bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THEORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND UTILIZATION POTENTIAL OF THE BIOMILIEU CONCEPT1
Authors: Szekelyhidi Imre J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.The paper presents a quantitative engineering approach to analysis of total environment allowing for simultaneous consideration of a theoretically infinite number of quality indicators and physiological requirements. It discusses theory and fundamentals of a two‐dimensional space and time function solution concerning a small estuarine‐type environment. A three dimensional solution is indicated. Input data may range from reconnaissance‐type to the outputs of mathematical transport models. Applications are discussed with respect to environmental quality problems, availability of suitable data, and some areas of research where results could find immediate application.
PARALLEL DRAINS FROM THE LAPLACE STANDPOINT1
Authors: Glover Robert E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWhere natural drainage is inadequate for keeping the water table below the root zone of the crops being grown, drains are often employed to control water table levels. Such drains are commonly installed in parallel lines at depths and spacings adapted to the needs of the area. Formulas used for determining drain spacings are generally based upon Dupuit‐Forchheimer concepts. These developments postulate a saturated, permeable aquifer underlying the irrigated area and an impermeable barrier underlying the aquifer. The basic differential equation expresses the requirement that the flow out through the sides of a vertical column of infinitesmal cross sectional area must be supplied by a corresponding drop of the water table at the top of the column. If variations of transmissivity due to variations of water table level are taken into account the second order differential equation obtained is nonlinear. To avoid the mathematical difficulties posed by this nonlinearity it is customary to neglect the effects of changes of transmissivity due to changes of water table levels. This imposes a restriction that the formulas derived from these linearized differential equations suffer a loss of accuracy if the change of water table levels becomes a considerable portion of the initial saturated depth. Offsetting these difficulties is the tactical advantage that the linearized differential equations are of types long studied in older developments concerned with conduction of heat in solids. The advantages conferred by the possibilities for exploiting the results of investigations in the older discipline are many. An alternative approach is based upon a requirement that there can be no accumulation of water in any elementary cubical volume located in the zone of complete saturation below the water table. The differential equation obtained on this basis, if the aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic, is the one which bears the name of Laplace. It will be the purpose of this paper to explore the possibilities afforded by this approach for evaluating the flow to parallel drains and to compare the results with those obtainable by the Dupuit‐Forchheimer method.
COMBINED SURFACE WATER‐GROUNDWATER ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS WITH THE AID OF THE HYBRID COMPUTER1
Authors: Morris W. James , Morgan Neil W. , Wang Bi‐Huei , Riley J. Paul 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe solution with the aid of the hybrid computer of the partial and total differential equations for an integrated surface water groundwater system is described.A versatile computing technique has been developed to make a rapid and accurate study of the groundwater response due to varying inputs (deep percolation) or outputs (evapotranspiration) from the groundwater system. Spatial variations in basic vegetation phenomena, such as pattern, and hydrological parameters, are represented by means of a grid network which also allows the input of variable boundary conditions. The model is applied to an area in Columbia, South America which is subject to high water‐table conditions. Various reclamation schemes and management practices under conditions of irrigated agriculture are assessed.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER CONSUMPTION1
Authors: Csallany Sandor C. , Neill James C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the degree of influence of various factors on municipal water consumption in Illinois. For the collection of basic data, questionnaires were sent to all public water works of incorporated towns. The questionnaire was designed to obtain information on factors which may have any effect on water use. The effects of the different parameters on water consumption were based on several correlation and regression combinations of predictands and predictors. It was found that in the Chicago region the percent of services and water used for commercial and industrial purposes and the age of the water works were the most important parameters influencing water consumption (gallons per capita per day) when pumpage is metered at the water works as well as at the customers. For the State, excluding the Chicago region, percent of public water use, persons per service, population and commercial and industrial water use were the most important parameters. It has been recommended that similar statistical analysis be conducted periodically to establish a trend or law of change from the influencing parameters.
SALINITY AND SEDIMENTATION STUDY–COOPER RIVER REDIVERSION, CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Jacobs Marvin L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.The study was prepared in 1966 for the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of the Interior, for presentation to the United States Army Corps of Engineers which had under study several routes for rediversion of the discharge from the Santee‐Cooper Hydro Electric Plant, Steam Plant and Lock. Each rediversion was designed to by‐pass the Charleston Harbor and this study and report was concerned with one of those routes–Rediversion Route “B.” The channel was to be designed for a maximum fresh‐water flow of 27,500 cfs and a mean flow of 15,500 cfs. The objectives of the study and report were to make an estimate of: (1) the geographical extent of salt marsh waters of which the salinity will be measurably reduced, and (2) the probable accumulation of fresh‐water borne sediments in those same waters. Special consultants were Dr. F. H. Kellogg, Memphis State University, and Mr. K. L. Drennan, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Mississippi.
PLANNERS AS A PUBLIC IN WATER RESOURCES PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROGRAMS1
Authors: Tucker Richard C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper suggests a number of benefits in identifying urban and regional planners as a public in public participation programs of water resources planning studies. A perspective on public participation is presented. Recent trends and developing concepts are identified: emphasis on the need to coordinate urban and regional planning activities with water resources planning, increasing system complexity, the goals and objectives orientation of planning, planning for multi‐objectives, the evaluation of a broader range of alternatives, and the consideration of water alternatives as only one set of measures to further society's aspirations. One way to assist in capitalizing on these trends is to seek out participation of those in other planning efforts who are involved in planning but on a different level. Because of their intimate knowledge of an areas history, growth and development, political climate, local perceptions of needs and desires, and major problems and issues they are able to contribute a great deal of insight in making the water resources planning effort more responsive at the local level. The paper describes one of the first major efforts at working‐level public‐planner contact which was carried out as part of the Susquehanna River Basin Study. A regional survey team comprised of an engineer and an economist from a federal agency and a state water resources planner met informally with planners, city managers, and local planning commissions to discuss issues related to water resources and the growth and development of local areas. This effort while only part of the overall public participation program yielded a number of benefits and if expanded and refined would be a very useful experience in other studies.
UNCONFINED FLOW THROUGH JOINTED ROCK1
Authors: Castillo Enrique , Karadi Gabor M. , Krizek Raymond J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe two‐dimensional, steady‐state, unconfined flow of a homogeneous fluid through jointed rock is studied for both laminar and turbulent conditions by use of a method which is based on previously developed theoretical and experimental flow relationships. However, only the independent unknowns are selected in order to reduce the complexity of the problem and render it more readily tractable. The intact rock is assumed to be impermeable, and two intersecting systems of plane, parallel joints are used in the mathematical model, taking into account the surface roughness of the joints. The mathematical solution of the resulting nonlinear (due to turbulent flow in some joints) system of equations is obtained by use of a rapidly converging iterative procedure, wherein each iteration takes special advantage of the banded nature of the associated matrix. For the particular case where a free surface exists, the general flow equations are not satisfied, because some of the joints in the vicinity of the free surface do not flow full; therefore, new equations must be established to handle this condition. Once the development of the mathematical model is accomplished, several cases involving different geometric characteristics (width, orientation, and roughness of joints) are solved for a rectangular domain, and graphs are given to illustrate the influence of the various parameters on the manifested flow behavior.
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT SALT WATER INTRUSION?1
Authors: Kashef Abdel‐Aziz I. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAlmost thirty years after the first known publication on salt water problems published in 1855 by Braithwaite, two investigators developed an approximate theory to find the boundaries of fresh water lenses in coastal aquifers. Their theory is now known as Ghyben‐Herzberg Theory. Although their theory is based on oversimplified assumptions, it has stimulated others through various periods of time.A review of the main investigations in this field is summarized in this paper. The discussions are subdivided into three main eras: (1) The period through which the problems were identified and field observations were explained (from 1855 until the early forties); (2) the analytic approaches during the period from 1940 to the late sixties; and (3) the refined techniques during the past three years.A brief summary of the recharge methods is also given in addition to a more or less comprehensive list of references.
INTERSTATE AND INTERNATIONAL AQUIFERS1
Authors: Bittinger Morton W. , Jones E. Bruce 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTMany important groundwater aquifers cross state and national boundaries. The flow of water in these aquifers is not influenced by the boundaries but may be materially influenced by mans activities on one or both sides of a boundary. Interstate and international problems may develop because of excessive groundwater lowering on one side of a boundary affecting water users on the opposite side of the line. Similarly, intensive groundwater development along a surface stream may influence the amount of surface water that flows across a boundary. A third type of problem may develop when pumping on one side of the boundary induces poor quality water into an aquifer on the other side of the boundary. Several specific interstate and international aquifer problems are briefly described.
RURAL WATER SUPPLIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1
Authors: Donaldson David 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe best available figures indicate that on a global basis only about 10 per cent of the rural populations have a safe source of water, with the Region of the Americas having the highest coverage at 19 per cent. The program of the Second U.N. Decade proposed to supply coverage to about 200 million persons at an estimated cost of 1.6 billion dollars by 1980. The elements of a rural water supply program are presented, then the difference between rural and urban supplies in such areas as community participation, financing, technical assistance, etc., are discussed. The use of revolving funds to help finance this effort, and the use of the mass approach to help the governments increase their program coverage, are also presented. This paper concludes that while much has been done in the 60's, much remains to be done, but that the basic tools for this effort are available.
MODELING AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING DECISIONS IN WATER RESOURCES EXPANSION1
Authors: O'Laoghaire Dornhnall T. , Himmelblau David M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Individuals and organizations concerned with the expansion of the facilities of a river basin (such as a river basin authority) need to determine optimal strategies of operation and capital investment. They also need to examine the sensitivity of whatever planning decisions are contemplated. This paper extends the applicability of an algorithm that had been previously applied to the deterministic river‐basin expansion problem to include the feature of a sensitivity analysis. The algorithm, containing a partial enumeration search technique and a network analysis code, gave a construction sequence of reservoirs, canals, and treatment plants, and an operating policy that maximized the present value of net earnings consistent with certain underlying assumptions. A river basin was chosen that had an existing configuration of unregulated streams and rivers, reservoirs, canals and treatment plants, and sites for future additional facilities.A series of representative synthetic flow sequences, future demand profiles, interest rates and reservoir costs that served as inputs to or parameters in the system were each perturbed by various factors (for a total of 24 cases). The sensitivity studies showed that the immediate planning decision of what facility to construct next was insensitive to variations in future demands and costs and independent of later decisions. Thus, decision‐making was adaptive in the sense that by always making the optimal proximate decision, the management of the river basin is optimized.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EVALUATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL IN LAND1
Authors: Pavoni Joseph L. , Hagerty D. Joseph , Lee Robert E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSince the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962 there has been a rapidly growing public concern over widespread contamination of the environment with hazardous wastes. In recent years scientific findings on the ecological effects of various hazardous substances have posed several important questions. What exactly are hazardous wastes? Can these substances be disposed of in a technically feasible, economical, and safe way with assurance that they have been permanently eliminated from the ecosystem? What compositional alterations or movements of the hazardous wastes occur in water, soil, or air systems? What effect will these wastes have on the water, soil, or air systems? What effect will these wastes have on the water, soil, or air properties?Consequently, a University of Louisville study has developed a relevant definition of hazardous wastes for the Environmental Engineering profession together with priority of concern rating systems to delineate the degree of environmental impact imposed on a total ecosystem by a hazardous waste and the feasibility of disposing of hazardous substances at specific landfill sites. It is felt that refinements of the priority of concern rating systems offered here may provide a sound basis from which procedural decisions may be structured to establish future national hazardous waste disposal sites.
INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF THE GREAT LAKES‐ST. LAWRENCE BASIN1
Authors: Day J. C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTNeither Canada nor the United States attach much importance to the International Joint Commission (IJC) judging by the size of staffs and annual budgets. The Commission has been restricted to a relatively minor number of functions in the Great Lakes‐St. Lawrence. It has investigated: the degree and causes of water and air quality deterioration; the effects of hydroelectric and navigation projects on water levels; the impacts of water‐level fluctuations; and the feasibility of a deep waterway from the St. Lawrence to the Hudson River. Projects approved by the Commission have produced less than might be expected through no fault of the Commission. The Great Lakes Fishery Commission has promoted little international management. Budgetary limitations restrict its lamprey control program; institutional limitations restrict its ability to deal effectively with fishery problems. Commission responsibilities are limited to coordination and advisory functions. Since Canada and the United States have not chosen to refer most aspects of river basin management to international bodies, an institutional void exists in the Great Lakes Basin to consider these questions on a continuous basis. There is a need for expanded international cooperation.
GROUNDWATER ZONING IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Zaporozec Alexander 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn today's society the planned management of groundwater resources has played an increasingly greater role. One means of insuring the protection of groundwater quantity and quality is a regional zoning of groundwater resources. Regional zoning means to classify a given region with regard to hydrogeological characteristics and to evaluate and determine the possible use of each zone. The necessary assumption is the appropriate knowledge of geological structure (compiled in a geological map) and of hydrogeological conditions (compiled in a hydrogeological map). The basis for subdivision is a hydrogeological unit distinguished and delineated on the basis of lithological, stratigraphical, structural, and hydrogeological characteristics. It should have its own distinct hydrological system. The hydrogeological region is the basic unit. Regions may be grouped into larger units: hydrogeological provinces and realms. The subdivision of regions into hydrogeological zones, or subzones when applicable, forms the basis for a groundwater development plan.
THE CHANGING DECISION RULES IN THE POLITICS OF WATER DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Ingram Helen 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA set of decision rules have governed the traditional politics of water development. This paper identifies these rules, describes their operation, and explains the logic behind their adoption. Personal interviews with a large number of decision makers are cited to substantiate and illustrate particular rules. There are five decision rules: local support, agreement, mutual accommodation, mutual noninterference, and fairness and equity. These guidelines are intended to insure support, lessen conflict, and protect the reputation of water development as a worthwhile federal investment. Since there are current indications that the traditional decision rules are no longer followed, the paper aims to identify why and how the rules are changing.
CLUSTER ANALYSIS AND WATER PROJECT EVALUATION1
Authors: Wiebe J. E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTLarge‐scale water projects have long been undertaken for the benefit of people. Information appears to be needed as to who benefits as a result of these projects.The hypothesis was tested that regional income and employment benefits would be closely related to areas where water projects were located. The analytical procedure centered on cluster analysis used to delineate counties in the Tennessee River Watershed on the basis of changes in selected variables over different periods.The hypothesis was rejected. It was concluded that benefits of water projects were not necessarily confined to isolated areas near projects but were regional.
STATE LEGISLATIVE RESPONSE TO THE CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT1
Authors: Marando Vincent L. , Thomas Robert D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis research deals with the manner in which the Arizona Legislature dealt with the issue of the Central Arizona Project. Due to the massive costs and impact, the Central Arizona Project was handled by the Legislature in a nonroutinized manner. There was no Legislative precedent for dealing with such a major public work project. Given the Legislature's annual program concerns and priorities, it is neither structurally nor psychologically geared to respond to the Central Arizona Project in terms of placing it within an agenda of priorities even for discussion.
FACTORS AFFECTING FLOODS FROM WATERSHEDS IN HUMID REGIONS OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO1
Authors: Bar‐Kochba Yoseph , Simon Andrew L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the results of a study of hydrologic factors affecting floods from humid region in northeastern Ohio. Statistical multiple correlation analysis was used to relate floods to hydrologic and basin characteristics. Results of the study emphasize that the characteristics of floods from small and large watersheds are so significantly different that the two problems cannot be combined into one solution. The studies show that the most important hydrologic characteristics in large watersheds were: drainage area size and main channel slope. For small watersheds the most important hydrologic characteristics were: drainage area size, rainfall intensity and soil index. For watershed effect by reservoir storage it was found that: (1) small drainage areas are relatively more affected by storage than large drainage areas; (2) storage of less than 25 acre feet per square mile will not have significant effect on the mean annual flood (for drainage area above 70 square miles).
WATER POLLUTION AS AFFECTED BY STREET SALTING1
Authors: Hawkins Richard H. , Judd John H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of salt to melt ice and snow on streets and roads has become prevalent throughout the Northeast. Several states apply as much as 20 tons per lane‐mile.Salt runoff may be sorted in various locations within the hydrologic system. Eventually the salt reaches streams and lakes. In Meadowbrook, it was observed that the chloride content reached a high of 11,000 ppm in December 1969. The runoff from the watershed was emitted in several surges. Chloride concentrations declined with the onset of summer, but still remained high, suggesting that some of the salt applied during the past winter appeared in the summer stream flow.Salt runoff entering a small lake, flowed directly to the lake bottom. The buildup of high density saline water in the lower portion of the lake prevented complete mixing in the spring. Incomplete mixing led to anoxic conditions in the lower lake strata. The population of bent hic fauna of the lake was changed by the flow of salt water into the lake. From a total of 10 species of dipteran larva and oligochaetes, only 4 species of the latter remained.
GROUNDSURFACE WATER INTERACTION IN THE LONG ISLAND AQUIFER SYSTEM1
Authors: Collins Michael A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSteady state experimental studies with a viscous analog of the aquifer system in central Long Island, New York, have shown there to be significant interaction between surface accretion, stream base flow, well recharge, and the degree of salt water intrusion. Reductions in accretion are found to cause a proportionately larger decrease in stream base flow. The degree of intrusion is found to be related to the distribution of accretion and well recharge between stream base flow and submarine flow to the sea. This interaction poses a conflict between development of the groundwater resource and maintenance of the surface water resource. Well recharge apparently offers a potential solution to the conflict.