bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of anchor bolts in masonry
Authors: McGinley W. Mark 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA review of the methods used to design anchors for masonry in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Europe and the United States was conducted. It was determined that with the exception of the American standard (MSJC), most provisions for connections for masonry require anchors to be designed using some form of performance based criteria.The MSJC uses design equations to predict anchor behavior and an evaluation of these equations using recent published test results suggests that the nominal tension anchor bolt capacity equations appear to give relatively good results at smaller anchor diameters. However, unaccounted for tension splitting/flexural modes appear to be present in larger anchor diameters.The investigations also suggest that the shear load provisions in the MSJC appear to be adequate when predicting the capacity of smaller diameter bolts, but they can be very unconservative for shear load capacities for bolts above 19 mm in diameter. The masonry break out equation does not appear to accurately predict the splitting/prying masonry failures observed with these large diameter anchors. In addition, it appears that splitting failures may occur in smaller masonry assemblies and further work must be conducted to determine if this is a testing protocol artifact or a failure mode that can be realistically expected in the field such as the proposed shear bearing model.Finally, results of combined shear and tension load tests, appear to suggest that the interaction equation for anchors used in grouted cavities in masonry assemblies is a power function, with a value between 1.4 and 1.67.
A forward‐propagation learning rule for neural inverse models in consideration of the correlation of propagated errors
Authors: Ohama Yoshihiro , Fukumura Naohiro , Uno Yoji 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe have proposed the forward‐propagation rule (FP) as an inverse model learning scheme from the viewpoint of biological motor control. This learning scheme is based on a Newton‐like method, by which multilayered neural network can acquire an inverse model of the controlled object by a small number of iterative learning trials. There is a problem, however, that the learning procedure, which is characterized by estimation of the supervisor's signal for the input–output signal of the neuron, and also the solution of a linear multiple regression problem for updating the connection weights, is complicated, making it difficult to analyze the learning process. This paper introduces the correlation of the propagated error signal from the viewpoint of the maximum‐likelihood method in order to realize a goal‐directed learning, which has not hitherto been considered in FP, and extends the learning rule to the generalized least‐square method. As a result, it is clearly shown that the learning rule in FP is an approximate gradient method. The learning ability of the method is demonstrated by computer simulation. The proposed procedure contains a regularization term derived from the logarithmic likelihood, and the behavior after the convergence of learning exhibits a more stable tendency than in the conventional method. It is also shown that learning can be performed by a simplified method in which the error is simply propagated in the forward direction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(13): 54–66, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20484
Paths to community empowerment: Organizing at home
Authors: Saegert Susan , Winkel Gary 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study examines how low‐income minority communities build on their strengths to improve material conditions and how these actions lead to further empowerment at the individual and group level, and increase engagement with civic life. Based on earlier qualitative research, low‐income limited equity housing co‐ops were chosen as research. Using quantitative questionnaire data, a path model was tested in which variables were organized into four levels.Level One: Attributes of the person and the context were conceptualized asexogenous variables leading to activities first at the co‐op level.Level Two:co‐op activities were thought to affect living conditions in the building and evaluations of co‐op ownership, which comprisedLevel Three,quality of life in the building. All preceding levels were thought to influenceempowerment, as measured atLevel Four through an attitudinal measure of empowerment, and reported participation in civic activities in the broader community.The model, which emphasizes the collective and material nature of empowerment in addition to the psychological, seems justified by the data. It is especially significant that the aggregate measure of perceived participation of others predicted building quality, and that the aggregate measure of building quality went on to influence empowerment and voting behavior. Personal participation in building activities also proved a good predictor of empowerment, indicating that empowerment operates at both the individual and the group level. Furthermore, increased empowerment at the level of attitude did influence civic activities, in conjunction with personal characteristics and perceived neighborhood qualities. (Tests of causality in the opposite direction were not significant.) Our findings confirm the importance of all three components of empowerment, as articulated by Zimmerman and his colleagues (1992), that is, empowerment at the psychological, interactional, and behavioral level. It extends the conceptualization by introducing the group level of analysis.
Cultural specificity of support sources, correlates and contexts: Three studies of African‐American and Caucasian youth
Authors: Maton Kenneth I. , Teti Douglas M. , Corns Kathleen M. , Vieira-Baker Catherine C. , Lavine Jacqueline R. , Gouze Karen R. , Keating Daniel P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLevels and correlates of parental support, peer support, partner support, and/or spiritual support among African American and Caucasian youth were examined in three contexts: adolescent pregnancy (Study 1), first year of college (Study 2), and adolescence and young adulthood (ages 15–29; Study 3). Partially consistent with a cultural specificity perspective, in different contexts different support sources were higher in level and/or more strongly related to adjustment for one ethnic group than the other. Among pregnant adolescents, levels of spiritual support were higher for African Americans than Caucasians; additionally, peer support was positively related to well‐being only for African Americans whereas partner support was positively related to well‐being only for Caucasians. Among college freshmen, family support was more strongly related to institutional and goal commitment for African Americans than Caucasians; conversely, peer support was more strongly related to institutional and goal commitment among Caucasians. Among 15 to 29‐year‐olds, levels of parental support and spiritual support were higher among African Americans than Caucasians; additionally, spiritual support was positively related to self‐esteem for African Americans but not for Caucasians. Implications and limitations of the research are discussed.
Culture, control, and coping: New perspectives on social support
Authors: Liang Belle , Bogat G. Anne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractResearchers have offered various explanations for inconsistent findings in the social support literature. Some contend that the detection of either buffering or direct effects depends on the mode of measurement. Others have demonstrated that person variables (e.g., locus of control) moderate support utilization during stressful times. This study attempts to integrate the issues of measure type, locus of control orientation, and cultural influence in a comprehensive study comparing Anglo‐Americans and Chinese nationals. Measures appropriate for testing the stress‐buffering model of social support were given to 198 students in a Midwestern university and 200 students in mainland China. Both measure type and locus of control orientation mediated the process of support utilization in each culture, but not in the same manner across cultures. For Anglos, stress‐buffering effects of both perceived and received support were found only with internals. For Chinese, main effects and a buffering pattern from perceived support were found only with externals. The received support measure yielded negative buffering effects with the latter culture.
Capturing excellence in applied settings: A participant conceptualizer and praxis explicator role for community psychologists
Authors: Elias Maurice J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCommunity psychology faces a crisis of personpower similar to that which Albee identified in the clinical field four decades ago. It is clear that there are not, and likely never will be, a sufficient number of community psychologists to be able to provide assessment, consultation, and planned change toward facilitating an inclusive psychological sense of community and sound health and prosocial development in all settings that could benefit from such assistance. To help resolve this crisis, an expanded role for community psychologists is proposed: that of participant conceptualizer and praxis explicator. A participant conceptualizer and praxis explicator has the role not only of working within settings to understand and help conceptualize change processes but also of reflecting on action processes that are a part of the setting, of reflecting on theory, and of generating products that share relevant learnings. How action research serves as the methodology that allows the flow and interplay of theory and action to take place also is discussed. Illustrations are drawn from the work of Leonard Bernstein, Jim Henson and Kermit the Frog, and the author's work in area of school‐based social competence promotion.
My place, your place, and no place: Behavior settings as a risk factor for HIV‐related injection practices of drug users in Baltimore, Maryland
Authors: Latkin Carl , Mandell Wallace , Vlahov David , Oziemkowska Maria , Knowlton Amy , Celentano David 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInformation is sparse on the social context of illicit drug injection behaviors and their relationship to HIV infection. This study examined relationships between injection settings, injecting with others, and HIV risk behaviors of sharing needles and not cleaning contaminated needles in a sample of 630 inner‐city injecting drug users in Baltimore, MD. Through open‐ended interviews, five primary settings of injection behavior were identified. These settings included one's own, friends' and mother's residence, shooting galleries, and semipublic areas. Most participants reported injecting in their own residence (92%) and friends' residence (86%) in the prior 6 months. In a multiple regression analysis, injecting at friends' residence, in shooting galleries, and in semipublic areas and frequency of injecting with others were significantly associated with frequency of sharing uncleaned needles, “slipping” (i.e., failure to disinfect shared needles), and not always cleaning used needles before injecting. Results suggest that interventions may benefit from targeting settings as well as behaviors to reduce the spread of HIV.
Empowering the silent ranks: Introduction
Authors: Serrano-García Irma , Bond Meg A. 
Published: October 2006

ConclusionIn conclusion, with this Special Issue we have tried to point out the complexities of diversity and the challenges it poses for community psychology. The groups we present are only an example of the many that suffer similar plights and enjoy similar strengths. The richness of their cultural backgrounds, the learnings that stem from their struggles, their sameness and uniqueness should challenge us to collaborate with them and to unearth other groups which did not have an opportunity to present their histories in this issue.Silence, as previously stated, can be a clear “voice” of resistance. However, it is our contention that in the long run, it is not the best strategy to achieve change in oppressive power relationships. Our reading of the articles in this issue, strengthens this belief. Thus, this publication provides a vehicle so that the distant humming of some groups starts resonating in our halls, while the voice of others that has already been heard is amplified. Eventually we hope that the thunderous and deafening sound of all these previously unheard voices, can move community psychology, and those of us within it, into a harmonious world of sound.
Mental health and well‐being of black women: Toward strategies of empowerment
Authors: Gibbs Jewelle Taylor , Fuery Diana 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis review of the literature on Black women's mental health has three goals: 1) to describe the mental health issues, needs, and adaptive behaviors of Black women; 2) to discuss the research, intervention, and public policy efforts of mental health professionals and Black women's groups to address the multiple needs of this population; and 3) to identify effective strategies by which community psychologists can improve the mental health status of Black women through efforts to reduce their environmental stressors, to increase their resources and access to services, and to facilitate their empowerment in American society. The authors propose a number of recommendations to improve Black women's mental health, including changes in research paradigms, changes in education and training programs, and the development of culturally competent service delivery systems.
Oral contraceptive use among African American adolescents: Individual and community influences
Authors: Meyers Adena B. , Rhodes Jean E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSide effects of oral contraceptives are a noteworthy problem, particularly among low‐income young women who reside in inner‐city communities. The problem may be compounded by inadequate family planning services, particularly when such services are provided by general medical practices with high volumes of clients. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of pill‐related side effects, with particular attention to the role of clinic characteristics. Participants were 177 pregnant and parenting African American adolescents and young women (average age=18.34). The experience of a pill‐related side effect was the most frequently cited barrier to birth control use, and it was significantly related to contraceptive behavior. Finally, although participants attending comprehensive clinics experienced more barriers to medical service use than those attending neighborhood clinics, they reported fewer problems with pill‐related side effects and better psychological functioning. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.
A preventive, psychoeducational approach to increase perceived social support
Authors: Brand Elena F. , Lakey Brian , Berman Shirley 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInvestigated the effects of a 13‐week preventive, psychoeducational intervention program to improve perceived social support. Fifty‐one, low‐perceived support, community residents were randomly assigned to an intervention or wait‐list control condition. Intervention subjects received training in social skills and cognitive reframing regarding the self and social relations. The intervention led to increased perceived social support from family, but not from friends. As hypothesized by social cognition models, increases in perceived support appeared to be mediated by changes in self‐esteem and frequency of self‐reinforcement. Further, such changes in cognition about the self were larger than the changes observed for perceived support, suggesting that it may be easier to change cognition about the self than perceptions of support.
Teacher and parent perceptions of behavior problems among a sample of African American, Hispanic, and non‐Hispanic white studients
Authors: Zimmerman Rick S. , Khoury Elizabeth L. , Vega William A. , Gil Andres G. , Warheit George J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA multiracial/multiethnic sample of middle school adolescents and their teachers was used to assess whether teacher ratings of student behavior problems varied according to teacher‐student racial/ethnic differences and students' perception of teachers' attitudes toward them. No significant mean score differences were found for Hispanic or non‐Hispanic white students according to the race/ethnicity of the teachers doing the ratings. However, African American students rated by Hispanic and non‐Hispanic white teachers had significantly higher mean total behavior problem scores than African American students rated by African American teachers. Teacher ratings were also compared to those made by parents. The percentage of students rated as cases by teachers but not by parents differed significantly by race/ethnicity of student. Other findings indicated highly significant relationships between student‐perceived teacher disparagement and the assignment of high behavior problem scores to students by teachers.
The logic of generalization: Five principles common to experiments and ethnographies
Authors: Shadish William R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBoth experiments and ethnographies are highly localized, so they are often criticized for lack of generalizability. The present article describes a logic of generalization that may help solve such problems. The logic consists of five principles outlined by Cook (1990): (a) proximal similarity, (b) heterogeneity of irrelevancies, (c) discriminant validity, (d) empirical interpolation and extrapolation, and (e) explanation. Because validity is a property of knowledge claims, not methods, these five principles apply to claims about generalization generated by any method, including both ethnographies and experiments. The principles are illustrated using Rizzo and Corsaro's interesting ethnographies as examples.
An approach to the edge effect in proof of the validity ofDice's assessment lines in small‐mammal censusing
Authors: Tanaka Ryo 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA second fieldwork for the sake of solving the edge‐effect subject was carried out in almost the same ways and plans in summer of 1971 in succession to that of 1970. It was found out that the population density was reduced to two‐thirds, but the data were sufficient to form the subsequent conclusions:
The initial population estimated by the removal census method turned out to be well compatible with the numbers of survivals and emigrants of marked voles calculated byJolly's method.
The natural, entire home ranges of both sexes reached by determining observed range length and width with 24 voles, selected on rigid conditions, agreed with those of the range‐conservative type in 1970 in both acreage and elliptic shape.
In the majority of the select specimens, considered to reveal the natural ranges, the random distribution in number of captures per station within range was proved by means of Iσ so far as such capture density as treated here is concerned. On the ground of the empirical evidence, the above range size approached by the routine observational method could be made surprisingly accordant with the range size in terms of r‐values calculated byWierzbowska's method.
From these proofs, the validity ofDice's assessment lines makes evident, and besides, it could be further substantiated by use ofMarten's notion of mouse‐equivalents through the mediation ofWierzbowska's method.
Consequently, I have largely come to the conclusion thatDice's assessment lines stand on justifiable basis from theoretical and empirical angles.
Life tables for worker honeybees
Authors: Sakagami Shôichi F. , Fukuda Hiromi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryLife tables for worker honeybees covering all life span, and those for adults, were prepared for three seasonal cohorts, June bees, July bees and wintering bees. Survivorship curves for June and July bees show a convex type being exceptional for insects, with relatively high mortality at egg and feeding larval stages and at later adult stage after most bees became potential foragers. Adult longevity greatly lengthens in Winteriing bees and survivorship curve drops approximately with the same rate. A remarkable similarity of survivorship curves for men and honeybees was demonstrated, apparently due to highly developed social care in both. Some comments were given on mortality factors. The importance of life tables for population researches was shown by applying our result to the population growth curve made byBodenheimer, based upon the data byNolan. At the asymptote of the uncorrected curve, the ratio of total population estimated by uncorrected curve to that by corrected curve reaches about 3∶2.
Biology of Hyphantria cuneaDrury (Lepidoptera: arctiidae) in Japan. V. Preliminary life tables and mortality data in urban areas
Authors: Itô Yosiaki , Miyashita Kazuyoshi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryStudies on the population dynamics of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea have been carried out at three survey stations and along selected roads in the urban area of Tokyo since 1966. Twelve survivorship curves obtained during two years and 8 life tables show that the mortality rate in early developmental stages of the fall webworm is remarkably low as compared with that of other lepidopterous defoliaters and the mortality rate in later developmental stages is compensatory high. The low mortality rate in early stages is considered to be due to the protective role of the nest‐web and the lack of egg and larval parasites. All but one parasitic species emerge from prepupae and pupae. Spiders living in the nest‐web of the fall webworm play an important role in reducing the number of young larvae. Direct observations and caging experiments showed that relatively high mortality during later larval stages is mainly due to predation by birds (in the first generation) and wasps (in the second generation). The generation mortality in the survey stations always exceeded the level where the population is kept at the steady state, and the outbreak of this moth is considered to be continued by the immigration of adults from large trees growing in gardens on which the larvae can escape from predation pressure.
Seasonal change of nest survival and related aspects in an aggregation of Lasioglossum duplex (Dalla torre), a eusocial halictine bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Sakagami Shôichi F. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryNest survival in an aggregation of a eusocial halictine bee, Lasioglossum duplex, was censused through an annual cycle. Out of 2,500 nests marked at the beginning of solitary phase in the spring, only 25.5% attained eusocial phase. But 60.5% of 636 nests attaining eusocial phase successfully produced sexual offspring. This shows that solitary phase is the most vulnerable period in the annual cycle.A very low productivity in eusocial phase in the census year was clarified from examination of 99 nests in the autumn. The number of prospective foundresses surviving to the next year was estimated upon the number of brood cells in examined nests and of old females surviving these nests. Deviation between this estimate and the number of nests made in the next spring was 8.8%, confirming a drop of population size to less than one third in the next year. Some nests solitarily made in the summer by dispersed females were examined. Productivity in such nests was extremely low, hence these nests should contribute virtually nothing to the next generation.Possible factors affecting the low productivity in eusocial phase were enumerated though none of these were supported by concrete evidence. Some considerations were given on the relation between obtained results and colony life cycle in eusocial insects, particularly in halictine bees.