bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Kise Kenji , Sato Toshinori , Nakajo Hironori 
Published: April 2008

In this issue, we present the papers from the proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Advanced Low Power Systems (ALPS 2007) that was held in conjunction with the 21st International Conference on Supercomputing in Seattle.
"Thoughtfulness" is an important keyword in the both current and future technologies in all over the world: Thoughtful to human being, thoughtful to our surroundings, thoughtful to the earth, and so on. For the thoughtfulness, Low-power is believed to be one of the most indispensable keyword. The ALPS workshop focuses on the current technological challenges in developing low-power and power-aware computing systems ranging from servers to embedded devices. The goal of the workshop is to bring all aspects of power-aware computing from industry and academia.
This year, we have one invited talk entitled "An Under 2W 100GOPS Video Recognition Processor Based on a Linear Array of 128 4-Way VLIW Processing Elements" by Shorin Kyo (NEC Corporation) and 6 papers selected based on the full paper review by the program committee members.
The first set of papers discusses low-power designs. We have three papers: "Optimal Pipeline Depth with Pipeline Stage Unification Adoption" by Jun Yao, Hajime Shimada, Shinobu Miwa, and Shinji Tomita, "VCLEARIT: A VLSI CMOS Circuit Leakage Reduction Technique For Nanoscale Technologies" by Preetham Lakshmikanthan and Adrian Nunez, and "Leakage Energy Reduction in Cache Memory by Data Compression" by Kiyofumi Tanaka and Takahiro Kawahara.
The second set of papers: "Preventing Timing Errors on Register Writes: Mechanisms of Detections and Recoveries" by Hidetsugu Irie, Ken Sugimoto, Masahiro Goshima, and Suichi Sakai, "Not Multi-, but Many-Core: Designing Integral Parallel Architectures for Embedded Computation" by Mihaela Malita, Gheorghe Stefany, and Dominique Thiebaut, and "Fine-grain Compensation Method with Consideration of Trade-offs between Computation and Data Transfer for Power Consumption" by Takefumi Miyoshi and Nobuhiko Sugino, covers reliability, many-core and parallelization issues.
All papers here are going to create the way to the new aspects of low-power systems. We hope you will find the papers of this special issue of Computer Architecture News to be stimulating and that you will be inspired to contribute your efforts to the future low power systems.
Preventing timing errors on register writes
Authors: Irie Hidetsugu , Sugimoto Ken , Goshima Masahiro , Sakai Shuich 
Published: April 2008

To deal with the increasing varitations of the intra-chip transisters, one promising approach is to dynamically detect and recover the timing-errors with microarchitecutre. This will induce dependability and efficiency into microprocessors because it allows VLSI to operate at the optimum frequency and voltage while ensuring accuracy.
A few approaches for dynamically detecting timing-errors have been proposed, but none of them have focused on register writes. In this paper, we propose a technique for detecting and recovering from timing errors during register writes. We introduce a verifying technique that uses additional buffer (called the write assurance buffer (WAB)) which is provided with a sufficient timing margin. The evaluation results reveal a performance degradation of 4.5% using an 8-entry WAB; this value becomes negligible when a 16-entry WAB is used.
Fine-grain compensation method with consideration of trade-offs between computation and data transfer for power consumption
Authors: Miyoshi Takefumi , Sugino Nobuhiko 
Published: April 2008

Fine-grain parallelizing method with consideration of the number of data transfers for low power consumption is proposed. In the proposed method, power consumption by data transfers between processor elements in a multiprocessor is focused on, and the number of data transfers is reduced.
In this paper, a measure based on the relationship between variables in a given program is defined to evaluate the number of data transfers, firstly. And then a proposed compensation method by use of the evaluation of power consumption based on the measure is explained. Finally, the result of applying proposed compensation method implemented on COINS framework to several example programs is shown.
Internet nuggets
Authors: Thorson Mark 
Published: April 2008

This column consists of selected traffic from the
comp.arch
newsgroup, a forum for discussion of computer architecture on the Internet---an international computer network.

As always, the opinions expressed in this column are the personal views of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the institutions to which they are affiliated.
Text which sets the context of a message appears underlined or in italics; this is usually text the author has quoted from earlier messages. The code-like expressions below the authors' names are their addresses on Internet.
Recruitment in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial: the First Phase of Recruitment at Henry Ford Health System
Authors: Lamerato Lois E. , Marcus Pamela M. , Jacobsen Gordon , Johnson Christine Cole 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Objective: Recruitment of healthy subjects to long-term randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of cancer prevention or early detection has proven to be a difficult task. To quantify recruitment yield as well as characteristics of successfully recruited participants, we examined recruitment outcomes at 1 of the 10 centers participating in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, a National Cancer Institute–funded RCT of cancer screening modalities.
Materials and Methods: During the early recruitment phase of PLCO (1993-1997), data on recruitment outcome were collected at the Henry Ford Health System (HFHS) in Detroit, Michigan. In this phase, HFHS identified potential participants using patient databases. Records were used to assess recruitment success by age, sex, race, household income (using area-based U.S. Census data), and preexisting morbidity. Logistic regression was used to assess whether enrollment success differed significantly according to these factors.
Results: Of 74,139 persons ages 55 to 74 invited by HFHS to participate, 8,250 (11%) `enrolled. In multivariate analyses, the odds of enrolling were modestly but significantly higher for women, Caucasians, persons in their 60's, and persons living in census blocks with higher median household income. Persons with two or more preexisting morbidities had significantly lower odds of enrolling compared to those with one or no preexisting morbidities.
Conclusions: These data suggest that only a small fraction of persons invited to enroll in long-term RCTs of cancer screening modalities actually do so. In this urban, Midwestern setting, certain characteristics including age, race, and income influenced recruitment success, albeit modestly. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):827–33)
BTF4/BTNA3.2 and GCS as Candidate mRNA Prognostic Markers in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Le Page Cécile , Ouellet Véronique , Quinn Michael C.J. , Tonin Patricia N. , Provencher Diane M. , Mes-Masson Anne-Marie 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This study aims to identify reliable prognosis markers to predict patient outcome at surgery in high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer by a real-time quantitative PCR (RT-q-PCR)-based test. Seventeen tissue samples from serous epithelial ovarian cancer patients were screened by DNA microarray to identify genes differentially expressed between tumors from patients who relapsed within 18 months and tumors from patients showing no relapse or relapsed after 24 months after initial diagnosis. RNA expression of a subset of genes was validated by RT-q-PCR in the initial set of 17 samples. From these results, a refined list was selected and tested in independent samples from 41 serous. Expression was associated with time to relapse and clinical variables. Microarray analysis identified a profile of 34 differentially expressed genes. RT-q-PCR validated the expression profile of a subset of seven genes in the initial set of patients. Differential gene expression was also validated in an independent set of patients. Low BTF4 or GCS expression was strongly associated with poor outcome in Kaplan-Meier analysis (P &lt; 0.05, log-rank test) and Cox univariate as well as in multivariate analyses with a higher hazard ratio than clinical variables, such as residual disease, age, stage, and grade. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):913–20)
Serum Levels of Vitamin D Metabolites and Breast Cancer Risk in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial
Authors: Freedman D. Michal , Chang Shih-Chen , Falk Roni T. , Purdue Mark P. , Huang Wen-Yi , McCarty Catherine A. , Hollis Bruce W. , Graubard Barry I. , Berg Christine D. , Ziegler Regina G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExperimental and epidemiologic studies suggest that vitamin D metabolites (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and its precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) may reduce breast cancer risk. We examined subsequent breast cancer risk related to serum levels of these metabolites. In a cohort of women ages 55 to 74 years, who donated blood at baseline (1993-2001) in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, we identified 1,005 incident breast cancer cases during follow-up through 2005 (mean time between blood draw and diagnosis, 3.9 years). Noncases (n = 1,005) were frequency matched to the cases based on age and year of entry. Sample weights that accounted for unequal probabilities of selecting cases and noncases were applied to make inferences that reflected the entire Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian cohort. Using Cox proportional hazards modeling, we computed breast cancer relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) by quintile for each metabolite. The RR of breast cancer for the highest quintile of 25(OH)D concentration versus the lowest was 1.04 (95% CI, 0.75-1.45; Ptrend = 0.81). Similarly, the breast cancer RR for the highest quintile of 1,25(OH)2D compared with the lowest was 1.23 (95% CI, 0.91-1.68; Ptrend = 0.14). Excluding the first 2 years of follow-up did not materially alter these estimates. There was also no evidence of inverse risk in older women (≥60 years) versus younger women (&lt;60 years). In this prospective study of postmenopausal women, we did not observe an inverse association between circulating 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D and breast cancer risk, although we cannot exclude an association in younger women or with long-term or earlier exposure. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):889–94)
Dairy Product, Saturated Fatty Acid, and Calcium Intake and Prostate Cancer in a Prospective Cohort of Japanese Men
Authors: Kurahashi Norie , Inoue Manami , Iwasaki Motoki , Sasazuki Shizuka , Tsugane and Shoichiro ,   for the Japan Public Health Center–Based Prospective Study Group
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Many epidemiologic studies have reported a positive association between dairy products and prostate cancer. Calcium or saturated fatty acid in dairy products has been suspected as the causative agent. To investigate the association between dairy products, calcium, and saturated fatty acid and prostate cancer in Japan, where both the intake of these items and the incidence of prostate cancer are low, we conducted a population-based prospective study in 43,435 Japanese men ages 45 to 74 years. Participants responded to a validated questionnaire that included 138 food items. During 7.5 years of follow-up, 329 men were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer. Dairy products were associated with a dose-dependent increase in the risk of prostate cancer. The relative risks (95% confidence intervals) comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles of total dairy products, milk, and yogurt were 1.63 (1.14-2.32), 1.53 (1.07-2.19), and 1.52 (1.10-2.12), respectively. A statistically significant increase in risk was observed for both calcium and saturated fatty acid, but the associations for these were attenuated after controlling for potential confounding factors. Some specific saturated fatty acids increased the risk of prostate cancer in a dose-dependent manner. Relative risks (95% confidence intervals) on comparison of the highest with the lowest quartiles of myristic acid and palmitic acid were 1.62 (1.15-2.29) and 1.53 (1.07-2.20), respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest that the intake of dairy products may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):930–7)
Health Insurance–Related Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Screening in Virginia
Authors: de Bosset Vanessa , Atashili Julius , Miller William , Pignone Michael 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates remain low in the United States. The effect of health insurance on CRC screening is not clear. We assessed the association between having health insurance and being screened for CRC and the factors that modify this association.
Methods: We used data from the 2005 Virginia Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to evaluate the association of self-reported insurance coverage on self-reported CRC screening among all men and women ages ≥50 years (N = 2,887). Prevalence odds ratios (POR) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. All covariates were assessed for potential effect measure modification and confounding. All analyses accounted for the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System complex survey sampling design.
Results: Overall, participants who reported having insurance coverage were more than twice as likely to report being screened for CRC compared with those who reported having none [crude POR, 2.16; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.26-3.68]. This relationship differed between men and women (PORmales, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.63-6.96; PORfemales, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.74-2.89). After adjusting for age and income, self-reported insurance coverage had a positive association with report of being screened among men (POR, 2.02; 95% CI, 0.96-4.23) but not among women (POR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.34-1.93).
Conclusions: Men who reported having health insurance were more likely to report having CRC screening than those who reported not having insurance coverage. However, this effect was not observed in women. These findings, if confirmed in other study populations, indicate that improving CRC screening coverage may require not only insurance status specifications but also gender-explicit considerations. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):834–7)
Polymorphisms in Angiogenesis-Related Genes and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Jacobs Eric J. , Hsing Ann W. , Bain Elizabeth B. , Stevens Victoria L. , Wang Yiting , Chen Jinbo , Chanock Stephen J. , Zheng S. Lilly , Xu Jianfeng , Thun Michael J. , Calle Eugenia E. , Rodriguez Carmen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground: Angiogenesis is required for development and progression of prostate cancer. Potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes important in prostate angiogenesis (VEGF, HIF1A, and NOS3) have previously been associated with risk or severity of prostate cancer.Methods: Prostate cancer cases (n = 1,425) and controls (n = 1,453) were selected from the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. We examined associations between 58 SNPs in nine angiogenesis-related candidate genes (EGF, LTA, HIF1A, HIF1AN, MMP2, MMP9, NOS2A, NOS3, VEGF) and risk of overall and advanced prostate cancer. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios, adjusted for matching factors.Results: Our results did not replicate previously observed associations with SNPs in VEGF, HIF1A, or NOS3, nor did we observe associations with SNPs in EGF, LTA, HIF1AN, MMP9, or NOS2A. In the MMP2 gene, three intronic SNPs, all in linkage disequilibrium, were associated with overall and advanced prostate cancer (for overall prostate cancer, Ptrend = 0.01 for rs1477017, Ptrend = 0.01 for rs17301608, Ptrend = 0.02 for rs11639960). However, two of these SNPs (rs17301608 and rs11639960) were examined and were not associated with prostate cancer in a recent genome-wide association study using prostate cancer cases and controls from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovary study cohort. Furthermore, when we pooled our results for these two SNPs with those from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovary cohort; neither SNP was associated with prostate cancer.Conclusion: None of the SNPs examined seem likely to be importantly associated with risk of overall or advanced prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):972–7)
Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Japanese Population: A Nested Case-Control Study
Authors: Ohishi Waka , Fujiwara Saeko , Cologne John B. , Suzuki Gen , Akahoshi Masazumi , Nishi Nobuo , Takahashi Ikuno , Chayama Kazuaki 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: Epidemiologic studies have shown effects of lifestyle-related factors on risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, few cohort studies have incorporated, in a strict and in-depth manner, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections or investigated synergism between such factors.
Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study using sera stored before hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis in the longitudinal cohort of atomic bomb survivors. The study included 224 hepatocellular carcinoma cases and 644 controls that were matched to the cases on gender, age, city, time of serum storage, and method of serum storage, and countermatched on radiation dose.
Results: Univariate analysis showed that HBV and HCV infections, alcohol consumption, smoking habit, body mass index (BMI), and diabetes mellitus were associated with increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk, whereas coffee drinking was associated with decreased hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Multivariate relative risks of hepatocellular carcinoma (95% confidence interval) were 45.8 (15.2-138), 101 (38.7-263), 70.7 (8.3-601), 4.36 (1.48-13.0), and 4.57 (1.85-11.3), for HBV infection alone, HCV infection alone, both HBV and HCV infections, alcohol consumption of ≥40 g of ethanol per day, and BMI of &gt;25.0 kg/m2 10 years before diagnosis, respectively. HBV and HCV infection and BMI of &gt;25.0 kg/m2 remained independent risk factors even after adjusting for severity of liver fibrosis. Among HCV-infected individuals, the relative risk of hepatocellular carcinoma for a 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI was 1.39 (P = 0.003).
Conclusions: To limit the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma, control of excess weight may be crucial for individuals with chronic liver disease, especially those with chronic hepatitis C. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):846–54)
Reliability and Validity of a Questionnaire to Measure Colorectal Cancer Screening Behaviors: Does Mode of Survey Administration Matter?
Authors: Vernon Sally W. , Tiro Jasmin A. , Vojvodic Rachel W. , Coan Sharon , Diamond Pamela M. , Greisinger Anthony , Fernandez Maria E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Valid and reliable self-report measures of cancer screening behaviors are important for evaluating efforts to improve adherence to guidelines. We evaluated test-retest reliability and validity of self-report of the fecal occult blood test (FOBT), sigmoidoscopy (SIG), colonoscopy (COL), and barium enema (BE) using the National Cancer Institute colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) questionnaire. A secondary objective was to evaluate reliability and validity by mail, telephone, and face-to-face survey administration modes. Consenting men and women, 51 to 74 years old, receiving care at a multispecialty clinic for at least 5 years who had not been diagnosed with colorectal cancer were stratified by prior CRCS status and randomized to survey mode (n = 857). Within survey mode, respondents were randomized to complete a second survey at 2 weeks, 3 months, or 6 months. Comparing self-report with administrative and medical records, concordance estimates were 0.91 for COL, 0.85 for FOBT, 0.85 for SIG, and 0.92 for BE. Overall sensitivity estimates were 0.91 for COL, 0.82 for FOBT, 0.76 for SIG, and 0.56 for BE. Specificity estimates were 0.91 for COL, 0.86 for FOBT, 0.89 for SIG, and 0.97 for BE. Sensitivity and specificity varied little by survey mode for any test. Report-to-records ratio showed overreporting for SIG (1.1), COL (1.15), and FOBT (1.57), and underreporting for BE (0.82). Reliability at all time intervals was highest for COL; there was no consistent pattern according to survey mode. This study provides evidence to support the use of the National Cancer Institute CRCS questionnaire to assess self-report with any of the three survey modes. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):758–67)
No Evidence for Differences in DNA Damage Assessed before and after a Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Bhatti Parveen , Sigurdson Alice J. , Thomas Cynthia B. , Iwan Allison , Alexander Bruce H. , Kampa Diane , Bowen Laura , Doody Michele Morin , Jones Irene M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The overwhelming majority of studies that have found increased cancer risk associated with functional deficits in DNA repair used a case-control design, in which measurements were made after cancer diagnosis. However, there are concerns about whether the cancer itself or cancer treatment affected the conclusions (reverse causation bias). We assessed the effect of cancer diagnosis among 26 breast cancer controls who had blood collected during 2001 to 2003 and again in 2005 to 2006 after being diagnosed with cancer. Using the alkaline comet assay, we quantified DNA damage in untreated lymphoblastoid cell lines. Comet distributed moment, olive tail moment, percentage of DNA in tail, and comet tail length were summarized as the geometric mean of 100 cells. For comet distributed moment, olive tail moment, tail DNA, and tail length, the proportions of women with before diagnosis values higher than after diagnosis were 65%, 50%, 50%, and 46%, respectively. We found no significant differences in the before or after diagnosis mean comet values. Median cut-points were determined from the before diagnosis distribution, and we used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and upper 95% bounds of the confidence intervals. ORs ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 with upper confidence interval bounds of 1.9 and 2.6, meaning biased ORs above 2.6 are unlikely. We found no evidence that reverse causation bias is an important concern in case-control studies using the comet assay applied to cell lines collected after cancer diagnosis. More work is needed to characterize the effect of cancer diagnosis on other phenotypic assays. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):990–4)