bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Impact Multipliers: A Case Study of White Dry Edible Beans
Authors: Vandenborre Roger J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA dynamic model for the white dry edible bean sector based upon empirical demand and supply relationships is used (1) to evaluate the impact of governmental support programs, (2) to study the impact which changes in the exogenous variables have on the system, and (3) to estimate the effects which support prices established above free market prices have on production. Unique aspects of this study are (1) the treatment of a group of commodities rather than a single commodity, (2) the explicit consideration given to production and demand interrelationships, and (3) the effects of government programs on both controlled and noncontrolled commodities.
Some Implications of the EEC's Agricultural Price Policy
Authors: Epp Donald J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article indicates elements of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community that may result in substantial changes in the future. Regional price indexes are developed for several grain and livestock commodities and projected to 1970 and 1975. By combining these projections with the results of an EEC survey of family farm incomes, this article shows that the projected price changes will favor the farmers with the highest incomes. Also, the operation of the Agricultural Fund causes a transfer of foreign exchange from member countries with agricultural net import balances to member countries with agricultural net export balances. Raising the internal prices of imported and exported commodities in order to establish a common price for the EEC has further increased the foreign exchange transfers.
The Welfare Cost of Alternative Methods of Protecting Raw Wool in the United States
Authors: Dardis Rachel , Dennisson Janet 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPartial equilibrium analysis was employed to estimate the gain or loss accruing to the United States in adopting alternative methods of protection for raw wool. The cost estimates, which were calculated for 1963, indicated that the economy had gained from the adoption of a partial deficiency payments system in 1954. However, further gains could have been made if the raw wool and compensatory wool products tariffs had been replaced by increased deficiency payments. The cost to the economy of maintaining the present system of protection for raw wool ranged from $13 to $26 million, depending on the particular elasticity of demand used. The results demonstrate the necessity for considering interaction between intermediate and final goods in evaluating alternative methods of protection.
Toward a Concrete Concept of Effective Competition
Authors: Sosnick Stephen H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn presenting a concept of effective competition—that is, of a socially desirable state of affairs in an industry or a market—a writer should be specific about the issues, definite about his own views, explicit about necessary versus sufficient conditions, realistic about whether desirable conditions are attainable, discriminating in judging between a condition and its effects, comprehensive in listing market deficiencies, and stringent in describing his ideal. By this author's standards, a market is effectively competitive if and only if it is free of 25 flaws: unsatisfactory products, underuse or overuse, inefficient exchange, inefficient production, bad externalities, spoliation, exploitation, unfair tactics, wasteful advertising, irrationality, undue profits or losses, inadequate research, predation, pre‐emption, tying arrangements, resale price maintenance, refusals to deal, undesirable discrimination, misallocation of risk, undesirable mergers, undesirable entry, misinformation, inefficient rules of trading, and misregulation.
The Effect of a Marketing Order on Winter Carrot Prices
Authors: Shafer Carl E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMarketing orders are utilized for the express purpose of improving returns to growers. Higher quality requirements and supply or rate‐of‐flow management are the major tools in such an effort. The adoption of the marketing order for South Texas carrots permitted a limited test of the hypothesis that derived demand would increase during the order period. The hypothesis is reasonable because of the relatively low quality image of Texas winter carrots. It appears that demand at the grower level in Texas did increase during the order period whereas demand at the f.o.b. levels in Texas and the major competing production area, California, remained unaffected. In effect, the spread between grower price and f.o.b. price narrowed in Texas. If most of the increase in demand was due to improved quality, total returns to growers probably increased as a result of the culling‐price relation.
Importance of the Farm Sector to the Economy: A Multiplier Approach
Authors: Mirakhor Abbas , Orazem Frank 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA mathematical model is presented, which uses a multiplier approach to determine the relation of farm income to total income in a community, state, or region. Application of the model to Kansas data for the years 1950 to 1966 showed (a) that, on the average, $1.00 of farm income generated $3.33 of total income, whereas $1.00 of nonfarm income generated only $1.46 of total income, (b) that the farm sector expended 88.4 percent of its income in the nonfarm sector, whereas the nonfarm sector expended only 10 percent of its income in the farm sector, and (c) that there was an increasing interdependence between the farm and nonfarm sectors from 1950 to 1966
An Empirical Study of the Agricultural Labor Market in a Developing Country, Brazil
Authors: Youmans Russell , Schuh G. Edward 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUnderemployed agricultural labor implies a poorly functioning labor market. The allocative efficiency of the labor market in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais is evaluated by estimating agricultural production functions for five regions within the state, estimating the MVP of labor, and comparing this with the MVP of labor in other regions and other sectors of the economy, and with wage rates in both the farm and the nonfarm sectors. The results indicate that labor adjustments are taking place, but not at a fast enough rate to establish equilibrium. Considerable opportunity was found for reallocating labor within the agricultural sector. Surprisingly, in some of the regions the MVP of agricultural labor was greater than the wage rates in the nonfarm sector. Little or no correlation was found between the degree of industrial‐urban development and the performance of the labor market.
Determinants and Development Implications of Foodgrains Prices in India, 1949–1964
Authors: Mellor John W. , Dar Ashok K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA price index for foodgrains in India for the period 1949–1964 is estimated as a function of a set of real demand and supply variables and the money supply. More than 80 percent of the variation in the foodgrain price index is associated with variation in these independent variables. The upward trend in foodgrains prices is associated prmarily with expansion of the money supply. There is little evidence of government foodgrain price policy having affected the trend of relative agricultural prices. The coefficient on the lagged supply‐demand variable suggests that year‐to‐year changes in farmers' storage stocks are an important determinant of foodgrains prices in any one year. The implications of these findings to the relation between agricultural and industrial growth, monetary and fiscal policy, and agricultural price and buffer‐stock policy are discussed.
Theories Explaining the Persistence of Low Resource Returns in a Growing Farm Economy
Authors: Tweeten Luther G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLow rates of return (defined as earnings below opportunity costs) on farm resources have long been considered a major farm problem and one justification for government commodity programs. This paper first analyzes influences (such as economic growth, inflation, and technology) that generate disequilibrium and low returns. But the major issue analyzed is why farm disequilibrium persists after an extended period of full national employment, a strong national economy, an expansion of the aggregate farm plant, and a slow growth of farm productivity in the 1960's. The fixed resource theory, the increasing returns to size theory, and the imperfect competition theory are examined to explain persistence and permanency of disequilibrium and low returns. The fixed resource theory explains low returns as a labor fixity problem and suggests that the problem is either nonexistent or temporary. The increasing returns to size theory points to an extended duration for the low returns problem as long as the large majority of farms continue to operate on uneconomic size units. Finally, the imperfect competition theory depicts low returns as virtually permanent, given the economic structures of the farm and nonfarm sectors.
An Analysis of Daily Fluctuations in the Hog Economy
Authors: Leuthold Raymond M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA recursive model is developed to identify and evaluate the major factors affecting daily fluctuations in hog prices and quantities supplied. Using two years of data, packer price bids for slaughter hogs are found to depend upon lagged wholesale prices, present and lagged quantities of hogs marketed, and the day of the week. Producer's daily marketing responses depend upon lagged price, day of the week, and season of the year. Elasticity of supply is very high, ranging from 8 to 10. Daily ex post forecasts of price and quantity supplied are made for a one year period and indicate that variations in the regression coefficients from month to month, resulting from updating of the model, provide virtually no improvement of the forecasts over using an initial set of coefficients. The developed model predicts daily price fluctuations more accurately than a naive model tested.
Characteristics and Salaries of Agricultural Economists
Authors: Melichar Emanuel 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEmployment and salary characteristics for agricultural economists as of 1966 differ from those of general economists and other scientists in several respects. Educational institutions employed 58 percent of agricultural economists as against 45 percent of economists generally and 36 percent of all scientists. Only 9 percent were employed by business and industry as compared with a third of all economists and 41 percent of all scientists. The geometric mean basic salary received by agricultural economists was $13,000 as compared with $13,600 for all economists and $12,100 for all scientists. Academic degree attained and length of service have a greater influence on salary variation than age, type of employer, or primary work activity.
Congressional Bargaining in Agriculture: Cotton
Authors: Field Barry C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBargaining among sectional cotton interests in Congress was particularly intense in 1953–54, when a substantial reduction had to be made in the national allotment and then allocated to the various cotton‐producing states. Due largely to congressional constraints on committees to achieve some mutually satisfactory aggregation of preferences, this event can be treated as a two‐person, mixed‐motive bargaining game between eastern and western cotton interests. Through a series of offers and counteroffers, a final solution was reached such that each 1‐percent acreage reduction in the east was accompanied by a 2‐percent reduction in the west. Furthermore, these final “terms of trade” are the same as were reached in a similar instance of bargaining among cotton interests in 1949, implying some stability in the congressional bargaining process through the course of time.
Allowing for Weather Risk in Assessing Harvest Machinery Capacity
Authors: Donaldson G. F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTo take account of the effect of weather on the cereal harvest, a simulation model is outlined in which rates of combine work, harvest weather, and diurnal grain‐moisture content are regarded as probabilistic, with known distributions based on empirical data. On the basis of this data, the interaction of the variables is assessed over a thousand “years” of synthetic harvesting experience, in which the timeliness of the harvesting operation is assessed in terms of increased grain drying costs, and which is repeated to assess various policies which might be adopted by farmers. The results are presented as normative average total cost curves for various harvesting systems, based on the certainty equivalence of the decision under risk.
Linear and Dynamic Programming in Markov Chains*
Authors: Kislev Yoav , Amiad Amotz 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSome essential elements of the Markov chain theory are reviewed, along with programming of economic models which incorporate Markovian matrices and whose objective function is the maximization of the present value of an infinite stream of income. The linear programming solution to these models is presented and compared to the dynamic programming solution. Several properties of the solution are analyzed and it is shown that the elements of the simplex tableau contain information relevant to the understanding of the programmed system. It is also shown that the model can be extended to cover, among other elements, multiprocess enterprises and the realistic cases of programming in the face of probable deterioration of the productive capacity of the system or its total destruction.
Family‐Operated Farms: Their Compatibility with Technological Advance
Authors: Nikolitch Radoje 
Published: July 2006

AbstractConcepts and measurements were developed to test the hypothesis of the compatibility of the family farm with the postwar economic and technological changes in the organization of farm production. The results suggest that both static and dynamic economic forces continue to influence the patttern of this organization. Although the present family and larger‐than‐family farms only remotely resemble those in the past, they continue their coexistence in approximately the same proportions. Thus, despite profound changes, farms continue to be mostly family‐operated and family‐owned businesses, and family labor continues to be dominant in farming. However, in some traditional locations in California, Florida and a few other States, farm production comes mostly from larger‐than‐family farms—with hired labor as the dominant labor force.
A Production‐Investment Decision Model of Farm Firm Growth
Authors: Boehlje Michael D. , White T. Kelley 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article presents the conceptualization of a farm firm growth model which includes both investment and production decisions. The results obtained in the application of the model to a hypothetical Central Indiana farm under alternative resource availability and optimizing criteria assumptions are reviewed. These applications demonstrate the interaction between investment and production decisions in the growth process and indicate that under realistic conditions optimal firm growth is not scale growth. They also indicate that the growth process and the terminal size are different for different objective functions. Finally, the results illustrate the applicability of such a model for investigating farm firm adjustments in a growth context.
Mergers and Diversified Growth of Large Grain Firms
Authors: Cobia David W. , Farris Paul L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFirm growth by merger has received considerable attention because of its potential effects on industry organization and, in turn, economic performance. Early mergers often increased horizontal concentration, but recent ones appear to have been more associated with vertical and conglomerate integration. This study of 35 large firms in grain processing and merchandising industries showed that growth by merger was relatively larger from 1954 to 1963 than from 1940 to 1954. All but eight of the 35 firms became more highly diversified. Increasing diversification was associated positively with initial firm size and the relative importance of external growth.
Federal Milk Marketing Order Provisions: Effects on Producer Prices and Intermarket Price Relationships
Authors: Ladd George W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFederal milk marketing orders contain formulas that determine prices received by farmers for milk delivered to bottlers. Different orders contain various combinations of provisions. Cross‐section data were used to test the hypothesis that order prices are related to the provisions contained in orders. The hypothesis was accepted. Some 78 percent of the variance in prices is explained by two economic variables: distance of order market from Eau Claire, Wisconsin, and class I utilization ratio. Inclusion of dummy variables to allow for effects of order provisions increased the proportion of explained variance to 94 percent. Covariance analysis found no significant changes between years in the effects of order provisions on prices. Many possible combinations of provisions are not used in any order. Many of these combinations would provide unacceptable prices if they were used.
An Analysis of Farm Household Expenditures on Basic Living Materials in Japan
Authors: Lee Feng‐Yao 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUsing cross‐section data, the demand elasticities for basic living materials were estimated by least‐squares and instrumental variables. Income and own‐ and cross‐price elasticities were derived from time‐series data by ordinary least‐squares and combined technique. It is interesting to compare the estimated parameters using different estimating methods. The order of magnitude of the income elasticities contained few surprises. Most of the price elasticities carried correct signs, but the majority of them were insignificant. Income is much more important than prices in explaining Japanese consumption. Most of the estimates are similar to those obtained by others. Expenditure patterns between the Japanese farm households and the U.S. farm households can be compared.
The Pricing of Binspace—A Contribution to the Theory of Storage
Authors: Paul Allen B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe short‐run supply of grain storage is reexamined. A classical, positively‐sloping function applies over most of the observed range. Because different grains compete for space, all grains were considered together. A novel method of computing price was used. This price of binspace is positively related to off‐farm grain stocks and sales of grain off farms—each deflated by bin capacity. Sales are a major influence, reflecting current handling demands as opposed to pure storage demands. Handling demands seem to act as a storage supply shifter. The position slope suggests existence of convenience yields for uncommitted bins.
Response Surface Analysis and Simulation Models in Policy Choices
Authors: Shechter Mordechai , Heady Earl O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis methodological study uses a simulation model to derive response surfaces in the Feed Grain Program. The model approximates an economic system at both micro and macro levels. It estimates response in terms of treasury costs, net farm income, income of participating farmers, and feed grain stock accumulation. Marginal rates of substitution among these response variables are estimated. For example, with a one‐cent reduction in loan rate, responses were $71.00 reduction in net income per farm; $134.00 reduction in income of participating farmers; decrease in stock accumulation of 33 million bushels; $48 million reduction in government costs.
Partial Production Functions and the Analysis of Farm‐Firm Costs and Efficiency
Authors: Sadan Ezra 
Published: July 2006

Abstract“Partial production functions” relating output to part of, rather than the entire array of, inputs employed are quite common in the production analysis of the biological subprocess in the farm‐firm. This article attempts to outline the framework within which this approach is reconcilable with the accepted theory of the firm. It also traces the derivation of the various cost functions from a set of partial production functions which, under certain conditions, may replace the single comprehensive one. An empirical example demonstrates the usefulness of this approach in relating cost variations to factor intensities or economics of scale which characterize a subprocess rather than the process of production as a whole.
The Demand for Lauric Oils in the United States
Authors: Nyberg Albert J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDemand for lauric oil (coconut and palm kernel) is derived from demand for final products, principally soap and confectionaries. Under current conditions of relative price and use, demand for lauric oil is highly price inelastic at about −0.2; income elasticity is about 0.6. Coconut and palm kernel oil used in the United States is all imported under a basic duty of three cents per pound. Since lauric oils are no longer used in butter substitutes and offer virtually no competition to domestic vegetable oils or butter and in some uses are complementary, no protection objective is served by the duty.
The Standby Milk Pool—A New Strategic Bargaining Device
Authors: Cook Hugh L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe standby milk pool is a voluntary supply‐management device. Through it the cooperatives in high‐priced markets, with little or no surplus, pay cooperatives in distant areas that have surpluses, to manufacture these supplies into butter‐powder or cheese where they are and to ship them in fluid form only when called for. Thus, recipient cooperatives in surplus areas share in the high‐priced deficit markets. Contributing cooperatives find it economical to: (a) pay for reserves, (b) pay for certainty that these reserves will not move unless called for. Thus they can bargain for premiums above federal order minimums.
Discrimination in the Markets for Farm Capital?
Authors: Tinney Robert , Welch Finis 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRecent empirical investigations have estimated differential earnings of white and nonwhite labor and education and have interpreted these differences as the combined effects of many forms of economic discrimination. In this paper we use a relatively straightforward model to analyze the implications of discrimination in markets for capital funds. The model is designed to focus upon intermarket flows of goods, in this case white to black, and represents a simple modification of the common excess demand and supply frame of reference. The empirical evidence suggests that earned rates of return do not vary with the race of farm operators as most “theories” of discrimination would suggest. However, there is evidence that rates of return increase with farm size, and since Negroes operate smaller farms it is possible that discrimination has served as an impediment to expansion.
The Relative Share of Labor in United States Agriculture, 1949–1968
Authors: Lianos Theodore P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe sources of change in the relative share of labor in the American agricultural sector are examined within the framework of neoclassical production theory. It is found that the observed decline in labor's relative share is due to the increasing capital‐labor ratio adjusted for changing efficiency of factors and to the elasticity of substitution which is greater than unity. It is also found that the efficiency of capital is increasing faster than that of labor and that technological change in American agriculture has been labor‐saving.