bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method Development Using Field Samples for Assessing Bioremediation Potential
Authors: Wolfram J. H. , Edgmon S. J. , Seidner D. S. , Sturman P. J. , Gawal L. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Enhanced clean-up of many contaminated sites may be achieved by determining and optimizing the metabolic activity of the native biota present. A method has been developed and tested on contaminated aquifer samples to assess these parameters. The method is reliable and with reduced analytical costs. In addition, engineering a bioremediation process requires that degradation rate information be expressed in a way that can be utilized for scale up.
An enhanced bioremediation phase utilizing the natural flora was undertaken at a producing oil and gas field in Michigan. BTEX compounds emanating from the gas dehydrator system had leaked into the soil over the years of operation. The downward movement of these compounds through the porous sandy soil contaminated the aquifer and migration occurred. The site has been characterized, and monitoring has been taking place since 1988. Presently, the site is undergoing a permitted containment and clean-up treatment.
Laboratory testing of ground water and soil core samples, showed the presence of a mixed microbial population capable of tolerating and degrading BTEX compounds. Results shown in this paper indicate that the levels of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds as well as oxygen are limiting the biological processes taking place in situ. Field samples supplemented with these nutrients were able to remove BTEX compounds at a level of 30-50 ppm to levels below 1 ppb.
Abandonment Pressure Of Gas Wells
Authors: MacRoberts D.T. 
Published: December 2007

1962 Economics and Valuation Symposium, Dallas, March 15–16, 1962
When I accepted the invitation to talk on abandonment pressures of natural gas fields I thought the task would be that of consulting various easily-found records, abstracting such data as I thought to bear on the subject, presenting it along with a few apposite observations on my part and the job would be done.
Well, man proposes but God disposes. When I came to examine these records in order that I could, by definite reference, validate my already tailing memory, I found that either they never had existed except in my recollection, or that they had long since been destroyed as of no possible interest to anyone. I felt somewhat as the woman at the zoo who inquired as to the sex of a particular hippopotamus only to be told that such information could be of interest only to another hippopotamus.
After visits to the Conservation Department at Baton Rouge and the Railroad Commission at Austin, after combing our own files for whatever was available, I found myself in that harrowing position of finding that the available data did not agree with my pre-conceived ideas on the subject. As I recall, in my time we produced gas reservoir until the last taint whisper of escaping gas could be heard. Instead of pressure gauges we used water manometers. Our orifice meters — if we were able to measure such minute amounts of gas as were flowing — had one-eighth inch orifice plates.
The Use of Air Sparging in the Remediation of a Production Gas Processing Facility
Authors: Beausoleil Y. J. , Huber J. S. , Barker G. W. , Neumann S. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A pilot scale field study was conducted at the Amoco Production Company Kalkaska Gas Processing Plant (KGPP) near Kalkaska, Michigan, to assess the efficacy of utilizing in situ air sparging to remediate subsurface BTEX contamination in the aquifer and vadose zone. In situ air sparging is an innovative soil and groundwater remediation technology where air is injected into the saturated zone below the water table to facilitate the volatilization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The goals of this study were to: (1) evaluate the potential for enhancing the removal of dissolved BTEX contaminants in the groundwater by sparging air into the aquifer; (2) determine if vadose zone soils at the site contained an indigenous microbial population capable of degrading BTEX contaminants; (3) evaluate the potential for air sparging to enhance microbial numbers and microbial activity in the vadose zone; (4) determine if sparging air into the aquifer enhanced partitioning of BTEX dissolved in groundwater into the advective gas phase with subsequent transport to the vadose zone; (5) evaluate the potential for BTEX in the advective gas phase to be volatilized to the atmosphere; and (6) determine if in situ air sparging causes significant downward or lateral dispersion of BTEX in the aquifer.
A significant decrease in dissolved BTEX contaminants in the groundwater was measured during the four-month study interval. Sparging air into the aquifer did enhance partitioning of BTEX dissolved in groundwater into the advective gas phase and transport to the vadose zone. Laboratory microcosm studies, utilizing soil cores from the study site, confirmed the presence of an indigenous soil microbial population in the vadose zone capable of degrading BTEX contaminants. Selective enrichment of benzene/toluene degraders was noted in the vadose zone as a result of air sparging. BTEX was not volatilized to the atmosphere during the study period and no significant downward or lateral dispersion of BTEX in the aquifer was measured. Results showed that soil vapor extraction (SVE) wells and surface treatment of VOCs may not be necessary during in situ air sparging. Consequently, remediation costs could be significantly reduced. This study supports the results obtained in earlier field trials by Amoco Production Company and provides additional evidence for the viability of in situ air sparging as a low-cost remediation technology.
Modem Transmission of Data for 3-D Fracture Modelling
Authors: Chaudhary S. A. , Rodgerson J. L. , Martinez A. D. , Alexander M. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Hydraulic fracturing treatments require measurement of numerous parameters including surface rates and pressures to quantify the fluids, proppant and additives being utilized. Computers are used to acquire data for the purpose of calculating bottomhole pressure, compiling quality control data, generating diagnostic plots and, on occasion, for modelling fracture geometry in real-time.
In the recent past, modems have been routinely utilized in conjunction with cellular phone systems to transmit field monitored data to a remote office. More recently, this data has been used at the remote site to perform 3-D fracture modelling for design verification and adjustment. A description of the data transmission technology is presented and a discussion of the related cost and reliability made. A field example Is provided which involves the use of realtime 3-D analysis at the remote location.
Remote transmission of data offers a major benefit to operators by providing the ability to monitor treatments and communicate requests or queries over the phone during the execution of a job. Since reports and pertinent job information are immediately available at the remote location, it is possible to perform more sophisticated real-time analyses at a lower cost.
In the past, remote transmission of data has not been practical due to the related cost and technological difficulties. Recent advances in technology, such as the wide availability of cellular phone coverage, however, have made it both cost effective and reliable. Although the frequency of "noise" and lost connections is typically low, these problems can be handled by implementing an error correction/recovery scheme. This technique ensures a continuous flow of information.
Technical Computing – Asset or Liability?
Authors: Fritz A. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Technical computing in the oil and gas industry has undergone tremendous changes during the past ten years. Applications initially developed in BASIC, spreadsheet programs, FORTRAN, etc. have advanced into multifunctional, integrated products that are portable across several platforms (various computer systems).
One aspect that has not kept pace with these technological advances is support. As in other businesses, a product, service or line of business that is not properly supported will quickly falter and subsequently be dropped. Support is critical in turning a product or business line into an asset.
Technical computing should be viewed in the same light. Hundreds of thousands of dollars can be spent on technical applications, hardware, training, etc. Such investments should be viewed as adding value to a company's asset base. Without clearly defined support roles and responsibilities, these investments can quickly become non-performing assets or even liabilities.
Modified Poly-Amino Acid Hydration Suppressant Proves Successful in Controlling Reactive Shales
Authors: Bruton J. R. , McLaurine H. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Drilling fluid additives used for controlling water sensitive smectitelillite shale formations are varied, ranging from anionic components such as high-molecular-weight pofyacrylamide (PHPA) "encapsulating" polymers to complex low-molecular-weight, high charge density cationic compounds. Many of these additives are used in conjunction with salts such as potassium chloride (KG) to enhance the inhibiting effects of the drilling fluid. The performance of these additives have been adequate in many reactive shale environments but some systems have not completely resolved drilling problems or they lack flexibility in terms of mud density, contamination, environmental toxicity, or product compatibility limitations.
A unique drilling fluid additive compound has been developed, a modified poty-amino acid that resolves the limitations inherent in other additives, providing a wide range of flexibility and applicability in most water-based mud formulations. Functionally, the compound may be described as a hydration suppressant (HS), limiting the ability of smectite clays to hydrate and swell when exposed to water. HS has a low molecular weight and a low charge density and possesses
an amphoteric ionic character. HS is water soluble, exhibits high thermal stability, and environmental testing shows the additive to be safe for use in offshore drilling projects. Fluid formulations have been developed and performance tested. The additive has been found to be compatible with most anionic and cationic compounds, including salts, while improving the drilling fluid system’s ability to retard clay hydration. Testing and analysis shows that HS only affects reactive clays that have not yielded. The yield of pre-hydrated bentonite will not be diminished by the addition of HS nor will the performance of conventional polymeric fluid-loss-control agents.
HS has been used on several field trials in both onshore and offshore locations, and in freshwater and seawater systems of varying mud component composition including dispersed and non-dispersed systems. In all cases to date, documented improvement in fluid and drilling performance have been noted.
Permian Basin Coring Cost Cut by One-Third Over a Long Cored Interval Using Innovative Coring Techniques
Authors: Bretches D. C. , Shields J. E. , Harder C. A. , Hagins F. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The cost effective cutting of large intervals of continuous core in dolomitic formations requires optimization of existing coring practices. Coring costs can be reduced as much as 38% when innovative techniques are applied to the coring operation with regard to core barrel spacing, core barrel modification, and proper bit selection to include the use of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits and thermally stable diamond (TSD) bits. In addition, high percentage core recoveries and reduced problem time can be attained through teamwork and incentive arrangements between the operator and coring service company.
An Overview of the Environmental Issues Facing the Upstream Petroleum Industry
Authors: Reis J. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For many petroleum engineers, the depth and complexity of environmental issues facing the industry can be overwhelming. Although many excellent papers have been presented on specific environmental areas, overview papers that provide a context for those more specialized studies are needed. This paper reviews the primary sources of wastes in the upstream petroleum industry, the environmental impacts of those wastes, ways to manage, treat, and dispose of wastes, and cleanup methods for contaminated sites.
Drillsite Cost Savings Through Waste Management
Authors: Ballantine W. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The best way to limit a company’s liability and exposure to environmental problems is by limiting the amount of waste generated in the first place. This paper suggests techniques through which environmentally managed operations can reduce and limit an operator’s cost exposure related to waste clean up and, ultimately, the operator’s liability.
At a new drilling location, a native soil test should be performed and a historical background check in the assessment will discover if a well has been drilled in this location previously. There is the possibility of a previously buried pit or other environmental problems that are preexisting on the location. The native soil test will give the operator a background signature.
During the planning and drilling of the well, the chronological progression of the well should dictate how the waste generated is managed. By building a multiple pit system rather than single pit, the amount of waste that would have to be disposed of can be reduced. The top hole can be segregated in one pit and later spread around the location. As the well progresses, salt water, weighting material, etc., can be handled in various pits and treated specifically to minimize the waste. If all material is placed in one pit, all becomes waste to be handled for disposal.
For pit clean ups, a thorough assessment should be accomplished to identify the extent of contamination, the location of the clay liners and the boundaries of the waste. These boundaries, once established, should not be violated as the pit contamination could be spread into a surrounding sand, resulting In enlargement of the contamination. These assessment techniques can ultimately result in minimization of the waste to be cleaned up and disposed.
There are numerous techniques that can be utilized to minimize waste in drilling and production operations. When carried out properly, what they do is eliminate the generator’s liability.
An Overview of Ad Valorem Taxes
Authors: Olds D. R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Ad valorem taxes are property taxes generally assessed and levied at the local level. Each state usually proscribes the evaluation method, with two major approaches to oil and gas properties being common: basing the assessment on the level of prior production or using a discounted cash flow model to project the future value. Tax rates can vary widely in the local taxing entities, and a county or parish may encompass many different taxing entities.
This paper briefly surveys the approaches taken to ad valorem taxation on oil and gas properties in producing states.
Results of Two Polymer Flooding Pilots in the Central Area of Daqing Oil Field
Authors: Wang Demin , Hao Yuexing , Delamaide Eric , Ye Zhonggui , Ha Si , Jiang Xiangcheng 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Two polymer pilot tests (PO and PT) have been performed in the Central Area of Daqing Oil Field. The purpose is (1) to study further the economic benefits of polymer flooding in thick heterogeneous reservoirs, (2) to provide some technical and practical experiences for expanding this technique to other areas of Daqing Oil Field.
During the polymer pilot tests, a large amount of performance information (such as injection pressure, injection profiles, C/O logging, tracer tests, core data from inspection wells, salinity of effluent fluid as well as the concentration and viscosity of polymer solution in the injected and produced fluids etc.) were collected. In this paper, the results of the polymer flood were evaluated comprehensively by analysing the information. Good results were obtained in the polymer pilot tests. The volumetric sweep efficiency and oil production were all increased. Incremental oil production is more than 200 tons per ton of polymer injected. Oil recovery increased more than 11 %of OOIP. All of these confirm that polymer flooding is very applicable to Daqing Oil Field.
In the course of evaluating the results, follow-up matching and result prediction of the polymer flood were performed by numerical simulation. In order to obtain the best economic results, when executing the design or adjusting the project, a new "normalized method" was developed. By applying this method, the results of polymer flooding were evaluated at different stages.
This paper demonstrates the effect of Dykstra Parsons permeability coefficient (Vk) on polymer flooding results and presents a optimum range of the Vk value applicable for polymer flooding in Daqing Oil Field. The relationship of the amount of polymer injected versus economic results and the polymer flooding result in multi-layer reservoirs are also discussed and opinions are given. All of these are important to later project design and result evaluation of polymer flooding in Daqing Oil Field.
Retrospective Evaluation of Foreign Investment by an Independent Oil Company
Authors: Ventura J. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During the last few years, several U.S. companies have made the decision to expand internationally. This decision is the result of several factors, including the large acreage positions and reserve potential that exist overseas, coupled with foreign governments that are offering favorable investment environments in order to attract new capital and technology. International expansion offers unique challenges and opportunities. This paper is a case history of the international growth of a U.S. independent, Maxus Energy Corporation, from 1987 to 1992. It examines the key international exploration and production challenges that Maxus faced in 1987, looks at problems faced and accomplishments made in subsequent years, and identifies challenges for the future.
International Gas Strategies: Political, Corporate, and Financial Considerations
Authors: Jones P. J. , Lau W. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The international gas industry will come of age in the 1990s. Gas demand is currently exhibiting an average rate of growth significantly greater than that of oil. Growing environmental concerns, the availability of significant volumes of undeveloped natural gas reserves discovered in the past decade, and the dramatic changes in the socioeconomic-political arena (leading to the global privatisation effort currently in progress) have set the stage for the natural gas industry into the next millennium. The future prospects for the international gas business are now sufficiently attractive to warrant serious consideration by all significantly-sized petroleum companies. The business opportunity spectrum for gas encompasses exploration, development, production, transmission, marketing, liquefied natural gas, electrical power generation, primary petrochemicals and automotive transportation. The development of appropriate strategies to capitalise on such opportunities depends mainly on the nature of the company pursuing the opportunity, the nature of the opportunity and/or the number of opportunities pursued. Also important are potential political, legislative and environmental developments.
Some of the more far-sighted companies are positioning themselves to participate actively in this rapidly growing sector, generally via a strategy of integration along the value-added chain. In this respect, the knowledge and expertise base required of such participants, if they are to establish profitable business activities, is much more extensive than that required of typical oil companies. The competitive advantage in this capital-intensive, long lead-time business sector lies with integrated companies with proven experience in all phases of gas operations. Companies without an effective, comprehensive strategy are unlikely to make any significant progress in the sector in the medium term unless they are prepared to pay large acquisition premiums. This paper reviews the anticipated evolution of the natural gas business, the major developments contemplated, and political, corporate and financial considerations.
Enhanced Organizational Teamwork: Continuously Improving Business
Authors: MacFarlane Sandy , Flynn Sharon 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The current work force is increasingly well educated. Employees want more than monetary compensation for their time and effort. Employees want to be involved in the process of running a department, division, or company. Involvement not only improves business, it obtains employee commitment to business objectives. Employee participation builds a powerful work force. BP Exploration in Anchorage, Alaska (BPXA) set out to harness that power through a series of initiatives that included the process called Enhanced Organizational Teamwork.
Enhanced Organizational Teamwork (EOT) is a continuous improvement process that delivers business performance. This paper introduces culture change and how the EOT process fits into that larger context. The paper describes the philosophy supporting the process, EOT’s successes, limitations, and lessons learned, its manpower requirements, results two years later, other potential applications, and a logical next step. This paper outlines the roles and responsibilities of all groups involved in the process from senior management to hourly technicians and the benefits of their participation, individually and collectively.
The Design and Development of Microwave Holdup Meter and Application in Production Logging Interpretation of Multiphase Flows
Authors: Haimin Guo , Xiling Wu , Zhenwu Jin , Hongmin Zhao 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A lot of field testing demonstrate that the fluid capacitance instrument usually miss the ability to distinguish water from oil and gas in high water cut production well(water cut&gt;40% or water holdup &gt;0.5) which is dominant in china. In order to solve this problem, The effect of water salinity and flow pattern to measurement result is eliminated by improving work frequency( &gt; 100MHz).
The microwave holdup meter, which is suitable to oil/water two phase and oil / gas / water three phase wells measurement, can accurately measure water holdup from 0 to 100% and is not’ sensitive to water salinity. Flow loop calibration data and practical examples are presented for the microwave holdup meter.
This kind of instrument can be used for determining the water holdup of multiphase well(high water cut or lower water cut) in production logging interpretation.
A Pressure Moment Approach for Helping Pressure Transient Analysis in Complex Heterogeneous Reservoirs
Authors: Noetinger Benoît 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Numerical simulation of pressure-transient tests in complex reservoirs is a growing interest topic in Reservoir Engineering. The aim of this paper is to build interpretation tools for synthetic well-tests in such geometries when classical analytical models are not applicable.
An approach based on moments is proposed. It consists in the evaluation of the time-variations of simple spatial global properties of the simulated pressure-field. It provides at a negligible extra CPU cost a precise evaluation of the size of the drainage zone, as well as an alternative very simple determination of the reservoir equivalent porosity and permeability. It avoids a rather imprecise Log (t) interpretation, gives the main time-scales and lengthscales of interest and the occurence of reservoir-boundary effects. Such an approach is a first step toward an integrated interpretation of well-tests in complex reservoirs linked to a reservoir simulator. Simple mathematical elements, as well as numerical and practical examples of its use over geostatistically generated reservoirs are given.