bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
USE OF MIDAZOLAM/PETHIDINE AND TILETAMINE/ZOLAZEPAM COMBINATIONS FOR THE CHEMICAL RESTRAINT OF LEOPARD SEALS (HYDRURGA LEPTONYX)
Authors: Higgins Damien P. , Rogers Tracey L. , Irvine Andrew D. , Hall‐Aspland Sophie A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe immobilized 200–550‐kg leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) on sea ice in Prydz Bay, Antarctica (68°25′S, 77°10′E) between November 1997 and February 2000. Midazolam (0.18–0.27 mg/kg)/ pethidine (1.0–1.5 mg/kg) was administered by dart to 16 leopard seals. Unpredictable immobilization, poor airway maintenance, and our inability to fully assess the suitability of flumazenil (0.003–0.01 mg/kg), naloxone (0.01–0.013 mg/kg), and naltrexone (0.05–0.12 mg/kg) as reversal agents limited suitability of midazolam/pethidine. Tiletamine/zolazepam 1:1 (0.5–1.5 mg/kg) was, therefore, administered to 19 leopard seals. It produced faster induction (19 ± 3 min), more effective and reliable response to dose (rank correlation: rs= 0.88, n= 18), and better pulmonary ventilation and faster return of cognitive function upon recovery, in comparison to midazolam/pethidine. Best results were achieved with tiletamine/zolazepam (1.2–1.4 mg/kg) which safely immobilized seven of nine seals for 20–30 min. Entry to the water upon darting was minimized, but not eliminated, by the use of lightweight air‐pressurized darts and a thorough knowledge of leopard seal behavior.
COST OF TRANSPORT IN STELLER SEA LIONS, EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS
Authors: Rosen David A. S. , Trites Andrew W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe cost of swimming is a key component in the energy budgets of marine mammals. Unfortunately, data to derive predictive allometric equations are limited, and estimates exist for only one other species of otariid. Our study measured the oxygen consumption of three juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) swimming in a flume tank at velocities up to 2.2 m sec−1. Minimum measured cost of transport ranged from 3.5–5.3 J kg−1 m−1, and was reached at swimming speeds of 1.7–2.1 m s−1. These cost‐of‐transport values are higher than those reported for other marine mammals. However, once differences in stationary metabolic rate were accounted for, the locomotor costs (LC) for the Steller sea lions were commensurate with those of other marine mammals. Locomotor costs (LC in J m−1) appeared to be directly proportional to body mass (M in kg) such that LC = 1.651M1.01. These estimates for the cost of locomotion can be incorporated into bioenergetic models and used to determine the energetic consequences of observed swimming behavior in wild marine mammals.
A NEW SPECIES OF BEAKED WHALE MESOPLODON PERRINI SP. N. (CETACEA: ZIPHIIDAE) DISCOVERED THROUGH PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES
Authors: Dalebout Merel L. , Mead James G. , Baker C. Scott , Baker Alan N. , van Helden Anton L. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Mesoplodon perrini, a new species of beaked whale is described on the basis of five animals stranded on the coast of California (between 32°55′N, 117°15′W and 36°37′N, 121°55′W) from May 1975 to September 1997. Four of these animals were initially identified as Hector's beaked whales M. hectori based on cranial morphology (Mead 1981). A fifth specimen was initially identified as a neonate Cuvier's beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris based on external features. These specimens were first recognized as representatives of an undescribed species through phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region and cytochrome b sequence data. Although similar morphologically, the genetic data do not support a close evolutionary relationship between M. perrini and M. hectori. Instead, these data suggest a possible sister species relationship with the lesser beaked whale M. peruvianus. Sightings of two small beaked whales off California in the 1970s which were tentatively identified as M. hectori are also likely to be M. perrini. We suggest that M. hectori is confined to the Southern Hemisphere, while M. perrini is known to date only from the North Pacific.
RESURRECTION OFMESOPLODON TRAVERSII(GRAY, 1874), SENIOR SYNONYM OFM. BAHAMONDIREYES, VAN WAEREBEEK, CÁRDENAS AND YÁÑEZ, 1995 (CETACEA: ZIPHIIDAE)
Authors: van Helden Anton L. , Baker Alan N. , Dalebout Merel L. , Reyes Julio C. , Waerebeek Koen Van , Baker C. Scott 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMesoplodon traversii(Gray, 1874) is shown to be a senior synonym of the recently described beaked whaleMesoplodon hahamondiReyeset al., 1995 on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. The mandible and teeth ofM. traversii, first reported in 1873 by Hector asDolichodon layardii. are redescribed. The species can be distinguished by features of the calvaria; including the large jugal, broad rostrum, and small distance between premaxillary foramina. The male teeth, which are large and spade‐shaped with a strong terminal denticle, are also diagnostic.M. traversiiis known only from Pitt Island and White Island, New Zealand and Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile.
ATOC AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF HUMPBACK WHALES (MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE) OFF THE NORTH SHORE OF KAUAI
Authors: Frankel Adam S. , Clark Christopher W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHumpback whale diving behavior changes subtly when exposed to signals transmitted from the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) sound projector located 14 km offshore the island of Kauai. This study considered whether such responses would lead to changes in distribution and abundance. A land‐based shore station measured humpback whale locations (scan samples) for both nearshore (<5 km) and offshore (5–10 km) areas. Control observations were made in 1994 and 1998. In 1998 multipleday blocks with ATOC transmissions were interspersed with multiple‐day control blocks without transmissions. Sighting rates were higher in 1998 (ATOC) than in 1994 (control year), probably due to better sighting conditions, but may reflect increased population size. Sighting rates did not differ between control and ATOC conditions in 1998. A seasonal sighting peak was observed in both years. No vessel effect on sighting rate was detected in 1998.There was no effect of ATOC on the distance from the shore station to whales, or the depth of water where pods were located. However, the distribution of whales shifted slightly eastward during the ATOC blocks and the mean distance between the ATOC source and pods was greater during transmissions. Nonetheless, more whales were found close to the source when it was on, suggesting a more variable response rather than simple avoidance, with whales found both closer to, and farther away from, the source during transmissions.
DIETS OF FIN, SEI, AND SPERM WHALES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: AN ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL WHALING RECORDS, 1963–1967
Authors: Flinn Rowenna D. , Trites Andrew W. , Gregr Edward J. , Perry R. Ian 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDiets of fin (Balaenoptera physalus), sei (Balaenoptera borealis), and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) were estimated from the stomach contents of individuals killed along the British Columbia coast from 1963 to 1967. The dominant prey types of fin whales were euphausiids, with minor contributions from copepods and fish. Sei whale stomachs contained primarily copepods in three years, whereas euphausiids or a variety of fish dominated the diet in the other two years. Sperm whales consumed primarily North Pacific giant squid (Moroteuthis robusta), but secondary prey differed between males and females. Female sperm whales frequently consumed ragfish (Icosteusspp.) and other fish, whereas the male diet also contained rockfish (Sebastesspp.). The high abundance of euphausiids along the British Columbia coast likely contributed to the presence of a summer resident population of fin whales. The high abundance of large copepods farther north probably influenced the migration of sei whales through the offshore waters of British Columbia. Sperm whale stomach contents differed by sex reflecting location and possibly breeding behaviors.
MONITORING THE PREY‐FIELD OF MARINE PREDATORS: COMBINING DIGITAL IMAGING WITH DATALOGGING TAGS
Authors: Hooker Sascha K. , Boyd Ian L. , Jessopp Mark , Cox Oliver , Blackwell John , Boveng Peter L. , Bengtson John L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThere is increasing interest in the diving behavior of marine mammals. However, identifying foraging among recorded dives often requires several assumptions. The simultaneous acquisition of images of the prey encountered, together with records of diving behavior will allow researchers to more fully investigate the nature of subsurface behavior. We tested a novel digital camera linked to a time‐depth recorder on Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). During the austral summer 2000–2001, this system was deployed on six lactating female fur seals at Bird Island, South Georgia, each for a single foraging trip. The camera was triggered at depths greater than 10 m. Five deployments recorded still images (640 × 480 pixels) at 3‐sec intervals (total 8,288 images), the other recorded movie images at 0.2‐sec intervals (total 7,598 frames). Memory limitation (64 MB) restricted sampling to approximately 1.5 d of 5–7 d foraging trips. An average of 8.5% of still pictures (2.4%‐11.6%) showed krill (Euphausia sulperba) distinctly, while at least half the images in each deployment were empty, the remainder containing blurred or indistinct prey. In one deployment krill images were recorded within 2.5 h (16 km, assuming 1.8 m/sec travel speed) of leaving the beach. Five of the six deployments also showed other fur seals foraging in conjunction with the study animal. This system is likely to generate exciting new avenues for interpretation of diving behavior.
ESTIMATING STRUCK AND LOSS RATES FOR HARP SEALS (PAGOPHILUS GROENLANDICUS) IN THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC
Authors: Sjare B. , Stenson G. B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractOne of the major sources of unreported mortality during the commercial harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) hunt in the Northwest Atlantic is the number of animals that are killed but not recovered or reported, commonly referred to as struck and lost. With the significant expansion of the hunt in Canada and in Greenland during the mid‐1990s, there is a concern that the number of seals lost may have reached a level that is not sustainable relative to current harvest levels. To address this problem a study examining struck and loss rates was initiated in 1998 and 1999. Loss rates for young seals taken on the ice varied from 0% to 1.9% and from 0% to 10.0% when taken in the water. Seals greater than one year of age had loss rates of 0%–4.9% when taken on the ice and 13.8%‐50.0% when taken in the water. These estimates are lower than those recently reported for Northwest Atlantic harp seals.
DIET OF SOUTH AMERICAN FUR SEALS (ARCTOCEPHALUS AUSTRALIS) IN ISLA DE LOBOS, URUGUAY
Authors: Naya Daniel E. , Arim Matías , Vargas Rodrigo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe diet of Arctocephalus australis was studied through fecal analysis, from September of 1995 to May of 1998, in Isla de Lobos (35°01′50″S‐54°53′00″W), Uruguay. A total of 539 scats analyzed indicated that the weakfish (Cynoscion guatucupa), the cutlasfish (Trichiurus lepturus), the anchoveta (Engraulis anchoita), the anchovy (Anchoa marinii), and cephalopods were the main prey consumed by these fur seals. Prey richness was higher during January. The diet of A. australis varied between years, apparently related to changes in prey availability. C. guatucupa and E. anchoita decreased while T. lepturus and cephalopods increased from 1996 to 1998. South American fur seals fed on fish ranging in length from 5.4 to 104.8 cm and from 0.7 to 629.9 g in wet mass. However, the mean mass of the main items was never more than 200 g. Observations suggests that A. australis is a trophic generalist with the potential to prey on a wide range of species, although most of the diet is comprised of relatively few species. Fur seals and artisan fisheries both took C. guatucupa, with fur seals taking younger individuals (1–2 yr) than artisan fisheries (> 3 yr).
THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE NOMINAL DOLPHIN SPECIES DELPHINUS TROPICALIS VAN BREE, 1971
Authors: Jefferson Thomas A. , Waerebeek Koen Van 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe taxonomic status of common dolphins in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has been clarified in recent years, with the discovery that there appear to be two species, a short‐beaked (Delphinus delphis) and a long‐beaked (D. capensis) species. However, the taxonomy of common dolphins in the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia is still unclear. A nominal third species, Delphinus tropicalis van Bree, 1971, has been described from this area, but its validity is controversial. We reviewed records and literature on common dolphins from South Africa east to Australia and Japan, and measured 206 skulls of common dolphins from the Indo‐Pacific and southern California. Other than southern Australia, we found no evidence for Delphinus delphis in the Indo‐Pacific (South African specimens appear to be D. capensis). Previous reports of short‐beaked common dolphins in the Indo‐Pacific appear to have been cases of misidentification. The tropicalis‐form has an exceptionally long and narrow rostrum with high tooth counts, but otherwise appears to resemble D. capensis, in both skeletal and external morphology. From an examination of 86 Delphinus skulls from the reported range of tropicalis (Middle East to China), we found that both tooth counts and rostral length/zygomatic width ratios were higher than for 94 D. capensis specimens from southern Japan, South Africa, and California. These measurements were greatest in the central Indian Ocean (around India). However, there was evidence of clinal variation, with both decreasing as one moves east or west from India, towards South Africa in the west or Japan in the east. We suggest that the tropicalis‐form is actually a long‐beaked subspecies of D. capensis, which may hybridize or intergrade with the standard capensis‐form in southeast Asia and possibly along the east coast of Africa. The appropriate name is Delphinus capensis tropicalis (van Bree, 1971), and a formal description of the subspecies is provided.
RESIDENCE PATTERNS OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) IN THE STONO RIVER ESTUARY, CHARLESTON COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA, U.S.A.
Authors: Zolman Eric Samuel 
Published: August 2006

AbstractResidence patterns of inshore bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Stono River estuary, Charleston County, South Carolina were investigated as part of a larger effort to better understand stock structure of these dolphins along the east coast of the United States. Eighty‐seven small‐boat surveys for bottlenose dolphins were conducted from October 1994 through January 1996. Dolphins were sighted during all surveys. Approximately 304 h were spent surveying the study area; 64% (n= 196 h) of this time was spent observing and videotaping dolphins. A catalog, containing 112 individually identified dolphins was compiled. Thirty‐two percent (n= 36) of identified dolphins were sighted once, while 28% (n= 31) were sighted five or more times. Nineteen percent (n= 21) of identified dolphins were determined to be year‐round residents; eight percent (n= 9) seasonal residents. The majority (64%, n= 72) of identified dolphins were sighted in the study area during a single season or in two consecutive seasons and were classified as transients. This study documents the northernmost known site of a resident bottlenose dolphin community on the east coast of the United States, suggesting a complex bottlenose dolphin stock structure.
SPATIOTEMPORAL PREDICTION MODELS OF CETACEAN HABITATS IN THE MID‐WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN (FROM CAPE HATTERAS, NORTH CAROLINA, U.S.A. TO NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA)
Authors: Hamazaki Toshihide 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHabitat prediction models were developed for 13 cetacean species of the mid‐western North Atlantic Ocean: beaked whale, fin whale, humpback whale, minke whale, pilot whale, sperm whale, bottlenose dolphin, common dolphin, Risso's dolphin, spotted dolphin, whitesided dolphin, and harbor porpoise. Using the multiple logistic regression, sightings of cetaceans during the 1990–1996 summer (June‐September) surveys were modeled with oceanographic (sea surface temperature, monthly probability of front occurrence) and topographic (depth, slope) variables for the same period. Predicted habitat maps for June and August were created for each species using a Geographical Information System. The predicted habitat locations matched with current and historic cetacean sighting locations. The model also predicted habitat shifts for some species associated with oceanographic changes. The correct classification rate of the prediction models with 1997–1998 summer survey data ranged from 44% to 70%, of which most of the misclassifications were caused by false positives (i.e., absence of sightings at locations where the models predicted).
THERMAL FUNCTION OF PHOCID SEAL FUR
Authors: Kvadsheim P. H. , Aarseth J. J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn phocid seals, blubber serves as the main thermal insulation instead of fur. The thermal function of fur, at least in adult phocid seals, has therefore been questioned. We measured the relative contribution of fur to the combined thermal resistance (insulation) offered by blubber, skin, and fur in newborn and adult harp (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and hooded (Cystophora cristata) seals, in air and water, to elucidate the role of fur as insulation in phocid seals. In air the fur contributed 90% of the combined thermal resistance of blubber, skin, and fur in newborn harp seal pups and 29% in adulrs, whereas in hooded seals the fur contributed 73% in newborn pups and 34% in adults. When submerged the thermal resistance of the fur was reduced by 84%‐92%, and contributed 65% to the total insulation in newborn harp seal pups and 3% in adults, and 26% in newborn hooded seal pups and 5% in adults. We conclude that in air the fur of phocid seals makes an important contribution to the insulation of pups, and also contributes considerably to the insulation of adult animals. In water, even though the thermal resistance of the fur is dramatically reduced, the fur still contributes substantially to the insulation of pups, but its contribution in adults is negligible.
COMPARATIVE FEEDING ECOLOGY OF SPINNER DOLPHINS (STENELLA LONGIROSTRIS) AND FRASER'S DOLPHINS (LAGENODELPHIS HOSEI) IN THE SULU SEA
Authors: Dolar M. Louella L. , Walker William A. , Kooyman Gerald L. , Perrin William F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFraser's and spinner dolphins are known to feed on mesopelagic prey, bur their diets and feeding ecologies have not been compared in areas where they are observed together. In this study we examined the stomach contents of both species caught incidentally in a driftnet fishery for tuna in the eastern Sulu Sea. Importance of prey items was determined using the percent occurrence, percent number, and volumetric methods. Mesopelagic fishes, particularly myctophids (mainly Ceratoscopelus warmingi, Diaphus spp. and Myctophum asperum), were the most important component in the diet of spinner dolphins, whereas in Eraser's dolphins, mesopelagic cephalopods (Abraliopsis, Onychoteuthis, Histioteuthis, and Chiroteuthis), and crustaceans (Notostomos elegans, Acanthephyra quadrispinosa, and Acanthephyra carinata) appeared to be equally important as the myctophid species. Fraser's dolphins appeared to feed preferentially on larger prey and had more diversified prey (Shannon's diversity index = 1.2) than spinner dolphins (diversity index = 0.9). Vertical distributions of the prey items summarized from published literature indicate that spinner dolphins forage in the upper 200 m and probably occasionally to as deep as 400 m, whereas Fraser's dolphins have a wider vertical foraging range, from near the surface to probably as deep as 600 m.
ABUNDANCE OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS IN THE BAYS, SOUNDS, AND ESTUARIES OF NORTH CAROLINA
Authors: Read Andrew J. , Urian Kim W. , Wilson Ben , Waples Danielle M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe conducted a mark‐recapture survey of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in the bays, sounds, and estuaries of North Carolina during July 2000, using photographic identification techniques. During this survey we took 7,682 photographs of dolphins and, of these, 3,457 images were of sufficient quality for analysis. We identified 306 dolphins from distinctive nicks and notches on their dorsal fins. Eighry‐six dolphins were photographed on more than one occasion during the course of the survey; one dolphin was photographed on four separate days. We then applied the results of our photographic analyses to several mark‐recapture models and examined potential violations of the assumptions of these models, including an unexpected correlation between photo quality and mark distinctiveness. Our analysis suggests that our results are robusr to possible violations of these assumptions. The resulting estimates were then scaled to account for the proportion (0.46) of unmarked dolphins in the population. Our best estimate of the number of dolphins present in the inshore waters of North Carolina during July 2000 is 1,033 with a 95% Confidence Interval of 860–1,266 (CV = 0.099). Most dolphins were found in the northern part of the study area, which includes the second largest estuarine system in the United States.
BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS INCREASE BREATHING SYNCHRONY IN RESPONSE TO BOAT TRAFFIC
Authors: Hastie Gordon D. , Wilson Ben , Tufft Lindsay H. , Thompson Paul M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTo minimize potential impacts of boat traffic on the behavior of cetaceans it is important to assess short‐term behavioral responses to boats and interpret the long‐term consequences of these. Anecdotal descriptions of synchronous behavior in cetaceans are particularly frequent with reports of individuals within schools surfacing to breathe in a coordinated fashion being common. However, quantitative descriptions are rare. This study begins by quantifying synchronous breathing patterns of bottlenose dolphins off northern Scotland. We investigate possible functions of synchrony such as feeding patterns and presence of calves. We then test whether the presence of boat traffic in an area used intensively by dolphins affects their breathing synchrony. Although the majority of dolphin schools observed showed random breathing patterns, 30.5 % of schools showed synchronous breathing. There was no variation in this behavior with respect to identifiable feeding activities. However, synchrony was significantly negatively telated to the presence of calves in the school (χ2= 7.17, df = 1, P = 0.007) and significantly positively related to the presence of boat traffic in the study area (χ= 13.85, df = 1, P = 0.0002). Such consistent short‐term behavioral responses by dolphins may potentially accumulate to produce longer‐term consequences both for individuals and the whole population.