bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic plant morphology and anatomy‐50 years of progress
Authors: Endress Peter K. , Baas Pieter , Gregory Mary 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEndress, P. K., Baas, P. & Gregory, M.: Systematic plant morphology and anatomy –50 years of progress. ‐ Taxon 49: 401–434. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Fifty years of comparative and systematic plant morphology and anatomy are reviewed. Thanks to new techniques (TEM, SEM, cinematography, molecular analyses), and new methods and concepts (cladistics, evolutionary paleobotany, molecular systematics and molecular developmental genetics), plant systematics and comparative structural studies saw major progress. The integration of micromorphological with molecular data has led to an increasingly robust phylogeny of the angiosperms. Successes and failures in the premolecular era of phylogenetic classification using morphological and/or anatomical markers only are illustrated with examples. With the new phylogenetic framework, it becomes possible to trace the evolution of characters more accurately than before. Central problems in comparative and systematic structural studies are the meaning of homology and character definition; some aspects have been elucidated but new ones have appeared with the molecular dimension in evolutionary biology. In vegetative anatomy, the integration of ecological and systematic anatomy into “ecophyletic” anatomy has led to a better understanding of the driving forces behind evolutionary diversification of wood and leaf anatomical attributes. However, the intertwining of ecological (extrinsic) and organisational (intrinsic) constraints in the origin of form remains a major challenge for future studies.
Eocooksonia, a new substitute name for Cooksonella (Cooksoniaceae‐Rhyniophyta)
Authors: Doweld Alexander B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDoweld, A. B.: Eocooksonia, a new substitute name for Cooksonella (Cooksoniaceae‐Rhyniophyta). ‐ Taxon 49: 547. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The later homonym Cooksonella M. Senkevitsch, 1978 (fossil rhyniophyte) [non E. Nagy, 1965 (acritarcha)] is replaced by a new generic name Eocooksonia Doweld.
Pollen morphology and relationships of Setchellanthus caeruleus (Setchellanthaceae)
Authors: Tomb A. Spencer 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTomb, A. S.: Pollen morphology and relationships of Setchellanthus caeruleus (Setchellanthaceae). – Taxon 48: 285‐288. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Pollen of Setchellanthus caeruleus was studied by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy and found to differ profoundly from that of potentially related families such as the Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Caricaceae, Cistaceae (Helianthemum canadense, here re‐investigated and found to have pollen shed in tetrads), and Limnanthaceae. These differences support the segregation of S. caeruleus into a new separate family.
Vegetative anatomy and relationships of Setchellanthus caeruleus (Setchellanthaceae)
Authors: Carlquist Sherwin , Miller Regis B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCarlquist, S. & Miller, R. B.: Vegetative anatomy and relationships of Setchellanthus caeruleus (Setchellanthaceae). – Taxon 48: 289‐302. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.On account of its distinctive features, Setchellanthus cannot be included within any of the families of glucosinolate‐producing plants. Features unknown in any of these families include abundant vasicentric tracheids, abaxial axial parenchyma, and only short uniseriate rays (composed of upright cells) in wood; and the presence of wide‐helix tracheary elements in leaves. Wood offers the greatest number of phyletically significant features, and wood of Capparaceae offers many similarities, although the wood of Helianthemum (Cistaceae) is even more like that of Setchellanthus. Despite the fact that no myrosin cells were observed in Setchellanthus, it appears closest, on the basis of present information, to the glucosinolate‐producing families.
Riddell, Sullivant, and the early botanical exploration of Franklin County, Ohio, U.S.A. (1832‐1840)
Authors: Lowden Richard M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLowden, R. M.: Riddell, Sullivant, and the early botanical exploration of Franklin County, Ohio, U.S.A. (1832‐1840). – Taxon 46: 689‐703. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Two frontier botanists, John Leonard Riddell and William Starling Sullivant, treated the vascular flora of Franklin County, Ohio, U.S.A., creditably despite the scarcity of proper books and the lack of opportunity to consult herbaria. Their vascular plant catalogues document the first species (and their habitats) discovered in this central Ohio county, now the site of the state capital. A list is presented of 24 vascular plant taxa first named and described from Franklin County.
The identity of Kobresia littledalei (Cyperaceae)
Authors: Zhang Shu‐ren 
Published: April 2006

SummaryZhang, S. R.: The identity of Kobresia littledalei (Cyperaceae). – Taxon 48: 15‐16. 1999.–ISSN 0040‐0262.Kobresia littledalei, published by C. B. Clarke in 1908, was so far misunderstood by several botanists. The name is lectotypified and accepted for a hitherto neglected separate species, here redescribed.
A protective hardboard folder for storing herbarium specimens
Authors: Shchepanek Michael J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryShchepanek, M. J.: A protective hardboard folder for storing herbarium specimens. – Taxon 48: 17‐21. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Many herbaria store their most valuable botanical specimens, such as types, mounted on herbarium paper, within closed or semi‐closed pliable cardboard folders. In order to minimise the risk of damage through handling and shipping, an archival hardboard folder was designed, to provide maximum protection. The design accommodates herbarium sheets of different sizes and specimens of various thickness. The folders can be made from materials available from art supply stores.
Typification of the name Regelia and transfer of Melaleuca sprengelioides to Beaufortia (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Craven L. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCraven, L. A.: Typification of the name Regelia and transfer of Melaleuca sprengelioides to Beaufortia (Myrtaceae). – Taxon 48: 53‐55. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Regelia, through its type R. ciliata, is here typified by a specimen that enables current usage of the name to be preserved. The name that has been considered by some botanists to be the base name of R. ciliata, Melaleuca sprengelioides, represents a species of Beaufortia and is newly transferred to that genus.
Impact of outgroup inclusion on estimates by parsimony of undirected branching of ingroup phylogenetic lines
Authors: Baum Bernard R. , Estabrook George F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBaum, B. R. & Estabrook, G. F: Impact of outgroup inclusion on estimates by parsimony of undirected branching of ingroup phylogenetic lines. – Taxon 45: 243‐257. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Some of the effects of including outgroup taxa on the branching pattern of the ingroup taxa are revealed by an artificial example, and illustrated with a more complex natural example involving the grass genus Kengyilia. To reduce the total number of changes required by a branching pattern, parsimony may prefer to reduce the number of changes on temporally long phyletic lines to more distant outgroups while increasing changes on temporally short phyletic lines within the ingroup. This may have the effect of bringing the ancestors that define monophyletic groups within the ingroup down to the phyletic line to the outgroup, which converts them to paraphyletic groups. Thus the inclusion of outgroup taxa during parsimony may alter the branching pattern of the ingroup to destroy distinct monophyletic groups and instead create nested series of monophyletic groups, reminiscent of the chaining properties of some phenetic methods. If similarities between ingroup and outgroup are true homoplasies, then removal of these homoplasies will produce error. However, parsimony estimates of ingroup may produce bogus monophyletic groups because no account has been made of the ingroup's most recent common ancestor.
Biogeography ofNothofagussupports the sequence of Gondwana break‐up
Authors: Swenson Ulf , Hill Robert S. , McLoughlin Stephen 
Published: April 2006

SummarySwenson, U., Hill, R. S. & McLoughlin, S.: Biogeography ofNothofagussupports the sequence of Gondwana break‐up. ‐ Taxon 50: 1025–1041. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040–0262. The Austral biota reveals many links between Australasia and South America that have challenged biogeographers for many years.Nothofagus, the Southern Beech, is probably the classical example. With the general acceptance of continental drift, the break‐up of Gondwana is regarded as primarily responsible for many disjunct patterns expressed in the Southern Hemisphere biota. Vicariance biogeography is the principal tool used to investigate biogeographic patterns of extant plant groups, resulting in areagrams or general area cladograms. These are often at odds with current geological knowledge, and on this basis, alternative hypotheses of area relationships and geological history have, therefore, been suggested. One such areagram was recently advocated by Linder & Crisp (1995) in a biogeographic analysis ofNothofagus.Three explanations, often in combination, account for incongruence: long‐distance dispersals, extinctions, and erroneous geological models. All of these parameters ought to be considered in the analysis. Here we report the result of a historical biogeographic analysis ofNothofaguswhere we compare the reconciled trees between a well‐supportedNothofagusphylogeny and two geological hypotheses: (1) the current view of Gondwana break‐up, and (2) the areagram by Linder & Crisp. Our analysis makes use of extant and extinct taxa, as well as the assumption of long‐distance dispersals as defined by maximized vicariance. Our results show thatNothofagusexisted prior to the break‐up of Gondwana and, most importantly, its present distribution supports, and is dependent upon, the traditional break‐up sequence of East Gondwana, compatible with three vicariance events. The areagram, conceived as an alternative geological hypothesis, presents a more parsimonious solution, but fails to explain numerous past distributions in areas such as Antarctica, South America, and Tasmania. We therefore recommend a conservative approach to use (general) areagrams in historical biogeography.
Typification of Linnaean names of taxa of Verbenaceae s.str. described from the Greater Antilles
Authors: Santos Isidro E. Méndez , Cafferty Steve 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMéndez Santos, I. E. & Cafferty, S.: Typification of Linnaean names of taxa of Verbenaceae s.str. described from the Greater Antilles. – Taxon 50: 1137–1141. 2001. – ISSN 0040–0262.Lectotypes, neotypes or epitypes are designated for nine names of taxa described by Linnaeus in Citharexylum, Lantana, and Verbena, and currently placed in the family Verbenaceae s.S., that are found in the Greater Antilles.
The single-server queue with random service output
Authors: Boxma O. J. 
Published: April 2006

In this paper a problem arising in queueing and dam theory is studied. We shall consider a G/G*/1 queueing model, i.e., a G/G/1 queueing model of which the service process is a separable centered process with stationary independent increments. This is a generalisation of the well-known G/G/1 model with constant service rate.Several results concerning the amount of work done by the server, the busy cycles etc., are derived, mainly using the well-known method of Pollaczek. Emphasis is laid on the similarities and dissimilarities between the results of the ‘classical’ G/G/1 model and the G/G*/1 model.
On the transient waiting times for a GI/M/1 priority queue
Authors: Dalen G. , Natvig B. 
Published: April 2006

In this paper we consider the GI/M/1 queueing model with infinite waiting-room capacity. The customer arriving at t = 0 will find k — 1 customers waiting. The latter customers belong to a second priority class, whereas the ones arriving in [0,∞) belong to a first priority class and have the higher priority. Within each class we have a first-in-first-out queueing discipline. A customer, once at the service-point, remains there until his service is completed. Then the next customer for service is the one of highest priority among those queueing.For this model we derive the transient waiting times for customers belonging to both priority classes. The results are of special interest in appointment systems where customers may not turn up.
The discrete-time single-server queue with time-inhomogeneous compound Poisson input and general service time distribution
Authors: Minh Do Le 
Published: April 2006

This paper studies a discrete-time, single-server queueing model having a compound Poisson input with time-dependent parameters and a general service time distribution.All major transient characteristics of the system can be calculated very easily. For the queueing model with periodic arrival function, some explicit results are obtained.
A note on seasonal Markov chains with gamma or gamma-like distributions
Authors: Lloyd E. H. , Saleem S. D. 
Published: April 2006

Weighted sums defined on a Markov chain (MC) are important in applications (e.g. to reservoir storage theory). The rather intractable theory of such sums simplifies to some extent when the transition p.d.f. of the chain {Xt} has a Laplace transform (LT) L(Xt+1; θ |Χ t=x) of the ‘exponential' form H(θ) exp{ – G(θ)x}. An algorithm is derived for the computation of the LT of Σat,Χ t for this class, and for a seasonal generalization of it.A special case of this desirable exponential type of transition LT for a continuous-state discrete-time MC is identified by comparison with the LT of the Bessel distribution. This is made the basis for a new derivation of a gamma-distributed MC proposed by Lampard (1968).A seasonal version of this process is developed, valid for any number of seasons.Reference is made to related chains with three-parameter gamma-like distributions (of the Kritskii–Menkel family) that may be generated from the above by a simple power transformation.
The basic structures of Voronoi and generalized Voronoi polygons
Authors: Miles R. E. , Maillardet R. J. 
Published: April 2006

For each particle in an aggregate of point particles in the plane, the set of points having it as closest particle is a convex polygon, and the aggregate V of such Voronoi polygons tessellates the plane. The geometric and stochastic structure of a random Voronoi polygon relative to a homogeneous Poisson process is specified.Similarly, those points of the plane possessing the same n nearest particles constitute a convex polygon cell in the generalized Voronoi tessellation 𝒱 (n = 2, 3, ·· ·). In fact, 𝒱 = 𝒱1, but to ease exposition n always takes the values 2, 3, ···. A key geometrical lemma elucidates the geometric structure of members of 𝒱n, showing it to be simpler in one important respect than that of members of 𝒱; in that, for each such N-gon of given ‘type', there is a uniquely determined set of N generating particles. The corresponding jacobian is given, and used to derive the basic ergodic structure of 𝒱n relative to a homogeneous Poisson process.Unlike 𝒱 no 𝒱n contains any triangles. As n →∞, the vertices of the quadrangles of 𝒱n tend to circularity, so that the sums of their opposite interior angles tend to π.
Incidence and Factors Associated With Second Primary Invasive Melanoma in Norway
Authors: Ghiasvand Reza , Green Adele C. , Veierød Marit B. , Robsahm Trude E. 
Published: February 2024

ImportancePatients diagnosed with a primary melanoma are at high risk of subsequent melanomas. Understanding the risk of second primary invasive melanoma and associated factors is crucial to optimize patient follow-up.ObjectiveTo assess the incidence rate of second primary invasive melanoma and time between the first and second primary invasive melanoma in the Norwegian population.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based cohort study included data from deidentified records of all invasive melanomas diagnosed in Norway in 2008 to 2020, obtained from the Cancer Registry of Norway. Data were from adults aged 18 years or older diagnosed with a first primary melanoma. Data analysis was performed from March to August 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was the incidence rate of second primary invasive melanoma at least 30 days after the first. Accelerated failure time models were fitted to examine potential associations with patient and tumor characteristics. Median time between first and second primary melanomas and 95% CIs were calculated. The likelihood of, and median interval for, second primary melanomas on the same or different site as the first primary were calculated.ResultsA total of 19 196 individuals aged 18 years or older were diagnosed with a first primary melanoma. The mean (SD) age at diagnosis of the first primary melanoma was 62 (16) years (range, 18-104 years), and 9763 (51%) were female. The incidence rate in the year following diagnosis was 16.8 (95% CI, 14.9-18.7) per 1000 person-years, which decreased to 7.3 (95% CI, 6.0-8.6) during the second year and stabilized thereafter. Median time between first and second primaries decreased with advancing age and was 37 months (95% CI, 8-49) in patients younger than 40 years, 18 (95% CI, 13-24) in patients aged 50 to 59 years, and 11 (95% CI, 7-18) in patients aged 80 years or older. The second primary was on the same site as their first primary for 47% (359 patients), and on a different site for 53% (407 patients). The median interval until second melanoma on the same site as the initial melanoma was 12 (95% CI, 7-19) months in men and 22 (95% CI, 11-35) months in women.Conclusions and RelevanceOlder age and male sex were associated with an increased risk, suggesting that increased surveillance intensity may be considered for men, especially those older than 50 years, for at least 3 years after their initial diagnosis, regardless of the characteristics of their first invasive melanoma.
Geographic and Demographic Differences in the Proportion of Individuals Living in Households With a Firearm, 1990-2018
Authors: Morral Andrew R. , Smart Rosanna , Schell Terry L. , Vegetabile Brian , Thomas Emma 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceMeasures of the proportion of individuals living in households with a firearm (HFR), over time, across states, and by demographic groups are needed to evaluate disparities in firearm violence and the effects of firearm policies.ObjectiveTo estimate HFR across states, years, and demographic groups in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this survey study, substate HFR totals from 1990 to 2018 were estimated using bayesian multilevel regression with poststratification to analyze survey data on HFR from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the General Social Survey. HFR was estimated for 16 substate demographic groups defined by gender, race, marital status, and urbanicity in each state and year.ExposuresSurvey responses indicating household firearm ownership were analyzed and compared with a common proxy for firearm ownership, the fraction of suicides completed with a firearm (FSS).Main Outcome and MeasureHFR, FSS, and their correlations and differences.ResultsAmong US adults in 2018, HFR was significantly higher among married, nonurban, non-Hispanic White and American Indian male individuals (65.0%; 95% credible interval [CI], 61.5%-68.7%) compared with their unmarried, urban, female counterparts from other racial and ethnic groups (7.3%; 95% CIs, 6.0%-9.2%). Marginal HFR rates for larger demographic groups also revealed important differences, with racial minority groups and urban dwellers having less than half the HFR of either White and American Indian (39.5%; 95% CI, 37.4%-42.9% vs 17.2%; 95% CI, 15.5%-19.9%) or nonurban populations (46.0%; 95% CI, 43.8%-49.5% vs 23.1%; 95% CI, 21.3%-26.2%). Population growth among groups less likely to own firearms, rather than changes in ownership within demographic groups, explains 30% of the 7 percentage point decline in HFR nationally from 1990 to 2018. Comparing HFR estimates with FSS revealed the expected high overall correlation across states (r = 0.84), but scaled FSS differed from HFR by as many as 20 percentage points for some states and demographic groups.Conclusions and RelevanceThis survey study of HFR providing detailed, publicly available HFR estimates highlights key disparities among individuals in households with firearms across states and demographic groups; it also identifies potential biases in the use of FSS as a proxy for firearm ownership rates. These findings are essential for researchers, policymakers, and public health experts looking to address geographic and demographic disparities in firearm violence.
Refining Asymmetric Low‐Coordinated Fe‐N3 Motif to Boost Catalytic Ozonation Activity
Authors: Qu Wei , Tang Su , Tang Zhuoyun , Zhong Tao , Zhao Huinan , Tian Shuanghong , Shu Dong , He Chun 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn the quest to boost the intrinsic activity of single‐atom catalysts (SACs), optimizing the electronic properties of metal centers and maximizing active sites play a pivotal role. Here, a facile surface molten salt‐assisted approach for fabricating porous iron‐nitrogen‐carbon catalysts enriched with catalytically accessible single‐atom motifs is reported. Multiple characterization analyses prove that abundant intrinsic defects are generated at the edge sites, resulting in the formation of thermally stable unstitched Fe‐N3 motif. Theoretical investigations unveil that the transition from Fe‐N4 to Fe‐N3 induces structural alteration, resulting in the convergence of Fe‐3d orbital energy to Fermi energy. The low‐coordinated Fe‐N3 motif exhibits higher activation ability, reinforcing its interaction with O3 and weakening the O‐O bond. This leads to a reduction in the reactivity of surface atomic oxygen barriers (O3‐to‐*O/*OO), ultimately achieving efficient catalytic oxidation of methyl mercaptan and its intermediates, achieving performance 20‐fold higher than intact Fe‐N4 catalysts and 625‐fold higher than commercial MnO2. These findings present a comprehensive approach for synthesizing SACs with fully accessible active sites and boosted electronic configurations to advance catalytic ozonation activity.
An Approach for Fabricating Hierarchically Porous Cell‐Laden Constructs Utilizing a Highly Porous Collagen‐Bioink
Authors: Koo YoungWon , Kim GeunHyung 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn bioprinting procedures, bioinks typically comprise hydrogels, necessitating a balance between printability and bioactivity. Achieving good printability requires a relatively high hydrogel viscosity, but this can reduce bioactivity due to poor cell‐to‐cell interactions of the encapsulated cells. Therefore, developing hydrogels with excellent printability and bioactivity is a significant challenge in bioprinting. Here, a collagen‐based bioink with excellent printability and bioactivity is developed. The bioink is prepared through a two‐step process: first, by subjecting the bioink to whipping to create a non‐homogeneous porous structure, and subsequently, by employing centrifugation to refine this porous structure into a uniform and relatively smaller microscale porous structure (with a specific diameter of 15.7 ± 9.2 µm). Using the designed bioink, a hierarchical porous structure is fabricated without any special equipment or supporting/sacrificing materials. To demonstrate the feasibility of the collagen bioink laden with human adipose stem cells, a hierarchical cell construct is fabricated using a bioprinter. The construct exhibits significantly enhanced cellular activities and superior osteogenic differentiation compared to the bioprinted cell constructs using normal collagen bioink. These findings suggest that collagen‐based bioinks, which are both printable and bioactive, hold significant promise for extensive utilization in a variety of tissue regeneration applications.