bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proliferation and apoptosis in mammary epithelium during the rat oestrous cycle
Authors: Strange R. , Westerlind K. C. , Ziemiecki A. , Andres A.‐C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAim:  During each oestrous cycle, the mammary gland is subject to changes in ovarian hormone levels. It responds with limited proliferation, differentiation and regression. To understand the processes resulting in these changes, particularly the regulation of cell death, we examined protein levels in mammary epithelium during the oestrous cycle of the Sprague‐Dawley rat.Methods:  Studies of serum hormone levels, vaginal smears, uterine weight and morphology, mammary gland morphology, proliferation and apoptotic indices, and protein levels during the stages of the Sprague‐Dawley rat oestrous cycle were used to examine the response of mammary epithelium to the oestrous cycle.Results:  Proliferation of mammary epithelium was greater in diestrus and proestrus, while apoptosis was increased in metestrus and diestrus. Growth factor‐, hormone‐ and anchorage‐mediated cell survival signalling, indicated by activation of Stat5A, FAK and Akt 1 and expression of anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family members, was greater in proestrus and reduced in metestrus. In contrast, the levels of pro‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family members and proteins associated with apoptosis in mammary epithelium (TGFβ3, pStat3) were increased during metestrus and diestrus.Conclusion:  Decreases in growth factor, hormone and cell attachment survival signals corresponded with increased apoptosis during the second half of the oestrous cycle. The protein levels detected during oestrus suggest parallels to apoptosis in mammary involution.
An overview of methods for detection of factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutations
Authors: COOPER P. C. , REZENDE S. M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryVenous thromboembolism, represented by deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a common disease with high mortality and morbidity. Within the last 25 years, risk factors for venous thromboembolism have been linked to mutations in the genes of the coagulation/anticoagulation system. Factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutations are the most prevalent inherited risk factors predisposing to venous thromboembolism in the Western world. Tests to detect these mutations are carried out when investigating a personal or family history of venous thromboembolism. At the present, there are several different methods available for the detection of these mutations in the laboratory. The choice of the method will depend on many variables. This article is aimed at reviewing the available methods for the detection of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations, their principle, applicability, advantages and disadvantages of use.
Dental Health of Male Inmates in a State Prison System
Authors: Salive Marcel E. , Carolla Jeffrey M. , Brewer T. Fordham 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the prevalence of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) in a state prison system, using the opening of a new institution as an opportunity to examine a cross‐section of the state male inmate population routinely. A representative sample of 178 male inmates was examined by a single dentist, and the results were linked to demographic information.This study found a mean DMFT of 10.5 for inmates aged 18‐29, 17.1 for inmates aged 30‐44, and 22.4 for inmates over age 44. In the 18–29 age group, white inmates had more filled teeth than blacks (P < .005) and more missing teeth (P = .06). Missing teeth increased by 0.54 teeth/year of age (P < .001) and DMFT increased by 0.66 teeth/year of age (P < .001). The number of decayed teeth was explained using negative reciprocal time incarcerated (−1/T), and declined by 1.30 teeth between the sixth and 12th month of incarceration (P < .01). This may have been due to a treatment effect, or by selective loss of the population with poorer teeth. Comparison with US employed adults standardized to the study population showed that inmates had more missing teeth at every age, and a greater percent of unmet dental needs.
Effect of Residence in a Fluoridated Community on the Incidence of Coronal and Root Caries in an Older Adult Population
Authors: Hunt Ronald J. , Eldredge Janis B. , Beck James D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEighteen‐month caries incidence among older adult residents of fluoridated and nonfluoridated communities was compared. Rates for both coronal and root caries were consistently lower among long‐term residents of the fluoridated communities than among lifelong residents of nonfluoridated communities. Coronal caries incidence was significantly lower for people who had resided in fluoridated communities for more than 30 years (1.95 vs 1.33 surfaces). Root caries incidence was significantly less among residents for more than 40 years (0.56 vs1.11 surfaces). Fluoridation appeared to be beneficial for the older adults examined, even though the exposure to fluoridated water began in adulthood.
AIDS and Infection Control: Amsterdam Dentists Surveyed
Authors: ter Horst Guusje , Hammann‐Konings Gabrlelle M. J. , van Hegten Mlrjam J. , Maritz Bertie M. , Meijer Karin L. , Meyland Yolanda M. , van der Waag Chris 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn March 1988 all Amsterdam dentists (N=470) were sent a questionnaire to assess the extent of compliance with guidelines from the Health Council to prevent HIV transmission in dental practice. Response rate was 62 percent. Gloves, masks, and other protective garments were widely used. Other infection control procedures, like sterilizing instruments, were often not followed in ways recommended by the Health Council. To date, 60 percent of the respondents did not spend more than US$2,500 for protective garments or special equipment. Planned expenditure is substantially higher. One‐quarter of the respondents were certain to have one or more HIV‐seropositive patients, and 35 percent believed they did. When taking the medical history, almost one‐third of the dentists ask questions to assess whether a patient is possibly HIV seropositive. Forty percent of the dentists hold the opinion that it is necessary for a dentist to know whether a patient is HIV seropositive. This is against Health Council views. Thirty percent of the respondents are definitely fearful of AIDS infection and want additional information or training on this topic.
Issues in Cost Effectiveness in Health Care
Authors: Warner Kenneth E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCost‐effectiveness analysis (CEA) is becoming increasingly popular as society moves toward rationalizing health costs. This review describes the applications and limitations of the technique. Conceptually simple though frequently complicated in application, CEA compares the cost of a procedure with its effectiveness, thus helping an administrator to judge whether the procedure is worth its cost. CEA also permits comparison of various interventions that result in a similar health outcome. A major benefit of CEA is that it forces decision makers to confront the tradeoffs implicit in all decisions regarding alternative approaches. Limitations of the CEA philosophy and technique also have to be understood if it is to be employed effectively; it is not an assessment of cost savings, nor is it a decision‐making technique because it does not incorporate value judgments. A number of potential applications to dentistry are described.
Effectiveness of Mouthrinsing with Fluoride Solutions in Preventing Coronal and Root Caries
Authors: Leverett Dennis H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFluoride mouthrinses have been used extensively for the past 15 years to prevent dental caries in children. Their use has been especially widespread in organized school‐based programs in the US. Nearly three dozen clinical studies of fluoride mouthrinses, both with and without placebo controls, have been reported in the literature since the early 1960s. The overwhelming majority of those studies report statistically significant caries inhibition from the use of the products. Most of the studies were published prior to the knowledge of a decline in caries prevalence during the past 30 years. Consequently, the results of those studies lacking a placebo control group have been challenged. Even randomized clinical trials with appropriate control groups appear to be reporting declining differences between test and control groups. Using a model based on annual caries increments from published studies, the conclusion is reached that future use of fluoride mouthrinses is unlikely to result in annual savings in DMF increment greater than 0.4 surfaces, regardless of age of rinsers.
The Effectiveness of Pit and Fissure Sealants
Authors: Weintraub Jane A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis review addresses two major issues related to the use of pit and fissure sealants. First, the epidemiology of occlusal caries for children and adults is examined to determine if there is a basis for administering sealant programs to different age groups. Second, the effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants in fluoridated and non‐fluoridated communities is compared. Changes in effectiveness of sealant over time are evaluated in terms of percent effectiveness, complete retention, caries incidence, and reapplication rates. Based on epidemiologic evidence, sealant programs can be justified for children and young adults, but not for older age groups. Based on the literature reviewed, following one application of autopolymerized or visible‐light‐cured sealant, the median percent effectiveness declines from 83 percent after one year to 55 percent after seven years. Similarly, the median complete retention declines from 92 percent after one year to 66 percent after seven years. Conversely, the median percent of sealed first molars becoming carious and/or restored increases from 4 percent after one year to 31 percent after seven years. Large differences in sealant effectiveness are not apparent between studies performed in fluoridated and fluoride‐deficient communities.
Anticipating the Future and Change
Authors: Blazer Dan G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAs in all of medicine, there are basic assumptions underlying the present system of dental education and delivery. These basic assumptions are facing challenges due in part to the marked reduction in the incidence of caries and the development of more effective therapies. This current period of time is described as an era of true change, rather than the mere modification of existing technology. Changes are going to occur in a number of areas. The move will be from government to private, from small to large, from generalist to specialist. Since change is inevitable, one can learn about and prepare for the stress of change, the changes happening now, and how to adapt to change. Although many changes are beyond the individual's control, their occurrence may be beneficial.
Dental Hygienists' Knowledge and Opinions about Fluorides and Fluoridation.
Authors: Chovanec Gale K. , Majerus Georgia J. , Duffy M. Bridget , Bernet Julia K. , Frazier P. Jean , Newell Kathleen J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article reports results of a study of 563 practicing Minnesota and Wisconsin dental hygienists' knowledge and opinions about fluorides and water fluoridation. Two independent samples were selected randomly from the populations of licensed dental hygienists residing in the two states. Data were collected using a pretested, 42‐item, mailed questionnaire. An 84 percent response was achieved with two followup reminders. These data provide baseline information about the caries prevention knowledge and attitudes of practicing dental hygienists in two states. Respondents from both states held similar levels of knowledge about fluorides and opinions about decision making on fluoridation. Fluoride topics, especially water fluoridation, were not receiving high priority in patient education, although nearly all believed that dental hygienists should promote water fluoridation actively. Two‐thirds of respondents from both states believed fluoridation decisions should be made by health authorities, rather than by elected officials or through public vote. Greater attention to patient education about fluorides and community water fluoridation is needed by dental hygienists.
Factors Influencing Variation in Dentist Service Rates.
Authors: Grembowski David , Milgrom Peter , Flset Louis 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn the previous article, we calculated dentist service rates for 200 general dentists based on a homogeneous, well‐educated, upper‐middle‐class population of patients. Wide variations in the rates were detected. In this analysis, factors influencing variation in the rates were identified. Variation in rates for categories of dental services was explained by practice characteristics, patient exposure to fluoridated water supplies, and non‐price competition in the dental market. Rates were greatest in large, busy practices in markets with high fees. Older practices consistently had lower rates across services. As a whole, these variables explained between 5 and 30 percent of the variation in the rates.
Patterns of Sealant Delivery Under Variable Third Party Requirements
Authors: Corbin Stephen B. , Clark Norman L. , McClendon B. Jerald , Snodgrass Nancy K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDespite evidence indicating dental sealants to be effective in pre venting caries on the pit and fissure surfaces of teeth, only 8 percent of school‐aged US children had received sealants as of 1986–87. While many rationales have been suggested and scientifically answered for this low level of utilization, issues of cost and cost effectiveness remain considerable barriers to many insurers and public programs. This study reports dentist behavior when sealants were added with few restrictions as a new benefit to an existing third party system of care. Results are compared to another third party program with stricter reimbursement policies. Overall, sealants were provided in a reasonable fashion to both groups of patients, relative to teeth selected for sealing and costs. Only a small proportion of patients receiving sealants were underage sixoraboveage 19. Even under the most liberal program, sealants were predominantly targeted to teeth at highest risk to decay. Still, for both groups, a significant proportion of the sealants were placed in teeth at points in time quite distant from expected eruption patterns and, thus, their periods of highest risk to decay. Overall, dentists appeared to use sealants only minimally in their practices. These data suggest that sealants can be added to third party dental programs with little overall risk of inappropriate use or abuse. They also suggest that specific efforts are merited to educate providers as to the most effective times at which to provide sealants for preventing the maximum amount of decay in a population.
A Fluoridation Campaign: the Phoenix Experience
Authors: Smith Kathleen G. , Christen Karen A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOn January 31, 1989, the city council of Phoenix, Arizona, voted to approve water fluoridation. Despite a small number of campaign participants and a limited budget, profluoridationists launched a successful 16‐month effort that included novel marketing techniques, intensive collaboration with media representatives, and an aggressive challenge of the antifluoridation movement. Public support was garnered through an advisory petition effort and positive media coverage; political support resulted from a carefully orchestrated educational strategy that included expert testimony and comprehensive reference materials. With a population of approximately 1 million people, Phoenix is the ninth largest city in the country and, until the measure was implemented, the third largest nonfluoridated city.
The Prevalence of Recurrent Herpes Labialis during an Army Hot Weather Exercise
Authors: Shulman Jay D. , Carpenter William M. , Lewis David L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA survey was performed on 1,062 of 2,500 (42%) Army personnel participating in a desert training exercise at Fort Irwin, California, in September 1983. The prevalence of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) and chapped lips was observed during the third week of a four‐week training period. Complexion, sex, lip protectant use, age, and time spent outdoors were obtained by observation and interview. Recurrent herpes labialis was found in 46 subjects (4%). Stratified analysis and stepwise logistic regression were used to identify risk factors associated with RHL and to determine the prevalence odds ratios (POR). Risk factors with statistically significant associations with RHL were lip protectant use (POR=0.19), chapped lips (POR=2.87), being female (POR=5.00), and light complexion (POR=2.48). These findings strongly support the use of lip protectants during prolonged exposure to hot, dry climates as a prophylaxis against recurrent herpes labialis. Additional studies should focus on excitatory factors of RHL; and clinical trials of the efficacy of the lip protectants to protect against RHL and chapped lips should be undertaken.
Factors Affecting the Ingestion of Fluoride Dentifrice by Children
Authors: Naccache Hermine , Simard Paul L. , Trahan Luc , Brodeur Jean‐Marc , Demers Marie , Lachapelle Diane , Bernard Paul‐Marie 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeveral factors affecting the amount of fluoride ingested during toothbrushing by 2‐ to 7‐year‐old children were investigated. The specific purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of age, the amount of dentifrice used, and rinsing after brushing to the variation in the ingestion of fluoride dentifrice. Four hundred and five children brushed their teeth in front of a portable sink. The tubes of dentifrice in gel (0.24% NaF) were weighed before and after use to determine the amount of toothpaste used. The fluoride content of the collected liquids was determined with a fluoride‐ion‐specific electrode. The amount of fluoride ingested was derived by determining the difference between the amounts used and recovered. The amount of dentifrice used, the age, and the rinsing habits, entered in a multiple regression model, explained up to 66 percent of the total variation in the amount of fluoride ingested. The amount of dentifrice used accounted by itself for 60 percent of the total variation. Therefore, these results indicate that the quantity of dentifrice used was the most important factor affecting the ingestion of fluoride through toothbrushing by young children.
Opinions of Dentists on the Treatment of Elderly Patients in Long‐term Care Facilities
Authors: MacEntee Michael I. , Weiss Rachel T. , Waxier‐Morrison Nancy E. , Morrison Brenda J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe high prevalence of disorders in the mouths of elderly residents in long‐term care (LTC) facilities suggests that the dental services available to the residents are inadequate. A questionnaire was sent to most of the dentists practicing in Vancouver (British Columbia) to solicit their opinions on treating older patients in LTC facilities, and a response was obtained from 334 (55%). It indicated that 19 percent of the respondents had treated old people within this context, although few of them felt they had been educated adequately for the service. Many reasons were offered to explain the small participation. Most respondents had never been asked to attend a facility. Many felt that it interfered with their practice and leisure, and they were concerned about the limited options available for treatment. Dentists who had attended facilities were motivated by a sense of professional or public responsibility, but they were uneasy about the limited options and about the inadequate space and equipment available. In general, the dentists were not interested in attending an institutionalized geriatric population, and they felt ill‐prepared for the service
Assessing Dental Practice Quality by Evaluating Radiology Items
Authors: Hunt Ronald J. , Fann Shen Jang , Kantor Mel L. , Morris Alvin L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe DEMCAD dental office assessment instrument was developed to evaluate practice quality using Donebedian's quality assessment model of structure, process, and outcome. This previously validated instrument takes about six hours to complete. Subsequent analysis was undertaken to determine whether an abbreviated office assessment based on the evaluation of radiology items was sufficiently sensitive, specific, and practical to be used as a screening instrument for identifying dental offices with very low evaluation scores. Data for this analysis were obtained from 300 volunteer general dental practices evaluated in the field testing of the DEMCAD instrument. The nine radiology structure items predicted very poorly the overall structure scores. How‐ever, 13 radiology process items predicted overall process scores quite accurately. Four of the 13 radiology process items (periodontal diagnoses recorded, interdental bone shown on x‐rays, caries diagnoses recorded, and current x‐rays mounted) produced a combined R2 of. 58. These four radiology variables predicted the 10 percent of the dental practices with the lowest overall process score with 87 percent sensitivity and 93 percent specificity. This analysis showed that an abbreviated dental practice process quality assessment using oral radiology items in an audit of patients' records may be feasible as a screening test for dental office assessment.
Smokeless Tobacco Habits and Oral Mucosal Lesions in Dental Patients
Authors: Little Sally Jo , Stevens Victor J. , LaChance Pierre A. , Severson Herbert H. , Bartley Murray H. , PhD Edward Lichtenstein , Leben Joseph R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAs part of a smokeless tobacco (ST) intervention study, we collected data on tobacco use habits and oral health for 245 male ST users aged 15 to 77. The study sample was identified during routine dental office visits and represents a relatively diverse population of patients. Oral health data collection included grading the clinical appearance of oral mucosal lesions using Greer and Poulson's classification system, as well as identifying and recording the primary anatomic location of ST placement. Results show that 78.6 percent of ST users had observable oral lesions, 23.6 percent of which were in the most clinically advanced category (degree III). Of the lesions noted, 85 percent were in the same location the patient identified as his primary area of smokeless tobacco placement. In a comparison sample of 223 non‐ST‐users with the same age distribution, only 6.3 percent had observable lesions. A multiple logistic regression model for ST users showed that lesion presence and severity were most significantly related to current frequency of ST use.