bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF CT1341, THIOPENTONE AND INDUCTION‐DELIVERY TIME ON THE BLOOD GAS AND ACID‐BASE STATUS OF LAMBS DELIVERED BY CAESAREAN OPERATION AND ON THE ONSET OF RESPIRATION
Authors: Copland M. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Caesarean sections were performed on 18 Romney ewes on day 144 of pregnancy. Anaesthesia was induced in 9 ewes with CT1341 and in 9 ewes with thiopentone and maintained in both groups with halothane administered with oxygen.Surgery was performed with the ewes in lateral recumbency, with respiration unassisted.Blood samples were collected from the intact umbilical artery at the time of delivery and analysed for PO2, PCO2, pH (base deficit was derived).The intervals between ewe induction and lamb delivery (ID), delivery and the onset of breathing (TSR), and delivery and the lamb standing were recorded.Lambs in the CT1341 group both breathed and stood sooner than lambs in the thiopentone group. Significant linear relationships were only found in the CT 1341 group between TSR interval and PCO2 and pH. No significant correlations were found between the ID interval and any of the biochemical characteristics.The results of this study suggest that lateral recumbency does not interfere with uteroplacental circulation, that CT 1341 (2.2mg/kg) is associated with less neonatal depression than thiopentone (10 mg/kg) and that severe neonatal hypercarbia may delay the onset of respiration in lambs with minimal drug depression.
THE NEW SOUTH WALES MASTITIS CONTROL PROGRAM
Authors: Hoare R. J. T. , Williams L. G. , Richards R. J. , Boutcher L. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A mastitis control program based on teat dipping and dry cow therapy was evaluated in 35 herds over a 3 year period. The incidence of subclinical mastitis as detected by the Rapid Mastitis Test (RMT) fell from 34% to 12% quarters positive, a reduction of 65%. Clinical mastitis was reduced from 37 clinical cases per 100 cows in the first 3 month period to 12 clinical cases per 100 cows in the last 3 month period, a reduction of 68%. Variations in response to the program in the reduction of subclinical and clinical mastitis are discussed and the results compared with similar trials conducted overseas.The Modified Whiteside Test was used on bulk milk samples from the control herds and these results were significantly correlated with the prevalence of subclinical mastitis assessed by RMT individual quarters.
EQUINE HERPESVIRUSES: Experimental Infecton of a Foetus with Type 2
Authors: GLEESON L. J. , STUDDERT M. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIntrauterine infection of pregnant mare with equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV 2) did not result in foetal abortion, stillbirth or recognisable disease. Collection of uterine fluid by allantocentesis or amniocentesis 107 days after inoculation confirmed that intrauterine infection was established. EHV 2 was isolated from both allantoic and amniotic fluid separately collected at the time of elective Caesarean section 156 days after inoculation and virus neutralising antibody to EHV 2 was present in the foal's presuckle serum at birth. A very mild clinical disease, characterised by a scant, mucous oculo‐nasal discharge was observed between 4 and 11 days after birth. EHV 2 was isolated from 22 nasal swabs taken between birth and 65 days of age, on which day the foal was infected with equine adenovirus. EHV 2 was not isolated from 6 nasal swabs collected from 66 to 71 days of age.
THE PREVALENCE OF TAPEWORMS IN DOGS DURING THE HYDATID LIMITATION PROGRAM IN TASMANIA
Authors: GREGORY G. G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Hydatid Limitation Program in Tasmania began in 1965 with the annual purging of dogs to identify areas of high prevalence of Echino‐coccus granulosus combined with a strong educational program aimed at preventing access to offal by dogs.From 1969 to 1975 Taenia spp detected in dog purges were submitted for identification and changes in annual prevalences analysed for each species.Despite a significant reduction in the prevalence of E. granulosus since the beginning of the program, the control measures involved have apparently not predisposed to any significant change in the prevalence of T. ovis and T. hydatigena during the period of this survey.A decrease in the prevalences of T. pisiformis and T. serialis coincided with a reduction in the numbers of rabbits.No significant change in the prevalence of Dipylidium caninum was detected.
DISEASE AND INJURY IN THE SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL
Authors: TIERNEY T. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryDisease and injury was recorded in 170 tagged southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) on the Antarctic continent. Trauma due to interspecific predation was the most common disorder. No small seals were observed with lesions attributable to this in the Antarctic population. This finding differs from data recorded in a sub‐Antarctic (Macquarie Island) population where seals of all class sizes exhibit lesions due to interspecific trauma. No external parasites were observed in the Antarctic population.
BREED DIFFERENCES IN ABNORMALITIES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF YOUNG BEEF BULLS
Authors: Chenoweth P. J. , Osborne H. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A total of 702 examinations were conducted on young (16 to 31 months) beef bulls of 3 breeds and 3 breed crosses (Brahman cross — 100; Africander cross — 93; Shorthorn cross — 109; Brahman — 81; Africander — 89, and Hereford — 230).A high occurrence of both increased size (overall 11.7%) and consistency (overall 40.2%) of seminal vesicles was observed. The Hereford breed had most enlarged (19.1%, P.01) and firm (20.9%, P.01) seminal vesicles. The significance of these findings is discussed.Testicular hypoplasia was diagnosed in 2.7% of examinations. The Brahman breed had most testicular hypoplasia (8.6%, P.01). The implications of this finding are discussed and the need is stressed for a wider investigation of gonad development in the Brahman breed in Australia.Other findings included: small seminal vesicles in 1.6% of examinations (Brahman breed highest with 8.6%, P.001), enlarged ampullae, 1.9%, ‘soft’ testicles, 3.4% and small testicles, 7.5%. Abnormal carriage of the testicles was detected in 0.3% of examinations.Ulceration of the prepuce was observed in 6.8% of examinations. The highest occurrences were in the SH (13.8%, P.01) and Africander (13.5%, P.05) breed groups. Varying degrees of preputial eversion or prolapse were seen in 0.7% of examinations with the Bx breed group having highest representation (3.0%, P.05).
ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS INFECTION OF THE BRAIN OF A CAPTIVE BENNETT'S WALLABY (MACROPUS RUFOGRISEUS)
Authors: McKenzie R. A. , Green P. E. , Wood A. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Eleven immature adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis were recovered from beneath the meninges of a captive Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) which died after displaying posterior paresis followed by paralysis and intermittent opisthotonic spasms of increasing frequency for 7 days. Congestion and focal malacia with haemorrhage were seen in the brainstem and cerebellum. Sections of worms with scanty inflammatory response were seen beneath the congested haemorrhagic leptomeninges of cerebrum and in a cerebellar folium.Infection was thought to have originated from feed or water contaminated with larvae released from a molluscan intermediate host.
THE ISOLATION OF LENTOGENIC STRAINS OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Kim S. J. , Spradbrow P. B. , MacKenzie Margaret 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Twelve isolations of Newcastle disease virus were made from 77 clinical samples from chickens with conjunctivitis, respiratory disease, proventriculitis and bursal atrophy. Nine of the Isolations were made from chickens with conjunctivitis. The viruses were identified as Newcastle disease virus by inhibition of their haemagglutinins with specific antiserum to Newcastle disease virus. The viruses failed to kill chicken embryos after inoculation into the allantoic cavity and they were judged to be lentogenic strains. There was no evidence that the Newcastle disease viruses were responsible for any of the clinical conditions from which they were isolated.The presence of other agents in 10 of the samples was indicated by reduced production of haemagglutinin in allantoic fluids of infected embryos, by deaths of infected embryos, by the production of cytopathic changes in avian cell cultures and by electron microscopy. Three isolations of infectious bronchitis virus, 2 of avian adenovirus and one of avian reovirus were made. Other samples were suspected of containing infectious bronchitis virus and mycoplasmas, but these were not isolated.The Newcastle disease viruses failed to produce plaques in chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures and they were separated from the contaminating agents by haemagglutination and elution followed by passage at terminal dilution in chick embryos.No Newcastle disease virus was isolated from 60 caecal tonsils and 60 lung samples from 9‐week‐old broiler chickens. Eight lung samples yielded mycoplasmas that caused haemadsorption in chicken cell cultures. The mycoplasmas were probably Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
THE EFFECT OF AGE ON RESISTANCE OF CATTLE TO BABESIA BOVIS
Authors: Trueman K. F. , Blight G. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Susceptible Hereford cattle of different ages were inoculated with 2 times 108Babesia bovis organisms. Experiment 1 consisted of cows aged 6 to 7 years, steers aged 17 to 18 months and calves aged 5 to 6 months, while experiment 2 consisted of cows aged 6.5 to 7.5 years, steers aged 23 to 24 months and yearlings aged 11 to 12 months. Daily measurements of temperature, parasitsemia and packed cell volume were made in order to determine susceptibility of the different ages.Twenty‐four of the 36 animals in experiment 1, which included all 12 cows, required treatment. One cow died as a result of an enlarged ruptured spleen, and 2 steers and 1 calf died with classical babesiosis symptoms. No treatment was given to experiment 11 animals, and 5 of the 12 cows died, but the steers and yearlings underwent relatively mild reactions. Statistical analysis confirmed the high susceptibility to B. bovis of the aged cows in both experiments, and the innate resistance of 5 to 6 month old calves in experiment 1. The reaction of the 18‐month‐old steers in experiment 1 was significantly greater than that of the calves, but significantly less severe than that of the aged cows. Two‐year‐old steers and yearlings in experiment 2 underwent similar mild reactions, suggesting that innate immunity may persist for longer periods when compared to aged cows. Age groups showing reduced susceptibility were found to reach peak parasitaemia, temperature and anaemia before the more susceptible age groups.Heterologous challenge of the remaining experiment 1 and experiment 2 animals at 6 and 8 months respectively after primary inoculation, revealed all animals of all ages had a solid resistance to B. bovis.
FACTORS IN THE SPREAD OF SALMONELLAS IN MEATWORKS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CONTAMINATION OF KNIVES
Authors: Peel B. , Simmons G. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Immersion of knives momentarily in hot water (82°C) was ineffective in destroying salmonellas on knives used in a meatworks to carry out the bung dropping operation. Laboratory experiments confirmed that knives covered with meat products required 10 or more seconds to be effectively decontaminated at this temperature.Examination of knives used for slaughtering and for dressing beef carcases showed that knives coming into contact with hides had higher counts for salmonella and a higher percentage positive than knives used for other cutting operations. Knives used for cutting the skin of the forelegs and hindlegs had the highest counts.
SOME EFFECTS OF REDUCED ENERGY INTAKE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANAPLASMOSIS IN BOS INDICUS CROSS STEERS
Authors: Wilson A. J. , Trueman K. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Some effects of the plane of nutrition on the development of anaplasmosis in Brahman cross steers were investigated.Batches of 39 and 30 Brahman cross steers, aged approximately 27 months were each divided by stratified randomisation into 4 groups of similar mean PCV and body weight. Two similar experiments, designated A and B were conducted. Groups 1 and 2 were fed a ration of lucerne chaff at the rate of 1 M Cal ME/80 kg live weight/day for 8 weeks aimed to reduce body weight by approximately 5 kg/week. Animals in groups 3 and 4 were fed a ration for the same period aimed to increase body weight by approximately 2 kg/week. Groups 1 and 3 were then inoculated with approximately 1010Anaplasma marginale infected erythrocytes and the effects of the subsequent infections during the clinical and recovery phases were examined by measuring humoral antibody response, packed cell volume, parasitaemia and body weight. Groups 2 and 4 were uninfected controls.Anaplasmosis, as measured by three responses, was less severe in the starved animals of group 1. Significant differences in packed cell volume and parasitaemia were detected for short periods between the infected groups 1 and 3. Anaplasmosis caused losses of 6.2% and 5.9% in the mean body weight of group 3 animals in experiments A and B respectively. Most of this loss occurred during the clinical phase of the disease. The disease caused no apparent loss of weight in the infected animals of group 1.
THE EFFECTS OF DUNG BEETLES (COLEOPTERA‐SCARABAEINAE) ON THE FREE‐LIVING STAGES OF STRONGYLID NEMATODES OF THE HORSE
Authors: English A.W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Observations were made on the identity and activities of coprophagous arthropods in horse faeces at Moggill in southern Queensland. A number of families of arthropods were represented, but of these only members of the Scarabaeidae were involved in the dispersal of the faecal mass.Six species of indigenous dung beetles, all of the genus Onthophagus, utilised horse faeces as a food source. One of these, O granulatus, was present in large numbers, but it was unable to achieve complete dispersal of equine faecal masses. The introduced Afro‐Asian dung beetle Onthophagus gazella is also well established at Moggill, and uses horse faeces as a food source. Unlike the indigenous species, this beetle is able to achieve complete breakdown of the structure of horse faecal masses in one night, leaving the fibrous remnants on the soil surface. However, this level of activity was restricted to the warmer months, from November to March, with faeces remaining largely undisturbed for the remainder of the year. It was noted that heavy rain also reduced the activity of dung beetles.A comparison was made between the recovery of infective strongyle larvae from herbage near faecal masses exposed to dung beetle activity, and from control faecal masses from which beetles were excluded by insect mesh envelopes. Reductions in recovery of the order of 60% were recorded at the peak of O. gazella activity in summer, but since much less reduction occurred for the remainder of the year, it was concluded that dung beetles are of little benefit in the control of equine strongylosis, in the absence of other measures to reduce pasture contamination.
SOME HATCHERY FACTORS INVOLVED IN EARLY CHICK MORTALITY
Authors: Kingston D.J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Observations made in a commercial broiler hatchery revealed that chicks hatched over a period of 48 hours. Chick mortality to 10 days of age was 3.2% for those hatched at the commencement of the hatch, 1.2% for those hatched at peak of hatch and 52.9% for those hatched at the end of hatching. Chicks hatched early were more prone to dehydration while late hatching chicks had a higher incidence of leg weakness.Chicks held for 48 hours in hatcher machines lost 12.5% to 21.7% of their hatching weight and 79.4% of the hatching weight of the yolk sac.Normal 10‐day mortality from this hatchery in winter months was observed to be 2.4% but was reduced to 1.2% when staggered setting times of donor flocks was employed by removing chicks from the machines 3 hours after 100% hatch, but was increased to 5.6% by holding chicks in the hatchery in chick boxes for 24 hours at 70±C.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFICIENCY OF 4 DOSES OF BOVINE PPD TUBERCULIN IN CATTLE AND GUINEA PIGS: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MOST SUITABLE DOSE FOR USE IN THE SINGLE CAUDAL FOLD TEST IN CATTLE
Authors: Lepper A. W. D. , McKay D. J. , Lord V. 
Published: March 2008

The potencies of 4 batches of Australian bovine PPD tuberculin relative to the standard British bovine PPD preparation 291 were determined from guinea pig assays.Using the assayed potencies, it was concluded that doses of 0.08, 0.17, 0.24 and 0.47 mg of bovine PPD were used in single caudal fold tests in 2 trials of Northern Territory cattle. The sensitivity, specificity and test efficiency of the Australian preparations were determined.At 72 h after injection, the time recommended to read the test, the 0.08 mg dose gave the lowest sensitivity (79.2%) which was significantly different from that of the other 3 doses. This dose also gave the highest specificity (88.9%). However, the 0.24 mg dose gave a specificity of 85.0% and a sensitivity of 95.6% resulting in the highest test efficiency (87.9%).Change in caudal fold thickness, subjectively assessed reaction and the amount of induration were measured in individual cattle. For tuberculous cattle, regression analysis showed significant relationships (p < 0.01) between the change in caudal fold thickness, subjectively assessed reaction and log concentration of each preparation. However, there was no significant difference between the mean responses observed with the 2 highest doses. Predicted responses for untested doses were determined from the regression equations.When the results of the trials were considered in relation to factors such as batch variation, minimisation of injection error, likely levels of desensitisation, cost and international implications, it was considered that a dose of 0.3 mg bovine PPD relative to the British standard 291 would fulfil optimum requirements for use in all parts of Australia.
POSSIBLE PATHWAYS OF CONTAMINATION OF MEAT AND BONE MEAL WITH SALMONELLA
Authors: Bensink J. C. , Boland P. H. 
Published: March 2008

Samples taken at various points along the processing line in 2 rendering plants showed that post‐processing contamination occurs almost immediately after termination of the heat process in the percolator and surge bin. Further contamination occurs at each processing stage. In plant A 12.5% of the samples collected from material leaving the surge bin, 36% of the samples of product after it has passed the milling stage and 61% of samples collected from the stored product were found to be contaminated with salmonellas. In plant B the results were 15%, 40% and 69% respectively.Heavy contamination of product left overnight in percolators and surge bins, which are not cleaned routinely, was considered an important source of early post‐processing contamination.The ecology was found to be similar at both plants despite the fact that in one plant the uncooked and cooked areas were separated completely, whilst this was not the case in the other plant.None of the air samples collected yielded salmonellas, while nearly all the insect samples collected in the rendering plants yielded salmonellas.
EVALUATION OF AN INDIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST TO DIAGNOSE BABESIA EQUI INFECTION IN HORSES
Authors: Callow L. L. , McGregor W. , Rodwell B. J. , Rogers R. J. , Fraser G. C. , Mahoney D. F. , Robertson G. M. 
Published: March 2008

An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test for the diagnosis of Babesia equi infections was evaluated. Antigen prepared by conventional methods was of high quality in one instance and of lesser quality in a second when possible autofluorescence of the horse blood caused inconvenience in reading tests. Tests on 14 horses shown by parasitological means to be either infected (9) or uninfected (5) produced reactions at dilutions of 1/270 to 1/7290 for infected and at 1/10 to 1/90 for uninfected animals. The accuracy of the test was further demonstrated during investigations of 701 horses in 3 states of Australia. The 30 horses reacting at 1/270 to 1/2430 were from 33 imported to 3 different farms in Australia from a common source.Investigations of crossreactivity between B. equi and B. bovis of cattle suggested that B. bovis would not interfere with the test for B. equi, but that the reverse was possible.
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF BEEF CATTLE IN NORTHWESTERN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Holroyd R. G. , Arthur B. A. , Mayer B. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The reproductive performance of beef cattle in 5 herds mated all year round in north‐west Queensland was examined from 1970 to 1973. Conception rates, conception patterns and branding rates were used to assess annual reproductive performance. The level of loss between the times of confirmed pregnancy and branding was defined.The mean annual conception rate was 83.1% with individual property means ranging from 75.4 to 90.9%. Conception rates for heifers, first calf cows and mature cows were 83.9%, 80.6% and 84.7% respectively.Conception patterns were influenced by seasonal conditions, 68.1% of conceptions occurring in the wet season, between December and May. In this region, conception patterns were highly correlated with rainfall during the previous month.Losses between the times of confirmed pregnancy and branding ranged from 5.9 to 27.7%.Body condition of animals varied and was dependent upon lactation, seasonal and parity effects.
OBSERVATIONS ON SERUM THYROXINE CONCENTRATIONS IN LAMBS AND EWES TO ASSESS IODINE NUTRITION
Authors: Andrewartha K. A. , Caple I. W. , Davies W. D. , McDonald J. W. 
Published: March 2008

Thyroxine levels in serum of lambs and ewes were measured to determine their usefulness in assessing iodine nutrition of sheep. Lambs born on properties with no history of goitre had serum thyroxine concentrations more than twice that recorded in their mothers. These high values decreased to a level similar to that in the ewes after 8 weeks. In goitrous lambs younger than 2 weeks old, serum thyroxine concentrations were less than their ewe levels. Lambs born to ewes supplemented with iodine during pregnancy had higher thyroxine levels than lambs of control ewes.A survey of 80 flocks of ewes in Victoria showed that 40% had a low mean thyroxine concentration (less than 50 nmol/l), but only one of these properties had reported an outbreak of goitre. It is suggested that serum thyroxine levels in newborn lambs may provide a more sensitive indicator of hypothyroidism associated with iodine deficiency than ewe levels.