bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-Stage Forest Sampling: A Comparison of Three Procedures to Estimate Aggregate Volume
Authors: Nelson Ross , Gregoire Timothy G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Three two-stage forest sampling procedures are examined in order (1) to quantify the variance penalty (if any) associated with second-stage sample restrictions; and (2) to quantify the variance gains (if any) associated with the incorporation of tree height data at the second stage. The three two-stage procedures share a common first stage, i.e., horizontal point sampling (HPS), which selects trees with probability proportional to tree basal area. The second stage selection approaches vary, as follows:
1. Trees are selected with replacement with probability proportional to tree height from a single list composed of all trees sampled across all first-stage sample points.
2. Trees are selected with replacement with probability proportional to tree height from separate lists compiled on each first-stage sample point.
3. Trees are selected randomly, with replacement, on each first-stage point.
The results indicate that little or no reduction in variance accrues from incorporating height data into the two-stage sample design for the three mapped stands considered. HPS/simple random sampling yielded variances ranging from 7.1% larger to 9.2% smaller than the smallest HPS/list sampling variance, while maintaining an advantage in an even-aged stand. It is hypothesized that the HPS/list sampling procedures may prove more useful in mature, all-aged stands where height may account for a significant portion of volume or biomass variation. No loss of precision is noted when second-stage sampling is restricted by point on these three forest tracts. An investigation into the effects of first-and second-stage sample sizes provide a convincing argument to select only one tree per first-stage sample point when sampling is restricted by point. Considering both precision of estimation and field efficiency, these results suggest that the HPS/simple random sampling procedure is the most useful of the three tested. For. Sci. 40(2):247-266.
Stand and Tree Dynamics of Uneven-aged Ponderosa Pine
Authors: McTague John P. , Stansfield William F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A system of algebraic difference equations is presented for projecting, at the stand level, number of pole trees, survivor number of merchantable trees, and survivor basal area. Ingrowth is indirectly derived from projection equations that estimate the total change in the number of pole trees. The individual tree growth equation and mortality function are consistent with the stand level projection equations. The ingrowth diameter distribution is modeled with a parameter recovery method for the Uniform distribution. The species of ingrowth trees are predicted from equations that are a function of habitat series and cumulative ratios of trees per acre by species. For. Sci. 40(2):289-302.
A Compatible Volume-Taper Model Based On the Schumacher and Hall Generalized Constant Form Factor Volume Equation
Authors: Bailey Robert L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The generalized constant form factor volume equation fitted in logarithmic form by Schumacher and Hall (1933) has a logical basis in solid geometry. By extension of this rationale to a consideration of stem tip volume above a specified top diameter, compatible models for inside- and outside-bark variable-top volume and stem taper are derived and fitted with data from 872 plantation grown slash pine trees. The volume equations predict total volume when upper diameter is zero and always predict nonnegative volumes for any upper diameter. The taper curves have inflection points near dbh and are constrained to diameters of 0, dbh, and stump diameter when merchantable height equals total height, 4.5 ft and stump height, respectively. Statistics of fit on an independent subset of the data suggest that the outside-bark model compares favorably to a recently published compatible taper and volume model based on polynomials. For. Sci. 40(2):303-313.
Genetic Analysis of 16 Clonal Trials of Eucalyptus grandis and Comparisons with Seedling Checks
Authors: Lambeth Clements , Endo Masatoshi , Wright Jeff 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In sixteen 3-yr-old trials, clones of plus trees of Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex. Maiden) had better yield, uniformity, survival, straightness, limb diameter, and more vigorous and full crowns for shading of competing grasses than check lots of seed origin. A select group of 65 out of 460 clones were far superior with mean height = 17.3 m, and volume/ha = 219 m³, versus check lot means of height = 15.2 m and volume/ha = 130 m³. Genetic gain calculations indicate that the expected age three performance values for the selected clones would be height = 16.9 m and volume/ha = 200 m³.
Heritability (broad sense) was high for height, dbh, and volume/tree (37% to 41%). Clonal rank correlations among the quality traits (stem straightness, branch diameter, and crown score) were moderately strong (r = 0.57 to 0.81) and their correlations with growth traits were moderate to low but positive. Clonal ranks were consistent across two sites (genetic correlation = 1.00 for volume per tree).
Ranks of clones at ages 1 and 2 yr were positively related to their ranks in volume/ha at age 3. Clones selected at these early ages resulted in substantial gains in volume/ha at age 3. For. Sci. 40(3):397-411.
A Regional-Scale Survey and Analysis of Forest Growth and Mortality as Affected by Site and Stand Factors and Acidic Deposition
Authors: Brooks Robert T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Regression analyses were used to identify factors most closely related to species growth and mortality on continuous forest survey plots in Pennsylvania. In 1985, 200 plots with two prior measurements (in the 1960s and 1970s) were selected and measured for a third time to determine periodic forest growth and mortality rates. Growth and mortality were analyzed for temporal change and for relationship to site, stand, defoliation, and climatic factors and to wet atmospheric deposition. While basal area growth increased over the two intersurvey periods, growth rates declined and mortality rates increased from the first to the second intersurvey period. Growth and mortality patterns were most frequently related to stocking, defoliation by insects, and drought. Neither sulfate nor nitrate deposition for the years 1982-1985 was determined to be a major influence on tree growth or mortality. For. Sci. 40(3):543-557.
Simulations of Buoyancy-Generated Horizontal Roll Vortices over Multiple Heating Lines
Authors: Heilman W. E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A two-dimensional nonhydrostatic atmospheric model is used to simulate the boundary-layer circulations that develop from multiple lines of extremely high surface temperatures. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the role of buoyancy and ambient crossflow effects in generating horizontal roll vortices in the vicinity of adjacent wildland fire perimeters. Numerical results suggest that the downdraft segments of buoyancy-generated horizontal roll vortices can be reinforced when multiple heating lines are present, with the degree of reinforcement dependent on the heating-line spacing. Significant low-level horizontal flow directly over the bounding heating lines is observed in some simulations, suggesting a mechanism for low-level flame migration in actual wildland fires. Multiple heating lines also affect the development and behavior of buoyancy-generated horizontal roll vortices when ambient crossflows are present. Simulations indicate that vortices are more likely to persist for multiple heating lines than for a single heating line when light ambient crossflows are introduced. Although simulation results should be viewed qualitatively, they suggest the potential importance of adjacent fire perimeters in actual wildland fire episodes for the development and behavior of buoyancy-generated horizontal roll vortices. For. Sci. 40(4):601-617.
Two Methods for Solving Stand Management Problems Based on a Single Tree Model
Authors: Eriksson Ljusk Ola 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Two methods are presented for solving the stand management problem where the growth dynamics are depicted with a single tree model. With the nongradient method the problem is recast into a combinatorial problem, which in turn is solved with the method of simulated annealing. The gradient method, of which three versions are given, utilizes a combination of nonlinear and mixed integer techniques for solving the problem. In both cases, a linear programming problem solves the single tree harvest selection problem. In tests with nine sample problems, all methods are within 1% of the best solution found. The computational effort of the nongradient method is about one order of magnitude greater than that of the gradient methods. The results indicate the advantage of being able to divide the problem into a suitable hierarchy, since management problems based on single tree models are often too complex to be solved in one step. At each level an appropriate technique can then be applied. For. Sci. 40(4):732-758.
Provenance Variation in Rooting Ability of Juvenile Stem Cuttings from Racosperma Auriculiforme and R. Mangium
Authors: Khasa Phambu Damase , Vallée Gilles , Bousquet Jean 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Provenance variation in rooting ability was examined in Racosperma spp. using leafy stem cuttings of 11 provenances of R. auriculiforme and 12 of R. mangium taken from 5-month-old ortets. The cuttings were set in a 1:1 peat moss and vermiculite mixture and were rooted in a "bouturathèque" propagator. The application of 0.8% indole butyric acid (IBA) hormone significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) number of roots per cutting, root length, root dry weight, and rooting percentage, but marginally decreased number of shoots. However, significant hormone X species interactions were noted for mean root length, root dry weight, and rooting percentage, which were greater in R. mangium than in R. auriculiforme. Hormone X provenance within species interaction was also significant for the number of roots, rooting percentage, and shoot height. The differences among provenances within species were greater when hormone treatment was used. In principal components analysis of plot means, we identified the first factor as a rooting ability index of cuttings (RAIC). We further show how this index can be used, in conjunction with field growth data, for selection of provenances, families, or genotypes that both root and perform well after outplanting. In all cases, selection appeared more efficient following hormone treatment. For. Sci. 41(2):305-320.
Interactive Resolution of Multi-objective Forest Planning Problems with Shadow Price and Parametric Analysis
Authors: Liu Gao , Davis Lawrence S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest management planning is a joint process of decision synthesis and tradeoff analysis. We present an interactive method of multi-objective linear programming for supporting the planning process. In the proposed procedure, emphasis is placed on reducing uncertainty that surrounds the resolution of goal conflicts. Parametric analysis is iteratively performed to shed insights into the question of what happens to goal tradeoffs if a particular criterion is achieved at alternative levels. The composite objective function guiding the parametric analysis is updated as decision maker replaces a previous choice with an improved one. Central to this step is the induction of criterion weights implied by a decision instance, through the use of shadow prices. Finally, ordinal goal priority is employed to generate initial solution and decompose a multi-objective planning problem into more tractable subproblems. The interactive procedure is illustrated by a land-use planning model containing five forest-related outputs, including noncommercial grazing, commercial grazing, timber, camping, and profit. For. Sci. 41(3):452-469.
Optimal Timber Rotations with Evolving Prices And Costs Revisited
Authors: Yin Runsheng , Newman David H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we extend previous work that modeled the impact of evolving prices and costs to evaluate the full range of rotation length and input changes resulting from changing prices and costs. Our model suggests that if prices and costs change at the same rate, then production derisions are invariant. Any specific proportionate rate of change in prices and costs acts as an adjustment factor on the discount rate which corresponds to a constant rotation length. We also find that in the normal range of changes, namely, rates of any change less than the discount rate, the following results hold: if prices rise faster than costs, then the rotation length becomes shorter and establishment inputs increase; on the other hand, if costs rise faster than prices, then the optimal harvest age becomes longer and stand establishment inputs are reduced. These results not only extend and generalize those derived by McConnell et al. and Newman et al., but also further demonstrate the robustness of the Faustmann model. For. Sci. 41(3):477-490.
Effects of Water Stress on Biomass Partitioning of Ponderosa Pine Seedlings During Primary Root Growth and Shoot Growth Periods
Authors: McMillin Joel D. , Wagner Michael R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Biomass partitioning patterns of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) seedling genotypes were investigated under greenhouse conditions at different levels of water stress applied during either the early season root or shoot growth period. The growth of seedlings varied in response to the season in which water stress occurred and among water stress levels. Water stress applied during the shoot growth period resulted in a significantly higher fine root:current-year foliage biomass ratio than seedlings stressed during the root growth period. Seedlings subjected to the high water stress treatment during shoot growth also had the highest fine root:current-year foliage biomass ratio of all treatment combinations. Differences in biomass partitioning among families of ponderosa pine were also present for all treatments combined, suggesting biomass partitioning to roots and shoots is partially under genetic control. For. Sci. 41(3):594-610.
Photosynthesis and Leaf Water Relations in Four American Sycamore Clones
Authors: Tang Zhenmin , Land Samuel B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and xylem pressure potential were studied to examine clonal variation and clone-by-season interactions in rooted cuttings of four sycamore clones (Platanus occidentalis L.). These physiological parameters were measured during June through November of the second and third growing seasons in the field. Stomatal conductance, xylem pressure potential, and photosynthesis were higher in June-July than in August-November. The four clones did not differ significantly in yearly average photosynthetic rates, but clone 11 tended to have higher rates early in each growing season (June-July) than did the other three clones. Dry periods during August-September of the second season and during October of the third season apparently caused clone 11 to close its stomata more than clone 17, as indicated by significant clone-by-season interactions for reductions in stomatal conductance and transpiration late in the morning. Clone 17 was generally able to maintain high xylem pressure potential, stomatal conductance, and transpiration throughout the growing season, probably because of its large root system. For. Sci. 41(4):729-743.
Compatible and Time-Additive Change Component Estimators for Horizontal-Point-Sampled Data
Authors: Eriksson Marian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
New definitions for the components of change are proposed and estimators for horizontal-point-sampled data are developed. The new definitions are more closely tied to the progression over time of growth, eligibility, cut, and mortality than the commonly employed definitions. This is made possible through the use of continuous time, rather than only initial and final measurement times. The estimators are based on the notion that the elemental sample unit is the sample point. The associated trees are simply observational units. A tree is considered to be associated with a point when a ring, centered on the tree, with area proportional to the tree basal area, covers the sample point. The estimators are shown to be unbiased, compatible with net change, and additive over time. This is the first time-additive set of change component estimators. Time-additivity may be of particular importance for long-term monitoring, growth and yield model development, and acceptance and understanding by the general public. The theory holds for both fixed-radius-plot and horizontal-point-sampling due to the duality between these procedures. For. Sci. 41(4):796-822.
Different Incidences of Pine Wilt Disease in Pinus densiflora Seedlings Growing with Different Tree Species
Authors: Nakamura Katsunori , Togashi Katsumi , Takahashi Fumiki , Futai Kazuyoshi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Field-grown Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) seedlings were inoculated with the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in early July 1991 to clarify the effect of co-occurring tree species on the susceptibility of P. densiflora to pine wilt disease. Sixteen weeks after inoculation, 48, 33, 14, and 18% of pine seedlings were diseased when they grew with Alnus sieboldiana, with Sarothamus scoparius, with the naturally associated species of P. densiflora such as Ilex pedunculosa and Eurya japonica, and in a pure stand of P. densiflora, respectively. When associated with A. sieboldiana or S. scoparius, pine seedlings quickly had visual discoloration of foliage. Twenty percent of P. densiflora seedlings treated with water died within 6 months when growing in the stand with A. sieboldiana, suggesting that the seedlings were stressed. The susceptibility of P. densiflora seedlings to pine wilt disease was enhanced by the different tree species co-occurring with the seedlings. For. Sci. 41(4):841-850.
Documentation and Evaluation of Growth and Other Estimators for the Fully Mapped Design Used by FIA: A Simulation Study
Authors: Williams M.S. , Schreuder H.T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
For the proposed mapped design of the USDA Forest Service, Forest Survey and Inventory (FIA) units, in a simulation study for a realistic mapped population, Grosenbaugh's ingrowth estimator Î1 and Van Deusen's survivor growth estimator ΔS2 are best. If additivity of estimates is desired, ΔY1 should be used for total growth estimation. If additivity is not required, a plausible assumption as FIA users become more statistically literate, Roesch's estimator ΔY4, which is 12% more efficient than ΔY1 should be used if survivor ongrowth trees can be cored to determine their first time period diameters. If not, Grosenbaugh's nonadditive estimator ΔY2 should be used which is 8% more efficient than ΔY1. The classical variance estimator yields unbiased estimates of the variance of the parameter estimates as expected. Area estimation, change in area estimation, percentage of plots in more than one condition, means per tree, and changes in means per tree over time can be estimated reliably if sample size is large enough and conditions or changes in conditions are not too infrequent. The length of boundaries between conditions are consistently underestimated. For. Sci. Monogr. 31:26-45.
Techniques and Computations for Mapping Plot Clusters that Straddle Stand Boundaries
Authors: Scott Charles T. , Bechtold William A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Many regional (extensive) forest surveys use clusters of subplots or prism points to reduce survey costs. Two common methods of handling clusters that straddle stand boundaries entail: (1) moving all subplots into a single forest cover type, or (2) "averaging" data across multiple conditions without regard to the boundaries. These methods result in biased estimates of tree attributes (volume/acre, basal area/acre, etc.) and/or misclassification of discrete stand-area attributes (cover type, stand size, etc.). To circumvent the problems encountered with these approaches, a technique is described whereby subplots always are arranged in a fixed pattern, and trees are tallied by the cover type or "condition class" in which they occur. This involves mapping boundaries that bisect a subplot and proportioning subplot area by condition class. Field and calculation procedures leading to unbiased estimates are given. For. Sci. Monogr. 31:46-61.
Some Atmospheric Turbulence and Stability Effects on Aerial Spray Penetration into Hardwood Forest Canopies
Authors: Miller David R. , Wang Yansen , Ducharme Kirk M. , Yang Xiusheng , Mierzejewski Karl , McManus Michael A. , Reardon Richard E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Vertical profiles of wind, turbulence, and stability were measured in and above a partially foliated 16 m tall, oak forest during a series of single-swath, aerial spray trials. The distribution of cross-swath spray deposits was sampled after each application at the top of the canopy and below the canopy. Spray penetration to the canopy top and through the canopy was highly dependent on the relative intensity of mechanically generated turbulence (due to wind across a rough surface) to that of thermally generated turbulence (due to warm air rising) in the unstable roughness sublayer above the canopy. In conditions with mechanical turbulence dominant, termed mixed convection conditions (u* &gt; 1 m s-1 and -0.01 &gt; Ri &gt; -1), the amount and consistency of material reaching the canopy top was higher than during periods with thermal turbulence dominant, termed free convection conditions (u* &lt; 1 m s-1 and Ri &lt; -1). A greater proportion of the material penetrated through the canopy in the free convection conditions. The relationship of the structure of the Reynolds stress in the roughness sublayer to the spray behavior is discussed. For. Sci. 42(1):93-101.
Line Intersect Sampling of Forest Canopy Gaps
Authors: Battles John J. , Dushoff Jonathan G. , Fahey Timothy J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Line intersect sampling (LIS) is commonly used to measure the fraction of forest area under canopy gaps (gap fraction) and the size distribution of gaps. The typical application of this technique makes assumptions about the shape of the gaps. Potential errors associated with these assumptions were quantified. To measure the gap regime in an old-growth, subalpine spruce-fir forest, regression equations were used to describe empirically gap area and perimeter. Most gaps in the spruce-fir forest were shaped like nonconvex polygons. Mapped gap areas were 22% less than estimates based on an elliptical model of gap shape and 22% more than area estimates based on a rhomboidal model of gap shape. An LIS method was developed that works for nonconvex shapes and was used to assess gap fraction in a subalpine, spruce-fir forest. The LIS approach for irregularly shaped gaps provided an estimate of gap fraction that was significantly smaller (35%) than the one based on an elliptical model of gap shape. The modifications in the application of LIS to the study of gap regimes seemed to preserve the efficiency and power of LIS while improving the accuracy of the results. For. Sci. 42(2):131-138.