bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Burden of Black Religion
Authors: Evans Curtis J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This book is about the crucial role that black religion has played in the United States as an imagined community or a united nation. The book argues that cultural images and interpretations of African American religion placed an enormous burden on black religious capacities as the source for black contributions to American culture until the 1940s. Attention to black religion as the chief bearer of meaning for black life was also a result of longstanding debates about what constituted the “human person” and an implicit assertion of the intellectual inferiority of peoples of African descent. Intellectual and religious capacities were reshaped and reconceptualized in various crucial historical moments in American history because of real world debates about blacks' place in the nation and continuing discussions about what it meant to be fully human. Only within the last half century has this older paradigm of black religion (and the concomitant assumption of a genetic deficiency in “intelligence”) been challenged with any degree of cultural authority. Black innate religiosity had to be denied before sufficient attention could be paid to actual proposals about black equal participation in the nation, though this should not be interpreted as a call for insufficient attention to the role of religion in the lives of African Americans and other ethnic groups.
Ecologies of Grace
Authors: Jenkins Willis 
Published: May 2008

AbstractChristianity struggles to show how living on earth matters for living with God. While people of faith increasingly seek practical ways to respond to the environmental crisis, theology has had difficulty contextualizing the crisis and interpreting the responses. This book presents a field-shaping introduction to Christian environmental ethics that offers resources for renewing theology. Observing how religious environmental practices often draw on concepts of grace, the book maps the way Christian environmental strategies draw from traditions of salvation as they engage the problems of environmental ethics. It then uses this new map to explore afresh the ecological dimensions of Christian theology. The book first shows how Christian ethics uniquely frames environmental issues, and then how those approaches both challenge and re-inhabit theological traditions. It identifies three major strategies for making environmental problems intelligible to Christian moral experience. Each one draws on a distinct pattern of grace as it adapts a secular approach to environmental ethics. The strategies of ecojustice, stewardship, and ecological spirituality make environments matter for Christian experience by drawing on patterns of sanctification, redemption, and deification. The book then confronts the problems of each of these strategies through critical reappraisals of Thomas Aquinas, Karl Barth, and Sergei Bulgakov.
Exclusive Marketing Services
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA business contract between a marketing services company and a company that sells infomercial products contained an exclusivity rights clause, providing that the sales company “will not contract with any other contractors or service providers for the procurement of comparable services during the term of this agreement.” The dispute was over the meaning of the verb “to contract” and whether it meant that a contract could be made before the last day of the existing contract even though the new work would not start until that contract had ended. Semantic analysis of the verb “contract” along with what the exclusivity agreement did not say, framed the linguistic contribution to this case.
Nicotine Patch Advertisements
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn a class action suit based on deceptive trade practices brought by eleven state attorneys general against the maker of a nicotine skin patch, plaintiffs claimed that the advertisements for that product made deceptive and false claims about its ability to cause smokers to “quit smoking” and that claims to success in this were based on inadequate research tests. Analysis of the narrative structure of the advertisement indicates that it did not include the conventional evaluation phase. The advertisement's implicature is that the narrator now thinks he can quit smoking, but nowhere does he say that he successfully quit. Semantic analyses of “quit” and “quitter” do not convey total permanence but, rather, ambiguously suggest an attempt with either permanent or temporal effects, supported by many citations based on a Lexis/Nexis search of media usage. If the advertisement had wanted to indicate permanence, the defense suggested words available in the lexicon to do this.
Toxic Gas in the Cockpit
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe fatal crash of a private plane led to a lawsuit brought by the insurer against the manufacturer of the aircraft's engine. Investigators found no evidence of engine malfunction, so the insurer tried to place blame for the crash on the theory that the pilot was overcome by trimethylol propane phosphate (TMPP) gases leaking into the cockpit, causing him to have cognitive impairment such as disorientation, and to crash the plane, killing all aboard. No research exists concerning the effects of TMPP on humans, but because it is a GABA inhibitor that affects speech severely in diseases like Huntington's Disease, it seemed logical for the defense to analyze the recording of the pilot's speech from the time he departed until the time he crashed. The pilot's speech then was analyzed for syntax, word frequency, speech acts, pauses and pause fillers, pronunciation, and his use of the cooperative principle. No linguistic evidence of any type of aberration in the pilot's speech could be found in the recorded air-to-ground communications from the start of the flight to its fatal conclusion.
A Book Is Turned into a Pamphlet
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA 111-page book about how to increase gas mileage in cars was the alleged source of a one-page promotional piece widely distributed by an oil company. The author and publisher of the book brought a copyright infringement suit against the oil company, which in turn countered that the parts it borrowed fell under the copyright fair use doctrine. The author and publisher invoked the legal concepts of proportionality, substantial similarity, and originality. All of the fifty-five “tips” in the defendant's piece were the same as those in the book, effective measures of proportionality and originality. Substantial similarity also was found in the pamphlet's speech acts, speech act sequencing, lexical borrowing, minor changes in grammar such as plural for singular nouns, verb tense, ratios, topics, and topic sequencing.
Retaliatory Termination Discrimination
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA high school math teacher, recently hired by a school system, was assigned a “mentor/supervisor,” who invited the new teacher to a pick-up basketball game. The teacher claimed that, during this game, his mentor made physical sexual advances to him. The police and the school subsequently dismissed all charges but they discovered what they thought was false information on the new teacher's application form to a school where he had taught in the past, and the school fired him. The teacher then sued the school system for retaliatory discrimination. The issue was over the virgule on the application form, which read: “Have you ever been dismissed/non-renewed from any employment?” Semantic and syntax analysis were used to show the different meanings of “dismissed” and “non-renewed.” The meaning of the virgule was addressed. Finally, the linguist revised the application form so that the apparent intended meanings of the question could be clarified.
Ownership of the Words “Wood Roasted”
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA restaurant with “Woodroast” in its title and frequently used in its menu and advertisements sued another restaurant chain for using the same word in its menu items and advertisements. Electronic searches found that several other restaurants used “wood roasted” as part of their names and that menus from many different restaurants used “wood roasted” to modify various menu items such as seafood, vegetables, and chicken. Morphological and syntax analysis, along with punctuation, showed that all of these restaurants used “wood” plus “roast” as two separate words in adjectival phrases, as opposed to the plaintiff's use of a single proper noun. Electronic searches of media articles revealed that the only uses of “Woodroast” as a single, capitalized proper noun were in references to the plaintiff's restaurant. A syntax analysis of restaurant names led to the conclusion that the plaintiff's name refers to a style of cuisine while the other restaurants used “wood roasted” to indicate a method of cooking.
False Representation in a Government Contract
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA complex procurement process is used by corporations that try to secure business with government agencies. It involves cost or pricing data, vendor quotations, production methods, cost trends, decrements, resources, and other things. A government auditor reviewed one such contract more than twenty years after the planes had been manufactured and concluded that fraud had been involved. The government first alleged that the contract used plain language and that this showed fraud. Linguistic analysis agreed that plain language was used, but that this language showed that nothing was fraudulent. Syntax and lexical uses (“assessment” and “estimate” in particular) were shown to be clear and supported by dictionary citations. After reviewing the linguistic analysis, the government changed its theory, now arguing that the corporation's words, such as “consideration,” “estimates,” “appropriate,” and “based on our review of,” were clear plain language but that the government's understanding was different from the corporation's. This opened the door to discovery of what those understandings were, appearing largely in the depositions of the government auditors. These revealed their inferences about the meanings of words and expressions the corporation had used in its proposal. The plaintiff's confusion was located in what the corporation did not say in its proposal. If the auditors did not understand how these expressions were being used, the speech act of requesting clarification was readily available. It was pointed out that requesting this would have been appropriate before the government granted the proposal.
Introduction
Authors: Ownby David 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of Falun Gong's brief history and presents the various contexts which must be understood if one is to come to terms with Falun Gong, also known as Falun Dafa. These contexts include the history and politics of religion in modern China; the reform era Chinese Communist Party's search for a new legitimacy in the wake of the failure of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution; and the qigong boom. The chapter concludes with a literature review of the scholarship on qigong and Falun Gong.
A History for Falun Gong
Authors: Ownby David 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter situates Falun Gong in the history of popular religion in late imperial and modern China, seeking to identify genealogical linkages among the late imperial White Lotus sectarian tradition, the redemptive societies of the Republican period, and the qigong movement (including Falun Gong) of China's reform era. It argues that all such groups should be called “redemptive societies,” which share the following characteristics: leadership by charismatic masters, who teach fundamentalist morality and techniques of corporal transformation and who offer the promise of redemption, in the forms of healing, supernormal powers, and perhaps immortality. Methodologically, this chapter illustrates that fieldwork is crucial if one wishes to go beyond the discourse of orthodoxy and heterodoxy that has been employed by the Chinese state for centuries to label and condemn certain popular religious groups and practices.
The Creation and Evolution of Qigong
Authors: Ownby David 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter traces the invention and evolution of qigong, the larger movement out of which Falun Gong emerged in 1992. Qigong was created as part of a nativist Chinese reaction to the importation of Western biomedicine in the 1950s, with the goal of protecting and preserving traditional Chinese healing practices—often linked in imperial times to religious and spiritual beliefs. Qigong functioned on a small scale within specialized clinics and sanatoriums linked to Traditional Chinese Medicine in the 1950s and early 1960s, but was severely criticized as “feudal superstition” during the Cultural Revolution and thus largely disappeared. Qigong re‐emerged in the mid‐1970s in the public parks of Beijing, taught by independent masters who had healed themselves and promised to heal others. When qi was “proven” by Chinese researchers to have a scientific existence in the late 1970s, Chinese authorities gave their approval to qigong, thus paving the way for the qigong boom. Qigong superstars such as Yan Xin and Zhang Hongbao became national celebrities and attracted millions of followers in the first popularly led mass movement in China since 1949.
The Life and Times of Li Hongzhi in China, 1952–1995
Authors: Ownby David 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter traces the life of Falun Gong founder Li Hongzhi through 1995, when he left China for the United States. The focus is on his emergence as a qigong master in 1992 and particularly on his teachings as found in his masterwork, Zhuan falun, and in other writings. The goal of the chapter is to seek to understand the appeal of Falun Gong doctrine to practitioners, an appeal based on claims to science, a moral practice leading to the elimination of karma, the development of certain supernormal powers, and ultimately physical and spiritual transformation.
Falun Gong Outside of China
Authors: Ownby David 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines Falun Gong in the post‐1995 period, as it became a transnational movement following founder Li Hongzhi's relocation from China to the United States. It focuses on the many Falun Gong practitioners who are members of the Chinese diaspora in North America, among whom the author did fieldwork between 1999 and 2002. The results of this fieldwork suggest that some 90 per cent of Falun Gong practitioners in North America are recent Chinese immigrants, who are better educated and wealthier than the average American or Canadian. Some have joined Falun Gong for health reasons, others because they find in Falun Gong answers to their questions about the meaning of life. As revealed in their witness statements to one another at experience‐sharing conferences, practitioners believe that their lives are a series of “tests” which enable them to burn off karma and advance in their cultivation.
David Meets Goliath
Authors: Ownby David 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter chronicles the conflict between Falun Gong and the Chinese state. It begins by tracing the flagging fortunes of the qigong boom beginning in the mid‐1990s, a decline which prompted Li Hongzhi to leave China in 1995 and to establish residency in the United States. Falun Gong practitioners in China reacted to increasing media criticism within China by engaging in large, peaceful protests directed at the newspaper, magazine, or television station which had criticized the group. This strategy led eventually to the massive Falun Gong demonstration outside CCP headquarters in Beijing on 25 April 1999, which resulted in the launching of the suppression campaign against Falun Gong. The chapter devotes considerable attention to the competing wars of representation fought by the Chinese state and Falun Gong as each sought to sway public opinion. Falun Gong ultimately lost this battle and became increasingly political, a stance symbolized by the founding of a Falun Gong–run newspaper, the Epoch Times, which tirelessly criticizes the CCP.
3 The Failure of Empiricism and How the Agents Addressed It
Authors: Satia Priya 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes how agents' experiences on the ground in the Middle East strengthened their antiempirical disposition. In particular, their orientalist vision cast the region as a land of lying natives and ineffable and unmappable topography. Their invention of an intuitive intelligence epistemology, supported by an impressionistic reporting style, at once solved their practical difficulties and fulfilled their spiritual longings and literary aspirations. As intuitive experts, key intelligence agents gained a reputation for genius and superheroic qualities, they took charge of affairs in the region during the war, and their intelligence style was concretized as a set of official tactics. The intuitive mode was also being espoused at home by novelists and other artists experimenting with new ways of knowing. The agents' literary output was part of this genre.
Seeing Like a Democracy
Authors: Satia Priya 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explains that the British state also wanted to hide the covert empire from its own public. Besides opting for cheap schemes that would escape the check of taxpayers (air control and an informal intelligence network), it also used censorship and the literary skills of its agent-bureaucrats to control information about the region. The public became increasingly suspicious of the state's betrayal of wartime promises of redemption in the Middle East, suspicions expressed in an emerging critique of state secrecy. At the center of this contest between the state and the public were the famous intelligence agents associated with the Middle East: to the public they were proof that the state possessed an effective covert arm and propaganda machine, and to the state they were proof that criticism of British activity in Iraq was the result of conspiracy by renegade agents.
2 On Referring and Not Referring
Authors: Bach Kent 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe notions of linguistic reference and speaker reference are commonly used very loosely. In many cases what passes for reference falls short of it, and in many other cases a speaker uses an expression to refer without the expression itself referring. Indexicals, demonstratives, proper names, and definite descriptions (and even indefinites) can all be used to refer, but they can all be used non-referentially as well. This chapter sets out criteria on the topic of what it takes for an expression to refer and for a speaker to refer in using an expression. It sketches out what is involved in conveying a reference and in understanding one, by explaining the roles of the speaker's intention, the hearer's inference, and the context of utterance.
10 Looking Both Ways
Authors: Garnham Alan , Cowles H. Wind 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents a new model of coreferential noun phrase anaphora processing, JANUS, within the mental models framework. It summarizes previous research on NP anaphora that is most pertinent to JANUS, and outlines two previous attempts to provide an integrated theory of NP anaphora: Centering Theory and Almor's Informational Load Hypothesis. Each has it problems, but the Informational Load Hypothesis is more firmly rooted in psychology, and closer to the JANUS approach. JANUS incorporates many ideas from the Informational Load Hypothesis, but attempts to address its problems. JANUS assumes that the semantic content of an anaphor should be justified by two types of role that the anaphoric expression plays. Backward-looking roles are primarily concerned with identifying the antecedent (and referent) of the anaphor. Forward-looking roles relate to what is to be said about the referent in upcoming discourse. These two types of roles give JANUS its name.
Cognitive Grammar
Authors: Langacker Ronald 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCognitive Grammar is a radical alternative to the formalist theories that have dominated linguistic theory during the last half century. Instead of an objectivist semantics based on truth conditions or logical deduction, it adopts a conceptualist semantics based on human experience, our capacity to construe situations in alternate ways, and processes of imagination and mental construction. A conceptualist semantics makes possible an account of grammar which views it as being inherently meaningful (rather than an autonomous formal system). Grammar forms a continuum with lexicon, residing in assemblies of symbolic structures, i.e. pairings of conceptual structures and symbolizing phonological structures. Thus all grammatical elements are meaningful. It is shown in detail how Cognitive Grammar handles the major problems a theory of grammar has to deal with: grammatical classes, constructions, the relationship of grammar and lexicon, the capturing of regularities, and imposition of the proper restrictions. It is further shown how the framework applies to central domains of language structure: deixis, nominal structure, clausal structure, and complex sentences. Consideration is also given to discourse, the temporal dimension of grammar, and what it reveals about cognitive processes and the construction of our mental world.
Third‐Person and First‐Person Approaches to the Study of the Laozi
Authors: DeAngelis Gary D. , Frisina Warren G. , Roth Harold D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Eschewing both the uncritical faith stance of Daoism's apologists as well as the reductionist tendencies among some contemporary secularists, Harold D. Roth preaches a middle path when it comes to analyzing and teaching the Daode jing. Since the Daode jing draws from a meditative tradition that utilizes breath control he suggests our teaching include a mix of both third‐person analysis (where we rely on the traditional tools of scholarship such as historical‐textual research, hermeneutical analysis, and contemporary philosophic reflection) and first‐person analysis (where we encourage our students to engage in simple meditation and breathing exercises that are tied to specific chapters and that add an experiential dimension to their study). He suggests this combination as a way of both discharging our scholarly responsibilities while demonstrating a healthy respect for the integrity and coherence of this ancient text.
The Reception of Laozi
Authors: DeAngelis Gary D. , Frisina Warren G. , Kohn Livia 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This essay urges teachers of the Daode jing to cultivate in their students an appreciation of the multifarious history and ongoing reception of the DDJ and the traditions it has helped spawn. In particular it urges that our students come to understand the textual history of the DDJ's development (as revealed via recent archeological finds), the historical reality surrounding the text's creation (e.g. Warring States politics; competing philosophic views), and the role the DDJ has played in the development of Daoist rituals and practices. Livia Kohn also suggests that students would benefit from an appreciation of the religious dimensions of Daoism, especially an understanding of the meditative and cultivation practices which seem so critical to the early Daoist communities and the development of Laozi from legendary antagonist of Confucius to the status of a divine being.