bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of Moisture from Slant-Path Water Vapor Observations of a Hypothetical GPS Network Using a Three-Dimensional Variational Scheme with Anisotropic Background Error
Authors: Liu Haixia , Xue Ming 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) scheme is developed for retrieving three-dimensional moisture in the atmosphere from slant-path measurements of a hypothetical ground-based global positioning system (GPS) observation network. It is assumed that the observed data are in the form of slant-path water vapor (SWV), which is the integrated water vapor along the slant path between the ground receiver and the GPS satellite. The inclusion of a background in the analysis overcomes the under-determinedness problem. An explicit Gaussian-type spatial filter is used to model the background error covariances that can be anisotropic. As a unique aspect of this study, an anisotropic spatial filter based on flow-dependent background error structures is implemented and tested and the filter coefficients are derived from either true background error field or from the increment of an intermediate analysis that is obtained using an isotropic filter. In the latter case, an iterative procedure is involved.
A set of experiments is conducted to test the new scheme with hypothetical GPS observations for a dryline case that occurred during the 2002 International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) field experiment. Results illustrate that this system is robust and can properly recover three-dimensional mesoscale moisture structures from GPS SWV data and surface moisture observations. The analysis captures major features in water vapor associated with the dryline even when an isotropic spatial filter is used. The analysis is further improved significantly by the use of flow-dependent background error covariances modeled by an anisotropic spatial filter.
Sensitivity tests show that surface moisture observations are important for the analysis near ground, and more so when flow-dependent background error covariances are not used. Vertical filtering is necessary for obtaining accurate analysis increments. The retrieved moisture field remains reasonably accurate when the surface moisture observations and GPS SWV data contain errors of typical magnitudes. The positive impact of flow-dependent background error covariances increases when the density of ground-based GPS receiver stations decreases.
Long-range Photoinduced Electron Transfer Mediated by Oligo-p-phenylenebutadiynylene Conjugated Bridges
Authors: Tashiro Kentaro , Sato Azumi , Yuzawa Tetsuro , Aida Takuzo , Yamanaka Ken-ichi , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Ito Osamu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A series of novel zinc porphyrin/C60 dyads connected by 20–40 Å long intervening modules involving π-conjugated p-phenylenebutadiynylene oligomers underwent long-range photoinduced electron transfer with an attenuation factor (β) of 0.25 Å−1.
Two New Coordination Polymers Based on Hexanuclear Metal Cluster Cores
Authors: Chen Jinxi , Ohba Masaaki , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Two new coordination polymers based on hexanuclear metal cluster cores, Zn6(HCOO)6(DBrTPA)3(DMF)6 (1) and Mn6(HCOO)6(BTC)2(DMF)6 (2) have been solvothermally synthesized. It is noteworthy that the formic ligands were in situ generated by the hydrolysis of DMF solvent under the solvothermal conditions and incorporated into these two compounds. The temperature-dependence of magnetic susceptibility for 2 shows antiferromagnetic interactions between metal centers.
A Five‐year Study of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Southern Chile (39° S): Potential Impact on Physiology of Coastal Marine Algae?
Authors: Huovinen Pirjo , Gómez Iván , Lovengreen Charlotte 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis study reports 5 years of (1998–2003) data on continuous solar‐irradiation measurements from a scanning spectroradiometer (SUV‐100) in Valdivia, Chile (39° S), accompanied by evaluation of the impact of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on marine macroalgae of this site. UVR conditions showed a strong seasonal variation, which was less pronounced toward longer wavelengths. Daily maximum dose rates (clear days) averaged in winter‐summer: UV‐B(290–315 nm) 0.30–2.1, UV‐B(290–320 nm) 0.703.7, UV‐A(315–400 nm) 20.6–62.1, UV‐A(320–400 nm) 20.2–60.5 W m‐2, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) 969–2423 μmol m‐2 s‐1. The corresponding daily doses (all the days) ranged: UV‐B(290–315nm) 2.6–40.7, UV‐B(290–320 nm) 6.7–78.5, UV‐A(315–400 nm) 228–1539, UV‐A(320–400nm) 224–1501, and PAR 2008–13308 kJ m‐2 d‐1. Taking into consideration action spectra of a biological interest, the risk of UV exposure could be up to 37 times higher in summer than in winter. The photosynthetic activity (as maximum quantum yield of chlorophyll fluorescence, Fv/Fm) of the brown alga Lessonia nigrescens from the infralittoral zone was markedly more sensitive to UVR than of the green alga Enteromorpha intestinalis from the upper midlittoral, and the UV‐B wave band increased markedly photoinhibition. In L. nigrescens, maximal photoinhibition (40%) took place at weighted (the action spectrum for photoinhibition of photosynthesis) UVR doses of 800 kJ m‐2, irrespective of the season (corresponding midsummer daily dose in Valdivia is 480 kJ m‐2). In winter, when this alga was at its most sensitive, the weighted W dose causing 35–40% photoinhibition was around 200 kJ m‐2. In E. intestinalis, weighted doses of 800 kJ m‐2 resulted in low photoinhibition (<10%) and no clear seasonal patterns could be inferred. These results confirm that midday summer levels of UV‐B and their daily doses in southern Chile are high enough to produce stress to intertidal macroalgae.
Oriental Elements in Israeli Song
Authors: Shmueli Herzl 
Published: April 2006

About eighty years have passed since the renewal of Jewish settlement in Israel. Anyone who traces the metamorphoses which have occurred in the songs that accompanied the history of this period cannot but be astonished at the enormous range of modification in their spirit, content and style.An attempt will be made here to present the essential part of a chapter from a more comprehensive study of Israeli song. This chapter concerns one particular group only, in which the composers of the songs succeeded in making an approach towards what may be called—and surely with no great risk of error—“Israeli musical folklore.”
Traditional and Contemporary Idioms of African Music
Authors: Nketia J. H. Kwabena 
Published: April 2006

Until a few decades ago, the musical picture in many parts of Africa was primarily that of traditions of linguistic groups as cultural units. So there was as now Akan music, Adangme music, Yoruba music, Kalahari music, etc., each one practised by communities sharing common beliefs, common values and common ideals. Because of the way in which this music was organized and practised in the past, striking variations in levels of attainment, in the emphasis on different instrumental resources, and more particularly in the choice of singing styles have been inevitable.Thus when we compare the singing styles of the Akan and the Anlo-Ewe of Ghana, we find that the dominant features of Akan singing style are the use of a heptatonic scale and polyphony based on the third as a consonant interval. Men and women rarely sing in octave parallels. In Ewe singing, on the other hand, the predominant features are singing in unison or in parallel octaves where men and women sing together and the use of sporadic fourths'as consonant intervals. Both hemitonic and anhemitonic pentatonic forms are used.
Samaritan Chant*
Authors: Spector Johanna 
Published: April 2006

As is well known, there is no agreement as to the origin of the Samaritans. There is the Samaritan view and that of the Jews.The Samaritans, Shomronim or Shomrim in Hebrew, hold themselves to be the “true Hebrews,” the “guardians of the Law,” and claim that their history is the history of the Jews until the tenth century B.C., when they separated from the main body of the Jews in a dispute over the location of the Temple site and other matters. It is their belief that the Jews transgressed in building the Temple in Jerusalem and not on Mount Gerizim. Also they claim that the Tenth Commandment of the Decalogue was altered by the Jews in order to justify the building of the Temple in Jerusalem.
La migration du style mélismatique oriental vers l'Occident
Authors: Collaer Paul 
Published: April 2006

L'introduction au présent débat a une portée limitée. Il ne s'agira ni de musique religieuse, ni de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler “musique savante,” ou “art de haute culture.” Il ne sera question que de musique populaire ancienne de tradition orale.Pour prendre position, disons toutefois, en ce qui concerne la musique religieuse, que nous sommes entièrement de l'avis de Madame Edith Gerson-Kiwi lorsqu'elle démontre que les formes de base de la musique religieuse relevent d'une conception panasiatique; lecons et lectures appartiennent à une style récitatif monotonique où une note répétée obstinément sert de véhicule solennel aux textes sacrés, cette note obstinée étant par ailleurs agrémentée de sons légèrement plus graves ou plus aigus servant d'appuis ou de cadences vocales. On peut dire que cette conception s'étend au-delà de ce qui est 1'Asie proprement dite: elle est la même chez les Maoris de Nouvelle-Zélande pour la cantillation de leurs mythologies et généalogies.
Les parallèles orientaux de l'interpretation des chansons populaires hongroises
Authors: Vikár László 
Published: April 2006

Béla Bartók et Zoltán Kodály comprirent dès le début de leurs recherches qu'ils ne connaîtraient à fond la musique populaire hongroise que par l'examen de celle des peuples avoisinants et apparentés, par la découverte des relations musicales formées durant la coexistence séculaire, en reculant même jusqu'à une époque antérieure pour étudier la musique des peuples finno-ougriens apparentés et aussi celle de leurs voisins turco-tartares.Nous distinguons dans la musique populaire hongroise les éléments orientaux apportés de l'extrême Orient par les ancêtres des Hongrois vivant aujourd'hui en Europe centrale et les éléments occidentaux superposés depuis.
L'ornementation dans la musique des Touareg de L'aïr*
Authors: Nikiprowetzky Tolia 
Published: April 2006

On pourrait répartir en deux grands groupes les nombreuses ethnies qui peuplent la République du Niger: d'une part les nomades, d'autre part les sédentaires.Parmi les nomades, outre les Peul en partie sédentarisés, il convient de mentionner quelques tribus Toubou, venues du Tchad ou de Libye, un noyau arabe de faible importance dont le centre est Tahoua, et surtout les Touareg qui sont plus de 300.000.C'est aux Touareg peuplant le massif de l'Aïr, au nord-ouest du pays, qu'aura trait mon exposé, établi à partir des documents que j'ai recueillis lors d'une récente mission.On sait peu de chose sur l'origine et l'histoire des tribus touareg qui ont occupé successivement la région de l'Aïr et les traditions qui sont parvenues jusqu'à nous sont bien incertaines. Toutefois, le témoignage de l'écrivain arabe Idrisi révèle la présence de tribus berbères et libyennes à Tin Chaman, ville ancienne du centre de l'Aïr, en plein milieu du XIIème siècle.
Songs of the Salish Indians of British Columbia
Authors: George Graham 
Published: April 2006

In 1912 some sixty songs of the Salish tribe of British Columbia Indians, living on the Upper Thompson and Lillooet Rivers, were recorded on Edison cylinders for the National Museum of Canada, under the direction of Dr. Marius Barbeau. Fifteen of these, which I transcribed five years ago at Dr. Barbeau's request, are here used to demonstrate some of the characteristics of Salish songs.The aspects of the songs concerning which it has proved worth while to compile statistics are their phrase-structure, scale-structure, interval-structure, use of percussion, start- and end-exclamations and extraneous cries; of these the first three, concerning aspects of structure, are the most important.
Chants de mer de l'ancienne et de la nouvelle France
Authors: Massignon Geneviève 
Published: April 2006

La tradition populaire, dans les régions maritimes, reflète l'influence de son milieu naturel. On recueille sur les côtes, et particulièrement, dans les îles, des chansons relatives à des voyages en mer, à des naufrages, à des combats.En France, j'ai remarqué la présence de complaintes maritimes dans les îles de Noirmoutier et d'Yeu, et sur le littoral vendéen; il en a été composé une à Noirmoutier, à la fin du XIXème siècle, à l'occasion du naufrage d'un trois-mâts norvégien. Pascal Poirier constatait, en 1928, la persistance de cette tradition en Acadie, lorsqu'il cite une complainte composée vers 1868 par un illettré de l'île Saint-Jean, sur le naufrage de trois frères péris en mer.
Once Again: On the Concept of “Folk Dance”
Authors: Hoerburger Felix 
Published: April 2006

The greatest problem in any talk on folk dance—whether it be during the meetings of the International Folk Music Council or in any national or international meeting of this kind—is this, namely, that the single term “folk dance” is used to mean different things. More than once I have tried to call attention to this inconsistency and even to remove it—unfortunately with only very little success.If once more I am speaking about this problem today, I am doing so with no real hope of bringing the matter to a conclusion, or even of being understood by everyone. My purpose is rather once more to bring the problem home to you and to stimulate thinking about the nature of this problem.
A Comparative Study of the Movement Accentuation of the Body in Different Nations
Authors: Bertonoff Deborah 
Published: April 2006

The three gods of the Indian pantheon are represented in sculpture with many arms, so as to symbolize a multiplicity of actions executed simultaneously. I find a similar manifestation in the classical Indian dance: a contrapuntal simultaneousness in pointing out the direction, and rhythmical accentuation, of the movement executed by the different parts of the body, each of them acting and reacting in its own way. The stony position of a quasi-polyrhythmic phenomenon in the sculptures is transformed in the dance into a polyrhythm of movement.From my own choreographical and research work, from always having observed and used bodily reactions in the dance, I have long been aware that every part of the body has a mind and sense of its own. (This is, from a different angle, the same conclusion which led Ouspensky, in his New Model of the Universe, to say that during a dream each one of the different parts of the body thinks independently of the other parts, and in a different way from the others.)
Reconstruccion Multidisciplinaria de la Ocupacion Prehistorica de Quereo, Centro de Chile
Authors: Núñez Lautaro , Varela Juan , Casamiquela Rodolfo , Villagrán Carolina 
Published: April 2006

ResumenSe describe una secuencia cultural y natural correspondiente al Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno, identificada a unos cinco kilómetros al sur de los Vilos en la costa sur de la región semiárida de Chile, asociada a actividades humanas y fauna fósil. Se desarrollaron excavaciones de control vertical y horizontal para localizar las evidencias paleontologicas y arqueológicas in situ. Se harnearon con agua cerca de 217 m3 de sedimentos lacustres y fueron recuperados por flotación los materiales orgánicos. Tres columnas estratigráficas fueron muestreadas para análisis sedimentológico, microfaunístico, palinológico y paleontológico.En un primer paso se definió la Formación Quebrada Quereo (Cuaternario) que consta de seis miembros emplazados en un relleno depositado en una fosa tectónica. La ocupación humana, y su interacción con la variabilidad ambiental, faunística y florística, durante el Pleistoceno Superior-Holoceno, es analizada con un criterio multidisciplinario. Se propone un esquema de correlación entre la secuencia de unidades lito-cronoestratigráficas, las condiciones paleogeográficas y bióticas, la secuencia de eventos geomorfológicos y los niveles de la secuencia cultural. El nivel Quereo I (> 11.400 años A.P.) presenta evidencias de probable origen humano asociadas a caza de Equus sp. Condiciones de aridez, al término del Pleistoceno, habrían acelerado la sobreexplotación de megamamíferos (nivel Quereo II) por los 11.100 ± 150 a 9.370 ± 180 A.P. Posteriormente, condiciones sociales y ambientales favorables reactivaron el hábitat de Quereo, representadas por una ocupación Arcaica Tardía (nivel Quereo III), datada en 2.475 ± 90 años A.P., y otra agrocerámica (nivel Quereo IV), fechada en 1.280 ± 75 años A.P.
Excavaciones Arqueologicas en el Sitio Cueva Tixi, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Mazzanti Diana Leonis 
Published: April 2006

ResumenLa Cueva Tixi se ubica en la sierra La Vigilancia, en cercanías de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, Argentina. Las investigaciones arqueológicas permitieron definir una secuencia estratigráfica de cuatro ocupaciones. Seis dataciones (AMS) sobre carbón vegetal, procesadas en la University of Arizona, indican que los cazadores-recolectores utilizaron la cueva durante los últimos 10,000 an̄os. El análisis de los materiales indica variabilidad en el uso de la cueva vinculada a patrones de mobilidad y territorialidad de los cazadores-recolectores pampeanos.
Ideology, Chiefly Power, and Material Culture: An Example from the Greater Antilles
Authors: Curet L. Antonio 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTemporal changes in material culture normally have been used by archaeologists to reconstruct the cultural history of an area or site. In the case of the Caribbean, shifts in artifactual style have been used to trace prehistoric migrations and interactions between different cultural groups. Unfortunately, there have been few attempts to explain these changes in terms of the social structures of these cultures. This paper reviews the archaeological evidence for cultural change in eastern Puerto Rico and proposes a model to explain it. Basically, the model suggests that changes in material culture in Puerto Rican prehistory are related to the development of social complexity. Shifts in decoration and types of artifacts are seen as an attempt by elite groups to have greater control over the symbolism represented in the artifacts in order to acquire and maintain their power. These changes are not abrupt, but gradual, as social organization evolves from simple to more complex chiefdoms.
Las estructuras tumulares (cerritos) del litoral atlantico uruguayo
Authors: Mazz José M. López 
Published: April 2006

ResumenLas estructuras arqueológicas llamadas cerritos de indios han sido reportadas y estudiadas desde fines del siglo diecinueve, recibiendo variadas interpretaciones sobre su función. El presente artículo, pretende realizar una síntesis de la información arqueológica generada por investigadores uruguayos y brasileros, buscando discutir las aproximaciones empleadas y las explicaciones propuestas; en particular al respecto de la relación entre sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras y ambientes de tierras bajas. En el trabajo se propone una tipología y una secuencia arqueológica regional para estos cerritos. La actividad ritual y funeraria son particularmente consideradas. El análisis estratigráfico y el material arqueológico recuperado, apoyan la interpretación funcional y el estudio de la organización social, económica y política de estos grupos. El análisis crítico de la información etnohistórica adquiere significación a la hora de interpretar el tipo de sociedad y de conductas involucradas en estas construcciones. Consideradas como sociedades marginales, viviendo en ambientes marginales, estos grupos representan ahora, un interesante ejemplo para estudiar el cambio cultural y la emergencia de complejidad social.
Clay Sources, Pottery Production, and Regional Economy in Chalchihuites, Mexico, A. D. 200-900
Authors: Strazicich Nicola M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPottery and clays from the Chalchihuites region of northwestern Zacatecas are characterized to examine ceramic production and exchange among settlements between A. D. 400 and 900. Instrumental neutron activation and petrographic analysis of 134 pottery and 26 clay samples from three Chalchihuites ceremonial centers identify pottery made from local clays and distinguish pottery found at each center that was not made from local clay deposits. Residents of Alta Vista, the region’s main center, acquired an elaborate painted ware from a second center located 30 km away after A. D. 650. The ceramic compositional data provide a basis for understanding the distance and direction that pottery was exchanged in Chalchihuites as economic activities increased in the region.
Astronomical Alignments at Teotihuacan, Mexico
Authors: Šprajc Ivan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is known that the grid pattern characterizing the city layout of Teotihuacan incorporates two slightly different groups of alignments, skewed approximately 15.5° and 16.5° clockwise from cardinal directions. I argue that these alignments were dictated by deliberate and astronomically functional orientations of the Pyramid of the Sun and the Ciudadela. The two structures recorded sunrises and sunsets on two different sets of dates, allowing the use of an observational calendar composed of intervals that included multiples of 20 days and a 260-day period. The evidence presented suggests also that the location of the Sun Pyramid was not determined by the cave that is now underneath the structure and is probably human-made, but rather by a combination of astronomical and topographic criteria: the place allowed the temple built there to be oriented both to sunrises and sunsets on significant dates and, in the perpendicular direction, to Cerro Gordo to the north; furthermore, sunrises on the so-called quarter-days of the year could be observed from the same spot over a prominent mountain on the eastern horizon. The dates corresponding to the Teotihuacan alignments are attested also at other central Mexican archaeological sites and must have been employed, primarily, for scheduling agricultural and associated ritual activities in the yearly cycle.
Alfarería temprana en sitios de cazadores—recolectores de la región pampeana (Argentina)
Authors: Politis Gustavo G. , Martínez Gustavo A. , Bonomo Mariano 
Published: April 2006

ResumenEste trabajo revé el problema del surgimiento, adopción y cronología de la tecnología cerámica en las tierras bajas del Cono Sur sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos de la investigación del sitio arqueológico Zanjón Seco 2 (Región Pampeana, Argentina). Se resume la información cronológica, los aspectos estratigráficos y artefactuales del sitio, con especial énfasis en la interpretación y discusión de las implicaciones del hallazgo de tiestos cerámicos lisos e incisos en un contexto de cazadores recolectores fechado en ca. 3,000 años A. P. La información obtenida es relevante para entender dos problemas que han sido frecuentemente objeto de debate. En primer lugar, el referido a los centros de surgimiento y/o invención de esta innovación tecnológica, ya que los fechados de Zanjón Seco 2 son tan antiguos como los del noroeste Argentino. En segundo lugar, se discuten las condiciones para la adopción de esta innovación tecnológica. En este sentido, se comparan los resultados de distintos sitios de la Región Pampeana, se discuten las posibles vías de incorporación y los contextos de integración de la cerámica en el marco de una complejización en las condiciones socioeconómicas que habrían estado operando en las sociedades de cazadores-recolectores pampeanos del Holoceno tardío.