bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arch Widths in Class II-2 Adults Compared to Adults with Class II-1 and Normal Occlusion
Authors: Huth Joel , Staley Robert Newton , Jacobs Richard , Bigelow Harold , Jakobsen Jane 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To compare (1) arch widths in adults with Class II division 2 (II-2), Class II division 1 (II-1), and Class I normal occlusions, (2) genders, (3) gender dimorphism, (4) differences between maxillary and mandibular arch widths, and to (5) develop adult norms for arch widths.
Materials and Methods: Subjects were white Americans with no history of orthodontic treatment. Arch width dimensions measured were: intercanine, intermolar, and molar alveolar in both arches. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test were used to compare groups.
Results: Comparison of pooled genders showed the II-2 group had maxillary arch widths significantly smaller than the normal occlusions and significantly larger than the II-1 group. All groups had similar mandibular intercanine and alveolar widths. The II-2 and II-1 groups had similar mandibular intermolar widths, both significantly smaller than normal occlusions. The II-2 group had a maxillary/mandibular intermolar difference significantly smaller than the normal occlusions, and significantly less negative than the II-1 group. Gender comparisons in two of six widths showed normal and II-2 male subjects were similar, and in six of six widths normal and II-2 female subjects were similar; in five of six widths II-2 and II-1 male and female subjects were similar. Gender dimorphism occurred in five of six widths in normal occlusions, four of six widths in II-2, and one of six widths in II-1.
Conclusions: Arch width dimensions of II-2 subjects were intermediate between normal and II-1 occlusions. In both Class II malocclusions, the process that narrows arch widths was more pronounced in male than in female subjects.
Apoptosis of Growth Plate Chondrocytes Occurs through a Mitochondrial Pathway
Authors: Teixeira Cristina C. , Costas Aida P. Padron , Nemelivsky Yelena 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To determine the role of mitochondria in chondrocyte apoptosis induced by inorganic phosphate (Pi).
Materials and Methods: Chondrocytes isolated from the growth plates of chick embryo tibia were treated with Pi in serum-free media; chondrocyte viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, caspase 3 activity, endonuclease activity, and DNA fragmentation were investigated.
Results: Exposure to Pi for 24 hours induced apoptosis in growth plate chondrocytes through a pathway that involved loss of mitochondrial function, release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, increases in caspase 3 and endonuclease activities, and fragmentation of DNA.
Conclusions: This study suggests that mitochondria are important players in Pi-induced apoptosis.
Antimicrobial Effectiveness of a Highly Concentrated Chlorhexidine Varnish Treatment in Teenagers with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: Attin Rengin , Ilse Anika , Werner Carola , Wiegand Annette , Attin Thomas 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the recolonization pattern of Mutans streptococci (ms) on densely colonized teeth with fixed orthodontic appliances after treatment with a highly concentrated (36%) chlorhexidine varnish.
Materials and Methods: Healthy subjects (n = 19) with fixed orthodontic appliances and high bacterial ms counts in saliva were recruited. In order to establish a baseline registration, plaque adjacent to brackets was sampled and cultivated on Dentocult® strips. Following professional tooth cleaning, chlorhexidine varnish was applied on all teeth for 8 minutes. The degree of recolonization with ms was assessed 2 weeks after varnish application in plaque around the brackets. For statistical analysis, the data were subjected to a repeated measures design.
Results: After 2 weeks, ms counts were reduced as compared to baseline values. However, the reduction only weakly met statistical significance (P = .049).
Conclusions: The application of a highly concentrated chlorhexidine varnish in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances does not result in a distinct reduction of ms numbers 2 weeks after treatment.
Characteristics of Movement of the Lips, Tongue and Velum during a Bilabial Plosive
Authors: Inoue Maristela Sayuri , Ono Takashi , Honda Ei-ichi , Kurabayashi Tohru 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To obtain dynamic images of articulators using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) movie and to clarify the relationships among the articulators.
Materials and Methods: The subjects consisted of 10 volunteers. Custom-made circuitry was connected to an MRI apparatus to enable an external trigger pulse to control the timing of the scanning sequence and to provide an auditory cue for synchronization of the subject's utterance. The subject repeated a bilabial plosive, and the run was measured using a gradient echo sequence with a repetition time of 30 ms. Several variables were defined to delineate the individual movements of articulators and to determine the temporal relationships among them.
Results: It was found that (1) the change in these variables showed distinctive waveforms; (2) mean values of the standard deviations for these variables were relatively small; and (3) the movement of the velum was significantly correlated with those of the lips and the anterior part of the tongue, but not with the posterior part of the tongue.
Conclusions: These results suggest that (1) articulatory movements were clearly recorded using an MRI movie, and (2) there seems to be a central mechanism for controlling articulators, and the level of coupling may be associated with the place of articulation.
Spatial Relationships between the Mandibular Central Incisor and Associated Alveolar Bone in Adults with Mandibular Prognathism
Authors: Yamada Chiaki , Kitai Noriyuki , Kakimoto Naoya , Murakami Shumei , Furukawa Souhei , Takada Kenji 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To examine if there was any correlation between the labio-lingual inclinations of the mandibular central incisor and the associated alveolar bone, and to investigate the labio-lingual position of the mandibular central incisor root apex in the associated cancellous bone in adults with untreated mandibular prognathism.
Materials and Methods: High-resolution computed tomography images of the mandible were recorded in 20 adult patients with mandibular prognathism. The labio-lingual inclinations of a central incisor and its associated alveolar bone, the thickness of the associated cancellous bone, and the distance from the central incisor root apex to the inner contour of both the labial and lingual cortical plates were measured. Correlations and differences between the measured variables were tested for statistical significance.
Results: The labio-lingual inclination of the central incisor significantly correlated with the labio-lingual inclination of the associated alveolar bone, the thickness of cancellous bone, and the distance from the central incisor root apex to the inner contour of the lingual cortical bone. The distance from the central incisor root apex to the inner contour of the labial cortical plate of bone was significantly smaller than that to the lingual cortical plate.
Conclusions: In adults with untreated mandibular prognathism, when the mandibular central incisor was more lingually inclined, the associated alveolar bone was also more lingually inclined and thinner. The mandibular central incisor root apex was closer to the inner contour of the labial cortical bone than to the lingual cortical bone.
Dentofacial Characteristics of Chinese Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients in Relation to Obesity and Severity
Authors: Hou Huie Ming , Hägg Urban , Sam Kim , Rabie A. B. M. , Wong Ricky W. K. , Lam B. , Ip Mary S. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate dentofacial characteristics in relation to obesity and degree of severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in male Chinese patients and to elucidate the relationship between demographic parameters (age, body weight, height, and body mass index [BMI]) cephalometric parameters and OSA in these subjects.
Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 121 Chinese male patients in natural head posture were obtained. Based on BMI value, the patients were divided into three groups. Based on apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) value, the patients were divided into a mild-to-moderate and a severe group.
Results: The hyoid position and soft palate length were significantly different among the three obesity groups. Soft palate length was significantly longer (P &lt; .01) in the severe OSA group than in the mild-to-moderate OSA group. Tongue base was significantly more inferiorly placed (P &lt; .05) in the severe OSA group than in the mild-to-moderate OSA group. Craniocervical extension was significantly increased (P &lt; .05) in the severe OSA group. Statistically significant differences were found among the three obesity groups in mandibular length, mandibular body length, maxillary length, anterior cranial base length, and overbite. The multiple stepwise linear regression analysis identified body weight, lower posterior facial height, mandibular body length, craniocervical extension, and sella-hyoid distance as the significant predictive variables for AHI.
Conclusions: This study revealed the existence of craniofacial and upper airway soft tissue differences in relation to obesity and severity of OSA among male Chinese OSA patients. Body weight and certain cephalometric parameters were significant predictors of OSA in Chinese male subjects.
Incisal and Soft Tissue Effects of Maxillary Premolar Extraction in Class II Treatment
Authors: Tadic Nevenka , Woods Michael G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: This retrospective study was designed to show likely upper incisal and soft tissue lip changes accompanying Class II fixed appliance treatment with only two upper premolar extractions and to assess whether the lips, especially, are predictably and directly affected with such treatment.
Materials and Methods: Pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms and study casts from 61 growing Class II patients (aged 11 to 18 years; 39 division 1 and 22 division 2) were assessed. Upper and lower lip curve depths, nasolabial angle, and upper incisal position and angulation were all assessed and compared with changes in other cephalometric variables.
Results: A wide range of individual response in both lip and upper incisor behavior were noted. The observed soft tissue lip changes were most likely to be related to the preexisting morphology of the lips themselves, while upper incisal changes were mainly related to their own pretreatment positions and changes occurring with treatment in the underlying bony structures.
Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment involving the extractions of only two upper premolars is likely to result in a wide range of variation in lip and upper incisor behavior. The preexisting soft tissue morphology is likely to be the greatest determinant of lip behavior.
Hypodontia Patterns and Variations in Craniofacial Morphology in Japanese Orthodontic Patients
Authors: Endo Toshiya , Ozoe Rieko , Yoshino Sugako , Shimooka Shohachi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to explore the association of hypodontia patterns and variations in craniofacial morphology in Japanese orthodontic patients.Materials and Methods: A total of 50 girls with hypodontia (the total group) were selected and categorized into anterior, posterior, and anterior-posterior groups according to the location of the congenitally missing teeth. By using the lateral cephalograms of each subject, 28 angular and 37 linear measurements were made. The cephalometric data were statistically analyzed and compared among the groups and with the Japanese cephalometric standards from 36 age-matched female subjects without hypodontia or malocclusion (the control group).Results: Every hypodontia group showed shorter anterior and overall cranial base lengths, shorter maxillary length, greater retroclination and elongation of mandibular incisors, and a larger interincisal angle than the control group. The total and anterior-posterior groups especially exhibited a significantly more prognathic mandible, larger retroclination of maxillary incisors, and a more counterclockwise-rotated occlusal plane. Furthermore, these skeletal and dental deviations were more remarkable in the anterior-posterior group than in either the anterior or the posterior group. Anterior hypodontia exerted as much influence on craniofacial morphology as posterior hypodontia.Conclusions: When orthodontic treatment is performed on patients with hypodontia, not only the number but also the distribution of missing teeth should be taken into consideration, though there was no significant difference in craniofacial morphology between anterior hypodontia and posterior hypodontia.
Lip-to-incisor Relationship and Postorthodontic Long-term Stability of Cover-bite Treatment
Authors: Lapatki Bernd G. , Baustert Dirk , Schulte-Mönting Jürgen , Frucht Sibylle , Jonas Irmtrud E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the impact of a persisting high lip line and other potential relapse-inducing factors on long-term stability of orthodontic correction of retroinclined maxillary central incisors.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-one cover-bite (“Deckbiss”) patients with retroinclined maxillary central incisors and a deep frontal overbite were evaluated. The maxillary central incisor inclination was determined odontometrically with study models made pretreatment, posttreatment, and at a follow-up examination (mean posttherapeutic interval: 9.0 years). The lip-to-incisor relationship, the interincisal angle, and the anteroposterior maxillary central incisor position were measured on lateral cephalograms taken after active treatment.
Results: The relapse tendency of the orthodontic correction of the retroinclined maxillary central incisors displayed great interindividual variability with a range of posttherapeutic inclination change of −6.75° to +8.00°. Multiple regression analysis revealed an increased tendency for relapse in patients with (1) a high posttherapeutic (dorsal) lip line level combined with the maxillary central incisor and lower lip contact only in the incisal crown area (P &lt; .01) and (2) a marked therapeutically induced inclination change of the maxillary central incisors (P &lt; .05). Interrelations between the relapse of the corrected maxillary central incisors and other evaluated parameters were not statistically significant.
Conclusions: For maximum treatment stability, the elimination of an excessive overlap of the upper incisors by the lower lip should be regarded as one of the most important therapeutic objectives when treating this malocclusion.
Analysis of Sutural Strain in Maxillary Protraction Therapy
Authors: Holberg Christof , Mahaini Luai , Rudzki Ingrid 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: The goal of the study was to examine the strain in the sutures of the midface and the cranial base with maxillary protraction therapy and to clarify whether such stretching suggests a skeletal effect of the apparatus employed for that purpose.Materials and Methods: Using a finite elements model, a maxillary protraction therapy was simulated with various force levels and vectors, and the strains appearing at the sutures (in μstrain) were measured at the midface and the cranial base. The simulation model we employed consisted of 53,555 individual elements; the simulated forces were 2 × 3 N and 2 × 5 N, while the vectors of the applied forces were in the anterior and anterior caudal direction.Results: The maximum measured strains were on average below 10 μstrain, while higher values were measured only at the nasal bone and at the cranial base at the oval and spinous foramina with anterior directed force vectors (26.4 μstrain). With an anterior-caudal force vector, the measured values were usually lower.Discussion: The measured strains were on average about hundredfold lower than the Frost thresholds (2000 μstrain). It does not seem probable that the strains occurring upon maxillary protraction therapy suffice to stimulate any additional bone growth.Conclusion: The good clinical efficacy of maxillary protraction therapy is apparently based, for the most part, on dental effects, while its skeletal effects still remain doubtful.
Bimaxillary Protrusion in the Palestinian Population
Authors: Hussein Emad , Mois Mahmoud Abu 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To study the prevalence of bimaxillary protrusion among Palestinians.
Materials and Methods: Cephalometric radiographs for 79 normal occlusion adult Palestinian university students were traced.
Results: The interincisal angle was decreased in the Palestinian women compared to the Caucasian means, but this had no impact on lip protrusion.
Conclusion: Relative to Caucasian cephalometric norms, Palestinians show no extraoral bimaxillary protrusion features, and therefore, these norms can be applied to Palestinian faces.
Effects of a Mandibular Lateral Shift on the Condyle and Mandibular Bone in Growing Rats
Authors: Liu Chang , Kaneko Sawa , Soma Kunimichi 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To examine the effects of mandibular lateral shift on the growth and morphology of the condyle and mandibular bone in growing rats.
Materials and Methods: A maxillary resin plate was designed to displace 4-week-old rat mandibles 2 mm to the left during closure. The plate was cemented, and the rats were killed after 2, 4, 8, or 12 weeks. Gross dimensions of the condylar head were measured. Radiographic films of the mandibles were exposed, and selected measurements were made. The newly formed bone in the condyle was evaluated with periodic acid and Schiff's reagent (PAS) staining.
Results: The length of the condylar head was greater on the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side. The experimental rats developed an asymmetric mandible, shorter in horizontal dimension but longer in the vertical dimension on the ipsilateral side. The mandibular growth direction was also affected, with the mandible on the ipsilateral side growing in a more anterior and superior direction. The amount of newly formed bone was greater in the superior subchondral region but lower in the posterior subchondral region on the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side.
Conclusions: Mechanical stimuli delivered by a functional shift produce a series of morphological and histological responses in the condyle and lead to condylar and mandibular asymmetry in rats.
Herbst Treatment of Class II division 1 Malocclusions in Retrognathic and Prognathic Facial Types
Authors: Bock Niko , Pancherz Hans 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this retrospective pilot study was to analyze and compare the short-term and long-term changes of Herbst treatment in Class II division 1 subjects of the retrognathic and prognathic facial type.
Materials and Methods: The subject material comprised 10 retrognathic (mean SNA = 74.5°, SNB = 70.4°, ML/NSL = 41.1°) and 16 prognathic (mean SNA = 86.7°, SNB = 81.5°, ML/NSL = 25.1°) Class II division 1 subjects treated with the Herbst appliance for an average period of 7 months. Lateral head films from before (T1), immediately after (T2), 12 months after (T3), and 39 months after (T4) Herbst treatment were analyzed with the SO-analysis (analysis of changes in sagittal occlusion) and standard cephalometrics.
Results: During the treatment period (T2–T1) the two facial type groups showed similar favorable changes for all variables. During the posttreatment periods of 12 months (T3–T2) and 39 months (T4–T2) recovering changes occurred. In the long-term, a tendency of more unfavorable growth changes was stronger (not significant) for retrognathic subjects than for prognathic subjects.
Conclusion: On a long-term basis, retrognathic subjects are prone to exhibit more unfavorable mandibular growth changes than prognathic subjects and, thus, might exhibit a greater risk for an occlusal relapse when a stable Class I occlusion is not attained after treatment.
Ultrasonographic Thickness of the Masseter Muscle in Growing Individuals with Unilateral Crossbite
Authors: Kiliaridis Stavros , Mahboubi Payam H. , Raadsheer Maarten C. , Katsaros Christos 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To study the bilateral differences in the thickness of the masseter muscles in untreated individuals with lateral crossbite, as well as in subjects with successfully treated functional lateral crossbite, at least three years after the end of treatment.
Materials and Methods: Three groups of growing individuals were studied: (1) untreated group: 38 individuals with unilateral crossbite, (2) control group: 224 subjects without transversal malocclusions, and (3) treated group: 18 individuals with functional lateral crossbite, treated with a quad helix, and at least three years out of retention with all permanent teeth erupted. The thickness of the masseter muscle was measured bilaterally with ultrasonography, using a real time scanner with a 7.5 MHz linear array transducer.
Results: In the untreated group, the thickness of the masseter muscle on the crossbite side was statistically significantly thinner than the one on the normal side (P = .025). No statistically significant differences were found in the thickness of the masseter muscle between the left and the right side in the control group. In the treated group, no statistically significant differences were found in the thickness of the masseter muscle between the former crossbite side and the normal one.
Conclusion: The masseter muscle in untreated individuals with unilateral crossbite is thinner in the crossbite side when compared to the non-crossbite side possibly due to asymmetric activity of the masticatory muscles. Such an asymmetry in thickness of the masseter muscle could not be detected some years after the successful correction of the crossbite.
Microleakage beneath Ceramic and Metal Brackets Bonded with a Conventional and an Antibacterial Adhesive System
Authors: Arhun Neslihan , Arman Ayca , Çehreli Sevi Burçak , Arıkan Serdar , Karabulut Erdem , Gülşahı Kamran 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To assess microleakage of a tooth-adhesive-bracket complex when metal or ceramic brackets were bonded with a conventional and an antibacterial self-etching adhesive.
Materials and Methods: Forty freshly extracted human premolars were randomly assigned to four equal groups and received the following treatments: group 1 = Transbond XT + metal bracket, group 2 = Transbond XT + ceramic bracket, group 3 = Clearfil Protect Bond + ceramic bracket, and group 4 = Clearfil Protect Bond + metal bracket. After photopolymerization, the teeth were kept in distilled water for 1 month and thereafter subjected to thermal cycling (500 cycles). Specimens were further sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsin for 24 hours, sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope, and scored for marginal microleakage for the adhesive-tooth and bracket-adhesive interfaces from incisal and gingival margins. Statistical analysis was accomplished by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test with Bonferroni correction.
Results: All groups demonstrated microleakage between the adhesive-enamel and bracket-adhesive interfaces. A significant difference was observed among all groups (P &lt; .05) for the microleakage between the bracket-adhesive interface. Metal brackets exhibited significantly more microleakage than did ceramic brackets between the bracket-adhesive interface with either of the adhesives. Clearfil Protect Bond exhibited results similar to Transbond XT. Clearfil Protect Bond may be a choice of adhesive in bracket bonding because of its antibacterial activity and similar microleakage results with the orthodontic adhesive.
Conclusions: Metal brackets cause more leakage between an adhesive-bracket interface, which may lead to lower clinical shear bond strength and white-spot lesions.