bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prediction and Predictability of Speech in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Rutter D. R. , Wishner J. , Callaghan B. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPrevious research suggests, though by no means consistently, that schizophrenic patients may be less able than normals to predict the speech of other people, and that schizophrenic speech is less predictable than normal speech. The present experiment tests these two suggestions and also a third possibility, that the difference between schizophrenic and normal speech is less marked for schizophrenics asked to make the predictions than for normals. Twelve schizophrenic patients recently admitted to hospital, and twelve comparable, psychiatrically normal, orthopaedic patients, were asked to predict both schizophrenic and normal speech, using Cloze Procedure, under both fourth-word and fifth-word deletion. The first hypothesis was upheld, but the second and third received only very limited support. The findings are discussed in the light of previous work, and suggestions are made for future research.
Immediate Effects of Improved Hospital Enviroment on Behaviour Patterns of Mentally Handicapped Patients
Authors: James F. E. , Spencer D. A. , Hamilton M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn 1972 three old hospitals were closed and patients transferred to a new hospital for the mentally handicapped. Four to six weeks before transfer, disturbed and a sample of non-disturbed patients were rated on a selected scale; they were again rated four to six weeks after transfer. The disturbed patients numbered 39 per cent of the total and both men and women shared a significant improvement, though the men did not improve to the same extent as the women. There was also a significant improvement among the non-disturbed patients, though this did not apply to the epileptic patients.
The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: I. Description of the Model and its use in Psychiatry
Authors: Reich Theodore , Cloninger C. Robert , Guze Samuel B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe assumptions and properties of the Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission are described, using the principles of quantitative genetics. No assumptions are made about the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in the transmission of a disorder. The usefulness of the Model is discussed as a device for quantifying family data, discriminating between different modes of transmission and studying variations in disorders according to such clinical variables as age, sex, and severity of illness.When only one form of a disorder can be distinguished, the degree to which the disorder is transmissible can be measured, and the relative importance of familial factors in the aetiology can be assessed. The assumptions which underlie the Model cannot be tested.When two or more forms of a disorder can be distinguished, family and population data can be used to test the underlying assumptions of the Model. A good fit of the Model to the observed data indicates that the two subforms of the disorder represent different degrees of the same normally distributed process. This implies that the relative importance of transmissible and non-transmissible factors is the same in determining each subform of the disorder. The testability of the Multifactorial Model with multiple thresholds offers an opportunity for relating and understanding heterogeneous subforms of a disorder, for specifying the relationship between spectrum disorders, and for classifying psychiatric disorders.
The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: II. Sex Differences in the Familial Transmission of Sociopathy (Antisocial Personality)
Authors: Cloninger C. Robert , Reich Theodore , Guze Samuel B. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySociopathy is highly familial in both white and black families. Sociopathy in men and women clusters in the same families, but is much more frequent in men than in women. It is more prevalent among relatives of sociopathic women than among relatives of sociopathic men. The sex difference in its prevalence appears to be due to sex-related cultural or biological factors causing the threshold to be more deviant in women. There is no evidence of a genetic difference in its prevalence and transmission according to race.The two-threshold Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission provides an explanation for the striking sex difference in the transmission of sociopathy. Such a pattern of transmission is obtained only in diseases whose genetic component is polygenic or, if only one or a few genotypes are relevant, where each of these has a small effect relative to environmental factors.Assortative mating accounts for a large proportion of the observed similarity between relatives. However, the familial clustering of male and female sociopaths is not dependent on assortative mating.The high correlation among siblings that is expected under conditions of random mating indicates that environmental factors common to siblings contribute to the aetiology of sociopathy. The greater deviance of the parental home experiences of sociopathic women compared to sociopathic men is further evidence of the importance of familial environment.
The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: III. Familial Relationship Between Sociopathy and Hysteria (Briquet's Syndrome)
Authors: Cloninger C. Robert , Reich Theodore , Guze Samuel B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHysteria (Briquet's Syndrome) and sociopathy cluster in the same families instead of segregating as independent traits. Assortative mating between hysterics and sociopaths increases the observed similarity between relatives, but the familial association between sociopathy and hysteria remains after taking assortative mating into account. The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission with three thresholds related to severity and sex accounts for population and family data about sociopathic men, sociopathic women, and women with hysteria. The data were obtained for 227 first-degree relatives and for 800 subjects in the general population.Depending on the sex of the individual and its severity, the same aetiological process may lead to different, sometimes overlapping, clinical pictures. Specifically, analysis indicates that hysteria in women is a more prevalent and less deviant manifestation of the same process that causes sociopathy in women.
Reality Orientation, a Therapy for Psychogeriatric Patients: a Controlled Study
Authors: Brook Peter , Degun Gian , Mather Marcia 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a controlled trial, ‘reality orientation’ for elderly patients diagnosed as suffering from dementia is shown to be effective only where therapists actively participate. Exposure to change in a more stimulating environment than their own wards is not enough to produce sustained improvement.
Psychological Complications in Women Undergoing Voluntary Sterilization by Salpingectomy
Authors: Khorana Anand Bhushan , Vyas Anirudh A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFive-hundred women electing salpingectomy for contraception and their husbands were studied by means of structured interviews and questionnaires over periods of three months to two years, beginning before surgery. The post-operative follow-up was completed for 374 couples. The subject's condition was compared before and after operation for emergence of any symptoms, and whether there was any significant difference in frequency of intercourse or other sexual behaviour, changes in sexual functioning, emotional adjustment and marital satisfaction. There was evidence of adverse psychological and sexual changes but these were apparently of a mild nature. Eighty-three per cent of the subjects complained of various symptoms, presumably of psychological origin; in 65 per cent sexual desire had declined, and 29 per cent had not resumed intercourse. The mean score of psychiatric symptoms based on clinical ratings rose from 0.38 before to 4.35 after operation, which is statistically highly significant. Paradoxically satisfaction with the operation was expressed by 92 per cent of the subjects.
The Effect of Long Term Phenothiazine Therapy on Plasma Prolactin
Authors: Wilson R. G. , Hamilton J. R. , Boyd W. D. , Forrest A. P. M. , Cole E. N. , Boyns A. R. , Griffiths K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPlasma prolactin has been estimated in 69 psychiatric in-patients receiving either thioridazine (20–300 mg./day) or chlorpromazine (50–200 mg./day) or other phenothiazines. A homologous radioimmuno-assay was used which depends on an antiserum to human amniotic prolactin. Prolactin levels were significantly increased in these patients compared with control patients, and were dose related. Simultaneous estimation of growth hormone revealed normal levels.
Criminality as a Prognostic Factor in Opiate Dependence
Authors: d'Orbán P. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe relationship between criminality and the outcome of treatment was investigated in opiate addicts attending a drug dependence clinic. A comparison was made between the criminal records of 33 male and 7 female patients who came off drugs and a control group of 29 male and 10 female patients who remained addicted. In male patients, the extent of criminal involvement (as measured by the number of previous convictions on entering treatment) failed to discriminate between those who subsequently achieved abstinence and those who remained addicted. In the small sample of female patients the control group more often had a criminal record and had more previous convictions. These results were in keeping with a previous study of female addicts.The findings suggest that there is a sex difference in the relationship between criminality and the prognosis for addiction. In male addicts criminal involvement has no significant influence on the outcome of treatment and previous convictions are not a helpful guide to prognosis, whereas in female addicts a criminal record is of more adverse significance.
The Assessment and Progress of Long-Stay and Elderly Psychiatric Patients: The Predictive Validity of a Ward Behaviour Questionnaire
Authors: Clarke Michael , Waller Jane , Webster Barbara 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper describes an attempt to validate a behaviour rating scale used to predict the likelihood of discharge among elderly and long-stay patients in a psychiatric hospital. The scale measured behaviour on the ward as rated by nursing staff. The scale was a sensitive predictor of discharge among those with a low score (indicating least disability), except for patients with organic psychoses. However, many patients with low scores were not discharged. In order to improve the scale's use as a screening technique additional information was considered. The significance of the findings is discussed.
Age, Persistence and Improvement in an Open Out-Patient Group
Authors: Myers E. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe ages of 87 patients attending an open out-patient group in a general hospital psychiatric out-patient department are analysed in relation to persistence with treatment. A highly significant correlation (p <.001) is obtained between increasing age and continued attendance, and a significantly greater number are found to attend for six months or more in the age-range 37–47 than at other ages. In a sub-group of 35 patients, all of whom had attended more than four sessions and had returned a questionnaire, significant correlations are obtained between age and symptomatic improvement (p < .05) and between continued attendance and improvement in interpersonal relationships (P < .05).
Psychiatric Morbidity in Parents and Sibs of Schizophrenics and Non-Schizophrenics
Authors: Stephens D. A. , Atkinson M. W. , Kay D. W. K. , Roth M. , Garside R. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe aims of this study were to compare the psychiatric morbidity occurring in the close relatives (N = 332) of patients showing nuclear forms of schizophrenia with that of a control group (N = 201), and to consider the findings in relation to the concept of the schizophrenic ‘spectrum’ and to some genetic theories of schizophrenia. About one third of each group were interviewed by a psychiatrist using defined diagnostic criteria, and information of varying degrees of completeness was obtained about the remainder. After considering possible biases, it was concluded that the ‘spectrum disorders' most likely to be biologically related to schizophrenia were personality disorders of non-neurotic type, either alone or in combination with another diagnosis. The results, however, did not fit well with the model of dominant inheritance of schizophrenia and schizoid disease proposed by Heston (1970).
Psycho-social Transitions: Comparison between Reactions to Loss of a Limb and Loss of a Spouse
Authors: Parkes Colin Murray 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn 21 widows and 46 amputees a psychological reaction to loss designated as ‘grief’ was commonly reported. This included an initial period of numbness, soon followed by restless pining with preoccupation with thoughts of the loss, a clear visual memory of the lost object and a sense of its presence. Defensive processes, reflected in difficulty in believing in the loss and avoidance of reminders, were also evident.Widows differed from amputees in showing more evidence of overt distress in the early post-loss phase, but whereas these features diminished in prevalence in the course of the next year the equivalent features reported by the amputee group remained virtually unchanged.
The Treatment of Psychotic Depression by Sleep Deprivation: A Replication Study
Authors: Bhanji S. , Roy G. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA replication study of the effects of single-night sleep deprivation therapy was carried out as a preliminary to a controlled comparison with orthodox antidepressant measures. The results show that sleep deprivation therapy was acceptable to a majority of the patients studied, and was followed by an improvement in over half those who completed treatment. Adverse effects were minimal. The authors feel that further clinical and physiological study is warranted.
Fertility of the Sibs of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Buck Carol , Hobbs G. Edgar , Simpson Helen , Wanklin James M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis investigation has provided evidence against the hypothesis that heterozygous carriers of a schizophrenic gene have a reproductive advantage through enhanced fertility. An advantage arising from lower mortality between birth and the end of the reproductive period was not investigated, but should be examined before we search for other explanations of the apparently stable polymorphism of schizophrenia.
Looseness of Associations in Acute Schizophrenia
Authors: Reilly Frank , Harrow Martin , Tucker Gary , Quinlan Donald , Siegel Andrew 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTo study looseness of associations and other theoretically relevant variables of speech pathology, 51 acute psychiatric patients, including 26 schizophrenics, were studied at the acute phase of their disorder by means of a free verbalization interview. The results on these 51 patients during the acute period were.1.There were clear differences between the schizophrenic patient group and the control patient group, the overall index of deviant verbalizations being significant at the .001 el.2.Many types of looseness were found in non-schizophrenic patients as well as in schizophrenics. Except at the very mildest levels, however, the variants of overt looseness were strikingly more frequent in occurrence and severe in degree in the schizophrenic group (p < .01).3.Gaps in communication, vagueness of ideas and blocking, though present to some degree in our control group, were much more common in the schizophrenic sample (p < .001).4.In the control group of patients, private meanings (including neologisms), repetition and perseveration were extremely rare, and current delusional thinking virtually non-existent. Private meanings and current delusional thinking were conspicuously present in the schizophrenic sample; repetition and perseveration were present to a mild degree in this acute schizophrenic sample.5.Schizophrenic patients tend to show more looseness of associations when faced with a request to talk about topicsnotrelated to their illness.
Class Change in the Personal Illness Hierarchy
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Bedford A. , Csapo K. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySixty-eight psychiatric in-patients who had completed the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (D.S.S.I.) on admission were retested after one month. On first testing 92.6 per cent conformed to the hierarchy of classes of personal illness model, and on the second occasion 91.2 per cent. Of those who could improve, 72 per cent did so, most commonly by moving down one hierarchy class, e.g. from the Neurotic Symptoms class to the Dysthymic States class. (On the other hand only 30 per cent of the 61 patients who originally reported symptoms did not do so after one month.) Thus although it is clear that the patients as a group changed markedly, they have not departed from the hierarchy. These results indicate that either the symptoms further up the hierarchy remit before those lower in the hierarchy or they remit together. Certainly those lower in the hierarchy do not go first. It is suggested that the results would be difficult to accommodate within strict disease-entity models, and that they have different implications for both treatment and the assessment of change in current state.
A Study of 65 Impotent Males
Authors: Ansari J. M. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySixty-five patients primarily referred for erectile impotence were investigated. Information was obtained from patients and their partners. The demographic data are compared with those from a non-impotent psychiatric out-patient group, matched for age. Results indicate that impotent cases do not form a homogeneous population and can be classified into three fairly distinct groups. These groups differ in age, marital status, sex drive, pre-marital and post-marital relationships, duration of illness, etc. Group 1 develop impotence because of anxiety in sexual situations, Group 2 react to the sexual response and personality of their partners, while Group 3 decline, perhaps from inherent constitutional causes. Factors such as religious restrictions, sexual taboos, alcoholism and homosexuality do not appear to be of any aetiological importance.
A Phenomenological Analysis of Symptoms in Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis
Authors: Akhtar Salman , Wig N. N. , Varma V. K. , Pcrshad Dwarka , Verma S. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEighty-two obsessional neurotics were studied from a phenomenological point of view in order to delineate the various forms and contents of obsessions and compulsions. An attempt was made to ascertain the frequency with which the different forms and content occur and their effect on the final outcome of the disorder. Five types of obsessions were identified: doubts, obsessive thinking, fears, impulses, and images, in order of frequency of their occurrence. Compulsive acts could be classified in two types, depending on whether they yielded to or diverted the underlying obsession. One-fourth of the patients displayed no compulsions. The content of obsession could be classified in five broad categories as relating to: dirt and contamination, aggression, inanimate-impersonal themes, religion, and sexual matters, in order of the frequency of their occurrence. The paper, while offering an interpretation of these findings, emphasizes the part played by socio-cultural factors in the character of an obsession's thought content.The absence of compulsions was found to be associated with good prognosis. A downward gradient was noted in the final outcome of patients without compulsions, those with controlling compulsions alone, those with both varieties of compulsions, and those displaying yielding compulsions alone, in that order. Based on this observation the paper suggests a prognosis-related hierarchical continuum of the severity of obsessional disorder.
Impact of Psychosocial Factors on the Conduct of Combined Drug and Psychotherapy Research
Authors: Stone W. N. , Green B. L. , Gleser G. C. , Whitman R. M. , Foster B. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effect of attitudes of therapists, patients and researchers on the conduct and outcome of combined drug and psychotherapy research was examined in a brief crisis-oriented psychotherapy clinic. Seventy-seven consecutive patients were given one of two anti-anxiety drugs or a placebo in conjunction with the typical psychoanalytically-oriented treatment used in the clinic. The therapists' attitudes favouring psychotherapy over drug therapy (and psychotherapy research) were clearly conveyed to the patients. Indicative of this are the following: (a) 82 per cent of the patients dropped out of drug taking, although a similar percentage remained in treatment; (b) only a third of the patients perceived it as being important to their therapists that they should take medication; (c) 87 per cent of the patients were rated as improved; and 75 per cent of patients completing forms considered that most or all of their improvement was attributable to talking.The research team, made up of members of the same department who therefore had similar values as the therapists, diligently collected outcome data, but ignored its responsibility to enforce drug-related portions of the protocol. Overall, patients remained in therapy, improved and participated in completing forms, so that only the research goals of combined therapy were thwarted, while traditional clinic service and training goals proceeded as usual.
A Comparison of EMG Feedback and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training in Anxiety Neurosis
Authors: Canter Arthur , Kondo Charles Y. , Knott John R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo similar groups of adult psychiatric patients carrying the diagnosis of anxiety neurosis were compared in their response to different methods of training in deep muscle relaxation. One group received EMG feedback and the other a modification of the Jacobson Progressive Relaxation method. The frontalis muscle was chosen as the target for feedback training and for the measurement of tension reduction in both groups, for the reason that this muscle has been shown to reflect the general muscle tension level in anxious patients. Training was carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, and objective muscle tension levels were obtained. Overall changes in the status of the anxiety symptoms, as determined by global ratings from patients and from primary therapists, were also compared in the two groups at the end of training. The results of the study indicated that both EMG feedback and the progressive muscle relaxation training produced significant reductions in frontalis tension levels. However, EMG feedback was found to be generally superior in producing larger reductions in muscle activity, with a concomitant relief in anxiety symptoms, for a greater number of the patients.
A Brief Psychogeriatric Assessment Schedule
Authors: Pattie Anne H. , Gilleard Christopher J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper represents part of an investigation designed to establish the validity of the Clifton Assessment Scale (a brief psychogeriatric assessment procedure) and the Stockton Geriatric Rating Schedule. One hundred consecutive admissions over the age of 60 were assessed soon after admission to the acute wards of a psychiatric hospital. The results indicated a close relationship between the scores and psychiatric diagnoses. Outcome was differentiated in terms of discharge home or of transfer to psychogeriatric and to other non-psychogeriatric wards, and significant differences were obtained between groups. The assessment procedure had predictive validity comparable with other reported procedures, with the advantages of brevity and test acceptability for an elderly population.