bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A sliding‐window weighted linkage disequilibrium test
Authors: Yang Hsin‐Chou , Lin Chin‐Yu , Fann Cathy S.J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMultilocus linkage disequilibrium (LD) tests that consider inter‐marker (LD) are more powerful than single‐locus tests when disease etiology is contributed simultaneously by several linked and correlated loci. However, inclusion of redundant non‐informative markers may result in reduced testing power and/or inflated false‐positive rate, therefore selection of proper marker sets is important in such tests. We introduce a unified LD test based on a convenient marker‐selection procedure (sliding window) combined with an adjustment approach (marker weighting) to dilute the impact of nuisance markers on tests. The proposed procedure includes several conventional p‐value combination methods as its special cases. Simulation studies were performed to evaluate the impact of inclusion of nuisance markers and performance of the procedure. The results showed that testing power was often inversely proportional to the quantity of nuisance markers. Among a class of p‐value combination methods, the product p‐value method had the highest testing power. P‐value truncation somewhat reduced the testing power but controlled the false‐positive rate well. Compared with conventional unweighted approaches, the weighted strategy alleviated the false‐positive rate and/or increased testing power when nuisance markers were included. Analyses of two authentic data sets for psoriasis and Alzheimer's disease using our proposed method confirmed previous findings. Genet. Epidemiol. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical and histochemical findings favoring the occurrence of autocrine/paracrine as well as nerve‐related cholinergic effects in chronic painful patellar tendon tendinosis
Authors: Danielson Patrik , Alfredson Håkan , Forsgren Sture 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe pathogenesis of the pain in patellar tendon tendinosis (“jumper's knee”) is unclear. We have recently presented new information about the sensory nervous system in the human patellar tendon, but there is very little information regarding the possible occurrence of a cholinergic system in this tendon. In the present study, specimens of pain‐free normal tendons and chronically painful tendinosis tendons were examined by different immunohistochemical and histochemical methods. Antibodies against the M2receptor, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) were applied, and staining for demonstration of activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was also utilized. It was found that immunoreactions for the M2receptor could be detected intracellularly in both blood vessel cells and tenocytes, especially in tendinosis specimens. Furthermore, in the tendinosis specimens, some tenocytes were seen to exhibit immunoreaction for ChAT and VAChT. AChE reactions were seen in fine nerve fibers associated with small blood vessels in both the normal control tendons and the tendinosis tendons. The observations suggest that there is both a nerve related and a local cholinergic system in the human patellar tendon. As ChAT and VAChT immunoreactions were detected in tenocytes of tendinosis tendons, these cells might be a source of local acetylcholine (Ach) production. As both tenocytes and blood vessel cells were found to exhibit immunoreactions for the M2receptor, it is likely that both of these tissue cells may be influenced by ACh. Thus, in conclusion, there appears to be an upregulation of the cholinergic system, and an occurrence of autocrine/paracrine effects in this system, in the tendinosis patellar tendon. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Should ovarian cryopreservation be offered to girls with cancer
Authors: Weintraub Michael , Gross Eitan , Kadari Avishag , Ravitsky Vardit , Safran Anat , Laufer Neri , Revel Ariel 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCurrent therapy of childhood cancer makes long‐term survival a realistic outcome for most patients. However, some treatment regimens entail a significant risk of infertility. No established method for preservation of female fertility is currently available. Ovarian cryopreservation is an experimental technology that is being offered with increasing frequency to women undergoing cancer therapy. It has not yet been reported in children and adolescent girls. The aim of this review is to stimulate discussion on the possibility of performing ovarian cryopreservation in pre‐menarcheal girls in advance of therapies that may induce ovarian failure. We present a multi‐disciplinary discussion of the risks and benefits associated with the procedure and propose guidelines for its implementation. We propose that all girls about to receive treatment that has a high risk for infertility be offered consultation about the possibility of ovarian cryopreservation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:4–9. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐adaptive routing protocols for integrating cellular networks, WLANs, and MANETs
Authors: Cavalcanti Dave , Cordeiro Carlos , Kumar Anup , Agrawal Dharma P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA growing need to have ubiquitous connectivity has motivated our research to provide continuous connection between various wireless platforms such as cellular networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs), and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In this paper, we consider integration at the routing layer and propose two adaptable routing protocols (IRP‐RD and IRP‐PD) that exploit topology information stored at the fixed network components (cellular base stations and WLAN access points) for the route discovery and maintenance processes. Our proposed protocols can provide connectivity to the cellular network and/or WLAN hotspots through multihop routing, while differ in the gateway discovery approach used. In IRP‐RD, multihop routes to gateways to the cellular network or WLAN hot spots are discovered on demand, while in IRP‐PD out of coverage users proactively maintain routes to the gateways. Furthermore, proposed protocols can be used in any heterogeneous scenario, combining a cellular network and WLANs operating in infrastructure or ad hoc (MANET) mode. We provide simulation results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed integrated routing protocols and show the advantages and drawbacks of each gateway discovery approach in different heterogeneous scenarios. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Australian Aborigines and alcohol: a review
Authors: KAHN MARVIN W. , HUNTER ERNEST , HEATHER NICK , TEBBUTT JENNIFER 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFollowing a summary of the relevant historical and legislative background, this article reviews the literature on: (i) rates of alcohol usage and problem drinking in Aboriginal populations; (ii) adverse effects of drinking; (iii) suggested causes of problem drinking among Aborigines; and (iv) treatment and preventive initiatives. The need to examine Aboriginal alcohol use in the wider context of socio‐economic deprivation and rapid social change is emphasized. Key issues warranting further research attention are identified and, while recognizing the difficulties inherent in doing so, suggestions are made as to how the quality of research in the area might be raised. It is concluded that, without long‐term planning and commitment of the necessary resources by government, little progress will be made in reducing the problems associated with Aboriginal use of alcohol.
Drug use patterns in Northern Territory Aboriginal communities 1986–1987
Authors: FLEMING JILLIAN , WATSON CAROL , MCDONALD DAVID , ALEXANDER KERRYN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDuring April to November 1986 and May to October 1987, a systematic survey of patterns of use of alcohol, kava, tobacco and analgesics by Northern Territory Aboriginal people aged 15 years and older was conducted. The objectives of the study were to ascertain the prevalence of drug use, the frequency of drug use and the quantity of drugs used. In addition, information about Aboriginal people's perceptions of the drugs, their beliefs about drug use and the value of drugs in their culture was collected. This paper describes only the quantitative aspects of drug use of this population. A stratified sampling procedure was used to sample 10 per cent of the target population. Using two survey instruments, an individual questionnaire and a group questionnaire, data were gathered from 1764 Aboriginal people living in the Northern Territory. As a whole, the Northern Territory Aboriginal people have a drug consumption pattern quite distinct from urban Australians.
Reductions in HIV risk behaviour and stable HIV prevalence in syringe‐exchange clients and other injectors in England
Authors: DOLAN KATE A. , STIMSON GERRY V. , DONOGHOE MARTIN C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSyringe‐exchange attenders (n = 86) and a comparison group of injectors not attending exchanges (n = 121) were recruited and interviewed in 1989 to examine HIV risk behaviour and HIV antibody status. In 1990, 59% of attenders and 50% of non‐attenders were re‐contacted and re‐interviewed to examine changes over time. Re‐interviewed subjects did not differ demographically or in drug use from those not re‐interviewed. At first interview, all were injecting, and 35% of attenders and 42% of non‐attenders reported recent syringe‐sharing. One year later, levels of HIV‐risk were similar for both groups, but risk reduction had been achieved by different routes. At Time 2, 16% of attenders were injecting and sharing (IS), 70% injecting and not sharing (INS), and 14% not injecting (NI), compared to non‐attenders, 22% IS, 47% INS and 31% NI. Attenders were more likely to continue injecting (86%) with low sharing (18% of those still injecting). Non‐attenders were less likely to continue injecting (69%), but continuing injectors had higher sharing rates (32% of those still injecting). More non‐attenders than attenders stopped injecting, but non‐attenders who continued to inject were at a higher risk of HIV infection than attenders who continued to inject. Baseline HIV prevalence was 2.5% and there were no sero conversions. The levels of sharing for both groups were lower than levels in the UK before HIV prevention programmes commenced and are lower than 1990 sharing rates in the USA. The study indicates the importance of tracking individual change over time, and of measuring outcomes additional to changes in sharing.
Relationships between sensation seeking and use of caffeine, alcohol and cigarettes by New Zealand university students
Authors: HUGHES ROBERT N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractForm V of Zuckerman's Senation‐Seeking Scale (SSS) was completed by a sample of psychology undergraduate students along with a questionnaire relating to their regular consumption of caffeinated and alcoholic beverages, and use of cigarettes. While there were no gender differences in the use of caffeine and cigarettes, men reported consuming nearly twice as much alcohol per week as women. Use of alcohol (but not caffeine or cigarettes) was positively related to sensation seeking in the form of thrill and adventure seeking, and boredom susceptibility for men, and disinhibition for both genders. Women generally achieved lower SSS scores than men. For both genders, caffeine use was positively related to cigarette, but not alcohol use. There were no relationships between the use of cigarettes and alcohol.
HIV prevalence among IDUs in Australia: a methodological review
Authors: KALDOR J. M. , ELFORD J. , WODAK A. , CROFTS J. N. , KIDD S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA review was carried out of Australian studies which have measured the prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users (IDUs). The review considered published studies which had reported on serologically‐determined HIV prevalence. There were five studies reported from specialized sexually‐transmissible disease of HIV clinics, five studies reported from health services aimed at IDUs, three studies reported from other health services and one multi‐centre behavioural study. The main findings from the studies were that HIV prevalence in IDUs has been low in Australia, apart from in male IDUs who also had homosexual contact. HIV prevalence ranged from 20 to 24% in male IDUs reporting homosexual contact and from 0 to 5% in other IDUs.The studies, while reflecting a range of research methodologies, are subject to a number of limitations. Most of the studies did not provide detailed analyses of HIV prevalence by age and sex or behavioural factors, and several studies used sampling frames which were not clearly defined. There is little available information on temporal trends in seroprevalence and geographical comparisons are rendered difficult by differences in the study methodology. Adoption of standardized, continuing seroprevalence surveys on IDUs would provide a better means of monitoring the occurrence of HIV infection in this group, which has been a key determinant of the course of the HIV epidemic in a number of Western countries.
Alcohol and drug treatments in Australian correctional services
Authors: WESTMORE BRUCE , WALTER GARRY 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA comprehensive literature review on the subject of drug and alcohol treatments in correctional services reveals the size of the drug and alcohol problem within the prison population and reconfirms the positive correlation between drugs, alcohol and criminal activity. Disturbingly few comprehensive ongoing assessment and treatment services are available for the prison population. Special drug and alcohol‐related issues such as HIV and hepatitis B infection, and high drug‐related postrelease prisoner mortality rates demand an urgent review of the policies and procedures concerning the assessment and treatment of drug and alcohol problems in correctional facilities.
Methadone maintenance treatment in prisons: The New South Wales Experience
Authors: HALL WAYNE , WARD JEFF , MATTICK RICHARD 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper uses the New South Wales experience with methadone maintenance treatment in prison to address the question: should methadone maintenance treatment be provided in Australian prisons for opioid‐dependent prisoners? First, it outlines three rationales for providing drug dependence treatment in prisons: as a way of giving prisoners access to community‐based forms of drug treatment in the prison setting; as a measure to reduce recidivism in opioid‐dependent prisoners; and as a measure to prevent the transmission of HIV and other infectious diseases within prisons, and to the sexual partners of prisoners on their release. Secondly, it reviews the kind of research evidence that supports the effectiveness of community‐based methadone maintenance treatment in Australia. Thirdly, the effectiveness of the New South Wales Prison Methadone Programme, one of the few prison‐based methadone programmes in the world, is evaluated in the light of the available research evidence.
Alcohol and the elderly: an overlooked phenomenon in the literature in developing countries—the Israeli case
Authors: WEISS SHOSHANA 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper provides a review and critique of research on Israeli older people's drinking. On the basis of a review of all published Israeli alcohol research, in Hebrew and English, it summarizes the findings concerned with alcohol and ageing in Israel. Research findings on this population are as inadequate in Israeli literature as is the case in other developing countries: this is a reflection of the common lack of interest in the problems of the elderly. In Israel and other developing countries, gerontologists are not interested in alcohol problems, alcohol researchers are not interested in the elderly, and alcohol abuse is not perceived as a problem of ageing. It is suggested that, with the increasing proportion of the population living past 65 years of age, the connections between ageing and alcohol abuse should be explored. Various directions for future research in Israel and other developing countries are suggested.
Acute effects of kava on measures of cognitive performance, physiological function and mood
Authors: Prescott John , Jamieson Dana , Emdur Nicole , Duffield Pat 
Published: July 2006

AbstractVolunteer subjects were assigned to receive a mixture of the intoxicating substance, kava, in a mixture with fruit juice, or juice alone. Subjects then undertook tasks of acute cognitive functioning, including reaction time and tracking tasks, and a measure of body sway. Heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure were recorded and subjects were asked to rate their degree of intoxication and complete a stress/arousal check list. Subjects receiving kava reported feelings of intoxication which peaked approximately one hour after kava ingestion. Compared to the group receiving juice alone, the group receiving kava also had increased body sway. There were no other statistically significant differences between groups, although the mean cognitive performance of the group receiving kava was generally poorer.
Drug use among Israeli army personnel: an epidemiological study
Authors: Lerman Yehuda , Israelshvilli Moshe , Vardi Dan , Slepon Raphael 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA survey of drug use among Israeli army personnel was conducted as part of a national survey of drug use initiated by the Anti Drug Authority of Israel during 1990. One thousand one hundred and twenty‐five male and female soldiers from various units and ranks were selected by the use of randomized cluster sampling. Seventy to eighty‐five per cent of the soldiers presented negative attitudes towards the use of illicit drugs and its users. Only 67 (6.1%) soldiers reported the use of some illicit drugs in the last 30 days; half of them started to use drugs before the age of 18. The main reported use was of hashish, marijuana and tranquillizers. The use of opium, heroin, cocaine was rarely reported. The use of cigarettes and alcohol within the last 30 days was much higher and was reported by 44.6% and 69.0% of the soldiers, respectively. Using multiple logistic regression analysis it was shown that illicit drug use in the last 30 days was significantly associated with higher number of individuals per household, less satisfaction with military service, and positive attitudes towards the use of drugs. The results of the present study, along with a comparison with different populations that were surveyed parallel to our research indicate that military service in the Israel Defence Force (IDF) is not associated with significant use of illicit drugs. Our results indicate the need for more attention to alcohol and cigarette use among army personnel.
Meta‐analytic review of the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions
Authors: BAILLIE ANDREW J. , MATTICK RICHARD P. , HALL WAYNE , WEBSTER PAM 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA meta‐analysis of randomized and controlled evaluations of the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions compared 146 estimates of the difference in abstinence rates between treated and control conditions (effect sizes) from 85 publications. Simple advice to quit and other brief intervention techniques, nicotine chewing gum and behavioural techniques were all found to be significantly better than relevant control conditions in promoting abstinence, although the results were not homogeneous. In five studies of acupuncture compared with control, consistent results were found showing no benefit for acupuncture. [Baillie AJ, Mattick RP, Hall W, Webster P. Meta‐analytic review of the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:153–166.]
Becoming an ex‐user: insights into the process and implications for treatment and policy
Authors: BAMMER GABRIELE , WEEKES SUE 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStudies of the processes by which people give up dependent heroin use are useful in helping services evaluate their treatment practices and in informing drug policy debates. In this exploratory investigation, a diverse group of 18 Canberra‐based ex‐users was interviewed about stopping, the role of treatment and their views on a proposal to make heroin available in a controlled manner as a new treatment option. Factors involved in stopping dependent heroin use included ‘hitting rock bottom’ or a less intense crisis such as the death by overdose of someone close, falling in love, wanting to be a good parent, geographical relocation, wanting to avoid becoming caught up with the police or going to jail, maturing out or becoming sick of the lifestyle, finding a new purpose in life or developing a new lifestyle, dealing with past hurts and the support of family, friends, other ex‐users and professionals. Many respondents had been in methadone treatments and in therapeutic communities and their advantages and disadvantages in stopping use are discussed. The respondents were evenly divided in their support for the controlled availability of heroin and the potential benefits and problems of such treatment are also discussed. [Bammer G, Weekes S. Becoming an ex‐user: insights into the process and implications for treatment and policy. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:285–292.]
Multiple risks for HIV and hepatitis B infection among heroin users
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL , POWIS BEVERLY , GRIFFITHS PAUL , STRANG JOHN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the extent to which heroin users are exposed to multiple forms of infection risk. Structured interviews were administered to a prospective network sample of 408 heroin users. Subjects were contacted in south London in a wide range of social settings by specially recruited privileged access interviewers. Most heroin users (74.5%) had been exposed to more than one infection risk factor and more than half of the sample had been exposed to three or more risk factors. HIV serostatus was primarily related to men having sex with men. Hepatitis B seropositive status was primarily related to the number of years injecting drugs. At this stage of the HIV epidemic in London, HIV infection among heroin users may be related more to homosexual risk behaviour than drug risk factors. Heroin injectors were at greater risk of infection than heroin chasers both through their sexual behaviour as well as through their injecting practices. Heroin users who refused to give a saliva sample for analysis were found to be more likely to engage in several health risk behaviours than those who provided samples. This finding has important methodological implications for seroprevalence surveys. Other implications of the results for prevention programmes aimed at health risk behaviours of heroin users are also discussed. [Gossop M, Powis B, Griffiths P, Strang J. Multiple risks for HIV and hepatitis B infection among heroin users. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:293–300.]
A summary of recommendations for the management of opioid dependence: the quality assurance in the treatment of drug dependence project*
Authors: MATTICK RICHARD P. , HALL WAYNE 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis report presents outlines for approaches to intervening with opioid‐dependent individuals. These recommendations are based on a review of the extant treatment‐outcome literature, a survey of treatment practices used in Australia, and the views of a panel of experts. Recommendations for appropriate treatment goals, assessment, detoxification and intervention are made. [Mattick RP, Hall W. A summary of recommendations for the management of opioid dependence: the quality assurance in the treatment of drug dependence project. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:319–326.]