bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rice brain oil. II. Composition of oil obtained by solvent extraction
Authors: Murti K. S. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe characteristics and composition of two crude and one refined rice bran oils have been determined. These oils were obtained by solvent extraction of commercial rice brans from Texas‐grown Blue Bonnet and Arkansas‐grown Zenith varieties of rice. The glyceride comosition of the two crude and one refined oils was found to be: 0.80, 1.06, and 0.84% linolenic acid; 33.2, 30.6, and 33.1% linoleic acid; 45.0, 46.0, and 46.3% oleic acid; 17.1, 17.3, and 17.1% saturated acids; and 3.9, 5.0, and 2.7% unsaponifiable matter, respectively.
Lipids of the cottonseed. III. Perchloric acid ashing of lipids for the determination of phosphorus
Authors: Frampton Vernon L. , Maseles Ruth Dodds , Martin Garland Ned 
Published: June 2007

Summary

Cottonseed oil is effectively oxidized with a mixture of perchloric and nitric acids in connection with the determination of phosphorus by the Fisk and Subbarow method.

The development of the molybdenum blue in the procedure is independent of the acid content in the reducing medium up to 0.5 normal.

The presence of perchloric acid does not interfere with the development of the molybdenum blue.

The phosphorus content of cottonseed extracts depends on the nature of the solvent. The quantities obtained varied from 0.0071 to 0.117%.

A phospholipid containing 3.73% phosphorus was isolated from cottonseed.
Removal of metal catalysts from aldehyde oils
Authors: Beal R. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAldehydes made from soybean or linseed oils, or their methyl esters, darkened and polymerized following preparation by ozonolysis and catalytic or chemical reduction in stainless‐steel pilot‐plant equipment. Treatment with a cation exchange resin in the hydrogen form substantially reduced the amount of color formed and the polymerization.When conducted prior to removal of volatiles by stripping the resin treatment of soybean aldehyde oil decreased final color from Gardner 17 to 10 with a concomitant decrease in molecular weight and viscosity due to decreased polymerization. Resin pretreatment of methyl azelaaldehydate (MAZ) increased distillation yields. Since addition of several metal salts to MAZ reduced distillation yield to varying degrees, metalcatalyzed polymerization must occur.
Dehydrogenation of methyl 12‐hydroxystearate to methyl 12‐ketostearate with Raney nickel
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Applewhite T. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSuitable conditions have been found for the dehydrogenation of methyl 12‐hydroxystearate to methyl 12‐ketostearate with Raney nickel. Crude reaction mixtures contained 95% product when analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). Isolated yields were 83%. Both catalyst concentration and type strongly influence the reaction. Laboratory‐made methyl 12‐hydroxystearate gave significantly better yields than commercial material, but satisfactory conversions were obtained from citrate‐free commercial material. The extent of the dehydrogenation was determined by hydrogen evolution and GLC. Synthetic and analytical techniques used in studying this reaction are discussed.
Polyethoxylated alkyl phenols: Relationship of structure to biodegradation mechanism
Authors: Osburn Q. W. , Benedict J. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUsing various isolation procedures and measurement by infrared spectroscopy, the mechanism of biodegradation of the polyethoxylated alkyl phenols (ABE) in the river water die‐away test has been ascertained. Degradation is shown to proceed by carboxylation of the alkyl chain and, in certain cases, by degradation of the ethylene oxide chain. Degradation of the ether chain has been found to take place only when the chain contains ten or less units of ethylene oxide. The analytical evidence points to the degradation of the ether chain by a hydrolysis mechanism.The effect of ether chain degradation on the measurement of residual surfactant by ultraviolet spectroscopy and the cobalt thiocyanate procedures has been demonstrated. Ether chain degradation causes the ABE results to be high by ultraviolet measurement and low by the cobalt thiocyanate procedures.Results of this investigation emphasize the necessity of understanding the mechanism by which degradation takes place, and the significant importance of that degradation, in the various biodegradability tests, before the applicability and reliability of any test for measurement of the residual surfactant can be evaluated.
The structure of triglycerides in selected oils containing erucic acid
Authors: Grynberg H. , Szczepa̤ska H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid compositions of 7 oils containing different amounts of erucic acid (1.4 to 57.2%) have been investigated. Fatty acid distribution between the 1,3‐ and 2‐positions of the glyceride molecules was estimated by the pancreatic lipase splitting technique. On the basis of this experimental data, it is possible to speculate on the rules governing glyceride composition in the oils investigated.
Application of the prins reaction on oleic acid
Authors: Artun Torstein 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe probable structure of the various components of oleic acid‐formaldehyde adducts is discussed. The adducts are reduced to alcohols by high pressure hydrogenation with copper chromite as a catalyst. The new alcohols are distilled, analyzed and used for the preparation of various esters with carboxylic acids. The esters were evaluated as low temperature lubricant base stocks and low temperature plasticizers.
Degradative reactions of decadienoate esters
Authors: Heinz D. E. , Jennings W. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMethyl and ethyl esters of decadienoic acid, which are normal constituents of the Bartlett pear, react with oxygen in the presence of light to produce n‐hexanal, and the methyl or ethyl 4‐oxybutenoate. The products were separated by gas chromatography, and identified by melting points, infrared spectroscopy, and/or the formation of derivatives. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Euphorbia lagascae Spreng., an abundant source of epoxyoleic acid; Seed extraction and oil composition
Authors: Krewson C. F. , Scott W. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEuphorbia lagascae Sprengel seed contains an unique epoxy‐bearing oil (58舑62%, 12,13‐epoxyoleic acid) in high quantity (42舑50%) with possible industrial potential. Oil from domestically grown seed was equal in quality and quantity to that obtained from Spain. It was readily and completely extracted at room temperatures without lipolysis using low solvent (petroleum naphtha) to seed ratios. The extracted crude oil was about equal in quality to that obtained by cold‐pressing. Analytical data on the seed oil are compared with those previously reported for the oil ofVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. (ironweed) seed.
Trace metals in cottonseed kernels
Authors: Heinzelman Dorothy C. , O'Connor Robert T. 
Published: June 2007

SummarySpectrochemical analysis of cottonseed kernels of 8 varieties of cotton grown at one location and 1 variety grown at 13 locations showed no typical differences in contents of copper, iron, and manganese associated with variety and location of growth. All samples contained traces of boron and zinc. They were not found to contain traces of aluminum, chromium, nickel, and tin.
Improved process for re‐refining cottonseed oil for the removal of color bodies
Authors: Cavanagh George C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA method for removing color from neutralized and degummed cottonseed oil is described. Data included shows color removal to be directly correlated to: a) concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, b) length of time of agitation, and c) speed of agitation in r.p.m. The degree of color removal is inversely correlated to the temperature of the oil during agitation with sodium hydroxide solutions. Laboratory findings have been put to practical use in the refinery for over a year with satisfactory results.
Compounds producing the kreis color reaction with particular reference to oxidized milk fat
Authors: Patton Stuart , Keeney Mark , Kurtz George W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryEvidence is presented which suggests that epihydrin aldehyde and its derivatives are not necessarily solely responsible for the Kreis color reaction of oxidized fats. Malonic dialdehyde has been shown to give a positive reaction in the Kreis test and the resulting color demonstrated to be spectrally similar to the Kreis colors obtained with epihydrin aldehyde diethyl acetal, acrolein treated with H2O2 rancid lard, and oxidized milk fat. Characteristics of a water‐soluble, low molecular weight, Kreis positive, carbonyl compound from oxidized milk fat were observed to be very similar to those reported for malonic dialdehyde, i.e., strongly acidic, enolic as indicated by the ferric chloride test, and relatively stable to heating with dilute mineral acids. These properties would not be expected of epihydrin aldehyde. Three highly sensitive colorimetric reactions, involving reactions with ferric chloride, 2‐thiobarbituric acid or the Kreis reagents, might well serve as the basis for quantitative measurement of malonic dialdehyde.
The centrifugal acetone foots test applied to crude soybean oil. I. rapid estimation of phosphatide content
Authors: Freyer Egbert , Shelburne Victor 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe centrifugal acetone foots test developed for use on linseed oil was successfully adapted for estimating the acetone insoluble or HCl heat break content of soybean oil. Application of the method makes it possible to obtain results in a half hour with an accuracy comparable to that of the HCl heat break test; it requires only a few minutes of the analyst's time and involves no exacting technique. Data are given showing good reproducibility of the centrifugal foots values and their degree of correlation with acetone insoluble and HCl heat break contents.Centrifugal foots test results are being studied in relation to those obtained by other methods of predicting the refining quality of crude soybean oil, and an account of this work will be reported in a paper now in preparation.
Advances in protective coating chemistry: Fatty acids, polymerization, end products
Authors: Wittcoff Harold 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThis review has attempted to present somewhat diagrammatically exemplary fundamentals of drying oil chemistry and technology. The point has been stressed that the chemistry of the higher fatty acids is entirely analogous to that of the lower fatty acids. Finally typical protective coatings have been described from the point of view of the fundamental chemistry involved.
Improvements in the simple distillation of fatty acids by continuous methods
Authors: Berger Ralph W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn the simple distillation of fatty acids, improved results with respect to product quality, uniformity, and yields are obtained with reduced plant operating and space requirements because of the following factors:
Continuous operation under automatic instrument control.
Deaerating the feed stock before heating.
Vacuum drying the crude fatty acids at low temperatures.
Indirectly heating the fatty acids to distillation temperatures by means of condensing Dowtherm vapors within the bubble trays of a stripping still. With this unique heating system the fatty acids are not exposed to high temperatures until they are under the high vacuum within the still itself, thereby eliminating the preheating of feed stocks far above distillation temperatures before they are under high vacuum.
Low hold‐up and minimum heat transfer surface temperature in the stripping still.
Removal of entrainment from the distillate vapor stream befor condensing the product.
Efficient product condensing system and colling the product before discharge to the atmosphere.
Wet scrubbing of the exhaust vapor stream after condensing the product.
Residues which are easily handled for the recovery of free and combined fatty acids.
Freedom from metallic contamination, because of all stainless steel construction wherever contacted by the fatty acids.
Melting points and solubilities of ternary mixtures containing oleic acid
Authors: Schlenker Ernest 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe presence of oleic acid in mixtures containing plamitic and stearic acids has the effect, within certain limits, of lowering the melting point without the irregularities observed in those cases where the former is absent. Experiments have been made which show that this behavior of oleic acid has a counter‐part, insofar as solubilities are concerned, in its influence on the solubility of the same ternary system in methanol. Thus the quantities of the solid fatty acids dissolved are, within commercially important ranges, proportional to the amount of oleic acid present in the mixture.
Estimation of vitamin A in margarine. I. Collaborative study of assay methods for estimating the potency of the vitamin A concentrates
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Luckmann Frederick H. , Vahlteich Hans W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA series of 5 vitamin A concentrates of 2 different types were assayed by physico‐chemical methods and by multiple level biological assays. Three independent laboratories collaborated on the physico‐chemical assays and three other laboratories conducted the biological assays. The test oils contained about 200,000 U.S.P. units of vitamin A per gram and were either blends of food fish liver oils of high potency or were distilled vitamin A esters in a vegetable oil solvent. Margarines fortified with each type of concentrate were made on a plant scale and also assayed for vitamin A, using both the physico‐chemical and biological assay techniques.The data show that the type of vitamin A bearing oils for margarine fortification used in the present collaborative study are of high quality and contain considerably less extraneous (non‐vitamin A) materials than the oils used in a comparable U.S.P. collaborative study. A valid and precise estimate of the vitamin A potency of such oils can be obtained by spectrophotometric assay of the whole oil or by colorimetric (SbCl3) assay of the unsaponifiable extract. A conservative estimate of the vitamin A potency is obtained by averaging the colorimetric and the U.S.P. XIV (or Morton‐Stubbs) spectrophotometric values derived from assays of the unsaponifiable extract. It is evident that the Morton‐Stubbs procedure over‐corrects the spectrophotometric estimates of the potency of such vitamin A concentrates. Largely responsible for the over‐correction are the presence of neovitamin A and vitamin A2 in the natural concentrates and their absence from the U.S.P. Reference Standard. The use of other sources of preformed vitamin A to fortify margarine, such as a) fish liver oils or concentrates of poorer quality than those evaluated in the present study (more irrelevant light‐absorbing materials at 328 mμ and more irrelevant chromogenic materials in the SbCl3 test), b) whale liver oil and/ or c) synthetic vitamin A preparations, will introduce complications if non‐biological assay methods should be used exclusively by the margarine manufacturer in controlling the vitamin A potency of his product. The same applies to federal and state control laboratories using non‐biological assays as a screening device prior to scheduling biological assays.
Accelerated stability test for vitamin A in oils and fats by means of surface‐enlarging at room temperature
Authors: Spruyt J. P. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA new simple, and rapid method is described for evaluating the stability of vitamin A in oils.The acceleration is obtained at room temperature (20°C) by spreading the oil over a neutral carrier (glass beads), thus obtaining greatly expanded surface areas, and consequent increased exposure to air.Comparative tests were conducted involving the Active Oxygen Method (“Swift” test) and, while the results were inconclusive, striking deviations in results were noted.
Reactions of fatty materials with oxygen. XVIII. Catalytic hydrogenation of autoxidized methyl oleate and oleic acid. Preparation of monohydroxystearic acids
Authors: Coleman Joseph E. , Swern Daniel 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAutoxidation of methyl oleate and oleic acid beyond the peak peroxide values followed by catalytic hydrogenation gave mixed monohydroxystearic acids in high yield. The complicated autoxidation mixture which contains peroxides, hydroxy, carbonyl, and oxirane compounds was simplified considerably in composition by this procedure.For complete reduction of the double bond, and the carbonyl and oxirane groups, hydrogenation was conducted at about 150° and 150 lbs.. Peroxides were reduced at room temperature. Catalysts used were palladium on carbon and Raney nickel.The selective reduction of peroxides in autoxidation mixtures has been studied by chemical and catalytic means. Peroxides were converted largely to carbonyl compounds rather than to the anticipated hydroxy compounds. Palladium‐lead on calcium carbonate is an excellent catalyst for reducing peroxides with hydrogen.tert‐Butyl hydroperoxide, 12‐ ketostearic acid, stearone,cis‐9,10‐epoxystearic acid and methyl oleate peroxide concentrate were employed as model substances in determining hydrogenation conditions.
Composition of liver fats of mature and embryo sharks (galeocerdo tigrinus)
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Suwal P. N. 
Published: June 2007

Summary

Two liver fats, one from the “mother” and the other from the “embryo” shark (Galeocerdo tigrinus), have been studied. Their component fatty acids are reported.

The mixed fatty acids from each of the fats were first resolved into groups of acids of varying unsaturation by the lithium salt acetone and/or lead salt alcohol methods. The methyl esters of each of these groups of acids were fractionated through the Longenecker's E.H.P. column.

The two fats are found to belong to the fourth group of Tsujimoto's classification of the Elasmobranch fish liver fats. The “mother” shark liver fat contains 43.3% saturated and 56.7% unsaturated acids. The “embryo” shark liver fat contains 39.1% saturated and 60.9% unsaturated acids. Palmitic acid was about 25% in both of the fats.

A possible explanation for the less unsaturation and the absence of higher polyethenoids in the “embryo” liver fat is given.
Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome
Authors: Copelovitch Lawrence , Kaplan Bernard S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractStreptococcus pneumonia-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (pneumococcal HUS) is an uncommon condition mainly observed in young children. Early recognition is critical, because of the potential to improve morbidity and mortality. In our review we summarize the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic difficulties and management of this potentially under-diagnosed condition.
Moderate Dietary Intake of Myristic and Alpha‐Linolenic Acids Increases Lecithin‐Cholesterol Acyltransferase Activity in Humans
Authors: Vaysse‐Boué Carole , Dabadie Henry , Peuchant Evelyne , Le Ruyet Pascale , Mendy François , Gin Henry , Combe Nicole 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCholesterol removal from tissues into HDL depends on the activity of lecithin‐cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT; E.C. 2.3.1.43) that is associated with lower cardiovascular diseases risk. HDL cholesterol concentration and LCAT activity can be modulated by dietary fatty acids. Original data with substrate models have shown a positive effect of myristic acid (MA) on the esterification rate of cholesterol. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of moderate intakes of MA associated with recommended intake of alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) on LCAT activity in humans. Two experimental diets were tested for 3 months each. Diet 1‐MA 1.2% of total energy (TE) and ALA 0.9% TE, diet 2‐MA 1.8% and ALA 0.9% TE; a control diet (MA 1.2% and ALA 0.4% TE) was given 3 months before diet 1 and diet 2. The endogenous activity of LCAT was determined at completion of each diet. Compared with the control diet (13.2 ± 3.1 μmol CE/(L.h)), LCAT activity increased significantly (P < 0.001) with diet 1 (24.2 ± 3.6 μmol CE/(L.h)) and diet 2 (33.3 ± 7.4 μmol CE/(L.h)); the increase observed with diet 2 was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than that due to diet 1. These results suggest that ALA (from rapeseed oil, mainly in sn‐2 position) and MA (from dairy fat, mainly in sn‐2 position) favor LCAT activity, by respective increases of 83 and 38%. When they are supplied together, a complementary effect was observed (average increase of 152%). Moreover, these observations were associated with a decrease of the ratio of total to HDL‐cholesterol. In conclusion, our results suggest that moderate supply of MA (1.8% TE) associated with the recommended intake of ALA (0.9% TE) contributes to improve LCAT activity.
Improvement of insulin resistance after diet with a whole-grain based dietary product: results of a randomized, controlled cross-over study in obese subjects with elevated fasting blood glucose
Authors: Rave Klaus , Roggen Kerstin , Dellweg Sibylle , Heise Tim , tom Dieck Heike 
Published: June 2007

Subjects with obesity and elevated fasting blood glucose are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes which may be reduced by a dietary intervention leading to an improvement of insulin resistance. We investigated the potential of a whole-grain based dietary product (WG) with reduced starch content derived from double-fermented wheat during a hypo-energetic diet to positively influence body weight, fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance and lipids in comparison to a nutrient-dense meal replacement product (MR) in a randomized two-way cross-over study with two 4-week treatment periods separated by a 2-week wash-out. Subjects replaced at least two daily meals with WG and MR, respectively, targeting for a consumption of 200 g of either product per day. Total daily energy intake was limited to 7120 kJ. Thirty-one subjects (BMI 33·9 (sd 2·7) kg/m2, fasting blood glucose 6·3 (sd 0·8) mmol/l) completed the study. In both treatment groups body weight ( − 2·5 (sd 2·0) v. − 3·2 (sd 1·6) kg for WG v. MR), fasting blood glucose ( − 0·4 (sd 0·3) v. − 0·5 (sd 0·5) mmol/l), total cholesterol ( − 0·5 (sd 0·5) v. − 0·6 (sd 0·5) mmol/l), TAG ( − 0·3 (sd 0·9) v. − 0·3 (sd 1·2) mmol/l) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) insulin resistance score ( − 0·7 (sd 0·8) v. − 1·1 (sd 1·7) μU/ml × mmol/l) improved (P < 0·05) with no significant differences between the treatments. After statistical adjustment for the amount of body weight lost, however, the comparison between both groups revealed that fasting serum insulin (P = 0·031) and HOMA insulin resistance score (P = 0·049) improved better with WG than with MR. We conclude that WG favourably influences metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes independent from the amount of body weight lost during a hypo-energetic diet.