bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronics, the cost disease, and the operation of libraries
Authors: Baumol William J. , Blackman Sue Anne Batey 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article analyzes the prospects for costs of computerized operation of libraries relative to costs of more conventional operation. Conventional library operation is labor intensive and not readily amenable to cumulative increases in labor productivity. This helps to explain the rapid and cumulative rise in cost per volume and/or student served relative to the rise in the economy's price level during the earlier postwar period. Because the price of computer hardware has been falling at a spectacular rate, it has been expected that computerized operation of libraries would become increasingly inexpensive relative to conventional procedures. Yet the evidence indicates that such a differential has not materialized. It is shown why the costs of computerized operation should in fact not be expected to fall along with the price of computer hardware. The reason is that the very decline in computer hardware prices has increased the share of software and other labor‐intensive activities in the total budget of computer operation. The implications of this relationship for library operations are analyzed.
Human communication needs and organizational productivity: The potential impact of office automation
Authors: Culnan Mary J. , Bair James H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMuch of what white collar workers do In offices Is communication‐related. White collar workers make up the majority of the labor force in the United States today and the majority of current labor costs. Because office automation represents more productive structured techniques for handling both written and oral communication, office automation therefore offers the potential to make organizations more productive by improving organizational communication. This article: (1) defines communication, (2) Identifies the potential benefits to be realized from implementing office automation, and (3) offers caveats related to the implementation of office automation systems. Realization of the benefits of office automation depends upon the degree to which new modes of communication may be successfully substituted for traditional modes.
Old and new models for office automation
Authors: Cole Elliot 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe emerging generation of office automation systems combines new and existing software and procedures. While managers may be able to select from a broad array of software tools, they may also be required to use certain others. This article discusses organization design as the context for office automation; mature computer‐based systems as one application of organization design variables; and emerging office automation systems as another application of those variables. The article concludes that Management Information System models developed for mature systems may be helpful where the use of software application is required for the individual worker; diffusion of innovation models recently developed for computing systems may be helpful where the type of software is optional for the Individual worker.
Possible impact of electronic publishing on abstracting and indexing
Authors: Price Douglas S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe following discussion is based upon the assumption that in the future, a substantial portion of scholarly material will be published only‐or at least primarily‐in electronic form. I will not attempt to predict a date or estimate the proportion, but electronic publishing of scholarly articles will certainly become significant in the not‐to‐distant future. When it does, there will be some interesting ramifications, which I have not seen discussed previously. It is to these I am addressing this discussion.
Document clustering, using macro retrieval techniques
Authors: Kochtanek Thomas R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn algorithmic approach for generating a loosely structured set of documents based upon references and citations is described and initially tested. The technique is based upon a small subset (or single relevant document) of known relevant docuemnts which form the basis of the network of structured references and citations. Suggestions for improvement and refinement point out potentially ripe research avenues for investigating the indentification of relevant docuemnts pertaining to emerging interdisciplinary subject areas.
Response time variations in an online search system
Authors: Cooper Michael D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe response time characteristics of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) ELHILL bibliographic search system are examined in this article. Transactions for a five‐week period are analyzed and average response times are calculated for typical search commands, by tlme of day, and by file belng searched. Overall, the response tlme of the system was found to be 2.1 seconds, a very low value. Based on statistical tests of significance applied to the data, it was concluded that response tlme differences can be explained in terms of the number of users on the system and not the command issued by the user nor the file the user searched.
Instructional videodisc
Authors: Kearsley Greg 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the relatively few years since videodisc has been commercially available, a large variety of instructional applications have been explored. Three major facets of videodisc have been pursued in these applications: its potential for multimedia storage, its capability to pro vide interactive instruction, and its characteristics as an electronic media bridging old and new information technologies. This article reviews projects which have examined these different aspects and discusses the theoretical and practical issues associated with the current and future use of videodisc for instruction.
Retrieving information with interactive videodiscs
Authors: Sustik Joan M. , Brooks Terrence A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough early interest in videodiscs focused on their storage capaclty and rapid access to all types of visual and auditory data, the ultimate success of interactive videodiscs may well lie in their Capabilities as tools of information retrieval. The authors describe applications which may unfold in a variety of settings using videodiscs with online databases, identify underlying technical capabilities, and discuss five operations required to implement any application: (1) coordinatlng diverse formats: (2) indexing; (3) physically arranging items on the disc: (4) designing input, search, and output; and (5) modifying the system.
Less than full‐text indexing using a non‐boolean searching model
Authors: Cleveland Donald B. , Cleveland Ana D. , Wise Olga B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe relative effectiveness of indexing using full‐text or less than full‐text was tested using a non‐Boolean, chaining type of file structure and searching method. Indexing was done using titles, abstracts, full‐text, references, and various combinations of these surrogates and then Goffman's indirect method of information retrieval was used to structure and search the file. The database consisted of 733 documents and 38 queries were searched. The hypothesis of the study was that by using a particular non‐Boolean method as a file structuring and searching technique, full‐text indexing is not essential to optimum information retrieval effectiveness. The outcome of the study was positive.
Application of modern technologies to interlibrary resource‐sharing networks
Authors: Reintjes J. Francis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExamined in this article is the hypothesis that it is now technologically and economically feasible to move the content of documents electronically among nodes of a library network rather than the documents themselves or photocopies thereof. Comparisons are made on the basis of response‐to‐request time, quality of reproduced copy and cost factors. The conclusion is reached that electronic interlibrary resource‐sharing networks are ideally suited to situations where there are high‐frequency occurrences of internode requests for information contained in serials, where nodal separation distances do not exceed a few tens of miles and where copy is in six‐point type or larger. A three‐node network is examined in detail. Specifications for each element of the network are given, with emphasis placed on a highly critical element, the bound‐document scanner. The results of an economic study of interlibrary electronic networks are also presented.
Dictionary making by conference and committee: NACA and the American Aeronautical Language, 1916–1934
Authors: Johns Gerald 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics issued seven reports on aeronautical nomenclature between 1916 and 1934. A lively American aeronautical language was being used in almost every report, technical note, or memorandum NACA issued except in those seven entitled Nomenclature for Aeronautics. The committees and conferences of NACA, interested in asserting authority in aeronautical matters, never approached flight terminology by surveying the words they chose; they prescribed the terms usually without correctly describing them. Because they appeared authoritative, NACA's definitions were in many dictionaries, but they were almost always augmented by additional entries more apt and applicable to the growing American aeronautical language of the 1920s and the 1930s.
Information seeking expressions of users
Authors: Derr Richard L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFive types of information seeking expressions of users are identified by an analysis of a sample of such expressions and of analogous expressions in another social context. The treatment of these expressions in the literature of information retrieval iFive types of information seeking expressions of users are identified by an analysis of a sample of such expressions and of analogous expressions in another social context. The treatment of these expressions in the literature of information retrieval iFive types of information seeking expressions of users are identified by an analysis of a sample of such expressions and of analogous expressions in another social context. The treatment of these expressions in the literature of information retrieval iFive types of information seeking expressions of users are identified by an analysis of a sample of such expressions and of analogous expressions in another social context. The treatment of these expressions in the literature of information retrieval is reviewed. Two recommendations are offered: (1) information specialists should call questions “questions,” requests “requests,” statements “statements,” commands “commands,” and truncated expressions “truncated expressions,” and (2) both the search interview and the search itself should focus upon user questio requests “requests,” statements “statements,” commands “commands,” and truncated expressions “truncated expressions,” and (2) both the search interview and the search itself should requests “requests,” statements “statements,” commands “commands,” and truncated expressions “truncated expressions,” and (2) both the search interview and the search itself should requests “requests,” statements “statements,” commands “commands,” and truncated expressions “truncated expressions,” and (2) both the search interview and the search itself should focus upon user questions.
A note on the use of nearest neighbors for implementing single linkage document classifications
Authors: Willett Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBest match search algorithms provide an efficient means of identifying the sets of nearest neighbors for each of the documents in a collection. These sets contain much of the important similarity data contained in a full interdocument similarity matrix and may be used for the generation of hierarchic document classifications, such as those arising from the use of the single linkage clustering method. Cluster based retrieval experiments based upon such classifications are shown to give results that are comparable in effectiveness with those obtained using the full similarity matrix.
A visit to the Wasteland of federal scientific and technical information policy
Authors: Aines Andrew A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLong before the appearance of the Reagan Administration, whose expressed policy was and is the reduction of the Federal Government in all areas save national security, there has been what is almost a precipitous retreat from overall planning and management of Federal scientific and technical information. The exodus got underway during the Nixon Administration in the early 1970s, a few years before the science apparatus was banished from the White House by a president who became disenchanted with scientists, if not science. The problem was that the stiff‐necked men of science refused to bow down before the idols of political expediency.
A fuzzy set theory approach to periodical binding decisions
Authors: Turner Stephen J. , O'Brien Gregory 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn avenue of approach for applications of fuzzy set theory in the context of journal binding decisions is examined. Results of data analysis on 470 titles illustrate the complexity and limitations of the modeling process. Discriminant analysis and simple membership function approximations based 235 titles are used to construct a model which is then applied to the remaining 235 titles. Findings and implications are discussed.
Testing of a natural language retrieval system for a full text knowledge base
Authors: Bernstein Lionel M. , Williamson Robert E. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract“A Navigator of Natural Language Organized Data” (ANNOD) is a retrieval system which combines use of probabilistic, linguistic, and empirical means to rank individual paragraphs of full text for their similarity to natural language queries proposed by users. ANNOD includes common word deletion, word root isolation, query expansion by a thesaurus, and application of a complex empirical matching (ranking) algorithm. The Hepatitis Knowledge Base, the text of a prototype information system, was the file used for testing ANNOD. Responses to a series of users' unrestricted natural language queries were evaluated by three testers. Information needed to answer 85 to 95‰ of the queries was located and displayed in the first few selected paragraphs. It was successful in locating information in both the classified (listed in Table of Contents) and unclassified portions of text. Development of this retrieval system resulted from the complementarity of and interaction between computer science and medical domain expert knowledge. Extension of these techniques to larger knowledge bases is needed to clarify their proper role.
Two partitioning type clustering algorithms
Authors: Can Fazli , Ozkarahan Esen A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this article, two partitioning type clustering algorithms are presented. Both algorithms use the same method for selecting cluster seeds; however, assignment of documents to the seeds is different. The first algorithm uses a new concept called “cover coefficient,” and it is a single‐pass algorithm. The second one uses a conventional measure for document assignment to the cluster seeds and is a multipass algorithm. The concept of clustering, a model for seed oriented partitioning, the new centroid generation approach, and an illustration for both algorithms are also presented in the article.
Natural language processing
Authors: Grishman Ralph 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNatural language processing has two primary roles to play in the storage and retrieval of large bodies of information: providing a friendly, easily‐learned interface to information retrieval systems, and automatically structuring texts so that their information can be more easily processed and retrieved. This article outlines the organization of a natural language interface for data retrieval (a “question—answering system”) and some of the approaches being taken to text structuring. It closes by describing a few of the research issues in computational linguistics and a possibility for using interactive natural language processing for information acquisition.
The effect of spatial arrangement, upper‐lower case letter combinations, and reverse video on patron response to CRT displayed catalog records
Authors: Fryser Benjamin S. , Stirling Keith H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUsing the paired comparison technique, each of 340 library patrons evaluated two versions of a single bibliographic record displayed on an ADDS Regent CRT. One display represented the standard, Library of Congress (LC) format, the other represented one of 15 variations in format of the same title. Both the sequence and selection of the two displays were randomized. The reaction time of the patrons to locating selected bibliographic elements and their ratings of the displays with respect to (a) readability, (b) logical arrangement of data, (c) pleasibility, and (d) overall preference were analyzed. Overall preference for a display was positively correlated with response time (rs = 0.67) for locating a specific field within the record. Analysis of variance indicated that preferences were primarily influenced by the spatial arrangement of the displays with both the side heading label and underlining being preferred over the LC forms. Generally, the patrons preferred the use of a combination of upper and lower case letters to the exclusive use of lower case letters only. Differences between upper and lower case letter combinations and upper case only letters were not statistically significant for all criterion variables. No statistical significance existed regarding black characters on a white background or the reverse situation.
The five‐axiom theory of indexing and information supply
Authors: Fugmann Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExperience in chemical information has suggested a tentative theory that rests on five axioms: (1) Definability: The compilation of responses relevant to a topic can be delegated only to the extent to which the inquirer can define the topic in terms of concepts and concept relations. (2) Order: Any compilation of responses relevant to a topic is an order‐creating process. (3) Sufficient degree of order: The demands made on the degree of order increase as the size of the collection and/or the frequency of searches increases. (4) Representational predictability: The accuracy of any directed search for relevant texts (especially the recall ratio) depends on the predictability of the modes of expression for concepts and concept relations in the search file. (5) Representational fidelity: The accuracy of any directed search for relevant texts (especially the precision ratio) depends on the fidelity with which concepts and concept relations are expressed in the search file. The observance of these axioms assists in the design of information systems and imparts increased survival power to them. They are also helpful in the revision of existing systems that show signs of incipient weakness. Several useful principles, hitherto only intuitively conceived, receive axiomatic corroboration. This theory also contributes to the reconciliation of several opposing lines of thought that have hitherto appeared incompatible or even hostile to one another. Each of them is justifiable, but only under circumstances and requirements that are specific to the task to be solved by a particular information system.
The research method used in subfields and the growth of published literature in those subfields: Vertebrate paleontology and geochemistry
Authors: Stephenson Mary Sue 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship of the research method used in subject subfields and the growth of published literature in those subfields. Using a non‐experimental design, an evaluative instrument was developed for assigning a quantitative score to published research based on the research method utilized. Evaluative scores were assigned to 244 randomly selected research studies drawn from two scientific subfields manifesting different growth rates. The hypothesis tested was that a significant correlation exists between the presence of selected research method criteria in the published literature of a subfield and the growth rate of the published literature of that subfield. The two subfields studied were geochemistry and vertebrate paleontology. A Kendall tau c coefficient of 0.57182 (p < 0.00001) was obtained using ungrouped evaluation scores. Using grouped research methods' evaluation scores, a Kendall tau b coefficient of 0.41838 (p < 0.00001) was obtained. In both cases the major hypothesis was supported. The hypothesized relationship also remained substantially unchanged when possible effects of selected control variables (relating to author characteristics) were considered.
National and international information policy
Authors: Bortnick Jane 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDevelopments in computer and telecommunications technology underlie the shift to an information‐based economy. Throughout the world policymakers are establishing national policies to promote their information industries and to protect against potential negative effects of the information age. Efforts to address information policies at the international level involve a process of reconciling these varying national perspectives. Three aspects of the transborder data flow debate—privacy protection, national and cultural sovereignty, and economic development—provide illustrations of the effect that national concerns have on the formulation of international information policies.
Advanced feedback methods in information retrieval
Authors: Salton G. , Fox E. A. , Voorhees E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAutomatic feedback methods may be used in online information retrieval to generate improved query statements based on information contained in previously retrieved documents. In this study automatic relevance feedback techniques are applied to Boolean query statements. The feedback operations are carried out using both the conventional Boolean logic, as well as an extended logic producing improved retrieval effectiveness. Experimental output is included to evaluate the automatic feedback operations.
Socioeconomic conditions related to information activity in less developed countries
Authors: Eres Beth Krevitt 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study relates social and economic conditions in less developed countries with measures of information activity. Using factor analysis, seven socioeconomic indicators and three information activity indicators are derived. The three information activity indicators are written communications, technology, and libraries. They reflect, respectively, the LDCs' involvement in mainstream science and publishing, the LDCs' purchase of computer technology and granting of patents, and the extent of the LDCs' libraries. Each of these three indicators are independent dimensions suggesting to policy makers that each must be considered separately in policy planning. Regression analyses are performed with each of the three information activity indicators as the dependent variable and the seven socioeconomic indicators as the independent variables. The results of these analyses show that LDCs actively buying information and other technology are less active in basic, mainstream science. This appears to be less true for those LDCs with a larger gross national product and greater affluence.