bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Externalizing disorders in American Indians: Comorbidity and a genome wide linkage analysis
Authors: Ehlers Cindy L. , Gilder David A. , Slutske Wendy S. , Lind Penelope A. , Wilhelmsen Kirk C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAlcohol dependence is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Native Americans. Externalizing disorders such as conduct disorder (CD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) have been demonstrated to have significant comorbidity with alcohol dependence in the general population. This study's aims were to: assess the comorbidity of DSM‐III‐R ASPD and CD with alcohol dependence, to map susceptibility loci for ASPD and CD, and to see if there is overlap with loci previously mapped for alcohol dependence phenotypes in 587 American Indians. Alcohol dependence was found to be comorbid with DSM‐III‐R ASPD but not CD. However, the amount of alcohol dependence in the population attributable to ASPD and/or CD is low. ASPD and the combined phenotype of participants with ASPD or CD were both found to have significant heritability, whereas no significant evidence was found for CD alone. Genotypes were determined for a panel of 791 micro‐satellite polymorphisms in 251 of the participants. Analyses of multipoint variance component LOD scores, for ASPD and ASPD/CD, revealed six locations that had a LOD score of 2.0 or above: on chromosome 13 for ASPD and on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 14, 17, and 20 for ASPD/CD. These results corroborate the importance of several chromosomal regions highlighted in prior segregation studies for externalizing diagnoses. These results also further identify new regions of the genome, that do not overlap with alcohol dependence phenotypes previously identified in this population, that may be unique to either the phenotypes evaluated or this population of American Indians. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced hippocampal volumes associated with the long variant of the tri‐ and diallelic serotonin transporter polymorphism in major depression
Authors: Frodl Thomas , Zill Peter , Baghai Thomas , Schüle Cornelius , Rupprecht Rainer , Zetzsche Thomas , Bondy Brigitta , Reiser Maximilian , Möller Hans‐Jürgen , Meisenzahl Eva M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSubstantial evidence supports a role for dysfunction of the serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) in the pathogenesis of major depression. The polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR) was found to be associated with reduced hippocampal volume in major depression. However, the original diallelic polymorphism was criticized, because the L‐allele can be subtyped into La and Lg alleles, the latter of which is thought to be similar to the S‐allele. Therefore, the study aim was to examine the influences of the triallelic (La‐Lg‐S system) and diallelic 5‐HTTLPR on hippocampal volumes in patients with major depression and healthy controls. Using high‐resolution MRI hippocampal volumes and polymorphisms (5‐HTTLPR) were measured in 60 in‐patients with major depression and 60 healthy controls. Patients with the La/La genotype had significantly smaller hippocampal gray and white matter than La/La controls. No significant differences were found between patients and controls with La/(Lg + S) or (Lg + S)/(Lg + S) genotype. Moreover, within the patient group the La/La homozygous genotype had significantly smaller hippocampal white matter volumes than the La/(Lg + S) or (Lg + S)/(Lg + S) genotype. In conclusion, with the diallelic as well as the triallelic system the homozygosity for the long‐allele is associated with decreased hippocampal volumes in patients with major depression, but not in healthy controls, suggesting that disease or stress specific processes linked to the serotonergic system may enhance the vulnerability to morphological alterations. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unipolar depression and hippocampal volume: Impact of DNA sequence variants of the glucocorticoid receptor gene
Authors: Zobel Astrid , Jessen Frank , von Widdern Olrik , Schuhmacher Anna , Höfels Susanne , Metten Martin , Rietschel Marcella , Scheef Lukas , Block Wolfgang , Becker Tim , Schild Hans H. , Maier Wolfgang , Schwab Sibylle G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractGlucocorticoid receptor (GR) plays a major role in regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) system; HPA dysregulation represents the most consistent biological pattern of depression. Multiple functional polymorphisms are known for the GR gene, which might influence the development of unipolar depression. Previous studies reported associations to some variants in this gene but not consistently so. We investigated seven genetic polymorphisms in the GR gene (NR3C1) located in the putative promoter, exon 2 and intron 2 region. Study populations were 322 German inpatients with recurrent unipolar depression, and 298 German controls recruited from the general population. The relationships between intermediate phenotypes (hippocampal and amygdala volumes) and NR3C1 DNA sequence variants were additionally explored in a subpopulation of patients. We found association between the diagnosis of depression and DNA sequence variants in intron 2 as well as in the 5′ region of the NR3C1 gene but not for the previously studied exon 2 and putative promoter variants (global test after control of multiple testing, P = 0.02). In patients, diagnosis‐related alleles were also associated to hippocampal volume reduction and amygdala volume variation. Unipolar depression is associated with DNA variants of the NR3C1 gene in our population. Neurobiological underpinnings of depression as volumetric reductions of the hippocampus may also be mediated by variants in this gene. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive dysfunction in mice deficient for TNF‐ and its receptors
Authors: Baune Bernhard T. , Wiede Florian , Braun Anja , Golledge Jonathan , Arolt Volker , Koerner Heinrich 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRecent evidence suggests a role for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) in the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this work was to examine the effect of a deficiency of TNF (TNF−/−) and its main receptors (TNF‐R1−/− and TNF‐R2−/−) on cognitive function. A standardized survey on cognition‐like behavior assessing learning and retention, spatial learning/memory, cognitive flexibility, and learning effectiveness was used in B6.WT and B6.TNF gene targeted mice strains (B6.wild‐type, B6.TNF−/−, B6.TNF‐R1−/−, B6.TNF‐R2−/− mice). All studied mice strains demonstrated successful exploration and learning processes during the training phases of the tests, which made the specific cognition‐like tests valid in these mice strains. In the specific cognition‐like tests, the B6.TNF−/− mice demonstrated significantly poorer learning and retention in the novel object test compared to B6.WT, B6.TNF‐R1−/− and B6.TNF‐R2−/− mice. In addition, spatial learning and learning effectiveness were significantly poorer in B6.TNF−/− mice compared to B6.WT mice. Moreover, the moderately impaired cognitive performance with similar degrees in B6.TNF‐R1−/− or B6.TNF‐R2−/− mice was generally better than in TNF−/− mice but also poorer than in B6.WT mice. While the absence of TNF was correlated with poor cognitive functioning, the deletion of both TNF‐receptors was involved in partially reduced cognitive functioning. Low‐levels of TNF under non‐inflammatory immune conditions appear essential for normal cognitive function. TNF displays an interesting candidate gene for cognitive function. Translational research is required to investigate associations between genetic variants of TNF and cognitive function in healthy subjects and neuropsychiatric samples. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for potential relationship between SLC1A1 and a putative genetic linkage region on chromosome 14q to obsessive‐compulsive disorder with compulsive hoarding
Authors: Liang Kung‐Yee , Wang Ying , Shugart Yin Yao , Grados Marco , Fyer Abby J. , Rauch Scott , Murphy Dennis , McCracken James , Rasmussen Steven , Cullen Bernadette , Hoehn‐Saric Rudolf , Greenberg Benjamin , Pinto Anthony , Knowles James , Piacentini John , Pauls David , Bienvenu O. , Riddle Mark , Samuels Jack , Nestadt Gerald 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) is likely a disorder involving complex genetic transmission. This suggests that multiple genetic and environmental factors are involved in its etiology. This is complicated further by the probability of genetic heterogeneity for this phenotype. In this report, we describe a preliminary approach to deal with both complexities. SLC1A1, a glutamate transporter gene on chromosome 9p, was originally proposed to be related to OCD based on two linkage studies, and subsequently association of OCD to the gene has been replicated. Additionally, genetic linkage to a subtype of OCD, compulsive hoarding, has been reported on chromosome 14q. We hypothesized that both genomic regions contribute to OCD in some instances. Using the analytic program GENEFINDER we found that conditioning linkage on chromosome 14q to a marker adjacent to SLC1A1, reduced the size of the linkage region on chromosome 14q and provided evidence for interaction between the regions on chromosomes 9p and 14q. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and LIN‐7 homolog (LIN‐7) genes with adult attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Lanktree Matthew , Squassina Alessio , Krinsky Marilee , Strauss John , Jain Umesh , Macciardi Fabio , Kennedy James L. , Muglia Pierandrea 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder with a large genetic component that has been shown to persist into adulthood in 30–60% of childhood ADHD cases. Adult ADHD confers an increased risk of ADHD in relatives when compared to childhood ADHD, possibly due to a greater genetic liability than the childhood form. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin expressed in the brain throughout life and is involved in survival, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity of several neuronal systems including dopaminergic pathways. Mammalian LIN‐7 homolog is selectively expressed in specific neuronal populations and is involved in the postsynaptic density of neuronal synapses. LIN‐7 is also a positional candidate, as it lies immediately downstream of BDNF. We tested for association between five BDNF polymorphisms, two LIN‐7 polymorphisms and adult ADHD. The sample consisted of 80 trios comprised of an adult ADHD proband and their biological parents and an independent sample of 121 adult ADHD cases and a corresponding number of sex, age, and ethnically matched controls (total 201 probands). Allelic and haplotype association was found between both BDNF and adult ADHD, and LIN‐7 and adult ADHD. HapMap indicates BDNF and LIN‐7 occur in different haplotype blocks, though some linkage disequilibrium exists between the SNPs in these adjacent genes. Further investigations into the pathologic mechanisms of BDNF and LIN‐7 in adult ADHD are required. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The neuregulin 1 promoter polymorphism rs6994992 is not associated with chronic schizophrenia or neurocognition
Authors: Crowley James J. , Keefe Richard S.E. , Perkins Diana O. , Stroup T. Scott , Lieberman Jeffrey A. , Sullivan Patrick F. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe neuregulin 1 (NRG1) promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs6994992 has shown association with decreased activation of frontal and temporal lobe regions, increased risk of psychosis, and decreased premorbid IQ. This SNP is part of a putative schizophrenia risk‐associated haplotype and was associated with increased expression of the type IV transcript in postmortem tissue. We tested for association between rs6994992 and chronic schizophrenia by genotyping 738 cases from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) and 733 matched controls. We further tested for associations with age at onset and baseline neurocognition in cases with schizophrenia reasoning that these phenotypes might yield results similar to those seen for premorbid IQ. Affection status was weakly associated with rs6994992 genotypes and trended towards association under a recessive model. This association did not survive correction for multiple comparisons and was in the opposite direction than has been reported. There was no association between rs6994992 and age at onset, an estimate of premorbid IQ, or neurocognition at study baseline. We were unable to replicate previous associations of rs6994992 with schizophrenia and, moreover, did not find significant associations with age of onset, an estimate of pre‐morbid IQ, or neurocognition. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multilayered core–shell structure of the dispersed phase in high‐impact polypropylene
Authors: Chen Yong , Chen Ye , Chen Wei , Yang Decai 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe multiphase morphology of high impact polypropylene (hiPP), which is a reactor blend of polypropylene (PP) with ethylene–propylene copolymer, was investigated by transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy techniques in conjunction with an analysis of the hiPP composition and chain structure based on solvent fractionation, 13C‐NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. A multilayered core–shell structure of the dispersed phase of hiPP in solution‐cast films and the bulk was observed. The inner core was mainly composed of polyethylene (including its long blocks) together with part of PP, the intermediate layer was ethylene–propylene random copolymer, and the outer shell consisted of ethylene–propylene multiblock copolymers. The formation process and controlling factors of the multilayered core–shell structure are discussed. This kind of multiphase morphology of hiPP caused the material to possess both a high rigidity and high toughness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Water‐soluble aldehyde‐bearing polymers of 2‐deoxy‐2‐methacrylamido‐D‐glucose for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Korzhikov Victor A. , Diederichs Solvig , Nazarova Olga V. , Vlakh Evgenia G. , Kasper Cornelia , Panarin Evgeny F. , Tennikova Tatiana B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this study the methods of synthesis of hydrophilic aldehyde‐bearing polymers and copolymers based on 2‐deoxy‐2‐methacrylamido‐D‐glucose have been developed. Polymers with controllable aldehyde group content were synthesized via free‐radical polymerization and subsequent polymeranalogous modification. The water‐soluble polymers obtained were investigated in view of their capacity to be adsorbed on two commercial mineral supports used in bone tissue engineering. Besides, cytotoxicity of synthesized polymers was tested. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of poly(fluorene vinylene) copolymers containing thienylene–vinylene units
Authors: Yu Nan , Zhu Rui , Peng Bo , Huang Wei , Wei Wei 
Published: February 2008

AbstractNarrow‐band‐gap 2,5‐thienylene‐divinylene (ThV) units were incorporated into the poly(fluorene vinylene) backbone via a Gilch reaction as an energy trap with various feed ratios; this yielded pronounced changes in the electrochemical and optical properties of the material. The energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the polymers {poly(9,9‐di‐iso‐octylfluorene vinylene) [poly(fluorene vinylene‐co‐thiophene vinylene (FV))], C1, and C2} were estimated to be −5.53 to −5.10 eV and −2.98 to −2.84 eV, respectively, by cyclic voltammetry measurements. In comparison with poly(FV), the HOMO energy levels of polymers poly(fluorene vinylene‐co‐thiophene vinylene (FV) (90 : 10) (C1) and poly(fluorene vinylene‐co‐thiophene vinylene (FV) (80 : 20) (C2) were significantly increased, but their LUMO energy levels were slightly decreased. The optical properties were investigated by absorption and emission spectra of the polymers. The good spectral overlap between the emission of poly(FV) and the absorption of polymers C1 and C2 revealed a sufficient energy transfer from the majority of 9,9‐di‐iso‐octylfluorene vinylene units to the minority of ThV units. The reduction of self‐absorption losses of polymers C1 and C2 due to spectral separation caused by the incorporation of ThV units could be indirectly confirmed by nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The result of the NLO properties of the polymers showed that the third‐order NLO coefficients of poly(FV), C1, and C2 were 8.1 × 10−10, 1.35 × 10−9, and 1.51 × 10−9 esu, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effects of polymer degradation on drug release from PLGA‐mPEG microparticles: A dynamic study of microparticle morphological and physicochemical properties
Authors: Li Jin , Jiang Guoqiang , Ding Fuxin 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn vitro degradation and drug release of poly (DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolic acid)‐methoxypoly(ethyleneglycol) (PLGA‐mPEG) microparticles were performed through a dynamic monitoring process, to investigate the effect of degradation on drug release from microparticles and to elucidate the dominant factor that governed the drug release kinetics. Methotrexate (MTX), an antirheumatic drug, was employed as the model drug. Drug release showed a triphasic pattern: an initial burst release followed by a lag period and subsequently a second burst release. The initial burst release was mainly caused by dissolution and diffusion of drugs at/near the surface of microparticles. During the following lag period, microparticles suffered little morphological changes, whereas the physicochemical changes of the polymer contributed to the increasing mobility of drug molecules, and then provided transport pathways for drug release. Later on, the erosion of the polymer matrix became significant. Morphology study showed that the trend of porosity change was in accordance with last phase release profile, indicating that porosity played an extremely important role in controlling drug release. The liberation pattern of mPEG was elucidated. The more pores formed, the more mPEG chains were exposed to the aqueous medium and disengaged from the polymer. Scanning electron micrography observation further confirmed these conclusions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation, characterization, and lithographic applications of glycidyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid/t‐butyl‐4‐vinylphenyl carbonate terpolymers
Authors: El‐Demerdash A. M. , Sadik W. A. , El‐Maghraby A. H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAt present, most negative working lithographic plates use organic solvents as a developing medium. These developers have the obvious disadvantages of toxicity, fire risk, and are more expensive than the aqueous developers. This work describes the synthesis and characterization of materials that have similar photoactive properties to existing materials, but are soluble in water or aqueous medium rather than organic solvents. These materials are terpolymers comprising of one sort of material to induce water solubility, such as methacrylic acid (MAA) and another material to give the photoactive response such as glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The tertiary‐butyl‐4‐vinyl phenyl carbonate (t‐BOCVP) was added as a chemically amplifying agent. Various terpolymers were prepared via free‐radical solution polymerization, typically in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). Crosslinking reaction was induced using mixed arylsulphonium hexafluoroantimonate (MAS+ ‐SbF) as a photogenerating acid. It was found that the films of the terpolymer containing 85 mol % of GMA unit with the addition of 5 mol % rather than 2 mol % of the t‐BOCVP in the feed ratio gave good acid resistance and good adhesion to the surface of the zinc plate. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Accelerated wear testing with a microfabricated surface to evaluate the lubrication ability of biomolecules on polyethylene
Authors: Fang Hsu‐Wei , Wang Hsien‐Chieh , Tsai Teh‐Hua , Tsai Wei‐Bor , Hou Shao‐Yi , Liu Hsuan‐Liang , Lee Wun‐Hsing , Lu Yung‐Chang , Huang Chun‐Hsiung 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWear of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and wear‐particle‐induced osteolysis and bone resorption are the major factors causing the failure of total joint replacements. It is feasible to improve the lubrication and reduce the wear of artificial joints. We need further understanding of the lubrication mechanism of the synovial fluid. The objective of this study is to evaluate the lubricating ability of three major components in the synovial fluid: albumin, globulin, and phospholipids. An accelerated wear testing procedure in which UHMWPE is rubbed against a microfabricated surface with controlled asperities has been developed to evaluate the lubrication behavior. An analysis of the wear particle dimensions and wear amount of the tests has provided insights for comparing their lubrication performance. It is concluded that the presence of biomolecules at the articulating interface may reduce friction. A higher concentration of a biological lubricant leads to a decrease in the wear particle width. In addition, in combination with the wear results and mechanical analysis, the roles of individual biomolecules contributing to friction and wear at the articulating interface are discussed. These results can help us to identify the role of the biomolecules in the boundary lubrication of artificial joints, and further development of lubricating additives for artificial joints may be feasible. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Immunocytochemical Localization of Caveolin‐3 in the Synoviocytes of the Rat Temporomandibular Joint During Development
Authors: Niwano Masahiro , Nozawa‐Inoue Kayoko , Suzuki Akiko , Ikeda Nobuyuki , Takagi Ritsuo , Maeda Takeyasu 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCaveolins—caveolin‐1, ‐2, ‐3 (Cav1, 2, 3)—are major components of caveolae, which have diverse functions. Our recent study on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) revealed expressions of Cav1 and muscle‐specific Cav3 in some synovial fibroblast‐like type B cells with well‐developed caveolae. However, the involvement of Cav3 expression in the differentiation and maturation of type B cells remains unclear. The present study therefore examined the chronological alterations in the localization of Cav3 in the synovial lining cells of the rat TMJ during postnatal development by immunocytochemical techniques. Observations showed immature type B cells possessed a few caveolae with Cav1 but lacked Cav3 protein at postnatal day 5 (P5). At P14, Cav3‐immunopositive type B cells first appeared in the synovial lining layer. They increased in number and immunointensity from P14 to P21 as occlusion became active. In immunoelectron microscopy and double immunolabeling with heat shock protein 25 (Hsp25) and Cav3, coexpressed type B cells developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous caveolae, while the Cav3‐immunonegative type B cell with Hsp25 immunoreaction possessed few of these. Results suggest that Cav3 expression, which is closely related to added functional stimuli, reflects the differentiation of the type B synoviocytes. Anat Rec, 291:233–241, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.