bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process intensification aspects for steam methane reforming: An overview
Authors: Bhat Shrikant A. , Sadhukhan Jhuma 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSteam methane reforming (SMR) is the most widely used process in industry for the production of hydrogen, which is considered as the future generation energy carrier. Having been perceived as an important source of H2, there are abundant incentives for design and development of SMR processes mainly through the consideration of process intensification and multiscale modeling; two areas which are considered as the main focus of the future generation chemical engineering to meet the global energy challenges. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the process integration aspects for SMR, especially the potential for multiscale modeling in this area. The intensification for SMR is achieved by coupling with adsorption and membrane separation technologies, etc., and using the concept of multifunctional reactors and catalysts to overcome the mass transfer, heat transfer, and thermodynamic limitations. In this article, the focus of existing and future research on these emerging areas has been drawn. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Genetic heterogeneity in two consanguineous families segregating early onset retinal degeneration: The pitfalls of homozygosity mapping
Authors: Benayoun Liat , Spiegel Ronen , Auslender Noa , Abbasi Anan H , Rizel Leah , Hujeirat Yasir , Salama Ihsan , Garzozi Hanna J. , Allon‐Shalev Stavit , Ben‐Yosef Tamar 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRetinitis pigmentosa is the most common form of hereditary retinal degeneration, with a worldwide prevalence of 1 in 4,000. At least 28 genes and loci have been implicated in nonsyndromic autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Here we report two extended and highly consanguineous families segregating early onset retinitis pigmentosa. Despite the consanguinity in both families, we found allelic heterogeneity in one of them, in which affected individuals were compound heterozygotes for two different mutations of the CRB1 gene. In the second family we found evidence for locus heterogeneity. A novel homozygous mutation of RDH12 was found in only 14 of 17 affected individuals in this family. Our data indicate that in the other affected individuals the disease is caused by a different gene/s. These findings demonstrate that while homozygosity mapping is an efficient tool for identification of the underlying mutated genes in inbred families, both locus and allelic heterogeneity may occur even within the same consanguineous family. These observations should be taken into account, especially when studying common and heterogeneous recessive genetic conditions. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Economic intensification and degenerative joint disease: Life and labor on the postcontact north coast of Peru
Authors: Klaus Haagen D. , Spencer Larsen Clark , Tam Manuel E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study tests the hypothesis that the colonial economy of the Lambayeque region of northern coastal Peru was associated with a mechanically strenuous lifestyle among the indigenous Mochica population. To test the hypothesis, we documented the changes in the prevalence of degenerative joint disease (or DJD) in human remains from the late pre‐Hispanic and colonial Lambayeque Valley Complex. Comparisons were made using multivariate odds ratios calculated across four age classes and 11 principle joint systems corresponding to 113 late pre‐Hispanic and 139 postcontact adult Mochica individuals. Statistically significant patterns of elevated postcontact DJD prevalence are observed in the joint systems of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and knee. More finely grained comparison between temporal phases indicates that increases in prevalence were focused immediately following contact in the Early/Middle Colonial period. Analysis of DJD by sex indicates postcontact males experienced greater DJD prevalence than females. Also, trends between pre‐ and postcontact females indicate nearly universally elevated DJD prevalence among native colonial women. Inferred altered behavioral uses of the upper body and knee are contextualized within ecological, ethnohistoric, and ethnoarchaeological frameworks and appear highly consistent with descriptions of the local postcontact economy. These patterns of DJD appear to stem from a synergism of broad, hemispheric level sociopolitical alterations, specific changes to Mochica activity and behavior, regional economic intensification, and local microenvironmental characteristics, which were all focused into these biological outcomes by the operation of a colonial Spanish political economy on the north coast of Peru from A.D. 1536 to 1751. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of sex on risk of mortality during the Black Death in London, A.D. 1349–1350
Authors: DeWitte Sharon N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Black Death of 1347–1351 was one of the most devastating epidemics in human history, and though it is frequently assumed that the epidemic killed indiscriminately, recent research suggests that the disease was selective, at least with respect to frailty. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the Black Death was similarly selective with respect to biological sex—that is, did either sex face an elevated risk during the epidemic or were men and women at equal risk of dying? A sample of 298 victims of the Black Death, from the East Smithfield cemetery in London, is compared to a pre‐Black Death normal mortality sample of 194 individuals from two Danish urban cemeteries, St Mikkel Church (Viborg) and St Albani Church (Odense). To assess the effect of sex on risk of death, sex is modeled as a covariate affecting the Gompertz–Makeham model of adult mortality. The results suggest that sex did not strongly affect risk of death in either the normal mortality or Black Death samples. These results are important for improving our understanding of Black Death mortality patterns. This is essential for understanding the effects the Black Death had on European populations, and the methods used here can potentially be informatively applied to investigations of other episodes of epidemic diseases in past populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further analysis of the population history of ancient Egyptians
Authors: Schillaci Michael A. , Irish Joel D. , Wood Carolan C.E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe origins of state formation in ancient Egypt have been the focus of recent research utilizing biological data to test hypotheses regarding in situ development of local groups, or large‐scale in‐migration, possibly by an invading army. The primary goal of the present research is to further test these hypotheses. Our secondary goal is to compare different distance measures and assess how they might affect interpretation of population history. We analyze craniodental nonmetric data using several different measures of biological distance, as well as a method for estimating group diversity using multidimensional scaling of distance estimates. Patterns of biological variation and population relationships were interpreted in temporal and geographic contexts. The results of our analyses suggest that the formation of the ancient Egyptian state likely included a substantial in situ process, with some level of contribution by outside migrants probable. The higher level of population structure in Lower Egypt, relative to Upper Egypt, suggests that such influence and migration by outsiders may not have been widespread geographically. These findings support, but serve to refine further those obtained by the second author in a previous study. Moreover, our comparison of distance measures indicates that the choice of measure can influence identification and interpretation of the microevolutionary processes shaping population history, despite being strongly correlated with one another. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring and interpreting age‐related loss of vertebral bone mineral density in a medieval population
Authors: Agarwal Sabrina C. , Grynpas Marc D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the age‐ and sex‐related patterns in vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) and the relationship between BMD and vertebral osteophytosis (VO), using a specialized peripheral densitometer in a skeletal sample excavated from the British medieval village Wharram Percy. A total of 58 individuals were divided by sex into three broad age categories (18–29, 30–49, 50+ years.). Each fourth intact vertebral centra was scored for VO and 5‐mm thick coronal sections scanned in a specialized peripheral densitometer (GE Lunar Piximus DXA). Changes in BMD associated with age, sex, and VO severity were examined in the whole vertebral section, a strictly trabecular region, and a primarily cortical region of bone separately. Significant change in vertebral BMD was found to occur by middle age with little or no statistical change in BMD between middle and old age. Females appear to suffer greater bone loss at an earlier age with no change in BMD between middle and old age, whereas males show a more steady loss of BMD across the age groups. The bone mineral content and BMD of the cortical region is higher in individuals with pronounced/severe osteophytosis. The unusual age‐ and sex‐related patterns of change in vertebral BMD at Wharram Percy are compared with the patterns of age‐related change from recent longitudinal population‐based studies. The results emphasize the different pattern of bone loss in young adulthood seen in trabecular regions of the skeleton and highlight the importance of consideration of degenerative joint disease in BMD studies. The influence of lifestyle factors on vertebral BMD in this medieval population is also discussed. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐Hispanic Mesoamerican demography approximates the present‐day ancestry of Mestizos throughout the territory of Mexico
Authors: Rubi‐Castellanos Rodrigo , Martínez‐Cortés Gabriela , Francisco Muñoz‐Valle José , González‐Martín Antonio , Cerda‐Flores Ricardo M. , Anaya‐Palafox Manuel , Rangel‐Villalobos Héctor 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOver the last 500 years, admixture among Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans, principally, has come to shape the present‐day gene pool of Mexicans, particularly Mestizos, who represent about 93% of the total Mexican population. In this work, we analyze the genetic data of 13 combined DNA index system‐short tandem repeats (CODIS‐STRs) in 1,984 unrelated Mestizos representing 10 population samples from different regions of Mexico, namely North, West, Central, and Southeast. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) test demonstrated low but significant differentiation among Mestizos from different regions (FST = 0.34%; P = 0.0000). Although the spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) predicted clustering Mestizo populations into four well‐delimited groups, the main differentiation was observed between Northwest when compared with Central and Southeast regions. In addition, we included analysis of individuals of Amerindian (Purepechas), European (Huelva, Spain), and African (Fang) origin. Thus, STRUCTURE analysis was performed identifying three well‐differentiated ancestral populations (k = 3). STRUCTURE results and admixture estimations by means of LEADMIX software in Mestizo populations demonstrated genetic heterogeneity or asymmetric admixture throughout Mexico, displaying an increasing North‐to‐South gradient of Amerindian ancestry, and vice versa regarding the European component. Interestingly, this distribution of Amerindian ancestry roughly reflects pre‐Hispanic Native‐population density, particularly toward the Mesoamerican area. The forensic, epidemiological, and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed herein. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The goals of direct paternal care among a South Amerindian population
Authors: Winking Jeffrey , Gurven Michael , Kaplan Hillard , Stieglitz Jonathan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHuman males are remarkable among mammals in the level of investment they provide to their wives and children. However, there has been debate as to the degree to which men actually invest and through which fitness pathways the benefits of familial investment are realized. Much of the previous research exploring these issues has focused on men's roles as providers, but few have explored correlates of men's direct parental care. Although this is reasonable given men's parental emphasis on provisioning, the providing of direct care is more straightforward with a clear provider and recipient and little ambiguity as to the care‐giver's intent. Here, we explore contextual correlates of men's direct care among the Tsimane of Bolivia to determine the extent to which such care is patterned to enhance its effectiveness in increasing child wellbeing and the efficient functioning of the family. We also explore whether Tsimane fathers provide care in ways that enhance the positive effect it has on the wife's perception of the care provider. Overall, we find that Tsimane men appear responsive to the needs of children and the family, but show that there is little evidence that men respond to factors expected to increase the impact that men's care has on their reputations with their wives. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of gut passage, feces, and seed handling on latency and rate of germination in seeds consumed by capuchins (Cebus capucinus)
Authors: Valenta Kim , Fedigan Linda M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOne of the key measures of the effectiveness of primary seed dispersal by animals is the quality of seed dispersal (Schupp: Plant Ecol 107/108 [1993] 15–29). We present data on quality of seed dispersal by two groups of white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica to test the hypothesis that capuchin seed handling results in effective primary dispersal for some fruit species they consume. We examined seed handling for 27 plant species, and germination rates of 18 species consumed by capuchins. For five of the most commonly swallowed seed species, we determined germination rates and average time to germination (latency) for seeds ingested and defecated by capuchins and compared these to seeds removed directly from fruit and planted. For the same five species, we compared germination rates and latency for passed seeds planted in capuchin feces to those cleaned of feces and planted in soil. For three of five species, differences in proportion of germinated seeds were significantly higher for gut passed seeds than for controls. For four of five species, germination latency was significantly faster for gut passed seeds than for controls. Feces had either no effect on seed germination rate or precluded germination. Data presented here support the hypothesis that white‐faced capuchins are effective primary dispersers. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The functional correlates of jaw‐muscle fiber architecture in tree‐gouging and nongouging callitrichid monkeys
Authors: Taylor Andrea B. , Eng Carolyn M. , Anapol Fred C. , Vinyard Christopher J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCommon (Callithrix jacchus) and pygmy (Cebuella pygmaea) marmosets and cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) share broadly similar diets of fruits, insects, and tree exudates. Marmosets, however, differ from tamarins in actively gouging trees with their anterior dentition to elicit tree exudates flow. Tree gouging in common marmosets involves the generation of relatively wide jaw gapes, but not necessarily relatively large bite forces. We compared fiber architecture of the masseter and temporalis muscles in C. jacchus (N = 18), C. pygmaea (N = 5), and S. oedipus (N = 13). We tested the hypothesis that tree‐gouging marmosets would exhibit relatively longer fibers and other architectural variables that facilitate muscle stretch. As an architectural trade‐off between maximizing muscle excursion/contraction velocity and muscle force, we also tested the hypothesis that marmosets would exhibit relatively less pinnate fibers, smaller physiologic cross‐sectional areas (PCSA), and lower priority indices (I) for force. As predicted, marmosets display relatively longer‐fibered muscles, a higher ratio of fiber length to muscle mass, and a relatively greater potential excursion of the distal tendon attachments, all of which favor muscle stretch. Marmosets further display relatively smaller PCSAs and other features that reflect a reduced capacity for force generation. The longer fibers and attendant higher contraction velocities likely facilitate the production of relatively wide jaw gapes and the capacity to generate more power from their jaw muscles during gouging. The observed functional trade‐off between muscle excursion/contraction velocity and muscle force suggests that primate jaw‐muscle architecture reflects evolutionary changes related to jaw movements as one of a number of functional demands imposed on the masticatory apparatus. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Hexahydropyrrolo[2,1‐b]oxazoles by a Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation / Silica‐Promoted Deformylation Sequence
Authors: Vasylyev Maxym , Alper Howard 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFliehendes Formyl: Die vorgestellte rhodiumkatalysierte Hydroformylierung von N‐Allyloxazolidinen in einer CO/H2‐Atmosphäre mit anschließender diastereoselektiver deformylierender Cyclisierung liefert in guten Ausbeuten Hexahydropyrrolo[2,1‐b]oxazole. Die Reaktion verläuft als einzigartige Hydroformylierungs‐Deformylierungs‐Folge, bei der die Formylgruppe gewissermaßen die {CH2O}‐Einheit des Oxazolidinheterocyclus ersetzt.magnified image
Clean Absorption‐Mode NMR Data Acquisition
Authors: Wu Yibing , Ghosh Arindam , Szyperski Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDie phasenverschobene gespiegelte Aufnahme („phase‐shifted mirrored sampling“, PMS) von indirekten Evolutionsperioden vieldimensionaler NMR‐Experimente liegt neuen Datenaufnahmeverfahren zugrunde, die ohne Anwendung einer Phasenkorrektur dispersive Signalkomponenten eliminieren, welche die Signalidentifikation erschweren und deren Maxima verschieben. Die erhöhte Auflösung ist von besonderem Interesse für Systeme mit nahezu entarteten chemischen Verschiebungen.magnified image
Second‐Generation Synthesis of Azadirachtin: A Concise Preparation of the Propargylic Mesylate Fragment
Authors: Boyer Alistair , Veitch Gemma E. , Beckmann Edith , Ley Steven V. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNeuer Anlauf: Eine hocheffiziente Synthese des Propargylmesylat‐Fragments von Azadirachtin wurde entwickelt (siehe Schema; Bn=Benzyl, Ms=Methansulfonyl, PMB=para‐Methoxybenzyl, TBDPS=tert‐Butyldiphenylsilyl). Eine enantioselektive katalytische Hetero‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion liefert das C15‐Stereozentrum, das anschließend den weiteren Aufbau des Moleküls in insgesamt nur 17 Stufen steuert.magnified image
XeF4 as a Ligand for a Metal Ion
Authors: Tavčar Gašper , Žemva Boris 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNoble molecule: [Mg(XeF2)(XeF4)](AsF6)2 is the first coordination compound in which XeF4 acts as a ligand to a metal center. It is also the first known compound, in which XeF2 and XeF4 are simultaneously coordinated to the same metal center (see structure; purple Xe, green F, gray Mg, yellow As).magnified image
Clean Absorption‐Mode NMR Data Acquisition
Authors: Wu Yibing , Ghosh Arindam , Szyperski Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA new acquisition: Based on “phase‐shifted mirrored sampling” (PMS) of indirect evolution periods of multi‐dimensional experiments, new acquisition schemes eliminate, without application of a phase correction, dispersive signal components that exacerbate peak identification and shift peak maxima. The resulting enhanced resolution is of particular value for systems with high chemical shift degeneracy.magnified image
Second‐Generation Synthesis of Azadirachtin: A Concise Preparation of the Propargylic Mesylate Fragment
Authors: Boyer Alistair , Veitch Gemma E. , Beckmann Edith , Ley Steven V. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA second bite of the apple: A new and highly efficient synthesis of the propargylic mesylate fragment of azadirachtin has been accomplished (see scheme; Bn=benzyl, Ms=methanesulfonyl, PMB=para‐methoxybenzyl, TBDPS=tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl). An enantioselective catalytic hetero Diels–Alder reaction sets up the stereocenter at C15, which then controls the installation of the remaining functionality in a total of only 17 steps.magnified image
Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)‐Chamaecypanone C: A Novel Microtubule Inhibitor
Authors: Dong Suwei , Hamel Ernest , Bai Ruoli , Covell David G. , Beutler John A. , Porco John A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA bicycle built for tubulin: The total synthesis of (+)‐chamaecypanone C has been achieved by using a tandem retro‐Diels–Alder/Diels–Alder cascade reaction (see scheme). Initial biological studies demonstrate that (+)‐chamaecypanone C is an inhibitor of tubulin assembly and binds at the colchicine site.magnified image
Synthesis of (−)‐Berkelic Acid
Authors: Wu Xiaoxing , Zhou Jingye , Snider Barry B. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn extremophilic challenge: Stereospecific condensation of a fully functionalized ketal aldehyde and a 2,6‐dihydroxybenzoic acid is the key step in the synthesis of (−)‐berkelic acid confirming Fürstner's reassignment of the stereochemistry at C18 and C19, establishing the absolute stereochemistry, and tentatively assigning the stereochemistry at C22.magnified image
Purification and partial characterization of glutathioneS‐transferase from insecticide‐resistant field populations ofLiposcelis paetaPearman (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae)
Authors: Wu Shuang , Dou Wei , Wu Jing‐Jing , Wang Jin‐Jun 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEnzymes that possess glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity were purified to homogeneity by glutathione‐agarose affinity chromatography from three field populations of Liposcelis paeta (Pearman). These populations were collected from Nanyang city of Henan Province (NY), Wuzhou (WZ) and Hezhou (HZ) cities of Guangxi Province, China, and had different susceptibilities to dichlorvos [LC50s of the NY (281.48 mg/m2), the WZ (285.07 mg/m2), and the HZ (243.52 mg/m2), respectively]. The specific activities of purified enzymes from these three populations increased 32.24‐, 99.81‐, and 42.52‐fold, respectively. Kinetic analyses showed that the catalytic activity of purified GST from NY population towards GSH was much higher than the others, while WZ population reached the highest in V. SDS–polyacrylamide electrophoresis revealed that the purified GST had two subunits with a molecular mass of 23.31 and 20.43 kDa for NY, 53.14 and 20.13 kDa for WZ, and 50.79 and 19.42 kDa for HZ, respectively. The in vitro inhibition studies of GSTs indicated that three kinds of insecticides (chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, and cypermethrin) and five metallic ions (Zn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Hg2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+) all possessed inhibitory effects on purified GST, and ethacrynic acid (EA, a specific inhibitor of GST) expressed inhibitory effects. In the bioassay, three populations of L. paeta had different susceptibilities to different insecticides, even after they were reared on diets consisting of 25% EA. The GST activities of L. paeta from different areas also showed different temperature and pH stabilities. The differences in GST among the three populations may be attributed partially to the differences in control practices for psocids between Henan and Guangxi Provinces. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.