bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lateral and Mediastinal Lymph Node Dissection in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Indications, Benefits, and Risks
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Miyauchi Akira 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackgroundThere are 3 compartments of regional lymph nodes to which thyroid carcinoma metastasizes: central, lateral, and mediastinal compartments. The central compartment is the nearest to the thyroid and usually dissected routinely. However, the indication for dissection of the lateral and mediastinal compartments for differentiated thyroid carcinoma remains an open question.MethodsThe indication for dissection of lateral and mediastinal compartments is evaluated based on previous reports, including those from our department.ResultsThere is nothing controversial about the indication for therapeutic lateral node dissection for tumors with clinically apparent lateral node metastasis. Such cases are more likely to show recurrence, especially in previously dissected compartments, and surgeons must perform dissection carefully. Although there are no randomized studies on the indication for prophylactic lateral node dissection, it is recommended for papillary carcinoma with aggressive characteristics such as large size and massive extrathyroid extension. Prophylactic mediastinal dissection via median sternotomy is not recommended.ConclusionsNode dissection of the lateral and mediastinal compartments must be performed aggressively and radically to prevent recurrence in previously dissected regions.
Formation of Triterpenoids throughout Olea europaea Fruit Ontogeny
Authors: Stiti Naïm , Triki Saïda , Hartmann Marie‐Andrée 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDrupes were handpicked from olive (Olea europaea L.) trees, cv chemlali, at 13 distinct stages of fruit development, referred to as weeks after flowering (WAF), and analyzed for their free and esterified sterols and triterpenoids content. These two classes of compounds are synthesized via the acetate/mevalonate pathway and share common precursors up to oxidosqualene (OS). Cyclization of OS in either cycloartenol or β‐amyrin constitutes a branch point between primary (sterol pathway) and secondary (triterpenoid pathway) metabolisms. At the onset of fruit development, i.e., between 12 and 18 WAF, drupes were found to contain high amounts of α‐ and β‐amyrins as well as more‐oxygenated compounds such as triterpenic diols (erythrodiol and uvaol) and acids (oleanolic, ursolic and maslinic acids). Concomitantly, sterol precursors were barely detectable. From 21 WAF, when the olive fruit reached its final size and began to turn from green to purple, α‐ and β‐amyrins were no longer present, while 4,4‐dimethyl‐ and 4α‐methylsterols started to be formed, indicating a redirection of the carbon flux from the triterpenoid pathway towards the sterol pathway. Between 21 and 30 WAF, sterol end products, mainly represented by sitosterol, progressively accumulated and triterpenic diols were replaced by triterpenic acids, essentially maslinic acid. Interestingly, the developing olive fruit was found to accumulate significant amounts of parkeol as an ester conjugate. Whatever the stage of development, triterpenoids represent the major triterpenic compounds of the olive fruit.
Production and characterization of a swiss cheese‐like product from modified vegetable oils
Authors: Yu Liangping , Hammond Earl G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeven types of Swiss cheese‐like products were made by recombining skim milk with various fat sources: higholeic sunflower oil (HOSO), milk fat, randomized milk fat, HOSO with commerical short‐chain fatty acids (C4−C10) (SCFA) interesterified at 100 and 120% of the levels in the milk fat, HOSO with interesterified milk fat SCFA, and HOSO with dissolved free SCFA. Sensory, chemical, and physical analyses were conducted to evaluate the flavor and texture of the cheeses. All cheeses made from HOSO with interesterified SCFA were not significantly different from milk fat controls in typical Swiss flavor and volatile flavor. HOSO with interesterified SCFA scored significantly higher in these flavors than unmodified HOSO. Swiss flavor was positively correlated with sweetness (0.805), volatile flavor (0.737), caramelized flavor (0.703), non‐fat solids (0.663), and SCFA (0.639), and negatively correlated with fat (−0.645) and salt (−0.482) content. A linear regression model was established for typical Swiss flavor that included fat, salt, titratable acidity, and medium‐ and long‐chain fatty acids as variables (R2=0.91). Instrumental texture profile analysis indicated no differences among the treatments in texture atributes except cohesiveness. The production of a good‐flavored Swiss cheeselike product from HOSO with interesterified SCFA appears to be commercially feasible.
Predicting oxidative stability of vegetable oils using neural network system and endogenous oil components
Authors: Przybylski Roman , Zambiazi Rui C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe usefulness of Artificial Neural Network Systems (ANNW) to predict the stability of vegetable oil based on chemical composition was evaluated. The training set, comprised of a composition of major and minor components of vegetable oil as inputs and as outputs, induction period and values of slopes for initiation and propagation, was measured by oxygen consumption. The best predictability was achieved for oils stored at 35°C with light exposure, when the major fatty acids, chlorophylls, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and metals were used as predictors. For oils stored at 65°C without light, a good predictability was obtained when composition of the major fatty acids and the amounts of tocopherols and tocotrienols were used. These results suggest that vegetable oil stability can be successfully predicted by ANNW when partial oil composition is known.
Thermal stability of some commercial synthetic antioxidants
Authors: Sanhueza Julio , Nieto Susana , Valenzuela Alfonso 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSynthetic antioxidants are widely applied substances in human food and in animal feed industries. These products, which are mainly derived from phenolic structures, were developed to avoid or retard the oxidative rancidity of fats and oils when added either to raw material or to end‐products. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tertiary butylhydroxyquinone (TBHQ), and ethoxyquin (EQ) are frequently applied during the cooking of the by‐products (viscera, blood, and feathers) in the poultry feed industry. However, results in terms of oxidative prevention are unequal and usually modest. Because information about the thermal stability of synthetic antioxidants is scarce, we developed a laboratory model that simulates the cooking of poultry by‐products to study the effectiveness of BHT, BHA, TBHQ, and EQ. The antioxidants were thermally treated at 100–200°C, over 1 or 2 h. The effectiveness of each antioxidant after the thermal treatment was assessed with the Rancimat test by measuring the modification of the induction period for the oxidation of sardine oil and comparing it to the oxidation kinetics of the oil without added antioxidants. Within our experimental conditions, all antioxidants assayed showed different degrees of thermal instability. BHT and TBHQ were effective as antioxidants at temperatures up to 175°C, exhibiting only 25 to 30% inactivation. However, BHA and EQ were inactivated by 70 and 60%, respectively, at 150°C. Heating time (1 and 2 h) at a given temperature did not significantly modify the behavior of the antioxidants assayed. EQ is the most frequently applied antioxidant to prevent oxidative rancidity in the cooking of poultry by‐products. However, according to our results, EQ and BHA, which is another antioxidant frequently used by the poultry industry, are less suitable
Antioxidant activity of crude tannins of canola and rapeseed hulls
Authors: Amarowicz R. , Naczk M. , Shahidi F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe antioxidant activity of crude tannins of canola and rapeseed hulls was evaluated by β‐carotene‐linoleate, α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and reducing power assays. Crude tannins were extracted from three samples of Cyclone canola (high‐tannin) hulls and Kolner, Ligaret, and Leo Polish rapeseed (low‐tannin) hulls with 70% (vol/vol) acetone. The total phenolic content in crude tannin extracts ranged between 128 and 296 mg of sinapic acid equivalents per 1 g of extract. The ultraviolet spectra of methanolic solution of canola extracts showed two absorption maxima (282 and 309 nm), whereas those of rapeseed extracts exhibited a single maximum (326 nm). Crude tannins isolated from canola hulls exerted significantly (P<0.025) greater antioxidant activity than those from rapeseed in all three assays. The scavenging effect of all crude tannins, at a dose of 1 mg, on the DPPH radical ranged from 35.2 to 50.5%. The reducing power of Cyclone canola hull extracts on potassium ferricyanide was significantly (P≤0.0025) greater than that of rapeseed hull extracts, and the observed data correlated well (r=0.966; P=0.002) with the total content of phenolics present.
Quality of wheat germ oil extracted by liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Molero G mez A. , Mart nez de la Ossa E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe extraction of wheat germ oil by liquid and supercritical CO2 is described from the point of view of both operative method and pretreatment of raw material. The best conditions for wheat germ oil extraction are: pressure, 150 bar; temperature, 40°C; and solvent flow rate, 1.5 L/min at standard temperature and pressure. The yields and fatty acid compositions obtained are very similar to those resulting from the conventional extraction process using hexane as solvent (8.0 wt%), although a higher‐quality oil is obtained by using CO2 as solvent (free fatty acids, 12.4%; tocopherol content, 416.7 mg tocopherol/g wheat germ oil). These factors lead to the conclusion that the extraction process using CO2 could be economically competitive with the conventional process, since it considerably simplifies the oil refinement stages and completely eliminates the solvent distillation stage, which are the most costly processing steps in terms of energy consumption.
Excess volumes of binary mixtures that contain olive oil with alkyl and vinyl acetates
Authors: lez Gonz Cristina , Resa Jos M. , Lanz Juan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper reports densities and excess molar volumes for ethyl acetate, vinyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and butyl acetate with olive oil at temperatures from 283.15–298.15 K. Redlich‐Kister polynomials were fitted to the results of excess volumes. All the systems showed slight deviations from ideality. The excess volumes decreased with the number of carbon atoms of the acetate, but increased with an increase of temperature.
Characterization of pili nut (Canarium ovatum) oil: Fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition and physicochemical properties
Authors: Kakuda Yukio , Jahaniaval Firouz , Marcone Massimo F. , Montevirgen Lourdes , Montevirgen Quintin , Umali Joselyn 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of pili nut (Canarium ovatum) oil and fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The oil obtained by solvent extraction was low in polyunsaturated fatty acids and high in saturates. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (18∶2 and 18∶3) contents were less than 11%, whereas palmitic (16∶0) and stearic acid (18∶0) were 33.3 and 10.9%, respectively. The saturated fatty acid level of the low‐melting fraction oil was reduced from 44.4 to 35.5% and the total unsaturated fatty acid levels were increased from 55.6 to 65% by fractional crystallization. Triacylglycerol analysis showed that the high‐melting fraction (HM) from pili nut oil consisted of POP, POS, and SOS+SSO (P=palmitic acid, O=oleic acid, and S=stearic acid) in the proportion of 48.6, 38.8, and 8.7%, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the HM fraction were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance. The results showed that the melting range and solid fat content of the HM fraction were very similar to those isolated from cocoa butter and olive oil. The content of POP played an important role in determining the melting range of the HM fraction. It is suggested that this HM fraction may have applications as a cocoa butter substitute in confectionery products.
Brief report: The theory of planned behaviour applied to physical activity in young people who smoke
Authors: Everson Emma S. , Daley Amanda J. , Ussher Michael 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIt has been hypothesised that physical activity may be useful as a smoking cessation intervention for young adults. In order to inform such interventions, this study evaluated the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) for understanding physical activity behaviour in young smokers. Regular smokers aged 16–19 years (), self‐reported physical activity and all TPB components. Physical activity behaviour was significantly explained by both intention and perceived behavioural control (PBC), with both intention and PBC making significant contributions to the model. Intention was significantly explained by attitude, subjective norm (SN) and PBC, with attitude, SN and PBC all making significant contributions to the model. The TPB may be a useful framework for guiding physical activity interventions among young smokers.
Inconstancy in predator/prey ratios in Quaternary large mammal communities of Italy, with an appraisal of mechanisms
Authors: Raia Pasquale , Meloro Carlo , Barbera Carmela 
Published: January 2007

AbstractConstancy in predator/prey ratio (PPR) is a controversial issue in ecological research. Published reports support both constancy and inconstancy of the ratio in animal communities. Only a few studies, however, specifically address its course through time. Here we study the course of predator/prey ratio in communities of large Plio-Pleistocene mammals in Italy. After controlling for taphonomic biases, we find strong support for PPR inconstancy through time. Extinction, dispersal events, and differences in body size trends between predators and their prey were found to affect the ratio, which was distributed almost bimodally. We suggest that this stepwise dynamic in PPR indicates changes in ecosystem functioning. Prey richness was controlled by predation when PPR was high and by resources when PPR was low.
Characterization of the mitochondrial genome ofDiphyllobothrium latum(Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) – implications for the phylogeny of eucestodes
Authors: PARK J.-K. , KIM K.-H. , KANG S. , JEON H. K. , KIM J.-H. , LITTLEWOOD D. T. J. , EOM K. S. 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYThe complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome was determined for the fish tapewormDiphyllobothrium latum. This genome is 13 608 bp in length and encodes 12 protein-coding genes (but lacks theatp8), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) and 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, corresponding to the gene complement found thus far in other flatworm mitochondrial (mt) DNAs. The gene arrangement of this pseudophyllidean cestode is the same as the 6 cyclophyllidean cestodes characterized to date, with only minor variation in structure among these other genomes; the relative position oftrnS2andtrnL1is switched inHymenolepis diminuta. Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated amino acid sequences for 12 protein-coding genes of all complete cestode mtDNAs confirmed taxonomic and previous phylogenetic assessments, withD. latumbeing a sister taxon to the cyclophyllideans. High nodal support and phylogenetic congruence between different methods suggest that mt genomes may be of utility in resolving ordinal relationships within the cestodes. All species ofDiphyllobothriuminfect fish-eating vertebrates, andD. latumcommonly infects humans through the ingestion of raw, poorly cooked or pickled fish. The complete mitochondrial genome provides a wealth of genetic markers which could be useful for identifying different life-cycle stages and for investigating their population genetics, ecology and epidemiology.
Cracking the mild, difficult and fiendish codes within and downstream of the EGFR to link diagnostics and therapeutics
Authors: Waterfield M. 
Published: January 2007

Over the last 45 years, I have been working on growth factors, their receptors and signal transduction mechanisms. This period has seen a tremendous growth in knowledge and technology, and all of this, together with a focus interest in oncology, has steered me along a path designed to understand growth factor signalling so that we can see how drugs that target signalling pathways might be able to control cancer. The knowledge that we already have is likely to lead to cures for many common cancers within the next 25 years.
Genetic diversity and relationships of Portuguese and other horse breeds based on protein and microsatellite loci variation
Authors: Luís C. , Juras R. , Oom M. M. , Cothran E. G. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThere are three native Portuguese horse breeds: Lusitano, Sorraia and Garrano. This study compares diversity patterns of 17 protein and 12 microsatellite markers in these three as well as 30 other breeds to infer relationships among the breeds and to compare levels of polymorphism of these breeds for use in conservation efforts. The Garrano and the Lusitano showed a high level of genetic diversity, similar to that observed for most of the other analysed breeds, while the Sorraia and Friesian breeds showed low levels of variation for both genetic marker types. The combined protein and microsatellite data produced a tree that fit historical records well and with greater confidence levels than those for either data set alone. The combined genetic diversity and relationship information provides important baseline data for future breed conservation efforts, especially for a critically endangered breed such as the Sorraia.
A QTL for osteoporosis detected in an F2 population derived from White Leghorn chicken lines divergently selected for bone index
Authors: Dunn I. C. , Fleming R. H. , McCormack H. A. , Morrice D. , Burt D. W. , Preisinger R. , Whitehead C. C. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryOsteoporosis, resulting from progressive loss of structural bone during the period of egg‐laying in hens, is associated with an increased susceptibility to bone breakage. To study the genetic basis of bone strength, an F2 cross was produced from lines of hens that had been divergently selected for bone index from a commercial pedigreed White Leghorn population. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting the bone index and component traits of the index (tibiotarsal and humeral strength and keel radiographic density) were mapped using phenotypic data from 372 F2 individuals in 32 F1 families. Genotypes for 136 microsatellite markers in 27 linkage groups covering ∼80% of the genome were analysed for association with phenotypes using within‐family regression analyses. There was one significant QTL on chromosome 1 for bone index and the component traits of tibiotarsal and humeral breaking strength. Additive effects for tibiotarsal breaking strength represented 34% of the trait standard deviation and 7.6% of the phenotypic variance of the trait. These QTL for bone quality in poultry are directly relevant to commercial populations.
Genetic diversity among Angus, American Brahman, Senepol and Romosinuano cattle breeds
Authors: Brenneman R. A. , Chase C. C. , Olson T. A. , Riley D. G. , Coleman S. W. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe objective of this study was to quantify the genetic diversity among breeds under evaluation for tropical adaptability traits that affect the performance of beef cattle at the USDA/ARS SubTropical Agricultural Research Station (STARS) near Brooksville, FL, USA. Twenty‐six microsatellite loci were used to estimate parameters of genetic diversity among the breeds American Brahman, Angus, Senepol and Romosinuano; the latter was comprised of two distinct bloodlines (Costa Rican and Venezuelan). Genotypes of 47 animals from each of these STARS herds were analysed for genetic diversity and genetic distance. Using two methods, the greatest genetic distance was detected between the Costa Rican line of Romosinuano and the Senepol. Gene diversity ranged between 0.64 (Costa Rican line of Romosinuano) and 0.75 (American Brahman). The breed relationship inferences, which are based on genetic distance, provide additional tools for consideration in future crossbreeding studies and for testing the relationship between quantified breed diversity and observed heterosis.
Variation in ephippial buoyancy in Daphnia pulicaria
Authors: CÁCERES CARLA E. , CHRISTOFF ANNA N. , BOEING WIEBKE J. 
Published: January 2007

Summary1. Freshwater zooplankton often produce diapausing eggs to survive environmental stress. The diapausing eggs of Daphnia (Crustacea, Cladocera) are encased in an ephippium that either floats at the surface or sinks to the sediment. These two types of ephippia may represent different strategies between spatial (floaters) and temporal (sinkers) dispersal of offspring.2. We observed floating and sinking characteristics of ephippia obtained from eight lakes. We then conducted an experiment with 26 Daphnia pulicaria clones obtained from six of these lakes and observed the production of buoyant and non‐buoyant ephippia under high and low food conditions.3. Ephippia were more often non‐buoyant than buoyant both from females caught in nature and those reared in the laboratory. The experiment revealed that each clone was able to produce both types of ephippia, but that there was considerable among‐clone variation in the percentage of non‐buoyant ephippia produced.4. We conclude that production of non‐buoyant versus buoyant ephippia may be driven by both genetic and environmental factors.
Maintenance of antigen‐specific immunological memory through variable regions of heavy and light chains of anti‐idiotypic antibody
Authors: Vani J. , Nayak R. , Shaila M. S. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryImmunological memory is characterized by a quick and enhanced immune response after re‐exposure to the same antigen. To explain the mechanism involved in generation and maintenance of immunological memory, we had earlier proposed a hypothesis involving the relay of memory by idiotypic and anti‐idiotypic B cells. The peptidomimic present in the hypervariable region of anti‐idiotypic antibody was hypothesized to carry forward immunological memory. In the present work, we provide evidence supporting a role for the anti‐idiotypic antibody in eliciting antigen‐specific B‐cell and T‐cell responses. Employing the idiotypic monoclonal antibody (Ab1) specific for haemagglutinin (H) protein of rinderpest virus, Ab2β was generated, which possesses an internal image of the H protein in the region between amino acids 527 and 556. We demonstrate that antigen‐specific memory is perpetuated by immunization with Ab2, as shown by maintenance of antigen‐specific T‐cell responses upon restimulation in vitro of Ab2 immune splenocytes by antigen‐presenting cells expressing H protein or pulsed with H‐protein‐derived peptides. We have also shown that boosting with antigen‐specific anti‐idiotypic B cells generates a memory response in antigen‐primed mice. Evidence has been provided for the existence of an antigen‐specific B‐cell idiotypic network in the body that supports the perpetuation of immunological memory as proposed in the relay hypothesis.