bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A consistent vertical Bowen ratio profile in the planetary boundary layer
Authors: Hantel M. , Steinheimer M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt has recently been suggested that the integrandb=−α′ω′of the subgrid‐scale conversion rate between available and kinetic energy has a measurable impact upon the Lorenz energy cycle. Here we discuss a technique to estimate this quantity within the lower part of an atmospheric column by relatingbto the subgrid‐scale fluxes of sensible and latent heat in form of their sum (thetotal convective heat flux, c, to be diagnosed from the pertinent energy law) and their ratio (a generalizedBowen ratio, β, to be specified a priori). We focus on the frequently observed case thatcvanishes at or above the top of the boundary layer, which implies that β must be minus unity at the same level (referred to as ‘critical pressure’). β at the earth's surface is taken as measured. Observations suggest that the vertical curvature of the β profile is negative in the boundary layer. We specify an analytic vertical profile β(ζ) that interpolates these pieces of information; ζ is a non‐dimensional vertical coordinate.The pertinent thermodynamic energy law from which the column profilec(ζ) is gained (referred to here asconvection equation) is driven by the (observed)grid‐scale budget; the solutioncis over most of the boundary layer quite insensitive to β. It is only in the immediate vicinity of the critical pressure thatc(ζ) becomes sensitively dependent upon β(ζ); it actually turns infinite at this level (a ‘pole’ of the convection equation). We remove the pole through adjusting the critical pressure by a uniquely determined (and actually quite small) amount. This makes the β profile consistent with the convection equation and with the other convective flux profiles, across the entire boundary layer. The remaining open parameter that cannot be fixed by our method is the curvature of the Bowen ratio profile.This exercise has implications for about a third of all atmospheric columns over the globe and thus may be relevant for the quantification of the global energy cycle. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Shallow mesoscale flows at the north‐eastern Adriatic coast
Authors: Prtenjak Maja Telišman , Grisogono Branko , Nitis Theodoros 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA summertime anticyclonic situation over the northern part of the eastern Adriatic coast is studied using a three‐dimensional nonhydrostatic mesoscale model. The aim is to evaluate small‐scale variability, such as mesoscale eddies, sea‐breeze convergence zones (CZs) and the coastal jet‐like flow in the thermally driven mesoscale circulations over very complex terrain. The results show that the model reproduces main known features of the diurnal flow with certain local specific characteristics, in addition to some new ones, previously only somewhat qualitatively known. After comparisons with measurements, further analyses are performed by sensitivity tests in which topography and synoptic input are varied.The simulations show a development of two diurnal intensive mesoscale eddies inside Kvarner Bay (∼20 km×20 km). The night‐time deeper eddies exhibit anticlockwise rotation, while the late afternoon shallow one shows the opposite rotation. Their appearance and dynamics are connected primarily to the coastline shape and topography; meanwhile, the large‐scale flow in the anticyclonic weather type, as addressed here, has small influence. Moreover, a CZ develops over Istria and the island of Krk as a result of merged sea breezes. The intensity, speed, position and configuration of the sea‐breeze cells are examined. The results also show that the topography is more important for the formation of the CZ over the island of Krk and for the coastal jet‐like flow between the island and mainland than for the Istrian CZ. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Instability of finite‐amplitude lower‐neutral Eady waves
Authors: Fantini M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe problem of the stability of the two‐dimensional neutral Eady wave, studied numerically by Fantini and Davolio (2001) as a possible mechanism leading to strong orographic cyclogenesis, is re‐examined. An approximate analytic solution is found, and a simple condition for the appearance of meridionally structured unstable secondary modes is proposed, based on the relative vorticity of the primary wave. The approximate analytic solution compares well with the numerical simulations and extends previous results. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Duration of Nonmethadone Outpatient Treatment
Authors: Friedmann Peter D. , Alexander Jeffrey A. , Yey Yining , Nahra Tammie , Soliman Soheil , Pollack Harold A. 
Published: November 2006

Objectives This study examined organizational trends from 1990 to 2000 and unit characteristics associated with the duration of nonmethadone outpatient addiction treatment. Methods Program directors and clinical supervisors from a nationally representative panel of nonmethadone outpatient units in the United States were surveyed in 1990, 1995, and 2000. Treatment duration was measured from clinical supervisors’ reports of the average length of stay. Negative binominal regression models controlled for multivariate effects. Results Treatment duration modestly declined between 1990 and 2000 while addiction severity increased. Affiliation with a mental health center, older program age, JCAHO accreditation-ostensibly a marker for structural quality-and serving more clients with prior authorization requirements-a measure of managed care stringency-were associated with shorter treatment durations. Conclusions These findings suggest that treatment duration did not increase between 1990 and 2000 despite clients’ worsening addiction severity and growing evidence that longer duration of formal treatment improves treatment outcome. In addition, programs with JCAHO accreditation and stronger managed care oversight appeared to seek efficiencies through reductions in treatment duration.
Impact of Prenatal Chlorpyrifos Exposure on Neurodevelopment in the First 3 Years of Life Among Inner-City Children
Authors: Rauh Virginia A. , Garfinkel Robin , Perera Frederica P. , Andrews Howard F. , Hoepner Lori , Barr Dana B. , Whitehead Ralph , Tang Deliang , Whyatt Robin W. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos on 3-year neurodevelopment and behavior in a sample of inner-city minority children.METHODS. As part of an ongoing prospective cohort study in an inner-city minority population, neurotoxicant effects of prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos were evaluated in 254 children through the first 3 years of life. This report examined cognitive and motor development at 12, 24, and 36 months (measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II) and child behavior at 36 months (measured with the Child Behavior Checklist) as a function of chlorpyrifos levels in umbilical cord plasma.RESULTS. Highly exposed children (chlorpyrifos levels of &gt;6.17 pg/g plasma) scored, on average, 6.5 points lower on the Bayley Psychomotor Development Index and 3.3 points lower on the Bayley Mental Development Index at 3 years of age compared with those with lower levels of exposure. Children exposed to higher, compared with lower, chlorpyrifos levels were also significantly more likely to experience Psychomotor Development Index and Mental Development Index delays, attention problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder problems, and pervasive developmental disorder problems at 3 years of age.CONCLUSIONS. The adjusted mean 36-month Psychomotor Development Index and Mental Development Index scores of the highly and lower exposed groups differed by only 7.1 and 3.0 points, respectively, but the proportion of delayed children in the high-exposure group, compared with the low-exposure group, was 5 times greater for the Psychomotor Development Index and 2.4 times greater for the Mental Development Index, increasing the number of children possibly needing early intervention services.
Effect of Opening Midlevel Neonatal Intensive Care Units on the Location of Low Birth Weight Births in California
Authors: Haberland Corinna A. , Phibbs Ciaran S. , Baker Laurence C. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. Despite evidence and recommendations encouraging the delivery of high-risk newborns in hospitals with subspecialty or high-level NICUs, increasing numbers are being delivered in other facilities. Causes for this are unknown. We sought to explore the impact of diffusion of specialty or midlevel NICUs on the types of hospitals in which low birth weight newborns are born.
DESIGN. We used birth certificate, death certificate, and hospital discharge data for essentially all low birth weight, singleton California newborns born between 1993 and 2000. We identified areas likely to have been affected by the opening of a new nearby midlevel unit, analyzed changes over time in the share of births that took place in midlevel NICU hospitals, and compared patterns in areas that were and were not likely affected by the opening of a new midlevel unit. We also tracked the corresponding changes in the share of births in high-level hospitals and in those without NICU facilities (low-level).
RESULTS. The probability of a 500- to 1499-g infant being born in a midlevel unit increased by 17 percentage points after the opening of a new nearby unit. More than three quarters of this increase was accounted for by reductions in the probability of birth in a hospital with a high-level unit (−15 points), and the other portion was resulting from reductions in the share of newborns delivered in hospitals with low-level centers (−2 points). Similar patterns were observed in 1500- to 2499-g newborns.
CONCLUSIONS. The introduction of new midlevel units was associated with significant shifts of births from both high-level and low-level hospitals to midlevel hospitals. In areas in which new midlevel units opened, the majority of the increase in midlevel deliveries was attributable to shifts from high-level unit births. Continued proliferation of midlevel units should be carefully assessed.
Limited Value of Plain Radiographs in Infant Torticollis
Authors: Snyder Emma M. , Coley Brian D. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to assess the frequency of clinically relevant findings from plain films of infants evaluated for torticollis.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. After institutional review board approval, radiology records were searched for infants 0 to 12 months of age who underwent plain film study for torticollis or “head tilt.” Infants evaluated for trauma or Down syndrome were excluded. All of the studies were reviewed, demographic data was recorded, and any additional imaging studies were examined.
RESULTS. A total of 502 patients (189 girls and 313 boys) were identified with an average age of 0.37 ± 0.2 years. Head tilt was to the left in two thirds of patients. Ten patients had abnormal findings reported. Six of these proved normal on subsequent studies (3 suspected occipital-C1 fusions, 2 suspected cervical fusions, and 1 suspected hemivertebra). Four patients had true bony vertebral abnormalities including absent left C7 pedicle, multiple fusion anomalies from C4 to T2, C3 hemivertebra and thoracic spine anomalies, and C4 hypoplasia. This last patient had abnormal kyphosis on physical examination and demonstrated instability with dynamic testing. Twenty-five additional patients with normal plain films underwent spine computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging; all were normal.
CONCLUSIONS. The true-positive yield of plain films in nontraumatic infant torticollis was low (4 of 502). There were more false-positive than true-positive results. A common rationale for imaging is to exclude craniocervical or other unstable abnormalities that might contraindicate physical therapy, seen in only 1 of the 502 cases. Close physical examination could safely eliminate most patients sent for radiography.
Does Integrating Economic and Biological Systems Matter for Public Policy? The Case of Yellowstone Lake
Authors: Settle Chad , Shogren Jason F 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Integrated economic and ecologic modeling systems can yield more precise predictions about the underlying physical system and the risks imposed to humans and the environment. But do more accurate risk assessments matter for environmental policy that is in part influenced by the consumers of this physical system? Herein we discuss a situation within the crown jewel of the US national park system in which the answer is no. For endangered cutthroat trout populations threatened by the invasion of exotic lake trout in Yellowstone Lake, if one accounts for the preferences of the average visitor, the optimal policy can be bluntly summarized as "fix the roads, forget the fish." To reverse this outcome, the typical visitor to the Park would have to be more forward-thinking and more generous toward a species that she would never see.
Anatomy of learning: Instructional design principles for the anatomical sciences
Authors: Terrell Mark 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTeaching anatomy is becoming increasingly challenging due to the progressive evolution of university teaching missions, student populations, medical and undergraduate curricula, coupled with a paucity of empirically tested evidence‐based instructional practices in the anatomical and medical education literature. As a mechanism to confront these pedagogical challenges, recent advances in educational psychology are analyzed for developing a framework to guide educational reform efforts. Extensive research in educational psychology over the last 100 years has resulted in four major theories on human learning that have facilitated a paradigm shift from teacher‐centered to learner‐centered classrooms and are described here in temporal order of development: behavioral theory, information processing theory, metacognitive theory, and social constructivist theory. Each theory is analyzed in detail and is used to construct instructional design principles for enhancing anatomical education research and practice. An example of a cognitively based learning environment for an undergraduate anatomy course is presented. Preliminary results suggest that intentionally drawing on different theories of learning when making instructional decisions gave students the learning support they needed to be successful and nearly doubled the course's student retention rate over a 3‐year period. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:252–260, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of reflux: A growing health problem affecting structures of the head and neck
Authors: Lipan Michael J. , Reidenberg Joy S. , Laitman Jeffrey T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) are sibling diseases that are a modern‐day plague. Millions of Americans suffer from their sequelae, ranging from subtle annoyances to life‐threatening illnesses such as asthma, sleep apnea, and cancer. Indeed, the recognized prevalence of GERD alone has increased threefold throughout the 1990s. Knowledge of the precise etiologies for GERD and LPR is becoming essential for proper treatment. This review focuses on the anatomical, physiological, neurobiological, and cellular aspects of these diseases. By definition, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the passage of gastric contents into the esophagus; when excessive and damaging to the esophageal mucosa, GERD results. Reflux that advances to the laryngopharynx and, subsequently, to other regions of the head and neck such as the larynx, oral cavity, nasopharynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and even middle ear results in LPR. While GERD has long been identified as a source of esophageal disease, LPR has only recently been implicated in causing head and neck problems. Recent research has identified four anatomical/physiological “barriers” that serve as guardians to prevent the cranial incursion of reflux: the gastroesophageal junction, esophageal motor function and acid clearance, the upper esophageal sphincter, and pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosal resistance. Sequential failure of all four barriers is necessary to produce LPR. While it has become apparent that GER must precede both GERD and LPR, the head and neck distribution of the latter clearly separates these diseases as distinct entities warranting specialized focus and treatment. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:261–270, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reflections on eponyms in neuroscience terminology
Authors: Duque‐Parra Jorge Eduardo , Llano‐Idárraga J. Oskar , Duque‐Parra Carlos Alberto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEponyms have played a very significant linguistic role in technical and scientific terminology. They are an important feature of language that have contributed for a long time to engraving in history the names of those researchers who have devoted their lives to scientific discovery. In the field of medical terminology, they are an asset, although their semantic effectiveness has constituted a long‐standing debate. We will analyze how language contributes to the advance of science and technology and the current position of eponyms in the health sciences. Eponymy in neuroscience has been used for a long time as a way to identify and recognize scientific issues, such as diseases, syndromes, methods, processes, substances, organs, and parts of organs as a way to honor those who, in a certain way, contributed to the progress of science. However, sometimes those honors do not correspond to the real contributors, thus receiving a nondeserved acknowledgment. Another problem with eponymic references is the lack of information about the matter in hand, because eponyms do not provide any clear information leading to the identification of the situation under study, as they are not reasonably descriptive. The aim of this article is to encourage the use of descriptive terms instead of eponyms and to establish a system of scientific nomenclature to consolidate the use of the language as a means of conveying scientific information among experts. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:219–224, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic analysis of GS‐NS0 cells producing a recombinant monoclonal antibody during fed‐batch culture
Authors: Stansfield Scott H. , Allen Emma E. , Dinnis Diane M. , Racher Andrew J. , Birch John R. , James David C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study we have analyzed the dynamic covariation of the mammalian cell proteome with respect to functional phenotype during fed‐batch culture of NS0 murine myeloma cells producing a recombinant IgG4 monoclonal antibody. GS‐NS0 cells were cultured in duplicate 10 L bioreactors (36.5°C, 15% DOT, pH 7.0) for 335 h and supplemented with a continuous feed stream after 120 h. Cell‐specific growth rate declined continuously after 72 h of culture. Cell‐specific recombinant monoclonal antibody production rate (qP) varied sixfold through culture. Whilst qP correlated with relative recombinant heavy chain mRNA abundance up to 216 h, qP subsequently declined, independent of recombinant heavy chain or light chain mRNA abundance. GS‐NS0 cultures were sampled at 48 h intervals between 24 and 264 h of culture for proteomic analyses. Total protein abundance and nascent polypeptide synthesis was determined by 2D PAGE of unlabeled proteins visualized by SYPRO® Ruby and autoradiography of 35S‐labeled polypeptides, respectively. Covariation of nascent polypeptide synthesis and abundance with biomass‐specific cell growth, glucose and glutamate consumption, lactate and Mab production rates were then examined using two partial least squares regression models. Most changes in polypeptide synthesis or abundance for proteins previously identified by mass spectrometry were positively correlated with biomass‐specific growth rate. We conclude that the substantial transitions in cell physiology and qP that occur during culture utilize a relatively constant complement of the most abundant host cell machines that vary primarily with respect to induced changes in cell growth rate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 410–424. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement of biodegradability parameters for single unsubstituted and methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid bacterial suspensions
Authors: Dimitriou‐Christidis Petros , Autenrieth Robin L. , McDonald Thomas J. , Desai Anuradha M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSubstrate depletion experiments were conducted to characterize aerobic biodegradation of 20 single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by induced Sphingomonas paucimobilis strain EPA505 in liquid suspensions. PAHs consisted of low molecular weight, unsubstituted, and methyl‐substituted homologs. A material balance equation containing the Andrews kinetic model, an extension of the Monod model accounting for substrate inhibition, was numerically fitted to batch depletion data to estimate extant kinetic parameters including the maximal specific uptake rates, qmax, the affinity coefficients, KS, and the substrate inhibition coefficients, KI. Strain EPA505 degraded all PAHs tested. Applied kinetic models adequately simulated experimental data. A cell proliferation assay involving reduction of the tetrazolium dye WST‐1 was used to evaluate the ability of strain EPA505 to utilize individual PAHs as sole energy and carbon sources. Of the 22 PAHs tested, 9 supported bacterial growth. Evaluation of the biokinetic data showed that qmax correlated highly with transmembrane flux as theoretically estimated by a diffusion model, pointing to transmembrane transport as a potential rate‐determining process. The biodegradability data generated in this study is essential for the development of quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSARs) for biodegradability and for modeling biodegradation of simple PAH mixtures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 922–932. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A simplified bioprocess for human alpha‐fetoprotein production from inclusion bodies
Authors: Leong Susanna S.J. , Middelberg Anton P.J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple and effective Escherichia coli (E. coli) bioprocess is demonstrated for the preparation of recombinant human alpha‐fetoprotein (rhAFP), a pharmaceutically promising protein that has important immunomodulatory functions. The new rhAFP process employs only unit operations that are easy to scale and validate, and reduces the complexity embedded in existing inclusion body processing methods. A key requirement in the establishment of this process was the attainment of high purity rhAFP prior to protein refolding because (i) rhAFP binds easily to hydrophobic contaminants once refolded, and (ii) rhAFP aggregates during renaturation, in a contaminant‐ dependent way. In this work, direct protein extraction from cell suspension was coupled with a DNA precipitation‐centrifugation step prior to purification using two simple chromatographic steps. Refolding was conducted using a single‐step, redox‐optimized dilution refolding protocol, with refolding success determined by reversed phase HPLC analysis, ELISA, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Quantitation of DNA and protein contaminant loads after each unit operation showed that contaminant levels were reduced to levels comparable to traditional flowsheets. Protein microchemical modification due to carbamylation in this urea‐based process was identified and minimized, yielding a final refolded and purified product that was significantly purified from carbamylated variants. Importantly, this work conclusively demonstrates, for the first time, that a chemical extraction process can substitute the more complex traditional inclusion body processing flowsheet, without compromising product purity and yield. This highly intensified and simplified process is expected to be of general utility for the preparation of other therapeutic candidates expressed as inclusion bodies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97:99–117. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.