bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupling long‐term studies with meta‐analysis to investigate impacts of non‐native crayfish on zoobenthic communities
Authors: MCCARTHY JULIA M. , HEIN CATHERINE L. , OLDEN JULIAN D. , JAKE VANDER ZANDEN M. 
Published: January 2006

Summary1. Biological invasions are widely recognised as a significant component of human‐caused environmental change and a primary threat to native biodiversity. The negative impacts of species invasions are particularly evident for freshwater crayfish faunas.2. This study provides novel insight into the ecological effects of native and non‐native crayfish on zoobenthic communities (with emphasis on the non‐native rusty crayfish,Orconectes rusticus) across broad scales by combining a meta‐analysis of small‐scale experimental studies with a long‐term observational study conducted over a 24 year period in Sparkling Lake, Wisconsin, U.S.A. (46°00′N, 89°42′W).3. The meta‐analysis summarised quantitatively the results of cage experiments for seven species of crayfish spanning four continents. We found that total zoobenthos densities (primarily Gastropoda and Diptera) were significantly lower in treatments containing crayfish relative to controls; a result that was significant for non‐native crayfish but not for crayfish in their native range, perhaps owing to a small sample size. In contrast to other species, rusty crayfish were also negatively associated with Ephemeroptera.4. Results from the time series analysis comparing temporal trends in rusty crayfish and invertebrate abundances from Sparkling Lake were consistent with the findings from the meta‐analysis. Rusty crayfish were negatively correlated with the abundance of total zoobenthos, Diptera, Ephemeroptera and Odonata, as well as families of Trichoptera.5. By coupling the results from short and long‐term research, our study offers greater insight into the nature of crayfish‐invertebrate interactions in aquatic systems, revealing consistent effects of invasive crayfish on native fauna. The control and management of invasive species is facilitated by the knowledge that well executed small‐scale studies may be extrapolated to understand larger‐scale ecological interactions.
Influences of logging history and riparian forest characteristics on macroinvertebrates and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in headwater streams (New Hampshire, U.S.A.)
Authors: NISLOW KEITH H. , LOWE WINSOR H. 
Published: January 2006

Summary1. Logging can strongly affect stream macroinvertebrate communities, but the direction and magnitude of these effects and their implications for trout abundance are frequently region‐specific and difficult to predict.2. In first‐order streams in northern New England (U.S.A.) representing a chronosequence of logging history (<2 to >80 years since logging), we measured riparian forest conditions, stream macroinvertebrate community characteristics and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) abundance. Principal component analysis was used to collapse forest data into two independent variables representing variation in logging history, riparian forest structure and canopy cover. We used these data to test whether logging history and associated forest conditions were significant predictors of macroinvertebrate abundance and functional feeding group composition, and whether brook trout abundance was related to logging‐associated variation in invertebrate communities.3. Catchments with high PC1 scores (recently logged, high‐density stands with low mean tree diameter) and low PC2 scores (low canopy cover) had significantly higher total macroinvertebrate abundance, particularly with respect to chironomid larvae (low PC2 scores) and invertebrates in the grazer functional feeding group (high PC1 scores). In contrast, proportional representation of macroinvertebrates in the shredder functional feeding group increased with time since logging and canopy cover (high PC2 scores). Brook trout density and biomass was significantly greater in young, recently logged stands (high PC1 scores) and was positively related to overall macroinvertebrate abundance. In addition, three variables – trout density, invertebrate abundance and shredder abundance – successfully discriminated between streams that were less‐impacted versus more‐impacted by forestry.4. These results indicate that timber harvest in northern New England headwater streams may shift shredder‐dominated macroinvertebrate communities supporting low trout abundance to a grazer/chironomid‐dominated macroinvertebrate community supporting higher trout abundance. However, while local effects on brook trout abundance may be positive, these benefits may be outweighed by negative effects of brook trout on co‐occurring species, as well as impairment of habitat quality downstream. Research testing the generality of these patterns will improve understanding of how aquatic ecosystems respond to anthropogenic and natural trajectories of forest change.
Short communication: Strengthening sub‐national communicable disease surveillance in a remote Pacific Island country by adapting a successful African outbreak surveillance model
Authors: Nelesone Tekaai , Durrheim David N. , Speare Richard , Kiedrzynski Tom , Melrose Wayne D. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySuccessful communicable disease surveillance depends on effective bidirectional information flow between clinicians at the periphery and communicable disease control units at regional, national and global levels. Resource‐poor countries often struggle to establish and maintain the crucial link with the periphery. A simple syndrome‐based outbreak surveillance system initially developed and evaluated in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa was adapted for the Pacific island nation of Tuvalu. Eight syndromes were identified for surveillance: acute flaccid paralysis (poliomyelitis), profuse watery diarrhoea (cholera), diarrhoea outbreak, dysentery outbreak, febrile disease with abdominal symptoms and headache (typhoid), febrile disease with generalized non‐blistering rash (measles), febrile disease with intense headache and/or neck stiffness with or without haemorrhagic rash (meningococcal meningitis), and outbreaks of other febrile diseases of unknown origin. A user‐oriented manual, the Tuvalu Outbreak Manual (http://www.wepi.org/books/tom/), was developed to support introduction of the surveillance system. Nurses working in seven outer island clinics and the hospital outpatient department on the main island rapidly report suspected outbreaks and submit weekly zero‐reports to the central communicable disease control unit. An evaluation of the system after 12 months indicated that the Outbreak Manual was regarded as very useful by clinic nurses, and there was early evidence of improved surveillance and response to the disease syndromes under surveillance.
Modèle pronostique simplifié d’évaluation de la mortalité intrahospitalière globale des enfants en Afrique centrale
Authors: Bitwe Richard , Dramaix Michèle , Hennart Et Philippe 
Published: January 2006

RésuméObjectifs  Cette étude a pour objectif la recherche d'un modèle simplifié de prédiction de la mortalité globale des enfants hospitalisés à Goma en Afrique centrale.Méthodes  Les données d'une cohorte prospective de 414 enfants hospitalisés à l'hôpital provincial de Goma (HPG) du 1er Avril 2003 au 31 mars 2004 ont été analysées tant en analyse univariée qu'en analyse de régression logistique. Les OR ajustés (IC 95%) ont été calculés. Un score pronostique a été construit à partir des coefficients de régression logistique. Les performances du modèle logistique et du score ont étéétudiées par le calcul des aires sous les courbes ROC respectives.Résultats  La mortalité globale était de 15,9%. Les indicateurs suivants: l’âge, le z‐score poids pour âge (Z‐PPA), le périmètre brachial, l’état de conscience, la raideur de la nuque, le tirage intercostal et le diagnostic infectieux, pris isolément, étaient associés au statut à la sortie. Le modèle de régression logistique ‘modèle de Goma 1’ confirme le risque de décès plus élevé pour les enfants jeunes (âge<12 mois) (OR ajusté (ic 95%): 3,5 (1,4–8,8)), en retard de croissance pondérale (−3 < z‐ppa ≤ −2 et z‐ppa ≤ −3) (OR ajustés: 3,2 (1,4–7,6) et 4,4 (1,7–11,2)) ou avec périmètre brachial bas (≥115 mm) (OR ajusté: 3,4 (1,5–7,3)), inconscients (OR ajusté 9,6 (3,1–29,9)) et présentant une septicémie (OR ajusté: 6,6 (2,1–21,1)). L'aire sous la courbe ROC du modèle pronostique simplifié est de 0,83 (0,78–0,88) et celle du score est de 0,80 (0,75–0,86).Conclusion  Cette étude offre un modèle simplifié de prédiction de la mortalité intrahospitalière des enfants et un score pronostique basés sur les indicateurs suivants: l’âge, le Z‐PPA ou le périmètre brachial, l’état de conscience et le type d‘infection.Ce modèle et le score pourront être utilisés pour l’évaluation du pronostic et des programmes mis en place pour réduire la mortalité intrahospitalière dans cette région.
Dermoscopic examination of the nail bed and matrix
Authors: Hirata S. H. , Yamada S. , Almeida F. A. , Enokihara M. Y. , Rosa I. P. , Enokihara M. M. S. , Michalany N. S 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground  Dermoscopy has furthered advances in the differential diagnosis of longitudinal melanonychia; however, fewer details observed in the nail, as compared to skin lesions, make interpretation difficult.Methods  Ten cases of longitudinal melancholia, from several etiologies, were submitted to direct dermoscopic examination of the nail bed and matrix.Results  We observed the presence of globules, streaks, and pigment network in the nail bed and matrix, which are dermoscopic features not seen in the nail plate.Conclusions  This procedure enables visualization of dermascopic features not seen in the nail plate, making the diagnosis of melanocytic lesions easier.
Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy in a patient with acute renal failure never requiring dialysis
Authors: Cassis Tamella B. , Jackson James Mark , Sonnier George B. , Callen Jeffrey P. 
Published: January 2006

Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) is a newly recognized cutaneous fibrosing disorder. To date the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical course remains unknown. The majority of cases have been in renal dialysis or renal transplant patients. Only four cases have been reported in which patients had acute renal failure and never required dialysis. Currently, there is no effective treatment.A 65‐year‐old man was hospitalized for pneumonia. During hospitalization he developed acute renal failure secondary to acute tubular necrosis. The patient had woody indurated plaques on his upper extremities and trunk, and brown indurated plaques on his trunk. Histopathological examination revealed a spindle cell proliferation infiltrating through the dermis and subcutis with mild mucin deposition.Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy is a novel fibrosing disorder diagnosed clinically and histopatholigically. Currently no risk factors other than renal failure have been identified. Our patient is a unique example of NFD observed in acute renal failure secondary to acute tubular necrosis, never requiring dialysis. We also review the four other cases of acute NFD never requiring dialysis that have been reported in the literature.
Skin prick testing to food allergens in breast‐fed young infants with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis
Authors: Rennick Gordon J , Moore Elizabeth , Orchard David C 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYThe role of food allergy in atopic dermatitis is controversial. This study presents results of skin prick tests to 31 different food allergens in a selected population of predominantly breast‐fed young infants who had moderate to severe generalized atopic dermatitis. Of the 59 infants (22 female, mean age 26.5 weeks) tested, 54 infants (91.5%) had positive responses to one or more foods, 53 infants (90%) were positive to one or more of the five common food allergens (egg white, cow's milk, peanuts, wheat or soy) and 80% were positive to egg white, which was by far the most common positive test. A total of 37 infants had strongly positive responses to one or more foods, with 33 of these 37 having strongly positive responses to egg white. The significance of these responses is discussed. It is concluded that positive skin prick tests to foods, particularly to egg white, are very common in this selected population of breast‐fed infants with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the hand masquerading as a cutaneous infection
Authors: Fisher Jemima , Masson James , Rosen Robert 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYA 33‐year‐old male concreter presented with a small abscess on his right index finger following an injury at work. Histological examination of the lesion was consistent with chronic inflammation and Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus anginosus and Escherichia coli were isolated on cultures. The lesion was treated as a chronic fungal infection with bacterial superinfection. Seventeen months later, a bone scan showed periarticular involvement, and a diagnostic biopsy identified a well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. He underwent amputation of his index and middle fingers. After 4 years of follow up, there has been no evidence of recurrence at the primary site, but he has since developed two further primary squamous cell carcinomas. This case emphasizes the importance of considering malignancy when dealing with chronic infections of the hand.
Epiluminescence dermatoscopy enhanced patient compliance and achieved treatment success in pseudofolliculitis barbae
Authors: Chuh Antonio , Zawar Vijay 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYA patient presented with recalcitrant pseudofolliculitis barbae and hypertrophic scarring. The use of epiluminescence dermatoscopy rendered clear visualization of U‐shaped ingrowing hairs corresponding to the sites of individual papules. Such real‐time demonstration led to an attitude change and good compliance with medical advice against overshaving, resulting in a successful treatment outcome.
Alopecia areata masquerading as frontal fibrosing alopecia
Authors: Kwong Rhonda A , Kossard Steven 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYPostmenopausal women with frontal recession may represent a diagnostic challenge, as frontal fibrosing alopecia and alopecia areata may be clinically difficult to distinguish. A 53‐year‐old postmenopausal woman presented with a progressive fronto‐temporal marginal alopecia with sparing of her eyebrows. Scalp biopsy of the affected frontal hairline revealed peribulbar lymphocytic inflammation, but no evidence of lichenoid inflammation, perifollicular fibrosis or scarring. Whereas the pathology strongly favoured alopecia areata, the clinical features overlapped with frontal fibrosing alopecia, a variant of lichen planopilaris targeting the frontal scalp. This paper presents an atypical clinical presentation of alopecia areata, which may be mistaken for frontal fibrosing alopecia.
Allergic contact dermatitis to thiourea in a neoprene knee brace
Authors: Sakata Shinichiro , Cahill Jennifer , Nixon Rosemary 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYAn elderly woman developed an itchy, weeping, erythematous, papular eruption, confined to the skin under her neoprene knee brace. Allergic contact dermatitis to diethylthiourea and to her neoprene knee brace were diagnosed by positive patch test reactions. Allergic contact dermatitis from thioureas may be underdiagnosed, as they are not tested as part of the standard patch test series. Clinicians are encouraged to consider this diagnosis in patients with reactions to synthetic rubber, especially neoprene.
Understorey plant species richness and composition in metropolitan forest archipelagos: effects of forest size, adjacent land use and distance to the edge
Authors: Guirado M. , Pino J. , Rodà F. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTAim  To address the relative role of adjacent land use, distance to forest edge, forest size and their interactions on understorey plant species richness and composition in perimetropolitan forests.Location  The metropolitan area of Barcelona, north‐eastern Spain.Methods  Twenty sampling sites were distributed in two forest size‐categories: small forest patches (8–90 ha) and large forest areas (> 18,000 ha). For each forest‐size category, five sites were placed adjacent to crops and five sites adjacent to urban areas. Vascular plant species were recorded and human frequentation was scored visually in 210 10 × 10 m plots placed at 10, 50 and 100 m from the forest edge, and additionally at 500 m in large forest areas. Plant species were grouped according to their ecology and rarity categories. A nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination was carried out to detect patterns of variation in species assemblage, and to explore the relationships between these patterns and the richness of the species groups and the studied factors. Factorial anovas were used to test the significance of the studied factors on the richness of species groups. Relationships between human frequentation and the studied variables were assessed through contingency tables.Results  Forest‐size category was the main factor affecting synanthropic species (i.e. those thriving in man‐made or man‐disturbed habitats). Synanthropic species richness decreased with increasing distance from the forest edge and, when forests were adjacent to crops, it was higher in small forest patches than in large forest areas. Richness of rare forest species was lower in small forest patches than in large forest areas when forests were adjacent to urban areas. Richness of common forest species and of all forest species together were higher close to the forest edge than far from it when forests were adjacent to urban areas. Forests adjacent to urban areas were more likely to experience high human frequentation, particularly in those plots nearest to the forest edge.Main conclusions  Forest‐size category and adjacent land use were the most important factors determining species richness and composition. The preservation of large forests adjacent to crops in peri‐urban areas is recommended, because they are less frequented by humans, are better buffered against the percolation of nonforest species and could favour the persistence of rare forest species.
Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order
Authors: Hobbs Richard J. , Arico Salvatore , Aronson James , Baron Jill S. , Bridgewater Peter , Cramer Viki A. , Epstein Paul R. , Ewel John J. , Klink Carlos A. , Lugo Ariel E. , Norton David , Ojima Dennis , Richardson David M. , Sanderson Eric W. , Valladares Fernando , Vilà Montserrat , Zamora Regino , Zobel Martin 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTWe explore the issues relevant to those types of ecosystems containing new combinations of species that arise through human action, environmental change, and the impacts of the deliberate and inadvertent introduction of species from other regions. Novel ecosystems (also termed ‘emerging ecosystems’) result when species occur in combinations and relative abundances that have not occurred previously within a given biome. Key characteristics are novelty, in the form of new species combinations and the potential for changes in ecosystem functioning, and human agency, in that these ecosystems are the result of deliberate or inadvertent human action. As more of the Earth becomes transformed by human actions, novel ecosystems increase in importance, but are relatively little studied. Either the degradation or invasion of native or ‘wild’ ecosystems or the abandonment of intensively managed systems can result in the formation of these novel systems. Important considerations are whether these new systems are persistent and what values they may have. It is likely that it may be very difficult or costly to return such systems to their previous state, and hence consideration needs to be given to developing appropriate management goals and approaches.
Chronic Prostatitis in Premature Ejaculation: A Cohort Study in 153 Men
Authors: Shamloul Rany , Nashaar Abdelrahman el 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Premature ejaculation is a common male sexual dysfunction, affecting 30–40% of sexually active men in an age-dependent manner. Chronic prostatitis has been suggested as an important organic cause of premature ejaculation.

Aim
The aim of this study was to confirm previous data reported on the incidence of chronic prostatitis in a large cohort of patients with primary and secondary premature ejaculation.

Methods
A total of 153 consecutive heterosexual men aged 29–51 years with premature ejaculation and another 100 male healthy subjects were included in this study. Sequential microbiologic specimens were obtained according to the standardized Meares and Stamey protocol. Nonbacterial prostatitis was defined by the evidence of prostatic inflammation but negative cultures of urine and prostatic fluids in men with various genitourinary symptoms.

Results
There was no significant difference between patients and control subjects regarding age, education, or intercourse frequency. Prostatic inflammation was found in 64% and chronic bacterial prostatitis in 52% of the patients with premature ejaculation, respectively, showing statistical significance compared with control subjects (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
Results in our study showed a high prevalence of chronic prostatitis in patients with premature ejaculation. Examination of the prostate, physically and microbiologically, should be considered during assessment of patients with premature ejaculation.
Sexual Communication Skills in Residency Training: The Robert Wood Johnson Model
Authors: Rosen Raymond , Kountz David , Post-Zwicker Tracey , Leiblum Sandra , Wiegel Markus 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTFew medical schools or residency programs offer adequate training in sexual medicine. Using the experience gained in our long-standing program in human sexuality for medical students, we have pilot tested a half-day intensive workshop curriculum for residents that focuses on sexual communication skills and management of sexual problems. Unlike our medical school program, this residency course was offered on an elective, one-day basis. The current report describes the successful implementation of our pilot program with 46 medical residents from subspecialty and primary care residency programs. Before the workshop, 22 (48%) residents indicated that they were uncomfortable with open discussion of sexual issues and would not feel comfortable in addressing the topic with their patients. A number of factors were identified as barriers to communication, including lack of time, inadequate training, and personal discomfort. After the workshop, the participants rated themselves as more comfortable with the topic and as more likely to address sexual issues with their patients. The participants evaluated the workshop positively overall and responded well to the interactive format and audience-response components. Most of the participants showed interest and willingness to participate in further training in sexual medicine skills. Our program offers a model for training of residents in communication skills and management of sexual problems. The difficulties in implementation and overcoming institutional barriers to curriculum reform are addressed.