bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiscale Convective Wave Disturbances in the Tropics: Insights from a Two-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Model
Authors: Tulich Stefan N. , Mapes Brian E. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Multiscale convective wave disturbances with structures broadly resembling observed tropical waves are found to emerge spontaneously in a nonrotating, two-dimensional cloud model forced by uniform cooling. To articulate the dynamics of these waves, model outputs are objectively analyzed in a discrete truncated space consisting of three cloud types (shallow convective, deep convective, and stratiform) and three dynamical vertical wavelength bands. Model experiments confirm that diabatic processes in deep convective and stratiform regions are essential to the formation of multiscale convective wave patterns. Specifically, upper-level heating (together with low-level cooling) serves to preferentially excite discrete horizontally propagating wave packets with roughly a full-wavelength structure in troposphere and “dry” phase speeds cn in the range 16–18 m s−1. These wave packets enhance the triggering of new deep convective cloud systems, via low-level destabilization. The new convection in turn causes additional heating over cooling, through delayed development of high-based deep convective cells with persistent stratiform anvils. This delayed forcing leads to an intensification and then widening of the low-level cold phases of wave packets as they move through convecting regions. Additional widening occurs when slower-moving (∼8 m s−1) “gust front” wave packets excited by cooling just above the boundary layer trigger additional deep convection in the vicinity of earlier convection. Shallow convection, meanwhile, provides positive forcing that reduces convective wave speeds and destroys relatively small-amplitude-sized waves. Experiments with prescribed modal wind damping establish the critical role of short vertical wavelengths in setting the equivalent depth of the waves. However, damping of deep vertical wavelengths prevents the clustering of mesoscale convective wave disturbances into larger-scale envelopes, so these circulations are important as well.
Postoperative Range of Motion following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Autograft Hamstrings
Authors: Bottoni Craig R. , Liddell Travis R. , Trainor Timothy J. , Freccero David M. , Lindell Kenneth K. 
Published: January 2008

Background There is a common belief that surgical reconstruction of an acutely torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) should be delayed for at least 3 weeks because of the increased incidence of postoperative motion loss (arthrofibrosis) and suboptimal clinical results. Hypothesis There is no difference in postoperative range of motion or stability after ACL reconstructions performed either acutely or delayed. Study Design Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods Patients with an acute ACL tear were prospectively randomized to either early (within 21 days) or delayed (beyond 6 weeks) reconstruction using autograft hamstring tendon. Previous knee surgery on the index extremity and a multiligamentous injury were exclusionary criteria. Surgical technique and postoperative rehabilitation were identical for all patients. Postoperative assessments included range of motion and KT-1000 arthrometer measurements compared with the contralateral knee. Standardized outcome measures were used including single assessment numeric evaluation (SANE), Lysholm, and Tegner Activity Score. Results Seventy consecutive patients were enrolled, and 1 patient was dropped after a postoperative infection. Sixty-nine patients (34 acute, 35 delayed) with an average age of 27 years composed the study cohort. The mean time from injury to surgery was 9 days (range, 2–17 days) for patients in the early group and 85 days (range, 42–192) for those in the delayed group. The average follow-up from surgery was 366 days (range, 185–869). Articular cartilage and meniscal injuries were comparable between the 2 groups. There were no significant differences between the 2 treatment groups in degrees of extension or flexion lost relative to the nonoperative side, operative time, KT-1000 arthrometer differences, or subjective knee evaluations. Conclusion Excellent clinical results can be achieved after ACL reconstructions performed soon after injury using autograft hamstrings. Although the authors do not advocate that all reconstructions should be performed acutely, they found that early ACL reconstructions do not result in loss of motion or suboptimal clinical results as long as a rehabilitation protocol emphasizing extension and early range of motion is employed.
Development of bioluminescent Salmonella strains for use in food safety
Authors: Karsi Attila , Howe Kevin , Kirkpatrick Tasha B , Wills Robert , Bailey R Hartford , Lawrence Mark L 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background

Salmonella can reside in healthy animals without the manifestation of any adverse effects on the carrier. If raw products of animal origin are not handled properly during processing or cooked to a proper temperature during preparation, salmonellosis can occur. In this research, we developed bioluminescent Salmonella strains that can be used for real-time monitoring of the pathogen's growth on food products. To accomplish this, twelve Salmonella strains from the broiler production continuum were transformed with the broad host range plasmid pAKlux 1, and a chicken skin attachment model was developed.

Results

Salmonella strains carrying pAKlux 1 constitutively expressed the luxCDABE operon and were therefore detectable using bioluminescence. Strains were characterized in terms of bioluminescence properties and plasmid stability. To assess the usefulness of bioluminescent Salmonella strains in food safety studies, we developed an attachment model using chicken skin. The effect of washing on attachment of Salmonella strains to chicken skin was tested using bioluminescent strains, which revealed the attachment properties of each strain.

Conclusion
This study demonstrated that bioluminescence is a sensitive and effective tool to detect Salmonella on food products in real-time. Bioluminescence imaging is a promising technology that can be utilized to evaluate new food safety measures for reducing Salmonella contamination on food products.
Hepatitis B virus genotypes and resistance mutations in patients under long term lamivudine therapy: characterization of genotype G in Brazil
Authors: Bottecchia Marcelle , Souto Francisco JD , Ó Kycia MR , Amendola Marcia , Brandão Carlos E , Niel Christian , Gomes Selma A 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundLamivudine is an oral nucleoside analogue widely used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. The main limitation of lamivudine use is the selection of resistant mutations that increases with time of utilization. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates have been classified into eight genotypes (A to H) with distinct geographical distributions. HBV genotypes may also influence pathogenic properties and therapeutic features. Here, we analyzed the HBV genotype distribution and the nature and frequency of lamivudine resistant mutations among 36 patients submitted to lamivudine treatment for 12 to 84 months.ResultsHalf of the patients were homosexual men. Only 4/36 (11%) patients were HBV DNA negative. As expected for a Brazilian group, genotypes A (24/32 positive individuals, 75%), D (3/32, 9.3%) and F (1/32, 3%) were present. One sample was from genotype C, which is a genotype rarely found in Brazil. Three samples were from genotype G, which had not been previously detected in Brazil. Lamivudine resistance mutations were identified in 20/32 (62%) HBV DNA positive samples. Mean HBV loads of patients with and without lamivudine resistance mutations were not very different (2.7 × 107and 6.9 × 107copies/mL, respectively). Fifteen patients showed the L180M/M204V lamivudine resistant double mutation. The triple mutant rt173V/180M/204V, which acts as a vaccine escape mutant, was found in two individuals. The three isolates of genotype G were entirely sequenced. All three showed the double mutation L180M/M204V and displayed a large genetic divergence when compared with other full-length genotype G isolates.ConclusionA high (55%) proportion of patients submitted to long term lamivudine therapy displayed resistant mutations, with elevated viral load. The potential of transmission of such HBV mutants should be monitored. The identification of genotypes C and G, rarely detected in South America, seems to indicate a genotype distribution different to that observed in non treated patients. Disparities in routes of transmission (genotype G seems to be linked to homosexual behavior) and in pathogenic properties (genotype C is very aggressive) among HBV genotypes may explain the presence of rare genotypes in the present work.
Towards defining the nuclear proteome
Authors: Fink J Lynn , Karunaratne Seetha , Mittal Amit , Gardiner Donald M , Hamilton Nicholas , Mahony Donna , Kai Chikatoshi , Suzuki Harukazu , Hayashizaki Yosihide , Teasdale Rohan D 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Background
The nucleus is a complex cellular organelle and accurately defining its protein content is essential before any systematic characterization can be considered.

Results
We report direct evidence for 2,568 mammalian proteins within the nuclear proteome: the nuclear subcellular localization of 1,529 proteins based on a high-throughput subcellular localization protocol of full-length proteins and an additional 1,039 proteins for which clear experimental evidence is documented in published literature. This is direct evidence that the nuclear proteome consists of at least 14% of the entire proteome. This dataset was used to evaluate computational approaches designed to identify additional nuclear proteins.

Conclusion
This represents direct experimental evidence that the nuclear proteome consists of at least 14% of the entire proteome. This high-quality nuclear proteome dataset was used to evaluate computational approaches designed to identify additional nuclear proteins. Based on this analysis, researchers can determine the stringency and types of lines of evidence they consider to infer the size and complement of the nuclear proteome.
Urinary Cortisol and Catecholamine Excretion after Burn Injury in Children
Authors: Norbury William B. , Herndon David N. , Branski Ludwik K. , Chinkes David L. , Jeschke Marc G. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Introduction: A severe burn causes increased levels of urine cortisol and catecholamines. However, little is known about the magnitude of this increase or how and when the levels return to normal. The purpose of this study was to determine in a large clinical prospective trial the acute and long-term pattern of urine cortisol and catecholamine expression in severely burned children.
Methods: Pediatric patients with burns greater than 40% total body surface area (TBSA), admitted to our unit over a 6-yr period, were included into the study. Clinical data including length of stay, number of operations, and duration and number of infections were determined. Patients had regular 24-h urine collections during their acute admission and reconstructive periods. Urine collections were analyzed for cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Each urine cortisol was compared with age-adjusted reference ranges. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals and ANOVA analysis were used where appropriate.
Results: Two hundred twelve patients were included in the study (75 females and 137 males), with a mean ± sem TBSA of 58 ± 1% (third-degree 45 ± 2%) and mean age of 9 ± 0.4 yr. Urinary cortisol levels were significantly increased (3- to 5-fold) up to 100 d after the burn and then approached normal levels (P &lt; 0.05). The rise in urine cortisol was significantly higher in male than female patients (P &lt; 0.05). Early hypercortisolemia was associated with increased duration of severe infection (P &lt; 0.05). Persistent hypercortisolemia was associated with increases in both infection rates and duration of severe infection (P &lt; 0.05). Urinary catecholamines showed a significant increase at 11–20 d after the burn (P &lt; 0.05). Urinary norepinephrine levels were significantly increased up to 20 d and then returned to normal (P &lt; 0.05).
Conclusions: Urinary levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are significantly increased after a major burn. Early hypercortisolemia is associated with increased duration of severe infection. Persistent hypercortisolemia is associated with increases in both infection rates and duration of severe infection.
Associations of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, IGF Binding Protein (IGFBP)-2 and IGFBP-3 with Ultrasound Measures of Atherosclerosis and Plaque Stability in an Older Adult Population
Authors: Martin Richard M. , Gunnell David , Whitley Elise , Nicolaides Andrew , Griffin Maura , Georgiou Niki , Davey Smith George , Ebrahim Shah , Holly Jeff M. P. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Context: Circulating IGF-I is inversely associated with ischemic heart disease incidence. Whether this association relates to alterations in plaque growth or stability, and the role of IGF-II and the major binding proteins [IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and -3], is unclear.
Objective: Our objective was to test the hypothesis that circulating IGF-I is inversely, and IGF-II is positively, associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and plaque stability.
Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a cross-sectional analysis based on 310 participants in the United Kingdom-based Boyd Orr cohort who were aged 63–82 yr. Cohort members from Aberdeen, Bristol, Dundee, Wisbech, and London were invited to clinics for fasted venepuncture and arterial ultrasound examination.
Main Outcomes: Arterial intima-media thickness, arterial plaque prevalence, and computerized assessment of plaque echogenicity (a measure of stability), undertaken using the gray scale median, were calculated.
Results: In total, 269 of 310 (86.8%) participants had at least one carotid or femoral plaque. In models controlling for IGFBP-3, there was a 44% (95% confidence interval 12–64%) reduction in the odds of any plaque and a 28% lower (0–48%) odds of echolucent (unstable) plaques per sd increase in IGF-I. IGFBP-3 was positively associated with plaque instability (odds ratio: 1.38; 0.99–1.93). IGF-II was positively associated (0.05-mm increase per sd; 95% confidence interval 0.01–0.09), and IGFBP-2 was inversely associated, with carotid bifurcation intima-media thickness. Neither IGF-II nor IGFBP-2 was associated with plaque prevalence or echogenicity.
Conclusion: High-circulating IGF-I levels may promote arterial plaque stability. IGF-II and IGFBP-2 do not appear to play a role in plaque development or stability.
A S-bridged CoIIIAuICoIII Trinuclear Complex with l-Cysteinate Acting as a Flexible Dicarboxylate-type Metalloligand toward Manganese(II)
Authors: Aridomi Takashi , Takamura Keiichi , Igashira-Kamiyama Asako , Konno Takumi 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Treatment of a S-bridged CoIIIAuICoIII trinuclear complex [1]3+, newly prepared from ΔL-[Co(l-cys-N,S)(en)2]+ and AuI, with MnCl2 gave a 1D (CoIII2MnIIAuI)n polymeric complex, in which two carboxylate groups of [1]3+ bind to two MnCl2 moieties. On the other hand, a discrete CoIII2MnIIAuI tetranuclear complex, in which two carboxylate groups of [1]3+ chelate to a Mn(NO3)2 moiety, was produced by similar treatment of [1]3+ with Mn(NO3)2.
Design and Synthesis of Near-infrared-active Heptamethine–Cyanine Dyes to Suppress Aggregation in a Dye-sensitized Porous Zinc Oxide Solar Cell
Authors: Otsuka Atsuhiro , Funabiki Kazumasa , Sugiyama Naoyuki , Mase Hiroyoshi , Yoshida Tsukasa , Minoura Hideki , Matsui Masaki 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
New heptamethine–cyanine dyes were synthesized and used for dye-sensitization of porous zinc oxide cells in the near-infrared region (800 nm). The introduction of alkyl groups into the cyclohexene and indolenium moieties remarkably prevented H-aggregation of the dyes. Consequently, the photovoltaic performance of the dye-sensitized zinc oxide cells with DCA was improved; a solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency (η) of 0.67%, a short-circuit current density of 2.22 mA cm−2, an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.46 V, and a fill factor of 0.66 under standard AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm−2).
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Monodisperse Starburst Oligo(fluoreneethynylene) Based on Truxene Moiety
Authors: Chen Qing-Quan , Liu Feng , Ma Zhun , Peng Bo , Wei Wei , Huang Wei 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A series of novel monodisperse star-shaped oligo(fluoreneethynylene)s, which contain hexahexyltruxene as the central core linked with oligo(fluoreneethynylene) as the arms, are presented.
Selective Oxidation of Alcohols by Orthorhombic Mo–V–O Phase with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Wang Feng , Ueda Wataru 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
We have investigated heterogeneous oxidation of alcohols using crystalline molybdenum vanadium oxide (Mo–V–O) as catalyst with molecular oxygen as oxidant. The major product from primary alcohol was aldehyde, the secondary alcohol was mainly dehydrated to olefin, and the oxidation of cyclic alcohols chiefly afforded ketones. A Hammett plot suggested that hydride abstraction might be involved in the reaction step. We have discussed possible reaction mechanism based on substrate adsorption and activation on catalytically active sites.
Reexamining Syphilis: An Update on Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management
Authors: Kent Molly E , Romanelli Frank 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To review the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of syphilis. Data Sources: Studies and reviews were abstracted from MEDLINE (1950–April 2007) using the search term syphilis. AN papers were cross-referenced to identify additional studies and reviews for inclusion. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Pertinent original research articles, review articles, and book chapters were evaluated. Data Synthesis: Syphilis is a spirochetal disease that has plagued mankind for centuries. Following a low incidence of syphilis in the US for the last 2 decades, rates are now increasing both in the US and other parts of (he world. Once acquired, syphilis can pass through 4 distinct stages of disease: primary syphilis. secondary syphilis, latent syphilis, and tertiary syphilis, with each stage being characterized by different symptoms and levels of infectivity. Diagnosis is made primarily by serologic assays with nontreponemal tests such as the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory and the Rapid Plasma Reagin assay used for screening. Treponemal tests including the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination and the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test are then used for confirmation. Recommended treatment regimens are based largely on uncontrolled trials and clinical experience. Penicillin is the treatment of choice, with the preparation and treatment duration varying for different stages. Benzathine penicillin is the treatment of choice lor all stages of syphilis except neurosyphilis, for which aqueous crystalline penicillin or procaine penicillin is used due to the central nervous system penetration of these formulations. Coinfection with both syphilis and HIV occurs frequently due to common risk factors. These 2 diseases interact with each other, making both diagnosis and treatment more complicated. Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware of the signs and symptoms of syphitis as well as current guidelines for the management and treatment of this disease.
Mustard Gas: Imminent Danger or Eminent Threat?
Authors: Geraci Matthew J 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To increase awareness of the widespread environmental prevalence of the chemical warfare agent mustard gas, examine the acute and chronic toxic effects to exposed humans, and discuss medical treatment guidelines for mustard gas exposures. Data Sources: Literature retrieval of medical case reports and clinical studies was accomplished using PubMed and the Cochrane Database (1919–March 2007). Search terms included mustard, mustard gas, sulfur mustard, chemical warfare, blister agents, vesicants, and war gas. Historical information and current events were accessed through military field manuals and Internet searches. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles in English identified from the data sources were evaluated. Adult and pediatric populations were included in the review. Data Synthesis: Mustard gas and other chemical weapons are feared for their use as weapons of terror; however, the major threat of mustard gas lies elsewhere. Tons of this chemical agent were produced for war, then subsequently buried in landfills, disposed of at sea, or teft to decay in storage lacrlities. There are documented and anecdotal reports of chemical weapon buriat sites and ocean dumps across the globe spanning from the Arctic Circle to Australia. Numerous accidental exposures have occurred over the past decade. Mustard gas is corrosive to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Extensive exposures can also affect other organ systems. Its ability to cause harm to multiple organ systems at extremely low doses in virtually any environmental condition makes it an extremely dangerous agent. Immediate decontamination of people exposed to mustard gas liquids and vapors is paramount. Supportive care and long-term followup is necessary for exposed persons. Research is under way to find antidotes or treatment methods for mustard gas exposure, but currently there are no definitive treatment guidelines. Conclusions: Mustard gas is a weapon, but also a prevalent environmental threat. Recognizing the immense environmental presence of mustard gas disposal sites and the signs and symptoms of exposure will help speed treatment to those accidentally or purposefully exposed.
In-Pile Criteria for the Initiation of Massive Hydriding of Zr in Steam-Hydrogen Environment
Authors: Evdokimov I. A. , Likhanskii V. V. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
It is shown that irradiation of oxide film on the surface of zirconium alloy by fission fragments may promote the breakdown of oxide protective properties and lead to massive hydriding of zirconium in a steam-hydrogen environment far beyond the condition of “oxygen starvation.” Massive hydriding of zirconium claddings may cause severe secondary degradation of failed fuel rods in commercial nuclear reactors. The effect of irradiation is concerned with two factors. The first one is radiolysis of steam-hydrogen mixture and chemical interaction of highly reactive radicals with the oxide surface. The second factor is intense generation of radiation-induced defects in crystal lattice of ZrO2 which enhance the rate of oxide reduction. A model is proposed for assessment of the threshold conditions for the onset of massive hydriding depending on composition of steam-hydrogen mixture and irradiation dose rate.
Molar pregnancy
Authors: Savage Philip 
Published: January 2008

Key content

Molar pregnancies are rare, occurring at a rate of approximately 1 for every 700 live births.
Most cases of molar pregnancy are diagnosed in the first trimester by ultrasound or as early pregnancy losses.
The initial management is by evacuation and registration with one of the follow‐up services, which are based in Sheffield, Dundee and at Charing Cross Hospital, London.
Approximately 15% of cases of complete moles and 0.5% of cases of partial moles require further treatment with chemotherapy: second evacuations are generally unhelpful.
The cure rate for molar pregnancies, including for those women requiring chemotherapy, is >99%.

Learning objectives

To learn about the aetiology and diagnosis of molar pregnancy.
To be aware of the initial management and importance of patient registration.
To be able to discuss the diagnosis with women, including an outline of indications and practicalities of chemotherapy.

Ethical issues

Calling the condition ‘persistent trophoblast disease’ rather than ‘cancer’ is appropriate, given the near 100% cure rate.

Please cite this article as: Savage P. Molar pregnancy. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:3–8.