bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PART II PATHOLOGY
Authors: MATZ L. R. , CRAVEN J. D. , HODSON C. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYObservations on the structural changes in experimental hydronephrosis due to complete obstruction of the lower ureter of pigs have suggested that the mechanism of renal substance loss is primarily due to a direct pressure effect on and within the papillae. As a consequence of extensive tubular rupture, disintegration or atrophy, there is a progressive loss of pyramid tissue.Initial cortical changes are secondary to changes in the papillae because of interference with segments of individual nephron units, and consist predominantly of tubular atrophy, although tubulorrhexis also occurs. The distribution of the early cortical changes is related to an anatomical fact frequently overlooked—‐Henle loops are distributed within pyramids according to glomerular zones. Compression of the pelvic renal vein branches by the distending pelvis increases abnormal intra–renal pressure gradients as does focal thrombosis of peritubular capillaries and veins, and may be a contributory factor to furthering and maintaining tubular damage. There is no evidence of a major segmental ischasmic effect. Although compression of the interlobar arteries would be expected to produce general ischaemia in obstructed kidneys, the best preserved cortical areas are furthest from the blood supply, and in post–obstructed kidneys there is no evidence of a previous general ischaemic effect. During the fourth week the rate of cortical atrophy is increased, for with dilatation of the pelvis an increased effective compression force is exerted upon the lateral portions of renal lobules.When ureteric obstruction is relieved and the kidneys are allowed to repair for six months, there is a progressive reduction in kidney size in proportion to the period of obstruction. One kidney became contracted with surface scars, but there is no evidence of chronic pyelonephritis. The histological appearances of these kidneys are of amazing reconstruction of the cortex with minimal fibrosis.One incompletely obstructed kidney became larger than the contralateral kidney in the six–month post–obstructive period, although of reduced mass. Further studies on back pressure atrophy due to incomplete ureteric obstruction are required to resolve conflicting views on pathogenesis.
An Aggressive Approach to Stones in the Lower Ureter
Authors: WALSH ANTHONY 
Published: December 2008

SummaryIn cases of stone in the lower ureter, a conservative attitude should be adopted only if the patient is symptom free and there is no significant ureteral obstruction.Properly used, the Dormia basket is a safe and effective instrument.In a consecutive series of 126 cases of stone in the ureter where the Dormia basket was used, the stone was extracted immediately in 82 (65 %).When the stone is stuck in the intramural ureter it should be removed by transurethral ureterolithotomy.
A Classification and Quantitative Histological Study of Abnormal Ureters in Children
Authors: EMERY JOHN L. , GILL GORDON W. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA gross and quantitative study of the muscle and connective tissue and elastic tissue has been carried out on a series of 78 abnormal ureters in children.The ureters have been classified into 5 classes: (A) normal; (B) ureters with irregular dilatations; (C) slightly dilated ureters with muscular hypertrophy and hyperplasia; (D) elongated and dilated ureters with muscular hypertrophy and hyperplasia but probably decompensated; (E) grossly distended and elongated ureters having an increase in elastic tissue but with no comparable muscular hypertrophy or hyperplasia.Ureters showing structural changes do so uniformly throughout their length and no local anatomical deformities were found to account for the irregularities in the ureters of Class B.Structurally incompetent uretero‐vesical junctions are only associated with ureters of Classes D and E.All abnormal ureters show varying degrees of muscular hypertrophy and hyperplasia. It is suggested that the form of the ureter is related to whether or not the muscular hypertrophy is adequate to compensate for the increased luminal diameter.
Nephrogenic Adenoma of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: TANEJA O. P. , AURORA A. L. , GROVER N. K. , GULATI S. M. , TAGORE N. K. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA case of nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary bladder has been reported. This tumour is essentially benign and probably arises as a result of metaplasia due to chronic urinary tract infection.The disease affects young males and is characterised by haematuria.Fulguration of the tumour is effective in controlling haematuria.A close watch and follow‐up is essential to detect recurrence.
Total Replacement of Ureter by a ScurasilR Prosthesis in Pigs: Morphology and Renal Function: A Clinical Trial in Two Patients
Authors: DJURHUUS J. C. , GYRD‐HANSEN N. , NERSTR0M B. , SVENDSEN O. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryFive pigs of the Danish Landrace breed had one ureter totally replaced with a Scurasiln prosthesis provided with RhodergonR cuffs and an anti‐reflux valve. The opposite kidney was removed simultaneously.There were no postoperative complications. All pigs survived an observation period of 6 to 8 months. There were no signs of hydronephrosis or urine leakage and the kidney function remained normal. Postmortem examinations showed foreign body reaction adjacent to the prosthesis but this was without clinical significance.As a consequence of these results, the prosthesis was used in 2 women with ureteric obstruction after radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix. The results may be described as satisfactory.
A Double Blind Trial of a Polyene Macrolide‐ Nystatin‐in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Man
Authors: BOURKE J. B. , GRIFFIN J. P. , THEODORIDES P. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryGordon and Schaffner (1968) showed that anti‐fungal drugs of the polyene macrolide group caused a reduction in volume of the hyperplastic prostate of aged dogs. It was, therefore, decided to investigate the effect of nystatin in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. In a double blind trial of 6 weeks' duration nystatin in doses of 500,000 units 8–hourly when taken orally was without effect when compared with a placebo.
Some Observations on the Medulla of the Kidney
Authors: FINE H. , KEEN E. N. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryTerminology of the cortex of the kidney is discussed and some new terms are suggested.Observations are described on 50 kidneys which have been injected and variously dissected. These include descriptions of the medulla, papillae and calyces.Some developmental, radiological and surgical aspects are mentioned and suggestions for further study are made.
Cryosurgery for Prostatic Obstruction using Liquid Nitrous Oxide
Authors: WRIGHT B. M. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe history of the use of liquid N2O for prostatic cryosurgery is briefly reviewed and an account given of a new simple instrument.Details are given of the first 3 operations and of the results of another 82 performed at a number of different centres.Relief of acute or chronic obstruction was obtained in about two‐thirds of the patients, all of whom were elderly and unfit for conventional operations.There were no serious complications attributable to the operation and it was suggested that it would now be justifiable to offer it, as an alternative, to patients who are fit for conventional surgery.
Vaginal Ureterolithotomy
Authors: O'BOYLE P. J. , GIBBON N. O. K. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe vaginal approach to the low ureteric calculus may provide an easy, rapid and safe solution to a difficult surgical problem. It is important to select the case with care and, provided basic surgical principles are followed, the complications should be minimal.3 recent successful cases are described and a further 2 in which the technique failed due to proximal displacement of the stone. The importance of adequately immobilising the calculus prior to ureterotomy is emphasised.
Amoebiasis of the Penis
Authors: THOMAS JOHN A. , ANTONY A. JOSEPH 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe 9th patient in world literature with penile amoebiasis, is reported.An extensive review of world literature suggests that the main diagnostic symptomatology in penile amoebiasis is pain with ulceration, in contrast to ulcerative carcinomas of the penis, which are painless.The possible antecedent causes could be homosexuality, venereal contacts, phimosis with resultant inadequate sex hygiene.
Predictive Value of Pressure Flow Studies for the Functional Outcome of Reconstructive Surgery for Hydronephrosis
Authors: DJURHUUS J. C. , SØRENSEN S. S. , JØRGENSEN T. M. , TAAGEHØJ‐JENSEN F. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— In 22 of 40 patients with unilateral hydronephrosis the pressure flow study was compared with the outcome of surgery. Seventeen of the 22 patients had impaired function before surgery as judged from the 2‐min uptake on the renogram. The pressure flow study as a measure of pre‐operative obstruction showed no relation to the functional outcome of surgery. Patients with obstructed pressure flow studies as well as those without signs of obstruction either remained stable or improved after surgery.It was concluded that pressure flow studies are of no value in predicting the outcome of surgery for hydronephrosis.
Minocycline in Chronic Abacterial Prostatitis: a Double‐blind Prospective Trial
Authors: SIMMONS P. D. , THIN R. N. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— In patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis, a double‐blind trial of 3 months of treatment with minocycline 100 mg twice daily compared with diazepam 5 mg twice daily was undertaken.The percentage fall in polymorphonuclear leucocyte counts in the expressed prostatic secretions was much more marked after treatment with minocycline than with diazepam. Over a follow‐up period of at least 12 months, further treatment was necessary in more patients originally treated with diazepam than with minocycline.
Is a Male Infertility Clinic of Any Use?
Authors: HARGREAVE T. B. , McGOWAN B. , HARVEY JENNIFER , McPARLAND MARY , ELTON R. A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— Two methods of statistical analysis were used to evaluate the results from an infertility clinic (the couple‐months method and Cox regression analysis). The results were in general agreement and validated the couple‐months method. The total trying time, sperm motility, sperm density and results of the wife's investigation were all shown to be highly significant prognostic factors. The age of either husband or wife, semen volume, sperm morphology, size of the testes, presence of a varicocele, serum LH and serum testosterone all failed to give significant additional prognostic information. High serum FSH and testis asymmetry both gave weak additional prognostic information.The benefit of attendance at the infertility clinic was evaluated in two ways: firstly by testing whether the event of clinic attendance altered prognosis and secondly by examining the results of a broad range of treatments. The results showed that attendance at the clinic with subsequent treatment did not improve the chance of fertility. The main benefit from clinic attendance was that the couple could be given an accurate prognosis and supportive counselling.
Percutaneous Renal Surgery and Local Radiotherapy in the Management of Renal Pelvic Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Authors: WOODHOUSE C. R. J. , KELLETT M. J. , BLOOM H. J. G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— Six patients with a history of bladder carcinoma and a radiographic filling defect of the pelvicaliceal system have been investigated or treated percutaneously. In two cases of doubtful diagnosis, percutaneous pyeloscopy showed that no pelvicaliceal tumour was present. In four patients with multifocal or recurrent transitional cell carcinoma and difficult clinical problems, intrarenal tumours were cauterised or resected percutaneously. Radioactive iridium wire (192/Ir) was inserted into the surgical track to deliver prophylactic irradiation (4500 cGy) to prevent tumour seeding.Follow‐up was from 7 to 36 months. One operated patient developed early wide‐spread multifocal disease throughout the urothelium, including the operated kidney, and died of uraemia. The other three patients have shown no recurrence in the operated kidney, though two have developed recurrences in the bladder or ureter. There have been no track recurrences.
Modified Nephroureterectomy: a Risk of Tumour Implantation
Authors: HETHERINGTON J. W. , EWING R. , PHILP N. H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— The standard surgical management of patients presenting with transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract is nephroureterectomy with excision of a cuff of bladder around the ureteric orifice. Recently a modified technique of resecting the lower ureter endoscopically and completing the nephroureterectomy through a single loin incision has been advocated as a safe and simple procedure. We consider that this technique may have a risk of tumour implantation at the site of the resected lower ureter.We report our experience of this operation in five patients, two of whom developed invasive tumour at the site of the ureteric orifice after only a short follow‐up.
The Effect of Age on the Autonomic Innervation of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: GILPIN S. A. , GILPIN C. J. , DIXON J. S. , GOSLING J. A. , KIRBY R. S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— Quantitative methods have been used to assess the amount of autonomic nerve in bladder biopsy samples from a group of “control” patients ranging in age from 20 to 79 years. Each patient included in the study was urodynamically normal and showed no subjective evidence of bladder trabeculation at cystoscopy. Using light microscopy, a significant linear reduction in the amount of acetylcholinesterase‐positive nerve was observed with increasing age. Counts of axon profiles and measurement of smooth muscle cell cross‐sectional areas in the electron microscope revealed a similar reduction in the amount of nerve per mm2 of detrusor muscle tissue. These findings thus confirm that a real reduction in the number of nerve axons occurs with age and the light microscope results are not due merely to a reduction in the amount of nerve‐associated acetylcholinesterase.The present study provides baseline data for future comparisons of the density of autonomic innervation in bladders which are functionally impaired.
The Action of the Prostaglandins on Isolated Human Ureteric Smooth Muscle
Authors: COLE R. S. , FRY C. H. , SHUTTLEWORTH K. E. D. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— A study has been carried out on the actions of the prostaglandins E2 and F2α and their synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin and diclofenac sodium, upon isolated human ureteric smooth muscle, using the technique of microsuperfusion designed to ensure good tissue viability.Indomethacin and diclofenac sodium were shown to abolish almost completely the contractile response of ureteric muscle to electrical field stimulation. Contractile activity, in the presence of the inhibitors, could be restored by prostaglandin E2 or F2α or by increasing the external potassium concentration, [K+]o, of the superfusate.Prostaglandin E2 or F2α alone were shown to increase dramatically both the phasic and tonic component of the electrically stimulated contractions, on occasions inducing spontaneous activity.A possible mechanism of action was elucidated with an electrophysiological technique using intracellular microelectrodes. The mean membrane potential recorded was 54.7 mV (SD ± 10 mV, n=15). The depolarising action of raising [K+]o was demonstrated and prostaglandin F2α (3 times 10‐6M) was shown to produce a small depolarisation of the ureteric muscle cell membrane.
TRADING WITH THE WAITING‐LIST: THE JUSTICE OF LIVING DONOR LIST EXCHANGE
Authors: DEN HARTOGH GOVERT 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIn a Living Donor List Exchange program, the donor makes his kidney available for allocation to patients on the postmortal waiting‐list and receives in exchange a postmortal kidney, usually an O‐kidney, to be given to the recipient he favours. The program can be a solution for a candidate donor who is unable to donate directly or to participate in a paired kidney exchange because of blood group incompatibility or a positive cross‐match.Each donation within an LDLE program makes an additional organ available for transplantation. But because most of the pairs making use of the program will be A/O incompatible, it will also tend to increase the waiting time for patients with blood group O, who already have the longest waiting time. It has therefore been objected that the program is materially unjust, because it further disadvantages the least advantaged. This objection appeals to John Rawls’ difference principle. However, the context for which Rawls proposed that difference principle, is significantly different from the present one. Applying the principle here amounts to a lop‐sided trade‐off between considerations of need and considerations of overall utility.Considerations of formal justice, however, may lead to a stronger objection to LDLE programs. Such a program means that one O‐patient on the waiting list is exempted from the application of the general criteria used in constructing the list because he has a special bargaining advantage. This objection is spelled out and weighed against the obvious attraction of LDLE in a situation of (extreme) organ scarcity.
GENETIC ENGINEERING TO AVOID GENETIC NEGLECT: FROM CHANCE TO RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: HAMMOND JESSICA 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTCurrently our assessment of whether someone is a good parent depends on the environmental inputs (or lack of such inputs) they give their children. But new genetic intervention technologies, to which we may soon have access, mean that how good a parent is will depend also on the genetic inputs they give their children. Each new piece of available technology threatens to open up another way that we can neglect our children. Our obligations to our children and our susceptibilities to corresponding legal and moral sanctions may be about to explosively increase.In this paper I argue that we should treat conventional neglect and ‘genetic neglect’– failing to use genetic intervention technologies to prevent serious diseases and disabilities – morally consistently. I conclude that in a range of cases parents will have a moral obligation to use genetic treatments to prevent serious disabilities in their children. My particular focus is on prenatal interventions and their impact of the bodily integrity of expectant mothers. I conclude that although bodily integrity constrains moral obligations, it is outweighed in a range of cases.
MORAL STATUS REVISITED: THE CHALLENGE OF REVERSED POTENCY
Authors: BAERTSCHI BERNARD , MAURON ALEXANDRE 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTMoral status is a vexing topic. Linked for so long to the unending debates about ensoulment and the morality of abortion, it has recently resurfaced in the embryonic stem cell controversy. In this new context, it should benefit from new insights originating in recent scientific advances. We believe that the recently observed capability of somatic cells to return to a pluripotential state (a capability we propose to name ‘reversed potency’) in a controlled manner requires us to modify the traditional concept of moral status and to consider it as referring not only to intrinsic properties (like ‘to possess reason’ or ‘to be a person’), but also to extrinsic or relational ones.
COULD A ZYGOTE BE A HUMAN BEING?
Authors: BURGESS JOHN 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper re‐examines the question of whether quirks of early human foetal development tell against the view (conceptionism) that we are human beings at conception. A zygote is capable of splitting to give rise to identical twins. Since the zygote cannot be identical with either human being it will become, it cannot already be a human being. Parallel concerns can be raised about chimeras in which two embryos fuse. I argue first that there are just two ways of dealing with cases of fission and fusion and both seem to be available to the conceptionist. One is the Replacement View according to which objects cease to exist when they fission or fuse. The other is the Multiple Occupancy View – both twins may be present already in the zygote and both persist in a chimera. So, is the conceptionist position tenable after all? I argue that it is not. A zygote gives rise not only to a human being but also to a placenta – it cannot already be both a human being and a placenta. Neither approach to fission and fusion can help the conceptionist with this problem. But worse is in store. Both fission and fusion can occur before and after the development of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst – the entity which becomes the embryo proper. The idea that we become human beings with the arrival of the inner cell mass leads to bizarre results however we choose to accommodate fission and fusion.
Inhibition of Ca2+‐dependent glutamate release from cerebral cortex synaptosomes of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Vilcaes Aldo Alejandro , Furlan Gabriela , Roth German A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSeveral pathological studies have revealed a prominent involvement of the cerebral cortex in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to better understand the events that lead to the progressive neuronal dysfunction in MS, herein we explore the contribution of the glutamatergic release in cerebral cortex synaptosomes isolated from rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model reproducing many features of MS. We found that the Ca2+‐dependent but not the Ca2+‐independent glutamate release induced by KCl and 4‐aminopyridine was significantly decreased during the acute stage of the disease. This inhibited release coincides with the onset of the clinical signs and after 24 h tends to recover the level of the control animals. The results also showed an inhibition of the glutamate release stimulated by ionomycin. When the animals were totally recovered from clinical signs, the neurotransmitter release stimulated by the different inductors was similar to the controls. Examination of the cytosolic Ca2+ using fura‐2‐acetoxymethyl ester revealed that the inhibition of glutamate release could not be attributed to a reduction in voltage‐dependent Ca2+ influx. However, this inhibition was concomitant with a lower phosphorylation of synapsin I at P‐site1. Our results show that the inhibition observed on the Ca2+‐dependent neurotransmitter release from cerebral cortex synaptosomes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is specific and correlates with the beginning of the clinical disease. Moreover, they suggest an alteration in the metabolism of proteins involved in the vesicular glutamate release more than a deregulation in the influx of cytosolic Ca2+.