bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SERFIS: A METHODOLOGY FOR MAKING MULTI‐HERBARIA SPECIMEN DATABASES A REALITY
Authors: Macrander A. Michael , Haynes Robert R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Southeastern Regional Floral Information System (SERFIS), a multi‐institutional specimen‐based database, is being developed at the University of Alabama. At maturity, it will contain full label data for specimens housed in the nearly 120 herbaria of the southeastern United States. Specimen labels are photographed with still frame video cameras. Each label image is recorded digitally to disk on a microcomputer. These label images are viewed by trained data entry personnel and keyed into HERB, the SERFIS data management system. In the process of developing this regional database, institutional databases are being established at each participating herbarium to provide computerized collection management capabilities within each. The resultant SERFIS database is to be managed as a research resource for systematic and conservation investigations.
HAGSTRÖM'S CONCEPT OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN POTAMOGETON L. (POTAMOGETONACEAE)
Authors: Les Donald H. , Sheridan Donna J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHagström's concepts of relationships in Potamogeton, as reflected by the subgeneric, sectional, and subsectional divisions in his classification of the genus are investigated by reconstruction of an evolutionary “tree” deduced from phylogenetic inferences stated in his monograph. These relationships are explored in the context of results from phenetic and cladistic numerical analyses performed using characters taken from the Hagström monograph that are scored for 26 subsections. The Hagström classification represents an amalgam of phenetic and cladistic interpretations and the hierarchy does not depict accurately fundamental evolutionary relationships indicated by numerical analyses. Recommendations are provided for developing and testing evolutionary hypotheses that are independent of relationships inferred by this long‐standing but problematic classification.
A re‐examination of Sanango racemosum. 2. Vegetative and floral anatomy
Authors: Dickison William C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDickison, W. C: A re‐examination of Sanango racemosum. 2. Vegetative and floral anatomy. – Taxon 43: 601‐618. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A study of floral and vegetative anatomy of the woody, monotypic Amazonian genus Sanango was undertaken in an attempt to help clarify the relationships of the genus. Detailed descriptions of leaf, stem, nodal, wood, and floral anatomy are presented. Wood is characterized by a combination of solitary and grouped vessels with elements having few‐barred scalariform perforation plates, imperforate tracheary elements with very reduced pit borders, exceptionally tall and broad heterocellular rays, and vasicentric axial parenchyma. Of special interest is the presence in Sanango of a very uncommon multilacunar nodal structure having split‐lateral traces. Stems possess cortical vascular bundles. Leaf stornata are anisocytic and distributed in clusters on the undersurface of the lamina. Anatomical evidences suggest that Sanango is most closely related to the Scrophulariales, sharing many important features with me Gesneriaceae.
Greguss's morphogenera of homoxylous fossil woods: a taxonomic and nomenclatural review
Authors: Philippe Marc , Zijlstra Gea , Barbacka Maria 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPhilippe, M., Zijlstra, G. & Barbacka, M.: Greguss's morphogenera of homoxylous fossil woods: a taxonomic and nomenclatural review. – Taxon 48: 667‐676. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Greguss proposed several generic names for homoxylous woods in the 1950s and 1960s. Several are, however, not validly published or fall into synonymy. The present review is based on the re‐examination of the original material and protologues. The new combination Agathoxylon parenchymatosum is proposed as a consequence of such re‐examination.
On the typification of Selaginella novae‐hollandiae (Selaginellaceae)
Authors: Korall Petra , Karis Per Ola 
Published: April 2006

SummaryKorall, P. & Karis, P. O.: On the typification of Selaginella novae‐hollandiae (Selaginellaceae). ‐ Taxon 50: 841–844. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The holotype of Selaginella novae‐hollandiae is located, and the history of the original material is discussed.
Lectotypification of Diospyros cayennensis A. DC. (Ebenaceae)
Authors: Wallnöfer Bruno 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWallnöfer, B.: Lectotypification of Diospyros cayennensis A. DC. (Ebenaceae). ‐ Taxon 50: 887–889. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The lectotype of Diospyros cayennensis A. DC. (Ebenaceae) is designated here as a specimen collected by J. Martin in French Guiana. As a result, D. cayennensis becomes the correct name for what has been known as D. ierensis Britton.
Viburnales: cytological features and a new circumscription
Authors: Benko‐Iseppon Ana Maria , Morawetz Wilfried 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBenko‐Iseppon, A. M. & Morawetz, W.: Viburnales: cytological features and a new circumscription. – Taxon 49: 5‐16. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Cytological studies carried out in 98 species (22 genera out of eight families: Caprifoliaceae, Sambucaceae, Viburnaceae, Adoxaceae, Valerianaceae, Dipsacaceae, Morinaceae, and Calyceraceae) of the Dipsacales s.l. and the eventually related families Cornaceae, and Hydrangeaceae point to a very close relationship between the Viburnaceae, Sambucaceae and Adoxaceae, corroborating the inclusion of these families into an order different from the Dipsacales, namely the Viburnales. Many cytological features shared by these families differ strongly from the Dipsacales s.str., especially (1) chromosome size and morphology, (2) the presence of cold induced chromosome regions (CIRs), (3) interphase nuclear structure, and (4) chromosome condensing behaviour at prophase. Cornaceae and Hydrangeaceae present similar interphase nuclei, but differ from the Viburnales by other karyomorphological characters. The results are discussed with respect to previous morphological, embryological, and molecular findings.
Deep phylogenetic relationships among “plants” and their implications for classification
Authors: Mishler Brent D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMishler, B. D.: Deep phylogenetic relationships among “plants” and their implications for classification. – Taxon 49: 661–683. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.There has been tremendous recent progress in understanding the relationships of plants, due to two different advances, whose cumulative impact has been great. One advance is theoretical and methodological—a revolution in how any sort of data can be used to reconstruct phylogenies. The other is empirical—the sudden availability of copious new data from the DNA level. This review briefly sets these advances in their historical context, then covers both as to their promise and problems. An important distinction between “shallow” and “deep” phylogenetic studies is developed, and morphological and molecular data are compared as potential phylogenetic markers in that context. Recent results on relationships of plants in general and green plants in particular are then considered. Future directions for classification, particularly the need for rank‐free taxonomy, are also discussed in light of the rapidly improving resolution of plant relationships.
Lectotypification of Hypochaeris leontodontoides and other notes on the Hypochaeris laevigata group (Asteraceae)
Authors: de Mera Antonio Galán , Orellana José Alfredo Vicente 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGalán de Mera, A. & Vicente Orellana, J. A.: Lectotypification of Hypochaeris leontodontoides and other notes on the Hypochaeris laevigata group (Asteraceae). ‐ Taxon 47: 115–116. 1998.‐ISSN 0040‐0262.Hypochaeris leontodontoides is here lectotypified by a specimen in the Ball collection in London (BM). Some systematic and nomenclatural aspects of the taxa of the H. laevigata group are discussed.
On the evolutionary origins of the cacti
Authors: Hershkovitz Mark A. , Zimmer Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHershkovitz, M. A. & Zimmer, E. A.: On the evolutionary origins of the cacti. – Taxon 46: 217‐232. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Understanding evolutionary responses of plants to desert environments depends upon phylogenetic knowledge of desert plants. The diverse American desert family Cactaceae has been presumed, on the basis of distinctiveness, to be phylogenetically isolated and relatively ancient (> 65 million years old). Using maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses of the rapidly evolving internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), we show that the cacti are phylogenetically nested among other aridity‐adapted lineages of the angiosperm family Portulacaceae. The ITS divergence between pereskioid cacti and the genus Talinum (Portulacaceae) is less than that between many Portulacaceae genera. Synthesis of the ITS data with morphological and chloroplast DNA evidence suggests an origin of cacti in mid‐Tertiary, C. 30 million years ago, and a later Tertiary diversification coincident with development of the American desert. This, in turn, implies that the diversification rate in cacti was much higher than in their nearest relatives. The present results illustrate the central role of phylogenetic reconstruction in ecological and evolutionary theory.
Recircumscription of theLecythidaceae
Authors: Morton Cynthia M. , Prance Ghillean T. , Mori Scott A. , Thorburn Lucy G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMorton, C. M., Prance, G. T., Mori, S. A. & Thorburn, L. G. : Recircumscription of theLecythidaceae.– Taxon 47: 817‐827. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The phylogenetic relationships of the genera ofLecythidaceaeand representatives ofScytopetalaceaewere assessed using cladistic analysis of both molecular (rbcL andtrnL sequences) and morphological data. The results show that the pantropical familyLecythidaceaeis paraphyletic. Support was found for the monophyly of three of the four subfamilies:Lecythidoideae, Planehonioideae,andFoetidioideae.The fourth subfamily,Napoleonaeoideae,was found to be paraphyletic, with members of theScytopetalaceaebeing nested within it forming a strong clade withAsteranthos.Both families share a number of morphological features, including several distinct characters such as cortical bundles in the stem. The combined analysis produced three trees of 471 steps and consistency index CI = 0.71 and retention index RI = 0.70.Asteranthosand members ofScytopetalaceaeshould be treated as a subfamily ofLecythidaceae,whileNapoleonaeaandCrateranthus(the latter based solely on morphological features) should remain in the subfamilyNapoleonaeoideae.TheLecythidaceaeare recircumscribed, andAsteranthosand members ofScytopetalaceaeare included inScytopetaloideae.A formal taxonomic synopsis accommodating this new circumscription is presented.
Aucher‐Eloy's plant specimens from the Immamat of Muscat
Authors: Ghazanfar Shahina A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGhazanfar, S. A.: Aucher‐Eloy's plant specimens from the Immamat of Muscat. – Taxon 45: 609‐626. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Aucher‐Eloy was the first to make a comprehensive collection of plants from northern Oman (then called the Immamat of Muscat). He collected mainly in the northern mountains and foothills during March and April 1838. These as well as his other collections from the Orient served as one of the main sources of information for Boissier's Flora orientalis, still a standard reference work for the flora of south‐west Asia. Aucher‐Eloy's collection from Oman is listed here insofar as specimens have been located in the herbaria at Paris, Geneva, and Kew. Identifications of the 143 species thus listed are revised. Collecting locations and a complete itinerary are reconstructed with the help of Aucher‐Eloy's published journal and his unpublished field note‐book (at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris).
Adapted to the rain forest floor: a remarkable new dwarfCoffea (Rubiaceae)from Lower Guinea (tropical Africa)
Authors: Stoffelen Piet , Robbrecht Elmar , Smets Erik 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStoffelen, P., Robbrecht, E. & Smets, E.: Adapted to the rain forest floor: a remarkable new dwarfCoffea (Rubiaceae)from Lower Guinea (tropical Africa). – Taxon 46: 37‐47. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.On the occasion of a taxonomic revision of western and central African herbarium material ofCoffea, a new Lower Guinean species was discovered in the unnamed material. It is here described and namedC. magnistipula.Several unusual features are discussed. The species is a monocaulous woody dwarf, such as one otherCoffeaspecies, the Upper GuineanC. humilis, but is peculiar in having adventitious roots on the stem and very large stipules which with the leaf‐bases form debris‐collecting cups. These adaptations presumably allow extra uptake of water and nutrients. As usual inCoffea, the calyx is reduced; inC. magnistipula, it is ‘replaced’ by a well developed bracteolar calyculus, resulting in a flower with a ‘pseudo‐superior’ ovary.C. magnistipulahas a distribution which is micro‐disjunct; it occurs in three postulated Ice Age refuge areas of the tropical African rain forest, viz. the Crystal Mountains and the Chaillu Massif in Gabon and the South Cameroon Plateau.
Arsenal for survival: secondary plant products
Authors: Harborne Jeffrey B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHarborne, J. B.: Arsenal for survival: secondary plant products. ‐ Taxon 49: 435–449. 2000.‐ISSN 0040‐0262.The rise and fall over the first fifty years of plant chemosystematics, employing secondary products, is outlined here. The retention of some degree of activity in this field is recommended, especially with the flavonoids that are of universal occurrence. This is not only to further refine systems of plant classification below the family level, but also to map the still largely uncharted territory of bioactive metabolites in plants. Almost every plant species has a unique collection of secondary constituents distributed throughout its tissues, a proportion of which is likely to respond positively to an appropriate medical bioassay. The success of the chemosystematic approach to the search for a renewable source of taxol, the anti‐cancer drug from Taxus brevifolia, is described.
Cytology and cytogenetics as a fundamental taxonomic resource for the 20th and 21st centuries
Authors: Stace Clive A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStace, C. A.: Cytology and cytogenetics as a fundamental taxonomic resource for the 20th and 21st centuries. ‐ Taxon 49: 451–477. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The status of cytological and cytogenetic data as evidence of value in taxonomic decisionmaking and biosystematic investigations over the past 50 years is surveyed. The main headings considered are chromosome number, genome size, chromosome morphology, chromosome staining characteristics, chromosome and genome disposition in the cell, and chromosome behaviour and homology. The main conclusions are that many of the exciting new developments at the borders of cytogenetics and molecular biology (molecular cytogenetics) are producing a wealth of new data of enormous taxonomic and evolutionary importance, but that for these to reach their full impact it is essential that they are fully integrated with traditional cytological data, the need for which remains as great as ever.
Lectotypification of names of Linnaean species of Scorzonera and Geropogon (Compositae, Lactuceae)
Authors: de la Guardia C. Díaz , Blanca G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDíaz de la Guardia, C. & Blanca, G.: Lectotypification of names of Linnaean species of Scorzonera and Geropogon (Compositae, Lactuceae). – Taxon 46: 759‐762. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Lectotypes are designated for Scorzonera hirsuta, S. purpurea, S. tomentosa, Leontodon lanatus [currently S. lanata], and Geropogon hirsutus.
Evolution and the genetic analysis of populations: 1950–2000
Authors: Bachmann Konrad 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBachmann, K.: Evolution and the genetic analysis of populations: 1950–2000. – Taxon 50: 7–45. 2001. – ISSN 0040–0262.Population genetics had played a key role in the fusion of Mendelian genetics and Darwinian natural selection into the Synthetic Theory of Evolution. The realization that all basic processes of evolution occur in or among populations suggested that evolutionary processes at all levels could be extrapolated from observations on living populations. In plants, an active tradition in ecological genetics had prepared the ground for the Synthesis, and the new initiative of “biosystematics” made full use of experimental and analytical techniques for systematics, especially at the level of species. This development got caught up in the “hardening of the Synthesis”, the defensive persistence on a simplified core theory in the face of challenges from known facts and new discoveries, especially in molecular genetics. Enzyme electrophoresis was the first molecular method to be introduced into population biology. The new results revealed unexpectedly high levels of variation within populations and precipitated discussion about the selective neutrality of protein polymorphisms. This discussion distracted attention from the population genetic basis of organismic evolution. Together with the widespread adoption of molecular marker methods at the expense of other approaches, population genetics was in danger of losing its central relevance and its variety of experimental approaches. Since the end of the 1970s, calls for new initiatives have drawn attention to the importance of historical contingency in evolution, especially in the form of developmental constraints. A population genetic application of these ideas initially faced immense technical problems. A succession of new molecular marker systems suitable for the genetic analysis of populations added new resolving power, but introduced new problems with the inference of processes from basically static and descriptive data. Only very recently, methods have advanced to the point that molecular markers can help in the experimental analysis of morphological and physiological evolution. The coming challenge will be to adapt results from detailed analyses of individual plants to broadly comparative population genetic studies. The accumulated new insights of the last 50 years show that the pervasive influence of historical contingency has non–trivial consequences for evolutionary biology and taxonomy. These are strikingly exemplified by a completely changed picture of genome structure and evolution. The time seems to be right for a paradigm shift in evolutionary biology.
The biological reality of species: gene flow, selection, and collective evolution
Authors: Rieseberg Loren H. , Burke John M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRieseberg, L. H. & Burke, J. M.: The biological reality of species: gene flow, selection, and collective evolution. – Taxon 50: 47–67. – ISSN 0040–0262.Some authors have claimed that species are passive end products of evolution and thus not substantially different than higher taxa. This claim is based on reports that (1) levels of intraspecific gene flow may be too low to account for species' integration, and (2) populations are likely to diverge rather than evolve in parallel when exposed to uniform selection pressures. These conclusions are premature. A review of the plant literature reveals that there is sufficient gene flow to enable the efficient spread of strongly favourable alleles (s> 0.05), the most likely agents of collective evolution. Moreover, estimates ofsfor major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are sufficiently large to enable their spread across the range of a species, although minor QTLs seem more likely to evolve locally. In addition, evidence that intraspecific variation in genetic background affects the response of alleles to selection is rare, but examples of parallel genotypic evolution are becoming increasingly common. We conclude that, as traditionally believed, species are the most inclusive entities that directly participate in evolutionary processes. However, we also note that the traditional role of gene flow as a force that constrains differentiation due to genetic drift or local adaptation has been over‐emphasised relative to its creative role as a mechanism for the spread of advantageous mutations.
50 years of plant speciation
Authors: Levin Donald A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLevin, D. A.: 50 years of plant speciation. – Taxon 50: 69–91. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.During the past fifty years our understanding of plant speciation has exploded due to the application of molecular techniques and to creative thinking and ingenious experiments. Some of the major advances regarding adaptive radiation, the lability of ecologically relevant traits, genetical and chromosomal changes associated with speciation, the tempo of speciation, recombinational speciation, and the geography of speciation are reviewed. It is apparent that the process of speciation may, but need not be, dependent on a small number of genetic and/or chromosomal changes and that speciation may occur rapidly, even without polyploidy. Speciation likely is a local phenomenon most likely involving a few local populations or a metapopulation. Polyploid taxa are dynamic entities, often by virtue of multiple origins and intragenome changes and intergenome rearrangements. The rate of evolution remains one of the most untractable issues.
Natural hybridisation and fitness
Authors: Arnold Michael L. , Kentner Edward K. , Johnston Jill A. , Cornman Scott , Bouck Amy C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryArnold, M. L., Kentner, E. K., Johnston, J. A., Cornman, S. & Bouck, A. C.: Natural hybridisation and fitness. – Taxon 50: 93–104. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.There are several inferences that can be made from studies of the fitness of hybrid plants and animals. First, the fitness of hybrids varies. However, it is not possible to make a priori predictions concerning the relative fitness of a given hybrid genotype, or a series of genotypes. For example, plant hybrids are not more likely to have elevated fitness than animal hybrids. The variation in fitness for hybrids ranges from the highest fitness relative to parental genotypes to the lowest. The variation can be due to different environments or age classes. Furthermore, notwithstanding the paradigm that derived from the Neo‐Darwinian synthesis, some hybrid genotypes demonstrate elevated fitness relative to their parents.To test the evolutionary importance of hybridisation in a given species complex, it is critical that findings from greenhouse/population cage experiments be tested in the field. This latter statement is easier for a botanist to argue, but even with plants, the field experimentation needed for a rigorous test of fitness (i.e., reciprocal transplants) is at the best risky, and costly in time and resources. Yet, these are the types of studies needed to test predictions concerning the likeliest circumstances under which hybridisation will be promoted.The scientific literature over the past decade has seen a change in the tenor of papers describing natural hybridisation. Ten years ago, papers more often than not reported the use of natural hybridisation as a tool to understand divergent evolution. More recently, a majority of studies have discussed the evolutionary impact of natural hybridisation. We look forward to a continued increase in the frequency of studies that assume this process to have evolutionary importance per se.