bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetostrictive Fe-Ga Wires with <100> Fiber Texture
Authors: Farrell Shannon Patrick , Quigley Patti E. , Avery Kyle J. , Hatchard Tim D. , Flynn Stephanie E , Dunlap Richard A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRecently, low-cost processing approaches that produce textured thin bodies have engendered interest as cost-effective approaches for fabrication of magnetostrictive Fe-Ga alloys. In particular, wire-forming methods that strictly control the solidification direction could lead to some measure of crystallographic texture control. This is critical for development of large magnetostriction in polycrystals and for use of the alloys in actuators, sensors, energy harvesters and other systems. Magnetostrictive Fe-Ga wires have been prepared using an innovative cost-effective approach – based on the Taylor wire method – that combines rapid solidification and deformation processes. The procedure for making magnetostrictive wires is discussed and the wires are evaluated in terms of microstructure, crystallographic texture and magnetostriction. Results show that the Taylor-based approach is an effective and versatile means to draw 1-3 mm diameter textured Fe-Ga wire. Experimentation on the influence of drawing technique and quench conditions on texture development resulted with production of a strong <100> fiber texture in the Fe-Ga wire. Magnetostriction measurements, in the absence of prestress, indicated a maximum magnetostriction of ˜165 ppm in a saturation field of less than 200 mTesla. This is considered a significant strain for bulk polycrystalline Fe-Ga alloys without a pre-stress or a stress-annealing treatment. The unique properties of wires made with the Taylor-based approach coupled with the low intrinsic cost make this an attractive approach for production of textured magnetostrictive wire for a variety of applications.
Magnetoelastic Material as a Biosensor for the Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: Lakshmanan Ramji S , Guntupalli Rajesh , Huang S. , Johnson M. L. , Mathison Leslie C , Chen I-Husan , Petrenko V. A. , Cheng Zhong-Yang , Chin B. A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractABSTRACT
Magnetoelastic materials are amorphous, ferromagnetic alloys that usually include a combination of iron, nickel, molybdenum and boron. Magnetoelastic biosensors are mass sensitive devices comprised of a magnetoelastic material that serves as the transducer and bacteriophage as the bio-recognition element. By applying a time varying magnetic field, the magnetoelastic sensor thin films can be made to oscillate, with the fundamental resonant frequency of oscillations depends on the physical dimensions and properties of the material. The change in the resonance frequency of these mass based sensors can be used to evaluate the amount of analyte attached on the sensor surface. Filamentous bacteriophage specific to S. typhimurium was used as a bio-recognition element in order to ensure specific and selective binding of bacteria onto the sensor surface. The sensitivity of magnetoelastic materials is known to be dependent on the physical dimensions of the material. An increase in sensitivity from 159Hz/decade for a 2mm sensor to 770Hz/decade for a 1mm sensor and 1100Hz/decade for a 500micron sensor was observed. The sensors were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis assayed biosensors to provide visual verification of frequency responses and an insight into the characteristics of the distribution of phage on the sensor surface. The magnetoelastic sensors immobilized with filamentous phage are suitable for specific and selective detection of target analyte in different media. Certain modifications to the measurement circuit resulted in better signal to noise ratios for sensors with smaller dimensions (L<1mm). This was achieved by tuning the circuit resonance close to that of the sensor. According to models and preliminary tests, this method was anticipated in about a 5 times increase in signals for a 200×40×6microns. This technique and further studies into the design and modification of the measurement circuits could yield better, sensitive responses for sensors with smaller dimensions. The magnetoelastic materials offer further advantages of potential miniaturization, contact-less nature and ease of operation.
Bending Behavior of Polymer Films in Strongly Interacting Solvents
Authors: Zhang Jianxia , Wiley John 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSeveral polymers show bending behavior on exposure to selected solvent systems. Either on emersion or evaporation of particular solvents, films can bend or curl within seconds. The response depends on the interaction between polymer chains and solvent molecules as well as the film geometry and surrounding temperature.
Optical Detection of Polyacrylamide Swelling Behavior in a Porous Silicon Sensor
Authors: Bonanno Lisa M. , DeLouise Lisa A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This work proves that a 1-D porous silicon (PSi) sensor is capable of monitoring the optical changes in a polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel that correlate with swelling capacity. The PSi device was impregnated with PAAm hydrogel with varying crosslinking density and total solids. The optical response of the PSi sensor was utilized to distinguish the changes in refractive index of hydrogels with varying cross-linking densities. Refractive index values calculated by the composite hydrogel-PSi sensor response agree well (≤1% difference) with values measured using a bench-top refractometer. This work serves to build a foundation for creating a composite biochemical-responsive hydrogel-PSi sensor in which competitive binding of a target analyte would cause a reduction in hydrogel cross-linking density. Long-term goals of this work are to exploit the volume sensitivity of a PSi sensor and leverage the added optical response of the responsive hydrogel to increase target detection sensitivity in an affinity based biosensor.
Label-free Optical Detection of Molecular Interactions by Molecular Interferometric Imaging
Authors: Zhao Ming , Wang Xuefeng , Nolte David. D. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Molecular interferometric imaging (MI2) is a label-free optical biosensor that combines common-path interferometry with shot-noise limited characteristics of a CCD array detector to detect protein binding to surfaces. In the metrology limit, it has achieved roughness-limited surface height resolution of 15 pm per 0.4 micron pixel, corresponding to a scaling mass sensitivity of 7 fg/mm, and a molecular resolution of about 15 IgG molecules per pixel. We have applied MI2 to detect cytokine interleukin-5 at a concentration detection limit of 50 pg/mL with a sandwich immunoassay. Real-time binding assays with MI2 enable the study of reaction kinetics, with a scaling mass sensitivity of 2 pg/mm under 7x magnification. Real-time MI2 measurements of anti-rabbit IgG against rabbit IgG were compared with results from surface plasmon resonance, with identical association rate constants at 5x103 M-1sec-1.
Elastic Aerogels and Xerogels Synthesized from Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS)
Authors: Kanamori Kazuyoshi , Nakanishi Kazuki , Hanada Teiichi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTransparent organic-inorganic hybrid aerogels and aerogel-like xerogels have been prepared from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) respectively by supercritical drying (SCD) and ambient pressure drying (APD). The new aerogels and xerogels significantly deform without collapsing on uniaxial compression and almost fully relax when unloaded. This elastic behavior, termed as “gspring-back”, allows APD without noticeable shrinkage and cracking. The flexible network composed of lower cross-linking density (up to three bonds per every silicon atom) compared to silica gels (up to four bonds) and repulsion between hydrophobic methyl groups bonded to every silicon atom largely contributes to the pronounced deformability and relaxing, respectively. Lower surface silanol group density also plays a crucial role for the “gspring-back” behavior.
Crystalinity Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Polyvinylidene Fluoride Composites
Authors: Shan Xiaobing , Wu Pei-xuan , Zhang Lin , Cheng Zhong-Yang 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSingle-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotube blends (0 to 0.5 vol% ) with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) have been prepared using solution cast method and characterized. By acid treatment, it has been observed that nanotube has been well functionalized and uniformly dispersed into the polymer. X-ray diffraction analysis coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has revealed that carbon nanotube alters the crystallinity of PVDF and thereby enhances the β-phase in PVDF. Experimental results have demonstrated that enhancement of β-phase is a function of carbon nanotube concentration.
Effect of Process Variables on Glass Frit Wafer Bonding in MEMS Wafer Level Packaging
Authors: Sridharan Sid , Henry Jim , Maloney John , Gardner Bob , Mason Keith , Dragoi Viorel , Burggraf Jurgen , Pabo Eric , Cakmak Erkan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAmong different MEMS wafer level bonding processes glass frit bonding provides reliable vacuum tight seals in volume production. The quality of the seal is a function of both seal glass materials and the processing parameters used in glass frit bonding. Therefore, in this study Taguchi L18 screening Design of Experiment (DOE) was used to study the effect of materials and process variables on the quality of the glass seal in 6” silicon wafers bonded in EVG520IS bonder. Six bonding process variables at three levels and two types of sealing glass pastes were considered. The seals were characterized by Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM), cross sectional Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX). The results were quantified into four responses for DOE analysis. Key results are a) peak temperature has the strongest influence on seal properties, b) hot melt paste has significantly lower defects compared to liquid paste, and c) peak firing temperatures can be as low as 400°C under certain conditions.
Using New Porous Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Water Decontamination
Authors: Chaleshtori Maryam Zarei , Masud S. M. Sarif , Saupe Geoffrey B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHeterogeneous catalysts that accelerate the photolytic destruction of organic contaminants in water are a potentially inexpensive and highly effective way to remove both trace-level and saturated harmful compounds from industrial waste streams and drinking water. Porous photocatalytic materials can have the combined qualities of high surface area and relatively large particle sizes, as compared with nanoparticulate catalyst powders like titanium dioxide . The larger particle sizes of the porous materials facilitate catalyst removal from a solution, after purification has taken place.We have synthesized new kinds of photocatalytic porous oxide materials that can be used to purify contaminated water by accelerating the photodegradation of any kind of organic pollutant. The new materials have very large open pore structures that facilitate the diffusion, the surface contact of contaminants, and solvent flow through the catalyst. These qualities enhance surface reactions important to the process. The new catalysts have shown robust physical and chemical properties that make them candidates for real applications in polluted water decontamination.
Noncentrosymmetry in Mixed Metal Oxide-Fluorides, Can We Control It?
Authors: Pinlac Rachelle Ann F. , Marvel Michael R. , Lesage Julien J.-M. , Poeppelmeier Kenneth R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe rational design of crystal structures, in particular noncentrosymmetric materials, and how to differentiate polar, polar-chiral, and chiral structures, is an ongoing theme in crystal engineering. In KNaNbOF5, the combination of a second-order Jahn Teller active d0 transition metal oxyfluoride anionic unit and mixed K/Na cation coordination environments are shown to result in a polar structure (space group Pna21). The crystal structure analysis of the Na/K-O/F interactions reveals that the potassium cations form one of the two contacts to the under-bonded oxide ions. These interactions satisfy the expected bond valence sums and Pauling's second crystal rule (PSCR), leading to O/F ordering and acentric packing of the [NbOF5]2− anionic unit.
Porosity through reduction in metal oxides
Authors: Shoemaker Daniel P , Corr Serena Ann , Seshadri Ram 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRoutes to porous materials with nanoscale dimensions have been investigated. In the first example presented, porous manganese oxide has been prepared by leaching Ni metal from a nickel-manganese oxide precursor via reduction. Electron microscopy studies have revealed the presence of Ni nanoparticles on the surface, and also embedded within the porous MnO matrix. Magnetic measurements have shown exchange bias between the ferromagnetic Ni nanoparticles and the antiferromagnetic MnO phase. In the second system studied, porous nanostructures of rutile VO2 and corundum V2O3 have been prepared by reduction of amine-templated V2O5−δ nanoscrolls. The porosity of these materials has been probed by electron microscopy, N2 sorption measurements and thermogravimetric analysis.
Highly Transparent, Tough and Dimensionally Stable Polymer Nanocomposite
Authors: Kai Yasuaki , Morohoshi Katsumi , Muramatsu Hironobu , Unno Haruo , Oda Takashi , Itou Tomohiro , Fujita Naoko , Kawa Manabu 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis report describes a novel polymer nanocomposite that shows high transparency, toughness and dimension stability at the same time. Polymer nanocomposites are attracting industrial interest for a wide range of application. One advantage of polymer nanocomposites is the possibility to obtain visually transparent polymer materials owing to nano-size particles that are smaller than visible wavelengths. Transparent polymer nanocomposites are suitable for light, clear, tough and dimensionally stable applications such as the windows and sunroofs of vehicles or houses and other buildings. However, most of the research on transparent polymer nanocomposites has remained at the stage of showing their potential or future expectations because of the complexity of various nanoparticle-polymer matrix combinations. One of the most difficult challenges for the fabrication of transparent nanocomposites is to keep the dispersion of particles in the polymer uniform at the nano-level until the final composite is obtained. Some successful examples have been reported with polyacrylate-based polymer nanocomposites. For example, silica/PMMA nanocomposites show good transparency even with a high filler content. In fact, most of their transparency depends on refractive index matching. While a nanocomposite may appear transparent to the human eye, TEM observation shows that there are many aggregations inside, preventing the material from ever becoming tough and making it extremely brittle. Some other cases are based on a tough polymer like polycarbonate, but with a very restrained filler content of only several weight percent. Because of such a small amount of filler, dimensional stability cannot be improved. Thus, there have been no reports of highly transparent, tough and dimensionally stable polymer nanocomposites with a filler content of more than 10wt%. We overcame this contradictory challenge and succeeded in dispersing more than 15wt% of filler into polycarbonate. We chose needle-shaped alumina boehmite nanoparticles as the filler, and employed an appropriate amount of organic acid as a surface modifier to aid in uniform particle dispersion in the polymer matrix. Polycarbonate is well-known as a tough polymer, but its main chain easily hydrolyses, either in the presence of an acid or base. The hydrolysis reaction makes the polymer chain shorter, leading rapidly to a brittle composite. We carefully defined the surface modification condition to avoid this hydrolysis reaction. This completely novel composite shows excellent properties without any trade-off, including high transparency (Haze<1%), toughness (Izod>60 J/m) and dimensional stability (CLTE<40 ppm) at the same time.
In-Plane Texturing of Buffer Layers by Alternating Beam Assisted Deposition: Large Area and Small Area Applications
Authors: Usoskin Alexander , Kirchhoff Lutz 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn standard ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD), the growing film is exposed to inclined ion etching in order to achieve a preferable in-plane orientation of the crystalline structure. Recently, we suggested exposing the film periodically to deposition pulses and to etching pulses, i.e. to assisted beam pulses. As a long sequence of alternations of these two pulses is needed, we named this method “alternating beam assisted deposition” (ABAD). In real application, the substrates exposed to the molecular/atomic flow originating from the sputter source acquire a few nanometer thick layer of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). In the next step, this layer undergoes ion etching with an Ar ion beam emitted from the source with a particle energy between 200 and 300 eV. Simultaneously with ion-beam exposition, an additional electron beam provides neutralizing of the electrical change in the substrate plane. The ion beam guided 55° at a 55° angle of incidence provides selective etching of the YSZ layer, leading finally after numerous deposition-etching cycles to a sufficiently high quality of in-plane texture in the YSZ layer with the best FWHM values of 8°-9°.
Bone Regeneration Using B-Tricalcium Phosphate in a Calcium Sulfate Matrix
Authors: Podaropoulos Leonidas , Veis Alexander A. , Papadimitriou Serafim , Alexandridis Constantinos , Kalyvas Demos 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe aim of the study was the histomorphometric comparison of the osteogenic potential of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) alone or in a calcium sulfate matrix. Three round defects, 10 mm (diameter) × 5 mm (depth), were created on each iliac crest of 4 dogs. The defects were divided into 3 groups. Ten defects were filled with β-TCP in a calcium sulfate (CS) matrix (Fortoss Vital; group A), 10 defects were filled with β-TCP alone (Fortoss Resorb; group B), and 4 defects were left ungrafted to heal spontaneously (group C). All defects were left to heal for 4 months without the use of a barrier membrane. Histologic evaluation and morphometric analysis of undecalcified slides was performed using the areas of regenerated bone and graft remnants. All sites exhibited uneventful healing. In group A sites (β-TCP/CS), complete bone formation was observed in all specimens, graft granules dominated the area, and a thin bridge of cortical bone was covering the defect. Group B (β-TCP) defects were partially filled with new bone, the graft particles still dominated the area, while the outer cortex was not restored. In the ungrafted sites (group C), incomplete new bone formation was observed. The outer dense cortical layer was restored in a lower level, near the base of the defect. The statistical analysis revealed that the mean percentage of new bone regeneration in group A was higher than in group B (49.38% and 40.31%, respectively). A statistically significant difference existed between the 2 groups. The beta-TCP/CS group exhibited significantly higher new bone regeneration according to a marginal probability value (P = .004 &lt; .05). The use of β-TCP in a CS matrix produced significantly more vital new bone fill and preserved bone dimensions compared with the use of β-TCP alone.
STM/STS investigation of carbon nanotubes deposited on Bi2Te3 surface
Authors: Bazarnik Maciej , Cegiel Maciej , Biskupski Piotr , Jazdzewska Monika , Mielcarek SÅ‚awomir , Sliwinska-Bartkowiak MaÅ‚gorzata , Czajka Ryszard 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper reports our scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS) study of double-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of different diameter deposited on Bi2Te3 (narrow gap semiconductor). The approximate diameter of the studied double-walled and multi-walled CNTs was 2 nm and 8 nm, respectively. Crystalline Bi2Te3 was used as a substrate to enhance the contrast between the CNTs and the substrate in the STS measurements performed to examine peculiarities of CNT morphology, such as junctions, ends or structural defects, in terms of their electronic structure.
“Mass inflation” with lightlike branes
Authors: Guendelman Eduardo , Kaganovich Alexander , Nissimov Emil , Pacheva Svetlana 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We discuss properties of a new class of p-brane models, describing intrinsically lightlike branes for any world-volume dimension, in various gravitational backgrounds of interest in the context of black hole physics. One of the characteristic features of these lightlike p-branes is that the brane tension appears as an additional nontrivial dynamical world-volume degree of freedom. Codimension one lightlike brane dynamics requires that bulk space with a bulk metric of spherically symmetric type must possess an event horizon which is automatically occupied by the lightlike brane while its tension evolves exponentially with time. The latter phenomenon is an analog of the well known “mass inflation” effect in black holes.
Microstructures at high temperature of Fe-30 wt.% Cr-xC Alloys with x varying from 0 to 2 wt.%
Authors: Berthod Patrice , Lemoine Pierric , Ravaux Johann 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDifferential thermal analysis experiments and treatments for 50 h at 1000, 1100 and 1200 °C were performed for a binary Fe30Cr alloy and for six Fe30Cr (0.2 to 2 wt.%) C alloys. A complete metallographic characterization was done for all samples. The solidus and liquidus temperatures, the natures and the surface fractions of the carbide and matrix phases were determined for the three temperatures. They were compared to thermodynamic calculation results. The values and the evolutions of the solidus temperature versus the carbon content are in good agreement between experiment and calculations. It is less true for the carbide volume fractions which were obtained either by image analysis, or from the matrix Cr content. Mismatches were also observed for the liquidus temperature. Comparisons were done with the Co30CrxC and Ni30CrxC systems and with Ta-containing Fe30CrxC alloys.
Critical temperature for massive transformation in ultra-low-carbon Fe–C alloys
Authors: Liu Yongchang , Sommer Ferdinand , Jan Mittemeijer Eric 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe kinetics of the isochronal austenite (γ) → ferrite (α) transformation for a series of ultra-low-carbon Fe – C alloys (with a carbon concentration from 0.001 to 0.05 at.%) were investigated for cooling rates in the range of 5 – 20 K min− 1 using high-resolution dilatometry. The rate of formation of the product (ferrite) phase as a function of time exhibits maxima. The first transformation-rate maxima pertain to diffusion-controlled ferrite growth, whereas the last, main transformation-rate maximum corresponds to massive transformation. The thus determined critical temperatures, at and below which massive transformation takes place, are always below the T0 temperatures, where the Gibbs energy of the (metastable) austenite equals that of (metastable) ferrite of the same carbon concentration, and are also below the ferrite solvus temperatures for carbon concentrations below about 0.01 at.% C and above the ferrite solvus temperatures for carbon concentrations above about 0.01 at.% C.