bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First Catalytic Method for Heck Alkynylation of Unactivated Aryl Bromides (Copper‐Free Sonogashira) in an Ionic Liquid: 1 mol‐% Palladium/Triphenylphosphane/Pyrrolidine in [BMIM][BF4] as a Simple, Inexpensive and Recyclable System
Authors: Hierso Jean‐Cyrille , Boudon Julien , Picquet Michel , Meunier Philippe 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHerein we report the studies of Heck alkynylation (copper‐free Sonogashira) with aryl halides (I, Br, Cl) employing various metallic precursors, tertiary phosphanes and bases in [BMIM][BF4] as the solvent. As a result, we provide the first method that allows the coupling of a large array of substrates, either activated or deactivated bromides in an ionic liquid. Furthermore, the system of highest efficiency is unexpectedly the simplest and cheaper combination that employs [Pd(η3‐C3H5)Cl]2/PPh3 at only a 1 mol‐% loading with pyrrolidine as the base and in the absence of a copper salt. The coupling of sterically and electronically deactivated bromides bearing different functional groups to aryl‐ and alkyl acetylenes, as well as the possibility of recycling, make these results of high interest to the future development of Heck‐ and Sonogashira‐type reactions in ionic liquids.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Flow Injection Analysis of Chloramphenicol by Using a Disposable Wall‐Jet Ring Disk Carbon Electrode
Authors: Liao Chun‐Yen , Chang Chia‐Chen , Ay Chyung , Zen Jyh‐Myng 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA preanodized screen‐printed ring disk carbon electrode was applied to the determination of chloramphenicol (PhNO2, CAP) by flow injection analysis (FIA). By setting up the first irreversible reduction reaction of PhNO2 to PhNHOH at the disk electrode, the following reversible oxidation of hydroxylamine (PhNHOH) to the nitroso (PhNO) derivative can be monitored/collected at the ring electrode for CAP analysis. The interference from dissolved oxygen and others can thus be avoided by using this approach and precise CAP determination can be easily performed by FIA under aerobic conditions. Preanodization treatment helps to lower the overpotential of the electrochemical reaction of CAP and favors the selective detection in aqueous medium. Under the optimum conditions, ten repetitive determinations at 1 μM and 10 μM CAP resulted in relative standard deviations of less than 4%, indicating good reproducibility of the system. A linear calibration range of 0.1–20 μM with a detection limit of 0.074 μM (S/N=3) was obtained. Veterinary pharmaceutics were finally analyzed by this sensor to validate its practical applicability.
Energy demands for seismic design against low‐cycle fatigue
Authors: Teran‐Gilmore Amador , Jirsa James O. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA seismic design procedure that does not take into account the maximum and cumulative plastic deformation demands that a structure is likely to undergo during severe ground motion could lead to unsatisfactory performance. In spite of this, current design procedures do not take into account explicitly the effect of low‐cycle fatigue. Based on the high correlation that exists between the strength reduction factor and the energy demand in earthquake‐resistant structures, simple procedures can be formulated to estimate the cumulative plastic deformation demands for design purposes. Several issues should be addressed during the use of plastic energy within a practical performance‐based seismic design methodology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Typification of specific and infraspecific names in Abies, Larix, Picea, and Pinus (Pinaceae)
Authors: Christensen K. I. , Orlova L. V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn connection with systematic studies of the genera Abies, Larix, Picea, and Pinus (Pinaceae) lectotypes are designated for Abies pinsapo var. baborensis, Larix × czekanowskii (= L. gmelinii × L. sibirica), Larix dahurica, L. griffithii, Picea abies var. arctica, P. maximowiczii, P. schrenkiana, Pinus brunoniana (≡ Tsuga brunoniana), P. canariensis, P. coronans, P. × neilreichiana (= P. nigra × P. sylvestris), P. smithiana (≡ Picea smithiana), and P. sylvestris vars. baliosperma, leucosperma, melanocarpa, mongolica, and phaeosperma. Lectotypes and epitypes are designated for Pinus pumilio var. applanata and P. uncinata var. rotundata f. mughoides, as well as an epitype for P. mugo. Furthermore, various original material has been located for Abies sibirica, Pinus altamiranoi, P. ayachahuite, P. khasya, P. × litvinovii (P. sylvestris × tabulae‐formis), P. pityusa, and P. pringlei, as well as Tsuga longibracteata (≡ Nothotsuga longibracteata). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Seed banks in an inundation gradient of two grasslands in the 10th Region (Chile) and their relationship with the plant cover
Authors: Alvarez M. , Ramírez C. , Figueroa H. , San Martín C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe vegetation and the seed banks of two adjacent grassland communities, a dry one (Hyperico‐Agrostietum) and a humid one (Juncetum proceri), of the 10th Region of Chile were compared. The vegetal cover was estimated in percentage, whereas the density of the seed banks was estimated using two different methods: tray germination in a greenhouse and direct count. In contradiction to the above ground plant cover, the floristic compositions of the seed banks of both grasslands cannot be differentiated by correspondence analysis. Nevertheless all the seed bank samples resemble much more the vegetation of the humid Juncetum proceri grassland, because of the preferential flow of diaspores from the humid grassland towards the dry one. A greater seed density was detected in the humid Juncetum proceri grassland, perhaps due to its greater production of diaspores and due to the fact that high soil humidity retain the seeds longer viable. The germination method displayed a greater efficiency in the detection of seeds, that due to the high amount of small seeds (mainly of Juncus spp.). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Kikuyuochloa, genus novum (Poaceae: Paniceae)
Authors: Scholz H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe new monotypic genus Kikuyuochloa, based on Pennisetum clandestinum, is erected. Contrary to the common view in Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyuochloa clandestina) 1–4(–6) unispiculate inflorescences each subtended by bristles are grouped in one cluster, the cluster representing the real inflorescence unit homologous to the partial inflorescence of Pennisetum. A basal bristled involucrum is absent in Kikuyuochloa; the bristle configuration beneath the individual spikelets of Kikuyuochloa is not comparable to the bristled involucrum of Pennisetum. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two new species of CousiniaCass. of sect. StenocephalaeBunge from Iran
Authors: Djavadi S. B. , Attar F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCousinia cordifolia Djavadi & Attar., sp. nova and C. persica Djavadi & Attar, sp. nova are described as two new species of sect. Stenocephalae. These species are compared with their closest relatives. Illustrations and geographical distribution are also presented. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exomorphic seed characters of some species of the Apocynaceae s.l. in Egypt
Authors: Al Nawaihi A. S. , Hassan S. A. , Elwan Z. A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractExomorphic seed characters of 18 species of the Apocynaceae s.l. were investigated for an evidence to support or to oppose its taxonomic treatment as suggested by Endress & Bruyns (2000). It was found that some characters fluctuated through different expressions in different taxa. These were shape of the seed, and the reticulate sculpture of the seed coat. Some other characters showed a relative consistency at the sub‐familial level. The latter characters were the seed coma, the concavity or convexity of the periclinal walls and the channeling of various depths of the anticlinal walls. It was concluded that such gradation in characters and character states on one hand and the relative consistency of some of them on the other hand may promote further investigation on the seed exomorphic characters in a large sample for an additional evidence to the supports or non supports to a large Apocynaceae, or to the elimination of some of its taxa to form the apomorphic derivative Asclepiadaceae. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rediscovery of Achillea boissieriHausskn. ex Boiss. later 140 years
Authors: Arabacı T. , Yıldız B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study includes taxonomical improvements of Achillea boissieri Hausskn. ex Boiss. and distributions in Turkey which was known only from the type specimen and regarded as a synonym in relevant studies. After collected second times from the field, A. boissieri decided as a separate species. Furthermore, description, localities, distribution map and key of allied species are given. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two new species of Scrophularia L. (Scrophu‐lariaceae) from Iran
Authors: Attar F. , Hamzeh'ee B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTwo new species of Scrophularia L. (S. shulabadensis Attar & Hamzeh'ee, sp. nova and S. gharemannii Attar & Hamzeh'ee, sp. nova) are described and illustrated from Southwest and South of Iran. The affinities of these two new endemic species are discussed with the related species. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pollenmorphology of the Egyptian species of genusLimoniumMill. (Plumbaginaceae)
Authors: Osman A. K. , El‐Garf I. A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractStigma and pollen types are reviewed in eight species of genusLimoniumby light and scanning microscopy. A careful examination of most Egyptian species ofLimoniumreveals that this genus is distinctly dimorphic in stigma and pollen types. On the basis of the stigma type and the exine pattern, two distinct pollen types are recognized viz., Pollen type‐A (comprisesLimonium axillareandL. meyeri) and Pollen type‐B (comprises the rest studied species ofLimonium). Description of each type, a key to the investigated taxa as well as LM and SEM micrographs of pollen grains are provided. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generic disposition of Vicatia bipinnata in Melanosciadium and a new species (Umbelliferae)
Authors: Pimenov M. G. , Kljuykov E. V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTaxonomically critical Chinese species Vicatia bipinnata, treated early also in the genus Sino‐dielsia, found to be morphologically similar to Melanosciadium H.Boissieu, a previously monotypic genus, also endemic to China. A new combination in Melanosciadium [M. bipinnatum (Shan RenHwa & Pu FaTing ex Shan Ren‐Hwa et al.) Pimenov & Kljuykov] has been proposed. A new species, Melanosciadium genuflexum Pimenov & Kljuykov, closely related to M. bipinnatum has been described. A key to determination of three species of Melanosciadium has been compiled. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new species of LinariaMill. sect. LinariaMill. (Scrophulariaceae‐Antirrhineae) from Iran
Authors: Hamdi S. M. M. , Assadi M. , Zarre Sh. , Aghabeigi F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLinaria guilanensis S.M.M.Hamdi & M.Assadi, sp. nova of Scrophulariaceae is described as new species from Guilan province respectively. This species belong to the section Linaria Mill. The new species is compared to their closest relative L. lineo‐lata Boiss. L. guilanensis is similar to L. lineolata Boiss. (1853) in having pedicel length, spur, leaves shape and the length of calyx‐lobes. This species differs from L. lineolata in having a shorter corolla (vs. 15–17 × 3.5–5 mm long), shorter bracts (vs. 1.5–3 mm long), shorter capsule (vs. 1.5–3 × 4.5– 5 mm long), shorter style (vs. 6.5–7 mm long), shorter long stamen (vs. 8 mm long), shorter short stamen (vs. 6 mm long), narrower calyx lobes (vs. 1.2–2 mm long) and different microsculpturing pattern of the testa cells. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A control volume finite‐element method for numerical simulating incompressible fluid flows without pressure correction
Authors: Omri Ahmed , Hajri Imene , Nasrallah Sassi Ben 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a numerical model to study the laminar flows induced in confined spaces by natural convection. A control volume finite‐element method (CVFEM) with equal‐order meshing is employed to discretize the governing equations in the pressure–velocity formulation. In the proposed model, unknown variables are calculated in the same grid system using different specific interpolation functions without pressure correction. To manage memory storage requirements, a data storage format is developed for generated sparse banded matrices. The performance of various Krylov techniques, including Bi‐CGSTAB (Bi‐Conjugate Gradient STABilized) with an incomplete LU (ILU) factorization preconditioner is verified by applying it to three well‐known test problems. The results are compared to those of independent numerical or theoretical solutions in literature. The iterative computer procedure is improved by using a coupled strategy, which consists of solving simultaneously the momentum and the continuity equation transformed in a pressure equation. Results show that the strategy provides useful benefits with respect to both reduction of storage requirements and central processing unit runtime. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical study of wave propagation in compressible two‐phase flow
Authors: Zeidan D. , Romenski E. , Slaouti A. , Toro E. F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe propose a new model and a solution method for two‐phase two‐fluid compressible flows. The model involves six equations obtained from conservation principles applied to a one‐dimensional flow of gas and liquid mixture completed by additional closure governing equations. The model is valid for pure fluids as well as for fluid mixtures. The system of partial differential equations with source terms is hyperbolic and has conservative form. Hyperbolicity is obtained using the principles of extended thermodynamics. Features of the model include the existence of real eigenvalues and a complete set of independent eigenvectors. Its numerical solution poses several difficulties. The model possesses a large number of acoustic and convective waves and it is not easy to upwind all of these accurately and simply. In this paper we use relatively modern shock‐capturing methods of a centred‐type such as the total variation diminishing (TVD) slope limiter centre (SLIC) scheme which solve these problems in a simple way and with good accuracy. Several numerical test problems are displayed in order to highlight the efficiency of the study we propose. The scheme provides reliable results, is able to compute strong shock waves and deals with complex equations of state. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seeing for yourself: feasibility study towards valuing visual impairment using simulation spectacles
Authors: Aballéa Samuel , Tsuchiya Aki 
Published: December 2006

AbstractElicitation of utilities from members of the public generally uses verbal description of health states. This paper reports the results of a small‐scale time trade‐off study on the feasibility of an alternative approach, where health states were simulated using plastic spectacles. This approach has methodological implications for the valuation exercise, in that many respondents find it difficult to conceive of visual impairment alone, without referring to their own current health. We conclude that it is feasible to simulate visual impairment in valuation exercises, but care must be taken to ensure what health state is effectively being valued. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public versus private health care in a national health service
Authors: Brekke Kurt R. , Sørgard Lars 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper studies the interaction between public and private health care provision in a National Health Service (NHS), with free public care and costly private care. The health authority decides whether or not to allow private provision and sets the public sector remuneration. The physicians allocate their time (effort) in the public and (if allowed) in the private sector based on the public wage income and the private sector profits. We show that allowing physician dual practice ‘crowds out’ public provision, and results in lower overall health care provision. While the health authority can mitigate this effect by offering a higher wage, we find that a ban on dual practice is more efficient if private sector competition is weak and public and private care are sufficiently close substitutes. On the other hand, if private sector competition is sufficiently tough, a mixed system, with physician dual practice, is always preferable to a pure NHS system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health‐related quality of life profiles based on survivorship status for head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Goldstein David P. , Hynds Karnell Lucy , Christensen Alan J. , Funk Gerry F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground.As the methodologies for evaluating health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in head and neck cancer patients have matured over the past 10 years, there has been an increasing focus on reporting longitudinal data. These studies have primarily focused on long‐term survivors. This study addresses the HRQOL of both long‐term and short‐term survivors.Methods.This is a prospective, longitudinal study of 479 head and neck cancer patients followed for at least 3 years after diagnosis. Analysis of longitudinally collected HRQOL scores was based on survivorship status.Results.The HRQOL for 3 survivorship groups: short‐term (died <1 year), intermediate‐term (died 1‐3 years), and long‐term survivors (alive >3 years) were different at all time points (pretreatment, 3, 6, and 12 months). Differences were greatest between the short‐term and long‐term survivors. Long‐term survivors demonstrated the best HRQOL and an improving HRQOL trajectory at 12 months. The HRQOL of short‐term survivors declined precipitously throughout all available follow‐up. Intermediate‐term survivors did show some improvement following treatment but had a declining HRQOL trajectory at 12 months.Conclusion.The HRQOL profiles of head and neck cancer patients differed significantly depending on survivorship status. Long‐term HRQOL results should be analyzed within the context of the results for all of the patients eligible to have been included in the initial study cohort. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2007.
Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Is adjuvant radiotherapy necessary?
Authors: Clark Jonathan R. , Veness Michael J. , Gilbert Ralph , O'Brien Christopher J. , Gullane Patrick J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground.Controversy exists regarding the optimal management of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether combined treatment with surgery and radiotherapy improves outcome in a multi‐institutional cohort of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The secondary aims were to determine by stage, which patients derive benefit from combined therapy and to identify predictors for survival on multivariable analysis.Methods.A retrospective analysis of 110 patients with Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck was performed. Data were collected from 3 tertiary care institutions (Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney). There were 78 males and 32 females, median age was 70 years, and mean follow‐up of survivors was 2.3 years. Sixty‐six patients underwent combined treatment, and 44 patients had either surgery or radiotherapy alone. Analysis by stage was performed using 2 staging systems.Results.Local and regional control at 5 years was 84% and 69%, respectively. Combined treatment improved both local (p = .009) and regional control (p = .006). Overall and disease‐specific survival at 5 years was 49% and 62%, respectively. Combined treatment was associated with significantly better disease‐free survival on univariable analysis (p = .013) When analyzed by stage, patients with stage IIb (primary >1 cm, node negative) disease who underwent combined treatment had improved disease‐free (p = .005) and disease‐specific survival (p = .035). Predictors of survival on multivariable analysis were age >70 years (HR 6.19, p < .001), primary tumor size >1 cm (HR 7.55, p < .001), number of nodal metastases divided into none, ≤ 2 and >2 (HR 3.71 per stratum, p < .001). When analyzed with age and disease stage, treatment modality trended toward significance as a predictor of disease‐specific (p = .081) and overall survival (p = .076). Disease stage was the most powerful independent predictor on Cox regression (HR 5.43 per stratum, p < .001).Conclusions.Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive cutaneous malignancy. Age and disease stage are the most important predictors of survival. Combined surgery and radiotherapy improves both locoregional control and disease‐free survival. Patients with stage II disease appear to derive the greatest benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy, including improved disease specific survival. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2007.
Pilot study of intraoperative chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Tulunay Ozlem E. , Enamorado Ileana I. , Kucuk Omer , Heilbrun Lance K. , Otero Jose E. , Korkmaz Hakan , Blumberg Robert , Jacobs John R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground.Intraoperative manipulation of the tumor during cancer surgery has long been recognized as a source of metastasis and contamination of the surgical wound during tumor removal. We explored the use of intraoperative chemotherapy to minimize the risk of tumor cell implantation and metastasis during head and neck cancer surgery and conducted a dose escalating intraoperative chemotherapy clinical trial designed to assess the feasibility of this approach and associated toxicities in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.Methods.Fourteen patients were treated with 5‐fluorouracil at a dose of 1000 mg/m2 administered intravenously over an 8‐hour period during the surgery with simultaneous cisplatin. The cisplatin dose was escalated and toxicity observed. Cisplatin at 75 mg/m2 was chosen as the maximum tolerated dose level.Results.One patient experienced a grade 3 nephrotoxicity, 1 patient a grade 1 neuropathy, and 5 patients grade 2 nausea (36%). There were no grade 4 toxicities.Conclusion.Intraoperative chemotherapy is feasible, and the combination of cisplatin at 75 mg/m2 and 5‐fluorouracil at 1000 mg/m2 can be administered during surgery without significant toxicity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2007.