bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pitfalls of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring for Predicting Postoperative Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Function during Thyroidectomy
Authors: Chan Wai‐Fan , Lo Chung‐Yau 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionIntraoperative neuromonitoring has been widely adopted to facilitate the identification and preservation of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) function during thyroid surgery. The present prospective study validated the ability of this technique to predict postoperative RLN outcomes in a single endocrine surgical unit.MethodsNeuromonitoring was performed using Neurosign 100 with laryngeal surface electrodes in 171 patients with 271 nerves at risk during thyroidectomy. Vocal cord function was routinely documented perioperatively. Patients were also stratified to low risk (primary surgery for benign disease) and high risk (malignancy and recurrent disease) for subgroup analysis.ResultsUnilateral vocal cord palsy occurred in 15 patients (5.5%) postoperatively. The incidence of postoperative nerve palsy in the low risk and high risk groups was 4.4% and 7.8%, respectively. All but two patients had recovery of function within a median period of 4 months after the operation. The rates of transient and permanent RLN palsy based on nerves at risk were 4.8% (n = 13) and 0.7% (n = 2), respectively. There were 241 true‐negative (positive signal and no cord palsy), 15 false‐positive (negative signal but no cord palsy), 8 true‐positive (negative signal and cord palsy), and 7 false‐negative (positive signal but cord palsy) results, as correlated with the postoperative assessment. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 53%, 94%, 35%, and 97%, respectively. For the high risk group, the sensitivity and positive predictive value increased to 86% and 60%, respectively.ConclusionsThere are pitfalls associated with the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroid surgery. Routine application is not recommended except for selected high risk patients.
Classification of patients with pain based on neuropathic pain symptoms: Comparison of an artificial neural network against an established scoring system
Authors: Behrman Michael , Linder Roland , Assadi Amir H. , Stacey Brett R. , Backonja Misha‐Miroslav 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWider use of pain assessment tools that are specifically designed for certain types of pain – such as neuropathic pain – contribute an increasing amount of information which in turn offers the opportunity to employ advanced methods of data analysis. In this manuscript, we present the results of a study where we employed artificial neural networks (ANNs) in an analysis of pain descriptors with the goal of determining how an approach that uses a specific symptoms‐based tool would perform with data from the real world of clinical practice. We also used traditional statistics approaches in the form of established scoring systems as well as logistic regression analysis for the purpose of comparison. Our results confirm the clinical experience that groups of pain descriptors rather than single items differentiate between patients with neuropathic and non‐neuropathic pain. The accuracy obtained by ANN analysis was only slightly higher than that of the traditional approaches, indicating the absence of nonlinear relationships in this dataset. Data analysis with ANNs provides a framework that extends what current approaches offer, especially for dynamic data, such as the rating of pain descriptors over time.
Why women prefer epidural analgesia during childbirth: The role of beliefs about epidural analgesia and pain catastrophizing
Authors: Van den Bussche Eva , Crombez Geert , Eccleston Christopher , Sullivan Michael J.L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the reasons that might lead women to choose or not choose epidural analgesia as a strategy for the management of pain in childbirth. In our sample 55% of 114 women chose EA. Logistic regression resulted in a statistical model with four unique and independent predictors: Parity status and the fear of the side effects of EA each reduced the odds of choosing EA by half, whereas the desire to have a pain‐free childbirth and positive experiences with EA of family and friends each doubled the odds of choosing EA. Pain catastrophizing was not related to EA use. The lack of an interrelationship between pain catastrophizing and EA use is probably due to an ambivalent attitude towards EA in pain catastrophizers. Pain catastrophizing was positively associated with the fear of being overwhelmed by labour pain and tendencies to avoid the pain, but also positively with the fear of pain during the insertion of the EA needle. Pain catastrophizing was also strongly related to recommendations to use EA from others, in particular from the midwife and from the gynecologist. Results are discussed in terms of the social impact of pain catastrophizing.
Interactions between Mediterranean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and gillnets off Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Díaz López Bruno 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A first attempt at analysing interactions between bottlenose dolphins and gillnets along the northeastern coast of Sardinia (Italy) was conducted between October 1999 and December 2004. A new approach was used: combining interviews with fishers with boat-based direct observations and behavioural and group size analysis. Fishers on monitored boats noted 2556 days on which gillnet damage was caused by bottlenose dolphins, 68.7% of the total fishing days, with no difference between seasons. An annual estimate of the number of bottlenose dolphins caught in the gillnets was 1.47 (0.98 immatures and 0.49 adults). In all, 317 days were spent making observations at sea, of which 330.6 h were spent directly observing the dolphins. There were no changes in the distribution of daily encounter rate among seasons, group size, or number of immatures, in the presence or the absence of gillnets. However, bottlenose dolphins spent more time both in the study area and feeding when gillnets were present. The extent of the estimated bycatch is worrisome in terms of the ability of bottlenose dolphins off Sardinia to sustain such an annual loss.
Coherent structures in coflowing jets and wakes
Authors: Perry A. E. , Lim T. T. 
Published: April 2006

By applying small lateral oscillations to a glass tube from which smoke was issuing, perfectly periodic coflowing jets and wake structures were produced at Reynolds numbers of order 300-1000. These structures remained coherent over long streamwise distances and appeared to be perfectly frozen when viewed under stroboscopic light which was synchronized with the disturbing oscillation. By the use of strobing laser beams, longitudinal sections of the structures were photographed and an account of the geometry of these structures is reported.When the tube was unforced, similar structures occurred but they modulated in scale and frequency, and their orientation was random.A classification of structures is presented and examples are demonstrated in naturally occurring situations such as smoke from a cigarette, the wake behind a three-dimensional blunt body, and the high Reynolds number flow in a plume from a chimney. It is suggested that an examination of these structures may give some insight into the large-scale motion in fully turbulent flow.
A vortex theory of animal flight. Part 1. The vortex wake of a hovering animal
Authors: Rayner J. M. V. 
Published: April 2006

The distribution of vorticity in the wake of a hovering bird or insect is considered. The wake is modelled by a chain of coaxial small-cored circular vortex rings stacked one upon another; each member of the chain is generated by a single wing-stroke. Circulation is determined by the animal's weight and the time for which a single ring must provide lift; ring size is calculated from the circulation distribution on the animal's wing. The theory is equally applicable to birds and insects, although the mechanism of ring formation differs. This approach avoids the use of lift and drag coefficients and is not bound by the constraints of steady-state aerodynamics; it gives a wake configuration in agreement with experimental observations. The classical momentum jet approach has steady momentum flux in the wake, and is difficult to relate to the wing motions of a hovering bird or insect; the vortex wake can be related to the momentum jet, but adjacent vortex elements are disjoint and momentum flux is periodic.The evolution of the wake starting from rest is considered by releasing vortex rings at appropriate time intervals and allowing them to interact in their own velocity fields. The resulting configuration depends on the feathering parameterf(which depends on the animal's morphology);fincreases with body size. At the lower end of the wake rings coalesce to form a single large vortex, which breaks away from the rest of the wake at intervals. Wake contraction depends onf; the minimum areal contraction of one-half (as in momentum-jet theory) occurs only in the limitf→ 0, but values calculated for smaller insects of just over one-half suggest that the momentum jet may be a good approximation to the wake whenfis small.Induced power in hovering is calculated as the limit of the mean rate of increase of wake kinetic energy as time progresses. It can be related to the classical momentum-jet induced power by a simple conversion factor. For an insect or hummingbird the usual momentum-jet estimate may be between 10 and 15% too low, but for a bird it may be as much as 50% too low. This suggests that few, if any, birds are able to sustain aerobic hovering, and that as small a value offas possible would be necessary if the bird were to hover.Tip losses (energy cost of the vortex-ring wake compared with the equivalent momentum jet) are negligible for insects, but can be in the range 15–20% for birds.
An experimental investigation of natural convection in the melted region around a heated horizontal cylinder
Authors: Bathelt A. G. , Viskanta R. , Leidenfrost W. 
Published: April 2006

Melting from an electrically heated horizontal cylinder embedded in a paraffin (n-octadecane, fusion temperature 301·3 °K) has been studied experimentally. The shape of the solid-liquid interface has been determined photographically, and the local heat transfer coefficients have been measured using a shadowgraph technique. The experiments provide conclusive evidence of the important role played by natural convection in melting a solid due to an embedded cylindrical heat source. The four distinct pieces of quantitative evidence which contribute to this conclusion are the melt shape, surface temperature, local and average heat transfer coefficients and their variation with time.The experimental findings prove the importance of natural convection in phase change problems involving melting and indicate that continued practice of neglecting the effects in the analysis of such problems does not appear reasonable. Natural convection should be considered in analysis and design of systems involving phase change.
A theory for wave-power absorption by two independently oscillating bodies
Authors: Srokosz M. A. , Evans D. V. 
Published: April 2006

In a recent paper (Evans 1976) a theory was presented for the behaviour of an oscillating two-dimensional cylinder of any shape which was capable of absorbing energy from a given regular sinusoidal wave. In particular an expression was derived for the efficiency of power absorption of the cylinder when oscillating in a single mode in terms of properties of the solution of the so-called radiation problem in which the cylinder is forced to oscillate in the appropriate mode in the absence of the incident wave train.In the present paper this theory is extended to two independent cylinders of arbitrary shape each oscillating in a single mode and capable of absorbing energy in that mode. A general expression for the efficiency is derived which depends on properties of the solution to a new radiation problem, in which one cylinder is forced to oscillate in the presence of the other cylinder, which is held fixed in its equilibrium position. In this case, the efficiency also depends on cross-coupling coefficients related to the force on the fixed cylinder due to the motion of the oscillating cylinder.It is shown that the cylinders can be tuned to absorb all the incident wave energy at a given frequency even for symmetric cylinders, in contrast to the single symmetric cylinder, for which the maximum efficiency has been shown to be 50%.The general solution to the new radiation problem is derived in terms of the solution to the radiation problem for a single cylinder, by assuming that the cylinders are far enough apart for local wave effects to be negligible.The special case of two widely spaced rolling vertical plates is considered in detail and curves showing the variation of efficiency with wavelength are given for a variety of plate spacings and points of rotation.
Wave formation and heat transfer at an ice-water interface in the presence of a turbulent flow
Authors: Gilpin R. R. , Hirata T. , Cheng K. C. 
Published: April 2006

Under some conditions of temperature and flow an ice-water interface in the presence of a turbulent stream has been observed to be unstable. In this paper the source and the conditions for the instability were investigated for a well-defined turbulent boundary-layer flow. It was found that the instability resulted from the interaction that occurs between a wavy surface and a turbulent flow over it. Such an interaction results in a heat transfer variation which is 90 to 180 degrees out of phase with the surface wave shape – a result which is consistent with the calculations of Thorsness & Hanratty (1979a,b).The main factor controlling damping of the instability at an ice-water interface was found to be the rate at which heat is conducted away from the interface into the ice.In the past it has been found that when an ice layer is melting, that is when the heat conduction in the ice is small, the ice surface is highly unstable. In the present study it was found that for a sufficiently large temperature ratio (Tf−Tw)/(T∞−Tf), a steady-state ice layer is also unstable. Furthermore it is predicted, from the present observations, that a growing ice layer with a ratio of ice-side to water-side heat fluxes of up to 2.3 could be unstable.Under sufficiently unstable conditions waves on the ice surface grow to an amplitude at which flow separations occur near the wave crests. This results in a ‘rippled’ ice surface pattern very similar to the patterns observed on mobile bed surfaces (Kennedy 1969) or surfaces which are being dissolved into a flowing stream (Allen 1971). The development of a ‘rippled’ ice surface results in a very substantial increase in the mean heat-transfer rate which would have an important influence on predictions of ice formation in the presence of a turbulent stream.
Modulation of the amplitude of steep wind waves
Authors: Longuet-Higgins M. S. 
Published: April 2006

Lake & Yuen (1978) have suggested that in very steep wind waves the modulation-frequency of the wave amplitude may correspond to the frequency of the fastest-growing subharmonic instability of a uniform train of waves whose amplitude equals the mean wave amplitude $\overline{a}$. The approximate theory of Benjamin & Feir (1967) gives this frequency as $(\overline{a}k)f_d$, where κ is the wavenumber and fd the frequency of the unperturbed waves. This expression applies strictly only to very small values of the wave steepness $\overline{a}k$.More recently (Longuet-Higgins 1978) the present author calculated accurately all the normal-mode instabilities of steep gravity waves on deep water. In this note these calculations are used to determine the frequency of the fastest-growing sub-harmonic instabilities precisely. When compared with the experimental data of Lake & Huen, these frequencies show even closer agreement.
Direct measurements of skin friction in a turbulent boundary layer with a strong adverse pressure gradient
Authors: Frei D. , Thomann H. 
Published: April 2006

This paper describes a new balance, suitable for direct measurement of skin friction in turbulent boundary layers with severe pressure gradients. The gaps between the floating element and the surrounding wall are filled with a liquid in order to eliminate disturbing pressure forces on the element. The resulting friction forces are measured with piezo-electric transducers with high sensitivity and extremely small element displacement.Skin friction measurements were taken in the turbulent boundary layer of a wind tunnel with circular cross-section at M [les ] 0·25. Severe adverse pressure gradients were generated by means of a step on the wall or, alternatively, by a conical centre body.The new apparatus was mainly used to investigate the error of Preston tubes in adverse pressure gradients. It was necessary to develop a new measuring technique to improve the repeatability of the Preston tube readings.The Preston tube error was found to depend on both the local pressure gradient P = (dp/dx) ν/ρ3τ and on the Preston tube diameter uτd/ν and to be independent of the upstream pressure distribution for the range of parameters covered by the experiments.
Regulation of nitric oxide production in snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) defence cells: a role for PKC and ERK signalling pathways
Authors: Wright Bernice , Lacchini Audrey H. , Davies Angela J. , Walker Anthony J. 
Published: April 2006

Background information. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecule in innate immune responses. In molluscs NO is produced by mobile defence cells called haemocytes; however, the molecular mechanisms that regulate NO production in these cells is poorly understood. The present study focused on the role of cell signalling pathways in NO production by primary haemocytes from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.Results. When haemocytes were challenged with PMA (10 μM) or the β‐1,3‐glucan laminarin (10 mg/ml), an 8‐fold and 4‐fold increase in NO production were observed after 60 min respectively. Moreover, the NOS (NO synthase) inhibitors L‐NAME (NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester) and L‐NMMA (NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine) were found to block laminarin‐ and PMA‐induced NO synthesis. Treatment of haemocytes with PMA or laminarin also increased the phosphorylation (activation) status of PKC (protein kinase C). When haemocytes were preincubated with PKC inhibitors (calphostin C or GF109203X) or inhibitors of the ERK (extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase) pathway (PD98059 or U0126) prior to challenge, significant reductions in PKC and ERK phosphorylation and NO production were observed following exposure to laminarin or PMA. The greatest effect on NO production was seen with GF109203X and U0126, with PMA‐induced NO production inhibited by 94% and 87% and laminarin‐induced NO production by 50% and 91% respectively.Conclusions. These data suggest that ERK and PKC comprise part of the signalling machinery that regulates NOS activation and subsequent production of NO in molluscan haemocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows a role for these signalling proteins in the generation of NO in invertebrate defence cells.
SUBVERSIVE REVISIONS IN THE WORK OF CHARLES DE BEYS
Authors: Scott Paul 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Charles de Beys is a comic author whose
L'Hospital des fous
(1636), about an eloping couple who seek refuge in a lunatic asylum, was reworked and published in 1653 as
Les Illustres fous.
It has long been accepted that the modifications to this play were essentially minor; however, the character of the hospital's director, or
concierge
, becomes the play's principal figure in the revised version. As well as having a greatly expanded role, the
concierge
is depicted in a more sinister, and even tyrannical, light in the 1653 comedy. The difference in emphasis between the two versions may be explained by Beys's own experience during the intervening period: in the mid-1630s he was incarcerated in the Bastille for several months by order of Cardinal Richelieu on suspicion of having authored the
Miliade
, a satirical poem attacking the prelate. The second drama becomes not so much a comedy depicting the folly of lovers through the escapades of outsiders who are temporarily institutionalized as a subtle commentary on the potential misuse of such places to lock away those deemed unsuitable for political reasons. This reading is supported by examining the ironic subtext that underpins Beys's sonnets dedicated to Richelieu, as well as the second play's
dedicace.
Inflammatory Myopathies
Authors: Pourmand Rahman 
Published: April 2006

The inflammatory myopathies are a heterogeneous group of immune-mediated myopathies that present as pure form or in association with other autoimmune diseases or malignancy. Although they share few similarities in their clinical presentations and pathophysiologic aspects, for the most part they are different and distinctive. The 3 major subsets are: dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), and sporadic inclusion body myositis (S-IBM).
This review highlights our understanding of these disorders, their clinical aspects, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment.
A modified method for purifying amelanotic melanocytes from human hair follicles
Authors: MA Hui‐Jun , YUE Xue‐Zhuang , WANG Da‐Guang , LI Cheng‐Rang , ZHU Wen‐Yuan 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTWe describe a modified method for establishing long‐term pure cultures of amelanotic melanocytes (AMMC) derived from human hair follicles. Normal human corpse scalp (just after death, 1 h) was transected 1 mm below the epidermis, and hair follicles in the remaining dermis were isolated by a two‐step enzyme treatment. Hair follicle cell suspensions were prepared by 0.50% trypsin treatment for 30 min and cultured in an optimized melanoblast proliferation nature mitogen medium. Cells attached to the substratum were mostly amelanotic melanocytic in character with small, bipolar shapes in the early stage; only a few keratinocytes and rare fibroblasts were observed. Keratinocytes were easily removed by differential trypsinization. After the third passage, the proliferating cells were all amelanotic melanocytes as confirmed by immunostaining with polyclonal antibodies to αPEP7h, which recognized the tyrosinase protein located on melanosomes and NKI/beteb, which is a pre‐melanosomal antigen against synthetic peptides corresponding to the carboxyl termini of human melanosomal protein GP100. Cultured AMMC were highly positive to L‐dopa reactivity after the addition of IBMX to the culture medium for 7 days. Many stage I and II melanosomes and occasional stage III melanosomes without stage IV melanosomes were found in the cytoplasm by transmission electron microscope. This modified technique is potentially more suitable for cultivating amelanotic melanocytes. The availability of pure cultures of hair‐follicle amelanotic melanocytes will facilitate investigations of the roles of those cells in migration and differentiation during treatment of vitiligo.
Non‐anogenital (ectopic) hidradenoma papilliferum with sebaceous differentiation: A case report and review of reported cases
Authors: MINAMI Shoichiro , SADANOBU Naoya , ITO Takaaki , NATSUAKI Masaru , YAMANISHI Kiyofumi 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTHidradenoma papilliferum is a benign tumor that usually occurs in the female anogenital region. We present a 52‐year‐old male with a non‐anogenital (ectopic) hidradenoma papilliferum on his face. He had had a subcutaneous tumor on his right eyebrow for 30 years. The histological findings included variously shaped cystic and tubular structures in the tumor. The lumina were surrounded by a double layer of cells and showed active decapitation secretion. The lesion contained sebaceous differentiation, which has not been previously documented in the histopathology of hidradenoma papilliferum. We review the published work of non‐anogenital (ectopic) hidradenoma papilliferum tumors on the head and neck.