bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of mood stabilizers on the inhibition of adenylate cyclase via dopamine D2‐like receptors
Authors: Montezinho Liliana P , Mørk Arne , Duarte Carlos B , Penschuck Silke , Geraldes Carlos FGC , Castro M Margarida CA 
Published: April 2007

Objective:  The mood stabilizing drugs lithium, carbamazepine and valproate modulate brain adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which are assumed to be elevated in bipolar disorder patients. The aim of this work was to investigate how these three mood stabilizing agents affect the regulation of cAMP levels by dopamine D2‐like receptors in vitro in rat cortical neurons in culture and in vivo in the rat prefrontal cortex.Methods:  The production of cAMP was measured in the cultured cortical neurons or in microdialysis samples collected from the prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats using the [8‐3H] and [125I] radioimmunoassay kits.Results:  In vitro and in vivo data showed that the treatment with the mood stabilizing drugs had no effect on basal cAMP levels in vitro, but had differential effects in vivo. Direct stimulation of adenylate cyclase (AC) with forskolin increased cAMP levels both in vitro and in vivo, and this effect was significantly inhibited by all three mood stabilizers. Activation of dopamine D2‐like receptors with quinpirole partially inhibited forskolin‐induced increase in cAMP in untreated cultures, but no effect was observed in cortical neuron cultures treated with the mood stabilizing drugs. Similar results were obtained by chronic treatment with lithium and valproate in the prefrontal cortex in vivo. However, surprisingly, in carbamazepine‐treated rats the activation of dopamine D2‐like receptors enhanced the responsiveness of AC to subsequent activation by forskolin, possibly as a consequence of chronic inhibition of the activity of the enzyme.Conclusions:  It was shown that each of these drugs affects basal‐ and forskolin‐evoked cAMP levels in a distinct way, resulting in differential responses to dopamine D2‐like receptors activation.
Manic symptoms and impulsivity during bipolar depressive episodes
Authors: Swann Alan C , Gerard Moeller F , Steinberg Joel L , Schneider Laurie , Barratt Ernest S , Dougherty Donald M 
Published: April 2007

Objectives:  In contrast to the extensive literature on the frequent occurrence of depressive symptoms in manic patients, there is little information about manic symptoms in bipolar depressions. Impulsivity is a prominent component of the manic syndrome, so manic features during depressive syndromes may be associated with impulsivity and its consequences, including increased risk of substance abuse and suicidal behavior. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of manic symptoms and their relationships to impulsivity and clinical characteristics in patients with bipolar depressive episodes.Methods:  In 56 bipolar I or II depressed subjects, we investigated the presence of manic symptoms, using Mania Rating Scale (MRS) scores from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), and examined its association with other psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, and psychosis), age of onset, history of alcohol and/or other substance abuse and of suicidal behavior, and measures of impulsivity.Results:  MRS ranged from 0 to 29 (25th–75th percentile, range 4–13), and correlated significantly with anxiety and psychosis, but not with depression, suggesting the superimposition of a separate psychopathological mechanism. Impulsivity and history of substance abuse, head trauma, or suicide attempt increased with increasing MRS. Receiver‐operating curve analysis showed that MRS could divide patients into two groups based on history of alcohol abuse and suicide attempt, with an inflection point corresponding to an MRS score of 6.Discussion:  Even modest manic symptoms during bipolar depressive episodes were associated with greater impulsivity, and with histories of alcohol abuse and suicide attempts. Manic symptoms during depressive episodes suggest the presence of a potentially dangerous combination of depression and impulsivity.
Adverse pregnancy outcomes in mothers with affective psychosis
Authors: MacCabe James H , Martinsson Lennart , Lichtenstein Paul , Nilsson Emma , Cnattingius Sven , Murray Robin M , Hultman Christina M 
Published: April 2007

Objectives:  Affective psychosis has its peak incidence during the childbearing years, but little is known about the effects of the illness on pregnancy. We investigated risks of preterm delivery (PTD), low birthweight (LBW), births of infants small for their gestational age (SGA), stillbirth and infant death in births to mothers with affective psychosis using a nested case–control design within a cohort of 1,558,071 singleton births in Sweden during 1983–1997.Methods:  Using prospectively collected data from population registers, we compared the pregnancy outcomes of 5,618 births to women with affective psychosis with the outcomes of 46,246 births to unaffected mothers.Results:  Mothers with affective psychosis had elevated risk for giving birth to preterm, small or growth‐retarded babies. The risk for stillbirth and infant death during the first year of life was not significantly higher. The risks were greatest in mothers receiving hospital treatment for affective disorder during pregnancy: (i) preterm delivery: odds ratio (OR) = 2.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.71–4.17; (ii) SGA: OR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.34–4.16; (iii) low birthweight: OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.31–3.76; and (iv) stillbirth: OR = 2.19; 95% CI = 0.55–8.76. After adjustment for covariates, particularly smoking, the risks were attenuated but remained significant.Conclusions:  Clinicians should be aware of the increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with affective psychosis, some of which may be preventable.
Age and ratings of manic psychopathology
Authors: Young Robert C , Kiosses Dimitris , Heo Moonseong , Schulberg Herbert C , Murphy C , Klimstra Sibel , DeAsis Jose M , Alexopoulos George S 
Published: April 2007

Objectives:  Clinicians have suggested that manic psychopathology in adulthood changes with advanced age. We used rating scale evaluations of manic psychopathology in adult patients with bipolar (BP) disorder to test whether older age is associated with scores on items related to excesses of behaviors: i.e., Sexual Interest, Increased Activity‐Energy, Speech – Rate and Amount, and Disruptive–Aggressive Behavior.Methods:  The association of Young Mania Rating Scale item scores with current age was studied in symptomatic inpatients meeting DSM‐IV criteria for BP disorder, manic.Results:  The sample consisted of 149 patients ranging in age from 18 to 89 years; 48 of these were male. Age was not associated with differences in overall severity reflected in total score. Age was associated with lower scores on the Sexual Interest item (r = − 0.26, p < 0.001). A trend for higher scores with age on Speech – Rate and Amount (r = 0.19, p < 0.02) did not meet criteria for significance. Increased Activity‐Energy, Disruptive–Aggressive Behavior and other item scores were not associated with age. In an exploratory analysis, age and Sexual Interest and Speech item scores were associated in female patients but not in male patients.Conclusions:  These findings suggest that age minimally influences manic psychopathology in patients with BP disorder. The modest correlation between age and Sexual Interest item scores warrants further investigation and the trend for an association between age and Speech – Rate and Amount can be examined in future studies. Possible gender differences in the associations between age and these item scores also invite future study.
Hospitalization risks in the treatment of bipolar disorder: comparison of antipsychotic medications
Authors: Gianfrancesco Frank , Rajagopalan Kitty , Goldberg Joseph F , Wang Ruey‐Hua 
Published: April 2007

Objectives:  This study compared the relative risk for hospitalization of patients with bipolar and manic disorders receiving atypical and typical antipsychotics.Methods:  This retrospective study was based on administrative claims data extracted from the PharMetrics database during 1999 through 2003. Comparisons were made among atypical antipsychotics (risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine or ziprasidone), as well as between each of these versus a combined group of the leading typical antipsychotics. Relative risk for hospitalization was estimated with Cox proportional regression, which adjusted for differences in patient characteristics.Results:  Risperidone and olanzapine demonstrated higher risks for hospitalization than quetiapine [hazard ratio (HR) 1.19, p < 0.05 for both], translating into higher annual mental health inpatient charges of $260 per patient. Risperidone and olanzapine also showed higher estimated risks than ziprasidone, which approached the p < 0.05 threshold. Differences between each of the atypicals and the combined typicals were not significant. Patients with putative rapid cycling had a threefold greater risk for hospitalization than other patients with bipolar disorder. In these patients, comparisons among atypical antipsychotics showed that risperidone had a significantly higher hospitalization risk than olanzapine (HR 3.31, p < 0.05), resulting in higher annual mental health inpatient charges of $4,930 per patient.Conclusions:  In the treatment of bipolar and manic disorders, risperidone and olanzapine were associated with a higher risk for hospitalization than quetiapine, and possibly ziprasidone. In the treatment of putative rapid cyclers, olanzapine was associated with a lower risk for hospitalization than risperidone.
Context processing performance in bipolar disorder patients
Authors: Brambilla Paolo , MacDonald Angus W , Sassi Roberto B , Johnson Melissa K , Mallinger Alan G , Carter Cameron S , Soares Jair C 
Published: April 2007

Objectives:  Context processing is the adaptive control of current behavior through the use of prior context information. It has been found to be impaired in schizophrenia. Some studies have indicated that, compared with patients with schizophrenia, those with bipolar disorder (BPD) display a similar but less severe neuropsychological pattern of impairment. However, this cognitive dimension has not yet been examined in BPD patients in the existing literature.Methods:  An expectancy version of the AX continuous performance test (AX‐CPT) was administered to 15 bipolar outpatients and 26 healthy controls. Patients with schizophrenia, in which context processing deficits are known to occur, were used as a reference group.Results:  Bipolar patients showed a context processing deficit relative to healthy controls, although this was less severe and generalized than in schizophrenia patients.Conclusions:  These findings suggest there are milder impairments in context processing in BPD compared with schizophrenia. However, the severity of possible context processing deficits in BPD may have been underestimated in our sample of mostly euthymic outpatients.
Changes in insight among patients with bipolar I disorder: a 2‐year prospective study
Authors: Yen Cheng‐Fang , Chen Cheng‐Sheng , Ko Chih‐Hung , Yen Ju‐Yu , Huang Chi‐Feng 
Published: April 2007

Objectives:  The aim of this 2‐year prospective study was to examine changes in insight among bipolar patients with different clinical courses.Methods:  A cohort of 65 patients with bipolar I disorder in remission was recruited for this study. They received six follow‐up assessments over a 2‐year period. The Schedule of Assessment of Insight‐Expanded version (SAI‐E) was used to determine their levels of insight, while the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D) were used to determine affective symptoms. Types of changes in insight among bipolar patients were analyzed according to the different clinical courses during the 2‐year follow‐up period.Results:  Insight in consistently stable patients was steady during the 2‐year period. Insight decreased during the manic period in patients with only a single manic episode as well as in those with repeated manic episodes. However, insight returned to the pre‐episode level for patients with only a single manic episode, but did not for most of the patients with repeated episodes. No changes in insight were observed during depressive episodes for either patients with a single or those with repeated depressive episodes.Conclusions:  The types of insight changes among bipolar patients during the 2‐year period were various and depended on the different clinical courses. Frequent mood disturbance episodes may cause patient insight to deteriorate.
The global relationship between forest productivity and biomass
Authors: Keeling Helen C. , Phillips Oliver L. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTAim We aim to determine the empirical relationship between above‐ground forest productivity and biomass. There are theoretical reasons to assume a relationship between forest structure and function, as both may be influenced by similar ecological factors such as moisture supply. Also, dynamic global vegetation model simulations imply that any increase in forest productivity driven by climate change will result in increases in biomass and therefore carbon storage. However, few studies have explored the strength and form of the relationship between forest productivity and biomass, whether in space or time.LocationGlobal scale.Methods We collated a large data set of above‐ground biomass (AGB) and above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) and tested the extent to which spatial variation in forest biomass across the Earth can be predicted from forest productivity.Results The global ANPP–AGB relationship differs fundamentally from the strongly positive, linear relationship reported in earlier analyses, which mostly lacked tropical sites. AGB begins to peak atc. 15–20 Mg ha−1year−1ANPP, plateaus at ANPP > 20–25 Mg ha−1year−1, and may actually decline at higher levels of production.Main conclusions High turnover rates in high‐productivity forests may limit AGB by promoting the dominance of species with a low wood density. Predicted increases in ANPP will not necessarily favour increases in forest carbon storage, especially if changes in productivity are accompanied by compositional shifts.
Habitat and climate heterogeneity maintain beta‐diversity of birds among landscapes within ecoregions
Authors: Veech Joseph A. , Crist Thomas O. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTAim  Habitat and climate heterogeneity may affect patterns of species diversity from the relatively local scale of communities to the broad biogeographical scale of continents. However, the effects of heterogeneity on species diversity have not been studied as widely at intermediate scales although differences among landscapes in local climate and habitat should maintain beta‐diversity.Location  Bailey ecoregions in the USA.Methods  Using a geographically extensive dataset on bird distribution and abundance in 35 ecoregions, we tested for the effects of habitat and climate heterogeneity on beta‐diversity at two discrete spatial scales: among sample points within landscapes, and among landscapes within ecoregions.Results  Landscape‐level beta‐diversity typically accounted for 50% or more of gamma‐diversity and was significantly and positively related to habitat heterogeneity (elevational range within an ecoregion) and climate heterogeneity (variation in potential evapotranspiration). Contrary to predictions, point‐level beta‐diversity was negatively related to habitat and climate heterogeneity, perhaps because heterogeneity constrains alpha‐diversity at the landscape level. The geographical spatial separation of landscapes within an ecoregion did not significantly affect beta‐diversity at either scale.Main conclusions  Our results suggest that habitat selection and adaptation to local climate may be the primary processes structuring bird diversity among landscapes within ecoregions, and that dispersal limitation has a lesser role in influencing beta‐diversity among landscapes.
CONTRACTORS’ EXPERIENCE OF COMPULSORY COMPETITIVE TENDERING: A CASE STUDY OF CONTRACT CLEANERS IN THE NHS
Authors: MILNE ROBIN G. 
Published: April 2007

Compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) has been an important instrument of Conservative government economic policy since 1979. Its effectiveness in generating cost‐effective services depends on competition to supply the service in question.The NHS domestic market is large and, prior to the introduction of CCT, promised to be profitable for contractors. Many contract cleaners with office cleaning experience entered. In the event the costs of entry were heavy, and the profit margins of established firms were reduced. When contracts have been awarded to firms, they tended to be to those with a track record. Many firms therefore withdrew; and the few that remained have profit margins in the NHS little different from those found elsewhere. Of more than by firms with a serious interest in entry, probably no more than a handful can have come out of the experience in net profit in the first seven years.The experience of CCT in the market for NHS domestic services has shown that a degree of competition in the market can be achieved, arguably because of the presence of direct service organizations. Competition for this market, on the other hand, can be limited by the high costs of entry.
IN THEIR OWN VOICES: WOMEN COUNCILLORS IN NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: WILFORD RICK , MILLER ROBERT , BELL YOLANDA , DONOGHUE FREDA 
Published: April 2007

Based largely on in‐depth interviews with the majority of women local councillors in Northern Ireland, this article addresses two substantive issues: the reasons for the numerical underrepresentation of women and the issue of gender difference. The authors illustrate and explore these questions within the context of both the councillors’ own responses and that supplied by a concurrent survey of the general population. While the councillors and the general population favour the increased representation of women in public office, evidence of a gender cleavage ‐ while present ‐ is perceived to be more potential than actual, given the dominance of the mutually reinforcing cleavages of nationality and religion.This research was financed primarily by a grant from the Nuffield Foundation and secondarily by one from the Lockheed Foundation, administered by Queen's University, Belfast. The results cited from the wider probability survey are derived from an ESRC‐funded project (‘The Political Participation, Interests and Attitudes of Women in Northern Ireland’ ‐ R0O0 23 2726) currently being undertaken by the authors.The authors benefitted from the comments of members of the ‘Gender and Power’ workshop at the 1992 session of the European Consortium for Political Research held at the University of herick, at which an earlier version of the paper was first presented, and from the comments of two referees.
MEMBERSHIP OF THE ‘NEW STYLE’ HEALTH AUTHORITIES: CONTINUITY OR CHANGE?
Authors: ASHBURNER LYNN , CAIRNCROSS LIZ 
Published: April 2007

The 1989 White Paper ‘Working for Patients’ continued the process begun by Griffiths of managerial reform and the introduction of private sector concepts into the NHS. One of the new proposals was to change the composition and constitution of health authorities, both to avoid the assumed weaknesses of the existing format and to emulate the pattern found in the private sector.The essence of the change was the removal of the representational elements on authorities, both of medical professionals and nominees from the local authority. The health authorities were reduced in size to just eleven members and for the first time executives were included. Previous attempts at reform within the NHS have been judged to have resulted in more continuity than change. This article examines in detail who the new members are and assesses the balance between continuity and change.Despite a high level of continuity of membership, there are signs of more fundamental change. There is a significant increase in the proportion of non‐executive members from the private sector and with the inclusion of executives, a stronger managerial role is emerging. The article concludes by assessing what the implications of these changes maybe.
Books on International Economic Affairs
Authors: Charalambidou Eri 
Published: April 2007

TRADE LIBERALIZATION, PROTECTIONISM AND INTERDEPENDENCE, by Richard Blackhurst, Nicholas Marian and Jan TumlirTHE GATT LEGAL SYSTEM AND WORLD TRADE DIPLOMACY, by Robert E. HudecINTERNATIONAL TRADE 1976‐77RE‐MAKING THE SYSTEM OF WORLD TRADE: A PROPOSAL FOR INSTITUTIONAL REFORM
Divergent Oil Interests of the First and Third Worlds
Authors: Penrose Edith 
Published: April 2007

EUROPE AND WORLD ENERGY, by Hanns Maull OIL PRICES AND TRADE DEFICITS: US CONFLICTS WITH JAPAN AND WEST GERMANY, by David A. Gisselquist OIL DEBT AND DEVELOPMENT: OPEC IN THE THIRD WORLD, by Paul Hallwood PORTUGAL: REYOLUTIONARY CHANCE IN AN OPEN ECONOMY, by Rodney J. Morrison MONETARY INTEGRATION IN WESTERN EUROPE: EMU, EMS AND BEYOND, by D. C. Kruse ECONOMIC GROWTH AND EMPLOYMENT IN CHINA, by Thomas G. Rawski THE FADING OF THE MAOIST VISION: CITY AND COUNTRY IN CHINA'sDEVELOPMENT, by Rhoads Murphey EQUALITY, THE THIRD WORLD AND ECONOMIC DELUSION, by P. T. Bauer THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TURKEY, by William Hale DISASTER ASSISTANCE: APPRAISAL, REFORM AND NEW APPROACHES, edited by Lynn Stephens and Stephen J. Green BRITISH INDUSTRY AND THE NORTH SEA: STATE INTERVENTION IN A DEVELOPING INDUSTRIAL SECTOR, by Michael Jenkin and Stuart Sinclair
AGE AS A DETERMINANT OF LABOR'S TRADE POLICY INTERESTS
Authors: Li Jun , Mayer Wolfgang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper shows that workers with identical innate abilities have heterogeneous trade policy interests, whereby age of the worker and industry of employment are most critical in explaining this heterogeneity. A modified specific factor model, with overlapping generations and a retraining requirement for job switchers, is developed to demonstrate how trade policies affect the economic interests of older workers far more than of younger workers, regardless of whether they gain or lose from the policy. Accordingly, older workers tend to have stronger incentives to become politically active than younger workers.
Differential Cellular Gene Expression in Ganglioglioma
Authors: Samadani Uzma , Judkins Alexander R. , Akpalu Albert , Aronica Eleonora , Crino Peter B. 
Published: April 2007

Summary: Purpose: Gangliogliomas (GGs) are neuronal‐glial tumors highly associated with epilepsy. We hypothesized that the expression of select gene families including neurotransmitter receptor subunits and growth factors would be distinct in neurons and astrocytes within GG compared with adjacent cortex and that these changes would yield insights into seizure onset and lesion formation.Methods: Candidate gene expression was defined in single immunohistochemically labeled neurons and astrocytes microdissected from GG specimens compared with neurons and astrocytes microdissected from morphologically intact cortex adjacent to the GG or normal control cortex.Results: Differential expression of 16 genes including glutamate transporter (EAAC1) and receptor (NMDA2C, mGluR5), growth factor (hepatocyte growth factor), and receptor (platelet derived growth factor receptor β, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) mRNAs was detected in GG neurons compared with control neurons. In astrocytes, altered expression of p75NGF, mGluR3, TGFβ3 and Glt‐1 mRNAs was detected. Nestin mRNA, a gene that exhibits enhanced expression in balloon cell cortical dysplasia, was increased in GG neurons. Because of the morphological similarities between GG and cortical dysplasia, we show that there is activation of the mTOR cascade in GG as evidenced by enhanced expression of phospho‐p70S6kinase and phosphoribosomal S6 proteins.Conclusion: We find differential candidate gene expression in neurons and astrocytes in GG compared with adjacent cortex and show that there is activation of the mTOR pathway. These changes highlight pathways that may be pivotal for epileptogenesis and lesion growth.