bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of neurohypophysectomy on the renal actions of aldosterone in the adrenalectomized rat
Authors: Musabayane Cephas T. , Brimble Martyn J. , Balment Richard J. , Kelly Lesley P. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The influence of aldosterone administration on urine flow, Na+ and K+ excretion was examined in hypotonic saline infused, Inactin® anesthetised rats following removal of the adrenals or adrenals and posterior pituitary. Plasma adrenal steroid levels were considerably depressed but still detectable 10-14 days after adrenalectomy. Removal of the posterior pituitary markedly reduced Na+ excretion in adrenalectomized animals implying that Na+ retention following neurohypophysectomy is not dependent on adrenal gland function. In adrenalectomized rats aldosterone administration at 42 pmol/min reduced Na+ excretion and urine flow without significantly changing K+ excretion, though plasma K+ was reduced. In adrenalectomized/neurohypophysectomized rats aldosterone further reduced the already low rate of Na+ excretion and increased K+ excretion, though there was no observable effect on urine flow. The results obtained indicate that the Na+-retaining actions of aldosterone are largely independent of posterior pituitary influence. The K+-losing action of aldosterone was, however, only observed in animals in which the posterior pituitary was absent.
Urinary excretion of [D-Ser(t-Bu)6, Des-Gly10]GnRH ethylamide (buserelin) during therapy of central precocious puberty: a multicentre study
Authors: Sizonenko Pierre C. , Reznik Yves , Aubert Michel L. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
In order to compare the clinical effects of buserelin on central precocious puberty to its excretion in urine, as a parameter of metabolism or compliance, we have studied 52 patients treated either sc or intranasally. In girls with good control, urinary buserelin excretion represented 0.5 ± 0.1% of the daily intranasal dose vs 12.5 ± 2.3% of the daily sc dose. In boys, it represented 0.8 ± 0.2 and 9.9 ± 2.7%, respectively. In the sc treated group, 3 patients (2 girls and 1 boy) with poor control who exhibited excretion levels similar to those with good control were classified as resistant to therapy. Clinical control was poor in 4 intranasally treated girls: 2 had low excretion values suggesting poor compliance or failure of absorption by the nasal mucosa, and 2 appeared resistant to therapy, as urinary excretion levels of buserelin were similar to those of well-controlled patients. In addition, these data suggest that the small amount of buserelin absorbed by the nasal mucosa, as expressed by urinary excretion, is sufficient to desensitize the pituitary gonadotropes without any significant first-pass effect in the systemic circulation. This may explain the clinical effectiveness of the intranasal route for administration of small hormonal peptides acting on the pituitary gland.
Sex steroids modulate the pituitary parameters involved in the regulation of TSH secretion in the rat
Authors: Donda Alena , Reymond Frédéric , Rey François , Lemarchand-Béraud Thérèse 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The sex-related differences observed in the regulation of TSH secretion was further investigated by determination of the densities of T3 nuclear and TRH membrane receptors as well as the activity of 5'-deiodinase (5'D) in the anterior pituitary gland of adult male and female rats. The respective modulatory roles of androgens and estrogens on these parameters were evaluated by similar determinations carried out in castrated and in estrogen-treated male rats. The density of pituitary T3 and TRH receptors and the activity of 5'D type II were significantly greater in the female than in the male rats. The E2-treated male rats disclosed a female profile, viz. also greater densities of T3 and TRH receptors when compared with control male rats (2.3 ± 0.2 vs 1.8 ± 0.2 fmol T3/mg gland and 9.4 ± 0.8 vs 6.0 ± 0.8 fmol TRH/mg gland, mean ± sem), whereas no changes were found in the castrated rats. The E2-treated rats and the castrated rats exhibited an increased pituitary activity of 5'D, type II (0.87 ± 0.10 and 0.66 ± 0.05, respectively, vs control 0.34 ± 0.07 pmol rT3 · h−1 · (mg protein)−1), suggestive of a stimulatory effect of E2 and of an inhibitory effect of androgens on this parameter. In contrast, no differences in hepatic 5'D were found between all groups, illustrating the well-known tissue-specific regulation of 5'D. These results demonstrate that the sex difference in the density of pituitary T3 and TRH receptors and the activity of 5'D in the adult rat is mainly due to a modulatory effect of estrogens, which may be responsible for the sex-dependent regulation of TSH secretion.
Triiodothyronine stimulates 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake by organ cultured embryonic chick small intestine
Authors: Prager Christiane , Cross Heide S. , Peterlik Meinrad 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The possible contribution of increased D-glucose absorption from the intestine to the impairment of oral glucose tolerance in hyperthyroidism was evaluated by investigating the influence of T3 on different pathways of D-glucose transport, utilizing an organ culture system of embryonic chick small intestinal explants. T3, when present in the culture medium at a concentration between 10−10-10−8 mol/l, had no effect on uptake of α-methyl-D-glucoside, but stimulated uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose by the intestinal epithelium in a dose-dependent fashion. T3 thereby enhanced the maximal velocity of a saturable, cytochalasin B-sensitive but phloretin-insensitive 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport system with an apparent Km of 7 mmol/l. The combined data are consistent with the assumption that T3 can enhance D-glucose entry into the intestinal epithelium through stimulationof a low-affinity transport system at the brush-border membrane of enterocytes. Our findings provide a basis for the explanation of adaptive modulation of intestinal glucose absorption in hyperthyroidism.
A monthly cycle in the adrenocortical function during third trimester pregnancy
Authors: Paaby Per O. , Nielsen Aage , Raffn Kjeld 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Eleven healthy women were examined three times a week during the third trimester. The possibility of monthly cyclical changes in the serum concentrations of cortisol, placental hCG and fetoplacental estradiol was tested because of previous findings of highly significant monthly cycles in aldosterone and progesterone. A semi-parametric statistical model was used and a highly significant monthly cycle in serum cortisol was found, whereas the amplitude for a cycle in hCG was barely significant and non-significant for estradiol. The previous findings of monthly cycles in aldosterone and progesterone, using a parametric multivariate model, were retested by the semiparametric method employed for the present publication. The findings of highly significant cycles in aldosterone and progesterone were corroborated. We think that the results indicate the existence of an adrenocortical cycle. We think that the monthly ovarian cycle in the non-pregnant state is paralleled by an adrenocortical cycle, where changes in aldosterone are "linked" with changes in progesterone and changes in cortisol with changes in estrogens. During pregnancy the adrenocortical cycle persists, probably controlled by the maternal hypothalamus. The physiological background for this monthly endocrine cycle during pregnancy is enigmatic.
Thyrotropin results in euthyroid patients with a past history of hyperthyroidism
Authors: Brownlie Bevan E. W. , Legge Helen M. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Sensitive TSH levels were measured in 93 euthyroid patients with a past history of hyperthyroidism. Subnormal TSH values were found in 18 out of 75 (24%) patients previously treated with a course of antithyroid drugs, and in 3 out of 18 (17%) post-thyroidectomy patients. These subnormal TSH results are a limitation to the general applicationof the TSH-first strategy. Twelve months follow-up showed that subnormal TSH values are associated with increased risk of relapse in the antithyroid drug treated group (p<0.001). Longer follow-up varies in duration and some late relapses have occurred in drug treated patients with normal baseline TSH levels. To date relapses have occurred in 3 out of 56 normal TSH patients compared with in 6 out of 16 suppressed TSH patients; no thyroidectomy patients have relapsed. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the predictive value of sensitive TSH measurements.
The synthesis and release of gonadotropins in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone of the rat anterior pituitary gland during weight reduction
Authors: Kotsuji Fumikazu , Aso Takeshi , Kamitani Naoyuki , Tominaga Toshiro 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
It is well recognized that weight reduction produces the suppression of serum LH but not FSH level in rodents. In order to clarify the mechanism by which the discrepancy between LH and FSH levels is brought about, the influence of weight loss on the pituitary function was explored using female rats. The changes of the pituitary response to GnRH and the basal secretion of gonadotropins with progressive weight loss were investigated by in vitro short-term incubation of the pituitary gland after prolonged weight loss in female Wistar rats. On the first day of diestrous and until day 14 of the diet, GnRH induced LH and FSH release from the pituitary and a decrease in pituitary content of them, but the total amount of gonadotropin in culture medium and pituitary tissue was not affected. On day 30 of the diet, the decrease in pituitary content disappeared. On day 60 LH release disappeared, whereas pituitary FSH and the total amount of gonadotropins were increased by GnRH. Non-stimulated FSH but not LH secretion per mg of pituitary was augmented during dieting. The data indicate that pituitary responsiveness to GnRH and non-stimulated FSH release were modified by weight loss: the LH-releasing action of GmRH was diminished, the gonadotropin-synthesizing action of GnRH was augmented, and non-stimulated FSH release was increased.
Further evidence of an opposite effect of dorsal and median raphe nuclei on the proestrous surge of LH
Authors: Morello H. , Caligaris L. , Haymal B. , Taleisnik S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The effect of stimulation or lesions of either the dorsal or the median raphe nucleus on the proestrous surge of LH and on ovulation was studied in rats kept under constant illumination. Electrochemical stimulation (anodic DC of 100 μA during 30 sec) was applied at noon on the day of proestrus through chronically implanted electrodes. Lesions of the raphe nuclei were made by passing a cathodic current of 1 mA for 20 sec through nichrome electrodes stereotaxically implanted. Blood samples from freely behaving rats were obtained hourly through cannulae inserted into the jugular vein. Rats under constant light from diestrous day 1 or diestrous day 2 showed a delay in the onset of the LH surge of the next proestrus. Stimulation applied into the median raphe nucleus inhibited proestrous LH release and blocked ovulation, whereas stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus resulted in enhanced LH release in rats under constant light from diestrous day 2 but not from diestrous day 1. In turn, in rats bearing lesions in the dorsal raphe nucleus LH surges were decreased and ovulation was blocked, but rats with lesions in the median raphe nucleus exhibited enhanced LH release. It is concluded that the dorsal and the median raphe nuclei exert opposite effects on the proestrous surge of LH and on ovulation.
An update on the frequency of nonclassic deficiency of adrenal 21-hydroxylase in the Yugoslav population
Authors: Dumić Miro , Brkljačić Ljerka , Speiser Phyllis W. , Wood Elizabeth , Crawford Christopher , Plavšić Vesna , Baničeviác Miloš , Radmanović Slobodan , Radica Ana , Kaštelan Andrija , New Maria I. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Nonclassic steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is an attenuated adrenal enzyme defect that is commonly the basis of hyperandrogenic syndromes. Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, it is known to occur with high frequency in the general population and with increased frequency in a number of ethnic groups, including the Yugoslav population. Following expansion of the original data on 21 families in Croatia to a total of 49 Croatian and Serbian families, we establish that this enzymatic disorder is increased in this Slavic population and provide an updated estimate for the gene frequency of 0.092 (0.035-0.149). Also in keeping with earlier reports, we continue to note the absence of association between nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency occurring among Yugoslavs and HLA-B14;DR1.
Vitamin D metabolism in osteoporotic women during treatment with estrogen, an anabolic steroid, or calcitonin
Authors: Hartwell Dorthe , Hassager Christian , Overgaard Kirsten , Riis Bente Juel , Pødenphant Jan , Christiansen Claus 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
We assessed the effects of a continuous oral combination of estradiol and norethisterone acetate, nandrolone decanoate, or salmon calcitonin on the vitamin D endocrine system. One hundred and nineteen postmenopausal women, aged 55-75 years, with at least one osteoporotic fracture, were randomly allocated to one year of treatment with estradiol and norethisterone acetate, nandrolone decanoate, or calcitonin, all drugs with a beneficial effect on bone. All three trials were double-blind and placebo-controlled; 104 women (87%) completed the study. We measured the total serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and vitamin D-binding protein, and estimated the free 1,25(OH)2D index and the "24-hydroxylase activity" initially, and at 6 and 12 months. Furthermore, the 24-h urinary excretions of calcium, phosphate, and adenosine 3'-5'-cyclic monophosphate were assessed initially and at 12 months. The serum concentration of vitamin D-binding protein and 1,25(OH)2D increased transiently during estradiol and norethisterone acetate treatment and vitamin D-binding protein decreased transiently during nandrolone decanoate treatment. None of the other parameters were significantly affected by any of the three treatments. The risk of type II errors was below 10 per cent for all vitamin D measurements. We conclude that the vitamin D metabolites are unlikely to be of major importance for the mechanism by which these drugs exert their positive skeletal effects.
Factors influencing the outcome of thyrostatic drug therapy in Graves' disease
Authors: Winsa Brita , Dahlberg Per Anders , Jansson Rolf , Ågren Hans , Karlsson F. Anders 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
In patients with Graves' disease, thyrostatic drug treatment may induce definitive remission without the need of more aggressive measures such as surgery or radioiodine. Following drug therapy, however, relapses often occur. In the present study, a multivariate analysis of pretreatment variables was performed, in order to identify individuals running a high risk of an unfavourable outcome of thyrostatic drug therapy. We studied 109 consecutive patients with a mean age of 38 years, range 20–70, over a mean follow-up period of 5.3 years after cessation of therapy. The analysis showed that goitre size, age, thyroid hormone levels, HLA-DR 3 haplotype, and TSH receptor antibody levels were of prognostic significance, whereas HLA-B8 haplotype, a lymphocytic infiltrate at fine needle biopsy, thyroglobulin, and microsomal antibodies had no such value. In particular, patients characterized by young age, large goitre and high hormone values were found to be associated with an unfavourable course.
Secretion of alpha and TSH-beta subunits in patients with acromegaly: an in vivo study
Authors: Assadian Hossein , Shimatsu Akira , Koshiyama Hiroyuki , Hattori Naoki , Ishikawa Yasuhiro , Tanoh Tsutomu , Imura Hiroo 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Plasma alpha and TSH-beta subunit responses to iv administration of GHRH were examined in 19 patients with active acromegaly. In 4 patients (21%), plasma alpha subunit levels were increased over 50% of basal levels after administration of GHRH, whereas plasma TSH-beta subunit levels were increased in response to GHRH in another 5 patients (26%). No patient showed simultaneous increases of alpha and beta subunits. After successful surgery, alpha and TSH-beta subunits did not respond to GHRH. These findings support the idea that some pituitary adenomas in acromegaly co-secrete GH and either alpha subunit or TSH-beta subunit.
THE RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX TO PSYCHIC STRESS AFTER MEPROBAMATE TREATMENT
Authors: Mäkelä S. , Näätänen E. , Rinne U. K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A study has been made of the effect of acute as well as chronic meprobamate treatment on the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion caused by psychic stress, and of the effect of meprobamate treatment on the adrenal cortex. The results obtained in this work indicate that meprobamate is able under acute experimental conditions to inhibit the ascorbic acid depletion caused by psychic stress although in the meprobamate plus psychic stress group the adrenal ascorbic acid quantity was highly significantly less than in the controls. During chronic treatment, again, adaptation occurs, causing the blocking effect of meprobamate to cease after 11 to 14 days' treatment. It was found, on the other hand, that meprobamate treatment alone stimulates the adrenal cortex in intact as well as unilaterally adrenalectomized animals. The possible mechanisms of action are discussed.
DETERMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS IN URINE OF PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Johnson David F. , Francois Daniel , Heftmann Erich 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The urinary excretion of individual adrenocortical steroids has been studied throughout the course of normal pregnancy and in complications of pregnancy, including toxaemia, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. The pattern of U. V. absorbing and reducing compounds was qualitatively the same for all urines. Of the reducing steroids, three have been identified as allopregnanetetrolone, pregnanetrioldione and pregnanetetrolone. The quantitative changes of the individual compounds in the course of normal pregnancy and in complications of pregnancy are discussed.
EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON GROWTH AND ON 35S UPTAKE BY MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES OF TRANSPLANTED OSTEOSARCOMA IN RATS
Authors: Kowalewski K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Cortisone significantly inhibited the growth of Noble's transplanted osteosarcoma in rats. Cortisone also inhibited the uptake of 35S by sulphated mucopolysaccharides of tumours. This observation is in agreement with the known effects of glucocorticoids on certain elements of connective tissue.
STUDIES ON URINARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Johnsen Svend G. , Hamburger Christian 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The gonadotrophic activities of the International Reference Preparation for Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin (HMG 24) and of its predecessor, the unofficial reference preparation (HMG 20A), were assayed against 7 other preparations of postmenopausal urines extracted and purified by different methods. The end-points of assay were the dose-response curves for mean uterine and ovarian weights in immature rats.
A marked qualitative difference was found between the 7 different extracts on the one hand and the reference preparations on the other.
This difference is tentatively assumed to be caused by a relatively greater loss of follicle stimulating hormone than of luteinizing hormone in the procedures used for the extraction and purification of HMG 24 and HMG 20A.
It is concluded that HMG 24 and HMG 20A are unsuitable as reference preparations for human menopausal gonadotrophin and for hypophyseal gonadotrophins in general.
STUDIES ON THE CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING ACTIVITY OF SYNTHETIC OXYTOCIN
Authors: Rinne U. K. , Kivalo E. , Lahtinen K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The ACTH-releasing activity of synthetic oxytocin has been investigated in male rats, using adrenal ascorbic acid depletion as an indication of ACTH release. In acute experimental conditions synthetic oxytocin caused a highly significant adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in normal animals, as compared both to intact controls and to controls injected with physiological sodium chloride solution. It did not however, produce any adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in animals blocked by means of prednisolone. Administered as daily injections, synthetic oxytocin no longer caused any significant adrenal ascorbic acid depletion after six to nine days of treatment. It has been concluded that the ACTH-releasing activity of synthetic oxytocin is non-specific and thus is not the hypothalamic neurohumoral substance causing ACTH release from the anterior pituitary gland. The nature of this substance has been discussed in the light of previous results and of those obtained in the present investigations.
ALTERATION IN HORMONAL ACTIVITY RESULTING FROM CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF BEEF GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: Sonenberg Martin , Money William L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of various reagents, which produce protein derivatives, on the biological activity of growth hormone has been studied. Various conditions which affect growth hormone stability have also been investigated. In general, it has been found that reaction of growth hormone with phenylisocyanate, nitrous acid or concentrated sulfuric acid, under the conditions specified, destroyed the biological activity. Reaction of growth hormone with thioglycolic acid, iodine, or acid methanol yielded growth hormone derivatives which were active or inactive, depending on the reaction conditions. Reaction with acid ethanol, formaldehyde, cysteine, sodium bisulfite, diisopropylfluorophosphate, urea or bromine had no effect on the growth-promoting activity of these preparations. Growth hormone was found to be rather stable in dilute and glacial acetic acid except when heated to a temperature of 94° C. The implications of these findings are discussed.
None of the growth hormone derivatives obtained in this study was able to inhibit the growth-promoting response induced by unmodified growth hormone preparations.
PITUITARY REGULATION OF THYROID ACTIVITY
Authors: Christensen L. Korsgaard 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Under normal conditions the thyroid function is mainly controlled by the content of thyroid hormone in plasma. If the level is too low, this acts as a stimulus for the pituitary production of thyrotrophic hormone. If it is too high, the opposite effect prevails. Administration of salicylate or dinitrophenol influences the thyroid function in a way which appears to contradict the existence of a regulating mechanism of this kind. However, evidence is presented which is consistent with the view that it is not the total content of thyroid hormone in the plasma, but its content of free, non-protein-bound thyroxine that regulates the pituitary effect on the thyroid.
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN THE ALLOXAN DIABETIC FEMALE RAT
Authors: Lawrence A. M. , Contopoulos A. N. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Sexual maturity was delayed in prepuberal rats rendered diabetic by alloxan; this could not be attributed to inanition alone. Mature rats rendered diabetic ceased to have cyclic oestrous periods, and the ovaries, uterus, and vagina involuted. Insulin restored the oestrous cycles and fertility to normal in the sexually mature alloxan diabetic rats. When the insulin was withdrawn after breeding some diabetic rats successfully delivered viable litters. In the majority, however, foetal death and resorption occurred about the 10th day of gestation. The lactational performances in alloxan-diabetic rats was variable and subnormal. This variability in reproductive performance probably accounts for the lack of agreement in the literature. No obvious correlation existed between the degree of hyperglycaemia in rats which maintained pregnancy and in those which failed to deliver viable young.