bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nucleotide sequence of hepatitis B virus isolated from subjects without serum anti‐hepatitis B core antibody
Authors: Gotoh Kenichiro , Mima Satoaki , Uchida Toshikazu , Shikata Toshio , Yoshizawa Kouji , Irie Mitsuru , Mizui Masaaki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe nucleotide sequences of the precore/core and X open reading frames (ORFs) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were studied in four subjects who were serologically negative for anti‐hepatitis B core antibody. These subjects were positive for serum hepatitis B surface antigen and were considered to be asymptomatic HBV carriers. Sequencing of the precore/core ORF revealed precore wild type and 3 to 8 nucleotide substitutions (replacing 0 to 2 amino acids) in the core region compared with the sequence of subtype adr. These substitutions were not considered to have changed the epitope of the core antigen, resulting in the absence of anti‐HBc as determined by a conventional diagnostic kit. The X ORF showed 1 to 5 nucleotide substitutions (replacing 1 to 3 amino acids) and the structure of the X protein and the core promoter/enhancer II complex appeared to be conserved. These findings strongly suggest that the absence of serum anti‐HBc is not due to mutation of the HBV DNA but to an aberrant immune reaction of the host to HBV. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistence of extrahepatic hepatitis B virus DNA in the absence of detectable hepatic replication in patients with baboon liver transplants
Authors: Lanford Robert E. , Michaels Marian G. , Chavez Deborah , Brasky Kathleen , Fung John , Starzl Thomas E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in extrahepatic tissues has been well documented. Whether HBV DNA can persist in extrahepatic tissues for long periods of time in the absence of replication in the liver has not been determined previously. Recently, two patients with end‐stage liver disease secondary to chronic active HBV were treated with baboon liver xenotransplants as these animals are felt to be resistant to HBV infection. Multiple tissues from these two patients were examined for HBV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HBV DNA was not detectable in four of five samples of the liver xenografts. A positive signal was observed in a single assay for one sample, but this sample was not positive in subsequent assays. HBV DNA was detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes, spleen, kidney, bone marrow, pancreas, lymph node, heart and small intestine. The level of HBV DNA in these tissues was too low for the detection of HBV DNA replicative intermediates by Southern hybridization; thus, it could not be determined whether the HBV DNA in these tissues represented actively replicating HBV in extrahepatic sites, integrated HBV sequences, HBV in infiltrating lymphocytes, or deposition of HBV immune complexes originating from the plasma. However, it is clear from this study that HBV DNA persisted in multiple tissues for 70 days after replication in the liver had ceased or at least was below the level of detection by PCR. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of human papillomavirus DNA from esophageal carcinoma as determined by multiple broad spectrum polymerase chain reactions
Authors: Smits Henk L. , Tjong‐A‐Hung Steven P. , Schegget Jan Ter , Nooter Kees , Kok Tjebbe 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStrong evidence has implicated human papillomaviruses (HPV) in the pathogenesis of anogenital cancers and a number of other mucosal and cutaneous lesions. Data concerning the involvement of HPV in esophageal cancers are controversial. Different investigators have detected HPV types (mainly types 16 and 18) in biopsy specimens of esophageal cancers. A study was undertaken to determine whether responses to chemotherapy of advanced squamous cell carcinomas could be correlated with the HPV status. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was used for the detection of HPV DNA in biopsies of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas treated with either surgical resection alone (n = 42) or chemotherapy followed by surgical resection (n = 21). Different general and consensus PCR primer sets, which allow the detection of most of the known as well as a number of not yet characterized HPV types, were used. HPV DNA was not detected in any of the 61 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, suggesting that HPV infections are not likely to play a major role in the etiology of this neoplasm. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of relapses after interferon‐alpha therapy by hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Kusaka Seiji , Okusa Tosifumi , Araki Akihiro , Fujiki Kazuhiko , Takashimizu Ichizen , Okayasu Isao , Yamamoto Naoki , Sato Chifumi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo investigate the predictive value of hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the response to interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C, 15 patients with histologically proven chronic active hepatitis and who were positive for serum HCV‐RNA were treated with interferon‐alpha (6 million units; i.m.) every day for two weeks and then three times a week for 22 weeks. Ten of the 15 patients were responders whose alanine aminotransferase levels decreased to the normal range at the end of interferon therapy. In four of the 10 responders, HCV‐RNA was not detected by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells nor in serum at the end of treatment. These four patients were complete responders, with alanine aminotransferase levels remaining normal for the next 24 weeks. In five of the 10 responders, HCV‐RNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells but not in serum at the end of treatment. All of these relapsed within the next 24 weeks. In the remaining responder, HCV‐RNA was detected both in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in serum at the end of treatment. This responder also had a relapse within the next 24 weeks. Five of the 15 patients were non‐responders, in whom HCV‐RNA was detected both in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in serum. Thus, detection of HCV‐RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells may be a good clinical marker to predict relapse after interferon treatment. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and E markers in young sexually active adults from The Central African Republic
Authors: Pawlotsky Jean‐Michel , Bélec Laurent , Grésenguet Gérard , Deforges Lionel , Bouvier Magali , Duval Jean , Dhumeaux Daniel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Central African Republic is located in tropical Africa, where both the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are highly endemic. The exact prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis E virus (HEVI markers in this country is unknown. The aim of the study was to determine, according to HlV and HBV serostatus, the prevalence of these markers in young sexually active adults in the Central African Republic. One hundred and fifty‐seven consecutive patients attending the National Centre for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Bangui were included. The following serological markers were examined: (i) anti‐HIV1 and anti‐HIV2 antibodies; (ii) markers of HBV infection; (iii) anti‐HCV antibodies; (iv) anti‐HEV antibodies. Anti‐HIV1 antibodies were found in 31 of the 157 patients (20%). The prevalence of anti‐HBc antibodies, reflecting exposure to HBV, was 140/157 (89%) and 45 had detectable anti‐HBs antibodies. Twenty‐two patients (14%) were chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), but only one was HBe antigen‐positive. Anti‐HCV antibodies were found in 8 persons (5%) and antiHEV antibodies in 38 (24%). No difference was found in the prevalence of these markers according to the presence or absence of anti‐HIV antibodies. This study confirms the high rate of HIV infection, HBV exposure and chronic carriage of HBsAg in sexually active young adults in the Central African Republic. A high prevalence of HCV markers was found in this population, similar to that reported in neighbouring countries, together with a high rate of HEV markers, suggesting that HEV is endemic in this region. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotype distribution and comparison of the putative envelope region of hepatitis C virus from Korean patients
Authors: Kim Chul‐Joong , Shin Kwangsoon , Kim Won‐Yong , Lim Dong‐Soo , Yoon Seung‐Kew , Park Youngmin , Kim Boo‐Sung , Jang Sung‐Key , Cho Myung‐Je 
Published: March 2007

AbstractComparative nucleotide sequence studies of the genomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) revealed that there are at least 6 different genotypes of HCV. The prevalence of HCV genotypes among the patients with liver diseases in Korea was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the NS5 region. In the 75 HCV RNA positive samples, two genotypes, type 1b and type 2a, were the major causative agents which accounted for 60% and 33% of infections respectively, while 7% could not be assigned a genotype by the methods used. The nucleotide sequences of cDNAs encoding the putative envelope proteins from 10 type 1b and 5 type 2a genotype samples were analyzed. Approximately 31–42% of the nucleotide sequences of type 1b samples examined differed from those of different genotypes, In the case of type 2a samples, 36–42% of the nucleotide sequences differed from those of different genotypes. The diversities of the amino acid sequences were the same or greater than those of the nucleotide sequences. Two hypervariable regions (HVR1 and HVR2) were recognized in both HCV genomes of genotypes 1b and 2a. However, the sequence divergence within the HVR2 region of genotype 2a was less than that of genotype 1b. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative frequency of human rotavirus VP4 (P) genotypes recovered over a ten‐year period from South African children with diarrhea
Authors: Mphahlele M. J. , Steele A. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relative frequency and distribution of the VP4 (P) genotypes of 227 human rotavirus field strains were investigated in South Africa. The stool samples were collected between 1984‐1993 from infants and young children with diarrhea at Ga‐Rankuwa Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa. The RNA was extracted from stools, heat denatured, and dot blotted onto nylon membranes. The blots were hybridized to PCR‐gener‐ated, 32P radio‐labelled VP4‐specific probes (corresponding to the hyperdivergent region of the VP4 gene) of the following human rotavirus VP4 genotypes: P4, P6, P8, P9, P10, and P12. Of the 157 rotavirus strains typed by the probes, the P8 genotype was identified most frequently in 63.7% (n=100) of the samples. The P4 and P6 genotypes were detected less frequently in 22.3% (n=35) and 8.3% (n=13) of the samples, respectively. Five cases of dual infection between P8 and P4 genotypes occurred, indicating the potential for reassortment between members of different rotavirus genogroups. The P9 genotype could not be confirmed in 3 cases (1.9%), while the PI0 genotype was not observed at all, indicating the scarcity or absence of these VP4 genotypes in this region. Interestingly, we identified the newly‐described PI2 VP4 genotype in 6 cases (3.8%), suggesting a wide geographical distribution. Furthermore, several samples with sufficient RNA by gel electrophoresis remained untyped by the probes used in this study, and may represent putative “new” human VP4 genotype(S). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guinea pig and human cytomegaloviruses do not share cross‐reactive neutralizing epitopes
Authors: Adler Stuart P. , Shaw Kala V. , McVoy Michael , Burke Rae Lyn , Liu Hong 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman (HCMV) and guinea pig (gpCMV) cytomegaloviruses share biological similarities and DNA sequence homologies. Therefore, human and guinea pig sera were tested for cross‐reactive antibodies. In eight human sere (four HCMV‐seropositive and four HCMV‐seronegative), low levels of neutralizing activity against gpCMV were not associated with antibodies to HCMV. The convalescent sera of one of three humans infected with either HCMV Towne vaccine or wild‐type HCMV developed a fourfold increase in neutralizing titers to gpCMV after infection, but none of seven guinea pigs immunized with either HCMV Towne or purified HCMV gB developed neutralizing activity against gpCMV. Guinea pigs immunized with gpCMV did not develop antibodies to HCMV or human gB. Neither gpCMV, HCMV Towne stain or purified HCMV gB induced cross‐reactive antibodies against the heterologous virus as detected by enzyme immunoassay. Our results indicate that gpCMV and HCMV share a very limited number, if any, of cross‐reactive neutralizing epitopes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic characterization of hepatitis C virus isolates from Argentina
Authors: Oubiña José Raúl , Quarleri Jorge Fabián , Rudzinski Marcelo , Parks Carlos , Badía Isabel , Cappa Stella Maris González 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThirty‐three Argentinian patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) were studied for viral genotyping. The patients included 10 hemophiliac and 4 polytransfused children and 19 adults: 3 polytransfused, 7 dialyzed and 9 sporadic cases. Core‐based genotyping permitted the classification of 31 samples. Genotypes II, I and V were the most frequent: 21 (63.6%), 16 (48.4%) and 10 (30.3%) of the 33 patients, respectively. Only one polytransfused patient carried genotype IV. Genotype II was detected in 7 out of 9 sporadic cases. Thirteen patients (39.3%) were coinfected with two genotypes, and 2 others were coinfected with three genotypes. The remaining 2 samples which could not be typed were characterized following the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method, and were classified as type 1. One of these had two consecutive transitional mutations in the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA from whole blood, and comparison with HCV RNA in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Schmidt Warren N. , Klinzman Donna , Labrecque Douglas R. , Macfarlane Donald E. , Stapleton Jack T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) requires reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) or branched DNA signal amplification assays to be detected in patient samples. Although conventional methods of RNA isolation are employed for samples of serum, plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), whole blood is generally considered an unsuitable source of RNA because of abundant RNases and poly‐merase inhibitors. Using a cationic surfactant, Catrimox‐14, we adapted a procedure for RNA isolation from whole blood, plasma, and PBMCs that yields RNA template suitable for HCV RT‐PCR. RNA isolation required less than 2 hr, and HCV sequences were easily detected in sample volumes of 50 μl whole blood or plasma, and in less than 1 × l04 PBMC. Following the addition of blood to Catrimox, HCV RNA was stable in the mixture when incubated for at least 7 days at room temperature prior to RNA extraction. Comparison of whole blood HCV RNA and plasma HCV RNA from individuals with chronic hepatitis suggests that HCV RNA can be more reliably detected in whole blood. Three of 15 HCV antibody positive patients (20%) had HCV RNA present in whole blood but simultaneously obtained plasma samples were negative. Two of five HCV antibody negative individuals with chronic hepatitis contained HCV RNA in whole blood, yet one of these patient's plasma was negative for viral RNA. The Catrimox‐I4 method of RNA purification is useful for detecting HCV RNA in whole blood and blood subfractions, and provides a practical method of measuring plasma and PBMC HCV RNA from clinical specimens. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Target structures for HIV‐1 inactivation by methylene blue and light
Authors: Bachmann Barbara , Knüver‐Hopf Josef , Lambrecht Bernd , Mohr Harald 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn a photodynamic virus inactivation procedure for human fresh frozen plasma the plasma is exposed to visible light in the presence of 1 μM methylene blue. This procedure is known to inactivate HIV‐1 by at least 106.32 TCID50/ml within 10 minutes. To elucidate the mechanism of photo‐dynamic inactivation of HIV‐1 by methylene blue/light treatment, reverse transcriptase (RT), the HIV‐1 associated protein p24, and viral RNA were examined. In the dark, methylene blue up to 10 μM has no inhibitory effect on recombinant RT. In the presence of light, recombinant RT inactivation was dependent on illumination time and the concentration of methylene blue. After photoinactivation of the whole virus by methylene blue/light treatment, RT activity was also almost completely inhibited. Simultaneously, it was found by Western blotting that HIV‐1 p24 and gp120 are altered in size, possibly due to protein cross‐linking. In addition, it was shown by poly‐merase chain reaction (PCR) inhibition assay that HIV‐1 inactivation leads to destruction of its RNA. In summary, methylene blue/light treatment acts on HIV‐1 at different target sites: the envelope and core proteins, and the inner core structures RNA and RT. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus infection in an HIV‐positive population in normandy: Antibodies, HCV RNA and genotype prevalence
Authors: Mendel Isabelle , Clotteau Laurent , Lambed Sylvie , Buffet‐Janvresse Claudine 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence and the characteristics of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) in 161 HIV‐positive patients were studied. HCV seroprevalence was determined by enzyme immunoassay and recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). Two different reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) methods were also used to test the HCV‐seropositive samples and 50 EIA‐negative sera used as controls. The RNA HCV‐ positive sera were genotyped by the LiPA procedure. Associations of HCV status with demographic characteristics and risk factors were assessed by x2 and Fisher's exact tests. The seroprevalence of HCV was 34.2% with a significant difference between blood and sexual exposure risk groups (60.6% vs. 13.6%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Thirty‐six of the 55 anti‐HCV‐ positive sera were also positive for HCV RNA, and PCR detected HCV RNA in 8 HCV‐seronegative patients. Various RIBA profiles were found and all sera were positive for antibodies to the c33 protein. A proportion of sera had elevated levels of transaminase activity (37.2%), and abnormal liver function as associated with HCV infection. Forty‐two samples were genotyped and five genotypes and subtypes of the HCV virus were detected. Genotype la was the most frequent in this cohort, although genotype 1b is generally more common in France. The majority (94.1%) of the patients with genotype 1a had a history of blood exposure, which may account for the difference. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of norwalk‐related viruses in mexican children
Authors: Jiang X. , Matson D. O. , Velazquez F. R. , Calva J. J. , Zhong W. M. , Hu J. , Ruiz‐Palacios G. M. , Pickering L. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo‐hundred Mexican children monitored from birth to 2 years of age in a cohort study of diarrhea were tested for Norwalk virus (NV) and Nor‐walk‐related virus infection. Blood was collected quarterly and tested by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using the recombinant NV (rNV) particles as antigen. Stool was collected weekly and tested by an EIA using hyperimmune antisera from animals immunized with rNV and a reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) with primers in the RNA polymerase region of NV. A high prevalence of serum antibody to NV (85% at age 2 years) was found by the antibody EIA. In 54 stool specimens selected from children who developed a high titer of serum antibody to rNV, none was positive for NV by the antigen EIA, but 6 yielded products by the RT‐ PCR. One stool specimen (MX virus) yielded a 3.3 kb RT‐PCR product from the 3′ end of the viral genome. The MX virus cDNA has a genomic organization like other caliciviruses. Sequence comparison showed that MX virus shares 80% nucleic acid and 91% amino acid sequence identity with Snow Mountain agent (SMA), but only 62% and 60% identity, respectively, with NV in the RNA polymerase region, suggesting that MX virus is a SMA‐like virus. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serological and salivary markers compared with biochemical markers for monitoring interferon treatment for hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Roy Kirsty M. , Bagg Jeremy , Bird George L. A. , Spence Elizabeth , Follett Edward A. , Mills Peter R. , Lau Johnson Y. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPaired serum and saliva specimens were collected on a regular basis from 18 asymptomatic blood donors participating in a controlled clinical trial of interferon alpha 2a (IFN) treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Nine patients were randomised to receive interferon and nine to observation only. Serum and salivary HCV RNA was detected by a “nested” polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Complete follow‐up data were available for 14 patients (7 treated and 7 untreated). Serum ALT levels declined to normal in five of the seven IFN‐treated patients by the twelfth week. Of these five, loss of hepatitis C viraemia was observed in three. Of the seven treated patients, the three responders had a lower viraemia level than the partial or nonresponders. Both nonresponders had infection with type 1 HCV, but the complete and partial responders were infected with types 2 or 3. HCV RNA was detected in the saliva of all seven observation patients during the follow‐up period. HCV was also detected in the saliva of the two patients who did not respond to IFN treatment. No correlation was shown between the level of HCV RNA in serum and the presence of HCV RNA in saliva. A role for noninvasive salivary investigations in monitoring treatment is possible, but further refinement of the methodology is required. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial ciliary process laser photocoagulation in the management of glaucoma
Authors: Lee Pei‐Fei , Shihab Zuhair , Eberle Marilyn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPartial ciliary processes argon laser photocoagulation (PCLP) in the management of glaucoma has been the subject of a carefully conducted, prospective 5+‐year clinical trial in 22 eyes of 20 patients. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) ± SD was significantly lower (15.5 ± 3.6 mm Hg) than before the procedure (29.9 ± 10.1 mm Hg; 0.001 < P < 0.005, paired t‐test). The mechanism of intraocular pressure reduction is due mainly to the reduction in the rate of aqueous humor formation with a mean outflow facility (C‐value) ± SD of 0.12 ± 0.11 before and 0.1 2 ± 0.06 μl/min/mm Hg after the procedure. This new procedure, done on an out‐patient basis, shows promise as a convenient, low‐risk, and useful alternative procedure in selected glaucoma cases that are poorly controlled by medical or surgical measures. This new approach may also be used as an adjunct in the medical and/or surgical management of aphakic and ciliary block glaucoma.
Co2 laser in vitreoretinal surgery
Authors: Karlin David B. , Patel C. K. N. , Wood O. R. , Llovera Irene 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRadiation from a CO2 laser has the dual effect of phototransection and photo‐coagulation. Incisions have been made in scleral‐chorioretinal tissue, lens tissue, and the vitreous body (with and without membrane formation). Results indicate that the CO2 laser may be useful in intravitreal surgery. Its simultaneous cutting and coagulating properties may make the experimental trans‐vitreal chorioretinal biopsy reported by Griffin et al [12] and the full‐thickness ocular wall resection for small melanosarcomas of the choroid reported by Peyman and Sanders [13] clinical possibilities in the not too distant future. Finally, the effects of CO2 laser radiation on the normal human lens suggests the possibility of the dissolution of cataracts by laser irradiation.