bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood cancer epidemiology in low‐income countries
Authors: Howard Scott C. , Metzger Monika L. , Wilimas Judith A. , Quintana Yuri , Pui Ching‐Hon , Robison Leslie L. , Ribeiro Raul C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGlobal studies of childhood cancer provide clues to cancer etiology, facilitate prevention and early diagnosis, identify biologic differences, improve survival rates in low‐income countries (LIC) by facilitating quality improvement initiatives, and improve outcomes in high‐income countries (HIC) through studies of tumor biology and collaborative clinical trials. Incidence rates of cancer differ between various ethnic groups within a single country and between various countries with similar ethnic compositions. Such differences may be the result of genetic predisposition, early or delayed exposure to infectious diseases, and other environmental factors. The reported incidence of childhood leukemia is lower in LIC than in more prosperous countries. Registration of childhood leukemia requires recognition of symptoms, rapid access to primary and tertiary medical care (a pediatric cancer unit), a correct diagnosis, and a data management infrastructure. In LIC, where these services are lacking, some children with leukemia may die before diagnosis and registration. In this environment, epidemiologic studies would seem to be an unaffordable luxury, but in reality represent a key element for progress. Hospital‐based registries are both feasible and essential in LIC, and can be developed using available training programs for data managers and the free online Pediatric Oncology Networked Data Base (www.POND4kids.org), which allows collection, analysis, and sharing of data. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A prospective pilot study of curative‐intent stereotactic body radiation therapy in patients with 5 or fewer oligometastatic lesions
Authors: Milano Michael T. , Katz Alan W. , Muhs Ann G. , Philip Abraham , Buchholz Daniel J. , Schell Michael C. , Okunieff Paul 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.It is hypothesized that oligometastatic disease represents a state of potentially curable, limited metastases. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an option for patients who are not amenable to or do not want resection.METHODS.From 2001 to 2006, 121 patients with ≤5 detectable metastases were enrolled in 2 prospective studies that used curative‐intent SBRT. Most patients were treated with 10 fractions of 5 Gray. Stereotactic radiosurgery was offered to patients with brain metastases.RESULTS.The 2‐year overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), local control (LC), and distant control (DC) rates were 50%, 26%, 67%, and 34%, respectively; and the respective 4‐year rates values were 28%, 20%, 60%, and 25%. A greater net tumor volume predicted significantly worse OS, PFS, LC, and DC. Patients with breast cancer fared significantly better with respect to OS, PFS, LC, and DC; and patients with adrenal metastases had significantly worse OS, PFS, and DC despite the small number of such patients enrolled. Neither the number of metastatic lesions nor the number of organs involved was a significant predictor of outcome. Among 45 patients who remained alive at the last follow‐up, 29 patients had no evidence of disease, including 23 patients with ≥2 years of follow‐up.CONCLUSIONS.Oligometastatic disease is a potentially curable state of distant cancer spread. In this hypothesis‐generating analysis, patients with less volume burden of their metastatic disease and those with primary breast cancer fared better. SBRT delivered with curative intent in patients with limited metastases should be investigated further. The Southwest Oncology Group is developing a prospective protocol to treat women who have limited breast cancer metastases with SBRT. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Strong immunohistochemical expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3, superficial staining pattern of cytokeratin 20, and low proliferative activity define those papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential that do not recur
Authors: Barbisan Francesca , Santinelli Alfredo , Mazzucchelli Roberta , Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , Cheng Liang , Scarpelli Marina , van der Kwast Theodorus , Montironi Rodolfo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) is a clinically significant lesion because recurrence occurs in approximately 35% of patients. To date, it is not possible to identify those cases that will recur based on conventional histopathologic assessment. The objective of the current study was to evaluate immunohistochemically tissue expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), and MIB‐1 in nonrecurrent and recurrent PUNLMP.METHODS.FGFR3, CK20, and MIB‐1 were investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 80 PUNLMP cases (41 nonrecurrent and 39 recurrent), in 4 cases of normal urothelium (NU), and in 5 cases of muscle invasive pT2 urothelial carcinoma (UC). Statistics included discriminant analysis.RESULTS.NU demonstrated a weak to moderate FRFG3 staining intensity, a superficial pattern of CK20 staining, and low proliferative activity. UC was found to have FGFR3 staining similar to NU, an abnormal CK20 expression, and high proliferative activity. The nonrecurrent PUNLMP group demonstrated strong FGFR3 intensity in 80.5% of the cases (vs 56.4% of the recurrent cases), a superficial CK20 staining pattern in 53.7% of the cases (vs 28.2% of the recurrent cases), and a percentage of MIB‐1‐positive nuclei below the median value of all the PUNLMP cases in 61% of the cases (35.9% in the recurrent cases). The differences were statistically significant. Discriminant analysis based on these 3 features demonstrated that 67.5% of cross‐validated grouped PUNLMP cases were correctly allocated, with 73.2% of the nonrecurrent and 61.5% of the nonrecurrent cases being correctly classified. The specificity and sensitivity were 73.1% and 61.5%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS.Strong immunohistochemical expression of FGFR3, a superficial staining pattern of CK20, and a low proliferative activity define those papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential that do not recur. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Value of endoscopic ultrasound staging in conjunction with the evaluation of lymphovascular invasion in identifying low‐risk esophageal carcinoma
Authors: Cen Putao , Hofstetter Wayne L. , Lee Jeffery H. , Ross William A. , Wu Tsung‐Teh , Swisher Stephen G. , Davila Marta , Rashid Asif , Correa Arlene M. , Ajani Jaffer A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.With increasing emphasis on endoscopic therapy (ET) for T1 esophageal carcinoma, the identification of low‐risk patients is critical. It was hypothesized that endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in concert with detailed histopathologic evaluation would identify low‐risk cancers for an appropriate but organ‐preserving strategy.METHODS.All patients who had pretreatment EUS and underwent esophagectomy as primary therapy for esophageal cancer between 1999 and 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. The accuracy of EUS in predicting the correct pathologic stage was assessed along with a histopathologic reevaluation including lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Pathologic stage and various features were incorporated into a multivariate logistic regression model.RESULTS.A total of consecutive 87 esophageal cancer patients (81 with adenocarcinoma) were evaluable for this analysis. EUS correctly diagnosed 59 T1 cancers and 20 T2‐4 cancers but understaged cancers in 2 patients and overstaged cancers in 6 patients. EUS correctly identified 8 patients with lymph node metastases but not 13 other patients. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of EUS for T1 cancers were 91%, 91%, and 91%, respectively; for T1a (intramucosal) cancers, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were: 82%, 67%, and 93%, respectively, and for lymph node involvement these same values were 81%, 38%, and 94%, respectively. LVI was found to be an independent predictor of lymph node metastases on the multivariate analysis (P = .02).CONCLUSIONS.Data from the current study demonstrate that EUS has excellent accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (91% each) for identifying T1 esophageal cancers and LVI is an independent predictor of lymph node metastases. A strategy for preservation of the esophagus may be possible in patients who have EUS‐designated T1 cancer without LVI after successful ET. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Renal and cardiovascular morbidity after partial or radical nephrectomy
Authors: Miller David C. , Schonlau Matthias , Litwin Mark S. , Lai Julie , Saigal Christopher S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.To clarify the benefits of nephron‐sparing surgery among patients with early‐stage kidney cancer, the authors compared the frequency of renal and cardiovascular morbidity after partial or radical nephrectomy.METHODS.This retrospective cohort study was based on linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare data. The authors identified 10,886 patients who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy between 1991 and 2002. Medical claims were examined for the occurrence of adverse renal and/or cardiovascular outcomes, and multivariate survival models were fit to estimate the association between type of surgery and each clinical outcome, using propensity scores to balance the treatment cohorts with respect to measured patient and disease characteristics. To control for secular trends in the indications for partial nephrectomy, separate analyses were performed based on treatment era (1991–1999 or 2000–2002).RESULTS.During the study interval, 10,123 patients (93%) and 763 patients (7%) underwent radical or partial nephrectomy, respectively. During 2000 to 2002, patients who underwent partial nephrectomy experienced fewer adverse renal outcomes (16.4% vs 21.8%; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.58‐0.94), including a trend toward less frequent receipt of dialysis services, dialysis access surgery, or renal transplantation. The likelihood of adverse cardiovascular outcomes did not differ by treatment.CONCLUSIONS.Among contemporary patients, partial nephrectomy was associated with less clinically apparent renal morbidity than radical nephrectomy. This finding motivates expanded use of partial nephrectomy among patients with early‐stage kidney cancer. Given the potential for selection bias and residual confounding in this observational cohort, additional prospective studies will be necessary to validate the current findings. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Intraarterial chemotherapy and osmotic blood‐brain barrier disruption for patients with embryonal and germ cell tumors of the central nervous system
Authors: Jahnke Kristoph , Kraemer Dale F. , Knight Kristin R. , Fortin David , Bell Susan , Doolittle Nancy D. , Muldoon Leslie L. , Neuwelt Edward A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.The rate of durable responses in embryonal and certain germ cell tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) is unsatisfactory. Intraarterial chemotherapy and osmotic blood‐brain barrier disruption (IA/BBBD) increases drug delivery to the CNS.METHODS.Data of patients treated with carboplatin or methotrexate‐based IA/BBBD on prospective phase 2 trials conducted at 3 centers were collected. Study outcomes included overall survival (OS), time to progression (TTP), and toxicity.RESULTS.Fifty‐four patients were treated. Twenty‐seven patients received IA/BBBD as salvage treatment. The median OS was 2.8 years for all patients, 2.5 years for supratentorial and disseminated primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs, n = 29), 1.7 years for medulloblastomas (n = 12), and 5.4 years for germ cell tumors (n = 13). OS and TTP for all patients were better with a Karnofsky Performance Status ≥70% (P= .0013 and .0070) and IA/BBBD as first‐line treatment (P= .0059 and .029). In PNETs, OS was higher with pineal location (P= .045) and IA/BBBD as first‐line treatment (P= .0036), and TTP was improved with radiotherapy before IA/BBBD (P= .036) and IA/BBBD as first‐line treatment (P= .0079). Seventeen of 54 patients (31%) are alive, and 16 are alive at 4+ to 18+ years. Three survivors were not treated with radiotherapy and 4 were treated with focal radiotherapy only. The patients who were not irradiated did not develop dementia.CONCLUSIONS.Survival and toxicity data appear promising, considering the cohort's adverse prognostic profile. A plateau in survival curves suggests a cure for some patients. Long‐term survival may be achieved with focal or reduced‐dose radiotherapy in some IA/BBBD patients. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Effect of the Magnetic Field on the Supramolecular Structure of Chiral Smectic C Phases: 2H NMR Studies
Authors: Domenici Valentina , Marini Alberto , Veracini Carlo Alberto , Zhang Jing , Dong Ronald Y. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe present a theoretical and experimental 2H NMR study of the effect of external magnetic fields on the supramolecular organization of chiral smectic liquid‐crystalline mesophases, such as SmC* and re‐entrant SmC*. Three experimental cases in which the supramolecular helical structure of the smectic C* phase is unwound by a magnetic field (H), parallel to the helical axes of this phase, are discussed in detail. Unwinding of the helical structure is described by using a theoretical model based on the Landau‐de Gennes theory, which allows us to explain the transition temperatures among the SmA, SmC*, and uSmC* phases. The energy‐density behavior in the vicinity of the transitions and the value of the critical magnetic field HC for unwinding the helical structure are discussed by applying this model to three ferroelectric smectogens (MBHB, 11EB1M7, ZLL7/*), which are studied by 2H NMR spectroscopy at different magnetic fields (from 2.4 to 9.4 Tesla). Furthermore, the tilt angle of the three smectogens in the SmC* phase has been directly evaluated, for the first time, by comparing the quadrupolar splittings at different magnetic fields. In one case, 2H NMR angular measurements are used to obtain the tilt angle in the re‐entrant smectic C phase.
Photoelectrochemical Manifestation of Photoelectron Transport Properties of Vertically Aligned Nanotubular TiO2 Photoanodes
Authors: Zhang Haimin , Zhao Huijun , Zhang Shanqing , Quan Xie 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA simple photoelectrochemical method was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the electron transport process of photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of water at vertically aligned nanotubular TiO2 photoanodes. The photoelectrocatalysis reaction resistance (R=k/Jsph+R0=RI+R0) was measured and used to express the electron transport characteristics of a nanotubular TiO2 electrode. The overall resistance was found to consist of a variant (RI) and an invariant component (R0). RI was found to be inversely proportional to the saturation photocurrent and it depends on the experimental conditions. The proportional constant, k, represents the minimum applied potential bias required to remove 100 % of the photogenerated electrons from the photocatalyst layer and was found to be independent of the anodization time. The invariant component of the resistance (R0) is an inherent property of the semiconductor photocatalyst that represents the sum of Ohmic contact impedance at the conducting substrate/TiO2 interface and crystalline boundary impedance. The magnitude of R0 linearly increased with anodization time. The real saturated photocurrent density (Jreal‐sphd) was found to be independent of R0 indicating that the electron collection efficiency is independent of the nanotube length.
Synthesis of “Trioxaquantel”® Derivatives as Potential New Antischistosomal Drugs
Authors: Laurent Sophie A.‐L. , Boissier Jérôme , Coslédan Frédéric , Gornitzka Heinz , Robert Anne , Meunier Bernard 
Published: December 2007

AbstractOver the past 20 years, praziquantel, a pyrazinoisoquinoline derivative, has become the mainstay for morbidity control of human and animal schistosomiasis. From early in their lives in vertebrate hosts, schistosomes ingest hemoglobin and aggregate the released heme as a dark pigment very similar to the hemozoin produced by Plasmodium in malaria infection. The antimalarial artemisinin derivatives have real, though low, schistosomicide activity. Because of the complementarity of the two drug classes – praziquantel and artemisinin derivatives – we designed new molecules, named trioxaquantels®, that combine the 1,2,4‐trioxane unit responsible for the activity of artemisinin, and the pyrazinoisoquinoline moiety of praziquantel within a single drug. The synthesis of these new drugs and their preliminary evaluation in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni is reported here.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Transport of charged samples in fluidic channels with large zeta potentials
Authors: Dutta Debashis 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this article, we present an analysis on the transport of charged samples through micro‐ and nanofluidic channels with large zeta potentials (|ζ| > (kBT)/e). Using the Method of Moments formulation, the diffusion‐convection equation has been solved to evaluate the mean velocity and the dispersion of analyte bands in a parallel‐plate device under electrokinetically‐ and pressure‐driven flow conditions. The effect of electromigration induced by the lateral electric field within the Debye layer has been quantified in our work using a Peclet number (Pet) based on the characteristic electrophoretic velocity of the solute molecules in the transverse direction. It has been shown that while the effects of transverse electromigration on analyte transport only depends on the product Petζ* for |ζ*| = (eζ)/kBT << 1, both these parameters independently affect the flow of charged species in large zeta potential systems. For a given value of Petζ*, the mean velocity and the slug dispersivity can vary by as much as an order of magnitude in going from a small zeta potential system (|ζ*| << 1) to a channel with |ζ*| = 4.
Ionic liquid‐assisted PDMS microchannel modification for efficiently resolving fluorescent dye and protein adsorption
Authors: Xu Yuanhong , Jiang Hong , Wang Erkang 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHerein, a hybrid system consisting of ionic liquid (IL) and nonionic surfactant has been successfully developed for dynamic modification of PDMS microchips and analyte adsorption such as fluoresent dyes and proteins has been efficiently suppressed. Mutual authentication between microchip electrophoresis and confocal laser scanning microscope was carried out to characterize the multiple novel functions of the IL‐containing system and a possible mechanism was raised. Soluble IL used herein not only played the role as supporting electrolyte, but also provided increased EOF in the PDMS microchannel compared with common electrolytes such as phosphate buffer. Due to the high ionic conductivity of IL, on‐column field‐amplified sample stacking effect was four‐fold higher than that without IL. Furthermore, an excellent synergistic effect existed between IL and nonionic surfactant, which enhanced the ability of resolving analyte adsorption to PDMS surface, and was demonstrated in the sensitive and efficient determination of rhodamine B (with detection limit of 8 nM) and a well separated mixture of proteins.
Dielectrophoresis for the manipulation of nanobioparticles
Authors: Lapizco‐Encinas Blanca H. , Rito‐Palomares Marco 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDielectrophoresis (DEP) is a nondestructive electrokinetic mechanism with great potential for the manipulation of bioparticles. DEP is the movement of particles induced by polarization effects in nonuniform electric fields. Since the 1960s, this technique has been successfully used for the manipulation of microbioparticles, such as microorganisms. Moreover, due to the advances in microfabrication techniques, that allowed progressively smaller microstructures to be constructed, DEP can now be used for the manipulation of nanobioparticles. The first research studies on the DEP of nanobioparticles started in the 1990s. Since then, many research groups have carried out outstanding work with DEP of nanobioparticles such as macromolecules, virus, and spores. However, the need of a critical report that integrates these findings is evident. The aim of the present review is to depict the state‐of–the‐art on the use of DEP for the separation of nanobioparticles and the potential trends of novel applications of this technique. This review compiles and analyzes the significant findings obtained by many researchers. This publication is intended to provide the reader with state‐of‐the‐art information on many research studies focused on DEP to handle nanobioparticles.
Further improvement of hydrostatic pressure sample injection for microchip electrophoresis
Authors: Luo Yong , Zhang Qingquan , Qin Jianhua , Lin Bingcheng 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHydrostatic pressure sample injection method is able to minimize the number of electrodes needed for a microchip electrophoresis process; however, it neither can be applied for electrophoretic DNA sizing, nor can be implemented on the widely used single‐cross microchip. This paper presents an injector design that makes the hydrostatic pressure sample injection method suitable for DNA sizing. By introducing an assistant channel into the normal double‐cross injector, a rugged DNA sample plug suitable for sizing can be successfully formed within the cross area during the sample loading. This paper also demonstrates that the hydrostatic pressure sample injection can be performed in the single‐cross microchip by controlling the radial position of the detection point in the separation channel. Rhodamine 123 and its derivative as model sample were successfully separated.
A well‐balanced Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method for the shallow‐water equations with flooding and drying
Authors: Ern A. , Piperno S. , Djadel K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe build and analyze a Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method to approximate the one‐ and two‐dimensional shallow‐water equations. We introduce a flux modification technique to derive a well‐balanced scheme preserving steady states at rest with variable ground elevation and a slope modification technique to deal satisfactorily with flooding and drying. Numerical results illustrating the performance of the proposed scheme are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.