bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of a proton‐exchange membrane by the radiation grafting of styrene onto polytetrafluoroethylene films
Authors: Kang Kai , Kang Phil Hyun , Nho Young Chang 
Published: November 2005

AbstractRadiation‐induced simultaneous grafting of styrene onto polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films and the subsequent sulfonation in the chlorosulfonic acid/dichloroethane were investigated. The effects of the main radiation grafting conditions, such as the type of solvents, irradiation dose, dose rate, the styrene concentrations, etc., on the degree of grafting (DOG) were studied. To elucidate the influence of both the grafting and sulfonation conditions on the properties of the PTFE‐g‐polystyrene‐sulfonic acid (PSSA) membranes, the sulfonation conditions, including the sulfonation temperature and the concentration of the ClSO3H with respect to the DOG, were systematically evaluated. The grafted and sulfonated membranes were characterized by FTIR–ATR spectra, ion‐exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, thickness measurement, etc. The as‐prepared PTFE‐g‐PSSA membranes in this work showed a good combination of a high IEC (0.85–2.75 meq g−1), acceptable water uptake (8.86–56.9 wt %), low thickness, and volume expansion and/or contraction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1415–1428, 2006
Kinetic investigations on the UV‐induced photopolymerization of nanocomposites by FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Li Fusheng , Zhou Shuxue , You Bo , Wu Limin 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe kinetics of the photopolymerization for nanocomposites containing nanosilica with 2,2‐dimethoxy‐1,2‐diphenylethan‐1‐one or benzophenone/n‐methyl diethanolamine (BP/MDEA)as photoinitiators were studied by FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that nanocomposites containing nanosilica had higher conversion in comparison with pristine EA. The presence of MPS and ethanol accelerated the photopolymerization of nanocomposites, while the presence of water decelerated it. The photopolymerization of nanocomposites was more sensitive to oxygen than that of pristine EA. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99:1429–1436, 2006
Microstructure analysis of methyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymers by two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Brar A. S. , Singh Gurmeet , Shankar Ravi 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMethyl acrylate (A)/methyl methacrylate (B) copolymers of different compositions were synthesized in bulk at 50°C and the compositions were determined from 1H NMR spectra. Reactivity ratios were optimized using the least square methodology. Compositional and configurational assignments were done using two‐dimensional (2D) Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation (HSQC) and Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) experiments. Methylene proton and carbon resonances were assigned for compositional and configurational sensitivity at tetrad level. Carbon resonances of methine group of methyl acrylate were assigned for compositional sensitivity up to triad level with the help of 2D HSQC spectra. α‐Methyl group of methyl methacrylate was assigned up to triad level of compositional and configurational placements for carbon and proton resonances by 2D HSQC spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1437–1445, 2006
Surface modification of polypropylene sheets by UV‐radiation grafting polymerization
Authors: Cho Jung‐Dae , Kim Soon‐Gi , Hong Jin‐Who 
Published: November 2005

Abstract1,6‐Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) was grafted onto polypropylene (PP) substrates in the presence of benzophenone (BP) and isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) photoinitiators, and then polyurethane acrylate formulations were coated onto the HDDA‐g‐PP substrates, using UV radiation. The amount grafted and the grafting efficiency of the polymerizations were determined gravimetrically. The effects of the photoinitiator concentration and the UV radiation intensity on the physicochemical surface properties and the grafting efficiency of the UV‐radiation grafting polymerizations were characterized in detail using contact‐angle measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total internal reflection, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the amount grafted and the surface polarity of the HDDA‐g‐PP substrates both increased linearly with increasing BP photoinitiator concentration and UV radiation intensity, and that the addition of a small amount of ITX markedly enhanced both parameters, probably due to photosensitization. The adhesion of the UV‐cured coating onto the HDDA‐g‐PP substrates was evaluated using the crosshatch adhesion test. The results indicated that the amount of HDDA grafted onto the PP substrates should exceed about 1 mmol/cm2 for satisfactory adhesion with the UV‐cured coating. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1446–1461, 2006
ATR‐UV monitoring of methyl methacrylate miniemulsion polymerization for determination of monomer conversion
Authors: Chai X.‐S. , Schork F. J. , Oliver E. M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAttenuated Total Reflection (ATR) UV spectroscopy has been used to monitor monomer conversion in methyl methacrylate miniemulsion polymerization. It was found that the vinylic groups of methyl methacrylate strongly absorb the UV light with a maximum absorption at 225 nm. This absorption peak decreases as monomer is converted to polymer. The polymer has a strong absorption at a lower UV region. The results from this feasibility study indicate that ATR‐UV sensor technique has a great potential to be used for on‐line or in‐line process monitoring in emulsion and miniemulsion polymerization. With a partial least square (PLS) calibration model, very good prediction the monomer conversion was obtained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1471–1475, 2006
Rheological characterization of PP/jute composite melts
Authors: Mohanty Smita , Verma Sushil K. , Nayak Sanjay K. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe present article summarizes an experimental study on the molten viscoelastic behavior of PP/jute composites under steady and dynamic mode. Variations in melt viscosity and die swell of the composites with an increase in shear rate, fiber loading, and coupling agent concentration have been investigated using capillary rheometer. It was observed that with the addition of fibers and MAPP, the melt viscosity of the composites increased due to improved fiber‐matrix interfacial adhesion. Further, the dynamic viscoelastic behavior, measured using parallel plate rheometer, revealed an increase in the storage modulus (G′), indicating higher stiffness in case of fiber‐filled composites as compared with the virgin matrix. Time–temperature superposition was applied to generate various viscoelastic master curves. The fiber‐matrix morphology of the extrudates was also examined using scanning electron microscopy, which corroborated the findings of rheological properties. The treated composites displayed uniform distribution of fibers within the PP matrix with lesser surface irregularities. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1476–1484, 2006
Oxidation of aminonitrotoluenes by 2,4‐DNT dioxygenase of Burkholderia sp. strain DNT
Authors: Leungsakul Thammajun , Keenan Brendan G. , Mori Masa‐aki , Morton Martha D. , Stuart James D. , Smets Barth F. , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAminonitrotoluenes form rapidly from the reduction of dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) which are priority pollutants and animal carcinogens. For example, 4‐amino‐2‐nitrotoluene (4A2NT) and 2A4NT accumulate from the reduction of 2,4‐DNT during its aerobic biodegradation. Here, we show that 2,4‐DNT dioxygenase (DDO) from Burkholderia sp. strain DNT oxidizes the aminonitrotoluenes 2A3NT, 2A6NT, 4A3NT, and 5A2NT to 2‐amino‐3‐nitrobenzylalcohol, 2‐amino‐4‐nitro‐m‐cresol and 3‐amino‐5‐nitro‐p‐cresol, 4‐amino‐3‐nitrobenzylalcohol and aminonitrocresol, and 2‐amino‐5‐nitro‐o‐cresol, respectively. 2A5NT and 3A4NT are oxidized to aminonitrocresols and/or aminonitrobenzylalcohols, and 4A2NT is oxidized to aminonitrocresol. Only 2A4NT, a reduced compound derived from 2,4‐DNT, was not oxidized by DDO or its three variants. The alpha subunit mutation I204Y resulted in two to fourfold faster oxidization of the aminonitrotoluenes. Though these enzymes are dioxygenases, they acted like monooxygenases by adding a single hydroxyl group, which did not result in the release of nitrite. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased natural killer cell activity in patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Forester N D , Cruickshank S M , Scott D J A , Carding S R 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
Natural killer (NK) cells have an emerging role in the development of chronic disease and in the direction and maintenance of inflammatory responses. Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. The aim was to investigate whether NK cells showed altered function in patients with an AAA.

Methods
The presence, phenotype and function of peripheral blood and tissue NK cells from patients with an AAA, peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and healthy age–sex-matched controls were assessed before and after surgery.

Results
Patients with an AAA had significantly higher (P &lt; 0·010) percentages of peripheral blood NK cells (mean (95 per cent c.i.) 23·8 (2·6) per cent) than patients with PVD (17·4 (2·9) per cent) and control subjects (16·2 (2·8) per cent). The NK cells from patients with an AAA had increased cytotoxicity on a per cell basis towards both an NK-sensitive target cell line and human aortic smooth muscle cells. Increased NK cell proportions (22·7 (3·5) per cent) and cytotoxic activity, together with higher C-reactive protein values, persisted after successful AAA repair.

Conclusion
These data support the hypothesis that increased NK cytotoxicity could be a contributing factor in the generation or potentiation of inflammation in patients with an AAA.
Medical professionalism and the clinical anatomist
Authors: Swick Herbert M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMedical professionalism has become an important issue for medical education and practice. The core attributes of professionalism derive from the roles and responsibilities of professions and from the nature of medicine as a healing profession. In medical education, most of the focus on professionalism has been directed to the clinical arena, yet it is critically important that the attributes of professionalism be manifested in basic science courses—especially anatomy—as well as in clinical experiences, because the transformation from medical student to physician begins at the outset of medical school. Throughout history, anatomists have exemplified many of the attributes and values of professionalism, and clinical anatomists today still have much to offer. Anatomy faculty have an important responsibility to nurture and exemplify professionalism. Clin. Anat. 19:393–402, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Re‐examination of the medullary rootlets of the accessory and vagus nerves
Authors: Wiles C.C.R. , Wrigley B. , Greene J.R.T. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe vagus (X) and cranial root of the accessory nerve (crXI) are traditionally described as arising from a series of rootlets from the medulla oblongata. Descriptions of the number of rootlets vary, and the existence of the crXI is contested. Here we report the results of dissections in six embalmed adult human specimens (11 sides). The rootlets forming the vagus were counted at three positions. At emergence from the brainstem there were between 12 and 21 rootlets, at the jugular foramen the range was 12–17, and midway between these two points it was 6–12. In addition, the origin of the most caudal X rootlet (cX) and the most rostral XI rootlet (rXI) was recorded in relation to the spino‐medullary junction, defined as the caudal border of the olivary eminence. The position of the cX varied between –1 and +8 mm (median = +2 mm on left, +3.75 mm on right). The rXI varied between –5 and +7 mm (median = −0.5 mm on left, +1.75 mm on right). In five sides, rXI was above the caudal border of the olivary eminence and as such can be defined as being of cranial origin. These observations show the arrangement of rootlets contributing to the vagus to be more complex than what was described previously and provide evidence for the variable existence of a cranial root of the accessory nerve. Clin. Anat. 20:19–22, 2007. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of indole acetic acid on antioxidant levels and enzyme activities of glucose metabolism in rat liver
Authors: Oliveira Diogo Luiz , Pugine Silvana M. Piccoli , Ferreira Mariana S. Larraz , Lins Patricia Goldshmidt , Costa Ernane J. Xavier , de Melo Mariza Pires 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIndole acetic acid (IAA) is an auxin and can be synthesized in animals. This compound is metabolized in vitro by peroxidase, producing reactive oxygen species. The toxic effect of indole acetic acid in leukocytes is associated with peroxidase activities and these processes have been implicated in activation of glucose and glutamine metabolism. However, studies in vitro have shown that IAA, in absence of peroxidase, is an antioxidant almost as high in potency as those of other indolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of a toxic effect of indole acetic acid in the liver, as evidenced by oxidative stress and enzyme activities of the glucose pathway. The animals received IAA by subcutaneous or gavage administration in a phosphate buffered saline (the control group received only the phosphate buffered saline). The other groups received IAA at concentrations of 1 mg, 18 mg and 40 mg per kg of body mass per day. Treatments with 18 mg and 40 mg IAA decreased the activity of catalase by both subcutaneous (30% and 26%) or gavage administration (19% and 28%), respectively. A similar effect was observed on the activity of glutathione peroxidase of animals exposed to 18 mg and 40 mg IAA: A decrease of 34% and 29%, respectively, for subcutaneous administration and a decrease of 29% and 25%, respectively, for gavage administration. However, in neither source of administration did the acid alter superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and myeloperoxidase activities. Another alteration was observed in respect of reduced glutathione content in this organ. The lipid peroxidation level showed a significant decrease with subcutaneous (30%, 29% and 24%) and gavage administration (25%, 26% and 24%) using 1 mg, 18 mg and 40 mg of IAA, respectively compared with the control. The reduced glutathione content and catalase activity in the plasma were not altered by either of the two methods of administration. In addition to these findings, after subcutaneous or gavage administration of IAA, the activities of hepatic enzymes of glucose metabolism were not affected (glucokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase). Evidence is presented herein that IAA did not have a pro‐oxidant effect in the liver as deduced from a reduction of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, a decrease of lipid peroxidation content and no alteration of the pool of reduced glutathione. The effects of IAA were independent of the way of administration. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oil Spill Cleanup from Sea Water by Sorbent Materials
Authors: Bayat A. , Aghamiri S. F. , Moheb A. , Vakili‐Nezhaad G. R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThree sorbents were compared in order to determine their potential for oil spill cleanup. Polypropylene nonwoven web, rice hull, and bagasse with two different particle sizes were evaluated in terms of oil sorption capacities and oil recovery efficiencies. Polypropylene can sorb almost 7 to 9 times its weight from different oils. Bagasse, 18 to 45 mesh size, follows polypropylene as the second sorbent in oil spill cleanup. Bagasse, 14 to 18 mesh size, and rice hull have comparable oil sorption capacities, which are lower than those of the two former sorbents. It was found that oil viscosity plays an important role in oil sorption by sorbents. All adsorbents used in this work could remove the oil from the surface of the water preferentially.
Investigation on the Electromagnetic Anti‐Fouling Technology for Scale Prevention
Authors: Xiaokai X. , Chongfang M. , Yongchang C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAn electromagnetic anti‐fouling (EAF) device was built for treating scale containing water. In order to validate the effect and identify the mechanisms of EAF technology, a series of experiments were carried out, both with and without, an EAF device. The fouling thermal resistance was measured as a function of time. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the fouling layers were obtained and the particle size distribution in solution was analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) technology. The main results were as follows: (1) With EAF treatment, the crystal phase of calcium carbonate was changed to calcite from the aragonite type which exists without EAF treatment; (2) A rapid particle growth was observed under EAF treatment conditions. This rapid growth was due to that the EAF treatment results in an induced electric field inside the bulk flow, and can effectively increase collision frequency of the ions and crystals along with the effectiveness of collision. This implies that the particle growth was promoted mainly by a coagulation process, and not by nucleation growth; (3) The EAF treatment greatly reduced the fouling resistance within the time period tested.
An Adaptive Recipe Implementation in Case‐Based Formalism for Abnormal Condition Management
Authors: Rizal D. , Suzuki K. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis paper deals with accurate recipe implementation for abnormal condition management in a batch process using a case‐based reasoning (CBR) approach. A set of new problems can be solved by reusing proven process solutions. The proposed system integrates quantitative and qualitative parameters for adaptation of cases. A novel methodology to generate accurate recipes and to adapt to the processes is introduced during normal and abnormal conditions. In particular, the differences between current conditions and the references (recipes) should be managed to prevent any hazardous conditions arising. The processes are evaluated using their similarity to the past cases. This intelligent approach distinguishes plausible cases, generates accurate recipes, and adapts to new situations. The aim is to use the offline historical process data and safety related information in order to propose changes and adjustments in the processes.
Modeling of Rotary Desiccant Wheels
Authors: Harshe Y. M. , Utikar R. P. , Ranade V. V. , Pahwa D. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractRotary desiccant wheels are widely used in dehumidification and energy recovery applications. In this work, we have developed a 2D, steady state model of a rotary desiccant wheel. Mass and energy balance equations for the air streams and the desiccant wheels were developed. The hydraulic diameter and surface area for heat and mass transfer were calculated based on knowledge of the flute geometry. Appropriate correlations for the Sherwood number and Nusselt number were used to estimate heat and mass transfer coefficients. The model is capable of predicting steady state behavior of desiccant wheels having at the most three sections (process, purge, and regeneration). The mathematical model was validated using a real desiccant wheel, and the calculation results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Based on this model, the temperature and humidity profiles in the wheel during both the dehumidification and the regeneration processes are analyzed. The simulated results were used to gain an insight into the operation of desiccant wheels. The model and the presented results will be useful for optimizing dehumidification and energy recovery applications.
Representation of Adsorption Data for the Isopropanol‐Water System using Neural Network Techniques
Authors: Mjalli F. , Al‐Asheh S. , Banat F. , Al‐Lagtah N. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMolecular sieves and palm stone, a newly developed bio‐based adsorbent, were used to break an azeotropic isopropanol‐water system via an adsorptive distillation process. Equilibrium data at different inlet water contents are presented. The data were obtained with a fixed bed adsorptive distillation process using Type 3A and Type 4A molecular sieves and palm stone. An artificial neural network (ANN) technique was used to represent the isotherm equilibrium data of this azeotropic system. The ANN prediction results were compared with the Guggenheim‐Anderson‐de Boer (GAB) isotherm model. It was possible to break the isopropanol‐water azeotrope using this separation process with the adsorbents used in this work. Water uptake increases as the water content in the feed decreases from 16 % to 10 %. Although the GAB isotherm model was found to be applicable to the water vapor sorption data on the adsorbents examined, the ANN model fitted the equilibrium data more efficiently.
Microreaction Technology in Education: Miniaturized Enzyme Membrane Reactor
Authors: Müller D. H. , Liauw M. A. , Greiner L. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPersuading students of microreaction technology requires the development of new and attractive experiments for practical courses. A means of establishing a microreaction experiment for practical courses in chemistry higher education is miniaturizing the enzyme membrane reactor (EMR). Biotechnology, in particular membrane separation and biocatalysis are incorporated. Moreover, this miniaturization is also of scientific interest as the micro enzyme membrane reactor (MEMR) can be used for catalyst screening and early‐stage continuous experiments.The MEMR was realized modularly as a loop reactor by easy means. A reactor volume of less than 200 μL was achieved. The amount needed for continuous reactions is lowered by a factor of 50. Enantioselective reduction of ketones by an alcohol dehydrogenase was performed successfully.
A Mathematical Model of Heat Transfer in a Rotary Kiln Thermo‐Reactor
Authors: Li S.‐Q. , Ma L.‐B. , Wan W. , Yao Q. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractRotary kilns are used ubiquitously in the chemical and metallurgical industries. The mechanism of heat transfer in a rotary kiln is discussed in this paper, in which the effect of rotation is considered in determining heat transfer coefficients. In particular, an extended penetration theory is successfully developed to describe the heat transfer coefficient of the covered wall to the bulk solid in a rotary kiln, i.e., hcw–cb = (χdp/kg + 0.5/$ \sqrt {2k_b \rho_bc_{pb} n/\phis_0} $)–1 (0.096 < χ < 0.198). A one‐dimensional axial heat transfer model for an internally heated rotary kiln has been developed. Both predicted temperature profiles and heat transfer fluxes agree well with the experimental data of Barr et al. The simulated results are used to successfully explain for the first time the coupling phenomenon of the bulk bed and covered wall temperatures discussed in previous publications.
Kinetic and Technological Analysis of Dimethyl Toluene‐2,4‐Dicarbamate Synthesis
Authors: Wang G. R. , Wang Y. J. , Zhao X. Q. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of dimethyl toluene‐2,4‐dicarbamate from 2,4‐toluene diamine and dimethyl carbonate is a complex reaction system. First, the reaction enthalpies, the Gibbs function changes, and the equilibrium constants of the reactions were calculated by several methods of group contribution. Secondly, the kinetics of the synthesis reaction over a zinc acetate catalyst was investigated in a batch autoclave. The kinetic model equations were established by parameter estimation based on experimental data, and the model met the requirements of the statistical test. The calculated results based on the model agreed well with the experimental data. According to the results of both thermodynamic calculation and kinetic analysis, the influence of some technological parameters, such as content of methanol in the feed and reaction temperature, on the synthesis reaction was discussed.