bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of ryegrass endophyte in mixed swards of perennial ryegrass and white clover under two levels of irrigation and pesticide treatment
Authors: LEWIS G. C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a small‐plot experiment at Hurley, UK, infection of perennial ryegrass with the endophytic fungus Acremonium lolii had no apparent effect on seedling populations and herbage yield of ryegrass and white clover sown in mixture. The plots were maintained under two levels of irrigation with or without pesticide (carbosulfan granules) to study possible interactions with stress due to drought or pest damage. The higher level of irrigation consistently increased yield of both grass and clover during 1989 and 1990, but the effects of endophyte and pesticide on yield were not consistent, nor were the few significant interactions between factors. It is concluded that infection of ryegrass does not appear to increase ryegrass production or to decrease white clover production in the UK, in contrast to reports from New Zealand.
The use of frequency estimates in studying sward structure
Authors: NEUTEBOOM J. H. , LANTINGA E. A. , VAN LOO E. N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEstimates of the frequency of absence of rooted perennial ryegrass tiller bases from concentric sampling quadrats of different sizes are recommended for characterizing the open space structure of perennial ryegrass swards. It is proposed that these estimates are useful for evaluating the persistence of grass species and cultivars in swards. Data on this aspect of sward structure could provide criteria for the productivity of a sward and thus for the need to reseed grassland.
The influence of surface and sub‐surface application methods for pig slurry on herbage yields and nitrogen recovery
Authors: REES Y. J. , PAIN B. F. , PHILLIPS V. R. , MISSELBROOK T. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExperiments were conducted on a grassland site at Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedfordshire between 1987 and 1989, to compare herbage yields from slurry applied by deep and shallow injection, low trajectory and conventional vacuum tanker methods. Slurry application rates for all spreaders were calibrated at 86 ± 5 t ha‐1, an equivalent of c. 200 kg NH4+‐N ha‐1 applied in autumn or in spring.As expected, herbage yields following spring applications were higher than from autumn applications, with average mineral fertilizer equivalents of 122 and 89 kg N ha‐1 respectively. Yields from the conventional and low trajectory spreaders showed no consistent differences. However, in both years, first cut yields from plots were significantly lower (P < 0·05) where slurry had been injected than where surface applications had been used by an average of 0·7 t DM ha‐1. Subsequent cuts in 1988 demonstrated higher residual effects from injection so that annual total yields were similar from all slurry applications irrespective of spreader type.Analysis of N content revealed high N levels in herbage from deep injection plots. Mean concentrations of N in the herbage, expressed as a percentage of the dry matter, were 1·43 for surface treatments and 1·79 for deep injection in 1988, and 1·84 for surface treatments, 2·13 for shallow injection and 2·68 for deep injection in 1989.
Ensiling peas, ryegrass and wheat with additives of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cell wall degrading enzymes
Authors: WEINBERG Z. G. , ASHBELL G. , AZRIELI A. , BRUKENTAL I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of applying a commercial inoculum (at 1.5 × 105 cfu g‐1) containing Streptococcus faecium (Lacticil M74®. Medipharm, Sweden), and cell wall degrading enzymes (Celluclast® and Viscozyme®, Novo, Denmark) to pea, ryegrass and wheat silages was studied under laboratory conditions. Celluclast was applied at 0.03 Novo Cellulose Units (NCU) and Viscozyme at 0.024 Fungal β‐glucanase (FBG) per g fresh crop. The peas and wheat used were at three stages of maturity, and the ryegrass used was either direct‐cut or wilted. This yielded a wide range of dry matter (DM) and fibre content.Inoculum use improved the ensiling process of most of the forages tested, as indicated by a faster and greater decrease in pH, and by a faster and larger build‐up of lactic acid. Inoculum, however, lowered the aerobic stability of wheat silages. The addition of the enzymes alone did not affect the ensiling process. In silages of peas and wheat at the flowering stage, the combination of inoculum and enzymes resulted in a improvement to the ensiling process, as compared with inoculum only.The combined treatment of inoculum and enzymes resulted in a lower percentage of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in the silages of the flowering peas and of the direct‐cut ryegrass. The NDF and ADF contents in the inoculum plus enzyme‐treated pea silages made at the flowering stage were 322 and 296 g kg‐1, compared with 365 and 327 g kg‐1 in the control silages. The NDF and ADF contents in the silages made from the direct‐cut ryegrass were 312 and 205 (treated with inoculum plus enzymes) vs 383 and 257 g kg‐1 (control). However, the DM rumen digestibility of the silages was not improved by any of the treatments.It is concluded that a suitable inoculum could be beneficial to the ensiling process. The benefit expected from the application of cell wall degrading enzymes to silages is as yet unclear.
Improvement in soil structure associated with white clover
Authors: MYTTON L. R. , CRESSWELL A. , COLBOURN P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObservations have been made which suggest that clover is more effective than ryegrass in developing rapid improvements in soil structure. To test this hypothesis, grass, grass/clover and clover swards were grown in undisturbed field cores. Significant differences in drainage rates and plant biomass production, and visible changes in soil structure, all supported the hypothesis that clover improves structure rapidly, but there were no significant differences in bulk density, porosity or aggregate stability between the treatments. Soil moisture characteristic curves of soil/peat/grit compost planted with grass, grass/clover or clover and grown for two years indicate that a more free‐draining structure develops under clover than under grass due to a higher ratio of macro‐ to micropores.
The response of a ryegrass sward to wheel traffic and applied nitrogen
Authors: DOUGLAS J. T. , CRAWFORD C. E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe dry matter and nitrogen yield and estimated metabolizable energy of perennial ryegrass grown for silage were recorded from 1988 to 1990 for three levels of wheel traffic (zero, light and severe) at four rates of nitrogen fertilizer. The traffic treatments were applied by tractor wheels in the spring and summer of 1987 and in the spring of 1988 and 1990. First‐harvest yields were reduced consistently by severe traffic: for example, at a rate of 100kg N ha‐1, dry matter (DM) produced in the severe treatment was 58, 72 and 84% of that in the zero traffic treatment in successive years. Wheel traffic effects on yield were markedly smaller at second and third cuts than at first cut. Nitrogen uptake and apparent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen were usually less after the relatively severe traffic treatment than after zero or light traffic treatments. Denitrification fluxes, measured in the second and third years, indicated that gaseous losses of nitrogen were largest when soil compaction was greatest.Reduction of herbage yield at first cut in 1989, the year in which no wheel traffic had been applied at the start of the growing season, indicated that impaired soil physical conditions were implicated, quite apart from possible damage to the grass plants. Soil structure was damaged in both light and severe traffic treatments: in the latter, the volume of air‐filled pores during the wetter periods early in each growing season was especially small (<4%, v/v). It seemed likely, therefore, that poor aeration was a key factor in limiting both grass growth and nitrogen utilization.The effect of wheel traffic on herbage production tended to decline over the 3‐year period of the experiment. However, it was not clear whether that trend was primarily a consequence of a progressive improvement in the structure of the most dense soil, or was a degree of variation caused by differences in weather patterns between years.
The effect of offering a brewers grains/treated straw supplement to grazing dairy cows
Authors: LEAVER J. D. , CAMPLING R. C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a two‐year study, set stocked dairy cows were offered a mixture of brewers grains and sodium hydroxide‐treated straw (1:1 on a dry matter basis)for 1 h daily. The experiments lasted for 20 and 19 weeks, mean supplementary (buffer) feed dry matter intakes were 3·0 and 3·4 kg d‐1 and mean sward heights (rising plate meter) were 4·9 and 4·7 cm in 1988 and 1989 respectively. The control group received no supplementation. The buffer feed significantly increased milk yield (26·3 vs 24·6 kg d‐1 and 28·6 vs 26·3kg d‐1 in 1988 and 1989 respectively), increased liveweight gain (0·27 vs 0·13 kg d‐1 and 0·27 vs 0·17 kg d‐1) and increased effective stocking rate (5·17 vs 4·69 cows ha‐1and 5·10 vs 4·53 cows ha‐1). There were no significant effects on milk composition. The greatest responses in milk production were found in the late grazing season.
Growth and colonization of a range of white clover cultivars strip‐seeded into an upland perennial ryegrass sward
Authors: WILLIAMS E. D. , HAYES M. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeven cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (Kent, S184, Huia, Menna, Donna, Alice and Nesta) and a commercial mixture, ‘Ensign’, were strip‐seeded into an upland perennial rye‐grass (Lolium perenne L.) sward in late June 1986. Swards were first grazed by sheep, either on 5/6 August (early) or on 19/20 August (late) and then every 14–21 days (frequently) or 28–42 days (infrequently) during 1986, followed by a common grazing regime in 1987. During April to mid‐June 1988 the swards received either a moderate amount of nitrogen or none and were cut frequently or once only in mid‐June. Growth of individual seedlings was assessed before and after grazing during 1986 and stolon accumulation and distribution and sward colonization were assessed during 1987 and 1988.All cultivars emerged rapidly and satisfactorily and there were no consistent significant differences in the overall dry matter accumulation per seedling during establishment. During the first autumn the proportion of the aboveground biomass removed during grazing was smallest in Kent (c. 20%) and largest in Nesta (c. 40%). Kent and S184 produced most leaves and stolons and the greatest length of stolons per seedling and per individual stolon, and Nesta and Alice the fewest leaves and stolons and shortest stolons. Seedlings grazed early had heavier and longer stolons than those grazed late; those grazed frequently had more leaves, stolons and growing points than those grazed infrequently, especially following early grazing.During 1987 Kent and S184 had consistently the largest number of stolon growing points, and weight and length of stolons per unit area; these two cultivars and Nesta also colonized the sward more rapidly than the other cultivars. All cultivars contributed substantially and similarly to herbage production in late September. There were no residual effects of the 1986 treatments after the summer of 1987.During 1988 additions of nitrogen fertilizer at 100 kg N ha‐1 or allowing the herbage to remain undefoliated between mid‐April and mid‐June both independently halved the number of stolon growing points per unit area; together they reduced it by 80%. Nitrogen also, on average, halved stolon weights but less so in Nesta, Alice and Huia and more so in all other cultivars. Infrequent defoliation greatly decreased stolon weights in Kent and S184 but had no significant effects on the other cultivars. Sward colonization was almost complete by June and entirely so by October for all cultivars in all treatments.Implications of the results for the after‐management of strip‐seeded white clover are discussed.
A comparison of the output from permanent swards containing clover or receiving nitrogen fertilizer when continuously grazed by ewes and lambs
Authors: LAWS J. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA 2‐year experiment was designed to compare the output from a permanent grass sward, either containing clover (GC) or receiving 200kg N ha‐1 (GN), when continuously grazed by sheep stocked at 12 and 15 ewes ha‐1 on GC and 15 and 18 ewes ha‐1 on GN. Sward surface height (SSH) was controlled within designated guidelines by adjusting the size of the grazing area with an electrified ‘buffer’ fence; the herbage surplus to grazing requirement was cut and conserved. A dried grass supplement was offered to the sheep during periods of low herbage availability.The experiment was carried out during 1989 and 1990. No silage was made on GC15 in either year compared with 28 and 90kg DM ewe‐1 on GN15 in 1989 and 1990 respectively; supplementation was consistently and significantly greater on GC15 than on GN15. Clover proportion was generally higher on GC12 than GC15 (significant (P <0·01) in September 1989) and reached a maximum level of 14%on GC12 in August 1990. Herbage organic matter digestibility was little affected by the inclusion of clover in the sward. Differences in lamb growth rate were not significant and, at the common stocking rate, there was no difference in lamb output between GC and GN.In 1990, GC12 and GN15 treatments proved to be successful after weaning in balancing the increasing nutritional requirements of the ewes during the period prior to mating, the requirements of a declining lamb population as the lambs satisfied the criteria for slaughter and were sold, and a continuing need to conserve surplus herbage. The metabolizable energy requirements of the ewes and lambs over 2 years were 75·8 and 74· 7 GJ ha‐1 for GC15 and GN15 respectively, and the differences in total utilized metabolizable energy output of the two systems were due to the amounts of herbage conserved and supplement consumed. The 2‐year mean total UME output on GC15 was 80% of that on GN 15 (67·8 and 84·4 GJ ha‐1 for GC15 and GN15 respectively) and the experiment provided further evidence that grass/white clover swards with no fertilizer N applied are capable of producing about 80% of the total output of grass swards receiving 200 kg N ha‐1.
The influence of the radiation environment around the node on morphogenesis and growth of white clover (Trifolium repens)
Authors: THOMPSON L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe growth of clonally propagated clover plants (Trifolium repens) in the glasshouse was compared with their growth under canopies of Tropaeolum peregonium with or without supplementation from red light emitting diodes (LEDs) directed at the youngest node bearing a fully expanded leaf. The T. peregonium was grown over a net support so that its roots did not meet those of the clover. A similar experiment was set up in a permanent grassland using canopy shade from various grass species (Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne and Agrostis stolonifera) with and without supplementation. The LEDs increased the ratio of red to far red radiation (R/FR) received by the treated node with no apparent increase in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during the day.The morphogenetic effects of canopy shading (notably fewer branched nodes and less well‐developed branches) were largely removed by supplementation so that the supplemented plants came to resemble those grown in full daylight, particularly in the glasshouse experiments. The results highlight the Importance of the radiation environment at the base of the canopy in the morphogenetic responses of plants to putative competition, and the data are consistent with the hypothesis that responses are communicated acropetally along the stolon.
Spring defoliation of white clover seed crops. 2. Potential harvestable seed yield and seed yield components of contrasting white clover cultivars
Authors: MARSHALL A. H. , HOLLINGTON P. A. , HIDES D. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effects of different spring defoliation managements on potential harvestable seed yield and seed yield components of three contrasting white clover cultivars were assessed. The small‐leaved cv. S184 produced more but smaller inflorescences than the large‐leaved cv. Olwen and Menna, a medium‐leaved cultivar. Cultivar Olwen, however, produced more ripe and brown (nearly ripe) inflorescences with more florets, seeds per floret and a higher seed yield per ten inflorescences than the other cultivars. Potential harvestable seed yield and individual seed yield components were only influenced by defoliation after bud emergence, as defoliation before bud emergence had no effect on seed yield components. Defoliation after bud emergence had a similar effect on all cultivars: the number of ripe inflorescences was unaffected by defoliation but the number of brown and therefore harvestable (ripe + brown) inflorescences was highest following defoliation three weeks after bud emergence. Florets per inflorescence, seed per floret, 1000 seed weight, seed yield per ten inflorescences and potential harvestable seed yield were not influenced by defoliation after bud emergence. Season had a significant effect on seed yield components and influenced the effect of defoliation treatments, emphasizing the importance of climate in white clover seed production. The results are discussed in relation to the spring defoliation of white clover seed crops, harvesting techniques and the provision of guidelines for optimizing seed yield.
Impact of non‐corrosive forage stabilizer on chemical composition and storage characteristics of lucerne hay
Authors: DEETZ D. A. , HARRISON J. H. , EVANS D. W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree trials examined the impact on chemical composition, leaf‐stem ratio and bale temperature of applying a low‐acid stabilizer and a Lactobacillus fermentation product at baling lo moist (20–25% moisture) lucerne Medicago saliva L.) hay. Treatments evaluated were lucerne baled at: 17–20% moisture (dry control); 20–25% moisture with addition of 200 g or 400 g 100kg‐1 of a low‐acid stabilizer, with 4·1 ml or 8·1 ml 100kg‐1 of a Lactobacillus fermentation product; and 20–25% moisture with no treatment (wet control). In trial 1, low‐concentration acid treatment was effective in limiting the increase in bale temperature of moist hay. In trials 2 and 3, bale temperature for low‐concentration acid and Lactobacillus fermentation product‐treated hay was similar to untreated moist hay In trial 3, higher application rates of either product were not effective in further reducing bale temperature. In trials 1 and 3, levels of neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen were higher for moist hay than dry control. Nitrogen levels tended to be higher for moist hay. Leaf‐stem data from trial 2 suggest that more leaves can be retained by baling relatively high‐quality (late bud maturity) legumes at 20–25% moisture. In some circumstances use of a low‐acid forage stabilizer for preservation of high‐quality lucerne can minimize increases in temperature during storage of hay baled while moist (20–25%).
The effects of concentrate energy source and protein content on milk production in cows given grass silage ad libitum
Authors: HUHTANEN P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSixteen Friesian cows were given four dietary treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The diets consisted of grass silage ad libitum plus 2 kg of hay per day and two types of concentrates of either barley or a mixture of barley, oats and fibrous by‐products [200,200 and 600 g per kg dry matter (DM) respectively], with two protein contents. For the low‐protein diets, barley‐ (B) and fibre‐based (F) concentrates were given without protein supplements, while for high‐protein diets 1 kg of both concentrates was replaced with fish‐meal (FM). The concentrates were given at the rate of 9kgd‐1 for the cows (n= 12) and 8kg d‐1 for the heifers (n= 4).The cows given the F diets tended (P < 0·10) to have a greater silage dry matter intake and produced 1·5kg d‐1 more (P < 0·05) milk with a lower (P < 0·05) protein content than those given the B diets. Increasing dietary crude protein concentration with FM had no effect on feed intake but resulted in significant increases in milk yield (P < 0·01), milk protein content (P < 0·05) and yields of milk constituents. The response in milk yield to FM tended to be greater with barley than with fibrous supplement (+2·5 vs+ 1·5kgd‐1). Compared with B diets, the greatest relative increase occurred in lactose yield (0·07) when the corresponding F diets were fed, while FM produced the greatest response in protein yield (0·12). The calculation of the utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) for milk production showed that both the feeding of a concentrate consisting of different carbohydrate sources and inclusion of fish meal improved the utilization of ME, the effects being partially additive. It is concluded that the nutrient supply to the cow's tissues can be modified by the source of carbohydrate and protein supplementation as indicated by different responses in the yield of milk constituents. The production response to protein supplementation may depend on the source of carbohydrate in the concentrate.
Fermentation and nutritive value of Zea mays and lucerne forage ensiled with added rolled barley
Authors: HARRISON J. H. , KINCAID R. L. , LONEY K. A. , RILEY R. E. , CRONRATH J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of adding rolled barley on the ensiling characteristics and nutritive value of lucerne and corn (Zea mays) forage was studied using 19‐1 plastic mini‐silos. Other factors evaluated with lucerne were the effect of wilting and added lactic acid bacteria. Rolled barley was added at rates of 0, 50, 100 and 150gkg−1 (wet weight) to lucerne or corn forage. Lucerne was ensiled at 170–330 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) and lactic acid bacteria were applied at 105g−1 wet forage. Addition of rolled barley consistently improved the fermentation of lucerne by lowering the pH and decreasing the concentration of acetate and ammonia nitrogen. Wilting of lucerne had variable effects on fermentation in two experiments. The addition of lactic acid bacteria improved fermentation by decreasing the concentrations of acetate and ammonia nitrogen, improved the nutritive value by increasing the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and was associated with decreased amounts of lactic acid. Corn was ensiled at 250 g kg−1 DM, and added rolled barley had little effect on the fermentation of corn silage. The digestibility of all silages determined in vitro was improved by the addition of rolled barley.