bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous Determination of Oil Pipeline Watercut, Salinity, and API Gravity Regardless of Gas Fraction: The Microwave Watercut Monitor
Authors: Marrelli J. D. , Hatton G. J. , Siddiqui F. , Pepin L. L. , Helms D. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Texaco Microwave Watercut Monitor, (TMWM, STARCUT™) is a new technology currently in field applications for the continuous measurement of the percent water in crude oil production streams over the entire 0 to 100% range. The TMWM is a continuous recording watercut monitor functioning from 0 to 100 % watercut regardless of temperature, salinity, crude oil API gravity and the presence of gas. The monitor can continuously report emulsion status (water- or oil-continuous), salinity, density of the hydrocarbon phase and, in some cases, estimate gas fraction. Operator interaction is minimized by features such as automatic self-calibration, unattended operation at remote locations, remote access options through SCADA systems and self-starting after power outages. Safe operation in oilfield locations is assured by the design which has been approved as Intrinsically Safe for use in Class 1, Division 1 areas. Field and laboratory data is presented which demonstrates instrument performance over a wide variety of conditions including slug flow, free gas and salinity and crude density changes.
Design of a Lightweight Drillstring Using Composite Materials
Authors: Eckold G. C. , Bond E. A. , Halsey G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The ability to drill deviated and extended reach production wells is becoming an important factor in the economic assessment of remaining oil and gas reserves. However, problems associated with the weight of conventional drillpipe, such as high torques and frictional drag, can impose severe limitations on the reach which can be achieved in the horizontal section. A lightweight drillstring manufactured from composite materials can effectively ameliorate many of these problems due to the fact that loads arising through friction can be reduced by factors in excess of 3–4. Other potential advantages include reduced rig loads, or increased rig capacity, improved chemical resistance and increased fatigue performance. For certain applications, where the horizontal leg is subjected to compressive loading, there is also scope for developing an alternative to heavyweight pipe with a resistance to buckling. This paper addresses the design of a composite drillpipe and includes consideration of mechanical and dynamic loading, environmental effects and operational factors.
Three New Systems That Prevent Firing of Perforating Guns and String Shots On or Near the Surface
Authors: Carisella J. V. , Cook R. B. , Beardmore J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new concept called Shock Block Technology has evolved in an effort to eliminate surface detonations of explosive tools. Three systems utilizing this technology have been developed. One system is intended for use in wireline hollow carrier perforating guns and jet cutters. Another system is intended for use in string shots and strip guns where the detonator and detonating cord are wetted by wellbore fluids. The remaining system is intended for use in tubing conveyed perforating guns.
Field performance data and laboratory test data is presented on three models using Shock Block Technology. Two other models are recent developments and only laboratory test data is available. Performance in the field and in the laboratory have been consistent.
Shock Block Technology is versatile. It can be used with the most commonly used detonators in the industry. It can also be used with new emerging detonator technologies.
Applications and Limitations of Horizontal Drilling in Oklahoma
Authors: Bryant J. , Watson D. , Wisniewski W. , Patterson R. , Smith L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Focusing on case histories of recent horizontal wells in Oklahoma, this paper provides an overview of horizontal drilling activity in a region where, currently, horizontal drilling applications are still being defined. Consequently, the paper provides information — including successes and failures — of the various target applications, drilling and completion techniques, reservoir characteristics and production histories of these case history wells.
With particular focus on one of the first proposed multiwell horizontal drilling programs in the region, the paper provides specific comparisons of two different target intervals, as well as the actual drilling applications, drilling fluid types, survey techniques, and well designs. Results of the different drilling techniques are documented, including specific drilling assemblies used and production techniques employed. In addition, specific formations are documented according to their success as horizontal drilling applications.
Engineering Salary Trends in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Lancaster D. E. , Judah J. S. , Brown D. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Results of the October 1990 SPE Member Salary Survey indicate an increase of about 3 to 5% in salaries received by SPE members over salaries reported in October 1989. Results of the 1991 SPE Starting Salary Survey reflect an increase in starting salaries accepted by B.S. graduates in petroleum engineering to $3,347/month. This figure is up 9.7% from a year ago and is the largest increase in starting salaries since 1982.
Sensitivity of Large-Scale Water/Oil Displacement Behavior to Fine-Scale Permeability Heterogeneity and Relative Permeabilities
Authors: Houseworth J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Waterflood simulations in two-dimensional cross-sections are used to investigate the effects of fine-scale relative permeabilities and permeability heterogeneity on displacement performance. Heterogeneity is found to be most significant when deviations from the mean are highly correlated in the direction of flow, i.e., a layered reservoir. As spatial correlation decreases, the production behavior approaches that of a homogeneous medium. The critical features of the fine-scale relative permeabilities are the end-point relative permeability to water at residual oil saturation and the approach of the oil relative permeability curve to residual oil saturation. Relative permeability variations are found to be less important, but not necessarily negligible, when permeability heterogeneity is large and highly correlated in the displacement direction.
Under most circumstances, the minimum relative permeability data required to avoid gross errors in simulation predictions are the end-point effective permeabilities to each phase and the fractional flow curve approaching residual oil saturation. Waterflood simulations using exact relative permeability data are compared with simulations where complete relative permeability information is not available. Cases are considered where relative permeabilities are estimated by straight lines between known end points and relative permeabilities derived from end point measurements and fractional flow data for high water cuts. An approximate method is proposed to derive relative permeability information from limited production history data. The importance of production behavior at low fractional flow of oil also suggests the use of centrifuge measurements to help define the oil relative permeability curve approaching residual oil saturation.
Harmonization of Technical Standards
Authors: Viganego L. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the formation of the European Community, the participant Countries, the Directorates within the European Commission and their functions.
It will show how the development of the "Service and Utilities" Directives together with the Public Procurement Directive promoted and initiated the Harmonisation of Technical standards within the EEC.
It will show how the programme is implemented and how the various National and International standard Bodies cooperate with CEN/CENELEC, the European Standard Organisations, to bring about an EN standard.
It will turn its attention to the Oil and Gas Industry in the North Sea and how this Operator Phillips Petroleum perceives both the advantages and disadvantages of the programme.
It is our opinion that by working together in a spirit of cooperation and understanding with the various National and European Standard Bodies, the Oil and Gas Industry can bring a wealth of knowledge and experience to bear in an innovative way, right across the wide spectrum of materials, equipment and services presently available in the Community.
Simulation of Miscible Laboratory Displacements by the Total Dispersion Method
Authors: Weisbrod K. R. , Ring W. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The total dispersion method was developed to simulate first-contact miscible displacements performed in the laboratory. Simulations applying this method add sufficient dispersivity to the numerical dispersion inherent in finite differencing methods so the sum approximates the actual physical dispersion. This paper describes the application of this technique to model three floods taken from the literature and three displacements performed in a CT scanner.
A key variable for modelling miscible displacements is dispersion. Numerical dispersion for both 1-point and 2-point upstream weighting was characterized as a function of grid block size and throughput for an IMPES simulator. After quantifying numerical dispersion, three floods reported in the literature were simulated to confirm the total dispersion method. Recovery curves for two displacements dominated by viscous fingering and one exhibiting gravity override were modelled with good agreement.
Our next objective was to determine if concentration profiles as well as recovery curves could be matched in a well characterized rock. First, longitudinal convective dispersion was measured for Bentheimer sandstone by a series of tritiated water displacements. Two matched density floods were performed. A unit mobility flood showed that the rock is highly uniform. The spider web pattern distributor at the inlet of the core introduced a slight bulge in the initial concentration profile.
At an adverse mobility ratio of 10, a single finger developed and moved through the center of the core. Simulation of this latter flood included the influence of the distributor and provided a good match of both recovery and concentration profiles.
A single gravity override finger developed in the final displacement. Both the total dispersion method with 2-point upstream weighting and the extrapolation method with 1-point weighting predicted the recovery curve. The total dispersion method with 2-point upstream weighting matched the concentration profile. Based upon its ability to predict concentration profiles, the total dispersion method is preferred for laboratory scale simulations.
Gas Balancing Between Working Interest Owners: An Engineer’s Perspective
Authors: Daniel L. S. , Kelkar B. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Selling gas in today’s natural gas marketing environment can result in working interest owners becoming imbalanced with respect to their share of gas in a producing reservoir. To combat this, several gas balancing agreements have been written and are currently in use in the industry; however, many of these agreements fail to adequately address practical engineering problems encountered in balancing gas production. These problems include balancing of condensate production versus balancing of gas production, owner’s imbalance at the time of acquisition or sale, and nomination and allocation to pipelines and purchasers. This paper discusses these balancing problems and proposes practical solutions that can be incorporated in a standard Gas Balancing Agreement. A sample agreement is included as Appendix A.
Several types of gas imbalances, such as those between working interest owners, and pipelines and purchasers, can exist. This article only addresses the gas imbalances which occur between the working interest owners in a producing property.
Experimental Analysis, Modelling, and Interpretation of Recovery Mechanisms in Enriched-Gas Processes
Authors: Nutakki R. , Hamoodi A. N. , Li Y- K. , Nghiem L. X. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Detailed experimental data of the phase behavior of a rich gas displacing a Middle Eastern crude are given. These data include constant composition expansion, differential liberation, saturation pressure, and multiple contact PVT data as well as slim tube data at several pressures. The phase behavior of the reservoir oil / rich gas system was modelled using a cubic equation of state (EOS) with fifteen components. The critical properties of the heavy fractions, the binary interaction parameters and the volume translation parameters were adjusted by regression to match the experimental data. A good match of the experimental data was obtained. With the aid of pseudo-ternary diagrams and pressure-composition diagrams generated from the EOS the mechanism of oil recovery was interpreted as a condensing / vaporizing process with significant upper phase extraction (vaporization). The EOS fluid description was then utilized in a compositional simulator to model the experimental slim tube results. A good match of the experimental data was achieved by including the effect of interfacial tension (IFT) on relative permeabilities.
Once the primary recovery mechanisms were identified, the fifteen components were reduced to six using the technique described by Nutakki et al1. The calculations using six components were almost identical to the calculations with 15 components for both the PVT and the slim tube data.
The results clearly show that for a condensing / vaporizing process the traditional interpretation of slim tube recoveries is not valid. The break in the slim tube recovery curve with increasing pressure does not indicate multiple contact miscibility, but rather a region of reduced IFT. To model properly this behavior in a compositional simulator, the effect of interfacial tension on relative permeability must be accounted for. Because of the reduced IFT, it is possible to obtain high recovery even though the displacement process is not miscible.
A Novel Lignin-Based Surfactant System for the Salem Unit
Authors: DeBons F. E. , Whittington L. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Texaco conducted a successful surfactant/polymer flood in a 60-acre [24 ha] portion of the Salem Benoist reservoir in Salem, Illinois, in 1981. This pilot used a brine-tolerant petroleum sulfonate surfactant system blended in injection brine followed by a xanthan mobility control polymer in fresher water. The oil recovery over the seven year life of the flood was 487,050 bbl [77 435 m3]. This represents 45% of the oil remaining in the total thickness or 73% of that from the more permeable lower interval where most of the surfactant flowed.
Since this successful project, Texaco has continued to improve enhanced oil recovery surfactant systems. We have developed novel, brine tolerant surfactants based on the renewable resources lignin and tallow amine. This paper describes the laboratory work leading to a surfactant system which has been recommended for field testing. The laboratory work includes blending, interfacial tension measurements, and corefloods in Berea and reservoir cores.
Our novel lignin amine surfactant systems perform better in long corefloods than the field tested petroleum sulfonate system. Their costs are approximately 40% lower than the petroleum based system, and this lower cost has a major impact on project economics. The lignin amine system can be applied at a crude oil price of about $21/bbl while an equal amount of the petroleum sulfonate requires about $32/bbl for the same return on investment.
The type of lignin based surfactant system described in this report has applicability in all fields where conventional petroleum-based surfactants have been used. Their much lower cost means that they can be used economically at lower crude oil prices.
Effect of Stress and Pressure on Gas Flow Through Natural Fractures
Authors: Warpinski N. R. , Teufel L. W. , Graf D. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Gas conductivities of narrow natural fractures in sandstone and chalk were measured under varying stress and pore pressure conditions and showed a decrease in conductivity with increasing net stress. Natural fractures in mudstones exhibited continuously decreasing conductivity upon application of stress, so that correlatable conductivity data could not be obtained. Effective-stress -law behavior for the sandstone and chalk fractures were examined, giving α values in the range of 0.8-1.06, where α is the parameter in the effective-stress law, σ - αP. The value of α for the fracture in chalk was nearly constant, but the values for the fracture in sandstone tended to decrease with increasing stress. Transition Reynold’s numbers and turbulence factors for flow through the chalk and sandstone fractures were determined, yielding turbulence factors ranging from 6.0-20xl06 ft-1 (2.0-6.6x10-5 cm-1) for differently stressed fractures. The entire flow behavior of these natural fractures, including conductivity, effective-stress law, and turbulence, is controlled by stress and pore pressure. As a result, pressure depletion during production will significantly change the productivity of a reservoir with similar natural fractures.
A Type-Curve Solution for Coal Seam Degasification Wells Producing Under Two-Phase Flow Conditions
Authors: Mohaghegh S. , Ertekin T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In this paper a new series of type curves that can be used in the characterization of coalbed reservoirs are presented. The proposed type curves take into consideration the presence of water in the coal seam and its co-production with gas. The developed type curves are capable of handling the presence of the non-linear desorption phenomenon which plays a major role in the flow dynamics of methane in coal seams.
A previously developed numerical model has been instrumental in the construction of the new type curves. During the development phase, gas and water equations were collapsed into a single expression. This consolidated transport expression was then put into a dimension-less form and necessary dimensionless groups were identified. The terms which relate to desorption process were included within the total system compressibility. This was made possible through a newly developed sorption functional group.
The proposed type curves assume radial flow geometry around a degasification well which fully penetrates the formation. These type curves are generated for constant pressure specifications at the inner boundary. Coal seam initially is assumed to be in saturated state. The proposed type curves were tested extensively using a wide range of coal properties including desorption characteristics, and were identified with unique characteristics. The uniqueness of the type curves are preserved throughout the different flow regimes.
The proposed type curve solution for coalbed reservoirs undergoing two-phase flow can be instrumental in analyzing the constant pressure drawdown test data from a degasification well.
Analytical Treatment of Transient Non-Darcy Flow
Authors: Yildiz Turhan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Non-Darcy flow is an important factor affecting deliverability of gas and high-rate oil wells. An analytical model describing the transient non-Darcy flow is designed. The model is used to define a better interpretation approach.
The new model has shown that the slope of the straight lines obtained from pressure drawdown and buildup tests are independent of the non-Darcy flow component as long as fluid properties remain constant The increase observed in the slope of semilog straight line for non-Darcy gas flow is due to large variations of gas properties with pressure.
An explicit equation for the rate-dependent skin factor has been derived. Significant differences exist between the explicit equation and the empirical ones cited in the literature.
A method is presented to qualify the size and permeability of mechanical skin region from a multirate test.
The proposed equations are tested using a simulated test.
Pressure Buildup Analysis of Early-Time Data from Coalbed Methane Wells in the Rincon Unit, San Juan Basin, New Mexico
Authors: Vo D. T. , Ohaeri C. U. , Montoya G. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This study documents a procedure used to analyze pressure buildup data from coal gas methane wells in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Because these test data are influenced by both fracture linear flow and wellbore afterflow, our analysis procedure uses rate normalization or deconvolution, fractured well solutions and both single-phase and two-phase pseudo-pressure approaches.
Results obtained from the study demonstrate that this procedure is adequate for complete analysis of the buildup data from coal gas wells. The use of rate normalization and pressure-rate deconvolution can enhance the identification of the radial flow period. Also, because the wells analyzed were hydraulicaily fractured, the fractured well models permit the analysis of early time data. Finally, the two-phase pseudopressure method allows the calculation of absolute formation permeability.
We used this procedure to analyze pressure buildup data from several wells in the Rincon Unit. Results from the analysis are used in reservoir simulation studies of these wells. Simulation model results agree closely with observed well test and field performance.
Testing Green Canyon Wells with a Pressure-Pulse-Controlled DST System
Authors: Healy J. C. , Maratier J. P. , Fruge M. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Green Canyon development wells are perforated and tested using the IMPULSE* testing method before completion or recompletion. This method allows a controlled underbalance stimulation of unconsolidated formations so that an initial reservoir pressure and reservoir data can be obtained. A pressure pulse controlled drill stem test (DST) system is used to carry out these well testing operations.
This new DST control concept overcomes some of the limitations of conventional DST tools; equipment reliability is increased in difficult well conditions. This new system has improved the efficiency and safety of well testing in this area.
Horizontal Well Pressure Transient Behavior in Stratified Reservoirs
Authors: Suzuki K. , Nanba T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In this paper, investigation of horizontal well pressure transient behavior in stratified reservoirs is presented.
Although many horizontal wells have been drilled and completed in stratified reservoirs consisting of multiple sublayers devided by interbeds of unknown in-situ permeability, the following three aspects concerning the methodology of horizontal well test analysis have never been touched.
The first one is the influence of permeable interbeds. The second one is the heterogeneity among sublayers. The last one is the applicability of the assumption that the drainholes are perfectly horizontal, whereas the real wells often show complicated traces sometimes penetrating one sublayer to another.
In this paper, the aspects mentioned above are investigated using both analytical and numerical methods in order to know when a horizontal well single layer solution is applicable to a stratified reservoir with crossflow. An example of field data interpretation using the insights obtained in the investigation is shown.