bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Metamorphosis of Marxism
Authors: Berdyaev Nicolas 
Published: July 2007

Which is the true heir of Karl Marx, Communism, Social Democracy, Bolshevism, or Menshevism? This is a much vexed question. The answer to it depends on the angle from which Marxism is viewed. If we stress the sociological determinism of Marx, then the Social Democrats must be recognized as more consistent Marxists than the Communists; but if we stress fidelity to the revolutionary spirit, then the Communists show more sign of it than do the Social Democrats who have lost it. The Communists alone, imbued with the messianic idea of the proletariat, are really consumed with a crusading ardour for the destruction of the old world and the building up of a new. And it is because Communism, as distinct from Social Democracy, thus assumes a religious character that it is hostile to and persecutes all other forms of belief.But what are we to think of sociological determinism, which gives Marxism the character of a scientific socialism and distinguishes it from utopian socialism?
From Inwardness to Social Action: A shift in the locus of religious experience
Authors: Davis Charles 
Published: July 2007

There is now general agreement that Christians, in virtue of their Christian commitment, should engage in social and political action, particularly on behalf of the poor and oppressed. That is the presupposition behind liberation theology. At the same time the conviction persists that social and political action is not properly religious action, but, strictly speaking, only the consequence or overflow of religion into a non-religious, secular sphere. Hence the felt necessity, especially on the part of those with religious authority, to qualify the acceptance of liberation theology with frequent warnings that the Christian religion should not be reduced to social and political action.More widespread among ordinary religious people is the manner in which the perennial need for reflection becomes a devaluing of social and political action in favour of interior contemplation as alone truly religious. People are urged to withdraw at regular intervals from their social involvement, which is dubbed external activity, in order to find God once more in the properly religious activity of personal, meditative prayer. The religious life is seen as the inner life in contrast to the outer life. The locus of the Transcendent and of religious experience is identified with the realm of interiority. To work for the liberation of the poor and oppressed may be demanded by religious faith, hope and love. It is applied religion, but it is not of the essence of religion, which is found in the inwardness of union with God.This tendency of the Christian religion has been strongly reinforced by interest in the Eastern religions.
The variable radio counterpart and possible large-scale jet of the new Z source XTE J1701−462
Authors: Fender R. P. , Dahlem M. , Homan J. , Corbel S. , Sault R. , Belloni T. M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We report radio observations, made with the Australia Telescope Compact Array, of the X-ray transient XTE J1701−462. This system has been classified as a new ‘Z’ source, displaying characteristic patterns of behaviour probably associated with accretion on to a low magnetic field neutron star at close to the Eddington limit. The radio counterpart is highly variable, and was detected in six of 16 observations over the period 2006 January–April. The coupling of radio emission to X-ray state, despite limited sampling, appears to be similar to that of other ‘Z’ sources, in that there is no radio emission on the flaring branch. The mean radio and X-ray luminosities are consistent with the other Z sources for a distance of 5–15 kpc. The radio spectrum is unusually flat, or even inverted, in contrast to the related sources, Sco X-1 and Cir X-1, which usually display an optically thin radio spectrum. Deep wide-field observations indicate an extended structure 3 arcmin to the south which is aligned with the X-ray binary. This seems to represent a significant overdensity of radio sources for the field and so, although a background source remains a strong possibility, we consider it plausible that this is a large-scale jet associated with XTE J1701−462.
The radius and mass of the subgiant star β Hyi from interferometry and asteroseismology
Authors: North J. R. , Davis J. , Bedding T. R. , Ireland M. J. , Jacob A. P. , O'Byrne J. , Owens S. M. , Robertson J. G. , Tango W. J. , Tuthill P. G. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We have used the Sydney University Stellar Interferometer to measure the angular diameter of β Hydri. This star is a nearby G2 subgiant the mean density of which was recently measured with high precision using asteroseismology. We determine the radius and effective temperature of the star to be 1.814 ± 0.017 R⊙ (0.9 per cent) and 5872 ± 44 K (0.7 per cent) respectively. By combining the radius with the mean density, as estimated from asteroseismology, we make a direct estimate of the stellar mass. We find a value of 1.07 ± 0.03 M⊙ (2.8 per cent), which agrees with published estimates based on fitting in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, but has much higher precision. These results place valuable constraints on theoretical models of β Hyi and its oscillation frequencies.
Nurse practitioners and managed care: Patient satisfaction and intention to adhere to nurse practitioner plan of care
Authors: Hayes Eileen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPurpose: To explore patient satisfaction, intention to adhere to nurse practitioner (NP) plan of care, and the impact of managed care on NPs’ patients in multiple settings, the final phase of a three‐part study of NPs and managed care.Data sources: Postvisit questionnaires and narrative comments about patient satisfaction with NP communication, overall satisfaction with visit, recall of plan of care, intention to adhere to NP’s recommendations, and impact of managed care on ease of obtaining healthcare resources.Conclusions: Patients were very satisfied with NP communication and with their healthcare visit. They mostly intended to adhere to the NP‐recommended plan of care but less so to recommended lifestyle changes. Patients trusted their NPs, valued their expertise, were confident in the NPs’ care, and believed that the NPs considered their best interests. They appreciated that the NPs took time to listen to their concerns and helped them to obtain healthcare resources. Most patients were not greatly impacted by managed care and obtained needed healthcare resources with little difficulty.Implications for practice: Although the first two phases of this study found that many NPs had strong negative attitudes toward managed care, these attitudes were not conveyed toward patients in this sample. NPs, however, will continue to face new challenges as third‐party payers attempt to reduce healthcare costs, further testing NP adaptability and resourcefulness.
Changes in Muscle Activity in Response to Different Impact Forces
Affect Soft Tissue Compartment Mechanical Properties
Authors: Boyer Katherine A. , Nigg Benno M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Electromyographic (EMG) activity is associated with several tasks prior to landing in walking and running including positioning the leg, developing joint stiffness and possibly control of soft tissue compartment vibrations. The concept of muscle tuning suggests one reason for changes in muscle activity pattern in response to small changes in impact conditions, if the frequency content of the impact is close to the natural frequency of the soft tissue compartments, is to minimize the magnitude of soft tissue compartment vibrations. The mechanical properties of the soft tissue compartments depend in part on muscle activations and thus it was hypothesized that changes in the muscle activation pattern associated with different impact conditions would result in a change in the acceleration transmissibility to the soft tissue compartments. A pendulum apparatus was used to systematically administer impacts to the heel of shod male participants. Wall reaction forces, EMG of selected leg muscles, soft tissue compartment and shoe heel cup accelerations were quantified for two different impact conditions. The transmissibility of the impact acceleration to the soft tissue compartments was determined for each subject/soft tissue compartment/shoe combination. For this controlled impact situation it was shown that changes in the damping properties of the soft tissue compartments were related to changes in the EMG intensity and/or mean frequency of related muscles in response to a change in the impact interface conditions. These results provide support for the muscle tuning idea—that one reason for the changes in muscle activity in response to small changes in the impact conditions may be to minimize vibrations of the soft tissue compartments that are initiated at heel-strike.
Delayed Progression of Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in a Conditional KrasG12D Mouse Model by a Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor
Authors: Funahashi Hitoshi , Satake Makoto , Dawson David , Huynh Ngoc-An , Reber Howard A. , Hines Oscar J. , Eibl Guido 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas are thought to arise from noninvasive, intraductal precursor lesions called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanIN). The study of PanINs holds great promise for the identification of early detection markers and effective cancer-preventing strategies. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) represents an intriguing target for therapeutic and preventive approaches in various human malignancies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a selective COX-2 inhibitor to prevent the progression of PanINs in a conditional KrasG12D mouse model. Offspring of LSL-KRASG12D x PDX-1-Cre intercrosses were randomly allocated to a diet supplemented with the selective COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide (400 ppm) or a control diet. After 10 months, animals were sacrificed. Successful recombination in the pancreas was evaluated by PCR. The pancreas of KRASG12D;PDX-1-Cre mice was analyzed for the presence of murine PanINs. Animals fed the COX-2 inhibitor had significantly fewer PanIN-2 and PanIN-3 lesions than control animals (P &lt; 0.05). Ten percent of all pancreatic ducts in the nimesulide-fed animals showed PanIN-2 or PanIN-3 lesions, whereas 40% of the pancreatic ducts in the control animals had PanIN-2 or PanIN-3 lesions. Intrapancreatic prostaglandin E2 levels were reduced in nimesulide-fed animals. Immunohistochemistry confirmed COX-2 expression in early and late PanINs. In summary, we found that the selective COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide delays the progression of pancreatic cancer precursor lesions in a preclinical animal model. These data highlight the importance of COX-2 in the development of pancreatic cancer. Inhibition of COX-2 may represent an intriguing strategy to prevent pancreatic cancer in high-risk patients. [Cancer Res 2007;67(15):7068–71]
Limits of Event-related Potential Differences in Tracking Object Processing Speed
Authors: Rousselet Guillaume A. , Macé Marc J.-M. , Thorpe Simon J. , Fabre-Thorpe Michéle 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We report results from two experiments in which subjects had to categorize briefly presented upright or inverted natural scenes. In the first experiment, subjects decided whether images contained animals or human faces presented at different scales. Behavioral results showed virtually identical processing speed between the two categories and very limited effects of inversion. One type of event-related potential (ERP) comparison, potentially capturing low-level physical differences, showed large effects with onsets at about 150 msec in the animal task. However, in the human face task, those differences started as early as 100 msec. In the second experiment, subjects responded to close-up views of animal faces or human faces in an attempt to limit physical differences between image sets. This manipulation almost completely eliminated small differences before 100 msec in both tasks. But again, despite very similar behavioral performances and short reaction times in both tasks, human faces were associated with earlier ERP differences compared with animal faces. Finally, in both experiments, as an alternative way to determine processing speed, we compared the ERP with the same images when seen as targets and nontargets in different tasks. Surprisingly, all task-dependent ERP differences had relatively long latencies. We conclude that task-dependent ERP differences fail to capture object processing speed, at least for some categories like faces. We discuss models of object processing that might explain our results, as well as alternative approaches.
To Predict or Not to Predict: Influences of Task and Strategy on the Processing of Semantic Relations
Authors: Roehm Dietmar , Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Rösler Frank , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We report a series of event-related potential experiments designed to dissociate the functionally distinct processes involved in the comprehension of highly restricted lexical-semantic relations (antonyms). We sought to differentiate between influences of semantic relatedness (which are independent of the experimental setting) and processes related to predictability (which differ as a function of the experimental environment). To this end, we conducted three ERP studies contrasting the processing of antonym relations (black-white) with that of related (black-yellow) and unrelated (black-nice) word pairs. Whereas the lexical-semantic manipulation was kept constant across experiments, the experimental environment and the task demands varied: Experiment 1 presented the word pairs in a sentence context of the form The opposite of X is Y and used a sensicality judgment. Experiment 2 used a word pair presentation mode and a lexical decision task. Experiment 3 also examined word pairs, but with an antonymy judgment task. All three experiments revealed a graded N400 response (unrelated &gt; related &gt; antonyms), thus supporting the assumption that semantic associations are processed automatically. In addition, the experiments revealed that, in highly constrained task environments, the N400 gradation occurs simultaneously with a P300 effect for the antonym condition, thus leading to the superficial impression of an extremely “reduced” N400 for antonym pairs. Comparisons across experiments and participant groups revealed that the P300 effect is not only a function of stimulus constraints (i.e., sentence context) and experimental task, but that it is also crucially influenced by individual processing strategies used to achieve successful task performance.
Efficient Attentional Selection Predicts Distractor Devaluation: Event-related Potential Evidence for a Direct Link between Attention and Emotion
Authors: Kiss Monika , Goolsby Brian A. , Raymond Jane E. , Shapiro Kimron L. , Silvert Laetitia , Nobre Anna C. , Fragopanagos Nickolaos , Taylor John G. , Eimer Martin 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Links between attention and emotion were investigated by obtaining electrophysiological measures of attentional selectivity together with behavioral measures of affective evaluation. Participants were asked to rate faces that had just been presented as targets or distractors in a visual search task. Distractors were rated as less trustworthy than targets. To study the association between the efficiency of selective attention during visual search and subsequent emotional responses, the N2pc component was quantified as a function of evaluative judgments. Evaluation of distractor faces (but not target faces) covaried with selective attention. On trials where distractors were later judged negatively, the N2pc emerged earlier, demonstrating that attention was strongly biased toward target events, and distractors were effectively inhibited. When previous distractors were judged positively, the N2pc was delayed, indicating unfocused attention to the target and less distractor suppression. Variations in attentional selectivity across trials can predict subsequent emotional responses, strongly suggesting that attention is closely associated with subsequent affective evaluation.
“I Know You Are But What Am I?!”: Neural Bases of Self- and Social Knowledge Retrieval in Children and Adults
Authors: Pfeifer Jennifer H. , Lieberman Matthew D. , Dapretto Mirella 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Previous neuroimaging research with adults suggests that the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the medial posterior parietal cortex (MPPC) are engaged during self-knowledge retrieval processes. However, this has yet to be assessed in a developmental sample. Twelve children and 12 adults (average age = 10.2 and 26.1 years, respectively) reported whether short phrases described themselves or a highly familiar other (Harry Potter) while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. In both children and adults, the MPFC was relatively more active during self- than social knowledge retrieval, and the MPPC was relatively more active during social than self-knowledge retrieval. Direct comparisons between children and adults indicated that children activated the MPFC during self-knowledge retrieval to a much greater extent than adults. The particular regions of the MPPC involved varied between the two groups, with the posterior precuneus engaged by adults, but the anterior precuneus and posterior cingulate engaged by children. Only children activated the MPFC significantly above baseline during self-knowledge retrieval. Implications for social cognitive development and the processing functions performed by the MPFC are discussed.
Mirror Neuron and Theory of Mind Mechanisms Involved in Face-to-Face Interactions: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Approach to Empathy
Authors: Schulte-Rüther Martin , Markowitsch Hans J. , Fink Gereon R. , Piefke Martina 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Empathy allows emotional psychological inference about other person's mental states and feelings in social contexts. We aimed at specifying the common and differential neural mechanisms of “self”- and “other”-related attribution of emotional states using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects viewed faces expressing emotions with direct or averted gaze and either focused on their own emotional response to each face (self-task) or evaluated the emotional state expressed by the face (other-task). The common network activated by both tasks included the left lateral orbito-frontal and medial prefrontal cortices (MPFC), bilateral inferior frontal cortices, superior temporal sulci and temporal poles, as well as the right cerebellum. In a subset of these regions, neural activity was significantly correlated with empathic abilities. The self- (relative to the other-) task differentially activated the MPFC, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus, and the temporo-parietal junction bilaterally. Empathy-related processing of emotional facial expressions recruited brain areas involved in mirror neuron and theory-of-mind (ToM) mechanisms. The differential engagement of the MPFC, the PCC/precuneus, and temporo-parietal regions in the self-task indicates that these structures act as key players in the evaluation of one's own emotional state during empathic face-to-face interaction. Activation of mirror neurons in a task relying on empathic abilities without explicit task-related motor components supports the view that mirror neurons are not only involved in motor cognition but also in emotional interpersonal cognition. An interplay between ToM and mirror neuron mechanisms may hold for the maintenance of a self-other distinction during empathic interpersonal face-to-face interactions.
Foveal Word Reading Requires Interhemispheric Communication
Authors: Hunter Zoë R. , Brysbaert Marc , Knecht Stefan 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The left cerebral hemisphere is dominant for language processing in most individuals. It has been suggested that this asymmetric language representation can influence behavioral performance in foveal word-naming tasks. We carried out two experiments in which we obtained laterality indices by means of functional imaging during a mental word-generation task, using functional transcranial Doppler sonography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Subsequently, we administered a behavioral word-naming task, where participants had to name foveally presented words of different lengths shown in different fixation locations shifted horizontally across the screen. The optimal viewing position for left language dominant individuals is located between the beginning and the center of a word. It is shifted toward the end of a word for right language dominant individuals and, to a lesser extent, for individuals with bilateral language representation. These results demonstrate that interhemispheric communication is required for foveal word recognition. Consequently, asymmetric representations of language and processes of interhemispheric transfer should be taken into account in theoretical models of visual word recognition to ensure neurological plausibility.
Diversion: The Promise and the Danger
Authors: Nejelski Paul 
Published: July 2007

Diversion is inherent in the juvenile justice system and necessary to keep it from collapsing. It is defined as "the channeling of cases to noncourt institutions, in instances where these cases would ordinarily have received an adjudicatory (or fact finding) hearing by a court." It should be distinguished from preventive efforts which contain no possibility that the juvenile's behavior would result in a court hearing. A good test of diversion, therefore, is whether the number of juvenile court adjudications is reduced as a result of a new program. Four diversion projects are described, and their common characteris tics are noted-the use of paraprofessionals from the community, a reliance on crisis intervention, the central role of arbitrators and administrators rather than judges, the trend to avoid stigma, a concen tration on status offenses and minor delinquency, and a lack of evaluation. A proposed balance sheet set forth to weigh the value of diversion discusses the clients of these programs and their treatment, fairness and the power of the state, the available resources, and evaluations .of these programs. Diversion projects are dangerous to the extent that they may destroy the necessary balance between social welfare and due process. The court still has an important role to play by reviewing cases for abuse of discretion, by creating special masters as ombudsmen to determine what is happen ing in the system, and by increasing the research capabilities available to the judicial branch. Finally, the article notes that diversion may be only a halfway measure which takes the pressure off the system to eliminate status offenses and, instead, creates an equally coercive social control system with less visibility and accountability.
The Use of a Drug Utilisation Index To Monitor Psychotropic Drug Use in Hospitals
Authors: Ghodse A.H. , Baigent B. , Evans T.C. , Anderson S. 
Published: July 2007

A pilot study was undertaken to monitor the use of psychotropic drugs in a psychiatric hospital unit and a comparable acute medical unit together with their out-patient clinics, during a 2 month period. Both units served the same catchment area. Using the DDD (defined daily dose) for each class of drug, an index was calculated as an indicator of usage. An index figure of less than one indicated that each patient received on average less than the DDD, whereas an index greater than one showed that each patient received an average daily dose greater than the DDD. Other patient information collected included age, sex, length of time on drug, length of admission and the number of different psychotropic drugs received during admission.