bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Behaviour and the Transport Parameters of Chromium in Soil-Water Systems
Authors: Czinkota Imre , Issa I. , Rétháti G. , Kovács B. 
Published: June 2007

A complex investigation was performed for a polluted area using both
experi-mental and computer modelling methods. Among the experimental methods
the adsorption and desorption isotherms were measured to estimate the
concentration dependent equilibrium in the soil-groundwater system. A new
calculation method was worked out for determining the transport para-meters
from results of laboratory tests. Heavy metal solution was leached through a
soil column continuously. The effluent fluidum was collected, and the heavy
metal concentration of the collected fractions was measured by atomic
absorption spectrophotometer. As the result of the analytic process
breakthrough curves were measured in laboratory scale. Due to the applied
initial and boundary conditions the transport equation can be solved
analytically. Using the Ogata and
Banks (1961) solution of the
transport equation a new curve fitting method was introduced. After several
transformations of the equation a theoretical function was fitted to the
measured concentration vs. time and to the concentration vs. effluent volume
data. The parameters of the fitted curve could be used as the dispersion and
retardation parameters of a transport model.
The water chemistry of the system controls the rate of adsorption and desorption
of metals to and from sediment. Adsorption removes the metal from the water
column and stores the metal in the substrate. Desorption returns the metal to
the water column, where recirculation and bioassimilation may occur. Metals are
probably desorbed from the soil if the salt concentration of the water
increases, and in case of some metals decreases with the redox potential and
with pH. Parallel to determining the basic transport
parameters of the system using the column study, the maximal equilibrium
concentration of chromium-containing compounds with different oxidation states
were calculated with the MINTEQ model with two variable functions (pH and redox
potential). As a result of the calculations a non-liner relation was
established, as at specific points the maximal equilibrium concentration of
chromium increases with a high gradient. This means that there are combinations
of pH and redox potential values in the case of which chromium has a high
solubility. It is advisable to avoid these points in the pH-E
h
field
if we want to stabilize the contaminant. This state is to be reached when the
goal is the mobilization of the pollutant to make the soil cleaning process
possible. With the introduced calculation method areas on the pH-redox
potential field (at high pH and E
h

values) are found in which the concentration of pollutants may reach a critical
value. The introduced calculation method is quick and gives results accurate
enough for a pilot test.
The imagination effect increases with an increased intrinsic cognitive load
Authors: Leahy Wayne , Sweller John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe imagination effect occurs when learners imagining a procedure or concept perform better on a subsequent test than learners studying rather than imagining. Cognitive load theory explains this result by postulating that information is more likely to be transferred from working to long‐term memory under imagination conditions. In an experiment using elementary school students, it was hypothesised that the imagination effect would be larger using more complex, high intrinsic cognitive load information rather than less complex, low intrinsic cognitive load information because assistance in transferring information to long‐term memory provided by the imagination procedure is less important using simpler materials. Experimental results supported this hypothesis. It was concluded that imagination instructions are more likely to enhance learning when associated with complex information. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow and mass transfer of fully resolved bubbles in non‐Newtonian fluids
Authors: Radl Stefan , Tryggvason Gretar , Khinast Johannes G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this work, high‐resolution 2‐D numerical simulations were performed on the motion of deformable bubbles in non‐Newtonian fluids and the associated mass transfer. For that purpose, we have implemented a semi‐Lagrangian advection scheme and improved the fluid dynamic calculation by the usage of implicit algorithms. Non‐Newtonian fluids are described by generalized Newtonian as well as viscoelastic model fluids. As shear‐thinning model we use a Power‐Law and a Carreau‐Yasuda model, the viscoelastic fluid simulations are based on an Upper‐Convected Maxwell model combined with a recently introduced model for the evolution of the effective shear rate. The mathematical challenges arising from the hyperbolic nature of the resulting set of equations are addressed by inclusion of artificial diffusion in the stress equation. In our work, it was found that shear thinning effects have impact on collision rates, and therefore, may influence coalescence of bubbles in non‐Newtonian liquids. Furthermore, for the first time, concentration fields of dissolved gas in viscoelastic fluids are presented. The study shows that the fluid elasticity plays a major role for bubble rise velocity, and therefore, mass transfer. As the wake dynamics differ significantly from that in Newtonian liquids, abnormal mixing characteristics can be expected in the bubbly flow of viscoelastic fluids. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
CDG‐Id in two siblings with partially different phenotypes
Authors: Kranz Christian , Sun Liangwu , Eklund Erik A. , Krasnewich Donna , Casey Janet R. , Freeze Hudson H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe present two sibs with congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) type Id. Each shows severe global delay, failure to thrive, seizures, microcephaly, axial hypotonia, and disaccharidase deficiency. One sib has more severe digestive issues, while the other is more neurologically impaired. Each is compound heterozygous for a novel point mutation and an already known mutation in the ALG3 gene that leads to the synthesis of a severely truncated oligosaccharide precursor for N‐glycans. The defect is corrected by introduction of a normal ALG3 cDNA. CDG should be ruled out in all patients with severe seizures and failure to thrive. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further delineation of the phenotype resulting from BRAF or MEK1 germline mutations helps differentiate cardio‐facio‐cutaneous syndrome from Costello syndrome
Authors: Gripp Karen W. , Lin Angela E. , Nicholson Linda , Allen William , Cramer Andrea , Jones Kenneth L. , Kutz Wendy , Peck Dawn , Rebolledo Michael A. , Wheeler Patricia G. , Wilson William , Al‐Rahawan Mohamad M. , Stabley Deborah L. , Sol‐Church Katia 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBecause Cardio‐facio‐cutaneous (CFC) syndrome has significant phenotypic overlap with Costello syndrome, it may be difficult to establish the diagnosis on a clinical basis. The recent discoveries of germline HRAS mutations in patients with Costello syndrome and mutations in BRAF, MEK1, and MEK2 in CFC syndrome uncovered the biologic mechanism for the shared phenotypic findings based on the close interaction of the affected gene products within the MAP kinase pathway. We evaluated a series of patients who were either clinically diagnosed with Costello syndrome, or in whom the diagnoses of both Costello and CFC syndromes were considered. After excluding mutations in HRAS, we identified eight changes in BRAF and five in MEK1. Five mutations are novel, and all changes occurred de novo among those triads tested. A review of the clinical abnormalities showed important differences between patients with either a BRAF or MEK1 mutation, and those previously reported with an HRAS mutation. Statistical significance was achieved, despite the relatively small number of patients with BRAF and MEK1 mutations reported here, for polyhydramnios, growth hormone deficiency and the presence of more than one papilloma, which were less common in CFC compared to HRAS mutation positive patients. Although both CFC and Costello syndrome are characterized by cardiac abnormalities in about three‐fourths of patients, the pattern of congenital heart defects (CHD), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and tachycardia differs somewhat. CHD, especially pulmonic stenosis associated with a secundum‐type atrial septal defect, are more common in CFC than Costello syndrome (P = 0.02). Atrial tachycardia is less frequent in CFC patients with BRAF or MEK1 mutations, compared to Costello syndrome patients with HRAS mutation (P = 0.04). Chaotic atrial rhythm or multifocal atrial tachycardia was observed only in Costello syndrome. Malignant tumors have been viewed as characteristic for Costello syndrome due to HRAS mutations, however, we report here on a MEK1 mutation in a patient with a malignant tumor, a hepatoblastoma. Although this indicates that the presence of a tumor is not specific for Costello syndrome with HRAS mutation, it is noteworthy that the tumor histology differs from those commonly seen in Costello syndrome. Based on these clinical differences we suggest that patients with BRAF and MEK mutations should be diagnosed with CFC syndrome, and the diagnosis of Costello syndrome be reserved for patients with HRAS mutations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of copolythiophene
Authors: He Jie , Su Zhongji , Yu Binyu , Xiang Li , Yan Bin , Wang Yinghan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCopolythiophenes (Co‐PTs), poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐co‐3‐thiophene carboxylic acid) (P3HT‐TCa), poly(3‐hexyloxylthiophene‐co‐3‐thiophene carboxylic acid) (P3HOT‐TCa), and poly(3‐phenylthiophene‐co‐3‐thiophene carboxylic acid) (P3PhT‐TCa), were synthesized by chemical oxidized polymerization to investigate the effect of copolymerization on the properties of polythiophenes (PTs). Gel permeation chromatography showed that the molecular weight (MW) of Co‐PT was lower than that of homopolythiophene. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that the copolymerization was successful between the monomers. The λmax of Co‐PTs gave a “blue shift” in ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐VIS) spectra. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed that the PL intensity of Co‐PT became weaker than that of homopolythiophene and the disappearance of PL had been observed in P3HOT‐TCa. The thermal stability of Co‐PT was influenced by the carboxyl for its low decomposition temperature. Furthermore, the copolymerization between multi‐wall carbon nanotube containing thiophene ring (MWNT‐Th) and 3‐hexyloxylthiphene could also take place successfully. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and characterization of polyurea microcapsules containing essential oils with antigerminative activity
Authors: Scarfato Paola , Avallone Elvira , Iannelli Pio , De Feo Vincenzo , Acierno Domenico 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this paper we report on the preparation and characterization of polyurea‐based microencapsulated systems, containing essential oils as core materials, for potential applications in controlled‐release formulations of agrochemicals. Microcapsules were synthesized by interfacial polymerization in o/w emulsion between polyfunctional isocyanates and diamines, to investigate the effect of the monomer kind on the morphology and properties of the produced samples. The synthetic conditions that gave the best results were used to microencapsulate four essential oils, able to interfere with the seed germination and radicle elongation of some test plants. The produced samples were characterized, with the aim to analyze their morphology and to verify the effectiveness of essential oil microencapsulation. Moreover, preliminary bioassay based on seed germination and subsequent radical growth were carried out to study the effects of the microencapsulated essential oils. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Host–guest phenomena in polystyrene networks
Authors: Joseph Mary , Mathew Tessymol , George Kochurani , Mathew Thomas V. , Kuriakose Sunny 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA correlation between the extent of crosslinking and the amount of organic substrates encapsulated within organized macromolecular assemblies was established. The encapsulation of benzoic acid in the cavities of styrene‐based copolymers and their controlled release in the presence of different solvents were studied. Polystyrene networks with encapsulated benzoic acid were prepared with divinyl benzene (DVB) and hexane diol dimethacrylate (HDDMA) as the crosslinking agents. The amount of benzoic acid released followed the order of 5% > 10% > 20% > 15% in chloroform and toluene for both DVB‐ and HDDMA‐crosslinked polystyrene. However, in methanol and water, the release was in the order of 5% > 10% > 15% > 20% for both systems. As the percentage of the crosslinking agent was increased, the pore size decreased (mesopores), and hence the amount of benzoic acid encapsulated also decreased up to 15%. Beyond 15%, the number, rigidity, and stability of the micropores increased, and more benzoic acid was encapsulated with 20% than 15%. The quantitative interpretation of the experimental results was made in terms of a Flory–Rehner analysis of the swelling measurements of the free polymer and the host–guest system. The theoretical results were in excellent agreement with the experimental results of release studies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas: A Type of Hybrid Support for Water‐Mediated Reactions
Authors: Wan Ying , Zhang Dieqing , Zhai Yunpu , Feng Cuimiao , Chen Jia , Li Hexing 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHybrid mesoporous periodic organosilicas (Ph‐PMOs) with phenylene moieties embedded inside the silica matrix were used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Ullmann coupling reaction in water. XRD, N2 sorption, TEM, and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy reveal that mesoporous Ph‐PMO supports and Pd/Ph‐PMO catalysts have highly ordered 2D hexagonal mesostructures and covalently bonded organic–inorganic (all Si atoms bonded with carbon) hybrid frameworks. In the Ullmann coupling reaction of iodobenzene in water, the yield of biphenyl was 94 %, 34 %, 74 % and for palladium‐supported Ph‐PMO, pure silica (MCM‐41), and phenyl‐group‐modified Ph‐MCM‐41 catalysts, respectively. The selectivity toward biphenyl reached 91 % for the coupling of boromobenzene on the Pd/Ph‐PMO catalyst. This value is much higher than that for Pd/Ph‐MCM‐41 (19 %) and Pd/MCM‐41 (0 %), although the conversion of bromobenzene for these two catalysts is similar to that for Pd/Ph‐PMO. The large difference in selectivity can be attributed to surface hydrophobicity, which was evaluated by the adsorption isotherms of water and toluene. Ph‐PMO has the most hydrophobic surface, and in turn selectively adsorbs the reactant haloaryls from aqueous solution. Water transfer inside the mesochannels is thus restricted, and the coupling reaction of bromobenzene is improved.
Recent Developments in Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation with Hantzsch Esters: A Biomimetic Approach
Authors: You Shu‐Li 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBy utilizing Hantzsch esters as the hydrogen source, asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of CC, CN, and CO is realized in the presence of an organocatalyst or a metal–ligand complex, thus affording versatile chiral building blocks in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities under mild conditions. A detailed discussion of recent findings and an assessment of this biomimetic approach are presented in this review.
Synthesis of Phosphaformamidines and Phosphaformamidinates
Authors: Song Maoying , Donnadieu Bruno , Soleilhavoup Michele , Bertrand Guy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA large‐scale synthetic route to a variety of phosphaformamidines and phosphaformamidinates, a type of derivative that was not accessible by the methods previously known for preparing phosphaamidines and phosphaamidinates, is reported. Thermally stable ethyl N‐arylformimidates 1 (ArNCH(OEt), Ar=2,4,6‐(Me)3Ph or 2,6‐(iPr)2Ph) readily reacted with lithium dialkyl‐ and diarylphosphanides to afford the corresponding N‐aryl phosphaformamidines in 80 and 60 % yield, respectively, whereas with lithium (aryl)(silyl)phosphanide, the N‐aryl‐N‐silylphosphaformamidine (60 % yield) was obtained. Addition of primary lithium arylphosphanides to 1 followed by addition of a stoichiometric amount of nBuLi gave rise to the respective phosphaformamidinates (70–88 % yield). Methanolysis of the products afforded the N‐aryl‐N‐hydrogenophosphaformamidines (90–95 % yield). The solid‐state structure of one of the phosphaformamidinates is also presented.
Effects of feedback and behavior contracting on head trauma persons' inappropriate sexual behavior
Authors: Wesolowski Michael D. , Zencius Amie , Burke William H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThree individuals who were traumatically brain injured (TBI) demonstrated inappropriate sexual behaviors. All three participants engaged in touching the genitals of members of the opposite sex and one made sexual comments. In the first two cases, hourly feedback was used initially to reduce the touching. Next, behavior contracting was paired with feedback to further reduce it. In the third case, inappropriate touching and sexual comments were both decreased using only feedback.
Case study: Noninvasive behavioral treatment of self‐injurious hand stereotypy in a child with Rett syndrome
Authors: Paisey Timothy J. H. , Whitney Robert B. , Wainczak Sharon M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTreatment of stereotypic hand mouthing in a 3‐year‐old girl with Rett syndrome by differential reinforcement of competing functional responses plus response interruption is described and evaluated in this case study. A package of graduated guidance with social and edible reinforcers successfully established stable rates of functional hand movements to activate toys, gross motor responses to verbal prompts, palmar grasp and release, and some vocal imitation. Contingent response interruption virtually eliminated hand mouthing during instructional sessions. Instruction alone did not maintain hand mouthing suppression when interruption was withdrawn, and treatment gains appeared highly discriminated. Post‐hoc comparison indicated differential reinforcement plus response interruption (DR1 + 1) to be superior to hand splints in reducing hand stereotypies, with approximately equivalent increases in collateral tongue thrusting.
Integrating instructional procedures into traditional congregate care situations for people with severe disabilities
Authors: Green Carolyn W. , Parsons Marsha B. , Reid Dennis H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMany institutional and community residential agencies experience difficulties in providing habilitative services when direct care staff are working with groups of people with severe disabilities. We evaluated a means of assisting direct care personnel in integrating instructional strategies into traditional congregate care situations. In Experiment 1, integrated teaching strategies were operationalized for two direct care staff persons. The strategies were based on individualized client habilitative goals and the use of brief response prompting and contingent reinforcement paradigms. The staff members integrated the teaching procedures into their group routines with clients upon implementation of an integrated‐teaching staff training and management program. The program involved two staff training sessions and ongoing performance feedback. In Experiment 2, four staff members in another living unit integrated the strategies into their group routines upon implementation of a simplified version of the program. Additionally, while the program was in effect, adaptive behaviors increased in frequency for 19 of 20 clients with profound multiple disabilities. Results of the experiments demonstrate a means through which residential agencies may enhance provision of continuous active treatment in accordance with clinical and governmental guidelines. Suggestions for future rescarch are provided, focusing on overcoming obstacles residential personnel face in providing treatment services in congregate situations.
Ten‐year follow‐up of a successful treatment of self‐injurious behavior
Authors: Jensen Craig C. , Heidorn Steven D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTen years ago, self‐injurious behavior that produced blindness in a man with profound mental retardation was treated through behavioral intervention. This person's behavioral history was reviewed for 12 years prior to the intervention through examination of his clinical record and for 10 years following the intervention through examination of his clinical record, direct observation, and interviews with staff. Physical injury occurred only once in the last 46 months; physical restraint has not been used in 10 years; and for the past 9 years, no more than one medication has been prescribed for the control of behavior or seizures. Suggestions are presented for designing behavioral interventions at the beginning of treatment to maintain reductions in behavior.
A follow up study of a behavioral program for young people with learning disabilities and challenging behavior
Authors: Kent Angela , Bird Jackie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a pilot follow‐up study of a behavioral program for 20 young people with learning disabilities and challenging behavior. Eighteen participants made good overall improvement during the treatment period, and this was partially maintained at follow‐up. Eight had continued to improve, eight had deteriorated slightly and four had deteriorated markedly. Adaptive skills were generally maintained. The reemergence of challenging behaviors explained the difference between the Good and Poor Outcome groups. Those participants in the Good Outcome group were younger on admission, scored lower on adaptive skills and higher on challenging behaviors. In addition they had remained on the treatment programme for 12–18 months and had been discharged from the Unit for longer. The overall level of independent living had increased from preadmission and the majority of participants were living in less restrictive placements. These results confirm and extend the findings of previous research. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for more detailed longitudinal follow‐up studies in this area.
The generalized control of excessive behaviors
Authors: Jones Robert N. , McDonnell John J. , Houlihan Daniel D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo theoretical approaches to generalization in behavioral interventions designed to reduce behavioral excesses are discussed; approaches based on stimulus generalization and those based on response generalization. The potential advantages and disadvantages of each model are outlined, and implications evolving from the application of each model for practitioners are discussed. The article concludes with an overview of guidelines for practitioners and researchers.
Brief report: Teaching persons with moderate mental retardation to use printed instructions and time cues in a work context
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Hof Edwin van den , Brouwer Jacobus A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrinted instructions and programable watches were used for helping two adults with moderate mental retardation perform variable tasks and follow a time schedule for task execution. The subjects, who could not read, were to match the words appearing in instruction notes to identical words superimposed on illustrative pictures (and collected in a vocabulary form). The pictures identified through this matching explained the meaning of the words being matched (i.e., indicated to the subjects which responses/tasks to perform). Self‐recording was also used. The results showed that both subjects learned to use the printed instructions and the watches successfully. The subjects' performance remained positive over time. Procedural aspects and practical implications of the study are discussed.