bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Immediate Versus Delayed Axillary Node Dissection on Surgical Outcomes in Breast Cancer Patients With Positive Sentinel Nodes: Results From American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Trials Z0010 and Z0011
Authors: Olson John A. , McCall Linda M. , Beitsch Peter , Whitworth Pat W. , Reintgen Douglas S. , Blumencranz Peter W. , Leitch A. Marilyn , Saha Sukamal , Hunt Kelly K. , Giuliano Armando E. 
Published: July 2008

Purpose Patients with breast cancer metastasis to the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) generally undergo completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND), either concurrently with SLN biopsy or at a second procedure. The impact of the timing of cALND on pathologic results and complications in these patients has not been examined. Patients and Methods We examined outcomes from SLN-positive patients in American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) trials Z0010 and Z0011. Pathologic data examined included primary tumor characteristics, total number of SLNs recovered, positive SLN(s) and non-SLN(s) identified. Complications assessed included axillary seroma, paresthesia, arm morbidity and range of motion, and lymphedema. Results A total of 1,003 assessable patients with SLN metastasis had immediate (n = 425) or delayed (n = 578) cALND. The median number of SLNs and axillary LNs removed were the same between groups. Patients who had immediate cALND more often had larger tumors, SLN metastasis identified intraoperatively, two or more positive SLNs, and higher pathologic N stage. Axillary paresthesia, seroma, and impaired extremity range of motion were more common in the immediate group during the early postoperative period, but not at later time points. There was no difference in lymphedema at any time point. Conclusion In ACOSOG trials Z0010 and Z0011, LN recovery and long-term complications were similar after either delayed or immediate cALND for patients with metastasis to SLNs. Patients who undergo immediate cALND experience more short-term morbidity. With respect to staging and complications, there is no clear detriment for patients with a positive SLN who undergo a second procedure for cALND.
Preoperative Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Followed by Gemcitabine-Based Chemoradiation for Resectable Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreatic Head
Authors: Varadhachary Gauri R. , Wolff Robert A. , Crane Christopher H. , Sun Charlotte C. , Lee Jeffrey E. , Pisters Peter W.T. , Vauthey Jean-Nicolas , Abdalla Eddie , Wang Huamin , Staerkel Gregg A. , Lee Jeffrey H. , Ross William A. , Tamm Eric P. , Bhosale Priya R. , Krishnan Sunil , Das Prajnan , Ho Linus , Xiong Henry , Abbruzzese James L. , Evans Douglas B. 
Published: July 2008

Purpose We conducted a phase II trial of preoperative gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy in addition to chemoradiation (Gem-Cis-XRT) and pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for patients with stage I/II pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Patients and Methods Chemotherapy consisted of gemcitabine (750 mg/m2) and cisplatin (30 mg/m2) given every 2 weeks for four doses. Chemoradiation consisted of four weekly infusions of gemcitabine (400 mg/m2) combined with radiation therapy (30 Gy in 10 fractions administered over 2 weeks) delivered 5 days per week. Patients underwent restaging 4 to 6 weeks after completion of chemoradiation and, in the absence of disease progression, were taken to surgery. Results The study enrolled 90 patients; 79 patients (88%) completed chemo-chemoradiation. Sixty-two (78%) of 79 patients were taken to surgery and 52 (66%) of 79 underwent PD. The median overall survival of all 90 patients was 17.4 months. Median survival for the 79 patients who completed chemo-chemoradiation was 18.7 months, with a median survival of 31 months for the 52 patients who underwent PD and 10.5 months for the 27 patients who did not undergo surgical resection of their primary tumor (P < .001). Conclusion Preoperative Gem-Cis-XRT did not improve survival beyond that achieved with preoperative gemcitabine-based chemoradiation (Gem-XRT) alone. The longer preoperative interval required more durable biliary decompression (metal stents) but was not associated with local tumor progression. The gemcitabine-based chemoradiation platform is a reasonable foundation on which to build future phase II multimodality trials for stage I/II pancreatic cancer incorporating emerging systemic therapies.
Adjuvant Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Carcinoma: The Mayo Clinic Experience (1975-2005)
Authors: Corsini Michele M. , Miller Robert C. , Haddock Michael G. , Donohue John H. , Farnell Michael B. , Nagorney David M. , Jatoi Aminah , McWilliams Robert R. , Kim George P. , Bhatia Sumita , Iott Matthew J. , Gunderson Leonard L. 
Published: July 2008

Purpose To determine prognostic factors and impact of adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT) on overall survival (OS) after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective review 472 consecutive patients who underwent complete resection with negative margins (R0) for invasive carcinoma (T1-3N0-1M0) of the pancreas between 1975 and 2005 at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. Exclusion criteria included metastatic or unresectable disease at surgery, positive surgical margins, and indolent tumor types (islet cell tumors and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma). Median RT dose was 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions; 98% of RT patients also received concurrent fluorouracil-based CT. Results Six patients died within 30 days of surgery. For the 466 surviving patients, median follow-up was 32.4 months; median OS was 21.6 months. Median OS after adjuvant CT-RT was 25.2 versus 19.2 months after no adjuvant therapy (P = .001). Two-year OS was 50% versus 39%, and 5-year OS was 28% versus 17%. Adverse prognostic factors identified by univariate and multivariate analysis included positive lymph nodes (risk ratio [RR] = 1.3; P < .001), high histologic grade (RR = 1.2; P < .001), and no adjuvant therapy (RR = 1.3; P < .001). Tumor extension beyond the pancreas was an adverse prognostic factor by univariate analysis alone (P = .03). Patients receiving adjuvant therapy had more adverse prognostic factors than those not receiving adjuvant therapy (P = .001). Conclusion This study represents one of the largest, single-institution, retrospective reviews of adjuvant therapy in patients after R0 resection of carcinoma of the pancreas. Overall survival was better in patients who received adjuvant CT-RT.
Kallikreins as microRNA targets: anin silicoand experimental-based analysis
Authors: Chow Tsz-fung F. , Crow Megan , Earle Tammy , El-Said Hala , Diamandis Eleftherios P. , Yousef George M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractmicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that target specific mRNAs. They have been shown to control many biological processes including cancer pathogenesis. Kallikreins (KLKs) are a family of serine proteases that are attracting interest as cancer biomarkers. The mechanism of regulation of kallikrein expression is largely unknown. We investigated the potential roles of miRNAs in regulating KLK expression. Using a bioinformatics approach, we identified 96 strong KLK/miRNA interactions. KLK10 is the most frequently targeted kallikrein, followed by KLK5 and KLK13. KLK1, KLK3, KLK8 and KLK12 do not have strongly predicted miRNA/KLK interactions. Ten miRNAs are predicted to target more than one KLK. KLK2, KLK4, KLK5 and KLK10 have multiple miRNA-targeting sites on their transcript. Chromosomes 19 and 14 harbor significantly more KLK-targeting miRNAs. Many KLK-targeting miRNAs have been shown to be dysregulated in malignancy. We experimentally verified our bioinformatics data for the let-7f miRNA in a cell line model. let-7f transfection led to a significant decrease in secreted KLK6 and KLK10 protein levels. Co-transfection of let-7f and anti-let-7f inhibitor was able to partially rescue these protein levels. We conclude that miRNAs play a role in the regulation of KLK expression. Further studies are needed to investigate whether this regulation is altered in cancer.
Development of peptides specifically modulating the activity of KLK2 and KLK3
Authors: Koistinen Hannu , Närvänen Ale , Pakkala Miikka , Hekim Can , Mattsson Johanna M. , Zhu Lei , Laakkonen Pirjo , Stenman Ulf-Håkan 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The prostate produces several proteases, the most abundant ones being kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3, PSA) and KLK2 (hK2), which are potential targets for tumor imaging and treatment. KLK3 expression is lower in malignant than in normal prostatic epithelium and it is further reduced in poorly differentiated tumors, in which the expression of KLK2 is increased. KLK3 has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis, whereas KLK2 may mediate tumor growth and invasion by participating in proteolytic cascades. Thus, it may be possible to control prostate cancer growth by modulating the proteolytic activity of KLK3 and KLK2. We have developed peptides that very specifically stimulate the activity of KLK3 or inhibit that of KLK2. Using these peptides we have established peptide-based methods for the determination of enzymatically active KLK3. The first-generation peptides are unstable in vivo and are rapidly cleared from the circulation. Currently we are modifying the peptides to make them suitable for in vivo applications. We have been able to considerably improve the stability of KLK2-binding peptides by cyclization. In this review we summarize the possible roles of KLK3 and KLK2 in prostate cancer and then concentrate on the development of peptides that modulate the activity of these proteases.
Prostatic trypsin-like kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and other prostate-expressed tryptic proteinases as regulators of signalling via proteinase-activated receptors (PARs)
Authors: Ramsay Andrew J. , Reid Janet C. , Adams Mark N. , Samaratunga Hemamali , Dong Ying , Clements Judith A. , Hooper John D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe prostate is a site of high expression of serine proteinases including members of the kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family, as well as other secreted and membrane-anchored serine proteinases. It has been known for some time that members of this enzyme family elicit cellular responses by acting directly on cells. More recently, it has been recognised that for serine proteinases with specificity for cleavage after arginine and lysine residues (trypsin-like or tryptic enzymes) these cellular responses are often mediated by cleavage of members of the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family – a four member sub-family of G protein-coupled receptors. Here, we review the expression of PARs in prostate, the ability of prostatic trypsin-like KLKs and other prostate-expressed tryptic enzymes to cleave PARs, as well as the prostate cancer-associated consequences of PAR activation. In addition, we explore the dysregulation of trypsin-like serine proteinase activity through the loss of normal inhibitory mechanisms and potential interactions between these dysregulated enzymes leading to aberrant PAR activation, intracellular signalling and cancer-promoting cellular changes.
Attenuation of left ventricular dysfunction by an ACE inhibitor after myocardial infarction in a kininogen-deficient rat model
Authors: Koch Matthias , Bonaventura Klaus , Spillmann Frank , Dendorfer Andreas , Schultheiss Heinz-Peter , Tschöpe Carsten 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) coronary outflow and left ventricular (LV) performance of kininogen-deficient Brown Norway Katholiek (BNK) rats and Brown Norway Hannover (BNH) controls were investigated. We analyzed whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ramipril is able to attenuate LV dysfunction after induction of myocardial infarction (MI) in this animal model. Ex vivo, the basal BK content in the coronary outflow of buffer-perfused, isolated hearts was measured by specific radioimmunoassay. In vivo, left ventricular pressure (LVP), the maximal rate of LVP increase, LV end-diastolic pressure, the maximal rate of LVP decrease and heart rate were determined using a tip catheter 3 weeks after induction of MI. Compared to BNK rats, basal BK outflow was increased 30-fold in controls (p<0.01). In vivo, we found no significant differences between sham-ligated BNK and BNH rats in basal LV function. After MI, the impairment of LV function was significantly worse in BNK rats when compared to BNH rats. ACE inhibition significantly attenuated this LV dysfunction in both groups, when compared to untreated animals. Reduced basal BK level resulting from kininogen deficiency has no effect on basal LV function, but remains to be a risk factor for the ischemic heart. However, ACE inhibition is sufficient to improve LV function despite kininogen deficiency.
Kallikreins are associated with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis and promote neurodegeneration
Authors: Scarisbrick Isobel A. , Linbo Rachel , Vandell Alexander G. , Keegan Mark , Blaber Sachiko I. , Blaber Michael , Sneve Diane , Lucchinetti Claudia F. , Rodriguez Moses , Diamandis Eleftherios P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTissue kallikrein KLK1 and the kallikrein-related peptidases KLK2–15 are a subfamily of serine proteases that have defined or proposed roles in a range of central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS pathologies. To further understand their potential activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), serum levels of KLK1, 6, 7, 8 and 10 were determined in 35 MS patients and 62 controls by quantitative fluorometric ELISA. Serum levels were then correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores determined at the time of serological sampling or at last clinical follow-up. Serum levels of KLK1 and KLK6 were elevated in MS patients (p≤0.027), with highest levels associated with secondary progressive disease. Elevated KLK1 correlated with higher EDSS scores at the time of serum draw and KLK6 with future EDSS worsening in relapsing remitting patients (p≤0.007). Supporting the concept that KLK1 and KLK6 promote degenerative events associated with progressive MS, exposure of murine cortical neurons to either kallikrein promoted rapid neurite retraction and neuron loss. These novel findings suggest that KLK1 and KLK6 may serve as serological markers of progressive MS and contribute directly to the development of neurological disability by promoting axonal injury and neuron cell death.
Influence of acute physical exercise on emerging muscular biomarkers
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Schena Federico , Montagnana Martina , Salvagno Gian Luca , Guidi Gian Cesare 
Published: July 2008

Abstract: Although there is comprehensive information on traditional biomarkers of muscle and cardiac damage following exercise, less is known on the kinetics of innovative markers, including ischemia modified albumin (IMA), glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (GPBB), carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) in athletes performing a sub-maximal exercise.: A total of 10 healthy trained Caucasian males performed a 21-km run. Blood samples were collected before the run, immediately after (post), 3, 6 and 24 h thereafter. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), myoglobin, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), GPBB, CAIII and H-FABP were assayed using a new diagnostic system based on protein biochip array technology. IMA was measured by a commercial colorimetric assay on a Roche Modular system P.: Significant variations by one-way analysis of variance were observed for CK-MB (p=0.013), myoglobin (p<0.001), GPBB (p=0.029), H-FABP (p<0.001), CAIII (p=0.006), but not for cTnI (p=1.00) and IMA (p=0.881). In particular, values of all the biomarkers tested, but cTnI and IMA, increased significantly immediately after the run. GPBB and H-FABP values returned to baseline 6 and 3 h thereafter, those of CAIII, CK-MB and myoglobin remained significantly elevated from the pre-run value up to 24 h after the run. The major variation over pre-run values was recorded for myoglobin (nearly 4-fold increment), whereas CAIII, CK-MB, GPBB and H-FABP increased by 2.9-, 1.8-, 1.4- and 1.2-fold, respectively.: We conclude that a sub-maximal aerobic exercise influences the concentration of several markers of muscle damage. Except for IMA, not one of the emerging biomarkers tested can be safely used to rule out myocardial damage as well as cardiospecific troponins in patients who had undergone recent physical activity.Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1313–8.
Precise isotope ratio measurements by MC-ICP-MS and application of the isotope dilution technique for the determination of germanium in the Gallium Neutrino Observatory
Authors: Wallenius Maria , Mayer Klaus , Millet Sylvain , Nicholl Adrian , Henrich Edmund , Balata Marco , Nisi Stefano , Lützenkirchen Klaus 
Published: July 2008

Summary
In the Gallium Neutrino Observatory (GNO) experiment solar neutrinos are studied. Low energy neutrinos interact with 71Ga producing radioactive 71Ge, which decays with a half-life of 11.43 days back to 71Ga. This β+-decay is used for quantifying the number of solar neutrinos observed. Stable Ge isotopes are used as carriers when 71Ge atoms are extracted from the GaCl3 target for measuring their decay. The carrier serves at the same time for quantification of the chemical yield of the extraction process.
Ge-removal from the GaCl3 detector solution proceeds exponentially and a small amount of Ge carrier remains in the Ga-tank, which is removed only during the following extraction(s). The use of different stable enriched Ge isotopes (70Ge, 72Ge, 74Ge and 76Ge) in alternating sequence allows one to determine the extraction yield of the carrier by high precision isotope ratio measurements. The measurements are carried out using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). The exact quantification of any residual Ge carrier from the preceding run is achieved through isotope dilution calculations and isotope mixture calculations.
In this paper we describe the evaluation of the results using the two-isotopes and two-components approach, as well as the multi-isotope and three-components approaches. We could demonstrate that the measured isotopic composition of the carrier after extraction can be fully modelled by a mixture of the initially used Ge carrier, of the Ge carrier from the previous run and of a small, but non-negligible contribution of a natural Ge contamination.
Effect of ozone on ruthenium species in alkaline medium – Part III: Oxidative dissolution of ruthenium deposits onto stainless steel
Authors: Floquet Sébastien , Eysseric Catherine , Maurel Didier , Fulconis Jean-Michel , Delagrange Jacques 
Published: July 2008

SummarySeveral ruthenium species compounds are typically encountered in waste management from nuclear fuel reprocessing operations. Ozone acting as a strong oxidizing agent in aqueous alkaline medium has some advantages for dissolving solid ruthenium deposits formed in process equipments, without generating troublesome by-products or secondary waste. This study is focused on oxidative dissolution of ruthenium(IV) oxyhydroxyde deposited on 304L stainless steel by ozone in alkaline medium. Oxidative dissolution of these deposits under various experimental conditions shows an analogous behaviour to that observed in a previous study with RuO2·xH2O suspensions, notably the autocatalytic effect of ruthenate ions RuO42−for the oxidative dissolution of ruthenium deposits.
The case for and against vaginal breech delivery
Authors: Deans Charlotte L , Penn Zoe 
Published: July 2008

Critics continue to raise doubts about the conclusions of the Term Breech Trial.
Subsequent European population studies have also concluded that the breech neonate benefits from elective caesarean section.
Smaller population studies demonstrate the success of vaginal delivery in selected populations.

Learning objectives:

To be aware of criticisms of the Term Breech Trial and other literature that contradicts its findings.
To understand the difficulties of selecting suitable women for trial of vaginal breech delivery.
To be able to use current evidence when counselling women about their delivery options.

Ethical issues:

How can the neonatal advantages of caesarean delivery be balanced with maternal morbidity and the potential for complications in future pregnancies?
Should vaginal breech delivery still be considered a safe mode of delivery?

Please cite this article as: Deans CL, Penn Z. The case for and against vaginal breech delivery. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:139–144.
Urinary tract infection in pregnancy
Authors: McCormick Timothy , Ashe Robin G , Kearney Patricia M 
Published: July 2008

Urinary tract infection during pregnancy is common and is associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
It can be asymptomatic.
Screening of all women by urine culture should be performed in early pregnancy, despite the cost.
Treatment should be guided by urine culture and sensitivity reports.
Antibiotic treatment should continue for 7 days, as shorter courses are not as effective during pregnancy.

Learning objectives:

To identify the clinical presentations.
To understand the evidence base for effective investigation and treatment.

Ethical issues:

The empirical use of antimicrobial treatments increases drug resistance and must be balanced against delay in treatment and the associated morbidities.

Please cite this article as: McCormick T, Ashe RG, Kearney PM. Urinary tract infection in pregnancy. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:156–162.
The Changing Pattern of Doctoral Education in Public Health From 1985 to 2006 and the Challenge of Doctoral Training for Practice and Leadership
Authors: Declercq Eugene , Caldwell Karen , Hobbs Suzanne Havala , Guyer Bernard 
Published: July 2008

We examined trends in doctoral education in public health and the challenges facing practice-oriented doctor of public health (DrPH) programs. We found a rapid rise in the numbers of doctoral programs and students. Most of the increase was in PhD students who in 2006 composed 73% of the total 5247 current public health doctoral students, compared with 53% in 1985. There has also been a substantial increase (40%) in students in DrPH programs since 2002. Challenges raised by the increased demand for DrPH practice-oriented education relate to admissions, curriculum, assessment processes, and faculty hiring and promotion. We describe approaches to practice-based doctoral education taken by three schools of public health.
US Child Labor Violations in the Retail and Service Industries: Findings From a National Survey of Working Adolescents
Authors: Rauscher Kimberly J. , Runyan Carol W. , Schulman Michael D. , Bowling J. Michael 
Published: July 2008

Objectives. We investigated child labor violations among US adolescents working in the retail and service industries. Methods. We used interview data from a nationally representative sample of working adolescents, and investigated reports of select child labor violations (e.g., hours, equipment, and work permits). We computed weighted percentages of respondents reporting each type of discrete (and aggregated) violation. Results. Nearly 37% of respondents reported a violation of the hazardous occupations orders (i.e., prohibited jobs or use of equipment), and 40% reported a work permit violation. Fewer than 2% reported working more than the maximum weekly hours allowed during the school year, but 11% reported working past the latest hour allowed on a school night, and 15% reported working off the clock. Conclusions. Significant numbers of US adolescents are employed in violation of the child labor laws and as a result are exposed to safety risks. Although our data did not allow for an analysis of enforcement, our findings demonstrate gaps in employer compliance with the law. We suggest that closer attention to enforcement policy and practice is needed.