bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral changes in laying hens after introduction to battery cages, furnished cages and an aviary
Authors: SHINMURA Tsuyoshi , EGUCHI Yusuke , UETAKE Katsuji , TANAKA Toshio 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTA variety of investigations into alternative systems and furnished cages for laying hens have been conducted, mainly in the European Union. However, comparative studies about the behavior of laying hens just after introduction to these housing systems are few. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the changes of location and behavior of laying hens just after introduction to three housing systems. In total, 181 White Leghorns were used. Thirty‐six birds were allocated to 12 battery cages with three birds per cage (613 cm2/bird); 36 birds were allocated to nine furnished cages with four birds per cage (1170 cm2/bird); and 109 birds were allocated to an aviary (1130 cm2/bird). Direct observations using scanning techniques were conducted over 2 weeks for 4 h/day from the day following the introduction. Scan samples of location and behavior were taken at 10 min intervals. The proportion of birds that stayed at each location in the furnished cages was stable during the observation period. In the aviary, 78% of birds were observed on the floor on the first day, and thereafter the proportion linearly decreased (P < 0.01). The proportions of birds eating in both the battery and furnished cages were stable, indicating that the caged birds would adjust to these environments within a short period. Display of aggression was lower in both the cages (both 0.3 ± 0.1%) than in the aviary (3.5 ± 1.0%, P < 0.001), which indicates the early establishment of social order in both cage systems. In the aviary, the birds were observed eating less frequently than in both the cages on the first day, and the proportion thereafter linearly increased (P < 0.01), and the use of tiered wire floors with feeders accompanied this (P < 0.01). Comfort behaviors, including dust bathing, were noted less in the aviary than in the furnished cages throughout the observation period (both P < 0.05). These results suggest that adjustment of aviary birds to their new environment had been delayed compared with caged birds because of the prerearing conditions and the environmental complexity of the aviary.
Propagation of bovine coronavirus in clones of the Caco‐2 cell line showing different levels of alkaline phosphatase activity
Authors: MORI Kenichi , INOUE Yuuki , MUKAI Takao , OHORI Hitoshi 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to determine whether bovine coronavirus (BCV) has the ability to initiate infection in a human colon carcinoma cell line, Caco‐2, that has been established to spontaneously differentiate after confluence. When Caco‐2 cells were infected with BCV, a titer of 5.5 × 106 plaque‐forming units (p.f.u.)/mL was found in the culture supernatant at 5 days postinfection. Two clones, Caco‐2/CA1 and Caco‐2/CA2, were then isolated by monitoring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and cell proliferation activities. The ALP activity level of CA1 cells was significantly higher than that of CA2 cells, while the level of cell proliferation activity of CA1 was significantly lower than that of CA2. When CA1 and CA2 cells were infected with BCV at confluence, virus hemagglutination (HA) was detected in the culture supernatant at 5 days postinfection for CA1 cells and at 8 days postinfection for CA2 cells. Thus, BCV propagation was substantially delayed in CA2 cells, suggesting that a cellular factor(s) that appears at the differentiation stage may control BCV propagation. BCV‐susceptible CA1 and CA2 cells showing different levels of ALP activity would be useful for further experiments to elucidate the mechanism of BCV propagation.
Species of Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) and other nematode genera associated with insects from Pinus pinaster in Portugal
Authors: Penas A.C. , Bravo M.A. , Naves P. , Bonifácio L. , Sousa E. , Mota M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractInsects associated with maritime pine, Pinus pinaster, in Portugal were collected and screened for the presence of Bursaphelenchus species. Nematodes were identified using Internal Transcribed Spacers‐Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (ITS‐RFLP) analysis of dauer juveniles and morphological identification of adults that developed from dauer juveniles on fungal cultures or on cultures in pine wood segments at 26°C. Several associations are described: Bursaphelenchus teratospicularis and Bursaphelenchus sexdentati are associated with Orthotomicus erosus; Bursaphelenchus tusciae, B. sexdentati and/or Bursaphelenchus pinophilus with Hylurgus ligniperda and Bursaphelenchus hellenicus with Tomicus piniperda, Ips sexdentatus and H. ligniperda. An unidentified Bursaphelenchus species is vectored by Hylobius sp. The previously reported association of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus with Monochamus galloprovincialis was confirmed. The association of Bursaphelenchus leoni with Pityogenes sp. is not definitively established and needs further studies for clarification. Other nematode genera besides Bursaphelenchus were found to be associated with the insects sampled, including two different species of Ektaphelenchus, Parasitorhabditis sp., Parasitaphelenchus sp., Contortylenchus sp. and other unidentified nematodes. The Ektaphelenchus species found in O. erosus is morphologically similar to B. teratospicularis found in the same insect; adults of both the species are found in cocoon‐like structures under the elytra of the insects.
Response of different forms of propagules of Rhizoctonia solani AG2‐1 (ZG5) exposed to the volatiles produced in soil amended with green manures
Authors: Yulianti T. , Sivasithamparam K. , Turner D.W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe sensitivity of different forms of propagules of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG)2‐1/zymogram group (ZG)5 to volatile compounds produced in soil amended with green manure will influence the efficacy of green manures used to manage the disease. In laboratory experiments, we determined the impact of volatiles arising from residues of five species of Brassicaceae, and Avena sativa (oat), a non‐Brassicaceae species, and volatiles of pure allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) or 2‐phenylethyl isothiocyanate (2‐PEITC) in either their soluble or vapour phase on the hyphal growth of R. solani arising from different propagules. The brassicaceous species were Brassica napus var. Karoo, B. napus B1, B. napus B2, B. nigra and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (a brassicaceous weed). Colony growth and hyphal density on water agar were measured up to 7 days. The amendment of a sandy soil with green manures at a high (100 g kg−1, 10%) concentration generally suppressed the growth of the pathogen, but at a low (10 g kg−1, 1%) concentration, the amendment had little effect on the radial fungal growth of the pathogen but increased the density of hyphae through more branching. The inhibition by volatiles from the residues of Brassicaceae species at 10% concentration was stronger (82–86%) than that by volatiles from oat (64%) amendment at the same rate. Hyphae arising from sclerotia and precolonised ryegrass seed were less sensitive than hyphae growing out of potato dextrose agar plugs. This indicates that thick‐pigmented cell walls may have protected the fungus from these unfavourable conditions. Pure AITC and 2‐PEITC in the range of 0.5–2.0 mM inhibited the growth of R. solani from all forms of propagules, but hyphae originating from agar plugs were the most vulnerable compared with the two others. Thus, hyphae arising from the medulla of the sclerotia may be relatively tolerant to volatile compounds emanating from decomposing Brassica green manure amendments in the field and in vitro inhibition of the vegetative growth of the pathogen may not reflect its response to the amendments in the field.
The Future of Tropical Forest Species1
Authors: Wright S. Joseph , Muller‐Landau Helene C. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTDeforestation and habitat loss are widely expected to precipitate an extinction crisis among tropical forest species. Humans cause deforestation, and humans living in rural settings have the greatest impact on extant forest area in the tropics. Current human demographic trends, including slowing population growth and intense urbanization, give reason to hope that deforestation will slow, natural forest regeneration through secondary succession will accelerate, and the widely anticipated mass extinction of tropical forest species will be avoided. Here, we show that the proportion of potential forest cover remaining is closely correlated with human population density among countries, in both the tropics and the temperate zone. We use United Nations population projections and continent‐specific relationships between both total and rural population density and forest remaining today to project future tropical forest cover. Our projections suggest that deforestation rates will decrease as population growth slows, and that a much larger area will continue to be forested than previous studies suggest. Tropical forests retracted to smaller areas during repeated Pleistocene glacial events in Africa and more recently in selected areas that supported large prehistoric human populations. Despite many caveats, these projections and observations provide hope that many tropical forest species will be able to survive the current wave of deforestation and human population growth. A strategy to preserve tropical biodiversity might include policies to improve conditions in tropical urban settings to hasten urbanization and preemptive conservation efforts in countries with large areas of extant forest and large projected rates of future human population growth. We hope that this first attempt inspires others to produce better models of future tropical forest cover and associated policy recommendations.
Quality control for daily observational rainfall series in the UK
Authors: Yang C. , Chandler R. E. , Isham V. S. , Wheater H. S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDaily rainfall sequences in the UK need careful quality control before use. This issue is discussed using data from two rain gauge networks. In particular, changes in recording resolution or inconsistencies between different types of recording device may result in biases, for which allowance should be made when these data are used for modelling. Model fitting is shown to be an effective way of investigating unexplained spatial or temporal inconsistencies. Generalized linear models are fitted to data from the Blackwater catchment to illustrate model‐based data checking. Some apparently unexplained spatial inconsistencies are related to trace values in the data set. By applying a simple threshold to the data, the inconsistencies can be removed.
Descartes's Passions of the Soul
Authors: Shapiro Lisa 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWhile Descartes's Passions of the Soul has been taken to hold a place in the history to human physiology, until recently philosophers have neglected the work. In this research summary, I set Descartes's last published work in context and then sketch out its philosophical significance. From it, we gain further insight into Descartes's solution to the Mind–Body Problem – that is, to the problem of the ontological status of the mind–body union in a human being, to the nature of body–mind causation, and to the way body‐caused thoughts represent the world. In addition, the work contains Descartes's developed ethics, in his account of virtue and of the passion of générosité in particular. Through his taxonomy of the passions and the account of their regulation, we also learn more about his moral psychology.
Impact of
Enterococcus faecalis
on the Bactericidal Activities of Arbekacin, Daptomycin, Linezolid, and Tigecycline against Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
in a Mixed-Pathogen Pharmacodynamic Model
Authors: LaPlante Kerry L. , Rybak Michael J. , Leuthner Kimberly D. , Chin Judy N. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

We inoculated an in vitro pharmacodynamic model simultaneously with clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
and an enterocin-producing enterococcus (vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus faecalis
, ampicillin susceptible) at 7 log
10
CFU/ml to examine enterocin effects and antimicrobial activity on staphylococci. The investigated antimicrobial regimens were 100 mg arbekacin every 12 h (q12h), 6 mg daptomycin per kg of body weight/day, 600 mg linezolid q12h, and 100 mg tigecycline q24h alone and in combination (daptomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline) with arbekacin. Simulations were performed in triplicate; bacterial quantification occurred over 48 h, and development of resistance was evaluated throughout. When we evaluated the impact of antimicrobial activity against
S. aureus
alone, daptomycin demonstrated bactericidal activity (≥3 log
10
CFU/ml kill), whereas arbekacin, linezolid, and tigecycline displayed bacteriostatic activities (<3 log
10
CFU/ml kill). In the mixed-pathogen model, early and distinctive stunting of
S. aureus
growth was noted (1.5 log CFU/ml difference) in the presence of enterocin-producing
E. faecalis
compared to growth controls run individually (
P
= 0.02). Most noteworthy was that in the presence of enterocin-producing
E. faecalis
, bactericidal activity was observed with arbekacin and tigecycline and with the addition of arbekacin to linezolid. Antagonism was noted for the combination of tigecycline and arbekacin against
S. aureus
in the presence of enterocin-producing
E. faecalis
. Our research demonstrates that the inhibitory effect of
E. faecalis
contributed significantly to its overall antimicrobial impact on
S. aureus
. This contribution was enhanced or improved compared to the activity of each antimicrobial alone. Further research is warranted to determine the impact of polymicrobial infections on antimicrobial activity.
Candida glabrata PDR1
, a Transcriptional Regulator of a Pleiotropic Drug Resistance Network, Mediates Azole Resistance in Clinical Isolates and Petite Mutants
Authors: Tsai Huei-Fung , Krol Anna A. , Sarti Kelly E. , Bennett John E. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Candida glabrata
, a yeast with intrinsically low susceptibility to azoles, frequently develops increased azole resistance during prolonged treatment. Transposon mutagenesis revealed that disruption of Cg
PDR1
resulted in an 8- to 16-fold increase in fluconazole susceptibility of
C. glabrata
. Cg
PDR1
is a homolog of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDR1
, which encodes a transcriptional regulator of multidrug transporters. Northern blot analyses indicated that Cg
PDR1
regulated both constitutive and drug-induced expression of Cg
CDR1
, a multidrug transporter gene. In agreement with the Northern analysis, the Cg
pdr1
mutant had increased rhodamine accumulation, in contrast to the decreased accumulation in the Cg
PDR1
-overexpressing strain. Northern analyses also indicated the importance of Cg
PDR1
in fluconazole resistance arising during therapy. Two clinically resistant isolates had higher expression of Cg
PDR1
and Cg
CDR1
compared to their paired susceptible isolates. Integrative transformation of Cg
PDR1
from the two resistant isolates converted the Cg
pdr1
mutant into azole-resistant strains with upregulated Cg
PDR1
expression. Two different amino acid substitutions, W297S in one isolate and F575L in the other, accounted for the upregulated Cg
PDR1
expression and the resistance. Finally, Cg
PDR1
was shown to be required for the azole resistance due to mitochondrial deficiency. Thus, Cg
PDR1
encodes a transcriptional regulator of a pleiotropic drug resistance network and contributes to the azole resistance of clinical isolates and petite mutants.
Sialidase Fusion Protein as a Novel Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Malakhov Michael P. , Aschenbrenner Laura M. , Smee Donald F. , Wandersee Miles K. , Sidwell Robert W. , Gubareva Larisa V. , Mishin Vasiliy P. , Hayden Frederick G. , Kim Do Hyong , Ing Alice , Campbell Erin R. , Yu Mang , Fang Fang 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTInfluenza is a highly infectious disease characterized by recurrent annual epidemics and unpredictable major worldwide pandemics. Rapid spread of the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 strain and escalating human infections by the virus have set off the alarm for a global pandemic. To provide an urgently needed alternative treatment modality for influenza, we have generated a recombinant fusion protein composed of a sialidase catalytic domain derived fromActinomyces viscosusfused with a cell surface-anchoring sequence. The sialidase fusion protein is to be applied topically as an inhalant to remove the influenza viral receptors, sialic acids, from the airway epithelium. We demonstrate that a sialidase fusion construct, DAS181, effectively cleaves sialic acid receptors used by both human and avian influenza viruses. The treatment provides long-lasting effect and is nontoxic to the cells. DAS181 demonstrated potent antiviral and cell protective efficacies against a panel of laboratory strains and clinical isolates of IFV A and IFV B, with virus replication inhibition 50% effective concentrations in the range of 0.04 to 0.9 nM. Mouse and ferret studies confirmed significant in vivo efficacy of the sialidase fusion in both prophylactic and treatment modes.
New Approach for High-Throughput Screening of Drug Activity onPlasmodiumLiver Stages
Authors: Gego Audrey , Silvie Olivier , Franetich Jean-François , Farhati Khemaïs , Hannoun Laurent , Luty Adrian J. F. , Sauerwein Robert W. , Boucheix Claude , Rubinstein Eric , Mazier Dominique 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTPlasmodiumliver stages represent potential targets for antimalarial prophylactic drugs. Nevertheless, there is a lack of molecules active on these stages. We have now developed a new approach for the high-throughput screening of drug activity onPlasmodiumliver stages in vitro, based on an infrared fluorescence scanning system. This method allowed us to count automatically and rapidlyPlasmodium-infected hepatocytes, using different hepatic cells and differentPlasmodiumspecies, includingPlasmodium falciparum. This new technique is well adapted for high-throughput drug screening and should facilitate the identification of new antimalarial compounds active onPlasmodiumliver stages.
Jesuit Pastoral Theater on an Urban Stage: Lisbon, 1588-1593
Authors: Brockey Liam 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn the late sixteenth century, the Society of Jesus became one of the most influential religious groups in Catholic Europe and beyond. Yet specifically how the meteoric rise of the Jesuits occurred has remained an enigma, especially in light of the entrenched complex of interests that comprised contemporary society. Based on manuscript correspondence and other under-exploited archival material, this article analyzes the actions of senior members of this religious order in the city of Lisbon in late 1580s and early 1590s in order to show how the Society gained its prestige through a host of pastoral activities directed at a variety of audiences. By avoiding a focus on colleges or missions, this study offers a new perspective on the Jesuits' attempts to win their place among ecclesiastical elites, as well as the respect of both nobles and plebeians in one of the largest and most ethnically diverse cities in Europe.
Confronting Decline in Early Modern Arabic Thought
Authors: Matar Nabil 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article argues that Arabic thinkers of the seventeenth century failed to confront the problem of decline in their societies in the manner that Ottoman and Spanish writers did. Arabic writers, from Alexandria in Egypt to Miknas in Morocco, refused to concede decline and instead declared the nasr (victory) of their deen (religion) of Islam over Europe, or used Ibn Khaldun to determine the fall of the European dunya (world). Only the Moriscos, who had been exposed to the empiricism of European thought, believed that war technology—and manuals about it and about other technologies—was needed to bridge the gap between a modernizing Europe and a stagnant Islamic West.
Memory function and serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism in ecstasy (MDMA) users
Authors: Reneman Liesbeth , Schilt T. , de Win Maartje M. , Booij Jan , Schmand Ben , den Brink Wim van , Bakker Onno 
Published: March 2006

Although 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) has been shown to damage brain serotonin (5-HT) neurons in animals and possibly humans, little is known about the long-term consequences of MDMA-induced 5-HT neurotoxic lesions on functions in which 5-HT is involved, such as cognitive function. Because 5-HT transporters play a key element in the regulation of synaptic 5-HT transmission it may be important to control for the potential covariance effect of a polymorphism in the 5-HT transporter promoter gene region (5-HTTLPR) when studying the effects of MDMA as well as cognitive functioning. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of moderate and heavy MDMA use on cognitive function, as well as the effects of longterm abstention from MDMA, in subjects genotyped for 5-HTTLPR. A second aim of the study was to determine whether these effects differ for females and males. Fifteen moderate MDMA users (55 lifetime tablets), 22 heavy MDMA β users (δ 55 lifetime tablets), 16 ex-MDMA β users (last tablet δ 1 year ago) and 13 controls were compared on a battery of neuropsychological tests. DNA from peripheral nuclear blood cells was genotyped for 5-HTTLPR using standard polymerase chain reaction methods. A signi.cant group effect was observed only on memory function tasks ( p 0.04) but not on reaction times ( p 0.61) or attention/ executive functioning ( p 0.59). Heavy and ex-MDMA β users performed signi.cantly poorer on memory tasks than controls. In contrast, no evidence of memory impairment was observed in moderate MDMA users. No signi.cant effect of 5-HTTLPR or gender was observed. While the use of MDMA in quantities that may be considered ëmoderateí is not associated with impaired memory functioning, heavy use of MDMA use may lead to long lasting memory impairments. No effect of 5-HTTLPR or gender on memory function or MDMA use was observed.
The effect of fetal hemoglobin on the survival characteristics of sickle cells
Authors: Franco Robert S. , Yasin Zahida , Palascak Mary B. , Ciraolo Peter , Joiner Clinton H. , Rucknagel Donald L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The determinants of sickle red blood cell (RBC) life span have not been well-defined but may include both intrinsic factors (eg, the tendency to sickle) and extrinsic factors (eg, the capacity of the reticuloendothelial system to remove defective RBCs). Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is heterogeneously distributed among sickle RBCs; F cells contain 20% to 25% HbF, whereas the remainder have no detectable HbF (non-F cells). Autologous sickle RBCs were labeled with biotin and reinfused to determine overall survival, non–F- and F-cell survival, and time-dependent changes in HbF content (%HbF) for the surviving F cells. A total of 10 patients were enrolled, including 2 who were studied before and after the percentage of F cells was increased by treatment with hydroxyurea. As expected, F cells survived longer in all subjects. Non–F-cell survival correlated inversely with the percentage of F cells, with the time for 30% cell survival ranging from 6 days in patients with more than 88% F cells to 16 days in patients with less than 16% F cells. As the biotin-labeled RBCs aged in the circulation, the HbF content of the surviving F-cell population increased by 0.28%/d ± 0.21%/d, indicating that within the F-cell population those with higher HbF content survived longer.