bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Land Cover and Soil Moisture on the Horizontal Distribution of Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxes in Southeast Kansas during IHOP_2002 and CASES-97
Authors: LeMone Margaret A. , Chen Fei , Alfieri Joseph G. , Tewari Mukul , Geerts Bart , Miao Qun , Grossman Robert L. , Coulter Richard L. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Analyses of daytime fair-weather aircraft and surface-flux tower data from the May–June 2002 International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) and the April–May 1997 Cooperative Atmosphere Surface Exchange Study (CASES-97) are used to document the role of vegetation, soil moisture, and terrain in determining the horizontal variability of latent heat LE and sensible heat H along a 46-km flight track in southeast Kansas. Combining the two field experiments clearly reveals the strong influence of vegetation cover, with H maxima over sparse/dormant vegetation, and H minima over green vegetation; and, to a lesser extent, LE maxima over green vegetation, and LE minima over sparse/dormant vegetation. If the small number of cases is producing the correct trend, other effects of vegetation and the impact of soil moisture emerge through examining the slope ΔxyLE/ΔxyH for the best-fit straight line for plots of time-averaged LE as a function of time-averaged H over the area. Based on the surface energy balance, H + LE = Rnet − Gsfc, where Rnet is the net radiation and Gsfc is the flux into the soil; Rnet − Gsfc ∼ constant over the area implies an approximately −1 slope. Right after rainfall, H and LE vary too little horizontally to define a slope. After sufficient drying to produce enough horizontal variation to define a slope, a steep (∼−2) slope emerges. The slope becomes shallower and better defined with time as H and LE horizontal variability increases. Similarly, the slope becomes more negative with moister soils. In addition, the slope can change with time of day due to phase differences in H and LE. These trends are based on land surface model (LSM) runs and observations collected under nearly clear skies; the vegetation is unstressed for the days examined. LSM runs suggest terrain may also play a role, but observational support is weak.
Orographic Precipitation and Water Vapor Fractionation over the Southern Andes
Authors: Smith Ronald B. , Evans Jason P. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The climatological nature of orographic precipitation in the southern Andes between 40° and 48°S is investigated primarily using stable isotope data from streamwater. In addition, four precipitation events are examined using balloon soundings and satellite images. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images taken during precipitation events reveal complex patterns of upstream open-cell convection over the ocean, stratus and/or convective clouds over the mountains, and sharp leeside clearing and roll convection over the steppe. Using the water vapor bands on MODIS reveals a sharp drop in column water vapor from about 1.4 to 0.7 cm across the mountain range.
Seventy-one water samples from streams across the southern Andes provide deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope data to determine the drying ratio (DR) of airstreams crossing the mountain range and to constrain free parameters in a mathematical model of orographic precipitation. From the strong isotope fractionation associated with orographic precipitation, it is estimated that DR is ∼50%, the highest value yet found for a mountain range. The cloud delay parameters in a high-resolution linear precipitation model were optimized to fit the streamwater isotope data. The model agrees well with the data when the cloud delay time (i.e., elapsed time from condensation to precipitation) is about 1700 s. The tuned model is used to discuss the small-scale spatial pattern of precipitation.
The isotope data from streams are also compared with data from sapwater. The good agreement suggests that future isotope mapping could be done using trees.
Some reflections on social workers’ perspectives on mental health services in two cities - Sydney, Australia and Budapest, Hungary
Authors: Weber Zita , Bugarszki Zsolt 
Published: March 2007

English This article reflects on the ways in which historical and political narratives have shaped social work practice in mental health in two cities, Sydney, Australia and Budapest, Hungary. A small sample of social workers was interviewed in the two cities and their perspectives highlighted many similarities in theoretical orientation to their practice. French Cette thèse s'arrête sur les façons dont les récits historiques et politiques ont façonnéla pratique du travail social dans deux villes, Sydney en Australie et Budapest en Hongrie. Un échantillon restreint de travailleurs sociaux ont étéinterviewés dans les deux villes et leurs perspectives ont mis en lumière un grand nombre de similitudes en ce qui a trait à l'orientation théorique de leur pratique. Spanish Se reflexiona sobre la manera en que narrativas históricas y políticas han dado forma a la práctica de trabajo social en Sydney (Australia) y Budapest (Hungría). Se entrevistóa una pequeña muestra de trabajadores sociales en las dos ciudades. Sus perspectivas muestran muchas semejanzas en la orientación teórica de su práctica.
An introduction to causal modeling in clinical trials
Authors: Bellamy Scarlett L , Lin Julia Y , Have Thomas R Ten 
Published: February 2007

Purpose We review and compare two causal modeling approaches that correspond to two major and distinct classes of inference – efficacy and interventionbased inference – in the context of randomized trials with subject noncompliance. Methods We review the definitions of efficacy and intervention-based effects in the clinical trials literature and relate these to two separate and distinct causal modeling approaches: the structural mean modeling (SMM) approach and the principal stratification, instrumental variable approach. Results The SMM-based efficacy approach focuses on the effect of actually receiving treatment. In contrast, the principal stratification method addresses the effect of treatment assignment within partially unobserved latent subgroups defined by compliance behavior. While these approaches differ in terms of philosophy, model definitions, and estimation, they estimate the same causal effect under certain assumptions, but estimate very different causal effects when those assumptions are relaxed. We illustrate these results using a randomized psychiatry trial where the focus is physician compliance to the designated protocol and the other examines patient compliance to the designated protocol, both from the same trial. Limitations The validity of the models under the instrumental variable, SMM and principal stratification approaches depends on modeling assumptions, some of which may not be verifiable from the observed data and potentially less realistic than the no-confounding assumption made by non-causal approaches. Conclusions This comparison in terms of efficacy versus intervention-based effects in causal modeling parallels the explanatory versus pragmatic approaches in clinical trials research; therefore researchers should weigh carefully when choosing causal modeling methodology based on whether efficacy or intervention-based effects are of interest. Clinical Trials 2007; 4: 58–73; http://ctj.sagepub.com
Design and analysis issues in cardiac arrhythmia trials: insights from the Detect Supraventricular Tachycardia Trial
Authors: McClelland Robyn L , Bamlet William R , Glikson Michael , Friedman Paul A 
Published: February 2007

Background The Detect Supraventricular Tachycardia (Detect SVT) trial was a randomized single blind study in subjects receiving a dual chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). The primary goal was to evaluate whether dual chamber enhancements result in greater discrimination between supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and ventricular episodes when compared to ventricular-only enhancements. Purpose The purpose of this report is to describe our experiences from an analytic perspective, including overall study design, the value of blinded episode review, and the statistical analysis plan. Methods The Detect SVT study was a parallel group study, with blinded central review of all arrhythmia episodes occurring over a six-month period. The primary response was the proportion of inappropriate detections (SVT episodes that are inappropriately classified as ventricular by the device). Results A parallel group design was essential as unplanned crossovers were very differential. The blinded review of episodes was a major use of resources, with over 2300 episodes observed. This review did not materially alter the findings, however, the avoidance of any perceived bias was a major strength. The value of collecting large numbers of episodes on a single subject was found to be minimal. A Kaplan–Meier analysis of the number of SVT episodes until first inappropriate detection was found to add additional information. Limitations The recommendations reported here relate to cardiac arrhythmia trials, or other studies with very similar endpoints. These observations are based on the results of a single trial and should be confirmed in other studies. Conclusions The parallel group design was essential, as was accounting for within-subject correlation in the analysis. The blinded review process was also important, but significant resources could be saved by closing-out episode collection after a fixed number of episodes. Lessons learned from the Detect SVT trial may prove useful to others designing trials in this active research area.
Communion, Unity and Primacy: An Anglican Response to Ut Unum Sint
Authors: Santer Mark 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPope John Paul II’s Encyclical Ut Unum Sint, published in 1995, was immediately recognized as a document of fundamental importance for ecumenism. John Paul II clearly and unequivocally renewed the Roman Catholic Church’s commitment to the ecumenical movement and invited leaders and theologians of other churches to engage with the Roman Catholic Church in patient and fraternal dialogue on the issue of the Petrine offices. A decade later this lecture reviews official Anglican responses to the Pope’s initiative and sets out issues which Anglicans need to address and explore.
The Praxis of Inculturation for Mission: Roberto de Nobili’s Example and Legacy
Authors: Collins Paul 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article investigates inculturation in the twentieth century in relation to the example and practice of the seventeenth-century Jesuit missionary Roberto de Nobili. Monastic and liturgical attempts at inculturation in South India are examined as well as the critique offered by Dalit Theology. There are four sections: (1) Outline and analysis of the practice of de Nobili, and its theological basis in the seventeenth century. (2) Analysis of the parallels between the praxis of de Nobili and various Christian sannyasi in the twentieth century, e.g. Savarirayan Jesudason, Ernest Forrester-Paton, Jack Winslow, Abhishiktananda, Bede Griffiths and Francis Acharya. (3) Evaluation of the practice, and its theological basis, of these sannyasi and other religious leaders in South India. (4) Investigation of the critique of Dalit Theology of these practices, and possible outcomes for future practice e.g. in relation to inter-religious dialogue.
Mild hypothermia reduces cardiac post-ischemic reactive hyperemia
Authors: Olivecrona Goran K , Götberg Matthias , Harnek Jan , Van der Pals Jesper , Erlinge David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackgroundIn experimentally induced myocardial infarction, mild hypothermia (33–35°C) is beneficial if applied prior to ischemia or reperfusion. Hypothermia, when applied after reperfusion seems to confer little or no benefit. The mechanism by which hypothermia exerts its cell-protective effect during cardiac ischemia remains unclear. It has been hypothesized that hypothermia reduces the reperfusion damage; the additional damage incurred upon the myocardium during reperfusion. Reperfusion results in a massive increase in blood flow, reactive hyperemia, which may contribute to reperfusion damage. We postulated that hypothermia could attenuate the post-ischemic reactive hyperemia.MethodsSixteen 25–30 kg pigs, in a closed chest model, were anesthetized and temperature was established in all pigs at 37°C using an intravascular cooling catheter. The 16 pigs were then randomized to hypothermia (34°C) or control (37°C). The left main coronary artery was then catheterized with a PCI guiding catheter. A Doppler flow wire was placed in the mid part of the LAD and a PCI balloon was then positioned proximal to the Doppler wire but distal to the first diagonal branch. The LAD was then occluded for ten minutes in all pigs. Coronary blood flow was measured before, during and after ischemia/reperfusion.ResultsThe peak flow seen during post-ischemic reactive hyperemia (during the first minutes of reperfusion) was significantly reduced by 43 % (p < 0.01) in hypothermic pigs compared to controls.ConclusionMild hypothermia significantly reduces post-ischemic hyperemia in a closed chest pig model. The reduction of reactive hyperemia during reperfusion may have an impact on cardiac reperfusion injury.
Evaluation of procalcitonin for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis of vertical transmission
Authors: López Sastre José B , Pérez Solís David , Roqués Serradilla Vicente , Fernández Colomer Belén , Coto Cotallo Gil D ,   Grupo de Hospitales Castrillo
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
The results of recent studies suggest the usefulness of PCT for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, with varying results. The aim of this prospective multicenter study was to determine the behavior of serum PCT concentrations in both uninfected and infected neonates, and to assess the value of this marker for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis of vertical transmission.

Methods
PCT was measured in 827 blood samples collected prospectively from 317 neonates admitted to 13 acute-care teaching hospitals in Spain over one year. Serum PCT concentrations were determined by a specific immunoluminometric assay. The diagnostic efficacy of PCT at birth and within 12–24 h and 36–48 h of life was evaluated calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio of positive and negative results.

Results
169 asymptomatic newborns and 148 symptomatic newborns (confirmed vertical sepsis: 31, vertical clinical sepsis: 38, non-infectious diseases: 79) were studied. In asymptomatic neonates, PCT values at 12–24 h were significantly higher than at birth and at 36–48 h of life. Resuscitation at birth and chorioamnionitis were independently associated to PCT values. Neonates with confirmed vertical sepsis showed significantly higher PCT values than those with clinical sepsis. PCT thresholds for the diagnosis of sepsis were 0.55 ng/mL at birth (sensitivity 75.4%, specificity 72.3%); 4.7 ng/mL within 12–24 h of life (sensitivity 73.8%, specificity 80.8%); and 1.7 ng/mL within 36–48 h of life (sensitivity 77.6%, specificity 79.2%).

Conclusion
Serum PCT was moderately useful for the detection of sepsis of vertical transmission, and its reliability as a maker of bacterial infection requires specific cutoff values for each evaluation point over the first 48 h of life.
Cost-effectiveness of collaborative care for chronically ill patients with comorbid depressive disorder in the general hospital setting, a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Horn Eva K , van Benthem Tjeerd B , Hakkaart-van Roijen Leona , van Marwijk Harm WJ , Beekman Aartjan TF , Rutten Frans F , van der Feltz-Cornelis Christina M 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Background
Depressive disorder is one of the most common disorders, and is highly prevalent in chronically ill patients. The presence of comorbid depression has a negative influence on quality of life, health care costs, self-care, morbidity, and mortality. Early diagnosis and well-organized treatment of depression has a positive influence on these aspects. Earlier research in the USA has reported good results with regard to the treatment of depression with a collaborative care approach and an antidepressant algorithm. In the UK 'Problem Solving Treatment' has proved to be feasible. However, in the general hospital setting this approach has not yet been evaluated.

Methods/Design
CC: DIM (Collaborative Care: Depression Initiative in the Medical setting) is a two-armed randomised controlled trial with randomisation at patient level. The aim of the trial is to evaluate the treatment of depressive disorder in general hospitals in the Netherlands based on a collaborative care framework, including contracting, 'Problem Solving Treatment', antidepressant algorithm, and manual-guided self-help. 126 outpatients with diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cardiovascular diseases will be randomised to either the intervention group or the control group. Patients will be included if they have been diagnosed with moderate to severe depression, based on the DSM-IV criteria in a two-step screening method. The intervention group will receive treatment based on the collaborative care approach; the control group will receive 'care as usual'. Baseline and follow-up measurements (after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months) will be performed by means of questionnaires. The primary outcome measure is severity of depressive symptoms, as measured with the PHQ-9. The secondary outcome measure is the cost-effectiveness of these treatments according to the TiC-P, the EuroQol and the SF-36.

Discussion
Earlier research has indicated that depressive disorder is a chronic, mostly recurrent illness, which tends to cluster with physical comorbidity. Even though the treatment of depressive disorder based on the guidelines for depression is proven effective, these guidelines are often insufficiently adhered to. Collaborative care and 'Problem Solving Treatment' will be specifically tailored to patients with depressive disorders and evaluated in a general hospital setting in the Netherlands.
The acceptability of waiting times for elective general surgery and the appropriateness of prioritising patients
Authors: Oudhoff Jurriaan P , Timmermans Danielle RM , Rietberg Martin , Knol Dirk L , van der Wal Gerrit 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackgroundProblematic waiting lists in public health care threaten the equity and timeliness of care provision in several countries. This study assesses different stakeholders' views on the acceptability of waiting lists in health care, their preferences for priority care of patients, and their judgements on acceptable waiting times for surgical patients.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among 257 former patients (82 with varicose veins, 86 with inguinal hernia, and 89 with gallstones), 101 surgeons, 95 occupational physicians, and 65 GPs. Judgements on acceptable waiting times were assessed using vignettes of patients with varicose veins, inguinal hernia, and gallstones.ResultsParticipants endorsed the prioritisation of patients based on clinical need, but not on ability to benefit. The groups had significantly different opinions (p < 0.05) on the use of non-clinical priority criteria and on the need for uniformity in the prioritisation process.Acceptable waiting times ranged between 2 and 25 weeks depending on the type of disorder (p < 0.001) and the severity of physical and psychosocial problems of patients (p < 0.001). Judgements were similar between the survey groups (p = 0.3) but responses varied considerably within each group depending on the individual's attitude towards waiting lists in health care (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe explicit prioritisation of patients seems an accepted means for reducing the overall burden from waiting lists. The disagreement about appropriate prioritisation criteria and the need for uniformity, however, raises concern about equity when implementing prioritisation in daily practice.Single factor waiting time thresholds seem insufficient for securing timely care provision in the presence of long waiting lists as they do not account for the different consequences of waiting between patients.
Repeated administration of the noradrenergic neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) modulates neuroinflammation and amyloid plaque load in mice bearing amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 mutant transgenes
Authors: Pugh Perdita L , Vidgeon-Hart Martin P , Ashmeade Tracey , Culbert Ainsley A , Seymour Zoe , Perren Marion J , Joyce Flora , Bate Simon T , Babin Anna , Virley David J , Richardson Jill C , Upton Neil , Sunter David 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
Data indicates anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and pro-cognitive properties of noradrenaline and analyses of post-mortem brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients reveal major neuronal loss in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), the main source of CNS noradrenaline (NA). The LC has projections to brain regions vulnerable to amyloid deposition and lack of LC derived NA could play a role in the progression of neuroinflammation in AD. Previous studies reveal that intraperitoneal (IP) injection of the noradrenergic neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) can modulate neuroinflammation in amyloid over-expressing mice and in one study, DSP-4 exacerbated existing neurodegeneration.

Methods
TASTPM mice over-express human APP and beta amyloid protein and show age related cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. In the present studies, 5 month old C57/BL6 and TASTPM mice were injected once monthly for 6 months with a low dose of DSP-4 (5 mg kg-1) or vehicle. At 8 and 11 months of age, mice were tested for cognitive ability and brains were examined for amyloid load and neuroinflammation.

Results
At 8 months of age there was no difference in LC tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) across all groups and cortical NA levels of TASTPM/DSP-4, WT/Vehicle and WT/DSP-4 were similar. NA levels were lowest in TASTPM/Vehicle. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for various inflammatory markers were significantly increased in TASTPM/Vehicle compared with WT/Vehicle and by 8 months of age DSP-4 treatment modified this by reducing the levels of some of these markers in TASTPM. TASTPM/Vehicle showed increased astrocytosis and a significantly larger area of cortical amyloid plaque compared with TASTPM/DSP-4. However, by 11 months, NA levels were lowest in TASTPM/DSP-4 and there was a significant reduction in LC TH of TASTPM/DSP-4 only. Both TASTPM groups had comparable levels of amyloid, microglial activation and astrocytosis and mRNA for inflammatory markers was similar except for interleukin-1 beta which was increased by DSP-4. TASTPM mice were cognitively impaired at 8 and 11 months but DSP-4 did not modify this.

Conclusion
These data reveal that a low dose of DSP-4 can have varied effects on the modulation of amyloid plaque deposition and neuroinflammation in TASTPM mice dependent on the duration of dosing.