bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FOOD HARDNESS AND FRACTURABILITY ASSESSMENT BY AN ELECTRONIC SENSING SYSTEM1
Authors: PENG YANKUN , SUN XIUZHI , CARSON LIN , SETSER CAROLE 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo texture properties of food, hardness and fracturability, were studied by an electronic sensing system (ESS) with 29 cereal‐based foods that represented a range of textures. Three electrodes were used with one located on the cheekbone, one on the lower jaw bone, and the other one, a ground, on the ear lobe. Total energy, peak energy, and Fourier power of the first bite ESS signals were analyzed. The Fourier power of the muscle motion in biting was highly correlated to the muscle motion total energy. Sensory hardness and fracturability were correlated with the first bite ESS total energy and first bite ESS Fourier power (r = 0.82 and 0.74).
USE OF PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF SENSORY CHANGES IN CARROT TEXTURE AND SWEETNESS DURING COOKING
Authors: BELIE N. De , LAUSTSEN A. M. , MARTENS M. , BRO R. , BAERDEMAEKER J. De 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe change in texture and flavour during cooking of carrot discs of 5 different batches was investigated by sensory analysis and four different physico‐chemical measurements. The five most important sensory attributes were sweet odour, sweet taste, juiciness, hardness and crispness. All sensory descriptors underwent a similar decrease in intensity during cooking for up to 15 min. Hardness and crispness were highly correlated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed differences between the experimental samples. The first principal component explained 99% of the total variance and was related to the cooking time. The second principal component pointed at differences between the carrot batches, for example, carrots grown on a sandy soil (3‐4% organic matter) and kept over winter on a straw covered field, were less sweet, but more juicy, crisp and hard than carrots of the same cultivar grown on a soil with a higher humus content (8% organic matter) and kept in a cool store. Soluble solids content (SSC), dry matter (DM), tensile strength (Ft) and compressive strength (Fc) also decreased with cooking time. SSC and DM decreased more or less linearly, while Ft and Fc showed an exponential decrease from one minute cooking onwards. Due to the different effect of cellular turgor on tensile and compressive strength, Ft dropped rapidly within the first minute of cooking, while Fc remained constant. Ft and Fc showed a high correlation with the sensory parameters. A two‐component PLS‐model including all four physico‐chemical measurements estimated the juiciness with an average root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.25 on a sensory scale ranging from 0 to 15, and the other attributes with an average RMSEP between 1 and 1.25. These physico‐chemical measurements provide a faster and cheaper quality estimation than sensory evaluation by a trained panel and may help the ready‐to‐use food products and catering industries to determine optimum cooking times.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TOMATOES AS RELATED TO PUNCTURE INJURY SUSCEPTIBILITY
Authors: DESMET MICHÈLE , LAMMERTYN JEROEN , VERLINDEN BERT E. , NICOLAÏ BART M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relation between mechanical properties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and puncture injury susceptibility was investigated using two cultivars: Tradiro, which is moderately resistant and Blitz, which is very susceptible. Mechanical properties were determined using a universal testing machine and an acoustic firmness sensor. The susceptibility to puncture injury was measured by a pendulum test. By means of Partial Least Squares analysis (PLS), a relationship with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.78 was found between the mechanical properties and the puncture injury susceptibility of the tomato cultivar. High loadings were found for the force required to puncture the tomato with and without skin, the elasticity of the fruit, the toughness of the skin and the acoustic firmness of the tomato fruit, indicating that these mechanical properties affect the susceptibility to puncture injury. The obtained results directly imply that these mechanical properties should be used to screen for genotypes with lower susceptibility to puncture injury.
DETERMINATION OF PRACTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN THE SENSORILY PERCEIVED CONSISTENCY OF SEMILIQUID FOODS1
Authors: CHANASATTRU WANLOP , CORRADINI MARIA G. , PELEG MICHA 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe consistency of commercial salad dressing, chocolate pudding and mustard samples before and after controlled disruption was assessed by squeezing flow viscometry and evaluated sensorily by an untrained panel. The instrumental parameters were the apparent stress at 1.5 and 1.0 mm height and the apparent residual stress after 60 and 120 s relaxation (at 1.0 mm height). The panelists were asked to identify the sample(s) with the stronger consistency in a triangular test. The percent correct identifications was plotted against the difference in the magnitude of the instrumental parameters and their ratios. The scatter of these plots suggests that the effective stimulus for consistency perception was primarily the overall resistance to deformation or flow and to a much lesser extent to more subtle rheological characteristics like the ‘degree of solidity'. In the range of consistencies examined, the detection thresholds were on the order of 0.5‐0.7 kPa and 0.4‐0.6 kPa at 1.0 and 1.5 mm height, respectively. They corresponded to stress ratios on the order of 0.75‐0.85. Results of this kind will enable setting objective standards for the consistency of commercial semi liquid foods and tolerance margins to deviations from them.
TEXTURE OF SEMI‐SOLIDS: SENSORY FLAVOR‐TEXTURE INTERACTIONS FOR CUSTARD DESSERTS
Authors: DE WIJK RENÉ A. , RASING FRED , WILKINSON CLARE L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPossible interactions between flavor and oral texture sensations were investigated for four flavorants, diacetyl, benzaldehyde, vanillin, and caffeine, added in two concentrations to model vanilla custard desserts. The flavorants affected viscosities and resulted in corresponding changes in perceived thickness and melting sensations. In addition, flavorants affected prickling sensations, probably via activation of the trigeminal nerve system, and sensations of roughness, astringency, and dryness/mealiness. Finally, the effects of flavorants on these individual texture attributes also resulted in flavorant effects on creaminess and fattiness, sensations based on combinations of the above attributes.
APPLYING MACHINE LEARNING METHODS IN STUDYING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MOUTHFEEL AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF OAT BREAD
Authors: SALMENKALLIO‐MARTTILA M. , ROININEN K. , LINDGREN J.T. , ROUSU J. , AUTIO K. , LÄHTEENMÄKI L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim was to study whether machine learning can be applied in analysing microstructure of food from microscopy images and whether the state of macromolecules, protein and starch, can be related to sensory mouthfeel. Addition of gluten and transglutaminase modified the microstructure and mouthfeel of five oat bread samples. Light microscopy, instrumental texture profile analysis and descriptive sensory analysis were used to analyse the test breads. Digital image analysis was used to obtain numerical data on starch and protein phases in the breads. Degree of starch gelatinization and protein network properties were extracted from microscopy images by expert ratings. Many of the bread sensory properties could be predicted using instrumental texture and image analysis features. Machine learning of degree of starch gelatinization and protein network structure properties from expert classified microscope images was studied. Color histograms and co‐occurrence matrix statistics were suitable preprocessing techniques for the images. In both starch gelatinization and protein network structure classification, the prediction error of an induced model tree was lower than the standard deviation between independent predictions given by experts.
Patient Bypass Behavior and Critical Access Hospitals: Implications for Patient Retention
Authors: Liu Jiexin (Jason) , Bellamy Gail R. , McCormick Melissa 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:
Purpose: To assess the extent of bypass for inpatient care among patients living in Critical Access Hospital (CAH) service areas, and to determine factors associated with bypass, the reasons for bypass, and what CAHs can do to retain patients locally. Methods: Six hundred and forty‐seven subjects, aged 18 years and older, who had been admitted to a hospital for inpatient care in the past 12 months and lived within 15‐20 miles of 25 randomly selected CAHs were surveyed by phone during the period from early February through late July 2005. Survey questions included demographic characteristics, general health status, travel time/distance to health care, questions on satisfaction with local health services, bypass behavior, and solicited suggestions on how local hospitals could retain patients locally. Findings: About 60% of surveyed patients bypassed their local CAHs for inpatient care including 16% who were referred to another facility by the local CAH/health care providers and would use the local hospital if needed services were available. Bypass rates ranged from 16% to 70% across the sampled CAHs. Factors associated with bypass included age, income, satisfaction with the local hospital, and traveling distance/time. Lack of specialty care, limited services, and the quality/reputation of local services/doctors were most frequently mentioned as reasons why patients bypass local CAHs. Conclusions: The bypass rate for sampled CAHs is considerably higher than the 20%‐50% bypass rates documented in the literature for all hospitals in general using discharge/administrative data. The sizeable variation in bypass rates across CAHs suggests that the appropriate response/fix should come from the facility/community levels.
EXPLORING ATTRITION BIAS: THE CASE OF THE KHAYELITSHA PANEL STUDY (2000‐2004)
Authors: Magruder Jeremy , Nattrass Nicoli 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAttrition bias is a problem for users of panel data. Researchers need to know what socio‐economic factors are associated with attrition, and whether this is of relevance for the kind of analysis they want to conduct. This paper discusses attrition bias in the 2000/2004 Khayelitsha panel study. It shows that women, shack‐dwellers and people living in smaller households are more likely to attrit, but that the impact of these variables on the probability of attrition is relatively small. The implications for labour‐market analysis are then explored using Mincerian earnings functions and a probit regression on whether respondents are wage‐employed or not. The coefficients generated using a restricted sample of non‐attritors do not differ significantly from those generated by the entire sample. This suggests that attrition bias in this particular data set is not a problem for this kind of labour market analysis.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Brecanavir, a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitor, following Repeat Administration with and without Ritonavir in Healthy Adult Subjects
Authors: Reddy Y. Sunila , Ford Susan L. , Anderson Maggie T. , Murray Sharon C. , Ng-Cashin Judith , Johnson Mark A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

Brecanavir (BCV) is a novel, potent protease inhibitor in development for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection with low nM in vitro 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
s) against many multiprotease inhibitor resistant viruses. This study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled repeat-dose escalation to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of BCV, with or without ritonavir (RTV), in 68 healthy subjects. Seven sequential cohorts (
n
= 10) received BCV (50 to 600 mg) in combination with 100 mg RTV (every 12 h [q12h] or q24h) or alone at 800 mg q12h for 15 days. BCV alone or in combination with RTV was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported. The most common drug-related adverse event was headache. BCV was readily absorbed with median time to maximum concentration of drug in serum values ranging from 2.5 to 5.0 h postdose following single- and repeat-dose administration of BCV alone and BCV with RTV 100 mg. Geometric mean BCV accumulation ratios ranged from 1.4 to 1.56 following BCV-RTV q24h regimens and from 1.84 to 4.93 following BCV q12h regimens. BCV steady state was generally achieved by day 13 in all groups. All day 15 BCV-RTV trough concentration values in q12h regimens reached or surpassed the estimated protein-binding corrected in vitro IC
50
target BCV concentration of 28 ng/ml for highly resistant isolates. The pharmacokinetic and safety profile of BCV-RTV supports continued investigation in HIV-1-infected subjects.
Genetic Susceptibility and Caspase Activation in Mouse and Human Macrophages Are Distinct for
Legionella longbeachae
and
L. pneumophila
Authors: Asare Rexford , Santic Marina , Gobin Ivana , Doric Miljenko , Suttles Jill , Graham James E. , Price Christopher D. , Abu Kwaik Yousef 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

Legionella pneumophila
is the predominant cause of Legionnaires' disease in the United States and Europe, while
Legionella longbeachae
is the common cause of the disease in Western Australia. Although clinical manifestations by both intracellular pathogens are very similar, recent studies have shown that phagosome biogeneses of both species within human macrophages are distinct (R. Asare and Y. Abu Kwaik, Cell. Microbiol., in press). Most inbred mouse strains are resistant to infection by
L. pneumophila
, with the exception of the A/J mouse strain, and this genetic susceptibility is associated with polymorphism in the
naip5
allele and flagellin-mediated early activation of caspase 1 and pyropoptosis in nonpermissive mouse macrophages. Here, we show that genetic susceptibility of mice to infection by
L. longbeachae
is independent of allelic polymorphism of
naip5. L. longbeachae
replicates within bone marrow-derived macrophages and in the lungs of A/J, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mice, while
L. pneumophila
replicates in macrophages in vitro and in the lungs of the A/J mouse strain only. Quantitative real-time PCR studies on infected A/J and C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages show that both
L. longbeachae
and
L. pneumophila
trigger similar levels of
naip5
expression, but the levels are higher in infected C57BL/6 mouse macrophages. In contrast to
L. pneumophila
,
L. longbeachae
has no detectable pore-forming activity and does not activate caspase 1 in A/J and C57BL/6 mouse or human macrophages, despite flagellation. Unlike
L. pneumophila
,
L. longbeachae
triggers only a modest activation of caspase 3 and low levels of apoptosis in human and murine macrophages in vitro and in the lungs of infected mice at late stages of infection. We conclude that despite flagellation, infection by
L. longbeachae
is independent of polymorphism in the
naip5
allele and
L. longbeachae
does not trigger the activation of caspase 1, caspase 3, or late-stage apoptosis in mouse and human macrophages. Neither species triggers caspase 1 activation in human macrophages.
Effect of tibial positioning on the diagnosis of posterolateral rotatory instability in the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee
Authors: Strauss Eric J , Ishak Charbel , Inzerillo Christopher , Walsh Michael , Yildirim Gokce , Walker Peter , Jazrawi Laith , Rosen Jeffrey 
Published: February 2007

Objective:To determine whether positioning of the tibia affects the degree of tibial external rotation seen during a dial test in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)–posterolateral corner (PLC)-deficient knee.Design:Laboratory investigation.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Hypothesis:An anterior force applied to the tibia in the combined PCL–PLC-deficient knee will yield increased tibial external rotation during a dial test.Methods:The degree of tibial external rotation was measured with 5 N⋅m of external rotation torque applied to the tibia at both 30° and 90° of knee flexion. Before the torque was applied, an anterior force, a posterior force, or neutral (normal, reduced control) force was applied to the tibia. External rotation measurements were repeated after sequential sectioning of the PCL, the posterolateral structures and the fibular collateral ligament (FCL).Results:Baseline testing of the intact specimens demonstrated a mean external rotation of 18.6° with the knee flexed to 30° (range 16.1–21.0°), and a mean external rotation of 17.3° with the knee flexed to 90° (range 13.8–20.0°). Sequential sectioning of the PCL, popliteus and popliteofibular ligament, and the FCL led to a significant increase in tibial external rotation compared with the intact knee for all testing scenarios. After sectioning of the popliteus and popliteofibular ligament, the application of an anterior force during testing led to a mean tibial external rotation that was 5° greater than during testing in the neutral position and 7.5° greater than during testing with a posterior force. In the PCL, popliteus/popliteofibular ligament and FCL-deficient knee, external rotation was 9° and 12° greater with the application of an anterior force during testing compared with neutral positioning and the application of a posterior force, respectively.Conclusion:An anterior force applied to the tibia during the dial test in a combined PCL–PLC-injured knee increased the overall amount of observed tibial external rotation during the dial test. The anterior force reduced the posterior tibial subluxation associated with PCL injury, which is analogous to what is observed when the dial test is performed with the patient in the prone position. Reducing the tibia with either an anterior force when the patient is supine or performing the dial test with the patient in the prone position increases the ability of an examiner to detect a concomitant PLC injury in the setting of a PCL-deficient knee.
The effect of osseous ankle configuration on chronic ankle instability
Authors: Frigg Arno , Magerkurth Olaf , Valderrabano Victor , Ledermann Hans-Peter , Hintermann Beat 
Published: February 2007

Background:Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common orthopaedic entity in sport. Although other risk factors have been studied extensively, little is known about how it is influenced by the osseous joint configuration.Aim:To study the effect of osseous ankle configuration on CAI.Design:Case–control study, level III.Setting:Radiological examination with measurement of lateralxrays by an independent radiologist using a digital DICOM/PACS system.Patients:A group of 52 patients who had had at least three recurrent sprains was compared with an age-matched and sex-matched control group of 52 healthy subjects.Main outcome measures:The radius of the talar surface, the tibial coverage of the talus (tibiotalar sector) and the height of the talar body were measured.Results:The talar radius was found to be larger in patients with CAI (21.2 (2.4) mm) than in controls (17.7 (1.9) mm; p<0.001, power >95%). The tibiotalar sector, representing the tibial coverage of the talus, was smaller in patients with CAI (80° (5.1°)) than in controls (88.4° (7.2°); p<0.001, power >95%). No significant difference was observed in the height of the talar body between patients with CAI (28.8 (2.6) mm) and controls (27.5 (4.0) mm; p = 0.055).Conclusion:CAI is associated with an unstable osseous joint configuration characterised by a larger radius of the talus and a smaller tibiotalar sector. There is evidence that a higher talus might also play some part, particularly in women.
STAT3 mRNA and protein expression in colorectal cancer: effects on STAT3-inducible targets linked to cell survival and proliferation
Authors: Lassmann Silke , Schuster Ingrid , Walch Axel , Göbel Heike , Jütting Uta , Makowiec Frank , Hopt Ulrich , Werner Martin 
Published: February 2007

Aims:To evaluate mRNA and protein expression of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)3 in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) and to define the association of STAT3 activity with the STAT3-inducible targets cyclin D1, survivin, Bcl-xl and Mcl-1.Materials and methods:Matching serial sections of normal colonic epithelium and invasive CRCs (n = 32) were subjected to quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction specific to STAT3, cyclin D1, survivin, Bcl-xl and Mcl-1, as well as immunohistochemistry. For STAT3 immunohistochemistry, two antibodies, recognising unphosphorylated (UP-) and phosphorylated (tyr705, P-) STAT3 were used. Ki-67 (MIB-1) staining was included as a proliferation marker.Results:Compared with normal colonic epithelium, UP-STAT3 and P-STAT3 (p = 0.023 and 0.006) protein expression and expression of its associated targets cyclin D1, survivin and Bcl-xl were significantly (all p<0.001) increased in carcinoma. In carcinomas, STAT3 (p = 0.019) and Bcl-xl (p = 0.001) mRNAs were correlated with lymph node status. Moreover, nuclear P-STAT3 protein expression (active state) was associated with the expression of its target genes Bcl-xl (p = 0.038) and survivin (p = 0.01) as well as with Ki-67 (p = 0.017). By contrast, cytoplasmic UP-STAT was significantly linked to Bcl-xl mRNA (p = 0.024) and protein (p = 0.001) as well as to cytoplasmic survivin protein expression (p = 0.019).Conclusion:Both inactive (UP-STAT3) and active (P-STAT3) STAT3 proteins are markedly increased in invasive CRCs. This is associated with Bcl-xl and survivin induction, increased proliferation and lymph node metastasis. This study therefore provides the basis for further examination of the prognostic or predictive value of these molecular markers in CRC.
Gender equality in the work of local research ethics committees in Europe: a study of practice in five countries
Authors: Moerman C J , Haafkens J A , Söderström M , Rásky É , Maguire P , Maschewsky-Schneider U , Norstedt M , Hahn D , Reinerth H , McKevitt N 
Published: February 2007

Background:Funding organisations and research ethics committees (RECs) should play a part in strengthening attention to gender equality in clinical research. In the research policy of European Union (EU), funding measures have been taken to realise this, but such measures are lacking in the EU policy regarding RECs.Objective:To explore how RECs in Austria, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands and Sweden deal with gender equality issues by asking two questions: (1) Do existing procedures promote representation of women and gender expertise in the committee? (2) How are sex and gender issues dealt with in protocol evaluation?Methods:Two RECs were selected from each country. Data were obtained through interviews with key informants and content analysis of relevant documents (regulations, guidelines and review tools in use in 2003).Results:All countries have rules (mostly informal) to ensure the presence of women on RECs; gender expertise is not required. Drug study protocols are carefully evaluated, sometimes on a formal basis, as regards the inclusion of women of childbearing age. The reason for excluding either one of the sexes or including specific groups of women or making a gender-specific risk–benefit analysis are investigated by some RECs. Such measures are, however, neither defined in the regulations nor integrated in review tools.Conclusions:The RECs investigated in five European member states are found to pay limited attention to gender equality in their working methods and, in particular in protocol evaluation. Policy and regulations of EU are needed to strengthen attention to gender equality in the work of RECs.