bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐turbulent motion identified from properties of transport and its influence on the calculation of turbulent flux
Authors: Liu Zihan , Zhang Hongsheng , Wei Wei , Cai Xuhui , Song Yu , Zhang Xiaoye 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTurbulent fluxes play a critical role in atmospheric science and are usually calculated from the eddy covariance system. However, the presence of motions of larger scale and the bias from observational instruments often affects the procurement of turbulent fluxes. Based on the Hilbert–Huang transform, the properties of transport can be defined and used to distinguish non‐turbulent motions from the observational data, and a new way of decomposing the variables is thereby put forward to reconstruct the turbulent flux series. To quantify the influence of non‐turbulent motions on the calculation of turbulent flux, the non‐turbulent motions extracted from the five‐level turbulence data of the Tianjin 255‐m meteorological tower from July 1 to August 31, 2017 are examined. The results reveal that the presence of non‐turbulent motion can lead to a universal overestimation of turbulent flux, and the degree of overestimation increases with the complexity and the intensity of non‐turbulent motion. According to the consequences above, an empirical relationship, together with the corresponding coefficients, is given to provide a guidance on the correction of turbulent fluxes in practical use, such as the simulation of atmospheric turbulence and the parameterization in meteorological and climate models.
Large malignant tracheo‐oesophageal fistula with lung abscesses
Authors: Tan Kang Xiang , Aukes John 
Published: March 2024

Key messageTracheo‐oesophageal fistula (TOF) can arise as a rare complication of malignancy (especially oesophageal or lung cancers) and pose difficult diagnostic and management dilemmas. We explore a challenging case of large malignant TOF below.
“Enhancing Fruit Preservation: Fungal Growth Inhibition with Grape Seed‐Mediated Ag@AgCl Nanoparticles through Desirability‐Based Optimization”
Authors: Prakash Sankar Hari , Rajeshkumar S. , Khan Mohammad Ahmed , Prabu C. Sathesh , Khan Maksudur Rahman , Arunkumar E. , Mohana Roopan Selvaraj 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBiological processes were used to create Ag@AgCl nanoparticles in an eco‐friendly manner. Grape seed extracts were used to create Ag@AgCl nanoparticles for this study. The antifungal activity of nanoparticles was tested using fruit‐rotting fungi. UV‐Vis spectrophotometry was used to analyze the nanoparticles to determine the extent of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band formation. The phytochemicals employed in nanoparticle synthesis were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that the Ag@AgCl nanoparticles were crystalline. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) was used to determine the morphological structure of the nanoparticles. FE‐SEM images determined the average particle size of Ag@AgCl. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDAX was used to examine the elemental composition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed. Fungi that cause fruit deterioration have been isolated from bananas and papaya fruits. The Ag@AgCl nanoparticles were evaluated for fungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer, Alternaria species, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Fusarium oxosporum. An agar‐well diffusion study indicated that these nanoparticles had good antifungal sensitivity against fungal infections. However, this study was adequate to allow the inhibitory activity to proceed to the optimization phase, where we dealt with RSM‐based desirability function prediction. The results also demonstrate that the model performs well, implying that it can provide an accurate estimate of output. usingthe impact,the desirability of each factorzoneson
Design, Synthesis, Antibacterial and Antitubercular Studies of Some New Benzimidazoles. A Combined Experimental and Computational Approach
Authors: Mohapatra Tushar Ranjan , Ganguly Swastika 
Published: March 2024

AbstractA novel series of seventeen 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole‐N‐aryl acetamides derivatives 3(a–q) were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of 2‐chloro‐N‐(aryl)‐acetamides 2(a–q) with 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole (1) in N,N‐Dimethylformamide. The literature indicates that the primary compound, 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole (1), not only serves as a synthetic precursor but also exhibit anthelmintic, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The synthesized compounds were estimated for their structures through elemental analysis and spectral data examination. All the compounds be subjected to evaluation for their antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (NCIM 2920), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM 2901), Escherichia coli (NCIM 2810), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIM 5223), and antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis (ATCC607). Compound 3 m, exhibit the highest antibacterial activity with a MIC value of 1.562 μg/ml against all tested bacterial strains and compound 3 k, exhibited the highest antimycobacterial activity with a MIC value of 3.96 μg/ml. Additionally, we performed docking investigations of the most active compounds within the active binding site of the co‐crystallized structure of Glucosamine‐6‐phosphate synthase (PDB ID: 2VF5) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PDB ID: 2X22).
Process Optimization Using Box‐Behnken Design for the Solvent Extraction and Separation of Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel from Simulated Crud Solution
Authors: Panda Pratyasha , Mishra Sujata 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe corrosion product deposit (crud) found on the surface of the fuel rod of the pressurized water reactors (PWRs) chiefly made up of nickel ferrite. Fe, Co, Ni and Cr are the major elements exist in PWR crud. Ascribable to the simplicity in execution, handling, and option for recyclability, solvent extraction technique has been broadly used in nuclear energy sector. In the present investigation, the recovery of iron, cobalt, and nickel has been studied from simulated crud solution in nitrate medium using a novel hydrophobic menthol‐decanoic acid‐based deep eutectic solvent. Process parameters such as pH, DES concentration and shaking time were considered as input variables, and concentration of Fe, Co, and Ni as response variables for the design of experiments. Response surface methodology via Box‐Behnken design using polynomial quadratic model was selected for optimization of solvent extraction experiments. A total of 17 runs were conducted and the results were used for optimization purpose. Complete separation of Co/Fe and Co/Ni is achievable under various extraction conditions. As per the BBD analysis, the optimization conditions obtained were pH=1.9, [DES]=2.99 mol/L and shaking duration=18.27 min. Under these conditions,the amount of Fe, Co and Ni extracted were found as 32.29 g/L, 0.2111 g/L, and 19.83 g/L, respectively.
Synthesis of P‐(NiCo)CO3/TiO2/Ti Self‐Supported Electrode with High Catalytic Activity and Stability for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Cheng Shaoan , Wu Wei , Li Longxin , Su Yuqing , Jin Beichen , Li Yangxi , Yu Zhen , Gu Ruonan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractHydrogen is considered an ideal clean energy due to its high mass‐energy density, and only water is generated after combustion. Water electrolysis is a sustainable method of obtaining a usable amount of pure hydrogen among the various hydrogen production methods. However, its development is still limited by applying expensive noble metal catalysts. Here, the dissolution‐recrystallization process of TiO2 nanotube arrays in water with the hydrothermal reaction of a typical nickel‐cobalt hydroxide synthesis process followed by phosphating to prepare a self‐supported electrode with (NiCo)CO3/TiO2 heterostructure named P‐(NiCo)CO3/TiO2/Ti electrode is combined. The electrode exhibits an ultra‐low overpotential of 31 mV at 10 mA cm−2 with a Tafel slope of 46.2 mV dec−1 in 1 m KOH and maintained its stability after running for 500 h in 1 m KOH. The excellent catalytic activity can be attributed to the structure of nanotube arrays with high specific surface area, superhydrophilicity, and super aerophobicity on the electrode surface. In addition, the uniform (NiCo)CO3/TiO2 heterostructure also accelerates the electron transfer on the electrode surface. Finally, DFT calculations demonstrate that phosphating also improves the ΔGH* and ΔGH2O of the electrode. The synthesis strategy also promotes the exploration of catalysts for other necessary electrocatalytic fields.
Preparation of 1,3‐Diglyceride Microcapsules with Low Glycemic Index
Authors: Xu Rui , Qian Fenghua , Zong Aizheng , Xu Zhixiang , Du Fangling , Jia Min , Xu Tongcheng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractA large number of animal and clinical experiments show that 1,3‐diglyceride (1,3‐DAG) can significantly ameliorate obesity by improving blood lipid and glucose metabolism. After microencapsulation, it cannot only be used to prepare full‐nutrient food that meets the nutritional requirements of specific patients, but also improve the storage stability of oils. In this study, 1,3‐DAG microcapsules are prepared by using high‐amylose corn starch, resistant dextrin, and sodium caseinate as composite wall materials, and 1,3‐DAG with a purity of 80% as core material.Firstly, the water phase and oil phase are mixed evenly, and then the uniform emulsion is prepared by two steps of high‐speed shearing and high‐pressure homogenization. The prepared emulsion is desiccated by a spray dryer to prepare microcapsules. Taking the encapsulation rate as the judging criteria, five gradients of core and wall material are designed to obtain the optimal formula.The results show that when the amount of core material is 28% and the wall material is 70%, the encapsulation rate of 99.51% is the highest. The prepared 1,3‐DAG microcapsules have water content of 1.9% and solubility of 98.05%, the average particle size is 2.921 µm. The particles are uniform and stable, with fine color and texture, and a high oil content.
Comparative study on flexural performance of ultra‐high performance concrete beams reinforced with steel rebar and steel plate
Authors: Yan Banfu , Chen Qiuyan , Qiu Minghong , Zhu Yanping , Tu Bing , Shao Xudong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTo enhance the mechanical and constructional performance of the ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC) beams, the steel plate placed at the bottom surface of the UHPC beam is utilized to replace the ordinary steel rebars. In this paper, four 3.2 m UHPC T‐shaped beams with different reinforcement patterns of ordinary steel rebars and external steel plate were fabricated and comparatively tested under flexure loading. Their damage patterns, load versus deflection behavior, flexural capacity, load versus strain behavior, moment versus curvature behavior, stiffness, and crack development were investigated. The flexural experiments indicated that the external steel plate, positioned at the bottom surface of the UHPC members, could resolve the difficulty of installing ordinary steel rebars in slender UHPC components and improve its constructional performance. Compared with the inside steel rebar reinforcement, the employment of the steel plate at the bottom surface of the UHPC beam can effectively increase the distance from the neutral axis to the tensile reinforcement at the serviceability and ultimate states, thereby improving its flexural capacity and stiffness. Additionally, the configuration of the external steel plate was beneficial to reduce the tensile stress level of the tensile reinforcement and limit the opening of UHPC crack width, and thus their crack resistance can be effectively enhanced. Moreover, increasing the thickness of the steel plate or rebar ratio can also significantly improve the flexural capacity, stiffness, and cracking resistance of UHPC beams.
Epitypification of the Linnaean Statice echioides (Plumbaginaceae) and notes on Smith's concepts of S. aristata and S. rorida
Authors: Iamonico Duilio 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe typification of the Linnaean name Statice echioides (currently Limonium echioides) is discussed. An illustration from Magnol's Botanicum Monspeliense (“Limonium minus annuum bullatis foliis vel echioides”) was correctly designated as lectotype by Erben in 1978 according to Art. 7.11 of Shenzhen Code. However, this image lacks some of the important flower characters required for a critical identification of the species. An epitype (plate no. 299 in Sibthorp & Smith's Flora Graeca) is selected to serve as an interpretative type of the lectotype of S. echioides (Art. 9.6). In addition, the name S. aristata, published in Sibthorp & Smith's Flora Graecae prodromus, is discussed in depth and lectotypified on the above‐mentioned Magnol illustration, making this name homotypic with the Linnaean one. Finally, the concept of S. echioides, as described in Flora Graecae prodromus, is discussed, concluding that it refers to the currently recognized Limonium roridum (≡ S. rorida, as originally published in Flora Graeca).
Self‐discharge in supercapacitors. PartII: Factors influencing it and mitigation
Authors: Nimmakayala Deeksha , Srivastava Shaswat , Kumar Sanjeev 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSupercapacitors have emerged as drivers for the advancement of green energy technologies in energy storage systems and energy‐efficient devices. Their ability to rapidly acquire and deliver charge at high current densities and long cycle life is key. However, their high self‐discharge rate prevents their potential use in a wide range of applications, especially when utilizing commonly available activated carbon electrodes. Addressing this bottleneck is hindered by the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the discharge process. In this review, we delve into a comprehensive review of factors (temperature, initial voltage, charging conditions, history, functional groups, pore geometry, and the impurities present) that influence self‐discharge in supercapacitors and attempts made in the literature on its mitigation (electrode, electrolyte, and separator modification).This article is categorized under:Emerging Technologies > Energy Storage
A quantitative review of nanotechnology‐based therapeutics for kidney diseases
Authors: Cheng Hui‐Teng , Ngoc Ta Yen‐Nhi , Hsia Tiffaney , Chen Yunching 
Published: March 2024

AbstractKidney‐specific nanocarriers offer a targeted approach to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce off‐target effects in renal treatments. The nanocarriers can achieve organ or cell specificity via passive targeting and active targeting mechanisms. Passive targeting capitalizes on the unique physiological traits of the kidney, with factors like particle size, charge, shape, and material properties enhancing organ specificity. Active targeting, on the other hand, achieves renal specificity through ligand‐receptor interactions, modifying nanocarriers with molecules, peptides, or antibodies for receptor‐mediated delivery. Nanotechnology‐enabled therapy targets diseased kidney tissue by modulating podocytes and immune cells to reduce inflammation and enhance tissue repair, or by inhibiting myofibroblast differentiation to mitigate renal fibrosis. This review summarizes the current reports of the drug delivery systems that have been tested in vivo, identifies the nanocarriers that may preferentially accumulate in the kidney, and quantitatively compares the efficacy of various cargo‐carrier combinations to outline optimal strategies and future research directions.This article is categorized under:
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
2D Zn (II) Metal‐Organic Framework as a Highly Sensitive Luminescent Sensor for Detection of the Cr2O72− and Fe3+
Authors: Shi Yi‐Xuan , Li Teng , Yang Qing‐Yun , Guo Qiang , Wang Yan‐Lan , Ru Jing 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn this work, NH2‐containing organic ligand 5‐Aminoisophthalic acid (AIPA), and trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethene (bpe) were selected as organic ligands to construct a new two‐dimensional luminescent Zn(II) metal‐organic framework [Zn(AIPA)(bpe)1/2]⋅named MOF‐1. It is worth noting that MOF‐1 exhibited excellent thermal stability and chemical stability in common solvents and different pH aqueous solution. As we expected, the luminescence sensing investigations demonstrated that MOF‐1 could be deemed as a multifunctional fluorescence sensor toward Cr2O72− and Fe3+ via a “turn‐off” effect. Notably, MOF‐1 had high selectivity and sensitivity for Fe3+ and Cr2O72− with low detection limits of 9.72×10−5 M and 1.95×10−5 M, respectively. Furthermore, the possible quenching mechanisms were also explored in detail.
Monitoring Memory B Cells by Next-Generation ImmunoSpot® Provides Insights into Humoral Immunity that Measurements of Circulating Antibodies Do Not Reveal
Authors: Lehmann Paul V. , Liu Zhigang , Becza Noémi , Valente Alexis V. , Wang Junbo , Kirchenbaum Greg A. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMemory B cells (Bmem) provide the second wall of adaptive humoral host defense upon specific antigen rechallenge when the first wall, consisting of preformed antibodies originating from a preceding antibody response, fails. This is the case, as recently experienced with SARS-CoV-2 infections and previously with seasonal influenza, when levels of neutralizing antibodies decline or when variant viruses arise that evade such. While in these instances, reinfection can occur, in both scenarios, the rapid engagement of preexisting Bmem into the recall response can still confer immune protection. Bmem are known to play a critical role in host defense, yet their assessment has not become part of the standard immune monitoring repertoire. Here we describe a new generation of B cell ELISPOT/FluoroSpot (collectively ImmunoSpot®) approaches suited to dissect, at single-cell resolution, the Bmem repertoire ex vivo, revealing its immunoglobulin class/subclass utilization, and its affinity distribution for the original, and for variant viruses/antigens. Because such comprehensive B cell ImmunoSpot® tests can be performed with minimal cell material, are scalable, and robust, they promise to be well-suited for routine immune monitoring.
Reagent Tracker™ Platform Verifies and Provides Audit Trails for the Error-Free Implementation of T-Cell ImmunoSpot® Assays
Authors: Lehmann Alexander A. , Roen Diana R. , Megyesi Zoltán , Lehmann Paul V. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractELISPOT and FluoroSpot assays, collectively called ImmunoSpot assays, permit to reliable detection of rare antigen-specific T cells in freshly isolated cell material, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Establishing their frequency within all PBMC permits to assess the magnitude of antigen-specific T-cell immunity; the simultaneous measurement of their cytokine signatures reveals these T-cells’ lineage and effector functions, that is, the quality of T-cell-mediated immunity. Because of their unparalleled sensitivity, ease of implementation, robustness, and frugality in PBMC utilization, T-cell ImmunoSpot assays are increasingly becoming part of the standard immune monitoring repertoire. For regulated workflows, stringent audit trails of the data generated are a requirement. While this has been fully accomplished for the analysis of T-cell ImmunoSpot assay results, such are missing for the wet laboratory implementation of the actual test performed. Here we introduce a solution for enhancing and verifying the error-free implementation of T-cell ImmunoSpot assays.
Development of Crosspoint Memory Arrays for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Ricci Saverio , Mannocci Piergiulio , Farronato Matteo , Milozzi Alessandro , Ielmini Daniele 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMemristor-based hardware accelerators play a crucial role in achieving energy-efficient big data processing and artificial intelligence, overcoming the limitations of traditional von Neumann architectures. Resistive-switching memories (RRAMs) combine a simple two-terminal structure with the possibility of tuning the device conductance. This Chapter revolves around the topic of emerging memristor-related technologies, starting from their fabrication, through the characterization of single devices up to the development of proof-of-concept experiments in the field of in-memory computing, hardware accelerators, and brain-inspired architecture. Non-volatile devices are optimized for large-size crossbars where the devices’ conductance encodes mathematical coefficients of matrices. By exploiting Kirchhoff’s and Ohm’s law the matrix–vector-multiplication between the conductance matrix and a voltage vector is computed in one step. Eigenvalues/eigenvectors are experimentally calculated according to the power-iteration algorithm, with a fast convergence within about 10 iterations to the correct solution and Principal Component Analysis of the Wine and Iris datasets, showing up to 98% accuracy comparable to a floating-point implementation. Volatile memories instead present a spontaneous change of device conductance with a unique similarity to biological neuron behavior. This characteristic is exploited to demonstrate a simple fully-memristive architecture of five volatile RRAMs able to learn, store, and distinguish up to 10 different items with a memory capability of a few seconds. The architecture is thus tested in terms of robustness under many experimental conditions and it is compared with the real brain, disclosing interesting mechanisms which resemble the biological brain.
Extant Sequence Reconstruction: The Accuracy of Ancestral Sequence Reconstructions Evaluated by Extant Sequence Cross-Validation
Authors: Sennett Michael A. , Theobald Douglas L. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAncestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) is a phylogenetic method widely used to analyze the properties of ancient biomolecules and to elucidate mechanisms of molecular evolution. Despite its increasingly widespread application, the accuracy of ASR is currently unknown, as it is generally impossible to compare resurrected proteins to the true ancestors. Which evolutionary models are best for ASR? How accurate are the resulting inferences? Here we answer these questions using a cross-validation method to reconstruct each extant sequence in an alignment with ASR methodology, a method we term “extant sequence reconstruction” (ESR). We thus can evaluate the accuracy of ASR methodology by comparing ESR reconstructions to the corresponding known true sequences. We find that a common measure of the quality of a reconstructed sequence, the average probability, is indeed a good estimate of the fraction of correct amino acids when the evolutionary model is accurate or overparameterized. However, the average probability is a poor measure for comparing reconstructions from different models, because, surprisingly, a more accurate phylogenetic model often results in reconstructions with lower probability. While better (more predictive) models may produce reconstructions with lower sequence identity to the true sequences, better models nevertheless produce reconstructions that are more biophysically similar to true ancestors. In addition, we find that a large fraction of sequences sampled from the reconstruction distribution may have fewer errors than the single most probable (SMP) sequence reconstruction, despite the fact that the SMP has the lowest expected error of all possible sequences. Our results emphasize the importance of model selection for ASR and the usefulness of sampling sequence reconstructions for analyzing ancestral protein properties. ESR is a powerful method for validating the evolutionary models used for ASR and can be applied in practice to any phylogenetic analysis of real biological sequences. Most significantly, ESR uses ASR methodology to provide a general method by which the biophysical properties of resurrected proteins can be compared to the properties of the true protein.