bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scarless and site-directed mutagenesis in Salmonella enteritidischromosome
Authors: Cox Mandy M , Layton Sherryll L , Jiang Tieshan , Cole Kim , Hargis Billy M , Berghman Luc R , Bottje Walter G , Kwon Young Min 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
A variety of techniques have been described which introduce scarless, site-specific chromosomal mutations. These techniques can be applied to make point mutations or gene deletions as well as insert heterologous DNA into bacterial vectors for vaccine development. Most methods use a multi-step approach that requires cloning and/or designing repeat sequences to facilitate homologous recombination. We have modified previously published techniques to develop a simple, efficient PCR-based method for scarless insertion of DNA into Salmonella enteritidis chromosome.

Results
The final product of this mutation strategy is the insertion of DNA encoding a foreign epitope into the S. enteritidis genome without the addition of any unwanted sequence. This experiment was performed by a two-step mutation process via PCR fragments, Red recombinase and counter-selection with the I-SceI enzyme site. First, the I-SceI site and kanamycin resistance gene were introduced into the genome of cells expressing Red recombinase enzymes. Next, this sequence was replaced by a chosen insertion sequence. DNA fragments used for recombination were linear PCR products which consisted of the foreign insertion sequence flanked by homologous sequences of the target gene. Described herein is the insertion of a section of the M2e epitope (LM2) of Influenza A virus, a domain of CD154 (CD154s) or a combination of both into the outer membrane protein LamB of S. enteritidis.

Conclusion
We have successfully used this method to produce multiple mutants with no antibiotic gene on the genome or extra sequence except those nucleotides required for expression of epitope regions. This method is advantageous over other protocols in that it does not require cloning or creating extra duplicate regions to facilitate homologous recombination, contains a universal construct in which an epitope of choice can be placed to check for cell surface expression, and shows high efficiency when screening for positive mutants. Other opportunities of this mutational strategy include creating attenuated mutants and site-specific, chromosomal deletion mutations. Furthermore, this method should be applicable in other gram-negative bacterial species where Red recombinase enzymes can be functionally expressed.
An evaluation of a model for the systematic documentation of hospital based health promotion activities: results from a multicentre study
Authors: Tønnesen Hanne , Christensen Mette E , Groene Oliver , O'Riordan Ann , Simonelli Fabrizio , Suurorg Lagle , Morris Denise , Vibe Peder , Himel Susan , Hansen Poul Erik 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Background
The first step of handling health promotion (HP) in Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) is a systematic documentation and registration of the activities in the medical records. So far the possibility and tradition for systematic registration of clinical HP activities in the medical records and in patient administrative systems have been sparse. Therefore, the activities are mostly invisible in the registers of hospital services as well as in budgets and balances.
A simple model has been described to structure the registration of the HP procedures performed by the clinical staff. The model consists of two parts; first part includes motivational counselling (7 codes) and the second part comprehends intervention, rehabilitation and after treatment (8 codes).
The objective was to evaluate in an international study the usefulness, applicability and sufficiency of a simple model for the systematic registration of clinical HP procedures in day life.

Methods
The multi centre project was carried out in 19 departments/hospitals in 6 countries in a clinical setup. The study consisted of three parts in accordance with the objectives.
A: Individual test. 20 consecutive medical records from each participating department/hospital were coded by the (coding) specialists at local department/hospital, exclusively (n = 5,529 of 5,700 possible tests in total).
B: Common test. 14 standardized medical records were coded by all the specialists from 17 departments/hospitals, who returned 3,046 of 3,570 tests.
C: Specialist evaluation. The specialists from the 19 departments/hospitals evaluated if the codes were useful, applicable and sufficient for the registration in their own department/hospital (239 of 285).

Results
A: In 97 to100% of the local patient pathways the specialists were able to evaluate if there was documentation of HP activities in the medical record to be coded.
B: Inter rater reliability on the use of the codes were 93% (57 to 100%) and 71% (31 to 100%), respectively.
C: The majority of the study participants found the codes to be useful (71%), applicable (92%) and sufficient (92%).

Conclusion
Systematic registration of HP activities is relevant in clinical day life and the suggested codes proved to be applicable for international use. HP is an essential part of the clinical pathway or the value chain. This model promises to improve the documentation and thereby facilitate analysis of records for evidence based medicine as well as cost and policy analyses.
Dosimetric comparison between coplanar and non coplanar field radiotherapy for ethmoid sinus cancer
Authors: Serre Antoine , Idri Katia , Fenoglietto Pascal , Ailleres Norbert , Santoro Lore , Lemanski Claire , Garrel Renaud , Makeieff Marc , Allaw Ali , Dubois Jean-Bernard , Azria David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
To compare non coplanar field (NCF) with coplanar field (CF) -intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning for ethmoid cancer.

Methods
Seven patients treated with NCF IMRT for ethmoid cancer were studied. A CF IMRT optimization was prepared with the same constraints as for the NCF treatment. The maximum point doses (D max) obtained for the different optic pathway structures (OPS) should differ no more than 3% from those achieved with the NCF IMRT plan. The distribution of the dose in the target volume and in the critical structures was compared between the two techniques, as well as the Conformity (CI) and the Homogeneity Indexes (HI) in the target volume.

Results
We noted no difference between the two techniques in the OPS for the D1, D2, and D5%, in the inner ear and controlateral lens for the average Dmax, in the temporo-mandibular joints for the average mean dose, in the cord and brainstem for the average D1%. The dose-volume histograms were slightly better with the NCF treatment plan for the planning target volume (PTV) with a marginally better HI but no impact on CI. We found a great improvement in the PTV coverage with the CF treatment plan for two patients with T4 tumors.

Conclusion
IMRT is one of the treatment options for ethmoid cancer. The PTV coverage is optimal without compromising the protection of the OPS. The impact of non coplanar versus coplanar set up is very slight.
Clinical governance in practice
Authors: Oyebode Femi , Brown Nick , Parry Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Clinical governance is defined by the government as:“a framework through which [National Health Service (NHS)] organisations are accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish'’ (emphasis not in original) (Department of Health (DOH), 1998).
Money and Merit in French Renaissance Comedy*
Authors: Parsons Jotham 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPierre Corneille’sMélite(1629) resonated in part due to a social critique with deep roots in the French Renaissance. Corneille’s characters live by the canons of a (notionally) natural system of merit, divorced from money, implicitly noble, but open to upwardly-mobile commoners. Reconciling the traditional social order with the purchase of status and power by venal office-holders had preoccupied French comedy since the 1550s. While early playwrights hesitated to comment on this phenomenon (in which they took part), by about 1580 Odet de Turnèbe had already dramatized an educated elite’s transcendence of the economic, which Corneille would then go on to perfect. The biographies of these playwrights show that their plays’ ideological functions suited their own social situations.
Centralised or decentralised sanitation in Swedish summerhouse areas in transition to permanent living?
Authors: Kärrman E. , Erlandsson Å. , Hellström D. , Björlenius B. , Tidåker P. 
Published: September 2007

The standard of wastewater management is high in Sweden. Around 90% of the population is connected to central wastewater treatment plants with high requirements of nutrients removal; however, still the problem with algae blooms in the Baltic Sea exists. The aim of the VeVa project was to develop a simple and user-friendly Excel-based model to support environmental decisions of how to select wastewater systems for housing areas where no central sewer system exists. The VeVa model deals with two types of environmental issues: substance flow analysis and energy analysis. Six system structures were studied for the transition area Lillängsdal in Värmdö municipality sorted in three categories: 1) on-site systems for single households; 2) local collective systems; 3) connection to central systems. All studied system structures, except for a Sand filter system, fulfilled the goals of reducing phosphorus and BOD7 according to Swedish guidelines for on-site systems in sensitive areas. All studied systems, except for the Sand filter system, have the potential to fulfil the Swedish National Environmental goal to recycle 60% phosphorus to productive land.
The systems with central wastewater treatment plant and local wastewater treatment are the most energy efficient alternatives that also fulfil the requirements of discharges and environmental goals regarding phosphorus recycling.
Conformational study on the structures and energies of the weakly bound complexes of AlCl3 with diatomic molecules
Authors: Jimenez-Fabian Issac , Jalbout Abraham , Boutalib Abderahim 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this work we present the results of high level ab initio calculations on weakly bound complexes of aluminium trichloride and hydrogen halides, HX, halogens, X2 and diatomic interhalogens, XY (where X, Y = F, Cl, Br). Based upon these calculations we have predicted that all structures in the staggered conformation (except for Cl3AlFH and Cl3AlClH) are stable minima while those in the eclipsed configurations are transition state structures. In the XH complexes the strength of interaction with the Cl3Al group is FH &gt; ClH &gt; BrH. In the case of X2 species it is Br2 &gt; F2 &gt; Cl2, and finally in the XY (YX) group it is: FBr &gt; ClBr &gt; FCl &gt; BrCl &gt; BrF &gt; ClF.
Moisture sensitivity of polyester and acrylic polymer concretes with metallic monomer powders
Authors: Ahn Namshik 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTo evaluate the moisture sensitivity of polyester and acrylic polymer concretes with commercial metallic monomer powders, polymer concretes containing different levels of these powders were investigated with respect to the properties of hardened polymer concrete. The mix design was made and optimized for workability, strength, and economy, which depended on the resin viscosity, the intended use, and the additional quantities of the polymeric materials. The investigated properties included the compressive and flexural strengths of hardened polymer concrete. These polymeric materials offer the possibility of using wet aggregates in polyester and acrylic polymer concrete construction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Parasite suppression of the oxidations of eumelanin precursors in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kohler Lara J. , Carton Yves , Mastore Maristella , Nappi Anthony J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn insects, eukaryotic endoparasites encounter a series of innate immune effector responses mediated in large part by circulating blood cells (hemocytes) that rapidly form multilayer capsules around foreign organisms. Critical components of the encapsulation response are chemical and enzyme‐catalyzed oxidations involving phenolic and catecholic substrates that lead to synthesis of eumelanin. These responses are initiated immediately upon infection and are very site‐specific, provoking no undesirable systemic responses in the host. In this study, we were interested to learn if the principal oxidation pathways leading to the synthesis of eumelanin in larvae of Drosophila melanogaster were targets for inhibition by immune suppressive factors (ISF) derived from a virulent strain of the endoparasitic wasp Leptopilina boulardi. Comparative in vitro assays monitored by sensitive electrochemical detection methods showed that ISF derived from female reproductive tissues significantly diminished the oxidations of the two diphenol eumelanin precursors, dopamine and 5,6‐dihydroxyindole (DHI). The oxidations of the monophenol tyrosine, and two other related diphenols, dopa and 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (DHICA), were not significantly inhibited by ISF. The data suggest that melanogenesis represents at least one of the host responses suppressed by L. boulardi ISF, and that the oxidation pathways selectively targeted for inhibition are those synthesizing decarboxylated pigment precursors derived from DHI. These observations, together with previous reports of adverse effects of ISF on the ability of hemocytes to adhere to foreign surfaces, suggest a multifaceted approach by the parasitoid to circumvent the innate immune response of D. melanogaster. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 66:64–75, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously injected bimosiamose disodium in healthy male volunteers
Authors: Meyer Michael , Beyer Diana , Vollhardt Karin , Woischwill Christiane , Jilma Bernd , Wolff Gerhard 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBimosiamose is a novel synthetic pan‐selectin antagonist developed for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Therefore the pharmacokinetics of Bimosiamose disodium were studied in healthy male volunteers after single and multiple subcutaneous injections. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled dose escalation trial was carried out. The subjects received subcutaneous injections of placebo or 100, 200 or 300 mg Bimosiamose disodium into the abdomen. Plasma and urine concentrations of Bimosiamose were determined. The maximum plasma concentration was 2.17±0.70 µg/ml and the AUC0‐∞ 11.1±2.9 h µg/ml after the highest dose on day 1 (mean±SD). For the apparent clearance CL/f 28.7±7.3 l/h and the terminal half life t1/2 3.7±0.6 h were calculated. The mean residence time MRT∞ of 5.5 to 6.3 h for s.c. injection exceeded that after i.v. infusion due to an extended absorption time. For multiple dosing, constant pre‐dose concentrations of about 20 ng/ml may be reached after two subsequent doses of 200 or 300 mg Bimosiamose disodium once daily. Almost 15% of the administered drug was excreted unchanged in urine. Moreover, Bimosiamose was well tolerated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loading and unloading of molecular cargo by DNA‐conjugated microtubule
Authors: Taira Shu , Du Yong‐Zhong , Hiratsuka Yuich , Uyeda Taro Q.P. , Yumoto Noboru , Kodaka Masato 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe developed a novel method to load and unload molecular cargos to and from microtubules (MTs) that move on kinesin‐coated surfaces. Quantum dots (Qds) (molecular cargo) connected to 21‐mer DNA can be selectively loaded on DNA‐conjugated MTs through DNA hybridization. The average velocity of the Qd‐loaded MTs (0.43 ± 0.06 µm s−1 at 25°C) was comparable to that of control MTs. In addition, MTs conjugated with two types DNA sequences can achieve multiloading of Qds. To unload Qd molecular cargos from MTs, the DNA double helix connecting Qds to MTs were cleaved by an appropriate restriction enzyme. This biomolecular motors‐based transport system should enable us to construct nanometer‐scale devices such as nanobiosensor, nanofluidic system, or nanomachine. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 734–739. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pancreas volumes in humans from birth to age one hundred taking into account sex, obesity, and presence of type‐2 diabetes
Authors: Saisho Y. , Butler A.E. , Meier J.J. , Monchamp T. , Allen‐Auerbach M. , Rizza R.A. , Butler P.C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOur aims were (1) by computed tomography (CT) to establish a population database for pancreas volume (parenchyma and fat) from birth to age 100 years, (2) in adults, to establish the impact of gender, obesity, and the presence or absence of type‐2 diabetes on pancreatic volume (parenchyma and fat), and (3) to confirm the latter histologically from pancreatic tissue obtained at autopsy with a particular emphasis on whether pancreatic fat is increased in type‐2 diabetes. We measured pancreas volume in 135 children and 1,886 adults (1,721 nondiabetic and 165 with type‐2 diabetes) with no history of pancreas disease who had undergone abdominal CT scan between 2003 and 2006. Pancreas volume was computed from the contour of the pancreas on each CT image. In addition to total pancreas volume, parenchymal volume, fat volume, and fat/parenchyma ratio (F/P ratio) were determined by CT density. We also quantified pancreatic fat in autopsy tissue of 47 adults (24 nondiabetic and 23 with type‐2 diabetes). During childhood and adolescence, the volumes of total pancreas, pancreatic parenchyma, and fat increase linearly with age. From age 20–60 years, pancreas volume reaches a plateau (72.4 ± 25.8 cm3 total; 44.5 ± 16.5 cm3 parenchyma) and then declines thereafter. In adults, total (∼32%), parenchymal (∼13%), and fat (∼68%) volumes increase with obesity. Pancreatic fat content also increases with aging but is not further increased in type‐2 diabetes. We provide lifelong population data for total pancreatic, parenchymal, and fat volumes in humans. Although pancreatic fat increases with aging and obesity, it is not increased in type‐2 diabetes. Clin. Anat. 20:933–942, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Commentary on a theory of hypnosis based on principles of conditioning and inhibition Part II: benefits of the theory
Authors: Barrios Alfred A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis is Part II of a commentary which places in the contemporary context, ‘A theory of hypnosis based on principles of conditioning and inhibition (Barrios, 2001).’ Whereas Part I includes evidence both in support of the theory and comparisons with other contemporary theories, Part II presents some of the benefits of the theory which includes: (1) a further understanding of the hallucinogens, biofeedback, higher‐order conditioning, placebos and religion; (2) development of more effective methods of hypnotic induction; (3) development of more effective methods for giving post‐hypnotic suggestions; (4) and development of Self‐Programmed Control (SPC; Barrios, 1973b, 1985), a positive‐oriented behavioural improvement programme aimed at producing self‐actualization, greater self‐efficacy, and higher emotional intelligence. I present the positive results of SPC's application in the areas of: education, welfare, industry, medicine, and drug rehabilitation. Copyright © 2007 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conserved neurochemical pathways involved in hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis
Authors: Forlano Paul M. , Cone Roger D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe melanocortin system, which includes α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) and its endogenous antagonist, agouti‐related protein (AgRP), is fundamental for the central control of energy homeostasis in mammals. Recent studies have demonstrated that many neuropeptides involved in the control of ingestive behavior and energy expenditure, including melanocortins, are also expressed and functional in teleost fishes. To test the hypothesis that the underlying neural pathways involved in energy homeostasis are conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, the neuroanatomical distribution of α‐MSH in relation to AgRP was mapped in a teleost (zebrafish, Danio rerio) by double‐label immunocytochemistry. Zebrafish α‐MSH‐ and AgRP‐immunoreactive (ir) cells are found in discrete populations in the ventral periventricular hypothalamus, the proposed arcuate homologue in teleosts. Major ascending projections are similar for both peptides, and dense ir‐fibers innervate preoptic and ventral telencephalic nuclei homologous to paraventricular, lateral septal, and amygdala nuclei in mammals. Furthermore, α‐MSH and AgRP‐ir somata and fibers are pronounced at 5 days post fertilization when yolk reserves are depleted and larvae begin to feed actively, which supports the functional significance of these peptides for feeding behavior. The conservation of melanocortin peptide function and projection pathways further support zebrafish as an excellent genetic model system to investigate basic mechanisms involved in the central regulation of energy homeostasis. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:235–248, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biogenic amine synthesis and uptake in rodent taste buds
Authors: Dvoryanchikov Gennady , Tomchik Seth M. , Chaudhari Nirupa 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlthough adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known to be an afferent transmitter in the peripheral taste system, serotonin (5‐HT) and norepinephrine (NE) have also been proposed as candidate neurotransmitters and have been detected immunocytochemically in mammalian taste cells. To understand the significance of biogenic amines in taste, we evaluated the ability of taste cells to synthesize, transport, and package 5‐HT and NE. We show by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence microscopy that the enzymes for 5‐HT synthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) are expressed in taste cells. In contrast, enzymes necessary for NE synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DBH) are absent. Both TH and DBH are expressed in nerve fibers that penetrate taste buds. Taste buds also robustly express plasma membrane transporters for 5‐HT and NE. Within the taste bud NET, a specific NE transporter, is expressed in some presynaptic (type III) and some glial‐like (type I) cells but not in receptor (type II) cells. By using enzyme immunoassay, we show uptake of NE, probably through NET in taste epithelium. Proteins involved in inactivating and packaging NE, including catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase‐A (MAO‐A), vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT1,2) and chromogranin A (ChrgA), are also expressed in taste buds. Within the taste bud, ChrgA is found only in presynaptic cells and may account for dense‐cored vesicles previously seen in some taste cells. In summary, we postulate that aminergic presynaptic taste cells synthesize only 5‐HT, whereas NE (perhaps secreted by sympathetic fibers) may be concentrated and repackaged for secretion. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:302–313, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.