bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primates as a Model for Human Viral Hepatitis: Transmission of Infection by Human Hepatitis B Virus
Authors: Desmyter J. , Liu W. T. , De Somer P. , Mortelmans J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. With complement fixation, Australia antigen was detected in one, and antibody in 6 out of 50 chimpanzees. Seven other apes, and 48 monkeys were negative. All positive chimpanzees clustered in one colony comprising 15 animals, and antibody titres decreased simultaneously over a period of several months. This indicates an infectious pattern of Australia antigenaemia and antibodies in chimpanzees. Antigen and antibodies were undistinguishable from those of man.Australia antigen‐positive serum from a contagious human carrier was injected in 5 chimpanzees. One chimpanzee, with antibody before, but not at the time of exposure, developed circulating antibodies after 13 weeks, followed by antigenaemia, antigen‐antibody complexes, increased transaminase levels and slightly abnormal liver histology. One chimpanzee, without spontaneous antibody, reacted with antibody after 8 weeks, suggesting active infection. No proof of infection was obtained in 3 other animals.
Australia Antigen and Antibody in Laboratory and other Hospital Personnel
Authors: Kunst V. A. J. M. , Bloo J. H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. From 1969 until 1972, 768 persons working in St. Radboud Hospital (including laboratory personnel) were investigated for the presence of Australia (Au) antigen and antibody. The results of this investigation revealed that 12 were positive for Au antigen and 36 for Au antibody, in total 6.2% of the investigated population. Two persons are considered to be Au antigen carriers and have had elevated transaminase levels for 2 years. The personnel coming into contact with patients of blood from the renal dialysis unit show Au antigen or antibody in 18%. Preventive measures undertaken in 1970 have failed to demonstrate beneficial results to date.The real incidence of infection with serum hepatitis virus is probably higher than we have detected because of limitations in the frequency and sensitivity of testing. These data stress the necessity of effective preventive measures with regular controls, particularly for people handling blood or patients from renal dialysis units.
Australia Antigen and Posttransfusion Hepatitis
Authors: Reinicke V. , Banke O. , Dybkjaer E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The incidence of posttransfusion hepatitis reported in Copenhagen was studied for 2 consecutive years. The 2 years were comparable in every respect, including the number of transfusions (21,000 per year). In the first year no screening of transfusion blood was made, while in the second year all units of blood were systematically screened for Au antigen by a counterelectrophoresis method. During that year, 49 Au antigen‐positive units were detected and refused.The number of cases of transfusion hepatitis officially registered during the 2 years was 9 and 8, respectively. Detailed diagnostic studies revealed that the probable number of cases classifiable as transfusion hepatitis was 8 and 6 in the 2 years. Thus, in the present study screening of transfusion blood for Au antigen has not resulted in an obvious reduction in the incidence of transfusion hepatitis. Three patients were repeatedly examined for more than 6 months after transfusion of a unit of Au antigenaemic blood, but no case or hepatitis or Au antigenaemia was found. Our findings may be related to the fact that cases of acute and chronic hepatitis are unusual among Au antigenaemic Danish blood donors. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the correlation between donor Au antigenaemia, donor liver disease and hepatitis infectivity of donor blood.
The Specificity of Leukocyte and Platelet Alloantibodies in Sera of Patients with Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Authors: Heinrich D. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C. , Stier W. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To evaluate the relevance of HL‐A‐specific antibodies in nonhemolytic transfusion reactions, sera from 72 patients with transfusion reactions were examined using platelet microcomplement fixation and microlymphocytotoxicity. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were found in 24 and platelet complement‐fixing antibodies in 18 patients. Thirteen positive sera were studied by absorption and elution with platelets. A total of 103 eluates (mean 7.9 eluates per serum) was tested serologically for antibody specificity. Results were statistically analyzed for χ2‐association with known HL‐A antigens.All sera investigated contained HL‐A‐specific antibodies. Antibody specificities determined were directed against 7 antigens (1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11 and W28) of the first series and 10 antigens (5, 7, 8, 12, W5, W10, W15, VV17, W21 and W27) of the second series of the HL‐A system. By means of antibody concentration in the eluates, all sera revealed cross‐reacting HL‐A‐specific antibodies.The clinical importance of buffy coat‐free red blood cells for the prevention of transfusion reactions is stressed.
Quantitative Variation in the G Antigen of the Rh Blood Group System
Authors: Case J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The discovery of a blood giving the reactions C‐D‐E+G+ has provided an opportunity for a study of the reactions of such cells with different anti‐C+D sera.The cells were found to adsorb antibody, even from anti‐C+D sera that showed negative reactions in direct agglutination tests. This led to the conclusion that there is considerable quantitative variation in the amount of G antigen represented in red cells of different Rh phenotypes so that qualitative misinterpretations may be possible.Though the cells of the propositus showed a normal double dose of the c antigen, and though the family study yielded unequivocal evidence that the products of the gene complex r″G include c as well as G and E, it was subsequently shown that type r″Gr cells react weakly with a few especially powerful anti‐C reagents. This finding suggests that r″G, like r″s, is capable of producing both C and c. However, a preferable explanation may be that ‘pure’ anti‐C is able, under appropriately sensitive conditions and in the absence of D, to recognize the G antigen in the products of atypical gene complexes, and thus to mistake it for C.
Some Notes on the Rh‐System – A Complex‐Complex Model
Authors: Hirschfeld J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new class of immunogenetic models is presented, which is based on the assumption of complex (cross‐reacting) antibodies and complex antigens (i.e. antigens with more than one kind of antigenic determinants).The model is applied to the Rh‐system at the 9 reagent‐8 haplotype level and shown to give a simplified conceptual image of the Rh‐system at this level. It is demonstrated that the same model could also have been deduced from a conventional (simple‐complex) model if only the discovery of the 9 base reagents had occurred in a different historical sequence.Several experimental data which are difficult to accomodate in a conventional model appear strongly to support the new model, which also is in better harmony with the conceptual (but not notational) image of antibody‐antigen relations expressed by many workers in the field.The new model only requires 5–6 symbols to account for those basic Rh‐data which in a conventional simple‐complex model would require 9–10 symbols. It is obvious that this new class of serologic models is also of great interest in other fields than immunogenetics.
Antibody Response in Hodgkin's Disease and Other Lymphomas Related to HL‐A Antigens, Immunoglobulin Levels and Therapy
Authors: Sybesma J. P. H. B. , Holtzer J. D. , Borst‐Eilers Else , Moes Mieke , Zegers B. J. M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A group of 38 patients with lymphomas (29 with Hodkin's disease and 9 with other lymphomas) and a control group of 27 healthy individuals were vaccinated with an influenza vaccine, containing influenza A Hong Kong virus. Eight patients (6 with Hodgkin's disease and 2 with other lymphomas) did not respond with a fourfold raise in titre or greater as measured by haernagglutination inhibition assay. In the healthy control group, everyone showed an adequate antibody response.In the patients, incapacity of antibody formation was not associated with cytostatic therapy, treatment with prednisone or the combination of the two, but a correlation was found with radiation therapy during the ‘immunization period’.HL‐A typing and determination of serum immunoglobulin levels were performed both in the patients and in the healthy controls. A significant difference in HL‐A12 frequency was found between patients with adequate antibody response to influenza vaccination (HL‐A12 frequency 13%) and those without demonstrable antibody formation (HL‐A12 frequency 62%). No significant differences in serum immunoglobulin levels were noted between the patients and the control persons.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood
Authors: Vogelaar E. F. , Berg M. A. G. D. Boer‐V. D. , Brummelhuis H. G. J. , Beentjes S. P. , Krijnen H. W. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A quantitative analysis was performed of the method of plasma fractionation used in our institute, a modified Cohn VI system, in order to develop and evaluate methods for the increment of antibody yield and quality of the immunoglobulin concentrate. For this purpose the distribution of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA, the subclasses of IgG and several specific antibodies in the different fractions was analysed. In addition, the distribution of some plasma proteins which may be of importance for the quality of the immunoglobulin concentrate, such as α2M, α1‐antitrypsin, α2‐lipoprotein and fibrinogen, was determined. The average yield of IgG of immunoglobulin concentrates prepared from 31 plasma batches was 58% (SD 9%). Loss of IgG predominantly occurred in fraction III with an average of 25% (9 batches). Most of the measured antibody activities were similar to that of IgG. The anti‐D antibody showed a lower yield, the mean value of 13 batches was 41 % (SD 11 %), which could be attributed to a higher loss in fractions I and III.The steps in the ethanol fractionation in which considerable losses occurred, were analysed in order to improve the yield of immunoglobulins, especially of anti‐D. Suggestions for modifications leading to improvement of the yield are given.
Two New Cases of Rh Mosaicism
Authors: Habibi B. , Lopez M. , Salmon C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two patients with Rh mosaicism were studied, one of whom had a myeloproliferative syndrome. The red cell mixture was found to be composed of 30% DCe/dce and 70% dce/dce populations. The separated cell components did not differ in any other marker system and their in vivo survival as well as their glycolytic enzyme content were identical. Rh quantitative and kinetic assays did not provide any evidence for monosomy in D(‐) population. The data are discussed with reference to published cases of Rh mosaicism.Rh mosaics have always been a source of puzzling and stimulating problems. Race and Sanger [17] found it curious that, up to 1964, all known propositi were found to live between 56° and 60 °N latitude. The purpose of this paper is to report on two new cases investigated in a lower latitude.
A Study of the Serological Behaviour and Nature of the Anti‐B/P/Pk Activity of Salmonidae Roe Protectins
Authors: Voak D. , Todd G. M. , Pardoe G. I. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Salmonidae protectins cross‐react with human red cells having B, P, P1 and Pk antigens, probably combining with an α‐galactosyl‐like determinant common to all these antigens. They have an apparent molecular weight of the order of 2 × 105 (S20w = 8 · 9), which may explain the enhanced haemagglutinating activity in albumen displacement or enzyme tests.The saline anti‐B activity for A1B cells rapidly deteriorated in storage. Cells previously suspended with albumin were no longer agglutinated by the protectins. It was only possible to obtain serologically active partially purified protectins from Sephadex G‐200 gel filtration when normal human serum was added to the crude protectin reagent before applying to the gel. This may reflect lability of the tertiary structure of these proteins.
Demonstration of M Antigen on Human Lymphocytes by Liquid Phase Electrophoresis1
Authors: Stoltz J. F. , Streiff F. , Genetet B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. After studying the influence of an anti‐M serum on the electrophoretic mobility of lymphocytes having NN, NM and MM erythrocyte phenotypes, the authors were able to show indirectly the presence of M antigens on lymphocytes.The results are compared to those obtained with erythrocytes having similar phenotypes.
Prevalence of Irregular Red Cell Antibodies and Their Significance in Blood Transfusion and Antenatal Care
Authors: Spielmann W. , Seidl S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The antibodies encountered in random collectives of 55,350 recipients, 16,643 pregnant women, and 1,307 mothers of babies with hemolytic disease are listed. Antibody screening was performed in all specimens using the same technique (albumin‐antiglobulin test), a limited number of selected sera was investigated also by the auto‐analyzer.Different frequencies of the antibodies concerned were found in all groups. Anti‐Kell was detected in 10% of all antibodies found in recipients whereas the frequency was less than 0.5% among the antibodies encountered in pregnant women and mothers of babies with hemolytic disease. The relative antigenic potency of the antigens concerned was calculated by taking into account the frequencies of the antibodies and the antigen exposure probability derived from the well‐known gene frequencies. Similar to the antibody frequencies, the relative antigenic potencies differ widely from antigen to antigen in the different collectives. By the autoanalyzer technique, it was not possible to detect additional antibodies of presumptive clinical importance. On the other hand, in two exceptional cases, antibodies which caused a hemolytic transfusion reaction were only detected by survival studies.For routine transfusion work, our results lend no support to the alleged advantage of extending antigen determination in donors and recipients.
Assay of α‐N‐Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases in Human Sera: Further Evidence for Several Types of Am Individuals
Authors: Cartron J. P. , Gerbal A. , Badet J. , Ropars C. , Salmon C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The study of the α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase in the sera of 19 individuals belonging to the rare Am blood group makes it possible to confirm the heterogeneity of this phenotype established on genetical and immunological criteria. Two groups of subjects, Am and Ay, can be distinguished.For the individuals of the first group, named Am, 15 samples (7 families) have been studied, the phenotype is inherited as an allele at the ABO locus. 14 of these subjects, have an α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase whose kinetic properties were similar to those of A1 subjects. In one family, however, the A transferase detected is of the A2 type. On a quantitative level, the enzyme activities of these sera only reached 30–50% of the average value observed for A1 or A2 subjects, respectively.These facts suggest the existence of a genetic inhibitor, possibly linked to the ABO locus, preventing either an A1 or A2 gene from acting at the level of some cellular lines and leading therefore to the recognition of phenotypes named AA1m and AA2mOn the contrary, under the experimental conditions used, no α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity was detected among the four individuals of the second group, named Ay by Weiner et al. [37], and whose appeareance in siblings results from the action of a recessive modifying yA gene.
Immunological Aspects of the Acquired B Antigen
Authors: Gerbal A. , Maslet C. , Salmon C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Nine cases of acquired B antigen were studied. By quantitative methods the variation of the A reactivity and of the number of A sites was found to be inversely related to the variation of the B reactivity. By agglutination kinetics using an immune anti‐B, the acquired B reactive structure was found to differ from that of a normal B. Agglutination variation, with pH, points out to the part played by one electrically charged chemical group. No transferase galactosyl activity was found in the serum, and no B substance in the plasma.According to these results the B reactive structure must have been formed at the expense of the A reactive structure. This ‘acquired B’ type may have arisen as a result of the action of a bacterial deacetylase, transforming the A reactive N‐acetyl galactosamine into galactosamine.
Incidence of Lymphocytotoxic Antibody in Maternal Serum at Delivery, in Cord Serum and Placental Fluid
Authors: Murray Sheilagh , Dewar P. J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The incidence of cytotoxic antibody at delivery in 91 immunised Rh(D)‐negative patients was significantly greater than in 348 non‐immunised Rh(D)‐negative patients. The incidence among 489 Rh(D)‐positive patients was the same as the overall incidence among the Rh(D)‐negative patients.Cytotoxic antibody was found in 23% of cord sera and in 71% of placental fluids from 44 women known to have cytotoxic antibody. Fluid containing either anti‐Rh(D) or anti‐HL‐A extracted from the placenta can be a useful laboratory reagent.
Rhmod, a Second Kindred (Craig)1
Authors: Mallory Delores McGuire , Rosenfield Richard E. , Wong Kwan Y. , Heller Charlene , Rubinstein Pablo , Allen Fred H. , Walker Mary E. , Lewis Marion 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three Rhmod siblings were found to have identical Rh: w1, w2, –3, –4, w5 (D↓ C↓e↓) phenotypes. All had stomatocytic hemolytic anemia. On quantitative hemagglutination studies, as well as on hand tests, all Rh antigens were not equally depressed. Rh17 (Hro, ‘not D’) and Rh29 (RH, ‘total Rh’) were both normal. Rh5 (hr“, e) was only slightly depressed. Rh25 (LW) had 50% of the expression expected in normal Rh:–1 cells. Rh1 (Rho, D), Rh13 (RhA), Rh14 (RhB), Rh15 (RhC), and Rh16 (RhD), were severely depressed. Rh2 (rh‘, C) was depressed, while Rh7 (rhi, Ce) was absent. Both Rh19 (hrS) and Rh31 (hrB) were depressed. Rh12 (rhG, G) was distinctly depressed, scoring considerably less than rGrG red cells.The unrelated parents, the child of the proposita, and some siblings of each parent showed lessened depression of Rh antigens without displaying the consistent pattern that might be expected from a presumed single suppressor gene. Absence of a consistent pattern may have resulted from differing Rh genotypes, but a frequently observed depression involved Rh14, Rh15, and Rh16 (RhB, RhC, and RhD) without an effect on either Rh1 (Rho or D) or Rh13 (RhA).
Genetic Control of Immune Responsiveness in Man1
Authors: Mackay Ian R. , Whittingham Senga , Tait Brian 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Interest in immunogenetics originated from two streams: (a) histocompatibility in mouse and man, and (b) inheritance of specific immune responses in the guinea pig and mouse. In the mouse, there are genes associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which (i) code for antigens determining allograft responses and mixed lymphocyte reactions, (ii) control responses to certain antigens (Ir genes), and (iii) code for cell‐surface antigens which elicit specific antisera (anti‐Ia).In man, there is genetic control, in part X‐linked, over levels of immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin classes. Evidence for MHC‐linked genetic control is derived from immune responses to (i) micro‐organisms, (ii) pollen antigens, (iii) food antigens, (iv) vaccines, (v) innocuous test antigens, and (vi) autoantigens. Some evidence exists for allotype‐linked genetic control. Practical aspects concern influences of the MHC on susceptibility to disease, within individuals and populations.
Yet More Salvia Agglutinins
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Further sources of Salvia agglutinins with Tn‐Specificity are reported.We have previously reported on haemagglutinins in Salviu [l, 2]. Because it is sometimes difficult to obtain the seeds of Salvia sclarea (anti‐Tn) [l] or Salvia horminum (anti‐Tn + anti‐Cad) [l], it is useful to know of alternative sources of reagents with similar specificities [2].Through the kind co‐operation of the Curator, University Botanic Gardens, Birmingham, we have had the opportunity to extend our studies to yet more Salvia species.The techniques used were those described previously [1]. The under‐mentioned Salvias were studied: S. aurea, S. candelabrum, S. forskohlei, S. grandiflora, S. japonica, S. nilotica, S. regeliana, S. superba, S. transylvanica and S. verticillata. It must, however, be mentioned that S. superba may be the same as S. pratensis or S. nemorosa [2] which we have already reported.
Preparation and Properties of a Therapeutic Factor IX Concentrate
Authors: Suomela H. , Myllylä G. , Raaska E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method for the large‐scale preparation of a coagulation factor IX concentrate from human plasma is described. The method includes absorption of the coagulation factors from cryosupernatant plasma onto DEAE‐Sephadex, extensive washing of the gel and elution of the coagulation factors with 0.5 M phosphate buffer at 6.85, followed by desalting of the eluate in a column of Sephadex G‐25, then by lyophilization, dissolving and sterile filtration, and finally by freeze‐drying of the final product. Experiments performed with HB,Ag‐positive plasma demonstrated a decrease in the HBsAg content by a factor of 10‐5 during the process. The product is inactive in Na‐PTT assay.The process yields an about 100‐fold purified factor TX concentrate containing also factors 11, VII, and X, but in relatively smaller amounts. The average yield relative to factor IX is 60%. The batch size has been from 16 to 150 litres of plasma and about 300 batches of the concentrate have been prepared.About 5,100 bottles (about 4.0 times 106 U of factor IX) of the concentrate have been used in the treatment of patients with haemophilia B. The clinical effect has always been good and the in viro response to factor IX was 1.15±0.30%/U/kg body weight. Two cases of HBsAg‐negative hepatitis that may have been caused by the concentrate, were detected. No thrombotic complications were found.
e‐Antigen and Anti‐e in Two Categories of Chronic Carriers of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Authors: Couroucé‐Pauty Anne‐Marie , Plançon Annie 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Screening for e antigen and anti‐e was performed in 517 HBs antigen chronic carriers, 329 blood donors and 188 hemodialyzed patients, e antigen was detected in 35 blood donors (10.6%): 88% had a high titre of HBs Ag, and 80% had a disturbed liver function. No difference was noted regarding sex and age of the carrier. Anti‐e was detected in 33.7% of the blood donors. A significant difference (p < 0.01) was noted between males (29%) and females (46.6%). Anti‐e was found more prevalent in young people between 21 and 34 than in older people (p < 0.05). Anti‐e was rarely found when the titre of HBs Ag was low or high. 88% of the anti‐e carriers had an intermediate titre from 1/1 to 1/32 by CEP.Both e Ag and anti‐e were more prevalent in ad subtype than in ay subtype (p < 0.02 for both). Inside the ad subtype, anti‐e is less frequent in adr (6%) than in adw2 (42%) and in adw4 (57%); p < 0.01. The difference between the prevalence of e Ag in adr (31%) and in adw2 (17%) is not significant but the healthy carriers with e antigen are more numerous in adr than in adw2 subtype.e antigen was detected in 53.7% of HBs Ag‐hemodialyzed patients and anti‐e in 3.7% of these patients. These results are neither correlated with the liver function nor with the state of chronic carrier (27% of e Ag in transient HBs Ag carrier).