bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
8 Painting, Planning, and Perceiving
Authors: Clark Andy 
Published: January 2009

Abstract‘Strongly sensorimotor’ models of perception state that perceptual experience gains its content and character courtesy of an agent's implicit knowledge of the ways sensory stimulation will vary as a result of movement. Perceptual experience, on such accounts, is said to be enacted. This chapter argues that despite the important role of embodied action both in information pickup and in initially tuning the circuitry that supports perceptual awareness, strong sensorimotor models end up tying the contents and character of human experience too closely to the fine details of human embodiment. In so doing, they fail to accommodate the substantial firewalls, disintegrations, and special-purpose streamings that form the massed strata of human cognition.
The Limits of Uncertainty
Authors: Vermeule Adrian 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter indicates the limits of the veil mechanism by discussing three tradeoffs: (1) between impartiality and information; (2) between impartiality and motivation; and (3) between impartiality and ex post enforceability. A heavily veiled government might possess too little information to act effectively. Less intuitively, its officials might lack the motivation to introduce many beneficial projects, and might thus display an insufficient level of activity or energy.
The Virtual Resurrection: Technology, Violence, and Interpretations of Death in a Southern University Classroom
Authors: Pasulka Diana Walsh 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores contemporary representations of death in American popular culture, and elaborates on their meaning for today's youth. Death appeals to the young for several reasons. The heroes of television shows and movies present a way to negotiate the finality of death. Such characters can be interpreted as modern versions of the psychopomp. Current representations of death, particularly those that target youth, avoid a traditional interpretation of death characterized as final. Instead, death in popular culture is an extension of life—one where good and evil are more clearly defined, and where the fantastic lives. Although the apparent whimsical aspects of these representations seem to indicate that today's youth are denying death, the experiences of the classes the author of this chapter has taught suggests otherwise. The students in those classes maintained a healthy “suspension of belief” while consuming these images. These representations allow students to reflect upon death without the emotional involvement associated with more realistic portrayals of death.
What Would Spielberg Do? Using Mainstream Films to Teach Visions of the Afterlife
Authors: McKenzie Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the use of popular films to teach about death and dying in an introductory level course in religion. Specifically, it argues that a pedagogy that combines these films and primary religious texts has proven to be an effective and engaging method to reach students and promote learning. The narrative within the films acts with the textual narrative in a powerful dialectic that spurs students to question both various traditions as well as their own views regarding death and dying. Thus, experience suggests that modern-day writers and directors have assumed the roles once played by ancient storytellers and rhapsodes, and that the interest in death and the afterlife remains as one of the most powerful and enduring of all human questions. Thus, in such a pedagogy, the use of popular films can serve as a critical bridge between one's experience and the experiences and thoughts of others.
Death and Dying in History
Authors: Hamscher Albert N. , Davis Kenneth S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBased on nearly thirty years experience of teaching a university course on “death and dying in history,” the first section of this chapter offers practical advice about organizing such a course: topics worthy of consideration, appropriate readings, written assignments, and strategies for engaging student interest and participation. The chapter's second section goes out of the classroom and into the cemetery, where students can experience the “hands-on” dimension of historical study. A broad range of possible research projects is reviewed that students can undertake either alone or in small groups. Research in the cemetery need not be confined to a specific course on death and dying in history. It can also be integrated into traditional courses that explore the collective values and attitudes of past generations.
“Listen to the Dark”: Death and Dying in Music, Film, and Literature
Authors: Hussain Amir 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the uses of music, film, and literature in teaching courses on death and dying. The approach taken is that of one who has been concerned with effective pedagogy for the past decade. The chapter begins by describing an exercise where students bring in a work that speaks to them about death and dying. This is followed by a discussion on how various works of literature can be integrated into the course. The use of music allows students to bring into the classroom the songs that are most meaningful to them, and is useful in introducing the important roles that race, ethnicity, and language play in religion. The final section of the chapter ends with a discussion on the use of films. Two resources are included as appendices at the end of this chapter.
Teaching Religion and Film
Authors: Ostwalt Conrad 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
In the 1995 book Screening the Sacred, Joel Martin and Conrad Ostwalt (the author of this chapter) organized a group of essays around a tripartite typology for studying religion and film: theological, mythological, and ideological approaches. This typology helps facilitate the understanding of various ways in which religion and culture interact in our society. While these types of critical approach introduce the student to religious studies categories through the medium of film, they are less useful in exploring the uniqueness of film as a cultural product. This chapter explains the tripartite typology and introduces a fourth type of criticism that brings in visual‐auditory criticism, thereby teaching film students to view and listen critically. The visual and auditory component of film affects us in unique ways and provides a more participatory experience that more closely mimics religious experience.
Is It All aboutLove Actually?
Authors: Marsh Clive 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBy using the three best‐known films of Richard Curtis as case material (Four Weddings and a Funeral, Notting Hill, and Love Actually), this chapter examines the problems and opportunities in using romantic comedy to teach theology and religion. Using Ed S. Tan and Nico Frijda's recent work on the role of cinematic sentimentality within the “cognitive turn” in film studies and building upon John Lyden's insights into the contemporary religious function of film in the West, the chapter considers the way in which popular cinema explores the theme of love. It shows how the labeling of these films as “sentimental” is misleading and fails to recognize their cultural function as contributions to society's discussion about commendable, loving relationships. Such a function cannot but be of interest to theology and religion and to those who teach in these fields.
Women, Theology, and Film
Authors: Ortiz Gaye Williams 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter is a case study of a course offered in the theology and religious studies department of York Saint John College, an upper‐level undergraduate course titled Women, Theology, and Film. It was designed to synthesize a variety of theological, feminist, and film criticism perspectives in exploring the representation of women in movies. The particular challenge for the teacher, then, was twofold: how to integrate feminist theology with feminist film theory in a way that retained the integrity and the rigor of both disciplines, and how to make the course accessible to a group of students who might display an extreme range of theological skills (from none to advanced). This chapter first addresses the rationale and delivery of the course and then discusses some of the opportunities and challenges posed by this interdisciplinary approach.
Introducing Theories of Religion through Film
Authors: Watkins Gregory J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter reports on a course that successfully uses film to introduce students to the basic theoretical approaches to the study of religion. In conjunction with primary text selections from some of the great theorists of religion, students use the films they see to deepen their appreciation and consideration of the various theoretical orientations while asking about the nature of film itself. The course is guided by an overarching consideration of the proposition that film makes possible a unique articulation of religious thought and experience. The chapter also discusses some of the practical challenges of making film viewing a central part of the work in the course, from the logistics of screenings to the use of film clips on exams.
Teaching Ethics with Film
Authors: Marshall Ellen Ott 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the pedagogical effectiveness of a course titled the Moral Agency of Women, which was offered to graduate students in theological education, ethics, and women's studies. The course integrated classic descriptions of moral agency (such as Aristotle on voluntariness and constraint and Kant on autonomy), feminist theory, and contemporary cinematic portrayals of women who are facing moral dilemmas. Beginning with the assumption that Western moral thought does not resonate with women's experience, the course entertained several questions. What does women's moral agency look like? Does it differ from that which has been described traditionally? Additionally, given the plurality within women's experience, can we even speak in a monolithic way about their moral agency? The result was an appropriately complex study of moral agency with all of its varied expressions. This chapter expounds on the strengths and weaknesses of using film in this way and identifies some of the unanticipated questions that became central to our course.
Searching for Peace in Films about Genocide
Authors: Mitchell Jolyon 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFocusing on the film Shooting Dogs (2005) and its specific historical context, the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, this chapter brings to light many of the different lines of inquiry available when teaching about genocide from a religious perspective. The chapter communicates the wealth of pedagogical potential by examining the themes of absence, ritual, and presence in Shooting Dogs and then by considering the more general issues of witnessing, viewing, and remembering when it comes to the moral challenges of the fact of genocide. The chapter contends that film education, at its best, can assist students in developing a more critical understanding of the difficulties raised by attempting to depict genocide cinematically, the related religious and theological issues, and the wider problems and values of cinematic violence. Undertaken in a creative, supportive, and imaginative environment, film education that focuses on seeing through films about genocide may even inspire students to consider ways of living that will promote a more peaceful world.
Medical Miracles
Authors: Duffin Jacalyn 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis book examines the nature of miracles in four centuries of records on the canonization of saints held in the Vatican Secret Archives and Library. The history of the canonization process is explained with special reference to the place of miracles within it. Separate chapters focus on the saints and their supplicants, the physicians, and the drama of the cure. A conclusion presents some parallels in the workings of religion and of medicine. The primary sources for this book are the records of testimony on more than 1,400 miracles gathered by clerics working within the official process for recognizing saints. More than 90 percent of these miracles are healings from diseases. The vast majority of the records include the personal accounts of the people healed (miraculé[e]s) and their treating or expert physicians. Presentation of the witnesses and their stories leads to an exploration of medicine and religion as semiotic traditions built around the experience of illness, healing, and death. This work intersects with histories of medicine, of religion, in its official and popular forms, and with the current debate on physical healing through spiritual means. Although the project is rooted in Roman Catholic traditions, it permits more general statements about the behaviors of sick people and the formal responses to suffering from religion, medicine, and, indeed, history.
With God on All Sides
Authors: Hicks Douglas A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPerhaps no other nation is as religiously diverse as the United States. For elected officials, school principals, and corporate leaders, this diversity poses challenges. How should leaders deal with menorahs and crosses, veils and turbans, prayers and holidays? How can they honor the religious convictions of all Americans? Although the devout possess moral and spiritual resources that can enrich civic life, leaders must also be prepared to cope with the inevitable conflicts that come with pluralism. This book considers six visions of American leadership for navigating the post-9/11 religious landscape. It proposes that the most compelling vision is one of building social crossroads and connectors among religiously diverse people. Individuals and groups follow different paths, but their paths inevitably cross in politics and civil society. How people interact at those places, and how the social crossroads and connectors are designed, are matters of leadership. The Spanish term convivencia, roughly translated as living alongside each other, is a helpful concept for developing this vision. The book incorporates stories of how diverse Americans have transformed public controversies into cases of cooperation. The key is to engage one another with a spirit of humility, build communication and trust, and offer an inclusive vision that is true to America’s principles. The book provides a guide to leadership — and citizenship — in a devout and diverse nation.
Introduction
Authors: Heiden Bruce 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces the goals and methods of the book. The book's aim is to present a series of investigations aimed at illuminating the design of the Iliad and its significance for readers, interpreters, and scholars. The project frames the activity of literary reading as an inchoate repertoire of adaptable cognitive functions that readers deploy provisionally in conjunction with textual indications. The research postulates hypothetical reading functions and deploys them experimentally to evaluate whether and how the poem's indications converge with them. The functions investigated are “common sense” practices that are pertinent to the intelligibility of the Iliad as a story, e.g., character-agents, actions, and the goal of deriving edification. Systematic application of the model discloses substantial convergence between the poem and the postulated reading functions. These convergences suggest that the epic's composition implemented a technical plan to assist comprehension: the poem's design furnishes orientation to the story's direction and themes.
1 Persons, Problems, and Choices
Authors: Heiden Bruce 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the actions of the whole Iliad to address the question of whether or in what sense the Iliad could present a “single action” as Aristotle said it did. The analysis uses Pavel's method of Move diagrams, derived from game theory, to represent and study how story events develop in trajectories from problem situations in which agents make choices. It finds that the events of the Iliad comprise seven major Moves that all intersect through a single common agent, Zeus, whose planning therefore demarcates a central orientation of all the epic's action. These major Moves include Achilles' plan to achieve compensatory honor from Zeus, Zeus's conflict with the pro-Trojan trio of Hera, Athena, and Poseidon; and Hektor's inability to heed warnings, especially from Zeus, that his successes are only temporary.
3 Orientation by Design
Authors: Heiden Bruce 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter returns to the reader's orientation toward the story as a whole. It finds that the centrality of Zeus's agency is emphasized in only six of the twenty-four books, but that these books are so distributed that simply by postulating two precise “movement” punctuators (at 8/9 and 15/16) it is possible to articulate the Iliad as three cycles that each begin and end with an orienting book. Since these six positions cue special attention to all the orienting books and those books alone, the transmitted Iliad accommodates a single arrangement that is optimal for assisting a reader's orientation toward Zeus's central agency.
4 Paths of Thought—Iliad Cycle I
Authors: Heiden Bruce 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces the hypothesis that the three-cycle design might also furnish orientation to themes. The research finds that thematically analogous books are situated in analogous positions in their respective cycles, so that the thematic and positional analogies offer mutually reinforcing cues. Books 3 and 6, 2 and 7, and 1 and 8 are subjected to close examination. It is found that thematically analogous passages usually feature substantial differences in diction, so that the analogies cannot be an unintended byproduct of generic formulas. Examination of thematic differences between analogous passages finds that variations describe trajectories of transformation. In particular, choices become progressively less determined by material factors and correspondingly more symbolic.
7 Homeric Sublimity
Authors: Heiden Bruce 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter turns to the last book of the Iliad, whose analogies of theme and positioning relate it to books 1, 8, 9, 15, and 16. Apollo's speech to the Olympians in book 24 is situated in a trajectory of thematic development reaching back to Chryses's prayer to Apollo in book 1 and including Patroklos's appeal to Achilles in book 16. Hera's reply to Apollo in book 24 is situated in a trajectory that includes Agamemnon's reply to Chryses in book 1, Achilles' replies to the embassy in book 9, and Hera's refusal to permit Zeus to save Sarpedon in book 16. Zeus's mediation in book 24 is situated in a trajectory that Nestor's attempted reconciliation in book 1 and Zeus's agreement with Hera in book 15. Concluding observations liken the effect of the thematic suggestions to that of an epiphany.
The Production of Knowledge, Innovation, and IP in Developing Countries
Authors: Barrowclough Diana V. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents evidence showing that some developing countries are becoming extremely dynamic players in the new markets for creative industries, acting as both consumers and producers of intellectual property (IP). Their new interest in the sector reflects the fact that its earning potential far exceeds more traditional sectors such as agriculture, and that they already have some of its important sources of comparative advantage. As with the wider IP debate, questions include how to stimulate and reward the creation and dissemination of knowledge and innovation by developing country creators or investors. IP issues must also be considered within the broader context of industrial policy related to innovation, knowledge accumulation, production, and trade. Economic or industrial policies geared toward boosting innovation are as important as policies geared toward capturing or liberating IP. There is a need to seek more equitable and fair methods of rewarding the creators and their investors in the process.
Are National Patent Laws the Blossoming Rains?
Authors: Qian Yi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractResearch on the effects of patent protection on innovation and technology transfer in the cross-country pharmaceutical industry adds to our understanding of the underlying forces driving a country's innovation level. This chapter extends the research of Qian (2007) to evaluate the effects of patent reforms on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) establishments and imports in the pharmaceutical sectors. It also attempts to integrate all the findings on innovations, technology transfer, and international trade, and discusses potential policy implications. By thoroughly controlling the country covariates, through a combination of matched sampling techniques with fixed-effect panel regression models, the analyses arrive at robust results across the various model specifications. First, national pharmaceutical patent protection alone does not stimulate domestic innovation, as estimated by the US patent awards and domestic R&D. FDI establishments and pharmaceutical exports did not increase significantly either. Imports, however, did flourish. Second, national patent law implementation demonstrates conditional importance for innovation acceleration and technology transfer, conditional upon certain country variables. Third, terms of trade are likely to decline immediately upon the new implementation of IPR.
Arab Musiconomics, Culture, Copyright, and the Commons
Authors: Rizk Nagla 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the Arab music industry in the light of the region's socio-cultural, economic, political, legal, and institutional realities. It sheds light on the current practices and value chains, with the objective of examining the role that copyright plays—or does not play—in this context. The focus is on two major groups: the pop stars and the underground musicians. The main hypothesis is that there actually prevails an informal, and sometimes illegal, commons in a system where significant monetary appropriation comes mostly from live performances, mainly weddings and public parties. Within the framework of economic, cultural, and institutional realities in the region, copyrighted items end up being used as reputation promoters. Based on the analysis presented, the chapter argues for acknowledging and formalizing the Arab commons. It also recommends finding new, alternative, and suitable business models as well as flexible intellectual property regimes that would promote access and contribution to Arabic musical content.
The Reception of Common Law Marriage in the United States
Authors: Lind Göran 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines common law marriage in the United States. Topics discussed include the origins of common law marriage, American reception of common law marriage in the 1800s and early 1900s, the peculiarities of American common law marriage, and the reasons behind the recognition of common law marriage in the United States. The initial criticism against American common law marriage is briefly considered.
Scottish Irregular Marriages
Authors: Lind Göran 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Scottish law on irregular marriages. Two medieval canon law models of marriage were valid in Scotland. The first was marriage per verba de praesenti, in other words, marriage through an agreement as to a present or immediately valid marriage; the second was marriage per verba de futuro cum copula caralis, in other words, marriage through an agreement as to a future marriage with subsequent consummation. In Scotland, these two medieval forms were customarily called irregular marriages and were not repealed until 1940. Today, in Scotland, a third type of irregular marriage, namely, marriage by cohabitation with habit and repute, was valid until 2006.