bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presidential Address: The Peoples of Britain and Ireland, 1100–1400: III Laws and customs
Authors: Davies R. R. 
Published: March 2007

Edward I and his judges delivered some of the most resounding obiter dicta on the nature of law and justice in the medieval period; but on occasion they found themselves at the receiving end of such pontificating practices. One such occasion took place at Oswestry in January 1279. Walter de Hopton and his fellow justices were ambling their way through the interminable dispute between Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales, and Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn, lord of Powys and client of die English king. In rotund phrases, at once deeply flattering and profoundlychallenging to Edward I, Llywelyn delivered himself of a grand declaration about the relationship of law, people and political power:Each province under die empire of the lord King has its own laws and customs according to the habit and usage of the parts in which it is situated—for example, die Gascons in Gascony, the Scots in Scodand, the Irish in Ireland and the English in England. This indeed exalts rather than diminishes the crown of the lord King. The Prince accordingly requests diat he likewise should have his Welsh law and should proceed according to it. He has all the more reason for making diis request since the King, of his own free will, in die recent peace treaty concluded between diem, granted to Llywelyn and all Welshmen die right to have their own law. By natural justice (de jure communi) he ought to have Welsh law and custom, just as other peoples(naciones) under the empire of the lord King have their laws and customs according to their language, or ethnic affiliation (secundum linguam suam).
William Cobbett: Patriot or Briton?
Authors: Stevenson John 
Published: March 2007

Cobbett remains best known to historians and to a wider audience as one of the two or three major figures in the popular radicalism of the early nineteenth century: one of the leading actors in the agitations which eventually led to the Great Reform Act of 1832 and a persistent tribune of the people at a time of profound economic and social change. Fundamental to his influence and reputation was his career as a popular journalist, in his own time regarded as a phenomenon and capable of almost single-handedly turning the labouring poor from machine-breaking and insurrection into more peaceful and productive paths. Famously, Cobbett was envisaged in Bamford's Passages in the Life of a Radical as the instrument whereby the disturbances of the post-war years were channelled into parliamentary reform. Opening his account of 1816 with a great litany of riot, insurrection and distress, Bamford noted that it was also in 1816 that Cobbett wrote his Address to the Journeymen and Labourers, published in November 1816 as the sole contents of the first cheap edition of the Register, priced at twopence. Cobbett's linking of ‘our present miseries’ to the need for parliamentary reform had an immense circulation, reaching an estimated 200,000 within two months. Its effects were no less dramatic according to Bamford:… the writings of William Cobbett suddenly became of great authority; they were read on nearly every cottage hearth in the manufacturing districts of ‘South Lancashire, in those of Leicester, Derby and Nottingham; also in many of the Scottish manufacturing towns.
Unemployment and civil commitment: a test of the intolerance hypothesis
Authors: Catalano Ralph , Snowden Lonnie , Shumway Martha , Kessell Eric 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe theorize that the reported association between economic indicators and the incidence of civil commitment for mental illness may result, at least in part, from reduced tolerance in the community for impaired behavior among minorities. Earlier work suggests that economically induced intolerance will be focused primarily on minority males. Based on this literature, we hypothesize that the median level of functioning among African‐American males subjected to civil commitment will vary positively with earlier changes in the unemployment rate. The test applies Box‐Jenkins methods to 156 months (August 1985–July 1998) of data from California. Consistent with theory, results support the hypothesis. Aggr. Behav. 33:1–9, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: development and validation in German and English
Authors: Gerger Heike , Kley Hanna , Bohner Gerd , Siebler Frank 
Published: March 2007

AbstractScales of rape myth acceptance (RMA) often yield low means and skewed distributions. This is proposed to be because of a change in rape‐related beliefs toward more subtle content. Incorporating insights from racism and sexism research, a 30‐item self‐report scale measuring the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) is presented. Across four studies (total N=1,279), the reliability and validity of parallel German and English versions of the AMMSA scale were examined. The results show that both language versions are highly reliable; compared with a traditional RMA scale, means of AMMSA scores are higher and their distributions more closely approximate normality. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses provide evidence for the AMMSA scale's concurrent and predictive construct validity. Aggr. Behav. 33:422–440, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: Weaving Genetically Engineered Functionality into Mechanically Robust Virus Fibers (Adv. Mater. 6/2007)
Authors: Chiang C.‐Y. , Mello C. M. , Gu J. , Silva E. C. C. M. , Van Vliet K. J. , Belcher A. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe desired functionality of a virus fiber (such as gold‐binding ability) can be programmed by manipulating the M13 virus genome, report Angela Belcher, Krystyn Van Vliet, and co‐workers on p. 826. The background picture is an illustration of a virus fiber that is conjugated with cadmium selenide quantum dots and emits red light when excited by UV irradiation. The genetically tunable functionality on the virus fiber offers a convenient designing process and will bring a variety of new applications to antimicrobial, catalytic, optical, medical, and electronic fibers.
N‐heterocyclische Carbene als Organokatalysatoren
Authors: Marion Nicolas , Díez‐González Silvia , Nolan Steven P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVor allem wegen der geringeren Kosten und der besseren Umweltverträglichkeit stellen organokatalytische Reaktionen eine vielversprechende Alternative zu metallkatalysierten Prozessen dar. N‐heterocyclische Carbene (NHCs) wurden dahingehend untersucht, inwieweit sie (vor allem) die Benzoinkondensation katalysieren können. Die großen Fortschritte beim Verständnis der Eigenschaften von NHCs und bei deren Synthese haben die Aufmerksamkeit der Organiker nun auf diese Stoffklasse gelenkt. Folgerichtig nahmen auch die Möglichkeiten und Einsatzgebiete der NHCs enorm zu, und unzählige Beiträge haben sich mit NHC‐katalysierten Reaktionen befasst. Hier werden wir unser Augenmerk auf die wachsende Zahl an Umsetzungen richten, die von NHCs katalysiert werden können.
Control of Magnetic Properties through External Stimuli
Authors: Sato Osamu , Tao Jun , Zhang Yuan‐Zhu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe magnetic properties of many magnetic materials can be controlled by external stimuli. The principal focus here is on the thermal, photochemical, electrochemical, and chemical control of phase transitions that involve changes in magnetization. The molecular compounds described herein range from metal complexes, through pure organic compounds to composite materials. Most of the Review is devoted to the properties of valence‐tautomeric compounds, molecular magnets, and spin‐crossover complexes, which could find future application in memory devices or optical switches.
Viruses as Building Blocks for Materials and Devices
Authors: Fischlechner Martin , Donath Edwin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFrom the viewpoint of a materials scientist, viruses can be regarded as organic nanoparticles. They are composed of a small number of different (bio)polymers: proteins and nucleic acids. Many viruses are enveloped in a lipid membrane and all viruses do not have a metabolism of their own, but rather use the metabolic machinery of a living cell for their replication. Their surface carries specific tools designed to cross the barriers of their host cells. The size and shape of viruses, and the number and nature of the functional groups on their surface, is precisely defined. As such, viruses are commonly used in materials science as scaffolds for covalently linked surface modifications. A particular quality of viruses is that they can be tailored by directed evolution by taking advantage of their inbuilt colocalization of geno‐ and phenotypes. The powerful techniques developed by life sciences are becoming the basis of engineering approaches towards nanomaterials, opening a wide range of applications far beyond biology and medicine.
Study of electrospinning of sodium alginate, blended solutions of sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) and sodium alginate/poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Safi S. , Morshed M. , Hosseini Ravandi S. A. , Ghiaci M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlginate is an interesting natural biopolymer for many of its merits and good biological properties. This paper investigates the electrospinning of sodium alginate (NaAlg), NaAlg/PVA‐ and NaAlg/PEO‐ blended systems. It was found in this research that although NaAlg can easily be dissolved in water, the aqueous NaAlg solution could not be electrospun into ultrafine nanofibers. To overcome the poor electrospinnability of NaAlg solution, synthetic polymers such as PEO and PVA solutions were blended with NaAlg solution to improve its spinnability. The SEM images of electrospun nanofibers showed that the alginate (2%, w/v)–PVA (8%, w/v) blended system in the volume ratio of 70 : 30 and the alginate (2%, w/v)–PEO (8% w/v) blended system in the volume ratio of 50 : 50 could be electrospun into finest and uniform nanofibers with average diameters of 118.3 nm (diameter distribution, 75.8–204 nm) and 99.1 nm (diameter distribution, 71–122 nm), respectively. Rheological studies showed a strong dependence of spinnability and fiber morphology on solution viscosity and thus on the alginate‐to‐synthetic polymer (PVA or PEO) blend ratios. FTIR studies indicate that there are the hydrogen bonding interactions due to the ether oxygen of PEO (or the hydroxyl groups of PVA) and the hydroxyl groups of NaAlg. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Li Chunsheng , Zhang Shuxiang , Li Xue , Zheng Anna 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe copolymerization of styrene (St) and maleic anhydride (MA) was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2). It was found that St and MA are easy to copolymerize in SC CO2 and the conversion can reach 97%, and that very fine and dry powders are obtained. The products were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). GPC data showed that the molecular weight of the copolymer reach 3.62 × 104 g mol−1. Scanning electron microphotographs showed the minimum particle size of the product is about 200 nm. DSC measurements indicated that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer increases with increasing the MA content in the copolymer. TGA curve showed that the copolymers were decomposed at about 350°C. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Surface hardness and transparency of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐silica coat film derived from perhydropolysilazane
Authors: Saito Reiko , Kobayashi Shin‐ichiro , Hayashi Hidetaka , Shimo Toshihisa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo prepare hard and transparent poly (methyl methacrylate)‐silica coat film on glass or polycarbonate substrates, poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) random copolymers and perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) were blended in solution. Then the solution was cast on the substrates. The grafting of PHPS onto 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate unit was analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Surface hardness and transparency of the coat film were measured by nano‐indentation method and UV‐Vis spectroscopy, respectively. Surface hardness of coat film depended on the volume fraction of silica in the coat film, and reached 2.7 GPa when the volume fraction of silica was 76.4%. Transparency of the coat films prepared with PHPS was almost 100%, indicating that the coat film prepared with PHPS was highly transparent not only on glass substrate but also on the polycarbonate substrate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Preparation and characterization of zeolite beta–polyurethane composite membranes
Authors: Aksoy Eda Ayse , Akata Burcu , Bac Nurcan , Hasirci Nesrin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIncorporation of zeolite into polyurethane (PU) membranes was investigated by using as‐synthesized and calcined zeolite beta particles at two different loading contents (0.1 and 1 wt %). The chemical interaction between the zeolite beta crystals and PU was observed by ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy. The SEM results suggested that the calcined zeolite beta crystals were more homogeneously dispersed in the composite membranes than the as‐synthesized zeolite beta crystals. DMA results demonstrated that all composite membranes had higher storage modulus in the rubbery state and higher stability towards thermal and mechanical degradation with respect to the control groups. Tensile testing results also showed increased tensile strength and elongation at break for all composite membranes. This study suggests that incorporating zeolite beta in its as‐synthesized or calcined forms and at different amounts can be applied as an alternative method for tailoring the mechanical properties of PU membranes without changing its structural characteristics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Influence of surfactants on the electrochromic behavior of poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)
Authors: Manisankar P. , Vedhi C. , Selvanathan G. , Gurumallesh Prabu H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractElectrochemical polymerization of 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) was carried out in presence of two different surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in aqueous medium. The cyclic voltammograms of the polymers exhibited well‐defined redox peaks at Eox = 140 mV, Ered = 360, and −180 mV for PEDOT/SDS and Eox = 360 mV, Ered = 540, −140 mV for PEDOT/CTAB. The electroactive polymer showed good adherence. The spectroelectrochemical studies were carried out on ITO glass plate at various applied potentials. The oxidized PEDOT/CTAB was opaque blue in color and the reduced form was transparent yellow in color. Electrochromic parameters such as electrochromic efficiency (or coloration efficiency), stability (or cycle life), and optical contrast (or write‐erase efficiency) and stability were determined and presented. The in situ conductance was measured at applied potentials ranging from −0.6 V to 0.7 V. The polymer was resistive initially at −0.6 V (7.5 × 10−5 S cm−1) and reached maximum conductance of 1.7 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 0.5 V in presence of SDS. The polymer formed with CTAB exhibited high resistive behavior. The surface morphology characteristics were also studied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Factors associated with successful vocational rehabilitation in persons with arthritis
Authors: Straaton Karin V. , Harvey Mary , Maisiak Richard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjective. The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with successful vocational rehabilitation (return to work) among persons receiving state—federal vocational rehabilitation services because of work disability from arthritis.Methods. Multivariate analyses were used to determine the association of sociodemographic, disease‐related, and agency factors with work outcome among a group of 456 persons with arthritis receiving state—federal vocational rehabilitation services during 1985–1988.Results. Agency‐sponsored physical restoration services (P < 0.0001) and retraining (P < 0.0001) were the variables most strongly correlated with return to work. Age, sex, race, disease severity, financial status, and educational level assessed at intake were not significantly associated with work rehabilitation outcome.Conclusion. Factors potentially amenable to agency intervention were more strongly associated with work rehabilitation outcome than were sociodemographic or disease‐related variables.
Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites in fibromyalgia/fibrositis syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Russell I. Jon , Vaeroy Henning , Javors Martin , Nyberg Fred 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjective. To compare the levels of biogenic amines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS) patients with those in the CSF of controls.Methods. Metabolites of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine were identified in CSF, using high performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detection.Results. CSF levels of metabolites from all 3 neurotransmitters were lower in PFS patients than in controls.Conclusion. A low rate of turnover of several neurotransmitters supports the proposed hypothesis of a metabolic defect in PFS and suggests that the defect occurs at a neuroregulatory level.
Acute iritis associated with primary sjögren's syndrome and high‐titer anti—SS‐A/Ro and anti—SS‐B/La antibodies. Treatment with combination immunosuppressive therapy
Authors: Bridges Alan J. , Burns Robert P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjective. We describe a patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome who developed severe, acute, anterior uveitis (iritis), an uncommon complication in this setting.Methods. We present the case report of the clinical findings, course, treatment, and resolution of the acute uveitis. Titers of anti—SS‐A/Ro and anti‐SS‐B/La antibodies were assessed (by immunodiffusion), as were fluorescent antinuclear antibodies (on HEp‐2 cells) and cryoglobulins.Results. Initial treatment with topical steroids, oral prednisone (20 mg/day), and oral methotrexate was unsuccessful. The iritis resolved after combined treatment with intravenous cyclophosphamide (1,500 mg/month), high‐dose prednisone (60 mg/day), and cyclosporine (5 mg/kg/day).Conclusion. An uncommon, severe complication of primary Sjögren's syndrome is acute uveitis. Combination immunosuppressive therapy may be needed to control this condition.
Prospective randomized multicentre trial of proximal gastric vagotomy or truncal vagotomy and antrectomy for chronic duodenal ulcer: Results after 5–7 years
Authors: de Vries B C , Schattenkerk M Eeftinck , Smith E E J , Spencer J , Jackson D S , Alexander-Williams J , Dorricott N J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In a prospective, randomized study 145 patients with duodenal ulcer have been followed 5–7 years after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) or truncal vagotomy with antrectomy (TVA). Postoperative complications were significantly higher after TVA (P &lt; 0.0005). There was one death due to anastomotic leakage after TVA. The recurrence rate was significantly higher after PGV (9.9 per cent). Postoperative symptoms were less after PGV (P &lt; 0.01). Due to the recurrence rate after PGV there was no overall significant difference in the Visick grading, although perfect results (Visick I) were seen significantly more often (P &lt; 0.01) after PGV. It is concluded that better results follow PGV.
The disappearing chief cell phenomenon (DCP): A preliminary report
Authors: Lawson H H 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The appearance of chief cells was studied in normal dogs and in dogs after anterior and bilateral highly selective vagotomy. The normal chief cell is columnar in shape, with a well-defined cell membrane, basal nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm. Many cells show what has been called the ‘disappearing chief cell phenomenon’—DCP. The features of the DCP are striking. There is fragmentation of the cell membrane, loss of cytoplasm, changes in the appearance of the nucleus and actual disappearance of some cells. The parietal cells remain normal. The DCP is seen in normal mucosa and should not be regarded as evidence of chronic gastritis. From this preliminary study it is suggested that the procedure of highly selective vagotomy may have a specific effect on pepsin secreting cells, increasing the amount of the DCP.
Peranal repair of rectoprostatic fistula
Authors: Parks A G , Motson R W 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Rectoprostatic fistula is a rare complication of prostatectomy by any route including transurethral resection. Occasionally a fistula occurs congenitally or as a result of pelvic trauma. Five patients with rectoprostatic fistulas (4 post-prostatectomy, 1 traumatic) were repaired peranally using a full-thickness local flap of anterior rectal wall. The repair was protected by sigmoid loop colostomy. Primary healing occurred in all 5 patients. Anal and urinary continence are normal following colostomy closure in 3 patients. Two patients died of unrelated causes before colostomy closure.
Renal artery aneurysm treatment with coil embolization
Authors: Soga Yoshimitsu , Sakai Koyu , Nobuyoshi Masakiyo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRenal artery aneurysm is a rare condition, but its incidence has increased through discovery because of improved imaging techniques. However, a therapeutic approach for renal artery aneurysm has not been established. We report the case of a 58‐year‐old female who had developed hypertension at 52 years of age and was under oral medication for this condition. In a medical check‐up, a right renal artery aneurysm of 10 mm in diameter was detected by computed tomography (CT). Renal function was normal and there were no abnormalities in urinalysis; therefore, the patient was observed as an outpatient. Abdominal CT performed 9 months later revealed a saccular renal artery aneurysm of 15 mm in diameter with partial wall calcification and mild mural thrombus. Selective right renal arteriography detected a tumor with calcification, but no renal arterial stenosis or renal arteriovenous fistula. Since the aneurysm had enlarged, catheter treatment was selected to reduce the risk of rupture. A 6‐Fr guide catheter was inserted into the right renal artery and the tip of a microcoil catheter was advanced into the aneurysm, which was then embolized with 12 microcoils. The absence of the aneurysm was confirmed using right renal arteriography. No complications occurred during or after embolization, and selective right renal arteriography performed 3 months later showed no change in the coil position or blood flow in the aneurysm, suggesting a good postoperative course. Our results suggest that this approach may generally be applicable for renal artery aneurysms, depending on the shape, size, and location of the aneurysm. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.