bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI in pediatric arterial ischemic stroke: Initial experiences
Authors: Chen Juan , Licht Daniel J. , Smith Sabrina E. , Agner Shannon C. , Mason Stefanie , Wang Sumei , Silvestre David W. , Detre John A. , Zimmerman Robert A. , Ichord Rebecca N. , Wang Jiongjiong 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the feasibility and utility of arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI for characterizing alterations of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in pediatric patients with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS).Materials and MethodsTen children with AIS were studied within 4 to 125 hours following symptom onset, using a pulsed ASL (PASL) protocol attached to clinically indicated MR examinations. The interhemisphere perfusion deficit (IHPD) was measured in predetermined vascular territories and infarct regions of restricted diffusion, which were compared with the degree of arterial stenosis and volumes of ischemic infarcts.ResultsInterpretable CBF maps were obtained in all 10 patients, showing simple lesion in nine patients (five hypoperfusion, two hyperperfusion, and two normal perfusion) and complex lesions in one patient. Both acute and follow‐up infarct volumes were significantly larger in cases with hypoperfusion than in either hyper‐ or normal perfusion cases. The IHPD was found to correlate with the degree of stenosis, diffusion lesion, and follow‐up T2 infarct volumes. Mismatch between perfusion and diffusion lesions was observed. Brain regions presenting delayed arterial transit effects were tentatively associated with positive outcome.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the clinical utility of ASL in the neuroimaging diagnosis of pediatric AIS. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:282–290. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolic alterations: A biomarker for radiation‐induced normal brain injury—an MR spectroscopy study
Authors: Sundgren P.C. , Nagesh V. , Elias A. , Tsien C. , Junck L. , Gomez Hassan D.M. , Lawrence T.S. , Chenevert T.L. , Rogers L. , McKeever P. , Cao Y. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPurposeTo assess if interval changes in metabolic status in normal cerebral tissue after radiation therapy (RT) can be detected by 2D CSI (chemical shift imaging) proton spectroscopy.Materials and MethodsEleven patients with primary brain tumors undergoing cranial radiation therapy (RT) were included. 2D‐CSI MRS was performed before, during, and after the course of RT with the following parameters: TE/TR 144/1500 ms, field of view (FOV) 24, thickness 10 mm, matrix 16 × 16. The metabolic ratios choline/creatine (Cho/Cr), N‐acetylaspartate (NAA)/Cr, and NAA/Cho in normal brain tissue were calculated.ResultsNAA/Cr and Cho/Cr were significantly decreased at week 3 during RT and at 1 month and 6 months after RT compared to values prior to RT (P < 0.01). The NAA/Cr ratio decreased by −0.19 ± 0.05 (mean ± standard error [SE]) at week 3 of RT, −0.14 ± 0.06 at the last week of RT, −0.14 ± 0.05 at 1 month after RT, and −0.30 ± 0.08 at 6 months after RT compared to the pre‐RT value of 1.43 ± 0.04. The Cho/Cr ratio decreased by −0.27 ± 0.05 at week 3 of RT, −0.11 ± 0.05 at the last week of RT, −0.26 ± 0.05 at 1 month after RT and −0.25 ± 0.07 at 6 months after RT from the pre‐RT value of 1.29 ± 0.03. Changes in Cho/Cr were correlated with the interaction of the radiation dose and dose‐volume at week 3 of RT, during the last week of RT (P < 0.005), and at 1 month after RT (P = 0.017).ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that MRS can detect early metabolic changes in normal irradiated brain tissue. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:291–297. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
7T head volume coils: Improvements for rostral brain imaging
Authors: Avdievich Nikolai I. , Hetherington Hoby P. , Kuznetsov Andrey M. , Pan Jullie W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPurposeTo improve the performance of 7T head coils over the rostral head regions. Due to radiofrequency (RF) field/tissue interactions, the RF magnetic field profile produced by 7T volume head coils is very inhomogeneous, with enhanced sensitivity near the center of the human brain and substantially reduced in the periphery.Materials and MethodsTwo head‐sized quadrature volume coils of similar diameters but substantially different lengths (17 and 10 cm) were constructed and tested using a 7T Varian Inova system.ResultsExperimental data demonstrated that by using a shorter volume head‐sized coil or simply by partially moving a head out of the coil, coil efficiency near the top of a head can be improved by 20%. The homogeneity also improved, largely resulting from an increase in peripheral B1 values. This resulted in 10%–20% variation in axial slices located near the top of a head.ConclusionWe have demonstrated a less deeply positioned head or substantially shorter volume coil can significantly improve coil performance and homogeneity for the rostral head at ultrahigh magnetic fields (7T and above). For studies that target superior brain regions, this coil arrangement can be highly effective. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:461–465. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI‐based thermal dosimetry and diffusion‐weighted imaging of MRI‐guided focused ultrasound thermal ablation of uterine fibroids
Authors: Pilatou Magdalini C. , Stewart Elizabeth A. , Maier Stephan E. , Fennessy Fiona M. , Hynynen Kullervo , Tempany Clare M. C. , McDannold Nathan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPurposeTo investigate tissue changes observed in diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and its relation to contrast imaging, thermal dosimetry, and changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) after MRI‐guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) of uterine fibroids.Materials and MethodsImaging data were analyzed from 45 fibroids in 42 women treated with MRgFUS. The areas of the hyperintense regions in DWI and of nonperfused regions in T1‐weighted contrast enhanced imaging (both acquired immediately after treatment) were compared with each other and to thermal dosimetry based estimates. Changes in ADC were also calculated.ResultsHyperintense regions were observed in 35/45 fibroids in DWI. When present, the areas of these regions were comparable on average to the thermal dose estimates and to the nonperfused regions, except for in several large treatments in which the nonperfused region extended beyond the treated area. ADC increased in 19 fibroids and decreased in the others.ConclusionDWI changes, which includes changes in both in T2 and ADC, may be useful in many cases to delineate the treated region resulting from MRgFUS. However, clear DWI changes were not always observed, and in some large treatments, the extent of the nonperfused region was under estimated. ADC changes immediately after MRgFUS were unpredictable. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:404–411. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low molecular weight proteins in urines from healthy subjects as well as diabetic, nephropathic and diabetic‐nephropathic patients: a MALDI study
Authors: Lapolla Annunziata , Seraglia Roberta , Molin Laura , Williams Katherine , Cosma Chiara , Reitano Rachele , Sechi Annalisa , Ragazzi Eugenio , Traldi Pietro 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUrine samples from healthy subjects as well as diabetic, nephropathic and diabetic‐nephropathic patients were analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry in order to establish evidence of some possible differences in the peptide profile related to the pathological states. Multivariate analysis suggested the possibility of a distinction among the considered groups of patients. Some differences have been found, in particular, in the relative abundances of three ions at m/z 1912, 1219 and 2049. For these reasons, further investigation was carried out by MALDI/TOF/TOF to determine the sequence of these peptides and, consequently, to individuate their possible origin. By this approach, the peptide at m/z 1912 was found to originate from uromodulin, and its lower expression in the case of nephropathy can be well related to the pathological condition. Ions at m/z 2049 and 1219 originate from the collagen α‐1(I) chain precursor and from the collagen α‐5 (IV) chain precursor, respectively, and, also in this case, their different expressions can be related to the pathologies under investigation. The obtained data seem to indicate that urine is an interesting biological fluid to investigate on the peptide profile and to obtain, consequently, information on the dismetabolism activated by specific pathologies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New rabbit knee model of posttraumatic joint contracture: Indirect capsular damage induces a severe contracture
Authors: Nesterenko Sergiy , Morrey Mark E. , Abdel Matthew P. , An Kai‐Nan , Steinmann Scott P. , Morrey Bernard F. , Sanchez‐Sotelo Joaquin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractReported models of joint contracture fail to result in severe motion loss. Our purpose was to develop a rabbit model of knee contracture and compare it to another well‐accepted model to determine if more severe stiffness can be achieved. Sixteen skeletally mature New Zealand White female rabbits had their right knee operated to create 3‐mm defects on the noncartilaginous portions of the femoral condyles, hyperextend the joint to disrupt the posterior capsule, and immobilize the joint in maximum flexion with a Kirschner‐wire for 8 weeks (group I). Sixteen additional rabbits were operated on using an identical protocol except for the absence of capsular injury (group II). In each group, mechanical testing was performed at the time of Kirschner‐wire release in eight animals, and 16 weeks after remobilization in eight animals. At immobilization release, the average contracture was 76 ± 24° in group I versus 20 ± 10° in group II (p < 0.001). Sixteen weeks after remobilization, the mean contracture was 49 ± 15° group I versus 11 ± 10° in group II (p < 0.001). When associated with bone perforations and immobilization in forced flexion, injury to the posterior capsule results in a severe contracture in the rabbit knee. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 1028–1032, 2009
Analysis on pedodiversity and spatial subset representativity—the German soil map 1:1,000,000
Authors: Behrens Thorsten , Schneider Oliver , Lösel Georg , Scholten Thomas , Hennings Volker , Felix‐Henningsen Peter , Hartwich Reinhard 
Published: January 2009

AbstractKnowledge about spatial soil variation in terms of measured pedodiversity, as well as the spatial distribution of soils in terms of spatial subset representativity, offers the possibility to estimate the quality and variance within a soil map. Additionally, it can help to identify representative sample locations. Demonstrated at the German soil map at a scale of 1:1,000,000, this study describes a methodology to analyze the distribution of taxonomical pedodiversity using the Simpson index and a new approach to derive representative spatial subsets based on a modified χ2‐test (χm2), which can be used as monitoring areas. To analyze the spatial composition of the soil map and to detect differences in the underlying mapping schemes of the German soil map 1:1,000,000, three different spatial data structures were studied: (1) the entire soil map, (2) the soil map segmented into geomorphological regions, and (3) the soil map segmented into the Federal States of Germany. Representative patches of varying sizes were statistically derived for all spatial subsets as well as the entire soil map ranging from 20 km × 20 km up to 70 km × 70 km. The results show that the measured pedodiversity is linked to both the geomorphology as well as the political borders of the Federal States. On the one hand, this reveals the uncertainty of measuring pedodiversity on the basis of soil‐class maps as the spatial representation of pedodiversity is influenced by the different mapping traditions and methods applied in the 16 Federal States of Germany. On the other hand, it allows the analysis of the aggregation schemes of different landscapes. The presented approach helps to understand large soilscapes and to compare different soil maps of different states and countries as well as to enhance the soil map with additional information. Furthermore, the representative patches can be used to select soil‐monitoring areas.
Blossom‐end rot and fruit cracking of tomato grown in net‐covered greenhouses in Central Thailand can partly be corrected by calcium and boron sprays
Authors: Liebisch Frank , Max Johannes F. J. , Heine Gregor , Horst Walter J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTwo tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars King Kong 2 (KK2) and FMTT 260 (FMTT) were grown in a net‐covered greenhouse in Central Thailand to investigate the influence of fruit applications of combined aqueous calcium (Ca) and boron (B) solutions amended or not with the tenside Glucopon® on fruit yield and quality. Special attention was paid on blossom‐end rot (BER) and fruit cracking (FC), two prevailing disorders in tomato and main causes for non‐marketability of tomato fruits under the conditions of protected cultivation in Central Thailand. While no effect of the additional Ca and B applications on total fruit yield was observed, the composition of the non‐marketable fraction of fruit yield differed significantly between treatments and cultivars. Cultivar KK2 proved to be highly susceptible to both BER and FC and, therefore, produced less marketable fruits than cv. FMTT. The Ca and B sprays decreased the incidence of BER but increased FC at the same time. Addition of the tenside Glucopon® to the Ca and B solutions did not yield any further advantage. The contrasting effect of the Ca and B sprays on BER and FC resulted in similar levels of non‐marketable fruit yield in the treatments with or without the sprays for both cultivars. The nutrient status in different fruit segments was surveyed during fruit development. The Ca concentration in the distal end of the fruit during the time of rapid fruit growth was correlated with the BER incidence in mature fruits. Since additional Ca and B sprays are labor‐intensive and did not significantly reduce the portion of non‐marketable fruits, the selection of cultivars insusceptible to BER and FC appears to be of highest priority when conditions favoring these disorders are to be expected. This is particularly true for protected cultivation in Central Thailand.
The mission of soil science in a changing world
Authors: Hillel Daniel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe soil is a vital, complex, and labile medium. To manage it effectively and sustainably, we must strive to understand its attributes, functions, and environmental interactions. Toward this holistic end, we need to overcome traditional disciplinary and institutional barriers so as to promote interdisciplinary cooperation among teams of scientists with different but mutually complementary specialties. Herein, we provide an historical and cultural review of the evolving relationship between humanity and the soil.
Field experiments on bioturbation in salt marshes (Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, Smyrna, DE, USA): implications for sea‐level studies
Authors: Leorri Eduardo , Martin Ronald E. , Horton Benjamin P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe suitability of marsh sites for sea‐level studies was examined based on field experiments along a transect from low to high marsh. Bead distributions were determined both seasonally and after 7 years. Seasonal sediment mixing was greatest in the low marsh and in the late spring and early summer, when biological activity is greatest. However, after an initial interval of relatively intense reworking, the bead concentrations reached an approximate equilibrium profile characteristic of each marsh environment as reflected by the profiles obtained after 7 years. Mixed‐layer thickness is greatest (>10 cm) in the intermediate and low marsh, and burial rates are rapid (3.7–11.1 mm yr−1). Moreover, burial rates are comparable to or even surpass longer‐term (30 to >150 yr) radiotracer‐derived sediment accumulation rates and rates of local and regional sea‐level rise (∼4 mm yr−1). Therefore, sediment accumulation rates appear to reflect primarily sediment resuspension/redeposition within the system due to bioturbation. Thus, bioturbation may be critical to the ability of marshes to keep pace with sea level, while seemingly precluding the use of low marsh for high‐resolution sea‐level studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Minolta colorimeter and machine vision system in measuring colour of irradiated Atlantic salmon
Authors: Yagiz Yavuz , Balaban Murat O , Kristinsson Hordur G , Welt Bruce A , Marshall Maurice R 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Minolta and machine vision are two different instrumental techniques used for measuring the colour of muscle food products. Between these two techniques, machine vision has many advantages, such as its ability to determine L*, a*, b* values for each pixel of a sample's image and to analyse the entire surface of a food regardless of surface uniformity and colour variation. The objective of this study was to measure the colour of irradiated Atlantic salmon fillets using a hand‐held Minolta colorimeter and a machine vision system and to compare their performance.RESULTS: The L*, a*, b* values of Atlantic salmon fillets subjected to different electron beam doses (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 kGy) were measured using a Minolta CR‐200 Chroma Meter and a machine vision system. For both Minolta and machine vision the L* value increased and the a* and b* values decreased with increasing irradiation dose. However, the machine vision system showed significantly higher readings for L*, a*, b* values than the Minolta colorimeter. Because of this difference, colours that were actually measured by the two instruments were illustrated for visual comparison. Minolta readings resulted in a purplish colour based on average L*, a*, b* values, while machine vision readings resulted in an orange colour, which was expected for Atlantic salmon fillets.CONCLUSION: The Minolta colorimeter and the machine vision system were very close in reading the standard red plate with known L*, a*, b* values. Hence some caution is recommended in reporting colour values measured by Minolta, even when the ‘reference’ tiles are measured correctly. The reason for this discrepancy in colour readings for salmon is not known and needs further investigation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensitive determination of phenols in environmental water samples with SPE packed with bamboo carbon prior to HPLC
Authors: Zhao Ru‐Song , Wang Xia , Yuan Jin‐Peng , Wang Xiao‐Dong 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBamboo carbon, an inexpensive, readily available material, has attracted great attention in recent years because of adsorptive properties. In this paper, the potential of bamboo carbon as a SPE adsorbent for the determination of phenols, was investigated. Phenols are important environmental contaminants that may adversely affect human health. Parameters influencing extraction efficiency, including type of eluent, eluent volume, amount of adsorbent, as well as sample pH, volume, and flow rate were investigated and optimized. The optimized results exhibited excellent linear relationships between peak area and phenol concentrations over the range of 2.0–100 ng/mL, with precision between 2.2–7.2%. The LODs were 0.06–0.4 ng/mL for the eight phenols tested. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of several real‐world environmental water samples. These results indicate that bamboo carbon may be used as a novel SPE adsorbent for the concentration and determination of phenols in real environmental water samples.
Comparative Study of the Solid–Liquid Interface Behavior of Amphiphilic Block and Block‐Like Copolymers
Authors: Bulychev Nikolay , Van Camp Wim , Dervaux Bart , Kirilina Yulia , Dirnberger Klaus , Zubov Vitali , Prez Filip E. Du , Eisenbach Claus D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAmphiphilic block and “block‐like” copolymers based on poly(isobornyl acrylate) and poly(acrylic acid) were used as stabilizers for hydrophilic (titanium dioxide) and hydrophobic (copper phthalocyanine) pigments. As reflected by the dispersion stabilities and electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) measurements, the molecular architecture of the copolymer is of great importance for its interaction with the pigment surface. It was observed that irrespective of polymer composition, block‐like copolymers exhibit lower stabilization ability and quite different adsorption behavior in comparison to block copolymers with sharp block boundaries. Models for the adsorption behavior of both block and block‐like copolymers are proposed.magnified image
Self‐Assembled Block Copolymer Aggregates: From Micelles to Vesicles and their Biological Applications
Authors: Blanazs Adam , Armes Steven P. , Ryan Anthony J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe ability of amphiphilic block copolymers to self‐assemble in selective solvents has been widely studied in academia and utilized for various commercial products. The self‐assembled polymer vesicle is at the forefront of this nanotechnological revolution with seemingly endless possible uses, ranging from biomedical to nanometer‐scale enzymatic reactors. This review is focused on the inherent advantages in using polymer vesicles over their small molecule lipid counterparts and the potential applications in biology for both drug delivery and synthetic cellular reactors.magnified image
RAFT Miniemulsion Polymerization Kinetics, 1 – Polymerization Rate
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe polymerization kinetics of a RAFT‐mediated radical polymerization inside submicron particles (30 < Dp < 300 nm) is considered. When the time fraction of active radical period, ϕA, is larger than ca. 1%, the polymerization rate increases with reducing particle size, as for the cases of conventional emulsion polymerization. The rate retardation by the addition of RAFT agent occurs with or without intermediate termination in zero‐one systems. For the particles with Dp < 100 nm, the statistical variation of monomer concentration among particles may not be neglected. It was found that this monomer‐concentration‐variation (MCV) effect may slow down the polymerization rate. An analytical expression describing the MCV effect is proposed, which is valid for both RAFT and conventional miniemulsion polymerizations.magnified image
Noncontact heartbeat detection at 2.4, 5.8, and 60 GHz: A comparative study
Authors: Obeid Dany , Sadek Sawsan , Zaharia Gheorghe , Zein Ghaïs El 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe aim of this work is to provide two new schemes for human noninvasive heartbeat activity monitoring using low power microwave noncontact systems and direct conversion architecture. The first system is tested at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequencies. Another system, operating at 60 GHz, is demonstrated where higher heartbeat sensitivity detection is achieved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 666–669, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24110