bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anesthetic Potency of Desflurane in the Horse: Determination of the Minimum Alveolar Concentration
Authors: TENDILLO F.J. , MASCÍAS A. , SANTOS M. , LÓPEZ‐SANROMÁN J. , ROSSI R. De , ROMÁN F. SAN , de SEGURA LA. GÓMEZ 
Published: February 2008

Objective— To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane (DES) in the horse. Study Design— Prospective study. Animals— Six healthy adult horses (three males and three females) weighing 370 ±16 kg and aged 9 ±2 years old. Methods— Anesthesia was induced with DES vaporized in oxygen via a face mask connected to a large‐animal, semiclosed anesthetic circle system. The horses were endotracheally intubated and positioned in right lateral recumbency. Inspired and end‐tidal DES were monitored using a calibrated Ohmeda RGM 5250 multigas analyzer (Ohmeda‐BOC, Spain). The MAC of desflurane that prevented gross purposeful movement in response to 60 seconds of noxious electrical stimulation of oral mucous membranes was determined. Results— The time from the start of DES administration to lateral recumbency was 6.1 ±0.9 min. The MAC of DES in these horses was 7.6 ±0.4%. Time required for the animal to regain sternal recumbency after 98 ±4 minutes of anesthesia was 6.6 ±0.5 minutes and the time to standing was 14.3 ±2.7 minutes. Conclusions— The MAC of desflurane in these horses was 7.6 ±0.4%. DES provided a rapid induction to, and recovery from, anesthesia. Clinical Relevance— Desflurane offers the potential for more precise control during anesthesia, and may allow a faster and uneventful recovery. It is important to know the MAC of an inhalant to use it clinically.
Evaluation of Postoperative Peritoneal Lavage in Standing Horses for Prevention of Experimentally Induced Abdominal Adhesions
Authors: HAGUE BRENT A. , HONNAS CLIFFORD M. , BERRIDGE BRIAN R. , EASTER J. LANE 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To evaluate the postoperative use of peritoneal lavage for prevention of experimentally induced intraabdominal adhesions in horses.Study Design—Areas of serosal abrasion were created on the jejunum of 12 horses. Postoperatively, six horses had peritoneal lavage, and six horses did not (controls). The number of adhesions was determined at necropsy 2 weeks after surgery.Animals or Sample Population—12 horses.Methods—Five sites of jejunal serosal abrasion were created in each horse. A 32 French thoracic catheter was placed into the right ventral aspect of the abdomen before closure of the abdominal incision. Treated horses had abdominal lavage with 10 L of lactated Ringer's solution on four occasions, then catheters were removed from all horses 34 hours after celiotomy. Horses were necropsied at 2 weeks to quantify the number of intraabdominal adhesions.Results—All control horses and one treated horse developed intraabdominal adhesions. The number of adhesions was significantly less (P<.0293) in treated horses. No adverse inflammatory reactions appeared to be associated with repeated peritoneal lavage using lactated Ringer's solution or use of an abdominal drain.Conclusions—Peritoneal lavage reduced the frequency of intraabdominal adhesions.Clinical Relevance—When postoperative adhesions are likely to develop, postoperative peritoneal lavage may decrease the frequency of adhesion formation.
In VitroPullout Strength of Screws Inserted in Adult Equine Third Metacarpal Bone After Overdrilling a 4.5‐mm Threaded Insertion Hole
Authors: SEDRISH STEVEN A. , MOORE RUSTIN M. , KELLY KEVIN , MARTIN GEORGE S. , BURBA DANIEL J. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine and compare thein vitropullout strength of 5.5‐mm cortical versus 6.5‐mm cancellous bone screws inserted in the diaphysis and metaphysis of adult equine third metacarpal (MCIII) bones, in threaded 4.5‐mm cortical bone screw insertion holes that were then overdrilled with a 4.5‐mm drill bit to provide information relevant to the selection of a replacement screw if a 4.5‐mm cortical screw is stripped.Study Design—In vitropullout tests of 5.5‐mm cortical and 6.5‐mm cancellous screws in equine MCIII bones.Sample Population—Two independent cadaver studies each consisting of 14 adult equine MCIII bones.Methods—Two 4.5‐mm cortical screws were placed either in the middiaphysis (study 1) or distal metaphysis (study 2) of MCIII bones. The holes were then overdrilled with a 4.5‐mm drill bit and had either a 5.5‐mm cortical or a 6.5‐mm cancellous screw inserted; screw pullout tests were performed at a rate of 0.04 mm/second until screw or bone failure occurred.Results—In diaphyseal bone, the screws failed in all tests. Tensile breaking strength for 5.5‐mm cortical screws (997.5 ± 49.3 kg) and 6.5‐mm cancellous screws (931.6 ± 19.5 kg) was not significantly different. In metaphyseal bone, the bone failed in all tests. The holding power for 6.5‐mm cancellous screws (39.1 ± 4.9 kg/mm) was significantly greater than 5.5‐mm cortical screws (23.5 ± 3.5 kg/mm) in the metaphysis. There was no difference in the tensile breaking strength of screws in the diaphysis between proximal and distal screw holes; however, the holding power was significantly greater in the distal, compared with the proximal, metaphyseal holes.Conclusions—Although tensile breaking strength was not different between 5.5‐mm cortical and 6.5‐mm cancellous screws in middiaphyseal cortical bone, holding power of 6.5‐mm cancellous screws was greater than 5.5‐mm cortical screws in metaphyseal bone of adult horses.Clinical Relevance—If a 4.5‐mm cortical bone screw strips in MCIII diaphyseal bone of adult horses, either a 5.5‐mm cortical or 6.5‐mm cancellous screw, however, would have equivalent pullout strengths. A 6.5‐mm cancellous screw, however, would provide greater holding power than a 5.5‐mm cortical screw in metaphyseal bone.
Short‐Term Hemodynamic Evaluation of Circumferential Mitral Annuloplasty for Correction of Mitral Valve Regurgitation in Dogs
Authors: KERSTETTER KYLE K. , SACKMAN JILL E. , BUCHANAN JAMES W. , BRIGHT JANICE M. , KRAHWINKEL D.J. , BRIGHT RONALD M. , LORINSON DRAGAN , GOMPF REBECCA E. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the short‐term hemodynamic effects associated with circumferential mitral annuloplasty (CMA) in dogs with mitral regurgitation. Study Design—Prospective experimental study. Animals—Seven healthy adult mongrel dogs. Methods—Mitral regurgitation was surgically induced, and annular dilation occurred. Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization were used to determine forward ejection fraction (FEF), regurgitant fraction (RF), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), and annular diameter before and immediately after CMA in five dogs. FEF and RF were also evaluated 7 days after annuloplasty. Results—Mean annular diameter and PCWP were significantly reduced immediately after CMA. Significant increases in FEF of 19% and 22% were shown immediately and 7 days after CMA. Significant reductions in RF of 19% and 22% were also shown immediately and 7 days after annuloplasty. Conclusions—Sustained hemodynamic benefits and a reduction in annular diameter were achieved by CMA in a canine model of mitral regurgitation.Clinical Implications—CMA may be a suitable treatment for heart failure because of mitral regurgitation when early signs of cardiovascular decompensation persist despite appropriate medical management.
Ventral Abdominal Approach for Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Llamas
Authors: RODGERSON D. H. , BAIRD A. N. , PUGH D. G. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To evaluate a technique for laparoscopic ovariectomy by a ventral abdominal approach in the llama.Study Design—Prospective evaluation.Animal Population—Six healthy adult female llamas, aged 2 to 6 years.Methods—Laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed with the llamas in a 30‐degree Trendelenburg position. The mesovarium and proper ligament of the ovary were isolated, and two Hulka clips were placed in opposite directions across each mesovarium and proper ligament of the ovary. Ovaries were removed through either the instrument cannula or instrument portal.Results—The ovaries, mesovarium, and proper ligaments of the ovaries were easily identified using laparoscopy by a ventral abdominal approach. The Hulka Clip Applicator was easy to use, and the Hulka Clips provided secure hemostasis of the vessels within the mesovarium. Mean duration of surgery was 35 minutes (range, 17 to 85 minutes). Two llamas were depressed after surgery but improved within 24 hours. No other complications occurred during an 18‐month follow‐up period.Conclusions—Laparoscopic ovariectomy in the llama was facilitated by the use of Hulka Clips placed across the mesovarium and proper ligament of the ovary.Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopic ovariectomy in the llama can be accomplished easily with few complications.
A Comparison of Indirect Blood Pressure Monitoring Techniques in the Anesthetized Cat
Authors: CAULKETT NIGEL A. , CANTWELL SHAUNA L. , HOUSTON DOREEN M. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the accuracy of three indirect blood pressure monitoring techniques (oscillometric technique [OS], Doppler [DOP], and optical plethysmography [OP] [blood pressure determined with a pulse oximeter waveform]) when compared with direct arterial pressure measurement in cats.Study Design—Prospective study.Animal Population—Eight healthy (five female, three male), domestic short‐hair cats, weighing 3.5 ± 0.8 kgMethods—Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane. The inspired concentration of isoflurane was adjusted to produce mild hypotension (80 to 100 mm Hg direct systolic), moderate hypotension (60 to 80 mm Hg direct systolic), and severe hypotension (<60 mm Hg direct systolic). Indirect pressure measurements were obtained from the thoracic limb and compared with concurrent direct measurement using regression analysis and a modification of Bland and Altman's technique.Results—All three techniques underestimated systolic pressure. OS produced the best prediction of systolic pressure with a bias ± precision of ‐15.9 ± 8.1 mm Hg. DOP and OP were relatively inaccurate with a bias ± precision of ‐25 ± 7.4 mm Hg and ‐25 ± 7.5 mm Hg. All three techniques correlated well with direct pressure with r values of 0.81, 0.88, and 0.88 for OS, DOP, and OP. DOP and OP provided an accurate prediction of direct mean arterial pressure with a bias ± precision of ‐0.8 ± 6 mm Hg and 0.6 ± 5.5 mm Hg. Correlation was good between DOP and mean arterial pressure with r = 0.89. Correlation was also good between OP and mean arterial pressure with r = 0.90.Conclusions—OS provided the most accurate prediction of direct systolic pressure. DOP and OP provided a good prediction of mean arterial pressure in the cat.Clinical Relevance—All three of these techniques are useful for detecting trends. Direct monitoring of blood pressure should be considered if accurate blood pressure measurement is required.
Respiratory Depressant and Skeletal Muscle Relaxant Effects of Low‐Dose Pancuronium Bromide in Spontaneously Breathing, Isoflurane‐Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: LEE D. DAVID , MEYER ROBERT E. , SULLIVAN THOMAS C. , DAVIDSON MICHAEL G. , SWANSON CLIFFORD R. , HELLYER PETER W. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To assess and compare the respiratory depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant effects of two low doses of a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker, pancuronium bromide. To determine if a “low dose” of pancuronium bromide can produce selective skeletal muscle relaxation in extraocular muscles sufficient to perform intraocular surgery while sparing or minimizing depression of muscles of ventilation.Study Design—Blinded, randomized crossover, placebo controlled study. Animals—Six healthy, adult mongrel dogs weighing 20.8 ±1.9 kg.Methods—Spontaneously breathing, isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs received 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium bromide, intravenously (IV), (high dose [HD]), 0.01 mg/kg pancuronium bromide, IV, (low dose [LD]), or saline placebo IV in a blinded, randomized crossover study. Indices of patient ventilation including tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR), and minute ventilation (VE) were recorded throughout the study period. Serial arterial blood gas analyses were performed at timed intervals. Neuromuscular blockade of skeletal muscle was assessed at timed intervals with train‐of‐four stimulus/response ratios. Eye position scores, based on the degree of ocular rotation from a neutral gaze axis, were assigned by an ophthalmologist who was blinded to the treatment given.Results—Vt and VE in HD dogs decreased by 82% from baseline after administration of pancuronium bromide. Similarly, Vt and VE in LD dogs decreased 40% and 55%, respectively. Decreased ventilation in HD dogs corresponded with significant (P< .05) neuromuscular blockade, as indicated by train‐of‐four ratio less than 75% between 0 and 60 minutes. Eye position scores in HD and LD dogs were suitable for intraocular surgery between 0 and 60 minutes. Eye position scores in five of six control dogs were unsuitable for intraocular surgery at any time period.Conclusions—LD dogs experienced only transient, mild to moderate respiratory depression compared with HD dogs, which experienced prolonged, moderate to severe respiratory depression. Both LD and HD dogs acquired and maintained eye position scores suitable for intraocular surgery between 0 to 60 minutes. A “low dose” of pancuronium bromide, which would provide adequate extraocular muscle relaxation while minimizing ventilatory depression, was not identified.Clinical Relevance—All patients receiving any dose of neuromuscular blocking agents should be closely monitored and receive ventilatory assistance as needed.
Biomechanical Evaluation of a Crimp Clamp System for Loop Fixation of Monofilament Nylon Leader Material Used for Stabilization of the Canine Stifle Joint
Authors: ANDERSON C. COLLINS , TOMLINSON JAMES L. , DALY WILLIAM R. , CARSON WILLIAM L. , PAYNE JOHN T. , WAGNER‐MANN COLETTE C. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To test a crimp clamp system designed to secure monofilament nylon leader (MNL) material commonly used as lateral fabellotibial sutures (LFS) in extra‐articular stabilization of the canine stifle joint. Study Design—In vitro biomechanical tests of MNL loops secured with either the crimp clamp system or knots were performed. Suture loops (n = 94) were created from 27.3 kg tensile strength MNL and fastened with knots or crimp clamps. Tests were conducted on steam‐sterilized, ethylene‐oxide‐sterilized, and nonsterilized MNL sutures. Loops were evaluated in single load tests and cycled tests. Values for load to failure, initial loop tension, loop elongation, mode of failure, and point of failure were determined. Results—Crimp‐clamped loops were superior to knotted loops in all parameters tested in both cycled and noncycled tests. Loop failure generally occurred by breaking within 3 mm of the fixation in both clamped and knotted tests. Loop elongation after cycling was greater in the knotted loops compared with clamped loops (P < .001). Load to failure was greater in clamped tests than in knotted tests (P < .001), regardless of sterilization technique used. Significantly higher initial loop tension could be achieved with the clamp system compared with knot fixation (P < .001). Conclusions—The crimp clamp system provides superior in vitro loop fixation characteristics compared with knot fixation in 27.3 kg test MNL. Clinical Relevance—Based on the results of biomechanical testing and the known biocompatibility of the system's implant components, clinical trials using the crimp clamp system are warranted.
A Comparison of the Synthes 4.5‐mm Cannulated Screw and the Synthes 4.5‐mm Standard Cortex Screw Systems in Equine Bone
Authors: COLGAN SALLY A. , HECKER AARON T. , KIRKER‐HEAD A. , HAYES WILSON C. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine risk of failure of the Synthes 4.5‐mm cannulated screw system instrumentation in equine bone and to compare its application with the Synthes 4.5‐mm standard cortex screw system.Study Design—The maximum insertion torque of the cannulated and standard cortex screw systems were compared with the ultimate torsional strengths of the equipment. Pullout strength and ultimate tensile load of cannulated and standard cortex screws were also determined.Sample Population—Paired equine cadaver third metacarpal and third carpal bones.Methods—Maximum insertion torque and ultimate torsional strengths were determined by using an axial‐torsional, servohydraulic materials testing system and a hand‐held torquometer. Pullout tests were performed by using a servohydraulic materials testing system.Results—Maximum insertion torque of all cannulated instrumentation was less than ultimate torsional strength at all locations (P< .05). Maximum insertion torques of cannulated taps and screws were greater than for standard taps and screws in the third carpal bone (P< .002). Pullout strength of the cannulated screws was less than the standard cortex screws at all sites (P< .001). Cannulated screws broke before bone failure in all but one bone specimen. Conclusions—The risk of cannulated instrument or screw failure during insertion into bone is theoretically low. The relatively low pullout strength of the cannulated screws implies that the interfragmentary compression achievable is likely to be less than with standard cortex screws. Clinical Relevance—The relatively low pullout strength of the cannulated screw suggests that its risk of failure during fracture repair is greater than with the standard cortex screw.
Effect of Clopidogrel on Neointimal Formation and Inflammation in Balloon‐Denuded and Radiated Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit Iliac Arteries
Authors: WAKSMAN RON , PAKALA RAJBABU , ROY PROBAL , BAFFOUR RICHARD , HELLINGA DAVID , SEABRON RUFUS , CHAN ROSANNA , SCHEINOWITZ MICKEY , KOLODGIE FRANK , VIRMANI RENU 
Published: February 2008

Background: Platelet‐derived peptide and nonpeptide growth factors are known to play pivotal roles in neointimal proliferation. Along with its antiplatelet activity of reducing P‐selectin and hs‐CRP, clopidogrel has also been shown to have anti‐inflammatory properties. The aim of this study is to find out by modulating inflammation if clopidogrel can affect neointima formation in balloon‐denuded iliac arteries of hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
Methods and Results: Rabbits were fed with 1% cholesterol diet with (n = 20) or without (n = 20) clopidogrel (10 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days followed by balloon‐denudation of endothelial layer in both the iliac arteries and continued on 0.15% cholesterol diet with or without clopidogrel. Four weeks later, the denuded area in both iliac arteries was radiated (n = 11, cholesterol‐only group; n = 9, clopidogrel group) or sham treated (n = 10 from each group). Four weeks after radiation, animals were sacrificed and arterial segments were processed for morphometry. In the sham‐treated clopidogrel group, neointimal area, percent stenosis, and macrophage score were 39% (P = 0.01), 32% (P = 0.02), and 50% (P = 0.02) smaller, respectively, when compared to the cholesterol‐only group (0.48 ± 0.18, 32.42 ± 13.04, and 1.5 ± 0.83). There were no differences in the radiated group (0.89 ± 0.32, 50.34 ± 13.00, and 1.88 ± 1.27 vs. 0.93 ± 0.38, 59.41 ± 11.41, and 2.00 ± 0.74, respectively).
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that clopidogrel reduces inflammation and neointimal formation in balloon‐denuded iliac arteries of hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
Impact of Wearable Alcohol Gel Dispensers on Hand Hygiene in an Emergency Department
Authors: Haas Janet P. , Larson Elaine L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectives:  Compliance with hand hygiene (HH) by health care workers is widely recognized as the most effective way to decrease transmission of infection among patients. However, compliance remains poor, averaging about 40%. A potential barrier to compliance is convenience and accessibility of sinks or alcohol hand sanitizer dispensers. The purpose of this study was to assess the use of a personal alcohol gel dispensing system, compared with the traditional wall‐mounted alcohol gel dispenser and sinks in an urban hospital’s emergency department (ED).Methods:  This was a quasi‐experimental trial of a personal wearable alcohol hand sanitizer dispenser. Observations of ED staff HH were performed in the month before intervention and during three intervention phases over a 2.5‐month period.Results:  A total of 757 HH opportunities were observed: 112 before and 432 after patient contact, 72 after contact with the patient’s environment, 24 before invasive procedures, and 117 after body fluid contact. HH compliance improved during the first intervention period, but improvement was not sustained. There was no significant improvement in HH from baseline to the final intervention period. The wearable alcohol gel dispenser was used for 9% of HH episodes.Conclusions:  Availability of a wearable dispenser was not associated with a significant improvement in use of alcohol products for HH. These results support other studies in which only transient success was reported with a single intervention; greater success in sustaining increased HH compliance has been reported with use of multimodal approaches in which increased availability of products may be a part of the intervention.
Noninvasive Ventilation Outcomes in 2,430 Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Patients: An ADHERE Registry Analysis
Authors: Tallman Thomas A. , Peacock W. Frank , Emerman Charles L. , Lopatin Margarita , Blicker Jamie Z. , Weber James , Yancy Clyde W. ,   for the ADHERE Registry
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectives:  Continuous or bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation, called noninvasive ventilation (NIV), is a controversial therapy for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). While NIV is considered safe and effective in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), clinical trial data that have addressed safety in ADHF patients are limited, with some suggestion of increased mortality. The objective of this study was to assess mortality outcomes associated with NIV and to determine if a failed trial of NIV followed by endotracheal intubation (ETI) (NIV failure) is associated with worse outcomes, compared to immediate ETI.Methods:  This was a retrospective analysis of the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE), which enrolls patients with treatment for, or with a primary discharge diagnosis of, ADHF. The authors compared characteristics and outcomes in four groups: no ventilation, NIV success, NIV failure, and ETI. One‐way analysis of variance or Wilcoxon testing was performed for continuous data, and chi‐square tests were used for categorical data. In addition, multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust mortality comparisons for risk factors.Results:  Entry criteria were met by 37,372 patients, of which 2,430 had ventilation assistance. Of the ventilation group, 1,688 (69.5%) were deemed NIV success, 72 (3.0%) were NIV failures, and 670 (27.6%) required ETI. The NIV failure group had the lowest O2 saturation (SaO2) (84 ± 16%), compared to either NIV success (89.6 ± 10%) or ETI (88 ± 13%; p = 0.017). ETI patients were more likely to receive vasoactive medications (p < 0.001) than the NIV success cohort. When comparing NIV failures to ETI, there were no differences in treatment during hospitalization (p > 0.05); other than that the NIV failure group more often received vasodilators (68.1% vs. 54.3%; p = 0.026). In‐hospital mortality was 7.9% with NIV, 13.9% with NIV failure, and 15.4% with ETI. After risk adjustment, the mortality odds ratio for NIV failure versus ETI increased to 1.43, although this endpoint was not statistically significant.Conclusions:  In this analysis of ADHF patients receiving NIV to date, patients placed on NIV for ADHF fared better than patients requiring immediate ETI. Patients who failed NIV and required ETI still experienced lower mortality than those initially placed on ETI. Thus, while the ETI group may be more severely ill, starting therapy with NIV instead of immediate ETI will likely not harm the patient. When ETI is required, mortality and length of stay may be adversely affected. Since a successful trial of NIV is associated with improved outcomes in patients with ADHF, application of this therapy may be a reasonable treatment option.