bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of Near‐Surface Waters in Southern Illinois
Authors: Davis Richard W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe “ring average” method of generating trend surfaces has been applied to water chemistry data from shallow water wells in southern Illinois. The method is a slight modification of a well‐known geophysical technique. Basically the method acts as a filter which removes anomalies with dimensions smaller than the diameter of the ring. The trend maps generated by the technique are presented and discussed in this paper. Between the Salem‐Woodward structural block and the Wabash Valley Fault Zone water chemistry shows marked changes. These changes suggest that this is a zone of upward moving waters from deep stratigraphic units. The process of reverse osmosis filtration appears to explain some observed phenomena, but by no means all of them. The reasons why the bounding structural features are so effective is not clear either.
Bacterial Movement Through Fractured Bedrock
Authors: Allen Martin J. , Morrison S. M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe movement of bacteria‐laden waters percolating through fractured crystalline bedrock in mountainous terrain was examined to determine whether effluent originating from domestic waste disposal systems could contaminate shallow ground‐water supplies. Inoculated waters were injected into holes and/or wells at two geologically different test sites (granitic, metamorphic) to evaluate the extent of microbial filtration in or along bedrock fractures. Microbiological examination of tracer waters, sampled both above and below the zone of saturation, was made.Field studies showed that the direction and rate of movement of contaminated ground waters were controlled largely by the anisotropic nature of the geologic stratum, particularly by the orientation of major bedrock fracture sets. Inoculated waters were found to be readily transported by the ground‐water gradient into a downslope well. At one test site, a tracer bacterium traversed a horizontal distance of 94 feet in 24‐30 hours. Continued bacteriological analysis of the contaminated well found the organism to be present for at least five days after inoculation of the upslope well.In the zone of aeration, bacteria‐laden effluent was found to percolate in or along fractures with inadequate filtration prior to entering the ground water. Studies conducted in metamorphic rock demonstrated that while fecal‐type bacteria decreased slightly during percolation through bedrock fractures, total bacterial densities were generally unchanged.From the hydrogeological and microbiological data obtained at both test sites, it can be concluded that moderate percolation rates and minimum distances between water wells and leachfield type waste disposal units are inadequate to protect potable ground‐water supplies from contamination in mountainous terrain.
Salt Pollution of a Shallow Aquifer —Indianapolis, Indiana
Authors: Dennis Howard W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTApplication of deicing salts to streets and highways is a common phenomena to those living in the northern and border States. This paper points out one problem that can occur from runoff from large quantities of deicing salts. Tests of water samples from shallow wells in 1967, 1968, and 1973 document the loss of a water supply in an Indianapolis, Indiana, suburban housing development and the subsequent natural purging of high chlorinity waters.
Problems Associated with Development of Ground Water in Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks — A Case Study in Ghana
Authors: Bannerman Robert R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe “kaolinic porridge” is described as one of the saturated zones within the weathering profile of most igneous and metamorphic rocks in Ghana. The zone is comprised of clay and fine‐grained micaceous materials and is regarded as an important ground‐water reservoir. Due to its fluid nature and the fact that its depth and thickness cannot be predicted, precautionary measures are taken when drilling. Special well design, construction and completion techniques have been adopted to exploit this aquifer successfully. Yields averaging 220 gallons (about 1 cubic meter) per hour can be produced from such aquifers.
Pipe Flow Models of a Kentucky Limestone Aquifer
Authors: Thrailkill John 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA digital computer program which simulates a limestone aquifer as a pipe network was written and compared with the Sinkhole Plain aquifer of west‐central Kentucky. Model 1, which considers the flow in the network to be laminar, yielded values of head, flow in the network, and discharge at the bounding streams which are in reasonably good agreement with field observations. The over‐all hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer appears to be about 5600 meinzers if the zone of active flow is 30 meters thick, but the northeastern portion of the aquifer probably has a higher transmissivity. The indicated location of the principal ground‐water divide agrees well with data derived from wells and from tracing underground‐water flows. A second model (Model 2) was constructed which considers flow in the network to be turbulent. Although this model yields values which differ from Model 1, the differences are too small to allow the mode of flow in the aquifer to be distinguished using observational data.
The Future of Ground‐Water Resources in DuPage County
Authors: Sasman Robert T. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDuPage County, one of the major counties of the Chicago metropolitan area, obtains all of its water supply from ground‐water resources. In 1972, pumpage was 56.6 mgd, 18 percent more than the combined potential yield of shallow aquifers and the practical sustained yield of deep aquifers. Total pumpage from shallow aquifers almost equals the potential yield. In some areas, yields of shallow wells have declined drastically as a result of excessively heavy pumpage. Pumpage from deep aquifers is more than double the practical sustained yield. Demands for water are projected to increase more than 250 percent by the year 2020. Alternative methods of developing supplies to meet the anticipated demands include artificial recharge of shallow and/or deep aquifers, mining of deep aquifers, increased diversion of water from Lake Michigan, demineralizing Mt. Simon sandstone water, and importation of underdeveloped surface or ground‐water resources in north central and northwestern Illinois. Increased coordination of development programs becomes of greater importance as locally available supplies lose the capability to meet growing demands.
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), an Index of Organic Contamination in Ground Water Near Barstow, California
Authors: Hughes Jerry L. , Eccles Lawrence A. , Malcolm Ronald L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe alluvial aquifer underlying and adjacent to the Mojave River near Barstow, California, has been subjected to degradation from percolation of industrial and municipal wastes for more than 60 years. Effluents discharged to the aquifer have contained high concentrations of both organic (detergents, oil and grease, phenols, humic compounds, and others) and inorganic (chromium, chloride, phosphates, and others) substances. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), as determined by a wet combustion technique, has been shown to be a definitive parameter in identifying ground water affected by waste disposal. DOC concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 0.8 milligram per liter in the nondegraded ground water and exceeded 6 milligrams per liter in the ground water affected by the waste discharge.The general distribution of DOC in the degraded ground water has been defined both areally and vertically. The vertical distribution of DOC and other constituents indicates that two plumes of degraded water occur at different depths. A comparison of the areal distribution of DOC and detergents (as MBAS) suggests that some organic compounds may have been adsorbed by the aquifer sediments.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Fluoride‐Containing Ground Waters in India
Authors: Handa B. K. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe fluoride content of ground water in India varies considerably. Among factors which control the concentration of fluoride are the climate of the area and the presence of the accessory minerals, fluorite and (or) apatite in the rock mineral assemblage through which ground water is circulating. Regional and tectonic factors also play some part in affecting the fluoride concentration of ground waters. In general, there is a negative correlation between calcium and fluoride concentrations and a positive correlation between fluoride and bicarbonate concentration in ground waters with high fluoride content. Thermodynamic calculations show that some of these high fluoride ground waters are supersaturated with respect to fluorite.In water sources from Rajasthan, high fluoride concentrations are generally accompanied by high nitrate concentrations. A solution‐evaporation‐base exchange hypothesis is put forward to explain the genesis of these ground waters.In some parts of India, the fluoride content of ground waters is below 0.5 mg/1, indicating that fluoridation of water supplies may be desirable in these places.
Water Zoning — Tool for Ground‐Water Basin Managersa
Authors: Dutcher Lee C. , Peterson Lee R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWater zoning is not new in arid areas. Many States have laws limiting pumping. However, most of the existing ordinances do not achieve their stated purpose. Many enforce conservation of scarce resources for benefit of future users. Some purport to ensure a continuous water supply to the rights holders. Existing ordinances that limit pumping to the so‐called safe yield do not take costs or recoverable benefits into consideration, and the period of use is not stipulated. Therefore, where pumping is regulated under such ordinances, the basins cannot be managed to obtain maximum benefits to present users of the available supply. Two types of ordinances are discussed: general‐purpose and management‐plan ordinances, which are designed to make possible the achievement of specific objectives. Examples are given of how the latter can be designed to: limit stream depletion and protect existing rights; disperse pumping to increase economic return; force conjunctive use of all land, mineral, and water resources; and establish production quotas to insure optimum economic return to all users during a predetermined period.
Application of Ground‐Water Flow Theory to a Subsurface Oil Spilla
Authors: Holzer Thomas L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFuel oil, underlying approximately four acres, was discovered floating on the water table beneath oil products' storage tanks. The oil, of unknown origin, originally was observed discharging to a river adjacent to the storage tank area from an abandoned clay tile. Approximately 35,000 gallons (132,500 liters) of oil were intercepted and contained prior to the field investigation by borings.Hantush's (1968) theory for the formation of a fresh‐water lens in an unconfined saline aquifer was used to examine the decay of an oil lens resulting from a catastrophic oil spill at the site. The theory indicated that too much time had elapsed from the first detection of oil at the surface to the collection of subsurface information to make it feasible to speculate on the precise nature of the spill event–catastrophic or a slow leak. Application of the theory and consideration of the ground‐water hydrology of the site did make it possible to identify the probable source area of the spill. Analysis of the flow system also assisted in the selection of the appropriate collection system to clean‐up the spill.Subsequent to the boring program, an electrical resistivity survey was conducted to test the feasibility of delineating the extent of the subsurface oil by this method. Only modest success was achieved, apparently because of the thinness of the oil‐bearing zone.
Increasing the End‐Point Resolution of the EDTA Titrimetric Method for Determining Water Hardnessa
Authors: Hall David M. , Smith Robert F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe sharpness of the end point during the titration for magnesium or calcium using the EDTA titrimetric method is improved by using the free acid form of CI Mordant Black 11 buffered to pH 10 with ammonium hydroxide rather than its sodium salt. Apparently, the ammonium salt of the dye sorbs more strongly in the blue region than does the corresponding sodium salt increasing the end point resolution; hence use of the free acid rather than the commercially available sodium salt is suggested as the end point indicator. Methods for converting the commercial dye to the free acid are given.
Water Quality Variations for Pumping Wells
Authors: Schmidt Kenneth D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPast ground‐water quality monitoring programs have often involved sampling of low‐capacity wells near point or line sources of recharge or pollution. However, large‐capacity wells produce much of the ground water pumped for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses. Short‐term, seasonal, and long‐term fluctuations in quality are common for water pumped from many large‐capacity wells. In many cases, there is a considerable difference between in‐situ “ground‐water quality” and the quality of water sampled at the well discharge.Short‐term pump tests for several municipal wells in the San Joaquin Valley, California have indicated that nitrate concentrations decreased exponentially with pumping time. Variability in pump operation creates substantial short‐term changes in well‐water quality. Short‐term changes are most evident for infrequently pumped, shallow wells near point or line sources of recharge or pollution. Seasonal changes in quality have been documented for water from wells in areas of diffuse sources of pollution, such as agricultural return flow and septic tanks. These changes are primarily due to significant changes in depth to water and vertical hydraulic head gradient. Once the short‐term and seasonal trends are established, the optimal sampling approach can be determined in order to establish long‐term trends.
Fault Control of Subsidence, Houston, Texasa
Authors: Kreitler Charles W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLand subsidence increases the area in the Texas Coastal Zone which will be inundated by marine waters from hurricane flooding. Storm surge from a Carla‐sized hurricane in 1976 would flood at least 25 square miles (65 km2) more land than Hurricane Carla did in 1961.Land subsidence in Harris and Galveston Counties results primarily from ground‐water production. The two‐county area is interlaced with active surface faults with topographic escarpments and surface faults with no topographic escarpments that control drainage patterns and create subtle photographic linear patterns. Ground‐water production activates these faults by differential compaction of the aquifer. The faults appear to be partial hydrologic barriers that compartmentalize land subsidence into several individual basins.
Modeling of Unconfined Ground‐Water Systems
Authors: Murray Willard A. , Johnson Robert L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMathematical modeling of regional unconfined ground‐water flow is most often accomplished by using a linearized Dupuit‐Forchheimer (DF) equation. The depth of flow, h, in the general DF equation appears as a squared (h3) term and also as a linear term (h). Linearization of the DF equation is generally accomplished with the first method of linearization presented by Polubarinova‐Kochina (PK), in which h2 is replaced with h times some average depth of flow. The resulting equation is then linear in h. The second method of linearization described by PK is accomplished by replacing h with h2 divided by an average flow depth, and hence the resulting equation becomes linear in h2. If the second method of linearization is used, the same “heat conduction type” equation is obtained as that from the first method of linearization, but it tends to yield more accurate predictions of water‐table locations. Furthermore, by simply altering the numerical values of boundary condition constants, most existing mathematical models, based on the first method of linearization, can be easily converted to yield solutions to the more accurate equation linearized by the second method.
Impact of a Power Plant on the Ground‐Water System of a Wetland
Authors: Andrews Charles B. , Anderson Mary P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe impacts of a coal‐fired power plant on the ground‐water system of a river floodplain wetland in central Wisconsin were quantified. The most important impacts were those related to the construction of a 200‐ha cooling lake and a 28‐ha ash pit.Several two‐dimensional vertically‐oriented steady‐state models of the ground‐water flow system were used to simulate ground‐water flows before and after the filling of the cooling lake. The results of the simulation and supporting field evidence indicate that the creation of the cooling lake greatly altered the configuration of the flow system and increased the discharge of ground water to the wetland west of the lake by a factor of six. Moreover, ground‐water temperatures have increased because of heat input from the cooling lake. Although the wetland biota are responding to the altered physical environment, the high rate of leakage from the cooling lake is not undesirable from a lake management standpoint. Seepage to the ground‐water system prevents a buildup of dissolved solids which would necessitate periodic flushing of the lake and release of saline water to the Wisconsin River.Since 1975, concentrations of Ca+2 and SO4‐2 have increased in ground water around the ash pit, suggesting that seepage is occurring. However, the plume of contaminated ground water is presently confined to a relatively small area around the ash pit.
Monitoring of Subsurface Injection of Wastes, Florida
Authors: Vecchioli John 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTInjection of waste liquids into Florida's subsurface is physically feasible in many places but should be accompanied by monitoring of the waste‐receiving aquifer system in addition to the injection facility. Monitoring of the interaction of factors including hydrogeologic conditions, well construction, waste volumes and characteristics, and potable‐water sources is desirable to assure that fresh‐water resources are not being adversely affected. An effective aquifer‐system monitoring program includes on‐site wells located close to an injection well and open to the next‐higher permeable stratum, satellite wells located hundreds to several thousands of feet from an injection well and open to the receiving aquifer, and regional wells located miles from individual injection wells and open to the receiving aquifer. An extensive aquifer‐system monitoring program associated with two waste‐injection facilities near Pensacola, Florida, has provided data which have aided hydrologists to understand the aquifer system's response to the injection and, accordingly, to evaluate the potential for affecting the area's fresh‐water resources.
Prediction and Field Verification of Subsurface‐Water Quality Changes During Artificial Recharge, Lubbock, Texas
Authors: Grovea David B. , Wood Warren W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA structure‐imitating numerical model is described that simulates one‐dimensional ion movement with chemical reactions. The reactions include nonlinear ion exchange, dissolution, precipitation and ion complex formation and dissociation. The reactions assume equilibrium conditions and the model accounts for hydrodynamic dispersion. A two‐step computational approach separates the convective and dispersive transport from the chemical reactions. This procedure allows ease in changing grid size, time step size and permits the simple insertion of alternative chemical reactions as subroutines. Chemical parameters for the model were developed in the laboratory using batch experimental techniques. The model, with these experimental parameters, was used to predict solute concentrations exiting from a laboratory column. A field study was also modeled using these same chemical parameters. Verification of the model's predictive capabilities was extablished by comparison between the numerical results of the model and the values from the field experiment.
Distributive Justice, Welfare Economics and Liberalism
Authors: COOPER J. H. 
Published: July 2006

“…whereas the normal way of testing a theory in positive economics is to test its conclusions, the normal way of testing a welfare proposition is to test its assumptions… The welfare cake…is so hard to taste that we must sample its ingredients before baking”‐ J. de V. Graaff, Theoretical Welfare Economics.“An economist or policy maker who wants an ultimate answer to questions involving distribution, or questions involving choices among alternatives that are not comparable under the Pareto criterion, could use an Arrow Social Welfare Function for guidance. Unfortunately, Arrow showed that…Arrow functions do not exist”‐ A. Feldman, “Welfare Econimics”, in The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics.
ARE AFRICAN CENTRAL BANKS SUFFICIENTLY INDEPENDENT FOR MONETARY CONVERGENCE?
Authors: Wessels Buks 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCentral bank independence (CBI) is currently a widely debated and topical issue commanding the centre point of many economical and political debates, filling the pages of many scholarly journals. Both central bank independence and accountability are currently regarded as necessary best practices for achieving price stability. The importance of CBI rests on the premise that inflation is primarily a monetary phenomenon, and that the cost of reducing inflation can be lowered by an independent central bank with credibility. Support for CBI also stems from the argument that the power to create money should generally be separated from the power to spend it. This is even more relevant for countries with weak political institutions. However, various studies (cited below) detected lower inflation in those countries where independence of their central banks is the strongest. Countries all over – including some on the African continent – have increased the independence of their central banks accordingly.
ASYMMETRIC PRICE TRANSMISSION AND MARKET CONCENTRATION: AN INVESTIGATION INTO FOUR SOUTH AFRICAN AGRO‐FOOD INDUSTRIES
Authors: Cutts Michela , Kirsten Johann 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
“Market power is like the wind. You can feel it but you cannot see it”
(Kohls and Uhl 2002, p 270)

During 2002 and 2003 retail food prices in South Africa increased dramatically. These increases put the spotlight on the concentration and market power of food manufacturing firms and retailers in the food supply chain. The proprietary nature of information on processes within the supply chain makes it difficult to identify uncompetitive behaviour. This paper reports on the application of a series of econometric analyses to test for asymmetric price transmission in the South African agro‐food sector. The paper specifically seeks to show how market concentration increases the degree of asymmetry by comparing different levels of asymmetry between commodity and retail prices in the South African Economy. The results show that in South Africa industries that are considered to be concentrated at some level show a high degree of asymmetric price transmission, which, however, decreases when the retail product is perishable.