bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Cumulus Cloud Field Anisotropy on Domain-Averaged Solar Fluxes and Atmospheric Heating Rates
Authors: Hinkelman Laura M. , Evans K. Franklin , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Ackerman Thomas P. , Stackhouse Paul W. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Cumulus clouds can become tilted or elongated in the presence of wind shear. Nevertheless, most studies of the interaction of cumulus clouds and radiation have assumed these clouds to be isotropic. This paper describes an investigation of the effect of fair-weather cumulus cloud field anisotropy on domain-averaged solar fluxes and atmospheric heating rate profiles. A stochastic field generation algorithm was used to produce 20 three-dimensional liquid water content fields based on the statistical properties of cloud scenes from a large eddy simulation. Progressively greater degrees of x–z plane tilting and horizontal stretching were imposed on each of these scenes, so that an ensemble of scenes was produced for each level of distortion. The resulting scenes were used as input to a three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer model. Domain-averaged transmission, reflection, and absorption of broadband solar radiation were computed for each scene along with the average heating rate profile. Both tilt and horizontal stretching were found to significantly affect calculated fluxes, with the amount and sign of flux differences depending strongly on sun position relative to cloud distortion geometry. The mechanisms by which anisotropy interacts with solar fluxes were investigated by comparisons to independent pixel approximation and tilted independent pixel approximation computations for the same scenes. Cumulus anisotropy was found to most strongly impact solar radiative transfer by changing the effective cloud fraction (i.e., the cloud fraction with respect to the solar beam direction).
Characteristics and Momentum Flux Spectrum of Convectively Forced Internal Gravity Waves in Ensemble Numerical Simulations
Authors: Choi Hyun-Joo , Chun Hye-Yeong , Song In-Sun 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Characteristics of convectively forced gravity waves are investigated through ensemble numerical simulations for various ideal and real convective storms. For ideal storm cases, single-cell-, multicell-, and supercell-type storms are considered, and for real cases, convection events observed during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) and in Indonesia are used. For each storm case, wave perturbations and the momentum flux spectrum of convective gravity waves in a control simulation with nonlinearity and cloud microphysical processes are compared with those in quasi-linear dry simulations forced by either diabatic forcing or nonlinear forcing obtained from the control simulation. In any case, gravity waves in the control simulation cannot be represented well by wave perturbations induced by a single forcing. However, when both diabatic and nonlinear forcing terms are considered, the gravity waves and their momentum flux spectrum become comparable to those in the control simulation, because of cancellation between wave perturbations by two forcing terms. These results confirm that the two forcing mechanisms of convective gravity waves proposed by previous studies based on a single convective event can be applied generally to various types of convective storms. This suggests that nonlinear forcing, as well as diabatic forcing, should be considered appropriately in parameterizations of convectively forced gravity waves.
Corrigendum
Authors: de Vries Hylke 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In a recent paper, explicit expressions have been derived for obtaining and subsequently partitioning streamfunction growth rates for a class of quasigeostrophic models. Unfortunately, however, some typographical errors have been made in the final representation of the equations. It is the aim of this corrigendum to give the correct expressions. The author notes that the results in the two-paper miniseries on “Resonance in Optimal Perturbation Evolution” by de Vries and Opsteegh have been obtained using the correct expressions, as listed as Eqs. (1),–(3) below.
The role of Ikaros in human erythroid differentiation
Authors: Dijon Marilyne , Bardin Florence , Murati Anne , Batoz Michèle , Chabannon Christian , Tonnelle Cécile 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIkaros—a factor that positively or negatively controls gene transcription—is active in murine adult erythroid cells, and involved in fetal to adult globin switching. Mice with Ikaros mutations have defects in erythropoiesis and anemia. In this paper, we have studied the role of Ikaros in human erythroid development for the first time. Using a gene-transfer strategy, we expressed Ikaros 6 (Ik6)—a known dominant-negative protein that interferes with normal Ikaros activity—in cord blood or apheresis CD34+ cells that were induced to differentiate along the erythroid pathway. Lentivirally induced Ik6-forced expression resulted in increased cell death, decreased cell proliferation, and decreased expression of erythroid-specific genes, including GATA1 and fetal and adult globins. In contrast, we observed the maintenance of a residual myeloid population that can be detected in this culture system, with a relative increase of myeloid gene expression, including PU1. In secondary cultures, expression of Ik6 favored reversion of sorted and phenotypically defined erythroid cells into myeloid cells, and prevented reversion of myeloid cells into erythroid cells. We conclude that Ikaros is involved in human adult or fetal erythroid differentiation as well as in the commitment between erythroid and myeloid cells.
Sex-specific DoublesexM expression in subsets of Drosophilasomatic gonad cells
Authors: Hempel Leonie U , Oliver Brian 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background
In Drosophila melanogaster, a pre-mRNA splicing hierarchy controls sexual identity and ultimately leads to sex-specific Doublesex (DSX) transcription factor isoforms. The male-specific DSXM represses genes involved in female development and activates genes involved in male development. Spatial and temporal control of dsx during embryogenesis is not well documented.

Results
Here we show that DSXM is specifically expressed in subsets of male somatic gonad cells during embryogenesis. Following testis formation, germ cells remain in contact with DSXM-expressing cells, including hub cells and premeiotic somatic cyst cells that surround germ cells during spermatogenesis in larval and adult testes.

Conclusion
We show that dsx is transcriptionally regulated in addition to being regulated at the pre-mRNA splicing level by the sex determination hierarchy. The dsx locus is spatially controlled by somatic gonad identity. The continuous expression of DSXM in cells contacting the germline suggests an ongoing short-range influence of the somatic sex determination pathway on germ cell development.
Fine-mapping of a QTL influencing pork tenderness on porcine chromosome 2
Authors: Meyers Stacey N , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L , Beever Jonathan E 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Background
In a previous study, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) exhibiting large effects on both Instron shear force and taste panel tenderness was detected within the Illinois Meat Quality Pedigree (IMQP). This QTL mapped to the q arm of porcine chromosome 2 (SSC2q). Comparative analysis of SSC2q indicates that it is orthologous to a segment of human chromosome 5 (HSA5) containing a strong positional candidate gene, calpastatin (CAST). CAST polymorphisms have recently been shown to be associated with meat quality characteristics; however, the possible involvement of other genes and/or molecular variation in this region cannot be excluded, thus requiring fine-mapping of the QTL.

Results
Recent advances in porcine genome resources, including high-resolution radiation hybrid and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) physical maps, were utilized for development of novel informative markers. Marker density in the ~30-Mb region surrounding the most likely QTL position was increased by addition of eighteen new microsatellite markers, including nine publicly-available and nine novel markers. Two newly-developed markers were derived from a porcine BAC clone containing the CAST gene. Refinement of the QTL position was achieved through linkage and haplotype analyses. Within-family linkage analyses revealed at least two families segregating for a highly-significant QTL in strong positional agreement with CAST markers. A combined analysis of these two families yielded QTL intervals of 36 cM and 7 cM for Instron shear force and taste panel tenderness, respectively, while haplotype analyses suggested further refinement to a 1.8 cM interval containing CAST markers. The presence of additional tenderness QTL on SSC2q was also suggested.

Conclusion
These results reinforce CAST as a strong positional candidate. Further analysis of CAST molecular variation within the IMQP F1 boars should enhance understanding of the molecular basis of pork tenderness, and thus allow for genetic improvement of pork products. Furthermore, additional resources have been generated for the targeted investigation of other putative QTL on SSC2q, which may lead to further advancements in pork quality.
A Simple Transmitted Interference Method for Nanovolume Detection
Authors: Dai Cong , Wu Xing-Zheng 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A transmitted interference method for nanovolume detection is developed for a square-capillary or microchannel. A He–Ne-laser beam passed along an interface of inner medium/capillary wall or microchannel. The inner medium- and capillary wall-passed parts of the laser beam interfered each other to form an interference fringe after exiting out of the capillary. Experimental results of intensity profiles of the interference fringe coincided well with theoretical ones. The method was demonstrated to be applicable as a new universal tool for nanovolume detection.
Synthesis of Alkylated Benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophenes by Annulative Coupling and Their Direct Arylation under Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Watanabe Hiroyuki , Kumagai Jun , Tsurugi Hayato , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The annulative coupling of 3,3′-diiodo-2,2′-bithiophene with internal alkynes efficiently proceeds in the presence of a palladium catalyst to afford the corresponding benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene derivatives. The dithiophenes also undergo palladium-catalyzed direct arylation with aryl bromides at the 2- and 7-positions selectively.
Shape-controlled Synthesis of Octahedral Gold Nanocrystals in the Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) Matrix via Reduction of HAuCl4
Authors: Yamamoto Mari , Kashiwagi Yukiyasu , Sakata Takao , Mori Hirotaro , Nakamoto Masami 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Single-crystalline octahedral gold nanocrystals bounded by (111) facets were obtained as a major product via the reduction of HAuCl4 in poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) matrix by the control of the heating temperatures and PVP/Au ratios.
Fabrication of Au–Ag Alloy Nanoprisms with Enhanced Catalytic Activity
Authors: Kim Minjung , Lee Kang Yeol , Jeong Gyoung Hwa , Jang Joonkyung , Han Sang Woo 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles with prismatic structure have been prepared in aqueous solution by photoinduced conversion of spherical Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles. All the particles have compositions close to those expected from the starting ratio of metal compounds. These nanoprisms showed pronounced catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by NaBH4.
Fabrication of Porous Biomorphic C–TiC and TiO2 from Sea Wool Sponges
Authors: Tang Wing-chi , Cheung Teresa L Y , Kwong Fung-luen , Ng Dickon H L 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Porous C–TiC biomorphic ceramic was derived from sea wool sponges by simple infiltration and heat treatment methods. During annealing, the sponge was converted to carbon templates, and it reacted with the infiltrated Ti-contained metal–organic solution to form C–TiC. The porous structure of sea wool sponge was retained in the final C–TiC product. Hollowed TiO2 scaffold was also produced by postannealing of the as-prepared C–TiC ceramic in air.
Social Learning in Policy Networks
Authors: Knoepfel Peter , Kissling-Näf Ingrid 
Published: October 2007

English
The subject of this article is learning processes in public policies. Twenty-eight case studies in the areas of environmental, agricultural and health policy, which were part of the Swiss National Research Programme No 27, Effectiveness of public policies, were used as a basis for studying the way in which inter organisational learning processes unfold in different policy fields (stimuli, knowledge transfer, social processes etc), the learning paths and forms of learning which can be identified within these processes and the conditions under which social processes can become successful learning processes. (The study is fully reported in Knoepfel et al, 1997. Conceptual preparatory work can be found in Kissling and Knoepfel, 1993; Kissling et al, 1994; Kissling-Näf and Knoepfel, 1994a; 1994b.)
Policy Making as Organised Irresponsibility: the case of public conveniences
Authors: Edwards Julia 
Published: October 2007

English
When bad effects are produced by a combination of contributory causes, the inability to apportion blame often results in nothing being done to stop their perpetration; instead new policies are devised to treat these bad effects. This is Beck’s concept of organised irresponsibility which is here applied to the case of bad effects from local authorities’ decisions to close public toilets. In Beck’s view, the way to overcome organised irresponsibility is for authorities to organise debates about the safety of their policies before decisions are made. This prescription is explored and contrasted with the way one council closed 62% of its public conveniences.
Will Doctors Manage? Lessons from general practice fundholding
Authors: Surender Rebecca , Fitzpatrick Ray 
Published: October 2007

English
Under the UK Conservative government, GP fundholding represented a major increase in the involvement of primary care doctors in the management of local service provision. The Labour government’s proposals for Primary Care Groups extends and develops this role. This article examines the experiences of fundholding of a group of general practices which participated in an external evaluation of their work. Opinions about the merits of fundholding were varied. Doctors and managers expressed concern about the administrative burden and questionable clinical value of the scheme. Uncertainties about the overall impact upon professional autonomy were also raised. These reservations are consistent with discussions elsewhere questioning the role of doctors as managers within health care systems.
Delivering New Potential for Community Economic Development?: European Structural Funds, RECHAR II and the West Midlands coal communities
Authors: Ball Rick 
Published: October 2007

English
Recognised as a key ‘feedback loop’ for policy evolution and the main innovative spin-off from Structural Fund procedures, evaluation is increasingly on the European agenda. Against a background of the regeneration needs and potentials of former coalmining communities, regional differences, and the drive for cohesion, this paper focuses on the RECHAR II Programme as it has been developed in the UK’s West Midlands region. The analysis considers the focus, objectives and array of projects supported in the 1994–99 phase, assesses the negatives and the positives linked to early evidence on emergent outputs and outcomes, and discusses the funding and decision-making processes involved. More generally, the role of RECHAR support as a catalyst for local economic change is assessed using examples of ongoing projects.
Fighting Unemployment: Business start-up support for the unemployed in Norway
Authors: Reiersen Jon 
Published: October 2007

English
The primary goal of business start-up support programmes for the unemployed is to combat unemployment by making it more attractive for the unemployed to establish their own businesses. In examining a representative sample of persons who have received such support in Norway, we find that short business lifetimes are found especially among the long-term unemployed, people with less than 10 years education, and those with short work experience. At the same time, these groups, more than others, assess start-up support as being of critical importance to their decision to establish their own business. As such there seems to be a difficult trade-off built into the programmes.
Polytype and morphological analyses of gümbelite, a fibrous Mg-rich illite
Authors: Kameda Jun , Miyawaki Ritsuro , Drits Victor A. , Kogure Toshihiro 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPolytypism in gümbelite and its relationship to the fibrous or ribbon-like morphology exhibited by this Mg-rich illite were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Comparison between the XRD pattern from oriented fibers using a conventional powder diffractometer and a randomly oriented pattern using a Gandolfi camera suggested that 2M2 is dominant but other polytypes belonging to subfamily A also exist, and that the fiber axis of gümbelite is parallel to <110> in 2M2, <110> in 2M1, and <100> in 1M. The EBSD analyses confirmed these crystallographic directions directly from individual crystals. Electron diffraction and high-resolution TEM showed that twinning and intergrowths of various polytypes including both subfamilies are common in a single crystal and that the two types of rotations [2n60° and (2n+1)60°] between adjacent layers are often randomly mixed at the monolayer level. The data suggest that high densities of twinning and intergrowths account for the origin of the fibrous morphology along <110> for 2M1 and 2M2 polytypes. Volume restriction in a confined vein space may also play a role.
X-ray diffraction criteria for the identification of trans- and cis-vacant varieties of dioctahedral micas
Authors: Zviagina Bella B. , Sakharov Boris A. , Drits Victor A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTo provide structural and diffraction criteria for the identification of trans-vacant (tv) and cis-vacant (cv) mica varieties with different layer stackings, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns have been simulated for 1M, 2M1, 2M2, 3T and 2O structural models consisting of either tv or cv layers. The differences in the unit-cell parameters resulting from the specific structural distortions of tv and cv layers lead to the differences in the positions of reflections having the same indices in the XRD patterns for tv and cv 1M, 2M1 and 2M2 mica varieties. The tv 1M, 2M1 and 2M2 varieties of Al-rich micas can therefore be distinguished from the corresponding cv varieties using powder XRD diffraction provided that the d values are measured with high precision and accurately compared with those calculated from the unit-cell parameters for the corresponding hkl indices. The differences in reflection positions for these tv and cv varieties should decrease with increasing Mg and/or Fe contents, thus complicating their identification.The peak positions and intensity distributions in the XRD pattern for the tv 3T variety are similar to those for the cv 3T structure with the vacancy in the right-hand cis site (3T-cv1), and both XRD patterns are similar to that for the 1M-cv mica. The simulated XRD pattern for the cv 3T structure with the vacancy in the left-hand cis site (3T-cv2) is similar to that for the 1M-tv variety. The similarities and dissimilarities in intensity distribution between the XRD patterns simulated for the 1M and 3T varieties in question may be associated with the differences in the mutual arrangement of cations and anions in successive layers.Possible interstratification of tv and cv layers within the same structure should seriously complicate the identification of dioctahedral mica polytypes and polymorphs.
Extensive dickitization of the permo-triassic fluvial sandstones from the eastern Iberian Range, Spain
Authors: Martín-Martín J. D. , Gómez-Gras D. , Sanfeliu T. , Thiry M. , Ruiz-Cruz M. D. , Franco F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDiagenetic kaolin minerals are very common in the Permo-Triassic succession from the SE Iberian Range, Spain. The morphology and crystal structure of kaolin minerals has been examined in four size fractions (<1 µm, <2 µm, <6.3 µm and <20 µm) of sandstone samples by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry. Experimental data reveal that dickite is the dominant kaolin-type mineral in the entire range of size fractions, whereas small amounts of kaolinite coexists with dickite in all size fractions. Dickite appears typically as booklets of pseudo-hexagonal plates with blocky habit. The increase in size fraction is concomitant with the increase in the amount of dickite and the progressive improvement of its structural order. The extensive dickitization is attributed to the high paleogeothermal gradient recorded in the studied area and the increase in H+, presumably resulting from the flux of organic acids derived from the underlying Carboniferous rocks and/or the late Permian succession. These conditions are more likely to be associated with the late Cretaceous post-rift thermal stage of the eastern Iberian Basin. Lately, during the maximum burial depth, the fine crystalline kaolin minerals were slightly illitized. Given the very small feldspar content in the studied sequence, the results reflect the important contribution of mica alteration to the early diagenetic formation of kaolinite as well as the late conversion to dickite.
Oligocene clay mineralogy of the linxia basin: evidence of paleoclimatic evolution subsequent to the initial-stage uplift of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Hong Hanlie , Li Zhaohui , Xue Huijuan , Zhu Yunhai , Zhang Kexin , Xiang Shuyuan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe clay mineral content of the Oligocene sediments in the Linxia Basin has been investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The clay mineral assemblages are mainly mixed-layer illite-smectite (I-S), illite, kaolinite and minor palygorskite in the early-Middle Oligocene deposits, mixed-layer I-S, illite and kaolinite in the Middle Oligocene deposits, mainly illite and chlorite (usually >50–70 vol.%), mixed-layer I-S, and trace to minor palygorskite in the late Oligocene sediments, respectively. The mineral assemblage indicates a warm and seasonally humid climate in the Middle Oligocene, with an episode of warm and dry conditions in the early stage of the Middle Oligocene, and a trend of temperature decrease and more arid conditions in the late Oligocene. Climate evolution in the Oligocene corresponds with the significant elevation change in central Tibet since late Oligocene, and therefore, suggests that tectonic-forced cooling of climate took place in Linxia in the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The ubiquitous mixed-layer I-S and carbonates throughout the Oligocene sediments reflect relatively small fluctuations in climate conditions during the epoch. The changes in clay mineral components and feldspars in the late Oligocene suggest a variation in the source of clastic materials, which probably reflects an increase in erosion of soils and poorly weathered parent rock in more elevated or high-relief source areas during this period of tectonic uplift.