bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in sinus augmentation using Bio‐Oss®
Authors: Degidi M , Artese L , Rubini C , Perrotti V , Iezzi G , Piattelli A 
Published: July 2006

Aim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate microvessel density (MVD) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in sinus augmentation with Bio‐Oss®.Methods:  Twenty patients participated in this study. The sinuses were filled with 100% Bio‐Oss®. Implants were inserted after 3 months in group A, and 6 months in group B. A trephine was used to harvest bone cores. As control, the pre‐existing subantral bone was used.Results:  The mean MVD in control bone was 23.6 ± 1.8. In the sites augmented with Bio‐Oss®, at 3 months, the MVD was 23.3 ± 2.1, while in the sites retrieved at 6 months the MVD was 29.5 ± 2.4. The difference in MVD between the control bone and group A was not statistically significant. The difference between the control bone and group B was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The statistical analysis showed that the difference in MVD between group A and group B was statistically significant (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  Bio‐Oss® seemed to induce an increase in MVD that reached a higher value after 6 months. The percentage of vessels positive to VEGF was higher in group A than in group B. Our data also showed a higher percentage of vessel and stromal cells positive to VEGF and higher MVD values in areas where there was newly formed bone compared with areas where maturation processes were occuring, and this fact could point to a close spatial relationship between angiogenesis and osteogenesis.
A “Messy” History and its Many “Messy” Texts: An Essay on Partition (India, 1947) and its Narratives
Authors: Kamra Sukeshi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe division of British India into India and Pakistan in August 1947 was accompanied by the dislocation of between twelve and sixteen million people and the violent deaths of around a million. Punjab and Bengal, the two provinces that were divided, were the most affected but so were other parts of the country. After all, mixed populations (Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Christian, and so on) were more the norm than not in rural and urban India, making the very notion of two homelands, one with a Muslim majority and another with a Hindu majority, somewhat difficult to realize. Apparently the leadership expected what was euphemistically referred to as “an orderly exchange of population” in spite of the fact that the boundaries were officially announced on August 17, 1947, that is, after the actual transfer of power to the two successor states on August 14–15, 1947. Individuals, families, and communities that found themselves on the “wrong” side of the border were dispossessed of land and home, faced with the threat of bodily harm, spent months on the road and in refugee camps, and began the long process of resettlement. The place where the shock and disbelief first register, as do attempts to negotiate an impossible history of violence, is the literary text. This article attempts to introduce a literature that self‐identifies with this traumatic historical experience. Partition literature is best contextualized by developments in two academic, disciplinary fields: history and literary criticism. Disciplinary history has only recently acknowledged the need for a social history of Partition and literary criticism has only recently expanded to allow for ways of discussing a traumatic literature other than the limiting one of “literariness.” Thus the article attempts to interweave a discussion of Partition literature with a discussion of shifting critical approaches to it. By beginning with a look at Partition's erasure in disciplinary history, the article aims to encourage the readership to consider ways in which the historiographical has informed or shaped Partition literature and the history of its reception.
Improved alignment quality by combining evolutionary information, predicted secondary structure and self-organizing maps
Authors: Ohlson Tomas , Aggarwal Varun , Elofsson Arne , MacCallum Robert M 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackgroundProtein sequence alignment is one of the basic tools in bioinformatics. Correct alignments are required for a range of tasks including the derivation of phylogenetic trees and protein structure prediction. Numerous studies have shown that the incorporation of predicted secondary structure information into alignment algorithms improves their performance. Secondary structure predictors have to be trained on a set of somewhat arbitrarily defined states (e.g. helix, strand, coil), and it has been shown that the choice of these states has some effect on alignment quality. However, it is not unlikely that prediction of other structural features also could provide an improvement. In this study we use an unsupervised clustering method, the self-organizing map, to assign sequence profile windows to "structural states" and assess their use in sequence alignment.ResultsThe addition of self-organizing map locations as inputs to a profile-profile scoring function improves the alignment quality of distantly related proteins slightly. The improvement is slightly smaller than that gained from the inclusion of predicted secondary structure. However, the information seems to be complementary as the two prediction schemes can be combined to improve the alignment quality by a further small but significant amount.ConclusionIt has been observed in many studies that predicted secondary structure significantly improves the alignments. Here we have shown that the addition of self-organizing map locations can further improve the alignments as the self-organizing map locations seem to contain some information that is not captured by the predicted secondary structure.
Alterations in gene expression in T1α null lung: a model of deficient alveolar sac development
Authors: Millien Guetchyn , Spira Avrum , Hinds Anne , Wang Junling , Williams Mary C , Ramirez Maria I 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
Development of lung alveolar sacs of normal structure and size at late gestation is necessary for the gas exchange process that sustains respiration at birth. Mice lacking the lung differentiation gene T1α [T1α(-/-)] fail to form expanded alveolar sacs, resulting in respiratory failure at birth. Since little is known about the molecular pathways driving alveolar sacculation, we used expression microarrays to identify genes altered in the abnormal lungs and, by inference, may play roles in normal lung morphogenesis.

Results
Altered expression of genes related to cell-cell interaction, such as ephrinA3, are observed in T1α(-/-) at E18.5. At term, FosB, Egr1, MPK-1 and Nur77, which can function as negative regulators of the cell-cycle, are down-regulated. This is consistent with the hyperproliferation of peripheral lung cells in term T1α (-/-) lungs reported earlier. Biochemical assays show that neither PCNA nor p21 are altered at E18.5. At term in contrast, PCNA is increased, and p21 is decreased.

Conclusion
This global analysis has identified a number of candidate genes that are significantly altered in lungs in which sacculation is abnormal. Many genes identified were not previously associated with lung development and may participate in formation of alveolar sacs prenatally.
Multicenter Phase II Trial of Immunotherapy With the Humanized Anti-CD22 Antibody, Epratuzumab, in Combination With Rituximab, in Refractory or Recurrent Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Strauss Sandra J. , Morschhauser Frank , Rech Juergen , Repp Roland , Solal-Celigny Philippe , Zinzani Pier L. , Engert Andreas , Coiffier Bernard , Hoelzer Dieter F. , Wegener William A. , Teoh Nick K.W. , Goldenberg David M. , Lister T. Andrew 
Published: July 2006

PurposeA multicenter, single-arm study examining efficacy and toxicity of epratuzumab combined with rituximab was conducted in patients with recurrent or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.Patients and MethodsSixty-five patients were enrolled; 34 patients with follicular lymphoma (FL), 15 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and 16 patients with other lymphomas. The patients had received a median of two prior therapies (range, 1 to 4); 23% had received rituximab. Epratuzumab was given at 360 mg/m2intravenously over 60 minutes followed by infusion of 375 mg/m2rituximab, weekly for 4 consecutive weeks.ResultsCombination therapy was well tolerated without greater toxicity than rituximab alone. The objective response (OR) rate was 47% (30 of 64) in assessable patients (46%; 30 of 65 in all patients), being highest in FL (64%; 21 of 33) and DLBCL (47%; seven of 15), and with 24% (eight of 33) and 33% (five of 15) achieving complete response (CR) or complete response unconfirmed (CRu) in these two groups, respectively. Two of six patients with marginal zone lymphoma responded to treatment (one CR). There was a trend for the response rates to be higher in patients with low prognostic index scores (statistically significant with respect to the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index score in FL patients), with 12 FL patients and three DLBCL patients in groups 0 to 1 having OR (CR/CRu) rates of 83% (33%) and 100% (100%), respectively. The median duration of response was 16 months for FL, with five patients currently progression free for 18 months to 30 months, and 6 months for DLBCL, with two patients currently progression free for 12 months and 18 months.ConclusionEpratuzumab combined with rituximab was well tolerated, demonstrating promising antilymphoma activity that warrants additional study.
Vapor Phase Carbonylation of Alkyl Chloroacetates
Authors: Shinoda Kiyonori , Yasuda Kensei 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The vapor-phase carbonylation of alkyl chloroacetates with rhodium trichloride supported on active carbon was carried out under various conditions. The reaction equation for the preparation of dialkyl malonate from alkyl chloroacetate in the presence of alcohol with carbon monoxide is given as:
CH2ClCOOR+ROH+CO=CH2(COOR)2+HCl
The carbonylation proceeded smoothly at 175 °C with an inert solvent as well as with an alkoxide anion donor, such as alcohol, ether, and an ester. The mechanism of the rhodium trichloride-catalyzed carbonylation is probably similar to that of methanol to acetic acid.
Tungstic Acid–Tributyltin Chloride on a Charcoal Catalyst in the Epoxidation of Alkenes with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Itoi Yasushi , Inoue Masami , Enomoto Saburo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Several alkenes, such as cyclopentene, cyclohexene, 1-octene, 2-octene, 1-decene, styrene, and 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene, were epoxidized with aqueous (30%) hydrogen peroxide. n-Bu3SuCl was a good co-catalyst of H2WO4 for the selective epoxidation. The conversion was improved by modifying charcoal as the carrier with such alkylating or alkylsilylating agents as N,N-dimethylformamide dibutyl acetal (DMFBA) or N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide. Cyclopentene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, and 2-octene oxide were obtained from the corresponding olefins in the good yields of 74, 64, and 76% respectively by using DMFBA-modified charcoal as the support. The epoxidation was first-order with respect to both cyclohexene and H2O2. The apparent activation energy of the epoxidation of cyclohexene was 11.2 kcal/mol.
A Kinetic Study on the Reaction of (Arylthio)trimethylgermane with Benzoyl Chloride Giving S-Aryl Thiobenzoate and Chlorotrimethylgermane
Authors: Kozuka Seizi , Tamura Shoji , Yamazaki Tetsuya , Yamaguchi Shigeru , Tagaki Waichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A kinetic study has been conducted on the reactions of (substituted arylthio)trimethylgermanes with aroyl chlorides giving S-aryl thioaroates and chlorotrimethylgermane. The rates of the reactions were distinctly accelerated in polar solvents. Both of the effects due to the substituents of the arylthio and the aroyl moieties gave positive ρ values especially in a polar solvent. A mechanism involving initial 5-coordination, ionic cleavage of the Ge–S bond giving arenethiolate ion, and followed by rate-determining addition of the thiolate to the carbonyl carbon, was suggested for the reaction.
3,3′-(Phenylphosphinylidene)bis[2(3H)-benzoxazolone] and 3,3′-(Phenylphosphinylidene)bis[2(3H)-benzothiazolone]. New Activating Agents
Authors: Ueda Mitsuru , Mochizuki Amane , Hiratsuka Ichir\={o} , Oikawa Hideaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
New activating agents, 3,3′-(phenylphosphinylidene)bis[2(3H)-benzoxazolone] (4) and 3,3′-(phenylphosphinylidene)bis[2(3H)-benzothiazolone] (5), were readily prepared by the reaction of phenylphosphonic dichloride (3) with 2(3H)-benzoxazolone (1) and 2(3H)-benzothiazolone (2) respectively in the presence of triethylamine at room temperature. The new activating agents 4 and 5 were found to be useful for the preparation of amides, esters, and dipeptides under mild conditions. Furthermore, the direct poly-condensation of isophthalic acid with aromatic diamines using the activating agent 4 in the presence of pyridine proceeded fast at room temperature to produce polyamides with inherent viscosities up to 0.80 dL/g.
Preparation, Crystal Structure, and Stereochemical Properties of {N,N′-Ethylenebis(1,1,1-trifluoro-4-imino-2-pentanonato)} (l-methioninato)cobalt(III)
Authors: Okamoto Ken-ichi , Matsutani Katsuhiro , Fujii Yuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The (−)435 isomer of the {N,N′-ethylenebis(1,1,1-trifluoro-4-imino-2-pentanonato)}(l-methioninato)cobalt(III) complex, (−)435-[Co(tfac2en)(l-met)], was preferentially crystallized from an equilibrium mixture of the (−)435 and (+)435 isomers in methanol. The crystal structure of the (−)435 isomer was determined by X-ray diffraction. The (−)435 isomer is of a Λ-cis-β2 type in which the quadridentate tfac2en takes a nonplanar configuration, and the l-methioninate is bound to the cobalt atom by nitrogen and oxygen atoms as a bidentate ligand. The electronic absorption, CD, and 1H NMR spectral behaviors of both (−)435 and (+)435 isomers are discussed in relation to their geometrical and absolute configurations.
Solution Properties of Dialkyl Phosphate Salts. Apparent Molar Volumes, Viscosity B Coefficients, Heats of Solution, and Osmotic Coefficients
Authors: Tamaki Kunio , Suga Keita , Tanihara Eiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The apparent molar volumes, viscosity B coefficients, and heats of solution of sodium salts of dialkyl phosphates (methyl, ethyl, and butyl) in water were measured. The limiting apparent molar volumes at 25 °C increased with the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chains. The viscosity B coefficients of the salts decreased as the temperature was raised from 25 to 35 °C. The changes in heat capacity for dissolution in water, as calculated from the heats of solution at 15, 25, and 35 °C, were positive for the salts. The osmotic coefficients for lithium, sodium, and potassium salts of dimethyl phosphate were also measured. For a given concentration, the osmotic coefficients decreased in the order: Li+&lt;Na+&lt;K+. From the results obtained, the –(–O)2PO2− ionic part may be classified as a structure-maker.
The Enantioface-Differentiating Hydrogenation of the C=O Double Bond with Asymmetrically Modified Raney Nickel. XXXIX. Repeated Uses of the Catalyst in the Hydrogenation of 2-Alkanones
Authors: Osawa Tsutomu , Harada Tadao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The durability of tartaric acid-sodium bromide-modified Raney nickel in the hydrogenation of 2-octanone was investigated. A remarkable lowering of the optical yield was observed in the repeated use of the catalyst. A lack of sodium ions in the reaction system was found to be the origin of this phenomenon. The addition of sodium ions to the reaction mixture was useful for attaining high optical yields in the repeated uses of the catalyst.
The Condensation and Decomposition of Phosphoramidates with Acids
Authors: Sato Shoji , Takayanagi Takao , Watanabe Makoto 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Several phosphoramidates were reacted with dried hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, and oxalic acid. The phosphoramidates reacted with the acids to produce ortho- and polyphosphates, but did not react with them to make polyphosphates containing imino groups, with the elimination of ammonia. The decomposition of the phosphoramidates to orthophosphate by the action of water was considered to be the first step in the production of polyphosphates:
(Remark: Graphics omitted.),
The formation of polyphosphates can be explained, for example, by this equation:
(Remark: Graphics omitted.),
where HA stands for acid.
Medium Effects on the Redox Properties of 12-Molybdophosphate and 12-Molybdosilicate
Authors: Itabashi Eiki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The formal redox potentials of 12-molybdophosphate and 12-molybdosilicate up to the twelve-electron reduction per heteropolymolybdate ion were determined by cyclic voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode in 50% (v/v) water-organic media containing some inorganic acids. These heteropolymolybdates in the presence of 1,4-dioxane (DO) or tetrahydrofuran (THF) display five two-electron reversible cathodic waves, followed by an irreversible two-electron wave, whereas the same heteropolymolybdates in the presence of 1,2-dimethoxyethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, ethanol, or acetone yield five successive redox couples of 2,2,2,4, and 2e− (electrons) each. The eight-electron reduction species of 12-heteropolymolybdates are stabilized by cyclic ethers such as DO or THF. The stabilization of the eight-electron reduction species by the addition of a cyclic ether has been explained by taking into account the adduct formation between the molecules of the cyclic ether and 12-heteropolymolybdate.
Crystal and Molecular Structures of Two Isomers for Chlorobis-(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)nitrosylruthenium(III)
Authors: Kamata Yukiko , Kimura Takashi , Hirota Reiko , Miki Eiichi , Mizumachi Kunihiko , Ishimori Tatsujiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Two isomers of [RuCl(2mqn)2(NO)] (2mqn=2-methyl-8-quinolinolate ion) were isolated and their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. In both the isomers, the Cl atom lies cis to the NO group and the O atom of one of the quinolinolato ligands lies trans to the NO group. One of the two isomers, (1), is in cis(O,O) and trans(N,N) configuration for the two quinolinolato ligands, another, (2), being in cis(O,O) and cis(N,N). Crystal data: 1, space group P21⁄c (monoclinic), a=7.412(1), b=27.241(6), c=9.752(1) Å, β=105.49(1)°; 2, space group P21⁄c (monoclinic), a=7.157(2), b=20.205(4), c=13.359(3) Å, β=107.70(2)°. The final R values for 1 and 2 are 0.044 for non-hydrogen atoms and 0.037 for all the atoms, respectively. The coordination geometries of 1 and 2 are distorted octahedron. The interatomic distances are qualitatively discussed on the basis of π- and σ-bonding abilities of the NO group, the Cl, and the coordinating atoms, N and O, of the quinolinolato ligands.
Solvatochromism of [Diamine-N,N′-polycarboxylato]chromium(III) and -cobalt(III) Complexes
Authors: Miura Naoko , Shimura Makoto , Ogino Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Visible absorption spectra of [diamine-N,N′-polycarboxylato]chromium(III) and -cobalt(III) complexes were measured in twelve different solvents. The diamine-N,N′-polycarboxylates used in this work were ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate (edta4−), 1,2-cyclohexanediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate (cydta4−), N′-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine-N,N,N′-triacetate(hedtra3−), and N′-methylethylenediamine-N,N,N′-triacetate (medtra3−). The first d–d absorption maxima of these complexes depend considerably on the solvents. From the solvatochromic behaviors of these complexes, it was concluded that solid complexes, K[Co(edta)]·2H2O, K[Co(cydta)]·3H2O, [Co(hedtra)(H2O)], [Co(medtra)(H2O)]·3H2O, Na[Cr(cydta)]·4.5H2O, and probably K[Cr(edta)]·2H2O, dissolve in the solvents while holding their first coordination sphere intact; in some solvents, however, [Cr(medtra)(H2O)]·1.5H2O and [Cr(hedtra)(H2O)]·1.5H2O undergo substitutions of the coordinated water molecule to form [Cr(medtra)(solvent)] and [Cr(hedtra)(solvent)], respectively.
Preparation and Crystal Structures of Binuclear Copper(II) Complexes of N,N′,N″,N'″-Tetrakis(2-aminoethyl)1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane Containing Azide, Cyanate, or Thiocyanate Ion
Authors: Mikuriya Masahiro , Kida Sigeo , Murase Ichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Three binuclear copper(II) complexes of N,N′,N″,N'″-tetrakis(2-aminoethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (taec), [Cu2(taec)N3](ClO4)3 (1), [Cu2(taec)(NCO)](ClO4)3 (2), and [Cu2(taec)(NCS)2](ClO4)2·H2O (3), were prepared and characterized. The crystal structures of these complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. In all the complexes taec coordinates to each copper through two ring- and two pendant-nitrogen atoms. Complexes 1 and 2 adopt similar structures, where N3− and NCO− are incorporated into the cavity of taec as a bridging group (end-on fashion). The structure of 3 is substantially different from those of 1 and 2 in that each copper is independently coordinated by NCS−-nitrogen. The spectral and magnetic properties were discussed in relation to the molecular structures.
Reaction of Enohexopyranoside Acetates with Lithium Dimethylcuprate(I) and Its Application to Synthesis of Prelog-Djerassi Lactone
Authors: Kawauchi Nobuya , Hashimoto Hironobu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In the reaction of two 2-O-acetyl-3-enohexopyranosides and four 4-O-acetyl-2-enohexopyranosides including 2-C-methyl and 4-C-methyl derivatives, respectively, with lithium dimethylcuprate(I), anti SN2′ substitution was proved to be preferential, giving the corresponding C-methylated derivatives. On the other hand, SN2 substitution occurred in the reaction of the 2-enopyranoside without methyl branch and d-glucal triacetate.
Lithio Styryl Sulfone as an Acyl Anion Synthon
Authors: Yamamoto Makoto , Suzuki Kazuya , Tanaka Seiji , Yamada Kazutoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Lithio styryl sulfone, which was shown to be an acyl anion synthon, reacted with various electrophiles; the products were rearranged by treatments with m-chloroperbenzoic acid to give acyl benzyl sulfones in good yields.
The Determination of a Small Amount of a Biological Constituent by the Use of Chemiluminescence. X. The Determination of Protein Using a 1,10-Phenanthroline–Hydrogen Peroxide–Ruthenium(III) System
Authors: Hara Tadashi , Tsukagoshi Kazuhiko , Imaki Masakatsu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The catalytic activity of ruthenium(III) chloride in a chemiluminescence reaction with 1,10-phenanthroline–hydrogen peroxide has been found to decrease in the presence of protein. On the basis of this phenomenon, bovine serum albumin as a model protein was determined within the concentration range of 5×10−5–1×10−1 g dm−3 and a detection limit of about 1 ng.
Liquid-Phase Hydration of Acrylonitrile to Acrylamide over the Copper–Nickel Alloy Catalysts
Authors: Sugiyama Kazuo , Miura Hiroshi , Watanabe Yoshichika , Ukai Yasunori , Matsuda Tsuneo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The liquid-phase hydration of acrylonitrile to acrylamide has been examined over various metal catalysts at 75 °C. Five metal elements-Cu, Ag, Fe, Co, and Ni-showed the catalytic conversion of acrylonitrile. The Cu and Ag catalysts gave the acrylamide with a 100% selectivity, while the other metals, Fe, Co, and Ni, yielded three products: acrylamide, ethylene cyanohydrin, and bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether. The alloying of Cu and Ni led to an increase in the formation of acrylamide with keeping the high selectivity to acrylamide. Especially, Cu–Ni alloys, with a range of 20–70% Cu in their bulk composition, were much more active catalysts than Cu. The maximum yield of acrylamide was obtained on the Cu–Ni alloy catalysts was observed, although such a retardation occurred on the Cu catalyst surface. The maximum synergistic effect was observed over the alloy with the surface component ratio of Cu to Ni of 4; this effect was discussed.