bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Honour and Violence Against Women in a Modern Shar'i Discourse
Authors: Welchman Lynn 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn 2005, against the background of increased internal as well as external violence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the Chief Islamic Justice of the Palestinian Authority made a public intervention against 'murder as revenge or in defence of honour'. This article considers the intervention in light of the jurisprudential, legislative and social arguments it invokes, and examines both commonalities and differences in the Qadi al-Qudah's discourse and the position taken by women's rights activists on this particular form of violence against women.
She's Upright: Sexuality and Obscenity in Islam
Authors:   Souaiaia
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper explores the concepts of sexuality and obscenity in Islamic traditions and the way cultures and society shape the value systems that judge beauty, propriety, and legality. I conclude that societal values are preserved in emerging religious teachings—by way of expanding categories for acts, rules, and values and by relying on practice-based consensus; not on negotiated consensus. As such, in Islam, obscenity and profanity become nuisances that disturb individuals' spiritual balance and unwanted variables that destabilize social equilibrium.
Evolutionary history of bacteriophages with double-stranded DNA genomes
Authors: Glazko Galina , Makarenkov Vladimir , Liu Jing , Mushegian Arcady 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundReconstruction of evolutionary history of bacteriophages is a difficult problem because of fast sequence drift and lack of omnipresent genes in phage genomes. Moreover, losses and recombinational exchanges of genes are so pervasive in phages that the plausibility of phylogenetic inference in phage kingdom has been questioned.ResultsWe compiled the profiles of presence and absence of 803 orthologous genes in 158 completely sequenced phages with double-stranded DNA genomes and used these gene content vectors to infer the evolutionary history of phages. There were 18 well-supported clades, mostly corresponding to accepted genera, but in some cases appearing to define new taxonomic groups. Conflicts between this phylogeny and trees constructed from sequence alignments of phage proteins were exploited to infer 294 specific acts of intergenome gene transfer.ConclusionA notoriously reticulate evolutionary history of fast-evolving phages can be reconstructed in considerable detail by quantitative comparative genomics.Open peer reviewThis article was reviewed by Eugene Koonin, Nicholas Galtier and Martijn Huynen.
U.S. Immigrants’ labor market adjustment: Additional Human capital investment and Earnings Growth
Authors: Akresh Ilana Redstone 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
New Immigrant Survey-Pilot data are used to address the long-standing debate over whether immigrants to the United States assimilate economically. Using panel data and an individual fixed-effect specification, I find evidence indicating rapid economic assimilation, on the order of an average increase in earnings of 12%–13% during the 12-month survey period. Results indicate partial support for Duleep and Regets’ Immigrant Human Capital Investment (IHCI) model, indicating an inverse relationship between initial earnings and earnings growth and showing some evidence of the expected interaction between skill transferability and skill level when predicting human capital investment decisions. Having more years of education, English proficiency, and lower earnings at the baseline are associated with a higher probability of enrolling in formal school in the United States. Overall, findings suggest substantial economic integration within the first year after establishing permanent residency.
“Having it all” no longer: Fertility, Female Labor supply, and the new life choices of Generation x
Authors: Vere James P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This study uses data from the U.S. Current Population Surveys and Natality Detail Files to examine cohort-level changes in fertility and female labor supply. Although only at the start of their careers, college-educated women from more-recent cohorts are having more children and supplying less market labor than their counterparts born toward the end of the baby boom. Pronounced differences across cohorts suggest that recent increases in fertility and declines in female labor supply have structural underpinnings and may continue for some time.
Widowhood, family size, and post-reproductive Mortality: a comparative Analysis of three populations in Nineteenth-Century Europe
Authors: Alter George , Dribe Martin , Van Poppel Frans 
Published: December 2007

AbstractResearchers from a number of disciplines have offered competing theories about the effects of childbearing on parents’ postreproductive longevity. The “disposable soma theory” argues that investments in somatic maintenance increase longevity but reduce childbearing. “Maternal depletion” models suggest that the rigors of childrearing increase mortality in later years. Other researchers consider continued childbearing a sign of healthy aging and a predictor of future longevity. Empirical studies have produced inconsistent and contradictory results. Our focus is on the experience of widowhood, which has been ignored in previous studies. We hypothesize that the death of a spouse is a stressful event with long-term consequences for health, especially for women with small children. Data are drawn from historical sources in Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands from 1766 to 1980. Postreproductive mortality was highest among young widows with larger families in all three samples. Age at last birth had little or no effect. We conclude that raising children under adverse circumstances can have long-lasting, harmful effects on a mother’s health.
What a drop can do: Dried blood spots as a minimally invasive method for integrating biomarkers into population-based research
Authors: McDade Thomas W. , Williams Sharon , Snodgrass J. Josh 
Published: December 2007

AbstractLogistical constraints associated with the collection and analysis of biological samples in community-based settings have been a significant impediment to integrative, multilevel biodemographic and biobehavioral research. However, recent methodological developments have overcome many of these constraints and have also expanded the options for incorporating biomarkers into population-based health research in international as well as domestic contexts. In particular, using dried blood spot (DBS) samples—drops of whole blood collected on filter paper from a simple finger prick— provides a minimally invasive method for collecting blood samples in nonclinical settings. After a brief discussion of biomarkers more generally, we review procedures for collecting, handling, and analyzing DBS samples. Advantages of using DBS samples—compared with venipuncture—include the relative ease and low cost of sample collection, transport, and storage. Disadvantages include requirements for assay development and validation as well as the relatively small volumes of sample. We present the results of a comprehensive literature review of published protocols for analysis of DBS samples, and we provide more detailed analysis of protocols for 45 analytes likely to be of particular relevance to population-level health research. Our objective is to provide investigators with the information they need to make informed decisions regarding the appropriateness of blood spot methods for their research interests.
Social networks and their impact on the earnings of Mexican Migrants
Authors: Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina , Mundra Kusum 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe examine the impact of different types of social networks on the wages earned by unauthorized and legal Mexican migrants during their last U.S. trip. Familial ties raise unauthorized and legal migrants’ hourly wages by an average of 2.6% and 8%, respectively, and friendship ties increase their wages by 5.4% and 3.6%, correspondingly. Furthermore, family ties seem to comparatively favor legal migrants in terms of earnings, raising their wages by approximately 0.9% more than for similar unauthorized migrants. These results underscore the potentially important role of social networks in raising Mexican migrants’ earnings, particularly among unauthorized migrants. By increasing the returns to migration, social networks may provide a stimulus to continued emigration.
The seasonality of conception
Authors: Rizzi Ester Lucia , Dalla-Zuanna Gianpiero 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIndividual data on menstrual cycles of noncontracepting women living in Western countries were used in order to verify whether the biological seasonality of conception persists after sexual behavior is controlled for. Episodes of intercourse were recorded daily, and the time of ovulation was detected by a marker. We find that the seasonality of conception changes with woman’s age and frequency of episodes of sexual intercourse. In particular, for women aged 27–31 having only one act of intercourse during the six most fertile days of the menstrual cycle, the seasonality of fecundability is stronger. In this age group in the Northern Hemisphere, if seasonality of acts of sexual intercourse is controlled, the monthly distribution of probability of conception is bimodal, with two maxima (September and January) and two minima (December and March). When unobserved characteristics of the couples are considered, this seasonal pattern of conception persists.
The estimation of Unwanted Fertility
Authors: Casterline John B. , El-Zeini Laila O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The estimation of unwanted fertility is a major objective of demographic surveys, including DHS surveys conducted in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Levels and trends in unwanted fertility are important input to the formulation of population policy and the evaluation of family planning programs. Yet existing methods for estimating unwanted fertility are known to be defective, among other reasons because they rely on subjective data whose validity and reliability are questionable. In this article, we propose a new estimator of unwanted fertility—the “aggregate prospective estimator”—so-named because it depends on the stated preference for another child at the time of the survey, the fertility-desires item consistently shown to possess the highest validity and reliability. Under reasonable assumptions, the aggregate prospective estimator produces less biased estimates of unwanted fertility than the most widely used existing methods. The new estimator has the limitation of generating only aggregate-level estimates, but such estimates are the primary data for policy formulation and program evaluation. The new estimator is presented in this article, along with an evaluation of its underlying assumptions and its sensitivity to several sources of error. In an illustrative application to recent DHS data from six countries, the new estimator yields substantially higher estimates of unwanted fertility than existing methods in all six countries.
Family transitions in Young Adulthood
Authors: Schoen Robert , Landale Nancy S. , Daniels Kimberly 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Using the first (1995) and third (2001–2002) waves of the Add Health survey, we examine women’s family transitions up to age 24. Only a third of all women marry, and a fifth of those marriages dissolve before age 24. Three out of eight women have a first birth, with a substantial majority of those births outside of marriage: 66% for whites, 96% for blacks, and 72% for Mexican Americans. Cohabitation is the predominant union form; 59% of women cohabit at least once by age 24. Most cohabitations are short lived, with approximately one in five resulting in a marriage. We summarize the family and relationship experience of women up to age 24 in terms of four categories, each accounting for roughly a quarter of all women. Category 1 has the women who remain single nonparents. Category 2 has the early marriers, women whose marriage is not preceded by a first birth. Category 3 has those who become single parents. Category 4 has the women who cohabit at least once, but who do not marry or have a birth by age 24. The strictly ordered transitions of the 1950s are long gone and have been replaced by a variety of paths to adulthood.
Putting people into place
Authors: Entwisle Barbara 
Published: December 2007

AbstractOver the past two decades, there has been an explosion of empirical research on neighborhoods and health. However, although the data and approaches owe much to the early contributions of demographers and population scientists, this debt is largely unrecognized. Likewise, challenges posed in the early literature remain largely unanswered. I argue that just as demographers and population scientists were pioneers in the study of neighborhoods and health, they are uniquely poised to lead the field again. Putting people into place means explaining behavior and outcomes in relation to a potentially changing local context. A more dynamic conceptualization is needed that fully incorporates human agency, integrates multiple dimensions of local social and spatial context, develops the necessary longitudinal data, and implements appropriate tools. Diverse approaches with complementary strengths will help surmount the many analytic challenges to studying the dynamics of neighborhoods and health, including agent-based microsimulation models.
Postimmigration investments in Education: a Study of Immigrants in the Netherlands
Authors: Van Tubergen Frank , van De Werfhorst Herman 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We use a unique data source to examine postimmigration investments in education among four immigrant groups in the Netherlands. We derive hypotheses from the Immigrant Human Capital Investment model (IHCI), which argues that immigrants’ investments are an outcome of settlement intentions, skill transferability, and opportunity costs. The multinomial and ordered logistic regression analyses show that educational investments are stronger among immigrants with higher premigration education, immigrants from former colonies, immigrants who migrated for family reasons, and immigrants who arrived in periods of high unemployment. These ndings generally support the IHCI model.
The impact of childhood mortality on Fertility in six rural Thanas of Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Mian Bazle , Phillips James F. , Legrand Thomas K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this article, we examine the relationship between child mortality and subsequent fertility using prospective longitudinal data on births and childhood deaths occurring to nearly 8,000 Bangladeshi mothers observed over the 1982–1993 period, a time of rapid fertility decline. Generalized hazard-regression analyses are employed to assess the effect of infant and child mortality on the hazard of conception, with controls for birth order and maternal age and educational attainment. Results show that childhood mortality reduces the time to subsequent conception if the death occurs within a given interval, representing the combined effect of biological and volitional replacement. The time to conception is also reduced if a childhood death occurs during a prior birth interval, a finding that signifies an effect of volitional replacement of the child that died. Moreover, mortality effects in prior birth intervals are consistent with hypothesized insurance (or hoarding) effects. Interaction of replacement with elapsed time suggests that the volitional impact of child mortality increases as the demographic transition progresses. This volitional effect interacts with sex of index child. Investigation of higher-order interactions suggests that this gender-replacement effect has not changed over time.
Corrosion Performance of Welded CRA-Lined Pipes for Flowlines
Authors: Chen W-C. , Petersen C. W. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents the results of corrosion and mechanical testing of welded high-nickel, corrosion-resistant-alloy (CRA)-lined pipes manufactured using various lining processes. The corrosion resistance of CRA-lined pipes for use as a flowline material in sour service was evaluated. The effects of the manufacturing process, CRA lining material, and welding on the corrosion performance of CRA-lined pipes also were determined.
Perturbation Boundary Element Method for Heterogeneous Reservoirs: Part 2—Transient-Flow Problems
Authors: Sato Kozo , Horne Roland N. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper discusses the extension of the perturbation boundary element method (BEM) described in the companion paper (Part 1) to transient-flow problems with permeability and porosity variations. The perturbation BEM formulated in Laplace space is verified against simplified heterogeneous problems and is used to generate type curves for idealized heterogeneities. We observed that if the average property value in a drainage area was not much different from the near-well property value, heterogeneity had little effect on pressure responses.
Network Security Fundamentals
Authors: Graham Steven , Fu Xinwen , Lu Bin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCommunication is at the heart of computer systems. Information stored at one location is moved to another location, combined with data from other sources, and processed to meet the needs of the users. Rarely can user commands or the information they access avoid traversing networks, which leakes the data and systems vulnerable to a variety of attacks. A malicious intruder might intercept, falsify, damage, or altogether prevent the networked communications. Network security has become one of the more critical issues challenging businesses and our daily life.In this chapter, we introduce the fundamentals of network security. The chapter comprises six sections. In the first section, we introduce basic security concepts such as CIA (confidentiality, integrity, and availability). In the second section, we discuss basic cryptography, such as secret key cryptography, public key cryptography, and hash functions. In the third section, we introduce basic security services such as key management and authentication. In the fourth section, we discuss a variety of attacks such as sniffing, spoofing, and DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) to give a big picture of the cruel world of cyberspace. In the fifth section, we introduce some security systems and protocols such as Kerberos, IPSec, Firewall, and VPN to combat those attacks. Finally, we give a brief overview of wireless network security such as WEP and WPA.
Convex Optimization
Authors: Sapatnekar Sachin S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSeveral practical problems in computer science and computer engineering may be framed as convex optimization problems. Unlike a general optimization formulation that may be trapped in a local minimum, necessitating hill‐climbing methods to crawl out of such a minimum, a convex optimization formulation has the attractive property that any local minimum is guaranteed to be a global minimum. This chapter presents an overview of the theory behind convex optimization and some illustrative examples of representative problems that are convex programs.
Granular Computing
Authors: Yao Yiyu , Zhong Ning 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe central ideas and principles of the new paradigm of granular computing are the problem conceptualizations and problem solving using different levels of granularity. On the one hand, one can focus on a suitable level of relevant conceptualizations without considering irrelevant lower level details. On the other hand, one can change granularity at different stages. This article provides an introduction to granular computing as a way of thinking and a general method of problem solving that embraces a variety of concrete theories and methods.
Lighting
Authors: Křivánek Jaroslav , Pattanaik Sumanta 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article gives a short introduction to lighting simulation. First, we introduce the radiometric quantities describing light energy distribution in space. Using these quantities, we define the bidirectional reflection distribution function characterizing surface reflection properties, and we give various models of light sources used for lighting simulation. We then move on to give a survey of lighting simulation algorithms in current use. We start with the simplest direct lighting, identifying its weaknesses that lead us to global illumination. We give a mathematical foundation of the global illumination problem, the Rendering Equation. A number of approaches to solving this equation are then shortly described. Finally, we compare the state of the art in lighting simulation in industry and in the research community and give some ideas for prospective future work in the field.
Level Set Methods
Authors: Yilmaz Alper 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The shape of a real‐world object can be represented by a parametric or a nonparametric contour in the image plane. The parametric contour representation is referred to as an explicit representation, and is defined in the Lagrangian coordinate system. In this coordinate system, two different objects have two different representations stemming from the different sets of control points that define the object contours. The control points constitute the finite elements, which is a common formalism used to represent shapes in the Lagrangian coordinates. In contrast to the parametric Lagrangian representation, the nonparametric representation defines the object contour implicitly in the Eulerian coordinates, which remains constant for two different objects. The level set method is a nonparametric representation defined in the Eulerian coordinate system and is used commonly in the computer vision community to represent the shape of an object in an image.
The level set method has been introduced in the field of fluid dynamics by the seminal work of Osher and Sethian in 1988. After its introduction, it has been applied successfully in the fields of fluid mechanics, computational physics, computer graphics, and computer vision. In the level set representation, the value of each grid point (pixel) is set traditionally to the Euclidean distance between the grid point and the contour. Hence, moving the contour from one configuration to the other is achieved by changing the distance values in the grid points. During its motion, the contour can change its topology implicitly by splitting into two disjoint contours or by merging from two contours to one.
The implicit nature of the representation becomes essential to handle the topology changes for the case when an initial configuration is required to solve a time‐dependent problem. Upon initialization, the level set converges to a solution by re‐evaluating the values at the grid points iteratively. This iterative procedure is referred to as the contour evolution.
Solid Modeling
Authors: Hui K. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Solid modeling is the technique for representing and manipulating a complete description of physical objects. Valid representations of solid are developed base on a mathematical description of rigid object. A valid solid representation scheme provides sufficient information for geometric operations on objects, e.g. Boolean operations, collision detection. The description here introduces the Fundamental concepts in solid modeling are introduced. Characteristics of a solid representation scheme are discussed. Two popular solid representation schemes, the constructive solid geometry and the boundary representation schemes, are described. The fundamental algorithms for solid modeling, point membership classification, and Boolean operations, are also discussed. Validity of the boundary representation scheme, the Euler operators, as well as the Winged‐edge data structure for the implementation of boundary representation scheme are also presented.