bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research and the Patent System
Authors: Wickliffe Rose H. 
Published: March 2008

To stimulate research and development was the primary purpose for which the patent law was enacted. That there have been abuses of the system is admitted, but as a prelude to intelligent correction of existing faults there should be more widespread knowledge of the facts as re vealed by actual practice. In this series of articles by Mr. Rose, Part I.1 dealt with the system in its relationship with the individual in ventor. Part II., which is presented herewith, discusses the experience of corporations in the use of patents. Al though the cases cited are taken from the rayon industry an analogy may be drawn which will apply to other branches of the textile industry. Part III., which con cludes "Research and the Patent System," will discuss the commercialization of patents and will appear in the September issue of TEXTILE RESEARCH.
Vibration in Textile Testing Devices 1
Authors: Vose R.W. 
Published: March 2008

As part of a critical review of all testing and measuring equipment in the Cotton Laboratory of the Chicopee Manufacturing Corp., two testing de vices, the Saco-Lowell Sliver Tester and the Belger Roving Tester, were rebuilt to run at increased speed, and the be havior of a Tensile Tester was investi gated. Increasing the speed of the machines required the reduction of in ertia, the substitution of springs for dead weights, and other alterations to reduce vibration. The investigation of the Tensile Tester shows that this ma chine has inherent characteristics which render it unsatisfactory for use on new materials of high elasticity or others with unusual properties. The speeds of both the sliver tester and the roving tester have been in creased by a factor of approximately seven.
Swelling of Fibers as a Method for Morphological Research
Authors: Roberts Bruno R. 
Published: March 2008

The application of cinemicrography to the dark-field ultramicroscopy of tex tile fibers permits repeated and close observation of the rapidly changing movements of colloidal inclusions energized by suitable swelling agents. Through this tech nique the permeable membranes of starch particles and natural fibers are made visible. The effects of osmotic pressure, such as the instantaneous eruption of col loidal masses from the ruptured envelope of starch grains and cotton fibers, have been recorded by the motion picture camera and thus made available for careful study. The inhomogeneity of wool scales and their capsule-like structure are recorded. The movement of colloidal particles within and through the outer walls of the swol len cotton fiber has been photographed and it can be analyzed at leisure by project ing the film. The fact that some of the material in this article has previously appeared in Kolloid Zeitschrift 64, 257 (1933), and Der Papier-Fabrikant 32, 61 (1934), empha sizes its value, and for this reason it is now being presented in its present form in this journal.-Editor.
Mechanics of Abrasion of Textile Materials
Authors: Hamburger Walter J. 
Published: March 2008

A method is described for predicting the inherent abrasion resistance of textile materials substantively by the use of load-elongation diagrams of mechanically conditioned specimens. Immediate and delayed deflections are discussed as they affect energy coefficient E. This coefficient is shown to be a function of: ( 1) low modulus of elasticity; (2) large immediate elastic deflection; (3) high ratio of primary to secondary creep; ( 4) high magnitude of pri mary creep; and (5) high rate of primary creep. Nylon shrunk, nylon unshrunk, acetate, and viscose yarns are evaluated on the Taber Abraser, and from rate-of-destruction curves durability coefficients D are obtained. Corre lation is shown to exist between durability coefficients and energy coefficients for the four yarns.
Design of Devices Used in the Study of Stress-Strain-Time Properties
Authors: Morey D.R. 
Published: March 2008

It is shown that a number of stress-strain devices control the rate of increase of the total load applied to the specimen, but that none takes account of the diminishing cross section as extension proceeds. It is shown how this may be done, thus providing a constant rate of stress increase, by means of a cam which introduces a variable lever arm through which the load is applied. In the case of extension-versus-time curves, it is important to run the experiment at constant stress rather than at constant total load. A simple means of loading a specimen to accomplish this is described.
Problems for Future Quartermaster Textile Research
Authors: Kennedy Stephen J. 
Published: March 2008

Many facts, hitherto unpublished, with respect to the textile research program initiated in 1942 by the Research and Development Branch of the Office of The Quartermaster General are high lighted in this paper by Lt. Colonel Stephen J. Kennedy. Problems which have pressed for solu tion, the manner in which these problems were attacked, and the noteworthy accomplishments are briefly outlined. Nine areas of research which must occupy the attention of industry as well as of the military services are described. This paper deserves the careful attention of all textile men. It was read by Colonel Kennedy, Chairman of the Conference on Quartermaster Research held at the National Academy of Sci ences, in Washington, D. C., October 25, 1945. Other papers given at the conference were: "Importance of Quartermaster Research in Winning the War," by Lieutenant General Edmund B. Gregory; " Washable Woolens for the Army," by Captain Henry F. Clapham; "The Use of Army Service Testing Techniques in the Development and Interpretation of Laboratory Textile Tests," by Oliver P. Beckwith; " Tropical Deterioration of Textile Products," by Dr. William H. Weston; "Synthetic Fabrics in the Quartermaster War Program," by Chandler Robbins, II; "Increasing the Wear Life of Army Textiles Through Research," by Captain Stanley Backer; and " The Program of the Quartermaster Corps for Future Research," by Brigadier General Georges F. Doriot; and "Comments on the Program of Research," by Dr. Harold DeWitt Smith. The above papers are included in a complete report, with illustrations, which is being pub lished under the sponsorship of the Intersociety Council for Textile Research. Copies may be had at $1.00 each by writing Textile Research Institute, Inc., 10 East 40th Street, New York 16, New York.
Statistical Methods for Equilibrium Moisture Correlations
Authors: McCarthy P.J. , Toner R.K. , Whitwell J.C. 
Published: March 2008

In the first paper of this series § there was presented a method for the treatment of equilibrium moisture data for textile fibers. Results of extensive statistical calculations were reported and analyzed. This paper presents the details of the methods which were used in arriving at those correlations. Of major interest is a means of calculating the best point of intersection of a series of lines and of evaluating the probability of the existence of such a common point on all lines. When it is suspected that the lines are parallel, the test of probability must be adapted to this eventuality. In general, the probabilities are estimated by analysis of variance. In this calculation, the individual lines are fitted to the experimental points by the method of least squares. They are then again fitted to the points with the additional condition of intersection or parallelism, which ever is thought to be more likely. The additional variance imposed by the added condition is then compared to that of the deviations from the simple individual least-squares lines and evaluated for probability by Snedecor ratios. Illustrative graphical material based on the Wiegerink data for degummed silk in positive sorption from dry condition to equilibrium state is presented to show the various procedures.
Wear-Resistance of Apparel Textiles, I
Authors: Kaswell Ernest R. 
Published: March 2008

Portion of a research program on the Wear Resistance of Apparel Textiles, sponsored by the Office of The Quartermaster General and the National Research Council, and conducted by the Textile Division of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, and the Fabric Research Laboratories, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts. Part II, "Laboratory Evaluation of Military Fabrics and Correlation with Com bat Course Tests," will appear in a later issue.
Relation of Specific Strength of Cotton Fibers to Fiber Length and Testing Method
Authors: Grant James N. , Morlier Ora W. 
Published: March 2008

Four cottons in commercial production, covering a range of such physical properties as strength, length, and fineness, were studied in a comparison of two methods of determining fiber strength—the individual fiber test and the Pressley flat-bundle test. Because of the combing action in bundle preparation, cotton fibers broken in the flat-bundle test represent the longer fibers found in a sample of cotton. These remaining fibers are not representative of the length of the original sample; and since fiber specific strength increases with fiber length, neither are they representative of the strength of the original sample. This increase in specific strength with increase in length is evident whether fibers are broken indi vidually or in aggregates. The relationship between the logarithm of individual fiber tensile strength and the logarithm of the specimen length used is inversely linear. The flat-bundle test represents the strength of fibers whose specimen lengths were deduced to be between 1/16 and 3/32 inch.
Dyeing Studies at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Royer G.L. , Zimmerman C.L. , Walter H.J. , Robinson R.D. 
Published: March 2008

An apparatus has been built for dyeing textiles in the temperature range of 200°F to 300°F and fundamental dyeing data have been obtained using a wide variety of textile fibers. The high- temperature technique is particularly applicable in the dyeing of those fibers which require a long time for the diffusion of the dye into the individual fibers when it is applied under normal dyeing conditions. The high-temperature technique increases the speed of dyeing to such an extent that dyeings which normally require hours can be produced in a matter of seconds. Commercially acceptable dyeings have been made on wool and wool-cotton unions in less than 90 seconds at 270°F. In general, it can be stated that because of the short periods of contact at these high temperatures the same extent of dyeing can be obtained without any greater change in the tensile characteristics than is obtained when an equivalent dyeing is carried out for a longer time at lower temperatures. The amount of thermal decomposition of a large number of dyes was determined, and a number which are suitable for high-temperature dyeing have been selected. A method for the application of dyes by padding and then developing at elevated tempera tures has been worked out; this method, owing to the increased speed of dyeing, makes it prac tical to dye continuously at a rapid rate many fabrics which previously have not been dyed by a continuous process.
The Modification of Cellulose by Reaction with Formaldehyde
Authors: Gruntfest I.J. , Gagliardi D.D. 
Published: March 2008

Experiments relating to the chemistry of the technologically important cellulose-formalde hyde reaction are described. While for many reasons definitive statements about the reaction cannot now be given, certain of its gross features are revealed. As the formalization process is usually carried out, the reaction with cellulose is com petitive with the evaporation of the formaldehyde. At low temperatures (to 30°C) no reaction takes place. At higher temperatures (150°C) reaction takes place over a wide range of con ditions of acidity. The product formed at high acidity is stable to hydrolysis and is charac terized by reduced swelling, increased elastic modulus, and resistance to creep. At lower acidities and under alkaline conditions, the properties of the product are much more like those of the starting material and the formaldehyde is easily removed by washing in neutral aqueous solutions. The combining weight of formaldehyde with cellulose varies, among other things, with the concentration of the formaldehyde applied. The lower the concentration the more nearly the combining weight approaches 12, which corresponds to the formation of simple methylene ethers with the cellulose. At higher concentrations, the combining weight increases toward a value of 30, indicating the formation of polyoxymethylene ether linkages.
Mechanics of Elastic Performance of Textile Materials
Authors: Hamburger Walter J. 
Published: March 2008

A technique is developed for the quantitative evaluation of the deformation components of visco-elastic materials when these are subjected to tensile loading, for loads ranging from zero to rupture, under dynamic loading conditions, at constant rates of load, elongation, or strain for different magnitudes of constant rates of load, elongation, and strain. The technique serves not only to determine the mechanism of elastic performance of materials but also to quantitatively evaluate their performance characteristics as engineering materials. A sensitive and responsive instrument for the determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity of materials under any and all loading conditions, such as those enumerated above, has been developed and is described. The effects of the visco-elastic behavior of high polymers upon their stress-strain relation ships are investigated and discussed.
The Interaction of Various Organic Liquids with Cellulose Acetate Fibers as Detected by Specific-Gravity Measurements
Authors: Fortess Fred 
Published: March 2008

The pycnometer liquid displacement method of determining the specific gravity of solids has been applied to the study of the rate and the extent of penetration of a large variety of pure liquids into cellulose acetate yarn. Various members of the homologous series of aromatic and aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, halogens, nitriles, phthalate esters, nitro- compounds, and hydrocarbons were used. The maximum apparent specific gravities obtained for a Celanese yarn were found to be a function of the polar groups on the molecules of the liquid medium, as well as of their size and shape. These values range from 1.306 at 20° C with carbon tetrachloride to 1.415 with n-heptaldehyde. A hydrogen-bonding mechanism is suggested to explain the manner by which the liquid- medium molecules penetrate and solvate the yarn. Several applications of this technique and the resultant data are indicated.
Dynamic Properties of Filaments, Yarns, and Cords at Sonic Frequencies
Authors: Lyons W. James 
Published: March 2008

A brief description of the stretch-vibrometer developed at the Firestone Research Laboratories is given, and the theory of its operation is outlined. Described are new measurements made on the instrument verifying the previous conclusion that loss of energy to the apparatus is immeasur ably small. Values of the dynamic stretch moduli E, coefficients of internal friction μ, and hyster etic energy losses of 15 samples of natural and synthetic textile materials, Fiberglas, and steel wire are given. Corresponding static values of moduli and energy losses are also given. The latter, it is shown, do not correlate with dynamic values, and hence cannot be regarded as predictive of dynamic behavior. The resonant frequencies at which measurements were made on these samples ranged from 65 to 360 cycles per second. The significance of the various measures which have been employed with the present data to express hysteretic losses is discussed, and it is shown that the quantity μω 0/E, while not rigidly constant, is confined to a narrow range of values in most samples. Further evidence is submitted generalizing the near-hyperbolic relationship between μ and ωo. Results of application of the method to the comparison of various tire-cord rayons are given. Measured on the stretch-vibrom eter have been dynamic moduli ranging from 2.1 × 10 10 (rubber thread) to 226 × 1010 (steel wire) dynes/cm.2, and internal-friction coefficients from 0.74 × 106 (rubber thread) to 25.7 × 106 (silk thread) poises.
The Fungi Concerned in Fiber Deterioration
Authors: Marsh P.B. , Bollenbacher K. 
Published: March 2008

A review of the literature and certain new findings are presented which relate to the types of fungi which occur on cellulosic textile fibers under various practical exposure conditions. Numerous observations, some original and others assem bled from the literature, indicate that the following fungi are commonly found growing on fibers in particular types of situations : Alternaria, Cladosporium herbarum, and Fusarium (especially F. moniliforme) on cotton which has undergone weathering in the field before harvest; Alternaria and Cladosporium herbarum on cotton fabric in relatively short- term moderate- or high-light weather exposures, with Phoma and related forms, Leptosphaeria and related forms, and Pullularia pullulans appearing after longer periods under the same conditions; Alternaria, Cladosporium herbarum, Pul lularia pullulans, and, under some conditions, Fusarium on dew-retting flax and hemp; species of Aspergillus, Peni cillium, Stachybotrys, Chaetomium, and probably other fungi on cotton and other natural fibers in unprocessed or in textile form in humid storage; Aspergillus fumigatus on jute which has undergone microbiological damage in the bale; Halo phiobolus and certain other unusual salt-water-adapted forms on decaying cordage in marine exposures. Fungi other than the above-named may occur commonly under the conditions mentioned, but if they do this appears not to have been reported frequently or in any detail in the literature. Soil- contact exposures are believed to involve a very wide range of fungus forms, including numerous genera and species which have not been observed to occur commonly in mod erate- or high-light above-ground exposures. Information is presented which indicates that resistance on the part of the fungus to sunlight is an important factor in determining which fungi grow on fibers in different types of exposures. Differences among the fungi in moisture requirements and in temperatures favorable for growth are also important.
The Fine Structure of Cotton Fibers from Density Measurements
Authors: Wakeham Helmut 
Published: March 2008

Research on the apparent densities of cellulose fibers in different liquids gives information concerning inner fiber structure which may be useful in characterizing certain desirable prop erties of cotton fibers. The following report describes an investigation of some factors involved in evaluating density data in terms of fiber structure. The interpretation is made of some experimentally determined densities of cotton and rayon fibers in benzene and in dioctyl phthalate —two liquids differing greatly in molecular dimensions—and in mercury, a nonwetting liquid. In the last case, the "over-all density" of a fiber, defined as the average density of all material within the outer wall of the fiber, is determined by a method utilizing a mercury-pressure volumenometer. In the case of the wetting liquids, higher densities were obtained with benzene—which has the smaller molecule; this indicates that the fibers have pore spaces which in size approach the dimensions of the molecule. When the cotton fibers are cut into short sections, about 1 mm. long, more of these pores and intrafiber channels are open to the liquid medium; a higher density is, therefore, obtained for the cut fibers than for the whole fibers. Pore-space values within the fiber are calculated and compared with values obtained by other methods. The significance of these observations in the consideration of fiber structure is discussed.
Cellulose Studies
Authors: Mehta P.C. , Pacsu Eugene 
Published: March 2008

Native cotton and commercial viscose rayon were degraded by using a saturated solution of hydrogen chloride (about 43%) in methanol at 0° C. It was found that, on the average, 8.1 bonds in native cotton suffered methanolysis during the first 6 hrs. of the reaction, whereas in the ensuing period of 666 hrs. only 1.6 bonds became cleaved. The results indicate that the initial reaction comes to a practical standstill after about the same stage of degradation has been reached as in the mild hydrolytic scission of the same materials (D.P. ∼ 250 for cotton, and D.P. ∼ 60 for viscose rayon). In order to gain information as to the nature of the methoxyl groups in the methanolyzed products, a study of the rate of hydrolysis of the latter was made. Evidently, if the classical concept of cellulose structure is correct—that is, if only normal methyl. glucopyranoside end groups are present—then the rate of acid hydrolysis, as measured by the increase in the reducing power, should be of the order of magnitude shown by the normal methyl glucopyranosides. On the other hand, a very fast rate of hydrolysis, which is characteristic for the open-chain dimethyl acetals of the sugars, would constitute evidence for the presence of such types of residues; hence, it would favor the new concept of cellulose structure. The results showed that more than one-half of the material in the case of viscose rayon and about one-half in that of native cotton were hydrolyzed by 0.05N HCl at 60°C in a period of 48 hrs., which is shorter beyond all comparison than the half-life (3,450 hrs.) of methyl α-gluco pyranoside under identical conditions. These results are considered to supply the chemical proof for the presence of the acid-sensitive, open-chain glucose residues which were suggested in the new formula for cellulose.
Special Dyeing of Cotton on the Seed Gives Visual Evidence of Changes During Fiber Development
Authors: Goldthwait Charles F. , Smith Herbert O. , Roberts Florence T. 
Published: March 2008

A process of differential dyeing employed to distinguish between thick- and thin-walled cotton fibers has now been utilized to show visually that the drying of normal cotton fibers for the first time-as when the boll opens in the field -greatly affects their dyeing properties. The effect was observed as a pronounced color difference when one lock from a nearly mature boll, cut open in the laboratory, was dried and another lock was kept wet, and both were dyed in the same dye bath at the same time. The dried cotton dyed mainly red and the undried dyed green. The change in the cotton cellulose which caused the difference is undoubtedly submicroscopic, and takes place in addition to the changes visible in the microscope which are familiar in fibers that have dried normally on the plant. A significant feature of the submicroscopic change can be inferred from the dyeing behavior considered in relation to current views of the mechanism of direct dyeing—that is, undried fibers from a cotton boll are shown by a new tech nique to be more porous than fibers which have dried in the boll, and the thin-walled fibers in ordinary cotton are simi larly more porous than the thick-walled fibers, at least while wet in a hot dye bath. It follows that the differential- dyeing effect with cotton fibers is determined by cellulose structure in combination with specific properties of the two dyes employed.