bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Getting the ‘pulse’ of your employees: the use of cardiovascular research in better understanding behavior in organizations
Authors: Wright Thomas A. , Diamond W. John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCardiovascular disease has severe consequences for both individual betterment and organizational health. Yet, organization‐based cardiovascular research remains quite limited. This commentary addresses this void by integrating research dating from the famous Hawthorne experiments with current medical science. It then suggests future organizational research on cardiovascular health and recommends use of specific composite cardiovascular measures to advance our understanding of the organizational implications of cardiovascular disease. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Routinization, work characteristics and their relationships with creative and proactive behaviors
Authors: Ohly Sandra , Sonnentag Sabine , Pluntke Franziska 
Published: March 2006

AbstractResearchers have claimed that routinization hinders creativity. However, empirical evidence for this assumption is sparse. In this study, we argue that routinization may be beneficial for creativity and related behavior due to available resources that can be used to develop new ideas while working. We examine the relationship between routinization and four work characteristics (job control, job complexity, time pressure, and supervisor support) on the one hand and a range of creative and proactive behaviors on the other hand in a randomly selected sample of 278 employees of a German high‐tech company. Regression analyses reveal that in addition to work characteristics, routinization is generally positively related to creative and proactive behaviors. Ways to enhance routinization and thereby creative and proactive behaviors are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal and viscoelastic properties of starch gels from maize varieties
Authors: Aparicio‐Saguilán Alejandro , Méndez‐Montealvo Guadalupe , Solorza‐Feria Javier , Bello‐Pérez Luis A 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work was to determine the thermal, functional and rheological properties of maize (Zea mays) starch isolated from seven varieties. Chemical analysis was undertaken in all starch samples. The gelatinization and retrogradation temperature at different storage times, as well as the enthalpy of the isolated starches, were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Swelling and solubility were also measured in individual samples. Dynamic oscillatory tests (amplitude and frequency sweeps) were undertaken on starch samples with 10% (w/v) of total solids during a cycle of three stages (kinetics) of heating/cooling, using a strain‐controlled rheometer. The samples presented an amylose content which ranged from 22% to 29%, typical in normal starches, the lipid values were under 1%, while the protein contents were just over 1%. The calorimetric profile for the studied starches showed a peak temperature (gelatinization) over the temperature range from 72.5 to 75.7 °C and enthalpy values between 13.68 and 17.58 J g−1. Four starches presented enthalpy values of the retrogradation transition that increased with the storage time, showing differences among the starches analysed. Maximum swelling and solubility were usually found at the second stage of the above‐mentioned cycle. The rheological profile showed that the gels formed during the first stage of the above‐mentioned kinetics presented the behaviour of weak viscoelastic gels with the storage or elastic modulus (G′) higher than the loss or viscous modulus (G″) over the applied strain and frequency ranges. All samples showed a more elastic character as the kinetics progressed. Starches isolated from diverse maize varieties showed differences in their characteristics studied, and might produce different functional properties in the products where they are used. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Acquisition of apoptotic resistance in cadmium‐induced malignant transformation: Specific perturbation of JNK signal transduction pathway and associated metallothionein overexpression
Authors: Qu Wei , Fuquay Richard , Sakurai Teruaki , Waalkes Michael P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPrior work has shown that chronic cadmium exposed rat liver epithelial cells (CCE‐LE) become malignantly transformed after protracted low level cadmium exposure. Acquisition of apoptotic resistance is common in oncogenesis and the present work explores this possibility in CCE‐LE cells. CCE‐LE cells were resistant to apoptosis induced by etoposide or an acute high concentration of cadmium as assessed by flow cytometry with annexin/FITC. Three key mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), namely ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38, were phosphorylated in CCE‐LE cells after acute cadmium exposure. However, the levels of phosphorylated JNK1/2 were markedly decreased in CCE‐LE cells compared to control. JNK kinase activity was also suppressed in CCE‐LE cells exposed to cadmium. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), used as a positive control for stimulating JNK phosphorylation, was much less effective in CCE‐LE cells than control cells. Ro318220 (Ro), a strong activator of JNK, increased phosphorylated JNK1/2 to levels similar to the cadmium‐treated control cells and also enhanced apoptosis in response to cadmium in CCE‐LE cells. Metallothionein (MT), which is thought to potentially inhibit apoptosis, was strongly overexpressed in CCE‐LE cells. Further, in MT knockout (MT−/−) fibroblasts, JNK1/2 phosphorylation was markedly increased after cadmium exposure compared with similarly treated wild‐type (MT+/+) cells. These results indicate cadmium‐transformed cells acquired apoptotic resistance, which may be linked to the specific suppression of the JNK pathway and is associated with MT overexpression, which, in turn, may impact this signal transduction pathway. The acquisition of apoptotic resistance may play an important role in cadmium carcinogenesis by contributing to both tumor initiation and malignant progression. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive adaptations forn‐person exchange: the evolutionary roots of organizational behavior
Authors: Tooby John , Cosmides Leda , Price Michael E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOrganizations are composed of stable, predominantly cooperative interactions orn‐person exchanges. Humans have been engaging inn‐person exchanges for a great enough period of evolutionary time that we appear to have evolved a distinct constellation of species‐typical mechanisms specialized to solve the adaptive problems posed by this form of social interaction. These mechanisms appear to have been evolutionarily elaborated out of the cognitive infrastructure that initially evolved for dyadic exchange. Key adaptive problems that these mechanisms are designed to solve include coordination among individuals, and defense against exploitation by free riders. Multi‐individual cooperation could not have been maintained over evolutionary time if free riders reliably benefited more than contributors to collective enterprises, and so outcompeted them. As a result, humans evolved mechanisms that implement an aversion to exploitation by free riding, and a strategy of conditional cooperation, supplemented by punitive sentiment towards free riders. Because of the design of these mechanisms, how free riding is treated is a central determinant of the survival and health of cooperative organizations. The mapping of the evolved psychology ofn‐party exchange cooperation may contribute to the construction of a principled theoretical foundation for the understanding of human behavior in organizations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Envy and positional bias in the evolutionary psychology of management
Authors: Hill Sarah E. , Buss David M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe propose that humans have evolved at least two specialized cognitive adaptations shaped by selection to solve problems associated with resource competition: (1) a positional bias by which individuals judge success in domains that affect fitness in terms of standing relative to their reference group; and (2) envy, an emotion that functions to alert individuals to fitness‐relevant advantages enjoyed by rivals and to motivate individuals to acquire those same advantages. We present new data supporting the existence of design features of these hypothesized psychological adaptations and discuss implications for economists, organizations, marketers, and managers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The opt‐out revolution in the United States: implications for modern organizations
Authors: Still Mary C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFor the first time since American women joined the labor force in the 1970s, the number of working mothers has decreased. Dubbed the ‘opt‐out revolution’ byThe New York Times, the so‐called exodus has left companies confused, social conservatives jubilant and feminists incensed. This article explores the reasons for women's workforce departure and argues that it is a predictable result of organizations' failure to understand differences between male and female workers, an ignorance that leads to flawed incentive structures which eventually drive women out of the workplace. I discuss three of the most problematic assumptions made by organizations: (1) men and women are motivated by the same things; (2) managers determine promotion and pay on merit; and (3) implementing policies designed for women, such as family–friendly benefits, will solve retention problems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying evolutionary psychology in understanding the Darwinian roots of consumption phenomena
Authors: Saad Gad 
Published: March 2006

AbstractConsumer scholars have amassed an impressive body of knowledge using a wide range of methodological approaches and paradigms. Despite the scientific rigor of the consumer behavior discipline, most scholars that have reviewed the field agree that it has yielded a fragmented and confused literature. It is argued here that this is in part due to the near paucity of evolutionary‐based theorizing within the theoretical frameworks used by consumer scholars. While evolutionary psychology focuses on ultimate causation namely the adaptive origins of a particular cognition, emotion, preference, or behavior, the consumer behavior discipline has overwhelmingly addressed proximate mechanisms. Both levels of analyses are needed for a full understanding of consumption phenomena. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Requirements planning for modular products
Authors: Paul Anand , Vakharia Asoo J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe focus of this paper is on determining the requirements of different component options of a modular end‐product in an uncertain environment. We explicitly model two distinct sources of uncertainty: stochastic end‐product demand and unknown market proportions for the different product options available. Our cost minimizing model focuses on determining the optimal requirements policies for component options that meet a pre‐set service level. We show that simple common‐sense requirements policies are not generally optimal; there is a non‐linear connection between service level and component requirements that is hard to characterize without a detailed analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Web Services‐based network management: approaches and the WSNET system
Authors: Soldatos John , Alexopoulos Dimitris 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWhile the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is still the dominant protocol for managing network elements in IP‐based networks and the Internet, network managers are acknowledging its limitations with respect to configuration management, application development and decentralization of management tasks. Web Services (WS) have been recently proposed to alleviate these limitations, given their pertinence to both decentralized management paradigms (e.g., CORBA), and XML management systems which provide efficiency in configuration management operations. This paper reviews architectures for WS‐based network management, outlining their advantages and disadvantages. These architectures address management of both individual network elements and composite multi‐device networks. Moreover, the paper introduces the architecture of a prototype system for WS‐based network management, namely WSNET. Along with presentation of the WSNET system, we provide a set of experimental results reporting performance figures for the WSNET system, as well as for systems based on other WS architectures. These figures allow for a comparative evaluation of the various systems, and manifest the benefits of the WSNET implementation. An important conclusion from our work is that WS should be seen as an accompaniment to conventional SNMP management rather than a replacement. However, there are also cases (e.g., need for secure remote access) where WS serve as a core rather than auxiliary solution, given that conventional methods are not applicable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage for the evaluation of pulmonary disease in children with primary immunodeficiency and cancer
Authors: Efrati O. , Gonik U. , Bielorai B. , Modan‐Moses D. , Neumann Y. , Szeinberg A. , Vardi A. , Barak A. , Paret G. , Toren A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundPatients with childhood cancer or primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are at high risk for developing pulmonary infections and non‐infectious complications. The broad differential diagnoses and the critical condition of these patients often drive physicians to start broad‐spectrum antibiotic therapy before a definite diagnostic procedure is performed. A definite diagnosis may be achieved in these situations by fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).Patients and MethodsThe records of 58 PIDs and cancer (immunocompromised group) pediatric patients who underwent 62 fiberoptic bronchoscopies between 2000 and 2004 were retrospectively reviewed and compared to 158 non‐cancer patients who underwent 182 fiberoptic bronchoscopies during the same period.ResultsThe overall diagnostic rate achieved by macroscopic inspection of purulent secretions or hemorrhage, abnormal cell count, and infectious agent isolation in the immunocompromised patients was 84%. A definite organism was recovered in 53.2% of the patients. Probable infection defined as purulent secretions or abnormal cell count without infectious agent isolation was diagnosed in another 21% of the patients. The rate of complications was 30.6%. In the control group, the overall diagnostic rate was 76.9% (n.s) and an infectious agent was demonstrated in 12.1% (P < 0.001). Probable infection was diagnosed in 24.2% (n.s) while the rate of complications was lower (15%) (P < 0.01).ConclusionsRapid and accurate diagnoses were achieved in most procedures performed on immunocompromised patients. Although the rate of complications was higher in the immunocompromised group, they were usually very mild with no mortality. Based on these results, broncoalveolar lavage should be considered as an initial diagnostic tool in pediatric immunocompromised patients with pulmonary complications. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:324–329. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fetal enterolithiasis: prenatal sonographic and MRI diagnosis in two cases of urorectal septum malformation (URSM) sequence
Authors: Lubusky Marek , Prochazka Martin , Dhaifalah Ishraq , Horak David , Geierova Marie , Santavy Jiri 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectivesEnterolithiasis (multiple calcifications of intraluminal meconium) is a rare, prenatal ultrasonographic finding. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the prenatal diagnostic features and discuss the management of the patients.MethodsThe data of two cases of prenatally diagnosed fetal enterolithiasis were collected from ultrasound scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neonatal or postnatal autopsy records. The findings were evaluated in both prenatal and postnatal periods. Chromosomal analysis was performed in one case. An evaluation of primary and secondary malformations was done. Coexisting anomalies were searched for via radiology, neonatal surgery and histopathology.ResultsMalformations in two cases (both males) with partial and complete urorectal septum malformation (URSM) sequence were described. The absence of an anal opening and presence of a fistula between the urinary and gastrointestinal tract were common findings. These features were considered as primary malformations contributing to the formation of enterolithiasis. Secondary anomalies (urinary and gastrointestinal system malformations, pulmonary hypoplasia, genital and other coexisting anomalies) were evaluated.ConclusionsThe prenatal detection of enterolithiasis carries a poor prognosis. Most of the previously reported cases were invariably associated with major fetal malformations of the urinary and gastrointestinal tract. It is a warning sign for large bowel obstruction with or without enterourinary fistula. Therefore, adequate gastrointestinal and urologic studies must be undertaken after birth for the final diagnosis. There is a high mortality rate in the reported cases, mostly attributed to associated anomalies, and all survivors required neonatal surgery. It is important to differentiate the partial from the full URSM sequence because the prognosis in the partial URSM sequence is generally good, with long‐term survival being common. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Karyotype and outcome of fetuses diagnosed with cystic hygroma in the first trimester in relation to nuchal translucency thickness
Authors: Kharrat Richard , Yamamoto Masami , Roume Joelle , Couderc Sophie , Vialard Francois , Hillion Yvette , Ville Yves 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the incidence and to examine the karyotype and the outcome of fetuses diagnosed with cystic hygroma (CH) at 11–14 weeks of gestation.MethodsThe presence of bilateral cystic anechoic cavities in the neck, nuchal translucency (NT), malformations and hydrops was prospectively recorded in 6894 ultrasound examinations in the first trimester, between 2001 and 2004.ResultsForty‐two fetuses (0.62%) were diagnosed with CH in the first trimester of pregnancy and 60% of these had an abnormal karyotype. NT was ≥3 mm in 83% and hydrops was present in 40% of the cases. The karyotype was abnormal in 25 (69%) of these, showing trisomy 18 and 45,XO more often than trisomy 21. NT was <3 mm in seven cases (17%); no hydrops was present and only one had an abnormal karyotype (47 + 18). Eight babies with CH without aneuploidy or hydrops were born alive, seven among them were without malformations and are developing normally at 1 to 18 months of age, the remaining one presented with CHARGE syndrome.ConclusionsCH is an independent entity from NT and its association with increased NT carries a poor prognosis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buying in specialist time or buying out generalist time for practice development
Authors: Carr Susan M , Lhussier Monique , Wilcockson Jane 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper is a description of two approaches to the implementation of an end of life integrated care pathway in the north east of England. It draws on an evaluation of the introduction of the pathway to explore the transference of knowledge held by the specialist palliative care team to local ownership by primary health care team members. It reports a successful practice development change and details how neighbouring primary care trusts developed two models for managing the resources of time and expertise. One opted to buy in specialist practitioner time, the other to buy out generalist time. The paper focuses on the lessons learned from these two experiences of facilitation of change.There is already a literature base detailing factors influencing successful care pathway implementation. This discussion adds another dimension to this literature in exploring how a range of success criteria is packaged in two different approaches to practice development.The resource of time is a central factor in achieving practice development success. However, buying time resource should not be seen as a panacea to overcoming practice development barriers. Other factors such as clear leadership, good education and communication are also required to provide an environment conducive to facilitating practice development. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of biodegradable copolymers with low‐toxicity zirconium compounds. V. Multiblock and random copolymers of L‐lactide with trimethylene carbonate obtained in copolymerizations initiated with zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate
Authors: Dobrzynski Piotr , Kasperczyk Janusz 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUsing zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate as an initiator of lactide/trimethylene carbonate copolymerization allowed us to obtain high‐molecular‐weight copolymers with high efficiency. The reactivity ratios of the comonomers were 13.0 for lactide and 0.53 for trimethylene carbonate. Despite the large differences between the values of the reactivity ratios, copolymers with randomized chain structures were obtained. This phenomenon occurred as a result of an intensive intermolecular transesterification process proceeding along with the reaction of copolymer chain growth and modifying its final structure. Conducting the copolymerization at the relatively low temperature of about 110 °C, which minimized the influence of intermolecular transesterification, made it possible to obtain semicrystalline copolymers with multiblock structures. Increasing the temperature of copolymerization up to 180 °C was associated with strong intensification of the transesterification reactions. At this temperature, amorphous copolymers were obtained with identical compositions but highly randomized chain structures. An analysis of the chain microstructures of the obtained copolymers, determining the average length of the blocks, the intermolecular transesterification ratio, and the degree of chain randomization, was conducted by means of NMR spectroscopy. For this purpose, very specific signal assignment in the carbonyl and methylene carbon regions of the 13C NMR spectra to appropriate comonomer sequences of polymeric chains was performed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3184–3201, 2006
Synthesis of SiO2/poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate) nanocomposite microspheres via miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Zhou Juan , Zhang Shengwen , Qiao Xiaoguang , Li Xiaoqin , Wu Limin 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA series of SiO2/poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate) nanocomposite microspheres with various morphologies (e.g., multicore–shell, normal core–shell, and raspberry‐like) were synthesized via miniemulsion polymerization. The results showed that the morphology of the composite latex particles was strongly influenced by the presence or absence of the soft monomer (butyl acrylate), the particle sizes of the silica, and the emulsifier concentrations. The incorporation of the soft monomer helped in forming the multicore–shell structure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3202–3209, 2006