bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternaria cichoriiin Brazil onCichoriumspp. Seeds and Cultivated and Weedy Hosts
Authors: Barreto R. W. , Santin A. M. , Vieira B. S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAlternaria cichoriiwas recorded for the first time in Brazil causing leaf spots on endive (Cichorium endivia) in 2003 based on material collected at Catalão, state of Goiás, in 2001. In 2005,A. cichoriiwas found causing severe leaf‐spotting in an escarole (C. endivia) plantation in Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais and shortly afterwards also in Viçosa, but at a different location, in the weed hosts common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) and spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper). A description ofA. cichoriibased on specimens collected in Viçosa is provided herein. The natural occurrence ofA. cichoriion weed hosts in Viçosa indicates that it has already become naturalized in Brazil surviving on non‐cultivated composites, complicating disease management. Pathogenicity tests, complementary to those already published, were performed to better elucidate the range of potential alternative hosts in the Asteraceae of this fungus. This involved inoculation of one isolate ofA. cichoriiobtained from cichory and one obtained from common sowthistle on selected species and cultivars of 10 tribes in the Asteraceae, but concentrated in the Lactuceae. All species included in the test were shown to be susceptible to at least one of the isolates. A high incidence of leaf spot or blight resulted from inoculation of most individuals. All plants of six test species were killed after inoculation with one of the isolates ofA. cichorii.Several of the test species have not been previously recorded as hosts forA. cichorii.Surprisingly, the known host‐range for this fungus is restricted to only few members of the Asteraceae (Acroptilon repens, C. endivia,C. intybus, Carthamus tinctoriusandLactuca sativa). Our results indicate thatA. cichoriihas a wide host range within the Asteraceae and that other cultivated or non‐cultivated members of this family may serve as inoculum reservoirs for this fungus in the absence of cichory, endive or escarole. An attempt to verify if contaminated seeds might be the original source for such geographically distant occurrences ofA. cichoriiin Brazil was made. Analysis of 24 samples of cichory and endive seeds obtained from dealers in five different Brazilian states showed that 25% of these samples carriedA. cichoriiwith an incidence varying from 0.6% to 13.75%.Such a result highlights the vulnerable situation in Brazil for avoiding introduction of exotic seed‐carried vegetable pathogens. It is known that a very significant proportion of vegetable seeds marketed in Brazil are imported and seed inspection for pathogens is not performed regularly for such material imported for commerce. It is probable that contaminated cichory, endive and escarole seeds served as a vehicle for introduction of this fungus in Brazil and that the fungus has then become naturalized in many vegetable growing areas and is now surviving on other Asteraceae in the absence of cultivated hosts.
Experience‐dependent changes in spatiotemporal properties of cutaneous inputs remodel somatosensory cortical maps following skin flap rotation
Authors: Rosselet Céline , Zennou‐Azogui Yoh'i , Escoffier Guy , Kirmaci Fatma , Xerri Christian 
Published: February 2008

AbstractContiguous skin surfaces that tend to be synchronously stimulated are represented in neighbouring sectors of primary somatosensory maps. Moreover, neuronal receptive fields (RFs) are reshaped through ongoing competitive/cooperative interactions that segregate/desegregate inputs converging onto cortical neuronal targets. The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of spatio‐temporal constraints on somatotopic map organization. A vascularized and innervated pedicle flap of the ventrum skin bearing nipples was rotated by 180°. Electrophysiological maps of ventrum skin were elaborated in the same rats at 24 h after surgery and 2 weeks after parturition. Neurones with split RFs resulting from the surgical separation of formerly adjoining skin surfaces were more numerous in non‐nursing than nursing rats. RFs that included newly adjacent skin surfaces on both sides of the scar line emerged in nursing rats, suggesting that the spatial contiguity of formerly separated skin surfaces induced a fusion of their cortical representations through nursing‐induced stimulation. In addition, nursing‐dependent inputs were found to reincorporate the rotated skin flap representation in an updated topographical organization of the cortical map. A skin territory including recipient and translocated skin areas was costimulated for 7 h, using a brushing device. Neural responses evoked by a piezoelectric‐induced skin indentation before and after skin brushing confirmed the emergence of RFs crossing the scar line and contraction of non‐brushed components of split RFs. Our findings provide further evidence that the spatiotemporal structure of sensory inputs changing rapidly or evolving in a natural context is critical for experience‐dependent reorganization of cortical map topography.
Target‐cell‐specific bidirectional synaptic plasticity at hippocampal output synapses
Authors: Fidzinski Pawel , Shor Oded , Behr Joachim 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIt is commonly accepted that the hippocampus is critically involved in the explicit memory formation of mammals. The subiculum is the principal target of CA1 pyramidal cells and thus serves as the major relay station for the outgoing hippocampal information. Pyramidal cells in the subiculum can be classified according to their firing properties into burst‐spiking and regular‐spiking cells. In the present study we demonstrate that burst‐spiking and regular‐spiking cells show fundamentally different forms of low frequency‐induced synaptic plasticity in rats. In burst‐spiking cells, low‐frequency stimulation (at 0.5–5 Hz) induces frequency‐dependent long‐term depression (LTD) with a maximum at 1 Hz. This LTD is dependent on the activation of NMDAR and masks an mGluR‐dependent long‐term potentiation (LTP). In contrast, in regular‐spiking cells low‐frequency stimulation induces an mGluR‐dependent LTP that masks an NMDAR‐dependent LTD. Both processes depend on postsynaptic Ca2+‐signaling as BAPTA prevents the induction of synaptic plasticity in both cell types. Thus, mGluR‐dependent LTP and NMDAR‐dependent LTD occur simultaneously at CA1‐subiculum synapses and the predominant direction of synaptic plasticity relies on the cell type investigated. Our data indicate a novel mechanism for the sliding‐threshold model of synaptic plasticity, in which induction of LTP and LTD seems to be driven by the relative activation state of NMDAR and mGluR. Our observation that the direction of synaptic plasticity correlates with the discharge properties of the postsynaptic cell reveals a novel and intriguing mechanism of target specificity that may serve in tuning the significance of neuronal information by trafficking hippocampal output onto either subicular burst‐spiking or regular‐spiking cells.
Long‐term increase in GAD67 mRNA expression in the central amygdala of rats sensitized by drugs and stress
Authors: Carta Anna R. , Moreno Carmen Casal , Cadoni Cristina , Tronci Elisabetta , Di Chiara Gaetano 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRepeated administration of addictive drugs and prolonged exposure to stressful stimuli induce sensitization to their behavioural stimulant properties. In this study, male Sprague–Dawley rats were repeatedly exposed to morphine [twice a day for 3 days at increasing doses, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg subcutaneously (s.c)], amphetamine (1 mg/kg s.c., once a day for 10 days), nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c., once a day for 5 days) and stress (food restriction for 7 days). After an interval of 3–30 days, depending on the pretreatment, rats were challenged with vehicle, with the same drug received as pretreatment (5 mg/kg of morphine, 0.5 mg/kg of amphetamine or 0.4 mg/kg of nicotine, respectively) or, in the case of food‐restricted rats, with 0.5 mg/kg of amphetamine. Thereafter, changes in the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)67 mRNA were estimated by in situ hybridization in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), basolateral amygdala (BLA), dorsolateral striatum (dLStr), nucleus accumbens shell (AcS) and core (AcC). All sensitizing pretreatments increased GAD67 mRNA in the CeA. Drug challenge did not further affect GAD67 mRNA in the CeA of saline, drug and stress pre‐exposed rats. As to the other areas, no differences were observed in drug pre‐exposed compared with saline pre‐exposed and fed ad libitum rats, except for amphetamine. Amphetamine pre‐exposure decreased GAD67 mRNA levels in the dLStr and the AcC and AcS, and this effect was reversed by amphetamine challenge. The results show that different drugs and stress models of behavioural sensitization have in common an increase of GA67 in the CeA but not in the BLA, and suggest the changes of GAD67 in the CeA are a substrate of the sensitized response to drug challenge.
Use of a ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplantation in a patient with single ventricle physiology and total cavopulmonary anastomosis
Authors: RUSSO PIERANTONIO , WHEELER ADAM , RUSSO JOANNE , TOBIAS JOSEPH D. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryMechanical circulatory support can be used to manage acute and chronic cardiac failure in both adult and pediatric patients. Traditionally, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been the most common form of mechanical circulatory support in children. However, more recently, in cases of pure ventricular dysfunction, ventricular assist devices (VADs) have offered specific advantages over ECMO, including better ventricular recovery, reduced anticoagulation requirements, decreased use of blood products and decreased cost. We present the use of a VAD in an adolescent with single‐ventricle physiology, who could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) after undergoing a revision of a modified Fontan operation. Gas exchange was provided by the patient’s lungs while the centrifugal VAD was used successfully to support the circulation as a bridge, first to a totally implantable pulsatile VAD and subsequently to heart transplantation.
Two unusual complications associated with cardiopulmonary bypass for pediatric cardiac surgery detected by transesophageal echocardiography after decannulation
Authors: NITTA KAZUHITO , KAWAHITO SHINJI , KITAHATA HIROSHI , NOZAKI JUNPEI , KATAYAMA TOSHIKO , OSHITA SHUZO 
Published: February 2008

SummaryWe describe two rare cases of complications associated with cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass during pediatric cardiac surgery detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The first patient (a 20‐month‐old boy, 11 kg) was scheduled for complete repair of an atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. After decannulation of the superior vena cava, a mosaic jet was observed by means of TEE. The second patient (an 11‐month‐old boy, 6.4 kg), with a double outlet right ventricle, was scheduled for a hemi‐Fontan procedure. After decannulation of the ascending aorta, high blood flow velocity of 4 m·s−1 was detected by TEE. Intraoperative TEE was useful for early detection of complications associated with cardiopulmonary bypass cannulation during pediatric cardiac surgery.
Prolonged apnea with intramuscular ketamine: a case report
Authors: JONNAVITHULA NIRMALA , KULKARNI DILIP K. , RAMACHANDRAN GOPINATH 
Published: February 2008

SummaryWe report a rare case of prolonged apnea following administration of ketamine. A healthy 11‐month‐old female child was administered intramuscular ketamine as a sole anesthetic agent for a short surgical procedure. Child developed respiratory depression and prolonged apnea requiring intubation and ventilation. She recovered completely after 90 min. This case report illustrates the potential hazard of ketamine, emphasizes the importance of being able to provide emergency airway management and monitored anesthesia care.
Laryngospasm: review of different prevention and treatment modalities
Authors: ALALAMI ACHIR A. , AYOUB CHAKIB M. , BARAKA ANIS S. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryLaryngospasm is a common complication in pediatric anesthesia. In the majority of cases, laryngospasm is self‐limiting. However, sometimes laryngospasm persists and if not appropriately treated, it may result in serious complications that may be life‐threatening. The present review discusses laryngospasm with the emphasis on the different prevention and treatment modalities.
Oxygen in neonatal and infant anesthesia – current practice in the UK
Authors: SHORT JUDITH A. , VAN DER WALT JOHAN H. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryBackground: There is an increasing awareness of the role of oxygen free radicals in the pathogenesis of many conditions associated with prematurity, which has led to caution in the use of oxygen in neonatal resuscitation. We surveyed the practice of UK pediatric anesthetists with regard to oxygen use in neonatal and infant anesthesia.Methods: A postal questionnaire survey of 460 UK‐based members of the Association of Pediatric Anesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland.Results: Responses were received from 247 pediatric anesthetists (54%). Seventy‐five percent of anesthetists aim to avoid the use of 100% oxygen during routine infant anesthesia and 52% aim for an FiO2of < 0.4 in neonates. The factors most influencing choice of carrier gas are optimal oxygenation and the avoidance of pulmonary atelectasis. Sixteen percent stated that unavailability of medical air is a factor. Opinion was divided on concern about the effects of anesthetic agents on the developing brain. Moderate levels of concern were expressed about the potential toxic effects of oxygen on the eyes and lungs of premature newborns but this concern does not extend to term newborns. Only 20% of anesthetists had any recent knowledge of these issues.Conclusions: This survey indicates that there is no consistency in attitudes and practices and demonstrates considerable variation in the use of oxygen during anesthesia in premature and newborn babies and infants. This may reflect the paucity of evidence in the anesthetic literature on the potential harmful effects of high concentrations of oxygen in vulnerable groups of infants.
Severe labetalol overdose in an 8‐month‐old infant
Authors: THORSTEINSSON ADALBJÖRN , JOHANNESDOTTIR ASTRIDUR , EIRÍKSSON HERBERT , HELGASON HRÓðMAR 
Published: February 2008

SummaryWe report a case of a large labetalol overdose in an eight‐month‐old infant that was being treated for hypertension following surgery for coarctation of the aorta. Labetalol, both alpha and beta adrenergic blocking agent was used for treating postoperative hypertension. By mistake, the patient was given an extremely high dose of labetalol intravenously (17.2 mg·kg−1). Remarkably, the medication error had a surprisingly limited clinical effect on the infant who survived the incident. We discuss the pharmacokinetic, pharmocodynamic and possible explanations for this fortunate turn of events.
TECHNICAL CHANGE AND FORMATION OF EXPECTATIONS
Authors: Crocco Marco A. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to discuss the implications for the process of expectation formation as developed by Keynes and the Post‐Keynesians when technical change (as understood by the Evolutionary and Institutional school of thought) is taken into account. The claim made here is that the traditional division of expectations in short and long period is insufficient to deal with all features of technical change, and thus, a new type of expectations (medium‐period) is proposed. Moreover, it is claimed that the independence among different types of expectations cannot stand when medium‐period expectations are taken into account.
Participation patterns in an urban Special Olympics programme
Authors: Gillespie Mike 
Published: February 2008

Accessible summary

Purpose of the study was to examine participation patterns of people with  intellectual disabilities in Special Olympics.
Participation of athletes according to age, sex and sports participated in were  analysed.
Findings indicated that the demographics of this Special Olympics cohort were  predominantly male, older in years than other sport organisations and engaged in a  small number of sports.
Results indicated there are significant gaps in relation to participation that may  have long‐term impacts on health for people with intellectual disabilities.

SummarySpecial Olympics is the largest competitive sports organisation in the world for athletes with intellectual disabilities. The organisation has attempted to make adjustments to its programmes in order to stay relevant to participants. However, minimal investigation relative to participation patterns and demographics of athletes are available. Given the trend towards inclusive programmes, such analysis appears relevant. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the population demographics and participation characteristics of Special Olympics participants. Registration information for 284 athletes was analysed with regard to age, sex and sports participated in. Findings indicated that the demographics of this Special Olympics cohort were predominantly male, older in years than other sport organisations and engaged in a small number of sports. Results are discussed in terms of the impact of an ageing athlete population, female participation patterns, health‐related physical fitness implications of participation in certain sports and the range of activities offered.
Transformations of Old Colony Mennonites: the making of a trans‐statal community
Authors: CAÑÁS BOTTOS LORENZO 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThrough an analysis that combines the historical development of the Old Colony Mennonites, which covers their migrations from sixteenth‐century Europe to late twentieth‐century Latin America, with ethnographic field work in Bolivia and Argentina, I examine the genesis and maintenance of a religiously based trans‐statal community. I argue for the conceptual maintenance of a clear distinction between transnational and trans‐statal processes in understanding the cross‐border practices of Old Colony Mennonites. Mennonites do not move in and out of nations but between the territories over which different states claim sovereignty. I further show that the trans‐statal practices of Old Colony Mennonites are a strategic means of outmanoeuvring states in their imposition of national identities within a context of nation‐states being the dominant political formation. The case contributes to the call for a shift in emphasis from nations to faith communities in transnational and trans‐statal studies.
CARBON SOURCE DEPENDENCE OF THE RATIO OF δ‐AMINOLEVULINIC ACID BIOSYNTHESIS VIA THE C5 AND SHEMIN PATHWAYS IN EUGLENA GRACILIS (EUGLENOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Iida Katsumi , Kajiwara Masahiro 
Published: February 2008

The ratio of two biosynthetic pathways was estimated, the C5 and Shemin pathways, to δ‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA, a biosynthetic intermediate of tetrapyrrole) from the 13C‐enrichment ratios (13C‐ER) at the carbon atoms of chl a (after conversion to methyl pheophorbide a) biosynthesized by Euglena gracilis G. A. Klebs when l‐[3‐13C]alanine was used as a carbon source. On the basis of these estimations, we confirmed that ALA was efficiently biosynthesized via both the C5 and Shemin pathways in the plastids of E. gracilis, and we determined that the ratio of ALA biosynthesis via the Shemin pathway was increased in the ratio of 14%–67%, compared with that in our previous d‐[1‐13C]glucose feeding experiment (Iida et al. 2002). This carbon source dependence of the contributions of the two biosynthetic pathways might be related to activation of gluconeogenesis by the amino acid substrate. The methoxy carbon of the methoxycarbonyl group at C‐132 of chl a was labeled with the 13C‐carbon of l‐[methyl‐13C]methionine derived from l‐[3‐13C]alanine via [2‐13C]acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), through the atypical tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gluconeogenesis, and l‐[3‐13C]serine. The phytyl moiety of chl a was also labeled on C‐P2, C‐P31, C‐P4, C‐P6, C‐P71, C‐P8, C‐P10, C‐P111, C‐P12, C‐P14, C‐P151, and C‐P16 from 13C‐isoprene (2‐[1,2‐methyl,3‐13C3]methyl‐1,3‐butadiene) generated from l‐[3‐13C]alanine via [2‐13C]acetyl CoA.
The Cost‐Effectiveness of a Behavior Intervention with Caregivers of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Nichols Linda O. , Chang Cyril , Lummus Allan , Burns Robert , Martindale‐Adams Jennifer , Graney Marshall J. , Coon David W. , Czaja Sara ,   for the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregivers Health II Investigators
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To examine the cost‐effectiveness of a randomized, clinical trial of a home‐based intervention for caregivers of people with dementia.DESIGN: This cost‐effectiveness analysis examined Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregivers Health (REACH II), a multisite, randomized, clinical trial, from June 2002 through December 2004, funded by the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Nursing Research, of a behavioral intervention to decrease caregivers' stress and improve management of care recipient behavioral problems.SETTING: Community‐dwelling dementia caregiving dyads from the Memphis REACH II site.PARTICIPANTS: Of Memphis' random sample of 55 intervention and 57 control black and white dyads, 46 in each arm completed without death or discontinuation. Family caregivers were aged 21 and older, lived with the care recipient, and had provided 4 or more hours of care per day for 6 months or longer. Care recipients were cognitively and functionally impaired.INTERVENTION(S): Twelve individual sessions (9 home sessions and 3 telephone sessions) supplemented by five telephone support‐group sessions. Control caregivers received two “check in” phone calls.MEASUREMENTS: Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER), the additional cost to bring about one additional unit of benefit (hours per day of providing care).RESULTS: At 6 months, there was a significant difference between intervention caregivers and control caregivers in hours providing care (P=.01). The ICER showed that intervention caregivers had 1 extra hour per day not spent in caregiving, at a cost of $5 per day.CONCLUSION: The intervention provided that most scarce of caregiver commodities—time. The emotional and physical costs of dementia caregiving are enormous, and this intervention was able to alleviate some of that cost.