bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Funding slated to decrease for some U.S. science agencies
Authors: Kumar Mohi , Zielinski Sarah 
Published: April 2007

Nearly five months into Fiscal Year 2007 (FY2007), U.S. President George W. Bush signed into law on 15 February legislation that sets funding for most of the federal government through 30 September. While funding for research and development at some science agencies—particularly those included in the American Competitiveness Initiative, such as the U.S. National Science Foundation—will increase over FY2006, R&D funding at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will decline.Further, the funding situation for NOAA, USGS, and EPA is not likely to improve in FY2008. If the president's budget requests for these agencies, which was released on 5 February (see Eos 88(1') and 88(8), 2006), is passed, their R&D budgets would decline even more.
Comment on “Snowball Earth on trial”
Authors: Hoffman Paul F. 
Published: April 2007

In his report of the Snowball Earth 2006 conference in Ascona, Switzerland, coconvenor Philip A. Allen described the ‘original pillars’ of the hypothesis as having “been discarded” [Allen, 2006].From my reading of the hypothesis [Kirschvink, 1992a, 1992b; J.L. Kirschvink, personal communication, 1989], the original pillars are the following. Each is more strongly supported now than when the hypothesis was first proposed.
Sulfide Mineralogy and Geochemistry
Authors: Dilles John 
Published: April 2007

Sulfide minerals as a class represent important minor rock‐forming minerals, but they are generally known as the chief sources of many economic metallic ores. In the past two decades, sulfide research has been extended to include important roles in environmental geology of sulfide weathering and resultant acid mine drainage, as well as in geomicrobiology in which bacteria make use of sulfides for metabolic energy sources. In the latter respect, sulfides played an important role in early evolution of life on Earth and in geochemical cycling of elements in the Earth's crust and hydrosphere.This long‐awaited volume represents a modern and thorough treatment of sulfide minerals. The Mineralogical Society of America published the first volume of this review series as Sulfide Mineralogy, in 1974, and two other books of sulfide mineralogy appeared in 1978 and 1981. The popular and affordable Reviews series is softbound and represents the reference of choice for professional mineralogists and geochemists as well as students of Earth sciences. The present volume includes numerous illustrations of high quality and is accurately typeset with a small but very readable font.
Hearing examines climate change economics
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2007

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has released its summary report on the science of climate change and will release subsequent reports on impacts and response strategies in coming months (see Eos 88(7), 2007). With this as backdrop, attention to issues related to climate change policy has been growing, particularly within the U.S. government where House and Senate committees continue to hold hearings each week on various aspects of climate change. One of these hearings, held 28 February by the House Ways and Means Committee, focused on the economic issues related to strategies for reducing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.Ronald Prinn, an atmospheric scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, testified about the state of climate science. Stephen Schneider, a climatologist at Stanford University in California, took the next step in his testimony, speaking about possible methods of adaptation and mitigation, and their subsequent effects. Eileen Claussen, president of the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, testified about the U.S. Climate Action Partnership and its proposed efforts for mitigation, which include limiting greenhouse gas emissions. The final witness, W. David Montgomery, an economist and vice president of CRA International, took the position that mandatory greenhouse gas controls would impose a significant cost on the U.S. economy, especially if leading developing nations such as China and India do not follow similar controls. He recommended instead that the government pursue new technologies to lower greenhouse gas emissions.
Benitez‐Nelson receives 2006 Ocean Sciences Early Career Award
Authors: Thunell Robert , Benitez‐Nelson Claudia 
Published: April 2007

Claudia Benitez‐Nelson received the AGU Ocean Sciences Early Career Award at the 2006 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif, in recognition of significant contributions to and promise in the ocean sciences.It gives me great pleasure to introduce the AGU Ocean Sciences Early Career Award winner, Claudia Benitez‐Nelson. Claudia grew up in Seattle and entered the University of Washington as a chemistry major at the age of 13. It was at UW that Claudia was introduced to oceanography, and by the time she finished, she had B.S. degrees in both physical chemistry and chemical oceanography. At UW, Claudia was a member of the women's soccer team, an interest she still pursues with great passion. Claudia went on to get a Ph.D. in 1999 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program where she studied phosphorus cycling under the tutelage of Ken Buesseler. Following a postdoc at the University of Hawaii, Claudia was hired as an assistant professor at University of South Carolina in 2002 and was promoted to associate professor with tenure in 2006.
Nerem receives 2006 geodesy section award
Authors: Born George , Nerem R. Steven 
Published: April 2007

R. Steven Nerem received the Geodesy Section Award at the 2006 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif. The award is given in recognition of major advances in geodesy.Steve Nerem has been at the forefront of geodetic and oceanographic research since receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin, in 1989. He is currently professor of aerospace engineering sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and is a Fellow of the Colorado Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. He also serves as associate director of the Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research.
Mono Lake radiocarbon: The mystery deepens
Authors: Broecker Wallace S. , Wanninkhof Rik 
Published: April 2007

The ratio of carbon‐14 (14C) to carbon in the dissolved inorganic carbon (ΣCO2) of California's Mono Lake has continued to rise at a rate far faster than expected from the invasion of bomb‐test14C‐labeled atmospheric CO2. Two explanations can be given. One is that the invasion rate of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is 5 or so times higher than that for chemically inert gases. The second is tha Mono Lake has been used as a site for clandestine disposal of radiocarbon.In this paper, we attempt to reconstruct the radiocarbon history of the lake by invoking the addition of radiocarbon‐free CO2 from the volcanic center that lies beneath the lake and the invasion of bomb‐test tagged CO2 from above.
Global change education in the Arctic
Authors: Moore John , Kinnunen Heli , Boone Richard 
Published: April 2007

Bird species new to the Arctic call across ancient forests where the buzz is from the super sawmills, not the sound of elk hooves. Oil and gas wells plumb the tundra depths, and the pipelines scarify the surface, pumping fossil wealth south with a return flow measured in dollars and rubles. The eternal ice is going and tourist ships are coming, ironically to see the icy landscape that is disappearing. This is the Arctic today.Global change has been a fact of life for many indigenous peoples in remote parts of the world for many decades. In Svalbard, Norway, which lies north of Europe in the Arctic Ocean, January 2006 was warmer than any previous April while April was five standard deviations warmer than average. Over the longer term, the Inuit in Nunavut, Canada, have found that hunting for seals—traditionally their major food supply—has become much more difficult as sea pup numbers have declined along with sea ice [Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, 2004]. About 20 Alaskan villages are candidates for relocation because of severe coastal erosion, exacerbated by loss of protective sea ice. For example, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers estimates that it could cost from $100 million to $400 million to relocate Kivalina, which has only 385 inhabitants [U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003].
Ionospheric challenges of the International Polar Year
Authors: Sojka Jan , Schunk Robert , van Eyken Tony , Kelly John , Heinselman Craig , McCready Mary 
Published: April 2007

Fifty years ago, the first International Geophysical Year (IGY) generated a huge step function increase in observations of ionospheric variability associated with the almost continuous geomagnetic activity experienced during the largest solar maximum of the past 100 years. In turn, these observations fueled more than a decade of theoretical advancement of magnetospheric‐ionospheric electrodynamics and geomagnetic storm physics.In stark contrast, the current International Polar Year (IPY; 2007–2009) is occurring during what may well turn out to be the deepest solar minimum in 100 years. Potentially, it could be a very geomagnetically quiet period, a period during which ionospheric variability will be driven by processes in the troposphere and mesosphere. Since the variability of the ionosphere‐thermosphere system associated with the upward propagating planetary, tidal, and gravity waves from the lower atmosphere is expected to be independent of the solar cycle, the IPY period is an ideal time to study the interchanges between the lower and upper atmospheric regions.
International Space Station supports International Polar Year
Authors: Evans Cynthia A. , Pettit Donald R. 
Published: April 2007

The International Space Station (ISS) provides an excellent venue for observing Earth systems. Starting in March 2007 and coinciding with the beginning of the International Polar Year (IPY), NASA's Crew Earth Observations (CEO) payload invites IPY investigators to submit requests for relevant imagery be collected from the ISS.Every day, ISS astronauts photograph designated sites and dynamic events on the Earth's surface using digital cameras equipped with a variety of lenses. Depending on observation parameters, astronauts can collect high‐resolution (4–6 meter pixel size; see J. Robinson and C. Evans, Eos Trans. AGU, 83(17), 185, 2002) or synopticview (lower resolution but covering very large areas) digital data in three (red‐greenblue) color bands.
Monitoring of neuronal and glial calcium activity using a novel direct‐contact probe
Authors: DUBAJ V. , MAZZOLINI A. , WOOD A. 
Published: April 2007

Summary In vivo neuronal and glial calcium activity was monitored using a novel direct‐contact probe that was designed for fluorescence detection deep within biological tissue. A small diameter fibre bundle direct‐contact probe was employed with a laser scanning confocal microscope to detect evoked neuronal and glial activity in the posteromedial barrel subfield of the rat somatosensory cortex in vivo. Resolution of the probe allowed discrimination of single cells, and calcium dynamics spanning milliseconds to several seconds were observed. Initial results indicate that the probe has useful practical applications in the imaging of individual cells and monitoring rapid calcium fluctuations within their cell body and large processes.
Securing and retaining a mental health workforce in Far Western New South Wales
Authors: Perkins David , Larsen Karen , Lyle David , Burns Pippa 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective:  To identify strategies local managers can use to optimise recruitment and retention of mental health staff in rural locations. Design:  Forty‐one staff were interviewed about factors that attracted them to work in remote locations, their initial intentions and factors that encourage them to stay. Setting:  The former Far West Health Area of New South Wales. Results:  Overall job satisfaction was high (68%). Key attractors were rural lifestyle and environment. Family reasons, the field of work and the rural lifestyle were factors that keep staff in their positions. Some mentioned the desire to achieve professional goals and see projects completed. Many staff reported that their initial intentions to stay had remained the same (43.9%). Reasons for extended intention to stay were: greater career opportunities; a desire to complete professional goals; extension of positions; and personal factors. The most common reason for leaving was better career opportunities. Other reasons included: changes to personal commitments; heavy workloads or burnout; service management; and workplace politics. A large number of respondents mentioned key differences when comparing rural and metropolitan areas: more travel (greater distances); less service options for referral; greater spectrum of illnesses and conditions; more autonomy and responsibility. Conclusions:  Strategies to recruit and retain staff must take account of personal needs and aspirations. While there is room for state strategies to improve employment incentives, there is also considerable scope for local managers to improve the design and attractiveness of jobs.
Use of social network analysis to describe service links for farmers' mental health
Authors: Fuller Jeffrey , Kelly Brian , Sartore Gina , Fragar Lynne , Tonna Anne , Pollard Georgia , Hazell Trevor 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective:  The primary mental health care needs of farmers require that service innovations incorporate rural support workers into a local service network. This component of the FarmLink pilot sought to develop a social network analysis method that would describe local mental health‐related human service networks. The purpose is to inform improvements in this network and to serve as a baseline against which such improvements can be evaluated. Design:  A pilot survey of rural human service providers who deal with mental health‐related issues among farmers about their self‐reported links between each other. Setting:  Service delivery agencies associated with a small rural town in New South Wales. Participants:  Twenty‐five agents from a range of human services involved in rural human support services to farmers, such as from agricultural and drought support, welfare, primary health care and education. Intervention:  Telephone interview prior to the conduct of a Mental Health First Aid seminar and a Farmers Mental Health and Wellbeing workshop. Main outcome measures:  Agent self‐reported service links over the past three months for information exchange, client referrals and working together in relation to helping farmers for mental health, emotional health or stress‐related problems. Analysis trialled on the ‘made referrals’ link shows the network influence, prominence and intermediary status of the rural financial counsellor. Conclusions:  Within the limitations of recalled self‐report data, social network analysis provides a useful network description for informing and evaluating service network improvements.
Evaluation of a stress management course in adult education centres in rural Australia
Authors: Hawkins Kate M. , Reddy Prasuna , Bunker Steve 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective:  To investigate whether attending a six‐week stress management course in a rural adult education centre is effective in reducing participants' levels of stress, anxiety and depression. Design:  Repeated measures design using self‐report measures of stress, anxiety and depression at commencement and completion of a six‐week stress management course, and six months post‐completion follow up. Setting and participants:  One hundred and thirty‐two adults (age range 18–73 years) living in a rural community who self‐enrolled in the stress management course at adult education centres. Intervention:  The course consisted of six weekly group sessions. Each two‐hour session conducted by mental health professionals, included teaching cognitive behavioural strategies targeted at reducing individual symptoms of stress. Main outcome measures:  Comparative analysis of pre‐ and post‐test and six‐month follow up on measures of stress (Stress Symptom Checklist), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Results:  Results indicated a significant reduction in stress symptoms (F(7,90) = 34.92, P < 0.001), anxiety and depression (F(3,95) = 87.92, P < 0.001) from course commencement to course completion. These improvements were sustained six months after course completion for stress symptoms (F(11,65) = 22.40, P < 0.001), anxiety and depression (F(5,73) = 41.78, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Findings demonstrate the stress management course is an effective community intervention in a rural community. Challenges for future implementation of the program are discussed.
Prevalence of psychological distress, anxiety and depression in rural communities in Australia
Authors: Kilkkinen Annamari , Kao‐Philpot Anna , O'Neil Adrienne , Philpot Benjamin , Reddy Prasuna , Bunker Stephen , Dunbar James 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective:  To describe the prevalence of psychological distress, depression and anxiety in three Australian rural settings and to identify the levels of risk by gender and age. Design and setting:  Three cross‐sectional surveys in the Greater Green Triangle area covering the south‐east of South Australia (Limestone Coast), and south‐west (Corangamite Shire) and north‐west (Wimmera) of Victoria. Participants:  A total of 1563 people, aged 25–74 years, randomly selected from the electoral roll. Main outcome measures:  Psychological distress assessed by the Kessler 10, and anxiety and depression assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results:  The prevalence of psychological distress was 31% for both men and women with two‐thirds reporting moderate and one‐third high levels of psychological distress. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was approximately 10%. The highest rate of psychological distress, anxiety and depression occurred in the 45–54 years age group. There were no consistent gender or area differences in the prevalence of psychological distress, depression or anxiety. Conclusions:  A third of the rural population reported psychological distress, with the highest prevalence observed in middle‐aged men and women. Thus, health professionals should attend not only to physical health, but also to mental health status in this age group. It is also important to target prevention strategies at the 20% who reported moderate levels of psychological distress in order to prevent the development of more serious conditions.
headspace: National Youth Mental Health Foundation: Making headway with rural young people and their mental health
Authors: Hodges Craig A. , O'Brien Matthew S. , McGorry Patrick D. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Mental health is the number one health issue affecting young people in Australia today, yet only one in four of these young people receive professional help. Approximately 14% of 12‐ to 17‐year‐olds and 27% of 18‐ to 25‐year‐olds experience mental health problems each year. However, many do not have ready access to treatment or are reluctant to seek that help. These issues might be exacerbated in the rural and remote regions of Australia where sociocultural barriers such as stigma, lack of anonymity and logistic difficulties including cost and availability of transport can hinder young people accessing mental health services. headspace: the National Youth Mental Health Foundation has been funded to address these issues. headspace will provide funding for the establishment of communities of youth services across Australia, provide national and local community awareness campaigns and plans, establish a centre of excellence that will identify and disseminate evidence‐based practice in addressing youth mental health issues, and translate findings into education and training programs that are targeted at service providers to work with youth mental health. The communities of youth services will build the capacity of local communities to identify early, and provide effective responses to, young people aged 12–25 years with mental health and related substance use disorders. Specific approaches in rural, regional and remote areas will be developed as well as specific programs to involve young Indigenous people.
Mental health issues and resources in rural and regional communities: An exploration of perceptions of service providers
Authors: Turpin Merrill , Bartlett Helen , Kavanagh David , Gallois Cindy 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective:  To identify service providers' and community organisations' perceptions of the resources available to support people with mental illness and the unmet needs of this client group in rural Queensland. Design:  An exploratory study was undertaken involving focus group interviews across the study sites. Setting:  Five regional towns in rural Queensland. Participants:  Ten to 14 members were recruited for each of the five focus groups. The groups represented a diverse mix of participants including health and community service providers and representatives from community organisations. Results:  Participants identified gaps in services in relation to health, employment and education, housing and accommodation, transport and social inclusion and health promotion. Inter‐service communication and inappropriate funding models were themes affecting service delivery. Conclusions:  Specific service issues of housing and transport were identified to be particularly problematic for people with mental illness across all towns. Intersectoral communication and funding models require further research.
EFFECT OF ENALAPRIL TREATMENT ON THE SENSITIVITY OF CARDIOPULMONARY REFLEXES IN RATS WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Andrade TU , Pinto VD , Medeiros ARS , Abreu GR , Moysés MR , Sampaio KN , Bissoli NS 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with enalapril on the sensitivity of cardiopulmonary reflexes 30 days after myocardial infarction in Wistar rats.
Animals were divided into four groups: (i) sham operated, receiving vehicle (SHAM); (ii) infarcted, receiving vehicle (0.9% NaCl; INF); (iii) sham operated, receiving enalapril (SHAME); and (iv) infarcted, receiving enalapril (INFE).
Enalapril was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day. Serotonin (4–32 µg/kg, i.v.) was administered in order to activate the Bezold–Jarisch reflex, which was estimated as the percentage of reduction in heart rate.
The volume‐sensitive cardiopulmonary reflex was induced by saline overload and evaluated as the percentage increase in sodium and volume renal excretion. At the end of the experiments, rats were killed and hearts excised to estimate the size of the infarction. The weight of the kidneys, lungs, liver and cardiac chambers as ratios of bodyweight was used to estimate the extent of hypertrophy.
The results showed an impairment in the sensitivity of the cardiopulmonary reflexes in the INF group compared with the SHAM and SHAME groups. We observed right ventricle and pulmonary hypertrophy, a reduction in mean and systolic arterial pressure and an increase in heart rate in INF animals. In the INFE group, nearly all the parameters were normal compared with the INF group, except for systolic arterial pressure, which was only partially improved.
The main finding of the present study was that treatment with enalapril normalized the sensitivity of the cardiopulmonary reflexes, which could be due, in part, to the reduction of cardiac hypertrophy. The present study provides information about the beneficial effects of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors by normalizing the cardiopulmonary reflexes involved with the regulation of volume and sodium, as well as control of arterial pressure and heart rate in infarcted animals.