bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity in South Africa: The South African Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Puoane Thandi , Steyn Krisela , Bradshaw Debbie , Laubscher Ria , Fourie Jean , Lambert Vicki , Mbananga Nolwazi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To ascertain the anthropometric profile and determinants of obesity in South Africans who participated in the Demographic and Health Survey in 1998.Research Methods and Procedures: A sample of 13,089 men and women (age, ≥15 years) were randomly selected and then stratified by province and urban and nonurban areas. Height, weight, mid‐upper arm circumference, and waist and hip circumference were measured. Body mass index (BMI) was used as an indicator of obesity, and the waist/hip ratio (WHR) was used as an indicator of abdominal obesity. Multivariate regression identified sociodemographic predictors of BMI and waist circumference in the data.Results: Mean BMI values for men and women were 22.9 kg/m2 and 27.1 kg/m2, respectively. For men, 29.2% were overweight or obese (≥25 kg/m2) and 9.2% had abdominal obesity (WHR ≥1.0), whereas 56.6% of women were overweight or obese and 42% had abdominal obesity (WHR >0.85). Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) was found in 12.2% of men and 5.6% of women. For men, 19% of the variation of BMI and 34% of the variation in waist circumference could be explained by age, level of education, population group, and area of residence. For women, these variables explained 16% of the variation of BMI and 24% of the variation in waist circumference. Obesity increased with age, and higher levels of obesity were found in urban African women.Discussion: Overnutrition is prevalent among adult South Africans, particularly women. Determinants of overnutrition include age, level of education, ethnicity, and area of residence.
Congenic BB.SHR (D4Mit6‐Npy‐Spr) Rats: A New Aid to Dissect the Genetics of Obesity
Authors: Klöting Ingrid , Kovacs Peter , van den Brandt Jens 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The phenotypic characterization of congenic BB.LL rats recombining a segment of the SHR chromosome 4 (D4Mit6‐Npy‐Spr; 12 cM) into the BB/OK background indicated that these rats were not lymphopenic and did not develop diabetes, but they were significantly heavier (at 16 weeks of age) and showed higher serum triglycerides and total cholesterol concentration.Research Methods and Procedures: BB.LL rats were longitudinally studied for facets of metabolic syndrome (body mass index, blood glucose, serum lipids, insulin, leptin, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure) from 2 to 12 months of age.Results: In this study, it was shown that BB.LL are obese, hyperleptinemic, hyperinsulinemic, and dyslipidemic compared with their parental BB/OK rats.Discussion: It can be concluded that there is a gene(s) in the introgressed segment causing incomplete metabolic syndrome, because they do not develop hypertension and diabetes. To identify the gene(s), the introgressed chromosomal segment must be systematically whittled down to generate recombinants and new subcongenic lines carrying a much smaller segment of the SHR/Mol rat to increase the chance of identification of the appropriate gene(s).
Amylin, Food Intake, and Obesity
Authors: Reda Tarek K. , Geliebter Allan , Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAmylin, also known as islet amyloid polypeptide, identified in 1987, is a naturally occurring hormone, released by the β cells of the pancreas and consists of 37 amino acids. Amylin seems to decrease food intake through both central and peripheral mechanisms and indirectly by slowing gastric emptying. The mean basal amylin concentration is higher in obese than in lean human subjects. The amylin response to oral glucose is also greater in obese subjects, whether or not they have impaired glucose tolerance. The elevated amylin levels in obesity may lead to down‐regulation of amylin receptors and lessen the impact of postprandial amylin secretion on satiety and gastric emptying. Amylin administration may overcome resistance at target tissues, delay gastric emptying, and have potential for inducing weight loss in obese individuals.
Vision and Eating Behavior
Authors: Linné Yvonne , Barkeling Britta , Rössner Stephan , Rooth Pål 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Eating behavior is influenced by internal and external factors. Vision is one part of the complex pattern of factors influencing the amount of food consumed during a meal. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of vision on the microstructure of eating behavior and the subjective motivation to eat.Research Methods and Procedures: Nine blind subjects and nine matched seeing control subjects consumed a standardized meal registered by VIKTOR, an eating monitor, measuring the microstructure of the eating behavior. The eating behavior of the control subjects was registered twice, with and without blindfold.Results: The eating behavior of the blind subjects did not differ from that of seeing control subjects. However, the eating behavior of seeing subjects eating with blindfold demonstrated a clear impact of vision on eating behavior. When blindfolded, subjects ate 22% less food (p < 0.05), had shorter meal durations (p < 0.05), and had less decelerated eating curves (p < 0.05). Despite a smaller amount of food consumed when blindfolded, the reported feeling of fullness was identical to that reported after the larger meal consumed without blindfold.Discussion: The importance of vision in regulating our eating behavior is further stressed in this study. Eating with a blindfold decreased the intake of food, without making subjects feel less full. Eating blindfolded, therefore, may force subjects to rely more on internal signals. These results might be used as an aid in the development of new treatment strategies for obese subjects.
Quality of Life after Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Dymek Maureen P. , Le Grange Daniel , Neven Kim , Alverdy John 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Numerous reports document significant weight loss after gastric bypass; however, there is little objective data on postsurgical changes in health‐related quality of life (HRQL).Research Methods and Procedures: This study examined HRQL in four groups of patients: presurgery (T1), several weeks postsurgery (T2), 6 months postsurgery (T3), and 1 year postsurgery (T4). Subjects were given three HRQL measures: the short form 36 (SF‐36), the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life‐Lite Questionnaire (IWQOL‐Lite), and the Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System (BAROS). Subjects also completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (RSE).Results: There were no significant differences among the groups on demographics or presurgical body mass index. Results showed significant differences between T1 and T2 on several SF‐36 and IWQOL‐Lite subscales, as well as the RSE and BDI. Significant differences were found on all measures between T2 and T3. Significant differences were found on all subscales of the IWQOL‐Lite, but no subscales of the SF‐36, the RSE, or the BDI between T3 and T4.Discussion: This study is the first to objectively document these differences in several objective measures of HRQL, depression, and self‐esteem after gastric bypass in a large sample. It is notable that many differences are apparent within several weeks after surgery. Furthermore, results indicate that the IWQOL‐Lite may be more sensitive than the SF‐36 to the changes of quality of life that gastric bypass patients report.
Ethnic Comparison of Weight Loss in the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly
Authors: Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Espeland Mark A. , Bahnson Judy L. , Bottom Juliene B. , Charleston Jeanne B. , Folmar Steve , Wilson Alan C. , Whelton Paul K. ,   TONE Cooperative Research Group
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:To compare weight loss in blacks and whites in the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly (TONE).Research Methods and Procedures:TONE enrolled 421 overweight white and 164 overweight black adults, 60 to 79 years old, with blood pressure well‐controlled on a single, antihypertensive drug. Drug therapy withdrawal was attempted 3 months after randomization to counseling for weight loss, sodium reduction, both weight loss and sodium reduction, or to usual care, with follow‐up for 15 to 36 months after enrollment. Statistical procedures included repeated measures analysis of covariance and logistic and proportional hazards regression.Results:In the weight‐loss condition, net weight change (in kilograms) was −2.7 in blacks and −5.9 in whites (p< 0.001; ethnic difference,p= 0.0002) at 6 months and −2.0 (p< 0.05) in blacks and −4.9 (p< 0.001) in whites at the end of follow‐up (ethnic difference,p= 0.007). In weight/sodium, net weight change was −2.1 (p< 0.01) in blacks and −2.8 (p< 0.001) in whites at 6 months, and −1.9 in blacks and −1.7 in whites at the end of follow‐up (p< 0.05; ethnic difference,p> 0.5). Exploratory analyses suggested a more favorable pattern of weight change in blacks than in whites from 6 months onward. There was no ethnic difference in blood pressure outcomes.Discussion:Whites lost more weight than blacks without, but not with, a concurrent focus on sodium reduction.
Impact of Visceral Fat on Blood Pressure and Insulin Sensitivity in Hypertensive Obese Women
Authors: Faria Alessandra Nunes , Filho Fernando Flexa Ribeiro , Ferreira Sandra Roberta Gouveia , Zanella Maria Teresa 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The relationship among body fat distribution, blood pressure, serum leptin levels, and insulin resistance was investigated in hypertensive obese women with central distribution of fat.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 74 hypertensive women (age, 49.8 ± 7.5 years; body mass index, 39.1 ± 5.5 kg/m2; waist‐to‐hip ratio, 0.96 ± 0.08). All patients were submitted to 24‐hour blood pressure ambulatory monitoring (24h‐ABPM). Abdominal ultrasonography was used to estimate the amount of visceral fat (VF). Fasting blood samples were obtained for serum leptin and insulin determinations. Insulin resistance was estimated by homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA‐r index).Results: Sixty‐four percent of the women were postmenopausal, and all patients showed central distribution of fat (waist‐to‐hip ratio > 0.85). The VF correlated with systolic 24h‐ABPM values (r = 0.28, p = 0.01) and with HOMA‐r index (r = 0.27; p = 0.01). VF measurement (7.5 ± 2.3 vs. 5.9 ± 2.2 cm, p < 0.001) and the systolic 24h‐ABPM (133 ± 14.5 vs. 126 ± 9.8 mm Hg, p = 0.04), but not HOMA‐r index, were significantly higher in the postmenopausal group (n = 48) than in the premenopausal group (n = 26). No correlations were observed between blood pressure levels and HOMA‐r index, leptin, or insulin levels. In the multiple regression analysis, visceral fat, but not age, body fat mass, or HOMA‐r index, correlated with the 24h‐ABPM (p = 0.003).Discussion: In centrally obese hypertensive women, the accumulation of VF, more often after menopause, is associated with higher levels of blood pressure and insulin resistance. The mechanism through which VF contributes to higher blood pressure levels seems to be independent of leptin or insulin levels.
Metabolic Response to a Mixed Meal in Obese and Lean Women from Two South African Populations
Authors: Punyadeera Chamindie , Crowther Nigel J. , van der Merwe Maria‐Terésa , Toman Marketa , Immelman Andrew Ronnie , Schlaphoff Glen P. , Gray Ian Peter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Lower lipid and insulin levels are found during a glucose‐tolerance test in obese black than obese white South African women. Therefore, β‐cell function and lipid metabolism were compared in these populations during a mixed meal.Research Methods and Procedures: Blood concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids (FFAs), insulin, lipograms, and in vivo FFA oxidation were determined at fasting and for 7 hours after oral administration of a mixed emulsion containing glucose‐casein‐sucrose‐lipid and [1‐13C] palmitic acid in 8 lean black women (LBW), 10 obese black women (OBW), 9 lean white women (LWW), and 10 obese white women (OWW). Subcutaneous and visceral fat mass was assessed by computerized tomography.Results: Visceral fat area was higher in OWW (152.7 ± 17.0 cm2) than OBW (80.0 ± 6.7 cm2; p < 0.01). In OBW, 30‐minute insulin levels were higher (604.3 ± 117.6 pM) than OWW (311.0 ± 42.9 pM; p < 0.05). Total triglyceride was higher in OWW (706.7 ± 96.0 mM × 7 hours) than OBW (465.7 ± 48.2 mM × 7 hours; p < 0.05) and correlated with visceral fat area (β = 0.38, p = 0.05). Palmitate oxidation was higher in lean than obese women in both ethnic groups and correlated negatively with fat mass (β = −0.58, p < 0.005).Discussion: The higher 30‐minute insulin response in OBW may reflect a higher insulinotropic effect of FFAs or glucose. The elevated triglyceride level of OWW may be due to their higher visceral fat mass and possibly reduced clearance by adipose tissue.
Pleiotropic Relationships between Cortisol Levels and Adiposity: The HERITAGE Family Study
Authors: Feitosa Mary F. , Rice Treva , Rosmond Roland , Rankinen Tuomo , Leon Arthur S. , Skinner James S. , Wilmore Jack H. , Bouchard Claude , Rao D. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate familial basis for the relationship between cortisol adiposity at baseline and their training responses.Research Methods and Procedures: Bivariate correlation and segregation analyses were employed between cortisol and several adiposity measures [body mass index, fat mass (FM), fat‐free mass, percentage of body fat (% BF), abdominal visceral fat (AVF), abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASF), and abdominal total fat (ATF)] from 99 white families and 105 black families.Results: In both races, significant inverse phenotypic correlations were generally observed between cortisol and adiposity measures at baseline but not for training responses. Significant cross‐trait familial correlations were found for cortisol with abdominal fat (ASF, AVF, ATF) and overall body adiposity (FM, % BF) measures at baseline, which accounted for 14% to 20% of the phenotypic variance in whites. The cross‐trait correlations were not significant for baseline phenotypes in blacks, perhaps because of the small sample size. A bivariate segregation analysis showed evidence of polygenic pleiotropy for cortisol with both abdominal fat and overall adiposity measures that accounted for 14% to 17% of the phenotypic covariance, but major gene pleiotropy was not suggested in whites. However, when ASF, AVF, and ATF were additionally adjusted for FM, no familial cross‐trait correlations or polygenic pleiotropy between cortisol and the abdominal fat measures remained.Discussion: Evidence was found for polygenic pleiotropy but not for pleiotropic major gene effects between cortisol and overall adiposity in whites. However, the covariation of cortisol with abdominal fat phenotypes is dependent on concomitant polygenic factors for total‐body fat.
Dopamine Transporter Genotype as a Risk Factor for Obesity in African‐American Smokers
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Jaroni Jodie L. , Paluch Rocco A. , Leddy John J. , Vahue Holly E. , Hawk Larry , Wileyto E. Paul , Shields Peter G. , Lerman Caryn 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the association between a polymorphism related to dopamine function, dopamine transport (SLC6A3), and obesity in smokers.Research Methods and Procedures: Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between this genetic polymorphism and obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) from a sample of 510 smokers who smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day and who were participating in a study designed to examine genetic and nongenetic predictors of response to a pharmacological treatment.Results: The likelihood of obesity in African Americans (N = 90) with the 10/10 SLC6A3 genotype was 5.16 times that of African Americans with 9/9 or 9/10 SLC6A3 genotypes (odds ratio = 5.16, confidence interval = 1.60 to 16.65). There was no association of the SLC6A3 genotype with obesity for non‐Hispanic whites (N = 420).Discussion: These results suggest that variants of the dopamine transporter gene may be related to obesity in African‐American smokers. Possible mechanisms responsible for the association between dopamine transport and obesity in African‐American smokers are discussed.
Abdominal Obesity and Ethnic Differences in Diabetes Awareness, Treatment, and Glycemic Control
Authors: Okosun Ike S. , Dever G.E. Alan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare racial/ethnic differences in diabetes awareness, treatment, and glycemic control between non‐Hispanic white, non‐Hispanic black, and Hispanic Americans. We also determined the impact of abdominal obesity on racial/ethnic differences in diabetes awareness, treatment, and glycemic control between these population groups.Research Methods and Procedures: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) data were utilized for this study. Diabetes awareness was defined as acknowledging diabetic status. Diabetes treatment was defined as current use of anti‐diabetic medications, good glycemic control as HbA1c < 8%, and abdominal obesity as waist circumference larger than expected. The impacts of abdominal obesity on racial/ethnic differences in diabetes awareness, treatment, and glycemic control were assessed using logistic regression analyses. Adjustments were made for age, education, smoking, alcohol intake, and health insurance.Results: Rates of diabetes awareness in whites, blacks, and Hispanics suffering from abdominal obesity were ∼74%, 30%, and 21% in men and 77%, 32%, and 19% in women, respectively. Rates of diabetes treatment were 70%, 23%, and 14% in men and 57%, 45%, and 23% in women, respectively. In men, rates of glycemic control were 64%, 40%, and 30%, and in women, they were 62%, 51%, and 27%, respectively. Abdominal obesity was associated with decreased diabetes awareness and glycemic control in women.Discussion: Subjects with abdominal obesity were found to have poorer glycemic controls compared to those without abdominal obesity. Because diabetes prevalences were partially explained by racial/ethnic differences in diabetes awareness, treatment, and glycemic control, there is a need to craft diabetes awareness, treatment, and control programs along racial/ethnic origins.
Development and Validation of the Food‐Craving Inventory
Authors: White Marney A. , Whisenhunt Brooke L. , Williamson Donald A. , Greenway Frank L. , Netemeyer Richard G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The primary aim of this study was to develop and validate the Food‐Craving Inventory (FCI), a self‐report measure of specific food cravings.Research Methods and Procedures: In a preliminary study, participants (n = 474) completed the initial version of the FCI. The results from this study were used in developing the revised FCI. Participants (n = 379) completed the revised FCI in the primary study designed to develop a self‐report measure of specific food cravings.Results: Common factor analysis yielded four conceptual factors (subscales) that were interpreted as high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast‐food fats. Confirmatory factor analysis found that the four factors could be modeled as dimensions (or first‐order factors) of a higher order construct—food craving. Test–retest and internal consistency analyses indicated good reliability for the total score and each of the subscales. Subscale scores were compared with scores on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and a conceptual measure of food craving. We found support for the content, concurrent, construct, and discriminant validity of the FCI.Discussion: The FCI was found to be a reliable and valid measure of general and specific food cravings. The FCI can be used in research related to overeating and binge eating. Also, it may be useful in treatment studies that target obesity and/or food cravings.
Cost of In‐Patient Care over 7 Years among Surgically and Conventionally Treated Obese Patients
Authors: Ågren Göran , Narbro Kristina , Jonsson Egon , Näslund Ingmar , Sjöström Lars , Peltonen Markku 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Bariatric surgery improves cardiovascular risk factors and quality of life, but few studies have directly addressed the relation between obesity treatment and hospitalization costs. This prospective controlled study compares in‐patient care between surgically and conventionally treated obese patients.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 962 surgically and conventionally treated obese patients from the intervention study, Swedish Obese Subjects, were followed for 6 years. Changes in days of hospitalization and hospitalization costs were analyzed. Information on hospitalizations for each subject were obtained from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register.Results: After 6 years, weight change was −16.7% in the surgical group and +0.9% in the control group (p < 0.0001). The cumulated hospital stay over 6 years was 23.4 days in the surgical group and 6.9 days in the control group (p < 0.0001). The average hospital cost for the surgical intervention was US$4300. Incremental costs that could be attributable to obesity surgery averaged US$1200 per year. After exclusion of hospitalizations for the surgical intervention and conditions common after bariatric surgery, there were no significant differences between the groups in number of hospital days or hospitalization costs.Discussion: Our experience from bariatric surgery indicates that average weight reductions of 16% will not reduce hospitalization costs over 6 years. Costs of bariatric surgery are limited and seem to be motivated given the marked improvements of cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac structure, and function and health‐related quality of life.
CART Gene Promoter Transcription Is Regulated by a Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element
Authors: Barrett Perry , Davidson Jane , Morgan Peter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To define the regulatory DNA sequence controlling the expression of the cocaine‐amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) gene expression.Research Methods and Procedures: A rat genomic library was screened for genomic clones containing the CART gene and upstream DNA sequence. A clone containing exons 1 and 2 of the rat CART gene plus 1.2 kb of upstream sequence was isolated. The 1.2‐kb upstream sequence and truncated segments of this sequence were cloned into a luciferase reporter vector for analysis of transcriptional activity in the CART expressing pituitary GH3 cell line. Luciferase reporter assays, gel shift assays, and site‐directed mutagenesis were used to analyze potential regulatory regions in the 1.2‐kb 5′ DNA sequence.Results: Sequence analysis of the 1.2‐kb upstream sequence reveals several potential regulatory elements. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrate that within the first 162 bp of the start codon is a functional cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element that can induce cAMP‐regulated gene expression of the CART promoter in GH3 cells. Mutation of this positive control plasmid construct response element abolishes cAMP‐stimulated transcription. Furthermore, the promoter is active in a neuronal cell line where it also demonstrates cAMP responsiveness.Discussion: cAMP‐mediated transcription of the CART promoter may be an important aspect of the regulation of the CART gene. However, the cellular context of expression is also important because the CART promoter is not responsive to cAMP stimulation in all cell types. Other transcription factor binding sequences are likely to play a key role in CART promoter regulation.