bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Behavioral Model for Estimating Population Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation†
Authors: Diffey Brian 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDetermining the variability of solar UV exposure of different members of a population by direct measurement demands high compliance over an extended period of time by a large number of people. An alternative approach is to model the variables that affect personal exposure and this is the basis of the method reported here, which uses a random sampling technique to explore variability of exposure at different times of the year by habitués. It is shown that there are large variations in daily personal erythemal exposure, more so for indoor workers living in northern Europe than those resident in Florida, which are due not only to seasonal changes in ambient, but just as importantly to seasonal variation in behavior. Not surprisingly, holiday and summer weekend exposure account for the largest daily UV doses. Northern Europeans who take their summer vacation in Florida can double their exposure during this period compared with holidaying at home and this illustrates just how important sun protection measures should be during recreational exposure in areas of high insolation if the annual UV burden is to be sensibly controlled.
Inhibition of β‐TrCP Function Potentiates UVB‐induced Apoptosis in hTERT‐immortalized Normal Human Keratinocytes†
Authors: Bhatia Neehar , Demmer Tara A. , Spiegelman Vladimir S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractChronic skin exposure to UV radiation manifests in a score of biochemical events, DNA damage and mutations which can potentially cause skin cancer. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway controls the degradation of a majority of regulatory eukaryotic proteins including those which play a key role in tumorigenesis. SCFβTrCP E3 ubiquitin ligases mediate ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of phosphorylated substrates that play a key role in signal transduction. Activation of several signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis was shown to elevate expression and activity of β‐TrCP1/2. In this study, we established and characterized human neonatal foreskin keratinocytes, rendered immortal by retroviral introduction of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). These skin hTERT immortalized normal keratinocytes (STINKs) maintain characteristic traits of keratinocytes, such as expression of keratins, cytoplasmic localization of basonuclin and susceptibility to high concentration of calcium. We analyzed the response of STINKs to UVB radiation and its classical markers, such as p53 and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB. We also demonstrate that inhibition of β‐TrCP2 function, by induction of dominant negative β‐TrCP2 (β‐TrCP2ΔN), accentuates UVB induced apoptosis, and this phenomenon is independent of NF‐κB and p53 pathways.
Oligonol Inhibits UVB‐induced COX‐2 Expression in HR‐1 Hairless Mouse Skin—AP‐1 and C/EBP as Potential Upstream Targets†
Authors: Kundu Joydeb Kumar , Chang Eun‐Jin , Fujii Hajime , Sun Buxiang , Surh Young‐Joon 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOxidative stress and inflammatory tissue damage are two major events frequently implicated in carcinogenesis. Numerous polyphenolic compounds derived from plants possess antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities and are hence effective in preventing cancer. Oligonol is a polyphenol formulation enriched with catechin‐type oligomers. As an initial approach to assess the chemopreventive potential of oligonol, we have determined its effects on inflammatory as well as oxidative damage in mouse skin irradiated with UVB. Topical application of oligonol onto the dorsal skin of male HR‐1 hairless mice 30 min prior to UVB exposure diminished epidermal hyperplasia and formation of 4‐hydroxynonenal, a biochemical hallmark of lipid peroxidation. Topical application of oligonol also significantly inhibited UVB‐induced cyclooxygenase (COX‐2) expression in mouse skin. Oligonol diminished the DNA binding of activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), and the expression of C/EBPδ in mouse skin exposed to UVB. Our study also revealed that oligonol attenuated UVB‐induced catalytic activity as well as expression of p38 mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase. Moreover, UVB‐induced phosphorylation of another upstream kinase Akt was attenuated by oligonol. Taken together, oligonol showed antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects in UVB‐irradiated mouse skin by inhibiting COX‐2 expression via blockade of the activation of AP‐1 and C/EBP, and upstream kinases including p38 MAP kinase and Akt.
Apoptosis Mechanisms Related to the Increased Sensitivity of Jurkat T‐cells vs A431 Epidermoid Cells to Photodynamic Therapy with the Phthalocyanine Pc 4†‡
Authors: Ke Malcolm S. , Xue Liang‐yan , Feyes Denise K. , Azizuddin Kashif , Baron Elma D. , McCormick Thomas S. , Mukhtar Hasan , Panneerselvam Ashok , Schluchter Mark D. , Cooper Kevin D. , Oleinick Nancy L. , Stevens Seth R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTo examine the clinical applicability of Pc 4, a promising second‐generation photosensitizer, for the photodynamic treatment of lymphocyte‐mediated skin diseases, we studied the A431 and Jurkat cell lines, commonly used as surrogates for human keratinocyte‐derived carcinomas and lymphocytes, respectively. As revealed by ethyl acetate extraction and absorption spectrophotometry, uptake of Pc 4 into the two cell lines was linear with Pc 4 concentration and similar on a per cell basis but greater in Jurkat cells on a per mass basis. Flow cytometry showed that uptake was linear at low doses; variations in the dose–response for uptake measured by fluorescence supported differential aggregation of Pc 4 in the two cell types. As detected by confocal microscopy, Pc 4 localized to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in both cell lines. Jurkat cells were much more sensitive to the lethal effects of phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy (Pc 4‐PDT) than were A431 cells, as measured by a tetrazolium dye reduction assay, and more readily underwent morphological apoptosis. In a search for molecular factors to explain the greater photosensitivity of Jurkat cells, the fate of important Bcl‐2 family members was monitored. Jurkat cells were more sensitive to the induction of immediate photodamage to Bcl‐2, but the difference was insufficient to account fully for their greater sensitivity. The antiapoptotic protein Mcl‐1 was extensively cleaved in a dose‐ and caspase‐dependent manner in Jurkat, but not in A431, cells exposed to Pc 4‐PDT. Thus, the greater killing by Pc 4‐PDT in Jurkat compared with A431 cells correlated with greater Bcl‐2 photodamage and more strongly to the more extensive Mcl‐1 degradation. Pc 4‐PDT may offer therapeutic advantages in targeting inflammatory cells over normal keratinocytes in the treatment of T‐cell‐mediated skin diseases, such as cutaneous lymphomas, dermatitis, lichenoid tissue reactions and psoriasis, and it will be instructive to evaluate the role of Bcl‐2 family proteins, especially Mcl‐1, in the therapeutic response.
Resveratrol Imparts Photoprotection of Normal Cells and Enhances the Efficacy of Radiation Therapy in Cancer Cells†
Authors: Reagan‐Shaw Shannon , Mukhtar Hasan , Ahmad Nihal 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSolar radiation spans a whole range of electromagnetic spectrum including UV radiation, which are potentially harmful to normal cells as well as ionizing radiations which are therapeutically beneficial towards the killing of cancer cells. UV radiation is an established cause of a majority of skin cancers as well as precancerous conditions such as actinic keratosis. However, despite efforts to educate people about the use of sunscreens and protective clothing as preventive strategies, the incidence of skin cancer and other skin‐related disorders are on the rise. This has generated an enormous interest towards finding alternative approaches for management of UV‐mediated damages. Chemoprevention via nontoxic agents, especially botanical antioxidants, is one such approach that is being considered as a plausible strategy for prevention of photodamages including photocarcinogenesis. In this review, we have discussed the photoprotective effects of resveratrol, an antioxidant found in grapes and red wine, against UVB exposure‐mediated damages in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we have also discussed studies showing that resveratrol can act as a sensitizer to enhance the therapeutic effects of ionizing radiation against cancer cells. Based on available literature, we suggest that resveratrol may be useful for (1) prevention of UVB‐mediated damages including skin cancer and (2) enhancing the response of radiation therapies against hyperproliferative, precancerous and neoplastic conditions.
Interactions Between Chromophore and Protein in Phytochrome Identified by Novel Oxa‐, Thia‐ and Carba‐Chromophores
Authors: Bongards Christian , Gärtner Wolfgang 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSix new bilin chromophores of the plant photoreceptor phytochrome have been synthesized, carrying at the photoisomerizing ring D an oxygen or a sulfur atom or a methylene group instead of the pyrrole nitrogen atom. These furanone‐, thiophenone‐ or cyclopentenone‐containing compounds bound covalently to the recombinant apophytochrome phyA of Avena sativa. The novel chromoproteins showed hypsochromically shifted absorption spectra with respect to native phytochrome and a strongly diminished photochemical activity, but a three‐ to four‐fold higher fluorescence quantum yield. These results demonstrate that, on the one hand, also ring D‐modified chromophores can be forced into a partially extended structure, required for incorporation into the apoprotein binding pocket and covalent binding. On the other hand, the modifications introduced into ring D of the chromophores strongly impede the formation of stable far red‐absorbing forms of plant photoreceptor phytochrome (Pfr‐form) of the chromoproteins, highlighting especially the role of the pyrrole nitrogen atom and hydrogen bonding for the precise interactions between that part of the chromophore and the protein for the Pfr‐formation.
Fluorescence Kinetics of Protoporphyrin‐IX Induced from 5‐ALA Compounds in Rabbit Postballoon Injury Model for ALA‐Photoangioplasty
Authors: Kwon Oh‐Choon , Yoon Hyeok‐Joon , Kim Ki‐Hong , Kim Hong‐Tae , Yoon Yeon‐Hee , Kim Jong‐Ki 
Published: March 2008

AbstractProtoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is one of the photodynamically active substances that are endogenously synthesized in the metabolic pathway for heme as a precursor. Aminolevulinic acid‐esters are more lipophilic than conventional 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and some of them are currently being approved as new drugs for photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). In order to investigate the pharmacokinetics of ALA and ALA‐ethyl ester (ALA‐ethyl) in the atheromatous plaque and normal aortic wall of rabbit postballoon injured artery, each 60 mg kg−1 of ALA or ALA‐ethyl was injected intravenously followed by serial detection of PpIX fluorescence of harvested arteries at 0–48 h post‐injection. Maximum PpIX build‐up in the atheromatous plaque was seen at 2 h after injecting ALA. In contrast, it occurred at 9 h after injecting ALA‐ethyl. In addition, the selective build‐up of ALA in the atheromatous plaque compared to normal vessel wall was much higher (10 times) than that of ALA‐ethyl. The time of maximum fluorescence intensity of PpIX was employed as drug‐light‐interval for subsequent PDT treatment of the atheromatous plaque with 50–150 J cm−1 of light dose. Significant reduction in plaque was observed without damage of the medial wall at both groups, but smooth muscle cell (SMC) was still present in the media region below the PDT‐treated atheromatous plaque. In conclusion, ALA may be a more effective compound for endovascular PDT treatment of the atheromatous plaque compared with ALA‐ethyl based on their pharmacokinetics, but further optimization of PDT methodology remains to remove completely residual SMC in the media for preventing potential restenosis.
Dynamics Change of Phoborhodopsin and Transducer by Activation: Study Using D75N Mutant of the Receptor by Site‐directed Solid‐state 13C NMR†
Authors: Kawamura Izuru , Yoshida Hideaki , Ikeda Yoichi , Yamaguchi Satoru , Tuzi Satoru , Saitô Hazime , Kamo Naoki , Naito Akira 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR or sensory rhodopsin II) is a negative phototaxis receptor of Natronomonas pharaonis, and forms a complex, which transmits the photosignal into cytoplasm, with its cognate transducer (pHtrII). We examined a possible local dynamics change of ppR and its D75N mutant complexed with pHtrII, using solid‐state 13C NMR of [3‐13C]Ala‐ and [1‐13C]Val‐labeled preparations. We distinguished Ala Cβ13C signals of relatively static stem (Ala221) in the C‐terminus of the receptors from those of flexible tip (Ala228, 234, 236 and 238), utilizing a mutant with truncated C‐terminus. The local fluctuation frequency at the C‐terminal tip was appreciably decreased when ppR was bound to pHtrII, while it was increased when D75N, that mimics the signaling state because of disrupted salt bridge between C and G helices prerequisite for the signal transfer, was bound to pHtrII. This signal change may be considered with the larger dissociation constant of the complex between pHtrII and M‐state of ppR. At the same time, it turned out that fluctuation frequency of cytoplasmic portion of pHtrII is lowered when ppR is replaced by D75N in the complex with pHtrII. This means that the C‐terminal tip partly participates in binding with the linker region of pHtrII in the dark, but this portion might be released at the signaling state leading to mutual association of the two transducers in the cytoplasmic regions within the ppR/pHtrII complex.
First Cytoplasmic Loop of Glucagon‐like Peptide‐1 Receptor Can Function at the Third Cytoplasmic Loop Position of Rhodopsin†
Authors: Yamashita Takahiro , Tose Koji , Shichida Yoshinori 
Published: March 2008

AbstractG protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are classified into several families based on their amino acid sequences. In family 1, GPCRs such as rhodopsin and adrenergic receptor, the structure–function relationship has been extensively investigated to demonstrate that exposure of the third cytoplasmic loop is essential for selective G protein activation. In contrast, much less is known about other families. Here we prepared chimeric mutants between Gt‐coupled rhodopsin and Gi/Go‐ and Gs‐coupled glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor of family 2 and tried to identify the loop region that functions at the third cytoplasmic loop position of rhodopsin. We succeeded in expressing a mutant having the first cytoplasmic loop of GLP‐1 receptor and found that this mutant activated Gi and Go efficiently but did not activate Gt. Moreover, the rhodopsin mutant having the first loop of Gs‐coupled secretin receptor of family 2 decreased the Gi and Go activation efficiencies. Therefore, the first loop of GLP‐1 receptor would share a similar role to the third loop of rhodopsin in G protein activation. This result strongly suggested that different families of GPCRs have maintained molecular architectures of their ancestral types to generate a common mechanism, namely exposure of the cytoplasmic loop, to activate peripheral G protein.
An Introduction to Multilevel Modeling for Social and Personality Psychology
Authors: Nezlek John B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMultilevel modeling is a technique that has numerous potential applications for social and personality psychology. To help realize this potential, this article provides an introduction to multilevel modeling with an emphasis on some of its applications in social and personality psychology. This introduction includes a description of multilevel modeling, a rationale for this technique, and a discussion of applications of multilevel modeling in social and personality psychological research. Some of the subtleties of setting up multilevel analyses and interpreting results are presented, and software options are discussed.
Subjectivity, Not Personality: Combining Discourse Analysis and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Branney Peter 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMainstream psychology can often be criticized for turning the liberal concerns of psychologists into conservative practices focusing on the individual. In the United Kingdom, the discursive turn in social psychology has been marked by an audacious body of work critical of cognitive attempts to theorize the social. A particular psycho‐discursive strand has emerged, which combines discourse analysis and psychoanalytic theory in an attempt to change both the subject of, and the subjectivity (re)produced by, mainstream psychology. This paper reviews three different psycho‐discursive approaches: (i) Hollway and Jefferson's Free Association Narrative Interview method; (ii) Billig's Psychoanalytic Discursive Psychology; (iii) Parker's Lacanian excursions into social psychology. In these psycho‐discursive approaches, ‘subjectivity’ replaces personality as the key theoretical construct where the social forms part of who we are and these approaches seem to offer social psychologists the theoretical tools to start to appreciate how individual personality and social context are intimately connected.
Psychoneuroimmunology
Authors: Byrne‐Davis L. M. T. , Vedhara K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPsychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is concerned with the processes that mediate the relationships between psychological and social factors and disease or health. The focus of PNI is particularly the bidirectional relationships between these factors and the immune system, through nervous system and endocrine system pathways. This paper will provide an introduction to PNI. This will include a brief tour of the immune system and its measurement and the physiology of mind–body connections. Two pertinent questions will then arise: whether social and psychological factors can make healthy people sick and how these factors influence the course of diseases. These questions will be discussed using evidence from observational, experimental, and intervention studies.
Research Artifacts and the Social Psychology of Psychological Experiments
Authors: Strohmetz David B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn psychological research with human subjects, experimenters need to anticipate potential artifacts that may be attributable to the social context of such research. Called research artifacts in this review, they are essentially uncontrolled, systematic errors (or biases) that threaten the degree of validity of statements made about whether changes in one variable result in changes in another variable. This discussion focuses on a proposed Markov‐like model emphasizing three mediating variables that operate in a theoretical chain of events. One variable refers to the likelihood of the subject's receptivity to task‐orienting cues (called demand characteristics), or incidental hints about the experimenter's expectations. A second variable refers to the likelihood of the subject's motivation (or willingness) to comply with those cues or hints. A third variable refers to the likelihood of the subject's capability of responding in accordance with the cues or hints. These three variables are discussed along with strategies that researchers can use to break the chain of events.
Culture and Personality: Variability across Universal Motives as the Missing Link
Authors: Higgins E. Tory 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWhat is the relation between culture and personality? I argue that to address this question, it is necessary to meet five criteria: (1) to identify universal principles of human functioning that underlie both culture and personality; (2) to treat those principles at different levels of analysis for culture and personality; (3) to define culture and personality in terms of those principles in a manner that maintains the integrity of these concepts; (4) to select specific psychological factors that, because of their survival value, are present in every culture and individual, although to varying degrees; and (5) to postulate how different cultures and personalities emerge from variability in the predominance of those specific psychological factors. I then propose that these criteria can be met by identifying specific human motives that are both universal and vary across individuals, situations, and groups. I propose a five‐step model that describes how cultures influence the personalities that emerge among its members, with particular emphasis on the human‐defining period of development between 3 and 6 years of age, and how those personalities in turn influence the culture (from effects of regulatory fit). As initial support for the model, evidence is reviewed for commonality among cultures in the existence of promotion, prevention, locomotion, and assessment motives; for variability across cultures in the predominance of these motives as modal personalities; and for universality in the relations between each motive and Big Five and self‐esteem trait characteristics. Combining the latter universal relations with the cultural variability in modal personalities yields cultural differences in manners of goal pursuit.
Estimation of effective number of breeders from molecular coancestry of single cohort sample
Authors: Nomura Tetsuro 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe effective population size, Ne, is an important parameter in population genetics and conservation biology. It is, however, difficult to directly estimate Ne from demographic data in many wild species. Alternatively, the use of genetic data has received much attention in recent years. In the present study, I propose a new method for estimating the effective number of breeders Neb from a parameter of allele sharing (molecular coancestry) among sampled progeny. The bias and confidence interval of the new estimator are compared with those from a published method, i.e. the heterozygote‐excess method, using computer simulation. Two population models are simulated; the noninbred population that consists of noninbred and nonrelated parents and the inbred population that is composed of inbred and related parents. Both methods give essentially unbiased estimates of Neb when applied to the noninbred population. In the inbred population, the proposed method gives a downward biased estimate, but the confidence interval is remarkably narrowed compared with that in the noninbred population. Estimate from the heterozygote‐excess method is nearly unbiased in the inbred population, but suffers from a larger confidence interval. By combining the estimates from the two methods as a harmonic mean, the reliability is remarkably improved.
Increase in maturation size after the closure of a high seas gillnet fishery on hatchery‐reared chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta
Authors: Fukuwaka Masa‐aki , Morita Kentaro 
Published: March 2008

AbstractGillnet fisheries are strongly size‐selective and seem to produce changes in size at maturity for exploited fishes. After Word War II, large‐scale gillnet fisheries targeted Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the high seas area of the North Pacific and the Bering Sea, but these fisheries were closed in 1993. To assess the effects of this high seas gillnet fishery (and its closing) on size at maturity, we examined long‐term trends in size at 50% probability of maturing (L50) for chum salmon (O. keta) from three populations in Hokkaido, Japan. The L50 trends were statistically different among rivers, but showed similar temporal patterns with decreases in the 1970s and early 1980s and increases after the 1985 brood year. While fishery‐induced evolution seemed largely responsible for this temporal change in L50 during the fishing period, natural selection and phenotypic plasticity induced by environmental changes could contribute to the increases in L50 after the relaxation of fishing pressure.