bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial distribution of Accumulibacter spp. and Competibacter spp. in aerobic granules from a lab‐scale biological nutrient removal system
Authors: Lemaire Romain , Yuan Zhiguo , Blackall Linda L. , Crocetti Gregory R. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryGranular sludge for simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal (SNDPR) was generated and studied in a lab‐scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR was monitored for 450 days during which the biomass was transformed from flocs to granules, which persisted for the last 130 days of operation. Short sludge settling time was employed to successfully generate the granules, with the 10th and 90th percentiles of diameter being 0.7 and 1.6 mm respectively. Good phosphorus removal and nitrification occurred throughout the SBR operation but only when granules were generated were denitrification and full nutrient removal complete. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and oxygen microsensors were used to study the granules at a microscale. Accumulibacter spp. (a polyphosphate‐accumulating organism, PAO) and Competibacter spp. (a glycogen non‐polyphosphate‐accumulating organism, GAO) were the most abundant microbial community members (together 74% of all Bacteria) and both are capable of denitrification. In the aerobic period of the SBR operation, the oxygen penetrated 250 μm into the granules leaving large anoxic zones in the centre part where denitrification can occur. In granules > 500 μm in diameter, Accumulibacter spp. was dominant in the outermost 200 μm region of the granule while Competibacter spp. dominated in the granule central zone. The stratification of these two populations between the outer aerobic and inner anoxic part of the granule was highly significant (P < 0.003). We concluded that the GAO Competibacter spp., and not the PAO Accumulibacter spp., was responsible for denitrification in this SBR. This is undesirable for SNDPR as savings in carbon demand cannot be fulfilled with phosphorus removal and denitrification being achieved by different groups of bacteria.
Paralysis of nematodes: shifts in the transcriptome of the nematode‐trapping fungus Monacrosporium haptotylum during infection of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Fekete Csaba , Tholander Margareta , Rajashekar Balaji , Ahrén Dag , Friman Eva , Johansson Tomas , Tunlid Anders 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe transcriptional response in the parasitic fungus Monacrosporium haptotylum and its nematode host Caenorhabditis elegans were analysed during infection using cDNA microarrays. The array contained 2684 fungal and 372 worm gene reporters. Dramatic shifts occurred in the transcriptome of M. haptotylum during the different stages of the infection. An initial transcriptional response was recorded after 1 h of infection when the traps adhered to the cuticle, but before immobilization of the captured nematodes. Among the differentially expressed genes were two serine protease genes (spr1 and spr2), and several homologues to genes known to be regulated in other pathogenic fungi. After 4 h, when approximately 40% of the nematodes were paralysed, we identified an upregulated cluster of 372 fungal genes which were not regulated during the other phases of the infection. This cohort contained a large proportion (79%) of genes that appear to be specific for M. haptotylum and closely related species. These genes were of two different classes: those translating into presumably functional peptides and those with no apparent protein coding potential (non‐coding RNAs). Among the infection‐induced C. elegans genes were those encoding antimicrobial peptides, protease inhibitors and lectins.
Design and testing of ‘genome‐proxy’ microarrays to profile marine microbial communities
Authors: Rich Virginia I. , Konstantinidis Konstantinos , DeLong Edward F. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMicroarrays are useful tools for detecting and quantifying specific functional and phylogenetic genes in natural microbial communities. In order to track uncultivated microbial genotypes and their close relatives in an environmental context, we designed and implemented a ‘genome‐proxy’ microarray that targets microbial genome fragments recovered directly from the environment. Fragments consisted of sequenced clones from large‐insert genomic libraries from microbial communities in Monterey Bay, the Hawaii Ocean Time‐series station ALOHA, and Antarctic coastal waters. In a prototype array, we designed probe sets to 13 of the sequenced genome fragments and to genomic regions of the cultivated cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus MED4. Each probe set consisted of multiple 70‐mers, each targeting an individual open reading frame, and distributed along each ∼40–160 kbp contiguous genomic region. The targeted organisms or clones, and close relatives, were hybridized to the array both as pure DNA mixtures and as additions of cells to a background of coastal seawater. This prototype array correctly identified the presence or absence of the target organisms and their relatives in laboratory mixes, with negligible cross‐hybridization to organisms having ≤ ∼75% genomic identity. In addition, the array correctly identified target cells added to a background of environmental DNA, with a limit of detection of ∼0.1% of the community, corresponding to ∼103 cells ml−1 in these samples. Signal correlated to cell concentration with an R2 of 1.0 across six orders of magnitude. In addition, the array could track a related strain (at 86% genomic identity to that targeted) with a linearity of R2 = 0.9999 and a limit of detection of ∼1% of the community. Closely related genotypes were distinguishable by differing hybridization patterns across each probe set. This array's multiple‐probe, ‘genome‐proxy’ approach and consequent ability to track both target genotypes and their close relatives is important for the array's environmental application given the recent discoveries of considerable intrapopulation diversity within marine microbial communities.
Simultaneous analysis of microbial identity and function using NanoSIMS
Authors: Li Tianlun , Wu Ting‐Di , Mazéas Laurent , Toffin Laurent , Guerquin‐Kern Jean‐Luc , Leblon Gérard , Bouchez Théodore 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIdentifying the function of uncultured microbes in their environments today remains one of the main challenges for microbial ecologists. In this article, we describe a new method allowing simultaneous analysis of microbial identity and function. This method is based on the visualization of oligonucleotide probe‐conferred hybridization signal in single microbial cells and isotopic measurement using high‐resolution ion microprobe (NanoSIMS). In order to characterize the potential of the method, an oligonucleotide containing iodized cytidine was hybridized on fixed cells of Escherichia coli cultured on media containing different levels of 13C or 15N. Iodine signals could clearly be localized on targeted cells and the isotopic enrichment could be monitored at the single‐cell level. The applicability of this new technique to the study of in situ ecophysiology of uncultured microorganisms within complex microbial communities is illustrated.
Who Suffers More from Job Insecurity? A Meta‐Analytic Review
Authors: Cheng Grand H.‐L. , Chan Darius K.‐S. 
Published: November 2007

The present meta‐analysis examined the tenure, age, and gender differences in the relationship between job insecurity and its job‐related and health‐related consequences. A total of 133 studies, providing 172 independent samples, were included in the analysis. Our results basically replicated Sverke et al.'s (2002) meta‐analytic findings with an updated methodological approach and a larger database. The main differences between our findings and Sverke et al.'s are that the negative association between job insecurity and job performance was significant and that the relationship between insecurity and job involvement was smaller in our study. The moderator analysis also indicated that: (1) the positive association between job insecurity and turnover intention was stronger among employees with shorter tenure than those with longer tenure, and was stronger among younger than older employees; (2) the negative effect of insecurity on its health outcomes was more severe among employees with longer tenure than those with shorter tenure, and was more severe among older than younger employees; (3) the relationship between insecurity and the criterion variables was similar across gender. Results are discussed with reference to Hulin's (1991) theory of job adaptation and Greenhalgh and Rosenblatt's (1984) job dependence perspective.La présente méta‐analyse étudie les différences de statut (titulaire ou non), d’âge et de genre dans la relation entre l’insécurité de l’emploi et ses conséquences relatives au travail et à la santé. Un total de 133 recherches, comprenant 172 échantillons indépendants, a été inclu dans l’analyse. Nos résultats, obtenus avec une approche méthodologique actualisée et sur une plus grande base de données, sont pour l’essentiel congruents avec ceux de la méta‐analyse de Sverke et al. (2002). Les différences principales entre nos résultats et ceux de Sverke et al. sont les suivantes: d’une part, entre l’insécurité de l’emploi et la productivité la relation est significativement négative, d’autre part la relation entre l’insécurité de l’emploi et l’engagement au travail est moindre dans notre étude. L’analyse indique aussi que: (1) la relation positive entre l’insécurité de l’emploi et l’intention de le quitter est plus forte parmi les employés ayant un contrat à courte durée contrairement à ceux ayant un contrat à plus longue durée et est plus forte parmi les employés les plus jeunes; (2) l’effet négatif de l’insécurité sur la santé est plus important parmi les employés ayant un contrat de longue durée que pour ceux ayant un contrat de plus courte durée, ce qui est aussi le cas pour les employés les plus âgés; (3) le genre n’a pas d’effet sur la relation entre l’insécurité et les variables choisies. Les résultats sont discutés en référence à la théorie de l’adaptation au travail de Hulin (1991) et la perspective de dépendance au travail de Greenhalgh et Rosenblatt (1984).
Regulating innovative crop technologies in Canada: the case of regulating genetically modified crops
Authors: Smyth Stuart , McHughen Alan 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe advent of genetically modified crops in the late 1980s triggered a regulatory response to the relatively new field of plant genetic engineering. Over a 7‐year period, a new regulatory framework was created, based on scientific principles that focused on risk mitigation. The process was transparent and deliberately sought the input of those involved in crop development from non‐governmental organizations, industry, academia and federal research laboratories. The resulting regulations have now been in place for over a decade, and the resilience of the risk‐mitigating regulations is evident as there has been no documented case of damage to either environment or human health.
The Fear of Exclusion: Individual Effort when Group Formation is Endogenous*
Authors: Arne Brekke Kjell , Nyborg Karine , Rege Mari 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTo secure their membership in a popular group, individuals may contribute more to the group's local public good than they would if group formation were exogenous. Those in the most unpopular group do not have this incentive to contribute. This may result in substantial differences in individual effort level between groups. Our model thus provides one explanation for the existence of group‐specific behavioral norms. A principal will prefer exogenous or endogenous group formation depending on whether he prefers high or low levels of the local public good. We analyze two stylized examples: social interaction in schools, and multiple‐task teamwork.
From Street‐level Bureaucrats to Street‐level Policy Entrepreneurs? Central Policy and Local Action in Lottery‐funded Community Cancer Care
Authors: Petchey Roland , Williams Jacky , Carter Yvonne H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Recent contributions to the policy implementation literature have applied Kingdon's model of ‘policy windows’ to the implementation of policy on health inequalities in the UK, and have identified the key role played by ‘policy entrepreneurs’ at local as well as national level. Despite this, the picture that emerges is of frustration of central policy intentions at the local level, alongside frustration of local aspirations by the centre. This article explores the relationship between central policy and local implementation in the context of a Lottery‐funded initiative to develop community cancer care in the UK. We examine the relationships: between the BIG Lottery Fund and central government; between BIG and the cancer care projects it funded; and between the projects and their local economy of cancer care. We found evidence of success both in vertical cascading of policy and in local policy innovation; 83 per cent of projects succeeded in obtaining continuation funding at the end of their Lottery funding. We suggest that this was due, in part, to two features of Lottery funding and accountability that combined to differentiate it from the other policy initiatives studied. They meant that projects were ‘buffered’ not just from national policy churn, but also from competing local priorities. In the ‘protected space’ that was thus formed, ‘street‐level policy entrepreneurs’ played a key role in developing cancer care innovations for adoption by mainstream funding agencies.
The Workfare Illusion: Re‐examining the Concept and the British Case
Authors: Dostal Jörg Michael 
Published: November 2007

Abstract This article contends that workfare programmes pursued by various OECD countries since the mid‐1990s do not amount to a fundamental change in policy. The limited potential of workfare is due to the fact that it fails to transcend the constraints of earlier forms of ‘active’ responses to unemployment. Furthermore, it suffers from specific policy‐making disadvantages not shared by these responses. The article opens with a survey of relevant academic debates on the subject. It then places workfare in a broader context by identifying its functional reach, as compared to other active policy responses to unemployment such as active labour market policy (ALMP). The third section analyses workfare policies in the United Kingdom, as developed since 1997, by re‐examining the British New Deal employment programme. That review demonstrates that workfare policies either depend on their ‘fit’ with the existing policy‐making heritage, or that they remain merely symbolic. The article concludes by suggesting that the potential of workfare to effect change in responses to unemployment continues to be of limited significance. In other words, capitalist employment and welfare systems continue to be characterized by incremental adaptation rather than by fundamental regime change as suggested by the critics of workfare.
SUBPRIME MORTGAGE SEGMENTATION IN THE AMERICAN URBAN SYSTEM
Authors: WYLY ELVIN K. , MOOS MARKUS , FOXCROFT HOLLY , KABAHIZI EMMANUEL 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTResearch and policy debates in the United States have focused on the dramatic growth of mortgage lending in the risky subprime sector, which serves consumers with weaker credit histories, and its concentration in racially and ethnically marginalised communities. Evidence linking the subprime boom to the proliferation of predatory abuses, however, is often dismissed as anecdotal or isolated in a few unique places. In this paper, we undertake a geographical analysis of the central justifications for deregulated risk‐based pricing: the proposition that subprime credit serves those who would otherwise be excluded, and reduces exclusionary credit denials. Multivariate analyses of metropolitan‐ and individual‐level processes across the US urban system provide evidence suggesting that subprime mortgage segmentation exacerbates rather than reduces traditional inequalities of denial‐based exclusion.
Exploring Social Mobility with Latent Trajectory Groups
Authors: Sturgis Patrick , Sullivan Louise 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWe present a new methodological approach to the study of social mobility. We use a latent class growth analysis framework to identify five qualitatively distinct social class trajectory groups between 1980 and 2000 for male respondents to the 1970 British Cohort Study. We model the antecedents of trajectory group membership via multinomial logistic regression. Non-response, which is a considerable problem in long-term panels and cohort studies, is handled via direct maximum likelihood estimation, which is consistent and efficient when data are missing at random. Our results suggest a combination of meritocratic and ascriptive influences on the probability of membership in the different trajectory groups.
The role of thermochemical sulfate reduction in the origin of Mississippi Valley‐type deposits. II. Carbonate–sulfide relationships
Authors: ANDERSON G. M. , THOM J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe two‐dimensional (2D) reactive transport model of Corbella et al. [Min. Deposita 39 (2004) 344] of the classic ‘mixing hypothesis’, in which a solution containing reduced sulfur and a solution containing aqueous Zn are mixed, has been extended to the case where one brine contains sulfate rather than reduced sulfur, and H2S is produced during the mixing process by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), using a possible rate law and experimentally derived rate constants. It is shown that TSR can provide sufficient reduced sulfur to form an ore body in geologically reasonable times, using rate constants in the upper part of the experimental range, in agreement with the results of a constant stirring tank reactor model (Thom & Anderson in press). The results of the 2D model are also compared with the results of titration (zero dimensional) and one‐dimensional models, showing that these models fail to adequately show the amount of carbonate precipitation. Although the 2D model qualitatively shows the distribution and amounts of carbonate precipitation and dissolution, these results are quantitatively inaccurate due to several factors that are intrinsically hard to define.
Cholecystokinin‐2 receptor mediated gene expression in neuronal PC12 cells
Authors: Hansen Thomas v. O. , Borup Rehannah , Marstrand Troels , Rehfeld Jens F. , Nielsen Finn C. 
Published: November 2007

J. Neurochem. (2008) 104, 1450–1465.AbstractCholecystokinin (CCK) is abundantly expressed in the CNS, in which it regulates feeding behavior and long‐term memory. Moreover, CCK has been implicated in mental disorders, such as anxiety and schizophrenia. Despite its manifest physiological and pathophysiological role, the molecular targets of neuronal CCK are incompletely understood. To identify genes regulated by neuronal CCK, we generated neuronal PC12 cells stably expressing the CCK‐2 receptor (CCK‐2R) and treated the cells with sulphated CCK‐8 for 2–16 h, before the global expression profile was examined. The changes in gene expression peaked after 2 h, with 67 differentially expressed transcripts identified. A pathway analysis indicated that CCK was implicated in the regulation of the circadian clock system, the plasminogen system and cholesterol metabolism. But transcripts encoding proteins involved in dopamine signaling, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) regulation, memory and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling were also found. Several target genes contained cAMP response elements (CREs), serum response elements (SREs), activator protein 1 (AP1) elements and GC‐rich regions, but otherwise no common regulatory promoter element could be identified. Comparison with forskolin‐ and nerve growth factor (NGF)‐treated PC12 cells showed that CCK induced a separate set of target genes. Taken together, we propose that neuronal CCK may have a role in the regulation of the circadian rhythm, the metabolism of cerebral cholesterol and in the regulation of the plasminogen system.
Effect of endotoxin treatment on the expression and localization of spinal cyclooxygenase, prostaglandin synthases, and PGD2receptors
Authors: Grill Magdalena , Heinemann Akos , Hoefler Gerald , Peskar Bernhard A. , Schuligoi Rufina 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSystemic inflammation leads to increased expression of spinal cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 and to a subsequent increase of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis, which contribute to the development of hyperalgesia and allodynia. In this study, endotoxin caused a sequential induction of membrane bound prostaglandin E synthase‐1 and lipocalin‐type PGD synthase (L‐PGDS) in the mouse spinal cord. L‐PGDS expression was detected in the leptomeninges, oligodendrocytes, and interestingly, in discrete perivascular cells. Endotoxin‐caused increase was most prominent in oligodendrocytes. Endotoxin‐induced COX‐2 and membrane bound prostaglandin E synthase‐1 were restricted to the leptomeninges and perivascular cells. COX‐1 was not influenced by endotoxin. We found COX‐1 expressed in microglia, some of them in close proximity to L‐PGDS‐positive oligodendrocytes and co‐localization of COX‐1 with L‐PGDS in perivascular and leptomeningeal cells under control conditions. It can be assumed, that PGD2biosynthesis under control conditions is mediated via COX‐1 and that during inflammation, increased PGD2is dependent on COX‐2. We found the PGD2receptors DP1 and chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 cells (CRTH2) localized in neurons of the dorsal, and motoneurons in the ventral horn. The localization of the PGD2receptors DP1 and CRTH in spinal cord neurons, particularly in neurons of lamina I and II involved in the processing of nociceptive stimuli, supports a role of PGD2under inflammatory conditions.
Detection of intracellular phosphatidylserine in living cells
Authors: Calderon Frances , Kim Hee‐Yong 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTo demonstrate the intracellular phosphatidylserine (PS) distribution in neuronal cells, neuroblastoma cells and hippocampal neurons expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP)‐AnnexinV were stimulated with a calcium ionophore and localization of GFP‐AnnexinV was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Initially, GFP‐AnnexinV distributed evenly in the cytosol and nucleus. Raising the intracellular calcium level with ionomycin‐induced translocation of cytoplasmic GFP‐AnnexinV to the plasma membrane but not to the nuclear membrane, indicating that PS distributes in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Nuclear GFP‐AnnexinV subsequently translocated to the nuclear membrane, indicating PS localization in the nuclear envelope. GFP‐AnnexinV also localized in a juxtanuclear organelle that was identified as the recycling endosome. However, minimal fluorescence was detected in any other subcellular organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and lysosomes, strongly suggesting that PS distribution in the cytoplasmic face in these organelles is negligible. Similarly, in hippocampal primary neurons PS distributed in the inner leaflet of plasma membranes of cell body and dendrites, and in the nuclear envelope. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of intracellular PS localization in living cells, providing an insight for specific sites of PS interaction with soluble proteins involved in signaling processes.