bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should Pacifiers Be Recommended to Prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?
Authors: Mitchell E.A. , Blair P.S. , L’Hoir M.P. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVES. Our aim was to review the evidence for a reduction in the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) with pacifier (“dummy” or “soother”) use, to discuss possible mechanisms for the reduction in SIDS risk, and to review other possible health effects of pacifiers.RESULTS. There is a remarkably consistent reduction of SIDS with pacifier use. The mechanism by which pacifiers might reduce the risk of SIDS is unknown, but several mechanisms have been postulated. Pacifiers might reduce breastfeeding duration, but the studies are conflicting.CONCLUSIONS. It seems appropriate to stop discouraging the use of pacifiers. Whether it is appropriate to recommend pacifier use in infants is open to debate.
Delayed Whole-Body Cooling to 33 or 35°C and the Development of Impaired Energy Generation Consequential to Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-Ischemia in the Newborn Piglet
Authors: O'Brien Frances E. , Iwata Osuke , Thornton John S. , Vita Enrico De , Sellwood Mark W. , Iwata Sachiko , Sakata Yasuko S. , Charman Susan , Ordidge Roger , Cady Ernest B. , Wyatt John S. , Robertson Nicola J. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVES. Fundamental questions remain about the precise temperature providing optimal neuroprotection after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Furthermore, if hypothermia delays the onset of the neurotoxic cascade and the secondary impairment in cerebral energy generation, the “latent phase” may be prolonged, thus extending the period when additional treatments may be effective. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of delayed systemic cooling at either 33°C or 35°C on the following: (1) latent-phase duration, and (2) cerebral metabolism during secondary energy failure itself, in the 48-hour period after transient HI.
METHODS. Piglets were randomly assigned to the following: (1) HI-normothermic (HI-n) rectal temperature (Trectal; n = 12), (2) HI-Trectal 35°C (HI-35; n = 7), and (3) HI-Trectal 33°C (HI-33; n = 10). Groups were cooled to the target Trectal between 2 and 26 hours after HI. Serial magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed over 48 hours. The effect of cooling on secondary energy failure severity (indexed by the nucleotide triphosphate/exchangeable phosphate pool [NTP/EPP] and phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate [PCr/Pi] ratios) was assessed.
RESULTS. Compared with HI-n, HI-35 and HI-33 had a longer NTP/EPP latent phase and during the entire study duration had higher mean NTP/EPP and PCr/Pi. The latent phase (both PCr/Pi and NTP/EPP) and the whole-brain cerebral energetics were similar for HI-35 and HI-33. During the hypothermic period, compared with HI-n, PCr/Pi was preserved in the cooled groups, but this advantage was not maintained after rewarming. Compared with HI-n, HI-35 and HI-33 had higher NTP/EPP after rewarming.
CONCLUSIONS. Whole-body hypothermia for 24 hours at either 35 or 33°C, commenced 2 hours after resuscitation, prolonged the NTP/EPP latent phase and reduced the overall secondary falls in mean PCr/Pi and NTP/EPP during 48 hours after HI. Reducing the temperature from 35 to 33°C neither increased mean PCr/Pi and NTP/EPP nor further lengthened the latent phase.
Racial Disparities in Childhood Asthma in the United States: Evidence From the National Health Interview Survey, 1997 to 2003
Authors: McDaniel Marla , Paxson Christina , Waldfogel Jane 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE. To examine differences in asthma prevalence and emergency department (ED) visits for asthma between non-Hispanic black and white children, and factors that might explain those differences, in a large, nationally representative sample covering the period 1997 to 2003.
METHODS. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses (with logit and multinomial logit methods) were conducted with a sample consisting of all non-Hispanic black and white children (&lt;18 years of age) from the 1997 to 2003 rounds of the National Health Interview Survey. Models included a progressively larger set of controls for factors that might explain racial differences in asthma prevalence and ED visits for asthma.
RESULTS. Being black was associated with a greater likelihood of currently having asthma and with a greater likelihood of having gone to the ED for asthma treatment in the past 1 year. Elevated asthma risks for black children were robust after controlling for a host of child and family characteristics that might explain them.
CONCLUSIONS. Black children are more likely to have asthma and to experience ED visits for asthma, compared with otherwise comparable white children, and these racial disparities cannot be explained by differences in measurable child or family characteristics. These results suggest that racial disparities in asthma continue to pose risks for black children, and they point to the need for additional research into potential explanations and remedies.
Third Ventricle Enlargement Among Newborn Infants With Trisomy 21
Authors: Schimmel Michael S. , Hammerman Cathy , Bromiker Ruben , Berger Itai 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to determine whether the third ventricle is significantly enlarged among neonates with trisomy 21, compared with infants without clinical signs of trisomy 21. This enlargement might be related to hypoplasia of the structures surrounding the third ventricle. These structures participate in cognitive development, and hypoplasia in this area may be responsible for some of the unique cognitive abnormalities observed among children with trisomy 21.METHODS. Measurements of routine head sonographic scans of 57 term infants with trisomy 21 who were born between January 2000 and August 2005 were performed within 7 days after birth and were compared with measurements of head sonographic scans of 21 randomly selected, healthy, term infants without trisomy 21.RESULTS. Although the 2 groups were of similar gestational ages, infants with trisomy 21 were generally smaller, with smaller head circumferences. Despite the smaller overall head circumference, both the width and length of the third ventricle were enlarged among the infants with trisomy 21. Vertical measurements of the lateral ventricles were similar for the 2 groups.CONCLUSIONS. The third ventricle is an important diencephalic space. In our neonatal population, we did show significant enlargement of both the length and width of the third ventricle among the infants with trisomy 21, compared with the control group of unaffected newborns. We suspect that the unique neuropsychological development and cognitive dysfunction associated with trisomy 21 and the enlargement of the third ventricle in the neonatal period might be related.
Changing Incidence ofCandidaBloodstream Infections Among NICU Patients in the United States: 1995–2004
Authors: Fridkin Scott K. , Kaufman David , Edwards Jonathan R. , Shetty Sharmila , Horan Teresa ,   the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System Hospitals
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVES. Recent reports suggest that candidemia caused by fluconazole-resistant strains is increasing in certain adult populations. We evaluated the annual incidence of neonatal candidemia and the frequency of disease caused by different species of Candida among neonates in the United States.PATIENTS. The study included neonates admitted to 128 NICUs participating in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2004 (study period).METHODS. Reports of bloodstream infection (BSI) with Candida spp.; Candida BSIs, patient admissions, patient-days, and central venous catheter days were pooled by birth weight category. The number of Candida BSIs per 100 patients (attack rate) and per 1000 patient-days (incidence density) was determined. Both overall and species-specific rates were calculated; data were pooled over time to determine the differences by birth weight category and by year to determine trends over time.RESULTS. From the 130523 patients admitted to NICUs during the study period, there were 1997 Candida spp. BSIs reported. Overall, 1472 occurred in the &lt;1000-g birth weight group. Candida albicans BSIs were most common, followed by Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida lusitaniae, Candida glabrata, and only 3 Candida krusei. Among neonates &lt;1000 g, incidence per 1000 patient-days decreased from 3.51 during 1995–1999 to 2.68 during 2000–2004 but remained stable among heavier neonates. No increase in infections by species that tend to demonstrate resistance to fluconazole (C glabrata or C krusei) was observed.CONCLUSIONS. Although Candida BSI is a serous problem among neonates &lt;1000 g, incidence has declined over the past decade, and disease with species commonly resistant to azoles was extremely rare.
Distance From Home When Death Occurs: A Population-Based Study of Washington State, 1989–2002
Authors: Feudtner Chris , Silveira Maria J. , Shabbout Mayadah , Hoskins Richard E. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE. For patients who die in hospitals, the regionalization of tertiary health care services may be increasing the home-to-hospital distance, particularly for younger patients whose care is especially regionalized and for whom access to and use of home hospice services remains limited. The objective of this study was to test the hypotheses that the distance from home at the time of death in a hospital has increased over time and is inversely related to the age of the dying patient.METHODS. A population-based case series was conducted in Washington State of all deaths of state residents from 1989 to 2002. The main outcome measure was driving distance between home residence and location at the time of death.RESULTS. The overall mean distance from home to the hospital where death occurred has increased by 1% annually. Children who died in hospitals were much farther from home than their adult counterparts: the mean distance was 37.4 km for neonates and 50.9 km for children who were aged 1 to 9 years, compared with 19.9 km for adults who were aged 60 to 79 years and 14.0 km for patients who were older than 79 years. Disparities of distance were even greater among patients who were at the 90th percentile for distance (85.6 km for neonates compared with 30.8 for patient who were older than 79 years).CONCLUSIONS. The distance between home residence and the hospital where death occurs is greatest for children and has increased over time. Both of these findings have implications for the design of local and regional pediatric end-of-life supportive care services.
The Epidemiology of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Incidence, Risk Factors, Therapies, and Outcome
Authors: Dargaville Peter A. , Copnell Beverley ,   for the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE. We sought to examine, in a large cohort of infants within a definable population of live births, the incidence, risk factors, treatments, complications, and outcomes of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS).DESIGN. Data were gathered on all of the infants in Australia and New Zealand who were intubated and mechanically ventilated with a primary diagnosis of MAS (MASINT) between 1995 and 2002, inclusive. Information on all of the live births during the same time period was obtained from perinatal data registries.RESULTS. MASINT occurred in 1061 of 2490862 live births (0.43 of 1000), with a decrease in incidence from 1995 to 2002. A higher risk of MASINT was noted at advanced gestation, with 34% of cases born beyond 40 weeks, compared with 16% of infants without MAS. Fetal distress requiring obstetric intervention was noted in 51% of cases, and 42% were delivered by cesarean section. There was a striking association between low 5-minute Apgar score and MASINT. In addition, risk of MASINT was higher where maternal ethnicity was Pacific Islander or indigenous Australian and was also increased after planned home birth. Uptake of exogenous surfactant, high-frequency ventilation, and inhaled nitric oxide increased considerably during the study period, with &gt;50% of infants receiving ≥1 of these therapies by 2002. Risk of air leak was 9.6% overall, with an apparent reduction to 5.3% in 2001–2002. The duration of intubation remained constant throughout the study period (median: 3 days), whereas duration of oxygen therapy and length of hospital stay increased. Death related to MAS occurred in 24 infants (2.5% of the MASINT cohort; 0.96 per 100000 live births).CONCLUSIONS. The incidence of MASINT in the developed world is low and seems to be decreasing. Risk of MASINT is significantly greater in the presence of fetal distress and low Apgar score, as well as Pacific Islander and indigenous Australian ethnicity. The increased use of innovative respiratory supports has not altered the duration of mechanical ventilation.
Context Matters: A Community-Based Study of Maternal Mental Health, Life Stressors, Social Support, and Children's Asthma
Authors: Shalowitz Madeleine U. , Mijanovich Tod , Berry Carolyn A. , Clark-Kauffman Elizabeth , Quinn Kelly A. , Perez Elizabeth L. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE. Recent national survey data indicate an overall asthma prevalence of 12.2% for children who are younger than 18 years. Previous research in clinical samples of children with asthma suggests that their mothers are at greater risk for symptoms of depression. We describe the relationship between maternal symptoms of depression and having a child with asthma in a community-based sample.
METHODS. After a school-based ascertainment of asthma and asthma symptoms in 15 low-income, racially/ethnically diverse public elementary schools, 1149 eligible mothers agreed to participate in a longitudinal study. Mothers either had a child with previously diagnosed asthma or a child with symptoms consistent with possible asthma or were in the randomly selected comparison group in which no child in the household had asthma. During the first interview, mothers responded to questions about their own life stressors, supports and mental health, and their children's health.
RESULTS. In bivariate analyses of a community-based sample of children who share low-income neighborhoods, mothers of children with diagnosed or with possible undiagnosed asthma had more symptoms of depression than did mothers of children who have no asthma. Mothers of children with diagnosed or with possible undiagnosed asthma also experienced more life stressors than did mothers of children without asthma. Using nested linear regression, we estimated a model of maternal symptoms of depression. Most of the variation in Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression score was accounted for by life stressors and social support. There were no independent effects of either asthma status or asthma status–specific child health status on maternal symptoms of depression.
CONCLUSION. Children who are under care for chronic conditions such as asthma live and manage their illness outside the clinical setting. Their social context matters, and maternal mental health is related to their children's physical health. Although having a child with asthma may be “just” another stressor in the mother's social context, complex treatment plans must be followed despite the many other pressures of neighborhood and family lives.
Azithromycin Does Not Cure Pityriasis Rosea
Authors: Amer Ahdi , Fischer Howard 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVES. Pityriasis rosea (PR) is a common skin disorder in children. Its cause is unknown. A recent publication reported a 73% cure rate in patients with PR after treatment with erythromycin. To duplicate this result using a drug with fewer adverse effects and greater biological half-life, we set out to study the effect of azithromycin on PR. Azithromycin is an azalide antibiotic with a spectrum of antimicrobial activity very similar to that of erythromycin.DESIGN. We randomly assigned 49 children with PR to receive either azithromycin (12 mg/kg per day, up to a maximum of 500 mg/day) for 5 days or a similar-appearing placebo. Study physicians were blinded to patients' treatment type. Two pediatricians had to agree on the diagnosis of PR before patients could be enrolled. Subjects were seen at follow-up visits 1, 2, and 4 weeks after starting treatment.OUTCOME MEASURES. We measured the appearance of new lesions and resolution of lesions.RESULTS. Rates of cure and of partial resolution were similar in the azithromycin and placebo groups.CONCLUSION. Azithromycin does not cure PR.
UV Index on Tilted Surfaces
Authors: Esteve A. R. , Marín M. J. , Martínez‐Lozano J. A. , Tena F. , Utrillas M. P. , Cañada J. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSolar ultraviolet erythemal irradiance (UVER) has been studied on inclined planes with different orientations in Valencia, Spain. To do this a platform was designed that could turn through 90° on its own axis. The radiometers were inclined at an angle close to the latitude of Valencia (39.5° N). Using two timers the platform could be turned through 90° every 5 min. On clear or partially cloudy days, including those with different turbidity values, it was observed that the UVER showed a maximum at 1200 h GMT, very close to solar noon, in the north and south positions, while the maximum for east and west orientations was found at approximately one hour before and one hour after midday respectively. It was also observed how the irradiance for the south orientation was greater and for the north was less than for the horizontal plane, as well as the opposite performances of the east and west orientations, for four days close to the summer and winter solstices and each equinox. Some experimental results were also compared with the results from the SMARTS2.9 model for the same conditions. It was found that the model frequently overestimated the experimental data.With respect to the maximum calculated UV Index in the different planes this was always higher for the south orientation than for the north, while it was similar for east and west orientations throughout the year. Finally the accumulated erythemal dosage for the considered period was obtained as a function of phototype and orientation, confirming that the accumulated erythemal dosage decreased by around 37% in the north orientation compared to the horizontal value, while in the south position it was only 6% less and some 20% and 15% less in the east and west positions, respectively.
Stereoselectivity in Ene Reactions with 1O2: Matrix Effects in Polymer Supports, Photo‐oxygenation of Organic Salts and Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Griesbeck Axel G. , Bartoschek Anna , Neudörfl Jörg , Miara Claus 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe ene reaction of chiral allylic alcohols is applied as a tool for the investigation of intrapolymer effects by means of the stereoselectivity of the singlet‐oxygen addition. The diastereo selectivity strongly depends on the structure of the polymer, the substrate loading degree and also on the degree of conversion demonstrating additional supramolecular effects evolving during the reaction. The efficiency and the stability of polymer‐bound sensitizers were evaluated by the ene reaction of singlet oxygen with citronellol. The ene reaction with chiral ammonium salts of tiglic acid was conducted under solution phase conditions or in polystyrene beads under chiral contact ion‐pair conditions. The products thus obtained precipitate during the photoreaction as ammonium salts. Moderate asymmetric induction was observed for this procedure for the first time.
A Model of Spontaneous Periodontitis in the Miniature Goat
Authors: Suzuki Sachiyo , Mitani Akio , Koyasu Kazuhiro , Oda Sen‐ichi , Yoshinari Nobuo , Fukuda Mitsuo , Hanamura Hajime , Nakagaki Haruo , Noguchi Toshihide 
Published: May 2006

Background: The pathogenesis and progression of periodontal disease have been extensively studied through the use of animal models. However, no animal model has yet been established that is precisely similar to periodontitis in humans. In the present study, we examined the use of Shiba goats as a model for spontaneous periodontitis.Methods: Thirty‐four Shiba goats (seven males and 27 females, aged 10 to 98 months) were used. We examined periodontitis in Shiba goats clinically, histopathologically, and microbiologically.Results: The mean probing depth (PD) of the 68 teeth examined was 2.7 ± 0.8 mm. The incidences of PD ≥3 and 4 mm were 46.4% and 22.1%, respectively. The incidence of bleeding on probing in 68 sites and in 34 animals was 60.7% and 73.5%, respectively. The formation of vertical alveolar bone defects and downgrowth of gingival epithelial cells were found in the areas of periodontitis. The prevalence of Tannerella forsythensis, Campylobacter rectus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque by polymerase chain reaction was 46.4%, 28.5%, 28.5%, 17.8%, and 3.5%, respectively. These percentages were increased in subgingival plaque from PD ≥3 mm.Conclusions: The clinical, histopathological, and microbiological features of spontaneous periodontitis in Shiba goats were somewhat similar to those in human periodontitis. Moreover, there are some advantages of using the Shiba goat; the size of the oral cavity is suitable for periodontal treatment, and handling and housing are relatively easy. Therefore, these results suggest that the Shiba goat is a useful animal model for human periodontitis.
Periodontal Plastic Surgery Associated With Treatment for the Removal of Gingival Overgrowth
Authors: Bosco Alvaro Francisco , Bonfante Samara , Luize Danielle Shima , Bosco Joseane Maria Dias , Garcia Valdir Gouveia 
Published: May 2006

Background: Excisional biopsies of gingival overgrowths, performed with safety margins, frequently result in mucogingival defects. These defects may produce esthetic problems and increase the chances of dentin hyperesthesia and its possibility of hindering oral hygiene.Methods: Two clinical cases are reported in which gingival overgrowths were removed by excisional biopsy, resulting in unsightly defects. The first clinical case presents an invasive approach for the treatment of a recurrent pyogenic granuloma in the anterior maxilla, and the second depicts a complete removal of a peripheral odontogenic fibroma in the posterior maxilla. In both situations, the soft‐tissue defects were repaired by periodontal plastic surgery, including a laterally positioned flap and a coronally positioned flap, respectively.Results: Periodontal plastic surgery successfully restored the defects that resulted from biopsies, and no recurrence has been noticed in the 5‐year postoperative follow‐up period.Conclusions: The combination of biopsy and periodontal plastic surgery in a one‐step procedure seems to be suitable to remove gingival overgrowths in most areas of the mouth, regardless of esthetic significance. Such procedures seem to restore gingival health, encourage healing, and create both esthetics and function in the excised area.