bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Risk Levels on the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Lauridsen Oyvind , Tuntland Oyvind , Ravnaas Einar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In cooperation with the Norwegian Petroleum industry and their organisations, the unions and professional disciplines the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) has developed a method for measuring trends in the risk level on the continental shelf. The method takes its point of departure from two complementary evaluation processes. The registration, analysis and evaluation of data relating to defined situations of hazard and accidents and the performance of qualitative analyses and evaluations. The objectives of the project are: –To maintain an overview of unplanned events, accidents, injuries and work-related illness and to measure the impact of safety work in the petroleum activities–To help to highlight areas to which priority must be given to reduce risk.–To focus on the industry's own follow-up of trends.
Development of a Train the Trainer Program for Workers/Travelers at Risk for Malaria
Authors: Butcher Carol A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Malaria occurs in most of the world, especially in tropical climates. Most of our expatriate population and business travelers depart from non-malarious areas to countries where malaria is prevalent and where they are exposed to the risk of malaria infection.
To address this problem, we studied and evaluated employees' current knowledge and behavioral practices to determine the &#x90;"as-is" state. The &#x90;"to-be" state was simple – zero malarial infections among employees.
To close the gap we developed a new methodology to malaria education to stimulate 100% compliance with drug prophylaxis and increased safe behaviors across our employee population. The training met with limited success. Although awareness was heightened and safe behavior improved, resistance to taking chemoprophylaxis continues.
Influenza Vaccination in an Oil Company: Costs and Benefits
Authors: Nicosia Vincenzo , Madera Angelo , Lesma Alessandro , Colombo Giorgio 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
To estimate costs and benefits of a preventive anti-influenza vaccination in a group of employees of Snamprogetti (an ENI-group company), in order to define a scheme of cost-benefit analysis to be used for other strategies of vaccination and in other contexts.
Environmental Social Responsibility: The Reality and Rewards of Corporate Citizenship
Authors: Edgar Jane , Colwell Lynn , Mitchell Simon 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the past 5 years, there has been a dramatic shift in how corporations view their role in society. Until recently, the role of environmental and social management was one of damage control and helping companies reverse the unintended effects of business decisions and actions. Now corporations are actually designating individuals with in-house responsibility for social and community outreach programs. In addition, companies are taking the step of publishing social and environmental reports for public consumption.
The contributions of social and environmental performance to the soft side of company value are generally accepted, but the link between this effort and financial performance has been a difficult thing to sell. Through integrated approaches to the environmental and social challenges we face, corporations and civil society are learning to better understand and value both the risks and opportunities these challenges present. The challenge of the triple bottom line is real: how can a company ensure economic growth, and deliver on the dual goals of social progress and environmental improvement?
In this paper we will examine environmental social responsibility and how companies are addressing this challenge both internally and externally. We will review real-life examples that have worked, and also those that failed and why. In addition, we will discuss the issues of value and financial performance in the context of the worth of proactive corporate environmental responsibility. Finally, we will look into the future to see what strategies might work best for meeting all stakeholder expectations and bringing about balanced shifts in corporate thinking on these issues.
New approaches to partnership in the implementation of the Tangguh LNG Project, Berau Bay, Papua
Authors: Davie Jim , Maryoto Erwin , Brosnan Catherine , Flassy Don , Burbridge Peter , Prarwirowijoto Panarto 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Tangguh LNG Project is implementing a Diversified Growth Strategy in partnership with Governments in Papua to manage the largest socio-economic changes in the region in recent times. The potential for an alternative approach results from changes in revenue disbursement in Indonesia associated with decentralization and Papuan Special Autonomy.
Emergency Relief Pits, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future
Authors: Rouse Stephen J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Shell Exploration & Production Company (SEPCo) operates under the premise that while supplying the energy needs of the present generation, it must protect the environment so future generations are not hampered by our legacy. It is well documented that accidental releases of hydrocarbon materials do occur, resulting in soil and and/or groundwater contamination. It is incumbent upon the Industry to minimize releases of hydrocarbons for the protection of both human health and the environment. In 2000 SEPCo initiated an emergency relief-pit replacement program that will require five years and more than two million dollars to complete. The pits have a history of questionable integrity. SEPCo has removed 52 pits to date, 31% of the pits met cleanup standards and did not require remedial efforts to close, 50% required soil remediation before meeting cleanup criteria prior to closure, and 19% had impacted groundwater quality, which required remediation before closure could be obtained. Oil & Gas exploration and production are inextricably linked to the environment. Producers concerned about sustainable development will continuously evaluate their operations looking for opportunities to minimize releases of hydrocarbons to the environment. For SEPCo, one of these opportunities is replacing emergency relief-pits with emergency relief-tanks.
Environmental Reporting: Towards an E&P Industry's Report
Authors: Garland E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The need for the Exploration and Production industry to report on its environmental performance has dramatically increased during the past decade. Many companies are already issuing such environmental reports, as are some national associations of operators, with respect to their own country. The reports adopt a wide range of perspectives. While some are purely factual and focus on operational data collection, others take the stakeholders' expectations as a point of departure and try to address their issues in a more global manner. So how far have we got at industry world-wide level?
Since 1994, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) has set up a task force to raise awareness amongst its members on environmental reporting and to tackle the specific issue of gathering worldwide performance data. In 1998, OGP issued guidelines for industry reporting and launched its first call for data on Environmental Performance Indicators (EPIs). The set of EPIs chosen were: emissions to the atmosphere; aqueous discharges; discharges of nonaqueous drilling fluids; spillage of hydrocarbons and of chemicals; energy consumption.
This first data collection (pertaining to the year 1998) revealed a number of major shortcomings in the information returned. The 1999 and 2000 data collections returned information of much better quality (in terms of credibility and reliability) and the industry is now confident that it has captured at least a sound basis for benchmarking these indicators. One of the objectives of the task force is now to issue a pertinent worldwide environmental report in the reasonably near future.
Developing Indicators to Assess the Main Ecological Impacts of Oil Industry in Colombia. Case study: Department of Huila
Authors: Elizabeth Leon V. , Daniel Vergara G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The development of oil exploitation activities in Colombia carries the risk of severe environmental damages and social disruption. Since it exists a spatial high correlation between high biodiversity and hydrocarbon potentially- rich geologic formations, many of the areas targeted for oil development directly overlap with and can threat sensitive ecosystems.
The last three years, the oil industry along with the Colombian Government has undertaken the project "Environmental Land-Use for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Exploitation" aimed at developing a whole set of environmental and socioeconomic parameters for the evaluation of new projects of the oil industry. These parameters or indicators will allow as well defining environmental constrains. One the main achievements of this research work is a methodology for the development a system of indicators. This paper presents the resulting preliminary indicators for the monitoring and quality assessment of tropical freshwaters. A region of Colombia, the Department of Huila (south East Colombia) was chosen as case study. Huila has rich water resources among them the Magdalena river; an important water source for domestic, agricultural and industrial use and ecologically rich waterway.
It was thus clearly important to establish a methodology for assessing the impacts of oil activities on rivers. However, the existing knowledge on Huila's rivers was extremely limited and consequently, no proven methodology existed so far. A major study was therefore necessary in order to establish the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the local river systems. The methodology developed is based on space/time relationships among the physical and chemical conditions of water bodies and their biology. Aquatic toxicity tests were performed in laboratory conditions as complementary information source on. This methodology could be equally applicable to the rest of Colombia and other tropical regions.
Borehole Seismic Air-Gun Sources: What's the Safe Distance from a Ship's Hull?
Authors: Tulett J. R. , Duncan G. A. , Thompson P. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
When offshore borehole seismic surveys require the use of a supply ship or vessel to position an air-gun source, often the air-gun source is deployed over the side of the ship. For many years, this configuration has given concern to ship owners and captains. When conducting borehole seismic surveys, the air-gun source is fired several hundred times over the duration of the survey and there is a fear that the ship may be damaged.
Now that more powerful gun clusters and arrays are being used, these larger air-gun sources must be positioned further away from the ship's side.
An investigation was made of the excitation of the ship's hull caused by air-gun firing versus the excitation of the ship's hull under sailing conditions.
This paper shows how a set of safe distances can be formulated, so that gun shocks to the ship's hull when conducting borehole seismic surveys are no worse than hull shocks experienced when the ship is sailing under moderate sea conditions. Recommendations for safe air-gun deployment methods are presented, so that the safe distance can be maintained throughout the borehole seismic survey.
Electric Resistivity of Vuggy Fractured Media
Authors: Pérez-Rosales C. , Mercado-Díaz A. , Cruz-Hernández J. , Islas-Juárez R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A theoretical and experimental study on electric resistivity of vuggy fractured media is presented. In order to have a rigorous control of the involved variables, a vuggy fractured medium is idealized by a cubic array of cubes having hemispherical cavities drilled in each cube face. In this model, the spaces between the cubes represent fractures and the hemispherical cavities represent vugs. The theoretical developments lead to a simple relationship expressing formation resistivity factor as the product of two factors, one depending on vug porosity and the other on fracture porosity. This formulation has been validated with experimental data obtained with a special resistivity cell. The proposed formulation can easily be generalized to be applicable to real rocks, and so it is a useful tool for interpretation of electric well logs of vuggy fractured formations.
Simulation of Asphaltene Precipitation in Fractured Reservoirs: A Case Study
Authors: Iwere F. O. , Apaydin O. G. , Moreno J. E. , Ventura R. Leon , Garcia J. L 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Several factors, including the oil composition, reservoir pressure and temperature, and the properties of asphaltene, influence asphaltene precipitation from reservoir oil. Asphaltene starts to precipitate and plug the reservoir pore space under certain reservoir conditions, reducing flow capacity of the wells and the amount of recoverable oil. It is necessary to understand the mechanism of asphaltene precipitation and the resulting effects on well performance in order to build a representative forecasting model for reservoir management. The goal of this study is to model the effects of asphaltene precipitation on fluid flow and oil production from the vuggy, fractured reservoirs of the Taratunich Field.
Asphaltene precipitation has presented serious problems in the development of this field, which is located in the Bay of Campeche, Mexico. Asphaltene deposition has been reported both at the tubings and surface facilities. Special laboratory fluid and core studies and analysis of the well and reservoir performance data have been conducted in search of methods to mitigate or prevent this problem. Subsurface oil samples were collected for use in the laboratory analysis of the fluid to determine the composition, phase behavior and onset pressures of asphaltene and wax precipitation. Asphaltene was precipitated when the reservoir pressure declined below certain level. Laboratory flow tests were designed to measure also the rock flow capabilities as a function of pressure. Cores representing different rock types were used and different pressure levels were chosen spanning the range of asphaltene precipitation, which was determined from the fluid characterization study.
The analysis of the well and reservoir performance data revealed that lithology types and pore throat size play an important role in where asphaltene precipitates in the reservoirs. The results of the experiments showed that oil permeability decreases as the core pressure declines below the onset pressure of asphaltene precipitation. A dual porosity, single permeability (DPSP) numerical flow model was constructed with these experimental results, which were converted into tables of pore volume and transmissibility modifications. The reservoir simulator, Eclipse100, allowed the effects of asphaltene precipitation to be modeled through changes in pore volume and transmissibility with reservoir pressure. Since fracture system is the only conduit for fluid flow in DPSP flow models, the changes were applied to fracture system. The various experiments and their results, interpretation of the well and field performance data, as well as the construction of the simulation model are presented in this paper.
Managing a Multireservoir Field Using Single Cell Modeling - Dacion
Authors: Frorup M. , Carrasco D. , Forsyth G 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Managing a field in a fluvial or delta environment is complicated due to the number of reservoir units. Many of these reservoir units are small and cannot justify significant studies. Because the data acquisition is limited at the reservoir level, the focus is on understanding uncertainties through a flexible approach allowing sensitivity studies. The Dacion field in the eastern part of Venezuela is one of such fields. This block contains more than 500 reservoir units with sizes from 200 Mstb and up.
The Dacion field came on production about 50 years ago. In the early years of development more than 300 wells were drilled and production reached a peak of 45000 bbl/D of oil in about 1958. After that the drilling slowed down and the field was operated on a rate maintenance basis. By 1997 the rate had fallen to approximately 11500 bbl/D. In 1998 the reactivation project was commenced by Lasmo Venezuela (ENI) and managed by PDVSA as part of the third Venezuelan licensing round. The project has so far more than tripled the production at takeover.
The planning approach was based on work done by Lasmo (ENI) in gas fields in Indonesia and modified to an oilfield. The basis of the approach is single cell simulation models for each of the individual units linked to a geological model for the definition of wellbore planning and estimation of productivity. This paper presents how this approach was applied in the Dacion block and how this links to reservoir simulation studies and facilities optimisation. Examples of individual reservoir models will be illustrated. The key in applying the simplified approach has been in understanding the fractional flow properties and being able to express these as type functions. The outcome is an approximate and flexible method to support management of fields with numerous small reservoirs.
Deepwater Improvements Using Real-Time Formation Evaluation
Authors: Lassoued Chaden , Dowla Najmud , Wendt Brett 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In contrast to many parts of the United States that have significant production declines, the total Gulf of Mexico (GOM) production is on the increase thanks to technology advances that have allowed the industry to move into deeper water.
Deepwater drilling has many challenges to overcome, such as narrow pore-pressure/fracture-gradient relationships that require multiple casing runs. Wellbore instability, kicks, lost circulation and shallow-water flows are common during the drilling process. The depths of wells often reach 30,000 ft, resulting in high bottomhole pressures and temperatures that limit the options of measurements and mud-pulse telemetry. The drilling rigs required in this difficult environment are very expensive, and nondrilling times have a large impact on well or projects economics. Thus new technology was required to drill cost effectively in deep water.
Logging while drilling (LWD) tools have already presented great opportunities, yet we continue to push this new technology to its limits. In fact, a suite of nuclear (with retrievable source), acoustic, and electromagnetic tools have been simultaneously deployed in the drillstring to acquire real-time formation-evaluation data and pore pressure prediction information to help reach the desired depth.
Quick-answer products delivered on site, such as full borehole images and real-time Internet data transmission to the shore office, empowered a dispersed group of geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists and drilling engineers to function as a team to promote efficiency.
This paper discusses the methods of using the data from azimuthal density, neutron, array compensated resistivity, and sonic tools that have enabled an operator to conduct a full formation-evaluation program. The field drilling program was based on the latest LWD technology enhancements such as dual-frequency resistivity measurements, blended-resistivity processing, 16-sector density, full-borehole imaging, and compressional transit time.
This paper also provides insight into the measurement while drilling (MWD) and LWD technology that has enabled data transmission from far-reaching depths. For example, fast telemetry settings, attaining 6 bps, allowed highly reliable data (2 samples per foot) to be recorded and sent uphole at an ROP of 100 ft/hr, synchronizing the frequency to further accommodate mud-attenuated signals in deeper wells.
High flow-rate capability (up to 2,500 gpm) in large boreholes combined with high pressure (up to 25,000 psi) gamma-ray, resistivity, density, and neutron (quad-combo) tools in deep, slim holes played an important role in keeping the flow of the information from downhole without interruption until the final drilling depth was reached.
Radioactive Marker Technique Applications to Evaluate Compaction in Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Authors: Macini P. , Mesini E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Radioactive Marker Technique (RMT) is a systems to evaluate layer compaction and land subsidence due to underground fluid production, based on the periodic monitoring of the distance between markers inserted into the formation, or onto casing. RMT is designed for the in situ measurement of the uniaxial compressibility coefficient (Cm) of layers under depletion, which is crucial to implement mathematical models to forecast compaction and its effects on the earth surface. After a brief description of measurement principles, the paper describes some aspects of RMT interpretation. A review of the main features of modern tools is given, weak points of measurement procedures and interpretation techniques are underlined and statistical methods utilized to reduce errors of Cm computation are presented. The paper addresses also a new subject of discussion, i.e., the effect of casing on the deformation of the surrounding layers, that are to be quantified in order to obtain more realistic measurements. Researches in this direction must be carried out, in the attempt to clarify some still vague aspects of interpretation techniques, and to assure reliable measurements and clear criteria of RMT applications. In general, RMT-derived Cm's match with sufficient precision with the ones derived from surface subsidence observed at surface, but not with the ones measured in laboratory. Finally, an application in Northern Adriatic Sea is presented, where RMT helped to improve the quality of lab-measured Cm's, allowing for a more precise environmental impact assessment of a possible hydrocarbon development project in a very sensitive area. At last, the well-studied case of Groningen gas field, and other offshore North Sea and Gulf of Mexico applications are reported.
Reservoir Description Helps to Improve Stimulation Designs in Hot and Fissured Reservoirs in Mexico
Authors: Caldera J. A. , Centeno G. Tellez , Robles F. Cazares , Sobrino J. C. , Frass M. O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Most of the reservoirs in Mexico are carbonate formations, which produce mainly from high conductivity fractures, the temperature of these fields generally goes above 140 C. Under this combined scenario of fissures and hot environments low rate acid injection generates a very fast mass transfer from acid to the rock, which yields very poor results in terms of production. Good results have been obtained on latest designs when injection rates have gone above frac pressure. The high rate mitigates the combined effect of the high proportion of rock surface area in the fissure to low volume of acid in the rock and the high temperature.
Special acid systems as emulsified systems; organics acid and high strength acid have been used to complement this practice with excellent results. Gelled especial system has helped to obtain a homogenous distribution of the acid in the open intervals.