bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Analytical Methods for Quantification of Residual Powder on ‘Powderless’ Latex Gloves
Authors: Chen ET , Hughes-Dillon K , Schroeder LW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the validation of an analytical method to determine the minimum amount of residual corn starch powder that can reliably be detected on “powderless” gloves. Our procedures are similar to the ASTM D 11.40 method currently under development titled “ASTM D 11.40, Section I Working Draft for Powder-free Glove Method.” The various steps in the procedure were analyzed to determine their limitations and effects on the final results. The ability of the washing steps to remove residual powder from “powderless” gloves was ascertained by conducting recovery studies. An average powder recovery of 81.52% with a relative standard deviation (rsd) value of 8.12% (n = 15) was obtained by the draft ASTM D 11.40 procedure. The efficiency of the filtration and transfer steps was measured. A new device designed in this laboratory received an average yield of 1.51 ± 0.13 mg/glove (n = 15) as compared to the updated draft ASTM D 11.40 method with 0.84 ± 0.11 mg/glove (n = 15). Our new procedure gave an increase of 79% in yield with a rsd value of 8.5%. To enhance yield and powder recovery, it is crucial to rinse the glove surface effectively and reduce the washwater transfer steps.
The use of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as an aqueous phase modifier was investigated. The results obtained with (β-CD) increased the powder recovery per glove to 102% with a pooled standard deviation (psd) of 8% (n = 30, 10 level), corresponding to a rsd value of 8% when powder recovery was in the range of 0.5–10 mg. With water alone, the average recovery was 89% with a psd value of 16% in the same range. However, when the range was limited to 1–10 mg, the powder recovery per glove when using water alone was 95% with a psd value of 14%. The 2.7 μm glass microfiber filter collects 96% of the powder applied to it.
The degree of dependency to which the amount of powder on the glove affects powder recovery was studied using the relative error coefficient (rec). The rec values are less than 0.5%/mg/glove throughout the range of 0.5–10 mg using β-CD. With water alone in the same study range, a rec value of less than 3%/mg/glove was obtained. The correlation coefficients for percent powder recovery versus amount of powder on the glove show much less correlation over these study ranges. β-CD increased the recovery 15% and decreased the dependency of recovery on the amount of powder on the glove by 7.3-fold. The slopes and intercepts of recovered powder versus added powder were 1.01 ± 0.02 and 1.0 × 10−2 ± 1.3 × 10−1 mg for β-CD wash, and 0.95 ± 0.04 and −6.0 × 10−2 ± 2.5 × 10−1 mg for water wash in the range of 0.5–10 mg, respectively.
The Effect of Fiber Coating on the Temperature Dependence of the Elastic and Anelastic Properties of a Fiber-Reinforced Borosilicate Glass Matrix Composite
Authors: Wolfenden A , Thomas HM , Thomas V , Chawla KK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Young's modulus and mechanical damping were determined for two borosilicate glass matrix composites reinforced with continuous ceramic fibers for the temperature range of 20–450°C using the piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT). Scanning electron microscopy was also performed on the specimens. The effect of having a boron nitride fiber coating 0.2 μm thick on the properties of the composite as a function of temperature was determined. These and other measurements showed that the presence of the boron nitride coating improves the toughness of the composite without any penalty on the elastic modulus and damping characteristics.
Leakers as a Function of Closure Type in Gallon-Size Plastic Bottles in Simulated Small Parcel Test Environment
Authors: Singh SP , Syal VP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of vertical vibration and drops on gallon-size plastic bottles in simulated small parcel shipping tests. Three types of round and F-style bottles were tested with different finish sizes. Three different types of closures were used on each type of bottle. Six bottles of each type were filled with water and capped with each closure type and packaged in single-wall RSC corrugated boxes with partitions. The packages were subjected to drop and vibration tests after being conditioned for 72 h at normal conditions of 23°C (73.4°F) and 50% relative humidity (RH), and accelerated conditions of 40°C (104°F) and 90% RH. The bottles were checked for application torques before testing and removal torques after testing. The results show the performance of the different types of closures and finish sizes. The larger size finish (63–400) F-style bottle showed the most leaks whereas the smaller finish (33–400) round-style bottles showed the fewest leaks. The bottles that were subjected to higher temperature conditioning showed more leaks and a greater reduction in removal torques.
Comparison of Walkway-Safety Tribometers
Authors: Marpet M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The friction between the floor and the pedestrian's shoe bottom is an important factor in walkway safety. There exist a number of instruments, called tribometers, for measuring this quantity. The ASTM F 13.1 Subcommittee on Tribometry, part of the ASTM F-13 Committee on Safety and Traction for Footwear, held a workshop in 1991 at Bucknell University, Lewisberg, PA. At that workshop, a number of commonly used and experimental tribometers were tested under strict laboratory conditions: The ASTM C-1028 horizontal-pull drag sled, Technial Products Model 80 drag sled, Slip Test Mark I Portable Articulated-Strut Tribometer, Slip Test Mark II Portable Inclined-Strut Tribometer, Horizontal Pull Slipmeter drag sled, Tortus dynamic drag sled, Sigler pendulum dynamic tribometer, and the James Articulated-Strut. This paper describes a number of results from that workshop.
Diagnosis of Machinery by Analysis of Running Temperature Data
Authors: Segal L 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A thermal diagnosis method is proposed for mechanisms and machinery under a transient regime, with a 10–15 minute implementation time.
The suggested diagnostic parameter is the ratio of the maximum rate of increase of the temperature of the mechanism during operation to the time required to reach it. The temperature pattern, processed by computer, yields the overall technical condition of the mechanism and its pre-overhaul service term. For specific mechanisms, statistical data are needed to determine the initial and limiting values of the parameter.
The proposed method is applicable in production as a means of control over the technological process; in overhauls as a means of quality evaluation; and in service for detection of faults and prediction of the service life.
Required Coefficient of Friction Versus Walking Speed: Potential Influences of Footwear and Walkway Surfaces
Authors: Fendley AE , Marpet MI 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents data analysis for a representative subject from a pilot study where subjects walked at increasing speeds across a force plate in shoes with the top-piece/outsoles replaced by a variety of test materials, including test-foot materials commonly used in walkway-safety tribometry. The goal of this data analysis was to develop a methodology that can by used in a multi-subject experiment that combines force-plate and video data. More specifically, the objectives were: • To determine how force-plate assessment of required friction for subjects walking in shoes having soles and heels of various shoe-bottom or tribometric reference materials compares to tribometric testing of available friction using similar test-foot materials. • To explore the relationship between μr and walking speed as influenced by specific footwear and walkway surfaces. • To develop hypotheses to guide further data analysis and research.
The force plate was covered with polypropylene, a substance expected to cause slipping with some of the test materials. The walking speeds ranged from moderate to as fast as the subject could walk. Required coefficient of friction μr was calculated from force-plate data. Average available coefficient of friction ¯μa was measured using a portable articulated strut tribometer with the test materials used as test feet.
Computerized capture of sequential screens from time-coded videotape recordings of data stored on magneto-optical discs was used to visually assess the kinematics of walking and slipping. Observed slipping was studied in relation to the ratio of μr/¯μa. Profiles of μr versus time during stance were examined relative to top-piece/outsole materials and walking speed. Peak μr at heel contact versus walking speed was evaluated. Positive correlation was seen for certain test materials, while negative correlation was seen with others. The authors hypothesize that biomechanical adaptations of the subject to the footwear/floor-surface combinations account for observed differences. The paper discusses practical problems confounding use of the ratio μr/¯μa as a predictor of slip probability.
Surface Roughness of Footwear Soling Materials: Relevance to Slip Resistance
Authors: Rowland FJ , Jones C , Manning DP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The slip resistance of commercial safety boot and experimental footwear solings has been studied over a period of 15 years. Shoes, with experimental solings, were worn in a factory, and the coefficient of friction (CoF) measured at intervals, using a walking traction test. These measurements have shown that a microcellular polyurethane, AP66033 (formerly T66/103) gives the greatest slip resistance of any soling material on wet or oily factory floors and laboratory test surfaces. This performance is attributed to the statistically significant relationship between CoF and mean peak to trough roughness (Rtm). The surface structure of soling materials was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy, and images compared with Rtm measurements. There is now sufficient experimental evidence to confirm that surface roughness is one of the determinants of CoF on lubricated floors. The wear characteristics of the floor/sole combination must be considered: some soling materials may become polished on certain floors. However, AP66033 cannot be polished.
Comparison of R-Curve Methodologies for Ranking the Toughness of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Reynolds AP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In an effort to determine an optimum method for ranking the fracture toughness of developmental aluminum alloys over a wide range of fracture toughness/strength combinations, five labs performed R-curve testing on aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Middle crack tension and compact tension R-curve specimens were excised from a previously tested 1.5-m wide middle crack tension test specimen. The crack resistance curves generated with the small specimens were compared to the R-curves from 1.5-m wide specimens. The experimental program indicated that effective stress intensity from secant compliance based crack length and stress intensity calculated from J-integral testing were equivalent. Comparison of test results obtained from different specimen sizes and configurations indicated that standard validity requirements for compact tension specimens may be overly restrictive. Improved correlation between specimen types was obtained by plotting Keff or KJ against physical crack extension as compared to effective crack extension.
Effects of Fatigue on Fragility Testing and the Damage Boundary Curve
Authors: Burgess G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The original concept behind the damage boundary curve (DBC) and the related shock fragility test, ASTM D 3332, are discussed and used to suggest shortcuts in the test procedure aimed at reducing the number of products that must be damaged. A nondestructive means of evaluating the appropriateness of the DBC in describing product fragility using the results of the test is also described. A new test procedure based on a more realistic model of the product that allows for fatigue failure is then introduced and verified experimentally. The result of the test is a series of DBCs for multiple impacts that would allow the expected number of drops in distribution to be taken into account when designing a cushion for the product. Shortcuts in the new test procedure and a nondestructive means of checking the fit between the product and the new model are also proposed.
Effect of Construction Adhesive and Joist Variability on the Deflection Behavior of Light-Frame Wood Floors
Authors: Pellicane PJ , Robinson G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A total of 16,000 light-frame, structural floors of a geometry consistent with those used in residential construction throughout North America was numerically analyzed to determine deflection characteristics under a constant uniformly distributed load of 40 Ibf/ft2 (59.5 Pa). The intent of these analyses was to determine the effect of joist variability on the deflection behavior of light-frame floors and to quantify the contribution of elastomeric construction adhesives (ECA) in reducing the deflection of such systems. The joist property (moudlus of elasticity, MOE) was allowed to vary in a systematic fashion between 750 (5.17) and 3,000 (20.07) ksi (MPa) in increments of 250 ksi (1.72 MPa). In addition, the variability of the joists (at each value of MOE) varied between coefficient of variation (COV) values of 0.05 to 0.26 in increments of 0.03. One hundred floors were evaluated at each mean MOE value and at each COV value for the joists. All other sheathing and connector properties [nail slip modulus = 25,500 Ibf/in (4466 N/mm)] remained constant. However, after the 100 floors were analyzed using only nailed connections between joist and sheathing, the same 100 floors were analyzed with ECA used with the nails.
The results indicated that the contribution of the ECA to reduced floor deflection under uniformly distributed loads was dependent in large part on the mean stiffness of the floor joists and to a much lesser extent on the COV of the joists. For joists of lower stiffness, the contribution of ECA had a more pronounced effect on mitigating the deflection level of the floors. Reductions of nearly 12% were realized when the mean joist MOE was 750 ksi. For floors made with stiffer joists (mean MOE = 3,000 ksi), floor deflections were reduced by only about 6% when adhesive was used. The presence of ECA between joist and sheathing also had the effect of reducing the variability of floor behavior. When components were connected only with nails, the COV of floor deflections varied between 0.02 and 0.11. However, when ECA were incorporated into the assembly, the COV of floor deflections ranged from less than 0.01 to only about 0.04.
It can be concluded that the presence of ECA of the type used in this analysis can reduce light-frame wood floor deflection by 6 to 12% depending on joist stiffness.
Experimental Assessment of Four Composite Material Shear Test Methods
Authors: Adams DF , Lewis EQ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Four ASTM standard shear test methods for characterizing composite materials were experimentally investigated: the short beam shear (ASTM D 2344), Iosipescu shear (ASTM D 5379), axial tension of a [±45]ns laminate (ASTM D 3518), and two-rail shear (ASTM D 4255). Six composite material systems were utilized: two thermoset matrix composites; S2 glass/3501-6 epoxy and AS4 carbon/3501-6 epoxy; and four thermoplastic matrix composites, S2 glass/polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), AS4 carbon/PEKK, E-glass/J2 polyamide and AS4 carbon/J2 polyamide.
The results obtained for both shear strength and shear modulus indicate that the various methods each have limitations and inherent inaccuracies, with no one method being clearly superior to the others in all aspects. However, the Iosipescu shear test method does exhibit a number of particularly favorable characteristics.
Symposium on International Advanced Vehicle/Transportation Infrastructure Technology
Authors: Foderberg DC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Symposium was held to develop the concept of and share experiences in integrating the design of vehicles and the transportation infrastructure. Advanced technologies and processes for simultaneous vehicle/transportation infrastructure design were emphasized. In addition, integrated information and control systems along with the technologies involved in the development of smart materials in vehicle and transportation infrastructure construction were included. Three of the twelve papers given at the Symposium are presented here.
Calibration of Weigh-in-Motion Systems Through Dynamic Vehicle Simulation
Authors: Papagiannakis AT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes two methods for calibrating weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems with the aid of dynamic vehicle simulations. A modified version of the vehicle simulation model VESYM, named VESYMF, is used for predicting the dynamic axle load variation exerted by heavy vehicles at a WIM site.
The first method uses test trucks performing controlled runs over a WIM system, while the second method relies on the consistent properties of the steering axle loads of traffic stream 5-axle tractor semi-trailer trucks such as the 3-S2. For the first method, test truck runs are performed at a number of replicate speeds and the WIM measurements of individual axles are plotted versus speed. For a given axle and speed, the variation in WIM measurements is equal to the precision of the WIM system. Combining this source of variation with the dynamics-induced variation calculated through VESYMF, gives the anticipated frequency distribution in WIM measurements for the pavement roughness at a site. This is used for estimating the probability of a particular WIM measurement, which in turn allows the calculation of the weighed average of the axle load WIM measurements obtained at different speeds. Calibration is effected by fitting a zero-intercept linear regression equation between the static and the average WIM axle load measurements.
The second method is based on the consistent properties exhibited by the mean load of the steering axles of traffic-stream 3-S2 trucks. Its combined variance is calculated by adding the variance in static 3-S2 steering axle loads for traffic-stream vehicles to the other two components of variance described previously. This establishes a confidence interval for the mean of the WIM measurements of a number of 3-S2 steering axle loads. The feasibility of these two methods was demonstrated by field experimentation.
Symposium on Needs and Applications in Precision Measurement and Monitoring of Wear
Authors: Blau PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Wear exacts a high price on our economy, exceeding tens of billions of dollars per year. Anyone who owns an automobile conveyances rolling down the highways, plowing the seas, flying through the skies, and the cost becomes astronomical. Not surprisingly, wear manifests itself in many places—from the grinding of our teeth and the fretting of our joints to the immense turbine drives that power great aircraft carriers and the motors, gears and bearings that run the machines of industry.
Needs and Applications in Precision Measurement and Monitoring of Wear
Authors: Budinski KG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tool wear is one of the most costly problems in many manufacturing companies. Most companies have ongoing programs to try to reduce the cost of tool wear by continually improving tool materials. Part of improving tool life is monitoring the wear that is occurring. In the cutting and perforating of products made from plastic webs, the predominant mode of wear is polishing abrasion. Tool edges start in service with a very small radius which gets progressively larger as tool wear progresses. The minute wear is extremely difficult to quantify. This paper deals with the techniques that can be used to assess changes in tool edge radius produced by polishing abrasion from the product that is being shaped by tools.
Common and the not-so-common assessment techniques are discussed and it is shown that elastomer replicas coupled with microscopic edge inspection can be effective in assessing how tools are wearing with time, so that improvements in tool life can be made.
Theory and Application of a Micro-Scale Abrasive Wear Test
Authors: Rutherford KL , Hutchings IM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A micro-scale abrasion test has recently been developed that allows measurement of the wear resistance of the surface regions of a material. The typical penetration depth is less than 30 μm. The test uses a simple mechanical and optical system and involves rotating a hard steel sphere against a specimen in the presence of small abrasive particles. The method has been used to investigate the wear resistance of thin PVD coatings (1 to 5 µm), metallic glass ribbons, and paint films in addition to bulk samples of metals, ceramics, and glasses. The associated theory has been extended so that results may be obtained from any curved surface. This furthers its applicability to practical surface-engineered components such as twist drills, bearings, turbine blades, and biomedical prostheses. A detailed characterization of the experimental procedure has been undertaken to provide an understanding of the repeatability and sensitivity of the test. In a study of cutting-tool coatings, the wear resistance measured by this method has been shown to correlate with scratch test response and with the performance of coated end-mills in cutting tests.
First Continuous Remote Bridge Monitoring System Ensures Safe Operation of 65-Year-Old Rolling Bascule Bridge
Authors: Prine D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Infrastructure Technology Institute (ITI) at Northwestern University has installed what is believed to be the first continuous remote monitoring system on a highway bridge in the world. The system was installed on a rolling bascule bridge over Sturgeon Bay in Door County, Wisconsin. It allows engineers located at ITI to closely monitor crack propagation and other conditions on the bridge which is near the end of its design life. The system is intended to serve as the prototype for a new method to monitor the condition of aging bridges in order to ensure public safety and allocate scarce rehabilitation and replacement funds in an optimal manner.
A PC-Based Near Real-Time Ultrasonic Imaging System for Flaw Characterization
Authors: Anand RS , Kumar V 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents the description of a PC-based ultrasonic imaging system which generates three types of pulse-echo ultrasound images, namely, A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan, almost in real time. The system has pulser-receiver circuitry employing a single ultrasonic probe working as both the transmitter and the receiver. The generated ultrasound signal is transferred to a PC-AT using the A/D conversion facility of a digital storage oscilloscope where it is processed for target echoes with their amplitude and location. Thereafter, this information is correlated to provide a particular type of image. The probe positioning for the images is accomplished by a motorized mechanical system made up of two stepping motors. This developed ultrasonic imaging system is fully automatic, user-friendly, and operator independent.
Determination of ηpl Factor: Influence of Side Grooving
Authors: Cassanelli AN , de Vedia LA , Herrera R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of side grooving on the ηpl factor in the ASTM Standard Test Method for JIc, a Measure of Fracture Toughness (ASTM E 813-89), for C(T) and SE(B) specimens. The method proposed by Sharobean and Landes to calculate the ηpl factor from blunt-notched specimens was utilized. Standard C(T) and SE(B) specimens were prepared out of a 30-mm-thick, 2.25 Cr-1 Mo. ASTM A-387-Gr22 type steel plate. The crack lengths considered ranged from 55% to 75% of the specimen width W, and three sets of specimens were prepared with 0% B, 25% B and 50% B double side grooving, respectively.