bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diquat-Induced Intestinal Secretion in the Anaesthetized Rat
Authors: Rawlings John M. , Foster John R. , Heylings Jon R. 
Published: December 2008

1 Diquat (1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridilium) is a non-selective desiccant herbicide which, when administered orally to mammalian species, causes significant secretion of fluid into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. In order to characterize this secretory response in more detail the effect of sublethal doses of diquat dibromide (DQBr2) on intestinal secretion was investigated in vivo in the jejunum of anaesthetized rats.2 Ligated segments of jejunum (10 cm) which were prepared in groups of up to five animals were filled with 500 μl of isosmotic DQBr2 solutions with concentrations ranging from 1-100 mM and maintained in the anaesthetized rat for 1, 2 or 3 h; in control experiments a solution of 100 mM NaBr was used.3 It was found that while all of the fluid instilled into the segments was absorbed in the control experiments, there was both a dose- and time-dependent secretory response to DQBr2. Maximal fluid secretion occurred after treatment with 50 mM DQBr2 for 3 h.4 Histological assessment of the jejunum revealed an increase in cell exfoliation and evidence of luminal distension after incubation with DQBr2. However, no structural damage to the mucosa could be seen to account for the fluid secretion.5 The model described provides a quantitative means of evaluating intestinal secretion and may be used for elucidating the mechanism by which diquat alters fluid transport processes.
In-Vitro Mechanisms of 1,2-Dichloropropane Nephrotoxicity using the Renal Cortical Slice Model
Authors: Trevisan Andrea , Meneghetti Paola , Maso Stefano , Troso Ornella 
Published: December 2008

1 Renal cortical slices isolated from the kidneys of male Wistar rats were used as an experimental model for studying the nephrotoxicity induced by 1,2-dichloropropane.2 The solvent causes a depletion of renal reduced glutathione content and slight, but significant, lipid peroxidation. The block of the oxidative pathway with carbon monoxide prevents glutathione content depletion, and shows that this conjugation is the major step in 1,2-dichloropropane metabolism.3 Loss of organic anion accumulation and release into the incubation medium of tubular enzymes, mainly from the soluble fraction, are the toxic effects of the solvent. The brush border is only slightly affected.4 The mechanism of nephrotoxicity appears to occur via mercapturic acid metabolism. Acivicin and aminooxyacetic acid, inhibitors of gammaglutamyltransferase and β-lyase activity, respectively, partially but significantly prevent the loss of organic anion accumulation induced by 1,2-dichloropropane. Furthermore, α-ketobutyrate, an activator of β-lyase, enhances the effects of 1,2-dichloropropane on the target, but is itself toxic for organic anion accumulation.
Efficacy of Dimercapto Chelatin Agents for the Treatment of Poisoning by Percutaneously Applied Dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine in Rabbits
Authors: Inns R.H. , Rice P. 
Published: December 2008

The efficacy of three chelating agents, BAL, DMPS and DMSA has been evaluated in rabbits as treatments for systemic dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine [lewisite] poisoning by the percutaneous route. Chelating agent treatment reduced the incidence and severity of pathological liver changes following lewisite poisoning. There was no marked difference between the three chelating agents for protection against lethality when screened at an equimolar dose of 40 μmol kg-1. The results indicated DMPS and DMSA may prolong survival time compared with BAL. The low toxicity of DMPS and DMSA compared to BAL enabled doses of 160 μmol kg-1 on a more prolonged dosing schedule to be used for DMPS and DMSA. This schedule showed DMPS and DMSA to give a significant improvement in protection against the lethal effects of percutaneous lewisite compared to that of BAL. It was concluded that DMPS and DMSA have significant advantages over BAL for use as treatment for systemic lewisite poisoning.
Modulation of Biochemical and Cytological Profile of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Constituents in Rats Following Split-Dose Multiple Inhalation Exposure to Methyl Isocyanate
Authors: Gupta G.S.D. , Bajpai R. , Kaw J.L. , Dutta K.K. , Ray P.K. 
Published: December 2008

1 Studies were carried out to explore the acute pulmonary effects of equal, split-dose, multiple inhalation exposures of rats to methyl isocyanate (MIC), (0.32 mg l -1, 8 min x 10 exposures) as reflected by alterations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) constituents and to evaluate recovery, if any, following survival in a MIC-free environment, 10 d after the last MIC exposure. 2 In the BALF of MIC-exposed rats, there was an increase in the total number of cells and the number of cells showing enhanced dye uptake and reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium chloride. The cell-free BALF showed increases in total protein, sialic acids and lactic acid contents and lactate dehydrogenase activity. 3 In rats exposed to MIC and sacrificed 10 d after survival in a MIC-free environment, there was a reduction in the cellular and biochemical constituents of BALF. The phagocytic potential of macrophages was, however, also decreased under this regime.
Monitoring of Total Chromium in Rat Fluids and Lymphocytes Following Intratracheal Administration of Soluble Trivalent or Hexavalent Chromium Compounds
Authors: Gao M. , Levy L.S. , Braithwaite R.A. , Brown S.S. 
Published: December 2008

1 Intratracheal instillation of sodium dichromate (CrVI) and chromium acetate hydroxide (CrIII) to male Wistar rats gave rise to increased chromium concentrations in whole blood, plasma and urine up to 72 h post exposure; peak concentrations were reached at 6 h after exposure. 2 The ratio of whole blood chromium to plasma chromium concentrations was significantly different for Cr(VI) and CR(III) treatments. Both blood chromium and plasma chromium assays should therefore be used for the assessment of chromium exposure. 3 Chromium was also detected in peripheral lymphocytes. Cr(VI), but not Cr(lll) accumulated significantly in the lymphocytes after treatment. These cells have potential to be used for biomarkers of the assessment of exposure to chromium compounds.
A Study of Self Poisoning with Oral Salbutamol - Laboratory and Clinical Features
Authors: Lewis L.D. , Essex E. , Volans G.N. , Cochrane G.M. 
Published: December 2008

1 The recent increase in asthma mortality coupledwith reports of fatal asthma associated with beta- 2-agonist therapy, has stimulated interest in the plasma concentrations of beta-2-agonists that produce systemic toxicity. 2 We prospectively studied 17 patients (9 male),mean age 23 years (range 2-72), who attendedthe emergency departments of hospitalsthroughout the United Kingdom having recently ingested an overdose of salbutamol. 3 Clinical, laboratory, ECG data, plasma and urine samples were obtained from each patient. Plasmawas assayed for salbutamol concentration using ahigh performance TLC-photodensitometric method. 4 The mean (± s.d.) salbutamol dose reported to have been ingested was 89(+83)mg and the mean plasma salbutamol concentration was 166 (range 18-449) ng ml potassium was 2.9 (s.d.±0.6) mM (n=16). None of-1. The mean plasma the patients in this study developed serious cardiac dysrrhythmias. 5 There were significant correlations between the plasma salbutamol concentration and plasma potassium concentration (r=-0.85; P<0.00005) and between plasma salbutamol concentration and pulse rate ( r=0,66; P<0.005). 6 We conclude that in these patients, without respiratory decompensation, suprapharmacological plasma concentrations ofsalbutamol were tolerated without serious cardiac arrhythmias or any fatalities.
Increased Incidence of DNA Double-strand Breaks and Anti-ds DNA Antibodies in Blood of Workers Occupationally Exposed to Asbestos
Authors: Marczynski B. , Czuppon A.B. , Marek W. , Reichel G. , Baur X. 
Published: December 2008

Asbestos, proven to be carcinogenic in humans and animals, is reported to have no genotoxic effect. Asbestos workers have an increased risk of lung cancer, mesothelioma, and other tumours. Earlier findings showed that crocidolite can induce DNA strand breaks in cultured rat embryo cells as assessed by nick translation. We investigated DNA double-strand breaks in white blood cells (WBC) of ten workers occupationally exposed to asbestos. According to our results, obtained with neutral filter elution, individuals who had been exposed to asbestos fibres showed two to four times more DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) in white blood cells than ten non-exposed persons. The induced DNA fragments are of about 250 kb (compared to chromosomal DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae standard marker). Using additionally the chromosomal DNA protective method of agarose-plugs, DNA fragments in the range of 200 to 1000 kb have been found in the white blood cells of the same ten workers occupationally exposed to asbestos. In the white blood cells of non-exposed subjects no DNA fragments could be detected with this method. Compared to 51 non-exposed persons, elevated anti-ds DNA antibody concentrations were found in ten workers occupationally exposed to asbestos. The fact that workers occupationally exposed to asbestos have distinctly more double-strand breaks and anti-ds DNA antibodies could mean that an increased incidence of DNA-fragments may be an important indicator in the chronic effect of asbestos-associated carcinogenesis. Apparently, the chronic effects of asbestos observed here do not seem to be identical with that of previously reported acute in vitro effects.
Mercury Kinetics in a Case of Severe Mercuric Chloride Poisoning Treated with Dimercapto-1-propane Sulphonate (DMPS)
Authors: Toet A.E. , van Dijk A. , Savelkoul T.J.F. , Meulenbelt J. 
Published: December 2008

1 A case of severe mercuric chloride poisoning with clinical signs of mucosal damage of the gastrointestinal tract and anuric renal failure, is presented. The initial whole blood mercury concentration was 14,300 ?g 1-1. This concentration is supposed to be associated with fatal outcome due to multiple organ failure.2 Because of anuric renal failure, haemodialysis was necessary. Kidney function returned to normal within 10 days. Haemodialysis proved to be ineffective with regard to total mercury elimination.3 Treatment with DMPS was started because of very severe poisoning, anuric renal failure and optimistic reports on the 'new' chelating agent 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulphonic acid (DMPS) in mercury poisoning. DMPS was administered by parenteral route initially and was continued thereafter by oral route, until whole blood and urine mercury concentrations had decreased below a level considered as toxic. Except for a temporary pruritic erythema of the skin, no side effects of DMPS treatment were observed.4 The clinical course was mild, despite continuing high whole blood mercury concentrations, Recovery was uneventful and complete. DMPS treatment, administered by intravenous and oral route, was shown to be an effective alternative for BAL in life-threatening mercuric chloride intoxication.5 The pharmacokinetic data presented in this case report suggest that non-renal mercury clearance may considerably exceed renal mercury clearance.
Household Chemicals Poisoning Admissions in Zimbabwe's Main Urban Centres
Authors: Nhachi C.F.B. , Kasilo O.M.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 A retrospective analysis to evaluate the epidemiology of poisoning by household chemicals based on admissions at Zimbabwe's six main urban hospitals over a 10-year period (1980-1989) was performed. 2 A total of 1192 household chemicals poisoning cases were recorded, and this constituted 20% of all poisoning cases (6018) recorded during the study period. 3 The 0-5 year age group constituted the majority of cases (61.3%), then the 16-25 and 26-30 year age groups accounting for 11 % and 5.2% respectively. 4 The sex distribution showed that 43.7% were females. 5 Most incidences were accidental (66.8%). Suicides and/or parasuicides accounted for 19%. 6 Mortality was recorded at 13% and most of the deaths were suicides. 7 Paraffin (Kerosene) was the most common poisoning agent accounting for 68% of the cases. This was followed by rat poisons (5.8%), bleaches (5.1 %) and caustic soda (3.3%). 8 The incidence of poisoning with household chemicals could be reduced by health education directed to parents emphasising the importance of safe storage of paraffin and other household chemicals, and by legislation to stop retailers selling paraffin for domestic use in second-hand containers.
Food Poisoning Admissions in Referral Hospitals in Zimbabwe: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Kasilo Ossy M.J. , Nhachi Charles F.B. 
Published: December 2008

1 A ten-year (1980-1989) retrospective study of poisoning admissions due to food poisoning at six referral hospitals in urban Zimbabwe revealed 487 cases. This constituted 8.1 % of all poisoning admission cases (6018). 2 The majority of patients were among the 2.1-5 (20%), 5.1-10 (16%) and 21-30 (15%) year age groups in that descending order. 3 The agents implicated in food poisoning were mushrooms (47%), food-borne and other food-related toxins (37%), Elephants Ear (10%), alcohol (7%) and cassava (1 %). 4 The majority of poisoning cases were accidental, accounting for 99% of the total. 5 The treatment regimens mostly used included agents for correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalance (22.1 %), antibiotics (16.7%) and supportive measures (15.5%). 6 Mortality was recorded at 2.5% and the main agents associated with fatality were food-related toxins (5 cases), mushrooms (4 cases) and alcohol (4 cases). 7 The prevention and treatment of poisoning caused by food poisoning is mandatory in the effort to reduce poisoning caused by these agents.
Persistence of Sodium Monofluoroacetate in Livestock Animals and Risk to Humans
Authors: Eason C.T. , Gooneratnel R. , Fitzgerald H. , Wright G. , Frampton C. 
Published: December 2008

1 Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080), a vertebrate pesticide widely used in New Zealand, was administered orally to sheep and goats at a dose level of 0.1 mg kg-1 body weight to assess risk to humans of secondary poisoning from meat. Blood, muscle, liver, and kidney were analysed for 1080 residues. 2 The plasma elimination half-life was 10.8 h in sheep and 5.4 h in goats. Concentrations of 1080 in muscle (0.042 ?g g-1), kidney (0.057 ?g g-1), and liver (0.021 ?g g-1) were substantially lower than those in plasma (0.098 ?g m-1) at 2.5 h after dosing. 3 Only traces of 1080 (<0.002 to 0.008 ?g g-1) were found in sheep tissues after 96 hours. 4 Livestock are normally excluded from areas where 1080 is being used for pest control, reducing the risk of secondary poisoning. Even with accidental exposure to a sublethal dose 1080 would not persist in tissues for more than a few days because it is cleared rapidly from the body. Therefore the occurrence of 1080 in meat intended for human consumption is highly unlikely.
The Mechanism of Fluoride-Induced Hypocalcaemia
Authors: Boink A.B.T.J. , Wemer J. , Meulenbelt J. , Vaessen H.A.M.G. , de Wildt D.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Fluoride intoxication leads to sudden cardiac death which has been assumed to result from the accompanying severe hypocalcaemia. The aim of this study has been to investigate the suggestion that fluorapatite formation rather than CaF2 precipitation is responsible for this low calcium. 2 Measurements of free Ca2+ and F- ion concentrations in HEPES buffered solutions containing F-, Ca2+, and phosphate ions at different concentrations in the absence and presence of hydroxyapatite showed that the presence of hydroxyapatite enhanced the decrease of Ca2+ and F- concentration. 3 The ratio of Ca2+:F- clearance was 5:1 which is consistent with formation of fluorapatite. These results support the hypothesis that hydroxyapatite acts as a nucleation catalyst for fluorapatite formation and this process is responsible for the hypocalcaemia induced by fluoride intoxication. 4 The proposed mechanism explains also the metabolic acidosis which is frequently seen in cases of fluoride intoxication.
Phenyl Valerate and Choline Ester Hydrolases in the Platelets of Human, Hen, Rat and Mouse
Authors: Husain Kazim 
Published: December 2008

1 The levels of phenyl valerate and choline ester hydrolases in the platelets of human and certain laboratory animals have been determined for comparison.2 The activities of total phenyl valerate hydrolase (PVase), paraoxon insensitive phenyl valerate hydrolase (PI-PVase), paraoxon and mipafox resistant esterase (PMRE) and propionylcholinesterase (PChE) were maximal in hen followed by mouse, rat and human.3 Neurotoxicesterase (NTE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were concentrated in the platelets of hens followed by humans, rats and mice in order.4 Maximum concentration of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was found in the platelets of hens followed by mice, humans and rats.5 It is concluded that the normal levels of enzyme activities in the platelets of humans and various species of animals may help to evaluate the exposure risk to neurotoxic organophosphorous compounds.
Phagolysosomal pH in Alveolar Macrophages from Smokers and Nonsmokers
Authors: Nyberg K. , Johansson A. , Camner P. , Johard U. , Eklund A. 
Published: December 2008

1 Alveolar macrophages efficiently phagocytize particles deposited in the alveolar part of the lung. Phagolysosomal pH in alveolar macrophages from rabbits, dogs, baboons and guinea pigs is around 5 pH units. A low pH is of importance for clearance of inorganic particles and probably also for defence against bacteria and fungi. 2 Phagolysosomal pH in alveolar macrophages from smokers and non-smokers was measured using fluorescein-conjugated amorphous silica particles as a probe. pH was the same in both groups and similar to earlier studies on alveolar macrophages from animals. 3 The morphological picture between alveolar macrophages from smokers and non-smokers differed clearly with a high number of dense inclusions of great variation in size and shape in macrophages from smokers. Ingested test particles were located in all types of inclusions. 4 We conclude that phagolysosomal pH in human alveolar macrophages is similar to that in several animal species and that it is rather insensitive to influence from the environment.
A Critical Review of the Optimum Duration of Chronic Rodent Testing for the Determination of Non-Tumourigenic Toxic Potential: A Report by the BTS Working Party on Duration of Toxicity Testing
Authors: Betton G. , Cockburn A. , Harpur E. , Hopkins J. , Illing P. , Lumley C. , Connors T. 
Published: December 2008

This review indicates that for the detection of non-neoplastic toxic effects:1 Four decades of accumulated literature provide no lead as to the optimum duration of repeat dose toxicity testing required for all classes of chemicals, although 6 months repeated administration appears adequate for pharmaceuticals.2 Three month studies predicted the 2 year outcome for 70% of the compounds evaluated in this pilot study using data published by the US National Toxicology Program.3 In spite of the limitations of this pilot study, this finding is considered encouraging as it is close to that generated previously on more detailed confidential pharmaceutical data.1,2This suggests that the exercise should now be expanded using confidential surveys of industrial data to determine the concordance resulting from the evaluation of a larger group of chemicals.
Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Human Milk in Kayseri
Authors: Basri üstünbas H. , Adnan Öztürk M. , Hasanoglu E. , Dogan M. 
Published: December 2008

In this study: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites [DDT + dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE)], BHC (HCH) and their main isomers such as alpha, beta, gamma BHC, aldrin and its metabolite dieldrin, heptachloride, heptachloride epoxide, were investigated in 51 samples of breast milk of 51 lactating women during 1988. The ages of the mothers, who were working in agriculture, ranged from 17 to 33 y (mean 24.2 y). The concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha BHC, beta BHC, gamma BHC, heptachloride, aldrin, heptachloride epoxide, pp'DDE, dieldrin, op'DDT, pp'DDT were found as 84± 23, 96± 20, 522± 120, 156± 20, 198± 130, 47± 9, 11 ± 4, 2389± 280, 6.7± 3, 70± 12, 410± 60 ?g kg-1 milk, fat, respectively, measured by gas chromatography (GC) method. The concentrations of chlorinated pesticides in human milk samples from Kayseri were compared with similar data obtained from other countries. The amounts of total BHC and aldrin derivatives were below the acceptable daily intake (ADI), whereas the amount of total DDT derivates was above, of the World Health Organization (WHO).
Clinical and Pathological Findings in Fatal 1,3-Dichioropropene Intoxication
Authors: Hernandez A.F. , Martin-Rubi J.C. , Ballesteros J.L. , Oliver M. , Pla A. , Villanueva E. 
Published: December 2008

1 A 27-year-old, previously healthy, worker accidentally drank a solution containing 1,3-dichloropropene. 2 He developed gastrointestinal distress, adult respiratory distress syndrome, haematological and hepatorenal functional impairment and died after 40 h. 3 Damage to the pancreas was also thought to have been caused by the chemical as part of a multiorgan disorder.
Study of Lithium Absorption by Users of Spas Treated with Lithium lon
Authors: McCarty J.D. , Carter S.P. , Fletcher M.J. , Reape M.J. 
Published: December 2008

This study examines the possible dermal absorption of lithium ion into the blood serum of spa/hot tub bathers. Fifty-three participants (28 males and 25 females) spent 20 minutes per day, 4 days per week for 2 consecutive weeks in one of two assigned spas. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the two spas after matching based on sex, age, and use of oral contraceptives. The test spa contained 40 ± 5 ppm lithium ion, while the control spa contained no additional lithium ion above the background levels of approximately 0.02 ppm. The exposure in the spa treated with lithium ion (from lithium chloride) simulated the maximum exposure that would be expected in a spa sanitized with lithium hypochlorite. The two spas were maintained at 101 ± 2°F. Serum lithium ion levels before and after spa use were determined using graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy with a minimum detectable level of lithium ion in serum of 2 ?g l-1 (ppb). There was no statistically significant difference in serum lithium levels between the control and treatment group at any stage. We conclude that dermal exposure to lithium ion (as would be present after treatment of a spa with lithium hypochlorite) did not result in a detectable increase in the serum lithium ion level.
Effects on Operant Learning and Brain Acetylcholine Esterase Activity in Rats following Chronic Inorganic Arsenic Intake
Authors: Nagaraja T.N. , Desiraju T. 
Published: December 2008

1 Very young and adult Wistar rats were given As5+, 5 mg arsenic kg-1body weight day-1(sodium arsenate).2 Operant learning was tested in a Skinner box at the end of exposure and, in the case of developing animals, also after a recovery period.3 Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was estimated in discrete brain regions of these animals.4 The animals exposed to arsenic took longer to acquire the learned behaviour and to extinguish the operant. AChE activity was inhibited in some regions of the brain.