bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perinatal factors associated with subsequent diabetes mellitus in the child: record linkage study
Authors: Ievins R. , Roberts S. E. , Goldacre M. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAims  To report on associations between perinatal factors and the subsequent development of diabetes mellitus under the age of 30 years in the offspring.Methods  Analysis of linked hospital statistical records, comparing perinatal factors relating to the birth of 518 people admitted to hospital for diabetes with the same factors in 292 845 others, in a defined population in southern England from 1963 to 1999.Results  Diabetes mellitus was much more common in children of mothers with diabetes than in others (odds ratio 6.42; 95% confidence interval 4.18–9.86). There was no significant association with birthweight or gestational age separately. Diabetes was more common in those in the highest quintile of ‘birthweight for gestational age’ compared with the lowest four quintiles combined (odds ratio 1.33; 95% confidence interval 1.08–1.64), but there was no consistent gradient of increasing frequency of diabetes across the lowest four quintiles. There were no significant associations between diabetes and mothers’ age, parity, social class, or smoking during pregnancy, or between babies’ mode of delivery or any other perinatal factors investigated. All results were similar when the analysis was confined to diabetes in people aged < 15 years.Conclusions  We found a strong association between diabetes in the child—mainly, if not entirely Type 1 diabetes—and maternal diabetes. Diabetes was slightly more common in the heaviest quintile of birthweight for gestational age than in other quintiles. There were no significant associations between diabetes and the other perinatal factors studied.
A national survey of in‐patient diabetes services in the United Kingdom
Authors: Sampson M. J. , Brennan C. , Dhatariya K. , Jones C. , Walden E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAim  To examine in‐patient diabetes services in all UK acute hospitals.Methods  We asked the diabetes specialist team in all UK acute hospitals to complete a structured questionnaire on in‐patient diabetes management guidelines, in‐patient referral patterns, diabetes in‐patient specialist nurse (DISN) services and diabetes bed occupancy in their hospital.Results  Of the 262 UK acute hospitals, 239 (91.2%) provided data (2005–2006). UK teams reported high levels of clinical risk associated with in‐patient diabetes care. One‐third did not have diabetes management guidelines for day surgery, endoscopy, barium studies or immediate management of the diabetic foot. Patients admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis were not immediately referred to the specialist team in one‐third of hospitals. About half had no routine access to podiatry or dietetic care for in‐patients with diabetes. The majority of UK hospitals either never adopted Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI)‐1 protocols or had recently changed practice, and half do not endorse the use of in‐patient subcutaneous insulin ‘sliding‐scales’. One in five UK hospitals survey in‐patient diabetes treatment satisfaction. DISN numbers have increased rapidly—126 hospitals (51.4%) had a DISN, most (69.1%) appointed since 2002. Most (80.2%) hospitals without a DISN used the out‐patient specialist nurse team to provide in‐patient care.Conclusions  This survey has identified substantial gaps in in‐patient diabetes care in the UK. The rapid increase in DISN numbers indicates increasing attention to in‐patient diabetes care in UK hospitals.
COOPERATIVE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: RALL Udo 
Published: April 2007

A most impressive work has been accomplished during the past few years in the United States both by the Federal Authorities and by local bodies in the domain of electrification. Their example might advantageously be followed by the Governments bf many other countries. An essential part of this work is concerned with rural electrification, which presents a most original feature in the considerable rôle allocated to a new organ, the cooperative of rural electrification, whose establishment and operation are given every encouragement by the public authorities.A very exhaustive and remarkably clear account of the whole system adopted, its practical realisation, and the extent of the work already achieved, has been published by the Pan American Union, Division of Agricultural Cooperation (Washington, D.C.), in its “Series on Cooperatives”, No. 15. It is the work of Mr. Udo Rall. It will be of the greatest interest to the readers of the Annals of Collective Economy to have this masterly survey brought before them.We desire to express our gratitude both to the Division of Agricultural Cooperation and to Mr. Udo Rall for their kindness in allowing us to reprint it.
Nationalisation of the Iron and Steel Industry in Great Britain
Authors: REYNAUD Jean 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIntroduction. – FIRST PART. Motives for the nationalisation of Steel. – I. The steel industry is essential. 1. Generalities. – 2. Steel is basic: a) the uses of steel; b) Steel and economic problems; c) steel and full employment; d) the power of steel. – II. At the present time the steel industry has the form of a pernicious private monopoly: 1. The development of the monopoly; 2. The steel monopoly and national interest: a) opposition of the private interest of the steel masters and the national interest; b) monopoly and prices; c) protection of the Monopoly; d) Elimination of Independent Competition; e) prevention of Expansion. – III. The production of the monopoly is insufficient: 1. A sample of the production; 2. Comments on the production; 3. Some improvements made; 4. The steel plan and expansion. – IV. Conclusion: Nationalisation of steel essential; 1. Monopoly inevitable; 2. A supervised monopoly? 3. Public enterprise essential. – SECOND PART. Modalities of nationalisation. – I. Structure of the Corporation: 1. Constitution of the Corporation; its functions; 2. Control of the Corporation's Activity; 3. Various legal clauses. – II. Nechanism of the transition from private industry to public ownership: 1. Transfer of property; 2. Compensation to holders of securities; 3. Measures of safeguard’until the date of the actual transfer; 4. Mainteneance of certain private enterprises; 5. Financing of the operation; 6. Various clauses. – III. Characteristies of the system. – Conclusion.
Theory of the fourth Power (the economic Power) Nationalisation of Enterprise
Authors: COMISETTI Louis 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDoctrinal divergences on the problem of Nationalisation. — The ideas of the Nation and the State. — The juridical personification of the nation. — The industrial and business State. — To establish State Control is not to nationalise. — How nationalise without establishing State Control?— The autonomous administration of public right. — The economic personification of the nation. — Definition of nationalisation. — Conclusions.
PRICING IN PUBLIC ENTERPRISES
Authors: Gupta K. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe pricing in private and public enterprise differs primarily on the supply side. In the long run, private enterprises must cover total costs and provide an adequate return necessary to attract venture capital. In contrast, extra‐commercial considerations may influence pricing in public enterprises. They may incur losses in the public interest under explicit directives from the government.A number of theories of pricing in public enterprises have been put forward. Most important of these are: (1) marginal cost of production theory; (2) no profit, no loss theory; (3) average cost of production theory; (4) theory of making profits. All these theories suffer from a number of weaknesses and none of them taken individually is a satisfactory guide for determining the prices of the products of public enterprises.There however exists a strong case for public enterprises, particularly in developing countries, to earn reasonable profits in pricing their products. Public enterprises fostered on public revenues must yield surpluses which can be used either for their own expansion or for financing the general development plans of the country. The profits which a public enterprise can earn are an important indication of the justification for the use of economic resources in that economic activity. Upholding the test of profit not only lessens possibilities of the investment decisions being subjected to political pressures but also safeguards against inefficiency in management. A policy of profits is essential for attaining the goal of building a socialist society. The amount of profits expected from different enterprises, however, cannot be uniform because of diverse objectives sought in the setting up of public enterprises, degree of essentiality of their products, nature of the services provided by them, size of their market, class of their consumers and their paying capacity, conditions of market under which they operate, their role in stimulating growth and social benefits conferred by them.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN THE CO‐OPERATIVE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Stephenson T. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThis paper examines the relationship between the Chief Executive of a CO‐operative retail society and his Board of Directors. It takes for its starting point three critical activities of the Chief Executive, i.e. the achievement of society objectives; the maintenance of the internal stability of the society and the adaptation of the society to the external environment.Two factors which influence the performance of these activities are the Chief Executive's orientation to society performance and his relationship with his Board.The Chief Executive will tend to be inward‐outward in orientation. Factors affecting this will be his previous task experience and organisational experience of which two aspects are important (a) time—the length of service a t lower and middle management level and (b) structure—the degree of delegation. These will affect the Chief Executive Officer's ability to deal with uncertainty in the environment, A third influential factor will be the attitudes and expectations of his Board which will be structured by their perception of democratic control. Finally the nature of the environment will affect the Chief Executive's orientation and his flexibility.In dealing with the problems which face him the Chief Executive is influenced by his reference points, i.e. by the degree of internalisation of co‐operative values, and by his beliefs about the rightness of previous decisions.His decision‐making is influenced by the interaction of his beliefs and those of his Board and by the depth to which they are held. These beliefs may be seen in two parts, first, relating to the nature of co‐operative enterprise and secondly, to the method by which the co‐operative enterprise is controlled.Contributing to the depth of internalisation of co‐operative beliefs would appear to be their social and political backgrounds. Additional factors for the Chief Executive Officer include length of service in the co‐operative movement, non‐co‐operative experience and his commitment to :managerial values'.On the basis of the differing orientations of the persons concerned, it is possible to hypothesise the development of certain decision‐making situations.
CO‐OPERATION AND AGRI‐BUSINESS EVOLUTION
Authors: Harris T. D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCo‐operatives in North America, developed to correct or off set real or imagined wrongs in the economic system within which agriculture over time became further involved, have remained largely rural. Where successful, co‐operatives bridged the gap between a fundamentalist agricultural production industry that tended to look inwards to itself and a privately capitalised marketing industry that looked outwards towards metropolitan and overseas markets. In pioneer and pioneering environments where free enterprise agri‐business became significantly involved in on‐farm or on‐ranch operations, co‐operatives did not become im‐portant as the services and attitudes of agri‐business complemented rather than exploited the man on the land.In the more commercialised integrated agriculture of today, corporate agri‐business has found an interest in greater involvement in farm operations: much of this comes from changes in technology that make off‐farm purchases as important a component of the agricultural com‐plex as off‐farm sales of products. Thus, co‐operatives have lost their unique “bridge” role, have problems themselves of identity and of their most desirable patterns of future development. But their competition‐existing corporate agri‐business and new entrants from the conglom‐erate industrial giants‐are not without their problems also. These are outlined as well as the issues co‐operatives‐and co‐operative philosophers and promoters‐must tackle if they are to remain successful market participants and have identifiable characteristics that reflect co‐ operative idealism. The unique member‐client relationship the co‐operative is based on should be exploited to maintain and expand these complementary and essential goals for continued farmers’business participation in the North American and world economies.
ARE COLLECTIVE ECONOMY UNDERTAKINGS INTEGRATED INTO THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POLICY IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY? A POSTSCRIPT*
Authors: Dieck Margret 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYI. The concept of economic and social policy in the Federal Republic of Germany.II. Public undertakings: conditionally recognized.III. Co‐operatives: integrated.IV. Trade union undertakings: disputed.V. German collective economy: a creation of theory, not a political reality.
A SURVEY OF MARKET SOCIALIST FORMS
Authors: Yunker James A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractConsiderable interest is currently emerging in an economic system that would combine the basic socialist principle of public ownership of the non‐human factors of production with the basic free market principle of relatively limited control over the economy by the central government. Such a system has come to be known as “market socialism”. This paper provides a survey over the four primary variants of market socialism that may be distinguished in the economic literature. These are as follows: 1) Langian socialism aims at a socialist equivalent to perfectly competitive capitalism; 2) service socialism aims at replacing profit maximization with constrained output or revenue maximization: 3) cooperative socialism aims at installing the employees of the enterprise as its “ultimate” managers; 4) pragmatic socialism aims at a socialist equivalent to contemporary real‐world capitalism, whether this system is perfectly competitive or not. A brief description and discussion of each of these variants is provided, together with a review of the relevant literature. The article is concluded with an argument that of the four variants, the pragmatic is the most attractive in terms of possible real‐world implementation both because its similarity to capitalism reduces the possibility of imfortunate deficiencies of theoretical blueprints as a guide to actual behavior, and because it best reflects those aspects of the traditional socialist ideal and intent that remain fully valid even at the present time.
MEASURING AND IMPROVING TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY IN UK POST OFFICE COUNTERS USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: DOBLE Michael 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT:*This paper sought to establish how technically efficient Post Office Counters is nationally and regionally. The method by which this was determined is data envelopment analysis, applied to data for 1989 on 1281 Crown post offices. The input used was labour, and outputs consisted of average waiting times as a measure of quality of service, and nine different categories of counter transactions. Nationally it was found that technical efficiency could be significantly improved by making more efficient use of labour inputs and reducing average waiting times. Wide disparities were found in regional efficiency and it was hypothesized that these relative differences were due to differing working practices, turnovers of staff and local labour market conditions. It was also concluded for the period studied that some structural inefficiency existed due to the existence of inefficient working practices and the lack of computerization of transaction procedures.
LA DÉLÉGATION DES SERVICES PUBLICS AUX ASSOCIATIONS PAR LES COLLECTIVITÉS LOCALES:
Authors: GACHET Bernard 
Published: April 2007

RÉSUMÉ**: Dans le cadre communal français, des biens collectifs locaux sont offerts simultanement par les municipalités et par les associations. Toutefois, l'offre publique ne signifie pas toujours la production publique. Les municipalités peuvent ainsi déléguer la gestion de services collectifs locaux à des entreprises privées ou à des associations. La plupart du temps, les communes se contenteront de subventionner laproduction associative.Aprés avoir précisé la distinction entre fourniture et production de biens, et le cadre légal et administratif particulier dans lequel s'inscrit la fourniture publique communale des biens et services collectifs locaux, nous soulignons les causes et les formes dupartenariat entre secteur public communal et associations, et les catégories d'actions associatives répondant aux attentes des municipalités.
THE CLASHING CULTURES OF MARKETING AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING
Authors: BOVAIRD Tony , RUBIENSKA Anne 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT*It has became fashionable to recommend ‘marketing’ to any public sector organization in financial difficulties or suffering from an image problem. Yet there are important tensions between the culture of marketing, derived mainly from Anglo‐Saxon models of manufacturing management, and the ethos and practice of public service management. We build upon Senge's model of a learning organization to question whether the use of conventional marketing approaches can be an aid to the most ambitious forms of organizational learning. A new public marketing is proposed which locates the concepts and techniques of marketing strategy within a learning model which makes explicit the political values and processes of public sector agencies. Such an approach requires a major rethink in the approach to marketing currently found in the UK public sector.
THE THEORY OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE RECONSIDERED
Authors: GARNER Maurice R. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT**A comparison of the essential characteristics of public and private enterprise against the background of agency theory shows that archetypal public enterprise is not an enterprise in the generally accepted legal and economic senses of that expression. If it is to be efficient, therefore, archetypal public enterprise must not be left dependent upon governance and monitoring systems appropriate to private enterprise but must, by means of an intimate and cooperative (and not an ‘arm's length') relationship between the principal (government) and the agent (management), be provided with precisely defined and quantified objectives that lead to an agreed measure of overall performance. The essay's conclusions are important because, inter alia, they shift the efficiency debate from property to governance.
A foundational approach to autonomous knowledge acquisition
Authors: Delgrande James P. 
Published: April 2007

A formal, foundational approach to autonomous knowledge acquisition is presented. In particular, “learning from examples” and “learning from being told” and the relation of these approaches to first‐order representation systems are investigated. It is assumed initially that the only information available for acquisition is a stream of facts, or ground atomic formulae, describing a domain. On the basis of this information, hypotheses expressed in set‐theoretic terms and concerning the application domain may be proposed. As further instances are received, the hypothesized relations may be modified or discarded, and new relations formed. The intent though is to characterize those hypotheses that may potentially be formed, rather than to specify the subset of the hypotheses that, for whatever reason, should be held.Formal systems are derived by means of which the set of potential hypotheses is precisely specified, and a procedure is derived for restoring the consistency of a set of hypotheses after conflicting evidence is encountered. In addition, this work is extended to where a learning system may be “told” arbitrary sentences concerning a domain. Included in this is an investigation of the relation between acquiring knowledge and reasoning deductively. However, the interaction of these approaches leads to immediate difficulties which likely require informal, pragmatic techniques for their resolution. The overall framework is intended both as a foundation for investigating autonomous approaches to learning and as a basis for the development of such autonomous systems.
The role of the user's domain knowledge in generation
Authors: Paris Cécile L. 
Published: April 2007

A question‐answering program that provides access to a large amount of data will be most useful if it can tailor its answers to each individual user. In particular, a user's level of knowledge about the domain of discourse is an important factor in this tailoring if the answer provided is to be both informative and understandable to the user. In this research, we address the issue of how the user's domain knowledge, or the level of expertise, might affect an answer. We present TAILOR, a flexible computer system that takes into account this knowledge to provide an answer that is appropriate for users with varying levels of expertise (including novices and experts), without requiring an a priori set of user types.Un programme qui donne accès à un système de connaissances à de nombreux et divers utilisateurs serait plus utile s'il pouvait adapter ses réponses pour chaque utilisateur. En particulier, le savoir de l'utilisateur est un facteur important pour que la réponse soit compréhensible et informative. Dans cet article, nous étudions le r&#x006f;&#x030c;le de la connaissance de l'utilisateur pour former un texte qui soit approprié pour la personne qui le lira. Nous présentons TAILOR, un système de génération flexible qui est sensitif au niveau de connaissance de l'utilisateur. TAILOR peut générer des textes appropries pour des utilisateurs aux niveaux de connaissances très variés, sans avoir besoin ?un groupe de stéréotypes définis a priori.