bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial deposition of eggs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) in a regulated Norwegian river: Hatching, dispersal and growth of the fry
Authors: Raddum Gunnar G. , Fjellheim Arne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFertilized eggs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were artificially deposited in the regulated River Ekso, western Norway. This was done by placing 320–2400 eggs in perforated platic baskets, together with small stones and gravel, buried in the river. To evaluate development of the eggs, some baskets were removed and examined with respect to fertilization and mortality at the eye‐roe stage. After swim‐up of alevins, all baskets were examined for the number of dead eggs. The hatching of eggs was between 55 and 98% in the baskets. There was no correlation between the egg number in the basket and survival. The alevins were restricted to their hatching area for the first month; after the first season they migrated 50 m upstream and 175 m downstream of their birthplace. One year later they occupied the whole area (375 m) between the two weir basins. Mortality was 80% in the first season and 87% in the second (regarded as normal and high, respectively). High mortality was probably due to acid episodes, independent of regulation. Growth was fast and salmon became smolt at age 2+, explained by favourable temperature and low fish density. Competition between salmon and native brown trout (Salmo trutta) seemed to be low as they occupied different habitats.
Incised stream physical habitat restoration with stone weirs
Authors: Shields F. D. , Knight S. S. , Cooper C. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe initial results are described of the restoration of 1 km long reach of Goodwin Creek, a channelized sand and gravel bed warm‐water stream draining a 21 km2 lowland catchment in north‐west Mississippi. Although a series of grade control weirs and bank protection works had been constructed before restoration, sediment production from channel erosion remained high (> 1200 t km−2 y−1) and aquatic habitats were of poor value. At base flow, only 5–20% of the water area was classified as pool habitat (depth >30 cm and velocity <10 cm s−1). Restoration works were designed to be compatible with existing channel stabilization works and economic critera. Stone was added to extend the existing groynes across the base flow channel to create 18 small weirs. The effects of restoration were quantified by collecting fish and physical habitat data semi‐annually for two years before and during the first year after restoration from the restored reach and from two reference streams. Restoration increased pool habitat availability, overall physical heterogeneity, riparian vegetation, shade and woody debris density. After restoration, mean width, depth and velocity exhibited changes of +56, +150 and ‐56%, respectively, despite discharge levels that averaged 43% lower during data collection periods. The pool area increased to 72% of the water area. Bed types became more heterogeneous, with larger fractions of clay, debris and riprap, and less sand and gravel. The fish response to restoration measures was modest, but distinct. Before restoration cyprinids and centrarchids comprised 74 and 11%, respectively, of the numerical catch, but 32 and 55% after restoration. Fish species composition and relative abundance after restoration were slightly more similar to that of the non‐incised reference site than before restoration. The median lengths of five selected fish species were greater after restoration, but were unchanged at reference sites.
Monitoring pelagic whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and vendace (Coregonus albula) in a hydroelectric reservoir using hydroacoustics
Authors: Linløkken Arne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStock assessment consisting of hydroacoustics each year and gill‐netting every third year was performed in May 1986–1993 in the regulated Lake Osensjøen. Osensjøen, situated 438 m asl in south‐eastern Norway, has a surface area of 45 km2 and a mean depth of 37 m; the water level varies by 6.6 m and the pelagic fish stock consists of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.) and vendace (Coregonus albula L.). The total density of large fish (28 cm) varied from 10.4 to 70.2 specimens/ha, with a mean value of 39.8 specimens/ha, corresponding to ca. 9 kg/ha. Owing to catches in pelagic gill‐nets the fraction of whitefish was 41–68% in number of the estimated stock, and the mean weights of whitefish and vendace were 270–371 and 153–172 g, respectively, so whitefish constituted 62–76% of the biomass. The variation in total density and the variation between whitefish and vendace was caused by the fluctuating recruitment of both species. The mean lengths of two‐year old whitefish and vendace showed reduced growth in years with strong recruitment. Strong year classes seemed to arise only in years when tapping off the lake, which is performed through a tunnel from the bottom, was minor about the time when larvae hatch in April–May.The yield was estimated in 1989 to be 1.0 kg/ha of whitefish and 0.12 kg/ha of vendace. Survival was estimated from stock assessment of large fish to be S = 0.55 for whitefish and S = 0.66 for vendace. The difference in survival rates was due to differences in exploitation, and the natural mortality and fishing mortality, respectively, were estimated to be M = 0.46 and F = 0.14 for whitefish and M = 0.36 and F = 0.05 for vendace. The best time for echosounding is May, before feeding activity results in the fish moving into the littoral zone, or closer to the surface in the pelagic zone. The fact that Osensjøen is regulated probably diminishes the fraction of fish in the littoral zone, especially immediately after filling of the lake.
Effects of reduced flow on brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations downstream dams in french pyrenees
Authors: Baran Philippe , Delacoste Marc , Dauba Francis , Lascaux J.‐Marc , Belaud Alain , Lek Sovan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of 16 hydroelectric power plants, in operation for 75 years, were studied in 15 non‐polluted Salmonid streams in the Pyrenean mountains. The populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and the physical habitat characteristics were compared between two sections, one upstream of the dams (control section) and one below the dams with constant reduced flow (residual section). The average velocity, depth and area of cover decreased significantly below the dams. Similarly, the total abundance of brown trout calculated per linear metre of stream decreased at nine sites for biomass and eight sites for densities. The reductions of biomass and densities per unit area were less at seven sites. The abundances of the main stages of brown trout were modified differently; adults were affected more than fry by constant reduced flow. The modifications of biomass and densities of the age classes were significantly related to the instream flow below the dam, expressed as a proportion of the mean annual flow at the control section. Similarly, the differences of total, adult, juvenile and fry abundances between the control and residual section were significantly related to the differences in weighted usable area (WUA), average depth, average velocity and area of cover. A multiple linear regression model using differences of WUA and area‐of cover explained 84% of the difference of biomass per linear metre of stream and 68% of the difference of density. Estimating the relative capacity of a stream to support fish after a reduction in flow by measuring the variations of WUA is a promising approach for predicting the development of brown trout populations. The results are discussed in terms of modifications and the relative capacity of a stream to support a brown trout population.
Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy
Authors: Cope W. Gregory , Waller Diane L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re‐establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long‐term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.
Declines in aquatic vegetation in navigation pool no. 8, upper Mississippi River between 1975 and 1991
Authors: Fischer James R. , Claflin Thomas O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe biomass and frequency of occurrence of aquatic macrophytes observed during 1975 and 1991 in Navigation Pool No. 8 of the upper Mississippi River were compared. Samples were collected from contiguous backwater, isolated backwater and impounded habitat types. Overall declines were observed in both frequency and biomass between the two years. Changes in depth, water clarity and bed sediment texture were also observed. About 50% of the samples collected in 1991 had no vegetation, compared with 20% in 1975. The greatest reduction in frequency occurred among submergent taxa (77% in 1975 to 31% in 1991), whereas only slight declines were observed for emergent taxa. However, the mean biomass of both lifeforms decreased substantially (48 to 1 g/m2 for submergent and 61 to 27 g/m2 for emergent lifeforms). The mean total biomass declined from 114g/m2 in 1975 to 35 g/m2 in 1991. Declines were most evident in the impounded habitat, where the frequency of occurrence of submergent taxa decreased from 83% in 1975 to 11% in 1991, and mean biomass decreased from 90 to 1 g/m2. Similar but less extensive reductions in frequency and biomass of submergent taxa were observed in the contiguous backwater habitat. In contrast, both the frequency and biomass of floating‐leaved macrophytes increased slightly in contiguous backwater habitats. Changes in frequency and biomass of macrophytes in isolated backwater habitats were neligible between 1975 and 1991. It is hypothesized that changes in the macrophyte community structure may be related to physical changes associated with 57 years of impoundment.
Ecological rehabilitation of the River Rhine: Plans, progress and perspectives
Authors: van Dijk G. M. , Marteijn E. C. L. , Schulte‐Wülwer‐Leidig A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe River Rhine has suffered because of numerous drastic environmental changes — for example, the regulation of the river bed and the construction of weirs and dams. Furthermore, discharges of agricultural, industrial and municipal wastewater have caused a deterioration in the water quality. This problem became particularly acute in the 1960s and 1970s. After the Sandoz accident in Basle in November 1986, the states bordering the River Rhine agreed the Rhine Action Programme for its ecological rehabilitation. This programme has the following four aims, which should be realized by the year 2000: (1) to create conditions which will enable the return of higher species (such as salmon); (2) to safeguard Rhine water as a source for the preparation of drinking water; (3) to abate the contamination of sediments due to toxic compounds; and (4) to fulfil the requirements of the North Sea Action Plan, as the River Rhine flows into the North Sea. Water quality criteria have been developed for about 50 contaminants or contaminant groups and for phosphorus and ammonium. Early signs of the ecological recovery of some aquatic communities in the River Rhine have been observed, but eutrophication and pollution by micropollutants, in particular polychlorinated biphenyls found in suspended matter, sediments and biota, still form a serious threat. In addition to further improving the water quality, river habitats must be improved, reversing the artificial river control measures taken in the past for the return of a number of characteristic riverine organisms such as migratory fish. The ‘Ecological Master Plan for the River Rhine’ aims to restore the mainstream, along with the main tributaries, as habitats for migratory fish (e.g. salmon). This involves protecting, preserving and improving ecologically important reaches of the River Rhine and the Rhine valley. The first steps for realizing the hydrological and morphological modifications have been taken, starting with the development of a specific ecological network focusing on the most important floodplain areas along the Rhine. Habitat improvement measures started later than the pollution abatement measures and, so far, relatively few studies on the effectiveness of the ecological rehabilitation techniques concerning habitat improvements in the Lower Rhine have been published. A major task for research programmes will be to identify the detailed quantifiable and verifiable ecological objectives (e.g. water quality criteria, hydrological and morphological targets) to guarantee the actual ecological rehabilitation of the River Rhine.
Sustainable development in english metropolitan district authorities: An investigation using unitary development plans
Authors: Bruff Garreth , Wood Adrian 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA survey of eight unitary development plans (UDPs) in metropolitan district authorities outside London is reviewed. The survey sought to assess the policy content of each UDP for its contribution towards the goal of sustainable development. Within the present framework of local–national relations, several areas were identified in which current UDP policies can be seen to be promoting sustainable development. Similarly, other areas of the sustainable development agenda can be seen to be outside the present content of UDPs. To carry out this exercise, a methodology to analyse development plans on their sustainability content was developed. For this purpose, the work of the Local Government Management Board was used to produce a set of ‘policy directions towards sustainability’, against which policies in development plans could be critically assessed.
Institutional development and sustainability: Approaches for public sector project organizations
Authors: Eldridge Derek , Nisar Tahir M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInstitutional variables are important in explaining the success or failure of a project, especially in terms of sustainable outcomes. Specific measures are thus needed to develop institutional capacities in projects and this paper aims to explain the appropriate relationships in the context of project organizations. A framework for institutional development purposes is initially outlined that takes into account all exogenous and endogenous factors related to project management, and which guides the selection of intervention models in respect of improving performance. One sector of this framework, namely the influence of societal parameters on institutional behaviour, is recognized as being conceptually weak. Thus the field study undertaken in this work aimed to provide a better understanding of this area. A conceptual framework, arising from the behaviour recorded on the part of project managers, incorporates the institutional parameters of relatedness, dependence, commitment and the underlying authority structure. Further, the concept of adaptive authority is introduced to provide a more comprehensive diagnostic tool for institutional development in project organizations.
Survey research methods in evaluation and case–control studies
Authors: Kalton Graham , Piesse Andrea 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSurvey research methods are widely used in two types of analytic studies: evaluation studies that measure the effects of interventions; and population‐based case–control studies that investigate the effects of various risk factors on the presence of disease. This paper provides a broad overview of some design and analysis issues related to such studies, illustrated with examples.The lack of random assignment to treatment and control groups in many evaluation studies makes controlling for confounders critically important. Confounder control can be achieved by matching in the design and by various alternative methods in the analysis. One popular analytic method of controlling for confounders is propensity scoring, which bears a close resemblance to survey weighting.The use of population‐based controls has become common in case–control studies. For reasons of cost, population‐based controls are often identified by telephone surveys using random digit dialling (RDD) sampling methods. However, RDD surveys are now experiencing serious problems with response rates. A recent alternative approach is to select controls from frames such as driver license lists that contain valuable demographic information for use in matching.Methods of analysis developed in the survey sampling literature are applicable, at least to some degree, in the analyses of evaluation and population‐based case–control studies. In particular, the effects of complex sample designs can be taken into account using survey sampling variance estimation methods. Several survey analysis software packages are available for carrying out the computations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic responsiveness and Bowman's risk–return paradox
Authors: Andersen Torben J. , Denrell Jerker , Bettis Richard A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne of the most enduring puzzles in the strategy literature is the negative association between risk and return known as the Bowman paradox. This paper formalizes a model of strategic conduct based on the concept of strategic fit and the heterogeneity of firm strategic capabilities. This model is shown mathematically to yield the negative association of the Bowman paradox. Furthermore, the model makes several other testable predictions. To examine these predictions, simulated data from the model are compared with a large empirical study of 45 industries during 1991–2000. The predictions of the model are consistent with the empirical data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionary Shape Control During Colloidal Quantum‐Dot Growth
Authors: Nair P. Sreekumari , Fritz Karolina P. , Scholes Gregory D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSize‐dependent optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals are of great interest because of the myriad of phenomena stemming from them. The preparation of more complex colloidal shapes will facilitate the systematic study of shape‐dependent phenomena. It is shown that a strategy to obtain systematically more complex nanocrystal structures is to exert a sequence of shape‐directing steps during the colloidal growth. Using experiments based on multiple reagent injections we show how changes in the type of surfactant introduced during growth of CdSe nanocrystals promotes shape evolution. On this basis, we propose a means to achieve a further generation of shape design in nanometer‐sized colloids by using a series of growth steps, each one building from the previous conditions of shape as well as surface‐specific reactivity. To understand the shape formation and stability in nanocrystalline colloids, and particularly the importance of surface ligands, we introduce an analogy with the thermodynamics of droplets.
Ten steps toward integrated environmental excellance
Authors: Smith Ann C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental management is moving away from the traditional use of specialists to currect end‐of‐the‐pipe problems and instead is moving back in the process to reduce the production of these waste materials. The author shows how integrating environmental responsiblity all the way down the production line might work in a practical application, including a ten‐step formula for putting a total quality environmental program in place.
Proactive environmental management is the key to full compliance
Authors: Gallagher Thomas P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere are two key elements to achieving full and complete regulatory compliance: cost‐efficient management of current regulatory requirements under existing environmental law and the capability to anticipate and analyze the impact of future regulations on the facility. The author provides step‐by‐step advice on how to develop a program to accomplish a corporate goal of zero violations.
Integrating pollution prevention into the manufacturing process
Authors: Vajda Gary F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn Integrated Manufacturing and Environmental (IME) approach to pollution prevention offers the opportunity to achieve regulatory compliance and substantial operational efficiencies. It is accomplished by realizing the simple fact that waste represents a quality defect and adapting traditional manufacturing industry analytical methods to also consider environmental factors. The author outlines techniques and procedures entailed by this approach that are applicable to both large and small facilities as part of an overall Total Quality Management program. Several case examples are provided.
The chemical industry's commitment to continuous improvement in environmental performance
Authors: Kavasmaneck Percy R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne of the greatest challenges facing the chemical industry today is regaining the lost confidence of the public. This concern led to the Chemical Manufacturers Association's (CMA's) adoption of the Responsible Care® initiative—not a slick new promotional campaign but a commitment to continuous improvement in environmental performance. The author highlights components of the program, which is seen as an outgrowth of Total Quality Management.
Questions and Answers. The right time for TQM?
Authors: Johannson Lynn 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this quarterly column, I will be inviting you—the TQEM reader—to ask our distinguished board of advisors and contributors questions of current interest pertaining to TQM and environmental management. As editor, I will then share the questions with the board at large and compile the answers here. For this issue, the editorial staff has chosen three basic questions (and even helped out with an answer or two). Please take a moment to write down what you think will be an interesting question, or set of questions, and address it to me: TQEM Questions & Answers Editor, 22 West 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. I will credit you with the question and send out an extra copy of TQEM.
TQM and the cost of environmental quality
Authors: Greenberg Richard S. , Unger Cynthia A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBecause management is driven largely by financial concerns, determining the cost of environmental quality is a critical step in developing an environmental TQM program for which management will actively demonstrate commitment and support. Costs of environmental quality can be grouped into three categories: failure, prevention, and appraisal. The total cost of environmental quality can be used as a benchmark to monitor the level of environmental quality and to justify the redirection of resources.