bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of tetracycline antibiotics in cow's milk by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: De Ruyck Hendrik , De Ridder Herman 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) multiresidue method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of oxytetracycline, 4‐epi‐oxytetracycline, tetracycline, 4‐epi‐tetracycline, chlortetracycline, 4‐epi‐chlortetracycline and doxycycline in milk has been developed. An extraction procedure consisting of a liquid extraction of the milk samples with trichloroacetic acid was performed. The extract was centrifuged and the supernatant was filtered. Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) with an OASIS HLB SPE column was used to clean up the sample extracts. The samples were analysed by LC/MS/MS. The LC separation was performed on a reversed‐phase C18 column using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of water and a mixture of methanol/acetonitrile. The tetracycline analytes were detected with a quadrupole mass spectrometer using positive ion electrospray ionisation. The confirmatory method has acceptable detection limits and the different tetracyclines can be detected at a residue concentration between 5 and 20 µg/L. The method is validated according to the European requirements for veterinary drug residues and all determined parameters were found to conform to the criteria. The recovery values ranged from 90.4 to 101.2% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) no larger than 9.7%. The overall or between‐day precision of the analytical assay determined as repeatability at several residue concentrations and expressed as RSD ranged from 3.3 to 10%. This analytical assay is a useful tool within the Belgian monitoring programme for confirmation of samples which have been positively screened for residues of tetracyclines in raw farm cow's milk. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of nitrogen‐containing compounds using chromium Fischer carbene complexes
Authors: Kagoshima Hirotaka , Fuchibe Kohei , Akiyama Takahiko 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSynthetic utility of the Fischer‐type carbene complexes of chromium for the preparation of nitrogen‐containing compounds is demonstrated. Alkoxy carbene complexes reacted with imines to give (optically active) 3‐pyrrolines and β‐methoxy allylic amine derivatives in good yields. The amino carbene complexes reacted with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes to give substituted pyrroles in good yields. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 104–114; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20106
Phenacyl onium salt photoinitiators: synthesis, photolysis, and applications
Authors: Yagci Yusuf , Durmaz Yasemin Yuksel , Aydogan Binnur 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOnium salts, namely sulfonium, phosphonium, ammonium, and pyridinium salts containing phenacyl group are photoinitiators appropriate for the polymerization of monomers such as oxiranes and vinyl ethers, which are not polymerizable by a free‐radical mechanism. The initiation is accomplished by direct or indirect (sensitized) photolysis of the salts. Depending on the type of the salt, the direct photoinitiation of cationic polymerization involves reversible or irreversible processes. The photolysis of phenacylsulfonium compounds proceeds by a reversible process, while the other types undergo irreversible photolysis leading to complete fragmentation of the photoinitiator. An additionally useful tool, namely photosensitized generation of initiating species enlarges the versatility of these salts as photoinitiators. Photoinitiated free‐radical and zwitterionic polymerizations by using phenacyl‐type salts are also addressed. Keto‐enol tautomerization of phenacyl pyridinium salts is discussed. Moreover, an interesting application concerning in situ synthesis of clay‐poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites with the aid of the phenacyl anilinium salt‐based photolymerization technique is noted. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 78–90; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20110
3. Management of urinary tract infections in men
Authors: Harper Matthew , Fowlis George 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrinary tract infection in the adult male is rare and usually indicates underlying urological pathology. The aim in primary care is to make a prompt and accurate diagnosis, to initiate appropriate antibiotic treatment and to start the process of urinary tract investigation, which may well culminate in a urological referral. In this article, the authors provide a practical stepwise guide for those managing urinary tract infections in adolescent and adult males in the community. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Integral centrifuges for olive oil extraction. The qualitative characteristics of products
Authors: Ranalli Alfonso , Angerosa Franca 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOil extraction experiments with three olive varieties (Coratina, Nebbio, and Grossa di Cassano) were carried out to compare the two‐phase centrifugal decanter with conventional three‐phase equipment. The results showed that the two‐phase centrifugal extractor renders better qualitative characteristics in the oils, which were comparable to pressed or filtered oils. The two‐phase decanter product exhibited higher contents of polyphenols,ortho‐diphenols, hydroxytyrosol, tocopherols,trans‐2‐hexenal and total aromatic volatile substances. Furthermore, the oils received a higher sensorial score and were characterized by higher values of oxidative stability and campersterol/stigmasterol ratio; lower values of turbidity, alcohol index and chromatic indices; lower content of pigments, steroid hydrocarbons, stigmastatriene, waxes and aliphatic and triterpenic alcohols.
A new industrial process for extracting cocoa butter and xanthines with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Li Shufen , Hartland Stanley 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis research explores the feasibility of extracting cocoa butter and xanthines (theobromine and caffeine) from cocoa beans with supercritical CO2. It is difficult to carry out the extraction with CO2 alone in the temperature range 40–90°C at pressures between 80 to 300 bar. However, the addition of a polar cosolvent, such as ethanol, greatly enhances solubilities, especially that of cocoa butter. Based on experimental investigations and theoretical inference, the design of a potential industrial process for extracting cocoa butter and xanthines is proposed, in which ethanol is used as cosolvent, and distillation is used to separate and regenerate ethanol. The pressure required is much less than that for CO2 alone as specified in the patent literature.
Enzyme‐assisted extraction of shea fat: Evidence from light microscopy on the degradative effects of enzyme treatment on cells of shea kernel meal
Authors: Tano‐Debrah Kwaku , Yoshimura Yukinori , Ohta Yoshiyuki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA light‐microscopic study on enzyme‐treated sliced shea kernels was done to investigate the principles involved in enzyme‐assisted shea fat extraction. The raw, ellipsoidally shaped kernels, measuring 1.3 to 2.0 cm, were crosssectioned into slices of about 2‐mm thickness, which were then dissected into four or six pieces. These samples were treated with or without enzymes for predetermined periods, fixed and processed for paraffin sections (5 μm). Sections were stained with periodic acid‐Schiff base (PAS) or Coomassie blue (CB) to localize the complex polysaccharides and proteins, respectively. The cells of the enzyme‐treated samples showed distinct degradation and a high loss of cellular integrity. PAS reaction and CB staining of these cells confirmed high loss of cellular materials compared to control samples. This was also reflected in the increases of the soluble protein and free sugar contents of the effluent water collected from samples after treatment. The oilseed materials during preextraction. They thus support the principle of using enzyme treatments to improve fat yield in solvent extraction systems, as has been reported by various investigators.
Formulation and optimization of sucrose polyester physical properties by mixture response surface methodology
Authors: Shieh Chwen‐Jen , Akoh Casimir C. , Koehler Philip E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe physical properties of sucrose polyester (SPE), prepared from different composite blends of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of safflower oil, palm oil, and peanut oil, were evaluated by mixture response surface methodology. Optimum combinations of fatty, acids to achieve specific physical properties of SPE were determined. The SPE most similar in physical properties to peanut oil was obtained with a 55:45 molar ratio of mixed FAME from safflower oil and peanut oil. The physical properties of SPE were significantly affected by the degree of saturation and the average chainlength of their composite fatty acids.
Effects of raw materials and preparation methods of catalysts on the selective hydrogenation of ethyl phenylacetate
Authors: Ishii Kazuaki , Mizukami Fujio , Niwa Shu‐ichi , Toba Makoto , Ushijima Hirobumi , Sato Takami 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA ruthenium/tin/alumina catalyst was found to hydrogenate ethyl phenylacetate to 2‐phenylethanol selectively with a high yield. The optimum atomic ratio of ruthenium to tin was 1∶2, and the optimum metal content was about 5 and 11.75 wt% for ruthenium and tin, respectively. The raw materials of the catalyst had a significant effect on the conversion and selectivity in the catalytic hydrogenation. Chloride had a negative effect on catalytic activity. Washing the catalysts, which were prepared from chloride materials, with distilled water or alkali solution had a positive effect upon catalyst activity. The catalyst prepared from chloride‐free raw materials performed the best, and the impregnation catalyst has a higher yield than the solgel catalyst, suggesting that impregnation is a suitable procedure for this reaction.
Identification of adulterants in olive oils
Authors: Wesley I. J. , Pacheco F. , McGill A. E. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe application of discriminant analysis for identifying and quantifying adulterants in extra virgin olive oils is presented. Three adulterants were used (sunflower oil, rapessed oil, and soybean oil) and were present in the range 5–95%. Near‐infrared spectroscopy and principal components analysis were used to develop a discriminant analysis equation that could identify correctly the type of seed oil present in extra virgin olive oil in 90% of cases. Partial least squares analysis was used to develop a calibration equation that could predict the level of adulteration. Cross validation suggested that it was possible to measure the level of adulteration to an accuracy of ±0.9%. External validation of the derived calibation equation gave a standard error of performance of ±2.77%.
Determination of iodine value without chlorinated solvents
Authors: Mozayeni F. , Szajer G. , Walters M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA modified determination of iodine value in fats, fatty acids, and fatty acid derivatives is reported. The described procedures, visual and potentiometric, have wide applicability and generate less solvent waste. These analytical procedures are based on a nonchlorinated solvent system. The performance of the new procedures was evaluated in a multiple‐laboratory study.
Separation of crude palm oil components by semipreparative supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Choo Yuen May , Ma Ah Ngan , Yahaya Hawari , Yamauchi Y. , Bounoshita M. , Saito M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSuccessful separation of triglycerides, diglycerides, free fatty acids, carotenes, tocopherol, and tocotrienols from crude palm oil has been achieved by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with a combination of a C18 and a silica gel column. The separation was carried out by the programmed extraction elution method. Free fatty acids were separated into five components by gas‐liquid chromatography; tocopherol and tocotrienols were also separated into four components by SFC analysis, and the pure fractionated carotenes were obtained by preparative SFC. Thus, by using supercritical fluid chromatography, crude palm oil components can be separated and fractionated, based on differences in their functional groups.
Soy hull carbon as an adsorbent of minor crude soy oil components
Authors: Proctor A. , Harris C. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA carbon adsorbent was prepared from soy hulls. The adsorbent was used in a laboratory study to examine its performance under commercial soy oil adsorption bleaching conditions. Phospholipids, peroxides, and free fatty acids were effectively removed from the soy oil with little effect on carotenoid content. There may be competitive adsorption between oil components, the rank of the affinity of oil components for soy carbon was phospholipid>peroxides>free fatty acid>lutein.
Analysis oftrans‐18:1 isomer content and profile in edible refined beef tallow
Authors: Bayard Corinne C. , Wolff Robert L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThetrans 18:1 acid content and profile for several samples of edible refined beef tallow were determined monthly over a period of one year. For this purpose, gas‐liquid chromatography was combined with silver‐ion thin‐layer chromatography. The mean content oftrans‐18:1 isomers was 4.9±0.9% (n=10) of total fatty acids with a minimum of 3.4% and a maximum of 6.2%. The distribution profile of individual isomers was also established. As in other ruminant fats (milk fat, meat fat), the main isomer is vaccenic (trans‐11 18:1) acid. Other isomers, with their ethylenic bonds between positions 6 and 16, were found in lesser amounts. However, some slight but definite differences exist between beef tallow and cow milk fat. The relative proportion of vaccenic acid is higher in the former than in the latter. However, the distribution pattern oftrans‐18:1 isomers in beef tallow closely resembles that in beef meat fat (lean part).
Chlorophyll removal during earth bleaching of soybean oil
Authors: Pritchett W. C. , Taylor W. G. , Carroll D. M. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryA spectrophotometric procedure for determining and calculating the chlorophyll content of unhardened as well as hardened soybean oil has been given. This procedure has proven satisfactory from a practical standpoint for controlling the greenness imparted to finished shortenings by chlorophyll. The influence of the refining, hydrogenation and deodorization operations on the chlorophyll content has also been reviewed.Isotherms have also been presented which illustrate the complexity encountered in bleaching soybean oil with respect to chlorophyll.
Flavor stability of soybean oil. 1. The role of the non‐saponifiable fraction
Authors: Mattil Karl F. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryIt has been found that the addition of the nonsaponifiable extract of hydrogenated soybean oil to either refined cottonseed oil or refined peanut oil caused these oils to develop odors and flavors characteristic of reverted soybean oil. The non‐saponifiable material from linseed oil did not produce a similar effect. When the non‐saponifiable extract of hydrogenated soybean oil was added to mineral oil, a sweet, syrupy odor and flavor developed. By selective absorbents it was possible to produce a much greater improvement in hydrogenated than in unhydrogenated soybean oil. These observations are discussed in terms of their relationship to the various theories on the mechanism of reversion.
Proteins of the castor bean—Their preparation, properties, and utilization
Authors: Breese Jones D. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThis article is a review of technical papers and information that are now available on the proteins of the castor bean. Included among the various aspects of the subject are the following: The chemical composition of castor bean seeds and castor cake; the preparation and properties of their proteins, including the toxic albumin riein, its properties, physiological reactions and amino acid content; the allergenic properties of castor bean protein; the utilization of castor bean cake or pomace for feeding, fertilizer and industrial purposes. An extensive bibliography is appended.
The solubility of heavy metal soaps in co‐solvent mixtures of chloroform and propylene glycol
Authors: Palit Santi R. , McBain James W. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe solubilities of the myristates, laurates, palmitates, and stearates of magnesium, lead, calcium, barium, and zinc have been measured at 25° C. in chloroform and in propylene glycol and in their mixtures. Even where they are sparingly soluble in the solvents separately, they dissolve freely in mixtures of the two.For each metal the solubility is greatest for laurate and least for stearate and it is very low for zinc soaps, particularly zinc stearate.Heavy metal soaps may be directly titrated with acid in mixtures of propylene glycol and chloroform using thymol blue as indicator (yellow to pink).
The non‐uniformity of B‐linoleic acid
Authors: Kummerow Fred A. , Green Eileen L. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryMethyl esters of α‐ and β‐linoleic acid were chromatographed on activated alumina and separated into fractions eluted with Skellysolve F and acetone, respectively. Methyl α‐linoleate was found to be chromatographically homogeneous in character while methyl β‐linoleate was not. The latter contained a small amount of yellow viscous material which appeared to be monobromooleic acid; this bromine could not be removed by treatment with zinc in absolute alcohol. A similar substance could be isolated from methyl α‐linoleate through which bromine‐free, hydrogen bromide had been bubbled for two hours at 0° C. The presence of this bromine containing substance was shown to be partly responsible for the differences in the characteristics of α‐ and β‐linoleic acid.
A study of lipids in commercial feeds
Authors: Reiser Raymond 
Published: March 2007

Summary and ConclusionsThe total extract, phospholipid, unsaponifiable matter, and total fatty acids were determined on 6 samples each of soybean oil meal, cottonseed oil meal, meat and bone scraps, alfalfa leaf meal, wheat gray shorts with screenings, and whole oats and on 5 samples of barley, using both the 16‐hour anhydrous ether method and a 3+1 alcohol‐ether method of extraction. With the exception of whole oats and barley the total ether soluble extract was considerably greater by alcohol‐ether extraction than by ether extraction, especially so in the case of soybean meal and cottonseed meal. The non‐phospholipid fatty acids, however, showed no significant difference between the two methods of extraction, the differences in total fatty acids being accounted for by the different amounts of phospholipid fatty acids.The total extract is a poor criterion of the lipid feed value of some feeds, especially alfalfa leaf meal and soybean meal. However, the ethyl ether method more nearly approximates the total fatty acid content than does the alcohol ether method of extraction.Much of the total extract cannot be accounted for in the sum of the phopholipid, unsaponifiable matter and fatty acid contents as determined.A method is presented for the determination of phospholipid in plant tissue.The significance of the lipid analysis of the feeds investigated and the relative values of the anhydrous ether and a 3+1 alcohol ether methods of analyses are discussed.
Generalised multi-pattern-based verification of programs with linear linked structures
Authors: Češka Milan , Erlebach Pavel , Vojnar Tomáš 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The paper deals with the problem of automatic verification of programs working with extended linear linked dynamic data structures, in particular, pattern-based verification is considered. In this approach, one can abstract memory configurations by abstracting away the exact number of adjacent occurrences of certain memory patterns. With respect to the previous work on the subject the method presented in the paper has been extended to be able to handle multiple patterns, which allows for verification of programs working with more types of structures and/or with structures with irregular shapes. The experimental results obtained from a prototype implementation of the method show that the method is very competitive and offers a big potential for future extensions.
Structural and Mechanical Properties of Fats Quantified by Ultrasonics
Authors: Maleky Fatemeh , Campos Rodrigo , Marangoni Alejandro G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSince the velocity of an ultrasonic wave through a material depends on its density, bulk modulus (K), and shear modulus (G), a new approach to determine the shear elastic modulus and the mass fractal dimension (D) in a fat crystal network was developed. An ultrasonic chirp wave containing a range of frequencies and amplitudes, was used to estimate the structural and mechanical properties of palm oil based fats, crystallized under shear at three different temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C). Considering the fat crystal network as a two‐phase system (i.e. liquid and solid fat) the velocity of sound in both phases was obtained separately, assuming that the speed of sound in the oil phase was inversely dependent on the temperature. A constant shear modulus for the solid fraction was obtained experimentally by rheology, which was independent of the sample's nature. These parameters were used for the determination of sample compressibility and its corresponding shear modulus by ultrasonic velocimetry. In addition fractal dimensions (D) were determined by using the relationship of the shear elastic modulus (G) to the mass fraction of the solid fat (φ) in a weak‐link regime. The obtained results are comparable and consistent with previously reported fractal dimension values. This method allows online determination of the shear modulus of fats and could be potentially applied for quality control purposes in manufacturing.
Differences in inflammatory pain in nNOS‐, iNOS‐ and eNOS‐deficient mice
Authors: Boettger Michael Karl , Üceyler Nurcan , Zelenka Marek , Schmitt Angelika , Reif Andreas , Chen Yong , Sommer Claudia 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo assess the relative importance of the isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in inflammatory pain, we directly compared pain behaviour and paw thickness after intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in wild‐type (WT) mice and in mice lacking either inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS) or neuronal NOS (nNOS). In mice deficient for nNOS, thermal hyperalgesia was reduced by approximately 50% compared to wild type mice at 4 and 8h after CFA injection, and mechanical hypersensitivity was absent. The only change in pain behaviour in iNOS and eNOS deficient mice compared to WT mice was a more rapid recovery from thermal hyperalgesia. A compensatory up‐regulation of nNOS in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cords of iNOS and eNOS knockout mice was excluded using RT‐PCR. However, an increase of iNOS gene expression was found in spinal cords of eNOS and nNOS deficient mice. To study the downstream effects of nNOS deficiency on DRG neurones, we assessed their immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and cytokines. We found a significant reduction in the CFA induced increase in CGRP immunoreactive neurones as well as in CGRP gene expression in nNOS deficient mice, whereas the percentage of cells immunopositive for tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) was unchanged. These results support the proposed role of nNOS in sensitization of DRG neurones, and might indicate that CGRP is involved in this process.