bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘SCREENSCAPES’: PLACING TV SERIES IN THEIR CONTEXTS OF PRODUCTION, MEANING AND CONSUMPTION
Authors: BOLLHÖFER BJÖRN 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThe main argument of this paper is that television participates in a complex, cultural process through which environmental meanings and values are produced and consumed. Using the theoretical model of the ‘circuit of culture’ the ways in which a city's imagery is embedded in the processes of representation, production, and consumption are explored. First, two types of the TV crime genre are examined in order to outline how the differences between them cause and require contrasting geographical imaginations of contemporary Cologne. Second, the contexts of production are looked at in order to explain how the city's representation is inextricably linked to the politics of determining film locations. Finally, the ways in which fans perceive the city through television are explored. In conclusion, it becomes clear that space and genre are highly interdependent elements in crime series, and that environmental meanings are constructed and contested in multiple everyday contexts of media use and appropriation.
Patterns of cerebral activation while mental images are rotated and changed in size
Authors: RÖSLER FRANK , HEIL MARTIN , BAJRIC JASMIN , PAULS ANNA C. , HENNIGHAUSEN ERWIN 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEvent‐related brain potentials were recorded while subjects performed either a rotation or a size scaling transformation of a mental image. Images had to be rotated 0°, 60°, or 120° or their size had to be enlarged by factors of 1:1, 1:3, or 1:5. Both tasks were accompanied by pronounced negative slow potentials, which extended over several seconds. The relative maximum of these shifts emerged at central to occipital leads. Over the occipital cortex, the negative potential had a similar amplitude level in all conditions and both tasks. However, at parietal and central areas, the negative slow wave changed in relation to the difficulty of the task. The amplitude increased with increasing rotation demands and if the scaling operation required an exact computation of the coordinates of the image. None of these effects could be attributed to an inverse change of P300.
VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE: The Functional Cardiovascular Consequences of Vascular Calcification
Authors: McIntyre Christopher W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCalcification of the cardiovascular system is now well recognized to be a common feature of patients with chronic kidney disease. It is increasingly prevalent in patients with more severe uremia, particularly those receiving dialysis. Furthermore, it is progressive in terms of both severity and associated functional cardiovascular consequences. Although well recognized to be associated with a markedly increased mortality rate, the pathophysiological processes that result in these poor outcomes are less well understood. This article attempts to review calcification of the cardiovascular system as a whole entity and how the structural and functional changes may translate to the observed patterns of disease seen in these patients.
VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE: Calcific Uremic Arteriolopathy: Advances in Pathogenesis and Treatment
Authors: Rogers Natasha M. , Teubner David J. O. , Coates P. Toby H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCalcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA) is a rare but serious life‐threatening complication of CRF that manifests as painful nonhealing eschars in association with panniculitis and dermal necrosis. This condition is being increasingly recognized and reported as a contributing factor to death in dialysis patients. The pathognomic lesion is vascular calcification with intimal arterial hypertrophy and superimposed small vessel thrombosis. Hyperparathyroidism and elevated concentrations of serum phosphate remain consistent clinical features of most cases reported. Controversy still exists regarding the role of parathyroidectomy in this condition with some studies suggesting improved outcome with surgical intervention. A number of potential new etiological factors have been identified including reduced serum levels of a calcification inhibitory protein α,2‐Heremans–Schmid glycoprotein (Fetuin‐A) and abnormalities in smooth muscle cell biology in uremia. Promising new treatment options including hyperbaric oxygen therapy and sodium thiosulfate infusion have been reported in case series. Benefits from biphosphonates and tissue plasminogen activator have also been reported. Overall these new treatment approaches and understanding of potential mechanisms underlying this important severe clinical condition offer new hope in the diagnosis and management of this severely morbid and often fatal condition.
It's about Time: Long-term Memory Outcome following Temporal Lobectomy
Authors: Loring David W. 
Published: March 2007

Verbal Memory Decline after Temporal Epilepsy Surgery?: A 6-Year Multiple Assessments Follow-up Study. Alpherts WC, Vermeulen J, van Rijen PC, da Silva FH, van Veelen CW; Dutch Collaborative Epilepsy Surgery Program. Neurology 2006;67:626–631. Objective To assess the long-term effects of temporal lobe epilepsy surgery on verbal memory. Methods We assessed verbal memory performance as measured by a verbal learning test (“15 Words Test,” a Dutch adaptation of Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test) before surgery and at three specific times after surgery: 6 months, 2 years, and 6 years in 85 patients (34 left temporal lobe [LTL] vs. 51 right temporal lobe [RTL]). An amygdalo-hippocampectomy and a neocortical temporal resection between 2.5 and 8 cm were carried out in all patients. Results LTL patients showed an ongoing memory decline for consolidation and acquisition of verbal material (both 2/3 SDs) for up to 2 years after surgery. RTL patients at first showed a gain in both memory acquisition and consolidation, which vanished in the long term. Breaking the group up into a mesiotemporal (MTS) group and a non-MTS group showed clear differences. The group with pure MTS showed an overall lower verbal memory performance than the group without pure MTS, in the LTL group more pronounced than in the RTL group. After surgery, both pathology groups showed an ongoing decline for up to 2 years, but the degree of decline was greater for the LTL patients with MTS compared with the non-MTS group. Becoming and remaining seizure-free after surgery does not result in a better performance in the long term. Predictors of postoperative verbal memory performance at 6 years after surgery were side of surgery, preoperative memory score, and age. Conclusions The results provide evidence for a dynamic decline of verbal memory functions up to 2 years after left temporal lobectomy, which then levels off.
Revisiting the Well-Established Subject of Stroke and Epilepsy
Authors: Burneo Jorge G. 
Published: March 2007

The Epidemiology of Post-Stroke Epilepsy According to Stroke Subtypes. Benbir G, Ince B, Bozluolcay M. Acta Neurol Scand 2006;114:8–12. Objectives Strokes represent the most common etiology of epilepsy in patients over the age of 60 years, with an incidence of 2–4% occurring in different studies. Materials and Methods In this observational study, 1,428 patients were included who had stroke and were admitted to our Stroke Unit between the years 1996 and 2005. Results Overall, 51 patients had post-stroke epilepsy (3.6%). Post-ischemic epilepsy occurred in 70.6% of the patients, post-hemorrhagic epilepsy occurred in 21.6% of the patients and epilepsy following venous infarctions occurred in 7.8% of all post-stroke epilepsy patients. Of 1,327 patients having ischemic stroke, 36 patients (2.7%), 11 out of 86 patients with hemorrhagic stroke (12.8%) and 4 of 15 patients with venous infarctions (26.6%) developed epilepsy. Compared with stroke patients without epilepsy, hemorrhagic ( P < 0.001) and venous infarctions were more common in patients with post-stroke epilepsy ( P < 0.001). The right hemisphere and the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory were most commonly observed in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. Conclusions Our results indicate that post-stroke epilepsy is more common among patients who have experienced venous infarctions. Hemorrhagic and venous infarctions are more commonly encountered in post-stroke epilepsy patients. Atherosclerotic and cardioembolic strokes were similar to those that occurred in post-stroke epilepsy patients. Localizations in post-stroke epileptic patients showed that the majority occurred in the right hemisphere, in the territory of the MCA. However, prospective, multicentered studies are needed for a better understanding of the epidemiology and social impact of post-stroke epilepsy.
The Ketogenic Diet: Stoking the Powerhouse of the Cell
Authors: Rho Jong M. , Rogawski Michael A. 
Published: March 2007

Mitochondrial Biogenesis in the Anticonvulsant Mechanism of the Ketogenic Diet. Bough KJ, Wetherington J, Hassel B, Pare JF, Gawryluk JW, Greene JG, Shaw R, Smith Y, Geiger JD, Dingledine RJ. Ann Neurol 2006;60:223–235. Objective The full anticonvulsant effect of the ketogenic diet (KD) can require weeks to develop in rats, suggesting that altered gene expression is involved. The KD typically is used in pediatric epilepsies, but is effective also in adolescents and adults. Our goal was to use microarray and complementary technologies in adolescent rats to understand its anticonvulsant effect. Methods Microarrays were used to define patterns of gene expression in the hippocampus of rats fed a KD or control diet for 3 weeks. Hippocampi from control- and KD-fed rats were also compared for the number of mitochondrial profiles in electron micrographs, the levels of selected energy metabolites and enzyme activities, and the effect of low glucose on synaptic transmission. Results Most striking was a coordinated upregulation of all (n = 34) differentially regulated transcripts encoding energy metabolism enzymes and 39 of 42 transcripts encoding mitochondrial proteins, which was accompanied by an increased number of mitochondrial profiles, a higher phosphocreatine/creatine ratio, elevated glutamate levels, and decreased glycogen levels. Consistent with increased energy reserves, synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices from KD-fed animals was resistant to low glucose. Conclusion These data show that a calorie-restricted KD enhances brain metabolism. We propose an anticonvulsant mechanism of the KD involving mitochondrial biogenesis leading to enhanced alternative energy stores.
The association between cognition and functional outcome in first‐episode patients with schizophrenia: mystery resolved?
Authors: Van Winkel R. , Myin‐Germeys I. , De Hert M. , Delespaul P. , Peuskens J. , Van Os J. 
Published: March 2007

Objective:  The presence of a prospective association between cognition and functional outcome in first episode patients with schizophrenia is much debated.Method:  Associations between Intelligence Quotient (IQ) measures and functional outcome were assessed at the first hospitalization and after 10 years follow‐up.Results:  Functional outcome was associated with estimated premorbid IQ and IQ at 10‐year follow‐up, but not with IQ assessed at first hospitalization.Conclusion:  The presence of a prospective as well as a cross‐sectional relationship of the global cognitive measure IQ with 10‐year functional outcome could be established. However, assessing associations between cognitive measures assessed at first hospitalization and subsequent functional outcome, can give inconclusive results due to non‐uniform intellectual deterioration from premorbid level in the period preceding the first hospitalization.
Effect of Prolonged Direct and Indirect Peroxide Bleaching on Fracture Toughness of Human Dentin
Authors: Tam Laura E. , Kuo Vicki Y. , Noroozi Amin 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTStatement of the Problem:  The effects of prolonged exposure to peroxide bleaching agents on dentin structural integrity are uncertain.Purpose:  To evaluate the effect of in vitro prolonged tooth bleaching on the fracture toughness (K1C) of human dentin.Materials and Methods:  Dentin from recently extracted molar teeth was directly or indirectly treated to simulate a prolonged at‐home (10% carbamide peroxide or 3% hydrogen peroxide, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks) or in‐office (30% hydrogen peroxide, 1 hour/week for 8 weeks) bleaching regimen (N=8/group). Placebo gel and distilled water acted as control materials. Compact tension test specimens (approximately 4.60 × 4.50 × 1.60 mm) were prepared from coronal dentin and tensile loading was applied at a rate of 10 mm/min 24 hours after the last bleaching session. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). For direct bleach application, the treatment materials were applied onto dentin that was already prepared as compact tension specimens. For indirect bleach application, bleach was applied to the enamel of intact teeth prior to specimen preparation.Results:  There was a significant decrease in dentin K1C after 8 weeks of direct bleach treatment (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the bleach and control groups after 8 weeks of indirect bleach treatment (p=0.19).Conclusions:  The in vitro fracture resistance of dentin was reduced after the prolonged use of bleach products that were applied directly to dentin.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCECaution should be considered when using bleach for prolonged treatment times in clinical cases where there is dentin exposure such as occlusal attrition or gingival recession.
Canada's Rural Problem
Authors: Good W.C. 
Published: March 2007

"The well-being of a people is like a tree; agriculture is its root, manufacture and commerce are its branches and its life; if the root is injured the leaves fall, the branches break away, and the tree dies."—Chinese Philosopher. "Agriculture is not only an occupation which some individuals follow for profit, it is a great national interest determining in a dominant way the fortunes of the nation and the opportunities and the character of the population. So, while the improving of Canadian agriculture primarily concerns the farmer and his family, it affects the status of Canada, its outlook and its destiny."—Dr. James W. Robertson.
The Woman Alcoholic
Authors: Lisansky Edith S. 
Published: March 2007

There is evidence of a large increase in the number of American women who drink, but there is little evidence that the incidence of alcoholism among women has increased dramatically in the last several decades. Ideas pre sented by various investigators about the alcoholic woman are summarized. A recent study by the writer indicates that women alcoholics vary greatly in degree of social integration. Two groups of women alcoholics—those attend ing a voluntary outpatient clinic and those committed to a penal institution— proved to be different in several measures of socioeconomic background and so cial class, some aspects of marital disruption, and some aspects of drinking pattern.
Generational Conflict and Intellectual Antinomianism
Authors: Eisenstadt S.N. 
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to account for some of the special characteristics of contemporary student rebellion, and especially for the fact that probably for the first time in history at least some parts of this movement tend to become entirely dissociated from broader social or national movements—from the adult world—and exhibit general and widespread alienation from the existing social order. These characteristics are explained at least partially by the convergence and mutual reinforcement of the two major sets of conditions or processes, namely, of widespread intellectual antinomianism on the one hand, and of generational discon tinuity and conflict on the other, and of their simultaneous extension to the central zones of a society and to very wide groups and strata alike. The emergence of these two characteristics is analyzed in terms of some of the major structural and symbolic develop ments in highly developed societies, as well as of their counter parts in developing nations. In the last part of the paper, some possible effects of these movements on the structure of contemporary societies are analyzed.
The High School as a Focus of "Student Unrest"
Authors: Friedenberg Edgar Z. 
Published: March 2007

Although the example of protest among college students has doubtless brought the possibility of protest to the attention of high school pupils who would otherwise have continued to accept their restricted status passively, neither the issues, the form, nor the prospects of rebellion in the high school are truly homologous to apparently corresponding factors in college protests. High school students are truly captive; they cannot lawfully withdraw, and they have virtu ally no avenue of lawful protest available. The courts have failed to sustain the rights of high school students even to determine their own dress. Yet the courts remain the only channel open to persons as vulnerable to arrest and restraint as juveniles. In spontaneous, active revolt within the high school, lower- class resentment is more often a significant factor than in col lege, where students of lower-class origins are more likely than their middle-class peers to be made conservative by the sense of ambition fulfilled. The high school administrator has little room and usually little inclination for maneuver, while the issues with which students confront him are closer to their daily lives and more rankling than those that usually arouse college students, and the forces of repression at his command are far heavier. Student protest in high schools is therefore likely to increase greatly in scope, frequency, and violence in the near future.
Should the United States Retain a Military Presence in Europe and Asia?
Authors: Pfaltzgraff Robert L. 
Published: March 2007

For much of the twentieth century, the United States has sought to prevent hostile powers from gaining ascend ancy in Europe and the Pacific Basin because the security of these regions was deemed vital to her security. Several con straints now limit U.S. influence in Europe and Asia: (1) the changed strategic balance between the United States and the Soviet Union in which, under conditions of nuclear parity, the stakes for which the United States would risk its own destruc tion for defense of overseas commitments increase; (2) the willingness of U.S. elites and public opinion to continue to support large-scale conventional forces abroad is reduced; and (3) the international system has evolved toward a limited multipolarity with the emergence of potential new power centers in Europe and Asia. The formidable task facing the United States over the next decade is to maintain sufficient forces abroad to safeguard its interests and to preserve the residual linkage between U.S. strategic deterrence and local security in Europe and Asia, while encouraging the development of power centers less de pendent upon her for their security. The immediate and unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces, especially from Europe, would render difficult, if not impossible, the achievement of such goals.
Soviet International Propaganda: Its Role, Effectiveness, and Future
Authors: Nagorski Zygmunt 
Published: March 2007

The Soviet message to the West is handi capped before it is even dispatched. A closed society has little to offer an open one. The tendency in Moscow is to look at the West through Marxist glasses. The result is poor. In stead of making inroads, the Marxists are mostly ignored. In their messages to the Third World, the Russians run on a double track of respectability and rough, unpleasant intervention in the internal affairs of the target country. The Sino-Soviet schism moved the context of the message from the ideological to the partisan category. Problems within the Communist bloc—the Czechoslovak invasion, as a prime example—put the Soviet Union on the defensive. And once again the ideological base of the message was weakened, if not entirely lost. There is little in the cards suggesting a more effective, more acceptable message from the Soviet Union in the future. Dif ferent directions, a broader scope, more flexibility, and a much deeper understanding of the Western world are needed. Noth ing short of a change of system will make Moscow once again a source of dynamic, new, revolutionary ideas.
An Evaluation of Mandatory Retirement
Authors: Givens Harrison 
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the issues raised by mandatory retirement, the meaning of the new law, the law's specifics, and the uncertainties still ahead. The new law, prohibiting mandatory retirement before age 70 in the private sector, and altogether for most federal employment, is in form an amendment to the Age Discrimination in Employ ment Act of 1967, or ADEA. The pros and cons of mandatory retirement at any fixed age are reviewed, including the changing financial and demo graphic considerations affecting the retirement decision. The paper then discusses the likely effects of mandatory retire ment on employees and employers and on the composition of the work force. About 90 percent of both men and women have in recent years retired before age 65, and those few working to age 65 have generally stopped well before 70. Nevertheless, the sure opportunity to work to 70, and a developing perception of the great erosion of financial security caused by continuing substantial inflation, may well lead to significant shifts in retirement decisions. Uncertainties arise from the independent operation of state laws and the likelihood of extensive dispute requiring judicial resolution.
The Decade of Divergence and Development
Authors: Laurent Pierre-Henri 
Published: March 2007

Economic events, particularly the energy crisis, inflation, and recession, have had an impact on both the successes and failures of the European Community in the seventies. Accomplishments, such as the 1973 enlargement and the evolution of a global development cooperation policy, cannot be cited without the mention of EC setbacks in forming joint economic, monetary, and energy policies. The record of contemporary Community policy, with its disagreements and inaction, reflects both worldwide economic disorder and growing divergent views within the Nine. Europe has moved from a relatively insignificant status in international affairs to that of a global power, utilizing the partnership concept embodied in the pioneering Lomé agree ment, the world's largest regional economic organization. The European Community has furthermore devised extensive new lines of cooperation with two other zones of major interest through the creation of the Euro-Arab dialogue and the EC-Mediterranean grand design. These new "foreign policies" are the outgrowth of new German influence, Com mission initiative, and Third World global significance. Put in perspective, these achievements are limited by the recurrent inability to construct common Community policies and/or bring about structural reform. In order to liberate the Nine from a state of disunity, there has emerged a drive to make the European Parliament more powerful and directly elected. A democratic European legislature, with more competences, may break the deadlock but will not achieve the mandatory coherence between internal and external policies and pro cedures of the Community.
Educating Students for Life After High School— Where Does Vocational Education Fit?
Authors: Urich Ted R. , Mackenzie Donald G. 
Published: March 2007

If the public wants its schools to teach fundamental skills and attitudes to all students for success in a fast-changing world, these educators believe, schools will have to concentrate on teaching the basics and leave vocational courses to others. Because what is proposed here challenges traditional prac tice, the editors will welcome reader responses for publication as letters.