bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Adjuvants on Droplet Spreading and Droplet Deposit Area After Spray Application
Authors: Baur P 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The effects of adjuvants on spreading of small droplets after spray application and of larger drops with volumes in the microliter range was studied. The characterization of spreading as affected by adjuvants is done often with lab tests on artificial surfaces. In these tests much larger drops in the microliter range are used and plant factors such as the presence of hairs or crystalline waxes and spray related factors such as rapid evaporation, a different drop size magnitude, a drop size distribution in reality, and effects of adjuvants on drop size are not considered. For a set of test compounds from different chemical classes we evaluated stepwise the approximation to real systems with plant surfaces representing the major surface features. With larger drops of 10 and 20 μl we obtained a surprisingly good correlation of spreading on Parafilm® M and the mature leaves of Chlorophytum, tomato, rape, and corn. With good wetters better spreading was observed on leaves than on Parafilm M. The correlation of spread diameters with real spray (flat fan nozzle, 300 l/ha) on an easily wettable plant and drops on Parafilm M was very good as well though with the best spreaders the gravimetric momentum on spreading and longer times for evaporation overestimated spreading of the larger droplets on Parafilm M. If the mean spread diameters of real spray was plotted vs. the logtransformed spread diameter on Parafilm M a linear correlation was obtained (r2=0.92).
Realistic Approach for Enhancing Reliability of Pavement Surface Friction Testing
Authors: Li S , Noureldin S , Zhu K 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper presents the state-of-the-practice by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) in enhancing the reliability of pavement friction testing with the ASTM Standard E 274-97 [1] locked wheel tester. In order to detect the potential changes in system performance, INDOT conducts weekly and monthly system verification on a special friction test track. A multiparameter method has been used in assessing the performance of the locked wheel tester. This method cross examines the sample mean, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variations of the friction measurements saved in a dynamic friction database that is upgraded after each verification testing. It was found that the system performance of the locked wheel tester varies with the type of test tire and pavement surface characteristics. The smooth tire produces greater friction variations than the ribbed tire. As pavement surface becomes rougher, friction variations decrease. A realistic approach has been established for verifying system performance.
Faults and matrix deformations in chalk: contribution of porosity and sonic wave velocity measurements
Authors: Schroeder Christian , Gaviglio Patrick , Bergerat Françoise , Vandycke Sara , Coulon Michel 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Measurements of sonic wave velocity and of porosity have been carried out on the Campanian so-called “craie blanche” (white chalk) of the Mons Basin. They have been made on cores collected perpendicular to normal fault planes, at different distances, between 0 (fault plane) and 30 cm. The applications of the continuity index, deduced from the sonic velocity, to these measurements allow us to estimate the amount of microcracking. A new evaluation of the used coefficients, after the physical characteristics of the intact material, has been necessary. The systematic comparison of the values of both velocity and porosity highlight the matrix transformations (decreasing of porosity by calcitic cementation) in a narrow band of about 10 cm on both sides of the fault planes. Depending on the stratigraphic level, the porosity of the intact chalk ranges between 40 and 44% and the sonic wave velocity between 2300 and 2600 m/s. Close to the fault planes, the porosity is about 30 to 35% and the sonic wave velocity about 2700 to 2900 m/s. Along the fault planes, the rock material has an anisotropic behaviour, due to both vertical tectonic microcracking and calcitic barriers resulting from cementation.
Studies of dehydration kinetics of Li2SO4·H2O by the master plots method
Authors: Wanjun Tang , Donghua Chen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of Li2SO4·H2O dehydration in static air atmosphere was studied on the basis of nonisothermal measurements by differential scanning calorimetry. Dehydration data were subjected to an integral composite procedure, which includes an isoconversional method, a master plots method and a model-fitting method. Avrami-Erofeev equation was found to describe all the experimental data in the range of conversion degrees from 0.1 to 0.9. The determined activation energy equals 65.45 kJ·mol−1 with standard deviation ±0.47 kJ·mol−1. The estimated value of parameter m in Avrami-Erofeev equation is 2.15 with standard deviation ±0.11. Also, the obtained pre-exponential factor is 7.79×105 s−1 with standard deviation ±0.55×105 s−1. The results show that the present integral composite procedure gives self-consistent kinetic parameters.
Employment class arbitration: An oxymoron? Or a matter of contract?
Authors: Waks Jay W. , Poorten William 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo what extent will courts send employment arbitration cases for class or collective actions? According to Jay W. Waks and William Poorten, of New York, waiving class action arbitrations doesn't impair claimants' substantive rights, and contractual silence means no class actions. The authors analyze the latest case law supporting their positions.
Protein Glycosylation, Conserved from Yeast to Man: A Model Organism Helps Elucidate Congenital Human Diseases
Authors: Lehle Ludwig , Strahl Sabine , Tanner Widmar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProteins can be modified by a large variety of covalently linked saccharides. The present review concentrates on two types, protein N‐glycosylation and protein O‐mannosylation, which, with only a few exceptions, are evolutionary conserved from yeast to man. They are also distinguished by some special features: The corresponding glycosylation processes start in the endoplasmatic reticulum, are continued in the Golgi apparatus, and require dolichol‐activated precursors for the initial biosynthetic steps. With respect to the molecular biology of both types of protein glycosylation, the pathways and the genetic background of the reactions have most successfully been studied with the genetically easy‐to‐handle baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisae. Many of the severe developmental disturbances in children are related to protein glycosylation, for example, the CDG syndrome (congenital disorders of glycosylation) as well as congenital muscular dystrophies with neuronal‐cell‐migration defects have been elucidated with the help of yeast.
An examination of searcher's perceptions of nonsponsored and sponsored links during ecommerce Web searching
Authors: Jansen Bernard J. , Resnick Marc 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this article, we report results of an investigation into the effect of sponsored links on ecommerce information seeking on the Web. In this research, 56 participants each engaged in six ecommerce Web searching tasks. We extracted these tasks from the transaction log of a Web search engine, so they represent actual ecommerce searching information needs. Using 60 organic and 30 sponsored Web links, the quality of the Web search engine results was controlled by switching nonsponsored and sponsored links on half of the tasks for each participant. This allowed for investigating the bias toward sponsored links while controlling for quality of content. The study also investigated the relationship between searching self‐efficacy, searching experience, types of ecommerce information needs, and the order of links on the viewing of sponsored links. Data included 2,453 interactions with links from result pages and 961 utterances evaluating these links. The results of the study indicate that there is a strong preference for nonsponsored links, with searchers viewing these results first more than 82% of the time. Searching self‐efficacy and experience does not increase the likelihood of viewing sponsored links, and the order of the result listing does not appear to affect searcher evaluation of sponsored links. The implications for sponsored links as a long‐term business model are discussed.
The M3/M4 cytoplasmic loop of the α1 subunit restricts GABAARs lateral mobility: A study using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
Authors: Perán Macarena , Hooper Helen , Boulaiz Houria , Marchal Juan A. , Aránega Antonia , Salas Ramiro 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA crucial problem in neurobiology is how neurons are able to maintain neurotransmitter receptors at specific membrane domains. The large structural heterogeneity of gamma aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAARs) led to the hypothesis that there could be a link between GABAAR gene diversity and the targeting properties of the receptor complex. Previous studies using Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) have shown a restricted mobility in GABAARs containing the α1 subunit. The M3/M4 cytoplasmic loop is the region of the α1 subunit with the lowest sequence homology to other subunits. Therefore, we asked whether the M3/M4 loop is involved in cytoskeletal anchoring and GABAAR clustering. A series of α1 chimeric subunits was constructed: α1CH (control subunit), α1CD (Cytoplasmic loop deleted), α1CD2, and α1CD3 (α1 with the M3/M4 loop from the α2 and α3 subunits, respectively). Our results using FRAP indicate an involvement of the M3/M4 cytoplasmic loop of the α1 subunit in controlling receptor lateral mobility. On the other hand, inmunocytochemical approaches showed that this domain is not involved in subunit targeting to the cell surface, subunit‐subunit assembly, or receptor aggregation. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cost savings associated with the use of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for the diagnosis of palpable masses in a community hospital‐based FNAB clinic
Authors: Florentine Barbara D. , Staymates Barry , Rabadi Munif , Sarda Nayibe , Barstis John , Black Alexander 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Generally, it is assumed that fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for the diagnosis of superficial, palpable masses is a less expensive alternative to diagnostic open surgical biopsy; however, to the authors' knowledge few studies to date have sought to quantify the number of diagnostic surgical procedures avoided and cost savings involved. In this article, the authors report their experience with 664 FNAB procedures that were performed by a cytopathologist/cytotechnologist team practicing in a community setting.METHODS.Records from a total of 664 consecutive FNAB cases from 607 patients who underwent FNAB in a community hospital‐based FNAB clinic between 2003 and 2005 were reviewed retrospectively, and follow‐up data were obtained.RESULTS.Surgery was averted entirely as a result of the FNAB in 83% or 505 of 609 cases with follow‐up available. The FNAB procedure was highly accurate and considerably less expensive than surgical biopsy.CONCLUSION.For patients who presented with palpable masses, FNAB was a reliable, cost‐effective initial method for obtaining a tissue diagnosis. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Improved tolerability and quality of life with maintained efficacy using twice‐daily low‐dose interferon‐α‐2b
Authors: Tannir Nizar M. , Cohen Lorenzo , Wang Xuemei , Thall Peter , Mathew Paul F. , Jonasch Eric , Siefker‐Radtke Arlene , Pagliaro Lance C. , Ng Chaan S. , Logothetis Christopher 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.In vivo data have shown a more potent antiangiogenic effect and a higher antitumor activity of low‐dose interferon (IFN) given twice daily. In a randomized Phase II trial, the authors tested the hypothesis that twice‐daily low‐dose IFN is more effective than daily intermediate‐dose IFN in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer (MRCC).METHODS.A total of 118 patients (59 per arm) were randomly assigned to receive IFN at a dose of 0.5 million units (MU) given subcutaneously twice daily (IFN1) or IFN at a dose of 5 MU given subcutaneously daily (IFN5). The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included response rate (RR), overall survival (OS), toxicity, and quality of life (QOL).RESULTS.There were no significant differences in either PFS or OS between IFN1 and IFN5 (median of 3.7 months and median of 3.4 months PFS, respectively; median of 25.5 months and median of 17.5 months OS, respectively). The RRs were identical in the 2 arms (6.7%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.8–16.5%). Two patients, 1 in each arm, remained in complete remission at the time of last follow‐up, at 45+ and 38+ months from treatment. Thirty‐two patients receiving IFN5 and 19 patients receiving IFN1 experienced Grade 3 or higher adverse events (graded using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria [version 2.0]) (P= .025). Eighteen patients receiving IFN5 and 4 patients receiving IFN1 had dose reductions (P= .002). There was a significant deterioration in QOL and an increase in depression associated with IFN5 but no change was noted with IFN1.CONCLUSIONS.Compared with IFN5, IFN1 is neither more nor less effective but is less toxic, with a better reported QOL. These results may have implications for the design of combination regimens incorporating IFN with targeted agents. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Gα encoding gene family of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae: Expression analysis and immunolocalization of AGαq and AGαo in female antennae
Authors: Rützler Michael , Lu Tan , Zwiebel Laurence J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo initiate a comprehensive investigation of chemosensory signal transduction downstream of odorant receptors, we identified and characterized the complete set of genes that encode G‐protein α subunits in the genome of the malaria vector mosquito An. gambiae. Data are provided on the tissue‐specific expression patterns of 10 corresponding aga‐transcripts in adult mosquitoes and pre‐imago developmental stages. Specific immunoreactivity in chemosensory hairs of female antennae provides evidence in support of the participation of a subset of AGαq isoforms in olfactory signal transduction in this mosquito. In contrast, AGαo is localized along the flagellar axon bundle but is absent from chemosensory sensilla, which suggests that this G‐protein α subunit does not participate in olfactory signal transduction. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:533–545, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary and secondary sensory trigeminal projections in a cyprinid teleost, carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Xue Hao‐Gang , Yang Chun‐Ying , Ito Hironobu , Yamamoto Naoyuki , Ozawa Hitoshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrimary and secondary sensory trigeminal projections were studied by means of tract‐tracing methods in a cyprinid teleost, the carp. Tracer injections into the trigeminal nerve root labeled terminals in the ipsilateral principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, descending trigeminal nucleus, medial funicular nucleus, facial lobe, and medial part of posterior lateral valvular nucleus. The principal sensory trigeminal nucleus is considered a major origin of the secondary sensory trigeminal projections in teleosts. To investigate the secondary sensory trigeminal projections, tracer injections were performed into the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus. The present study suggests that the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus projects to the bilateral ventromedial thalamic nucleus, periventricular pretectal nucleus, stratum album centrale of the optic tectum, caudomedial region of lateral preglomerular nucleus, ventrolateral nucleus of semicircular torus, medial part of rostral and posterior lateral valvular nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, facial motor nucleus, superior and inferior reticular formation, descending trigeminal nucleus, medial funicular nucleus, inferior olive, and to the contralateral sensory trigeminal nucleus. These observations indicate that the primary and secondary trigeminal sensory projections of a cyprinid teleost, the carp, are similar to those in percomorph teleosts. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:626–644, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential responses to branched and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons in the rat olfactory system
Authors: Ho Sabrina L. , Johnson Brett A. , Chen Andrew L. , Leon Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn an effort to understand mammalian olfactory processing, we have been describing the responses to systematically different odorants in the glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb of rats. Previously, we demonstrated chemotopically organized and distinct olfactory responses to a homologous series of straight‐chained alkanes that consisted of purely hydrocarbon structures, indicating that hydrocarbon chains could serve as molecular features in the combinatorial coding of odorant information. To better understand the processing of hydrocarbon odorants, we now have examined responses to other types of chemical changes in these kinds of molecules, namely, branching and carbon–carbon bond saturation. To this end, we used the [14C]2‐deoxyglucose method to determine glomerular responses to a group of eight‐carbon branched alkane isomers, unsaturated octenes (double‐bonded), and octynes (triple‐bonded). In contrast to the differential responses we observed previously for straight‐chained alkanes of differing carbon number, the rat olfactory system was not particularly sensitive to these variations in branching and bond saturation. This result was unexpected, given the distinct molecular conformations and property profiles of the odorants. The similarity in activity patterns was paralleled by a similarity in spontaneous perceptual responses measured using a habituation assay. These results demonstrate again the functional relationship between bulbar activity patterns and odor perception. The results further suggest that the olfactory system does not respond equally to all aspects of odorant chemistry, functioning as a specific, rather than a general, chemical analysis system. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:519–532, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of endothelin‐1, sodium hydrogen exchanger‐1 and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in glucose‐induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
Authors: Chen Shali , Khan Zia A. , Karmazyn Morris , Chakrabarti Subrata 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackgroundCardiac hypertrophy is a key structural feature of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Previous studies have shown that diabetes‐induced endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and sodium hydrogen exchanger‐1 (NHE‐1) mediate structural and functional deficits in the heart. In order to gain a mechanistic understanding of the role of ET‐1 and NHE‐1 in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, we have utilized an in vitro endothelial‐myocyte co‐culture system to reveal cellular interactions that may arbitrate cardiomyocyte deficits in diabetes.Methods and ResultsRat ventricular cardiomyocytes were cultured in high glucose levels, which caused cellular hypertrophy. Hypertrophic markers, atrial natruritic peptide (ANP) and angiotensinogen (Agt), as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were upregulated by high glucose. Treatment of cells with ET antagonist bosentan and NHE‐1 inhibitor cariporide prevented glucose‐induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and expression of ANP, Agt, and iNOS. Bosentan and cariporide treatment of cardiomyocytes co‐cultured with endothelial cells produced a more pronounced normalization of glucose‐induced changes as compared to cardiomyocyte cultured alone. To further explore the signaling mechanisms involved, we investigated the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and its cross‐interaction with signaling proteins known to be altered in diabetes. Our results indicate that MAPK activation is associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and is inhibited by bosentan, cariporide, as well as protein kinase C inhibiton. Furthermore, MAPK activation was found to be upstream of the transcription factors, nuclear factor‐κB and activating protein‐1.ConclusionThese results demonstrate that ET‐1 and NHE‐1 may mediate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via MAPK activation and provide an insight into the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Satellite cells express distinct patterns of myogenic proteins in immature skeletal muscle
Authors: Schultz Edward , Chamberlain Connie , McCormick Kathleen M. , Mozdziak Paul E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSatellite cells are the myogenic cells lying between the myofiber sarcolemma and basal lamina. The objective of this study was to determine the expression patterns of MyoD, myogenin, and Pax7 within the satellite cell population in the growing rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Secondly, the expression of the myogenic markers was also studied within the interstitial cell compartment and myonuclei. It was discovered that the soleus contained a higher number of Pax7, MyoD, or myogenin‐positive nuclei compared with the EDL. Similarly, myogenin was expressed at a lower level in the myonuclei of the soleus compared with the EDL, and myogenin was expressed at a higher level in the interstitial compartment of the soleus compared with the EDL. When interstitial nuclei, myonuclei, and double‐labeled nuclei were used in the estimate of the satellite cell population, it was discovered that approximately of 13% of the myofibers in a transverse section of the soleus muscle and 4.1% of EDL myofibers exhibit a labeled satellite cell nucleus. Overall, results from this study suggest that expression patterns of these markers vary predictably among muscles with different growth dynamics and phenotypic characteristics. Developmental Dynamics 235:3230–3239, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantiomeric separation of underivatized small amines in conventional and on‐chip capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection
Authors: Gong Xiao Yang , Hauser Peter C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe determination of the enantiomers of small non‐UV‐absorbing amines which otherwise can only be achieved with difficulty was possible by using a combination of the chiral crown ether (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid (18C6H4) and dimethyl‐β‐CD as selectors in CE and contactless conductivity measurement for detection. Alkylamines without any other functional group, amino alcohols, species with ether or ester groups and with a cyclic moiety were investigated. The detection limits were found to be about 1.0 μM and the determination is possible up to at least 1.0 mM. The determination of enantiomeric ratios of up to 99.5:0.5 was also found feasible.