bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophylogenetic analyses of the gain and loss of self‐incompatibility in the Asteraceae
Authors: Ferrer Miriam M. , Good‐Avila Sara V. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe self‐incompatibility (SI) status of 571 taxa from the Asteraceae was identified and the taxa were scored as having SI, partial SI or self‐compatibility (SC) as their breeding system. A molecular phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was constructed for 211 of these taxa.Macrophylogenetic methods were used to test hypotheses concerning the ancestral state of SI in the Asteraceae, the gain and loss of SI, the irreversibility of the loss of SI and the potential for partial SI or SC to be terminal states.The ancestral breeding system in the family could not be resolved. Both maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses indicated that transitions among all breeding system states provide the best fit to the data and that neither partial SI nor SC is a terminal state. Furthermore, the data indicated that the loss of SI is not irreversible, although breeding system evolution has been more dynamic in some clades than in others.These results are discussed within the context of evidence for the gain and loss of SI, the evolutionary role of partial SI and methodological assumptions of tests of breeding system evolution.
Apoplastic barriers to radial oxygen loss and solute penetration: a chemical and functional comparison of the exodermis of two wetland species, Phragmites australis and Glyceria maxima
Authors: Soukup Aleš , Armstrong William , Schreiber Lukas , Franke Rochus , Votrubová Olga 
Published: October 2006

Summary
Few studies have examined exodermal development in relation to the formation of barriers to both radial oxygen loss (ROL) and solute penetration along growing roots. Here, we report on the structural development, chemical composition and functional properties of the exodermis in two diverse wetland grasses, Glyceria maxima and Phragmites australis.
Anatomical features, development, the biochemical composition of exodermal suberin and the penetration of apoplastic tracers and oxygen were examined.
Striking interspecific differences in exodermal structure, suberin composition and quantity per unit surface area, and developmental changes along the roots were recorded. Towards the root base, ROL and periodic acid (H5IO6) penetration were virtually stopped in P. australis; in G. maxima, a tight ROL barrier restricted but did not stop H5IO6 penetration and the exodermis failed to stain with lipidic dyes. Cultivation in stagnant deep hypoxia conditions or oxygenated circulating solution affected the longitudinal pattern of ROL profiles in G. maxima but statistically significant changes in exodermal suberin composition or content were not detected.
Interspecific differences in barrier performance were found to be related to hypodermal structure and probably to qualitative as well as quantitative variations in suberin composition and distribution within exodermal cell walls. Implications for root system function are discussed, and it is emphasized that sufficient spatial resolution to identify the effects of developmental changes along roots is crucial for realistic evaluation of exodermal barrier properties.
Potassium additive algorithm for use in continuous renal replacement therapy
Authors: Brooks Gail 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe performance of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) brings about alterations in the serum potassium levels in patient. Potassium is an electrolyte essential for the regulation of nerve conduction and muscle contraction, particularly important in the case of cardiac muscle. This article describes the physiological mechanisms that affect potassium distribution throughout the body and also describes the effects of hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia on the heart. This article justifies the need for serum potassium control during CRRT, which recognizes and reconciles the differing areas of responsibility of the medical and nursing staff. This article critically reviews the steps taken to develop and implement into clinical practice and evaluate a potassium additive algorithm. It also discusses the implications of this initiative.
Intra‐aortic balloon counterpulsation complicated by limb ischaemia: a reflective commentary
Authors: Sice Anna 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIntra‐aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) is widely used to support the failing myocardium, particularly in patients with a background of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS). CS is primarily due to left ventricular failure and is the most serious complication of AMI. Using Driscoll’s ‘What?’ reflective model to guide critical thinking, an incident involving a patient who required IABC following AMI is explored. There are various complications associated with IABC, limb ischaemia being very common. Risk factors, which predispose patients to the development of limb ischaemia following intra‐aortic balloon pump insertion, are discussed as are the issues surrounding their care. Nurses are in an ideal position to detect any complications that may occur. They should be familiar with the patient’s medical history, including any risk factors, which could predispose them to the development of limb ischaemia. Consideration of these factors and the adjunctive treatment the patient may require can be used to plan care accordingly. Anecdotal evidence suggests that more patients are requiring haemodynamic support from IABC. Nurses and health care professionals who have the responsibility of caring for these patients need to be adequately trained in order to maintain a high standard of care. However, there appears to be a lack of evidence‐based guidelines determining the optimum frequency of limb observations to assess for limb ischaemia. Further evidence as to the timing of limb observations is required in order that protocols can be written to guide the practice.
Retrospective analysis of renal transplantation outcomes in children admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit in Brazil
Authors: Kusahara Denise Miyuki , Rocha Patricia Kuerten , Peterlini Maria Angélica S , Pedreira Mavilde LG , De Carvalho Werther Brunow 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRenal transplantation has been described as the main treatment for children with end‐stage renal disease. Traditionally, infants and small children represented a high‐risk group with poor allograft survival. However, studies conducted mainly in developed countries have been demonstrated improvements in allograft survival rates. The aim of this study was to identify demographic characteristics of recipients and kidney donors and to analyse the outcomes of children who received postoperative care following renal transplantation in one Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU).This retrospective study was carried out in a university hospital in Brazil. The data were collected through reviewing the follow up of medical records of recipients and kidney donors between 1988 and 2002. Chi‐square or Fisher exact tests were used to analyse differences in outcome between living and donor transplants, whereas Mann‐Whitney and Kruskal‐Wallis tests were used to compare differences in outcome by age groups and by the number of complications affecting recipients. A total of 44 children were admitted for renal transplantation. Within this group, the median age was 10·1(±3·2) years, 63·6% were men and 38% were non‐Caucasians. In contrast, the donor group had a median age of 17·5(±12·5) years, of which 51·3% were male, 56·8% were Caucasian and 70·5% were cadaver donors. The average length of PICU stay was 31·4 h, with complications being identified in the majority of the transplanted children. The occurrence of four or more complications was significantly associated with acute rejection (p= 0·009). In conclusion, the main outcomes of this study were similar to those observed in developed countries, in terms of acute rejections (52·3%), dialysis resumption (31·8%), graft loss (29·5%), chronic rejections (9·1%) and death (4·5%). Complications during PICU stay were significantly linked to the occurrence of acute rejection.
Decreased immunorejection in unmatched blood transfusions by attachment of methoxypolyethylene glycol on human red blood cells and the effect on D antigen
Authors: Tan Yingxia , Qiu Yan , Xu Hua , Ji Shouping , Li Subo , Gong Feng , Zhang Yangpei 
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND: Pegylation of red blood cells (RBCs) has been the primary focus of research on the immunocamouflage of cell. The aim of this study was to demonstrate pegylation homogeneity, its shielding effect on D antigens, and its storage stability. In addition, methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG)‐modified RBCs (mPEG‐RBCs) were tested serologically against a panel of serum samples that was difficult to match to find a solution to the difficulty in matching.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this study, fluorescein‐PEG and a confocal laser scanning microscope were used to monitor PEG attachment on RBC population and observe reaction homogeneity, the stability of mPEG combined with RBCs in vitro was evaluated by the RBC ghost agglutination test, the pegylation sites on membrane were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with two dye methods, and the effect of pegylation on D antigen was detected by immunoblotting techniques. Compatibility tests were carried out between 66 cases of serum with difficulty in blood matching and mPEG‐camouflaged RBCs by use of four blood matching methods including direct agglutination, indirect antiglobulin test (IAT), microtyping gel cards (MTS), and the manual polybrene technique (MPT).RESULTS: The results indicated the homogeneity of pegylation, the absence of RhD protein in mPEG‐modified D+ RBCs by Western blotting, and attachment of PEG to RBCs after 30 days of storage, while RBCs still remained antigenically silent. All pegylation RBCs showed a negative reaction with ABO‐matched patients’ serum samples by direct agglutination, IAT, and MTS, which indicated that pegylation RBCs and patients’ serum samples were compatible. MPT was not suitable for detecting blood matching of mPEG‐RBCs, because modification changed the RBCs’ biophysical properties.CONCLUSION: In conclusion, mPEG‐RBCs have acceptable in vitro properties and provide a useful solution to problems with clinical blood matching, although such masking leaves much to be desired.
Glaucoma detection using different Stratus optical coherence tomography protocols
Authors: Hougaard Jesper Leth , Heijl Anders , Bengtsson Boel 
Published: October 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To examine and compare the diagnostic accuracy of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness measurements using different Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning protocols.Methods:  Stratus OCT data for 90 healthy subjects and 62 glaucoma patients with mild or moderate visual field loss were prospectively collected and analysed using four RNFL thickness protocols that differed in terms of image resolution and number of scans. Cut‐off levels corrected for age and refractive error were defined by reference values derived from an independent normal database. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for average RNFL thickness for the full circle scan, and for the quadrant and clock hour circle scan sectors at p < 5% and p < 1% cut‐off values.Results:  Regular‐ and high‐resolution images performed equally well, and single best‐quality scans were as good as the average of three scans to distinguish between healthy and glaucomatous eyes. Full circle RNFL thickness yielded similar or better diagnostic accuracy than that of sectors. Sensitivities ranged from 84% to 87% and specificities from 89% to 93% for full circle RNFL thickness at the p < 5% cut‐off level.Conclusions:  The abilities of four different Stratus OCT RNFL thickness protocols to distinguish between eyes with predominantly mild glaucomatous field loss and healthy eyes were very similar. Thus diagnostic accuracy did not differ between high‐ and regular‐resolution protocols, nor between global (full circle) and localized (sector) OCT parameters, which suggests a diffuse component in early glaucomatous RNFL damage.
Roughness Amplitude Reduction Under Non-Newtonian EHD Lubrication
Conditions
Authors: Chapkov A. D. , Venner C. H. , Lubrecht A. A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Over the last decade, the operating conditions of the Elastohydrodynamic lubricated (EHL) contact have become increasingly severe. Consequently, the average film thickness decreased and became comparable to the surface roughness. Under those conditions, the surface features can reduce the minimum film thickness and can thus increase wear. They can also increase the temperature and the pressure fluctuations, which directly affect the component life. In order to describe the roughness geometry inside an EHL contact, the amplitude reduction of harmonic waviness has been studied over the last decade. This theory currently allows a quantitative prediction of the waviness amplitude and includes the influence of wavelength and contact operating conditions. However, the model assumes a Newtonian behavior of the lubricant. The current paper contributes to the extension of the roughness amplitude reduction for EHL point contacts including non-Newtonian effects. A generalized model is derived that includes both types of behavior.
The Stribeck Curve: Experimental Results and Theoretical Prediction
Authors: Lu Xiaobin , Khonsari M. M. , Gelinck E. R. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Stribeck curve plays an important role in identifying boundary, mixed, elastohydrodynamic, and hydrodynamic lubrication regimes. Recent advances in elastohydrodynamic lubrication together with rough surface interaction have made it possible to develop a methodology for predicting the trend of the Stribeck curve. In this paper, we report the results of a series of experiments performed on a journal bearing together with a theoretical prediction of the Stribeck-type behavior. Various loads and oil temperatures are considered. The comparison between the experimental results with a mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model for line contacts is indicative of good agreement.
Optimal Cool-Down in Linear and Nonlinear Thermoviscoelasticity and
the Effects of Initial Stress
Authors: Chen L. , Cao J. , Weitsman Y. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article concerns the minimization of residual thermal stresses in geometrically constrained adhesive layers and thin polymeric composite lay-ups with emphasis on the role of initial stresses. Such residual stresses evolve during cure and subsequently during post-cure cool-down. The cure stresses play the role of initial stress superimposed on the thermoviscoelastic response that governs to cool-down phase. Optimization is achieved by following a time-temperature path that achieves the best counter play between temperature as a stress inducing and a stress reducing agent. When viscoelastic nonlinearity is considered such contradictory effect is played by stress itself, in which case an initial stress may have a beneficial effect.
On the Computational Power of Threshold Circuits with Sparse Activity
Authors: Uchizawa Kei , Douglas Rodney , Maass Wolfgang 
Published: October 2006

Circuits composed of threshold gates (McCulloch-Pitts neurons, or perceptrons) are simplified models of neural circuits with the advantage that they are theoretically more tractable than their biological counterparts. However, when such threshold circuits are designed to perform a specific computational task, they usually differ in one important respect from computations in the brain: they require very high activity. On average every second threshold gate fires (sets a 1 as output) during a computation. By contrast, the activity of neurons in the brain is much sparser, with only about 1% of neurons firing. This mismatch between threshold and neuronal circuits is due to the particular complexity measures (circuit size and circuit depth) that have been minimized in previous threshold circuit constructions. In this letter, we investigate a new complexity measure for threshold circuits, energy complexity, whose minimization yields computations with sparse activity. We prove that all computations by threshold circuits of polynomial size with entropy O(log n) can be restructured so that their energy complexity is reduced to a level near the entropy of circuit states. This entropy of circuit states is a novel circuit complexity measure, which is of interest not only in the context of threshold circuits but for circuit complexity in general. As an example of how this measure can be applied, we show that any polynomial size threshold circuit with entropy O(log n) can be simulated by a polynomial size threshold circuit of depth 3. Our results demonstrate that the structure of circuits that result from a minimization of their energy complexity is quite different from the structure that results from a minimization of previously considered complexity measures, and potentially closer to the structure of neural circuits in the nervous system. In particular, different pathways are activated in these circuits for different classes of inputs. This letter shows that such circuits with sparse activity have a surprisingly large computational power.
Is clozapine—aripiprazole combination a useful regime in the management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia?
Authors: Karunakaran Kanapathippillai , Tungaraza Tongeji E. , Harborne Giles C. 
Published: October 2006

Around 40—70% patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia fail to respond to clozapine. Though combining antipsychotics is commonly practised with non-responders, there is Little evidence for its use. We carried out a retrospective review of case notes of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia on clozapine—aripiprazole combination at our clozapine clinic. We report changes in psychotic symptoms, social function, weight, total cholesterol, serum glucose, HDL, CGI and GAF score pre- and post-aripiprazole augmentation. Clozapine—aripiprazole combination was associated with 22% reduction of clozapine dose. Eighteen out of 24 (75%) Lost a mean weight of 5.05 kg. There was improvement in positive and negative symptoms, sociaL functions, weight Loss and a moderate increase in HDL. Our findings suggest that clozapine—aripiprazole is a safe and tolerable combination; however, controL trials are needed to validate our findings.
Cost effectiveness of olanzapine in prevention of affective episodes in bipolar disorder in the United Kingdom
Authors: McKendrick J. , Cerri K.H. , LLoyd A. , D'AusiLio A. , Dando S. , Chinn C. 
Published: October 2006

This study evaLuated the cost effectiveness of oLanzapine compared with lithium as maintenance therapy for patients with bipoLar I disorder (BP1) in the UK. A Markov model was deveLoped to assess costs and outcomes from the perspective of the UK National HeaLth Service over a 1-year period. Patients enter the modeL after stabilization of a manic episode and are then treated with olanzapine or lithium. Using the findings of a recent randomized clinical trial, the modeL considers the monthly risk of manic or depressive episodes and of dropping out from allocated therapy. Health care resources associated with acute episodes were derived primarily from a recent UK chart review. Costs of maintenance therapy and monitoring were also considered. Key factors influencing cost effectiveness were identified and included in a stochastic sensitivity analysis. The model estimated that, compared to lithium, olanzapine significantly reduced the annual number of acute mood episodes per patient from 0.81 to 0.58 (difference —0.23; 95% CI: —0.34, —0.12). Per patient average annual care costs fell by £799 (95% CI: —£1,824, £59) driven by reduced inpatient days — but the cost difference was not statistically significant. Sensitivity analysis found the results to be robust to plausible variation in the model's parameters. The model estimated that using olanzapine instead of lithium as maintenance therapy for BP1 would significantly reduce the rate of acute mood events resulting in reduced hospital costs. Based on available evidence, there is a high likelihood that olanzapine would reduce costs of care compared to lithium.
Alterations of glucose metabolism during treatment with clozapine or amisulpride: results from a prospective 16-week study
Authors: Rettenbacher Maria A. , Hummer Martina , Hofer ALex , Baumgartner Susanne , Ebenbichler Christoph , EdLinger Monika , Kemmler Georg , Lechleitner Monika , Wolfgang Fleischhacker W. 
Published: October 2006

Although second-generation antipsychotics have notabLe benefits as compared to typical antipsychotics, their use has been associated with metaboLic disturbances, such as alterations of glucose homeostasis. It is still being debated whether this is a class effect of second-generation antipsychotics. We conducted a prospective, open study comparing body weight, parameters of insuLin resistance in schizophrenia patients treated with either clozapine ( n = 10) or amisuLpride ( n = 12). All parameters were assessed monthly over a period of 12 to 16 weeks. Body mass index (BMI), fasting serum insulin Levels and the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) index for insulin resistance increased significantly in patients treated with clozapine. None of these parameters increased significantly in patients treated with amisulpride. This study indicates that treatment with clozapine appears to have a higher risk to Lead to metabolic disturbances than amisupride.
Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia is associated with increases in immature/transitional B cells and serum levels of IL-7
Authors: Malaspina Angela , Moir Susan , Chaitt Doreen G. , Rehm Catherine A. , Kottilil Shyam , Falloon Judith , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare heterogeneous disorder defined by CD4+ T-cell counts below 300 cells/μL in the absence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or other known immune deficiency disorders. Here, we report the expansion of immature/transitional B cells in patients with ICL, which is associated with elevated serum levels of IL-7. Both the percentage of immature/transitional B cells and levels of IL-7 were inversely correlated with levels of CD4+ T-cell counts and directly correlated to each other. Further analyses of B cells indicated that, in contrast to the activating effects of HIV disease on mature B cells, the expansion of immature/transitional B cells in patients with ICL occurred at the expense of memory B cells. These findings extend previous reports on primary immunodeficiencies as well as HIV disease by suggesting that CD4+ T-cell lymphopenia has an impact on human B-cell development either directly or indirectly via the associated elevation of IL-7 levels.