bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF UNDERNUTRITION AND REHABILITATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS: PIGS
Authors: DICKERSON J. W. T. , GRESHAM G. A. , McCANCE R. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) During prolonged undernutrition in pigs from 2 to 3 weeks of age: (a) the tubules of the testes developed but the interstitial cells regressed and became unrecognizable; (b) the glans penis became large and oedematous; (c) the primordial follicles in the ovaries developed and some became large and cystic but ovulation did not follow; (d) the uterus and vulva enlarged.
(2) During rapid rehabilitation: (a) The vulva and testicles became much enlarged relative to the rest of the body; (b) the glans penis developed but the oedema disappeared and was replaced by collagen and cellular material; (c) the female animals did not ovulate until they were approaching the body weight at which ovulation normally occurs; (d) the seminiferous tubules of the testes showed active spermatogenesis when the animals were still relatively small but the interstitial cells did not reappear until later.
THE EFFECT OF UNDERNUTRITION AND REHABILITATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS: RATS
Authors: WIDDOWSON ELSIE M. , MAVOR W. O. , McCANCE R. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
When rats were undernourished so that they gained only 20 g. body weight between the 3rd and the 11th week of life:
(1) The testes continued to enlarge; the seminiferous tubules developed, but the interstitial cells regressed.
(2) The penis of some of the animals protruded; in others protrusion was first observed on the day after rehabilitation began.
(3) The vaginae of more than half the females opened while the animals were still undernourished and had an abnormally small body weight.
(4) The ovarian follicles appeared active, but no corpora lutea were found. When the rats were returned to unlimited food, body weight increased, corpora lutea were formed, but the testes remained large as a percentage of the weight of the body.
THE EFFECT OF OESTROGENS AND ANTI-OESTROGENS ON DECIDUOMA FORMATION IN THE RAT
Authors: STONE G. M. , EMMENS C. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The maximum sensitivity to single subcutaneous injections of oestradiol or dimethylstilboestrol (DMS) occurred approximately 60 hr. after the induction of pseudopregnancy. Injection of the two compounds together at this time showed only an additive effect, suggesting that DMS was acting as a pro-oestrogen rather than as an anti-oestrogen.
Single subcutaneous injections of progesterone were unable to reverse completely the inhibitory action of oestradiol; 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone was more effective.
Low doses of MER-25 (1-(p-2-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2-p-methoxyphenylethanol) slightly reduced decidual growth while higher doses, which were oestrogenic, inhibited deciduoma formation and decidual growth. In combination with oestradiol low doses of MER-25 antagonized the inhibitory action of oestradiol.
THE IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF OESTROGENS FROM PROGESTERONE BY MOUSE ADRENAL GLANDS
Authors: VINSON G. P. , JONES I. CHESTER 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The capacity of the adrenal gland of the mouse to form steroids in vitro, using incubation techniques with [4-14C]progesterone, was investigated. Reasons are given for the identification of two oestrogens, 16-oxooestrone and 17-epioestriol and two adrenocorticosteroids, corticosterone and 20α-hydroxycorticosterone. The presence or absence of the X zone did not appear to influence the relative amounts of oestrogens and adrenocorticosteroids produced. No compounds which could be unequivocally characterized as androgens (C19 steroids) were found.
THE ACTION OF HORMONES ON SPONTANEOUS HAIR GROWTH CYCLES IN THE RAT
Authors: EBLING F. J. , JOHNSON ELIZABETH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Hypophysectomy of, or administration of thyroxine to, male or female rats advances the activity of hair follicles in the ensuing wave of growth; administration of propylthiouracil retards it. The effects seem to be more marked in the dorsal and head regions than in the flank or belly. Propylthiouracil does not prevent the activation of the follicle induced by plucking of the club hair. It is suggested that the hormonal effects may be produced indirectly through the dermis. Hypophysectomy increased definitive hair length in females but not in males; thyroxine also produced a small increase and propylthiouracil a decrease which proved to be significant in females, but not in males.
DIFFERENTIATION OF URINARY CORTICOSTEROIDS ACCORDING TO THEIR OXYGEN CONTENT
Authors: EXLEY D. , NORYMBERSKI J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An analytical method was developed which comprises the following successive operations: enzymic hydrolysis of urinary steroid conjugates; extraction and initial purification; reduction with potassium borohydride; paper-chromatographic separation into three fractions containing corticosteroid triols, tetrols and pentols, respectively; measurement of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and of 17-deoxycorticosteroids in each fraction. Subject to certain qualifications the outlined procedure is believed to account separately for the metabolites of cortisol, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone; it fails to distinguish between the metabolites of 21-deoxycortisol and 11-deoxycortisol.
Assays of urines from non-pregnant women, pregnant women and newborn children revealed a different pattern in the composition of urinary corticosteroids in each group of subjects.
THE SYNDROME OF CONGENITAL DEAFNESS AND SIMPLE GOITRE
Authors: THOULD A. K. , SCOWEN E. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thirty examples of the syndrome of congenital deafness and simple goitre occurring in twenty-six families are reported. The affected children and adults were found to have a high tone nerve deafness, and to discharge thyroidal radioactivity when potassium perchlorate is given. They had a significantly low level of serum protein-bound iodine, and other evidence of hypothyroidism. Evidence is put forward for the theory that their deafness may be due to hypothyroidism occurring in utero, and an attempt is made to link the sporadic form of the syndrome with the form found in areas of endemic goitre.
INHIBITION OF OVULATION IN THE GONADOTROPHIN-TREATED IMMATURE RAT BY CHLORPROMAZINE
Authors: ZARROW M. X. , BROWN-GRANT K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of age and dose of a single injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMS) on spontaneous ovulation in immature Wistar rats is described. Ovulation could be induced by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) at least 6 days before it occurred when pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin alone was given. Chlorpromazine was shown to block pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin-induced ovulation at a dose level (0·25 mg. in a 60 g. rat) which has no effect on the ovulatory response to human chorionic gonadotrophin. Higher doses interfered with the action of injected human chorionic gonadotrophin. Ovulation could be induced in the chlorpromazine-blocked animals by the systemic injection of an extract of bovine median eminence, but the sensitivity was too low to use this response for an assay method.
THE STEROID 11-OXYGENATION INDEX; A RAPID METHOD FOR USE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: EDWARDS R. W. H. , MAKIN H. L. J. , BARRATT T. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ratio, proposed by Hill (1960) (now called the 11-oxygenation index) of the urinary metabolites of cortisol precursors to those of cortisol, has been studied in detail. The index was determined in forty-eight adults and children without endocrine disorders. The mean was 0·32 ± 0·19 (s.d.). One abnormal value (1·3) was obtained from a child found to have normal adrenals at examination post mortem.
Ten patients with adrenal hyperplasia gave values of the index ranging from 1·1 to 8·4.
The procedure for determining the index involved borohydride reduction, periodate oxidation, formylation, paper chromatographic separation and a simplified Zimmermann reaction. Analysis of a batch of urine samples took less than 6 hr. to complete.
The merits of this method and those of the other laboratory tests used in the diagnosis of adrenal hyperplasia are discussed.
THE ABSORPTION OF ANTIBODY BY YOUNG HEDGEHOGS AFTER TREATMENT WITH CORTISONE ACETATE
Authors: MORRIS B. , STEEL E. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Oral or intraperitoneal administration of cortisone acetate to suckling hedgehogs had very little effect on the ability of the gut to absorb antibody. Such treatment had little effect upon the amount of alkaline phosphatase in the duodenum. These results contrast markedly with those described in the rat and mouse.
The amount of alkaline phosphatase in the hedgehog duodenum declines during the first 30 days of the suckling period. A transient increase occurs towards the end of this time, followed by a decline to adult levels.
The gut of the young hedgehog retains its capacity to absorb antibody for an unusually long period—certainly up to 41 days of age. Young hedgehogs begin to take solid food at 25 days and continue to suckle for at least a further 15 days. The transitional period during which the diet is altering from one of milk only to that of the adult is very much longer in this species than in the rat and mouse.
OXYTOCIN AND THE ONSET OF LABOUR IN RABBITS
Authors: FUCHS ANNA-RIITTA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The course of spontaneous delivery has been followed by continuous recording of uterine motility in conscious unrestrained rabbits from the 27th or 28th day post coitum until day 1 after delivery, which occurred on the 30th–31st day. The recordings were taken by means of an intra-uterine balloon. The results were similar whether the horn containing the balloon was non-pregnant, pregnant but with all the foetuses removed, or pregnant with only one foetus replaced by the balloon. Although the spontaneous motility increased somewhat within the last 48 hr. before delivery it remained irregular and of low intensity. The typical strong oestrogen-dominated activity of the 'parturient' rabbit uterus did not start until 4–6 hr. after delivery. The sensitivity to oxytocin of the uterus increased very markedly within the last 48 hr. before parturition and the delivery of a living litter was preceded by an extremely strong, oxytocin-like response in nine out of ten rabbits. This response could not be distinguished from that produced by a single i.v. injection of 250–300 m-u. of synthetic oxytocin. The young were born in rapid succession a few minutes after the beginning of this oxytocin-like response, and the delivery of the whole litter was completed in 11 min. on the average. No additional release of an oxytocin-like substance could be observed concomitantly with the delivery of the individual foetuses in these nine rabbits. One of the ten rabbits used had a prolonged labour and the foetuses were delivered dead several hours apart. In this instance the strong oxytocin-like response of the uterus was not observed.
A FLUORESCENCE ASSAY OF PROGESTERONE
Authors: HEAP R. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A fluorescence assay for the quantitative estimation of progesterone has been developed. The method consists of ether extraction of progesterone from alkali-treated tissue or plasma, isolation by descending paper chromatography, conversion to 20β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one using the enzyme 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, purification by paper chromatography and fluorimetric estimation of the 20β-hydroxy isomer in 2:1 conc. H2SO2: 80% ethanol reagent. The addition of a trace amount of [4-14C]progesterone to each sample was used to correct for losses incurred during the above procedure.
The method was more sensitive and more specific than available methods of chemical estimation. Increased specificity was achieved by a number of modifying stages including enzymic conversion and chromatographic purification, the fluorescence reaction being carefully controlled to overcome its lack of specificity. The fluorescence of eluted paper blanks had a consistently low value of 4·5 ± 0·1 nanogram (ng.) Recoveries of known amounts of steroid from male guinea-pig plasma were 38·3 ± 7·3% and 35·4 ± 3·3%, measured by fluorescence assay and 14C counting respectively. Progesterone was estimated in rabbit ovarian tissue by fluorescence assay and u.v. spectrophotometry when the concentrations were sufficiently high. The fluorescence assay gave values which were slightly lower than by spectrophotometry. The technique has been applied routinely to blood plasma and other tissues of several mammalian species including laboratory animals.
THE INSULIN ACTIVITY OF BOVINE AND OVINE BLOOD PLASMA
Authors: CUNNINGHAM N. F. 
Published: December 2008

The insulin-like activities of ovine blood plasma diluted fourfold, and of acid-ethanol extracts of plasma taken before, and at various times up to 2 hr. after the intravenous injection of glucose (0·1–1·1 g./kg.), were determined by the rat diaphragm assay.
Diluted plasma generally showed a transient increase in insulin-like activity after the injection of glucose, but the magnitude of the increase was not related to the amount of glucose injected. Starvation for 3 days did not abolish the effect of glucose on the insulin-like activity of diluted plasma in two out of four sheep, although all four animals showed a reduced tolerance to glucose.
Increases in the insulin-like activity of extracts of plasma were observed in two experiments only, when 1·1 g. glucose/kg. had been administered. The results in the other experiments were variable, and the possible significance of these variations is discussed.
The results on sheep are compared with those obtained in monogastric animals by other workers.
STUDIES ON GROWTH AND BLOOD CONSTITUENTS IN THE YOUNG CASTRATED GOAT AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY
Authors: TINDAL J. S. , YOKOYAMA A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Nine male goats were castrated at 6 weeks of age, and four of them were hypophysectomized at 7–8 months of age. Hypophysectomy resulted in a decreased rate of growth compared with the controls. Packed cell volume and blood sugar levels were slightly lower in the hypophysectomized group, but plasma sodium and potassium levels were normal. During a 48 hr. starvation period, the level of plasma non-esterified fatty acids rose steadily in the control group. The hypophysectomized group showed a rapid rise until the 19th hr. of starvation, a rapid decline until the 24th hr., and a slight rise until the end of the starvation period.
THE EFFECT OF CLOMIPHENE ON ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN NORMAL MEN
Authors: HARKNESS R. A. , BELL E. T. , LORAINE J. A. , MORSE W. I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of clomiphene on hormone excretion in four normal males has been investigated.
In all subjects there was a marked rise in the urinary excretion of oestrone and oestradiol both during and after administration of the drug. The rise in oestrone excretion preceded and was more marked than the increase in oestriol output.
All subjects showed an increase in total 17-oxosteroid excretion during and after clomiphene administration. This was associated with a rise in the output of dehydroepiandrosterone in 2 of the 4 men studied.
The effect of clomiphene on steroid output occurred without any consistent change in the pattern of urinary gonadotrophin excretion.
HISTOLOGY AND WEIGHT OF THE MOUSE ADRENAL: A DIALLEL GENETIC STUDY
Authors: MECKLER R. J. , COLLINS R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Relative adrenal weights were obtained and histological preparations of the adrenals were made from adult offspring derived from all mating combinations of four pure strains of mice. Both quantitative and qualitative genetic differences in the adrenals were found. The following variables affecting adrenal weight were significant: laterality, sex, strain, gametes, reciprocals, and reciprocals by sex (sex-linkage). Histological investigation of the adrenal glands of females aged 100 days differed in the absence or presence of heritable peri-medullary fatty metamorphosis of cortical cells. X-zone degeneration was independent of laterality and was found in two pure strains including all hybrid combinations of the two and a third strain. Females from genotypes displaying X-zone degeneration had significantly heavier adrenal glands than the remaining groups. The results of this diallel study indicate the presence of systematic genetic influences underlying histological and morphological differences in the mouse adrenal.
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF HEXOESTROL AND PROGESTERONE AS OILY SOLUTIONS AND AS CRYSTALLINE SUSPENSIONS IN INDUCING MAMMARY GROWTH AND LACTATION IN EARLY AND LATE OVARIECTOMIZED GOATS
Authors: BENSON G. K. , COWIE A. T. , COX C. P. , FOLLEY S. J. , HOSKING ZENA D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Hexoestrol (0·5 mg.) and progesterone (70 mg.) in oily solutions injected subcutaneously every day over a period of 150 days were more effective in inducing mammary growth and lactation in ovariectomized goats than crystalline suspensions of hexoestrol (intramuscular injection every 50 days) and progesterone (intramuscular injection every 30 days) given during the same period and at the same total dosage. Within treatments, the goats ovariectomized as adults, i.e. just before the hormone treatments were started, always had higher yields than goats ovariectomized in infancy.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF CORTISONE
Authors: KEKWICK A. , PAWAN G. L. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The metabolic effects of cortisone in mice were shown to vary widely with the dose employed. At a high dose level (12 mg./kg.) cortisone produced a negative nitrogen balance and loss of weight when food intake was constant. At a lower dose (5 mg./kg.) mice maintained nitrogen equilibrium and increased their total body fat when food intake was constant.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF NIDATION XIV. THE CATECHOLAMINE CONTENT OF THE UTERUS, OVARY AND HYPOPHYSIS DURING EARLY PREGNANCY
Authors: BARNEA AYALLA , SHELESNYAK M. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Uterine, ovarian, and hypophysial catecholamines in rats were measured daily during the first 6 days of pregnancy. A marked decrease in uterine adrenaline was observed between L3 and L4 of pregnancy. (L0 was the day when postcoital spermatozoa were observed in the vaginal smear. L1, L2, etc., denote leucocyte type smears.) Daily fluctuations in ovarian catecholamines as well as a rise in hypophysial catecholamines between L2 and L3 followed by a reduction thereafter were observed.
The results suggest a correlation between the 'oestrogen surge' on L3 of pregnancy and the reduction of uterine adrenaline and hypophysial adrenaline and noradrenaline. The rise in hypophysial catecholamines was related to the hypothalamic stimulation of hypophysial gonadotrophic activity on L2 of pregnancy.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF OESTROGEN IN RAT TISSUES
Authors: INMAN D. R. , BANFIELD R. E. W. , KING R. J. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The intracellular localization of [6,7-3H]oestradiol in rat pituitary, liver and uterus has been studied using autoradiography. In the anterior pituitary the oestrogen has been located on the nuclear membrane and nucleolus of the eosinophils. The posterior pituitary did not produce positive autoradiographs and only occasional silver grains were seen in the pars intermedia. In the liver the silver grains were uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm; only very occasionally were grains associated with the nucleus. No satisfactory results were obtained with the uterus. Labelled erythrocytes were seen in all the tissues studied. The results are discussed in relation to the mode of action of oestradiol.
INTERACTION BETWEEN THYROID HORMONE AND THYROXINE-BINDING PROTEINS IN THE EARLY NEONATAL PERIOD
Authors: ŚLEBODZIŃSKI A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) The interaction between thyroid hormone and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) has been studied in 39 pigs from eight litters, aged from 12 hr. to 11 days. In addition, single observations were made on six batches of 42 pigs from 1 day to 6 months old and in five newborn sheep.
(2) A rapid increase in the level of the unsaturated TBG capacity was found to occur from the 1st day after birth.
(3) Continuous changes in the unsaturated TBG capacity resulted in a decline in the plasma level of free thyroxine and in a decrease in the uptake of [131I]triiodothyronine by erythrocytes. Equilibrium between the hormonal iodine metabolism and its blood carrier is reached at the end of the 1st week of life.
(4) These findings suggest that in discussing thyroid metabolism in neonatal animals it is important to distinguish between the early neonatal adaptive period and the remainder of the period of thyroid hyperactivity. The physiological implications of the higher level of free thyroxine in the blood after birth for the adaptation to post-uterine life is discussed.
THE APPLICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND LOW-LEVEL COUNTING TO THE STUDY OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN PLASMA
Authors: SHIMAOKA K. , JASANI B. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The triiodothyronine (T3):thyroxine (T4) radioactive iodine ratio in the blood of six thyrotoxic and twelve thyroid cancer patients was measured radiochemically by means of two-dimensional paper chromatography and a low-level counter. The ratio was found to be 0·046 (with a standard error of 0·004). No significant difference was found between the two groups of patients. When the binding properties of these thyroid hormones to the serum protein are considered, the contribution of T3 to the metabolic effect is estimated to be one half of that of T4 in the patients studied.
THE UPTAKE OF [6,7-3H]OESTRADIOL BY DIMETHYLBENZANTHRACENE-INDUCED RAT MAMMARY TUMOURS
Authors: KING R. J. B. , COWAN DOROTHEA M. , INMAN D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uptake and intracellular localization of [6,7-3H]oestradiol has been studied in liver, kidney and mammary adenocarcinoma from female rats treated with dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). The tumour is similar to other oestrogen-responsive tissues in that the major oestrogen* within the tissue is oestradiol which is mainly associated with cell nuclei. The tumour has the ability to retain the oestrogen for at least 4 hr.
Virtually no oestrogen is associated with the nuclei from liver and this result is discussed in relation to the intranuclear localization of oestrogen and the mechanism whereby oestrogen can enter the nuclei of some cells.
A significant amount of oestradiol is associated with nuclei from kidney.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE METABOLISM OF OESTROGENS BY RAT LIVER MICROSOMES
Authors: JELLINCK P. H. , LUCIEER IRENE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Liver microsomes derived from male rats were shown to convert a higher proportion of [14C]oestrone and [14C]oestradiol to water-soluble products than did similar preparations from female rats. This sex difference became apparent at maturity and could be influenced by castration or treatment with sex hormones. The increased formation of water-soluble material by male rats was accompanied by an increase in the yield of 2-hydroxyoestradiol and other ether-soluble metabolites but no sex difference in oestrogen metabolism was detected in mice or guinea-pigs and the effect was less pronounced with [14C]stilboestrol as substrate. The enzyme system influenced by the hormonal status of the animals was present in the microsomes and showed similarities to the non-specific oxygenases which hydroxylate steroids and a number of drugs.