bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health impacts of long-term exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in Europe: HIWATE
Authors: Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J. , Smith Rachel , Golfinopoulos Spyros , Best Nicky , Bennett James , Aggazzotti Gabriella , Righi Elena , Fantuzzi Guglielmina , Bucchini Luca , Cordier Sylvaine , Villanueva Cristina M. , Moreno Victor , Vecchia Carlo La , Bosetti Cristina , Vartiainen Terttu , Rautiu Radu , Toledano Mireille , Iszatt Nina , Grazuleviciene Regina , Kogevinas Manolis 
Published: February 2009

There appears to be very good epidemiological evidence for a relationship between chlorination by-products, as measured by trihalomethanes (THMs), in drinking water and bladder cancer, but the evidence for other cancers, including colorectal cancer appears to be inconclusive and inconsistent. There appears to be some evidence for a relationship between chlorination by-products, as measured by THMs, and small for gestational age (SGA)/intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and preterm delivery, but evidence for other outcomes such as low birth weight (LBW), stillbirth, congenital anomalies and semen quality appears to be inconclusive and inconsistent.
The overall aim of the HIWATE study is to investigate potential human health risks (e.g. bladder and colorectal cancer, premature births, SGA, semen quality, stillbirth, congenital anomalies) associated with long-term exposure to low levels of disinfectants (such as chlorine) and DBPs occurring in water for human consumption and use in the food industry. The study will comprise risk–benefit analyses including quantitative assessments of risk associated with microbial contamination of drinking water versus chemical risk and will compare alternative treatment options. The outcome will be improved risk assessment and better information for risk management. The work is divided into different topics (exposure assessment, epidemiology, risk assessment and management) and studies.
Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Asian and Pacific Islander U.S. Youth
Authors: Liu Lenna L. , Yi Joyce P. , Beyer Jennifer , Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J. , Dolan Lawrence M. , Dabelea Dana M. , Lawrence Jean M. , Rodriguez Beatriz L. , Marcovina Santica M. , Waitzfelder Beth E. , Fujimoto Wilfred Y. ,   for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE—Given limited reports on diabetes among U.S. Asian and Pacific Islander youth, we describe the clinical characteristics, incidence, and prevalence of diabetes among Asian, Pacific Islander, and mixed Asian–Pacific Islander youth.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data were collected from 245 Asian, Pacific Islander, and Asian–Pacific Islander participants in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, a population-based study of diabetes in youth (aged &lt;20 years). Additionally, we estimated the incidence and prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes for Asian, Pacific Islander, and Asian–Pacific Islander youth combined.
RESULTS—Most participants with type 2 diabetes were obese (range Asian 71% to Pacific Islander 100%) with mean BMI &gt;33 kg/m2. In those with type 1 diabetes, Pacific Islanders were more likely to be obese, with a mean BMI of 26 vs. 20 kg/m2 for Asian and Asian–Pacific Islander youth (P &lt; 0.0001). The incidence of type 1 diabetes for youth aged 0–9 years was 6.4 per 100,000 person-years and 7.4 per 100,000 person-years for youth aged 10–19 years. The incidence of type 2 diabetes was 12.1 per 100,000 person-years for youth aged 10–19 years.
CONCLUSIONS—While Asian and Asian–Pacific Islanders with type 1 and type 2 diabetes had lower mean BMIs than Pacific Islanders, all Asian, Pacific Islander, and Asian–Pacific Islanders with type 2 diabetes had mean BMIs above adult ethnicity-specific definitions of obesity. While the majority of Asian, Pacific Islander, and Asian–Pacific Islander youth had type 1 diabetes, older Asian, Pacific Islander, and Asian–Pacific Islander youth (aged 10–19 years) have an incidence of type 2 diabetes almost double that of type 1 diabetes. Public health efforts to prevent type 2 diabetes and obesity in Asian, Pacific Islander, and Asian–Pacific Islander adolescents are needed.
Diabetes in Navajo Youth
Authors: Dabelea Dana , DeGroat Joquetta , Sorrelman Carmelita , Glass Martia , Percy Christopher A. , Avery Charlene , Hu Diana , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Beyer Jennifer , Imperatore Giuseppina , Testaverde Lisa , Klingensmith Georgeanna , Hamman Richard F. ,   for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE—To estimate the prevalence and incidence of diabetes, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for chronic complications among Navajo youth, using data collected by the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study (SEARCH study).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The SEARCH study identified all prevalent cases of diabetes in 2001 and all incident cases in 2002–2005 among Navajo youth. We estimated denominators with the user population for eligible health care facilities. Youth with diabetes also attended a research visit that included questionnaires, physical examination, blood and urine collection, and extended medical record abstraction.
RESULTS—Diabetes is infrequent among Navajo youth aged &lt;10 years. However, both prevalence and incidence of diabetes are high in older youth. Among adolescents aged 15–19 years, 1 in 359 Navajo youth had diabetes in 2001 and 1 in 2,542 developed diabetes annually. The vast majority of diabetes among Navajo youth with diabetes is type 2, although type 1 diabetes is also present, especially among younger children. Navajo youth with either diabetes type were likely to have poor glycemic control, high prevalence of unhealthy behaviors, and evidence of severely depressed mood. Youth with type 2 diabetes had more metabolic factors associated with obesity and insulin resistance (abdominal fat deposition, dyslipidemia, and higher albumin-to-creatinine ratio) than youth with type 1 diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS—Our data provide evidence that diabetes is an important health problem for Navajo youth. Targeted efforts aimed at primary prevention of diabetes in Navajo youth and efforts to prevent or delay the development of chronic complications among those with diabetes are warranted.
The effect of different head and neck positions on the caudal back and hindlimb kinematics in the elite dressage horse at trot
Authors: Rhodin M. , Álvarez C. B. Gómez , Byström A. , Johnston C. , Van Weeren P. R. , Roepstorff L. , Weishaupt M. A. 
Published: February 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Dressage involves training of the horse with the head and neck placed in a position defined by the rider. The best position for dressage training is currently under debate among riders and trainers, but there are few scientific data available to confirm or disprove the different views. Objective: To evaluate the kinematic effects of different head and neck positions (HNPs) in elite dressage horses ridden at trot. Methods: Seven high‐level dressage horses were subjected to kinetic and kinematic measurements when ridden on a treadmill with the head and neck in 5 different positions. Results: Compared to free trot on loose reins the HNP desired for collected trot at dressage competitions increased T6 vertical excursion, increased sacral flexion and decreased limb retraction after lift‐off. Further increasing head or head and neck flexion caused few additional changes while an extremely elevated neck position increased hindlimb flexion and lumbar back extension during stance, increased hindlimb flexion during swing and further increased trunk vertical excursion. Conclusions: The movements of the horse are significantly different when ridden on loose reins compared to the position used in collected trot. The exact degree of neck flexion is, however, not consistently correlated to the movements of the horse's limbs and trunk at collected trot. An extremely elevated neck position can produce some effects commonly associated with increased degree of collection, but the increased back extension observed with this position may place the horse at risk of injury if ridden in this position for a prolonged period. Potential relevance: Head and neck positions influence significantly the kinematics of the ridden horse. It is important for riders and trainers to be aware of these effects in dressage training.
Basic kinematics of the saddle and rider in high‐level dressage horses trotting on a treadmill
Authors: Byström A. , Rhodin M. , Von Peinen K. , Weishaupt M. A. , Roepstorff L. 
Published: February 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: A comprehensive kinematic description of rider and saddle movements is not yet present in the scientific literature. Objective: To describe saddle and rider movements in a group of high‐level dressage horses and riders. Method: Seven high‐level dressage horses and riders were subjected to kinematic measurements while performing collected trot on a treadmill. For analysis a rigid body model for the saddle and core rider segments, projection angles of the rider's extremities and the neck and trunk of the horse, and distances between markers selected to indicate rider position were used. Results: For a majority of the variables measured it was possible to describe a common pattern for the group. Rotations around the transverse axis (pitch) were generally biphasic for each diagonal. During the first half of stance the saddle rotated anticlockwise and the rider's pelvis clockwise viewed from the right and the rider's lumbar back extended. During the later part of stance and the suspension phase reverse pitch rotations were observed. Rotations of the saddle and core rider segments around the longitudinal (roll) and vertical axes (yaw) changed direction only around time of contact of each diagonal. Conclusion: The saddles and riders of high‐level dressage horses follow a common movement pattern at collected trot. The movements of the saddle and rider are clearly related to the movements of the horse and saddle movements also seem to be influenced by the rider. Potential relevance: Knowledge about rider and saddle movements can further our understanding of, and hence possibilities to prevent, orthopaedic injuries related to the exposure of the horse to a rider and saddle.
Deformation of the equine pelvis in response toin vitro3D sacroiliac joint loading
Authors: Haussler K. K. , Mcgilvray K. C. , Ayturk U. M. , Puttlitz C. M. , Hill A. E. , Mcilwraith C. W. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Sacroiliac joint injuries can cause poor performance; however, the interaction between pelvic mechanics and the sacroiliac joint is poorly understood.Objective: To measure pelvic displacement during 3D sacroiliac joint loading.Methods: Nine reflective triads were attached rigidly to bony prominences in sacropelvic specimens harvested from 14 horses for stereophotogrammetric analysis of triad displacements and joint kinematics. The sacrum was coupled to a load cell and mounted vertically within a material testing system (MTS). A pneumatic actuator was used to apply 90 Nm moments to the ischial arch to simulate nutation‐counternutation and left and right lateral bending of the sacroiliac joints. Axial rotation of the sacrum was induced by torsion of the upper MTS fixture. Vectors of marker displacement within orthogonal planes of motion were measured during loading of the sacropelvic specimens. Comparisons in the magnitude and direction of triad displacements were made between paired left‐right markers and paired loading conditions.Results: Nutation‐counternutation of the sacroiliac joint caused vertical displacement of the ischial tuberosities and cranial‐caudal displacement of the wings of the ilium. Lateral bending induced rotational displacement within the horizontal plane of all pelvic landmarks, relative to the sacrum. Axial rotation of the sacrum caused elevation of the wing of the ilium ipsilateral to the direction of sacral rotation and depression of the contralateral ilial wing. Significant paired left‐right differences occurred during most sacroiliac joint loading conditions. Comparable magnitudes of pelvic displacement were measured during nutation‐counternutation, left and right lateral bending, and left and right axial rotation.Conclusions: The equine pelvis is not a rigid structure and asymmetric pelvic deformation occurs during most sacroiliac joint movements.Clinical relevance: Bony pelvic deformation should be considered a normal response to any sacroiliac joint movement.
The effects of limb posture on relationships betweenin vitroradial hoof strain, load and joint angles
Authors: Hobbs S. J. , Mather J. , Rolph C. , Richards J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Radial strain in normal hooves has been found to vary with strain gauge location, limb posture and sample limb but reported magnitudes were considered to be low. More accurate measurement of radial strain may enhance the understanding of hoof function.Objectives: To explorein vitroradial hoof strain in relation other kinetic and kinematic variables that may be related.Methods: Five normal forelimbs were removed at the proximal articular surface of the third metacarpal bone (McIII). The limbs were loaded using a modified Instron test machine. Six calibrated infrared cameras captured movement from markers on the hoof and bone fixed markers on the second and first phalanxes and McIII, whilst radial hoof strain was measured using a calibrated instrumented plug. Change in strain, joint angle and load were found at simulated walking postures and bivariate correlations were used to compare the relationships between them.Results: Radial strain was moderately correlated with proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) rotation (r =−0.519). Large reductions in radial strain were found in loading and midstance with 10° of heel lift postures.Conclusions and potential relevance: PIPJ rotation has previously been linked to the magnitude of deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) loads and it is therefore suspected that these loads may have the greatest influence on radial strain magnitudes. Further investigation of radial strain is needed to describe the patterns fully during the stance phasein vivo.
Horizontal moment around the hoof's centre of pressure during walking in a straight line
Authors: Colborne G. R. , Heaps L. A. , Franklin S. H. 
Published: February 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Joint congruity and ligaments restrain the distal limb joints from excessive motion in the transverse and frontal planes, but the magnitudes and direction of the horizontal twisting moments around the hoof's centre of pressure (CoP) that induce these motions are unknown. Objectives: To quantify the horizontal moment around the vertical axis through the hoof's CoP at walk, and to determine whether these are symmetric. Methods: Nine sound Thoroughbred horses (mean age 5.3 years; mean mass 502 kg) were led at walk in a straight line across a Kistler force platform. Five trials were collected for each fore and hindlimb. The resultant moment around the hoof's CoP was calculated from the horizontal moment arms between the calculated CoP and the 4 horizontal forces in the transverse (X) and cranio‐caudal (Y) directions. Results: The calculated moments were consistent within limbs and horses, but variable between horses. Hindlimbs demonstrated a biphasic moment pattern and the largest moments were typically in the first half of stance. Mean ± s.d. peak moments were internal under both hindlimbs (L: Int 14.1 ± 4.6 Nm; R: Int 13.3 ± 5.5 Nm). In the forelimbs, 7/9 horses demonstrated an asymmetric moment pattern, with the left forelimb exerting an internal moment (L: Int 6.9 ± 2.9 Nm) and the right forelimb an external moment (R: Ext 8.4 ± 4.4 Nm), while the remaining 2 horses exerted internal moments in both forelimbs (L: Int 11.7 ± 1.4 Nm; R: Int 6.6 ± 1.9 Nm). Conclusion: In 7/9 horses, the forelimbs exerted asymmetric horizontal moments around the hoof CoP. The hindlimbs appear to behave with mechanical symmetry during stance, exerting an internal moment during retraction. Potential relevance: Extrasagittal joint motions in the forelimb are unlikely to be symmetric and future studies should account for possible bilateral variations.
The relationship between range of motion of lumbosacral flexion‐extension and canter velocity of horses on a treadmill
Authors: Johnson J. L. , Moore‐Colyer M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Research into kinematics of the healthy equine back, has been performed in the walk and trot. This study focuses on back kinematics during canter, over a range of velocities. Flexion extension (FE) movements in canter are greatest in the lumbosacral (LS) region. Previous research has focused on canter velocity of 7 m/s; therefore quantification of LS kinematics at varying velocities is required to understand LS functions in equine locomotion.Hypothesis: Range of flexion‐extension movement through the lumbosacral joint increases with increasing velocity.Methods: Six Thoroughbred horses (mean age 9.6 years) cantered on treadmill at 4 velocities (6.0, 6.5, 7.0 and 8.0 m/s, respectively). Reflective markers were placed over the 5th lumbar vertebra (L5), the lumbosacral junction (LS) and the 3rd sacral vertebra (S3). Lumbosacral angle (LS) was defined as the angle formed between L5, LS and S3. Flexion‐extension (FE) range of motion (ROM) was analysed using a 2 camera, 3D motion capture system ProReflex1. Linear regression was used to determine strengths of relationships between speed of canter and lumbosacral FE movements.Results: Range of FE ROM seen at the lumbosacral joint increased linearly with speed. FE ROM ranged 6.1°± 1.9 at 6 m/s, 6.3°± 1.9 at 6.5 m/s, 6.6°± 1.9 at 7 m/s and 7.2°± 1.9 at 8 m/s. Linear regression showed positive associations between speed and LS FE range of motion (r2= 0.993; P = 0.003).Conclusions and potential relevance: Results show linear relationships between LS FE movements and submaximal canter velocities. These results provide information on the LS joint at canter. Understanding the effects of velocity on the back of healthy horses may aid our understanding of the demands placed on this joint in sport horses at this gait.
Quantification of surface EMG signals to monitor the effect of a Botox treatment in six healthy ponies and two horses with stringhalt: Preliminary study
Authors: Wijnberg I. D. , Schrama S. E. A. , Elgersma A. E. , Maree J. T. M. , De Cocq P. , Back W. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryReasons for performing the study: Therapeutic options for stringhalt in horses are limited, whereas medical experiences with botulinum toxin type A (Botox) have been positive. To evaluate its effectiveness in horses, surface electromyography (sEMG) signals before and after injection need to be quantified.Hypothesis: Treatment of healthy ponies and cases with Botox should reduce muscle activity in injected muscles and reduce spastic movements without adverse side effects.Methods: Unilaterally, theextensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum lateralisandlateral vastusmuscles of 6 healthy mature Shetland ponies and 2 talented Dutch Warmblood dressage horses with stringhalt were injected (maximum of 400 iu per pony and 700 iu per case; 100 iu in 5 ml NaCl divided into 5 injections) with Botox under needle EMG guidance. Surface EMG data were evaluated using customised software, and in the individuals gait was analysed using Proreflex. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed models and independent samplettest (P<0.05).Results: Surface EMG signals were quantified using customised software. The area under the curve (integrated EMG) in time was used as variable. It became significantly reduced in injected muscles after injection of Botox in normal ponies (P<0.05). This effect was present from Day 1 until Day 84 after injection. In the 2 cases, after injection of 3 muscles, the integrated EMG in time became significantly reduced in all 3 muscles. Kinematic measurements confirmed reduction of frequency and amplitude of hyperflexing or hyperabducting strides of the affected hindlimbs. The duration of effect was also seen in the cases until around 12 weeks after injection.Conclusions and potential relevance: After EMG guided injections of Botox, sEMG signals recorded from injected muscle were reduced, which proves this to be a useful tool in statistically evaluating a treatment effect. The positive results of this pilot study encourage further research with a larger group of clinical cases.
The current status of antibiotic use in equine reproduction
Authors: LeBlanc M. M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAntibiotics are infused into the uterine lumen, added to semen extenders and given systemically for infections of the reproductive tract of the mare and stallion. Evidence‐based guidelines for determining treatment length and route of administration are limited and use is frequently based on convenience or tradition. Current recommended antibiotic use for the treatment of bacterial and fungal endometritis, placentitis and metritis in the mare and genital infections of the stallion are presented. Antibiotic classes used for reproductive problems are also reviewed.
Injection Molding of Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Kumar K. S. , Patel V. , Tyagi A. , Bhatnagar N. , Ghosh A. K. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Long fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites are one of the fastest growing segments experiencing 30% growth per year, over the last decade. This study describes the development of long fiber reinforced thermoplastic (LFRT) composites and the effect of fiber length on mold and process parameters of injection molding process. LFRT pellets of different sizes were prepared by an extrusion process using a specially designed impregnation die and palletized into different lengths. These pellets were injection molded to develop LFRT composites. Fiber length distributions were analyzed using a profile projector and an image analyzer software system. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MA-g-PP) was added to improve the adhesion between glass fibers and polypropylene. Improvement in mechanical properties were analyzed for different pellet sizes with different fiber content for long fiber reinforced polypropylene (LFPP) and long fiber reinforced polyamide (LFPA) composite.
Analytical Model for the Throughput and Drive Power Calculation in the Melting Section of Single Screw Plasticizing Units considering Wall-Slippage
Authors: Potente H. , Bornemann M. , Kurte-Jardin M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In single-screw extrusion the simulation of the plasticizing process by means of software tools becomes more and more important. These programs need mathematical models that have to be improved continuously to simulate the process values realistically. A two-part article presents an analytical approach to calculate the pressure/throughput and drive power behaviour of wall-slipping polymers in the melting section of single-screw plasticizing units. The investigations that are conducted are based on the notion commonly found in the literature of a melt film forming between the barrel and a compact solid bed, with the simultaneous development of a melt pool. As boundary condition for describing the wall slippage, a critical shear stress, as of which a slippage process commences, and also a slippage-velocity-dependent shear stress is assumed. In this first part of the publication, the investigations focus on the processes that take place in the melt film. A new model is developed for describing the process behaviour in this area.