bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic marker for E‐ and Z‐strains of Ostrinia nubilalis, expressing differentially in larval Δ11 desaturase transcript
Authors: Király L. , Szöcs G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRelationships between host plant and pheromone strains of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lep., Pyraustidae), as well as genetic features of these strains have been intensively studied. We compared expression of a Δ11 desaturase and three Δ14 desaturase genes in larvae and adults of a Z‐ and an E‐strain of ECB, respectively, by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The Z‐strain originated from Kéty, southern Hungary, whereas the E‐strain was collected from Brezice, Slovenia. Cultures of both strains were maintained without diapause on semisynthetic diet, under identical conditions. Oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a 524‐bp Ostrinia nubilalisΔ11 desaturase (On11desat) cDNA fragment (GenBank accession AF441221) and three 297‐bp O. nubilalisΔ14 desaturase (On14desat) cDNA fragments (GenBank accessions AF441220, EF125926 and EF125927). We found that the expression of On11desat in the Z‐strain was on a similarly high level in adult females and males, but was weak or non‐detectable in larvae. In the E‐strain, On11desat was expressed in uniformly high levels in larvae as well as in male and female adults. On the other hand, the three Δ14 desaturases did not show significant differences in gene expression, when either larvae or adult females or males of either the Z‐ or E‐strains of O. nubilalis were compared. The possibility of determining pheromone strain identity at larval stages from feral‐collected, single individuals, by checking differential expression of On11desat is discussed.
Do differences in food web structure between organic and conventional farms affect the ecosystem service of pest control?
Authors: Macfadyen Sarina , Gibson Rachel , Polaszek Andrew , Morris Rebecca J. , Craze Paul G. , Planqué Robert , Symondson William O.C. , Memmott Jane 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWhile many studies have demonstrated that organic farms support greater levels of biodiversity, it is not known whether this translates into better provision of ecosystem services. Here we use a food‐web approach to analyse the community structure and function at the whole‐farm scale. Quantitative food webs from 10 replicate pairs of organic and conventional farms showed that organic farms have significantly more species at three trophic levels (plant, herbivore and parasitoid) and significantly different network structure. Herbivores on organic farms were attacked by more parasitoid species on organic farms than on conventional farms. However, differences in network structure did not translate into differences in robustness to simulated species loss and we found no difference in percentage parasitism (natural pest control) across a variety of host species. Furthermore, a manipulative field experiment demonstrated that the higher species richness of parasitoids on the organic farms did not increase mortality of a novel herbivore used to bioassay ecosystem service. The explanation for these differences is likely to include inherent differences in management strategies and landscape structure between the two farming systems.
ARE UK SHARE PRICES TOO HIGH? FUNDAMENTAL VALUE OR NEW ERA
Authors: McMillan David G. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTSince the mid‐1990s the dividend yield reached and largely remained at a historically low level, even accounting for the stock market correction in the early 2000s. This appears to suggest that prices are overvalued. However, alternative valuation models based upon comparing bond and equity yields suggest that, if anything, prices are undervalued. This paper seeks to provide answers to this seeming paradox. Preliminary results suggest non‐stationarity of the dividend yield and bond yield–equity yield differential, although the yield ratio is possibly stationary, casting doubt on mean reversion. Evidence from structural breakpoint testing suggests that all measures have been subjected to several mean level shifts throughout the sample period, and notably within the last decade, such that each series now fluctuates around a mean level lower than that experienced previously. Thus, the lower dividend yield and lower bond–equity ratio do not necessarily imply equity mispricing but that concepts of pre‐existing normal levels no longer apply. In explaining why higher equity prices are supported, we note that the last decade has seen a period of historically low and stable inflation and interest rates. Further, there is a strong positive relationship between inflation and the dividend yield. This more stable economic environment has led to more accurate valuation of stocks and lower required rates of return, thus supporting higher prices.
Assessment of the steady‐state pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine administered as two different formulations and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers
Authors: Kakuda TN , Schöller‐Gyüre M , De Smedt G , Beets G , Aharchi F , Peeters MP , Vandermeulen K , Woodfall BJ , Hoetelmans RMW 
Published: January 2009

ObjectiveTwo open‐label, randomized, cross‐over trials in healthy volunteers were conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.MethodsEtravirine was administered as either 800 mg twice a day (bid) (phase II formulation in Study 1) or 200 mg bid (phase III formulation in Study 2) for 8 days followed by a 12 h pharmacokinetic evaluation. After a minimum of 14 days washout, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg once a day was administered for 16 days. Volunteers were randomized to receive co‐administration of etravirine with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on either days 1–8 or days 9–16 followed by a 12 h pharmacokinetic evaluation for etravirine on day 8 or 16, respectively. Plasma and urine tenofovir concentrations were determined on days 8 and 16 over 24 h.ResultsThe least square mean (LSM) ratio [90% confidence interval (CI)] for the area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC12 h) for etravirine co‐administered with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vs. etravirine alone was 0.69 (0.61–0.79) and 0.81 (0.75–0.88) in Studies 1 and 2, respectively. The LSM ratio (90% CI) for the effect of etravirine on tenofovir AUC24 h was 1.16 (1.09–1.23) in Study 1 and 1.15 (1.09–1.21) in Study 2.ConclusionsThese alterations are not considered clinically relevant for either drug and no dose adjustment is necessary when etravirine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are co‐administered.
Valacyclovir and topical clobetasol gel for the episodic treatment of herpes labialis: a patient‐initiated, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot trial
Authors: Hull C , McKeough M , Sebastian K , Kriesel J , Spruance S 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground  Treatment of herpes simplex labialis (HSL) has been associated with modest benefits. This difficulty results from the rapid resolution of the disease accomplished by the immune system, which narrows the window of therapeutic opportunity. The immune response is also responsible for important clinical manifestations, including oedema and pain. The dual role of immune responses (protection, pathology) is well recognized in other infectious diseases. The addition of corticosteroids to antimicrobial agents has been associated with improvement in some of these diseases.Objective  We evaluated the combination of oral valacyclovir plus topical clobetasol compared to placebo for recurrent HSL.Methods  Eighty‐one subjects were screened, randomized, and dispensed medication (valacyclovir 2 g orally twice daily φορ 1 day and clobetasol gel 0.05% twice daily for 3 days). Forty‐two patients developed a recurrence and initiated treatment.Results  There were more aborted lesions in the valacyclovir–clobetasol arm compared to placebo–placebo (50% vs.15.8%, P = 0.04). Combination therapy reduced the mean maximum lesion size (9.7 vs. 54 mm2, P = 0.002) and the mean healing time of classical lesions (5.8 vs. 9.3 days, P = 0.002). We created a composite statistic, area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) of classical lesion size versus time. There was a reduction in the AUC in the combination arm compared with placebo (23 vs. 193 mm2, P < 0.001). Adverse events were minimal. Secondary and post‐treatment recurrences were not increased by combination therapy.Conclusions  This pilot study supports the addition of topical corticosteroids to an oral antiviral agent for the treatment of HSL. Larger studies need to confirm the safety and efficacy of this approach.Conflicts of interestDr Hull has served as a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline
Anticalculus effect of a triclosan mouthwash containing phytate: a double‐blind, randomized, three‐period crossover trial
Authors: Grases F. , Perelló J. , Sanchis P. , Isern B. , Prieto R. M. , Costa‐Bauzá A. , Santiago C. , Ferragut M. L. , Frontera G. 
Published: January 2009

Background and Objective:  Dental calculus occurs as a consequence of supersaturation of saliva with respect to calcium phosphates. This mineralization of dental plaque can be delayed by the presence of crystallization inhibitors, such as pyrophosphate or bisphosphonates. Phytate inhibits brushite and hydroxyapatite crystallization and has the potential to prevent dental calculi formation. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of phytate and zinc, administered in a mouthwash solution, to prevent the formation of dental calculus.Material and Methods:  Healthy dental plaque‐forming volunteers (n = 25) took part in a randomized, double‐blind, three‐period crossover clinical study to assess the efficacy of a phytate‐containing mouthwash in relation to control and placebo effects. Subjects rinsed their mouths for 1 min, twice each day, with 20 mL of the test solution, without ingestion. Mouthwash efficacy was assessed through quantification of the amounts of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium present in the residues obtained by dental cleaning, performed by a single trained examiner.Results:  A good correlation was found among total calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in calcified dental plaque residues, indicating that any of these variables is adequate for evaluating the reduction of plaque crystallization as calcium phosphate. A statistically significant decrease in total calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was found in the phytate‐treatment period compared with control and placebo periods, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed treatment in reducing dental calculus formation.Conclusion:  The high efficacy of phytate in reducing dental calculus formation suggests that this substance may be an effective treatment for preventing the development of calculus deposits.
Actigraph‐defined moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity cut‐off points among children: statistical and biobehavioural relevance
Authors: Guinhouya Comlavi B , Lemdani Mohamed , Vilhelm Christian , Durocher Alain , Hubert Hervé 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim: To compare Actigraph‐defined moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) cutpoints among children, combining statistical and biobehavioural analyses.Methods: One hundred and thirteen children aged 10.0 ± 0.8 years wore accelerometer for three days. The time they spent in MVPA was estimated using 10 thresholds ranged from 3000 to 3900 cpm. A statistical construct including 45 Bland and Altman pairwise analyses was used to compare the 10 estimates of MVPA. A regression was performed to develop an equation relating mean differences to the between‐cutpoint gaps.Results: Mean differences in the MVPA estimates ranged from 1.6 to 12.8 min as a function of increment. Raw estimates of MVPA decreased according to an arithmetic sequence with a common difference of 200 cpm. This difference translates into a drop of 12% in MVPA and a misclassification of up to 5% of children. Mean differences (Y) could be predicted from increments (X) using: Y= 0.02 X (R2= 0.99, SEE = 0.72, p < 0.0001).Conclusion: When a lack of agreement should be assumed as the between‐cutpoint gap exceeds 200 cpm, statistical differences may occur earlier at 90 cpm. Yet, the current equation makes it possible to compare and adjust results from studies/interventions using diverse cutpoints for MVPA among children.
The relationship between breast milk leptin and neonatal weight gain
Authors: Doneray Hakan , Orbak Zerrin , Yildiz Leyla 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim: To investigate whether change in leptin content of breast milk during lactation acts on neonatal body weight gain.Methods: In total 15 lactating women and their 15 term infants were involved in the study. Breast milk and neonatal serum samples were obtained from the same women and their neonates on the 1st day and any day between the 21st and 30th days after birth. Breast milk and serum leptin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Anthropometric indexes of the infants were recorded.Results: The study was completed with 15 multiparious mothers aged 19–37 years and their infants. The mean collection time of the first samples after birth was 6.07 ± 1.94 h. The leptin level in the mature milk was significantly higher than in the colostrum (p < 0.001). Neonatal weight and height were significantly increased on 21–30 lactation days compared to 1st day of lactation (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). The leptin concentration in the mature milk was negatively correlated with delta BMI (r =−0.53; p < 0.05). The delta breast milk leptin concentration was also found to be inversely correlated with delta BMI (r =−0.529; p < 0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study have suggested that change in the leptin content of breast milk during lactation might play a role in the regulation of weight gain in healthy neonates.
Definition of efficiency in vacuum therapy – a randomised controlled trial comparing Redon drains with V.A.C.® Therapy™
Authors: Wild Thomas , Stremitzer Stefan , Budzanowski Annita , Hoelzenbein Thomas , Ludwig Claudia , Ohrenberger Gerald 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRedon drains are still used to suction wounds for vacuum sealing. Vacuum‐assisted closure (V.A.C.®; Kinetic Concepts Inc, San Antonio, TX) is a computer‐controlled therapy system for delivering topical negative pressure therapy. The efficiency of V.A.C. in the treatment of pressure ulcers was prospectively studied in a randomised controlled trial in which patients with pressure ulcers were randomly assigned to negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) using either V.A.C. or Redon bottles. The target parameters were absolute and relative proportion of wound area consists of granulation tissue, fibrin and necrosis. Other outcome measures were the number of dressing changes and time invested using each system. The study was terminated after a post hoc analysis after inclusion of ten patients because of the significantly better results when using V.A.C., and the substantially larger care effort needed in the Redon group compared with the V.A.C. group. An increase in surface granulation tissue of 54% was observed in the V.A.C. group, and a reduction in the Redon group (P = 0·001). The Redon group showed an increase in fibrin tissue at the wound base of 21·8%, whereas in the V.A.C group, a 27% reduction was observed (P = 0·035). Necrosis was reduced in the V.A.C. group, but this difference did not reach significance. Redon bottles are not a good alternative for V.A.C. therapy for delivering NPWT.
Changes in serum and exudate creatine phosphokinase concentrations as an indicator of deep tissue injury: a pilot study
Authors: Sari Yunita , Nakagami Gojiro , Kinoshita Ai , Huang Lijuan , Ueda Kohei , Iizaka Shinji , Sanada Hiromi , Sugama Junko 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDeep tissue injury (DTI) is difficult to detect in the early phase. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) as a muscle enzyme could represent a promising indicator of DTI. However, serum CPK levels reflect the systemic condition rather than the local wound environment. Wound exudates can be indicative of the local wound environment. This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of CPK levels in wound exudates as an indicator of DTI. Rats were divided into control, 6 hours 10‐kg and 6 hours 20‐kg loading groups. Serum samples were obtained before wounding, and at 8 and 12 hours, and 1, 2 and 3 days after wounding, while exudate samples were obtained on days 2 and 3. Serum CPK levels were markedly increased in the 10‐kg and 20‐kg groups at 8 and 12 hours after loading compared with the baseline value and control group, but decreased to the normal level on day 1. In both loading groups, exudate CPK levels were high on day 2 and decreased on day 3. Muscle necrosis was more severe in the 20‐kg group than in the 10‐kg group by histological examination. This is the first study to indicate the potential of CPK in wound exudates as an indicator of DTI.
RELIGION, RELIGIOUS STUDIES AND HIGHER EDUCATION: INTO THE 21ST CENTURY
Authors: Henking Susan E. 
Published: January 2009

Book reviewed in this article:THE MAKING OF THE MODERN UNIVERSITY: INTELLECTUAL TRANSFORMATION AND THE MARGINALIZATION OF MORALITYBy Julie A. ReubenTHE UNIVERSITY GETS RELIGION: RELIGIOUS STUDIES IN AMERICAN HIGHER EDUCATIONBy D. G. HartACADEMIC FREEDOM AND CHRISTIAN SCHOLARSHIPBy Anthony J. DiekemaRELIGION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: THE POLITICS OF THE MULTI‐FAITH CAMPUSBy Sophie Gilliat‐RayHIGHER LEARNING AND CATHOLIC TRADITIONSEdited by Robert E. SullivanQUALITY WITH SOUL: HOW SIX PREMIER COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES KEEP FAITH WITH THEIR RELIGIOUS TRADITIONSBy Robert BenneRELIGION ON CAMPUS: WHAT RELIGION REALLY MEANS TO TODAY'S UNDERGRADUATESBy Conrad Cherry, Betty A. DeBerg, and Amanda PorterfieldCATHOLIC WOMEN'S COLLEGES IN AMERICAEdited by Tracy Schier and Cynthia RussettTHE IDEA OF A CATHOLIC UNIVERSITYBy George Dennis O'BrienRELIGIOUS STUDIES, THEOLOGY, AND THE UNIVERSITY: CONFLICTING MAPS, CHANGING TERRAINEdited by Line11 E. Cady and Delwin Brown
THE MEANING AND END OF FUNDAMENTALISM
Authors: Watt David Harrington 
Published: January 2009

Book reviewed in this article:HOLY TERRORS: THINKING ABOUT RELIGION AFTER SEPTEMBER 11 By Bruce LincolnSTRONG RELIGION: THE RISE OF FUNDAMENTALISMS AROUND THE WORLD By Gabriel A. Almond, R. Scott Appleby, and Emmanuel SivanUNDERSTANDING FUNDAMENTALISM: CHRISTIAN, ISLAMIC AND JEWISH MOVEMENTS By Richard T. Antoun WalnutTHE BATTLE FOR GOD By Karen ArmstrongTHE CLASH OF FUNDAMENTALISMS: CRUSADES, JIHADS AND MODERNITY By Tariq Ali
THE ORIGINS OF THE DISCIPLINES OF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND BIBLICAL STUDIES, AND THEIR EARLY POLITICIZATION
Authors: Hallote Rachel 
Published: January 2009

Book reviewed in this article:JERUSALEM IN ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS, 1850–1920: PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE ARCHIVES OF THE PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND By Shimon GibsonORIENTALISM AND VISUAL CULTURE: IMAGINING MESOPOTAMIA IN NINETEENTH CENTURY EUROPE By Fredercik BohrerMEASURING JERUSALEM: THE PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND AND BRITISH INTERESTS IN THE HOLY LAND By Jon James MoscropIMAGINING THE HOLY LAND: MAPS, MODELS, AND FANTASY TRAVELS By Burke O. Long
On the Role of Group Membership in Stereotype‐Based Performance Effects
Authors: Marx David M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGroup memberships serve an important function in our lives. They help define who we are; thus, they are intimately involved in our daily functioning. But in certain situations, our group memberships may have a particularly profound influence on the way we behave, such as in situations where stereotypes apply. In this article, I examine the role group membership plays in distinguishing between different performance effects that are based on stereotypes associated with our group memberships. Knowing the role that group memberships play in such effects can refine existing theory and research while also providing insight into methods for combating the adverse effects of stereotypes on behavior. Accordingly, I review a number of stereotype‐based performance effects that involve both negative and positive stereotypes as well as describe how group membership moderates these effects. I then discuss how stereotyped concerns associated with our group memberships can clarify the distinction between stereotype threat and priming effects. In the final portion of this article, I highlight how learning about a counter‐stereotypic person from one's group can serve to reduce the negative effects of stereotypes on performance.
Group Norms and the Attitude–Behaviour Relationship
Authors: Smith Joanne R. , Louis Winnifred R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDespite popular opinion to the contrary, early scientific evidence pointed to a lack of support for the view that people's actions are guided by their attitudes. One response to the lack of correspondence between attitudes and behaviour has been to consider the role of other factors. One factor that has received attention is norms – the unwritten and often unspoken rules for how we should behave. We present an overview of the social identity approach to attitude–behaviour relations, which argues that norms play a significant role in the attitude–behaviour relationship if and only if the norms come from salient and important reference groups. We will then discuss a program of research that supports this analysis and examines the motivations that underpin group‐mediated attitude–behaviour consistency. Finally, we will discuss research that investigates the distinction between descriptive group norms (what group members do) and injunctive group norms (what group members approve of). We focus on how the interactions between these types of norms can inform behaviour change campaigns.
Review of 345 eye amputations carried out in the period 1996–2003, at Rigshospitalet, Denmark
Authors: Rasmussen Marie Louise Roed , Prause Jan Ulrik , Johnson Martin , Kamper‐Jørgensen Finn , Toft Peter Bjerre 
Published: January 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  The aim of this study was to identify the number of eye amputations, and the causative diagnoses, indications for surgery and surgical techniques applied, and to evaluate a possible change in surgical technique in a tertiary referral centre in Denmark.Methods:  The hospital database was screened using surgery codes for patients who had undergone bulbar evisceration, enucleation or orbital exenteration in the period 1996–2003. Patient records were reviewed for gender, age, time since surgery, causative diagnosis (the disease process leading to the indication for amputation), indication for eye amputation, type of surgery and whether an implant was applied.Results:  A total of 345 patients were identified as having undergone eye amputation during the 8‐year period. Indications for eye amputation were: painful blind eye (127); neoplasm (119); infection (42); recent injury (25); disfiguring blind eye (25); prevention of sympathetic ophthalmia (5), and other reasons (2). Surgical procedures included 174 eviscerations, 154 enucleations and 17 orbital exenterations. The mean number of surgeries per year was 43.1. An orbital implant was applied in 168 patients.Conclusions:  The most frequent indications for eye amputation were painful blind eye (37%) and neoplasm (34%). During the study period, the annual number of eye amputations was stable, but an increase in bulbar eviscerations was noticed. Orbital implants were used in 33% of patients in 1996 and 67% in 2003.