bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working with adults with personality disorder in the community: a multi-agency interview study
Authors: Huband Nick , Duggan Conor 
Published: April 2007

Aims and MethodTo explore the impact of adults with personality disorder on the professional groups that support them. Staff (n=72) from five agencies participated in interviews focusing on reactions to short case vignettes representing the three personality disorder clusters.ResultsEach presentation was relatively consistent in its impact on staff irrespective of the agency or setting. Several agency-specific themes were also identified, some illustrating areas of potential difficulty in inter-agency working. Many non-mental health workers reported considerable contact with this client group, although most felt dissatisfied with the training available and suggested solutions.Clinical ImplicationsFindings from this study may help to match the content of training courses to need. Similar vignette-based surveys could be used to investigate the impact of staff training over time.
‘Stress-busting’ groups for consultant psychiatrists
Authors: Murdoch Jane M. , Eagles John M. 
Published: April 2007

Aims and MethodTo describe the formation and function of ‘stress-busting’ groups and report a survey on work-related stress among a small cohort of consultant psychiatrists.ResultsOf 37 questionnaires, 25 were returned and 16 respondents (64%) rated their overall level of stress at work as moderate or severe. Stressful factors included lack of staff, paperwork, high-risk patients, difficult/hostile relatives and job demands interfering with family life. The most helpful stress-reducing strategies were talking to colleagues for support and catharsis, outside interests, support from family and friends, effective time management and exercise. Among 15 current members of ‘stress-busting’ groups, 14 (93%) found these to be helpful. The most successful format in the ‘stress-busting’ groups was one of ‘problem-solving with ventilation of stresses'.Clinical Implications‘Stress-busting’ groups may constitute a helpful approach to work-related stress and a utilisation of the skills of psychiatrists to our mutual benefit.
Identification and Developmental Changes of Aromatase and Estrogen Receptor Expression in Prepubertal and Pubertal Human Adrenal Tissues
Authors: Baquedano María Sonia , Saraco Nora , Berensztein Esperanza , Pepe Carolina , Bianchini Michele , Levy Estrella , Goñi Javier , Rivarola Marco A. , Belgorosky Alicia 
Published: April 2007

AbstractContext: The mechanisms of postnatal adrenal zonation remain unclear.Objective: To provide a clue for a possible role of estrogens in adrenarche, we studied the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)α, ERβ, G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)30, and cP450aromatase (cP450arom) in human adrenal tissue.Design: Human adrenal tissue was collected from three postnatal age groups (Grs): Gr 1, younger than 3 months (n = 12), fetal zone involution; Gr 2, 3 months to 6 yr (n = 17), pre-adrenarche; and Gr 3, older than 6–20 yr (n = 12), post-adrenarche period.Results: ERβ mRNA in Grs 1 and 3 was higher than in Gr 2 (P &lt; 0.05). By immunohistochemistry and laser capture microdissection followed by RT-PCR, ERβ was expressed in zona reticularis and fetal zone, GPR30 in zona glomerulosa (ZG) and adrenal medulla, while ERα mRNA and protein were undetectable. cP450arom mRNA in Gr 3 was higher than in Grs 1 and 2 (P &lt; 0.05), and localized to ZG and adrenal medulla by laser capture microdissection. cP450arom Immunoreactivity was observed in adrenal medulla in the three Grs and in subcapsular ZG of Gr 3. Double-immunofluorescence studies revealed that cP450arom and chromogranin A only colocalize in adrenal medulla of subjects younger than 18 months. In these samples, exon 1.b-derived transcript was 3.5-fold higher, while exon 1.a-, 1.c-, and 1.d-derived transcripts were 3.3-, 1.9-, and 1.7-fold lower, respectively, than in subjects older than 6 yr.Conclusions: Our results suggest that estrogens produced locally in adrenal medulla would play a role in zona reticularis functional differentiation through ERβ. The cP450arom and GPR30 expression in subcapsular ZG, colocalizing with a high-cell proliferation index, previously reported, suggests a local GPR30-dependent estrogen action in proliferation and migration of progenitor adrenal cells.
Effect of an Estrogen Receptor-α Intron 4 Polymorphism on Fat Mass in 11-Year-Old Children
Authors: Tobias J. H. , Steer C. D. , Vilariňo-Güell C. , Brown M. A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Context: Polymorphisms in the ESR1 gene encoding estrogen receptor (ER)-α may be associated with fat mass in adults.
Objectives: The objective of the study was to establish whether ESR1 polymorphisms influence fat mass in childhood.
Design: This was a cross-sectional analysis after genotyping of rs9340799, rs2234693, and rs7757956 ESR1 polymorphisms.
Setting: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) was a population-based prospective study.
Participants: Participants included 3097 11-yr-old children with results for ESR1 genotyping, puberty measures, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry results.
Outcomes: Relationships between ESR1 polymorphisms and indices of body composition were measured.
Results: The rs7757956 polymorphism was associated with fat mass (P = 0.002). Total body fat mass (adjusted for height) was reduced by 6% in children with TA/AA genotypes, and risk of being overweight (≥85th centile of fat mass) was decreased by 20%. This genetic effect appeared to interact with puberty in girls (P = 0.05 for interaction): in those with the TT genotype, total body fat mass (adjusted for height) was 18% higher in Tanner stages 3–5 vs. stages 1–2; the equivalent difference was 7% in those with TA/AA genotypes. Furthermore, the risk of being overweight was 36% lower in girls with TA/AA genotypes in Tanner stages 3–5, but no reduction was seen in those in stages 1–2. Neither rs9340799 nor rs2234693 polymorphisms were associated with body composition measures.
Conclusions: Fat mass in 11-yr-old children was related to the rs7757956 ESR1 polymorphism. This association was strongest in girls in more advanced puberty, in whom the risk of being overweight was reduced by 36% in those with the TA/AA genotype.
Genetic Variations at the Endocannabinoid Type 1 Receptor Gene (CNR1) Are Associated with Obesity Phenotypes in Men
Authors: Russo Paola , Strazzullo Pasquale , Cappuccio Francesco P. , Tregouet David A. , Lauria Fabio , Loguercio Maria , Barba Gianvincenzo , Versiero Marco , Siani Alfonso 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Context: The endocannabinoid system modulates food intake and body weight in animal models. Treatment with the cannabinoid type 1 receptor blocker, rimonabant, reduces body weight in obese individuals.
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms of the gene encoding cannabinoid type 1 receptor, CNR1, are associated with body fat mass and distribution in two independent samples of white European adult men.
Design, Setting, and Participants: The 3813A/G and 4895A/G single nucleotide polymorphisms at the exon 4 of CNR1 were genotyped in 930 participants to the Olivetti Prospective Heart Study (OPHS) in Southern Italy and in 216 participants to the Wandsworth Heart and Stroke Study in the United Kingdom. Retrospective analysis was also performed on an OPHS subsample (n = 360) for which anthropometric data from 1987 and 1994–1995 examinations were available.
Main Outcome Measures: CNR1 genotypes and anthropometric measures of body fat distribution were determined.
Results: In the OPHS study, the 3813G allele was associated with increased subscapular skinfold thickness (24.2 ± 9.1 vs. 22.8 ± 7.7 mm; P = 0.031) and waist circumference (WC) (99.1 ± 8.8 vs. 97.7 ± 8.8 cm; P = 0.050). No association was observed with 4895A/G variant. Haplotype analysis confirmed that the unique haplotype carrying the 3813G was associated with increased WC and subscapular skinfold thickness. Similar results were observed in the OPHS retrospective subsample and the Wandsworth Heart and Stroke Study sample. In the latter, the 3813G was associated with increased WC (96.8 ± 11.3 vs. 91.6 ± 10.4 cm; P = 0.006).
Conclusions: Genetic variants at CNR1 are associated with obesity-related phenotypes in men. The detection of polymorphic variants in genes involved in the process of fat accumulation may help identify specific targets for pharmacological treatment of obesity and related metabolic abnormalities.
Direct Interactions with Gαi and Gβγ Mediate Nongenomic Signaling by Estrogen Receptor α
Authors: Kumar Premlata , Wu Qian , Chambliss Ken L. , Yuhanna Ivan S. , Mumby Susanne M. , Mineo Chieko , Tall Gregory G. , Shaul Philip W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEstrogen induces G protein-dependent nongenomic signaling in a variety of cell types via the activation of a plasma membrane-associated subpopulation of estrogen receptor α (ERα). Using pull-down experiments with purified recombinant proteins, we now demonstrate that ERα binds directly to Gαi and Gβγ. Mutagenesis and the addition of blocking peptide reveals that this occurs via amino acids 251–260 and 271–595 of ERα, respectively. Studies of ERα complexed with heterotrimeric G proteins further show that estradiol causes the release of both Gαi and Gβγ without stimulating GTP binding to Gαi. Moreover, in COS-7 cells, the disruption of ERα-Gαi interaction by deletion mutagenesis of ERα or expression of blocking peptide, as well as Gβγ sequestration with β-adrenergic receptor kinase C terminus, prevents nongenomic responses to estradiol including src and erk activation. In endothelial cells, the disruption of ERα-Gαi interaction prevents estradiol-induced nitric oxide synthase activation and the resulting attenuation of monocyte adhesion that contributes to estrogen-related cardiovascular protection. Thus, through direct interactions, ERα mediates a novel mechanism of G protein activation that provides greater diversity of function of both the steroid hormone receptor and G proteins.
Hyponatremia: Current Treatment Strategies and the Role of Vasopressin Antagonists
Authors: Cawley Michael J 
Published: April 2007

Objective: Hyponatremia is a complex electrolyte disorder that results mainly from dysregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) by osmotic and nonosmotic mechanisms. Several populations, including the elderly, are at risk for the development of hyponatremia, and awareness of such risk factors can lead to an overall improvement in patient care. AVP receptor antagonists are promising new therapeutic options whose safety and efficacy have been clinically established for some forms of hyponatremia. Data Sources: A search of MEDLINE (1967–March 2007) was conducted, using the search terms aquaporins, AVP, AVP receptor antagonists, conivaptan, hyponatremia, lixivaptan, and tolvaptan. Additionally, data were obtained from manufacturers' prescribing information. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles identified from the reference search and data sources were evaluated. Material was included in this review if it was relevant to the pathophysiology and management of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia in hospitalized patients. Data Synthesis: A large percentage of hospitalized patients are found to have symptomatic or asymptomatic hyponatremia. One study reported that 24.5% of intensive care patients admitted over a 3 month period experienced hyponatremia at some time during their hospitalization. Conventional management techniques include water restriction, demeclocycline, lithium, and urea, which have demonstrated variable efficacy and toxicity. AVP receptor antagonists, whose safety and efficacy have been established in clinical trials, are providing new therapeutic options. Conclusions: AVP receptor antagonists appear to be safe and effective for the treatment of patients with hyponatremia. With conivaptan recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in treating euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia in hospitalized patients and lixivaptan and tolvaptan in the late stages of development, prudent use of these agents requires a thorough understanding of the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia to optimize therapeutic outcomes.
Polyarteritis Nodosa Resistant to Conventional Treatment in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: González-Fernández María Angeles , García-Consuegra Julia 
Published: April 2007

Objective: To report the case of a child diagnosed with polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) that was unresponsive to conventional treatment alone but improved with the addition of iloprost and bosentan to her drug regimen. Case Summary: A 3-year-old girl who had been diagnosed with PAN was referred to our hospital from another region. With conventional treatment of high doses of a corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide, her condition resolved. Six months later, our patient had a relapse that required hospital admission. In this second hospital stay, some cutaneous lesions evolved into digital necrosis. Off-label therapeutic alternatives, including a single dose (2 g/kg) of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), intravenous iloprost 2 ng/kg/min over 6 h for 5 days and, approximately 4 wk later, oral bosentan 37.25 mg twice daily for 4 wk followed by 62.5 mg twice daily for 8 wk, were added to the conventional regimen to treat the serious cutaneous manifestations. Her fingers improved very slowly, and she was discharged on gradually tapered doses of oral corticosteroids, bosentan, and monthly pulsed injections of cyclophosphamide. The digital necrosis and other cutaneous lesions had resolved completely 6 months after the second discharge. Discussion: The dosages of IVIG and iloprost were based on those used for PAN, Raynaud's phenomenon, and digital necrosis in children. The use of bosentan for vasculitis had not been reported in children before the treatment of our patient, so its dosage was based on that used to produce vasodilation in children with pulmonary hypertension. Conclusions: Digital necrosis and cutaneous manifestations not resolved with conventional PAN treatment improved within 5 days with iloprost and 12 weeks with bosentan.
Written Versus Oral Recommendations Made by Pharmacy Students During Internal Medicine Rotations
Authors: Pound Melanie W , Miller Susan M 
Published: April 2007

Background: Pharmacy students use a variety of methods to communicate with physicians during clinical rotations regarding pharmacotherapy concerns. Documented acceptance rates for oral or written recommendations, when studied individually, range between 64% and 95%. Objective: To compare the acceptance rates of written versus oral recommendations made by pharmacy students on internal medicine (IM) rotations. Methods: Fourth-year pharmacy students completing an IM rotation made oral or written recommendations to physicians at a large, community-based medical center from November 2005 through April 2006 (excluding December). The types of recommendations and outcomes of the interventions were recorded using a data collection form. The primary endpoint was to determine differences in acceptance rates for written versus oral recommendations. Secondary endpoints included comparing the recommendation types and their corresponding acceptance rates. Additionally, the acceptance rates for evidence-based medicine (EBM) interventions were determined. Results: A total of 625 recommendations were made by 10 pharmacy students during the 5 month study period; 47.5% of these were oral. A total of 82.8% of oral recommendations were accepted compared with 54.2% of written recommendations (p< 0.0001). Over 90% of the total recommendations were drug related. Overall, 68% of these recommendations were accepted. The major types of drug-related recommendations were indication for use (42.7%), inappropriate dose (17.2%), inappropriate route (11.3%), inappropriate drug (8.5%), and duplicate therapy (6.5%). The remaining types of interventions were laboratory related (6.4%) and requests for drug information (3.2%). A total of 227 (36.3%) recommendations were based on EBM guidelines, with an acceptance rate of 67.8%. Conclusions: Pharmacy student recommendations are well received by IM physicians. Oral recommendations are accepted at a statistically significantly higher percentage compared with written recommendations. High acceptance rates for recommendations may have the ability to positively impact patient care.
Patients' Use and Perception of Medication Information Leaflets
Authors: Nathan Joseph P , Zerilli Tina , Cicero Lorraine A , Rosenberg Jack M 
Published: April 2007

Background: Federal law mandates that at least 95% of patients receive useful written information with new medications. Recent data concerning whether patients read such leaflets are lacking. Objectives: To evaluate whether patients read non–manufacturer-developed leaflets and assess patients' opinions concerning the understandability and usefulness of these leaflets. Methods: Patients were surveyed at 32 community pharmacies in the New York City metropolitan area. The main outcome measures were the percentage of patients who read the leaflet provided with new and refilled medications and the perceived understandability and usefulness of the leaflet. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results. Results: A total of 307 patients were surveyed. For leaflets provided with new medications, 151 (49.2%), 65 (21.2%), 49 (16.0%), and 42 (13.7%) reported reading the leaflets always, often, seldom, or never, respectively. For refilled medications, 64 (21.6%), 41 (13.9%), 78 (26.4%), and 113 (38.2%) of the 296 respondents reported reading the leaflets always, often, seldom, or never, respectively. Of 267 patients who read the leaflets provided with new or refilled prescriptions at least seldom, 258 (96.6%) responded to the question concerning its understandability and 257 (96.3%) responded to the question concerning its usefulness. One hundred forty-five (56.2%), 89 (34.5%), 22 (8.5%), and 2 (0.8%) reported that the leaflet was very easy, somewhat easy, somewhat difficult, and very difficult to understand, respectively, and 164 (63.8%), 90 (35.0%), and 3 (1.2%) reported that the leaflet was very useful, somewhat useful, and not useful, respectively. Conclusions: Approximately two-thirds of the patients surveyed reported reading the leaflets provided with new medications at least often. The majority reported the leaflets to be useful and easy to understand. Pharmacists should advocate reading the leaflet and promote it as a useful resource. The leaflet should not replace the pharmacist's obligation to provide verbal counseling.
Timing-Dependent Modulation of Associative Plasticity by General Network Excitability in the Human Motor Cortex
Authors: Nitsche Michael A. , Roth Amelie , Kuo Min-Fang , Fischer Anja K. , Liebetanz David , Lang Nicolas , Tergau Frithjof , Paulus Walter 
Published: April 2007

Associative neuroplasticity, which encompasses the modification of synaptic strength by coactivation of two synaptic inputs, has been linked to learning processes. Because unlimited plasticity destabilizes neuronal networks, homeostatic rules were proposed and experimentally proven that control for the amount and direction of plasticity dependent on background network activity. Accordingly, low background activity would enhance facilitatory plasticity, whereas high background activity would inhibit it.However, the impact of background excitability on associative plasticity has not been studied so far in humans. Facilitatory associative plasticity was induced by paired associative stimulation (PAS) in the human motor cortex, whereas background activity was enhanced or diminished by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). When applied before PAS, excitability-enhancing tDCS also boosted the efficacy of PAS, whereas excitability-diminishing tDCS turned it into inhibition. Thus, previous background activity does not influence associative plasticity homeostatically. When tDCS and PAS were applied simultaneously, now in accordance with homeostatic rules of neuroplasticity, reduced background activity resulted in a prolonged excitability enhancement by PAS, whereas enhanced background activity turned it into inhibition. We conclude that background network activity can influence associative plasticity homeostatically. However, only simultaneous modulation of both parameters is in accordance with homeostatic concepts. These findings might be of importance for the development of plasticity-inducing stimulation protocols supporting information processing in humans.
Könyvismertetések
Authors: Buda Béla , Simon Eszter , Vidnyánszky Zoltán , Vajda Zsuzsanna , Binzberger Viktor , Takács Endre , Bagdy Emőke , Hámori Eszter , Kállai János , Pohárnok Melinda 
Published: April 2007

A nevelés terepei a pszichológus szemével [Vajda Zsuzsanna - Kósa Éva: Nevelés­lélektan] (Buda Béla) Tükörben az emlékezet tükre [Douwe Draaisma: A metaforamasina. Az emlékezés egyik lehetséges története] (Simon Eszter) Ne hagyja figyelmen kívül! [Czigler István: A figyelem pszichológiája] (Vidnyánszky Zoltán) Logikai csoportosulatok: egyén és társadalom [Jean Piaget: Szociológiai tanul­mányok] (Vajda Zsuzsanna) A pszichológia múltjáról [Pléh Csaba - Győri Miklós (szerk.): Olvasmányok a kísérleti pszichológia történetéből] (Binzberger Viktor) Új-ság a reprezentációról [László János - Kállai János - Bereczkei Tamás: A reprezentáció szintjei] (Takács Endre) A klinikusok panorámája: több szemmel [Timothy J. Trull - E. Jerry Phares: Klinika pszichológia. Elmélet, módszertan és hivatás] (Bagdy Emőke) (Hámori Eszter)(Kállai János)(Pohárnok Melinda)
Sold Down the River
Authors: Fossett Judith Jackson 
Published: April 2007

in that city foreign and paradoxical, with its atmosphere at once fatal and languorous, at once feminine and steel-hard—William Faulkner,Absalom, Absalom!(1936)Do you know what it means to miss New OrleansAnd miss it each night and dayI know I'm not wrong, the feeling's getting strongerThe longer I stay awayDo you know what it means to miss New OrleansSince that's where you left your heart(And there's something more)I miss the one I care for more than I miss New Orleans—Louis Alter (music) and Eddie DeLange (lyrics),“Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans” (1946)BOMBARDED BY THE DISCOURSE OF “TRAGEDY” FROM MAINSTREAM MEDIA AND GOVERNMENTAL OFFICIALS TRYING TO CHARACTERIZE post-Katrina New Orleans, I decided to reread William Faulkner. Ungluing myself from the computer screen, I hoped to distract myself with a literary version of another tragedy of the South. Faulkner's sense of the city's “paradox” and “foreign”-ness—in the case of this hurricane, the fury of climatic events that inexorably led to incomprehensible effects: much of its citizenry's forced migration, dispossession of property, and denial of the right of return as well as ecological catastrophe—was geographically and culturally resonant.
Letter from (the Myth of) Saint Petersburg
Authors: Romano Carlin 
Published: April 2007

In modern Russia, Petersburg has been the text in which intellectuals have sought to read the past as an index to the future. The city has functioned in their imaginations as more than a mere city: it has been a mythopoeic space.—Katerina Clark, Petersburg: Crucible of Cultural RevolutionPetersburg has not yet been treated, however, as I propose to do, in terms of a cultural network that cannot be reduced to a single textual structure, as a body of texts that collectively provides a structural analogue for the material city, and not merely an artistic refraction of it.—Julie A. Buckler, Mapping St. Petersburg: Imperial Text and CityshapeAS I WALKED DOWN ULITSA RUBINSTEINA ONE MORNING, A DECREPIT DOOR OPENED, AND A PORTLY MIDDLE-AGED WOMAN STUCK HERSELF out halfway, as if unwilling to make a commitment to the outside world. She held a tray full of cigarette butts, wrappers, and other garbage. She quickly turned it upside down, dumping everything onto the sidewalk, and disappeared inside.