bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘So Long as I Take my Mobile’: Mobile Phones, Urban Life and Geographies of Young People's Safety
Authors: PAIN RACHEL , GRUNDY SUE , GILL SALLY , TOWNER ELIZABETH , SPARKS GEOFF , HUGHES KATE 
Published: December 2005

Mobile phone ownership has spread rapidly among young people in the UK. This article contributes to an expanding body of literature which is examining the consequences of this phenomenon for urban life. Our focus is the impact of mobile phones on young people's geographies, particularly their own and their parents’ fears about their safety in public spaces. Quantitative and qualitative findings are presented from two research projects in Gateshead, north‐east England on crime victimization and leisure injury risk for young people, in which the role of mobile phones in managing and negotiating safety emerged as significant. The article highlights the different ways in which young people and parents are using mobile phones for this purpose, and asks whether they are best viewed as technologies of surveillance or empowerment. We also raise questions about the efficacy of mobile phones in protecting young people from risk and fear, in particular examining the mobile as a new site of victimization. Throughout, we emphasize the social unevenness of the uses and impacts of new technologies, which is often underplayed in research. We conclude with the suggestion that although they offer some empowerment to young people in their use of public spaces and their negotiation of risk, mobile phones appear to be reshaping rather than reducing moral panics about young people's presence there.Au Royaume‐Uni, le téléphone mobile s’est répandu rapidement parmi les jeunes. Cet article s’ajoute aux documents en nombre croissant qui étudient les conséquences de ce phénomène sur la vie urbaine. Il s’attache à l’impact des mobiles sur la géographie des jeunes, notamment sur leurs craintes personnelles et celles de leurs parents quant à leur sécurité dans les espaces publics. Il présente des résultats quantitatifs et qualitatifs provenant de deux projets de recherches à Gateshead (nord‐est de l’Angleterre) sur le risque pour les jeunes d’être victimes d’un acte criminel et de se blesser durant un loisir, cas où les mobiles semblent jouer un rôle important pour gérer et négocier la sécurité. L’article met en lumière les différents modes d’utilisation des mobiles à cette fin, par les jeunes et les parents, en se demandant si ces téléphones sont d’abord considérés comme des technologies de surveillance ou de responsabilisation. Il interroge également l’efficacité des mobiles pour protéger les jeunes contre risques et craintes, notamment en envisageant ces téléphones comme nouveau terrain de victimisation. Dans son ensemble, ce travail souligne l’irrégularité sociale des usages et impacts des nouvelles technologies, souvent minimisée dans la recherche. La conclusion suggère que, même s’ils offrent une certaine responsabilisation aux jeunes dans leur utilisation des espaces publics et leur négociation du risque, les téléphones mobiles semblent remodeler, non réduire, les paniques morales liées à leur présence dans ces lieux.
The ‘Global’ in the City Economy: Multicultural Economic Development in Birmingham
Authors: MCEWAN CHERYL , POLLARD JANE , HENRY NICK 
Published: December 2005

This article draws on critiques of ‘global cities’ to conceptualize Birmingham, the UK's second largest metropole, as a ‘global’ city by highlighting forms of economic globalization that draw on the city's residents, their histories and their social and cultural networks. The article illustrates some of the diversity and significance of minority ethnic economic activity within Birmingham and the potential this holds for its future economic development, focusing on examples from three transnational networks (Chinese business networks, ethnic food manufacturing and the Bhangra music industry). The article signals a rather different understanding of ‘global’ as it relates to economic advantage, transnationalism and ethnic diversity within cities in general, and Birmingham in particular. We suggest that this different understanding of the global has important policy implications, not simply in terms of economic representations of the city, but also in terms of developing the possibilities of such transnational networks and engaging with the constraints facing them. We argue that encouraging a morerelationalway of thinking about cities like Birmingham has the potential for advancing social wellbeing by influencing socio‐economic policy and practice. We use the example of Birmingham, therefore, to engage broader debates about alternative paths of ‘global’ economic, social and cultural investment for UK (and other) cities.A partir de critiques des ‘villes planétaires’, cet article conceptualise Birmingham (deuxième métropole britannique) en tant que ville ‘planétaire’ en soulignant les formes de mondialisation économique qui s’appuient sur les citadins, leurs histoires et leurs réseaux sociaux et culturels. Pour illustrer en partie la diversité et la place de l’activitééconomique ethnique des minorités à Birmingham, ainsi que le potentiel afférent pour son essor économique futur, ce travail s’intéresse à des exemples issus de trois réseaux transnationaux (réseaux d’affaires chinois, fabrication d’alimentation ethnique et secteur de la musique indienne Bhangra). Il repère une compréhension assez différente de ‘planétaire’, selon que le terme est liéà un avantage économique, au transnationalisme et à la diversité ethnique au sein des grandes villes, et de Birmingham en particulier. Cette perception multiple a d’importantes implications politiques, à la fois au plan des représentations économiques de la ville et en termes de création de possibilités pour ces réseaux transnationaux et de prise en compte des contraintes à affronter. Encourager un mode de réflexion plusrelationnelà l’égard de villes comme Birmingham permettrait de promouvoir le bien‐être social en influant sur la pratique et la politique socio‐économique. Le cas de Birmingham sert donc à lancer des débats plus larges sur les options d’acheminement de l’investissement économique, social et culturel ‘planétaire’ pour les grandes villes britanniques (et étrangères).
Sydney/Global/City: An Exploration
Authors: MCNEILL DONALD , DOWLING ROBYN , FAGAN BOB 
Published: December 2005

Over the past decade, the urban condition of Sydney has been increasingly discussed using the language of globalization. Yet the increasing sensitivity of global city theorists to issues of representation alert us to the problems of confidently using the global as an adjective to describe two nouns (Sydney and city) of uncertain mooring. We review various uses of these signifiers by territorially embedded and embodied actors (  journalists, academics and politicians), and suggest that to unreflectively label either the whole or some parts of this metropolis ‘global’ is a deeply problematic process.Pendant ces dix dernières années, la situation urbaine de Sydney a été traitée de plus en plus souvent en termes de mondialisation. Toutefois, la sensibilité accrue des théoriciens de la ville planétaire aux aspects de représentation attire l’attention sur les problèmes liés à un usage fiable de planétaire comme adjectif descriptif de deux noms (Sydney et ville) présentant un ancrage incertain. En étudiant plusieurs usages de ces signifiants par des acteurs intégrés et définis au plan territorial ( journalistes, universitaires et politiciens), l’article suggère que qualifier sans réfléchir tout ou partie de cette métropole de ‘planétaire’ est un processus extrêmement problématique.
Globalization from Below: The Ranking of Global Immigrant Cities
Authors: BENTON‐SHORT LISA , PRICE MARIE D. , FRIEDMAN SAMANTHA 
Published: December 2005

Immigration to major cities is an important dimension of cultural globalization, one that has been largely ignored in the global cities literature. Rates of immigration to major world cities are an important indicator of global city status and should be included in determining urban hierarchy indexes. Our study considers immigration in more than 100 metropolitan areas, using data from national censuses from more than 50 countries. We rank major cities of immigration and compare them to well‐known global city hierarchies. Using immigration data, we create an urban immigrant index. The index considers four factors of immigration: (1) the percentage of foreign‐born, (2) the total number of foreign‐born, (3) the diversity of the foreign‐born stock, and (4) whether immigrants are from neighboring countries or non‐neighboring countries. This is the first time that an international urban immigrant data set and index have been created. The study explains the empirical challenge of acquiring comparable international metropolitan data and the limits of this research. Some of the cities that rank highly in the index are commonly cited as world cities (London, New York and Frankfurt); others such as Toronto, Amsterdam and Dubai seldom appear so highly ranked.L’Immigration vers les grandes villes est une dimension importante de la mondialisation culturelle, dimension largement ignorée dans la littérature sur les villes planétaires. Les taux d’immigration vers les grandes villes mondiales sont un indicateur significatif du statut de ville planétaire et devraient être pris en compte pour établir des répertoires de hiérarchie urbaine. Cette étude, qui couvre l’immigration dans plus de cent zones métropolitaines, utilise les données de recensements nationaux provenant de plus de 50 pays. Elle classe les principales villes d’immigration et les compare aux hiérarchies de villes planétaires reconnues. A partir des données sur l’immigration, est créé un répertoire des immigrants urbains, lequel se réfère à quatre facteurs d’immigration: (1) le pourcentage néà l’étranger, (2) l’effectif total néà l’étranger, (3) la diversité de la population née à l’étranger et (4) si les migrants viennent de pays voisins ou non. C’est la première fois qu’un fichier de données et un répertoire d’immigrants urbains internationaux sont créés. L’étude expose le défi empirique pour récupérer des données métropolitaines internationales comparables, ainsi que les limites de cette recherche. Certaines des villes placées en tête du répertoire sont fréquemment citées comme villes mondiales (Londres, New York et Frankfort), d’autres comme Toronto, Amsterdam et Dubaï apparaissent rarement à ce niveau de classement.
Enforcement Mechanisms Discouraging Black–American Presence in Suburban Detroit
Authors: BATES TIM , FASENFEST DAVID 
Published: December 2005

In metropolitan Detroit, scholars have long observed that geographic space is racialized in the sense that black Americans are not welcome in many suburban communities. This extends beyond housing segregation: black drivers are not wanted on many suburban streets. While the existence of racial animosity has been documented, the enforcement mechanisms utilized to ‘protect’ certain geographic areas from black presence have rarely been quantified and dissected. This study examines police behavior toward black motorists who were arrested during routine traffic stops in the Detroit suburb of Eastpointe. Comparison of search, arrest, and handcuff patterns of white and black motorists indicates that police bias harms blacks. Rather than simply being anti‐black, patterns of police behavior in Eastpointe enforce racialized space, signaling where black presence is tolerated and where it is discouraged.Depuis longtemps, les intellectuels observent la racialisation de l’espace géographique, au sens que les Américains noirs ne sont pas les bienvenus dans de nombreuses communautés de banlieue de la métropole de Détroit. La tendance dépasse la ségrégation des logements: les automobilistes noirs sont indésirables dans bien des rues de banlieue. Si l’existence d’une animosité raciale a été documentée, les mécanismes coercitifs utilisés pour ‘protéger’ certaines zones géographiques d’une présence noire ont rarement été quantifiés ou disséqués. Cette étude examine l’attitude policière vis‐à‐vis des conducteurs noirs arrêtés au cours de contrôles de routine dans la banlieue de Eastpointe, à Détroit. Une comparaison des types de fouilles, arrestations et menottages d’automobilistes blancs et noirs révèle un préjugé de la police au détriment des noirs. Au lieu d’être simplement anti‐noirs, les types de comportement policier à Eastpointe impose un espace racialisé, indiquant là où la présence noire est tolérée et là où elle est dissuadée.
Regional Bipolarization: The Case of the European Union
Authors: EZCURRA ROBERTO , GIL CARLOS , PASCUAL PEDRO 
Published: December 2005

This study examines the degree of bipolarization of regional per capita income distribution in the European Union between 1977 and 1999. The results obtained reveal a decrease in regional bipolarization in the European context over the study period as a consequence of various factors working in opposite directions. Likewise, the analysis carried out shows that the national component is the main factor explaining regional bipolarization in the European Union, while the geographical location and the productive structure in 1977 seems to have less relevance.Cette étude s’intéresse au degré de bipolarisation de la répartition régionale des revenus par tête dans l’union européenne entre 1977 et 1999. Les résultats révèlent une réduction de la bipolarisation régionale dans le contexte européen pendant la période couverte, du fait de plusieurs facteurs opérant dans des directions opposées. De même, l’analyse effectuée montre que la composante nationale est le facteur principal d’explication d’une bipolarisation régionale dans l’union européenne, alors que le site géographique et la structure de production en 1977 ont, semble‐t‐il, peu d’importance.
The alternative splicing of tau exon 10 and its regulatory proteins CLK2 and TRA2‐BETA1 changes in sporadic Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Glatz Daniela C. , Rujescu Dan , Tang Yesheng , Berendt Frank J. , Hartmann Annette M. , Faltraco Frank , Rosenberg Carlyn , Hulette Christine , Jellinger Kurt , Hampel Harald , Riederer Peter , Möller Hans‐J. , Andreadis Athena , Henkel Kerstin , Stamm Stefan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPathological inclusions containing fibrillar aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are a characteristic feature in tauopathies, which include Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau is a microtubule‐associated protein whose transcript undergoes alternative splicing in the brain. Exon 10 encodes one of four microtubule‐binding repeats. Exon 10 inclusion gives rise to tau protein isoforms containing four microtubule‐binding repeats (4R) whereas exclusion leads to isoforms containing only three repeats (3R). The ratio between 3R and 4R isoforms is tightly controlled via alternative splicing in the human adult nervous system and distortion of this balance results in neurodegeneration. Previous studies showed that several splicing regulators, among them hTRA2‐beta1 and CLK2, regulate exon 10 alternative splicing. Like most splicing factors, htra2‐beta and clk2 pre‐mRNAs are regulated by alternative splicing. Here, we investigated whether human postmortem brain tissue of AD patients reveal differences in alternative splicing patterns of the tau, htra2‐beta, presenilin 2 and clk2 genes when compared with age‐matched controls. We found that the splicing patterns of all four genes are altered in affected brain areas of sporadic AD patients. In these affected areas, the amount of mRNAs of tau isoforms including exon 10, the htra2‐beta1 isoform and an inactive form of clk2 are significantly increased. These findings suggest that a misregulation of alternative splicing seems to contribute to sporadic AD.
Extracellular N‐acetylaspartate depletion in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Belli Antonio , Sen Jon , Petzold Axel , Russo Salvatore , Kitchen Neil , Smith Martin , Tavazzi Barbara , Vagnozzi Roberto , Signoretti Stefano , Amorini Angela Maria , Bellia Francesco , Lazzarino Giuseppe 
Published: December 2005

Abstract N‐Acetylaspartate (NAA) is almost exclusively localized in neurons in the adult brain and is present in high concentration in the CNS. It can be measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and is seen as a marker of neuronal damage and death. NMR spectroscopy and animal models have shown NAA depletion to occur in various types of chronic and acute brain injury. We investigated 19 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microdialysis was utilized to recover NAA, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and glutamate, at 12‐h intervals. These markers were correlated with survival and a 6‐month Glasgow Outcome Score. Eleven patients died and eight survived. A linear mixed model analysis showed a significant effect of outcome and of the interaction between time of injury and outcome on NAA levels (p = 0.009 and p = 0.004, respectively). Overall, extracellular NAA was 34% lower in non‐survivors. A significant non‐recoverable fall was observed in this group from day 4 onwards, with a concomitant rise in lactate–pyruvate ratio and glycerol. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is a significant contributor to poor outcome following TBI and propose extracellular NAA as a potential marker for monitoring interventions aimed at preserving mitochondrial function.
Anomalous response to potassium in vascular smooth muscle cells of human saphenous vein
Authors: Bieger D. , Mong K. , Tabrizchi R. 
Published: December 2005

Summary 1 We have examined the relationship between the resting membrane potential (Em) and the concentration of the external ions, K+, Cl− and Ca2+, as well as the effects of K+ on active force generation in human saphenous veins. 2 As measured with sharp glass microelectrodes, the Em of vascular muscle cells was −76.0 ± 7.0 mV (mean ± SD; n = 328). Raising the concentration of external potassium ([K+]e) from 4.2 to 20, 40, 80, 120 or 150 mm produced an incremental depolarization, revealing a maximal slope factor of 15 mV per 10‐fold increase. 3 Oubain (1.0 μm) did not have any effect on Em (−79.0 ± 8.0 mV; n = 80). Replacement of external Cl− with propionate resulted in significant (P < 0.05) depolarization (Em: −65.5 ± 7.5 mV; n = 40). In Cl−‐free buffer containing 80 mm K+, Em depolarized to −52.0 ± 6.7 mV (n = 45) compared with −64.7 ± 6.5 mV (n = 55) (P < 0.05) measured in buffer containing 80 mm [K+]e and Cl− 138.7 mm. Removal of Ca2+ did not significantly modify the depolarizing response to K+ 80 mm: Em, −68.2 ± 4.9 mV (n = 42) vs.−64.7 ± 6.5 mV (n = 55) in the presence of Ca2+. 4 Despite their small size, changes in Em correlated closely with force generation in buffer containing high K+, approximately 3.62 mN force being generated per mV of change in Em. 5 These data demonstrate that, in human saphenous smooth muscle cells, (i) the magnitude of depolarization induced by raising [K+]e deviates considerably from the theoretical values predicted by the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equations, (ii) Cl− appears to contribute to the maintenance of Em, and (iii) electromechanical coupling has a low threshold.
Relaxant responses to calcium channel antagonists and potassium channel opener in human saphenous vein
Authors: Ford C. , Bieger D. , Mong K. , Tabrizchi R. 
Published: December 2005

Summary 1 As shown in a parallel study the magnitude of depolarization induced in human saphenous vein by raising external potassium ([K+]e) falls markedly below the theoretical values predicted by the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equations. This anomaly prompted us to re‐examine the relaxant actions of L‐type (nifedipine) and T‐type (mibefradil) Ca2+ channel antagonists, and relaxant and electrophysiological effects of the K+ channel opener, pinacidil, on saphenous veins contracted by the elevation of [K+]e. 2 Nifedipine produced concentration–dependent relaxations in tissues contracted at various high [K+]e. In tissues contracted with 20 mm [K+]e, the pIC50 for nifedipine was significantly (8.20 ± 0.05; n = 6; mean ± SEM; P < 0.05) greater than in tissues contracted with ≥40 mm [K+]e. 3 Tissues contracted with 20 mm [K+]e also relaxed in response to mibefradil (pIC50 = 6.1 ± 0.14) and pinacidil (pIC50 = 6.45 ± 0.08), the latter being almost completely reversed (93.4 ± 9.9%) by addition of glibenclamide (10 μm). 4 The resting Em of smooth muscle cells of saphenous vein was −77.0 ± 0.7 mV (n = 52), and 20 mm [K+]e produced a modest but significant depolarization to −73.0 ± 0.7 mV (n = 52). Incubation with pinacidil plus 20 mm [K+]e resulted in a significant hyperpolarization of the Em to −82 ± 0.6 mV (n = 52). 5 Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester did not impede the relaxant responses of nifedipine, mibefradil or pinacidil. 6 In conclusion, the relaxant effects of nifedipine and pinacidil (i) occurred at an Em distinctly below the presumed threshold for the opening of the classic (CaV1.3α1) L‐type Ca2+ channels, and (ii) did not depend on generation of nitric oxide.
Captopril therapy decreases both expression and function of α1D‐adrenoceptors in pre‐ hypertensive rat aorta
Authors: Godínez‐Hernández D. , Gallardo‐Ortíz I. A. , López‐Sánchez P. , Villalobos‐Molina R. 
Published: December 2005

Summary1 The effects of captopril onα1‐adrenoceptor mRNA and protein and phenylephrine‐induced contraction was assessed in aorta of pre‐hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats.2 Four‐week‐old SHR and WKY rats were treated with captopril [an angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor] 3 mg kg−1 day−1for 1 week.3 pA2values for BMY 7378, anα1D‐adrenoceptor antagonist, were 8.63–9.20 among the different groups. Schild slopes were close to unity suggesting that contraction was produced primarily byα1D‐adrenoceptor stimulation and was not changed with therapy.4 α1D‐Adrenoceptor mRNA and protein values were higher in pre‐hypertensive SHR than in WKY, whereasα1A‐adrenoceptor mRNA was higher in WKY andα1B‐adrenoceptors were similar in both strains, and protein was not significantly different forα1A‐ andα1B‐subtypes.5 Captopril decreased maximal contraction in SHR, without having effect in WKY rats, whileα1D‐adrenoceptor mRNA was decreased in both rat strains butα1D‐adrenoceptor protein was significantly decreased only in SHR, and increasedα1A‐mRNA in SHR, no effect of captopril treatment was observed onα1B‐adrenoceptor mRNA and protein nor onα1A‐adrenoceptor protein.6 These data suggest that ACE inhibition by captopril influences both expression and function ofα1D‐adrenoceptors in aorta of pre‐hypertensive rats, probably avoidingα1D‐subtype expression by blockade of angiotensin II synthesis.