bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Special session on effective information presentation techniques
Authors: Kurlansky Mervyn , Marcus Susan , Reineck Jack , Reineck Gay , Marcus Aaron 
Published: November 2005

Are computer graphics displays as effective as they should be? Are they as appealing as they could be? How can displays of information acquire more impact? How can they be made more memorable. Questions like these are being asked frequently in the computer graphics community.
Because of advanced display equipment, lower costs, effective communication networks, and increasingly sophisticated user groups, computer graphics is entering a new stage in its development. Visualized information will reach more people in this decade than ever before. Computer graphics displays will become centrally involved with concept formation and decision making on a mass scale. For this reason computer graphics systems should incorporate more successfully the knowledge of visual communication professionals who have developed valid, effective principles for conveying facts and concepts through typography, color, symbols, motion, photography, etc.
Integrating solid image capability into a general purpose calligraphic graphics package
Authors: Laib G. , Puk R. , Stowell G. 
Published: November 2005

Raster scanned graphics terminals provide several features not found in standard line drawing displays. Among them are area fill and an extensive color palette. Hardware support for such functions is becoming cost effective and available in a variety of forms. What is now needed is high level, device independent software that assists in the generation of and interaction with these terminals. To accomplish this, a project has been undertaken jointly by Sandia Laboratories, Purdue University, and MEGATEK Corporation to integrate solid image capabilities into the Graphics Compatibility System, GCS. GCS is a widely used, general purpose calligraphic graphics package. Due to the similarity of the GCS model to that of the GSPC Core System, GCS provides a timely test bed for solid image extensions to a line drawing package. This paper will summarize the capabilities being implemented, the method and motivation behind each function, and suggestions for further work.
The heart of the extensions is a hidden surface algorithm similar to Myers' approach which combines the simplicity of a Z buffer with the efficiency of a Watkin's algorithm. Facilities will be provided for hidden line removal as well as hidden surface processing in order to satisfy the basic GCS design goal of device independence. In this way, random vector terminals as well as raster devices will benefit.
If a user does not require hidden object processing then very little additional overhead will remain in those routines which have been called. Hidden surface processing may also be intermixed with wire frame drawings and text.
Two remaining issues are the user interface for 3D object definition and the specification of lighting models. Since the Myers algorithm requires N sided polygons as input, a basic call has been provided for such definitions. Higher level constructs, called “shells” and “faces”, which facilitate creation of complex 3D bodies, have been implemented.
The specification of lighting models is an area of considerable debate. It has been concluded that a choice of a few common models will be made available to the user. These include interpolated and noninterpolated shading (smooth and flat). Objects may be color-shaded or black-and-white. A hook is provided for user definition of more exotic lighting models.
Computer graphics in television (Panel Session)
Authors: Klimek Tom , Evans Larry , Black Peter , Bley H. , Weise D. , Shoup Richard 
Published: November 2005

Our society is increasingly relying on symbolic and imaginal communication to augment written and spoken language (advertising graphics, logos and corporate I.D.s, satellite weather maps, international traffic, dashboard symbols, etc.). Nowhere are graphics and sophisticated imagery being more widely and innovatively used than in television production. Greater availability of computer graphics and a strong trend in television technology towards digital electronics makes this an application of high synergy and potential.
The purpose of this panel is to bring together several top system designers and leading graphic designers in television to exchange points of view about this exciting application area. Panelists will show and discuss recent on-air uses of electronic graphics and will exchange ideas about what is needed, possible, important, and useful for the future.
The user's view of CAD/CAM (Panel Session)
Authors: Thompson Myrl , Harris D. H. W. , Wilson R. , Crowley B. , Boyd C. , Wozny M. , Anderson Ken 
Published: November 2005

“The User's View of CAD/CAM” will share the experience gained in over 50 man-years of day-to-day use of CAD/CAM systems. Six industry segments are represented in this presentation. In addition, a wide range of systems costing under $50,000 to over $1,000,000 will be discussed.
There is good news and bad news. All panelists admit to improved productivity and/or reduced design cycle time, but all is not free. You will hear about what it takes to operate and support CAD/CAM systems. Subjects include facilities planning, cost effectiveness, training, internal support requirements, and more. Here is your chance to hear practical and common sense comments about what CAD/CAM can and cannot do for you.
“Put-that-there”
Authors: Bolt Richard A. 
Published: November 2005

Recent technological advances in connected-speech recognition and position sensing in space have encouraged the notion that voice and gesture inputs at the graphics interface can converge to provide a concerted, natural user modality.
The work described herein involves the user commanding simple shapes about a large-screen graphics display surface. Because voice can be augmented with simultaneous pointing, the free usage of pronouns becomes possible, with a corresponding gain in naturalness and economy of expression. Conversely, gesture aided by voice gains precision in its power to reference.
Prototyping and simulation tools for user/computer dialogue design
Authors: Hanau Paul R. , Lenorovitz David R. 
Published: November 2005

The design and development of user interfaces to interactive computer systems is enhanced by permitting designers to easily express their design concepts in concrete, comprehensive, and comprehensible working models.
A set of prototyping and simulation tools has been developed to be used as an integral part of the specification and design process. These include an interactive display building utility and a syntax-driven interactive dialogue controller. The display builder is used to develop initial conceptual snapshots of system display appearance at selected points in the user/system dialogue. The dialogue controller interprets a grammatical description of input tools and system logic, using predrawn and dynamically constructed displays to simulate the external appearance of the desired end system.
A scan line algorithm for computer display of curved surfaces
Authors: Whitted Turner 
Published: November 2005

The conventional procedure for generating shaded images of curved surfaces is to approximate each surface element by a mosaic of polygons and to then apply one of several established polygon display algorithms. The method described here extends these polygon based techniques to produce an excellent approximation of bi-cubic parametric surfaces in scan line order.
Each surface patch is described in terms of cubic edge curves, including parametric curves on the interior of the patch as well as the patch boundaries. Specifying interior edges has the effect of subdividing the patch and generally results in a more accurate image. The silhouette, approximated by a piecewise cubic interpolant, further divides the patch into front facing and rear facing portions.
The edge curves are intersected by successive scanning planes to form the endpoints of scan line segments. Depth and surface normal are linearly interpolated between the endpoint values. Visibility is calculated for each segment by a hybrid priority/z-buffer scheme. Shading is computed using Phong's illumination model with the interpolated surface normal.
The algorithm is currently used for display of B-spline surfaces as part of an experimental display processor.
A fast and economic scan-to-line-conversion algorithm
Authors: Woetzel Gerd 
Published: November 2005

In order to generate cartographic data bases, it is necessary to digitize a large number of existing base maps. One way of replacing the error-prone and very time-consuming manual digitization by an automatic method is scanning the map and extracting the linework from the resulting binary matrix. A sufficiently fast and economic scan-to-line-conversion algorithm has to be developed for the line extraction.
The algorithm presented operates with a skeletonization technique which is further developed from known line thinning methods, so that the scan lines are now skeletonized in a single pass and that only a small number of scan lines has to be held in core storage. The result of this process is equivalent to a multi-pass skeletonization which utilizes a quasi-parallel line thinning in four partitions of the binary matrix for each pass.
The data produced by the extraction algorithm following the skeletonization have two important advantages over data produced by manual digitization: First, the nodes corresponding to the line end points are exactly determined and, second, the correction phase is shortened since the automatic process is less error-prone.
Time and storage requirements of the implemented algorithm applied to some typical scan data show that the conversion for even a complex line structure can be carried out within the time of scanning and the economic use of core storage makes it possible to implement the algorithm on a minicomputer with an on-line scanner.
Hidden line removal for vector graphics
Authors: Wein M. , Tanner P. , Bechthold G. , Burtnyk N. 
Published: November 2005

A system for removing hidden edges in line displays of three dimensional scenes is described. The hardware system is relatively low cost, and operates on several hundred vectors in real-time. The system consists of a graphics peripheral connected to a PDP 11/55 computer and a software package to drive the peripheral.
As each convex object is displayed, the occlusion hardware extracts the silhouette and retains it in a one-plane “matte memory”. As subsequent objects, taken from a priority ordered list, are displayed, the vector generator tests the contents of the frame buffer at the coordinates along the vector. The contents of the matte memory determine which portions of the vector should be intensified.
To produce the priority ordered list of objects, the software algorithm uses three ordering techniques applied selectively to different potions of the scene. One technique, used for ordering unconstrained pairs of objects is described in detail.
Creating volume models from edge-vertex graphs
Authors: Hanrahan Patrick M. 
Published: November 2005

The design of complex geometric models has been and will continue to be one of the limiting factors in computer graphics. A careful enumeration of the properties of topologically correct models, so that they may be automatically enforced, can greatly speed this process. An example of the problems inherent in these methods is the “wire frame” problem, the automatic generation of a volume model from an edge-vertex graph. The solution to this problem has many useful applications in geometric modelling and scene recognition.
This paper shows that the “wire frame” problem is equivalent to finding the embedding of a graph on a closed orientable surface. Such an embedding satisfies all the topological properties of physical volumes. Unfortunately graphical embeddings are not necessarily unique. But when we restrict the embedding surface so that it is equivalent to a sphere, and require that the input graph be three-connected, the resulting object is unique. Given these restrictions there exists a linear time algorithm to automatically convert the “wire frame” to the winged edge representation, a very powerful data structure. Applications of this algorithm are discussed and several examples shown.
Merging and transformation of raster images for cartoon animation
Authors: Wallace Bruce A. 
Published: November 2005

The task of assembling drawings and backgrounds together for each frame of an animated sequence has always been a tedious undertaking using conventional animation camera stands and has contributed to the high cost of animation production. In addition, the physical limitations that these camera stands place on the manipulation of the individual artwork levels restricts the total image-making possibilities afforded by traditional cartoon animation. Documents containing all frame assembly information must also be maintained.
This paper presents several computer methods for assisting in the production of cartoon animation, both to reduce expense and to improve the overall quality.
Merging is the process of combining levels of artwork into a final composite frame using digital computer graphics. The term “level” refers to a single painted drawing (cel) or background. A method for the simulation of any hypothetical animation camera set-up is introduced. A technique is presented for reducing the total number of merges by retaining merged groups consisting of individual levels which do not change over successive frames. Lastly, a sequence-editing system which controls precise definition of an animated sequence, is described. Also discussed is the actual method for merging any two adjacent levels and several computational and storage optimizations to speed the process.
A method of interactive visualization of CAD surface models on a color video display
Authors: Atherton Peter R. 
Published: November 2005

To introduce rendered surface display technology into the production design environment, many CAD operations envision a single color video display device for
download
processing of selected model pictures. Creation of a single image from a typical industrial CAD model involving a large number of higher order curved surfaces will normally require a minimum of several minutes' delay for data acquisition and visible surface computation. This paper describes a method that extends the visible surface operation to give the designer an interactive tool with which he can more effectively comprehend model composition. Instead of defining data for a single image, an intermediate three-dimensional structured file is created. A
tailored
display program manipulates the structured data file allowing a user to interactively create surface rendered images. Program capabilities include:

• Section and cutaway viewing
• Selected surface color, transparency, or translucency
• Shadows projected from desired light-source locations
Changing or combining any of these facilities requires only seconds for a new image to be created.
Islamic Law and Environmental Ethics: How Jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh) Mobilizes Practical Reform
Authors: Jenkins Willis 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWhere some religious environmentalisms deploy traditional concepts according to the practical needs of cosmology, usul al-fiqh (jurisprudence) envisions an alternative practical strategy for Islamic environmental ethics. Jurisprudence governs religious adaptations according to guiding principles designed to conform practical reason to the ongoing discovery of divine will. This article shows how those principles can function as mechanisms for normative change, and reviews their diagnostic capacity for evaluating various uses of Islamic resources.
Western Buddhist Motivations for Vegetarianism
Authors: Kaza Stephanie 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBuddhist motivations for abstaining from meat-eating draw from a wide range of traditions. Theravada themes emphasize non-harming, Right Livelihood, and detachment; Mahayana themes highlight interdependence, Buddha-nature, and compassion; Tibetan themes consider rebirth implications for human-animal relationships. These and other contemporary themes overlap with traditional western arguments promoting vegetarianism based on animal welfare, personal and environmental health, world hunger, and ethical development. This paper surveys these themes, then discusses two studies based on survey data that indicate that western Buddhists and Buddhist centers have a wide variety of practices regarding meat-eating. The first survey reports on institutional food choice practices at western Buddhist centers. The second study reports on individual food practices among western Buddhists, with data on food choices and rationales for these choices. In both surveys, Buddhist principles interact with western arguments, leading to diverse decisions about what to eat. As interest in Buddhism grows in the west, Buddhist moral concerns regarding food could influence western food choices in a significant way.
Expropriating Nature: The Decoding of Deep Ecology
Authors: Lauer Dean 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn this essay, I suggest that Nina Witoszek's semiotic dismantling of Arne Næss' philosophy of deep ecology is more than just an effort to situate Næss within the tradition of his native culture. Her sociological method, perhaps unwittingly, is hostile to the phenomenological possibility of what Næss calls "spontaneous experience". Because the "decoding" of deep ecology takes place in the context of a sign-functional nexus, deep ecology's most valuable asset, the possibility for intimate experience and identification with nature, becomes expropriated within the system of signs. In other words, the cerebral and theoretical force of semiotic analysis may block access to the profound understanding of nature to which Næss' philosophy is dedicated.
Body condition and clutch desertion in penduline tit Remiz pendulinus
Authors: Komdeur Jan , Szentirmai Istvan , Székely Tamas , Bleeker Maarten , Kingma Sjouke A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractParental care is costly since it takes time and energy, and whilst caring the parent may be predated. The benefits of care (i.e., viable offspring) however, are shared equally between the genetic parents: the male and the female. Thus a conflict occurs between the parents over care in many multiple-brooding animals, since each parent prefers the other to do the hard work of raising young ('sexual conflict over care'). One of the most striking examples of this conflict occurs in a small passerine bird, the penduline tit Remiz pendulinus in which both the male and the female may sequentially mate with several mates within a single breeding season. Incubation and brood-rearing are carried out by a single parent (either the male or the female). However, about 30% of clutches are abandoned by both parents. We investigated how body condition may influence parental behaviour of male and female penduline tits. We show that three measures of body condition (body mass, fat reserves and haematocrit value) are consistent with each other for males, although not for females. Nest building appears to be energetically more demanding than incubation in both sexes. In line with this, we found that males and females in good condition deserted their clutch more often than males and females in poor condition. Individuals in poor condition may care because incubation is energetically less expensive than nest building, and they cannot afford the energy requirement of building a new nest. We argue that understanding body condition in the context of parental care is both challenging and essential, since mathematical models (single-parent optimisation models and game-theory models) provide conflicting predictions. Future work, preferably by experimentally manipulating the body condition of penduline tits, is needed to test how body condition influences caring/deserting decisions in this puzzling avian system.
Adoption as a gosling strategy to obtain better parental care? Experimental evidence for gosling choice and age-dependency of adoption in greylag geese
Authors: Komdeur Jan , Kalmbach Ellen , van der Aa Pascal 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAdoptions of unrelated young by successful breeders are a form of alloparental care which has been observed in many species of geese. Depending on costs and benefits to the parents, adoptions might represent an inter-generational conflict or a mutually beneficial strategy. Although most studies of wild populations suggest benefits of large brood sizes, incidental observations mostly report aggressive behaviour of parents towards lone goslings. No studies have investigated mechanisms and behaviour during adoptions in order to test whether adoptions are driven by parents or goslings. To test whether goslings might use adoption as a strategy to obtain better parental care, we carried out an experiment where lone greylag goose (Anser anser) goslings could choose between a dominant and a subordinate foster family. In a second experiment we also tested whether adoption was age-dependent. Except for one case, all lone goslings (N = 16) chose the dominant family. Parents showed very little aggression towards lone goslings at three days after hatch, but aggression increased until 9 days and remained high thereafter. At the same time as aggression increased, the chance of successful adoption decreased. In the first five weeks of life, goslings which had been adopted were no further away from parents than original goslings during grazing. These results show that goslings might choose foster families according to dominance. The fact that with increasing gosling age parents are less willing to adopt could be due to improved individual recognition and reflect decreasing benefits of gaining an additional family member. More detailed studies on state-dependent costs and benefits of adoptions are required to determine whether adoptions in geese represent conflict or mutualism, and why this changes with gosling age.
Individuality in the contact calls of cooperatively breeding long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus)
Authors: Sharp S.P , Hatchwell B.J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe ability to discriminate between individuals or groups of individuals is important for the evolution of sociality. Individual vocal recognition is thought to be widespread in social birds, yet few studies have investigated its role in cooperatively breeding species. In long-tailed tits, helpers preferentially provide care to close kin, and individuals are able to discriminate between the vocalisations of kin and non-kin. However, the mechanism underlying this recognition system is unknown. Here we quantify the relative variation between and within individuals in three of the contact calls used by this species. Spectrographic cross-correlation revealed that two of these calls, the 'churr' and the 'triple', were individually distinct. We therefore analysed the variation in a series of acoustic parameters in each of these two vocalisations. For both the churr and the triple, discriminant function analysis was able to allocate calls to the correct individuals according to variation in several frequency parameters. We hypothesise that long-tailed tits are able to discriminate between the calls of conspecifics based on these parameters. This is the first quantitative description of potential recognition cues in a cooperatively breeding bird in which vocal discrimination is known to occur.