bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidation, antioxidants and cataract formation: a literature review
Authors: Williams David L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPurpose  This review aims to provide a literature survey of the association between photo‐oxidation of lens proteins and lipid peroxidation with the genesis of age‐related cataract in laboratory studies using rodent models, in epidemiological and interventional studies in humans.Materials and methods  A Medline search using initial search terms lens, oxidation, antioxidant, and diet was employed to search for research papers covering the areas noted above from 1995 to 2005. Literature cited in those papers was also reviewed to provide as comprehensive a coverage of research work as possible.Results  Lens protein photo‐oxidation and lipid peroxidation are widely acknowledged as important steps in age‐related cataractogenesis. Dietary antioxidants are central in retarding cataractogenesis, although most evidence for this is gained from laboratory‐based work on relatively unphysiologic rodent cataract models, using antioxidant regimes that could not be sustained in clinical practice. Most research in humans is retrospective epidemiology although some interventional research has been undertaken, with mixed results.Conclusions  Dietary antioxidants are likely to be important in retarding cataractogenesis in older animals and in humans. Work on companion animals could provide a valuable stepping stone between rodent‐based laboratory work and human interventional studies.
The E7 Initiative
Authors: Fleuly Jean Louis 
Published: August 2006

RésuméEn avril 1992, les presidents des plus grandes compagnies du monde impliquCes dans la production, le transport et la distribution d'ClectricitC, se sont rencontrCs h la Baie James au Quebec (Canada) afin de dCfinir une position commune quant h la protection de I'environnement global et h la promotion de la production et de I'utilisation efficace de I'ClectricitC. 11s creerent I'lnitiative E7 dont les membres sont aujourd'hui: Electricit6 de France (France), ENEL spa (Italie), Hydro‐QuCbec (Canada), Kansai Electric Power Company (Japon), Ontario Hydro (Canada), RWE Energie (Allemagne), Southern California Edison (Etats‐Unis) et Tokyo Electric Power Company (Japon). Les compagnies du E7 estiment qu'en plus de leurs efforts locaux pour protCger I'environnement, des mesures supplCmentaires prisesh I'Cchelle mondiale et ayant comme objectifs la protection environnementale et I'efficacitC CnergCtique, sont nCcessaires. Afin de parvenir h un rCel transfert de technologies, ces objectifs ne peuvent etre atteints que s'il y a Cchange de technologies, d'expertise et d'exphrience entre les compagnies. Ainsi, elles Cvaluent que ce transfert aidera les pays en dbveloppement h faire le pont vers I'utilisation de technologies propres et efficaces et, par consCquent, contribuer d'une maniere significative h la rhduction des Cmissions h I'Cchelle planCtaire. A cet Cgard, le E7 a mis sur pied le RCseau d'expertise E7 pour l'environnement global. Le RCseau d'expertise coordonne les projets tout en servant de groupeconseil en matieres d'environnement, d'energie et de production Clectrique aupres des institutions internationales, des compagnies Clectriques et des gouvernements nationaux des pays en dCveloppement et d'Europe de I'Est. Le E7 offre son expertise sur une base pro bono. Les projets proposCs sont soumis soit par les membres du E7 ou soit par des intervenants externes comprenant les compagnies d'ClectricitC des pays intCressCs, les banques de dheloppement, les organisations internationales gouvernementales et non‐gouvernementales. Les projets du RCseau englobent un large spectrum d'expertise, allant de la production h I'utilisation, en passant par le transport et la distribution de I'ClectricitC.
Landscapes of (Un)lawful Chaos: Conflicts Around Temperate Rainforest and Biological Diversity in Pacific Canada
Authors: Ingram Gordon Brent 
Published: August 2006

SummaryUnresolved questions of land and resource ownership, that have persisted from the colonial period, are limiting rain forest conservation in many parts of the Pacific Rim. In this outline of the liquidation of the ancient temperate forests of Pacific coast of Canada, the notion of the obscuring of the ‘cognitive map’, of various perceptions and social priorities, is explored in order understand contradictions of legal systems that contribute to continued conflict and instability. The local context for forest conservation are outlined for the Haida and Nuu‐Chah‐Nulth people as well as for the Province of British Columbia and the Government of Canada
Trade and the Environment: the British Columbian Timber Trade Example
Authors: Spalding Mark J. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryTrade in natural resources inherently involves environmental issues. For this reason, environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) must inject themselves into trade disputes involving natural resources and primary products in order for free trade and environmental protection to be made compatible to achieve sustainable development. This article will examine the interrelationships between trade and the environment through the example of British Columbia's (BC) timber trade. Timber is a very important part of Canada's export trade, but it is an endangered natural resource which is not currently being used in a way that balances all of the environmental, economic, and social factors involved.
Modifying Land Management in Africa: National and International Efforts
Authors: Howard Eric S. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryNations have the sovereign right to control the use of resources within their borders: their forests and agricultural lands. In some cases the rights have been passed down to local governments or communities. However, these rights are balanced by international concerns regarding land degradation and subsequent transboundary impacts including declines in the beneficial functions performed by forests, land and soil. As a consequence, references to land management concerns in treaties and international agreements are becoming more frequent.There are a variety of forest and rural land management regimes in Africa. Some lands are nationalized, some still are in the hands of traditional users, and some are being returned to communities. In nearly all cases the legal system is a mixture of colonial laws and more recent regulations. African governments are responding to internal and external calls for action by creating national resource agencies, and by undertaking action programmes aimed at forest and land conservation. Implementation is a key issue.
Environmental Regulation in the Developing World: The Case of India
Authors: Murty M. N. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryDespite the emergence of environmental legislation during the 1970s and 1980s, India currently lags behind in the use of economic instruments such as pollution taxes. The policy of the Government of India to provide subsidies to the larger factories as an incentive to use effluent treatment plants is inconsistent with the basic economic tenet of taxing the polluters. However, given that pollution taxes may be ineffective in controlling pollution by the smaller factories, subsidies to these factories may be justified in order to promote collective action by them to establish a common effluent treatment plant. Collective action involving all the relevant parties (affected public, factories, NGOs and the Government) is being considered as an institutional alternative for controlling industrial pollution.
THAT WAS THEN, THIS IS NOW: FORTY YEARS OF SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CHANGE IN THE TROPICAL THIRD WORLD
Authors: Drakakis‐Smith David 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough the last 40 years have witnessed enormous changes within the Third World, many of these have been uneven in their intensity and impact. Indeed, the widening differences between developing countries beg the question as to whether they constitute a cohesive collectivity.This essay makes a comparison between the tropical Third World of the 1950s and that of the 1990s. In many ways the former was much more set and predictable in its relationships and structure than today. However, the changes which have taken place over the last 40 years have not always been to the advantage or lasting benefit of the majority of people in the Third World. A realistic appraisal of future problems and how these might be addressed is thus a central theme of this discussion.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF THE AMERICAN TROPICS: A FORTY‐YEAR REVIEW
Authors: Mathewson Kent 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTFor a decade or so after World War II, human geographers working in the American tropics found socio‐political conditions and resultant research topics little changed from those before the war. This was in contrast to the Old World tropics where decolonization processes and the demands of economic development and new nation building produced divergent research currents, For the first half of the period under review, the American tropics continued to be the province largely of geographers with culturalhistorical questions grounded in natural historical bases. The legacy is Humboldt's; the practitioners most notably students of Carl Sauer or German counterparts such as Carl Troll. French and British regionalist approaches, strong in the region before World War II, survived less successfully. By the 1980s, however, broad pan‐tropical currents of geographic discourse and debate had become established. New practices and theories were formulated and tested as North Atlantic geographers borrowed from antipodean innovators and others working in the Asian and African tropics. Since the 1980s, there have been greater efforts at dialogue and collaboration with host country colleagues. As might be expected in this era of ‘globalization’, national research styles and agendas have become less evident.This paper offers a highly selective map of research nodes within tropical Americanist geography since the early 1950s. The selection of examples includes qualitative criteria, but more importantly, research that signify stasis or intensification as well as turning points and departures in the overall development of this literature. The contours of this history suggest some highly evolved, even idiosyncratic enterprises, but in the main, it is an unfolding that suggests broad congruencies with human geographic work elsewhere in the tropics.
A REVIEW OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IN SOUTH ASIA
Authors: Kale Vishwas S. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe development of physical geography in South Asia has generally followed the British and European trends. Diverse themes from denudational chronology to palaeoflood geomorphology have attracted the attention of geomorphologists, particularly in the last 25 years. In addition, geographers’ interest in climatology and biogeography became pronounced during the 1980s. Major methodological shifts in the late 1960s in the west have affected geographical studies in South Asia. These shifts include the use of methods of quantification, remote sensing data, and the increased importance of field and laboratory studies. The second notable aspect in recent times is the accelerating interest amongst physical geographers in environmental studies and the applied aspects of the discipline as well as an increased interaction with scientists in cognate fields. An attempt is also made to identify the key research themes that will interest physical geographers in the near future.
THE RESOURCE CURSE THESIS: MINERALS IN BOLIVIAN DEVELOPMENT, 1970–90
Authors: Auty R.M. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTRich natural resource endowments like minerals often prove to be a curse. This is because they raise over‐optimistic expectations that lead to lax economic policies which in turn retard the competitive diversification needed to sustain rapid economic growth. A clear example is provided by Bolivia during the 1974–78 and 1979–81 mineral booms. But Bolivia also shows a corollary of the resource curse thesis: in adversity (the hyperinflation and mineral price falls of the mid‐19809, tough but necessary reforms may emerge. Bolivia now needs to accelerate the re‐orientation of its economy towards the tropical lowlands.
MENTAL MAPS AND RESIDENTIAL DESIRABILITY. A SINGAPORE STUDY
Authors: Eng Teo Siew 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the perceptual images and residential desirability of public and private housing residents in Clementi housing estate in Singapore. Residents’ mental maps are established in terms of their levels of knowledgeability of activity nodes tied to various aspects of their lives, namely, workplaces, recreational and sports centres, shops and residential areas. The way the mental maps shape residents’ perceptions of what are desirable and non‐desirable places to live in are also discussed. The paper highlights the significance of socio‐economic differences, length of residence, physical proximity, levels of interaction and cultural leanings in influencing the mental maps and residential preferences of urban residents in Singapore
IDENTIFICATION OF AND RESPONSE TO DROUGHT BY LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN FULLADU WEST DISTRICT, THE GAMBIA
Authors: Jallow Saidou Sireh 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough the way in which local communities in The Gambia identify drought has remained predominantly traditional, their response to the hazard has undergone significant change over the past three decades. Some of the changes, even if short‐lived, have been beneficial, and have reduced the severity and duration of the hardships and penury which can accompany droughts in this part of the world. Nevertheless, other changes in the local response system, coupled with wider social, economic and political developments over the decades, are threatening to weaken the tolerance of local communities to hazards and increase their exposure to droughts. This article examines some of the strategies which local communities employ to identify and respond to drought, the extent to which responses have changed over the past decades, and the implications of some of these changes for the vulnerability of local communities in The Gambia.
THE RETREAT OF THE FOREST IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: A CARTOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT
Authors: Bernard Stéphane , De Koninck Rodolphe 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTRapid deforestation is a major problem throughout the tropical world. The conditions and the pace under which societies and economies of the Third World are currently evolving and growing, combined with the specificities of tropical forests, render the latter increasingly vulnerable. Among the major tropical areas of the world, Southeast Asia is perhaps the one where these conditions have had the most impact on the retreat of the forest cover over the last quarter of this century. This is illustrated through the presentation of two maps of the distribution of five basic forest formations in Southeast Asiacirca1970 andcirca1990. The maps are examined and compared, as well as confronted with statistical assessments of deforestation. Finally, the complex causes behind the retreat of the tropical forests as well as the implications of this retreat are briefly discussed.
DEVISE AND RULE: COLONIAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE BORNEO DAYAK c.1860–1920
Authors: Cleary Mark 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper considers some of the ways in which travellers, administrators and academics in the colonial period sought to categorise the indigenous groups of Borneo. It focuses on Sarawak and North Borneo between about 1850 and 1920, and examines the use of stereotypical images of exoticism, fear and loathing in constructing different categories of peoples in the region. The paper argues that such categorisations were important in structuring the relationships between ruler and ruled, and in the development of particular regional and local identities.
DIVIDED LANDSCAPES, FRAGMENTED IDENTITIES: EAST BENGAL REFUGEES AND THEIR REHABILITATION IN INDIA, 1947–79
Authors: Kudaisya Gyanesh 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 was followed by the forced uprooting of an estimated 18 million people. This paper focuses on the predicament of the minority communities in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) who were uprooted and forced to seek shelter in the Indian province of West Bengal. It considers the responses of Indian federal and provincial governments to the challenge of refugee rehabilitation. A study is made of the Dandakaranya scheme which was undertaken after 1958 to resettle the refugees by colonising forest land: the project was sited in a peninsular region marked by plateaus and hill ranges which the refugees, originally from the riverine and deltaic landscape of Bengal, found hard to accept. Despite substantial official rehabilitation efforts, the refugees demanded to be resettled back in their “natural habitat” of Indian Bengal. However, this was resisted by the state. Notwithstanding this opposition, a large number of East Bengal refugees moved back into regions which formed a part of erstwhile undivided Bengal where, without any government aid and planning, they colonised lands and created their own habitats. Many preferred to become squatters in the slums that sprawled in and around Calcutta. The complex interplay of identity and landscape, of dependence and self‐help, that informed the choices which the refugees made in rebuilding their lives is analysed in the paper.
UPROOTED LIVES: GENDER, VIOLENCE AND DISPLACEMENT IN COLOMBIA
Authors: Meertens Donny , Segura‐Escobar Nora 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTDuring the last decade, more than 600,000 people have been forced to leave rural areas and migrate to regional urban centres in Colombia as a result of political violence in which guerrilla and paramilitary groups and the armed forces are the principal actors. The number of displaced people is still increasing. Nearly 60 per cent of them are women, and at least 25 per cent of the displaced households are headed by women, most of whom are widows. Focusing on three regions of the country ‐ the northern Caribbean Coast, the central Middle Magdalena region and the Eastern Plains ‐ the effects of forced displacement on women and men are analysed in terms of intra‐household relationships, survival strategies and gender identities. The paper evaluates the gains and losses for women and men in the process of displacement. It argues that displacement has the strongest impact on women during the stage of “destruction”, while men, confronted with unemployment and loss of identity, are most affected during the stage of “reconstruction”.
URBAN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND WOMEN'S STRATEGIES IN SUSTAINING FAMILY LIVELIHOODS IN HARARE, ZIMBABWE
Authors: Mudimu Godfrey D. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe growing of crops on open and undeveloped spaces within urban zones in eastern and southern African cities has become an important source of food security. Urban populations have expanded without a corresponding increase in economic opportunities for employment. Economic reforms have led to the removal of subsidies on food commodities and retrenchments in the formal employment sectors. It is reported that a result of this is that vulnerable households have resorted to urban agriculture to sustain their livelihoods. Though a widespread practice, urban agriculture is not planned for or supported by urban planners and managers as a legitimate form of urban land use in Harare, Zimbabwe. As women are the main participants in urban agriculture, their activities come into direct conflict with planning provisions for urban space. This study examines the role of women in urban agriculture and views and perceptions of the use of urban space for agricultural activities in Harare. It shows that urban agriculture is useful in meeting household food needs by those who undertake it. The study offers empirical insight on the perceptions of the use of space in an urban tropical environment for agriculture, where conflicts can arise as a result of different perceptions and alternative uses.
CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF MARINE MAMMALS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Authors: Hofman Robert J. , Bonner W. Nigel 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews some of the major issues, programs and events that have led to the current state of marine mammal populations, management goals and management programs worldwide. It notes the changing focus of management issues and research needs during the past decade and attempts to forecast the kinds of research needed to deal with likely issues in the forthcoming decade.
STATUS OF STUDIES ON FOSSIL MARINE MAMMALS
Authors: Barnes Lawrence G. , Domning Daryl P. , Ray Clayton E. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTA 30‐year renaissance in research on fossil marine mammals has brought advances on several fronts and suggests potential directions for future study. Gingerich and Russell have describedPakicetus, the most primitive archaeocete cetacean. Mchedlidze has described a diverse assemblage of late Oligocene/early Miocene cetaceans from the Caucasus and Georgia, S.S.R. Barnes and Fordyce, respectively, have outlined sequences of fossil cetacean assemblages in the northeast and southwest Pacific. Much remains to be done on origin and definition of cetacean suborders, diversification and systematics of families, and relationships among infra‐familial taxa.New material has been recovered of the most primitive desmostylians, and other new specimens, especially ones from Japan studied by Inuzuka and others, give a relatively complete picture of their anatomy. Material now exists for phylogenetic analysis.Domning has proposed a phyletic lineage of the sirenian subfamily Hydro‐damalinae and has outlined patterns of Late Cenozoic manatee evolution. With Morgan and Ray he reviewed Eocene sirenians in the northwest Atlantic. Numerous new specimens are being actively studied in attempts to reassess relationships within the Sirenia.Mitchell and Tedford described the most primitive otariid,Enaliarctos.Repenning and Tedford reviewed the otarioids. The primitive taxa and their origin near or in the amphicynodontine ursids have been identified.The zoogeography of true seals, the phocids, has been analyzed recently by Repenning, Ray and Grigorescu, and by de Muizon. Most taxa are based on a few fragmentary specimens, and much work needs to be done on basic descriptions, interspecific comparisons and phyletic analysis. However, major progress has been made in the southern hemisphere through description of extensive new materials from Peru and South Africa.Many important phylogenetic gaps in the fossil record of marine mammals have been filled recently, and further advances continue at a rapid rate. Studies of zoogeography, functional anatomy and paleoecology, in addition to phylogeny, are coming into their own and promise an exciting series of discoveries in the coming years.
ESTIMATION OF PREY DENSITIES REQUIRED BY WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALES
Authors: Kenney Robert D. , Hyman Martin A. M. , Owen Ralph E. , Scott Gerald P. , Winn Howard E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe apparent lack of significant recovery of western North Atlantic right whale populations may be related to the availability of prey in exploitable densities. We have attempted to estimate the concentration of zooplankton required by right whales to obtain a net energetic benefit over the long term, using estimated values for body weight, metabolic rate, assimilation efficiency, time spent feeding, mouth size and swimming speed. The estimated range of required energy densities is 7.57 to 2,394 kcal m−3 (3.17 × 104 to 1.00 × 107 joule m−3). These values are from one to more than three orders of magnitude greater than the densest concentration sampled in the vicinity of right whale aggregations in the Great South Channel. Right whales must seek out and exploit extremely dense patches of prey organisms in order to feed efficiently. The presence of such dense patches of zooplankton is likely to be a primary characteristic of spring, summer and fall right whale habitats.