bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life stress, social support, and anxiety in mid‐ and late‐pregnancy among low income women
Authors: Norbeck Jane S. , Anderson N. Jean 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe stability and multivariate effects of life stress, social support, and anxiety from mid to late pregnancy in a sample of low‐income women were examined. The sample of 190 was approximately equally divided among black, Hispanic, and white groups. Scores from the two time periods were highly consistent. The multivariate effects of life stress and social support on anxiety were similar at the two time periods, explaining 30% to 34% of the variance in anxiety, over and above the effects of ethnicity or marital status. The prospective test (Time 1 variables predicting Time 2 anxiety), however, explained only 22% of the variance in anxiety. Significant stress‐buffering effects from social support were found for both the Time 1 regression and the prospective test. The combination of high life stress and low partner support was associated with the highest anxiety. The findings confirmed that mid‐pregnancy measures of these psychosocial variables were valid indicators of their level over the course of the remainder of the pregnancy, allowing for early assessment and intervention to improve perinatal well‐being.
An exploration of gender differences among the homeless
Authors: Maurin Judith T. , Russell Leslie , Memmott Rae Jeanne 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInterviews were conducted with 337 homeless people in Utah. There were 266 men (79%) and 71 women (21%) with varied social networks: 76% alone, 4.7% single parents with children, 11.9% couples, and 7.4% in two‐parent families. The majority of men were alone (86.9%), compared to only 35.2% of the women. The women were more likely than the men to have children (31% compared to 7%), to have had recent contact with their absent children, to express the expectation that their absent children would live with them again, and to be psychologically distressed (65.7% compared to 39%). Of the 41 with children, 61% were in two‐parent families. Respondents with children tended to have been more recently homeless than those without children. The homeless are a heterogeneous population, and this must be taken into consideration when planning services.
Quality of life of adults with chronic illness: A psychometric study
Authors: Burckhardt Carol S. , Woods Susan L. , Schultz Alyce A. , Ziebarth Donna M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractReliability and validity of the Flanagan Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) were tested in four chronic illness groups. Open‐ended questions and four instruments, the QOLS, Duke‐UNC Health Profile (DUHP), Life Satisfaction Index (LSI‐Z), and either the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS) or the Ostomy Adjustment Scale (OAS) were administered by telephone interview and mailed questionnaires to 227 adults three times over 6 weeks. Subjects generated verbal responses that substantiated the content validity of the QOLS. Stability reliability estimates for all instruments ranged from .53 to .90. Cronbach's alpha coefficients averaged .87 for the QOLS. Appropriate validity coefficients indicated both convergent and discriminant construct validity.
Neonatal measures of attention and early cognitive status
Authors: Becker Patricia T. , Lederman Regina P. , Lederman Edward 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMeasures of infant attention may be more indicative of cognitive status than scores from standardized developmental tests. The purpose of this study of 56 full‐term infants was to determine whether measures of attention taken from the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales (NBAS) at 2 days and the Bayley Infant Behavior Record (IBR) at 2 months would be internally consistent and would be related to developmental status at 2 months. Attention measures were internally consistent. The IBR measure was significantly related to 2‐month developmental status; the NBAS measure was not. Results support attention as an important focus for nursing assessment of development.
Gender differences in anger expression: Health implications
Authors: Thomas Sandra P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAnger expression modes were examined in a diverse sample of mid‐life men and women (N = 139) participating in the third phase of a longitudinal study of health that began in 1982 at the World's Fair and a metropolitan general hospital in Tennessee. Contrary to previous studies, men and women did not differ in the likelihood of suppressing their anger (anger‐in), nor were there gender differences in anger‐out. However, † tests revealed significant differences between men and women in the likelihood of discussing anger and expressing anger via physical symptoms (women higher on both). The only mode of anger expression related to poorer health status was expression of anger via physical symptoms; anger‐in, anger‐out, and anger‐discuss modes were unrelated. Correlates of anger symptoms for both men and women included lower levels of education and optimism, poorer health habits, and external locus of control beliefs. Several correlations were found to be gender‐specific; e.g., women who exhibited more anger symptomatology were not suppressors of their anger, but directed it outward, taking it out on others and blaming others. Implications were discussed.
Patterns of functioning in families with a chronically ill parent: An exploratory study
Authors: Stuifbergen Alexa K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFindings from an assessment of the pattern of functioning of families with dependent children in which one parent was chronically ill are presented. The Moos Family Environment Scale scores of 67 chronically ill individuals and their spouses were subjected to cluster analysis procedures. Four clusters of families were identified and described: cohesive, moral‐religious oriented, structured conflict, and unstructured conflict. Structured conflict families possessed lower socioeconomic status and perceived greater impact of illness than cohesive families. Cluster analysis proved particularly useful because it allowed consideration of how groups of families vary from each other, as well as how specific dimensions of family functioning may covary with one another within groups.
The dimensionality of the UCLA loneliness scale in early adolescents
Authors: Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Adela 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe dimensionality of the UCLA Loneliness Scale was assessed in 326 adolescents aged 12 to 14. Based on theoretical grounds, a one‐factor solution was examined. The results lend limited support to the assertion that the instrument measures a single dimension of loneliness. Factor solutions ranging from three to five were unacceptable according to the methodological criteria used in this study. A two‐factor solution met the methodological criteria but the results were suggestive of a method artifact. This possibility was explored using a procedure that follows the logic of construct validation. The findings suggested that the instrument has two substantive dimensions. Continued support of the bidimen‐sionality of the instrument would have implications for theory development regarding the phenomenon of loneliness.
Position modifies carotid artery blood flow velocity during straining
Authors: Therrien Barbara 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Valsalva maneuver (VM) produces rapid shifts in cerebrovascular blood flow and is often implicated in aneurysm rupture and rebleeding. To determine whether intensity of hemodynamic shifts is affected by position, we examined effects of five body positions (chair, 70° and 30° upright, flat, side) on carotid artery blood flow velocity (CABFV) across the VM in 141 healthy adults (30–55 yrs.). Subjects strained at 40 mmHg pressure for 10 seconds. CABFV was measured continuously by ultrasonic Doppler technique. During straining, position significantly (F=13.7; p < .0001) affected CABFV. Less reduction occurred in the chair (p < .05) position than in any of the others. The 70° position produced less fall in CABFV (p < .05) than did the 30°, flat and side positions. Less increase in CABFV across the VM was recorded in the chair position (p < .05) than in any of the others. It is concluded that the chair position can be used therapeutically to reduce severe shifts of CABFV associated with straining.
A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena
Authors: Wewers Mary Ellen , Lowe Nancy K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractVisual analogue scales (VAS) have been used in the social and behavioral sciences to measure a variety of subjective phenomena. The VAS method has potential utility for the measurement of a variety of clinical phenomena of interest to nurse investigators. In this review a description of the various forms of the VAS and an historical overview of their development are presented. In addition, conceptual, psychometric, and statistical aspects of the VAS are considered. Finally, strengths and limitations of the VAS method are addressed.
Self‐care agency as a function of patient—environmental factors among nursing home residents
Authors: Jirovec Mary Marmoll , Kasno Janet 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe relationship between environmental and personal factors on self‐appraised self‐care agency of nursing home residents was examined. Data were collected from 83 nursing home residents in relation to self‐care abilities, environmental constraints, and selected demographic factors. Race and previous occupation were related to self‐care agency with residents who were black or previously self‐employed evidencing higher scores. In addition, residents who viewed the home as overly restrictive or fostering dependence had lower perceptions of their self‐care abilities. The results are discussed in terms of Orem's theory of self‐care, social learning theory, and implications for restructuring care within nursing homes.
A randomized study to determine complications associated with duration of insertion of Heparin locks
Authors: Smith Iola , Hathaway Maisie , Goldman Carol , Ng John , Brunton James , Simor Andrew E. , Low Donald E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA randomized trial was conducted to assess the effect of leaving heparin locks in place longer than 72 hours. Three hundred and one patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group A had the lock changed every 72 hours and Group B had the lock left in place up to 168 hours. Due to withdrawals following randomization, Group A contained 116 subjects and Group B 140 subjects. No significant differences were found between the two groups in relation to age, sex, medical condition, drugs used, entries into the lock, minor complications, or incidence of phlebitis. The findings suggest that consideration could be given to extending insertion time up to 96 hours and possibly up to 118 hours.
Psychosocial adjustment of patients and spouses to severe cardiomyopathy
Authors: Bohachick Patricia , Anton Bonnie B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSevere cardiomyopathy (SCM) imposes considerable psychosocial stress on families however, little is known about the effect of SCM from the point of view of the marital couple. In this study, adjustment to SCM of 90 patients and their spouses was compared. Patients reported more vocational, domestic, and sexual problems than spouses. Spouses reported more problems in health care orientation, family relationships, and psychological distress than patients. The findings indicate that severe cardiomyopathy impacts on the psychosocial integrity of both partners. Therefore, one should plan interventions to support spouses as well as patients. Because problems of spouses and patients may differ, both partners should be assessed to appropriately target interventions.
Measuring the capability to raise revenue: process and output dimensions and their application to the Zambia Revenue Authority
Authors: Soest Christian von 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe worldwide diffusion of the good governance agenda and new public management (NPM) principles has triggered a renewed focus on state capability and, more specifically, on the capability to raise revenue in developing countries. However, the analytical tools for a comprehensive understanding of the capability to raise revenue remain underdeveloped. This article aims at filling this gap and presents a model consisting of the three process dimensions ‘information collection and processing’, ‘merit orientation’ and ‘administrative accountability’. ‘Revenue performance’ constitutes the fourth capability dimension which assesses tax administrations' output. This model is applied to the case of the Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA). The dimensions prove to be valuable not only for assessing the how much but also the how of collecting taxes. They can be a useful tool for future comparative analyses of tax administrations' capabilities in developing countries. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H NMR study of monomer sequence distributions in some commercial acrylonitrile‐butadiene copolymers
Authors: Anachkov M. P. , Stefanova R. V. , Rakovsky S. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA ratio of acrylonitrile groups (A) and 1,2‐ and 1,4‐bonded butadiene (B) in SKN‐18, SKN‐26 and SKN‐40 nitrile rubbers has been determined by means of a 250 MHz NMR spectrometer. The amounts of the corresponding units in mol% were as follows: 20; 28; 39 for A and 12; 7‐9; 4‐3 for B1.2. Block‐bonded acrylonitrile has been detected only in SKN‐40 where the ratio of the triad sequences AAB and BAB is 3:97. Quantitative data on the BBB, BBA and ABA triads of 1,4‐butadiene have been obtained by using the signals of the double bond methine protons at 5‐20‐5‐67 ppm. A clearly outlined decreasing trend of the proportion of the Btrans:Btrans sequence with respect to both the Btrans:Bcis and Bcis:Bcis dyads in the order SKN‐18, SKN‐26 and SKN‐40 was found. It was suggested that the signals located in the ‐02‐5‐20ppm region relate to the AB1.2B and probably to the AB1.2A triad sequences.
Polymeric surfactants for enhanced oil recovery. Part III—interfacial tension features of ethoxylated alkylphenol‐formaldehyde nonionic surfactants
Authors: Barakat Y. , Basily I. K. , Mohamad A. I. , Youssef A. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe interfacial tensions (IFT) of four low molecular weight groups of ethoxylated octylphenol‐, dodecylphenol‐, tetradecylphenol‐ and hexadecyl‐phenol—formaldehyde polymeric surfactants were determined using the spinning drop method. Some noteworthy features of the interfacial behaviour of dilute aqueous solutions of 16 of these compounds and homologous hydrocarbons are discussed.An important feature is that these surfactants behave similarly to monomeric ones in their hydrocarbon scan, that is they have a minimum IFT value against a particular member of a homologous hydrocarbon series. The magnitudes of the tension at minimum (γmin) values obtained in this study are of the order of ‘ultralow’ (10−2‐10−3 mNm−1).The nmin values of these polymeric nonionic surfactants decrease with increasing hydrophilicity, that is decrease with the increase of ethylene oxide units condensed per mole of alkylphenol unit in the polymeric surfactants studied. In this case, the downward shift in nmin is smaller and apparently not linearly related to the number of EO units.Increasing the hydrophobicity of these polymeric nonionics, that is increasing the length of the alkyl chain from C8 to C16, resulted in an increase in the nmin values obtained.For each of the investigated groups, the lowest γmin values are obtained with polymeric surfactants having the highest EO content. The optimum low tension performance occurs at the low end of the equivalent alkane carbon number scale (at EACNs below 6). Under the influence of added electrolytes these EACNs were shifted to higher values.
Characterisation of cellulose treated by the steam explosion method. Part 1: Influence of cellulose resources on changes in morphology, degree of polymerisation, solubility and solid structure
Authors: Yamashiki Takashi , Matsui Toshihiko , Saitoh Masayoshi , Okajima Kunihiko , Kamide Kenji , Sawada Tatsuro 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSteam explosion treatment was carried out on almost pure natural celluloses (wood pulps and purified cotton linter) to obtain alkali‐soluble cellulose and to clarify the effect of cellulose resources on the changes in morphology, viscosity‐average degree of polymerisation Pv, solubility towards aqueous alkali solution Sa, and supermolecular structure of the celluloses. Soft wood pulp was most effectively treated in view of the changes in morphology and Pv, but cotton linter was found to be resistant to the treatment. The degree of breakdown of intramolecular hydrogen bonding at C3 and C6 (Xam(C3) and Xam(C6), respectively), as determined by solid‐state cross‐polarisation/magic angle sample spinning (CP/MAS) NMR, had a tendency to increase for soft wood pulp by the steam treatment employed here. Contrary to this, the crystallinity and the average crystal size estimated by X‐ray diffraction increased. Solubility of the treated wood pulps towards aqueous alkali solution can be improved to 100% when suitable conditions for the steam explosion are chosen to give Pv less than 400 and Xam(C3) greater than 44% and Xam(C6) greater than 33%. Solid‐state NMR analysis may suggest that hydrogen bond formation at the C2 hydroxyl group may first take place in the structural change of cellulose during the steam explosion.
An indirect method which ranks the adhesion in natural rubber filled with different types of cellulose fibres by plots of E(t)/Et=0 versus log t
Authors: Flink Per , Stenberg Bengt 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe suggestion that composites with good bonding between fibres and matrix have a faster stress relaxation rate than composites with poor bonding between fibres and matrix is supported here by measurements on natural rubber filled with untreated cellulose fibres, allyl acrylate grafted cellulose fibres and allyl methacrylate grafted cellulose fibres.
Studies on Langmuir‐Blodgett multilayer formation from preformed poly(N‐alkylacrylamides)
Authors: Miyashita Tokuji , Mizuta Yasushi , Matsuda Minoru 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe spreading behaviour of preformed poly(N‐alkylacrylamides) having hexyl (PHA), octyl (POA), decyl (PDA), dodecyl (PDDA), tetradecyl (PTDA), hexadecyl (PHDA), and octadecyl (PODA) substituents on a water surface, and the properties of the Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) films deposited from these polymer monolayers were investigated. The surface pressure (F)‐area (A) isotherms of the polymer monolayers were changed by the chain length of the substituents and the subphase temperature. The optimum conditions for the formation of a stable condensed monolayer from the polymer series of similar molecular weight (c. 4 × 103) were found when the alkyl substituent was the dodecyl group (i.e. PDDA) and the subphase temperature was 19°C. The condensed monolayers of PDA, PDDA, and PTDA could be transferred successively on to solid supports such as quartz slides, giving the Y‐type uniform polymer LB films. The successive uniform depositions of PDDA monolayer up to 320 layers were confirmed by a relationship between the absorbance at around 200 nm due to carbonyl group and the number of layers deposited. The thickness of PDDA monolayer in the LB film was 1.72nm which agrees with the length of the dodecylamide substituent. F‐A isotherms, FTIR, and X‐ray diffraction measurements support that the polymer main chains are laid horizontally on the water surface and the alkyl substituents are oriented perpendicular to the chain in the condensed monolayer (see Scheme 1).
Synthesis and characterization of functional polymers containing Azo‐ and peroxycarbamate groups
Authors: Baysal Bahattin M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this review, the synthesis and characterization of various dimeric and polymeric peroxycarbamates and azocarbamates are described in detail. These functional polymers are synthesized by stepwise capping reactions of hydroxyl terminated polyethers, polyesters or poly(butadiene) first with diisocyanates, and then with hydroperoxides or various azo compounds containing functional groups. Statistics of chain extension reactions are discussed. Kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition are reported. These functional polymers are useful for preparing block copolymers containing soft and glassy segments.
Synthesis and phase behaviour of aromatic poly (esteramide)s
Authors: He Z. , Whitcombe M. J. , Mitchell G. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of a series of aromatic poly(esteramide)s and the initial characterisation of these materials is reported in this paper. The polymers were prepared by transesterification polycondensation of various bis(p‐alkyl benzoate) aliphatic diamides with diols of differing lengths. Most of the polymers gave multiple endothermic peaks during heating in the DSC, and polarising optical microscopy revealed a number of different types of spherulites. X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were used to probe the molecular correlations in the various crystalline phases. No evidence was found for liquid crystallisation.
Management practices in U.S. affiliates of foreign‐owned firms: Are “they” just like “Us”?
Authors: Rosenzweig Philip M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDespite considerable debate about foreign direct investment in the United States, little research has examined the inner workings of U.S. affiliates of foreign‐owned firms. This study examines the management practices in 249 U.S. affiliates of foreign‐owned firms. Findings show that practices in marketing, human resource management, and manufacturing tend to more closely resemble the practices of local competitors than those of the foreign parent, whereas for practices in financial control the dominant resemblance is to the parent. Furthermore, findings reveal that affiliates are comprised overwhelmingly of Americans, not only at lower levels of the organization but also in key executive positions, although affiliates of Japanese firms stand apart in their greater reliance on expatriates. Foreign affiliates of multinational firms are revealed as differentiated sets of practices, shaped by the interplay of local responsiveness and internal consistency. The findings also make plain that U.S. affiliates of foreign‐owned firms are in many ways very much like American firms. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.