bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Submandibular sialoadenectomy with local anesthesia in the era of minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Chow Tam‐Lin , Chan Tony Tung‐Fei , Choi Chi‐Yee , Lam Siu‐Ho 
Published: June 2008

ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility and advantages of submandibular sialoadenectomy under local anesthesia.Study DesignRetrospective clinical study.Subjects and MethodsTwenty patients with benign submandibular masses underwent submandibular sialoadenectomy. The procedure was carried out under local anesthesia (LA) in 12 patients and general anesthesia (GA) in 8 patients. The patient and tumor characteristics, as well as treatment outcome or complications, were compared between the two groups.ResultsThere was no conversion from LA to GA. Nine patients in the LA group could be discharged as day‐case surgery versus none in the GA group, P = 0.001. The postoperative hospital stay was also much shorter in the LA group: 0.4 day vs 2.0 days, P < 0.001. Postoperative vomiting occurred in only two of the eight patients of the GA group. Complication rate was similar.ConclusionSubmandibular sialoadenectomy under local anesthesia is feasible. It can shorten the hospital stay and facilitate day‐case surgery.
Methods and Findings in the Study of Suicide Terrorism
Authors: PAPE ROBERT A. 
Published: June 2008

Scott Ashworth, Joshua Clinton, Adam Meirowitz, and Kristopher Ramsay (2008) allege that I have committed the sin of sampling on the dependent variable by considering only the universe of suicide terrorist attacks rather than the universe of all imaginable instances when potential or actual terrorists might have committed suicide attacks, and so cannot measure the effects of any independent variables. They go on to describe a method that they say I should have used, which is not of interest because the accusation that is supposed to motivate this discussion is inaccurate.The main claim—that my work on suicide terrorism samples on the dependent variable—is simply wrong. Indeed, the authors paid no attention to the large portions of my recent book that explain what we know about factors that make resort to suicide terrorist campaigns more or less likely, and how we know it. Hence, this letter is mainly devoted to updating Ashworth, Clinton, Meirowitz, and Ramsay on my work. I also make a few comments about the general question of whether concerns about “sample bias” should carry significant weight when dealing with the complete universe of a phenomenon, as is the case in my work on suicide terrorism.
Transtympanic gentamicin treatment using Silverstein MicroWick in Ménière's disease patients: long term outcome
Authors: Suryanarayanan R , Srinivasan V R , O'Sullivan G 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To assess the long term outcome of gentamicin inner-ear perfusion using the Silverstein MicroWick™ in the treatment of Ménière's disease.Study design:Retrospective questionnaire survey of patients and review of medical records.Setting:A district general hospital.Participants:All 15 patients who completed a minimum follow up of at least 24 months were included.Main outcome measures:Subjective symptoms, change in hearing thresholds and Glasgow benefit inventory scores.Results:Based on the American Association of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (1995) guidelines for reporting, 80 per cent of respondents obtained class A vertigo control and 20 per cent obtained class B control. Respondents' functional level improved from pre-operative levels of between three and six to post-operative levels of between one and three. Three respondents had pre-operative ‘dead ears’ and one developed the condition post-operatively. Hearing deteriorated further in three respondents, improved in two and remained unchanged in the rest. Respondents with class A control demonstrated improved quality of life, with a mean Glasgow benefit inventory total score of +34.Conclusion:Transtympanic gentamicin therapy via the Silverstein MicroWick results in good vertigo control. Patients should however be made fully aware of the risk of hearing deterioration.
Incidence and quality of vertigo symptoms after cochlear implantation
Authors: Krause E , Louza J P R , Wechtenbruch J , Hempel J-M , Rader T , Gürkov R 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectives:To assess the incidence of vestibular disturbance in patients after cochlear implantation, and to evaluate the quality of vertigo symptoms.Study design:Prospective, observational study.Setting:Cochlear implant centre at a tertiary referral university hospital, Munich, Germany.Patients:Forty-seven adult patients undergoing unilateral cochlear implantation between 2003 and 2007.Methods:Patients were interviewed post-operatively about vertigo symptoms, using a specifically designed questionnaire. Questionnaire data were used to define patient subgroups based on probable vertigo aetiology. Cochlear implantation was performed via a retroauricular, transmastoidal approach. Thirty-six implants were Cochlear Nucleus 24 devices and 11 were MedEl devices.Results:Twenty-one (45 per cent) patients reported vertigo symptoms following cochlear implantation. The time of onset was directly post-operatively in the majority of patients. In 90 per cent, the symptoms suggested an otogenic origin. The majority of patients reported paroxysmal vertigo with a duration of seconds to minutes. Typical concomitant symptoms were tinnitus, fluctuating hearing loss and vegetative reactions. Serious disablement by vertigo was rare.Conclusion:Exposing patients to the risk of possible balance disorders associated with cochlear implantation is justified in view of the hearing rehabilitation achieved, even with today's broader indications for cochlear implantation. However, patients should in any case be informed about the possibility and quality of post-operative vertigo symptoms.
What makes one person paranoid and another person anxious? The differential prediction of social anxiety and persecutory ideation in an experimental situation
Authors: Freeman D. , Gittins M. , Pugh K. , Antley A. , Slater M. , Dunn G. 
Published: June 2008

BackgroundIn recent years a close association between anxiety and persecutory ideation has been established, contrary to the traditional division of neurosis and psychosis. Nonetheless, the two experiences are distinct. The aim of this study was to identify factors that distinguish the occurrence of social anxiety and paranoid thoughts in an experimental situation.MethodTwo hundred non-clinical individuals broadly representative of the UK general population were assessed on a range of psychological factors, experienced a neutral virtual reality social environment, and then completed state measures of paranoia and social anxiety. Clustered bivariate logistic regressions were carried out, testing interactions between potential predictors and the type of reaction in virtual reality.ResultsThe strongest finding was that the presence of perceptual anomalies increased the risk of paranoid reactions but decreased the risk of social anxiety. Anxiety, depression, worry and interpersonal sensitivity all had similar associations with paranoia and social anxiety.ConclusionsThe study shows that social anxiety and persecutory ideation share many of the same predictive factors. Non-clinical paranoia may be a type of anxious fear. However, perceptual anomalies are a distinct predictor of paranoia. In the context of an individual feeling anxious, the occurrence of odd internal feelings in social situations may lead to delusional ideas through a sense of ‘things not seeming right’. The study illustrates the approach of focusing on experiences such as paranoid thinking rather than diagnoses such as schizophrenia.
The relationship between cognitive function and clinical and functional outcomes in major depressive disorder
Authors: Withall A. , Harris L. M. , Cumming S. R. 
Published: June 2008

BackgroundAlthough cognitive variables have been shown to be useful in predicting outcomes in late-life depression, there has not yet been a comprehensive study in younger persons with depression.MethodThe clinical symptoms and cognitive performance of participants were evaluated at admission to one of two university teaching hospitals and again at 3 months after remission and discharge. A total of 52 participants with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder, aged between 20 and 60 years and with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score ⩾17 entered the study. The sample for this paper comprises the 48 subjects (mean age 37.9 years,s.d.=10.7) who received admission and follow-up assessments; an attrition rate of 7.7%.ResultsMore perseverative errors on the shortened Wisconsin Card Sorting Test at admission predicted a worse clinical outcome at follow-up. Poor event-based prospective memory and more perseverative errors on the shortened Wisconsin Card Sorting Test at admission predicted worse social and occupational outcome at follow-up.ConclusionsThese results suggest that a brief cognitive screen at hospital admission, focusing on executive function, would have a useful prognostic value in depression. Determining early predictors of individuals at risk of poorer outcomes is important for identifying those who may need altered or additional treatment approaches.
American Sign Language syntactic and narrative comprehension in skilled and less skilled readers: Bilingual and bimodal evidence for the linguistic basis of reading
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN CHARLENE , MAYBERRY RACHEL I. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTWe tested the hypothesis that syntactic and narrative comprehension of a natural sign language can serve as the linguistic basis for skilled reading. Thirty-one adults who were deaf from birth and used American Sign Language (ASL) were classified as skilled or less skilled readers using an eighth-grade criterion. Proficiency with ASL syntax, and narrative comprehension of ASL and Manually Coded English (MCE) were measured in conjunction with variables including exposure to print, nonverbal IQ, and hearing and speech ability. Skilled readers showed high levels of ASL syntatic ability and narrative comprehension whereas less skilled readers did not. Regression analyses showed ASL syntactic ability to contribute unique variance in English reading performance when the effects of nonverbal IQ, exposure to print, and MCE comprehension were controlled. A reciprocal relationship between print exposure and sign language proficiency was further found. The results indicate that the linguistic basis of reading, and the reciprocal relationship between print exposure and “through the air” language, can be bimodal, as in being a sign language or a spoken language, and bilingual, as in being ASL and English.
What's in a word? Morphological awareness and vocabulary knowledge in three languages
Authors: MCBRIDE-CHANG CATHERINE , TARDIF TWILA , CHO JEUNG-RYEUL , SHU HUA , FLETCHER PAUL , STOKES STEPHANIE F. , WONG ANITA , LEUNG KAWAI 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTUnderstanding how words are created is potentially a key component to being able to learn and understand new vocabulary words. However, research on morphological awareness is relatively rare. In this study, over 660 preschool-aged children from three language groups (Cantonese, Mandarin, and Korean speakers) in which compounding morphology is highly prevalent were tested on their abilities to manipulate familiar morphemes to create novel compound words as well as on a variety of early language and reasoning measures twice over the span of 9 months to 1 year. With Time 1 vocabulary knowledge, phonological processing, and reasoning skills controlled, morphological awareness predicted unique variance in Time 2 vocabulary knowledge across languages. Across languages, vocabulary knowledge also predicted unique variance in subsequent morphological awareness, with Time 1 morphological awareness controlled. Findings underscore the bidirectional bootstrapping of morphological awareness and vocabulary acquisition for languages in which lexical compounding is prominent, and suggest that morphological awareness may be practically important in predicting and fostering children's early vocabulary learning.
Lifetime alcohol consumption and breast cancer: a case–control study in Finland
Authors: Männistö Satu , Virtanen Mikko , Kataja Vesa , Uusitupa Matti , Pietinen Pirjo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo study the association between lifetime alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer.Design and settingA case–control study carried out in eastern Finland. Information about alcohol consumption was obtained by two methods: a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) including alcohol consumption during the previous 12 months, and a lifetime alcohol consumption questionnaire (AQ) which was administered by the study nurse.SubjectsThe study consisted of 301 breast cancer cases (25–75 years old) and 443 population controls.ResultsThe subjects reported higher current alcohol consumption in the AQ compared to the FFQ. According to the AQ, premenopausal cases consumed on average 28 g and controls 24 g alcohol week−1; in postmenopausal women the values were 15 and 14 g, respectively. About 30% of premenopausal and 60% of postmenopausal women were classified as non-drinkers. The correlation for current alcohol consumption between the FFQ and the AQ was 0.80 in premenopausal women but only 0.40 in postmenopausal women. Current alcohol consumption seemed to influence the reporting of total lifetime alcohol consumption. Current alcohol consumption was not associated with the risk of breast cancer either in premenopausal or postmenopausal women; neither were associations found between alcohol consumption at age of first use, use before the age of 30, or total lifetime alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer.ConclusionsOn average, one to three drinks per week did not increase the risk of breast cancer in this study. Consumption levels were, however, too low to exclude increased risk with high regular consumption. Further research is necessary on lifetime alcohol consumption.
Nutrition policy in the Chilean transition
Authors: Vio Fernando , Albala Cecilia 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveThis paper examines socioeconomic, demographic, epidemiological and nutrition changes that have occurred in Chile in the last decades using concepts of epidemiological and nutrition transition, and discusses policies related to nutrition.Design and settingThis is a descriptive, population-based study to analyse changes in the Chilean diet and nutrition situation including some of the main demographic, socioeconomic and epidemiological variables. Data came from the FAO, the National Institute of Statistics, the Ministry of Health and national surveys.Results and policy implicationsIn Chile, the epidemiological and nutrition situation shifted from a pretransition stage with high rates of undernutrition to a post-transition stage with increasing rates of obesity in all groups aged less than 20 years. However, changes were not accompanied by modifications in nutrition policy, which had been successful in reducing undernutrition. Despite changes in diet to a ‘western’ diet and in nutritional status of the population from undernutrition to obesity, food and nutrition programmes have been maintained unaltered. Governmental and university organizations were created in 1994 and 1995 to address the current food and nutrition problems. The accomplishments of these institutions have been the elaboration of dietary guidelines, reformulating the food and nutrition programmes and the promulgation of the Food Sanitary Regulations for Chile.ConclusionsEducation for the prevention of nutrition excess problems should be a main food and nutrition policy in developing countries.
Fruits and vegetables in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease
Authors: van't Veer Pieter , Jansen Margje CJF , Klerk Mariska , Kok Frans J 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveWe quantified the public health benefit of fruits and vegetables on the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD), using currently available human data.DesignWe reviewed over 250 observational studies on cancer and CVD. Relative risks (RRs) for high versus low intake of fruits and vegetables were obtained. The preventable proportion of chronic diseases, i.e. the per cent of cases attributable to low consumption of fruits and vegetables, was estimated using three scenarios: best guess, optimistic (using stronger RRs) and conservative (using weaker RRs and eliminating the contribution of smoking and/or drinking). The preventable proportion was calculated for increasing average intake from the current 250 g day−1 to the recommended 400 g day among the general Dutch population.ResultsIt is estimated that in the Netherlands cancer incidence could be reduced by 19% (12 000 cases annually, best guess), ranging from 6% (conservative) to 28% (optimistic). Cardiovascular deaths could be reduced by 16% (8000 deaths annually, best guess), ranging from 6% to 22%. Evidence is most abundant for gastrointestinal cancers, followed by hormone-related cancers, but limited for other sites and CVD.ConclusionsIncreasing consumption of fruits and vegetables carries a large public health potential. Population trials and biological mechanisms should eventually provide scientific proof of their efficacy. The available evidence is sufficient to justify public health education and promotion aimed at a substantial increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Breakfast cereal consumption in young children: associations with non-milk extrinsic sugars and caries experience: further analysis of data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey of children aged 1.5–4.5 years
Authors: Gibson Sigrid A 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined the relationship between breakfast cereal consumption and non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) intake and the possible implications of this for caries in preschool children.MethodsData from the 1995 UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of children aged 1.5–4.5 years were reanalysed. Four-day weighed food records and dental examinations were available on 1450 children living in private households in Britain. Children were classified by tertiles (age-adjusted) according to the proportion of energy derived from breakfast cereals, and the amount of NME sugar from cereals. There were no significant differences in social class background between any of the groups.ResultsChildren with diets high in breakfast cereals as a proportion of total energy (top third) had lower proportional intakes of NMES, compared with low consumers of cereals (lowest third). Consumption of sweetened cereals was positively associated with NMES intake. However, caries experience was unrelated to breakfast cereal consumption, whether presweetened or not.ConclusionsAlthough presweetened cereals are relatively high in NMES, their cariogenic potential is probably minimal in the circumstances in which they are normally consumed.
Socioenvironmental influences on children's fruit, juice and vegetable consumption as reported by parents: reliability and validity of measures
Authors: Cullen Karen Weber , Baranowski Tom , Rittenberry Latroy , Cosart Chris , Owens Emiel , Hebert David , de Moor Carl 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo pilot test theory-based questionnaires to measure socioenvironmental influences on children's fruit, juice and vegetable (FJV) consumption as reported by parents.DesignCross-sectional.SettingParents of fourth to sixth grade students completed socioenvironmental questionnaires. The students completed food records (FRs) for 2 days in the classroom.SubjectsInterviews were completed by 109 parents (17% African-American, 32% Hispanic-American and 51 Euro-American).ResultsStudent mean daily FJV intake was 2.1 servings. Principal components analyses revealed subscales measuring positive and negative parenting practices; self-efficacy for modelling and planning/encouraging FJV consumption, and making FJV available; encouraging, consequences and discouraging food socialization practices; negative home, cost and canned/frozen food barriers; meal planning; child shopping; mother food preparation; and child lunch and dinner FJV preparation practices. Internal consistencies were adequate to high. Negative parent practices and negative home FJV barriers were significantly negatively correlated with child FJV consumption variables. Planning/encouraging self-efficacy was positively associated with fruit consumption, and child dinner FJV preparation was significantly negatively correlated with child juice consumption.ConclusionsThese questionnaires may provide important insights about the relationship between parent-reported socioenvironmental influences and children's FJV consumption. Future work should test these questionnaires with larger groups of parents and youths, with more reliable estimates of usual FJV intake, e.g. 7-day food records, to obtain a detailed understanding of how parents influence what children eat. Tests of models of relationships among these variables are warranted, but should control for possible confounding variables, e.g. socioeconomic status, gender of the child, etc
The choice of a diet quality indicator to evaluate the nutritional health of populations
Authors: Dubois Lise , Girard Manon , Bergeron Nathalie 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe USA and Canada both want to reduce social health inequalities in their population. These two countries have recently begun a process of harmonization of their nutrient recommendations.ObjectiveTo develop a standardized indicator to measure the impact of these recommendations on the health of different social groups in North America. The authors have compared three of the methods currently used for measuring overall diet quality for a population.Design and settingThe three methods, adjusted to the 1990 Canadian nutrition recommendations, were used to analyse the Québec Nutrition Survey data collected by Santé Québec in 1990.ResultsThe authors found that the indicator developed by Kennedy and collaborators works best for analysing the Québec data. Moreover, it allows comparisons with the USA. Some questions, such as whether or not to add calories from alcohol consumption to the model and whether the indicators should be adjusted to the different cultures and specific population groups remain unanswered.ConclusionsIn order to determine the role of nutrition in social health inequalities, it is important to develop standard indicators that are suitable for monitoring the relationship between dietary recommendations and eating habits.