bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of in situ and stream microcosm experiments to assess population- and community-level responses to metals
Authors: Clark Jeffrey L. , Clements William H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe conducted field and stream microcosm experiments to assess population-level (density, size distribution) and community-level (species richness metrics, multivariate analysis of community composition) responses of macroinvertebrates to heavy metals in the Arkansas River, a mining-polluted stream in Colorado, USA. Experiments were conducted in spring and summer to coincide with early and late developmental stages (i.e., instars) of the mayfly Rhithrogena hageni. Results of field experiments showed significant mortality at metal-contaminated sites during summer when mayfly populations were dominated by small, early instars (mean dry wt = 0.13 mg). In contrast, no significant mortality was observed in spring when organisms were larger (mean dry wt = 1.78 mg). Multivariate analyses based on abundance of dominant taxa clearly separated reference and metal-impacted stations in summer experiments but showed little separation in spring. We observed no significant effects of metals on species richness, number of mayfly species, or EPT (species richness of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) in either field experiment. Using stream microcosms, we established concentration-response relationships between heavy metals and R. hageni density, species richness, mayfly richness, and EPT. Density of R. hageni was generally more sensitive to metals than measures of species richness, and summer populations of R. hageni were more sensitive to metals than spring populations. Because the presence of large, relatively tolerant individuals in spring coincided with periods of higher metal concentrations, R. hageni was protected from toxic effects in this system. We conclude that phenology and developmental stage are important factors influencing responses of some aquatic macroinvertebrates to metals. Thus, timing bioassessments to coincide with the presence of these sensitive life stages can improve our ability to detect subtle contaminant effects.
Combined effects of temperature acclimation and cadmium exposure on mitochondrial function in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae)
Authors: Cherkasov Anton S. , Ringwood Amy H. , Sokolova Inna M. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Cadmium and temperature have strong impacts on the metabolic physiology of aquatic organisms. To analyze the combined impact of these two stressors on aerobic capacity, effects of Cd exposure (50 μg/L) on mitochondrial function were studied in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) acclimated to 12 and 20°C in winter and to 20 and 28°C in fall. Cadmium exposure had different effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics of oysters depending on the acclimation temperature. In oysters acclimated to 12°C, Cd exposure resulted in elevated intrinsic rates of mitochondrial oxidation, whereas at 28°C, a rapid and pronounced decrease of mitochondrial oxidative capacity was found in Cd-exposed oysters. At the intermediate acclimation temperature (20°C), effects of Cd exposure on intrinsic rates of mitochondrial oxidation were negligible. Degree of coupling significantly decreased in mitochondria from 28°C-acclimated oysters but not in that from 12°C- or 20°C-acclimated oysters. Acclimation at elevated temperatures also increased sensitivity of oyster mitochondria to extramitochondrial Cd. Variation in mitochondrial membrane potential explained 41% of the observed variation in mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis and proton leak between different acclimation groups of oysters. Temperature-dependent sensitivity of metabolic physiology to Cd has significant implications for toxicity testing and for extrapolation of laboratory studies to field populations of aquatic poikilotherms, indicating the importance of taking into account the thermal regime of the environment.
Chronic toxicity of polycyclic aromatic compounds to the springtailFolsomia candidaand the enchytraeidEnchytraeus crypticus
Authors: Droge Steven T.J. , Paumen Miriam León , Bleeker Eric A.J. , Kraak Michiel H.S. , van Gestel Cornelis A.M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAn urgent need exists for incorporating heterocyclic compounds and (bio)transformation products in ecotoxicological test schemes and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). The aim of the present study therefore was to determine the chronic effects of (heterocyclic) PACs on two terrestrial invertebrates, the springtail Folsomia candida and the enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus. The effects of 11 PACs were determined in chronic experiments using reproduction and survival as endpoints. The results demonstrated that as far as narcosis-induced mortality is concerned, effects of both homocyclic and heterocyclic PACs are well described by the relationship between estimated pore-water 50% lethal concentrations and log Kow. In contrast, specific effects on reproduction varied between species and between compounds as closely related as isomers, showing up as deviations from the relationship between pore-water 50% effect concentrations and log Kow. These unpredictable specific effects on reproduction force one to test the toxicity of these PACs to populations of soil invertebrates to obtain reliable effect concentrations for use in risk assessment of PACs.
Transgenerational retention and maternal transfer of selenium inDaphnia magna
Authors: Lam Isaac K.S. , Wang Wen-Xiong 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe examined transgenerational retention and maternal transfer of selenium (Se) in three consecutive generations (F0, F1, and F2) of Daphnia magna. The F0 generation was exposed to dietary selenium (as selenite) only, and the F1 and F2 generations received only the maternally derived selenium from F0 and F1, respectively. Algal food Scenedesmus obilquus was radiolabeled with 0.56 μM Se, and the finial Se concentration in the algae was 115.6 μg Se/g dry weight. After 10 d feeding, the initial Se concentration in the F0 prior to depuration was 0.72 μg Se/g wet weight. The Se retention within the same generation was comparable at different food concentrations, but it increased across the consecutive generations regardless of the food concentration, suggesting that Se elimination was dependent on the source of Se accumulation (dietary vs maternally derived). Retention was also comparable among different batches of offspring within the same generation. Reproduction rate increased with increasing food concentration but decreased across the successive batches in F1. The 10-d overall maternal transfer efficiency increased with increasing food concentration in all generations. Approximately 19 to 24% of Se in F0 was transferred maternally to F1 during reproductive events, but the efficiency decreased considerably from F1 to F2. Maternal transfer also decreased in the later batches of F1. The transfer efficiency to each neonate showed a negative relationship with food concentration in both F0 and F1, suggesting that the Se transfer to the offspring was compromised by the reproduction rate. We concluded that dietary-derived Se (from F0) was more efficiently transferred to the offspring (F1) than the maternally derived Se (from F1) transferred to F2; thus it is necessary to separate the dietary and maternal contributions to the overall Se accumulation in Daphnia.
Quantum chemistry based quantitative structure-activity relationships for modeling the (sub)acute toxicity of substituted mononitrobenzenes in aquatic systems
Authors: Zvinavashe Elton , Murk Albertinka J. , Vervoort Jacques , Soffers Ans E.M.F. , Freidig Andreas , Rietjens Ivonne M.C.M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFifteen experimental literature data sets on the acute toxicity of substituted nitrobenzenes to algae (Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, C. vulgaris), daphnids (Daphnia magna, D. carinata), fish (Cyprinus carpio, Poecilia reticulata), protozoa (Tetrahymena pyriformis), bacteria (Phosphobacterium phosphoreum), and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were used to establish quantum chemistry based quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs). The logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient, log Kow, and the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, Elumo, were used as descriptors. Suitable QSAR models (0.65 &lt; r2 &lt; 0.98) to predict acute toxicity of substituted mononitrobenzenes to protozoa, fish, daphnids, yeast, and algae have been derived. The log Kow was a sufficient descriptor for all cases, with the additional Elumo descriptor being required only for algae. The QSARs were found to be valid for neutral substituted mononitrobenzenes with no -OH, -COOH, or -CN substituents attached directly to the ring. From the 100,196 European Inventory of Existing Commercial Substances (EINECS), 497 chemicals were identified that fit the selection criteria for the established QSARs. Based on these results, an advisory tool has been developed that directs users to the appropriate QSAR model to apply for various types of organisms within specified log Kow ranges. Using this tool, it is possible to obtain a good indication of the toxicity of a large set of EINECS chemicals and newly developed substituted mononitrobenzenes to five different organisms without the need for additional experimental testing.
Applications and limitations of ADM 1 in municipal wastewater solids treatment
Authors: Johnson B.R. , Shang Y. 
Published: August 2006

The ADM 1 model has been implemented in a steady-state whole wastewater plant simulator. The ADM 1 model has been in use with good success for approximately 2 years on a wide range of wastewater treatment facilities. However, a number of modifications were necessary to allow it to be used in the context of municipal wastewater treatment. It was found that the model's use was greatly simplified if used in conjunction with a larger plant simulator to assist in the feed fractionation. It was also found that a better fit to actual operating data was achieved if some of the slowly biodegradable particulate fraction was partitioned into ADM particulate fractions other than the composite fraction.
Another significant limitation of the model is in the absence of phosphorus modeling. The ADM model needs to have phosphorus handling for all the relevant fractions, and needs to include the handling of inorganic reactions such as struvite precipitation and metal phosphate/metal hydroxide precipitation. Activity effects on chemical equilibria are significant when considering phosphorus. Also of importance in wastewater treatment is the fate of sulfur compounds. This includes the generation of H2S in the digester gas and the fate of the sulfur species in the digested sludge (as a predictor of odour-generating potential).
Cellular properties of human erythrocytes preserved in saline–adenine–glucose–mannitol in the presence of L‐carnitine
Authors: Arduini Arduino , Minetti Giampaolo , Ciana Annarita , Seppi Claudio , Brovelli Augusta , Profumo Antonella , Vercellati Cristina , Zappa Manuela , Zanella Alberto , Dottori Secondo , Bonomini Mario 
Published: August 2006

AbstractL‐Carnitine (LC) in the preservation medium during storage of red blood cells (RBC) can improve the mean 24‐hr percent recovery in vivo and increase RBC life‐span after reinfusion. The purpose of the study was to investigate the differences in the biochemical properties of RBCs stored in the presence or absence of LC, and the cell‐age related responses to storage conditions and to LC. RBC concentrates in saline‐adenine‐glucose‐mannitol (SAG‐M) were stored in the presence or absence of 5 mM LC at 4°C for up to 8 weeks. RBC subpopulations of different densities were prepared by centrifugation on Stractan density gradient. Cells were sampled at 0, 3, 6, and 8 weeks, and hematological and cellular properties analyzed (MCV, MCHC, 4.1a/4.1b ratio as a cell age parameter, intracellular Na+ and K+). After 6 weeks, MCV of RBC stored in the presence of LC was lower than that of controls (6 weeks MCV: controls 95.4 ± 1.8 fl; LC 91.5 ± 2.0 fl; n = 6; P < 0.005). This was due to swelling of control cells, and affected mainly older RBCs. LC appeared to reduce or retard cell swelling. Among the osmotically active substances whose changes during storage could contribute to cell swelling, only intracellular Na+ and K+ differed between stored control RBCs and LC‐treated cells. LC reduces the swelling of older cells during storage at 4°C in SAG‐M, possibly by acting on the permeability of cell membrane to monovalent cations. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined D‐dimer and clinical probability are useful for exclusion of recurrent deep venous thrombosis
Authors: Aguilar Carlos , del Villar Valentin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIt is estimated that up to one‐third of patients with a history of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) present with symptoms of recurrent DVT. Our objective was to investigate both the diagnostic value of D‐dimer (DD) and safety of a standard diagnostic algorithm including clinical assessment, plasma DD levels, and compression venous ultrasound as diagnostic tools in outpatients presenting with clinically suspected acute recurrent DVT of the lower limbs. We have enrolled 105 outpatients with a previous history of confirmed DVT and clinically suspected recurrent DVT. A 3‐month follow‐up period was carried out for patients in whom DVT was initially excluded. Prevalence of DVT in our study population was 44.8% (47/105). DD was negative in 17.1% of cases (18/105) and DVT could be ruled out in 15.2% of patients evaluated (16/105) on the basis of an unlikely clinical probability and a negative DD result. Only one false negative DD result in a patient scored as likely for DVT was found. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of DD for the diagnosis of DVT were 97.9% (95% CI 88.9–99.6%), 29.3% (95% CI 19.2–42.0%), 52.9% (95% CI 42.5–63.0) and 94.4% (95% CI 74.2%–99.0), respectively. Sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 75.7–100) in the group of patients in whom DVT was considered unlikely. A diagnostic strategy combining clinical evaluation and DD has proved to be useful for the exclusion of DVT in subjects with clinically suspected recurrent DVT, especially in patients included in the lower clinical pretest probability group. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome after repeat intermediate‐dose cytarabine chemotherapy in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Saito Bungo , Nakamaki Tsuyoshi , Nakashima Hidetoshi , Usui Takako , Hattori Norimichi , Kawakami Keiichiro , Tomoyasu Shigeru 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA 56‐year‐old man was admitted to our hospital with leukocytosis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Acute monoblastic leukemia was diagnosed. Two subsequent courses of consolidation chemotherapy consisted of conventional doses of cytarabine and intermediate‐dose cytarabine. Intermediate‐dose cytarabine was infused intravenously every 12 hr for 6 days. On day 15 after the final infusion of cytarabine, the patient suffered headache, and on day 21, he experienced a decrease in sensation on the sole of his left foot. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed widespread areas of white matter edema. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination revealed an increase in the number of cells to 31 mm−3; the majority were lymphocytes. No infiltration of leukemia cells was seen. After 2 months, brain MRI findings were normal. The clinicoradiologic features of the case were consistent with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). RPLS in the present case was unlikely to have been caused by direct neurotoxicity because (1) the doses of cytarabine (500 mg/m2; total dose 9.2 g) were much smaller than those in reported cases and were repeatedly infused until RPLS developed; (2) the RPLS developed 21 days after the final infusion of cytarabine, a much longer period than previously reported; (3) the slight leukocytosis in the CSF observed on day 33 might also have been related to the cellular immune responses evoked by the infused cytarabine. These details suggest not only that direct cerebral neurotoxicity of cytarabine but also that some type of allergic response may have been involved in the development of RPLS. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of building‐related symptoms as an indicator of health and productivity
Authors: Niemelä Raimo , Seppänen Olli , Korhonen Pirjo , Reijula Kari 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of building‐related symptoms (BRS) is commonly used to characterize the indoor air quality in office buildings. To analyze the costs of building renovation and the improvement of the indoor environment, it is useful to quantitatively relate the prevalence or intensity of BRS to productivity. The intent of this study is to summarize the links between the BRS and productivity, and demonstrate this linkage in two case buildings.Material and MethodsA literature was surveyed for studies that measured simultaneously the prevalence or intensity of BRS and subjectively reported or objectively measured productivity. Case studies in two office environments were performed. An association between the prevalence of BRS and productivity of workers in a call center and in an insurance office were investigated. In the first case study, the productivity was expressed using the direct productivity metrics, namely the number of telephone contacts during active working hours while in the second case, the productivity was assessed by using the data concerning sick leave rates.ResultsEmployees who report more BRS also have more often absences which relate to indoor environment quality (IEQ). Their productivity is lower than those who have better IEQ in their offices. Despite uncertainties related to the data concerning recorded sick leave and self‐reported productivity, the number of studies showing an association between BRS and productivity or sick leave suggests that such a relationship exists. The present case studies also demonstrated an association between the BRS and the direct productivity. Based on the data from the call center, a reduction of 10%‐units in the prevalence of general symptoms (such as fatigue, headache, nausea, etc.) corresponded with a gain of 1.5% in performance. Based on the findings in the insurance company, a reduction of 10%‐units in the prevalence of irritation symptoms corresponded with a decrease of 0.7% in the short‐term absenteeism.ConclusionsA review of 23 studies suggests that a linkage exists between typical BRS and productivity indicators such as task or work performance or absence from work. Quantitative associations between BRS and productivity were demonstrated in two office environments. Quantitative associations between BRS and economic metrics enable cost‐benefits analysis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapeutic effects for hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by Japanese mushroom (Bunashimeji)
Authors: Tsushima Kenji , Furuya Shino , Yoshikawa Sumiko , Yasuo Masanori , Yamazaki Yoshitaka , Koizumi Tomonobu , Fujimoto Keisaku , Kubo Keishi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundBunashimeji‐related hypersensitivity pneumonitis is found among workers who cultivate the mushroom in indoor facilities. An evaluation of protective measures was initiated using the outcomes of clinical, immunological, and radiological findings.MethodsTwenty‐two patients presented with symptoms of HP; all were employed cultivating Bunashimeji mushrooms in indoor facilities. After hospitalization, 6 of 22 patients quit their job to avoid exposure to spores (Avoidance group). Sixteen patients continued to work used a mask for 3 months, and were then divided into two subgroups: Mask alone (seven patients) and mask plus oral prednisolone (Mask + PSL) (nine patients). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum Krebs von der Lungen‐6 (KL‐6), surfactant protein‐D (SP‐D), lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), ground‐glass scores in chest high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were assessed before and after treatment.ResultsComplete avoidance resulted in a significant decrease in LST. There was a significant decrease after PSL treatment in serum KL‐6, SP‐D, and total cell counts in the BAL fluid in the Mask + PSL group. In the Mask alone group, serum KL‐6, SP‐D, ground‐glass scores in chest HRCT and total cell counts in BAL fluid showed high levels compared with the other two groups.ConclusionsComplete cessation was the best treatment for hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The use of a mask was ineffective for patients with a high serum KL‐6 and SP‐D concentration and severe ground‐glass opacity on chest HRCT. Initial treatment with PSL is recommended for these patients with high levels of total cell counts in BAL fluid. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of fatigue among seafarers during a tour of duty
Authors: Wadsworth Emma J.K. , Allen Paul H. , Wellens Benjamin T. , McNamara Rachel L. , Smith Andrew P. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundWork‐related fatigue is associated with sickness absence and mental and physical health problems, and may increase the risk of accidents and injuries at work. Relatively little is known about fatigue among seafarers, particularly during a tour of duty. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of day to day fatigue among seafarers during a tour at sea.MethodsParticipants from the offshore support, short sea and coastal, and deep sea sectors of the UK shipping industry completed daily diaries. Information about sleep and fatigue was collected each day on waking and retiring.ResultsFatigue on waking was a more sensitive measure of cumulative occupational fatigue than fatigue on retiring. Fatigue on waking increased between the start and end of tour. This increase took place in particular during the first week at sea, and was most apparent among those on shorter tours of duty.ConclusionsDay to day changes in fatigue are measurable, and may vary among particular sub‐groups of seafarers. Used among larger groups, such a diary method could help identify times and activities associated with the greatest risk. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.