bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Islamic Secular and The Impossible State
Authors: Jackson Sherman A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Here I engage with the thesis of Wael Hallaq in his provocative book, The Impossible State. I argue, on the one hand, that Hallaq’s definition of the state, with which he argues that Islam-cum-sharī‘ah is incompatible, could not be successfully applied to any number of non-Islamic states across the globe. As such, even on his criterion, there should be nothing unique about Islam’s alleged incompatibility with the modern state. More importantly, however, I argue that by ignoring the Islamic Secular, Hallaq cannot successfully analyze the relationship between Islam cum-sharī‘ah and the state. For, neither Islam nor Islamic law can be adequately understood in the absence of the Islamic Secular. I engage with Hallaq’s definition of the state, his limiting Islam to morality, and his understanding of the relationship between Islamic law and reason. Ultimately, I argue that the Islamic State would be far less “impossible” were Hallaq to consider the Islamic Secular and rethink other arguments of his that I find to be overstated.
Introduction
Authors: Liu Cuilan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter opens with this book’s core question: Was the perception of Buddhist clerical legal privileges a Chinese invention? To understand the formation of these privileges, this chapter introduces two key terms borrowed from the Christian context: sanctuary and the benefit of clergy. It then situates the discussion of Buddhist clerical legal privileges in the context of the study of Buddhism and the law and highlights how this book differs in its disciplinary orientation from other existing books studying China’s religion, law, or history—namely, in that it examines the issue over a long historical period across dynastic transitions as well as the transition from imperial to post-imperial China. After providing a sketch of the primary sources used by this book, the introduction ends with an outline of each chapter.
The Adulterous Wife’s Sanctuary
Authors: Liu Cuilan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how Buddhist legal writers presented Buddhist institutions as sanctuaries where monks and nuns were immune from being tried for having committed preordination crimes. In this presentation, Buddhist legal writers documented a widely known tactic where fugitives sought to become ordained Buddhist monks or nuns to avoid punishment from the lay law enforcement. These writers presented women convicted of adultery or theft as the most common fugitives to take advantage of Buddhist nunneries as sanctuaries to avoid their pending capital punishment. Different versions of the Buddhist monastic law texts, however, relied on different strategies for this tactic to succeed. These strategies ranged from a then-existing law that required a king to protect ordained Buddhist monks and nuns, to stories of faithful Buddhist kings who were willing to arbitrarily intervene—or even to break an existing law—in order to forgive a newly ordained fugitive.
Dead Monks, Living Heirs
Authors: Liu Cuilan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines a series of legal disputes over the estates of deceased Buddhist monks and nuns in China from the 1980s to the present. These lawsuits resulted from conflicts between China’s Law of Succession, which grants inheritance rights to the biological children of deceased monks and nuns, and Buddhist monastic law and customary practice in Chinese Buddhism, which grant these rights to the deceased’s host monastery or nunnery. In practice, most judges ruled in favor of the Buddhist institutions over the lay heirs. China’s legislature was also reluctant to clarify the jurisprudential conflict through legislation. The judiciary’s tendency to rule in favor of the institution and the legislature’s unwillingness to undermine Buddhist monastic law and customary practice in the Buddhist community thus show how historical negotiations over the jurisdictional boundary between the state and the Buddhist establishment continue to influence legal practices in China today.
Epilogue
Authors: Liu Cuilan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes why the Buddhist campaign for clerical legal privileges was not a Chinese invention but originated in Indian Buddhism. Contrary to their Indian predecessors, Buddhists in China adopted a unique approach to collaborating with the state to build a hybrid court and form a set of hybrid laws to deal with Buddhist offenders. In so doing, the Buddhist establishment in China was able to maximize its jurisdictional control over ordained Buddhists. This chapter further situates the Chinese Buddhist approach in the wider pan-Asian context to show how Buddhists in South Asia sought a radically different approach by focusing on establishing full-fledged Buddhist monastic courts whose jurisdiction expanded to cover both ordained and lay Buddhists. By comparing the Buddhist and Christian campaigns for clerical legal privileges, this chapter reveals how Buddhists and Christians were interested in demarcating a jurisdictional boundary with the state but for achieving different goals.
Uninitiated Policy Shifts in Peru
Authors: Herrera Veronica 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Slow-moving harms became part of the everyday landscape for the Rímac River, where communities historically suffered in silence amid growing toxins from industry and mining. Decades later not much has changed, and Lima’s main waterway represents the habituated pollution of most urban rivers in the Global South. This chapter examines the anemic mobilization around the Rímac River and the numerous public institutions that are staunchly resistant to change. Process tracing shows how low levels of bonding mobilization and missing bridging mobilization were shaped by hostile conditions that narrowed the window for autonomous civil society organizing. After the armed conflict, human rights mobilization was squashed by conservative presidential administrations aligned with military officials and extractivist interests. In Lima, human rights and environmental issues remain largely disconnected. Communities are besieged with fast-moving harms from mining, floods, and proposed relocation, and exposure to slow-harms river pollution continues unabated.
Introduction
Authors: Duncan April D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Black youth are robbed of their childhood at an early age because of constant interactions with racism, discrimination, prejudice, and microaggressions, otherwise known as racial trauma. Therefore, school social workers should be aware of how racial trauma affects the moods and behaviors of Black students when assessing their mental state in a clinical setting. They also can benefit from applying play therapy in individual, group, and family therapy with Black students to address racial trauma symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and suicidality. Building rapport with Black children and their caregivers will be another key step to helping Black children learn healthy coping skills to combat racial trauma.
Play It Away!
Authors: Duncan April D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the rising rate of suicide in Black students and its correlation with racial stressors. It explores suicide rates across the lifespan, as well as important risk and protective factors to consider when working with Black students experiencing suicidal thoughts and/or engaging in self-harming behaviors. The chapter also analyzes signs of suicide contemplation in Black students, as well as signs of suicidality in play therapy sessions. It describes the steps of suicide risk assessments and the importance of safety plans and documentation. Game play and art-based interventions for Black students of all ages are explored for use in individual and group play therapy to increase self-esteem and decrease depressive symptoms, negative thoughts, and self-harming behaviors.
A Life in Zombies
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a chronological overview of Romero’s career that includes both the feature films that made him famous and the work he did in between. It begins with early projects, like the filmed but never completed Expostulations (1961–1962) and the unfilmed Whine of the Faun (1964), as well as his formative appearance in a production of Jack Gelber’s boundary-pushing play The Connection. The chapter then follows the ups and downs of Romero’s career as a director of feature films: massive successes like Night of the Living Dead (1968) and Dawn of the Dead (1978) and financial failures like There’s Always Vanilla (1972) and Season of the Witch (1972). It discusses his commercials and TV work, including his series of sports documentaries, The Winners (1973–1975). As he gained prominence in the industry, he became increasingly pigeonholed as a maker of horror films, even more specifically, as a maker of zombie movies. But the unfilmed scripts that he wrote show a diverse range of interests in a broad range of genres. From the mid-1970s to the early 2000s, Romero wrote dozens of scripts and treatments that were never filmed, including some of his most inspired, most passionate creative work. This chapter places his feature films in the context of the unfilmed projects he was working on alongside them and identifies some of the major themes appearing throughout his filmed and unfilmed projects.
Now and Future Time
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter details George A. Romero’s unproduced science fiction films of the 1980s and 1990s, focusing on Copperhead, written with Marvel Comics’ editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, and War of the Worlds: The Night They Came, a radical reconception of the H. G. Wells story. Romero uses science fiction as a vehicle for exploring the dystopian dangers of technological fascism. In Copperhead, written in the early 1980s, Romero and Shooter follow a soldier who is transformed by a future government into a Robocop-like cyborg, supposedly to fight the “terrorist” rebels who murdered his wife but mostly, as he slowly realizes, to maintain the fascist government’s control over the population. The drafts explore the difficulties of overthrowing a fascist regime without installing an equally authoritarian government: the great danger is that those strong enough to seize power will keep it for themselves. War of the Worlds takes place in contemporary New York City, where a single spacecraft has crashed into a skyscraper. The story follows a small group of people in the building as they try to survive, then defeat, the aliens, who are there to enslave the human population. Doing so requires teamwork and trust, and the script ends—uniquely in Romero’s work—with optimism about humanity’s capacity to work together to fight the coming alien invasion.
Sucking the Life Out of You
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter details a number of unfilmed scripts that George A. Romero wrote in the period from the late 1980s through the early 2000s in which corporate capital creates dangerous monsters or is itself monstrous. This was a period in which Romero’s feature film productions were scarce but he was extremely productive, writing dozens of scripts, treatments, and proposals even as he grew increasingly frustrated with the limitations of the film industry. This chapter shows how Romero articulates frustrations with greed and capitalism into systemic critiques in unfilmed projects such as Resident Evil (1998), in which the military-industrial complex has created a virus that might end the world, and Apartment Living (late 1980s–early 1990s), in which a trendy condo building literally feeds off new inhabitants, granting wealth and immortality to the established residents who “own” it, and an adaptation of R. L. Stein’s Young Adult book series Goosebumps, in which a factory owner’s control over his employees and their families extends long past their deaths.
Shahrazad in the Tropics
Authors: Hassan Waïl S. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In Vozes do deserto (2004, Voices of the Desert), Nélida Piñon (1937-2022) reworks The Book of a Thousand and One Nights by centering it on its famous storyteller, Shahrazad. Set in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate (ad 750–1258, the novel presents the Arab world not as the repository of “Oriental wisdom,” as it was for Malba Tahan, Humberto de Campos, and Glória Perez, but as a paradigm of patriarchal despotism and masculinist sexual violence. Like the Orient of Montesquieu’s Lettres persanes and Voltaire’s Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le prophète, Piñon’s Orient is a convenient trope through which to criticize domestic Brazilian norms.
Al-Andalus Re-Imagined
Authors: Hassan Waïl S. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
O escriba de Granada (2014, The Scribe of Granada) by Gilberto Abrão (b. 1943), and Enigmas da primavera (2015, Enigmas of Spring) by João Almino (b. 1950) evoke the memory of al-Andalus to comment on contemporary crises: the Arab Spring uprisings, the emergence of ISIL, the rise of xenophobia and Islamophobia, the economic downturn, corruption scandals, and a worsening political impasse in Brazil. Abrão creates a proto-fascist character who descends into madness following his discovery of his descent from a fifteenth-century Spanish Arab, while Almino’s teenage protagonist, also of Arab descent and obsessed with Granada’s fall in 1492, has a nervous breakdown before he finds direction in his life in the context of the youth movements sweeping the Arab world, Spain, and Brazil. The mental illness of both protagonists is a metaphor for an aggravating crisis of national identity.
The Global Aid Ecosystem
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 outlines the global aid ecosystem focused on advancing women’s political empowerment. It examines how women’s rights activists mobilized throughout the twentieth century to establish an international norm for women’s political inclusion and traces the changes this norm triggered in foreign assistance over time. The second half of the chapter describes the contemporary aid landscape and maps out the global network of actors involved in funding, designing, and implementing women’s political empowerment interventions today. The chapter argues that women’s equal political participation and leadership is now firmly entrenched in international legal and policy frameworks and shows that funding in this area has steadily increased. However, behind this apparent global consensus lie questions and doubts about the depth of existing policy and aid commitments and the role of international assistance in furthering gender equality change in politics.
Confronting the Gatekeepers
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 analyzes aid programs targeting gender inclusion in political parties. It draws on examples from Kenya, Morocco, Myanmar, and Nepal to illustrate the core hurdles women face within party organizations. It then examines the standard methods party assistance providers have used to advance women’s participation and influence. In recent years, several aid organizations have begun complementing their support for women party members and women’s wings with activities aimed at transforming exclusionary party structures and policies. In some contexts, these efforts have triggered incremental legislative and party-internal reforms. But progress has been uneven, and formal commitments and policy changes are not always implemented or sustained. Limited leadership commitment, low party institutionalization, and the pernicious role of money in politics all pose enduring challenges.
Toward a Different Assistance Model
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 11 turns the lens back to the aid ecosystem and examines how current assistance practices need to change to meet both longstanding and emergent challenges facing the field. The chapter delves into three core critiques of international democracy aid: donors’ short time horizons, persistent programmatic and thematic silos, and the lack of flexible and core support for women’s rights actors. It then probes the possibilities and limitations of new efforts to address these shortcomings. Some donor governments have pioneered innovative funding mechanisms that shift more resources into the hands of women’s organizations. Others have adopted feminist foreign policies that center gender equality more explicitly in their external relations. These reforms respond to civil society calls for more equitable partnerships, diplomatic backing, and greater policy and aid coordination. Yet they also remain vulnerable to bureaucratic roadblocks and political pushback.
Epidemiologic Theory Counts
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 offers concrete examples explicating why epidemiologic theory counts when it comes to harm, knowledge, action, and the people’s health, using insights afforded by the ecosocial theory of disease distribution. New scholarship affirms and deepens the original examples pertaining to: menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer; peptic ulcer, H. pylori, and stress; the fallacious “thrifty gene” hypothesis and diabetes among Indigenous populations; the selection of timeframes and metrics for monitoring and analyzing trends in health inequities; and racism and health. New examples concern cancer and climate change and current controversies over causal inference. Each case underscores the importance of choice of epidemiologic theory of disease distribution for getting the questions and answers right—or terribly wrong. Explicit use of—and debates over—epidemiologic theories of disease distribution will improve the odds of producing epidemiologic knowledge truly useful for preventing disease, improving the public’s health, and advancing health justice.
A Call for Feminist Insights in Cybersecurity
Authors: Whetstone Crystal , Luna K.C. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter is a call for the United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) and the WPS agenda to be applied within cyberspace. Given the extent of cyberspace, the chapter argues that applying UNSCR 1325 to the virtual sphere will facilitate attention and resources to better address women’s security from a holistic perspective. The chapter focuses on both conflict-affected countries where gender-based violence increases in war environments and fragile states where cybercrime increases due to the vulnerabilities of the population. Following a critical rereading of UNSCR 1325, the chapter outlines a theoretical framework that builds on the work of previous feminist international relations (IR) scholars who have called for the expansion of UNSCR 1325 in innovative ways. The chapter highlights five areas where UNSCR 1325 and the WPS agenda can move forward in scholarship, advocacy, and policymaking to better secure women, girls, and other minorities in cyberspace.
The Application of IHL on Israeli’s Cyber Strategies Against the Palestinians
Authors: Mhajne Anwar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Cyberwarfare is becoming one of the critical issues on the agenda of policymakers and military leaders worldwide. Since civilians heavily populate cyberspace, it is essential to talk about international humanitarian law (IHL) as a framework for governing such operations. Some feminist legal scholars have critiqued IHL for being inherently discriminatory for prioritizing men—specifically male combatants–—and often either relegates women to the status of victims or accords them with legitimacy only in their role as mothers. This chapter argues that feminist scholars should extend their critique of the limitation of IHL to protecting data and guaranteeing civilians the right to data privacy in conflict settings. In examining the use of cyberspace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the chapter argues that there is a need to include data protection and safe civilian access to information technology under IHL protections.
Governing After War
Authors: Liu Shelley X. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe book explores how wartime processes affects post-war state-building efforts when rebels win a civil war and come into power. Post-war governance is a continuation of war: although violence has ceased, the victor must consolidate its control over the state through a process of internal conquest. This means carefully making choices about resource allocation toward development and security. Where does the victor choose to spend, and why? And what are the implications for ultimately consolidating power and preventing conflict recurrence? The book examines wartime rebel–civilian ties under rebel governance and explains how these ties—along with rebel governing institutions—shape the rebel victors' post-war various resource allocation strategies to establish control at the sub-national level. In turn, successfully balancing resources dedicated toward development and security helps the victor to consolidate power. The book relies on mixed-methods evidence from Zimbabwe and Liberia, combining interviews, focus groups, and archival data with fine-grained census, administrative, survey, and conflict datasets to provide an in-depth examination of sub-national variation in wartime rebel behavior and post-war governing strategies. A comparison of Zimbabwe and Liberia alongside four additional civil wars in Burundi, Rwanda, Côte d'Ivoire, and Angola further demonstrates the importance of wartime civilian tie-formation for post-war control. The argument's central insights point to war and peace as part of a long state-building process, and suggest that the international community should pay attention to sub-national political constraints that new governments face. Findings offer implications for recent rebel victories and, more broadly, for understanding the termination, trajectories, and political legacies of such conflicts around the world.
The Deadly Violence That Shook India
Authors: Marat Erica 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The mobilization in support of the 23-year-old victim of gang rape in India was improbable, differing from responses to numerous other instances of fatal sexual attacks against women and girls. Until the attack in December 2012, rape was not a topic of wide public discussion. How did an anonymous woman become “legitimate” and “worthy” of public outcry? Why did mobilization spark around one specific event when violence is an everyday occurrence? This chapter emphasizes the unique coincidence of three processes before and after the attack on the student in New Delhi: preexisting feminist activism, vibrant political life on university campuses, and an attack on a young woman from a rising upwardly mobile middle-class background.