bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valinomycin–proton interaction in low‐polarity media
Authors: Kříž Jaroslav , Dybal Jiří , Makrlík Emanuel 
Published: March 2006

AbstractValinomycin is shown to form a stable complex with protons in the form of H3O+ ions. Using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform (FT) infrared spectroscopy, and ab initio–density functional theory (DFT) quantum mechanical calculations, it is shown that H3O+, produced by hydrogen bis(1,2‐dicarbollyl) cobaltate (HDCC) in the presence of water, interacts with valinomycin in 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane‐d2 to give a relatively stable complex. The equilibrium constant K of the complex formation was derived from chemical shifts in 1H‐NMR, its value being 5.9. The proton affinity constant estimated from this value taking into account HDCC dissociation is 105.3, i.e., high enough to be relevant under physiological conditions. Under suitable conditions there is a fast exchange of H3O+ between valinomycin molecules, the exchange correlation time being of the order of 10−4 s. The instantaneous structure of the complex is slightly asymmetric, the H3O+ ion being strongly hydrogen‐bonded to three of the six ester carbonyl groups and weekly bound to the residual ones by electrostatic interactions. This asymmetry is averaged by fast reorientation and displacement of H3O+ so that the molecule appears to be symmetric in the time window of NMR. The results indicate that valinomycin could serve as a carrier for proton transfer across a biological membrane. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 536–548, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Suicide in prisons in England and Wales from 1988 to 1995
Authors: Towl Graham J. , Crighton David A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study is based on an examination of 377 official records (from the English Prison Service's Suicide Awareness Support Unit) of self‐inflicted deaths in prisons in England and Wales for the period from 5 February 1988 to 5 November 1995. The study builds on the work of earlier researchers in the area of suicides in prisons (Topp, 1979; Dooley, 1990) and provides a detailed analysis of all self‐inflicted deaths occurring in prisons in England and Wales, something never previously undertaken. In this paper we present some of the main results from our research. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A group‐based intervention for forensic patients recovering from psychosis
Authors: Beck‐Sander Alison , Griffiths Anna , Friel Colum 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA group‐based intervention aimed at helping forensic patients recovering from psychosis prevent future relapses and adjust to the experience of psychosis is described. The impact of the group appeared to depend on whether the patient accepted or denied his vulnerability to psychotic relapse at the outset. Those who accepted the possibility of relapse at the outset appeared to feel more in control of their illness, better able to cope with their symptoms and less fearful of relapse after the group‐based intervention. By comparison those who denied the possibility of relapse at the outset appeared to feel less in control of their illness, less able to cope with their symptoms and more fearful of relapse after the group‐based intervention. Small numbers preclude firm conclusions and further studies are called for. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Neuropsychiatric indices in a high security admission sample I: estimating the prevalence
Authors: Lumsden John , Chesterman L. Paul , Hill G. Mary 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA consecutive series of 100 admissions to a high security hospital is reported. In this paper the demographic characteristics of the population, their offence profiles and other details of their background are described. The findings indicate a high prevalence of trauma to the central nervous system in this population. Definite obstetric complications were found in 26% (compared with 8% of the general population) and 31% had a history of head injury with loss of consciousness. These forms of central nervous system (CNS) trauma are associated with neuropsychological impairment, which was found in 59%. Of the population with brain scans, about 36% were abnormal. Alcohol abuse, a significant risk factor for CNS damage, was found in 69%. Combined risk (obstetric complications, head injury and substance abuse) was noted in 90% of the population. The present findings suggest that different forms of CNS trauma may aggregate as a result of a number of antecedent and consequent phenomena in this population. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Criminal careers of two London cohorts
Authors: Farrington David P. , Maughan Barbara 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe main aim of this research was to compare the official criminal careers of two samples of males living in the same small area of South London but born seven years apart.MethodThe research compared 377 Cambridge study males born in 1952–54 with 310 Inner London study males born in 1959–60. The Inner London males were affected by the introduction of police cautioning in London in 1969–70.ResultsThe two samples had an identical cumulative prevalence of convictions (37%), but the Inner London sample had an additional 4% of boys cautioned. The two samples had an identical rate of recorded offences. Males in the Inner London sample had an earlier age of onset, a shorter criminal career, and less continuity in offending. However, chronic offenders in the Inner London sample had longer criminal careers.ConclusionsCautioning may have led to more official recording of occasional offenders and to the worsening of the criminal careers of chronic offenders, but it may also have benefited less serious offenders. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The Christchurch prisons psychiatric epidemiology study: personality disorders assessment in a prison population
Authors: Brinded Philip M. J. , Mulder Roger T. , Stevens Isobel , Fairley Nigel , Malcolm Fiona 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground/MethodThree different measures of personality were used to assess the level of personality disorder in a prison population in Christchurch, New Zealand.ResultsResults using a traditional measure for antisocial personality disorder assessment (SCID II) are reported as well as other measures that do not rely on the categorical descriptions of personality disorder found in the DSM‐IV. The other personality measures used were the ‘Four A's’ and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), which have not previously been reported as being used in a prison population.ConclusionsThe results are discussed with a particular focus on the relevance of the different types of personality disorder assessment to treatment planning and monitoring in a prison population. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Staff response to disturbed behaviour in group homes for adults with a learning disability
Authors: Crichton John H. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundStaff working in group homes for adults with a learning disability must deal with a wide variety of problem behaviours in tenants. Incidents may range from swearing or refusal to keep to minor rules to serious violence and self‐harm. It is an area in which there is particular uncertainty about the role of the police and outside agencies. The conceptualization of tenant disruptive behaviour is discussed and it is hypothesized that the more blameworthy for an incident a tenant is perceived to be by staff the more popular a morally censorious response will be.MethodA sample of 120 staff, working in group homes for people with a learning disability, took part in a decision‐making exercise, based on a fictional case vignette, designed to examine their attitudes towards and concepts of disturbed behaviour.ResultsMoral judgement emerged as a central theme, with a greater degree of learning disability associated with particularly habilitative responses. However, a ‘normal’ appearance compared with a learning‐disabled appearance was associated with morally censorious responses. Unexpectedly, neither appearance nor degree of learning disability influenced whether staff felt that police involvement was helpful.DiscussionIt is concluded that management policies and guidelines must recognize the influence of moral judgement and that examining staff attitudes to disturbed behaviour is essential to the understanding of how such behaviour is responded to and conceptualized. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
An input–outcome paradigm for NHS research in forensic mental health
Authors: Culyer A.J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe R&D levy on health authorities in England is intended to support patient‐based research funded by the MRC and address the research needs of health services.Aims/MethodAn input–outcome paradigm is suggested to inform both decision making and the preparation of information. It encourages people to be clear about what they are trying to achieve and it informs research design to increase comparability and relevance. The patient should be considered in each element of the paradigm. The methodology of CEA and CUA is embodied in the NHS R&D Programme. Health economics is now regarded as a useful supplement and it lays bare important value judgements. There are four roles for clinicians in the R&D Programme: (1) clients, (2) creation of a research milieu, (3) providers of research material, (4) researchers. The fourth does not apply to all clinicians.Policy implicationsSubstantial involvement in research capacity and training is required. It is government policy to integrate forensic psychiatry research into the general national programme, maybe within a couple of years. Forensic psychiatry research should prioritize methodological needs and service needs. The centrality for defining outcomes and measuring them cannot be underestimated. In forensic psychiatry outcome is not just patient‐centred. Risk and uncertainty require robust methods. Consultation both within and without the NHS about service needs should also be a priority. Technologies should not be exclusively (or even mainly) clinical. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Drug misuse and acquisitive crime among clients recruited to the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS)
Authors: Stewart Duncan , Gossop Michael , Marsden John , Rolfe Alexandra 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundCriminal activity among drug‐misusing populations can result in considerable costs. This paper examines the relationship between acquisitive criminal behaviour and drug use among a cohort of 1075 clients recruited to the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS).MethodClients were recruited from 54 drug misuse treatment programmes in England. A structured interview was administered by clinical staff. The majority of clients were opiate‐dependent poly‐drug users.Results27 000 acquisitive criminal offences were reported by the cohort in the three months prior to starting treatment, of which shoplifting was the most common offence. There was marked variation in the amount of acquisitive crime reported; just 10% of the sample were responsible for three‐quarters of the crimes committed. Two other groups were identified: low‐rate offenders, and those who did not commit an acquisitive crime. Multivariate analyses revealed that frequency of illicit drug use was associated with increased levels of criminal behaviour. Compared with the no‐crime group, the high‐rate offenders were 11 times more likely to be regular users of heroin, and three times more likely to have used cocaine regularly.DiscussionThese findings suggest that the most dependent and problematic drug misusers present treatment services with the greatest challenge in terms of reducing levels of criminality. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A longitudinal study of adolescent and adult conviction rates among children referred to psychiatric services for behavioural or emotional problems
Authors: Elander James , Simonoff Emily , Pickles Andrew , Holmshaw Janet , Rutter Michael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundPrevious findings suggested that associations between childhood hyper‐activity and later criminality were mediated mainly by conduct disorders.MethodInformation recorded in case notes was used to predict officially recorded criminal convictions in later life among 148 individuals who were seen as child psychiatric patients between 1948 and 1982. Multiple Poisson and logistic regressions were used to examine the independent contributions made by symptom/behaviour counts, diagnosed conduct disorder, and social and family factors to the prediction of recorded criminality during two later periods (ages 17–21 and 22+), taking into account previous recorded criminality in each case.ResultsPrevious convictions were highly predictive of every offending outcome examined except convictions for violent offences. Among males, symptoms of hyper‐activity were independently predictive of convictions at age 17–21, multiple offending (five or more separate convictions), and having received a custodial sentence. A childhood diagnosis of conduct disorder made little additional contribution to the prediction of later offending over and above the effects of previous convictions.ConclusionSymptoms of hyperactivity increased the risk of later convictions among boys with behavioural or emotional disturbances in ways that were not mediated by previous convictions or other measures of childhood conduct problems. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Mental illness at reception into prison
Authors: Birmingham Luke , Gray Janine , Mason Debbie , Grubin Don 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundMany remand prisoners suffer from mental disorder, but this usually remains undetected by prison reception health screening. We set out to comprehensively evaluate the prison screening process with the intention of finding ways in which the process might be improved.MethodThe prison screen for mental disorder of 546 consecutive male remands to Durham prison in England was compared with an independent research screen. The prison reception and induction processes during which health screening took place were observed, the findings of the screens compared, prison healthcare staff interviewed, and prisoners' views on health screening recorded. Information collected by the research assessment was used to construct a model to identify those at high risk of suffering from mental illness.ResultsHealth assessments took place under unsatisfactory conditions, many prison healthcare staff lacked appropriate training, relationships with prisoners did not encourage inmates to volunteer information, and screening records were missing or seriously incomplete in one in ten cases. We identified four variables that together were the best predictors of mental illness in this population. The screening instrument used by prison healthcare workers included questions relating to all four variables, and this assessment was the most informative of the two prison reception health screens. The subsequent mental health assessment carried out by prison doctors was often cursory and added little further information.DiscussionWe concluded that the health screen for new prisoners needs revision and improvement. We recommend a preliminary screen administered by a trained prison healthcare worker which focuses on a limited amount of information, aimed at identifying prisoners at high risk of suffering from mental illness. The routine assessment of mental health carried out by prison doctors on every new prisoner should be dispensed with, and the prison doctor should instead focus on a more in‐depth assessment of those who screen positive according to the healthcare worker's assessment. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Homicide, psychopathology, prosecutorial and jury discretion and the death penalty
Authors: Yarvis Richard M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionThe American preoccupation with the death penalty persists and, in fact, shows no sign of abatement. This is demonstrated not only by attitudinal measures but also by the quickening pace of executions. In California, homicide convictions can result in either 25‐year‐to‐life, life‐with‐no‐possibility‐of‐parole, or death sentences. The ultimate outcome in any given case is determined by a complex interaction of prosecutorial and jury decisions. Three vignettes illustrate how heinous crimes have been handled quite variably.MethodA data set comprising 115 homicide cases was examined. To determine how murderers who qualify for the death penalty differed, if at all, from those who did not so qualify, 52 defendants who met the criteria for a death sentence were compared with 63 who did not. Criteria utilized and ignored by prosecutors in seeking the death penalty were analysed by comparing 39 cases in which death sentences could have been and were sought with 13 cases in which prosecutors chose to seek a lesser penalty instead. Finally, criteria utilized and ignored by juries to reach sentencing decisions were analysed by comparing 25 cases in which juries chose not to hand down death sentences with 14 cases in which they did render death verdicts.ResultsSpecial circumstance murderers did not differ significantly on personal variables from ordinary murderers. (1) Special circumstances were invariably charged when more than one criterion for this was present. Robbery and sexual assault usually provoked a special circumstances charge. Mitigating factors did not deter prosecutors from charging a special circumstance. (2) There was no excess of aggravating factors in individuals sentenced to death by juries, indeed there was a trend for the opposite to be the case, but there was a trend for mitigating factors to be commoner in those excused the death penalty.ConclusionIt is not clear that the death penalty process in California carries out the legislature's intent but the US Supreme Court's 1976 mandate that mitigating and aggravating factors should provide discretion may be having a modest impact. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The role of life experiences in the continuation of the adult criminal career
Authors: Ouimet Marc , Blanc Marc Le 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study provides an outlook on the impact that both specific life experiences and age have on criminal activity of a sample of former juvenile delinquents aged between 18 and 31. The life experiences scrutinised are marriage and family, work, incarceration and the consumption of illicit drugs. Our study aims at determining which factors, independent of the pure ageing process, play a role in the continuation or termination of a former juvenile delinquent career. Subjects were drawn from a 1970s study of 428 male delinquents. In the early 1990s, 238 of them were met for a retrospective interview. Several results of the study deserve consideration. First, the marital life of the men affects their participation in crime. Cohabitation with a mate is positively associated with crime among very young adults (18 to 21 years old), whereas it acts as a force toward desistance after the age of 21. Also, our results indicate that lawful employment acts to deter the continuation of offending. Finally, the habit of using illicit drugs impedes the social adaptation of former juvenile delinquents. In fact, drug use during adulthood is the best predictor of a continuing adult criminal career. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Ionic Solid‐State Dimers and Polymers Derived from Imidazolium Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Fei Zhaofu , Ang Wee Han , Geldbach Tilmann J. , Scopelliti Rosario , Dyson Paul J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA series of imidazolium dicarboxylic acids have been prepared from the reaction of the 1,3‐bis(carboxymethyl)imidazolium zwitterion with the Brønsted acids HX (X=F, Br, Cl, ClO4). The structures of these acids have been established in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, which revealed that the cations and anions form strong hydrogen bonds through OH⋅⋅⋅X interactions, leading to the formation of dimeric and polymeric networks. These acids react with elemental zinc and cobalt to form stable polymeric coordination complexes, some of which have also been characterised by X‐ray diffraction.
Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of [60]Fullerene–BHT Conjugates
Authors: Enes Roger F. , Tomé Augusto C. , Cavaleiro José A. S. , Amorati Riccardo , Fumo Maria Grazia , Pedulli Gian Franco , Valgimigli Luca 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFullerene derivatives incorporating one or two 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl groups were synthesized by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to C60. The OH bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of these compounds were estimated by studying, by means of EPR spectroscopy, the equilibration of each of these phenols and 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol (BHT) with the corresponding phenoxyl radicals. The antioxidant activity of the investigated phenols was also determined by measuring the rate constants for their reaction with peroxyl radicals in controlled autoxidation experiments and compared to that recorded under identical experimental settings for [60]fullerene itself and unlinked BHT. The results indicate that linking of the BHT structure to C60 does not substantially alter the thermochemistry and kinetics of its reaction with peroxyl radicals, but such adducts may behave as interesting bimodal radical scavengers. The inherent rate constant for trapping of peroxyl radicals by C60 per se (kinh=3.1±1.1×102 m−1 s−1) indicates that, contrary to previous reports, [60]fullerene is an extremely weak chain‐breaking antioxidant.
Helicate, Macrocycle, or Catenate: Dynamic Topological Control over Subcomponent Self‐Assembly
Authors: Hutin Marie , Schalley Christoph A. , Bernardinelli Gérald , Nitschke Jonathan R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe aqueous reaction between equimolar amounts of 2‐(2‐(2‐aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethanamine, 1,10‐phenanthroline‐2,9‐dialdehyde and copper(I) produced a dimeric helical macrocycle in quantitative yield. This ring could also be generated by the addition of two equivalents of the diamine to an acyclic helicate containing four mono‐imine residues: A transimination occurred, the chelate effect being implicated as a driving force. In the case of a helicate containing mono‐imines derived from anilines, the substitution of diamine for monoamine was reversible upon lowering the pH. The aliphatic diamine was protonated at a higher pH than the arylamine, which left the arylamine free for incorporation instead of the alkyl diamine. This reaction thus opened the possibility of switching between closed macrocyclic and open helicate topologies by changing the pH. An additional closed topology became accessible through the use of a diamine that incorporates two rigid phenylene spacer groups between a flexible chain and the imine‐forming nitrogen atoms. The resulting catenate consists of a pair of topologically interlinked macrocycles. The presence of the phenylene groups appeared to dictate the topology of the final product, making the formation of a single macrocycle energetically disfavoured.
Unusual Lone Pairs in Tellurium and Their Relevance for Superconductivity
Authors: Deng Shuiquan , Koehler Juergen , Simon Arndt 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pressure Induced Octahedral Tilting Distortion in Ba2YTaO6.
Authors: Lufaso Michael W. , Macquart Rene B. , Lee Yongjae , Vogt Thomas , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.