bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Loading Variables on Environment-Enhanced Fatigue Crack Growth in High Strength Steels
Authors: Miller GA , Hudak SJ , Wei RP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An experimental program was carried out to further determine the range of applicability of the superposition model, proposed by Wei and Landes, for estimating the effects of cyclic loading variables and chemical environment on fatigue crack growth. AISI 4340 steel, tempered at 200°F and 500°F, and RQ360A steel were used in this investigation. The influences of frequency, stress ratio, and cyclic-load waveform were examined. The results showed that the superposition model provides correct estimates of the trend and the order of magnitude for the influences of these variables within the applicable range (that is, for Kmax &gt; KIsee) provided that steady-state crack growth data are used. Data on the AISI 4340 steel suggest the presence of some synergistic effect of fatigue and environmental attack. Modification of this model will be needed to incorporate this effect and to improve the accuracy of predictions.
Environment can affect fatigue-crack growth at K levels below KIsee. Data obtained on the RQ360A steel (below KIsee) indicate that the environmental effect can depend on frequency and cycli-cload waveform. These results are in agreement with published results on highly alloyed steels. Further basic studies will be needed to clarify these effects and to develop viable prediction procedures.
Nonsteady-state crack growth in fatigue was observed. This stage of crack growth would occur at the start of testing and following test interruptions. This phenomenon must be recognized, and be taken into consideration in data acquisition and subsequent utilization.
Mechanical Sampling with Stopped-Belt Accuracy
Authors: Ellis JJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
“Stopped-belt” samples are considered to be the standard of accuracy for mechanical sampling systems. Theoretically, stopped-belt samples do not disturb the stream of material in a manner deterimental to the obtaining of a true cross section of material from a stream of material. This paper explores the factors that create bias as a result of disturbing the stream flow. It outlines tests that can be performed on the material to be sampled and provides guidelines for the designing and operating of sampling systems that will enable them to obtain samples in a manner comparable to stopped-belt cuts. It is desirable to have sampling systems that are free of bias, provide samples that have a high degree of accuracy, and that are economical to own and operate.
Vibratory Cavitation Tests at 200-kPa (2-Bar) Suppression Pressure
Authors: Zhou Y , Hammitt FG 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCavitation erosion of 1100-0 and 2024-T-4 aluminum, 1018 carbon steel, 316 stainless steel, and 3% carbon cast iron was measured in tap water by vibratory horn at 200-kPa (2-bar) suppression pressure, at various temperatures and amplitudes. Erosion rate (MDPR) and incubation period (IP) were computed according both to total specimen area and to actual area eroded. Maximum damage depth penetration rate DmPR was also measured. Actual eroded area and maximum damage depth penetration rate are also presented. These are of substantial practical interest, since maximum damage depth Dm is often the best criterion to indicate failure. Incubation period IP is also considered to have more precise meaning if calculated according to actual eroded area. Temperature effects upon MDPR are reported. According to the test data at 200-kPa (2-bar) psv (where psv = p − pv, where p = static pressure and pv = vapor pressure) as well as the previous data at 100-kPa (1-bar) psv and some pertinent literature, MDPRmax occurs in the range 60 to 70°C (140 to 160°F). A new nondimensional damage depth parameter C = Dm/MDP, where MDP is the mean depth of penetration, has been defined. C versus horn amplitude is found to be an approximately exponential function for the ferrous alloys, but insufficient data is yet available to define similar trends for the aluminums. Scanning electron microscope photomicrographs of eroded surfaces of five materials tested show the pitted honeycombed surfaces, somewhat different for the different materials.
Accuracy and Precision of Crack Length Measurements Using a Compliance Technique
Authors: Hewitt RL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A compliance crack measurement technique has been implemented in a computer-controlled fatigue crack growth rate test written to conform to the ASTM Test for Constant-Load-Amplitude Fatigue Crack Growth Rates Above 10−8 m/cycle (E 647). The use of a “correction” factor in the compliance expression is discussed and relevant details of the computer implementation are provided. Possible sources of error in the technique have been investigated and the relative precision and absolute accuracy determined using 12.6-mm-thick compact tension specimens of 2024 T351 (Unified Numbering System [UNS] A92024) aluminum having widths of 51 mm. The relative precision of individual measurements using standard fixtures was found to be about 0.05 mm, but this can be reduced to as little as 0.01 mm by averaging over 20 measurements. For most crack lengths, the calculated lengths were within 0.25 mm of the average physical crack lengths measured from profiles on fractured specimens.
Cross-Linking of Polyfluoroolefin Copolymers
Authors: Hudlicky M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
After a short survey of the development of fluorinated elastomers, curing of fluorinated copolymers is described. The discussion includes the main cross-linking agents such as diamines, Schiff bases, dithiols, bisphenols, peroxides, and irradiation, and the modes of action of the agents on copolymers of vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylenes, perfluoropropylene, and perfluoro (methyl vinyl ether). For better understanding the chemistry of cross-linking of fluoro polymers, properties and chemical reactivity of simple polyfluoro compounds are thoroughly discussed with special emphasis on the differences in chemical behavior of polyfluoro derivatives and their parent compounds. Reactions utilized in cross-linking such as addition, displacement, elimination, and isomerizations are exemplified on simple fluorinated compounds, and potential uses of some of them for new types of cross-linking are pointed out.
Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer (EPDM) and Fluorocarbon (FKM) Elastomers in the Geothermal Environment
Authors: Harwood HJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Thermal and hydrolytic processes that are likely to occur when hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon elastomers are subjected to geothermal conditions are discussed. Polyhydrocarbon backbones have good chemical resistance, but many cross-links present in cured polyhydrocarbons can be hydrolyzed under geothermal conditions. Perfluorinated elastomers have excellent thermal and hydrolytic stability, although they are potentially susceptible to hydrolytic degradation. The cross-links present in cured perfluorocarbon elastomers are probably also susceptible to hydrolysis under severe conditions. It seems that improvements can be made in geothermal seals if they can be cured by processes that yield chemically stable cross-links.
Analysis of an Internally Radially Cracked Ring Segment Subject to Three-Point Radial Loading
Authors: Gross B , Srawley JE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The boundary collocation method was used to generate Mode I stress intensity and crack mouth-opening displacement coefficients for internally radially cracked ring sements (arc bend specimens) subjected to three-point radial loading. Numerical results were obtained for ring segment outer-to-inner radius ratios Ro/Ri ranging from 1.10 to 2.50 and crack length to segment width ratios a/W ranging from 0.1 to 0.8. Stress intensity and crack mouth displacement coefficients were found to depend on the ratios Ro/Ri and a/W as well as the included angle between the directions of the reaction forces.
Temperature Effect on Rheological Properties of Cattle Manure Slurry
Authors: Chen Y-R , Shetler EL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A constant temperature rotational viscometer was fabricated for studying temperature effect on rheological properties of beef cattle manure slurries having total solids concentrations (TS) ranging from 2.5 to 19.3%. The rheological properties of the slurries had shear rates ranging from ∼ 20 to 200 s−1 and temperatures ranging from 14 to 64°C. In this shear rate range, it was found that the power-law equation could be used to describe the slurry's shear stress and shear rate relationship. Apparent viscosity of the slurry was found to decrease as temperature increased, and increase as TS increased. Equations to express the apparent viscosity as a function of TS and absolute temperature were given. The activation energy (Andrade's equation) of the beef cattle manure slurries was found to be 13.8 kJ/mol.
Safety Considerations for Photographic Film in the X-Ray Screening of Air Travelers' Luggage
Authors: McIninch VG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The use of X-rays in the screening of passengers' luggage and similar packages entering airport secure areas requires consideration of the possible effect on contents therein. Among commonly carried items, the possibility of damage to photographic film is a great concern to the traveling public. This paper presents a study of the possible effects on conventional camera films plus results of some practical tests and a summary of passengers' experiences as reported to a major photofinishing and film manufacturing organization. Also included are results of measurements on the sensitivity of several commonly used films to low-level X-ray exposure. To protect unprocessed film from significant effect, it is recommended that individual X-ray inspection exposures be kept below 1 mR, and that no more than 5 mR be permitted to accumulate from multiple inspections. An explanation of these limits is given, and recommendations to the traveler for protecting the film against excessive X-ray exposure are briefly discussed.
Use of X-Ray Diffraction with the Gaussian Curve Method to Evaluate the Hardening in Quenched Steels
Authors: Kurita M , Ihara I , Shinbo M , Koguchi H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An X-ray diffraction line will broaden considerably when steels transform to martensite on quenching. Slack quenched steels contain a mixed martensite and fine pearlite structure which produces an anomalous diffraction line profile with a sharp peak superimposed on a broad base. The sharpness of the diffraction line peak can be measured by using a constant of the Gaussian curve fitted to the peak. This constant (denoted GCP) for completely hardened steels increases with increasing carbon content up to 0.7 wt% carbon. At higher carbon contents, the GCP becomes almost constant. Also, the GCP increases with increasing hardness along a single curve independently of carbon content. The GCP for the slack quenched steels is smaller than that for the completely hardened steels. Extent of hardening of the slack quenched steels having a sharp diffraction line peak can be evaluated rapidly and nondestructively by comparing their GCP value with that for the completely hardened steels.
Fracture Mechanics Evaluation of Irradiation Embrittlement in Reactor Vessel Steels Based on the Rate Process Concept
Authors: Nogata F , Takahashi H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA new evaluation procedure for the critical fracture toughness (KIc, KId) from Charpy-V impact absorbed energy is presented. The strain-rate/temperature effect on the cleavage-controlled fracture toughness transition is first explained by applying the concept of a stress-dependent rate process for fracture initiation. The expression described in terms of the Charpy-V energy ratio, Cv-us/Cv, for fracture toughness under a constant strain rate is newly derived. The feasibility of the new procedure for evaluating the irradiation embrittlement of reactor pressure vessel steel, such as SA533B-1, is here verified utilizing the data for both unirradiated and irradiated materials in the literature. Another method for the determination of coefficients in the new expression from the Cv-fitting curve is also presented.
Determination of Fracture Toughness by CTOD Resistance Curve Method
Authors: Putatunda SK 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFracture toughness δi of AISI 4340 steel in the hardened and tempered condition has been determined by the multiple-specimen CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) resistance curve method. This fracture toughness δi value has been compared with the JIc fracture toughness also obtained by the multiple-specimen JR curve technique. The investigation also examines the effect of specimen size, thickness, and width on δi and δR curve behavior. The effect of these parameters on the constraint factor m in the J-δ relationship has also been examined. Compact tension specimens with TL orientation were used. All specimens satisfied ASTM E 813 standard size requirements.This investigation demonstrates that Jδi values obtained by the CTOD resistance curve method are similar to JIc values obtained from the J-integral resistance curve method. The specimen thickness has no significant influence on δi or δR curve behavior. On the other hand, specimen width has a distinct influence on constraint factor m and δR curve behavior.
Determination of Fracture Toughness for Brittle Nonmetallic Materials at the Subcritical Crack Growth Stage
Authors: Naumenko VP 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn addition to the KIc characteristics of such brittle materials as glass-like and ceramic ones, it is proposed to determine the values of KIo and KIi, corresponding to the crack onset and the beginning of the accelerated stage of its subcritical growth. An experimental method has been developed: to grow a given edge crack in a flat specimen, to determine the values of KIo and KIi by loading this specimen in transverse compression and then, in the course of eccentric tension (wedging) of the same specimen, to evaluate the KIc characteristics. The validity of the KIo, KIi and KIc values obtained for glass and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is confirmed by their comparison with the data published.
Interpretive Report on the Sensitization of Type 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Loria EA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
When Type 304 stainless steel is sensitized by a thermal treatment in the range of 400 to 850°C, intergranular attack will occur upon subsequent exposure to certain media. Interest in the sensitization behavior of Type 304 has been rekindled by the recurrent problem of pipe cracking in boiling water reactors, and the subject is of major importance to the electric power utility industry. In many practical situations, such as welding, sensitization is best studied by continuous cooling through the sensitizing temperature range wherein the variables are the peak temperature reached and the cooling rate in contrast to temperature and time of the isothermal hold which has been the customary practice. This report will focus on the importance of continuous cooling sensitization in certain heats of Type 304 with changing section size. A review of the test methods that assess intergranular corrosion and the effort to quantify degree of sensitization upon Jominy testing of bar, strip, and pin specimens or Gleeble-type testing of small rods will be presented. The major influence of carbon content and the effects of other elements will be discussed along with material remedies and suggestions for future work.
Analysis of Service Failures in Thermoplastic Pressure Piping Water Systems
Authors: Reinhart FW , Furno FJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Investigators into failures of installed thermoplastic water piping systems often do not have sufficient knowledge of the types or classes of failure and their causes to make a proper analysis of problems in this area because of the newness of thermoplastic piping. The authors, who have had extensive detailed and long-term experience in this field (40 and 28 years respectively), decided it would be helpful to users, manufacturers, installers, piping engineers, code officials, and other interested parties if a concise treatment of this topic was presented.
The types or classes of failure found in thermoplastic water piping systems are burst, damaged pipe and/or fittings, and leaking joints. The causes of these failures are improper system design, overpressurization, use of materials not intended for manufacture of piping components, non-standard materials, contaminated materials, improper manufacture, improper handling, faulty installation, poor joints, and the installed system being damaged by third parties. These topics are discussed in detail. A list of publications that describe procedures and recommendations to reduce failures in service is given.
Direct Modeling of Concrete Block Masonry Under Shear and In-Plane Tension
Authors: Hamid AA , Abboud BE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A better understanding of the complex behavior of masonry structures is necessary to embrace the more appropriate concept of ultimate strength design. Owing to the prohibitive cost of full-scale testing of masonry systems, a more economical method utilizing direct modeling techniques is proposed. It is the objective of this study to evaluate the use of direct modeling of ungrouted and grouted block masonry under shear and in-plane tension. A total of 62 quarter-scale model shear and tension specimens were tested, and the results were compared with similar prototype test results. The study includes the effect of mortar strength, grout strength, and load orientation on the assemblage mode of failure and ultimate strength. Correlations between model and prototype results are performed. Excellent correlations were obtained for mode of failure and the overall effects of different parameters. It is concluded that direct modeling is feasible and is capable of predicting the behavior of masonry. Deviations from prototype strength results were observed that are attributed to size effect of aggregate, imperfections in unit geometry, and higher strength values of model blocks.
A Better Way to Present Results from a Least-Squares Fit to Experimental Data: An Example from Microhardness Testing
Authors: Sargent PM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Fitting a straight line to data using the least-squares method is very often the method of choice when presenting experimental results. When there are a number of sets of data, each with its fitted line, it can be difficult at first to appreciate the meaning of the results. Also, parameters calculated from least-squares fits are often quoted without estimates of accuracy, even when the original data contain considerable scatter.
A method is described here that aids the assimilation of a number of least-squares fits and takes full account of estimates of accuracy.
Investigation of DynamicJId for Alloy Steel Weldments Using the Split Hopkinson Bar
Authors: Bassim MN , Bayoumi MR , Hsu TR , Matthews JR 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe fracture toughness parameter JId, under dynamic loading conditions, was determined for weldments of HY80 and QT28 alloy steels using a split Hopkinson bar technique. JId was obtained for the fusion zone, the heat-affected zone, and the base metal for these steels as a function of temperature in the range of −80 to 25°C and at loading rates of ˙K = 106 MPa√m s−1. Wedge loaded compact tension specimens were loaded in a split Hopkinson bar. The onset of stable crack growth was determined by using a strain gage that was attached ahead of a fatigue crack. The results show that, at −80°C, fracture with limited stable crack growth takes place, while for all other testing conditions considerable ductility precedes fracture of these alloys.
An Ultrasonic Method for Determining Axial Stress in Bolts
Authors: Johnson GC , Holt AC , Cunningham B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An ultrasonic technique for determining the axial stress within a bolt was developed and experimentally verified. The technique uses time-of-flight measurements of both shear and longitudinal waves propagating along the axis of a bolt along with the material parameters to calculate the stress acting on the bolt. One significant advantage of the technique is that an independent measurement of neither the original nor present length is required. Experimental results suggest that the method may be usable for fasteners which have experienced a small amount of plastic deformation.
Bibliography on Clean Glass: Supplement I
Authors: Campbell DE , Adams PB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This bibliography supplements an earlier bibliography on clean glass(Journal of testing and Evaluation, Vol. 5, No. 1, Jan. 1977, pp. 53–57) by extending coverage of the literature from 1973 through 1984. Coupled with the recommendations included in ASTM Practice for Designing a Process for Cleaning Technical Glasses (C912), the list of references, organized into five categories for ready access, should provide a useful up-to-date base for rationally designing a cleaning process.
Reference Samples for the Evaluation of Salmonella Isolation Methods
Authors: Beckers HJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Reference samples consist of gelatin capsules containing 0.2 g of spray-dried milk inoculated with Salmonella. These reference samples enable each laboratory to test individually the performance of Salmonella isolation methods and to study the effects of foods and its competitive flora on the isolation of Salmonella. The reference samples have also been found useful in collaborative studies testing the reproducibility of methods. It is recommended to evaluate the performance of Salmonella isolation methods with reference samples.
Cyclic Stress and Diametral Strain Response During High Strain Amplitude Fatigue of a 1Cr-1.3Mo-0.3V Bainitic Rotor Steel at Elevated Temperature—Part II
Authors: Rahka KA , Laird C 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTests of a Cr-Mo-V rotor steel have been carried out at 550°C using continuous cycling and cycling with tensile dwells. A special feature of these tests was that they were carried out in control by the axial total strain but that diametral strain was simultaneously measured. Comparison of the diametral and axial strain ranges showed that “Poisson's ratio” initially increased but subsequently declined steadily with accumulating cycles. While these results do not challenge the traditional view of Poisson's ratio which is defined for homogeneous material, they indicate that numerical values of the ratio must be used with caution. The results on diametral strain response are carefully analyzed and defended as a true material response; they indicate that the ratio of diametral to axial strain is sensitive to the accumulated fatigue damage of the specimen in a rather unpredictable fashion.
A Computerized Test System for Thermal-Mechanical Fatigue Crack Growth
Authors: Marchand N , Pelloux RM 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA computerized testing system to measure fatigue crack growth under thermal-mechanical fatigue conditions is described. Built around a servohydraulic machine, the system is capable of a push-pull test under stress- or strain-controlled conditions in the temperature range of 25 to 1050°C. Temperature and mechanical strain are independently controlled by the closed-loop system to simulate complex inservice strain-temperature relationship.A d-c electrical potential method is used to measure crack growth rates. The correction procedure of the potential signal to take into account powerline and RF-induced noises and thermal changes is described. It is shown that the potential drop technique can be used for physical mechanism studies and for modelling crack tip processes.