bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycerolysis of coconut, sesame, and linseed oils. Fractionation of the products with alcohol and urea
Authors: Mehta T. N. , Shah S. N. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThis study of the glycerolysis of linseed, coconut, and sesame oil at 200°C., 225°C., and 250°C. shows that coconut oil, because of its low‐average‐molecular weight, is esterified more easily than sesame and linseed oils. Comparison of the reactions of sesame and linseed oils indicates that saturated acids are trans‐esterified more easily than the unsaturated ones. The amount of glycerol to be used is determined by its miscibility at the particular reaction temperature.Results of alcohol extraction of the crude monoglycerides from linseed and coconut oil indicate that the glycerides separate on the basis of degree of esterification rather than on unsaturation.Urea adduct fractionals of the technical monoglycerides of sesame oil and lauric acid show that diglycerides form urea adducts more easily than do monoglycerides. In this case, also, the fractionation is related to the degree of esterification rather than unsaturation.
The course of biodegradation of anionic detergents by analyses for carbon, methylene blue active substance and sulfate ion
Authors: Cordon T. C. , Maurer E. W. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTallow alcohol sulfates, ether alcohol sulfates and esters of α‐sulfo tallow fatty acids were degraded aerobically by sewage microorganisms in a system in which detergent was the sole source of C. Biodegradation was followed by loss of C and methylene blue active substance (MBAS) and formation of SO4−−. Tallow alcohol sulfates were rapidly and completely degraded; ether alcohol sulfates not quite as readily. Reduction in MBAS was rapid for the α‐sulfo esters but loss of C and SO4−− formation was incomplete, possibly because of the intermediate formation of a resistant sulfosuccinate. Sodiump‐(1‐methylundecyl) benzenesulfonate (LAS) was the reference standard.
Oleyl alcohol from animal fats by catalytic reduction
Authors: Klonowski R. S. , Findley T. W. , Josefson C. M. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCatalysts effective in the selective reduction of methyl oleate or oleic acid to oleyl alcohol at 350 C and 3000 psi were Cr−Zn, Zn−Cd−Cu, Cr−Zn−Cd, Cr−Zn−Cd−Al and Zn−Cd−Al combinations. By‐products were hydrocarbons, ethers and an unchromatographable still residue.
Some chemical processes utilizing oleic safflower oil
Authors: Diamond M. J. , Fuller Glenn 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOleic safflower seed (UC‐1) produces an oil containing approximately 80% oleic acid and 12% linoleic acid. The oil is a source of high quality oleic acid, and fatty acids from the oil may be used without further separation in some applications where technical oleic acid is now used, since oleic safflower free fatty acids have a a higher oleic acid content than good commercial grades of oleic acid. A high purity oleic acid can be produced by urea fractionation. Ozonization of the oil followed by reductive cleavage yields pelargonaldehyde and nearly colorless aldehyde oils. Ozonization of a crude mixture of oleic safflower acids followed by oxidative cleavage provides high yields of azelaic acid and pelargonic acid. In contrast, ozonization of free fatty acids from polyunsaturated vegetable oils produces azelaic acid and mixtures of lower molecular weight carboxylic acids with smaller amounts of pelargonic acid. Furtherore, ozone consumption is lower and reaction time is shorter when oleic safflower acids are used in place of more highly unsaturated fatty acids.
Vitamin e analytical procedure for cottonseed and its products
Authors: Deacon Benjamin D. , Wamble A. Cecil 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsA procedure for the analysis of cottonseed and its products for Vitamin E has been developed and improved. The present procedure generally gives good checks on duplicate analyses.The Vitamin E content of whole cottonseed is somewhat more a function of variety than of locality. The 1952 crop of cottonseed contained more Vitamin E than the 1951 crop. The two crops averaged 84 g. per ton and 68.5 g. per ton, respectively.Most recent results show that there is no loss of Vitamin E in the storage of cottonseed or during the processing of the seed for its oil and other products.The hexane‐soluble portion of a methanol extract of rolled or cooked cottonseed meats contains Vitamin E in concentrations that have exceeded the values reported for wheat germ oil, the present commercial source.A sample of commercial solvent extracted cottonseed meal was found to contain considerably less Vitamin E than hydraulic‐ or screw‐pressed meals.
JAOCS News Feature biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by maturingcarthamus tinctorius L. seeds
Authors: Stumpf P. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent advances in the biosynthesis of fatty acids by maturing safflower seeds are described. We now can define the systems responsible for (a) the conversion of CO2 to sucrose to acetyl CoA; (b) the condensation of acetyl CoA via the de novo acyl carrier protein pathway to the terminal product, palmityl acyl carrier protein; (c) the elongation of palmityl acyl carrier protein to stearyl acyl carrier protein by a specific malonyl acyl carrier proteinelongation system; (d) the desaturation of stearyl acyl carrier protein to oleic acid by a highly specific, soluble stearyl acyl carrier protein desaturase; (e) the further desaturation of oleyl CoA to linoleyl CoA; and (f) the transfer of acyl CoAs to glycerol‐3‐phosphate to the final product, a triacylglycerol and its coalescence to the typical high lipid containing mature seed, engorged with oil droplets.Future research should be directed to a fuller understanding of how the maturing seed triggers these complicated series of reactions, how all these enzymes are coordinated to allow a smooth flow of substrates for the formation of oil droplets, and, finally, how biochemical engineering can further improve oil crops in the ever growing demand for high yielding systems.
Some recent developments in the homogeneous catalyzed hydrogenation of olefins
Authors: Augustine Robert L. , Van Peppen Jan F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt has been found that the amount of double bond isomerization accompanying homogeneous olefin hydrogenations over tris (triphenylphosphinechlororhodium is markedly influenced both by the duration of hydrogen presaturation of the catalyst and the presence of oxygen in the reaction mixture. These results are compared to those obtained over a heterogeneous catalyst, 5% rhodium on chareoal.
The flavor problem of soybean oil. XIII. Sulfur coordination compounds effective in edible oil stabilization
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Moser Helen A. , Gurley Rosemary S. , Evans C. D. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySulfur compounds of the tridentate class having at least 2 carboxy groups in α or β position to the coordinating atom have been found to be effective in the stabilization of soybean oil. Comparing model compounds with different coordinating atoms, the order of effectiveness appears to be S>N>O. This order of effectiveness follows an order of increasing electronegativity.Carboxymethylmercapto butyric acid, carboxymethylmercapto phenyl propionic acid, the monoethyl ester of carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid, p‐toluene sulfonic acid, α,α’ acid, and sulfur dioxide all improved the oxidative stability but gave undesirable flavors.Thiodiacetic acid, β,β’ acid, carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid, and the monooctadecyl ester of carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid were found to be excellent stabilizers. The first two may be added either on the upgrade or the downgrade of deodorization, but the heat instability of the latter two limits their addition to the downgrade. All these compounds improved the flavor stability as well as the oxidative stability. The monooctadecyl ester has the added advantage in that it is oil soluble.
A halogenation method for the determination of the total unsaturation of tung oils and of eleostearic acids
Authors: Planck Ralph W. , Pack Frank C. , Goldblatt Leo A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA new modification of the Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn method has been developed for determining the total ethylenic unsaturation of tung oil and of eleostearic acids. With tung oils this method results in iodine values which are in agreement with those obtained by quantitative catalytic hydrogenetation and, in the case of α‐ and β‐eleostearic acids, with the theoretical value. Good agreement was found with hydrogen‐iodine values of various partially hydrogenetal tung oils. An essential feature of the method is the addition of mercuric acetate to the oil prior to the addition of the Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn reagent in contrast to the Benhan‐Klee modification in which the Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn reagent is added first. The latter method gives iodine values for tung oil and for eleostearic acid approximately 8% higher than those obtained by quantitative catalytic hydrogenation. Light was found to affect the results obtained by both methods so greatly that use of low‐actinic flasks, addition of the Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn reagent in a partially darkened room, and storage of the reactants in complete darkness during the reaction period (1 hour) is recommended.
The isolation and characterization of the polymers formed during the thermal oxidation of corn oil
Authors: Perkins E. G. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt has been shown that thermal oxidation of corn oil at 200°C. caused the formation of polymeric material. A combination of urea fractionation and molecular distillation was employed to concentrate the polymeric material. Further fractionation of the polymer concentrates was performed with the aid of solvent‐extraction procedures. These procedures resulted in the isolation of several polymer fractions with molecular weights ranging from 692 to 1,600. Analyses of the fractions indicated that they were of high oxygen content and that they contained unsaturation, difficult to remove by hydrogenation. The oxygen present in the fractions was shown to be in the form of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The polymeric materials could be linked together in a noncyclic structure.
An extrapolation procedure for determining solubilities of mixtures
Authors: Bunger William B. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySuccessive extractions of mixtures are used to determine the percentage of the more soluble components present. A plot of the amount extractedvs. the extraction number results in a section of a hyperbola, which is then extrapolated to the limiting value. The solubility thus obtained is independent of arbitrary ratios of weights of solute to solvent. The method is applied to the determination of the alcohol‐soluble fraction of sugar cane wax, and a laboratory extractor operating at constant temperature is described. Also the method may be used to analyze other extraction data,e.g., extraction with the Soxhlet extractor, to determine the amount of soluble material left unextracted after a given time.
Detergents from synthetic olefins
Authors: Ravenscroft P. H. , Turney Mary E. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionDetergents prepared from Fischer‐Tropsch olefins are thus measurably better than the reference standards prepared from propylene tetramer or lauryl alcohol. The combination of straight and branched chains with both terminal and internal double bonds produces the high level of surface activity found with these synthetic olefins.Although the optimum molecular weights for the experimental sulfonates are about the same as for sulfonates from polymer olefins, the surface activity is somewhat better. In physical properties these sulfonates are superior to polymer‐olefin sulfonates in resistance to caking and in rate of solution. The optimum experimental sulfates, of 14‐ through 16‐carbon atoms, are superior to lauryl sulfate. The branched structure of these alkyl sulfates probably gives rise to their soft, waxy, and hygroscopic character. Total mixtures of these experimental products are better than the respective reference standards.Both types of detergents prepared from Fischer‐Tropsch olefins are about equivalent. The alkylbenzene sulfonates appear to be superior to similar products now in every‐day use. Although Fischer‐Tropsch olefins are a promising source of raw material for detergents, there is no assurance that they will be commercially available in the near future.
Polymerization of drying oils. VI. Catalytic polymerization of fatty acids and esters with boron trifluoride and hydrogen fluoride
Authors: Croston C. B. , Tubb I. L. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAt relatively low temperatures boron trifluoride and hydrogen fluoride gave high yields of polymers from soybean fatty acids and methyl esters.The use of 2% boron trifluoride as catalyst at 150° to 200° resulted in the polymerization of 50–60% of the methyl esters within one hour. The viscous polymeric fraction usually had a dark color, a high acid number, and a low ratio of dimer to higher polymer.The boron trifluoride‐ether complexes were equally effective catalysts and more convenient to handle. Use of the aliphatic ether complexes resulted in products having lighter colors.It was necessary to use large amounts of hydrogen fluoride to produce comparable yields at less than 100°, but 70% yields of polymers having light colors and low acid numbers were obtained.
The fatty acid content of meat and poultry before and after cooking
Authors: Chang Irene C. L. , Watts Betty M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFatty acids distribution of various cuts of pork, lamb, beef, turkey, and chicken before and after cooking were analyzed by the spectrophotometric method. Results indicate that only a small amount of the polyunsaturated fatty acids was lost with ordinary methods of cooking. The reliability of these apparent fatty acid values after cooking is discussed. A table of fatty acid composition of these meats as eaten is also presented for dietary purposes.
Bunsen coefficient for oxygen in marine oils at various temperatures determined by an exponential dilution method with a polarographic oxygen electrode
Authors: Ke P. J. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA polarographic oxygen electrode has been applied to an exponential dilution method for the determination of the solubility of oxygen in oils. Results are compared with other chemical and physical methods for herring and olive oils and the same oils subjected to partial oxidation. The Bunsen coefficients for oxygen in nine marine oils have been determined by this procedure between 20 and 80 C, with a relative standard deviation of ±7% or less. The densities and viscosities of these oils have been measured for the same temperature range. In general, the Bunsen coefficient for oxygen in marine oils increases with an increase in temperature between 20 and 60 C, but then rapidly decreases between 60 and 80 C to a value lower than that for room temperature. It appears that autoxidation should not be the major cause of this effect, as the measurement rate was relatively rapid. Some tentative correlations between the solubility of oxygen in marine oils and the fatty acid composition, iodine value, density and viscosity are discussed briefly.
Detergency and mechanism of soil removal in detergent‐enzyme system
Authors: Kame Masaharu , Koda Hideyuki , Kato Akihiro , Koma Toshio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEnzyme effects on detergency were studied at a relatively low temperature (20 C) using naturally solied fabrics (collars on working clothing) and 2 types of artificially soiled cotton cloths, milk‐soiled and carbon‐milk‐soiled. Results of the test showed that protease has a favorable effect on detergency even at 20 C and improves the removal of common soils solid or oily, as well as protein‐based soils. The protease also was proved fully effective under mechanical agitation in the presence of detergents. Futhermore, the role of enzyme was discussed based upon gel filtration of the washing bath which treated the milk‐soiled cloths. The degradation of protein by protease to a molecular weight of ca. 10,000 to 50,000 was proved to be fairly important for removal of soil protein. It also was found that endo‐peptidase action is more effective than exo‐peptidase action. Based upon these findings, a problem in activity evaluation method for enzymes as detergent compoments also was presented.
Preparation of peroxide concentrates from autoxidied fatty acid esters
Authors: Privett O. S. , Lundberg W. O. , Nickell Christense 
Published: May 2007

SummaryDetails of a countercurrent extraction procedure for the quantitative separation of the oxidized and unoxidized fractions of autoxidized fatty acid esters is described.The utility of the process is demonstrated by the quantitative separation of the oxidized from the unoxidized fractions of autoxidized methyl linoleate, linolenate, and oleate.
The analysis of high molecular weight quaternary ammonium chlorides
Authors: Babcock Madolyn , Terry David E. , Milun Albert J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCommercial production of high molecular weight quaternary ammonium chlorides has necessitated methods for their analysis. Available methods were found to be lacking in completeness. A successful scheme of analysis was worked out for determining quaternary ammonium chloride, amine hydrochloride (or free alkali), amine, and sodium chloride. The analytical procedures as described are straightforward and suitable for routine product and process control.
Device to establish drying conditions for protective coatings at elevated temperatures
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Teeter H. M. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAn apparatus has been described for determining the drying time of protective coatings at elevated temperatures, and tests have been made with vinyl ether formulations. The device is essentially a miniature Sanderson drying‐time meter constructed in an oven where temperatures up to 260°C. can be maintained. Tolerances were made on the order of 0.015 in. for gear clearances and bearing expansion. A special high‐temperature grease is the lubricant. Turntables, which make one revolution every 15 min., permit simultaneous evaluation of three films. Reproducible results have been obtained, and uniform conditions apparently prevail throughout the oven.Coatings are prepared by the spinning disc method, and under controlled conditions the film thickness is approximately 0.15 mil. “Tack‐free time” and “dryto‐touch time” are determined by the usual method of removing sand from the disc. Discs were stamped from aluminum as well as black iron, and differences in drying times observed. Coatings on black iron dry faster than those on aluminum, and its is presumed that iron plays the role of an oxidation or polymerization catalyst.
Recovery of gossypol from cottonseed gums
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Pominski Joseph , King W. H. , Harris James A. , Hopper T. H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA process has been developed for the isolation of pure gossypol from the gums obtained by water‐washings of crude hexane‐extracted cottonseed oil. Gums are heated with methyl ethyl ketone containing phosphoric acid to cleave gossypol‐phosphatide reaction products and are cooled to separate a ketone phase containing the gossypol from a phosphatide‐water phase. After concentration by distillation, gossypol is isolated from the methyl ethyl ketone concentrate by addition of glacial acetic acid to form the acetic acid addition compound of 92–94% purity. Two recrystallizations as the acetic‐acid complex produce gossypol acetic acid of 99% purity. The purified product can be dissociated by solution in dilute sodium carbonate, from which pure gossypol is recovered by acidification with mineral acid.Yield data from pilot‐plant experiments indicated that about 47% of the gossypol in gums is recovered as crude gossypol acetic acid. Depending on the degree of purification of the crude product, the over‐all yield of purified gossypol from gums will range from 41% for a product of 98% purity to 36% for a gossypol of 99% purity.
On the electric resistance of solid soap
Authors: Ezaki Heihachi , Ohwada K. , Noguchi S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryElectrical resistance values are reported for soaps of various moisture contents. Marked changes in resistance were found at 40–50°C. Below this temperature the logarithm of conductivity is a linear function of inverse temperature, and the slope of the curve is practically independent of water content. Above 40° resistance is markedly affected by the water content of the soap. For soaps containing 12–30% water, heating and cooling curves show definite maxima and minima in electrical resistance values. This effect is less obvious in soaps containing more than 30% water. The phase transition points estimated from resistance measurements are in good agreement with those deduced from other physical measurements.
Synthesis of thioethers from hydroxy olefinic fatty acids
Authors: Farooqi Javed A. , Husain S. Rafat 
Published: May 2007

AbstractReaction of 3‐mercaptopropan‐1, 2‐diol with methyl ricinoleate (I) and methyl isoricinoleate (II) afforded their respective thioethers. The structure of the products was characterized by combustion and spectral (IR, NMR and MS) data.
An improved method for evaluating detergent builders for water hardness control
Authors: McDonell J. A. , Liu A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCommercial detergent additives to control water hardness may act through sequestration, crystal growth inhibition, precipitation, or ion exchange. These builders lower the free hardness (Ca++, Mg++ concentration by different mechanisms. A full factorially designed experiment has been developed to evaluate builders functioning by the sequestration or crystal growth inhibition of calcium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide. The builder's performance is determined by its ability to prevent precipitation while in the presence of carbonate and hardness ions. The tests are based on incubation followed by filtration and determination of calcium and magnesium in the filtrate by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). Variables in the design include builder concentration, temperature, pH and time. Regression equations and response surfaces for tripolyphosphate and several polyacrylates and phosphonates are included.
Preparation and characterization of a number of amine salts of long‐chain fatty acids
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryEighty‐eight amine salts of long‐chain fatty acids have been prepared, purified by solvent crystallization, and characterized. Forty‐five of these were salts of palmitic acid. The rest included salts of capric, lauric, myristic, stearic, oleic, elaidic, and 12‐hydroxystearic acids. A variety of aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic amines, including primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, were investigated. The majority of these gave 1∶1 acid‐amine compounds on solvent recrystallization of an equimolar mixture of acid and amine. Some of the amines gave no crystallizable salt, and with others the pure salt could not be obtained by this procedure. Under the same conditions the symmetrical alkyl, substituted alkyl, and aralkyl secondary amines investigated gave crystallizable compounds containg two molecules of fatty acid to one of amine. Molecular compounds of 2‐aminopyridine with four molecules of saturated fatty acid were formed by recrystallization starting with a 1 to 4 amine‐acid mixture. Surface‐tension measurements were made for aqueous solutions of a few of the amine salts.