bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A robust algorithm for configurational‐force‐driven brittle crack propagation with R‐adaptive mesh alignment
Authors: Miehe C. , Gürses E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe paper considers a variational formulation of brittle fracture in elastic solids and proposes a numerical implementation by a finite element method. On the theoretical side, we outline a consistent thermodynamic framework for crack propagation in an elastic solid. It is shown that both the elastic equilibrium response as well as the local crack evolution follow in a natural format by exploitation of a global Clausius–Planck inequality in the sense of Coleman's method. Here, the canonical direction of the crack propagation associated with the classical Griffith criterion is the direction of the material configurational force which maximizes the local dissipation at the crack tip and minimizes the incremental energy release. On the numerical side, we exploit this variational structure in terms of crack‐driving configurational forces. First, a standard finite element discretization in space yields a discrete formulation of the global dissipation in terms configurational nodal forces. As a consequence, the constitutive setting of crack propagation in the space‐discretized finite element context is naturally related to discrete nodes of a typical finite element mesh. Next, consistent with the node‐based setting, the discretization of the evolving crack discontinuity is performed by the doubling of critical nodes and interface segments of the mesh. Critical for the success of this procedure is its embedding into an r‐adaptive crack‐segment reorientation procedure with configurational‐force‐based directional indicator. Here, successive crack releases appear in discrete steps associated with the given space discretization. These are performed by a staggered loading–release algorithm of energy minimization at frozen crack state followed by the successive crack releases at frozen deformation. This constitutes a sequence of positive‐definite discrete subproblems with successively decreasing overall stiffness, providing an extremely robust algorithmic setting in the postcritical range. We demonstrate the performance of the formulation by means of representative numerical simulations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CEACAM1/VEGF cross‐talk during neuroblastic tumour differentiation
Authors: Poliani PL , Mitola S , Ravanini M , Ferrari‐Toninelli G , D'Ippolito C , Notarangelo LD , Bercich L , Wagener C , Memo M , Presta M , Facchetti F 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe role of angiogenesis in tumour progression is a major subject in modern oncology and a correlation between angiogenesis and poor outcome has been demonstrated for human neuroblastomas. However, the role of angiogenesis in the maturation phase of neuroblastic tumours has never been considered. Human carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), a potent pro‐angiogenic factor and mediator of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐induced angiogenesis, plays a crucial role during the activation phase of angiogenesis and it has been shown to be expressed in the microvessels of the developing central nervous system as well as in newly formed immature blood vessels in many different tumours and under physiological conditions. The present study has investigated the role of CEACAM1/VEGF‐mediated angiogenesis across the whole spectrum of neuroblastic tumours, from undifferentiated to fully differentiated mature ganglioneuromas. CEACAM1 is peculiarly expressed in the microvessels of areas of active tumour maturation among differentiating neuroblastic/ganglion cells, whereas it is completely absent in the vessels of poorly differentiated/undifferentiated as well as in entirely mature Schwannian‐rich areas. Interestingly, VEGF expression has been found in differentiating neuroblastic/ganglion cells adjacent to CEACAM1‐positive microvessels. In keeping with these observations, VEGF expression was found in human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells during differentiation after retinoic acid treatment. Moreover, conditioned medium from SH‐SY5Y cells collected at different stages of differentiation induced progressive in vitro up‐regulation of CEACAM1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that was abrogated by the specific VEGF receptor‐2/KDR inhibitor SU5416. Taken together, these data point to a role for CEACAM1/VEGF cross‐talk during the maturation phase of neuroblastic tumours. This may mimic physiological events leading to maturation of the vasculature in the developing normal central nervous system. On the other hand, in poorly differentiated/undifferentiated lesions, VEGF‐sustained angiogenesis does not reproduce physiological steps, but rather is associated with tumour aggressiveness and may involve other molecular pathways. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The changing shape of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kerr D , Knott J , Cavan D 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare demographic and metabolic parameters of newly diagnosed patients presenting with type 2 diabetes over 10 years.From postcode analyses we estimate that >90% of patients with new onset type 2 diabetes are referred to a structured nurse‐led education programme and are seen within one week of the diagnosis. Demographic and clinical data have been recorded since 1994.Since 1994, there has been a 2.5‐fold increase in the number of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in our area. At diagnosis, body mass index (BMI) has risen from 28.5 to 31.1kg/m2 (p<0.05) associated with a fall in HbA1c levels from 10.4% to 8.1% (p<0.0001) at presentation. There appears also to have been a gender difference with men presenting on average two years younger (mean difference 2.3 [95% CI 1.6–2.9] years, p<0.001) and with a lower BMI (‐1.6 [95% CI 1.3–2.0] kg/m2, p<0.001).It was concluded that over the past 10 years there has been an increase in the number of patients presenting with new onset type 2 diabetes in our area. The lower HbA1c at diagnosis probably reflects earlier detection and awareness of the condition. There do appear to be gender differences with more men presenting earlier and with a lower BMI. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Painless rupture of the Achilles tendon in a diabetic patient with sensory neuropathy
Authors: Gill GV , English PJ , Eyes B , Roland R , Pickin R 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe describe a 71‐year‐old female diabetic patient with sensory distal lower limb neuropathy, who presented with painless swelling and erythema of the left ankle and lower shin. Diagnoses of cellulitis, deep venous thrombosis and Charcot neuroarthropathy were considered, but eventually a magnetic resonance scan showed complete rupture of the Achilles tendon. There was no history of trauma, and the absence of pain was presumed to be due to her dense sensory neuropathy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Crystal growth in alumina/poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposite films
Authors: Yang Hoichang , Bhimaraj Praveen , Yang Lin , Siegel Richard W. , Schadler Linda S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe crystal growth and morphology in 150‐nm‐thick PET nanocomposite thin films with alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticle fillers (38 nm size) were investigated for nanoparticle loadings from 0 to 5 wt %. Transmission electron microscopy of the films showed that at 1 wt % Al2O3, the nanoparticles were well dispersed in the film and the average size was close to the reported 38 nm. Above 2 wt % Al2O3, the nanoparticles started to agglomerate. The crystal growth and morphological evolution in the PET nanocomposite films kept at an isothermal temperature of 217 °C were monitored as a function of the holding time using in situ atomic force microscopy. It was found that the crystal nucleation and growth of PET was strongly dependent on the dispersed particles in the films. At 1 wt % Al2O3, the overall crystal growth rate of PET lamellae was slower than that of the PET homopolymer films. Above 2 wt % Al2O3, the crystal growth rate increased with nanoparticle loading because of heterogeneous nucleation. In addition, in these PET nanocomposite thin films, the Al2O3 nanoparticles induced preferentially oriented edge‐on lamellae with respect to the surface, which was not the case in unfilled PET as determined by grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 747–757, 2007
A randomized trial of the effect of training in relaxation and guided imagery techniques in improving psychological and quality‐of‐life indices for gynecologic and breast brachytherapy patients
Authors: León‐Pizarro Concha , Gich Ignasi , Barthe Emma , Rovirosa Angeles , Farrús Blanca , Casas Francesc , Verger Eugènia , Biete Albert , Craven‐Bartle Jordi , Sierra Jordi , Arcusa Angeles 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurpose: The randomized study aimed to determine the efficacy of psychological intervention consisting of relaxation and guided imagery to reduce anxiety and depression in gynecologic and breast cancer patients undergoing brachytherapy during hospitalization.Methods and materials: Sixty‐six patients programmed to receive brachytherapy in two hospitals in Barcelona (Spain) were included in this study. The patients were randomly allocated to either the study group (n=32) or the control group (n=34). Patients in both groups received training regarding brachytherapy, but only study group patients received training in relaxation and guided imagery. After collection of sociodemographic data, all patients were given a set of questionnaires on anxiety and depression: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and on quality of life: Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida QL‐CA‐AFex (CCV), prior to, during and after brachytherapy.Results: The study group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in anxiety (p=0.008), depression (p=0.03) and body discomfort (p=0.04) compared with the control group.Conclusions: The use of relaxation techniques and guided imagery is effective in reducing the levels of anxiety, depression and body discomfort in patients who must remain isolated while undergoing brachytherapy. This simple and inexpensive intervention enhances the psychological wellness in patients undergoing brachytherapy.State: This study has passed Ethical Committee review. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intraprostatic lymphatics in man: Light and ultrastructural observations
Authors: Furusato Masakuni , Mostofi F. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDespite reports that human prostate is without lymphatics, electron microscopic studies of prostatic curettings of human prostate have demonstrated unequivocal evidence that lymphatics exist in prostate proper. Such channels are found in two locations: between the muscle cells and in the fibrous stroma supporting the muscle bundles. The lymphatics between the muscle cells are of smaller caliber and probably represent initial lymphatics. They are intimately connected by anchoring filaments and microfibrils to the smooth muscle cells. The functional relationship between these has been discussed. No lymphatics were seen in subepithelial location. We saw only blood capillaries in that area.
The effect of therapy on the concentration and occupancy of androgen receptors in human prostatic cytosol
Authors: Mobbs B. G. , Johnson I. E. , Connolly J. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWith a protamine sulphate precipitation method, total and free cytosol AR was assayed in BPH and prostatic carcinoma tissue, in order to investigate possible differences in AR concentration that might relate to the histopathology of the tissue or to endocrine manipulation of the patients. Similar ranges of total cytosol AR concentrations were observed in BPH and untreated prostatic carcinoma, but the latter tended to have a higher proportion of apparently free sites. Moreover, the proportion of “free” sites in the untreated carcinoma tissue appeared to be related to the proportion of poorly differentiated carcinoma in the specimen. In patients whose endogenous androgen levels had been lowered by treatment, the proportion of free sites tended to be higher, but a considerable proportion of sites appeared to be still occupied. Carcinoma tissue from some estrogen‐treated patients had high cytosol AR concentrations. It is suggested that, in some treated patients, androgens of adrenal origin may occupy some AR sites and that some carcinomas may contain a considerable concentration of nonfunctional AR.
Androgen and glucocorticoid receptors in the pollard prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines
Authors: Chan Sham Y. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBoth the androgen and glucocorticoid receptors of the Pollard prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines (PA‐II and PA‐III) have been examined and characterized. Both cell lines contain distinct binding sites for 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and dexamethasone (DM). The specific binding of the ligands to the whole cell was saturable, and Scatchard analysis showed a single class of high‐affinity and low‐capacity sites. (3H)‐DHT was bound to a cytosolic macromolecule which sedimented at 7S after sucrose density gradient centrifugation in low salt buffer, and was completely displaced by radioinert DHT. By means of competition studies, the androgen receptor could be distinguished from that for the glucocorticoids. The DNA and protein synthesis of both tumor lines were significantly enhanced after exposure to DHT.
Comparison of the R‐3327H rat prostatic adenocarcinoma to human benign prostatic hyperplasia and metastatic carcinoma of the prostate with regard to steroid hormone receptors
Authors: Dahlberg Erik , Snochowski Marek , Gustafsson Jan‐Åke 
Published: February 2007

AbstractQuantitative analyses of cytosolic steroid hormone receptors were performed on nine tumors from the transplantable rat prostatic adenocarcinoma R‐3327H. Androgen receptors and estrogen receptors were found in eight of nine and five of six tumors, respectively. None of the tumors analyzed contained detectable progestin or glucocorticoid receptors (four and seven tumors, respectively). The apparent equilibrium dissociation constants for the androgen and estrogen receptors were 0.7‐4.3 nM and 0.6‐1.8 nM, respectively. The apparent equilibrium Bmax values (maximum number of binding sites) were 1,500‐25,000 fmoles/gm tissue for the androgen receptor and 640 to 5,800 fmoles/gm tissue for the estrogen receptor.A comparison between the receptor contents of the R‐3327H rat tumor and human benign prostatic hyperplasia and metastatic carcinoma of the prostate showed that the rat tumor was different from the human tissues in several respects. Hence, the search for an optimal animal model for prostatic carcinoma in man must be continued.
Penicillanic acid derivatives in the canine prostate
Authors: Nielsen Ole S. , Frimodt‐Moeller Niels , Maigaard Svend , Hoyme Udo , Baumueller Axel , Madsen Paul O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDistribution of ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, mecillinam, pivmecillinam, carbenicillin, and carbenicillin indanyl sodium was studied in the canine prostate, prostatic interstitial fluid, and prostatic secretion. All seven antibiotics were found in higher concentrations in the prostatic interstitial fluid than in the prostatic secretion. As expected for weak acids, drug concentrations in these fluids were always lower than the simultaneous serum concentrations. Tissue penetration was enhanced for the penicillin ester, pivmecillinam, as shown by its prostatic secretion/ serum and tissue/serum ratios, which were higher than those of the other antibiotics, including the esters, bacampicillin, and carbenicillin indanyl sodium. This result may be due to pivmecillinam's long hydrolysis half‐life. The concentrations for these penicillanic acid derivatives in prostatic interstitial fluid were above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for most of the commonly encountered gram‐negative bacteria encountered in prostatitis. Therefore, these antibiotics should be effective in the treatment of bacterial prostatitis caused by susceptible organisms. Carbenicillin and carbenicillin indanyl sodium had the highest prostatic interstitial fluid/serum ratios of the compounds tested, and theoretically, therefore, they should be the most effective in the treatment of prostatitis. However, clinical trials should be carried out to confirm this.
Human prostatic adenocarcinoma: Some characteristics of a serially transplantable line in nude mice (PC 82)
Authors: Hoehn W. , Schroeder F. H. , Riemann J. F. , Joebsis A. C. , Hermanek P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTransplantation of tissue from a cribriform human prostatic carcinoma resulted in a serially transplantable tumor line in nude mice, PC 82. During 2 1/2 years the tumor has not changed its histological appearance and remained a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. The cells contain large amounts of prostatic acid phosphatase. It has a slow rate of growth and regresses after castration and estrogen treatment. This preliminary information suggests that the PC 82 tumor line may be a suitable model for hormone‐dependent human prostatic cancer.
Thrombocytopenia during diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (stilphostrol) infusion for carcinoma of the prostate
Authors: Nachtsheim Daniel A. , McPherson Richard A. , Pollen Jeffrey J. , Schmidt Joseph D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTransient thrombocytopenia was noted to occur in ten of 13 patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate undergoing intravenous diethylstilbestrol diphosphate therapy. This was not associated with abnormalities of the initial platelet count or other parameters of the hemogram. There was no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in these patients. No serious bleeding episodes occurred secondary to the thrombocytopenia. Following diethylstilbestrol diphosphate infusion, platelet counts generally returned to pretreatment levels. While the mechanism of action of the thrombocytopenia is unclear, we hypothesize a transient bone marrow toxicity as the cause of this phenomenon.
Zinc65 absorption in patients with carcinoma of the prostate
Authors: Spencer Herta , Kramer Lois , Osis Dace , Norris Clemontain , Evans Claudia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe intestinal absorption of 65Zn was determined in patients with carcinoma of the prostate prior to treatment and during estrogen therapy. Following an oral tracer dose of 65 ZnCl2, plasma levels and urinary and fecal excretions of 65Zn were determined. The absorption of 65Zn was low in six of eight patients, particularly in three patients who had extensive metastatic bone involvement. During estrogen therapy the absorption of 65Zn increased markedly in these patients, and this increase correlated with the clinical remission of the neo‐plastic process. In one patient who did not respond to estrogen therapy, 65Zn absorption was normal prior to treatment and did not increase during estrogen therapy. In patients free of neoplasia estrogen administration did not increase 65Zn absorption, and even decreased it. These results indicate that the intestinal absorption of 65Zn is decreased during the active phase of carcinoma of the prostate and improves during clinical remission induced by estrogen therapy.
The role of radiography, computed tomography and bone scanning in prostatic cancer
Authors: Pollen Jeffrey J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis report reviews the roles of conventional radiography, computerized axial tomography, and nuclear bone scanning in the diagnosis, staging, follow‐up, and management of prostatic cancer. Computed tomography (CT) offers great promise for the better definition of the extent of the primary tumor of prostatic cancer. It contributes positively to the planning of radiation therapy portals in the treatment of localized disease. By means of bipedal lymphangiography and CT scanning, pelvic and periaortic lymphadenopathy may be detected more often than was previously possible without staging pelvic lymphadenectomy, which can be reserved for the discovery of microscopic disease. Soft‐tissue metastases that are located deep within the body cavities can now be measured accurately by CT scanning, as can their response to therapy. Skeletal metastases, the most common variety in prostatic cancer, can be detected with a high degree of sensitivity by nuclear bone imaging. Serial bone scans are remarkably useful in following the response of osseous deposits to treatment, as well as in detecting relapsing disease. The management of malignant obstruction of the ureters has been greatly facilitated by the application of angiographic techniques to percutaneous nephrostomy performed under fluoroscopic control.
Cryotherapy of prostate cancer
Authors: Loening Stefan , Hawtrey Charles , Bonney William , Narayana Ambati , Culp David A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCryosurgical destruction of primary adenocarcinoma of the prostate was performed via perineal route in 215 patients during a 12‐year period. The average age of the patients was 66 years. The stage of the disease varied from stage B to D. In 74% of the patients, no clinical evidence of tumor was found in the prostatic fossa following cryosurgery. Few patients needed transurethral surgery and none needed repeated transurethral resections for obstructive symptoms. This experience suggests that local destruction of prostatic carcinoma can be achieved with little morbidity and mortality. Herein we discuss the method of cryosurgery, stage and histology of tumor, survival, local recurrence, and complications.
Overview of past and current philosophy of prostatic cancer
Authors: Elder Jack S. , Scott William W. , Nyberg Leroy M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCarcinoma of the prostate is the second most common cancer in men, yet no significant change in overall survival has occurred since the original description of the results of castration by Huggins and Hodges. Many important questions about the disease remain unanswered. The cause of prostatic cancer is unknown, and few specific environmental or viral agents have been linked with the tumor. Increased recognition of the importance of frequent digitial rectal examination has resulted in more tumors being diagnosed in early stages. Developments in sonography suggest that it may be useful in detecting the presence of prostatic cancer and whether extraprostatic extension has occurred. Recent improvements in the sensitivity of prostatic acid phosphatase assays have been made, but their use as a screening tool remains limited. In patients with clinical stage B lesions that are microscopically confined to the prostate, treatment by radical prostatectomy appears to confer greatest survival. The exact role of radiotherapy remains to be defined. However, when the tumor extends beyond the prostate and is localized to the pelvis, external beam or interstitial radiation is appropriate. Pelvic lymphadenectomy has significant morbidity, but less invasive methods of pelvic nodal evaluation are less accurate. Lymphadenectomy has not been shown to have any therapeutic effect. Whether hormonal therapy improves survival needs further investigation, and efforts must continue to develop means of predicting hormonal responsiveness. Those patients unlikely to respond to hormonal therapy should be treated with early chemotherapy.