bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haematological and infectious complications associated with the treatment of patients with congenital cardiac disease: consensus definitions from the Multi-Societal Database Committee for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Checchia Paul A. , Karamlou Tara , Maruszewski Bohdan , Ohye Richard G. , Bronicki Ronald , Dodge-Khatami Ali 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA complication is an event or occurrence that is associated with a disease or a healthcare intervention, is a departure from the desired course of events, and may cause, or be associated with, suboptimal outcome. A complication does not necessarily represent a breech in the standard of care that constitutes medical negligence or medical malpractice. An operative or procedural complication is any complication, regardless of cause, occurring (1) within 30 days after surgery or intervention in or out of the hospital, or (2) after 30 days during the same hospitalization subsequent to the operation or intervention. Operative and procedural complications include both intraoperative/intraprocedural complications and postoperative/postprocedural complications in this time interval.The MultiSocietal Database Committee for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease has set forth a comprehensive list of complications associated with the treatment of patients with congenital cardiac disease, related to cardiac, pulmonary, renal, haematological, infectious, neurological, gastrointestinal, and endocrinal systems, as well as those related to the management of anaesthesia and perfusion, and the transplantation of thoracic organs. The objective of this manuscript is to examine the definitions of operative morbidity as they relate specifically to the haematological system and to infectious complications. These specific definitions and terms will be used to track morbidity associated with surgical and transcatheter interventions and other forms of therapy in a common language across many separate databases.The MultiSocietal Database Committee for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease has prepared and defined a near-exhaustive list of haematological and infectious complications. Within each subgroup, complications are presented in alphabetical order. Clinicians caring for patients with congenital cardiac disease will be able to use this list for databases, quality improvement initiatives, reporting of complications, and comparing strategies for treatment.
Determinants of undernutrition in rural communities of a protected area in Gabon
Authors: Blaney S , Beaudry M , Latham M 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo understand how access to natural resources may contribute to nutrition.DesignIn each of the two major seasons, data were collected during a 7 d period using observations, semi-structured interviews, anthropometric measures and a weighed food consumption survey.SettingFour rural communities selected to represent inland and coastal areas of the Gamba Complex in Gabon.SubjectsIn each community, all individuals from groups vulnerable to malnutrition, i.e. children aged 0–23 months (n 41) and 24–59 months (n 63) and the elderly (n 101), as well as women caregivers (n 96).ResultsIn most groups, household access to natural resources was associated with household access to food but not with individual nutritional status. In children aged 0–23 months, access to care and to health services and a healthy environment were the best predictors of length-for-age (adjusted R2: 14 %). Health status was the only predictor of weight-for-height in children aged 24–59 months (adjusted R2: 14 %). In women caregivers, household food security was negatively associated with nutritional status, as was being younger than 20 years (adjusted R2: 16 %). Among the elderly, only nutrient adequacy predicted nutritional status (adjusted R2: 5 %).ConclusionImproving access to care and health for young children would help reverse the process of undernutrition. Reaching a better understanding of how the access of individuals to both food and other resources relate to household access could further our appreciation of the constraints to good nutrition. This is particularly relevant in women to ensure that their possibly important contribution to the household is not at their own expense.
Influence of Text Type, Topic Familiarity, and Stuttering Frequency on Listener Recall, Comprehension, and Mental Effort
Authors: Panico James , Healey E. Charles 
Published: December 2008

Purpose
To determine how text type, topic familiarity, and stuttering frequency influence listener recall, comprehension, and perceived mental effort.

Method
Sixty adults listened to familiar and unfamiliar narrative and expository texts produced with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% stuttering. Participants listened to 4 experimental text samples at only 1 stuttering frequency. After hearing the text samples, each listener performed a free recall task, answered cued recall questions, answered story comprehension questions, and rated their perceived mental effort.

Results
Free and cued recall as well as story comprehension scores were higher for narrative than for expository texts. Free and cued recall scores were better for familiar than for unfamiliar stories, although topic familiarity did not affect story comprehension scores. Samples with all levels of stuttering resulted in higher mental effort ratings for both text types and topic familiarities.

Conclusions
Stuttering has a greater influence on listener recall and comprehension for narrative than for expository texts. Topic familiarity affects free and cued recall but has no influence on story comprehension. Regardless of the amount of stuttering, mental effort was high for both text types and levels of familiarity.
Implementation of Evidence-based Humanitarian Programs in Military-led Missions: Part II. The Impact Assessment Model
Authors: Reaves Erik J. , Schor Kenneth W. , Burkle Frederick M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe Department of Defense does not implement health-sector humanitarian assistance impact assessments to complement those of the international humanitarian aid community. This oversight fails to meet the recent Department of Defense Directive 3000.05 mandate calling for the application of measures of effectiveness. The decision by the Department of Defense to incorporate humanitarian assistance in stability operations should be supported by evidence-based impact assessments. This article proposes implementation of an impact assessment model in Department of Defense humanitarian assistance operations. The use of an impact assessment model will refocus previously identified information gaps from traditional military input-output management toward a greater emphasis on outcomes. This will help answer which humanitarian activities are successful, which are not, and why. Over time, the use of an impact assessment model will ensure that the Department of Defense and its operational units are learning as an organization while applying evidence-based lessons learned to future stability operations. Most important, the use of this model will both provide better understanding of the role that the Department of Defense has in humanitarian activities and help interpret and transfer these activities to the host nation and international aid community in a timely and efficient manner. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2:237–244)
Transition shock: the initial stage of role adaptation for newly graduated Registered Nurses
Authors: Duchscher Judy E. Boychuk 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTitle.  Transition shock: the initial stage of role adaptation for newly graduated Registered Nurses. Aim.  The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical framework of the initial role transition for newly graduated nurses to assist managers, educators and seasoned practitioners to support and facilitate this professional adjustment appropriately.Background.  The theory of Transition Shock presented here builds on Kramer’s work by outlining how the contemporary new graduate engaging in a professional practice role for the first time is confronted with a broad range and scope of physical, intellectual, emotional, developmental and sociocultural changes that are expressions of, and mitigating factors within the experience of transition.Data sources.  This paper offers cumulative knowledge gained from a programme of research spanning the last 10 years and four qualitative studies on new graduate transition.Discussion.  New nurses often identify their initial professional adjustment in terms of the feelings of anxiety, insecurity, inadequacy and instability it produces. The Transition Shock© theory offered focuses on the aspects of the new graduate’s roles, responsibilities, relationship and knowledge that both mediate the intensity and duration of the transition experience and qualify the early stage of professional role transition for the new nursing graduate.Conclusion.  Transition shock reinforces the need for preparatory theory about role transition for senior nursing students and the critical importance of bridging undergraduate educational curricula with escalating workplace expectations. The goal of such knowledge is the successful integration of new nursing professionals into the stressful and highly dynamic context of professional practice.
The transcriptome of syncytia induced by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in Arabidopsis roots
Authors: Szakasits Dagmar , Heinen Petra , Wieczorek Krzysztof , Hofmann Julia , Wagner Florian , Kreil David P. , Sykacek Peter , Grundler Florian M. W. , Bohlmann Holger 
Published: December 2008

Summary Arabidopsis thaliana is a host for the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Juvenile nematodes invade the roots and induce the development of a syncytium, which functions as a feeding site for the nematode. Here, we report on the transcriptome of syncytia induced in the roots of Arabidopsis. Microaspiration was employed to harvest pure syncytium material, which was then used to prepare RNA for hybridization to Affymetrix GeneChips. Initial data analysis showed that the gene expression in syncytia at 5 and 15 days post‐infection did not differ greatly, and so both time points were compared together with control roots. Out of a total of 21 138 genes, 18.4% (3893) had a higher expression level and 15.8% (3338) had a lower expression level in syncytia, as compared with control roots, using a multiple‐testing corrected false discovery rate of below 5%. A gene ontology (GO) analysis of up‐ and downregulated genes showed that categories related to high metabolic activity were preferentially upregulated. A principal component analysis was applied to compare the transcriptome of syncytia with the transcriptome of different Arabidopsis organs (obtained by the AtGenExpress project), and with specific root tissues. This analysis revealed that syncytia are transcriptionally clearly different from roots (and all other organs), as well as from other root tissues.
Shear stress modulates the thickness and architecture of Candida albicans biofilms in a phase‐dependent manner
Authors: Mukherjee Pranab K. , Chand David V. , Chandra Jyotsna , Anderson James M. , Ghannoum Mahmoud A. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryBiofilm formation plays an integral role in catheter‐associated bloodstream infections caused by Candida albicans. Biofilms formed on catheters placed intravenously are exposed to shear stress caused by blood flow. In this study, we investigated whether shear stress affects the ability of C. albicans to form biofilms. Candida biofilms were formed on catheter discs and exposed to physiological levels of shear stress using a rotating disc system (RDS). Control biofilms were grown under conditions of no flow. Tetrazolium (XTT) assay and dry weight (DW) measurements were used to quantify metabolic activity and biofilm mass respectively. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was used to evaluate architecture and biofilm thickness. After 90 min, cells attached under no‐flow exhibited significantly greater XTT activity and DW than those under shear. However, by 24 h, biofilms formed under both conditions had similar XTT activities and DW. Interestingly, thickness of biofilms formed under no‐flow was significantly greater after 24 h than of those formed under shear stress, demonstrating that shear exposure results in thinner, but denser biofilms. These studies suggest that biofilm architecture is modulated by shear in a phase‐dependent manner.
Antifungal activities of compounds isolated from Piper abutiloides Kunth
Authors: Johann S. , Cota B. B. , Souza‐Fagundes E. M. , Pizzolatti M. G. , Resende M. A. , Zani C. L. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryPiperaceae is a family of tropical plants known to have antifungal, antibacterial, tumour‐inhibitory, antiviral, antioxidant, molluscicidal and leishmanicidal activities. In this work, extracts and fractions from aerial parts of Piper abutiloides (Piperaceae), a traditional medicinal plant, were evaluated against the fungal species Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans and Sporothrix schenckii. The results have shown that the antifungal activity of this plant can be concentrated in the hexanic fraction after partitioning its hydroalcoholic extract between hexane and 90% aqueous methanol. The chromatographic fractionation of the bioactive part was monitored with a bioautographic assay using C. glabrata, and allowed the isolation of three antifungal compounds: pseudodillapiol, eupomatenoid‐6 and conocarpan. These compounds presented different potencies against the fungi tested, with the strongest effect being observed for eupomatenoid‐6 against C. glabrata, which presented a minimal inhibitory concentration value of 0.3 μg spot−1. Conocarpan showed antifungal activity without apparent cytotoxic effect on normal human lymphocytes, as assessed by the proliferation assay with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with phytohaemaglutinin. This work reveals for the first time the occurrence of these compounds in P. abutiloides and justifies further studies to clarify their mechanisms of action.
Debiased Estimation of Proportions in Group Testing
Authors: Hepworth Graham , Watson Ray 
Published: December 2008

Summary
In the assessment of disease, estimation of the proportion of infected units in a population can sometimes be facilitated by pooling units into groups for testing. Such group testing was used in a study of virus infection levels in carnation plants grown in glasshouses. In group testing problems, the maximum likelihood estimator is a biased estimator of the population proportion. We investigate the bias of the maximum likelihood estimator when testing groups of different size, using fixed and sequential procedures. The possibility of obtaining all positive groups contributes substantially to the bias. Analytical methods are shown to correct the bias for fixed procedures satisfactorily. For sequential procedures, with their uneven bias patterns, we propose a numerical method of correction which produces an almost unbiased estimator.
Hierarchical Bayesian Markov Switching Models with Application to Predicting Spawning Success of Shovelnose Sturgeon
Authors: Holan Scott H. , Davis Ginger M. , Wildhaber Mark L. , DeLonay Aaron J. , Papoulias Diana M. 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The timing of spawning in fish is tightly linked to environmental factors; however, these factors are not very well understood for many species. Specifically, little information is available to guide recruitment efforts for endangered species such as the sturgeon. Therefore, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical model for predicting the success of spawning of the shovelnose sturgeon which uses both biological and behavioural (longitudinal) data. In particular, we use data that were produced from a tracking study that was conducted in the Lower Missouri River. The data that were produced from this study consist of biological variables associated with readiness to spawn along with longitudinal behavioural data collected by using telemetry and archival data storage tags. These high frequency data are complex both biologically and in the underlying behavioural process. To accommodate such complexity we developed a hierarchical linear regression model that uses an eigenvalue predictor, derived from the transition probability matrix of a two-state Markov switching model with generalized auto-regressive conditional heteroscedastic dynamics. Finally, to minimize the computational burden that is associated with estimation of this model, a parallel computing approach is proposed.
Social Representations: The Beautiful Invention
Authors: JODELET DENISE 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTPsychoanalysis: Its Image and Its Publicis a perfect illustration of Tarde's claim that ‘beautiful’ should be reserved for ideas that lead to a discovery of more ideas and to an invention that we can judge as fruitful for the future. The article examines the influence of the book in geographical, historical and scientific contexts and traces the development and diffusion of the theory of social representations throughout four periods. The article highlights the difference between the first edition in 1961, and the second one in 1976, and it examines the development of Moscovici's ideas over time. The first edition of Psychoanalysis, based on the criticism of sociology of knowledge, underlines common sense as a new object of study, attempting to capture complex social phenomena. It shows common sense as a legitimate object of study that interweaves social, cultural and individual dimensions in the constitution of social reality. The 1976 edition emphasises that language and communication and its role in the theory of social knowledge. The book has had manifold impact on new areas of study. An overview of international research in social representations shows how this work has inspired scholars all over the world, has lead to creating Schools of research and to innovative proposals not only in terms of domains that have been studied but also in terms of theoretical models and methodological concerns.
Fifty‐five‐million‐year history of oceanic subduction and exhumation at the northern edge of the Caribbean plate (Sierra del Convento mélange, Cuba)
Authors: LÁZARO C. , GARCÍA‐CASCO A. , ROJAS AGRAMONTE Y. , KRÖNER A. , NEUBAUER F. , ITURRALDE‐VINENT M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPetrological and geochronological data of six representative samples of exotic blocks of amphibolite and associated tonalite‐trondhjemite from the serpentinitic mélange of the Sierra del Convento (eastern Cuba) indicate counterclockwiseP–Tpaths typical of material subducted in hot and young subduction zones. Peak conditions attained were ∼750 °C and 15 kbar, consistent with the generation of tonalitic partial melts observed in amphibolite. A tonalite boulder provides a U‐Pb zircon crystallization age of 112.8 ± 1.1 Ma, and Ar/Ar amphibole dating yielded two groups of cooling ages of 106–97 Ma (interpreted as cooling of metamorphic/magmatic pargasite) and 87–83 Ma (interpreted as growth/cooling of retrograde overprints). These geochronological data, in combination with other published data, allow the following history of subduction and exhumation to be established in the region: (i) a stage of hot subduction 120–115 Ma, developed upon onset of subduction; (ii) relatively fast near‐isobaric cooling (25 °C Myr−1) 115–107 Ma, after accretion of the blocks to the upper plate lithospheric mantle; (iii) slow syn‐subduction cooling (4 °C Myr−1) and exhumation (0.7 km Myr−1) in the subduction channel 107–70 Ma; and (iv) fast syn‐collision cooling (74 °C Myr−1) and exhumation (5 km Myr−1) 70–60 Ma.
Life history phenology differences between southern and northern populations of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella
Authors: Lyons‐Sobaski Sheila , Berlocher Stewart H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe textbook version of sympatric host race formation in Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) features an ancestral hawthorn‐infesting race and a derived apple race differing in life‐history timing and response to host fruit odor. However, previous research has focused largely on northeastern North America. To investigate life‐history timing in poorly studied southeastern North American populations with very diverse hosts, we performed common garden experiments on emergence time on six southern R. pomonella populations and four other R. pomonella species‐group populations. Findings were: (1) the diverse adult emergence times of southern populations resulted largely from genetic differences; (2) some southern populations had bimodal emergence curves; (3) correlations of allozyme markers and emergence times were uncommon in southern populations; and (4) mean emergence times from common garden rearings and dates of field collection of the populations were strongly correlated.
Influence of psychotherapist density and antidepressant sales on suicide rates
Authors: Kapusta N. D. , Niederkrotenthaler T. , Etzersdorfer E. , Voracek M. , Dervic K. , Jandl‐Jager E. , Sonneck G. 
Published: December 2008

Objective:  Antidepressant sales and suicide rates have been shown to be correlated in industrialized countries. The aim was to study the possible effects of psychotherapy utilization on suicide rates.Method:  We assessed the impact of antidepressant sales and psychotherapist density on suicide rates between 1991 and 2005. To adjust for serial correlation in time series, three first‐order autoregressive models adjusted for per capita alcohol consumption and unemployment rates were employed.Results:  Antidepressant sales and the density of psychotherapists in the population were negatively associated with suicide rates.Conclusion:  This study provides evidence that decreasing suicide rates were associated with both increasing antidepressant sales and an increasing density of psychotherapists. The decrease of suicide rates could reflect a general improvement in mental health care rather than being caused by antidepressant sales or psychotherapist density alone.
Neurocognitive functions in euthymic bipolar patients
Authors: Jamrozinski K. , Gruber O. , Kemmer C. , Falkai P. , Scherk H. 
Published: December 2008

Objective:  Meta‐analytic findings support the hypothesis of specific neurocognitive deficits for bipolar patients in the domains of attention, processing speed, memory and executive functions. This study aims to show neurocognitive impairment in euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder compared with healthy controls while detailing the impact of medication side‐effects or illness characteristics on neuropsychological test performance.Method:  Forty euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder were compared with 40 healthy controls in a cross‐sectional design. Clinical features and neuropsychological measures of IQ, psychomotor speed, verbal fluency, learning and memory, executive functions and attention were assessed.Results:  Patients without antipsychotic drug use did not differ significantly from healthy controls in any neuropsychological measure. Yet patients treated with antipsychotics showed significant underperformance in the domains of semantic fluency, verbal learning and recognition memory as well as executive functions related to planning abilities, even when clinical features were controlled for.Conclusion:  The impact of antipsychotic medication needs to be further clarified for euthymic bipolar patients and should be considered when neuropsychological test performance is interpreted.