bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kalarippayatt, Martial Art of Kerala
Authors: Zarrilli Phillip B. 
Published: April 2006

At the start of the sixteenth century, Duarte Barbosa, one of the earliest Portugese to arrive in Kerala, a state in southwest India, provides a description of Kalarippayatt (meaning “place of exercise,” referring to the technical system of training In its entirety. Kalari by itself means gymnasium or fencing school.) which although quaint is nevertheless still an apt account of this indigenous martial art system:The more part of the Nairs, when they are seven years of age, are sent to schools, where they are taught many tricks of nimbleness and dexterity, there they teach them to dance and turn about and to twist on the ground, to take royal leaps and other leaps, and this they learn twice a day as long as they are children, and they become so loose jointed and supple that they make them turn their bodies contrary to nature; and when they are fully accomplished in this they teach them to play with the weapon to which they are most inclined, some with bows and arrows, some with poles to become spearmen, but most with sword and are ever practising... Longworth Mansel Dames, ed.,The Book of Duarte Barbosa, Vol. II.
Tell Me, a play by Guy de Cointet
Authors: Deák Frantiŝek 
Published: April 2006

We can in fact presume that there exist certain writers, painters, musicians, in whose eyes a certain exercise of structure (and not only its thought) represents a distinctive experience, and that both analysts and creators must be placed under the common sign of what we might call structural man, defined not by his ideas or his languages, but by his imagination—in other words, by the way in which he mentally experiences structure.(Roland Barthes The Structuralist Activity)In theatre, a heightened perception and experience of structure is possible in three kinds of work. The first is theatre based on strong codified conventions, as in Oriental theatre and a large part of Western folk theatre. In viewing Kabuki or No productions my awareness of structure is heightened not only because of the great variety and distribution of theatrical signs and their apparent systematic codification but also because, as a foreigner to Japanese culture and theatre, my attitude during the production is one of deciphering.
Art Versus Business: The Role of Women in American Theatre
Authors: Chinoy Helen Krich 
Published: April 2006

In the decade or more since the women's movement began, a number of books on the female experience in literature, art and architecture, film and dance have been published, but no comparable attempts have been made to identify a women's tradition in the complex art of theatre. Some excellent volumes of plays by women and some about women, some interesting articles on individuals and on the new feminist theatres, a symposium or an interview here or there have appeared. With the exception of the reissue of Rosamund Gilder's classic, Enter the Actress, however, no overall study has tried to see how women have used and have been used in theatre.Yet questions about women's participation in all aspects of theatre have become more insistent.
Increased expression of glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol anchor attachment protein 1 (GPAA1) is associated with gene amplification in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ho Jenny C. , Cheung Siu Tim , Patil Mohini , Chen Xin , Fan Sheung Tat 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGlycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor attachment protein 1 (GPAA1) transcript level was frequently up‐regulated in our earlier study on gene expression profile. We therefore analyzed the potential involvement of GPAA1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as GPAA1 gene locates at chromosome 8q24.3 which chromosome region is frequently amplified in HCCs. In this study, we observed that GPAA1 transcript in the HCCs (n = 93) showed a significantly higher expression level compared with their paralleled adjacent nontumor liver tissues, cirrhosis (n = 15) and normal (n = 16) liver tissues using real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR (p < 0.005). We also demonstrated that GPAA1 protein up‐regulation was common in HCCs (90%, 9/10), and GPAA1 gene was frequently amplified (73%, 11/15) using quantitative microsatellite analysis. Increased GPAA1 expression was significantly associated with HCCs poor cellular differentiation (p = 0.011) and poor prognosis (p = 0.010). We then modulated the GPAA1 expression level in HCC cells (Hep3B) by transfection experiments, which was shown to positively regulate cell adhesion ability (p = 0.004) and proliferation rate (p = 0.037). Our data revealed GPAA1 gene amplification with overexpression of RNA and protein in HCC. GPAA1 is a potential amplification target of chromosome 8q and responsible to regulate tumor cells behavior. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulated Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: Barenghi C. F. , Jones C. A. 
Published: April 2006

The onset of instability in temporally modulated Taylor-Couette flow is considered. Critical Reynolds numbers have been found by computing Floquet exponents. We find that frequency modulation of the inner cylinder introduces a small destabilization, in agreement with the narrow-gap theory of Hall and some recent experiments of Ahlers. We review the previous computational literature on this problem, and find a number of contradictory results: the source of these discrepancies is examined, and a satisfactory resolution is achieved. Nonlinear axisymmetric calculations on the modulated problem have been done with an initial value code using a spectral method with collocation. The results are compared satisfactorily with Ahlers' measurements.At low modulation frequency, a large destabilization has been observed in past experiments. We show that this cannot be explained on the basis of perfect bifurcation theory: an analysis of the modulated amplitude equation shows that very small imperfections can substantially affect the behaviour at low frequency by giving rise to ‘transient’ vortices at subcritical Reynolds number. We argue that these ‘transient’ vortices are the source of the large destabilization seen in some experiments. Modelling the imperfections in the initial-value code provides additional confirmation of this effect.
Amylase‐Resistant Starch as Adjunct to Oral Rehydration Therapy in Children with Diarrhea
Authors: Raghupathy P. , Ramakrishna B. S. , Oommen Samuel P. , Ahmed Mir Shovkat , Priyaa G. , Dziura James , Young Graeme P. , Binder Henry J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTBackground:Oral rehydration solution (ORS) for treatment of diarrhea relies on enhancement of small intestinal sodium and fluid absorption to correct dehydration. Amylase‐resistant starch added to ORS significantly reduced the duration and severity of diarrhea in adults with cholera, presumably by generation of short‐chain fatty acids in the colon and enhancement of colonic sodium and fluid absorption. The present study was initiated to determine whether addition of amylase‐resistant starch to standard World Health Organization glucose‐ORS (G‐ORS) would reduce the duration of diarrhea and fecal fluid losses in children with acute diarrhea.Methods:One hundred eighty‐three children (6 months to 3 years) with acute watery diarrhea were randomized to receive either standard treatment with G‐ORS or G‐ORS with additional amylase‐resistant starch, HAMS (HAMS‐ORS, 50g/L). Stool weight and consistency were monitored serially until development of formed stool or development of treatment failure defined as either the need for unscheduled intravenous fluid therapy or diarrhea longer than 72 hours.Results:Five of the subjects were lost to follow up. In 178 remaining children (87 HAMS‐ORS and 91 G‐ORS) with evaluable data, time from enrolment to last unformed stool was significantly less in children receiving HAMS‐ORS (median, 6.75 hours; 95% confidence interval, 4.27‐9.22) than in children treated with G‐ORS (12.80 hours, 8.69‐16.91) (P = 0.0292). Time to first formed stool was also significantly shorter in children receiving HAMS‐ORS (median, 18.25 hours; 95% confidence interval, 13.09‐23.41) compared with children receiving G‐ORS (median, 21.50 hours; 95% confidence interval, 17.26‐25.74) (P = 0.0440). The total amount of ORS consumed was similar in both groups. There was a trend toward lower mean stool weight in first 24 hours (P = 0.0752) as well as total diarrheal stool weight (P = 0.0926) in patients in the HAMS group compared with the G‐ORS group.Conclusion:In children with acute diarrhea, the addition of amylase‐resistant starch to glucose ORS significantly shortened duration of diarrhea compared with standard treatment.
Raised intracranial pressure in a neonate presenting as stridor
Authors: SOLAN KATE , GLAISYER HILARY 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNeonatal stridor is an important sign of upper airway obstruction. This is most commonly secondary to laryngeal pathology and investigated by otolaryngologists. However neurological causes of stridor, secondary to vocal cord paralysis also occur for a variety of reasons (1). In cases of meningomyelocele up to 20% of infants may develop stridor (2). Respiratory distress may be severe and require prompt surgical and medical intervention. We describe a neonate born with a meningomyelocele, who developed stridor secondary to evolving hydrocephalus after surgical repair of the meningomyelocele. This was treated acutely by direct tapping of cerebrospinal fluid from the right coronal horn via the coronal suture with immediate symptomatic improvement prior to a definitive shunt procedure.
An experimental approach to simulate transgene pyramiding for the deployment of cry genes to control potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella)
Authors: Meiyalaghan S. , Butler R.C. , Wratten S.D. , Conner A.J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlternating the daily feeding of potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) larvae (PTM) between isogenic pairs of potato plants provides an effective experimental approach to simulate transgene pyramiding in a clonal crop. This involves an experimental design with all six possible pairwise combinations of two transgenic lines expressing different cry genes and the non‐transgenic control. In this manner, we have simulated the pyramiding of pairwise combinations of cry1Ac9, cry9Aa2 and cry1Ba1 genes in potato and evaluated how pairs of these three cry genes interact to influence the growth rate of PTM larvae. The results show that all combinations of the three cry genes were largely consistent with additive impacts on PTM larval growth, although results from the combination of the cry1Ac9 and cry9Aa2 genes were suggestive of slight synergistic effects. Pyramiding the cry1Ac9, cry9Aa2 and cry1Ba1 genes in potato could therefore provide a more effective strategy to control PTM compared to single cry gene transgenic plants.
Pharmacodynamics of Levofloxacin against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
with Reduced Susceptibility Due to Different Efflux Pumps: Do Elevated MICs Always Predict Reduced In Vivo Efficacy?
Authors: Griffith David C. , Corcoran Erik , Lofland Denene , Lee Angela , Cho Deidre , Lomovskaya Olga , Dudley Michael N. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

The
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
efflux pumps MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ, and MexEF-OprN play an important role in susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in vitro. To determine if levofloxacin MICs arising from different levels of expression of efflux pumps result in a proportional reduction in the response to levofloxacin in vivo, isogenic strains of
P. aeruginosa
were tested with levofloxacin in two mouse models of infection (sepsis and neutropenic mouse thigh models). The levofloxacin 50% effective doses (ED
50
s) increased proportionally with the MICs for most strains. Similarly, the 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC ratio that resulted in 90% of the maximum bactericidal activity (90%
E
max
) exceeded 75 for all strains except those with elevated MICs due to MexEF-OprN overexpression. In these strains, levofloxacin ED
50
s were 2- to 10-fold lower than the ED
50
/MIC ratios in the other strains and 90%
E
max
AUC/MIC ratios were 2- to 4-fold lower than those predicted from pharmacodynamic modeling of efficacy against other strains. These data show that while the MexEF-OprN efflux pump can provide
P. aeruginosa
resistance to levofloxacin in vitro, it appears to be less efficient in providing resistance to levofloxacin in animal models of infection.
7-
O
-Malonyl Macrolactin A, a New Macrolactin Antibiotic from
Bacillus subtilis
Active against Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci, and a Small-Colony Variant of
Burkholderia cepacia
Authors: Romero-Tabarez Magally , Jansen Rolf , Sylla Marita , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Häußler Susanne , Santosa Dwi A. , Timmis Kenneth N. , Molinari Gabriella 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

We report here the discovery, isolation, and chemical and preliminary biological characterization of a new antibiotic compound, 7-
O
-malonyl macrolactin A (MMA), produced by a
Bacillus subtilis
soil isolate. MMA is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits a number of multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and a small-colony variant of
Burkholderia cepacia
. MMA-treated staphylococci and enterococci were pseudomulticellular and exhibited multiple asymmetric initiation points of septum formation, indicating that MMA may inhibit a cell division function.
A Tryptophan-Rich Motif in the Carboxyl Terminus of the Small Envelope Protein of Hepatitis B Virus Is Central to the Assembly of Hepatitis Delta Virus Particles
Authors: Komla-Soukha Isabelle , Sureau Camille 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The small hepatitis B virus surface antigen (S-HBsAg) is capable of driving the assembly and secretion of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) particles by interacting with the HDV ribonucleoprotein (RNP). Previously, a specific domain of the S-HBsAg protein carboxyl terminus, including a tryptophan residue at position 196 (W196), was proven essential for HDV maturation (S. Jenna and C. Sureau, J. Virol. 73: 3351-3358, 1999). Mutation of W196 to phenylalanine (W196F) was permissive for HBV subviral particle (SVP) secretion but deleterious to HDV virion assembly. Here, the W196F S-HBsAg deficiency was assigned to a loss of its ability for interaction with the large HDV antigen (L-HDAg), a major component of the RNP. Because the overall S-HBsAg carboxyl terminus is particularly rich in tryptophan, an amino acid frequently involved in protein-protein interactions, site-directed mutagenesis was conducted to investigate the function of the S-HBsAg Trp-rich domain in HDV assembly. Single substitutions of tryptophan between positions 163 and 201 with alanine or phenylalanine were tolerated for SVP secretion, but those affecting W196, W199, and W201 were detrimental for HDV assembly. This was proven to result from a reduced capacity of the mutants for interaction with L-HDAg. In addition, a W196S S-HBsAg mutant, which has been described in HBV strains that arose in a few cases of lamivudine-treated HBV-infected patients, was deficient for HDV assembly as a consequence of its impaired capacity for interacting with L-HDAg. Interestingly, the fact that even the most conservative substitution of phenylalanine for tryptophan at positions 196, 199, or 201 was sufficient to ablate interaction of S-HBsAg with L-HDAg suggests that W196, W199, and W201 are located at a binding interface that is central to HDV maturation.
A Coupled Model to Simulate Snow Behavior on Roads
Authors: Bouilloud Ludovic , Martin Eric 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
To develop a decision-making tool for road management in winter, a numerical model resulting from the coupling of a soil model and a snow model was developed and validated using experimental results from a comprehensive experimental field campaign during three winters (1997/98, 1998/99, and 1999/2000). The coupling of the models has been done through an implicit calculation of the conduction flux between snow and road. An equivalent thermal resistance has been used to take into account the different road–snow interface configurations. For this purpose, a parameterization of water-saturated snow was introduced. This model permits the simulation of the snow behavior on a road, and it takes into account different interfacial configurations according to snow and road types and the snowpack evolution (freezing, melting, grain type). Comparisons of experimental and simulated results for typical snowfall events or over the entire winter showed that the model was able to simulate road surface temperature, snow occurrence on the road, and snow-layer evolution with good accuracy.
A qualitative study in rural and urban areas on whether – and how – to consult during routine and out of hours
Authors: Campbell Neil C , Iversen Lisa , Farmer Jane , Guest Clare , MacDonald John 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundPatients vary widely when making decisions to consult primary care. Some present frequently with trivial illness: others delay with serious disease. Differences in health service provision may play a part in this. We aimed to explore whether and how patients' consulting intentions take account of their perceptions of health service provision.MethodsFour focus groups and 51 semi-structured interviews with 78 participants (45 to 64 years) in eight urban and rural general practices in Northeast and Southwest Scotland. We used vignettes to stimulate discussion about what to do and why. Inductive analysis identified themes and explored the influence of their perceptions of health service provision on decision-making processes.ResultsAnticipated waiting times for appointments affected consulting intentions, especially when the severity of symptoms was uncertain. Strategies were used to deal with this, however: in cities, these included booking early just in case, being assertive, demanding visits, or calling out-of-hours; in rural areas, participants used relationships with primary care staff, and believed that being perceived as undemanding was advantageous. Out-of-hours, decisions to consult were influenced by opinions regarding out-of-hours services. Some preferred to attend nearby emergency departments or call 999. In rural areas, participants tended to delay until their own doctor was available, or might contact them even when not on call.ConclusionPerceived barriers to health service access affect decisions to consult, but some patients develop strategies to get round them. Current changes in UK primary care are unlikely to reduce differences in consulting behaviour and may increase delays by some patients, especially in rural areas.
The regional differences in prevalence, medical expenditures and risk factors for injury in Taiwanese teenagers
Authors: Chen Huei-Yang , Chang Hsing-Yi , Shih Shu-Fang , Hsu Chih-Cheng , Lin Yu-Hsuan , Shih Yaw-Tang 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Injury is the leading cause of death in teenagers worldwide. In Taiwan, people in mountainous areas have a 4 to 8 years shorter life span than the general population. Injury among teenagers is likely a major cause. The objective of this study was to investigate the regional differences in the prevalence, the risk factors, and the medical expenditures for injury among Taiwanese teenagers.

Method
An equal probability national sample was used. In addition, representative samples from mountainous areas and offshore islands were used. Only those who aged between 12 and 21 years, and signed the consent form permitting us to link their National Health Insurance (NHI) claim data were included in the analysis. Injury-related visits and expenditures in outpatient services were extracted from the NHI data. Logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with injury. For those who had injury related outpatient visits, mixed model was used to examine the factors associated with medical expenditures accounting for multiple visits by the same individual.

Results
The prevalence of nonfatal injury was around 30% of teenagers in Taiwan. It was 10% higher in mountainous areas. Factors associated with injury were those who lived in mountainous areas (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.7; 95%; confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–2.3), males (OR: 1.3; 95%; CI: 1.1–1.6), older teens (18–21 years old), and those with risk behavior were positively associated with injury. These factors were also associated with the number of injury-related outpatient visits. However, teenagers in mountainous areas did not spend more on medical care than those who lived in metropolitan Taiwan.

Conclusion
Around 30% of the teenagers were injured in a year, not including the dead. Each of the injured spent at least 851.4NTD (~27USD) for outpatient visits. The scope of the problem was not trivial. Hazardous environments and high-risk behaviors were the universal causes. In remote areas, lack of medical resources was another possibility. Empowering local people to design prevention programs according to their needs is recommended.
Socio-demographic correlates of betel, areca and smokeless tobacco use as a high risk behavior for head and neck cancers in a squatter settlement of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Mazahir Samia , Malik Rabia , Maqsood Maria , Merchant Kanwal AliRaza , Malik Farida , Majeed Atif , Fatmi Zafar , Khawaja Muhammad Rizwanulhaq , Ghaffar Shehzad 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundHead and neck cancers are a major cancer burden in Pakistan. They share a common risk factor profile including regular consumption of products of betel, areca and tobacco. Use of paan, chaalia, gutka, niswar and tumbaku is acceptable in Pakistan and is considered a normal cultural practice. This cross-sectional study was carried out to understand the relation of socio-demographic factors for the consumption of paan, chaalia, gutka, niswar and tumbaku in Pakistani population. Through systematic sampling, 425 subjects from a squatter settlement in Karachi were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. High risk behavior was defined as Daily use of any of the above products.ResultsDaily use of all the substances except chaalia was higher among males compared to females. Chaalia use was higher among adolescents than adults while non-married consumed both chaalia and gutka more than married. Mohajir ethnicity had higher prevalence of paan, gutka and tumbaku use while Pathans had higher prevalence of niswar use.ConclusionPrevalence of use of chewable products is high in Pakistan with particularly high use of certain substances related with socio-demographic profiles. Industrially prepared products, chaalia and gutka, are gaining popularity among youth. Policies and focused interventions can be developed taking into consideration the preferred use of products among different socio-demographic groups.
Inter-vesicular Communications by a Synthetic Amphiphilic Polypeptide
Authors: Kinoshita Takatoshi , Higuchi Masahiro , Takizawa Akira , Tsujita Yoshiharu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The direct vesicle-to-vesicle communication can be made by an amphiphilic polypeptide composed of two amphiphilic helices jointed with a hydrophilic spacer between them prepared by “Monolayer reaction method”.
A Possible Model Reaction of Dopamine β-Monooxygenase
Authors: Ito Sotaro , Takimura Mamoru , Sasaki Kazuo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) was oxidized with O2 in the presence of copper(II) sulfate and l-ascorbic acid to yield norepinephrine under ambient conditions. The active species generated from this system was assigned to OH radical by means of OH radical scavenging method.
A New Water-soluble p-Boronophenylalanine Derivative for Neutron Capture Therapy
Authors: Nemoto Hisao , Iwamoto Satoshi , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Yoshinori 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) derivative, that is ca. thousand times more water-soluble and is incorporated with higher tumour/normal cell ratio than BPA itself, has been synthesized.