bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Dispersion Modeling Study of Major VOCs from Non‐Point Emission Sources in the Urban Atmosphere
Authors: Kim M.‐S. , Kim J. H. , Park H.‐S. , Sun Y. S. , Yi J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo assist with the understanding and solving of toxic air pollutant problems in urban areas, an atmospheric dispersion model, SKYDM, was developed with three preprocessors (meteorology, emission, and topography), and a physical process and chemical decay term based on NOx‐O3‐RH photochemistry in the actual atmosphere. SKYDM can work with multicomponents in a single model run, as well as with a single compound in a model run and produces 2D meteorological field results due to an integration approach. The present study aims to develop and evaluate a SKYDM at local spatial scales, in the short term. A comparative study is conducted to estimate the effects of model parameters in defining the applicability limits of dispersion models and to examine the integration approach methodology. All simulations are run for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as BTXS (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, and Styrene) emitted from non‐point sources, located at 151 villages in seven divisions, in a northeastern portion of Seoul, Korea, with eight different meteorological data sets during 2002. Modeled toluene concentrations are compared with those observed at ten monitoring sites. The main findings of the present study are as follows: (a) Model uncertainties are obviously caused by limitations of meteorological conditions and emission and topographical information, by removal processes, and by user errors or application skills – the chemical decay term was a comparatively significant parameter in the removal of toxic air pollutants, (b) the integration approach indicated a correlation between observations and the model, and (c) the SKYDM showed potential as a useful tool for assessing the air quality in urban areas. In further work, the SKYDM will be upgraded to an improving model algorithm with fully detailed input information, and evaluated in comparison with other Gaussian dispersion models.
Microbial Resource Management: The Road To Go for Environmental Biotechnology
Authors: Verstraete W. , Wittebolle L. , Heylen K. , Vanparys B. , de Vos P. , van de Wiele T. , Boon N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe breakthroughs in microbiology have allowed us to come to terms with the microbial resources present in culture collections and in natural environments. The challenge at present is to manage these microbial resources, particularly when one deals with open systems where the dynamics of microbial ecology are predominant. Hence, to properly address the aspects of Microbial Resource Management (MRM), one needs to handle the questions of who is there, who is doing what with whom and how can one adjust, control and/or steer these mixed cultures and communities. It is argued that microbial ecologists and environmental microbiologists need to address a new mind‐set. The Beijerinck axioma that all microorganisms are everywhere should not be presumed to be generally valid. The Darwin based niche assembly concept needs to be supplemented with the neutral theory of Hubbell. The Pareto 80/20 principle is also applicable to the macro‐economies of microbial communities. Finally, the concept of a “stable” microbial community should be replaced by that of a cooperative community continuum. Overall, MRM is at the basis of a number of new developments in domains such as environmental safety and health, renewable energy production, closing environmental cycles and providing new materials. Specific examples such as, for example, pro‐active immuno‐stimulation by means of drinking water, electro‐microbiology, decreasing global warming by implementation of methanotrophs and generation of nano‐biocatalysts are discussed.
Comparison of the Adsorption Capabilities of Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum for Zinc, Copper and Lead
Authors: Keskinkan O. , Goksu M. Z. L. , Yuceer A. , Basibuyuk M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIndustrial wastewaters contain various heavy metal components and therefore threaten aquatic bodies. Heavy metals can be adsorbed by living or non‐living biomass. Submerged aquatic plants can be used for the removal of heavy metals. This paper exhibits the comparison of the adsorption properties of two aquatic plants Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum for lead, zinc, and copper. The data obtained from batch studies conformed well to the Langmuir Model. Maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) were obtained for both plant species and each metal. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) achieved with M. spicatum were 10.37 mg/g for Cu2+, and 15.59 mg/g for Zn2+ as well as 46.49 mg/g for Pb2+ and with C. demersum they were 6.17 mg/g for Cu2+, 13.98 mg/g for Zn2+ and 44.8 mg/g for Pb2+. It was found that M. spicatum has a better adsorption capacity than C. demersum for each metal tested. Gibbs free energy and the specific surface area based on the qmax values were also determined for each metal.
Development of ELISA for the Determination of Transgenic Bt‐Cottons Using Antibodies against Cry1Ac Protein from Bacillus thuringiensis HD‐73
Authors: Wang S. , Guo A. Y. , Zheng W. J. , Zhang Y. , Qiao H. , Kennedy I. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe area cultivated with Bt‐cottons expressing Cry1Ac gene increases year by year in China and other countries. To evaluate any potential adverse impacts on the environment from the release of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) technology, the development of a method for easily detecting the activity of the Cry1Ac toxins is of particular interest. The aim of this study was to develop sandwich‐ELISA for the detection of Cry1Ac protein in Bt‐cotton tissues. A specific antibody was obtained from rabbits inoculated with Cry1Ac protein derived from Bt strain HD‐73 and a secondary antibody conjugated to HRP could combine the Bt Cry1Ac protein specifically. The limit of detection was 5 ng/mL and there were no cross‐reactions between the positive control of Cry1Ab/1Ac, Cry1C, Cry2A, Cry3Bb1 and Cry9C. Extracts of proteins from cotton leaves were used to evaluate the suitability of the assay. Tris‐borate buffer and sodium carbonate buffer were employed for the extraction of protein, the limit absorbance of detection was 0.134 and 0.449, respectively, and the latter produced a higher background. The results showed that cultivars GK‐12, GK‐22, insect‐resistant cotton, bivalent transgenic cotton and shiyuan 321 assayed positively and NON was the negative sample. The PCR method was used for the validation of the developed assay. Although both methods allowed the same results to be obtained, ELISA needed simple equipment and took less time. The developed immunoassay method is considered reliable for the detection of Bt Cry1Ac protein.
A Microbiological Test Method to Determine the Cleanability of Filter Media in Solid‐Liquid‐Separation Applications
Authors: Stahl S. , Siggelkow S. , Nirschl H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne of the major properties in the design and development of filter media for the food and drug industry is their cleanability. They should be designed according to hygienic criteria thereby decreasing residuals and reducing cleaning time and costs. A reproducible test method is necessary to determine or validate the degree of cleanability of filter media and to indicate areas of poor hygienic design. This work focused on the development of such a filter test and provides information about impurity, whether it occurs or not, and its local resolution. The growth of a microorganism, which is introduced as impurity, is used for the detection of residues which grow to the surface of the sample and offer a 2‐dimensional analysis. With this approach, different kinds of filter media can be compared with each other regarding their cleanability.
Floor response spectrum method for seismic analysis of multiply supported secondary systems
Authors: Asfura Alejandro , Kiureghian Armen Der 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFundamental principles from structural dynamics, theory of random processes and perturbation techniques are used to develop a new method for seismic analysis of multiply supported secondary subsystems, such as piping attached to primary structures. The method provides a decoupled analysis of the secondary subsystem wherein the response is given in terms of response spectra associated with the attachment points (‘floors’). In order to account for correlations between modal responses and between support motions, an extension of the conventional floor response spectrum, denoted crossoscillator, cross‐floor response spectrum, is introduced. Important effects of tuning, interaction, non‐classical damping and spatial coupling, which are inherent characteristics of combined primary–secondary systems, are included through the extended spectra. An efficient method for generation of the extended spectra directly in terms of a ground response spectrum is developed.Numerical comparisons with exact results are used to examine the accuracy of the proposed method and to demonstrate the importance of the characteristics mentioned above. In all cases examined, the proposed method shows excellent agreement with exact results. By accounting for the effect of interaction, the proposed method leads to more realistic and economical design criteria for secondary subsystems.
Study of the earthquake response of pine flat dam
Authors: Hall John F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe earthquake response of Pine Flat Dam is examined by a study of time history responses computed for a large set of earthquake ground acceleration records whose time axes have been systematically varied. Linear elastic behaviour is assumed. Topics considered include an investigation of the importance of the presence of water, water compressibility and the vertical component of ground motion; an evaluation of the accuracy of the lumped, added mass representation of the water; and a determination of the intensity of earthquake required to initiate non‐linear behaviour in both the dam and water.
Use of statistical data in assessing local seismicity
Authors: Rosenblueth Emilio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLocal seismicity is a probabilistic description of earthquake generation in a region. Here we begin by defining the shape of the curve of exceedance rate vs. magnitude on the assumption that earthquake generation is a Poisson process. Probability distributions are assigned to the parameters of the curve, based on geotectonic information. Then statistical data are incorporated using Bayes' theorem. Posterior distributions are improved through use of data from tectonically similar regions.
Analysis of the observed seismic response of a highway bridge
Authors: Wilson John C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStrong‐motion accelerograms obtained on the San Juan Bautista 156/101 Separation Bridge during the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake, California, earthquake are used to examine the response of this multiple‐span bridge to moderate levels of earthquake loading. Although the bridge was not damaged, the records are of significant engineering interest as they are the first to be recorded on a highway bridge structure in North America. A technique of system identification is used to determine optimal modal parameters for linear models which can closely replicate the observed time‐domain seismic response of the bridge. Time variations in frequency and damping in the horizontal response are identified using a moving‐window analysis. A three‐dimensional finite element model is developed to study the bridge response in detail. The first two horizontal modal frequencies computed from this model are in excellent agreement with information obtained during the system identification analysis provided the finite element model's expansion joints are locked, preventing relative translational motions from occurring across the joints. Locking is confirmed by the observed seismic deformations of the structure in the fundamental mode. Fundamental vertical frequencies of the individual spans, predicted by the finite element model, are in very good agreement with ambient vibration test data.
Axisymmetric soil–structure interaction by global–local finite elements
Authors: Avanessian V. , Muki R. , Dong S. B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA version of the global–local finite element method is presented for studying dynamic steady‐state soil–structure interaction wherein the soil medium extends to infinity. Herein, only axisymmetric behaviour is considered. In this approach, conventional finite elements are used to model the structure and some portion of the surrounding soil medium considered to be homogeneous and isotropic. A complete set of outgoing waves in the form of spherical harmonics for the entire space is used to represent the behaviour in the half‐space beyond the finite element mesh and these are termed the global functions. Full traction and displacement continuity is enforced at the finite element mesh interface with the outer region. On the free surface of the half‐space in the outer field, traction‐free surface conditions are enforced by demanding that a sequence of integrals of the weighted‐average tractions must vanish. Numerical examples are presented for the response of different shaped foundations, resting on the free surface or at various submerged levels, due to a normal seismic plane compressional wave. Plots of differential scattering cross‐sections show the angular distribution of the energy (its directional nature) of the scattered field.
Effective eccentricity for inelastic seismic response of buildings
Authors: Tso W. K. , Bozorgnia Y. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe concept of effective eccentricity is generalized for inelastic systems to provide guidelines for estimating the maximum dynamic edge displacement and resisting element deformation of a single mass monosymmetrical system subjected to unidirectional ground excitations. Inelastic responses of three structural models having the same overall elastic responses are compared and the model which generally results in larger edge displacement is chosen as the structural model to be used to evaluate the effect of asymmetry. The inelastic effective eccentricity is calculated for different values of the system parameters, based on an ensemble of six ground motion records as input. It is concluded that, except for stiff structures having low yield strength, the elastic effective eccentricity curves developed previously by Dempsey and Tso can provide a reasonable or relatively conservative estimate for inelastic effective eccentricity, and these curves can be used to estimate the edge displacement and element deformation of inelastic eccentric systems.
Dynamic response of framed structures
Authors: Dyrbye Claës 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA method for analysing plane frames subjected to dynamic forces or to ground motion is presented and illustrated by a numerical example. Numerical integration uses the approximation of constant acceleration in each time interval, as in Newmark's β‐method with β = 1/4. In space, calculations are carried out storey by storey, as in Holzer's or Myklestad's methods in the case of harmonic vibrations.
Influence of different sites on seismic base shear of buildings
Authors: Balendra Thambirajah , Heidebrecht Arthur C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper, a statistical study based on thirty‐two strong rock motions is presented for the dynamic base shear of buildings on three different sites representing stiff soil, deep cohesionless soil and soft clay conditions. A short and squatty building and a tall and slender building are selected. For each building height, frame, wall and shearwall–frame systems are considered. It is found that short and squatty frame systems have the largest base shear. As for buildings on rock, the response of buildings on stiff and deep cohesionless soil conditions depends on the peak horizontal acceleration and peak horizontal velocity of the rock motion. Furthermore, the soil–structure interaction which affects only the stiff structures is found to reduce the dynamic base shear.
Approximate dynamic model of embedded foundation in time domain
Authors: Wolf John P. , Somaini Dario R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA discrete model to represent the unbounded soil (halfspace) in a soil–structure interaction analysis in the time domain is developed. For each dynamic degree of freedom of the foundation node, the discrete model consists of a mass M0 which is attached to a rigid support with a spring K and with a damper C0. In addition, a free node with the mass M1 is introduced, which is connected to the foundation node with a damper C1. All coefficients are frequency‐independent. The discrete model is semi‐empirical. It is based on a semi‐infinite truncated cone, whereby, after enforcing the static stiffness, the remaining parameters are modified to achieve an optimal fit of the dynamic‐stiffness coefficient in the frequency domain.The spring K is equal to the static stiffness. The coefficients appearing in the equations for the dampers C0, C1 and the masses M0, M1 are specified (assuming a homogeneous halfspace) for the disc, the embedded cylinder, the rectangle (also embedded) and the strip. A square on a layer whose stiffness increases with depth resting on a homogeneous halfspace is also treated. For an embedded foundation, eccentricities arise. Material damping increases the damper C0 and the mass M0.
Experimental evaluation of changes of dynamic properties of buildings on different grounds
Authors: Maciag Edward 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe paper presents an experimental evaluation of changes of dynamic properties (periods of natural vibrations and damping) of three identical precast concrete panel buildings of S storeys and a basement resting on different grounds. Building vibrations were excited by firing of explosives in a quarry. On the basis of the investigations, it may be said that a change of flexibility of the foundation medium under the same low buildings distinctly influences the change of the first natural periods (in two mutually perpendicular directions parallel to the longitudinal and transverse axes) of the buildings.
Transient elastodynamic analysis of three‐dimensional problems by boundary element method
Authors: Banerjee Prasanta K. , Ahmad Shahid , Manolis George D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn advanced implementation of the direct boundary element method applicable to transient problems involving three‐dimensional solids of arbitrary shape and connectivity is presented. The work first focuses on the formulation of the method, followed by a discussion of the fundamental singular solutions. Subsequently, a family of isoparametric boundary elements is introduced, along with the necessary numerical integration techniques as well as the solution algorithm. Numerical examples are presented, which demonstrate the unconditional stability and high accuracy of this dynamic analysis technique.
Dynamic stability of liquid‐filled cylindrical shells under vertical excitation, Part I: Experimental results
Authors: Chiba M. , Tani J. , Yamaki N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractExperimental studies have been carried out on the dynamic stability of a cantilever cylindrical shell partially filled with liquid, under vertical excitation. Two polyester test cylinders with radius 100 mm, thickness 0.25 mm, and lengths 113 and 227 mm were used. The test cylinder was harmonically excited with constant acceleration‐ or displacement‐amplitude. It was found that not only the parametric principal instability resonance but also the parametric combination involving two natural vibrations, each of which has the same circumferential wave number but different axial mode numbers, could occur. The latter type of vibration apparently has not been previously studied. By varying the dimensionless water height from 0.25 to 1.0 stepwise by 0.25 increments, the instability regions and vibration modes were determined for the two test cylinders. The response waves of shell wall and liquid free surface, and axial and circumferential vibration modes were also observed.
Multiply supported secondary systems part I: Response spectrum analysis
Authors: Burdisso R. A. , Singh M. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA response spectrum procedure is developed for seismic analysis of multiply supported secondary systems. The formulation is based on the random vibration analysis of structural systems subjected to correlated inputs applied at several supports. For a proper response spectrum analysis of a multiple support system, the support inputs are required to be defined in terms of the auto and cross pseudo‐acceleration and relative velocity floor response spectra. Also information about the floor displacements and velocities as well as their correlations is required. The response of the secondary system is expressed as a combination of the dynamic and pseudo‐static response components. The dynamic component is associated with the inertial effects of the support accelerations, whereas the pseudo‐static component is due to the displacement of the supports relative to each other. Herein, the correlation between these two parts of the response is included through a term called the cross response component. Each of these components of the response can be calculated by a response spectrum method. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated by numerical examples.
Multiply supported secondary systems part II: Seismic inputs
Authors: Singh M. P. , Burdisso R. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFor proper seismic analysis of secondary systems with multiple supports, the prescription of the seismic input in terms of the conventional pseudo‐acceleration floor response spectra is quite inadequate. It is necessary that the relative velocity floor response spectra as well as the cross floor response spectra, characterizing the correlation between the motions of various floors where the secondary system is attached, be also prescribed as the inputs. In addition to these, it is also necessary to define the floor displacements, velocities and their correlations. In this paper, the methods which can use the ground response spectra directly to obtain these inputs are developed. These methods are based on the random vibration analysis of the supporting primary structure, but still do not require the base input in stochastic form; conventional ground response spectra can be directly used. Numerical results demonstrating the application of the approaches are given.
Inelastic earthquake spectra
Authors: Elghadamsi F. E. , Mohraz B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a procedure for computing inelastic design spectra in terms of yield displacement. The procedure results in substantial computational savings as compared to the current procedures for computing the inelastic spectra in terms of displacement ductility. The proposed method is used to obtain inelastic design spectra for alluvium and rock. The results for alluvium are compared to those from the Newmark and Hall,10 Riddell and Newmark12 and Lai and Biggs4 studies. The findings indicate that for given ductility and frequency one may de‐amplify the elastic response or reduce the elastic forces more for a structure on rock than for a structure on alluvium.A technique is presented so that the inelastic design spectrum can be scaled to any desired yield displacement and acceleration. An example is presented to illustrate how the proposed inelastic spectra can be used to compute the required ductility for a given system.