bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humoral and cellular immune responses in cattle and sheep inoculated with Sarcocystis
Authors: Gasbarre Louis C. , Suter Pamela , Fayer Ronald 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cattle inoculated with Sarcocystis bovicanis ( = Sarcocystis cruzi) and sheep inoculated with Sarcocystis ovicanis were monitored for the appearance of Sarcocystis-specific antibodies and lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation. Anti-Sarcocystis antibody was identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas antigen-reactive lymphocytes were discerned by an in vitro lymphocyte blastogenic assay. The antigens used were the soluble fraction recovered from disrupted bradyzoites of mature sarcocysts. Cattle developed anti-Sarcocystis immunoglobulin (Ig)M responses, beginning 3 to 4 weeks after inoculation, and IgG1 antibody responses, beginning 5 to 6 weeks after inoculation. The increase in IgM antibody was relatively brief, returning to near preinfection levels in 2 to 3 months. In contrast, IgG1 antibody levels remained high for at least 5 to 6 months. Neither IgG2 nor IgA antibody responses were demonstrable in cattle. In sheep, the IgG antibody levels followed a time course similar to that seen in cattle, except that the increase was slightly delayed (6 to 8 weeks after inoculation was done). Measurable IgM antibody response was not seen in sheep.
Cellular immunoresponsiveness as judged by in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis in cattle was different from that in sheep. Sarcocystis-specific lymphocytes were demonstrable in the circulation of cattle within 15 days after they were inoculated, but the activity decreased rapidly. In sheep, reactive cells were not evident until 3 to 4 weeks after inoculation were done, but peripheral blood lymphocytes taken from these sheep as long as 5 to 6 weeks after the inoculations remained capable of mounting strong blastogenic responses.
Neither the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay nor the blastogenic assay showed species specificity. Animals immunized with a given species of Sarcocystis gave similar in vitro responses to antigens from the immunizing species and to other species of Sarcocystis. This apparent lack of specificity is probably due to the presence of cross-reacting determinants in the crude antigen preparations used.
Quantitative analysis of long-bone growth in the horse
Authors: Fretz P. B. , Cymbaluk N. F. , Pharr J. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Long-bone growth at the distal ends of the radial bones, the distal ends of the 3rd metacarpal bones, the distal ends of the 3rd metatarsal bones, and the proximal ends of the proximal phalangeal bones (of thoracic and pelvic limbs) was quantitatively analyzed in 9 Thoroughbred-Quarter Horse foals from birth to 2 years of age, Metal growth markers were surgically implanted in the bones of the animals at 2 to 4 days of age. Radiographs of the bones were made on the day of surgical manipulation, the next day, and then once a week for 8 months, and once a month thereafter for an additional 18 months. On each radiograph, the intervals between the growth markers were measured and plotted, and these accumulated growth data were subjected to statistical analyses. Growth curves, cumulative growth, and relative growth rates were determined. The ages of radiographic growth plate closure also were determined.
Total bone growth observed in these foals was proportionately greater than that observed in a similar study of Shetland-Welsh ponies, probably indicating a breed difference. The most rapid growth rate at the 5 anatomic sites in the foals occurred from birth to 10 weeks of age; however, in the distal part of the radius, there was a continuous, though declining growth rate until 60 weeks of age, whereas in the distal ends of the 3rd metacarpal and metatarsal bones and the proximal end of the proximal phalanges growth ceased abruptly and nearly plateaued after 10 weeks of age. Angular limb deformities of the fetlocks must therefore be recognized and treated quickly after the foal is born, whereas growth retardation procedures involving the distal part of the radius—although optimally performed during the first 10 weeks of life—also may be successful if performed after 10 weeks of age. It was evident that the radiographic appearance of a growth plate does not reflect the capability of the cartilage cells to produce longitudinal growth and that clinicians treating angular limb deformities in foals must use growth rates and measurements as bases for selecting surgical patients.
Amikacin sulfate in mares: Pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations after repeated intramuscular administration
Authors: Brown Murray P. , Embertson Rolf M. , Gronwall Ronald R. , Beal Carolyn , Mayhew Ian G. , Curry Stephen H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six mares were given 5 im injections (at 12-hour intervals between doses) of amikacin sulfate at a dosage of 7 mg/kg of body weight. Serum amikacin concentrations were measured serially throughout the study; synovial, peritoneal, endometrial, and urine concentrations were determined after the last injection. Amikacin concentrations of the csf were measured serially in 3 of the 6 mares; 1 of the 3 mares had septic meningitis. Mean serum amikacin concentrations peaked at 1 to 2 hours after im injection. The highest mean serum concentration was 19.2 μg/ml (1.5 hours after the 5th injection). The highest mean synovial concentration was 10.8 μg/ml at 2 hours after the 5th injection; the highest mean peritoneal concentration was 16.2 μg/ml at 3 hours after the 5th injection. The mean endometrial amikacin concentration was 2.5 μg/g (1.5 hours after the 5th injection). Amikacin reached a csf concentration of 0.97 μg/ml in the mare with meningitis, but amikacin was not detected in csf of healthy mares. Urine concentrations reached 1,458 μg/ml. Pharmacokinetic values were estimated after the 1st injection (elimination rate constant = 0.31/hour; half-life = 2.3 hours; apparent volume of distribution = 0.26 L/kg), and after the 5th injection (elimination rate constant = 0.28/ hour; half-life = 2.6 hours; apparent volume of distribution = 0.30 L/kg); significant differences were not observed.
Transruminal palpation of abdominal arteries of the permanently fistulated dairy cow
Authors: McCarthy P. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A description is given of the arteries within the abdominal cavity of the live permanently fistulated dairy cow which are palpated through the wall of the rumen. It is considered (a) that transruminal palpation of arteries within the abdominal cavity of the live fistulated animal is a realistic aid to the teaching of veterinary anatomy after the student has performed the relevant routine dissection of the embalmed cadaver, and (b) that this technique, as a method of instruction may complement rectal palpation of the live cow, where a majority of the branches of the celiac artery and the cranial mesenteric artery are not routinely within reach of the operator.
The possibility of taking blood samples at any time from specified arteries supplying the ruminorecticulum and spleen in the fistulated dairy cow is considered.
Cell-mediated immune response in cattle to bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Field E. W. , Smith M. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cattle inoculated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) were evaluated for the development of a cell-mediated immune response. Results of the leukocyte migration-in-hibition test under agarose and the delayed hypersensitivity test indicated that a cell-mediated immune response was elicited after intranasal inoculation of calves with brsv. Migration inhibition in the leukocyte migration-inhibition test was detected by postinoculation day (pid) 5 and reached maximum inhibition on pid 21. Inhibition of leukocyte migration was still evident by pid 42 when values were still appreciably greater than preinoculation values. All of the calves inoculated with brsv developed a delayed hypersensitivity skin response when challenge exposed intradermally with brsv antigen.
Bacteria isolated from lymph nodes of California slaughter swine
Authors: Morse Jeffrey W. , Hird David W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lymph nodes from 280 slaughter swine from 9 California ranches were examined for the presence of aerobic microflora. Genera of interest which were isolated (and percentage of animals from which they were isolated) included Salmonella (4.3%), β-hemolytic streptococci (8.2%), Mycobacterium avium-complex (6.4%), Corynebacterium pyogenes (0.4%), and Aeromonas hydrophila (5.7%). Patterns of bacterial isolations from swine herds may be of assistance in predicting herd health problems.
Pathogenesis of experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in sheep
Authors: Trigo F. J. , Breeze R. G. , Evermann J. F. , Gallina A. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Conventionally reared lambs, seronegative to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), were inoculated with bovine rsv by an aerosol route. A mild clinical response, characterized by transient fever at postinoculation day (pid) 4, occurred and was accompanied by serous oculonasal secretions in < 50% of the infected lambs. A decrease in total wbc was observed on pid 6 and 11, with a reduction in the total numbers of lymphocytes.
Bovine rsv was recovered from nasal secretions of inoculated lambs from pid 2 to 6. The lambs were euthanatized, and at necropsy, the virus was only isolated from lambs killed between pid 2 and 4. Serum neutralizing antibodies were noticed as early as pid 6 and peaked at pid 13 to 15. Neutralizing antibodies were also detected at low concentration in pulmonary washings. Viral antigen was mainly located in alveolar walls and occasionally in bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar macrophages in lambs killed between pid 2 to 4. Later, specific fluorescence was only present in alveolar walls and was not observed in tissue from lambs killed after pid 22. Budding and free virus-like particles were observed by electron microscopy in type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells. Outstanding macroscopic lesions were not seen. Histologically, mild bronchiolitis and alveolitis were observed.
Interactions of cold stress and Pasteurella haemolytica in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves: Changes in pulmonary function
Authors: Slocombe R. F. , Derksen F. J. , Robinson N. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirteen healthy neonatal Holstein calves were cold stressed twice by hosing with cold water for 20 minutes, 12 hours between hosings. Measurements of the pattern of ventilation [tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (f), minute ventilation (), and functional residual capacity (frc)], gas exchange properties of the lungs [alveolar ventilation (), oxygen uptake () CO2 production (), dead space ventilation (), dead space/tidal volume ratio (VD/VT), arterial oxygen tension (Pao2), arterial CO2 tension (Paco1) and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (AaDO2)] and of the mechanical properties of the pulmonary system [dynamic compliance (Cdyn), pulmonary resistance (RL), and total respiratory system resistance (RRS)] were taken.
Calves responded to chilling by increasing and necessitating an increase in . This was accomplished by increasing with reciprocal decreases in f so that remained constant. There was no change in Cdyn, RL, or AaDO2.
Seven of these 13 calves were then exposed to intratracheal inoculation of 2 × 109 organisms of Pasteurella haemolytica, the remaining calves serving as controls. Within 1 hour, calves exposed to P haemolytica had increased , f, VD/VT, and . There was a decrease in Pao2 associated with increased AaDO2, but no change in Paco2, Cdyn or RL. By 3 hours after inoculation, there were pronounced changes in Pao2 and AaDO2, and Cdyn was reduced below base-line values. By 12 hours after inoculation, calves infected with P haemolytica had increased RL and RRS and Paco2, in addition to the previously mentioned changes.
Data from Pasteurella-exposed calves indicate that gas exchange impairment and peripheral lung injury occur rapidly and that increases in airway resistance develop relatively late in the disease. The early changes probably arise from ventilation-perfusion mismatching in injured lung segments. These data indicate that respiratory tract injury in pasteurellosis of calves is initiated from the parenchyma and is not the result of extension of lesions from conducting airways.
Demonstration of the inclusion appendage of Anaplasma marginale in nymphal Dermacentor andersoni
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Ewing S. A. , Hair Jakie A. , Barron Selwyn J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dermacentor andersoni nymphs were placed in stockinettes and allowed to feed on a splenectomized calf with experimentally induced anaplasmosis when the parasitemia was 3%-5%. Nymphs were selected on each of the 6 days of feeding and every 5 days from repletion through molting to the adult stage (25 days postrepletion); they were killed and midgut tissues were processed and examined by light and electron microscopies. No stages of A marginale were seen in tissues of feeding ticks. Visualization of individual components of gut contents was difficult owing to presence of the concentrated, electrondense blood meal containing hemoglobin. Inclusion appendages were observed in midgut tissues of nymphs at 5 and 10 days postrepletion, but not at 20 or 25 days. The morphology of the appendages was similar to that described for inclusion appendages commonly associated with anaplasmal inclusions in bovine erythrocytes. Some appendages were free in the lumen of the midgut and occurred either alone or with clusters of small vesicular particles. Occasionally, initial bodies like those generally found in bovine erythrocytes were seen with the appendage, but most of them were swollen and appeared to be degenerating. Frequently, inclusion appendages were observed attached to the luminal surface of the midgut cell membrane by a blunt, electron-dense attachment complex. The attachment of the appendage appeared to be extracellular, with the pointed end extending into the lumen. Often, small particles were observed immediately across the cell membrane from where the appendages were attached; the small particles appeared to be generated from the appendage itself and to have passed through the membrane of the midgut cells. The possible role of the inclusion appendage and of small particles in the infection of tick midgut cells is discussed.
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli inoculation of neonatal calves
Authors: Warner David P. , Bryner John H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three groups of neonatal calves were inoculated orally with pathogenic strains of Campylobacter jejuni or C coli. The calves developed a mild, self-limiting enteritis characterized by thick mucoid feces. Bacteremia and fecal shedding of Campylobacter were sporadic in all inoculated calves. Two groups of calves were killed 1 to 3 weeks after inoculation to study the pathogenesis of infection. Postmortem culture of tissues revealed C jejuni or C coli most frequently in the ileum, cecum, colon, and blood. Clinical or pathologic differences between C jejuni-inoculated and C coli-inoculated calves were minimal.
Construction of acid-base alignment nomograms to estimate buffer base and base-excess concentrations in arterial blood from immature pigs
Authors: Hannon John P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acid-base characteristics of a population of immature domestic pigs were used to construct a blood acid-base alignment nomogram with scales to estimate porcine buffer base concentration. The nomogram was based on average plasma bicarbonate concentration of 31.6 mEq/L and plasma albumin and globulin values of 25.4 and 32.2 g/L, respectively. A measurement temperature of 38 C was assumed. Subsequently, this nomogram was used to construct a blood acid-base alignment nomogram with scales to estimate porcine base-excess concentration. The nomogram was based on the assignment of zero-base excess to blood with a pH of 7.50 and a PCO2, of 40 mm of Hg. Construction details, including tabular data reflecting the acid-base characteristics of porcine plasma and erythrocytes, are provided.
Persistence of encysted Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of pigs fed oocysts
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Murrell K. D. , Fayer Ronald 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten pigs were fed 100 to 10,000 Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Two pigs died 7 and 11 days later, and 8 pigs were euthanatized at days 38, 38, 91, 126, 168, 169, 170, and 171. From the euthanatized pigs, portions of 15 organs digested in pepsin-HCl solution were inoculated into mice, as a bioassay for viable T gondii. Such organisms were isolated from the brain and heart of these 8 pigs, from the tongue of 7, from thigh muscles of 5, from the diaphragm of 4, from kidneys, liver, and small intestines of 2, and from salivary glands and eyes of 1 pig; but not from lungs, spleen, spinal cord, mesenteric and prescapular lymph nodes of any pig. Results indicate that T gondii can persist in edible tissues of living pigs for at least 171 days and that heart and brain may be the most suitable porcine tissues for epizootiologic surveys.
Immunologic relationships between equine herpesvirus type 1 (equine abortion virus) and type 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus)
Authors: Fitzpatrick D. R. , Studdert M. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The specificity of selected immune responses to equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and type 4 (ehv-4) was examined in 3 colostrum-deprived specific-pathogen-free foals. Single foals were vaccinated with inactivated ehv-1, inactivated ehv-4, or control cell lysate plus adjuvant followed by successive intranasal challenge exposures with ehv-1 and ehv-4 or with ehv-4 and ehv-1. Vaccination with inactivated virus preparations elicited cellular immune responses and antibody which were augmented by subsequent challenge exposures.
Cellular immune responses, as measured by in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis, were cross-reactive after foals were given either ehv-1 or ehv-4. Serum virus-neutralizing antibody responses were type-specific for foals given ehv-1, but were cross-reactive after ehv-4 administrations.
It was concluded that diseases caused by ehv-1 and ehv-4 may be more effectively controlled with a bivalent vaccine containing both ehv-1 and ehv-4 than with the presently used monovalent vaccines based on ehv-1 alone.
Growth kinetics of equine respiratory tract viruses in cell and organ cultures
Authors: O'Niell Fielding D. , Issel Charles J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Growth kinetics of equine influenza virus-A1, equine herpesvirus-1, and equine rhinovirus-1 were determined in susceptible cell monolayers and in organ cultures of equine fetal tracheal and nasal turbinate epithelium. Equine influenza virus-A1 was replicated in cell and organ cultures and was released more readily and for longer periods from nasal turbinate epithelium than from tracheal epithelium. Equine herpesvirus-1 was also replicated in cell and organ cultures. During the first 24 hours after inoculation, equine herpesvirus-1 was released more readily from tracheal epithelium than from nasal turbinate epithelium. Beyond postinoculation day 1, virus was released more readily and for longer periods from nasal turbinate epithelium than from tracheal epithelium. Equine rhinovirus-1 replicated in cell and organ cultures, but almost exclusively from nasal turbinate epithelium.
Usefulness of lymphocyte typing to exclude incorrectly assigned paternity in horses
Authors: Bailey Ernest 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lymphocyte typing can be used to detect incorrectly identified parentage of horses. Efficacies of lymphocyte typing to solve paternity questions were calculated using gene frequency estimates of equine lymphocyte antigen (ela) markers for Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. Probabilities that ela typing will detect an incorrectly assigned sire were 68.7% in Thoroughbreds, 67.9% in pacing Standardbreds, and 62.0% in trotting Standardbreds. These calculations demonstrate that ela typing is among the most efficacious genetic systems for solving paternity questions in horses. Likewise, it could also be effective for blood type identification and solving other questions of parentage in horses.
Efficacy of fenbendazole against inhibited larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi in yearling cattle
Authors: Williams J. C. , Knox J. W. , Marbury K. S. , Kimball M. D. , Scheide S. W. , Snider T. G. , David M. U. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Efficacy of fenbendazole, at doses of 7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight, against inhibited early 4th-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and other nematodes of the abomasum and intestinal tract, was investigated in naturally infected yearling heifers in late May 1982. In Louisiana, this is near the end of the period (March to May) in which maximal numbers of inhibition-prone larvae are acquired. The mean numbers of O ostertagi in 10 untreated control cattle were; adults, 4,880; developing 4th-stage larvae, 12,546; and inhibited early 4th-stage larvae, 167,931. At the 7.5 mg/kg dose level (10% liquid suspension) in 10 cattle, percentage reduction of O ostertagi in comparison with controls was; adults, 95.7%; developing 4th stages, 91.1%; and inhibited 4th stage, 55.0%. Percentage reductions of other genera were as follows; abomasum—Trichostrongylus axei, 99.6%; Haemonchus sp, 95.1%; intestinal tract—Cooperia spp, 97.8%; Trichostrongylus colubriformis, 100.0%; and Oesophagostomum radiatum 4th stage and adults, 100.0%. At the 10.0 mg/kg dose (10% liquid suspension) in 11 cattle, the percentage reduction of O ostertagi in comparison with controls was: adults, 98.6%; developing 4th stages, 92.9%; and inhibited 4th stage, 80.0%, Percentage reductions of other genera were; abomasum—T axei, 99.9%; Haemonchus sp, 98.8%; intestinal tract—Cooperia spp, 99.3%; T colubriformis, 100.0%; and Oes radiatum 4th stage and adults, 100.0%. Variability of efficacy against inhibited larvae was observed, particularly at the 7.5 mg/kg dose; at this dose, 7 of the 10 heifers in the group yielded in excess of 54,000 surviving larvae. Variability of efficacy was less evident at the higher dose; numbers of larvae > 40,000 were recovered from 2 of the 11 heifers in the group.