bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional channel geometry equations: a statistical comparison for physiographic provinces in the eastern US
Authors: Johnson P. A. , Fecko B. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRegional stream channel equations are created to solve for a specified discharge or channel dimensions as a function of drainage area. In recent years, regional equations have been developed by the US Geological Survey (USGS) and US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFW), as well as various state agencies for use in the preliminary design of stable channels. The regional equations are created using measured stable channel dimensions. Physiographic provinces have been used as boundaries for the development of these equations due to the perceived roles of climate, geology and physiography in shaping channels. Data collection within each physiographic province has typically been confined to a study area which encompasses parts of one or more states, but not the whole physiographic province. Thus, the use of the equations is restricted to the physiographic province(s) and the state(s) for which they have been developed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the regional equations are statistically different within a single physiographic province and different between physiographic provinces. The results of the statistical analyses of the regional equations and their associated data showed that the majority of the equations are similar within their respective physiographic provinces. Testing between provinces showed that the Appalachian Plateau, New England and Valley and Ridge provinces have statistically similar equations. Based on the evidence presented in this study, separating regional equations by physiographic regional boundaries is valid. New equations for those data that showed statistical similarity were developed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate statistical analysis of non‐mass‐selected ToF‐SIMS data
Authors: Smentkowski V. S. , Ostrowski S. G. , Kollmer F. , Schnieders A. , Keenan M. R. , Ohlhausen J. A. , Kotula P. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCluster LMIGs are now regarded as the standard primary ion guns on time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometers (ToF‐SIMS). The ToF‐SIMS analyst typically selects a bombarding species (cluster size and charge) to be used for material analysis. Using standard data collection protocols where the analyst uses only a single primary bombarding species, only a fraction of the ion‐beam current generated by the LMIG is used. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to perform ToF‐SIMS analysis when all of the primary ion intensity (clusters) are used; we refer to this new data analysis mode as non‐mass‐selected (NMS) analysis. Since each of the bombarding species has a different mass‐to‐charge ratio, they strike the sample at different times, and as a result, each of the bombarding species generates a spectrum. The resulting NMS ToF‐SIMS spectrum contains contributions from each of the bombarding species that are shifted in time. NMS spectra are incredibly complicated and would be difficult, if not impossible, to analyze using univariate methodology. We will demonstrate that automated multivariate statistical analysis (MVSA) tools are capable of rapidly converting the complicated NMS data sets into a handful of chemical components (represented by both spectra and images) that are easier to interpret since each component spectrum represents a unique and simpler chemistry. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The new Latin American landscape
Authors: Marcovitch Jacques 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor decades, Latin America has been accumulating a social liability of considerable proportions. Precariousness in education and health, food insecurity in a large stratum below the poverty line, violence, unemployment, and unlawfulness sharpen the incorrigible skepticism of opinion makers. Nevertheless, Latin America is an immense territory of possibilities to be exploited with independence, pragmatism, and proper vision of the future. The most promising news is that the region as a whole, despite insufficient progress in the smallest and poorest countries, is very close to meeting the targets in the fight against hunger. The greatest regional challenge is to harmonize economic expansion and the social profit that it represents. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monte Carlo simulation in a strongly coupled linear chain
Authors: BEKDA A. , DJEBLI M. , BELDJOUDI N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMonte Carlo simulation is conducted for a strongly coupled one-dimensional confined-particles system. We deal with an infinite chain of positively charged dust particles. The particles interact through the Yukawa screened potential. It is found that a critical value exists for the number of closest neighbors that are involved in the interaction. The inter-particle distance at equilibrium is found. Using these results, we study the dust-acoustic as well as the dust-lattice modes for two situations. In the first we neglect the friction force while in the second situation the presence of an ambient gas in plasma is considered.
Numerical prediction of the saturation limit of atmospheric pressure AC dielectric barrier discharges
Authors: ARSHAK KHALIL , GUINEY IVOR , FORDE EDWARD 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this paper the evolution of species densities up to the saturation limit in pulsed dielectric barrier discharges in atmospheric air plasma is predicted. The saturation limit itself is presented in the form of an exponential equation and is validated by computer modeling of continuity equations and atmospheric reactions coupled with appropriate dielectric dependent boundary conditions. Microdischarge streamer times are treated independently and a profile of the species generation due to all microdischarges within the plasma is presented. Quasi-neutrality is assumed for calculations and a theoretical maximum value for species densities in such a plasma is additionally outlined. Results show a good agreement between simulated and calculated values and serve to illustrate the onset of saturation in atmospheric pressure plasmas in general. Practical conditions of voltage, gap distance and frequency are incorporated so as to make the model as realistic as possible.
Innate immune response mechanisms in the intestinal epithelium: potential roles for mast cells and goblet cells in the expulsion of adultTrichinella spiralis
Authors: KNIGHT P. A. , BROWN J. K. , PEMBERTON A. D. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYGastrointestinal infection with the nematodeTrichinella spiralisis accompanied by a rapid and reversible expansion of the mucosal mast cell and goblet cell populations in the intestinal epithelium, which is associated with the release of their mediators into the gut lumen. Both goblet cell and mast cell hyperplasia are highly dependent on mucosal T-cells and augmented by the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. However, the contribution of both mast and goblet cells, and the mediators they produce, to the expulsion of the adults ofT. spiralisis only beginning to be elucidated through studies predominantly employingT. spiralis-mouse models. In the present article, we review the factors proposed to controlT. spiralis-induced mucosal mast cell (MMC) and goblet cell differentiation in the small intestine, and focus on some key MMC and goblet cell effector molecules which may contribute to the expulsion of adult worms and/or inhibition of larval development.
Aesthetic christology and medical ethics: the status of Christ's gaze in care for the suffering
Authors: Tolley David C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article seeks to offer an alternative to traditional understandings of how doctrine can inform the ways that medical professionals and others care for people who suffer. Placing traditional christological reflections in conversation with an aesthetically generated christology, I consider how the beauty of encounter can shape us. First, I consider how encounters in general can shape us, and then I reflect in particular upon how encounters with Christ, as construed by Hans Urs Von Balthasar, can shape us. I suggest that personal encounters shape us by forcing us to cross stories with others and by affecting us at the level of personal desire. Then, I articulate how an encounter with Christ – especially with Christ's questioning, liberating gaze as described by Von Balthasar – can motivate people to approach others with this same gaze. Lastly, I focus upon how caregivers can embody Christ's gaze at the bedside in acknowledgement, intimacy, communion and respectful silence with those who suffer.
Grammaticality judgments in children: The role of age, working memory and phonological ability
Authors: McDONALD JANET L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the role of age, working memory span and phonological ability in the mastery of ten different grammatical constructions. Six- through eleven-year-old children (n=68) and adults (n=19) performed a grammaticality judgment task as well as tests of working memory capacity and receptive phonological ability. Children showed early mastery of some grammatical structures (e.g. word order, article omissions) while even the oldest children differed from adults on others (e.g. past tense, third person singular agreement). Working memory capacity and phonological ability accounted for variance in grammaticality judgments above and beyond age effects. In particular, working memory capacity correlated with structures involving verb morphology and word order; phonological ability was important for structures with low phonetic substance. Children's relative difficulty with the different constructions showed parallels to adult performance under memory load stress, indicating working memory capacity may be a limiting factor in their performance. Implications for performance by memory and phonologically impaired populations are discussed.
The representation of morphologically complex words in the developing lexicon*
Authors: RABIN JENNIFER , DEACON HÉLÈNE 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe study reported here examined the manner in which children represent morphologically complex words in the lexicon. Children in grades 1 to 5 completed a fragment completion task to assess the priming effects of morphologically related words. Both inflected and derived words (e.g. needs and needy, respectively) were more effective primes than control words (e.g. needle) that share similar orthography and phonology with the target word (e.g. need). These effects were consistent across the developmental period studied. Further, equivalent priming effects from the inflected and derived forms suggest that these word types are represented similarly in the developing lexicon.
Reconciling public opinion and WTO rules under the SPS Agreement
Authors: EPPS TRACEY 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement) allows Members to enact SPS measures necessary to protect health so long as they are based on scientific evidence. This scientific evidence requirement has attracted controversy among academics, policy-makers, and civil society. The argument has been advanced that the requirement inappropriately excludes the consideration of public opinion in the domestic risk regulatory decision-making process. The article addresses the question of whether it is possible to reconcile the SPS Agreement's requirement for scientific evidence with concerns regarding exclusion of the public voice in the domestic regulatory process. It responds positively to this query, subject to certain caveats to ensure that trade liberalization goals are not undermined. It argues that the scientific evidence requirement is not only the most appropriate means available for advancing the SPS Agreement's objectives, but that it provides countries with more flexibility than critics contend, including to respond to public sentiment in cases of scientific uncertainty. Recommendations are made as to how panels and the Appellate Body should proceed in disputes under the SPS Agreement, and how governments can comply with their trade obligations while remaining responsive to public concerns.
Domestic constituents and the formulation of WTO negotiating positions: what the delegates say
Authors: ZAHRNT VALENTIN 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe present article examines what influence various domestic constituents exert on the negotiating positions member states adopt in WTO trade rounds based on a survey of national delegations to the WTO. The findings show that in both developed and developing countries, a broad array of governmental and non-governmental actors substantially shape trade policy-making. At the cost of those ministries traditionally in charge of trade policy-making, many domestic constituents have increased their influence since the conclusion of the Uruguay Round. This leads to a discussion of the problematic implications of these developments towards more participatory trade policy-making for WTO negotiations.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Body‐Fat Measures among African‐American Twins
Authors: Nelson Tracy L. , Brandon Dwayne T. , Wiggins Sebrina A. , Whitfield Keith E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the genetic and environmental influences on body‐fat measures including waist circumference (WC), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI) among African‐American men and women.Research Methods and Procedures: Measurements were taken as part of the Carolina African American Twin Study of Aging. This sample currently comprises 146 same‐sex African‐American twins with an average age of 50 years (range, 22 to 88 years). This analysis included 26 monozygotic and 29 dizygotic men and 45 monozygotic and 46 dizygotic women. Maximum likelihood quantitative genetic analysis was used.Results: In men, additive genetic effects accounted for 77% of the variance in WC, 59% in WHR, and 89% in BMI. In women, additive genetic effects accounted for 76% of the variance in WC, 56% in WHR, and 73% in BMI. The remaining variance in both men and women was attributed to unique environmental effects (WC, 21%; WHR, 36%; BMI, 11% in men and WC, 22%; WHR, 38%; BMI, 27% in women) and age (WC, 2%; WHR, 5% in men and WC, 2%; WHR, 6% in women). When BMI was controlled in the analysis of WC and WHR, it accounted for a portion of the genetic and environmental variance in WHR and over one‐half of the genetic and environmental variance in WC.Discussion: There are both genetic and environmental influences on WC, WHR, and BMI, and independent of BMI, there are genetic and environmental effects on WC and WHR among both genders. The results from this African‐American twin sample are similar to findings among white twin samples.
Body Mass Index and Physical Function in Older Women
Authors: Apovian Caroline M. , Frey Carolin M. , Wood G. Craig , Rogers Joanne Z. , Still Christopher D. , Jensen Gordon L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We modified existing standardized measurement tools in the Physical Performance Test and tasks from the Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Technique Study to evaluate physical function in older women. Our objectives were (1) to characterize physical function themes based on combinations of tasks (deriving factors or components) and (2) to quantify the correlation between derived factors and body mass index (BMI).Research Methods and Procedures: Nutrition risk screens from enrollees in a Medicare‐managed risk program served as the sampling frame. To obtain adequate representation for a range of BMI, a random sample was obtained of 90 women from the following BMI strata: BMI, 22 to <27 kg/m2; BMI, 27 to <30 kg/m2; and BMI, ≥30 kg/m2. Subjects were asked to perform a series of 18 functional tasks during a home visit.Results: The mean age was similar in the three BMI groups with an overall mean age of 71 ± 4.9 years (SD). Factors characterized by lower‐body function, upper‐body function, coordination, and strength were responsible for 30%, 11%, 9%, and 9% of the variance in task scores, respectively. BMI, controlling for age, explained 5%, 14%, 3%, and 0% of the variation in these factors, respectively. Higher BMI is associated significantly with poorer upper‐ and lower‐body function but is not associated significantly to strength or coordination.Discussion: Higher BMI seems to differentially impede specific aspects of physical function, especially upper‐body function, and to a lesser extent, lower‐body function. BMI does not seem to be associated with levels of coordination or strength. Better understanding of how BMI impacts physical function will aid in the design of interventions to promote independent living in elderly, obese women.
Fat Mass Measured by DXA Varies with Scan Velocity
Authors: Black Eva , Petersen Liselotte , Kreutzer Martin , Toubro Søren , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Pedersen Oluf , Astrup Arne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To study the influence of scan velocities of DXA on the measured size of fat mass, lean body mass, bone mineral content and density, and total body weight.Research Methods and Procedures: The subjects were 71 healthy white adults, 38 women and 33 men. The mean age was 41.7 ± 13.5 years and body mass index was 28.6 ± 5.6 kg/m2. The subjects were scanned consecutively in slow, medium, and fast scan mode by a Lunar DPX‐IQ DXA scanner.Results: Throughout the body mass index and sagittal height ranges, scanned lean body mass significantly decreased with higher scan velocity and lean body mass was 2.7% lower in fast than in medium mode (p < 0.0001). In contrast, fat mass, percentage of body fat, and bone mineral contents were higher with increasing scan velocity. Areas not analyzed by the scanner, so called blue spots, increased with scan velocity and sagittal height, and their presence significantly enhanced the error. Body weight estimated by DXA in slow mode was −0.8% lower than scale weight in the women (p < 0.001) and −0.2% in men (not significant), and the difference was greater with increasing scan velocity.Discussion: Scan velocity significantly influences the measured fat mass size, lean body mass, bone mineral content, and body weight. To obtain the most accurate results, slow mode is preferable and fast scans should be avoided. Future studies should report and take scan velocity into consideration.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Tracking of Body Size from Birth to Early Adulthood
Authors: Pietiläinen Kirsi H. , Kaprio Jaakko , Räsänen Maija , Rissanen Aila , Rose Richard J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study identified genetic and environmental influences on the tracking of body size from birth to 16 to 18.5 years of age.Research Methods and Procedures: Longitudinal information was collected from a nationally representative sample of Finnish twin adolescents (birth cohorts 1975 to 1979) and their parents through questionnaires mailed when the twins were ages 16 and 18.5 years old. The sample included 702 monozygotic, 724 same‐sex dizygotic, and 762 opposite‐sex dizygotic sets of twins. The measures used were length, weight, ponderal index (kilograms per cubic meters), and gestational age at birth, and height, weight, and body mass index (kilograms per square meters) at 16 to 18.5 years of age. The changes in genetic and environmental influences on body size from birth to early adulthood were analyzed by quantitative genetic modeling.Results: The twins who had a higher weight or ponderal index at birth were taller and heavier in early adulthood, whereas those who were longer at birth were taller, but not heavier, later in life. Adult height was affected more by the birth size than body mass index. In the genetic modeling analyses, the genetic factors accounting for the variation of body size became more apparent with age, and both genetic and environmental influences on stature had a sizable carry‐over effect from birth to late adolescence, whereas for relative weight, the influences were more age‐specific.Discussion: The genetic and environmental architecture of body size changes from birth to adulthood. Even in monozygotic twins who share their genetic background, the initially larger twin tended to remain larger, demonstrating the long‐lasting effects of fetal environment on final body size.
Effect of Smoking on the Paradox of High Waist‐to‐Hip Ratio and Low Body Mass Index
Authors: Jee Sun Ha , Lee Soon Young , Nam Chung Mo , Kim Sang Yon , Kim Miyong T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Research on diabetes mellitus (DM) indicates that people with a low body mass index (BMI) but a high waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) are in a particularly high‐risk group. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and the effect of smoking on this paradoxical relationship.Research Methods and Procedures: Our study sample consisted of 3450 men and 4250 women who had participated in the Korean Nationwide Health Examination Survey. We divided the study sample into tertiles (low, medium, and high), according to the level of WHR and of BMI, which yielded nine different combinations. Individuals exhibiting so‐called paradox A had the highest WHR and the lowest BMI.Results: The prevalence of paradox A was 4.7% for men and 3.8% for women. The overall agreement of WHR and BMI groups was poor [for men: κ = 0.31 and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.29 to 0.34; for women: κ = 0.39 and 95% CI = 0.37 to 0.42 for women]. The odds ratios for subjects having paradox A were estimated using a logistic regression model after adjusting for age, age2, height, education, smoking, use of alcohol, and exercise. The risk for paradox A among current smokers was 2.1‐fold (95% CI, 1.5 to 3.0) higher for men and 2.5‐fold (95% CI, 1.6 to 3.9) higher for women than for nonsmokers, after adjusting for age and covariates.Discussion: Cigarette smoking may increase the risk of paradox A. The findings of this study should be crossvalidated to different populations.
Analysis of Obesity and Hyperinsulinemia in the Development of Metabolic Syndrome: San Antonio Heart Study
Authors: Han Thang S. , Williams Ken , Sattar Naveed , Hunt Kelly J. , Lean Michael E.J. , Haffner Steven M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To use standardized cut‐offs of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, and fasting insulin levels to predict the development of metabolic disorders and metabolic syndrome.Research Methods and Procedures: We performed an 8‐year follow‐up study of 628 non‐Hispanic whites and 1340 Mexican Americans, ages 25 to 64 years, from the second cohort of the San Antonio Heart Study. We defined metabolic disorders as dyslipidemia (triglycerides ≥2.26 mM or high‐density lipoprotein <0.91 mM in men and <1.17 mM in women), hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/≥90 mm Hg, or receiving antihypertensive medications), and type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose ≥7.0 mM, 2‐hour test glucose ≥11.1 mM, or receiving anti‐diabetic medications). People with at least two metabolic disorders were defined as having metabolic syndrome.Results: High waist‐to‐hip ratio and fasting insulin levels were significant predictors of developing metabolic syndrome. High anthropometric indices remained significant predictors of metabolic syndrome after adjusting for fasting insulin. Waist circumference, BMI, and insulin had similar areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (0.74 to 0.76). Further multivariate analyses combining these indices showed minimal increase in prediction. Of subjects who had a combination of high BMI (≥30 kg/m2) and high waist circumference (above “Action Level 2”), 32% developed metabolic syndrome, compared with 10% of subjects with both low BMI and low waist circumference.Discussion: These findings support the National Institutes of Health recommendations for reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome. Adjustment for baseline fasting insulin levels had only a small effect on the ability of anthropometric indices to predict the metabolic syndrome.