bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Purine Analogs and Their Interactions with Benzyladenine on Bud Burst and Shoot Growth in Apple Bud Explants
Authors: SINGHA SUMAN , POWELL LOYD E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe purine analogs 8‐azaadenine, 8‐azaguanine, 4‐aminopyrazolo [3,4‐d] pyrimidine, 2‐fluoroadenine and 6‐methylpurine inhibited bud burst in non‐dormant vegetative axillary bud explants obtained from apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seedlings. The reversal of inhibition was attempted by incorporating increasing concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) in the culture medium. The inhibition caused by 8‐azaadenine and 8‐azaguanine was reduced especially when BA was added to the media at equimolar ratios along with the inhibitors. The inhibition due to 4‐aminopyrazolo [3,4‐d] pyridine was reduced only with equimolar BA, BA was ineffective or only minimally effective in reducing inhibition due to 2‐fluoroadenine and 6‐methypurine. Short pretreatment with 8‐azaadenine and 8‐azaguinine failed to cause any inhibition when explants were subsequently transferred to BA ‐containing medium. The effectiveness of 2‐fluoroadenine and 6‐methylpurine was maintained or only slightly reduced, indicating their long‐term inhibitory action.
Isotachophoretic Analysis of Ions in Guard Cells of Vicia faba
Authors: SHIMADA KEIZO , OGAWA TERUO , SHIBATA KAZUO 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIsotachophoretic analysis of ions was performed on guard cells of Vicia faba cv. Ryosai Issun with either open or closed stomata. In guard cells of open stomata, K+ and malic acid concentrations were 5–7 and 5–10 times higher, respectively, than in guard cells of closed stomata. The content of citric acid (plus isocitric acid) also increased during stomatal opening, but the increment was smaller than that of malic acid. Sodium ions, phosphoric and glyceric acids were present in low concentrations but did not increase during the opening. Other cations and anions could not be measured because of low concentrations. Malic acid provided 68–79% of the counter anions for the potassium taken up by guard cells during stomatal opening.
Ecophysiology of Salt Excretion in Aeluropus litoralis (Graminae)
Authors: PPLLAK GAD , WAISEL YOAV 
Published: April 2006

AbstractVarious aspects of salt excretion from leaves of Aeluropus were investigated. Salt excretion exhibited an optimum‐type of curve when measured against external salt concentration, while sodium content of the leaves increased linearly. The ‘relative excretion’, i.e. rate of excreted ions: change in leaf ion content, was maximal in the low salt concentration range, and decreased when external sodium chloride concentration increased. Concentration of the excreted droplets was higher than the external concentration when the leaves were exposed to low salt concentrations in the medium, but the reverse occurred when the external salt concentrations were high. The excretion process was sensitive to water‐stress conditions, caused either by high external salt concentrations or by exposure to dry atmosphere. A considerable fraction of the leaf sodium content in salt‐treated leaves was only slightly available for excretion. Salt excretion in Aeluropus was enhanced by light. Such enhancement was indirect and is attributed to the increase of salt transport via transpiration stream.Selectivity of the salt‐excretion mechanism is in favour of sodium and against potassium. On the other hand, potassium has a high affinity for the accumulation systems within the leaves. The ecological significance of the results is discussed.
14C‐studies on Apple Trees. IX. Seasonal Changes in the Formation of Fruit Constituents and their Subsequent Conversions
Authors: HANSEN POUL 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe formation and subsequent conversions of 14C‐labelled compounds were followed in fruits of Malus domestica cvs. Golden Delicious and Cox's Orange Pippin after labelling proximate leaves with 14CO2 at different times during the growing season. A few hours after labelling of the leaves, the larger share of fruit 14C was detected in sorbitol. This share descreased rapidly except in the late autumn. When labelling about 1 July (c. 1 month after bloom), 40–60% of the fruit 14C was permanently fixed in the methanol and water insoluble fraction. 25% or more was primarily found in organic acids, but this declined during the season to a few per cent. When labelling at the end of July, the dominating feature was the establishment of a peak of temporarily insoluble 14C, returning back to the soluble form through October and November. This was particularly pronounced in‘Cox's Organe Pippin'. Labelling with 14C at the end of August and at the end of September yielded increasing amounts of 14C in sugars. The labelling of fructose predominated, but as the autumn progressed the amount of label in sucrose increased. This was due to a conversion from 14C‐compounds of older origin as well as to a larger share of the imported assimilates turning into sucrose at this time of the year. During prolonged storage of harvested fruits at 3°C, 14C in fructose increased at the expense of 14C in sucrose.
The Effect of DCMU (3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea) on Photosynthesis, Glycolate Excretion (‘Photorespiration’) and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Blue‐Green Alga Anacystis
Authors: HALLDAL PER , HOLMEN AASE TURID 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWhen photosynthesis of the blue‐green alga Anacystis nidulans was measured as 14CO2‐fixation, the inhibitory effect of DCMU at low concentrations was greatest when mainly Photosystem 1 (PS 1) (excitation at 446 or 687 nm) was operative. At concentrations above 10‐6M the inhibition on 14CO2‐fixation was greatest when mainly Photosystem 2 (PS 2) was operative (excitation at 619). During excitation of PS 1, the excretion of glycolate was stimulated at low concentrations of DCMU (5 × 10‐8M and lower), while higher concentrations inhibited excretion. All concentrations of DCMU inhibited glycolate excretion when mainly PS 2 was excited.The curves showing the relative effect of DCMU on the two photosystems, measured as PS 1/PS 2, had opposite shapes for 14CO2‐fixation and glycolate excretion. An increase in 14CO2‐fixation coincided with a decrease in glycolate excretion and vice versa. It appears that the increased rate of photosynthesis when mainly PS 1 was operative relative to that when mainly PS 2 was excited, increases the consumption of glycolate in an oxidation process associated with the excitation of PS 1, resulting in less excretion of glycolate to the medium. The influence of DCMU inhibition on labelled amino acid pools connected to the glycolate pathway (glycine‐serine) is quite similar to that for 14CO2‐fixation. At concentrations below 10‐6M DCMU, inhibition of 14CO2‐ incorporation into the amino acids was greatest when PS 1 was excited, while at the higher concentrations tested, inhibition was greater when PS 2 was excited. We conclude that the metabolism of glycine and serine is closely connected to the rate of photosynthesis.
Growth, nutrition, and nitrogen fixation in grey alder at varied rate of nitrogen addition
Authors: INGESTAD TORSTEN 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeedlings of grey alder (Alnus incana Moench), nodulated or unnodulated, were investigated at varied relative addition rate of nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation alone, without addition of mineral nitrogen, resulted in an almost optimum nitrogen status but only about half the maximum relative growth rate, probably mainly because of energy costs of nodulation and fixation. The growth deficit due to nodulation was much more than can be explained by the theoretical energy requirement for the amount of nitrogen fixed. Thus, the nitrogen fixation process was not very efficiently used.The nitrogen fixation rate was strongly stimulated by increasing nitrogen addition rate up to high levels. The fixation rate decreased rapidly close to optimum (maximum relative growth rate) and was negligible at maximum growth. A feed‐back of mineral nitrogen on photosynthesis increased fixation rate with time, and the relative importance of fixation over mineral nitrogen nutrition increased. However, nitrogen fixation, also at maximum rate, supplied only a small proportion of the nitrogen amount required for maximum growth. The optimum nutrient solutions contained comparatively high nitrogen concentrations to secure free access to nitrogen. The nodules were damaged by this treatment, and it is concluded that the nitrogen additions must be adjusted to the current consumption of the plants to avoid an increased external nitrogen concentration.Strong linear regressions were found between relative growth rate, nitrogen status expressed as percentage content of fresh weight, and relative growth rate in unnodulated seedlings. There was a greater variability in nodulated seedlings than in unnodulated ones, because of the nitrogen fixation. The reactions of unnodulated grey alder were largely the same as previously reported for birch seedlings, but the maximum growth capacity was lower in grey alder. During an initial period of change in the internal nitrogen status, deficiency symptoms appeared, especially in unnodulated seedlings. As in birch, the leaves turned green again at stable nitrogen status, independent of level.The results are in sharp contrast to data from the literature where the external nitrogen concentration was used as the driving variable for the internal nitrogen status. The measured fixation rates for grey alder are much higher than those previously reported. Still, the maximum fixation rate observed is small compared to the total nitrogen uptake rate required for maximum growth, in contrast to reported relationships. These comparisons indicate that increased external nitrogen concentration obscures the real relations between mineral and fixed nitrogen, on one hand because of rapid inhibition of nitrogen fixation and, on the other hand, because of failure to obtain stable optimum nutrition and maximum growth by means of this treatment variable.
Differentiation of Mating Vocalizations in Birds: Acoustic Features in Mainland and Island Populations and Evidence of Habitat‐Dependent Selection on Songs
Authors: Baker Myron C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLocal environments can act as selective agents on some characteristics of birds’ songs, whereas other song traits may not reflect local genetic adaptation. Geographic variation in songs of two Australian bird species (red‐capped robins Petroica goodenovii, western gerygones Gerygone fusca) was studied to examine one component of the ‘habitat‐dependent selection’ hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that: (1) the detailed spectral characteristics of male songs are an evolved response to local habitat conditions affecting signal propagation and detection and (2) parallel evolution of other fitness traits sets up the potential for assortative mating by female choice. To examine the first part of the hypothesis, I made comparisons among widespread mainland populations and an island population using two levels of analysis: a typological analysis of song morphology (phonology: notes, syllables, syntax, temporal pattern, repertoires) and a spectral analysis of acoustic characteristics of songs (mean frequency, Wiener entropy, frequency modulation) using an automated procedure of feature extraction (Sound Analysis Pro). Spectral analysis was also used to extract values of the same acoustic features from the background sound environment of each recorded population. The typological analysis revealed no differences among mainland populations of either species, but large differences between mainland songs and those on the island. In contrast, the spectral analysis revealed acoustic divergence among populations, both mainland and island. For both species, Wiener entropy of songs correlated negatively with that of the ambient sound environment, consistent with predictions of the habitat‐dependent selection hypothesis of environmental selection on signal design.
One of the duplicated matrix metalloproteinase‐9 genes is expressed in regressing tail during anuran metamorphosis
Authors: Fujimoto Kenta , Nakajima Keisuke , Yaoita Yoshio 
Published: April 2006

The drastic morphological changes of the tadpole are induced during the climax of anuran metamorphosis, when the concentration of endogenous thyroid hormone is maximal. The tadpole tail, which is twice as long as the body, shortens rapidly and disappears completely in several days. We isolated a cDNA clone, designated as Xl MMP‐9TH, similar to the previously reported Xenopus laevis MMP‐9 gene, and showed that their Xenopus tropicalis counterparts are located tandemly about 9 kb apart from each other in the genome. The Xenopus MMP‐9TH gene was expressed in the regressing tail and gills and the remodeling intestine and central nervous system, and induced in thyroid hormone‐treated tail‐derived myoblastic cultured cells, while MMP‐9 mRNA was detected in embryos. Three thyroid hormone response elements in the distal promoter and the first intron were involved in the upregulation of the Xl MMP‐9TH gene by thyroid hormone in transient expression assays, and their relative positions are conserved between X. laevis and X. tropicalis promoters. These data strongly suggest that the MMP‐9 gene was duplicated, and differentiated into two genes, one of which was specialized in a common ancestor of X. laevis and X. tropicalis to be expressed in degenerating and remodeling organs as a response to thyroid hormone during metamorphosis.
DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT CHALLENGES OF INFRAMAMMARY CREASE BREAST CARCINOMAS
Authors: Sanki Amira , Spillane Andrew 
Published: April 2006

Background:  To review one surgeon’s experience with tumours of the inframammary crease.Methods:  Individually reviewed cases were identified from a prospective database.Results:  Of the 550 patients treated between January 2000 and January 2005, six patients were found to have carcinomas of the inframammary crease (IMC). The features identified from these cases included diagnostic confusion with sebaceous cysts delaying diagnosis and early involvement of the dermis and chest wall resulting in management issues related to local T staging. Lymphoscintigraphy showed drainage to bilateral, contralateral or ipsilateral axillae as well as the internal mammary chain.Conclusion:  The anatomy and histology of the IMC are reviewed, as is the available published work on IMC breast tumours. By virtue of their location, IMC tumours invade the dermis and chest wall early. Despite this, they do not seem to behave as T4 cancers. Their lymphatic drainage is a cross between patterns observed for breast parenchymal and skin primaries, making sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy essential. The clinical cases presented highlight these peculiarities of IMC breast cancer.
WEIGHT CHANGE 1 YEAR FOLLOWING TOTAL KNEE OR HIP ARTHROPLASTY
Authors: Donovan Jason , Dingwall Ian , McChesney Steve 
Published: April 2006

Background:  Pain secondary to osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip or knee is often used as a reason to not lose weight prior to total knee or hip arthroplasty (TKA, THA). This study followed the weight change of patients who subjectively increased their activity levels 1 year following TKA or THA.Methods:  We reviewed the records and prospectively followed the weight of 84 patients 1 year following surgery. The pre and postoperative weight were compared, including separate 10 kg categories (e.g. 60.1–70.0 kg).Results:  All patients had improved mobility as evaluated by either the clinical notes or a patient‐based questionnaire. At 1 year, there was no significant change in weight; only an insignificant small increase in weight was seen.Conclusions:  This study suggests that lower preoperative activity levels are not the cause for the inability to lose weight or that the gain in mobility achieved by joint replacement, of its own, does not result in weight loss.
THYROIDECTOMY IS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE FOR RETROSTERNAL GOITRE
Authors: Chauhan Ajay , Serpell Jonathan W. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  Retrosternal goitre was defined as any thyroid enlargement identified below the thoracic inlet at operation, with the patient’s neck held in extension. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of the patients, the goitres, the surgery and its morbidity (including tracheomalacia, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and hypocalcaemia) and the incidence of malignancy in order to establish guidelines for managing patients with a retrosternal goitre.Methods:  Data were collected prospectively on all thyroidectomies carried out by a single surgeon over 14 years. Patients underwent appropriate preoperative assessment and thyroidectomy was carried out using a standardized capsular dissection technique. There were 199 cases of retrosternal extension.Results:  Retrosternal extension was significantly more common on the left side than on the right side (ratio 3:2, P < 0.05). Most patients (83.4%) had significant symptoms that were relieved by surgery. Of the 199 thyroidectomies, none required a sternal split. The rate of malignancy was low (2.5%). Postoperative morbidity was 30%, the majority being asymptomatic temporary hypocalcaemia. There were no patients with permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsies or permanent hypoparathyroidism. There was one case of tracheomalacia. There was no death.Conclusion:  Retrosternal goitre is a frequently symptomatic condition, with a low but definite rate of malignancy. Surgery is usually possible through a cervical incision and with an acceptable risk of significant morbidity. Thyroidectomy should be recommended as the treatment of choice.
The Optimality of Arbitrary Partial Equilibrium Welfare Analysis
Authors: DUHAMEL MARC 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper characterizes the general equilibrium foundation of arbitrary partial equilibrium welfare analysis in second‐best economies. While prior theory recognizes the importance of market distortions affected by relative price changes, it offers little guidance about the necessary scope of Marshallian partial equilibrium analysis. The paper determines necessary and sufficient conditions for optima of Marshallian total surplus functions to characterize second‐best Pareto‐optimal allocations. While these conditions confirm much of the traditional approach to applied welfare economics, they bring doubt about its reliability for public policy and concerns over its systematic use to build conventional economic wisdom.
Global Visions and Grassroots Movements: An Anthropological Perspective
Authors: SUSSER IDA 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the past decade many progressive anthropologists have been concerned with understanding the transformative possibilities of social movements in redefining and limiting the worldwide inroads of global capital. In emphasizing cultural transformation, Castells’ approach in The City and the Grassroots (1983) may help to conceptualize the idealistic and sometimes quixotic movements of the information age. Like Christopher Hill and other social historians, Castells seeks to understand culturally available paths and ideals that opened the possibilities for democracy, whether or not the visionaries succeeded at any particular historical moment. Today, working‐class solidarity is less clearly defined in the face of a rapidly shrinking and ever‐relocating manufacturing sector, while, at the same time, social provisions have been cut back and privatized. At the grey dawning of the twenty‐first century, in the face of US imperialist aggression and increasing global corporate wealth, Castells’ emphasis on the genesis of a new democratic vision as well as on mobilization around issues of collective consumption has become ever more salient.
Teaching Now with the Living: A Dialogue with Teachers Investigating Contemporary Art Practices
Authors: Page Tara , Herne Steve , Dash Paul , Charman Helen , Atkinson Dennis , Adams Jeff 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Education Departments of Tate Modern and Goldsmiths College collaborated with a group of teachers to find out what they understood by the term ‘contemporary art’ and to discover the conditions that enable contemporary art practices in the classroom. We explored questions with eleven teachers, from both primary and secondary schools, during the Autumn of 2004. Although the cultural/ethnic context of the schools the teachers worked within was diverse, they shared a commitment to working with contemporary art in the classroom and exploring new pedagogies in this field. Their engagement with contemporary art and their revealing and compelling experiences are documented, contextualized and summarized. Samples of the discussions form the substance of this article. This is preceded by an analysis of the success of socially‐orientated contemporary art in the wider global context and its contrast with the omission of these practices in many schools. Conclusions have been tentatively drawn about how the curriculum may be better served by the use of contemporary art, as well as the means by which new learning methods may be facilitated.
Energy‐saving Technology Choices by Dutch Glasshouse Firms
Authors: Pietola Kyösti , Lansink Alfons Oude 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper estimates a sequence of energy‐saving technology choices by Dutch glasshouse firms. The model allows for time‐constant, firm‐specific effects and serial correlation of errors and it is estimated on panel data over the period 1991–1995. The unobserved error sequences are simulated in the model in such a way that they are consistent with the observed choices. The results suggest that positive revenue shocks encourage adoption of new technologies. The choices also exhibit firm‐specific persistency over time. An increase of the price of energy encourages the adoption of a highly efficient energy‐saving technology. The probability of investing in energy‐saving technologies also decreases with capital invested in structures (e.g. double glazing of glasshouses) and increases with capital in energy installations.
Report of the Editor‐in‐Chief
Authors: Harvey David 
Published: April 2006

Summary2005 has been a year of transition for the Journal – the editorial management was transferred from Nottingham to the team at Newcastle, we moved to Blackwell Publishing, and the management of the editorial process was moved from a paper‐based system to an electronic system and then, in January 2006, to an on‐line submission and web‐based management system under Manuscript Central by ©ScholarOne. Submissions to the Journal increased during 2005, though we published rather fewer papers (22) than in recent years. We continue to improve the average turnround time between submission and first decision, reaching 3 months in 2005. Our ISI citation ranking continues to be disappointing, but we will continue to publish the very best of our submissions, and maintain the well‐established quality of JAE.
Melanocytic involvement in giant axonal neuropathy
Authors: Bonerandi J. J. , Gambarelli D. , Livet M. O. , Toga M. 
Published: April 2006

The skin of a patient with giant axonal neuropathy was studied by light and electron microscopy. Enlarged melanocytes protruded into the papillary dermis. An increased number of microfilaments (100 A), which accumulated in rounded or irregular clusters was the main pathological feature. Melanosomes and melanisation were normal.A similar increase of microfilaments was seen in axons and Schwann cells of peripheral nerves, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This suggests that this metabolic, probably inborn and genetic disorder, does not only affect the nervous system but also the whole microfilament system (cytoskeleton).