bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Local-Area Racial Segregation for Medicare Hospital Admissions
Authors: Akré Ellesse-Roselee L. , Chyn Deanna , Carlos Heather A. , Barnato Amber E. , Skinner Jonathan 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceConsiderable racial segregation exists in US hospitals that cannot be explained by where patients live. Approaches to measuring such segregation are limited.ObjectiveTo measure how and where sorting of older Black patients to different hospitals occurs within the same health care market.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cross-sectional study used 2019 Medicare claims data linked to geographic data. Hospital zip code markets were based on driving time. The local hospital segregation (LHS) index was defined as the difference between the racial composition of a hospital’s admissions and the racial composition of the hospital’s market. Assessed admissions were among US Medicare fee-for-service enrollees aged 65 or older living in the 48 contiguous states with at least 1 hospitalization in 2019 at a hospital with at least 200 hospitalizations. Data were analyzed from November 2022 to January 2024.ExposureDegree of residential segregation, ownership status, region, teaching hospital designation, and disproportionate share hospital status.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe LHS index by hospital and a regional LHS index by hospital referral region.ResultsIn the sample of 1991 acute care hospitals, 4 870 252 patients (mean [SD] age, 77.7 [8.3] years; 2 822 006 [56.0%] female) were treated, including 11 435 American Indian or Alaska Native patients (0.2%), 129 376 Asian patients (2.6%), 597 564 Black patients (11.9%), 395 397 Hispanic patients (7.8), and 3 818 371 White patients (75.8%). In the sample, half of hospitalizations among Black patients occurred at 235 hospitals (11.8% of all hospitals); 878 hospitals (34.4%) exhibited a negative LHS score (ie, admitted fewer Black patients relative to their market area) while 1113 hospitals (45.0%) exhibited a positive LHS (ie, admitted more Black patients relative to their market area); of all hospitals, 79.4% exhibited racial admission patterns significantly different from their market. Hospital-level LHS was positively associated with government hospital status (coefficient, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.38), while New York, New York; Chicago, Illinois; and Detroit, Michigan, hospital referral regions exhibited the highest regional LHS measures, with hospital referral region LHS scores of 0.12, 0.16, and 0.21, respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, a novel measure of LHS was developed to quantify the extent to which hospitals were admitting a representative proportion of Black patients relative to their market areas. A better understanding of hospital choice within neighborhoods would help to reduce racial inequities in health outcomes.
Comparative Long-Term Clinical Performance of Mechanical Aortic Valve Prostheses
Authors: Granbom Koski Malin , Glaser Natalie , Franco-Cereceda Anders , Sartipy Ulrik , Dismorr Michael 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceAggregated data and long-term follow-up in national health data registers offer the opportunity to compare the performance of mechanical aortic prostheses within the same population.ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical performance of mechanical aortic valve prostheses.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis nationwide cohort study included all 5224 patients who underwent primary mechanical aortic valve replacement in Sweden between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2018. Statistical analysis was performed between May and September 2023.ExposuresSurgical aortic valve replacement with the On-X, Carbomedics, Bicarbon, Standard, Regent, Open Pivot, Masters, or Advantage valve models.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and secondary outcomes were reintervention, heart failure, major bleeding, stroke, and embolic events. Regression standardization was used to account for baseline differences.ResultsOverall, 5224 patients (mean [SD] age, 56.8 [11.7] years; 3908 men [74.8%]) were included. Total follow-up time was 43 982 person-years (mean [SD], 8.4 [4.6] years; maximum, 17.2 years). After regression standardization, there was a significant difference in 10-year mortality between the Carbomedics model group (17%; 95% CI, 15%-18%), Regent model group (17%; 95% CI, 13%-20%), and Standard model group (17%; 95% CI, 14%-19%) compared with the Bicarbon model group (27%; 95% CI, 21%-34%).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of mechanical valve surgical aortic replacement outcomes in Sweden, the rate of all-cause mortality was higher in the Bicarbon group than in the Carbomedics, Regent, and Standard model groups. These findings warrant further research on the long-term clinical performance of the Bicarbon valve.
Thermally Conductive and Stretchable Elastomers Engineered via Ordered Hydrogen Bonding Interactions
Authors: Wong Chunyu , Wang Shuting , Ren Linlin , Xu Jian‐Bin , Zeng Xiaoliang , Sun Rong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractElastomers are widely used for their large‐strain reversible stretchability, but their low thermal conductivity limits their applications in thermal management. Increasing the thermal conductivity of elastomers usually involves adding fillers, which deteriorate their stretchability and other desirable properties. Here, a supramolecular structure design strategy is proposed to enhance the thermal conductivity of amorphous elastomers without compromising their stretchability and self‐healing abilities. Supramolecular poly(thioctic acid‐N,N′‐methylenebis acrylamide) elastomers are designed with ordered hydrogen bonding interactions that improve the heat transfer efficiency and maintain excellent stretchability. The resulting elastomers exhibit a thermal conductivity of 0.72 W m−1 K−1, a remarkable stretchability of 427%, a low elastic modulus of 475 kPa, and self‐healing and reprocessing capabilities. This strategy offers a promising alternative for developing thermally conductive elastomers that do not rely on traditional fillers.
Covalently‐Bonded Diaphite Nanoplatelet with Engineered Electronic Properties of Diamond
Authors: Zhai Zhaofeng , Zhang Chuyan , Chen Bin , Xiong Ying , Liang Yan , Liu Lusheng , Yang Bing , Yang Nianjun , Jiang Xin , Huang Nan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDiamond, as a highly promising “extreme” semiconductor material, necessitates electronic property engineering to unleash its full potential in electronic and photonic devices. In this work, the diaphite nanoplatelet, consisting of (11) planes of diamond nanoplatelet covalently bonded with graphite (0001) planes, is facilely synthesized using one‐step microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. The high‐energy plasma created by the pillar plays a crucial role in the formation. Importantly, altered electronic and optical properties are determined in the diaphite nanoplatelet through electron energy loss spectrum, density functional theory calculations, and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. It is revealed that the strong sp3/sp2‐hybridized interfacial covalent bonding in the diaphite nanoplatelet induces the electron transfer from diamond to graphite. This modulates the electronic structure of the near‐interface layer of diamond and triggers a new local trapping band below the conduction band minimum within the bandgap. Consequently, the covalently‐bonded diaphite exhibits a different optical emission characteristic ranging from 2.5 to 3.64 eV, featuring a significant peak blueshift of 430 meV compared to the H‐terminated diamond. This work demonstrates a novel method to engineer the electronic properties of diamond, opening avenues for functional semiconductor device applications of diamond.
Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks as an Appealing Platform for Luminescent Sensing
Authors: Xiong Zhile , Xiang Shengchang , Lv Yuanchao , Chen Banglin , Zhang Zhangjing 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), a novel subclass of porous crystalline materials self‐assembled from organic linkers through hydrogen bonding and other intermolecular interactions, have emerged as an exciting platform for developing multifunctional materials. Recently, luminescent HOF sensors have drawn considerable attention due to their unique advantages, such as hydrogen‐bonding flexibility, inherent luminescent centers in organic linkers, ease of functionalization, low density and toxicity, and good stability. However, a comprehensive study on the design strategies, functionalities, and applications of HOFs in sensing is lacking. In this review, the uniqueness and development of luminescent sensing HOFs are outlined. The design principles and strategies to enable the sensing performance are summarized, including the pre‐design of luminescent organic linkers and post‐modification with additional luminescent species. The state‐of‐the‐art advances in diverse sensing applications are overviewed, such as the detection of chemical pollutants, biomolecules, gases, and physical factors like temperature and mechanical forces. Moreover, the current challenges and corresponding potential avenues are discussed. This review aims to inspire more innovative research on the fabrication of advanced HOFs for luminescent sensing functions.
Microneedle‐Mediated Delivery of Immunomodulators Restores Immune Privilege in Hair Follicles and Reverses Immune‐Mediated Alopecia
Authors: Younis Nour , Puigmal Núria , Kurdi Abdallah El , Badaoui Andrew , Zhang Dongliang , Morales‐Garay Claudia , Saad Anis , Cruz Diane , Rahy Nadim Al , Daccache Andrea , Huerta Triana , Deban Christa , Halawi Ahmad , Choi John , Dosta Pere , Guo Lian Christine , Artzi Natalie , Azzi Jamil R. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDisorders in the regulatory arm of the adaptive immune system result in autoimmune‐mediated diseases. While systemic immunosuppression is the prevailing approach to manage them, it fails to achieve long‐lasting remission due to concomitant suppression of the regulatory arm and carries the risk of heightened susceptibility to infections and malignancies. Alopecia areata is a condition characterized by localized hair loss due to autoimmunity. The accessibility of the skin allows local rather than systemic intervention to avoid broad immunosuppression. It is hypothesized that the expansion of endogenous regulatory T cells (Tregs) at the site of antigen encounter can restore the immune balance and generate a long‐lasting tolerogenic response. A hydrogel microneedle (MN) patch is therefore utilized for delivery of CCL22, a Treg‐chemoattractant, and IL‐2, a Treg survival factor to amplify them. In an immune‐mediated murine model of alopecia, local bolstering of Treg numbers is shown, leading to sustained hair regrowth and attenuation of inflammatory pathways. In a humanized skin transplant mouse model, expansion of Tregs within human skin is confirmed without engendering peripheral immunosuppression. The patch offers high‐loading capacity and shelf‐life stability for prospective clinical translation. By harmonizing immune responses locally, the aim is to reshape the landscape of autoimmune skin disease management.
Universal Synthesis of Single‐Atom Catalysts by Direct Thermal Decomposition of Molten Salts for Boosting Acidic Water Splitting
Authors: Kaushik Shubham , Wu Duojie , Zhang Zhen , Xiao Xin , Zhen Cheng , Wang Wenjuan , Huang Ning‐Yu , Gu Meng , Xu Qiang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) are considered prominent materials in the field of catalysis due to their high metal atom utilization and selectivity. However, the wide‐ranging applications of SACs remain a significant challenge due to their complex preparation processes. Here, a universal strategy is reported to prepare a series of noble metal single atoms on different non‐noble metal oxides through a facile one‐step thermal decomposition of molten salts. By using a mixture of non‐noble metal nitrate and a small‐amount noble metal chloride as the precursor, noble metal single atoms can be easily introduced into the non‐noble metal oxide lattice owing to the cation exchange in the in situ formed molten salt, followed by the thermal decomposition of nitrate anions during the heating process. Analyses using aberration‐corrected high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy confirm the formation of the finely dispersed single atoms. Specially, the as‐synthesized Ir single atoms (10.97 wt%) and Pt single atoms (4.60 wt%) on the Co3O4 support demonstrate outstanding electrocatalytic activities for oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction, respectively.
Design of Excellent Mechanical Performances and Magnetic Refrigeration via In Situ Forming Dual‐Phase Alloys
Authors: Zhong Hong , Song Yuzhu , Long Feixiang , Lu Hao , Ai Minjun , Li Tianyu , Yao Yonghao , Sakai Yuki , Ikeda Masahito , Takahashi Kazuki , Azuma Masaki , Hu Fengxia , Xing Xianran , Chen Jun 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMagnetic refrigeration technology can achieve higher energy efficiency based on the magnetocaloric effect (MCE). However, the practical application of MCE materials is hindered by their poor mechanical properties, making them challenging to process into devices. Conventional strengthening strategies usually lead to a trade‐off with refrigeration capacity reduction. Here, a novel design is presented to overcome this dilemma by forming dual‐phase alloys through in situ precipitation of a tough magnetic refrigeration phase within an intermetallic compound with excellent MCE. In the alloy 87.5Gd–12.5Co, incorporating the interconnected tough phase Gd contributes to enhanced strength (≈505 MPa) with good ductility (≈9.2%). The strengthening phase Gd simultaneously exhibits excellent MCE, enabling the alloy to achieve a peak refrigeration capacity of 720 J kg−1. Moreover, the alloy shows low thermal expansion induced by the synergistic effect of the two phases. It is beneficial for maintaining structural stability during heat exchange in magnetic refrigeration. The coupling interaction between the two magnetic phases can broaden the refrigeration temperature range and reduce hysteresis. This study guides the development of new high‐performance materials with an excellent combination of mechanical and magnetic refrigeration properties as needed for gas liquefaction and refrigerators.
A Breakthrough in Color‐Tunable All‐Fluorescent White OLEDs through the Cooperation Between a New Blue HLCT Fluorophore and a Long‐Wavelength TADF Emitter
Authors: Wang Shengnan , Peng Ling , He Feiyang , Ming Yanwen , Qi Haoyuan , Liu Yuchao , Ma Dongge , Ying Shian , Yan Shouke 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIt is a vitally important and challenging task to achieve high efficiency and wide color‐tunable white organic light emitting diodes (CT‐WOLEDs) meeting the needs of various decoration and lighting applications. Here, a high‐performance single‐cell all‐fluorescent CT‐WOLED with a single‐doped single‐emissive‐layer structure has been developed employing a multi‐functional hybrid local and charge transfer (HLCT) fluorophore 2‐(4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)−2′,5′‐difluoro‐[1,1′:4′,1′'‐terphenyl]−4‐yl)−1‐phenyl‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole (PICZ2F) as a deep‐blue emitter as well as an effective host for a yellow thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter. The record‐breaking power efficiency of 89.50 lm W‒1 and correlated color temperature (CCT) span from 3749 to 18 279 K are achieved simultaneously, which is not only one of the state‐of‐the‐art CT‐WOLEDs reported so far, but also comparable to the best values from all‐fluorescent white devices with a single‐emissive‐layer. Moreover, by using PICZ2F as an emitter, an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.10% with the Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.155, 0.068) is achieved in the doped device, and a low‐efficiency roll‐off even at a high luminance of 15 000 cd m−2 (EQE15000: 5.80%) is achieved in the non‐doped device. Overall, the findings provide a promising strategy to develop simple but efficient CT‐WOLEDs.
Gold‐Zinc Co‐Catalyzed Alkynoate Hydrocarboxylation with N‐Protected Amino Acids for Preparation of Storable Acylating Reagents and Racemization‐Free Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Sakurada Ayaka , Sato Miyu , Higashida Kosuke , Sawamura Masaya 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHydrocarboxylation of methyl 2‐octynoate, a chemical commercially available at a low cost, with N‐protected amino acids was developed with a gold‐zinc cooperative catalyst constructed with a 5‐[(2,2′‐bipyridin)‐5‐yl]imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridin‐3‐ylidene to prepare α‐methoxycarbonyl enol esters as acylating reagents. The α‐methoxycarbonyl enol esters were isolable through silica‐gel column chromatography and storable without precautions regarding moisture. Acylation of free amines with the α‐methoxycarbonyl enol esters proceeded without epimerization of the stereogenic center derived from the enol esters, affording analytically pure dipeptide compounds through filtration and hexane‐washing.
Eutectogel Electrolyte Constructs Robust Interfaces for High‐Voltage Safe Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Wu Wanbao , Li Deping , Gao Chaochao , Wu Hao , Bo Yiyang , Zhang Jichuan , Ci Lijie , Zhang Jiaheng 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDramatic growth of lithium dendrite, structural deterioration of LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode at high voltages, and unstable electrode/electrolyte interfaces pose significant obstacles to the practical application of high‐energy‐density LCO||Li batteries. In this work, a novel eutectogel electrolyte is developed by confining the nonflammable eutectic electrolyte in a polymer matrix. The eutectogel electrolyte can construct a robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with inorganic‐rich LiF and Li3N, contributing to a uniform Li deposition. Besides, the severe interface side reactions between LCO cathode and electrolyte can be retarded with an in situ formed protective layer. Correspondingly, Li||Li symmetrical cells achieve highly reversible Li plating/stripping over 1000 h. The LCO||Li full cell can maintain 72.5% capacity after 1500 cycles with a decay rate of only 0.018% per cycle at a high charging voltage of 4.45 V. Moreover, the well‐designed eutectogel electrolyte can even enable the stable operation of LCO at an extremely high cutoff voltage of 4.6 V. This work introduces a promising avenue for the advancement of eutectogel electrolytes, the nonflammable nature and well‐regulated interphase significantly push forward the future application of lithium metal batteries and high‐voltage utilization of LCO cathode.
Gingerenone A Attenuates Ulcerative Colitis via Targeting IL‐17RA to Inhibit Inflammation and Restore Intestinal Barrier Function
Authors: Liang Jian , Dai Weigang , Liu Chuanghui , Wen Yifan , Chen Chen , Xu Yifei , Huang Song , Hou Shaozhen , Li Chun , Chen Yongming , Wang Wei , Tang Hailin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractUlcerative colitis (UC) is a complicated and recurrent intestinal disease. Currently available drugs for UC treatment are scarce, therefore, novel therapeutic drugs for the UC are urgently to be developed. Gingerenone A (GA) is a phenolic compound known for its anti‐inflammatory effect, but its effect on UC remains unknown. Here, it is shown that GA protects mice against UC, which is closely associated with inhibiting intestinal mucosal inflammation and enhancing intestinal barrier integrity in vivo and in vitro. Of note, RNA sequencing analysis demonstrates an evident correlation with IL‐17 signaling pathway after GA treatment, and this effect is further corroborated by Western blot. Mechanistically, GA directly interacts with IL‐17RA protein through pull‐down, surface plasmon resonance analysis and molecular dynamics simulation. Importantly, lentivirus‐mediated IL‐17RA/Act1 knock‐down or GA co‐treatment with brodalumab/ixekizumab significantly impairs the protective effects of GA against DSS‐induced inflammation and barrier dysfunction, suggesting a critical role of IL‐17RA signaling for GA‐mediated protection against UC. Overall, these results indicate that GA is an effective agent against UC mainly through the direct binding of IL‐17RA to inhibit inflammatory signaling activation.
Medium‐Entropy Monosilicates Deliver High Corrosion Resistance to Calcium‐Magnesium Aluminosilicate Molten Salt
Authors: Chen Zeyu , Wang Yongzhe , Huang Yiling , Peng Fan , Lin Chucheng , Zheng Wei , Song Xuemei , Niu Yaran , Zeng Yi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractFor decreasing the global cost of corrosion, it is essential to understand the intricate mechanisms of corrosion and enhance the corrosion resistance of materials. However, the ambiguity surrounding the dominant mechanism of calcium‐magnesium aluminosilicate (CMAS) molten salt corrosion in extreme environments hinders the mix‐and‐matching of the key rare earth elements for increasing the resistance of monosilicates against corrosion of CMAS. Herein, an approach based on correlated electron microscopy techniques combined with density functional theory calculations is presented to elucidate the complex interplay of competing mechanisms that control the corrosion of CMAS of monosilicates. These findings reveal a competition between thermodynamics and kinetics that relies on the temperatures and corrosion processes. Innovative medium‐entropy monosilicates with exceptional corrosion resistance even at 1500 °C are developed. This is achieved by precisely modulating the radii of rare earth ions in monosilicates to strike a delicate balance between the competition in thermodynamics and kinetics. After 50 and 100 h of corrosion, the thinnest reactive layers are measured to be only 28.8 and 35.4 µm, respectively.
Wearable EMI Shielding Composite Films with Integrated Optimization of Electrical Safety, Biosafety and Thermal Safety
Authors: Li Liang , Yan Yongzhu , Liang Jufu , Zhao Jinchuan , Lyu Chaoyi , Zhai Haoxiang , Wu Xilong , Wang Guizhen 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBiomaterial‐based flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composite films are desirable in many applications of wearable electronic devices. However, much research focuses on improving the EMI shielding performance of materials, while optimizing the comprehensive safety of wearable EMI shielding materials has been neglected. Herein, wearable cellulose nanofiber@boron nitride nanosheet/silver nanowire/bacterial cellulose (CNF@BNNS/AgNW/BC) EMI shielding composite films with sandwich structure are fabricated via a simple sequential vacuum filtration method. For the first time, the electrical safety, biosafety, and thermal safety of EMI shielding materials are optimized integratedly. Since both sides of the sandwich structure contain CNF and BC electrical insulation layers, the CNF@BNNS/AgNW/BC composite films exhibit excellent electrical safety. Furthermore, benefiting from the AgNW conductive networks in the middle layer, the CNF@BNNS/AgNW/BC exhibit excellent EMI shielding effectiveness of 49.95 dB and ultra‐fast response Joule heating performance. More importantly, the antibacterial property of AgNW ensures the biosafety of the composite films. Meanwhile, the AgNW and the CNF@BNNS layers synergistically enhance the thermal conductivity of the CNF@BNNS/AgNW/BC composite film, reaching a high value of 8.85 W m‒1 K‒1, which significantly enhances its thermal safety when used in miniaturized electronic device. This work offers new ideas for fabricating biomaterial‐based EMI shielding composite films with high comprehensive safety.