bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Retention and the Judicial Parameters of Mass Surveillance in EU Law
Authors: Mitsilegas Valsamis 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 3 will focus on the evolution of the CJEU case law on data retention, by providing a step-by-step analysis of how the Court of Justice of the European Union has developed parameters to mass surveillance in the face of pressure by Member States. Litigation has been ongoing in view of the reluctance of Member States to accept the limits placed by the Court to mass surveillance based on indiscriminate, generalised data retention. The Court’s annulment of the Data Retention Directive has been followed by repeated references by national courts on the compatibility of national data retention schemes, in the absence of an EU instrument on data retention, with EU law including the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The key features of this judicial evolution will be analysed in the Court’s attempt to protect fundamental rights in the face of considerable pressure by the executive to limit protection on security grounds. The chapter focuses on landmark judgments of the CJEU including Digital Rights Ireland, Tele2 Sverige, and La Quadrature du Net, and subsequent case law, and assess the extent to which the evolution of the Court’s case law continues to provide effective fundamental rights safeguards against mass surveillance. The chapter highlights the significance of the CJEU persistence in upholding fundamental rights by setting limits to mass surveillance, while highlighting the contested nature of the relationship between security and fundamental rights protection in the field of data retention.
Data Retention in Ireland
Authors: McIntyre TJ 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 10 examines the development of data retention in Ireland following the CJEU judgments in Digital Rights Ireland and Tele2 Sverige. It describes how the Irish State continued to enforce national data retention law for six years after Tele2 Sverige confirmed its illegality, attempted to re-litigate the legality of indiscriminate data retention before the national courts, and reformed domestic law only when forced to act by the CJEU decision in Garda Síochána. It assesses how national oversight mechanisms largely failed to address this illegality and argues that the data retention saga has highlighted significant weaknesses in the criminal justice system, the ‘designated judge’ model of supervising surveillance, and the accountability of the executive to parliament.
Data Retention Amid the Erosion of the Constitutional Order
Authors: Brewczyńska Magdalena 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 12 explores the rule of law crisis Poland has been facing since the victory of the PiS party in the 2015 elections. Despite heavy criticism from both national and international experts and expert bodies on democracy, many controversial legislative reforms have been passed, considerably undermining the principle of the rule of law. In these circumstances, the regulatory developments and uncontested practices concerning the retention of telecommunication data, which date back to the governments of other political forces preceding PiS, might have passed unheeded. Their significance may seem limited in light of the Pegasus scandal and the gravity of the dismantlement of the constitutional order in areas such as the judiciary, freedom of expression, or protection of the rights of minorities. Yet, this contribution shows that the discussion on data retention, albeit overshadowed by many other severe abuses of power, is not trivial and that the concerns it raises show their true colours exactly when democracy and the rule of law are in danger.
Data Retention and Law Enforcement in the Netherlands
Authors: van der Ham Marc , Baars Esther 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Netherlands presently lacks a general legal data retention obligation. Chapter 14 chronicles the implementation of the Data Retention Directive into domestic law and explains why its national implementation in the Netherlands was suspended following the Digital Rights Ireland ruling in a case initiated by Privacy First cs in summary proceedings at the District Court of The Hague. It examines subsequent legal initiatives aimed at reinstating a general data retention obligation to benefit law enforcement in investigating and prosecution serious crimes and addressing challenges related to Carrier-Grade NAT technology for associating specific IP addresses with specific users. Additionally, it briefly analyses the policy stance of the Netherlands in the ongoing EU data retention debate.
Regulating Access
Authors: Newell Bryce Clayton 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In contrast to legislative efforts to regulate data retention in the European Union, legislation in the United States has focused on regulating access to communications data (including metadata and subscriber/user information) without any overarching data retention requirements. In the US, there is no broad data retention law at the federal level. Instead, decisions about data retention are largely left to private companies, and where legislation does exist it is targeted very narrowly (for example, banking information). The primary purpose of this short chapter is to summarize the US approach to regulating access to, rather than retention of, communications data. The chapter seeks to provide an overview of the US approach for scholars and professionals who may be more expert in the European context, and it includes some brief comparisons to the data retention jurisprudence of the CJEU on data retention.
Passenger Name Records
Authors: Haitsma Lucas M , Gstrein Oskar J , Winter Heinrich 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 23 examines whether the PNR Directive—lately in the centre of the judgment Ligue des droits humains—is as such compatible with the rights to privacy and data protection. In this judgment from 21 June 2022, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) introduced several measures seeking to align the Passenger Name Record (PNR) Directive with these fundamental rights. This includes more precise definitions of various provisions, effectively reducing the scope of the Directive, as well as the length of the data retention period. The judges also impose several safeguards pertaining to the collection, processing, and retention activities, notification of passengers, automated processing, and the non-automated review of positive matches. This chapter considers these measures introduced by the CJEU in light of established data retention case law. Furthermore, it examines whether the PNR Directive remains fit for the purposes of combating serious crime and terrorism. In conclusion, we argue that the CJEU aims to introduce several commendable measures to ensure compatibility with fundamental rights, yet seemingly ignores a more fundamental concern: in its current form the PNR system as such appears unfit for the purpose of combating serious crime and terrorism.
Data Retention and Automated Processing of Personal Data
Authors: Vavoula Niovi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on data retention has revealed numerous disproportionate practices at the national level concerning the processing of personal data. One such practice, examined in La Quadrature du Net ‘I’, concerns automated analysis of telecommunications metadata, where the CJEU has proclaimed a series of necessary safeguards that must apply. Chapter 24 aims to examine the CJEU’s approach on automated processing of personal data by examining the standards in that judgment and how these were informed and subsequently further developed by the relevant case law on the automated processing of Passenger Name Records (PNR) data. It thus critically assesses the judgments within the broader jurisprudence on automated processing of personal data, examines the potential applicability of the safeguards in other contexts and positions the case law in light of the LED and the AI Act.
Data Retention and the ‘Chilling Effect’ in the Context of Mass Surveillance and a Tacit Sift Towards a Hobbesian state in Western Democracies
Authors: Manokha Ivan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 27 situates data retention policies, implemented across various democratic countries for law enforcement purposes, in the context of a growing privileging of security as the primary goal of the state over different democratic rights and liberties. It argues that we are witnessing an inadvertent reconfiguration of the social contract towards a more ‘Hobbesian’ conception of the state. Its main objective is to guarantee security which, if necessary, may justify the adoption of various exceptional surveillance and enforcement measures—including those that may violate fundamental individual freedoms and rights. This process takes place without much opposition as most citizens sleepwalk into this new arrangement. The focus of the chapter is on the ‘chilling effect’ that different policies of indiscriminate and bulk data collection, of which data retention is but one instance, produce, as well as their implications for freedom of expression and for democratic politics more generally.
Not at Our Disposal
Authors: Samson Melanie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Reclaimers who salvage recyclable and reusable materials are frequently upheld as emblematic of disposable ‘surplus populations’ considered superfluous to the contemporary capitalist economy and social and political life. Through analysis of how black reclaimers in South Africa revalue commodities that others have disposed as waste, this chapter exposes the patriarchal, white supremacist colonial assumption underpinning capital accumulation (which I argue has intensified in the current period of ‘disposability capitalism’) that subjugated people, nature, and commodities can be treated as disposable, understood not as excluded and unnecessary, but as simultaneously disposable and at capitalists’ disposal (hence exploitable). The chapter argues that analysis of reclaimers’ complex labour and organizing facilitates a fundamental critique of the ideology and practice of disposability and ‘disposability capitalism’ and provides crucial insights into ways to struggle beyond them, as well as challenges in doing so.
A ‘Print Revolution’ in Business?
Authors: Talbott Siobhan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The ‘print revolution’ underpinned the emergence and growth of a variety of conduits of business information, including printed prices current, commercial newspapers, exchange rates current, and advice books, as there was an expansion in the production and circulation of printed material. However, while the volume of printed information increased, this was not always to the benefit of those involved in business. This chapter explores the ways that merchants used—or did not use—printed material, exposes the problems with it, and shows how those in business circumvented and enhanced it. The circulation of manuscript and oral information remained crucial, and the agency of individuals in creating and sharing their own news and information had significant implications for the conduct of business. The idea that printed information was increasingly ubiquitous and easily accessible was not always reflected in the experiences of early modern commercial agents.
Christian Nationalism, Nation-Building, and the Making of the Holocaust in Slovakia
Authors: Kubátová Hana 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Christian Nationalism, Nation-Building, and the Making of the Holocaust in Slovakia exposes the crucial role of Christian nationalism in cultivating popular complicity and collaboration during the Holocaust. It does this by exploring how communal murder and betrayal intersected with nation-building in the newly independent Slovakia during World War II. The authority of the fascist regime centered in Bratislava hinged on appeasing not only Hitler but also civilian populations of the nation’s heterogenous eastern borderlands, especially local elites, such as priests, doctors, and teachers, as well as the rural masses. Scholarship on fascism has either focused on state actors operating from urban centers to orchestrate coercion or explored local mechanisms of violence at the grassroot level. This book, in contrast, foregrounds the center’s dynamic relationship to the periphery, showing how this relationship was forged, how it was maintained, and how, ultimately, Christian nationalism operated as the lure and political strategy that brought differently positioned actors together to broker deals over resources and power accrued through the co-enactment of genocide by a broad coalition of perpetrators on the ground. Ultimately, this little-known chapter of Holocaust history can help us better understand how collaborations between elite and popular formations of Christian nationalism can pave the way for ethnic cleansing across different territories and, one might argue, times.
The Project
Authors: Kubátová Hana 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter places the notion of progress at the center of analysis, illuminating its key role in the transmission of the fascist regimes’ Christian nationalist vision to everyday citizens. Collaborating with local authorities, the state developed initiatives that promised to bring civilization to the rural peripheries while still protecting the region from moral decadence that supposedly came with modernity. As central and local actors pursued a mission of developing the rural edges in alignment with the state’s professed Christian national ideology, they spearheaded a program aimed at uplifting the region, while simultaneously implementing ethnic cleansing policies. I point to the crucial, yet often forgotten, role played by Romani people in strategic developmental projects of the regime, especially the long-awaited railway line that was to, once again, connect the center with the eastern edges. The chapter also sheds light on the complex interplay between the racialized notions of work and progress and the darker undertones of genocidal practices that accompanied the region’s transformation. It was from the first cement pavements, from the newly reconstructed town squares, from the towns and villages already cleansed from Roma in the name of progress and development, that the Jews were deported to ultimate death.
Conclusion
Authors: Kubátová Hana 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The conclusion brings together key arguments made throughout Christian Nationalism, Nation-Building, and the Making of the Holocaust in Slovakia while extending the book’s analysis to the present. I summarize the influence of Christian nationalism on the genesis of the Holocaust in Slovakia. I discuss the genocide as an intertwined story: intertwined in terms of people, their choices, and powers, in terms of places but also times. I also provide a postscript, underlining the lasting impact of Christian nationalism that, including in the form of popular narratives about anti-fascist resistance, Jewish rescue, and the supposed good life under the fascist regime, continues to reverberate throughout the country.
Student Mobilizations between Revolution and Repression
Authors: Ramzy Farah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter challenges the dichotomy separating student-related and political mobilizations and analyses how ‘being a student’ was worked into different frames after 2011 and 2013. Utilizing the concept of ‘arenas’ of mobilization, I show the extent to which the shift in possibility and actors’ configuration completely flips the framing strategies. Whereas in 2011, removing the university-specific status from a frame was a way to bring the revolution into the university, working it into subsequent frames was a way to activate the memory of the historical movement and to bring that legacy into the present. In 2013, the portrayal of politically motivated repression as a general problem that concerns all students regardless of their affiliations was a strategy that aimed to broaden the spectrum of allies, and was part of a shift in activities and priorities that hoped to attract greater numbers of students.
Provisioning fisheries: A framework for recognizing the fuzzy boundary around commercial, subsistence, and recreational fisheries
Authors: Nguyen Vivian Mai-Anh , Fiorella Kathryn J , Castello Leandro , Badhon Mahatub Khan , Beaudoin Christine , Coffin-Schmitt Jeanne , Cooke Steven J , Fisk Aaron T , Nyboer Elizabeth , O’Keefe Daniel M , Rice Emma D , Stedman Richard , Venker Nicole , Macneil Aaron 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT
Although sparse, increasing evidence suggests an overlooked population of fishers whose fishing motivations and outcomes overlap across commercial, subsistence and recreational fishing sectors, resulting in underrepresented groups of fishers in management and policy frameworks. These fishers participate in what we frame as “provisioning fisheries,” a concept we propose to highlight the underrepresented values from fishing and fisheries across recreational, sociocultural, psychological, economic, health, and nutritional dimensions. We argue that provisioning fisheries often support underserved groups, provisioning fishers may engage in informal markets, and, that distinction exists from sport-oriented recreational fisheries in power, risks, access barriers, fishing motivation, attitudes, and practices including rule and advisory awareness. We propose that provisioning fisheries should be consciously considered—whether as part of existing fisheries structures or even its own sector to promote more sustainable and inclusive fisheries management. Overlooking this population of fishers may risk further marginalization, conflicts, contaminant exposure, and inaccurate stock estimates. Therefore, we propose provisioning fisheries as a useful analytical category to explore the heterogeneity of fishers and their distinct needs, motivations, and behaviors. As an example of how these fisheries may function, we synthesize what we currently know about provisioning fisheries in North America with hypothesized differences between provisioning and the sport-oriented recreational fisher to encourage greater dialogue and investigation about underrecognized fisheries.
Litchi40K v1.0: a cost-effective, flexible and versatile liquid SNP chip for genetic analysis and digitalization of germplasm resources in litchi
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wang Pengfei , Li Fang , Xu Li , Zhao Jietang , Fu Jingxiao , Wang Jiabin , Zhang Hui , Li Songang , Hong Jiwang , Zheng Jian , Luo Xinping , Li Huanling , Wang Jiabao 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Genetic breeding and molecular identification in varieties depend on high-performance genotyping tools. The high heterozygosity of the litchi genome contributes to increased resequencing costs and elevated error rates in hybridization-based genotyping methods. In this study, a liquid chip named Litchi4K v1.0 was developed with high-depth resequencing data from 875 litchi samples, and its efficacy was validated across three different populations. In the L. chinensis var. fulvosus population, three subpopulations characterized by spatial distribution, and a total of 1,110 genes were identified in the genomic regions with subpopulation differentiation. Additionally, a total of 30 significant signals associated with diverse agronomic traits were identified. The H002 haplotype of LITCHI02696, dominant in the Sub2 subgroup, significantly increased the soluble solid content in the L. chinensis var. fulvosus population. In a hybrid F1 population, a high-density genetic map was constructed and 79 dwarfing-related QTLs were identified with the liquid chip. A NAC transcription factor was identified as a candidate gene with a heterozygous frameshift variant in the male parent. To facilitate the digitization of germplasm resources, 384 SNPs were selected, and the DNA fingerprint map revealed clear genetic relationships and a total of 10 potential synonym groups or instances of bud mutations were identified in 164 main cultivated litchi varieties. This study provides cost-effective, flexible and versatile liquid chip for genetic analysis and digitalization of germplasm resources in litchi.
A2 USING BIOPSY-DERIVED ORGANOIDS AND GUT-ON-A-CHIP PLATFORM TO DEVELOP A PHYSIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT BACTERIAL INFECTION MODEL
Authors: Liang Q , Choi K , Sham H , Bressler B , vallance B 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
The intestine is a highly complex ecosystem, consisting of diverse cell types, dynamic interactions, and mechanical forces. These elements are key to maintaining intestinal homeostasis and modulating the risk of enteric bacterial infections. Traditional in vitro models fail to recapitulate the physiological complexity of the gut, limiting our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and host responses. Patient-derived intestinal organoids offer a promising solution by replicating the cellular diversity and structure of the epithelium. However, conventional organoid cultures lack the dynamic environment present in vivo. The emergence of organ-on-a-chip technology provides an innovative approach for such modeling, by incorporating mechanical forces, such as flow and stretch, to better mimic the intestinal environment.

Aims
To establish a bacterial infection model using patient-derived intestinal organoids cultured in a gut-on-a-chip system to address the challenges of simulating the complex enteric pathogen-host interactions.

Methods
An enteric Salmonella infection model was developed using the Emulate Colon Intestine-Chip. This system consists of two parallel channels seeded with patient-derived ascending colonic organoids in the upper channel and Human Intestinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HIMEC) in the lower. Cellular differentiation, barrier integrity, mucus and cytokine release, and pathogen invasion was assessed.

Results
Biopsy-derived colonic organoids rapidly differentiated into a multi-cell type system when co-cultured with HIMEC on the Emulate Chip, showing tight junction formation and a stable epithelial barrier. Following Salmonella infection, a significant decrease in intestinal permeability was observed in infected organoids compared to uninfected controls, indicating a breach in epithelial integrity. This disruption was accompanied by release of inflammatory cytokines, including CCL2 and IL-8, demonstrating a robust innate immune response. Notably, goblet cell release of mucus into the supernatant were observed post-infection, suggesting a rapid secretion of mucus as a defense mechanism against infection. Microscopy confirmed extensive Salmonella invasion into the epithelial layer, demonstrating the organ-on-a-chip system’s ability to replicate key aspects of enteric infection as observed seen in vivo.

Conclusions
The Salmonella infection model established using the gut-on-a-chip platform effectively recapitulates key features of enteric infection within a physiologically relevant microenvironment. This model demonstrates the loss of epithelial integrity, the activation of robust inflammatory responses, and rapid mucus secretion, offering a powerful tool for studying host-pathogen interactions in the human gut and potentially informing therapeutic development for enteric diseases.

Funding Agencies
Weston Family Foundation