bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cluster ion sputtering: molecular ion yield relationships for different cluster primary ions in static SIMS of organic materials
Authors: Seah M. P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn analysis is made of the molecular secondary ion yield (MSIY) variation with primary ion source mass and number, n, of constituent particles. The theory is based on the linear cascade model, extended into the nonlinear regime for higher deposition energy densities using Sigmund and Claussen's thermal spike model. The analysis is generalised to remove sample specificity and is evaluated for light, organic materials. It provides the MSIY dependence for this material as a function of the primary ion particle parameters. This is applied to the data of Kersting et al. and of Kollmer for the (M − H)− de‐protonated secondary ion yields, Y(M − H)−, from Irganox 1010 for Ga+, Cs+, SF5+, Au+, Au2+, Au3+ and C60+ primary ions. The previously postulated dependence of Y(M − H)− on the sputtering yield squared is validated. This formulation permits the prediction of Y(M − H)− for new primary ions such as Bin+ and C70+. It is shown that further MSIY gains of possibly up to an order of magnitude are attainable. For analysis, raising the MSIY is extremely helpful but it is the efficiency (the ratio of the MSIY to the disappearance cross‐section) that is critical. The distinction between the damage and disappearance cross‐sections is clarified and a description involving both terms and correlating with data for all ions is given. It is shown that the efficiency increases with Y(M − H)−, initially linearly and finally with a square root dependence. The chemical nature of the primary ion species is shown to be relatively unimportant in these processes. © Crown copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial determination of gold catalyst residue used in the production of ZnO nanowires by SIMS depth profiling analysis
Authors: Morris R. J. H. , Dowsett M. G. , Dalal S. H. , Baptista D. L. , Teo K. B. K. , Milne W. I. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this paper we demonstrate how secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be applied to ZnO nanowire structures for gold catalyst residue determination. Gold plays a significant role in determining the structural properties of such nanowires, with the location of the gold after growth being a strong indicator of the growth mechanism. For the material investigated here, we find that the gold remains at the substrate–nanowire interface. This was not anticipated as the usual growth mechanism associated with catalyst growth is of a vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) type. The results presented here favour a vapour–solid (VS) growth mechanism instead. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of consumption of the nutrient-dense, freshwater small fishAmblypharyngodon molaon biochemical indicators of vitamin A status in Bangladeshi children: a randomised, controlled study of efficacy
Authors: Kongsbak Katja , Thilsted Shakuntala H. , Wahed Mohammed A. 
Published: October 2007

In Bangladesh, some commonly consumed, indigenous, freshwater small fish species (eaten whole with bone, head and eyes) such as mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) are nutrient-dense, containing preformed vitamin A as retinol and especially 3,4-dehydroretinol. The objective of the present randomised, controlled efficacy study was to evaluate the effects of mola on biochemical indicators of vitamin A status. Children (n196), aged 3–7 years, with serum retinol 0·36–0·75 μmol/l, were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups to receive a daily test meal (6 d/week for 9 weeks) of rice and vegetable curry (no vitamin A)ad libitumand 50 g fish curry consisting of: (1) mola, 600 retinol activity equivalents (RAE) (using 40 % biological activity of 3,4-dehydroretinol isomers) (experimental group,n66); (2) rui (Labeo rohita), a large fish (no vitamin A), with added retinyl palmitate, 600 RAE (positive control group,n65); or (3) rui, 0 RAE (negative control group,n65). The nutrient compositions of the dishes were analysed. After 9 weeks, no significant treatment effects were observed for serum retinol (P = 0·52) and retinol-binding protein (P = 0·81) in the experimental group compared with the negative control, whereas the positive control improved significantly (P < 0·001). The present results do not suggest conversion of the large amount of 3,4-dehydroretinol in mola curry to retinol. Further research on the functional effect of mola in humans is needed. Mola is a nutrient-dense animal-source food, rich in haem Fe, Zn and especially Ca, thus consumption of mola in Bangladesh should continue to be encouraged.
Impact of energy and casein or whey protein intake on bone status in a rat model of age-related bone loss
Authors: Mardon J. , Zangarelli A. , Walrand S. , Davicco M. J. , Lebecque P. , Demigné C. , Horcajada M. N. , Boirie Y. , Coxam V. 
Published: October 2007

In the elderly, nutritional deficiencies, such as low energy and protein intake, are suggested to increase the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Modulation of the amount and quality of protein intake under energy deficient conditions represents an interesting strategy to prevent aged-related bone loss. We investigated the effect of a 5-month dietary restriction on bone status in 16-month-old male rats. Rats were randomised into six groups (n 10 per group). Control animals were fed a normal diet containing either casein (N-C) or whey protein (N-WP). The other groups received a 40 % protein and energy-restricted diet with casein or whey protein (PER-C and PER-WP) or a normal protein and energy-restricted diet (ER-C and ER-WP). Both restrictions (PER and ER) induced a decrease in femoral bone mineral density (BMD), consistent with impaired biomechanical properties and a reduced cortical area at the diaphysis. Plasma osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline levels suggested a decrease in bone turnover in the PER and ER groups. Interestingly, circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were also lowered. Overall, normal protein intake did not elicit any bone sparing effect in energy-deficient rats. Regarding protein quality, neither casein nor WP appeared to significantly prevent the BMD decrease. This study confirms that nutritional deficiencies may contribute to osteopenia through decreased IGF-1 levels. Moreover, it seems that impaired bone status could not be significantly prevented by modulating the amount and quality of dietary proteins.
Trans-fatty acids induce pro-inflammatory responses and endothelial cell dysfunction
Authors: Harvey Kevin A. , Arnold Tyler , Rasool Tamkeen , Antalis Caryl , Miller Steven J. , Siddiqui Rafat A. 
Published: October 2007

Epidemiological data indicate that there is a strong association between intake oftrans-18 : 2 fatty acids (TFA) and sudden cardiac death. There is little known about the mechanisms by which TFA exert harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. The presentin vitrostudy is the first to demonstrate the effects of membrane-incorporated C18 : 2 TFA on human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) function.Trans-18 : 2 fatty acids were incorporated to a greater extent (2-fold) in the phospholipid fraction of endothelial cells than that ofcis-18 : 2; furthermore, these fatty acids were enriched to a similar extent in the TAG fraction. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that TFA treatment of HAEC significantly increased the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) and vitronectin receptor (CD51/CD61). Incorporation of TFA into membranes increased HAEC adhesion to fibronectin- or vitronectin-coated plates by 1·5- to 2-fold, respectively. Neutrophil and monocyte adhesion to HAEC monolayers was nearly proportional to adhesion molecule expression. TFA treatment also induced the release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by nearly 3-fold in non-stimulated HAEC. Furthermore, we examined the role of TFA onin vitroangiogenic assays. Chemotactic migration of TFA-treated HAEC toward sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) was significantly increased compared with controls. Conversely, capillary morphogenesis of TFA-treated HAEC was significantly inhibited in response to SPP, suggesting that TFA incorporation suppresses endothelial cell differentiation. In conclusion, thesein vitrostudies demonstrated that TFA play a role in the induction of pro-inflammatory responses and endothelial cell dysfunction.
DNA repair phenotype and dietary antioxidant supplementation
Authors: Guarnieri Serena , Loft Steffen , Riso Patrizia , Porrini Marisa , Risom Lotte , Poulsen Henrik E. , Dragsted Lars O. , Møller Peter 
Published: October 2007

Phytochemicals may protect cellular DNA by direct antioxidant effect or modulation of the DNA repair activity. We investigated the repair activity towards oxidised DNA in human mononuclear blood cells (MNBC) in two placebo-controlled antioxidant intervention studies as follows: (1) well-nourished subjects who ingested 600 g fruits and vegetables, or tablets containing the equivalent amount of vitamins and minerals, for 24 d; (2) poorly nourished male smokers who ingested 500 mg vitamin C/d as slow- or plain-release formulations together with 182 mg vitamin E/d for 4 weeks. The mean baseline levels of DNA repair incisions were 65·2 (95 % CI 60·4, 70·0) and 86·1 (95 % CI 76·2, 99·9) among the male smokers and well-nourished subjects, respectively. The male smokers also had high baseline levels of oxidised guanines in MNBC. After supplementation, only the male smokers supplemented with slow-release vitamin C tablets had increased DNA repair activity (27 (95 % CI 12, 41) % higher incision activity). These subjects also benefited from the supplementation by reduced levels of oxidised guanines in MNBC. In conclusion, nutritional status, DNA repair activity and DNA damage are linked, and beneficial effects of antioxidants might only be observed among poorly nourished subjects with high levels of oxidised DNA damage and low repair activity.
Postprandial oxidative stress is exacerbated in cigarette smokers
Authors: Bloomer Richard J. , Solis Adrienne D. , Fisher-Wellman Kelsey H. , Smith Webb A. 
Published: October 2007

Both cigarette smoking and high fat meals induce oxidative stress, which is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. We compared blood antioxidant status, oxidative stress biomarkers and TAG in twenty smokers and twenty non-smokers, matched for age and physical activity, in response to a high fat test meal standardized to body mass. Blood samples were collected before feeding (resting and fasted) and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 h post feeding and analysed for antioxidant capacity (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; TEAC), xanthine oxidase activity (XO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and TAG. Smoking status (P < 0·001) and time (P ≤ 0·01) effects were noted for all variables, with smokers demonstrating higher values compared with non-smokers for all variables except for TEAC, for which values were lower for smokers. XO, H2O2, MDA and TAG increased following feeding with a peak response at the 4 h post feeding time point, with the opposite response occurring for TEAC. Although no interaction effects were noted (P>0·05), contrasts revealed greater values in smokers compared with non-smokers for XO, H2O2, MDA and TAG, and lower values for TEAC at times from 1–6 h post feeding (P ≤ 0·05). Our findings indicate that young cigarette smokers experience an exaggerated oxidative stress response to feeding, as well as hypertriacylglycerolaemia, as compared with non-smokers. These data provide insight into another possible mechanism associating cigarette smoking with ill health and disease.
Carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx: a rare clinicopathological entity
Authors: Puxeddu R , Cocco D , Parodo G , Mallarini G , Medda M , Brennan P A 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjective:Carcinoma cuniculatum is a rare variant of low-grade squamous cell carcinoma. We report the second case of carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx in the literature.Method:Case report and review of the world literature concerning carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx and upper aerodigestive tract.Results:A histologically proven carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx is reported in a 72-year-old man. The patient underwent a supracricoid laryngectomy with crico-hyoidopexy, and was free of disease at 70 months after surgery. We emphasise the clinical presentation, histology and therapeutic approach of this rare tumour.Conclusion:To our knowledge this is the second report in the world literature of carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx. Carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx must be considered as a distinct ‘clinicopathological entity’ and close cooperation between the clinician and the pathologist is essential for the correct diagnosis of these tumour as regards to the correct classification and therapy.
The Fifth mīl from Jerusalem: another Umayyad milestone from southern Bilād al-Shām
Authors: Cytryn-Silverman Katia 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn 1958 an Arabic inscription written in monumental angular script was found in the woods next to Aqua Bella-‘Ayn Hemed, on the road between Jerusalem and the coast. The inscription was misfiled in the archives of the Israel Antiquities Authority, remaining unknown to the public for almost fifty years. Following a thorough search of the archives during doctoral research, the author found the original documentation relating to the long-forgotten inscription. The fragmentary inscription is incised into a marble slab, of which only the end of the last three lines remains. The surviving words are in line with the formula found on other milestones dated to the Umayyad period, allowing a reconstruction of the last sentence, and even of the missing upper parts of the inscription. The lines read: “From Jerusalem to this milestone, five miles”.
Improved global localization of an indoor mobile robot via fuzzy extended information filtering
Authors: Lin Hung-Hsing , Tsai Ching-Chih 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYGlobal localization of mobile robots has been well studied using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) method. This paper presents a fuzzy extended information filtering (FEIF) approach to improving global localization of an indoor autonomous mobile robot with ultrasonic and laser scanning measurements. A real-time FEIF algorithm is proposed to improve accuracy of static global pose estimation via multiple ultrasonic data. By fusing odometric, ultrasonic, and laser scanning data, a real-time FEIF-based pose tracking algorithm is developed to improve accuracy of the robot's continuous poses. Several experimental results are performed to confirm the efficacy of the proposed methods.
Human settlement of Easter Island – a competing hypothesis
Authors: Cole Anthony , Flenley John 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper draws on epistemology, theory, published data, hypothesis testing and synthesis to explore the predictive and explanatory power of a far-from-equilibrium interpretation of the history of human settlement on Rapa Nui. Our interpretation of the last 1500 years of human settlement on Rapa Nui provides an important competing hypothesis by which to test the explanatory power of earlier equilibrium interpretations of this history. Our evaluation of this competing hypothesis suggests that it provides, overall, a more satisfactory theory that has interesting implications for the goal of sustaining human civilisation.
Trehalose Enhances Transgene Expression Mediated by DNA‐PEI Complexes
Authors: Tseng Wen‐Chi , Tang Chien‐Hsiang , Fang Tsuei‐Yun , Su Ling‐Yu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractUsing enhancers to improve the transfection efficiency of polyethylenimine (PEI) can circumvent the needs of chemical modifications as well as subsequent purification and characterization of the modified PEI. In this study, we found that incorporating trehalose into the transfection reagent could improve the transgene expression mediated by DNA‐PEI complexes. Such enhancements were not observed when trehalose was replaced by other disaccharides. In an effort to explore the mechanisms, we examined how the timing of trehalose treatments and the durations of trehalose affected the percentages of cells expressing green fluorescent protein and the levels of intracellular ethidium monoazide labeled plasmid. Treatments with trehalose for 5–120 min prior to transfection could cause drops in transfection efficiency by 30–50%; such treatments, however, hardly affected the amounts of intracellular plasmid, indicating that the preexistence of intracellular trehalose could reduce transfection efficiency without lowering the endocytic activity. The transfection efficiency remained almost unchanged when the transfected cells were treated with trehalose after the removal of transfection reagents, indicating that trehalose had minimal effects on the machinery of protein synthesis. Despite the enhanced transgene expression, the presence of trehalose during transfection showed inhibitory effects on the internalization of DNA‐PEI complexes. Additionlly, the extent of enhancement in transgene expression strongly depended on the duration of trehalose. As the above observations suggested, only during the transfection process when complexes and trehalose coexisted, trehalose became an effective enhancer of transgene expression mediated by DNA‐PEI complexes possibly by affecting the mechanisms of intracellular trafficking.
Yeast culture (
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
) supplementation in growing animals in the dairy industry.
Authors: Lascano G. J. , Heinrichs A. J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Increasing the digestibility of ruminant diets and thereby improving nutrient efficiency is an important aspect of ruminant nutrition. This improvement in nutrient utilization must initially come from an improved rumen digestion and utilization. Yeast products have been added to the diets of monogastric as well as ruminant animals for many years to improve their productivity with a variety of results. In the dairy industry, yeast has been used since the early 1900s as an enhancer in milk production and in growing animals to improve their gains and efficiency. The mode of action of yeast products (live and dead) has not been able to be completely described, but many hypotheses are related to a change in rumen fermentation pattern with increases in volatile fatty acids (VFAs), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility and disappearance, organic matter digestibility, bacteria and protozoa population and decreases in lactic acid concentrations, lag time of dry matter (DM) degradation and stabilization of rumen pH, with an overall benefit in the rumen environment leading to improvement in the metabolic performance of the animal. The aim of this review is to survey the effects of yeast supplementation in growing ruminant animals and the effects that have been noted in the literature especially in the dairy industry.
Abandonment of agricultural land: an overview of drivers and consequences.
Authors: Rey Benayas J. M. , Martins A. , Nicolau J. M. , Schulz J. J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Agricultural activities and their complex effects on nature conservation, and the services that ecosystems deliver to humans are controversial. We present an overview of land abandonment, its driving forces and its consequences for landscape, biodiversity and humans. A descriptive metaanalysis of independently published studies highlighted the fact that the abandonment of agricultural land is a phenomenon mostly driven by socio-economic factors such as immigration into areas where new economic opportunities are offered to rural people. Ecological drivers such as elevation and land mismanagement leading to soil erosion are of secondary importance. We identified the major problems related to abandonment of agricultural land and quantified their relative importance. In order of decreasing importance, they were biodiversity loss, increase of fire frequency and intensity, soil erosion and desertification, loss of cultural and/or aesthetic values, reduction of landscape diversity and reduction of water provision. The impacts of these problems were not equally relevant in all regions of the world. The abandonment of agricultural land may also benefit humans. The benefits include passive revegetation and active reforestation, water regulation, soil recovery, nutrient cycling and increased biodiversity and wilderness. In a world that is becoming less natural and more intensively exploited by humans, we suggest that (1) farmland must be viewed in a context of multi-functionality to take advantage of ecosystem goods and services, (2) at the global scale, the abandonment of agricultural land is mostly positive for humans and (3) there is a need for the implementation of policies based on the payments for environmental services that encourage human societies to reconcile agricultural use, nature conservation and ecological restoration.
Agritourism and its potential contribution to the agricultural economy.
Authors: Che D. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Agritourism, a growing segment of the tourism industry, has been driven by agricultural restructuring, the movement towards multifunctional agriculture, increased discretionary incomes and demand for rural experiences. In this essay, the differential agritourism responses to agricultural restructuring are reviewed. In the European Union (EU), rural development policies and structural adjustment funding have enabled farmers, many in peripheral areas, to capitalize on historic structures that can be converted into tourist accommodations. In settler nations where agritourism has been supported to a lesser degree with marketing grants, hunting on ranches and day activities on peri-urban farms respectively capitalize on wildlife and accessibility to large urban populations. Producer motivations in agritourism are social as well as economic. Agritourism can provide the economic justification for keeping the land in agriculture, but lifestyle justifications including the desire to live in rural areas, spending time with family and independence are also important. Economic benefits from agritourism can vary widely depending on the level of investment and activities emphasized. Economic activities that extend the season for direct retailing of value-added secondary products produced on the farm and/or sold in on-farm retail shops are critical for success. The amount of infrastructural investment and wages paid may have lesser returns. Additionally, agritourism may differentially benefit farmers by favouring larger farms with extensive livestock/arable enterprises and subsidy payments. Rather than increased infrastructural investments, agritourism development may be better enhanced through government support of strategic alliances and cooperative marketing, quality initiatives and e-commerce.