bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concentric myocardial hypertrophy after one year of increased training volume in experienced distance runners
Authors: Venckunas T , Stasiulis A , Raugaliene R 
Published: May 2006

Objectives:As evidence on the predominant type of cardiac hypertrophy due to endurance running training is inconsistent, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of increased training volume on echocardiographic variables of distance runners.Methods:Twenty three adult, experienced, male distance runners underwent standard two dimensionally guided M mode and Doppler echocardiography before and after a one year period during which they were randomly allocated to either control (n  =  11) or intervention (n  =  12) groups. The intervention group increased their training volume from (mean (SD)) 8.0 (3.0) to 12.5 (3.9) hours/week without increasing the intensity, and the controls changed neither training parameter.Results:In the intervention group, training induced an increase in left ventricular (LV) mass (from 240.4 (53.8) to 279.5 (60.6) g, p<0.001) and LV mass index (from 126.7 (28.2) to 147.6 (32.3) g/m2, p<0.001) mainly due to an increase in end diastolic interventricular septum (from 10.4 (1.8) to 11.5 (1.7) mm, p<0.01) and LV posterior wall thickness (from 10.4 (1.6) to 11.5 (1.6) mm, p<0.001). No significant changes in LV internal diameter or measured indices of LV function occurred (p>0.05). The sum of the right ventricular diameter and wall thickness was greater after the increased volume training (p<0.05). None of the variables changed significantly in the control group (p>0.05).Conclusions:In experienced, subelite distance runners, further increasing the training volume results in concentric cardiac hypertrophy.
Tobacco use in the Dominican Republic: understanding the culture first: Table 1
Authors: Dozier A M , Ossip-Klein D J , Diaz S , Chin N P , Sierra E , Quiñones Z , Dye T D , McIntosh S , Armstrong L 
Published: May 2006

Objective:To conduct formative research on the landscape of tobacco use to guide survey and subsequent intervention development in the Dominican Republic (DR).Design:Rapid Assessment Procedures, systematic qualitative methods (participant-observations, in-depth interviewing, focus groups) using bilingual mixed age and gendered teams from the United States and DR.Subjects:Over 160 adults (men and women), ages 18 to 90 years, current, former and never smokers, community members and leaders from six underserved, economically disadvantaged DR communities.Main outcome measures:Key domains: tobacco use patterns and attitudes; factors affecting smoking initiation, continuation, quitting; perceived risks/benefits/effects of smoking; and awareness/effects of advertising/regulations.Results:Perceptions of prevalence varied widely. While “everybody” smokes, smokers or ex-smokers were sometimes difficult to find. Knowledge of health risks was limited to the newly mandated statement “Fumar es prejudicial para la salud” [Smoking is harmful to your health]. Smokers started due to parents, peers, learned lifestyle, fashion or as something to do. Smoking served as an escape, relaxation or diversion. Quit attempts relied on personal will, primarily for religious or medical reasons. Social smoking (custom or habit) (< 10 cigarettes per day) was viewed as a lifestyle choice rather than a vice or addiction. Out of respect, smokers selected where they smoked and around whom. Health care providers typically were reactive relative to tobacco cessation, focusing on individuals with smoking related conditions. Tobacco advertising was virtually ubiquitous. Anti-tobacco messages were effectively absent. Cultures of smoking and not smoking coexisted absent a culture of quitting.Conclusions:Systematic qualitative methods provided pertinent information about tobacco attitudes and use to guide subsequent project steps. Integrating qualitative then quantitative research can be replicated in similar countries that lack empirical data on the cultural dimensions of tobacco use.
The Stratified Pulson
Authors: Rubino Angelo , Dotsenko Sergey 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
New analytical nonstationary circular eddy solutions of the nonlinear, reduced-gravity shallow-water equations in a multilayer stratified rotating ocean are presented. The new solutions extend previous “pulson” analytical solutions, which describe circular oscillating lenslike warm core eddies in a reduced-gravity homogeneous ocean on the f plane, to arbitrary stable vertical stratifications within surface as well as intermediate vortices. As a result, cyclonic as well as anticyclonic horizontal swirl velocities can coexist on different vortex layers within parts of an inertial period, while vertical distributions of the vortex mean tangential velocity resembling observed vertical velocity distributions of surface as well as intermediate lenslike vortices are obtained. The dynamics of a two-layer pulson is discussed and it is shown that, for nonnegligible lower- and upper-layer thickness, its total water transport substantially differs from the total water transport of the corresponding homogeneous pulson. In linearly stratified warm core vortices it is found that the amplitude of the temporal oscillation of the azimuthal velocity is maximum in the bottom layer and decreases toward the surface, while the mean azimuthal velocity is minimum in the bottom layer and increases toward the surface. In linearly stratified intermediate vortices it is found that the mean azimuthal velocity is no longer a monotonic function of the water depth: it is maximum at the top and at the bottom of the vortex and minimum at the vortex central depth. The new solutions add realism to known analytical vortex solutions and elucidate aspects of the observed complexity of geophysical vortex motions.
Temperature Advection by Tropical Instability Waves
Authors: Jochum Markus , Murtugudde Raghu 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA numerical model of the tropical Pacific Ocean is used to investigate the processes that cause the horizontal temperature advection of tropical instability waves (TIWs). It is found that their temperature advection cannot be explained by the processes on which the mixing length paradigm is based. Horizontal mixing of temperature across the equatorial SST front does happen, but it is small relative to the “oscillatory” temperature advection of TIWs. The basic mechanism is that TIWs move water back and forth across a patch of large vertical entrainment. Outside this patch, the atmosphere heats the water and this heat is then transferred into the thermocline inside the patch. These patches of strong localized entrainment are due to equatorial Ekman divergence and due to thinning of the mixed layer in the TIW cyclones. The latter process is responsible for the zonal temperature advection, which is as large as the meridional temperature advection but has not yet been observed. Thus, in the previous observational literature the TIW contribution to the mixed layer heat budget may have been underestimated significantly.
Loop Current Ring Shedding: The Formation of Cyclones and the Effect of Topography
Authors: Chérubin Laurent M. , Morel Yves , Chassignet Eric P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe formation of cyclones in the vicinity of the Loop Current ring during the separation stage is analyzed in the frame of a high-resolution ECMWF daily wind-forced Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) simulation. Mesoscale cyclones, observed in sea surface height maps in the vicinity of the Loop Current in a necking-down position, are found to contribute to the separation of the ring from the Loop Current as they grow between the Loop Current and the ring in the MICOM simulation. To understand the origin of the cyclones, the instability of the Loop Current idealized as an isolated vortex is studied. After noticing the cyclonic vorticity belt around the Loop Current, and based on the vertical distribution of potential vorticity in a Loop Current ring in the MICOM simulation, the linear stability of a shielded vortex is studied in the quasigeostrophic formalism. To simulate the effects of the planetary vorticity gradient and topography on the Loop Current, the nonlinear states of the idealized Loop Current are analyzed using the adiabatic MICOM code. Results from the analysis of the MICOM simulation show that cyclones are the products of a vortex rim instability. The modal analysis of the Loop Current instability reveals that mode 4 is the fastest-growing mode and that baroclinic (barotropic) instability is intensified in the deep (surface) layers. These results are confirmed by the analytical study of the idealized Loop Current. The nonlinear state shows that a Loop Current–like vortex is indeed a pentapole on an f plane. On the β plane, the northern cyclone is separated from the anticyclone by the β effect and both drift westward. When the topography of the Gulf of Mexico is taken into account—namely, the Campeche Bank, the southward slope north of the Loop Current, and the Florida shelf east of the Loop Current—several effects are observed: 1) the northern corner of the Campeche Bank erodes the Loop Current ring and its cyclones and interacts with the vortex’s most unstable mode, 2) the northern southward slope scatters the northern cyclone while the anticyclone remains coherent and propagates to the west, and 3) realistic westward propagation speeds are obtained in the presence of the northern Campeche shelf, which acts as a mirror effect on the Loop Current ring, as opposed to the Florida shelf, which tends to block the ring.
A New Study of the Mediterranean Outflow, Air–Sea Interactions, and Meddies Using Multisensor Data
Authors: Yan Xiao-Hai , Jo Young-Heon , Liu W. Timothy , He Ming-Xia 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Previous studies of the Mediterranean Sea outflow and meddies (O&M) were limited by the poor spatial and temporal resolution of conventional in situ observations as well as the confinement of satellite observations to the ocean’s surface. Accordingly, little is known about the formation and transport of meddies and the spatial and temporal variation of O&M trajectories, which are located, on average, at a depth of 1000 m. However, a new remote sensing method has been developed by the authors to observe and study the O&M through unique approaches in satellite multisensor data integration analyses. Satellite altimeter, scatterometer, infrared satellite imagery, and XBT data were used to detect and calculate the trajectories and the relative transport of the O&M (January 1993–December 2002). Two experiments [covering 1993–95: A Mediterranean Undercurrent Seeding Experiment (AMUSE) and Structures des Echanges Mer–Atmosphère, Propriétés des Hétérogénéités Océaniques: Recherche Expérimentale (SEMAPHORE)] and XBT temperature measurements were used to directly validate the method presented herein. The monthly mean features derived from floats and XBTs for multiple meddies and the results of the presented method were significantly correlated based on a statistical chi-square test. In addition, the complex singular value decomposition method was used to identify the propagating features and their phase speeds. It was found that saltier water from the Mediterranean Sea was transported into the North Atlantic Ocean over the Strait of Gibraltar in boreal spring and summer relative to boreal autumn and winter. Streamfunctions using altimetry, and time–frequency energy distributions using the Hilbert–Huang transform, were computed to evaluate the meddy interactions with the sea surface variation. Since the O&M play a significant role in carrying salty water from the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic, such new knowledge about their trajectories, transport, and life histories is important to the understanding of their mixing and interaction with North Atlantic water. This may lead to a better understanding of the global ocean circulation and global climate change.
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Three Dimensions
Authors: Radko Timour , Marshall John 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A simple theory is developed for the large-scale three-dimensional structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the upper cell of its overturning circulation. The model is based on a perturbation expansion about the zonal-average residual-mean model developed previously by Marshall and Radko. The problem is solved using the method of characteristics for idealized patterns of wind and buoyancy forcing constructed from observations. The equilibrium solutions found represent a balance between the Eulerian meridional overturning, eddy-induced circulation, and downstream advection by the mean flow. Depth and stratification of the model thermocline increase in the Atlantic–Indian Oceans sector where the mean wind stress is large. Residual circulation in the model is characterized by intensification of the overturning circulation in the Atlantic–Indian sector and reduction in strength in the Pacific Ocean region. Predicted three-dimensional patterns of stratification and residual circulation in the interior of the ACC are compared with observations.
Bryan R. Wilson: hommage au spécialiste des sectes de terrain protestant
Authors: Séguy Jean 
Published: May 2006

English This homage outlines Bryan Wilson ’s career as a researcher and teacher. It recalls his numerous publications, starting with his doctoral thesis, Sects and Society, which has become indispensable for the study of both the Protestant sects and new religious movements (NRMs). His work was based upon reliable data, a rigorous comparative methodology, and a vast knowledge of the available studies of sectarian groups. One of the outcomes of this “science of sects” was the publication, in 1970, of Religious Sects in which Bryan Wilson expounded his typology. Bryan Wilson liked sectarians as people who have the courage to live according to what they believe to be God ’s will for them; our friend used to help them when they were having problems with the British courts. French Cet hommage retrace la carrière de chercheur et d'enseignant de Bryan Wilson. Il évoque ses nombreuses publications et tout d'abord sa thèse de doctorat, Sects and Society, ouvrage incontournable pour l'étude des sectes de terrain protestant et des nouveaux mouvements religieux (NMR). Ses travaux s'appuient sur une information fiable, une méthodologie comparative rigoureuse et une vaste connaissance de l'ensemble des travaux existants sur les groupes sectaires. C'est cette science de la matière sectaire qui rend possible, en 1970, la publication de Religious Sects, ouvrage dans lequel B. Wilson développe sa typologie. Bryan Wilson aimait les membres des sectes qu'il voyait comme des gens qui avaient le courage de vivre selon ce qu'ils tenaient pour la volonté de Dieu; il apporta même son aide à des sectaires en difficulté avec les tribunaux britanniques.
Bryan Wilson’s Contribution to the Study of the New Religious Movements
Authors: Barker Eileen 
Published: May 2006

English Bryan Wilson pointed to the similarities and differences within and between new religious movements (NRMs), established sectarian movements and older religious traditions, demonstrating a “fit” between certain contemporary NRMs and the demands of a secularizing, consumer-oriented society. While Wilson steadfastly advocated the sociological approach of “sympathetic detachment”, this did not preclude him from involvement in some of the legal battles that the movements, in tension with the wider society, have fought in the courts. Wilson will also be remembered for his encouragement of other scholars in this, as in other areas of the sociology of religion. French Bryan Wilson a souligné les similarités et les différences entre nouveaux mouvements religieux (NMR), mouvements sectaires établis et traditions religieuses plus anciennes, et a montré qu'une certaine affinité existe entre certains NMR et les demandes d'une société consumériste, de plus en plus sécularisée. Si Wilson a constamment défendu l'approche sociologique du 'détachement sympathique', cela ne l'a pas empêché de s'engager dans des batailles juridiques que les mouvements, en tension avec la société globale, ont engagées auprès des tribunaux. Nous nous souviendrons également de Wilson pour avoir encouragé les autres chercheurs à entreprendre cette démarche ainsi qu'à explorer d'autres champs de la sociologie des religions.
Religion, sphère publique, sphère privée: comment traiter sociologiquement une distinction aussi connotée?
Authors: Campiche Roland J. 
Published: May 2006

English The public-private distinction forces us to confront the difficulty of analysing representations. These vary with the circumstances and the actors involved. The three articles discussed in this report clearly show the fragility of a dichotomy which belongs to political or philosophical debates. But these articles also allow us to think about new ways of considering the approach to religion in late modernity. French La distinction public-privé nous renvoie au problème délicat de l'analyse des représentations. Or celles-ci fluctuent en fonction des circonstances et des acteurs concernés. Les trois communications abordées dans ce rapport font bien ressortir la fragilité d'une dichotomie qui appartient au débat politique ou philosophique. Elles permettent aussi d'envisager un renouvellement de l'approche de la religion en modernité tardive.
We’ve Got to Draw the Line Somewhere: An Exploration of Boundaries that Define Locations of Religious Identity
Authors: Barker Eileen 
Published: May 2006

English Given the theme of the ISSR Conference for which I was invited to prepare the paper, “Religion and Society: Challenging Boundaries”, I found myself asking what kind of boundaries are likely to be associated with different kinds of locations of religious identity, one, but only one, of which would be based on the nation. This involved: (1) contrasting the sociological relativism espoused by Mary Douglas with the Platonic essentialism associated with many believers; (2) considering the variety to be found between different types of boundaries; (3) constructing an ideal typology of some possible locations of religious identity and (4) hypothesizing about variations in the types of boundaries that each of the types of locations might exhibit. French Le thème de la conférence de la SISR pour laquelle j'ai été invitée à préparer la communication 'Religion et société: les frontières en question', m'a conduite à me demander quelles frontières pourraient être associées à différents types de localisation de l'identité religieuse. La nation ne constitue qu'un seul d'entre eux. Ceci a impliqué: (1) de mettre en contraste le relativisme sociologique adopté par Mary Douglas et l'essentialisme platonicien partagé par de nombreux croyants; (2) de prendre en compte la diversité des différents types de frontières que l'on peut trouver; (3) de construire une typologie des localisations possibles de l'identité religieuse et (4) d'imaginer les variations au sein des types de frontières dont chacun des types de localisation sera susceptible de faire preuve.
A Preliminary Challenge: Borders or Frontiers?
Authors: Vrcan Srđan 
Published: May 2006

English The author explores five hypotheses that aim to fill a gap in sociological thinking about the intersection of nation, culture and religion in the area of the former Yugoslavia. The central argument is that a distinction between “borders” and “frontiers” contributes towards a better understanding of the processes whereby culture has been radically politicized and whereby religion has been patrimonialized. French L'auteur explore cinq hypothèses pour tenter de combler les manques de la pensée sociologique concernant l'intersection entre nation, culture et religion dans l'ancienne Yougoslavie. L'argument central s'appuie sur une distinction entre 'bords' et 'frontières', permettant une meilleure compréhension des processus par lesquels la culture a été radicalement politisée et la religion a pris la forme d'un patrimoine.
Borders, Boundaries and Frontiers in the Study of Religion: A Sociological Response
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: May 2006

English The author responds to the three papers presented in the plenary session of the Zagreb conference concerned with borders and boundaries in the study of religion. She takes each of the papers in turn before offering a short, more general conclusion. French L'auteure répond aux trois communications présentées à la session plénière de'la conférence de Zagreb, ayant pour thème les bords et les frontières dans l'étude de la religion. Elle évoque chacune des communications avant de proposer une courte conclusion générale.
Is Conventional Sociology of Religion Able to Deal with Differences between Eastern and Western European Developments?
Authors: Tomka Miklós 
Published: May 2006

English Important religious phenomena in Eastern Europe challenge the sociology of religion. There are signs of a religious revival and an extended atheism. Yet observers have come to opposing conclusions. These contradicting interpretations call for conceptual and terminological clarifications. The author suggests that key notions in the sociology of religion such as religion itself, faith, religious practice, communal belonging and others have basically different meanings and implications under different socio-cultural circumstances. Accordingly, one needs different indicators and research methodology for them. Focusing on the traditional versus post-traditional dimension, as well as on the supposed differences between religious cultures in Eastern and Western Christianity, the author seeks to isolate structural ideal-types to identify specific kinds of religious settings and to elaborate the contextual and socio-cultural elements of different types of religion. French D'importants phénomènes religieux d'Europe centrale défient la sociologie des'religions. Il y a des signes de revivalisme religieux en même temps qu'une extension de l'athéisme. Jusqu'ici les observateurs ont abouti à des conclusions opposées. Ces interprétations contradictoires appellent des clarifications conceptuelles et terminologiques. L'auteur suggère que les notions-clés de la sociologie des religions telles que la religion elle-même, la foi, la pratique religieuse, l'appartenance communautaire et d'autres encore ont à la base des significations et des implications particulières à chaque contexte socioculturel. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d'utiliser des méthodes de recherches et des indicateurs adaptés à chacun. En se centrant sur l'opposition qui existe entre les dimensions traditionnelle et post-traditionnelle, ainsi que sur les supposées différences entre les cultures religieuses du christianisme occidental et oriental, l'auteur cherche à isoler des idéaux-types structurels afin de pouvoir identifier les différents types de configurations religieuses et d'en préciser les aspects contextuels et socio-culturels.