bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Community-Based Case Management in Insuring Uninsured Latino Children
Authors: Flores Glenn , Abreu Milagros , Chaisson Christine E. , Meyers Alan , Sachdeva Ramesh C. , Fernandez Harriet , Francisco Patricia , Diaz Beatriz , Diaz Ana Milena , Santos-Guerrero Iris 
Published: December 2005

Background. Lack of health insurance adversely affects children’s health. Eight million US children are uninsured, with Latinos being the racial/ethnic group at greatest risk for being uninsured. A randomized, controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of various public insurance strategies for insuring uninsured children has never been conducted.
Objective. To evaluate whether case managers are more effective than traditional methods in insuring uninsured Latino children.
Design. Randomized, controlled trial conducted from May 2002 to August 2004.
Setting and Participants. A total of 275 uninsured Latino children and their parents were recruited from urban community sites in Boston.
Intervention. Uninsured children were assigned randomly to an intervention group with trained case managers or a control group that received traditional Medicaid and State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) outreach and enrollment. Case managers provided information on program eligibility, helped families complete insurance applications, acted as a family liaison with Medicaid/SCHIP, and assisted in maintaining coverage.
Main Outcome Measures. Obtaining health insurance, coverage continuity, the time to obtain coverage, and parental satisfaction with the process of obtaining insurance for children were assessed. Subjects were contacted monthly for 1 year to monitor outcomes by a researcher blinded with respect to group assignment.
Results. One hundred thirty-nine subjects were assigned randomly to the intervention group and 136 to the control group. Intervention group children were significantly more likely to obtain health insurance (96% vs 57%) and had ∼8 times the adjusted odds (odds ratio: 7.78; 95% confidence interval: 5.20–11.64) of obtaining insurance. Seventy-eight percent of intervention group children were insured continuously, compared with 30% of control group children. Intervention group children obtained insurance significantly faster (mean: 87.5 vs 134.8 days), and their parents were significantly more satisfied with the process of obtaining insurance.
Conclusions. Community-based case managers are more effective than traditional Medicaid/SCHIP outreach and enrollment in insuring uninsured Latino children. Case management may be a useful mechanism to reduce the number of uninsured children, especially among high-risk populations.
Unexpected Increased Mortality After Implementation of a Commercially Sold Computerized Physician Order Entry System
Authors: Han Yong Y. , Carcillo Joseph A. , Venkataraman Shekhar T. , Clark Robert S.B. , Watson R. Scott , Nguyen Trung C. , Bayir Hülya , Orr Richard A. 
Published: December 2005

Objective. In response to the landmark 1999 report by the Institute of Medicine and safety initiatives promoted by the Leapfrog Group, our institution implemented a commercially sold computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system in an effort to reduce medical errors and mortality. We sought to test the hypothesis that CPOE implementation results in reduced mortality among children who are transported for specialized care.
Methods. Demographic, clinical, and mortality data were collected of all children who were admitted via interfacility transport to our regional, academic, tertiary-care level children’s hospital during an 18-month period. A commercially sold CPOE program that operated within the framework of a general, medical-surgical clinical application platform was rapidly implemented hospital-wide over 6 days during this period. Retrospective analyses of pre-CPOE and post-CPOE implementation time periods (13 months before and 5 months after CPOE implementation) were subsequently performed.
Results. Among 1942 children who were referred and admitted for specialized care during the study period, 75 died, accounting for an overall mortality rate of 3.86%. Univariate analysis revealed that mortality rate significantly increased from 2.80% (39 of 1394) before CPOE implementation to 6.57% (36 of 548) after CPOE implementation. Multivariate analysis revealed that CPOE remained independently associated with increased odds of mortality (odds ratio: 3.28; 95% confidence interval: 1.94–5.55) after adjustment for other mortality covariables.
Conclusions. We have observed an unexpected increase in mortality coincident with CPOE implementation. Although CPOE technology holds great promise as a tool to reduce human error during health care delivery, our unanticipated finding suggests that when implementing CPOE systems, institutions should continue to evaluate mortality effects, in addition to medication error rates, for children who are dependent on time-sensitive therapies.
The Role of the Pediatrician in Rural Emergency Medical Services for Children
Authors:   Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Published: December 2005

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2547.In rural America, pediatricians can play a key role in the development, implementation, and ongoing supervision of emergency medical services for children. Pediatricians may represent the only source of pediatric expertise for a large region and are a vital resource for rural physicians (eg, general and family medicine, emergency medicine), other rural health care professionals (physician assistants, nurse practitioners, emergency medical technicians), and local emergency medical services medical directors. They can provide education about management and prevention of pediatric illness and injury; appropriate equipment for the acutely ill or injured child; and acute, chronic, and rehabilitative care. In addition to providing clinical expertise, the pediatrician may be involved in quality assurance, clinical protocol development, and advocacy and may serve as a liaison between emergency medical services and other entities working with children (eg, school nurses, child care centers, athletic programs, and programs for children with special health care needs).
Overview on Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Dodart Jean‐Cosme , May Patrick 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn Alzheimer's disease (AD), characteristic lesions develop in brain regions that subserve cognitive functions, ultimately leading to dementia. There are now several lesioned or transgenic small‐animal models of the disease that model select aspects of cognitive deficits and/or recapitulate many, but not all, of the characteristic pathologic lesions observed in AD. This overview describes the most common approaches used to model AD in rodents, highlights their utility, and discusses some of their deficiencies.
Blood Collection
Authors: Donovan John , Brown Patricia 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBlood is most frequently sampled for evaluation of serum antibodies or analysis of surface markers on peripheral blood cells. The protocols offered in this unit describe collection of blood from the orbital sinus or plexus of the mouse, rat, or hamster. With appropriate techniques, small amounts of blood can be obtained with little ill effect on the animal. Collection from the auricular vein or artery of the rabbit is also relatively unstressful to the animal. Bleeding procedures that should be performed on the anesthetized animal include collection from the mouse axillary plexus, cardiac puncture of the mouse, rat, hamster, or rabbit, and collection from the hamster abdominal aorta or vena cava.
Brief communication: The collection of identified human skeletons housed at the Bocage Museum (National Museum of Natural History), Lisbon, Portugal
Authors: Cardoso Hugo F.V. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA large collection of identified human skeletons curated at the Bocage Museum (National Museum of Natural History, Lisbon, Portugal) has remained in relative anonymity since its collecting protocol was initiated in the 1980s. This collection originates from modern cemetery sources and is comprised of 1,692 skeletons with basic documentary data (age at death, place of birth, occupation, place of residence, and date and cause of death). At present, this information is more readily available for 699 individuals. The remaining 993 are in the process of being fully documented. The skeletons consist largely of Portuguese nationals who lived in the 19th and 20th centuries (1805–1975) in Lisbon. Both sexes are equally represented, and ages at death range from birth to 98 years, including 92 subadults (<20 years old). Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental fluctuating asymmetry in the Gullah: Tests of hypotheses regarding developmental stability in deciduous vs. permanent and male vs. female teeth
Authors: Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie , Sciulli Paul W. , Edgar Heather H.J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn this investigation, deciduous teeth (canines, c; first molars, m1; second molars, m2) and their permanent successors (canines, C; first premolars, P1; second premolars, P2) were used to test two related hypotheses about fluctuating asymmetry (FA). First, based on the biology of the developing dentition, it was predicted that deciduous teeth would be more developmentally stable and thus exhibit less dimensional FA than their permanent successors. Second, based on sex differences in tooth development, it was predicted that female canines would have greater developmental stability (less FA) than male canines. Bucco‐lingual measurements were made on dental casts from a single Gullah population. Using a repeated‐measures study design (n = 3 repeated measures), we tested these hypotheses on sample sizes ranging from 63–82 antimeric pairs. Neither hypothesis was supported by our data. In most cases, Gullah deciduous teeth did not exhibit statistically significantly less FA than their permanent successors; indeed, statistically significant differences were found for only 3 of 12 deciduous vs. permanent contrasts, and in two cases, the deciduous tooth had greater FA. Female mandibular canines exhibited statistically significantly greater FA than those of males, while there was no statistically significant sex difference in FA for the maxillary canine. FA in these Gullah samples is high when compared to Archaic and late prehistoric Ohio Valley Native Americans, consistent with historical and archaeological evidence that environmental stress was relatively higher in the Gullah population. We suggest that when environmental stress in a population is high, the impact of differences in tooth formation time spans and developmental buffering upon FA may be minor relative to the effect of developmental noise. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006 © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Edge effects and their influence on lemur density and distribution in Southeast Madagascar
Authors: Lehman Shawn M. , Rajaonson Andry , Day Sabine 
Published: December 2005

AbstractEdge effects are caused by the penetration of abiotic and biotic conditions from the matrix into forest interiors. Although edge effects influence the biogeography of many tropical organisms, they have not been studied directly in primates. Edge effects are particularly relevant to lemurs due to the loss of 80–90% of forests in Madagascar. In this study, data are presented on how biotic edge effects influenced the distribution and density of lemurs in the Vohibola III Classified Forest in southeastern Madagascar. In total, 415 lemur surveys were conducted during June–October 2003 and May–September 2004 along six 1,250‐m transects that ran perpendicular to the forest edge. Data were also collected on lemur food trees along the six transects (density, height, diameter at breast height, area, volume, and distance to forest edge). Four nocturnal species (Avahi laniger, Cheirogaleus major, Lepilemur microdon, and Microcebus rufus) and four diurnal species (Eulemur rubriventer, Eulemur fulvus rufus, Hapalemur grisesus griseus, and Propithecus diadema edwardsi) were sighted during surveys. Regression analyses of lemur densities as a function of distance to forest edge provided edge tolerances for A. laniger (edge‐tolerant), M. rufus (edge‐tolerant), E. rubriventer (edge‐tolerant or omnipresent), and H. g. griseus (omnipresent). The density and distribution of M. rufus and their foods trees were correlated. Edge‐related variations in food quality and predation pressures may also be influencing lemurs in Vohibola III. Tolerance for edge effects may explain, in part, how lemurs have survived extreme habitat loss and forest fragmentation in southeastern Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal constraints on activity scheduling and habitat choice in baboons
Authors: Hill Russell A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe importance of thermoregulation as a constraint on behavior has received comparatively little attention in relation to other ecological factors. Despite this, a number of studies suggested that high temperature may represent an important ecological constraint. This paper examines the impact of temperature on activity scheduling in a troop of chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) at De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa. Once the daily, seasonal, and individual effects were controlled for, the “perceived environmental temperature” (PET), which accounts for the relative contributions of solar radiation, wind speed, and humidity on shade temperature, was a significant constraint on behavior. With high PET, feeding declines, and there is an increase in grooming and particularly resting behavior. Baboons thus engage in more sedentary behaviors as temperature increases, with significantly higher levels of resting and grooming when temperature exceeds the approximate thermal neutral zone for baboons. Seeking shade is an important behavioral response to thermal stress, and PET was a significant determinant of whether an animal was in shade while engaged in either resting or grooming behavior. Furthermore, the proportion of time spent in shade increased across air temperatures that were below, within, and above the thermal neutral zone for baboons. Finally, since resting and grooming are conducted preferentially in certain habitat types, thermoregulatory considerations also impact on patterns of habitat choice and day‐journey routes. This suggests that the thermal environment is an ecological variable that should be given greater consideration in future studies of primate behavior. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal manifestations of infantile scurvy
Authors: Brickley Megan , Ives Rachel 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRecent investigations of human skeletal material from the historic St. Martin's cemetery, England, found a range of abnormal lesions in six infants that are almost certainly related to scurvy. Porous and proliferative bone lesions affecting the cranial bones and scapulae were found, and this paper presents images obtained using both macroscopic and scanning electron microscope examination of the lesions. Previous work on infantile scurvy (Ortner et al., 1997–2001) relied heavily on changes at the sphenoid, which is often missing in archaeological bone, so the identification of changes attributable to scurvy on other cranial bones and the scapulae is encouraging. The ability to recognize changes related to scurvy on a range of bones will ensure an enhanced potential for recognition of this disease in future research involving archaeological bone. Research on historical documents from Birmingham dating to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, combined with the probable cases of scurvy identified, supports the view that the paucity of cases of infantile scurvy from the archaeological record reflects a lack of understanding and recognition of bone manifestations, rather than a lack of occurrence in this period. Changes linked to scurvy were only found in infants from the poorer sections of the community from St. Martin's, and this is almost certainly linked to patterns of food consumption and may be related to shortages of potatoes, due to blight, experienced during this period. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superquadric modeling of cranial and cerebral shape and asymmetry
Authors: Sommer H.J. , Eckhardt R.B. , Shiang T.Y. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA new method for quantifying cranial and cerebral shape and asymmetry fits symmetric superquadric geometric models to three‐dimensional coordinate measurements. Asymmetry is quantified as radial residuals of the surface data points from their best‐fit superquadric models. Twenty human crania, 10 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exocranial surfaces, and 10 corresponding MRI cerebral surfaces as well as two infant head casts were digitized and modeled using superquadrics. Superquadric parameters have simple geometric interpretation, are very reproducible, and demonstrated statistically significant differences between crania of Amerindian ancestry and MRI exocranial surfaces of European ancestry used in this study. Superquadric models demonstrated strong congruence between MRI exocranial and cerebral surfaces. Typical asymmetry was 1–5 mm. Lastly, polar contour plots of radial residuals for head casts before and after orthotic cranioplasty demonstrated the efficacy of using superquadrics to quantify positional plagiocephaly and synostosis of infant crania. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential maternal and paternal contributions to the genetic pool of Ibiza Island, Balearic Archipelago
Authors: Tomàs C. , Jiménez G. , Picornell A. , Castro J.A. , Ramon M.M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe report on a comparison of the genetic diversity between Ibiza and the population of the other Balearic islands and also between the archipelago with respect to circum‐Mediterranean populations. For such a comparison, autosomal and Y‐chromosome STRs, as well as mtDNA sequence data analyzed from the same individuals, were studied. Analysis of 14 autosomal STRs showed that Ibiza had significant differentiation with respect to other Balearic populations and also with respect to insular and continental populations from the Mediterranean area. Nevertheless, the results obtained from the analysis of eight Y‐STRs showed a high level of genetic homogeneity for eight western Mediterranean populations. On the other hand, these populations did not show a compacted group when mtDNA diversity was analyzed, since they showed genetic differentiation among them. The analyses of haplotypes shared between populations indicated that mtDNA haplotypes have drifted to higher frequencies than the Y chromosome. This fact could be due to a shared recent history between Ibiza and other western Mediterranean populations, with numerous male displacements originated by wars and, especially, commercial relations. The results of mtDNA from the Ibiza population could be due to a maternal Carthaginian/Phoenician founder effect, together with genetic drift, in accordance with the historical and demographic data of the area. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic structure of the Aleuts and Circumpolar populations based on mitochondrial DNA sequences: A synthesis
Authors: Zlojutro Mark , Rubicz Rohina , Devor Eric J. , Spitsyn Victor A. , Makarov Sergei V. , Wilson Kristin , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe mtDNA variation of 198 Aleuts, as well as North American and Asian populations drawn from the literature, were analyzed to reconstruct the Aleuts' genetic prehistory and to investigate their role in the peopling of the Circumarctic region. From median‐joining network analysis, three star‐like clusters were identified in the Aleuts within the following subhaplogroups: A3, A7 (an Aleut‐specific subclade of A3), and D2. Mismatch analyses, neutrality test scores, and coalescent time estimates for these three components provided evidence of two expansion events, one occurring at approximately 19,900 B.P. and the other at 5,400 B.P. Based on these findings and evidence from the archaeological data, four general models for the genetic prehistory of the Aleutian Island chain are proposed: 1) biological continuity involving a kin‐structured peopling of the archipelago; 2) intrusion and expansion of a non‐native biface‐producing population dominated by subhaplogroup D2; 3) amalgamation of Arctic Small Tool tradition peoples characterized by D2 with an older Anangula substratum; and 4) biological continuity with significant gene flow from neighboring populations of the Alaskan mainland and Kodiak Island. The Aleut mtDNAs are consistent with the Circumarctic pattern by the fixation of A3 and D2, and the exhibition of depressed diversity levels relative to Amerind and Siberian groups. The results of this study indicate a broad postglacial reexpansion of Na‐Dene and Esko‐Aleuts from reduced populations within northern North America, with D2 representing a later infusion of Siberian mtDNAs into the Beringian gene pool. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
mtDNA microevolution in Southern Chile's archipelagos
Authors: García Federico , Moraga Mauricio , Vera Soledad , Henríquez Hugo , Llop Elena , Aspillaga Eugenio , Rothhammer Francisco 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe genetic variability of four predominantly Indian populations of southern Chile's archipelagos was examined by determining the frequencies of four mitochondrial DNA haplogroups that characterize the American Indian populations. Over 90% of the individuals analyzed presented Native American mtDNA haplogroups. By means of an unweighted group pair method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram, a principal component analysis (PCA) derived from a distance matrix of mtDNA, and the exact test of population differentiation, we are able to prove the existence of a North‐South cline. The populations in the northern part of the archipelagos are genetically similar to the Huilliche tribe, while the groups from the South are most closely related to the Fueguino tribe from the extreme South of Chile, and secondarily to the Pehuenche and Mapuche, who are found to the North and East of Chiloé archipelago. These results are consistent with a colonization of the southern archipelagos from Tierra del Fuego. We evaluate the evolutionary relationships of the population of the Chiloé area to groups from other geographic areas of Chile, using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Three Amerindian clusters are identified: one formed by the Aymará and Atacameño, a second by the Huilliche, and a third including the Mapuche, Pehuenche, and Fueguino tribes, and the population inhabiting the South of the Chiloé arcipelago. These groups exhibit a North‐South gradient in the frequency of haplogroup B, confirmed by FST tests. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006 © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.