bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of Breast Cancer in Asian Women
Authors: Agarwal Gaurav , Pradeep P. V. , Aggarwal Vivek , Yip Cheng‐Har , Cheung Polly S. Y. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIntroductionBreast cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in Asia, and in recent years is emerging as the commonest female malignancy in the developing Asian countries, overtaking cancer of the uterine cervix. There have been no studies objectively comparing data and facts relating to breast cancer in the developed, newly developed, and developing Asian countries thus far.Material and MethodsThis multi‐national collaborative study retrospectively compared the demographic, clinical, pathological and outcomes data in breast cancer patients managed at participating breast cancer centers in India, Malaysia and Hong Kong. Data, including those on the availability of breast screening, treatment facilities and outcomes from other major cancer centers and cancer registries of these countries and from other Asian countries were also reviewed.ResultsDespite an increasing trend, the incidence of breast cancer is lower, yet the cause‐specific mortality is significantly higher in developing Asian countries compared with developed countries in Asia and the rest of the world. Patients are about one decade younger in developing countries than their counterparts in developed nations. The proportions of young patients (< 35 years) vary from about 10% in developed to up to 25% in developing Asian countries, which carry a poorer prognosis. In the developing countries, the majority of breast cancer patients continue to be diagnosed at a relatively late stage, and locally advanced cancers constitute over 50% of all patients managed. The stage‐wise distribution of the disease is comparatively favorable in developed Asian countries. Pathology of breast cancers in young Asian women and the clinical picture are different from those of average patients managed elsewhere in the world. Owing to lack of awareness, lack of funding, lack of infrastructure, and low priority in public health schemes, breast cancer screening and early detection have not caught up in these under‐privileged societies.ConclusionsThe inadequacies of health care infrastructures and standards, sociocultural barriers, economic realities, illiteracy, and the differences in the clinical and pathological attributes of this disease in Asian women compared with the rest of the world together result in a different spectrum of the disease. Better socioeconomic conditions, health awareness, and availability of breast cancer screening in developed Asian countries seem to be the major causes of a favorable clinical picture and outcomes in these countries.
Solubilization, Surface Active and Thermodynamic Parameters of Gemini Amphiphiles Bearing Nonionic Hydrophilic Spacers
Authors: Negm Nabel A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA series of novel nine symmetric diquaternary gemini amphiphiles was synthesized having the formula: urn:x-wiley:10973958:media:jsde0071:jsde0071-math-0001where R1 = C11H23COOCH2CH2, C15H31COOCH2CH2 and/or C17H35COOCH2CH2 alkyl chain, R = CH2CH2OH and n = 10, 15 and 25 ethylene oxide units. Surface active properties at air‐aqueous solution were determined using Gibb's adsorption equations including critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness (πCMC), efficiency (pC20) and minimum surface area (Amin). The effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic chain length on the surface and thermodynamic parameters of the diquaternary surfactants were discussed. Surface tension–concentration profiles of diquaternary amphiphiles display the formation of various aggregative structures, e.g., spherical micelles and lamellar shapes, as well as bearing lower critical micelle concentration than the expected values for the corresponding N+/CH2 ratio of monoquaternary amphiphiles. The calculations of minimum surface area (Amin) appear to have higher values for the molecules at the interface, reinforcing the idea of air–water interface attachment of both positively charged nitrogen atoms. Thermodynamic data including, free energy, entropy and enthalpy changes (ΔG, ΔS, ΔH) for adsorption at the air–water interface and also for micellization in the bulk of surfactant solutions were calculated. The data showed a great tendency of the synthesized molecules for adsorption at the interfaces rather than micellization in the bulk of their solutions. Solubilization behaviors of the prepared amphiphiles were described as a vital application of these compounds. The effect of their structures on the solubilization process towards polar and nonpolar solubilizates was also explained.
Mitochondrial superoxide radicals mediate programmed cell death in Trypanosoma cruzi: cytoprotective action of mitochondrial iron superoxide dismutase overexpression
Authors: Piacenza Lucía , Irigoín Florencia , Alvarez María Noel , Peluffo Gonzalo , Taylor Martin C. , Kelly John M. , Wilkinson Shane R. , Radi Rafael 
Published: March 2007

Trypanosoma cruzi undergo PCD (programmed cell death) under appropriate stimuli, the mechanisms of which remain to be established. In the present study, we show that stimulation of PCD in T. cruzi epimastigotes by FHS (fresh human serum) results in rapid (&lt;1 h) externalization of phosphatidylserine and depletion of the low molecular mass thiols dihydrotrypanothione and glutathione. Concomitantly, enhanced generation of oxidants was established by EPR and immuno-spin trapping of radicals using DMPO (5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide) and augmentation of the glucose flux through the pentose phosphate pathway. In the early period (&lt;20 min), changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibition of respiration, probably due to the impairment of ADP/ATP exchange with the cytosol, were observed, conditions that favour the generation of O2•−. Accelerated rates of mitochondrial O2•− production were detected by the inactivation of the redox-sensitive mitochondrial aconitase and by oxidation of a mitochondrial-targeted probe (MitoSOX). Importantly, parasites overexpressing mitochondrial FeSOD (iron superoxide dismutase) were more resistant to the PCD stimulus, unambiguously indicating the participation of mitochondrial O2•− in the signalling process. In summary, FHS-induced PCD in T. cruzi involves mitochondrial dysfunction that causes enhanced O2•− formation, which leads to cellular oxidative stress conditions that trigger the initiation of PCD cascades; moreover, overexpression of mitochondrial FeSOD, which is also observed during metacyclogenesis, resulted in cytoprotective effects.
Does the calcein-AM method assay the total cellular ‘labile iron pool’ or only a fraction of it?
Authors: Tenopoulou Margarita , Kurz Tino , Doulias Paschalis-Thomas , Galaris Dimitrios , Brunk Ulf T. 
Published: March 2007

The calcein-AM (calcein-acetoxymethyl ester) method is a widely used technique that is supposed to assay the intracellular ‘labile iron pool’ (LIP). When cells in culture are exposed to this ester, it passes the plasma membrane and reacts with cytosolic unspecific esterases. One of the reaction products, calcein, is a fluorochrome and a hydrophilic alcohol to which membranes are non-permeable and which, consequently, is retained within the cytosol of cells. Calcein fluorescence is quenched following chelation of low-mass labile iron, and the degree of quenching gives an estimate of the amounts of chelatable iron. However, a requirement for the assay to be able to demonstrate cellular LIP in total is that such iron be localized in the cytosol and not in a membrane-limited compartment. For some time it has been known that a major part of cellular, redox-active, labile, low-mass iron is temporarily localized in the lysosomal compartment as a result of the autophagic degradation of ferruginous materials, such as mitochondrial complexes and ferritin. Even if some calcein-AM may escape cytosolic esterases and enter lysosomes to be cleaved by lysosomal acidic esterases, the resulting calcein does not significantly chelate iron at &lt;pH 5. In the present study we show that the calcein-AM method does not capture lysosomal low-mass iron and, therefore, that the method seriously underestimates total cellular labile iron.
Relationships between vegetation and bird community composition in grasslands of the Serengeti
Authors: Gottschalk Thomas K. , Ekschmitt Klemens , Bairlein Franz 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Serengeti–Mara ecosystem holds one of the largest natural grasslands of the world, which is well known for its large herds of mammals. However, the bird community structure of these grasslands has hardly ever been studied. For the first time, a large‐scale study on grassland bird communities has been conducted in all typical open grasslands of the Serengeti National Park. We used ten grassland plots representing a gradient of increasing vegetation height and also including shrubs and trees to analyse the influence of vegetation structure on the composition of grassland bird communities. Three communities of breeding birds were identified in relation to (a) short grass, (b) intermediate and long grass and (c) wooded grasslands. The bird communities of intermediate, long and wooded grassland were very similar, because of identical dominant bird species. Our results suggest that breeding birds of East African grasslands exhibit two contrasting habitat relationships: (1) birds that are restricted to short grass, and (2) species that are tolerant to vegetational shifts from intermediate grass via long grass to early stages of woody vegetation. Because the vegetation is often driven beyond this range in managed tropical grasslands through high grazing pressure or through shrub encroachment, we expect that the long‐grass bird communities will not generally resist anthropogenic disturbance.
Diel variation of limnological parameters in a reservoir in northeastern Brazil (Boa Esperança, Maranhão/Piauí): Rainy period
Authors: Cavalcante Paulo Roberto Saraiva , Rodrigues Maria do Socorro , Barroso Marcel Felipe Sousa , Barbieri Ricardo , Serra Carmen Lúcia Martins , Oliveira Rosana Carla Alves 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe diel variation of limnological parameters, measured in Boa Esperança Reservoir, Brazil during the rainy period, exhibited small temperature gradients characterized by an increase in temperature by midday, followed by a partial homogenization of the water column in the night and the early morning. The result was an increase in the epilimnion to a depth of 17 m. The pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations showed higher values at the surface, with the occurrence of anomalies (concentrations higher than at the surface) of the latter variable in the epilimnion, probably as a result of the activity of primary producers and/or losses of oxygen to the atmosphere. The chemical forms of iron in the reservoir exhibited increasing concentrations with depth, as a result of an increase in the concentration of seston and/or accentuated reduction of the levels of oxygen in the bottom layers. The reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the bottom water layers in the reservoir, in addition to the primary production process in the epilimnion, could explain the increased phosphorus in the bottom water layer. The concentrations of nitrogen compounds did not exhibit relevant changes or a defined evolution profile, except for nitrate, which showed an outstanding increase in the bottom water layers, suggesting it could be an important nitrogen source for primary producers. Although not unequivocal, these data suggest that ecosystem instability in Boa Esperança Reservoir is the product of short diel thermal variations, and the reduced input of allochthonous materials and nutrients from local catchment. These conditions guarantee the oligotrophic status of Boa Esperança Reservoir for the present time.
Factors associated with change in walking ability in very elderly patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Hirakawa Yoshihisa , Masuda Yuichiro , Kuzuya Masafumi , Iguchi Akihisa , Kimata Takaya , Uemura Kazumasa 
Published: March 2007

Background:  The aim of this substudy was to identify the predictors of a lesser ability to walk in very elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods:  Data from 15 acute care hospitals in the Tokai Acute Myocardial Infarction Study (TAMIS)‐II sample were used. This is a prospective study of all patients admitted to the hospitals with the diagnosis of AMI from 2001 to 2003. We abstracted the baseline and procedural characteristics including walking ability from detailed chart reviews. In this substudy, patients aged 75 and over were included. Patients were stratified into two categories: 412 patients whose ability to walk was maintained (MA group) and 30 patients whose ability to walk declined (DA group).Results:  The DA patients were more likely to have a lower body mass index (BMI) score and signs of heart failure on presentation (cardiac shock, 56.7% vs 15.5%; Killip class > or = III, 73.3% vs 36.6%; pulmonary edema, 60.0% vs 27.91%). DA group patients were more likely to receive vasopressors, intra‐aortic balloon pump, or mechanical ventilation. After controlling for statistically significant predictors of a declined ability to walk, DA group patients were significantly more slender than MA group patients, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.62–0.91). DA group patients had a higher shock or mechanical ventilation rate than MA group patients, but not significantly.Conclusions:  Our results suggest that a lower BMI value and severe heart failure are significant predictors of reduced walking ability during hospitalization among very elderly patients with AMI.
Social Dominance in Romantic Relationships: A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Non‐verbal Processes
Authors: Ostrov Jamie M. , Collins W. Andrew 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe study of social dominance has a long tradition within the peer relationships literature, but rarely has the topic been investigated observationally and longitudinally within other salient close relationships. The present study investigated the role of experiences in social relationships and adjustment indices in childhood in predicting later observed non‐verbal social dominance behaviors in the context of romantic relationships in emerging adults. Analyses from a subsample (N = 70) from a 29‐year prospective longitudinal study revealed links between early peer behavior and subsequent romantic relationship interactions for men and women. Non‐verbal social dominance behaviors were concurrently associated with poor romantic relationship quality, conflict, and physical and verbal aggression within the dyad. Both childhood externalizing and internalizing behaviors significantly predicted non‐verbal social dominance behaviors in the romantic partner interactions.
Integration into the Australian Labour Market: The Experience of Three “Visibly Different” Groups of Recently Arrived Refugees1
Authors: Colic‐Peisker Val , Tilbury Farida 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the effects of “visible difference” on employment outcomes of three recently arrived refugee2 groups: ex‐Yugoslavs, black Africans, and people from the Middle East. The paper draws on data collected through a survey (150 questionnaire‐based face‐to‐face interviews conducted by bilingual interviewers) of refugees who settled in Western Australia over the past decade. Results indicate different outcomes for respondents from the three backgrounds despite similar levels of human capital and similar length of residence. Our evidence supports a “political economy of labour migration” interpretation for the differential outcomes, based on both structural and interpersonal racism, rather than a neo‐classical explanation which holds that the job market is “blind to ethnicity”. Despite high unemployment and loss of occupational status, predominantly highly educated refugees were relatively satisfied with their lives in Australia.
Identification and characterization of simple sequence repeat markers from Brassica napus expressed sequences
Authors: BATLEY JACQUELINE , HOPKINS CLARE J. , COGAN NOEL O. I. , HAND MELANIE , JEWELL ERICA , KAUR JATINDER , KAUR SUKHJIWAN , LI XI , LING ALISON E. , LOVE CHRISTOPHER , MOUNTFORD HAYLEY , TODOROVIC MARIJA , VARDY MEGAN , WALKIEWICZ MARZENA , SPANGENBERG GERMAN C. , EDWARDS DAVID 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe availability of expressed sequence data derived from gene discovery programs enables mining for simple sequence repeats (SSR), providing useful genetic markers for crop improvement. These markers are inexpensive, require minimal labour to produce and can frequently be associated with functionally annotated genes. This study presents the development and characterization of 24 expressed sequence tags (EST)‐SSR markers from Brassica napus and their cross‐amplification across Brassica species. The markers show reliable amplification, genome specificity and considerable polymorphism, demonstrating the utility of EST‐SSRs for genetic analysis of wild Brassica populations and commercial Brassica germplasm.
Investigating Gender Differences in Alcohol Problems: A Latent Trait Modeling Approach
Authors: Nichol Penny E. , Krueger Robert F. , Iacono William G. 
Published: March 2007

Background: Inconsistent results have been found in research investigating gender differences in alcohol problems. Previous studies of gender differences used a wide range of methodological techniques, as well as limited assortments of alcohol problems.Methods: Parents (1,348 men and 1,402 women) of twins enrolled in the Minnesota Twin Family Study answered questions about a wide range of alcohol problems. A latent trait modeling technique was used to evaluate gender differences in the probability of endorsement at the problem level and for the overall 105‐problem scale.Results: Of the 34 problems that showed significant gender differences, 29 were more likely to be endorsed by men than women with equivalent overall alcohol problem levels. These male‐oriented symptoms included measures of heavy drinking, duration of drinking, tolerance, and acting out behaviors. Nineteen symptoms were denoted for removal to create a scale that favored neither gender in assessment.Conclusions: Significant gender differences were found in approximately one‐third of the symptoms assessed and in the overall scale. Further examination of the nature of gender differences in alcohol problem symptoms should be undertaken to investigate whether a gender‐neutral scale should be created or if men and women should be assessed with separate criteria for alcohol dependence and abuse.
THE COEFFICIENTS OF THE HOMFLYPT AND THE KAUFFMAN POLYNOMIALS ARE POINTWISE LIMITS OF VASSILIEV INVARIANTS
Authors: HELME-GUIZON LAURE 
Published: March 2007

The Vassiliev conjecture states that the Vassiliev invariants are dense in the space of all numerical link invariants in the sense that any link invariant is a pointwise limit of Vassiliev invariants. In this article, we prove that the Vassiliev conjecture holds in the case of the coefficients of the HOMFLY and the Kauffman polynomials.
Horizontal Wavenumber Spectra of Vertical Vorticity and Horizontal Divergence in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere
Authors: Lindborg Erik 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The author shows that the horizontal two-point correlations of vertical vorticity and the associated vorticity wavenumber spectrum can be constructed from previously measured velocity structure functions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The spectrum has a minimum around k = 10−2 cycles per kilometer (cpkm) corresponding to wavelengths of 100 km. For smaller wavenumbers it displays a k−1 range and for higher wavenumbers, corresponding to mesoscale motions, it grows as k1/3. The two-point correlation of horizontal divergence of horizontal velocity and the associated horizontal spectrum is also constructed. The horizontal divergence spectrum is of the same order of magnitude as the vorticity spectrum in the mesoscale range and show similar inertial range scaling. It is argued that these results show that the mesoscale motions are not dominated by internal gravity waves. Instead, the author suggests that the dynamic origin of the k1/3 range is stratified turbulence. However, in contrast to Lilly, the author finds that stratified turbulence is not a phenomenon associated with an upscale energy cascade, but with a downscale energy cascade.
Resonance in Optimal Perturbation Evolution. Part II: Effects of a Nonzero Mean PV Gradient
Authors: de Vries H. , Opsteegh J. D. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Optimal perturbations are constructed for a two-layer β-plane extension of the Eady model. The surface and interior dynamics is interpreted using the concept of potential vorticity building blocks (PVBs), which are zonally wavelike, vertically confined sheets of quasigeostrophic potential vorticity. The results are compared with the Charney model and with the two-layer Eady model without β. The authors focus particularly on the role of the different growth mechanisms in the optimal perturbation evolution.
The optimal perturbations are constructed allowing only one PVB, three PVBs, and finally a discrete equivalent of a continuum of PVBs to be present initially. On the f plane only the PVB at the surface and at the tropopause can be amplified. In the presence of β, however, PVBs influence each other’s growth and propagation at all levels. Compared to the two-layer f-plane model, the inclusion of β slightly reduces the surface growth and propagation speed of all optimal perturbations. Responsible for the reduction are the interior PVBs, which are excited by the initial PVB after initialization. Their joint effect is almost as strong as the effect from the excited tropopause PVB, which is also negative at the surface.
If the optimal perturbation is composed of more than one PVB, the Orr mechanism dominates the initial amplification in the entire troposphere. At low levels, the interaction between the surface PVB and the interior tropospheric PVBs (in particular those near the critical level) takes over after about half a day, whereas the interaction between the tropopause PVB and the interior PVBs is responsible for the main amplification in the upper troposphere. In all cases in which more than one PVB is used, the growing normal mode configuration is not reached at optimization time.