bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specification Issues Associated with the Development of an Agriculturally Based Biodegradable Dielectric Fluid
Authors: Claiborne CC , Oommen TV , Walsh EJ 
Published: April 2008

A fully biodegradable dielectric fluid based on high oleic acid vegetable oil has been developed for use in electrical equipment. The development of such a fluid for use in equipment such as electrical transformers has naturally caused it to be compared to more conventional mineral oil based insulating fluids and to high-temperature hydrocarbons and silicones for which specifications already exist. The selection of the base oil and its modifications relied heavily on preexisting standards such as ASTM D 3487 and ASTM D 5222. Because such a vegetable based fluid in practical terms does not completely match any of these fluids exactly in its characteristics, commercial implementation may lead to a desire for a standard specification describing its unique set of properties.
In addition, the biodegradable nature of the fluid has required that standard tests not used in the electrical industry, such as CEC L-33-A-94, developed for two-stroke-cycle outboard engine oils, be applied to the material in question. ASTM has subsequently developed a standard guide, ASTM D 6006 for hydraulic fluids, but relatively little work was performed on dielectric fluids at the time of the development of the biodegradable fluid discussed in this paper. Comparisons with other potential tests will be discussed and a discussion of the relative merits of these tests for dielectric fluids will be presented.
Constructing and Controlling Compaction of Earth Fills
Authors: Shanklin DW , Talbot JR , Rademacher KR 
Published: April 2008

Description
This unique volume explores the use of various standardized methods for specifying and controlling the compaction of soils for engineered constructed earth fills. Topics address the historical background, current state-of-the-art practices, case histories of challenging situations, new concerns regarding appropriate design parameters for compaction control, and new methods to evaluate soil compaction and other related qualities.
Also included is a paper on the history of the development and use of the nuclear gauge in the quality control of constructed earth fills. The nuclear gauge has had the single largest impact of any technology in the last 30 years in the field of compaction control. Many of the papers in included in this volume use the nuclear gauge as the basis for comparison of the results of field density and water content measurements.
21 papers divided into 3 sections examine:
• Compaction Control Technology and Comparison of Current Methods
• Applications and Lessons Learned in the Field
• Soil Liner Construction and New Compaction Technology
For Geotechnical, Civil, and Construction Engineers
High-Fluence Irradiation Growth of Cold-Worked Zr-2.5Nb
Authors: Holt RA , Causey AR , Griffiths M , Ho ETC 
Published: April 2008

Irradiation growth specimens manufactured from cold-worked Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube material have been irradiated in Osiris at a fast flux of ∼1.8 × 1018 n · m-2 · s-1 E &gt; 1 MeV, at nominal temperatures of 553 and 583 K, to growth strains of 1%. The pressure tubes have a pronounced crystallographic texture, with ∼95% of the basal plane normals in the radial/transverse plane, predominantly in the transverse direction. Both longitudinal specimens, which generally exhibit positive growth strains, and transverse specimens, which generally exhibit negative strains with approximately 50% of the magnitude of the axial strains, show nonlinear growth, the rate increasing gradually with fluence up to 1.3 x 1026 n · m-2, E &gt; 1 MeV (580 K) and 1.7 × 1026 n · m-2, E &gt; 1 MeV (550 K).
The previously reported temperature dependence of the axial growth strains (decreasing with increasing temperature for fluences up to 4 to 5 × 1025 n · m-2, E &gt; 1 MeV) is maintained to the higher fluences now achieved, as is the effect of Fe (axial growth strains decreasing with increased Fe concentration in the range 380–1090 ppm by wt.). The effects of temperature and Fe in the transverse direction are approximately the reverse of those in the longitudinal direction.
Examination by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes irradiated to 1 × 1026 n · m-2, E &gt; 1 MeV, at 520 to 570 K in power reactors, and fracture toughness specimens machined from pressure tubes and irradiated, unstressed, in Osiris to 1.5 × 1026 n · m-2, E &gt; 1 MeV, at 530 K, shows a multiplication of the c-component dislocations with increasing fast fluence. This contrasts with a rapid saturation of the density of a-type dislocations after about 0.1 × 1026 n · m-2, E &gt; 1 MeV.
The multiplication of the c-component dislocations occurs mainly by nucleation of vacancy loops on screw dislocations; this mostly occurs in crystals with their c-axes close to the radial direction because they tend to contain many c-component screw dislocations. Crystals with their c-axes close to the transverse direction contain fewer screw dislocations and exhibit less dislocation multiplication over the fluence range studied. Thus, the gradual evolution of the growth rate with fluence appears to be related to the gradual increase in the c-dislocation density with time as in the case of Zircaloy-2.
Post-Irradiation Characterization of Ultra-High-Fluence Zircaloy-2 Plate
Authors: Mahmood ST , Farkas DM , Adamson RB , Etoh Y 
Published: April 2008

Zircaloy-2 plate with neutron exposure more than 3 × 1026 n/m2 (E &gt; 1 MeV) has been tested to study the effects of ultra-high neutron fluence on the mechanical and physical behavior of Zircaloy-2.
The Zircaloy-2 plate used in this study is a section of a 6.4-mm-thick control blade follower that resided in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) for 17 one-year cycles at an irradiation temperature of 563 K (290°C). The irradiation growth of the plate was 2.2%. The hydrogen content of the plate is in the range of 85 to 110 ppm. The second-phase particle (SPP) size is 0.29 μm for the unirradiated archive material and 0.23 (μm after irradiation. The archive material was characterized using optical metallography, crystallographic texture measurements, microstructural analysis using STEM, and microhardness measurements. In addition to the optical and electron microscopy for microstructural analysis of the irradiated material, post-irradiation mechanical properties have been assessed using Knoop microhardness testing at room temperature, tensile testing at 561 K (288°C), Charpy impact testing in the temperature range from 293 to 648 K (20 to 375°C), and ductile fracture toughness testing at 573 K (300°C). Delayed hydride cracking velocity (DHCV) measurements were made in the temperature range of 473 to 573 K (200 to 300°C).
Knoop microhardness and tensile test results reveal that the material hardened, strengthened, and became less ductile as a result of neutron irradiation. Charpy impact testing and fracture toughness measurements show that the material has considerable ductility at all test temperatures. Comparisons are made to smaller SPP materials tested after lower fluence [1].
The DHCV measurements showed that delayed hydride cracking occurred at temperatures equal to or less than 533 K (260°C). No DHC was observed at higher temperatures.
The implications of the observed microstructural and mechanical property changes, and the temperature dependence of delayed hydride cracking, are discussed.
Fundamental Study on the Corrosion Mechanism of Zr-0.2Fe, Zr-0.2Cr, and Zr-0.1Fe-0.1Cr Alloys
Authors: Murai T , Isobe T , Takizawa Y , Mae Y 
Published: April 2008

Corrosion and hydrogen pickup properties were investigated on sheet materials of pure Zr, Zr-0.2 wt%Fe, Zr-0.2 wt%Cr, and Zr-0.1 wt%Fe-0.1 wt%Cr which were given an intermediate anneal of 853 K or 1003 K, and a final anneal at 853 K. To clarify the substantial effects of iron and chromium, impurities were minimized by using crystal bar zirconium and pure alloy additions.
Corrosion results in 633 K water showed that Zr had the lowest corrosion resistance and that Zr-0.1Fe-0.1Cr alloy heat treated at 1003 K had the highest. The alloys heat-treated at 1003 K showed higher corrosion resistance that those treated at 853 K for each composition except the Zr-0.2Fe alloy. Zr-0.2Fe alloys had higher hydrogen pickup ratios (80%) than those of Zr-0.2Cr and Zr-0.1Fe-0.1Cr alloys (10 to 20%).
TEM and HR-SEM examination of oxide cross sections was also performed. Zr-0.1Fe-0.1Cr alloy formed columnar oxide grains with few fine cracks, while Zr and Zr-0.2Cr alloys had fine-equiaxed grains. Zr-0.2Fe alloys formed columnar oxide grains and included many lateral cracks.
The corrosion mechanism of the alloys was associated with the electrochemical characteristics of the precipitates in this study.
Studies of Zirconium Alloy Corrosion and Hydrogen Uptake During Irradiation
Authors: McDougall GM , Urbanic VF , Aarrestad O 
Published: April 2008

The in-reactor corrosion and hydrogen pickup of Zircaloy-2 and Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube materials are being studied in two test loops: a light water loop in the NRU research reactor, and a new heavy water loop in the Halden reactor. The complimentary test programs examine the corrosion behavior of small specimens as a function of fast neutron flux and fluence, temperature, water chemistry, and specimen pre-oxidation.
In NRU tests conducted over a range of reducing conditions (20 to 60 cm3 H2 · kg-1) at 568 K, Zr-2.5Nb specimens bearing “thin” prefilm oxides (⩽6 ηm) experience a reduction in oxidation rate influx. However, samples with thick prefilm oxides exhibit higher rates, suggesting that, like Zircaloy-2, rates for Zr-2.5Nb may increase as the oxide film continues to thicken.
Initial results from the Halden program (5 to 7 cm3 D2 · kg-1) show that prefilmed specimens from tubes made of β-quenched material exhibit lower oxidation and deuterium pickup rates than tubes made from non-β-quenched materials. Prefilmed tubes made from β-quenched material also pickup a lower percentage of the D generated by the corrosion reaction. At high flux levels, prefilmed specimens from tube made of both materials exhibit a narrow range of percentage pickup values (4 to 5%), irrespective of temperature. A preliminary examination of activation energies over the range 523 to 598 K suggests significant differences in the temperature dependencies for oxidation and deuterium pickup of prefilmed specimens of tubes made from β and non-β-quenched Zr-2.5Nb. The differences are correlated with fast flux level.
PENT-Universal Test for Slow Crack Growth in Plastics
Authors: Brown N , Lu X 
Published: April 2008

Slow crack growth (SCG) under plane strain conditions as measured by the PENT test is governed by the stress intensity, K. The PENT test, ASTM specification F 1473, which was originally designed to measure the resistance to SCG in pipes, fittings, and resins for conveying gas, can be used to measure the resistance to SCG in all polyethylene products. The resistance to SCG as measured by the PENT test in hours has been directly correlated with the lifetime of large scale gas pipe systems and is expected to be correlated with the lifetime of all polyethylene piping systems. The PENT resistance to SCG has been measured on various polyethylene products. It is now possible to specify a resistance to SCG of a PE resin as measured by the PENT test which will satisfy the commercially desired lifetime of the product. For example, a gas pipe system that contains a polyethylene resin with a PENT value of 100 h will exhibit practically no SCG failures during its first 100 years of service. It is recommended that the PENT test replace the ESCR test, ASTM D 1693, in all the ASTM specifications and that it should be used in place of the ISO specification in ISO 138/SC4, known as the British Gas Notch Test.
It is shown how the PENT test can be applied to all polymers that exhibit SCG.
Safety in Ice Hockey: Fourth Volume
Authors: Ashare AB , Pearsall DJ 
Published: April 2008

Description
The latest volume in this ongoing series enhances your understanding of both the injuries incurred in the game of ice hockey and the techniques used to decrease the risk of these injuries.
Twenty-three peer-reviewed papers address a diverse range of topics from the fields of sports science, sports medicine, athletic training, biomechanics, risk factor management, epidemiology, sports psychology, injury surveillance, sports equipment, physical conditioning, behavioral factors in sports, as well as case reports from individuals associated with national sports governing bodies, playing facilities, officiating, and playing rules.
Equally important, this new publication also discusses strategies of prevention, including protective equipment; different approaches to managing the conduct of players, coaches and parents, and better implementation of training and conditioning.
Four sections cover
This volume is a valuable resource for hockey equipment manufacturers, biomechanical engineers, hockey coaches and administrators, sports medicine physicians, and athletic trainers.
Development of a Test Method for Closed-Cross-Section Composite Laminates Subjected to Compression Loading
Authors: Bucinell RB , Roy B 
Published: April 2008

A test method for evaluating the material properties of closed-cross-section composite laminates has been developed. A finite-element investigation of the first five eigenvalues for the specimen in buckling shows that the critical load is at least a factor of three higher than the failure load observed during testing. This same analysis shows that the highest stresses and strains occur in the gage section of the specimen.
The test specimens are 228.6 cm (9 in.) in length, 50.8 cm (2 in.) in diameter, and have fiberglass end tabs co-cured onto them. Several specimens were manufactured in a quasi-isotropic configuration ([±45/0/90]s and [±45/90/0]s) in order to experimentally evaluate the robustness of the test method, observe typical failure modes, and to catalog the accumulation of damage in the specimens up to failure. Several of these tubes were outfitted with strain gages to detect the presence of buckling and bending in the specimens. Damage was observed by loading specimens to 45%, 60%, 75%, 90%, and 95% of the mean ultimate load. At each of these load levels specimens were cut along their length, a dye penetrate was applied, and then the tubes were X-rayed. The experimental investigation shows that the specimens did not buckle and that the mode of failure is a compressive material failure in the gage section of the tube.
Comparison of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer with Other Tests During Subgrade and Granular Base Characterization in Minnesota
Authors: Siekmeier JA , Young D , Beberg D 
Published: April 2008

During the 1998 construction season, the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP), Loadman portable falling weight deflectometer (PFWD), and Humboldt soil stiffness gauge (SSG) were used to characterize the subgrade and granular base for several projects in Minnesota. The DCP penetration index (DPI) was converted to modulus using previously established correlations between the DPI, California bearing ratio (CBR), and modulus. Standard FWD tests were also performed at some locations and the moduli backcalculated using EVERCALC. The moduli were then compared to determine the ability of each device to accurately measure in situ stiffness. Finally, thin-wall and bag samples were collected from some locations for laboratory resilient modulus testing and the results compared to the field-derived moduli.
The results show the stress dependent nature of the materials tested and that a strong correlation exists between the instruments that are designed to measure modulus. The results also show a weaker, yet still useful, correlation between the strength, as measured with the DCP, and the elastic deformation modulus, measured using the PFWD and SSG.
Position of the Cervical Vertebrae During Helmet Removal and Cervical Collar Application in Ice Hockey
Authors: Prinsen RKE , Syrotuik DG , Reid DC 
Published: April 2008

There is lack of consensus among prehospital personnel (athletic therapists, paramedics, sport physiotherapists) concerning specific aspects of initial care and assessment of injured athletes presenting signs and symptoms of a cervical spine injury (CSI). In instances of serious injury involving the head and/or spine, complicated by altered levels of consciousness, protective equipment such as helmets and shoulder pads may provide a hindrance to prompt, safe and efficient management. Specifically, there is disagreement concerning the need or advisability of removing protective head gear, as in the case of hockey athletes.
Using the technique of fluoroscopy, the cervical spine displacement of ten male hockey athletes was determined while wearing protective shoulder pads and protective head equipment during the following conditions: 1) helmet removal, 2) cervical collar application, and 3) as the helmetless head was allowed to rest. Subsequent frame by frame video arthokinematic analysis, using computer assisted digitization, revealed significant alterations in the position of adjacent cervical vertebrae during helmet removal, cervical collar application and head rest.
Results suggest that stabilization and transportation of hockey athletes with suspected CSI in their respective protective equipment is recommended in order to reduce the risk of further trauma by unnecessary cervical spine motion.
Aging During Elevated Temperature Stress Relaxation of IM7/K3B Composite
Authors: Gates TS , Brinson LC , Whitley KS , Bai T 
Published: April 2008

An experimental and analytical study was performed on the use of tension stress relaxation to characterize the effects of elevated temperature and physical aging on the linear viscoelastic behavior of IM7/K3B. Isothermal stress relaxation tests on a [±45]2s laminate were run over a range of sub-glass transition (Tg) temperatures. The sequenced test method most commonly employed for creep was successfully adapted to the stress relaxation test and from those sequenced tests, material parameters such as aging shift rates and momentary master curve coefficients were developed for use in the analytical model.
The analytical viscoelastic model was based on classical lamination theory, the hereditary integral formulation type constitutive law, and effective time theory. Time-aging time super-position, effective time theory, and viscoelasticity were used to determine the physical aging related material parameters from the relaxation tests. Results were compared to previously measured isothermal creep compliance results via known relationships for the convolution of compliance to modulus. Time-temperature superposition was also used to evaluate master curves and related shift factors. All of the results illustrated that the relative influence of temperature and aging must be considered when assessing long-term performance and that the loading mode may have to be considered when accurate predictions of viscoelastic behavior are required.
Nonlinear Multiaxial Behavior and Failure of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Hung S-C , Liechti KM 
Published: April 2008

The objective of this study was to examine the nonlinear, three-dimensional behavior of a fiber-reinforced polymer. The material that was considered for this study was the carbon fiber composite, AS4/PEEK, graphite fibers in a semi-crystalline thermoplastic matrix. Arcan specimens were chosen for this study because the specimens are compact and biaxial stress states can be easily obtained. Strains were measured using geometric moiré, and specimens were subjected to shear and biaxial loading up to failure. The nonlinear behavior was examined in both the longitudinal and transverse planes of the composite. The effects of shear on the axial stress-strain behavior were obtained, as well as the effects of axial stress on the shear stress-strain behavior.
A one-parameter plasticity model was used to characterize the obtained nonlinear stress-strain curves. The original model was unable to characterize the nonlinear behavior. The effect of two-dimensional mean stress on the shear yield surface was then added to the model and a significant improvement was achieved. The work potential model with only one internal state variable was also used for characterizing the nonlinear behavior. It could not predict the observed difference of the nonlinear behavior of the composite under shear plus tension and shear plus compression.
Microstructure and Phase Control in Zr-Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects
Authors: Barberis P , Dupin N , Lemaignan C , Pasturel A , Grange JM 
Published: April 2008

TEM investigations in Zr-Fe and Zr-Fe-Ni, Zr-Ni-Cr and Zr-Cr-Fe systems were performed to assess the second particles present in these alloys, either in quasi equilibrium conditions, or after quenching and annealing experiments.At equilibrium, Zr3Fe was found to dissolve Ni up to 12 at%. Ab initio computations provided formation enthalpies for several Zr-Fe compounds and showed that the Zr2Fe is metastable at low temperature. All of these data allowed us to extend the thermodynamic database ZIRCOBASE; very good agreement between the thermodynamic computations and the experimental evidences was obtained.Quenching and annealing experiments showed that Zr2Fe is formed for low quenching rates, while Zr3Fe is formed for higher quenching rates.Last, corrosion results in various conditions show that the influence of second phase particles volume fraction depends on the corroding atmosphere.
Failure Analysis of the Hydraulic Drive System in a Storm Surge Barrier
Authors: Fluks M 
Published: April 2008

In 1997 the last part of the extensive “Delta Works” in the Netherlands was completed and commissioned. This involved the construction of a storm surge barrier in the most densely navigated waterway of Holland, connecting the harbor of Rotterdam with the North Sea.
Due to the high risks involved when the barrier fails in its operation, a very low failure probability is required : 1×10-3 for the complete barrier system. This however resulted in much lower values for the numerous subsystems; in particular for the hydraulic drive and control system a failure probability of less than 1 × 10-6 is required for each operation.
For evaluation and calculation of the failure probability it was essential to have a good understanding of and consensus with the customer about a) the whole process and requirements in the different phases of the operational cycle, and b) the criteria which determine when the system is considered to fail.
Different analyses were performed to find the critical items in the system, and some adaptations (e.g. redundancy of certain components) and more detailed analysis of some parts of the system was necessary to obtain the required contract value for the failure probability.
Also it became necessary to perform a monthly inspection and check the drive and control system by means of a semi-automated procedure.
Several aspects of the failure analysis of the hydraulic system are discussed in this paper.