bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions of 2-Hydrazino-1-azaazulenes with Diphenylcyclopropenone
Authors: Abe Noritaka , Kakehi Akikazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of ethyl 2-hydrazino-1-azaazulene-3-carboxylate with diphenylcyclopropenone (DPP) gave ethyl (Z)-2-[N′-(3-amino-2,3-diphenylpropenoyl)hydrazino]-1-azaazulene-3-carboxylate, ethyl 8,9-diphenyl-1,2,9b-triazaindeno[1,7,6-bcd]azulene-3-carboxylate, ethyl (E)-3-(1,2-diphenylethyl)-1,2,3a-triazacyclopent[a]azulene-9-carboxylate, and ethyl 2-amino-1-azaazulene-3-carboxylate (8a), together with the products of 8a with DPP. However, the reaction of 2-hydrazino-1-azaazulene with DPP gave 4H-2,3-diphenyl-1,4a-diazabenz[a]azulen-4-one, (Z)-3-[(1-azaazulen-2-yl)amino]-2,3-diphenylpropenamide, 3,4-diphenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4a-diazabenz[a]azulen-2-one and 2-amino-1-azaazulene. The structures of the obtained products were determined by inspections of their physical and spectral data, as well as single-crystal X-ray structure analyses of some of these compounds. The reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Stereoselective Syntheses of α-d- and β-d-Ribofuranosides Catalyzed by the Combined Use of Silver Salts and Their Partners
Authors: Shimomura Naoyuki , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
α-d-Ribofuranosides are stereoselectively synthesized in high yields from 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1-O-iodoacetyl-d-ribofuranose (1) and trimethylsilylated nucleophiles by the use of silver salts in the coexistence of 3 molar amounts of lithium perchlorate, while β-d-ribofuranosides are prepared predominantly in high yields by the reaction of 1 and trimethylsilylated nucleophiles or 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-d-ribofuranose and free alcohols by using [diphenyltin sulfide/silver salt] or [Lawesson’s reagent/silver salt] combined catalyst system.
FLC Mixtures Containing Laterally Fluorinated Compounds with an Acetylene Linkage for the τ–Vmin Mode
Authors: Tamai Kazuhiko , Kaneko Takashi , Shiomi Makoto , Takeda Hitoshi , Koden Mitsuhiro , Miyoshi Shuji , Wada Tomio , Watanabe Tetsuya 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Achiral liquid crystal mixtures for the τ–Vmin mode of ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLC) were developed by using laterally fluorinated achiral compounds with an acetylene linkage. The achiral mixtures showed large negative dielectric anisotropy (Δε), low viscosity and an INAC phase sequence. FLC mixtures were prepared by doping chiral compounds into the developed achiral mixtures. The developed FLC mixtures showed low Vmin and fast τmin, giving a low driving voltage and fast line address time.
A Novel Synthesis of Alkyl Chloroformate in the Gas Phase by a Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction Using Cl2, CO, and Alkyl Nitrite
Authors: Murakami Masato , Manada Noriaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A novel synthesis of chloroformate was developed by a palladium-catalyzed reaction of Cl2, CO, and alkyl nitrite in the gas phase. When PdCl2/γ-Al2O3 or PdCl2/SiO2 was employed as a catalyst, chloroformate was formed in good yield and with high selectivity. It was confirmed that the reaction did not proceed via phosgene. Cl2 is directly converted to methyl chloroformate. No HCl was formed. The reaction temperature greatly influenced the formation rate of chloroformate, and its selectivity depended on the nitrite/Cl molar ratio very drastically. The dependence of the formation rate on the concentrations of CO and methyl nitrite was also examined.
New Polyacetal Process from Formaldehyde Polymerization in the Presence of a Chain Transfer Agent
Authors: Matsuzaki Kazuhiko , Hata Tadashige , Sone Tatsuo , Masamoto Junzo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A new polyacetal process from formaldehyde polymerization in the presence of a chain-transfer agent was developed. For the acetal homopolymer, highly purified formaldehyde is polymerized in the presence of acetic anhydride. Thus, an end-capped polymer can be obtained during polymerization. This concept gave us a very simple process for manufacturing the acetal homopolymer, compared to the conventional process. If trifunctional or tetrafunctional alcoholic compounds are used as chain-transfer agents, branched poly(oxymethylene) is obtained; the melt viscosity of this branched poly(oxymethylene) shows a higher pressure dependence than the linear poly(oxymethylene). If a functional polymer is used as the chain-transfer agent, which has an active hydrogen, the acetal block copolymer, which shows characteristic properties, can be obtained.
Does a Magnetic Field Induce Optical Activity in Photochemical Reaction of 4-Methyl-2-quinolinecarbonitrile with Optically Active (S)-(+)-2-Phenylpropionic Acid ?
Authors: Fujiwara Yoshihisa , Tanaka Tomohiro , Ohtani Hokuto , Tanimoto Yoshifumi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effect of a magnetic field on optical activity of a product was reinvestigated in photochemical reaction of 4-methyl-2-quinolinecarbonitrile with optically active (S)-(+)-2-phenylpropionic acid. The spectroscopic data show that the product, 4-methyl-2-(1-phenylethyl)quinoline, becomes racemic both in the presence and absence of a magnetic field (45 mT), indicating no induction of the optical activity by the magnetic field.
Synthesis of Tris(β-diketonato)indium from Metallic Indium and Bis(β-diketonato)copper
Authors: Wakeshima Ikuko , Watanabe Sazuku , Kijima Ichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction between metallic indium and bis(β-diketonato)copper(II) in non-aqueous solution produced the corresponding indium chelate compounds of the type [In(dik)3], where Hdik denotes CH3COCH2COCH3 (Hacac), CH3COCH2COC6H5 (Hbzac), C6H5COCH2COC6H5(Hdbzm), or (CH3)3CCOCH2COC(CH3)3 (Hdpm). The [In(acac)3] was formed in high yield by the reactions using o-dichlorobenzene, decaline, or DMSO as solvent. The other indium chelate compounds were synthesized by reactions using DMSO as solvent.
Synthesis of 6-Amino-5,6-dideoxy-5-hyroxyphosphinyl-d-glucopyranose
Authors: Hanaya Tadashi , Fujii Yasushi , Yamamoto Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title sugar analogue (9) was conveniently synthesized from known 3-O-acetyl-5,6-dideoxy-5-dimethoxyphosphinyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-6-nitro-α-d-glucofuranose in 4 steps via the 6-t-butoxycarbonylamino derivative. The structure of 9 was established by spectroscopy after conversion into the 6-acetamido-1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-5-methoxyphosphinyl derivatives.
Identification of Absolute Configuration of Tertiary Alcohols by Combination of Mosher's Method and Conformational Analysis
Authors: Izumi Shunsuke , Moriyoshi Hiroyuki , Hirata Toshifumi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Mosher's method for identification of the absolute configurations of secondary alcohols could be extended to that of tertiary alcohols, such as (1S,2S,5R)- and (1S,2R,5R)-pinan-2-ol, on the basis of its conformational analysis.
Effect of Methyl Substituents on the Double Bond Involved in the Formation of Tetrahydropyrans from Hydroxy Allylic Acetates
Authors: Nakata Masaya , Yasuda Minoru , Kawakita Jin 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Substitutive cyclization of allylic acetates by an internal secondary hydroxyl group under acidic conditions to yield 2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans has been investigated. The reaction is influenced by the substitution type of the double bond.
Syntheses and Properties of Ferrocenylethynyl Transition Metal Complexes of Platinum, Palladium, and Nickel
Authors: Onitsuka Kiyotaka , Tao Xin-Qung , Sonogashira Kenkichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Square planar ferrocenylethynyl transition metal complexes M(C≡CFc)2(PR3)2 (M = Pt, Pd, Ni; Fc = (C5H4)Fe(C5H5)) were prepared by the reaction of MCl2(PR3)2 with ethynylferrocene in the presence of a CuI catalyst in diethylamine, and characterized by spectral analyses. An interaction between transition metals and an iron atom was studied by using electronic spectroscopy.
A kinematic comparison of fixed- and mobile-bearing knee replacements
Authors: Delport H. P. , Banks S. A. , De Schepper J. , Bellemans J. 
Published: July 2006

Mobile-bearing posterior-stabilised knee replacements have been developed as an alternative to the standard fixed- and mobile-bearing designs. However, little is known about the in vivo kinematics of this new group of implants. We investigated 31 patients who had undergone a total knee replacement with a similar prosthetic design but with three different options: fixed-bearing posterior cruciate ligament-retaining, fixed-bearing posterior-stabilised and mobile-bearing posterior-stabilised. To do this we used a three-dimensional to two-dimensional model registration technique. Both the fixed- and mobile-bearing posterior-stabilised configurations used the same femoral component. We found that fixed-bearing posterior stabilised and mobile-bearing posterior-stabilised knee replacements demonstrated similar kinematic patterns, with consistent femoral roll-back during flexion. Mobile-bearing posterior-stabilised knee replacements demonstrated greater and more natural internal rotation of the tibia during flexion than fixed-bearing posterior-stabilised designs. Such rotation occurred at the interface between the insert and tibial tray for mobile-bearing posterior-stabilised designs. However, for fixed-bearing posterior-stabilised designs, rotation occurred at the proximal surface of the bearing. Posterior cruciate ligament-retaining knee replacements demonstrated paradoxical sliding forward of the femur. We conclude that mobile-bearing posterior-stabilised knee replacements reproduce internal rotation of the tibia more closely during flexion than fixed-bearing posterior-stabilised designs. Furthermore, mobile-bearing posterior-stabilised knee replacements demonstrate a unidirectional movement which occurs at the upper and lower sides of the mobile insert. The femur moves in an anteroposterior direction on the upper surface of the insert, whereas the movement at the lower surface is pure rotation. Such unidirectional movement may lead to less wear when compared with the multidirectional movement seen in fixed-bearing posterior-stabilised knee replacements, and should be associated with more evenly applied cam-post stresses.
Hidden blood loss after surgery for hip fracture
Authors: Foss N. B. , Kehlet H. 
Published: July 2006

Our aim was to determine the total blood loss associated with surgery for fracture of the hip and to identify risk factors for increased blood loss. We prospectively studied 546 patients with hip fracture. The total blood loss was calculated on the basis of the haemoglobin difference, the number of transfusions and the estimated blood volume. The hidden blood loss, in excess of that observed during surgery, varied from 547 ml (screws/ pins) to 1473 ml (intramedullary hip nail and screw) and was significantly associated with medical complications and increased hospital stay. The type of surgery, treatment with aspirin, intra-operative hypotension and gastro-intestinal bleeding or ulceration were all independent predictors of blood loss. We conclude that total blood loss after surgery for hip fracture is much greater than that observed intra-operatively. Frequent post-operative measurements of haemoglobin are necessary to avoid anaemia.
Application of the polymerase chain reaction on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue in the recognition of tuberculous osteomyelitis
Authors: Jambhekar N. A. , Kulkarni S. P. , Madur B. P. , Agarwal S. , Rajan M. G. R. 
Published: July 2006

A retrospective series of 45 cases of chronic osteomyelitis collected over a period of 14 years was histologically classified into tuberculous osteomyelitis (25) and chronic non-granulomatous osteomyelitis (20). The tuberculous osteomyelitis group was divided into three subgroups: a) typical granulomas (13 cases); b) ill-defined granulomas (seven cases), and c) suspected granulomas (five cases). An in-house polymerase chain reaction amplifying the 245 bp nucleotide sequence, and capable of detecting 10 fg of DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was used on the DNA extracted from the paraffin blocks. The polymerase chain reaction was positive in 72% of cases (18) of tuberculous osteomyelitis, but when typical cases of tuberculous osteomyelitis with confirmed granulomas were considered (13), this increased to 84.6% (11). The chronic non-granulomatous osteomyelitis group gave positive polymerase chain reaction results in 20% of the cases (4).Our preliminary study on tuberculous osteomyelitis shows that the polymerase chain reaction can be a very useful diagnostic tool, since a good correlation was seen between typical granulomas and polymerase chain reaction with a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 80%. In addition, our study shows that tuberculous osteomyelitis can be diagnosed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues in the absence of typical granulomas.
The relationship between the orientation of the glenoid and tears of the rotator cuff
Authors: Kandemir U. , Allaire R. B. , Jolly J. T. , Debski R. E. , McMahon P. J. 
Published: July 2006

Our aim was to determine the most repeatable three-dimensional measurement of glenoid orientation and to compare it between shoulders with intact and torn rotator cuffs. Our null hypothesis was that glenoid orientation in the scapulae of shoulders with a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff was the same as that in shoulders with an intact rotator cuff. We studied 24 shoulders in cadavers, 12 with an intact rotator cuff and 12 with a full-thickness tear. Two different observers used a three-dimensional digitising system to measure glenoid orientation in the scapular plane (ie glenoid inclination) using six different techniques. Glenoid version was also measured. The overall precision of the measurements revealed an error of less than 0.6°. Intraobserver reliability (correlation coefficients of 0.990 and 0.984 for each observer) and interobserver reliability (correlation coefficient of 0.985) were highest for measurement of glenoid inclination based on the angle obtained from a line connecting the superior and inferior points of the glenoid and that connecting the most superior point of the glenoid and the most superior point on the body of the scapula. There were no differences in glenoid inclination (p = 0.34) or glenoid version (p = 0.12) in scapulae from shoulders with an intact rotator cuff and those with a full-thickness tear. Abnormal glenoid orientation was not present in shoulders with a torn rotator cuff.
Treatment and prognosis for synchronous multifocal osteosarcoma in 42 patients
Authors: Bacci G. , Fabbri N. , Balladelli A. , Forni C. , Palmerini E. , Picci P. 
Published: July 2006

Between 1986 and 2002, 42 patients with synchronous multifocal osteosarcoma were treated with two different protocols of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. When feasible, the primary and secondary tumours were excised as a combined procedure.After initial chemotherapy 26 patients were excluded from simultaneous excision of all their secondary bone lesions as their disease was too advanced. In 12 patients only isolated excision of the primary lesion was possible. For 16 patients simultaneous operations were conducted to excise the primary and secondary lesions. This involved two supplementary sites in 15 patients and four additional sites in one patient. Of these, 15 attained remission but 12 relapsed and died (11 within two years). Three patients remained disease-free at five, six and 17 years. The histological response to pre-operative chemotherapy of the primary and secondary lesions was concordant in 13 of the 16 patients who underwent simultaneous operations at more than one site.The prognosis for synchronous multifocal osteosarcoma remains poor despite combined chemotherapy and surgery. The homogeneous histological responses in a large proportion of the primary and secondary lesions implies that synchronous multifocal osteosarcoma tumours are not multicentric in origin, but probably represent bone-to-bone metastases from a single tumour.
Attacking the Obesity Epidemic: The Potential Health Benefits of Providing Nutrition Information in Restaurants
Authors: Burton Scot , Creyer Elizabeth H. , Kees Jeremy , Huggins Kyle 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. Requiring restaurants to present nutrition information on menus is under consideration as a potential way to slow the increasing prevalence of obesity. Using a survey methodology, we examined how accurately consumers estimate the nutrient content of typical restaurant meals. Based on these results, we then conducted an experiment to address how the provision of nutrition information on menus influences purchase intentions and reported preferences. Methods. For both the survey and experiment, data were analyzed using analysis of variance techniques. Results. Survey results showed that levels of calories, fat, and saturated fat in less-healthful restaurant items were significantly underestimated by consumers. Actual fat and saturated fat levels were twice consumers’ estimates and calories approached 2 times more than what consumers expected. In the subsequent experiment, for items for which levels of calories, fat, and saturated fat substantially exceeded consumers’ expectations, the provision of nutrition information had a significant influence on product attitude, purchase intention, and choice. Conclusions. Most consumers are unaware of the high levels of calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium found in many menu items. Provision of nutrition information on restaurant menus could potentially have a positive impact on public health by reducing the consumption of less-healthful foods.
The Answer to Diabetes Prevention: Science, Surgery, Service Delivery, or Social Policy?
Authors: Colagiuri Ruth , Colagiuri Stephen , Yach Derek , Pramming Stig 
Published: July 2006

The diabetes and obesity epidemics are closely intertwined. International randomized controlled trials demonstrate that, in high-risk individuals, type 2 diabetes can be prevented or at least delayed through lifestyle modification and, to a lesser degree, medication. We explored the relative roles of science, surgery, service delivery, and social policy in preventing diabetes. Although it is clear that there is a role for all, diabetes is a complex problem that demands commitment across a range of government and nongovernment agencies to be effectively controlled. Accordingly, we argue that social policy is the key to achieving and sustaining social and physical environments required to achieve widespread reductions in both the incidence and prevalence of diabetes.
Understanding the Determinants of Health for People With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Maddigan Sheri L. , Feeny David H. , Majumdar Sumit R. , Farris Karen B. , Johnson Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2006

Objective. We assessed which of a broad range of determinants of health are most strongly associated with health-related quality of life (HRQL) among people with type 2 diabetes. Methods. Our analysis included respondents from the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.1 (2000–2001) who were aged 18 years and older and who were identified as having type 2 diabetes. We used regression analyses to assess the associations between the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 and determinants of health. Results. Comorbidities had the largest impact on HRQL, with stroke (−0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.17, −0.06) and depression (−0.11; 95% CI = −0.15, −0.06) being associated with the largest deficits. Large differences in HRQL were observed for 2 markers of socioeconomic status: social assistance (−0.07; 95% CI=−0.12, −0.03) and food insecurity (−0.07; 95% CI=−0.10, −0.04). Stress, physical activity, and sense of belonging also were important determinants. Overall, 36% of the variance in the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 was explained. Conclusion. Social and environmental factors are important, but comorbidities have the largest impact on HRQL among people with type 2 diabetes.
Gender and the Burden of Disease Attributable to Obesity
Authors: Muennig Peter , Lubetkin Erica , Jia Haomiao , Franks Peter 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We estimated the burden of disease in the United States attributable to obesity by gender, with life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, years of life lost annually, and quality-adjusted life years lost annually as outcome measures. Methods. We obtained burden of disease estimates for adults falling into the following body-mass index categories: normal weight (23 to <25), overweight (25 to <30), and obese (≥ 30). We analyzed the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to obtain health-related quality-of-life scores and the 1990–1992 National Health Interview Survey linked to National Death Index data through the end of 1995 for mortality. Results. Overweight men and women lost 270 000 and 1.8 million quality-adjusted life years, respectively, relative to their normal-weight counterparts. Obese men and women lost 1.9 million and 3.4 million quality-adjusted life years, respectively, per year. Much of the burden of disease among overweight and obese women arose from lower health-related quality of life and late life mortality. Conclusions. Relative to men, women suffer a disproportionate burden of disease attributable to overweight and obesity, mostly because of differences in health-related quality of life.
Healthier Choices and Increased Participation in a Middle School Lunch Program: Effects of Nutrition Policy Changes in San Francisco
Authors: Wojcicki Janet M. , Heyman Melvin B. 
Published: July 2006

In order to address overall nutritional health, including increases in numbers of overweight children and adolescents, the San Francisco Unified School District implemented a progressive nutrition policy beginning in August 2003. We review this policy and focus on its impact on school and district revenues and students’ participation in the federally subsidized school lunch program. We examined changes in menu items and the consequent effects of these changes on student eating patterns and school revenues at Aptos Middle School in San Francisco. This case study and additional district data show that provision of healthy menu options led to increased student participation in the federal school lunch program.
Education and Diabetes in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Population
Authors: Borrell Luisa N. , Dallo Florence J. , White Kellee 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We used data from the National Health Interview Survey (1997–2002) to examine the association between education and the prevalence of diabetes in US adults and whether this relation differs by race/ethnicity. Methods. The analyses were limited to non-Hispanic Blacks, non-Hispanic Whites, and Hispanics. SUDAAN was used to account for the complex sampling design. Results. Educational attainment was inversely associated with the prevalence of diabetes. Individuals with less than a high-school diploma were 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.4, 1.8) times more likely to have diabetes than those with at least a bachelor’s degree. Whites and Hispanics exhibited a significant relation between diabetes and having less than a high-school education (odds ratio [OR]=1.7; 95% CI=1.5, 2.0; and OR=1.6; 95% CI=1.1, 2.3, respectively). In addition, the odds of having diabetes was stronger for women (OR=1.9; 95% CI=1.6, 2.4) than for men (OR=1.4; 95% CI=1.1, 1.6) Conclusions. Educational attainment was inversely associated with diabetes prevalence among Whites, Hispanics, and women but not among Blacks. Education may have a different effect on diabetes health among different racial/ethnic groups.