bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluids, basin analysis, and mineral deposits
Authors: KYSER T. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSedimentary basins are the largest structures on the surface of our planet and the most significant sources of energy‐related commodities. With time, sedimentary successions in basins normally are subjected to increasingly intense diagenesis that results in differential evolution of basin hydrology. This hydrologic structure is in turn vitally important in determining how and where deposition of metals may occur. Fluids in all basins originate and flow as a result of sedimentological and tectonic events, so that fluid histories should reflect the control of both lithology and tectonism on ore deposition. Sandstone lithologies, in particular, reflect fluid‐flow events because they are normally the major aquifers in basins. However, early cementation results in occlusion of primary permeability in some facies (diagenetic aquitards) whereas in others, permeability develops due to the dissolution of unstable grains (diagenetic aquifers). Particularly for ore deposits in Precambrian basins, identification of paleohydrologic systems during basin evolution requires the integration of data derived from tectonics, sedimentology, stratigraphy, diagenesis, geochemistry and geology. Assessment of all these data is a prerequisite for the ‘holistic basin analysis’ needed to guide the search for basin‐hosted ores.Recent results from the Paleoproterozoic Mt Isa and McArthur basins in northern Australia serve as a template for exploring for mineral deposits in basins. Basinal fluids were saline, 200–300°C and evolved primarily from meteoric water in the Mt Isa Basin and from seawater in the McArthur Basin during burial to depths of 4–12 km. The δDfluid and δ18Ofluid values in these brines were isotopically identical to those in the Zn‐Pb, Cu and U deposits. Geochemical changes of various lithologies during alteration support detrital minerals as the major source of the U, and volcanic units proximal to diagenetic aquifers as a source for the transition metals. Ages of diagenetic phases extracted from aquifer lithologies reveal that fluid migration from the diagenetic aquifers effectively covers the period of formation for U, Zn‐Pb and Cu mineralization, and that the deposits formed in response to tectonic events reflected in the apparent polar wandering path for the area. Sequence stratigraphic analysis and models of fluid flow also indicate that basinal reservoirs were likely sources for the mineralizing fluids. Thus, diagenetic aquifer lithologies were being drained of fluids at the same time as the deposits were forming from fluids that were chemically and isotopically similar, linking diagenesis and fluid events within the basin to the formation of the deposits.
Evidence of calcium‐ and SNARE‐dependent release of CuZn superoxide dismutase from rat pituitary GH3 cells and synaptosomes in response to depolarization
Authors: Santillo Mariarosaria , Secondo Agnese , Serù Rosalba , Damiano Simona , Garbi Corrado , Taverna Elena , Rosa Patrizia , Giovedì Silvia , Benfenati Fabio , Mondola Paolo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe antioxidant enzyme CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is secreted by many cell lines. However, it is not clear whether SOD1 secretion is only constitutive or can be regulated in an activity‐dependent fashion. Using rat pituitary GH3 cells that express voltage‐dependent calcium channels and are subjected to Ca2+ oscillations, we found that treatment with high K+‐induced SOD1 release that was significantly higher than the constitutive secretion. Evoked SOD1 release was correlated with depolarization‐dependent calcium influx and was virtually abolished by removal of extracellular calcium with EGTA or by pre‐incubation of GH3 cells with Botulinum toxin A that cleaves the SNARE protein SNAP‐25. Immunofluorescence experiments performed in GH3 cells and rat brain synaptosomes showed that K+‐depolarization induced a marked depletion of intracellular SOD1 immunoreactivity, an effect that was again abolished in the absence of extracellular calcium or after treatment with Botulinum toxin A. Subcellular fractionation analysis showed that SOD1 was present in large dense core vesicles. These data clearly show that, in addition to the constitutive SOD1 secretion, depolarization induces an additional rapid calcium‐dependent SOD1 release in GH3 cells and in rat brain synaptosomes. This likely occurs through exocytosis from SOD1‐containing vesicles operated by the SNARE complex.
Arachidonic acid metabolism in brain physiology and pathology: lessons from genetically altered mouse models
Authors: Bosetti Francesca 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe arachidonic acid (AA) cascade involves the release of AA from the membrane phospholipids by a phospholipase A2, followed by its subsequent metabolism to bioactive prostanoids by cyclooxygenases coupled with terminal synthases. Altered brain AA metabolism has been implicated in neurological, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. The development of genetically altered mice lacking specific enzymes of the AA cascade has helped to elucidate the individual roles of these enzymes in brain physiology and pathology. The roles of AA and its metabolites in brain physiology, with a particular emphasis on the phospholipase A2/cyclooxygenases pathway, are summarized, and the specific phenotypes of genetically altered mice relevant to brain physiology and neurotoxic models are discussed.
Childbirth Education: An Assessment of its Role in the Education of Residents in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: Lee Wesley , Darney Philip D. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: In mid‐1979 a two‐part survey was distributed to 308 U.S. obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) residency directors and to the prepared childbirth patient education programs at affiliated hospitals. The study was designed to examine the emphasis placed on teaching obstetrical psychoprophylaxis to pregnant patients and to the resident physicians who care for them during labor. After two separate mailings, approximately one‐half of the programs responded. Fifty‐five percent of the responding residency program directors felt that more emphasis was needed in teaching prepared childbirth methods to residents, while approximately two‐thirds stated that relaxation and breathing principles were included in their curriculum, but education about such subjects is generally acquired informally while patients are already in labor. Our results indicate that there are some important differences in subject matter between what prepared childbirth educators impart to patients and what OB/GYN program directors state that residents are taught. It is not known to what extent these differences hinder patients from applying what they have learned or whether the systematic exposure of residents to prepared childbirth education would actually prove to be beneficial. Other unresolved issues include the evaluation of current methods used by residents to learn prepared childbirth education informally on the ward and whether more orientation to these topics for residents is a reasonable expectation.
Satisfaction with Postpartum Care: Opportunities for Bonding, Reconstructing the Birth and Instruction
Authors: Sullivan Deborah A. , Beeman Ruth 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The declining length of postpartum stay in hospitals has made it more difficult for staff to provide the kind of care recommended in the nursing literature. This study examines the association between satisfaction with care and three clinical procedures—parent‐infant bonding, reconstructing birth events and instruction in care of self and baby. Data taken from an Arizona statewide survey of women who recently gave birth indicated little dissatisfaction with care. However, contingency table analysis revealed that level of satisfaction is associated with the provision of opportunities for parent‐infant bonding, review of birthing experience and instruction in care of mother and newborn. Strategies for increasing level of satisfaction are discussed.
Motivation to Take Childbirth Education: Implications for Studies of Effectiveness
Authors: McCraw Ronald K. , Abplanalp Judith M. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Studies on the effectiveness of childbirth preparation classes which use outcome measures such as the duration of labor and the amount of analgesic and anesthetic have often produced negative results. This may be due to failure to take into account different motives women have for participating in classes. These motives may influence the frequency of practice of the childbirth exercises, and willingness of women to accept obstetrical medication.In this study 77 primiparas were asked why they planned to attend Lamaze classes. Results suggest that a majority of women take Lamaze classes for reasons other than reducing medication during childbirth, and that physicians and nurses have little influence over women's decision to take the classes.
Preschool Siblings at Birth: Short‐term Effects
Authors: Lumley Judith 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Questionnaires mailed to the first 100 families that gave birth at the Queen Victoria Hospital Birth Centre showed that 22 brought a preschool sibling to the birth, of whom 15 were girls. Many parents who had planned to bring a sibling did not, and of those who did many failed to provide a caregiver for the child as agreed. Comparisons between children who were and were not present at birth showed no difference in preparation for the birth, apart from more frequent questions about the baby from siblings who were present. Two months after the birth there were no differences between children present and not present in hostile, affectionate, or regressive behaviors. However, when these were grouped, hostile behaviors were commoner among siblings present, and they were more likely to want to drink from a bottle or the breast than were siblings not present at birth. From this observational study there were no significant short‐term ill effects in children in this age group of being present at birth. (BIRTH 10:1, Spring 1983)
V. Diet Therapy and the Improvement of Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Jacobson Howard N. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT There is an emerging agreement on the benefits of supplemental foods in the improvement of pregnancy outcome for women identified as being at risk of delivering a low birthweight infant because of nutritional factors. There is also an emerging recognition of the major points of the process by which such benefits might be accomplished. But in addition, experience in analyzing the results of the Montreal Diet Dispensary calls attention to several other issues that are also essential. (BIRTH 10:1, Spring 1983)
A Prospective Study of Mothers’ Attitudes and Feelings Following Cesarean and Vaginal Births
Authors: Bradley Christine F. , Ross Susan E. , Warnyca Jennifer 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Anxiety, depression, attitudes to baby, and to pregnancy were studied in 125 primiparous women by means of a series of standardized psychological tests in pregnancy, while in the hospital, and at one month postpartum. Statistical analyses showed no significant difference in reported levels of anxiety, depressive affect, or attitudes to the baby between women delivered vaginally and those who had a cesarean birth. Although women who had cesarean births were more dissatisfied with the method of delivery, they were more satisfied with the help of the nurses than were women who had had vaginal births. These findings support the argument that having a cesarean section does not necessarily affect mothers’ reports of their development of maternal feelings toward the infant. (BIRTH 10:2, Summer 1983)
Scientific Inquiry and Authoritarianism in Perinatal Care and Education
Authors: Chalmers Lain 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT One of the features of scientific inquiry is its anti‐authoritarian nature. Because of this, authorities use a variety of strategies to obstruct scientific inquiry. This tension needs greater public exposure and discussion than it has received. This is necessary because the scientific method offers an efficient framework within which to protect families from the unintended adverse consequences of authoritarian prescriptions and proscriptions in perinatal care and education. (BIRTH 10:3, Fall 1983)
Employed Breastfeeding Mothers: Problems They Encounter
Authors: Auerbach Kathleen G. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: A survey of 567 self‐selected respondents who breastfed while employed outside the home was conducted to assess the legitimacy of the assumption that breastfeeding and maternal employment combine poorly. Eighty‐six per cent of the respondents identified one or more difficulties, most of which were common to all parents. Breastfeeding problems were, with few exceptions, unrelated to employment. The respondents' most significant difficulty was role overload, a result of multiple demands to which they were responding. The results suggest that specific information about breastfeeding, encouragement in setting priorities, and involving the mother's partner and others in household and child care duties may reduce the level of stress of working mothers who breastfeed.
Beyond Risks and Rates in Obstetric Care
Authors: Rothman Barbara Katz 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Is there a pattern to past errors in perinatal care? Who is invested with the right to err? The errors most often made‐the failure of regional perinatal care to accelerate the decline in infant mortality, and burgeoning technology to have much impact on mortality and morbidity‐come from taking an overly narrow, technological view of pregnancy and childbirth. Yet the people we invest with the right to err are those whose focus is most narrow, technical, and medical.This focus has promoted viewing the fetus as separate from the mother and increasingly as her adversary. Past errors in perinatal care, such as the DES tragedy and reliance on x‐rays, diuretics, and other short‐lived fashions, might have been avoided if pregnancy and birth had been seen in a broader social context.
A Critical Review of the Recent Literature on Postterm Pregnancy and a Look at Women's Experiences
Authors: Shearer Madeleine H. , Estes Milton 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The incidence of postterm pregnancy varies from 2.9 to 25 per cent in recent studies. Likewise, the incidence of macrosomia, oligohydramnios, and meconium vary widely, probably because of unavoidable inclusion of term pregnancies among postterm study samples. The debate over the extent and importance of uteroplacental insufficiency is reflected in contradictory findings regarding the “postmature” infant.Since 1978 reports on the management of postterm pregnancy agree that no improvement is made by routine termination of pregnancy at 42 weeks of gestation. Studies of cervical ripening are described. Fetal surveillance is discussed with emphasis on the recent work on fetal movement counting, the fetal biophysical profile, and antepartum cardiotocography.We interviewed 32 women who went a mean of 18.69 days past term. Twenty‐three women's own calculations agreed with their physicians'; these women delivered a mean of 15 days postterm. Eight had no fetal surveillance tests and there was one cesarean, one induction, one vacuum extraction, and one forceps delivery. Eight women reported their own dates to have been from 9–25 days closer to their actual deliveries than the dates calculated by their doctors. Six of these women had their dates changed during pregnancy based on sonograms. There were three each inductions, cesarean sections, and augmentations, as well as two epidurals and forceps deliveries, and three vaginal deliveries.
The Hut and the Hospital: Information, Power, and Symbolism in the Artifacts of Birth
Authors: Jordan Brigitte 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: As the tools of birth change from familiar household objects, such as hammocks and beds, to high‐technology objects, such as delivery tables and fetal monitors, significant changes occur in the ability to give physical support to women during labor and in who owns the tools and the information they provide. Data derived from the laboring woman herself are less sought after and less valued. Ironically, high‐technology procedures and artifacts are more easily transported than are the household artifacts of birth, which are embedded in the matrix of daily life. When different levels of technology are available, the solution to a problem during childbirth is usually sought on the next higher level of technology–i.e., medication or surgery, even when a simpler approach, such as human comforting or ambulation, might work more quickly and effectively.
Outcomes of Postpartum Early Discharge, 1960–1986 A Comparative Review
Authors: Norr Kathleen F. , Nacion Karla 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: A review of all postpartum early discharge program outcomes in the United States published between 1960 and 1985 indicates that discharge under 48 hours after delivery has generally been safe for mothers and infants. The levels and types of morbidities did not appear to differ from those experienced with longer hospital stays. Infant readmissions and overall morbidity rates were consistently higher than the number of maternal readmissions and morbidity. The major infant morbidity was hyperbilirubinemia. Differences in identification and treatment of this single problem accounted for much of the variation in infant readmission rates among programs. Expansion of postpartum early discharge based on these favorable results must proceed with caution. Nearly all reported outcomes were for programs with extensive prenatal preparation and postpartum follow‐up, serving relatively advantaged middle‐class populations. It is not clear that equally good outcomes would result from less intensive programs or those serving disadvantaged populations. More research is needed on the effectiveness of early discharge procedures, cost savings, and patient satisfaction.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Humenick Sharron S. , Wolff Teresa L. , Bigbee Jeri , Jansa Nancy , McCraw Ronald K. , Humenick Sharron S. 
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in this Article:Human Milk in Infant Nutrition and Health Edited by Rodney Howell, Frank H. Morriss, Jr., and Larry K. Pickering Charles C ThomasWho's In Control? By Susan Isaacs PutnamAmbulatory Prenatal Nursing Care: Practice Standards for Positive Pregnancy Outcomes By Marjorie R. Berg, LaVahn E. Josten, Karen Knoll, Barbara A. Taylor, and Marilyn K. WilfongBreastfeeding and the Working Mother By Diane Mason and Diane IngersollShould I Call the Doctor? A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Your Child's Illness and Injuries By Christine A. Nelson, M.D., and Susan C. PescarChildbirth: An Annotated Bibliography and Guide By Rosemary Cline Diulio
The Influence of Breast Surgery, Breast Appearance, and Pregnancy‐Induced Breast Changes on lactation Sufficiency as Measured by Infant Weight Gain
Authors: Neifert Marianne , DeMarzo Sandra , Seacat Joy , Young David , Leff Marilyn , Orleans Miriam 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: We conducted a prospective study of the associations between several biologic and surgical breast factors and the onset of lactation in 319 healthy, motivated, primiparous women who were breastfeeding term, healthy, appropriate for gestational age or large for gestational age infants. During the last trimester of pregnancy, subjects' breasts were examined for surgical incisions, size, symmetry, and nipple protuberance, and women estimated their prenatal breast enlargement. At two visits in the first two weeks postpartum, infants were weighed naked, and mothers reported the magnitude of postpartum breast engorgement when their milk came in. Breastfeeding was evaluated at each visit, and interventions were recommended for problems, with emphasis on maximizing milk yield. Lactation was deemed sufficient when an exclusively breastfed infant achieved an average weight gain of 28.5 g or more per day between the two visits. Infants gaining less than 28.5 g per day with breast milk exclusively, and those requiring formula supplement returned for a third visit at or before 21 days of age, when final lactation outcome was assessed based on weight gain between the second and third visits.Within three weeks postpartum 85 percent of the mothers achieved sufficient lactation, whereas 15 percent had persistent milk insufficiency despite intensive intervention. Of the study population, 6.9 percent had undergone previous breast surgery. Women with periareolar breast incisions were nearly 5 times more likely to have lactation insufficiency than were those without surgery (relative risk [RR] = 4.55; 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 2.21–9.43; P < 0.001). Insufficient lactation was significantly associated with minimal prenatal breast enlargement (P < 0.02) and minimal postpartum breast engorgement when milk came in (P < 0.001). Although not statistically significant, women with inverted nipples were more likely to have lactation insufficiency compared with those with normal nipples (RR = 2.94; 95% CI 1.05–8.20; P= .07). The findings from this study indicate that certain biologic and surgical breast variables are associated with lactation insufficiency.
Prenatal Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Duration: Recommendations for Prenatal Interventions
Authors: O'Campo Patricia , Faden Ruth R. , Gielen Andrea C. , Wang Mei Cheng 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis study of 198 urban breastfeeding women examined the psychosocial, demographic, and medical factors identified prenatally that may be associated with longer breastfeeding duration and may serve as suitable areas for prenatal breastfeeding promotion interventions. Of 11 psychosocial and demographic factors examined, 5 were important influences on breastfeeding duration: anticipated length of breastfeeding, normative beliefs, maternal confidence, social learning, and behavioral beliefs about breastfeeding. Methods of multivariate linear regression were used to identify prenatal factors that influenced anticipated length. Of the 10 factors entered into the regression model, parity, plans to return to work or school by six months postpartum, and maternal confidence were the most significant factors affecting anticipated length of breastfeeding. Our data suggest several factors amenable to intervention during the prenatal period that appear to influence breastfeeding duration. Prenatal promotion efforts could easily incorporate strategies that influence factors such as normative and behavioral beliefs and maternal confidence.
Sleep Disturbances, Vitality, and Fatigue Among a Select Group of Employed Childbearing Women
Authors: Lee Kathryn A. , DeJoseph Jeanne F. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTSelf‐reported sleep disturbances and levels of vitality and fatigue were studied in a secondary analysis of 25 pregnant and 29 postpartum employed women. Results indicate that pregnant women have problems initiating and maintaining sleep, and postpartum women have problems maintaining sleep, but not falling asleep. The primary reason for midsleep awakenings was urinary frequency among the pregnant women, and child care responsibilities among the postpartum women. Chronic sleep disturbance was indicated by a greater percentage of postpartum women who fell asleep easily, very few who felt highly energetic at work, and most who perceived a high level of fatigue during the past week. Even with these sleep disruptions, no differences occurred in the mean scores for perception of fatigue und vitality between the two groups. Clinicians can use these findings to educate women about some changes they may anticipate and how they might manage them during pregnancy and postpartum