bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Array comparative genome hybridization analysis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia in patients with Down syndrome
Authors: Lo Ken C. , Chalker Jane , Strehl Sabine , Neat Michael , Smith Owen , Dastugue Nicole , Kearney Lyndal , Izraeli Shai , Kempski Helena , Cowell John K. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryTwenty‐five cases of B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) from Down syndrome (DS) patients were analyzed using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and compared with two other subgroups of non‐DS patients with ALL; five cases with high‐hyperdiploidy (HH) and nine cases with ETV6‐RUNX1 positive clones. Seven cases of DS‐acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia (AMKL) were also included, DS‐ALL cases showed relatively stable karyotypes with cryptic losses and gains that most frequently involved chromosomes X, 1, 2, 9, 11, 16, and 17. The most consistent change involved a deletion in 2p, spanning region Chr2:88273220‐91084234, which in some cases appeared to be homozygous. ALL from non‐DS patients showed a similar overall karyotypic stability, although gains of chromosome 21 were infrequent in the ETV6‐RUNX1 positive cases. The most consistent change in this group involved a 12p deletion, where Chr12:10383878‐16017619 defined the common region of overlap. All HH‐ALL karyotypes showed variable gains of chromosome 21. This overall analysis supports the suggestion that, although constitutional trisomy 21 predisposes to ALL/AMKL, the cytogenetic changes associated with DS‐ALL in particular, are most similar to those found in non‐DS ETV6‐RUNX1 positive ALL. The HH‐ALL group, however, undergoes distinct karyotypic evolution not dependent on chromosome translocation/deletion events.
The rarity concept and the commonness of rarity in freshwater zooplankton
Authors: HESSEN DAG O. , WALSENG BJØRN 
Published: June 2008

Summary1. Regional distribution, frequency of occurrence and relative abundance were scored in 2467 Norwegian lakes for all the recorded 130 species of crustacean zooplankton. The majority of species were rare in the sense that 65% of species were recorded in fewer than 10% of localities. Only six species were recorded in more than 50% of localities, and the median number of species in a given locality was 14 (i.e. 10% of the total species pool).2. Abundances of all species were scored according to the fraction of lakes in which they were recorded, their geographical range of distribution, and their numerical abundance. Typically the most rare species were rare by all three criteria, and vice versa for the common species, pointing to rarity as an inherent property of some species. For some species this rarity reflects being on the edge of their distributional range, while for others rarity seems to be a consequence of their life cycle strategies.3. Some of the truly rare species have high dispersal rates and high colonization abilities, but are rapidly replaced by other species. Others are confined to specific habitats, often highly eutrophic, pointing to highly specialized niche adaptations.4. A major cause for the few truly common species seems to be the limited number of species that are able to coexist within a given locality, reflecting ‘the ghost of competition past’ and predation pressure.5. While species composition and species richness may reflect colonization abilities and stochastic events, the presence or absence of species is not only a random lottery but also a consequence of species‐specific attributes.
Crustal‐scale prestack depth imaging of the 1994 and 1999 LARSE surveys
Authors: Thornton Michael , Zhou Hua‐wei 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTWhile seismic imaging for crustal and mantle structures has traditionally relied on surface wave and refraction data, the use of reflection data for crustal‐scale targets has been largely limited to the common midpoint (CMP) stack techniques. The rapid increase in the number of seismograph array deployments in recent years in crustal and mantle seismology has reached a level such that a re‐examination of the imaging techniques is becoming necessary. In this paper we show the advantage of prestack depth imaging for crustal reflection studies, based on data from two reflection surveys of the Los Angeles Regional Seismic Experiment (LARSE) to map faults and crustal‐scale structures. Our analysis indicates that the quality of the previous images of these surveys is limited by the CMP stack technique. For comparison, we present here depth images of the same LARSE data using wave equation prestack depth imaging and a tomographic velocity model based on first arrivals of the LARSE surveys and local earthquakes. Our new images are considerably improved over previous images in terms of resolution and reflector continuity. The new images show reflectors throughout the crust and suggest truncations in the Moho associated with the San Andreas Fault. A series of bright reflector segments, which are associated with the San Gabriel and San Andreas faults have been identified and might represent reflections from the fault zones. Our results suggest that the presence of high noise level, strong lateral velocity heterogeneity and wide angle geometry argue for, rather than against, the use of prestack depth imaging over the simple CMP stack techniques. As demonstrated in this study, it is now viable to conduct prestack depth imaging of crustal reflection data using a velocity model based on earthquake first arrivals thanks to the dense acquisition deployment.
Modeling the effects of fire and climate change on carbon and nitrogen storage in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands
Authors: SMITHWICK E. A. H. , RYAN M. G. , KASHIAN D. M. , ROMME W. H. , TINKER D. B. , TURNER M. G. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe interaction between disturbance and climate change and resultant effects on ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes are poorly understood. Here, we model (using CENTURY version 4.5) how climate change may affect C and N fluxes among mature and regenerating lodgepole pine (Pinus contortavar.latifoliaEngelm. ex S. Wats.) stands that vary in postfire tree density following stand‐replacing fire. Both young (postfire) and mature stands had elevated forest production and net N mineralization under future climate scenarios relative to current climate. Forest production increased 25% [Hadley (HAD)] to 36% [Canadian Climate Center (CCC)], compared with 2% under current climate, among stands that varied in stand age and postfire density. Net N mineralization increased under both climate scenarios, e.g., +19% to 37% (HAD) and +11% to 23% (CCC), with greatest increases for young stands with sparse tree regeneration. By 2100, total ecosystem carbon (live+dead+soils) in mature stands was higher than prefire levels, e.g., +16% to 19% (HAD) and +24% to 28% (CCC). For stands regenerating following fire in 1988, total C storage was 0–9% higher under the CCC climate model, but 5–6% lower under the HAD model and 20–37% lower under the Control. These patterns, which reflect variation in stand age, postfire tree density, and climate model, suggest that although there were strong positive responses of lodgepole pine productivity to future changes in climate, C flux over the next century will reflect complex relationships between climate, age structure, and disturbance‐recovery patterns of the landscape.
Impacts of climate change on fire activity and fire management in the circumboreal forest
Authors: FLANNIGAN MIKE , STOCKS BRIAN , TURETSKY MERRITT , WOTTON MIKE 
Published: June 2008

AbstractForest fires are a significant and natural element of the circumboreal forest. Fire activity is strongly linked to weather, and increased fire activity due to climate change is anticipated or arguably has already occurred. Recent studies suggest a doubling of area burned along with a 50% increase in fire occurrence in parts of the circumboreal by the end of this century. Fire management agencies' ability to cope with these increases in fire activity is limited, as these organizations operate with a narrow margin between success and failure; a disproportionate number of fires may escape initial attack under a warmer climate, resulting in an increase in area burned that will be much greater than the corresponding increase in fire weather severity. There may be only a decade or two before increased fire activity means fire management agencies cannot maintain their current levels of effectiveness.
Interactive effects of wildfire and permafrost on microbial communities and soil processes in an Alaskan black spruce forest
Authors: WALDROP MARK P. , HARDEN JENNIFER W. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBoreal forests contain significant quantities of soil carbon that may be oxidized to CO2 given future increases in climate warming and wildfire behavior. At the ecosystem scale, decomposition and heterotrophic respiration are strongly controlled by temperature and moisture, but we questioned whether changes in microbial biomass, activity, or community structure induced by fire might also affect these processes. We particularly wanted to understand whether postfire reductions in microbial biomass could affect rates of decomposition. Additionally, we compared the short‐term effects of wildfire to the long‐term effects of climate warming and permafrost decline. We compared soil microbial communities between control and recently burned soils that were located in areas with and without permafrost near Delta Junction, AK. In addition to soil physical variables, we quantified changes in microbial biomass, fungal biomass, fungal community composition, and C cycling processes (phenol oxidase enzyme activity, lignin decomposition, and microbial respiration). Five years following fire, organic surface horizons had lower microbial biomass, fungal biomass, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations compared with control soils. Reductions in soil fungi were associated with reductions in phenol oxidase activity and lignin decomposition. Effects of wildfire on microbial biomass and activity in the mineral soil were minor. Microbial community composition was affected by wildfire, but the effect was greater in nonpermafrost soils. Although the presence of permafrost increased soil moisture contents, effects on microbial biomass and activity were limited to mineral soils that showed lower fungal biomass but higher activity compared with soils without permafrost. Fungal abundance and moisture were strong predictors of phenol oxidase enzyme activity in soil. Phenol oxidase enzyme activity, in turn, was linearly related to both 13C lignin decomposition and microbial respiration in incubation studies. Taken together, these results indicate that reductions in fungal biomass in postfire soils and lower soil moisture in nonpermafrost soils reduced the potential of soil heterotrophs to decompose soil carbon. Although in the field increased rates of microbial respiration can be observed in postfire soils due to warmer soil conditions, reductions in fungal biomass and activity may limit rates of decomposition.
Meeting US biofuel goals with less land: the potential of Miscanthus
Authors: HEATON EMILY A. , DOHLEMAN FRANK G. , LONG STEPHEN P. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBiofuels from crops are emerging as a Jekyll & Hyde – promoted by some as a means to offset fossil fuel emissions, denigrated by others as lacking sustainability and taking land from food crops. It is frequently asserted that plants convert only 0.1% of solar energy into biomass, therefore requiring unacceptable amounts of land for production of fuel feedstocks. The C4 perennial grass Miscanthus×giganteus has proved a promising biomass crop in Europe, while switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has been tested at several locations in N. America. Here, replicated side‐by‐side trials of these two crops were established for the first time along a latitudinal gradient in Illinois. Over 3 years of trials, Miscanthus×giganteus achieved average annual conversion efficiencies into harvestable biomass of 1.0% (30 t ha−1) and a maximum of 2.0% (61 t ha−1), with minimal agricultural inputs. The regionally adapted switchgrass variety Cave‐in‐Rock achieved somewhat lower yields, averaging 10 t ha−1. Given that there has been little attempt to improve the agronomy and genetics of these grasses compared with the major grain crops, these efficiencies are the minimum of what may be achieved. At this 1.0% efficiency, 12 million hectares, or 9.3% of current US cropland, would be sufficient to provide 133 × 109 L of ethanol, enough to offset one‐fifth of the current US gasoline use. In contrast, maize grain from the same area of land would only provide 49 × 109 L, while requiring much higher nitrogen and fossil energy inputs in its cultivation.
CH4 emission with differences in atmospheric CO2 enrichment and rice cultivars in a Japanese paddy soil
Authors: LOU YUNSHENG , INUBUSHI KAZUYUKI , MIZUNO TAKAYUKI , HASEGAWA TOSHIHIRO , LIN YANHUNG , SAKAI HIDEMITSU , CHENG WEIGUO , KOBAYASHI KAZUHIKO 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA pot experiment was conducted to investigate CH4 emissions from a sandy paddy soil as influenced by rice cultivars and atmospheric CO2 elevation. The experiment with two CO2 levels, 370 μL L−1 (ambient) and 570 μL L−1 (elevated), was performed in a climatron, located at the National Institute for Agro‐Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan. Four rice cultivars were tested in this experiment, including IR65598, IR72, Dular and Koshihikari. Tiller number, root length and grain yield were clearly larger under elevated CO2 than under ambient CO2. IR72 and Dular showed significantly higher tiller number, root length and grain yield than Koshihikari and IR65598. Average daily CH4 fluxes under elevated CO2 were significantly larger by 10.9–23.8% than those under ambient CO2, and varied with the cultivars in the sequence Dular ≧ IR72>IR65598 ≧ Koshihikari. Dissolved organic C (DOC) content in the soil was obviously higher under elevated CO2 than under ambient CO2 and differed among the cultivars, in the sequence IR72>Dular>Koshihikari>IR65598. The differences in average daily CH4 fluxes between CO2 levels and among the cultivars were related to different root exudation as DOC content, root length and tiller number. This study indicated that Koshihikari should be a potential cultivar for mitigating CH4 emission and simultaneously keeping stable grain yield, because this cultivar emitted lowest CH4 emission and produced medium grain yield.
Climate change causes rapid changes in the distribution and site abundance of birds in winter
Authors: MACLEAN ILYA M. D. , AUSTIN GRAHAM E. , REHFISCH MARK M. , BLEW JAN , CROWE OLIVIA , DELANY SIMON , DEVOS KOEN , DECEUNINCK BERNARD , GÜNTHER KLAUS , LAURSEN KARSTEN , VAN ROOMEN MARC , WAHL JOHANNES 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDetecting coherent signals of climate change is best achieved by conducting expansive, long‐term studies. Here, using counts of waders (Charadrii) collected from ca. 3500 sites over 30 years and covering a major portion of western Europe, we present the largest‐scale study to show that faunal abundance is influenced by climate in winter. We demonstrate that the ‘weighted centroids’ of populations of seven species of wader occurring in internationally important numbers have undergone substantial shifts of up to 115 km, generally in a northeasterly direction. To our knowledge, this shift is greater than that recorded in any other study, but closer to what would be expected as a result of the spatial distribution of ecological zones. We establish that year‐to‐year changes in site abundance have been positively correlated with concurrent changes in temperature, but that this relationship is most marked towards the colder extremities of the birds' range, suggesting that shifts have occurred as a result of range expansion and that responses to climate change are temperature dependent. Many attempts to model the future impacts of climate change on the distribution of organisms, assume uniform responses or shifts throughout a species' range or with temperature, but our results suggest that this may not be a valid approach. We propose that, with warming temperatures, hitherto unsuitable sites in northeastern Europe will host increasingly important wader numbers, but that this may not be matched by declines elsewhere within the study area. The need to establish that such changes are occurring is accentuated by the statutory importance of this taxon in the designation of protected areas.
Deforestation causes increased dissolved silicate losses in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
Authors: CONLEY DANIEL J. , LIKENS GENE E. , BUSO DONALD C. , SACCONE LOREDANA , BAILEY SCOTT W. , JOHNSON CHRIS E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractGlobally significant increases in the riverine delivery of nutrients and suspended particulate matter have occurred with deforestation. We report here significant increases in streamwater transport of dissolved silicate (DSi) following experimental forest harvesting at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA. The magnitude of the streamwater response varied with the type of disturbance with the highest DSi export fluxes occurring in the manipulations that left the most plant materials on the soil surface and disturbed the soil surface least. No measurable loss of amorphous silica (ASi) was detected from the soil profile; however, ASi was redistributed within the soil profile after forest disturbance. Mass‐balance calculations demonstrate that some fraction of the DSi exported must come from dissolution of ASi and export as DSi. Land clearance and the development of agriculture may result in an enhanced flux of DSi coupled with enhanced erosion losses of ASi contained in phytoliths.
Stability of pigments and oil in pistachio kernels during storage
Authors: Bellomo Maria G. , Fallico Biagio , Muratore Giuseppe 
Published: June 2008

SummaryThis work tested the stability of pigments (chlorophyll [chl] a and chlorophyll [chl] b, and lutein] and oil in pistachio kernels stored up to 14 months at three different temperatures: 10, 25 and 37 °C. The samples were hermetically packaged using two films (nylon and ethylene vinyl alcohol) with and without oxygen scavengers. For each temperature, reference samples were packaged in open bags. For both the oil and pigments, no differences were observed during storage, irrespective of packaging or oxygen scavengers. After 14 months, the oil showed very few changes: a slight increase in acidity and peroxide value (PV) irrespective of storage temperature; the spectrophotometric indices K232 and K268 remained the same. As for pigment stability, the lowest concentrations were observed at 37 °C with a degradation of about 62% for chl a, 44% for chl b and 57.5% for lutein. At 10 and 25 °C, the samples showed slight differences, the pigments degradations were about 46% for chl a, 33% for chl b and 37% for lutein. The degradation rate constants for the three pigments fitted a pseudo‐zero‐order kinetic in which Ea was 11.7 kJ mol−1, 12.1 kJ mol−1 and 18.2 kJ mol−1 for chl a, chl b and lutein respectively.
The logic of relations and the logic of management
Authors: Buntinx W. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackground  Increasing emphasis on financial and administrative control processes is affecting service culture in support organisations for persons with intellectual disability. This phenomenon is currently obvious in Dutch service organisations that find themselves in transition towards more community care and at the same time under pressure from new administrative and funding managerial bureaucracy. As a result, the logic of management is becoming more dominant in direct support settings and risk to overshadow the logic of relationships between staff and clients.Method  The article presents a reflection on this phenomenon, starting from a description of service team characteristics as found in the literature. Next, findings about direct support staff (DSS) continuity are summarised from four Dutch studies. Following up these findings, the concept of ‘microsystems’ is explored as a possible answer to the organisational challenges demonstrated in the studies.Results  Team characteristics, especially team size and membership continuity for DSS, appear relevant factors for assuring supportive relationships and service quality in direct support teams. The structure of the primary support team shows to be of special interest. The organisational concept of ‘microsystems’ is explored with respect to transcending the present conflict between bureaucratic managerial pressure and the need for supportive relationships.Conclusion  Service organisations need to create structural conditions for the efficacy of direct support teams in terms of client relationships and relevant client outcomes. At the same time, the need for administrative and control processes can not be denied. The concept of ‘microsystems’, application of a Quality of Life framework and the use of new instruments, such as the Supports Intensity Scale, can contribute to an organisational solution for the present conflicting logic of relations and management.
The specialized secretory apparatus ESX‐1 is essential for DNA transfer in Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Coros Abbie , Callahan Brian , Battaglioli Eric , Derbyshire Keith M. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryConjugal DNA transfer in Mycobacterium smegmatis occurs by a mechanism distinct from plasmid‐mediated DNA transfer. Previously, we had shown that the secretory apparatus, ESX‐1, negatively regulated DNA transfer from the donor strain; ESX‐1 donor mutants are hyper‐conjugative. Here, we describe a genome‐wide transposon mutagenesis screen to isolate recipient mutants. Surprisingly, we find that a majority of insertions map within the esx‐1 locus, which encodes the secretory apparatus. Thus, in contrast to its role in donor function, ESX‐1 is essential for recipient function; recipient ESX‐1 mutants are hypo‐conjugative. In addition to esx‐1 genes, our screen identifies novel non‐esx‐1 loci in the M. smegmatis genome that are required for both DNA transfer and ESX‐1 activity. DNA transfer therefore provides a simple molecular genetic assay to characterize ESX‐1, which, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is necessary for full virulence. These findings reinforce the functional intertwining of DNA transfer and ESX‐1 secretion, first described in the M. smegmatis donor. Moreover, our observation that ESX‐1 has such diametrically opposed effects on transfer in the donor and recipient, forces us to consider how proteins secreted by the ESX‐1 apparatus can function so as to modulate two seemingly disparate processes, M. smegmatis DNA transfer and M. tuberculosis virulence.