bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONTRADICTORY COUPLINGS: PROFESSIONAL IDEOLOGY IN THE ORGANIZATIONAL LOCALES OF NURSE TRAINING
Authors: Chua Wai‐Fong , Clegg Stewart 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTNursing is a contemporary occupation which has developed an explicit ‘professional project’. In the UK this has centred around an occupational ideology which stresses managerialism and credentialism. This occupational ideology comes into contradiction with older conceptions of professionalism which are couched in vocational terms. The vocational meaning is shown to be situated and reproduced in organizational locales which serve to undercut the managerialist and credentialist meanings. The focus of these cross‐cutting meanings is the interpretation of a ‘good nurse’. Using a ‘negotiated order’ perspective, focusing on ‘contradictions’, case study material suggests that there are important gaps between formal representations of the professionalism project and the actual, situated practice of ‘nursing’. For trainee nurses these gaps are particularly apparent. In day‐to‐day organizational life they have to negotiate contradictory conceptions encountered in the diverse locales of ward work and nurse training. In addition, the different meanings may be encountered even in the same locales.
On the Nature of Managerial Tasks and Skills: Their Distinguishing Characteristics and Organization
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTManagerial activities have grown in importance as large corporations co‐ordinate and control an increasing number and variety of economic activities. Their distinctive characteristics derive from their constitutive role in establishing, maintaining and changing such organizations as relatively distinct and semiautonomous units of resource combination and use. As a result, managerial tasks and problems are highly interdependent and systemic, relatively unstandardized, they combine both social reproduction and innovation and generate collective, indirect outputs. These characteristics mean that managerial skills differ considerably from other sorts of expertise in their limited standardization across industries, their susceptibility to change, their specificity to situations rather than problems and their diffuse, varied knowledge base. These differences imply management education and research should be more concerned with developing organizational skills and understandings than analytical skills derived from highly abstract and general models.
CEO Experience and Diversification Strategy Fit
Authors: Reed Richard , Reed Margaret 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTRecent years have seen major progress on research into the concept of fit. Also emerging in the literature is an apparent interest in the importance of executive know‐how and experience. This article combines the two areas by considering the impact of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) experience upon strategy adoption and corporate performance in the post‐implementation strategy phase. Using a sample of 52 US companies from the top 1000, we have examined the relationship between CEO experience and the separate strategies of internal and acquisitive diversification. The results suggest that CEO experience is not a major factor in strategy selection but where a fit exists between the selected strategy and observed experience, post‐implementation performance is affected.
THE ‘TEXTURE’ OF ORGANIZING IN AN ITALIAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT*
Authors: Gherardi Silvia , Strati Antonio 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe texture of organizing is an elusive concept, one that embraces the intangible quality of the activities of an organization's members. In this article we use examples taken from an empirical study of a department of mathematics in an Italian university to illustrate the social processes that underlie the construction of texture. We define ‘texture’ as that imaginative domain of organizational actors where processes such as the creation of a sense of togetherness and of ownership, mutual understanding and misunderstanding of organizational life, shifting memberships and audiences link and interweave. Some methodological issues concerning the concept of texture are also examined.
MIDDLE MANAGERS: VICTIMS OR VANGUARDS OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL MOVEMENT?
Authors: Fulop Liz 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is twofold; first, to provide a critical review of a number of approaches to corporate entrepreneurship and second, to do this by focusing on the role and fate of middle managers as corporate entrepreneurs. By concentrating on middle managers it is intended to highlight the contradictions that pervade the literature on corporate entrepreneurship. The article identifies three approaches to corporate entrepreneurship and examines how each provides different views and prescriptions for the middle manager as corporate entrepreneur. This article raises important issues for those seeking to implement entrepreneurial strategies or develop a general framework for innovation in large corporations.
THE IMPACT OF THE PRODUCT/PRODUCTION PROCESS INTERACTION ON THE EVOLUTION OF STRATEGIC RESPONSE
Authors: Pearson John N. , Feldman Howard D. , Bracker Jeffrey S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis article synthesizes previous research on the interaction between product and production process, and the impact of that interaction on the evolution of strategic response. This interaction has major implications for the competitiveness and productivity of the firm. The authors identify characteristics of the interaction that allow a more complete analysis of its relation to firm strategic response, productivity and competitiveness.
INNOVATION WITHOUT CHANGE: THE CONTRADICTION BETWEEN THEORIES‐ESPOUSED AND THEORIES‐IN‐USE
Authors: Obloj Krzysztof , Davis Anne S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe reforms in many of the socialist countries have caused enterprises to re‐evaluate their structures to adapt to a more turbulent environment. In one industry, the canned and fresh fruit and vegetable industry in Poland, managers created a new association designed to serve the industry through long‐range planning and analysis of the environment. Managers from 30 enterprises in this industry were surveyed. Counter to the design of the association, managers used the association for short‐term problem solving. This study further reveals that managers believe the association should operate in this fashion. This reflects the industry's general failure to make use of the innovation and to adapt to change.
ENTERPRISE WITHOUT UNIONS: THE MANAGEMENT OF EMPLOYEE RELATIONS IN NON‐UNION FIRMS
Authors: McLoughlin Ian , Gourlay Stephen 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTEmployee relations in non‐union settings remain largely uninvestigated by industrial relations researchers. This article examines the management of employee relations in establishments in high technology industries in the Southeast of England ‐ a sector and locality frequently identified with high levels of non‐unionism. Moreover, high technology firms are frequently seen as exemplars of new human resource management techniques designed to substitute for unions. Our data from postal and interview surveys of 115 establishments suggests that HRM is only one, and by no means the dominant, approach to managing employee relations in high technology establishments.
THE POLITICAL EMBEDDEDNESS OF PRIVATE ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS*
Authors: Jacobson Carol K. , Lenway Stefanie A. , Ring Peter S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTGovernments are able to manipulate economic transactions in order to achieve foreign policy goals. This article addresses the question: can managers of multinational enterprises (MNEs) structure economic transactions in ways that will limit the costs resulting from government intervention? Using a transaction cost framework, the efficiency of alternative structures (exporting, joint ventures, licensing, or wholly owned subsidiaries) for protecting a firm's interests are assessed. We argue that the traditional focus on the dyadic relationship between supplier and buyer misses sources of transaction costs; by conceptualizing economic transactions as embedded in a political context, additional sources of transaction costs are revealed. We examine three cases of home government intervention in US MNE transactions with the Soviet Union. We find that the full range of structural alternatives is affected by government sanctions, although sanctions are imposed on exporting relationships first and removed last. We find that MNEs are, therefore, beginning to insulate international transactions by making their overseas subsidiaries more independent of US technology and supplies with the hope that the US government will be less likely to impose its will extraterritorially by intervening in foreign subsidiaries’private economic transactions.
EXPLORING THE MENTAL MODELS OF COMPETITIVE STRATEGISTS: THE CASE FOR A PROCESSUAL APPROACH
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P. , Johnson Gerry 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTRecently there have been a number of studies published which seek to further our understanding of the competitive structures of markets. These studies have used aggregated perceptual data in an attempt to uncover industry‐level mental models of business environments. In this article we argue that such studies are predicated on the assumption that there are high levels of consensus within and between organizations in a given industry concerning the bases of competition and the positioning of particular organizations. In the present study we employ a similar methodology but focus on the mental models of individuals in order to examine empirically the nature and extent of such consensus. the research was carried out in the UK grocery retailing industry. Twenty‐three managers from two organizations were each interviewed using a variant of the cognitive taxonomic interview procedures devised by Porac and his associates. the study revealed considerable variation in terms of the nature of the cognitive categories elicited from the participants and the overall complexity of their taxonomies relating to competitive structures, both within and between the organizations. However, the study also revealed considerable intra‐organizational agreement regarding the categories which describe the self‐identity of the research participants’organizations and their major competitors. We consider the implications of these findings for understanding processes of strategy development and implementation in organizations.
THE CONCEPT OF DECISION: A DECONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS*
Authors: Chia Robert 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTDecision‐making as a central concept in management and organization theory has had a colourful and controversial career spanning some 50 years. During this time its image and meaning has shifted substantially to the point where its explanatory value as an established conceptual category in management and organizational analysis has been questioned. In this article, I attempt a critical study of the concept of decision and try to show that the various attempts to replace it by other terms such as ‘action’, and ‘change’, overlook the ontological status of the decision‐making process. I argue here that decision is better understood as a series of interlocking pre‐definitive acts of punctuating the flow of human experiences in order to facilitate sense‐making and to alleviate our Cartesian anxiety. Decisions are not so much about ‘choice’or ‘intentions’as about the primordial ‘will to order’whereby interlocking configurations of micro‐incisions punctuating our phenomenal experiences contrive to construct and reinforce a stable but precarious version of reality. When viewed thus, decision‐making takes on a very different meaning ‐ one that accentuates the concrete everydayness of micro‐decisional acts which re‐enact the ongoing contestation between order and disorder, routinization and breakdown, organization and disorganization, chaos and cosmos. Such micro‐decisional ontological acts are what produces and sustains a version of reality to which we then subsequently respond. It is this ‘becoming’theory of decision‐making which is offered as an alternative to the ‘event’driven model of decisional theorizing.
THE ‘COMPARATIVE INSTITUTIONAL’ THEORY OF THE FIRM: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR CORPORATE STRATEGY*
Authors: Hennart Jean‐Franois 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis article outlines a rationale for the existence of firms and derives its implications for corporate strategy. It argues that one important source of sustainable rents is the ability of firms to reduce the costs they experience in organizing both internal and external transaction below those of their rivals.
INTERPRETING EVENT CAUSES: THE COMPLEMENTARY ROLE OF CATEGORIZATION AND ATTRIBUTION PROCESSES
Authors: Gooding Richard Z. , Kinicki Angelo J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the complementary role categorization and attribution processes play in managers’interpretations of event causes. Categorization theory suggests that events with distinctive internal or external causes should be interpreted, respectively, as internal and external. Attribution theory and research on self‐serving attributions, on the other hand, suggest that events with positive outcomes should be attributed to internal causes and events with negative outcomes to external causes. Study results showed a very significant interaction between distinctiveness of event causes (internal‐external) and the valence of event outcomes (positive‐negative). This interaction suggests that managers use categorization processes to interpret positive events, but more effortful attributional processes to interpret events with negative outcomes. There also was evidence of self‐serving attributional biases in managers’interpretations of event causes, especially events with equivocal causes. Study findings appear to be unaffected by managerial position or background. We discuss the contribution this study makes to extant research and its implications for future research.
INCENTIVES FOR COMPETITIVE RESPONSES IN REPLICATED ECONOMIES: A GENERALIZATION
Authors: Rashid Salim 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA simple proof is presented of a theorem of Roberts and Postlewaite on truthful revelation of preferences for replicated economies. The proof provides some generalizations of the earlier result using the strict definition of feasibility. First, to economies with an infinity of agents but with a finite number of types; secondly, to economies with a countable number of commodities.
FISCAL POLICIES IN AN INTERTEMPORAL DISEQUILIBRIUM MACROECONOMIC MODEL
Authors: Fender John , Moon Naehee 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA two‐period macroeconomic model where consumption and investment decisions are given microeconomic foundations is presented. The model is used to analyse the effects of both current and anticipated fiscal expansion; careful attention is paid to the implications of the government's intertemporal budget constraint. It is shown that anticipated fiscal expansion may, in certain circumstances, be expansionary. Also, current fiscal expansion, if financed by bonds which are retired through future money creation, may be contractionary.
LABORS INFLUENCE ON THE BALANCE OF THE USA'S MERCHANDISE ACCOUNTS
Authors: Daniel Coldwell , Reid John J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe results found here indicate that American labor does influence importantly the level of imports and exports of manufactures in the US. In particular, imports tend to be lower and exports tend to be higher in those industries in which higher skilled American workers are used more abundantly. Moreover, labor efficiency and productivity also influence inversely the level of imports and directly the level of exports.
A GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIPRODUCT COURNOT COMPETITION
Authors: De Fraja Giovanni 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe problem of oligopolistic competition between multiproduct firms is analysed using a general framework, where a given number of firms have access to the same technology, and play a Cournot game, by simultaneously choosing a quantity vector.Conditions guaranteeing the symmetry of the Cournot equilibrium are sought. The results obtained are very general, and can be given a straightforward natural economic interpretation, essentially requiring convexity of the cost function and the ruling out of pathological demand functions.
EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF AVERAGE COST PRICING EQUILIBRIA: A DEGREE THEORETIC APPROACH
Authors: Currier Kevin M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the issues of existence and uniqueness of average cost pricing equilibria within the context of a single, regulated, multiproduct monopoly with additively separable costs. We employ basic degree theoretic arguments to establish conditions under which an average cost pricing equilibrium exists. The degree theoretic approach permits the development of uniqueness results in a very natural manner.
THE ACCURACY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC OBSERVATIONS*
Authors: van Bergeijk Peter A. G. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates measurement errors in generally accepted figures on international transactions that are supplied by national statistical offices to the IMF and the OECD. Implicit minimal measurement errors in bilateral trade data for Germany and the Netherlands appear to be about 1.5–3 per cent. An investigation of foreign direct investment data for 20 OECD countries in the period 1950–89 shows that their accuracy has improved little if at all since the 1970s: in 15–25 per cent of the cases, implied minimal measurement errors are in excess of 10 per cent.
ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN INCOME TAX
Authors: Duclos Jean‐Yves 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper proposes an indicator of the performance of a tax and benefit system in generating a high level of social welfare. Under standard assumptions on the form of the admissible social welfare functions, the indicator is shown to be increasing in the progressivity of the system. Using UK household data for 1985, the paper asks (i) What can the performance of a tax system with constant residual progression be? (ii) Relative to a proportional system, what is the performance of existing or proposed tax and benefit systems? (iii) How can we estimate the average residual progression of unevenly progressive tax and benefit systems?
EXPLAINING THE UNITED STATES' INDUSTRIAL GROWTH, 1860–1991: ENDOGENOUS VERSUS EXOGENOUS MODELS
Authors: Greasley David , Oxley Les 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the historical record and time series properties of United States' industrial production for the period 1860 to 1991, utilizing unit root tests and measures of persistence. The results identify a segmented trend model which is used to assess the time‐series simulation performance of four well‐known models of economic growth: Solow (1957); Mankiw, Romer and Weil (MRW, 1992); Barro and Sala i Martin (BSM, 1992); and Rebelo (1991). Both the MRW and BSM models dominate the Solow model in accounting for twentieth century industrial growth, highlighting the importance of human capital, and the paper suggests a new measure related to higher education. However, the Rebelo model explains the post‐1973 slowdown more successfully than either of the ‘augmented‐Solow’ approaches. The paper concludes with a discussion of the impact of shocks on US industrial growth.
QUANTITY VERSUS PRICE IN A HOMOGENEOUS PRODUCT DUOPOLY*
Authors: Dastidar Krishnendu Ghosh 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn a simple homogeneous product setting, the paper looks at the debate on whether firms should choose quantity or price as their strategic variable. It examines a two‐stage game between firms with symmetric costs in which the firms choose the strategic mode of operation in the first period and then, in the second period, price or output are chosen simultaneously according to the mode chosen in the first stage. In this game it is possible to have two Nash equilibria where either both play in quantities or both play in prices. One firm choosing price and the other quantity can never be a Nash equilibrium in the two‐stage game. Both choosing quantity is always a Nash equilibrium. Both choosing prices may be a Nash equilibrium only in some situations: the structure of the cost functions decides this issue.
THE MARKET FOR FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITIES*
Authors: Martin Robert E. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTFranchised distribution accounts for a substantial proportion of retail sales each year. This form of vertical integration is frequently found in the accompaniment of parallel distribution through company‐owned establishments. Similarly, franchise contracts are characterized by mixed compensation strategies. This paper contains empirical models of the market for franchise opportunities where incentives for mixed distribution and compensation strategies are evaluated.
FUTURES MARKET EFFICIENCY, THE UNBIASEDNESS HYPOTHESIS AND VARIANCE‐BOUNDS TESTS: THE CASE OF THE FTSE‐100 FUTURES CONTRACT*
Authors: Antoniou Antonios , Holmes Phil 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe efficiency of futures markets is critical to their price discovery role. This paper investigates the joint hypothesis of market efficiency and unbiasedness of futures prices for the FTSE‐100 stock index futures contract. Unlike previous studies, it tests for both long‐run and short‐run efficiency using cointegration and error correction models. Variance‐bounds tests are developed and utilized for examining the question of efficiency. Results show that the market is efficient and provides an unbiased estimate of future spot prices for one and two months away from expiration. However, for three and more months away from expiration this is not the case, which has implications for the users of this market.
A simple model approach to multi‐project monitoring
Authors: Hardingham R. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe commonly recommended network approach to project monitoring and scheduling can make very useful, detailed contributions to individual projects. However, it has not yet been adequately developed to deal with a large number of projects, particularly where considerable uncertainties are involved. To try to overcome this weakness an attempt has been made to use a project model that is so simple that it can easily be handled in large numbers. Although details of individual projects are lost, considerable benefit can be obtained from analyses of the resulting, collective data. This approach has been used successfully for some time to present project programmes and progress with the work in an engineering development laboratory and is currently being extended to assist with multi‐project scheduling.
An index for sequential project selection
Authors: Gittins J. C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract.In the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, a series of screening experiments is often run on a class of compounds or mixtures of several classes of compounds. The data obtained from the screens can be utilized to assess the project progress and/or the best routes to take for further research.This problem is similar in many ways to that of project selection. In this paper a sequential method of calibrating individual projects is developed which is relevant both to project selection and assessing how best to deploy further effort in projects of the type described. This paper was delivered at the European Conference of Management of Research and Development and Technological Forecasting. Paris. October, 1970.
Symbiotic competition: future trends of the open know‐how market
Authors: Uenohara Michiyuki 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe question of whether or not to buy in scientific know‐how is an important one for many organizations. Japan has done so in many areas and to good effect. Japan is also willing and able to sell as well as buy. It is argued that there are considerable advantages to be gained from an increased level of trade in scientific and technological knowledge and it is suggested that the development of an open know‐how market is of value to many parties.