bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration rate limitations on climate change‐induced range shifts in Cape Proteaceae
Authors: Midgley G. F. , Hughes G. O. , Thuiller W. , Rebelo A. G. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTModelling of climate change‐induced species range shifts has generally addressed migration limitations inadequately, often assuming ‘null’ migration or instantaneous ‘full’ migration extremes. We describe methods for incorporating simple migration rate assumptions into multispecies modelling, using the Proteaceae of the Cape Floristic Region. Even with optimistic migration assumptions, range loss projections more closely approximate null migration than full migration assumptions. Full migration results were positively skewed by few species with large range increases, an overestimate eliminated by dispersal‐limited migration rate assumptions. Wind‐ and ant/rodent‐dispersed species responded differently to climate change. Initially larger ranges of wind‐dispersed species were more strongly reduced by climate change, despite far greater assumed dispersal distances — we suggest that these well‐dispersed species populate more marginal areas of potential range, causing lower resilience to climatic changes at range margins. Overall, range loss rate slowed with advancing climate change, possibly because species ranges contracted into core areas most resilient to climate change. Thus, a consideration of simple dynamics of range change (rather than single step, present–future comparisons of range) provide new insights relevant for conservation strategies, in particular, and for guiding monitoring efforts to detect and gauge the impacts of climate change on natural populations.
Telemedicine‐friendly, portable tonometers: an evaluation for intraocular pressure screening
Authors: Kumar Sajeesh , Middlemiss Catherine , Bulsara Max , Guibilato Antonio , Morgan William , Tay‐Kearney Mei‐Ling , Constable Ian J , Yogesan Kanagasingam 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPurpose:  To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) readings from two portable, telemedicine‐friendly tonometers for suitability in glaucoma screening.Methods:  213 eyes of 107 consenting patients attending an eye clinic were tested with an I‐care tonometer and a Pulsair‐Easy Eye puff‐air tonometer. Gold standard IOP was measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT). Effect of central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth and refractive errors on IOP measurements were also analysed.Results:  The mean difference of IOP by GAT and both the portable tonometers was ± 2.2 mmHg. The analysis indicates minimal difference between IOP readings of both the portable tonometers. The mean difference between two consecutive readings by I‐care was 0.01 mmHg. Using 21 mmHg as a threshold for suspected glaucoma, both the portable digital tonometers reported a sensitivity of 38% and specificity of >95%. In the subjects studied, central corneal thickness had statistically significant influence on IOP measurements while refractive errors and anterior chamber depth had no significant influence on IOP measurements with any tonometry.Conclusion:  The IOP readings by both portable tonometers are comparable and were within clinically acceptable range from GAT. These portable tonometers are useful tools for IOP screening.
Trabeculectomy with brief exposure to mitomycin C
Authors: Ben Simon Guy J , Glovinsky Yoseph 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground:  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of primary trabeculectomy with brief exposure (15 s) to mitomycin C (MMC) (0.4 mg/mL).Methods:  Medical record review of all patients who underwent primary trabeculectomy with brief exposure to MMC at the Goldschleger Eye Institute in a 4‐year period was performed.Results:  Sixty‐three patients (35 men, mean age of 55 years) underwent trabeculectomy with brief exposure to MMC. Intraocular pressure (IOP) decreased a mean ± standard deviation of 17.9 ± 9.6 mmHg from 30.4 ± 9.5 mmHg preoperatively to 12.5 ± 6.2 mmHg postoperatively after a mean follow up of 18.3 months (P < 0.001). Number of antiglaucoma medications decreased from 2.9 ± 1.1 preoperatively to 0.2 ± 0.4 postoperatively (P < 0.001, paired samples t‐test). Complete success, defined as IOP < 18 mmHg without antiglaucoma medication, was achieved in 46 patients (73%) and qualified success, defined as IOP ≤ 21 mmHg with or without antiglaucoma medications, was achieved in 59 patients (93.7%). Thirty‐eight patients (60%) had a final IOP < 15 mmHg with no glaucoma medications at the end of follow up. Needle revision was required in four patients (6.3%) and repeated trabeculectomy was performed in three patients (4.8%). Four patients had an IOP of less than 6 mmHg at the end of follow‐up period (three had final IOP of 5 mmHg and one of 4 mmHg); these patients had an average larger bleb size (2.8 ± 1.3).Conclusions:  Trabeculectomy with brief (15 s) exposure to MMC 0.4 mg/mL is safe and effective in lowering IOP in this group of patients, and results in low rate of postoperative complications. Success is comparable to reported data with longer exposure durations to antimetabolites.
An assessment of recycled spectacles donated to a developing country
Authors: Ramke Jacqueline , Du Toit Renee , Brian Garry 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground:  A rapid assessment methodology was used to determine the suitability of donated recycled spectacles for the Pacific nation of Tuvalu.Methods:  Spectacles (102) from a donated cache were examined. Those with astigmatism of >1.00 D, anisometropia of >0.50 D, significant central lens scratches, broken frame, poor cosmetic fit and comfort, or unsuitable frame appearance were excluded. The refractive errors (≥ ±0.50 D distance or near) of 320 Tuvaluans were determined.Results:  Of the spectacles, 62.7% had >1.00 DC and/or >0.50 D anisometropia, 30% were broken and/or scratched and 50% were uncomfortable or cosmetically unacceptable. Only 13% were optically satisfactory, physically intact, and cosmetically appropriate. Of the people, 8.8% had >1.00 DC and/or >0.50 D anisometropia, requiring custom‐made spectacles. A further 8.1% needed a −0.50 to −2.00 DS correction, for which there were no spectacles in this cache. For the other 83.1% (266), if the cache contained at least 5538 spectacles, each would eventually find a suitable pair.Conclusion:  If the scheme to Tuvalu is typical, refractive error will remain largely uncorrected if only donated recycled spectacles are available. No amount of efficiency and effectiveness in the delivery chain can justify the output and outcome of this recycling scheme.
Proliferation of spermatogonial stem cells and spermatogenesis in vitro
Authors: OGAWA TAKEHIKO , KITA KAORU , KUBOTA YOSHINOBU 
Published: August 2006

Detection of spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) became possible 10 years ago, with the transplantation of germ cells into the seminiferous tubules of mice. Using this assay system, attempts to maintain and expand SSC in vitro finally bore fruit. Gonocytes from neonatal mice and spermatogonial stem cells from adult mice were plated on feeder cells in a medium supplemented with Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) along with certain other factors. The germ cells that emerged under such conditions, named germline stem (GS) cells, proliferated exponentially through self‐renewing division. GS cells in vitro show features of differentiation as well. Some expressed c‐kit, which is a cell surface marker of differentiating spermatogonia. Therefore, it seems that GS cells undergo both self‐renewing and differentiating cell divisions in vitro. There is a century of history behind attempts to reproduce spermatogenesis in vitro and significant progress has been made. Nonetheless, there are few established culture‐based protocols for recreating spermatogenesis in vitro. GS cells would be an ideal starting material in this regard. (Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5: 169–174)
Prediction of candidates for seminal tract reconstructive surgery among patients with clinically suspected idiopathic or inflammatory obstructive azoospermia
Authors: TANAKA TOSHIAKI , ITOH NAOKI , SASAO TAKUMI , MAEDA TOSHIHIRO , TSUKAMOTO TAIJI , KAMIYA HIROFUMI 
Published: August 2006

Background and Aim:  We reviewed the findings of scrotal exploration, histological examination and clinical parameters in patients with clinically suspected idiopathic or inflammatory obstructive azoospermia without confirmation by isolated testis biopsy in advance.Methods:  The present study included 27 patients who underwent scrotal exploration for the purpose of vasoepididymostomy, with simultaneous testicular sperm extraction.Results:  Sperm in the epididymis was proven in 11 patients (40.7%). In two of these patients, the vas deferens was obstructed on the seminal vesicle side. Histologically, normal spermatogenesis was seen in all patients. The 16 (59.2%) patients with no sperm in the epididymis included two with normal spermatogenesis. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were significantly higher in men with no sperm in the epididymis in contrast to those in men with sperm proven in the epididymis (P = 0.0057). By using a cut‐off point of 6.02 mIU/mL, serum FSH can predict the existence of sperm in the epididymis, with a sensitivity of 81.8%, a specificity of 81.2% and a positive predictive value of 75.0%.Conclusion:  No more than a third of the patients in the present study who had clinically suspected obstructive azoospermia were actual candidates for vasoepidydimostomy. A serum FSH level cut‐off point of 6.02 mIU/mL might be useful to determine its indication. (Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5: 211–214)
Influence of the hypogonadism (hgn) locus on female reproduction and ovarian development in an altered genetic background
Authors: SUZUKI HIROETSU , DAIGO KUMI , OKADA MIKA , YAGI MIO , NAKAMIYA EIJIRO , SAITO KENICHI , SUZUKI KATSUSHI 
Published: August 2006

Background and Aims:  The hypogonadic rat (hgn/hgn) shows male sterility controlled by a single recessive gene hgn. The hgn/hgn females detected by the presence of renal hypoplasia in the HGN inbred strain show a reduced fertility. Recently, the gene responsible for male hypogonadism was mapped on chromosome 10 by a linkage analysis using only male backcross progeny. Because backcross females could not be categorized as affected or normal because of variations in their renal sizes, we could not examine female fertility in the backcross progeny. In the present experiment, we examined whether the gene mapped on rat chromosome 10 has any influences on female reproduction and ovarian development.Methods:  The assumptive hgn/hgn females were identified in the backcross progeny by microsatellite markers closely linked to the hgn locus. Postnatal body growth, the weights of reproductive organs, estrus cycle and ovarian histology were examined. In addition, backcross embryos were genotyped, and their body growth and ovarian development was examined.Results:  The hgn/hgn females showed growth retardation, a short reproductive life and an abnormal ovarian histology as adults. Regarding embryonic development, hgn/hgn females showed body growth retardation and ovarian hypoplasia.Conclusion:  The mutation of the hgn mapped on chromosome 10 causes not only male sterility but also female reduced fertility related to ovarian hypoplasia beyond the altered genetic background. (Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5: 227–234)
Reliability analysis in fracture mechanics using the first‐order reliability method and Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: PUATATSANANON W. , SAOUMA V. E. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe development of a Windows‐based framework to undertake probabilistic fracture mechanics studies is reported. For a selective library of standard case problems, the reliability index of critical and sub‐critical (fatigue) problems with stochastic definition is evaluated. Both first‐order reliability method (FORM) as well as and Monte Carlo simulation method (MCS) techniques are used in critical crack growth, and only MCS is adopted for fatigue problems.Numerical predictions for the stress intensity factors (SIF) were validated with NASA/FLAGRO and reliability predictions were validated with both RELTRAN and VaP.With the advent of powerful and inexpensive personal computer, and the user‐friendliness of graphical user interface, programs such as the one developed will indeed make it possible for engineer to correctly account for the stochastic nature of most fracture problems they are confronted with.
Aspects of rapid crack propagation in silicon
Authors: SHERMAN D. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTFracture experiments with silicon specimens in recent years have shown the need for a new approach to the analysis of rapidly propagating cracks in single crystals. Behaviour and phenomena have been revealed that fracture in these materials is rather different from the fracture of both amorphous and polycrystalline materials. We show that continuum mechanics is insufficient for analyzing crack propagation in single crystals since it is unable to consider atomistic‐scale phenomena. Accordingly, we describe basic phenomena associated with rapid crack propagation in silicon: (i) anisotropic velocity‐dependent R‐curve behaviour, as a key phenomenon dictating atomistic scale behaviour, (ii) crack deflection from one cleavage plane to another as a mesoscopic scale phenomenon in single‐crystal fracture, (iii) the Rayleigh surface wave speed as the limiting crack tip velocity is re‐examined, (vi) the lowest crack velocity in brittle crystals is examined, and finally (v) the interaction between crack path and preferred cleavage planes in single crystals is depicted.
Correlation of oxygen delivery with central venous oxygen saturation, mean arterial pressure and heart rate in piglets
Authors: OSTHAUS WILHELM A. , HUBER DIRK , BECK CARSTEN , ROEHLER ANJA , MARX GERNOT , HECKER HARTMUT , SÜMPELMANN ROBERT 
Published: August 2006

SummaryBackground:  Accurate assessment and monitoring of the cardiocirculatory function is essential during major pediatric and pediatric cardiac surgery. Invasive monitoring of cardiac output and oxygen delivery (DO2) is expensive and sometimes associated with adverse events. Measurement of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) is less invasive and may reflect the DO2. Therefore, we investigated the correlation of ScvO2 with cardiac index (CI) and DO2 and in comparison the more common monitored parameters heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) with DO2 in an animal experimental setting.Methods:  In five fasted, anesthetized and mechanically ventilated piglets CI (transpulmonary thermodilution), venous and arterial blood gases, HR and MAP was measured during normal conditions, volume loading, inotropic support, and exsanguination.Results:  In the five piglets 168 measurements could be performed. In a wide hemodynamic range (CI 22–335 ml·kg−1min−1) we found significant correlations of ScvO2 with DO2 (r2 = 0.91, P < 0.0001) and CI (r2 = 0.88, P < 0.0001) and also between DO2 and MAP (r = 0.86, P < 0.0001) and HR (r = 0.19, P < 0.05).Conclusions:  ScvO2 is a better parameter for indirect estimation of DO2 than MAP and heart rate. Measurement of ScvO2 is simple and does not necessitate additional invasive techniques. In the clinical setting ScvO2 should be used in combination with other standard vital parameters, i.e. MAP, central venous pressure, lactate, base excess, and urine output.
Evaluating fair trade consumption: politics, defetishization and producer participation
Authors: Lyon Sarah 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper combines a critical review of the scholarly literature on fair trade with an analysis of data gathered during 19 months of ethnographic research conducted between 2001 and 2003 among the members of a Guatemalan fair trade coffee co‐operative and fair trade coffee roasters and advocates in the US. It explores three common claims made about fair trade consumption that: first, fair trade consumption emerges from the political choices and conscious reflexivity of Northern consumers; second, it defetishizes coffee by revealing the social and environmental conditions of the coffee production; and third, it forges equitable trade relationships between producers and consumers. While the research results demonstrate that there is some validity to each of the three claims, they also highlight two negative trends: the reinforcement of producer–consumer differences and low levels of farmer participation in fair trade networks beyond the realm of commodity production. In conclusion, the paper argues that overstating the exceptional nature of fair trade consumption weakens the market’s transformative potential. In order to nurture equitable trade partnerships fair trade must expand to accommodate a substantially higher degree of producer participation in administrative decision making and goal setting.
Ambiguous framings of political consumerism: means or end, product or process orientation?
Authors: Klintman Mikael 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFor dealing with various societal problems, ‘political’/‘ethical’/‘responsible’ consumerism is often discussed as an effective democratic and participatory tool. However, political consumerism – along with its tools, such as product labelling – is often conceived and discussed in oversimplified ways. Instead, the tension between scientific complexity, knowledge uncertainty and a codified, standardized label involves extensive political strategy, interest conflicts and simplified framings of the consumers’ roles as political decision makers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how criteria for organic food labelling have been simplified, or framed, within various versions of political consumerism in policy debates. The more general purpose is to examine variations of what consumerism may entail theoretically and practically. Examples are chosen of organic food labelling in the US. The analysis is based on framing theory. The first distinction is made between framings surrounding the extrinsic and intrinsic values of consumerism (i.e. consumer empowerment towards an external goal, or as an overriding principle of democracy). The second distinction is between product‐ and process‐oriented consumerism (i.e. consumer empowerment with regard to the purchased goods or concerning the ‘invisible’ production and disposal processes). These distinctions may facilitate critical examinations of criteria, processes and communication of consumer‐related policies.
Hippocampal Cell Loss in Posttraumatic Human Epilepsy
Authors: Swartz Barbara E. , Houser Carolyn R. , Tomiyasu Uwami , Walsh Gregory O. , DeSalles Antonio , Rich J. Ronald , Delgado‐Escueta Antonio 
Published: August 2006

Summary:  Purpose: We performed this study to determine whether significant head trauma in human adults can result in hippocampal cell loss, particularly in hilar (polymorph) and CA3 neurons, similar to that observed in animal models of traumatic brain injury. We examined the incidence of hippocampal pathology and its relation to temporal neocortical pathology, neuronal reorganization, and other variables. Methods: Twenty‐one of 200 sequential temporal lobectomies had only trauma as a risk factor for epilepsy. Tissue specimens from temporal neocortex and hippocampus were stained with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Eleven hippocampal specimens had additional analysis of neuronal distributions by using cresyl violet and immunolabeling of a neuron‐specific nuclear protein. Results: The median age at onset of trauma was 19 years, the median time between trauma and onset of seizures was 2 years, and the median epilepsy duration was 16 years. The length of the latent period was inversely related to the age at the time of trauma (r= 0.75; Spearman). The neocortex showed gliosis in all specimens, with hemosiderosis (n = 8) or heterotopias (n = 6) in some, a distribution differing from chance (p = 0.02; Fisher). Hippocampal neuronal loss was found in 94% of specimens, and all of these had cell loss in the polymorph (hilar) region of the dentate gyrus. Hilar cell loss ranged from mild, when cell loss was confined to the hilus, to severe, when cell loss extended into CA3 and CA1. Some degree of mossy fiber sprouting was found in the dentate gyrus of all 10 specimens in which it was evaluated. Granule cell dispersion (n = 4) was seen only in specimens with moderate to severe neuronal loss. Conclusions: Neocortical pathology was universally present after trauma. Neuronal loss in the hilar region was the most consistent finding in the hippocampal formation, similar to that found in the fluid‐percussion model of traumatic head injury. These findings support the idea that head trauma can induce hippocampal epilepsy in humans in the absence of other known risk factors.
TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY EFFECTS ON GROWTH OF A NON‐CHAIN‐FORMING STRAIN OF FYMNODINIUM CATENATUM (DINOOHYCEAE) ESTABLISHED FROM A CYST FROM RECENT SEDIMENTS IN THE SOUND (øRESUND), DENMARK1
Authors: Ellegaard Marianne , Christensen Niels F. , Meostrup Øjvind 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe athecate, marine dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham 1943 was cultured from a resting cyst found in sediment samples from The Sound, Denmark. Gymnodinium catenatum has not previously been registered alive in Danish waters, although fossilized cysts have been found in old sediments. The description (morphology and ultrastructure) of the strain established from the cyst complied with earlier studies of G. catenatum with the exception that chains longer than two cells were never see. Fitting the growth rates of the motile stage of G. catenatum to a linear model showed a signified influence of temperature and salinity. Maximal division rate was 0.4 div‐day−1 at 20–25°C and 20% salinity. Gymnodinium catenatum causes paralytic shellfish poisoning in other parts of the world, but the toxicity of the Danish strain has not been determined. Possible explanations for the presence of G. catenatum in Danish waters ware discussed.
ROLE OF ENCYSTMENT AND EXCYSTMENT OFPERIDINIUM BIPESF.OCCULATUM(DINOPHYCEAE) IN FRESH WATER RED TIDES IN LAKE KIZAKI, JAPAN1
Authors: Park Ho‐Dong , Hayashi Hidetake 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe encystment flux ofPeridinium bipesf. occulatum (Dinophyceae) was investigated with sediment traps from 1968 to 1990 in Lake Kazki. Cysts ofP. bipeswere formed throughout the blooms, Encystment flux ofP. bipesin the pelagic zone was usually lower than those at shallow sites, and the density ofP. bipescysts in lake sediment was higher in the shallow region than in the pelagic zone. However, in the shallower region, The concentration ofP. bipescysts varied widely, possibly due to high rates of encystment and excystment.Peridinium bipesencystment occurred between 15° and 25° C in the laboratory, with very little cyst formation below 10°C. Though cyst formation was observed in continous darkness, the rate increased with irradiance. Under continuous darkness, no excystment was observed at any temperature from 5° to 25° C. Eighty‐one percent of the cysts illuminated at 105 μE m−2s−1excysted after 13 days incubation at 15° C, and lower irradiances decreased germination success. Results from laboratory experiments suggest that light is a critical factor in the germination ofP. bipescysts. Bottom depth thus can have a significant effect on germination because cysts only can excyst from depths where light is sufficient. The shallow region of the lake is thus very important as a seed bed forP. bipesduring early spring. Cyst deposited in deeper waters may not ever germinate unless they are resuspended and transported to shallow areas where light reaches the bottom.