bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytosterols, Cholesterol Absorption and Healthy Diets
Authors: Ostlund Richard E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this review is to outline the emerging role of dietary phytosterols in human health. Dietary saturated fat, cholesterol and fiber are currently emphasized in the reduction of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. However, other dietary components such as phytosterols may have equivalent or even larger effects on circulating cholesterol and need further study with respect to the potential for coronary heart disease risk reduction. Phytosterol effects were not considered in classic fat‐exchange clinical trials and may account for some of the differences attributed to the food fats studied. Phytosterols reduce cholesterol absorption while being poorly absorbed themselves and the effects can be studied in human subjects in single‐meal tests using stable isotopic tracers. Because phytosterols are insoluble and biologically inactive when purified, careful attention needs to be given to ensuring that commercial supplement products are rendered bioavailable by dissolution in fat or by emulsification. Recent work shows that phytosterols in natural food matrices are also bioactive. The retention of phytosterols during food manufacturing and the use of foods with high phytosterol content may constitute an alternative to the use of supplements.
Effects of α‐ and γ‐tocopherols on formation of hydroperoxides and two decomposition products from methyl linoleate
Authors: Kinen Marjukka M , Kamal‐Eldin Afaf , Lampi Anna‐Maija , Hopia Anu 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe antioxidant effects of α‐and γ‐tocopherols (at 0, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 ppm) were evaluated in a model system based on the autoxidation of methyl linoleate in bulk for 4 d at 40°C. Samples were collected every 24 h and analyzed for the 9 cis,trans, 9 trans,trans, 13 cis,trans, and 13 trans,trans isomers of hydroperoxide, hydroxy, and ketodiene oxidation products by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that both α‐ and γ‐tocopherols are effective hydrogen donors as evidenced by their abilities to inhibit the formation of hydroperoxides, hydroxy compounds, and ketodienes and the cis,trans to trans,trans isomerization of hydroperoxides. Compared with γ‐tocopherol, α‐tocopherol was a more efficient antioxidant at very low concentrations (10 ppm) but a less efficient antioxidant at the high concentrations (100–1000 ppm). This paradoxical behavior is explained on the basis of differences in ease of hydrogen donation between the two tocopherol homologs. Although α‐tocopherol shows some loss of efficiency with increasing concentration, it is not a prooxidant when compared to the control void of antioxidants.
Behavior of phenolic antioxidants in a partitioned medium: Focus on linoleic acid peroxidation induced by iron/ascorbic acid system
Authors: Bondet Vincent , Cuvelier Marie‐Elisabeth , Berset Claudette 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe peroxidation of linoleic acid was induced by the Fe2+/ascorbic acid system in a micellar medium, and the kinetics of the produced conjugated dienes to a weak level (0.7 μM) in order to initiate only the sequential oxidative reactions without superimposed antioxidant activity. Other conditions were established to obtain a simple kinetic profile. With a linoleic acid/Fe2+ ratio of 10 and an Fe2/ascorbic acid ratio of 23 in the medium emulsified by Tween and saturated in oxygen, no limiting effect of substrates was observed for several hours. Fe2+ disappeared in less than 5 min, while a linear propagation rate was reached after 1 h for up to 15 h. Two parameters were chosen to quantify the level of the oxidation: the slope of the linear phase, and the extrapolated absorbance of this step at zero time. These two parameters were used in order to compare the antioxidant power of different phenolic compounds in this partitioned medium.
Lipid components and enzymatic hydrolysis of lipids in muscle of Chinese freshwater fish
Authors: Kaneniwa Masaki , Miao Song , Yuan Chunhong , Lida Haruka , Fukuda Yutaka 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe lipid and fatty acid composition of muscle of 10 species of freshwater fish obtained from a market of Shanghai City was examined. Total lipids (TL) ranged over 0.9–4.7% of muscle for all samples. The content of triacylglycerol (TG) in muscle ranged over 0.2–3.4% and that of polar lipids (PL) was 0.5–1.3%. Differences of TL content were dependent on TG contents. The predominant important fatty acids (>10% of the total fatty acids in TL) were 16∶0 and 18∶1n−9 with some 16∶1n−7, 18∶2n−6, and 22∶6n−3. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content was 10.2–43.4%, and especially Chinese sea bass contained above 20% of 22∶6n−3 in the total fatty acids. There were higher levels of PUFA such as 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in PL than in neutral lipids. Muscle of the silver carp was stored at 20°C, and changes of lipid classes during storage were examined. Free fatty acids increased, and PL decreased during storage. This phenomenon was inhibited by heating the muscle, suggesting that lipid hydrolysis by phospholipase occurred in silver carp muscle.
Investigation of crude latex from various Carica papaya varietices for lipid bioconversions
Authors: Caro Yanis , Villeneuve Pierre , Pina Michel , Reynes Max , Graille Jean 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe protein contents in crude latices from various varieties of papaya (Carica papaya) and their catalytic activities in proteolysis, lipolysis, and interesterification reactions were studied with regard to the variety, the geographic location of cultures, and the frequency of fruit tapping. Biocatalytic activities of these raw materials were compared to several commercially available crude and purified preparations of papain. These investigations were carried out in order to have a better physicochemical characterization of these raw materials, to select the adequate papaya latex for protein or lipid bioconversions, and to valorize them on an industrial scale. For the purified preparations of papain, only proteolytic activity was obtained. All crude papaya latices exhibit proteolytic, lipolytic, and interesterification activities, and no relationship between the proteolytic and lipolytic activities was observed. The high multiple correlation coefficient (R) on the order of R=0.93–0.99, obtained from the regression analysis for the lipolytic and interesterification activities for all crude papaya latices investigated suggested that there was a correlation between these enzyme activities. However, for the same lipase preparation, the interesterification activity differed substantially depending on the type of interesterification reaction.
Preparation of Glycinin and β‐Conglycinin from High‐Sucrose/Low‐Stachyose Soybeans
Authors: Deak Nicolas A. , Murphy Patricia A. , Johnson Lawrence A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new soybean line, known as high‐sucrose/low‐stachyose (HS/LS) soybeans, has been developed having elevated sucrose content and reduced content of flatus‐causing oligosaccharides, especially stachyose. There is also increased interest in understanding the health benefits, functional properties and potential applications for the two major storage proteins of soybeans, glycinin and β‐conglycinin. We evaluated the protein fractionation behavior of a HS/LS soybean line and compared it to normal soybeans when using the three‐step Wu procedure, which employs SO2, NaCl and precipitations at pH 6.4 and 4.8 and a new two‐step Deak procedure, which employs SO2, CaCl2 and precipitations at pH 6.4 and 4.8. Both soybean variety and fractionation procedure significantly affected fraction yields, purities and functional properties. The Wu procedure gave glycinin‐ and β‐conglycinin‐rich fractions with 100% purities and high yields of solids (15.4%) and protein (31.7%) from HS/LS soy flour, which were significantly higher than the purities and yields achieved with normal soybeans. The Deak procedure was less efficient in fractionating proteins from HS/LS soybeans than from normal soybeans, producing protein fractions from HS/LS soybeans with purities ranging from 71 to 80%. The Deak procedures yielded products with unique solubilities, surface hydrophobicities, and emulsification and foaming properties.
Quantitative sensory testing of patients with long lasting Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Authors: Jensen Roar , Hystad Torill , Kvale Alice , Baerheim Anders 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground: Anterior knee pain, diagnosed as Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS), is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems found in adolescents and young adults. There is no consensus in medical literature concerning the aetiology of the PFPS.Aims: To assess by means of Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) whether patients suffering from long‐lasting unilateral PFPS demonstrate somatosensory dysfunction related to afferent fibres from the local pain area.Methods: A descriptive non‐experimental study with two independent samples, consisting of 25 men and women between 18 and 44 years of age with unilateral PFPS, and a comparable group of 23 healthy subjects. Somedic Thermotest apparatus was used to assess thresholds of thermal perception, and of heat and cold pain thresholds. Von Frey filaments were used to detect tactile sensitivity. Furthermore, quality and intensity of knee pain, symptoms and signs from a clinical neurological examination were recorded.Results: Decreased sensitivity to tactile stimulation, when tested with von Frey filaments, was demonstrated on both the painful and pain‐free knee in subjects with PFPS, compared to the mean between the knees of the control group (p ≤ 0.001). The mean detection threshold for warmth was increased by 1.9 °C (p ≤ 0.01) in the painful knee, and 1.4 °C (p ≤ 0.01) in the non‐painful knee in the PFPS group, compared to the mean of the healthy control group. The mean detection threshold for cold was increased by 1.6 °C (p ≤ 0.01) in the painful knee of the PFPS group, compared to the control group. These findings were supported by clinical sensory tests. No significant differences of mean thermal pain thresholds between the PFPS group and controls were found, and there were no significant differences in mean detection thresholds for warmth, cold or thermal pain thresholds between the painful and the non‐painful knees in the PFPS group.Conclusion: This study demonstrated an abnormal sensory function in the painful and non‐painful knee in some individuals with long lasting unilateral Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome using Quantitative Sensory Testing supported by clinical neurological examinations. A dysfunction of the peripheral and/or the central nervous system may cause neuropathic pain in some subjects with PFPS.
Vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the developing mouse barrel cortex
Authors: Liguz‐Lecznar M. , Skangiel‐Kramska J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThree vesicular glutamate transporters have been identified in mammals. Two of them, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, define the glutamatergic phenotype and their distribution in the brain is almost complementary. In the present study we examined the distribution and expression levels of these two VGLUTs during postnatal development of the mouse barrel cortex. We also investigated changes in the localization of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 within particular compartments of the barrel field (barrels/septa) during its development. We found differences in the time course of developmental expression, with VGLUT1 peaking around P14, while VGLUT2 increased gradually until adulthood. Over the examined period (P3 – adult) both transporters had stronger expression in the barrel interiors, and in this compartment VGLUT2 dominated, whereas in the inter‐barrel septa VGLUT1 dominated over VGLUT2. Furthermore, we found that some nerve terminals in the barrel cortex coexpressed both transporters until adulthood. Colocalization was observed within the barrels, but not within the septa.
Ultrastructural identification of oligodendrocyte/myelin proteins in corpus callosum of hypothyroid animals
Authors: Ferreira A.A. , Pereira M.J.S. , Manhães A.C. , Barradas P.C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThyroid hormone (T3) deficiency impairs the development of the CNS, particularly myelination. We have previously described an increase in the frequency of morphological abnormalities in the central myelin sheath in a hypothyroidism model, which reinforced the hypothesis of a role for T3 in myelin compaction. However, there are no data concerning the cellular distribution of myelin proteins in hypothyroid animals. In the present work, we describe the distribution of 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNPase), myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) throughout the central myelin sheath of a hypothyroidism model. We used euthyroid and hypothyroid adult rats at 90 days of age. In order to induce hypothyroid status, animals received 0.02% methimazol from the 19th gestation day onwards. After perfusion with a fixative mixture, small pieces of corpus callosum were obtained, dehydrated and embedded in LR White resin. Ultrathin sections were immunoreacted, using specific antibodies revealed by a secondary antibody coupled to colloidal gold particles of 10 nm. Gold particle density per region of myelin sheath for each one of these proteins was obtained. In normal animals, CNPase, PLP and MBP were identified in sites that had already been described in previous studies. In hypothyroid animals, CNPase was identified in the region corresponding to compact lamellae, which normally does not contain this protein, while, in this same region, PLP and MBP immunolabeling were decreased. These results suggest that thyroid hormone deficiency impairs the distribution of the major oligodendrocyte/myelin markers. This effect may justify the reduction in myelin sheath compaction previously demonstrated in a similar model of hypothyroidism.
The Functional Significance of the Oblique Retinacular Ligament of Landsmeer. A Review and New Proposals
Authors: BENDZ PER 
Published: January 2007

The author presents a review of the current ideas of the function of the oblique retinacular ligament, first introduced by Landsmeer. It was suggested that the oblique ligament plays an important role in synchronizing the movements of the two distal phalanges and that it initiates extension of the maximally flexed distal phalanx. The author raises some objections to these ideas, referring partly to experiments performed by Harris and partly to some experiments reported in the present paper. These experiments disclosed that extension of the maximally flexed distal phalanges was actively initiated by motor forces. The author proposes another function of the oblique retinacular ligament, i.e. as a restraining and thus stabilizing force of the flexed terminal phalanx when the fingertip is used for pressure while the proximal interphalangeal joint is forced into full extension.
Median Nerve Function After Tendon Transfer For Ulnar Paralysis
Authors: BRANDSMA J. W. , BRAND P. W. 
Published: January 2007

This is a long term follow-up study of the median nerves of 128 leprosy patients who originally had pure ulnar palsy for which they had tendon transfers to correct claw hand. Of the thirty-one cases in which the carpal tunnel was not used as a pathway for tendon grafts, 16% developed median palsy in the subsequent years. Of the ninety-seven cases in which tendon grafts were passed through the carpal tunnel, 7% developed a transient median nerve palsy and 11% developed permanent median palsy. None of the median nerve palsies developed during the weeks or months of post-operative re-education or observation, but were noted at follow-up visits months or years later. It is concluded that the use of the carpal tunnel did not significantly affect the status of those high-risk median nerves in cases of leprosy.
Postoperative Results of Looped Nylon Suture Used in Injuries of The Digital Flexor Tendons
Authors: IKUTA Y. , TSUGE K. 
Published: January 2007

Primary or delayed suture was performed on 174 patients involving 234 digits with flexor tendon injury on the day of injury to a maximum of 486 days after injury during the past eight years from 1974. In the treatment a 4-0 or 5-0 looped nylon suture was used. Follow-up study was made on 121 patients involving 164 digits in whom at least six months had elapsed since the operation. The evaluation showed the results in 53.0% excellent, 15.3% good, 18.9% fair and 12.8% poor. Discussion is made of a number of factors which have effects upon the results of treatment of flexor tendon injury of the hand.
ArabidopsisWEE1 Kinase Controls Cell Cycle Arrest in Response to Activation of the DNA Integrity Checkpoint
Authors: De Schutter Kristof , Joubès Jérôme , Cools Toon , Verkest Aurine , Corellou Florence , Babiychuk Elena , Van Der Schueren Els , Beeckman Tom , Kushnir Sergeï , Inzé Dirk , De Veylder Lieven 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUpon the incidence of DNA stress, the ataxia telangiectasia–mutated (ATM) and Rad3-related (ATR) signaling kinases activate a transient cell cycle arrest that allows cells to repair DNA before proceeding into mitosis. Although the ATM-ATR pathway is highly conserved over species, the mechanisms by which plant cells stop their cell cycle in response to the loss of genome integrity are unclear. We demonstrate that the cell cycle regulatory WEE1 kinase gene of Arabidopsis thaliana is transcriptionally activated upon the cessation of DNA replication or DNA damage in an ATR- or ATM-dependent manner, respectively. In accordance with a role for WEE1 in DNA stress signaling, WEE1-deficient plants showed no obvious cell division or endoreduplication phenotype when grown under nonstress conditions but were hypersensitive to agents that impair DNA replication. Induced WEE1 expression inhibited plant growth by arresting dividing cells in the G2-phase of the cell cycle. We conclude that the plant WEE1 gene is not rate-limiting for cycle progression under normal growth conditions but is a critical target of the ATR-ATM signaling cascades that inhibit the cell cycle upon activation of the DNA integrity checkpoints, coupling mitosis to DNA repair in cells that suffer DNA damage.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell leukaemia/lymphoma: towards a well defined entity?
Authors: Garnache‐Ottou Francine , Feuillard Jean , Saas Philippe 
Published: January 2007

SummaryCD4+/CD56+ haematodermic neoplasm or ‘early’ plasmacytoid dendritic cell leukaemia/lymphoma (pDCL) was described as a disease entity in the last World Health Organisation/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer classification for cutaneous lymphomas. These leukaemia/lymphomas co‐express CD4 and CD56 without any other lineage‐specific markers and have been identified as arising from plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Despite a fairly homogeneous pattern of markers expressed by most pDCL, numerous distinctive features (e.g. cytological aspects and aberrant marker expression) have been reported. This may be related to the ‘lineage‐independent developmental’ programme of dendritic cells, which may be able to develop from either immature or already committed haematopoietic progenitors. This highlights the need for specific validated markers to diagnose such aggressive leukaemia. Here, we propose –among others (e.g. T‐cell leukaemia 1) – blood dendritic cell antigen‐2 and high levels of CD123 expression as potential markers. In addition, we propose a multidisciplinary approach including several fields of haematology to improve pDCL diagnosis.
Matched sibling donor haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Fanconi anaemia: an update of the Cincinnati Children's experience
Authors: Farzin Azadeh , Davies Stella M. , Smith Franklin O. , Filipovich Alexandra , Hansen Matthew , Auerbach Arleen D. , Harris Richard E. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryOur results for 18 patients undergoing matched sibling donor stem cell transplant for Fanconi anaemia at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center were published in 1994. The present report updates our results in 35 consecutive patients. Thirty patients transplanted for marrow aplasia received cyclophosphamide 5 mg/kg for 4 d and 400 cGy thoraco‐abdominal irradiation. Five patients with clones involving chromosome 7, myelodysplastic syndrome or leukaemia received a more aggressive regimen with total body irradiation. Horse antithymocyte globulin was administered in the pretransplant period to promote engraftment and in the post‐transplant period for additional graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. The median age at bone marrow transplantation was 7·6 years. Median day of engraftment was day +12 (range 9–49), eight patients developed acute GVHD and four chronic GVHD, one limited and three extensive. Twenty‐nine of 35 patients (89% actuarial survival at 10 years) had survived with a median follow up of 10·2 years; two children had developed secondary malignancy. All surviving patients had normal blood counts with full donor engraftment. These data indicate excellent long‐term outcomes and serve as a reference for newer radiation‐free preparative regimes that may reduce the risk of late secondary malignancy.
Upregulation of translational machinery and distinct genetic subgroups characterise hyperdiploidy in multiple myeloma
Authors: Agnelli Luca , Fabris Sonia , Bicciato Silvio , Basso Dario , Baldini Luca , Morabito Fortunato , Verdelli Donata , Todoerti Katia , Lambertenghi‐Deliliers Giorgio , Lombardi Luigia , Neri Antonino 
Published: January 2007

SummaryKaryotypic instability, including numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations, represents a distinct feature of multiple myeloma (MM). About 40–50% of patients display hyperdiploidy, defined by recurrent trisomies of non‐random chromosomes. To molecularly characterise hyperdiploid (H) and nonhyperdiploid (NH) MM, we analysed the gene expression profiles of 66 primary tumours, and used fluorescence in situ hybridisation to investigate the major chromosomal alterations. The differential expression of 225 genes mainly involved in protein biosynthesis, transcriptional machinery and oxidative phosphorylation distinguished the 28 H‐MM from the 38 NH‐MM cases. The 204 upregulated genes in H‐MM mapped mainly to the chromosomes involved in hyperdiploidy, and the 29% upregulated genes in NH‐MM mapped to 16q. The identified transcriptional fingerprint was robustly validated on a publicly available gene expression dataset of 64 MM cases; and the global expression modulation of regions on the chromosomes involved in hyperdiploidy was verified using a self‐developed non‐parametric statistical method. H‐MM could be further divided into two distinct molecular and transcriptional entities, characterised by the presence of trisomy 11 and 1q‐extracopies/chromosome 13 deletion respectively. These data reinforce the importance of combining molecular cytogenetics and gene expression profiling to define a genomic framework for the study of MM pathogenesis and clinical management.