bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spinning the supercooled PET to obtain highly oriented and crystallized PET fibers at low speeds
Authors: Cao Jinan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAn attempt has been made to investigate the feasibility for a novel concept of supercooled spinning to obtain orientation‐induced crystallization at speeds lower than that for the high‐speed spinning technology. This is achieved by setting the nozzle temperature lower than the melting point for PET, making the polymer a supercooled fluidic liquid, and then spinning the supercooled. The experimental results show that high orientation and high crystallinity can be achieved at a spinning speed of 2500 m/min, which is in good comparison with a speed of 5000–6000 m/min to obtain similar degree of orientation and crystallinity in the high‐speed spinning. The properties of the as‐spun fibers obtained by supercooled spinning were analyzed, and a rational theoretical account for the supercooled spinning is explored. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3078–3082, 2006
Numerical simulation of localized cure of thermosensitive resin during thermo stereolithography process (TSTL)
Authors: Andrade S. R. , Jardini A. L. , Wolf Maciel M. R. , Maciel Filho R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this work, to analyze a type of rapid prototyping technique, a numerical model was developed that was able to simulate the heat transfer at thermosensitive polymeric material during cure by laser irradiation. The analysis was carried out as a transient thermal problem using the general‐purpose finite element software ANSYS. The technique analyzed was thermal stereolithography, which uses a CO2 laser beam to cure (solidify) thermosensitive liquid resins in a selective way to produce three‐dimensional parts. In this numerical analysis, the temperature distribution at thermoset material heated by a laser irradiation and its thermal properties are investigated. This resin is a high‐viscosity sample composed of epoxy resin, diethylenetriamine, and silica powder, which become highly crosslinked when irradiated by infrared laser. The localized curing becomes critical when the amount of silica and laser parameters are not appropriate. Bearing this in mind, this work intends, by applying the numerical method developed, to analyze the thermal behavior of resins in function of amount of silica and the laser radiation conditions, so that it is possible to have a knowledge on these variables so as to achieve a product with the required specifications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl PolymSci 102: 2777–2783, 2006
Synthesis of dendrimer‐type poly(ethylene glycol) structures from plasma‐functionalized silicone rubber surfaces
Authors: Jiang H. , Manolache S. , Wong A. C. , Denes F. S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPEG oligomers were covalently attached to nonequilibrium, low‐pressure, RF‐plasma‐functionalized silicone medical‐ and industrial‐grade silicon rubber surfaces, in the absence and presence of linear and branched polyglycidol spacer‐chain molecules. All surface‐modification reactions were carried out in a two‐step process involving an initial argon–plasma activation of the surface, followed by “in situ” reaction with dichlorosilane in the absence of the discharge, and the attachment of PEG molecules or the graft polymerization of polyglycidol structures, and the attachment of PEG molecules. The surface of substrates was analyzed after each reaction step, using ESCA, ATR‐FTIR, and AFM. It was found that PEG molecules directly attached to medical‐grade silicone rubber surface as brush‐type structures, and generate stronger antifouling characteristics in comparison to similar structures generated on food‐grade substrates. The presence of additives on the food‐grade silicon rubber surfaces that might be etched and removed during the postplasma washing cycles could contribute to a less efficient attachment of PEG molecules. Surfaces resulting from PEG molecules attached through intermediate, linear, and branched polyglycidol molecules did not reduce bacterial attachment. It is suggested that macromolecular entanglement might be responsible for this behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:2324–2337, 2006
Properties of ligno‐cellulosic bilayered vegetable fabric from ridge gourd
Authors: Varada Rajulu A. , Venu Nadhan A. , Rama Devi R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe two layers of bilayered vegetable fabric from ridge gourd were analyzed by FTIR, chemical, X‐ray, and thermogravimetric methods before and after alkali treatment. The morphology of the fabrics in the two layers, before and after alkali treatment, was also studied using SEM technique. The FTIR and chemical analyses indicated lowering of lignin and hemicellulose content by alkali treatment in the fabric of both layers. Further, the X‐ray diffraction revealed increase in crystallinity of the fabric by alkali treatment. The thermal stability of the fabric was also found to increase by alkali treatment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2338–2342, 2006
Characterization and electrical properties of methyl‐2‐hydroxyethyl cellulose doped with erbium nitrate salt
Authors: Abd‐El Kader F. H. , Said G. , El‐Naggar M. M. , Anees B. A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractX‐ray diffraction, infrared (IR), and electrical properties for pure and Er (NO3)3‐doped methyl‐2‐hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC) with concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 7, and 10 wt % were studied. X‐ray analysis indicates that the addition of Er (NO3)3, which is a crystalline material, to MHEC at concentrations 10 and 13 wt % leads to the formation of crystalline phases in the amorphous polymeric matrix. The appearance of the bending mode ν2 and the combination mode (ν1 + ν4) of Er (NO3)3 in the IR spectra of composite samples indicates the coordination of nitro group in the chains of MHEC. From the I–V characteristics, it was found that the charge transport mechanism in MHEC appears to be essentially space charge limited conduction, while the predominant mechanism in the composite samples is Poole–Frenkel. Values of both drift mobility (μ) and the charge carrier density (n) has been reported. The temperature dependence conductivity data has been analyzed in terms of the Arrhenius and Mott's variable range hopping models. Different Mott's parameters such as the density of states, N(EF), hopping distance (R), and average hopping energy (W) have been evaluated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:2352–2361, 2006
Preparation and modification of macroporous epoxy‐triethylenetetramine resin for preconcentration and removal of Hg(II) in aqueous solution
Authors: Pan Junyan , Wang Sui , Zhang Ruifeng 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA novel macroporous resin was prepared from epoxy resin and triethylenetetramine through a polymerization with phase separation. In this experiment, the polyethylene glycol (PEG‐1000) plays a very important part. It was used as solvent, as phase‐separation reagent in the preparation processes, and as the pore‐forming reagent through removing PEG‐1000 from polymer by water‐cleaning process after completing polymerization. The prepared resin was modified by carbon bisulfide and soaked in 1 mol L−1 NaOH. Its structure was characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. The adsorption characteristic of the chelating resin was studied by series of experiments. The results show that the chelating resin possesses excellent adsorption characteristic toward trace Hg(II). The recovery can come to 100% when the concentration of Hg(II) is only 0.05 ppm, and the average maximum adsorption capacity of the chelating resin for Hg(II) is 122 mg g−1. The precision (relative standard deviation) for six replicate adsorbent extraction of 0.01 μg mL−1 Hg(II) was 1.1%. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was verified by analyzing a standard reference material. Moreover, the chelating resin was applied to two natural samples and also got satisfactory results. That is to say, the chelating resin modified by carbon bisulfide exhibits a high chelating ability toward Hg(II) and can be used as adsorbent for preconcentration and removal of trace Hg(II) in aqueous solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:2372–2378, 2006
Optimal policies for BMA polymerization in nonisothermal batch reactor
Authors: Sundaram B. S. , Upreti S. R. , Lohi A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the optimal policies for bulk polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) are determined in a nonisothermal batch reactor. Four objectives are realized for BMA polymerization based on a detailed process model. The objectives are: (i) maximization of monomer conversion in a specified operation time, (ii) minimization of operation time for a specified, final monomer conversion, (iii) maximization of monomer conversion for a specified, final number average polymer molecular weight, and (iv) maximization of monomer conversion for a specified, final weight average polymer molecular weight. For each objective, the optimal temperature policy of heat‐exchange fluid inside reactor jacket is determined. The temperature of the heat‐exchange fluid is considered as a function of a specified variable. Necessary equations are provided to suitably transform the process model in terms of a specified variable other than time, and to evaluate the elements of Jacobian to help in the accurate solution of the process model. A genetic algorithm‐based optimal control method is applied to realize the objectives. The resulting optimal policies of this application reveal considerable improvements in the batch production of poly(BMA). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl PolymSci 102: 2799–2809, 2006
Synergistic efficiency of combined HALS–UV absorber polymerizable stabilizers
Authors: Bojinov Vladimir 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe influence of combined 2,2,6,6‐tetra methylpiperidine  2‐hydroxyphenyl‐benzotriazole [1,3,5]triazine polymerizable stabilizers on the photostability of their copolymers with methyl methacrylate as well as the interaction of the photoreactive HALS and UV absorber fragments in the combined molecules have been studied. Chemical bonding of the stabilizers in the polymer was confirmed spectrophotometrically. The participation of the combined stabilizers in the polymerization did not affect considerably the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of the copolymers. A significant stabilizing effect against photodegradation was determined. Strong synergistic interaction between different HALS and UV absorber fragment in the combined stabilizers was established. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2408–2415, 2006
Characterization of conducting poly(3‐methylthiophene) films prepared under sono‐electrochemical conditions
Authors: Galal A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPoly(3‐methlthiophene) films were prepared under “silent” and “sono‐electrochemical” potentiostatic (SEP) conditions. A three‐electrode one‐compartment sono‐cell was used with a working platinum disc electrode. The sono‐electrochemically formed polymer films were deposited with different working electrode‐to‐horn distances. The composition, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and morphological characteristics of the resulting polymer films were determined. Elemental analysis, FTIR‐spectra, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data proved that the polymer films prepared under SEP conditions have predominant α‐α′‐couplings between the 3MT units, and the aromatic ring integrity is maintained in the film. Scanning electron microscopy showed that those films are more compact and less porous compared to the films prepared under silent conditions. The use of sono‐irradiation during electropolymerization enhanced the diffusion of the monomer units towards the electrode surface and resulted in relatively less doped polymers with less conductivity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data for films prepared under silent and SEP conditions were collected in a monomer‐free solution. The results show that the impedance of SEP films is relatively higher than those prepared under silent conditions, and a combination of charge transfer kinetics with diffusion‐controlled conduction mechanism within the films. The diffusion was found to be a function of the porosity of the film. Conductivity measurements are in good agreement with EIS, elemental analysis, and XPS data. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2416–2425, 2006
Soybean and castor oil based monomers: Synthesis and copolymerization with styrene
Authors: Can E. , Wool R. P. , Küsefoğlu S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this study, castor oil was alcoholyzed with both aliphatic alcohols, such as glycerol and pentaerythritol, and an aromatic alcohol, bisphenol A propoxylate. The resulting alcoholysis products were then malinated and cured in the presence of styrene. Soybean oil pentaerythritol glyceride maleates were also prepared for a direct comparison of the properties of the castor oil and soybean oil based resins. Castor oil was directly malinated as well to see the effect of the alcoholysis step on the properties of the castor oil based resins. The monomers synthesized were characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and the styrenated resin liquid properties, such as viscosity and surface energy values, were determined. The conversion of polymerization was determined using time resolved FTIR analysis for the styrenated soybean oil pentaerythritol glyceride maleates, castor oil maleates, and castor oil pentaerythritol glyceride maleates. The effect of monomer identity and styrene content on the conversion of polymerization was explored. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2433–2447, 2006
Moisture diffusion properties of HFPE‐II‐52 polyimide
Authors: Bhargava Peeyush , Chuang Kathy C. , Chen Kenway , Zehnder Alan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMoisture diffusion properties of the polyimide HFPE‐II‐52 were determined using weight gain, weight loss, and swelling experiments over a temperature range of 25–200°C. Below 100°C, diffusivity was measured using standard weight loss and weight gain methods. Above 100°C, diffusivity is found by weight loss experiments performed by placing moisture saturated samples in an oven and recording weight loss dynamically. The diffusivity of the polyimide was found to obey the Arrhenius relation over the entire range of temperature. Weight gain experiments were performed to determine the equilibrium level of moisture absorbed by the polyimide as a function of relative humidity. Swelling experiments were performed to measure swelling strain as a function of moisture absorption. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3471‐3479, 2006
Development of dispersed phase size and its dependence on processing parameters
Authors: Chen Xi , Xu Jun , Guo Bao‐Hua 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThrough measurement of phase dimension via laser scattering, phase morphology development in immiscible blends of polyamide 12/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with an extremely high viscosity ratio was investigated. The blends were prepared by melt blending in a batch mixer. The objective was to examine the influence of mixing time, rotor speed, as well as blending temperature on the size distribution of the minor phase. It is of interest that the breakup process of the dispersed PA 12 phase was observed for the blend systems even for extremely high viscosity ratios of ≤ 102–103. Mixing time had a significant effect on the development of dispersed phase size distribution. It was found that the bulk of particle size reduction took place very early in the mixing process, and very small droplets with a diameter of 0.1–10 μm were produced. The number of small particles then decreased, resulting in a larger average particle size. With further prolonged mixing, the particle size levels off. The particle size and its distribution were also found to be sensitive to the rotor speed. The average particle size decreased with increased rotor speed. The effect of blending temperature on size and size distribution, which has seldom been studied, was also examined in this work. When the blending temperature altered from 190°C to 220°C, the size and its distribution of the dispersed phase varied considerably, and the change of viscosity ratio was found to be the key factor affecting the dispersed phase size. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3201–3211, 2006
Free‐volume hole properties of two kinds thermoplastic nanocomposites based on polymer blends probed by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
Authors: Fang Zhengping , Xu Yuzhen , Tong Lifang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo type of nanocomposites—an immiscible blend, high density polyethylene/polyamide 6 (HDPE/PA‐6) with organomodified clay, and a compatibilized blend, high density polyethylene grafted with acrylic acid/PA‐6 (PEAA/PA‐6) with organomodified clay—were prepared via melt compounding. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results revealed that the clay was intercalated and partially exfoliated. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy has been utilized to investigate the free‐volume hole properties of two type of nanocomposites. The results show a negative deviation of free‐volume size in PEAA/PA‐6 blend, and a positive deviation in HDPE/PA‐6 blend, and I3 has a greater negative deviation in compatibilized blend than in immiscible blend due to interaction between dissimilar chains. For nanocomposites based on polymer blends, in immiscible HDPE/PA‐6/organomodified clay system, the variation of free‐volume size with clay content is not obvious and the free‐volume concentration and fraction decreased. While in the case of compatibilized PEAA/PA‐6/organomodified clay nanocomposites, complicated variation of free‐volume properties due to interactions between two phases and organomodified clay was observed. And the interaction parameter β shows the interactions between polymers and organomodified clay. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2463–2469, 2006
Poly(dimethylaminoethylmethacryloylpropanesulfonate)‐suitable polymer additive for pulsed electrodeposition of nanocrystalline nickel
Authors: Georgiev George , Kamenova Irena , Georgieva Ventsislava , Kamenska Elena , Hempelmann Rolf , Natter Harald 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNano‐nickel (n‐Ni) is deposited by a pulsed electrodeposition (PED) in the presence of nonionogenic (poly(ethylene glycol), poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone), starch), anionogenic (gum arabic, sodium alginate), cationic (quaternized guar gum), and polyampholytic (polyzwitterionic) poly(dimethylaminoethylmethacryloylpropanesulfonate) (PDMAEMPS) polymers. It is established that, by PED (40 mA/cm2, ton = 1 ms, toff = 50 ms, 323 K), the size of the nanocrystalline particles produced in the presence of PDMAEMPS is far less (by a factor of 6–10) than those obtained in the presence of other polymer additives. These comparative results emphasize a new possibility of controlling the nanograin size of the electrodeposited metals by PED. The dramatic difference in the size of the nickel particles and the unique ability of the polyzwitterionic (PZI) additives are connected by the specific for the polyzwitterionic macromolecular conformation response to the pulsatile electric potential. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2967–2971, 2006
Structure and characterization for conterminously linked polymer of short‐chain epoxy resin with triallyl isocyanurate and bismaleimide
Authors: Leu Tsu‐Shang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe short‐chain epoxy resin (SCER) was prepared direct from epichlorohydrin/bisphenol A (ECH/BPA). The resulted SCER and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) with various weight percent of triallyl isocyanurate/4,4′‐bismaleimidophenylmethane (TAIC/BMI) were subsequently thermally coreacted to the corresponding high performance materials for high frequency application. They were characterized using potentiometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), dielectric analyzer, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of polymers showed only a Tg indicating a low entropy, amorphous state and formed a conterminously linked polymer. The morphology of polymers revealed no phase separation. The formation of polymer was in good agreement with the proposed molecular structure, and has enhanced good thermal, mechanical, and electric properties. Furthermore, with lower nitrogen content was achieved UL‐94 V‐0 rating. No fume and toxic gas emission were observed during burning test for this system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2470–2480, 2006
Nanocomposites from fluoro‐oxygenated polyethylene: A novel route to organoclay exfoliation
Authors: Shah Rhutesh K. , Cui Lili , Williams Kelly L. , Bauman Bernard , Paul D. R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe present a novel approach to improving organoclay exfoliation in a nonpolar matrix, polyethylene. High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) particles were modified by exposure to a reactive gas atmosphere containing F2 and O2. This treatment was aimed at increasing the polarity of the polymer with the formation of carboxyl, hydroxy, and ketone functionalities on the particle surface. The surface‐treated high‐density polyethylene (ST‐HDPE) particles were then melt‐mixed with an appropriate organoclay to form nanocomposites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, stress–strain analysis, and Izod impact measurements were used to evaluate the nanocomposite morphology and physical properties. These data were compared to those of equivalent nanocomposites prepared from unmodified HDPE and high‐density polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (HDPE‐g‐MA). The nanocomposites prepared from the ST‐HDPE particles exhibited much better properties and organoclay dispersion than those prepared from unmodified HDPE. The level of reinforcement observed in ST‐HDPE‐based nanocomposites was comparable to, if not better than, that seen in HDPE‐g‐MA‐based nanocomposites. However, a comparison of the TEM micrographs suggested better organoclay exfoliation in HDPE‐g‐MA than the current version of ST‐HDPE. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2980–2989, 2006
Influence of copolymerization conditions on the structure and properties of polyethylene/polypropylene/poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene) in‐reactor alloys synthesized in gas‐phase with spherical ziegler‐natta catalyst
Authors: Fan Zhiqiang , Deng Jian , Zuo Yan‐Mei , Fu Zhi‐Sheng 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA spherical TiCl4/MgCl2‐based catalyst was used in the synthesis of polyethylene/polypropylene/poly (ethylene‐co‐propylene) in‐reactor alloys by sequential homopolymerization of ethylene, homopolymerization of propylene, and copolymerization of ethylene and propylene in gas‐phase. Different conditions in the third stage, such as the pressure of ethylene–propylene mixture and the feed ratio of ethylene, were investigated, and their influences on the compositions, structural distribution and properties of the in‐reactor alloys were studied. Increasing the feed ratio of ethylene is favorable for forming random ethylene–propylene copolymer and segmented ethylene–propylene copolymer, however, slightly influences the formation of ethylene‐b‐propylene block copolymer and homopolyethylene. Raising the pressure of ethylene–propylene mixture results in the increment of segmented ethylene–propylene copolymer, ethylene‐b‐propylene block copolymer, and PE fractions, but exerts a slight influence on both the random copolymer and PP fractions. The impact strength of PE/PP/EPR in‐reactor alloys can be markedly improved by increasing the feed ratio of ethylene in the ethylene–propylene mixture or increasing the pressure of ethylene–propylene mixture. However, the flexural modulus decreases as the feed ratio of ethylene in the ethylene–propylene mixture or the pressure of ethylene–propylene mixture increases. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2481–2487, 2006