bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple method for the approximate determination of S‐methylcysteine sulphoxide (kale anaemia factor)
Authors: Matheson Norman A. , Moir Alexander W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described by which the S‐methylcysteine sulphoxide content of plant material may be determined approximately in a large number of samples with little labour, apparatus or staff. The presence of SMCO in some plants and its absence in others was confirmed and the method was sufficiently sensitive to reveal varietal differences within a species.
Diagnosis of manganese deficiency in sugar beet and response to manganese applications
Authors: Farley Ralph F. , Draycott A. Philip 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirty field experiments during 1969 to 1975 on Fenland farms in East Anglia tested response by sugar beet to manganese. The percentage of plants showing manganese‐deficiency symptoms or the concentration of manganese in the foliage during spring predicted response more reliably than soil analysis. The percentage of plants with symptoms was closely related to the concentration of manganese in sugar‐beet leaves and to the increased yield of roots from treatment, but correlations between plant and soil variables were poor. Analyses of exchangeable manganese extracted with normal ammonium acetate buffered to pH 7.0, the most reliable of several soil tests, predicted the occurrence of manganese deficiency. This test differentiated between fields of healthy and manganese‐deficient sugar beet but did not predict the magnitude of response to manganese treatment. A classification of fields where sugar beet are likely to respond to manganese is presented.
The interaction of nitrogen and potassium nutrition on dry matter and nitrogen yields of the graminae: Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
Authors: Talibudeen Oscar , Page Michael B. , Mitchell J. Douglas D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNitrogen and potassium uptake and yields of perennial ryegrass, grown in controlled environments in three experiments, are examined in relation to the N and K status of the soil medium, defined by a (N/K)soil atom ratio. Maximum dry matter yields (DMY) were obtained at (N/K)s values ranging from 4–40 for four “high K” soils and 10–90 for a “low K” soil. The N concentration in the crop increased approximately 50% with a ten‐fold increase in the (N/K)s value although, in the “low K” soil, the relationship suggests that K deficiency may be limiting N uptake. No rational explanation can be given why the percentage N value in grass in one experiment is significantly less than in the other two. Exchangeable Na in “low K” soils is known to substitute for K during crop growth. Organic N in soils mineralises under favourable environmental conditions to provide N for crop growth. The possible contribution of these two factors to the observed relationships between N concentration and (N/K)s, and between (N/K)plant atom ratio and (N/K)s values, is discussed briefly.
Sulphur‐coated urea as a fertiliser for potatoes
Authors: Cox David , Addiscott Thomas M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a field experiment comparing sulphur‐coated urea (SCU) and “Nitro‐Chalk” at rates up to 400 kg N ha−1, potato tuber yields were greater with “Nitro‐Chalk” at rates up to 200 kg N ha−1, but there was no consistent difference between forms of N at larger rates. The crop recovered more N from “Nitro‐Chalk” at all rates except 350 kg N ha−1. The largest measured yield was at 200 kg N ha−1 with “Nitro‐Chalk” and 250 kg N ha−1 with SCU, and the optimum N rate inferred from split‐line regressions of yield on N rate was also at a lower N rate with “Nitro‐Chalk”. Yields of winter wheat following the potatoes increased significantly with the N rates given to the potatoes and, at rates above 200 kg N ha−1, were larger where SCU had been used. SCU residues also lessened the response of the wheat to a spring top‐dressing of new N slightly more than those of “Nitro‐Chalk”. The sum of the apparent recoveries by the two crops of N given to the potatoes was greater from “Nitro‐Chalk” at rates up to 200 kg N ha−1. In the glasshouse, potato plants grown in 3 kg soil took 71 days to initiate tubers when given 2 g N as ammonium nitrate but this time was much decreased as increasing proportions of SCU were used. When 1 g N was given, the time was only 47 days with ammonium nitrate and the proportion of SCU had little effect. In the field, the number of tubers per plant by mid‐June decreased with increasing N rate with “Nitro‐Chalk” but not with SCU.
A field survey of pistachio (Pistacia vera) nut production and storage in turkey with particular reference to aflatoxin contamination
Authors: Denizel Turgut , Jarvis Basil , Rolfe Edward J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA field study of soils and pistachio nuts in three major pistachio‐growing areas of Turkey has been undertaken. The predominant soil fungus isolated from all three areas was Aspergillus niger; isolates of Fusarium, Trichoderma, Mucor and Rhizopus species were also common. A flavus and A. ochraceus and related organisms were isolated only from the plateau of Gaziantep. The dominant external mycoflora of the immature nuts from all sites consisted of A. niger, A. flavus and Penicillium spp. There was no evidence for fungal contamination of immature endosperms nor of freshly dehulled nuts, but stored dehulled nuts and dust samples taken from ware‐houses were extensively contaminated with A. flavus, A. niger and A. ochraceus. Of 43 A. flavus isolates tested, 20 produced aflatoxins on laboratory media or on rice; all 11 isolates of A. ochraceus tested produced ochratoxin A on laboratory media. The results obtained are discussed in relation to agricultural and marketing practices for Turkish pistachio nuts.
Moisture‐equilibrium relative humidity relationships in pistachio nuts with particular regard to control of aflatoxin formation
Authors: Denizel Turgut , Rolfe Edward J. , Jarvis Basil 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAdsorption and desorption isotherms have been determined both manometrically and by weight equilibration for Turkish pistachio nut kernel, shell and hull. Comparison of the calculated and experimentally determined adsorption isotherms for whole nuts showed good correlation. Nuts inoculated with Aspergillus flavus conidia were equilibrated to various ERH levels and stored in controlled environment cabinets at 28°C. Competitive growth of xerophilic strains of A. amstelodami prevented growth and aflatoxin production by the A. flavus at ERHs of 86% and below. At 88% ERH marked aflatoxin production occurred but competition was observed between the A. flavus and A. niger. In sealed containers metabolic moisture from growth of A. amstelodami raised the ERH from the initial 85% and permitted toxin production by A. flavus. The results are discussed in relation to post‐harvest handling and storage of pistachio nuts.
Red wine aroma: Identification of headspace constituents
Authors: Bertuccioli Mario , Viani Rinantonio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGas chromatrography–mass spectrometry, using the special sampling technique described previously, revealed 39 components in the headspace of red wine. Nineteen of the components have not previously been detected by headspace techniques and two are reported for the first time in wine aroma: dehydroionene (1,1,6‐trimethyl‐1,2‐dihydronaphthalene) and 2‐(ehtoxymethyl)furan. The latter is one of the compounds formed on ageing.
Some further studies on incubator reject eggs
Authors: Heaney Robert K. , Curtis R. Frank 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIndividual incubated and unincubated unfertilised eggs and 18‐day incubator reject eggs have been measured by an improved assay for β‐hydroxybutyric acid. Concentrations below 0.2 mg/100 g egg were found consistently for unfertilised eggs whether they had been incubated or not; 18‐day incubator rejects included eggs with concentrations of β‐hydroxybutyric acid up to 180 mg/100 g egg with a mean value of 13.8 mg/100 g egg. It is suggested that the different levels of β‐hydroxybutyric acid can be approximately related to the embryological status of individual incubator reject eggs and the possible significance of this is discussed. Limiting the concentration of β‐hydroxybutyric acid to not more than 0.2 mg/100 g in any sample of liquid whole egg would effectively preclude adulteration of fresh liquid whole egg with incubator reject eggs.
The volatiles of off‐flavoured unblanched green peas (Pisum sativum)
Authors: Murray Keith E. , Shipton Jack , Whitfield Frank B. , Last John H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVolatile extracts of moderately off‐flavoured frozen peas, prepared by vacuum sublimation followed by concentration of the sublimate by low temperature vacuum distillation, were examined by gas chromatography, silica gel chromatography and combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The constituents identified included alcohols (29), carbonyls (31), esters (12), hydrocarbons (19), terpenes (6) and 3‐alkyl‐2‐methoxypyrazines (3). Olfactory monitoring of the gas chromatographic column effluent indicated that most of the strong odours were associated with alkanals, alk‐2‐enals, alka‐2,4‐ and 2,6‐dienals, octa‐3,5‐dien‐2‐ones, 3‐alkyl‐2‐methoxypyrazines and hexanol. However, no compound which, by itself, could account for the “hay‐like” off‐flavour of peas was evident. The off‐flavour is considered to be complex and composed largely of the more odorous unsaturated carbonyls derived from the enzymic breakdown of the unsaturated pea lipids. The volatiles of pea shells similarly examined were found to contain many of the compounds present in peas.
The reactions of sulphur dioxide in dehydrated vegetables
Authors: Gilbert John , McWeeny David J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe reactions of 35S sulphur dioxide incorporated into laboratory dehydrated vegetables (cabbage, carrots, potatoes) from a sulphited scald liquor have been investigated. The results showed that immediately after dehydration only 35–45% of added sulphite was measurable as sulphur dioxide. The remainder of the added sulphite, apart from a small percentage which had been converted to sulphate, was present in the form of organic sulphur compounds.
The effect of conditioning on the myofibrillar proteins of pork muscle
Authors: Penny Ian F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStorage of pork muscle caused changes in the troponin complex of myofibrillar proteins. The changes were temperature dependent and progressive as conditioning proceeded. An alteration in actin also occurred but this became apparent only when myofibrils had been extracted with 5 mM Tris pH 8.2. About 60% of the proteins in an extract of myofibrils in 5 mM Tris pH 8.2 were bound to the precipitate formed with added F‐actin. After conditioning of the pork muscle, the amount of proteins in a Tris extract which were bound to added F‐actin was considerably reduced. Some of these changes were also observed in myofibrils which had been treated with a Ca2+ activated proteinase.
Electrophoretic analysis of wheat and rye mixtures in meal, flour and baked goods
Authors: McCausland Jeanette , Wrigley Colin W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStarch gel electrophoresis of endosperm prolamines extracted with 2 M urea, provides distinction between varieties of either wheat or rye, but the major differences in general pattern type between all rye samples and all wheat samples offers a basis for distinction between the two cereals. The proportions of wheat and rye in a mixture can be determined by comparing relative areas of densitometric scans for standard mixtures with that of a sample for analysis, or by direct calculation from area ratios for pure wheat and rye. For baked products, extraction with urea containing a reducing agent is recommended. Electrophoretic patterns are altered both as a result of baking and of using the reducing agent, but distinction between wheat and rye is still possible.
An autoradiographic technique for the location of conditioning water in wheat at the cellular level
Authors: Moss Raymond 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA technique was devised whereby sections of wheat grains, conditioned with tritiated water, were used to produce an autoradiographic pattern of the distribution of this water. This enabled a more precise location of the conditioning water to be made than could be achieved using halves of labelled wheat grains. Within 1 h the labelled water had penetrated into the aleurone cells, and in many cases, into the starchy endosperm to a depth of 50–60 μm. The embryo and scutellum also absorbed the water with great rapidity. Subsequent penetration into the starchy endosperm was delayed for several hours. No morphological changes were observed that could account for the release of water by the aleurone cells. The cells of the embryo and scutellum appeared to bind the water more strongly than those of the aleurone and after 48 h lying time were still more heavily labelled than the other components of the wheat grain.
Analytical study of tamarugo (prosopis tamarugo) an autochthonous chilean feed
Authors: Pak Nelly , Araya Hector , Villalón Raymona , Tagle Maria A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTamarugo is a very interesting tree growing in desert and semidesert areas in the north of Chile. The mature fruit and dry leaves of tamarugo fall over the soil forming a thick layer which can be used all year round as the sole feedstuff for sheep and cows. The existence of tamarugo therefore suggests the possibility of keeping breeding ruminants in a desert area. Consequently a chemical and toxicological investigation has been carried out. Results for chemical composition, caloric content, mineral composition (Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, Cu, Zn, Co, Mg and Mn) in mature and green fruits, dry and green leaves and mature seeds, are presented and discussed in comparison with other feedstuffs and with nutritional requirements of sheep. Protein quality studies on the seed were carried out in rats. Attention was given to the presence of possible toxic components: cyanogenetic glucosides, haemagglutinins, saponines and antitryptic factor(s).
Chemical composition of silages treated with some volatile fatty acids, with special reference to the changes in sugars
Authors: Ohyama Yoshinobu , Masaki Shigehiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn eight separate experiments with laboratory silos, silages were prepared with 50 mmol caproic (nC6), isocaproic (iC6), valeric (nC5) and isovaleric (iC5) acid additions per kg Italian ryegrass or cocksfoot, and stored at 25°C for 70 days. In the nC6 and iC6 treatments, fermentation was consistently inhibited, and also the contents of water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were considerably higher in the silages than in the grasses. This increase in WSC was partly explained by the increase in glucose but the difference between WSC and “glucose + fructose” was clearly larger in the silages than in the grasses. In the nC5 and iC5 treatments, various results were obtained; in some cases, presumably due to high dry matter content, fermentation was inhibited and WSC increased, while, in one case, fermentation was improved with higher lactic acid and lower butyric acid production than in the control silage. According to the results of five experiments with bag silos, although the inhibition of fermentation was observed by the treatment with nC6, little or no increase in WSC during ensilage was found.
Artefact production in the Likens‐Nickerson apparatus when used to extract the volatile flavorous components of cod
Authors: McGill Alister S. , Hardy Roy 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation currently being conducted into the flavour volatiles present in cold‐stored cod (Gadus morhua) has shown that the use of the Likens‐Nickerson apparatus for their extraction gives rise to artefacts. The artefacts, which are produced by oxidation of the lipids, can be minimised or suppressed by the use of antioxidants and carrying out the extraction in the absence of oxygen.
The particle‐size distribution in wheat endosperm starch
Authors: Evers Anthony D. , Lindley John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractParticle‐size distribution in samples of endosperm starch from six types of wheat was determined by microsieving. The size distribution of two of these samples and of six others was analysed automatically by the Coulter Counter and Quantimet. The results indicate that more than one‐third of the total weight of starch is contributed by granules with diameters less than 10 μm. This value exceeds, by a wide margin, the proportion generally attributed to granules of this size.
Changes in proteins and amino acids in developing soybean seed and effect of phosphorus nutrition
Authors: Kapoora Amin C. , Gupta Yogindera P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo varieties of soybean (Bragg and Punjab‐I) grown in pot culture with three levels of phosphorus were studied for the changes in protein content, ether extract, amino acids and protein fractions during the development of the seed, and the effect of phosphorus nutrition thereon was also studied. The non‐protein nitrogen, which formed a substantial portion of total nitrogen at early milky stage, decreased and true protein increased as the seed matured, but crude protein did not seem to alter much during the seed development, whereas ether extract gradually increased with maturity. The concentrations of free amino acids such as lysine, hydroxy‐proline and tryptophan decreased whereas those of glutamic acid and alanine increased as the seed approached maturity. However, the total concentration of methionine and tryptophan in the protein of the seed was not much affected by maturity. The albumin fraction decreased from the early milky stage to the maturity stage. Glutelin rapidly increased from the early milky stage to mid‐milky stage and sharply declined at the mature stage whereas the glycinin fraction rapidly increased from mid‐milky to the mature stage of seed development. The prolamine fraction did not vary during seed development. Phosphorus application increased crude protein and true protein and decreased ether extract but had little effect on amino acids and protein fractions.
The influence of solution concentration of aluminium, arsenic, boron and copper on root growth in relation to the phytotoxicity of pulverised fuel ash
Authors: Collier Graham F. , Greenwood Duncan J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo find whether the concentrations of aluminium, arsenic, boron or copper and soluble sulphate salts which have previously been found in the aqueous phase of water saturated pulverised fuel ash (PFA) are sufficiently high to restrict growth, lettuce seedlings were grown on filter paper saturated with a solution containing various concentrations of each of the different ions. Over a period of five days root growth was reduced by half when the concentration of aluminium was increased to 2.0 mg/litre, arsenic (As3+) to 1.6 mg/litre, boron to 90 mg/litre or copper to 0.3 mg/litre or when the soluble sulphate salts were increased to 100 mEq/litre (conductivity 8 × 10−3 ohm−1 cm−1 at 20°C). The concentrations of ions in the aqueous phase of wet PFA depend on pH which varies greatly from one batch of ash to another. The concentrations of aluminium and copper in equilibrium with acid batches of ash and those of arsenic in equilibrium with alkaline batches of ash were sufficiently high to restrict growth. The concentrations of boron and soluble salts were always at phytotoxic levels irrespective of the pH of the ash.
Nutritional evaluation of high protein genotypes of barley
Authors: Bansal Hukam C. , Srivastava Kailash N. , Eggum Bjørn O. , Mehta Shanti L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh protein strain BI and high lysine mutant Notch‐2 of barley were evaluated for their nutritional quality and compared with standard varieties. BI with bold and plump grains was found to possess higher inherent protein synthesising capacity without affecting starch synthesis. Higher protein percentage in Notch‐2 was due to reduced grain weight. It is suggested that protein per grain and protein yield per unit area should be taken as indices in breeding for improvement in protein quality. Chemical as well as biological tests showed that BI and Notch‐2 are the genotypes with better protein quality as compared to NP 113 and Jyoti. Higher lysine content in Notch‐2 was mainly due to the higher proportion of albumin and decrease in prolamin fraction. Digestible energy, however, was low in Notch‐2.
Re‐examination of the linear glutenin hypothesis
Authors: Ewart J. A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hypothesis that glutenin molecules consist of polypeptide chains joined by SS bonds into linear concatenations, instead of into branching giant molecules, is further examined. The concept that secondary forces can build up sequentially to produce appreciable tension in the molecules appears to fit the facts better than the idea that entangled molecules behave like a knot, which predicts a relation between tenacity and mol.wt. not observed for other high polymers. Work hardening arises because orientation makes the most effective use of secondary forces, the molecules being aligned so that they overlap by substantial fractions of their lengths. SS interchange in dough not only relieves stress but controls the average length of concatenations. Viscous flow depends predominantly on molecular slip, but is assisted by mechanical fission and SS interchange. In a resting dough mechanical scission is absent and SS interchange makes a relatively greater contribution to stress relaxation. Mechanical scission will not occur in terminal segments of concatenations. In an overworked dough, the length of many concatenations is at least halved by mechanical scission, greatly reducing the resistance. The predicted level of SH groups produced by mechanical fission is of a similar order to an experimental value quoted in the literature.
Distribution of lead and other metals in tea leaves, dust and liquors
Authors: Michie Norman D. , John Dixon E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen samples of certain teas were analysed for lead, repeat determinations made on the same samples showed a wide variation in the results. This was found to be due to dust particles, with a high lead content, which were dispersed throughout the tea leaves. Further work showed that there was also more iron, zinc and copper in the dust than in the leaves. Analyses of tea prepared as for drinking showed that only a small amount of the lead, cadmium, nickel, iron, zinc and copper present in the leaves passed into the brew. The proportion of each metal extracted into the brew appeared to be independent both of the strength of brew and of the type of water used. Work with tannic acid solution indicated that soluble polyphenols could be responsible for complexing metals.
Latency properties of polyphenol oxidase in two avocado cultivars differing in their rate of browning
Authors: Kahn Varda 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferences in the degree of browning of two cultivars of avocado, Lerman and Fuerte, were investigated by studying the relative activities of buffer‐soluble (“soluble”) and detergent‐soluble (“bound”) forms of the enzyme polyphenoloxidase (PPO). The soluble form was found to exist in a latent as well as an active state. Different isoenzyme patterns were shown to exist for soluble and bound‐PPO as determined by gel electrophoresis and electrofocusing. Sodium dodecylsulphate increased the PPO activity and the protein extracted from the acetone powder without releasing any additional isoenzymes. It did, however, activate latent PPO in the crude and partially purified PPO fractions. The ratios between soluble/bound and between active/latent forms of the PPO enzyme were similar in both avocado cultivars studied. It was therefore concluded that differences in the rate of browning between the two cultivars were accountable more in terms of total and specific activity of PPO rather than in the proportion of the enzyme in bound or latent forms.