bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the hydrological effects of stream restoration in a montane meadow, northern California, USA
Authors: Hammersmark Christopher Trevor , Rains Mark Cable , Mount Jeffrey F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStream restoration efforts, particularly within meadow systems, increasingly rely on ‘pond and plug’ type methods in which (a) alluvial materials are excavated from the floodplain, forming ponds; (b) excavated alluvial materials are used to plug incised channels and (c) smaller dimension channels are restored to the floodplain surface. A commonly stated objective of these efforts is to restore ecologically significant hydrological processes to degraded riparian systems. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate and quantify the restoration of these hydrological processes. Direct comparisons of pre‐ and post‐restoration hydrological observations are often misleading due to an inter‐annual climatic variability. To overcome this issue and accurately quantify the hydrological effects of restoration, we developed, calibrated and validated a hydrological model of a 230 ha mountain meadow along a 3.6 km restored reach of Bear Creek in the northeastern California. We then applied the model to simulate the pre‐ and post‐restoration scenarios by altering the floodplain topography and stream channel networks. Our results document three general hydrological responses to the meadow restoration effort: (1) increased groundwater levels and volume of subsurface storage; (2) increased frequency/duration of floodplain inundation and decreased magnitude of flood peaks and (3) decreased annual runoff and duration of baseflow. This study supports and quantifies the hypothesis that ‘pond and plug’ type stream restoration projects have the capacity to re‐establish hydrological processes necessary to sustain riparian systems. In addition, the results of this study can be used to improve quantitative objectives for ‘pond and plug’ type stream restoration activities in similar settings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes to herbaceous plant communities on a regulated desert river
Authors: Beauchamp Vanessa B. , Stromberg Juliet C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRiparian plant communities are shaped by gradients of disturbance intensity and frequency and resource availability. Reservoir operation can alter the composition and abundance of riparian vegetation by changing the flood regime and by trapping fine sediments and associated nutrients within the reservoir system. We examined differences in herbaceous species richness, abundance and composition in Populus‐Salix stands along an unregulated and regulated reach of a river in semi‐arid Arizona, contrasted flood inundation frequency and edaphic conditions (soil moisture, nutrients and texture) between the reaches, and interpreted the vegetation differences in light of observed differences in environmental conditions. Flooding frequency was similar between reaches, but the proportion of fine textured soils in the unregulated reach was nearly double that of the regulated reach and soil nutrient levels were up to three times higher in the unregulated reach. Herbaceous cover and richness were consistently lower in the regulated reach, with between‐reach differences greatest during dry seasons. These patterns suggest that an edaphic‐based change in resource availability is the principal pathway by which river damming is altering herbaceous vegetation in this system. Our results demonstrate that sediment transport within riparian corridors is important for maintenance of herbaceous communities and that restoration of flow regimes alone may be insufficient to restore herbaceous flora on some regulated reaches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depositional settings of sand beaches along whitewater rivers
Authors: Vincent Kirk R. , Andrews E. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe numbers and sizes of sand beaches suitable for recreation along selected whitewater rivers in the western United States depend on sand concentrations, range of discharge and the size, frequency and type of depositional settings. River‐width expansions downstream from constrictions are the predominant depositional setting for sand beaches in the upper Grand Canyon and along five Wild and Scenic Rivers in Idaho, but not along other rivers. Beaches located upstream from constrictions are rare, in general, except in the Grand Canyon. Beaches found in expansions without constrictions dominate depositional sites along the Yampa and Green Rivers, are fairly common along the rivers in Idaho, but are relatively rare in the Grand Canyon. The magnitude of flow expansion is a reliable predictor of beach size. Beaches located on the inside of curves are uncommon, in general, but can be important recreation sites. The mid‐channel bar setting is the least important from a recreation standpoint because that setting is rare and beaches there are typically small, and emergent only at low flow.The frequency of beaches is highly variable among rivers and the concentration of sand in transport is only partially responsible. Of the rivers studied, the unregulated Yampa River carries the highest concentrations of suspended sand and has among the most beaches (1.2 beaches km−1). Emergent sand beaches are essentially nonexistent along the Deschutes River and are rare along other Oregon rivers, yet these rivers transport some sand. Sand beaches are fairly common (0.8–1.1 beaches km−1) along the regulated Colorado River, but are comparatively rare (0.6 beaches km−1) along the unregulated Middle Fork Salmon River. The suspended sand concentrations in study reaches of these two rivers are similar, and the difference in the frequency of beaches may be largely because the processes that create beach‐deposition settings are less active along the Middle Fork Salmon. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial distribution and geomorphic condition of fish habitat in streams: an analysis using hydraulic modelling and geostatistics
Authors: Clark Jessica S. , Rizzo Donna M. , Watzin Mary C. , Hession W. Cully 
Published: April 2008

AbstractReach‐scale physical habitat assessment scores are increasingly used to make decisions about management. We characterized the spatial distribution of hydraulic habitat characteristics at the reach and sub‐reach scales for four fish species using detailed two‐dimensional hydraulic models and spatial analysis techniques (semi‐variogram analyses). We next explored whether these hydraulic characteristics were correlated with commonly used reach‐scale geomorphic assessment (RGA) scores, rapid habitat assessment (RHA) scores, or indices of fish biodiversity and abundance. River2D was used to calculate weighted usable areas (WUAs) at median flows, Q50, for six Vermont streams using modelled velocity, depth estimates, channel bed data and habitat suitability curves for blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), brown trout (Salmo trutta), common shiner (Notropis cornutus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) at both the adult and spawn stages. All stream reaches exhibited different spatial distributions of WUA ranging from uniform distribution of patches of high WUA to irregular distribution of more isolated patches. Streams with discontinuous, distinct patches of high score WUA had lower fish biotic integrity measured with the State of Vermont's Mixed Water Index of Biotic Integrity (MWIBI) than streams with a more uniform distribution of high WUA. In fact, the distribution of usable habitats may be a determining factor for fish communities. A relationship between predicted WUAs averaged at the reach scale and RGA or RHA scores was not found. Future research is needed to identify the appropriate spatial scales to capture the connections between usable patches of stream channel habitat. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
D2R DNA transfer into the nucleus accumbens attenuates cocaine self‐administration in rats
Authors: Thanos Panayotis K. , Michaelides Michael , Umegaki Hiroyuki , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDopamine (DA) D2 receptor (D2R) agonists and antagonists can modulate self‐administration behavior, conditioned place preference, and locomotor responses to cocaine. Low levels of D2R have also been observed in cocaine addicted subjects and in non human primates after chronic cocaine exposures. Prior studies had shown that D2R upregulation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in rodents trained to self‐administer alcohol markedly attenuated alcohol preference and intake. Here we assess the effects of D2R upregulation in the NAc on cocaine intake in rats trained to self‐administer cocaine. Following 2 weeks of i.v. cocaine self‐administration (CSA), rats were stereotaxically treated with an adenovirus that carried the D2R gene to upregulate D2R in the NAc. D2R vector treatment resulted in a significant decrease (75%) in cocaine infusions and lever presses (70%) for cocaine. This effect lasted 6 days before cocaine consumption returned to baseline levels, which corresponds roughly to the time it takes D2R to return to baseline levels. These findings show that CSA and D2R in the NAc are negatively correlated and suggest that cocaine intake is modulated in part by D2R levels in NAc. Thus strategies aimed at increasing D2R expression in NAc may be beneficial in treating cocaine abuse and addiction. Synapse 62:481–486, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How do future business leaders view globalization?
Authors: Peng Mike W. , Shin Hyung‐Deok 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRecent antiglobalization protests reveal a wide divide between the elites and the public in terms of how they view globalization. Therefore, it seems important to know the attitude toward globalization held by future business leaders, who are being educated currently and who will shape the global economy in the future. We find that college students, albeit at a young age, hold a substantially more positive view toward globalization when compared with the general public. Business majors and students with white‐collar parents are especially likely to have such a positive attitude. The implications of these findings for managers and management educators are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mobil Oil: Defending market leadership in synthetic lubricants in China. Comment on Mobil Oil: Defending market leadership in synthetic lubricants in China
Authors: Chen Ivy S. N. , Deng Lihua , Luk Sherriff T. K. , Wong Chi‐ho , Lee Philip 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChina's lubricant market was dominated by PetroChina and Sinopec. Foreign brands together controlled about 25% of the market, and these brands offered the higher‐grade lubricants. Most vehicle lubricants used in China were low‐grade lubricants. However, this was expected to change. Continued economic growth and rising incomes had led to increased demand for cars. New models and luxury cars would likely stimulate demand for higher‐grade lubricants.The case focused on synthetic lubricants of which Mobil was the market leader. Mobil's leadership position here was being threatened. Local brands were gradually improving in quality, and a few have secured rights to supply joint venture car manufacturers. Armed with deep pockets, their aggressive advertising had helped their brands gain prominence. The case required some recommendations on how Mobil should respond. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Totally epicardial cardiac resynchronization therapy system implantation in patients with heart failure undergoing CABG
Authors: Goscinska‐Bis Kinga , Bis Jaroslaw , Krejca Michal , Ulczok Rafal , Szmagala Przemyslaw , Bochenek Andrzej , Kargul Wlodzimierz 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground:Systolic dyssynchrony is present in a considerable number of patients with heart failure (HF) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Surgical revascularization offers an optimal setting for totally epicardial cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) system implantation.Aim:To assess the efficacy of totally epicardial CRT implantation during CABG, in patients with HF.Methods:Twenty three patients with HF and dyssynchrony underwent totally epicardial CRT system implantation during CABG. This randomised, single‐blind, cross‐over study compared clinical and echocardiographic parameters during two periods: 3 months of active CRT (CRT+) and 3 months of inactive CRT (CRT−) pacing.Results:Twenty two patients underwent randomisation and completed both study periods. In the CRT+ group more patients improved by two NYHA classes (p=0.028), had a longer 6‐minute walk test distance (p=0.047) and better quality of life (p=0.003) compared with the CRT− group. Echocardiography revealed an improved LV ejection fraction (p<0.001), smaller LV end‐systolic volume (p=0.04), reduced mitral regurgitation (p=0.026) and improved LV synchrony in the CRT+ group compared with the CRT− group.Conclusion:CRT delivered by a totally epicardial system implanted during CABG is associated with additional improvement of clinical and echocardiographic parameters in patients with HF and systolic dyssynchrony.
Follow-up of antibody avidity in BALB/c mice infected withToxocara canis
Authors: FENOY S. , RODERO M. , PONS E. , AGUILA C. , CUÉLLAR C. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYIn humanToxocara canisinfection, an association has been shown between high IgG avidity in the chronic phase and low IgG avidity in recently acquired toxocarosis. The evolution of the antibody response in terms of avidity has been carried out through aT. canisinfection in BALB/c mice. Infection withT. canisembryonated eggs (EE) was carried out with single doses (SD) of 6, 12, 50, 100, 200 or 1000 EE/mouse and with multiple doses (MD) of 200 and 1000 EE. Specific antibodies againstT. canis(IgM+G, IgG, IgG1 and IgM) were detected by ELISA and Western Blot (WB) techniques in the presence and absence of urea. With the ELISA method, an increase in the avidity index (AI) of around 50% was detected from days 40–80 p.i. to the end of the study, with all the doses studied. The WB method showed the presence of high avidity antibodies bound to 100 kDa and 75 kDaT. canisproteins in all the cases when the IgM+G and the IgG1 antibodies were investigated. Antibodies of variable avidity were observed in those sera that recognized the group of low molecular weight proteins, between 37 kDa and 25 kDa.
Holy love and divine aseity in the theology of John Zizioulas
Authors: McCall Tom 
Published: April 2008

AbstractJohn Zizioulas's doctrine of the Trinity emphasises both the holy love and the transcendent sovereignty of God. I believe that he offers a major contribution to contemporary theology. Although it is part of the tradition of Western theology, Zizioulas's ‘Being as Communion’ thesis has too often been underappreciated and sometimes even marginalised. On the other hand, recent theology has made much of the love of God, but often this has come with a corresponding and unfortunate loss of recognition of divine holiness, transcendence and freedom. Zizioulas may help us keep both the love and the holiness of the triune God in perspective. Unfortunately, however, Zizioulas's own way of doing this is fraught with problems. In this essay I try to shed light on two major themes in his trinitarian theology. One – what I call the Sovereignty-Aseity Conviction – appears at base to be an existentialist thesis: the existence of the Father precedes the divine essence. The other – what I refer to as the Being as Communion thesis – is an essentialist thesis: the holy love shared in the perichoretic life of the triune God is ‘constitutive of his substance’. I argue that Zizioulas's ascription of the first to the Father alone is problematic, and I argue further that these two theses do not work well together. I conclude by suggesting that Zizioulas's theology needs revision if it is to be truly helpful.
Robotic experiments with cooperative Aerobots and underwater swarms
Authors: Honary Ehsan , McQuade Frank , Ward Roger , Woodrow Ian , Shaw Andy , Barnes Dave , Fyfe Matthew 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYSciSys has been involved in the development of Planetary Aerobots (arial robots) funded by the European Space Agency for use on Mars and has developed image-based localisation technology as part of the activity. However, it is possible to use Aerobots in a different environment to investigate issues regarding robotics behaviour, such as data handling, limited processing power, and limited sensors. This paper summarises the activity where an Aerobot platform was used to investigate the use of multiple autonomous unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) by simulating their movement and behaviour. It reports on the computer simulations and the real-world tests carried out and the lessons learned from these experiments.
Developing spatial localization abilities and children's interpretation ofwhere
Authors: NICOLADIS ELENA , CORNELL EDWARD H , GATES MELISSA 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTTwo-year-old children often start asking questions withwhere. In this study we test whether children understandwhereto mean route or absolute location and whether the size of the space or elevation made a difference. Previous research has documented developmental changes over the preschool years in children's non-verbal spatial reasoning. Forty-eight children between two and five years of age were interviewed. We asked them to point in response towherequestions about an object, rooms on the same floor and on a different floor. All children pointed to the location of the hidden objects. The youngest children pointed to the route to rooms while the oldest children were more likely to point to the location of rooms. With age, the children gradually used more spatial location terms than deictic terms in response towhere. These results suggest that children's meaning ofwhereinitially differs for different sized spaces and developmental changes reflect non-verbal cognition.
Is epenthesis a means to optimize feet? A reanalysis of the CLPF database
Authors: TAELMAN HELENA , GILLIS STEVEN 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTFikkert (1994) analyzed a large corpus of Dutch children's early language production, and found that they often add targetless syllables to their words in order to create bisyllabic feet. In this note we point out a methodological problem with that analysis: in an important number of cases, epenthetic vowels occur at places where grammatical morphemes (e.g. plural and diminutive suffixes) may be expected. Hence, the seemingly targetless syllables may represent grammatical morphemes. A reanalysis of Fikkert's original data reveals that her rhythmic explanation cannot be maintained if those cases are excluded from the analysis.
Repetition as ratification: How parents and children place information in common ground*
Authors: CLARK EVE V. , BERNICOT JOSIE 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTRepetition is used for a range of functions in conversation. In this study, we examined all the repetitions used in spontaneous conversations by 41 French adult–child dyads, with children aged 2 ; 3 and 3 ; 6, to test the hypotheses that adults repeat to establish that they have understood, and that children repeat to ratify what adults have said. Analysis of 978 exchanges containing repetitions showed that adults use them to check on intentions and to correct errors, while children use them to ratify what the adult said. With younger children, adults combine their repeats with new information. Children then re-repeat the form originally targeted by the adult. With older children, adults check on intentions but less frequently, and only occasionally check on forms. Older children also re-repeat in the third turn but, like adults, add further information. For both adults and children, repeats signal attention to the other's utterances, and place the information repeated in common ground.
Socioeconomic disparities in the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the US population: NHANES III
Authors: DOWD J. B. , AIELLO A. E. , ALLEY D. E. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYThere is a strong relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health outcomes in the United States, although the mechanisms are poorly understood. Increasing evidence points to links between lifelong exposure to infectious disease and subsequent chronic disease. Exposure and susceptibility to infections may be one way SES affects long-term health, although little population-based research to date has examined social patterning of infections in the United States. This paper tests the relationship between income, education, race/ethnicity and seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection at different ages in a representative sample of the US population, and tests potential mediators for these relationships. The study finds significant racial and socioeconomic disparities in CMV seroprevalence beginning at early ages and persisting into middle age. Potential exposures do not explain the relationship between SES and CMV positivity. Because reactivation of latent CMV infections may contribute to chronic disease and immune decline later in life, future research should determine the exposure or susceptibility pathways responsible for these disparities in the prevalence of CMV infection.
Nutritional assessment interpretation on 22 007 Spanish community-dwelling elders through the Mini Nutritional Assessment test
Authors: Cuervo M , García A , Ansorena D , Sánchez-Villegas A , Martínez-González MA , Astiasarán I , Martínez JA 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence of undernutrition among community-dwelling elderly people in Spain using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and to analyse its distribution according to age, gender and residence region.DesignCross-sectional study assessing the nutritional status of elderly persons through both the short form and the full version of the MNA test.SettingPharmacy offices across the whole country (Spain) were enrolled to recruit participants.SubjectsA total of 22 007 participants (8014 men and 13 993 women), aged ≥65 years, assessed during the last two months of 2005.ResultsAccording to MNA screening, 4·3 % subjects were classified as undernourished (MNA score <17) and 25·4 % were at risk of undernutrition (MNA score ≥17 to ≤23·5). The MNA short form correlated strongly with the full MNA version (r = 0·85). MNA total score was significantly higher in men than in women (25·4 (sd 3·7) v. 24·6 (sd 3·9); P < 0·001) and lower in the oldest than in the youngest subjects (P < 0·001) in both genders. According to regional distribution, the best nutritional status was found in elderly from the north of Spain excluding the north-west area.ConclusionsFemale gender, older age and living in the south half or north-west of the country were associated with higher rates of undernutrition among community-dwelling elderly persons in Spain.
What are the issues in using trade agreements to improve international labor standards?
Authors: BROWN ANDREW G. , STERN ROBERT M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper addresses the issues of whether the linking of core labor standards with multilateral or bilateral trade agreements is an effective way of promoting the improvement of labor standards. We review the determinants of core labor standards over time and conclude that efforts to improve these standards have to be tailored to the economic and social circumstances prevailing in a country at a specific time. Legalistic means to prod governments into revising their domestic laws or enforcing them will therefore be unsuccessful unless economic incentives can be changed to erode prevailing social norms and ease the way for the acceptance of new norms that will meet with public approval and be consonant with the distribution of political power. Moral suasion from both domestic and external sources may work more slowly than more legalistic means but is preferred because it contributes to altering the social norms that underlie and will reinforce the acceptance and effectiveness of labor standards.