bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenation of methyl oleate in solvents
Authors: Cousins E. R. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe hydrogenation of the oleic acid group was investigated with the objective of determining the effect of solvents on the reaction rate and the formation of positional and geometrical isomers. Methyl oleate, either alone or dissolved in one of several solvents, hexane, ethanol,n‐butyl ether, or acetic acid, was hydrogenated to an iodine value of about 50 under atmospheric pressure and at 30°C, with palladium‐on‐carbon and the W‐5 form of Raney nickel as catalysts.Hydrogenation with palladium catalyst, with or without solvents, produced 76.6 to 79.1%trans bonds, based on the total double bonds. This is significantly greater than the 67% obtained previously. Hydrogenation products obtained with Raney nickel and solvents contained as little as 20.7%trans bonds at an iodine value of about 50. In two cases thetrans bonds were equal to about one‐third the positional isomers.Positional isomers formed extensively when the Raney nickel was used in the absence of solvents and when the palladium catalyst was used. When the Raney nickel and solvents were used large proportions of double bonds were found in the original 9‐position.
Search for new industrial oils. IV
Authors: Earle F. R. , Glass C. A. , Geisinger Glenda C. , Wolff I. A. , Jones Quentin 
Published: May 2007

SummaryChemical screening of seed oils continues to reveal nature's diversity. This work provides leads to numerous species which warrant further research to investigate their oil and meal in greater detail, to appraise their crop potential, and to assess their practical value for providing new oilseeds.
Direct conversion of lipid components to their fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Luddy Francis E. , Barford R. A. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMethyl esters were prepared from cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, and glycerides in substantially quantitative yields by methanolysis with large excess of sodium or potassium methoxide in absolute methanol.A silicic acid chromatographic adsorption column technique was described, which was effective in separating methyl esters from unsaponifiables such as sterols, pigments, etc., and free acids.Conditions for complete methanolysis of glyceride fats and oils requiring only 5 min. of reflux time were described.Quantitative conversion of fatty acids to methyl esters was accomplished by direct esterification with absolute methanol containing 4% HCL or H2SO4 and by methylation with diazomethane.
Effect of autoxidation prior to deodorization on oxidative and flavor stability of soybean oil
Authors: Evans C. D. , Frankel E. N. , Cooney Patricia M. , Moser Helen A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryOxidation prior to deodorization was shown to be detrimental to the flavor and oxidative stability of soybean oil. The increase in the nonvolatile carbonyl content of freshly deodorized oils was proportional to the peroxide value of the oils before deodorization. Rate of loss of flavor and oxidative stability of the oil were related to the extent of carbonyl development. All oils, whether or not they had been submitted to any known oxidation, contained some nonvolatile carbonyls. The loss in stability was not due to a loss of the antioxidant tocopherol.Oxidized soybean oil methyl esters were shown to develop nonvolatile carbonyl compounds upon heating at deodorization temperatures. The addition of isolated methyl ester peroxide decomposition products to deodorized soybean oil reduced its flavor and oxidative stability in proportion to the amount added. The results obtained were parallel and similar to those obtained by oxidizing soybean oil prior to deodorization.Flavor deterioration and undesirable flavors were typical of aging soybean oil whether or not the oils were oxidized before deodorization or whether an equivalent amount of nonvolatile thermal decomposition products was added to the oil. These oxidatively derived, nonvolatile carbonyl materials are believed to enter into the sequence of reactions that contribute to flavor instability and quality deterioration of soybean oil. The structure of these materials is not know.This work indicates the importance of minimizing autoxidation in soybean oil particularly before deodorization to insure good oxidative and flavor stability.
Determination of water‐dispersible protein in soybean oil meals and flours
Authors: Paulsen Twila M. , Holt K. E. , Anderson R. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA method is presented for determination of Water‐Dispersible Protein, using a Hamilton Beach Drinkmaster #30 modified to accommodate Waring Blendor blades and cups. The probable sources of error in the method are discussed, and the precision of the method is shown, based on the results obtained in three laboratories using six different Modified Hamilton Beach Blendors.
The effect of mole ratio distribution on the physical properties of a polyoxyethylated alkylphenol
Authors: Mayhew R. L. , Hyatt R. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt has been shown repeatedly (1, 2, 3) that for polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants a certain hydrophobe‐hydrophile balance (i.e., average mole ratio of ethylene oxide to hydrophobic material) is necessary to obtain maximum wetting, optimum detergency, etc. A study has been conducted to determine the effect of mole ratio distribution of ethylene oxide on the physical properties of a polyoxyethylated nonylphenol. This was accomplished by molecularly distilling two nonionics: a nonylphenol plus 6.0 moles of ethylene oxide and a nonylphenol plus 9.5 moles of ethylene oxide. The following conclusions have been reached concerning the effect of mole‐ratio distribution on the physical properties of these surfactants.

The mole ratio distribution of ethylene oxide in a polyoxyethylated nonylphenol follows the Poisson formula and curve in a manner analogous to the polyoxyethylene glycols (Fig. 1).

The hydrophobe‐hydrophile balance of the undistilled surfactant may be altered by molecular distillation. This is accomplished by narrowing the range of molecular species.

Wetting which is superior to the undistilled material may be effected by narrowing the distribution of molecular species (Figure 3).

Fractions from the distilled surfactant showed slight improvement in initial foam volume at certain mole ratios of ethylene oxide to base material over the undistilled material (Figure 6). No change in foam stability was noted.

Although there is an optimum ratio of ethylene oxide to the hydrophobic base at which maximum cotton or wool detergency is obtained, cotton and wool detergency are relatively unaffected by mole ratio distribution (Figure 7).

Surface and interfacial tension are also comparatively unaffected by mole ratio distribution change.

Emulsifying properties of these materials are adversely affected by narrowing the mole ratio distribution.
A further study of the tetrabromide method of estimating linoleic acid in fatty acid mixtures with pentane and heptane as solvents
Authors: White Mary F. , Brown J. B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryKnown mixtures of linoleic and oleic acids were brominated in n‐pentane and n‐heptane and the yields of insoluble tetrabromides determined under precise conditions. In general, the yields were somewhat higher in both hydrocarbons than in Mallinckrodt petroleum ether. Tetrabromides were obtained in detectable amounts in mixtures containing as little as 10% linoleic acid when pentane is used. Therefore it is recommended that this solvent be employed in applying the procedure in the analysis of fatty acid mixtures. The linoleic acid contents of the fatty acids of several oils were estimated from the tetrabromidepentane curve and the results found to agree favorably with those obtained by thiocyanometry.
A laboratory apparatus for determining the rate of extraction of oil from oil‐bearing materials
Authors: Clark S. P. , Wamble A. Cecil 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe equipment and the method have been described for measuring the rate of extraction of oil from oilbearing materials by solvent. The method consists essentially of immersing wire baskets containing the oil‐bearing material in a circulating stream of solvent for varying periods of time. After extraction, the baskets are centrifuged to remove excess solvent, and the residual oil in the solids is determined. The method is patterned after one devised by Boucheret al. (1) but has been modified and extended to other oil‐bearing materials.
Bleaching of wool grease
Authors: Anderson C. A. , Wood G. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBleaching tests on three dark wool greases show that, among many systems tested, only hydrogen peroxide and sodium chlorite have significant effects. Pale greases are obtained by adding controlled amounts of sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, or sodium phosphate with the hydrogen peroxide; sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid improve the bleaching power of sodium chlorite.
Effect of type of oil and site of administration on the fate of fatty acids in sheep
Authors: Erwin E. S. , Sterner W. , Marco G. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSafflower oil (S) and methyl myristate (M) were administered in the rumen (R) and abomasum (A) of sheep for 28 days. The digestibility of nitrogen and fiber were not affected by treatment. A larger proportion of fatty acids were digested with SA than with SR while the reverse was found with MR and MA. These differences were reflected in the fecal fatty acid composition. Regardless of treatment, the free fatty acid constituted approximately 75% of the fecal fat. MR and to a lesser extent SR increased the molar % of rumen propionate with a corresponding decrease in acetate. Fatty acid composition of rumen bacteria reflected the composition of the administrated oils. SR resulted in increased stearic and decreased linoleic acids in liver lipids while the adipose tissue remained constant. SA increased linoleic in both tissues. Markedly larger increases in myristic acid were found in adipose and liver lipids with MR compared to MA. Large increases in myristic acid in tissues were associated with decreased linoleic acid.
Nutritive value of marine oils. II. Effects ofin vivo antioxidants in feeding menhaden oil to swine
Authors: Oldfield J. E. , Sinnhuber R. O. , Rasheed A. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFive pair‐groups of swine were fed diets composed of crude feed materials to which 10% of clay‐bleached, light cold‐pressed menhaden oil was added. The oil was allowed to oxidize under controlled conditions and aliquots of fresh and oxidized oil were removed at peroxide values (PV) of 2.6, 15.5, and 61舒each of which was fed to one group of animals. Two additional animal groups received diets containing the highly oxidized oil (PV=61) plus either alpha‐tocopherol acetate or ethoxyquin. All oils were stored frozen and were mixed with the diets daily. Lard was fed at a similar 10% level to a control group of pigs. Both feed intakes and weight gains were progressively reduced as the diet oil was more highly oxidized. As oxidation of the oil increased, intensity of 舠yellow fat舡 increased and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were progressively decreased. Both alpha‐tocopherol acetate and ethoxyquin actedin vivo to improve feed intake, rate of gain, and blood condition, and eliminated the incidence of steatitis.
Dietary antioxidants in young swine
Authors: Hill E. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractYoung swine obtained by hysterectomy were fed purified diets low in vitamin E and supplemented with d‐ॅ‐tocopheryl acetate and ethoxyquin (SantoquinR).It was demonstrated that with very low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet, both tocopherol and Santoquin protected the tissues of the pig from increased thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values and from increased hemolysis usually associated with low vitamin E status. When the dietary PUFA were increased to levels over 5%, the supplements of tocopherol and Santoquin protected against increased TBA values of tissue homogenates, but not against increased hemolysis of erythrocytes, even when blood serum showed substantial amounts of tocopherol.Some of the interrelationships of dietary PUFA and ॅ‐tocopherol were demonstrated. It was shown that for each 1% of peroxidized corn oil added to the diet above 4%, roughly 100 mg of d‐ॅ‐tocopheryl acetate was necessary to protect the pigs from erythrocyte hemolysis.The failure to reach a 舠zero舡 TBA value in vitamin E‐deficient swine tissue homogenates substantiated the theory ofin vivo lipid autoxidation, and the increased TBA values of incubated tissue homogenates demonstratedin vitro lipid autoxidation in tissues not protected by a biological antioxidant.
A note on the formation of 1,2‐diglycerides
Authors: Radlove S. B. , Madrigal R. V. , Slutkin R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reaction of glyceryl esters with fatty acids has been demonstrated to form an equilibrium mixture containing the 1,2‐isomer as well as the 1,3‐isomer previously reported (2). This procedure offers a method of synthesizing simple or mixed 1,2‐diglycerides. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A03O2167 00003
Some characteristics of the membranes protecting oil emulsions in protein solutions
Authors: Martínez Moreno Juan M. , Gómez Herrera C. , Márquez Delgado E. , Janer Del Valle C. , Duran Hidalgo L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExpressed olive juice contains emulsified globules of olive oil. Electron photomicrographs of these globules show a rough membrane protecting them against coalescence. Some features of the membranes, such as the existence of “poles” and deposited microcrystals, are disclosed by the photographs and by electron diffraction patterns. Heavy metals appear to concentrate in the membranes and not in the aqueous medium.
The relationship between seed density and oil content in flax
Authors: Zimmerman Don C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDensity and oil content of seeds of 20 varieties of flax were found to be negatively correlated; r=−0.96. The density was determined by using the Beckman Model 930 Air Comparison Pycnometer. It is suggested that seed density can be used as a criterion for effective screening and selecting of flax lines with high oil content.
Evaluation of cottonseed meals prepared by extraction with acetone‐hexane‐water mixtures
Authors: Mann G. E. , Carter F. L. , Frampton V. L. , Watts A. B. , Johnson Charles 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEleven cottonseed meals have been prepared by batch extractions of a given lot of cottonseed with various acetone‐hexane‐water mixtures using several different extraction schedules. These meals, together with eight meals of commercial origin and a commercial soybean meal, have been subjected to chemical evaluation and assayed for protein quality using the growing chick as a test animal. In general the acetone‐hexane‐water meals were superior to the commercial cottonseed meals for promoting the growth of the chicks and, considering all the meals, a linear correlation was obtained between the logarithm of the weight gains and the available lysine contents of the meals. The free and total gossypol contents of the cottonseed meals appeared to have little or no influence on the growth rates.
Improved yields in the acid catalyzed addition of phenols and phenyl ethers to oleic acid
Authors: Ault W. C. , Eisner Abner 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPhenols may be added to oleic acid in methanesulfonic acid solution to give the corresponding hydroxyphenylstearates in good yield. With phenol not only is the yield (ca 80%) better than that reported previously using other reagents but considerably less color is developed also. Surprisingly good yields (35–60%) were obtained with such complex phenols asp‐t‐butylcatechol and 2‐naphthol.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. XIII. copolymers of unsaturated fatty vinyl ethers and cyclic monomers
Authors: Dufek E. J. , Gast L. E. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConjugated linseed, conjugated soybean, and nonconjugated linseed vinyl ethers were copolymerized with various cyclic comonomers. The comonomers used were dihydroabietyl, cyclohexyl, 5‐norbornene‐2‐methyl, di‐ and tetra‐hydrodicyclopentadienyl vinyl ethers, and cyclo‐and methylcyclo‐pentadiene.All copolymers containing a cyclic comonomer gave baked films that are distinctly superior to unmodified drying oils or vinyl ether homopolymers in hardness and alkali resistance. Several of these copolymers air‐dried overnight to moderately hard, wrinkle‐free films.The improvement in hardness and alkali resistance may be caused by the steric effects of the cyclic comonomers. These hold the fatty side chains apart thus increasing the proportion of intermolecular to intramolecular crosslinking.
The extraction and constitution of peat wax. Chromatographic fractionation of wax
Authors: Howard A. J. , Hamer D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe extraction and properties of crude peat wax were investigated. The composition of this wax obtained with various solvents was assessed in terms of the components: resin, asphalt, and wax. It was concluded that extraction processes using benzene were likely to be of greatest value. Crude peat wax was further fractionated by chromatography to yield nine major fractions. These were distinguished by chromatographic behavior, fluorescence and spectral characteristics, and analytical composition. Preliminary work toward identification of individual components showed The presence of compounds of various types including hydrocarbons (e.g. perylene and many compounds containing one or more carboxyl, ester, carbonyl, or hydroxyl groups.
Preparation and purity of linoleic acid from commercial corn, cottonseed, and safflower oils
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Brown J. B. , Jones E. P. , Davison V. L. , Nowakowska Janina 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLinoleic acid from commercial corn, cottonseed, and safflower oils was prepared by low temperature crystallization using acetone and petroleum ether as solvents; temperatures ranged between 蜢70 and 50C. This method has the advantages of simple equipment and of flexibility in preparatory capacity. The crystalline fraction obtained at 蜢55C was shown to be 舠pure舡 linoleic acid.Isomerization with potassium tertiary butoxide, oxidative cleavage by periodate‐permanganate, and analysis by liquid‐liquid and gas‐liquid partition chromatography were used to ascertain the purity and the presence of isomers in the final product. This fraction was found to contain 90 to 95%, 9,12 dienoic acid; approximately 5% of dienes with the first double bond at the C8 position and the second bond either at the C12 or C13 positions; and small amounts of nonconjugatable 9,15cis,cis dienes. Linoleic acid from these oils was similar in composition, except that from corn oil showed the presence of diene with the first double bond at the C11 position.
Vernonia anthelmintica willd. Seed oil and salts of vernolic acid as stabilizers for plasticized poly (Vinyl chloride)
Authors: Riser George R. , Hunter James J. , Ard Jesse S. , Witnauer Lee P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVernonia anthelmintica seed oil, trivernolin, the main constituent of the oil, barium and cadmium salts of vernolic acid (epoxyoleic acid), and various combinations of the salts have been evaluated as heat and light stabilizers of plasticized poly (vinyl chloride). Evaluation was made at the 1 and 3% levels of the vernonia oil components. Transparent sheets whose color ranged from light amber to colorless were obtained after milling and molding. All compounds studied greatly improved both heat and light stability of the sheets; the 3% stabilizer level gave the better results. In general the stabilizing ability of the compounds studied increased as follows: vernonia oil<trivernolin<barium vernolate< cadmium vernolate and <barium‐cadmium vernolate mixtures. Comparisons with 3 commercial stabilizers show that the vernonia oil and derivatives thereof are equal to or better than the comparative commercial controls.
The triglyceride composition ofMyrica carolinensis fruit coat fat (bayberry tallow)
Authors: Harlow R. D. , Litchfield Carter , Fu Hwei‐Choung , Reiser Raymond 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe triglycerides ofMyrica carolinensis fruit coat fat (bayberry tallow) contain only three fatty acids: myristic (21.5 mole %), palmitic (77.5%), and stearic (1.0%). The component triglycerides of this simple fat were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography and pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. Triglycerides with carbon numbers 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50 were found. Lipase hydrolysis showed a preferential but not exclusive esterification of myristic acid at the 2‐position. The triglyceride composition calculated from the combined experimental results did not conform to a random or 1,3‐random‐2‐random distribution pattern. Regional differences in fatty acid and triglyceride composition within the fruit coat were also observed.
Chromatographic studies on oxidative and thermal fatty acid dimers
Authors: Evans C. D. , McConnell D. G. , Frankel E. N. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA chromatographic study was carried out to investigate the nature of polymeric products in edible oils. Dimers from low‐temp oxidation of methyl linoleate were compared with thermal dimers from high‐temp polymerization of conjugated methyl linoleate. The distilled dimers were subjected to liquid‐partition chromatographic separations on silicic acid columns as methyl esters, as free acids, and as methyl esters prepared by saponification and reesterification. Chromatographically isolated dimer fractions were also rechromatographed before and after each treatment.When thermal dimer esters are saponified and reesterified, chromatographic recoveries are quantitative, and the expected changes in polarity result; whereas, with oxidative dimer esters, gross changes in polarity occur. Chromatographic separations of dimer esters or their acids fractionate into distinct areas of increasing polarity.
A long‐term nutritional study with fresh and mildly oxidized vegetable and animal fats
Authors: Kaunitz H. , Johnson R. E. , Pegus L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFresh and oxidized cotton seed oil (CO) olive oil (OO), chicken fat (CF) and beef fat (BF) were fed to male weanling rats for 33 to 108 weeks. Groups fed oxidized fats except OO showed a higher death rate than those fed the corresponding fresh fats. Groups fed oxidized CO and BF had the highest death rate. Histological studies of animals dying from natural causes showed more pronounced cardiac lesions in the animals fed oxidized CO. Serum, liver and brain cholesterol levels were not influenced by oxidized fats. Fatty acid composition of depot fats and of heart and liver lipids did not show significant differences between groups fed fresh and the corresponding oxidized fats.
Comparitive study of monocarbonyl compounds formed during deep frying in different fats
Authors: Wishner Lawrence A. , Kenney Mark 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFresh commercial corn oil, fresh commercial lard, and hydrogenated vegetable shortening were analyzed for carbonyl compounds before and after deep frying. The frying was carried out in an apparatus with a capacity for 2000 g of oil designed to quantitatively trap the volatile materials evolved during frying and which would ordinarily escape into the atmosphere. The trapped distillate was also subjected to carbonyl analysis.Analysis of the fats and distillates showed a carbonyl pattern in essential agreement with the classical autoxidation mechanism for the different fats, i.e., the typical alkanals, alk‐2‐enals, and alk‐2,4‐dienals. The pattern correlated generally with the fatty acid composition of the fats. Comparison of the concentrations of the monocarbonyl compounds in the fats before and after frying, and in their distillates, indicated that the deodorization process which accompanies frying is effective in preventing the accumulation of the more volatile compounds formed. The less volatile products, mainly deca‐2,4‐dienal, were not efficiently removed. Accordingly, it was observed that the oils containing higher proportions of linoleic acid contained more residual monocarbonyl compounds after frying.