bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviour Changes in Cba Mice as a Result of One Goldthioglucose Injection
Authors: Wiepkema P.R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOne intraperitoneal injection of goldthioglucose may produce in mice very specific brain lesions followed by a period of hyperphagia leading to obesity. The question is raised whether or not the brain lesions affect feeding behaviour only or that besides this changes in non-feeding behaviour may also contribute to the hyperphagia and obesity observed. Feeding of solitary mice was recorded automatically during 24 h periods after o, 12 and 24 hours of food deprivation and after the GTG treatment. It was found that after GTG injection the mice temporarily (dynamic hyperphagic phase) behave very much like intact hungry ones in that they 1) eat large amounts of food a day 2) gnaw off a bit of food rapidly 3) show little non-feeding behaviour during a meal 4) ingest much food per meal. This period is followed by a static phase during which food intake is somewhat above normal, while the animals show again about normal feeding patterns. Direct observation of the behaviour of solitary mice showed the following: 1) The tendency to sleep has increased permanently and is not related to the occurring obesity. 2) The tendency to climb and to explore the cage has decreased permanently. 3) During a meal non-feeding behaviour occurs rarely. 4) The tendency to groom is not affected. 5) Some (perhaps all) behaviours are less stabile now, as is indicated by the increased occurrence of interruptions. Social behaviour of GTG treated males has been changed drastically as was established by direct observation. It was found that these males, whether or not obese, only rarely fight with other males and that they have a very low tendency to mate. They show a high tendency to flee but on the other hand they often approach the partner although in a very cautious way. However, it was also found that hungry GTG treated mice may fight for their food. This complex change in behaviour patterns of GTG treated mice is discussed briefly and it is concluded that, a. probably the behaviour changes observed are the result of a number of independent effects of the brain lesions, b. the hyperphagia and resulting obesity can be explained largely by a specific lesion in satiety areas of the brain, c. the phenomenon of finickiness, as described by other authors, in the obese animals may be the result of changes in non-feeding behaviour, d. the extreme hunger drive of the dynamic hyperphagic animals may mask signs of finickiness and even enable them to fight for their food, although their aggressiveness in other respects has decreased markedly.
Aggressive Communication By Lar Us Gla Ucescens Part I. Sound Communication
Authors: Stout John F. , Wilcox Carl R. , Creitz Lynn E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe communicative functions of sound production during aggressive activity were studied by playing back the choking, trumpeting, mew, alarm and yelp calls to Larus glaucescens reacting aggressively to a mirror placed within its territory or by measuring the latency of attack on a stuffed model mounted in one of the display postures involved in aggressive activity. Differences between the experimental period with sound playback, and the control period with no sound playback were analyzed statistically by means of paired comparisons t-tests. As the result of these experiments the following conclusions were reached: I. The choking sound would inhibit the entrance of an intruder when produced by the territorial bird, but when produced by the intruder would stimulate the aggressive activity of the territorial resident. 2. The mew call functions similarly to the choking call but probably represents a somewhat lesser degree of aggressiveness. 3. The trumpeting call hastens an attack by a bird outside of its territory when produced within its territory and also stimulates aggressive activity of a bird within its territory, when produced by an intruder. 4. The alarm call inhibits aggressive activity, although it is not a usual part of aggressive activity. 5. The yelp call does not effect aggressive activity.
Étude Descriptive Et Expérimentale Du Comportement De Capture De Ranatra Linearis Au Cours De Son Ontogenèse
Authors: Cloarec Ann 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDiverses phases ont été distinguées lors d'une séquence complète de capture : (I) prise d'intérêt; (II) orientation du corps, puis des pattes prothoraciques; (III) capture proprement dite; (IV) consolidation de la prise; (V) exploration rostrale; (VI) piqûre et succion; (VII) fin du repas. Une étude ontogénétique montre les différences essentielles de comportement de la larve du 1° stade par rapport à celui de l'adulte. Les postures des pattes prothoraciques sont moins nombreuses; la capture se fait à très faible distance sans orientation préalable. Les 2 pattes ravisseuses sont quasi indépendantes. Divers mouvements amenant à la capture sont décrits ainsi que leur évolution au cours de l'ontogenèse. Une partie expérimentale étudie quelques facteurs de causalité de la capture : forme, taille, couleur, lumière, poids, nature, type de mouvement, vitesse et position par rapport à la Ranâtre.
Electrical Emissions in Gymnotus Carapo and Their Relation To Social Behavior
Authors: Valone J.A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. The relation between the social behavior and the electrical emissions of Gymnotus carapo is examined. 2. Members of the species Gymnotus carapo approach certain sources of electrical stimuli and, in a statistically significant number of instances, assume a stance parallel to the plane from which the stimuli originate. 3. The approach and postural responses elicited by electrical cues resemble those observed when two fish, placed in the same tank, interact socially. 4. Electrical cues therefore appear to facilitate certain social interactions in Gymnotus carapo. 5. The character of electrical emission in Gymnotus carapo appears to change as a function of certain social interaction: a. Interaction resembling aggression is accompanied by brief increases in the frequency of emission. b. The increases in frequency appear to be linked to thrusting movements. c. Fish interacting with one another appear to lock into a common frequency more often than fish that are not in physical contact with one another. d. During social interaction, one of the two fish is occasionally observed to halt emissions altogether. 6. The exact significance of the social behavior observed in the context of the life history of Gymnotus carapo is unknown.
Stimuli Eliciting Mating Behaviour of Bumblebee (Bomb Us Pratoruml.) Males
Authors: Free J.B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Males were attracted to queens presented near a visiting place, but usually ignored those offered elsewhere along a flight route. 2. A black object the size of a queen successfully elicited inspection and attempts to mate; the orange and yellow bands on a queen's body and her movements seemed not to do so. 3. The odour of a queen is important in inducing males to alight on her. Odour differences probably account for the greater attractiveness of young than old queens.
Wrats : a Computer Compatible System for Automatically Recording and Transcribing Behavioural Data
Authors: White R.E.C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA new system, combining the advantages of cheap portable recording units with the power of computer analysis, has been described. The recording medium is quarter inch magnetic tape which is used on an ordinary domestic tape recorder. An electronic scanner fitted inside the recorder case accepts up to 40 inputs from a keyboard, which can be of any design, and converts these into a time-multiplexed form suitable for recording on a single track of the tape. The recording process incorporates a check system to detect tape errors, and has a basic time resolution of 0.1 sec. The cost of the components of a complete recording unit (keyboard, tape recorder, scanner) is less than £200; thus, sufficient machines can be available to avoid problems of sharing. Further, a battery powered system could be used for field work, because the way in which information is encoded makes the timing of the system independent of variations in tape speed. A small computer (PDP8/S) is programmed to transcribe the original recordings into permanent condensed form on paper tape by punching information only at times corresponding to changes in the keyboard. Additional programs analyse data from the paper tape transcriptions. Some specialized decoding hardware has been interfaced to the computer to perform the preliminary operations of recovering signals from the tape, in order to reduce the demands on the computer. Transcription time is reduced by replaying tapes at up to eight times the original recording speed and, if necessary, detailed results can be obtained within 30 minutes of completing an experiment.
Behavior of a Captive Population of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs
Authors: Smith W. John , Smith Sharon L. , Oppenheimer Elizabeth C. , De VILLA Jill G. , Ulmer Frederick A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
(I) A colony of black-tailed prairie dogs in the Philadelphia zoo is being used for long term studies of various aspects of social behavior including pattern of social organization, stylized means of communicating, and the effects of individual behavioral differences on communication and social structure. (2) This report deals with the annual cycle of social behavior manifested by the colony during the first three years of study. In gross outline an annual cycle can be described as follows: during the summer most individuals have "friendly" inter-relationships, and little organization is apparent. During autumn the animals gradually band into coterie groups and each group begins to defend a common territory, primarily through a highly ritualized procedure of "challenging" neighbors across a common boundary. By midwinter the adult males are very aggressive. With the advent of the winter breeding season, the females too become aggressive, and some establish territories that may subdivide coterie territories. In spring males and then females gradually become less aggressive, so that by about the time the pups emerge onto the surface the relaxed social relationships typical of summer are developing generally. (3) The shifting pattern of social organization is based on the division of individuals into classes on the basis of sex, age, dominance, and coterie and other bonds, and modified by the considerable inter-individual differencees in what may loosely be called "temperament." (4) Comparisons of the patterns of social organization shown by the zoo prairie dogs with those thus far described in the literature for wild populations show fundamental similarities, although the very high density and lack of opportunity for emigration in the zoo colony have lead to some modifications which are described and discussed. (5) The complexity of the social; organization of the black-tailed prairie dog is unusual for a rodent, and a model is proposed to account for its evolution from more widespread patterns of rodent social behavior. As the model emphasizes the role of the very open grassland habitat of the species in intensifying the natural selection potentially responsible for the evolution of this socal complexity, it suggests that habitat similarities may underlie evolutionary convergences in the social systems of black-tailed prairie dogs and savanna-dwelling primates.
Social Dynamics of Three Captive Wolf Packs
Authors: Fox M.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study probes the intrinsic complexities of the social organization and inter-individual relationships in three captive packs of wolves; behavior profiles of members of two of the packs had been determined earlier during infancy. The effects of removal and reintroduction of dominant and second ranking yearling wolves in two of the packs and of dominant and most subordinate wolves in a third pack were observed. A greater cohensiveness or unity in the higher ranks of the pack, based upon the "tension" effect of attraction-affection and aggression-domination is proposed. The social significance of paradoxical ambivalent aggression and the relationships between active and passive submission and play behavior are discussed.
Parental Behaviour in the Blue Gourami Trichogaster Trichopter Us (Pisces, Belontiidae) and Its Induction During Exposure To Varying Numbers of Conspecific Eggs
Authors: Kramer D.L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. The parental behaviour of the male blue gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus, is described. The principal components of parental care are mouthing and retrieving eggs, and egg-eating inhibition. 2. Males spawning for the first time mouthed or retrieved within 5 sec of their first contact with eggs. The frequency of mouthing approached maximal levels after the first or second spawning act which yielded eggs. 3. Parental behaviour was induced in naive males by presentation of conspecific eggs. 4. The probability of the development of parental behaviour was significantly affected by the number of stimulus eggs presented. 5. In those fish which developed parental behaviour, retrieving usually began suddenly within 0.5-2.5 min of the first contact with the eggs and was then shown consistently. 6. Three of 4 fish tested eventually developed parental behaviour when repeatedly presented with 100 eggs, a stimulus too weak to induce parental behaviour initially.
The Strut Display of Male Sage Grouse: a "Fixed" Action Pattern
Authors: Haven Wiley R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Strut display of male Sage Grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, exemplifies a complex "fixed" action pattern. The display results in the inflation of the male's large esophageal sac, which is then used to produce a strange sound that includes two sharp snaps 0.19 seconds apart. Measurements of the durations of an individual's displays usually yielded a coefficient of variation (C.V.) less than 4%; the most accurate measurements had C.V.'s less than 1%. The intervals between Struts, in contrast, had much higher variability. No geographic differences were detected among three populations in Wyoming and Montana. Nor did the slight differences in the displays of individual adult males have a consistent relation to their successes in mating. First-year males performed their Struts with faster tempo but not with greater variability. The temporal stereotypy in the Strut display approximates or exceeds the stereotypy in passerine songs. Stereotyped motor patterns in vertebrates often subserve communication at long range or between individuals in brief, but biologically crucial, contact with each other. The Strut display exemplifies both of these functions in communication. Stereotyped, complex signals incorporate more redundancy and/or more efficient encoding; they thus enhance the receiver's chances of detecting and correctly interpreting the signal. Reafference that depends on the harmonic properties of moving structures might help to explain both the developmental and physiological stability of this stereotyped motor coordination. Because year-old males' displays show no greater variability than those of older males, the peculiarities of young males' performances probably are not the result of incompletely crystallized neural mechanisms.
Ontogenese Du Comportement De Capture Chez La Larve D'Agrion (Calopteryx Auct.) Splendens Harris (Odonatopteres)
Authors: Caillere Louis 
Published: April 2008

AbstractToutes les séquences décrites chez les larves âgées sont observées chez les larves du premier stade. Un comportement exploratoire intense caractérise ces dernières, chaque séquence se déroulant assez lentement; de plus, seule la séquence de déplacement est facultative. Au fur et à mesure de la croissance, et à partir du stade 6, on constate que: - la mobilité antennaire augmente, - l'enchaînement des séquences se perfectionne (diminution de la durée du cycle de capture, suppression de séquences comme l'exploration). En outre, ou peut définir, en ce qui concerne la réactivité des larves vis-à-vis des leurres, un diamètre liminaire inférieur, en dessous duquel le leurre laisse les larves plus ou moins indifférentes et au-dessus duquel le leurre devient attractif, et un diamètre liminaire supérieur dont l'effet provoque des réactions de fuite. Au cours de l'ontogenèse, la distance maximale de détection antennaire ou tarsale augmente régulièrement en fonction du diamètre du leurre. Pour chaque antenne, le volume de perception a la forme d'un ellipsoïde dont le grand axe coïncide avec l'axe de l'antenne. Au stade 7, se situe l'achèvement d'un phénomène mis en évidence lors de la stimulation à distance des différents tarses: cette stimulation est suivie, chez les jeunes larves, du décrochement de la patte correspondante, avant que les extrémités antennaires entrent en contact avec le leurre. Progressivement, la fréquence des décrochements diminue. Finalement le tarse reste à la même place au cours de sa stimulation, et sert de pivot lors de la rotation. L'ajustement de la capture s'effectue rapidement dans la mesure où les mouvements d'orientation de l'animal sont exacts et précis. Comme les réactions des larves deviennent plus rapides au cours de l'ontogenèse, que la séquence d'exploration peut être supprimée, et que la précision des mouvements d'orientation augmente, on suppose la mise en œuvre, au cours de la vie larvaire, de processus de maturation du système nerveux et du système musculaire.
A Computer Compatible Multi-Purpose Event Recorder
Authors: Fernald Russell D. , Heinecke Peter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe describe a multi-mode event recorder for registering behavioral events directly on a punched paper tape. The paper tape produced can be read by any computer equipped with a paper tape reader. For paper tape with an 8-bit code, 256 different events can be registered. The device itself can be operated in any one of four modes. In the first mode, pressing a key on the keyboard results in a unique code (hole combination) being punched on the paper tape. In the second mode of operation, a sequentially increasing number ("time") is punched automatically at preset intervals. In addition, other codes may be entered via the keyboard. A time punch may thus be used to signal that an observation should be entered from the keyboard. In the third mode, the machine punches, at regular intervals, the code of the key currently depressed. In mode 4, external events are counted for a given time interval and the sum punched onto the tape at the end of the interval. With each punch, the sum is reset to zero. The paper tapes produced are read directly and the data processed according to the program. This results in a great reduction in the time necessary to process data. The system is compared with other devices which use magnetic tape as an intermediate storage device. The main advantage of this system is the time saved in processing data.
Examination of Agonistic Behavior By Character Analysis Ii. Hermit Crabs
Authors: Hazlett Brian A. , Estabrook George F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
1. The communications systems of two species of hermit crab were analysed by character analysis. It was found that rough estimates of the amount of information transmitted by displays during an agonistic interaction could be obtained from just 100 fights. However, the values obtained for amount of information transferred tended to be distinctly higher than the values obtained from analysis of 500 fight samples. 2. Unexpected dips in the rate of information transfer seen in analyses of variable length fight samples were largely eliminated by analysing fights of defined length. 3. In all analyses, the amount of information transmitted from crab to crab was lower at the beginning of fights, rose to rather high levels (40-50% uncertainty reduction) in the middle of fights, and at the end of fights, the absolute values decreased while the relative levels of uncertainty reduction increased. 4. From analysis of fights categorized by whether the initiator or responding crab won the fight, it appears that the eventual winners of fights alter their behavior more relative to the behavior patterns shown by the eventual loser than vice versa. This was true for all phases of interactions.
The Vocalizations of Some Hybrid Treefrogs: Acoustic and Behavioral Analyses
Authors: Carl Gerhardt H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe vocalizations of natural hybrids between various species of treefrogs (Hylidae) are compared with the vocalizations of the parental species : 1. In most respects, the calls of two males of H. avivoca X H. chrysoscelis and of six males of H. cinerea X H. gratiosa are intermediate. 2. The vocalizations of three males of H. femoralis X H. clarysoscelis tend to be similar to those of males of H. chrysoscelis. 3. The calls of each of the hybrids are composed, however, of some features which are intermediate, some which are similar to one of the parental species, and others which are unique to hybrid calls. Differentiation of the calls of males of H. avivoca, H. chrysoscelis, H. femoralis, and hybrids in this group is mainly in the temporal domain. Females of H. chrysoscelis and H. femoralis responded only to the calls of males of their own species in discrimination experiments where hybrid calls were alternative stimuli. The calls of males of H. cinerea, H. gratiosa and hybrids between these two differ primarily in their spectral composition : the two spectral peaks have different locations in each kind of call. In discrimination experiments, females of H. gratiosa responded only to conspecific calls when the calls of hybrids were equally accessible. Females of H. cinerea showed partial discrimination against the calls of hybrids. Females of both kinds often responded to the calls of hybrids when conspecific signals were unavailable. In general, the closer the spectrum of a natural call resembled that of conspecific calls, the more attractive was the acoustic signal.
Prior Exposure To Light and Pecking Accuracy in Chicks
Authors: Vauclair J. , Bateson P.P.G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo groups of day-old domestic chicks were exposed to constant white light for one hour. Chicks in one group were socially isolated but unrestrained; the others were unable to move their heads. Later the accuracy of their pecking at millet seed was compared with chicks kept in the dark up to the time of testing. The unrestrained chicks exposed to light were markedly more accurate than the dark-reared birds. The restrained chicks were intermediate in performance between the other two groups hitting seeds more frequently than the dark group but missing more and picking up and swallowing less than the unrestrained Light group. The effects of light on pecking accuracy are interpreted primarily in terms of non-specific stimulation of the visual pathways.
Individual Distance in the Hermit Crabs Clibanarius Tricolor and Clibanarius Antillensis
Authors: Hazlett Brian A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe distances at which individual hermit crabs (Clibanarius tricolor and C. antillensis) showed agonistic behavior patterns was recorded after the animals had been held at one of two densities for a week. 1) Behavior patterns differed significantly in the average distance of separation when they were executed. 2) For almost all patterns, there was considerable variability in the distances at which they were shown. 3) Part of this variance in distances was due to the behavior of the other crab. 4) Density treatment affected the distances at which behavior patterns were shown, the crabs held at the lower density having greater distances. Apparently as a result, lower density crabs lost more interactions. 5) The distances at which behavior patterns were shown were not correlated with either absolute or relative size of the acting crab. 6) Comparison of distances in intraspecific and interspecific interactions indicated very similar behavior in the two species, except that C. antillensis was not as clearly affected by the density treatment.