bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical implications of HER‐2/neu overexpression and proteolytic activity imbalance in breast cancer
Authors: Swellam Menha , Arab Lobna R. Ezz El , Bushnak Hussein A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe aggressive biological behavior of invasive and metastatic cancer is considered to be the most insidious and life‐threatening aspect for breast cancer patients. It is mostly the result of changes in many molecular characteristics of tumor cells, including alterations in gene expression and the balance of proteolytic activity. The objective of this study was to determine the level of MMP‐2, its natural inhibitor TIMP‐2, their ratio and HER‐2/neu as diagnostic and prognostic factors. Markers were analyzed in 240 tissue samples categorized into 96 benign breast disease and 144 breast cancer patients. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay procedure was used to evaluate the level of MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2 in the cell lysate, HER‐2/neu in the membrane fraction, and steroid hormone receptors (ER and PgR) in the cytosol fraction. Breast cancer patients were followed‐up for three years. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the cutoff points for the investigated factors. Positive values for all investigated factors were significantly increased in breast cancer patients compared to benign ones. Mean levels for all investigated factors were significantly correlated with lymph node and hormone receptor status, while MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2 were correlated with tumor grade (P < 0.05). In Univariate analysis, positive MMP‐2, MMP‐2/TIMP‐2, HER‐2/neu overexpression, higher tumor grade, late clinical stages and positive lymph nodes status were significantly associated with relapse. By multivariate analysis, all aforementioned factors apart from tumor grade were independent variables. Thus, the investigated markers are constructive for biologic aggressiveness of breast cancer and MMP‐2/TIMP‐2 ratio might be a new significant marker in early diagnosis and estimate prognosis in breast cancer.
iubmb Life, 59: 1‐8, 2007
The effect of including length structure in yield-per-recruit estimates for northeast Arctic cod
Authors: Kvamme Cecilie , Bogstad Bjarte 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Kvamme, C., and Bogstad, B. 2007. The effect of including length structure in yield-per-recruit estimates for northeast Arctic cod. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 357–368. For northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua), traditional age-based estimates of yield per recruit (YPR) are compared with alternative, though comparable, YPR estimates calculated using an age–length-structured model. In the age–length-structured model, growth, fishing mortality, and natural mortality depend only on length, not on age. This model considers possible changes in size-at-age caused by, for example, a length-selective fishery, and therefore, by comparing the different YPR estimates, the importance of considering the stock's length structure can be evaluated. Length- and weight-at-age of stock and catches were influenced by exploitation pattern and pressure. Such changes are not considered in traditional estimates of YPR, for which weight-at-age is fixed and strictly speaking only representative for the current fishery. Consequently, traditional YPR estimates were somewhat higher than the age–length-based estimates for exploiting smaller fish than at present, and the other way round for exploiting larger fish. Both models indicated a gain in YPR for reducing just exploitation pressure (traditional YPR, 13%; alternative model, 20%) or both reducing exploitation pressure and postponing exploitation (traditional YPR, 23–31%; alternative model, 33–48%), compared with the current fishery.
Negotiation framework for Baltic fisheries management: striking the balance of interest
Authors: Aps Robert , Kell Laurence T. , Lassen Hans , Liiv Innar 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Aps, R., Kell, L.T., Lassen, H., and Liiv, I. 2007. Negotiation framework for Baltic fisheries management: striking the balance of interest. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 858–861. We explore the issue of balancing stakeholder interests in the translation of science-based advice into agreed management measures. We also analyse the outcome of negotiations within the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission (IBSFC) for setting the total allowable catch (TAC) for Baltic herring, sprat, cod, and salmon between 1977 and 2004. Given the political and economic pressure inherent in fishery management, IBSFC Contracting Parties, as maximizers of economic value, often set the TAC by unit stock in excess of what was considered sustainable. TACs set in excess of sustainable levels of exploitation (decision-overfishing) reflect the relative importance that negotiating parties attribute to the interests of multiple groups participating in the fishing industry. Such decision-overfishing can be seen as management failure to secure public interest in the long-term health of fish populations. The potential political and social causes of overfishing have to be addressed and removed before measures can be implemented that might reach the goal of sustainable development.
Inferring marine distribution of Canadian and Irish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Atlantic from tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137
Authors: Spares Aaron D. , Reader Jeffery M. , Stokesbury Michael J. W. , McDermott Tom , Zikovsky Lubomir , Avery Trevor S. , Dadswell Michael J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSpares, A.D., Reader, J.M., Stokesbury, M.J.W., McDermott, T., Zikovsky, L., Avery, T.S., and Dadswell, M.J. 2007. Inferring marine distribution of Canadian and Irish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Atlantic from tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 394–404. Atlantic salmon returning from marine migrations to eastern Canada and western Ireland during 2002 and 2003 were analysed for tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137 (137Cs). Salmon from Canadian and Irish waters demonstrated concentrations (0.20 ± 0.14 Bq kg−1 and 0.19 ± 0.09 Bq kg−1, mean ± s.d., respectively) suggesting similar oceanic feeding distributions during migration. Canadian aquaculture escapees had a similar mean tissue concentration (0.28 ± 0.22 Bq kg−1), suggesting migration with wild salmon. However, significantly higher concentrations in 1-sea-winter (1SW) escapees (0.43 ± 0.25 Bq kg−1) may alternatively suggest feeding within local estuaries. High concentrations in some Canadian 1SW salmon indicated trans-Atlantic migration. Low concentrations of Canadian multi-sea-winter (MSW) salmon suggested a feeding distribution in the Labrador and Irminger Seas before homeward migration, because those regions have the lowest surface water 137Cs levels. Estimates of wild Canadian and Irish salmon feeding east of the Faroes (∼8°W) were 14.2% and 10.0% (1SW, 24.7% and 11.5%; MSW, 2.9% and 0.0%), respectively. We propose that most anadromous North Atlantic salmon utilize the North Atlantic Gyre for marine migration and should be classified as a single trans-Atlantic straddling stock.
The Norwegian ecosystem-based management plan for the Barents Sea
Authors: Olsen Erik , Gjøsæter Harald , Røttingen Ingolf , Dommasnes Are , Fossum Petter , Sandberg Per 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Olsen, E., Gjøsæter, H., Røttingen, I., Dommasnes, A., Fossum, P., and Sandberg, P. 2007. The Norwegian ecosystem-based management plan for the Barents Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 599–602.
In April 2006, the Norwegian government launched a White Paper on a new holistic management plan for the Norwegian part of the Barents Sea, including the fishery protection zone around Svalbard. Following international guidelines for ecosystem-based management, the plan provides an overall framework for managing all human activities (oil and gas industry, fishing, and shipping) in the area to ensure the continued health, production, and function of the Barents Sea ecosystem. The primary function of area-based management is the identification of areas of special importance from either ecological or human perspectives. In each area, access for different human activities is to be carefully managed. The plan is based on an assessment of the current and anticipated impact of human activities and of the interactions between them, taking into account deficits in current knowledge of ecosystem state and dynamics. To monitor the overall development of the Barents Sea's state of health, a set of indicators with associated environmental quality objectives has been developed.
From model-based prescriptive advice to indicator-based interactive advice
Authors: Trenkel Verena M. , Rochet Marie-Joëlle , Mesnil Benoît 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Trenkel, V. M., Rochet, M-J., and Mesnil, B. 2007. From model-based prescriptive advice to indicator-based interactive advice. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 768–774. Traditional advice for fisheries management, especially in the ICES world, focuses on short-term stock projections relative to reference points. Primarily, two numbers, spawning-stock biomass and fishing mortality rate, are considered in the advice, although a range of biological processes are included in the stock assessment models. We propose an alternative form of final advice that would not rely on stock predictions and only two numbers, but on a suite of indicators that are combined to provide stock assessment and management advice. For a single stock, the approach consists of monitoring a set of indicators of population state and fishing pressure. Stock reference status at some time in the past is assessed, based on these indicators and/or other available information. Changes in indicator values after this reference time are then estimated, interpreted, and finally combined into a diagnostic that highlights possible causes of the changes observed. After considering management objectives, appropriate management actions can then be proposed. The proposed approach is illustrated for anglerfish stocks in the Celtic Sea and the Bay of Biscay.
Fishery systems and linkages: from clockworks to soft watches
Authors: Garcia Serge M. , Charles Anthony T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGarcia, S. M., and Charles, A. T. 2007. Fishery systems and linkages: from clockworks to soft watches. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 580–587.The complex systemic nature of fisheries has been recognized for many decades, but attempts to include this reality in day-to-day management have been slow, patchy, and of limited effectiveness. The topic is reviewed again here, with a focus on new directions. After a brief introduction, an historical review is provided of the evolution of fisheries assessment and modelling, highlighting the growing complexity resulting from changing societal demands. The “complexity syndrome” is described in terms of scope, boundaries, scales, components, and linkages, and is demonstrated as reducing understanding, predictability, and controllability, attributable to the effects of delays, teleconnections, scale dependence, and self-organizational capacity. Key issues relate to systemic aspects of fisheries governance and the research needed to support it. Special reference is made to the changes needed to adapt to the newly emerging relationships between science, policy-making, and society within complex fishery systems, and between those systems and their environment. A range of concepts and approaches, such as Integrated Assessment, are elaborated as epistemological and operational frameworks to support the transition process. The conclusion addresses the evolution of the global fishery system and briefly reviews the challenges faced by science, governance, and society.
Harvest control rules for the Western horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) stock given paucity of fishery-independent data
Authors: Roel Beatriz A. , De Oliveira José A. A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Roel, B. A., and De Oliveira, J. A. A. 2007. Harvest control rules for the Western horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) stock given paucity of fishery-independent data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 661–670. The Western horse mackerel stock, widely distributed in EU waters, is characterized by spasmodic recruitment. Currently, the strength of a year class cannot be confirmed before it is fully recruited to the fishery and has reached the age of 5 years. The only fishery-independent information available is an estimate of egg abundance made every third year. The state of the stock is considered uncertain, and there is no agreed management plan. Following EU requests, a set of harvest control rules (HCRs) that allows for the increased proportion of juvenile fish taken by the fishery in recent years was tested by simulation. The proposed HCRs are based either on the results of a full assessment (Constant-proportion strategy) or simply on the egg estimate used as an indicator of stock status (Slope strategy). Biological risk is compared for scenarios where: (i) uncertainty regarding stock dynamics and in the relationship between egg data and spawning-stock biomass is high (current situation); (ii) variable fractions of the total allowable catch (TAC) are taken in the areas occupied by juveniles and adults; and (iii) there is an implementation error. Results suggest that taking a larger portion of the TAC in the area occupied by juveniles increases the risk of impaired recruitment. Comparison of the Constant-proportion and Slope strategies suggests that the former is more conservative, if the assessment is unbiased or if bias is low. Given the paucity of fishery-independent data, a strategy resulting in an approximately constant catch may be appropriate for this stock.
Potential rent and overcapacity in the Swedish Baltic Sea trawl fishery for cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Eggert Håkan , Tveterås Ragnar 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Eggert, H. and Tveterås, R. 2007. Potential rent and overcapacity in the Swedish Baltic Sea trawl fishery for cod (Gadus morhua). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 439–445. Many European Union (EU) fisheries have problems with depleted stocks and fleet overcapacity following the regulation of open-access regimes. Some EU countries have introduced individual vessel quotas (IVQs), which can stop “the race to catch” and provide fishers with incentives to minimize costs for a given catch. We model an IVQ fishery using a cost function approach and apply the methodology to the Swedish cod fishery in the Baltic Sea. Estimating a translog cost function for a data set of Swedish trawlers in 2001, we assess the potential gains from structural adjustment of the fleet. Results suggest a desired fleet reduction of 50–60% and a potential resource rent amounting to 25–30% of the landing value.
Age, growth, and reproductive season of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the Marmara region, Turkey
Authors: Ceyhan Tevfik , Akyol Okan , Ayaz Adnan , Juanes Francis 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCeyhan, T., Akyol, O., Ayaz, A., and Juanes, F. 2007. Age, growth, and reproductive season of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the Marmara region, Turkey. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 531–536. Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) are distributed widely along the Turkish coasts, and are regularly captured, especially in the Sea of Marmara during their spawning migration to the Black Sea from the Mediterranean in spring and during their return migration south in early autumn. Age, growth, and reproductive season are reported. The ages of 1114 bluefish were determined from otoliths. The age groups ranged from 0 to III, and mean fork lengths (and weights) were 14.4 ± 0.12 cm (38.2 ± 1.02 g), 19.5 ± 0.06 cm (93.7 ± 0.86 g), 27.5 ± 0.48 cm (238.5 ± 11.3 g), and 33.3 ± 0.50 cm (431.9 ± 17.08 g) for each age group, respectively. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L∞ = 51 cm, K = 0.228, and t0 = −1.26 y. The reproductive period, evaluated from gonadosomatic indices, began in early spring and extended until August.
A meta-analysis of the status of ICES fish stocks during the past half century
Authors: Sparholt Henrik , Bertelsen Mette , Lassen Hans 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Sparholt, H., Bertelsen, M., and Lassen, H. 2007. A meta-analysis of the status of ICES fish stocks during the past half century. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 707–713. Based on a meta-analysis of time-series of stock size, recruitment, and fishing mortality, the general status of fish stocks within the ICES Area (i.e. the Northeast Atlantic) is evaluated. The analysis is based on data for 34 (7 pelagic, 27 demersal) commercial stocks. The stocks were selected based on the quality of the data and the length of the time-series. The analysis indicates that most pelagic stocks recovered to sustainable levels with high productivity after several had collapsed in the 1960s and 1970s. In contrast, most demersal stocks have continued to decline over the past half century and are now recruitment-overfished. By reducing fishing mortality on demersal stocks on average by half and building up the stocks by a factor of about two, management could be brought in line with international agreements. If recruitment-overfishing is avoided for all demersal stocks and discarding is minimized, their yield might be almost doubled over the current yield. Among the major management initiatives during the past half century, only the closure of the pelagic fisheries in the mid-1970s can be clearly identified in the time-series as having had a direct effect on stock status.
Harvest control rules for stocks displaying dynamic production regimes
Authors: Mohn R. K. , Chouinard G. A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Mohn, R. K., and Chouinard, G. A. 2007. Harvest control rules for stocks displaying dynamic production regimes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 693–697. Several cod and haddock stocks in Atlantic Canada have undergone substantial changes in productivity. Regimes are defined as periods of relatively stable production separated by rapid transitions to a different level. These regimes are deconstructed into their dominant determinants of growth, survivorship, or recruitment. Using southern Gulf of St Lawrence cod and eastern Scotian Shelf haddock as case studies, regimes are identified based on production. Haddock display an almost threefold difference between productive and non-productive regimes, owing mainly to a change in reproductive output. Cod have a more complicated history, displaying three regimes, and a variation in production by a factor of approximately eight. The production data in each regime are identified and smoothed to show the underlying dependence on biomass. Finally, simple three-phase harvest control rules (having critical, cautious, and healthy zones) for distinct regimes are presented to illustrate the potential importance of regimes in resource management.
Making management procedures operational—innovations implemented in South Africa
Authors: Plagányi Éva E. , Rademeyer Rebecca A. , Butterworth Doug S. , Cunningham Carryn L. , Johnston Susan J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Plagányi, É. E., Rademeyer, R. A., Butterworth, D. S., Cunningham, C. L., and Johnston, S. J. 2007. Making management procedures operational — innovations implemented in South Africa. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 626–632. Operational management procedures (OMPs) have become an indispensable fisheries management tool in South Africa in light of their ability to consider the consequences of the main sources of assessment uncertainty. An overview is provided of the MP approaches applied to the major South African fisheries for hake, sardine and anchovy, and west coast rock lobster. As these are among the first OMPs to be implemented worldwide, some for periods longer than 10 y, they provide useful examples of some of the successes and problems encountered with the approach. Particular emphasis is given to some recent innovations and adaptations. These include moves to (i) joint two-species OMPs for the hake and sardine/anchovy resources; (ii) a reference set of weighted operating models for primary testing and tuning in preference to a single model; (iii) consideration of a “research-conditional” approach for hake to allow greater catches in the short term, conditional on research being implemented to resolve a key uncertainty; and (iv) incorporation of some ecosystem considerations by developing appropriate robustness tests (which link with moves towards an ecosystem approach to fisheries). Key lessons gained from experience over the past decade of OMP implementation in South Africa are summarized.
Management implications and options for a stock with unstable or uncertain dynamics: west of Scotland herring
Authors: Simmonds E. John , Keltz Stephen 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Simmonds, E. J., and Keltz, S. 2007. Management implications and options for a stock with unstable or uncertain dynamics: west of Scotland herring. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 679–685. An evaluation of the stock-recruitment relationship for west of Scotland herring indicates that the models fitting the data from different periods deviate substantially. The different perceptions of the population dynamics processes emerging from these relationships lead to a range of potential scenarios for future development of the stock. Optimized strategic choices vary between exploitation at fishing mortality (F) of 0.25 and 0.45, with substantial differences in long-term yield depending primarily on the validity of the underlying stock–recruitment relationship. A detailed evaluation of the consequences for management in the short, medium and long term is presented. The uncertainty in stock dynamics and the strategic options are discussed along with the consequences for potential yield caused by the choice between management options. The study includes an evaluation showing that it may take at least ten years of exploitation at reduced yield before the current uncertainties about stock productivity might be resolved.
The role of technical measures in European fisheries management and how to make them work better
Authors: Suuronen Petri , Sardà Francesc 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Suuronen, P., and Sardà, F. 2007. The role of technical measures in European fisheries management and how to make them work better. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 751–756. Technical measures such as gear restrictions are commonly used in European fisheries management. Many of the measures are aimed primarily at protecting juveniles. Although they are assumed to provide both biological and economic benefits, proper evaluation of their effects relative to what is intended is often not possible because of a lack of adequate follow-up studies. Moreover, technical measures usually are used in conjunction with other management measures, which greatly complicate the analysis. We describe the principal factors affecting their effectiveness to find the approaches that may help to improve performance. Many regulations are enforced inconsistently, and their implementation is often less restrictive than originally intended. Moreover, trying to solve one problem frequently creates new ones. The successful use of technical measures appears to depend largely on their acceptance by industry. Measures that increase costs or reduce earnings are unattractive, so if short-term effects are not accounted for, the potential long-term gains may never materialize. Successful management actions have addressed these problems. Although technical measures may conserve resource, particularly to supplement a broader management policy, new regulations should be planned with great care, and any measures should be tested properly before implementation.