bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water balance, respiration and immobilisation in relation to deltamethrin poisoning and physical conditions in the epigeal spider Oedothorax apicatus
Authors: Jagers Gerard A. J. M. , Akkerhuis Op , Westerhof Roelof , Van Straalen Nico M. , Koeman Jan H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of a pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin, on water loss, metabolic rate and immobilisation was studied, using the epigeal spider Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall) (Linyphiidae) as a test species. Water loss was measured gravimetrically at different temperatures, air humidities, and doses of deltamethrin. Metabolic rate and immobilisation were measured at different temperatures and doses. Immobilisation was measured at different relative humidities and temperatures. Water loss due to evaporation increased linearly with vapour pressure deficit. The slope of the latter relationship increased with temperature, indicating an increase in cuticle permeability with temperature. In addition to water loss by evaporation, deltamethrin treatment induced water excretion. This was positively related to dose and temperature, but independent of air humidity. Metabolic rate increased with temperature and dose. Immobilisation was highest at low temperatures in combination with low air humidity. The consequences of pesticide‐induced water excretion are discussed with respect to field‐ and laboratory‐based dose‐effect relationships for pyrethroids presented in the literature. The present results seem to offer an explanation for hitherto unexplained minima in temperature‐response curves in pyrethroid toxicity in some arthropod species. It is concluded that simultaneous measurements of metabolic rate, water‐loss rate and pesticide effects are a prerequisite for an understanding of the effects of pesticides on arthropods.
Spectrophotometric determination of fenvalerate in a commercial formulation and as residues in water and soil
Authors: Naidu Rallapalle Raghava , Raju Raghava V. Prabhakara 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSimple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the microdetermination of fenvalerate, based on the formation of red‐purple compounds when one of the hydrolysed products of fenvalerate is condensed with 4‐nitrophenylhydrazine (4‐NPH) in the presence of methanolic potassium hydroxide. With this reagent the colour development was instantaneous and was stable for 52 hours. The method has been successfully adapted to the determination of fenvalerate in its formulation and residues on water and soil.
A simplified method for measuring dilute emulsion stability
Authors: Wang Yiyan , Bian Shaozhuang , Wu Di 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple and rapid method for the assessment of the stability of diluted pesticide emulsifiable concentrates has been developed for use in China. It gives results comparable to those obtained with FAO and WHO methods. The importance of some other physical characteristics such as contact angle, surface tension and wetted area in pesticide application are also discussed.
Extended summary SCI pesticides group/BCPC international symposium comparing glasshouse and field pesticide performance. Comparing glasshouse and field performance of pesticides: An appraisal
Authors: Finney John R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe following is an extended summary based on a concluding paper presented at the above symposium, which was organised by G. Hewitt, D. Tyson, L. C. Copping, B. T. Grayson and J. C. Caseley on behalf of the British Crop Protection Council and the SCI Pesticides Group, and held at the University of Kent, Canterbury, on 12–14 April 1994. The summary is entirely the responsibility of the author, and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science.
Effects of anti‐ecdysteroid azole analogues of metyrapone on the larval development of the fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata
Authors: Bélai Iván , Darvas Béla , Bauer Krisztina , El‐Din Mahmoud H. Tag 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBased on our previous finding that PIM (phenyl‐imidazolyl‐metyra‐pon; 2‐(1‐imidazolyl)‐2‐methyl‐1‐phenylpropan‐1‐one, 1) is a strong inhibitor of ecdysone 20‐monooxygenase (IC50 = 7.89 × 10−7 M) from the fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata (Parker) and has also a good toxic action in vivo against this insect, 17 imidazole and 1,2,4‐triazole analogues of metyrapone were synthesized and evaluated for their action against N. bullata larvae in terms of toxicity, length of larval development, weight of the puparium as well as special symptoms, i.e. malformations of the anterior and posterior spiracles, and of the mandibles. The introduction of p‐methoxy (LC50 = 49 mg kg−1 in diet) or p‐chloro (LC50 = 97 mg kg−1) substituents on the benzene ring of PIM resulted in a significant increase in toxicity compared to that of metyrapone (LC50 = 561 mg kg−1) and PIM (LC50 = 148 mg kg−1). The hybridization state of the carbon atom adjacent to the benzene ring was not an important factor for toxicity because the acetoxy derivative (13) was almost as toxic as PIM. At least one methyl group was required on the carbon atom adjacent to the azole ring to maintain activity, while an ethyl group (4) enhanced the toxic effect. At the applied doses some compounds including metyrapone itself, extended the duration of the larval development. Only metyrapone and PIM decreased the puparium weight. Several derivatives induced lethal malformations of mandibles as well as the anterior and posterior spiracles.
In‐vivo efficacy and in‐vitro activity of tubercidin, an antibiotic nucleoside, for control of Phytophthora capsici blight in Capsicum annuum
Authors: Hwang Byung Kook , Kim Beom Seok 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe antibiotic nucleoside tubercidin produced by Streptomyces viola‐ceoniger was evaluated for in‐vivo efficacy and in‐vitro activity against Phytophthora capsici, Magnaporthe grisea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Tubercidin was more effective against P. capsici and M. grisea than against C. gloeosporioides in inhibiting mycelial growth. The bioassay on TLC plates was the most sensitive method and allowed the evaluation of antifungal activity of tubercidin even at a low concentration of 0.1 μgml−1. As compared to the systemic fungicide metalaxyl, tubercidin was similar or somewhat higher in inhibition of mycelial growth of P. capsici. When applied to pepper stems, tubercidin was equally as effective as metalaxyl in the control of phytophthora blight in pepper plants, irrespective of application time and concentration. The treatment with 1000 μg ml−1 tubercidin induced phytotoxicity in pepper plants. No control efficacy of phytophtora blight was observed in pepper plants supplied with a soil drench of tubercidin. Treatment with tubercidin at 500 μg ml−1 completely protected pepper plants at first branch stage from phytophthora blight until four days after application. The control efficacy of tubercidin drastically declined seven days after application.
The pyrethrins and related compounds part XXXIX— structure‐activity relationships of pyrethroidal esters with cyclic side chains in the alcohol component against resistant strains of housefly (Musca domestica)
Authors: Farnham Andrew W. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractActivities of a range of pyrethroidal esters, incorporating structural variations in all regions of the acid and alcohol components, have been measured against two fully characterised and homozygous resistant strains of Musca domestica L. (kdr and super‐kdr). The results, limited in this paper to esters of alcohols with cyclic side chains, indicate uniform resistance to the kdr strain across the whole range of structural variations. Against the super‐kdr strain, while variation in the acid component has little effect, the resistance factor is sensitive to the nature of the alcohol component, in particular on whether it contains an α‐cyano substituent.
Mechanisms conferring resistance of Western flower thrips to bendiocarb
Authors: Zhao Guangyu , Liu Wei , Knowles Charles O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMechanisms associated with bendiocarb resistance were examined in two strains of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), that differed in their susceptibility to this carbamate by 13.6‐fold. No appreciable differences between the two strains in [14C] bendiocarb penetration and excretion were detected; however, bendiocarb was metabolised substantially faster by the resistant KCM thrips than by the more susceptible UMC thrips. No appreciable difference between the two strains was found in the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase activity to inhibition by bendiocarb. It was concluded that bendiocarb resistance in KCM western flower thrips was due to enhanced metabolism that probably was mainly oxidative in nature.
Microbial metabolism of fenoxaprop‐ethyl
Authors: Gennari Mara , Vincenti Marco , Nègre Michèle , Ambrosoli Roberto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFenoxaprop‐ethyl was found to be metabolized by a mixed microbial population isolated from a leachate from a landfill. Fenoxaprop acid and 6‐chloro‐2(3H)‐benzoxazolone were detected as metabolic products in the culture broths. It was shown that the microbial population could utilize fenoxapropethyl as a source of carbon and nitrogen, but the presence of an additional source of carbon increased the metabolism rate.
Deposition and bioassay of insecticides applied by leaf dip and spray tower against Bemisia argentifolii nymphs (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Liu Tong‐Xian , Stansly Philip A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo application methods, spray and leaf dip, were evaluated as bioassays for insecticides to nymphs of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (formerly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius strain ‘B’). Sprays were applied at different volumes and pressures with the Potter Spray Tower®. Spray deposition was evaluated using a tracer dye, and also plain water in the case of the spray tower. Coverage on water‐sensitive paper was evaluated with a computerized imagescanning system. Insecticide efficacy was evaluated as mortality to whitefly nymphs. Materials assayed included ‘M‐Pede’® (an insecticidal soap), ‘Sunspray’® Ultra‐Fine Spray Oil (a mineral oil), ‘Margosan‐O’® (an extracted concentration of azadirachtin + 10% neem oil), and bifenthrin (‘Brigade’® 10WP), a pyrethroid, with purified water as a control.Differing results were obtained with the two bioassay methods, depending on material tested. Mortality of whitefly nymphs from bifenthrin, and to a lesser extent neem extract, was largely independent of application method. In contrast, ‘Sunspray’ (mineral) oil, and to a lesser extent insecticidal soap, was more efficacious when applied as a dip than as a spray. Differences in respect of effects of application method on treatment mortality were attributed to differences between materials in mode of action.
Evaluation of cinnamamide as an avian repellent: Determination of a dose—response curve
Authors: Watkins Richard W. , Gill Elaine L. , Bishop Julie D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe dose‐response curve was quantified for the avian repellency of cinnamamide, a derivative of the plant secondary compound cinnamic acid, using a three‐day, ‘short‐term no‐choice’ test. This test was designed to resemble more closely the availability of alternative food in the birds' natural environment than in previous no‐choice studies. Cinnamamide reduced food consumption by feral pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin) at concentrations as low as 6.17 μmole g−1 food (0.09% w/w) and this reduction increased with concentration. An R50 index, the concentration at which food consumption was reduced by 50% was interpolated from the dose‐response curve as 18.4 (±0.38) μmole g−1 food 10.26% w/w). This index can now be matched with those of related compounds in future structure‐activity studies. The birds' response to cinnamamide changed over the three‐day trial with respect to concentration. Repellency declined at concentrations < R50 and increased at concentrations > R50. This suggests that pigeons become habituated to cinnamamide at low concentrations but at high concentrations they may develop a conditioned aversion. This study provides quantitative confirmation of previous laboratory and field demonstrations of cinnamamide's effectiveness as a non‐lethal chemical repellent suitable for reducing avian pest damage.
A mechanistic approach towards surfactant/wax interactions: Effects of octaethyleneglycolmonododecylether on sorption and diffusion of organic chemicals in reconstituted cuticular wax of barley leaves
Authors: Schreiber Lukas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMechanisms of surfactant/wax interactions which contribute significantly to the acceleration of rates of cuticular uptake of agrochemicals have been investigated. Experiments were carried out using isolated and subsequently reconstituted barley wax. As 14C‐labelled model compounds, the monodisperse alcohol ethoxylate octaethyleneglycolmonododecylether (C12E8), the aromatic compound, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and the aliphatic tetracosanoic acid (C24AC; representing a typical wax constituent) were used. Each of the three compounds represented one part of the complete interacting system: surfactant, pesticide and wax. Partitioning of PCP was independent of simultaneously present C12E8 below its critical micelle concentration (CMC), but decreased linearly above the CMC. The maximum increase in the mobility of PCP was by a factor of about four by C12E8, whereas the maximum increase of the mobility of C24AC was about forty‐fold. Effects on the mobility of PCP and C24AC were independent of C12E8 concentrations above the CMC, but they decreased significantly with decreasing C12E8 concentrations below the CMC. A common model usually applied in life sciences for the analysis for dose‐response curves, relating the observed effects to the logarithms of the applied concentrations, was successfully fitted to the results obtained here. This indicated that the observed effects were a function of the relative, rather than absolute, concentrations of the surfactant within the wax. Furthermore, it was discovered that surfactant‐induced acceleration of the diffusion of PCP and C24AC was completely reversible if C12E8 was removed from the system. Thus, accelerating effects on diffusion only occurred if distinct amounts of surfactant were present within the wax. This, finally, led to a tentative model, explaining the effect of C12E8 on wax structure as an unspecific plasticising interaction between surfactant and wax. Rapid induction and complete reversibility of the effects indicated that the assumption of irreversible alterations of the wax structure (e.g. solubilisation of wax or destruction of crystalline wax domains) was not necessary in order to explain the surfactant‐induced acceleration of rates of cuticular permeation of pesticides, when studying absorption/desorption from non‐evaporating aqueous solutions. However, such changes may still occur when evaporation of the water in spray deposits concentrates surfactants sufficiently for them to become wax solvents.
Detection, characterization and phytotoxic activity of AB021‐a and ‐b, two new macrolide polyene antibiotics
Authors: Scacchi Alessandro , Andriollo Nunzio , Cassani Giorgio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractScreening for fungicidal activity carried out on culture broths of soil Streptomyces strains resulted in the isolation of two new macrolide polyene antibiotics. AB021‐a and AB021‐b, endowed with good protective activity against some plant diseases. These compounds had no effect on seed germination or seedling development, while they strongly inhibited the growth of rice, carrot and periwinkle cells in liquid suspension culture. This inhibition may be ascribed to the lack of the cuticular barrier in these materials. Within a short period of incubation, some parameters connected with membrane permeability of rice, carrot and periwinkle cells were affected. An increase of oxygen consumption also occurred. Incubation of beetroot discs with AB021 led to increased conductivity of the external medium. In addition, a leakage of betacyanin occurred, suggesting a modification of transport processes, also at the tonoplast.
Phloem translocation of pyridinecarboxylic acids and related imidazolinone herbicides in Ricinus communis
Authors: Chamberlain Keith , Tench Allen J. , Williams Roger H. , Bromilow Richard H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe movement of [14C]pyridinecarboxylic acids was investigated in the castor bean plant Ricinus communis L. after application by petiole injection. The three isomeric unsubstituted acids appeared in similar concentrations in phloem sap taken from the upper main stem over a period of 6 h after application, but nicotinic acid occurred at higher concentrations than its isomers in phloem sap from the lower stem indicating better retention in the phloem sieve tubes. After 24 h, nicotinic acid had accumulated to a greater extent in the phloem sinks than had picolinic or isonicotinic acids. Phloem transport of substituted analogues, including dihalopyridinecarboxylic acids and imidazolinone herbicides, was measured in short‐term tests, and attempts made to relate such transport to the lipophilicity and pK,a of the compounds. Analogues of the imidazolinone, imazapyr, were less well transported than imazapyr itself, and were also much less well taken up by barley roots from nutrient solution compared to the herbicidal imidazolinone, and this could explain their low herbicidal efficacy despite a high intrinsic activity against the target enzyme acctolactate synthase.
Starch urea formaldehyde matrix encapsulation of solid agrochemicals: III. Studies and bioefficacy trials on double encapsulation
Authors: Rajagopalan Natarajan , Bhaskar Comandur , Bankar Vikas S. , Pokharkar Varsha B. , Shukla Parshuram G. , Regupathy Ayyappan , Khilar Kartic C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA technique for the double encapsulation of carbofuran in starch urea formaldehyde (Starch‐UF) matrix has been developed. The solid particles of carbofuran were first microencapsulated with UF resin and these microcapsules were then dispersed in the Starch‐UF matrix to obtain a granular formulation. The rate of release of carbofuran from these granules was found to be governed by its diffusion through the solid UF resin shell and was significantly slower than from the single encapsulated granular formulation prepared by dispersing uncoated carbofuran in Starch‐UF matrix. The bioefficacy of these double encapsulated granules (Encecap‐D 3G), was evaluated for persistence against rice pests in paddy and against subterranean pests in potato, in comparison with conventional formulations of carbofuran, phorate, quinalphos, aldicarb and cadusafos. The persistence of Encecap‐D 3G was found to be better than that of the standard formulation in the cultivation of paddy under flooded conditions and in the cultivation of potato. The order of efficacy was found to be: White grubs—Encecap‐D 3G > quinalphos > cadusafos > aldicarb > phorate > Furadan 3G; Nematodes—cadusafos > Encecap‐D 3G > quinalphos > aldicarb > phorate > ‚Furadan’︁ 3G.
QSAR study of 4‐hydroxypyridine derivatives as inhibitors of the HILL reaction
Authors: Šoškić Milan , Sabljić Aleksandar 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQSAR analysis has been performed for two sets of 4‐hydroxypyridine derivatives, i.e. phenol type inhibitors of photosystem II, to find accurate quantitative models for their inhibitory potency in the Hill reaction. Separate QSAR models based either on the structural descriptors (molecular connectivity indices and other topological features) or on the physicochemical constants (π, Vw, σ) have been developed for the two sets of 4‐hydroxypyridine derivatives. It was found that the size and lipophilicity of substituents at positions 2 and 5 are the most important for the activity of derivatives with a long side chain. The electron‐attracting capacity of these substituents might be an additional factor which increases the activity of 4‐hydroxypyridines in the Hill reaction. However, the inhibitory potency of tetrahalogenated 4‐hydroxpyridines depends on the type of halogen atom on the pyridine ring. The iodine substituent meets the receptor requirements best. The study suggests that the two groups of 4‐hydroxypyridines analyzed have overlapping binding sites on the receptor protein.
Effect of adjuvants on the performance of the new cereal fungicide, metconazole. II Field trials
Authors: Sampson Alan J. , Burnhams Adam F. , Grayson B. Terence 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlasshouse trials had shown that the activity of metconazole formulations against cereal foliar diseases could be enhanced by alcohol ethoxylate adjuvants. A series of soluble liquid (SL) formulations of metconazole had been prepared containing adjuvant: metconazole ratios of 5:1, 7.5:1, 10:1, 15:1 m/m (SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4) which glasshouse trials had shown could give equivalent performance to an emulsifiable concentrate formulation, (ECM) of metconazole at application rates up to three‐ or four‐fold lower than that of ECM alone.A field trials programme was undertaken to compare the performances of these SL formulations with ECM at 120 g AI ha−1, through a range of application rates (48, 60, 72, 84 g AI ha−1), in a non‐orthogonal factorial trial design against diseases that occurred naturally (Septoria tritici Rob., Puccinia recondita Rob., Pyrenophora teres Drechs., Erysiphe graminis DC) or by artificial inoculation (Leptosphaeria nodorum Muell.), on either Triticum aestivum L. or Hordeum vulgare L.The results from trials in three locations showed that the commercially acceptable performance of ECM at 120 g AI ha−1, in giving high levels of control of P. recondita, S. tritici and L. nodorum (both prophylactic and therapeutic activity) on T. aestivum. and of E. graminis and P. teres on H. vulgare, could be matched or improved by SL2, SL3 and SL4 at 72 g AI ha−1. Furthermore, control of E. graminis f. sp. tritici Marchal by these SL formulations at this application rate was better than that by ECM at 120 g AI ha−1, though the levels of control still remained below commercial acceptability for therapeutic activity. Nevertheless, substantial reductions in the application rate of metconazole have been achieved by using one‐pack adjuvant‐containing formulations in field trials, while still maintaining excellent control of a range of cereal foliar diseases. The choice between these SL formulations could therefore be made on other grounds such as cost/performance and ease of formulation.
Relating biological activity to chemical structure using neural networks
Authors: Manallack David T. , Livingstone David J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the last few years, neural networks have found increasing use in chemical applications, including their use in the analysis of quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSAR) data. Networks are able to perform the equivalent of discriminant and regression analyses, in addition to providing a novel method for the low‐dimensional display of multivariate data. Experiments in our laboratories, using artificially structured data sets and real literature QSAR data with neural networks performing multiple linear regression, demonstrated their susceptibility to over‐fitting, resulting in poor predicted abilities. Other network algorithms and training regimes are emerging in the literature which address these particular problems.
The genetic algorithm in science
Authors: Cartwright Hugh M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlgorithms developed for use in the study of artificial intelligence also show promise in such quite different fields as the physical and life sciences. These methods may have advantages in speed, scope, or both, over more conventional scientific methods, and expand the range of algorithmic techniques open to the scientist. The mechanism of one of these methods, the genetic algorithm, which is already finding application in a number of areas in science, is outlined.