bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apoptotic pathways in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Hamacher Rainer , Schmid Roland M , Saur Dieter , Schneider Günter 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common causes of cancer related death. Despite the advances in understanding of the molecular pathogenesis, pancreatic cancer remains a major unsolved health problem. Overall, the 5-year survival rate is less than 5% demonstrating the insufficiency of current therapies.
Most cytotoxic therapies induce apoptosis and PDAC cells have evolved a plethora of molecular mechanisms to assure survival. We will present anti-apoptotic strategies working at the level of the death receptors, the mitochondria or involving the caspase inhibitors of the IAP family. Furthermore, the survival function of the phosphotidylinositol-3' kinase (PI3K)/AKT- and NF-kappaB-pathways are illustrated. A detailed molecular knowledge of the anti-apoptotic mechanisms of PDAC cells will help to improve therapies for this dismal disease and therapeutic strategies targeting the programmed cell death machinery are in early preclinical and clinical development.
6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X is the common receptor determinant recognized by H5, H6, H7 and H9 influenza viruses of terrestrial poultry
Authors: Gambaryan Alexandra S , Tuzikov Alexander B , Pazynina Galina V , Desheva Julia A , Bovin Nicolai V , Matrosovich Mikhail N , Klimov Alexander I 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Influenza A viruses of domestic birds originate from the natural reservoir in aquatic birds as a result of interspecies transmission and adaptation to new host species. We previously noticed that influenza viruses isolated from distinct orders of aquatic and terrestrial birds may differ in their fine receptor-binding specificity by recognizing the structure of the inner parts of Neu5Acα2-3Gal-terminated sialyloligosaccharide receptors. To further characterize these differences, we studied receptor-binding properties of a large panel of influenza A viruses from wild aquatic birds, poultry, pigs and horses.

Results
Using a competitive solid-phase binding assay, we determined viral binding to polymeric conjugates of sialyloligosaccharides differing by the type of Neu5Acα-Gal linkage and by the structure of the more distant parts of the oligosaccharide chain. Influenza viruses isolated from terrestrial poultry differed from duck viruses by an enhanced binding to sulfated and/or fucosylated Neu5Acα2-3Gal-containing sialyloligosaccharides. Most of the poultry viruses tested shared a high binding affinity for the 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X (Su-SLex). Efficient binding of poultry viruses to Su-SLex was often accompanied by their ability to bind to Neu5Acα2-6Gal-terminated (human-type) receptors. Such a dual receptor-binding specificity was demonstrated for the North American and Eurasian H7 viruses, H9N2 Eurasian poultry viruses, and H1, H3 and H9 avian-like virus isolates from pigs.

Conclusion
Influenza viruses of terrestrial poultry differ from ancestral duck viruses by enhanced binding to sulfated and/or fucosylated Neu5Acα2-3Gal-terminated receptors and, occasionally, by the ability to bind to Neu5Acα2-6Gal-terminated (human-type) receptors. These findings suggest that the adaptation to receptors in poultry can enhance the potential of an avian virus for avian-to-human transmission and pandemic spread.
Achalasia: unusual cause of chronic cough in children
Authors: Mehdi Nighat F , Weinberger Miles M , Abu-Hasan Mutasim N 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Achalasia is a rare motility disorder of the esophagus which results from lack of enervation of the lower esophageal sphincter muscles and leads to dilatation of proximal esophagus. Patients with achalasia presents typically with dysphagia, vomiting of undigested food and failure to thrive. Cough can be present in achalasia patients due to aspiration of food or due to airway compression by the dilated esophagus. We report two cases of achalasia presenting primarily with prolonged cough. Diagnosis of achalasia in both cases was delayed due to this atypical presentation. This highlights the importance of recognizing achalasia as a potential cause of chronic cough in order to avoid delayed diagnosis and mismanagement.
Critical role of Lck in L-selectin signaling induced by sulfatides engagement
Authors: Xu Ting , Chen Liang , Shang Xin , Cui Lingling , Luo Jixian , Chen Cuixia , Ba Xueqing , Zeng Xianlu 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRecruitment of leukocytes onto inflamed tissues is an important physiological event, in which L-selectin plays an essential role in initial leukocyte capture and at the same time, triggers cell signaling. Lck is a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases and is critical for T cell activation triggered by receptor ligation. Here, we demonstrated that Lck was associated directly with and phosphorylated the L-selectin cytoplasmic tail upon L-selectin engagement with sulfatides. Through the direct interaction with ZAP-70 and c-Abl via its Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domains, Lck organized a signaling complex at the cytoplasmic tail of L-selectin. In the cells with Lck knockdown by small interfering RNA treatment, L-selectin signaling was suppressed dramatically, as indicated by reduced phosphorylation of c-Abl and ZAP-70. Re-expression of wild-type or constitutively active but not kinase-dead murine Lck rescued the phosphorylation completely, but the SH2 domain mutant or the SH3/SH2 double mutant of murine Lck had no effect. These results suggest that Lck plays a critical role in L-selectin signaling upon sulfatides stimulation.
Viral replication and paracrine effects result in distinct, functional responses of dendritic cells following infection with dengue 2 virus
Authors: Nightingale Zachary D , Patkar Chinmay , Rothman Alan L 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDengue virus (DENV), a re-emerging arbovirus, readily infects dendritic cells (DC) in culture and in vivo. However, there have been contradictory reports regarding the effect of DENV infection on DC activation and maturation. DC undergo a series of functional changes following exposure to infectious agents, including cytokine production and costimulatory and MHC molecule induction, culminating in stimulation of adaptive immune responses. Immunological memory to primary DENV infection critically influences disease severity during subsequent infections with heterologous serotypes. To explore these phenomena, we examined DENV infection-dependent and -independent effects on DC secretory, phenotypic, and allostimulatory functions. DENV infection of DC resulted in the secretion of a broad array of cytokines and chemokines. Type I IFN produced by DC inhibited propagation of infection and induced the chemokine IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10; CXCL10). Based on intracellular cytokine staining, infected DC produced less IP-10 but more TNF-α than uninfected bystander cells in the same culture. DENV exposure activated surface molecule expression on infected and bystander cells; infected DC had enhanced programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) and MHC II expression but reduced levels of PD-L1, CD80, CD86, and MHC I relative to bystander DC. Dengue-infected DC cultures stimulated resting allogeneic CD4 T cell proliferation, although an increasing multiplicity of infection was associated with decreasing stimulatory capacity of DC. These data demonstrate that functional maturation of DC in response to dengue infection is modified by the presence of virus through IFN-dependent and -independent mechanisms with consequences for the development of adaptive immunity.
IL-15-induced CD8+CD122+ T cells increase antibacterial and anti-tumor immune responses: implications for immune function in aged mice
Authors: Motegi Akira , Kinoshita Manabu , Inatsu Akihito , Habu Yoshiko , Saitoh Daizoh , Seki Shuhji 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe previously proposed that mouse CD8+CD122+ T cells and human CD57+ T cells, which increase with age and exhibit potent IFN-γ production, represent a double-edged sword as they play critical roles in host defense and the lethal IL-12/LPS-induced generalized Shwartzman reaction (GSR). However, our proposal was based solely on comparisons of young and old mice. In this study, we attempted to increase CD8+CD122+ T cells in young mice with exogenous IL-15 and confirm their countervailing functions in young mice. After young mice (6 weeks) were injected with IL-15, they showed significant increases in CD8+CD122+ T cells in the liver and spleen. Liver CD8+CD122+ T cells from IL-15-pretreated mice had a potent capacity to produce IFN-γ after IL-12 injection or Escherichia coli infection. IL-15-pretreated mice showed increased survival to E. coli infections and enhanced anti-tumor activities against liver metastatic EL4 cells, as well as an exacerbation of the GSR. Correspondingly, liver CD8+CD122+ T cells produced more perforin than CD8+CD122− T cells in EL4-inoculated mice. Unexpectedly, comparable IL-15 treatment did not induce further increases in CD8+CD122+ T cells in aged mice and did not enhance their defenses against bacterial infection or tumor growth. Interestingly, however, nontreated, aged mice (50 weeks) showed twofold higher IL-15 levels (but not TNF or IFN-γ) in liver homogenates compared with young mice. Our results further support that CD8+CD122+ T cells, which are increased physiologically or therapeutically by IL-15, are involved in antibacterial immunity, anti-tumor immunity, and the GSR.
The implementation of the NICE guidelines for schizophrenia: Barriers to the implementation of psychological interventions and recommendations for the future
Authors: Berry Katherine. , Haddock Gillian. 
Published: July 2008

Purpose. ‘Schizophrenia: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Primary and Secondary Care’ was the first National Institute of Clinical Effectiveness (NICE) guidance to be produced in 2002. This guidance includes a recommendation in relation to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and family interventions (FI) in schizophrenia. This review reviews this guidance and assesses the extent of their implementation in services and the barriers to this implementation.Methods. The review draws on data from empirical studies specifically focused on the NICE guidance for FI for schizophrenia, papers discussing implementation issues in relation to other psychological therapies in schizophrenia and empirical studies investigating the implementation of similar evidence‐based guidelines in Australia and the USA.Results. Although there is relatively limited research investigating implementation of the NICE guidelines, the available evidence suggests that people with schizophrenia still have poor access to psychological interventions. Barriers to implementation involve factors associated with: mental health professionals, the needs of service recipients and of organizations.Conclusions. In order to improve the implementation of the updated version of the schizophrenia guidance due to be published in 2009, it will therefore be necessary to target barriers at all of these levels. There are also problems associated with the way in which the NICE guidance, generally, and those for psychological interventions in schizophrenia in particular, are developed. It will be necessary to address these in order to facilitate successful implementation.
Monodisperse single nanodiamond particulates
Authors: Ōsawa Eiji 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Detonation nanodiamond (DN) was discovered in 1963, but for several reasons was known only among a small number of scientists until the turn of the century. The most serious cause was the fact that primary nanocarbon particles formed by the "bottom-up method" are in general covalently bound together under high-temperature and -pressure conditions to form large agglutinates, which were difficult to separate by conventional methods. DN was not an exception. A breakthrough led to the isolation of primary particles having the expected size of 4-5 nm by wet-milling with zirconia micro-beads. Thus, long-waited primary particles of DN finally became available in kg quantities in the form of colloidal sol, gel, and readily redispersible flakes. Progress in the development of a new form of the old material is presented.
Design of green microorganized systems for decontamination of ecotoxicants
Authors: Popov Anatoliy F. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Due to population upsurge, pesticides (derivatives of organophosphorus acids included) find widespread use in agriculture. The toxicity and long-term environmental hazard of such compounds require detailed studies on decomposition mechanisms of the pesticides and development of efficient, readily available, and inexpensive systems for their decontamination. A simple and straightforward method for the decomposition of organophosphorus compounds involves their reactions with nucleophiles. Studies on the reactivity of "normal" and α-nucleophiles toward electron-deficient centers allowed us to state a number of basic principles on the nature of the α-effect. One of the most important conclusions is: It is unlikely that the structure variations in the known α-nucleophiles will result in higher reactivity than that of hydroxylamine anion. As a practical matter, the essential disadvantages of decomposition of organophosphorus compounds in water and organic solvents are: (i) instability of active nucleophiles and oxidizing agents, (ii) corrosiveness, and (iii) extremely low solubility of organophosphorus compounds in water. These dictate the strategy of further studies, namely, carrying out the reaction in microorganized media. The first research line involves the development of the functional imidazole-based detergents functionalized with α-nucleophilic fragments. A number of efficient detergents were first synthesized. An examination of the nucleophilicity of the functional fragments in water and in the micellar phase and quantitative assessment of the factors responsible for the micellar effects showed unambiguously that the main cause of the observed accelerations is the substrate concentrating in the micellar pseudophase. The second research line consists of studies on the reactivity of versatile oxidative/nucleophilic systems involving H2O2/activator and polyhalide ion organocomplexes in water, aqueous alcohols, and micelles of cationic detergents. The novel sources of "active" halogen are highly competitive both with conventional hazardous chlorine derivatives and "green" systems involving H2O2/activator.
Synthesis and applications of functionalized silsesquioxane polymers attached to organic and inorganic matrices
Authors: Gushikem Yoshitaka , Benvenutti Edilson V. , Kholin Yuriy V. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Organofunctionalized silsesquioxane polymers obtained in a water-soluble form can be used to coat various substrates such as SiO2, SiO2/Al2O3, Al2O3, cellulose/Al2O3, and graphite or, when obtained in a water-insoluble form, can be used directly. These organofunctionalized silsesquioxanes can also be attached to poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymers. The functional groups constituted by neutral amine groups or cationic groups (pyridinium, 3- and 4-picolinium, or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), mono- or -dicationic) have relatively high affinity for metal ion in ethanol solutions, as shown by their stability constants. Materials containing attached cationic functional groups have also been efficiently used to immobilize various electroactive species and to construct electrochemical sensors for analytical applications. This work discusses the preparation of silsesquioxane derivatives, their characterization as prepared and when dispersed on several substrates, and comments on some applications of these materials, with an emphasis on the metal adsorption process and manufacture of electrochemical sensors.
Some Thoughts About Reasoning in Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Siegert Richard J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe present paper argues that discussion of the role of reasoning in clinical neuropsychology has been largely restricted to a debate over the reliability and validity of end-stage decision-making. This has sometimes led to heated debate, but has not resulted in any careful consideration of either the process of clinical reasoning or the cognition of the clinician. There is already a wealth of theory and research on the kinds of errors typical of human judgement and decision-making. Moreover, much of this work is particularly relevant for neuropsychology, being frequently based on research on medical diagnosis. This literature is briefly reviewed, with examples that demonstrate the relevance of research in this area for clinical neuropsychology. Then, a step-by-step approach is taken to examining the process of clinical neuropsychological assessment, with consideration at each step of some of the issues that arise demanding clinical reasoning. Finally, the article is briefly summarised and some implications for clinical training are advanced.
Method, Judgement, and Clinical Reasoning
Authors: Ward Tony 
Published: July 2008

AbstractResearchers have tended to take one of two mutually exclusive positions concerning the nature and status of clinical decision-making. On the one hand, clinicians are urged to be more rigorous and analytical when assessing a client, to disregard their intuitions and instead utilise explicit rules and algorithms. On the other hand, they are counselled to regard their “gut feelings” as valuable sources of knowledge about clients. As a way of reconciling these two perspectives, it is important to acknowledge that clinical psychologists are confronted with a wide range of assessment and clinical tasks that vary in their degree of structure. Therefore, in order to effectively manage the diverse tasks they face during a typical assessment, they need to possess a wide range of cognitive skills. These skills, and their associated cognitive tasks, will span the cognitive continuum from the intuitive to the analytical poles (Hammond, 1996).
Effects of Images on the Renewal of Blood-Injury Fear
Authors: Page Andrew C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe ability of images to bring about a renewal of fear was examined. Thirty-seven psychology students were repeatedly exposed to a slide depicting an injured face. The experimental subjects listened to a narrative that elicited images of fear while the control subjects listened to a narrative that elicited images of anger for three of the exposure trials. On the fourth and final trial, half of the subjects from each condition listened to a narrative that elicited different images, while the remainder continued to listen to the same narrative. There was no effect of narrative content on fear, but changing the narrative (either from fear to anger or vice versa) led to an increase in fear. These data suggest that the act of changing images may lead to a renewal of fear.
The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Adolescents, and Parents: Initial Reliability and Validity Data
Authors: Johnson Sally , Barrett Paula M. , Dadds Mark R. , Fox Tara , Shortt Alison 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Adolescents and Parents (DISCAP; Holland & Dadds, 1995), for DSM-IV anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Two studies were conducted to examine the reliability and validity of the DISCAP. In the first study, the DISCAP and the Youth Self Report (YSR; Achenbach, 1991c) were administered to 120 nonclinical adolescents aged 12 through to 14 years. In the second study, the DISCAP and Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991b) were administered to parents of 57 clinical children and adolescents aged 6 through to 16 years. Inter-rater reliability data was collected, and both concurrent and discriminant validity of the DISCAP were assessed against the YSR and CBCL. Inter-rater agreements for primary diagnoses were high, and rating scale data supported the concurrent and discriminant validity of the DISCAP diagnoses. Results suggest that the DISCAP can be used to facilitate reliable and valid diagnoses of childhood anxiety disorders.
Relapse Prevention: A Model for Psychosis?
Authors: Beck-Sander Alison 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEvidence suggests that there are substantial costs (in a variety of spheres: personal, social, financial, etc.) associated with psychotic relapse. Furthermore, relapse increases the likelihood of future relapses and increased costs. This paper explores the application of a model of relapse prevention (RP) outlined by Marlatt and Gordon (1985) to the field of psychosis. The original model was designed to help individuals who abuse substances to maintain control over their habit. The advantages and limitations of applying the original model to the prevention of psychotic relapse are explored in detail in the context of an amended model. One major advantage of the RP model is that it provides a framework for the coordination of treatment interventions. The complex intervention packages, which may be useful in the management of psychotic illnesses, are described. The RP framework may be used to coordinate treatments in a manner that maximises their potential and emphasises patient control.
Inferential Statistics: Criticised by Sidman (1960), but Popular in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Authors: Foster T. Mary , Jarema Kimberly , Poling Alan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThere are many criticisms of the use of inferential statistics in behavioural research, including those made by Sidman (1960). This paper reports the frequency of use of inferential statistics in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior in every fifth year from 1960. The usage is apparently growing. It is argued that is it time to return to appropriate experimental control.
Stress Management for Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Habib Suzanne , Morrissey Shirley 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, debilitating skin disorder that accounts for up to 20% of dermatological diagnoses. A 6-week psychoeducational stress management program was developed, implemented, and evaluated as an adjunctive treatment for AD. The participants (n= 17) were randomly assigned to a treatment or waiting-list control group. Participants in both the intervention and waiting-list control groups were assessed for dermatitis severity by a blind rater both pre and posttreatment and at a follow-up conducted 8 weeks after the conclusion of the program. At posttest the intervention group had significantly reduced pruritus and global severity of atopic dermatitis, and reduced levels of social anxiety and private self-consciousness. At an 8-week follow-up, pruritus was entirely absent and global severity was continuing to decrease, as were levels of social anxiety and private self-consciousness. The psychoeducational stress-management program provided a short effective treatment that resulted in reduction of symptoms and provided long-term management strategies to sufferers of atopic dermatitis.
Worry and Defensive Pessimism: A Test of Two Intervention Strategies
Authors: Thompson Ted , Mason Brontë , Montgomery Iain 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study assessed the effectiveness of counterfactual reasoning and relaxation training in reducing worry and defensive pessimism. Thirty-three participants classified as both worriers and defensive pessimists were allocated to either counterfactual reasoning, relaxation training, or control groups. Participants in counterfactual reasoning and relaxation training groups attended four weekly training sessions. Significant reductions in worry between pre- and post-test were evident for scores on the Worry Domains Questionnaire, as well as a reduced tendency to engage in the kind of prototypical thinking characteristic of defensive pessimists as assessed by the Defensive Pessimism / Strategic Optimism Strategy Prototypes Questionnaire. Reductions were also evident in the percentage of the day spent worrying, the intrusiveness of worries, and ratings of the likelihood of worry events occurring.