bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hydrolysis of Tween 80 by Vibrios and Aeromonads
Authors: Chakrabarty A. N. , Adhya Sati , Pramanik M. K. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A total of 307 strains consisting of 89Vibrio cholerae, 37 NAG vibrios, 4Aeromonassp., 20Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 47 shigellae, 59Escherichia coli, 27Proteus mirabilisand 25 salmonellae were examined for their opacity reaction in Tween 80 agar medium. Strong reactions occurred with 87V. cholerae, 26 NAG vibrios, 2Aeromonasand 5Pseudomonasstrains; and weak and slow positive reactions were noted in only 6 strains of NAG vibrios and 3 ofPseudomonas; no reaction was observed among the remaining strains. The study showed that Tween 80 hydrolysis can be used as a test for characterization of theVibrioandAeromonasgroups and for their differentiation from the Enterobacteriaceae.
An Ecological Study of the Psychrotrophic Bacteria of Soil, Water, Grass and Hay
Authors: Druce R. G. , Thomas S. B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A study of the psychrotrophic bacterial content, determined at 3–5°, of soil, grass and hay showed that these habitats were prolific sources of many different types of psychrotrophs, which sometimes exceeded 107/g. Untreated farm water supplies had a much lower content, few samples giving colony counts > 104/ml. Gram positive or Gram variable, nonsporeforming rods, resembling coryneform bacteria, constituted a relatively high proportion of the psychrotrophic microflora of soil, Gram negative rods only forming about 1/3 of the isolates. In contrast, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp. and yellow or orange pigmented Gram negative rods were the predominant psychrotrophs in untreated water. Pseudomonas and a taxonomically heterogeneous group of yellow pigmented, Gram negative rods, a few of which resembled Flavobacterium and some Erwinia herbicola, together with Acinetobacter accounted for nearly 90% of the isolates from grass, but < 50% of those from hay, which had a more complex psychrotrophic microflora than had grass.
Studies of the Bacteriophage Kinetics of Multicellular Systems: A Statistical Model for the Estimation of Burst Size per Cell in Streptococci
Authors: Barron B. A. , Fischetti V. A. , Zabriskie J. B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The determination of burst size in chaining or clustering bacteria involves experimental variables that must be considered in estimating burst size/cell and in contrasting the results of different experiments. Whereas the Poisson distribution is the model for single cell host systems, the statistical model presented here provides a method for evaluating the probability of obtaining a plate that reflects the lysis of more than one cell.
A Study of the Lipid Composition of Microbacterium thermosphactum as a Guide to its Taxonomy
Authors: Shaw N. , Stead D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The lipid composition of Microbacterium thermosphactum has been investigated. The major phospholipids were phosphatidylglycerol, bis‐phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The glycolipid fraction contained an acylated glucose and trace amounts of a glycosyl diglyceride, tentatively identified as dimannosyl diglyceride. The fatty acid components of the lipids were predominantly C15 and C17 branched chain isomers. The lipid composition of this organism was compared with that of other Corynebacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae and it is suggested that the present classification should be retained.
The Identity of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790
Authors: Smith D. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The widely used strain Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 (originally S. lactis R) has been examined by 16 differential tests. The strain showed a close resemblance to the S. faecium group, giving identical results in 12–13 of the tests. Only 2–3 of the characteristics tested were shared with S. faecalis and varieties. It is proposed that strain ATCC 9790 be re‐named S. faecium var. durans.
The Decarboxylation of l‐lysine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates
Authors: Stewart D. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIB 9685 was shown to have an l‐lysine carboxylase optimally active at pH 8‐0 and which showed little or no activity below pH 5·8. For these and other reasons, indicator media were found to be unsuitable for the detection of the enzyme in this organism. All of a further 129 Ps. aeruginosa isolates were active in the decarboxylation of l‐lysine at pH 8·0.
Further Studies on Long Term Preservation of Marine Bacteria
Authors: Greig Mary A. , Hendrie Margaret S. , Shewan J. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Total viable counts were made on 49 strains of bacteria (44 marine and 5 nonmarine) which had been freeze dried in 1958 and subsequently stored at room temperature. Viability checks were also performed on the organisms which, in addition to having been freeze dried in 1958, had also been suspended in glycerol‐nutrient broth and stored in the frozen (−29°) state. After 10 years 9% of the cultures in the freeze dried form and 41% of those stored in glycerol‐nutrient broth at −29° were nonviable. The highest viable counts were found among the corynebacteria and micrococci, the lowest with the vibrios and photobacteria.
The Evaluation of Media used to Enumerate Sulphate Reducing Bacteria
Authors: Mara D. D. , Williams D. J. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Several media were used to enumerate bacteria in cultures of Desulfovibrio vulgaris, the most suitable being a modification of Iron Sulphite Agar (Oxoid). This medium was also suitable for the enumeration of D. desulfuricans and, with extra salt, D. salexigens. Cultures of D. africanus and D. gigas were enumerated in a lactate‐sulphate agar medium which gave higher counts than similar media described in the literature. These media were suitable for counting the organisms in pure and mixed cultures. Neither of these media can be used successfully to enumerate Desulfotomaculum spp.
An Improved Nephelometer Culture Flask
Authors: Thayer D. W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A nephelometer flask of new design is described. It consists of a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask with a dam placed across the neck and a cuvette fused to the base at an angle of 5° from the horizontal. The flask allows the use of volumes of up to 50 ml without contamination of the cotton plugs.
A Digital Computer Program for the Statistical Analysis of Heat Resistance Data Applied to Bacillus stearothermophilus Spores
Authors: Navani S. K. , Scholefield J. , Kibby M. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A digital computer program is described which fits log‐linear regression lines to survival curves and thermal destruction time lines and performs appropriate statistical tests. The use of the program is illustrated with heat resistance data from 4 strains of B. stearothermophilus spores at 8 time–temperature relationships. D, F, zD and Q10 values were calculated by the computer program. The heat resistance of the strains was in the order of B <C <A <D.
Effect of Sodium Chloride on the Heat and Radiation Resistance and on the Recovery of Heated or Irradiated Spores of the Genus Bacillus
Authors: Briggs A. , Yazdany S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Increasing concentrations (2, 4 and 8% w/v) of NaCl in the heating medium reduced the heat resistance of spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus but had no effect on the heat or radiation resistances of B. pumilus, B. subtilis and B. subtilis var. niger or on the radiation resistance of B. stearothermophilus. Increasing heat damage rendered all the spores increasingly sensitive to NaCl in the recovery medium.The presence of NaCl during heating reduced the subsequent NaCl sensitivity of B. pumilus, B. subtilis and B. subtilis var. niger but increased that of B. stearothermophilus. Increasing doses of γ radiation rendered the spores of B. stearothermophilus increasingly sensitive to NaCl in the recovery medium. The effect was less pronounced with B. pumilus, whilst B. subtilis and B. subtilis var. niger showed little change in their post‐irradiation sensitivity to NaCl. The presence of NaCl during γ irradiation had no effect on the subsequent pattern of postirradiation NaCl sensitivity.
Studies on Freshwater Bacteria: Effect of Medium Composition and Method on Estimates of Bacterial Population
Authors: Jones J. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The effects of various inorganic and organic components used in media for estimating numbers of freshwater bacteria were determined. The inorganic elements appeared to affect the count obtained more than did the organic components. Of the media tested, none could support growth better than the CPS medium of this laboratory. The casein and glycerol concentration was optimal and variation in other organic components had little effect on counts. The surface spread plate was the most suitable method of estimating viable numbers and the effect of numbers of colonies counted on the distribution obtained is discussed.
Comparative Injuriousness to Plants of Erwinia spp. and Other Enterobacteria from Plants and Animals
Authors: Lakso J. U. , Starr M. P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.To determine their degree of injuriousness to plants, 148 cultures of Erwinia and other enterobacteria, including 45 ‘Erwinia‐like’ isolates from animals, were examined comparatively by tests for hypersensitivity reaction, stalk rot and leaf blanching of corn seedlings, lesions on excised bean pods and on cowpea seedlings, rots of excised plant tissues and liquefaction of carboxymethylcellulose and pectate gels. The degree of harmfulness could be expressed as a standardized Erwinia injuriousness score calculated from numerical expressions of symptoms produced by a culture on cowpea seedlings compared with those produced by two reference cultures known to be phytopathogenic and, hence, injurious. The results indicate that, of the 45 Erwinia‐like isolates from animals tested, 16 were not injurious to plants, 13 were only slightly injurious, and 16 were as injurious to certain test plants as some Erwinia strains generally considered to be phytopathogenic.
Improved Synthetic Medium for the Growth of Rhizobium
Authors: Sherwood Marie T. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A modification of Bergersen's synthetic medium gave improved growth of Rhizobium. When potassium was included in the medium the biotin concentration could be decreased from the recommended 150–250 to 0·5 μg/l. Growth of 15 strains from 6 Rhizobium spp. was compared in the original and modified media and the responses of those strains to biotin, thiamine and calcium pantothenate noted.
Selective Media in Air Sampling: A Review
Authors: Kingston D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Under field conditions wanted micro‐organisms are often present in the air in small numbers and form a small proportion of the total flora. Selective techniques would be useful, but may be difficult to devise as airborne micro‐organisms are easily damaged and passing air over organisms deposited on slit sampler plates may be traumatic. Selective media may be avoided by using indicator media or animal inoculation, or the organisms may be transferred to selective conditions after some growth has taken place. Five selective agents are discussed: specific nutrients, anaerobic incubation, temperature, antibiotics, and other added selective chemicals. A table of references for isolating individual organisms is given.
A Selective Medium for Agrobacterium radiobacter Biotype 2
Authors: New P. B. , Kerr A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A selective medium has been developed which allows a quantitative estimation of numbers of Agrobacterium radiobacter biotype 2 in soil and in crown gall tissue. In the soils tested, both tumour inducing and saprophytic forms of biotype 2 occurred.
Antigenic Properties of Yeasts of Various Genera
Authors: Campbell I. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Antigenic properties are listed of 46 species of 12 genera of yeasts. With the exception of capsulate strains, in which cell wall antigens are masked, ali were aggiutinable by one or more of 6 specific antisera. Brettanomyces, Debaryomyces, Hawenula, Hanseniaspora, Nadsonia, Sacoharomycodes and Schizosaccharomyces are composed of antigenically identical species, but differences occur among the genera. Within the genera Candida, Kloeckera, Pichia and Torulopsis antigenic differences allow distinction of species or groups of species. Most species tested are antigenically distinct from brewing strains of Saccharomyces, and if present as contaminants of brewing yeast are readily detectable by fluorescence microscopy.
Pseudomonas fluorescens Biotype G, the Dominant Fluorescent Pseudomonad in South Australian Soils and Wheat Rhizospheres
Authors: Sands D. C. , Rovira A. D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Estimates of the numbers of fluorescent pseudomonads in 15 different soils and in rhizospheres of wheat growing in these soils showed that they constituted only 0·06% and 0·27% of the bacterial population in the soil and rhizospheres, respectively. The counts showed that the variability between replicate samples was 6‐fold greater for the fluorescent pseudomonads than for general aerobic bacteria. This high variability supports the hypothesis that there is a heterogeneous distribution of fluorescent pseudomonads through soil where they probably occur as discrete colonies associated with particulate organic matter. One hundred and eightysix cultures of fluorescent pseudomonads were tested for their reactions on 27 biochemical and nutritional tests and sensitivity to 8 antibiotics. The cultures were grouped according to 6 tests (gelatin hydrolysis, levan production, denitrification and ethanol, trehalose and sorbitol utilization) which would place them into recognized biotypes. On the basis of these GLDETS tests 65% and 59% of the isolates from soil and rhizosphere, respectively, fell into biotype G of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Only in 4 of the 15 soils were other biotypes more abundant than biotype G. Amongst the isolates outside this dominant biotype G those from the wheat rhizosphere had a higher proportion giving positive GLDETS tests than did those from soil.
Genetic Transformation in Bacillus with Respect to Antibiotic Production
Authors: Biswas G. D. , Sen S. P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The possibility of intraspecific and interspecific transformation in Bacillus with respect to antibiotic production has been investigated. In intraspecific transformation in B. subtilis 5 of 10 strains used as recipient were transformed; the frequency of transformation was 0·1–0·7%. Both antibiotically inactive and active strains could be transformed.A bacitracin producing strain, MB 294, of B. subtilis transformed 3 strains; an inactive strain, B(49)3, was transformed to the production of an antibiotic indistinguishable from bacitracin. MB 294 itself was transformed by only 1 of the 4 strains of B. subtilis used as donor; in one case it acquired the property of elaborating an antifungal antibiotic while retaining its antibacterial activity. All attempts at transformation of B. cereus, B. circu‐lans, B. firmus, B. laterosporus and B. megaterium with B. subtilis DNA failed.
Transformation in Streptomyces with Respect to Antibiotic Production
Authors: Biswas G. D. , Sen S. P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Transformability of a large number of Streptomyces strains was examined with respect to antibiotic production. Of 8 antibiotically inactive strains studied, 3 could be transformed to antibiotic production by treatment with the deoxyribonucleic acid of antibiotically active strains. When both the donor and the recipient strains were antibiotically active, 3 of 32 pairs of strains examined yielded positive transformations. The recipient strains acquired the antimicrobial spectra of the donor antibiotics; in some cases the chemical properties, including Rf values in several solvent systems, of the antibiotic substances elaborated by some of the donor and transformant strains were found to be similar. Although an antibiotically inactive mutant of S. viridifaciens could be transformed to antibiotic production by treatment with the DNA of S. aureofaciens NCIB 8234, all attempts at transformation in the Streptomyces strains producing the tetracycline group of antibiotics failed. A candicidin producing strain of S. griseus NCIB 8891 acquired antibacterial property when transformed with the DNA of S. griseus MA 8. A strain of Streptomyces sp. A(22) 3 transformed 4 other strains of Streptomyces.
A Simple Technique for the Quantitative Assessment of Gram Positivity
Authors: Smith D. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A simple technique for assessing the Gram positivity of dried smears of bacteria is described. Standardized smears on glass slides are decolourized for a specified time and the colorimetric level of crystal violet loss into the decolourizer taken as a measure of Gram positivity. The technique gives comparative values between strains and has been successfully used in several different experimental conditions.
Optimum Growth Parameters of Lactic Streptococci used for the Production of Concentrated Cheese Starter Cultures
Authors: Cogan T. M. , Buckley D. J. , Condon S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.As a preliminary to producing continuous cultures of lactic streptococci, several parameters affecting growth rate in broth culture were studied. The optimum pH for growth of 3 strains was c. 6.4. The results indicate that continuous cultivation should not be done above c. 27° and that, in the case of Streptococcus lactis C10, excessive aeration should be avoided. Sparging with CO2 was unnecessary and with N2 was deleterious to growth.
A Rapid, Inexpensive Bacterial Count Technique using Agar Droplets
Authors: Sharpe A. N. , Kilsby D. C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A simple method is described for obtaining viable counts of aerobic bacteria. Dilutions are prepared in molten agar and colonies allowed to form in droplets (0·1 ml) of appropriate dilutions. Samples can be processed c. 3 times faster by this technique than with a standard pour plate method: it reduces costs, work and incubation time. Counts obtained with the droplets compare favourably with those obtained by pour plates.
Use of the Coulter Counter to Count Cells of Streptococcus faecalis
Authors: Andrew M. H. E. , Westwood N. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The suitability of the Coulter electronic particle counter for counting chains of cells of Streptococcus faecalis was investigated. Growth curves produced from electronic counts had similar characteristics to curves produced from nephelometer readings, viable pour plate counts and total counts performed with a Thoma counting chamber. The validity of comparing counts obtained using different counting parameters is discussed.
The Evaluation of Sterilization and Pasteurization Processes from Temperature Measurements in Degrees Celsius (°C)
Authors: Shapton D. A. , Lovelock D. W. , Laurita‐Longo R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A new unit (MF value) is proposed for evaluating conventional and very high temperature sterilization processes and its relationship to the F value is described. A series of new units (P values) is proposed for the evaluation of pasteurization processes. Tables are given for the evaluation of sterilization and pasteurization processes using the method of ‘integration by addition‘, described by Patashnik, from temperatures measured in degrees Celsius.
Gliding Motility in Some Non‐spreading Flexibacteria
Authors: Perry L. B. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.A plate technique for detecting gliding motility is described in which glass beads placed between agar surfaces and coverslips produced surrounding areas of liquid, thus allowing cells to move freely. Some relatively short non‐spreading flexibacteria glided obviously. The movements are described and also those of myxobacteria and a fimbriate twitching bacterium. Flavobacterium aquatile F36 glided and its taxonomic status is discussed.
Characteristics of Greek Isolates of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (E. F. Smith & Townsend) Conn
Authors: Panagopoulos C. G. , Psallidas P. G. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.The characteristics of 51 Greek isolates (40 virulent and 11 avirulent) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens obtained from almond, peach, pear and grapevine were studied. Both biotypes of Keane, Kerr & New (1970) were recognized and the characterization of these extended with further tests. The position of 7 heterogeneous isolates which do not conform to the above biotypes is discussed. Biotype 2, widespread in Greece, was found in most hosts examined and seems to be of common occurrence. Grapevine isolates belonging to biotype 1 and to a third group were found to be host specialized. Evidence for the stability of tests used for the characterization of the organism is presented.
Serine Dehydratase from Bacteria
Authors: Nelson G. E. N. , Peterson R. E. , Ciegler A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.One hundred and seventeen strains of baeteria were assayed for L‐serine dehydratase activity. Proteus vulgaris NRRL B‐123 yielded c. 200 international units of dehydratase/g dry wt.
Evaluation of Spectinomycin Resistance as a Marker for Ecological Studies with Rhizobium spp.
Authors: Schwinghamer E. A. , Dudman W. F. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.Resistance to the antibiotic spectinomycin has been examined as a possible marker to supplement streptomycin resistance in ecological or genetic studies with rhizobia. Single step spontaneous mutants resistant to high levels of spectinomycin were isolated from 8 effective strains representing 4 species of Rhizobium. There was no evidence of cross resistance to streptomycin, and streptomycin resistant mutants were not cross resistant to spectinomycin. Minor changes in antigenic characteristics examined by immunodiffusion in agar were detected for mutants from 2 strains but these variants were still identifiable with the parent strains. Partial or full loss of symbiotic effectiveness occurred in only c. 20% of the spectinomycin resistant mutants and the resistance marker was unchanged through one plant passage. It is concluded that spectinomycin resistant mutants properly evaluated for possible pleiolropic effects should provide a useful marker system for use alone or in combination with streptomycin resistance in Rhizobium.
Microbial Changes Leading to the Spoilage of Hung Pheasants, with Special Reference to the Clostridia
Authors: Mead G. C. , Chamberlain Audrey M. , Borland Edith D. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.A spoilage problem affecting hung pheasants is described in which carcasses showed rapid greening and deterioration during hanging. No micro‐organisms were detected in samples of muscle tissue taken from abnormal carcasses but clostridia and often coli‐aerogenes bacteria were unusually abundant in the duodenum and in the remainder of the small intestine. The clostridia were mainly Clostridium bifermentans/sordellii or strains resembling Cl. welchii and these organisms outgrew all other bacteria in the duodenum under suitable hanging conditions. When grown at low temperatures strains of clostridia and Escherichia coli from pheasants produced large amounts of H2S which is concerned in the greening process. Some other properties of the clostridia are described and the significance of the spoilage problem is discussed.
Collagenolytic Activity of Hide Bacteria and Leather Decay
Authors: Woods D. R. , Rawlings D. E. , Cooper D. R. , Galloway A. C. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.The numbers and collagenolytic activities of hide bacteria were determined before and after curing and were compared with leather decay gradings obtained from the finished leather. A correlation between the collagenolytic activity and bacterial numbers of both raw hide and leather decay populations was obtained. No correlation between collagenolysis or bacterial numbers and leather decay was observed with cured hide bacteria. Bacterial action during the raw hide stage was primarily responsible for hide decay. There was no significant difference (t 0·05) between the collagenolytic activities of bacterial populations obtained from neck and tail samples from hides of the same batch.