bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frank Speech
Authors: Tsouna Voula 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the practice of frank speech or candid criticism, the principal educational method of late Epicurean schools and a major tool of moral and psychological therapy. The chapter is divided into four sections, corresponding to the following topics: first, the nature, scope, kinds, and circumstances of application of parrhēsia; second, the characters of the students and their positive or negative reactions to parrhesiastic criticism; third, the dispositions of the teachers and the ways in which these dispositions affect the use of frank speech; and fourth, the confessional and corrective practices applied at every level of hierarchy of the Epicurean school, and especially among the sages. Philodemus' discussion of these topics presents both historical and theoretical interest. It gives a fairly detailed idea of life in an Epicurean school in Zeno's and Philodemus' times, the interchange between teachers and students, and the methods used for the assimilation of the Epicurean values and way of life. On Frank Speech also advances challenging views about central problems of philosophical psychology and the philosophy of education.
Flattery and the Desire to Please
Authors: Tsouna Voula 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOn Flattery is, in all probability, the opening treatise of Philodemus' composition On Vices and the Opposite Virtues and the People in whom they occur and the Situations in which they are found. Its subject is developed in two books, passages of which are found in several papyri. This chapter attempts to piece together the extant remains of On Flattery and provide a sense of what Philodemus' arguments might be. It appears that Philodemus' treatment of flattery is incisive and in places original, and emphasizes aspects of flattery not always found in the relevant literature. These include, for instance, the conceptual relations between flattery and cognate traits, the interactions between flatterers and their victims, and the reinterpretation of literary figures in the light of the hypothesis that they act as flatterers or as people susceptible to the flatterers' arts.
Introduction
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the changes that occurred in the religions history of the Western world during the ‘long 1960s’, a period which lasted from 1958 to 1974. Four major themes are highlighted. First, from the 1950s to the 1970s there was an enormous increase in the range of beliefs and world-views accessible to the majority of the population. Second, there was a change in the way that people in most Western countries understood the religious identity of their own society. Third, there was a serious weakening of the process by which the great majority of children were socialized into membership of a Christian society and in particular were given a confessional identity and a basic knowledge of Christian beliefs and practices. Fourth, in the wake of the Second Vatican Council, Catholics and Protestants moved closer together. But as the divisions between the Christian churches were narrowing, the divisions within each of the churches were deepening. The main objectives of the books are then described.
8 Sex, Gender, and the Family
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the sexual revolution, gay liberation movement, ‘second wave feminism’, and changes in family life that had a significant impact on religion. The 1960s and early 1970s were a time of crisis for the churches in most Western countries. Of the changes in this period in the field of sex, gender, and the family, those that had an impact on the largest numbers of people were the increasing focus of life on the home and the nuclear family, the influence of the ‘companionate marriage’ ideal, and the declining importance of the neighbourhood and of customs enforced by pressure from neighbours and extended families. The Women's Liberation and Gay Liberation Movements exercised a powerful influence, but on much smaller numbers of people, revolutionizing the thinking of those who joined, becoming for many of them a complete way of life, and often placing attachments to religion or the churches under severe strain.
Distributions of young cephalopods in the tropical waters of Western Australia over two consecutive summers
Authors: Jackson George D. , Meekan Mark G. , Wotherspoon Simon , Jackson Christine H. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Jackson, G. D., Meekan, M. G., Wotherspoon, S., and Jackson, C. H. 2008. Distributions of young cephalopods in the tropical waters of Western Australia over two consecutive summers. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 140–147. Cephalopod paralarvae and juveniles were sampled with light traps deployed at the surface and deeper in the southern NW Shelf and on Ningaloo Reef off Western Australia during two consecutive summers. One cross shelf transect (Exmouth) was sampled in the late spring and summers of 1997/1998 (summer 1) and 1998/1999 (summer 2), and a second cross shelf transect (Thevenard) and a longshore transect (Ningaloo) along the Ningaloo Reef were sampled in summer 2. Species captured in the order of abundance were octopods, Photololigo sp., Sepioteuthis lessoniana, and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis. Most were captured in shallow traps except for Photololigo sp., which was common in both shallow and deep traps with larger animals found in deeper water. The presence of Idiosepius pygmaeus in deep water off Ningaloo Reef revealed the species to be eurytopic, inhabiting a wider range of habitats than previously known. Photololigo sp. and S. lessoniana were more abundant inshore, and octopods were especially abundant on mid-depth stations of the Exmouth transect, probably because of the turbulent mixing and increased productivity there. Fewer S. oualaniensis were caught during the first summer on the Ningaloo transect (n = 5) than during the second summer (n = 79).
Secondary Turing-type instabilities due to strong spatial resonance
Authors: Dawes J.H.P , Proctor M.R.E 
Published: January 2008

We investigate the dynamics of pattern-forming systems in large domains near a codimension-two point corresponding to a ‘strong spatial resonance’ where competing instabilities with wavenumbers in the ratio 1 : 2 or 1 : 3 occur. We supplement the standard amplitude equations for such a mode interaction with Ginzburg–Landau-type modulational terms, appropriate to pattern formation in a large domain. In cases where the coefficients of these new diffusive terms differ substantially from each other, we show that spatially periodic solutions found near onset may be unstable to two long-wavelength modulational instabilities. Moreover, these instabilities generically occur near the codimension-two point only in the 1 : 2 and 1 : 3 cases, and not when weaker spatial resonances arise. The first instability is ‘amplitude-driven’ and is the analogue of the well-known Turing instability of reaction–diffusion systems. The second is a phase instability for which the subsequent nonlinear development is described, at leading order, by the Cahn–Hilliard equation.
The normal forms for strong spatial resonances are also well known to permit uniformly travelling wave solutions. We also show that these travelling waves may be similarly unstable.
Phase perturbation as a means of electron density map quality evaluation
Authors: Kirillova Olga 
Published: January 2008

This paper describes a new means for evaluating the quality of crystallographic electron density maps. It has been found that a better data set possesses greater robustness against perturbations applied to the phases. Thus it allows recognition of a more precise phase set and provides a way to select the best or reject the worst from several noisy data sets derived from the same crystal structure. The results indicate that calculation of the correlations by the procedure described here can be useful in ranking electron density maps in this aspect of quality. The method suggested has potential use for selecting a better molecular replacement solution, as well as for evaluating trial phase sets inab initiophasing procedures.
Gasketing optimized for large sample volume in the diamond anvil cell: first application to MgGeO3and implications for structural systematics of the perovskite to post-perovskite transition
Authors: Martin C. David , Meng Yue , Prakapenka Vitali , Parise John B. 
Published: January 2008

Structure models of MgGeO3post-perovskite (Cmcm) are presented, along with a structure survey, demonstrating that all perovskite, post-perovskite and CaIrO3-type structures (ABX3) have specific ranges of the volume ratio between cation-centered polyhedra (VA:VB). The quality of the reported diffraction data and MgGeO3structure models is enhancedviaimplementation of a new graphite gasket for the diamond anvil cell, which stabilizes a larger sample volume, improving powder statistics during X-ray diffraction, andviathe thermal insulation required to achieve ultra-high temperatures while laser-heating samples at pressures near 100 GPa. The structure survey supports the theory that the pressure–temperature conditions under which the perovskite/post-perovskite phase transition occurs can be estimated by extrapolating the change inVA:VBto a value of 4, which corresponds to a maximum tilt ofBX6octahedra in the perovskite structure (Pbnm) where inter-octahedral anion–anion distances match the average intra-octahedral anion–anion distance. Once these short inter-octahedral distances between anions are reached in the perovskite structure, further tilting of octahedra and decrease of theVA:VBratio does not occur, driving the transition to post-perovskite structure as pressure is increased.
ASPECTS OF STUDENT COUNSELLING
Authors: TAYLOR A. J. W. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryI have set out in this paper some of the problems which face a student counsellor. Relationships need to be established with professional colleagues in the clinical and academic world before information is made available to potential patients. Thereafter, the relationships between the student counsellor and his patients will depend upon the type of clinical service that he is offering for their particular needs. There can be no master plan for a counselling service, but the most satisfactory scheme will use the skills of all available personnel to meet the unique problems that each university community presents. The function of a university is to educate, and the word ‘education’ derives from the Latin ‘educare’–to nourish. The aim of student counselling is to facilitate the process of education, in the original meaning of the word, by providing a range of services for helping students to deal with the complex problems of life.
Behavioural adjustment in the open classroom1
Authors: SPIVACK GEORGE , SWIFT MARSHALL 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYThe purpose of this investigation was to discover whether 47 discreet, overt classroom behaviours shown to relate to academic achievement in regular and psychoeducational classrooms would (a) be organized into behavioural factors or dimensions in a similar fashion, and (b) relate to academic achievement, in a typical, open classroom in England.The results indicate there are five behavioural dimensions of significance crossculturally and in all classroom settings studied. It would seem universally true that a child learns better die more he exhibits independence of mind (i.e., lack of reliance upon externals for direction in learning), the more he shows personal involvement (i.e., a bringing together of experience from outside and inside the classroom), and the less he exhibits impulsive irrelevance (i.e., inability to co‐ordinate his own drive and interest with the demands and limits of the task), inattentiveness, and excessive anxiety about achievement.In contrast to the regular and psychoeducational classroom settings studied earlier, the open classroom provides an environment which demands that the child be able to work independendy and participates actively in the learning process. This demand may be too much for certain children to handle, causing excessive anxiety in those who are reliant upon others or the educational setting for direction. The results also indicate that obstreperous and physically intrusive behaviours, and behaviours reflecting a child's negative feelings about learning do not interfere with the learning process in the open classroom as they do in regular psychoeducational classrooms.
Identification of children at risk for adult schizophrenia: a longitudinal study
Authors: Schwartzman Alex E. , Ledingham Jane E. , Serbin Lisa A. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe results of our longitudinal, prospective research programme to date suggest that, as a first step, peer‐rated aggression and withdrawal constitute a useful broad‐based behavioural index of early problems related to psychopathology. The findings at this point also support our expectation that this index may serve as a fruitful criterion of vulnerability to schizophrenia in adulthood. Finally, as a screening procedure, the assessment method generated by this approach appears to be an effective means by which children in need of treatment or preventive intervention programmes may be identified.
The Development of an Automated Testing System for Pilot Selection: The MICROPAT Project1
Authors: Bartram D. 
Published: January 2008

The paper describes the development and validation of a fully automated selection testing system: MICROPAT (MICROcomputerised Personnel Aptitude Tester). The system administers a battery of tests specifically designed to assess aptitude for pilot training. General field testing has proved both the software and hardware to be sufficiently rugged to stand up to repeated use by a broad range of men from the Services, and provided a means of developing and refining early versions of the test software. The initial validation trial, using a sample of U.K. Army Air Corps pilot trainees, has shown a substantial improvement in the prediction of success in training (R = 0.57) over the level obtained using the current selection procedure. A further validation study is now being carried out on Royal Navy pilot and observer cadets. The present paper outlines the ongoing series of studies which is being carried out to examine various aspects of the construct validity of the new MICROPAT tests and discusses a procedure for defining measures of performance on complex dynamic tasks through the statistical modelling of expert judgements.Cet article décrit le développement et la validation ďun système de sélection par tests entierement automatisé: MICROPAT (MICROcomputerised Personnel Aptitude Tester). II s'agit ďune batterie de tests spécialement choisis pour mesurer les aptitudes des pilotes àľentraînement. La pratique du test a prouvéà la fois que software et hardware pouvaient résister àľutilisation répétée par un grand nombre de sujets et permettaient ľextension et le perfectionnement de versions antérieures de tests informatisés. ľessai de validation initiate, sur un échantillon de pilotes de ľArmée de ľAir du Royaume Uni, a montré la nette supériorité de ce test de prédiction de ľentraînement (R=0.57) sur la procédure courante. Une étude de validation va également être entreprise auprès de pilotes et ďobservateurs‐cadets de la Royal Navy. Le présent article annonce aussi une série ďétudes entreprises afin ďexaminer les différents aspects de la validité des nouveaux tests MICROPAT et argumente sur les moyens de définir une mesure de la performance des tâches dynamiques et complexes, par le biais de modèles statistiques.
Sex Segregation and Women at Work: A Selective Review
Authors: Gutek Barbara A. 
Published: January 2008

Le théme des femmes et du travail est apparu récemment pour attirer l'attention sur la part importante de la main‐d'oeuvre que constituent les femmes et pour explorer leurs expériences et leurs problèmes. Un bilan D.C. la littérature montre que l'étude des femmes au travail diffère de façon significative de l'étude générate du comportement (masculin) au travail. Ce bilan recouvre quatre thèmes: les changements démographiques des statuts des femmes au travail, leur place dans l'organisation, leurs problèmes professionnels et les rapports du travail et de la famille. La première de ces questions, les changements démographiques des statuts des femmes au travail, englobe quelques recherches en provenance de l'Europe de l'Ouest et de l'U.R.S.S., tandis que les trois autres ne font guère appel qu'à des travaux réalisés aux U.S.A. La différenciation du travail selon le sexe est une donnée commune à ces quatre thèmes. La ségrégation sexuelle est une notion théorique riche qui se retrouve dans tous les domaines de recherche concernant les femmes au travail.The topic of women and work has emerged in recent years to call attention to the large portion of the labour force made up of women and their experiences and problems. A review of the literature shows that the study of women at work differs from the general study of (male) work behaviour in significant ways. The present review covers four topics: demographic changes in the status of women at work, placement in the workplace, work and family interdependence, and problems in the workplace. The first topic, demographic changes in the status of women at work, includes some findings from Western Europe and the Soviet Union whereas the other three areas rely almost exclusively on research done in the U.S.A. A common theme that permeates all four topics is the sex‐segregated nature of work. A theoretically powerful concept, sex segregation has implications for all areas of research on women at work.
Variables Affecting Non‐financial Employment Commitment
Authors: Harpaz Itzhak 
Published: January 2008

Pour étudier la motivation non financière au travail, on a utilisé la question dite de la loterie: “Continueriez‐vous à travailler si vous n'aviez plus besoin de gagner de l'argent?” 89.9% d'un échantillon représentatif d'actifs masculins israéliens ont affirmé qu'ils continueraient à travailler. Des résultats analogues avaient été obtenus en Israël il y a 10 ans. Mais la comparaison des enquetês fait apparaître des différences entre les réponses des plus jeunes et des plus âgés. On a fait appel à l'analyse discriminante pour classer les caractéristiques des travailleurs de l‘échantillon qui choisissaient soit de continuer, soit d'arrêter de travailler. A partir d'une liste de variables liées au travail, quatre discriminants significatifs sont apparus: l'origine ethnique, la satisfaction professionnelle, la localisation de la résidence et le niveau culturel.To evaluate non‐financial commitment to work, the so‐called “lottery question” was employed—i.e. “Would you continue working if there were no financial reason to carry on?” In a representative sample of men in the Israeli labour force, 89.9% indicated that they would continue working. Similar findings were reported in Israel a decade ago. However, a comparison of the surveys reveals variations between the responses of younger and older respondents. A stepwise discriminant analysis was utilised to classify the characteristics of workers in the present sample who expressed their preference either to continue or stop working. From a list of work‐related variables, four significant discriminators emerged: ethnic origin, occupational satisfaction, place of residence, and educational level.
Job Stress Factors for New Zealand and Canadian Air Traffic Controllers
Authors: Shouksmith George , Burrough Stephen 
Published: January 2008

Les auteurs comparèrent, chez des contrôleurs de trafic aérien canadiens et néozélandais, les aspects de leur tâche professionnelle perçus comme stressants. Un protocole comprenant 19 indices de stress fut construit avec des contrôleurs canadiens (n= 207) et administréà 164 contrôleurs néozélandais. Le niveau général de stress perçu par les deux groupes est sensiblement égal, et quatre des cinq agents de stress les plus importants y sont identiques; c'est à dire: les limites de l'équipement, la charge de travail dans les pointes de trafic, la peur de provoquer des accidents et la qualité médiocre de l'environnement de travail. Les résultats complete de l'étude néozélandaise donnèrent lieu à une analyse factorielle à huit dimensions orthogonales. L'analyse des facteurs de stress importants désignés par les résultats des questionnaires et par l'observation des conditions d'exercice de la profession de contrôleur aêrien, montre que le stress est endémique dans cette fonction. Les problèmes interpersonnels liés au contrôle du travail, aux conditions physiques, à l'organisation du poste et á la variabilité des charges de travail sont pençus comme des agents stressants additionnels et majeurs de la profession. Ces résultats sont rapportés à un modèle général de stress professionnel.A comparison was made of the aspects of their jobs perceived as stressors by Canadian and New Zealand air traffic controllers. A set of 19 items rated by the Canadian controllers (n= 207) as stress producing were administered to 164 New Zealand controllers. The overall level of stress perceived by the two groups is approximately equal and four out of the top five stressors for both groups were the same: equipment limitations, work load in peak traffic situations, fear of causing accidents and the poor quality of the general working environment. Results from the New Zealand study were factor analysed resulting in eight orthogonal varimax factors being isolated. Inspection of the high stress items from the questionnaires shows that specific role and task factors in the job of an air traffic controller mean that stress is endemic in this occupation. Interpersonal problems related to supervision, physical job conditions, the way the job is organised at present and variability in task load, are all seen to be additional and major occupational stressors. These results are related to a general model of occupational stress.
Family Smoking Patterns and Smoking among Eighth and Tenth Grade Students
Authors: Jacobs Gerard A. , Jerome Albert , Sayersy Steven , Spielberger Charles D. , Weinberg Herman 
Published: January 2008

Les families de fumeurs ont étéétudiées à partir du comportement tabagique d'un grand échantillon représentatif des lycéens des 8* et 10* niveaux du centre de la Floride (n= 1416). Des analyses multivariées ont révélé que le tabagisme de la mère, du père, de la soeur ou du frère aînés rendait compte de 12% de la variance de la décision de se mettre à fumer. Des analyses de régression multiple ont montré qu'une grande soeur fumeuse expliquait la plus grande part de la variance des fumeurs, suivie par la mère et par le père. L'influence du frère aîné n'est pas significative. La famille n'est pas significativement liée au maintien du tabagisme chez les lycéens.Family smoking habits were examined as they related to the behaviour of a broad, representative sample of eighth and tenth grade students from central and south‐central Florida (n=1416). Multivariate analyses of variance revealed that 12% of the variance for smoking initiation (smoker) was accounted for by the smoking habits of mother, father, older sister, and older brother. Multiple regression analyses showed that older sister's smoking accounted for the greatest independent proportion of smoker variance, followed by mother's and father's smoking. Older brother's smoking habits did not contribute significant unique variance. Family smoking habits were not significantly related to the maintenance of students' smoking behaviour.