bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porphyromonas gingivalis‐related cardiac cell apoptosis was majorly co‐activated by p38 and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathways
Authors: Lee Shin‐Da , Wu Cheng‐Chung , Kuo Wei‐Wen , Lin James A. , Hwang Jin‐Ming , Lu Min‐Chi , Chen Li‐Ming , Hsu His‐Hsien , Wang Chin‐Kun , Chang Sheng‐Huang , Huang Chih‐Yang 
Published: January 2006

Background and Objective:  Little is known about the pathogenesis of apoptosis caused in cardiac tissues by periodontitis pathogens. The purpose of this study was to determine the related effect of periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis on cardiac cell apoptosis.Methods:  DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation and activated apoptotic caspases were measured by agarose gel electrophoresis, nuclear DAPI (4′,6‐diamidine‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride) stain and western blotting analysis following the surrounding medium of P. gingivalis and/or pre‐administration of SB203580 (p38 inhibitor), U0126 [mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) inhibitor], LY294002 [phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor], cyclosporine A (CsA: calcineurin inhibitor), and Sp600125 [c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor] in cultured cardiac H9c2 cells.Results:  The surrounding medium of periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis increased DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation and the activated apoptotic caspase‐3, ‐8, and ‐9 proteins in H9c2 cells. DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation of H9c2 cells treated with P. gingivalis medium were completely blocked by SB203580 plus U0126 and were decreased after pre‐administration of SB203580 only, U0126 only, LY294002, CsA, but were increased by Sp600125.Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that the development of cardiac cell apoptosis can be directly induced by P. gingivalis medium. Porphyromonas gingivalis‐related H9c2 cell apoptosis was mainly co‐activated by p38 and ERK pathways and may be involved in death receptor‐dependent (caspase 8) and mitochondria (caspase 9)‐dependent apoptotic pathways. Porphyromonas gingivalis‐related cardiac cell apoptosis was also partially mediated by PI3K or calcineurin signaling pathways, whereas the JNK pathway might play a protective role in P. gingivalis‐related cardiac cell apoptosis.
Effects of minocycline and doxycycline on cell survival and gene expression in human gingival and periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Suzuki Ayako , Yagisawa Junko , Kumakura Shin‐ichi , Tsutsui Takeki 
Published: January 2006

Objectives and Background:  Periodontitis is an infectious disease in the gingival crevice caused by periodontopathic bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Tennerella forsythensis, and antibacterial agents are directly administered to the site of infection to treat it. To maximize the therapeutic effects while reducing the adverse effects, the antibacterial agents should be administered at concentrations greater than their MIC90 doses required to inhibit the growth of 90% of periodontopathic bacteria and the administration should not damage the periodontal tissue. One approach for estimating cellular damage in the periodontal tissue caused by the administration is to assay cytological damages following exposures of cultured human cells derived from periodontal tissues to antibacterial agents. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of minocycline (MINO) and doxycycline (DOX) by using a human gingival fibroblast cell line, a human gingival epithelial cell line, and a human periodontal ligament fibroblast cell line. We also used these cell lines to study the effect of MINO or DOX on the mRNA and protein expressions of genes associated with the differentiation of fibroblasts and the proliferation, differentiation, or cellular adhesion important to the epithelial regeneration of the periodontal attachment.Methods:  The cytotoxic effect of MINO or DOX was measured as a decrease in cell survivals. The effects of these antibiotics on the mRNA and protein expressions in the cell lines were studied by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and western blot analyses, respectively.Results:  The maximum concentration of MINO or DOX that has little effect on the cell survivals and the mRNA and protein expressions of genes for alkaline phosphatase, type I procollagen, keratinocyte growth factor receptor, keratin 18 or 8/18, integrin β1, integrin β4, and laminin 5γ2 was 10 or 30 µm, respectively, which are greater than their MIC90 doses against periodontopathic bacteria described above.Conclusions:  These findings suggest that little, if any, cellular damage would be expected with topical administration of MINO or DOX to the periodontal pocket at a dose equivalent to the MIC90. It is important to note, however, that the extrapolation of these findings to in vivo conditions has yet to be undertaken.
Cephalometric study of elderly with nearly intact dental arches
Authors: Shimizu Takako , Motegi Etsuko , Nomura Mayumi , Kaneko Yukio , Takeuchi Fumie , Yamaguchi Takao , Miyazaki Haruyo , Harazaki Morihiro , Hirai Motoyuki , Kurihara Saburo , Yamaguchi Hideharu 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the craniofacial morphology of elderly people with many remaining teeth using cephalometric analysis.Subjects and methods:  The subjects were 30 Japanese elderly who participated in the ‘8020 campaign 2001’ in Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo, organised by The Dental Association of Tokyo, as well as 30 Japanese young adults with normal occlusion. Lateral cephalograms of all subjects were analysed using the Coben method.Results:  In the female elderly group, the lower face depth was smaller than in the younger adults. In the male elderly group, the height and depth of both the total face and the lower face were longer than in the younger group. In comparing the 8020 achievers with the younger group, the proportion of the lower facial height was greater than the upper facial height, and this finding was more pronounced in women than in men.Conclusion:  For the lateral facial pattern of the elderly, a reduction of lower facial height because of tooth occlusal reduction was not apparent. It was clear that there are age differences for males and females; in addition, differences in the total face and lower face area of the elderly group were due to their having many remaining teeth over a long time period. Also, these changes were more apparent in women than in men, and it is clear that there is a male–female difference in ageing.
Comparison of antioxidant enzymes in saliva of elderly smokers and non‐smokers
Authors: Kanehira Takashi , Shibata Kouichi , Kashiwazaki Haruhiko , Inoue Nobuo , Morita Manabu 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:  This study was designed to compare the levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), peroxidase (POx) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) in saliva of smokers and those in saliva of non‐smokers.Methods:  Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 88 elderly males (65 years old or over) who visited a private dental clinic. Forty‐four subjects were current smokers (more than 20 cigarettes daily for at least 30 years) and 44 were non‐smokers. The levels of salivary thiocyanate, Cu/Zn SOD, GSH‐Px, and POx activity were measured using standard procedures.Results:  The mean levels of salivary thiocyanate (SCN−) and SOD were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the smoking group than in the non‐smoking group, whereas the specific activity levels of POx and GSH‐Px were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the non‐smoking group than in the smoking group. Significant correlation coefficients were found between the levels of SCN− and SOD (r = 0.37, p < 0.001). In the non‐smoking group, a significant positive association was found between specific activity of POx and age (r = 0.33, p < 0.05).Conclusion:  Measurement of SCN− and Cu/Zn SOD in human saliva might be useful for estimating the level of oxidative stress caused by cigarette smoke. Despite increased H2O2 level as a defense system induced by SOD, detoxification of H2O2 might be deteriorated in the oral cavity of elderly smokers.
Self‐reported oral hygiene habits among institutionalised elderly and their relationship to the condition of oral tissues in Taubaté, Brazil
Authors: Marchini L. , Vieira P. C. , Bossan T. P. , Montenegro F. L. B. , Cunha V. P. P. 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:  To record self‐reported hygiene habits, examine the oral conditions of a sample group of institutionalised elderly, and examine possible relationships between these habits and conditions.Design:  Cross‐sectional.Setting:  All the institutions for the elderly in Taubaté, Brazil.Subjects:  The entire population of these institutionalised elderly people (n = 553).Intervention:  The subjects were interviewed and underwent an oral examination.Main outcome measures:  Oral hygiene habits, oral conditions and statistical relationships between habits and oral conditions were recorded.Results:  The average age of the subjects who knew their age (n = 364) was 74.9 years (±12.9), and 64.7% of the sample group were females. Denture‐related stomatitis was found in 19.5%, impaired manual dexterity in 40%, dry mouth sensation in 36.3%, difficulty in performing oral hygiene in 20%, no oral hygiene‐related orientation in 54.1%, no periodic oral examinations in 59.5%, and no tongue cleaning in 68.3% was declared. Among dentate subjects, 73.3% had periodontal disease, 54.7% had caries, 26% reported no toothbrushing, and 7.3% reported flossing. Of the denture wearers, 7% did not brush their dentures. Denture‐related stomatitis showed a statistical relationship with impaired manual dexterity (p = 0.012) and an inverse statistical relationship with denture brushing frequency (p = 0.006). Periodontal disease showed an inverse relationship to flossing (p < 0.001) and tongue cleaning (p = 0.0026). Caries showed an inverse relationship with tooth‐brushing (p = 0.043), flossing (0.022), proper oral hygiene orientation (p = 0.041) and periodical check‐ups (p = 0.007).Conclusion:  Oral hygiene practices in this sample group were found to be inadequate, and statistically significant relationships were verified between the lack of good oral hygiene practices and the deleterious oral conditions.
PROPERTIES OF TURKISH‐STYLE SUCUK MADE WITH DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF BEEF AND HEN MEAT
Authors: SARICOBAN C. , KARAKAYA M. , CANER C. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT Mixtures of beef and spent laying hen meat (100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 50/50) were investigated for production of Turkish‐style sucuks as semidry fermented sausage. During the fermentation period (0–6 days), weight loss increased, shrinkage in diameter occurred and moisture content decreased. Weight loss of the control (100% beef/0% hen) sucuk was the lowest. Increasing the amount of spent hen meat in the sucuks up to 50% increased weight losses. The best sensory scores occurred with 50/50 (beef/hen meats) for color and odor, 100/0 for texture and flavor and 90/10 for overall product taste.
SOLUBILITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN FAT AND MUSCLE TISSUE
Authors: JAKOBSEN MARIANNE , BERTELSEN GRETE 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT When meat is packed in atmospheres containing elevated carbon dioxide (CO

2

) levels, substantial amounts of CO

2

are absorbed into the meat. Knowledge of CO

2

absorption into the meat is important to ensure optimal microbial protection of the meat and package design, preventing package collapse when the headspace is reduced because of CO

2

absorption. However, knowledge on fatty products is lacking. This study shows that there is a significant difference between the amounts of CO

2

that can be absorbed in meat with different fat content. The CO

2

absorption in fats has a rather complex temperature dependence that varies with fatty acid composition. The CO

2

absorption increases along with the increasing content of unsaturated fat, the effect growing larger as the temperature rises. In conclusion, the CO

2

solubility in meat samples varies with fat content, fatty acid composition as well as temperature. In this study CO

2

absorptions between 0.55 and 0.85 L CO

2

/kg meat were observed when varying these factors.
FERMENTATION AND CHEMICAL ACIDIFICATION OF SALAMI‐TYPE PRODUCTS – EFFECT ON YIELD, TEXTURE AND MICROSTRUCTURE
Authors: BARBUT S. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT The effects of using lactic acid bacteria (LAB), liquid lactic acid and encapsulated acids (lactic, citric and glucono‐delta‐lactone [GDL]) to reduce the pH of salami‐type products were investigated. Liquid lactic acid caused an immediate pH drop, crumbling of meat particles and some moisture separation. This type of precooking protein denaturation resulted in the lowest springiness value and showed a microstructure with gaps among the cooked meat particles. The encapsulated acids did not produce such problems, and their effects on cook loss and hardness values varied. The nonacidified control (pH 5.60) provided the highest hardness value and low cook loss, because of less disruption to protein gelation during cooking. The slow acid release, during the overnight LAB fermentation, resulted in some binding prior to cooking, but a higher cook loss compared to the encapsulated acids.
USE OF HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE PROCESSING AND BLADE TENDERIZATION TO TENDERIZE TOP ROUNDS FROM BRAHMAN CATTLE†
Authors: LIU M.N. , SOLOMON M.B. , VINYARD B. , CALLAHAN J.A. , PATEL J.R. , WEST R.L. , CHASE C.C. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT Tenderization effects of hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP), blade tenderization (BT) and a combination of BT followed by HDP (BT + HDP) were evaluated with 12 top rounds from Brahman cattle selected for toughness. Warner–Bratzler shear testing was performed on the day of treatment (D0) and after storage (D7). On D0, BT and HDP increased tenderness by 18% and BT + HDP yielded a 14% improvement over control steaks. Tenderness increased (P < 0.05) for HDP and BT + HDP treatment between D0 and D7, whereas tenderness did not change for BT treatment. Control samples increased (P < 0.05) in tenderness because of aging alone (20% improvement). Overall tenderness improvements for BT + HDP and HDP (D7) versus control (D0) were 37 and 29%, respectively. BT provided instant tenderization but without additional improvement during aging. HDP and BT + HDP resulted in instantaneous tenderization that also increased over time and provided the greatest amount of overall improvement in tenderness.
Spatial Variation in Nitrogen Isotope Values Beneath Nitrate Contamination Sources
Authors: Fogg Graham E. , Rolston D.E. , Decker D.L. , Louie D.T. , Grismer M.E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNitrogen isotope ratios of soil water and ground water nitrate have been used to identify or implicate sources; however, lack of data on δ15N in thick (>12 m) vadose zones beneath the source and potential effects of denitrification on δ15N signatures have raised questions about the meaning of δ15N values measured in ground water. In this study, nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) were measured on nitrate extracted from 218 core samples removed from the surface to the water table below natural (soil organic matter) fertilizer, onsite sewage disposal systems (septic tank effluent), and animal sources located in Salinas and Sacramento Valleys, California. Additionally, spatial variability of δ15N in the horizontal plane was measured beneath an agricultural field, and δ15N values of native geologic materials (organic‐rich shales) were determined. In general, δ15N values throughout the vadose zone were consistent with the literature and remained fairly constant with depth, indicating little denitrification during transport. The δ15N values from soil organic matter sources varied from about 0 to +4‰, and the mean was not significantly different from that of fertilizer sources. The δ15N values of animal sources varied from about +8 to +20‰ and were dependent on site and animal source. The δ15N of onsite sewage disposal sources varied from about +2 to +12‰, and the mean was significantly different from that of animal sources at a 90% confidence level. δ15N of organic‐rich shales of the Panoche and Moreno Formations (Cretaceous; San Joaquin Valley) and soils derived from these rocks were generally between +4 and +8‰. Thus, it may be difficult to distinguish a geologic‐N source from septic tank or commercial fertilizer sources using δ15N. Little spatial variation was found in δ15N beneath the agricultural field in the horizontal plane.
Pumping Test Analysis for a Tidally Forced Aquifer
Authors: Trefry Michael G. , Johnston Colin D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe analysis of pumping test data for a shallow riverbank aquifer afforded the opportunity to compare standard methods for determining hydraulic conductivity (K) and storativity (S) with techniques based on the propagation of periodic fluctuations of head in the aquifer. Tidal fluctuations in water level at the riverbank were found to propagate approximately nondispersively for 200 m in the aquifer, allowing tidal phase lags and amplitude attenuations in the aquifer to be estimated from river levels by least‐squares techniques. The least‐squares attenuations and phases were used to correct measured pumping test drawdowns for tidal influences. Standard transient analyses of the corrected drawdowns were performed, yielding values of approximately 8 to 10 m/d for K and 0.002 for S. The low S value was taken to indicate semi‐confined conditions. The tidal attenuation coefficients were used to determine the hydraulic diffusivity T/S, providing values that were integrated over the distance from the riverbank to the relevant monitoring wells. S values from the drawdown analyses then yielded K estimates ranging from 3 to 7 m/d. A three‐dimensional finite‐element simulation of the pumping tests showed that the estimated K and S values yielded simulated drawdowns in reasonable agreement with field observations.
The Effects of Pore Pressure on the Conductivity of Fractured Aquifers
Authors: Reichard James S. , Leap Darrell I. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the degree to which climate‐induced changes in hydraulic head can affect the stress regime and hydraulic conductivity of fractured aquifers. The effects of stress changes on conductivity are well‐known, but not usually considered in the analysis of ground water systems because of the misconception that the head change necessary to make a measurable impact is beyond the range of normal head fluctuations.An empirical model relating changes in hydraulic conductivity of fractured aquifers to vertical‐effective stress was used in analyzing the effects of pore pressure changes on conductivity. An analysis showed that for realistic head changes (20 to 100 m), conductivity in an unconfined system can change as much as 20 to 30%. The analysis also showed that for a given head increase, increases in conductivity are greatest at shallow depths and that conductivity is a function of both hydraulic head and the relative position of head to the land surface. Maximum conductivity changes occur when the initial pore pressure is a relatively large percentage of the total stress. Similar results were also obtained in confined systems.Field examples demonstrate that large head changes have occurred in bedrock aquifers due to climatic changes and pumping withdrawals. Thus, large head changes needed to make a measurable impact on hydraulic conductivity are quite plausible. Conductivity changes can in turn lead to changes in calculated ground water flow and solute transport rates. As a result, when significant head changes are expected, changes in conductivity should be considered in the analysis of fractured aquifer systems.
Air Permeability of Porous Materials Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Springer David S. , Loaiciga Hugo A. , Cullen Stephen J. , Everett Lome G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA series of air permeability tests were conducted on four hand‐packed samples of alluvial sands and glass beads using a newly developed air permeameter. The permeameter was tested and found capable of precisely controlling soil‐water matric potential (in the range 0 to 1 bar) while simultaneously facilitating the direct measurement of air permeability in porous media. Permeameter results indicate that air permeability increases with a corresponding decrease in water content over a monotonic drainage cycle. It was observed that the rate of change in air permeability with respect to changes in water content is highest at high water content and lowest at low water content. In several soil samples, the air permeability approached a constant value at low water content. Air permeability variations with water content were observed to differ among soils of different texture. For example, the intrinsic permeability of water was 11 to 86% of the maximum air permeability. The new permeameter allowed rapid and accurate measurements of air permeability in fine‐textured materials over a wide range of matric potentials and water content.
Direct Simulation of Ground Water Age in the Rabis Creek Aquifer, Denmark
Authors: Engesgaard Peter , Molson John 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe steady‐state ground water age distribution in the Rabis Creek Aquifer in Denmark is simulated directly and compared to the age estimated from observed tritium concentrations at three wells. The simulation code is based on an existing solute transport code, modified to include a zero‐order rate term of unity to account for the aging of ground water by one day per one day elapsed. The directly simulated ages of the observed tritium peaks agree to within less than four years with the observations. The tritium peaks would have been located to within 2 m vertically if the directly simulated ages had been used to select sampling depths in the three wells. An analytical solution that assumes that the geology is uniform and rectangular is shown to be a useful tool as a firsthand estimate of the age distribution. However, ages from a numerical direct age simulation that account for nonuniform aquifer properties agree better with the observed ages.
DNAPL Migration Through a Fractured Perching Layer
Authors: Stephens Daniel B. , Kelsey James A. , Prieksat Mark A. , Piepho Mel G. , Shan Chao , Ankeny Mark D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe migration of a DNAPL (TCA) was demonstrated by a laboratory flow visualization experiment. The system consists of two unconfined aquifers separated by a siltstone perching layer containing a single fracture that conducts water flow downward. The TCA migrated along a tortuous path in the upper sandy aquifer and moved rapidly through the fracture. We observed no DNAPL pooling above the fracture prior to its entry into the fracture, in contrast to existing mathematical solutions of hydrostatic initial conditions and full saturation below the fracture. A multiphase flow model predicted the experimentally observed mean behavior.