bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revising explanatory models to accommodate anomalous genetic phenomena: Problem solving in the “context of discovery”
Authors: Hafner Robert , Stewart Jim 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPast problem–solving research has provided a basis for helping students structure their knowledge and apply appropriate problem–solving strategies to solve problems for which their knowledge (or mental models) of scientific phenomena is adequate (model–using problem solving). This research examines how problem solving in the domain of Mendelian genetics proceeds in situations where solvers' mental models are insufficient to solve problems at hand (model–revising problem solving). Such situations require solvers to use existing models to recognize anomalous data and to revise those models to accommodate the data. The study was conducted in the context of 9–week high school genetics course and addressed: the heuristics charactenstic of successful model–revising problem solving: the nature of the model revisions, made by students as well as the nature of model development across problem types; and the basis upon which solvers decide that a revised model is sufficient (that t has both predictive and explanatory power). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Attitudes toward nuclear energy: One potential path for achieving scientific literacy
Authors: Dulski Richard E. , Dulski Rosalie E. , Raven Ronald J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe widespread problem of the scientific literacy of the general public has been previously acknowledged. However, an uninformed populace can jeapordize the future direction of major science–related public policy issues, such as nuclear energy, by basing their support on generally emotional or nonfactual grounds. As part of a larger study aimed at concurrently identifying the attitudes of secondary school students toward several science–related topical areas (i.e., nuclear energy, environmental issues, energy concepts, science concepts, space exploration, and metrication), a nine–item Nuclear Attitude Instrument (NA!) was developed. This scale was subsequently validated and administered to a sample of grade 9 and 10 students (N = 172) of average achievement and ability, at a predominantly middle–class suburban high school in New York State. Yielding a coefficient alpha of O.87 and a corrected itemtotal correlation mean of O.61, the NAI responses displayed statistically significant topical area correlations (p < 0.01) with environmental issues (inverse), energy concepts (inverse) and space exploration (direct). Presented in the format of a factor analytic path model, nuclear energy Was also found to be incorporated in a distal rather than a proximal attitudinal structure among the respondents. These relationships bear educators' consideration during both course content material selection and curriculum design, for the purpose of positively enhancing students' attitudinal development toward science–related topical areas. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
When science is “another world”: Relationships between worlds of family, friends, school, and science
Authors: Costa Victoria B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this article is twofold: to describe a model for understanding how students' responses to science are related to the degree of congruency between their worlds of family, friends, school, and science; and to explore the implications of this model for practice and policy in science education. The study focuses on the meaning‐perspectives of students to understand how they differentially experience school science. On the basis of classroom observations, teacher recommendation, and students' willingness, 43 high school science students were interviewed to gain information on their perceptions of school and science, the importance and influence of friends on these perceptions, and family conditions that were significant to their lives. Through the identification of five distinctive patterns regarding the relationship between personal experiences and success in school and science, this study draws attention to the necessity of curriculum and school practices that facilitate the integration of students' multiple worlds. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Inventors, copycats, and everyone else: The emergence of shared resources and practices as defining aspects of classroom communities
Authors: Roth Wolff‐Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo evaluate the usefulness of the notion of community of practice in classroom settings, I conducted an ethnography of an emerging culture. In this exploratory study, I was particularly interested in finding student descriptions that allow researchers to recognize classroom communities. Based on the detailed analysis of videotaped student‐student interactions and ethnographic observations in a grade 4/5 classroom studying a unit on civil engineering, this article documents how the collectively available knowledge of a classroom community was transformed as resources and practices were adopted by more and more members. Students' disputes about who had come up with an idea first and students' admission to do something “because everyone else is doing it” both signaled the presence of a shared resource or practice. Many resources were readily adopted in a student‐centered process. The adoption of engineering discourse practices, on the other hand, were teacher‐centered and associated with considerable effort. Implications are drawn for the organization of classroom environments that encourage the emergence of shared resources and practices. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Heuristic hypotheses in problem solving: An example of conceptual issues about scientific procedures
Authors: Seroussi Dominique‐Esther 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSolving a problem with heuristic hypotheses consists in approximating the value of unknowns during one phase of the solution process and in refining these estimates subsequently. This way to solve problems is often introduced to college students in the units on chemical equilibrium: for instance, the concentration of a substance at equilibrium is first approximated in order to facilitate the calculation of the other concentrations. Along with its technical benefit, the introduction of this procedure can also help students to achieve a more thoughtful conception of the scientific method. Yet learning to use heuristic hypotheses is technically difficult because the procedure is logically complex and strongly appeals to field‐related knowledge. In addition, learning this procedure also involves conceptual difficulties which hamper the students' focus on the technical obstacles. Indeed this strategy is sometimes difficult for novices to grasp and even to recognize as a legitimate scientific procedure because it seems to be based on different principles than the classical procedure of problem solving: it relies on an empirical conception of accuracy, it does not separate the steps of modeling and calculations and its reasoning is based on premises that can only be demonstrated once the problem has been solved. When heuristic hypotheses are superficially introduced to beginners and are presented as bare simplifications. One can observe a misunderstanding and misuse of the procedure which reveal in fact more general misconceptions. On the contrary, it proved beneficial to explain the characteristics of the procedure and to prepare the students for it with the help of simpler exercises. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
HIV and sexual health education for women
Authors: Lyman Christine , Engstrom Eric L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractConcern about women's issues in HIV prevention and sexual health promotion centers on the biological, psychological, developmental, and sociocultural conditions and constraints in women's lives. These realities create a complex pattern of risk involving concepts of self, relationships, and gender roles. Responding to women's needs in HIV prevention requires diverse, highly targeted strategies directed at individuals and their communities.
Counseling for HIV prevention: Clinical interventions and HIV antibody testing
Authors: Craig Donald H. , Grossberg Paul M. , Keeling Richard P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn both formal sessions and moments of opportunity, educators, clinicians, and counselors can use the counseling relationship to promote healthy behavior change. This clinical process depends on careful self‐appraisal, good counseling skills, and responsiveness to the specific concerns that HIV creates for students.
Discovery chemistry: A laboratory‐based approach to general chemistry
Authors: Ditzler Mauri A. , Ricci Robert W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStudents taking general chemistry at the College of the Holy Cross participate in a teaching and learning experience that parallels the scientific method itself. Cooperative efforts by the students in both obtaining and evaluating data support what we call “discovery chemistry,” a curriculum that features introduction of many general chemistry concepts in the laboratory rather than in the lecture.
Advising in the arts: Some thoughts and observations for arts advisers
Authors: Kelly William J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAdvising students in the arts is a difficult and often perplexing task that is being complicated by the realities of change both within and outside higher education. While there are no easy solutions or answers for the arts adviser, there are principles and philosophic viewpoints that can help to make the process of advising more profitable and honest both for the adviser and the student.
Health inequalities: still making policy in a fog?
Authors: POWELL MARTIN 
Published: October 2006

What Works in Tackling Health Inequalities? Pathways, Policies and Practice through the Lifecourse S. Asthana and J. Halliday Bristol: Policy, Press, 2006Health Action Zones: Partnerships for Health Equity M. Barnes, L. Bauld, M. Benzeval, K. Judge, M. Mackenzie, H. Sullivan Abingdon: Routledge, 2005Health Inequality: An Introduction to Theories, Concepts and Methods M. Bartley Cambridge: Polity, 2004Status Syndrome: How your Social Standing Directly Affects your Health and Life Expectancy M. Marmot London: Bloomsbury, 2004These four texts on health inequalities are all very different books written by leading commentators with different academic backgrounds. This review will concentrate on the policy perspective that may be of most interest to many readers of this journal. It is also arguably the Achilles heel of the health inequalities literature. According to policy makers, much current research on health inequalities was of little use to policy making, and public health researchers have been criticized for political naivety, for lacking understanding of how policy is made, and for having unrealistic expectations (Petticrew et al., 2004: 815–816). Similarly, Klein (2003) points to the problems of ‘making policy in a fog’. The first two texts under review focus on policy and are written by policy analysts.
Serum calcium is an independent predictor of quality of life in multiple myeloma
Authors: Wisløff Finn , Kvam Ann Kristin , Hjorth Martin , Lenhoff Stig 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBone disease is an important feature of multiple myeloma, and hypercalcaemia is a frequent complication of this disease. We examined the association between serum calcium and quality of life (QOL) scores of 686 multiple myeloma patients at the time of diagnosis. Data from two Nordic studies using the EORTC QLQ‐C30 questionnaire were analysed by means of linear regression analysis and a curve fitting program. Serum calcium was independently related to appetite loss, nausea/vomiting and physical functioning (P < 0.001) and to cognitive functioning (P = 0.001), i.e. scores reflecting symptoms that are well known in non‐malignant hypercalcaemia. In addition, we found a highly significant independent relationship between serum calcium and the scores for fatigue and pain (P < 0.001). Serum calcium appeared to be as strong a predictor for fatigue as the concentration of haemoglobin. A cubic model (y = a + bx3) fitted the data slightly better than the simple linear model (y = a + bx) and suggested worsening QOL scores at levels of serum calcium above 2.5–3.0 mmol/L. Hypercalcaemia in patients with multiple myeloma seems to be associated with the same symptoms as in non‐malignant hypercalcaemia. In addition, an increased level of serum calcium may aggravate the pain and fatigue caused by the skeletal disease itself.
Decremental Ramp Atrial Extrastimuli Pacing Protocol for the Induction of Atrioventricular Nodal Re‐entrant Tachycardia and Other Supraventricular Tachycardias
Authors: KANTHARIA BHARAT K. , PADDER FAROOQ A. , KUTALEK STEVEN P. 
Published: October 2006

Aim: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of decremental ramp atrial extrastimuli pacing protocol (PRTCL) for induction of atrioventricular nodal re‐entrant tachycardia (AVNRT), and other supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs), compared to standard (STD) methods.
Methods: The study cohort of 121 patients (age 57.51 ± 14.02 years) who presented with documented SVTs and/or symptoms of palpitations and dizziness, and underwent invasive electrophysiological evaluation was divided into Group I (AVNRT, n = 42) and Group II (Control, n = 79). The PRTCL involved a train of six atrial extrastimuli, delivered in a decremental ramp fashion. The STD methods included continuous burst and rapid incremental pacing up to atrioventricular (AV) block cycle length, and single and occasionally double atrial extrastimuli. Prolongation in the Atrio‐Hisian (Δ‐AH) intervals achieved by both methods were compared, as were induction frequencies.
Results: In Group I, three categories of responses—(1) induction of AVNRT, (2) induction of echo beats only, and (3) none—were observed in 29 (69%), 11 (26%), and 2 (5%) patients with the PRTCL, when compared with 14 (33%), 16 (38%), and 12 (29%) patients with STD methods in the baseline state without the use of pharmacological agents. The Δ‐AH intervals for each of these three categories were larger using PRTCL versus STD methods; 293.3 ± 95.2 ms versus 192.9 ± 61.4 ms (P < 0.005), 308.6 ± 68.5 ms versus 189. 9 ± 64.9 ms (P < 0.0005), and 203.0 ± 86.3 ms versus 145.8 ± 58.9 ms (P = NS), respectively. In Group II, in one patient with dual AV nodal physiology but no clinical tachycardia, the PRTCL induced nonsustained (12 beats) AVNRT. Additionally, in this group, both PRTCL and STD methods induced atrial tachycardia in two patients and orthodromic AV re‐entrant tachycardia in one patient.
Conclusion: Decremental ramp atrial extrastimuli pacing PRTCL demonstrates a superior response for induction of typical AVNRT as compared to STD techniques. Because of easy and reliable induction of AVNRT and echo beats by the PRTCL, we recommend it as a method to increase the likelihood of induction of AVNRT. For induction of other SVTs, the PRTCL and the STD methods are comparable.
Handball injuries during major international tournaments
Authors: Langevoort G. , Myklebust G. , Dvorak J. , Junge A. 
Published: October 2006

Background: Several authors have analyzed the incidence of handball injuries in amateur players but information of handball injury in top‐level players is very limited. The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence, circumstances and characteristics of handball injuries during major international tournaments.Methods: Injuries during six international handball tournaments were analyzed, using an established injury report system. The physicians of all participating teams were asked to report all injuries after each match on a standardized injury report form. The response rate was on average 87%.Results: The incidence of injury was on average 108 injuries/1000 player hours (95% confidence interval (CI): 98–117) or 1.5 injuries/match (95% CI: 1.4–1.6). The injuries affected most frequently the lower extremity (42%), followed by injuries of the head (23%), upper extremity (18%) and trunk (14%). The most frequent diagnosis was contusion of head (14%) or ankle sprain (8%). The majority of injuries were caused by contact with another player. The incidence of time loss injuries was on average 27/1000 player hours (95% CI: 22–32), and significantly higher in men than in women.Conclusion: Preventive program proven effective should be implemented. Fair Play is an essential aspect of injury prevention. Therefore, close cooperation with the referees is also necessary to make handball a safer sport.
MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF HAWAWSHY CONSUMED IN ISMAILIA, EGYPT
Authors: ISMAIL SOAD AHMED 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT The focus of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of hawawshy from vending shops in Ismailia Province, Egypt. Microbiological analysis of hawawshy resulted in aerobic plate counts from 2 × 103 to 4 × 106 cfu/g and spore counts from 2 × 102 to 5 × 104 cfu/g. Total coliforms ranged from 3 to 2400 MPN/g while Enterobacteriaceae counts ranged from 6 × 10 to 8 × 102 cfu/g and enterococci counts were 3 × 103 to 6 × 105 cfu/g. Escherichia coli, coagulase positive staphylococci and fecal streptococci were detected in 17.3, 14.6 and 57.3% of examined samples, respectively. Salmonella spp. was not detected. Different Enterobacteriaceae spp. such as Citrobacter freundi, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia liquefaciens were isolated with different percentages. The obtained results indicate that consumption of hawawshy may constitute a public health hazard, and as a consequence, handling practices should require more attention and improvement.
CONSUMER ASSESSMENT OF THE SAFETY OF RESTAURANTS: THE ROLE OF INSPECTION NOTICES AND OTHER INFORMATION CUES
Authors: HENSON SPENCER , MAJOWICZ SHANNON , MASAKURE OLIVER , SOCKETT PAUL , JONES ANDRIA , HART ROBERT , CARR DEBORAH , KNOWLES LEWINDA 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT This paper explores the ways in which consumers assess the safety of food in restaurants and other eating‐out establishments, and the resulting impact on restaurant choice. The analysis builds on the existing literature on restaurant choice more generally and a growing body of studies on the impact of official inspection information on the perceived safety of restaurants. Based on a two‐stage consumer study in the City of Hamilton in Ontario, Canada, involving focus groups and a postal survey, the research highlights how consumers base their assessment of food safety in restaurants using a range of visible indicators of the experience and/or credence characteristics associated with foodborne illness. These include their observed judgments of restaurant hygiene, the overall quality of the restaurant, external information, including official inspection certificates, and the level of patronage. The use of these broad groups of indicators varies across consumer subgroups according to gender, age, level of education and recollections of past incidences when a restaurant was closed and/or convicted for food safety reasons.
EVIDENCE OF CROSS‐CONTAMINATION OF AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA BY FINGERPRINTING: SIGNIFICANCE FOR FOOD SAFETY
Authors: GUNSALAM JURIN WOLMON , RADU SON , BENJAMIN PATRICK GUDA , SELAMAT JINAP , ROBIN TUNUNG 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT The prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila in a local wet market was studied and fingerprinting was used to prove the cross‐contamination. This study describes the use of antibiotic‐resistant plasmid profiles and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to characterize strains of A. hydrophila. Almost all strains had multiple antibiotic resistances and carried small plasmid(s) of 1.4–6.0 MDa that enabled the A. hydrophila to be grouped into eight plasmid patterns. The RAPD‐polymerase chain reaction profiles observed after electrophoretic separation of the amplified products using primer GEN15007, which enable the A. hydrophila strains to be grouped into three clusters, demonstrate that the A. hydrophila strains were genetically heterogeneous. These results suggest that RAPD assay could be a valuable tool for epidemiological studies. In addition, antibiotic‐resistant and plasmid profiling can also be used as adjunct tools in this study.
Tropical Cyclone Formations in the South China Sea Associated with the Mei-Yu Front
Authors: Lee Cheng-Shang , Lin Yung-Lan , Cheung Kevin K. W. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This study examines the 119 tropical cyclone (TC) formations in the South China Sea (SCS) during 1972–2002, and in particular the 20 in May and June. Eleven of these storms are associated with the weak baroclinic environment of a mei-yu front, while the remaining nine are nonfrontal. Seven of the 11 initial disturbances originated over land and have a highly similar evolution. Comparison of the frontal and nonfrontal formation shows that a nonfrontal formation usually occurs at a lower latitude, is more barotropic, develops faster, and possibly intensifies into a stronger TC. Six nonformation cases in the SCS are also identified that have similar low-level disturbances near the western end of a mei-yu front but did not develop further. In the nonformation cases, both the northeasterlies north of the front and the monsoonal southwesterlies are intermittent and weaker in magnitude so that the vorticity in the northern SCS does not spin up to tropical depression intensity. Because of the influence of a strong subtropical high, convection is suppressed in the SCS. The nonformation cases also have an average of 2–3 m s−1 larger vertical wind shear than the formation cases. A conceptual model is proposed for the typical frontal-type TC formations in the SCS that consists of three essential steps. First, an incipient low-level disturbance that originates over land moves eastward along the stationary mei-yu front. Second, the low-level circulation center with a relative vorticity maximum moves to the open ocean with the stationary front. Last, with strengthened northeasterlies, cyclonic shear vorticity continues to increase in the SCS, and after detaching from the stationary front, the system becomes a tropical depression.
Barotropic Instability at Minimal Resolution
Authors: Egger Joseph 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Two linear minimum-resolution models of β-plane channel flow are presented in analogy to the well-known two-layer model of baroclinic instability in order to see if basic features of barotropic instability can be demonstrated using similarly simple models. Two models are discussed within this pedagogical framework. A spectral model with two wave modes is applied to a cosine jet. Necessary conditions for instability are derived. The stability analysis shows that this simple model captures the shortwave cutoff and the asymmetry of the instability with respect to the direction of the jet quite well. It is demonstrated that the cutoff follows from Fjörtoft’s theorem for wave triads. A gridpoint model with two points in the interior of the channel is discussed as well. An analog to the classical necessary condition for instability is derived. A stability problem in a nonrotating system is discussed where the mean flow velocity is constant near the walls and a linear shear flow is assumed near the channel’s axis. In this case, the stability characteristics of the low-order model come close to those of the full problem where a simple analytic solution is available. Addition of the β term stabilizes the flow. A proper choice of the initial conditions always enables short-term growth of the perturbation energy for stable mean flows. A qualitative interpretation of the instability mechanism is presented for both models, which exploits the fact that the locations of corresponding extrema of streamfunction and vorticity need not coincide. It is concluded that low-resolution models are well suited for a discussion of the basic features of barotropic instability.