bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing care in older people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sinclair Alan J 
Published: March 2007

AbstractManaging diabetes care in the elderly population is challenging because of complex co‐morbid medical issues and the generally lower functional status of older patients. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for admission into a care home and the prevalence of diabetes in this setting is high. A number of key issues relating to functional ability provide the basis of difficult management scenarios, e.g. falls, cognitive dysfunction, depressive illness, and a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease. This article presents a patient profile to illustrate the issues that are specific to the care of older people with diabetes and highlights the importance of clinical guidelines produced by the European Diabetes Working Party for Older People. These have been designed to give guidance for best clinical practice across all care settings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Adhesion of polyethylene to high energy substrates
Authors: Bright K. , Malpass B. W. , Packham D. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe paper describes results which have been used to establish salient features in the adhesion of polyethylene to high energy substrates. Generally, to obtain a good bond, conditions must favour oxidation of the polymer. However, with very porous substrates, good adhesion is obtainable in the absence of polymer oxidation.
Statistics of stiff chain molecules: II. The mean square radius of gyration of semiflexible helices
Authors: Burchard Walther 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA simple chain model for semiflexible helices, defined by the pitch height, the number of residues per turn and a certain flexibility, is suggested. In this model, the coordinate system is chosen such that, in the limit of a rigid and perfect helix, the z‐axis coincides with the helix axis. Owing to its flexibility, the moving helix axis is allowed to perform random fluctuations in the x and y directions within certain limits. Analytic expressions are derived for the mean square end‐to‐end distance and for the mean square radius of gyration as functions of the degree of polymerisation through the use of generating functions. There appear three essential roots of a cubic equation, the largest of which is determined by the flexibility of the helix.
Statistics of stiff chain molecules: III. Chain length dependence of the mean square radius of gyration of cellulose‐ and amylose‐tricarbanilates
Authors: Burchard Walther 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe unperturbed mean square radii of gyration of the two isomeric chains of cellulose‐ and of amylose‐tricarbanilates were measured over a wide range of degree of polymerisation. Both chains exhibit pronounced deviations from the Gaussian statistical conformation because of a remarkable chain stiffness. Four model calculations were performed to interpret the data: (a) the freely rotating chain model; (b) a chain with a symmetric potential of the hindered rotation around ϕ = ϕ = 0; (c) a chain with a hindrance potential symmetric around ϕ = ϕ* (d) an approximate model of (c). Because of the complicated ring conformation, the glucose units have to be approximated by a two‐bond unit, or by a one‐bond unit with variable valence angle. Model (d) differs from model (c) by the assumption that the valence angle of stiff chains is constant. Cellulose‐tricarbanilate could be reasonably interpreted by model (b), while for amylose‐tricarbanilate, helical conformations had to be taken into account. Eight helix conformations, discussed in the literature, were calculated on the basis of models (c) and (d). The experimental data could best be fitted by a helix of 4 residues per turn, a pitch height of 10.4 Å and a remarkable chain stiffness, The conception of chain stiffness is discussed, and it is shown that the chain extension or the chain expansion are not suitable stiffness parameters, while a generalised persistence length and a fluctuation parameter cos x, defined in the paper, are appropriate to describe the stiffness. The approximate model (d) appeared practically equivalent to the more elaborate model (c) for all helices considered.
Oxidative degradation of a polyimide film: I. Initial studies
Authors: Dine‐Hart R. A. , Parker D. B. V. , Wright W. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHigh molecular weight poly‐N,N′‐(4,4′‐diphenylether)pyromellitimide film was prepared from pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylether and the oxidative degradation at 400°C was studied by weight loss measurements, infrared spectrometry and saponification experiments. The results indicated the rapid development of crosslinks between the polyimide chains.
Oxidative degradation of a polyimide film: III. Kinetic studies
Authors: Dine‐Hart R. A. , Parker D. B. V. , Wright W. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe amounts of unchanged pyromellitimide and diphenylether components in a poly‐N,N′‐(4,4′‐diphenyl‐ether)pyromellitimide film were determined as a function of the time of oxidation at 400°C. Coupling of the diphenylether portion of the chain to give complex aromatic structures occurred at a faster rate than destruction of the pyromellitimide ring. Both these processes were much faster than the overall rate of oxidation as measured by weight loss.
Ionic conduction in polymer films: IV. The effect of pigmentation with iron oxide
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. , Scantlebury J. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIonic conduction in continuous polymer films is of two types. Inverse conduction occurs when the resistance of the film runs counter to, and direct conduction when the resistance follows, that of the external solution. The effect of pigmentation with iron oxide on the type of conduction has been examined in the case of films prepared from a pentaerythritol alkyd, a phenolformaldehyde tung oil and an epoxypolyamide varnish. It was found that upon progressive pigmentation the percentage samples showing direct conduction rose and then fell, furthermore no change in glass transition temperature was observed. It is suggested that this may be due to the segregation of low molecular weight material around the pigment particles thus screening them from the main bulk of the polymer.
‘Monte carlo’ computer simulation of chain molecules: II. The limiting distribution of end‐to‐end distance for two‐dimensional excluded‐volume chains
Authors: Lal M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA computer technique for simulating configurational behaviour of chains, developed previously, was used to study the nature of the distribution of the magnitude of end‐to‐end vectors of excluded‐volume chains constrained to two dimensions. The study revealed that the above distribution in the limit of infinite chain length deviates greatly from Gaussian behaviour and that the deviation is much greater than for three‐dimensional chains. The probability distribution function A exp (—αR5.8) was derived.
Alkarenesulphonates from Fischer‐Tropsch waxes and their evaluation as anti‐stresscracking agents in polyethylene
Authors: Dressler Flemming , Meoni Massimo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFischer‐Tropsch waxes were converted into alkarenesulphonates by successive chlorination, phenylation and sulphonation. The sulphonates showed high efficacy as anti‐stresscracking agents in low‐density polyethylene.
The preparation and characterisation of polymer latices formed in the absence of surface active agents
Authors: Goodwin J. W. , Hearn J. , Ho C. C. , Ottewill R. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMethods have been devised for the formation of monodisperse polystyrene latices in the absence of added surface active agents. The particles are stabilised, as a colloidal dispersion, by surface groupings which are an integral part of the particle and are not removed by dialysis. By suitable variation of the ionic strength of the aqueous phase, the initiator concentration and the polymerisation temperature, the final particle size obtained in single‐stage reactions was varied between c. 0.15 and 1.0 μm. The coefficient of variation on particle diameters was usually less than 5%. The ionic strength of the aqueous phase was found to play an important part in determining particle size; this was explained in terms of a limited coagulation process occurring at the stage involving the nucleation of polymer particles. Conductometric titration experiments revealed the presence of sulphate, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the particle surfaces. Molecular weight determination of the polystyrene formed showed that this was lower than that formed in conventional emulsion polymerisation.
Copolymerisation reactions of acenaphthylene at high pressures
Authors: Romani M. Nazir , Weale Kenneth E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRadical copolymerisations in the systems acenaphthylene/methyl methacrylate, and acenaphthylene/maleic anhydride, have been investigated at 60 °C, and at pressures up to 4 kbars. The effect of pressure on the rate of polymerisation of acenaphthylene in tetrachloroethylene has also been measured. The pressure acceleration of the reactions varies with the monomer ratio in the first system, but is invariant in the copolymerisation with maleic anhydride, in which an alternating copolymer is formed. The reactivity ratio of ACN is significantly lower in both systems at high pressures. The results are related to a degradative transfer reaction with acenaphthylene monomer.
Use of polyvinyl alcohol in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Shiraishi Makoto , Toyoshima Kentaro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe stabiliser used in the suspension polymerisation of vinylchloride influences greatly the quality of the resulting polyvinyl chloride, in particle size and distribution, and the absorption rate of plasticiser, etc.The relationship between the manufacturing conditions of polyvinylalcohol (PV‐OH) and its dispersing power was studied using vinyl acetate and trichloro‐ethylene in place of vinyl chloride monomer.It was found that the dispersing power increased with greater the blocklike distribution of the intramolecular residual acetyl group and uneven distribution of the intermolecular residual acetyl groups of PV‐OH.When such PV‐OH was used in suspension polymerisation of vinyl‐chloride monomer, good quality polyvinylchloride was obtained. PV‐OH with such characteristics is preferable as stabiliser for the suspension polymerisation of vinyl chloride monomer.
Monitoring ultraviolet radiation with polyvinylchloride
Authors: Martin Keith G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe photo‐oxidation of unstabilised polyvinylchloride has been shown to be sensitive only to the ultraviolet region of xenon‐arc radiation, and the rate of oxidation as determined by an infrared spectrophotometer is approximately linear with radiation intensity. Since both spectrum and intensity of the xenon arc closely simulate terrestrial solar radiation, PVC has been examined as a simple monitor of ultraviolet radiation for use in characterising outdoor sites at which the durability of building materials is assessed. PVC films have been exposed at London, Melbourne, and Pretoria and the extent of oxidation compared with solar radiation recorded at the sites; in the case of Melbourne the extent was also compared with ultraviolet radiation.
Dibasic lead phosphite as a stabiliser against the natural weathering of plasticised PVC
Authors: Pearson Derek , Morley John 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDibasic lead phosphite is known to be a stabiliser for plasticised PVC against weathering. The stabilisation mechanism, however, is not known and could be due to absorption of u.v. radiation by the dibasic lead phosphite, or to an antioxidant action.It is suggested that the mechanism, in fact, depends upon an antioxidant action against the harmful effect of atmospheric oxygen absorbed during the test, and also that a similar effect occurs during thermal degradation of the PVC in free air. This beneficial effect is due to the presence of the phosphite grouping, but it is also necessary to have sufficient basic lead present to remove chlorine ions or radicals in the form of lead chloride. It has been found that equivalent molecular amounts of dibasic lead phosphite and normal lead phosphite are equally efficient in the presence of basic lead sulphate compounds.An interesting discovery is that the weather conditions during the early stages of an exposure test may be more important than the total radiation received by the test piece at a later date. The conditions in the early stages of a test influence the manner in which the basic lead stabiliser removes the harmful chlorine ions or radicals liberated from the polymer. Mild conditions allow sufficient time for lead to diffuse through the plastic to the surface region where it reacts to form a precipitate of lead chloride in the form of needle like crystals. Harsher conditions result in the basic lead stabiliser particles themselves absorbing the chlorine ions or radicals to form lead chlorine in situ.Tetrabasic lead sulphate improves the stability of the PVC by absorbing some of the harmful u.v. radiation with the result that the diffusion mechanism is favoured even under severe conditions.
Transverse properties of three‐phase composites comprising continuous glass fibre, glass microspheres, and epoxy resin
Authors: Marom Gad , Stanford John L. , White Eric F. T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSome transverse mechanical properties of composites comprising uniaxially aligned continuous glass fibres embedded in a glass microsphere‐reinforced expoxy resin matrix have been determined from three‐point bending experiments.For a constant fibre volume fraction, the transverse modulus, strength, fracture surface energy for crack initiation and work of fracture are investigated as a function of microsphere content and compared with the equivalent two‐phase composites without beads.Modification of composite transverse properties are attributed to corresponding changes in matrix properties and comparisons are made with boundary expressions established for two‐phase particulate systems. The effects of voids, microsphere size and surface treatment on the properties are also examined.
Particulate reinforcement of polyacrylate elastomers III. Swelling measurements
Authors: Blackley David C. , Sheikh Majid W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper presents and discusses results which have been obtained for the swelling in chlorobenzene of crosslinked polyethylacrylates containing various amounts of microscopic glass beads. The adhesion between the glass beads and the elastomer matrix was varied by subjecting the beads to different surface treatments. The swelling behaviour has been found to correlate very closely with the extent of adhesion as judged by peel force measurements and tensile stress‐strain properties reported previously. In the case of beads showing pronounced adhesion to the matrix, restrictions on swelling have been interpreted in terms of an apparent enhancement of crosslink density by the reactive beads.
Latent trait models for assessing multirater multiattribute agreement
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Xin Tao 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe traditional kappa statistic in assessing interrater agreement is not adequate when multiraters and multiattributes are involved. In this article, latent trait models are proposed to assess the multirater multiattribute (MRMA) agreement. Data from the Third International Mathematics and Science Studies (TIMSS) are used to illustrate the application of the latent trait models. Results showed that among four possible latent trait models, the correlated uniqueness model had the best fit to assess the MRMA agreement. Furthermore, in coding a set of different attributes, the coding accuracy within the same rater may differ across attributes. Likewise, when different raters rate the same attribute, the accuracy in rating varies among the raters. Thus, the latent models provide us with a more refined and accurate assessment of interrater agreement. The application of the latent trait models is important in school psychology research and intervention because accurate assessment of children's functioning is fundamental in designing effective intervention strategies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 515–525, 2007.
Analyzing change in school psychology research
Authors: Kulikowich Jonna M. , Edwards Maeghan N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe look at three common research scenarios, one in the behavioral domain (i.e., disruptive behaviors) one in the cognitive domain (i.e., academic achievement), and one in the affective domain (i.e., anxiety and stress) for which school psychologists are asked to address important questions related to change. We list measurement and statistical considerations across these scenarios, including whether variables are manifest or latent, the scales of measurement, the dimensionality of measures, the units of analysis, the sample size, and the frequency or duration of time, given the primary nature of the variables under study. We suggest that researchers carefully consider whether assumptions can be met employing classical general linear models, or whether contemporary alternatives, such as hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), should be recommended for the more appropriate handling of data. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 535–542, 2007.
Comments on ‘an improved characteristic molecular volume parameter for linear solvation energy relationships of acyclic alkanes’
Authors: Mintz Christina , Acree William E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe characteristic molecular volume parameter suggested by Palatinus et al. [J. Phys. Org. Chem., DOI: 10.1002/poc.1065] is used in predicting the enthalpies of vaporization of 41 branched acyclic alkanes. Calculations provide one additional example illustrating where the use of the Palatinus et al. characteristic molecular volume parameter over the Abraham‐McGowan molecular volume parameter led to a better mathematical description/description of thermodynamic and/or physical property data for branched acyclic alkanes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conservation of metal‐coordinating residues
Authors: Kasampalidis Ioannis N. , Pitas Ioannis , Lyroudia Kleoniki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAs a result of rapid advances in genome sequencing, the pace of discovery of new protein sequences has surpassed that of structure and function determination by orders of magnitude. This is also true for metal‐binding proteins, that is, proteins that bind one or more metal atoms necessary for their biological function. While metal binding site geometry and composition have been extensively studied, no large scale investigation of metal‐coordinating residue conservation has been pursued so far. In pursuing this analysis, we were able to corroborate anecdotal evidence that certain residues are preferred to others for binding to certain metals. The conservation of most metal‐coordinating residues is correlated with residue preference in a statistically significant manner. Additionally, we also established a statistically significant difference in conservation between metal‐coordinating and noncoordinating residues. These results could be useful for providing better insight to functional importance of metal‐coordinating residues, possibly aiding metal binding site prediction and design, metal‐protein complex structure prediction, drug discovery, as well as model fitting to electron‐density maps produced by X‐ray crystallography. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of Salmonella typhimurium YegS, a putative lipid kinase homologous to eukaryotic sphingosine and diacylglycerol kinases
Authors: Nichols Charlie E. , Lamb Heather K. , Lockyer Mike , Charles Ian G. , Pyne Susan , Hawkins Alastair R. , Stammers David K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSalmonella typhimurium YegS is a protein conserved in many prokaryotes. Although the function of YegS is not definitively known, it has been annotated as a potential diacylglycerol or sphingosine kinase based on sequence similarity with eukaryotic enzymes of known function. To further characterize YegS, we report its purification, biochemical analysis, crystallization, and structure determination. The crystal structure of YegS reveals a two‐domain fold related to bacterial polyphosphate/ATP NAD kinases, comprising a central cleft between an N‐terminal α/β domain and a C‐terminal two‐layer β‐sandwich domain; conserved structural features are consistent with nucleotide binding within the cleft. The N‐terminal and C‐ terminal domains of YegS are however counter‐rotated, relative to the polyphosphate/ATP NAD kinase archetype, such that the potential nucleotide binding site is blocked. There are also two Ca2+ binding sites and two hydrophobic clefts, one in each domain of YegS. Analysis of mutagenesis data from eukaryotic homologues of YegS suggest that the N‐terminal cleft may bind activating lipids while the C‐terminal cleft may bind the lipid substrate. Microcalorimetry experiments showed interaction between recombinant YegS and Mg2+, Ca2+, and Mn2+ ions, with a weaker interaction also observed with polyphosphates and ATP. However, biochemical assays showed that recombinant YegS is endogenously neither an active diacylglycerol nor sphingosine kinase. Thus although the bioinformatics analysis and structure of YegS indicate that many of the ligand recognition determinants for lipid kinase activity are present, the absence of such activity may be due to specificity for a different lipid substrate or the requirement for activation by an, as yet, undetermined mechanism. In this regard the specific interaction of YegS with the periplasmic chaperone OmpH, which we demonstrate from pulldown experiments, may be of significance. Such an interaction suggests that YegS can be translocated to the periplasm and directed to the outer‐membrane, an environment that may be required for enzyme activity. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accidental emissions of sulfur oxides from the stack of a sulfuric acid plant: Case study
Authors: Gangopadhyay R. K. , Das S. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn a manufacturing unit producing sulfuric acid, a large emission of sulfur oxide gases from a stack continued for several minutes. The cause for the emissions could not be determined immediately by the operating people in the control room. The emitted gases not only affected the nearby inhabitants but also affected the vegetation and the environment. This study deals with a release of sulfur oxide gases from a sulfuric acid plant. More than a 100 children in a school, approximately 500 m from the plant boundary, were affected. The incident description and the lessons learned from this tragedy is described in this article. The problem and causes associated with the emission of acid gases and the recommended corrective actions are discussed. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
GORD: current drug treatment and maintenance options
Authors: Green Caroline , Mee Anthony 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGastro‐oesophageal reflux disease is a com mon complaint and lifestyle changes and drug treatment are usually successful in con trolling symptoms. Our Drug review describes the mode of action and efficacy of the drugs used in treatment and maintenance, followed by an analysis of prescription data, sources of further information and the Datafile. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd