bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol and other psychoactive drugs in trauma patients aged 10–14 years
Authors: Li Guohua , Chanmugam Arjun , Rothman Richard , DiScala Carla , Paidas Charles N , Kelen Gabor D 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To examine the prevalence of alcohol and/or other psychoactive drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine (AODs), involved in preteen trauma patients.Methods—Toxicological testing results were analyzed for 1356 trauma patients aged 10–14 years recorded in the National Pediatric Trauma Registry for the years 1990–95.Results—Of the 1356 patients who received toxicological screening at the time of admission, 116 (9%) were positive for AODs. AOD involvement increased with age. Patients with pre-existing mental disorders were nearly three times as likely as other patients to be AOD positive (23%v8%, p<0.01). AOD involvement was more prevalent in intentional injuries and in injuries that occurred at home.Conclusions—AODs in preteen trauma are of valid concern, in particular among patients with mental disorders or intentional injuries. The role of AODs in childhood injuries needs to be further examined using standard screening instruments and representative study samples.
Unintentional injury mortality in children: a priority for middle income countries in the advanced stage of epidemiological transition
Authors: Plitponkarnpim Adisak , Andersson Ragnar , Jansson Bjarne , Svanström Leif 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—To examine the relationship between the magnitude, and the relative importance of unintentional child injury mortality with socioeconomic development, and to conceptualise the dynamic changes in injury mortality within the framework of epidemiological transition.Design—Ecological cross sectional study using data on 51 countries.Main outcome measures—The relationship between total mortality rates, unintentional injury mortality rates, and percentage in children 1–14 years of age with gross national product (GNP) per capita.Results—Unintentional injury mortality rates in children were negatively correlated with GNP per capita. However, by categorising the data, we found some areas of non-correlation: in children 5–14 years in low income versus lower middle income countries, and in all age and gender groups in lower high income versus higher high income countries. A high percentage of total deaths due to injuries was clearest in the lower middle income countries in all age and gender groups.Conclusions—The changes in child injury mortality in relation to socioeconomic development could be conceptualised as three stages: a stage of high magnitude; a stage of high priority; and a stage of improvement. Most middle income countries are in the high priority stage where both injury mortality rates and injury percentage of total deaths are high.
Personal and family predictors of children's medically attended injuries that occurred in the home
Authors: Mott Joshua A 
Published: December 2008

Objective—This study examined the independent contributions of demographic, behavioral, and environmental antecedents of pediatric medically attended injuries that occurred in the home.Setting—Two thousand and thirty six American children aged 4–12 in 1988 were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth.Method—Multiple logistic regression was used to examine whether having a medically attended injury that occurred in the home in 1990 was related to environmental, behavioral, and demographic indicators measured in 1988. To account for individual differences in access to care, results were stratified within samples of children that had, and had not, demonstrated a prior ability to access the medical care system for injury treatment.Results—Among children whodid notaccess the medical care system for injury treatment in 1988, measures of home environmental risk factors did not distinguish those injured at home from those not injured at home in 1990. However, among children whodidaccess the medical care system for injury treatment in 1988, indicators of “dark” (relative risk 4.68, p=0.019) and “cluttered” (relative risk 4.31, p=0.038) home environments became significantly and independently associated with home injuries in 1990.Conclusion—If not accounted for in data collection or analyses, individual differences in non-financial barriers to medical care may lead to an underestimation of the influences of important home environmental risk factors for medically attended injuries.
Fit of bicycle safety helmets and risk of head injuries in children
Authors: Rivara Frederick P , Astley Susan J , Clarren Sterling K , Thompson Diane C , Thompson Robert S 
Published: December 2008

Background—Although bicycle helmets are effective in preventing head and brain injury, some helmeted individuals nevertheless sustain head injury. One of the possible reasons may be poor fit of the helmet on the head. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between helmet fit and risk of injury.Methods—1718 individuals who were helmeted riders in a crash were queried on helmet fit and position. A sample of 28 children 2–14 years of age who sustained a head injury while wearing a bicycle helmet and 98 helmeted individuals of the same age treated in the same hospital emergency departments for injuries other than to the head, underwent anthropometric measurements of helmet fit. Measurements were made of the child's head, the helmet, and on a cast made of the child's head.Results—Individuals whose helmets were reported to fit poorly had a 1.96-fold increased risk of head injury compared with those whose helmets fit well. Children with head injuries had helmets which were significantly wider than their heads compared with children without head injuries. Helmet fit was poorer among males and among younger children.Conclusions—Poor fit of helmets may be associated with an increased risk of head injury in children, especially in males. Helmets may not be designed to provide optimal protection.
Factors affecting motorcycle helmet use in the population of Greater Athens, Greece
Authors: Skalkidou Alkistis , Petridou Eleni , Papadopoulos Fotios C , Dessypris Nick , Trichopoulos Dimitrios 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—Helmet use is the best preventive measure available against two wheel motorized vehicle (TWMV) related head injuries. In some countries, however, helmets are used only by a minority of TWMV riders. In collaboration with the Road Traffic Police Department, an inspection survey was undertaken to assess the prevalence and to determine predictors of helmet use.Setting—The Greater Athens area, Greece, during July and August 1998.Methods—A total of 982 TWMVs were stopped, 349 of which had two riders (36%). All riders were interviewed by staff members of the Centre for Research and Prevention of Injuries among the Young.Results—The average prevalence of helmet use was 20.2%. It ranged from 9.7% on small suburban roads to 50.8% on highways. Prevalence of use was significantly lower during the weekend days and at night. Women were significantly more likely to wear a helmet and, controlling for gender, drivers were significantly more likely to be helmet users. Riders of more powerful TWMVs and passengers, who themselves had a TWMV driving license, were helmet users more frequently. Among non-users, the majority (46%) indicated that “the helmet made them feel uncomfortable”, particularly in warm weather, whereas 18% claimed that there was little need for a helmet in low speed riding.Conclusions—A multipronged campaign is urgently needed in Greece to increase the prevalence of helmet use by TWMV riders. The campaign should include not only police enforcement but also initiatives to make helmets more convenient to wear and less expensive.
Young guns: an empirical study of persons who use a firearm in a suicide or a homicide
Authors: Sorenson Susan B , Berk Richard A 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—The purpose of this investigation was to identify population groups at highest risk of using a firearm in a fatal incident.Setting—Los Angeles County (California, USA).Methods—Data were gathered from vital statistics reports and law enforcement records on the characteristics of suicide victims (n = 4799) and homicide suspects (n = 5369) from 1990 through 1994. Logistic regression was used to identify characteristics of the actor/perpetrator that were associated with firearm use.Results—Persons less than 21 years old and males were more likely to use a firearm to kill themselves or someone else. Even when their other demographic attributes and characteristics of the incident itself were taken into consideration, persons under the age of 18 were substantially more likely than those 21 or more years old to use a firearm in the commission of a homicide (adjusted odds ratio = 2.59). Asians were less likely than white people to use a firearm in the commission of a suicide, whereas black people, Hispanics, and Asians were more likely than whites to use a firearm in the commission of a homicide.Conclusions—The US enacts and enforces some policies differentially by age. These data support the idea that such an approach may be warranted when addressing fatalities associated with the use of a firearm. Of particular interest, given minimum age requirements for firearm purchases, is the source of the weapons themselves.
Beliefs about the risks of guns in the home: analysis of a national survey
Authors: Howard Kim Ammann , Webster Daniel W , Vernick Jon S 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—While epidemiological evidence suggests homes with guns are more likely to be the site of a suicide or homicide than homes without guns, the public's perception of these risks remains unknown. This study assesses the prevalence of the belief that homes with guns are safer than homes without guns, and factors associated with this belief.Methods—Telephone interviews were conducted with a random sample of 4138 registered voters in urban areas in the US. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess correlates of beliefs about the safety of keeping a gun in the home.Results—Twenty nine per cent of respondents believed keeping a gun in the home makes the home more safe, 40% said less safe, 23% said it depends, and 9% were unsure. The belief that a home is more safe with a gun was associated with being male, young, completing 12 years or fewer of education, having no children living at home, Republican party affiliation, and low levels of trust in the police for protection. Prior exposure to violence and fear of victimization were not associated with the outcome.Conclusions—Findings may increase understanding about the public's perception of the risk in keeping guns in the home and assist educational efforts to decrease the risk of these injuries.
Pre-hospital emergency medical services: a population based study of pediatric utilization
Authors: Suruda Anthony , Vernon Donald D , Reading James , Cook Larry , Nechodom Patricia , Leonard Daniel , Dean J Michael 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—To examine emergency medical services (EMS) usage by children in one state.Methods—Dispatch of an EMS vehicle in response to a call in the US is referred to as a “run”. Runs for Utah for 1991–92 were linked to corresponding hospital records. Abbreviated injury severity scores (AISs) were assigned using ICDMAP-90 software.Results—For the two year period there were at least 15 EMS runs per 100 children per year, with incomplete reporting from rural areas. EMS response and scene times were similar for all age groups, but interventions were less frequent for children under 5 years of age. When the principal AIS region of injury was the head, neck, or face, cervical immobilization was less frequent for children less than 5 years of age (54%) than for older children (76%) and immobilization was associated with improved outcome, using the crude measure of lower hospital charges. There was a similar association between splinting of upper extremity fractures and reduced hospital charges. Both associations did not appear to be due to differences in injury severity.Conclusions—The majority of EMS use by children is for trauma. Children less than 5 years of age are less likely to have an EMS intervention than older children. Whether the lower frequency of interventions is due to the lack of properly sized equipment on the vehicle, or to other factors, is undetermined.
Childhood finger injuries and safeguards
Authors: Doraiswamy N V 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To understand the epidemiology, sites, and mechanism of finger injuries in children and to consider safety measures.Setting—Accident and emergency department of a children's hospital in Glasgow.Methods—A prospective study was carried out with a specifically designed questionnaire. Altogether 283 children presenting with isolated finger injuries were identified over six months. Available safety measures to avoid or reduce damage from such injuries were considered.Results—Finger injuries were common (38%) in those under 5 years. Most of these occurred at home (59%), commonly (48%) because of jamming between two closeable opposing surfaces, and mostly (79%) in doors at home and school. The doors were commonly (85%) closed by someone and often (60%) by a child. Sixteen (6%) were treated for amputation.Conclusion—Finger injuries are common, especially at the preschool age, and are mostly caused by jammed fingers in doors, at home. Safeguards should be considered according to location, like home or institutions, and expense.
Under representation of morbidity from paediatric bicycle accidents by official statistics—a need for data collection in the accident and emergency department
Authors: Leonard P A , Beattie T F , Gorman D R 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—To determine the accuracy of currently available data on bicycle related injuries in children.Setting—A paediatric accident and emergency (A&E) department which annually treats approximately 30 000 new patients under the age of 13 years.Methods—Data on all attendances with bicycle related injuries over a four week period were compared with that currently available from police road traffic accident data (Stats 19) and theInternational Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, hospital discharge coding.Results—Eighty six children attended the A&E department. Only two bicycle related injuries were identified from Stats 19, and 10 from hospital discharge data.Conclusion—Currently available official data do not give an accurate representation of the incidence of bicycle related injuries in children. If health promotion measures are to be assessed properly data collection needs to be improved.
Using a diary to record near misses and minor injuries—which method of administration is best?
Authors: Marsh Patricia , Kendrick Denise 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—To determine the effect of different methods of administering a diary to collect information from parents on near miss and minor injuries on responses, completeness and accuracy, the number of incidents reported, the effect of a financial incentive on response, and the cost of administering each method.Setting—The study was set within the context of a cluster randomised controlled trial of injury prevention in 36 practices in Nottingham.Methods—The study population comprised the 1594 parents who responded to the baseline questionnaire. Parents were allocated systematically to one of four groups: postal administration, with and without financial incentive, telephone administration, with and without financial incentive (102 in each group). A clinic visit method with and without financial incentive (50 in each group) was also used.Results—A significant trend was found, with decreasing response rates with increasing degree of contact with the parent, such that administering the diary in the clinic had the lowest response (χ2for trend = 5.54, 1 df, p = 0.02). Offering a financial incentive increased responses from 47% to 59% (χ2=5.78, 1 df, p = 0.016). The most complete recording was found in the diaries handed out at clinic visits. Importantly, parents were accurate in their recording of near miss and minor injuries, suggesting they understood the differences between the two types of incident. Postal methods were the least expensive method of administering the diary in terms of average cost per returned diary. Using a financial incentive resulted in a lower cost per returned diary for telephone and clinic visit methods.Conclusions—Parents can accurately and reliably complete diaries recording near miss and minor injuries occurring to their preschool children. More work is needed to investigate methods of increasing response. Postal diaries achieve the highest response but have the least complete recording of data. Diaries administered through child health clinics were most complete but achieved the lowest response. The administration method chosen in future work should be influenced both by the response and completeness of recording that is required by the research.
A Feed-Forward Loop Involving Protein Kinase Cα and MicroRNAs Regulates Tumor Cell Cycle
Authors: Cohen Ezra E.W. , Zhu Hongyan , Lingen Mark W. , Martin Leslie E. , Kuo Wen-Liang , Choi Eugene A. , Kocherginsky Masha , Parker Joel S. , Chung Christine H. , Rosner Marsha Rich 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Protein kinase Cα (PKCα) has been implicated in cancer, but the mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we show that PKCα promotes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCCHN) by a feed-forward network leading to cell cycle deregulation. PKCα inhibitors decrease proliferation in SCCHN cell lines and xenografted tumors. PKCα inhibition or depletion in tumor cells decreases DNA synthesis by suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and cyclin E synthesis. Additionally, PKCα down-regulates miR-15a, a microRNA that directly inhibits protein synthesis of cyclin E, as well as other cell cycle regulators. Furthermore, both PKCα and cyclin E protein expression are increased in primary tumors, and PKCα inversely correlates with miR-15a expression in primary tumors. Finally, PKCα is associated with poor prognosis in SCCHN. These results identify PKCα as a key regulator of SCCHN tumor cell growth by a mechanism involving activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, an initiator of the cell cycle, and suppression of miR-15a, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Although the specific components may be different, this type of feed-forward loop network, consisting of a stimulus that activates a positive signal and removes a negative brake, is likely to be a general one that enables induction of DNA synthesis by a variety of growth or oncogenic stimuli. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):65–74]
Interleukin-6 in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment Promotes the Growth and Survival of Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Ara Tasnim , Song Liping , Shimada Hiroyuki , Keshelava Nino , Russell Heidi V. , Metelitsa Leonid S. , Groshen Susan G. , Seeger Robert C. , DeClerck Yves A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Neuroblastoma, the second most common solid tumor in children, frequently metastasizes to the bone marrow and the bone. Neuroblastoma cells present in the bone marrow stimulate the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) to activate osteoclasts. Here we have examined whether stromal-derived IL-6 also has a paracrine effect on neuroblastoma cells. An analysis of the expression of IL-6 and its receptor, IL-6R, in 11 neuroblastoma cell lines indicated the expression of IL-6 in 4 cell lines and of IL-6R in 9 cell lines. Treatment of IL-6R–positive cells with recombinant human IL-6 resulted in signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and extracellular signal–regulated kinase-1/2 activation. Culturing IL-6R–positive neuroblastoma cells in the presence of BMSC or recombinant human IL-6 increased proliferation and protected tumor cells from etoposide-induced apoptosis, whereas it had no effect on IL-6R–negative tumor cells. In vivo, neuroblastoma tumors grew faster in the presence of a paracrine source of IL-6. IL-6 induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in neuroblastoma cells with concomitant release of prostaglandin-E2, which increased the expression of IL-6 by BMSC. Supporting a role for stromal-derived IL-6 in patients with neuroblastoma bone metastasis, we observed elevated levels of IL-6 in the serum and bone marrow of 16 patients with neuroblastoma bone metastasis and in BMSC derived from these patients. Altogether, the data indicate that stromal-derived IL-6 contributes to the formation of a bone marrow microenvironment favorable to the progression of metastatic neuroblastoma. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):329–37]
Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1: Possible Bridge Molecule of Inflammation and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Karan Dev , Holzbeierlein Jeffrey , Thrasher J. Brantley 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
There is emerging evidence that inflammation may lead to prostate cancer development. Although inflammation is an essential response to injury or infection, chronic inflammation is harmful and causes tissue damage. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation leads to the development of epithelial cancers; however, studies on inflammation-targeted genes that might contribute to the development of cancer are at the beginning stage. Here, we describe macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, which provides a potential link between inflammation and prostate cancer. Understanding the regulation of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in response to inflammation may have potential for novel therapeutic strategies. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):2–5]
Indibulin, a Novel Microtubule Inhibitor, Discriminates between Mature Neuronal and Nonneuronal Tubulin
Authors: Wienecke Anke , Bacher Gerald 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Microtubule inhibitors interfere with microtubule dynamics, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These effects are responsible for the chemotherapeutic activities of members of the taxane and Vinca alkaloid families in oncology. Unfortunately, a major side effect of the taxanes and Vinca alkaloids is the development of peripheral neuropathies. Indibulin (N-[pyridin-4-yl]-[1-(4-chlorbenzyl)-indol-3-yl]-glyoxyl-amid; D-24851; ZIO-301), a novel synthetic small molecule microtubule inhibitor, destabilizes microtubules and has antitumor activity but does not exhibit neurotoxicity in preclinical animal studies. In the present study, it has been found that indibulin is able to discriminate between highly posttranslationally modified tubulin present in mature neuronal microtubules, and less-modified tubulin present in immature neuronal or nonneuronal microtubules. Vincristine and colchicine act on either tubulin equally well. The binding site of indibulin on mature neuronal microtubules seems to be inaccessible due to the posttranslational modifications, a theory that is supported by the observation that indibulin did not disrupt the integrity of highly modified microtubules present in neurites of pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The specificity of indibulin for unmodified microtubules seems to be dependent on the pyridyl moiety of indibulin because derivatives that have the pyridyl moiety replaced are not able to discriminate between highly and less-modified tubulins. The observed broad antitumor activity of indibulin and the lack of central and peripheral nervous system toxicity in preclinical studies make it a promising candidate for development as a cancer treatment. Indibulin is currently in phase I clinical trials. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):171–7]