bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular immunity to SV40‐induced tumor cells and solubilized tumor‐associated antigens in immune mice using an isotopic footpad assay
Authors: Dean J. H. , Lewis D. D. , Padarathsingh M. L. , McCoy J. L. , Northing J. W. , Natori T. , Law L. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe 125Iodine isotopic footpad (IFP) assay was used to measure cell‐mediated immune (CMI) responses in vivo to intact tumor cells (TC), crude membrane (CM) preparations and NP40 solubilized tumor cell extracts in BALB/c mice immunized to the SV40‐induced tumor mKSA. A correlation was observed between footpad swelling as measured by calipers and the incorporation of 125I‐labelled human serum albumin into footpads of mice challenged with intact tumor cells. The IFP measurements were favored over footpad swelling measurements since the former lack the subjectivity involved in measuring footpad thickness and appear more sensitive and rapid to perform. These studies indicate that tumor‐associated antigens (TAA) on intact TC from SV40‐induced tumors can be recognized in vivo in the IFP assays and the response is specific to the sensitizing tumor in that other syngeneic tumors do not cross‐react. In addition, these data represent the initial success in using solubilized TAA in the IFP assay. Reactivity to TAA on either CM or NP40 crude soluble extracts of mKSA TC were observed, indicating that the required structural integrity for immune recognition of TAA was preserved following cell disruption and solubilization. Thus, NP40 represents a good method of obtaining solubilized TAA from TC membranes. Local adoptive transfer of CMI reactivity to mKSA TC in the IFP assay was achieved with spleen cells, but not serum, from hyperimmune mice, further implicating the cell‐mediated nature of this in vivo response. Finally, the IFP assay appears to be a rapid, reproducible and sensitive method of measuring CMI reactivity to TAA on either intact TC or solubilized from the cell membrane by detergent.
BCG vaccination and the incidence of lymphomas and leukaemia
Authors: Skegg D. C. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBCG vaccination has been claimed to prevent leukaemia, but there is also concern that it might increase the risk of Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas. Both hypotheses were tested by comparing mortality and registration rates in cohorts of children from the North and South Islands of New Zealand. When school‐children were offered vaccination in both islands, subsequent death rates from lymphomas and leukaemia were similar in the two islands. After withdrawal of vaccination in the South Island, mortality and registration rates for Hodgkin's disease remained similar in the two islands, but there was a significant excess of deaths from non‐Hodgkin lymphomas in the North Island. The difference in the registration rates for these tumours was much smaller than the difference in mortality rates and was not statistically significant. There was no evidence that BCG vaccination in the North Island prevented leukaemia. These findings and the results of other studies suggest that proposals for BCG vaccination against leukaemia are unwise.
Human natural cytotoxicity in the blood and lymphoid organs of healthy donors and patients with malignant disease
Authors: Eremin O. , Ashby J. , Stephens J. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNatural cytotoxicity against CLA‐4 and D6 target cells was determined in the peripheral blood of healthy donors and women with mammary carcinoma (localized to the breast and axilla), and in human normal and regional tumour lymph nodes. The NK cell activity in the blood of women with clinically localized mammary carcinoma showed a wide range of reactivities but was similar to the pattern detected in healthy controls. The NK cell activity in human normal lymph nodes also showed a wide range and was the same irrespective of the anatomical site of origin of the lymph node. Lymph nodes draining a variety of solid tumours had a similar spectrum of NK cell activity, there being no obvious correlation between the level of NK cell activity and such parameters as size and histological type of tumour, hyperplasia or metastatic spread in the regional node. Trypsin treatment of lymphocyte suspensions from the various lymphoid compartments suggested that the cell responsible for natural cytotoxicity in blood was probably different from the NK cell in tonsil and lymph nodes.
Role of endogenous interferon in the anti‐tumor effect of poly I·C and statolon as demonstrated by the use of anti‐mouse interferon serum
Authors: Gresser Ion , Maury Chantal , Bandu Marie‐Thérèse , Tovey Michael , Maunoury Marie‐Thérèse 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have determined the effect of sheep anti‐mouse interferon globulin on the anti‐tumor effects of poly I·C, statolon, tilorone, pyran copolymer and BCG in mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascites or L 1210 lymphoma cells. Whereas the anti‐tumor effects of poly I·C and statolon were nullified when mice were injected with immunoglobulins, the anti‐tumor effects of pyran copolymer and BCG were not modified by this treatment. We conclude that interferon mediates the anti‐tumor activity of poly I·C and statolon in these experimental systems. It is suggested that anti‐interferon serum provides a direct method of determining whether other biologic effects attributed to viruses, poly I·C, statolon, tilorone, pyran copolymer (and possibly other interferon inducers) are mediated or not by interferon.
Effects of presensitization in vivo on cell‐mediated responses to embryonic antigens in vitro
Authors: Nelson K. , Sjögren H. O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLymphoid cells specifically reactive with antigens shared by rat bowel carcinomas and mid‐term embryo cells were generated by in vitro culture on monolayers of embryo cells. Spleen cells from WF females were cultured for 5 days on monolayers of syngeneic embryo cells or adult cells and assayed for cytotoxic activity on syngeneic embryo, bowel carcinoma, or adult fibroblast target cells in microcytotoxicity and 51Cr‐release assays. After culture on embryo monolayers, spleen cells were cytotoxic for embryo and tumor but not for adult fibroblast target cells. Enhanced cytotoxicity was recorded when the spleen cells were cultured from females after interstrain (WFxBN) pregnancy rather than from virgin females. In contrast, previous intrastrain (WFxWF) pregnancy appeared to depress the generation of spleen cells cytotoxic for target cells bearing embryonic antigens.
Chromosome findings in effusions from patients with Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Hossfeld Dieter K. , Schmidt Carl G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEffusion cells from six patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were studied. Even though no Hodgkin or Reed‐Sternberg cells could be identified cytologically in five of the six cases, striking chromosome anomalies of a clonal nature, including a number of recurrent marker chromosomes, were demonstrated in all effusions. It is concluded that the effusion cells with abnormal karyotypes were intimately related to the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease.
Relationship between moloney MSV tumor resistance and endogenous virogene expression in AKR mouse strain and its hybrids
Authors: Colombatti Alfonso , de Rossi Anita , Taylor Benjamin A. , Chieco‐Bianchi Luigi , Meier Hans 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have examined the induction of Moloney‐MSV tumors in AKR and other mouse strains in relation to endogenous virus expression. All virus‐free strains so far tested were tumor‐susceptible, while AKR was resistant. The selectivity of MSV tumor resistance, characteristic of AKR mice, was associated with AKR virogene segregation in first backcross to MuLV‐negative/MSV‐susceptible mice, and in a few second backcross families. Stronger evidence that AKR ecotropic virogene expression is the major, but not the sole, determinant of M‐MSV tumor resistance in AKR mice was obtained in strains partially congeneic for Akv‐2 viral gene and in recombinant inbred lines derived from an original cross between AKR and C57L mice. These mice or lines, in which inheritance of endogenous viral genes had occurred, at the same time inherited the ability to show strong resistance to tumor induction by an exogenous oncogenic virus. This finding suggests that ecotropic endogenous viruses can exert a beneficial effect in their hosts providing some protective functions. Although the association between AKR‐MuLV and M‐MSV resistance is definite, the mechanisms by which MulV+ mice are refractory to M‐MSV tumors have still to be elucidated.
In vitro measurement of carcinogen‐resistant liver cells during hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Laishes Brian A. , Roberts Esther , Farber Emmanuel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFollowing the transfer of rat liver cells from 2‐acetylaminofluorene‐induced, grey‐white hyper‐plastic nodules to a primary, monolayer cell culture system, the proportion of the nodule cells which were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 was determined The proportion of the resistant nodule cells was expressed as a percentage of the number of attached, viable nodule cells remaining after aflatoxin B1 treatment divided by the number of attached, viable nodule cells remaining without aflatoxin B1 treatment. In each experiment, the results were compared with the proportion of resistant liver cells derived from normal, untreated rats. Following a 3‐h attachment period, nodule and normal cell cultures were exposed to aflatoxin B1 concentrations of 10−7 mol/l to 10−5 mol/l for either 24 h or 48 h. Trypan blue was added directly to the culture flasks and viability was scored as the number of attached cells that would not stain with trypan blue. The resistant nodule cell populations demonstrated a remarkable insensitivity to increasing concentrations of aflatoxin B1 compared with resistant normal cell populations. At all doses of aflatoxin B1 tested, the size of the resistant nodule population remained comparatively constant for periods of treatment varying from 24 to 48 h, whereas the size of the resistant normal population diminished greatly over periods from 24 h to 48 h. Morphologic differences between normal and nodule hepatocytes were great following aflatoxin B1 treatment. Aflatoxin B1 treatment inhibited the spreading of normal hepatocytes, whereas the highly resistant nodule hepatocytes continued to spread out on the plastic substratum. Supplementation of the culture medium with dexamethasone routinely increased the proportion of resistant normal cells exposed to some concentrations of aflatoxin B1 but did not significantly increase the size of the resistant nodule cell population.
Natural cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in rats. I. Tissue and strain distribution, and demonstration of a membrane receptor for the Fc portion of IgG
Authors: Oehler J. Ronald , Lindsay Leroy R. , Nunn Myrthel E. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStudies in mice and in humans have provided most of the available information concerning natural cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. Rats represent a second experimental species which is well suited for the study of natural cytotoxicity. Our studies indicate that the distribution of natural killer (NK)3 cells in rat lymphoid tissues is similar to their tissue distribution in man, with high levels in the blood and spleen and low or undetectable levels in lymph node, thymus, thoracic duct or peritoneal exudate cells. The levels of NK activity varied considerably among various inbred strains of rats. However, the genetic control of levels of NK activity did not appear to be linked to the rat major histocompatibility complex. As recently demonstrated in mice by depletion experiments on antibody‐erythrocyte monolayers, many or most rat natural killer cells were found to have surface receptors for the Fc portion of IgG.
Natural cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in rats. II. In vivo augmentation of NK‐cell activity
Authors: Oehler J. Ronald , Lindsay Leroy R. , Nunn Myrthel E. , Holden Howard T. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNatural cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in rats as well as in mice has been shown to vary consistently with age, with peak levels detectable at 5–10 weeks. The levels of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells could be augmented in strains of inbred rats with either high or low levels of natural reactivity, by IP injection of a variety of agents, including C. parvum3, LCMV, KRV, and poly I:C. The specificity of the augmented cytotoxicity appeared to be the same as the specificity of natural killer cells which are found in normal rat spleen cells. Similarly, the cells mediating the augmented cellular cytotoxicity were small, non‐adherent, esterase‐negative lymphocytes with Fc receptors, as are rat NK cells. The kinetics and organ distribution of the augmentation of NK activity by poly I:C and C. parvum were compared and the kinetics were found to differ, with a shorter time course of augmented activity seen after inoculation with poly I:C. These data indicate that interferon may play a central role in the augmentation of NK activity in vivo.
Natural cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in rats. III. Effects of immunopharmacologic treatments on natural reactivity and on reactivity augmented by polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid
Authors: Oehler J. Ronald , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTreatment of rats with high doses of hydrocortisone, X‐irradiation, or cyclophosphamide had a suppressive effect on natural cytotoxicity in vivo. However, when rats were given poly I:C 3 after any of these agents, the levels of NK activity were similar to those in normal rats which had been given poly I:C alone. To explain these findings, we have postulated that a population of pre‐NK cells, resistant to hydrocortisone, cyclophosphamide and X‐irradiation was induced by poly I:C to become cytotoxic NK cells. Treatment of rats with silica, in doses that had no effect on proliferative responses of host lymphocytes to Con A in vitro, sharply diminished NK activity. With this agent, the boosting effect of poly I:C, although still detectable, was diminished. Since there is little if any indication that NK cells are phagocytic, these data suggest that phagocytes may play a role in maintaining high levels of NK activity in vivo and, further, may be involved in the mechanism by which natural cytotoxicity is boosted by poly I:C. Adult thymectomized rats had easily detectable levels of natural reactivity and the response to poly I:C was unimpaired, indicating a lack of thymic dependence for boosting as well as for spontaneous levels of NK activity.
Detection of trophoblastic tumour activity by pregnancy‐specific beta‐1‐glycoprotein
Authors: Seppälä M. , Rutanen Eeva‐Marja , Heikinheimo M. , Jalanko H. , Engvall Eva 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPregnancy‐specific beta‐1‐glycoprotein (PSBG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in 73 serum samples from eight patients treated for gestational choriocarcinoma. Both markers were initially present in all cases, but at the time of writing both had levelled off in six cases and decreased markedly in two. Usually hCG was detectable for longer than PSBG during the course of chemotherapy. Both PSBG and hCG reappeared on clinical recurrence. However, at times during the follow‐up period one trophoblastic marker only was expressed This was hCG in most cases, but in one case PSBG alone was encountered. These results suggest that PSBG may serve as an additional marker for the detection of residual tumour growth in patients with trophoblastic tumours.
Relationship between T lymphocyte levels and lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens and alloantigens in lung and breast cancer patients
Authors: Jerrells Thomas R. , Dean Jack H. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLung and breast cancer patients were studied for relationships between lymphocyte function, as measured by lymphoproliferative (LP)3 assays, and levels of circulating thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T lymphocytes) measured by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes). LP responses to the T lymphocyte mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin‐A (Con‐A) and to alloan‐tigens in one‐way mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) were assessed in a microculture assay. Total T lymphocyte levels were determined using an E rosette assay performed at 4°C and a subpopulation of T lymphocytes with high affinity receptors for E rosettes was measured in a 29°C assay. Using the relative proliferation index (RPI) which compares patient reactivity to normal reactivity, we found that one‐third to one‐half of the lung and breast cancer patients had depressed LP responses to at least one of the stimulants. In contrast, only 21% of the breast and 25% of the lung cancer patients had low levels of total E‐rosette‐forming cells (E‐RFC) as measured by the 4°C E rosette assay. Using the 29°C E rosette assay, we found that a significantly higher proportion of the patients demonstrated decreased levels of this subpopulation of lymphocytes and in both patient groups the depression noted in functional assays was closely paralleled by the percentage of patients with abnormal levels of high‐affinity T lymphocytes. To further examine this apparent relationship between high‐affinity E‐RFC levels and LP results, the correlation between these measures in individual patients was examined. Regression analysis indicated a significant correlation between mitogen and alloantigen responses in both patient groups as well as between total T lymphocyte and high‐affinity T lymphocyte levels. However, there was no significant correlation between LP responses and T lymphocyte levels. Studies in which MLC and PHA reactivities, 4°C and 29°C E rosette levels were determined on the same peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) sample demonstrated that a number of lung and breast cancer patients with abnormal LP responses had normal total and high‐affinity T lymphocyte levels. Patients with a decrease in high‐affinity E‐RFC but normal levels of total T lymphocytes had a high incidence of depression to PHA (56 and 82% in breast and lung cancer patients respectively) but fewer had depressed MLC reactivity (33 and 71% in breast and lung cancer patients, respectively). In patients with low levels of total and high‐affinity T lymphocytes, there was a high incidence of depression in responses to both PHA and MLC. The results of this study indicate that some cancer patients may have depressed LP responses in association with depressed levels of T lymphocytes, but that other patients may have depressed functional reactivity despite normal levels of E‐RFC.
Spontaneous human lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity against tumor target cells. V. The role of serum‐derived heterologous membrane antigens
Authors: Pross Hugh F. , Luk Samuel S. , Baines Malcolm G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of serum on the K562 assay for spontaneous human lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity (SLMC) was examined systematically at the level of the assay system and with respect to the serum used for the long‐term maintenance of the K562 target cells. It was found that the assay did not require the presence of serum, but all sera tested increased the level of cytotoxicity observed. Lymphocyte and target cell preparation in serum‐free medium led to a high non‐specific cell loss which could be avoided by substituting 5% human serum albumin for fetal calf serum. With this serum‐free assay, the effect of long‐term culture of K562 in 5% human serum was examined. High SLMC by normal donors was obtained in spite of the fact that the target cells had been cultured in human serum. This occurred even when the serum used for long‐term culture was autologous to the lymphocyte donor, and as long as the experiment was continued (10 months). The relative cytotoxicity of each donor relative to the other two tested in this series of experiments was similar for each of the K562 sources tested, and every time that the experiment was performed. Persistence of susceptibility to cytotoxicity after 10 months of culture in 5% human serum, partial sensitivity to pronase and trypsin, and resistance to neuraminidase, all indicated that the antigen recognized by the effector cells in this assay is distinct from the heterologous membrane antigen described by Irie et al. (1974a, b). The ability of lymphocytes to lyse target cells cultured in serum autologous to the lymphocyte donor indicated that SLMC is not mediated by lymphocyte recognition of serum‐derived antigens or serum‐derived mitogenic factors. The “recovery” of the SLMC susceptibility of pronase or trypsin‐treated target cells in serum‐free medium also suggests that the K562‐SLMC “antigen” is intrinsic to the K562 target cell and is independent of the serum used to culture these cells.
Production of rabbit antibodies against the viral capsid antigen (VCA) of the epstein‐barr virus (EBV)
Authors: Vestergaard B. F. , Hesse J. , Norrild B. , Klein G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRabbits were immunized with nuclear or cyto‐plasmic extracts of the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐producing marmoset cell line B95‐8. Following extensive absorption with human EBV‐negative cells (Hep‐2, Ramos and BJAB), sera were obtained that no longer reacted with cellular or serum proteins of human origin, but gave a single precipitin band with extracts of the human EBV‐producing line, P3HR‐1. Immunofluorescence tests performed with appropriate parallel human serum controls showed that the rabbit serum contained no activity against EBNA + EA ‐ VCA ‐ Raji cells, or against P3HR‐1 virus superinfected, cytosine arabinoside‐treated Raji cells that contained EBNA and EA, but not VCA. The sera gave a brilliant indirect immunofluor‐escence reaction with the virus‐producing (EBNA+EA+ VCA+) P3HR‐1 lines. Two‐color fluorescence tests, performed with a direct TRITC‐labelled VCA conjugate and indirect FITC‐staining with the rabbit serum, showed that the same cells reacted in both red and green fluorescence, confirming that the rabbit serum was directed specifically against some antigen formed in the virus‐producer cells. Since the synthesis of the relevant antigen was prevented by cytosine arabinoside it cannot be EA and must be a late antigen. The morphology and localization of the antigen support the conclusion that the antigen is VCA or some part of the VCA complex.
Separation of lymphoid cells with a suppressor effect on the activity of cytotoxic cells in vitro during the growth of a syngeneic mouse tumour
Authors: Schaaf‐Lafontaine N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne or 4 weeks after grafting of a syngeneic sarcoma (T2) to C57BL/6 mice, lymph‐node cells (LNC) are cytotoxic in vitro for the cells of this tumour. But after 2 weeks LNC are not cytotoxic or show a non‐significant activity. These second‐week LNC, added to cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) from the first or fourth week, reduce considerably the cytotoxicity of the latter cells. When velocity sedimentation at unit gravity is used to fractionate 11th‐14th day LNC, some fractions, enriched in small lymphoid cells, kill the cancer cells. Other fractions, containing large blast cells, lack this property but can suppress the activity of the small cells or of fourth week CL. These suppressor cells can also be separated from active CL by passage on a glass bead column. They are “adherent” while CL are non‐adherent at this stage. This suppressor effect is abolished when the lymphoid cell suspension is treated by anti‐θ serum, but macrophage depletion does not modify the inhibition. The cell responsible for the suppressor effect is thus a large T lymphoid cell, adherent and non‐phagocytic. It seems to act essentially on an effector phase of the cell‐mediated cytotoxicity.