bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase behavior of polymeric surfactants containing polyethyleneoxide with n‐decane
Authors: Aston M. S. , Bowden C. J. , Herrington T. M. , Sahi S. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe phrase behavior of six amphiphilic copolymers with n‐decane is reported, and three phase diagrams are discussed in detail. The copolymers are representative of three different types of intramolecular ordering. The phase diagrams show that the extent of anisotropic gel phase formation and liquid crystalline behavior depends on the length of the hydrophilic chain in the copolymer and not the percentage amount of hydrophile.
Surface properties in binary mixtures of aerosol OT and nonionic surfactants
Authors: Chang Jung‐Hung , Muto Yasushi , Esumi Kunio , Meguro Kenjiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe surface tensions of the mixed systems consisting of sodium di‐2‐ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT) and homogeneous polyoxyethylene glycol‐n‐dodecyl ether (nED; n=5 to 8) were measured in the absence and presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) by a modified Wilhelmy plate method.In the case of the system containing nED and Aerosol OT, the nED concentrations were fixed at various amounts, and all the surface tension curves approached 32 or 33 mN/m as the concentration of Aerosol OT approached 1 × 10−3 mol/l. On the other hand, when the Aerosol OT concentration was fixed at 1 × 10−3 mol/l, the surface tension curves for the mixed system showed a flat portion in the range where mixed micelle in the solution and the two dimensional ones on the water surface were formed. Further, molecular interaction parameter B was calculated by the Rosen extension of the regular solution treatment of Rubingh. The average values of B in the nED‐AOT systems increased as the value of n increased. The values of B increased with increasing activity of AOT.In the case of the system containing 6ED, AOT and NaCl, the surface tension curves showed inflection points shifted to higher concentrations of AOT as the concentration of nED increased.
Processing ofcrambe abyssinica seed in commercial extraction facilities
Authors: Carlson K. D. , Baker E. C. , Mustakas G. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCrambe abyssinica seed was processed in four commercial oilseed crushing facilities, two utilizing prepress solvent extraction and two utilizing straight solvent extraction techniques. Mill capacities ranged from several T/day to 200 T/day. Crambe throughput in the larger facilities ranged from 30 to 150 T/day. Seed, press cake, flakes and finished meal samples were collected and analyzed during and following the runs. On‐site testing included measurements of moisture, oil, glucosinolate and temperature and estimates of thioglucosidase enzyme activity. Three to 7 T of defatted meal were produced for each of four beef cattle feeding studies, and oil produced was blended into commercial erucic acid production streams. Except for one run, thioglucosidase inactivation had to be completed in the desolventizing/toasting (DT) unit, and the high temperatures required resulted in destruction of glucosinolate and the formation of aglucon product, 1‐cyano‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐butene, and glucose in the finished meals. Protein solubility and lysine levels decreased with excessive heat. Regression analysis was used to examine some of the data for relationships between temperature, moisture, glucosinolate, nitrogen solubility and aglucon products. The results of these runs further demonstrate the feasibility of processing Crambe in commercial oilseed facilities.
Supported gold catalysis in the hydrogenation of canola oil
Authors: Caceres L. , Diosady L. L. , Graydon W. F. , Rubin L. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe catalytic activity of gold supported on silica orγ‐alumina has been studied in the hydrogenation of canola oil. In the hydrogenation of butadiene and pentene using these catalysts, high stability, low yield oftrans‐isomers and high monoene selectivity have been reported in the literature.Catalysts containing 1% and 5% Au w/w on porous silica andγ‐alumina were active in hydrogenating canola oil in the range of 150 to 250 C and 3550 to 5620 kPa. The activity level of these catalysts was about 30 times lower than that shown by the standard AOCS Ni catalyst based on the concentration of metal (g Au/L oil). Up to 91% monoene content was obtained using these catalysts in comparison with a maximum of 73% for the AOCS standard Ni catalysts. Gold catalysts can be recovered easily by filtration and reused several times without a decrease in activity. The hydrogenated oil was nearly colorless. No gold was detectable in the oil. Contrary to claims in the patent literature, the gold catalyst produces higher concentrations oftrans‐isomers than does nickel. However, using gold catalysts the complete reduction of linolenic acid in canola oil can be achieved at a lowertrans‐isomer content in the products than that obtained by using the AOCS standard nickel catalyst.
Chemical epoxidation of a natural unsaturated epoxy seed oil fromVernonia galamensis and a look at epoxy oil markets
Authors: Carlson K. D. , Chang S. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSince 1963, production of all epoxy esters has ranged from 60 to 150 million lb annually, a steady 7% of the 1 to 2 billion lb of annual plasticizer production. Growth rates in production averaged 4.3% for all plasticizers, 3.8% for all epoxy esters and 5.0% for epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). ESBO accounted for 70–76% of total epoxy ester production (1963–1982). The natural liquid epoxy oil fromVernonia galamensis seed, with oxirane value (4.1%) and viscosity (100 cps) similar to some commercial epoxy fatty esters but with molecular weight similar to epoxidized vegetable oils, combines some of the properties of both commercial types. Chemical epoxidation ofVernonia oil raises the oxirane content to 8.2, intermediate between ESBO and epoxidized linseed oil (ELSO), while consuming less of the costly epoxidizing reagents. Epoxidation proceeds in stepwise fashion through partially epoxidized products, which are converted to final product. Since the major fatty components ofVernonia oil arecis‐12,13‐epoxy‐9‐octadecenoic (75%) and linoleic (13%) acids, further epoxidation produces fatty acids that are specifically epoxidized at the 9,10‐ and 12,13‐positions, and the major product has 6 epoxy units per triglyceride molecule. The resulting mixture of products has compositional and physical properties distinctly different from commercial samples of ESBO and ELSO.
Identification of adduct radiolysis products from pork fat
Authors: Vajdi M. , Merritt C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMass spectrometric evidence is given to show the formation of adduct radiolysis products in pork fat. A variety of adduct radiolysis products were identified. Only the major recombination products are considered and discussed herein. These compounds consist of triglyceride dimers, propanedioldiester‐triglyceride adducts, propanedioldiester dimers and branched alkyl substituted triglycerides.
Determination of the country of origin of pistachio nuts by DSC and HPLC
Authors: Dyszel Susan M. , Pettit Bruce C. 
Published: January 2007

The laboratories of the U.S. Customs Service frequently encounter the major analytical problem of determining the country of origin of imported commodities. This is particularly challenging with natural products. This paper will describe the process for one such commodity —pistachio nuts.Two approaches were taken, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the results of these two techniques were complimentary and confirmatory. The HPLC data was obtained on the petroleum ether soluble fraction of the pistachio nuts while the DSC runs evaluated both this fraction and the whole nut. The HPLC results were further investigated by collecting fractions from the eluting peaks, derivatizing them to form the methyl ester of the fatty acids, and profiling by gas chromatography to confirm the triglycerides originally present. The U.S. Customs Service is currently using DSC area ratios to screen imported pistachio nuts for country of origin.
Cholesterol oxides II. Measurement of the 5,6‐epoxides during cholesterol oxidation in aqueous dispersions
Authors: Maerker G. , Bunick F. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCholesterol in aqueous dispersion with sodium stearate or Triton surfactants was aerated at various pH values at 50 and 80 C. Analysis of the reaction mixtures by TLC during the oxidation produced qualitatively similar patterns regardless of pH or temperature. Major oxidation products observed were 7‐ketocholesterol, the isomeric 7‐hydroperoxy‐ and 7‐hydroxycholesterols, the isomeric 5,6‐epoxycholestanols and 3β,5α,6β‐trihydroxycholestanol. The concentrations of 3β,5α,6β‐trihydroxycholestanol and an unknown compound increased greatly at the lower pH values.Recovery of the 5,6‐epoxide isomers by preparative TLC followed by capillary GC allowed theα‐ andβ‐epoxide isomers to be quantitated. Oxidations at pH 8 and 12 produced increasing amounts of the epoxides with time, without significant changes in theα/β‐epoxide ratio. However, oxidations at the acidic pH values of 5.5 and 3 showed large changes in theα/β‐epoxide ratio during the oxidation. Measurement of the hydrolysis rates of the 5,6‐epoxides at pH 5.5 showed that theβ‐epoxide isomer is more labile than theα‐isomer by a factor of 2.5. The rate constant for the hydrolysis of theα‐epoxide isomer was 5.3 × 10−7 sec−1 and that of theβ‐isomer 13 × 10−7 sec−1.
Principal component analysis in fast atom bombardment‐mass spectrometry of triacylglycerols in edible oils
Authors: Lamberto M. , Saitta M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPositive‐ion fast atom bombardment‐mass spectrometry, withm‐nitrobenzyl alcohol as matrix and a methanolic sodium iodide (Nal) solution, was used to characterize edible oils by their triacylglycerol composition. Cationized triacylglycerols gave characteristic spectra for olive (57 samples), sunflower (9 samples), soybean (9 samples), corn (12 samples), and peanut (10 samples) oils. Relative abundance of [M + Na]+ ions showed relevant differences among the oils. The obtained data were analyzed with the aid of chemometrics by using principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the differentiation. Twelve variables were reduced to two principal components, accounting for 82% of the total variance. A two‐dimensional plot of 97 PCA scores allowed the separation of the edible oils. The analysis is both fast and reproducible.
An improved phosphorus assay for oils without carcinogenic hydrazine sulfate
Authors: Han T. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn improved spectrophotometric method for phosphorus determination in oils is proposed. The proposed new method has made significant improvements in safety, sensitivity, and efficiency in comparison with the current American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) Official Method (Ca 12–55, corrected 1992). The AOCS method employs hydrazine sulfate as the reducing agent to generate molybdenum blue. Hydrazine sulfate is a known carcinogen in laboratory animals and a suspected human carcinogen. The chemical also irritates skin and mucous membranes. In the improved method ascorbic acid is used as the reducing agent. Ascorbic acid is equally effective as hydrazine sulfate for the color reaction. The improved method is approximately 75 times more sensitive than the AOCS method. The sensitivity is improved by measuring absorbance at the absorption peak, 825 nm, and reducing the final volume of reaction mixture for color reaction. The AOCS method determines phosphorus by measuring absorbance at 650 nm, which is about 40% of that at the absorption peak. The efficiency of this improved method is also significantly increased by reducing sample size and the volumes of sample preparation. Therefore, the improved method is more cost‐effective than the AOCS method because less chemical reagents and smaller glassware are used, and the hazardous chemical waste disposal cost is eliminated. The improved method also avoids concentrated HCl and 50% KOH for sample preparation.
Stability of tapioca chips fried in RBD palm olein treated with antioxidants
Authors: Augustin M. A. , Berry S. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effectiveness of tertiarybutylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in stabilizing tapioca chips was assessed by determining the peroxide andp‐anisidine values, absorbances at 232 nm and 268 nm and the 18:2/16:0 ratios of oil extracted from tapioca chips. The order of effectiveness of the antioxidants in stabilizing the chips was found to be TBHQ > BHT > BHA. The order of effectiveness of antioxidants, TBHQ > BHT > BHA, was maintained for chips from corresponding 1st, 4th and 7th fryings. The loss of antioxidants during storage could not be directly related to oxidation parameters.
Separation of seed by‐products by an AC electric field
Authors: Weiss Louis C. , Thibodeaux Devron P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method for separating constituents of the by‐products derived from agricultural processes offers the possibility of recovering their valuable components. Partial sorting by a unique electric field enriches the protein concentration in sunflower‐seed meal and cottonseed meal by removing objectionable components such as hulls or gossypol. Enrichment is accomplished by the dynamic forces from an electric field that is created by a set of parallel electrodes encased in a plastic panel and connected to an AC power supply. When the panel is activated, particles on its surface become charged, levitated and transported. When a mixture of particles contacts the panel, a difference in the charge is imparted to the components, opposite directions of transportation occur, and, then, the particles separate. The separation, or sorting, offers an additional possibility for upgrading agricultural products. Properties measured for these products and their separated components are charge, charge‐to‐mass ratio, size, size distribution, shape, moisture, nitrogen and gossypol. This new and direct method of separating components seems independent of their size and shape, yet it is probably dependent on the charge‐to‐mass ratio. The single‐stage separation is an analytical tool that might become an engineering process. The electric panel of the contact type contains, transports and refines materials—all without a cup, conveyor or filter touching the sample. Its promise and versatility warrant considering the panel by itself and in conjunction with other processes.
Relationship of BGYF spots detected on the sides of trailers and modules of seed cotton to aflatoxins in ginned seed
Authors: Russell T. E. , Lee L. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSides of 146 trailers and 60 modules packed with freshly harvested seed cotton from commercial fields were examined at night using a long‐wave ultraviolet lamp for bright‐green‐yellow fluorescent (BGYF) spots caused by contamination of cotton lint withAspergillus flavus. During ginning, a 22.7 kg (50 lb sack) of seed was removed from each trailer or module for determination of aflatoxin content. For both carriers, as the number of BGYF spots increased, the level of toxin in ginned seed increased. Assays of seed from 90% of the trailers and 64% of the modules with 0–1 BGYF spots were below 20 µg/kg.
Selective amidation of fatty methyl esters with N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐ethanolamine under base catalysis
Authors: Gabriel R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe reaction of N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐ethanolamine (AEEA) with saturated fatty methyl esters derived from coconut oil occurs under noncatalyzed conditions to yield principally N‐(2‐hydroxyethylamino)‐ethyl fatty amide,1, derived from the condensation of the primary amine moiety of AEEA with the methyl ester. In the presence of 0.25 wt % sodium methoxide at low reaction temperatures (<90 C), 2 carboxamides are formed, the secondary monoamide,1 and also the tertiary monoamide, N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) fatty amide,2. As this mixture of secondary and tertiary monoamides is heated to higher reaction temperatures (>120 C), the concentration of secondary monoamide1 increases with a concomitant decrease in tertiary monoamide2. As the reaction time is increased at the elevated temperature, the tertiary monoamide continues to disappear. Increasing the base concentration to 2.5 wt % sodium methoxide, promotes selective formation of amide2 at low temperature. The results constitute evidence that at least 2 mechanisms are operating in fatty methyl ester amidations with AEEA and provide a classic example of thermodynamic vs kinetic control. Because amides1 and2 are intermediates to imidazoline amphoteric surfactants (powerful detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers and so forth), knowledge of the reaction mechanisms in operation during the condensation of fatty methyl esters with AEEA will permit better understanding of the resultant products and the related processing conditions.
Supercritical fluid extraction of vegetable oil seeds
Authors: Bulley N. R. , Fattori M. , Meisen A. , Moyls L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe extraction of oil from canola seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. The basic equations which govern the oil extraction from a bed of seeds were derived from first principles. The equations can be solved by standard numerical techniques using experimentally determined parameters for the concentration of oil in the solvent in equilibrium with seeds having a known oil content. Preliminary extraction rate data and equilibrium data are given for crushed canola seed during extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide at select temperatures and pressures. The research is directed at obtaining the basic information required for the design of continuous countercurrent extractors.
Scale‐up of canola oil degumming
Authors: Diosady L. L. , Sleggs P. W. , Kaji T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe chemical degumming of canola oil was optimized using citric acid and maleic anhydride as degumming agents. These chemicals were selected from a group of 54 degumming agents, reported previously. The effect of temperature, chemical addition level, water addition level and contact times was investigated. Best results were obtained at 40 C, using 10 min contact with the chemical, followed by the addition of 2% water and agitation for 20 min.Chemical degumming reduced the residual phosphorus level from 1049 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg using either maleic anhydride or citric acid. Refining tests gave excellent deodorized or hydrogenated products.The optimized reaction conditions were applied to 330 kg test batches of oil in the P.O.S. Pilot Plant. Results were identical to those obtained in the laboratory, indicating that the process may be scaled up readily for industrial application.
The adsorption of fatty acids from vegetable oils with zeolites and bleaching clay/zeolite blends
Authors: Taylor D. R. , Ungermann C. B. , Demidowicz Z. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe adsorption of model fatty acids (hepatnoic, oleic), using spiked vegetable oils, was studied using different kinds of zeolites (A‐zeolite, X, Y‐zeolites, mordenite), Y‐zeolite exchanged with different cations (alkali, alkaline earth, transition metal ions), and with bleaching clay/zeolite blends. The adsorption process was shown to be governed by the molecular sieving properties of the zeolites involved as well as the electrostatic field strengths of the exchange cations. Facile interparticle diffusion of cations between clay and zeolite particles in the blends was verified by electron microprobe analysis and shown to cause unexpected results with respect to bleaching and fatty acid removal.
Solubilization and fluorescence behavior of petroleum sulfonate containing microemulsions
Authors: Pithapurwala Y. K. , Shah D. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of various oils and alcohols on the brine solubilization and fluorescence behavior of oil‐external microemulsions were investigated. At a critical electrolyte concentration, referred to as optimal salinity, the brine solubilization capacity of microemulsions containing petroleum sulfonate is maximum for C6–C10 oils and C4–C7 alcohols. Moreover, at this salinity, the fluorescence intensity was found to be maximal. As the chain length of oil is increased, the optimal salinity increased for all the alcohols studied. However, the increase in optimal salinity was much greater for water‐soluble alcohols than for pentanol, hexanol or heptanol. The brine solubilization limit decreased as the oil chain length increased for microemulsions containing n‐butanol and iso‐butanol. The solubilization behavior is explained in terms of solubility of alcohols in various phases of microemulsions and the ability of the aqueous phase to solubilize surfactant molecules from the interface. The fluorescence behavior is explained by higher surface charge density around the water droplet near optimal salinity. A simple correlation is given between the solubilization and fluorescence behavior of microemulsions that is independent of type and chain length of the alcohols or hydrocarbons.
Production potential of eicosapentaenoic acid byMonodus subterraneus
Authors: Cohen Zvi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractInterest in the polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a therapeutic agent is steadily increasing. The microalgaMonodus subterraneus produces EPA, which is concentrated mainly in the galactolipid fraction, as its major fatty acid. Nitrogen starvation increased the fatty acid content but reduced the proportion and content of EPA to 19.5% (of fatty acids) and 1.8% (of dry weight), respectively. Cultivation under low light intensity or high biomass concentration enhanced the proportion of EPA up to 36.7% of fatty acids and the content to 4.4% of dry weight. Maximal EPA productivity of 25.7 mg·L−1·d−1 was obtained at the biomass concentration that resulted in the highest biomass productivity.M. subterraneus is thus one of the most promising candidates for phototrophic production of EPA.
Conversion of linoleic acid to 10‐hydroxy‐12(Z)‐octadecenoic acid byFlavobacterium sp. (NRRL B‐14859)
Authors: Hou Ching T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new microbial isolate,Flavobacterium sp. strain DS5, converts linoleic acid into 10‐hydroxy‐12(Z)‐octadecenoic acid (10‐HOA) with 55% yield. The product was characterized by gas chromatography (GC), GC/mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The specific optical rotation of 10‐HOA is [α]D24=−5.58 (methanol). The optimum time, pH and temperature for the production of 10‐HOA were 36h, 7.5 and 20–35°C, respectively. The enzyme(s) that converts linoleic acid to 10‐HOA is soluble and located intracellulary in strain DS5. Two minor products, 10‐methoxy‐12‐octade‐cenoic acid and 10‐keto‐12‐octadecenoic acid, were also identified. 10‐HOA was further metabolized by strain DS5. Among the unsaturated fatty acids studied, the order of reactivity for the DS5 enzyme(s) is oleic>palmitoleic> linoleic>linolenic>γ‐linolenic>myristoleic acid.