bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excavation of Tommy Tucker Cave, Lassen County, California
Authors: Fenenga Franklin , Riddell Francis A. 
Published: April 2006

The following is a brief account of the partial excavation of a cave on the east side of Honey Lake Valley, near Wendel in Lassen County, California. Although the materials recovered are not extensive, these notes seem warranted by the fact that this is the only dry cave archaeology done south of Oregon on this extreme western periphery of the Great Basin. Ninety miles to the east, work has been done in Lovelock Cave and Humboldt Cave. Some 150 miles north of our area the University of Oregon, under the direction of L. S. Cressman, has devoted nearly seven years (1935–42) to excavating the dry caves of south-central Oregon.Honey Lake is the remnant of the westernmost arm of extinct Lake Lahontan. Its surface is 3,950 feet above sea level at the present time. The lake is bounded on the northeastern corner by Hot Springs Peak, a mountain of Miocene volcanics. Tommy Tucker Cave, circa 200 feet above the valley floor, is a fissure on a fault line near the foot of this peak.
The Origin and Authenticity of an Atlatl and an Atlatl Dart from Lassen County, California
Authors: Fenenga Franklin , Heizer Robert F. 
Published: April 2006

In October, 1939, an atlatl and an atlatl dart were brought from Lassen County, California, to the Lillard Museum for examination. These pieces had been found in Susanville in the collection of Mrs. McDow, whose husband had obtained them from an Indian, Charlie Paiute, formerly a resident of the Susanville area.The atlatl is made apparently of willow; is 75 cm. long; averages 21 mm. in width; is 10 mm. thick at the distal end and increases to 13 mm. at the handle. The wood has been stained with a red pigment (a very similar stain may be obtained by grinding hematite, adding water to it and daubing it on wood). It is black and greasy, apparently from dirty hands, at the handle and along the edges paralleling the groove.
An Authentic “Problematical” from the Ozarks
Authors: Tong Marvin E. 
Published: April 2006

In the spring of 1948 during an archaeological survey of the headwaters of the Lake Norfork Reservoir Area on the North Fork of White River in Ozark County, Missouri, an unusual flint object was found. This artifact, illustrated as Figure 35A, was picked up on the surface of a prehistoric Indian village on the left bank of the North Fork of the White River about 1/4 mile below Tecumseh, Missouri. The only other object found on this site, other than flint chips, flakes, and spalls, was what appears to be a long slender projectile point, B in Figure 35. The owner of the land, since deceased, had picked up a fragment of a full-grooved limestone ax while cultivating the field many years before.The problematical form appears to have been made from a short, stubby projectile point of quartzite, a stone commonly utilized by the prehistoric Indians of Ozark County.
The Hohokam Canals at Pueblo Grande, Arizona
Authors: Woodbury Richard B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA cross section of the surviving traces of two large prehistoric canals near Pueblo Grande, Phoenix, shows one to have originally been V-shaped in profile, about 6 m. wide and 4 m. deep, and the other U-shaped in profile, about 10 m. wide and 3 m. deep. Both were dug into coarse gravel and the broader (north) canal had been lined with brown clay subsequent to its construction and initial period of use. There is a possibility that the V-shaped South Canal was built first and perhaps abandoned when the North Canal was built. Both canals show evidence of repeated filling and clearing out, either by natural erosion due to a periodically swifter current or by the efforts of the Indians using the canals. Sherds under the banks and in the canals were too few for conclusive dating of construction and use, but suggest that this took place during the Soho phase of the Hohokam Classic period, that is, during the late 12th and the 13th centuries. Hohokam canals much older than this are known, and the occupation of nearby Pueblo Grande began earlier and lasted later than the Soho phase.
Notes on the Adena Aspect
Authors: Kercher Robert A. 
Published: April 2006

A new material trait of the Adena Aspect has recently been discovered in two mound sites in Ross County, Ohio, viz., tubular pottery pipes with a constricted mouthpiece. Similar specimens in stone are diagnostic of the aspect but pipes made of pottery are unreported in either comprehensive analyses of Adena or the site reports in their bibliographies.The Renick group of mounds are situated 0.4 mile southeast of Chillicothe on the second terrace overlooking the Scioto River, and are on the property of the Aluminum Company of America. Mound I was 9 feet 1 inch high, had a diameter of 74 feet, and contained 32 burials, 2 subfloor tombs, and a house site. The skeletal remains were generally in an extreme state of decay, in some cases being discernible only as a discoloration in the soil. Mound II, 80 feet to the northeast, was 15 inches high and 30 feet in diameter.
A Note on the Lake El'gytkhyn Finds
Authors: Okladnikov A. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo Russian publications provide new information about the sites on Lake El'gytkhyn in the Chukchi Peninsula: a detailed description of the lake, a discussion of its origin, summary description of 33 blades from the craftsman"s hoard, and 13 objects from the campsite. The fine classification of the blades is criticized and the identification of some of the other tools is questioned.
A Unique Hopewellian Mask — Headdress
Authors: Baby Raymond S. 
Published: April 2006

During the analysis of the cremated remains from 4 Ohio Hopewellian sites, burial associations, including utilitarian tools and ornaments, were recorded with 52 of 128 burials. Approximately half of the artifacts were burned with the deceased, while the remainder were placed with the calcined remains at the time of interment (Baby 1954:3).The cremated remains from a “shell-grave” burial (No. 13) on the floor of Mound Seven of the Mound City group, Ross County, Ohio, excavated by William C. Mills in 1921 (Mills 1922: 491), contained, in addition to other objects, fragments of an artifact fashioned from a human skull.
The Archaic Culture in the Middle South
Authors: Lewis T. M. N. , Kneberg Madeline 
Published: April 2006

AbstractData from 22 Archaic sites in four ecologically similar regions in Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia are compared to provide a synthesis of Archaic materials dating from the Anathermal to the first centuries of the Christian era in the Middle South. Stratigraphic evidence and radiocarbon dates make possible the establishment of two local sequences in western Tennessee where 15 components from ten sites can be assigned to six phases. These components are compared in terms of 83 traits through the use of the Z-coefficient described by Kroeber. Both the archaeological and the statistical analyses suggest the presence of two contemporaneous Archaic traditions in the area. The validity of this interpretation is tested by comparing the Tennessee materials with those from the Kentucky, Alabama, and Georgia regions, again with the aid of the Z-coefficient. The Archaic phases of all four regions are assigned to the two traditions: Midcontinent tradition—Eva, Three Mile, Big Sandy (Tenn.), Indian Knoll, unnamed phase which includes the Parish, Ward, and Chiggerville sites (Ky.); Eastern tradition—Stallings Island (Ga.), Lauderdale (Ala.), Kays, Weldon, Ledbetter (Tenn.). The contacts between the Archaic and Woodland traditions and the lack of contact with Early Lithic cultures are discussed.
The Fremont Culture: Internal Dimensions and External Relationships
Authors: Gunnerson James H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Fremont culture of northeastern Utah is predominately Anasazi in character, but has a few distinctive traits. It exhibits great variability, especially in ceramics and architecture. The total time span of this complex may be the 250-year period from A.D. 950 to 1200. The Fremont culture, and probably the very similar Sevier culture of western Utah, represent a rather sudden northward movement of traits, and perhaps people, from the independently-developed, but Kayenta-influenced Virgin branch of the Anasazi.
Cultural Continuities of Eskimos
Authors: Giddings J. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough the archaeology of the “Eskimo” area need not be that of Eskimos, groups of people, by whatever name they are called, have lived continuously for at least 4000 years in Greenland, around the northern rim of Hudson Bay, on the American side of Bering Strait, and probably around the Pacific shores of Southwest Alaska. Shorter sequences of continuous occupation are known in many parts of the range, including St. Lawrence Island. Meaningful cross-analyses may be made from the coastal or near-coastal sites in which are preserved house, tent, burial, and cache remains, and sometimes whole villages. Sites of the interior are usually accumulations of projectile points and cutting-tools at game crossings, though some, for example, Firth River, Anaktuvuk Pass, and Dismal Lake, afford limited stratigraphy or means of seriation.A sequence of cultural phases, perhaps those of two regional traditions, is emerging in the Bering Strait region. With this region as a focus, nine horizons are considered, beginning with the earliest: (1) Palisades I and British Mountain; (2) Palisades II, Tuktu, and Denali Highway; (3) Denbigh Flint complex and other microblade sites; (4) Old Whaling culture; (5) Choris, Early Aleut, Kachemak Bay I, and Sarqaq; (6) Norton and Dorset; (7) Okvik, Ipiutak, and Kachemak Bay II; (8) Old Bering Sea and Birnirk; (9) Punuk, Western Thule, and Thule. The two traditions are: (1) Palisades I, Palisades II, to Old Whaling culture, based on a distinctive flint-working technique, and later, the hafting of notched flints to wooden shafts; (2) Denbigh Flint complex, Battle Rock, Ipiutak, to Birnirk, based on side blading and engraving styles. The second of these American traditions parallels in its later period at least the Okvik to Birnirk tradition of the Asian side of the Bering Strait.The earliest evidence consists of crude chopper-tools and percussion bifacing, followed much later by notched points, then successively by the combination of micro-blades, side-blades, and burins; whaling and deep-house building; pottery and the first midden mounds; elaboration of engraved art and ceremony; and finally by a specialized but utilitarian “Eskimo” form of culture. Minor climatic changes and related shifts in the food supply account for some of the shifts of cultural emphasis through time.
A Modern Movement of Witch-finders
Authors: Richards Audrey I. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAll over present-day Africa witch-finders seem to appear, as it were from nowhere, flourish for a time, and then disappear. Either it is some individual of unusual personality in his community who announces a magic remedy for human sufferings, and so obtains a following, or else it is a more or less organized band of wonderworkers which crosses the border from some neighbouring territory with all the kudos attached to the foreign and the strange. Among these latter the celebrated Bamucapi, who recently swept from Nyasaland into Northern Rhodesia and later reached Southern Rhodesia and the Congo, are an interesting example. The actual origin of this movement is difficult to discover, but I watched it at its height in the Bemba country of N.E. Rhodesia in the summer of 1934, and I want in this article to describe very shortly the methods of these witch-finders, and to try to account for their success.
Multimodal Presentation of Biomedical Data
Authors: Obrenović Željko , Starčević Dušan , Jovanov Emil 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInsights into multidimensional phenomena, characteristic for biomedical applications, necessitates human‐computer interfaces beyond standard graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Information overload in one sense, such as multiple dynamically changing windows in GUIs, may cause fatigue and reduced attention. Multimodal presentations use different sensory modalities in addition to visual presentation, such as audio and tactile feedback, to further engage human perceptual and cognitive skills. Multimodal presentation is a promising new direction toward increased perceptual bandwidth of human‐computer interaction. Moreover, multimodal communication is natural feature of human communication. Therefore, most users prefer multimodal computer interaction. However, design of multimodal systems is a complex issue, and system designers must keep in mind that the nature of human perception and sensory interactions could also create false perceptions. In this chapter, we present a survey of the main presentation modalities and their characteristics, outline system design using available tools and platforms, and introduce examples of multimodal biomedical applications.
Scalable production of adeno‐associated virus type 2 vectors via suspension transfection
Authors: Park Joon Young , Lim Byung‐Pil , Lee Kyuhyun , Kim Young‐Gun , Jo Eui‐Cheol 
Published: April 2006

AbstractVectors derived from adeno‐associated virus type 2 (AAV2) are promising gene delivery vehicles, but it is still challenging to get the large number of recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) particles required for large animal and clinical studies. Current transfection technology requires adherent cultures of HEK 293 cells that can only be expanded by preparing multiple culture plates. A single large‐scale suspension culture could replace these multiple culture preparations, but there is currently no effective co‐transfection scheme for generating rAAV from cells in suspension culture. Here, we weaned HEK 293 cells to suspension culture using hydrogel‐coated six‐well culture plates and established an efficient transfection strategy suitable for these cells. Then the cultures were gradually scaled up. We used linear polyethylenimine (PEI) to mediate transfection and obtained high transfection efficiencies ranging from 54% to 99%, thereby allowing efficient generation of rAAV vectors. Up to 1013 rAAV particles and, more importantly, up to 1011 infectious particles were generated from a 2‐L bioreactor culture. The suspension‐transfection strategy of this study facilitates the homogeneous preparation of rAAV at a large scale, and holds further potential as the basis for establishing a manufacturing process in a larger bioreactor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
‘Pre‐discursive’ racism
Authors: Hook Derek 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper makes the case that discourse analytic approaches in social psychology are not adequate to the task of apprehending racism in its bodily, affective and pre‐symbolic dimensions. We are hence faced with a dilemma: if discursive psychology is inadequate when it comes to theorizing ‘pre‐discursive’ forms of racism, then any attempts to develop an anti‐racist strategy from such a basis will presumably exhibit the same limitations. Suggesting a rapprochement of discursive and psychoanalytic modes of analysis, I argue that Kristeva's theory of abjection provides a means of understanding racism as both historically/socially constructed and as existing at powerfully embodied, visceral and subliminal dimensions of subjectivity. Kristeva's theory of abjection provides us with an account of a ‘pre‐discursive’ (that is, a bodily, affective, pre‐symbolic) racism, a form of racism that ‘comes before words’, and that is routed through the logics of the body and its anxieties of distinction, separation and survival. This theory enables us, moreover, to join together the expulsive reactions of a racism of the body to both the personal racism of the ego and the broader discursive racisms of the prevailing social order. Moreover, it directs our attention to the fact that discourses of racism are always locked into a relationship with ‘pre‐discursive’ processes which condition and augment every discursive action, which escape the codifications of discourse and which drive the urgency of its attempts at containment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘How can we help when she won't tell us what's wrong?’ Professionals working with South Asian women who have experienced sexual abuse
Authors: Reavey Paula , Ahmed Bipasha , Majumdar Anamika 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we explore some of the issues facing professionals in the UK currently involved in providing services for South Asian women who have experienced sexual abuse. The study describes part of a wider Economic and Social Research Council funded project, based upon interviews and focus groups with both professionals and women survivors of sexual abuse. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews and two focus groups with 37 professionals including psychological therapists, refuge and project workers, from a range of organisations, our aim in this paper is to provide a discursive analysis of some of the key dilemmas faced by professionals working with sexual abuse in South Asian communities by exploring two central interpretive repertoires: ‘culture not self’ and ‘symptom talk as solution’. The analysis indicates that professionals face a series of dilemmas when working with South Asian women survivors. They highlight the tension between individualised models of personhood in many psychological therapies and the challenge to these by South Asian communities who hold a more relational view of the person. One of the strategies used by professionals to work with the tensions between ‘culture’ and the ‘reality’ of the survivor's pain was the translation of women's distress into symptoms of mental disorder. However, the consequences of this intervention raised some serious issues, including further pathologisation and stigma. The implications of these findings will be discussed in terms of how to understand the experiences of South Asian women from a more socially grounded perspective and to explore the issues they face in accessing and receiving appropriate services to deal with the aftermath of sexually abusive experiences. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive and Predictive Control of Liquid‐Liquid Extractors Using Neural‐Based Instantaneous Linearization Technique
Authors: Mjalli F. S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNonlinearity of the extraction process is addressed via the application of instantaneous linearization to control the extract and raffinate concentrations. Two feed‐forward neural networks with delayed inputs and outputs were trained and validated to capture the dynamics of the extraction process. These nonlinear models were then adopted in an instantaneous linearization algorithm into two control algorithms. The self‐tuning adaptive control strategy was compared to an approximate model predictive control in terms of set point tracking capability, efficiency and stability. For the case of large, abrupt set point changes, the performance of the self‐tuning algorithm was poor, especially for the raffinate control. The approximate model predictive control strategy was superior to the self‐tuning control in terms of its ability to force the output to following the set point trajectory efficiently with smooth controller moves.
Comparison of Energy Efficiency of Various Ultrasonic Devices in Aquasonochemical Reactions
Authors: Wu Z.‐L. , Lifka J. , Ondruschka B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFor economic reasons, reaction rate and energy efficiency of ultrasonic devices need to be higher. In this investigation, it was found that the 850 kHz ultrasonic device achieves a higher energy efficiency and a higher sonochemical reaction rate than the 24 or 30 kHz device during the oxidation of KI or the degradation of benzene in aqueous solutions. Moreover, lower power intensity or higher power density is generally favorable to the oxidation of KI. For benzene degradation, however, energy efficiency is enhanced with the increase in power intensity and density at lower input power and decreases with the increase in power intensity and density at higher input power. In addition, energy efficiency can also be diminished by changing fluid motion, for example, shortening the distance between the tip of the ultrasonic horn and the reactor bottom, and stirring during sonication.
An Electrochemical Model of a Solid Oxide Steam Electrolyzer for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Ni M. , Leung M. K. H. , Leung D. Y. C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn electrochemical model was developed to simulate the J–V characteristics of a solid oxide steam electrolyzer (SOSE) used for hydrogen production. Activation, concentration, and ohmic overpotentials were considered as the main factors for voltage loss. The Butler‐Volmer equation, Fick's model, and Ohm's law were applied to determine the overpotentials of a SOSE cell. The simulation results were compared with experimental data from the literature and good agreement was obtained. Additionally, parametric modeling analyses were conducted to study how the operating temperature and gas composition affected the electrical characteristics. It was found that the voltage loss could be reduced by increasing the operating temperature and steam molar fraction. It was also observed that an anode‐supported SOSE cell exhibited a higher hydrogen production efficiency than electrolyte‐supported and cathode‐supported cells. The electrochemical model can be used to perform further analysis in order to further understand the principles of SOSE hydrogen production, and to optimize SOSE cell and system designs.
Study of Single Phase Flow Heat Transfer and Friction Pressure Drop in a Spiral Internally Ribbed Tube
Authors: Cheng L. , Chen T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe experimental results of single‐phase flow heat transfer and pressure drop experiments in the turbulent flow regime in a spirally ribbed tube and a smooth tube are presented in this paper. The ribbed tube has an outside diameter of 22 mm and an inside diameter of 11 mm (an equivalent inside diameter of 11.6 mm) and the smooth tube has an outside diameter of 19 mm and an inside diameter of 15 mm. Both tubes were uniformly heated by passing an electrical current along the tubes with a heated length of 2500 mm. The working fluids are water and kerosene, respectively. The experimental Reynolds number is in the range of 104–5 · 104 for water and is in the range of 104–2.2 · 104 for kerosene. The experimental results of the ribbed tube are compared with those of the smooth tube. The heat transfer coefficients of the ribbed tube are 1.2–1.6 fold greater than those in the smooth tube and the pressure drop in the ribbed tube is also increased by a factor of 1.4–1.7 as compared with those in the smooth tube for water. The corresponding values for kerosene are 2–2.7 and 1.5–2, respectively. The heat‐transfer enhancement characteristics of the ribbed tube are assessed. This tube is especially suitable for augmenting single‐phase flow heat transfer of kerosene. Correlations for the heat transfer and the pressure drop for the spirally ribbed tube are proposed, according to the experimental data.