bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Density‐mediated indirect effects of a common prey tadpole on interaction between two predatory bugs: Kirkaldyia deyrolli and Laccotrephes japonensis
Authors: Ohba Shin‐ya , Nakasuji Fusao 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper suggests that the nymphs of a specialist predator, Kirkaldyia (=Lethocerus) deyrolli (Belostomatidae: Heteroptera), are indirectly affected by their tadpoles’ prey. K.deyrolli nymphs and the predator Laccotrephes japonensis (Nepidae: Heteroptera) adults coexist in rice paddy fields. It was predicted that the difference in tadpole density may influence the K. deyrolli nymph survival rate. We first compared survival rates of the first instar nymphs of K. deyrolli in June (high tadpole density period) and July (low tadpole density period). Secondly, we investigated the survival rate of K. deyrolli nymphs at different tadpole densities and under the presence or absence of L. japonensis adults to examine whether higher tadpole density moderates predation pressure from L. japonensis adults to K. deyrolli nymphs, e.g., density‐mediated indirect effects. As a result of the comparison, the survival rate of K. deyrolli nymphs in June was higher than that in July. For the field experiment, the slopes between the survival rate of K. deyrolli nymphs and tadpole density were positive under both predator presence and absence. However, the slope under the presence of a predator was steeper than that under absence of the predator (“predator‐by‐tadpole density interaction” was significant). These results suggest that a higher tadpole density in June provides an abundant food resource for K. deyrolli nymphs and also moderates predation pressure from L. japonensis.
A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study on the Oxidation of Hydroxy Acids by N‐Bromophthalimide in the Presence of a Micellar System
Authors: Patil Sangeeta , Katre Y. R. , Singh Ajaya Kumar 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe kinetics of oxidation of some α‐hydroxy acids viz. Tartaric acid (TA) and Malic acid (MA) by N‐bromophthalimide (NBP) were studied in the presence of a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), in perchloric acid medium at 313 K. The oxidation of TA and MA by N‐bromophthalimide in the presence of CTAB is faster than in the absence of surfactant. The rate of oxidation of hydroxy acids was found to be in the order: TA > MA. First order kinetics with respect to NBP was observed in the oxidation of both hydroxy acids. The kinetics results indicate that the first order kinetics in hydroxy acids at lower concentrations tends towards a zero order at its higher concentrations. Inverse fractional order in [H+] and [phthalimide] were noted throughout its tenfold variation. With a progressive increase in [CTAB], the rate of reaction increased, reaches a maximum value and then constancy in kΨ was observed. Variation of [Hg(OAc)2] and ionic strength (μ) of the medium did not bring about any significant change in the rate of reaction. The applicability of different kinetic models viz. the Piszkiewicz cooperative model, the Raghvan and Srinivasan model, and the Menger–Portnoy model were tested to explain the observed micellar effects. The effect of [CTAB] on the activation parameters was explored to rationalize the micellar effect. The values of rate constants observed at four different temperatures were utilized to calculate the activation parameters. A suitable mechanism consistent with the experimental findings has been proposed. The index of cooperativity and the micelle binding constant have been calculated.
Borealin is repressed in response to p53/Rb signaling
Authors: Date Dipali A. , Jacob Cara J. , Bekier Mike E. , Stiff Andrew C. , Jackson Mark W. , Taylor William R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRb/E2F regulates many genes that encode proteins required for the cell cycle. Using affymetrix microarrays we previously identified genes regulated by the Rb proteins p130 and p107, many of which are involved in the cell cycle. Several genes with unknown functions were also repressed by p130 and p107, of which some have recently been found to have various roles in mitosis, the spindle checkpoint and cytokinesis. This study focuses on the regulation of borealin/dasra/cdca8, which encodes a recently discovered member of the chromosomal passenger complex. It is recorded that borealin is a cell cycle regulator, down‐regulated in response to p53/Rb‐signaling, and up‐regulated in many types of cancerous tissues.
BRS‐3 activation transforms the effect of human bronchial epithelial cells from PGE2 mediated inhibition to TGF‐β1 dependent promotion on proliferation and collagen synthesis of lung fibroblasts
Authors: Wang Yue , Zhang Ming , Tan Yurong , Xiang Yang , Liu Huijun , Qu Fei , Qin Ling , Qin Xiaoqun 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAirway re‐modelling in asthma usually results in an irreversible weakness of pulmonary ventilation, however, its initiating or controlling mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesize that signal communication between airway epithelial cells and sub‐mucosal fibroblast cells may play an important role in the maintenance of structure homeostasis in a physiologic condition and in initiation of airway remodelling in a stressed condition. To test the hypothesis, a co‐cultured system of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) and human lung fibroblasts (HLF) were designed to observe the effects of BEC, in the normal state or in a BRS‐3 activated state, on the proliferation and collagen synthesis of HLF. The results showed that the proliferation activities of both BEC and HLF inhibited each other under the normal state. BRS‐3‐activated BEC can transform the reciprocal inhibition into promoting effects. The secretion of TGF‐β1 increased and the synthesis of PGE2 decreased from BRS‐3‐activated BEC, which were correlated with the proliferation and collagen synthesis of HLF. The proliferation activities of HLF were weakened by co‐culture with TGF‐β1 antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) treated BEC. It was concluded that, in the normal state, BEC inhibits the activities of fibroblasts through release of PGE2 to maintain the airway homeostasis; however when stressed, for example by BRS‐3 activation, BEC promote the activities of fibroblasts mediated by TGF‐β1, thereby facilitating the airway re‐modelling.
Extracellular and transmembrane region of a podocalyxin‐like protein 1 fragment identified from colon cancer cell lines
Authors: Ito Tetsuo , Maki Noboru , Hazeki Osamu , Sasaki Kazuki , Nekooki Munenori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRegulated intramembrane proteolysis of membrane proteins has been shown to play an important role in cell differentiation and in the pathogenesis of diseases. The aim of the present study was to identify novel peptides generated by intramembrane proteolysis. The peptides were identified in serum‐free cultured (SFC) media from various cell lines by surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (SELDI‐TOF‐MS). A 2315‐Da peptide found only in medium from SFC colon cancer cell lines was identified and shown to consist of a portion of both the extracellular and transmembrane regions of human podocalyxin‐like 1. This protein fragment was not found in lung or pancreatic cancer cell lines by immunoprecipitation‐SELDI tests using an antibody specific to this fragment, suggesting that this human podocalyxin‐like protein 1 fragment may be unique to colon cancer cell lines.
Buprenorphine injection to the stellate ganglion in the treatment of upper body chronic pain syndromes
Authors: Goebel Andreas , Lawson Andrew , Allen Steve , Glynn Chris 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground: The injection of low dose buprenorphine to the sympathetic ganglia, termed “GLOA”, Ganglionide Local Opioid Analgesia, is used to treat chronic pain in several European centres. It is not known whether the clinically observed GLOA effect in chronic pain syndromes is due to a specific effect of buprenorphine at the ganglia. We assessed whether GLOA, plus intramuscular saline, was more efficacious than the reverse, saline injection to the stellate plus intramuscular buprenorphine, termed SSB.Methods: We devised a randomized, double‐blinded, controlled crossover trial to treat patients with chronic upper body pain syndromes. Patients first received either GLOA or SSB. Pain was assessed using pain diaries both before injection and over the first 8h and 6days afterwards, and was expressed as relative pain intensity post versus pre‐injection pain.Results: The median relative pain intensity after injections did not differ between GLOA and SSB. Four patients reported a low, <50%, relative pain level over the first 8h after SSB only. Four patients did not complete the trial and were excluded. One patient with cardiomyopathy became acutely diaphoretic and fatigued after GLOA, his vital signs however remained stable.Conclusions: We failed to show a superiority of GLOA over SSB. Our results suggest it unlikely that the clinically observed effect after a single GLOA injection is due to a specific action of buprenorphine at the stellate ganglion. The efficacy of GLOA is hereby questioned. The use of GLOA in patients with cardiomyopathy should be cautioned. Trial registration: ISRCTN59287260; http:www.controlled‐trials.com/
Jonathan Edwards's Freedom of the Will and his defence of the impeccability of Jesus Christ
Authors: Fisk Philip J 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is in Jonathan Edwards's Freedom of the Will (1754) that he reconciles impeccability and freedom of the will in the human soul of Jesus Christ, even when Jesus is in a state of trial. But how does he shape a synthesis between these two attributes without duplicity, and at the same time avoid theological and christological barbs, whether Arminian or Hobbist, Nestorian or Apollinist? For Edwards, the Son of God did not surrender impeccability when he undertook to fulfil – in human nature, and in a state of trial – intra-trinitarian promises, promises made not only by the Father to the Son, but by the Son to the Father. Edwards views the habits of the heart of Jesus Christ progressing in holiness from the moment of his incarnation. He understands the excellencies that the Son of God brought to the human nature in the incarnation in no way to have added to nor to have diminished the impeccable holy disposition of his person. A key to interpreting the holy habits of Jesus’ heart is, according to Edwards, to view the source of the impeccability of the soul of Jesus as lying in its essence, not in a cause outside his person; it lies in the very disposition of his heart.
The moral theology of John Paul II: Protestant reading
Authors: Smith Stephanie 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis work critically examines the moral theology of Karol Wojtyla/John Paul II. In his writings as Wojtyla, and later as John Paul II, the theme of human dignity served as the starting point for his moral theology. This article first describes his conception of human dignity as influenced by Thomist and by phenomenological sources. The Thomist philosophy of being provided Wojtyla with an optimistic view of the epistemic and moral capacity of human persons. Wojtyla argued that because of the analogia entis, humans gain epistemic access to the normative order of God as well as the moral capacity to live in accordance with the law of God. Built upon the foundation of his Thomist assumptions, Wojtyla's phenomenological research enriched his insight into human dignity by arguing in favour of the formative nature of human action. He argued that human dignity rested also in this dynamism of personhood: the capacity not only to live in accordance with the normative order but to form oneself as virtuous by partaking in virtuous acts or to form one's community in solidarity through acts of participation and self-giving. After presenting his moral theology, this article then engages critically with his assumptions from a Protestant perspective. I argue that, while human dignity provides a powerful and beneficial starting point for ethics, his Thomist ontology of being/substance and the optimistic terms in which he interprets human dignity ultimately undermine his social programme. I propose that an ontology of relation provides a better starting point for interpreting human dignity and for appealing for acts of solidarity in the social realm.
Language, policy and the construction of a torture culture in the war on terrorism
Authors: JACKSON RICHARD 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTorture has been widely practiced by US forces as an officially-sanctioned information gathering strategy in the war on terrorism. At the same time, public attitudes have exhibited a growing tolerance towards the torture of terrorist suspects. This article examines the role of elite political discourse in constructing and sustaining the conditions necessary for the acceptance and normalisation of torture. It argues that a focus on elite discourse is crucial for understanding how torture comes to be practised because discourses set the logic and parameters of policy formulation and create the wider social legitimacy that is required to enact policy, thereby facilitating the construction of a broader torture-sustaining reality. The study’s findings highlight the role of ideational factors in policy analysis and have important normative implications.
Optimising the use of virtual and conventional simulation: a clinical and economic analysis
Authors: McJury M. , Foran B. , Conway J. , Dixon S. , Wilcock K. , Brown G. , Robinson M.H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground and purpose: Currently, optimal use of virtual simulation for all treatment sites is not entirely clear. This study presents data to identify specific patient groups for whom conventional simulation may be completely eliminated and replaced by virtual simulation.Sampling and method: Two hundred and sixty patients were recruited from four treatment sites (head and neck, breast, pelvis, and thorax). Patients were randomly assigned to be treated using the usual treatment process involving conventional simulation, or a treatment process differing only in the replacement of conventional plan verification with virtual verification. Data were collected on set-up accuracy at verification, and the number of unsatisfactory verifications requiring a return to the conventional simulator. A micro-economic costing analysis was also undertaken, whereby data for each treatment process episode were also collected: number and grade of staff present, and the time for each treatment episode.Results: The study shows no statistically significant difference in the number of returns to the conventional simulator for each site and study arm. Image registration data show similar quality of verification for each study arm. The micro-costing data show no statistical difference between the virtual and conventional simulation processes.Conclusions: At our institution, virtual simulation including virtual verification for the sites investigated presents no disadvantage compared to conventional simulation.
A stock rebuilding algorithm featuring risk assessment and an optimization strategy of single or multispecies fisheries
Authors: Gröger Joachim P. , Rountree Rodney A. , Missong Martin , Rätz Hans-Joachim 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Gröger, J. P., Rountree, R. A., Missong, M., and Rätz, H-J. 2007. A stock rebuilding algorithm featuring risk assessment and an optimization strategy of single or multispecies fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1101–1115. We present a simple but flexible stock-rebuilding algorithm model that features ideas of risk assessment, with all constraints set up explicitly, and with clear optimality for controlling fishing effort (or fishing mortality) and maximizing landings (or economic value). In contrast to the conventional approach, our approach does not predict future stock development from historical stock dynamics, but provides directly optimal annual F values and associated optimum catch quotas for a given planning horizon. Hence, the F values are not estimated retrospectively, but are realizations of a control variable created through the optimization process. The optimal solution is based on maximization of a non-linearly constrained objective function for catch or yield, whereas the constraints inter alia include biomass targets, F limits, and stable catch. We present the basic theory together with selected model variants, such as inclusion of biological interactions and integration of elements of risk assessment. The optimization procedure outlined here is not only “risk averse” but a risk minimization procedure in itself. It can be applied in a deterministic or stochastic decision-making process as well as within a single or multispecies context. We illustrate the approach with a simplified (deterministic) multispecies fisheries management and a (stochastic) single-species risk assessment example.
Where will species go? Incorporating new advances in climate modelling into projections of species distributions
Authors: BEAUMONT LINDA J. , PITMAN A. J. , POULSEN MICHAEL , HUGHES LESLEY 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBioclimatic models are the primary tools for simulating the impact of climate change on species distributions. Part of the uncertainty in the output of these models results from uncertainty in projections of future climates. To account for this, studies often simulate species responses to climates predicted by more than one climate model and/or emission scenario. One area of uncertainty, however, has remained unexplored: internal climate model variability. By running a single climate model multiple times, but each time perturbing the initial state of the model slightly, different but equally valid realizations of climate will be produced. In this paper, we identify how ongoing improvements in climate models can be used to provide guidance for impacts studies. In doing so we provide the first assessment of the extent to which this internal climate model variability generates uncertainty in projections of future species distributions, compared with variability between climate models. We obtained data on 13 realizations from three climate models (three from CSIRO Mark2 v3.0, four from GISS AOM, and six from MIROC v3.2) for two time periods: current (1985–1995) and future (2025–2035). Initially, we compared the simulated values for each climate variable (P, Tmax, Tmin, and Tmean) for the current period to observed climate data. This showed that climates simulated by realizations from the same climate model were more similar to each other than to realizations from other models. However, when projected into the future, these realizations followed different trajectories and the values of climate variables differed considerably within and among climate models. These had pronounced effects on the projected distributions of nine Australian butterfly species when modelled using the BIOCLIM component of DIVA‐GIS. Our results show that internal climate model variability can lead to substantial differences in the extent to which the future distributions of species are projected to change. These can be greater than differences resulting from between‐climate model variability. Further, different conclusions regarding the vulnerability of species to climate change can be reached due to internal model variability. Clearly, several climate models, each represented by multiple realizations, are required if we are to adequately capture the range of uncertainty associated with projecting species distributions in the future.
Dynamics of nitrous oxide in groundwater at the aquatic–terrestrial interface
Authors: CLOUGH TIM J. , ADDY KELLY , KELLOGG DOROTHY Q. , NOWICKI BARBARA L. , GOLD ARTHUR J. , GROFFMAN PETER M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFew data are available to validate the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) emission factors for indirect emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). In particular the N2O emissions resulting from nitrogen leaching and the associated groundwater and surface drainage (EF5‐g) are particularly poorly characterized. In situ push–pull methods have been used to identify the fate of NO3− in the groundwater. In this study, we adapted a previously published in situ denitrification push–pull method to examine the fate of 15N2O introduced into the subsoil–groundwater matrix. Enriched 15N2O was manufactured, added to groundwater via a closed system in the laboratory, and then introduced into the groundwater–subsoil matrix in an upland‐marsh transition zone of a salt marsh and a forested alluvial riparian zone. Conservative tracers (SF6 and Br−) and 15N2O were injected into the groundwater and left for 1–4 h after which the groundwater was sampled. Added 15N2O behaved in a conservative manner at one site while the other site showed variability with some injections showing significant consumption (3–8 μg N2O‐15N kg−1 soil day−1) of 15N2O. Our results show that the fate and dynamics of N2O in groundwater are complex and variable and that these dynamics should be considered in the development of improved IPCC inventory calculations.
Ocean warming enhances respiration and carbon demand of coastal microbial plankton
Authors: VÁZQUEZ‐DOMÍNGUEZ EVARISTO , VAQUÉ DOLORS , GASOL JOSEP M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe increase of anthropogenic CO2 during this century is expected to cause warming of large regions of the ocean. Microbes lead the biological role in the CO2 balance of marine ecosystems, their activity is known to be influenced by temperature, and it is important to constrain and quantify these effects on bacterial carbon use. Furthermore, if warming were to enhance the carbon demand (production + respiration) of planktonic microbes but would maintain their efficiency low (as it generally is), then most carbon consumed would end up respired. We designed a strategy in which we measured bacterial production and respiration throughout a seasonal cycle in a coastal Mediterranean site, and determined experimentally the effects of ca. 2.5 °C on these processes. We show that warming will increase nearly 20% the total carbon demand of coastal microbial plankton without any effect on their (commonly low) growth efficiency, which could generate a positive feedback between coastal warming and CO2 production.