bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclic stretching force‐induced early apoptosis in human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Zhong W , Xu C , Zhang F , Jiang X , Zhang X , Ye D 
Published: March 2008

Objective:  Human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells occur changes in morphology and express relative protein by stretching force. However, whether stretching force, especially excessive stretching force, induces PDL cell apoptosis is not yet clearly understood. In the present study we investigated the relationship between early apoptosis and stretching force in human PDL cells in vitro.Materials and methods:  The human PDL cells were obtained from healthy premolars. After three to five passages, the cells were stretched by strain 1%, 10% and 20% for 30 min, 1 h, 6 h and 12 h, then early apoptosis were detected through annexin fluorescein isothiocyanate (V‐FITC) binding by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy.Results:  The experiments indicated that human PDL apoptotic cells in the early stage increased in a time‐ and force‐dependent manner in response to stretching strain within 6 h, and then apoptosis decreased at 12 h. Human PDL cells which stretched inclined parallel to each other and aligned their long axis perpendicular to the stretching force vector, but in the centre of the disc, cells showed minimal deformation and unidirectional alignment of PDL cells.Conclusion:  The overall results suggested that stretching force not only influenced morphology but also induced early apoptosis in human PDL cells.
The Scottish Spoiled Ballot: Where was Statistics?
Authors: Bird Sheila 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
In May 2007, Scotland went to the polls to elect both local constituency and regional members to the Scottish Parliament. Astonishingly, 100000 votes were rejected as “spoiled”. Voters had misunderstood the new form of ballot paper—3% had marked a single cross despite having two votes. Parties contesting the election described it as “a debacle”, “a shambles”, “totally unsatisfactory”. One American called it more flawed than Florida's notorious “hanging chad” ballot that gave the 2000 Presidential election to George Bush. What went wrong? Sheila Bird looks into the Scottish ballot paper.
ATPase activity of RecD is essential for growth of the Antarctic Pseudomonas syringae Lz4W at low temperature
Authors: Satapathy Ajit K. , Pavankumar Theetha L. , Bhattacharjya Sumana , Sankaranarayanan Rajan , Ray Malay K. 
Published: March 2008

RecD is essential for growth at low temperature in the Antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae Lz4W. To examine the essential nature of its activity, we analyzed wild‐type and mutant RecD proteins with substitutions of important residues in each of the seven conserved helicase motifs. The wild‐type RecD displayed DNA‐dependent ATPase and helicase activity in vitro, with the ability to unwind short DNA duplexes containing only 5′ overhangs or forked ends. Five of the mutant proteins, K229Q (in motif I), D323N and E324Q (in motif II), Q354E (in motif III) and R660A (in motif VI) completely lost both ATPase and helicase activities. Three other mutants, T259A in motif Ia, R419A in motif IV and E633Q in motif V exhibited various degrees of reduction in ATPase activity, but had no helicase activity. While all RecD proteins had DNA‐binding activity, the mutants of motifs IV and V displayed reduced binding, and the motif II mutant showed a higher degree of binding to ssDNA. Significantly, only RecD variants with in vitro ATPase activity could complement the cold‐sensitive growth of a recD‐inactivated strain of P. syringae at 4 °C. These results suggest that the requirement for RecD at lower temperatures lies in its ATP‐hydrolyzing activity.
Single dose rasburicase in tumor lysis: One hospital's experience
Authors: STEEL Simone , COUTSOUVELIS John , MCKENDRICK Joe 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground:  Tumor lysis syndrome is an oncological emergency occurring mainly in high‐grade hematological malignancies. It results in significant biochemical abnormalities including hyperuricemia and acute renal failure. Rasburicase is a recombinant urate oxidase enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of uric acid into allantoin, which is easily excreted in the urine. Reports in the literature suggest that a single dose of rasburicase is effective in treating tumor lysis syndrome, whereas the current dose recommended by the manufacturer is 0.2 mg/kg/day for 5 to 7 days, which is very costly ($13 000 for an average 70‐kg person). We present a retrospective analysis on the patients at our hospital that have received rasburicase as a single dose.Methods:  Medical and pharmacy dispensing records were searched to identify patients with high‐grade hematological malignancy who received a single dose of rasburicase in a 12‐month period. Data on renal function, electrolytes, and uric acid were obtained.Results:  Twenty‐three patients were newly diagnosed with high‐grade hematological malignancy (Burkitt lymphoma 4, AML 17, APML 1, DLBCL 1). A single dose of rasburicase 0.2 mg/kg was administered to six of these patients considered to be at high risk, five of whom had an elevated uric acid level before treatment. Their uric acid levels were monitored from 24 h to 96 h after this dose. Normal uric acid levels were seen in all patients within 24 h. These levels remained normal for 96 h. One of five patients died of pre‐existing renal failure despite the normalization of their uric acid.Conclusion:  We conclude that single dose rasburicase is effective in the treatment of hyperuricemia in patients at risk of tumor lysis and effectively reduces the level of uric acid for up to 96 h. This makes it cost effective and theoretically reduces the risk of hypersensitivity associated with rasburicase.
An investigation of fludarabine as a potential radiation sensitizer of human prostate cancer cells in vitro
Authors: BARNETSON Anthony R , MILROSS Christopher , RUSSELL Pamela J 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAim:  Patient relapse following radiotherapy for prostate cancer is of major concern to oncologists. As chemotherapeutic agents have shown promise as radiation sensitizers, we investigated the use of fludarabine monophosphate as a radiation enhancement agent in human LNCaP‐LN3, PC3 and LNCaP prostate carcinoma cell lines with different sensitivities to fludarabine and ionizing radiation.Methods:  Cells were treated with non‐cytotoxic doses of fludarabine for 16 h pre‐irradiation or 5 days post‐irradiation; survival fractions were determined by clonogenic assay. Cell cycling was also assessed.Results:  LNCaP‐LN3 cells incubated with 1 μmol/L fludarabine for 5 days post‐irradiation were slightly sensitized (1.18 times, P = 0.029), whilst 16 h pre‐incubation had no effect on the radiation response. PC3 cells incubated with 10 μmol/L fludarabine for 16 h pre‐irradiation were sensitized to ionizing radiation (1.61 times, P < 0.0001), but treatment for 5 days post‐irradiation with fludarabine had no effect on their radiosensitivity. Neither fludarabine incubation had any effect on the sensitivity of LNCaP cells to ionizing radiation. A characterization of the cell cycle following 16 h exposure to fludarabine demonstrated that enhanced radiosensitivity of PC3 cells is independent of cell cycle.Conclusion:  PC3, but not LN3 or LNCaP cells, were sensitized to ionizing radiation by pre‐incubation with 10 μmol/L fludarabine for 16 h (1.61 times, P < 0.0001) but not by post‐irradiation exposure to the drug. The enhanced radiosensitivity of PC3 cells is independent of cell cycle. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of fludarabine mediated sensitization in these cells.
Black Theology: A Survey of Its Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Pinn Anthony 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWhen considered as a whole, the genius of black theology involves an ability to shift and change, to reconceive itself in light of new understandings and alternate situations. From the initial work of figures such as James H. Cone and J. Deotis Roberts, through a second generation of thinkers such as Dwight Hopkins and James Evans, to more recent challenges offered by Eddie Glaude, Victor Anderson, and Anthony Pinn, black theology has given voice to the nature and meaning of religion within African‐American communities. Mindful of this rich history, this article provides a survey of black theology's formation and structure – moving from its initial inception, through present developments and ongoing concerns.
THE EFFECT OF CATTLE TICK (BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS) ON PREGNANT AND LACTATING BRAHMAN‐CROSS AND BRITISH‐BREED COWS IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Johnston L. A. Y. , Haydock K. P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryNatural infestations of cattle tick (Boaphilus microplus) on breeding Hereford, Shorthorn and Brahman‐cross cows were observed in a dry tropical environment. Herefords were dipped three times and Shorthorns four times during a 12 month period, while the Brahman‐cross cattle were dipped twice during a 3‐year period. No differences in tick infestations could be shown between pregnant and non‐pregnant or lactating and non‐lactating cows even though they were under severe nutritional stress. No consistent negative correlations were shown between body‐ weight changes and tick counts. This was probably due to the effect of dipping in the Herefords and Shorthorns. There was a trend towards significant negative correlations in July and August over each of three years for undipped Brahman‐cross cows. Some form of tick control on breeding Brahman‐cross cows, aimed at reducing tick burdens during July to September may be beneficial in the environment under study.
EXPERIMENTAL ADENOVIRUS PNEUMONIA IN CALVES
Authors: COLE A. M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA mild interstitial pneumonia with mononuclear cell infiltration was produced in calves following intra‐tracheal inoculation of the BIL adenovirus. Viral antigen appeared early in regional lymph node. An interstitial reaction developed early in the lungs, and pneumonic lesions and infective virus were present by the third day after inoculation. Virus spread rapidly trachea, tonsils and nasal mucosa, and was creted from the third to eighth day.Upper and lower respiratory tissues continually harboured virus until the 12th day, when the experiment was terminated. The virus was isolated from the livers of two calves.All tissues yielded low concentrations of virus, and only the lung showed pathological reactions.The reactions were qualitatively similar to known adenovirus pneumonias, but considerably milder, and lacked the characteristic necrotic and proliferative bronchiolar changes.
OBSERVATIONS AND PROCEDURES AT FOALING ON A THOROUGHBRED STUD*
Authors: Barty K. Josie 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe behaviour and management of Thoroughbred mares prior to, and at foaling time, is detailed.There is a discussion of the losses that occur at birth, traumatic injuries to the mares, and the subsequent treatment of these. The postnatal behavioural patterns of the mare emphasise that she must be isolated at foaling. The normal feeding of the foal and the consequences of this not occurring, the lack of normal bowel function, and the retention of the foetal membranes by the mare are postnatal conditions likely to cause most losses.
OVINE CYSTICERCOSIS IN THE ALBANY REGION OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: de CHANEET G. , WHITE J. B. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA survey of the cestode infections of 304 dogs from 134 properties in the Albany area of Western Australia was performed. Purgation was induced by oral administration of arecoline and the purge examined for cestodes. The cestodes found and their infection rates were: Dipylidium caninum 16.4%; Taenia spp 36.5%; T. ovis 8.9%; T. hydatigena 15.1%; T. pisiformis 15.1%; T. serialis 2.3%; Echinococcus granulosus 0.7%; Questionnaires completed on 133 of the 134 properties at the time the dogs were purged showed that:– 73.6% of farmers were feeding raw sheep‐meat and 24.8% were feeding raw offal to their dogs; dogs were treated on a regular basis with a cestocide on 23.3% of properties; dogs were allowed to roam on 21.8% of the properties and stray dogs were considered prevalent on 23.3% of properties.Suggestions for control of Cysticercus ovis are made based on an interpretation of the significance of these findings.
SEMEN COLLECTION AND EVALUATION IN THE RAM: The Preparation of Spermatozoa for Morphological Examination
Authors: CAMERON R. D. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryTail and mid‐piece morphology of ram spermatozoa were compared using wet preparations of semen diluted in buffered formal saline at temperatures of 10°C and 65°C. The temperature of the diluent did not affect the occurrence of abnormalities.Tail and mid‐piece morphology were also examined in semen smears stained by a modified Williams' stain using glass slides at temperatures of 10°C, 38°C and 65°C. The occurrence of the abnormalities was not affected by the slide temperature.The occurrence of tail and mid‐piece abnormalities was compared using the 2 methods of preparation. Only the occurrence of distal cytoplasmic droplets was affected by the method of preparation. In the stained smear preparations, most of the distal cytoplasmic droplets were lost. However, only a few of the proximal droplets were lost when this method was used.
THE DURATION OF LATENT INFECTION AND FUNCTIONAL IMMUNITY IN DROUGHTMASTER AND HEREFORD CATTLE FOLLOWING NATURAL INFECTION WITH BABESIA ARGENTINA AND BABESIA BIGEMINA
Authors: Johnston L. A. Y. , Leatch G. , Jones P. N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Ten Droughtmaster and 9 Hereford cattle were born in an enzootic babesiasis area and became naturally infected with Babesia argentina and B. bigemina during a 3 year period. They were then kept free of cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus) for the remainder of the experiment.Annually for the next 3 years their individual infection status with Babesia was determined by sub‐inoculation of blood into splenectomised calves. At the end of this period the functional immunity of all cattle was challenged by blood inoculation of heterologous strains of B. argentina and B. bigemina.Infection with B. argentina persisted in all Herefords for 2 years and in 7 for 3 years after they had been freed of B. microplus. The number of Droughtmasters with detectable B. argentina infection progressively declined, and at the end of 3 years only 2 of 10 were still infected. No Herefords were shown to be infected with B. bigemina following 1 year's freedom from B. microplus but latent B. bigemina infection of at least 2 year's duration was demonstrated in one of the Droughtmasters.A marked degree of resistance was apparent in all cattle when the were challenged with an heterologous strain of B. argentina. There were no differences between the response to challenge of the Herefords and Droughtmasters nor between the reactions of cattle which had apparently naturally sterilised B. argentina infection and those which were still infected. The heterologous strain of B. bigemina produced parasitaemia in the majority of animals but only minimal fever and anaemia resulted with no significant differences between the breeds.
TRANSFERABLE DRUG RESISTANCE IN MAN AND ANIMALS: GENETIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN R‐PLASMIDS IN ENTERIC BACTERIA FROM MAN AND DOMESTIC PETS
Authors: Davies M. , Stewart P.R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Enteric bacteria isolated from morbid human and domestic pet populations in Canberra were examined for multiple antibiotic resistance, the transferability of such resistance, and the genetic incompatibility reactions of the presumptive R‐plasmid concerned.More than one‐third of the isolates obtained from domestic pets were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics tested (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfathiazole, tetracycline). Ampicillin resistance was invariably a part of all multiple resistance patterns seen. Half of the resistant bacteria from pets were resistant to 5 or more of the antibiotics, with ApCmSmSuTc the most frequent combination of resistance markers. The occurrence of resistance to Km and Nd was low, probably reflecting the infrequent usage of these antibiotics in veterinary practice.Genetic similarities between identifiable R‐plasmids and individual resistance markers in the 2 populations were tested by grouping on the basis of incompatibility reactions against reference plasmids for incompatibility groups Fll, ***lα, N, P and W. The results, though limited in extent by experimental conditions, suggest a close similarity between R‐plasmids in domestic pets and man: the majority of assignable plasmids in each population belong to group Fll***, with smaller numbers falling into groups lα and P.Analysis of individual resistance markers reveals that apart from incompatibility group N (which contained a smaller number of markers), the distribution of resistance markers across the other incompatibility groups was similar for isolates from man and animals. These results are consistent with a common origin of R‐plasmids in man and domestic pets in Canberra, or one population serving as an infection source for the other, or selection influences operating at the level of host bacteria for the plasmids which result in similarities in the bacterial population and thus of plasmid types.
SUBDIVISION OF MYCOPLASMA MYCOIDES SUBSP. MYCOIDES FROM CATTLE AND GOATS INTO TWO TYPES
Authors: Cottew G. S. , Yeats F. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Some strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, mostly isolated from goats, grow to greater turbidity in broth and form larger colonies on solid medium than does the type strain, PG1. These strains also digest casein, liquefy inspissated serum actively and survive longer at 45°C and are referred to as LC (large colony) strains. Strains more closely resembling PG 1 have been called SC (small colony) strains.The SC strains comprise those from contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and some from goats. One LC strain was isolated from a steer; all others have come from goats.Differentiation of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides into 2 types on the basis of the characteristics described may be relevant to their role in CBPP.
NON‐SURGICAL STERILISATION OF RAMS USING A SCLEROSING AGENT
Authors: Plant J. W. , Seaman J. T. , Jakovljevic D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Injection of 0.25 ml of a solution of 3.6% formaldehyde in 90% ethanol direct into the caudae epididymides caused sterility in the rams treated. No live sperm were seen in ejaculates collected 35, 57, 91 and 196 days post‐injection. The rams retained their libido and were mated to ewes between 2 and 3 months post‐injection with no pregnancy ensuing. The technique offers a simple, safe, quick and effective method of sterilising rams.Attempts to produce sterilisation by injection of the sclerosing agent into the yas deferens were not successful.
CHANGES OF BLOOD METABOLITES IN HORSES AFTER RACING, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO URIC ACID
Authors: Keenan D. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Changes in concentration of a number of blood metabolites in 30 thoroughbred horses were recorded after an 1100 metre race.No significant changes occurred in blood urea or aspartate aminotransferase during the three hours after racing. Plasma sodium, potassium and calcium levels were increased immediately after racing but had returned to normal one hour after racing. Plasma phosphate showed a significant fall in concentration one hour after racing.Creatinine and lactic acid concentrations were elevated ten minutes after racing and although they subsequently decreased, the level of lactic acid was still significant one hour later. Uric acid levels were well above resting levels at ten minutes after racing but rose even more in the subsequent hour. Urinary uric acid levels were also elevated during this time.Three hours after racing some horses still had elevated plasma uric acid levels and all of them showed a significant rise in creatine phosphokinase.The possible physiological basis of these findings is discussed.
REPLICATION OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUS IN CHICKENS FOLLOWING VACCINATION
Authors: Robertson G. M. , Egerton J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The site of replication of infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine virus (ILTV) was studied in chickens vaccinated by drinking water (DW), intraconjunctival (IC) and cloacal (CL) routes. The anatomical sites exposed to vaccine were determined by simulating vaccination with rhodamine red dye. Virus replication was determined by recovering virus from various organs at necropsy.The dye simulation studies clearly demonstrated that DW vaccination did not usually expose susceptible target organs to virus while the CL and IC routes flooded susceptible organs with vaccine.Virus replication was confined to the cloaca in CL vaccinated birds while in IC and DW vaccinated birds most replication took place in the nasal cavity. Vaccine virus did not always become established in DW vaccinated birds and its establishment did not appear to be related to the amount of vaccine these birds were exposed.It was concluded that DW vaccination depends for its success upon the accidental contamination of the nasal cavity with vaccine virus during the act of drinking.
FIXATION OF METACARPAL AND METATARSAL FRACTURES IN GREYHOUNDS
Authors: Bellenger C. R. , Johnson K. A. , Davis P. E. , Ilkiw J. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Over a 6‐year period a total of 23 greyhounds and 10 dogs of other breeds were presented with metacarpal and metatarsal fractures. While in other breeds trauma was the usual cause, in greyhounds the injuries were stress or fatigue fractures.In the greyhounds the fractures occurred mainly in young dogs and were often comminuted. Fifteen cases involved the fifth metacarpal bone of the left foreleg. The fractures were managed by either external immobilisation (8 cases) or internal fixation, mainly with lag screws (14 cases). Of 16 dogs which recovered sufficiently to be trialled, 6 were retired due to poor performance, 2 suffered further fractures and 4 raced in less than 10 races each. Four dogs entered in more than 10 races each and won 23 of a total of 109 starts.
THE TRANSMISSION OFBABESIA BOVISIN HERDS OF EUROPEAN AND ZEBU X EUROPEAN CATTLE INFESTED WITH THE TICK, BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS
Authors: Mahoney D. F. , Wright I. G. , Goodger B. V. , Mirre G. B. , Sutherst R. W. , Utech K. B. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Transmission of Babesia bovis by the tick Boophilus microplus was studied in 4 breeding herds of European and Zebu x European cattle under different levels of tick infestation. The observations consisted of weekly counts of female ticks on the cattle, monthly serological tests for antibodies to B. bovis, examination of tick larvae from the pasture to determine B. bovis infection rates and comparison of the suitability of paddocks for tick reproduction.The rate of transmission (inoculation rate) was estimated in terms of the daily probability of infection and consisted of the product of the mean daily tick infestation head‐1 and the babesial infection rate in tick larvae. The theoretical value of the minimum inoculation rate required to produce stability of babesiosis is 0.01. This value was exceeded only in a herd of European cattle with minimal tick control and grazing on a pasture favourable for tick reproduction. Instability of babesiosis occurred in the other herds of European cattle after tick numbers had been reduced by pasture spelling and strategic dipping and after reduction in the babesial infection rate in ticks apparently caused by unfavourable environmental conditions. Over a period of years, the tick infection rates also declined as a consequence of the reduction in numbers of ticks.The Zebu x European cattle failed to generate inoculation rates greater than the minimum level, even though no tick control measures were applied. This was attributed to lower babesial infection rates in the ticks than those observed in a comparable herd of European cattle and to the high tick resistance of the Zebu crosses which maintained the tick populations at low levels. Both factors combined to produce a low inoculation rate.