bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hip fracture in Auckland: contrasting models of care in two major hospitals
Authors: Tha H. S. , Armstrong D. , Broad J , Paul S , Wood P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground:  The optimal setting and design of care for elderly patients with hip fracture is unknown. North Shore Hospital (NSH) and Middlemore Hospital (MMH) are two major hospitals in the Auckland region operating different models of orthogeriatric care. The aim of the study was to compare hip fracture care between NSH and MMH.Methods:  A retrospective case record audit of patients aged 65 years and older with hip fracture from July to December 2004 at MMH and NSH was carried out.Results:  Charts for 203 patients (101 MMH and 102 NSH) were reviewed. The two groups were similar in age (mean age 83.2 years), sex (80% women) and other casemix factors. Median time from admission to theatre was shorter in NSH (21 vs 44 h, P < 0.0001). Length of stay was significantly shorter at NSH (mean difference 4.4 days, 95% confidence interval 1.1–7.6 when adjusted for casemix factors). Significantly more NSH patients were transferred for rehabilitation than MMH patients (75 vs 51%). At discharge, significantly more MMH patients (34 vs 14%) were treated with alendronate. Of 126 patients admitted from home, 81% returned home, 4% went to rest homes, 13% to private hospitals and 2% died; differences between centres were not significant. Overall inpatient mortality was 3.9%.Conclusion:  The orthogeriatric model of care at NSH was associated with a shorter overall length of stay, earlier transfer to the Assessment, Treatment and Rehabilitation setting, and a higher proportion rehabilitated in Assessment, Treatment and Rehabilitation. Outcomes in terms of discharge destination and 6‐month mortality were similar at both centres.
Crossroads of Religions: Shrines, Mobility and Urban Space in Goa
Authors: HENN ALEXANDER 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWayside shrines — representing Hindu and Catholic divinities and saints — show an astonishing dynamic in the cities of Goa and India. Not only do they persist in a milieu of drastic modern change that often seems to be at odds with their traditional locations, aesthetics and purposes, but also some of them surpass temples, churches and mosques in popularity. The popularity of these seemingly marginal religious monuments is a response to three forms of mobility characterizing modern Indian urban environments: cultural mobility — the diversification and fluctuation of religious ideas and practices; social mobility — the diversification and fluctuation of people from different castes, social classes and geographical regions, as well as the change of caste and class status due to socio‐economic change; and physical mobility — the movement of and movement around increasingly dense and complex flows of motorized traffic. The shrines modify and transform the centuries‐old spatio‐religious system of Hindus and Catholics to fit the conditions of late‐modern city life. They allow a culturally diversifying, socially changing and geographically fluctuating population to engage with a variety of personalized deities and saints whose charismatic authority is not only quite independent from formalized local social hierarchies, but often also cuts across orthodox divisions between religious traditions.RésuméLes sanctuaires installés le long des voies de circulation — représentations de divinités et saints hindous et catholiques — présentent une dynamique étonnante dans les villes de Goa et d’Inde. D’une part, ils persistent dans un milieu qui connaît une modernisation radicale souvent en contradiction, semble‐t‐il, avec leur finalité, leur esthétique et leur emplacement traditionnels ; d’autre part, certains dépassent en popularité temples, églises ou mosquées. La fréquentation de ces monuments religieux apparemment marginaux tient à trois formes de mobilité propres aux environnements urbains indiens modernes : la mobilité culturelle (diversification et fluctuation des idées et pratiques religieuses), la mobilité sociale (diversification et fluctuation des individus venus de castes, classes sociales et régions géographiques diverses, et changement de statut de caste et de classe à cause de l’évolution socio‐économique), et la mobilité physique (mouvement et circulation autour de flux toujours plus denses et complexes de trafic motorisé). Ces sanctuaires modifient et transforment le système spatio‐religieux séculaire des hindous et des catholiques qui doit s’adapter aux conditions de la vie urbaine postmoderne. Ils permettent à une population qui se diversifie au plan culturel, évolue au plan social et fluctue au plan géographique de s’engager à l’égard de divinités ou de saints personnalisés plus variés dont l’autorité charismatique est totalement indépendante des hiérarchies sociales locales formalisées et transcende les divisions orthodoxes entre traditions religieuses.
Urban Interventions: Art, Politics and Pedagogy
Authors: PINDER DAVID 
Published: September 2008

AbstractChallenging perspectives on the urban question have arisen in recent years from beyond academic realms through the work of artists and cultural practitioners. Often in dialogue with urban theory and political activism, and employing a range of tactical practices, they have engaged critically with cities and with the spatialities of everyday urban life. They are typically concerned less with representing political issues than with intervening in urban spaces so as to question, refunction and contest prevailing norms and ideologies, and to create new meanings, experiences, understandings, relationships and situations. Such interventionist practices may rarely be seen as part of the traditional purview of urban studies. Yet in asserting their significance here, this essay argues that growing dialogues across and between urban and spatial theory, and artistic and cultural practice, have considerable potential for inspiring and developing critical approaches to cities. The essay highlights a number of specific challenges thrown up by such interconnections that are of political and pedagogical significance and in need of further debate.RésuméRécemment, d’intéressantes perspectives sur la question urbaine se sont dégagées au‐delà des sphères de recherches, à travers le travail d’artistes et de professionnels de la culture. Dans un échange fréquent avec la théorie urbaine et le militantisme politique, et à l’aide de toute une panoplie de pratiques tactiques, ils se sont impliqués dans les villes et les spatialités de la vie urbaine au quotidien. En général, ils se soucient moins de représenter des thèmes politiques que d’intervenir dans les espaces urbains pour remettre en question, rediriger ou contester les normes et idéologies en vigueur, et pour créer de nouvelles significations, expériences, compréhensions, relations et situations. Il est rare de pouvoir inscrire ces modes interventionnistes dans le champ traditionnel des études urbaines. Toutefois, cet essai défend leur importance en soulignant le potentiel considérable d’une accentuation du dialogue à travers et entre les théories urbaine et spatiale, et les pratiques artistique et culturelle, pour inspirer et élaborer des approches critiques des villes. Ce travail met en avant plusieurs enjeux spécifiques nés de ces interconnexions, significatifs sur le plan politique et pédagogique, et appelant à un débat approfondi.
Aboriginal Cosmopolitanism
Authors: CLARK NIGEL 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe current drought in Australia raises questions about the extent to which urban life depends on physical forces that come with their own dynamics and eccentric rhythms. I suggest that currently deepening understandings of the inherent volatility of earth processes might help us appreciate the accomplishments of those who have stayed in place for hundreds or thousands of years: peoples whose ‘nomadic’ journeys through deep time have taken them through major bio‐ or geo‐physical transformations in their environments. In this way, we might learn to recognize how most urban or settled life inherits terrains whose irregularities and extremes have been softened by the efforts of these prior inhabitants. In a world where we can expect major environmental changes to induce new waves of estrangement and displacement, I ask whether a sense of the immeasurable debt which we owe to those people who came before us might help inspire the kind of cosmopolitan sensibilities we would hope for.RésuméLa sécheresse que connaît actuellement l’Australie pousse à se demander dans quelle mesure la vie urbaine dépend de forces physiques qui obéissent à leur rythme excentrique et à leur dynamique propre. En approfondissant notre compréhension de la nature éphémère de la Terre, nous pourrions mieux apprécier les réalisations de ceux qui se sont implantés pendant des centaines ou des milliers d’années : des peuples que leur “nomadisme” par des temps reculés a fait traverser les grandes mutations biophysiques et géophysiques de leur environnement. Ainsi, nous pourrions apprendre à reconnaître comment la vie urbaine ou sédentaire hérite en grande partie de terrains dont les irrégularités et les excès ont été atténués par les efforts de ces habitants antérieurs. Dans un monde où nous pouvons nous attendre à ce que des changements environnementaux considérables provoquent de nouvelles vagues d’éloignement et de déplacement, la perception de l’incommensurable dette redevable à ces peuples arrivés avant nous pourrait peut‐être inspirer le genre de sensibilités cosmopolites que nous pourrions espérer.
An Unusual Clique of City‐Makers: Social Networks in the Production of a Neighborhood in Beirut (1950–75)
Authors: FAWAZ MONA 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article documents the early development of an informal settlement in Beirut (Lebanon) through the trajectories of the developers who participated in its production, looking specifically at the role that social networks played in the process. Drawing primarily on the methodological approach developed by Pierre Bourdieu, my analysis reveals that social networks play a central role as conduits for developers to access the necessary housing ingredients and market securities they need to conduct their businesses. Social networks also function as accumulated capital, enabling developers to strengthen their hold over the production of housing in the neighborhood. My analysis also indicates that while some of these networks were inherited, many were built through patient investments deployed by these developers within the changing limitations of the micro (neighborhood) and macro (city‐wide) contexts. Finally, the changing distribution of social networks in this neighborhood determined when and how different social agents were able to participate as developers in the production and exchange of housing. These findings are important since they generate new insights into how (informal land) markets work, the practices of developers in this type of neighborhood, as well as the yet unstudied mechanisms of informal housing production in the Lebanese context.RésuméCet article, qui présente la création d’un quartier informel de Beyrouth (Liban) au travers des trajectoires adoptées par les promoteurs ayant pris part à sa production, s’intéresse au rôle des réseaux sociaux dans ce processus. Utilisant principalement l’approche méthodologique de Pierre Bourdieu, l’analyse révèle que les réseaux sociaux jouent un rôle central comme canaux permettant aux promoteurs d’accéder aux ressources et aux cautionnements du marché dont ils ont besoin pour mener leur activité. Par ailleurs, les réseaux sociaux sont accumulés telle une forme de capital, ce qui permet aux promoteurs d’accentuer leur mainmise sur la production d’habitations dans le quartier. De plus, il apparaît que, si certains de ces réseaux ont été hérités, d’autres sont le fruit de patients investissements de ces promoteurs malgré les conditions changeantes des environnements micro (quartier) et macro (ville). Pour finir, la répartition évolutive des réseaux sociaux dans ce quartier a déterminé quand et comment les différents agents sociaux ont été en mesure de participer à la production et à l’échange d’habitations en tant que promoteurs. Ces résultats sont importants puisqu’ils ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives sur les modes opératoires des marchés (fonciers informels), les pratiques des promoteurs dans ce type de quartier, ainsi que les mécanismes de production d’habitat informel dans le contexte libanais, mécanismes qui n’ont jamais étéétudiés.
Relationship between psychiatric symptoms and regional cerebral blood flow in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease
Authors: NAKAJIMA Keisuke , TAKAHASHI Megumi , OISHI Satoru , INOUE Aya , SAWAYAMA Enami , KAMIYA Michiko , TANAKA Satomi , MIYAOKA Hitoshi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground:  Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are frequently observed in patients with dementia and often cause serious problems. However, the cause of BPSD has not yet been elucidated. Moreover, the precise evaluation of BPSD in mild dementia has not been studied in any great detail. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods:  The present study included 47 patients (20 men and 27 women) who were diagnosed with mild AD. Mean patient age was 72.8 ± 8.2 years. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 99mTc‐ethyl cysteinate dimer (99mTc‐ECD) was performed in all patients. The SPECT data were analyzed using a three‐dimensional stereotactic region of interest template, which evaluated CBF in 24 segments. Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated in patients using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Each psychiatric symptom was designated as ‘symptom present’ in cases in which the BPRS item score was more than 3. We compared 10 segments of rCBF in symptom‐present patients with those in symptom‐absent patients.Results:  Motor retardation was the most common psychiatric symptom (36.2%), followed by depression (19.1%), anxiety (17.0%), emotional withdrawal (17.0%), and somatic concern (14.9%). Alzheimer's disease patients with motor retardation exhibited a tendency towards lower rCBF in seven segments (left callosomarginal, bilateral parietal, bilateral angular, and bilateral temporal). However, no specific tendency was observed in depression, anxiety, and somatic concern.Conclusions:  In the present study, we observed a tendency for decreased brain perfusion in patients with motor retardation. Further studies are necessary to confirm that this trend contributes to the appearance of psychiatric symptoms in patients with mild AD.
Kampo therapy as an alternative to pharmacotherapy using antipsychotic medicines for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)
Authors: MIZUKAMI Katsuyoshi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), including aggression, agitation, screaming, wandering, hallucinations, and delusions, occur in 50–90% of patients with dementia, and have a negative impact on the activity of daily living (ADL) of patients, as well as caregivers. Patients with severe BPSD often require management with antipsychotic medicines. However, an increased mortality rate has been reported in patients with dementia taking antipsychotic medicine and, thus, there is an urgent need to develop safer treatments for BPSD. Kampo medicines are an alternative to antipsychotic medicines and several Kampo medicines have been reported to be effective in the treatment of BPSD. Oren‐gedoku‐to has been reported to be effective for the treatment of irritability and sullenness in patients with vascular dementia, as well as improving excitement, depression, anxiety, and restlessness of patients with cerebrovascular lesions. Choto‐san has been reported to be effective in the treatment of delirium, insomnia, and hallucinations/delusions in patients with vascular dementia. Toki‐syakuyaku‐san has been reported to improve emotional lability, restlessness, and sleep disturbances in patients with dementia. Yokukan‐san has been reported to be effective for hallucinations, agitation/aggression, irritability/lability, and aberrant motor activity, as well as being effective in the treatment of visual hallucinations in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). A multicenter randomized crossover study confirmed that Yokukan‐san is effective in the treatment of BPSD and is well‐tolerated. Kampo medicines do not induce extrapyramidal or anticholinergic symptoms and have no adverse effects on ADL or cognitive function. Thus, Kampo therapy is recommended for patients who cannot tolerate treatment with neuroleptics, patients who have extrapyramidal symptoms and gait disturbance, and patients with DLB. In future, to confirm the effectiveness of Kampo medicines in the treatment of BPSD, further studies, such as randomized control trials, are needed. In addition, basic studies are required to elucidate the processes by which Kampo medicines are metabolized, as well as any interactions between Western and Kampo medicines.
Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: KOSAKA Kenji 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBehavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) bother patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and their families so frequently that early diagnosis of DLB before the appearance of prominent cognitive impairment is important. Because BPSD in DLB can be reduced or improved by early intervention, medical intervention is important. Of BPSD in DLB, vivid visual hallucinations and delusions are most important. Other visual cognitive impairments and sleep disturbances, including disorders in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, are also frequently seen. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil chloride, are the first choice for the therapy of BPSD; Yokukansan (a type of Kanpo (traditional Chinese herbal) medicine) is the second choice. When neither treatment is effective, atypical antipsychotics, such as quetiapine, risperidone, and aripiprazol, may be used.
Role of the home visit medical service for patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) living in the community
Authors: KINOSHITA Toru 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground:  It is important for patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in the community, who refuse to go to clinics, to be medically served by means of home visits. However, there are a few clinics in Japan that are specialized in home visits for BPSD.Methods:  The home visit medical service provided to several patients with BPSD was reviewed and the strategy for the treatment of BPSD was analyzed.Results:  It was found that the medical approach of home visits for patients with BPSD needed to be based on daily life information as well as medical information.Conclusions:  The medical service alone is not enough to provide appropriate care for patients with BPSD who are living in the community. Using the case studies presented herein, we have demonstrated the importance of ‘daily life information’ for medical intervention. Issues relating to the exacerbation of BPSD and the cooperation of caregivers in the drug monitoring system at home are also considered.
PERSPECTIVE ARTICLE: Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing
Authors: Barrientos Stephan , Stojadinovic Olivera , Golinko Michael S. , Brem Harold , Tomic‐Canic Marjana 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTWound healing is an evolutionarily conserved, complex, multicellular process that, in skin, aims at barrier restoration. This process involves the coordinated efforts of several cell types including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets. The migration, infiltration, proliferation, and differentiation of these cells will culminate in an inflammatory response, the formation of new tissue and ultimately wound closure. This complex process is executed and regulated by an equally complex signaling network involving numerous growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. Of particular importance is the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) family, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), interleukin (IL) family, and tumor nerosis factor‐α family. Currently, patients are treated by three growth factors: PDGF‐BB, bFGF, and GM‐CSF. Only PDGF‐BB has successfully completed randomized clinical trials in the Unites States. With gene therapy now in clinical trial and the discovery of biodegradable polymers, fibrin mesh, and human collagen serving as potential delivery systems other growth factors may soon be available to patients. This review will focus on the specific roles of these growth factors and cytokines during the wound healing process.
The anti‐inflammatory agent Propolis improves wound healing in a rodent model of experimental diabetes
Authors: McLennan Susan V. , Bonner James , Milne Sgtephen , Lo Lisa , Charlton Ana , Kurup Savita , Jia Junhong , Yue Dennis K. , Twigg Stephen M. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTFoot ulcers and poor wound healing are problematic for patients with diabetes. The beehive protectant Propolis can improve wound healing but whether it can improve healing in diabetic wounds has not been investigated. In this study, the effect of a single application of Propolis on epithelial closure, wound morphology, cellular infiltrate, and blood vessel density were investigated. Diabetes was induced in rats using streptozocin. After 6 weeks, diabetic and control animals were wounded and the wounds were treated with Propolis or saline as control. At days 6 and 12 animals were sacrificed and wounds were excised. Compared with controls, diabetes decreased epithelial closure and reepithelialization but had no effect on wound contraction. These delays were prevented by Propolis. At day 12, the impaired macrophage infiltration (C:1.49±0.09 vs. D:0.25±0.14), persistent neutrophil infiltration (C:0.22±0.19 vs. D:1.33±0.81), and increased myeloperoxidase activity (fourfold) in diabetic wounds were prevented by Propolis. Diabetes had no effect on wound volume, vessel number, or branch points. These novel data indicate that Propolis can accelerate wound healing in diabetes. As neutrophil infiltration is normalized, its mechanism of action may be through anti‐inflammatory pathways. This result and the established safety profile of Propolis provide a rationale for studying topical application of this agent in a clinical setting.