bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feedstocks for the Future – Biorefinery Production of Chemicals from Renewable Carbon
Authors: Bozell Joseph J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractConverting renewable carbon to chemicals and fuels is experiencing a huge increase in both research and commercial interest. The biorefinery is now a recognized approach for transforming renewable raw materials into separate biobased process streams, and ultimately, marketplace chemicals and fuels. Successful biorefinery operation will fulfill two strategic goals: displacing nonrenewable raw materials (an energy goal, met by production of biofuels) and providing economic incentive to support a robust biorefining industry (an economic goal, met by the production of high value chemicals). These goals are met simultaneously by integrating chemical and fuel production within a single operation. However, a primary barrier to biorefinery development is the relative lack of technology available for the conversion of renewable carbon sources into useful marketplace chemicals and materials. Developing broad based technologies capable of producing families of high value chemicals will provide a significant opportunity for the biorefinery. This introductory paper briefly overviews the biorefinery concept and describes several features of biorefinery operation and technology needs for the production of chemicals from renewable raw materials.
Jasplakinolide, an actin stabilizing agent, alters anaphase chromosome movements in crane‐fly spermatocytes
Authors: Xie Lele , Forer Arthur 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe added jasplakinolide to anaphase crane‐fly spermatocytes and determined its effects on chromosome movement. Previous work showed that the actin depolymerizing agents cytochalasin D or latrunculin B blocked or slowed chromosome movements. We studied the effects of jasplakinolide, a compound that stabilizes actin filaments. Jasplakinolide had the same effect on movements of each half‐ bivalent in a separating pair of half‐bivalents, but different half‐bivalent pairs in the same cell often responded differently, even when the concentrations of jasplakinolide varied by a factor of two. Jasplakinolide had no effect on about 20% of the pairs, but otherwise caused movements to slow, or to stop, or, rarely, to accelerate. When cells were kept in jasplakinolide, stopped pairs eventually resumed movement; slowed pairs did not change their speeds. Confocal microscopy indicated that neither the distributions of spindle actin filaments nor the distributions of spindle microtubules were altered by the jasplakinolide. It is possible that jasplakinolide binds to spindle actin and blocks critical binding sites, but we suggest that jasplakinolide affects anaphase chromosome movement by preventing actin‐filament depolymerization that is necessary for anaphase to proceed. Overall, our data indicate that actin is involved in one of the redundant mechanisms cells use to move chromosomes. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sox9 is expressed in mouse multipotent retinal progenitor cells and functions in Müller glial cell development
Authors: Poché Ross A. , Furuta Yasuhide , Chaboissier Marie‐Christine , Schedl Andreas , Behringer Richard R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCryosection of an embryonic day 12.5 eye labeled for Sox9 (orange), Pax6 (blue), and DAPI (purple). J. Comp. Neurol. 510:237–250, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A DC stabilized log‐domainnth‐order multifunction filter based on the decomposition ofnth‐order HP filter function to FLF topology
Authors: Shah N. A. , Khanday F. A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe design of high‐order log‐domain filters can be easily accomplished by transposing already known linear‐domain Gm‐C filter topologies to their counterparts in the log‐domain through the employment of a set of complementary operators. To achieve the Gm‐C filter topologies, the multiple feedback approach is widely used due to its accrued advantages. In this paper a synthesis approach for the development of annth‐order multifunction log‐domain filter comprising lowpass (LP), highpass (HP) and bandpass (BP) filter functions is proposed. The approach is based on the decomposition ofnth‐order HP filter function to follow‐the‐leader‐feedback (FLF) topology. The design is simple and simultaneously achieves nearly all of the chief advantages. The design offers superior performance factors vis‐à‐vis the ones recently reported. To verify the high‐order behavior of the topology, a 5th‐order multifunction filter was designed and the achieved simulated results verify the theory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How flow cytometry is changing the study of TB immunology and clinical diagnosis
Authors: Fuhrmann Stephan , Streitz Mathias , Kern Florian 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe application of flow cytometry has hugely advanced the field of tuberculosis (TB) across all areas of research ranging from diagnostic tests to understanding the underlying immunology. As cellular responses are understood to be the mainstay of the immune response in the control of TB it is very likely that polychromatic flow will become the tool of choice for assessing the effects of vaccination. Results are particularly encouraging in this area. The development of a new type of diagnostic test, a prototype of which has been reported, may be the spin‐off of a broad and systematic approach to understanding and profiling the T‐cell response to TB. It is obvious that flow cytometry will not be able to address all research questions in the field of TB. However, its enormous flexibility as a technology will make it the tool of choice in many situations. An ever increasing availability of flow cytometers, even in resource‐poor countries, will rapidly change the face of TB research and management in the years ahead. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The role of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in sequentially dependent self‐injurious behavior
Authors: Sandman Curt A. , Touchette Paul E. , Marion Sarah D. , Chicz‐DeMet Aleksandra 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSelf‐injuring behavior (SIB) is a life‐threatening behavior exhibited by many species, including humans, and has no known cause and no agreed upon treatment. The role of the stress axis in the maintenance of this mysterious behavior was examined in subjects with life‐long SIB. Over a 6‐year period, 40 hr of direct observations of behavior and the environment were recorded on palmtop computers while 36 residential subjects (28 target and 8 control subjects) conducted their daily activities. Blood samples were collected in morning and evening for all subjects and within minutes after a self‐injuring act in 28 target subjects who exhibited SIB to determine levels of ACTH and B‐endorphin (BE). Self‐injuring events in the patient group were significantly sequentially dependent (i.e., the only predictor of a self‐injuring act was an antecedent self‐injuring act). Higher morning levels of BE relative to ACTH predicted [rdf=27 = .57, p < .001] the sequentially dependent pattern of SIB. This effect was validated in a subgroup retested several months later [rdf=22 = .60, p < .001]. A subgroup of seven subjects exhibiting sequentially dependent patterns were administered an opiate blocker (naltrexone) in a double‐blind, crossover design with an additional 14 hr/week of observation for 7 weeks. Naltrexone challenge interrupted the sequential pattern (improved behavior) in subjects with elevated BE immediately following SIB (r = .85, p < .01). The pattern of results supported the conclusion that the stress axis played a significant role in the maintenance of complex episodes of self‐injury. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 680‐689, 2008.
Salivary alpha‐amylase and cortisol in toddlers: Differential relations to affective behavior
Authors: Fortunato Christine K. , Dribin Amy E. , Granger Douglas A. , Buss Kristin A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis study applies a minimally invasive and multi‐system measurement approach (using salivary analytes) to examine associations between the psychobiology of the stress response and affective behavior in toddlers. Eighty‐seven 2‐year‐olds (48 females) participated in laboratory tasks designed to elicit emotions and behavior ranging from pleasure/approach to fear/withdrawal. Saliva samples were collected pretask and immediately posttask, and assayed for markers of sympathetic nervous system (alpha‐amylase or sAA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (cortisol) activity. Individual differences in sAA were positively associated with approach behavior and positive affect; whereas, cortisol was positively associated with negative affect and withdrawal behavior. The findings suggest that individual differences in sAA may covary specifically with positive affect and approach behaviors or the predominant emotional state across a series of tasks. The results are discussed with respect to advancing biosocial models of the concomitants and correlates of young children's affective behaviors. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 807–818, 2008
Relationship between eye preference and binocular rivalry, and between eye‐hand preference and reading ability in children
Authors: Fagard J. , Monzalvo‐Lopez K. , Mamassian P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractOne goal of the experiment presented here was to check, in children, the relationship between eye preference when sighting at different angles and eye dominance in binocular rivalry. In addition, since it is sometimes argued that a crossed pattern of eye‐hand preference might put children at risk of difficulties in learning to read, we evaluated the relationship between this pattern and reading achievement in first and sixth graders. Results showed that a majority of children are right‐eyed for monosighting, and that intrinsic preference and spatial factor influence the choice of eye. As many children were right‐ or left‐eye dominant, and eye dominance was not related to eye preference. We found no relationship between eye‐hand preference and reading proficiency, thus not confirming that a crossed pattern of eye‐hand preference might put children at risk of difficulties in learning to read. Consistent handers were more advanced in reading than inconsistent handers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 789–798, 2008
Comparability of developmental cognitive assessments between standard and computer testing methods
Authors: Mandell Dorothy J. , Sackett Gene P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSubstantial questions have been raised about the validity of using computer‐based testing to assess cognitive development with young children. However, little work has been done to assess the comparability of performance elicited using computerized methods with performance garnered using standard testing methods. The purpose of this study was to establish whether computerized testing resulted in performance that was different than established performance norms for infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) tested on four highly used cognitive tasks. Infants performed comparably on simple discrimination, reversal learning, and delayed nonmatch to sample rule learning. However, the infants tested in a computer testing‐environment appeared to have difficulty on a task that required them to form response strategies. The results of the study reveal some apparent limitations of computer‐based testing with infants, but do show that performance on several common cognitive tasks is comparable between the environments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 1–13, 2009
Neonatal handling on the first postnatal day leads to increased maternal behavior and fos levels in the brain of the newborn rat
Authors: Garoflos Efstathios , Stamatakis Antonios , Rafrogianni Androniki , Pondiki Stavroula , Stylianopoulou Fotini 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn the present work we employed Fos expression, an index of neuronal activity, to identify brain areas activated by a single exposure to “neonatal handling” on postnatal Day 1. Eight hours following “handling” there was an increase in the number of Fos positive cells in the hippocampus, the parietal and occipital cortex. We also recorded maternal behavior during the 8 hr following “handling.” “Handled” pups received increased maternal licking during the 4 hr following the end of “handling.” Furthermore, the number of Fos positive cells detected in each of the three brain areas 8 hr following “handling” was positively correlated with the amount of licking up to 8 hr following “handling.” These results indicate that the increased maternal care could underlie the handling‐induced increase in Fos. The Fos protein, acting as a transcription factor, controls the expression of downstream genes, whose products may mediate the effects of “neonatal handling” on the developing rat brain. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 704‐713, 2008.
Fluorinated Derivatives of Titanocene Y: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Studies
Authors: Claffey James , Gleeson Brendan , Hogan Megan , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Wallis Denise , Tacke Matthias 
Published: August 2008

AbstractFrom the reaction of Super Hydride (LiBEt3H) with 6‐(2‐fluoro‐4‐methoxyphenyl)fulvene (1a), 6‐(4‐trifluoromethoxyphenyl)fulvene (1b), and 6‐(3‐fluoro‐4‐methoxyphenyl)fulvene (1c) lithiated cyclopentadienide intermediates 2a–c were synthesised. These intermediates were then transmetallated to titanium with TiCl4 to give the benzyl‐substituted titanocenes bis[(2‐fluoro‐4‐methoxybenzyl)cyclopentadienyl]titanium(IV) dichloride (3a), bis[(4‐trifluoromethoxybenzyl)cyclopentadienyl]titanium(IV) dichloride (3b) andbis[(3‐fluoro‐4‐methoxybenzyl)cyclopentadienyl]titanium(IV)dichloride (3c). The three titanocenes 3a–c were characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Preliminary in vitro cell tests were performed on the titanocenes on the LLC‐PK (long‐lasting cells–pig kidney) cell line in order to determine the cytotoxicity of these compounds presented in this paper. The titanocenes 3a and 3b had their cytotoxicity inhibitory concentration (IC50) values determined to be 6.0 and 7.3 μM, respectively. The cytotoxicity value of 3c could not be determined accurately due to solubility problems of the compound under standard test conditions. All three titanocene derivatives show significant cytotoxicity improvement when compared to unsubstituted titanocene dichloride, whereas titanocenes 3a and 3b show threefold cytotoxicity improvement in comparison to previous class leader titanocene Y. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Metal‐Ion‐Mediated Base Pairs in Nucleic Acids (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 24/2008)
Authors: Müller Jens 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe cover picture shows examples of nucleic acids functionalized site‐specifically with metal ions. This was achieved by incorporating artificial nucleosides with a high affinity towards metal ions, which leads to the formation of metal‐ion‐mediated base pairs. The scheme on the left is a representation of a B‐type double helix comprising both natural and artificial base pairs. Shown in the middle is a duplex containing a continuous stack of metal‐ion‐mediated base pairs, whereas the scheme on the right displays the possibility of using these artificial nucleosides for the formation of DNA‐based networks. The Microreview by Jens Müller on p. 3749 ff gives an introduction into this exciting new area of bioinorganic chemistry. We thank Dominik A. Megger for designing the cover picture.
Structure Determination of Regioisomeric Fused Heterocycles by the Combined Use of 2D NMR Experiments and GIAO DFT 13C Chemical Shifts
Authors: Latypov Shamil , Balandina Alsu , Boccalini Marco , Matteucci Alessandra , Usachev Konstantin , Chimichi Stefano 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe combined use of 2D NMR correlation experiments and GIAO DFT 13C NMR chemical shift calculations has allowed a reliable and simple structural determination of regioisomeric heterocyclic systems that originate from the reactions of quinolinone or coumarin derivatives with hydroxylamine. In general, the proposed method may find application in the regioisomeric structural determination of heterocyclic compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Local fracture‐induced phenomena in steel moment frames
Authors: Rodgers Janise E. , Mahin Stephen A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBrittle fractures were observed at the welded beam‐to‐column connections of a number of steel moment frame buildings following the M6.7 1994 Northridge earthquake. Such fractures cause a rapid loss of connection strength and stiffness, as well as a sudden release of the strain energy stored by the connection at the time of fracture. Immediately following the fracture, a number of highly transient phenomena occur locally in the members adjacent to the connection, as well as globally in the structure as a whole. Four significant local phenomena were observed locally during shaking table tests of a one‐third scale, two‐story, one‐bay steel moment frame in which quasi‐brittle beam‐to‐column fractures occurred: (a) change in beam deflected shape; (b) change in moment distribution in adjacent members; (c) generation and propagation of elastic waves; and (d) initiation of dynamic modal response at the member level. Owing to the highly transient nature of these phenomena, they were observed to have second‐order effects on overall behavior of the system. In comparison, the reductions in local strength and stiffness caused by the fractures had much more significant effects on system behavior. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binge eating disorder pharmacotherapy clinical trails—who is left out?
Authors: Guerdjikova Anna I. , McElroy Susan L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectiveThis report examined the characteristics of subjects interested in binge eating disorder (BED) pharmacotherapy trails who were ineligible for participation.MethodsData on 2685 potential subjects interested in participating in five different placebo‐controlled monotherapy trails of BED were analysed.ResultsOf the 2685 potential subjects, 1230 (45.8%) were ineligible because they did not meet entry criteria, 586 (21.8%) were eligible for participation, 531 (19.8%) were not interested in the study and 338 (12.6%) were not contacted. Among the 1230 ineligible candidates, 525 (42.7%) were taking exclusionary psychotropic medication, 305 (24.8%) did not meet specified BED criteria, 157 (12.7%) were out of the required age (n = 83) or weight (n = 74) range, 212 (17.2%) had prohibited medical (n = 78) or psychiatric (n = 134) disorders and 31 (2.5%) were participating in weight loss programmes.DiscussionGiven the complexity of BED, future pharmacotherapy studies should examine a broader range of subjects, including subjects with subthreshold forms of BED, those with comorbid disorders and elderly subjects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The relationship between skinfold thickness and body mass index in North European Caucasian and East Asian women with anorexia nervosa: Implications for diagnosis and management
Authors: Soh Nerissa L , Touyz Stephen , A Dobbins Timothy , Clarke Simon , Kohn Michael R , Lee Ee Lian , Leow Vincent , Ung Ken EK , Walter Garry 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between skinfold thickness and body mass index (BMI) in North European Caucasian and East Asian young women with and without anorexia nervosa (AN) in two countries.MethodHeight, weight and skinfold thicknesses were assessed in 137 young women with and without AN, in Australia and Singapore. The relationship between BMI and the sum of triceps, biceps, subscapular and iliac crest skinfolds was analysed with clinical status, ethnicity, age and country of residence as covariates.ResultsFor the same BMI, women with AN had significantly smaller sums of skinfolds than women without AN. East Asian women both with and without AN had significantly greater skinfold sums than their North European Caucasian counterparts after adjusting for BMI.ConclusionLower BMI goals may be appropriate when managing AN patients of East Asian ancestry and the weight for height diagnostic criterion should be reconsidered for this group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Probabilistic online risk assessment of non‐cascading and cascading transmission outage contingencies
Authors: Lee Stephen T. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPower grids have traditionally been designed to withstand without resulting in cascading events transmission outage contingencies of the N‐1 or N‐2 kind. However, in actual operation, power grids are potentially vulnerable to cascading outages. Reliable operations therefore require a risk‐based approach to monitoring and managing the probability and impact of potential cascading outages. This paper defines and quantifies a measure that relates to the vulnerability of the power grid to cascading outages. The approach is to simulate and identify potential cascading modes (PCM) and to compute the probability and impact of each stage of the cascade and display the risk of each potential cascade stage on the two‐dimensional display of likelihood and consequences. In this display, the traditional N‐1 or N‐2 contingencies will also be plotted for comparison. This approach enables grid operators to be fully aware of not only the contingencies for which they are required to assess and mitigate but also the potential cascading modes. This places both types of potential adverse events on the same basis for comparison. When the risk level of a potential cascading mode approaches or exceeds the risk level of all the N‐1 contingencies (or N‐2, if it is the reliability standard), then the operators will be well advised to take corrective actions to manage the overall risk of blackouts. Computation examples of applying this method are illustrated in this paper. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of water waves with submerged obstacles using a vortex method with Helmholtz decomposition
Authors: Lin M. Y. , Huang L. H. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe present study develops a 2‐D numerical scheme that combines the vortex method and the boundary integral method by a Helmholtz decomposition to investigate the interaction of water waves with submerged obstacles. Viscous effects and generation of vorticity on the free surface are neglected. The second kind of Fredholm integral equations that govern the strengths of vortex sheets along boundaries are solved iteratively. Vorticity is convected and diffused in the fluid via a Lagrangian vortex (blob) method with varying cores, using the particle strength exchange method for diffusion, with particle redistribution. A grid‐convergence study of the numerical method is reported. The inviscid part of the method and the simulation of the free‐surface motion are tested using two calculations: solitary wave propagation in a uniform channel and a moving line vortex in the fluid. Finally, the full model is verified by simulating periodic waves travelling over a submerged rectangular obstacle using nonuniform vortex blobs with a mapping of the redistribution lattice. Overall, the numerical model predicts the vortices' evolution and the free‐surface motion reasonably well. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.