bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Workplace Violence Among Iraqi Hospital Nurses
Authors: AbuAlRub Raeda Fawzi , Khalifa Mohammed F. , Habbib Mohammed Bakir 
Published: August 2007

Purpose

: To investigate (a) the occurrence and frequency of physical workplace violence among Iraqi hospital nurses as well as the complaints and responses of nurses to such violence; (b) measures and policies in the workplace to deal with violence; and (c) factors that contribute to the workplace violence and the strategies to prevent them from Iraqi nurses' perspective.
Design and Methods

: A descriptive exploratory survey was used. The structured interview technique was used for collecting data from a purposive sample of 116 Iraqi nurses. An adapted version of the original instrument that was developed by the International Labor Office (ILO), the International Council of Nurses (ICN), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Public Services International (PSI) on Workplace Violence in the Health Sector was used.
Results

: Forty‐nine of 116 participants reported that they have been physically attacked at work. Few employers had specific policies on workplace violence.
Conclusions

: The results of the study indicated the importance of adopting hospital policies for dealing with incidents of violence and legislation to subject aggressors to judicial punishment.
Immortal hepatic stellate cell lines: useful tools to study hepatic stellate cell biology and function?
Authors: Herrmann Jens , Gressner Axel M. , Weiskirchen Ralf 
Published: August 2007

Introduction
General aspects of immortal HSC
Immortalized murine HSC lines
Immortalized rat HSC lines
Immortalized human HSC lines
Qualities of primary and immortalized HSC
Conclusions

AbstractAt the cellular level, the activation and transdifferentiation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into myofibroblasts is the key process involved in hepatic fibrogenesis that is associated with an increased and altered deposition of extracellular matrix components in the liver. The temporal sequence of molecular events associated with stellate cell activation turned out to be appropriately mimicked when HSC isolated from normal livers are cultured on uncoated plastic surface. Therefore, cultured primary cells isolated from rodents and human beings are common in vitro models in investigations addressing these issues of hepatic stellate biology and function. However, the limited supply, cost‐effective isolation procedure and the ever growing need have resulted in efforts to establish immortalized stellate cell lines having the advantage of virtually unlimited access. They allow rapid screening for disease‐associated factors and restrict the necessary number of animal experiments. From the first description of an immortal HSC line in 1986, a huge number of studies were conducted with these established cell lines. However, differences in morphology, growth characteristics and anomalies of chromosome number and structure make the applications of these models questionable. Here, we summarize the history and cellular characteristics of respective cell lines and discuss the differences of continuous HSC lines and their primary counterparts.
Role of the soluble pattern recognition receptor PTX3 in vascular biology
Authors: Presta Marco , Camozzi Maura , Salvatori Giovanni , Rusnati Marco 
Published: August 2007

Introduction
PTX3 gene and expression
PTX3 protein structure
PTX3 ligands
PTX3 in vascular pathology
Concluding remarks

AbstractPentraxins act as soluble pattern recognition receptors with a wide range of functions in various pathophysiological conditions. The long‐pentraxin PTX3 shares the C‐terminal pentraxin‐domain with short‐pentraxins C‐reactive protein and serum amyloid P component and possesses an unique N‐terminal domain. These structural features suggest that PTX3 may have both overlapping and distinct biological/ligand recognition properties when compared to short‐pentraxins. PTX3 serves as a mechanism of amplification of inflammation and innate immunity. Indeed, vessel wall elements produce high amounts of PTX3 during inflammation and the levels of circulating PTX3 increase in several pathological conditions affecting the cardiovascular system. PTX3 exists as a free or extracellular matrix‐associated molecule and it binds the complement fraction C1q. PTX3 binds also apoptotic cells and selected pathogens, playing a role in innate immunity processes. In endothelial cells and macrophages, PTX3 upregulates tissue factor expression, suggesting its action as a regulator of endothelium during thrombogenesis and ischaemic vascular disease. Finally, PTX3 binds the angiogenic fibroblast growth factor‐2, thus inhibiting its biological activity. Taken together, these properties point to a role for PTX3 during vascular damage, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and restenosis.
PREFACE TO AN ABC OF PSYCHOANALYTIC TECHNIQUE1
Authors: Braatoy Trygve 
Published: August 2007

If one man claims that he raised a four‐month's corpse from the dead, he must describe his feat in terms which any one else in his branch of science can understand, and the terms must be such that experts in that branch can either duplicate the first man's performance or show that he misunderstoodwhat he was doing. (E.T.Bcl1 1935, p. 78).
A CONTROLLED COMPARISON OF THE TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS WHEN TREATED ACCORDING TO THE NEUROLEPTIC THRESHOLD OR BY CLINICAL JUDGMENT
Authors: SIMPSON G. M. , KRAKOV L. , MATTKE D. , PHARD G. ST. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYThe treatment of two groups of chronic schizophrenic patients is described. One was treated according to Haase's concept of the neuroleptic threshold, the other according to the clinicians judgment. The groups were randomly selected and all evaluation was done under double‐blind conditions. After a suitable interval the treatment procedures were reversed. There was no difference between the groups in the therapeutic results, but the group treated according to the neuroleptic threshold received significantly smaller doses. These results are discussed.
BOOKS
Authors: Bentzen Ole , Adserballe Hans , Schou Mogens 
Published: August 2007

P. R. Davis (ed.): Performance Under Suboptimal Conditions. Taylor & Francis Ltd. Hermann Witter: Grundriss der gerichtlichen Psychologie und Psychiatrie Heidelberger Taschenbücher Band 83. Kupfer, David J. (ed.): Lithium and Psychiatry – Journal Articles. A Collection of Published Articles Related to the Clinical Application of Lithium Carbonate.
BOOKS
Authors: Schou Mogens , Dupont A. , Dupont Annalise , de Fine Olivarius Bent , Timmermann Erik , Fromholt Pia 
Published: August 2007

Vina, O., Z. Votava & P. B. Bradley (ed.): Advances in Neuro‐Psychopharmacology. Proceedings of the Symposia held at the VII Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Shepherd, M., Bram Oppenheim & S. Mitchell: Childhood Behaviour and Mental Health. University of London Press Primrose, D. A. A.: Proceedings of the second congress of the international association for the scientific study of mental deficiency. Cerebrovascular Diseases: Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation. WHO Technical Report Series Retterstöl, Niels: Prognosis in paranoid psychoses. Norwegian monographs on medical science. Universitetsforlaget Summerfield, A.: Cognitive psychology. British Medical Bulletin 27, 3. Published by the Medical Department
MORTALITY AMONG MALE AND FEMALE ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS TREATED IN A PSYCHIATRIC UNIT
Authors: Lindelius R. , Salum I. , ÅGren G. 
Published: August 2007

A series of patients consisting of 139 men and 118 women had themselves sought treatment and were admitted to a psychiatric unit under a diagnosis of alcohol abuse. Prior to admission, they had not been registered for drinking offences. The series was studied with regard to mortality during an observation period from 5 to 10 years.Compared to the general population the mortality was high for both sexes, and this was more pronounced for women than for men. However, since alcoholism is much more widespread among men, mortality in the male population is affected by alcoholism to a greater extent than mortality in the female population. Differences in excess mortality between the sexes in this study disappear if death‐risks applying to men are also applied to women.The specific causes of death broadly follow the same pattern as in earlier studies. The excess mortality from accidents was, however, remarkably low. An explanation for this may be that accidental deaths, more than deaths from other causes, are correlated to the social effects of abuse. Suicide through drug intoxication was more common among women than among men; this corresponds to the situation in the general population.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDITY OF A COMPUTERIZED METHOD FOR DIAGNOSES OF FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES (DIAX)
Authors: Fischer M. 
Published: August 2007

Comparison of the results of studies within psychiatry are often complicated by the uncertainty of whether the different authors use the same diagnostic critaria for the probands in the studies. In the “International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia” (IPSS) (WHO), patients with functional psychoses from the nine participating centres were examined with standardized instruments. This study is based on data collected during the initial examination and a 2‐year follow‐up of patients included in the IPSS. The aim was to develop and test a method based on symptoms which diagnosed the patients in a standardized way.A computer programme using 39 symptom groups was developed, (DIAX). (A manual is included in the Appendix). In order to evaluate the diagnoses arrived at by DIAX, comparison was made with clinical diagnoses at initial examination and at follow‐up. For the total of 1202 patients from nine countries, the overall agreement was 73%. The comparison also showed interesting similarities and differences among the centres.The validity of the method was supported by the following three analyses. The stability (diagnoses based on initial examination and follow‐up examination) was high. “Severe” disagreement was only about 10%. The prognosis of the two major diagnostic groups showed a significant difference. An examination of mental illness in the families showed that DIAX diagnoses could separate the two nuclear groups, those with mainly schizophrenia in the family and those with mainly affective psychoses in the family.Other results emerging from the study and the advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.
THE SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENT AT HOME
Authors: Hoenig J. 
Published: August 2007

120 schizophrenic patients, all first admissions to four different psychiatric units, were followed up for 4 years to assess their progress while their cases were managed largely extramurally and the patients lived mostly at home. They were found to spend little time in hospital, but only a few of them remained symtom‐free throughout the follow‐up period. In spite of that, a good many were able to work.The effect the patient has on the household to which he or she belongs is considerable in terms of loss of earnings, separations from children, frequent disturbing behaviour and so on. Nevertheless many families seem to be able to endure this without complaining unduly.They seem to be able to bear the burden easier if the psychiatric services are part of a general hospital rather than based on a mental hospital.
AUDITORY THRESHOLDS AND THE EFEECT OF REDUCED AUDITORY FEEDBACK ON STUTTERING
Authors: Brown T. , Sambrooks J. E. , MacCulloch M. J. 
Published: August 2007

The effects of reduced auditory feedback were investigated using an accurately calibrated binaudal pure tone producer on 27 stuttering children and 68 non‐stuttering controls.A comparison was made of both auditory hearing and discomfort thresholds in the two groups; the hearing thresholds did not differ between the groups. The results did however replicate an earlier finding which suggested that stutterers have a lower threshold for auditory discomfort than do normal speakers, and showed that fluency is inversely related to auditory feedback.The discussion suggests that a necessary cause of stuttering is a physiological abnormality in side‐tone conduction and central processing.
PSYCHOTIC AND BORDERLINE PSYCHOTIC ADOLESCENTS: FREQUENCY OF PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS AND TREATMENT IN CHILDHOOD IN 100 CONSECUTIVE CASES
Authors: Aarkrog T. 
Published: August 2007

The first results covering the assessment period phase of a systematic study of 50 borderline psychotic and 50 psychotic adolescents are described. These 100 adolescents comprised one‐third of the total number of admissions to an adolescent department during the years from 1968 to 1975.There were 58 boys and 42 girls; 53 of the 100 cases had been psychiatrically ill in childhood with evident symptoms. In 22 cases, there was positive information supporting the fact that the patients had been healthy in childhood. The rest (25 cases) were classified under “unclarified picture”, showing non specific symptoms. It is concluded that in this material more than half of the adolescents had shown some instability before puberty.The illnessas described in childhood are categorised as infantile borderline psychosis, borderline psychosis probable, and other psychiatric illnesses. A shift in diagnosis is often seen in the individual case, but the symptoms in childhood and in adolescence have many similarities.The necessary treatment in childhood has not been given in one‐third of the cases. The possible reasons for this are discussed. In spite of much effort in some cases and because of resistance to therapy or the proposal of inadequate therapy in others, the therapeutic possibilities in childhood have not been fully realised. It is recommended that more emphasis be placed on the emotional development in the evaluation of the children. In the treatment, development of interpersonal relationships through individual, family and/or milieu therapy should be stressed.A follow‐up of children with symptoms in childhood left untreated and a teamwork between child psychiatrist and adult psychiatrist with longitudinal studies is suggested.
INCIDENCE OF DEPRESSIVE SYNDROMES IN A DANISH COUNTY
Authors: Weeke A. , Bille M. , Videbech Th. , Dupont A. , Juel‐Nielsen N. 
Published: August 2007

On the basis of a material from a cumulative registration of the psychiatric morbidity in a geographically delimited population group ‐ the County of Aarhus with approximately 175,000 inhabitants over the age of 15 years ‐ the frequency of depressive syndromes in psychiatric and other medical services was investigated.The material fulfils the following criteria: During the calendar years 1960 to 1964, the patients 1) were residents in the County of Aarhus, 2) had attained the age of 15 years or more, 3) had contacted at least one of the services which systematically sent information to the psychiatric register; and 4) based on an evaluation of all available data, had a main diagnosis of manic‐depressive psychosis, psychogenic depression or neurotic depression.An average yearly registration rate of 1.30 per 1,000 men and 3.28 per 1,000 women was found (males: manic‐depressive psychosis 0.60, psychogenic depression 0.23 and neurotic depression 0.47; females: manic‐depressive psychosis 1.00, psychogenic depression 0.88 and neurotic depression 1.40). The three diagnostic groups show differences in age distribution, geographical pattern and distribution by marital status.
EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE RELIABILITY AND THE VALUE FOR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF 21 CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF DISTURBED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Authors: Aggernæs A. , Myschetzky A. , Paikin H. , Vitger J. 
Published: August 2007

Two groups of patients in disturbed states of consciousness (DSC's) were compared with three groups of patients in clear states of consciousness (CSC's): demented, schizophrenic, and non‐psychotic patients. In each of the groups, 15 patients were evaluated for 21 “objective” symptoms; each patient was evaluated by two psychiatrists. In this way, reliable symptoms were sought out which could discriminate: 1) elderly patients in DSC's from elderly demented but clear patients; and 2) schizophrenic patients from patients in DSC's caused by either withdrawal states after abuse of alcohol or barbiturates, or psychogenic psychoses.Reliable and discriminating symptoms were found. However, different symptoms discriminated when patients in different diagnostic groups were compared. Three kinds of discriminating values of a symptom may be distinguished from one another: 1) only the presence of a symptom is informative; 2) only its absence is informative; 3) both presence and absence of the symptom are informative.
SOCIAL REINTEGRATION OF SEXUAL DELINQUENTS BY A COMBINATION OF PSYCHOTHERAPY AND ANTI‐ANDROGEN TREATMENT
Authors: Van Moffaert M. 
Published: August 2007

The high frequency of recidivism with convicted sexual perverts is mainly due to the compulsive character of perversion. The classical methods of treatment are seldom satisfactory: Surgery provokes ethical objections, psychopharmaca and oestrogens lead to disagreeable side effects, psychotherapy of any kind is unlikely to be efficacious because of the unfavourable atmosphere the nature of perversion causes it to take place in. However, the climate of both psychoanalytical treatment and suggestive and directive psychotherapy can be enhanced by a combination with an anti‐androgen treatment, which eliminates the patient's fear of conviction by inhibiting his sexual urge. Two cases illustrate this combined method. On the basis of a positive disposition, which arises from the improved climate, sublimation of the sex drive and the achievement of a feeling of social responsibility is aimed at. The advantages of the combined therapy are then discussed in comparison with the existing treatments.It is concluded that this combined treatment, next to social guidance and an attempat at solving the fundamental problem of loneliness, can promote the social reintegration of the convicted sexual pervert.
COMPARISON OF UNILATERAL DOMINANT AND NON‐DOMINANT ECT ON VERBAL AND NON‐VERBAL MEMORY
Authors: D'Elia G. , Lorentzson S. , Raotma H. , Widepalm K. 
Published: August 2007

An intraindividual, double‐blind cross‐over comparison of the effects of dominant (D) and non‐dominant (ND) temporo‐parietal unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was performed in connection with the second and third treatment, the type of electrode placement being allocated at random. Four memory tests were used. The 30 Word‐Pair Test is an audio‐visual verbal recall test, the 30 Figure Test is a mainly visual recognition test with easily verbalized items. The 30 Geometrical Figure Test and the 30 Face Test are nonverbal recognition tests of visual complex and unfamiliar material.Compared with dominant ECT, non‐dominant ECT has a more negative influence in the complex non‐verbal visual tests, whereas dominant ECT has a more negative effect on verbal memory. In the non‐verbal tests, as compared with the verbal ones, the encoding (or learning) is relatively more influenced and the retention (or storage) relatively less. An impairment either of complex apperceptive function or of memory may be responsible for the relatively lower performance in non‐verbal tests after non‐dominant ECT.
THE PEDOPHILIC OFFENDER WITH ANTISOCIAL CHARACTER
Authors: Virkkunen M. 
Published: August 2007

The purpose of the study was to clarify how pedophilic offenders with antisocial character (psychopathy) differ from “ordinary” pedophilic offenders, among whom there are many persons with immaturity and contact difficulties. For this purpose all pedophilia cases subjected to mental examination during a period of 25 years were investigated. Of these 81 cases, 38 could be regarded as antisocial characters on the basis of the current diagnostic criteria. The others were regarded as controls.The criminals with antisocial character had also been involved in other kinds of crimes and had had hyperactivity problems more often than controls. The controls were often immature, had a low intelligence, and were less able to have relations with adult people than were antisocial characters. However, according to the present results, these features might also make criminals with antisocial character more susceptible to pedophilia.
Baclofen (Lioresal®) in the treatment of neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Korsgaard S. 
Published: August 2007

A double‐blind cross‐over trial of the effects of baclofen and placebo was carried out in 20 female inpatients suffering from neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia. After 14 days of treatment 15 patients showed improvement on baclofen, whereas none showed improvement on placebo; baclofen was thus significantly more effective than placebo.Baclofen is a GABA‐like drug which passes through the blood‐brain barrier and which reduces the neuroleptic‐induced increase of dopamine turn‐over. In tardive dyskinesia is found dopaminergic hypersensitivity, and baclofen is supposed to exert its action by inhibiting the dopaminergic activity.Side effects, although temporary, were observed in the form of sedation, muscular hypotonia, dizziness, vomiting, and muscular rigidity. One patient developed a depression.Baclofen or other gabergic drugs used in the treatment of dyskinesias do not increase the dopaminergic hypersensitivity, which is part of the pathogenesis of these conditions; gabergic therapy must therefore be preferred to treatment with dopamine receptor blocking drugs.
Effect of flupenthixol on depression with special reference to combination use with tricyclic antidepressants
Authors: Fujiwara J. , Ishino H. , Baba O. , Hanaoka M. , Sasaki K. , Otsuki S. 
Published: August 2007

In an open, uncontrolled trial flupenthixol was administered to 45 patients with endogenous depression. The drug was markedly effective in eight patients, effective in nine patients, fairly effective in 12 patients, and ineffective or aggravating in 16 patients. Four patients showed transient manic symptoms.Dosage was 1–3 mg daily. In 36 patients flupenthixol was used in combination with previously administered tricyclic antidepressants, and in nine patients it was used alone.Clinical effect was quickly apparent. It appeared within 1 week in 63% and within 2 weeks in 93 % of subjects. Side‐effects were observed in 13 patients: insomnia, five patients; slight extrapyramidal symptoms, nine patients. Sedative‐hypnogenic effects were rarely seen.In 71 % of 17 patients in whom the drug was found to be markedly effective or effective, flupenthixol's influence on psychomotor retardation was particularly strking. Other clear benefits were relief of depressive mood, psychic anxiety, and agitation.It is recommended that flupenthixol is given, as supplementary medication, to patients (1) whose depressive symptoms other than psychomotor retardation have already improved with current tricyclic antidepressants, and (2) in whom, before antidepressant medication, psychomotor retardation is a principal feature.