bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Phonetic Organization of Early Germanic
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe article deals with segmentation and stress in early Germanic. An attempt is made to isolate minimal prosodic units of Germanic, not traditional syllables. These units are then analyzed in terms of morae and phonemes. Alternations by the Akzentumsprung and Verner's law are interpreted as indicating that early Germanic had sentence rather than word stress.
PGmc. *-- revisited
Authors: Barrack Charles M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTMurray and Vennemann, (1983) have argued in favor of (A) *- - over (B) *- - for Proto-Germanic on the basis of word division in Gothic manuscripts and meter in older verse. They note that (A) is consistent with the Stressed Syllable Law (SSL), which favors bimoric rhymes, but that (A) violates Hooper's Law (HL), which favors codas weaker than onsets. They cite three phenomena as remedies: gemination, vowel lengthening and glide strengthening. This paper disputes their analysis and cites the role of the Simple (metrical) Foot as evidence in favor of (B), which satisfies HL but violates the SSL. The three phenomena are interpreted as remedies to this violation.*
The ‘Hero on the Beach’ in the Old Saxon Heliand?
Authors: Krooks David A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis article demonstrates that at least one reflex of the oral-formulaic compositional device called ‘the theme of the Hero on the Beach’ is to be found in the Heliand. It is suggested that its presence can enhance the interpretation of another incident in that poem. Further, the author considers the implications of its use in this text for our understanding of the nature of indigenous Germanic poetry prior to the conversion to Christianity.
When rhymes go bad: Recontextualizing Chaucer's rhymes with the mid front long vowels
Authors: Rusch Willard J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTModern scholars generally agree that in Geoffrey Chaucer's sound system, [e:] and [ε] were both full phonemes, a situation paralleled with the back vowels [o:] and [ɔ:]. Unfortunately, Chaucer's verse fairly frequently rhymes words that should have /e:/ (according to diachronic criteria) with words in which one expects /ε:/. The prevailing explanation for their occurrence insists that Chaucer created the faulty rhymes neither through ignorance nor poetic license; instead, he liberally employed common variant pronunciations from fourteenth-century London English. This paper argues that the study of rhymes has been heavily determined by a belief that this literary artifice, studied in a context informed by the knowledge of historical phonology, may permit us to recover facts of Chaucer's pronunciation that otherwise would be irretrievable. The connections between this presupposition and Derrida's critique of the spoken versus the written are revealed, suggesting that rhymes possess their own unique written properties. In a three-stage analysis, scholarly attention is redirected toward rhymes as a graphological phenomenon.
An index of Early New High German figurative language: A new lexicographical project
Authors: Goebel Ulrich , Reichmann Oskar 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTDen Reichtum der Sprache findet man nicht, wenn man fragt: was hat das Wortxfrüher bedeutet? oder: woher kommt das Wortx?, sondern wenn man fragt: was sagt man alles für… ? (1)
The use of English lexical items in German legal writings
Authors: Berns Margie , Heil Helmut 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis article reports on a study of the extent and nature of the use of English loanwords in the writing of German legal professionals. A variety of texts are examined, showing that although the use of English loans is limited, their use across texts is essential for serving various pragmatic functions. The study demonstrates the value of systematic genre-based studies in contributing to a general description of English loan use among speakers of German.
A Methodology for the Inclusion of Laboratory Assessment in the Evaluation of Dysphagia
Authors: Mills Russell H. , Ashford John R. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Detecting aspiration appears to be a major objective of any assessment for oropharyngeal dysphagia as a precursor to preventing pneumonia development. Convincing evidence supporting this clinical belief remains elusive. To the contrary, other variables of the patient's prevailing health status appear to be much better predictors. The purposes of this article are to discuss dysphagia as it relates to a specific health status model, to describe how specific blood tests are used to examine health status variables, and to provide discussion of the use of laboratory assessments to examine immune system status and infection and their potential relationship with pneumonia.
Concepts in Ventilator Weaning: Challenges for the Patient With Dysphagia
Authors: Dikeman Karen , Kazandjian Marta , Lerner Helene 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The care of the mechanically ventilated patient has evolved over the past several decades. Individuals who have had tracheostomies and are dependent on ventilators often experience a devastating loss of communication and swallowing function. More and more frequently, speech-language pathologists are called upon to assist in the care of these patients with medically complex conditions as part of a comprehensive interdisciplinary team. When working with patients who are being weaned from a ventilator, speech-language pathologists must appreciate the interaction between respiration and swallowing. Impairment in these systems is closely linked, due to the potential influences of upper airway flow and pressure on normal swallowing physiology. In conjunction with other co-morbidities of chronic illness, such as recurrent infections and decreased nutrition, the loss of consistent upper airway flow affects the ventilator weaning process. As a team member, the speech-language pathologist supports the communication and swallowing needs of patients, facilitating these processes throughout recovery and during movement toward liberation from mechanical ventilation.
Exemplars, Prototypes, Similarities, and Rules in Category Representation: An Example of Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis
Authors: Lee Michael D. , Vanpaemel Wolf 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article demonstrates the potential of using hierarchical Bayesian methods to relate models and data in the cognitive sciences. This is done using a worked example that considers an existing model of category representation, the Varying Abstraction Model (VAM), which attempts to infer the representations people use from their behavior in category learning tasks. The VAM allows for a wide variety of category representations to be inferred, but this article shows how a hierarchical Bayesian analysis can provide a unifying explanation of the representational possibilities using 2 parameters. One parameter controls the emphasis on abstraction in category representations, and the other controls the emphasis on similarity. Using 30 previously published data sets, this work shows how inferences about these parameters, and about the category representations they generate, can be used to evaluate data in terms of the ongoing exemplar versus prototype and similarity versus rules debates in the literature. Using this concrete example, this article emphasizes the advantages of hierarchical Bayesian models in converting model selection problems to parameter estimation problems, and providing one way of specifying theoretically based priors for competing models.
Comparison of Decision Learning Models Using the Generalization Criterion Method
Authors: Ahn Woo‐Young , Busemeyer Jerome R. , Wagenmakers Eric‐Jan , Stout Julie C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIt is a hallmark of a good model to make accurate a priori predictions to new conditions (). This study compared 8 decision learning models with respect to their generalizability. Participants performed 2 tasks (the Iowa Gambling Task and the Soochow Gambling Task), and each model made a priori predictions by estimating the parameters for each participant from 1 task and using those same parameters to predict on the other task. Three methods were used to evaluate the models at the individual level of analysis. The first method used a post hoc fit criterion, the second method used a generalization criterion for short‐term predictions, and the third method again used a generalization criterion for long‐term predictions. The results suggest that the models with the prospect utility function can make generalizable predictions to new conditions, and different learning models are needed for making short‐versus long‐term predictions on simple gambling tasks.
A Survey of Model Evaluation Approaches With a Tutorial on Hierarchical Bayesian Methods
Authors: Shiffrin Richard M. , Lee Michael D. , Kim Woojae , Wagenmakers Eric‐Jan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article reviews current methods for evaluating models in the cognitive sciences, including theoretically based approaches, such as Bayes factors and minimum description length measures; simulation approaches, including model mimicry evaluations; and practical approaches, such as validation and generalization measures. This article argues that, although often useful in specific settings, most of these approaches are limited in their ability to give a general assessment of models. This article argues that hierarchical methods, generally, and hierarchical Bayesian methods, specifically, can provide a more thorough evaluation of models in the cognitive sciences. This article presents two worked examples of hierarchical Bayesian analyses to demonstrate how the approach addresses key questions of descriptive adequacy, parameter interference, prediction, and generalization in principled and coherent ways.
Ability, Breadth, and Parsimony in Computational Models of Higher‐Order Cognition
Authors: Cassimatis Nicholas L. , Bello Paul , Langley Pat 
Published: December 2008

AbstractComputational models will play an important role in our understanding of human higher‐order cognition. How can a model's contribution to this goal be evaluated? This article argues that three important aspects of a model of higher‐order cognition to evaluate are (a) its ability to reason, solve problems, converse, and learn as well as people do; (b) the breadth of situations in which it can do so; and (c) the parsimony of the mechanisms it posits. This article argues that fits of models to quantitative experimental data, although valuable for other reasons, do not address these criteria. Further, using analogies with other sciences, the history of cognitive science, and examples from modern‐day research programs, this article identifies five activities that have been demonstrated to play an important role in our understanding of human higher‐order cognition. These include modeling within a cognitive architecture, conducting artificial intelligence research, measuring and expanding a model's ability, finding mappings between the structure of different domains, and attempting to explain multiple phenomena within a single model.
ERCC1 codon 118 C→T polymorphism associated with ERCC1 expression and outcome of FOLFOX‐4 treatment in Asian patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Chang Peter Mu‐Hsin , Tzeng Cheng‐Hwai , Chen Po‐Min , Lin Jen‐Kou , Lin Tzu‐Chen , Chen Wei‐Shone , Jiang Jeng‐Kae , Wang Huann‐Sheng , Wang Wei‐Shu 
Published: December 2008

We analyzed the influence of codon 118 C→T polymorphism of ERCC1 on its protein expression levels, clinicopathological features, and outcome of 168 Chinese patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma that had been treated with first‐line FOLFOX‐4 chemotherapy. A high prevalence of C/C genotype was noted (47.6%, n = 80; 168 patients in total). A marked increase of ERCC1 protein expression levels was also noted in patients with C/T or T/T genotypes (70%vs 20%; P < 0.01), which was associated with significantly lower response to FOLFOX‐4 (36.4%vs 57.5%; p = 0.01), and shorter progression‐free (7 months vs 13 months; P < 0.01) and overall (16 months vs 25 months; P < 0.01) survival times. By multivariate analysis, this polymorphism was also identified as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.02). These data suggest that Asian populations have a significantly higher prevalence of the C/C genotype in ERCC1 codon 118, which could be a key determinant for good responses to oxaliplatin‐based treatment and favorable outcomes. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 278–283)
Impact of alcohol consumption with polymorphisms in alcohol‐metabolizing enzymes on pancreatic cancer risk in Japanese
Authors: Kanda Junya , Matsuo Keitaro , Suzuki Takeshi , Kawase Takakazu , Hiraki Akio , Watanabe Miki , Mizuno Nobumasa , Sawaki Akira , Yamao Kenji , Tajima Kazuo , Tanaka Hideo 
Published: December 2008

The putative impact of alcohol on pancreatic cancer (PC) risk remains controversial. Here, we conducted a case‐control study in Japanese to assess the impact of alcohol in conjunction with polymorphisms in alcohol‐metabolizing enzymes. Cases were 160 patients with pancreatic cancer at Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan. Two control groups of 800 age‐ and sex‐matched non‐cancer subjects each were independently selected. The impact of alcohol and polymorphisms in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) Glu504Lys, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 1B His48Arg, and ADH1C Arg272Gln on PC risk was examined with multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounders to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results showed no independent impact of alcohol or genotype on PC risk except former drinking. To avoid reverse causation, former drinkers were excluded in further analyses. In the analysis of the combined effects of alcohol consumption and genotype, significant impact of alcohol was seen for those subjects with ALDH2 Lys+ allele, ADH1B His/His, or ADH1C Arg/Arg (trend P = 0.077, 0.003, or 0.020, respectively), each of which is associated with a high concentration or rapid production of acetaldehyde. Analysis of genotype combinations showed that ‘ever drinking’ with both ADH1B His/His and ALDH2 Lys + was the most potent risk factor for PC relative to ‘never drinkers’ with both ADH1B His/His and ALDH2 Glu/Glu [OR (95% CI); 4.09 (1.30–12.85)]. These results indicate that alcohol has an impact on PC risk when the effects of alcohol consumption and metabolism are combined. Acetaldehyde may be involved in the mechanisms underlying PC development. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 296–302)
Warming of patients during Caesarean section: a telephone survey*
Authors: Woolnough M. J. , Hemingway C. , Allam J. , Cox M. , Yentis S. M. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryWe contacted the duty obstetric anaesthetist in 219 of the 220 consultant‐led maternity units in the UK (99.5%) and asked about departmental and individual practice regarding temperature management during Caesarean section. Warming during elective Caesarean section was routine in 35 units (16%). Intravenous fluid warmers were available in 213 units (97%), forced air warmers were available in 211 (96%) and warming mattresses were available in 42 (19%). Only 18 (8%) departments had specific guidelines for temperature management during Caesarean section. Personal intra‐operative practice was variable, although all of those contacted would initiate some form of active temperature management after a mean (SD) volume of blood loss of 1282 (404) ml, length of surgery of 78 (24) min, or core body temperature (if measured) of median (IQR [range]), 36 (35.5–36 [34–37.2]) °C.
Effects of sevoflurane on QT parameters in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Kim H. S. , Kim J. T. , Kim C. S. , Kim S. D. , Kim K. , Yum M. K. 
Published: December 2008

SummarySevoflurane prolongs the QT interval (QTI). Patients with congenital sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) often have a prolonged QTI. This study was to investigate the effects of sevoflurane on the QTI in SNHL and control children. Thirty patients with SNHL and 30 controls were studied. The corrected QT interval (QTc), interval from peak to end of T wave (Tp‐e) and QT variability index (QTVI) were analysed. QTc and Tp‐e were estimated by the average QTc and Tp‐e measured beat‐by‐beat for 15 min. Heart rate power spectral analysis was performed. In both groups, QTc and QTVI increased during anaesthesia, but Tp‐e did not change. There were no differences in QTc, QTVI, Tp‐e, low‐ and high‐frequency power between the two groups. In both groups, sevoflurane lengthened the QTc and QTVI intervals but not Tp‐e.
Variation in rapid sequence induction techniques: current practice in Wales
Authors: Koerber J. P. , Roberts G. E. W. , Whitaker R. , Thorpe C. M. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA questionnaire survey examining rapid sequence induction techniques was sent to all anaesthetists in Wales. The questionnaire presented five common clinical scenarios: emergency appendicectomy; elective knee arthroscopy with a symptomatic hiatus hernia; elective knee arthroscopy with an asymptomatic hiatus hernia; elective Caesarean section; and emergency laparotomy for bowel obstruction. Completed surveys were received from 421 anaesthetists, a 68% response rate. Rapid sequence induction was chosen by 398/400 respondents (100%) for bowel obstruction, 392/399 (98%) for Caesarean section, 388/408 (95%) for appendicectomy, 328/395 (83%) for symptomatic hiatus hernia but only 98/399 (25%) for asymptomatic hiatus hernia (p < 0.001). Trainees were more likely to use a rapid sequence induction technique than consultants and staff grades for the appendicectomy (p = 0.025), symptomatic hiatus hernia (p = 0.004) and asymptomatic hiatus hernia (p = 0.001) scenarios and were also more likely to use a thiopental–suxamethonium combination for rapid sequence induction (p < 0.001).
Evaluation of a new method of assessing depth of sedation using two‐choice visual reaction time testing on a mobile phone*
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Nimmo A. F. , Tiplady B. , Glen J. B. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe utility of two‐choice visual reaction time testing using a specially programmed mobile telephone as a measure of sedation level was investigated in 20 healthy patients sedated with target controlled infusions of propofol. At gradually increasing target concentrations visual reaction time was compared with patient‐assessed visual analogue scale sedation scores and an observer‐rated scale. Propofol sedation caused dose‐dependent increases in visual reaction time and visual analogue scale scores that were statistically significant when the calculated effect‐site concentration reached 0.9 μg.ml−1 (p < 0.05) and 0.5 μg.ml−1 (p < 0.01) respectively. While visual analogue scale scores were more sensitive at lower levels of sedation than visual reaction time, the latter demonstrated marked increase in values at higher levels of sedation. Visual reaction time may be useful for identifying impending over‐sedation.
Interscalene brachial plexus block: assessment of the needle angle needed to enter the spinal canal*
Authors: Russon K. E. , Herrick M. J. , Moriggl B. , Messner H. J. , Dixon A. , Harrop‐Griffiths W. , Denny N. M. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAttempts were made to place 8‐cm 22G needles into the spinal canals of four preserved cadavers using the skin entry point most commonly associated with the lateral interscalene brachial plexus block or Winnie approach (that is, at the level of the cricoid cartilage). Eleven successful attempts were confirmed by computed tomography. Needle angles that were cephalad, transverse or slightly caudad were associated with entry into the spinal canal at depths of 5.0 cm or less from the skin. The only needle entry into the spinal canal with a needle angle of > 50 degrees to the transverse plane (< 40 degrees to the sagittal plane) entered the intervertebral foramen at a depth of 7.7 cm from the skin. We conclude that the use of markedly caudad angulations of needles no longer than 5.0 cm may minimise the chances of spinal canal entry and spinal cord damage.
A genome map of divergent artificial selection between Bos taurus dairy cattle and Bos taurus beef cattle
Authors: Hayes B. J. , Chamberlain A. J. , Maceachern S. , Savin K. , McPartlan H. , MacLeod I. , Sethuraman L. , Goddard M. E. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA number of cattle breeds have become highly specialized for milk or beef production, following strong artificial selection for these traits. In this paper, we compare allele frequencies from 9323 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers genotyped in dairy and beef cattle breeds averaged in sliding windows across the genome, with the aim of identifying divergently selected regions of the genome between the production types. The value of the method for identifying selection signatures was validated by four sources of evidence. First, differences in allele frequencies between dairy and beef cattle at individual SNPs were correlated with the effects of those SNPs on production traits. Secondly, large differences in allele frequencies generally occurred in the same location for two independent data sets (correlation 0.45) between sliding window averages. Thirdly, the largest differences in sliding window average difference in allele frequencies were found on chromosome 20 in the region of the growth hormone receptor gene, which carries a mutation known to have an effect on milk production traits in a number of dairy populations. Finally, for the chromosome tested, the location of selection signatures between dairy and beef cattle was correlated with the location of selection signatures within dairy cattle.
Evaluation of RET polymorphisms in a six‐generation family with G533C RET mutation: specific RET variants may modulate age at onset and clinical presentation
Authors: Tamanaha Rosana , Camacho Cléber P. , Pereira Alexandre C. , Da Silva Adriana M. Álvares , Maciel Rui M. B. , Cerutti Janete M. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryContext  We previously described a six‐generation family with G533C RET mutation and medullary thyroid carcinoma, in the largest family reported do date. Of particular interest, phenotype variability regarding the age of onset and clinical presentation of the disease, was observed.Objective  We evaluate whether single SNPs within RET oncogene or haplotype comprising the RET variants (defined by Haploview) could predispose to early development of MTC in this family and influence the clinical manifestation.Design  Eight SNPs were selected based on their previous association with the clinical course of hereditary or sporadic MTC, in particular promoting an early onset of disease. The variants were initially tested in 77 G533C‐carriers and 100 controls using either PCR‐direct sequencing or PCR–RFLP. Association between a SNP or haplotype and age at diagnosis or presence of lymph node metastasis was tested in 34 G533C‐carries with MTC. Different bioinformatic tools were used to evaluate the potential effects on RNA splicing.Results  An association was found between IVS1–126G > T and age at diagnosis. The variant [IVS8 +82A > G; 85–86 insC] was associated with the presence of lymph node metastases at diagnosis. In silico analysis suggested that this variant may induce abnormal splicing. This in silico analysis predicted that the [IVS8 +82A > G; 85–86 insC] could alter the splicing by disrupting and/or creating exonic splicing enhancer motifs.Conclusions  We here identified two RET variants that were associated with phenotype variability in G533C‐carriers, which highlights the fact that the modifier effect of a variant might depend on the type of mutation.