bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding R&D value creation with organizational simulation
Authors: Bodner Douglas A. , Rouse William B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractResearch and development functions are fundamental drivers of value creation in technology‐based enterprises. Successful R&D is a function of invention and R&D management. This paper studies R&D management issues from the perspective of their effect on value creation. The particular issues studied are: (i) How does one attach a value to a particular proposed R&D activity, and (ii) how does one allocate funding over the various stages comprising an R&D value stream? Organizational simulation is used in an experiment to determine the value creation effectiveness of alternative investment policies. Experimental results indicate the superiority of valuation methods (options pricing vs. traditional net present value approaches) and budget allocation strategies under differing conditions and differing value‐oriented performance measures. An application of the model to R&D in the forest products industry is presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 64–82, 2007
Reforming practice or modifying reforms?: Elementary teachers' response to the tools of reform
Authors: Smith Leigh K. , Southerland Sherry A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUnderstanding the interaction between internally constructed and externally imposed aspects of the teaching context may be the missing link between calls for school reform and teachers' interpretation and implementation of that reform. Although the context of the local school culture has a profound impact on teachers, there are other external forces that are specifically aimed at influencing teachers' pedagogical and curricular decisions. These externally imposed aspects of context include some of the existing tools of reform, such as national standards, mandated state core curricula, and related criterion‐referenced testing. However, little is known about how these reform tools impact teachers' thinking about science and science teaching or how teachers respond to such tools. This study examined the interactions between individual teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning science in elementary school and the tools of reform that are imposed upon them. Comparative case studies were conducted in which two elementary teachers' science instruction, teaching context, and related beliefs were examined, described, and analyzed. In this study, the teachers' fundamental beliefs about science and what it means to teach and learn science influenced their interpretations of the sometimes contradictory messages of reform as they are represented in the standards, mandated curriculum, and end‐of‐level tests. Suggestions about what these findings mean for needed aspects of teacher professional development are offered. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 396–423, 2007
The estimation of population size, migration rates and survival in a stratified population
Authors: Neil Arnason A. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryEstimates of survival, migration rates, and population size are developed for a triple catch marking experiment on n (n>‐2) areas with migration among all areas and death in all areas occurring, but no recruitment (birth). This repressents the extension to three sampling times of the method ofChapman andJunge (1956) for estimates in a stratified population. The method is further extented to allow for ‘losses on capture’.
A preliminary study on collembolan populations in a pine forest
Authors: Takeda Hiroshi 
Published: January 2007

Summary
A study was made of the populations of Collembola in the pine forest. Among the eight species commonly found, Folsomia octoculataHandschin was numerically dominant.
Seasonal population changes of these eight species were described over a year. It was found that many species show two peaks in number. As for F. octoculata, the dominant species, the changes in number was discussed in connection with the variation in age structure.
The census data for each species were examined for the distribution pattern by using the regression method. None of these eight species was distributed at random in the soil and they could be classified into three groups based on the differences in the degree of aggregation in terms of coefficient β of the regression. It was suggested that such differences in the distribution pattern are largely due to differences in the response to heterogeneity of the habitat. In the case of F. octoculata, the changes of distribution pattern in the course of post‐embryonic development were examined and it was found that (a) the component of distribution is a single individual rather than a colony, and (b) the degree of aggregation is decreased with the development of individuals.
Using the relationship, the relation of the necessary sample size to the population density was derived for a fixed level of presision (D=S.E./m=0.2) and some suggestions were given concerning sampling plans for these insects.
An analysis of the kinematics of swarming of Anarete pritchardi kim (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Okubo Akira , Chiang H. C. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryMovies of swarming of a cecidomyiid midge Anarete pritchardiKim, are analysed to provide kinematic data for swarming. Statistical characteristics calculated from the basic data are the mean, variance, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of the insect coordinates; insect number‐density distribution in space, frequency distribution of insect velocities; velocity autocorrelation coefficients; effective advective velocity and diffusivity for swarming, among others.Analyses show that the motion inside the swarm is more or less random although we occasionally notice some kind of interaction between individuals. An inward velocity is detected for insects flying at the edge of the swarm.Mathematical models based on a combined process of diffusion and of nondiffusion are compared with the kinetic data to evaluate the parameters involved in the model. The result indicates that the mathematical model is realistic and useful.A few features of midge behavior in swarming flight are also noted. The result obtained for midge kinetics should be applicable to swarms of some other insects and animals.
On interference among larvae of the greasy cutworm, Agrotis ypsilonrott. (lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Murai Minoru 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe greasy cut worm, Agrotis ypsilonRott., has a characteristic habit; the larva feeds on the small seedling of the host plant. Studies in a population in outbreak area suggested that the food shortage temporally took place, causing the reduction of weights of pupae and adults. The fact that this species depends on the small seedling as the host seemed to be responsible for this food shortage. However, it was found that the larval crowding also affected the body weight, even if the food was supplied in excess. It was further suggested that the weight reduction is due to the injury caused by the encounter of larvae.The oviposition habit to lay small egg masses and the aggressive behaviour of the larva was considered to be responsible for the uniform distribution at the later larval stage. Probably, the larval dispersion enabled the larva to forage in the most effective way as well as it protected the larva from the attack of another ones. As a result, this would enable the maximum number of individuals to survive. It seemed that the functions noted above did not work in the population being under outbreak condition, because the larval density was unusually high due to mass‐invasion of moths.
Effects of molecular weight distribution of nonionic surfactants on stability of O/W emulsions
Authors: Saito Yoshihiro , Sato Takatoshi , Anazawa Ichiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFrom the relationship between the distribution width of oxyethylene (OE) or alkyl chains and O/W emulsions stability, it became evident that even with the same average OE or alkyl chain lengths, the phase‐inversion temperature (PIT) and O/W emulsion stability depend on width. However, emulsification at the PIT invariably results in a very stable O/W emulsion. Emulsifiers with a large distribution width of OE or alkyl chains were also found to improve O/W emulsion stability.
Syntheses of 2‐(N‐alkyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonio)ethyl hydrogen phosphates and their physicochemical properties
Authors: Tsubone Kazuyuki , Uchida Noriko 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA series of new amphoteric surfactants, having a quaternary ammonium group and a phosphoric acid group, 2‐(N‐alkyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonio)ethyl hydrogen phosphates (alkyl: dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl), were prepared by introducing a phosphoric acid group into N‐alkyl‐N,N‐dimethyl‐(N‐2‐hydroxyethyl) ammoniumiodide, followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide and removal of inorganic salts. By the evaluation of the physicochemical properties, it was found that the phosphobetaines behave like “nonionic” surfactant in the zwitterionic region, having very small CMC values in comparison with sodium 2‐(N‐alkyl‐N‐methylamino)ethyl hydrogen phosphates. Additionally, similar trends were also observed in the experiments from the point of the effect of electrolyte and temperature on CMC, respectively. It should be considered that the hydrophobicity of the surfactant molecule is increased by the electronic interaction between the quaternary ammonium group and a phosphoric acid group. On the other hand, the phosphobetaines gave the smaller values of the occupied area per molecule at the air/water interface than sodium 2‐(N‐alkyl‐N‐methylamino)ethyl hydrogen phosphates. Therefore, it is clear that the phosphobetaines have higher surface‐active properties than the amphoteric surfactants.
A new titrimetric analysis for ethylene oxide condensates
Authors: Weeks Lloyd E. , Lewis John T. , Ginn Martin E. 
Published: January 2007

Summary and ConclusionsA critical review of the literature was made in search of suitable methods for analyzing ethylene oxide condensates. These studies led to the development of a rapid empirical titrimetric method for measuring nonionic hydrophobicity based on a water titration of a condensate dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) and benzene. The end‐point is identified by a definite solution turbidity. Calibration curves were prepared from known condensates.This method should be useful for analysis of adducts in plant quality control and also for nonionics with known hydrophobes. Ether type adducts can not. (Ethylene oxide in esters can be calculated from their saponification values.) Examples of adducts which can be identified by the titrimetric method are those based on fatty alcohols and alkylphenols. Proprietary nonionics analyzed by the DMF method had ethylene oxide values in agreement with those claimed by the manufacturers. DMF data also compare favorably with that by hydriodic acid cleavage.
Problems arising in connection with the use of antioxidants in the food industry
Authors: Tollenaar F. D. , Vos H. J. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryInvestigations on the use of the gallic acid esters, butylated hydroxyanisole, and butylated hydroxytoluene as antioxidants in animal fats, vegetable oils, margarine, and bakery products are described. It was found that the gallates and BHT were highly effective in lard; BHA was of lesser importance.In vegetable oils scarcely any effect was observed although some antioxidants might be able to suppress peroxide formation in these products; the flavor evaluations however are not always in accordance with these findings.In margarine it was found that some antioxidants had a promising effect on the peroxide formation but only a slight effect on the flavor. Mixtures of antioxidants however could exercise a synergistic effect on the organoleptic qualities.In bakery products,e.g., Dutch shortbread, BHT can afford good protection against flavor deterioration.Mention is made of the fact that the dissociation of peroxides is governed primarily by their concentration and that fats with a peroxide value of 25 to 50 meq/kg. are very stable on heating at 100°C. without air‐passage.
A simplified and precise flavor evaluation procedure for determining oxidative rancidity in vegetable oils
Authors: Wyatt C. Jane , Day E. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHigh correlations were observed between the flavor evaluation procedure and objective chemical tests for measuring oxidative deterioration in stored corn, cottonseed, safflower, and soybean oils. The high correlations observed are believed to result from the precision of the flavor threshold testing procedure. Therefore, when suitable flavor testing methods are employed, the chemical methods become more valuable in assessing the quality of an oil. Milk is recommended as the testing media because of its desirable properties.
Preparation and phase behavior of positionally isomeric propylene glycol monoesters
Authors: Martin J. B. , Lutton E. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPrimary even‐chain‐length monoesters of propylene glycol (1,2‐propanediol), myristate through behenate, have been prepared, and also the secondary monostearate. Phase behavior of the pure compounds and of the binary system of isomeric stearates has been studied. This behavior is one of considerable complexity. The highest‐melting stable form of the primary stearate is a single‐chain‐length (SCL) perpendicular form (Form II) of very weak long‐spacing intensities. A metastable perpendicular double‐chain‐length (DCL)a form occurs at the (metastable) melting point after chilling the primary esters; it transforms to a perpendicular DCL Form III on cooling. Low temp crystallization from dilute hexane gives a titled DCL Form I, the typical room temp form in crude preparations of primary ester. The secondary stearate exhibits a single similar DCL Form I at 25C and a perpendicular SCL a form just under the melting point of the chilled melt. Polymorphism is modified by mol wt and purity. Primary arachidate and behenate do not show Form II, hence show stable a at their (stable) melting points.Repeated crystallization of the 80% primary ester obtained on direct esterification with stearic acid yields pure primary ester. Special synthesis via 1‐tetrahydropyranyl propylene glycol is necessary to prepare pure secondary ester. The pure primary monobehenate could be obtained only by acylation of 2‐tetrahydropyranyl propylene glycol obtained by reduction of tetrahydropyranyl ethyl lactate. Removal of the tetrahydropyranyl blocking groups was accomplished without acyl migration by using boric acid as a cleaving agent.
Hydrogenation of cottonseed oil with reused catalyst
Authors: Albright L. F. , Win M. M. , Woods J. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCottonseed oil was hydrogenated using both new (Rufert catalyst flakes) and reused (up to five uses) catalysts at 130舑169C, at a pressure of 45 psig, and with high degrees of agitation.The activity of the catalyst increased initially with use, especially at 130C, but with continued use the activity decreased. The selectivity of the hydrogenation decreased with reuse of the catalyst, especially at lower temp. Isomerization decreased slightly as the catalyst was used only at higher temps. The induction period found with fresh catalyst at 130C was eliminated in runs with second‐ and third‐use catalyst. A small induction period was noted with fifth‐use catalyst.Treatment of once‐use catalyst with air severely reduced the catalyst activity. Steam‐ and vacuum‐treatment of the catalyst resulted in a slightly less active catalyst than a hydrogen‐treated catalyst. None of these treatments significantly affected selectivity or isomerization.Results of this investigation can be explained in large part by the concn of hydrogen absorbed on the catalyst surface.
A simple and efficient method for the recovery of deodorizer distillates
Authors: Klingerman R. H. , West R. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn improved method has been developed to permit simple and efficient recovery of the distillates from oil deodorizer systems. A description of system and unit operation as well as design parameters are presented. Limited development experience is discussed and related to unit performance. Test methods used to determine unit performance are also discussed. Advantages resulting from use of this method to recover distillates are described to permit relative evaluation of similar systems.
Methods for methanolysis of sphingolipids and direct determination of long‐chain bases by gas chromatography
Authors: Gaver R. C. , Sweeley C. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new, simple procedure is described for the direct gas chromatographic determination of sphingolipid bases as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. This method is used to study the nature of the mixture of bases produced by acidic methanolysis of ceramides, sphingomyelins, free sphingolipid bases, andN‐acetyl derivatives of the latter. Cleavage of sphingolipids with anhydrous methanolic hydrogen chloride results in the production of considerable quantities of secondary products from sphingosine, such as theO‐methyl ethers, which are not formed during methanolysis of free sphingosine. A modified reagent for methanolysis, containing methanol, water and hydrochloric acid, reduces the yield of these by‐products to low levels. Preliminary purification of the sphingolipid bases, before gas chromatography, is achieved by chromatographic procedures. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of C16‐sphingosine in sphingomyelin from human blood plasma.
The solubilities of seven gases in olive oil with references to theories of transport through the cell membrane
Authors: Battino R. , Evans F. D. , Danforth W. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe solubilities of He, Ne, Ar, N2, O2, CO and CO2 in olive oil have been determined in the temperature range 24–56 C. The gas solubility apparatus was a considerably improved version of the one reported by Morrison and Billett and gave a precision, depending on the gas solvent system of ±0.2% to ±1.0%. Plots of log L, the Ostwald coefficient, and log α, the Bunsen coefficient, against 1/TK were linear and showed a small temperature dependence for CO2. The enthalpy and entropy changes corresponding to the solution process were calculated. The partition coefficients of the gases between olive oil and water were calculated using reported values for the solubility of the gases in water. These results have been used to test and extend the Meyer‐Overton theory of transport through the cell membrane.
Preparation of high apparent bulk density clays by fluidized activation
Authors: Hasnuddin Siddiqui M. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFluidizing a free‐flowing mixture of clay and concentrated sulfuric acid in a medium of hot air at 150 C yields an active product of high apparent bulk density (ABD) and consequent low oil retention unlike the conventional “wet” method of activation which yields a fluffy clay with high oil retention. Comparative data on bleaching capacity, ABD and oil retention of the products obtained by both methods are given.
Variation in lipid composition of niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) Samples collected from different regions in ethiopia
Authors: Dutta Paresch Chandra , Helmersson Seved , Kebedu Eshetu , Alemaw Getinet , Appelqvist Lars‐Åke 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNiger seed samples were collected from different regions in Ethiopia for determination of oil content, and of fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol composition in the seed oil by gas‐liquid chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography methods. There was a large variation in oil content, ranging from 29 to 39%. More than 70% of the fatty acids was linoleic acid (18∶2) in all samples analyzed. The other predominant fatty acids were palmitic (16∶0), stearic (18∶0) and oleic (19∶1) at a range of 6 to 11% each. Total polar lipids recovered after preparative thin‐layer chromatography comprised a small fraction of the total lipids. They had higher 16∶0 and lower 18∶2 contents than the triacylglycerols.α‐Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in all samples, 94–96% of the total amounting to 630–800 μg/g oil. More than 40% of the total sterols wasβ‐sitosterol,ca. 2000μg/g oil. The other major sterols were campesterol and stigmasterol, ranging from 11 to 14%. The Δ5‐ and Δ7‐avenasterols were in the range of 4 to 7%. From the samples studied, no conclusion could be drawn regarding the influence of altitude or location on oil content, tocopherol and/or sterol contents. The results of the present study on niger seed oil are discussed in comparison with known data for common oils from Compositae,viz, safflower and sunflower.
Effects of sugar, salt and water on soybean oil quality during deep‐frying
Authors: Chu Yan‐Hwa , Luo Shiuan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of flour dough components (water, sugar and salt) on soybean oil deterioration during deep‐fat frying have been investigated. Flour dough sheets made from flour and water were used as the carrier of salt and sugar. Several analyses, including acid value, carbonyl value,p‐anisidine value, color, dielectric constant, Fritest, total polar compounds and polymer content, were used to evaluate deterioration of oil quality during deep‐fat frying. The relationship between frying time and analytical data was analyzed by Duncan's multiple range test. Oil quality after frying simple flour dough sheets without additives was inferior to that after frying dough sheets with added sugar or salt. The sugar and salt in the flour dough sheets may play a role as water‐binding substances during frying. Among the effects of water, salt and sugar, the rate of oil deterioration was found to be highest for water, followed by salt and sugar. The combined addition of salt and sugar had no enhancing effect on the oil deterioration during deep‐fat frying.
Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine with (n−3) fatty acids by phospholipase A 2 in microemulsion
Authors: Na An , Eriksson Caj , Eriksson Sven‐Göran , Österberg Eva , Holmberg Krister 
Published: January 2007

Phosphatidylcholine containing a long chain polyunsaturated acyl group at the 2‐position has been prepared by phospholipase A 2 catalyzed esterification of lysophosphatidylcholine with polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA (C20∶5) or DHA (C22∶6). Preliminary studies showed that the other fatty acids, such as lauric acid (C12), palmitic acid (C16), stearic acid (C18) and linoleic acid (C18∶2), were also incorporated. To our knowledge, phospholipase A 2 catalyzed condensation reactions have not been reported in the literature before. The reactions were performed in sodiumbis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐sulfosuccinate‐based microemulsions containing small amounts of water. Synthesis of the same phospholipid by transesterification of phosphatidylcholine with the polyunsaturated acids in microemulsion failed; however, enzymatic hydrolysis to lysophosphatidylcholine was facile, quantitative conversion from phosphatidylcholine being attained after 16 hr reaction time.An additional observation was that, unlike enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipids, the condensation reaction catalyzed by phospholipase A 2 was totally independent of the presence of calcium.