bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Synthesis of Novel Isoindoline Nitroxides Bearing Water‐Solubilising Functionality
Authors: Fairfull‐Smith Kathryn E. , Brackmann Farina , Bottle Steven E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA range of novel tetramethyl‐ and tetraethylisoindolinenitroxides, possessing aryl‐linked carboxylic acids, amines, alcohols and phosphonic acids were prepared. Notably, the chemistry established for the aromatic dibromination of the tetramethylisoindolines was not easily transferred to the corresponding tetraethylisoindoline system. Instead, various tetraethylisoindoline analogues were accessed by the oxidation of methyl groups attached to the aromatic ring to give the carboxylic acids. The increased steric bulk of the tetraethyl structures should limit bio‐reduction and these compounds may have potential as antioxidants.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Anthraquinonedisulfonate Doped Polyaniline as an Acceptor‐Donor System for Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Gao Mingming , Yang Fenglin , Wang Xinhua , Zhang Guoquan , Liu Lifen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA stable polyaniline (PANI) film doped with anthraquinonedisulfonate (AQDS) on glassy carbon (GC) electrode is obtained in acidic solution. The electrochemical behavior of PANI/AQDS film coincides with the donor–acceptor (DA) intramolecular interaction, while the doped AQDS behaves as a two‐electron two‐proton transfer process during redox reaction. This GC/PANI/AQDS electrode shows high electrocatalytic activity and irreversible electron‐transfer characteristic for O2 two‐electron reduction. Tafel behavior analysis suggests that the oxygen reduction kinetics are different at certain potential regions on this electrode. Possible mechanism of oxygen reduction on the GC/PANI/AQDS electrode points to a similar Schottky diode characteristic.
Rational Design of In Situ Monolithic Imprinted Polymer Membranes for the Potentiometric Sensing of Diethyl Chlorophosphate – a Chemical Warfare Agent Simulant
Authors: Prathish K. P. , Vishnuvardhan V. , Rao T. Prasada 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMolecularly imprinted polymer membrane was prepared by semicovalent imprinting strategy wherein i) the template diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), (a simulant of organophosphorous nerve agents), is covalently linked to the reactive functional monomer vinyl aniline (VA) during imprinting step followed by noncovalent rebinding and ii) in situ polymerization via single pot synthesis in presence of additional functional monomer, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and crosslinking monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) after addition of 2‐nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as plasticizer and initiator respectively. The resulting membrane is integrated with a potentiometric transducer while designing a DCP sensor. The fabricated sensor responds over a wider concentration range of 10−6–10−2 M with a lower detection limit of 10−6 M (0.17 ppm). In addition, in situ monolithic membrane based sensor was designed by adopting noncovalent imprinting strategy also. A detailed comparison is made between semicovalent and noncovalent in situ membrane based sensors on the prime sensor performance criteria such as sensitivity, selectivity, working range, response time, reusability and reversibility. Again, the relative merits and demerits of semicovalent vis‐à‐vis noncovalent strategy based in situ monolithic membrane sensors were also highlighted. The probable molecular recognition mechanism is also discussed.
Nerve Agents Assay Using Cholinesterase Based Biosensor
Authors: Pohanka Miroslav , Dobes Petr , Drtinova Lucie , Kuča Kamil 
Published: March 2009

AbstractElectrochemical biosensor based on electric eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (EC 3.1.1.7) was performed for assay of nerve agents – tabun, sarin, soman, cyclosarin, and VX. The biosensor used AChE as biorecognition element. The presence of nerve agents was accompanied by a strong inhibition of AChE activity. Enzyme activity is easily measurable by electrochemical oxidation of thiocholine created from acetylthiocholine (ATChCl) by AChE‐catalyzed hydrolysis. The tested nerve agents were successfully assayed. The best limits of detection were achieved for sarin (5.88×10−10 M) and VX (8.51×10−10 M) after one‐minute assay. The biosensor was found long term stable at low as well as laboratory temperature.
IEF in microfluidic devices
Authors: Sommer Greg J. , Hatch Anson V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIEF is one of the most powerful and prevalent techniques used in separation sciences. The power of IEF comes from the fact that it not only separates analytes based on their pI but also focuses them into highly resolved bands. In line with the miniaturization trend spurring the analytical community, the past decade has yielded a wealth of research focused on implementing IEF in microfluidic chip‐based formats (μIEF). Scaling down the separation technique provides several advantages such as reduced sample sizes, assay automation, and significant improvements in assay speed without sacrificing separation performance. Besides presenting microscale adaptations of standard schemes, researchers have also developed improved detection techniques, demonstrated novel μIEF assays, and incorporated μIEF with other analytical methods for achieving on‐chip multidimensional separations. This review provides a brief historical outline of IEF's beginnings, theoretical incentives driving miniaturization of the methodology, a thorough synopsis of μIEF publications to date, and an outlook to the future.
Modeling the separation of macromolecules: A review of current computer simulation methods
Authors: Slater Gary W. , Holm Christian , Chubynsky Mykyta V. , de Haan Hendrick W. , Dubé Antoine , Grass Kai , Hickey Owen A. , Kingsburry Christine , Sean David , Shendruk Tyler N. , Zhan Lixin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTheory and numerical simulations play a major role in the development of improved and novel separation methods. In some cases, computer simulations predict counterintuitive effects that must be taken into account in order to properly optimize a device. In other cases, simulations allow the scientist to focus on a subset of important system parameters. Occasionally, simulations even generate entirely new separation ideas! In this article, we review the main simulation methods that are currently being used to model separation techniques of interest to the readers ofElectrophoresis. In the first part of the article, we provide a brief description of the numerical models themselves, starting with molecular methods and then moving towards more efficient coarse‐grained approaches. In the second part, we briefly examine nine separation problems and some of the methods used to model them. We conclude with a short discussion of some notoriously hard‐to‐model separation problems and a description of some of the available simulation software packages.
Analyte focusing by micelle collapse in CZE: Nanopreparation of neutrals
Authors: Quirino Joselito P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFundamental studies on the nanopreparation of neutral analytes in CZE by analyte focusing by micelle collapse (AFMC) are presented. The background solution (BGS) is prepared using an electrolyte salt (i.e. sodium or ammonium acetate). The sample solution of the neutral analytes (S) is prepared using SDS at a concentration above the cmc. To induce AFMC, the conductivity of the S must be greater than the BGS. This was achieved by the addition of the electrolyte salt to the S. Dilution of the micellar carrier from the injected S occurs at the BGS zone closest to the boundary between the S and BGS (micellar dilution zone). The dilution of SDS below the cmc causes the collapse of the micelles with subsequent release of previously bound analyte molecules. The continued transport and release causes the analytes to be accumulated at the micellar dilution zone. This nanopreparative technique is compatible with detection using mass spectrometry and can be utilized as a sample injection step for microfluidic devices. The disadvantage of this technique is that the neutral analytes are not separated after concentration. Here, the effect of retention factor of the analyte, conductivity ratio of the S and BGS, SDS concentration in the S, electrolyte salt (i.e. sodium acetate) concentration in the BGS, and organic modifier content in the BGS were examined. A study on the effect of the sample matrix injection prior to the sample injection to the performance of AFMC‐CZE to neutral analytes is also presented.
Hybrid modelling for simulation of scour and flow patterns in laboratory flumes
Authors: Guven Aytac , Gunal Mustafa 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this study, a hybrid numerical–mathematical model is developed, which simulates the temporal evolution of local scour and flow patterns in laboratory flumes. The mathematical module calculates the shape of the scour hole by solving an integro‐parabolic equation. The numerical module simulates the two‐dimensional laterally averaged flow patterns in the corresponding scour hole. The hybrid model is verified by experimental data taken from the literature. The hybrid model predicted the temporal evolution of local scour and simulated the flow patterns in and around the scoured zone in good agreement with the experimental ones. The proposed hybrid model proved to be efficient when used in complex local scour and turbulent flow problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyst forecasts and price discovery in futures markets: The case of natural gas storage
Authors: Gay Gerald D. , Simkins Betty J. , Turac Marian 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe investigate analyst forecasts in a unique setting, the natural gas storage market, and study the contribution of analysts in facilitating price discovery in futures markets. Using a high‐frequency database of analyst storage forecasts, we show that the market appears to condition expectations regarding a weekly storage release on the analyst forecasts and beyond that of various statistical‐based models. Further, we find that the market looks through the reported consensus analyst forecast and places differential emphasis on the individual forecasts of analysts according to their prior accuracy. Also, the market appears to place greater emphasis on analysts' long‐term accuracy than on their recent accuracy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:451–477, 2009
Prevalence of anxiety disorders among elderly people
Authors: Kirmizioglu Yalçın , Doğan Orhan , Kuğu Nesim , Akyüz Gamze 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives of this study are to determine current and lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders and also to explore the relationship, if any, between possible risk factors and anxiety disorders, amongst elderly people living in the Sivas province of Turkey.MethodsThe research sample consisted of 462 persons. A Socio‐demographic Data Form was given to the participants and the Anxiety Module of SCID‐I was applied. Chi‐square and Fischer's exact tests were used to evaluate the data obtained.ResultsThe current prevalence for all types of anxiety disorder was found to be 17.1% overall and the lifetime prevalence was found to be 18.6%. The current prevalence rates for particular disorders were found to be 0.4% for panic disorder, 3.2% for obsessive‐compulsive disorder, 1.9% for post‐traumatic stress disorder, 2.8% for social phobia, 11.5% for specific phobia, 6.9% for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Lifetime prevalence rates for these disorders (except GAD) were 1.1%, 3.2%, 3.0%, 2.85%, 11.5% respectively.ConclusionsAnxiety disorders are more common among elderly people than was previously thought. The lifetime prevalence of specific phobia amongst the elderly is higher than that of general population; the lifetime prevalence ratios of obsessive‐compulsive disorder and social phobia are similar to that of the general population in Sivas. In order to improve the delivery of health services, it is recommended that further studies should be conducted among elderly people, both by applying standardized diagnostic tools, but also taking into account socio‐economic factors and using convenient therapy methods developed specifically for this group. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical differences between late‐onset and early‐onset chronically hospitalized elderly schizophrenic patients in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Chao , Zhang Ya‐lin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the clinical differences between late‐onset schizophrenia (LOS) and early‐onset schizophrenia (EOS) in Taiwanese elderly chronic hospitalized schizophrenic patients.MethodsBy using a cross‐sectional study method, we investigated all the hospitalized elderly schizophrenic patients in a general hospital's psychiatric ward during July–September 2007. All the subjects matched DSM‐IV‐TR diagnostic criteria and were aged 60 years or above. A total of 52 subjects were enrolled (LOS = 23, EOS = 29). Demographic data, illness history, and antipsychotic treatment record were documented; the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES‐D), mini‐mental status examination (MMSE), activities of daily living rating scale for psychiatric patients (ADLRS), community self‐sufficiency test (CST), clinical global impression (CGI), and general assessment of functioning scale (GAF) were administered.ResultsIn our samples, a lower educational level was found to be more common in late‐onset patients. In LOS, there was no significant increase in the severity of PANSS psychopathology except for greater thought disorder symptoms. Both LOS and EOS patients had similar cognitive and functioning impairment with poor global outcomes. There was a trend of low antipsychotic drug use in LOS.ConclusionsIn Taiwan, elderly chronic inpatients LOS had greater thought disorders compared to findings in Western studies. Further large‐scale longitudinal studies are needed to understand the factors related to these findings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transpiration of a Linze jujube orchard in an arid region of China
Authors: Zhao W. , Chang X. , Zhang Z. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAs an important source of income in the region's economy, the jujube plantations are very common in arid north‐western China, and their planted areas continue to expand. In the central Heihe River Basin of arid north‐western China, Linze jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. var. inermis (Bunge) Rehd.) plantations cover more than 10,000 ha, too. Water use by this species is expected to change or modify catchment hydrological process. To our knowledge, there is no information on the transpiration and canopy conductance of the jujube plantations in arid north‐western China. Therefore, Transpiration and canopy conductance were monitored in a 14‐year‐old Linze jujube orchard. The experiment was carried out in the central Heihe River Basin, near Pingchuan Town (Linze County, Gansu Province, China) during growing season of 2006, from May to the first ten days of October. Eight trees were used to measure sap flow using the heat‐pulse‐velocity method. The orchard was irrigated adequately during the study. Transpiration was estimated from the sap flow measurements. During the experiment, the transpiration rate of the orchard ranged from 0·32 to 1·40 mm per day. Canopy conductance was obtained from estimated daily transpiration and climatic variables measured on a half‐hour basis, and canopy conductance for water vapour transfer was between 1·20 to 82·57 mm s−1, with a mean of 11·86 ± 6·84 mm s−1 during the observation period. Air temperature and vapour‐pressure deficit exhibited a linear relationship with sap flow velocity and the relationship between these factors and canopy conductance could be represented by an exponential decay function. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schemes of arrangement as a corporate rescue mechanism: The Singapore experience
Authors: Chan Tracey Evans 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews the use of schemes of arrangement (SOA) in Singapore as a corporate rescue mechanism, and argues that a number of features have contributed to its emergence as a de facto debtor‐in‐possession regime. It also offers some suggestions on how this organic process can be further enhanced without unduly prejudicing the interests of stakeholders. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of immunochemical faecal occult blood test in colorectal cancer screening in average‐risk population according to positivity threshold and number of samples
Authors: Guittet Lydia , Bouvier Véronique , Mariotte Nicole , Vallee Jean‐Pierre , Levillain Romuald , Tichet Jean , Launoy Guy 
Published: March 2009

AbstractImmunochemical faecal occult blood tests (I‐FOBT) detect more effectively advanced neoplasia than guaiac tests (G‐FOBT). The study aim was to compare the performance of an I‐FOBT whilst varying the positivity threshold and considering four analysis modalities: one sample was performed (MG1), two samples were performed and at least one sample was positive (MG2+), both samples were positive (MG2++) or the mean of the two samples' log‐transformed haemoglobin contents exceeded the cutoff (MG2m). Screening for colorectal cancer using both G‐FOBT and two samples' I‐FOBT was performed by an average‐risk population sample of 20,322 subjects. Among the 1,615 subjects with at least one positive test, 1,277 had a satisfactory colonoscopy result; 43 invasive cancers and 270 high‐risk adenomas were detected. The I‐FOBT was reinterpreted under each analysis modality (a random selection of one sample led to MG1). For all modalities, increasing the positivity threshold decreased sensitivity and increased specificity. The relative ROC curves (in reference to G‐FOBT) demonstrated similar performance for MG1 and MG2+, and improved performance for MG2m. MG2++ sensitivity was limited within the range of positivity thresholds evaluated. For any specificity, MG2m provided the highest sensitivity. For any sensitivity, MG2m provided the highest specificity. For any positivity rate, MG2m provided both the highest sensitivity and specificity. This study suggests the replacement of MG2+ by MG1 or, for even better performance, by MG2m provided that two samples are performed with similar participation (which should be explored). The targeted positivity rate could then be achieved by choosing the positivity threshold. © 2009 UICC
Patterns of Freshwater Fishes of the Caribbean Versant of Venezuela
Authors: Rodríguez‐Olarte Douglas , Taphorn Donald C. , Lobón‐Cerviá Javier 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe delineate local and regional biogeographic provinces that suggest patterns of species richness, and primary and secondary freshwater fish distributions along the Caribbean coast of Venezuela. We use presence‐absence records and classification and ordination models. Patterns at local and regional scales varied markedly such that primary species dominated humid drainages and secondary species dominated arid drainages or transition provinces. Species rich areas, and the presence of narrowly endemic species correlate with patterns of historical isolation and hydrographic refuges. Patterns of species distributions across arid drainages suggest that close proximity of coastal marine drainages allows dispersion and exchange of species. This pattern is particularly evident among secondary species. Hotspots of species richness and endemisms are identified and are recommended as priorities for conservation (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Leaf Decomposition in a Mountain Stream in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Al‐Riyami Maha , Victor Reginald , Seena Sahadevan , Elshafie Abdulkadir E. , Bärlocher Felix 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDecomposition of Juglans regia leaves was studied in fine and coarse mesh bags in a permanent mountain stream in Oman. A rapid initial mass loss, attributed to leaching, was followed by a more gradual decline. Daily exponential decay rates (k) calculated over 32 days were 0.011 (fine mesh litter bags) and 0.014 (coarse mesh litter bags). The difference between bag types was not significant, suggesting limited impact of leaf‐shredding invertebrates. Ergosterol levels on leaves from fine mesh bags peaked at 0.3 mg g–1 AFDM after 16 days of stream exposure.During the experimental period, which followed the annual leaf fall, the concentration of aquatic hyphomycete conidia in the stream varied between 82 and 1362 l–1. Based on the morphology of conidia found in the water column or released from leaves, we identified 14 species of aquatic hyphomycetes. Tetracladium apiense was the most common taxon (62.2% of conidia in water column during the field experiment). Three other Tetracladium species contributed another 8%. Plating out leaf particles yielded common epiphytic taxa such as Alternaria sp., Aureobasidium pullulans and Phoma sp.The measured metrics of leaf decay in this desert stream fall within the range of values observed in temperate and tropical streams, with clear evidence for an early leaching phase, and no evidence of a strong impact of leaf shredders. The community of aquatic hyphomycetes appears impoverished. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diel Changes in Phytoplankton Composition and Abundance in the Surface and Sub‐Surface Strata from a Shallow Eutrophic Pond
Authors: Wilk‐Woźniak Elżbieta , Marshall Harold G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRepresentative phytoplankton assemblages were identified in a eutrophic pond over a 24 hour period. One assemblage characterized species in the surface (neuston) layer and another consisted of algae from 2, 5, and 20 cm sub‐surface depths. The surface layer (0 cm) included a similar, but less diverse assemblage of species, and a lower abundance of cells per unit volume, than those at the lower depths. At each of the sub‐surface depths (2–20 cm), the major phytoplankton components initially followed similar patterns of abundance in reference to the time and depth of sample collections then later differed in their abundance levels. The dominant algae were chlorophytes, cryptophytes, diatoms, and cyanobacteria. Mean concentrations of total phytoplankton, over the 24 hours for the surface, were 3.3 × 103cells ml–1, compared to 36.9 × 103cells ml–1for depths 2–20 cm. The autotrophic picoplankton abundance was recorded separately from the phytoplankton with mean concentrations of 472.9 × 103cells ml–1in the surface layer and 623.0 × 103cells ml–1for the three sub‐surface depths. Photos of representative species from these surface layers are presented. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Do randomized‐response designs eliminate response biases? An empirical study of non‐compliance behavior
Authors: Böckenholt Ulf , Barlas Sema , van der Heijden Peter G. M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOut of the toolbox of survey methods for obtaining honest answers to sensitive issues, the method of randomized responses (RR) has proven to be the most effective one. So far, in applications of RR methods it has been assumed that they eliminate response biases. We investigate the validity of this assumption by applying multivariate RR models that allow for different types of response biases. Our data analyses show that RR methods do not eliminate response biases but that they can be modeled in informative ways: accounting for response biases leads to estimates that are at least twice the size of the estimates obtained when response biases are ignored. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.