bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invocation of the Sage: The Ritual to Glorify the Emperor
Authors: Mohr Michel 
Published: January 2008

AbstractChapter 7 describes the history and contemporary standing of a political ritual practiced in most Japanese Zen monasteries and temples today. This hour long ritual—Shukushin (Invoking the Sage)—is performed at least twenty‐six times each year throughout Japan. The concept of the sage can be traced back from classical Daoism and the practice of rituals on behalf of the well‐being and long life of the emperor through early Chinese Buddhist sources up through the Sung dynasty Ch'an school. Describing the ritual as it is performed today in Japan, the essay shows how continuity of ritual tradition is maintained in Zen even into the postwar era in which the emperor's role in maintaining the prosperity and well‐being of the nation is minimal.
Dharma Transmission in Theory and Practice
Authors: Bodiford William M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractChapter 9 provides an example of ritual transformation in the movement of Zen from one culture to another. After describing dharma transmission in East Asia by highlighting the theme of the family explicit in it and then focusing on transmission in the Sōtō school of Japanese Zen, the author describes a newly created ritual for the confirmation of dharma transmission in the Sōtō sect of North America. This ritual—called the Dharma Heritage Ceremony—was created in the recognition of participants that an “accessible Western ceremony” to recognize and confirm dharma transmission was essential to the ongoing success of their Zen practice in North America. This essay asks, “What issues arise when Zen teachers attempt to transplant these various aspects of dharma transmission into twenty‐first century North America?”
Celibacy in the Greco‐Roman World
Authors: Braun Willi 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Citizens of ancient Greece and Rome were expected to reproduce, whereas violators of this guideline were penalized by governmental legislation. An exception was made for the Vestal Virgins and the eunuch‐priests of the Cybele cult because of their religious office. The obligation to reproduce hides a cultural conviction that sexual pleasure was potentially dangerous and antisocial because orgasm was associated with epilepsy and loss of vital spirit.
“Does the Science Kill a Patient Here and There?”
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter delineates the history of Christian Science and the beliefs and practices of its adherents as they relate to spiritual healing. After establishing the basic tenets of the faith, it examines a succession of Christian Science legal cases, beginning with the widely reported manslaughter prosecution of Boston midwife Abby Corner in 1888. Other turn-of-the century cases include the prosecution of Christian Scientists under state medical practice acts (a common avenue for prosecutors to pursue when spiritual healing was implicated in a child's death). A close look at such cases reveals a pattern that became increasingly common in spiritual healing prosecutions: the accused touted the efficacy and sacred lineage of their healing methods, pilloried medical science as ineffective, and asserted that the state could not regulate (through medical licensing laws) what was fundamentally a religious practice. Then and later, the courts endeavored to balance these claims against prosecutors’ assertions that parents, whatever their religious beliefs, bore not only a moral but also a legal responsibility for the welfare of their children.
Encountering Each Other
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThree hypothetical dialogue encounters between Muslims and Christians introduce the reader to some of the issues that can arise in interfaith conversation. The first is a dialogue set up by a local ecumenical council and involves Christians and Muslims from a range of backgrounds. The second is a conversation among African American Muslims and Christians, and the third involves Roman Catholic and Muslim women. In these three different kinds of dialogues the reader can begin to get some sense of the breadth of possibility for bringing Muslims and Christians in the contemporary United States together for better understanding and the possibility of serious friendships.
When Dialogue Goes Wrong
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMost Muslims and Christians who have been involved with dialogue, either as a one-shot experience or in the context of an on-going group, are enthusiastic and want to affirm that good things have come out of the encounter. Nonetheless, not all interfaith experiences turn out well. There are traps into which even the most ardent advocates of interfaith exchange may fall, and problems that must be addressed if real progress is to take place in mutual understanding. This chapter identifies some of these potential pitfalls, and suggests how, with careful planning, groups can avoid problems and proceed in their discussions with a greater degree of comfort.
The Pluralistic Imperative
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAmericans generally understand pluralism to be a descriptive term for the multiplicity of religions and cultures in their country. This chapter and the next, however, are concerned with another kind of pluralism, namely the theological response of each faith to the presence of other religions, most specifically how Christians and Muslims look at each other. This chapter considers how some American Christian thinkers have thought about issues of pluralism and the encounter with Islam. Christian evangelicals, moderates, and pluralists, both Roman Catholics and Protestants, have all contributed to the conversation about how Christians might look personally and spiritually at the religion of Islam.
The Pluralist Imperative
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers three ways in which the question of Islam and pluralism has been addressed by contemporary American Muslims. The first is how the term pluralism is applied by some Muslims to past and present political realities. The second relates to ethical concerns raised by some as to whether Islam is as internally pluralistic as it is called to be. The third deals with the relationship of Islam to other religious traditions and whether Islam is theologically open, especially to Christianity. It is important for anyone interested in moving from introductory to deeper levels of discourse between Muslims and Christians to have an understanding of each of these modes of interpretation.
Introduction
Authors: Najar Monica 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a discussion of American's reorganization of the relationship and boundaries between the religious and civil realms, on both national and local levels, during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It then describes how Baptist churches consistently exercised authority over all aspects of their members' lives, including marriage, slavery, business practices, child rearing, and leisure activities. In doing so, they extended religious influence into traditionally secular arenas, expanding the reach of the sacred realm. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
On a Scale of Justice
Authors: Najar Monica 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that Baptist churches met the civil as well as spiritual needs for their membership. They acted as “overseers to the poor”, land processioners (securing property boundaries), grand juries, and courts. Most often, they replicated the adjudicating functions of courts, arbitrating disputes over business and debt and prosecuting offenses such as theft, slander, and assault. Churches also handled matters that had little, if any, place in the southern county court system, such as monitoring individuals' conduct as they migrated to new areas and judging cases of wife beating and abuse of slaves. These civil functions ensured that churches acted to create and sustain order in their communities, often in ways that served the nonevangelical population as well. Ultimately, in acting as a type of local government, Baptist churches helped to shape the local political economy and constructed a version of “citizenship” for their members, including those excluded from definitions of citizenship during the revolutionary and early national periods.
The Equity of Hereditary Slavery
Authors: Najar Monica 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that in the Baptists' ongoing efforts to mark the boundaries between the sacred and the secular realms, slavery came to be the defining issue — one that would determine the extent of, and limits to, Baptists' reach. As Baptists sought to preserve the unity of their churches in the early 19th century, they sacrificed their authority over slavery and yielded it to the civil realm. In doing so, they helped to define the boundaries of religion and the new nation-state.
FOUR ASSAULT FROM THE REAR
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe issues of domination and submission central to insult have an often hidden, often not (“Up yours!”), sexual significance. Central are anal erotism and phallic aggression, which are written large in insult rituals and cultural practices in Turkey and other Mediterranean cultures, Mexico, Ancient Greece, modern prisons, and elsewhere. Anxieties over gender, masculinity‐femininity, and activity‐passivity play out in the language and customs of insult. The psychoanalysis of sado‐masochistic fantasy and the “narcissism of minor differences” can help us understand the power play and the issues of identity at work in insult.
TO UNDERSTAND ALL IS TO FORGIVE ALL—OR IS IT?
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWhy should understanding lead to forgiveness? What is it about knowledge of the cause of an offense that makes it not an offense or less of an offense? Does such knowledge affect the character of the harm inflicted or does the forgiveness depend on other conditions of anger? And when should understanding lead to forgiveness? After all, every action has some explanation. Is any explanation enough for forgiveness, or are only certain ones of the appropriate kind? Which? What are the implications of these questions for contemporary therapeutic movements that urge forgiveness (of self and others) as a step toward self-healing?
Taking Action, Saving Lives
Authors: Shrader-Frechette Kristin 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Pollution kills hundreds of thousands of people annually. This book shows why this environmental epidemic continues. Campaign contributors, lobbyists, and special interests often control information by capturing media and even science itself. Yet this book puts the blame — and the solution — on the shoulders of ordinary citizens. Calling for a new “democratic revolution” and arguing that justice requires us each to become the change we seek, this book offers many concrete proposals for reform — many based on American Public Health Association recommendations.
The God Strategy
Authors: Domke David , Coe Kevin 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Religion has always been a part of American politics, but something profound has changed in recent decades. This book demonstrates that, beginning with the election of Ronald Reagan as president in 1980, US politicians have employed religion as a partisan weapon, using it in a no-holds-barred calculus designed to attract voters, identify enemies, and solidify power. The book reveals this political approach by identifying four crucial religious signals used by leading Republicans and Democrats, from Reagan to Bill Clinton to George W. Bush to the front-running candidates for the 2008 presidential election. In their emphasis on God and faith in public addresses, commemorations of tragedies and requests for divine blessing for the nation, the issue agendas pursued, and even the audiences addressed and the nature of Christmas celebrations, today's political leaders use religion for partisan gain in a manner distinct from those who came before. These signals become apparent through analysis of thousands of public communications by American politicians over the past seventy-five years, the tracking of public sentiment on several topics during the same period, and the perspectives of interest groups and political strategists. The result of these developments is an environment in the United States in which religion and politics have become almost inseparably intertwined — an outcome which benefits savvy politicians but endangers the vitality of church, state, and the entire American experiment in democracy.
2 Seeing Surfaces
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter defends a surprising implication of the causal theory of perception: we see silhouetted objects by virtue of seeing their back surfaces. The primacy of surfaces is reviewed to support the principle that we see opaque objects by seeing their surfaces. Since the front surface of a silhouetted object is idle, the causal theory rules out the possibility that we see silhouettes by seeing their front surfaces. Only back surfaces are available.
8 Goethe's Colored Shadows
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNewton says shadows are mere absences of light. Since the visual response to a lack of stimulation is black, all shadows would then be black. In his attack on Newton's optics, Goethe drew attention to subtle conditions under which there appear to be blue shadows. According to Goethe, all hues are colored shadows. Later, color scientists, most famously Edwin Land (founder of the Polaroid Corporation), appear to produce shadows of virtually every hue. Most contemporary color scientists inconsistently accept both Newton's account of light and standard, textbook demonstrations of colored shadows. They should regain consistency by distinguishing between shadows and "filtows."
12 Seeing in Black and White
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDo people who see in black and white see black and white? Most people assume that totally color‐blind people see the whiteness of their shirts, the grayness of their trousers, and the blackness of their shoes. They feel the same way about animals that see only in black and white. This chapter's thesis is that only those who see in color see black and white. Its premise is that some positively equivalent representations have unequal amounts of negative information.
14 Hearing Silence
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe opening thesis is that we hear silence. Since silence is the absence of sound, we can perceive absences. We also perceive an absence when we see darkness. There is a sensation of darkness – blackness. But there is no sensation of silence. In this respect, hearing silence is a more direct experience of an absence than seeing darkness. Although there is no sensation of silence, we still know what it is like to experience silence. There are introspectible gaps in sensation.
Fore Play
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter provides a methodological anchor and framework for the constructive juxtaposition that enables a creative interaction and dialogue instead of opposition and polarization between the traditional and critical Zen positions, by orienting the discussion in terms of the main ingredients of Zen's original self‐definition and how in early sources Zen portrayed itself as a unique and distinctive tradition. First there is a discussion of the role of Orientalism for interpreting and misinterpreting a phenomenon such as Zen Buddhism. Then the chapter establishes a basis for analyzing and evaluating the exchange of ideas concerning the real meaning of Zen theory and practice.
6 Mandatory Genetic Engineering Labels and Consumer Autonomy
Authors: Markie Peter 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Some proponents of mandatory labels for GE (genetically engineered) products present the autonomy argument: The labeling of GE products as such should be mandatory because consumers need this information to make purchase decisions that are informed by their values. The argument's appeal to consumer values and autonomy seems to settle the issue of mandatory labels independently of safety issues. This chapter examines three versions of the argument, shows that each is unsuccessful, and explains the poor prospects for a successful autonomy argument.
Trials of Reason
Authors: Wolfsdorf David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractScholarship on Plato's dialogues persistently divides its focus between the dramatic or literary and the philosophical or argumentative dimensions of the texts. But this hermeneutic division of labor is naïve, for Plato's arguments are embedded in dramatic dialogues and developed through complex, largely informal exchanges between literary characters. Consequently, it is questionable how readers can even attribute arguments and theses to the author himself. The answer to this question lies in transcending the scholarly divide and integrating the literary and philosophical dimensions of the texts. This is the task of Trials of Reason.The study focuses on a set of fourteen so-called early dialogues, beginning with a methodological framework that explains how to integrate the argumentation and the drama in these texts. Unlike most canonical philosophical works, the early dialogues do not merely express the results of the practice of philosophy. Rather, they dramatize philosophy as a kind of motivation, the desire for knowledge of goodness, and as a discursive practice, motivated by this desire and ideally governed by reason. And they dramatize the trials to which desire and reason are subject, that is, the difficulties of realizing philosophy as a form of motivation, a practice, and an epistemic achievement. In short, Trials of Reason argues that Plato's early dialogues are as much works of metaphilosophy as philosophy itself.
Two Causal Axioms
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers two basic causal axioms in Descartes, namely, the “containment axiom” that the total and efficient cause must contain its effect “formally or eminently,” and the “conservation axiom” that the act of conserving an object in existence does not differ in kind from the act of creating it in the first place. It is shown that Descartes borrowed these axioms from the scholastics, and particularly from Suárez, though he adapted the axioms to fit his radically anti-scholastic ontology. It is also argued both that though these axioms allow for the causal efficacy of created beings, Descartes's endorsement of them does not suffice to indicate whether he is an occasionalist, concurrentist, or mere conservationist.
Reforming Saints
Authors: Collins David J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Reforming Saints explains how and why Renaissance humanists composed Latin hagiography in Germany in the decades leading up to the Reformation. Reforming Saints shows that, contrary to scholarly presumptions, there was a resurgence in the composition of saints’ lives in the half centuries on either side of 1500 and that German humanists were among the most active authors and editors of these texts. A goal of Reforming Saints is therefore to shed light on the intersection of a kind of writer (the humanist) and a kind of literature (hagiography) at a defining moment for both. Reforming Saints argues for evaluating this abundant, if overlooked and misunderstood literature on its own terms and against an approach that would denigrate it for not meeting standards drawn from Erasmus or Luther. By exploring salient themes in the humanists’ hagiographical writings and relating them to the general religious culture of the era, Reforming Saints discovers the unexpected yet coherent extent of humanist engagement in the cult of the saints and exposes the strategic ways that these authors made writings about the saints into a literature for religious and cultural reforms that German humanists promoted through much else of their activity. Writing saints’ lives provided these Renaissance scholars a way to investigate Germany's medieval past, to reconstruct and exalt its greatness, and to advocate programs of religious and cultural reform. Reforming Saints proposes that these German humanists thus showed themselves to be much like their Italian contemporaries, many of whom were engaged in similar projects. Moreover, these compositions provided later authors, polemicists, and philologists in Catholic Europe – from Counter‐Reformation preachers in Switzerland to seventeenth‐century Bollandists in Brussels – a legacy to draw from and use for different purposes by the end of the sixteenth century.
2 Interventions, Causal Effects, and Causal Relevance
Authors: Steel Daniel P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents and explicates several concepts—namely, those listed in the chapter title—concerning causality and probability that play a fundamental role in the treatment of extrapolation in heterogeneous populations developed in the remainder of the book. Although the concepts of intervention and causal effect are mostly borrowed from other authors, an original definition of positive and negative relevance for examples involving quantitative variables is provided.
7 Reduction and Corrective Asymmetry
Authors: Steel Daniel P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between reductionism and the mechanisms approach to extrapolation. It maintains that the mechanisms approach is committed to reductionism only insofar as it requires that micro-mechanisms are typically correctively asymmetric with regard to macro-level generalizations, and that corrective asymmetry in this sense is consistent with pluralism.
3 Genes, Environments, and Concepts of Biological Inheritance
Authors: Mameli Matteo 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe term inheritance is often used to talk about biological traits. It can be argued that in this context this term is used to express two different concepts. The first refers to the processes responsible for the reliable reoccurrence of biological features within lineages. The second refers to the processes responsible for the reliable reoccurrence of phenotypic differences between lineages. These two concepts are referred to as the concept of F-inheritance and the concept of D-inheritance, respectively. The F stands for ‘features that reoccur within lineages’, and the D stands for ‘differences that reoccur between lineages’. The current orthodoxy is that, apart from those few human traits that are under the direct influence of cultural processes, genetic transmission is the only process responsible both for the reliable reoccurrence of traits within lineages and for the reliable reoccurrence of differences between lineages. That is, leaving cultural processes aside, both F-inheritance and D-inheritance coincide with genetic transmission. This chapter argues that the received views of F-inheritance and D-inheritance are wrong. It examines and rejects some of the claims that Richard Dawkins makes in The Extended Phenotype. It is argued that Dawkins's attempt to hold on to a genecentric view of D-inheritance is unsuccessful. His discussion is used to show exactly how the view defended here differs from various versions of the accepted orthodoxy.