bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reanalysis in the history of do: A view from construction grammar
Authors: Ziegeler Debra 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The mystery of the rise of the affirmative, declarative (periphrastic) use of do in the thirteenth century and its decline by the start of the eighteenth century remains one of the principal unsolved problems for linguists working in historical research. Some of the main arguments on the origins of do discuss the needs of poetic rhyme (e.g., Engblom 1938), the positioning of the adverb (e.g., Ogura 1993), the elimination of awkward consonant clusters (e.g., Stein 1990), and the ambiguities of object referents in questions (Hudson 1997), much of the earlier historical research relying on hypotheses relating to internal problems of the system. The present study examines the early causative origins of do, viewed from a diachronic, construction-based approach, and offers an explanation in which the reanalysis and subsequent loss of do as a declarative, affirmative auxiliary took place via a process known as hyperanalysis (Croft 2000), resulting in the gradual process of co-lexicalization of the causative verb meaning within the semantics of the main verb across an ever-increasing range of main verb environments.
Metaphor meets typology: Ways of moving metaphorically in English and Turkish
Authors: Özçalişkan Şeyda 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Earlier work on literal motion has shown that English and Turkish belong to typologically distinct classes of languages, with English speakers paying greater linguistic attention to the manner dimension of motion events (e.g., Özçalişkan and Slobin 1999a, 2003). As a further step, this article investigates whether typological differences hold true for the metaphorical extensions of motion events. Thus, the article compares two types of languages with regard to their lexicalization patterns in encoding metaphorical motion events: (1) verb-framed languages (or V-languages, represented by Turkish), in which the preferred pattern for framing motion events is the use of a path verb with an optional manner adjunct (e.g., enter running), and (2) satellite-framed languages (S-languages, represented by English), in which path is lexicalized in an element associated with the verb, leaving the verb free to encode manner (e.g., run in). The analysis of written texts and elicited responses in the two languages shows clear typological contrast, with English speakers encoding manner of motion in their metaphorical descriptions more frequently and extensively than Turkish speakers, using a variety of linguistic devices (e.g., verbs, adverbials). Overall, the results indicate that the degree of codability of a semantic dimension in a lexical item (i.e., motion verb) has a spillover effect on the choice of other lexical items in a sentence, suggesting the conceptual salience of this dimension for its speakers. This effect is observable in both the literal and the metaphorical uses of the lexicon.
Cognitive schemas and motion verbs: COMING and GOING in Chindali (Eastern Bantu)
Authors: Botne Robert 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This study develops a detailed semantic analysis of a dozen COME and GO verbs in an eastern Bantu language, Chindali. These verbs are shown to differ not only in the typical motional elements such as path and landmark encoded in the motion schema, but also in what component of the motion schema is salient. Complementing the semantic analysis is a discussion of how these verbs are combined extensively in narrative discourse to provide a detailed mapping of a motion trajectory. Finally, the analysis provides support for the position that deixis is not inherent to all COME and GO expressions, but is, in the case of GO lexemes, often a pragmatic attribute of contextual use.
Experimental comparison of the psychological benefits of aerobic exercise, humor, and music
Authors: Szabo Attila , Ainsworth Sarah E. , Danks Philippa K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effects of aerobic exercise, humor, and music on the state anxiety and affect of healthy women were investigated by using a ‘within participants’ design. Twenty women were tested four times at weekly intervals. They were exposed to four 20-minute treatments in a counterbalanced order: 1) stationary cycling at 50% of their maximal heart rate reserve, 2) watching a humorous video, 3) listening to new-age music, and 4) sitting quietly. Participants’ state anxiety and affect were measured 5-minutes before and 5-minutes after each treatment. Statistically significant decreases in state anxiety were observed in all four conditions. Negative affect also decreased in all but the sitting quietly (control) condition. The calculated effects sizes, reflecting the meaningfulness of the intervention-induced changes, were highest in response to humor session, followed by music and exercise. It is concluded, therefore, that the immediate psychological benefits of humor and music are comparable to the psychological benefits of a bout of aerobic exercise.
3 WD meets GTVH: Breaking the ground for interdisciplinary humor research
Authors: Hempelmann Christian F. , Ruch Willibald 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present paper describes an interdisciplinary effort, in which results based on the same material, but analyzed with tools from two different disciplines are brought together for mutual evaluation. The set of 70 jokes and cartoons from the 3 WD (Ruch 1995), which has been extensively studied psychologically for its affective properties, is analyzed linguistically for its internal morphology based on the General Theory of Verbal Humor— GTVH (Attardo and Raskin 1991). The correlations between the stimulus properties and their effects are discussed, as well as the relevance of these results for the respective theories and the disciplines that use them. Additional emphasis is placed on highlighting the problems and considerable benefits of such interdisciplinary research as the most apt approach to complex phenomena like humor. The results show that there is indeed significant overlap between stimulus properties as they can be distinguished linguistically and affective responses as they can be identified psychologically. Of the six GTVH categories, it is primarily script opposition, narrative structure, target, and logical mechanism that contribute to the separation of the three humor types with respect to effects on recipients. The results also suggest that initial and residual incongruity, as operationalized with the GTVH, are central cognitive aspects of humor with an impact on affective factors and, consequently, their distinction. While this may appear to be commonsensical results, their scientific reproduction is a major step forward, in this case for humor research.
Application of the ‘Precautionary Principle’ in the 2000 Biosafety Protocol to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity
Authors: Brown Simon , Hassan Daud 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionThe development of genetic manipulation in recent years has caused both angst and excitement. The technology has the potential to solve world hunger and create cures for many of humanities ailments. However many have also expressed concern that our understanding of the potential of the technology to cause significant environmental harm is limited. The possibility that this harm could extend beyond national boundaries has led to the technology being discussed in the international environmental law arena. The
Biosafety Regulation Trends in Southern and Southeastern Asia
Authors: Kurokawa Glen , Macer Darryl 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionBiosafety is becoming an ever increasingly important issue as more varieties and greater numbers of living modified organisms (LMOs) move across territorial boundaries. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is a multilateral environmental agreement (MEA) that, at its core, attempts to strike a balance between trade interests in biotechnology and protection of biological diversity. Article 1 of the Protocol succinctly summarizes its objectives: “to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health and specifically focusing on transboundary movements”.
Gene Therapy in PR China: Regulations and Ethical Concerns
Authors: Zhang Xinqing 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 2003, China became the first country in the world to approve a commercial gene therapy product. Yet serious moral doubts have been raised about the conduct of the experiment. The paper examines the ethical issues (e.g. review mechanism, family consent, and therapeutic misconception) in Chinese culture. It argues that China should review the clinical protocols more stringintly. One reason leading to therapeutic misconception is that investigators prefer to use the term ‘gene therapy’ rather than ‘human gene transfer research’ in the consent process. Family consent, from the point of view of the author, is not in itself sufficient to justify the experimental use of patients. Family-based individual consent could be a better option, especially if there are disagreements between a patient and his family in the consent process.
Cognitive Metaphor Theory Revisited
Authors: Romero Esther , Soria Belén 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This paper provides a framework which, being compatible with Lakoff and Johnson's theory (1980), allows a description of metaphoric verbal utterances. The development of this theoretical expansion is encouraged by Lakoff and Johnson's distinction between nonliteral and literal metaphoric expressions, and by the fact that they do not provide an explanation of the nonliteral metaphoric use of expressions as distinct from the literal metaphoric one. They simply say that metaphoric expressions are nonliteral when they are parts that are not used in our normal metaphoric concepts. This suggestion is included in our model, in which a metaphoric utterance is identified when the speaker perceives both a contextual abnormality and a conceptual contrast, and it is interpreted using, among other things, a pragmatic process of mapping to derive subpropositional metaphoric provisional meanings. This explanation of the metaphoric mechanism allows an explanation of the utterances in which nonliteral metaphoric expressions intervene without having to resort to a previous literal interpretation of these utterances.
An analysis of Elizabeth Jennings’s “One Flesh”: Poem as product and process
Authors: Goatly Andrew 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This paper attempts to exemplify a double-faceted
approach to analysis of a short poem by Elizabeth Jennings. It begins
traditionally by posing the question “what impression does the poem make and
what are the linguistic means by which this impression is created?” This
question, it is suggested, can have two kinds of answer, depending on whether
the poem is treated as a product/object to be viewed from a distance, or as a
process of reading. Section 1 of this paper considers the linguistic features
which are salient when we treat the poem as an object, and which are responsible
for the overall impression, at a distance. The paper continues, in section 2, by
considering the traditional notion of foregrounding, demonstrating how the last
sentence of the poem is multiply foregrounded. In Section 3 the paper shows that
in the case of this particular poem the effect of foregrounding is best
explained in terms of text as process, rather than product, that is in terms of
the impressions made in the course of a reading. To do this it analyses the ways
in which syntax processing, arrest and release function; how transitions from
one discourse unit to another are signalled and recognized by the reader; how
the reader’s expectations are constantly being defeated and undermined, through
conflicting presuppositions, and through the use of non-factive and negative
linguistic devices. The paper concludes with a pragmatic exploration of the
nature of the final foregrounded question, showing how it represents the
culmination of the doubts expressed earlier, while, paradoxically, seeming to
express certainty.
The semiotic stance
Authors: Kockelman Paul 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This essay argues that the pervasive twentieth century
understanding of meaning — a sign stands for an object — is incorrect. In its
place, it offers the following definition, which is framed not in terms of a
single relation (of standing for), but in terms of a relation (of
correspondence) between two relations (of standing for): a sign stands for its
object on the one hand, and its interpretant on the other, in such a way as to
make the interpretant stand in relation to the object corresponding to it own
relation to the object. Using this definition, it reanalyzes key concepts and
foundational arguments from linguistics so far as they relate to anthropology
and psychology. Such terms include: concept, intentional state, motivation,
ground, iconicity, speech community, norm, performativity, joint-attention,
embodiment, intersubjectivity, agency, role, functionalism, pragmatics, social
construction, realism, and natural language.
Internationales Kolloquium in Helsinki 21./22. Mai 2004 [International colloquium in Helsinki, 21-22 May 2004]
Authors: Schäfer Patrick , Schowalter: Christine 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAm 21. und 22. Mai 2004 trafen sich Teilnehmer aus 12 verschiedenen Ländern auf dem Kolloquium „Pressetextsorten im Vergleich“ an der Universität Helsinki (Finnland). Organisiert wurde die Tagung vom Germanistischen Institut und dem Studiengang Mehrsprachige Fachkommunikation der Universität Helsinki (Leitung: Hartmut Lenk und Andrew Chesterman) in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Goethe-Institut Helsinki.
Predictors of Referral to the North Carolina Child Service Coordination Program among Infants with Orofacial Clefts
Authors: Cassell Cynthia H. , Meyer Robert E. , Farel Anita M. 
Published: April 2006

Objective: North Carolina has several programs that identify high-risk women and children for needed services, including the Child Service Coordination Program (CSCP). This study determines CSCP referral rates among infants with orofacial clefts (OFCs) and predictors of CSCP referral. We hypothesized receiving Medicaid and maternity care coordination (MCC) services increases the likelihood of CSCP referral. Design and Setting: For births between 1999 and 2002, data were matched from North Carolina Vital Statistics, Health Services Information System (MCC and CSCP data), and North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program. Multivariate analysis was used to determine crude and adjusted odds ratios for sociodemographic variables to predict CSCP referral. Participants: A total of 644 mothers of live-born infants with OFCs in North Carolina were identified. Results: About 45% of infants with OFCs were referred to the CSCP. Infants of mothers who were at least 30 years of age and mothers who had more than a high school education were significantly less likely to be referred to the CSCP. Compared with infants with OFCs whose mothers did not receive Medicaid, mothers who received Medicaid were 1.9 times more likely to be referred to the CSCP, and mothers who received Medicaid and MCC services were 2.3 times more likely. Conclusions: Receipt of Medicaid and MCC services and receipt of Medicaid alone were positively associated with CSCP referral. Future studies should examine the effects of the duration of MCC services and factors related to the timeliness of CSCP referral.
An Anthropological No-Man's-Land
Authors: Ruxton F. H. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe number of Africa published in January 1929 contains two articles which are of real help to the colonial administrator. The first article, by the Rev. Father Dubois, S.J., compares the supposedly opposite dogmas of assimilation and adaptation, or, in administrative language, of direct and indirect rule. Therein the author conclusively shows that these formulae are not dogmas, the one unorthodox and the other orthodox; that the education of a race cannot be accomplished by means of a formula, but that it is a matter of time, tact and love. In fact the methods of assimilation and adaptation are both required, as also the one in conjunction with the other.
The Culture Areas of Africa
Authors: Herskovits Melville J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe origin and development of cultures have long been matters of dispute. From the days of the classical school of anthropology, with its insistence on the universal inventiveness of humanity, to the kulturhistorische Schule of the present day and its doctrine of the poverty of man's ability to devise new means of meeting his environment, the pendulum has swung more and more towards a realization of the importance of cultural borrowing. There is little doubt now but that man is an imitative creature, and that human culture is essentially contagious. But how contagious it is is a problem yet to be solved. Between the extremes which have been mentioned there lies much room for difference, and differences of opinion have not been lacking.
The Sociological Significance of Ancestor-Worship in Ashanti
Authors: Clarke Edith 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Institute has laid down its policy in ethnological matters in the Report of the Executive Council held in Berlin in December, 1928. The Council then came to the conclusion that ‘there was a gap between anthropological science on the one hand and the practical work of education and administration on the other, and that the Institute could render useful service by attempting to bridge this gap’.The following resolution was passed unanimously:‘The Council reaffirms its resolution to encourage studies of African life and institutions, more particularly with reference to such subjects as the family, law, economic life, ideas of land tenure, systems of education, phenomena of change and similar subjects which have a direct bearing on practical work and administration in Africa.It was, I presume, due to an accident of omission that religion does not appear in the list of subjects the study of which is to be encouraged. In Africa, above all ethnographic areas, religious dogma and practice lie at the very core of all aspects of culture, and no study of ‘the family, law, economics, ideas of land tenure, systems of education’ could be adequate that did not start off with an account of native belief. In giving an analysis of Ashanti religion I shall show that this is especially true of that culture.
Culture Contact as a Dynamic Process an Investigation in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast
Authors: Fortes M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn considering the effects of the contact between African societies and European civilization, one is apt to forget that the exploitation of Africa by Europeans began more than five centuries ago. To trace the consequences of this long intercourse between Africa and Europe is a legitimate and worthwhile task. But is it a task for the social anthropologist? Previous contributors to the present symposium have emphasized the necessity of historical reconstruction in order to understand the effects of contact with European civilization upon a particular culture. They have been fortunate in dealing with cultures where the initial impact of the white man is recent enough to be within living memory. On the West Coast of Africa no feat of skill or imagination would suffice to establish a reliable zero point of culture contact. One would presumably have to be content with the construction of an ‘ideal type’ based on the scanty literature and on descriptions of cognate cultures. But must we therefore abandon every hope of investigating the influence of European civilization in these areas, and confine ourselves to the regions of recent contact where the procedure sponsored by Dr. Hunter and Dr. Mair can be successfully employed? I do not think so; and I shall endeavour to describe an approach which is, I believe, equally applicable both in societies which have recently come under the influence of culture contact, and those which have reached an advanced stage of Europeanization.
Linguistic Research between Nile and Lake Chad
Authors: Lukas Johannes 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn the vast countries which stretch between Kordofan and the Bahr el Ghazal Province in the east, Tripolis in the north, Lake Chad and the north-western frontier of the Cameroons in the west, and a line in the south which is formed by the southern border of the colony Ubangui-Chari, linguistic research work is still only in its beginnings. The languages spoken in the above regions which comprise the highlands of Tibesti, Borku, Enedi, and the old kingdoms of Darfor, Dar Banda, Wadai, Bagirmi, Bornu, Adamawa, and their neighbouring countries, are still to-day the least known of all the languages of Africa. This part of Central Africa lies far from the animated coastal areas and was occupied by European Powers only in a comparatively recent period. But the study of languages of newly occupied countries is not the first object of a Native Administration, especially where Arabic is a first means of communication; and Arabic plays an important role indeed in some parts at least of Central Africa. Besides the use for purposes of administration, linguistic research work is linked to two undertakings: the missions and native education. Missionary work is especially important in pagan countries, but may have little or no influence in a large part of Muhammadan Central Africa.
Sorcery and Native Opinion
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIt is important to understand native opinion about black magic, not only for the anthropologist but also for the colonial administrator and missionary, if they wish to show to the peoples whom they govern and teach that they understand their notions about right and wrong. The native does not so much distrust European justice and education as he despairs of the administrator and missionary ever understanding, or attempting to understand, his point of view as expressed in laws and public opinion. This despair springs largely from the handling by Europeans of such matters as sorcery, with which both missionaries and administrators frequently have to deal. The native becomes convinced finally that the European is quite incapable of seeing the difference between right and wrong, between the proper use of a cultural weapon fully sanctioned by public opinion, such as white magic, and a heinous and cold-blooded murder, such as the crime of black magic or sorcery. He eventually reaches the conclusion, through long experience, that to white men all magic is shameful and criminal, and that they will either laugh at it or penalize it.
La Parenté à Plaisanteries en Afrique Occidentale
Authors: Labouret Henri 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphCertains auteurs ont signalé l'existence d'une sorte de parenté à plaisanteries dans le Soudan occidental, en citant quelques exemples observés chez les Mandingues, les Peuls et les Toucouleurs. M. Delafosse remarque à ce propos qu'il s'agit d'une espèce d'alliance entre clans dont les membres sont placés les uns par rapport aux autres dans une situation particulière, entraînant pour les intéressés le devoir d'assistance réciproque et le droit de s'injurier sans qu'il en résulte aucune conséquence.