bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family ties: molecular phylogeny of crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae)
Authors: Benjamin Suresh P. , Dimitrov Dimitar , Gillespie Rosemary G. , Hormiga Gustavo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe first quantitative phylogenetic analysis of three sequenced genes (16S rRNA, cytochromecoxidase subunit I, histone 3) of 25 genera of crab spiders and 11 outgroups supports the monophyly of Thomisidae. Four lineages within Thomisidae are recovered. They are informally named here as theBorboropactusclade,Epidiusclade,Stephanopisclade and theThomisusclade, pending detailed morphology based cladistic work. TheThomisusclade is recovered as a strongly supported monophyletic group with a minimal genetic divergence. Philodromidae previously widely considered a subfamily of Thomisidae do not group within thomisids and is excluded from Thomisidae. However, Aphantochilinae previously generally considered as a separate family falls within theThomisusclade and is included in Thomisidae. The recently proposed new family Borboropactidae is rejected, as it is paraphyletic.© The Willi Hennig Society 2008.
Parsimony analysis of ecological succession, a powerful tool for interpreting changes in community structure
Authors: Wenzel John W. , Luque Gloria M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe apply cladistic parsimony analysis to data sets from successional ecology, borrowing data from studies of the recovery of different communities, including ants in Spain, ants and birds in Australia, and butterflies in Costa Rica. Resultant parsimony analysis demonstrate increasing diversity, rooted at the poorest site and year, extending to either the various (rich) control sites, or with branches indicating alternative assemblages of species in some study sites. This analysis produces graphical summaries that are useful to evaluate the path of succession (species following one another). We demonstrate that the product of cladistic analysis compares favorably with methods commonly used in ecology, explicitly revealing a hierarchy that may relate closely to a time series, includes rare species, and illustrates how individual species relate to observed patterns. We detail certain operational considerations that influence the performance of the cladistic method, and we discuss the robustness of the method. This technique may be applied to study of the patterns of assemblage of natural or disturbed communities, both when and where each species appears as well as the order of appearance of species to develop a rich community.© The Willi Hennig Society 2008.
Effects of fentanyl pretreatment on the QTc interval during propofol induction
Authors: Chang D. J. , Kweon T. D. , Nam S. B. , Lee J. S. , Shin C. S. , Park C. H. , Han D. W. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryProlongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval is associated with various anaesthetic drugs. The QTc prolongation may become more exacerbated during laryngoscopy and intubation, which is possibly caused by sympathetic stimulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fentanyl on the QTc interval during propofol induction in healthy patients. The patients were randomly allocated to receive either fentanyl (n = 25) or saline (n = 25) before induction. The QTc interval was significantly prolonged immediately after intubation in control group compared to preceding values, but it did not change in the fentanyl group. The number of patients with the prolonged QTc interval exceeding 20 ms immediately after intubation compared to the baseline values was 14 in the control group and seven in the fentanyl group. In conclusion, pretreatment with fentanyl 2 μg.kg−1 significantly attenuated QTc prolongation associated with laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation during propofol induction.
Evaluation of the size 4 i‐gel™ airway in one hundred non‐paralysed patients*
Authors: Gatward J. J. , Cook T. M. , Seller C. , Handel J. , Simpson T. , Vanek V. , Kelly F. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryWe studied the i‐gel™ in 100 elective, anaesthetised patients (55 : 45 male:female, median age 53 years) assessing: ease of use, airway quality, positioning, seal and complications. First insertion attempt was successful in 86 patients, second attempt in 11 patients, and third attempt in three patients. Fifty three manipulations were required in 26 patients (median 1) to achieve a clear airway. Median insertion time was 15 s. During ventilation, expired tidal volume of 7 ml.kg−1 was achieved in 96 (96%) patients. Median airway leak pressure was 24 cmH2O. On fibreoptic examination via the device, vocal cords were visible in 87 patients (91%). During maintenance, six patients (6%) required 12 airway manipulations. There was one episode of regurgitation, without aspiration. Other complications and patient side‐effects were mild and few. The i‐gel is easily and rapidly inserted, providing a reliable airway in over 90% of cases. Further studies are indicated to assess safety and performance compared to other supraglottic airway devices.
Modelling patient flows as an aid to decision making for critical care capacities and organisation
Authors: Shahani A. K. , Ridley S. A. , Nielsen M. S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryUsing real data from a number of hospitals, we predicted the patient flows following a capacity or organisational change. Clinically recognisable patient groups obtained through classification and regression tree analysis were used to tune a simulation model for the flow of patients in critical care units. A tuned model which accurately reflected the base case of the flow of patients was used to predict alterations in service provision in a number of scenarios which included increases in bed numbers, alterations in patients’ lengths of stay, fewer delayed discharges, caring for long stay patients outside the formal intensive care unit and amalgamating small units. Where available the predictions’ accuracy was checked by comparison with real hospital data collected after an actual capacity change. The model takes variability and uncertainty properly into account and it provides the necessary information for making better decisions about critical care capacity and organisation.
Pro‐ vs. retro‐foreland basins
Authors: Naylor M. , Sinclair H. D. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTAlpine‐type mountain belts formed by continental collision are characterised by a strong cross‐sectional asymmetry driven by the dominant underthrusting of one plate beneath the other. Such mountain belts are flanked on either side by two peripheral foreland basins, one over the underthrust plate and one over the over‐riding plate; these have been termed pro‐ and retro‐foreland basins, respectively. Numerical modelling that incorporates suitable tectonic boundary conditions, and models orogenesis from growth to a steady‐state form (i.e. where accretionary influx equals erosional outflux), predicts contrasting basin development to these two end‐member basin types. Pro‐foreland basins are characterised by: (1) Accelerating tectonic subsidence driven primarily by the translation of the basin fill towards the mountain belt at the convergence rate. (2) Stratigraphic onlap onto the cratonic margin at a rate at least equal to the plate convergence rate. (3) A basin infill that records the most recent development of the mountain belt with a preserved interval determined by the width of the basin divided by the convergence rate. In contrast, retro‐foreland basins are relatively stable, are not translated into the mountain belt once steady‐state is achieved, and are consequently characterised by: (1) A constant tectonic subsidence rate during growth of the thrust wedge, with zero tectonic subsidence during the steady‐state phase (i.e. ongoing accretion‐erosion, but constant load). (2) Relatively little stratigraphic onlap driven only by the growth of the retro‐wedge. (3) A basin fill that records the entire growth phase of the mountain belt, but only a condensed representation of steady‐state conditions. Examples of pro‐foreland basins include the Appalachian foredeep, the west Taiwan foreland basin, the North Alpine Foreland Basin and the Ebro Basin (southern Pyrenees). Examples of retro‐foreland basins include the South Westland Basin (Southern Alps, New Zealand), the Aquitaine Basin (northern Pyrenees), and the Po Basin (southern European Alps). We discuss how this new insight into the variability of collisional foreland basins can be used to better interpret mountain belt evolution and the hydrocarbon potential of these basins types.
Quantifying geomorphology associated with large subduction zone earthquakes
Authors: Morgan Eugene C. , McAdoo Brian G. , Baise Laurie G. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTFor 30 large‐earthquake generating subduction zones, we quantify forearc basin size and subducting seafloor roughness to see if the size and shape of geomorphologic features determine earthquake magnitude. The subduction of geomorphologic features, such as ridges and seamounts, not only influences seismicity, but increases basal erosion and subsidence of the accretionary wedge, resulting in the formation of forearc basins. Many subduction zone ruptures have been associated with these basins, where a great portion of the ruptures' asperities collocate with the basins. First, we attempt to discern a relationship between forearc and subducting geomorphology by quantifying along‐strike variations in the bathymetry associated with 30 different rupture zones and the sections of subducting seafloor adjacent to those rupture zones. Two parameters, determined from theoretical models fit to empirical semivariograms, characterize areas of bathymetry: the sill, which estimates the degree of relief in the terrain, and the range, which is the horizontal scale associated with the sill. The ratio of sill to range provides us with a measure of seafloor roughness at a scale relevant to the mechanics of subduction. We investigate the control that forearc basins and subducting bathymetric highs may have on the occurrence of large thrust earthquakes by separately comparing our rupture zone and subducting seafloor roughness measurements to the moment magnitudes of the 30 events. The trench‐parallel dimension of bathymetrically high features on the subducting seafloor appears to correlate with moment magnitude. Also, we observe in the ratio of sill to range measurements that geomorphology on the subducting seafloor and forearc constrain the earthquake size at a margin.
Shift of statin use towards the elderly in 1995−2005: a nation‐wide register study in Finland
Authors: Ruokoniemi Päivi , Helin‐Salmivaara Arja , Klaukka Timo , Neuvonen Pertti J. , Huupponen Risto 
Published: July 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN • Statin use has increased in western societies since the 1990s.• Efficacy of statins in the prevention of coronary heart diseases has been clearly documented in the general population but only recently in elderly persons. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Since 1995 the use of statins has clearly shifted towards the elderly in Finland.• At the beginning of the 11 year follow‐up the prevalence of statin use was higher among males than females but since 2002 the prevalence has been higher among females.AIMTo describe nation‐wide secular trends in statin use.METHODSReimbursed prescriptions for lipid lowering drugs between 1995 and 2005 in Finland were retrieved from the nation‐wide Prescription Register. The 1 year prevalence and incidence of statin use stratified by gender and age of users were measured for each calendar year. The relative changes (RR) in the incidence and the prevalence were calculated by using the year 1995 as a reference.RESULTSThe 1 year prevalence increased 11‐fold (95% confidence interval 11.2, 11.5), i.e. from 7.8 per 1000 inhabitants in 1995 to 88.9 in 2005. The incidence increased five‐fold (95% CI 4.9, 5.1) from 355 per 100 000 inhabitants to 1772 during the respective years. The prevalence and incidence were the highest among persons aged 65−74 years. The largest relative increase in incidence was found among those aged ≥ 75 years, in both females (RR 14.1, 95% CI 13.0, 15.3) and males (RR 14.0, 95% CI 12.5, 15.7). Since 2002 the prevalence has been higher among females (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSAs statin use has increased particularly among the elderly, further studies on the benefits in real life situation are needed in this age group.
Effect of separase depletion on ionizing radiation‐induced cell cycle checkpoints and survival in human lung cancer cell lines
Authors: Sak A. , Fegers I. , Groneberg M. , Stuschke M. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract.  Objectives: This study is to evaluate the effect of separase depletion on cell cycle progression of irradiated and non‐irradiated cells through the G2/M phases and consecutive cell survival. Materials and methods: Separase was depleted with siRNA in two human non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines. Cell cycle progression, mitotic fraction, DNA repair, apoptotic and clonogenic cell death were determined. Results: By depletion of endogenous separase with siRNA in NSCLCs, we showed that separase affects progression through the G2 phase. In non‐irradiated exponentially growing cells, separase depletion led to an increased G2 accumulation from 17.2% to 29.1% in H460 and from 15.7% to 30.9% in A549 cells and a decrease in mitotic cells. Depletion of separase significantly (P < 0.01) increased the fraction of radiation‐induced G2 arrested cells 30–56 h after irradiation and led to decrease in the mitotic fraction. This was associated with increased double‐strand break repair as measured by γ‐H2AX foci kinetics in H460 cells and to a lesser extent in A549 cells. In addition, a decrease in the expression of mitotic linked cell death after irradiation was found. Conclusions: These results indicate that separase has additional targets involved in regulation of G2 to M progression after DNA damage. Prolonged G2 phase arrest in the absence of separase has consequences on repair of damaged DNA and cell death.
What parents value from formal support services in the context of identified child abuse
Authors: Hardy Fotina , Darlington Yvonne 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTParents whose children are identified as having experienced or being at risk of experiencing significant harm potentially provide an invaluable dimension to our understanding of the circumstances that result in child abuse or neglect and how best to respond to these invariably complex situations. This paper reports findings from a study of the experiences of six parents.In‐depth interviews were conducted with four mothers and two fathers who had been referred to an intensive family support service by the Queensland statutory child protection authority. Using a critical ecological perspective, the study focused on identifying and understanding the experiences of the parents in using formal family support services, including aspects of service delivery that were helpful or unhelpful. Parents also commented on their experiences of statutory child protection services.Service components and worker qualities that parents identified as being helpful included being accessible, targeted and integrated and being able to meet a continuum of needs, from a micro to a broader level. Their reports provide invaluable insight into how formal family support services, including child protection services, can better meet the needs of parents in addressing the recurring problem of child maltreatment.
Nectar usage in a southern Arizona hawkmoth community
Authors: ALARCÓN RUBEN , DAVIDOWITZ GOGGY , BRONSTEIN JUDITH L. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract 1. Hawkmoths (Sphingidae) are important plant associates at two life‐history stages: larvae are herbivorous, whereas adults are nectar feeders and often pollinators. The diversity and identities of plants used for nectar is poorly known, however.2. This study takes a community‐level approach to hawkmoth nectar plant usage in a semi‐arid grassland habitat in southern Arizona, U.S.A.3. Pollen carried on the proboscis was identified from over 700 individuals of 14 hawkmoth species attracted to lights over a 2‐year period.4. Two plant species dominated pollen loads, suggesting that hawkmoths use these species extensively as nectar sources: Datura wrightii (Solanaceae), a classic hawkmoth‐pollinated plant, and Agave palmeri (Agavaceae), which is known to be used extensively by bats. Field surveys indicate that both species are relatively rare in the flowering community. Little or no pollen was present on the moths from the most common plant species in flower during the study.5. The dominance of Agave in pollen loads suggests that this typically bat‐pollinated species may be subsidising pollinator populations of the hawkmoth‐pollinated flora.6. Three groups of hawkmoths within this community are identified based on larval diets (reported in the literature) and adult diets (documented here): those that, at a given site, heavily exploit the same plant species at both life‐history stages (Manduca sexta and M. quinquemaculata); those that have broad local associations at both life‐history stages (Hyles lineata); and those that exhibit narrow but non‐overlapping local associations at the two life‐history stages (all other hawkmoths at this site).
Mechanisms and consequences of bladder cell invasion by uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Dhakal B. K. , Kulesus R. R. , Mulvey M. A. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTStrains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the major cause of urinary tract infections worldwide. Multiple studies over the past decade have called into question the dogmatic view that UPEC strains act as strictly extracellular pathogens. Rather, bacterial expression of filamentous adhesive organelles known as type 1 pili and Afa/Dr fibrils enable UPEC to invade host epithelial cells within the urinary tract. Entry into bladder epithelial cells provides UPEC with a protected niche where the bacteria can persist quiescently for long periods, unperturbed by host defences and protected from many antibiotic treatments. Alternately, internalized UPEC can rapidly multiply, forming large intracellular inclusions that can contain several thousand bacteria. Initial work aimed at defining the host and bacterial factors that modulate the entry, intracellular trafficking, and eventual resurgence of UPEC suggests a high degree of host‐pathogen crosstalk. Targeted disruption of these processes may provide a novel means to prevent and treat recurrent, relapsing and chronic infections within the urinary tract.
Effect of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and sestonic food abundance on the invertebrate community within a constructed treatment wetland
Authors: PECK GEORGE W. , WALTON WILLIAM E. 
Published: July 2008

Summary1. The effect of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) predation on the invertebrate community in a hypereutrophic constructed treatment wetland in southern California was investigated at two nutrient levels that influenced sestonic food abundance.2. Gambusia affinis and insect predators in the wetland had a significant impact on larval mosquito density in the wetland irrespective of nutrient level. At the end of the 5‐month study, cladoceran abundance in predator exclusion enclosures was 2–3 orders of magnitude greater than in the treatments that allowed access by planktivores. Chironomids were the most abundant insect group collected in emergence traps, and midge production from the high nutrient location of the wetland was greater than from the low nutrient location, but was not affected significantly by G. affinis. The presence of abundant alternative prey in this highly enriched wetland may have weakened the predation impact of G. affinis on mosquitoes.3. The abundances of six invertebrate groups in dipper samples and of four insect groups in emergence trap collections were analysed using a multivariate distance‐based linear model. Fish treatment and location interactions with sampling date explained significant amounts of the variation in the abundance of invertebrate groups.4. Multivariate multiple regression analysis showed that chlorophyll‐a concentration explained a large portion of the variability in non‐predatory insect and zooplankton abundance at the high nutrient location, whereas bacterial density explained a large portion of the variability in the abundances of these taxa at the low nutrient location. Predatory insects were not directly coupled to the bottom‐up influence of bacterial abundance and chlorophyll‐a.
The effect of water colour on lake hydrodynamics: a modelling study
Authors: PERSSON IRINA , JONES IAN D. 
Published: July 2008

Summary1. The one‐dimensional equation solver, PROgram for Boundary layers in the Environment, was used to simulate the temperature structure of Lake Erken, a medium‐sized Swedish lake, assuming differing extinction coefficients for a series of modelled years driven by observed meteorological data and by a set of idealized meteorological data.2. Results suggested that, as expected, larger extinction coefficients initially led to surface waters becoming warmer. The reverse was true late in the summer, however, as the warming induced by greater absorption of solar radiation was outweighed by the cooling effects of entrained colder hypolimnetic water.3. There was between a two‐ and fourfold inter‐annual variation in the effects on key physical lake parameters, induced by changing extinction coefficient, such as maximum heat flux, heat content and Schmidt stability.4. The change in surface heat flux induced by a change in extinction coefficient was up to almost 50 W m−2.5. In the summer, changes in extinction coefficient from 0.5 to 0.2 m−1 led to a dramatic shift in the duration of the stratified period as well as to enormous changes in Schmidt stability and hypolimnetic temperature.6. Future changes to extinction coefficients of small and medium‐sized lakes are likely to have wide‐ranging effects on lake thermal structure and ecology.
Body size and food thresholds for zero growth in Dreissena polymorpha: a mechanism underlying intraspecific competition
Authors: WACKER ALEXANDER , VON ELERT ERIC 
Published: July 2008

Summary1. Dreissena polymorpha is an extraordinarily successful invasive species that shows high recruitment of small juvenile mussels on established mussel banks. Such juvenile settlement on, and overgrowth of, large adult mussels; however, leads to competition with adults, and often at high densities and low‐food concentrations.2. The concept of food thresholds for zero growth has been a powerful approach to explaining size‐related exploitative competition in different zooplankton species. We applied it to investigate whether food threshold concentrations for zero growth (C0) differ between juvenile and adult zebra mussels.3. By determining body mass growth at various concentrations of a diet mixture (Nannochloropsis limnetica and Isochrysis aff. galbana) we demonstrate that the threshold food concentration for growth of juvenile mussels (C0 = 0.08 mg C L−1) is substantially lower than that for adults (C0 = 0.36 mg C L−1).4. This indicates that, at low food availability, juvenile zebra mussels are competitively superior to their larger conspecifics. Within zebra mussel banks plankton food is substantially depleted and so the observed mechanism might ensure juvenile success and therefore the regeneration of mussel banks in nature.