bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Globalization
Authors: Triegaardt Jean D. 
Published: June 2008

English Globalization is affecting South Africa's sense of national identity and social policies. In spite of increasing social expenditure, poverty and unemployment continue at a high rate. Social work's response to poverty and unemployment is examined and it is suggested that a multiplicity of responses and interventions are required in the context of globalization. French La mondialisation affecte l'identité nationale et les politiques sociales d'Afrique du Sud. En dépit d'une dépense sociale croissante la pauv reté et le chômage se maintiennent à des taux élevés. La réponse du travail social à la pauvreté et au chômage est examinée et il est suggéré qu'une multiplicité de réponses et d'interventions soit requise dans le contexte de la mondialisation. Spanish La globalización afecta la identidad nacional de Sudáfrica y sus políticas sociales. A pesar de un gasto social creciente, la pobreza y el desempleo continúan en una proporción alta. Se examina la respuesta del trabajo social a la pobreza y al desempleo, y se sugiere que en el contexto de la globalización, hace falta una multiplicidad de respuestas.
The unconditional basic income guarantee
Authors: Caputo Richard K. 
Published: June 2008

English This article describes a loosely affiliated network of international organizations, the Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN), dedicated to enacting legislation for an unconditional guaranteed income for citizens of their respective countries. Three basic income guarantee (BIG) schemes are presented and suggestions are made for overcoming shortcomings identified in each model. French Ce papier décrit un réseau trés ténu d'organisations internationales: le BIEN (Basic Income Earth Network = Réseau du Revenu Basique pour la Terre), dédié la création d'une législation pour un revenu garanti inconditionnel pour les citoyens de leurs pays respectifs. Trois schémas de garanties de revenu de base (Basic Income Guarantee: BIG) sont présentés et des suggestions sont faites pour surmonter des défauts identifiés dans chaque modéle. Spanish Se describe una red abierta de organizaciones internacionales, el Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN) (Red Terrestre de Ingresos Base). Se dedica esta red a promover legislaciones que garanticen incondicionalmente ingresos para los ciudadanos de sus respectivos países. Se presentan tres modelos y se hacen sugerencias para superar las deficiencias de cada uno.
Poverty and its alleviation
Authors: Ewhrudjakpor Christian 
Published: June 2008

English Nigeria has remained socio-economically underdeveloped and pauperized amid immense oil wealth and 70 percent of the population is still trapped in poverty. This study analyzes the experience of government policies on poverty. This article argues that to alleviate poverty, government must legislate against inappropriate behavior (corruption and ineptitude) of government officials. French Le Nigeria est resté un pays socio-économiquement sous développé et paupérisé malgré une immense richesse pétroliére et 70 pourcent de sa population est encore piégée dans la pauvreté. Cette étude analyse l'expérience des politiques de la pauvreté menées par le gouvernement. Ce papier soutient que pour réduire la pauvreté, le gouvernement doit légiférer contre les comportements inappropriés (corruption et incon venance) des fonctionnaires du gouvernement. Spanish En medio de una gran riqueza petrolífera Nigeria permanece subdesarrollada y empobrecida social y económicamente. El 70% de la población continúa apresada en la pobreza. Este estudio analiza la experiencia de las políticas gubernamentales dirigidas a la pobreza. Se arguye que para aliviar la pobreza el gobierno debe legislar en contra de la corrupción e ineptitud de los oficiales del gobierno.
Reviving India's grassroots social work for sustainable development
Authors: Agoramoorthy Govindasamy , Hsu Minna J. 
Published: June 2008

English This article presents data on simple rainwater harvesting practiced by a nonprofit agency in India. By constructing cost-effective check dams and liftirrigation systems, rural agriculture was improved and this ultimately relieved poverty and rejuvenated grassroots socioeconomic and sociopolitical changes in the least developed tribal drylands of western India. French Ce papier présente des données sur la récolte de la simple eau de pluie pratiquée par une agence à but non lucratif en Inde. En construisant des barrages contrôlés rentables et des systémes d'irrigation ascensionnelle, l'agriculture rurale a été améliorée, ce qui a soulagé la pauvreté au bout du compte, et régénéré des changements socio-économiques et sociopolitiques dans les zones dagriculture tribales les moins développées de l'Inde occidentale. Spanish Se presentan datos sobre una simple práctica de recogida de lluvia en la India por una no lucrativa agencia. La construcción de poco costo de pantanos de control y sistemas de irrigación con aguas subterráneas mejoró la agricultura rural de tal manera que alivió la pobreza y rejuveneció cambios socio económicos y sociopolíticos en la base, en las zonas tribales de sequío y menos desarrolladas del Occidente de la India.
From noise to voice
Authors: Krumer-Nevo Michal 
Published: June 2008

English The voice of poor people is heard very often as mere noise, signifying nothing, or at best as reflecting knowledge which is irrelevant. This is to be seen in public attitudes and also in professional settings. This article exemplifies the contribution made by listening to knowledge possessed by people living in poverty. French La voix des personnes pauvres est le plus souvent entendue comme du bruit, sans signification, ou bien au mieux comme une réflexion du savoir, ce qui est inadéquat. On rencontre ces représentations aussi bien dans les attitudes du grand public que chez les professionnels. Cet article exemplifie la contribution qu'apporte l'écoute du savoir possédé par les gens vivant dans la pauvreté. Spanish La voz del pobre se oye a menudo como si fuera ruido, sin significado, o en el mejor de los casos como sabiduría inútil. Esto se ve no sólo en la actitud del público, sino también en los ambientes profesionales. Este trabajo es un ejemplo de la contribución derivada de escuchar la sabiduría de quienes viven en la pobreza.
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade Administered after Injury Improves Muscle Regeneration and Decreases Fibrosis in Normal Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Bedair Hany S. , Karthikeyan Tharun , Quintero Andres , Li Yong , Huard Johnny 
Published: June 2008

Background Several therapeutic agents have been shown to inhibit fibrosis and improve regeneration after injury in skeletal muscle by antagonizing transforming growth factor-β1. Angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to have a similar effect on transforming growth factor-β1 in a variety of tissues. Hypothesis Systemic treatment of animals after injury of skeletal muscle with an angiotensin receptor blocker may decrease fibrosis and improve regeneration, mainly through transforming growth factor-β1 blockade, and can be used to improve skeletal muscle healing after injury. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Forty mice underwent bilateral partial gastrocnemius lacerations. Mice were assigned randomly to a control group (tap water), a low-dose angiotensin receptor blocker group (losartan, 0.05 mg/mL), or a high-dose angiotensin receptor blocker group (0.5 mg/mL). The medication was dissolved in tap water and administered enterally. Mice were sacrificed 3 or 5 weeks after injury, and the lacerated muscles were examined histologically for muscle regeneration and fibrosis. Results Compared with control mice at 3 and 5 weeks, angiotensin receptor blocker-treated mice exhibited a histologic dose-dependent improvement in muscle regeneration and a measurable reduction in fibrous tissue formation within the area of injury. Conclusion By modulating the response to local and systemic angiotensin II, angiotensin receptor blocker therapy significantly reduced fibrosis and led to an increase in the number of regenerating myofibers in acutely injured skeletal muscle. The clinical implications for this application of angiotensin receptor blockers are potentially far-reaching and include not only sports- and military-related injuries, but also diseases such as the muscular dystrophies and trauma- and surgery-related injury. Clinical Relevance Angiotensin receptor blockers may provide a safe, clinically available treatment for improving healing after skeletal muscle injury.
The Meaning of Holiday Consumption
Authors: Therkelsen Anette , Gram Malene 
Published: June 2008

Consumption objects are consumed not only for what they do but also for what they communicate and mean to oneself and one's surroundings, and hence they become part of consumers' identity formation processes. This article sets out to explore the meaning production and the identity construction taking place among mature tourists in connection with their holiday consumption. Identity construction is particularly interesting to study in the context of holidays as the physical crossing of borders also marks a mental crossing of borders, away from routines, obligations and scheduled time towards pleasure, free time and `the good life', and hence holidays are an obvious means of expressing `who I am'. Mature couples, who are in a phase of transition from full nester to empty nester and from employed individual to retired individual, are the focus. It is investigated in what way mature tourists use holidays as a vehicle of identity construction in their new life situation. In the existing literature, a strong focus is on individual consumers in relation to their creation of identity, and less on the role of identity creation in the gap between individual identity and the larger social groups with which people identify or from which they distinguish themselves. This article examines the locus of identity creation between `I' and `they': the `we'. The study is explorative in its approach. The study shows that mature people use holidays for expressing who they are and, often just as importantly, who they are not. The couple is the central identifying unit and in the process of understanding their couple identity, the mature tourists use other couples and larger sociocultural entities to differentiate themselves from and affiliate with. Individual interests are also identified, but they are often staged as being in the interest of the couple and not just of the individual. Hence, the study demonstrates that the couple is a salient identifying unit in relation to holiday consumption among mature tourists.
Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor promotes allograft-specific tolerance through direct and dendritic cell–mediated effects on regulatory T cells
Authors: Hauben Ehud , Gregori Silvia , Draghici Elena , Migliavacca Barbara , Olivieri Stefano , Woisetschläger Maximilian , Roncarolo Maria Grazia 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
VAF347 is a low-molecular-weight compound, which activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Herein, we report that oral administration of a water-soluble derivative of VAF347 (VAG539) promotes long-term graft acceptance and active tolerance in Balb/c mice that receive a transplant of MHC-mismatched pancreatic islet allografts. In vivo VAG539 treatment results in increased frequency of splenic CD4+ T cells expressing CD25 and Foxp3, markers associated with regulatory T (Tr) cells, and in vitro VAF347 treatment of splenic CD4+ T cells improved CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T-cell survival. Interestingly, transfer of CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs), but not of CD4+ T or CD19+ B cells, from VAG539-treated long-term tolerant hosts into mice that recently underwent transplantation resulted in donor (C57Bl/6)–specific graft acceptance and in a significantly higher frequency of splenic CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tr cells. Furthermore, the transfer of CD4+CD25+ T cells from these mice into mice that recently underwent transplantation promoted graft acceptance. Similarly, cell therapy with in vitro VAF347-treated bone marrow–derived mature DCs prevented islet graft rejection, and reduced OVA-specific T-cell responses in OVA-immunized mice. Collectively, our data indicate that AhR activation induces islet allograft–specific tolerance through direct as well as DC-mediated effects on Tr-cell survival and function.
The kinase inhibitor dasatinib induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro with preference for a subgroup of patients with unmutated IgVH genes
Authors: Veldurthy Aditya , Patz Michaela , Hagist Susanne , Pallasch Christian P. , Wendtner Clemens-Martin , Hallek Michael , Krause Günter 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) were described to be overexpressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We wished to examine the effects of the Src and Abl kinase inhibitor dasatinib on the intracellular signaling and survival of CLL cells. Dasa-tinib showed a dose- and time-dependent reduction of global tyrosine phosphorylation and of activating phosphotyrosine levels of SFKs. Treatment with 100 nM dasatinib led to decreased levels of the activated, phosphorylated forms of Akt, Erk1/2, and p38, and induced PARP cleavage through caspase activity. In Mec1 and JVM-3 cell lines, dasatinib increased p53 protein levels and inhibited proliferation. In freshly isolated CLL cells, dasatinib reduced the expression of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. Combination of 5 μM dasatinib and fludarabine increased the apoptosis induction of each by approximately 50%. In 15 primary CLL samples, cells with unmutated immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (IgVH) genes were more sensitive to dasatinib than those with mutated IgVH genes (P = .002). In summary, dasatinib shows potent inhibitory effects on the survival of CLL cells in vitro, most prominently in samples obtained from patients with unfavorable prognostic features.
β2 integrin phosphorylation on Thr758 acts as a molecular switch to regulate 14-3-3 and filamin binding
Authors: Takala Heikki , Nurminen Elisa , Nurmi Susanna M. , Aatonen Maria , Strandin Tomas , Takatalo Maarit , Kiema Tiila , Gahmberg Carl G. , Ylänne Jari , Fagerholm Susanna C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractLeukocyte integrins of the β2 family are essential for immune cell-cell adhesion. In activated cells, β2 integrins are phosphorylated on the cytoplasmic Thr758, leading to 14-3-3 protein recruitment to the β2 integrin. The mutation of this phosphorylation site impairs cell adhesion, actin reorganization, and cell spreading. Thr758 is contained in a Thr triplet of β2 that also mediates binding to filamin. Here, we investigated the binding of filamin, talin, and 14-3-3 proteins to phosphorylated and unphosphorylated β2 integrins by biochemical methods and x-ray crystallography. 14-3-3 proteins bound only to the phosphorylated integrin cytoplasmic peptide, with a high affinity (Kd, 261 nM), whereas filamin bound only the unphosphorylated integrin cytoplasmic peptide (Kd, 0.5 mM). Phosphorylation did not regulate talin binding to β2 directly, but 14-3-3 was able to outcompete talin for the binding to phosphorylated β2 integrin. X-ray crystallographic data clearly explained how phosphorylation eliminated filamin binding and induced 14-3-3 protein binding. Filamin knockdown in T cells led to an increase in stimulated cell adhesion to ICAM-1–coated surfaces. Our results suggest that the phosphorylation of β2 integrins on Thr758 acts as a molecular switch to inhibit filamin binding and allow 14-3-3 protein binding to the integrin cytoplasmic domain, thereby modulating T-cell adhesion.
PILAR is a novel modulator of human T-cell expansion
Authors: Huarte Eduardo , Cubillos-Ruiz Juan R. , Nesbeth Yolanda C. , Scarlett Uciane K. , Martinez Diana G. , Engle Xavier A. , Rigby William F. , Pioli Patricia A. , Guyre Paul M. , Conejo-Garcia Jose R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractRobust T-cell responses without autoimmunity are only possible through a fine balance between activating and inhibitory signals. We have identified a novel modulator of T-cell expansion named proliferation-induced lymphocyte-associated receptor (PILAR). Surface PILAR is markedly up-regulated on CD4 and, to a lesser extent, on CD8 T cells on T-cell receptor engagement. In absence of CD28 costimulation, PILAR signaling through CD161 supports CD3 antibody-dependent and antigen-specificT-cell proliferation by increasing the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-xL and induces secretion of T helper type 1 cytokines. These effects are abrogated by PILAR blockade with specific antibodies, which decrease surface levels of CD28. In contrast, PILAR induces apoptotic death on naive and early activated T cells if CD161 engagement is blocked. PILAR is expressed by approximately 7% to 10% of CD4 T cells in 2 samples of inflammatory synovial fluid, suggesting a potential role in the pathogenesis of joint inflammation. In addition, in the ovarian cancer microenvironment, effector T cells express PILAR, but not CD161, although expression of both can be augmented ex vivo. Our results indicate that PILAR plays a central role in modulating the extent of T-cell expansion. Manipulation of PILAR signaling may be important for treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer.
In vivo–activated CD103+CD4+ regulatory T cells ameliorate ongoing chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Zhao Dongchang , Zhang Chunyan , Yi Tangsheng , Lin Chia-Lei , Todorov Ivan , Kandeel Fouad , Forman Stephen , Zeng Defu 
Published: June 2008

AbstractCD103 (αEβ7) has been shown to be an excellent marker for identifying in vivo–activated FoxP3+CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. It is unknown whether reinfusion of in vivo–activated donor-type CD103+ Treg cells from recipient can ameliorate ongoing chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Here, we showed that, in a chronic GVHD model of DBA/2 (H-2d) donor to BALB/c (H-2d) recipient, donor-type CD103+ Treg cells from recipients were much more potent than CD25hi natural Treg cells from donors in reversing clinical signs of GVHD and tissue damage. Furthermore, in contrast to CD25hi natural Treg cells, CD103+ Treg cells expressed high levels of CCR5 but low levels of CD62L and directly migrated to GVHD target tissues. In addition, the CD103+ Treg cells strongly suppressed donor CD4+ T-cell proliferation; they also induced apoptosis of in vivo–activated CD4+ T and B cells and significantly reduced pathogenic T and B cells in GVHD target tissues. These results indicate that CD103+ Treg cells from chronic GVHD recipients are functional, and reinfusion of the CD103+ Treg cells can shift the balance between Treg cells and pathogenic T cells in chronic GVHD recipients and ameliorate ongoing disease.
Src family tyrosine kinase Lyn mediates VWF/GPIb-IX–induced platelet activation via the cGMP signaling pathway
Authors: Yin Hong , Liu Junling , Li Zhenyu , Berndt Michael C. , Lowell Clifford A. , Du Xiaoping 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor (VWF), glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX, mediates initial platelet adhesion and transmits signals leading to platelet activation. Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) play an important role in VWF-induced GPIb-IX signaling. However, the SFK-dependent downstream signaling pathway is unclear but is thought to involve thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthesis. Here we show that, although platelets deficient in SFK members, Lyn or Fyn, were defective in the TXA2-dependent second wave of platelet aggregation induced by botrocetin/VWF, only Lyn-knockout platelets were also defective in stable platelet adhesion to VWF under shear stress that is independent of the TXA2 pathway. Lyn-knockout platelets also spread poorly on VWF but spread normally on fibrinogen, indicating an important role for Lyn in VWF-mediated GPIb signaling but not in integrin outside-in signaling. Importantly, Lyn knockout abrogated VWF-induced cGMP elevation. Addition of low concentrations of 8-bromo-cGMP, however, corrected the defective stable adhesion of Lyn-knockout platelets or PP2-treated platelets on VWF. These results demonstrate an important role for Lyn in VWF/GPIb-IX–induced integrin activation mediated via the cGMP signaling pathway independently of TXA2 synthesis and also indicate that Lyn is critically important in GPIb-IX–mediated activation of the cGMP pathway.
Polymorphic variation in surfactant protein B is associated with COPD exacerbations
Authors: Foreman M. G. , DeMeo D. L. , Hersh C. P. , Carey V. J. , Fan V. S. , Reilly J. J. , Shapiro S. D. , Silverman E. K. 
Published: June 2008

Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) reduce quality of life and increase mortality. Genetic variation might explain the substantial variability seen in exacerbation frequency among COPD subjects with similar lung function. Polymorphisms in five candidate genes, previously associated with COPD susceptibility, were analysed in order to determine whether they demonstrated association with COPD exacerbations.A total of 88 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1), transforming growth factor, beta-1 (TGFB1), serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 2 (SERPINE2), glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1) and surfactant protein B (SFTPB) were genotyped in 389 non-Hispanic white participants in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial. Exacerbations were defined as COPD-related emergency room visits or hospitalisations using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services claims data.One or more exacerbations were experienced by 216 (56%) subjects during the study period. AnSFTPBpromoter polymorphism, rs3024791, was associated with COPD exacerbations. Logistic regression models, analysing a binary outcome of presence or absence of exacerbations, confirmed the association of rs3024791 with COPD exacerbations. Negative binomial regression models demonstrated association of multipleSFTPBSNPs (rs2118177, rs2304566, rs1130866 and rs3024791) with exacerbation rates. Polymorphisms inEPHX1,GSTP1,TGFB1andSERPINE2did not demonstrate association with COPD exacerbations.In conclusion, genetic variation in surfactant protein B is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease susceptibility and exacerbation frequency.
Shroom expression is attenuated in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Sevilla-Pérez J. , Königshoff M. , Kwapiszewska G. , Amarie O. V. , Seeger W. , Weissmann N. , Schermuly R. T. , Morty R. E. , Eickelberg O. 
Published: June 2008

Shroom is a PDZ-domain protein involved in the regulation and maintenance of cytoskeletal architecture by binding to actin. Hypertrophy and altered actin organisation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) is a hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The aim of the present study was to localise and characterise Shroom expression in the lung in experimental and idiopathic PAH (IPAH).Shroom expression and localisation in hypoxia-induced PAH in mice and IPAH in humans,in vivo, as well as in primary PASMC,in vitro, was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, laser-assisted microdissection and immunohistochemistry.Shroom localised exclusively to PASMC (both bronchial and vascular) in mouse and human lungs. Bothin vivoand in primary PASMC,in vitro, Shroom exhibited spatially similar expression with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Shroom expression was significantly reduced in the mouse model of PAH, in primary murine PASMC exposed to hypoxia, and in primary PASMC isolated from patients with IPAH. The ratio between Shroom and α-SMA RNA expression further confirmed Shroom downregulation in both mouse and human PASMC.In summary, Shroom localises exclusively to pulmonary smooth muscle cells. Shroom downregulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension suggests a link between Shroom expression and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell hypertrophy in pulmonary arterial hypertension.