bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Privatisation and regulation in an Asian transitional economy: the case of Mongolia
Authors: Marshall Richard , Nixson Frederick , Walters Bernard 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMongolia's transition to a market economy has entailed rapid and extensive privatisation accompanied by,inter alia, stabilisation, liberalisation and de‐regulation. The primary objective of this strategy was to cement the new political and economic order. Little weight was given to the problems created by the privatisation programme and only limited consideration given to questions of regulation in the economic, social and environmental spheres. However, the failure of the economy to translate economic growth into poverty reduction and the acceleration of the privatisation programme, which includes the progressive transfer of land, and proposals to privatise health, educational and cultural assets, have made regulation a more pressing issue. New, powerful social classes and interest groups have emerged, which have contributed to regulatory failure and capture and have undermined public policy. We identify a range of issues relating to privatisation and regulation and discuss the degree to which they are being addressed by the post‐1990 political class. Although there exist a number of regulatory agencies, there is a lack of political commitment, and only piecemeal implementation and enforcement. The scarcity of experienced and technically competent staff capable of establishing and operating effective regulatory agencies and ensuring compliance is also a major problem. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laboratory markers of thrombosis risk in children with hereditary spherocytosis
Authors: Troendle Sarah B. , Adix Leah , Crary Shelley E. , Buchanan George R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundRecent data suggest that adults with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) may be protected from atherothrombosis before splenectomy but have increased risk of thrombosis following splenectomy. In order to aid in making informed decisions regarding splenectomy in children with HS, we conducted a retrospective study of several surrogate laboratory markers of thrombosis risk in children with HS.MethodsA retrospective record review was performed on 246 children with HS. Platelet count and hemoglobin concentration were recorded prior to and following splenectomy in each patient. Serum cholesterol levels were collected from the record when available.ResultsPrior to splenectomy, hypocholesterolemia was common. Mean platelet counts in 31 evaluable patients pre‐ and post‐splenectomy were 334 and 608 × 109/L, respectively (P < 0.001). Twenty‐nine patients (94%) exhibited persistent thrombocytosis following splenectomy. Hemoglobin values following splenectomy often rose to higher than age and gender‐matched norms, with 30% of measurements greater than the 90th percentile and 17% greater than the 97th percentile.ConclusionsThe findings of hypocholesterolemia before splenectomy and thrombocytosis and mild polycythemia afterwards support the hypothesis that patients with HS might be protected from thrombosis before splenectomy and/or more susceptible afterwards. Prospective studies of additional prothrombotic biomarkers and thrombotic events in HS patients are warranted. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:781–785. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An instructive example of a long‐latency adverse drug reaction—sclerosing peritonitis due to practolol
Authors: Mann Ronald D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveBy examination of the original Yellow Card data to determine the duration of the latent period of the sclerosing peritonitis which formed part of the oculomucocutaneous syndrome that was associated with practolol, the beta‐adrenergic receptor blocking agent that was withdrawn from clinical usage in the UK in December 1975 in response to reports of the syndrome.MethodRelevant drug analysis prints (DAPs) for practolol were obtained from the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and, by application to the Interim Committee on Yellow Card data, copies were obtained of the anonymised Yellow Card reports for all the 201 cases of sclerosing peritonitis that were reported in patients treated with practolol. These data were used to determine the latent period of this iatrogenic adverse drug reaction.ResultsIt was shown that no other cause than practolol operated in all or a majority of the cases of sclerosing peritonitis and the suspected adverse reaction could properly be attributed to the drug. The latent period (the time period between the drug start date and the reaction start date) of the sclerosing peritonitis associated with practolol averaged 201 weeks (range 26–606 weeks; standard deviation 130 weeks).ConclusionThe latent period of the sclerosing peritonitis that formed part of the practolol oculomucocutaneous syndrome averaged about 4 years and had a range of from 0.5 to over 11.5 years. The Yellow Card Scheme could detect this ultra long‐latency adverse reaction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon nanotube‐reinforced polyacrylonitrile nanofibers by vibration‐electrospinning
Authors: Wan Yu‐Qin , He Ji‐Huan , Yu Jian‐Yong 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are thought to be perfect enhancive materials for composites. Multi‐wall carbon nanotubes were directly electrospun into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers via both traditional electrospinning and vibration‐electrospinning. The fibers obtained were examined by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. CNTs were aggregated heavily in the fibers obtained by traditional electrospinning while CNTs were well distributed and aligned in PAN fibers obtained by vibration‐electrospinning. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Mathematical models for continuous electrospun nanofibers and electrospun nanoporous microspheres
Authors: He Ji‐Huan , Xu Lan , Wu Yue , Liu Yong 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA brief review of mathematical models of electrospinning is given. The nano‐effect and electrospinning dilation are presented to explain how to prepare extremely high strength continuous nanofibers and nanoporous microspheres, respectively. According to the established models, vibration‐electrospinning is introduced to improve electrospinability, Siro‐electrospinning is suggested to mimic the spinning procedure of a spider and magneto‐electrospinning is used to control the instability arising in the electrospinning process. A new theory linked to both classical mechanics and quantum mechanics should be developed to explain certain special phenomena in electrospinning. E‐infinity theory is considered to be a potential theory to deal with quantum‐like properties and nano‐effect on the nanoscale. The emphasis of this brief review is upon the authors' recent work, and the references are not exhaustive. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Engineering electrospun nanofibrillar surfaces for spinal cord repair: a discussion
Authors: Meiners Sally , Ahmed Ijaz , Ponery Abdul S , Amor Nathan , Harris Suzan L , Ayres Virginia , Fan Yuan , Chen Qian , Delgado‐Rivera Roberto , Babu Ashwin N 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: The design of implants comprised of biodegradable electrospun nanofibers for the purpose of bridging injuries in damaged spinal cord is discussed. Electrospun nanofibers structurally mimic the extracellular matrix on which neurons and other cell types grow in vivo. This property has created great interest for their use in tissue engineering applications. However, their employment as biomimetic surfaces for such in vivo applications is still in its infancy.RESULTS: A nonwoven fabric comprised of electrospun polyamide nanofibers supported modest axonal regeneration in injured adult rat spinal cord. Covalent modification of the nanofibers with a bioactive peptide derived from the neuroregulatory extracellular matrix molecule tenascin‐C enhanced the ability of the nanofibers to facilitate axonal regrowth. However, the random orientation of the nanofibrillar fabric folds was an impediment to the forward movement of axons.CONCLUSIONS: Polyamide nanofibers covalently modified with neuroactive molecules provide a promising material for grafts to promote spinal cord regeneration. However, for the proper guidance of regrowing axons, attention must be paid to the engineering of ordered nanofibrillar structures. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Lead‐free on‐laminate laser soldering: a new module assembling concept
Authors: Gast Maren , Köntges Marc , Brendel Rolf 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe demonstrate lead‐free laser soldering of standard industrial solar cells. The laser‐soldered contacts stay stable for more than 240 accelerated ageing cycles by humidity–freeze test and withstand peel forces in excess of 10 N/cm. Laser soldering is demonstrated while the cells are lying on the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) foil. This permits to connect the solar cells to the lead‐free tinned copper ribbons directly on the lamination materials. We also demonstrate soldering on the bottom side by lasering through the glass and the non‐polymerized EVA. With the aid of a pick and place robot it thus becomes possible to avoid all string handling. On‐laminate laser soldering (OLLS) technique, which permits a high level of automation and process control, induces little thermal and mechanical stress, reduces the handling and should thus be of particular advantage for assembling modules with very thin cells at a high yield. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐dimensional proteome reference map of Herbaspirillum seropedicae proteins
Authors: Chaves Daniela Fojo Seixas , Ferrer Pércio Pereira , de Souza Emanuel Maltempi , Gruz Leonardo Magalhães , Monteiro Rose Adele , de Oliveira Pedrosa Fábio 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHerbaspirillum seropedicae is an endophytic diazotroph associated with economically important crops such as rice, sugarcane, and wheat. Here, we present a 2‐D reference map for H. seropedicae. Using MALDI‐TOF‐MS we identified 205 spots representing 173 different proteins with a calculated average of 1.18 proteins/gene. Seventeen hypothetical or conserved hypothetical ORFs were shown to code for true gene products. These data will support the genome annotation process and provide a basis on which to undertake comparative proteomic studies.
A novel late embryogenesis abundant protein and peroxidase associated with black point in barley grains
Authors: March Timothy J. , Able Jason A. , Schultz Carolyn J. , Able Amanda J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBlack point of barley grain is a disorder characterised by a brown‐black discolouration at the embryo end of the grain. Black point is undesirable to the malting industry and results in significant economic loss annually. To identify proteins associated with barley black point we utilised a proteomic approach with 2‐DE to compare proteins from whole grain samples of black pointed and healthy grain. From this comparison two condition‐specific proteins were identified: a novel 75 kDa late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) protein and a barley grain peroxidase 1 (BP1) that were specifically more abundant in healthy grain and black pointed grain, respectively. Although LEA protein was less abundant in black pointed grain, LEA gene expression was greater suggesting protein degradation had possibly occurred in black pointed grain. Similarly, the increase in BP1 in black pointed grain could not be explained by gene expression. Western blot analysis also revealed that the identified LEA protein is biotinylated in vivo. The role that each of these proteins might have in black point development is discussed.
Photo‐ and thermochromic cation sensitive spiro[indoline‐pyridobenzopyrans]
Authors: Chernyshev Anatoly V. , Metelitsa Anatoly V. , Gaeva Elena B. , Voloshin Nikolai A. , Borodkin Gennady S. , Minkin Vladimir I. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe photo‐ and thermochromic behaviour of a series of spiro[indolinepyridobenzopyrans] 1–5 has been studied. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the thermal equilibria between the ring‐closed and ring‐opened (merocyanine) isomeric forms of spiropyrans have been determined using UV–Vis absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopies techniques. The most stable form of 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐spiro[indoline‐pyridobenzopyran] 4 is represented by its trans‐(hydroxystyryl)oxazolidineindoline isomer coexisting in acetone solution with the ring‐closed spiroform. In the presence in solution of metal salts, spiro[indoline‐pyridobenzopyrans] exhibit strong ionochromic effect due to the formation of complexes with the merocyanine ligand. The composition of the complexes formed by Zn2+ and Ni2+ ions has been determined with the use of spectrophotometric and electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy techniques. The stepwise stability constants and spectral properties of the most stable 1:1 and 1:2 metal/merocyanine complexes have been determined. Selectivity of the complexation reaction depends on the position of the thermochromic equilibrium. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substituent effect of diarylethenes on IR spectra for application of non‐destructive readout of photochromic recording
Authors: Takata Atsushi , Yokojima Satoshi , Nakagawa Hirotomo , Matsuzawa Yuji , Murakami Akinori , Nakamura Shinichiro , Irie Masahiro , Uchida Kingo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPhotochromic diarylethene derivatives, 1,2‐bis(2‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐3‐thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (1), 1,2‐bis(2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐phenyl‐3‐thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (2), and 1,2‐bis(2‐methoxy‐5‐phenyl‐3‐thienyl) perfluorocyclopentene (3) were prepared to study substituent effects on IR spectra. The origin of the change of IR spectra due to the substituents may be categorized into (1) change in structure, (2) change in charge distribution, and (3) new normal modes due to the newly introduced substituent, which was examined by ab initio quantum chemical calculations. Comparisons between the experimental and computational IR spectra clarified the difference of the substituent effects between open‐ and closed‐ring isomers. Such understanding should be useful for designing diarylethene derivatives in use for non‐destructive readout by IR light. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorene‐based liquid crystalline networks with linearly polarized blue emission
Authors: Millaruelo Marta , Chinellato Luiz S. , Serrano José Luis , Oriol Luis , Piñol Milagros 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA series of fluorene‐based luminophores containing methacrylic end groups have been prepared and incorporated into uniaxially oriented liquid crystalline films by in situ photopolymerization. Various structural modifications on the 2‐(4‐cyanophenyl)fluorene core, which include alkyl chains at the 9‐position and elongation of the rigid core with one additional phenyl ring, have been investigated to generate emitters with adjusted liquid crystal compatibility, improved luminescence and dichroic properties. Polarized blue‐emitting films were produced that had an acceptable photostability, and it was found that the polarization emission was better for samples with low (5%) cross‐linker contents. Polarization of the luminescence was favored by the liquid crystalline properties of the luminophore. In addition, the detrimental effect of the alkyl substituent at the fluorene core on the mesomorphism and on the emission polarization can be overcome by lengthening the π‐system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4804–4817, 2007
Living cationic polymerization of vinyl ether with a cyclic acetal group
Authors: Namikoshi Takeshi , Hashimoto Tamotsu , Urushisaki Michio 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe living cationic polymerization of 5‐ethyl‐2‐methyl‐5‐(vinyloxymethyl)‐1,3‐dioxane (1), a vinyl ether with a cyclic acetal unit, was investigated with various initiating systems in toluene or methylene chloride at 0 to −30 °C. With initiating systems such as hydrogen chloride (HCl)/zinc chloride (ZnCl2), isobutyl vinyl ether–acetic acid adduct [CH3CH(OiBu)OCOCH3]/tin tetrabromide (SnBr4)/di‐tert‐butylpyridine (DTBP), and CH3CH(OiBu)OCOCH3/ethylaluminum sesquichloride (Et1.5AlCl1.5)/ethyl acetate (CH3COOEt), the number‐average molecular weights (Mn's) of the obtained poly(1)s increased in direct proportion to the monomer conversion and produced polymers with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions [MWDs; weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) = 1.2–1.3]. To investigate the living nature of the polymerization with CH3CH(OiBu)OCOCH3/SnBr4/DTBP, a second monomer feed was added to the almost polymerized reaction mixture. The added monomer was completely consumed, and the Mn values of the polymers showed a direct increase against the conversion of the added monomer, indicating the formation of a long‐lived propagating species. The glass transition temperature and thermal decomposition temperature of poly(1) (e.g., Mn = 13,600, Mw/Mn = 1.30) were 29 and 308 °C, respectively. The cyclic acetal group in the pendants of the polymer of 1 could be converted to the corresponding two hydroxy groups in a 65% yield by an acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis reaction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4855–4866, 2007
Synthesis and electroluminescent properties of a phenothiazine‐based polymer for nondoped polymer light‐emitting diodes with a stable orange‐red emission
Authors: Liu Yingliang , Cao Huayu , Li Jianghui , Chen Zhijian , Cao Shaokui , Xiao Lixin , Xu Shengang , Gong Qihuang 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA novel phenothiazine‐based polymer was synthesized through the Heck reaction of 3,7‐divinyl‐N‐octyl‐phenothiazine with 4,7‐dibromo‐2‐octylbenzotriazole according to the alternating donor–acceptor strategy. The polymer was characterized with 1H NMR, infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, cyclic voltammetry, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. With the polymer used as an active layer, three nondoped polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) with a double‐layer configuration were fabricated by the spin‐coating approach with different thermal annealing processes. The emission maximum in electroluminescent spectra was stabilized at 616 nm. The maximum luminance reached 2432 cd/m2. The coordinate value of Commission International de l'Eclairage 1931 in the double‐layer PLEDs after the thermal treatment was nearly stabilized at (x, y) =(0.62, 0.38). Additionally, the luminous efficiency of device II reached a balanceable state with an increase in the current. Therefore, the polymer had an orange‐red emission with stable chromaticity coordinates under different driving voltages. Finally, a nondoped device with a stable luminous efficiency and chromaticity was obtained. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4867–4878, 2007
Influence of specific muscle training on pain, activity limitation and kinesiophobia in women with back pain post‐partum — A ‘Single‐subject research design’
Authors: Gustafsson Johanna , Nilsson‐Wikmar Lena 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Many women suffer from back pain and experience activity limitation post‐partum. To our knowledge the physiological factors and physiotherapy related to back pain post‐partum have received limited evaluation and the effectiveness of specific physiotherapeutic approaches to exercise should be tested. In addition, there has been limited research on kinesiophobia in women with back pain post‐partum. The purpose of the current study was to test the influence of specific trunk muscle training on pain, activity limitation and kinesiophobia in 10 subjects with back pain post‐partum. Method. The treatment consisted of specific deep muscle training of the transversus abdominus and multifidus muscles. Pain was rated based on the visual analogue scale (VAS) and pain drawings. Activity limitation was recorded using the Disability Rating Index. Kinesiophobia was evaluated using the Swedish version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. An A–B–A single‐subject research design was used and a number of measurements were obtained during each phase. The analysis consisted of a visual inspection and a two standard deviation band test (2‐SD). Results. The visual analysis showed a trend towards reduced pain and activity limitation for all 10 subjects. The 2‐SD test showed mixed results among all subjects. In addition, all subjects reported kinesiophobia before and after treatment. Conclusions. Individual specific deep muscle training of the transversus abdominus and multifidus muscles reduced pain and activity limitation in women with back pain post‐partum. Further research is needed to determine more precisely how kinesiophobia affects women with back pain post‐partum. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,4‐Diazepine‐2,5‐dione ring formation during solid phase synthesis of peptides containing aspartic acid β‐benzyl ester
Authors: Süli‐Vargha Helga , Schlosser Gitta , Ilaš Janez 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Fmoc‐based SPPS of H‐Xaa‐Asp(OBzl)‐Yaa‐Gly‐NH2 sequences results in side reactions yielding not only aspartimide peptides and piperidide derivatives, but also 1,4‐diazepine‐2,5‐dione‐peptides. Evidence is presented to show that the 1,4‐diazepine‐2,5‐dione derivative is formed from the aspartimide peptide. The rate of this ring transformation depends primarily on the tendency to aspartimide and piperidide formation, which is influenced by the nature of the amino acid following the aspartic acid β‐benzyl ester (Xaa). However the bulkiness of the amino acid side chain preceeding the aspartic acid β‐benzyl ester (Yaa) is also important. Under certain conditions the 1,4‐diazepine‐2,5‐dione peptide derivative may even be formed dominantly, which is a highly undesirable side reaction in peptide synthesis, but which provides a new way for the synthesis of diazepine peptide derivatives with targeted biological or pharmacological activity. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viral peptide immunogens: current challenges and opportunities
Authors: Azizi Ali , Diaz‐Mitoma Francisco 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSynthetic peptide vaccines have potential to control viral infections. Successful experimental models using this approach include the protection of mice against the lethal Sendai virus infection by MHC class I binding CTL peptide epitope. The main benefit of vaccination with peptide epitopes is the ability to minimize the amount and complexity of a well‐defined antigen. An appropriate peptide immunogen would also decrease the chance of stimulating a response against self‐antigens, thereby providing a safer vaccine by avoiding autoimmunity. In general, the peptide vaccine strategy needs to dissect the specificity of antigen processing, the presence of B‐and T‐cell epitopes and the MHC restriction of the T‐cell responses. This article briefly reviews the implications in the design of peptide vaccines and discusses the various approaches that are applied to improve their immunogenicity. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.