bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the non‐adrenergic/non‐cholinergic response to perivascular nerve stimulation in the double‐perfused mesenteric bed of the mouse
Authors: Legros E , Tirapelli C R , Carrier E , Brochu I , Fournier A , D'Orléans‐Juste P 
Published: October 2007

Background and purpose:Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), a capsaicin‐sensitive neuromodulator of splanchnic vascular tone in several animal species, remains poorly investigated in mouse models. We therefore assessed whether endogenous CGRP is a non‐adrenergic/non‐cholinergic (NANC) neuromodulator in the mesenteric vascular bed of the mouse.Experimental approach:Arterial and venous changes in perfusion pressure in response to perivascular nerve stimulation (PNS) were monitored in the mouse mesenteric bed under basal conditions or precontracted with KCl (artery) or U46619 (vein) in circuits pretreated with guanethidine, atropine, indomethacin and prazosin. Arterial responses to NANC were also characterized with a CGRP1 antagonist, hαCGRP8−37.Finally, the PNS‐induced release of arterial CGRP was measured by enzyme immunoassay.Key results:HαCGRP8−37enhanced PNS‐induced arterial increases in perfusion pressure under basal tone. PNS‐induced stimulation of NANC triggered an hαCGRP8−37or capsaicin‐ sensitive reduction in perfusion pressure of the pre‐contracted arterial bed only. Chemical removal of the endothelium inhibited PNS‐ and hαCGRP‐ induced reduction in perfusion pressure in the arterial mesenteric bed. Responses to NANC nerves were reduced by guanylate and adenylate cyclase inhibitors (1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3‐a] quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ)) and [9‐(tetrahydro‐2‐furanyl)‐9H‐purin‐6‐amine] (SQ 22 536), respectively. A neuronal NOS inhibitor (7‐nitroindazole; 7‐NI) also enhanced the response to NANC in vessels from wild‐type, eNOS KO but not iNOS KO mice. Finally, PNS enhanced the release of immunoreactive CGRP from the perfused arterial mesenteric bed.Conclusions and implications:Our study demonstrates a role for CGRP in the NANC‐dependent reduction in perfusion pressure of the arterial but not venous mesenteric bed of the mouse.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 1049–1059; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707475; published online 1 October 2007
Five-year follow-up of waist circumference, insulin and ALT levels in familial combined hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Brouwers Martijn C. G. J. , van Greevenbroek Marleen M. J. , Vermeulen Vicky M. M.-J. , van Lin Josephine M. J. P. , van der Kallen Carla J. H. , de Bruin Tjerk W. A. 
Published: October 2007

FCHL (familial combined hyperlipidaemia), an entity with many features of the metabolic syndrome, is characterized by changes in cholesterol and triacylglycerol (triglyceride) phenotype over time. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship of ALT (alanine aminotransferase) levels, used as a surrogate marker for the amount of hepatic fat, with the switch in triacylglycerol phenotype and the increased susceptibility to develop hypertriglyceridaemia in FCHL. BMI (body mass index), waist circumference and plasma triacylglycerols, insulin and ALT levels were measured in 145 FCHL family members and 54 spouses at baseline and after a 5-year follow-up. A switch from normotriglyceridaemia to hypertriglyceridaemia or vice versa, as observed in 22 of 145 FCHL family members, was associated with changes in plasma ALT levels (P=0.001), but not with insulin levels or waist circumference. At 5 years of follow-up, an intra-individual relationship was observed between waist circumference and plasma triacylglycerols, insulin and ALT levels. For each waist circumference, FCHL patients, but not their NL (normolipidaemic) relatives, exhibited higher triacylglycerol and insulin levels than spouses (P&lt;0.001). Remarkably, both FCHL patients and the NL relatives had higher ALT levels for each waist circumference compared with spouses (P&lt;0.001 for FCHL patients, and P=0.035 for NL relatives). In conclusion, the present study shows that the longitudinal relationship of abdominal obesity–ALT is more specific for all FCHL family members, i.e. patients and their NL relatives, than the relationship of abdominal obesity–triacylglycerols. Additionally, the association of ALT with the switch in triacylglycerol phenotype suggests a central role of the liver in the pathogenesis of FCHL.
Interventional Nephrology and Dialysis: Three Purse‐String Sutures Allow Immediate Start of Peritoneal Dialysis with a Low Incidence of Leakage
Authors: Stegmayr Bernd G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPeritoneal dialysis (PD) depends to a great extent on a well‐functioning dialysis catheter. The number of patients choosing PD also depends on the possibility of starting dialysis with this technique without needing to use hemodialysis (HD) intermediate or in the beginning of the procedure. This review describes various insertion techniques focusing on a surgical insertion technique using purse‐string sutures to fix the peritoneum around the catheter with the inner cuff of a Tenckhoff catheter invaginated between purse‐string sutures of the peritoneal membrane and the inner rectus muscle fascia. A third purse‐string suture is used to fix the catheter and to tighten the hole in the external rectus fascia. This technique enables immediate start of PD with only a limited risk for early and late leakage. Similar fixation sutures could be considered when inserting catheters, using other insertion modes, to tighten the hole and the position of the cuff and the catheter.
Estimating and decomposing total uncertainty for survey-based abundance estimates of Norwegian spring-spawning herring
Authors: Løland Anders , Aldrin Magne , Ona Egil , Hjellvik Vidar , Holst Jens Christian 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Løland, A., Aldrin, M., Ona, E., Hjellvik, V., and Holst, J. C. 2007. Estimating and decomposing total uncertainty for survey‐based abundance estimates of Norwegian spring‐spawning herring. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: –. A method is developed to quantify the uncertainty of abundance and age-specific abundance estimates of Norwegian spring-spawning herring, accounting for the combined effect of several error sources. We present an abundance estimate adjusted for vessel avoidance, acoustic shadowing, and depth-dependent target strength, and highlight the potentially dramatic combined effect of these adjustments. Uncertainty in this estimate is affected by the precision of the adjustment formulae as well as by the sampling errors in acoustic and trawl measurements. This total uncertainty is decomposed into contributions from each source. Here, the method is applied to data from surveys on the overwintering stock in the Vestfjord system and off Vesteraalen in northern Norway in November/December of the years 2001–2004.
Modelling the growth, mortality, and predation interactions of cod juveniles and capelin larvae in the Barents Sea using a novel proto-moment population dynamics model
Authors: Hallfredsson Elvar H. , Pope John G. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Hallfredsson, E. H., and Pope, J. G. 2007. Modelling the growth, mortality, and predation interactions of cod juveniles and capelin larvae in the Barents Sea using a novel proto-moment population dynamics model. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1313–1323. Proto-moments of a fish population, the sums of products of powers of length with numbers at length, relate both to the traditional statistical measures, the mean, the variance, the skewness, and the kurtosis of their size distribution, and to the biologically important measures of the abundance and the biomass of the population. Population models based on this approach are constructed as matrix delay-difference equations. They model moments of the length distributions rather than the age distributions, and express population dynamic problems in an analytically tractable form. Here, a modification of this approach is explored for a case involving a predator–prey relationship among young-of-the-year fish. The modelled species are juvenile cod (the predator) and capelin larvae (the prey) in the Barents Sea. Their population dynamics are modelled by the proto-moment method, but using two different approaches for the derivation of the predation mortality term. The first approach, a published matrix-based formulation, is formed purely in terms of the proto-moments. The second approach, developed here, converts the proto-moments back to consistent size distributions to calculate the rates of predation mortality on each proto-moment. The latter model produces a realistic development in time for the predator and prey length distributions, density in numbers, and biomass for their first summer. It also provides estimates of growth for both species along with estimates of the predation mortality that cod generate on capelin in this time period. The estimates permitted the accuracy of the matrix-based approach to be investigated, better understood, and improved.
Wheat Proteins Extracted from Flour and Batter with Aqueous Ethanol at Subambient Temperatures
Authors: Robertson George H. , Cao Trung K. , Orts William J. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTContact of wheat flour with aqueous ethanol may enrich protein by starch displacement or deplete protein by extraction depending on 1) extraction conditions and 2) the form of the substrate. Extraction at subambient temperatures has not been described for specific gliadins for either dry flour with the protein in native configurations or for wet, developed batter or dough. This limits the ability to interpret technologies such as the cold‐ethanol method. Here, we describe specific albumin and gliadin composition of flour extracts by capillary zone electrophoresis CZE in 0–100% (v/v) ethanol from –12 to 22°C. Extraction was reduced for albumin and gliadin protein as the temperature was reduced and the concentration range for extraction narrowed. Extraction dropped precipitously between 0 and –7°C for both albumins and gliadins. Electrophoretically defined gliadins extracted in constant proportion at 22°C and 30–80%(v/v) ethanol, but at lower temperature, the α‐gliadins were enriched and β‐gliadins depleted in the 30–55% (v/v) range. For extracts from wheat flour batter, depletion of α and β and enrichment of γ relative to the dry flour contact suggested that the electrophoretically slow migrating γ‐ and ω‐proteins are less well incorporated to the dough matrix than electrophoretically fast migrating α and β types.
Imaging FM Dyes in Brain Slices
Authors: Kay Alan R. 
Published: October 2007

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for monitoring the activity-dependent loading and unloading of synaptic vesicles with a fluorescent probe in intact or semi-intact neuronal systems. It is a fairly general method that could be applied to a number of biological preparations other than nervous systems. So far, the method has been applied to Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus tadpoles, lamprey spinal cord, fly brain, rat brain, and mouse brain. The method relies on the chemical properties of styryl pyridinium probes, such as FM1-43, that are somewhat water-soluble but preferentially partition into lipid environments. The probe is taken up by endocytosis and only fluoresces once in the membrane. Stimulation of exocytosis releases the probe into the extracellular space, with a consequent decline in fluorescence, allowing the time course of release to be followed. In intact systems such as brain or brain slices, FM1-43 adsorbs to the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane and is resistant to removal by washing. This gives rise to an intense fluorescence signal associated with the extracellular membrane, which obscures the weaker signal associated with vesicular uptake. FM1-43 and its congeners can be removed by using a modified cyclodextrin (Advasep-7) that in effect serves as a soluble high-affinity scavenger for the probe, allowing it to be washed out of the preparation. Cyclodextrins are water-soluble, doughnut-shaped molecules with hydrophobic holes of the right size to accommodate FM1-43, forming what is called an “inclusion” complex.
The Relationship between Democratic Values and Norms in the Danish Electorate*
Authors: Pedersen Johannes T. 
Published: October 2007

In this study we replicate American studies of discrepancy at the aggregate level between popular agreement about abstract democratic principles and the lack of their application to particular political contexts. We explain this discrepancy by adopting a research design which allows us to assess the functional relationships between respondents' evaluation of democratic norms and the major expressions contained in these norms, including the engaged democratic values.Multivariate statistical analyses showed a systematic tendency for the democratic value component to have the greatest weight and the group evaluation component the least weight in Danes' formation of democratic norms. This stress pattern was replicated across a series of subgroups of Danes varying in level of political interest, amount of formal education, and extent of subjective social competence.
The General Election in Denmark 1988
Authors: Sauerberg Steen 
Published: October 2007

Foiketing (Parliament) slates that for the last 30 years it has been Danish policy not to accept nuclear arms on Danish territory (including ports). The government is urged to inform visiting naval ships of this.Hereatter the Ting (Parliament) proceeds to the next item on the agenda.Proposal fur motivated agenda set forward by The Social Democrats on April 14 1988
The Secondary Oxalosis of Renal Failure
Authors: Thompson Catherine S. , Weinman Edward J. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe secondary oxalosis syndrome associated with renal failure is an important, although incompletely understood, complication of renal insufficiency. The deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in vital organs can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of this disorder relates to supersaturation of the blood with the insoluble calcium salt of oxalate. The factors which aggravate the hyperoxalemia in individuals with renal failure are only now becoming evident. Although no effective prevention or treatment exists in the chronic setting, further investigation into the role of dietary protein restriction, pyridoxine administration, and avoidance of ascorbic acid supplementation in patients without a documented deficiency of the vitamin is warranted.
Potassium Homeostasis in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Spital Aaron , Stems Richard H. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryPotassium homeostasis is remarkably well preserved in the majority of patients on dialysis, despite the loss of the normal major route of potassium elimination. Nonetheless, the new major pathways for potassium removal (dialysis and gastrointestinal) are clearly less able to adapt to changes in potassium intake than is the healthy kidney. Therefore, disturbances in the plasma potassium concentration, most commonly hyperkalemia, remain a constant threat to the health of dialysis patients. A recent survey of outpatients on chronic hemodialysis found about a 10% incidence of severe predialysis hyperkalemia (serum potassium concentration greater than 6.0 mmol/L). Several causes of this potentially lethal problem must be considered when it occurs (Table 2). We hope that through a sound understanding of potassium homeostasis, the incidence of such serious disturbances in plasma potassium concentration can be reduced.
Management of the Patient with a Failed Renal Transplant
Authors: Hines William H. , Grossman Robert A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe management of the failed renal transplant depends upon the clinical circumstances. In most instances of failure secondary to acute rejection or structural lesions, transplant nephrectomy is necessary. When failure is due to chronic rejection, grafts often can be left in place and removed only for the indications of fever, pain, swelling, infection, or refractory hypertension. Once dialysis has been reinstituted, immunosuppression should be tapered in accordance with standard principles; this often does not result in the need to remove the failed allograft so long as it is clinically quiet. The presence of a nonfunctioning graft does not preclude retransplantation. With the use of cyclosporine, the results of retransplantation are beginning to look similar to the statistics for first transplants.The quality of life in patients who have failed transplantation has not been definitely proven to be worse than that of patients on dialysis or those who have a functioning graft. However, patients with a failed transplant will need emotional support in their readjustment to dialysis.
The Interleukin Hypothesis: A Reappraisal after 6 Years
Authors: Shaldon Stanley 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe concept of biocompatibility as a clinically important parameter in dialysis therapy is being challenged. The failure to establish clear and causally related pathogenetic associations between clinically relevant dialysis problems and measurements of complement activation and leukopenia have hindered intellectual acceptance of the value of measuring so‐called indices of biocompatibility. In an effort to find a link between these parameters and clinical problems, the Interleukin hypothesis was first proposed 6 years ago.As a result of the availability of recombinant forms of IL‐1 and tumor‐necrosis factor and the subsequent development of more specific radioimmunoassays, evidence suggests that the original hypothesis be extended to various cytokines manufactured by monocytes (the Monokine Hypothesis). This is made necessary by the failure to detect raised levels of IL‐β in plasma both in normal and ESRD patients following endotoxin challenge. However, tumor‐necrosis factor is raised under these conditions as is IL‐6. Furthermore, these substances seem to act synergistically in producing the inflammatory response. Thus, despite using more specific methodology, IL‐1 is not the plasma messenger originally thought. Tumor‐necrosis factor and IL‐6, however, may be the mediators of the inflammatory response to hemodialysis, either by endotoxin‐contaminated dialysate, acetate dialysate, or membrane activation of C5a.An association between monocyte cytokine production and β2‐microglobulin generation and, possibly the deposition of this protein in amyloid form in tissues may also exist. It is recommended that measures to reduce the pyrogen content of dialysate be introduced and that acetate dialysis be replaced by bicarbonate. The question of abandoning the use of membranes that cause C5a generation should also be considered.
Management of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patient with End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Rodby Roger A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryAn appreciation of the natural history of SLE following the development of ESRD is important in the management of these patients. In addition, the care of these patients requires special consideration in the diagnosis and treatment of disease exacerbations.It is ironic that, despite the destruction of a major organ system as a result of a disease process, the clinical course of that disease may improve. Such appears to be the case with SLE. The prognosis for renal transplantation is even more encouraging. Patients can therefore enter an ESRD program with optimism.
Diabetic Retinopathy: A Review
Authors: Berman David H. , Garcia Charles A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThis review has provided a chronologic background to our current understanding of diabetic retinopathy: epidemiologically, pathophysiologically, and in terms of treatment modalities. Our options for sight‐saving and/or restoration have been greatly expanded over a short period of time, and continue to be explored. Current large‐scale multi‐center studies promise to yield invaluable information in this regard. The scientific community, working in concert will ultimately conquer the ravages of diabetes. For the moment, however, the battle is far from over.
Depression in End‐Stage Renal Disease Patients
Authors: Fishbein Leslie J. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryA substantial proportion of ESRD patients suffer significant morbidity and mortality from major depression and severe adjustment disorders. Remission of major depression is often achieved with medications alone, though a lower relapse rate is associated with treatment combining psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. Adjustment disorders are often responsive to psychotherapy, with or without adjunctive medication therapy. Because treatment of these conditions is very often effective, I would urge the nephrologist to build comfortable consultation and referral relationships with local psychiatrists such that even the patients who decline psychiatric referral can benefit from treatment with judicious use of antidepressant medication.
The Kidney Transplant Wait‐List: Allocation of Patients to a Limited Supply of Organs
Authors: Norman Douglas J. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTThe improvement of survival rates and the increasing demand for renal transplantation has resulted in tremendous growth of the deceased donor kidney waiting list. Unfortunately, over the same period, the number of deceased donor kidneys available for transplantation has only increased modestly. In this review, the rules by which deceased donor kidneys are allocated and distributed are reviewed. In addition, we discuss the ethical issues involved in the formulation of these policies and the implications for individual patients.
American Society of Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology Section Editor: Stephen Ash: Arteriovenous Fistula Surgery: An American Perspective from Italy
Authors: Sreenarasimhaiah Vijayaprakash , Ravani Pietro 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHemodialysis depends on durable, long‐term vascular access for the patient. In the United States, arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation rates are lower than they are in Europe. Excess morbidity and mortality has been attributed to reliance on catheters and prosthetic grafts. In Italy, there is a high rate of fistula creation, and they are predominantly created by nephrologists. As American interventional nephrologists become more involved in the procedural aspects of renal care, consideration should be given to replicating the Italian model of dialysis access creation. Specific aspects of the surgical technique, comparison to available literature, and potential reasons for higher fistula creation rates are explored from the vantage point of an American nephrologist visiting Italy. The pertinence to American dialysis access programs is discussed, as is the opportunity for interventional nephrologists in the United States to further expand and improve upon the successes of the Italian experience.
Abortion Attitude of Nurses: A Cognitive Dissonance Perspective
Authors: ESTOK PATRICIA JENAWAY 
Published: October 2007

Abstract:Attitude formation and/or change has implication for nursing. The attitude of the nurse is said to influence the care received and how it is preceived by the client. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between abortion attitudes of nurses and cognitive dissonance theory. Findings reveal that nursing students studied became more positive toward abortion after clinical experience with abortion and, as a group, 64% favored unrestricted abortion. Since the majority of the subjects studied were positive toward abortion, they should be able to function effectively with clients seeking abortion health care services.