bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Head and neck irradiation in childhood: Increased risk of developing thyroid disease
Authors: Sako Kumao 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA nodule of the thyroid in a patient with a history of prior irradiation to the head and neck area in childhood is more likely to be malignant than a nodule in the general populationThirty‐two of 144 such patients (22%) who came to surgery were found to have a carcinoma of the thyroid. A relative short‐term (6 mo) trial with suppressive therapy with a thyroactive agent may be helpful in selecting out those nodules that may be malignantAlthough considerable controversy continues to exist as to the proper surgical treatment, our current surgical management involves performing a total extracapsular thyroidectomy.
Role of thyroid stimulating hormone suppression in the management of thyroid cancer
Authors: Thomas Colin G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWell‐differentiated thyroid cancers (papillary, follicular, and some Hurthle cell tumors) contain membrane receptors for TSH. Responsiveness of these tumors to TSH stimuli is documented by increased radioactive iodine uptake, secretion of thyroglobulin, increase in thyroid size, and potential progression to an anaplastic type. Although TSH suppression has a variable effect on the growth of existing tumors and the incidence of recurrent disease, there is a sound rationale for long‐term TSH suppression in all patients with differentiated tumors of the thyroid. The ultrasensitive TSH test permits ready monitoring of the adequacy of thyroxine dosage. The cost is minimal (approximately. 10/day) and the risks are negligible if one assumes the avoidance of hyperthyroxinemia.
Follow‐up of patients after primary colorectal cancer resection
Authors: Pommier Rodney , Woltering Eugene A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImproved survival rates for patients with colorectal cancer may depend on early detection of metachronous colon lesions and early detection of distant disease. Frequent serial CEA determinations and history and physical examination are the two most useful techniques for diagnosing early recurrent disease. Colonoscopy rarely detects early recurrent disease but is useful in finding metachronous colon lesions. Other radiographic and hematologic examinations have an extremely low yield and should be used to localize and stage disease discovered by other means. Simplified follow‐up can be expected to minimize early detection of recurrent and metachronous lesions yet offers minimal patient risk and expense.
Imaging prior to second‐look surgery for carcinoma
Authors: Bennett William F. , Bova James G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTechnical advances in imaging are barely keeping pace with the need for detailed pre‐operative imaging in second‐look surgery. Although the majority of intra‐abdominal recurrence can be detected at surgery, pre‐operative knowledge of possible sites of involvement will provide more efficient use of operative time. Dynamic incremental bolus CT is the modality of choice when evaluating these patients, even though magnetic resonance imaging is approaching, and may exceed, computed tomography in utility in the abdomen. Monoclonal antibody radioimmunoscintigraphy is useful for extra‐abdominal sites of recurrence. Further technical advancement is needed to make it useful in the abdomen.
Excision of pulmonary metastasis of colorectal cancer
Authors: Murray Kevin D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMetastasis of colorectal cancer to the lung is a frequent occurrence. Resection of pulmonary metastasis provides the only effective treatment. The initial detection of disease is usually with a chest radiograph. A CAT scan determines the number of lesions, resectability and other metastatic disease. Candidates for surgical excision are those patients with completely resectable singular, multiple, and bilateral metastasis, and those with metachronous liver lesions excised for cure. Exposure of unilateral disease is via a thoracotomy and of bilateral disease via a sternotomy. Metastatic lesions are removed by wedge resection with conservation of lung tissue. Postoperative recovery is usually rapid with low morbidity and mortality. Long‐term success for these resections remains controversial.
Impact of radioimmunoguided surgery®
Authors: La Valle Gregory J. , Chevinsky Aaron , Martin Edward W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRadioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS®) is a technique employed to locate tumor deposits with the aid of intravenously injected, tumor‐specific, radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies and a small gamma detecting device. The gamma detecting probe (GDP) is a small, portable unit which has the capacity to be used intraoperatively to survey the entire peritoneal surface for increased radioactivity indicative of targeted tumor tissue during abdominal exploration for colorectal cancer. Trials in humans have demonstrated the ability of this system to locate clinically nonpalpable tumor deposits in patients undergoing carcinoembryonic antigen second‐look laparotomies. This feature may be of value in improving the definition of tumor location and extent as well as allowing a more thorough resection of tumor‐bearing tissue to be performed and hopefully improving overall patient survival.
Second‐look surgery for recurrent colorectal carcinoma: Is it worthwhile?
Authors: Bleday Ronald , Steele Glenn 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSecond‐look surgery for recurrent colorectal carcinoma has been advocated for over four decades. Routine follow‐up procedures gave way to clinically directed or carcinoembryonic (CEA)‐directed procedures in the mid‐1970's. In this paper, we review the results of second‐look surgery for recurrent colorectal carcinoma and ask the question, “Is it worthwhile?” Excluding surgery for symptomatic patients, we conclude that second‐look surgery should only be performed for recurrent colorectal carcinoma with the intent of rendering the patient disease‐free. Without effective systemic therapy, “palliative” or “debulking” procedures probably do not increase survival. The most likely candidates for such a curative approach with second‐look surgery are those with isolated liver, pulmonary, and, less frequently, regional recurrences.
Active specific immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy in the treatment of lung and colon cancer
Authors: Hollinshead Ariel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this seminar, we describe 1) the immunogen TAA used for lung cancer immunotherapy and the immunogen TAA used for colon cancer immunotherapy, 2) the methods used in the administration of these immunogens in clinical trials of specific active TAA immunotherapy, 3) the results of clinical trials of specific active immunotherapy for lung cancer and for colon cancer patients, 4) the results of immune response monitoring evaluations, and what they indicate, and 5) the way in which certain drugs, selected for their action in the immune system, may be synergistic with specific active TAA immunotherapy, in combination therapy, especially for resected patients of later stages.
Immunotherapy of breast cancer: A review of the development of cell‐specific therapy
Authors: Lytle Glenn H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA brief history of immunotherapy for breast cancer is presented, with emphasis on how theories developed as the field of immunology became more sophisticated. Non‐specific therapies, such as Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin, levamisole, interferon, interleukin, and others are reviewed. A form of cell‐specific immunotherapy is then presented, and some current results are summarized. Problems and proposals for the future development of immunotherapy for breast cancer are then presented.
Surgical considerations in needle localization procedures
Authors: Depalo Angelo J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere is an increasing need for needle localization biopsies. Cancers so detected are usually at an earlier stage and should result in an increased cure rate. The surgeon involved in these procedures should, of necessity, be proficient in evaluating mammographic abnormalities, since there is considerable variation in the way they are reported by various radiologists. Localization can be accomplished with various hooked wires or dye, but accuracy of placement is more important than the method used and this point is well understood by cooperative radiologists. Since 70–80% of these lesions will be benign, cosmesis should be kept in mind. Incisions should be placed centrally, if possible, and the volume excised should be minimal and not lead to deformity. When poorly localized, excision of these lesions can be a trying experience for the experienced surgeon.
Pathological assessment of nonpalpable breast lesions
Authors: Rosen Paul Peter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEffective pathological examination of breast specimens from patients with nonpalpable radiologically detected lesions requires close cooperation among the pathologist, surgeon, and radiologist. Whenever possible, excision of the lesion should be documented by specimen radiography of the intact excisional biopsy. Diagnosis of the lesion and evaluation of margins should be based on permanent paraffin sections. Frozen section examination is not recommended routinely but may be employed in exceptional circumstances. Thermal damage to the tissue caused by electrocautery scalpels can reduce hormone receptor levels and can interfere with histological diagnosis.
Management of the high‐risk patient
Authors: Sclafani Lisa 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhile breast cancer is affecting American women at an epidemic rate, certain patients are identified as being at particularly high risk because of environmental, endocrine, genetic, and pathologic risk factors. Risk assessment, dietary, and psychological counseling, as well as breast cancer screening, are the function of a high‐risk breast cancer program. Our own program is discussed.
Primary treatment for breast cancer
Authors: Kinne David W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdequate local‐regional treatment of patients with primary operable breast cancer involves controlling multicentric disease in the breast, and axillary dissection to stage the disease and control it in the axilla, when present. Two options, showing equal survival rates in prospective, randomized studies, are breast preservation and mastectomy. In breast preservation, adequate tumor excision with clear histologic margins and axillary dissection is followed by breast irradiation. The mastectomy option involves no radiation therapy and can be followed by reconstruction. Careful selection of patients and detailed description of the pros and cons of each approach should be undertaken on an individual basis.
Salvage mastectomy
Authors: Osborne Michael P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLocal‐regional relapse after breast‐conserving surgery and radiation therapy is operable and not associated with concurrent distant metastases in most cases. Salvage mastectomy results in local‐regional control for most patients. The extent of the surgery relates to the extent of the local‐regional recurrence and does not carry an increased complication rate. The outcome of salvage mastectomy depends on the disease‐free interval from initial breast‐conserving surgery and radiation therapy to local‐regional recurrence. Additional factors, such as the extent and histologic type of the recurrence, as well as the axillary lymph node status, either at the time of initial breast conservation or at salvage mastectomy, may influence outcome and require further studyProspective trials are required to determine the safety of further breast‐conserving surgery after local‐regional relapse and the role of systemic therapy in improving postsalvage survival.
Bilateral breast cancer
Authors: Fracchia Alfred A. , Borgen Patrick I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBilateral breast cancer has a cumulative incidence of 7% to 20% in patients with primary operable breast cancer, and the majority of these lesions are metachronous. A consensus on the management of the contralateral breast has been elusive. Much of the confusion arises from the fact that there exist marked differences of opinion regarding the impact of a second primary breast cancer on the overall prognosis. The risk of developing a contralateral breast cancer is influenced by the age of the patient, the presence of in situ disease, lobular histology of this new lesion, multicentricity, exposure to certain types of ionizing irradiation, and, possibly, family history of breast cancer. Management options include observation (clinical and mammographic surveillance), contralateral biopsy, and, rarely, prophylactic mastectomy. It is hoped that trials of breast cancer prevention, employing drugs such as tamoxifen, will identify agents capable of abrogating the risk of contralateral breast cancer and improve the ultimate outcome.
Male breast cancer
Authors: Borgen Patrick I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBreast cancer in the male is an uncommon disease, occurring less than 1% as often as in females. Because of its rarity, this disease has not been as extensively studied as its female counterpart. Male breast cancer is evaluated and managed in a fashion very similar to that for female breast cancer. Primary management in early stage disease is usually a modified radical mastectomy. First line hormonal therapy for metastatic disease, in our institution, is tamoxifen for patients with positive estrogen receptors. Second line therapy consists of progestins or antiandrogens/LHRH analogs. No firm recommendations can be made concerning adjuvant systemic therapy. However, it is likely that studies from female patients are adaptable. Unfortunately, carcinoma of the male breast is such an infrequently encountered tumor that unfamiliarity with the disease can lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment. An increased awareness of the disease may be expected to result in earlier detection and institution of therapy at a stage when cure may be possible.
Psychological reactions to breast cancer in the pre‐ and post‐surgical treatment period
Authors: Massie Mary Jane , Holland Jimmie C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBreast cancer has been widely studied with respect to its psychological impact because it is a disease which threatens an organ that is intimately associated with self‐image, self‐esteem, sexuality, femininity, and reproductive and nurturing capacity. Breast cancer is a significant stress for any woman; however, women vary widely in their response to diagnosis and treatment. In this manuscript we review the following issues: social, psychological, and medical variables that contribute to the psychological response, and the usual responses of women in the pre‐ and postsurgical treatment period.
Prolonged survival of stomach cancer patients after extensive surgery and adjuvant treatment: An overview of the japanese experience
Authors: Inokuchi Kiyoshi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe 5‐year survival rate of resected stomach cancer patients, which had been nearly 20% or less in the 1950s, has now been increased to more than 60%. Such a remarkable improvement was analyzed from the data of the National Registry or of the nationwide cohort studies. Standardization of the operative method involving extensive lymph node dissection, which has prevailed since the mid‐1960s, was the leading factor in this improvement. Development of improved techniques for early diagnosis increased the rate of detection of early cancer and the rate of early cancer per resected cases amounts to more than 30% in major institutions as of 1981. Adjuvant chemo‐immuno‐therapy administered over a long postoperative period was confirmed to elevate the cure rate substantially. As new anticancer drugs recently developed in Japan, UFT (Uracil/Tegafur mixture) and HCFU (Carmoful) were introduced. Optional use of regional therapy such as arterial infusion chemotherapy or intracavital biological response modifiers (BRM) injection are among the latest treatment possibilities.
Recurrence of early gastric cancer
Authors: Furusawa Motonosuke , Notsuka Takayuki , Tomoda Hirotsugu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe investigated the postoperative deaths and recurrence among 673 patients with early gastric cancer who had undergone gastric resection at the National Kyushu Cancer Center Hospital from March 1972 to December 1988. The mode and time of recurrence were assessed with reference to the clinicopathological findings at initial surgery.Fifteen patients (2.2%) died of cancer recurrence, and 18 patients (2.7%) developed recurrence (3 patients are currently alive after reoperation). A comparison of modes of recurrence revealed that the incidence of hematogenous recurrence was the highest with nine cases, followed by recurrence in the remnant stomach in three cases and by local, lymph node, and peritoneal recurrences in two cases each. Twelve patients developed recurrence within 5 years after operation (early recurrence) and six patients after 5 years (late recurrence). Cases positive for cancer cell invasion into intralesional veins at initial surgery had a significantly higher recurrence rate than negative cases (P <0.001). Thus, venous invasion was the most important factor for the development of recurrence in the patients with early gastric cancer.
Improvement in treatment results of gastric cancer with surgery and chemotherapy: Experience of 9,700 cases in the cancer institute hospital, Tokyo
Authors: Nakajima Toshifusa , Nishi Mitsumasa , Kajitani Tamaki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTreatment results of 9,741 cases of gastric cancer treated at the Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo during the past 42 years were retrospectively analyzed. Resectability was 89.6% (94.1% for 1960–1988) and operative mortality was 1.9% (1.5% for 1960–1988). Five‐year survival rate was 48.5% (54.9% for 1960–1988) for all cases, 68.8% (73.1% for 1960–1988) for patients with curative surgery, and 4.7% (4.9% for 1960–1988) for those with noncurative surgery. Curative rate was improved twofold among patients with curative gastrectomy. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy had a marginal benefit for stage II and III disease. Improvement could be attributed mainly to the relative in crease in early gastric cancer, and partly to the extended surgeries for stage III and IV cases, such as systemic lymphadenectomy and combined resection of involved adjacent organs. Multimodality therapy is expected to control the relapse of peritoneal dissemination (14.2%) and hematogenous metastasis (8.9%).
Survival results depend on the staging system
Authors: Henson Donald Earl , Ries Lynn , Shambaugh Evelyn M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe results of expressing patient outcome are compared using two staging systems: localized, regional, and distant (LRD) and the TNM of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Expressing patient outcome depends on the staging system used. There is overlap between the stage definitions of the LRD and the TNM. A single stage in the LRD may include more than one stage grouping of the TNM and vice versa. For most sites, “localized” provides lower survival rates than stage I of the TNM. The TNM provides more precise information about prognosis because its definitions reflect the latest survival information and diagnostic technology. Time trends can be measured only with the LRD because of its stability over the years. The precision of the TNM has been achieved at the expense of time trend analysis. The LRD is usually not an acceptable end point for the assessment of early cancer detection. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Staging of colorectal cancer
Authors: Williams Shauna T. , Beart Robert W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA chronological overview of the various staging systems for colorectal cancer is presented in an effort to demonstrate the reason for the current state of confusion. The Dukes 1932 system is considered to be the gold standard because of its simplicity and accuracy and is the system most often referred to in the literature. Number of positive nodes and depth of invasion are two variables that have been found to be predictors of survival. In the future, other prognostic factors such as nuclear morphology, flow cytometric characteristics, histological grade, and vascular or lymphatic invasion may also be entered into the staging equation. Use of the TNM system at this time is recommended since it most completely describes appropriate prognostic factors and allows conversion of other staging systems into a common format. Future modifications could logically evolve from the TNM system. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser and photodynamic therapy of esophageal cancer
Authors: Overholt Bergein F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWith proper selection of patients with non‐operative esophageal cancer, palliative therapy with Nd:YAG laser enhances the quality of life by improving the patient's ability to swallow soft or solid food. Also, the use of non‐thermal laser light to initiate the process of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an additional laser technique that appears effective, not just in palliative treatment, but also in the cure of early esophageal cancer. For PDT, considerable work will be necessary to provide standard techniques in tumor staging, light and drug delivery and in light dosimetry. Ultimately, palliative and curative therapy of esophageal cancer will most likely incorporate multiple modalities, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, stents, laser and other thermal modalities, photodynamic therapy, and combinations of these methods.
Current role of laser and photodynamic therapy in gastrointestinal tumors and analysis of a 10‐year experience
Authors: Spinelli Pasquale , Fante Marco Dal , Mancini Andrea 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLaser energy can be used for a variety of neoplastic diseases including benign tumors, early stage malignancies, and advanced carcinomas, either with curative intent or for palliation. Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation of 168 colorectal adenomas allowed a complete eradication in 70% of cases, after a mean follow‐up of 22 months. Advanced and obstructing tumors were treated with Nd:YAG laser to recanalize the lumen. In the upper gastrointestinal tract the recanalization of the lumen by means of laser photocoagulation improved the quality of life and survival. In fact, in our series of 308 patients treated, 1‐year survival was 23% in recanalized patients and 7% in nonrecanalized patients.In the lower gastrointestinal tract, 289 cancer patients were treated and an amelioration of symptoms related to the obstruction was obtained in 93%). The current indication for photodynamic therapy is mainly the treatment of flat or ulcerative early stage tumors in the esophagus and stomach of high risk patients. Out of 17 patients treated, 14 were locally cured.
Photodynamic therapy for thoracic malignancies
Authors: Pass Harvey I. , Pogrebniak Helen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is an experimental form of cancer therapy which employs photoactivation of a sensitizing chemical by light of a given wavelength via the production of toxic oxygen species. PDT causes local destruction of cancer, and relies on a therapeutic index between normal and malignant tissue since the latter seems to selectively retain the sensitizer. PDT has both direct tumoricidal effects as well as indirect effects on tumor vasculature causing an early hemorrhagic necrosis of tissue. The treatment has been used for the treatment of endobronchial obstruction by primary and metastatic tumors. Most recently, trials are being performed to evaluate this therapy as a surgical adjunct in the treatment of pleural malignancies such as mesothelioma.