bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of certain low frequency phenomena on the calibration of hot wires
Authors: Perry A. E. , Smits A. J. , Chong M. S. 
Published: April 2006

Temperature-sensitive constant-current wires operating at very low resistance ratios have been tested for temperature fluctuation response. A significant step in the response was found to occur with a centre-frequency of typically 1/6 Hz. The step size was observed to be as large as 30% and grew from zero to its maximum value in about a decade. Analysis shows that this phenomenon is associated with axial conduction of heat to and from the prongs. If it is recognized that prongs have finite thermal inertia then a modification of the boundary conditions to the equations of Betchov (1948) predicts this step, in agreement with the simple asymptotic analysis of Maye (1970).Experiments indicate that a similar phenomenon occurs with velocity-sensitive wires. Axial conduction appears to be the most likely cause. Aeroelastic deflexions and non-uniform cooling caused by bowing of the wire make precise predictions impossible. Here the differences in step size between wires were observed to be as large as 10% (or 20% in mean-square energy), the centre-frequency was usually beyond 10 Hz for the wires tested and the step extended over a much broader frequency range than in the temperature-sensitive case. The effect occurred at all velocities, resistance ratios and wire geometries. An analysis based on non-uniform cooling of the wire filament predicts the correct frequency range and shows that steps of 10% in frequency response are quite plausible.
Oscillatory flow in curved pipes. Part 1. The developing-flow case
Authors: Mullin T. , Greated C. A. 
Published: April 2006

The results of an experimental investigation of the entry, into a curved pipe, of the fully developed oscillatory laminar flow in a straight section are presented. Laser anemometry has been used to measure velocity profiles in the plane of the bend at various stations around a 180°-curved section. The flow development is found to depend upon both the frequency parameter of the flow and the amplitude of oscillation.Results are presented for two values of the frequency parameter α. The first is for small α where the flow can be considered quasi-steady and the flow development is found to proceed as in previous steady-flow studies. The other case, more extensively studied, is where α has a value such that both viscous and inertial effects play important roles in establishing the basic flow at different parts of the pressure cycle. The flow development process around the curve is found to be complicated, but a general trend is found and the results are explained in terms of those already established for steady-flow development in a curved pipe.
Flow past a thin, inflated lenticular aerofoil
Authors: Newman B. G. , Tse M.-C. 
Published: April 2006

A study has been made of the flow past thin, inflated lenticular aerofoils at zero angle of incidence. The configuration is an idealization of the flow past long low inflated buildings when the effects of the earth's boundary layer are neglected. It is shown theoretically, and confirmed experimentally, that the non-dimensional tension coefficient in the inflated membranes comprising the aerofoil is a unique function of the internal pressure coefficient divided by the square root of the excess-length ratio. This applies for excess length ratios up to at least 0·05 which corresponds to a thickness-to-chord ratio, wind off, of 0·28. The aerofoil is found to become unstable at negative internal pressures corresponding to tension coefficients of approximately 0·4.The theory has also been used to predict the shape of the aerofoil and the pressure distribution over it. With increasing wind speed at positive internal pressures, the membrane theoretically changes shape from a circular arc to a form involving inflexion points and in all cases the contours are symmetrical about the half-chord point. The non-dimensional membrane slope at the leading and trailing edges agrees fairly well with the experimental values. However, the measured pressure distributions show some fore-and-aft asymmetry and the maximum thickness is slightly downwind of the half-chord point. Nevertheless the comparison between theory and experiment is satisfactory for small values of the excess-length ratio.
Rotating barotropic flow over finite isolated topography
Authors: Bannon Peter R. 
Published: April 2006

The flow of a rotating, incompressible fluid over isolated topography whose non-dimensional height (i.e. topographic height divided by the mean fluid depth) is large compared with the Rossby number is studied. Attention is restricted to flow which is sufficiently shallow that the free-surface equations provide an adequate description. The flow is forced laterally by a specified upstream inflow (obtained from solutions of the zonally symmetric model equations) and by a prescribed surface stress. Dissipation is incorporated using a Rayleigh friction acting anti-parallel to the flow.Steady-state solutions for uniform inflow on an f-plane are found for (a) linear viscous flow, (b) quasi-geostrophic flow with and without friction and (c) inviscid flow with and without a rigid lid. The presence of friction produces an upstream–downstream flow asymmetry over the obstacle and an associated topographic drag while inertial terms produce left-right (relative to an observer looking downstream) asymmetry. The blocking efficiency B (the percentage of the incident mass flux going around the obstacle rather than over it) of a Gaussian obstacle is largest (∼ 100%) for case (a) when viscous effects are small. In contrast quasi-geostrophic theory calculates no flow blocking (B ≡ O). For inviscid inertial theory, B ∼ 10% and is independent of the Rossby number. The presence of a free surface decreases the blocking for small-Rossby-number flow.Numerical solutions of the appropriate initial, boundary-value problem for the complete model equations confirm these results and extend them to include the effects of (i) horizontal shear in the upstream inflow, (ii) the magnitude and shape of the topography, and (iii) variations in the Coriolis parameter (β-effect).
Detection of Bovine Torovirus in Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea in Lower Austria and Styria (Austria)
Authors: Haschek B. , Klein D. , Benetka V. , Herrera C. , Sommerfeld‐Stur I. , Vilcek Š. , Moestl K. , Baumgartner W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFaeces of 230 calves with and without diarrhoea collected during the winter period 2004/2005 in 100 Austrian farms (Styria and Lower Austria) were examined for viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens. Torovirus‐specific nucleic acid confirmed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction was found in 12 of 230 calves (5.2%). Ten of these calves were clinically ill, several of them showing signs of dehydration and abnormal faecal consistency at the time of sampling. Computer assisted analysis of two nucleotide sequences obtained from Austrian bovine samples revealed 93% similarity to Breda strain, but only 71% or 52% similarity to Equine Berne or Porcine Markelo torovirus strains respectively. Phylogenetic analysis grouped Austrian torovirus samples into the Bovine torovirus cluster indicating the first detection of Bovine torovirus in Austria. In addition, the following agents were detected in bovine faecal samples: Bovine coronavirus, 25.7%;Escherichia coli, 17%;Cryptosporidiumspp., 11.7%;Eimeriaspp., 10.4%; Rotavirus, 9.1%;Clostridium perfringens, 9.1% andGiardiaspp., 6.1%.Salmonellaspp. was not detected.
Genetic Characterization of Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) platys in Dogs in Spain
Authors: Aguirre E. , Tesouro M. A. , Ruiz L. , Amusategui I. , Sainz A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis paper reports the first genetic characterization of Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) platys in Spain from a naturally infected dog. The dog presented clinical signs compatible with canine ehrlichiosis. After DNA extraction and PCR amplification, 16S rRNA gene and citrate synthase gene ( gltA) of this agent were amplified. The GenBank accession number for the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of this strain is AY530806. The A. platys strains registered in France and Japan showed the highest similarity to the 16S rRNA gene sequence obtained from the Spanish strain. In the amplification of the gltA gene, a 1443 bp fragment was obtained, and three nucleotide differences were detected in comparison with other strains sequences. These data confirm the presence of A. platys in a dog showing clinical signs compatible with ehrlichiosis in Spain.
Epidermal growth factor receptor targeted therapy with gefitinib in locally advanced and metastatic primary lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: LIAM Chong‐Kin , PANG Yong‐Kek , LEOW Chai‐Hooi 
Published: April 2006

Objective:  To describe the efficacy of monotherapy with the epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor, gefitinib in patients with locally advanced and metastatic primary lung adenocarcinoma.Methods:  A retrospective analysis was undertaken of patients who had locally advanced or metastatic lung adenocarcinoma treated with gefitinib 250 mg orally once daily until disease progression. All patients had either been previously treated with systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy or had declined chemotherapy or were medically not fit for cytotoxic chemotherapy.Results:  A total of 23 patients (13 men) (15 never smokers) with a median age of 51 years (range 35–79 years) received gefitinib monotherapy. Disease control occurred in 14 patients (61%); there was a reduction in the size of the primary and/or metastatic tumours (partial response (PR)) in 11 patients (48%), and 3 patients (13%) had stable disease. The response rate was significantly higher in those who had never smoked (10 of 15 (67%)) compared with that of smokers (1 of 8 (13%)) (odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 14.0 (1.33–147.43) P = 0.027). In total, 11 of 18 patients (61%) with a WHO performance status 1 or 2 showed a PR, whereas none with a performance status 3 or 4 responded (P = 0.037). Response was not affected by the patient's age, gender, disease stage, prior chemotherapy treatment, interval between diagnosis and commencement of gefitinib or the development of skin toxicity. The median time to symptom improvement was 1.5 (range 0.5–6) weeks. The median progression‐free survival time was: 60 (range 15–138) weeks in patients with PR and 34 (range 7–38) weeks in patients with stable disease (P = 0.368).Conclusion:  When given alone, gefitinib showed significant antitumour activity in patients with locally advanced and metastatic primary lung adenocarcinoma. An objective response was observed more frequently in never smokers and exclusively in patients with good performance status.
A generic method of pesticide dose expression: Application to broadcast spraying of apple trees
Authors: WALKLATE P J , CROSS J V , RICHARDSON G M , BAKER D E , MURRAY R A 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe recommended dose for many pesticides is expressed as a constant mass or volume per unit ground area covered by the crop. This method of dose expression is well suited to boom spraying where a reasonably uniform horizontal distribution of deposit can be achieved with a well‐adjusted sprayer. However, in many practical situations (e.g. broadcast spraying of apple trees or other row structures where the spray application is made from within the canopy) the horizontal deposit distribution is strongly influenced by the crop area density and other crop structural parameters. This paper describes a generic method of pesticide dose expression to investigate these effects. The method incorporates a model of the spray volume deposition process. The model assumes that the pesticide deposit is proportional to the tank‐mix concentration of pesticide. The model also assumes that spray volume deposit is proportional to the applied spray volume per unit row length and is inversely proportional to a crop length scaling function L (i.e. a parameter with the units of length that is expressed as a generic function of different crop parameters). The useful working range of this model is bounded by the condition for high spray volume where target losses become significant due to saturation and the condition for very low volume where evaporative transport losses become significant. Within this framework, four different models are formulated using first‐order approximations for the length‐scale as functions of the following crop parameters: tree row spacing, tree row height, tree area density and tree row volume to ground area ratio. Published measurements of crop structure and spray volume deposit on apple trees are compared with the output from these models. Light detection and range (LIDAR) measurements of apple orchards are presented and used in conjunction with the different models to predict pesticide use associated with different methods of dose expression. The results demonstrate the relative potential for varying the pesticide application rate according to the different crop parameters. The results enable the identification of reference orchards that could be used to establish worst‐case pesticide application rates for registration purposes. The results also enable the identification of other orchards and growth stages where pesticide application rate might be reduced by up to a factor of five and give the same pesticide deposit as the reference structure.
Cognitive, emotional, and quality of life outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: White Joanne , Hopkins Ramona O , Glissmeyer Eric W , Kitterman Natalie , Elliott C Gregory 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
The effects of pulmonary arterial hypertension on cardiovascular and physical function are well documented. Limited information exists regarding the effects of pulmonary arterial hypertension on cognitive function despite patient reports of problems with memory and attention. Our primary purpose was to determine if a prospectively identified cohort of pulmonary arterial hypertension patients had cognitive sequelae. Our secondary purpose was to determine the relationships between cognitive sequelae and neuropsychological test scores with depression, anxiety, and quality of life.

Methods
Forty-six adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension underwent assessment of cognitive function, depression, anxiety, and quality of life using standardized neuropsychological tests and questionnaires. The patients' scores were compared to normal population data. Medical, affective, neuropsychological, and quality of life data for patients with and without cognitive sequelae were compared using analysis of variance, Chi-square, or Fisher exact tests for categorical data. Correlations assessed relationships between neuropsychological test scores, depression, anxiety, quality of life, and medical data.

Results
Cognitive sequelae occurred in 58% (27/46) of the pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Patients with cognitive sequelae had worse verbal learning, delayed verbal memory, executive function, and fine motor scores compared to patients without cognitive sequelae. Twenty-six percent of patients had moderate to severe depression and 19% had moderate to severe anxiety. Depression, anxiety and quality of life were not different for patients with or without cognitive sequelae. Our patients had decreased quality of life, which was associated with worse working memory.

Conclusion
Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension have cognitive impairments, depression, anxiety, and decreased quality of life. Depression, anxiety, and quality of life were similar for patients with cognitive sequelae compared to those without cognitive sequelae. Decreased quality of life was associated with worse verbal and working memory. Clinicians should be aware of adverse brain related outcomes in PAH patients. Attention to proximal determinants and possible interventions to prevent or reduce cognitive and emotional morbidity and decreased quality of life are warranted and should be an emphasis in outcomes research.
Latent Tuberculosis in HIV positive, diagnosed by the M. Tuberculosis Specific Interferon-γ test
Authors: Brock Inger , Ruhwald Morten , Lundgren Bettina , Westh Henrik , Mathiesen Lars R , Ravn Pernille 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Although tuberculosis (TB) is a minor problem in Denmark, severe and complicated cases occur in HIV positive. Since the new M. tuberculosis specific test for latent TB, the QuantiFERON-TB In-Tube test (QFT-IT) became available the patients in our clinic have been screened for the presence of latent TB using the QFT-IT test. We here report the results from the first patients screened.

Methods
On a routine basis the QFT-IT test was performed and the results from 590 HIV positive individuals consecutively tested are presented here. CD4 cell count and TB risk-factors were recorded from patient files.

Main findings
27/590(4.6%) of the individuals were QFT-IT test positive, indicating the presence of latent TB infection. Among QFT-IT positive patients, 78% had risk factors such as long-term residency in a TB high endemic area (OR:5.7), known TB exposure (OR:4.9) or previous TB disease (OR:4.9). The prevalence of latent TB in these groups were 13%, 16% and 19% respectively. There was a strong correlation between low CD4 T-cell count and a low mitogen response (P < 0.001;Spearman) and more patients with low CD4 cell count had indeterminate results.

Conclusion
We found an overall prevalence of latent TB infection of 4.6% among the HIV positive individuals and a much higher prevalence of latent infection among those with a history of exposure (16%) and long term residency in a high endemic country (13%). The QFT-IT test may indeed be a useful test for HIV positive individuals, but in severely immunocompromised, the test may be impaired by T-cell anergy.
Interleukin-10 haplotypes in Celiac Disease in the Spanish population
Authors: Núñez Concepción , Alecsandru Diana , Varadé Jezabel , Polanco Isabel , Maluenda Carlos , Fernández-Arquero Miguel , de la Concha Emilio G , Urcelay Elena , Martínez Alfonso 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundCeliac disease (CD) is a chronic disorder characterized by a pathological inflammatory response after exposure to gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. The HLA complex accounts for less than half of the genetic component of the disease, and additional genes must be implicated. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important regulator of mucosal immunity, and several reports have described alterations of IL-10 levels in celiac patients. TheIL-10gene is located on chromosome 1, and its promoter carries several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites which have been associated to production levels. Our aim was to study the role of those polymorphisms in susceptibility to CD in our population.MethodsA case-control and a familial study were performed. Positions -1082, -819 and -592 of theIL-10promoter were typed by TaqMan and allele specific PCR. IL10R and IL10G microsatellites were amplified with labelled primers, and they were subsequently run on an automatic sequencer. In this study 446 patients and 573 controls were included, all of them white Spaniards. Extended haplotypes encompassing microsatellites and SNPs were obtained in families and estimated in controls by the Expectation-Maximization algorithm.ResultsNo significant associations after Bonferroni correction were observed in the SNPs or any of the microsatellites. Stratification by HLA-DQ2 (DQA1*0501-DQB1*02) status did not alter the results. When extended haplotypes were analyzed, no differences were apparent either.ConclusionTheIL-10polymorphisms studied are not associated with celiac disease. Our data suggest that the IL-10 alteration seen in patients may be more consequence than cause of the disease.
Primary irritant and delayed-contact hypersensitivity reactions to the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and its associated toxin cylindrospermopsin
Authors: Stewart Ian , Seawright Alan A , Schluter Philip J , Shaw Glen R 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Freshwater cyanobacteria are common inhabitants of recreational waterbodies throughout the world; some cyanobacteria can dominate the phytoplankton and form blooms, many of which are toxic. Numerous reports in the literature describe pruritic skin rashes after recreational or occupational exposure to cyanobacteria, but there has been little research conducted on the cutaneous effects of cyanobacteria. Using the mouse ear swelling test (MEST), we sought to determine whether three toxin-producing cyanobacteria isolates and the purified cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin produced delayed-contact hypersensitivity reactions.

Methods
Between 8 and 10 female Balb/c mice in each experiment had test material applied to depilated abdominal skin during the induction phase and 10 or 11 control mice had vehicle only applied to abdominal skin. For challenge (day 10) and rechallenge (day 17), test material was applied to a randomly-allocated test ear; vehicle was applied to the other ear as a control. Ear thickness in anaesthetised mice was measured with a micrometer gauge at 24 and 48 hours after challenge and rechallenge. Ear swelling greater than 20% in one or more test mice is considered a positive response. Histopathology examination of ear tissues was conducted by independent examiners.

Results
Purified cylindrospermopsin (2 of 9 test mice vs. 0 of 5 control mice; p = 0.51) and the cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacterium C. raciborskii (8 of 10 test mice vs. 0 of 10 control mice; p = 0.001) were both shown to produce hypersensitivity reactions. Irritant reactions were seen on abdominal skin at induction. Two other toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena circinalis) did not generate any responses using this model. Histopathology examinations to determine positive and negative reactions in ear tissues showed excellent agreement beyond chance between both examiners (κ = 0.83).

Conclusion
The irritant properties and cutaneous sensitising potential of cylindrospermopsin indicate that these toxicological endpoints should be considered by public health advisors and reservoir managers when setting guidelines for recreational exposure to cyanobacteria.