bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief report: British adolescents’ views about the rights of asylum‐seeking children
Authors: Ruck Martin D. , Tenenbaum Harriet R. , Sines Jennie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study examined 60 (30 early‐to‐middle adolescents and 30 late adolescents) British adolescents’ understanding of the rights of asylum‐seeker children. Participants completed semi‐structured interviews designed to assess judgments and evaluations of hypothetical asylum‐seeker children's nurturance and self‐determination rights in conflict with the practices of authority. Findings indicated that participants were more likely to endorse asylum‐seeker children's nurturance rights over their self‐determination rights. Reasoning about both types of rights was multifaceted and focused on moral, social–conventional and psychological considerations. In addition, significant differences were found between males and females with regard to both endorsement and reasoning. The limitations of the study are discussed and future research is considered.
Nutritional manipulation of the fatty acid composition of sheep meat: a review
Authors: SINCLAIR L. A. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYSheep meat is characterized as being high in saturated fatty acids and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), attributes that are regarded as being disadvantageous within the human diet. Despite fresh forage being a particularly rich source of 18:3n−3 and vegetable oils being high in 18:2n−6 and 18:3n−3, the process of biohydrogenation in the rumen generally results in proportionally less than 0·1 of these essential dietary fatty acids (FA) reaching the small intestine. Increases in muscle content of 18:3n−3 of 1–2-fold have been achieved by supplementation with oil, or oilseeds, whilst increases of 1–3-fold have been obtained from grazing grass compared with concentrates, but in general the polyunsaturated to saturated FA ratio (P:S) in sheep meat has remained low at approximately 0·2–0·3. Substantial improvements in the P:S ratio of up to 0·57 and increases in muscle and adipose tissue levels of 18:3n−3 of up to 4 g/100 g FA can be obtained, but rely on protecting dietary PUFA from biohydrogenation. Additionally, increasing tissue supply of 18:3n−3 will result in only a small improvement in muscle concentration of the nutritionally beneficial 20:5n−3 and 22:6n−3, with meaningful increases relying on a dietary supply of these very-long-chain PUFA. An alternative strategy to improve the human health attributes of sheep meat is to decrease tissue levels of 18:0 by increasing the activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), although the response is often relatively small. Despite the apparent negative impact of ruminal metabolism on muscle FA content, the process of biohydrogenation is often incomplete and several of the intermediaries can have positive effects on human health. Within these intermediaries, future increases in tissue content ofcis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may be obtained by increasing tissue supply directly, although a greater response may be obtained by maximizing tissue supply oftrans-11 18:1 and elevating the action of SCD. Production of a FA profile in sheep meat that is higher in PUFA, particularly the advantageous very-long-chain PUFA, and with flavour and eating characteristics that meet specific market preferences, is a suitable area for research.
Bathymetric distribution patterns and biodiversity of benthic Medusozoa (Cnidaria) in the Bay of Biscay (north-eastern Atlantic)
Authors: Altuna Alvaro 
Published: May 2007

Bathymetric distribution data were compiled on benthic Medusozoa (Cnidaria) of the Bay of Biscay and
nearby seas. The area of study extended from 42°N to 48°30′N, and westwards to 10°W. The depth range of
each species was traced in a review of the literature. The number of species in each of several depth zones is
summarized here: intertidal, intertidal–30 m, 30–100 m, and thereafter at 100 m depth intervals
throughout the entire column (0–5000 m). Some 200 species were included (six Scyphozoa, four
Staurozoa, 190 Hydrozoa). Of these, 196 could be ascribed to the Coastal Realm (0–200 m) (118 exclusives;
60% of the fauna) and Deep Benthic Realm (200+m) (31 exclusives;16%), with 47 species inhabiting both
(24%). Eighty-eight species (45%) were present intertidally. Biodiversity was highest above the summer
thermocline (30 m) (133 species, 67%), and no species have been recorded from depths greater than
4706 m. Beyond the thermocline, biodiversity dropped with increasing depth. A significant change
occurred in the 30–100 m interval (123 to 78 species; Distinctiveness=51%), although all intervals down
to the 300 m isobath exhibited substantial changes. Most species in the Deep Benthic Realm thrive on the
upper part of the slope (200–800 m; 50 species). Biodiversity appeared homogeneous across wide bathymetric
ranges in deep bathyal and abyssal regions, perhaps due to unique vertical biocenological units.
Thus, 15 species are known between 1400 and 2000 m, and four between 3100 and 4300 m. Fifty-four
species were considered eurybathic (34%), with some showing impressive bathymetric ranges of over
4000 m, but most species were stenobathic (106, 66%).As with data on benthic medusozoans from South Africa, the north-western Atlantic, the Arctic, and the
warm western Atlantic (Bermuda), bathymetric biodiversity was highest in the first 100 m, with a substantial
drop below that in species numbers on the shelf and at the beginning of the bathyal. While numbers of
species may vary widely from one geographical region to another, such variations are due to differences in
biodiversity in the upper 100 m. Hydroid species richness in the deep bathyal and abyssal is similar and
always low. Worldwide, benthic medusozoan biodiversity is highest at shallow depths, and these organisms
normally seem to be minor components of deep benthos. Very likely, the graph of biodiversity at increasing
depth is similar worldwide for the Hydrozoa.
Racial Segregation and the San Francisco Musicians' Union, 1923–60
Authors: MILLER LETA E. 
Published: May 2007

The practice of segregated union locals, common in the American Federation of Musicians (AFM) during the first half of the twentieth century, led to racial confrontation in San Francisco. In 1934, black Local 648 sued its much larger counterpart, Local 6, which had attempted to control all musical employment in the Bay Area. Though Local 648 eventually withdrew its suit, its charter was revoked and black musicians were placed in “subsidiary” status. A new “colored local” (669) was chartered in 1946 and worked alongside Local 6 until the state forced amalgamation in 1960. Many other segregated locals did not merge until the late 1960s or early 1970s.The saga of Locals 6, 648, and 669 brings into focus the complex social and economic forces buffeting the working musician in the early twentieth century. Racialist attitudes in the US labor movement, mirrored in the musicians' union, forced blacks to organize separately and accept lower wages in order to secure employment. The AFM, for its part, was constrained by its dedication to local autonomy. Black union musicians were themselves divided—torn between outrage at their second-class status and the apparent benefits of working for change from within the organization.
Proteomics‐based identification of α‐enolase as a tumor antigen in non‐small lung cancer
Authors: He Ping , Naka Tetsuji , Serada Satoshi , Fujimoto Minoru , Tanaka Toshio , Hashimoto Shoji , Shima Yoshihito , Yamadori Tomoki , Suzuki Hidekazu , Hirashima Tomonori , Matsui Kaoru , Shiono Hiroyuki , Okumura Meinoshin , Nishida Toshiro , Tachibana Isao , Norioka Naoko , Norioka Shigemi , Kawase Ichiro 
Published: May 2007

Autoantibodies against tumor antigens represent one type of biomarker that may be assayed in serum for detection of cancer and monitoring of disease progression. In the present study, we used a proteomics‐based approach to identify novel tumor antigens in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). By combining two‐dimensional electrophoresis, western blotting, mass spectrometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay technology, we detected autoantibodies against α‐enolase in a subset of NSCLC patients’ sera. When ‘Mean ODhealthy control sera + 3 SDhealthy control sera’ was used as the cut‐off point, the prevalence of this autoantibody was 27.7% in patients with NSCLC (26 of 94), 1.7% in healthy control subjects (1 of 60), and not detectable in sera from 15 patients with small cell lung cancer, 18 patients with gastrointestinal cancer and nine patients with Mycobacterium avium complex infection of lung. Immunohistochemical staining showed that expression of α‐enolase was increased in cancer tissues of NSCLC patients, and flow cytometric analysis confirmed the expression of α‐enolase at the surface of cancer cells. The combined detection of autoantibodies against α‐enolase, carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21‐1) enhanced sensitivity for the diagnosis of NSCLC. Therefore, autoantibodies against α‐enolase may constitute a promising biomarker for NSCLC. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1234–1240)
Population pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics of alemtuzumab (Campath®) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and its link to treatment response
Authors: Mould D. R. , Baumann A. , Kuhlmann J. , Keating M. J. , Weitman S. , Hillmen P. , Brettman L. R. , Reif S. , Bonate P. L. 
Published: May 2007

What is already known about this subject • The pharmacokinetics of alemtuzumab have been incompletely described to date.• At most, presentations of half‐life have been reported in clinical articles using data at the individual level. What this paper adds • This paper presents a comprehensive population pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model for alemtuzumab in B‐CLL patients using lymphocyte counts as the biomarker and links the model to clinical outcomes.AimsTo characterize alemtuzumab pharmacokinetics and its exposure–response relationship with white blood cell (WBC) count in patients with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL).MethodsNonlinear mixed effects models were used to characterize plasma concentration–time data and WBC count‐time data from 67 patients. Logistic regression was used to relate summary measures of drug exposure to tumour response.ResultsAlemtuzumab pharmacokinetics were best characterized by a two‐compartment model with nonlinear elimination where Vmax (µg h−1) was [1020 × (WBC count/10 × 109 l−1)0.194], Km was 338 µg l−1, V1 was 11.3 l, Q was 1.05 l h−1 and V2 was 41.5 l. Intersubject variability (ISV) in Vmax, Km, V1 and V2 was 32%, 145%, 84% and 179%, respectively. The reduction in WBC over time was modelled by a stimulatory loss indirect response model with values of 18.2 for Emax, 306 µg l−1 for EC50, 1.56 × 109 cells l−1 h−1 for Kin and 0.029 per h for Kout. The probability of achieving a complete or partial response was ≥50% when the maximal trough concentration exceeded 13.2 µg ml−1 or when AUC0–τ exceeded 484 µg h−1 ml−1.ConclusionsAlemtuzumab displayed time‐ and concentration‐dependent pharmacokinetics with large interpatient variability, both in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, which was probably reflective of differences in tumour burden among patients. A direct relationship between maximal trough concentrations and clinical outcomes was observed, with increasing alemtuzumab exposure resulting in a greater probability of positive tumour response.
Population genetic structure of three freshwater mussel (Unionidae) species within a small stream system: significant variation at local spatial scales
Authors: BERG DAVID J. , CHRISTIAN ALAN D. , GUTTMAN SHELDON I. 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. Unionid mussels are highly threatened, but little is known about genetic structure in populations of these organisms. We used allozyme electrophoresis to examine partitioning of genetic variation in three locally abundant and widely distributed species of mussels from a catchment in Ohio.2. Within‐population variation was similar to that previously reported for freshwater mussels, but genotype frequencies exhibited heterozygote deficiencies in many instances. All three species exhibited significant among‐population variation. Evidence of isolation‐by‐distance was found in Elliptio dilatata and Ptychobranchus fasciolaris, while Lampsilis siliquoidea showed no geographical pattern of among‐population variation.3. Our results suggest that the isolating effects of genetic drift were greater in L. siliquoidea than in the other species. Differentiation of populations occurred at a much smaller spatial scale than has previously been found in freshwater mussels. Differences among species may reflect differences in the dispersal abilities of fishes that serve as hosts for the glochidia larvae of mussels.4. Based on our results, we hypothesise that species of mussels that are common to large rivers exhibit relatively large amounts of within‐population genetic variation and little differentiation over large geographical distances. Conversely, species typical of small streams show lower within‐population genetic variation and populations will be more isolated. If this hypothesis can be supported, it may prove useful in the design of conservation strategies that maintain the genetic structure of target species.
Modelling the effects of dams on freshwater fish distributions in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: FUKUSHIMA MICHIO , KAMEYAMA SATOSHI , KANEKO MASAMI , NAKAO KATSUYA , ASHLEY STEEL E. 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. We examined the effects of habitat fragmentation caused by dams on freshwater fish species using a database of 7848 fish presence/absence surveys, conducted between 1953–2003 in Hokkaido, Japan.2. A series of generalised linear models showed that for 11 of 41 taxa examined, the probability of occurrence had been influenced either negatively (eight taxa) or positively (three taxa) by the presence of a dam downstream from their habitat.3. Maps of modelled predictions revealed that dams had had widespread negative impacts on certain taxa, while for other taxa the impact was limited to specific basins. Two of the three taxa whose probability of occurrence was increased in areas above dams have long been transplanted into reservoirs in Japan.4. For four of the eight taxa whose probability of occurrence was reduced above dams and all three taxa whose probability of occurrence increased above dams, the temporal length of habitat isolation (i.e. the number of years between dam construction and sampling) was also a significant predictor of the probability of occurrence. This pattern indicates that these taxa experienced a gradual rather than an instantaneous population impact as a result of dam construction.5. The eight taxa whose probability of occurrence was reduced as a consequence of dams all exhibit migratory life cycles. Although migratory taxa are probably more susceptible to the negative effect of dams, we could not detect significant relationships between migration life histories and the effect of fragmentation by dams.6. These analyses enable stream and fisheries managers to quantify the impacts of habitat fragmentation because of dams for individual species. The spatially explicit nature of our analyses also enables identification of the areas of the impact at broad geographical scales. Using our results, managers can take effective conservation and restoration measures to predict, mitigate or remove the impact of dams. For example, our results can be used to prioritise dams for removal or to predict losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services in advance of dam construction.
Evaluation of carbon accrual in afforested agricultural soils
Authors: MORRIS SHERRI J. , BOHM SVEN , HAILE‐MARIAM SHAWEL , PAUL ELDOR A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAfforestation of agricultural lands can provide economically and environmentally realistic C storage to mitigate for elevated CO2until other actions such as reduced fossil fuel use can be taken. Soil carbon sequestration following afforestation of agricultural land ranges from losses to substantial annual gains. The present understanding of the controlling factors is inadequate for understanding ecosystem dynamics, modeling global change and for policy decision‐makers. Our study found that planting agricultural soils to deciduous forests resulted in ecosystem C accumulations of 2.4 Mg C ha−1 yr−1and soil accumulations of 0.35 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. Planting to conifers showed an average ecosystem sequestration of 2.5 and 0.26 Mg C ha−1 yr−1in the soils but showed greater field to field variability than when planted to deciduous forest. Path analysis showed that Ca was positively related to soil C accumulations for both conifers and deciduous afforested sites and played a significant role in soil C accumulations in these sites. Soil N increases were closely related to C accumulation and were two times greater than could be explained by system N inputs from atmospheric deposition and natural sources. Our results suggest that the addition of Ca to afforested sites, especially conifers, may be an economical means to enhance soil C sequestration even if it does not result in increasing C in aboveground pools. The mechanism of N accumulation in these aggrading stands needs further investigation.
Forest carbon use efficiency: is respiration a constant fraction of gross primary production?
Authors: DeLUCIA EVAN H. , DRAKE JOHN E. , THOMAS RICHARD B. , GONZALEZ‐MELER MIQUEL 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCarbon‐use efficiency (CUE), the ratio of net primary production (NPP) to gross primary production (GPP), describes the capacity of forests to transfer carbon (C) from the atmosphere to terrestrial biomass. It is widely assumed in many landscape‐scale carbon‐cycling models that CUE for forests is a constant value of ∼0.5. To achieve a constant CUE, tree respiration must be a constant fraction of canopy photosynthesis. We conducted a literature survey to test the hypothesis that CUE is constant and universal among forest ecosystems. Of the 60 data points obtained from 26 papers published since 1975, more than half reported values of GPP that were not estimated independently from NPP; values of CUE calculated from independent estimates of GPP were greater than those calculated from estimates of GPP derived from NPP. The slope of the relationship between NPP and GPP for all forests was 0.53, but values of CUE varied from 0.23 to 0.83 for different forest types. CUE decreased with increasing age, and a substantial portion of the variation among forest types was caused by differences in stand age. When corrected for age the mean value of CUE was greatest for temperate deciduous forests and lowest for boreal forests. CUE also increased as the ratio of leaf mass‐to‐total mass increased. Contrary to the assumption of constancy, substantial variation in CUE has been reported in the literature. It may be inappropriate to assume that respiration is a constant fraction of GPP as adhering to this assumption may contribute to incorrect estimates of C cycles. A 20% error in current estimates of CUE used in landscape models (i.e. ranging from 0.4 to 0.6) could misrepresent an amount of C equal to total anthropogenic emissions of CO2 when scaled to the terrestrial biosphere.
Influence of deoxynivalenol on the D‐glucose transport across the isolated epithelium of different intestinal segments of laying hens
Authors: Awad W. A. , Razzazi‐Fazeli E. , Böhm J. , Zentek J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryDeoxynivalenol (DON) decreases glucose absorption in the proximal jejunum of laying hens in vitro and this effect is apparently mediated by the inhibition of the sodium d‐glucose co‐transporter. DON could modulate the sugar transport of other intestinal regions of chickens. For this purpose, we have measured the effects of DON on the Na+d‐glucose co‐transporter, by addition of DON after and before a glucose addition in the isolated epithelium from chicken duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon by using the Ussing chamber technique in the voltage clamp technique. The data showed in all segments of the gut that the addition of d‐glucose on the mucosal side produced an increase in the current (Isc) compared with the basal values, the Isc after glucose addition to the small intestine was greater than the Isc of the large intestine compared with the basal values, specially of the jejunum (p < 0.002), indicating that the jejunum is the segment that is the best prepared for Na+‐d‐glucose co‐transport. Further addition of 10 μg DON/ml to the mucosal solution decreased the Isc in all segments and the Isc returned to the basal value, especially in the duodenum and mid jejunum (p < 0.05). In contrast, the addition of 5 mmol d‐glucose/l on the mucosal side after incubation of the tissues with DON in all segments had no effect on the Isc (p > 0.05), suggesting that DON previously inhibited the Na+d‐glucose co‐transport. The blocking effects of DON in duodenum and jejunum were greater than the other regions of the gut. It can be concluded that the small intestine of laying hens has the most relevant role in the carrier mediated glucose transport and the large intestine, having non‐significant capacity to transport sugars, appears to offer a minor contribution to glucose transport because the surface area is small. The effect of d‐glucose on the Isc was reversed by DON in all segments, especially in the duodenum and jejunum, suggesting that DON entirely inhibited Na+‐d‐glucose co‐transport. This finding indicates that the inhibition of Na+ co‐transport system in all segments could be an important mode of action for DON toxicity of hens.
Basic data on food intake, nutrient digestibility and energy requirements of lorikeets
Authors: Wolf P. , Häbich A.‐C. , Bürkle M. , Kamphues J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAlthough knowledge of the nutrient requirements of pet birds has increased a lot over the last few years, basic data on food and water intake and the energy requirements of nectarivorous species, such as lorikeets, are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to try to generate some of these data for lorikeets kept at maintenance. Determination of the daily maintenance energy requirement enables calculation of the daily ration and thus, the appropriate nutrient concentrations in order to maintain body weight. Investigations were carried out with six Goldie's lorikeets (GL; Trichoglossus goldiei: 40–50 g BW; 1–4 years) and six rainbow lorikeets (RL; Trichoglossus haematodus haematodus: 120–140 g BW; 1–12 years). Three of the most commonly used diets/foods (commercial ‘lory soup’/apples/pollen: crude ash – 52.9/17.8/18.8; crude protein – 178/32.5/191; crude fat – 52.8/0.89/73.1; crude fibre – 17.9/40.5/30.4; starch – 139/not detectable/127; sugar – 522/859/418 g/kg DM; ME – 13.9/14.6/10.9 MJ/kg DM) were individually offered ad libitum. The measured dry matter (DM) intake (g/100 g BW) corresponded well to the values reported for granivorous bird species of similar body mass. Both lorikeet species achieved an apparent digestibility of organic matter of more than 90% for apples, approximately 82% for ‘lory soup’ and approximately 55% for pollen. The water content of the food affected the DM content of the excreta; 8% when fed ‘lory soup’, 2% for apples and approximately 30% when fed pollen. Regression analysis of body weight change relative to energy intake demonstrated constant body mass (assuming no change in body composition) when the daily energy intakes were 860 (GL) or 650 (RL) kJ ME/kg BW0.75.