bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Me thamphe tarnine‐Induced Dopaminergic Toxicity in Mice
Authors: ALI SYED F. , NEWPORT GLENN D. , SLIKKER WILLIAM 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS1. Multiple injections of METH (4 × 10 mg/kg, ip) at room temperature (23°C) produced a significant depletion of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA in striatum at 24 and 72 hr, and 1 and 2 wk.2. Three days post 4 × 10 mg/kg METH at 23°C, an 80% decrease in striatal dopamine (DA) occurred, while the same dose at 4°C produced only a 20% DA decrease, and 4 × 20 mg/kg METH at 4°C produced a 54% DA decrease. A similar pattern in the decreases of the DA metabolites DOPAC and HVA was observed after METH administration.3. At 23°C (+)MK‐801 completely blocked while phenobarbital (40% decrease) and diazepam (65% decrease) partially blocked decreases in striatal DA produced by 4 × 10 mg/kg METH. Decreases in DOPAC and HVA were similar to the decreases in DA after METH and antagonists.4. Multiple injections of METH (4 × 10 mg/kg, ip) at room temperature also produced a significant depletion of serotonin (5‐HT) in striatum at 24 and 72 hr, and 1 and 2 wk. The depletion of 5‐HT metabolite 5‐HIAA was found only at 72 hr post‐dosing.5. This depletion of 5‐FIT and its metabolite 5‐HIAA at room temperature was blocked either by changing the environmental temperature to 4°C, or by pretreatment with MK‐801, diazepam and phenobarbital after METH treatment.6. Therefore, these data suggest that drugs that block METH toxicity, such as haloperidol (D2 receptors), pentobarbital and phenobarbital (chloride channels) and MK‐801 (NMDA/glutamate receptors), do not necessarily have the same mechanism of action but may either induce hypothermia or block induction of hyperthermia.7. In summary, these studies show that in the mouse, environmental temperature greatly influences METH neurotoxicity, and that the protective effects of compounds such as diazepam, phenobarbital and MK‐801 may be mediated by blockade of METH‐induced hyperthermia.
Alexandroff and Scott Topologies for Generalized Metric Spaces
Authors: BONSANGUE M.M. , VAN BREUGEL F. , RUTTEN J.J.M.M. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:Generalized metric spaces are a common generalization of preorders and ordinary metric spaces. Every generalized metric space can be isometrically embedded in a complete function space by means of a metric version of the categoricalYoneda embedding. This simple fact gives naturally rise to: 1. a topology for generalized metric spaces which for arbitrary preorders corresponds to the Alexandroff topology and for ordinary metric spaces reduces to the ε‐ball topology; 2. a topology for algebraic generalized metric spaces generalizing both the Scott topology for algebraic complete partial orders and the ε‐ball topology for metric spaces.
Axiomatic Characterizations of Hyperuniverses and Applicationsa
Authors: FORTI MARCO , HONSELL FURIO , LENISA MARINA 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Hyperuniverses are topological structures exhibiting strong closure properties under formation of subsets. They have been used both in computer science, for giving denotational semantics à la Scott‐de Bakker, and in mathematical logic, in order to show the consistency of set theories that do not abid***e by the “limitation‐of‐size” principle. We present correspondence between set‐theoretic properties and topological properties of hyperuniverses. We give existence theorems and discuss applications and generalizations to the non‐κ‐compact case.
On Volterra Spaces II
Authors: GAULD DAVID , GREENWOOD SINA , PIOTROWSKI ZBIGNIEW 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:We say that a topological space X is Volterra if for each pair f, g: X→ℝ for which the sets of points at which f, respectively g, are continuous are dense, there is a common point of continuity; and X is strongly Volterra if in the same circumstances the set of common points of continuity is dense in X. For both of these concepts equivalent conditions are given and the situation involving more than two functions is explored.
Partial Metrics, Valuations, and Domain Theory
Authors: O'NEILL S. J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:In this paper we develop some connections between the partial metrics of Matthews and the topological aspects of domain theory. We do this by introducing the valuation spaces, which are a special class of partial metric spaces. We develop the natural duality of partial metrics and propose that a natural context in which to view a partial metric space is as a bitopological space. We then see that successive conditions on a valuation can ensure that the pmetric topology is first of all order consistent (with the underlying poset), then equivalent to the Scott topology, and finally that the induced metric topology is equivalent to the patch topology.
Examples of Recurrence
Authors: PELANT JAN , WILLIAMS SCOTT W. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:We present five examples illustrating that results well known for discrete dynamical systems on (locally) compact metric spaces and continuous functions can fail if either (local) compactness or metrizable is removed. Some samples are: A homeomorphism h from the space ℙ of irrationals to itself such that [ℙ; h] has each point recurrent, but [ℙ; h] has no minimal sets. Commuting homeomorphisms f and g from a compact space X to itself such that [X; f] and [X; g] have no common recurrent points.
A Unified Theory of Impact Crises and Mass Extinctions: Quantitative Tests
Authors: RAMPINO MICHAEL R. , HAGGERTY BRUCE M. , PAGANO THOMAS C. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Several quantitative tests of a general hypothesis linking impacts of large asteroids and comets with mass extinctions of life are possible based on astronomical data, impact dynamics, and geological information. The waiting times of large‐body impacts on the Earth derived from the flux of Earth‐crossing asteroids and comets, and the estimated size of impacts capable of causing large‐scale environmental disasters, predict that impacts of objects ≥ 5 km in diameter (≥ 107 Mt TNT equivalent) could be sufficient to explain the record of ∼ 25 extinction pulses in the last 540 Myr, with the 5 recorded major mass extinctions related to impacts of the largest objects of ≥ 10 km in diameter (≥ 108 Mt events). Smaller impacts (∼ 106 Mt), with significant regional environmental effects, could be responsible for the lesser boundaries in the geologic record.Tests of the “kill curve” relationship for impact‐induced extinctions based on new data on extinction intensities, and several well‐dated large impact craters, also suggest that major mass extinctions require large impacts, and that a step in the kill curve may exist at impacts that produce craters of ∼100 km diameter, smaller impacts being capable of only relatively weak extinction pulses. Single impact craters less than ∼60 km in diameter should not be associated with detectable global extinction pulses (although they may explain stage and zone boundaries marked by lesser faunal turnover), but multiple impacts in that size range may produce significant stepped extinction pulses.Statistical tests of the last occurrences of species at mass‐extinction boundaries are generally consistent with predictions for abrupt or stepped extinctions, and several boundaries are known to show “catastrophic” signatures of environmental disasters and biomass crash, impoverished postextinction fauna and flora dominated by stress‐tolerant and opportunistic species, and gradual ecological recovery and radiation of new taxa. Isotopic and other geochemical signatures are also generally consistent with the expected after‐effects of catastrophic impacts. Seven of the recognized extinction pulses seem to be associated with concurrent (in some cases multiple) stratigraphic impact markers (e.g., layers with high iridium, shocked minerals, microtektites), and/or large, dated impact craters. Other less well‐studied crisis intervals show evated iridium, but well below that of the K/T spike, which might be explained by low‐Ir impactors, ejecta blowoff, or sedimentary reworking and dilution of impact signatures.The best explanation for a possible periodic component of ∼30 Myr in mass extinctions and clusters of impacts is the pulselike modulation of the comet flux associated with the solar system's periodic passage through the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy. The quantitative agreement between paleontologic and astronomical data suggests an important underlying unification of the processes involved.
Mining Near‐Earth Resources
Authors: GERTSCH RICHARD , GERTSCH LESLIE SOUR , REMO JOHN L. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Mining the potentially vast storehouse of natural resources contained within near‐Earth objects (NEOs) could assist mitigation of the danger that a threatening object presents to life on Earth. Properly planned, NEO mining could provide a substantial basis for the exploration and development of space, in addition to providing important tools and opportunities for mitigating impact hazards.The key to successful NEO mining is the appropriate modification of tried‐and‐true terrestrial mining techniques for the very unfamiliar and dangerous environment of space. Mining engineering is unlike traditional engineering disciplines in that, as a whole, it is less easily quantified; the practitioner must retain flexibility and resilience in the face of wide and unknown variations in material properties. This unique element of mining engineering will be an asset in space operations. Understanding of the basics of mining and processing will improve the planning and designing of NEO mitigation missions.Space possesses many properties that are unique in human experience. Some of these can provide efficient new means of accomplishing old tasks. Others will prove to be obstacles that must be overcome. Mining and processing techniques that are inefficient curiosities on Earth may form the basis of powerful new methodologies in space. On the other hand, some vital processes will demand innovative engineering for success. This paper discusses the effects of the space environment on the application to NEO resources of mining methodologies developed over more than a thousand years on Earth. It will focus on the four mechanical classifications of NEOs described in Gertsch et al. (this volume).
Retargeted Oncolytic Measles Strains Entering via the EGFRvIII Receptor Maintain Significant Antitumor Activity against Gliomas with Increased Tumor Specificity
Authors: Allen Cory , Vongpunsawad Sompong , Nakamura Takafumi , James C. David , Schroeder Mark , Cattaneo Roberto , Giannini Caterina , Krempski James , Peng Kah-Whye , Goble Jenny M. , Uhm Joon H. , Russell Stephen J. , Galanis Evanthia 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Among the best-characterized genetic alterations in gliomas is the amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, present in ∼40% of glioblastoma multiforme, and frequently associated with the EGFRvIII gene rearrangement. We have previously shown that attenuated vaccine strains of measles virus have potent antitumor activity against gliomas, and identified H protein mutations, which ablate recognition of the natural measles virus receptors CD46 and SLAM. Retargeted recombinant viruses were generated from the measles Edmonston-NSe vaccine strain displaying a single-chain antibody against EGFRvIII at the COOH terminus of H and containing the marker green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene in position 1. Two different H mutants were employed: HSNS (V451S, Y481N, and A527S)-CD46 blind, and HAA (Y481A and R533A)-CD46 and SLAM blind. MV-GFP virus was used as a positive control. Both EGFRvIII-retargeted viruses had significant antitumor activity against EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma multiforme but no cytopathic effect against normal cells. In an orthotopic model of EGFRvIII-expressing GBM39 xenografts, there was comparable therapeutic efficacy between retargeted strains and unmodified MV-GFP and statistically significant prolongation of survival in treated animals compared with the control group (P = 0.001). Formation of syncytia was observed in tumors treated with retargeted viruses, with a surrounding infiltrate consisting of macrophages and natural killer cells. In summary, EGFRvIII-retargeted oncolytic measles virus strains have comparable therapeutic efficacy with the unmodified MV-GFP strain against EGFRvIII-expressing glioma lines and xenografts with improved therapeutic index, a finding with potential translational implications in glioma virotherapy. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11840-50)
Ectopic Doublecortin Gene Expression Suppresses the Malignant Phenotype in Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Santra Manoranjan , Zhang Xuepeng , Santra Sutapa , Jiang Feng , Chopp Michael 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is one of the three genes found from Affymetrix gene chip analysis related to glioma patient survival. Two other genes (e.g., osteonectin and semaphorin 3B) are well characterized as antioncogenic and tumor suppressor genes. However, there is no report about the involvement of DCX in cancer. Here, we show that gene transfer technology into DCX-deficient glioblastoma cell lines, such as A172, U87, U251N, RG2, and 9L, with DCX cDNA significantly suppressed growth of these glioma cells. U87 cells with ectopic expression of DCX exhibit a marked suppression of the transformed phenotype as growth arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle progression, small colony formation in soft agar, and no tumor formation in nude rats. This transformed phenotype can be restored by knocking down DCX expression with DCX small interfering RNA. DCX was highly phosphorylated in glioma cells. Phosphorylation in the glioma cells was greater than in noncancer cells such as mouse NIH 3T3 and human embryonic kidney 293T cells. Coimmunoprecipitation of the phosphorylated DCX and spinophilin/neurabin II from DCX-synthesizing glioma cells indicated their interaction. This interaction would lead to a block of anchorage-independent growth as neurabin II is a synergistic inhibitor of anchorage-independent growth with p14ARF (ARF). Interaction between phosphorylated DCX and neurabin II may induce the association of the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1) with neurabin II and inactivate PP1 and block mitosis during G2 and M phases of the cell cycle progression. Thus, DCX seems to be a tumor suppressor of glioma. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11726-35)
Activation of p53 in Cervical Cancer Cells by Human Papillomavirus E6 RNA Interference Is Transient, but Can Be Sustained by Inhibiting Endogenous Nuclear Export–Dependent p53 Antagonists
Authors: Koivusalo Riku , Mialon Antoine , Pitkänen Hanna , Westermarck Jukka , Hietanen Sakari 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
p53 is degraded in cervical cancer cells by the human papillomavirus E6 and can be stabilized with short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules targeting E6 mRNA. In this in vitro study, we show that E6 siRNA–induced p53 activation is transient in HeLa cervical cancer cells despite continuous suppression of E6 mRNA; activation can be sustained if the endogenous p53 antagonists COP1, MDM2, Pirh2, and c-Jun-NH2-kinase are also targeted by siRNAs or by inhibiting the nuclear export of p53 with leptomycin B. The direct targeting of any one of these four cellular p53 antagonists had no effect on p53 activity when E6 was intact, but inhibited the fading off of E6 siRNA–induced p53 activation in nonstress conditions. The effect was additive when multiple cellular antagonists were concomitantly inhibited, indicating that all these proteins degrade p53 when E6 is inactivated. The antiproliferative effect induced by E6 silencing was enhanced when the endogenous p53 antagonists were additionally targeted. In conclusion, if human papillomavirus E6 is inhibited under nonstress conditions, the subsequent p53 activation is quickly reversed by the endogenous p53 degenerative machinery. The present results indicate that several cellular p53 antagonists must be inhibited for sustained p53 activity if E6 siRNA therapy is attempted and if no combined genotoxic therapy is applied. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11817-24)
Reduced Repair of the Oxidative 8-Oxoguanine DNA Damage and Risk of Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Paz-Elizur Tamar , Ben-Yosef Rami , Elinger Dalia , Vexler Akiva , Krupsky Meir , Berrebi Alain , Shani Adi , Schechtman Edna , Freedman Laurence , Livneh Zvi 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
An increasing number of studies indicate that reduced DNA-repair capacity is associated with increased cancer risk. Using a functional assay for the removal of the oxidative DNA lesion 8-oxoguanine by the DNA-repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), we have previously shown that reduced OGG activity is a risk factor in lung cancer. Here, we report that OGG activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 37 cases with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) was significantly lower than in 93 control subjects, frequency matched for age and gender. Retesting of OGG activity 3 to 4 years after diagnosis and successful treatment of 18 individuals who recovered from the disease showed that OGG activity values were similar to those determined at diagnosis, suggesting that reduced OGG activity in case patients was not caused by the disease. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the adjusted odds ratio (OR) associated with a unit decrease in OGG activity was statistically significantly increased [OR, 2.3; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.5–3.4]. Individuals in the lowest tertile of OGG activity exhibited an increased risk of SCCHN with an OR of 7.0 (95% CI, 2.0–24.5). The combination of smoking and low OGG was associated with a highly increased estimated relative risk for SCCHN. These results suggest that low OGG is associated with the risk of SCCHN, and if confirmed by additional epidemiologic studies, screening of smokers for low OGG activity might be used as a strategy for the prevention of lung cancer and SCCHN. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11683-9)
Simulation of the 1976/77 Climate Transition over the North Pacific: Sensitivity to Tropical Forcing
Authors: Deser Clara , Phillips Adam S. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
This study examines the contribution of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) forcing to the 1976/77 climate transition of the winter atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific using a combined observational and modeling approach. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmospheric Model version 3 (CAM3) simulates approximately 75% of the observed 4-hPa deepening of the wintertime Aleutian low from 1950–76 to 1977–2000 when forced with the observed evolution of tropical SSTs in a 10-member ensemble average. This response is driven by precipitation increases over the western half of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. In contrast, the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3), the predecessor to CAM3, simulates no significant change in the strength of the Aleutian low when forced with the same tropical SSTs in a 12-member ensemble average. The lack of response in CCM3 is traced to an erroneously large precipitation increase over the tropical Indian Ocean whose dynamical impact is to weaken the Aleutian low; this, when combined with the response to rainfall increases over the western and central equatorial Pacific, results in near-zero net change in the strength of the Aleutian low. The observed distribution of tropical precipitation anomalies associated with the 1976/77 transition, estimated from a combination of direct measurements at land stations and indirect information from surface marine cloudiness and wind divergence fields, supports the models’ simulated rainfall increases over the western half of the Pacific but not the magnitude of CCM3’s rainfall increase over the Indian Ocean.
Simulated Arctic Ocean Freshwater Budgets in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Holland Marika M. , Finnis Joel , Serreze Mark C. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The Arctic Ocean freshwater budgets in climate model integrations of the twentieth and twenty-first century are examined. An ensemble of six members of the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) is used for the analysis, allowing the anthropogenically forced trends over the integration length to be assessed. Mechanisms driving trends in the budgets are diagnosed, and the implications of changes in the Arctic–North Atlantic exchange on the Labrador Sea and Greenland–Iceland–Norwegian (GIN) Seas properties are discussed. Over the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries, the Arctic freshens as a result of increased river runoff, net precipitation, and decreased ice growth. For many of the budget terms, the maximum 50-yr trends in the time series occur from approximately 1975 to 2025, suggesting that we are currently in the midst of large Arctic change. The total freshwater exchange between the Arctic and North Atlantic increases over the twentieth and twenty-first centuries with decreases in ice export more than compensated for by an increase in the liquid freshwater export. Changes in both the liquid and solid (ice) Fram Strait freshwater fluxes are transported southward by the East Greenland Current and partially removed from the GIN Seas. Nevertheless, reductions in GIN sea ice melt do result from the reduced Fram Strait transport and account for the largest term in the changing ocean surface freshwater fluxes in this region. This counteracts the increased ocean stability due to the warming climate and helps to maintain GIN sea deep-water formation.
Contributions to the study of parallel growths of different substances
Authors: Kreutz Stefan 
Published: December 2006

Mr. T. V. Barker has lately shown that the parallel growth of isostructural substances upon one another is conditioned by similarity of molecular volume. This very important conclusion invites further investigation from this new point of view, and Professor H. A. Miers suggested to me, while working in his laboratory last summer, that I should make experiments on the parallel growth of sodium nitrate on the pseudo-rhombohedral mineral barytocalcite.The first experiments, which were made on crystals of barytocalcite in the Oxford collection, were unsuccessful, the crystals employed being small and somewhat impure. Later, I received, from the Museum of Practical Geology in London, some very good and perfectly pure crystals of barytocalcite from Blagilt, near Alston, in Cumberland.
Pisanite from Parys Mountain, Anglesey
Authors: Bor Leslie 
Published: December 2006

During the Manchester University's 1946 geological excursion to Anglesey, a visit was made to Parys Mountain. At this locality small quantities of an attractive light blue mineral were found capping pyrite veins and in clefts in the rock. Larger finds were obtained in an artificial cavern which extended for fifty or sixty feet into the south-east side of the excavated pit. A specimen weighing 2½ pounds and consisting of silicified shale veneered with the pale blue mineral was collected by the author and examined in the geological research laboratory at Manchester University during the session 1948–1949. The blue mineral was identified as pisanite, and this is the first record of pisanite as a British mineral.Parys Mountain is situated in the north-west of Anglesey close to Amlwch. Copper and to a smaller extent lead were mined throughout a period exceeding one hundred and fifty years, but operations have completely ceased since the first world war. The geological structure of the district need only be briefly outlined for the purpose of this study.