bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Emission: Current Practice and Future Directions
Authors: Sachse W , Yamaguchi K , Roget J 
Published: March 2009

Description
Topics addressed include: sensors and AE systems; fundamental aspects of AE acousto-ultrasonics; new AE signal processing techniques; structural monitoring applications; material deformation studies; novel applications of AE measurement; geotechnical applications; and the use of AE to monitor failure processes in composite materials.
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: 10th Volume
Authors: Bode LE , Hazen JL , Chasin DG 
Published: March 2009

Description
Provides the most up-to-date information on pesticide formulations and techniques for applying pesticides. 21 papers are organized into 3 categories:
• Perspectives on Pesticide Risks
• Formulation Technology and Characteristics of Uptake
• Application Systems
Insulation Materials: Testing and Applications, 2nd Volume
Authors: Graves RS , Wysocki DC 
Published: March 2009

Description
Brings together the latest research data on thermal insulation materials. 38 papers cover:
• Reflective/Radiant Barriers/Radiation Control Coating
• Economics and Energy impact
• Long-Term Thermal Performance of Foams
• Assessments and Properties of Foams
• Convection in Fibrous Insulation
• Tests and Models
• Performance Factors
• Innovative Insulations
• Test Methods and Comparisons
Pavement Management Implementation
Authors: Holt FB , Gramling WL 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 1121 will help you assess, design, and implement pavement management systems. Includes 31 peer-reviewed papers in two sections:
• Overview (history of pavement management, requirements of pavement management systems, problems of implementing a system, and how to evaluate pavement management systems)
• Experience (20 papers detailing the experience of users).
Damage Detection in Composite Materials
Authors: Masters JE 
Published: March 2009

Description
Designing, building, certifying, and maintaining a composite structure requires the coordinated efforts of the material scientist, the stress analyst, and the NDE specialist. The interaction of these disciplines is the theme of this new volume from ASTM.
16 peer-reviewed papers are presented in two categories: Advanced Imaging and Measurement Techniques and Manufacturing and Service-Induced Damage.
For composite material users; stress analysts, design engineers, structural engineers, inspection (NDE) engineers. Also for researchers at universities and government laboratories.
Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, Fourth Volume
Authors: Stinchcomb W , Ashbaugh N 
Published: March 2009

Description
Addresses current issues related to fatigue and fracture of composites and practical insights on new developments in damage and failure analysis and test methods. Provides new directions for emerging technology areas, such as micro mechanics and interfacial analysis, which are applicable to fatigue and fracture of composites. The materials addressed are thermo-composites, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites, as well as a specialty laminate.
Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of Materials
Authors: Sehitoglu H 
Published: March 2009

Description
Topics covered:
• the dramatic contribution of oxidation on fatigue crack growth in thermomechanical fatigue by comparing preoxidized and virgin samples
• dynamic strain aging and dynamic recovery effects in austenitic stainless steels under thermomechanical fatigue
• thermomechanic fatigue of IN-738 and proposed life model incorporating time, temperature, and stain effects
• analysis of local stresses and strains for same class of materials
• characterization of crack growth through temperature and stress gradients.
Fracture Mechanics: Twenty-Third Symposium
Authors: Chona R 
Published: March 2009

Description
45 peer-reviewed papers in 7 sections:
• Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics--Analyses and Constraint Issues
• Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics--Applications
• Linear-Elastic Fracture mechanics--Analyses
• Linear-Elastic Fracture Mechanics--Applications
• Fatigue and Nondestructive Evaluation
• Composites and Nonmetals
• Probabilistic and Dynamic Issues
Modeling of Indoor Air Quality and Exposure
Authors: Nagda NL 
Published: March 2009

Description
Provides you with both the underlying theory and examples of practical applications of models. 20 peer-reviewed papers discuss:
• interactions between sources and sinks of indoor air pollution
• problem areas related to model validation and their solutions
• application of models to evaluate ventilation performance and indoor air quality implications of proposed indoor space designs
• design and assessment of natural ventilation strategies and prediction of smoke movement
• use of models to predict formaldehyde and radon concentrations
• development and use of models to predict human exposures to toxic contaminants such as benzene.
In three sections: modeling and measuring sources and sinks; model validation and application; and modeling of exposures.
Fracture Mechanics: Twenty-Fourth Volume
Authors: Landes JD , McCabe DE , Boulet JAM 
Published: March 2009

Description
Contains significant insight on the latest international developments in fracture mechanics. Central thermes are constraint issues and nonlinear fracture mechanics. Several papers also deal with the industry's most active topic of study, the two-parameter fracture mechanics approach to constraint and its impact on transition fracture toughness.
9 sections cover:
• Progress in Fracture Mechanics Research
• Constraint Issues
• Ductile to Brittle Transition
• Elastic-Plastic Fracture
• High Temperature Effects
• K Analysis
• Applications
• Fatigue
• Nonmetallic Materials
Computerized Chemical Data Standards: Databases, Data Interchange, and Information Systems
Authors: Lysakowski R , Gragg CE 
Published: March 2009

Description
To remain competitive, industries most computerize as much of their chemical data as possible. Manufacturers dependent on chemical data need access to rapid, on-line information, and yet few formal standards exist for database storage, the exchange of chemical structure data, analytical chemistry data, or for presentation of chemical information to end users. STP 1214 presents 13 peer-reviewed papers written by leaders in the field of chemical data computerization. The papers cover:
• molecular structure information
• analytical (testing) laboratory information
• and presentation and publication of chemical data.
This handy reference provides you with examples on how to standardize data interchange; explanations on techniques such as abstract data modeling, object-oriented analysis, design, and implementation; and requirements for current and future standards in chemistry, including systems modeling and abstract data modeling.
Analysis of Soils Contaminated with Petroleum Constituents
Authors: Hoddinott K , O'Shay T 
Published: March 2009

Description
Presents the latest research on analytical procedures for soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, and the behavior of hydrocarbons, and the behavior of hydrocarbon contaminated soils.
9 peer-reviewed papers cover:
• Differences and difficulties in recovering oil from a soil sample
• Attributes of the fuel isolation, identification, and quantitation method
• Applicability of Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) to the preparation of oil contaminated soil samples
• A tiered analytical protocol for characterizing heavy oil residues in soil
• Three methods for measuring petroleum hydrocarbons in soil
• Petroleum hydrocarbon analytical techniques and their limitations
• Effects of crude oil contamination on compaction, stress deformation, compressibility, shear strength, and permeability characteristics of sand.
• Experimental and modeling approaches to understand the behaviors of oil in soils.
Rationale for the Design and Use of Pure Titanium Internal Fixation Plates
Authors: Baumgart FW , Perren SM 
Published: March 2009

Commercially pure titanium is standardized by ISO 5832-2 and has better fatigue strength than stainless steel. Its other mechanical properties are comparable to the properties of stainless steel.
Bone plates need contouring in most cases of application. A retrospective evaluation of more than 500 clinical cases showed that the initiated strain by contouring is on average about 1.6% below the elongation at fracture for cp titanium. Therefore, contouring of titanium plates having equivalent design to stainless steel plates is not critical.
The most important properties of pure titanium are its excellent biocompatibility and its corrosion resistance. The metal is protected by a very thin and tough layer of titanium oxide. Anodizing gives the titanium oxide layer a certain color.
No allergic reactions to cp titanium are known so far. The debris of titanium caused by relative movement of implant parts which are in contact consists of titanium oxide and has a dark color. This may be sometimes undesirable for cosmetic reasons but the particles do not contain any toxic element.
Pure Titanium is an appropriate material for bone plates and screws used for internal fixation.
The Concept of Biological Internal Fixation Using Limited Contact Plates
Authors: Baumgart FW , Perren SM 
Published: March 2009

The internal fixation of bone fractures aims at early, complete and lasting recovery of limb function. for many years, emphasis was placed on precise reduction and interfragmentary compression as a means of keeping the fragment surfaces from moving. In cases of multifragmentary fractures, this procedure involves extensive surgical intervention and causes additional damage to the circulation of bone. The idea of biological fixation based on the work of Ganz and Mast aims to achieve a sufficiently stable fixation with minimal encroachment on the intact tissue.
A common phenomenon observed in relation to internal fixation using bone plates is that of temporary porosis beneath the plate. Bone remodelling occurred and infection was liable to cause the formation of a sequestrum. This porosis was initially explained in mechanical terms as the result of the stress protection function of the plate. Later the work of Gunst, Gautier, Rahn, and Perren et al. demonstrated that the disturbance of blood flow due to compression of the periosteum was the important factor. This has lead to the development of the limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP). The LC-DCP has proved its worth as an implant which complies with the concept of biological fixation and which has improved the quality of treatment in general.
The Microstructural Approach to Solving Clinker-Related Problems
Authors: Sarkar SL , Samet B 
Published: March 2009

The paper discusses in detail the principles underlying today's common microstructural investigative techniques and their capabilities in diagnosing problems associated with clinker manufacture and their properties.
Several characterization techniques are available to the cement scientist/technologist. These can be divided into two broad categories, namely direct observation techniques: optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An additional tool used in conjunction with SEM is the energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDXA) unit which enables chemical analysis to be performed simultaneously. Indirect interpretative technique mainly comprises X-ray diffraction (XRD).
While all these techniques offer useful information and some definite answers concerning raw materials, thermal history of clinkerization, and resulting clinker properties, sample preparation method is of prime importance in order to derive accurate data. Each technique requires a specific sample preparation process. These are described at some length.
A number of case histories of microstructural and microanalytical characterization of clinkers are also presented in order to highlight their importance in solving clinker-related problems.
Petrographic Examination of Reinforced Concrete from Cathodically Protected Structures
Authors: Lankard DR , Scaglione NJ , Bennett JE 
Published: March 2009

Core samples were obtained from eleven 18-year to 32-year old reinforced concrete bridge and parking structures that have been under cathodic protection for 2 to 10 years. Characterization studies were conducted on the cores to assess the effects of the sustained cathodic protection current on the anode, the anode/concrete component, and the cathode/concrete component of the cathodic protection system. Characterization techniques included (1) conventional optical petrographie techniques, (2) SEM/EDS techniques, and (3) chloride ion content measurements. The 11 structures represent 8 different CP systems.
Data are also presented on cores taken from 3 ft. x 4 ft. x 6 in. (0.94 m x 1.22 m x 152 mm) reinforced concrete slabs powered for 30 months at 10 mA/ft2, 20 mA/ft2, and 40 mA/ft2 (111 mA/m2, 222 mA/m2, and 444 mA/m2) under laboratory conditions using four different CP anodes.
The investigation has provided new insights into the factors controlling the performance and longevity of the various cathodic protection systems.
A Critical Review of Analytical Approaches for Petroleum Contaminated Soil
Authors: Fan C-Y , Krishnamurthy S , Chen CT 
Published: March 2009

The clean up of soils contaminated with petroleum products is associated with several challenges, especially of analytical methodologies and data interpretation.
Petroleum products comprise a vast continuum of hydrocarbons from short chain aliphatic and simple aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline to kerosene, diesel, and heavy oils and to lubricating oils or vaseline, each gradation with increasing carbon chains and complexity. Gasoline alone may contain over twelve hundred compounds. Properties of these vary and this will be of analytical concern. Treatment technology and site remediation progress will lean heavily on analytical techniques that are accurate, reproducible and of real time value.
This paper examines the various analytical techniques available along with their special features. Some new methods currently under development are also discussed. These include: (1) High Resolution Chromatograph Method which can reveal the detail composition of the contaminants; (2) Supercritical Fluid Extraction which can save time for the analysis; and (3) Fingerprinting which can be used to determine the responsible party for the spill. In addition, the interference due to weathering is also examined.
Physical Properties and Chemical Resistance of Selected Resins for Cured-in-Place Pipe Rehabilitation
Authors: Kleweno DG 
Published: March 2009

This report is a summary of the basic chemistry, physical properties, and chemical resistance of six commercially available resins (i.e. vinyl ester, polyester, and epoxy) used for making cured-in-place pipe (CIPP). Flexural and tensile properties are included and chemical resistance from a one year study for each resin-system as a CIPP resin/felt composite in acids, bases, and oxidizing agents currently found or introduced into municipal sanitary sewer systems [1,2,3,4].
Conclusions drawn from this report indicate the three different types of resin had measurably different flexural and tensile properties that ranged the from stiff, brittle behavior to very flexible. Among the test group the two polyesters were relatively stiff, the two epoxy vinyl esters had a balance of high stiffness and strength, one epoxy system was extremely flexible, while the other was similar to the epoxy vinyl esters. The one year chemical resistance also clearly distinguished the performance of the three types of resins. Overall, the two polyester resins performed at an intermediate level, the two epoxy vinyl ester resins demonstrated superior broad range chemical resistance, and the epoxy performance ranged from poor to excellent depending on the type of curing agent used.
On the Brittle-to-Ductile Transition Fracture Behavior
Authors: Varga T , Njo DH 
Published: March 2009

Brittle-to-ductile transition behavior is one important aspect in the material behavior of ferritic steels. Because of the many influencing parameters involved, the transition behavior is known to cause great difficulties in its theoretical treatment and modeling as well as in the development of a sufficiently reliable empirical correlation. In spite of this, some means have to be provided to treat or characterize brittle-to-ductile transition behavior in an appropriate or at least in an acceptable way, especially for integrity assessments of components.
In this paper, some basic considerations and treatments of brittle-to-ductile transition, as well as relevant influencing parameters and their effects, will be discussed. Also, experimental results will be presented and conclusions drawn and new aspects discussed that can have significant consequences in the application of structural integrity assessment methods.
Fracture Toughness Evaluation for Zircaloy-2 Pressure Tubes with the Electric-Potential Method
Authors: Huang FH 
Published: March 2009

Zircaloy is commonly used for the cladding or pressure tubes in commercial nuclear reactors because of its strength, corrosion resistance, and low absorption of thermal neutrons. Fracture toughness test techniques using small samples fabricated from archival materials from the N Reactor pressure tubes of Zircaloy-2 were developed to study the factors affecting tube fracture toughness. Compact tension specimen thickness was limited by the wall thickness (7 mm) of the tubes. Specimens (5 mm thick) were prepared for fracture toughness testing, and results were analyzed using the J-integral approach. To reduce the high cost of irradiated specimen testing and to more easily precrack specimens remotely, single-specimen potential drop techniques were employed to evaluate the fracture toughness of Zircaloy-2.
The initiation fracture toughness was determined from J-R curves, which were constructed by plotting values of J as a function of crack extension computed from the electric-potential calibration curve. The J-R curves obtained from the calibration curve equation fit the initial portion of the blunting line and heat-tint data.
Results showed that at room temperature, the toughness of unirradiated N Reactor pressure Tube 1054 was the lowest and that of Tube 2755 was the highest. As the temperature was increased the fracture toughness decreased slightly, while the tearing modulus increased with temperature. The fracture resistance in the circumferential orientation was inferior to that for the longitudinal orientation. The effects of neutron fluence and hydrogen content on the fracture toughness of N Reactor pressure tubes were evaluated. Neutron irradiation substantially degraded fracture toughness. Increasing fluence decreased the fracture toughness of the alloy. Hydrogen also decreased fracture toughness, but this effect was insignificant for the pressure tubes tested.
SSRT for Hydrogen Water Chemistry Verification in BWRs
Authors: Indig ME 
Published: March 2009

The slow strain rate test (SSRT) has been used as a laboratory tool to investigate the susceptibility of austenitic stainless steels and other materials to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). During operation, IGSCC has occurred in the recirculation piping of Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs). The SSRT has demonstrated that weld or thermally sensitized T-304 stainless is susceptible to IGSCC in simulated BWR environments.
On the other hand, it has also been demonstrated that if the BWR environment can be modified, such that the electrochemical potential (ECP) is lowered sufficiently, IGSCC can be mitigated. A data base was developed indicating that the protection potential for T-304 stainless steel is ⩽-0.230 V(SHE).
In application to operating BWR power plants hydrogen is injected into the reactor feedwater system, which eventually decreases the ECP in the recirculation system. The effect in the recirculation piping water is measured by delivering water from the piping to an external test system. The test system often consists of two autoclaves, one of which measures the ECP, and the second where SSRT is performed. Typically, highly sensitized T-304 stainless steel is tested in the SSRT autoclave before hydrogen addition. In the normal BWR water chemistry (∼270°C, 200 ppb O2) IGSCC occurs usually after &gt;100 h of testing. Subsequently, a second SSRT is performed when the target ECP is achieved in the BWR water, now modified with hydrogen. This second SSRT verifies that indeed IGSCC mitigation has been achieved. Results from a number of operating BWRs show that ECP control verified by SSRT provides reactor operators with criteria for IGSCC control.
High Temperature Life Prediction of Monolithic Silicon Carbide Heat Exchanger Tubes
Authors: Sandifer JB , Edwards MJ , Brown TS , Duffy SF 
Published: March 2009

The need for improved performance in high temperature environments is prompting industry to consider the use of structural ceramic materials in heat exchanger tubes and other high temperature components. In recognition of this need, the U. S. Department of Energy has supported work for the development of nondestructive methods for evaluating flaws in monolithic ceramic components, and the associated establishment of criteria for the acceptance of flawed components. Under this development of flaw assessment criteria, DOE supported the work being presented in this paper.
The approach to developing the life prediction model combines finite element predictions, considering creep behavior, with continuum damage mechanics and Weibull reliability statistics. ABAQUS is used to predict time dependent creep response of the component based on experimental creep data. A continuity parameter is then calculated at each time step following continuum damage mechanics methods. Finally, Weibull statistics are used with the resulting continuity parameter to predict the reliability at each time step, through the use of the NASA-Lewis computer program CARES, interfaced to ABAQUS with ABACARES.
There is very limited data available to characterize the creep, continuum damage and reliability behavior of the material. For the life prediction model reported, it is assumed that the material damages isotropically. Directional effects of the damage can be added as material databases improve.
Risk Factors of Head and Neck Injuries in Equestrian Activities
Authors: Byrd JWT 
Published: March 2009

Equestrian activities represent a very heterogenous population. The risk of injury varies greatly among the various disciplines. Most injuries do not occur in organized competition but occur in the leisure, recreational or working environment.
Factors associated with mounted injuries include lack of adequate protective headgear and a significant incidence of ETOH intoxication. Unmounted cranial injuries usually occur from being kicked, reflecting the significance of exercising precaution at all times, even in unmounted situations.
Helmets that meet the ASTM standards have been found to significantly reduce head injuries. Protective vests, although popular, are unproven. A properly constructed vest may give some added protection from a direct blow but they will offer no protection from major spinal injuries.
The Response of the Cervical Spine to Axial Loading: Feasibility for Intervention
Authors: Burstein AH , Otis JC 
Published: March 2009

We present a two part study. The first part deals with the mechanics of cervical spine injury and the injury mechanism. We have established the parameters of a head first impact situation which gives rise to catastrophic cervical spine injuries. We have examined the parameters of head acceleration, time, neck and head force, and neck and trunk displacement associated with such injuries. We will present data on several types of football helmets, and show what alteration in the mechanics of injury can be expected from a helmet.
The second part is the study of injury parameters which may be useful in analyzing the efficacy of proposed protective devices. One such device, a collar air bag, will be presented and its performance criteria will be evaluated.