bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetics, characteristics, and utilization of oil in caryopses of oat species
Authors: Frey K. J. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor oats to be an economically feasible oilseed crop in Iowa, the oil percentage would have to be increased to ca. 16%. A survey of the oil percentage in 445 oat cultivars and collections gave a range of 2.0–11.0%. The oil percentage was only slightly affected by growing oats in 5 different locations in Iowa. Inheritance studies indicated that oil percentage was inherited polygenically, and there was a tendency for high oil percentage to be partially dominant. Analysis of 64 cultivars and collections showed a wide variation of fatty acid composition: palmitic, 14–23%; stearic, <1–4%; oleic, 29–53%; linoleic, 24–48%; linolenic, < 1–5%. The oil percentage was positively correlated with oleic acid and negatively correlated with linoleic and linolenic acids. Oats contained a lipase that made extraction of oil with low acid values difficult. The lipase was strongly affected by moisture and was most active in oat doughs containing 25–50% moisture. There was at least a 20‐fold variation in lipase activity in oat cultivars and collections. Whole oats may be kept in dry storage for several years without significant lipolysis, but in broken or crushed caryopses, lipolysis occurs even at low moisture levels. The lipase may be inactivated by heat or 95% ethanol treatments.
Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty esters with copper‐chromite catalyst: Kinetics, mechanism and isomerization
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHydrogenation of linolenate with copper chromite produced a large amount of conjugated diene and minor amounts of nonconjugatable dienes. The double bonds in conjugated dienes and monoenes were scrambled all along the chain. This product distribution can be explained if it is assumed that conjugation of the double bonds is followed by hydrogenation. In competitive hydrogenation, fatty esters with conjugated double bonds were reduced preferentially over fatty esters with methylene‐interrupted double bonds. Isomerization of conjugated double bonds (geometric and positional) occurred more rapidly than reduction. Reduction of conjugated double bonds in the presence of deuterium resulted in a majority of the products containing no deuterium. Most of the added deuterium was incorporated into the unreacted material. Mechanisms are proposed to account for the products formed during the hydrogenation of linolenate, linoleate and their isomers.
Hydrogenation of natural oils with platinum metal group catalysts
Authors: Rylander Paul N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies in the hydrogenation of natural oils with catalysts of the platinum metals group have been limited mainly to platinum and palladium with only scant attention to rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium. This preference was dictated largely by economics, palladium being the only noble metal catalyst truly competitive on a usecoat basis with nickel in the hydrogenation of low‐priced oils. This paper discusses the noble metal catalysts as a group, points out similarities and differences among the metals relevant to the hydrogenation of natural oils, and describes some of the practical applications of catalysis by palladium.
Epoxy oils from plant seeds
Authors: Earle F. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEpoxy acids have been reported in seed oils from more than 60 species in 12 plant families. The discovery of 9,10‐epoxyoctadec‐12‐ynoic and 9,10‐epoxy‐trans‐3,cis‐12‐octadecadienoic acids brings to six the number of natural epoxy acids now known to occur in seed oils. These latest epoxy acids and 15,16‐epoxy‐cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoic acid have been found in only one species each and at levels lower than 5% of the oil. Coronaric (9,10‐epoxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic) acid and 9,10‐epoxystearic acid have been encountered in several seed oils, the first as much as 15% of the oil and the latter in only small amounts. Vernolic (12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic) acid, which has been identified in numerous oils, is the only epoxy acid known to occur in seed oils at levels above 15%, and it may constitute as much as 75%. On the basis of data available to date,Vernonia anthelmintica appears to have the best potential for commercial production of an epoxy oil. Although one improved line has been selected, continued improvement is needed. Formation of epoxy acids in oilseeds during storage after harvest has been demonstrated, and may be partly responsible for the small amounts of epoxide detected in oils from a wide variety of seeds.
The mbocayá palm: An economic oil plant of paraguay
Authors: Markley Klare S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe mbocayá palm (Acrocomia totai Mart.) is one of a number of oil palms found in Latin America which is exploited for its pulp and kernel oils. Since the products of many of these palms are consumed locally or are exported to neighboring countries or Europe, they are little known in the United States.The mbocayá is one of these palms which has been exploited commercially for its kernel oil for about 50 years and for a lesser time for its pulp oil. The kernel oil is similar in composition to that of other American oil palms but is unique in being more unsaturated and having a lower melting point which clearly reflects the more temperate environment in which this palm thrives.Paraguay contains 6 to 7 million of these palms which produce annually an estimated 55,000 to 120,000 metric tons of fruit, only a part of which is processed for oil. In recent years production of kernel oil has varied between 2,000 and 2,700 metric tons and pulp oil between 500 and 1,100 metric tons, all of which has been consumed locally or exported to Argentina. Processing mbocayá fruit presents many difficulties not encountered with most oilseeds but which are similar to those encountered in processing most American oil palm fruits.This is the first comprehensive report in English on the mbocayá palm and its economic importance.
Lipide content of rice bran
Authors: Jurgens Julian F. , Hoffpauir Carroll L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe examination of rough rice of eight varieties grown in three locations each showed variations in milling yields and lipide contents of bran and of the true pericarp and bran fraction which are attributable to the influence of variety and environment of growth. The average values found on the moisture‐free basis were 6.0% bran and 5.4% true pericarp and germ fraction for the rough rice and 19.5 and 21.8% lipides in the bran and the true pericarp and germ fraction, respectively.
Fatty acid compositions of lipids from corn and grain sorghum kernels
Authors: Baldwin A. R. , Sniegowski M. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCharacteristics and fatty acid compositions of the lipid components of the main fractions (germ, starch, gluten, and fiber) obtained in the wet milling of corn and grain sorghum kernels have been determined.The various lipids exhibited differences in chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition. These differences were found to be similar in both grains. Germ fats were the most unsaturated, contained the least free fatty acids and the least unsaponifiable matter. Starch fats were 70 to 90% free fatty acids and contained large amounts of palmitic acid. Gluten and fiber fats contained up to 32% unsaponifiables and about 20% free fatty acids.
Spectral identification of the ketol tautomer of gossypol
Authors: Stipanovic R. D. , Bell A. A. , Howell C. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNuclear magnetic reasonance studies have identified the ketollc as the major tautomer of (±) gossypol in basic solvent system. The hydroxymethylene proton of gossypol absorbs at δ 9.50 in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Acidification converts the ketol to the aldehyde tautomerla.
Fatty acids of kenaf seed oil
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFreshly extracted oil from a sample of kenaf seed, var.Cubano, was found to contain an appreciable amount of epoxy acid as glyceride;cis‐12,13‐epoxyoleic acid was isolated. Its identity was confirmed by analysis and by conversion to threo‐12,13‐dihydroxyoleic acid. The remaining fatty acids were esterified, distilled, and identified by the usual procedures. The percentage composition of the fatty acids was estimated from the data as follows: 9‐hexadecenoic 1, palmitic 19, linoleic 41, oleic 30, stearic 2, arachidic (trace), 12,13‐epoxyoleic 5, undetermined 2.
Methyl esters directlyfrom acidulated soapstock
Authors: Eaves Paul H. , Spadaro J. J. , Gastrock E. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA method has been developed for utilizing low‐cost acidulated refinery soapstock directly as raw material for producing the mixed methyl esters of cottonseed oil fatty acids. The conditions determined as optimum for producing the esters were as follows: temperature, 110°C. to 120°C.; pressure, 150 p.s.i.g.; reaction time, 10 to 15 min.; catalyst, acidic, proportioned as 3% to 5% of the fatty acids of the foots; and ratio of reactants, 5 moles of methanol to 1 of fatty acids.Processing acidulated foots containing 12.4% of neutral oil at the foregoing conditions resulted in esterifying 83% to 86% of the fatty acids. Reprocessing the same material after dehydrating it and restoring the initial methanol to fatty acids ratio increased the percentage of fatty acids esterified by about 5%.
The relationship of corn oil and animal fats to serum cholesterol values at various dietary protein levels
Authors: Kokatnur M. G. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA high level of dietary protein lowered serum cholesterol. Incorporation of increasing amounts of beef tallow did not increase the serum cholesterol levels significantly, and some dietary fat was found to be desirable. Addition of up to 0.3% of dietary cholesterol did not significantly increase the serum cholesterol levels on either low or high levels of dietary fat or protein. The energy protein (E/P) ratio of a diet had a significant effect on serum and carcass cholesterol levels. The type of fat had an effect on serum cholesterol levels, but with lowering of the E/P ratio this effect became negligible.
Fatty acid composition of several varieties of soybeans
Authors: Collins F. I. , Sedgwick V. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFatty acid composition of soybean oil of 18 currently important varieties from 43 locations in 16 states of the United States ranged from about 5% to 11% in linolenic, 43% to 56% in linoleic, 15% to 33% in oleic, and 11% to 26% in saturated acids. Oil of all 18 varieties had wide ranges in composition at different locations in two crop years. Within each group varieties tended to maintain the same relative order of fatty acid compositions of oil at all locations in the two years of this study.
Subtotal Colectomy with Antiperistaltic Cecorectal Anastomosis in the Treatment of Slow‐transit Constipation: Long‐term Impact on Quality of Life
Authors: Marchesi Federico , Sarli Leopoldo , Percalli Luigi , Sansebastiano Giuliano Ezio , Veronesi Licia , Mauro Davide Di , Porrini Cristina , Ferro Michelina , Roncoroni Luigi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of subtotal colectomy with cecorectal anastomosis (SCCA) in the treatment of slow‐transit constipation, not just in terms of symptom resolution but also the overall impact on patients’ quality of life.MethodsBetween 1991 and 2005, 43 patients underwent SCCA at our institution, 22 for slow‐transit constipation (STC) and 21 for other types of colic diffuse disease (non‐slow‐transit constipation: NSTC), the latter being considered controls. A total of 29 patients (17 affected by STC) were administered a 50‐item telephonic questionnaire, including the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI), the Wexner constipation and incontinence scale (WC, WI), and individual willingness to repeat the procedure. Questionnaire data and other parameters such as age, sex, length of follow‐up, complications, and length of hospital stay were analyzed and compared, in order to evaluate possible correlations between the parameters and their related impact on quality of life, procedural effectiveness in terms of symptomatic regression, qualitative differences related to pathology (constipation versus non‐constipation), and surgical approach (laparotomy versus video‐laparo‐assisted procedure).ResultsThere were no procedure‐related deaths in this series (mortality: 0%); however, we found two complications in the STC group (9.1%), one requiring reoperation. The GIQLI mean score for the STC group was 115.5 ± 20.5 (mean score for healthy people 125.8 ± 13), and the WC mean score passed from a preoperative value of 20.3 to a postoperative value of 2.6. Regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between GIQLI and urgency and abdominal pain, and abdominal pain correlated significantly with pathology (STC). A high number of patients (88.2% in STC) expressed a willingness to repeat the procedure given the same preoperative conditions.ConclusionsComparing our results to those of the most homogeneous literature data, SCCA does not appear to be inferior to subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) in terms of therapeutic effectiveness, postoperative mortality and morbidity, or overall impact on quality of life.
Anaemia and renal dysfunction are independently associated with BNP and NT‐proBNP levels in patients with heart failure
Authors: Hogenhuis Jochem , Voors Adriaan A. , Jaarsma Tiny , Hoes Arno W. , Hillege Hans L. , Kragten Johannes A. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundAnaemia may affect B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N‐terminal proBNP (NT‐proBNP) levels, but this has not been well described in heart failure (HF) patients without the exclusion of patients with renal dysfunction.AimsTo study the influence of both anaemia and renal function on BNP and NT‐proBNP levels in a large group of hospitalised HF patients.Methods and resultsWe studied 541 patients hospitalised for HF (mean age 71±11 years, 62% male, and left ventricular ejection fraction 0.33±0.14). Of these patients, 30% (n=159) were anaemic (women: Hb <7.5 mmol/l, men: Hb <8.1 mmol/l). Of the 159 anaemic patients, 73% had renal dysfunction (eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2) and of the non‐anaemic patients, 57% had renal dysfunction. BNP and NT‐proBNP levels were measured in all patients before discharge. In multivariable analyses both plasma haemoglobin and eGFR were independently related to the levels of BNP and NT‐proBNP (standardised beta's of –0.16, –0.14 [BNP] and –0.19, –0.26 [NT‐proBNP] respectively, P‐values<0.01).ConclusionAnaemia and renal dysfunction are related to increased BNP and NT‐proBNP levels, independent of the severity of HF. These results indicate that both anaemia and renal dysfunction should be taken into consideration during the interpretation of BNP and NT‐proBNP levels in HF patients.
Effect of Land-Use on Terricolous Lichens
Authors: Gilbert O. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe limestone plateau of Derbyshire is intensively farmed but supports terricolous lichens associated with unimproved grazing, derelict lead mining ground and modern fluorspar working. The assemblages identified include a number of relict species now very rare in central England. Reworking mine waste for fluorspar can result in the development of communities containing particularly interesting lichens. Land-use is now the chief determinant of terricolous lichen communities in the area studied.
Nomenclatural Notes on Cladonia Species
Authors: Ahti T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe nomenclature and in part also the taxonomy of the following European lichens is discussed: Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flotow subsp. cervicornis and subsp. verticillata (Hoffm.) Ahti comb. nov., C. bacilliformis (Nyl.) Glück, C. portentosa (Dufour) Coem., C. anomaea (Ach.) Ahti & P. James comb. nov. (syn. C. pityrea (Flörke) Fr.), C. conista Robbins ex Allen, C. conoidea Ahti sp. nov. (syn. C. conistea sensu Asah.: contains atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid, type from England), C. bacillaris Nyl., C. coniocraea auct., and C. ochrochlora Flörke.The African lichen ‘Cladonia gorgonina (Bory) Eschw.’ is typified and its nomenclatural
status reconsidered. Under the valid name Cladonia gorgonea Eschw. it is reduced to the synonymy of Cladia aggregata (Swartz) Nyl. The correct name for Cladonia gorgonina auct. is C. glaucopallida Vainio. A list of the new lichen taxa proposed
by J. B. Bory, which were invalidly published by Flörke in 1809, is also presented.
Zoosporogenesis In Trebouxia Gelatinosa: Ultrastructure Potential For Zoospore Release And Implications For The Lichen Association
Authors: Slocum R. D. , Ahmadjian V. , Hildreth K. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractZoosporogenesis was observed in the algal symbiont (Trebouxia gelatinosa) of Parmelia caperata. This is the first detailed report of this phenomenon in a Trebouxia species and, more importantly, in lichens, where zoosporogenesis in this alga is usually suppressed and the arrested zoospores form aplanospores. Observations of zoospore formation by algal cells within the natural thallus and in thallus fragments incubated on a mineral medium suggest that zoospores are released within thalli and may escape from the thallus to form free-living microcolonies. These colonies potentially could unite with hyphae derived from spores of either the same, or genetically different mycobionts (fungal symbionts) to establish new lichen associations, as has been shown in laboratory studies. Such natural resyntheses could be one cause for the observed heterogeneity characterizing fungi in many lichen populations. Other implications of free-living Trebouxia populations are discussed.
A Study of Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia Isolates from Different Lichens
Authors: Hildreth K. C. , Ahmadjian V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe phycobionts of 20 different lichens were studied in culture, described and assigned to species of Pseudotrebouxia and Trebouxia. Identical phycobiont species were isolated from widely different lichens which showed that these algal symbionts were not specific to particular mycobionts. There was much variation in cellular detail within individual algal species indicating that the criteria currently used to separate species of these phycobionts may be too restrictive.
The Weathering of Serpentinite by Lecanora Atra
Authors: Wilson M. J. , Jones D. , McHardy W. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA study of the weathering phenomena brought about by the growth of Lecanora alra on a substrate of magnesium silicate minerals (serpentinite) has been carried out mainly by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The lichen thallus contains appreciable amounts of crystalline magnesium oxalate dihydrate, which occurs as an insoluble extra-cellular precipitate and derives from the decomposition of magnesium silicates (particularly chrysotile) by oxalic acid secreted by the mycobiont. In theory magnesium oxalate dihydrate should be capable of incorporating large amounts of heavy metal ions into its structure, as indeed the electron probe evidence indicates has happened, thus suggesting a mechanism for enabling some lichens to cope with environments that are high in these generally harmful ions. The only weathering product detected in the lichen weathering crust is an X-ray amorphous silica gel which often retains the fibrous morphology of the chrysotile from which it forms.
Occurrence and Ecology of Usnea Longissima in Central Sweden
Authors: Esseen P.-A. , Ericson L. , Lindström H. , Zackrisson O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe past and present occurrence of Usnea longissima has been investigated at 31 localities in an area of eastern central Sweden. A marked decline was found which is due to different forestry practices, and, to a minor extent, air pollution. The species is confined to old spruce forests, mainly located on north-facing slopes with a slightly oceanic climate. The population size showed a large variation both within and between seven investigated localities. Specific habitat demands and low dispersal ability make U. longissima very sensitive to environmental disturbances.
The Cyclic Development of Mosses and The Lichen Baeomyces Rufus in an Ecosystem
Authors: Jahns H. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA cyclic exchange between communities of mosses and the lichen Baeomyces rufus is described. The cushions of different mosses are supplanted by the lichen. After a lifespan of about 3 years the lichen dies off and the location is repossessed by mosses. The vegetative reproduction of the lichen is adapted to this ecological cycle.
Lichen Decomposition in a Black Spruce Bog
Authors: Wetmore C. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNylon mesh litter bags containing Parmelia caperata, P. flaventior, P. subrudecta, Evernia nesomorpha, Hypogymnia physodes and Umbilicaria muehlenbergii were placed on the floor of a black spruce bog in northern Minnesota to study the rates of decomposition. P. caperata and E. mesomorpha had decomposed after 10 months. Most of the lichens had completely decayed after 13 months but a few thalli of some species placed on top of hummocks were still alive. The species with usnic acid decayed as rapidly as those without. Lichens decompose rapidly but not more rapidly than some vascular plants.
A New Species and New Combinations in Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae)
Authors: Krog Hildur , Swinscow T. D. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractParmotrema degelianum sp. nov. is described and the following new combinations are made: Parmotrema amaniense (Steiner & Zahlbr.) comb, nov., P. apricum (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. consors (Nyl.) comb, nov., P. durumae (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. erubescens (Stirton) comb, nov., P. glaucocarpoides (Zahlbr.) comb, nov., P. jacarandicolum (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. kwalense (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. leonis (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. pardi (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. pigmentiferum (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. pilosum (Stizenb.) comb, nov., P. poolii (Dodge) comb. nov., P. stuhlmannii (Dodge) comb, nov., P. taitae (Krog & Swinscow) comb. nov., P. tsavoense (Krog & Swinscow) comb. nov., and P. umbrosum (Krog & Swinscow) comb. nov., Parmotrema lyngeanum (Zahlbr.) Hale is reduced to synonymy with P. cristatum (Nyl.) Hale.
Uptake and Effect of Cations on Lichen Metabolism
Authors: Brown D. H. , Beckett R. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHeavy metal uptake by lichens is briefly reviewed in terms of the trapping of paniculate material and the uptake of soluble cations. The kinetics of uptake to extracellular sites and intracellular carrier-mediated incorporation into cells are compared and the effects of competing cations and the energetics of the processes considered. The influence of heavy metals on lichen growth, morphology and physiology are reviewed emphasizing recent reports showing the greater sensitivity of cyanobacterial compared with chlorophycean lichens, the induction of heavy metal tolerance in the field and laboratory in Peltigera species, and alterations in intracellular cadmium uptake kinetics by some, but not all, tolerant Peltigera populations.
The Ecology of Lobarion Pulmonariae and Parmelion Caperatae in Quercus Dominated Forests in South-West Norway
Authors: Gauslaa Y. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract119 investigated Quercus trunks and 67 species of lichens, 23 bryophytes and 3 non-lichenized fungi are arranged by means of the Minimum Spanning Tree analysis, resulting in four Lobarion communities and one Parmelion community. Lobarion is restricted to bark with pH > 5.0 in old forests. pH and Ca-content in the bark are strongly correlated; Ca seems to originate from Ca-uptake through the roots of the phorophyte. Within a single site the soil also seems to be responsible for the variation in the Mg-content of the bark, being correlated with Ca. The dominating source of the regionalvariationinMg, however, seems to be marine aerosols. Parmelion caperatae occurs on acid bark of young trees. The bark is, however, rich in Mg. Soluble tannins in the bark decrease with increasing age of the phorophyte, but are probably of minor significance for the epiphytic vegetation.