bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrate Cluster Formation of Diol Compounds in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Takahashi Satoru , Nishi Nobuyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Dilute aqueous solutions of seven diols (1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 2,4-pentanediol, 1,4-pentanediol, and 1,5-pentanediol) were examined by mass spectrometric analysis of the clusters isolated through adiabatic expansion of liquid droplets in vacuum. Stability constants of the solute m-mer hydrate clusters κm (m = 1, 2) were estimated by analyzing the obtained mass spectra. All the stability constants for the diols were found to be approximately equal to or less than 1.0, suggesting that the hydrate clusters of the solute species are as strong as or weaker than those of pure water clusters. Stabilities of the diol hydrate clusters are also dependent on the distance between the two OH groups and/or the number of methylene groups between the two OH groups. From the temperature dependence of the population ratio of the diol-hydrate clusters to pure water ones, we evaluated thermochemical values for the elemental association-dissociation processes.
Short Synthesis of (3S,4R)- and (3R,4R)-3-Hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-4-butanolides, Two Lactones from Levoglucosenone
Authors: Matsumoto Katsuya , Ebata Takashi , Koseki Koshi , Okano Koji , Kawakami Hiroshi , Matsushita Hajime 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Two lactones, (3S,4R)- and (3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-4-butanolides, were easily and stereoselectively synthesized in good yield from levoglucosenone (1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-β-d-glycero-hex-3-enopyranos-2-ulose).
Apparent and Partial Molar Volumes of Some Symmetrical Tetraalkylammonium Perchlorates in 2-Methoxyethanol at 25, 35, and 45 °C
Authors: Das Bijan , Hazra Dilip K 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The apparent and partial molar volumes (φv) of six symmetrical tetraalkylammonium perchlorates (Me4NClO4 to Hex4NClO4) have been determined in 2-methoxyethanol at 25, 35, and 45 °C. The apparent molar volumes were extrapolated to zero concentration to obtain limiting values at infinite dilution. Ionic limiting partial molar volumes have been estimated using the extrapolation method. The analysis of the data shows that the tetraalkylammonium ions are scarcely solvated and that strong ion–ion interaction exists between the oppositely charged ions in this medium. The temperature dependence of the limiting partial molar volumes have been explained on the basis of ion–solvent interactions.
Synthesis and Characterization of trans[CoCl2(232N4x)]+ (232N4x = 1,4,8,11Tetraazacyclopentadecane, -cyclohexadecane, -cycloheptadecane, -cyclooctadecane, -cyclononadecane, -cycloicosane, -cyclohenicosane, and -cyclotricosane)
Authors: Tsuchimoto Masanobu , Ito Yasuhiro , Fujita Junnosuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Five new macrocyclic ligands which form a large (10—15) chelate ring upon coordination (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclooctadecane(232N410), -cyclononadecane(232N411), -cycloicosane (232N412), -cyclohenicosane(232N413), and -cyclotricosane(232N415)), and the Co(III) complexes, trans-[CoCl2(232N4x)]+ (x = 7—13, 15) were prepared and characterized. Of six isomers arising from the combination of four chiral nitrogen donor atoms in this type of complex, three and two isomers were obtained, respectively, for complexes with x = 7 and 8, and x = 9—13 and 15. The ligand field parameter of the nitrogen donor atom (Δ(N)) of 232N4x decreases largely from x = 6 to 7, and then shows a small fluctuation with a small decrease at x = even-numbers and a small increase at x = odd-numbers, while a smaller change is observed for the parameter of the chloride ion (Δ(Cl)). The reduction potential for the Co(III)/Co(II) couple (E1/2) shifts to the positive side from the complex with x = 6 to those with x = 7 and 8, and then shows a small change depending on the ring members. The ΔEp(Epa − Epc) values of complexes with x = 8—11 are large, indicating an instability of the medium-sized chelate Co(II) complexes.
Crystal Structures of Cobalt(III)–Methyldiphenylphosphine Complexes. Co(III)–P Bond Lengths and Their Cleavages
Authors: Kashiwabara Kazuo , Kita Masakazu , Masuda Hideki , Kurachi Saeko , Ohba Shigeru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structures of trans-[Co(acac)2(PMePh2)2]PF6 (acac = 2,4-pentanedionate ion) (1), trans-[Co(acac)2(H2O)(PMePh2)]ClO4 (2), and trans(P,P)-[Co(acac)(CN)2(PMePh2)2] (3) were determined by the X-ray diffraction method. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group P2/n, with two molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a = 17.151(2), b = 10.347(2), c = 10.996(2) Å, β = 107.84(1)°, V = 1857.6(6) Å3. Complex 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group P21/c, with four molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a = 10.161(3), b = 17.291(5), c = 14.938(3) Å, β = 91.76(2)°, V = 2623(1) Å3. Complex 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group C2/c, with four molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a = 21.628(1), b = 8.974(1), c = 16.203(1) Å, β = 106.396(2)°, V = 3012.9(1) Å3. The Co–P bond length for complex 1, 2.329(1) Å, is significantly longer than those for complexes 2 (2.213(1) Å) and 3 (2.2698(4) Å). These lengths are discussed with the hydrolytic properties.
Photodegradation of Humic Substances on MWCNT/Nanotubular-TiO2 Composites
Authors: Zhu Zhiping , Zhou Yi , Yu Hongwen , Nomura Tomoko , Fugetsu Bunshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We report on the first use of MWCNT/nanotubular-TiO2 (multiwalled carbon nanotube, MWCNT; TiO2-derived nanotube, nanotubular-TiO2) composites as catalysts for photodegradation of aquatic humic substances (HSs). The MWCNT was demonstrated to be capable of enhancing the activity of the photocatalyst. The best degradation efficiency was obtained by using MWCNT/nanotubular-TiO2 composites having 20% MWCNTs as the photocatalyst.
Highly Efficient Enantio-selective Hydrogenation of Methyl Acetoacetate over an Improved Tartaric Acid-modified Raney Nickel Catalyst
Authors: Chen Hangning , Li Rong , Wang Huanling , Yin Liang , Wang Fushan , Ma Jiantai 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Using methanol as the reaction medium (an appropriate amount of sodium bromide was directly added to it), the highly efficient enantio-selective hydrogenation of methyl acetoace-tate (MAA) was achieved over a tartaric acid-modified Raney nickel catalyst. 85% ee was attained under the comparatively mild conditions (0.6 MPa, 60 °C, 1 h).
Preparation and Catalytic Activity of Two-dimensionally Networked Gold Nanowires
Authors: Bi Yingpu , Lu Gongxuan 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Two-dimensionally (2-D) networked gold nanowires have been prepared by a simple chemical reduction method using glycerol as capping agents. It was found that 2-D gold nanowires were more active than spherical gold nanoparticles on hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride solution.
Procedures Used for Dynamically Laterally Loaded Pile Tests in a Centrifuge
Authors: Hajialilue-Bonab M , Chazelas JL , Levacher D 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Most of the experimental work carried on pile behavior on centrifuge has been limited to monotonic or cyclic loading, or both. As dynamic loads generated by shocks and earthquakes are difficult to model in centrifuge, not much work has been reported in the literature on the impact mechanism to produce shock in-flight, though seismic loads can be well simulated by in-flight shakers. A complete experimental procedure, i.e., hammering system, measurements, and test procedures, has been developed to test on centrifuge lateral impact on piles. In the first part of the paper following the test procedure, the experimental set-up is detailed from the soil preparation and piles equipment to the horizontal hammering or impact system. Innovative parts of the system such as the impact system and its monitoring are described. The second part describes the feasibility and the practice of the impact device and the adopted procedure to test on centrifuge different types of piles _jacked, cast-in, and 1 g driven_ in sand. The first series of tests are focused on the evaluation of possible errors and influences due to pile position, boundary effects, and repeatability of tests. Scale effects have been studied by carrying out a series of modeling of models tests at 40 and 60 g. In conclusion, all these preliminary centrifuge tests have demonstrated that the complete experimental set-up including the impact system and its use procedure is achieved and able to perform horizontal impacted piles tests on centrifuge.
Variables Affecting the ASTM Standard C 311 Loss on Ignition Test for Fly Ash
Authors: Harris NJ , Hover KC , Folliard KJ , Ley T 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The loss on ignition (LOI) test as an indicator of carbon content in fly ash is a useful screening tool for fly ash for use in concrete. Despite the importance and relevance of the LOI test, the LOI test results are sensitive to procedural variations that are within the requirements of the ASTM C 311 test standard. A suite of LOI tests on fly ash samples was performed that varied several procedural details. The effects of cooling time, cooling method, sample size, ignition duration, and ignition temperature were evaluated.
Analytic integrals and Poincaré's centre problem
Authors: Wahl Wolf von 
Published: July 2006

SummaryAs for Poincaré's centre-problem Poincaré [3] himself assumed that if the origin is a centre then there is an integral (constant of motion) being analytic in a neighborhood of the origin. We are going to prove this assumption and vice versa in a concise way by using techniques developed by C. L. Siegel [6].
Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater by a Membrane Bioreactor
Authors: Galil Noah I. , Sheindorf Chaim 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWastewater originating from chemical industries may contain compounds that could adversely affect the treatment processes, mainly the biological process, by either toxic or inhibition effects. The objectives of this study were to evaluate practical possibilities to upgrade existing wastewater treatment facilities by operating aerobic treatment based on membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology. Three different industries were included in this study: a paper mill that operates raw solid separators followed by anaerobic treatment; a food production plant that operates oil and grease separators, chemical flocculation, and dissolved air flotation; and port fuel facilities that include gravity oil separators. In all the above cases the biological treatment was exposed to different problems, which included: (a) the possible presence of deflocculating materials such as starch and biocides, in the case of the paper mill; (b) residual hydrophobic compounds that may affect diffusion through biosolids surfaces in the food plant; and (c) organic matter characterized by low biodegradability (hydrocarbons), in the case of the fuel port facilities. The experimental work in this study indicated that biological treatment of industrial wastewater containing contaminants characterized by hydrophobicity and/or by low biodegradability could be successfully performed by MBR configuration, obtaining effluent of high quality. However, these particular types of industrial wastewater would require the adaptation of the MBR operation conditions, by lowering cell residence time and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) in the bioreactor and by increasing the amounts of excess biosolids accordingly.
Dynamic Self‐Assembly of an M3L6 Molecular Triangle and an M4L8 Tetrahedron from Naked PdII Ions and Bis(3‐pyridyl)‐Substituted Arenes
Authors: Chand Dillip K. , Biradha Kumar , Kawano Masaki , Sakamoto Shigeru , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Fujita Makoto 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe pyridine‐appended nonchelating bidentate ligands 1,4‐bis(3‐pyridyl)benzene (1) and 4,4′‐bis(3‐pyridyl) biphenyl (2) were complexed with a naked PdII ion for the construction of molecular cage compounds. Prior to these experiments, the complexation of the ligands with cis‐[Pd(en)(NO3)2] was also examined, because self‐assemblies from the cis‐protected PdII ion were expected to be simple motifs that constitute the assemblies from naked PdII ion. The structures of the self‐assembled compounds resulting from 1 and [Pd(en)(NO3)2] depended on the solvent employed. In aqueous solution, an M2L2 trenchlike compound was obtained. In dimethyl sulfoxide, however, a mixture of the M2L2 trench and an M3L3 macrocycle was found in equilibrium, the dynamic nature of which was confirmed by the concentration‐dependent nature of the species. At higher concentration, an M4L4 macrocycle was mostly observed. The complexation of 1 with naked PdII ions was expected to produce novel structures that are combinations of the MnLn type frameworks. A peculiar tetrahedral M4L8 assembly was obtained quantitatively from 1 and Pd(NO3)2, rather than the smallest possible M3L6 double‐walled triangle. Interestingly, the use of Pd(CF3SO3)2 resulted in the sole formation of the latter structure. Thus, the anion is important as a template in the formation of these assemblies. Ligand 2, which contains an extra p‐phenylene unit compared to 1, behaved in a similar manner when treated with [Pd(en)(NO3)2], but showed subtle differences with naked PdII ions. With Pd(NO3)2, 2 gave mostly a tetrahedron along with a double‐walled triangle. With Pd(CF3SO3)2, this longer ligand formed a double‐walled triangle with a negligible amount of tetrahedra. A single discrete assembly of a perfect tetrahedron was obtained from 2 and PdII ions by choosing p‐tosylate as a counterion.
Countercation Transport Modeled by Porous Spherical Molybdenum Oxide Based Nanocapsules
Authors: Rehder Dieter , Haupt Erhard T. K. , Bögge Hartmut , Müller Achim 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPorous nanosized polyoxomolybdate capsule anions of composition [{MoVI(MoVI5O21)(H2O)6}12(linker)30]n−, where (linker)30 is {MoV2O4(SO4)}30 (n=72) (1 a) or {MoV2O4(SO4)}24{MoV2O4(CH3COO)}6 (n=64) (2 a), model the (competitive) cellular transmembrane transport of Li+, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions along ion channels. According to X‐ray crystallography and 7Li and 23Na NMR spectroscopy, Li+ and Na+, the counterions for 1 a and 2 a, respectively, occupy internal sites of the capsule. This study of the counterion transport phenomenon shows that, while Li+ ions can be replaced to a large extent by Na+ and K+ ions and completely by Ca2+ ions added to a solution of 1 a, external Li+ ions do not replace the incorporated Na+ ions of 2 a in an analogous experiment. In this context, related properties of the capsules and especially of their flexible channels, in connection with the complex pathways of cation uptake, are discussed briefly. The relevance of these investigations for lithium‐based therapies is also addressed.
Pyrene‐Based Dual‐Mode Fluorescence Switches and Logic Gates That Function in Solution and Film
Authors: Zhou Weidong , Li Yongjun , Li Yuliang , Liu Huibiao , Wang Shu , Li Cuihong , Yuan Mingjian , Liu Xiaofeng , Zhu Daoben 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA dual‐mode fluorescence switch controlled by external inputs such as protons and metal ions is described, and each state corresponds to a specific fluorescent emission peak. Based on the reversible changes of the fluorescence emission of the switch responding to different external stimuli, the corresponding integrated logic gates and communication networks have been constructed in solid film or in solution.
Mono‐ and Di(dimethylamino)styryl‐Substituted Borondipyrromethene and Borondiindomethene Dyes with Intense Near‐Infrared Fluorescence
Authors: Yu Yan‐Hong , Descalzo Ana B. , Shen Zhen , Röhr Holger , Liu Quan , Wang Yan‐Wei , Spieles Monika , Li Yi‐Zhi , Rurack Knut , You Xiao‐Zeng 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFour novel borondipyrromethene (BDP) and ‐diindomethene (BDI) dyes with one or two (dimethylamino)styryl extensions at the chromophore were synthesized and spectroscopically investigated. An X‐ray crystal structure shows that the extended auxochrome is virtually planar. All dyes thus display intense red/near infrared (NIR) absorption and emission. The (dimethylamino)styryl group induces a charge‐transfer character that entails bright solvatochromic fluorescence, which is only quenched with increasing solvent polarity according to the energy‐gap law. The dye with an additional dimethylanilino group at the meso position of BDP shows a remarkable switching of lipophilicity by protonation. Two dyes with an 8‐hydroxyquinoline ligand at the meso position display quenched emission in the presence of Hg2+ or Al3+ owing to electron transfer from the excited BDP to the complexed receptor. The BDI dye presents a pH indicator with bright fluorescence and extremely low fluorescence anisotropy.
Design of a Binaphthyl‐Based Axially Chiral Amino Acid as an Organocatalyst for Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions
Authors: Kano Taichi , Tokuda Osamu , Takai Jun , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA novel and robust binaphthyl‐based amino acid was designed and successfully applied to the direct asymmetric aldol reaction. In some cases, this catalyst leads to higher yields and selectivities than the well‐known proline catalyst. For instance, the direct asymmetric aldol reaction of acetone with 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde in the presence of the binaphthyl‐based amino acid catalyst proceeded smoothly to give the aldol adduct in 82 % yield with 95 % ee. This catalyst was also found to catalyze effectively the reactions of cyclic or unsymmetrical ketones to give the corresponding aldol adducts with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
Preparation of Nearly Monodisperse Nanoscale Inorganic Pigments
Authors: Wang Dingsheng , Liang Xin , Li Yadong 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMany different important commercial pigments have been synthesized based on the liquid–solid–solution (LSS) phase‐transfer and separation process. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement results show that they are very small in size and have a narrow size distribution. Visible absorption spectra were taken to examine the very pure and brilliant colors of the pigments. They can be well‐dispersed in cyclohexane and remain non‐agglomerated, even over several months. These nearly monodisperse nanoscale inorganic pigments may have wide applications in many important fields and could bring about new developments in the pigment industry.
Complex of Silylene with Nitrogen: A Combined Matrix‐Spectroscopic and Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Maier Günther , Reisenauer Hans Peter , Glatthaar Jörg , Zetzmann Roland 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe quest for a new and productive route to matrix‐isolated silylene 1 has led to the observation that the presence of nitrogen is favorable, as under such conditions 1 is stabilized by formation of a donor–acceptor complex 1⋅N2. Either matrix photolysis of diazidosilane or pulsed high‐vacuum flash pyrolysis of 1,1,1‐trimethyldisilane, followed by condensation of the products with nitrogen at 10 K, were applied as synthetic procedures. In a similar manner, complex 1⋅CO can be generated. The results are supported by isotopic‐labeling studies. The structural elucidation of the new species is based on the comparison of experimental IR and UV/Vis spectra with data from density functional theory calculations.
New Donor–Acceptor Materials Based on Random Polynorbornenes Bearing Pendant Phthalocyanine and Fullerene Units
Authors: de la Escosura Andrés , Martínez‐Díaz M. Victoria , Torres Tomás , Grubbs Robert H. , Guldi Dirk M. , Neugebauer Helmut , Winder Christoph , Drees Martin , Sariciftci N. Serdar 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNew donor–acceptor materials based on a polynorbornene framework to which both phthalocyanine and C60 electroactive pendant units are randomly attached have been prepared in good yield by ring‐opening‐metathesis polymerization (ROMP) in the presence of a Grubbs catalyst. A structurally related phthalocyanine homopolymer was also synthesized for comparison. A remarkable fluorescence quenching was observed in the homopolymer and accounts for Pc⋅⋅⋅Pc interactions along the polymeric framework. As expected, the fluorescence quenching increases in the case of the polynorbornenes containing both Pc and C60 units owing to photoinduced electron transfer, which was further confirmed by transient absorption spectroscopy. Finally, preliminary solar cell devices made of one of the copolymers were constructed.
The art of maximising gearing in a sensible way — what happens when it goes wrong?
Authors: Reilly Dominic 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper is adapted from a presentation given at a Henry Stewart Market Briefing on Thursday 25th January, 2001 entitled ‘Creative Ways to Borrow More, Reduce Risk and Minimise Cost’. It addresses the issues of how both a financier and a borrower can deal with a loan secured against commercial property in the UK, once an event of default has occurred or when a potential event of default threatens. The paper illustrates the situations which can create problems for either the lender or the borrower, and then addresses the steps that can be taken to remediate those problems. In conclusion the paper looks at the current climate for the UK commercial property finance market in the light of recently announced record levels of borrowing. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Managing construction finance risk in the UK: what funders should be looking for
Authors: Giordano Joe 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWith the globalisation of the finance market, banks and funders are moving further afield. Coupled with the current UK market as it struggles to overcome the current economic downturn in the commercial property sector, the role of the project monitor is looking beyond the UK and more into the international arena. The skills and reporting techniques are the same, whether a development is in the UK or is international, and the need for someone to ensure that the interests of banks and funders are looked after is the same, whether the transaction involves a hotel development in Greece or an office development in London. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Outlook 2004: the paradox of real estate capital markets and space markets
Authors: Louargand Marc , Gately Michael 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper illustrates why US real estate holds such appeal to the international investment community despite currently weak property market fundamentals. In part, US real estate is an attractive investment alternative because of its low correlation with other asset classes and because real estate demonstrates relatively stable current income returns over time. With up to 40 per cent of the world's institutional quality real estate located within the US, investors can achieve higher returns while taking advantage of the geographic and economic diversification of 60 major markets. In the near term, prospects for stronger real estate returns improve as the US economy strengthens and real estate market fundamentals firm, particulary in comparison to the world's other major industrialised economies. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications