bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the distribution of enrofloxacin by circulating leukocytes to sites of inflammation in dogs
Authors: Boothe D. M. , Boeckh A. , Boothe H. W. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of WBC accumulation on the concentration of enrofloxacin in inflamed tissues in dogs.
Animals—6 adult Bloodhounds.
Procedures—Dogs were instrumented bilaterally with tissue chambers. Peripheral WBCs collected from each dog were exposed in vitro to radiolabeled enrofloxacin (14C-ENR). Inflammation was induced with carrageenan in 1 chamber. Ten hours later, treated cells were administered IV to each dog such that 14C-ENR was delivered at a mean ± SD dosage of 212 ± 43 μg. Samples of extracellular fluid from inflammation and control chambers and circulating blood were then collected before (baseline) and for 24 hours after WBCs were administered. Samples were centrifuged to separate WBCs from plasma (blood) or chamber fluid. Radiolabeled enrofloxacin was scintigraphically detected and pharmacokinetically analyzed. Comparisons were made between extra- and intracellular chamber fluids by use of a Student paired t test.
Results—14C-ENR was not detectable in plasma, peripheral WBCs, control chambers, or baseline samples from inflammation chambers. However, 14C-ENR was detected in extra- cellular fluid from inflammation chambers (mean ± SD maximum concentration, 2.3 ± 0.5 ng/mL) and WBCs (maximum concentration, 7.7 ± 1.9 ng/mL). Mean disappearance half-life of 14C-ENR from extracellular fluid and WBCs from inflammation chambers was 26 ± 10 hours and 17 ± 6 hours, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—WBCs were responsible for the transport and release of 14C-ENR at sites of inflammation. Accumulation of drug by WBCs might increase the concentration of drug at the site of infection, thus facilitating therapeutic success.
Evaluation of age-related changes in the structure of the equine tarsometatarsal osteochondral unit
Authors: Murray Rachel C. , Blunden Tony S. , Branch Marion V. , Tranquille Carolyne A. , Dyson Sue J. , Parkin Tim D. H. , Goodship Allen E. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To investigate effects of age on thickness and morphologic characteristics of hyaline cartilage, calcified cartilage, total cartilage, and subchondral bone (SCB) in the equine tarsometatarsal joint.
Sample Population—23 tarsal joints from cadavers of 23 ponies (11 days to 25 years old); ponies were limited to pasture exercise and euthanatized for reasons not related to this study.
Procedures—Tarsi were allocated into several age groups (11 days old [n = 3], 6 to 9 months old [4], 2 to 3 years old [3], 6 to 8 years old [4], 11 to 17 years old [6], and 20 to 25 years old [3]). Histologic examination and histomorphometric measurement of hyaline cartilage, calcified cartilage, total cartilage, and SCB were performed at medial and lateral sites.
Results—A significant decrease was detected in thickness of hyaline cartilage and total cartilage with increasing age, but there was a significant increase in thickness of calcified cartilage and SCB with increasing age. Differences in chondrocyte and collagen fiber arrangement, tidemark, and osteochondral junction morphology were evident among age groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These findings suggested that the various tissues of the osteochondral unit change in different ways with age. The response of each tissue may be related to relative response of the tissues to strains induced by pasture exercise but could have an influence on how the overall properties of the osteochondral unit change with age. The findings may also be suggestive of changes that develop prior to the onset of osteoarthritis.
Monitoring of the repair process of surgically created lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendons by use of computerized ultrasonography
Authors: van Schie Hans T. M. , Bakker Erwin M. , Cherdchutham Worakij , Jonker A. Mieke , van de Lest Chris H. A. , van Weeren P. René 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate quantitative ultrasonography for objective monitoring of the healing process and prognostication of repair quality in equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendons.
Animals—6 horses with standardized surgical lesions in SDF tendons of both forelimbs.
Procedures—Healing was monitored for 20 weeks after surgery by use of computerized ultrasonography. Pixels were categorized as C (intact fasciculi), B (incomplete fasciculi), E (accumulations of cells and fibrils), or N (homogenous fluid or cells). Four scars with the best quality of repair (repair group) and 4 scars with the lowest quality (inferior repair group) were identified histologically. Ratios for C, B, E, and N in both groups were compared.
Results—During 4 weeks after surgery, lesions increased 2- to 4-fold in length and 10-fold in volume. Until week 3 or 4, structure-related C and B ratios decreased sharply, whereas E and N ratios increased. After week 4, C and B ratios increased with gradually decreasing E and N ratios. At week 12, C and B ratios were equivalent. After week 12, C ratio increased slowly, but B ratio more rapidly. At week 20, C ratio remained constant, B ratio was substantially increased, and E and N ratios decreased. Values for the inferior repair group were most aberrant from normal. Ratios for C differed significantly between repair and inferior repair groups at weeks 16 and 18 and for B beginning at 14 weeks.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Computerized ultrasonography provided an excellent tool for objective monitoring of healing tendons in horses and reliable prognostication of repair quality.
Evaluation of economic effects and the health and performance of the general cattle population after exposure to cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in a starter feedlot
Authors: Hessman Bill E. , Fulton Robert W. , Sjeklocha David B. , Murphy Timothy A. , Ridpath Julia F. , Payton Mark E. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate economic effects and health and performance of the general cattle population after exposure to cattle persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in a feedlot.
Animals—21,743 high-risk calves from the southeastern United States.
Procedures—PI status was determined by use of an antigen-capture ELISA (ACE) and confirmed by use of a second ACE, reverse transcriptase–PCR assay of sera, immunohistochemical analysis, and virus isolation from sera. Groups with various amounts of exposure to BVDV PI cattle were used. After being placed in the feedlot, identified PI cattle were removed from 1 section, but PI cattle remained in another section of the feedlot. Exposure groups for cattle lots arriving without PI animals were determined by spatial association to cattle lots, with PI animals remaining or removed from the lot.
Results—15,348 cattle maintained their exposure group. Performance outcomes improved slightly among the 5 exposure groups as the risk for exposure to BVDV PI cattle decreased. Health outcomes had an association with exposure risk that depended on the exposure group. Comparing cattle lots with direct exposure with those without direct exposure revealed significant improvements in all performance outcomes and in first relapse percentage and mortality percentage in the health outcomes. Economic analysis revealed that fatalities accounted for losses of $5.26/animal and performance losses were $88.26/animal.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study provided evidence that exposure of the general population of feedlot cattle to BVDV PI animals resulted in substantial costs attributable to negative effects on performance and increased fatalities.
Genetic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from persistently infected calves born to dams vaccinated against bovine viral diarrhea virus before breeding
Authors: Bolin Steven R. , Lim Ailam , Grotelueschen Dale M. , McBeth William W. , Cortese Victor S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To collect and partially characterize strains of bovine viral diarrhea viruses(BVDVs) isolated from persistently infected (PI) calves born to vaccinated dams, determine genetic diversity of the isolated viruses, and identify regional distribution of genetically similar virus subpopulations.
Sample Population—17 noncytopathic (NCP) BVDVs from PI calves from 11 herds of beef or dairy cattle.
Procedures—Viral RNA was extracted from infected cell cultures, and BVDV-specific PCR primers were used to amplify > 1,000 bases of the viral genome. Derived sequences were used for molecular phylogenetic analyses to determine the viral genotype and viral genogroup and to assess genetic similarity among BVDVs.
Results—Analysis of the 17 NCP strains of BVDV failed to detect a viral genotype or viral genogroup not already reported to exist in the United States. One virus was classified as genotype 1, genogroup 1b, and 16 viruses were classified as genotype 2, genogroup 2a. Genotype 2 strains were genetically diverse, and genetic similarities were not obvious among viruses from geographic regions larger than a small locale.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Viruses isolated from herds where a genotype 1, genogroup 1a BVDV vaccine was administered prior to breeding were primarily genetically diverse genotype 2, genogroup 2a BVDVs. Vaccination with multiple BVDV genotypes may be needed to improve protection. Methods used in this study to obtain and analyze field strains are applicable to assessing efficacy of current BVDV vaccines. Candidates for future vaccines are viruses that appear able to elude the immune response of cattle vaccinated against BVDV with existing vaccines.
Evaluation of the control of pathogen load by an anti-Salmonella bacterium in a herd of cattle with persistent Salmonella infection
Authors: Patton Toni G. , Sharma Vijay K. , Carlson Steve A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether an anti-Salmonella bacterium is involved in control of pathogen load in persistently infected cattle herds.
Animals—24 Holstein calves experimentally infected and 39 Holstein cows naturally infected with Salmonella spp.
Procedures—An Escherichia coli (designated as P8E5) that possessed anti-Salmonella activity was isolated from Salmonella-negative bovine feces obtained from a herd with endemic Salmonella infection. In vitro analysis involved enumerating Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium coincubated with E coli P8E5. In vivo analysis involved coadministration of Salmonella spp and E coli P8E5 or an E coli control strain to neonatal Holstein calves. Fecal samples were collected on multiple days after inoculation, and quantitative PCR assay was performed by use of Salmonella-specific primers.
Results—E coli P8E5 reduced viability of Salmonella spp in vitro. Shedding of Salmonella organisms was diminished in calves administered E coli P8E5, whereas the control strain of E coli had no effect on shedding of Salmonella organisms.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In this study, an E coli strain was identified that possessed bacteriocin-like activity and was able to decrease viability of Salmonella organisms in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, it is possible that this organism could be representative of native microbiota that dampen Salmonella spp in persistently infected cattle herds.
Epidemiologic analysis of nosocomial Salmonella infections in hospitalized horses
Authors: Ekiri Abel B. , MacKay Robert J. , Gaskin Jack M. , Freeman David E. , House Amanda M. , Giguère Steeve , Troedsson Mats R. , Schuman Crystal D. , von Chamier Maria M. , Henry Katherine M. , Hernandez Jorge A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To examine the relationship between abdominal surgery and nosocomial Salmonella infections and the relationship between high caseload in combination with abdominal surgery and nosocomial Salmonella infections in hospitalized horses with signs of gastrointestinal tract disease.
Animals—140 horses.
Design—Case-control study.
Procedures—To accomplish the first objective, 1 to 4 control horses were matched with each nosocomial case horse on the basis of admission date of a primary case horse. The frequency of abdominal surgery and other investigated exposure factors were compared between nosocomial case horses and control horses. For the second objective, 4 control horses were matched with each nosocomial case horse on the basis of year of admission. The frequency of high caseload (≥ 26 inpatients), abdominal surgery, and other factors was compared between nosocomial case horses and control horses.
Results—The odds of nosocomial Salmonella infection were 8 times as high (odds ratio = 8.2; 95% confidence interval = 1.11, 60.24) in horses that underwent abdominal surgery, compared with the odds for horses that did not undergo surgery. High caseload alone or in combination with abdominal surgery was not associated with increased risk of nosocomial Salmonella infection.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Abdominal surgery was identified as a risk factor for nosocomial Salmonella infections in horses. Horses that undergo abdominal surgery require enhanced infection control and preventative care. Risk of nosocomial Salmonella infections may be reduced by implementation of biosecurity measures (such as the use of plastic boots, gloves, and footbaths) immediately after surgery.
Baseline plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations and response to low-dose ACTH stimulation testing in ill foals
Authors: Wong David M. , Vo Dai Tan , Alcott Cody J. , Peterson Anna D. , Sponseller Brett A. , Hsu Walter H. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate baseline plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations and responses to low-dose ACTH stimulation testing in ill foals.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—58 ill foals.
Procedures—Baseline cortisol and ACTH concentrations and cortisol concentrations after administration of a low dose of cosyntropin were determined within 6 hours after admission. Foals were assigned to 4 groups on the basis of age (≤ 24 hours vs 1 to 56 days) and presence of septicemia (yes vs no). Values were compared among groups and with values previously reported for healthy foals.
Results—Plasma cortisol concentrations 30 and 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration in foals ≤ 24 hours old were significantly higher than corresponding cortisol concentrations in older foals. In all 4 groups, plasma cortisol concentration 30 minutes after cosyntropin administration was significantly higher than baseline cortisol concentration or concentration 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration. No differences in baseline cor-tisol or ACTH concentration or in the ACTH-to-cortisol ratio were detected between groups or when ill foals were compared with healthy foals. A small number of ill foals had low baseline cortisol and ACTH concentrations or low responses to cosyntropin administration, compared with healthy foals.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that most ill foals in the present study population had adequate responses to cosyntropin administration. However, a small subset of ill foals appeared to have dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Effectiveness and safety of cefovecin sodium, an extended-spectrum injectable cephalosporin, in the treatment of cats with abscesses and infected wounds
Authors: Six Robert , Cleaver Dawn M. , Lindeman Cindy J. , Cherni Judith , Chesebrough Robert , Papp Georg , Skogerboe Terry L. , Weigel Dan J. , Boucher Joseph F. , Stegemann Michael R. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of cefovecin sodium in the treatment of cats with naturally occurring skin infections (abscesses and infected wounds).
Design—Multicenter (26 sites), randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial.
Animals—Client-owned cats of any breed with naturally occurring skin infections with associated clinical signs and confirmatory bacteriologic culture results.
Procedures—Cats with clinical signs of skin and soft tissue infection were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of cefovecin (8 mg/kg [3.6 mg/lb], SC) followed by placebo drops administered orally once daily for 14 days or 1 SC placebo injection followed by cefadroxil (22 mg/kg [10 mg/lb], PO, once daily for 14 days). Only one 14-day treatment course was permitted.
Results—Effectiveness of cefovecin in the treatment of cats with abscesses and infected wounds was similar to that of cefadroxil. At the final assessment on day 28, 97% (86/89) of cefovecin-treated cats and 91% (80/88) of cefadroxil-treated cats were considered treatment successes. There were no serious adverse events or deaths related to treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—1 SC injection of 8 mg of cefovecin/kg for the treatment of cats with naturally occurring skin infections (wounds and abscesses) was safe and as effective as cefadroxil administered orally at 22 mg/kg, once daily for 14 days.
Erythrocyte glutathione and plasma cysteine concentrations in young versus old dogs
Authors: Moyer Katherine L. , Trepanier Lauren A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether older, otherwise healthy, client-owned dogs were deficient in glutathione or cysteine, compared with young healthy pet dogs.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—35 healthy dogs between 7 and 14 years old (older dogs) and 26 healthy dogs between 1 and 3 years old (young dogs).
Procedures—In all dogs, erythrocyte reduced glutathione concentration and plasma cysteine concentration were determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results—Median erythrocyte reduced glutathione and plasma cysteine concentrations were not significantly different between young (1.7 mM and 8.3 μM, respectively) and older (1.7 mM and 7.6 μM, respectively) dogs. Significant differences were also not identified when values for young dogs were compared with values for only those dogs ≥ 11 years old. Similarly, no differences were found between males and females overall or between males and females within age groups, although most dogs were neutered.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that otherwise healthy older pet dogs fed a variety of commercial diets do not have deficiencies in glutathione or cysteine, compared with younger dogs. Findings do not support the routine empirical use of antioxidant supplements, such as precursors of glutathione, to treat presumed circulating antioxidant deficiencies in older healthy dogs.
Changes in cerebral perfusion hormone profile and cerebrospinal fluid flow across the third ventriculostomy after endoscopic third ventriculostomy in patients with aqueductal stenosis: a prospective study
Authors: Garg Anil Kumar , Suri Ashish , Sharma Bhavani S. , Shamim Shamin A. , Bal Chander S. 
Published: January 2009

Object
The object of the present study was 3-fold: 1) to study regional cerebral perfusion before and after endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in patients with obstructive hydrocephalus by using 99mTc ethyl cysteinate dimer SPECT: 2) to study any correlation between clinically successful third ventriculostomy and CSF flow across the third ventriculostomy; and 3) to determine any changes in hormone profile following ETV.

Methods
The authors prospectively studied 15 patients with aqueductal stenosis who underwent ETV during the last 2 years. All the patients underwent pre- and postoperative MR imaging, brain 99mTc ethyl cysteinate dimer SPECT, and hormone profile studies.

Results
Eight patients were infants. The mean follow-up duration was 17.6 months. Thirteen patients (86.7%) exhibited clinical improvement after surgery. In all patients with clinical improvement the studies documented CSF flow through the ventriculostomy site. Clinical progress could be correlated with SPECT changes in 14 cases (93.3%). In the 13 clinically successful cases, 12 were substantiated by improvement on SPECT scans, whereas in the 2 failed cases, SPECT images revealed no improvement of perfusion defects. Hormone analysis conducted in 14 patients revealed hyperprolactinemia in 8, low triiodothyronine values in 2 patients, and hypocortisolemia in 1, which was reversed after ETV.

Conclusions
Clinical improvement is not well correlated with a decrease in ventricular size following ETV. Brain SPECT is a valuable tool for the follow-up of patients with hydrocephalus after ETV, particularly in cases in which MR imaging findings are not clear. There are subtle hormonal changes in patients with hydrocephalus that may improve following ETV.
Congenital cavernous hemangioma of the calvaria
Authors: Vural Murat , Acikalin Mustafa F. , Adapinar Baki , Atasoy Metin A. 
Published: January 2009

The authors present the case of a 6-month-old infant with a cavernous hemangioma of the parietal bone and discuss the radiological, operative, and pathological features and differential diagnosis of these extremely rare lesions in infants. Only 1 case of an infant with a calvarial cavernous hemangioma without intracranial invasion has previously been reported, and that case involved a 4 month old.
Although a cavernous hemangioma of the calvaria is extremely rare in the newborn, this condition should be included in the differential diagnosis of calvarial lesions. During surgical treatment of calvarial cavernous hemangiomas, utmost attention should be paid to avoid blood loss, which could be fatal in infants.
Spinal congenital dermal sinus in a chick embryo model
Authors: van Aalst Jasper , Boselie Toon F. M. , Beuls Emile A. M. , Vles Johan S. H. , van Straaten Henny W. M. 
Published: January 2009

Object
The origin of spinal congenital dermal sinuses is not known. A local nondisjunction of the closing neural tube and the epidermal ectoderm is thought to be the cause of this malformation. In this experimental study, a nondisjunction was mimicked in chick embryos to create an animal model for the dermal sinus.

Methods
A piece of amniotic tissue was implanted in the closing neural tube in ovo in chick embryos at 2 days of incubation. A total of 50 embryos were manipulated. After a further incubation time of 2–7 days, the embryos were macroscopically and histologically evaluated.

Results
Dermal sinus–like anomalies were induced in 24 embryos. The induced abnormalities varied from superficial, epidermal lesions to epidermal dimples continuing as a strand of tissue toward the neural tube. This strand invariably was of nonneuronal origin. Additionally, in 3 embryos a split cord malformation was noted, most likely caused by damage to the neural tube during implantation.

Conclusions
Implantation of donor amniotic tissue in the closing chick neural tube does result in a dimple, from which a strand of tissue continues to the neural tube in various cases, indicating that formation of a dermal sinus–like anomaly can be successfully induced by experimental continuation of the connection between neural tube and surface ectoderm. This finding strengthens the hypothesis that a human dermal sinus arises after nondisjunction of neural tube and surface ectoderm.