bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of 6MV and 10MV superficial build up dosimetry in tangential beam radiography
Authors: Lacey Craig , Gordon Kirsti , Nalder Colin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIntroduction: Although tangential radiotherapy is one of the major treatments for breast cancer, little has been done to address the skin toxicity and general dose inhomogeneity experienced in patients with larger breasts that are treated with 6MV photons. From our understanding of radiation in tissue at depth, it is proposed that 10MV photons could have a clear role in such patients through improved dose distribution. However, a greater build up depth with 10MV could mean that this energy is unacceptable.Aims: To quantify and characterise superficial build up dosimetry in tangential breast irradiation for 6MV and 10MV photons.Methods: Using Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLD’S), a comparative study was carried out investigating dose at a range of superficial depths in a phantom irradiated by tangential fields. Each delivering 2Gy for 6MV and 10MV photons.Results: There was a 0.10Gy difference in maximum dose over a depth of 10.8 mm between 6MV and 10MV photons, along with an average difference of dose at depth of 0.09Gy.Conclusion: Evidence has been obtained that eliminates comprise to superficial tissue if 10MV photons are used. Furthermore, reinforcement towards a more homogenous dose distribution with 10MV photons has been established.
Breakout Lahar from New Zealand's Crater Lake
Authors: Manville Vern , Cronin Shane J. 
Published: December 2007

Lahars, an Indonesian word referring to a volcanic mudflow carrying up to 80 percent solid material by weight, are highly lethal, having caused more than 30,000 deaths since the late 1700s. Although they are a major hazard, particularly in the developing world where population growth and settlement of river terraces in volcanic areas are increasing societal vulnerability, their study is hindered by their unpredictable timing, capricious travel paths, dramatic changes in flow behavior as they erode and deposit sediment [Pierson and Scott, 1985], and the fact that these high‐energy flows are dangerous to observers and measuring equipment.A unique opportunity to capture a complete data set on a single, discrete lahar event was presented following the 1995–1996 eruptions of Mount Ruapehu in the central North Island of New Zealand (Figure 1). This activity expelled the water in the summit Crater Lake, generating a series of eruption‐ and later rain‐triggered lahars [Cronin et al., 1997], and deposited about 8 meters of tephra (volcanic ash and rock fragments ranging from pebbles to carsized blocks) over its former overflow channel. On 18 March 2007, this fragile tephra dam, which had been impounding extra water in the refilling lake basin, failed, releasing 1.3 million cubic meters of water in less than 90 minutes and generating the largest lahar at Ruapehu in 100 years.
Does Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Increase Mortality in Critically Ill Patients?
Authors: Clec'h Christophe , Schwebel Carole , Français Adrien , Toledano Dany , Fosse Jean-Philippe , Garrouste-Orgeas Maïté , Azoulay Elie , Adrie Christophe , Jamali Samir , Descorps-Declere Adrien , Nakache Didier , Timsit Jean-François , Cohen Yves ,   OutcomeRea Study Group
Published: December 2007

Objective.To produce an accurate estimate of the association between catheter-associated urinary tract infection (UTI) and intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital mortality, controlling for major confounding factors.Design.Nested case-control study in a multicenter cohort (the OutcomeRea database).Setting.Twelve French medical or surgical ICUs.Methods.All patients admitted between January 1997 and August 2005 who required the insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter. Patients who developed catheter-associated UTI (ie, case patients) were matched to control patients on the basis of the following criteria: sex, age ( ± 10 years), SAPS (Simplified Acute Physiology Score) II score ( ± 10 points), duration of urinary tract catheterization, and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus. The association of catheter-associated UTI with ICU and hospital mortality was assessed by use of conditional logistic regression.Results.Of the 3,281 patients who had an indwelling urinary catheter, 298 (9%) developed at least 1 episode of catheter-associated UTI. The incidence density of catheter-associated UTI was 12.9 infections per 1,000 catheterization-days. Crude ICU mortality rates were higher among patients with catheter-associated UTI, compared with those without catheter-associated UTI (32% vs 25%, P = .02); the same was true for crude hospital mortality rates (43% vs 30%, P>.01). After matching and adjustment, catheter-associated UTI was no longer associated with increased mortality (ICU mortality: odds ratio [OR], 0.846 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.659-1.086]; P = .19 and hospital mortality: OR, 0.949 [95% CI, 0.763-1.181]; P = .64).Conclusion.After carefully controlling for confounding factors, catheter-associated UTI was not found to be associated with excess mortality among our population of critically ill patients in either the ICU or the hospital.
Measuring Polysaccharide Mechanics by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Rabbi Mahir , Marszalek Piotr E. 
Published: December 2007

INTRODUCTIONPolysaccharides are frequently subjected to mechanical forces in vivo. Because these forces affect a wide range of biological activities, it is important to develop methods that directly investigate the mechanical properties of these molecules. Recent progress in techniques that allow the mechanical manipulation of biopolymers at a single-molecule level has revealed the complex nature of the elasticity of polysaccharides. The atomic force microscope (AFM) is an excellent force spectrometer for probing the mechanical properties (e.g., length and tension) of individual polysaccharides. The following protocol describes the use of AFM for stretch-release measurements of polysaccharide chains.
Short-term associations between fine and coarse particles and hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases in six French cities
Authors: Host S , Larrieu S , Pascal L , Blanchard M , Declercq C , Fabre P , Jusot J-F , Chardon B , Le Tertre A , Wagner V , Prouvost H , Lefranc A 
Published: December 2007

Objectives:Little is known about the potential health effects of the coarse fraction of ambient particles. The aim of this study is to estimate the links between fine (PM2.5) and coarse particle (PM2.5−10) levels and cardiorespiratory hospitalisations in six French cities during 2000–2003.Methods:Data on the daily numbers of hospitalisations for respiratory, cardiovascular, cardiac and ischaemic heart diseases were collected. Associations between exposure indicators and hospitalisations were estimated in each city using a Poisson regression model, controlling for confounding factors (seasons, days of the week, holidays, influenza epidemics, pollen counts, temperature) and temporal trends. City-specific findings were combined to obtain excess relative risks (ERRs) associated with a 10 μg/m3increase in PM2.5and PM2.5−10levels.Results:We found positive associations between indicators of particulate pollution and hospitalisations for respiratory infection, with an ERR of 4.4% (95% CI 0.9 to 8.0) for PM2.5−10and 2.5% (95% CI 0.1 to 4.8) for PM2.5. Concerning respiratory diseases, no association was observed with PM2.5, whereas positive trends were found with PM2.5−10, with a significant association for the 0–14-year-old age group (ERR 6.2%, 95% CI 0.4 to 12.3). Concerning cardiovascular diseases, positive associations were observed between PM2.5levels and each indicator, although some did not reach significance; trends with PM2.5−10were weaker and non-significant except for ischaemic heart disease in the elderly (ERR 6.4%, 95% CI 1.6 to 11.4).Conclusions:In accordance with other studies, our results indicate that the coarse fraction may have a stronger effect than the fine fraction on some morbidity endpoints, especially respiratory diseases.
Polymorbidity in diabetes in older people: consequences for care and vocational training
Authors: van Bussel B , Pijpers E , Ferreira I , Castermans P , Kruseman A Nieuwenhuijzen 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the prevalence of complicating and concurrent morbidities in older diabetic patients and to evaluate to what extent their occurrence affects the burden of disease and use of medical healthcare.

Study design
Cross-sectional analysis of retrospectively obtained data on comorbidities and use of medical healthcare. Healthcare registration systems were used to retrieve data on 300 patients with diabetes aged ⩾60 years who, according to the severity of their disease and intensity of care required, were treated in a regional general practitioner (GP), diabetes nurse specialist (DNS) or medical specialist (MS) practice.

Results
Complicating and concurrent morbidities were often found irrespective of the type of practice involved. After adjustments for differences in sex, age and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), the extent of complicating comorbidities showed sequential increases in patients managed by GP, DNS and MS (mean number of 3.6, 4.7 and 6.7, respectively; ptrend&lt;0.001). However, the mean number of concurrent comorbidities was similar across all three settings (2.1, 1.8 and 2.0, respectively). Both complicating and concurrent comorbidities were similarly associated with the extent of drug use (β = 0.49 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.58) and β = 0.57 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.72), respectively) and the number of consultations with specialists other than the main care giver (β = 1.19 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.24) and β = 1.21 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.28), respectively). However, the mean number of different specialists involved in a patient's care per additional concurrent comorbidity was twice as high as per any additional complicating comorbidity (β = 0.60 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.71) vs β = 0.31 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.39)).

Conclusions
The use of healthcare facilities by older patients with diabetes is substantial, irrespective of the complexity of the disease and the kind of practice involved. The common manifestation of complicating and concurrent comorbidities and their varying complexity in individual patients requires a patient-oriented rather than a disease-oriented approach and vocational training programmes for care givers that are tailored to the complexity of multiple chronic diseases.
The Impact of High-Resolution SALLJEX Data on Global NCEP Analyses
Authors: Herdies Dirceu L. , Kousky Vernon E. , Ebisuzaki Wesley 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A data assimilation study was performed to assess the impact of observations from the South American Low-Level Jet Experiment (SALLJEX) on analyses in the region east of the Andes Mountains from western Brazil to central Argentina. The Climate Data Assimilation Systems (CDAS)-1 and -2 and the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) were run with and without the additional SALLJEX rawinsondes and pilot balloon observations. The experiments for each data assimilation system revealed similar features, with a stronger low-level flow east of the Andes when SALLJEX data were included. GDAS had the strongest low-level jet (LLJ) when compared with observations. In the experiments that used additional rawinsonde and pilot balloon data, the LLJ was displaced westward in comparison to the analyses run without the SALLJEX data. The vertical structure of the meridional wind in the analyses was much closer to observed rawinsonde profiles in the experiments that included SALLJEX data than in the control experiments, and the results show that, although there are more pilot balloon observations than rawinsonde observations in the SALLJEX dataset, most of the improvements in the analyses can be obtained by only including rawinsonde observations. This was especially true for GDAS. The results of this study can serve as a benchmark for similar data impact studies using higher-resolution data assimilation systems.
Re-considering Chronologies of Nationalism and Communalism
Authors: Tejani Shabnum 
Published: December 2007

In 1920, M.K. Gandhi launched the Non-cooperation campaign, his first attempt at mass anti-colonial mobilisation. It quickly became aligned with the Khilafat movement—a mobilisation among Indian Muslims to protect the position of the Khalifa after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire. Scholars have seen this moment as the high point of cooperation between India's Hindus and Muslims, with a real possibility for unity in the nationalist movement. However, the campaigns ended within two years and, after 1922, differences among the leadership intersected with violent conflicts between Hindu and Muslim communities in a number of different regions; the promise of the preceding years appeared shattered, some argue for ever. Scholarship on the Khilafat movement has been teleological, tending to read it either as part of the story of ‘Muslim separatism’ or subsuming it into the forward march of Indian nationalism. Arguing that the picture drawn by the existing scholarship is misleading, this article asks if the Khilafat movement can really have a story of its own. Through examining the campaign in Sind, it shows that at the grassroots it was made up of a complex set of alliances, often little related with religious difference or Indian nationalism, made and broken right from its inception. Rather, it argues that political developments in the post-Khilafat period proved crucial to the way that nationalism and communalism would come to be defined.
Bullet-induced synovitis as a cause of secondary osteoarthritis of the hip joint: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Rehman Muhammad A , Umer Masood , Sepah Yasir J , Wajid Muhammad A 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
With increasing prevalence of gunshot injuries we are seeing more patients with retained bullet fragments lodged in their bodies. Embedded lead bullets are usually considered inert after their kinetic energy has dissipated hence these are not removed routinely. However, exposure of any foreign body to synovial fluid may lead to rapid degradation and hence result in systemic absorption, causing local and systemic symptoms. We present the case of a thirty year old man who came to our out patient department with a history of progressive, severe hip pain ten years after a gun shot injury to his right hip.

Conclusion
The common belief that intraarticular bullets should not be removed has no benefit and may result in unwanted long term complications.
Surgical correction of the medial rotation contracture in obstetric brachial plexus palsy
Authors: Nath R. K. , Lyons A. B. , Melcher S. E. , Paizi M. 
Published: December 2007

The medial rotation contracture caused by weak external rotation secondary to obstetric brachial plexus injury leads to deformation of the bones of the shoulder. Scapular hypoplasia, elevation and rotation deformity are accompanied by progressive dislocation of the humeral head. Between February and August 2005, 44 children underwent a new surgical procedure called the ‘triangle tilt’ operation to correct this bony shoulder deformity. Surgical levelling of the distal acromioclavicular triangle combined with tightening of the posterior glenohumeral capsule (capsulorrhaphy) improved shoulder function and corrected the glenohumeral axis in these patients. The posture of the arm at rest was improved and active external rotation increased by a mean of 53° (0° to 115°) in the 40 children who were followed up for more than one year. There was a mean improvement of 4.9 points (1.7 to 8.3) of the Mallet shoulder function score after surgical correction of the bony deformity.
Comments on Preference Revelation for Public Policy Decisions
Authors: Rothenberg Jerome 
Published: December 2007

1. These are good papers. I found them rewarding. I shall have some remarks for all three, but most of this discussion refers to the Tideman and Clark papers (not, however, for reasons of quality). This Tideman paper is an exceptionally full survey, and very well done. There is solid analysis and reasonable judgement. It is quite a useful work. The Clark paper is most helpful to the reader in providing a great deal of background very clearly, The situational distinctions among the dimensions of public policy and citizen attitudes are especially illuminating.
Both papers explicitly specify criteria for evaluating different public decision rules. In view of the fact that these are often only implicit in public policy analysis, a potentially highly misleading procedure when there is such a variety of rules to examine, this overtness is an important strength.
Besides these rather similar general attractions, the Clark paper emphasizes that ‘measuring instruments … (should be) … only as precise and complex as necessary for the decision at hand’. Since precision and complexity entail sometimes considerable cost to investigators or policy officials, this inherently economic principle is hard to resist.
Selection criteria of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. for production of chemithermomechanical pulps (CTMP)
Authors: Kojima Yasuo , Isaji Shinichi , Yoon Seung-Lak , Ona Toshihiro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Utilization of rapidly growing trees, such as eucalypts, for high-yield mechanical pulps is limited by low brightness owing to high contents of alkali and neutral extractives. Wood supply problems have developed in many areas of the world and new sources of high-yield pulp are needed. Ten Eucalyptus globulus trees were selected from two plantation sites to evaluate suitability as raw material for high-quality and high-yield pulp. Chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) was prepared from tree chips pretreated with sodium sulfite prior to refining. Characteristics of the CTMP were correlated with chemical and physical properties of the wood. There was a linear relationship between the content of alcohol-benzene extractives in wood and CTMP brightness. Klason lignin content in wood was inversely correlated with pulp sheet density, which is an important characteristic affecting the physical properties of pulp. The content of alkali extractives were inversely correlated with pulp yields. Color reversion was tested by exposing CTMP sheets to heat and light. Heat-induced yellowing of CTMP was of a low level and satisfied requirements for printing paper. The rate of yellowing was inversely associated with extractives and can be reduced by antioxidants.
Multidimensionally stimuli‐responsive phase transition of aqueous solutions of poly((N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) and poly(N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(methacryloyl)ethyl ammonium butane sulfonate)
Authors: Gao Jun , Zhai Guangqun , Song Yan , Jiang Bibiao 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFree radical polymerization of N,N‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl ammonium butane sulfonate was carried out to prepare PDMAEMA and PDMABS. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that both PDMAEMA and PDMABS exhibited an electrolyte‐responsive conformational dynamics in D2O of different ionic strength. PDMAEMA, as a polybase, and PDMABS, as a polysulfobetaine, exhibited a series of multidimensional stimuli‐responsive phase transition behaviors. Adding NaCl would decrease the phase transition temperature (TPT) of their aqueous mixtures, because of polyelectrolyte effect for PDMAEMA and anti‐polyelectrolyte effect for PDMABS, respectively. For PDMAEMA, a low pH would facilitate the dissolution; on the other hand, for PDMABS, a maximum TPT was achieved in neutral media. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Stereoselective determination of demethyl‐ and didemethyl‐citalopram in rat plasma and brain tissue by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using precolumn derivatization
Authors: Millán S. , Goicolea M. A. , Sánchez A. , Gómez‐Caballero A. , Sampedro M. C. , Unceta N. , Barrio R. J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA rapid and sensitive HPLC enantioselective method with fluorescence detection was developed to determine (−)‐(R) and (+)‐(S) enantiomers of the metabolites of citalopram, demethyl‐ and didemethyl‐citalopram in plasma and brain tissue. This assay involves pre‐column chiral derivatization with (−)‐(R)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate followed by separation on a normal‐phase silica column. The developed liquid–liquid extraction procedure permits quantitative determination of analytes with recoveries ranged between 81 and 88% with intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations less than 10.5%. Linearity was obtained over the concentration range 5–1000 ng/mL and 100–10,000 ng/g for spiked drug‐free plasma and brain tissue, respectively, with detection limits lower than 2.1 ng/mL and 42.8 ng/g. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent progress in the development of derivatization reagents having a benzofurazan structure
Authors: Santa Tomofumi , Fukushima Takeshi , Ichibangase Tomoko , Imai Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemical derivatization is often used to enhance the detectability of the target compounds and to improve the separation efficiency in high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this review, we describe the recent progress in the development of derivatization reagents having a benzofurazan structure, namely, the fluorogenic reagents, water‐soluble reagents, reagents for the analysis of peptides and proteins, and reagents for mass spectrometric detection. The application of these reagents to bio‐samples is also briefly described. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Models of the Interface between Anterior Pharynx‐Defective Protein 1 (APH‐1) and Presenilin Involving GxxxG Motifs
Authors: Jozwiak Krzysztof , Krzysko Krystiana A. , Bojarski Lukasz , Gacia Magdalena , Filipek Slawomir 
Published: December 2007

Abstractγ‐Secretase is an integral membrane protease, which is a complex of four membrane proteins. Improper functioning of γ‐secretase was found to be critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Despite numerous efforts, the structure of the protease as well as its proteolytic mechanism remains poorly understood. In this work we constructed a model of interactions between two proteins forming γ‐secretase: APH‐1 and presenilin. This interface is based on a highly conserved GxxxGxxxG motif in the APH‐1 protein. It can form a tight contact with a small‐residue AxxxAxxxG motif in presenilin. Here, four binding modes based on similar structures involving GxxxG motifs in glycophorin and aquaporin were proposed and verified. The resulting best model employs antiparallel orientations of interacting helices and is in agreement with the currently accepted topology of both proteins. This model can be used for further structural characterization of γ‐secretase and its components.