bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF OLFACTORY INTENSITY: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO METHODS
Authors: ATANASOVA BORIANA , LANGLOIS DOMINIQUE , NICKLAUS SOPHIE , CHABANET CLAIRE , ETIÉVANT PATRICK 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experimental procedures recommended for the evaluation of the psychophysical characteristics of odorous compounds, olfactory matching with the 1‐butanol scale and cross‐modality matching with the finger span are compared. The intensity of ethyl butyrate and guaiacol solutions presented at four different concentration levels was evaluated by a panel of sixteen subjects over five repetitions using the two methods. Each stimulus was delivered to the subject from a Teflon bag through a nose‐shaped glass sniffing port.The discrimination ability, repeatability, panel homogeneity and within‐subject variability of the methods were assessed. Results indicate that with both methods, subjects were able to highly discriminate the presented concentration levels of the odorants. There were no great difference in repeatability and the same individual variability was observed between both methods. However, the smaller within‐subject variability highlighted for the 1‐butanol scale method suggested that this method is potentially more powerful than finger‐span method.
SEGMENTATION APPROACHES THAT DIFFERENTIATE CONSUMPTION FREQUENCY FROM SENSORY PREFERENCE1
Authors: WANSINK BRIAN , SONKA STEVEN T. , PARK SE‐BUM 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTPeople can eat a food without having a strong preference for it, and people can prefer a food without eating it. Given this seeming disconnect between attitude and behavior, which type of measure or segment can best be used to profile or identify loyal consumer segments of a food, such as soy? This research compares a usage‐based method (heavy‐light‐nonusers) with a new attitude‐based method (seeker‐neutral‐avoider), and finds that the attitude‐based method differentiates purchase‐related intentions better than the usage‐based method. Implications for profiling consumer taste patterns and consumer segments are provided.
RESEARCH NOTE NUMERICAL SCALE‐POINT LOCATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE LAM (LABELED AFFECTIVE MAGNITUDE) SCALE
Authors: CARDELLO ARMAND V. , SCHUTZ HOWARD G. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTIn a recent paper, we described the development and application of a labeled affective magnitude (LAM) scale for assessing liking/disliking (Schutz and Cardello 2001). Here we present the exact numerical scale‐point locations corresponding to the verbal labels of the scale, so that investigators can easily construct the LAM scale for use with either paper or computer‐based ballots.
Feeding sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana) to sows before farrowing inhibits milk production
Authors: Kopinski JS , Blaney BJ , Downing JA , Mcveigh JF , Murray S‐A 
Published: April 2007

Objective  To assess the impact of feeding different amounts of sorghum ergot to sows before farrowing.Design  Fifty‐one pregnant sows from a continually farrowing piggery were sequentially inducted into the experiment each week in groups of four to seven, as they approached within 14 days of farrowing. Diets containing sorghum ergot sclerotia within the range of 0 (control) up to 1.5% w/w (1.5% ergot provided 7 mg alkaloids/kg, including 6 mg dihydroergosine/kg) were randomly allocated and individually fed to sows. Ergot concentrations were varied with each subsequent group until an acceptable level of tolerance was achieved. Diets with ergot were replaced with control diets after farrowing. Post‐farrowing milk production was assessed by direct palpation and observation of udders, and by piglet responses and growth. Blood samples were taken from sows on three days each week, for prolactin estimation.Results  Three sows fed 1.5% ergot for 6 to 10 days preceding farrowing produced no milk, and 87% of their piglets died despite supplementary feeding of natural and artificial colostrums, milk replacer, and attempts to foster them onto normally lactating sows. Ergot inclusions of 0.6% to 1.2% caused lesser problems in milk release and neo‐natal piglet mortality. Of 23 sows fed either 0.3% or 0.6% ergot, lactation of only two first‐litter sows were affected. Ergot caused pronounced reductions in blood prolactin, and first‐litter sows had lower plasma prolactin than multiparous sows, increasing their susceptibility to ergot.Conclusion  Sorghum ergot should not exceed 0.3% (1 mg alkaloid/kg) in diets of multiparous sows fed before farrowing, and should be limited to 0.1% for primiparous sows, or avoided completely.
STATIONARITY TESTS IN GEOGRAPHIC MARKETS: AN APPLICATION TO SOUTH AFRICAN MILK MARKETS
Authors: Boshoff Willem H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe paper focuses on the delineation of geographic markets in competition analysis, investigating the use of tests of price co‐movement in the market definition exercise. To this end, the first part is devoted to a conceptual framework for market definition (adopted from Haldrup (2003)). Thereafter, a variety of price tests are explored that can be applied within the quantitative part of the framework. Similar to Forni (2004), the paper emphasizes the use of stationarity tests (that is, tests for the existence of unit roots) – illustrating their application to a recent competition investigation in South Africa.
THE EMERGENCE OF INSTITUTIONALISED SOCIAL DIALOGUE IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Parsons Raymond 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper looks at the conceptual framework of social dialogue, investment in social capital and some international definitions of social dialogue as background to developments in this sphere in South Africa. Social dialogue is viewed as a mechanism for problem‐solving and reducing transaction costs. The paper considers the ramifications of the 1979 Wiehahn Report on labour relations, as well as the nature of social dialogue in the apartheid era and its workplace origins. Institutionally, the stepping stones to the emergence of the NEF and Nedlac are discussed, together with some of the issues involved in, and formal outcomes of, Nedlac over the past eleven years in public policy choices. It closes with an evaluation of institutionalised social dialogue in South Africa and its future.“With the transition to non‐racial democracy in 1994, it became the task of an ANC‐led government to attempt to resolve the economic contradictions that apartheid had created. To achieve this requires massive economic and social changes, great programmes of investment and structural change. It is necessary to create the vital human capital needed at every level, from rudimentary literacy to the highest ranks of science and technology; to overcome enormous deficiencies in all forms of social infrastructure, including housing, schools, health, and transport; to return land to the black population and restore ravaged rural areas; to expand black ownership of mining, industry, commerce, and finance; and to diminish enormous inequalities in income and wealth. The new regime has made a promising start, but South Africa's past will exert a powerful influence on its present and future for a long time to come, and these huge tasks will not be swiftly or easily accomplished.”Charles Feinstein (2005)
USING BLENDED LEARNING TO BOOST MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE IN INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS MODULES
Authors: Van Der Merwe Alex 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper explores the potential of online learning, in a local context, to provide academic economics with much of the context it currently lacks and which may be implicated in students' lack of motivation to engage with the discipline. Since weak motivation can be expected to play out in poor performance, the study set out to establish, firstly, whether the online intervention was a motivational experience for students. Secondly, various tests were performed to determine whether – and how strongly – motivation and performance are related. The study concludes that even the weak statistical promise of online learning, as in this particular case, should be embraced given the interest displayed by students in online economics teaching and learning.
THE CHANGING FACE OF PUBLIC FINANCING OF HIGHER EDUCATION, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOUTH AFRICA1
Authors: De Villiers Pierre , Steyn Gert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHigher education displays characteristics of both private and public goods and there is a trend worldwide to expect individuals to pay more of the costs of their higher education. In South Africa public funding of higher education decreased from 0.86% of GDP in 1986 to only 0.66% in 2006; so that student tuition fees had to be increased to compensate for this loss of income. In the process staff numbers were kept relatively constant while student numbers increased appreciably. Two future scenarios, based on public higher education expenditure as a percentage of GDP and on real state allocation per WFTES, are spelt out. Although the qualifications awarded per FTE academic staff member increased over time, the graduation rates of the higher education institutions in South Africa are worsening. High‐level research, measured in publication units per FTE academic staff member, shows a disturbing decreasing trend since 1997.
A Preliminary Study of Sealing and Heat Transfer Performance of Conformal Channels and Cooling Fins in Laminated Tooling
Authors: Yoo Seungryeol , Walczyk Daniel F. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Rapid tooling (RT) methods allow for almost complete flexibility in routing of conformal cooling or heating channels within a mold for enhanced thermal control, but tool size is currently limited. A notable exception is the profiled edge laminae (PEL) method, which is a thick-layer laminated RT method intended for large-scale tooling applications. One of the biggest design issues with incorporating conformal channels in a PEL tool is to effectively seal the channels rapidly and inexpensively. Prior attempts in the literature at sealing laminated tools using diffusion bonding or brazing have been just the opposite. Recognizing that many manufacturing applications requiring large-scale tools (e.g., thermoforming, composites forming) do not need the temperature resistance and strength of either diffusion bonded or brazed laminae, this paper investigates alternative sealing methods. It is shown through a preliminary experimental study that (i) manual application of high-temperature adhesives locally around conformal channel holes will effectively seal channels for working fluid temperatures and pressures typically encountered in thermoforming over an extended period of time, and (ii) heating and cooling performance is similar to that of a continuous tool. Localized sealing is actually an advantage when tool porosity is needed. In addition, a novel approach to incorporating cooling fins into the nonforming side of a PEL tool is demonstrated, but thermal performance is poor as compared to conformal channel cooling. Finally, it is shown that simple one-dimensional analytical models can be used to effectively predict tool performance if a conformal channel cell design methodology is used.
Evaluation of Two Rapid Immunochromatographic Assays for Diagnosis of Dengue among Vietnamese Febrile Patients
Authors: Nga Tran Thi Thanh , Thai Khoa T. D. , Phuong Hoang Lan , Giao Phan Trong , Hung Le Quoc , Binh Tran Quang , Mai Vo Thi Chi , Van Nam Nguyen , de Vries Peter J. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT
Results from two dengue rapid tests, the PanBio Duo cassette and the SD Bioline strip test, were compared to those of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Focus Diagnostics) from sera of 200 Vietnamese febrile patients. The PanBio assay was superior, with sensitivity and specificity values for acute-phase serum samples of 54% and 70% (immunoglobulin M) and 70% and 88% (immunoglobulin G), respectively.
Prevalence of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in French Blood Donors
Authors: Boutrouille Annie , Bakkali-Kassimi Labib , Crucière Catherine , Pavio Nicole 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT
Accumulating evidence suggests that hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an emerging disease in regions where HEV is nonendemic. In France, the prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in the general population has never been studied. Using blood donors' samples, we have found a prevalence of 3.20%, which is similar to that of other industrialized countries.
Outbreak of Human Metapneumovirus Detected by Use of the Vero E6 Cell Line in Isolates Collected in Yamagata, Japan, in 2004 and 2005
Authors: Abiko C. , Mizuta K. , Itagaki T. , Katsushima N. , Ito S. , Matsuzaki Y. , Okamoto M. , Nishimura H. , Aoki Y. , Murata T. , Hoshina H. , Hongo S. , Ootani K. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT
A number of epidemiological studies have shown human metapneumovirus (hMPV) to be one of the most important viral agents associated with acute respiratory infections in humans. However, due to the difficulty in growing the virus, all epidemiological studies of hMPV infection have been performed on the basis of the molecular method. Thus, the development of a cell line suitable for the isolation of hMPV from clinical specimens is a crucial step for further research. Using the Vero E6 cell line, which could be stably maintained for 1 month without passage or medium change, we succeeded in isolating 79 strains from 4,112 specimens obtained in Yamagata, Japan, in 2004 and 2005. The total isolation rate was 1.9% (79/4,112). The monthly distribution revealed that hMPV infections occurred between February and April in 2004 and throughout most of the year in 2005. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that subgenogroup B2 was predominant in 2004, whereas three subgenogroups, A2, B1, and B2, had cocirculated in 2005. Although multiple subgenogroups cocirculated in 2005, each individual subgenogroup strain was found to predominate at specific sites. An infectivity assay of hMPV strains also indicated that the infection efficiency in Vero E6 cells was better than that in LLC-MK2 cells. Finally, we found that Vero E6 cells are useful for the isolation of hMPVs and that this utility might aid further research into hMPVs beyond the epidemiological data shown in this study.
A Cluster of
Legionella
-Associated Pneumonia Cases in a Population of Military Recruits
Authors: McDonough Erin A. , Metzgar David , Hansen Christian J. , Myers Christopher A. , Russell Kevin L. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

A
Legionella
cluster was identified through retrospective PCR analysis of 240 throat swab samples from X-ray-confirmed pneumonia cases. These were identified among young and otherwise healthy U.S. military recruits during population-based surveillance for pneumonia pathogens. Results were confirmed by sequence analysis. Cases clustered tightly, suggesting a local environmental etiology.
In Vitro Analysis of Transneuronal Spread of an Alphaherpesvirus Infection in Peripheral Nervous System Neurons
Authors: Feierbach B. , Bisher M. , Goodhouse J. , Enquist L. W. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT
The neurotropic alphaherpesviruses invade and spread in the nervous system in a directional manner between synaptically connected neurons. Until now, this property has been studied only in living animals and has not been accessible to in vitro analysis. In this study, we describe an in vitro system in which cultured peripheral nervous system neurons are separated from their neuron targets by an isolator chamber ring. Using pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus capable of transneuronal spread in neural circuits of many animals, we have recapitulated in vitro all known genetic requirements for retrograde and anterograde transneuronal spread as determined previously in vivo. We show that in vitro transneuronal spread requires intact axons and the presence of the viral proteins gE, gI, and Us9. We also show that transneuronal spread is dependent on the viral glycoprotein gB, which is required for membrane fusion, but not on gD, which is required for extracellular spread. We demonstrate ultrastructural differences between anterograde- and retrograde-traveling virions. Finally, we show live imaging of dynamic fluorescent virion components in axons and postsynaptic target neurons.
Marek's Disease Virus Type 2 (MDV-2)-Encoded MicroRNAs Show No Sequence Conservation with Those Encoded by MDV-1
Authors: Yao Yongxiu , Zhao Yuguang , Xu Hongtao , Smith Lorraine P. , Lawrie Charles H. , Sewer Alain , Zavolan Mihaela , Nair Venugopal 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly being recognized as major regulators of gene expression in many organisms, including viruses. Among viruses, members of the familyHerpesviridaeaccount for the majority of the currently known virus-encoded miRNAs. The highly oncogenic Marek's disease virus type 1 (MDV-1), an avian herpesvirus, has recently been shown to encode eight miRNAs clustered in the MEQ and LAT regions of the viral genome. The genusMardivirus, to which MDV-1 belongs, also includes the nononcogenic but antigenically related MDV-2. As MDV-1 and MDV-2 are evolutionarily very close, we sought to determine if MDV-2 also encodes miRNAs. For this, we cloned, sequenced, and analyzed a library of small RNAs from the lymphoblastoid cell line MSB-1, previously shown to be coinfected with both MDV-1 and MDV-2. Among the 5,099 small RNA sequences determined from the library, we identified 17 novel MDV-2-specific miRNAs. Out of these, 16 were clustered in a 4.2-kb long repeat region that encodes R-LORF2 to R-LORF5. The single miRNA outside the cluster was located in the short repeat region, within the C-terminal region of the ICP4 homolog. The expression of these miRNAs in MSB-1 cells and infected chicken embryo fibroblasts was further confirmed by Northern blotting analysis. The identification of miRNA clusters within the repeat regions of MDV-2 demonstrates conservation of the relative genomic positions of miRNA clusters in MDV-1 and MDV-2, despite the lack of sequence homology among the miRNAs of the two viruses. The identification of these novel miRNAs adds to the growing list of virus-encoded miRNAs.
Essential Role of Dengue Virus Envelope Protein N Glycosylation at Asparagine-67 during Viral Propagation
Authors: Mondotte Juan A. , Lozach Pierre-Yves , Amara Ali , Gamarnik Andrea V. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT
Dengue virus envelope protein (E) contains two N-linked glycosylation sites, at Asn-67 and Asn-153. The glycosylation site at position 153 is conserved in most flaviviruses, while the site at position 67 is thought to be unique for dengue viruses. N-linked oligosaccharide side chains on flavivirus E proteins have been associated with viral morphogenesis, infectivity, and tropism. Here, we examined the relevance of each N-linked glycan on dengue virus E protein by removing each site in the context of infectious viral particles. Dengue viruses lacking Asn-67 were able to infect mammalian cells and translate and replicate the viral genome, but production of new infectious particles was abolished. In addition, dengue viruses lacking Asn-153 in the E showed reduced infectivity. In contrast, ablation of one or both glycosylation sites yielded viruses that replicate and propagate in mosquito cells. Furthermore, we found a differential requirement of N-linked glycans for E secretion in mammalian and mosquito cells. While secretion of E lacking Asn-67 was efficient in mosquito cells, secretion of the same protein expressed in mammalian cells was dramatically impaired. Finally, we found that viruses lacking the carbohydrate at position 67 showed reduced infection of immature dendritic cells, suggesting interaction between this glycan and the lectin DC-SIGN. Overall, our data defined different roles for the two glycans present at the E protein during dengue virus infection, highlighting the involvement of distinct host functions from mammalian and mosquito cells during dengue virus propagation.
Inefficient Transmission of H5N1 Influenza Viruses in a Ferret Contact Model
Authors: Yen Hui-Ling , Lipatov Aleksandr S. , Ilyushina Natalia A. , Govorkova Elena A. , Franks John , Yilmaz Neziha , Douglas Alan , Hay Alan , Krauss Scott , Rehg Jerold E. , Hoffmann Erich , Webster Robert G. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

The abilities to infect and transmit efficiently among humans are essential for a novel influenza A virus to cause a pandemic. To evaluate the pandemic potential of widely disseminated H5N1 influenza viruses, a ferret contact model using experimental groups comprised of one inoculated ferret and two contact ferrets was used to study the transmissibility of four human H5N1 viruses isolated from 2003 to 2006. The effects of viral pathogenicity and receptor binding specificity (affinity to synthetic sialosaccharides with α2,3 or α2,6 linkages) on transmissibility were assessed. A/Vietnam/1203/04 and A/Vietnam/JP36-2/05 viruses, which possess “avian-like” α2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) receptor specificity, caused neurological symptoms and death in ferrets inoculated with 10
3
50% tissue culture infectious doses. A/Hong Kong/213/03 and A/Turkey/65-596/06 viruses, which show binding affinity for “human-like” α2,6-linked SA receptors in addition to their affinity for α2,3-linked SA receptors, caused mild clinical symptoms and were not lethal to the ferrets. No transmission of A/Vietnam/1203/04 or A/Turkey/65-596/06 virus was detected. One contact ferret developed neutralizing antibodies to A/Hong Kong/213/03 but did not exhibit any clinical signs or detectable virus shedding. In two groups, one of two naïve contact ferrets had detectable virus after 6 to 8 days when housed together with the A/Vietnam/JP36-2/05 virus-inoculated ferrets. Infected contact ferrets showed severe clinical signs, although little or no virus was detected in nasal washes. This limited virus shedding explained the absence of secondary transmission from the infected contact ferret to the other naïve ferret that were housed together. Our results suggest that despite their receptor binding affinity, circulating H5N1 viruses retain molecular determinants that restrict their spread among mammalian species.
Dominance of a Nonpathogenic Glycoprotein Gene over a Pathogenic Glycoprotein Gene in Rabies Virus
Authors: Faber Milosz , Faber Marie-Luise , Li Jianwei , Preuss Mirjam A. R. , Schnell Matthias J. , Dietzschold Bernhard 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT
The nonpathogenic phenotype of the live rabies virus (RV) vaccine SPBNGAN is determined by an Arg→Glu exchange at position 333 in the glycoprotein, designated GAN. We recently showed that after several passages of SPBNGAN in mice, an Asn→Lys mutation arose at position 194 of GAN, resulting in GAK, which was associated with a reversion to the pathogenic phenotype. Because an RV vaccine candidate containing two GAN genes (SPBNGAN-GAN) exhibits increased immunogenicity in vivo compared to the single-GAN construct, we tested whether the presence of two GAN genes might also enhance the probability of reversion to pathogenicity. Comparison of SPBNGAN-GAN with RVs constructed to contain either both GAN and GAK genes (SPBNGAN-GAK and SPBNGAK-GAN) or two GAK genes (SPBNGAK-GAK) showed that while SPBNGAK-GAK was pathogenic, SPBNGAN-GAN and SPBNGAN-GAK were completely nonpathogenic and SPBNGAK-GAN showed strongly reduced pathogenicity. Analysis of genomic RV RNA in mouse brain tissue revealed significantly lower virus loads in SPBNGAN-GAK- and SPBNGAK-GAN-infected brains than those detected in SPBNGAK-GAK-infected brains, indicating the dominance of the nonpathogenic phenotype determined by GAN over the GAK-associated pathogenic phenotype. Virus production and viral RNA synthesis were markedly higher in SPBNGAN-, SPBNGAK-GAN-, and SPBNGAN-GAK-infected neuroblastoma cells than in the SPBNGAK- and SPBNGAK-GAK-infected counterparts, suggesting control of GAN dominance at the level of viral RNA synthesis. These data point to the lower risk of reversion to pathogenicity of a recombinant RV carrying two identical GAN genes compared to that of an RV carrying only a single GAN gene.