bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The politics of phosphorus-32: A cold war fable based on fact
Authors: KRIGE JOHN 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT
In July 1949, and again in January 1950 the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission shipped useful amounts of the short-lived isotope phosphorus-32 to a sanatorium in Trieste, Italy. They were used to treat a patient who had a particularly malignant kind of brain tumor. This distribution of isotopes abroad for medical and research purposes was hotly contested by Commissioner Lewis Strauss, and led to a bruising confrontation between him and J. Robert Oppenheimer. This paper describes the debates surrounding the foreign isotope program inside the Commission and in the U.S. Congress. In parallel, it presents an imagined, but factually-based story of the impact of isotope therapy on the patient and his doctor in Trieste, a city on the Italian-Yugoslavian border that was at the heart of the cold war struggle for influence between the U.S. and the USSR. It weaves together the history of science, institutional history, diplomatic history, and cultural history into a fable that draws attention to the importance of the peaceful atom for winning hearts and minds for the West. The polemics surrounding the distribution of isotopes to foreign countries may have irreversibly soured relationships between Oppenheimer and Strauss, and played into the scientist's loss of his security clearance. But, as those who supported the program argued, it was an important instrument for projecting a positive image of America among a scientifc elite abroad, and for consolidating its alliance with friendly nations in the early years of the cold war—or so the fable goes.
“Monkeying with the Bible”: Edgar J. Goodspeed'sAmerican Translation
Authors: Bryan Bademan R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDevotion to the Bible remains an underappreciated aspect of American religious life partly because it fails to generate controversy. This essay opens a window onto America's relationship with the Bible by exploring a controversial moment in the history of the Bible in America: the public reception of University of Chicago professor Edgar J. Goodspeed'sAmerican Translation(1923). Initially, at least, most Americans flatly rejected Goodspeed's impeccably credentialed attempt to cast the language of the Bible in contemporary “American” English. Accusations of the professor's irreligion, bad taste, vulgarity, and crass modernity emerged from nearly every quarter of the Protestant establishment (with the exception of some card-carrying theological modernists), testifying to a widespread but unexplored attachment to the notion of a traditional Bible in the early twentieth century. By examining this barrage of reaction, “Monkeying with the Bible” argues that Protestants, along with some others in 1920s America, believed that traditional biblical language was among the forces that helped stabilize the development of American civilization.
Quantum Dot‐based Energy Transfer: Perspectives and Potential for Applications in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Samia Anna C. S. , Dayal Smita , Burda Clemens 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTQuantum dots have emerged as an important class of material that offers great promise to a diverse range of applications ranging from energy conversion to biomedicine. Here, we review the potential of using quantum dots and quantum dot conjugates as sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The photophysics of singlet oxygen generation in relation to quantum dot‐based energy transfer is discussed and the possibility of using quantum dots as photosensitizer in PDT is assessed, including their current limitations to applications in biological systems. The biggest advantage of quantum dots over molecular photosensitizers that comes into perspective is their tunable optical properties and surface chemistries. Recent developments in the preparation and photophysical characterization of quantum dot energy transfer processes are also presented in this review, to provide insights on the future direction of quantum dot‐based photosensitization studies from the viewpoint of our ongoing research.
An Appropriate Way to Switch from the Individual Risk Model to the Collective One
Authors: Kuon S. , Radtke M. , Reich A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFor some time now, the convenient and fast calculability of collective risk models using the Panjer-algorithm has been a well-known fact, and indeed practitioners almost always make use of collective risk models in their daily numerical computations. In doing so, a standard link has been preferred for relating such calculations to the underlying heterogeneous risk portfolio and to the approximation of the aggregate claims distribution function in the individual risk model. In this procedure until now, the approximation quality of the collective risk model upon which such calculations are based is unknown.It is proved that the approximation error which arises does not converge to zero if the risk portfolio in question continues to grow. Therefore, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived in order to obtain well-adjusted collective risk models which supply convergent approximations. Moreover, it is shown how in practical situations the previous natural link between the individual and the collective risk model can easily be modified to improve its calculation accuracy. A numerical example elucidates this.
Predictive Stop-Loss Premiums
Authors: Hürlimann Werner 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBased on a representation of the aggregate claims random variable as linear combination of counting random variables, a linear multivariate Bayesian model of risk theory is defined. In case of the classical risk theoretical assumptions, that is conditional Poisson likelihood counting variates and Gamma structural density, the model is shown to identify with a Bayesian version of the collective model of risk theory. An interesting multivariate credibility formula for the predictive mean is derived. A new type of recursive algorithm, called three-stage nested recursive scheme, allows to evaluate the predictive density and associated predictive stop-loss premiums in an effective way.
A Note on Random Survivorship Group Benefits
Authors: Ramsay Colin M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractConsider a group ofnindependent lives agexwhere each life puts § 1 in a fund at time 0. The fund earns interest at ratei, and at the end oftyears the accumulated value of the fund is divided equally among the survivors. The traditional approach to calculating the expected lump sum benefit per survivor from the initial group ofnlives is based on the concept of a deterministic survivorship group. This approach ignores the stochastic nature of the survivorship process. In reality, the benefit per survivor is actually a random variable with an expected value which depends on the first inverse moment of a positive binomial random variable. Using Grab's and Savage's (1954) recursive formula for the first inverse moment, it is shown that the traditional approach yields a fairly accurate approximation to the solution even when one assumes a random number of survivors.
The Incidence of Risk under Credit Insurance
Authors: Taylor Greg 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe incidence of risk under a credit insurance policy depends on the original term of the policy and the policy duration at which the incidence of risk is considered. Section 3 of the paper describes the procedure used to fit a bivariate function to this incidence. Section 4 gives the numerical detail of this model. Section 5 makes a comparison of the model with the data from which it was developed. Section 6 adds some general comments.
Improved Error Bounds for Bertram's Method
Authors: Sundt Bjørn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn an earlier note the present author deduced bounds for the approximation error of stop loss premiums when the aggregate claims distribution is calculated by a method introduced by Bertram. From the error bounds of the stop loss premiums we deduced bounds for the approximation error of the cumulative distribution and the discrete density of the aggregate claims. In the present note we shall improve the bounds for the cumulative distribution and the discrete density.
Investigation of antimicrobial use and the impact of antimicrobial use guidelines in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital: 1995–2004
Authors: Weese J. Scott 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate patterns of antimicrobial use and the impact of antimicrobial use guidelines at a small animal veterinary teaching hospital.
Design—Retrospective study.
Sample Population—All antimicrobial prescriptions for dogs and cats admitted to the hospital in 1995 through 2004.
Procedure—Pharmacy records were reviewed, and antimicrobial prescriptions for all dogs and cats admitted during the study period were recorded. Amounts of individual drugs dispensed directly to the intensive care and surgical units were determined. Changes in antimicrobial use during the study period were assessed; changes in antimicrobial use patterns in 2000 through 2004 were evaluated to assess the impact of implementation of antimicrobial use guidelines in 2001.
Results—There was a significant decrease in prescriptions/1,000 admissions during the study period. From 1995 to 2004, the use of first-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, and trimethoprim-sulfonamides decreased, whereas the use of metronidazole increased. The use of first-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and penicillins decreased from 2000 to 2004. First-line drugs accounted for 90.7% of prescriptions during the study period. The use of third-line drugs decreased from 2000 to 2004.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Characterization of antimicrobial use is an important step in defining and evaluating the prudent use of antimicrobials. Whereas the true effect of antimicrobial use guidelines is unclear, these results suggest that the guidelines may have had an effect on antimicrobial prescription patterns in this small animal veterinary teaching hospital. Analysis of objective data regarding antimicrobial use and changes in antimicrobial use patterns over time is important in veterinary practices.
Long-term persistence of multi–drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in two dairy herds
Authors: Cobbold Rowland N. , Rice Daniel H. , Davis Margaret A. , Besser Thomas E. , Hancock Dale D. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the association between maintaining joint hospital and maternity pens and persistence of multi–drug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Newport on 2 dairy farms.
Design—Observational study.
Sample Population—Feces and environmental samples from 2 dairy herds.
Procedure—Herds were monitored for fecal shedding of S enterica Newport after outbreaks of clinical disease. Fecal and environmental samples were collected approximately monthly from pens housing sick cows and calving cows and from pens containing lactating cows. Cattle shedding the organism were tested serially on subsequent visits to determine carrier status. One farm was resampled after initiation of interventional procedures, including separation of hospital and maternity pens. Isolates were characterized via serotyping, determination of antimicrobial resistance phenotype, detection of the CMY-2 gene, and DNA fingerprinting.
Results—The prevalence (32.4% and 33.3% on farms A and B, respectively) of isolating Salmonella from samples from joint hospital-maternity pens was significantly higher than the prevalence in samples from pens housing preparturient cows (0.8%, both farms) and postparturient cows on Farm B (8.8%). Multi–drug-resistant Salmonella Newport was isolated in high numbers from bedding material, feed refusals, lagoon slurry, and milk filters. One cow excreted the organism for 190 days. Interventional procedures yielded significant reductions in the prevalences of isolating the organism from fecal and environmental samples. Most isolates were of the C2 serogroup and were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Management practices may be effective at reducing the persistence of MDR Salmonella spp in dairy herds, thus mitigating animal and public health risk.
Highly Stereoselective Semihydrogenation of Alkynes Promoted by Nickel(0) Nanoparticles
Authors: Alonso Francisco , Osante Iñaki , Yus Miguel 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new method for the highly stereoselective cis‐semihydrogenation of internal alkynes is described based on in situ generated Ni(0) nanoparticles and molecular hydrogen. This reduction system also allows the semihydrogenation of terminal alkynes.
HFIP‐induced structures and assemblies of the peptides from the transmembrane domain 4 of membrane protein Nramp1
Authors: Xue Rong , Wang Shuo , Wang Chunyu , Zhu Tao , Li Fei , Sun Hongzhe 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMembrane protein Nramp1 (natural resistance‐associated macrophage protein 1) is a pH‐dependent divalent metal cation transporter that regulates macrophage activation in infectious and autoimmune diseases. A naturally occurring glycine to aspartic acid substitution at position 169 (G169D) within the transmembrane domain 4 (TM4) of Nramp1 makes mice susceptible to Leishmania donovani, Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycobacterium bovis. Here we present a structural and self‐assembling study on two synthetic 24‐residue peptides, corresponding to TM4 of mouse Nramp1 and its G169D mutant, respectively, in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropanol‐d2 (HFIP‐d2) aqueous solution by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results show that amphipathic α‐helical structures are formed from residue Ile173 to Tyr187 for the wild‐type peptide and from Trp168 to Tyr187 for the G169D mutant, respectively. The segment of the N‐terminus from Leu167 to Leu172 is poorly structured for the wild‐type peptide, whereas it is well defined for the G169D mutant. Both peptides aggregate to form a tetramer and the monomeric peptides in peptide bundles are structurally and orientationally similar. The intermolecular interactions in assemblies could be stronger in the C‐terminal regions related to residues Phe180–Leu184 than those in the central helical segments for both peptides. The G169D mutation may change the size of the opening on the termini of assembly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 329–339, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Plant Ontology (PO): a controlled vocabulary of plant structures and growth stages
Authors: Jaiswal Pankaj , Avraham Shulamit , Ilic Katica , Kellogg Elizabeth A , McCouch Susan , Pujar Anuradha , Reiser Leonore , Rhee Seung Y , Sachs Martin M. , Schaeffer Mary , Stein Lincoln , Stevens Peter , Vincent Leszek , Ware Doreen , Zapata Felipe 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Plant Ontology Consortium (POC) (www.plantontology.org) is a collaborative effort among several plant databases and experts in plant systematics, botany and genomics. A primary goal of the POC is to develop simple yet robust and extensible controlled vocabularies that accurately reflect the biology of plant structures and developmental stages. These provide a network of vocabularies linked by relationships (ontology) to facilitate queries that cut across datasets within a database or between multiple databases. The current version of the ontology integrates diverse vocabularies used to describe Arabidopsis, maize and rice (Oryza sp.) anatomy, morphology and growth stages. Using the ontology browser, over 3500 gene annotations from three species‐specific databases, The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) for Arabidopsis, Gramene for rice and MaizeGDB for maize, can now be queried and retrieved. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ferrite Sr3NdFe3O9: An Original Intergrowth Between the Brownmillerite and K2NiF4‐Type Structures.
Authors: Barrier N. , Pelloquin D. , Nguyen N. , Giot M. , Bouree F. , Raveau B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Ln2As4O9 (Ln: Nd, Sm): Oxo‐Arsenates(III) According to Ln4(As2O5)2 (As4O8) Exhibiting the Cyclic As4O84‐ Anion.
Authors: Ben Hamida Makram , Warns Christin , Wickleder Mathias S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure Elucidation of Anhydrous Rb2[Pt(CN)4] from X‐Ray Powder Diffraction Data.
Authors: Muehle Claus , Karpov Andrey , Jansen Martin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Solution—Precursor Synthesis of Carbon‐Coated LiFePO4 for Li‐Ion Cells.
Authors: Spong Alan D. , Vitins Girts , Owen John R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrogenation Properties of Mg/Mg2Ni0.8Cr0.2 Composites Containing TiO2 Nanoparticles.
Authors: Wang X. L. , Tu J. P. , Zhang X. B. , Chen C. P. , Zhao X. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Low‐Temperature Solution Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Binary Intermetallic Compounds Using the Polyol Process.
Authors: Cable Robert E. , Schaak Raymond E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reduction of the Host Cationic Framework Charge by Isoelectronic Substitution: Synthesis and Structure of Hg7Ag2P8X6 (X: Br, I) and Hg6Ag4P8Br6.
Authors: Oleneva Olga S. , Olenev Andrei V. , Shestimerova Tatiana A. , Baranov Alexey I. , Dikarev Evgeny V. , Shevelkov Andrei V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acid Zeolites as Alcohol Racemization Catalysts: Screening and Application in Biphasic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution.
Authors: Wuyts S. , De Temmerman K. , De Vos D. E. , Jacobs P. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Versatile Organocatalyst for the Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Nitroalkanes to Enones.
Authors: Mitchell Claire E. T. , Brenner Stacey E. , Ley Steven V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Terpene Auxiliaries. Part 1. Highly Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones with Borane Catalyzed by an Oxazaborolidine Derived from (‐)‐β‐Pinene.
Authors: Krzeminski Marek P. , Wojtczak Andrzej 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Zirconium Catalysts Using Multidentate BINOL Derivatives for Catalytic Enantioselective Mannich‐Type Reactions; Ligand Optimization and Approaches to Elucidation of the Catalyst Structure.
Authors: Ihori Yoichi , Yamashita Yasuhiro , Ishitani Haruro , Kobayashi Shu 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemo‐ and Regioselective Intermolecular Cyclotrimerization of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by Cationic Rhodium(I)/Modified BINAP Complexes: Application of One‐Step Synthesis of Paracyclophanes.
Authors: Tanaka Ken , Toyoda Kazuki , Wada Azusa , Shirasaka Kaori , Hirano Masao 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbon Tetrabromide: An Efficient Catalyst for Regioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides with Alcohols and Water.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Harikishan K. , Madan Ch. , Narsaiah A. V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zirconium Hydroxide Chromate (Zr4(OH)6(CrO4)5 (H2O)2): A Mild and Efficient Reagent for Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols.
Authors: Rahimizadeh M. , Hassani H. , Bakavoli M. , Gholizadeh M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A General Study of Aryloxo and Alkoxo Ligands in the Titanium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroamination of Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Tillack Annegret , Khedkar Vivek , Jiao Haijun , Beller Matthias 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zn/[bmim]PF6‐Mediated Markovnikov Allylation of Unactivated Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Reddy P. Murali Krishna , Gupta Manoj K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Wittig Reaction of a Series of Diazodiketones: Synthesis and Structure of Fluorine‐Containing Vinyldiazoketones.
Authors: Zakharova Valerija M. , Hennig Lothar , Nikolaev Valerij A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rh(I)‐Catalyzed Cleavage of Unactivated C—O Bonds — Carbonylative Rearrangement Reactions of Allenyl Ethers to 2‐Carboalkoxy‐1,3‐dienes.
Authors: Wender Paul A. , Deschamps Nicole M. , Sun Robert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Copper(II) Tetrafluoroborate as a Novel and Highly Efficient Catalyst for Acetal Formation.
Authors: Kumar Raj , Chakraborti Asit K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.