bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immediate loading in the completely edentulous mandible: technical procedure and clinical results up to 3 years of functional loading
Authors: Van de Velde Tommie , Collaert Bruno , De Bruyn Hugo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectives: This prospective mono‐center study describes a clinical technique to provide dental implants with a temporary cross‐arch cantilever bridge functionally loaded on the day of fixture insertion and discusses the 3‐year follow‐up of four to six machined surface Brånemark implants installed in the interforamina area.Material and methods: Ninety Brånemark implants were installed in 18 edentulous mandibles. Five patients were heavy smokers and one had Down syndrome. The day of surgery, a 10 unit provisional glassfiber‐reinforced cantilever bridge was installed. The final 12 unit bridge was in place after an average of 144 days (range 10–332). Bone‐to‐implant level was assessed radiologically from the day of surgery up to 3 years.Results: Two out of five fixtures were lost within 3 months in the Down syndrome patient but the provisional bridge continued to function on the three remaining implants until the patient was successfully reoperated. Another implant was lost after 11 months due to a non‐detected fracture in the metal framework, resulting in overloading of the cantilever part. As no additional losses occurred during the follow‐up time (range 57–26 months), the total failure rate is 3/91 (3.3%). Seventeen of the 18 patients are loading their implants more than 3 years and nine have moved beyond the 4‐year period. Average bone remodelling as measured on the apical radiographs from 12 patients at 0, 12 and 36 months revealed a statistically significant bone loss from the initial 0.1 mm [standard deviation (SD) 0.2; range 0–0.7] toward 1.8 mm (SD 0.2; range 1.6–2.2) during the first year of function. (Wilcoxon's signed rank test; P<0.002). After 3 years, no further significant bone loss occurred.Conclusion: This 3‐year study shows that machined surface Brånemark implants can be immediately loaded with cross‐arch cantilever bridges with an average bone‐remodelling pattern indicative of a steady state after 1 year of loading.
Physically Retrieving Cloud and Thermodynamic Parameters from Ultraspectral IR Measurements
Authors: Zhou Daniel K. , Smith William L. , Liu Xu , Larar Allen M. , Mango Stephen A. , Huang Hung-Lung 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A physical inversion scheme has been developed dealing with cloudy as well as cloud-free radiance observed with ultraspectral infrared sounders to simultaneously retrieve surface, atmospheric thermodynamic, and cloud microphysical parameters. A fast radiative transfer model, which applies to the clouded atmosphere, is used for atmospheric profile and cloud parameter retrieval. A one-dimensional (1D) variational multivariable inversion solution is used to improve an iterative background state defined by an eigenvector-regression retrieval. The solution is iterated in order to account for nonlinearity in the 1D variational solution. It is shown that relatively accurate temperature and moisture retrievals can be achieved below optically thin clouds. For optically thick clouds, accurate temperature and moisture profiles down to cloud-top level are obtained. For both optically thin and thick cloud situations, the cloud-top height can be retrieved with relatively high accuracy (i.e., error &lt;1 km). National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Airborne Sounder Testbed Interferometer (NAST-I) retrievals from the The Observing-System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Atlantic Regional Campaign are compared with coincident observations obtained from dropsondes and the nadir-pointing cloud physics lidar (CPL). This work was motivated by the need to obtain solutions for atmospheric soundings from infrared radiances observed for every individual field of view, regardless of cloud cover, from future ultraspectral geostationary satellite sounding instruments, such as the Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS). However, this retrieval approach can also be applied to the ultraspectral sounding instruments to fly on polar satellites, such as the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the European MetOp satellite, the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) on the NPOESS Preparatory Project, and the follow-on NPOESS series of satellites.
Net Energy Dissipation Rates in the Tropical Ocean and ENSO Dynamics
Authors: Fedorov Alexey V. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
How unstable is the tropical ocean–atmosphere system? Are two successive El Niño events independent, or are they part of a continual (perhaps weakly damped) cycle sustained by random atmospheric disturbances? How important is energy dissipation for ENSO dynamics? These closely related questions are frequently raised in connection with several climate problems ranging from El Niño predictability to the impact of atmospheric “noise” on ENSO. One of the factors influencing the system’s stability and other relevant properties is the damping (decay) time scale for the thermocline anomalies associated with the large-scale oceanic motion. Here this time scale is estimated by considering energy balance and net energy dissipation in the tropical ocean and it is shown that there are two distinct dissipative regimes: in the interannual frequency band the damping rate is approximately (2.3 yr)−1; however, in a near-annual frequency range the damping appears to be much stronger, roughly (8 months)−1.
The Relative Importance of Clouds and Sea Ice for the Solar Energy Budget of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Fitzpatrick Melanie F. , Warren Stephen G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of clouds and sea ice on the solar radiation budget are determined for the Southern Ocean around Antarctica between latitudes 50° and 80°S. Distributions of cloud optical depth are used, together with distributions of surface albedo, to estimate the geographical and seasonal variations of shortwave irradiance and cloud radiative forcing at the surface, both for the present climate and for altered surface and cloud conditions. Poleward of 68°S in spring, ice causes a greater reduction of solar energy input to the surface than does cloud. However, in summer the clouds are more important than ice at all latitudes in the Southern Ocean.In the present climate the clouds are optically thicker over open water than over sea ice, suggesting a possible negative feedback if the sea ice area shrinks with climatic warming. Compared to the present climate in spring, removing sea ice results in an increase in irradiance reaching the ocean surface, regardless of the type of cloud remaining. However, in summer the removal of ice results in higher irradiance at the surface only if clouds remain unchanged. If clouds become as thick as those presently over the ocean at 55°–60°S, irradiance reaching the ocean surface in summer decreases poleward of 65°S.
Seasonal and Long-Term Atmospheric Responses to Reemerging North Pacific Ocean Variability: A Combined Dynamical and Statistical Assessment*
Authors: Liu Zhengyu , Liu Yun , Wu Lixin , Jacob R. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The atmospheric response to a North Pacific subsurface oceanic temperature anomaly is studied in a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model using a combined dynamical and statistical approach, with the focus on the evolution at seasonal and longer time scales. The atmospheric response is first assessed dynamically with an ensemble coupled experiment. The atmospheric response is found to exhibit a distinct seasonal evolution and a significant long-term response. The oceanic temperature anomaly reemerges each winter to force the atmosphere through an upward heat flux, forcing a clear seasonal atmospheric response locally over the Aleutian low and downstream over the North America/North Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic regions. The atmospheric response is dominated by the early winter response with a warm SST-equivalent barotropic ridge and a wave train downstream. Starting in later winter, the atmospheric response weakens significantly and remains weak throughout the summer. The seasonal response of the atmosphere is then assessed statistically from the control simulation. It is found that the major features of the seasonal response, especially the strong warm SST–ridge response in early winter, are crudely consistent between the dynamical and statistical assessments. The statistical assessment is finally applied to the observation, which also suggests a strong seasonal atmospheric response locally over the North Pacific dominated by a warm SST–ridge response in early winter.
One important conclusion is that the atmospheric response becomes more significant at annual and longer time scales, with the signal/noise ratio increasing up to 4 times from the monthly to the 4-yr mean response. This increased signal/noise ratio is caused by a much faster reduction of the atmospheric internal variability toward longer time scales than that of the response signal. The slow decrease of the response signal is due to the long persistence associated with the subsurface ocean. This suggests that the subsurface extratropical oceanic variability could have a much stronger impact on the extratropical atmosphere (and climate variability) at interannual–interdecadal time scales than at monthly–seasonal time scales.
Seasonal Climate of the Tropical Atlantic Sector in the NCAR Community Climate System Model 3: Error Structure and Probable Causes of Errors
Authors: Chang Ching-Yee , Carton James A. , Grodsky Semyon A. , Nigam Sumant 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) has a dipolelike pattern with a cold bias in the northern Tropics and a warm bias in the southeastern Tropics, which is reminiscent of the observed pattern of climate variability in boreal spring. Along the equator, in contrast, in boreal spring CCSM3 exhibits striking westerly winds with easterly winds in the upper troposphere, in turn reminiscent of the observed pattern of climate variability in boreal summer. The westerly winds cause a deepening of the eastern thermocline that keeps the east warm despite enhanced coastal upwelling. Thus, the bias in the seasonal cycle of the coupled model appears to project at least partially onto the spatial patterns of natural climate variability in this sector.
Information about the origin of the bias in CCSM3 is deduced from a comparison of CCSM3 with a simulation using specified historical SST to force the Community Atmospheric Model version 3 (CAM3). The patterns of bias in CAM3 resemble those apparent in CCSM3, including the appearance of substantially intensified subtropical bands of sea level pressure (SLP), indicating that the problem may be traced to difficulties in the atmospheric component model. Positive SLP bias also appears in the western tropical region, which may be related to deficient Amazonian precipitation. The positive SLP bias seems to be the cause of the anomalous westerly trade winds in boreal spring, and those in turn appear to be responsible for the anomalous deepening of the thermocline in the southeastern Tropics.
Severity of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women: associations with common estrogen receptor α polymorphic variants
Authors: Alevizaki M , Saltiki K , Cimponeriu A , Kanakakis I , Xita N , Alevizaki C C , Georgiou I , Sarika H-L 
Published: March 2007

Objective: Impaired estrogen action is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Associations of CAD with estrogen receptor α (ERα) polymorphisms, which may influence sensitivity to estrogen, have been reported for men; the data concerning women are not conclusive. We investigated the association of common ERα polymorphisms with the severity of CAD and with metabolic and reproductive factors in postmenopausal women undergoing coronary angiography.
Methods: ERα polymorphisms at positions c.454–397 T>C (PvuII) and c.454–351 A>G (XbaI) were studied in 157 women (age 45–88 years). The severity of CAD was assessed by the number of arteries with >50% stenosis in the angiography.
Results: There was a significant association between the TT, TC, and CC genotypes (PvuII) and the severity of CAD (P=0.008); similar results were obtained for the XbaI polymorphism (P=0.021). These associations were independent of other risk factors for CAD. Women homozygous for the C allele had significantly higher triglyceride and insulin levels; they belonged more frequently to the group with a low number of births (n≤1; P=0.014, Fisher’s exact).
Conclusions: Common ERα polymorphisms may influence the severity of CAD in women undergoing coronary angiography, reflecting lifetime exposure to estrogen. Similar associations have been reported for men with CAD. These polymorphisms should probably be taken into account when associations with estrogenic actions are examined.
The clinical utility of alternative, less invasive sampling techniques in the assessment of oral hydrocortisone therapy in children and adolescents with hypopituitarism
Authors: Maguire Ann M , Ambler Geoffrey R , Moore Bin , Waite Kay , McLean Mark , Cowell Christopher T 
Published: March 2007

Objective: The aim of glucocorticoid replacement therapy in ACTH-deficient patients is to mimic the normal diurnal variation of cortisol. However, current hydrocortisone (HC) replacement results in prolonged episodes of hypocortisolaemia and supraphysiological peaks. Plasma cortisol profiles are an accurate yet labour-intensive method of assessing HC replacement. Salivary and bloodspot cortisol sampling methods are less invasive and may be useful tools for assessing glucocorticoid replacement, particularly in children. Therefore, we aimed to define normal salivary and bloodspot cortisol levels in children and their correlations with the gold standard (plasma cortisol).
Design: Cross-sectional study in a paediatric teaching hospital.
Methods: Plasma, saliva and bloodspot cortisol profiles were performed on 30 ACTH-deficient children and 22 healthy siblings.
Results: In ACTH-deficient patients taking oral HC, the bloodspot–plasma correlation (ρ = 0.90) was stronger than the salivary–plasma correlation (ρ = 0.49). Using target ranges for salivary and bloodspot cortisol levels based on normal data from control subjects, the less invasive sampling methods had low rates of agreement with plasma cortisol target ranges (saliva 65% and bloodspot 75%). Using the plasma–bloodspot correlation regression equation to convert bloodspot to calculated plasma cortisol, there was a high concordance between calculated and actual measured plasma cortisol (88%).
Conclusion: Bloodspot cortisol sampling is a feasible and accurate method for monitoring oral HC replacement in paediatric patients without necessitating hospital admission, but salivary sampling is not useful.
Effects of GH on cognitive function in elderly patients with adult-onset GH deficiency: a placebo-controlled 12-month study
Authors: Sathiavageeswaran Mahesh , Burman Pia , Lawrence David , Harris Alan G , Falleti Marina G , Maruff Paul , Wass John 
Published: March 2007

Objective: Young adults with childhood-onset GH deficiency (GHD) have reduced memory and attention, which can be improved by treatment with GH. Little information is available on cognitive function in elderly GHD patients.
Design: Single center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 52-week duration.
Methods: Elderly GH therapy naïve GHD patients (n=34; age range 60–77 years) were enrolled and randomized to receive placebo or GH therapy which was titrated to achieve a target IGF-I level of +1 to +2 s.d. of the normal mean for age. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and after 24 and 52 weeks, using a computerized psychometric test package (Neurobehavioral Examination System-2).
Results: The mean GH dose was 0.16±0.06 mg/day; mean IGF-I increased from 135±59 ng/ml at baseline to 213±77 ng/ml during active treatment. The GH-treated group had better mean serial digit learning scores compared with placebo group (P<0.05). Assessment of effect sizes showed that improvements in memory occurred with GH after 24 weeks. The overall adverse event rates were similar in the GH and the placebo group.
Conclusion: This study indicates that GH replacement may be accompanied by improvement in certain measures of cognitive function in elderly patients with GHD.
Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Biomarkers in a Pressure Overload Model of Heart Failure
Authors: Bleske Barry E. , Hwang Hyun Seok , Zineh Issam , Ghannam Michael G. , Boluyt Marvin O. 
Published: March 2007

Study Objectives. To characterize the immunomodulatory response in a pressure overload model of heart failure, and to further validate this animal model of human heart failure.Design. Randomized, controlled, animal study.Setting. Large university research facility.Animals. Twenty‐seven, male, Sprague‐Dawley rats.Intervention. The rats underwent either aortic constriction or a sham procedure.Measurements and Main Results. Six months after the surgical procedure, echocardiographic measurements were obtained, the animals were sacrificed, and plasma samples were taken to measure concentrations of biomarkers. As six (40%) of the 15 rats in the aortic‐constriction group died before the 6 months, only nine rats from this group underwent immunomodulatory evaluation. Compared with the sham procedure, aortic constriction increased the left ventricle:body weight ratio in the rats (p=0.0016) It also decreased the velocity of circumferential shortening (p=0.08) and increased myocardial expression of atrial natriuretic factor, β‐myosin heavy chain, and fibronectin (p<0.05). Concentrations of the proinflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)‐1β and the counterregulatory mediator IL‐10 also significantly increased (p<0.04) in the group that underwent aortic constriction compared with the group that underwent the sham procedure. Nonsignificant increases (mean change ˜50–180%) were also observed for IL‐2, IL‐6, and leptin concentrations.Conclusions. In this classic animal model of heart failure, a systemic immunomodulatory response was evaluated after 6 months of pressure overload resulting in myocardial decompensation and, in some cases, mortality. The findings are similar to the immunomodulatory response that may be observed in human heart failure. These novel results further define this model of heart failure and suggest another aspect of its relevance to human heart failure with regard to pressure overload and the immunomodulatory response.
Clinical Utility of a Continuous Intravenous Infusion of Valproic Acid in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Taylor Lisa M. , Farzam Farjam , Cook Aaron M. , Lewis Daniel A. , Baumann Robert J. , Kuhn Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

Study Objective. To describe the dose‐concentration relationship of a continuous intravenous infusion of valproic acid (VPA) in pediatric patients when a dosing protocol is used.Design. Retrospective and concurrent chart review.Setting. Tertiary care, 473‐bed, academic medical center with a 120‐bed, dedicated children's hospital.Patients. Twenty‐six pediatric patients (< 18 yrs old) who received VPA according to the protocol for continuous intravenous infusions between January 1, 2004, and March 31, 2006, identified by using a pharmacy order‐entry system.Measurements and Main Results. Patient demographics, VPA treatment regimens, clinical responses, and safety data were recorded and analyzed. Median patient age was 8.5 years (range 1.4–16 yrs). Approximately two thirds received VPA for seizures, and one third for migraines. Patients were given a mean ± SD VPA loading dose of 28.5 ± 5.2 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion rate of 1 ± 0.2 mg/kg/hour. Mean ± SD serum concentration measured 4.5 ± 1.6 hours after the loading dose was 83.3 ± 22.8 μg/ml. Steady‐state concentration at 23.3 ± 3.0 hours after the start of the continuous infusion was 80.0 ± 26.0 μg/ml. Postload and steady‐state serum concentrations were within the target concentration of 50–100 μg/ml in 77% and 69% of patients, respectively. On further analysis, when the target range was expanded to 50–125 μg/ml (125 μg/ml was deemed acceptable if no adverse effects were noted), 89% and 92% of patients, respectively, had postload and steady‐state VPA serum concentrations within this range. The response rate was excellent, with nearly 85% of patients achieving a complete or partial response to therapy. Adverse effects were generally mild and uncommon.Conclusions. The continuous‐infusion protocol permitted rapid intravenous loading of VPA in pediatric patients while minimizing adverse events and achieving concentrations in the upper region of the therapeutic range.
Federico Gonzalez Suarez, Historian of Ecuador
Authors: Brubaker George A. 
Published: March 2007

Of the men who helped to shape the destiny of Ecuador in the nineteenth century, two are outstanding. Both are enigmatic, and both appear to be contradictions to the normal pattern of behavior for their time and place. Gabriel Garcia Moreno as holder of the highest civil office of Ecuador held sway over the life and politics of the nation for nearly two decades. Federico González Suárez, who toward the end of his career was to hold the highest office the Church could bestow in Ecuador, was to have a more subtle influence as an historian.Garcia Moreno, as civilian dictator, developed the cult of the Church to the highest degree by means of a concordat with the Vatican, and by dedicating the nation to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. For González Suárez, although a clergyman, the patria came first and religion second. If Garcia Moreno saw in the Church and Jesus Christ the only salvation for the nation, González Suárez was willing to point out the weaknesses, inadequacies, and scandalous acts of which the Church and monastic orders had been guilty.
Jose Marti and Social Revolution in Cuba
Authors: Gray Richard B. 
Published: March 2007

To understand the social revolution in Cuba today one must be at once anthropologist, historian, sociologist, political scientist, scientist, economist, writer, philosopher, and something of a rebel oneself. In other words, one must be a Universal Man. Who of us today, however, would pretend to such all-encompassing knowledge? The Cuban Revolution in the nineteenth century, however, did produce such a man, José Martí. Or rather, it would be more accurate to say that such a man produced the Revolution, at least in the sense that Marti was the main publicist for the revolutionary Cuban exiles, co-ordinator of the emigrant groups, money collector, and author of its major political documents.Although Marti ranks with Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín as a liberator, he is relatively unknown in the United States. Yet his collected works fill seventy-four volumes. One bibliography lists over 10,000 items, including more than a hundred books and more than 200 monographs written about him. Marti was first and last a revolutionist, but he was also a poet, one of the best, and highly praised by such authorities as Gabriela Mistral, Rubén Darío, Miguel de Unamuno, Fernando de los Ríos, Rufino Blanco Fombona, and Amado Nervo.
The Need for an Inter-American Approach
Authors: Stanford Henry King 
Published: March 2007

Fortunate good judgment led the founders of the Journal of Inter-American Studies to place major emphasis in their new enterprise of six years ago on the most neglected aspect of studies related to the western hemisphere: the Inter-American aspect.North Americans at that time had long been devoting scholarly attention to their neighbors to the South. But generally their study — sympathetic and understanding though it was — was of one people looking at other peoples through eyes that saw backgrounds, outlooks, and problems essentially different from their own. Thinking on the part of the North Americans was in terms of Latin American studies, Hispanic American studies, or even South American studies.