bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
American magnetic character‐figure, CA, three‐hour‐range indices, K, and mean K‐indices, KA, for July to September, 1945
Authors: Johnston H. F. 
Published: February 2008

Summaries of American URSI broadcasts have appeared regularly in this Journal since the issue for December, 1930.As set forth in this Journal for June, 1937, “The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey with the cooperation of the United States Army and the United States Navy communication‐services and several amateur radio stations have undertaken to supply the American character‐figure based upon the reports of the seven American‐operated observatories—those of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Huancayo in Peru and at Watheroo in Western Australia, and those of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Cheltenham (Maryland), Honolulu (Hawaii), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Sitka (Alaska), and Tucson (Arizona).” This character‐figure is being designated CA, and its values for the first twelve, the second twelve, and all twenty‐four hours of each Greenwich day for July to September, 1945, are given in Table 1.
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1945
Authors: Ogg A. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 34° 25′.2 S., longitude 19° 13′.5 or 1h 16m.9 E. of Gr.)The disturbances during July and August were mostly of small range. There was one K‐index of range 6 for the three‐hour period 03h‐06h on August 28, and seven K‐indices of range 5 for the periods and dates as follows: 15h‐18h, July 1; 03h‐09h, July 6; 18h‐21h, July 17; 21h‐24h, July 23; 15h‐8h, August 22; and 00h‐03h, August 28.
Solar and magnetic data, October to December, 1945, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Mulders Elizabeth Sternberg 
Published: February 2008

When the magnetic storm of October 23 began, Mount Wilson sunspot‐group No. 7864, latitude 28° south, was 23° west of the central meridian and No. 7867, 29° north, was 14° west. No sunspots were east of the central meridian.During the storm of December 13 and 14, several small spot‐groups were present on the Sun, but no exceptional activity was observed.
A possible atmospheric solar effect in both geomagnetism and atmospheric electricity
Authors: Wulf Oliver Reynolds 
Published: February 2008

In the course of investigations into the relation between geomagnetism and the circulatory motions of the air in the atmosphere [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] the author has called attention to what appears to be a universal‐time dependence at Cheltenham and Tucson of a maximum in the average summer form of the daily variation of the horizontal force. This may be seen in Figure 3 of reference [1] but also in the original source of this figure, namely Figures 9–12 of the publication of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Serial 663, by A. K. Ludy and H. H. Howe, entitled “Magnetism of the Earth.” In Figure 11 Of this latter, the correspondence in universal time of the maximum at Cheltenham and at Tucson, can be seen by displacing the Cheltenham curve two and one‐quarter hours to the left, which places it on Tucson local time.Indication of a similar thing is contained, furthermore, in the curves for the Honolulu Observatory which are also given in this Figure 11. In all three seasons—winter, equinoctial, and summer—the daily variation at Honolulu is characterized by a midday maximum, but in the change from equinoctial to summer the indication of a subsidiary maximum, in the distortion of the summer curve at about the 10th hour can be clearly seen. The Honolulu curves may be brought approximately to Tucson time by displacing them three hours and ten minutes to the right. If such is done it can be seen that the subsidiary maximum, indicated in the Honolulu summer curve, comes at closely the same Tucson time as do the maxima at Tucson and Cheltenham.
Notes on meeting of Executive Committee of International Council of Scientific Unions
Authors: Fleming J. A. 
Published: February 2008

It was agreed that countries that have paid no subscription since 1936 be invited to send delegates to the General Assembly in 1946 but that they should be informed that arrears up to and including 1939 must be paid before their delegates could attend and vote.It was agreed to start subscriptions from 1946, but to invite the remaining adhering organizations to pay their contributions as from the last date of payment up to and including 1945 and in any case up to and including 1939.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1945
Authors: Parkinson W. C. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)October 23–25—A period of moderate disturbance began with a small, but clearly marked, “sudden commencement” at 23h 40m GMT, October 23, the H‐trace showing a sudden increase of 5 gammas. During the ensuing ten hours on October 24 larger movements began, the maximum activity on October 24 being between 10h and 20h. From 01h to 03h, October 25, some rapid, but generally small, fluctuations appeared, and thereafter until 20h, October 25, when the disturbance ended the movements were more leisurely but never of any great amplitude. Ranges: D, 17′.6; H, 137 gammas; Z, 133 gammas.
Two electric generators suitable for the measurement of magnetic intensities and their variations and for other purposes
Authors: Barnett S. J. 
Published: February 2008

IntroductionRotating coils with their terminals connected through commutators or slip rings to electric measuring devices have often been used for measuring or detecting magnetic intensities. For high sensitivity, it is desirable that the rotating coil be wound, of very fine wire, which is a disadvantage, particularly at high speeds; and mechanical and electrical difficulties are often caused by the sliding contacts with the brushes.
Provisional report of the Secretary, International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity for the period 1939–45
Authors: Goldie A. H. R. 
Published: February 2008

War history—The Secretary had been due to sail from England for U.S.A. on August 26, 1939. A few days before that date the intended sailing of various British delegates, including the Secretary, was cancelled owing to the imminence of war. All papers for the Washington Assembly had been made ready and had previously been sent on to Washington, and Dr. Joyce acted as Secretary during the meetings.Executive Committee—Dr, G. van Dijk died during the war. No information is available yet about Professor Tanakadate. The other members, so far as is known, are well.
Solar and magnetic data, January to March, 1946, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Sternberg Mulders Elizabeth 
Published: February 2008

The magnetic storm of January 3 occurred when only small sunspots were present on the Sun.The very great magnetic storm of February 7 began when the immense sunspot‐group, Mount Wilson No. 7943, the largest ever recorded (see Pub. Astr. Soc. Pacific, 58, 86–88 and 168, 1946), was 2.0 days past the central meridian, its minimum distance from the center of the solar disk having been 34°. The group consisted of two large spots, each with multiple umbrae, accompanied by several much smaller spots. The over‐all length was 192,000 miles. The area, which changed little during the passage of the group across the Sun, was approximately 5400‐millionths of the Sun's visible hemisphere. As seen projected on the Sun's image, the group covered almost one per cent of the solar disk. The magnetic polarities of the group were normal, but with some complications in the following spot. The umbrae of the preceding spot all had S (negative) polarity; those of the following spot (the largest single spot on record), N (positive) polarity, with the exception of the preceding umbrae and of a small umbra near the following edge. On February 6, brilliant solar flares of intensity 3 were photographed throughout the group from 16h 28m to 18h 38m, GCT. A flare of intensity 3 was observed on February 11 from 00h 00m to 00h 35m.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1946
Authors: Westerman C. Edward 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)January 3–4—A magnetic storm of moderate intensity began at 07h 00m GMT, January 3. During the first eight hours of the storm the activity was mainly a long‐period variation of D and H. From 15h to 17h, January 3, there were very rapid variations. For the next eighteen hours activity was slight, but with a markedly depressed H. The storm ended about the middle of the Greenwich day, January 4. Ranges: D, 21′.5; H, 197 gammas.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1946
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S., longitude 76° 20′.4 or 5h 01m.4 W. of Gr.)January 3—A short but very strong magnetic storm began at 08h 07m GMT, January 3, with a 50‐gamma increase of H in six minutes, followed by almost four hours of very moderate, small movements. Then at 12h 05m a deep bay began with its minimum at 12h 40m, followed by over an hour's slow increase and then a sharp, narrow peak at 14h 25m and another peak at 15h 38m, which was the maximum of the day—367 gammas above the base‐line. There was a narrow, deep bay at 16h 35m and a series of small, deep bays on a low in H which lasted from about 18h to 21h. The minimum of the day was at 19h 43m—96 gammas below the base‐line—and the range for the day was 463 gammas. As usual, H‐values for several days were below normal, and D and Z were only mildly disturbed with small, sharp movements.
The Royal Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory, Batavia
Authors: Berlage H. P. 
Published: February 2008

From April 1, 1946, the Royal Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory was transferred from the Navy Department to the Department of Public Works and Communications, Batavia‐C. I beg all correspondents to use the new address immediately after reception of this circular letter.During the Japanese occupation the most valuable part of the Observatory Library was removed by the Japanese. Moreover acquisitions stopped for more than four years. To every institute which is in the position to cooperate and help to recover this library I urgently request that copies be forwarded of all its publications in the domain of meteorology and geophysics.
Apia Observatory, western Samoa January to June, 1946
Authors: Beagley J. W. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 13° 48′.4 S., longitude 171° 46′.5 or 11h 27m.1 W. of Gr.)January 3–4—A sudden commencement at 08h 09m GMT, January 3, marked the beginning of a moderate disturbance. This was followed by irregular fluctuations gradually diminishing until 09h 45m, January 4. On January 3, K‐indices of 5, 5, and 6 were recorded during the third, fourth, and sixth intervals and on January 4 K‐indices of 5 occurred during the third and fourth intervals.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1946
Authors: Wood F. W. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)April 22–24—A moderate disturbance began with a sudden commencement at 07h 00m GMT, April .22, with an increase in H of 37 gammas in four minutes, although the storm was well shown in all of the elements. The traces were only slightly disturbed during the ensuing twenty‐two hours, the horizontal intensity beginning to decrease at 05h, April 23. Unfortunately, at 06h 20m the recording lamp burned out and was replaced at 09h, by which time the horizontal intensity had decreased by 73 gammas and large, sweeping movements were in progress. These movements continued until 18h, April 24, the times of greatest activity being between 16h to 18h, April 23, 00h to 06h and 10h to 12h, April 24. The traces were normal by midnight, April 24. A faint aurora was seen in Perth in the evening of April 24. Ranges: D, 29′; H, 285 gammas; Z, 196 gammas.
Solar and magnetic data, April to June, 1946, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Sternberg Mulders Elizabeth E. 
Published: February 2008

The magnetic storm of April 22–24 began when an active bipolar sunspot‐group, Mount Wilson No. 8026, was 50° east of the central meridian, in latitude 33° north. Two solar flares were observed in this group on April 22, one 8 hours, the other 13 hours after the storm began.When the magnetic storm of May 5–7 began, groups 8033, 8038, and 8039 were west of the central meridian, having crossed it on May 4.3, 4.5, and 5.3, respectively. Solar flares were observed in No. 8038 on May 2, 3, and 7.
American magnetic character‐figure, CA, three‐hour‐range indices, K, and mean K‐indices, KA, for July to September, 1946
Authors: Scott W. E. 
Published: February 2008

Summaries of American URSI broadcasts have appeared regularly in this Journal since the issue for December, 1930.As set forth in this Journal for June, 1937, “The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey with the cooperation of the United States Army and the United States Navy communication‐services and several amateur radio stations have undertaken to supply the American character‐figure based upon the reports of the seven American‐operated observatories—those of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Huancayo in Peru and at Watheroo in Western Australia, and those of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Cheltenham (Maryland), Honolulu (Hawaii), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Sitka (Alaska), and Tucson (Arizona).” This character‐figure is being designated CA, and its values for the first twelve, the second twelve, and all twenty‐four hours of each Greenwich day for July to September 1946, are given in Table 1.
Summary report on the Extraordinary General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), Cambridge, England, July 29 to August 2, 1946
Authors: Stagg J. M. 
Published: February 2008

The following summary of the proceedings of the Extraordinary Assembly at Cambridge is abstracted from the Report prepared by General Secretary Stagg. The Report will be published in full by the Union, but meanwhile it seems desirable to acquaint readers of the Journal with the proceedings and actions taken.Delegates—The following countries were represented by delegates: Belgium; Canada; Denmark; France; Great Britain; Holland; India; Indo‐China; Italy; Jugoslavia; Morocco; Norway; Peru; Sweden; Switzerland; and the United States of America. Apologies for absence were received from Finland, Greece, South Africa, and Turkey.
Committee on Coordination of Cosmic‐Ray Investigations
Authors: Fleming J. A. 
Published: February 2008

This Committee, whose members have been W. S. Adams, J. A. Fleming, and F. E. Wright since formation by the President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in December, 1932, to coordinate research on cosmic rays supported by the Institution, has submitted its fourteenth and final annual report for the year ended June 30, 1946. With the retirement from active service in the Institution on or before June 30, 1946, of its three members, the Committee recommended to President Bush that, effective July 1, 1946, (1) administration of its then uncompleted activities be made the responsibility of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Institution, and (2) funds still available from past appropriations be set aside, in accordance with the approved projects listed below, for disbursement by that Department through its Director. The President approved these recommendations and future reports on the completion of projects sponsored by the Committee will be made in the annual reports of the Director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.As has been indicated in the annual reports of the Committee from 1940, relatively large progress could not be made during the war years. In view of the fundamental importance of this branch of physics, this limited progress, as one would expect, has raised more questions than answers. With the cessation of hostilities and the eventual reconversion from wartime to peacetime efforts of the investigators in the field of cosmic radiation, it may well be expected that research will be vigorously resumed, particularly in the investigation of high‐energy radiations to which natural cosmic radiation gives an immediate avenue of approach. Thereby we may expect to learn basic facts by which to check theories of nuclear forces and interactions between radiation and matter.
Solar and magnetic data, July to September, 1946, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Mulders Elizabeth Sternberg 
Published: February 2008

An immense complex bipolar sunspot‐group, Mount Wilson No. 8129, crossed the solar disk from July 19 to August 2. Its maximum area, measured at the United States Naval Observatory, was 3685 millionths of a solar hemisphere (4325 million square miles). A small flare was observed at Mount Wilson over the group on July 21 at 15h 11m GCT and a very intense one on July 25 from 16h 21m to 18h 30m.On July 26, a great magnetic storm began at 18h 47m (from Tucson magnetogram), more than 26 hours after the appearance of the bright flare of July 25 which showed on a spectroheliogram at 16h 21m but not on one at 16h 05m. An aurora, observed at Mount Wilson near midnight of July 26 (July 27d08h), and the small magnetic storm on July 29–30 also were probably associated with this immense group.
Echoes at D‐heights with special reference to the Pacific Islands
Authors: Ellyett C. D. 
Published: February 2008

Radio echoes obtained from an equivalent height of 50 km above Pitcairn Island by the usual vertical incidence pulse technique are attributed to D‐layer reflections. Previous literature has been collected, and many conflicting statements on the occurrence and behaviour of D‐layer echoes are revealed.A total of 1302 observations of the layer, taken at Pitcairn Island between October 1, 1944, and November 16, 1945, have been analysed, showing:(i) A frequency‐range largely contained between 2.5 and 5.0 Mc;(ii) Occurrence during 65 per cent of all daytime observations, although night occurrence is not excluded;(iii) Both a summer and a winter minimum of activity;(iv) A strength of approximately one‐third the E‐layer‐echo strength, and all the typical characteristics of a sporadic region.Similar echoes have been reported from Raoul Island (Kermadec Group) during approximately 75 per cent of the daytime in the summer of 1944–45, and from Christmas Island during 87 per cent of the daytime in the period June 11–30, 1945. It is considered that the echoes may be characteristic of a tropical region.
Ionospheric studies in South Africa Telecommunications Research Laboratory ionospheric sounder
Authors: Wadley T. L. 
Published: February 2008

The South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has recently embarked on a program for recording ionospheric heights and critical frequencies in South Africa, and, in collaboration with other ionospheric bureaus, provides a forecasting service for local users.Two recording stations have been installed—one in Johannesburg and the other near Cape Town. Data from these two stations are analysed by the staff of the Telecommunications Research Laboratory (TRL) of the CSIR, and, in addition to being used as a basis for local forecasting, are circulated to the United Kingdom, Canada, United States of America, Australia, New Zealand, and India. Reciprocal information from these centres is also received.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1946
Authors: Westerman C. Edward 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)October 26–27—A moderate storm began without sudden commencement during the first half of the Greenwich day, October 26. The greatest activity occurred between 22h on the 26th and 12h on the 27th, and the storm continued until the end of October 27, Greenwich time. Ranges: D, 14′.5; H, 155 gammas; Z, 42 gammas.
Zô‐Sè Observatory September to December, 1946
Authors: Burgaud M. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 31° 06′ N., longitude 121° 11′ or 8h 04m.45 W. of Gr.)September 16–24—The equinoctial magnetic activity began at 13h 47m GMT, September 16, with an abrupt rise of 15 gammas in H which was followed by a moderate disturbance with an amplitude of 120 gammas lasting some eighteen hours. At 23h 51m, September 17, sudden commencement of a major storm occurred. H swiftly decreased by 210 gammas in two hours and moderate oscillations followed around that low value during four hours, then was a new decrease of 100 gammas. Disturbed conditions prevailed with irregular oscillations and increasing values in the morning of September 18. At 12h 10m there was a new fall of the curve by 135 gammas; milder conditions continued until 14h 56m on the 18th, when a rapid increase of 140 gammas in forty minutes and two large oscillations exceeding 100 gammas brought the curve near normal values. At 10h 10m, September 19, an increase in the activity was noted and two large oscillations of 80 gammas in range. Smooth conditions prevailed thereafter. The evening of September 20 and the morning of the 21st were calm. At 17h 13m, September 21, a new, very sharp beginning of 49 gammas preceded the major storm of the equinox. Activity at first was reduced till 04h 23m September 22, when a new rise of 20 gammas was followed by a drop of 170 gammas and the curve was slowly recovering when a violent sudden start of 45 gammas took place at 10h 11m with rapid and spasmodic fluctuations during more then eight hours. The storm was then at its maximum. Disturbance abated in the evening of the 23rd and calm was absolute near 17h of the 24th.
Apia Observatory July to September, 1946
Authors: Beagley J. W. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 13° 48′.4 S., longitude 171° 46′.5 or 11h 27m.1 W. of Gr.)July 7–9—Minor activity commenced at 03h 27m GMT, July 7, and continued until 10h 07m, July 9. K‐indices of 5 and 4 were recorded.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1946
Authors: Wood F. W. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)October 20—A moderate disturbance began at 03h 09m GMT, October 20, with a fairly sudden commencement. The horizontal intensity dropped by 7 gammas, then increased by 23 gammas within two minutes. D increased by 2′, then decreased to normal, while Z rose 10 gammas and then slowly decreased. The disturbance in all elements was not very great and consisted of somewhat rapid fluctuations superimposed upon larger and slower movements. Quiet conditions prevailed again by 23h. Ranges: D, 14′; H, 69 gammas; Z, 77 gammas.
Witteveen Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1947
Authors: van Lohuixen H. P. Th. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 52° 48′.8 N., longitude 6° 40′.1 or 0h 26m.7 E. of Gr.)January 2—A minor disturbance occurred between 15h and 21h GMT, resulting in one K‐index of 5.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1947
Authors: Wiles William E. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)January 25–26—Following a day of slight disturbance, a storm of moderate intensity began at about 03h GMT, January 25, the major part of the disturbance occurring between 03h and 16h, January 25, and consisting of long‐period, irregular oscillations of moderate amplitude in all three elements. The perturbations continued on a diminished scale subsiding at about 15h, January 26. Minimum H was 18,072 gammas at 15h 11m, January 25. On January 25 the K‐sum was 36, three fives and one six being scaled.
Zô‐Sè Observatory January to March, 1947
Authors: Burgaud M. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 31° 05′.8 N., longitude 121° 11′.2 or 8h 04m 45s E. of Gr.)January 1–2—At 03h 12m and 09h 00m GMT, January 1, there were two small abrupt changes followed by small disturbances during January 1 and 2.