bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Online trace enrichment to determine pyrethroids in river water by HPLC with column switching and photochemical induced fluorescence detection
Authors: Martínez Galera Maria , Barranco Martínez Dolores , Parrilla Vázquez Piedad , Gil García Maria Dolores 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe potential of online trace enrichment on a highly apolar short column in LC was evaluated for the determination of pyrethroids in river water. Twelve millilitres of water samples, modified with 8 mL ACN (ACN/water 40 : 60, v/v), were passed through 50×4.6 mm ID first separation column packed with 5 μm Hypersil Elite C18. Pesticides were preconcentrated in this column while the matrix background was eluted to waste. Separation of pesticides was performed on a 3.5 μm symmetric C18 column (250×4.6 mm ID) with an ACN step gradient as mobile phase and fluorescence detection was used after postcolumn derivatization by using UV light. The use of photochemically induced fluorescence for detection improved sensitivity and selectivity. Quantification limits ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 μg/L and pesticide recoveries at two concentration levels (0.1 and 0.5 μg/L) were between 93.1 and 118.6%, with RSD between 2.5 and 7.5% (n = 3) in river water samples. No matrix effect was detected.
Process Optimization and Empirical Modeling for Electrospun Poly(D,L‐lactide) Fibers using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Gu Shu‐Ying , Ren Jie 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSummary: Ultrafine fibers were spun from poly(D,L‐lactide) (PDLA) solution using a homemade electrospinning set‐up. Fibers with diameter ranging from 350 to 1 900 nm were obtained. Morphologies of fibers and distribution of fiber diameters were investigated varying concentration and applied voltage by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Average fiber diameter and distribution were determined from about 100 measurements of the random fibers with an image analyzer (SemAfore 5.0, JEOL). A more systematic understanding of process parameters of the electrospinning was obtained and a quantitative relationship between electrospinning parameters and average fiber diameter was established by response surface methodology (RSM). It was concluded that the concentration of polymer solution played an important role in the diameter of fibers and standard deviation of fiber diameter. Lower concentration tended to facilitate the formation of bead‐on‐string structures. Fiber diameter tended to increase with polymer concentration and decrease with applied voltage. Fibers with lower variation in diameter can be obtained at lower concentration regardless of applied voltage. Fibers with uniform diameter and lower variation in diameter can be obtained at higher concentration and higher applied voltage. Process conditions for electrospinning of PDLA could be chosen according to the model in this study.Contour plots of average fiber diameter as a function of concentration and applied voltage.imageContour plots of average fiber diameter as a function of concentration and applied voltage.
Parkinson's disease and LRRK2: Frequency of a common mutation in U.S. movement disorder clinics
Authors: Kay Denise M. , Zabetian Cyrus P. , Factor Stewart A. , Nutt John G. , Samii Ali , Griffith Alida , Bird Tom D. , Kramer Patricia , Higgins Donald S. , Payami Haydeh 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 gene is reportedly a common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and may also have a significant role in nonfamilial PD. The objective of this study was to assess mutation carrier frequency in PD patients from movement disorder clinics in the United States, stratified by family history, age at onset, and geography; to determine carrier frequency in a large and well‐characterized control population; to examine segregation of mutation in families of patients; and to correlate genotype with clinical phenotype. One thousand four hundred twenty‐five unrelated PD patients from movement disorder clinics in Oregon, Washington, and New York and 1,647 unrelated controls were studied. The G2019S mutation was detected using a TaqMan assay and verified by sequencing. Eighteen of 1,425 patients and one of 1,647 controls had the mutation. Carrier frequency (± 2SE) in patients was 0.013 ± 0.006 overall, 0.030 ± 0.019 in familial PD, 0.007 ± 0.005 in nonfamilial PD, 0.016 ± 0.013 in early‐onset PD, and 0.012 ± 0.007 in late‐onset PD. Geographic differences were insignificant. Age at onset of mutation carriers ranged from 28 to 71 years. Mutation carriers were clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic PD. LRRK2 G2019S is the single most common pathogenic mutation linked to neurodegenerative disease to date. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
B0 and B1‐insensitive uniform T1‐weighting for quantitative, first‐pass myocardial perfusion magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kim Daniel , Cernicanu Alexandru , Axel Leon 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMyocardial perfusion can be estimated, in principle, from first‐pass MR images by converting the T1‐weighted signal–time curves to contrast agent concentration–time curves. Typically, T1 weighting is achieved by saturating the magnetization with a nonselective radiofrequency (RF) pulse prior to the imaging sequence. The accuracy of the perfusion estimate derived from the single‐point T1‐weighted signal depends on the initial residual longitudinal magnetization (RLM) produced by the saturation pulse. In this study we demonstrate that single‐shot, echo‐planar imaging can be used to show initial RLM resulting from incomplete saturation due to static magnetic field and RF field inhomogeneities in the heart at 1.5 T. Three saturation pulses, single, composite simple, and composite B1‐insensitive rotation (BIR‐4) were evaluated in phantom and cardiac experiments. The RLM image was calculated by normalizing the saturated image by a proton‐density‐weighted image. Mean RLM produced by the three saturation pulses was significantly different in noncontrast cardiac imaging (RLMsingle = 0.108 ± 0.078; RLMcomposite = 0.051 ± 0.052; RLMBIR‐4 = 0.011 ± 0.009; P < 0.001; n = 20). Using a BIR‐4 pulse to perform saturation of magnetization seems promising for improving the effectiveness and uniformity of T1 weighting for first‐pass perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel magnetic resonance imaging using the GRAPPA operator formalism
Authors: Griswold Mark A. , Blaimer Martin , Breuer Felix , Heidemann Robin M. , Mueller Matthias , Jakob Peter M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn this article it is shown that GRAPPA reconstruction can be reformulated as a matrix operator, similar to ladder or propagator operators used in quantum mechanics, that shifts data in k‐space. Using this formalism, it is shown that there exists an infinitesimal GRAPPA operator that shifts data in k‐space by arbitrarily small amounts. Other desired k‐space shifts can then be accomplished through repeated applications of this infinitesimal GRAPPA operator. Implications of these ideas are described. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis, design and optimization of structures using force method and genetic algorithm
Authors: Kaveh A. , Rahami H. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn the first part of this paper, the energy formulation of the force method is presented and analysis is performed using genetic algorithm. Two simple examples are provided to show the accuracy of the approach. In the second part, an efficient method is developed for designing structures with prescribed stress ratios for its members. The genetic algorithm performed very well and designs with specified stress ratios were achieved with a good convergence rate. A unit value of ci for all the members of a structure corresponds to the well known fully stressed design. In the third part, minimum weight design is formulated by the additional conditions being imposed on the design process. Again, genetic algorithm showed to be a powerful means for optimization. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumers' search behaviour for GM food information
Authors: Gao Ge , Veeman Michele , Adamowicz Wiktor 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

We report on the search for information on a genetically modified food by a sample of Canadian consumers. In the course of a computer‐based survey on consumer choices, some 445 respondents, drawn from a large representative panel of Canadian consumers, had the opportunity for voluntary access to information related to a genetically modified food through hyperlinks. Slightly less than half actually sought the information. The economic construct of benefit–cost reasoning was applied to assess possible reasons for the different patterns of information access seen in the study. Gender, employment status, rural or urban residency and the number of children in the household affected the probability that respondents would access information.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contaminated risk of GM crops: nationalism and the genetic modification debate
Authors: Hughes Emma 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

This paper examines the UK press coverage of genetically modified crops within the EU and explores how the theme of nationalism is utilized within the genetic modification (GM) debate. The way in which the EU is represented shifts, depending on whether it is being described in relation to the UK or the rest of the world (usually the USA). The EU is placed either as a threat to the UK, forcing genetically modified organisms into the country, or as a barrier, protecting UK citizens from the corrupt forces of the USA. This paper focuses on how countries and continents are constructed as being free of genetically modified organisms and how notions of nationalism and purity are used to achieve this. It argues that the way in which genetic modification is discussed often leads to an inherent but unintended xenophobic discourse. It is not just the mixing of genes that we are told to fear; the mixing of peoples is also alluded to. This paper explores the ways in which risks can be merged, as genetic modification specifically becomes linked to the asylum debate. Finally, the paper will discuss the dangers of contaminating the genetic modification debate with xenophobic arguments.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The GM foods debate in Europe: history, regulatory solutions, and consumer response research
Authors: Scholderer Joachim 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

The debate on genetically modified (GM) foods has been led on multiple levels in Europe, including such diverse frames of reference as economic policy and international trade, environmental risk, bioethics, consumer protection and food safety. The shifting frames of reference are traced over the past three decades, focusing on events leading up to the five‐year quasi‐moratorium on GM foods and its final lifting in 2004. While regulatory problems have been resolved, commercial actors in the food chain have done little to prepare themselves for the actual marketing of GM foods to European consumers. Relevant consumer research is reviewed, and a potential way forward for commercial actors is outlined. It is concluded that the conceptualization of GM foods should be turned back on its feet, understanding them as foods and not just as embodiments of technology.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementing the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol through national biosafety regulatory systems: an analysis of key unresolved issues
Authors: Jaffe Gregory 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

The Cartagena Biosafety Protocol is the primary driving force behind countries establishing national biosafety regulatory systems for genetically engineered crops and animals. That international agreement attempts to set forth the scientific and legal boundaries for those systems, and establish a minimum set of rules and procedures. This paper analyses whether the Protocol will achieve a degree of legal certainty in the field of biosafety regulations and some level of global harmonization. The paper concludes that, while the Protocol is a good model for certain portions of a national biosafety regulatory system, it provides little guidance on several issues key to biosafety regulation. The Protocol gives discretion to individual countries to decide on what the applicable safety standard should be, how to incorporate socioeconomic considerations, how to address food safety and how to incorporate public participation. The resolution of these four issues by each country could have a far greater influence than the Protocol itself on the nature of their national biosafety regulatory system.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communication dimensions of the UK foot and mouth disease crisis, 2001
Authors: Gregory Anne 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

The foot and mouth disease outbreak which started in February 2001 in the UK was the most severe civil crisis that had been seen in the UK since the Second World War. The crisis has been the subject of numerous reports, but this paper examines the communication dimensions of the outbreak, in particular the work of the Communications Directorate of the lead Government department, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (now the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). Within the context of the Crisis literature, this paper discusses:

the main communication activities that were undertaken;

key issues;

lessons that have been learned and applied by the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

Finally it provides an analysis of some of the main communication issues, concluding with a checklist that should be borne in mind for future large‐scale civil crises.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential detection of S100A8 in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder by pair wise tissue proteomic and immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Tolson Jonathan P. , Flad Thomas , Gnau Volker , Dihazi Hassan , Hennenlotter Joerg , Beck Alexander , Mueller Gerhard A. , Kuczyk Markus , Mueller Claudia A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe search for novel molecular markers of tumor invasion is vital if strategies are to become more effective in the diagnostic and prognostic management of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Up to 50% of tumors detected at stage 1 (pT1) progress to a higher grade even after endoscopic surgical resection, and there are currently no protein markers of this aggressive, invasive phenotype. We have combined SELDI‐TOF‐MS, ClinProt magnetic bead enrichment, Nano‐LC‐ESI‐ion trap tandem mass spectrometry and immunohistochemical analysis to the study of 12 invasive bladder cancer tissue biopsies paired with normal bladder tissue samples obtained from the same patients for the definition and identification of proteins up‐regulated in the tumors. We report the inflammation‐associated calcium binding protein S100A8 (MRP‐8, calgranulin A) to be highly expressed in tumor cells in contrast to normal urothelium in 50% of the samples, as well as two unidentified protein markers at 5.75 and 6.89 kDa that were differentially detected in 9/12 and 10/12 tumor samples, respectively. These new markers, when fully characterized, may contribute to new target proteins for the prediction of aggressive, invasive bladder tumors.
Ethylene/α‐olefin copolymerization with bis(β‐enaminoketonato) titanium complexes activated with modified methylaluminoxane
Authors: Tang Li‐Ming , Hu Tao , Pan Li , Li Yue‐Sheng 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCopolymerizations of ethylene with α‐olefins (i.e., 1‐hexene, 1‐octene, allylbenzene, and 4‐phenyl‐1‐butene) using the bis(β‐enaminoketonato) titanium complexes [(Ph)NC(R2)CHC(R1)O]2TiCl2 (1a: R1 = CF3, R2 = CH3; 1b: R1 = Ph, R2 = CF3; and 1c: R1 = t‐Bu, R2 = CF3), activated with modified methylaluminoxane as a cocatalyst, have been investigated. The catalyst activity, comonomer incorporation, and molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution of the polymers produced can be controlled over a wide range by the variation of the catalyst structure, α‐olefin, and reaction parameters such as the comonomer feed concentration. The substituents R1 and R2 of the ligands affect considerably both the catalyst activity and comonomer incorporation. Precatalyst 1a exhibits high catalytic activity and produces high‐molecular‐weight copolymers with high α‐olefin insertion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6323–6330, 2005
Linear shear viscoelasticity of confined, end‐attached polymers in a near‐theta solvent
Authors: Dai Lenore L. , Granick Steve 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDiblock copolymers of polystyrene and polyvinylpyridine, end‐attached to mica by the traditional method of selecting one block to be insoluble and the other block to be soluble in the solvent, were studied with surface‐force experiments while immersed in trans‐decalin, a near‐theta solvent for the polystyrene block, with special attention given to the small‐amplitude shear viscoelastic response. The relaxation time, defined as the inverse frequency at which the effective loss modulus equaled the effective storage modulus, was studied not only as a function of the film thickness but also as a function of the grafting density. The relaxation times started to slow in direct proportion to diminishing surface separation when the surface separation took the value D ≈ Lo/3 (where Lo is the thickness of the uncompressed end‐attached layer). Attempts to make comparisons with available theories met with limited success. To test experimentally the origin of this shear viscoelastic slowdown, similar measurements were made with adsorbed polystyrene with a molecular weight similar to that of the polystyrene moiety of the diblock copolymer, and it was found that high magnitudes of the effective viscoelastic shear moduli appeared only when the compression was much larger. In a control experiment in which interpenetration between opposed end‐attached chains was precluded, we also studied the case of adsorbed polystyrene–polyvinylpyridine on one side and a bare mica surface on the other side, and the effective viscoelastic shear forces were reduced by nearly 1 order of magnitude. By inference, in the opposed diblock copolymer systems, we attributed the slowdown of the relaxation times with decreasing film thickness to the interpenetration of end‐attached chains. Additional comments are made regarding the ratio of shear forces to compressive forces, which is called the small‐strain friction coefficient. This is believed to be the first quantification of the linear‐response relaxation time of end‐attached polymer layers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3487–3496, 2005
Correspondence of function and phylogeny of ABC proteins based on an automated analysis of 20 model protein data sets
Authors: Fuellen Georg , Spitzer Michael , Cullen Paul , Lorkowski Stefan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractUsing our BLAST‐based procedure RiPE (Retrieval‐induced Phylogeny Environment), which automates the evolutionary analysis of a protein family, we assembled a set of 1138 ABC protein components [adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐binding cassette and transmembrane domain] from the protein data sets of 20 model organisms and subjected them to phylogenetic and functional analysis. For maximum speed, we based the alignment directly on a homology search with a profile of all known human ABC proteins and used neighbor‐joining tree estimation. All but 11 sequences from Homo sapiens, Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were placed into the correct subtree/subfamily, reproducing published classifications of the individual organisms. By following a simple “function transfer rule”, our comparative phylogenetic analysis successfully predicted the known function of human ABC proteins in 19 of 22 cases. Three functional predictions did not correspond, and 10 were novel. Predictions based on BLAST alone were inferior in five cases and superior in two. Bacterial sequences were placed close to the root of most subtrees. This placement coincides with domain architecture, suggesting an early diversification of the ABC family before the kingdoms split apart. Our approach can, in principle, be used to annotate any protein family of any organism included in the study. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural differences between allelic variants of the ovine prion protein revealed by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Bujdoso Raymond , Burke David F. , Thackray Alana M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe have modeled ovine prion protein (residues 119–233) based on NMR structures of PrP from other mammalian species. Modeling of the C‐terminal domain of ovine PrP predicts three helices: helix‐1 (residues 147–155), flanked by two short β‐strands; helix‐2 (residues 176–197), and helix‐3 (residues 203–229). Molecular dynamics simulations on this model of ovine PrP have determined structural differences between allelic variants. At neutral pH, limited root mean‐squared (RMS) fluctuations were seen in the region of helix‐1; between β‐strand‐2 and residue 171, and the loop connecting helix‐2 and helix‐3. At low pH, these RMS fluctuations increased and showed allelic variation. The extent of RMS fluctuation between β‐strand 2 and residue 171 was ARR > ARQ > VRQ. This order was reversed for the loop region connecting helix‐2 and helix‐3. Although all three variants have the potential to display an extended helix at the C‐terminal region of helix‐1, the major influence of the VRQ allele was to restrict the conformations of the Asn162 and Arg139 side‐chains. Variations observed in the simulations in the vicinity of helix‐1 correlated with reactivity of C‐terminal specific anti‐PrP monoclonal antibodies with peripheral blood cells from scrapie‐susceptible and ‐resistant genotypes of sheep: cells from VRQ homozygous sheep showed uniform reactivity, while cells from ARQ and ARR homozygous sheep showed variable binding. Our data show that molecular dynamics simulations can be used to determine structural differences between allelic variants of ovine PrP. The binding of anti‐PrP monoclonal antibodies to ovine blood cells may validate these structural predictions. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of three different types of fullerene derivatives by laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry with new matrices
Authors: Zhou Lihua , Deng Huimin , Deng Qinying , Zheng Liping , Cao Yong 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThree different types of fullerene derivatives, namely methano[60]fullerene dicarboxylate esters, [60]fulleropyrrolidines, and imino[60]fullerenes, were analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry using trans‐4‐tert‐butyl‐4′‐nitrostilbene (TBNS), 1,8,9‐anthracenetriol (dithranol), 6‐aza‐2‐thiothymine (ATT), 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and carbazole as matrices. Unit mass resolution (sufficient to clearly resolve isotopic peaks), high signal‐to‐noise ratio, and clean mass spectra for all analytes were acquired by the optimization of experimental parameters and choice of optimal solvent for the matrix and molar matrix‐to‐analyte ratio. The new matrix, TBNS, gave the best results in the positive‐ion mode, as it can provide higher yields of analyte molecular ions at a lower laser threshold than the other four matrices, together with a very low degree of unwanted fragmentations. In the negative‐ion mode dithranol was better than TBNS, and the other three matrices gave relatively poor mass spectra for these fullerene derivatives. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.