bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
American Teachers in African Universities: The Case of Law
Authors: Paul James C. N. 
Published: May 2006

This paper is concerned with the role and responsibilities of Americans who go to African universities to profess, and with the rationale of such undertakings.In some ways, this may seem to be a threadbare topic. The values to be achieved from such transcultural experiences have long been assumed. At least since World War II and Senator Fulbright’s great initiatives, teaching abroad has been a favored activity. Yet recently we have taken a more skeptical view. The Fulbright and other programs are in some disarray in Africa today, and there is no longer much enthusiasm, in official “development circles,” for exporting university teachers.
The West and Elections in Nigeria
Authors: Sesay Amadu , Ukeje Charles 
Published: May 2006

The end of the cold war has made democratization, and its barest essential component elections, imperative for all nondemocratic forms of government. This is to be expected, given the dismal failure of the socialist alternative even in the first socialist country, the former Soviet Union. The United States, which is not only the foremost democracy in the world but also the only superpower, has been in the vanguard of democracy salesmanship. Africa, the continent with the least democratic space, has not been left out, as witnessed by President Bill Clinton’s unprecedented tour of the continent in March 1998.Understandably, Nigeria, arguably the most important country in Africa, was left out of the tour, since it was then under the obnoxious, undemocratic, and oppressive military regime of the late General Sani Abacha.
Some Historical Roman Coins of the First Century A.D.
Authors: Mattingly H. 
Published: May 2006

Obv. Head of Caligula, bare, r. c caesar avg germ p m tr pot cos.Rev. Head of an Emperor, radiate, r. Star, 1. and r. in field.No legend.av. 8; 119 gr. B.M.Struck at Lugdunum, A.D. 37, soon after the accession of Caligula (March 18th)—the first issue of the new reign. The features of the Emperor on the rev. are those of Tiberius, as seen on coins of about the years A.D. 22–23. Other specimens of this aureus show features which suggest Augustus rather than Tiberius and, in the next issue, this rev. type gives place to a radiate head r. without stars and with legend ‘divvs avg pater patriae.’
The Identification of the Numicus
Authors: Tilly Bertha 
Published: May 2006

Of the rivers of the Roman Campagna the Numicus, perhaps, attracts especial interest, not only because of several ancient cults connected with it and its resultant peculiar sanctity for the Romans, but also because of three references to it in the Aeneid. In the seventh book, after the Trojans land on the left bank of the Tiber, they prospect the newly-discovered land, and bring back word to AeneasThis seems to imply that the Numicus is second in importance only to the Tiber in that locality. Then an envoy is sent to Latinus, and to his questions Ilioneus, the herald, repliesThirdly, in the Gathering of the Clans, the coastal district of Latium is summarised in the linesApart from the fact that in these passages the Numicus is coupled with the Tiber, and that in the last two its sanctity is manifest, little evidence can be gained from Vergil in regard to the location of the river.Between Ostia and Antium some half-dozen streams flow over the Roman Campagna and debouch on to the shore of Latium (p. 3, fig. 1), four of which have severally been recognised by various authorities as the Numicus. About two kilometres south of the Tiber is the Canale dello Stagno, a sluggish stream which serves as a drainage canal for the tract of land, now reclaimed for tillage and pasture, which once was the Ostian lake and the site of ancient salt beds. It appears originally to have been natural but at some period to have been canalised ; for, though the course is not quite straight, the banks are trim and regular. It is wide enough to admit of a bridge with three arches (pi. iii, 1).
P Yale Inv. 1528 and P Fouad 21
Authors: Segré A. 
Published: May 2006

M. Jean Schérer, the editor of P Fouad 21, suggested that the question about the πολιτεία of the missicii was decided the same day as the question of the legionaries in P Yale inv. 1528, and that the space before εἶπον in 1. 11 contained very probably the name of the prefect Tuscus.In Fouad 21, lines 11–14, Tuscus seems to repeat what he said in P Yale inv. 1528, lines 17 ff.Comparing P Yale 1528 with P Fouad 21, I would suggest that ἀγωγή does not mean ‘discipline’ but the actio, i.e., the claim of the soldiers, and I assume also that the legionaries in P Yale 1528 are veterans of the legions and not legionaries, because in both documents the prefect spoke to the same people repeating the same things.
Civil Proceedings against ex-Magistrates in the Republic
Authors: Buckland W. W. 
Published: May 2006

The following pages must be regarded rather as stating a question than as claiming to answer it. This is fitting, since the revered scholar in honour of whom the article is written is eminently qualified to deal with the constitutional question involved and the writer certainly is not.Essentially the question is: Could a civil action lie against an ex-magistrate (consul, praetor, proconsul or the like) on account of any acts done by him in professed exercise of his imperium ? And it suggested by the fact that, while the surviving lay and legal source tell us a good deal about criminal proceedings in such cases, we hear, as it seems, nothing about civil remedies.
The Bronze Statuette from Uffington, Berkshire
Authors: Riis P. J. 
Published: May 2006

In 1936 Professor J. D. Beazley kindly drew my attention to the exquisite late archaic bronze statuette (pl. vii) which was said to have been found at Uffington, Berks. The war, however, made it impossible for me to obtain the owner's permission to reproduce the bronze in my Tyrrhenika.Having been on loan in the Ashmolean Museum from 1923 to 1936, the statuette was bequeathed to the Museum in 1942, being handed over in July, 1943, after the death of the owner and his widow. The testator, Mr. A. E. Preston, F.S.A., of Abingdon, Berks, bought it years ago at the sale of the effects of a Mrs. Beesley, who also lived at Abingdon. With the bronze there was given in 1943 a full-size water-colour sketch of it, on which was written, in the hand-writing of the artist, ‘Found by a labourer near Uffington, Berks,’ and a statement that it was in the possession of Mr. Beesley of Abingdon. The painter was Jesse King, of Appleford, Berks, an antiquary of some repute of about the middle of the nineteenth century, a very careful man, who in making drawings almost invariably recorded where the relics were found. He could have no object in putting anything on the drawing except what he believed or knew to be a fact.
Sculptures from a Romano-British Well in Gloucestershire
Authors: O'Neil Helen E. , Toynbee J. M. C. 
Published: May 2006

In the autumn of 1957 a well, from which three altars and five pieces of sculptures were recovered, was excavated by the writer in the Farnworth Gravel Pit, Great Chessells, Lower Slaughter, Gloucestershire.The well is the fifth to be found in the gravel pit, where remains of circular hut-floors, ovens, a corn-drying oven, and other domestic sites, accompanied by many potsherds, coins, and other objects of Romano-British date have come to light during the last 25 years. One rectangular building, 40 ft. long and 28 ft. wide, with foundations of masonry, was also uncovered and appeared to be the chief house of the village, while a whole series of superimposed drainage-ditches, outlining small fields, lay on the eastern slopes of the ground towards the Fosse Way, the latter just skirting the settlement, on its way to Bourtonon-the-Water, a mile distant.
The First Political Commentary on Tacitus
Authors: Momigliano Arnaldo 
Published: May 2006

Only the learning, the wisdom, and the wit of Professor N. H. Baynes could do full justice to the influence of Tacitus on modern political and historical thought. As no ancient historian of our time is so interested in the legacy of Classical Antiquity as Professor Baynes, it has seemed not inappropriate to bring to him from my native Piedmont the following contribution to the history of Tacitus' influence. An earlier chapter of the same history was written in this Journal (VI, 196 ff.), by Professor F. J. Haverfield.Pontano, at the end of the fifteenth century writes: ‘Curtium ac Taciturn quasi mutilatas videmus statuas; licetque suspicari potius ac coniicere quam omnino de iis iudicium aliquod absolutum ac certum tradere.’ After the editio princeps of the first books of the Annals (1515), it became evident that Tacitus had a message for contemporaries. As Guicciardini said: ‘Insegna molto bene Cornelio Tacito a chi vive sotto a' tiranni il modo di vivere e governarsi prudentemente, cosi come insegna a' tiranni e' modi di fondare la tirannide.’
Some Problems of Romano-Parthian Sculpture at Hatra
Authors: Toynbee J. M. C. 
Published: May 2006

In 1964 there was found in Temple C at Hatra a life-size marble head with cleanshaven face (PI. V, 1 and 2), now in the Iraqi National Museum in Baghdad. It was lying on the podium behind the altar at the south end of the temple, and would seem to have fallen there from the place in which it had been set. The head, of which the face is extremely well preserved, appears to have been deliberately cut from the body across the neck, just below the chin. But of the body no trace has as yet come to light in Temple C or elsewhere.The head, with its heavy, fleshy countenance, its lack of moustache and beard, its furrowed brow, facial folds, and full chin, is clearly the portrait of an elderly Roman. These features immediately distinguish it from the rather lean, smooth, flat-cheeked, moustached and bearded portraits of Hatrene kings, noblemen and so forth. Furthermore, it must be the portrait of a Roman prior to Hadrian's time, when, as is well known, thick curly hair and thick curly beards and moustaches came into fashion for men in the West.
Two Recent Acquisitions in Belgrade Museums
Authors: Kondić Vladimir 
Published: May 2006

Discovered by a lucky accident, a Roman bronze head of remarkable quality was unearthed in 1969 in the village of Boleč near Belgrade (Plates V–VII).Roman portraits in the Danubian provinces, where they are of above-average quality, invariably represent emperors or members of the imperial family. In the case of this bust, the type of beard and the general style show that we are dealing with a personage of the Severan period. The appearance of the beard may suggest a certain resemblance to the emperor Pupienus, but the identification does not bear further inspection, since his portraits differ from the new head significantly in most other details.
Guard Prefects of Trajan and Hadrian
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: May 2006

For a space of forty years, from 98 to 138, few praefecti occur on named attestation. In fact only six : two registered in isolation, four in collegiate pairs. Apart from seasons of disturbance, the holders of this useful and necessary office tend to evade notice in written history.It was not until 2 B.C. that Caesar Augustus appointed commanders of the Praetorian cohorts, so Cassius Dio states. The occasion might excite curiosity: perhaps after the grave crisis in the autumn. The historian adds no comment. He had previously put emphasis on the dangers inherent in a single prefect. Not perhaps clear at first—and Seius Strabo was in sole charge when Augustus died. Named associate with his parent by Tiberius Caesar, Aelius Seianus managed almost at once to have him sent away to be governor of Egypt.
The Date of Dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor
Authors: Simpson C. J. 
Published: May 2006

For many years now scholars have considered the date of dedication of the temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus as a matter beyond dispute. This date, 1 August 2 B.C., is based principally on the evidence supplied by Augustus, Velleius Paterculus and Dio, and has been accepted as an established historical fact at least from the time of Th.Mommsen's discussion in 1893. Nevertheless, certain problems arise from an acceptance of this date; problems, that is, which have a direct bearing on the use of the Res Gestae of Augustus and the Fasti of Ovid as valid historical sources.The year in which the temple was dedicated in the Forum of Augustus has been established beyond all doubt. Velleius Paterculus (11, 100, 2) states that the temple was dedicated during the consulship of Augustus and L. Caninius Gallus, who, as we know from other sources, was suffect consul in 2 B.C. Also Augustus assigns to this year—his thirteenth consulship—the first celebration of Ludi Martiales at Rome. Furthermore, it may be accepted that Ludi Martiales were produced in subsequent years on the anniversary of the dedication of this temple.
Fiscus and Patrimonium: the Saepinum Inscription and Transhumance in the Abruzzi
Authors: Corbier Mireille 
Published: May 2006

In any discussion of the relationship between Fiscus and Patrimonium, the inscription from Saepinum dealing with incidents on the callis or tratturo from the Abruzzi to the Tavoliere which passed through the town must play a part. The inscription comprises three documents: a report from the Imperial freedman Septimianus to his superior, the freedman a rationibus Cosmus, on the maltreatment alleged by the conductores gregum oviaricorum in the region of Saepinum and Bovianum, at the hands of local magistrates and stationarii; a request from the a rationibus to the Praetorian Prefects; and a warning letter from these to the magistrates of Saepinum, placed at the head of the dossier.The standard interpretation of the Saepinum inscription explains the place which it holds in discussions of the Patrimonium; for let us suppose that the conductores gregum oviaricorum are the contractors for the Imperial flocks, the oves dominicae, and that the intervention of Cosmus is justified on the basis of his position, the flocks being sub cura mea; it would follow that at any rate under Marcus (the affair belongs to the years 169–72), the possessions of the Emperor were in the hands of the a rationibus and hence of the Fiscus.
The ‘Fiscus’ and its Development
Authors: Brunt P. A. 
Published: May 2006

In a recent article Mr. Fergus Millar has propounded the hypothesis that in the first two centuries of the Principate the term ‘fiscus’ always refers to the emperor's private wealth and is indistinguishable from such terms as ‘res familiaris’. In support of this view he has collected a great mass of useful material where the term ‘fiscus’ is actually used. Some of this evidence undoubtedly accords very well with his contention, and indeed no one can reasonably deny that the term is often employed in the sense stated. But many other texts which he cites only fortify his thesis if what he seeks to prove is already assumed, and can readily be interpreted in accordance with the view that ‘fiscus’ has more than one meaning. In my judgment he has failed to disprove Professor A. H. M. Jones' theory that ‘fiscus’ has diverse senses: it may mean(1) in the Republic the private funds of an individual;(2) in the Principate the private funds of the emperor ;(3) in both the Republic and the Principate a chest, provincial or departmental, containing public monies ;(4) in Jones' words, ‘the whole financial administration controlled by the emperor’ ; hence to say that property or income was fiscal may simply denote that it was under the emperor's administration and control, whether in strict law it was owned by the emperor in his private capacity or by the res publica. In this sense we may call the ‘fiscus’ the imperial treasury, without implying that it was ever a single chest in which coin or bullion was kept.
Propertius 2.10 and 11 and the Structure of Books ‘2A’ and ‘2B’
Authors: Lyne R. O. A. M. 
Published: May 2006

The manuscripts of Propertius present us with a single, massive ‘Book 2’ over thirteen hundred and sixty lines long. Like many before me, I am convinced that this ‘Book 2’ is a mistake of transmission and actually preserves the remnants oftwoancient books. In this article I identify and discuss the poem which I believe closed the first of the ancient books; for convenience's sake we can call this book ‘Book 2a’. I shall be saying something, too, about the structure and content of both ancient books — of Book 2b as well as Book 2a.It was Lachmann who first made the — to me — irresistible suggestion that our ‘Book 2’ is the product of two ancient books. There has been strong support for this view. For example, a succinct case is put forward by Otto Skutsch; and highly convincing and detailed support has been offered in an important recent paper by Heyworth. There are intricacies of evidence to consider (for example, Nonius Marcellus' citation of our 3.21.14), but I shall set these to one side. I shall simply cite two crucial and probably familiar facts, which are in summary as follows.
Augustus and Capricorn: Astrological Polyvalency and Imperial Rhetoric
Authors: Barton Tamsyn 
Published: May 2006

At the beginning of the seventeenth century the great astronomer Kepler wrote to his patron, the Habsburg emperor Rudolf II:Most noble lord, I have now for several weeks on end devoted my utmost efforts to the nativity of Caesar Augustus, about which your kingly majesty wishes to know, but, as I see, it has been almost in vain. For although it is no specially difficult task to calculate the configuration of the heavens for a particular time, nevertheless, what is lacking in the nativity we are now considering is that we no longer today know the correct time of it.The unfortunate astronomer had spent considerable time combing the evidence of the ancient authors available to him about the date of Augustus' birth. He attempted to sift through the conflicting evidence about which day would have been Augustus' birthday, before performing complex calculations of the planetary movements, in order to assess the role Capricorn might have played in his horoscope. His ingenious solution to the problem failed to impress Rudolf, as we can see from Kepler's second letter on the subject (the emperor's letters are not extant):Most noble lord, your kingly majesty has suspected me of a lack of diligence, as though I had not sufficiently reported the nativity of Augustus…
Vegetation as a component of a non‐nested hierarchy: a conceptual model
Authors: Acker Steven A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. A general conceptual model of vegetation based on hierarchy theory is presented. The model emphasizes that prediction of vegetation requires consideration of both mechanisms of vegetation change and the constraints within which it occurs. The mechanisms of vegetation change are the responses to and effects upon their surroundings of individual plants. The most general constraints upon vegetation are aspects of the environment not affected by vegetation over successional time, and the pool of species within dispersal range. Examples of such environmental factors include macroclimate and soil parent material. In some cases, vegetation may alter important labile environmental factors such as soil nutrient and water availability. Some vegetation compositions appear to be resistant to changes in the general constraints. Due to both sources, there are multiple possible vegetation compositions given the same general constraints. Disturbance is defined as an abrupt change in the constraints on the vegetation resulting in a change in the vegetation's state or dynamics. Both the recognition of disturbance and the distinction between independent and labile environmental factors depend on the spatial and temporal scale of observation. For example, a particular wildfire at a given stand may be a disturbance, whereas at a larger scale of observation the same event may contribute to the wildfire regime, part of the constraints at that scale. Similarly, levels of soil organic matter may constrain vegetation over short time scales, due to influencing availability of water and nutrients. Over long time scales, the vegetation itself is a primary determinant of soil organic matter content.This model contains elements of both the initial, holistic theory of vegetation and recent, reductionistic approaches. It reiterates the need to considerboth mechanisms and constraints, stressed by contemporary and earlier workers. Hierarchy theory provides new insights concerning sufficient conditions for prediction, possible limits on predictability, and appropriate research strategy.
Twenty years of vegetation change in five long‐unburned Florida plant communities
Authors: Menges E. S. , Abrahamson W. G. , Givens K. T. , Gallo N. P. , Layne J.N. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Rates and directions of change over a 20‐yr interval in five long‐unburned (> 60 yr) plant communities were studied using multivariate analyses and compositional vectors. The study sites were located in fire and summer‐drought adapted, xerophytic vegetation with many endemics on acidic, nutrient‐poor, sandy soils in south‐central peninsular Florida. Sizes of individual stems from 72 sets of nested permanent quadrats were measured in 1969, 1979, and 1989.Patterns of vegetation change differed by community. Flatwood and bayhead quadrats showed rapid increases in densities and basal areas of Persea borbonia (red bay). In the southern ridge sandhill community, evergreen clonal Quercus species (oaks) and Pinus clausa (sand pine) increased in dominance and grasses declined. Oaks (especially Q. geminata) also increased in importance in scrubby flatwoods. Sand pine scrub was relatively stable in composition, but experienced marked structural changes due to substantial sand pine mortality (18% during 1969–1979, 39% during 1979–1989). Compositional changes in the absence of fire were greatest whereas structural changes were least in southern ridge sandhill and scrubby flatwoods, both communities which normally receive frequent, recurrent fire. Compositional changes were lowest in sand pine scrub, which is normally infrequently burned.Classic successional patterns such as species replacement, decreases in density, and increases in basal area were generally lacking. Tree densities increased in two of four community types (southern ridge sandhill, scrubby flatwoods); while basal area declined in the flatwoods/bayhead and sand pine scrub sites. Directions of compositional vectors included divergent, opposing, and complex patterns, suggesting vegetation change in the absence of fire has a strong stochastic component.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Peterson Chris J. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.Packham, J. R., Harding, D. J. L., Hilton, G. M. & Stuttard, R. A. 1992. Functional Ecology of Woodlands & Forests. xii + 408 pp. Chapman & Hall, London. Cloth ISBN 0–412–44390–2. Price: USD 95.‐. Paper ISBN 0–412–43950–6. Price: USD 35.‐.