bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General obstetrics: Preterm birth and multiple pregnancy in European countries participating in the PERISTAT project
Authors: Blondel B , Macfarlane A , Gissler M , Breart G , Zeitlin J 
Published: April 2006

Objective  To compare rates of preterm birth among multiple births in European countries, to estimate their contribution to overall preterm birth rates and to explore factors which could explain differences between preterm birth rates.Design  Analyses of data from vital statistics, birth registers or national samples of births.Setting  Eleven member states of the European Union.Population  All live births or representative samples of births at national or regional level for the year 2000 or most recent year.Methods  Description of rates of preterm birth before 37 and 32 weeks, estimation of population attributable risks (PAR), study of associations between preterm birth rates in multiples and singletons and nonspontaneous labour using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.Main outcome measures  Preterm birth rates, PAR, proportions of deliveries with nonspontaneous onset (caesarean sections before labour or induction of labour).Results  The proportion of multiple births before 37 weeks varied from 68.4% in Austria to 42.2% in the Republic of Ireland. In half of the countries, over 20% of all preterm births were attributable to multiple births. A strong association was found between the proportions of births before 37 weeks among multiple and singleton births (r= 0.81; P < 0.001). An association was observed between the rates of preterm birth and the proportions of deliveries with nonspontaneous onset among twins.Conclusions  Wide variations in rates of preterm births and deliveries with nonspontaneous onset were found between countries, suggesting marked differences in clinical practice which could have long‐term implications for the health of children from multiple births.
Multiresolution Analysis of Radiative Transfer through Inhomogeneous Media. Part II: Validation and New Insights
Authors: Ferlay Nicolas , Isaka Harumi , Gabriel Philip , Benassi Albert 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The multiresolution radiative transfer equations of Part I of this paper are solved numerically for the case of inhomogeneous model clouds using Meyer’s basis functions. After analyzing the properties of Meyer’s connection coefficients and effective coupling operators (ECOs) for two examples of extinction functions, the present approach is validated by comparisons with Spherical Harmonic Discrete Ordinate Method (SHDOM) and Monte Carlo codes, and a preliminary analysis of the local-scale coupling between the cloud inhomogeneities and the radiance fields is presented. It is demonstrated that the contribution of subpixel-scale cloud inhomogeneities to pixel-scale radiation fields may be very important and that it varies considerably as a function of local cloud inhomogeneities.
Effects of Upper-Level Shear on the Structure and Maintenance of Strong Quasi-Linear Mesoscale Convective Systems
Authors: Coniglio Michael C. , Stensrud David J. , Wicker Louis J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Recent observational studies have shown that strong midlatitude mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) tend to decay as they move into environments with less instability and smaller deep-layer vertical wind shear. These observed shear profiles that contain significant upper-level shear are often different from the shear profiles considered to be the most favorable for the maintenance of strong, long-lived convective systems in some past idealized simulations. Thus, to explore the role of upper-level shear in strong MCS environments, a set of two-dimensional (2D) simulations of density currents within a dry, statically neutral environment is used to quantify the dependence of lifting along an idealized cold pool on the upper-level shear. A set of three-dimensional (3D) simulations of MCSs is produced to gauge the effects of the upper-level shear in a more realistic framework.
Results from the 2D experiments show that the addition of upper-level shear to a wind profile with weak to moderate low-level shear increases the vertical displacement of parcels despite a decrease in the vertical velocity along the cold pool interface. Parcels that are elevated above the surface (1–2 km) overturn and are responsible for the deep lifting in the deep-shear environments, while the surface-based parcels typically are lifted through the cold pool region in a rearward-sloping path. This deep overturning helps to maintain the leading convection and greatly increases the size and total precipitation output of the convective systems in more complex 3D simulations, even in the presence of 3D structures. These results show that the shear profile throughout the entire troposphere must be considered to gain a more complete understanding of the structure and maintenance of strong midlatitude MCSs.
Statistics of Absolute and Relative Dispersion in the Atmospheric Convective Boundary Layer: A Large-Eddy Simulation Study
Authors: Dosio Alessandro , de Arellano Jordi Vilà-Guerau 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The influence of the different scales of turbulent motion on plume dispersion in the atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) is studied by means of a large-eddy simulation (LES). In particular, the large-scale (meandering) and small-scale (relative diffusion) contributions are separated by analyzing dispersion in two reference systems: the absolute (fixed) coordinate system and the coordinate system relative to the plume’s instantaneous center of mass. In the relative coordinate system, the (vertically) inhomogeneous meandering motion is removed, and only the small-scale, homogeneous turbulent motion contributes to the dispersion process.
First, mean plume position, dispersion parameters (variance), and skewness of the plume position are discussed. The analysis of the third-order moments shows how the structure and the symmetry of scalar distribution are affected with respect to the turbulent characteristics of the CBL (inhomogeneity of the large-scale vertical motion) and the presence of the boundary conditions (surface and top of the CBL). In fact, the reflection of the plume by the CBL boundaries generates the presence of nonlinear cross-correlation terms in the balance equation for the third-order moments of the plume position. As a result, the third-order moment of the absolute position is not balanced by the sum of the third-order moments of the meandering and relative plume position.
Second, mean concentration and concentration fluctuations are calculated and discussed in both coordinate systems. The intensity of relative concentration fluctuation icr, which quantifies the internal (in plume) mixing, is explicitly calculated. Based on these results, a parameterization for the probability distribution function (PDF) of the relative concentration is proposed, showing very good agreement with the LES results. Finally, the validity of Gifford’s formula, which relates the absolute concentration’s high-order moments to the relative concentration and the PDF of the plume centerline, is studied. It is found that due to the presence of the CBL boundaries, Gifford’s formula is not able to reproduce correctly the value of the absolute mean concentration near the ground. This result is analyzed by showing that, when the plume is reflected by the CBL boundaries, the instantaneous relative plume width z′2r(t) departs from its mean value σ2r. By introducing the skewness of the relative plume position into a parameterization for the relative mean concentration, the results for the calculated mean concentration are improved.
The Meridional Flow of Source-Driven Abyssal Currents in a Stratified Basin with Topography. Part I: Model Development and Dynamical Properties
Authors: Swaters Gordon E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The equatorward flow of source-driven grounded deep western boundary currents within a stratified basin with variable topography is examined. The model is the two-layer quasigeostrophic (QG) equations, describing the overlying ocean, coupled to the finite-amplitude planetary geostrophic (PG) equations, describing the abyssal layer, on a midlatitude β plane. The model retains subapproximations such as classical Stommel–Arons theory, the Nof abyssal dynamical balance, the so-called planetary shock wave balance (describing the finite-amplitude β-induced westward propagation of abyssal anomalies), and baroclinic instability. The abyssal height field can possess groundings. In the reduced gravity limit, a new nonlinear steady-state balance is identified that connects source-driven equatorward abyssal flow (as predicted by Stommel–Arons theory) and the inertial topographically steered deep flow described by Nof dynamics. This model is solved explicitly, and the meridional structure of the predicted grounded abyssal flow is described. In the fully baroclinic limit, a variational principle is established and is exploited to obtain general stability conditions for meridional abyssal flow over variable topography on a β plane. The baroclinic coupling of the PG abyssal layer with the QG overlying ocean eliminates the ultraviolet catastrophe known to occur in inviscid PG reduced gravity models. The baroclinic instability problem for a constant-velocity meridional abyssal current flowing over sloping topography with β present is solved and the stability characteristics are described.
The Retrieval of Asymmetric Tropical Cyclone Structures Using Doppler Radar Simulations and Observations with the Extended GBVTD Technique
Authors: Liou Yu-Chieng , Wang Tai-Chi Chen , Lee Wen-Chau , Chang Ya-Ju 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) technique is extended to two Doppler radars to retrieve the structure of a tropical cyclone’s (TC’s) circulation. With this extension, it is found that the asymmetric part of the TC radial wind component can be derived up to its angular wavenumber-1 structure, and the accuracy of the retrieved TC tangential wind component can be further improved. Although two radar systems are used, a comparison with the traditional dual-Doppler synthesis indicates that this extended GBVTD (EGBVTD) approach is able to estimate more of the TC circulation when there are missing data. Previous research along with this study reveals that the existence of strong asymmetric radial flows can degrade the quality of the GBVTD-derived wind fields. When a TC is observed by one radar, it is suggested that the GBVTD method be applied to TCs over a flat surface (e.g., the ocean) where the assumption of relatively smaller asymmetric radial winds than asymmetric tangential winds is more likely to be true. However, when a TC is observed by two radar systems, especially when the topographic effects are expected to be significant, the EGBVTD rather than the traditional dual-Doppler synthesis should be used.
The feasibility of the proposed EGBVTD method is demonstrated by applying it to an idealized TC circulation model as well as a real case study. Finally, the possibility of combining EGBVTD with other observational instruments, such as dropsonde or wind profilers, to recover the asymmetric TC radial flow structures with even higher wavenumbers is discussed.
The Role of Shearwise and Transverse Quasigeostrophic Vertical Motions in the Midlatitude Cyclone Life Cycle
Authors: Martin Jonathan E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The total quasigeostrophic (QG) vertical motion field is partitioned into transverse and shearwise couplets oriented parallel to, and along, the geostrophic vertical shear, respectively. The physical role played by each of these components of vertical motion in the midlatitude cyclone life cycle is then illustrated by examination of the life cycles of two recently observed cyclones.
The analysis suggests that the origin and subsequent intensification of the lower-tropospheric cyclone responds predominantly to column stretching associated with the updraft portion of the shearwise QG vertical motion, which displays a single, dominant, middle-tropospheric couplet at all stages of the cyclone life cycle. The transverse QG omega, associated with the cyclones’ frontal zones, appears only after those frontal zones have been established. The absence of transverse ascent maxima and associated column stretching in the vicinity of the surface cyclone center suggests that the transverse ω plays little role in the initial development stage of the storms examined here. Near the end of the mature stage of the life cycle, however, in what appears to be a characteristic distribution, a transverse ascent maximum along the western edge of the warm frontal zone becomes superimposed with the shearwise ascent maximum that fuels continued cyclogenesis.
It is suggested that use of the shearwise/transverse diagnostic approach may provide new and/or supporting insight regarding a number of synoptic processes including the development of upper-level jet/front systems and the nature of the physical distinction between type A and type B cyclogenesis events.
Digital Filter Initialization for MM5
Authors: Chen Min , Huang Xiang-Yu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In this paper several configurations of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5), which is implemented at Beijing Institute of Urban Meteorology in China, are used to demonstrate the initial noise problem caused either by interpolating global model fields onto an MM5 grid or by using MM5 objective analysis schemes. An implementation of a digital filter initialization (DFI) package to MM5 is then documented. A heavy rain case study and intermittent data assimilation experiments are used to assess the impact of DFI on MM5 forecasts. It is shown that DFI effectively filters out the noise and produces a balanced initial model state. It is also shown that DFI improves the spinup aspects for precipitation, leading to better scores for short-range precipitation forecasts. The issues related to the initialization of variables that are not observed and/or analyzed, in particular those for nonhydrostatic quantities, are discussed.
The Significance of Adolescents’ Relationships with Significant Others and School Failure
Authors: Domagała-Zyśk Ewa 
Published: April 2006

This article demonstrates the importance of social support from students’ significant others (parents, peers and teachers) in the process of doing well at school. The main focus of the research project was to find correlations between the quality of adolescents’ relationships with significant others and their school success or school failure, as measured by their average grades. One hundred adolescents experiencing school failure [mean school grade 2.9 (FX) or below] and 100 adolescents without any problems with learning [mean school grade 4.1 (C) or more] participated in the study. In each of the groups half of the participants were female and half were male. All the students were attending the second class of gymnasium; their mean age was 14. The students were attending eight different schools in one Polish town. The main hypothesis of the study was that students experiencing school failure differ from these with school success in the quality of their relationships with significant others, as measured by the different amount of perceived social support from their mothers, fathers, peers and teachers. The results show that teenagers need parental support in the form of attachment with, not detachment from their parents. Perceived parents’, peers’ and teacher's support helps teenagers to get good marks. Therefore, in order to help teenagers to achieve school success pedagogues should teach them not only academic skills, but show them how to create and maintain good relations with their parents and peers.
J.H. King on Initial Evidence: Did He Change?
Authors: Moon Tony 
Published: April 2006

AbstractJ.H. King, who is commonly viewed as one of the most important early twentieth-century Pentecostal leaders in the United States, was one of the strong proponents of the teaching that tongues speech is the invariable, immediate evidence of Spirit Baptism. Douglas Jacobsen argues in his 2003 book, Thinking in the Spirit, that King modified his position on normative initial evidence tongues in the second edition of From Passover to Pentecost. This article challenges that thesis. After looking at King’s pro-initial evidence polemic in the ‘Introduction’ of G.F. Taylor’s The Spirit and the Bride, and especially in the first edition of From Passover to Pentecost, this article deals with some King remarks in the second edition of the latter volume—remarks that Jacobsen interprets as King vacillating in his understanding of that doctrine. The bulk of the article contends that Jacobsen’s reading amounts to a substantial historical and literary decontextualization of those statements. Rather than interpreting them as King equivocating on initial evidence, they are more accurately understood as King articulating Christian prophetic ministry as (1) the supreme sign of the inaugurated ‘Pentecostal Era’, and as (2) a post-Spirit Baptismal confirmation of a genuine, tongue-certified Spirit Baptism experience.
Church in the Power of the Holy Spirit: The Promise of Pentecostal Ecclesiology
Authors: Pinnock Clark 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn another instance of a long and fruitful effort to engage and encourage Pentecostal theologians, appreciatively and constructively, in making their own distinctive contributions to the larger theological world, renowned evangelical theologian Clark Pinnock has here sketched a suggestive proposal for the construction of a distinctly Pentecostal ecclesiology. Originally presented as the keynote address at the 34th annual meeting of the Society for Pentecostal Studies at Regent University in Virginia Beach, VA on March 11, 2005, this paper appears here as the featured dialogue piece followed by responses from three Pentecostal theologians, Frank D. Macchia, Terry L. Cross, and R. Hollis Gause. Pinnock’s proposal for a Pentecostal theology of the church is here outlined in terms of the following themes: (1) An Anointed Herald of God’s Kingdom, (2) A Trinitarian Society, (3) A Church Oriented to Mission, (4) A Continuing Charismatic Structure, and (5) An Institutional Dimension.
A response to Clark Pinnock’s ‘Church in the Power of the Holy Spirit’
Authors: Cross Terry 
Published: April 2006

AbstractClark Pinnock provides a rich resource to consider various constructive aspects of ecclesiology for Pentecostals. In response to his address, this article attempts to construct a rough sketch of one possible ecclesiology, focusing on the nature of the church from a Trinitarian Pentecostal perspective as a people of God’s presence and power. It investigates the idea of ‘power ecclesiology’ that was raised by Pinnock. It concludes by examining the challenges of appropriate structures in the church and the predominant problem of individualism in North American culture.
Delayed Posttraumatic Acute Subdural Hematoma in Elderly Patients on Anticoagulation
Authors: Itshayek Eyal , Rosenthal Guy , Fraifeld Shifra , Perez-Sanchez Xicotencatl , Cohen Jose E. , Spektor Sergey 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
To discuss delayed acute subdural hematoma (DASH), a relatively neglected entity, and to emphasize the potentially elevated risk for DASH among elderly, anticoagulated mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients.

METHODS:
The authors reviewed clinical and radiological data for four patients who had normal neurological examinations and normal computed tomographic scans after mild TBI, and who subsequently developed DASH and deteriorated rapidly.

RESULTS:
The patients included two men and two women, aged 65 to 86 years, who presented to the emergency department after mild TBI between January 2002 and June 2004. All were treated with chronic anticoagulation or anti-aggregation therapy. They deteriorated owing to DASH from 9 hours to 3 days after TBI. Three of the four patients underwent craniotomy for evacuation of their hematomas. One patient, who suffered only focal neurological deficit, was treated conservatively, and her hematoma gradually resolved. Two patients died and two reached Glasgow Outcome Scores of 3 and 4 after extended inpatient rehabilitation.

CONCLUSION:
A suspicion of DASH should be raised in elderly, anticoagulated, mild TBI patients, including those who present to the emergency department with Glasgow Coma Scores of 15 and normal computed tomographic scans after injury. Based on our experience, we recommend that elderly, anticoagulated mild TBI patients should be admitted for 24 to 48 hours of observation after injury.
Cervical Spine Injuries in Ocean Bathers: Wave-related Accidents
Authors: Robles Luis A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
Spine injuries can occur secondary to several aquatic recreational activities. A series of cases of patients who experienced cervical spine injuries secondary to ocean waves accidents is presented. A description and analysis of this kind of injury is performed.

METHODS:
Sixteen patients were treated from January 1999 to May 2005. The mechanism of accident, mechanism of injury, neurological status, radiographic findings, associated injuries, and treatment were analyzed.

RESULTS:
These injuries are common among older patients. More severe and devastating injuries occurred in young patients. The most common mechanism of injury is hyperextension associated to spondylosis, which usually caused central cord syndrome.

CONCLUSION:
Wave-related accidents in ocean bathers are secondary to lack of experience of swimming in the ocean and underestimating the danger of waves. Although different types of mechanism of injury occurred, hyperextension was the most common. High-risk patients are older people with preexisting cervical spondylosis.
Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Cavernous Sinus: Case Report
Authors: Attabib Najmedden A. , West Michael , Rhodes Roy H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOBJECTIVE:Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (pPNET family) are small, round, blue cell tumors that have a decided predilection for young patients and commonly arise in bone and soft tissue. We are reporting a rare case of cavernous sinus pPNET in a 48-year-old woman.CLINICAL PRESENTATION:A 48-year-old woman presented with headache, ipsilateral maxillary, and ophthalmic and oculomotor nerve palsies. Neuroimaging revealed a cavernous sinus lesion.INTERVENTION:The patient underwent debulking of the tumor, and the diagnosis of a pPNET was made based on histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetics (EWS-FLI1 fusion gene) findings. Bone scans, bone marrow aspiration, and biopsy and chest computed tomographic scans showed no evidence of systemic involvement. The patient had adjuvant treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. After 14 months, the patient had no neurological deficits, and neuroimaging showed stable disease, although some chemotherapy complications occurred.CONCLUSION:This is a case of cavernous sinus pPNET in a 48-year-old woman, in whom the diagnosis is supported by the presence of EWS-FLI1 fusion gene. This seems to be the first reported case of a cavernous sinus pPNET confirmed by molecular genetic analysis.