bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variability in hydrologic-system response to intense rain events, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.
Authors: Denner Jon C. , Lawson Daniel E. , Larson Grahame J. , Evenson Edward B. , Alley Richard B. , Strasser Jeffrey C. , Kopczynski Sarah 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTwo rain events at Matanuska Glacier illustrate how subglacial drainage system development and snowpack conditions affect hydrologic response at the terminus. On 21 and 22 September 1995, over 56 mm of rain fell in the basin during a period usually characterized by much drier conditions. This event caused an 8-fold increase in discharge and a 47-fold increase in suspended-sediment concentration. Peak suspended-sediment concentration exceeded 20 kg m —3, suggesting rapid evacuation of stored sediment. While water discharge returned to its pre-storm level nine days after the rain ceased, suspended- sediment concentrations took about 20 days to return to pre-storm levels. These observations suggest that the storm influx late in the melt season probably forced subglacial water into a more distributed system. In addition, subglacially transported sediments were supplemented to an unknown degree by the influx of storm-eroded sediments off hillslopes and from tributary drainage basins.A storm on 6 and 7 June 1997, dropped 28 mm of rain on the basin demonstrating the effects of meltwater retention in the snowpack and englacial and subglacial storage early in the melt season. Streamflow before the storm event was increasing gradually owing to warming temperatures; however, discharge during the storm and the following week increased only slightly. Suspended-sediment concentrations increased only a small amount, suggesting the drainage system was not yet well developed, and much of the run off occurred across the relatively clean surface of the glacier or through englacial channels.
Estimating rates of basal motion and internal ice deformation from continuous tilt measurements
Authors: Gudmundsson G. Hilmar , Bauder Andreas , Lüthi Martin , Fischer Urs H. , Funk Martin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOver a two-year period, continuous measurements of temporal changes in tilt, conducted with a string of tilt meters in a borehole on Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland, have been used to estimate the basal-motion component. This estimation is based on a comparison of the measurements with synthetic tilt curves, computed using a parameterization of a simplified flow field. The best agreement is found for a ratio of basal motion to forward motion due to ice deformation (slip ratio) equal to about 1.2. Measured tilt curves exhibit a number of different transient features. While an overall increase in tilt angle is observed at every tilt-meter location, two of the sensors recorded anomalous tilt behaviour. These anomalies are characterized by sudden and drastic variations in tilt. A particularly intriguing example of such short-term tilt variations was recorded with a tilt meter positioned 40 m above the bed during the 1997 summer melt season.
A new surface-processes model combining glacial and fluvial erosion
Authors: Braun Jean , Zwartz Dan , Tomkin Jonathan H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe have developed a new surface-processes model incorporating large-scale fluvial processes, local hill-slope processes and glacial erosion. Ice thickness and velocity are calculated under a shallow-ice approximation. Simulation experiments in fast-growing orogens comparing the efficiencies of fluvial and glacial erosion, where the two are operating simultaneously over several glacial cycles, show that: glacial landscapes can support greater ice masses than fluvial landscapes; glacial valley and lake shapes create a disequilibrium between landform and land-forming process that leads to pulses of high erosion at the end of glacial periods; glacial erosion rates can reach a constant value in a uniformly growing orogen; and glacial erosion is capable of eroding drainage divides when the ice is moderately thick.
Cosmogenic analysis of glacial terrains in the eastern Canadian Arctic: a test for inherited nuclides and the effectiveness of glacial erosion
Authors: Davis P. Thompson , Bierman Paul R. , Marsella Kimberly A. , Caffee Marc W. , Southon John R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTo determine the effectiveness of glacial erosion and the magnitude of cosmogenic nuclide inheritance from prior periods of cosmic-ray exposure, we measured the abundance of10Be and26Al in nine samples collected from bedrock, boulders and cobbles exposed by the retreat of Tumbling Glacier, Baffin Island, Canada. Most samples had nuclide concentrations so low that we were only able to set upper limits for nuclide abundance. Three boulders, two on a Neoglacial moraine of Tumbling Glacier that impounds Crater Lake and one on a roche moutonnée within the Neoglacial moraine loop, had nuclide abundances indicating no more than 900 yr of exposure at the surface. Three bedrock samples, striated by Tumbling Glacier and exposed by ice retreat within the last 20 yr, have similarly low nuclide abundances. One bedrock sample, covered by Tumbling Glacier ice for some part of the Holocene but not eroded, allows us to estimate crudely the duration of Neoglaciation at our sample site (about 5450 yr) and to provide a lower limit on the erosion rate of Tumbling Glacier (0.10 ± 0.03 mm a–1). We analyzed two cobbles collected from the tops of roches moutonnées at Crater Lake; one cobble had the equivalent of 3000 yr of exposure, the other < 900 yr.
Preliminary study of laminated, silt-rich debris bands: Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.
Authors: Ensminger Staci L. , Evenson Edward B. , Larson Grahame J. , Lawson Daniel E. , Alley Richard B. , Strasser Jeffrey C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSeveral different types of laterally extensive debris bands occur along the western terminus region of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A. An ice-bed process, which to our knowledge has not previously been recognized and described, forms the most common and most prominent type of debris band at Matanuska Glacier’s terminus. The debris bands are composed of one or several millimeter-thick laminations of silt-rich ice having much higher sediment content than that of the surrounding ice. Samples of these bands and their surrounding englacial ice have been analyzed for anthropogenic tritium (3H), oxygen-18 (δ18O), and deuterium (δD).We interpreted the laminated, silt-rich debris bands as basal fractures, along which silt-laden, glaciohydraulically supercooled and pressurized waters flowed, healing the fractures by ice growth. This process is analogous to the inward growth of hydrothermal quartz from the sides of an open fracture.
Structure and strength of basal ice and substrate of a dry-based glacier: evidence for substrate deformation at sub-freezing temperatures
Authors: Fitzsismon Sean J. , McManus Kevin J. , Lorrain Reginad D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper presents new data and interpretations of the structure, strength and behaviour of basal ice and the substrate of Suess Glacier, south Victoria Land, Antarctica, which is a small alpine dry-based glacier that has a basal temperature of—17°C. A tunnel excavated in the glacier revealed a substrate composed of frozen sand and gravel and a basal zone that was 3.8 m thick. From bottom to top, the basal zone was composed of 1.8 m of stratified, complexly deformed layers of ice and debris overlain by a 0.9 m thick layer of frozen sediment and a 0.8 m thick layer of discoloured ice lying immediately beneath clean glacier ice. Direct shear tests performed in the field on 36 samples show that the average peak shear strength of substrate samples was 2.53 MPa, which is almost twice as strong as the average value for basal ice (1.28 MPa) and the glacier ice samples (1.39 MPa). The direct shear tests suggest that the glacier substrate is unlikely to deform at the current temperature. However, observations of the structure and composition of the basal zone suggest that the substrate contains localized weaknesses that may reduce the peak strength sufficiently to permit bed deformation and entrainment. Two observed forms of weakness are ice lenses and layers in the permafrost and lenses of unsaturated permafrost, which may be inherited from the active zone of a former land surface or produced as pore ice sublimes into cavities which have formed at the glacier bed. Interpretation of data from this study suggests that glacier beds well below the freezing point can be deformed and eroded under certain conditions.
Identifying fast ice flow from landform assemblages in the geological record: a discussion
Authors: Hart Jane K. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDifferent types of fast ice flow (both spatial and temporal) in valley glaciers (surging glaciers, tidewater glaciers and deforming-bed glaciers) and ice sheets (ice streams and deforming-bed ice-sheet flow) are discussed briefly. Although there are unlikely to be any specific individual landforms associated with fast ice flow, there may be landform assemblages.At valley glacier scale, it is suggested that there are two landform assemblages: (1) an ice-thrust type, dominated by bulldozed push moraines and hummocky moraines (associated with glaciers with a high supraglacial sediment supply, a coarse-grained substrate and a coarse-grained proglacial sediment wedge); and (2) a bed-flow type dominated by “squeeze” push moraines, flutes and drumlins (associated with glaciers with a low supra- glacial sediment supply and fine-grained substrate). The ice-thrust type alone is only associated with discontinuous fast flow (on both rigid and deforming beds); whilst the bed-flow type is associated with both continuous and discontinuous fast flow.It is suggested that these two landform assemblages may also be indicative of fast ice flow at ice-sheet scale, in particular the bed-flow style. If that is the case, then discontinuous fast ice flow may be indicated by the ice-thrust landform assemblage and the bed-flow style where drumlins are present.It is also suggested that specific evidence for ice streams includes the distinctive land-form assemblages within valley or fan-like locations, and a predictable pattern of velocity reflected by drumlin elongation ratios.
The horned crag-and-tails of the Ungava Bay landform swarm, Quebec–Labrador, Canada
Authors: Jansson Krister N. , Kleman Johan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTill lineations are widespread throughout the interior of Quebec—Labrador, Canada. We discuss a previously unrecognized lineation type, horned crag-and- tails, characterized by two till ridges at the lateral flanks of a bedrock crag. This lineation type appears to occur exclusively in the Ungava Bay lineation swarm and has not been reported from other glaciated shield areas. The morphology and spatial distribution of these peculiar landforms are analyzed in the context of Laurentide ice sheet dynamics in central Quebec—Labrador. We propose that a horned crag-and-tail ridge forms when the ice sheet is frozen to the summit of the crag, but basal melting occurs lower down on the crag. The lack of basal sliding at the summit of the crag inhibits till transport across the crag and prevents the accumulation of till in a direct lee-side position. The last phase of the formation is fossilization by basal freezing of the horned crag-and-tail system. This scenario requires that the ice sheet undergoes a transition from frozen-bed conditions to basal melting with frozen patches on topographical highs, and back to fully frozen-bed conditions. Horned crag-and-tails may thus indicate a unique sequence of basal thermal conditions over large areas of Quebec-Labrador.
Subglacial sediment textures: character and evolution at Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland
Authors: Fischer Urs H. , Hubbard Bryn 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFourteen subglacial debris samples have been recovered from the margins of, or beneath, Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland. The grain-size distributions of these sediments are presented and compared with each other as bivariate plots of percentage weight against (sieve-defined) particle size and log number of particles against log particle diameter. All of the samples recovered are composed of a broad range of clast sizes and approach self-similarity over the four orders of magnitude of grain-sizes analysed. Fractal dimensions range from 2.47 to 2.77. Sample intercomparison reveals the operation of at least two processes of textural evolution: the production of fines by in-situ weathering, interpreted in terms of abrasion associated with subglacial sediment deformation, and the loss of fines, interpreted in terms of eluviation by percolating subglacial meltwaters. These interpretations are supported and refined through comparison of the grain-size fractions gained (in the case of deformation) and lost (in the case of eluviation) with those fractions respectively generated in a laboratory-based simulation of sediment deformation and exiting the glacier suspended in the proglacial meltwater stream. While sediment deformation has the effect of increasing the fine fraction between 0 and 10ϕ and of raising the fractal dimension of undeformed sediments from 2.47 to 2.77, eluviation removes particles between 2 and 100, driving the fractal dimension of deformed sediments down from 2.77 to 2.54. These fractal dimensions are generally lower than those recorded at other comparable glaciers, consistent with the relatively low rates of sediment deformation inferred from other studies at Haut Glacier d’Arolla.
The significance of pre-existing, deeply weathered crystalline rock in interpreting the effects of glaciation in the Minnesota River valley, U.S.A.
Authors: Patterson C. J. , Boerboom T.J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMinnesota is largely underlain by Precambrian crystalline bedrock that was weathered to an average depth of 30 m prior to Late Cretaceous time. The fresh-rock— weathered-rock interface is irregular, with as much as 45 m of relief. Weathering exploited joints, locally isolating meter-sized volumes of rock known as corestones. Variable amounts of residuum were removed through glaciation to leave (1) saprolite overlain by an in-situ Late Cretaceous soil profile; (2) partially eroded saprolite; and (3) undulating fresh rock surfaces (commonly mantled by rounded boulders) that display striae and glacial or fluvial polish.Significant subglacial erosion of fresh bedrock is not required to form smoothly undulating bedrock surfaces with closed depressions; they may also form through removal of weathered bedrock and exposure of the weathering front. Large rounded boulders are not always shaped during transport; they may represent chemically rounded corestones resting at or near the bedrock source.Unambiguous evidence for glacial erosion includes striae and streamlining of bedrock parallel to striae. Polish on rock can be created fluvially, and smoothed grooves and ridges in the rock may be chemically produced. Many rounded boulders found in glacial till and strewn on bedrock surfaces probably originated as corestones.
Assessing area and volume changes from deglaciated areas, Valle d’Aosta, Italy
Authors: Vanuzzo Chiara , Pelfini Manuela 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper assesses the amount of area and volume retreat, from the maximum expansion phase of the Little Ice Age to date, of glaciers at the head of Valpelline and Valtournenche (Valle d’Aosta, western Alps, Italy) using field survey, air-photo interpretation, analysis of historical records and a geographical information system. The calculated areal retreat value is 42.34%. For the upper Valpelline glaciers, the area declined from 20.13 km2 to 14.78 km2; whereas for the upper Valtournenche glaciers, a loss of 14.78 km2 to 5.8 km2 has been recorded. The estimated ice-volume loss was 0.35 km3.
Late Pleistocene climate conditions in the north Chilean Andes drawn from a climate–glacier model
Authors: Kull Christoph , Grosjean Martin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA climate–glacier model was used to reconstruct Late-glacial climate conditions from two case-study glaciers at 18° and 22° S in the arid (sub)tropical western Andes of northern Chile. The model uses (i) the geometry of the Late-glacial maximum glaciation, (ii) modern diurnal and annual cycles, amplitudes and lapse rates of the climate, (iii) empirical–statistical sublimation, melt and accumulation models developed for this area, and (iv) dynamic ice flow through two known cross-sections for steady-state conditions. The model is validated with modern conditions and compares favorably with the glaciological features of today. The mass-balance model calculates the modern equilibrium-line altitude at 18° S as high as 5850 m (field data 5800 m), whereas no glaciers exist in the fully arid southern area at 22° S despite altitudes above 6000 m and continuous permafrost. For Late-glacial times, the model results suggest a substantial increase in tropical summer precipitation (ΔP= +840 (− 50/+ 10) mm a−1for the northern test area; +1000 (− 10/+ 30) mm a−1for the southern test area) and a moderate temperature depression (ΔT= −4.4 (− 0.1/+ 0.2) °C at 18° S; −3.2 (±0.1) °C at 22° S). Extratropical frontal winter precipitation (June–September) was <15% of the total annual precipitation. A scenario with higher winter precipitation from the westerlies circulation belt does not yield a numerical solution which matches the observed geometry of the glaciers. Therefore, we conclude that an equatorward displacement of the westerlies must be discarded as a possible explanation for the late Pleistocene glaciation in the Andes of northern Chile.
Energy balance of ice streams
Authors: Raymond C. F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAnalysis of the cross-flow transmission of force from the central parts of a well-lubricated ice stream to its margins shows that there is a corresponding shift in the lateral location of motion-induced heat generation. The rate of basal heat generation in the center can be substantially smaller than the local rate of potential energy loss given by driving stress times the speed of downslope motion. The basal heating is a maximum for an intermediate level of lubrication for which speed is about 40% of the speed over a friction-less bed and base stress is about 25% of the driving stress. Stable and unstable balances between meltwater production and drainage on the bed are identified. A stable steady state with a speed less (more) than that giving maximum heat generation is termed drainage-(production-) limited, since an increase in speed would lead to increased (decreased) basal melting and must (need not) be balanced by increased drainage. It is shown that gradual evolution of the basal water drainage system and the factors affecting basal melting can cause discontinuous jumps between fast- and slow-moving states. A simplified analysis applied to six cross-sections of West Antarctic Ice Streams B, D, E and Rutford Ice Stream shows them to be diverse in the level of support from the sides and corresponding shift of mechanical heating sideward from their central parts. The cross-sections of Ice Stream B near “Upstream B” may be production-limited, because of especially high lubrication and related support from the sides. Cross-sections in the upper part of Ice Stream D, Ice Stream E and Rutford Ice Stream are in a drainage-limited condition. Substantial reduction of basal heat generation by side drag (in most cases) and expected high heat flow into the basal ice associated with low thickness (in some cases) tends to favor basal freezing. Nevertheless, all of the examined cross-sections except one are expected to experience basal melting with a modest geothermal heat-flux density of 60 m W m−1 or less in some cases. The lower part of Ice Stream B is an exception, where the analysis indicates that geothermal flux density must exceed 80–100 m W−1 m to maintain melting. If this high geothermal flux is not present, then the base of the lower part of Ice Stream B may be freezing, which would suggest continued deceleration of this part of Ice Stream B.
Ice motion over Lake Vostok, Antarctica: constraints on inferences regarding the accreted ice
Authors: Kwok R. , Siegert M.J. , Carsey F. D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIce motion over Lake Vostok, Antarctica, is measured using repeat-pass synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) interferometry. The coverage of the lake and the components of the vector field are resolved using 10 overlapping data takes from ascending and descending look directions. Seventy-day temporal baselines provide the sensitivity required to observe the range of ice motion (0–6 m a−1) over the lake and the adjacent ice sheet. It is remarkable that the scattering field remained coherent over these time separations. This is critical for interferometric analysis and can be attributed to the low surface accumulation and low air temperature at this elevation. The regional flow of the ice sheet around Lake Vostok is from west to east, perpendicular to the surface elevation contours. As the ice flows past the grounding line, a southward component of motion develops that is correlated with the north–south surface slope along the length of the lake. The surface velocity increases slowly from the northern tip of the lake and then more rapidly south of 77° S. At Vostok station, the ice motion is 4.2 m a−1. Across the lake and away from boundary effects, the down-lake flow pattern takes on a parabolic profile with maximum velocity close to the center line of the lake. The overall influence of the subglacial lake is the addition of a down-lake motion component to the prevailing west–east motion of the ice sheet. As a result, we estimate 10% of the mass flowing onto the lake is diverted south. Reconstructions based on the Vostok ice core indicate that the ice was grounded up-glacier from the core site approximately 5000 years ago. This suggests a minimum freezing rate of 40 mm a−1 for the subglacial accretion ice, 10 times greater than that inferred from thermodynamic modeling of the upper 2 km of the ice core.
Snow accumulation rates in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, by firn-core analysis
Authors: Stenni Barbara , Serra Francesca , Frezzotti Massimo , Maggi Valter , Traversi Rita , Becagli Silvia , Udisti Roberto 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA multiparametric (chemical, isotopic and physical) study on three shallow firn cores sampled in northern Victoria Land was carried out to obtain glaciological information and climatic data in this Antarctic region. Sampling areas were accurately prospected to identify sites, located at different altitudes and distances from the sea, where the snow accumulation was not influenced by katabatic wind redistribution or summer melting. Stratigraphic, isotopic (δl8O) and chemical (H2O2, MSA and nssSO42−) profiles were mutually examined for dating purposes and to determine the mean snow-accumulation rates at three different stations. Annual accumulation rates of 85–420 kg m−2 a−1 were determined in the period 1971–92. An inverse pattern between accumulation rate and altitude was shown by the progression of the mean annual rates of 160, 203 and 260 kg m−2 a−1, respectively, in the highest, medium and lowest stations. The mean accumulation value of all northern Victoria Land data available, 170 kg m−2 a−1, represents a decrease of up to 35% with respect to the estimated value most widely used until now. Our accumulation value is very close to that required for a zero net surface mass balance according to ice discharge. A linear relationship with a gradient of 0.81‰ °C−1 has been found between mean δ18O values and mean annual surface temperature for different ice cores drilled in northern Victoria Land.