bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE DISCRIMINATIVE CONTROL OF CONCURRENT RESPONSES: THE RELATIONS AMONG RESPONSE FREQUENCY, LATENCY, AND TOPOGRAPHY IN AUDITORY GENERALIZATION1
Authors: Cross D. V. , Lane H. L. 
Published: March 2006

Human subjects were used in a study of auditory generalization following multiple‐response discrimination training. The relations observed among stimulus intensity, response probability, and response latency were invariant with respect to whether the two vocal responses conditioned were topographically discrete, as in one experiment, or topographically continuous, as in another. The major findings were:
. The probabilities associated with a specific response were maximal over several stimulus values at the extreme ends of the continuum, then dropped sharply at stimuli intermediate to the initial SD's as the probability of the alternative response increased.
. Overall response latency was inversely related to the relative frequency of the two responses at each stimulus value. When the two responses were most nearly equal in probability, latencies were maximal; when one response had close to unit or zero probability, latencies were minimal.
. Analysis of the latencies of the two responses, taken separately, revealed: (a) an increase in latency as the difference between the test stimulus and the initial SD increased; (b) a sharp discontinuity in the latency gradient and reversal in trend at intermediate stimulus intensities; and (c) at a given stimulus value, latencies associated with the stochastically dominant response were consistently shorter than those of the nondominant response.
. No changes in response topography (fundamental frequency) were correlated with the characteristic changes in probability and latency during stimulus generalization.
REFLEXIVE FIGHTING IN RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE STIMULATION1
Authors: Ulrich R. E. , Azrin N. H. 
Published: March 2006

Reflexive fighting was elicited between paired rats as a reflex reaction to electric shock prior to any specific conditioning. Such fighting was fairly stereotyped and easily differentiated from the rats' usual behavior. The strength of this reflex was not attributable to any apparent operant reinforcement. Elicitation of fighting was a direct function of the enclosed floor area and a nonmonotonic function of the shock intensity.Failure to scramble the polarity of the electrified grid produced inconsistent fighting. Under optimal conditions fighting was consistently elicited by shock regardless of the rat's sex, strain, previous familiarity with each other, or the number present during shock. Repeated shock presentations did not produce an appreciable decrease in fighting until signs of physical debility appeared. Although shock did not cause a rat to attack inanimate objects, it did produce attack movements toward other small animals. Failure of guinea pigs to defend themselves revealed that the elicitation of fighting from the rat does not require reciprocal attack. Paired hamsters showed fighting reactions similar to those of the rats, whereas guinea pigs failed to fight. Electrode shock and a heated floor elicited fighting between the rats, but intense noise and a cooled floor did not.
Technology, genres, and value change: The case of little magazines
Authors: Paling Stephen , Nilan Michael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractProducers in creative genres are frequently motivated by goals that put those producers in opposition to popular culture and marketplace pressures. Questions about whether those goals reflect values that belong specifically to print culture, or whether those values will continue to motivate producers in creative genres after the introduction of online technology, have not been answered empirically. Previous studies of genre change have been among those that have focused on the ability of human actors to use information technology to alter those genres as social structures. However, these studies have focused on generic artifacts rather than on the creative values that motivated the creation of those artifacts. Editors of small literary magazines (generally referred to as little magazines) make ideal subjects for this study. Creative values play an important role in their decisions, and they frequently publish poetry, fiction, and other work that stand in opposition to popular culture and literature. This study proposed and evaluated a conceptual framework for anticipating whether editors of little magazines will use online technologies to reinforce or alter the values characteristic of their genre. The study found that the values posited in the conceptual framework fit the goals expressed by little magazine editors. Not all editors held those values equally, however. These findings suggest that producers in creative genres can use online technology in ways that actually reflect an intensification of those values. The concept of intensifying use of technology (IUT) was posited to explain the differences.
Relevance judgment: What do information users consider beyond topicality?
Authors: Xu Yunjie (Calvin) , Chen Zhiwei 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHow does an information user perceive a document as relevant? The literature on relevance has identified numerous factors affecting such a judgment. Taking a cognitive approach, this study focuses on the criteria users employ in making relevance judgment beyond topicality. On the basis of Grice's theory of communication, we propose a five‐factor model of relevance: topicality, novelty, reliability, understandability, and scope. Data are collected from a semicontrolled survey and analyzed by following a psychometric procedure. Topicality and novelty are found to be the two essential relevance criteria. Understandability and reliability are also found to be significant, but scope is not. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed.
The scientific network of surfactants: Structural analysis
Authors: Bailón‐Moreno Rafael , Jurado‐Alameda Encarnación , Ruiz‐Baños Rosario 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe scientific network of the surfactants and related subjects has been analyzed with the CoPalRed© knowledge system. The actors studied have been countries, research centers and laboratories, researchers, and journals. The thematic map of the major research areas has been established. Most of the research areas, and those that have the greatest representation in terms of number of documents, are related to physics and chemistry. However, biochemistry and cell biology, medicine (pediatrics and pulmonary physiology), and, to a lesser extent, veterinary medicine and food science and technology are also noteworthy in the field of surfactants, which presents a markedly multidisciplinary profile.
Exploring the role of medical and consumer literature in the diffusion of information related to hormone therapy for menopausal women
Authors: Genuis Shelagh K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUsing content analysis, this study explored the role of the literature in the diffusion of new information; the influence of the literature on the innovation‐decision process; and how the concept of tie strength can contribute to a greater understanding of the role of the literature in information transmission. Diffusion of innovations and strength of weak ties theories provided the framework that informed this research, and an illustrated medical case study, changing practices related to hormone therapy for menopausal women, provided context for the study. Findings suggest that published literature impacts the innovation‐decision process and thus plays an integral role in the diffusion of medical innovation to physicians and consumers; that the view of literature as a bridging “weak tie” in a multifactor communication network allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the role of published literature in information diffusion; and that medical and lay articles are not neutral channels, they function to provide information, reinforce knowledge, and produce and shape meaning.
A Bayesian model that predicts the impact of Web searching on decision making
Authors: Lau Annie Y.S. , Coiera Enrico W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study aimed to develop a model for predicting the impact of information access using Web searches, on human decision making. Models were constructed using a database of search behaviors and decisions of 75 clinicians, who answered questions about eight scenarios within 80 minutes in a controlled setting at a university computer laboratory. Bayesian models were developed with and without bias factors to account for anchoring, primacy, recency, exposure, and reinforcement decision biases. Prior probabilities were estimated from the population prior, from a personal prior calculated from presearch answers and confidence ratings provided by the participants, from an overall measure of willingness to switch belief before and after searching, and from a willingness to switch belief calculated in each individual scenario. The optimal Bayes model predicted user answers in 73.3% (95% CI: 68.71 to 77.35%) of cases, and incorporated participants' willingness to switch belief before and after searching for each scenario, as well as the decision biases they encounter during the search journey. In most cases, it is possible to predict the impact of a sequence of documents retrieved by a Web search engine on a decision task without reference to the content or structure of the documents, but relying solely on a simple Bayesian model of belief revision.
The interleukin‐15/interleukin‐15 receptor system as a model for juxtacrine and reverse signaling
Authors: Bulfone‐Paus Silvia , Bulanova Elena , Budagian Vadim , Paus Ralf 
Published: March 2006

AbstractInterleukin‐15 (IL‐15) is a pleiotropic cytokine of the 4 α‐helix bundle family, which binds to a receptor complex that displays common elements with the IL‐2 receptor and a unique high‐affinity α chain. This review focuses on juxtacrine and reverse signaling levels in the IL‐15/IL‐15R system. Specifically, we discuss how agonistic stimulation of membrane‐bound IL‐15 induces phosphorylation of members of the MAP kinase family and of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), thereby upregulating processes including cytokine secretion, cell adhesion and migration. In addition, we explore IL‐15 trans‐presentation and intracellular signaling, and define promising molecular targets for future pharmacological intervention in infectious diseases and immunological disorders. These frontiers in IL‐15/IL‐15Rα research serve as highly instructive examples for key concepts, unsolved problems and therapeutic opportunities in juxtacrine and reverse signaling in general. BioEssays 28: 362–377, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why photoreceptors die (and why they don't)
Authors: Fain Gordon L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractLight can kill the photoreceptors of the eye, not only very bright direct sunlight, but more moderate illumination if the light is present continuously. Recent experiments show that rod apoptosis can be triggered by strong and constant activation of transduction, and that death can be prevented if transduction is inhibited even though the eye is illuminated. Vitamin A deficiency and genetically inherited diseases, such as some forms of retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis, appear to kill like this: transduction is activated at a high rate and continuously, and this causes the rods to die. Why does transduction kill? Our best guess is that continuous activation produces a prolonged lowering of the Ca2+ concentration, which is also thought to kill neurons in tissue culture and during the development of the nervous system. To prevent death in constant light, rods have evolved protective mechanisms including modulation of channels and ion transport to keep the Ca2+ from going too low. Prolonged light exposure also causes migration of transduction proteins from one part of the cell to another and a reversible shortening of the rod outer segments, the part of the cell that contains the pigment rhodopsin. All of these mechanisms are at work in the normal eye to reduce transduction and prevent the Ca2+ concentration from dropping too low for too long a time. That most of us retain our vision our entire lives is a testament to their effectiveness. BioEssays 28: 344–354, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell cycle control by oscillating regulatory proteins in Caulobacter crescentus
Authors: Holtzendorff Julia , Reinhardt Jens , Viollier Patrick H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSignificant strides have been made in recent years towards understanding the molecular basis of cell cycle progression in the model bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. At the heart of cell cycle regulation is a multicomponent transcriptional feedback loop, governing the production of successive regulatory waves or pulses of at least three master regulatory proteins. These oscillating master regulators direct the execution of phase‐specific events and, importantly, through intrinsic genetic switches not only determine the length of a given phase, but also provide the driving force that catapults the cell into the next stage of the cell cycle. The genetic switches act as fail safe mechanisms that prevent the cell cycle from relapsing and thus govern the ordered production and the periodicity of these regulatory waves. Here, we detail how the master regulators CtrA, GcrA and DnaA coordinate cell cycle progression and polar development in Caulobacter. BioEssays 28: 355–361, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Duplication and divergence in humans and chimpanzees
Authors: Wooding Stephen , Jorde Lynn B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIt has become a truism that we humans are genetically about 99% identical to chimpanzees. The origins of this assertion are clear: among early studies of DNA sequences, nucleotide identity between humans and chimpanzees was found to average around 98.9%.1 However, this figure is correct only with respect to regions of the genome that are shared between humans and chimpanzees. Often ignored are the many parts of their genomes that are not shared. Genomic rearrangements, including insertions, deletions, translocations and duplications, have long been recognized as potentially important sources of novel genomic material2,3 and are known to account for major genomic differences between humans and chimpanzees.4 Further, such changes have been implicated in a number of genetic disorders, such as DiGeorge, Angelman/Prader‐Willi and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth syndromes5. BioEssays 28: 335–338, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
When Brachyury meets Smad1: the evolution of bilateral symmetry during gastrulation
Authors: Marcellini Sylvain 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUnderstanding the events that led to the emergence of the bilaterians is a daunting task, impaired by the huge evolutionary gap separating us from the pre‐Cambrian. During gastrulation, the expression of the transcription factor Brachyury is remarkably well conserved around the blastopore of bilaterians and cnidarians. Only the bilaterian Brachyury proteins, however, share a distinctive N‐terminal sequence not found in outgroups such as cnidarians, sponges or placozoans. We now know that, in vertebrates, this N‐terminal domain confers specific transcriptional activity, by recruiting Smad1, the first identified co‐factor for Brachyury. Smad1 is an effector of the BMP pathway, and has been isolated in bilaterians and cnidarians. Here, I propose that the protein–protein interaction between Brachyury and Smad1 represents an evolutionary novelty of the Urbilateria. The gain of the N‐terminal domain might have been selected to spatially modulate the activity of Brachyury, thereby facilitating the establishment of bilateral symmetry during gastrulation movements. BioEssays 28: 413–420, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polycomb, trithorax and the decision to differentiate
Authors: Ringrose Leonie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFor stem cells, life is full of potential: they have a high capacity to proliferate and a wide choice of future identities. When they differentiate, cells leave behind this freedom and become ever more committed to a single fate. Intriguingly, the Polycomb and Trithorax groups of proteins are vital to the very different natures of both stem cells and differentiated cells, but little is known about how they make the transition from one cell type to the other. A recent paper1 throws light on this mystery, showing that the Polycomb proteins dramatically change their behaviour at a crucial moment of differentiation. BioEssays 28: 330–334, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compositional complementarity and prebiotic ecology in the origin of life
Authors: Hunding Axel , Kepes Francois , Lancet Doron , Minsky Abraham , Norris Vic , Raine Derek , Sriram K. , Root‐Bernstein Robert 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe hypothesize that life began not with the first self‐reproducing molecule or metabolic network, but as a prebiotic ecology of co‐evolving populations of macromolecular aggregates (composomes). Each composome species had a particular molecular composition resulting from molecular complementarity among environmentally available prebiotic compounds. Natural selection acted on composomal species that varied in properties and functions such as stability, catalysis, fission, fusion and selective accumulation of molecules from solution. Fission permitted molecular replication based on composition rather than linear structure, while fusion created composomal variability. Catalytic functions provided additional chemical novelty resulting eventually in autocatalytic and mutually catalytic networks within composomal species. Composomal autocatalysis and interdependence allowed the Darwinian co‐evolution of content and control (metabolism). The existence of chemical interfaces within complex composomes created linear templates upon which self‐reproducing molecules (such as RNA) could be synthesized, permitting the evolution of informational replication by molecular templating. Mathematical and experimental tests are proposed. BioEssays 28: 399–412, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decoding the rice genome
Authors: Vij Shubha , Gupta Vikrant , Kumar Dibyendu , Vydianathan Ravi , Raghuvanshi Saurabh , Khurana Paramjit , Khurana Jitendra P. , Tyagi Akhilesh K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRice cultivation is one of the most important agricultural activities on earth, with nearly 90% of it being produced in Asia. It belongs to the family of crops that includes wheat, maize and barley, and it supplies more than 50% of calories consumed by the world population. Its immense economic value and a relatively small genome size makes it a focal point for scientific investigations, so much so that four whole genome sequence drafts with varying qualities have been generated by both public and privately funded ventures. The availability of a complete and high‐quality map‐based sequence has provided the opportunity to study genome organization and evolution. Most importantly, the order and identity of 37,544 genes of rice have been unraveled. The sequence provides the required ingredients for functional genomics and molecular breeding programs aimed at unraveling intricate cellular processes and improving rice productivity. BioEssays 28: 421–432, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrocortisone made in yeast: Metabolic engineering turns a unicellular microorganism into a drug‐synthesizing factory
Authors: Dumas Bruno , Brocard‐Masson Corinne , Assemat‐Lebrun Karine , Achstetter Tilman 
Published: March 2006

AbstractInspired by the successful work of converting Saccharomyces cerevisiae into an microorganism capable of synthesizing hydrocortisone, a 27‐carbon molecule, from ethanol, a 2‐carbon molecule, this review provides an overview of the potential of yeast as a recombinant organism in the 21st century. Yeast has been used by man for more than 6000 years, and is still paving the way to new discoveries. It was the first eukaryotic organism to be sequenced, in 1996, and the first to produce hydrocortisone in 2003. In addition, extensive genome–wide analyses have been performed with yeast. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of using yeast to produce small therapeutic molecules. It is obvious that S. cerevisiae has a cutting edge advantage of being a well–known organism and time will tell if yeast “biohydrocortisone” is a unique example or the beginning of a long list of yeast bioproducts. Other organisms, such as plants and bacteria, are competing with yeast. Bacteria produce a wealth of marketed molecules and plants are capable of producing extremely complex molecules with an unbeatable yield. However, S. cerevisiae offers a unique mix of the simplicity of a recombinant organism combined with the complexity of a eukaryote.
Yeast models of human mitochondrial diseases: from molecular mechanisms to drug screening
Authors: Schwimmer Christine , Rak Malgorzata , Lefebvre‐Legendre Linnka , Duvezin‐Caubet Stéphane , Plane Guillaume , di Rago Jean‐Paul 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMitochondrial diseases are rare diseases most often linked to energy in the form of ATP‐depletion. The high number of nuclear‐ and mitochondrial‐DNA‐encoded proteins (>500), required for ATP production and other crucial mitochondrial functions such as NADH re‐oxidation, explains the increasing number of reported disorders. In recent years, yeast has revealed to be a powerful model to identify responsible genes, to study primary effects of pathogenic mutations and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to mitochondrial disorders. However, the clinical management of patients with mitochondrial disorders is still essentially supportive. Here we review some of the most fruitful yeast mitochondrial disorder models and propose to subject these models to highthroughput chemical library screening to prospect new therapeutic drugs against mitochondrial diseases.
Catheter‐based decompression of the left atrium in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and restrictive atrial septum is safe and effective
Authors: Gossett Jeffrey G. , Rocchini Albert P. , Lloyd Thomas R. , Graziano Joseph N. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractInfants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and restrictive or intact atrial septum (rAS) present with cyanosis, pulmonary edema, and are critically ill. A previous report from our institution on emergent Norwood for HLHS with rAS showed 10% survival. We hypothesized that transcatheter left atrial (LA) decompression in HLHS with rAS would safely and effectively relieve LA hypertension, improve oxygenation, and improve Norwood survival. Between 1996 and 2004, 30 patients with HLHS and rAS underwent cardiac catheterization for pre‐Norwood intervention. Twenty‐eight atrial septostomies were performed: 23 static balloon dilations, 4 Rashkind septostomies, and 1 intra‐atrial stent. Two procedures were aborted due to perforation (n = 1) or inability to enter the LA (n = 1). Eight total patients required surgical septectomy, for a failure rate of 27%. There were no catheter‐related mortalities, although two patients died within 36 hr of the procedure after surgical septectomy. Major complications occurred in three patients (10%)—atrial perforations requiring intervention. Mean atrial septal defect gradient fell from 16.7 ± 4.9 to 6.3 ± 3.4 mm Hg (P < 0.001; n = 18). Mean LA pressure dropped from 21.8 ± 5.5 to 13.1 ± 6.5 mm Hg (P < 0.001; n = 16). Mean PaO2 rose from 29.5 ± 9.1 to 36.5 ± 5.1 torr (P < 0.001; n = 23). Seventeen of 30 patients (57%) survived to discharge from Norwood. Thirteen have undergone hemi‐Fontan and nine Fontan. Sixteen of 22 successful decompressions (73%) survived to discharge. Transcatheter decompression of the LA for patients with HLHS and rAS can be performed safely, reduces the transatrial gradient, and improves oxygenation. Catheter intervention improves survival compared to historical controls undergoing emergent Norwood. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.