bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Historical Analysis and Synthesis of Grand Canyon Archaeology
Authors: Schwartz Douglas W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis historically oriented description of the development of archaeological research and conceptualization in the area of Grand Canyon National Park begins with the contributions of the earliest Spanish explorers of the area and proceeds to research completed in 1964. Three periods of research are identified: discovery and exploration, 1540 to 1900; general investigation, 1900 to 1950; and concentrated analysis, 1951 to 1964. By the end of the first period the historic tribes and the presence of Pueblo ruins in the Grand Canyon area had been recognized. During the next 50 years many details were added to the understanding of the Pueblo material, including a sound temporal framework, the postulation of a second prehistoric group in the area, the Cohonina, and additional information on the ethnographic groups of the area accumulated. In the years between 1951 and 1964 there developed an increasingly complete description of the Cohonina branch, an analysis of Havasupai culture history, an examination of the Anasazi occupation within the depths of the Canyon, and the discovery of a Canyon occupancy some 2000 years earlier than had been known previously. Finally, a summary of the current conception of the area's culture history is presented, along with an indication of possible directions for future research.
Stature at Tikal, Guatemala: Implications for Ancient Maya Demography and Social Organization
Authors: Haviland William A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of stature of the prehistoric population from the Maya site of Tikal, Guatemala. From this analysis, based on 55 skeletons from the Tikal burial series, three important conclusions emerge with respect to ancient Maya demography and social organization. (1) Tikal was settled by people of moderate stature, and this remained relatively stable over several centuries. A marked reduction in male stature in Late Classic times may be indicative of a situation of nutritional stress, which may have had something to do with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization. (2) Stature differences between those buried in tombs and others at Tikal suggest that, in the last century B.C., a distinct ruling class developed at Tikal. This simple class division of rulers and commoners may have become more complex in Late Classic times. (3) There was a marked sexual dimorphism in stature between males and females at Tikal. This is probably partially genetic and partially a reflection of relatively lower status for women as opposed to men in Maya society.
Hollywood Riviera: An Early Milling Stone Horizon Site in Los Angeles County, California
Authors: Wallace William J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractConstruction activities at Torrance County Beach in Los Angeles County, California, recently removed the last remnant of Hollywood Riviera, a once important archaeological site. Among the artifacts recovered during earth-moving operations and from earlier surface hunts are numerous handstones, milling stones, and cobble hammers. Also included in the collection are two mortars, a pestle, and a few rude choppers. Smaller stone-work consists of large, coarsely flaked projectile points, broken knife blades, simple flake scrapers, and an unusual chipped "crescent." The plentiful seed-grinding implements testify to a seed-collecting mode of subsistence for Hollywood Riviera's former inhabitants, whereas a near absence of molluscan remains in the archaeological deposit suggests that they were an inland people, recently moved to the seashore, who had not yet acquired a taste for shellfish. Occupation at the site appears to have occurred entirely within the Early Milling Stone horizon of the southern California coast, dated roughly between 5000 and 2000 B.C., and presumably during an early phase of it.
A Preliminary Report on Pottery Making at Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts
Authors: Fewkes Vladimir J. 
Published: April 2006

The Gay Head people make two types of product, namely unfired clay receptacles and fired ware. The craft is surviving because there is a fairly profitable tourist trade demanding a supply of souvenirs.The peculiar varicolored clay banks provide raw material of unique merit. The individual clays—red, white, green, yellow, etc.—are dug, with shovels or sticks, and kept separately. The preparation of the paste and the building processes are the same whether the finished piece is fired or not. The clay is first allowed to dry, then broken up into fine particles and sifted through a household sieve to rid it of lumps. There are no megoscopically discernible inclusions in the clays, and the adding of temper is unknown. The mixing of the paste is done in an iron receptacle, usually with a wooden pounder, and invariably with the aid of a roughly whittled wooden spatula.
Preliminary Report on a Buried Yuma Site in Wyoming
Authors: Howard Edgar B. , Satterthwaite Linton , Bache Charles 
Published: April 2006

A new and interesting archaeological site was discovered in the Wyoming Basin, just west of the Continental Divide, by Mr. O. M. Finley of Eden, Wyoming, in 1940. It represents a Yuma camp site associated with bison bones.In the spring of 1940, Mr. Finley discovered seven stone points or fragments on the surface among sand dunes, ahout four miles southeast of Eden. They were concentrated in an area about five by twenty meters at the base of a dune, and the presence of decalcified bone led Mr. Finley to the conclusion that they had weathered out of a Yuma site nearby. A slight amount of excavation produced additional points, in place, along with decalcified bison bone fragments. A Folsom point with the tip gone had been picked up by Mr. Finley in a blow-out about six hundred and fifty meters to the north, which added interest to the site.
Additional Evidence of Scalping
Authors: Snow Charles E. 
Published: April 2006

Interest in the evidence of early scalping in aboriginal America was stimulated by Georg K. Neumann in an article which appeared in American Antiquity. Since then, another specimen coming from prehistoric Middle Mississippi horizons a t Mound State Monument, has been described.It came to my attention, quite accidentally, that a specimen from the Earth Mound Ruins, Nebraska, described by HrdliCka, presents such a markedly similar appearance to that found at Moundville, that a comparison of the two is in order.
Edged (Tanning?) Stones from South Central Montana and North Central Wyoming. Their Possible Use and Distribution
Authors: Lewis Oscar T. 
Published: April 2006

In June of 1937 my attention was called to a very stylized artifact found in the vicinity of the Indian Caves by Mr. John Nelson of Billings, Montana. Mr. Nelson had some very fine specimens of this artifact.The location and description of these artifacts are described by Mr. Nelson as follows:
Beveled edged stones were found along the Yellowstone and Clarks Fork Rivers drainage to a point 60 miles northeast of Billings, Montana. The first one of these beveled stones to be collected by me in 1933–Fig. 28, No. 1, green diorite–was on the head of the Middle Fork of Canyon Creek 20 miles west of Billings, beneath a sandstone escarpment in a deep dry wash near the immediate vicinity of a large camp site. At this particular camp site as well as most of the sites where these beveled stones are found, they are found in association with the oval manos and metate.
A Shell Bracelet Manufactory
Authors: Woodward Arthur 
Published: April 2006

Some of the most common artifacts found on all of the ancient Hohokam sites in southern Arizona, and upon many of the Pueblo sites further to the north in both Arizona and New Mexico, are the thin, well-made bracelets, earrings and finger rings, fashioned from the Glycimeris shell. The broken fragments of these specimens are particularly noticeable in the great trash heaps marking the Hohokam villages. The normal type is a plain, smoothly-cut, well-polished circlet of shell, usually perforated with a small hole at the apex of the hinge.Although archaeologists have long been familiar with these, and know that the shells from which they were made are found in the Gulf of California, the origin of the artifacts themselves has not been established. It has been inferred that the Indians of the interior obtained the complete shells in trade, or that in ancient times the inhabitants of the Gila and Salt valleys traveled to the Gulf, a nine days' journey on foot, even as the Pima and Papago have resorted thither for salt in more recent historic times.
Supplementary Data on Early Man in America
Authors: Fischel Hans E. 
Published: April 2006

E. H. Sellards’ recent paper, Early Man in America, was intended to be an index to all localities in which human remains are reported to have been found associated with extinct animals or in deposits that appear to be of an age equivalent to those that elsewhere contain extinct animals. The author states that some localities doubtless have been overlooked that should have been included.It so happens that prior to writing the Folsom paper to which Sellards refers, I had outlined a general discussion of Early Man in America. In so doing I came across a considerable part of the literature which was never reproduced in the abbreviated Folsom paper as published. A check with Sellards’ paper allows me to add the following sites for which the same reservation holds which Sellards made, insofar as some of these sites might not meet the requirements of bona fide antiquity.
A Chinese Soapstone Carving from Yucatan
Authors: Cammann Schuyler V. R. 
Published: April 2006

J. Alden Mason (1951) described two soapstone figurines which seemed to be of Chinese manufacture that have turned up in Mexico and Guatemala, respectively. In connection with these, I should like to call attention to still another object of the same substance, discovered in Yucatan, which is undoubtedly of Chinese manufacture.Gann (1918) illustrates a “soapstone lamp” which he had found in a mound near Bacalar in Quintana Roo. He describes this “lamp” as decorated in front with a floral design and at the back by wing or feather-like ornaments possibly meant to represent the tail and halffolded wings of a bird, and remarks that its pleasing design and flowing lines are totally unlike the cramped and highly conventional style found in “similar small objects of ancient Maya manufacture.”
Rejoinder to Taylor
Authors: MacNeish Richard S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a review of MacNeish"s Preliminary Archaeological Investigations in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico, Taylor claims that the sequence of phases is built largely on the evidence from Diablo Cave and that the method of analysis is based on the premise that one congery of artifacts equals one phase. MacNeish rejects these claims by reviewing the way in which he used single components and stratigraphically unmixed deposits from several sites to work out the phase sequence.
Trade Goods Research Techniques
Authors: Kidd Kenneth E. 
Published: April 2006

The Past Decade has witnessed a phenomenal development of historical archaeology in America; concomitantly, there is an upsurge of interest in the European artifacts found on the sites which have been excavated. On sites which were exclusively European in occupancy, these goods had served domestic purposes only; on Indian sites, they represented the new needs of the aborigines, the policies of colonial administration, and numerous other facts which it is not necessary to detail here. These European artifacts, and particularly the ones found on sites occupied by Indians, have aroused the interest of archaeologists, partly for their own sake, and partly because they seem to offer a new means of dating. It is with the last-named possibility that this article is concerned.
Indian sites of historic vintage frequently yield European artifacts, especially along the coastal areas. Many of these villages, however, are otherwise unknown to history. If some means of accurately dating them could be devised, they would at least be assignable to some specific period.
The Geological Approach to Dating Archaeological Sites
Authors: Péwé Troy L. 
Published: April 2006

Abasic Question that must be answered for any archaeological site is, how old is it? Although some archaeological sites can be dated on the basis of archaeological correlations alone and although dendrochronological (Giddings, 1952, pp. 105-110) and radiocarbon methods give absolute ages for other sites, many sites can be dated only by methods based on the geologists’ knowledge of geographic and climatic changes during the last few tens of thousands of years. The dates of these changes are established in part by radiocarbon and related methods. Study of archaeological sites accurately dated by radiocarbon methods will amplify the geologists’ understanding of late Quaternary events.
The well known techniques of dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating need no discussion. The interrelations of methods that depend ultimately on our knowledge of Quaternary climatic and geographic changes are not always well understood, however, by archaeologists. The present paper is intended to clarify some of these interrelations.
The Artificial Small Group Study and Archaeological Excavation
Authors: Dupree Louis 
Published: April 2006

When archaeologists go into the field to excavate, they generally pass up excellent opportunities to contribute to ethnology, physical anthropology, linguistics, or some other branch of this ever-widening subject of anthropology. Before undertaking such extracurricular research, the archaeologist must familiarize himself with the general ethnography of his region. Such tools as the Outline of Cultural Materials (1950) and Notes and Queries on Anthropology, Sixth Edition (1951), can be used to obtain such ethnographic control.By hiring workmen the archaeologist creates a unique research tool — an artificial small group within an already functioning society. This group is artificial in the sense that it does not arise from the society itself, and is likely to cease functioning after the departure of the diggers. The artificial small group consists of locally hired workmen, plus the archaeological party, and seldom numbers over 50. This artificially created group will become a “face to face” or “natural group” (Coon 1948: 563) as it meets from day to day.
An Early Pottery Site in the Chukchi Peninsula
Authors: Chard Chester S. 
Published: April 2006

Discovery of a second small prehistoric site in the interior of the Chukchi Peninsula during the summer of 1952 is of interest despite the paucity of the material recovered. The finds, including the first pottery from the region, are sufficient to shed some light on a littleknown area whose past is of great concern to Americanists. Okladnikov's report (1953) forms the basis for this account.The first interior site, consisting of surface finds on the Yakitikiveem River judged on typological grounds to be of “Neolithic” age in the East Siberian sense of the term, was summarized by Krader (1952). Previously, archaeological knowledge of the extreme northeast tip of Siberia had been limited to coastal sites left by a sedentary sea hunting population — ancestors of the Eskimo. The oldest of these are not thought by Russian investigators to go beyond 500 B.C. The Yakitikiveem finds undoubtedly represent the wandering reindeer hunters of the tundra who must have preceded the historic reindeer-breeding population in the interior of the Chukchi Peninsula.
Anthropomorphic Mat from New Mexico
Authors: Hughes Jack T. 
Published: April 2006

Several Southwestern archaeologists who have seen the mat pictured in Figure 136 consider it unusual enough to merit description in print, despite a scarcity of information about its provenience and associations.The mat has catalog number 943/7 in the collections of the Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum at Canyon, Texas. It was donated to the Museum by Henry Crain of Canyon in 1942. Mr. Crain informs me that he found the mat in a multiroomed cave about 1/2 mile above the mouth of Mule Creek, a tributary of the San Francisco River in the Mogollon Range of southwestern New Mexico, not far from Clifton, Arizona. He and several hunting companions removed the mat and other archaeological materials from the cave in 1899, when he was ranching in the Mogollon region. Other items included 2 small brown pottery bowls, 2 wooden bows 4 or 5 feet long, and a number of obsidian-tipped arrows.
The Tipi Rings of the High Plains
Authors: Malouf Carling 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStone circles known as tipi rings are a common feature of the Northern and Northwestern Plains of western North America. There are several types of stone circles: (1) a single course of stone in a simple circle; (2) more complex circles with several courses of stones; (3) circular walls made of piled-up stones; (4) corrals or forts of horizontal logs and stones; (5) stone circles of unusual size or with lines of rocks inside the circle. Studies of tipi-ring sites in Montana, Wyoming, and adjacent regions are summarized. The clusters of circles are usually found along main routes of travel and near water, fuel, and good hunting areas. Although many of these sites have been mapped, only a few of them have been excavated. Despite the paucity of cultural remains found in the excavations, the tipi-ring clusters are generally considered to be the archaeological remains of camps and villages of people who dwelt in conical, skin-covered lodges. The stones are believed to have been used to hold the skin lodge cover snug against the ground. Historical records, ethnographic observations, and the recollections of present-day Indian informants confirm these interpretations. Data from 136 recently studied tipi-ring sites along a 300-mile pipe-line from Greenriver, Wyoming, to Denver, Colorado, provide further archaeological demonstration of the domestic origin of the tipi rings. Only the very small or very large rings, or those with spokes or lines of rocks through them, such as the so-called medicine wheels, are considered to have served a ceremonial purpose.
A Paleo-Indian Bison-Kill in Northwestern Iowa
Authors: Agogino George A. , Frankforter W. D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe lowest levels of the Simonsen site produced projectile points, scrapers, and knives in association with Bison occidentalis. The level is dated by radiocarbon at 6471 B.C. ± 520 years. The triangular, side-notched, and concave-based Simonsen point resembles points from the Turin and Hill sites in Iowa and the Logan Creek site in Nebraska. The close resemblances between the collections from the Simonsen site and the Logan Creek site, which is also radiocarbon dated, provide a basis for dating the essentially similar preceramic material from the Turin and Hill sites.
Cultural and Natural Areas before Kroeber
Authors: Quimby George I. 
Published: April 2006

Kroeber's classic study of the “Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America” has been invaluable to eth' nologists and archaeologists working with cultural phenomena more recent than the beginning of the Christian era. However, it has become increasingly evident that the cultural and natural areas of the neo-Indian (the term used by Griffin, 1946, p. 38) were not necessarily those of the paleo-Indian (the term used by Roberts, 1940, pp. 51-116). It is therefore my intent here to outline briefly, and without much detail, the cultural and natural areas of the paleo-Indian.I have focused my attention upon glaciation, because the presence of a continental glacier seems to have been a major factor of North American paleogeography in the periods here considered. Climate, which possibly is more the result of, than the cause of, glaciation, I have interpreted in terms of pollen levels, and any other phenomena that I could understand.
Identification of Lithic Implements of Contemporary Manufacture
Authors: Wormington H. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWith an increasing number of flint knappers producing stone implements in an effort to study the techniques used by prehistoric man, there is a possibility that these specimens will ultimately find their way into collections and be regarded as prehistoric artifacts. This danger can be largely eliminated if the knappers will use a small diamond nib to inscribe their initials and the last two digits of the year of manufacture on the specimens.
Seriation Methods for Archaeological Materials
Authors: Gelfand Alan E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper considers two recently developed mathematical techniques in archaeological seriation. Both techniques take as given, a similarity matrix between the objects to be ordered. The first method is a "linkage" procedure, while the second (and preferred) is an "averaging" procedure. The second method, though a bit more mathematical, has been very successful in application to real data. Both techniques have several good features which will be considered. For both illustrative and comparative purposes, the methods have been applied to several sets of archaeological data considered by other researchers. As the comparisons will show, the results have been surprisingly good. More specifically, for such comparisons to be made, a criterion for comparing the "goodness" of different serial orders for a particular set of data is of great interest. A criterion, or "goodness of fit" index of this type will be developed and interpreted as well as used for the comparisons of interest. Lastly, a section is devoted to more general discussion of what sorts of data are suitable for reduction by seriation techniques.
Middle Mississippian Agricultural Fields
Authors: Fowler Melvin L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAerial photographs made with hand-held cameras and taken from small aircraft revealed soil discolorations on two sites in Illinois. The light and dark parallel lines were interpreted as evidence of prehistoric agricultural fields. Evidence of houses in the center of these fields was also noted. Ground reconnaissance, controlled surface collecting, and cross-trenching tended to confirm this interpretation. These data were compared with archaeological evidence from Macon Plateau in Georgia and historic records for the Great Lakes region. It is proposed that Mississippian agriculture was based upon a field system and a technique of ridge-furrow cultivation that made it possible to utilize low-lying river bottom land.
Atlatl Spurs from California
Authors: Riddell Francis A. , McGeein Donald F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAtlatl engaging spurs are recorded from most regions of California and are placed provisionally into three types. Type I, “Snake head,” is composed primarily of specimens made of stone and has Central California Early horizon, Martis complex, and Early-Transitional Lovelock affinities. Type II, “Acorn,” is composed primarily of bone or antler specimens with Central California Middle horizon affinities. Type III may be a variant of Type I and has, as yet, undefined cultural and temporal affinities.