bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization, and curing of {2,6–bis‐[2‐(bis‐oxiranylmethyl‐amino)‐methylbenzyl]‐phenyl}‐bis‐oxiranylmethylamine (BPBOMA)
Authors: Maity T. , Samanta B. C. , Dalai S. , Banthia A. K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe curing behavior of epoxy resin prepared by reacting epichlorohydrin with amine functional aniline acetaldehyde condensate (AFAAC) was investigated using AFAAC as a curing agent. The epoxy resin, {2,6‐bis‐[2‐(bis‐oxiranylmethyl‐amino)‐methylbenzyl]‐phenyl}‐bis‐oxiranylmethylamine (BPBOMA), was characterized by FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, viscosity measurement, and determination of epoxy content. Analysis of the curing reaction was followed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. To investigate the curing kinetic with AFAAC, dynamic DSC scans were made at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C/min. The activation energy and frequency factor of the AFAAC formulation were evaluated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3168–3174, 2006
Tensile strength and its variation of PAN‐based carbon fibers. I. Statistical distribution and volume dependence
Authors: Yu Weidong , Yao Jiangwei 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effects of the diameter, gauge length, and volume of carbon fibers on the tensile properties and their variation are discussed on the basis of the weak‐link theory and Weibull distribution in a single‐filament test. As far as variation is concerned, the stress of carbon fibers should be obtained by the division of the force not by the mean cross section of all the fibers but by the cross section of individual fibers because of the diameter variation. The volume effect of carbon fibers influences not only the mean of the tensile properties but also their variation. The experimental results indicate that the volume dependence in the radial direction is much bigger than that in the axial direction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3175–3182, 2006
Polynitroalcohols obtained through nitro aldol reaction between nitro oligomers and C1‐C2‐aldehydes
Authors: Karaivanova M. S. , Nedelchev N. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPolynitroalcohols (PNA) were obtained by AN‐reaction of nitro oligomers from ground waste rubbers (NO‐GWR) with C1‐C2‐aldehydes in presence of organic bases triethanolamine, triethylamine and cyclopropylamine. The AN‐reaction was studied at temperatures from 30 to 50°C, time 4 h, and NO‐GWR : aldehyde = 1 : 0.5/2.0 mass ratios in the solution. PNA were characterized by elemental analyses, such as 1H NMR spectra, IR spectroscopy—baseline method with internal standard and thermal analyses. The quantitative functional composition of PNA (%NO2, %CO, and %OH groups) was proved to be similar to the composition of PNA obtained from model butadiene–styrene nitro oligomer (BSNO). It was concluded that NO‐GWR could replace NO based on elastomers in nitro aldol reaction with formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3241–3250, 2006
Characteristics of cellulose isolated by a totally chlorine‐free method from Caragana korshinskii
Authors: Xu F. , Sun R. C. , Lu Q. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe chemical composition and fiber morphology of Caragana korshinskii were investigated in this study. Isolation of cellulose was performed in a nonsulfur acetic acid/nitric acid system under various conditions. The influence of three factors, i.e., nitric acid concentration (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10%), temperature (95, 100, 110, 115, 120, or 130°C), and reaction time (30, 40, 50, 60, or 90 min) on the cellulose properties (viscosity, yield, and molecular weight) was studied. The cellulose isolated was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, solid‐state cross‐polarization magic angle spinning carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry techniques. The results showed that the treatment using 80% acetic acid and nitric acid as a catalyst under the given conditions resulted in slight acetylation of the cellulose and increased the degree of crystallinity of cellulose except for significant degradation of lignin and hemicellulosic polymers. The thermal stability of the cellulose declined with an increase in nitric acid concentration. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3251–3263, 2006
Compositional differences of propylene–ethylene block copolymers manufactured by degradation and hydrogenation techniques
Authors: Zhang Chuanzhi , Yu Fusheng , Wang Li‐Qun , Tu Kehua 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present work is to investigate the compositional difference of polypropylene–polyethylene block copolymers (PP‐b‐PE) manufactured industrially by the process of degradation and hydrogenation, respectively. Each of the PP‐b‐PE copolymers was fractionated into three fractions with heptane and chloroform. The compositions of the three fractions were characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal fractionation. The results showed that the Chloroform‐soluble fraction was amorphous ethylene‐propylene rubber, and the content of the rubber in PP‐b‐PE manufactured by hydrogenation was less than that by degradation. The degree of crystallinity of the chloroform‐insoluble fraction of the PP‐b‐PE manufactured by hydrogenation is higher than that of by degradation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3301–3306, 2006
Isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with substituted aromatic heterocyclic phosphate salts
Authors: Zhang Yue‐fei , Xin Zhong 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and nucleated iPP with substituted aromatic heterocyclic phosphate salts were investigated by means of a differential scanning calorimeter under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions. During isothermal crystallization, Avrami equation was used to describe the crystallization kinetics. Moreover, kinetics parameters such as the Avrami exponent n, crystallization rate constant Zt, and crystallization half‐time t1/2 were compared. The results showed that a remarkable decrease in t1/2 as well as a significant increase in overall crystallization rate was observed in the presence of monovalent salts of substituted aromatic heterocyclic phosphate, while bivalent and trivalent salts have little effect on crystallization rate of iPP. The addition of monovalent metal salts could decrease the interfacial free energy per unit area perpendicular to PP chains σe value of iPP so that the nucleation rate of iPP was increased. During nonisothermal crystallization, Caze method was used to analyze the crystallization kinetics. It also showed that monovalent metal salts had better nucleation effects than bivalent and trivalent metal salts. From the obtained Avrami exponents of iPP and nucleated iPP it could be concluded that the addition of different nucleating agents changed the crystal growth pattern of iPP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3307–3316, 2006
Ethylene polymerization by alkylidene‐bridged asymmetric dinuclear titanocene/MAO systems
Authors: Lin Feng , Sun Junquan , Liu Xijie , Lang Wuke , Xiao Xiaohui 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTwo asymmetric alkylidene‐bridged dinuclear titanocenium complexes (CpTiCl2)2(η5‐η5‐C9H6(CH2)nC5H4), 1 (n = 3) and 2 (n = 4) have been prepared by treating two equivalents of CpTiCl3 with the corresponding dilithium salts of the ligands C9H7(CH2)nC5H5 (n = 3, 4). Additionally, Ti(η5:η5‐n‐BuC5H4C5H5)Cl2 (3) and Ti(η5:η5‐n‐BuC9H6C5H5)Cl2 (4) were synthesized as corresponding mononuclear complexes. All complexes were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Homogenous ethylene polymerization catalyzation using those complexes has been conducted in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO). The influences of reaction parameters, such as [MAO]/[Cat] molar ratio, catalyst concentration, ethylene pressure, temperature, and time have been studied in detail. The results showed that the catalytic activities of both dinuclear titanocenes were higher than those of the corresponding mononuclear titanocenes. Although the two dinuclear complexes were different in only one [CH2] unit, the catalytic activity of 2 was about 50% higher than that of 1; however, the molecular weight of polyethylene (PE) obtained by 2 was lower than that obtained from 1. The molecular weight distribution of PE produced by these dinuclear complexes reached 6.9 and 7.3, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3317–3323, 2006
Sodium alginate–poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) interpenetrating polymeric network membranes for the pervaporation dehydration of ethanol and tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Veerapur R. S. , Gudasi K. B. , Patil M. B. , Babu V. Ramesh , Bhat S. D. , Sairam M. , Aminabhavi T. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractInterpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) membranes of sodium alginate (NaAlg) and various amounts of poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) have been prepared and tested for the pervaporation dehydration of ethanol and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The presence of hydrophilic PHEMA in the IPN matrix was found to be responsible for increase in membrane selectivity to water. NaAlg–PHEMA IPN membrane containing 20 wt % of PHEMA exhibited a selectivity of 571 to water for the water–ethanol mixture and 857 for water–THF mixture. These data are much better than those observed for the pristine NaAlg membrane. However, flux of the IPN membranes was smaller than that of pristine NaAlg membrane. Comparatively higher flux values were observed for water–THF mixture than for water–ethanol mixture. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3324–3329, 2006
Thermal stability of poly(ethylene‐co‐trimethylene terephthalate)s
Authors: Wei Gaofu , Hua Daoben , Gu Lixia 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe thermal stability of poly(ethylene‐co‐trimethylene terephthalate) was first studied by thermogravimetry under nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates. The results showed that the thermal behavior of the copolyester had a strong dependence on the chemical composition. The average activation energy from Ozawa technique increases with the concentration of EG units in the polyester, and a greater TG concentration in the copolyesters would decrease the onset degradation temperature. These phenomena may be attributed to the presence of one more methylene of TG unit than of EG in the copolymer. It is also noted that the yield of solid residue increases with the concentration of EG units in the polymer chain at any heating rate, which may be associated with the content of aromatic ring in the polymer chain. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3330–3335, 2006
Specially elaborated thermally induced phase separation to fabricate poly(L‐lactic acid) scaffolds with ultra large pores and good interconnectivity
Authors: Gong Yihong , Ma Zuwei , Gao Changyou , Wang Wei , Shen Jiacong 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPoly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds with pore diameters from several micrometers to ∼300 μm were fabricated by a specially elaborated thermally induced phase separation technique. Two different coarsening protocols, i.e., normal coarsening and multi‐step coarsening were compared in consideration of phase separation and domain growth. A normal coarsening route produced scaffolds with pore size from several micrometers to 150 μm depending on the coarsening time after phase separation, accompanying with the emergence of isolated pores at long time coarsening. Scaffolds with large pores with size up to ∼300 μm were fabricated by the two‐step coarsening technique, e.g., the PLLA‐solvent (dioxane/water) system was coarsened at a temperature after phase separation for a period, followed by coarsening at a lower temperature for another period. In parallel with formation of the large pores, the interconnectivity between pores was also improved, which was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy, gelatin solution pervasion, and collagen entrapment. The present technique provides the ability to produce scaffolds with high purity, controllable microstructures, and ease of modification, and hence can be widely used in tissue engineering field. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3336–3342, 2006
Intensification of dust removal process
Authors: Panov A. K. , Usmanova R. R. , Zaikov V. G. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe design of barbotage‐rotation installation with different profiles of blades of the rotator has been created on the basis of modeling method. As a result of the complexity of aerohydrodynamic research in the system “gas–liquid” carried out on the aforementioned unit, certain recommendations on the improvement of the construction and operating conditions have been developed with a view to rise the effectiveness of dust removal. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3357–3360, 2006
Property transitions in high‐density polyethylene/maleated poly(ethylene–octene)/calcium carbonate ternary composites
Authors: Xie Tingxiu , Liu Hongzhi , Ou Yuchun , Yang Guisheng 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTernary composites of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/maleated poly(ethylene–octene) (POE‐g)/calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were prepared by the melt extrusion process. Crystallization behavior investigation and mechanical properties study showed that there existed a transition in both crystallization temperature (Tc) and impact strength of ternary composites. These transitions were attributed to the development of morphology, with variation of concentration of POE‐g in ternary composites. The strength of interfacial adhesion also influenced the property transitions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3361–3366, 2006
Increase in flame retardance of glass‐epoxy laminates without halogen or phosphorous compounds by simultaneous use of incombustible‐gas generator and charring promoter
Authors: Kiuchi Yukihiro , Iji Masatoshi , Nagashima Hiroaki , Miwa Takashi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHighly flame‐resistant glass‐epoxy laminates without flame‐retarding additives such as halogen and phosphorous compounds have been developed to overcome environmental problems caused by these additives. The laminates consist mainly of a self‐extinguishing epoxy‐resin compound (phenol aralkyl), an incombustible‐gas generator (amino‐triazine‐novolac hardener: ATN hardener), and inorganic materials such as a charring promoter (zinc molybdate on talc: ZMT) and a limited amount of harmless metal hydroxide (aluminum trihydroxide: ATH). They are highly flame‐resistant and have other beneficial characteristics, including soldering‐heat resistance, humidity resistance, electronic properties, and processing advantages. These qualities make them applicable enough to replace the FR‐4 type printed wiring boards (PWBs) that are widely used today. Simultaneously using the ATN hardener and ZMT in the laminates, including the epoxy‐resin compound and ATH, greatly improved their flame retardance. We then reduced the amount of ATH to obtain even better flame retardance in the laminates. This reduction of the ATH, consequently, improved other practical characteristics such as soldering‐heat resistance, humidity resistance, and electronic properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3367–3375, 2006
Color evaluation of wool fabric dyed with Rhizoma coptidis extract
Authors: Ke Guizhen , Yu Weidong , Xu Weilin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBerberine is the only cationic colorant of natural plant dyes, which lies in the roots of Rhizoma coptidis and stems of phellodendron. In this study, wool fabric was dyed with the extracts of R. coptidis. Color evaluation was characterized with ΔE, L*, a*, b*, c*, H0, K/S. Effects of mordant, extraction concentration, pH value of dye bath, and treatment temperature on color values were studied. Results indicated that wool fabrics dyed with mordant, or at higher temperature, or in alkali solution possessed deeper shades and darker colors. And the wool fabric showed good antibacterial property after dyeing with R. coptidis extracts. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3376–3380, 2006
Effects of various fillers on CEM‐1 laminate punchability
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Tang , Cheng Ming‐Feng 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe primary objective of this study is to emphasize the modification of the epoxy resin formulation by implementing falling weight test to discuss reduction of impact energy and apply the thesis to improve the punchability on the CEM‐1 copper clad laminate. Experimental results demonstrate that the core structure can be modified with different phenolic resin; when phenolic resin PF‐440 of a smaller molecular weight is used as the modified agent, the impact energy can be lowered by 17%. In addition, three kinds of inorganic fillers, such as TiO2, Al(OH)3, SiO2, are added and the core and face structure were modified separately. Adding these fillers has a small effect on lowering the impact energy and no clear evidence of tendency, while the phenolic resin has significant effect. When 10 phr TiO2 is added to face, the impact energy can be lowered around 60% and has a visible effect on improving the punchability improvement of CEM‐1 copper clad laminate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3381–3386, 2006
Rheological properties of PDMS filled with CaCo3: The effect of filler particle size and concentration
Authors: Zhou Yabin , Wang Shifeng , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi , Jiang Xuhua , Yi Dengfeng 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effects of filler particle size and concentration on the rheological properties of hydroxyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HO‐PDMS) filled with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were investigated by an advanced rheometric expansion system (ARES). The Casson model was used to describe the relationship between shear stress and shear rate for steady‐state measurement. Micron‐CaCO3 could not afford the CaCO3/HO‐PDMS suspensions obvious shear thinning behavior and a yield stress high enough, whereas nano‐CaCO3 could provide the suspensions with remarkable shear thinning behavior and high yield stress. Incorporation of nano‐CaCO3 into HO‐PDMS resulted in the transformation of HO‐PDMS from a mainly viscous material to a mainly elastic material. With increasing nano‐CaCO3 content, shear thinning behavior of nano‐CaCO3/HO‐PDMS suspensions became more obvious. Remarkable yield stress was observed in nano‐CaCO3/HO‐PDMS suspensions with high filler content, and increased with increasing nano‐CaCO3 content. The degree of thixotropy was quantitatively determined using a thixotropic loop method. It was found that nano‐CaCO3 favored more the buildup of filler network structure in the suspensions than micron‐CaCO3 at the same weight fraction. Furthermore, increasing nano‐CaCO3 content accelerated the establishment of filler network structure in the nano‐CaCO3/HO‐PDMS suspensions. An overshoot phenomenon was observed in the nano‐CaCO3/HO‐PDMS suspensions at high shear rates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3395–3401, 2006
Poly(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane)‐diphenylsiloxane‐poly(dimethylsiloxane) block copolymers
Authors: Mukbaniani O. , Matsaberidze M. , Achelashvili V. , Mukbaniani N. , Samsonia A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe heterofunctional condensation of 1,3‐dichloro‐1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane with dihydroxydiphenylsilane at various ratios of initial compounds in the presence of amines was carried out, and α,ω‐dihydroxy(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane)‐diphenylsiloxane oligomers with various degrees of condensation were obtained. Corresponding block copolymers were obtained by heterofunctional polycondensation of synthesized α,ω‐dihydroxy(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane)‐diphenylsiloxane oligomers with α,ω‐dichlorodimethylsiloxanes in the presence of amines. Thermogravimetry, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide‐angle X‐ray analysis were carried out on the synthesized block coplymers. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray studies of these copolymers showed that their properties were determined by the ratio of the lengths of the flexible linear poly(dimethylsiloxane) and rigid poly(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane)‐diphenylsiloxane fragments in the main macromolecular chain. Two‐phase systems were obtained with specific flexible and rigid fragment length values in synthesized block copolymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3462–3467, 2006
Encapsulation of titanium dioxide in styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymer by miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Al‐Ghamdi Ghurmallah H. , Sudol E. David , Dimonie Victoria L. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMiniemulsion copolymerization of styrene/n‐butyl acrylate was investigated as a means of encapsulating hydrophilic titanium dioxide (TiO2) in a film‐forming polymer. Dispersion studies of the TiO2 were first carried out to determine the choice of stabilizer, its concentration, and the dispersion process conditions for obtaining stable TiO2 particles with minimum particle size. Through screening studies of various functional stabilizers and shelf‐life stability studies at both room and polymerization temperatures, Solsperse 32,000 was selected to give relatively small and stable TiO2 particles at 1 wt % stabilizer and with 20–25 min sonification. The subsequent encapsulation of the dispersed TiO2 particles in styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymer (St/BA) via miniemulsion polymerization was carried out and compared with a control study using styrene monomer alone. The lattices resulting from the miniemulsion encapsulation polymerizations were characterized in terms of the encapsulation efficiencies (via density gradient column separations; DGC) and particle size (via dynamic light scattering). Encapsulation efficiencies revealed that complete encapsulation of all of the TiO2 by all of the polymer was not achieved. The maximum encapsulation efficiencies were 79.1% TiO2 inside 61.7% polystyrene and 63.6% TiO2 inside 38.5% St/BA copolymer. As the density of the particles collected from the DGC increased from one layer to another, both the average particle size and the number of the TiO2 particles contained in each latex particle increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3479–3486, 2006
Preparation and electroresponsive property of poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate composite hydrogel
Authors: Li R. X. , Zhang X. Z. , Zhao J. S. , Wu J. M. , Guo Y. , Guan J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sodium alginate composite hydrogel was prepared by solidifing the blending solution of PVA and sodium alginate, then freezing and thawing repeatedly. In the direct current electric field, the composite hydrogel in aqueous NaCl solution swelled, contracted, and bent. The gel's bending speed and maximum bending degree increased with increase in the electric field intensity and the concentration of NaCl solution. The maximum bending degree increased with increase in the sodium alginate content in the composition hydrogel. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3493–3496, 2006