bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robert Waldegrave: The Printer as Agent and Link Between Sixteenth-Century England and Scotland*
Authors: Van Eerde Katherine S. 
Published: April 2006

One of the great religio-literary controversies has, for nearly four centuries, involved the question of authorship of the Martin Marprelate Tracts. The tracts themselves deliberately seek to obscure answers, and diverse asseverations on the matter extend from 1588 (the year of the first tracts) to the present.The printing and publishing of such inflammatory writings as the Marprelate Tracts was, from the beginning, likewise a matter of controversy, although less extensive and less disputed than the authorship.
Reflecting Lesser Lights: The Imitation of Minor Writers in the Renaissan*
Authors: DellaNeva JoAnn 
Published: April 2006

In a probing article that appeared not very long ago in this journal, G. W. Pigman III called attention to the following passage from Petrarch's Familiares which deals with the Italian author's unconscious reminiscence from well-known and often-read authoritative works:I have read Virgil, Flaccus, Severinus, Tullius not once but countless times … . I ate in the morning what I would digest in the evening, I swallowed as a boy what I would ruminate upon as an older man. I have thoroughly absorbed these writings, implanting them not only in my memory but in my marrow, and they have so become one with my mind that were I never to read them for the remainder of my life, they would cling to me, having taken root in the innermost recesses of my mind. But sometimes I may forget the author, since through long usage and continual possession I may adopt them and for some time regard them as my own; and besieged by the mass of such writings, I may forget whose they are and whether they are mine or others'.
Machiavellian Foundlings: Castruccio Castracani and the Aphorism
Authors: Schnapp Jeffrey T. 
Published: April 2006

Life is short, art is long; opportunity is elusive, experiment is dangerous, judgment is difficult.Aphorism I, HippocratesIn book one, chapter two of his Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio Machiavelli's rehearsal of the commonplace that every city must undergo a natural cycle of political permutations is interrupted by the specter of inexorable decline: “This is the cycle [cerchio] within which all states that have governed themselves and now govern themselves revolve; but only rarely do they revert to the same form of government because almost no state can repeatedly undergo these mutations and remain afoot.” The circle—figure of sameness, continuity, and conservation in Plato's ontology and Aristotle's politics—will nearly always be broken and spun out into a descending line—figure of difference, discontinuity, and loss. And this near certainty, as is revealed by the anthropomorphism of the closing metaphor (“rimanere in piede“), is in turn rooted in the deeper human reality of death and intergenerational flux.
The End of the Old World
Authors: Nader Helen 
Published: April 2006

We are now, in 1992, searching to find the meaning of an event 500 years distant in time. For us as Americans the importance of the Columbian voyages is obvious. In the past ten years the great wealth of research, publication, and debate on ancient American cultures has made the impact on the Americas abundantly clear.For Europe the impact is much less clear. We say that the old world ended almost immediately, that a new world came into being when Europe ended its isolation from America. By this we mean that European perceptions of world geography began to change as early as 1498 —not just dotting the map of the Ocean Sea with more islands, but perceiving that South America was a continent whose existence was never imagined by the ancients. We also mean that the natural world began changing from the old world of two separate ecologies into a new world-wide environment.
Georgette de Montenay: A Different Voice in Sixteenth-Century Emblematics*
Authors: Matthews Grieco Sara F. 
Published: April 2006

The feminists of thequerelle[des fewines] were reacting to changes they seemed to have no control over, or to a Puritan revolution that served mainly to confirm their subjection to men. Lacking a vision of social movement to change events, their concern lay with consciousness. By their pens, they could at least counteract the psychological consequences of what they felt was a recent, steady decline in the position of women.Joan Kelley, “Early Feminist Theory and theQuerelle des Fannies,”inWomen, History and TheoryGeorgette de Montenay has been the object of enduring scholarly interest, not only as the first woman author of an emblem book, but also as the creator of a new literary and artistic genre: the religious emblem. Most probably converted to Protestantism under the influence of Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (to whose court she was attached after her marriage to Guyon de Gout, c. 1562), de Montenay composed a series of one hundred militant Christian octets in the mid-i56os and closely supervised their illustration by a gifted Lyonnais etcher, Pierre Woeiriot, who was also of the reformed persuasion.
Women under Venetian Colonial Rule in the Early Renaissance: Observations on Their Economic Activities
Authors: McKee Sally 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article presents previously unpublished data from the Archives of the Duke of Candia (Crete) pertaining to the economic activities of Greek, Latin, and Jewish women in the Venetian colony of the fourteenth century. While trends over time are difficult to discern in the notarial registers examined for this study, they are none the less suggestive of a lively participation by women in moneylending, investment, and production, as well as in the local distribution of the island's products.
Gracious Laughter: Marsilio Ficino's Anthropology*
Authors: Boyle Marjorie O'Rourke 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMarsilio Ficino's philosophy altered the canon of beauty to include gracious laughter. This significant detail invented a positive, spiritual reflection of the human joy of participation in the cosmic circuit, toward the love of God. It transcended the negative, moralistic denunciation of laughter in the classical and Christian traditions. His contemporaries virtually ignored this genius.
The Renaissance Novella as Justice*
Authors: Langer Ullrich 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis essay examines short narrative (the Decameron, the Heptameion, the histoire tragique, and Till Eulenspiegel) as reflections of different models of justice within the Aristotelian-Ciceronian tradition. The exchanges among characters, and the conclusion of these exchanges, are patterned in ways that provide justice without requiring the virtuousness of any one character. The link between short narrative and justice illuminates the more general relationship between literature and more language in the Renaissance.
Touching Touchets: Perkin Warbeck and the Buggery Statute*
Authors: Hopkins Lisa 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAt first sight, The Chronicle History of Perkin Warbeck seems to be the only one of Ford's plays that is not pointedly and openly concerned with sexual deviation; in contrast to his other plays, it presents a cast of characters who are models of sexual rectitude. Sometimes, however, dogs that do not bark can be as significant as ones that do. This paper argues that Perkin Warbeck actually encodes a trangressive sexuality so subversive that its traces are hidden deep within the fabric of the play, visible only to a reading that historicizes Ford's work within very specific contexts and connects the play with the Buggery Statute.
The 1996 Judicial Activity of the International Court of Justice
Authors: Bekker Peter H. F. 
Published: April 2006

This Note summarizes the judicial work of the International Court of Justice during 1996, using the updated General List, pleadings filed, Orders and Judgments given and hearings held at the Peace Palace in The Hague to describe the Court’s current record.During the calendar year 1996, the Court was seized of one new contentious case: Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia). In 1996 a total of eleven cases appeared on the General List. Besides the new case referred to, the contentious proceedings before the full Court were Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Iran v. United States), Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain, Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libya v. United Kingdom) and (Libya v. United States), Oil Platforms (Iran v. United States), Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), and Land and Maritime Boundary (Cameroon v. Nigeria). Advisory proceedings were concluded in Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict (request for an advisory opinion by the World Health Organization) and Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (request for an advisory opinion by the General Assembly of the United Nations).
Tumor necrosis factor–α contributes to below‐level neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury
Authors: Peng Xiang‐min , Zhou Zhi‐gang , Glorioso Joseph C. , Fink David J. , Mata Marina 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectiveOur objective was to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for below‐level pain after partial spinal cord injury (SCI).MethodsWe used lateral hemisection to model central neuropathic pain and herpes simplex viral (HSV) vector–mediated transfer of the cleaved soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF‐α) to evaluate the role of TNF‐α in the pathogenesis of below‐level pain.ResultsWe found activation of microglia and increased expression of TNF‐α below the level of the lesion in the lumbar spinal cord after T13 lateral hemisection that correlated with emergence of mechanical allodynia in the hind limbs of rats. Lumbar TNF‐α had an apparent molecular weight of 27kDa, consistent with the full‐length transmembrane form of the protein (mTNF‐α). Expression of the p55 TNF soluble receptor (sTNFRs) by HSV‐mediated gene transfer resulted in reduced pain behavior and a decreased number of ED1‐positive cells, as well as decreased phosphorylation of the p38 MAP kinase (p‐p38) and diminished expression of mTNF‐α in the dorsal horn.InterpretationThese results suggest that expression of mTNF‐α after injury is related to development of pain, and that reverse signaling through mTNF‐α by sTNFR at that level reduces cellular markers of inflammatory response and pain‐related behavior. Ann Neurol 2006;59:843–851
Completing Latin squares: Critical sets II
Authors: Horak Peter , Dejter Italo J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is shown that each critical set in a Latin square of order n > 6 has to have at least $\left\lfloor {7n-\sqrt{n}-20}\over{2}\right\rfloor$ empty cells. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 15: 77–83, 2007
Low‐temperature structural phase transitions in crystalline bromo and iodo 9‐hydroxyphenalenone derivatives: Quantum chemistry employment
Authors: Dolin S. P. , Khrulev A. A. , Polyakov E. V. , Mikhailova T. Yu. , Levin A. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe model approaches and quantum chemical calculations are employed to explain the peculiarities of the ferroelectric behavior of new “zero‐dimensional” H‐bonded materials, i.e., 5‐bromo and 5‐iodo derivatives of 9‐hydroxyphenalenone (9HPO) and its deuteroxy analogue (9DPO). The tunneling parameters Ω (H/D) and the Ising model coupling parameters Jij are evaluated and discussed. Analysis of these parameters for the hydroxy and deuteroxy species demonstrates the quantum paraelectric behavior of both Br and I 9HPO derivatives due to the large values of the Ω(H)/J0 relation, where J0 is the molecular field parameter describing the coupling of any given H‐bond proton with all rest ones. In contrast, small values Ω(D)/J0 for their 9DPO analogues favor the low‐temperature structural phase transition into an ordered phase, which has a rather antiferroelectric than ferroelectric character. The estimates obtained and the resulting conclusions are in line with the overall observed trends in behavior of the substances under examination that emerge from the available experimental data. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
The Effects of Retinoic Acid on the Insulin‐like Growth Factor Axis in Primary Tissue Culture from Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Wong Chris K.M. , Lai Teresa , Holly Jeffrey M.P. , Wheeler Malcolm H. , Stewart Claire E.H. , Farndon John R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe importance of the IGF system in HPT has been previously demonstrated. Additionally, the role of vitamin A in HPT has been reported. Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, is a ligand for the IGF II receptor (IGF2R). We have evaluated the interactions of RA with the IGF system in a primary parathyroid cell culture model.Materials and MethodsPrimary cell cultures were prepared from nine patients. Following adhesion, the cells were transferred to serum‐free medium and dosed once with growth factors ± RA for 96 hours. Proliferation was assessed by measuring tritiated thymidine incorporation.ResultsCompared with the control group (100%), both IGF I and II increased DNA synthesis significantly. Retinoic acid significantly reduced the basal DNA synthesis to 82.2% ± 4.2% compared with control (P < 0.05). Retinoic acid ×10−5 M completely abrogated the proliferative actions of IGF II (70.2% ± 9.7%, P < 0.05) but had no significant effect on the IGF I response (P > 0.05). To evaluate the role of IGF2R or IGFBPs in mediating the actions of RA, the IGF II analogs [Leu27]IGF II (10–20‐fold reduced IGF I receptor affinity) and des(1–6) IGF II (lower IGFBP binding affinity) were used. The IGF II inhibitory effect of RA was enhanced in the presence of analogs [Leu27]IGF II (P = 0.052) but not with des(1–6)IGF II (P > 0.05), compared with wild‐type IGF II.ConclusionsThese data implicate a novel antiproliferative role for RA in enhancing the pericellular clearance of IGF II via the IGF2R preventing ligand activation of the IGF I receptor. This may have broader implications for RA effects in other tumors.
An experimental investigation of a turbulent shear flow with separation, reverse flow, and reattachment
Authors: Ruderich R. , Fernholz H. H. 
Published: April 2006

Experiments were performed in the highly turbulent and disturbed flow over a bluff plate with a long splitter plate in its plane of symmetry. The flow separates at the sharp bevelled edge of the bluff plate, forms a free shear layer on top of the reverse-flow region which is bounded on its other side by the splitter plate, and reattaches on the splitter plate over a narrow region curved in spanwise direction. Downstream of reattachment the shear flow adjusts slowly to the wall boundary conditions.Measurements of mean velocity, Reynolds-shear-stress and Reynolds-normal-stress distributions were carried out by hot-wire and pulsed-wire anemometry. The latter technique was used in those regions of the flow where reverse flow occurred or where the flow was highly turbulent. Spectra and integral lengthscales were measured to investigate the state and structure of the flow. The large-eddy structure in the inner region of the flow had lengthscales in the two cross-stream directions which were approximately equal, indicating a fast break-up of spanwise structures just downstream from separation.Mean and fluctuating quantities showed a self-similar behaviour in a short region upstream of reattachment and ‘profile similarity’ in the separated shear layer and along the splitter plate downstream from reattachment. Probability-density distributions of skin friction were measured and used to calculate mean and fluctuating values. No flapping of the reattaching shear layer could be observed. Pulsed-wire measurements revealed that the logarithmic law of the wall does not hold either in the reverse-flow region or in a region about half the length of the bubble downstream from reattachment.
Nonlinear interactions between convection, rotation and flows with vertical shear
Authors: Hathaway David H. , Somerville Richard C. J. 
Published: April 2006

A three-dimensional and time-dependent numerical model is used to study the nonlinear interactions between thermal convective motions, rotation, and imposed flows with vertical shear. All cases have Rayleigh numbers of 104 and Prandtl numbers of 1.0. Rotating cases have Taylor numbers of 104.For the non-rotating cases, the effects of the shear on the convection produce longitudinal rolls aligned with the shear flow and a downgradient flux of momentum. The interaction between the convection and the shear flow decreases the shear in the interior of the fluid layer while adding kinetic energy to the convective motions. For unit Prandtl number the dimensionless flux of momentum is equal to the dimensionless flux of heat.For rotating cases with vertical rotation vectors, the shear flow favours rolls aligned with the shear and produces a downgradient flux of momentum. However, the Coriolis force turns the flow induced by the convection to produce a more complicated shear that changes direction with height. As in the non-rotating cases, the convective motions become more energetic by extracting energy from the mean flow. For Richardson numbers larger than about − 1.0, the dominant source of eddy kinetic energy is the shear flow rather than buoyancy.For rotating cases with tilted rotation vectors the results depend upon the direction of the shear. For weak shear, convective rolls aligned with the rotation vector are favoured. When the shear flow is directed to the east along the top, the rolls become broader and the convection weaker. For large shear in this direction, the convective motions are quenched by the competition between the shear flow and the tilted rotation vector. When the shear flow is directed to the west along the top, strong shear produces rolls aligned with the shear. The heat and momentum fluxes become large and can exceed those found in the absence of a tilted rotation vector. Countergradient fluxes of momentum can also be produced.
Linear internal waves generated by density and velocity perturbations in a linearly stratified fluid
Authors: Meng James C. S. , Rottman James W. 
Published: April 2006

A generalized theoretical analysis and finite-difference solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations of the initial-value problem are applied to obtain the linear internal wave fields generated by a density perturbation and two rotational velocity perturbations in an inviscid linearly stratified fluid. The velocity perturbations are those due to an axisymmetric swirl and a vortex pair. Solutions obtained correspond to the strong stratification limit.The theoretical results of the rotational perturbation cases show an oscillating non-propagating disturbance, which is absent in the density-perturbation case. The swirl-flow solution shows an oscillatory behaviour in both the angular momentum deposited in the fluid and in the torque exerted by the external gravitational force field. The vortex-flow solution shows a vertical ray pattern.The equi-partitioning of energy is reached at about 0.4 of a Brunt-Väisälä (B.V.) period. The potential energy-kinetic energy conversion, or vice versa, takes place between 0.15 and 0.3 B.V. periods.
Construction and evaluation of a web‐based interactive prescribing curriculum for senior medical students
Authors: Smith Anthony , Tasioulas Tina , Cockayne Nicole , Misan Gary , Walker Graham , Quick Gary 
Published: April 2006

AimsTo develop and evaluate for the National Prescribing Service (NPS) a web‐based interactive prescribing curriculum for Australian senior medical students based on the World Health Organization’s Guide to Good Prescribing.MethodsTeachers of prescribing from all Australian medical schools in 2000 wrote 12 case‐based modules which were converted to on‐line format. Objective evidence was provided for selecting first‐line medicines from available alternatives by comparing efficacy, safety, convenience and cost. The curriculum was made available to final year students in 2001 and was evaluated by measuring use from web statistics and by semistructured interviews with 15 teachers (2003) and on‐line surveys of 363 students over 2003 and 2004.ResultsBy 2004 the curriculum was used by nine of 11 possible medical schools. Uptake increased each year from 2001 and all 12 modules were accessed consistently. Student access was significantly (P < 0.001) greater when prescribing was an assessable part of their course. Teachers’ evaluations were uniformly supportive and the curriculum is seen as a valuable resource. Student responses came from a small proportion of those with password access but were also supportive. Over half of student respondents had created their own evidence‐based formulary.ConclusionsA collaborative venture initiated by the NPS with Australian medical schools has been successfully implemented in most courses. Teachers find the resource of high quality. Student respondents find the curriculum valuable in developing their own prescribing skills. It is best delivered by self‐directed study followed by tutorial discussion of prescribing decisions.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for acromegaly – long‐term experience
Authors: Ježková Jana , Marek Josef , Hána Václav , Kršek Michal , Weiss Vladimír , Vladyka Vilibald , Lišák Roman , Vymazal Josef , Pecen Ladislav 
Published: April 2006

SummaryObjective  The Leksell gamma knife (LGK) is one of the treatment options for pituitary adenomas. We report on our long‐term experience treating acromegaly using LGK.Design   Since 1993 we have followed 96 acromegaly patients through periods of from 12 to 120 months. The mean follow‐up period was 53·7 ± 26·8 months. Seventy‐two patients were treated with neurosurgery prior to LGK; for 24 LGK was the primary treatment. Thirteen patients were irradiated twice, due to persistent activity of the adenoma or its residue. Pituitary functions were tested at 6‐month intervals, post‐irradiation. The target tumour volume for radiosurgery was between 93·3 and 12 700 mm3 (median 1350 mm3).Results  Fifty per cent of the patients achieved mean GH < 2·5 µg/l within 42 months, normalized their IGF‐I within 54 months, and achieved GH suppression in the oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) < 1 µg/l with normal IGF‐I within 66 months. LGK effectiveness was dependent on initial adenoma hormonal activity (GH and IGF‐I serum levels), not on the size of the adenoma. Patients with primary neurosurgery followed by LGK irradiation had better outcomes than those with LGK alone. Irradiation arrested all adenoma growth, causing tumour shrinkage in 62·3% of patients. Twenty‐six developed hypopituitarism when irradiated by 15 Gy (or more) on functional peritumoral pituitary tissue. No hypopituitarism appeared using lower doses.Conclusions  In acromegaly, LGK is a useful adjunct to primary neurosurgery when treating post‐surgical residues because it can limit the duration of medical therapy. It can be used as a primary therapy when neurosurgery is not possible.