bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstinent Opiate Abusers Exhibit Conditioned Craving, Conditioned Withdrawal and Reductions in both through Extinction
Authors: CHILDRESS ANNA ROSE , McLELLAN A. THOMAS , O'BRIEN CHARLES P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAbstinent opiate abusers who have just completed a 30‐day treatment program in a Therapeutic Community setting experience intense drug craving and may even experience subjective withdrawal signs/symptoms when exposed to drug‐related stimuli. The described extinction procedures were effective in virtually eliminating conditioned craving and conditioned withdrawal signs/symptoms to drug‐related stimuli within 20 hour‐long treatment sessions (a 3‐week inpatient stay). These findings are discussed in terms of the need to address conditioned opiate‐related responses in the treatment of abstinent opiate abusers, as these responses may make the patient more vulnerable to relapse.
Platelet Monamine Receptor Binding in Alcoholics During Withdrawal
Authors: NUTT DAVID , GLUE PAUL , STEWART ANNE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe binding of 3H‐yohimbine (a measure of alpha‐2‐adrenoceptors) and 3H‐imipramine (a measure of the SHT transporter site) was assessed in whole platelets in a group of 12 recently detoxified male alcoholics. Comparison with age‐ and sex‐ matched control group revealed no differences in either binding capacity (B max) or affinity (Kd) for either ligand. These results suggest that platelet monoamine receptors may not be altered by alcohol or the experience of withdrawal. They are discussed in the light of reported alterations in brain monoamines in alcoholics.
Psychophysiological Indicators of Craving in Alcoholics: Effects of cue exposure
Authors: LABERG JON C. , ELLERTSEN BJØRN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAutonomic arousal, as indicated by Skin Conductance, and heart rate parameters, was evaluated in 16 detoxified male alcoholics before and after intake of a standard priming dose of alcohol/soft drink. After priming, patients were given cue exposure, i.e. presentations of preferred beverage bottles containing original content or non‐alcohol fluid of identical visual appearance. This was followed by response prevention training. All patients participated during six identical sessions. Patients given alcohol before cue exposure showed higher levels of arousal, throughout all sessions. Immediately after alcohol intake, increases in skin conductance level and number of spontaneous skin conductance responses were observed for all sessions. This pattern was most pronounced in the first session. Skin conductance parameters showed a decrease towards baseline levels over repeated cue exposure sessions. A similar pattern was also evident for the subjective indicators of arousal.
Saliva Cotinine as an Indicator of Cigarette Smoking in Adolescents
Authors: McNEILL A. D. , JARVIS M. J. , WEST R. , RUSSELL M. A. H. , BRYANT A. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySaliva cotinine and expired‐air carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured in 508 girls aged 11–16 years attending an inner London comprehensive school. A saliva cotinine cut‐point of 14.7 ng/ml detected 99% of regular daily smokers and performed better than expired‐air CO (cut‐point 7 ppm) in identifying smoking (69% versus 54%). The mean saliva cotinine among the regular daily smokers was 200.8 ng/ml, and comparisons with adult smokers suggested that these adolescents were inhaling a similar dose of nicotine per cigarette. Within our sample no evidence was found for an increase in smoke inhalation per cigarette with increasing age suggesting that inhalation develops early in the smoking career.
The Dependence Syndrome Concept as a Psychological Theory of Relapse Behaviour: an empirical evaluation of alcoholic and opiate addicts
Authors: BABOR THOMAS F. , COONEY NED L. , LAUERMAN RICHARD J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper examines the drug dependence syndrome (DSS) concept as a psychological theory of relapse to alcohol or opiate use following a period of abstinence from these substances. The results of several empirical studies of relapse in alcoholics and opiate users are described. Measures of the alcohol dependence syndrome provided good prediction of reinstatement in alcoholics, but severity of drug dependence did not predict reinstatement as consistently in opiate users. It is concluded that while the DDS concept may have merit as a psychological explanation of reinstatement, it should be subjected to a more rigorous program of research aimed at better operational measures and more intensive hypothesis testing, especially in samples of drug users.
Somatic and Psychological Health Implications of Heavy Caffeine Use
Authors: JAMES JACK E. , CROSBIE JOHN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryConflicting results have been reported as to whether habitual caffeine use is associated with symptoms of poorer health. The aim of the present study was to further examine the association between caffeine use and somatic and psychological symptomatology while controlling for potentially confounding influences such as concurrent substance use. Information was obtained on the somatic and psychological health, substance use, and biographic background of 96 individuals divided into three equal‐sized groups matched on age and sex. One group consisted of subjects who were chosen specifically because of their habitually high caffeine intake. The other two groups consisted of comparison subjects of psychiatric patients and university students who represented widely varying levels of somatic and psychological health. The results indicated that at high intake levels caffeine may have detrimental effects on somatic and psychological health.
Drinking for Health: the daily light drinker fiction
Authors: KNUPFER GENEVIEVE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThere is a mistaken notion that some research supports the idea that taking a drink or two every day is good for health. Fifteen research reports were examined to ascertain exactly what questions were asked and what categories of drinkers were used in those studies. No daily light drinker categories were found. Some categories were averages from weekly or monthly estimates, some were ambiguous as to frequency and quantity. One was daily, with quantities between one and five drinks, and in that case there was no health risk advantage. It is concluded that the main health and mortality differences, when they do show up, are between drinkers and non‐drinkers. The causes for this require further investigation before any conclusions about recommended drinking can be drawn.
When Will We Have a Standard Concept of Alcohol Dependence?
Authors: CAETANO RAUL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe alcohol field has had a number of competing definitions of alcohol dependence. The simultaneous revision of the DSM‐III and the ICD‐10 provided an opportunity for creating a standard concept, but this opportunity has been lost. In spite of being closer than before, the new proposals retain important differences regarding operationalization, wording and coverage of the concept of alcohol dependence.
Children's Awareness of Cigarette Advertisements and Brand Imagery
Authors: AITKEN P. P. , LEATHAR D. S. , O'HAGAN F. J. , SQUAIR S. I. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIndividual interviews were conducted with 726 Glasgow children aged between 6 and 17. Their responses to questions about a set of cigarette advertisements indicate that the majority of primary school children are well aware of cigarette advertising; and many can correctly identify cigarette brands in ‘puzzle’ advertisements which do not show brand names.Previous qualitative research suggests that an adult‐like perception of the imagery in cigarette advertisements develops over the years 10 to 14. The present survey findings add to this by suggesting that many older primary school children have a rudimentary or marginal awareness of the ‘brand personalities’ projected in oblique cigarette advertisements permitted in the U.K.Among the secondary school children, proportionally more smokers than non‐smokers said they had seen the advertisements; and proportionally more smokers identified the ‘puzzle’ advertisements. These findings suggest that cigarette advertising is getting through to young people, and to under‐age smokers in particular.
Impact of Changes in Distilled Spirits Availability on Apparent Consumption: a time series analysis of liquor‐by‐the‐drink
Authors: HOLDER HAROLD D. , BLOSE JAMES O. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe availability of distilled spirits for public consumption by the individual drink is taken for granted in Western Europe and most of the United States. However, little is known about the contribution of liquor‐by‐the‐drink (LBD) to overall consumption. A 1978 change in the state law in North Carolina (U.S.A.) permitting LBD for the first time since Prohibition provided an opportunity for a natural experiment. A quasi‐experimental study was undertaken to estimate the impact of LBD on apparent consumption of distilled spirits in North Carolina. Time series analysis for the period from January 1973 through December 1982 found that LBD resulted in statistically significant increases of from 6 to 7.4% in total distilled spirits sales in two groups of counties implementing LBD. No change in sales was found for a comparison group of non‐LBD counties.
Women's Drinking across the Adult Life Course as Compared to Men's
Authors: FILLMORE KAYE MIDDLETON 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe study of drinking differences by age and sex is extended by describing the prevalence, incidence and duration of multiple drinking patterns and problems in each decade of adult life for women as compared to men. A U. S. longitudinal general population sample with two measurement points, 7 years apart, is used. The incidence for drinking patterns putting persons at risk for serious problems is highest among men throughout most of the adult life course but the sex ratio converges in the 30's. Women are found to display higher rates of remission across all decades of the life course; women are more likely to report duration of the drinking patterns in the 30s. These results suggest that the emergence and persistence of some ‘at risk’ drinking patterns occupy a smaller “temporal space’ for women than for men. Selected findings from the longitudinal analysis for women are compared to cohort analysis using U. S. cross‐sectional data from the mid to late 20th century. The results suggest that the longitudinal findings can be generalized to these historical periods.
Unemployment and Drinking Behaviour: some data from a general population survey of alcohol use
Authors: CRAWFORD ALEX , PLANT MARTIN A. , KREITMAN NORMAN , LATCHAM RICHARD W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe confusion in the alcohol‐unemployment literature may be partly explained by methodological considerations. A standard instrument for measuring alcohol consumption was used in this study which reports data drawn from a general population study. Results show that unemployed males were particularly likely to binge drink and to report adverse effects from consuming alcohol. It is suggested that (a) the choice of consumption variables may influence the outcome of research in this area, and (b) unemployed men may be exposed to greater risks from drinking alcohol.
Toward an Adult Developmental Conceptualization of Alcohol Abuse: a review of the literature
Authors: SCATURO DOUGLAS J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryUntil very recently, a paucity of research and theory on adult development has existed in the areas of personality and psychosocial development in general and, more specifically, in the area of alcohol abuse and its etiology. A review of the literature in these two areas of human behavior is discussed, outlining the parallels which concern this emergent focus upon the developmental periods of adulthood and alcohol addiction. Clinical implications are outlined with particular consideration given to alcohol treatment. In addition, conclusions are drawn which have significance for the future of theory, research, and practice in this area.
The Reliability and Consistency of Self‐reports on Substance Use in a Longitudinal Study
Authors: BARNEA ZIPORA , RAHAV GIORA , TEICHMAN MEIR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe paper presents an evaluation of the stability and consistency of self‐reported adolescent drug use. The data were collected from 1900 high‐school students. Analyses included estimates of alternate forms reliability, non‐response rates, logical consistency in the responses, test‐retest reliability as well as estimates of exaggerated reports. The findings indicate a high rate of stability in self‐reporting of substance use, both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. These results are in agreement with other studies of self‐reported drug use and suggest that questionnaire may provide highly reliable data for research.
The Impact of Self‐presentation and Interviewer Bias Effects on Self‐reported Heroin Use
Authors: DAVIES JOHN BOOTH , BAKER ROGER 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwo parallel forms of a questionnaire were individually administered to 20 adult male heroin users, administrations being separated by 10–14 days. The first questionnaire was administered by a locally‐known heroin user; the second questionnaire was administered by a ‘straight’ interviewer. The two forms were presented as belonging to two separate studies and as having no connection. Subjects consistently presented themselves as heavier users and as being more ‘addicted‘, when interviewed by the straight interviewer than by the known user. In addition, whilst there was no interviewer effect on a short scale of external attributions, scores on a scale of internal attributions were substantially modified between the two interviewers. For the most part, the differences found were substantial, and clear‐cut. It is apparent that the heroin users in this study presented themselves in markedly different ways to the two interviewers.
The Movies and the Wettening of America: the media as amplifiers of cultural change
Authors: ROOM ROBIN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBy around 1930, the movies were a very ‘wet’ medium. The attractive picture they presented of drinking as part of a cosmopolitan, affluent lifestyle reflected and popularized a generational revolt against ‘Victorian morality’. In a kind of ‘pornography of drinking’, filmmakers reacted to code restrictions on showing drinking with increasingly bold teases, until some movies around 1930 appear to have been made with the idea that the audience will pay to watch people, and particularly women, drinking. After Repeal (1933), the movies continue to show much drinking, but without the self‐conscious symbolization of the preceding years. The movies amplified as they carried the new understandings of drinking.
State‐dependent Retrieval Effects with Social Drugs
Authors: LOWE GEOFF 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe interactions between alcohol and social stimulants (e.g. caffeine and nicotine) are generally regarded as complex, with antagonistic, synergistic, and mixed effects being reported. These social drugs are frequently ingested in close temporal proximity, yet relatively little is known about the cognitive effects of such drug combinations. Several experiments are reported in which moderate doses of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine were administered to groups of subjects in a state‐dependent learning design. The results demonstrate the dissociative effects of alcohol‐caffeine and alcohol‐nicotine combinations on learning and recall. Hence a significant proportion of everyday forgetting could be due to state‐dependent learning effects, particularly since drug combinations offer an increased range of dissociation possibilities.
Abnormal Pattern of Cerebral Blood Flow Distribution in Young Alcohol Addicts
Authors: DALLY S. , LUFT A. , PONSIN J. C. , GIRRE C. , MAMO H. , FOURNIER E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRegional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was recorded in 32 young otherwise healthy alcoholics (less than 40years old) by the Xenon 133 method. The duration of the intoxication was less than 10 years in all patients. A psychometric evaluation was also performed (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, Benton's visual retention test and Binois Pichot Vocabulary test). A hypofrontal flow distribution was found in all except two subjects. A significant heterogeneity of flow distribution was also found, rCBF was reduced by 20% to 47.1 (right) and 47.4 (left), compared to 57.7 and 60.3 in the control group. There were considerable abnormalities of cognitive functions in alcoholics, but only weak correlation was found between frontal blood flow and Benton's visual retention test.
Reliability of a Timeline Method: assessing normal drinkers' reports of recent drinking and a comparative evaluation across several populations
Authors: SOBELL LINDA C. , SOBELL MARK B. , LEO GLORIA I. , CANCILLA ANTHONY 
Published: January 2006

SummarySince alcohol research involves both clinical and non‐clinical populations, it is important to evaluate drinking assessment methods across different subject populations. Over the past several years, the reliability of the timeline (TL) method of gathering retrospective reports of recent drinking has been evaluated in several studies, and this method has been shown to have generally high reliability with outpatient alcohol abusers, in‐patient chronic alcoholics, and normal drinker college students. The present study examined the reliability of the TL method with normal drinkers in the general population. Similar to other populations, the test‐retest reliability of male (n=31) and female (n=31) normal drinkers' reports of recent drinking behaviour was found to be generally high. Data gathered by the TL method were also compared to data gathered from the same subjects using a common quantity‐frequency (QF) method. Consistent with earlier reports, QF categorization provided a relatively insensitive measure of individual differences in drinking behaviour as compared to TL‐derived data. Since the TL method has now been shown to have fairly good reliability for assessing recent drinking across a broad range of drinkers, it can be used for comparative evaluations of drinking behaviour across studies with different subject populations.
Positive and Negative Experiences Related to Drinking as a Function of Annual Alcohol Intake
Authors: MÄKELÄ KLAUS , MUSTONEN HELI 
Published: January 2006

SummaryInterview data on drinking and its consequences, representative of the population between IS and 69 years of age in Finland in 1984, were analysed by loglinear modelling. Most experiences related to drinking were predicted simply as functions of a suitable transformation of logarithmically classified annual alcohol intake (C). The transformation of C varied according to how common each experience was as well as to the nature of the experience. The logarithm of C provided the best prediction of the positive consequences of drinking. Reactions against drinking from institutional agents were most satisfactorily predicted by the square of C. With increasing consumption, problematic behaviour, negative consequences and social reactions against drinking increased more steeply than positive effects, but perceived benefits of drinking continued to increase also among those with the highest consumption levels.
Multi‐impulsive Personality Disorder and Multiple Substance Abuse: evidence from members of self‐help groups
Authors: McCOWN WILLIAM G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryLacey & Evans (1986) suggest the presence of a subgroup of substance abusers characterized by disorders of impulse control. Utilizing S. B. G. Eysenck et al.s' Impulsivity Questionnaire (1‐7) members of a self‐help group with a history of multiple serial addictions were tested for the trait of impulsivity. It was predicted that impulsivity scores would be higher for this group than for similar individuals in the same self‐help group with histories of addiction to single substances. These results were found, suggesting support for Lacey & Evans' theory of a clinical core of impulsive persons being at high risk for multiple addictions.
The Minnesota Model in the Management of Drug and Alcohol Dependency: miracle, method or myth? Part II. Evidence and Conclusions*
Authors: COOK CHRISTOPHER C. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryClaims of impressive outcome figures for the Minnesota Model find some support in published studies, with as many as two thirds of admissions apparently achieving a genuinely good outcome at 1‐year follow‐up. However, methodological criticisms of these studies indicate the need for further research incorporating control or comparison treatment groups, longer follow‐up, more rigorous assessment procedures, and clearly defined diagnostic/outcome criteria. The powerful ideology of the programme provokes criticism but is apparently central to its success. It incorporates a number of therapeutic elements known or suspected to be of value in the management of drug/alcohol dependence. While some clients or patients and professionals alike may react against this treatment model we all have much to learn from it, and many are undoubtedly helped by it.
Adult Children of Alcoholics: cognitive and psychomotor characteristics
Authors: WILSON JAMES R. , NAGOSHI CRAIG T. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA comparison of individuals who report alcohol abuse in one or both parents (family history positive: FHP) with those who do not (family history negative: PHN) on a number of metabolic, behavioral, and mood measures before and after alcohol dosing revealed marginally lower cognitive abilities, on average, in the FHP group. Most of the other hypothesized differences between groups (e.g. alcohol metabolism; differential alcohol sensitivity; differential alcohol tolerance; mood) were not found, except in two‐ and three‐way interactions among gender, age, and FH. It seems evident that the search for biological markers of increased risk for future alcohol abuse will need to take account of gender and age, in addition to familial alcohol abuse.
Maudsley Hospital Survey: prevalence of alcohol problems and other psychiatric disorders in a hospital population
Authors: GLASS ILANA B. , JACKSON PAUL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study, the first of its kind in the United Kingdom, reports on the prevalence of alcohol problems and other psychiatric disorders in the Joint Maudsley and Bethlem Royal Hospital population over a 12 year period. The steady 9–11% of the total number of diagnoses that are alcoholic, forces home the realization of the significant contribution of drinking problems to the work load of the hospital. The consistency of the percentage of alcoholics who receive an additional diagnosis, 30–40%, has considerable implications for treatment, treatment service planning and the understanding of aetiological factors.
Epidemic Cocaine Abuse: America's present, Britain's future?*
Authors: KLEBER HERBERT D. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryEpidemic cocaine abuse has become a major problem in America and may be spreading to England. The paper reviews the historical setting in which cocaine first became a problem in America at the turn of the century and its recent re‐emergence. Possible reasons for this are explained including myths as to its safety, relationship to prior marijuana use, celebrity endorsements and the role of the media, changes in the route of administration and the reinforcing effects of the drug itself. Since heavy cocaine use is now understood to cause a physiologic as well as a psychologic dependence, treatment may need to deal with neurochemical changes possibly involved in the persistent relapses. Pharmacologic approaches to remedy this, especially use of certain tricyclics, are discussed as are a variety of psychological treatments including behavioral, supportive and relapse prevention methods. The paper concludes by listing possible interventions that might lessen the problem if adopted including steps that can be taken in the realms of education, law enforcement, and treatment.