bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A national survey of mycotoxins in canada
Authors: Andrews R. I. , Thompson B. K. , Trenholm H. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMycotoxin contamination of animal feedstuffs continues to be an area of concern in various regions of Canada. A survey of research institutions across Canada revealed that the mycotoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, tricothecenes and aflatoxin, have been detected in suspected feed samples. These mycotoxins have produced mycotoxicoses in poultry, hogs and cattle. Estrogenic syndromes in hogs may be caused by the ingestion of zearalenone produced by Fusarium molds on grain com grown in southern Ontario. Overwintered barley contaminated with T‐2 toxin was suspected in an outbreak of fusariotoxicoses in swine in northern Alberta. Central and eastern Canada, which seem to be the major focus of mycotoxin occurrence, will be the object of further field level examination to discover patterns of occurrence and economic impact.
Survey of vomitoxin contamination of the 1980 white winter wheat crop in ontario, canada
Authors: Trenholm H. L. , Cochrane W. P. , Cohen H. , Elliot J. I. , Farnworth E. R. , Friend D. W. , Hamilton R. M. G. , Neish G. A. , Standish J. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the summer of 1980, there was a great deal of rainfall and high humidity in southwestern Ontario. Sprouting of the kernels on plants in the field and pink discoloration down‐graded the white winter wheat crop. Samples were submitted to Agriculture Canada from elevators and boats loading wheat for export. Chemical analyses indicated low levels of vomitoxin, with some analytical results as high as 8.5 ppm. A series of feeding trials was initiated with contaminated wheat (1.0 ppm vomitoxin) to determine effects on swine and poultry. Swine diets containing 0.3 and 0.7 ppm vomitoxin resulted in decreased feed consumption and weight gains. Poultry were fed similar levels of vomitoxin without any serious effects. Gross examination of internal organs at the termination of the subacute studies revealed no apparent toxic effects. Several farmers reported feed refusal, vomiting and death in their livestock. Chemical analyses, in general, revealed relatively low levels of vomitoxin. In one case, the level of vomitoxin (0.95 ppm) in the feed was high enough to be a possible contributing factor in the observed ill effects.
Decontamination of aflatoxin‐contaminated peanut meal using monomethylamine:Ca(0H)2
Authors: Park D. L. , Jemmali M. , Frayssinet C. , Lafarge‐Frayssinet C. , Yvon M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRadiolabeled aflatoxin B1 was added to naturally contaminated peanut meal, and the fate of aflatoxin‐related by‐products after decontamination by monomethylamine:Ca(OH)2 was monitored. The decontamination process resulted in a 94‐100% reduction in aflatoxin levels, depending on the level of contamination and the chemical structure of the aflatoxin. Following air drying and extractions with chloroform/water, methanol, acetic acid and water, the majority (69‐86%) of the, decontamination by‐products remained with the residue. Significant amounts of aflatoxin B1, (12%) and aflatoxin‐related compounds (27%) were liberated from the residue after enzymic digestion. Isolation and identification studies revealed a wide variety of aflatoxin‐related decontamination by‐products. High performance liquid and thin layer Chromatographie separation of chloroform‐soluble compounds revealed compounds that exhibited some degree of toxicity. Comparative toxicity tests showed that, although some decontamination by‐products exhibited elevated responses to specific toxicity tests, the relative toxicity was inferior to aflatoxin B1. The moisture, protein and nitrogen levels did not change significantly. There was a significant change in the mold flora following the decontamination process, and the product was susceptible to recontamination.
Aflatoxin‐induced alteration in soybean membrane protein
Authors: Dashek W. V. , Walker S. J. , Adelstein L. , Danley J. M. , O'rear C. E. , Mills R. R. , Llewellyn G. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIsolates of aflatoxin‐producing strains ofAspergillus can grow on Glycine max beans. Furthermore, both mixed aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1 inhibit the elongation of both attached and excised G. max roots. In addition, the toxin inhibits the capacity of the excised roots to take up [14C]leucine. This suggests that the toxin may inhibit the activity of an uptake system responsible for uptake of low‐molecular‐weight (MW) compounds by possibly altering membrane structure and/or function. In this connection, incubation of excised roots in media containing either mixed aflatoxins or aflatoxin B1 results in a diminution of acid‐insoluble protein, but neither sterol nor lipid phosphorus levels, of an 80,000 X g pellet (purported “crude” plasmalemma fraction). To provide preliminary evidence that mixed aflatoxins can decrease the amount of a specific plasmalemma protein (which might regulate the uptake of low‐MW compounds), we incubated roots with and without mixed aflatoxins and then gel‐filtrated integral proteins which were released by detergents from 80,000 X g pellets that had been obtained by differential centrifugation of Miracloth filtrates. The released proteins were gelfiltrated on Sephadex G‐100 columns. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X‐100 and Tween 20 each solubilized greater than 85% of the pellet's protein. Gel filtration yielded 280 nm absorbing void volume and retarded peaks for substances which were either precipitated by trichloroacetic acid (total protein) or solubilized by detergents (integral protein) from pellets that were derived from aflatoxin‐treated and nontreated roots. The amounts of protein which were recovered within column void volumes following gel filtration of 80,000 X g, acid‐precipitable protein were not significantly different for treated and nontreated roots, suggesting that incubation of roots with aflatoxins does not reduce the pellet's content of an acid‐precipitable, high‐MW (100,000 or more) protein. However, this conclusion is highly tentative as less than 15% of the acid‐insoluble protein which was layered onto the column was recovered. The amplitude of the void volume peaks for detergent‐released proteins from treated roots was consistently less than that for nontreated roots, suggesting that treatment of roots with aflatoxins diminishes the “crude” plasmalemma fraction's content of high‐MW protein(s). This suggestion was supported through calculation of the amounts of protein which were recovered within both the void volume and retarded peaks and comparing these to the total protein levels that were recovered from the columns. The amount of protein which was found within the void volume peak following gel filtration of either Triton X‐100 or Tween 20‐released proteins from pellets that were derived from treated roots was less than that for nontreated roots.
Hepatotoxicity of the mycotoxin penicillic acid: A pharmacokinetics consideration
Authors: Chan P. K. , Hayes A. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe hepatotoxicity of penicillic acid (PA), a carcinogenic mycotoxin, was substantiated by a variety of hepatic functional tests. Involvement of an active metabolite as the toxic species was proposed. The toxicity of PA was dependent on the route of administration with intraperitoneal (ip) being the most toxic followed by intravenous (iv) and oral. This difference in toxicity was explained by the kinetic data for PA if liver were assumed to be the site of activation. One‐, 2‐ and 3‐compartment open models were proposed to fit the plasma parent compound concentration after oral, ip, and iv administration of PA. Liver, kidneys, heart, lungs and spleen contained more radioactivity than brain, fat and muscle after [14C] ‐ PA administration. Only a fraction of the radioactivity in the blood was detected as the parent compound. Most of the recovered radioactivity in the kidneys and liver was in the cytosol fraction. [14C]PA was readily metabolized in the liver. The metabolites were excreted in the bile and effectively cleared by the kidneys. Fecal and respiratory CO2 were minor excretory routes. Over 90% of the urinary and 99% of the biliary metabolites were not extracted with polar organic solvents. Three water‐soluble metabolites (derived from GSH or cysteine) were resolved by HPLC in urine and bile. About 10% of the urinary metabolites were detected as glucuronide conjugates. These data supported the hypothesis that an active metabolite which can be detoxified by GSH is involved in the toxicity of PA.
The co‐dominance theory: Genetic interpretations of analyses of mesocarp oils fromelaeis guineensis,elaeis oleifera and their hybrids
Authors: Ong S. H. , Chuah C. C. , Sow H. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDetermination of the fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of the F,(Elaeis guineensis X E. oleifera), F2 and the backcross hybrid mesocarp oils demonstrated that most fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of oils from hybrid palms are intermediate between those of their respective parentals. These data, as well as the acyl group (saturated/palmitate and unsaturated/oleate) distribution of triglycerides of the F2 mesocarp oils provide genetic proof for codominance in the F2 generation which shows a characteristic segregation into the co‐dominance ratio of 1:2:1 (i.e., 1 E.guineensis: 2 F1 hybrid: 1E. oleifera). Similar analyses into the backcross hybrid mesocarp oils on the whole confirmed co‐dominance when the backcross ratio of 1:1 was obtained. These results are used to develop the Co‐Dominance Theory ofElaeis palm hybridization which makes successful predictions for mesocarp oils from the different hybrid palms.
Desolventizing‐toasting of extracted soybean flakes: Development of pilot plant equipment and operational procedure
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Mustakas G. C. , Baker E. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA pilot plant batch desolventizer‐toaster (D‐T) was designed and built with the intent of producing soybean meals of varied composition, as well as to simulate meals produced in a continuous commercial D‐T unit. Trial runs were made first to determine workable loading levels, temperature control and sparge steam generation. Moisture levels after the steam sparge were influenced by the residual hexane content of defatted hexane‐wet flakes reaching the D‐T. Two moisture levels were used in testing the effectiveness of the toasting operations in producing flakes with low urease activity and trypsin inhibitor levels. The trial runs reported here also provide basic data for current work designed to optimize toasting procedures to produce suitable meals for ongoing animal nutrition studies.
Effect of food emulsifiers on crystal structure and habit of stearic acid
Authors: Garti N. , Wellner E. , Sarig S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral food emulsifiers have been found to serve as crystal structure modifiers for stearic acid crystallized from various organic solvents. Stearic acid that usually precipitates under appropriate crystallization conditions as the B‐ form is converted into the C‐ form when 1‐ 5% of sorbitan esters or ethoxylated sorbitan esters of fatty acids are present in the solution. Other emulsifiers such as polyglycerol esters, bdsubstituted monoglycerides and sucrose esters of fatty acids consisting of bulky hydrophilic groups are also effective emulsifiers in preserving the C‐ form of the crystallized stearic acid. The active emulsifiers modify the external crystal habit of stearic acid. Mass spectrograph analysis indicates that sorbitan monostearate (Span 60) is precipitated with the stearic acid.
Quality, morphology and storability of canola and rapeseed harvested after overwintering in Northern Alberta
Authors: Daun J. K. , Cooke L. A. , Clear R. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSamples of canola and rapeseed harvested after over‐wintering in Northern Alberta were compared to samples of fall‐harvested seed from the same area. Spring‐harvested seed had a weathered appearance due to changes in the epidermis and received lower grades than the unweathered fall‐ harvested seed. Spring‐harvested seed had more oil and protein than fall‐harvested seed, but also had higher free fatty acid content and conduc‐tivity and lower viability. Spring‐harvested seed did not store as well as fall‐harvested seed, having larger increases in free fatty acids, conductivity and storage fungi and larger decreases in viability when stored hermetically at 10% or 12.5% moisture.
Derivatization of keto fatty acids, Part IX. Synthesis and characterization of oxathiolanes
Authors: Ahmad Suhail , Khan M. , Nasirullah F. Ahmad , Osman S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOxathiolanes are prepared from the condensation of the oxo fatty acids with β‐ mercaptoethanol using BF3etherate as catalyst. 10‐Oxoundecanoic acid (I) reacts with the reagent promptly and gives 1‐(ethylene oxathiolane) undecanoic acid (V). A similar reaction of 9‐oxooctadecanoic acid (II) yields 9‐(ethylene oxathiolane) octadecanoic acid (VII). Hemimercaptals (VI, VIII) are also isolated as minor products in the above reactions. Methyl 9,10‐dioxooctadecanoate (III) is also found to react readily and affords methyl 9(10)‐ (ethylene oxathiolane)‐ 10(9)oxooctadecanoate (IX) as the sole product. There is no reaction with 2‐oxooctadecanoic acid (IV). The spectral (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass) properties of oxathiolanes are detailed.
The Ionic Modification of the Surface Charge and Isoelectric Point of Soy Protein
Authors: Chen W. S. , Soucie W. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of anionic and cationic binding on the surface charge of soy proteins was measured by electrokinetic analysis. All of the ions investigated suppressed the surface charge of the protein; however, certain multivalent ions such as Al (III), Fe (III), hexametaphosphate and tripolyphosphate also altered the isoelectric point of the protein. The results indicated the unpredictability of ionic effects on protein functionality, thus emphasizing the importance of making measurements of protein charge.
Hydrogenation of soybean oil by nickel/silica catalysts in a rotating packed disk reactor
Authors: Choia Sun , Ghima Young Sung , Change Ho Nam , Rhee J. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHydrogenation of soybean oil was carried out by nickel/ silica catalysts in a newly developed rotating packed disk reactor (RPDR). The rotation of a catalyst‐filled disk facilitated hydrogen transfer into the liquid phase and mixing in the reactor, resulting in an improved threephase reaction. Performance of RPDR in a batch operation was studied by varying temperature, pressure, nickel concentration in the oil, and disk rotating speed. The overall reaction rate increased with these variables, but the selectivity of linoleic acid was high when the hydrogen transfer controlled the reaction on the catalyst.
Solvent crystallization of α, β and γ polymorphs of oleic acid
Authors: Sato K. , Suzuki M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe features of the solvent crystallization of α, β and γ polymorphs of ultra‐pure oleic acid were examined in acetonitrile and decane. The solubilities of the three polymorphs were measured precisely, yielding a lower value for β than for the other two forms at any temperature. Thesolution‐ mediated transformation either from α to β or from γ to β was observed directly in the nearly saturated solution. It was found that this transformation occurred predominantly via the nucleation of the stable β form at the expense of the less stable ones. Finally the habit of the single crystal of each polymorph was determined for the first time. The results obtained were compared to the similar experiments of stearic acid polymorphs.
Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil 1
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Butterfield Royden O. , Pryde Everett H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTransesterification of soybean oil (SBO) and other triglycerides with alcohols, in the presence of a catalyst, yields fatty esters and glycerol. Di‐ and monoglycerides are intermediates. Reactions are consecutive and reversible. Rate constants have been determined for each reaction with a computerized kinetic program. The effects of the type of alcohol, 1‐butanol or methanol (MeOH); molar ratio of alcohol to SBO; type and amount of catalyst; and reaction temperature on rate constants and kinetic order were examined. Forward reactions appear to be pseudo‐first order or second order depending upon conditions used. Reverse reactions appear to be second order. At a molar ratio of MeOH/SBO of 6:1, a shunt reaction was observed. Energy of activation was determined for all forward and reverse reactions under a variety of experimental conditions from plots of log k vs 1/T. Values ranged from 8–20 kcal/mol.
Study on the oxidative rate and prooxidant activity of free fatty acids
Authors: Miyashita Kazuo , Takagi Toru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were autoxidized more rapidly than their corresponding methyl esters. Addition of stearic acid accelerated the rate of autoxidation of methyl linoleate and the decomposition of methyl linoleate hydroperoxides. Therefore, the higher oxidative rate of FFA's than their methyl esters could be due to the catalytic effect of the carboxyl groups on the formation of free radicals by the decomposition of hydroperoxides. Addition of stearic acid also accelerated the oxidative rate of soybean oil. This result suggests that particular attention should be paid to the FFA content that affects the oxidative stability of oils.
Nonionic surfactant amides as soil wetting agents
Authors: Micich T. J. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIsomeric hydroxyethyl tertiary amides, RCONR′CH2CH2OH, where R and R′ are 7‐ 8 carbon linear or branched aliphatic groups, were oxyethylated to form polydisperse adducts containing 5‐ 20 moles of ethylene oxide. The adducts RCONR′(E.O.)xH were free of unreacted amide and contained minimum ester contaminant where R and R′ were branched. Ester content of the adducts does not change with time, but the monomer does revert to amide on standing. All series of adducts showed good wetting at intermediate chain lengths but instantaneous wetting only at short chain lengths where both R and R′ were branched. Good water solubility occurred at the intermediate chain length while maximum surface activity was found for short chain lengths corresponding to a hydrophile‐ lipophile balance of ~9. All adduct series were excellent wetting agents for cotton skeins and a burned over sandy loam. For this soil the adducts effectively promote wetting at 0.01% level.
The relationship of biochemical and morphological information in the central nervous system: The problem of sampling
Authors: Prensky Arthur L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe histology of the central nervous system (CNS) is complex, consisting of membranes derived from a number of cell types as well as specialized membranes associated with structural modifications of the neuron. The cell structure, and thus the membrane content, of the CNS varies with age and from area to area; in no instance is it possible to isolate a single cell type without special microdissection techniques. Neurological disease often involves specific areas of the CNS attacking one or all of the cellular elements in that region. In other instances, damage may be wide‐spread, but at the histological level it may be restricted to a single cell type or even to a single membrane. The latter situation is particularly applicable to diseases that attack the myelin sheath.The biochemical investigation of changes in the lipid content of the brain resulting from neurological disease is hampered not only by the morphological complexity of nervous tissue, but by the tendency of destructive processes to be accompanied by proliferation of other cellular elements, both during the acute phase of disease and during the process of repair, which may mask significant abnormalities. Thus, in order to decide which changes in the structural lipids of the diseased brain are meaningful, a knowledge of the histopathology of the disorder is essential. When the morphological changes that accompany a neurological disorder are known, one may choose an appropriate tissue sample for study. Isolation of specific structural or functional subunits of the CNS, dissection of small groups of cells, isolation of single cells and separation of specific membranes are techniques available to sample nervous tissue. These are discussed, and their applicability to the biochemical study of specific neurological diseases is evaluated.
Carbon isotopic evidence for the role of lipids in petroleum formation
Authors: Silverman S. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractData available on stable carbon isotope ratios (C13/C12) are reviewed. It is concluded that data for modern and ancient natural carbonaceous materials reveal consistently low C13/C12 ratios for substances of biologic origin as opposed to the ratios for inorganic carbonate minerals deposited in the oceans. Ratios, of modern marine organisms are about 1% higher than those of terrestrial organisms. The average C13/C12 ratio of modern marine organisms is also about 1% higher than that of ancient organic matter in marine sediments. A similar relation exists between the ratios of terrestrial organisms and those of petroleums and other noncoaly organic matter genetically related to nonmarine sediments. Coals of all ranks have the same range of isotope ratios as those noted for terrestrial plants.Lipid fractions of organisms have consistently lower C13/C12 ratios than do the whole organisms. The average difference between nonlipid and lipid materials for all organisms studied is about 0.5% and ranges in individual species from as little as several hundredths to more than 1.5%. This suggests that petroleums and other noncoaly organic matter in ancient sediments are derived from lipids, or at least from certain components of the lipid fraction. In contrast, coal deposits apparently are derived from whole plants or from the cellulosic fraction of land plants, which is the major nonlipid constituent, of plant tissues.The isotopic compositions of narrow distillation fractions of petroleums suggest that the lowmolecular‐weight hydrocarbon components of the gas and gasoline fractions are formed by decomposition of higher‐molecular‐weight compounds during the post‐depositional history of petroleum. Concurrently with the formation of low‐boiling compounds, these transformation processes initiate the polymerization reactions responsible for the formation of some of the most complex petroleum components, such as the asphaltenes. New data obtained from distillates of Colombian crude oil are reported in this paper. The fraction with an average boiling point of 450C and average molecular weight of 420 had the lowest C13/C12 ratio. This suggests that the fraction, which includes the boiling range of typical triterpenoids, contains a major proportion of the primary components from which the light and heavy ends of petroleum are derived. This implication is supported by other geochemical information, including the distribution of optical activity in petroleum fractions and the identification of specific petroleum components which are structurally related to lipid components of modern organisms.