet, familiar risks persist while less familiar ones escape attention and new ones appear. Ironically, management of some of the most difficult risks has led to improved standards of living. This paper provides background information, introduces fundamental concepts, and offers examples of risk methods applied to marine systems.
Designing Navy Hull Forms for Fuel Economy
Authors: Karafiath Gabor , McCallum Donald , Hendrix Dane 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTDuring initial hull form design, a multitude of requirements needs to be met. Among these are mission, ship size, armament, communications, stability, speed, sea keeping, etc. Tools such as ASSET are used to arrive at a design solution that will satisfy all these requirements. However, at this early design stage, attention needs to be given to the hull form shape, and its impact upon fuel consumption. Rising fuel costs and the need to conserve energy have mandated that Navy designs become more “energy efficient.”This paper documents a new design metric “CPE” for evaluating the resistance of any hull design. A CPE database is developed from historic model test data residing in the U.S. Navy Hull Design Database System (HDDS). CPE compares the resistance of a hull form to that of a similar Taylor Standard Series hull form. The paper also introduces a new hull form optimization computer program developed by Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) and applies this program to show the potential for hull form improvement and fuel cost savings.