bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation and Development: The Nam Theun 2 Dam Project in Laos
Authors: Scudder Thayer 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes the author's work on the Panel of Environmental and Social Experts (POE) for Laos' Nam Theun 2 (NT2) dam. Although generally regarded as unsustainable, large dams are thought to be a necessity in development projects. Therefore, the goal should be to make them as sustainable as possible, for both the environment and people.
A Biocultural Basis for an Ethic toward the Natural Environment
Authors: Kellert Stephen R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter addresses the contemporary environmental crisis as one that requires fundamental societal shifts of values and ethical relations to the natural world. It discusses the important and progressive changes that have occurred in perceptions of nature during the past half century, changes that have resulted in improved stewardship of aspects of the natural world. It advocates a biocultural perspective, a response that views human values and ethical relations toward the natural world as bounded by species biological requirements, but shaped and influenced by individual and cultural learning and experience.
The Future of Ecology and the Ecology of the Future
Authors: Botkin Daniel B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter begins by outlining important advances in the science of ecology. These include the fundamental recognition that ecological systems are not steady state, but instead vary over time and space. However, ecological research has failed in many ways, mainly because of the failure of ecologists to settle upon central questions. The relationship between basic and applied ecological research is discussed and it is argued that we need to eliminate the idea that basic science always precedes applications.
Gregory of Nazianzus on the Trinity and the Knowledge of God
Authors: Beeley Christopher A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Gregory of Nazianzus has long been regarded as the premier teacher on the Holy Trinity in Eastern Christianity. Yet, ironically, for over a century historians and theologians have neglected his work in favor of his fellow Cappadocians Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nyssa, while Gregory has long been overshadowed in the West by Augustine. Christopher Beeley's groundbreaking study—the first comprehensive treatment in modern scholarship—examines Gregory's Trinitarian doctrine within the full range of his theological and practical vision. Following an introductory orientation to Gregory's life and theological works, the book traces Gregory's Trinitarian doctrine through a wide range of concerns, from biblical interpretation and language theory to the practicalities of Christian worship, asceticism, and pastoral ministry. It highlights the soteriological nature of Gregory's doctrine, which seamlessly integrates what have more recently been distinguished as dogmatic and ascetical, or doxological and systematic, theology. Unique among modern studies, this book examines Gregory's doctrine across his entire corpus of orations, poems, and letters, giving special attention to its highly rhetorical and contextualized form. It offers new insights in many areas and a major reinterpretation of the famous Theological Orations and Christological epistles (Ep. 101‐102, 202). By comparing Gregory's work with that of his great master, Origen, his Eastern contemporaries, and his Western counterpart, Augustine, the book shows Gregory to be the most outstanding example of the Origenist Trinitarian tradition of fourth‐century Asia Minor. Gregory offered the most powerful and comprehensive Trinitarian doctrine of his age from a distinctively Eastern point of view, largely independent of the work of Athanasius, while also representing the interests of Damasus of Rome and the Italian bishops as the leading pro‐Nicene theologian at the heart of the Eastern empire—a fact which sharply qualifies the long‐accepted dominance of the Athanasian‐Western paradigm as the normative standard for Trinitarian orthodoxy. Long eclipsed in twentieth‐century scholarship, Gregory's doctrine is now brought into full view as the major Greek authority on the Trinity and one of the greatest theologians in the history of the Church.
Introduction
Authors: Beeley Gregory A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The introduction provides an orientation to Gregory's' life and works within his multiple contexts. It covers Gregory's family, childhood, education, training in biblical study and Greek philosophical rhetoric; his pioneering, moderate form of monasticism as a “middle path” between solitude and public service; his strong influence by Origen and complicated relationship with Basil; his theological and ecclesiastical leadership as a priest and bishop; his central role in the consolidation of the Trinitarian faith and the pro‐Nicene movement in Constantinople; and his retirement, literary corpus, and the distinctive character of the Theological Orations. In addition, it offers a summary narrative of the mid‐fourth‐century theological controversies, in which Gregory played a key part—with attention to Marcellus of Ancyra, the Council of Nicaea 325, Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Basil of Ancyra, George of Laodicea, Melitius of Antioch, Damasus and the Western synods, Eunomius and the Heterousians, the Homoiousians, the Pneumatomachians, the homoian regimes of Constantius and Valens, the synod of Antioch in 372, the religious policy of Theodosius, and other church councils; an account of the negative effects of the Antiochene schism, and a reconstruction of the Council of Constantinople 381.
God and the Theologian
Authors: Beeley Gregory A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the spiritual dialectic of purification and illumination, or praxis and theoria, within which Christians come to know God. In turn, it addresses Gregory's response to the Eunomians; the theological example of Moses; Gregory's missionary approach to Greek culture; his pioneering style of moderate Christian monasticism or “philosophy,” defined as a middle path between solitude and public service; his use of Plato and Plotinus compared to the Bible; the respective roles of the human body and soul in purification; the transcendence and incomprehensibility of God; God's grace; the central place of Christian baptism; the question of Gregory's apophaticism; the positive knowledge of the divine light; the relationship between faith and reason; and the basis of Christian theology in the divine economy of salvation
Jesus Christ, the Son of God
Authors: Beeley Gregory A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter gives a new, comprehensive interpretation of Gregory's Christology, focusing on his account of creation, the fall, and final redemption; his seminal doctrine of divinization (theosis); the relationship between soteriology and Christology; the singular identity of Christ as “one and the same” God and Son; the unity of Christ, against longstanding dualistic interpretations of Gregory's Christology; the principles of Christological exegesis; Gregory's vivid sense of the divine suffering in Christ and the centrality of Christ's crucifixion and resurrection; the predominance and unifying effect of Christ's divinity on his humanity; and Gregory's Christological spirituality, whereby the doctrine of Christ is itself the means of the Christian's ascent to God. Attention is also given to Gregory's opposition to the Antiochene Christology of Diodore, in addition to as that of Eunomius and Apollinarius.
Pastoral Ministry
Authors: Beeley Gregory A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The final chapter examines the pastoral dimension of Gregory's Trinitarian doctrine and the Trinitarian shape of his pastoral theory, on which he is the seminal teacher in Eastern and Western Christianity. Drawing on his influential Oration 2 On the Priesthood and his panegyrics on such figures as Athanasius and Basil, it traces Gregory's lifelong concern for the leadership of the Church and analyzes his understanding of pastoral ministry, while also providing an excursus on the love of the poor by all Christians. After noting the intrinsic connection between pastoral ministry and the divine economy as recorded in Scripture, it analyzes the practicalities of the cure of souls—a work that Gregory memorably terms “the art of arts and the science of sciences”—which are summed up in the pastor's adaptive treatment of different spiritual conditions. It then identifies the basis of pastoral praxis in the personal experience and virtue of the priest—exemplified above all by the apostle Paul—against which abuses of the pastoral office and the examples of bad bishops are considered. It shows the central place of the Scriptures in pastoral ministry, from the priest's preparation through the spiritual study of the Bible to the central work of the ministry of the word, which is compared with broader sacramental ministry. Finally, it locates the heart of pastoral ministry in the administration of the Holy Trinity.
Conclusion
Authors: Beeley Gregory A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
In conclusion, this book highlights the distinctive character of Gregory's theological and ecclesiastical achievement through a detailed comparison with his key predecessors and contemporaries and an account of his pervasive influence in later Christian tradition. It identifies Gregory's deep indebtedness to Origen—arguably the greatest among Origen's later disciples—and his strong reliance on the work of the Cappadocian patron saint, Gregory Thaumaturgus, particularly in the area of Christology. On the basis of detailed textual analysis, it argues for Gregory's independence of the work of Athanasius and Didymus the Blind, even as he made use of Athanasius' reputation for his own work in Constantinople. It then accounts for Gregory's substantial, and heretofore unrecognized, use of Apollinarian concepts, even as he opposes Apollinarius on a central point of soteriology. Shedding further new light, it identifies the major differences between Gregory's work and that of Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nyssa, who have previously been assumed to agree with one another on most matters of theological importance. Finally, it highlights Gregory's magisterial achievement as a representative of the Eastern Trinitarian tradition of Asia Minor that was based in the thought of Origen and Eusebius of Caesarea and symbolized in the Dedication Council of Antioch in 341, in distinction from the doctrine of Athanasius and the West, while also showing Gregory's accord with Damasus and the Italian synods as the pro‐Nicene representative in Constantinople.
The Elusive Dream
Authors: Edwards Korie L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis book looks at how churches attempt to realize Dr. King's dream of racial integration. Recognizing that race is central to the organization of American life, the book situates race theory at the heart of understanding the cultural and social dynamics of racially integrated congregations and how they attract and retain members. The book, focusing on black–white interracial churches, argues that for these organizations to sustain a racially diverse congregation they must primarily appeal to whites. African‐Americans will need to affirm whites' religious and cultural predilections to retain white membership and bear the brunt of the sacrifices required to make racial integration work. In the end, interracial churches end up reproducing the racial structures they purport to oppose. The compelling stories that unfold in this book expose the tenuous nature of interracial churches and the barriers they need to overcome to realize the dream.
Introduction
Authors: Edwards Korie L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe introductory chapter reviews the basic thesis of the book: whiteness (which includes the normativity of white culture, white privilege, and white structural dominance) governs how interracial churches work. Therefore, interracial churches work to the extent that they are first comfortable places for whites to attend. The chapter explains what is meant by whiteness and why whiteness matters. An historical overview of religious race relations in the United States is also provided. And the methods employed for this study are briefly reviewed.
Decently and in Order
Authors: Edwards Korie L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe second chapter examines the worship styles and practices of interracial churches and compares them to those of other kinds of churches. Focusing on a conflict over worship practices that emerged during the case study, this chapter further discusses African‐Americans' and whites' perspectives on worship and illustrates how the worship styles and practices preferred by whites can come to prevail in interracial churches.
Song of the Distant Dove
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractJudah Halevi, the great medieval Hebrew poet, abandoned home and family in Spain (al-Andalus) at the end of his life and traveled east to die in the Holy Land. This book narrates his journey, quoting from Arabic letters by Halevi and his friends, and explores its meaning through analysis of his Hebrew poems. The poems are presented both in Hebrew and in new English verse translations and are provided with full commentary. The discussion introduces Halevi’s circle of Jewish businessmen and intellectuals in al-Andalus and Egypt, examines their way of life, and describes their position vis-à-vis Arabic and Islamic culture. It also explores the interweaving of religious ideas of Jewish, Islamic, and Hellenistic origin in Halevi’s work. Although Halevi was partially motivated by a desire to repudiate the Judeo-Arabic hybrid culture and embrace purely Jewish values, the book demonstrates that his poetry and his pilgrimage continue to reflect the Judeo-Arabic milieu. His poetry and pilgrimage also show that while the Jews’ precarious situation as a tolerated minority weighed on Halevi, he was impelled to the pilgrimage not by a grand plan for ending the Jewish exile, as is widely thought, but by a personal religious quest. Chapters 1 through 3 each deal with one of the major themes of Halevi’s poetry that point in the direction of the pilgrimage. Chapters 4 through 6 are a narrative of the pilgrimage. Chapters 7 through 10 are a study of Halevi’s poems that are explicitly about the Land of Israel and about the pilgrimage. The epilogue explores the later legend of his martyrdom.
Halevi’s Religious Development
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHalevi’s historical and cultural matrix was Islamic Spain (al-Andalus) in the taifa and Almoravid periods, home to a cosmopolitan Judeo-Arabic culture, Arabic-inspired Hebrew poetry, and a Neoplatonic outlook. Inspired partly by Islamic pietistic writing, Halevi turned away from the Neoplatonic heritage to embrace a new Jewish pietism of the kind seen in the writings of Bahya Ibn Paquda; Halevi’s career is described as a Jewish parallel to that of al-Ghazzālī, a distinguished Islamic scholar turned Sufi. Halevi’s poetry is quoted extensively to illustrate themes of a personal (as opposed to specifically Jewish) piety, such as service to God, asceticism (Arabic zuhd), trust in God (tawakkul), seeking God’s pleasure (riḍā), and repentance (tawba). The chapter concludes with a full study of four poems selected to illustrate these themes.
The Visionary
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA notable feature of Halevi’s religious poetry is its frequent depictions of spiritual experience in visual terms. Some of Halevi’s visionary imagery derives from the ancient Jewish tradition of merkava mysticism, some from the philosophical tradition. But Sufi literature may also have played a part in providing Halevi with his mature conception of the ultimate goal of religious striving. Similarly, a number of important poems depict dreams, considered a form of prophecy; it is a dream that sets the narrative of framework of the Kuzari into motion. The chapter concludes with five poems illustrating visionary experience and dreams. Of these poems, one is a report of a prophetic experience of Halevi himself proclaiming the redemption of Israel; one depicts the poet’s aspiration for a personal vision of God; and one envisions the poet in the Temple.
Alexandria
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractGeniza letters and Halevi’s panegyric poems describe his arrival, together with Isaac Ibn Ezra and another companion, in Alexandria; his activities there; the many people who wanted to host him; and his desire for ascetic solitude. Outstanding characters are Aaron ibn al-’Ammānī, a judge of the Jewish court, Halevi’s main Alexandrian host; and Ḥalfon Halevi, a businessman in Fustat/Cairo with whom Halevi had been in contact while still in al-Andalus. Samuel ben Ḥanania, the head of the Jewish community of the Fatimid Empire, invites Halevi to Cairo; Halevi’s formal epistle to him displays the royal deference accorded to Samuel’s rank. Geniza letters tell of Ḥalfon’s trip to Alexandria in late 1140 in order to bring Halevi home with him to Fustat.
The Voyage
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNine poems describe Halevi’s ocean voyage and his mental state during its course. They display his ambivalence between missing his family and longing for his goal; his fear that the Holy Land will not be a sufficient compensation for his losses; and his resolve to put himself fully into God’s hands. Several poems describe storms at sea, the terror they instill, and the opportunity they afford to put one’s trust of God to the test. The final poem is a hymn of thanksgiving for a safe arrival, probably written not on conclusion of the voyage but in anticipation of its successful conclusion.
Introduction
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the primary objective of the book, which is to address the question: to what extent can communicators actually perform their expected role to anticipate and head off crises or to guide their organizations through crises with the least possible damage to reputation? It argues that successful crisis management is not guaranteed by scientific planning and prescriptive decision making, but by the nature of the organization, the crisis, and the environment. The book's complexity-based approach to crisis management is then described.
Predictability and Control in Complex Systems
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the key difference between the two paradigms of crisis management described in Chapters 2 and 3. The traditional crisis planning process described in Chapter 2 depends on the ability of managers to predict and control multiple features of crisis situations: how organizations will behave during a crisis, how publics will respond to efforts to contain or repair the crisis, and how the company's actions will affect subsequent outcomes. The complexity view described in Chapter 3 substantially limits actors' ability to either predict or control all the interacting elements that make up a complex system.
Sorting Out the Complex World
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter shows how sensemaking and group learning lead to flexible, expert decision making. It presents the concept of the “expert organization” that can group effectively to both anticipate and deal with a crisis. The concept of the expert organization has affinities with Choo's (2001) “knowing organization”: one that synthesizes sensemaking, knowledge, and decision making in a cycle that leads to effective learning and adaptation.
Complexity, Crisis, and the Expert Organization
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter brings together three streams of thought — crisis literature, complexity, and organizational learning — showing how their combination extends the thinking about crisis communication. It summarizes the key assumptions that inform most mainstream approaches to crisis communication. They are divided into four general categories: philosophical assumptions, assumptions about organizations, assumptions about knowledge, and assumptions about crisis management.
Complex Recovery
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines mainstream and complexity-based approaches to postcrisis evaluation. Topics discussed include information gathering for postcrisis evaluation, and learning, debriefing and revision of the crisis plan. It argues that crisis behaviors reflect underlying values of an organization, expressing its way of interacting with its environment and treating its stakeholders. Although these patterns of behavior are difficult to break, change can be brought about if managers have the mind-set and the skills to facilitate it.
The Legend of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba
Authors: Bruder Edith 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how the biblical episode of Solomon and the queen of Sheba played a major role in the Western perception of Africa, not only the country and its history but also its inhabitants. It argues that the connection between the Ten Tribes and Ethiopia and the lineage established by the legend of Solomon and the queen of Sheba made consistent the use of biblical imagery in the African oral cultural milieu. The convergence of these traditions from earliest times, often emerging in multifaceted and sometimes indirect combinations, contributed to the spread of an implicit connection of African inhabitants with the Hebrews.
Encountering and Reinventing the Africans and the Jews in the Colonial Era, Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Bruder Edith 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Hamitic hypothesis and its influence on both Europeans and Africans. This theory claims that anything of value found in Africa was brought there by the Hamites, who were allegedly a branch of the Caucasian race. It is shown that by the beginning of the 19th century, Hamitic hypothesis theories were widely accepted as authoritative among missionaries. Native religions were interpreted by Europeans according to similarities with ancient Hebrew rituals, and became the object of the most contradictory European fantasies. It is argued that the question of origin and precedence appears as the epicenter of the problematic of identity and religion of the Africans, as expressed by Europeans.
Appropriating Jewish History by the African Diaspora, Nineteenth to Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Bruder Edith 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the theories of Afrocentrism that provided the theoretical basis for Africans to appropriate the Jewish history. By trying to restore the primacy of African influence in the world, the Afrocentrist ideology established a link of connivance with the most remote ancestors and asserted that Africans were the true original Jewish race. Following the history of these political texts, the precursors of African Diaspora identification with the Jewish Diaspora and the subsequent roots of African Judaizing movements are considered: special attention is paid to African American Jewish movements. The symbolic role of Judaism in the religious imagination of the Hebrew-Israelites (in Israel) and the Rastafarian movement (in Jamaica) is also examined.
Historical Narratives of a Jewish Presence in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Bruder Edith 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter provides a historical context for reconstructing the most ancient Jewish or Semitic influences on sub-Saharan Africa or to evaluate the extent of mythical realities. It argues that if we consider the mythic genealogies that recount an ancient presence of Jews in Africa and their progression into the interior of the continent as a whole, the dispersion from Egypt constitutes one of the major narrative patterns claiming a Jewish presence in Africa.