bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabellae and popliteal sesamoid bones in cats
Authors: Arnbjerg J. , Heje N. I. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTRadiographs of the stifle joints of cats revealed a lack of mineralisation in the medial os fabella in a high percentage of domestic cats and also some exotic species of cat. In all the post mortem examinations undertaken the medial sesamoid bones were smaller. In the non‐radiopaque sesamoid bones there was a solid mass which on histological examination consisted of fibrocartilage, whereas the radiodense sesamoid bones consisted of lamellar osseous tissue. The lack of mineralisation of the medial fabellae seems to be more prevalent in domestic than in pedigree cats. None of the exotic cats had mineralised tissue in the medial fabellae. Lack of mineralisation of the sesamoid bones is not significant clinically.
Retrospective evaluation of fixation complications of 49 pelvic osteotomies in 36 dogs
Authors: Hosgood G. , Lewis D. D. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThirty‐six dogs undergoing 49 pelvic osteotomies (POs) stabilised either by manually twisted dynamic compression plates (DCPS; n= 29) or canine pelvic osteotomy plates (CPOPS; n = 20) were retrospectively reviewed. Postoperative radiographs were available for all POs and 36 had additional radiographic follow‐up. Pelvic osteotomies with CPOPs were more likely to have three screws placed in the sacrum while DCPs were associated with none, one or two screws in the sacrum. There was no difference in the postoperative sagittal alignment of the acetabular segments for POs with DCPs or CPOPs. Screw loosening was the most common complication (n = 13/36, 36 per cent), usually involving screws in the ilial segment. On follow‐up radiographs, medial displacement of the acetabular segment was most frequently associated with screw loosening and plate bending. Medial displacement of the acetabular segment caused apparent pelvic narrowing on radiographs, more pronounced in dogs with bilateral POs, but clinical problems were not reported.
Odontoma in a juvenile boxer: Clinical, radiographic and pathological findings
Authors: Smith K. C. , Brearley M. J. , Jeffery N. D. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTCompound odontoma was diagnosed in a seven‐month‐old boxer dog. The hamartoma presented as an expansile painless mass in the right rostral hemimandible, causing severe distortion of the incisor arcade. Radiographs revealed filling of the medullary cavity of the bone by soft tissue containing mineralised foci, with attendant cortical thinning. The lesion was excised. Histological evaluation demonstrated a connective tissue stroma containing multiple irregular foci of enamel and dentine resembling rudimentary teeth (denticles). These were typically bounded by an ameloblastic zone and contained a central area of odontoblasts and dental pulp. At nine months after surgery, no recurrence has been recognised.
Laryngeal adenocarcinoma in a dog
Authors: Gonzalez J. L. , Rollan E. , Garcia P. , Sanchez B. , Martinez E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTLaryngeal adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in an eight‐year‐old female cocker spaniel presented with inspiratory dyspnoea and dysphonia. Nine weeks after surgical debulking, the neoplasm recurred. Post mortem examination revealed metastases in cervical lymph nodes and lungs.
Food allergy and dietary intolerance in dogs: A report of 25 cases
Authors: Harvey R. G. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTFood allergy or dietary intolerance was diagnosed in 25 dogs. A screening diet of home‐cooked chicken and rice was used in all cases except in those dogs which were regularly fed chicken. If an improvement was noted, dogs were then challenged with their original diet and, if relapse occurred, they were suspected of having a diet‐related dermatosis. After remission was achieved by again feeding the home‐cooked screening diet the animals were provocatively challenged with dietary components. The offending component was a single constituent of the original in 13 of the animals. The age of onset of clinical signs ranged from three months to 10 years and the median age at onset of clinical signs was significantly different from the median age at the hospital. All animals responded to the screening diet within three weeks and none required a period of more than two weeks to respond to provocative challenge. The duration of time between challenge and the onset of clinical signs was significantly different between dogs with intolerance to cereal and those intolerant to dairy products.
Reading a pet food label
Authors: Burger I. H. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTBehind the myriad of labels which adorn pet foods there are strict regulations which require manufacturers to list various characteristics of the product. In the UK these declarations are encapsulated in the statutory statement which, in addition to being visible, legible and indelible, must be separate from all other information on the label. The label must indicate whether the product is nutritionally complete or complementary, its intended purpose, eg, growth or adult food, and directions for use. The ingredients must be listed in descending order by weight and the typical analysis must also be declared. For certain nutrients (eg, protein) this declaration is mandatory, for others, such as vitamins, the regulations are governed by the type and whether they have been added to the product or are naturally present. If certain additives have been included, they must be declared using either categories (eg, ‘antioxidant’), chemical names or European Community numbers. Other optional data such as batch numbering and date marking have been stated on the label for many years. The new Feeding Stuffs Regulations (1991) have now incorporated these as obligatory declarations. Any information outside the statutory statement is controlled by the Trade Descriptions Act and therefore must not mislead the purchaser. For example, the label must not suggest that the product possesses properties which it does not, nor must it imply that it is special when similar properties are found in other products. Furthermore, the label must not claim that the product will prevent, treat or cure disease — such products will normally be controlled by the Medicines Act. The nutrient requirements of pet animals can be met by a range of optimal values between deficiency on one hand and toxicity on the other. The concentration of nutrients in a product will be adjusted within these two ‘goalposts' with regard to the species, life stage and type of feeding for which the food is intended. The way that this total technological and nutritional package is reflected in the analysis of the product and its directions for use are discussed.
Dietary management of chronic renal disease in dogs: A critical appraisal
Authors: Kronfeld D. S. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTDiets low in protein have been recommended for dogs with chronic renal failure (CRF) since 1948, and for apparently healthy old dogs since 1960. These recommendations were based on studies of rats and poorly documented clinical experiences with dogs. Since 1979, a series of eight experiments on partially nephrectomised dogs and four clinical trials on naturally occurring chronic renal disease have demonstrated serious disadvantages of diets that contained high (38 to 49 per cent on a metabolisable energy (ME) basis) or very low (3 to 10 per cent) protein. In addition to poor acceptance of low protein (12 and 16 per cent) diets, undesired responses included exacerbation of depressed renal functions, reduced renal reserve, severe hyperfiltration in single nephrons, metabolic acidosis, hypercholesterolaemia, and hypertension. Protein deficiency may not have caused the complications observed, and may have been due to another feature of the diets fed. In seven studies, diets with a moderate (20 to 31 per cent ME) protein level fared better in regard to reduced renal pathology and proteinuria, better renal functions and reserve, and improvement of clinical status, azotaemia, hyperphosphataemia and anaemia. In the first instance, preferred products for CRF should contain moderate (20 to 24 per cent) protein and minimal phosphorus. Taking into consideration these 12 kidney studies a protein content of 30 per cent is recommended for apparently healthy old dogs. Current recommendations are to introduce a diet that is low in protein at a ‘critical point’ in the course of CRF, when its advantages are likely to outweigh its possible disadvantages. When this critical point has been reached has not been determined, but it is likely to be based on an assessment of the individual case.
Quantitative analysis of canine plasma lipoproteins
Authors: Barrie J. , Nash A. S. , Watson T. D. G. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA combined ultracentrifugationl/precipitation method for the measurement of lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations was developed and validated for use with canine plasma. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were isolated by flotation ultracentrifugation and low density lipoproteins (LDL) separated from high density lipoproteins (HDL) by precipitation with heparin‐manganese chloride. Effective separation of these classes was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis of native lipoproteins and by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of their apolipoprotein distributions. There was trace contamination of the LDL precipitate with HDL, but this represented less than 4 and 9 per cent of the total plasma HDL in normo‐ and hypercholesterolaemic dogs, respectively. The intra‐assay and interassay coefficients of variation for LDL‐ and HDL‐cholesterol concentrations were between 3·3 and 6·9 per cent, and 7·2 and 9·0 per cent, respectively, for plasma cholesterol concentrations between 2·67 and 8·14 mmoll/litre. The intra‐assay coefficient of variation for VLDL‐cholesterol was 53·8 and 18·4 per cent at plasma cholesterol concentrations of 2·67 and 8·14 mmol/litre, respectively. The interassay coefficient of variation for VLDL was 22·5 per cent. Storage of plasma at ‐20°C for between two and eight weeks did not affect VLDL‐cholesterol concentrations, but led to an increase in LDL‐cholesterol and a decrease in HDL‐cholesterol concentrations of approximately 10 per cent. The method described is appropriate for the measurement of lipoprotein concentrations in plasma from normo‐ and hypercholesterolaemic dogs, but samples should not be subjected to prolonged storage before analysis.
Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis of a primary lung tumour in a dog
Authors: Macpherson G. C. , Chadwick B. J. , Robbins P. D. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA dog was presented with signs of subacute, progressive myelopathy. A tentative diagnosis of a diffuse intramedullary spinal cord mass was made using contrast radiography (myelography). At autopsy a solitary, large bronchoalveolar carcinoma was detected in a lung lobe. Histological examination of the cranial thoracic spinal cord revealed a tumour which was similar, but not identical, to the lung tumour. Immunohistochemistry helped to confirm that the spinal lesion was a metastasis of the lung tumour.
IgA and IgM rheumatoid factors in canine rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Bell S. C. , Carter S. D. , May C. , Bennett D. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSerum and synovial fluid IgM and IgA‐rheumatoid factors (RF) were measured, by ELISA, in groups of dogs with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis and their levels were compared with normal animals. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had significantly elevated IgA‐RF, particularly those with erosive disease, as did those with systemic lupus erythematosus, compared with the other groups. Measurement of IgA‐RF may be more useful than IgM‐RF for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis in dogs.
Stimulated single fibre electromyography in normal dogs
Authors: Hopkins A. L. , Howard J. F. , Wheeler S. J. , Kornegay J. N. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA technique for the evaluation of neuromuscular transmission using single fibre electromyography was developed for the peroneus longus muscle of dogs. Individual muscle fibre action potentials were recorded in 10 dogs, with a specialised needle electrode, during repetitive axon‐al stimulation at the motor point of the right peroneus longus muscle. Variability in latency from stimulus artefact to action potential was evaluated for 50 to 100 consecutive discharges for several fibres in the muscle of each dog. Latency variability (jitter) was expressed as the mean of consecutive differences (MCD) in latency for each muscle fibre. A mean of MCDS was calculated for the muscle of each animal. The upper limits of normal for the peroneus longus suggested by this study are 30 us (for individual muscle fibres) and 19 μs (for mean of group of fibres).
Myeloproliferative disorder involving the megakaryocytic line
Authors: Canfield P. J. , Church D. B. , Russ I. G. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTMyeloproliferative disorders involving the megakaryocytic line are uncommon but in recent years several reports have come from North America and the United Kingdom describing megakaryoblastic leukaemia (MbL) and a particular form called essential thrombocythaemia (ET). This article reports a myeloproliferative disorder in a dog that was ultimately designated as MbL on the basis of the presence of circulating blast cells and thrombocythaemia, and of multi‐organ infiltration and myelofibrosis. It comments on the difficulties of diagnosing such a condition and reviews previously published articles on MbL and ET in dogs and cats.
Unusual muscle and tendon disorders of the forelimb in the dog
Authors: Anderson A. , Stead A. C. , Coughlan A. R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTFive dogs with unusual muscle and tendon disorders of the forelimb are described. In one dog, mineralisation of the tendon of insertion of the supraspinatus muscle was treated surgically but lameness returned following the resumption of exercise. Of two cases of avulsion of the origin of the extensor carpi radialis muscle, one was successfully managed conservatively while the other needed surgical intervention to resolve the lameness. A single case of chronic avulsion/rupture of the tendon of insertion of the extensor carpi radialis muscle was successfully managed conservatively while a case of medial displacement of the biceps brachii tendon was surgically corrected by repair of the transverse humeral ligament. The aetiology, diagnosis and management of the above conditions is discussed.
Insulin‐secreting tumours of the canine pancreas: Clinical and pathological features of 11 cases
Authors: Dunn J. K. , Bostock D. E. , Herrtage M. E. , Jackson K. F. , Walker M. J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the clinical and pathological features of 11 dogs with insulin‐secreting tumours of the pancreas. All the dogs showed episodic weakness or collapse. The diagnosis was made on fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations, the insulimglucose ratio, and the results of an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Ten of the dogs had exploratory laparotomy, and partial pancreatectomy was performed in nine of the cases. One case was euthanased at surgery because of widespread metastases. The tumours were graded histologically and the results compared with the time to recurrence of clinical signs and postoperative survival time. Postoperative survival time for dogs which died or were euthanased as a direct result of tumour recurrence, and time to recurrence of clinical signs were calculated from actuarial survival curves. The median time to recurrence of clinical signs after surgery was 12 months (range from four to 16 months; mean time to recurrence of clinical signs 12 months). Two cases died of unrelated disease, without recurrence of hypoglycaemic signs. The median postoperative survival time was 14 months (range 10 to 33 months; mean survival time 15 months). There is a suggestion that tumours with a high mitotic count carried a worse prognosis.
Coxofemoral luxations in cats
Authors: Pérez‐Aparicio F. J. , Fjeld T. O. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIn a retrospective study, 79 untreated luxations of the coxofemoral joint in cats were recorded over a 12‐year period. Twenty‐nine of these cases were available for follow‐up, of which 13 were re‐examined clinically and radiologically. It was found that the maximum incidence of the injury occurred from one to three years of age. Follow‐up radiographs showed that the cats had developed nearthroses of various degrees located dorsally on the ilium. The degree of nearthrosis formation was not consistently correlated with the length of the observation time. Radiological signs of decreased bone density of the proximal femur may be caused by reduced weightbearing related to changes in biomechanical function and altered blood supply in the luxated limb. Almost two‐thirds of the re‐examined animals presented some kind of locomotor dysfunction on clinical examination. Limb function improved with time. The best clinical results appeared to be in cats that were immature at the time of injury and developed nearthrosis similar to a normal coxofemoral joint. All the cats available to this study showed acceptable functional results and had a normal level of activity according to the owners.
Evaluation of repetitive nerve stimulation in young dogs
Authors: Gödde T. , Jaggy A. , Vandevelde M. , Gaillard C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTEvaluation of neuromuscular transmission requires a complete electrodiagnostic evaluation including repetitive nerve stimulation. Supra‐maximal stimulation of the peroneal nerve and recording of the compound muscle action potentials from the cranial tibial muscle were under‐taken in 25 young dogs of two to 18 months of age. Proximal stimulation in the trochanteric fossa and distal stimulation in the popliteal fossa were chosen for small and large breeds, respectively. Highly consistent results were obtained when the examined muscle was kept at a constant temperature and the limb was firmly fixed. Neither sex‐ (14 females, 11 males) nor age‐ related (mean = 4·4 months] differences in neuromuscular transmission were found, but frequency‐dependent phenomena were observed. These became more distinct with high frequency stimulation. Pseudofacilitation (n = 16/15 Hz; n = 7/50 Hz), was found to range within certain limits (6 to 26 per cent/15 Hz; 13 to 31 per cent/50 Hz). Its mean values at 50 Hz stimulation were apparently higher (26·88 per cent) than those at 15 Hz stimulation (11·3 per cent). Decremental responses occurred mainly with application of tetanic stimulation frequency (n = 1/15 Hz; n = 12/50 Hz) and may represent blocking of neuromuscular transmission. Each of these reaction patterns usually started to occur at the fourth potential of a series (81 per cent/15 Hz; 94 per cent/50 Hz) and remained constant during the second half of the stimulation train in most cases. The occurrence of post‐tetanic phenomena in healthy dogs is poorly understood. Post‐tetanic potentiation observed in the present material (24 per cent) may represent pseudofacilitation following high stimulation frequency (50 Hz/100 pulses).
Dermoid cyst of the spinal cord associated with ataxia in a cat
Authors: Henderson J. P. , Pearson G. R. , Smerdon T. N. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA young adult Balinese cat developed complete hindlimb paralysis which persisted for six weeks. Clinical findings suggested a lesion compressing the spinal cord and this was confirmed at necropsy. A dermoid cyst was present at the level of the third thoracic vertebra. The cyst was lined by stratified squamous epithelium and contained desquamated keratinised material and hair fragments. Sebaceous glands and hair follicles were present in the connective tissue wall. This is the first report of a dermoid cyst in the spinal cord of a cat. The lesion is considered to be a congenital anomaly.
Lipoprotein metabolism and hyperlipidaemia in the clog and cat: A review
Authors: Watson T. D. G. , Barrie J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe term hyperlipidaemia is used to describe raised plasma concentrations of cholesterol and, or, triglycerides. These aqueous insoluble lipids are transported through plasma in special particles called lipoproteins of which there are four main types; chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). A transient rise in plasma triglycerides occurs following a meal as dietary fat is carried from the small intestine into the circulation by chylomicrons; this is called post prandial hyperlipidaemia. In addition, hyperlipidaemia is caused by defects in the metabolism of one or more of the lipoprotein classes which may be either genetic in origin or, more commonly in the dog and the cat, secondary to diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, and renal and hepatic disease. Hypertriglyceridaemia is caused by reduced clearance of chylomicrons and VLDL, sometimes with overproduction of VLDL, whereas hypercholesterolaemia results from altered metabolism of LDL and HDL. Raised plasma triglycerides interfere with a number of clinical chemistry tests and may be associated with cutaneous xanthomata, vomiting and diarrhoea, peripheral nerve paralyses, seizures, pancreatitis, hepatosplenomegaly and lipaemia retinalis. The clinical manifestations of hypercholesterolaemia in the dog are few and largely confined to the eye. Diagnostic efforts should concentrate on determining whether the hyperlipidaemia is either genetic in origin or secondary to endocrine and systemic diseases. Plasma lipid concentrations usually return to normal with effective therapy of any underlying disease. Where no such disease can be identified, the hyperlipidaemia should be considered idiopathic in origin and the patient placed on a low fat diet.
Successful arthroscopic treatment of shoulder osteochondrosis in the dog
Authors: van Ryssen B. , van Bree H. , Missinne S. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTFourteen shoulder joints in 12 dogs were treated arthroscopically for osteochondrosis. The arthroscopic procedure included removal of all osteochondral flaps and curettage of the edges of the subchondral defect. Histological examination of biopsy samples from eight joints revealed synovitis in all cases. Arthroscopic surgery of shoulder osteochondrosis in the dog proved to be a less time consuming procedure than arthrotomy with minimal soft tissue trauma and allowed a rapid return to function of the patients.
Hereditary myopathy of Devon rex cats
Authors: Malik R. , Mepstead K. , Yang F. , Harper C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSix closely related Devon rex cats afflicted with a congenital muscle disease were investigated over a three‐year period. Physical findings included passive ventroflexion of the head and neck, dorsal protrusion of the scapulae, megaoesophagus, generalised appendicular weakness and fatigability. Signs became evident at three to 23 weeks of age and then usually progressed slowly or remained static. Plasma levels of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase were not elevated. Histological examination of tissues from affected cats showed changes indicative of a primary myopathy, with neither nerve nor spinal cord involvement. Four of the six cats died suddenly of laryngospasm after obstruction of the pharynx or larynx with food.
Pectus excavatum and left to right intracardiac shunt in a kitten
Authors: Johnston S. A. , Moon M. L. , Atkinson R. N. , Eyster G. E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA six‐week‐old female kitten presented for severe pectus excavatum. Surgical correction was performed. One week later the kitten developed dyspnoea and a systolic murmur was detected on thoracic auscultation. Pulmonary oedema and cardiomegaly were identified radiographically, and a left to right intracardiac shunt was visualized using non‐selective angiocardiography. Clinical signs resolved spontaneously one month later. The kitten has been asymptomatic for 24 months.