bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'influence des facteurs sémantiques sur la cécité aux changements progressifs dans les scènes visuelles
Authors: Auvray M. , O'Regan J. K. 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Influence of semantic factors on blindness to progressive changes in visual scenes.
Several studies have shown that under some circumstances observers have difficulty detecting changes that occur in successive views of a visual scene. Recent work has confirmed this finding in situations in which the change, instead of occurring abruptly, is made gradually but infull view.
This work suggests that observers have access only to a small portion of the information available in a scene. The question arises, what determines which information will be accessed ?
The experiments reported here first confirm that change blindness can be obtained using progressive changes in full view. Second, they investigate the influence on change detection of two semantic factors : « interest » of scene elements and their « consistency » within the scene.
We show that change detection improves as a function of the « interest » of an element and as a function of its degree of« inconsistency » within the scene.
The general discussion provides possible explanations of these results and their implications to the study of the nature of our representations.
Key words : vision, change blindness, semantic factors.
Résolution procédurale ou récupération en mémoire des additions et multiplications élémentaires chez les enfants ?
Authors: Lépine Raphaëlle , Roussel Jean-Pierre , Fayol Michel 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Procedural resolution or direct retrieval in memory of simple addition and multiplication in children ?
The present experiment aimed at studying the resolution of simple additions and multiplications in fifth-graders. The operations were those including two digits (2 to 9), except ties. The task was operation verification. The results showed that the operands' size effect and the priming effect ofthe sign were greater for addition than for multiplication. The results suggested that multiplication is solved by a direct retrieval of the answer from memory, whereas addition is solved by an algorithmic strategy. These results replicate those found by Roussel, Fayol and Barrouillet (2001) in adults, and are discussed in the scope of the ACT-R model (Anderson, 1993). Finally, this study suggested that, except for an increase of speed, the nature of the strategies used to solve simple additions and multiplications does not change with development.
Key words : cognitive arithmetic, strategies, cognitive development, size effect, priming effect, interference effect.
Les fluences verbales : aspects théoriques et nouvelles approches
Authors: Gierski Fabienne , Ergis Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Verbal fluency: Theoretical considerations and new approaches
Verbal fluency tasks are frequently used in neuropsychological examinations in order to assess semantic storage integrity and strategic word retrieval in long term memory. Performance is usually analyzed in terms of the total number of correct words belonging to a given semantic category or beginning with a given letter generated in a limited time. However, a quantitative analysis of performance may not fully capture the complexity of the underlying cognitive processes. To address this issue, Troyer et al. (1997) proposed a qualitative analysis method based on the distinction between two dissociable components of fluency performance : « clustering » and « switching ».
The aim of the present paper is to review the literature about verbal fluency and to present the method elaborated by Troyer and colleagues, as well as its limitations. The contribution of recent neuropsychological findings in understanding the cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms underlying these tasks is emphasized.
Key words : verbal fluency, qualitative analysis, clustering, switching.
Interruption dans la reproduction d'une durée : effet sur la précision du jugement temporel
Authors: Monfort Vincent , Pouthas Viviane 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
L'influence d'une interruption lors de la reproduction d'une durée a été examinée. Un effet du moment d'apparition de l'interruption est observé : la durée reproduite augmente avec la durée prébreak (délai entre le début de la durée à reproduire et son interruption). Cet effet est discuté comme étant le reflet d'une interférence entre les processus d'estimation temporelle et les processus expectatifs qui permettent de repérer le début de l'interruption. Il pourrait également résulter d'un biais de réponse conduisant à une surestimation des durées prébreak courtes et à une sous-estimation des durées prébreak longues.
Mots clés : estimation du temps, reproduction de durées, interruption, partage attentionnel.
Traitements morphologiques lors de la reconnaissance des mots écrits chez des apprentis lecteurs
Authors: Marec-Breton Nathalie , Gombert Jean Émile , Colé Pascale 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Nous présentons dans cet article deux expériences portant sur les traitements morphologiques opérés par les apprentis lecteurs français lors de la lecture de mots dérivés. Les résultats de la première expérience indiquent, au moins pour les mots nouveaux, que les enfants lisent mieux (plus vite et avec moins d'erreurs) les items affixés (dégarer, construit à partir de garer) que les items pseudo-affïxés (démaner). La seconde expérience précise la nature du traitement opéré. La facilitation ne serait pas due à la présence d'une configuration orthographique fréquente ou familière (que ce soit celle de la base ou celle de l'affixe) mais à la valeur morphologique de la construction.
Mots clés : apprentissage de la lecture, traitements morphologiques, reconnaissance des mots écrits, dérivation, préfixés, suffixes.
In vivo Cellular Uptake, Degradation, and Biocompatibility of Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules
Authors: De Koker S. , De Geest B. G. , Cuvelier C. , Ferdinande L. , Deckers W. , Hennink W. E. , De Smedt S. C. , Mertens N. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPolyelectrolyte microcapsules are made by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) coating of a sacrificial template, followed by decomposition of the template, to produce hollow microcapsules. In this paper, we report on the in vivo cellular uptake, degradation and biocompatibility of polyelectrolyte microcapsules produced from alternating dextran sulphate and poly‐L‐arginine layers on a template of calcium carbonate microparticles. We show that a moderate tissue reaction is observed after subcutaneous injection of polyelectrolyte microcapsules in mice. Within sixteen days after subcutaneous injection, most of the microcapsules are internalized by the cells and start to get degraded. The number of polyelectrolyte layers determines the stability of the microcapsules after cellular uptake.
Diet and reproductive function in wild female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Thompson Melissa Emery , Wrangham Richard W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHuman female reproductive function is highly sensitive to current energetic condition, indicating adaptation to modulate reproductive effort in accordance with changing ecological conditions that might favor or disfavor the production of offspring. Here, we test the hypothesis that reproductive capacity in female chimpanzees is likewise limited by current energetic condition. We used 12 years of data on wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Kanyawara community of Kibale National Park, Uganda, to examine the relationship of dietary quality, as assessed by fruit components of the diet, to the occurrence of sexually receptive females, concentrations of ovarian steroid hormones, and timing of conception. We found that the frequency of females having sexual swellings was positively related to the consumption of drupe fruits. Estrogen levels of both cycling and noncycling females increased during seasonal peaks in the consumption of drupe fruits. When average fruit consumption remained high across months, females conceived more quickly. These results support the hypothesis that cycling and conception in chimpanzees are contingent upon high energy balance, and they indicate that the availability of fruit is a key variable limiting reproductive performance in chimpanzees. Chimpanzees appear to share with humans a reproductive system that is primed to respond to proximate levels of energy acquisition. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rare mtDNA haplogroups and genetic differences in rich and poor Danish Iron‐Age villages
Authors: Melchior L. , Gilbert M.T.P. , Kivisild T. , Lynnerup N. , Dissing J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Roman Iron‐Age (0–400 AD) in Southern Scandinavia was a formative period, where the society changed from archaic chiefdoms to a true state formation, and the population composition has likely changed in this period due to immigrants from Middle Scandinavia. We have analyzed mtDNA from 22 individuals from two different types of settlements, Bøgebjerggård and Skovgaarde, in Southern Denmark. Bøgebjerggård (ca. 0 AD) represents the lowest level of free, but poor farmers, whereas Skovgaarde 8 km to the east (ca. 200–270 AD) represents the highest level of the society. Reproducible results were obtained for 18 subjects harboring 17 different haplotypes all compatible (in their character states) with the phylogenetic tree drawn from present day populations of Europe. This indicates that the South Scandinavian Roman Iron‐Age population was as diverse as Europeans are today. Several of the haplogroups (R0a, U2, I) observed in Bøgebjerggård are rare in present day Scandinavians. Most significantly, R0a, harbored by a male, is a haplogroup frequent in East Africa and Arabia but virtually absent among modern Northern Europeans. We suggest that this subject was a soldier or a slave, or a descendant of a female slave, from Roman Legions stationed a few hundred kilometers to the south. In contrast, the haplotype distribution in the rich Skovgaarde shows similarity to that observed for modern Scandinavians, and the Bøgebjerggård and Skovgaarde population samples differ significantly (P≈ 0.01). Skovgaarde may represent a new upper‐class formed by migrants from Middle Scandinavia bringing with them Scandinavian haplogroups. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of male morphology on male mating status and behavior during interunit encounters in western lowland gorillas
Authors: Caillaud Damien , Levréro Florence , Gatti Sylvain , Ménard Nelly , Raymond Michel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) is one of the most sexually dimorphic primate species. Mature males are twice the size of females and have grey fur on their backs and a fibrous, adipose crest on their heads. Such traits are likely to have evolved by sexual selection, either because they confer advantages during male–male fights or because females prefer males with more dimorphic traits. We developed photogrammetric methods for distance collection of morphological data from silverback males frequenting the Lokoué forest clearing in Odzala‐Kokoua National Park, Republic of the Congo. Body length, head‐crest size, musculature development, and extent of the grey color on the back were assessed in 87 nonbreeding and breeding mature males. Behavioral data were also collected during 312 male–male encounters involving 67 mature males in order to estimate their level of aggressiveness. The number of females belonging to a mature male positively correlated with the male crest size, body length, and musculature. Whereas morphological variables did not significantly affect the intensity of male–male encounters, the number of females attending male–male encounters strongly affected the number of agonistic displays by the two males. We discuss the mechanisms through which males with more exaggerated traits could obtain a mating advantage, namely male–male fights or female mate choice. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A national survey of state legislation defining mental retardation: implications for policy and practice afterAtkins
Authors: DeMatteo David , Marczyk Geoffrey , Pich Michele 
Published: November 2007

AbstractInAtkins v. Virginia2002, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits executing offenders who are mentally retarded. Rather than adopting a uniform definition of mental retardation, the court charged each state with defining mental retardation in a manner that enforces the constitutional restriction. An unanswered question is how states define mental retardation afterAtkins, which has implications for capital defendants and forensic evaluators who conduct capital mitigation evaluations. This project identified the statutory definitions of mental retardation in each state, and grouped the definitions based on consistency with accepted clinical criteria for mental retardation. Results show that definitions of mental retardation vary considerably by state. The large majority of states, both overall and specifically among death penalty states, use criteria for mental retardation that are not entirely consistent with accepted clinical standards. As such, it is not clear whether the majority of states are effectuating the intent ofAtkins. The implications of these findings for both policy and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a psychopathology of self‐control theory: the importance of narcissistic traits
Authors: Vaughn Michael G. , DeLisi Matt , Beaver Kevin M. , Wright John Paul , Howard Matthew O. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractResearch on self‐control and related constructs is central to individual‐level explanations of antisocial behavior. However, less research attention has been paid to the psychopathological underpinnings of self‐control. The current study explores relationships between self‐control and psychiatric symptoms, head injury, trauma history, substance use, guiltlessness and narcissistic traits in a statewide population of juvenile offenders. Results support the importance of these variables, in particular narcissistic traits, in better explicating theories of self‐control. Implications for research on the psychopathological underpinnings of self‐control are highlighted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glyceryl‐S‐Acyl Carrier Protein as an Intermediate in the Biosynthesis of Tetronate Antibiotics
Authors: Sun Yuhui , Hong Hui , Gillies Fraser , Spencer Jonathan B. , Leadlay Peter F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe biosynthetic pathway to the unusual tetronate ring of certain polyketide natural products, including the antibiotics abyssomicin and tetronomycin (TMN) and the antitumour compound chlorothricin (CHL), is presently unknown. The gene clusters governing chlorothricin and tetronomycin biosynthesis both contain a gene encoding an atypical member of the FkbH family of enzymes, which has previously been shown to synthesise glyceryl‐S‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) as the first step in production of unusual extender units for modular polyketide biosynthesis. We show here that purified recombinant FkbH‐like protein, Tmn16, from the TMN gene cluster catalyses the efficient transfer of a glyceryl moiety from D‐1,3‐bisphosphoglycerate (1,3‐BPG) to either of the dedicated ACPs, Tmn7a and ChlD2, to form glyceryl‐S‐ACP, which directly implicates this compound as an intermediate in tetronate biosynthesis as well. Neither Tmn16 nor Tmn7a produced glyceryl‐S‐ACP when incubated, respectively, with analogous ACP and FkbH‐like proteins from a known extender‐unit pathway; this indicates a highly selective channelling of glycolytic metabolites into tetronate biosynthesis.
{7‐[Bis(carboxymethyl)amino]coumarin‐4‐yl}methoxycarbonyl Derivatives for Photorelease of Carboxylic Acids, Alcohols/Phenols, Thioalcohols/Thiophenols, and Amines
Authors: Hagen Volker , Dekowski Brigitte , Kotzur Nico , Lechler Ralf , Wiesner Burkhard , Briand Benoît , Beyermann Michael 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLight‐induced release of biomolecules from inactive precursor molecules represents a powerful method to study cellular processes with high temporal and spatial resolution. Here we report the synthesis and photochemistry of a series of {7‐[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]coumarin‐4‐yl}methyl carboxylates, carbonates, carbamates, and thiocarbonates as potential phototriggers for compounds with COOH, OH, NH2, and SH functions. The compounds are soluble in aqueous buffer, show low fluorescence, and are efficiently photolysed by irradiation with UV/Vis or IR light to release carboxylates, alcohols, phenols, amines, thioalcohols, or thiophenols.
A case study of shell at Sakhalin: having a whale of a time?
Authors: Ray Subhasis 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis is a case study on the world's largest oil and gas project, at the Sakhalin Islands, Russia. Shell is the key promoter of this project. The case highlights the sustainability challenges that Shell faced when working on the mega‐project. By their very nature, all such projects involve disruptions in the environmental and social fabric of the project site. NGOs often take up these issues and create international headlines, bringing pressure on the management team. The Russian government also changed its stand over a period of time. While many of these issues are valid in their own way, they often create managerial dilemmas. Traditional management approaches to community development and environmental conservation fell short of stakeholder expectations at Sakhalin. The issue of saving around 100 endangered whales put a cloud of doubt over this $20 billion project. The case highlights strategic issues involved in crafting sustainability strategies at mega‐projects, possible pitfalls and the challenge of balancing project execution and stakeholder commitments against an unstable political backdrop. As Shell plans to start many exploration projects in bio‐diversity rich parts of the world, the Sakhalin project acts as a pilot to and reminder of social responsibility challenges to big multi‐nationals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
DNA ploidy and cell cycle analyses in the bone marrow cells of patients with megaloblastic anemia using laser scanning cytometry
Authors: Tsujioka Takayuki , Tochigi Aki , Kishimoto Mitsuyo , Kondo Toshinori , Tasaka Taizo , Wada Hideho , Sugihara Takashi , Yoshida Yataro , Tohyama Kaoru 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground:Megaloblastic anemias are characterized by several hematopoietic cells with dysplastic nuclear morphology. The analyses of DNA ploidy and cell cycle of these cells are important to understand the property of such diseases.Methods:As laser scanning cytometry (LSC) is a useful tool to evaluate the morphology of the cells fixed on the slide glass together with the quantitative analysis of the fluorescence information of each cell by rapid scanning of the specimens, the authors examined the DNA ploidy and cell cycle of six cases with megaloblastic anemia using LSC.Results:Giant neutrophilic series such as giant metamyelocytes and giant band cells were found to have extraordinarily higher DNA ploidy, while hypersegmented neutrophils represented the normal diploid pattern like normal neutrophils. As to megaloblasts, cell cycle analysis showed that the proportion of the cells in S phase was increased as compared with the case of normal erythroblasts.Conclusions:The present study clearly demonstrates the abnormal aspects of the hematopoietic cells with megaloblastic anemia from the viewpoint of the DNA ploidy and cell cycle analyzed by the use of LSC. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society.
Recent developments in CE and CEC of peptides
Authors: Kašička Václav 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe article brings a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of high‐performance capillary electromigration methods, zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography, to analysis, preparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides. New approaches to the theoretical description and experimental verification of electromigration behavior of peptides and to methodology of their separations, such as sample preparation, adsorption suppression, and detection, are presented. Novel developments in individual CE and CEC modes are shown and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are presented: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, purity control, determination in biomatrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid and sequence analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some examples of micropreparative peptide separations are given and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide important physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
Modulation of innate immunity by copolymer‐1 leads to neuroprotection in murine HIV‐1 encephalitis
Authors: Gorantla Santhi , Liu Jianuo , Wang Tong , Holguin Adelina , Sneller Hannah M. , Dou Huanyu , Kipnis Jonathan , Poluektova Larisa , Gendelman Howard E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractVirus‐infected and immune‐competent mononuclear phagocytes (MP; perivascular macrophages and microglia) drive the neuropathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infection. Modulation of the MP phenotype from neurodestructive to neuroprotective underlies adjunctive therapeutic strategies for human disease. We reasoned that, as Copolymer‐1 (Cop‐1) can induce neuroprotective activities in a number of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, it could directly modulate HIV‐1‐infected MP neurotoxic activities. We now demonstrate that, in laboratory assays, Cop‐1‐stimulated virus‐infected human monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM) protect against neuronal injury. Severe combined immune‐deficient (SCID) mice were stereotactically injected with HIV‐1‐infected human MDM, into the basal ganglia, to induce HIV‐1 encephalitis (HIVE). Cop‐1 was administered subcutaneously for 7 days. In HIVE mice, Cop‐1 treatment led to anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective responses. Reduced micro‐ and astrogliosis, and conserved NeuN/MAP‐2 levels were observed in virus‐affected brain regions in Cop‐1‐treated mice. These were linked to interleukin‐10 and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression and downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. The data, taken together, demonstrate that Cop‐1 can modulate innate immunity and, as such, improve disease outcomes in an animal model of HIVE. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.