bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning a dynamic policy by using policy gradient: application to biped walking
Authors: Matsubara Takamitsu , Morimoto Jun , Nakanishi Jun , Sato Masa‐Aki , Doya Kenji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses a method in which periodic motion, such as biped walking, is acquired by the framework of reinforced learning. For an object with multiple degrees of freedom, it is in general difficult to acquire the policy by reinforced learning. There must be a framework of learning which is matched to the motion task under consideration. From this viewpoint, this paper proposes “dynamic policy,” that is, a policy with internal state and dynamics. Its learning procedure is then considered. When periodic motion such as biped walking is to be acquired by learning, dynamical entrainment to the control object can be utilized if the policy has internal dynamics. Furthermore, by providing a policy with internal state, the controller is made robust to time delay and noise in the sensor inputs. The use of the policy gradient is discussed as a method of learning the policy without explicitly considering its internal state. As an example, dynamic policy is applied to a three‐link biped walking robot model. The dynamic policy in this example is realized by a feedback controller based on a neural oscillator and sensor inputs. By using the policy gradient, appropriate rules for sensor feedback to the neural oscillator are learned by trial and error. It is shown by simulation that a dynamic policy realizing biped walking is acquired. The method is further applied to a five‐link biped walking robot in order to investigate the possibility of extension to a system with multiple degrees of freedom. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(4): 25–38, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20441
Construction of a metadata space for a specific field of knowledge from an index of a document
Authors: Nakanishi Takafumi , Kishimoto Sadaya , Sakurai Tetsuya , Kitagawa Takashi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a method for generating a metadata space of associations between words from an index of a book dealing with a specific field of interest. In order to implement a search mechanism using a mathematical model of meaning that deals with a specific field of interest, it is necessary to generate a search space called a metadata space dealing with the field of interest. In the past, the metadata space has been generated by using a terminology dictionary and a highly specialized knowledge base. Also, it is difficult to generate the metadata space if there is no terminology dictionary that deals with the field of interest. The proposed method does not require a terminology dictionary, and it allows the generation of the metadata space without a highly specialized knowledge base. Further, by applying this metadata space generation method to a mathematical model of meaning, a search mechanism based on the associations between words in the search target data, such as documents and media data, in the specific field of interest can be implemented. In this paper, taking examples from the IT field, the effectiveness of the method is verified by comparing the use of a metadata space generated from a terminology dictionary and the use of a metadata space generated from an index to search graphic media data. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(5): 30– 42, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20524
Omnidirectional 3D reconstruction using rotating camera with mirrors
Authors: Jiang Wei , Sugimoto Shigeki , Okutomi Masatoshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTechnology for capturing omnidirectional (360°) three‐dimensional information in a real environment has applications in many areas, such as security with surveillance cameras, or the implementation of a complex sense of reality. In this paper, the authors propose an imaging device constructed of one camera and two flat mirrors and a technique for omnidirectional three‐dimensional reconstruction using spatiotemporal volume. The proposed technique uses an imaging device with mirrors, whereby a large baseline length can be implemented without the use of multiple cameras and measurement precision can be improved beyond that of conventional methods using a single camera. Also, when capturing depth, a multibaseline algorithm using SSSD (Sum of SSD) is used to extract the trajectory for a spatiotemporal volume corresponding to the left and right mirror fields. Thereby, incorrect correspondences due to image noise or repeated pattern are reduced. Moreover, the influence of occlusion can also be reduced by separately evaluating the trajectory extraction results for the left and right mirror fields and selecting the good side. Experiments were performed using synthetic images and real images, an improvement in estimation precision with the imaging device was demonstrated, as well as the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(4): 12–24, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20606
Low‐delay multiview video coding for free‐viewpoint video communication
Authors: Kimata Hideaki , Kitahara Masaki , Kamikura Kazuto , Yashima Yoshiyuki , Fujii Toshiaki , Tanimoto Masayuki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have proposed free‐viewpoint video communications, in which a viewer can change the viewpoint and viewing angle when receiving and watching video content. A free‐viewpoint video consists of several views, whose viewpoints are different. To freely and instantaneously change the viewpoint and view angle, a random access capability to decode the requested view with little delay is necessary. In this paper, a multiview video coding method to achieve high coding efficiency with low‐delay random access functionality is proposed. In the proposed method, the GOP is the basic unit of a view, and selective reference picture memory management is applied to multiple GOPs to improve coding efficiency. In addition, the coding method of disparity vectors, which utilizes the camera arrangement, is proposed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(5): 14– 29, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20683
Development of an XML‐document compaction method to improve data‐processing performance
Authors: Yoshida Shigeru , Nakashima Satoshi , Odagiri Junichi , Itoh Shuichi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractXML (Extensible Markup Language) is the global standardized form for representing digital data. It is flexible and extensible, but on the other hand uses vast amounts of main memory for data processing, thus representing a burden. In order to resolve this problem when processing data in large XML documents, in this paper the authors propose the “CSV compaction for XML” method to improve data processing performance by using a format conversion for an XML document with a record structure. In this method, redundant elements are packed in CSV (Comma Separated Values) format from the perspective of accessing the XML document prior to data processing. The results of evaluating this method confirmed that memory usage and deployment time were improved in proportion to the percentage of elements that could be packed and eliminated using the CSV format. This method is a reversible conversion for an XML document. Since the authors created software to execute the method as XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language) Transformation, it can be executed using various programming languages. In this method, specifications that designate elements to be packed in CSV format in a record are needed, and creating them is troublesome. Thus, the authors created a support tool to create the specifications simply using a GUI (Graphical User Interface). As a result of these developments, complex documents with a hierarchical structure and documents with a large number of elements can be readily handled in this method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(5): 1– 13, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20736
Study on Physicochemical Characteristics of Waxy and High‐amylose Wheat Starches in Comparison with Normal Wheat Starch
Authors: Hung Pham Van , Maeda Tomoko , Morita Naofumi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWaxy and high‐amylose wheats are genetically modified cultivars produced firstly in Japan. The physicochemical properties of waxy and high‐amylose wheat starches were investigated and compared to those of normal bread‐wheat starch. The waxy wheat starch (˜ 1% of amylose) showed higher gelatinization temperature, transition enthalpy and crystallinity of granules than the normal and high‐amylose wheat starches. The paste of waxy wheat starch had higher peak viscosity and swelling power, lower pasting temperature and final viscosity, which are favorable for producing Japanese white‐salted noodles (Udon) of high‐quality. In contrast, the high‐amylose wheat starch had higher amylose content (37.5%), blue value and wavelength of maximal iodine absorption but lower gelatinization temperature and crystallinity than the normal wheat starch. The paste of high‐amylose wheat starch had lower peak viscosity, breakdown and final viscosity than that of the normal wheat starch. These properties of the high‐amylose wheat starch contributed to improve textural properties of noodles which were similar to durum wheat noodles.
Software reliability — what is it?
Authors: Dyer M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSoftware has become a household necessity in today's world but little has been done to measure its reliability for the consumer. Since software failure has a different basis than hardware failure, existing reliability theory cannot be applied directly: a new software unique theory needs to be defined. Current software practice relies on software quality measures to describe software reliability but recent work has identified both theory and practice for appropriate software reliability analysis. This paper discusses: the need for software reliability analysis in order to more accurately describe system reliability, the shortcomings of current practice, and both the direction of new work in, and the future roles for, software reliability analysis.
Herstellung von Präzisionsschichten mittels Ionenstrahlsputtern
Authors: Gawlitza Peter , Braun Stefan , Leson Andreas , Lipfert Sebastian , Nestler Matthias 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDie Ionenstrahlsputterbeschichtung zeichnet sich gegenüber alternativen Vakuum‐Beschichtungstechniken wie Verdampfung oder Magnetronsputtern durch höhere kinetische Energien der schichtbildenden Teilchen aus. Damit lassen sich dichte, glatte und defektfreie Schichten im Allgemeinen sehr unkompliziert herstellen.Neueste Ionenquellenentwicklungen hin zu mehr Prozessstabilität und ‐reproduzierbarkeit, aber auch zu größeren Geometrien machen den Einsatz der Technik für die Abscheidung von Nanometer‐Multischichtsystemen höchster Präzisionsanforderung attraktiv. Die gezielte und weitgehend voneinander unabhängige Einstellbarkeit von Ionenenergien, Sputter‐ und Reaktivgaspartialdrücken und Beschichtungsraten lässt maßgeschneidertes Schichtwachstum verschiedenster Materialien zu.Die Ionenstrahlsputter‐Beschichtungsanlage “IonSys 1600” wurde gemeinsam vom Fraunhofer IWS Dresden und der Fa. Roth & Rau AG (Hohenstein‐Ernstthal) speziell für großflächige Präzisions‐Multischichten entwickelt und ergänzt seit diesem Jahr die Beschichtungstechnik des IWS. Substrate bis 200 mm (rund) bzw. 500 mm (rechteckig) können beschichtet werden, wobei komplexe Schichtstapel aus bis zu sechs verschiedenen Materialien aufgebaut werden können. Durch ein spezielles Blenden‐ und Substratbewegungssystem können 1‐ und 2‐dimensionale laterale Schichtdickengradienten mit Solldickenabweichungen < 0,1 % über der gesamten Substratfläche aufgebracht werden.Anhand von Beispielen aus verschiedenen Anwendungsgebieten von Multischichten wird gezeigt, wie das Ionenstrahlsputtern mit seinen speziellen Eigenschaften für Materialsysteme mit schwierigem Wachstumsverhalten oder für Beschichtungen mit hohen Anforderungen hinsichtlich Reinheit, chemischer Zusammensetzung oder Struktur vorteilhaft eingesetzt werden kann.
Kohlenstoff‐Nanoröhren – Phönix aus der Asche
Authors: Vohrer U. , Zschoerper N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractKohlenstoff‐Nanoröhren (Carbon Nanotubes; CNT) gelten als das Material des 21. Jahrhunderts. Obwohl bereits 1952 TEM‐Aufnahmen in einer russischen Publikation abgebildet waren, wird die Entdeckung der Nanoröhren durch S. Iijima, in der Asche eines Bogenentladungsexperimentes zur Herstellung von Fullerenen, üblicherweise auf das Jahr 1991 datiert. Aufgrund ihrer außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften wurden bereits kurz nach ihrer Entdeckung und der Verbesserung der Herstellungsverfahren Anwendungen und Produkte postuliert, die nahezu jede Branche revolutionieren sollten. Tatsächlich sind inzwischen einige Produkte am Markt. Dennoch sind für eine branchenübergreifende Verwendung noch viel offene Fragen zu klären. Während die Herstellung, insbesondere der sogenannten mehrwandigen Kohlenstoff Nanoröhren (multi wall carbon nanotubes; MWNT) inzwischen in industriellem Maßstab durchgeführt wird, gibt es noch u. a. aufgrund der inerten, hydrophoben Eigenschaften, Schwierigkeiten in der Verarbeitung. Hier ist eine chemische Funktionalisierung, z. B. mittels Niederdruckplasmen, notwendig, um die Löslichkeit und Dispergierfähigkeit zu verbessern. Außerdem wird viel Zeit und Geld verwendet für eine frühzeitige Risikoabschätzung und toxikologische Bewertung begleitend zur Produktentwicklung.
PVD‐Beschichtungen für trockenlaufende Hybridwälzlager
Authors: Bobzin K. , Gold Peter W. , Nickel R. , Loos J. , Bagcivan N. , Krämer A. , Plogmann M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPVD‐Beschichtungen können die Eigenschaften trockenlaufender Hybridwälzlager verbessern. So kann der Verschleiß, aber auch das Reibmoment mit ihrer Hilfe herabgesetzt werden. Um dies zu erreichen, wurden PVD‐Schichten im Hinblick auf die auftretenden Belastungen weiterentwickelt. Untersuchungen mit Hilfe des standardisierten FE8‐Wälzlagerprüfstands dienten zum Nachweis des Potentials der PVD‐Beschichtungen für den Trockenlauf. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung wiederum flossen in die Schichtentwicklung ein.
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans adheres to human gingival fibroblasts and modifies cytoskeletal organization
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Venegas Gloria , Kawasaki‐Cárdenas Perla , Garcés Carla Portillo , Román‐Alvárez Patricia , Barajas‐Torres Carolina , Contreras‐Marmolejo Luis Arturo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAdherence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to human gingival fibroblast cells induces cytoskeletal reorganization. A. actinomycetemcomitans is considered a pathogenic bacteria involved in localized aggressive periodontitis. Studies with epithelial cells have shown an adherent capacity of bacteria that is increased under anaerobic conditions. For adherence to take place, there is a need for interaction between extracellular vesicles and bacterial fimbriae. However, molecular events associated with the adherence process are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether A. actinomycetemcomitans adherence to human gingival fibroblasts promotes cytoskeletal reorganization. Adherence was determined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. For F‐actin visualization, cells were treated with fluorescein—isothiocyanate—phalloidin and samples were examined with epifluorescence optics. Fluorescent was recorded on Kodak T‐Max 400 film.We showed that A. actinomycetemcomitans adheres to human gingival fibroblast primary cultures, this property stimulating an increase in the intracellular calcium levels. In human gingival fibroblast primary cultures, we observed that maximal A. actinomycetemcomitans adherence took place 1.5 h after culture infection occurred and remained for 6 h. The adherence was associated with morphologic alterations and an increased in the intracellular calcium levels. These experiments suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans adherence cause morphological alterations, induce actin stress fibers and recruitment of intracellular calcium levels.
Lack of a time‐dependent effect of melatonin on radiation‐induced apoptosis in cultured rat lymphocytes
Authors: Yurtcu Erkan , Guney Yildiz , Ergun Mehmet Ali , Guney H. Zafer , Uluoglu Canan , Hicsonmez Ayse , Yucel Berna , Ozbey Gul , Zengil Hakan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIonizing radiation is widely used for the treatment of solid tumors and it is thought to act by directly targeting tumor clonogens, also known as stem cells. Apoptosis is a genetically programmed mechanism of cell death often characterized by internucleosomal DNA cleavage. Although it has been previously shown that lymphocytes readily undergo apoptosis in patients receiving anticancer drugs or treatment with ionizing radiation, this is the first study to investigate the influence of radiotherapy and melatonin on apoptosis in rat lymphocytes at two different times of the day. Melatonin, a free radical scavenger, is an endogenous neurohormone predominantly synthesized in and secreted by the pineal gland. It has been shown that melatonin inhibits apoptosis in normal cells but it increases the rate of apoptosis in various cancer cells. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of melatonin on apoptosis in cultured lymphocytes was studied after total body irradiation (TBI) was given to rats in the morning (1 HALO) or evening (13 HALO) with morphological and DNA fragmentation analysis. Two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that radiation increased the rate of apoptosis in rat lymphocytes after TBI, and melatonin treatment did not reduce the rate of apoptosis after TBI at either time point. We conclude that the lack of an effect of melatonin on the apoptosis rate in rat lymphocytes might be due to the dose‐dependent effect of melatonin, the time course of apoptosis investigated, or the cell type in which apoptosis was examined.
Fetal electrocardiogram ST‐segment analysis and prediction of neonatal acidosis
Authors: Vayssiere C. , Haberstich R. , Sebahoun V. , David E. , Roth E. , Langer B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjective: To determine the diagnostic value of fetal ST‐segment analysis (STAN) in predicting neonatal acidosis. Methods: The STAN S21® was used to monitor singleton fetuses in labor with abnormal FHR. Physicians later reviewed tracings to identify any ST events dictating intervention. Outcome measures were umbilical artery pH ≤ 7.15 and pH ≤ 7.05 at birth. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of a significant ST event to predict both outcomes were calculated. Results: Analysis included 411 women. Sensitivity of a significant ST event for screening pH ≤ 7.15 (21.9%) was 38% (41/108), specificity 83% (252/303), PPV 45% (41/92) and NPV 79% (252/319), and for pH ≤ 7.05, it was (3.4%), 62.5% (10/16), 79% (313/395), 11% (10/92), and 98% (313/319), respectively. Conclusion: In a population with abnormal FHR in labor, STAN sensitivity is moderate (almost 40%) for predicting pH ≤ 7.15 and better (almost 60%) for more severe acidosis (pH ≤ 7.05).
The Niemann-Pick type C2 protein loads isoglobotrihexosylceramide onto CD1d molecules and contributes to the thymic selection of NKT cells
Authors: Schrantz Nicolas , Sagiv Yuval , Liu Yang , Savage Paul B. , Bendelac Albert , Teyton Luc 
Published: March 2007

The Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) protein is a small, soluble, lysosomal protein important for cholesterol and sphingolipid transport in the lysosome. The immunological phenotype of NPC2-deficient mice was limited to an impaired thymic selection of Vα14 natural killer T cells (NKT cells) and a subsequent reduction of NKT cells in the periphery. The remaining NKT cells failed to produce measurable quantities of interferon-γ in vivo and in vitro after activation with α-galactosylceramide. In addition, thymocytes and splenocytes from NPC2-deficient mice were poor presenters of endogenous and exogenous lipids to CD1d-restricted Vα14 hybridoma cells.
Importantly, we determined that similar to saposins, recombinant NPC2 was able to unload lipids from and load lipids into CD1d. This transfer activity was associated with a dimeric form of NPC2, suggesting a unique mechanism of glycosphingolipid transfer by NPC2. Similar to saposin B, NPC2 dimers were able to load isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3), the natural selecting ligand of NKT cells in the thymus, into CD1d. These observations strongly suggested that the phenotype observed in NPC2-deficient animals was directly linked to the efficiency of the loading of iGb3 into CD1d molecules expressed by thymocytes. This conclusion was supported by the rescue of endogenous and exogenous iGb3 presentation by recombinant NPC2. Thus, the loading of endogenous and exogenous lipids and glycolipids onto CD1d is dependent on various small, soluble lipid transfer proteins present in the lysosome.
Phylogeny of the sea spiders (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida) based on direct optimization of six loci and morphology
Authors: Arango Claudia P. , Wheeler Ward C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHigher‐level phylogenetics of Pycnogonida has been discussed for many decades but scarcely studied from a cladistic perspective. Traditional taxonomic classifications are yet to be tested and affinities among families and genera are not well understood. Pycnogonida includes more than 1300 species described, but no systematic revisions at any level are available. Previous attempts to propose a phylogeny of the sea spiders were limited in characters and taxon sampling, therefore not allowing a robust test of relationships among lineages. Herein, we present the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Pycnogonida based on a total evidence approach and Direct Optimization. Sixty‐three pycnogonid species representing all families including fossil taxa were included. For most of the extant taxa more than 6 kb of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and 78 morphological characters were scored. The most parsimonious hypotheses obtained in equally weighted total evidence analyses show the two most diverse families Ammotheidae and Callipallenidae to be non‐monophyletic. Austrodecidae + Colossendeidae + Pycnogonidae are in the basal most clade, these are morphologically diverse groups of species mostly found in cold waters. The raising of the family Pallenopsidae is supported, while Eurycyde and Ascorhynchus are definitely separated from Ammotheidae. The four fossil taxa are grouped within living Pycnogonida, instead of being an early derived clade. This phylogeny represents a solid framework to work towards the understanding of pycnogonid systematics, providing a data set and a testable hypothesis that indicate those clades that need severe testing, especially some of the deep nodes of the pycnogonid tree and the relationships of ammotheid and callipallenid forms. The inclusion of more rare taxa and additional sources of evidence are necessary for a phylogenetic classification of the Pycnogonida.© The Willi Hennig Society 2006.