bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anaemia of Chronic Disorders: Studies of Iron Reutilization in the Anaemia of Experimental Malignancy and Chronic Inflammation
Authors: Zarrabi Mohammad Hosein , Lysik Rita , Distefano John , Zucker Stanley 
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of defective reutilization of iron in the pathogenesis of the anaemia of chronic disease (ACD). Normal rats with or without splenectomy and rats with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma with or without splenectomy were studied. The reutilization of 59Fe labelled heat‐damaged red cells (59Fe DRBC), the sequestration of 59Fe DRBC in major organs, red cell mass, 51Cr red cell survival, serum iron, plasma erythropoietin and routine haematological parameters were measured.Three weeks after tumour implantation in rats a moderate degree of anaemia was noted. The maximum 59Fe reutilization in the tumour group and tumour with splenectomy group (63 ± 6% and 56 ± 9%, respectively) was not significantly different than observed in the normal group (64 ± 6%) or normal with splenectomy group (53 ± 7%). Excessive iron sequestration in liver and spleen was not observed in animals with cancer. Red cell survival in the tumour group was slightly decreased as compared to normal. Plasma erythropoietin levels were appropriately increased for the degree of anaemia in rats with cancer. This type of experiment was repeated in a second group of anaemic animals with turpentine induced abscesses. Reutilization of 59Fe DRBC in rats with inflammation was normal.These results indicate that adult rats with anaemia of malignancy or chronic inflammation do not have a decreased reutilization of red cell iron. Thus RE blockade of iron is not a major factor in anaemia of chronic disease in this experimental model. Furthermore, these experiments confirm the importance of decreased red cell production in the anaemia of malignancy.
Acid Esterase in Human Lymphoid Cells and Leukaemic Blasts: a Marker for T Lymphocytes
Authors: Kulenkampff J. , Janossy G. , Greaves M. F. 
Published: March 2008

A non‐specific acid alpha‐naphthyl‐acetate esterase activity was investigated in human lymphoid cell populations from tonsils, blood, thymus and in different leukaemias. Four patterns have emerged. (i) The vast majority of T lymphocytes (peripheral blood, tonsils) showed a localized, intense reaction product (‘T‐like’). (ii) A thymocyte subpopulation expressed faint, localized enzyme activity (‘Thy‐like’) but the majority of thymocytes showed no esterase activity. Some cells from acute lymphoblastic leukaemias with thymocyte surface characteristics had a ‘Thy‐like’appearance. (iii) Most B lymphocytes and cells from chronic lymphocytic leukaemias were esterase negative. No activity was seen in mitogen activated peripheral blood T and B lymphoblasts from peripheral blood and in leukaemic blasts from the common form of childhood acute ‘lymphoblastic’leukaemia. (iv) Myeloid cells, including peripheral blood monocytes, and blast cells from acute myeloblastic and chronic granulocytic leukaemias showed an intense, diffuse reaction product (M‐like).It is concluded that the modified esterase technique is a convenient marker for small mature human T lymphocytes in tissue sections and smears. It may also be helpful in the differential diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with T characteristics, the common form of acute ‘lymphoblastic’leukaemia and acute myeloblastic leukaemia.
Iron Deficiency in Pregnant Women in Ibarapa District of Western Nigeria
Authors: Oluboyede O. A. , Topley Elizabeth , Ogunbode O. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Ninety‐nine pregnant women with anaemia (haematocrit <0.30) were detected by antenatal screening in Ibarapa District. Studies on 23 anaemic women and 17 non‐anaemic women from the same clinic on the same day showed that eight out of 23 anaemic women had a transferrin saturation of less than 15%. The mean level (19.5%) for the anaemic patients was significantly less than that found in the nonanaemic controls: mean 33.0% (P<0.01). Bone marrow studies on 32 anaemic women revealed megaloblastic change and absent iron in 27 of the 32 patients.In a trial of parenteral iron treatment in 66 patients the mean haematocrit of Imferon treated patients rose from 0.27 to 0.32 in 6 weeks but remained at 0.28 or less in the controls. There was a significant difference between the iron‐treated group and the comparable group receiving no imferon (P<0.001 at 6 weeks).The method of using parenteral iron treatment to make a diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia is discussed together with the possible advantages and disadvantages of giving iron.
The Detection of Granulocyte Alloantibodies with an Indirect Immunofluorescence Test
Authors: Verheugt F. W. A. , Kr. von dem Borne A. E. G. , Décary F. , Engelfriet C. P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. An indirect immunofluorescence technique for the detection of alloantibodies against granulocytes was developed. A major problem was the unspecific fluorescence of granulocytes, due to unspecific adherence of immunoglobulins to the cell membrane. This could be suppressed by the prefixation of the granulocytes with paraformaldehyde. The developed test proved to be specific and sensitive and to have a high reproducibility. Strongly positive reactions were obtained with antisera containing granulocyte‐specific agglutinins or granulocyte‐cytotoxins, but also with some sera that did not react in either the agglutination or the cytotoxicity test.HLA antisera also gave positive reactions, but strong anti‐A, anti‐B or anti‐D sera did not react. With this technique leucocyte antibodies can be detected in a higher percentage of patients with febrile transfusion reactions.
Microvascular Occlusive Lesions in Primary Thrombocythaemia
Authors: Singh A. K. , Wetherley‐Mein G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Although haemorrhagic manifestations are common in primary thrombocythaemia, microvascular occlusive lesions often leading to peripheral gangrene are frequent and can be the sole clinical manifestation of the disease.Twenty‐seven patients were followed for periods of 6 months to 14 years. The microvascular occlusive group of nine patients presented with distal gangrene of toes, a purple mottled appearance of the skin resembling lesions of livedo reticularis pain aggravated by warmth and erythromelalgia. These ischaemic lesions appearing without demonstrable arterial disease indicate a primary role of the platelets in the occlusive process. None of these patients presented with haemorrhagic symptoms but many later showed abnormal post‐traumatic bleeding. The ischaemic lesions including the gangrenous toes were completely reversed by treatment and did not recur.Ten patients presented with characteristic features of primary haemorrhagic thrombocythaemia. The haemorrhagic manifestations ranged from small, recurrent and multiple ecchymoses to recurring gastro‐intestinal blood loss, massive spontaneous haematoma and excessive post‐operative bleeding.An asymptomatic group of six patients were diagnosed during routine investigation of other disorders. In none of them did a causal relationship seem possible. The miscellaneous group consisted of two patients with the characteristic clinical and haematological features of primary thrombocythaemia who when successfully treated, developed polycythaemia.Busulphan was shown to be effective in controlling the proliferative process in all groups.
The Assessment of Red Cell Survival in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Haemoly tic Disorders and Ineffective Erythropoiesis using the Radioiron Occupancy Method
Authors: Hutcheon A. W. , Horton P. W. , Orr J. S. , Dagg J. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY.A direct method for measuring red cell lifespan in vivo using the radioiron occupancy method (Dagg et al, 1972) has been applied to eight normal subjects. The mean red cell lifespan was 116 d with a range of 104‐124 d.To establish the method clinically in the presence of haemolysis and ineffective erythropoiesis, 22 patients with haemolytic disease and six patients with megaloblastic and sideroblastic anaemia were studied. All 22 patients with haemolytic anaemia had shortening of the red cell lifespan, with a range from 62 to 10 d; the results were compared with red cell lifespan derived from simultaneous radiochromium studies (Bentley et al, 1974). A close agreement between the two methods was obtained (r = 0.87; P<0.00I).To assess the validity of the method in the presence of ineffective erythropoiesis, double isotope studies were also carried out in three patients with megaloblastic anaemia and diree with sideroblastic anaemia. Close agreement was again obtained between lifespan measurements obtained from radioiron occupancy data and those derived from radiochromium studies, suggesting that the presence of significant ineffective erythropoiesis does not invalidate the method.The theoretical considerations involved in the application of the radioiron occupancy method to haemolytic states are discussed.
The Exchangeable Splenic Platelet Pool in Response to Selective Adrenergic Beta‐1‐Receptor Blockade
Authors: Kutti Jack , Fredén Krister , Melberg Per‐Erik , Lundborg Per 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY.The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of selective beta‐I‐blockade on the exchangeable splenic platelet pool (ESPP). Therefore, 50 mg of metoprolol (a selective beta‐i‐receptor blocking agent) was given by mouth to three groups of subjects: (1)15 healthy volunteers, (2) five asplenic subjects, and (3) 10 patients with different myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) with and without splenomegaly. The platelet count was determined 90, 150, 210, 270 and 330 min after the ingestion of the drug.In the group of healthy controls a significant increase (P&lt; 0.005) in the platelet count occurred and amounted to about 10% over baseline. The average peak value was reached at 150 min and the elevation in platelet count was maintained more than 4 h. An increase in the platelet count was also induced in patients with MPD, but the mean for the peak value only reached borderline significance (o. 10 P 0.05). In the group of asplenic subjects no change in the platelet count occurred.It is concluded that acute oral administration of metoprolol causes a significant release of platelets from the ESPP. This platelet release is, however, not enhanced if the ESPP is enlarged.
International Collaborative Study of Assay of Anti‐D (Anti‐Rho) Immunoglobulin
Authors: Bangham D. R. , Kirkwood T. B. L. , Wybrow G. , Hughes‐Jones N. C. , Gunson H. H. 
Published: March 2008

An international collaborative study of anti‐D assays has been carried out by 21 laboratories in 11 countries. Samples of anti‐D immunoglobulin assayed in this study included two dilutions of a preparation used in clinical trials to determine a dose–protection relation, a national standard, commercial clinical preparations and the proposed international reference preparation in coded ampoules.Manual, automated haemagglutination and isotope labelling methods all gave similar relative potencies. Several of these estimates were significantly (P=0.95) heterogeneous and some modifications to improve assay design and procedure are suggested.The coded preparation was shown to be stable and suitable for comparative assays. It was estimated to contain 60 μg of anti‐D IgG immunoglobulin per ampoule, and 150 i.u./ampoule when assayed against the International Standard for Incomplete Anti‐D Blood Typing Serum. Thus for this preparation 1 μg of IgG anti‐D immunoglobulin ≡ 2.5 i.u. anti‐D antibody. At its 28th meeting the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization of WHO established the preparation 68/419 as the International Reference Preparation of Anti‐D Immunoglobulin and assigned to it a potency of 150 i.u. per ampoule. The Preparation has been widely used (with a nominal content of 60 μg of IgG anti‐D immunoglobulin) for control of clinical preparations.
The Role of Adherence to Human Mononuclear Phagocytes in the Destruction of Red Cells Sensitized with Non‐Complement Binding IgG Antibodies
Authors: van der Meulen F. W. , van der Hart Mia , Fleer A. , von dem Borne A. E. G. Kr. , Engelfriet C. P. , van Loghem J. J. 
Published: March 2008

In patients with IgG incomplete non‐complement binding warm autoantibodies, the subclass composition of the antibodies was studied in relation to the occurrence of increased haemolysis in vivo and the adherence of the patients red cells to peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) in vitro.The presence of IgG3 autoantibodies was almost always accompanied by haemolytic anaemia, but the presence of IgG1 autoantibodies only in some patients but not in others. IgG2 and IgG4 autoantibodies were not associated with increased red cell destruction.A relation identical to that between subclass composition and increased haemolysis was found between subclass composition and adherence of the patients erythrocytes to PBM and thus a strong correlation between positive adherence in vitro and increased red cell destruction in vivo.These results support an important role of adherence to mononuclear phagocytic cells in the destruction of red cells sensitized with non‐complement binding IgG antibodies. Strong indications were found that IgG1 autoantibodies are of two kinds, only one of which causes adherence to phagocytes and thus increased red cell destruction.
A Simple Immunofluorescence Test for the Detection of Platelet Antibodies
Authors: von dem Borne A. E. G. Kr. , Verheugt F. W. A. , Oosterhof F. , von Riesz E. , de la Rivière A. Brutel , Engelfriet C. P. 
Published: March 2008

Immunofluorescence tests on platelets have always been hampered by nonspecific fluorescence caused by non‐immunological binding of plasma proteins to the platelet membrane. It was found that this could be easily overcome by fixation of the cells with paraformaldehyde (PFA). By using PFA‐fixed platelets, a simple method for the detection of platelet antibodies, the platelet suspension immunofluorescence test (PSIFT) was developed.PFA fixation did not alter or inactivate the platelet antigens tested. Platelet‐reactive antibodies detected specifically with the PSIFT included platelet‐specific agglutinins of the IgM class, non‐agglutinating platelet‐specific antibodies of the IgG class, drug‐dependent platelet antibodies, HLA antibodies, as well as anti‐A and anti‐B antibodies. The sensitivity of the new test was satisfactory, as was its reproducibility. Measurement of platelet immunofluorescence was possible in a continuous flow microfluorometer, making in principle, quantitation of platelet antibodies and antigens possible.
Autoimmune Granulocytopenia: the Detection of Granulocyte Autoantibodies with the Immunofluorescence Test
Authors: Verheugt F. W. A. , von dem Borne A. E. G. Kr. , van Noord‐Bokhorst J. C. , Engelfriet C. P. 
Published: March 2008

Neutropenia may be caused by neutrophil autoantibodies. The detection of such antibodies has always been difficult. Recently, we developed a sensitive indirect immunofluorescence technique applicable to granulocytes which proved to be of value in the detection of granulocyte alloantibodies. We have now used this method to investigate the serum and cells of 29 patients with idiopathic or secondary neutropenia.In four patients neutrophil‐antigen‐specific autoantibodies were detected in the serum and the patient's own granulocytes showed direct fluorescence. Furthermore, differences in the immunoglobulin composition and the temperature of optimal activity of the autoantibodies were found.Direct fluorescence was also demonstrated with the granulocytes from five other neutropenic patients and with the granulocytes from five non‐neutropenic patients mainly with infectious disease. However, no granulocyte antibodies could be eluted or shown to be present in the serum. This indicates that a positive direct granulocyte fluorescence test may not be considered as proof that autoantibodies are present.
Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anaemia Type III: an Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Björkstén Bengt , Holmgren Gösta , And Göran Roos , Stenling Roger 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe morphological features of erythroblasts in congenital dyserthropoietic anaemia (CDA) type III were studied by electron microscopy. Typical findings included clefts and blebs within the nuclear region, autolytic areas within cytoplasm, iron‐filled mitochondria and myelin figures. The findings resembled those reported in other dyserythropoietic anaemias particularly in CDA type I; the main morphologic features which distinguished the two types were lack of spongy appearance of the chromatin, lack of cytoplasmic organelles within the nuclear region and intact nuclear envelope in CDA type III.
Calcium‐induced Damage of Haemoglobin SS and Normal Erythrocytes
Authors: Eaton John W. , Berger Elaine , White James G. , Jacob Harry S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAn ionophore specific for divalent cations has been used to load normal erythrocytes and erythrocytes from patients with sickle cell anaemia (Hb SS disease), with small amounts of calcium. Such calcium accumulation leads to decreased cellular water, potassium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and osmotic fragility, all characteristics of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs). In addition, calcium loading of Hb SS, but not normal, erythrocytes causes a marked decrease of haemoglobin oxygen affinity; another, and specific, hallmark of ISCs. Ionophore‐induced accumulation of calcium by deoxygenated Hb SS erythrocytes also leads to temporary retention of sickled shape following reoxygenation, despite the absence of detectable intracellular haemoglobin S fibres. All these effects require calcium in the incubation medium and support the idea that increased intracellular calcium is important in the formation of ISCs in patients with Hb SS disease.
Thrombin Activation of Factor VIII
Authors: Rick Margaret E. , Hoyer Leon W. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe current experiments examine the reaction between purified human α‐thrombin and purified human factor VIII and compare this with the reaction between α‐thrombin and the low molecular weight factor VIII procoagulant activity obtained by high ionic strength dissociation. The reaction patterns of both procoagulants are similar, demonstrating an initial increase in factor VIII activity followed by a decay of procoagulant activity. The extent of activation which is observed in the initial phase decreases with lower temperatures and with lower thrombin concentrations. A pseudo‐first order relationship is demonstrated for the activation phase.The labile factor VIII procoagulant activity produced by the initial action of thrombin appears to be intrinsically unstable, since the addition of hirudin or diisopropylfluorophosphate does not prevent the subsequent decay of the procoagulant activity. The similar activation and decay patterns of purified factor VIII and the dissociated low molecular weight factor VIII procoagulant support the concept that the low molecular weight procoagulant itself represents the functional coagulant moiety of the factor VIII complex.
Granulocyte Transfusions: Evaluation of Factors Influencing Results and a Comparison of Filtration and Intermittent Centrifugation Leukapheresis
Authors: Aisner Joseph , Schiffer Charles A. , Wiernik Peter H. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe clinical factors influencing the results of granulocyte transfusion were evaluated, and the incidence of reactions following transfusion of granulocytes obtained by filtration and intermittent centrifugation leukapheresis was compared. Thirty‐seven patients received 195 evaluable transfusions (99 filtration and 96 centrifugation) for 45 infectious episodes. The mean yields were 22.2 × 109 granulocytes for filtration and 8.3 × 109 granulocytes for centrifugation using non‐stimulated donors. Prospectively, 58 transfusions (29 filtration and 29 centrifugation) were transfused to 17 matched donor—recipient pairs and 12 (40%) moderate or severe reactions occurred after filtration transfusions while two (7%) moderate reactions occurred after centrifugation transfusions. Overall 36% of filtration transfusions and 3 % of centrifugation transfusions were associated with reactions. Among 18 infectious episodes which improved, five patients improved only because of granulocyte transfusions. Among 11 episodes which stabilized, six stabilized only because of transfusions. Sixteen episodes progressed. The five patients who improved and the six who stabilized only because of transfusions, received more granulocytes than those who progressed. Responses were seen following transfusion of granulocytes collected by either filtration along or both methods. Only three patients clearly progressed and they received centrifugation granulocytes alone suggesting that the dose of granulocytes derived from intermittent centrifugation may have been suboptimal.
A Simple and Efficient Method of Labelling Red Cells with 99mTc for Determination of Red Cell Volume
Authors: And Jennifer Jones , Mollison P. L. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIt has been shown by others that treatment of red cells with very small amounts of tin in the form of stannous citrate or stannous pyrophosphate before incubation with 99mTc results in the subsequent binding of almost all the added technetium and that when the labelled cells are injected into the circulation the rate of elution of 99mTc is less than when cells are labelled by first adding 99mTc, then tin. Because of the instability of stannous salts in solution, methods have previously been described for the freeze‐drying of very small aliquots of tin in ‘kits’, specially designed for the labelling of red cells with 99mTc. The present paper confirms the advantage of‘pre‐tinning’in labelling red cells with 99mTc and describes a method for which no special kit is needed and in which even smaller amounts of tin than have been used previously give optimal results. A dilution of stannous chloride which provides the requisite very low concentration of tin is prepared by a simple two‐stage procedure. Since uptake of 99mTc is about 95%, only a single wash is necessary after labelling. Estimates of red cell volume based on a single sample at 10 or 20 min after an injection of labelled cells, uncorrected for loss of label, agree very closely with those obtained with 51Cr. Loss of label in the first hour after injection is only about 4% which is significantly less than that observed with a post‐tinning procedure. Because of the much lower rate of toxicity of 99mTc compared with 51Cr, 99mTc‐labelled red cells should be used for estimating red cell volume whenever practicable.