bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinton selects Space Station design
Authors: Holmes John 
Published: October 2006

When it came to selecting a new space station design, President Clinton's decision was truly multiple choice: he has chosen to combine two of the three design options presented to him by NASA officials and forge a new space station that is smaller and simpler than the much‐criticized Space Station Freedom.Announcing his compromise decision on June 17, Clinton opted to blend options A and B, the two versions most similar to Freedom. Like Freedom, the new station will be centered on a long truss with solar panels at each end with science, habitation, and other modules in the middle. The design is essentially that of Option A, known as the “Power Station”; Option B, which most closely reflects the Freedom design, was slightly larger, more complex, and expensive.
ODP drills the West Iberia rifted margin
Authors:   ODP Leg 149 Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: October 2006

Leg 149 of the Ocean Drilling Program drilled a transect of basement holes across the ocean‐continent transition (OCT) of the rifted continental margin off the west coast of Portugal. The principal objective was to sample a series of basement highs beneath the Iberia Abyssal Plain, which were thought to span the transition from the oldest oceanic crust to a peridotite ridge separating oceanic from extended continental crusts to a broad region of highly‐extended continental crust.Drilling demonstrated that the late rift‐stage exposures of peridotite at the seafloor are more laterally extensive than previously thought; peridotite was found on two highs 19 km apart. From the region expected to be extended continental crust, we cored 57 m of metagabbro basement whose continental or oceanic affinities are not yet clear. This rock may be Hercynian in age, and therefore part of the continental crust that was rifted to form this margin, or it may have been emplaced, uplifted, and exposed during rifting some 125 m.y.a. At our most landward site, Tithonian sediments, deposited about 20 m.y. before the onset of seafloor spreading on this segment of margin, are interpreted to overlie extended continental crust. The results of the leg will shed new light on the mechanisms by which upper mantle and perhaps lower crustal rocks are exposed at the seafloor during the late stages of continental breakup.
Unusual rupture process of the Japan Sea earthquake
Authors: Tanioka Yuichiro , Ruff Larry , Satake Kenji 
Published: October 2006

On July 12, 1993, a large earthquake and associated tsunami caused terrible damage to the Japan Sea side of Japan, Korea, and Russia. The southwestern shore of Hokkaido and Okushiri Island were particularly hard hit. All aspects of this earthquake will undoubtedly be studied in great detail. This brief report focuses on the tectonic setting and some puzzles encountered in the preliminary seismological analysis.At first glance, the July 12 event appears to have occurred on the “wrong side” of Japan (see Figure 1). The Pacific plate subducts to the west beneath northern Honshu and Hokkaido, and a Wadati‐Benioff zone extends to 700‐km depth beneath the Sea of Japan. Great underthrusting earthquakes are expected to occur on the east coast of Honshu and Hokkaido, such as the 1968 Tokachi‐Oki (magnitude 8.2) and 1978 Miyagi‐Oki (magnitude 7.6) earthquakes. Thus, the occurrence of large, shallow, underthrusting earthquakes on the west coast of Honshu and Hokkaido is somewhat odd. Nonetheless, there is now almost a continuous linkage of the rupture areas of such earthquakes off the western coasts of Honshu and Hokkaido, and this activity extends north to Sakalin.
Sputtering, still the dominant source of plasma at Dione?
Authors: Johnson R. E. , Grosjean D. E. , Jurac S. , Baragiola R. A. 
Published: October 2006

It is generally assumed that the heavy‐ion plasma in the inner Saturnian magnetosphere is formed by the energetic plasma ions impacting and ejecting material from the icy satellites (Figure 1), a self‐sustained process known as ion sputtering [Lanzerotti et al., 1983; Eviatar, 1984; Richardson et al., 1986].Plasma‐ion sputtering of a surface is a well‐established laboratory technique for surface analysis and producing a vapor from a surface with a low vapor pressure; therefore, its potential relevance in Saturn's magnetosphere is intriguing. If the source of plasma in Saturn's inner magnetosphere is the surface of the icy satellites, then measurements of the composition of the freshly produced plasma can be used to determine the satellite surface composition [Johnson and Sittler, 1990]. This exciting prospect may be realized during the proposed encounter of Cassini with Saturn's satellite Dione in ∼2005 because of the high mass resolution of the plasma instruments carried on the spacecraft.
Tsunami devastates Japanese coastal region
Authors:   Hokkaido Tsunami Survey Group
Published: October 2006

The Hokkaido‐Nansei‐Oki earthquake on July 12 produced one of the largest tsunamis in Japan's history. At 2217 local time (1317 UTC), the Ms‐7.8 quake rocked the west coast of Hokkaido and the small, offshore island of Okushiri in the Sea of Japan, generating a major tsunami. Within 2–5 minutes, extremely large waves engulfed the Okushiri coastline and the central west coast of Hokkaido. Extensive damage occurred on the southern tip of Okushiri Island at the town of Aonae (Figures 1 and 2). Figure 3 shows the location of the study area.Tsunami vertical runup measurements varied between 15 and 30 m over a 20‐km portion of the southern part of Okushiri Island, with several 10‐m values on the northern portion of the island (Figure 4). Along the west coast of Hokkaido, no survey values exceeded 10 m, but damage was extensive at several coastal towns (Figure 5). Given the sudden onset of the tsunami and its high energy, it is amazing that more people were not killed.
Ocean science educator award announced
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Office of Naval Research has announced a program to identify and support academic ocean scientists (“educators”) who have a distinguished record of educating high‐quality doctoral and/or postdoctoral students and who will, under this program, draw postdoctoral scientists from other disciplines into the ocean sciences.Named “educators” must be U.S. citizens with research and training experience in the ocean sciences and must have a current research and teaching position at a U.S. institution that confers doctoral degrees in ocean sciences.
Recommendations for NASA's Space Physics Data System
Authors: Sharma Rikhi , Walker Ray , Willett Jim 
Published: October 2006

Approximately seventy‐five scientists gathered at Rice University in Houston, Tex. from June 1 to 3 for a community‐wide workshop on NASA's Space Physics Data System (SPDS). The purpose of the workshop was to consider community needs for data access and to make recommendations to guide the Space Physics Division (SPD) in managing space physics data in the 1990s and beyond.The workshop was organized into four panels: policy, data issues, data systems, and software. Participants reviewed the SPDS concept document prepared by the SPDS Steering Committee and were asked to approve or give an alternative view regarding any or all ideas discussed in the document, through one or more of the appropriate panels. The panels were also charged with identifying and prioritizing key requirements in their area of interest and commenting on relevant issues of implementation.
The 1993 Japan Sea earthquake
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

At 13:17 (GMT) on July 12, an earthquake measuring magnitude 7.8 on the Richter scale struck near Okushiri Island off the coast of southwest Hokkaido, Japan. The earthquake and subsequent tsunamis that struck Hokkaido caused 197 deaths. As of July 27, 42 people were still missing.The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) broadcast tsunami warnings for the coasts of Japan with a possible maximum tsunami height greater than 3 m soon after the earthquake occurred. Unfortunately, the earthquake occurred very close to Okushiri Island and the southwest coast of Hokkaido, and the warning was too late to save everyone.
New NSF S&T program targets technical education
Authors: White M. Catherine 
Published: October 2006

A new National Science Foundation venture is to provide an alternative path to skilled jobs in the science and technology fields for students who do not plan to attend 4‐year college. The Advanced Technological Education Program (ATE), an outgrowth of the agency's expanded role in education, was announced at a news conference in Washington, D.C., on September 2 by NSF's Assistant Director for Education and Human Resources, Luther Williams.“The program responds to the national need for a well‐educated technical workforce,” Williams said, adding that “there is a growing recognition that if we want to improve the quality of our workforce, we have to pay attention to the quality of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education at 2‐year institutions.”
NEHRP criticized for poor leadership, results
Authors: White M. Catherine 
Published: October 2006

Taxpayers are not getting their money's worth from the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) and the main problem is the program's multi‐agency leadership, said witnesses testifying in a heated reauthorization hearing before the House Subcommittee on Science, Space and Technology on September 14.NEHRP was established in 1977. It is run by four agencies—the U.S. Geological Survey, the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which leads the four. NEHRP is under scrutiny because its authorization expires at the end of fiscal year 1993. The program received $98.8 million in funding in fiscal 1993, and President Clinton has asked for $99.9 million for fiscal 1994. However, each of the witnesses agreed that NEHRP needs increased productivity, not increased dollars, and that additional money should not be allocated until the program fully utilizes its existing resources.
Volunteers compile AGU's history
Authors: White M. Catherine 
Published: October 2006

At the request of former AGU President Peter S. Eagleson, Ed Todd and Charles Whitten, longtime members and volunteers at AGU headquarters, have been compiling historical information on AGU for the past 5 years. And, as Whitten says, “Since history never ends, we're not sure if the task will ever be done.”The only previous written history of AGU covered the period 1919–1952, and was written by John Adam Fleming, a prominent AGU member for whom the Fleming Medal was named. Whitten, a member of AGU since 1934 for whom the Charles A. Whitten Medal was named, and Todd, a member since 1960, have found Fleming's work to be an invaluable source of information. Among other sources they've searched are the full collection of Eos issues, council meeting minutes, and aged carbon copies of various documents that have been preserved through the years. A box containing the minutes of the first 10 years of council meetings, with Fleming's handwriting in the margin, turned up in a dusty corner at headquarters and has also been a good source.
Light at deep sea hydrothermal vents
Authors: Van Dover Cindy Lee , Cann J. R. , Cavanaugh Colleen , Chamberlain Steven , Delaney John R. , Janecky David , Imhoff Johannes , Tyson J. Anthony 
Published: October 2006

We usually think of the bottom of the sea as a dark environment, lit only by flashes of bioluminescent light. Discovery of light associated with geothermal processes at deep sea hydrothermal vents forces us to qualify our textbook descriptions of the seafloor as a uniformly dark environment. While a very dim glow emitted from high temperature (350°) vents (black smokers) at mid‐oceanic ridge spreading centers has been documented [Van Dover et al, 1988], the source of this light and its role, if any, in the evolution and adaptation of photobiochemical processes have yet to be determined.Preliminary studies indicate that thermal radiation alone may account for the “glow” ]Smith and Delaney, 1989] and that a novel photoreceptor in shrimp‐colonizing black smoker chimneys may detect this “glow” [Van Dover et al., 1989; Pelli and Chamberlain, 1989]. A more controversial question, posed by C. L. Van Dover, J. R. Cann, and J. R. Delaney at the 1993 LITE Workshop at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts, is whether there may be sufficient light of appropriate wavelengths to support geothermally driven photosynthesis by microorganisms.
National drought atlas developed
Authors: Werick W. J. , Willeke G. E. , Guttman N. B. , Hosking J. R. M. , Wallis J. R. 
Published: October 2006

A National Drought Atlas for the United States is nearing completion. The idea for the atlas was inspired by the severe droughts that plagued parts of the country from 1987 to 1989, covering much of the Great Plains states, the Ohio Valley, and the southeast. In California, the drought lasted 6 years. In general, water managers were caught off‐guard by the drought's severity and duration.The atlas is the first nationwide study of drought frequency that planning groups can use to answer a large number of “what‐if” questions. They can determine the most likely durations of critical drought, when such droughts are likely to occur, how much drier than “normal” a given drought may be, and what droughts have occurred in a given region.
Alternative careers in the geosciences
Authors: Fiske Peter S. , Smith Guy M. 
Published: October 2006

The Earth sciences continue to produce substantial numbers of Ph.D.s. However, many subdisciplines of solid‐Earth geophysics are experiencing a lack of growth, or an actual contraction, in the number of permanent positions available in traditional academia, government, and industry settings. The alternative of indefinite‐term soft money positions is growing increasingly scarce as research funds continue to get tighter. Furthermore, even those in permanent research positions are finding it harder and harder to obtain funding for their projects.The relative scarcity of traditional permanent employment and the continuing changes in the research funding environment cause an increasing number of Ph.D.‐trained geoscientists to explore the possibility of employment outside the traditional geophysical research areas. Unfortunately, information about “nontraditional” career paths is hard to come by. For the most part, Ph.D. programs are designed to prepare students for the research job market only. Those who have chosen other options usually no longer attend scientific meetings and thus are not able to communicate their experience to others contemplating a similar departure.
Deep scientific drilling in the San Andreas Fault Zone
Authors: Hickman Stephen , Zoback Mark , Younker LeLand , Ellsworth William 
Published: October 2006

A deep scientific drilling experiment in San Andreas fault zone would provide data essential to understanding the structure, composition, mechanical behavior, and physical state of an active, major plate‐boundary fault. Toward this end, we are working with an international team of scientists and engineers to propose a long‐term, integrated program of surface‐based geological and geophysical investigations and deep drilling along the San Andreas fault system.Prior to drilling, a suite of comparative geodynamic models will be developed incorporating detailed investigations of geology, crustal structure, geophysical environment, hydrology, seismotectonics, and fault‐movement history at each of the candidate sites. These studies will have a major impact on our understanding of the structure and physical properties of the San Andreas fault system and will form a critical framework for applying the knowledge gained in a deep San Andreas borehole to other segments of the fault and other tectonic environments.
A first step toward an oceanic geophysical observatory
Authors: Montagner J. P. , Romanowicz B. , Karczewski Jean‐Francois 
Published: October 2006

In 1992, the success of French Pilot Experiment Ocean Floor Observatory (OFM/SISMOBS) showed that a permanent broadband seismic and geophysical observatory could be installed on the seafloor.Coverage of the oceans by broadband three‐component digital seismic stations will improve our knowledge of seismic sources and the dynamics of the Earth's interior, but such coverage requires both international and interdisciplinary cooperation.
Rock magnetism linked to human brain magnetite
Authors: Kirschvink Joseph L. 
Published: October 2006

Magnetite has a long and distinguished career as one of the most important minerals in geophysics, as it is responsible for most of the remanent magnetization in marine sediments and the oceanic crust. It may come as a surprise to discover that it also ranks as the third or fourth most diverse mineral product formed biochemically by living organisms, and forms naturally in a variety of human tissues [Kirschvink et al., 1992].Magnetite was discovered in teeth of the Polyplacophora mollusks over 30 years ago, in magnetotactic bacteria nearly 20 years ago, in honey bees and homing pigeons nearly 15 years ago, but only recently in human tissue.
Anomalous cosmic rays: Interstellar interlopers in the heliosphere and magnetosphere
Authors: Mewaldt R. A. , Cummings A. C. , Stone E. C. 
Published: October 2006

Since the beginning of the space age, it was known that two main sources of energetic particles pervade interplanetary space: galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), which originate in sources outside the solar system, and solar energetic particles (SEPs), associated with transient events on the Sun.But over 20 years ago, instruments on the Pioneer 10, IMP 5, and IMP 7 spacecraft discovered a third component of energetic particles known as “anomalous cosmic rays,” that represents a sample of nearby interstellar material.
International alliance for high education formed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The International Alliance for Higher Education (IAHE) is a new multinational coalition of universities, colleges, and businesses formed to build bridges between higher education and business in the United States, the Commonwealth of Independent States, republics of central and eastern Europe, and China.IAHE will develop and manage basic services critical to the success of higher education partnerships; catalyze the development of projects that address needs, opportunities, and issues affecting specific areas of higher education; and foster and support effective partnerships between the private sector and higher education.
Remarks from the section president
Authors: Morse Tony 
Published: October 2006

We have a few final matters to discuss as we prepare to roll over to a new administration on July 1, 1994. Last fall's meeting in San Francisco was the biggest AGU meeting ever, and VGP had the second biggest program in the meeting;; we are the third largest section, by the way. I wish to thank our secretary, Kathy Cashman, for her vital role in this program's success, and to urge your further cooperation with her successor, Frank Spera.Our section typically has an open business meeting at AGU's Fall Meeting, and another gathering at the Spring Meeting. Let me review a few of the concerns that came up in December. I stated then that probably the most important thing we do aside from meetings is to see that people get the honors they deserve and that VGP remains active.
New fund commemorates past colleagues and fuels new research
Authors: Tilling Robert I. 
Published: October 2006

The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth' Interior's (IAVCEI) Executive Committee has received a number of proposals to establish IAVCEI awards and prizes in memory of nine colleagues who have died recently, each of whom notably advanced IAVCEI's aims and objectives.The committee acknowledged the appropriateness of such recognition, but was concerned that any proliferation of IAVCEI awards/prizes ultimately diminishes their honor and prestige. The committee therefore decided at meetings during the 1993 IAVCEI General Assembly in Canberra, Australia, to establish an IAVCEI Memorial Fund.
Investigating the coastal benthic boundary layer
Authors: Richardson Michael D. 
Published: October 2006

Recent geopolitical changes have shifted the emphasis of U.S. naval operations from deep ocean to nearshore coastal regions. In response to this shift, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) established a special 5‐year research program to study the impact of the environment on mine countermeasure (MCM) systems.ONR's Coastal Benthic Boundary Layer Special Research Program (CBBLSRP) studies physical characterization and modeling of benthic boundary layer processes (Figure 1) and the impact these processes have on seafloor properties that affect shallow‐water naval operations.
Open‐ocean deep convection explored in the Mediterranean
Authors:   The THETIS Group
Published: October 2006

Open‐ocean deep convection is a littleunderstood process occurring in winter in remote areas under hostile observation conditions, for example, in the Labrador and Greenland Seas and near the Antarctic continent. Deep convection is a crucial link in the “Great Ocean Conveyor Belt” [Broecker, 1991], transforming poleward flowing warm surface waters through atmosphere‐oceaninteraction into cold equatorward flowing water masses. Understanding its physics, interannual variations, and role in the global thermohaline circulation is an important objective of climate change research.In convection regions, drastic changes in water mass properties and distribution occur on scales of 10–100 km. These changes occur quickly and are difficult to observe with conventional oceanographic techniques. Apart from observing the development of the deep‐mixed patch of homogeneous water itself, processes of interest are convective plumes on scales <1 km and vertical velocities of several cm s−1 [Schott et al., 1994] that quickly mix water masses vertically, and instability processes at the rim of the convection region that expedite horizontal exchanges of convected and background water masses [e.g., Gascard, 1978].
Wholes and parts in geophysics
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

People who adhere to simple “reductionist” or “wholistic” schools of thought may find themselves subscribing to a new point of view after AGU's 75th Anniversary Meeting in Baltimore—that of the “parts‐in‐wholes.”Rep. George Brown Jr. (D‐Calif.), a national leader in research and development issues, will keynote a special all‐Union session Monday, May 23, with a discussion of the various policy implications for this new understanding of the interdependence of human and Earth systems.
Probing continental collision in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Robertson A H. F. 
Published: October 2006

Knowledge about the processes of continental collisional would unlock a wealth of data for the field of tectonics, but such processes have been poorly documented by academic ocean drilling. On the basis of 1993 data confirming that the easternmost Mediterranean is in the initial stages of continental collision, the Ocean Drilling Program has scheduled two legs of drilling for summer 1995 in the eastern and western parts of the Mediterranean Sea.Effects of continental collision in the easternmost Mediterranean include the Quaternary uplift of Cyprus [Poole and Robertson, 1991] and the break up and subsidence of the Eratosthenes Seamount, which is located in the easternmost Mediterranean between Cyprus and the Levantine Basin (Figure 1).