bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential motivational responses to food and pleasurable cues in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a startle reflex paradigm
Authors: FRIEDERICH HANS-CHRISTOPH , KUMARI VEENA , UHER RUDOLF , RIGA MARIANTHY , SCHMIDT ULRIKE , CAMPBELL IAIN C. , HERZOG WOLFGANG , TREASURE JANET 
Published: June 2006

Background. Abnormal perceptions of food and shape underpin the cognitive behavioural model of eating disorders (EDs). The aim of this study was to investigate motivational processing of disorder-specific and standard emotional cues in anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) using startle eyeblink modulation (SEM). SEM was used because it is sensitive to motivational states of approach (appetitive response) and withdrawal (aversive response), which are independent of conscious intentional control.Method. Acoustically elicited SEM and subjective anxiety ratings were measured in 30 female patients with an ED (n=15 AN, n=15 BN) and 30 female control subjects while they viewed ED-relevant stimuli (food, female bodies) and standardized emotional pictures.Results. BN subjects showed an appetitive response (startle inhibition) to food relative to neutral cues that differed significantly from AN subjects. By contrast, self-reports indicated significantly increased anxiety related to food cues across both ED groups. To female body picture (relative to neutral) cues, no significant between-group differences were found for SEM. ED subjects unexpectedly showed an aversive response (startle potentiation) to positive cues, in contrast to controls, who showed the established startle attenuation.Conclusions. These preliminary results suggest that BN patients demonstrated an exaggerated appetitive response to food but not to standardized positive cues, whereas SEM in AN patients points to a generalized failure to activate the appetitive motivational system. Differences in motivational salience to food cues are in line with distinctions between AN and BN in eating behaviour and food consumption and support differential treatment requirements.
Monitoring skills: diabetes
Authors: Metcalfe L. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe extended independent and supplementary nurse prescribing programme implemented in 2003 is anticipated to have the potential to improve patient care by enabling faster access to medicine for people with chronic conditions such as Diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a progressive, life–long, chronic condition which affects an estimated 1.4 million people in the UK and inevitably requires medication to control symptoms and prevent complications associated with the disease.The supplementary prescribing option of nurse prescribing is an opportunity for Diabetes Specialist Nurses (DSN) to provide timely and appropriate clinical management for patients with diabetes within an agreed management plan. The clinical management plan (CMP) is a patient specific document and can only be implemented to enable supplementary nurse prescribing upon agreement by the individual patient, the independent prescriber (doctor or dentist and supplementary prescriber (nurse or pharmacist). The CMP allows the DSN to manage the treatment of the patient by modifying diabetes therapies tailored to the needs of the individual to achieve treatment goals. The use of a patient specific CMP compliments the National service Framework for diabetes requirement that all patients have a care plan. Involving the patient by seeking agreement to implement the CMP may improve concordance and compliance with therapies and treatment decisions.Monitoring diabetes control is essential from diagnosis as the information received provides valuable feedback as to the effectiveness of therapies. Comprehensive diabetes education should be tailored to empower the patient with knowledge and skills to manage this chronic condition regardless of treatment regimes.Consideration should always be given to the type of diabetes, the potential effects on lifestyle and treatment options available today.
Nurse Prescribing in Mental Health Care: What can the USA teach us?
Authors: Hemingway S. , McAllister M. , Bailey K. , Coates K. , Mitchell S. , Fenwick M. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryNurse Prescribing in mental health care is now a reality. As part of a long-term plan to introduce the prescribing role for mental health nurses in the local area, Doncaster and South Humber Health Care Trust and the School of Nursing and Midwifery at the University of Sheffield conducted a study tour of centres well established in the clinical practice and educational preparation for prescriptive authority for nurses. The findings from the visit are explored, for example: a) how is a competence in prescribing achieved by nurse, b) what is the educational delivery needed to prepare the potential prescriber? Insights are offered based on the provision of care by nurse prescribers in the states of Massachusetts and Connecticut that we visited. These are then discussed in the context of the future development of this role, which is now being introduced as an innovation aimed at meeting the mental health care needs of patients in the UK.
Prescribing: the ethical dimension
Authors: Adams John 
Published: June 2006

SummaryPrescribers face a range of ethical dilemmas in their everyday practice. In this article, the principles-based approach to biomedical ethics developed by Beauchamp and Childress is outlined, with a particular focus on ‘respect for autonomy’. It is argued that the purpose of ethical reflection is to deepen and enrich more general reflection about clinical practice, rather than to provide definitive answers to dilemmas in prescribing.
Nurse prescribing and the enhancement of mental health services
Authors: Nolan Peter , Bradley Eleanor , Carr Neil 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMental health nurses are relative latecomers to nurse prescribing. This is primarily because nurse prescribing has been seen as more appropriate for general nurses, particularly those working in the community or primary care. Pharmacists and psychiatrists were concerned about the complexity of prescribing for clients with mental health problems and felt that the training of mental health nurses and their clinical experience did not fit them to take on a prescribing role. These, and other impressions, may have influenced which groups of nurses were first selected to become nurse prescribers. However, recent studies have indicated that mental health nurses add considerably to the effectiveness of assessments and care plans, and that they are in an ideal position to integrate drug treatments with a wide range of non-pharmacological therapies knowledgeably, safely, effectively and in a manner that is acceptable to the patient. They have also been found to have an important role to play in monitoring the side effects of drugs and in providing education about medication, and in maintaining a therapeutic alliance with clients on long-term drug treatment. Whatever the limitations, mental health nurses as prescribers may still be deemed to have by some professional groups, and even by themselves, at this stage in the evolution of nurse prescribing, it is now inevitable that they will play a significant part in the overall improvement of mental health services during this decade. They are likely to challenge the existing prescribing practices and help in identifying the conditions under which medication is most therapeutic.
Pharmaceutical influences – Nurse prescribers: eyes wide open
Authors: Davies Jill , Hemingway Steve 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe role of the Pharmaceutical Industry within healthcare has been a debate amongst our medical colleagues for the past decade. However, with the growing number of nurses who are now qualified to prescribe, this controversial aspect of professional practice is becoming an area of interest to nurses. This article reviews some of the literature on prescribing and the pharmaceutical Industry, in an attempt to raise nurses awareness. Nurses have skills that are central to their education of assessment and evaluation. It argues that nurses are well placed to utilise these skills to identify the influences of the Pharmaceutical Industry. The role of the Pharmaceutical Industry in professional development is debated, suggesting that nurses have the skills to analyse the potential impact of this form of education. Concepts of Ethics are discussed in relation to prescribing, patient care and professional education and practice.
Risk factors for iron-deficiency anaemia among pregnant women living in rural Vietnam
Authors: Aikawa Ritsuko , Khan Ngyen C , Sasaki Satoshi , Binns Colin W 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of anaemia in rural Vietnam and to determine its risk factors.DesignA cross-sectional survey.SettingVietnam, Nghe An Province.Study populationThe total number of participants was 439. Of these participants, one was excluded from the study due to a mental disorder. Forty-seven did not participate in the test for parasites and 68 did not complete at least one of the questions.ResultsThe prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin (Hb) < 11.0 g dl−1) was 43.2% and of severe anaemia (Hb < 8.0 g dl−1) was 0.5%. Taking iron tablets, the consumption of eggs and the preference for Western medicine significantly and positively correlated with Hb concentration in the pregnant women in a multiple regression analysis. Pregnancy duration and hookworm infestation significantly and negatively correlated with Hb concentration in the pregnant women.ConclusionThe prevalence of anaemia in rural Vietnam has remained as high as that found in the national anaemia survey in 2000. The results of the present study could aid in the development of an iron-deficiency anaemia programme among pregnant women in rural Vietnam that emphasises iron supplementation, parasite control and improved diet, including the consumption of eggs. The programme's focus should be on women who prefer traditional medicine to Western medicine.
Dietary intake of folate equivalents and risk of myocardial infarction in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)–Potsdam study
Authors: Drogan Dagmar , Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin , Dierkes Jutta , Weikert Cornelia , Boeing Heiner 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relationship between intake of dietary folate equivalents and risk of myocardial infarction in a German cohort.DesignIntake of dietary folate equivalents was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the association between intake of dietary folate equivalents and risk of myocardial infarction.SettingThe European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)–Potsdam cohort, Germany.SubjectsSubjects were 22 245 apparently healthy non-users of vitamin supplements aged 35–64 years.ResultsDuring 4.6 years of follow-up, 129 incident cases of myocardial infarction were identified. Compared with intake below the median (103 μg), higher intake of dietary folate equivalents was associated with a multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.91). The inverse association of folate intake and myocardial infarction risk was stronger in participants with an ethanol intake equal to or above the sex-specific median (HR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.18–0.79) and attenuated in those with a low ethanol intake (HR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.37–1.22).ConclusionAn increased intake of dietary folate equivalents was observed to be associated with decreased risk of myocardial infarction in a German study population, pointing towards the importance of folate intake with respect to primary prevention of myocardial infarction.
Women's input into household decisions and their nutritional status in three resource-constrained settings
Authors: Hindin Michelle J 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo understand the role of women's input into household decisions as a possible factor contributing to women's undernutrition in settings where HIV/AIDS and drought have constrained household resources.Design and settingThree cross-sectional surveys of non-pregnant women in partnerships without a birth in the last 3 months were analysed. Factors associated with chronic energy deficiency (CED), defined as body mass index of < 18.5 kg m−2, were assessed among 1920 women in Zimbabwe, 2870 women in Zambia and 6219 women in Malawi.ResultsPrevalence of CED was 4.2% in Zimbabwe, 13.5% in Zambia and 6.7% in Malawi. In Malawi, women with less input into decisions were more likely to have CED. After multivariable adjustment, each additional decision made by the partner increased the odds of CED in Malawi by 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.15); each additional decision made by the woman decreased the odds of CED by 0.90 (95% CI 0.88–0.97). Malawian women with all the final say or with partners with no final say had significantly more CED than expected (odds ratio (OR) = 2.88, 95% CI 1.42–5.83 and OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.06–2.52, respectively), and removing these points increased the magnitude and significance of the linear trends. In Zambia, the relationship was found for urban women only and no associations were found in Zimbabwe.ConclusionsInput into household decisions may be a key factor in the cycle of drought and CED. Women with both low input and CED may lose productive capacity, putting them at greater risk of food insecurity and potentially HIV/AIDS in high prevalence settings.
Breakfast eating and overweight in a pre-school population: is there a link?
Authors: Dubois Lise , Girard Manon , Kent Monique Potvin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo analyse the socio-economic factors related to breakfast eating, the association between breakfast eating and overweight, and to gain a more thorough understanding of the relationship between these two elements in a population-based cohort of 4.5-year-old children. We hypothesised that a relationship could be observed between breakfast skipping and overweight independently of socio-economic factors such as ethnicity, maternal education, single parenting and family income.DesignA population-based study whereby standardised nutritional interviews were conducted with each child's parent. The children's height and weight were taken by a trained nutritionist and parents were asked about their child's breakfast eating.SettingThe analyses were performed using data from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (1998–2002), conducted by Santé Québec (Canada).SubjectsSubjects were 1549 children between the ages of 44 and 56 months, with a mean age of 49 months.ResultsAlmost a tenth (9.8%) of the children did not eat breakfast every day. A greater proportion of children with immigrant mothers (19.4% vs. 8.3% from non-immigrant mothers), with mothers with no high school diploma (17.5% vs. <10% for higher educated mothers) and from low-income families (15% for income of $39 999 or less vs. 5–10% for better income) did not eat breakfast every day. Not eating breakfast every day nearly doubled the odds (odds ratio = 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.2–3.2) of being overweight at 4.5 years when mother's immigrant status, household income and number of overweight/obese parents were part of the analysis.ConclusionAlthough our results require replication before public policy changes can be advocated, encouraging breakfast consumption among pre-school children is probably warranted and targeting families of low socio-economic status could potentially help in the prevention of childhood obesity.
Association of carotenoids, tocopherols and vitamin C in plasma with allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitisation in adults
Authors: Kompauer Iris , Heinrich Joachim , Wolfram Guenther , Linseisen Jakob 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectivesAntioxidant nutrients like carotenoids, tocopherols and vitamin C have been suggested to protect against allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitisation but scientific evidence is scarce. The aims of the study were to measure the plasma concentration of six carotenoids, α- and γ-tocopherol and vitamin C as biomarkers of the intake, absorption and subsequent metabolism of these nutrients, and to assess their association with allergic rhinitis and sensitisation.MethodData from a cross-sectional study on representative dietary and lifestyle habits of the population of Bavaria, Germany, were analysed. The plasma levels of six carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin and cryptoxanthin) as well as of α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and vitamin C were measured in 547 adults aged between 19 and 81 years. Participants with specific serum immunoglobulin E ≥700 U l−1 were categorised as sensitised. The association of plasma antioxidant levels, allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitisation was assessed by means of unconditional logistic regression models.ResultsWe observed a negative association between plasma total carotenoids and the prevalence of allergic rhinitis, with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.13 (0.54–2.39) for the second, 0.72 (0.33–1.58) for the third and 0.44 (0.19–1.03) for the fourth quartile of total carotenoids concentration (P for trend = 0.0332); results for lycopene failed to reach statistical significance (P = 0.0608). Other single carotenoids, tocopherols and vitamin C were unrelated to allergic rhinitis. Allergic sensitisation was negatively associated with plasma γ-tocopherol, with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.92 (0.51–1.65) for the second, 1.00 (0.56–1.80) for the third and 0.45 (0.23–0.88) for the fourth quartile of plasma γ-tocopherol concentration (P for trend = 0.0410). No other antioxidant was significantly related to allergic sensitisation.ConclusionsHigh plasma carotenoid concentrations reflecting a diet high in various fruits and vegetables might have a protective effect on allergic rhinitis in adulthood.
Dietary iron intake and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Tavani Alessandra , Gallus Silvano , Bosetti Cristina , Parpinel Maria , Negri Eva , La Vecchia Carlo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe relation between several measures of body iron and atherosclerotic disease, particularly acute myocardial infarction (AMI), is debated. This is of specific interest since iron is frequently included in supplementation and fortification of foods. We assessed the relation between dietary iron intake and the risk of non-fatal AMI.DesignCase–control study. The information was collected by interviewers using a food-frequency questionnaire tested for validity and reproducibility. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained by multiple unconditional logistic regression models, including terms for energy and alcohol intakea, as well as for sociodemographic factors, tobacco and other major recognised risk factors for AMI.SettingMilan, Italy, between 1995 and 1999.SubjectsCases were 507 patients, below age 79 years, with a first episode of non-fatal AMI, and controls were 478 patients admitted to hospital for a wide spectrum of acute conditions unrelated to known or potential AMI risk factors.ResultsCompared with patients in the lowest tertile of total iron intake, the OR was 0.48 (95% CI 0.29–0.82) for those in the highest tertile. The corresponding value for haem iron was 0.71 (95% CI 0.48–1.06), for non-haem, non-alcohol iron was 0.80 (95% CI 0.51–1.24) and for iron derived from alcoholic beverages was 0.60 (95% CI 0.40–0.90). Sex-specific OR for total iron intake were not heterogeneous.ConclusionsIn this Italian population dietary iron intake was inversely related to AMI risk. This inverse association may depend on other nutrients present in the major sources of iron in the Italian diet.
Saturated fat in the diet of Spanish children: relationship with anthropometric, alimentary, nutritional and lipid profiles
Authors: Royo-Bordonada MA , Garcés C , Gorgojo L , Martín-Moreno JM , Lasunción MA , Rodríguez-Artalejo F , Fernández O , de Oya M 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the anthropometric, alimentary, nutritional and lipid profiles and global diet quality of Spanish children according to saturated fat intake.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study. Food data were collected using a food-frequency questionnaire.Subjects and methodsThe sample included 1112 children of both sexes, aged between 6 and 7 years, selected by means of random cluster sampling in schools. The plasma lipid profile included measurements of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) and apolipoprotein B (apoB). Global diet quality was evaluated by the Dietary Variety Index (DVI) and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI).ResultsEnergy intake, DVI and HEI of children from the lower quartile of saturated fat intake (LL) were higher (P< 001) than in the remaining children (UL). However, there were no significant differences in average height or weight between groups. The UL children had lower intakes of meat, fish, vegetables, fruits and olive oil and a higher intake of dairy products (P< 0.001). The intakes of fibre, vitamins C, D, B6, E and folic acid were higher in the LL children, who had lower intakes of vitamin A and calcium. The ratios LDL-C/HDL-C and apoB/apoA1 were lower (P= 0.04) in the LL children (1.87 and 0.52, respectively) than in the UL children (2.02 and 0.54, respectively).ConclusionsThe growth rate of children does not seem to be affected by the level of saturated fat intake. Furthermore, at the levels of intake observed in this study, diets with less saturated fat are associated with better alimentary, nutritional and plasma lipid profiles.
Assessment of diet in young children with an emphasis on fruit and vegetable intake: using CADET – Child and Diet Evaluation Tool
Authors: Cade JE , Frear L , Greenwood DC 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo develop a concise, simple tool for use by non-specialists to assess diet in children aged 3–7 years attending primary schools.DesignA 24-hour food tick list covering all aspects of the diet and with a focus on fruit and vegetable consumption was developed. This was compared against a 24-hour semi-weighed food diary obtained for the same day as the tick list.SettingSix primary schools with a range of socio-economic and ethnic backgrounds from a large city in the north of England (Leeds).ParticipantsOne hundred and eighty children returned completed packs of information; a response rate of 77% of those who were willing to take part, 48% of those approached.ResultsOn average, 2.4 items of fruit including juice (2.1 items as 5-a-day count) were eaten and 1.6 items of vegetables (excluding potato). Twenty-seven per cent and 36% of boys and 23% and 24% of girls reported not eating any fruit or vegetables, respectively, on the recording day. Correlations comparing the diary and tick list were high for both foods (ranger= 0.44 to 0.89) and nutrients (ranger= 0.41 to 0.68). The level of misclassification was much less than would be expected by chance. Parent and teacher evaluation of the tick list was very positive. Parents felt the tick list was easy and quick to complete.ConclusionThe Child and Diet Evaluation Tool (CADET) tick list has been used successfully for rapid collection of food and nutrient information from children aged 3–7 years from diverse social and ethnic backgrounds. The tool has performed better than many food-frequency questionnaires in comparison to a food diary.