bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment of a basic method for manipulating preantral follicles: effects of retrieval method on in vitro growth of preantral follicles and intrafollicular oocytes
Authors: Lee S.T. , Choi M.H. , Gong S.P. , Han J.Y. , Lim J.M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe aim of this study was to establish a basic manipulation protocol of preantral follicles for deriving developmentally competent oocytes. Primary, early and late secondary follicles retrieved from the ovaries of 14-day-old F1 (C57BL/6 × DBA2) female mice mechanically or enzymatically were cultured singly and in vitro growth of the follicles and maturation of intrafollicular oocytes were subsequently monitored. A mechanical method retrieved more (p < 0.0001) follicles (339 ± 48 vs. 202 ± 28) than an enzymatic method. However, the enzymatic method collected more singly isolated follicles that could be provided for subsequent culture (102 ± 26 vs. 202 ± 28). When an enzymatic method was employed, early and late secondary follicles required 9 and 6 days for reaching the maximal incidence of the pseudoantral stage. However, primary follicles were not possible to develop into the pseudoantral stage. The optimal duration of oocyte maturation from the onset of follicle culture was 7 days and 5–7 days for early and late secondary follicles, respectively. A general decrease in oocyte diameter (65.2–65.53 μm vs. 75 μm) and zona thickness (5.41–5.74 μm vs. 7.76 μm) was detected in in vitro-derived compared with in vivo-derived matured oocytes. Pronuclear formation was detected in 86–94% of mature oocytes after parthenogenetic activation and no significant difference was detected among groups. These results showed that preantral follicles retrieved by an enzymatic method underwent step-by-step growth in vitro, which could yield mature oocytes.
Microplate assay for quantifying developmental morphologies: effects of exogenous hyalin on sea urchin gastrulation
Authors: Razinia Z. , Carroll Jr E.J. , Oppenheimer S.B. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryIt is often difficult to determine the effects of various substances on the development of the sea urchin embryo due to the lack of appropriate quantitative microassays. Here, a microplate assay has been developed for quantitatively evaluating the effects of substances, such as hyalin, on living sea urchin embryos. Hyalin (330 kDa) is a major constituent of the sea urchin hyaline layer, an extracellular matrix that develops 20 min postinsemination. Function of the hyaline layer and its major constituent, is the adhesion of cells during morphogenesis. Using wide-mouthed pipette tips, 25 μl of 24-hStrongylocentrotus purpuratusembryos were transferred to each well of a 96-well polystyrene flat-bottom microplate yielding about 12 embryos per well. Specific concentrations of purified hyalin diluted in low calcium seawater were added to the wells containing the embryos, which were then incubated for 24 h at 15 °C. The hyalin-treated and control samples were observed live and after fixation with 10% formaldehyde using a Zeiss Axiolab photomicroscope. The small number of embryos in each well allowed quantification of the developmental effects of the added media. Specific archenteron morphologies—attached, unattached, no invagination and exogastrula—were scored and a dose-dependent response curve was generated. Hyalin at high concentrations blocked invagination. At low concentrations, it inhibited archenteron elongation/attachment to the blastocoel roof. While many studies have implicated hyalin in a variety of interactions during morphogenesis, we are not aware of any past studies that have quantitatively examined the effects of exogenous hyalin on specific gastrulation events in whole embryos.
Simultaneous and exact interval estimates for the contrast of two groups based on an extremely high dimensional variable: application to mass spec data
Authors: Park Yuhyun , Downing Sean R. , Kim Dohyun , Hahn William C. , Li Cheng , Kantoff Philip W. , Wei L.J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMotivation: Analysis of high-throughput proteomic/genomic data, in particular, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) data and microarray data, has led to a multitude of techniques aimed at identifying potential biomarkers. Most of the statistical techniques for comparing two groups are based on qualitative measures such as P-value. A quantitative way such as interval estimation for the contrasts of two groups is more appealing.Results: We have devised a simultaneous confidence bands method capable of detecting potential biomarkers, while controlling for overall confidence coverage level, in high-dimensional datasets that discriminate two treatment groups using a permutation scheme. For example, for the SELDI-TOF MS data, we deal with the entire spectrum simultaneously and construct (1 − α) confidence bands for the mean differences between groups. Furthermore, peaks were identified based on the maximal differences between the groups as determined by the confidence bands. The analysis method herein described gives both qualitative (P-value) and quantitative data (magnitude of difference). The Clinical Proteomics Programs Databank's ovarian cancer dataset and data from in-house samples containing known spiked-in proteins were analyzed. We were able to identify potential biomarkers similar to those described in previous analysis of the ovarian cancer data, however, while these markers are highly significant between cancer and normal groups, our analysis indicated the absolute difference between the two groups was minimal. In addition, we found additional markers than those previously described with greater differences in average intensities. The proposed confidence bands method successfully detected the spiked-in peaks, as well as, secondary peaks generated by adducts and double-charged species. We also illustrate our method utilizing paired gene expression data from a prostate cancer microarray experiment by constructing confidence bands for the fold changes between cancer and normal samples.Availability: R-package, ‘seie.zip’ (license: GNU GPL), is publiclly available at http://research2.dfci.harvard.edu/dfci/MS_spike-in_data/Contact: parkyuhyun@gmail.comSupplementary information: For supplementary data, please refer to Bioinformatics online.
TOPD/FMTS: a new software to compare phylogenetic trees
Authors: Puigbò Pere , Garcia-Vallvé Santiago , McInerney James O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSummary: TOPD/FMTS has been developed to evaluate similarities and differences between phylogenetic trees. The software implements several new algorithms (including the Disagree method that returns the taxa, that disagree between two trees and the Nodal method that compares two trees using nodal information) and several previously described methods (such as the Partition method, Triplets or Quartets) to compare phylogenetic trees. One of the novelties of this software is that the FMTS (From Multiple to Single) program allows the comparison of trees that contain both orthologs and paralogs. Each option is also complemented with a randomization analysis to test the null hypothesis that the similarity between two trees is not better than chance expectation.Availability: The Perl source code of TOPD/FMTS is available at http://genomes.urv.es/topd.Contact: ppuigbo@urv.catSupplementary information: A complete tutorial and several examples of how to use the software have been included on the home page of the application.
GENOME: a rapid coalescent-based whole genome simulator
Authors: Liang Liming , Zöllner Sebastian , Abecasis Gonçalo R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSummary: GENOME proposes a rapid coalescent-based approach to simulate whole genome data. In addition to features of standard coalescent simulators, the program allows for recombination rates to vary along the genome and for flexible population histories. Within small regions, we have evaluated samples simulated by GENOME to verify that GENOME provides the expected LD patterns and frequency spectra. The program can be used to study the sampling properties of any statistic for a whole genome study.Availability: The program and C++ source code are available online at http://www.sph.umich.edu/csg/liang/genome/Contact: lianglim@umich.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
How Does Open‐Mouth Breathing Influence Upper Airway Anatomy?
Authors: Lee Seung Hoon , Choi Ji Ho , Shin Chol , Lee Heung Man , Kwon Soon Young , Lee Sang Hag 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Open‐mouth breathing during sleep may increase the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and complicate nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in patients with OSA. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of open‐mouth breathing on upper airway anatomy using lateral cephalometry and fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy.Study Design: This was a cross‐sectional study.Methods: Lateral cephalometry and fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy were carried out on 28 subjects with a mean age of 36.7 years. We compared the effect of the mouth being open or closed on the results in lateral cephalometry (pharyngeal length, distance between the mandible and hyoid bone [MP‐H], angles from the sella‐nasion to mandibular points A and B [SNA, SNB, respectively], retropalatal, retroglossal, and hypopharyngeal distance) and fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy (retropalatal and retroglossal cross‐sectional area).Results: On lateral cephalometric measurements, retropalatal distance (P = .000), retroglossal distance (P = .000), and MP‐H (P = .002) were lower with mouth open, and pharyngeal length (P = .000) was greater. However, there were no significant differences in SNA and hypopharyngeal distance. On fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy, retropalatal (P = .005) and retroglossal (P = .000) cross‐sectional areas were significantly reduced with the mouth open.Conclusions: Open‐mouth breathing is associated with reduction of the retropalatal and retroglossal areas, lengthening of the pharynx and shortening of the MP‐H in the upper airway. We suggest that knowledge of these anatomic changes improves our understanding of the increase of OSA severity and the low adherence to nasal CPAP therapy in mouth breathers.
Evolution of Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea after Different Treatments
Authors: Sahlman Johanna , Pukkila Matti , Seppä Juha , Tuomilehto Henri 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStudy Objectives: To evaluate the prognosis of mild obstructive sleep apnea in relation to different treatment modalities.Study Design: An open, retrospective, longitudinal follow‐up study.Methods: Fifty adult patients diagnosed and treated for mild obstructive sleep apnea at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at Kuopio University Hospital between 1998 and 2004 had a control polysomnography in 2005. The changes in apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) were observed in untreated (n = 28), operative (n = 11), and continuous positive airway pressure (n = 11) treatment groups at a long‐term follow‐up visit.Results: The mean follow‐up period was 4 (range, 1.3–9.0; SD, 1.9) years. The untreated patients had a statistically significant increase in AHI (13.3, SD 18.3) at the follow‐up. Half of these patients developed a moderate or severe degree of sleep apnea, and only 11% were cured. In patients who were treated with continuous positive airway pressure, the degree of obstructive sleep apnea became worse in 64% of cases, and in 27% of patients, the AHI returned to normal (<5). The degree of obstructive sleep apnea in operated patients deteriorated only in 18%, and in 27% of the patients, the AHI returned to normal (<5).Conclusions: Mild obstructive sleep apnea has a natural tendency to worsen with time. Active treatment of mild obstructive sleep apnea appears, therefore, to be advisable.
EFFECT OF A TREMOLITIC TALC IN WHITEWARE BODIES*
Authors: Hagar Donald 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the use of a specific type of tale in wall‐tile bodies and explains the effect of various percentages on shrinkage, absorption, modulus of rupture, moisture expansion, and resistance to delayed crazing. The data indicate the effects of talc with various combinations of wall‐tile body ingredients and the compositions and heat treatment of greatest potential resistance to crazing.
THE USE OF PENETRATING RADIATIONS IN THE MEASUREMENT OF THE POROSITY OF REFRACTORY BRICK*
Authors: Austin J. B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe possibility of using the absorption of X‐rays or γ‐rays in a refractory brick as a measure of porosity has been tested experimentally for both kinds of radiation. It is found that the method is entirely practical in either case and when the necessary apparatus is set up it should yield results, with much less effort, better than those now obtained by the displacement method. Gamma‐rays from radium appear to have some advantages over X‐rays.
EFFECT OF CLAYS ON THE OPACITY OF WHITE ENAMEL FOR SHEET STEEL*
Authors: Danielson R. R. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe various means for developing the maximum covering power of enamels are very important. This investigation brings out the marked effect on the opacity of different clays used for suspending cover enamels. This may be equivalent to at least 5% in the reflectance, as measured by the reflectometer. Where suspension and opacity are both important, a blend of clays may be used, one of which may have excellent suspension while the other imparts opacity to the enamel.
PLASTIC FLOW IN A NEARLY DRY CLAY BODY*
Authors: THIEMECKE H. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTA method for determining the moisture content at which a plastic body becomes elastic is given. Results of tests made on an earthenware body indicate the transition to have taken place at approximately 12.8% water content. With decreased water content of the body the yield values decreased, the deformation per unit stress beyond the yield value pressures decreased, the total deformation at ultimate failure decreased, and the ultimate failure pressures increased.
A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR STUDYING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VITREOUS ENAMELS ON STEEL*
Authors: Rosenberg J. E. , Langerman A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA method has been devised for studying the physical properties of the fused enamel containing the mill additions by firing it onto a split‐steel ring and studying the changes in the radius of the ring and stresses produced due to the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion of the enamel and the steel.
SOME EXPERIMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SAND‐ABRASION MACHINE*
Authors: Spencer‐Strong G. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA simple and comparatively inexpensive apparatus for determining the relative abrasion resistance of enamels is described. Abrasion is obtained by fixing the specimen in the path of a stream of sand, propelled by a rapidly revolving disk. The severity of the abrasive action is dependent upon the particle size of the abrasive. Data are given as to the comparative resistance both to severe and mild abrasion of several enamel types.
THE USE OF PYROPHYLLITE IN WALL‐TILE BODIES*
Authors: Sproat Ira E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe use of pyrophyllite in tile bodies is discussed. A statement of the place and character of the geological formation is made. The properties and thermal reactions of pyrophyllite are stated. The advantages gained by the use of pyrophyllite are decreased crazing, increased firing range, less fire‐cracking, less warpage, and less die wear. Data and literature citations are given.
THE EFFECT OF ALUMINA UPON THE CHEMICAL DURABILITY OF SAND‐SODA‐LIME GLASSES*
Authors: Lyle A. K. , Horak William , Sharp Donald E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe chemical durabilities of 25 glasses, with and without alumina, were determined by a powder method. From the data obtained a formula was derived for calculating the chemical durability of sand‐soda‐lime glasses containing alumina. The introduction of 1.5 to 2.5% alumina improves the chemical durability, the greatest benefit occurring when the alumina is one‐eighth the soda content.
KINETICS OF SOME REACTIONS OF INTEREST TO CERAMISTS* The Disintegration of Blast‐Furnace Linings Due to Carbon Deposition†
Authors: Furnas C. C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe reaction has a maximum rate between 450°C and 500°C. Experimental work showed that commercial fire brick could be completely shattered by the reaction in a few hours. Firing brick in reducing atmosphere reduces the rate of deposition.
THE IMPACT ABRASION‐HARDNESS OF CERTAIN MINERALS AND CERAMIC PRODUCTS*
Authors: Milligan Lowell H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractImpact abrasion was produced by an accurately controlled blast of “standard Ottawa quartz sand.” The “abrasion‐hardness” of various glasses, minerals, hotel chinaware, porcelains, abrasive, refractory, and miscellaneous materials was thus determined in comparison with plate glass which was chosen as a standard. A relationship between crystallographic orientation and abrasion‐hardness was demonstrated in the case of feldspar and quartz crystals. A Brazilian quartz crystal was found to have trigonal and not hexagonal abrasion‐hardness symmetry. The hardness of hotel chinaware and of porcelains tested ranged from 3.2 to 7, with the surface skin on one sillimanite‐type porcelain giving the high value of 34 (plate‐glass standard = 1.00). Crystalline α‐alumina gave a value of about 40, and silicon carbide about 400. Experiments with abrading grains other than quartz sand showed that corresponding hardness values for such hard materials as crystalline a‐alumina and silicon carbide come much closer together when hard artificial abrasive grains are used for the blasting.
THE FREEZING OF PYROMETRIC CONES*
Authors: Rea R. F. , Shaw M. C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPyrometric cones are sometimes subjected to atmospheric or firing conditions which cause a misbehavior known as “freezing.” Under such conditions, the cone may not come down until a higher temperature, sometimes two or three cones higher, is reached. Definite conclusions have not yet been reached as to the cause of this action. Through petrographic and X‐ray analysis, however, certain definite ideas have been formulated which have served as a basis for the development of a series of nonfreezing cones. These cones have been used under conditions where freezing is ordinarily produced and were found to act normally, recording the true heat work.
FOURIER ANALYSIS OF X‐RAY PATTERNS OF VITREOUS SiO2 AND B2O2*
Authors: Warren B. E. , Krutter H. , Morningstar O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe X‐ray scattering curves for vitreous SiO2 and B2O2 are obtained in a vacuum camera, using monochromatic Mo and Cu radiation. A Fourier analysis of the scattering curve gives directly a curve representing the distribution of neighboring atoms about any one atom. For SiO2, the distribution curve establishes definitely the tetrahedral silicon‐oxygen network. The distribution curve for B2O3 indicates a triangular coordination, each boron surrounded by three oxygens, and each oxygen shared between two borons. The interatomic distances which are found are in good agreement with the values found in crystalline silicates and borates. The importance of the new Fourier method of analysis of glass diffraction patterns is emphasized by the fact that the distribution curves which are obtained are unique, no assumptions as to structure being involved.
II. STERILIZATION EFFECTS ON PROPERTIES OF CLAYS*
Authors: Baker Donald R. , Glick Dudley P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFive clays were prepared in duplicate series. One series of each was sterilized. Samples of the sterile and raw series were aged at 40°F and at 85°F. All samples were subjected to physical tests intended to determine plasticity before aging and after three subsequent aging periods. The effects of sterilization and temperature of aging upon the different clays are noted.
THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASS IN THE ANNEALING ZONE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Littleton J. T. , Wetmore W. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIt is shown by measurements on samples of glasses having a varied degree of heat treatment that the electrical conductivity of glasses undergoes a stabilization process at constant temperature and that this rate of stabilization is a function of the viscosity of the glass. The resistance of the stabilized glass varies linearly with 1/T, where T is the absolute temperature, and no change in the slope of this curve is observed. In other words, there is no transformation point observable when all measurements are made on stabilized glass.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE: XII, A CHEMICAL AND X‐RAY EXAMINATION OF METALLIC PRECIPIT́ATES FROM ENAMELS CONTAINING IRON AND COBALT OXIDES*
Authors: King R. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn view of the evidence that some reducing agent, known as the ferrous agent, acts to precipitate iron at the interface of a “cobalt” ground coat and the steel base, silicon carbide was substituted for the ferrous agent to permit the determination of iron as well as cobalt in the metallic precipitates. Enamels containing various percentages of iron and cobalt oxides were treated with silicon carbide at temperatures higher than normal firing temperatures. This was done in order to study the relative behavior toward a common reducing agent of iron and cobalt at various concentrations in enamel glass solution. The resulting metallic precipitates have been examined by chemical and X‐ray analyses.
SPIT‐OUT*
Authors: Koenig C. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA review is given of previous related investigations, and photomicrographs of various examples of spit‐out in different life stages of development are shown. The effects on spit‐out of the additions of substances such as carbon, sulfates, etc., to a normal earthenware glaze are described, as well as tests on the effect of vacuum and thickness of glaze.While moisture sorption is an important factor influencing spit‐out, it is suggested that the importance of its role is emphasized by the reaction of the resultant superheated steam with carbon, thereby producing increased gaseous pressure.
USE OF SYENITE IN SEMIVITREOUS WARE, I* (a) Physical Properties of Bisques and (b) a Glaze Containing Syenite
Authors: Koenig. C. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractResults are given on the physical properties of eight bodies, comprising that of a typical semiporcelain and seven bodies incorporating different nepheline syenites, both singly and in combination with feldspar, respectively. The relative viscosities of four nepheline syenites, a typical potash feldspar, and a soda feldspar are compared at five different temperatures. This study is to be followed by comprehensive plant tests.
MEASUREMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF ENAMEL THICKNESS*
Authors: Holscher H. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUsing the electric thickness gage, a study of broken enamel parts from the assembly floor and field has shown that it is more economical to take an immediate scrap loss on all parts which have an enamel thickness of 27 mils or more than to use the parts and pay the subsequent replacement costs. A brief discussion of the gage and its uses in the enamel shop are also given.