bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostate cancer – presentation, diagnosis and treatment: what does the literature say?
Authors: Templeton Hazel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlthough previously known as the Cinderella of cancers, in recent years, prostate cancer has become a significant public health problem with considerable social and economic consequences. It is currently the most commonly diagnosed male cancer in the UK and is second only to lung cancer as a cause of male cancer deaths. In this literature review, evidence‐based literature related to the anatomical, diagnostic and therapeutic perspective of prostate cancer is presented. Associated areas of controversy related to prostate cancer are also fully discussed. It is essential that urology nurses have a strong foundation in their knowledge related to these aspects of prostate cancer. Only when they have this knowledge in their armoury are they able to confidently help patients make informed choices and participate in shared decision‐making regarding their care. This should help ensure that urology nurses rise to the challenge of providing patients with prostate cancer with high quality care by helping these patients through the minefield of information associated with prostate cancer.
Comparison of fastness of the convergence among Krasnoselskij, Mann, and Ishikawa iterations in arbitrary real Banach spaces
Authors: Babu GVR , Vara Prasad KNVV 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLet "Equation missing" be an arbitrary real Banach space and "Equation missing" a nonempty, closed, convex (not necessarily bounded) subset of "Equation missing". If "Equation missing" is a member of the class of Lipschitz, strongly pseudocontractive maps with Lipschitz constant "Equation missing", then it is shown that to each Mann iteration there is a Krasnosleskij iteration which converges faster than the Mann iteration. It is also shown that the Mann iteration converges faster than the Ishikawa iteration to the fixed point of "Equation missing".
Criminality in Jeffersonian America — A Sample
Authors: Steel Edward M. 
Published: March 2007

A decade sample of criminal statistics, 1801-1810, has been compiled from the judicial records of Ohio County, Va. When this sample is compared with a similar compilation for contem porary Philadelphia, the figures indicate that the frontier area had more crimes of violence and fewer property crimes than the urban area. Offenses against public order were also more fre quent in the relatively unsettled area. Some comparisons of the same area across time (1801-1810 and 1960-1969) show that while the general crime rate has risen markedly, the rate of violent crime has declined while property crimes have increased. The analysis of offenses also raises the question of whether statistical records do not reflect social factors and political orga nization of the administration of justice as well as portraying criminal activity. Other samples of judicial criminal statistics should be exam ined to permit significant historical comparisons to be made.
Training Police Recruits for Service in the Urban Ghetto
Authors: Hughes John J. 
Published: March 2007

This article describes a social worker's experience in training a group of police recruits for the police department of a large eastern city. The group reflected a departmental recruitment policy directed toward both attracting personnel from outside the area and increasing the number of black officers on the force. The paper explores the implications of such recruitment for trainers and describes the author's efforts to operationalize them. Emphasis was placed both on the acculturation needs of officers recruited outside the local community and on the inter nal conflicts of the recruits (mostly black) from the city itself. With juvenile delinquency as its focus, training was directed primarily toward helping the men discover, identify, and practice appropriate patrol skills in dealing with juveniles. The trainer sought to encourage a more comprehensive view by introducing them to other components of the criminal justice system. Training methods were participative, concrete, experience- based, colloquial, and action-oriented; they including role-plays, field visits, buzz groups, a "ghetto glossary," outside interviews, and feedback, as well as lectures and readings. The dynamics of several of the approaches in this group are described and dis cussed. Recruits' feelings about their role, the department, and the community emerged vividly; of particular importance were the varied adjustments of black recruits to the opposing pulls of the ghetto and police cultures. Although the police system is not altogether sympathetic to ideal patrol functions, policemen will continue to require effec tive training in the exercise of the wide discretion inherent in their role.
Drug Abuse and the Court
Authors: Martin Gordon A. , Lewis David C. , Guarino Joseph , Fishman Robert 
Published: March 2007

Three Massachusetts district courts, the states's lowest courts with criminal jurisdiction, are examined as to their processing of drug offenses and the use of treatment resources available to their probation officers. In one court, the East Boston District Court, drug probationers were generally supervised by one probation officer who saw them regularly, knew their problems, and had special experience in the drug field and familiarity with available treatment resources. Twelve of the eighty-four drug probationers attended a nearby independent city clinic which provided methadone detoxification, methadone maintenance, and counseling. The East Boston drug probationer most fre quently was not more than twenty-five years old, a high school graduate, no stranger to the correctional system, and acquainted with heroin, barbiturates, and, to a lesser extent, marijuana. In the second court surveyed there were twice as many drug offenses as in East Boston but fewer heroin violations. None of its probation officers was particularly knowledgeable about drugs or drug rehabilitation efforts, and no drug offender had been referred for treatment. The third district court had a full-time psychiatrist to whom its probation officers referred some drug probationers. Of the three courts, it had the smallest number of recorded drug offens es, possibly because of protective families and schools in that community. Probationers were younger and violations generally involved marijuana. As courts and their probation staffs begin to work more closely with the multiple community-based treatment programs that are now emerging, probation officers should receive special training in the supervision of drug offenders.
Physical Property Modifications of Low-Density Polyethylene Foams
Authors: Skochdopole R.E. , Rubens L.C. 
Published: March 2007

The physical properties of a plastic foam can be related to a set of independent struc tural parameters or variables of the foam. The structural variables necessary to describe plastic foams are density, cell size, cell ge ometry, polymer phase composition, and gas phase composition. Experimental data are presented to demon strate the relationship of cell size, cell geom etry and polymer phase composition on the physical properties of polyethylene foams. Theories are presented to explain these rela tionships between structural variables and physical properties. The relationships between measured physi cal properties of flexible foams and some of the more general terms used to describe these foams (i.e., soft, flexible) are discussed.
The Fatigue of Flexible Urethane Foam
Authors: Kane Robert P. 
Published: March 2007

The static fatigue technique is the simplest effective test of loss of load bearing capacity with use. Good correlation between results of the static technique and in-use tests on poly ether slab mattresses and molded topper pads demonstrates that in-use performance can be predicted by its use. The mechanism of fatigue appears to in volve hydrogen bond rearrangement under stress with a return to the original alignment upon removal of the stress. The objective of minimizing realignment, and thereby mini mizing fatigue, may be accomplished by re ducing water content in the foam formulation and increasing the isocyanate index.
Solving Boundary Value Problems in Plate Deflection Theory
Authors: Bui Tien D. , Usmani Riaz A. 
Published: March 2007

Analysing the deflection of plates or beams generally requires the solution of a two-point boundary value probzem associated with an ordinary differential equation. Such problems can be solved by finite difference methods, by shooting techniques, or by spline approximation. We develop and analyse these three types of methods. We also cite sufficient conditions under which unique solutions of these boundary value problems exist and the requirements for obtaining solutions of various orders. Finite difference methods are easy to im plement, cheaper, and more accurate than the shooting methods of the same order. Spline methods are com parable to finite difference methods.
Digital Simulator for Allocating Firefighting Resources
Authors: Carroll John M. 
Published: March 2007

The problem of allocating firefighting resources is complicated by the existence of numerous criteria for measuring the adequacy of service and by differ ences in the equipment and capabilities of service units. Our simulator consists of one program that generates simulated events from historical data and a second program that processes the simulated data and produces statistics that describe the avail ability and utilization of firefighting resources. We are able to improve the accuracy with which the simulator reproduces historical data by: (1) factoring data concerning the occurrence of fire incidents into daily, monthly, and hourly components, (2) dividing a generalized exponential distribution of fire incident duration into response and time- dependent components, and (3) characterizing driving- time distributions as geographically dependent gamma functions. The simulator uses historical data available from fire departments. Example applica tions include evaluating alternative approaches to improving fire service in a particular area, invest igating the possible impact of a series of arson fires, and planning for urban growth.
Factor Screening in Computer Simulation
Authors: Smith Dennis E. , Mauro Carl A. 
Published: March 2007

In many simulation models, only a few input variables have a significant effect on the output. By identi fying those variables in some reasonable way, we could undoubtedly make the model simpler, more effi cient, cheaper to run, and easier to analyze. Factor screening methods attempt to identify the more important variables. The most effective methods, however, require more computer runs than are normally reasonable or affordable. Thus screening must usually be based on nonstandard designs not customarily dis cussed in standard statistical references. In this paper, we review and discuss the major classes of factor screening designs. We pay partic ular attention to two strategies that are useful when there are more factors than available runs. The first of these is group-screening, in which fac tors are grouped and tested in a multistage proce dure ; the other is based on a combination of random balance and Plackett-Burman designs. Unfortunately, the performance of a screening strategy is difficult to measure; the modeler must consider both how much it costs and how accurately it classifies factors. An artificial example illustrates the tradeoffs that the modeler must make.
Mast
Authors: Lenz John E. 
Published: March 2007

The MAnufacturing System Design Tool (MAST) is a simula tion aid for designing a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) involving machine tools. MAST models can represent a variety of hardware components and process control algorithms. This software control lets the designer study the compatibility of FMS hardware and software. MAST uses a free-formatted com puter filing system. Libraries of algorithms are available for alternative software control methods. MAST produces a system performance report which gives the percentage of time a part occupies a station, a storage posi tion, or a transporter. It also gives the average usage and cycle time of each type of pallet, each transporter's cycle time, and the percentage of time each station is busy, idle, or congested because in-process storage is unavailable. These data help the FMS designer to optimize system performance.
A computer simulation of launch procedures for a squadron of minuteman II ICBMs
Authors: Morawski Paul 
Published: March 2007

A computer model simulates the performance of the command and control system of a Minuteman II ICBM squadron. Instead of predicting hardware and weapons performance, it focuses upon how the squadron's launch rules and procedures affect the launch process when there is physical damage. Each of five modeled Launch Control Centers (LCCs) has nominal responsibility for one flight of 10 single-warhead missiles. This model simulates two types of command centers. Its Airborne Launch Control Center (ALCC) assumes control of missiles disconnected from the LCCs because of damage. Although this model currently runs by itself, it is designed to fit into an elaborated model containing levels of higher command authori ty, a coordinated bomber force, and a submarine-launched ballistic missile force. Results of a simple run are explained. Defense policy analysts in the Brookings Foreign Policy Studies Program will use this model and others like it as research tools.
Mathematical simulation of impact of birth control policies on Indian population system
Authors: Patil Mothiram K. , Janahanial P.S. , Ghista Dhanjoo N. 
Published: March 2007

A feedback control computer simulation model of the popula tion system of India is synthesized by using system dynamics methodology. The governing dynamic equations are solved us ing continuous system modelling program (CSMP) on IBM 370/155 computer. The model, for different birth control policies, reproduces the past history of the sytem accurately. It projects (up to the year 2026) the future growth of popula tion ; birth and death rates; age structure; and total couples to be covered for (1) different intensities of birth control, (2) in crease in marriage age, and (3) better distribution of income policies. The model could be used as a tool to evaluate alternate policies for long-term population planning and to make recommenda tions of suitable policies to reduce and stabilize the population within minimum time. This model provides national policy makers with a scientific basis to evaluate the impact of their policies and thus to select the optimal one.
Simulation of a desalination plant supplied by a photovoltaic array with management strategies*
Authors: Carlevaro Mario , Ciccarella Gianfranco , Del Maestro Giovanni , Di Domenico Donato 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a program developed to simulate and assess the project of a stand-alone seawater desalination plant fed by a photovoltaic array. Objectives of the program are to: • Define the correct dimension for some critical subsystems' models of the plant • Validate some design solutions chosen a priori • Compare different operation management strategies. Simulation of a yearly run of the plant meets the above objec tives, provided suitable models of the system hardware and operation control procedures are available. The program de veloped includes three main sections: (1) models of the system's major components (some models fit the operational character istic of the component, others are limited to the component's transfer function); (2) a stochastic model for prediction of the daily availability of solar energy, based upon the Markov-chain algorithm; and (3) systems control logic. The program has been used to simulate the annual operation of the system under different management strategies. Realistic input data was taken from records of observations from a near by meteorological station. The output data was the performance of the system in terms of electrical energy and drinkable water production in the year. The program was written in Fortran V, run on a Univac 1100/60 computer, and it occupies 11 Kbytes of memory. The simulation of one year of plant operation, with hourly steps, requires 425 Kbytes of memory for input and output data - the computation time amounts to about 9 s. The main routines structure allows utilisation in more general simulation programs in the area of conversion of natural energy resources.
Automatic VLSI layout simulation
Authors: Neubauer Clare Marie , Akers Lex A. 
Published: March 2007

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is gaining importance in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) design for three reasons: CAD reduces design time, minimizes cost, and controls complexity. This paper describes a CAD program, SPICEGEN, developed to extract a node list from a physical layout, allowing SPICE simula tion runs directly from a physical layout. SPICEGEN has been demonstrated to save Honeywell Large Computer Products Divi sion (LCPD) time at a reduced cost by identifying errors before the prototype IC's were manufactured. Furthermore, when SPICEGEN approved a layout, it was indeed correct and could be manufactured with yield the first time. SPICEGEN can be used alone or in conjunction with other available CAD tools. Although originally developed to run SPICE simulations, SPICEGEN has, as a bonus, an error report file. This file uncovers errors such as open circuits without running the SPICE simulation.
Dynamic simulation of the SLOWPOKE-3 nuclear heating reactor
Authors: Tseng Cheng-Min , Lepp Rudy M. 
Published: March 2007

A 2 MWth nuclear reactor, called SLOWPOKE-3 (Safe LOW- POwer Critical Experiment), is being developed at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories (CRNL). This pool-type reactor is cooled by natural circulation and is designed to produce hot water for commercial space heating and perhaps generate some electricity. It is intended for remote locations where the costs of alternative forms of energy are high. A dynamic simulation of this reactor, without closed-loop con trol, was developed and implemented on a hybrid computer, using the basic equations of reactor kinetics and of conserva tion of mass, energy and momentum. The natural circulation of downcomer flow in the pool was simulated using a special filter, capable of modeling various flow conditions. The simula tion was then used to study the intermediate and long-term tran sient response of SLOWPOKE-3 to large disturbances, such as loss of heat sink, loss of regulation, daily load following, and over- cooling of the reactor coolant. Results of the simulation show that the reactor is inherently stable and self-regulating and that none of these disturbances produce hazardous transients.
Systolic array simulation for quantification of speed/area parameters
Authors: Leung Yu-Ying J. , Shanblatt Michael A. 
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive circuit simulation of a VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) systolic array processor for band matrix triangula tion is developed. A systolic array structure is composed of sim ple, regularly connected processing elements configured to rap idly triangulate large, band form, linear equation systems. I/O circuit models are developed which provide operand demulti plexinglmultiplexing necessary to convert serial operand I/O, at the chip boundaries, to a parallel broadcasting of operands to/from the processing cells. The complete layout of the model is a tessellated design of pro cessing elements and I/O modules which ideally will be fabri cated on a single chip. Fundamental design parameters which may be manipulated in the simulation include a scalable litho graphic linewidth, the number of bits per word and matrix bandwidth. Comparisons are made of total propagation delay time and chip size versus matrix bandwidth. These results, in turn, lead to an assessment of the feasibility and advantages of this type of special- purpose VLSI computing structure.
Modeling neural networks in Scheme
Authors: Eilbert James L. , Salter Richard M. 
Published: March 2007

A system for simulating neural networks has been written in the LISP dialect, Scheme, using an object-oriented style of program ming, rather than the standard numerical techniques used in previous studies. Each node in the Scheme network represents either a neuron or a functional group of neurons, and can pass messages which trigger computations and actions in other nodes. The Scheme modeling approach overcomes two major problems inherent to the standard numerical approach. First, it provides a flexible environment for systematically studying the effects of perturbing a network's structure, response, or updating param eters. In fact, the Scheme system can recreate any previously studied neural network. Second, it allows the construction of hierarchical networks with several interacting levels. This system can handle hierarchical organization in a natural way, because a single node in a Scheme network can contain a model of an entire lower level of neural processing. The implementation of neural networks with hierarchical structure is significant because recent biological data suggests that this is the architecture which supports human cognition.
Dynamic simulation and phase plane analysis of entrained coal gasification
Authors: Cheng Shang-I. , Talbot Guy Richard 
Published: March 2007

Dynamic simulation and phase plane analysis techniques were used to examine the stability of an entrained coal gasifier. The mathematical model consists of a set of algebraic and ordinary differential equations which represent the time-dependent in terrelationships among reaction kinetics, heat transfers and mass transports; and the variable physical properties of both gaseous mixture and coal particles. For simplicity, the shift-reaction and volatilization were not considered in the study. This model is expected to be valid for dynamic simulation of gasification of char with low iron content and negligible shift reaction. During simulation the coupled differential equations are solved by the Adams-Moulton numerical integration technique. After the simulation is run to a steady state, the temperatures and composition of this system were perturbed in many com binations. The trajectories of variable changes were plotted in phase planes. It was noted that the system was stable for all the variable combinations tested. The effects of pure proportional control on the dynamics of the gasifier were examined. Such control resulted in a faster return to the steady-state conditions.
The Surface of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Tripp Verne W. , Moore Anna T. , Rollins Mary L. 
Published: March 2007

Microscopical studies of surface replicas of chemically finished or modified cotton fibers have shown that the characteristic surface of native cotton is often altered by various commercial and experimental treatments. While removal of the wax from the fiber sur face has little effect, scouring usually uncovers the fine cellulose fibrils of the primary or even secondary walls. Mercerization does not eliminate the rugosities of the native fiber surface. Additive finishes, including starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, colloidal silica, and acrylic polymer resins change the original fiber topography to an extent dependent on the amount applied. In general, particulate additives tend to concentrate in the grooves of the fiber surface when applied in dilute formulations, but cover most of the fiber surface at higher concentrations. Chemical modifications which increase the fiber cross sectional area make the fiber surface smoother, hut extensive swelling of the cellulose derivative during its preparation appears to create roughness in some modifications. Crease resistant finishes do not alter the fiber topography significantly.