bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The current status of a sample of english sites of special scientific interest subject to eutrophication
Authors: Carvalho Laurence , Moss Brian 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Records for 102 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in England were examined for eutrophic status and for symptoms of eutrophication using criteria established by the Department of the Environment (DoE). Seventy‐eight were found to be eutrophic or hyper‐eutrophic using total phosphorus criteria. Of the 102 sites, 85 cases (84%) showed symptoms of eutrophication. This had changed overtly the nature conservation interest in 69 cases.
The 102 sites were contracted to 96 by listing together eight adjacent SSSIs in the Somerset Levels and treating another split‐site SSSI with separate catchments within it as two sites. Within these 96, 17 did not show symptoms of eutrophication and 79 (84%) did. Of the 79 cases, a major cause of the eutrophication in 35 (44%) was sewage effluent with a further five possible cases of effluent problems. The second most important cause (15 sites (19%) and potentially a further six, of the 79 sites) was attributed to the effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and to a lesser extent common bream (Abramis brama), in mobilizing nutrients and increasing turbidity within the water body.
Symptoms of deterioration were most frequently recorded in the aquatic plant communities, probably because these are most readily observed. Comparable changes should be expected in animal communities but these are infrequently monitored. There may have been unrecorded changes in some sites that had nonetheless suffered damage. It is likely that detailed studies of sites where there is clear evidence of eutrophication will reveal some deterioration in conservation interest.
The primary management required to help restore the conservation interest in the 79 sites involves phosphorus removal from, or diversion of, sewage effluent in at least 30 cases. Of these two‐thirds (20) will fall outside the current arrangements being made by the DoE for the application of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. Removal of carp and additional biomanipulative measures are suggested for at least 18 cases (23%) and fishery modifications in a further six, giving a total of 30% of sites where fish are a part of the problem. Further investigation is needed in nearly half of all cases where the situation is not entirely clear.
The data available from statutory bodies to assess the trophic states of the sites examined were generally inadequate. Total phosphorus, a key variable in the currently recommended DoE scheme, and widely recognized as very important by the limnological community, is not routinely monitored by the National Rivers Authority (NRA), and methods used for soluble reactive phosphorus are not generally used with a sufficiently low detection limit.
Environmental effects of marine fishing
Authors: Dayton Paul K. , Thrush Simon F. , Agardy M. Tundi , Hofman Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Some effects of fisheries on the associated biological systems are reviewed and management options and their inherent risks are considered.
In addition to the effects on target species, other sensitive groups impacted by fishing are considered including marine mammals, turtles, sea birds, elasmobranchs and some invertebrates with low reproductive rates.
Other impacts discussed include the destruction of benthic habitat, the provision of unnatural sources of food and the generation of debris.
Management options are considered including the designation of marine protected areas, risk aversion, and the burden of proof.
A balanced consideration of the risks and consequences of ‚Type 1’︁ and ‚Type II’︁ errors is advocated.
Long-term follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of non-mesh versus mesh repair of primary inguinal hernia
Authors: van Veen R N , Wijsmuller A R , Vrijland W W , Hop W C , Lange J F , Jeekel J 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
Prospective studies and meta-analyses have indicated that non-mesh repair is inferior to mesh repair based on recurrence rates in inguinal hernia. The only reliable way to evaluate recurrence rates after hernia surgery is by long-term follow-up.

Methods
Between September 1993 and January 1996, a multicentre clinical trial was performed, in which 300 patients with unilateral primary inguinal hernia were randomized to non-mesh or mesh repair. Long-term follow-up was carried out from June 2005 to January 2006.

Results
Median follow-up was 128 months for non-mesh and 129 months for mesh repair. The 10-year cumulative hernia recurrence rates were 17 and 1 per cent respectively (P = 0·005). Half of the recurrences developed after 3 years' follow-up. There was no significant correlation between hernia recurrence and age, level of expertise of the surgeon, contralateral hernia, obesity, history of pulmonary disease, constipation or prostate disease.

Conclusion
After 10 years mesh repair is still superior to non-mesh hernia repair. Recurrence rates may be underestimated as recurrences continue to develop for up to 10 years after surgery.
Influence of surgical and postoperative treatment on survival in differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Lundgren C I , Hall P , Dickman P W , Zedenius J 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
The extent of thyroidectomy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to identify how surgical technique and postoperative treatments influence survival and locoregional recurrence in DTC.

Methods
A nested case-control study was conducted in a cohort of 5123 patients diagnosed with DTC in Sweden between 1958 and 1987. One matched control subject was selected randomly for each patient who died from DTC. Details regarding surgery and postoperative treatments were obtained from medical records. The effect of treatment on survival was estimated by conditional logistic regression.

Results
Patients not treated surgically had a poorer prognosis, but the risk of death from DTC was not affected by the choice of surgical technique. The extent of surgery influenced survival only in patients with TNM stage III disease. Locoregional recurrence resulted in a fivefold increased risk of death. Postoperative treatment was not associated with improved survival.

Conclusion
In operated patients, the most important prognostic factor was complete removal of the tumour. The extent of removal of remaining thyroid tissue was of prognostic importance in stage III disease only. Adjuvant postoperative treatment did not influence the prognosis favourably.
Collective strategies for improving environmental performance: A case study of the biotechnology industry
Authors: Peridis Theodore , Newell Stephanie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the potential contributions of institutional theory and the collective strategies framework to assist managers in emerging industries in developing better means of addressing societal concerns. Lack of understanding and difficulties in communication between companies in the forefront of new technology developments and a society that is concerned about the environment have led to many of the problems facing the biotechnology industry. Measures intended to protect the environment from potential adverse effects have frequently restricted activities in the new biotechnology field, even though scientists are themselves convinced of the safety and control they exert over their new technologies. Collective strategies can be instrumental in stabilising certain aspects of the environment. Proper selection of issues and coordinated action can be helpful to all industry participants by informing public perceptions and government regulations and help insure that major environmental trends will evolve in a manner beneficial to all concerned.
Environment versus industry: A case study of how the pulp and paper industry is responding to changing attitudes to the environment
Authors: Collins Lyndhurst 
Published: February 2007

Abstract‘Environment Friendly’ has become one of the most popular catchphrases of the 1990s and its implications are causing problems for many industries (The Economist, 1991a). The problems and response strategies vary from industry to industry and probably from country to country. In this study attention is focused on the pulp and paper sector in Europe. Pulp and paper is selected because for a long time it has been regarded as one of the most damaging industrial activities (Zavatta, 1988). The increasingly popular desire for a greener environment has exposed three particular problem areas for the pulp and paper industry: the production process; its supply of raw materials; and marketing strategy (Brown, 1991). Technology and consumer demand are the important variables that are dictating how fast, and to what extent the pulp and paper industry can respond and become more environment friendly.Pressures on the pulp and paper industry to improve its environmental performance are shown to emanate from three distinct groups. These environmental pressures have encouraged and are encouraging the industry to adopt new technology to improve both its production processes and the quality of its product. Environmental pressures also, have encouraged the industry, (armed with improved technology), to search for new sources of raw materials. Two of the most important developments have been the more widespread substitution of hardwoods for traditional coniferous softwoods, and the increasing trend towards the recycling of waste paper; wastepaper is now recycled more than any other commodity. Recycling of waste paper has further promoted new layers of industrial activity in the form of collection agencies, international trade and deinking installations. The combined result of all these developments is shown to influence the spatial and structural dynamics of the pulp and paper‐industry in Europe.
Corporate accountability and the physical environment: Social responsibility and accounting beyond profit
Authors: Bebbington Jan , Gray Rob 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe social responsibility debates of the last thirty years have resolved little and have had only peripheral effects on traditional business behaviour. Social responsibility issues are re‐emerging in the light of the environmental crisis and are far too important to be once again marginalised by traditional business thinking. Economic and environmental criteria will, increasingly, be in conflict and accountants ‐ like all business professionals ‐ are implicated in this, not least because it is accounting that defines the rules, keeps the score, announces the results and determines who shall see them. The paper attempts to re‐examine social responsibility and accountability in the light of the re‐emerging environmental concern and suggests some ways in which accounting might contribute towards an organisation's attempts to become less unsustainable.
Environmental factors in the management of new product development: Theoretical framework and some empirical evidence from the white goods industry
Authors: Roome Dr Nigel , Hinnells Mark 
Published: February 2007

AbstractConcern about the nature and consequences of industrial progress has had an increasing impact on industry. Some commentators have suggested that environmental pressures will advance to the point where they cease to be one of the many strategic issues facing industry and become the very framework within which all other business issues are considered.This paper aims to address the implications of evolving environmental concern over the management of product development. It develops a conceptual framework to analyse the process of managing product development while taking into account the environmental attributes of products. The paper moves on to consider the implications of such a conceptual framework against the empirical evidence emerging about product development in the white goods industry. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the nature of organisational change in business as it adjusts to the environmental agenda and suggestions are made about the significance of the findings of this research to product development in other industries.
The seven sisters: Snow whites, dwarfs or evil queens? A comparison of the official environmental policies of the largest oil corporations in the world
Authors: Ketola Tarja 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhile environmental management of companies has become a topical issue both in theory and practice, the role of environmental policies in strategic environmental management has received little attention. The purpose of this paper is to study the environmental policies of the world's largest oil corporations in the context of general business goals and strategies, Ansoff's strategic posture analysis and Porter's competitive moves.Although there is some integration and coordination between the environmental policies and general business goals and strategies of oil companies, strategic environmental management is different from other strategic management. It seems to lag behind its business environment and does not utilise radical competitive moves. Further empirical research is needed to support these initial results and to find out reasons for this potential isolation.
Environmental performance and competitive advantage in Canada's paper industry
Authors: Norcia Vincent Di , Cotton Barry , Dodge John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new environmental performance model is developed, explained and subsequently applied to a study of the Canadian recycled paper industry. The strategic position of the industry is explored as it takes the progressive steps needed to improve its environmental performance and competitive advantage in response to this rising regulatory agenda. Three policy options facing the Canadian pulp and paper industry are examined: the status quo, process technology innovation and product development. The strategic position of the industry is also examined using measurement of stance, attitude, government response, values, planning horizon and environmental integration. The supplier‐consumer relationship, capital‐technology and locational factors are also used to further discuss the links between competitive advantage and environmental performance. From this discussion, conclusions are drawn on competitive environmentalism: ethics and profit are compatible; newsprint mills must improve their locational, technology and market actions; the industry must proactively seek out environmental market and stakeholder opportunities and; further management research is needed to demonstrate the links between environmental performance, innovation and competitiveness.
Environmental performance: Quality, measurement and improvement
Authors: Hocking Roland W. D. , Power Shahed 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental management is becoming a key business management concern. Effective management requires appropriate and timely data on which decisions can be based. In addition, there is increasing pressure to provide reports on the environmental probity of companies. This requires objective, factual data. This paper considers this aspect from the perspective of the quality of environmental performance. Measurement techniques are outlined and their use in on‐going performance appraisal and monitoring to show improvements is discussed. Potential pitfalls in taking reported environmental performance claims at their face value are also considered.
Measuring strategic environmental performance
Authors: Azzone Giovanni , Manzini Raffaella 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt is now widely acknowledged that environmental issues will increasingly affect the performance of firms in western countries, both in the short and in the long run. Environmental issues can act on revenues and on costs. They can influence revenues when a firm follows a ‘green strategy’, i.e. it enhances the characteristics of environmental compatibility of its products or it promotes a credible image of a ‘green company’, that employs only clean technologies. They can influence costs as, on the one hand, more limiting environmental standards can result in higher manufacturing and non manufacturing costs and, on the other hand, programmes focused on improving environmental performances can result in less spoils and wastes, hence in lower costs.Hence, environmental performance should be a structured part of the management control system of an industrial firm. Unfortunately, it is not completely clear how accounting information can be structured in order to obtain this result.This paper is aimed at developing a set of information that can be used for a managerial control focused on the environmental performance of an industrial firm. This paper is organized in three main sections.Section I describes the conceptual requirements of a management control system based on accounting information for monitoring the environmental performance of an industrial firm (completeness, long term orientation, external orientation, measurability and cost).Section II analyses different classes of Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI) used in practice. Both accounting measures (prevention costs and investments; operating environmental costs; contingent environmental liabilities) and non financial measures (physical indicators; compliance) are considered.Section III suggests an integrated approach to the design of a management control system focused on environmental issues, where different classes of indicators are used jointly. More specifically, two integrated systems, one mostly based on physical measures and aimed at external communication, the other focused on accounting measures and supporting managerial decision making, are suggested.
The setting of voluntary agreements between industry and government: Bargaining and efficiency
Authors: Glachant Matthieu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper aims at providing a preliminary economic analysis of the efficiency of an emerging environmental policy instrument: the so‐called voluntary agreement. The use of a data base we have built containing 75 existing agreements in 12 OECD countries allows us to stylise these empirical objects. They are mutually agreed contracts signed between a national administration and a coalition of firms. They include a set of physical pollution reduction objectives to be reached by the firms. According to classical economic categories, they are similar to a traditional policy instrument, i.e. direct regulation, but one which has been devised after an intense negotiation process. As regards efficiency, the key question lies in the impact of such negotiations.In our analytical framework, we distinguish two subjects of negotiation: the collective environmental objective, i.e. the physical amount of pollution to be globally suppressed via the completion of the contract, and the means required to reach the collective objective, i.e. the allocation rule of private pollution reduction objectives. According to these categories a major asymmetry arises in the negotiation structure. When the dominant dimension of the negotiations concerns the environmental objective, firms are clearly opposed to the administration because of their eagerness to obtain as low an objective as possible. In that case, voluntary agreements do not seem to be an original policy approach. They can be compared with classical consultation processes of interested parties when designing new regulations and raise similar questions: the efficiency of information collection and the dangers of regulatory capture. But when the subject being bargained concerns the means to reach environmental objectives which have already been fixed, individual firms become rivals.The logic of such negotiations lies in inter‐firm bargaining arbitrated by the administration. Voluntary agreements tend to be an original negotiation‐based policy instrument. Decentralised bargaining improves the allocative efficiency.
Prolonged gestation: Energy efficiency and renewable energy businesses
Authors: Marcus Alfred , Sutcliffe Kathleen , McEvily Susan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLife cycle theories suggest that businesses evolve through a number of stages: from an embryonic stage of introduction to growth, maturity, and decline. The force that propels their development is consumer acceptance. Industries pass through life cycles as well. However, not all industries pass through each stage of the life cycle, and the duration of stages varies across industries. Some industries skip the slow introductory phase; others avoid the decline stage and are continually revitalised through technological innovation. Still others continue to show substantial promise, but fail to take‐off. It is this industry condition, persistent promise without corresponding growth, that we characterise as extended gestation. We believe that energy efficiency and renewable energy (EERE) businesses in Minnesota face the challenge of extended gestation. In this paper, we review the literature on the traditional stages of industry development, explore some of the factors that may lead an industry to remain in a state of extended gestation, and report the results of a study undertaken to better understand the factors that affect the growth of EERE businesses.
Towards commercial and environmental excellence: A green portfolio matrix
Authors: Lee Byung Wook , Green Kenneth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article examines the strategic framework and options available for product strategy towards commercial and environmental excellence. It defines the environmental dimension as a ‘moving target’, explores a conceptual framework to integrate commercial and environmental dimensions and elaborates a ‘green portfolio matrix’. The proposed matrix is also empirically investigated as to its practical validity by using a set of secondary data including twelve product cases. Using the matrix, a company can diagnose its existing product mix from an environmental point of view, and furthermore can establish future ‘targets’ for an environmentally‐friendly product portfolio. In addition, the matrix can be used as a framework for comparative analyses between strategic business units or for longitudinal assessment of a specific business entity.
Tales in two countries: An insight into corporate environmental reporting in Denmark and the UK
Authors: Birkin Frank , Jørgensen Helle Bank 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe 1992 EC Fifth Action Plan, ‘Towards Sustainability’, expresses the Commission's commitment to ‘sustainable growth’. Detailed in the plan are requirements and areas of improvement which relate, predominantly, to environmental management.However, financial and environmental management conflict in important and fundamental areas. A failure of management practice and European policy to identify and address this conflict will not only prolong the ecological inefficiencies of industry but will isolate intent and action. This study examines this conflict with respect to training, operational time‐horizons, opportunity costs, corporate governance and growth.The Annual Report is the authoritative statement of corporate performance, policy, objectives and culture. Although most reports do provide a broad if summary coverage of the main business activities, such reports are dominated by the needs of financial management. Extensive legislation and professional edicts dictate the contents of these financial reports. From the perspective of the Annual Report, it is a reasonable conclusion that financial performance is a part of whatever constitutes the core values of corporations. From this same perspective, it is also reasonable to infer that in many corporations environmental performance is not a part of corporate core values.This study compares and contrasts the Annual Reports of six environmentally significant companies in Denmark and the UK. The British environmental reports studied are thorough but separate from the Annual Report. On the other hand, the Danish firms incorporate all their environmental reporting within their Annual Reports. Which gives a better expression of a change in corporate core values?.