bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age- and sex-specific settlement patterns of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) offspring
Authors: Loison A. , Darmon G. , Cassar S. , Jullien J.-M. , Maillard D. 
Published: May 2008

The social, spatial, and genetic structures of populations depend on where offspring settle and reproduce in relation to their parent’s home range. However, the patterns of settlement in wild populations of large mammals are often poorly described owing to the difficulty of monitoring mother–offspring pairs over a long period. Here, we investigated sex-specific settlement patterns in chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra (L., 1758)) based on the study of 31 mother–offspring pairs. We calculated the distance between the center of the mother’s range and the center of her offspring’s range, and tested whether this distance differed when the offspring was immature (i.e., a yearling) and after offspring sexual maturity (>2 years of age). We found no sex effect on the distance between centers of mother and offspring ranges for yearling offsprings. However, mature sons ranged farther away from their mother than mature daughters. Daughters appear to settle close to their mother’s home range. The distance at which a daughter settles compared with her mother’s range seems to be determined before 2 years of age. On the contrary, the distance between the center of the locations of yearling males and the center of locations of their mother does not predict how far away males will eventually settle when mature. We discuss the implications of these patterns for generating female social structures, as well as population spatial and genetic structures.
Modeling Optical Turbulence and Seeing over Mauna Kea: Verification and Algorithm Refinement*
Authors: Cherubini T. , Businger S. , Lyman R. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
An optical turbulence algorithm has been running operationally since April 2005 at the Mauna Kea Weather Center. The algorithm makes use of information on turbulence kinetic energy provided by a planetary boundary layer scheme available in the Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model and estimates the turbulent fluctuations of the atmospheric refractive index and seeing over the summit area of Mauna Kea. To investigate the potential and limitations of the optical turbulence algorithm, one year of observed seeing data from four observatories is compared with the model forecast seeing and a statistical analysis is carried out. Sensitivity tests regarding the accuracy of the underlying numerical weather forecasts and the model’s eddy diffusivity scheme are performed. Results from a simple calibration of the optical turbulence algorithm are presented.
A Comparison of Compressible and Anelastic Models of Deep Dry Convection
Authors: Smith Jonathan W. , Bannon Peter R. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The response to an instantaneous diabatic warming and the resulting hydrostatic and geostrophic adjustment in compressible and anelastic models is examined. The comparison of the models includes examining the initial conditions, time evolution, potential vorticity, and both the traditional and available energetics. Between the two models, the buoyancy flow fields and potential vorticity perturbations are qualitatively and quantitatively similar. Traditional and available energetics can both be accurately conserved within the models. There are some short-lived (e.g., several minutes) differences in the model solutions as the compressible model undergoes an acoustic adjustment that contains vertically propagating acoustic waves and horizontally propagating Lamb waves. The acoustic waves are effectively eliminated in an upper-level numerical sponge layer using Rayleigh damping. Moreover, the relative computational efficiency and accuracy of the two models are assessed.
Analysis of ancient embroideries by IBA techniques
Authors: Migliori A. , Massi M. , Giuntini L. 
Published: May 2008

Ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques are often used to study works of art, mainly for their non-destructive character. In these techniques, products of interactions between beams and targets are exploited to determine the elemental composition of the sample surface down to depths from few micrometres to hundreds of micrometres, depending on incident particles, their energy and target material. For samples with surface inhomogeneities, information about elemental distribution can be essential to discriminate contributions from different areas. At the authors’ laboratory in Florence (LABEC), the external scanning proton microprobe facility — installed on a beam line of the 3 MV Tandem Accelerator — allows samples to be analysed in atmosphere, with spatial resolution down to around micrometres, and to extract elemental maps from the investigated areas. Recently, there has been the opportunity of analysing a ‘gold lace embroidery’ (using silk threads, spiral wrapped by a sort of miniature golden tape) after a cartoon by Raffaellino del Garbo (the fifteenth–sixteenth centuries).
Time esophageal pH < 4 overestimates the prevalence of pathologic esophageal reflux in subjects with gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with proton pump inhibitors
Authors: Gerson Lauren B , Triadafilopoulos George , Sahbaie Peyman , Young Winston , Sloan Sheldon , Robinson Malcolm , Miner Philip B , Gardner Jerry D 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
A Stanford University study reported that in asymptomatic GERD patients who were being treated with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), 50% had pathologic esophageal acid exposure.

Aim
We considered the possibility that the high prevalence of pathologic esophageal reflux might simply have resulted from calculating acidity as time pH < 4.

Methods
We calculated integrated acidity and time pH < 4 from the 49 recordings of 24-hour gastric and esophageal pH from the Stanford study as well as from another study of 57 GERD subjects, 26 of whom were treated for 8 days with 20 mg omeprazole or 20 mg rabeprazole in a 2-way crossover fashion.

Results
The prevalence of pathologic 24-hour esophageal reflux in both studies was significantly higher when measured as time pH < 4 than when measured as integrated acidity. This difference was entirely attributable to a difference between the two measures during the nocturnal period. Nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough was not a useful predictor of pathologic nocturnal esophageal reflux.

Conclusion
In GERD subjects treated with a PPI, measuring time esophageal pH < 4 will significantly overestimate the prevalence of pathologic esophageal acid exposure over 24 hours and during the nocturnal period.
Oncostatin M-Mediated Regulation of KIT-Ligand-Induced Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Maintains Hematopoietic Repopulating Activity of Lin−CD34+CD133+ Cord Blood Cells
Authors: Oostendorp Robert A.J. , Gilfillan Siv , Parmar Amanda , Schiemann Matthias , Marz Stefanie , Niemeyer Markus , Schill Sabine , Hammerschmid Edelburga , Jacobs Volker R. , Peschel Christian , Götze Katharina S. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
We investigated whether KIT signaling was sufficient to maintain human hematopoietic stem cells in culture or whether, as with murine stem cells, signaling through glycoprotein 130 (gp130) is additionally required. Sorted CD34+CD133+(CD33/CD38/CD71)− cells from human umbilical cord blood (UCB) were cultured in the presence of combinations of KIT-ligand (KL) and the gp130 stimulating molecule oncostatin M (OSM). We found that OSM increased KL-induced proliferation, which was accompanied by an expansion in numbers of mature progenitors colony-forming cells (CFC, CAFCw2). More primitive progenitors, CAFCw6 and long-term culture-CFC, were not maintained by KL as a single factor. Although addition of OSM did not improve survival, the KL/OSM combination showed improved maintenance of immature progenitors as well as higher CD34 expression. Similarly, both KL and OSM were required to maintain NOD/SCID-repopulating activity. In experiments to investigate the underlying mechanism, we found that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and its downstream target p90 ribosomal S6 kinase were activated by KL and downregulated by the inclusion of OSM during stimulation. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was not modulated by either KL or OSM. Indeed, many of the effects of OSM (increased cell division, maintenance of CFC, and maintenance of high CD34 expression) could be mimicked by using the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor U0126. More importantly, NOD/SCID-repopulating activity was preserved in the KL/U0126-stimulated cells, but not in cells stimulated with a combination of KL and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Our results show that the loss of repopulating activity during KL stimulation is counteracted by OSM through the downregulation of ERK pathway signaling.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Ottawa Panel Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Strengthening Exercises in the Management of Fibromyalgia: Part 2
Authors: Brosseau Lucie , Wells George A , Tugwell Peter , Egan Mary , Wilson Keith G , Dubouloz Claire-Jehanne , Casimiro Lynn , Robinson Vivian A , McGowan Jessie , Busch Angela , Poitras Stéphane , Moldofsky Harvey , Harth Manfred , Finestone Hillel M , Nielson Warren , Haines-Wangda Angela , Russell-Doreleyers Marion , Lambert Kim , Marshall Alison D , Veilleux Line 
Published: May 2008

Background and Purpose
The objective of this study was to create guidelines for the use of strengthening exercises in the management of adult patients (&gt;18 years of age) with fibromyalgia (FM), as defined by the 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria.

Methods
Following Cochrane Collaboration methods, the Ottawa Methods Group found and synthesized evidence from comparative controlled trials and formed the Ottawa Panel, with nominated experts from key stakeholder organizations. The Ottawa Panel then developed criteria for grading the recommendations based on experimental design (I for randomized controlled trials, II for nonrandomized studies) and strength of evidence (A, B, C+, C, D+, D, or D−). From the rigorous literature search, 5 randomized controlled trials were selected. Statistical analysis was based on Cochrane Collaboration methods. Continuous data were calculated with weighted mean differences between the intervention and control groups, and dichotomous data were analyzed with relative risks. Clinical improvement was calculated using absolute benefit and relative difference in change from baseline. Clinical significance was attained when an improvement of 15% relative to a control was found.

Results
There were 5 positive recommendations: 2 grade A and 3 grade C+. All 5 were of clinical benefit.

Discussion and Conclusion
The Ottawa Panel recommends strengthening exercises for the management of fibromyalgia as a result of the emerging evidence (grades A, B, and C+, although most trials were rated low quality) shown in the literature.
Stiffness Mediated‐Mechanosensation of Airway Smooth Muscle Cells on Linear Stiffness Gradient Hydrogels
Authors: Tan Yong Hwee , Wang Kimberley C. W. , Chin Ian L. , Sanderson Rowan W. , Li Jiayue , Kennedy Brendan F. , Noble Peter B. , Choi Yu Suk 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn obstructive airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein amount and composition of the airway smooth muscle (ASM) is often remodelled, likely altering tissue stiffness. The underlying mechanism of how human ASM cell (hASMC) mechanosenses the aberrant microenvironment is not well understood. Physiological stiffnesses of the ASM were measured by uniaxial compression tester using porcine ASM layers under 0, 5 and 10% longitudinal stretch above in situ length. Linear stiffness gradient hydrogels (230 kPa range) were fabricated and functionalized with ECM proteins, collagen I (ColI), fibronectin (Fn) and laminin (Ln), to recapitulate the above‐measured range of stiffnesses. Overall, hASMC mechanosensation exhibited a clear correlation with the underlying hydrogel stiffness. Cell size, nuclear size and contractile marker alpha‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression showed a strong correlation to substrate stiffness. Mechanosensation, assessed by Lamin‐A intensity and nuc/cyto YAP, exhibited stiffness‐mediated behaviour only on ColI and Fn‐coated hydrogels. Inhibition studies using blebbistatin or Y27632 attenuated most mechanotransduction‐derived cell morphological responses, αSMA and Lamin‐A expression and nuc/cyto YAP (blebbistatin only). This study highlights the interplay and complexities between stiffness and ECM protein type on hASMC mechanosensation, relevant to airway remodelling in obstructive airway diseases.
Stretchable Electrodes with Interfacial Percolation Network
Authors: Zhang Hanxue , Shao Yan , Xia Rui , Chen Guoli , Xiang Xinyue , Yu Yanhao 
Published: April 2024

AbstractStretchable electrodes are an essential component that determines the functionality and reliability of stretchable electronics, but face the challenge of balancing conductivity and stretchability. This work proposes a new conducting concept called the interfacial percolation network (PN) that results in stretchable electrodes with high conductivity, large stretchability, and high stability. The interfacial PN is composed of a 2D silver nanowires (AgNWs) PN and a protruding 3D AgNWs PN embedded on the surface and in the near‐surface region of an elastic polymer matrix, respectively. The protruded PN is obtained by changing the arrangements of AgNWs from horizontal to quasi‐vertical through introducing foreign polymer domains in the near‐surface region of the polymer matrix. The resulting electrode achieves a conductivity of 13 500 S cm−1 and a stretchability of 660%. Its resistance changes under stretched conditions are orders of magnitude lower than those of conventional 2D PN and 2D + 3D PN. An interfacial PN electrode made from liquid metal remained its conductivity at 46 750 S cm−1 after the electrode underwent multiple stretch‐release cycles with a deformation of >600%. The concept of interfacial PN provides fruitful implications for the design of stretchable electronics.
Strengthening the Synergy between Oxygen Vacancies in Electrocatalysts for Efficient Glycerol Electrooxidation
Authors: Wu Liyun , Wu Qilong , Han Yun , Zhang Dongdong , Zhang Rongrong , Song Nan , Wu Xiaofeng , Zeng Jianrong , Yuan Pei , Chen Jun , Du Aijun , Huang KeKe , Yao Xiangdong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDefect‐engineered bimetallic oxides exhibit high potential for the electrolysis of small organic molecules. However, the ambiguity in the relationship between the defect density and electrocatalytic performance makes it challenging to control the final products of multi‐step multi‐electron reactions in such electrocatalytic systems. In this study, controllable kinetics reduction is used to maximize the oxygen vacancy density of a Cu─Co oxide nanosheet (CuCo2O4 NS), which is used to catalyze the glycerol electrooxidation reaction (GOR). The CuCo2O4−x NS with the highest oxygen‐vacancy density (CuCo2O4−x‐2) oxidizes C3 molecules to C1 molecules with selectivity of almost 100% and a Faradaic efficiency of ≈99%, showing the best oxidation performance among all the modified catalysts. Systems with multiple oxygen vacancies in close proximity to each other synergistically facilitate the cleavage of C─C bonds. Density functional theory calculations confirm the ability of closely spaced oxygen vacancies to facilitate charge transfer between the catalyst and several key glycolic‐acid (GCA) intermediates of the GOR process, thereby facilitating the decomposition of C2 intermediates to C1 molecules. This study reveals qualitatively in tuning the density of oxygen vacancies for altering the reaction pathway of GOR by the synergistic effects of spatial proximity of high‐density oxygen vacancies.
Reversing the Interfacial Electric Field in Metal Phosphide Heterojunction by Fe‐Doping for Large‐Current Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Zhong , Xu Chengshuang , Zhang Zheye , Xia Shan , Li Dongsheng , Liu Liren , Chen Peng , Dong Xiaochen 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDeveloping non‐precious‐metal electrocatalysts that can operate with a low overpotential at a high current density for industrial application is challenging. Heterogeneous bimetallic phosphides have attracted much interest. Despite high hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, the ordinary oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance hinders their practical use. Herein, it is shown that Fe‐doping reverses and enlarges the interfacial electrical field at the heterojunction, turning the H intermediate favorable binding sites for HER into O intermediate favorable sites for OER. Specifically, the self‐supported heterojunction catalysts on nickel foam (CoP@Ni2P/NF and Fe‐CoP@Fe‐Ni2P/NF) are readily synthesized. They only require the overpotentials of 266 and 274 mV to drive a large current density of 1000 mA cm−2 (j1000) for HER and OER, respectively. Furthermore, a water splitting cell equipped with these electrodes only requires a voltage of 1.724 V to drive j1000 with excellent durability, demonstrating the potential of industrial application. This work offers new insights on interfacial engineering for heterojunction catalysts.
Versatile Self‐Assembled Monolayer Material Enables Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Devices and Modules
Authors: Li Yaohui , Jia Ziyan , Huang Peihao , Liu Tianyu , Hu Dingqin , Li Yulu , Liu Heng , Lu Xinhui , Lu Shirong , Yin Xinxing , Yang Yang (Michael) 
Published: April 2024

AbstractEfficient and stable hole transport layer (HTL) is an important component of organic photovoltaics (OPV). Herein, a novel self‐assembled monolayer material of 4PADCB (short for (4‐(7H‐dibenzo[c,g]carbazol‐7‐yl)butyl)phosphonic acid) as HTL for non‐fullerene (NF) OPV is reported. Compared to the widely used PEDOT:PSS HTL, the usage of 4PADCB not only enhances photon incident and charge generation but also effectively improves the morphology of the upper active layer, promotes molecular packing, and balances the carrier transport within active layer. As a result, the single‐junction binary D18:L8BO OPV, employing 4PADCB as HTL, achieves a high‐power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.02% with excellent storage stability. Furthermore, a 19.3 cm2 OPV module comprising seven sub‐cells demonstrates a maximum PCE of 15.44%, which is the highest value of reported efficiency for large‐area binary OPV modules. Meanwhile, the module is the first demonstration of an OPV module based on self‐assembled monolayer material. This work underscores the substantial potential for the application of 4PADCB in efficient NF OPV devices and high‐throughput large‐area modules.
Electronic effect regulated ethylene polymerization and copolymerization of phosphorus phenol nickel catalysts
Authors: Xie Yaping , Yang Feiran , Miao Qing , Zhang Ziqiang , Wang Wenbing , Wang Fuzhou , Zou Chen 
Published: April 2024

In recent years, phosphorus phenol nickel catalysts with excellent polar monomer copolymerization performance have flourished. A series of phosphorus phenol nickel catalysts based on adjusting spatial hindrance have been designed and synthesized for ethylene polymerization and copolymerization. In this paper, a series of phosphorus phenol nickel catalysts with different para electronic effects have been designed from the perspective of electronic effects, and the effects of these phosphorus phenol nickel catalysts with different electronic effects on ethylene polymerization and copolymerization have been studied. And we found that these nickel catalysts with para electron donating groups have higher catalytic activity (the highest activity can reach 6.2 × 106 gPE molNi−1 h−1) and prepared polymers with higher molecular weight (molecular weight up to 4.9 × 105 gPE molNi−1) compared to electron withdrawing groups.
Novel amphiphilic (AB)3‐type star block polymer: Synthesis and micellization study
Authors: Hamzeheipour Saeideh , Rezaei Abbas , Behniafar Hossein 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAn amphiphilic three‐armed star polymer was synthesized through the polar cycloaddition reaction of a polyethylene glycol‐based macro‐triazide with an Yne‐terminated polycaprolactone in a molar ratio of 1:3 (click chemistry). Thus, each arm is itself a di‐block copolymer branched from the core, which is a 1,3,5‐triazine ring. The attachment of the pre‐synthesized hydrophobic segments to the hydrophilic segments in each arm leads to the creation of a 1,2,3‐triazole ring in the structure. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H‐NMR) spectroscopies were used to verify the structures. The micellization process of the prepared amphiphilic polymer was investigated in aqueous medium. For this purpose, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was specified by the fluorometric method. Using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique, it was observed that spherical self‐assemblies with a mean diameter of <100 nm are formed from the aggregation of the amphiphilic macromolecules. In addition, the hydrodynamic diameter (H) of the polymeric micelles and their size distribution were examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique.
Tough and stretchable copolymer eutectogels constructed via in situ phase separation for flexible strain sensors
Authors: Wang Rui , Wu Linlin , Gao Yifeng , Yu Kaixuan , Ma Xiaofeng , Fang Xianli , Fang Ying , Dou Qiang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDeep eutectic solvent (DES)‐based eutectogels, known for their superior ionic conductivity, non‐volatility, biocompatibility, and cost‐effectiveness, have emerged as promising materials for flexible devices. However, the development of tough and stretchable eutectogels remains a significant challenge. Herein, we introduce a one‐step in‐situ phase separation strategy to fabricate tough and stretchable P(MAA‐co‐AAm)/TEAC‐EG copolymer eutectogels through random copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) and acrylamide (AAm) in a tetraethylammonium chloride‐ethylene glycol (TEAC‐EG) DES. The poor compatibility of PAAm segments with TEAC‐EG DES results in the formation of a polymer‐rich phase, leading to energy dissipation during loading. Simultaneously, PMAA segments exhibiting good compatibility with DES, form a solvent‐rich phase that distributes stress and facilitates ion migration. The synergy between these two phases imparts ultratoughness and excellent conductivity to the copolymer eutectogel. The resultant copolymer eutectogel exhibits high strength (2.40 MPa), toughness (22.90 MJ m−3), and remarkable stretchability of 1340%, while demonstrating excellent self‐recovery, self‐healing abilities, and adhesive performance. Notably, its ionic conductivity reaches 1.07 mS cm−1 at 20°C, rendering these eutectogels well‐suited for applications as strain sensors in human motion detection. This study presents a facile approach to tune eutectogel microstructure and properties, thereby expanding their potential applications in high‐performance flexible electronics.
Acoustic Torsional Mechanical Oscillator Driven by Wave‐Matter Orbital Angular Momentum Transfer with Quality Factor >1000
Authors: Sanchez‐Padilla Benjamin , Brasselet Etienne 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe experimental realization of a macroscopic mechanical oscillator driven by the nondissipative transfer of angular momentum from sound waves to matter is presented, with quality factor up to Q ≈ 2000. This performance is two orders of magnitude higher than previously reported values Q ≈ 10. This result is achieved through the use of a monolithic metallic torsional pendulum and improved assembling method of the constitutive parts of the apparatus. This allows a substantial reduction of the internal losses associated with the imaginary part of the complex shear modulus compared with previous attempts using photocurable resin materials.