bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pyrene as Chromophore and Electrophore: Encapsulation in a Rigid Polyphenylene Shell
Authors: Bernhardt Stefan , Kastler Marcel , Enkelmann Volker , Baumgarten Martin , Müllen Klaus 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStarting from the fourfold ethynyl‐substituted chromophore 1,3,6,8‐tetraethynylpyrene as core, a series of polyphenylene dendrimers was prepared in high yield by combining divergent and convergent growth methods. The fluorescence quantum yields (Qf>0.92) of the encapsulated pyrene chromophore were independent of the size of the polyphenylene shell. Fluorescence quenching studies and temperature‐dependent fluorescence spectroscopy were performed to investigate the site isolation of the core. They indicate that a second‐generation dendrimer layer is needed to efficiently shield the encapsulated pyrene and prevent aggregate formation. Alkali‐metal reduction of the encapsulated pyrene core was carried out to afford the corresponding pyrene radical anions, for which hampered electron transfer to the core was observed with increasing dendrimer generation, which is further proof of the site isolation due to the polyphenylene shell. To improve film formation and solubility of the material, solubilizing alkyl chains were introduced on the periphery of the spherical particles. Furthermore, highly transparent films obtained by a simple drop‐casting method showed blue emission mainly from the unaggregated species. The materials presented herein combine high quantum efficiency, good solubility, and improved film‐forming properties, which make them possible candidates for several applications in electronic devices.
Molecular characterization of Ciona sperm outer arm dynein reveals multiple components related to outer arm docking complex protein 2
Authors: Hozumi Akiko , Satouh Yuhkoh , Makino Yumiko , Toda Toshifusa , Ide Hiroyuki , Ogawa Kazuo , King Stephen M. , Inaba Kazuo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUsing proteomic and immunochemical techniques, we have identified the light and intermediate chains (IC) of outer arm dynein from sperm axonemes of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Ciona outer arm dynein contains six light chains (LC) including a leucine‐rich repeat protein, Tctex1‐ and Tctex2‐related proteins, a protein similar to Drosophila roadblock and two components related to Chlamydomonas LC8. No LC with thioredoxin domains is included in Ciona outer arm dynein. Among the five ICs in Ciona, three are orthologs of those in sea urchin dynein: two are WD‐repeat proteins and the third one, unique to metazoan sperm flagella, contains both thioredoxin and nucleoside diphosphate kinase modules. The remaining two Ciona ICs have extensive coiled coil structure and show sequence similarity to outer arm dynein docking complex protein 2 (DC2) that was first identified in Chlamydomonas flagella. We recently identified a third DC2‐like protein with coiled coil structure, Ci‐Axp66.0 that is also associated in substoichiometric amounts with Ciona outer arm dynein. In addition, Oda5p, a component of an additional complex required for assembly of outer arm dynein in Chlamydomonas flagella, also groups with this family of DC2‐like proteins. Thus, the assembly of outer arm dynein onto doublet microtubules involves multiple coiled‐coil proteins related to DC2. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consensus report of the International Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology on therapeutic progress in advanced pancreatic cancer
Authors: Hochster Howard S. , Haller Daniel G. , de Gramont Aimery , Berlin Jordan D. , Philip Philip A. , Moore Malcolm J. , Ajani Jaffer A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSince 1997, when gemcitabine showed superior clinical benefit to single‐agent5‐fluorouracil, it has remained the standard of care for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Numerous new agents, both cytotoxic and targeted, have been tested against this standard. Some trials showed improved response rates or progression free survival, but there was no clear improvement in survival. For the current report, those trial results were reviewed in depth for methodology, endpoints, and study characteristics. More recent studies have shown progress. Studies with combinations of gemcitabine and capecitabine and with the epidermal growth factor receptor antagoinist, erlotinib, have demonstrated survival benefits. Currently, studies of combinations with oxaliplatin, bevacizumab, and cetuximab are ongoing. Other targeted therapies also are considered for future clinical trials. Based on a comprehensive review of past trials, a consensus on endpoints in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and an approach to new trials is presented. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A prognostic model for advanced stage nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Mandrekar Sumithra J. , Schild Steven E. , Hillman Shauna L. , Allen Katie L. , Marks Randolph S. , Mailliard James A. , Krook James E. , Maksymiuk Andrew W. , Chansky Kari , Kelly Karen , Adjei Alex A. , Jett James R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.A pooled analysis was performed to examine the impact of pretreatment factors on overall survival (OS) and time to progression (TTP) in patients with advanced‐stage nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to construct a prediction equation for OS using pretreatment factors.METHODS.A pooled data set of 1053 patients from 9 North Central Cancer Treatment Group trials was used. Age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS), tumor stage (Stage IIIB vs. Stage IV), body mass index (BMI), creatinine level, hemoglobin (Hgb) level, white blood cell (WBC) count, and platelet count were evaluated for their prognostic significance in both univariate and multivariate analyses by using a Cox proportional‐hazards model.RESULTS.Patients who had high WBC counts, low Hgb levels, PS >0, BMI <18.5 kg/m2, and TNM Stage IV disease had significantly worse TTP and OS. Patients who had Stage IV disease with a high WBC count had a particularly poor prognosis. An equation to predict the OS of patients with Stage IV NSCLC based on pretreatment PS, BMI, Hgb level, and WBC count was constructed.CONCLUSIONS.In addition to the widely accepted prognostic factors of PS, BMI, and disease stage, both of the readily available laboratory parameters of Hgb level and WBC count were found to be significant prognostic factors for OS and TTP in patients with advanced‐stage NSCLC. The authors' prediction equation can be used to evaluate the benefit of a treatment in Phase II trials by comparing the observed survival of a cohort with its expected survival by using the patients' own prognostic factors in place of comparisons with historic data that may have substantially different baseline patient characteristics. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Homocysteine and vitamin B12 concentrations and mortality rates in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Looker Helen C. , Fagot‐Campagna Anne , Gunter Elaine W. , Pfeiffer Christine M. , Sievers Maurice L. , Bennett Peter H. , Nelson Robert G. , Hanson Robert L. , Knowler William C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the role of homocysteine as a risk factor for mortality in diabetic subjects.MethodsHomocysteine, vitamin B12, and folate concentrations were measured in stored sera of 396 diabetic Pima Indians aged ≥40 years when examined between 1982 and 1985. Vital status was assessed through 2001.Results and ConclusionsOver a median follow‐up of 15.7 years, there were 221 deaths—76 were due to cardiovascular disease (CVD), 36 to diabetes/nephropathy and 34 to infections. Homocysteine was positively associated with mortality from all causes (hazard rate ratio (HRR) for highest versus lowest tertile of homocysteine = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.46), from diabetes/nephropathy (HRR = 2.39, 95% CI 0.94–6.11) and from infectious diseases (HRR = 3.39, 95% CI 1.19–9.70), but not from CVD (HRR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.62–2.17) after adjustment for age, sex and diabetes duration. Homocysteine correlated with serum creatinine (r = 0.50), and the relationships with mortality rates were not significant after adjustment for creatinine. Vitamin B12 was positively associated with all‐cause mortality (HRR for 100 pg/mL difference adjusted for age, sex and diabetes duration = 1.15, 95% CI 1.08–1.22) and death from diabetes/nephropathy (HRR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.10–1.46). The association between homocysteine and mortality in type 2 diabetes is not causal, but is confounded by renal disease in Pima Indians. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nestin‐Cre transgenic mouse line Nes‐Cre1 mediates highly efficient Cre/loxP mediated recombination in the nervous system, kidney, and somite‐derived tissues
Authors: Dubois Nicole C. , Hofmann Denise , Kaloulis Kostas , Bishop J.M. , Trumpp Andreas 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHere we describe the generation of the Nes‐Cre1 transgenic mouse line in which Cre recombinase expression is controlled by the rat nestin promoter and intron 2 enhancer. This line has previously been used for conditional loss‐of‐function studies of various genes in the central nervous system and first branchial arch ectoderm. Here we report the detailed temporal and spatial recombination pattern of Nes‐Cre1 using three different reporters of Cre‐mediated recombination, ROSA26R (R26R), Z/AP, and Z/EG. Cre/loxP recombination was detected in embryos as early as the head‐fold stage. By embryonic day (E)15.5 recombination occurred in virtually all cells of the nervous system and unexpectedly also in somite‐derived tissues and kidneys. Tissues with little or no recombination included heart, liver, thymus, and lung. This study suggests that Nes‐Cre1‐mediated recombination occurs in progenitor cell types present in the neuroectoderm, the developing mesonephros, and the somites. genesis 44:355–360, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Power, optimism, and risk‐taking
Authors: Anderson Cameron , Galinsky Adam D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFive studies investigated the hypotheses that the sense of power increases optimism in perceiving risks and leads to more risky behavior. In Studies 1 and 2, individuals with a higher generalized sense of power and those primed with a high‐power mind‐set were more optimistic in their perceptions of risk. Study 3 primed the concept of power nonconsciously and found that both power and gain/loss frame had independent effects on risk preferences. In Study 4, those primed with a high‐power mind‐set were more likely to act in a risk‐seeking fashion (i.e., engage in unprotected sex). In Study 5, individuals with a higher sense of power in a face‐to‐face negotiation took more risks by divulging their interests. The effects of power on risk‐taking were mediated by optimistic risk perceptions and not by self‐efficacy beliefs. Further, these effects were attenuated when the high‐power individual felt a sense of responsibility. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the varieties of asymmetrical dependency: feelings, motives, behavior, and accuracy in a dyadic interaction
Authors: Hall Judith A. , Murphy Nora A. , Carney Dana R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAsymmetrical outcome dependency (AOD) has been theorized to produce feelings of powerlessness and anxiety, as well as a heightened motive to be interpersonally accurate. Thus far, the research on AOD has been conducted mainly among participants who were anticipating an outcome‐dependent interaction. Using both self‐report and behavioral measures, the present research investigated the feelings, motives, behavior, and interpersonal accuracy of participants engaged in dyadic task accomplishment under AOD, individual evaluation by the partner (EDP), individual evaluation by the experimenter (EDE), or no dependency. AOD participants showed relatively high levels of felt dominance, less attention to the partner, less happy affect, and less motivational investment than one or more of the other groups. EDP participants appeared to be most interested in being accurate and in making a good impression. No group differences were observed for interpersonal accuracy or anxiety. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of prejudice level and social influence strategy on powerful people's responding to racial out‐group members
Authors: Vescio Theresa K. , Gervais Sarah J. , Heidenreich Swen , Snyder Mark 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis research tested the hypothesis that the responding of high, but not low, prejudice White Americans would vary as a function of manipulations of powerful people's attention to subordinate strengths that facilitate goal strivings versus weaknesses that block goals. To examine this possibility, White participants were assigned to leader roles and an interaction with a low power Black ‘employee’ was staged. Consistent with predictions, findings revealed that high prejudice White participants who were attentive to subordinate strengths and goal strivings versus subordinate weaknesses and blocked goals, evaluated and treated a Black employee more positively. The responding of low prejudice participants did not, however, vary as a function of attention to strengths and goal facilitation versus weaknesses and blocked goals. Findings suggest that stereotypes of the groups to which low power people belong influence powerful people's judgment and behavior when stereotypes are endorsed by powerful people and match powerful people's goals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Striving for personal power as a basis for social power dynamics
Authors: van Dijke Marius , Poppe Matthijs 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt has often been proposed that people are intrinsically motivated to gain or increase power over others. We argue that theoretical underpinnings of such a claim are lacking. Moreover, empirical support for this claim is more convincingly explained by strivings to increase one's sense of agency (personal power) by decreasing dependence on others, rather than by strivings to increase power over others (social power). In two experiments, we directly tested the explanatory value of the personal power concept. In Experiment 1, participants performed a decision‐making task, together with a (simulated) other person. The power of the two persons over each other was manipulated orthogonally by varying the control they had over each other's decisions. As expected, the participants mostly increased their personal power, by decreasing their dependence on the other person's power. They did not increase their social power but even decreased it when they were very superior themselves. Comparable findings were obtained in Experiment 2, in which participants interacted with another person whose decisions conflicted with those made by the participant. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holding onto power: effects of powerholders' positional instability and expectancies on interactions with subordinates
Authors: Georgesen John , Harris Monica J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study explores the effects of power, positional threat, and expectancies on interactions between powerholders and subordinates. Two hundred and forty‐two participants were randomly assigned to power role (boss or employee). Bosses were further randomly assigned to levels of positional threat (power role secure or insecure) and expectancy regarding subordinates' problem‐solving ability (negative or positive). Evidence for a self‐fulfilling prophecy was obtained, such that dyads where bosses held negative expectancies of their subordinates rated the subordinate and experience most negatively and awarded less potential prize money to the subordinates. Expectancy interacted with positional threat in a consistent manner such that the most negative effects were obtained for dyads where bosses were both positionally threatened and held negative expectancies of subordinates. Implications for theories of power are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Sandwich Immunoassay for Vitellogenin by Sequential Injection Analysis Using Antibody Immobilized Magnetic Microbeads
Authors: Hirakawa Koji , Katayama Masaaki , Soh Nobuaki , Nakano Koji , Ohura Hiroki , Yamasaki Sumio , Imato Toshihiko 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA rapid and sensitive sandwich immunoassay based on a sequential injection analysis (SIA) for the determination of carp vitellogenin (Vg) is described. The SIA system was constructed from a syringe pump, a multiposition valve, a flow‐through type immunoreaction cell equipped with a magnet and an amperometric detector. Magnetic microbeads immobilized with an anti‐Vg monoclonal antibody (primary antibody) were used as a solid support. The primary antibody was immobilized on magnetic microbeads by coupling the primary antibody with a polylactic acid‐layer, which was coated on the surface of the magnetic beads, after activated with N‐hydroxysuccinimide. The introduction, trapping and flushing out of the magnetic microbeads in the immunoreaction cell were controlled by the magnet and the flow of the carrier solution. After the primary antibody‐immobilized magnetic beads were introduced and trapped in the immunoreaction cell, a Vg sample solution, an alkaline phosphatase (AP)‐labeled anti‐Vg polyclonal antibody (secondary antibody) solution and a p‐aminophenyl phosphate (PAPP) solution were sequentially introduced into the immunoreaction cell based on an SIA programmed sequence. Vg was determined by the electrochemical detection of p‐aminophenol (PAP), an enzymatic product of PAPP via the action by AP labeled on the secondary antibody. A solution containing PAP, which was generated in the immunoreaction cell and transiently held in a holding coil, was transported to the amperometric detector and the oxidation current of PAP on a working electrode applied at +0.20 V was measured. A sigmoidal calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range from 1 ppb to 500 ppb in a plot of oxidation current against the logarithm of the Vg concentration. The lower detection limit of the immunoassay was about 2–3 ppb. The time required for an analysis was ca. 15 min/sample.
General Kinetic Model for Amperometric Sensors Based on Prussian Blue Mediator and Its Analogs: Application to Cysteine Detection
Authors: Chen Lin‐Chi , Tseng Kuei‐Sheng , Ho Kuo‐Chuan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPrussian blue (PB) and its analogs, such as indium hexacyanoferrate (InHCF), can serve as artificial oxidases and mediate electron transfer from electrodes to analytes rapidly. Hence they are playing a growing role in the biosensor field. To gain further insight into the PB‐based amperometric sensors, a general kinetic model for the prediction of sensing current has been developed in this work. The model takes both effects of analyte diffusion and electrocatalytic reaction into consideration and defines a dimensionless system constant, θ°, in order to compare the surface catalytic rate with the analyte diffusion rate. Consequently, the mathematical expression of sensing current, I, is derived as follows:
Amperometric Detection of Cysteine at an In3+ Stabilized Indium Hexacyanoferrate Modified Electrode
Authors: Tseng Kuei‐Sheng , Chen Lin‐Chi , Ho Kuo‐Chuan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis research focuses on the stabilization of indium hexacyanoferrate (InHCF) modified electrode in aqueous solution and the amperometric detection of cysteine (Cys). It was found that the stability of the InHCF modified electrode in the aqueous solution could be improved upon adding In3+ in the solution. EQCM experiments verified that such an In3+ addition greatly inhibited an oxidized InHCF thin film's dissociation and thus considerably stabilizes the InHCF modified electrode. The amperometric detection was performed by the application of a static potential at 1.2 V, with the sampling time at 30 s. The sampled current was linearly dependent on [Cys] when [Cys] was ranged from 100 μM to 1 mM. The sampled current approached a plateau gradually with the increase in the concentration of cysteine. The trend of calibration curve at the InHCF modified electrode generally follows the Michaelis–Menten type kinetics, and Km and vmax were calculated to be 3.86 mM and 30.2 μA, respectively, from the Lineweaver–Burke plot. In addition, the amperometric detection was reversible and reproducible with relative standard deviations of 2.79%.
Nitrate‐Selective Solid Contact Electrodes with Poly(3‐octylthiophene) and Poly(aniline) as Ion‐to‐Electron Transducers Buffered with Electron‐Ion‐Exchanging Resin
Authors: Khripoun Galina A. , Volkova Elina A. , Liseenkov Artiom V. , Mikhelson Konstantin N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe study of nitrate selective solid contact electrodes containing poly(3‐octyl)thiophene and poly(aniline) demonstrated the advantage of buffering the transducing layer with electron‐ion‐exchanging resin. The buffering, in particular in the case of poly(aniline) doped with nitrate anions ensured significant improvement of the long‐term stability and piece‐to‐piece reproducibility of the electrode potentials. It is shown that the redox species causes potential drift after a long time delay, probably because of slow diffusion in the membrane bulk.
Amperometric Sensor for Heparin: Sensing Mechanism and Application in Human Blood Plasma Analysis
Authors: Langmaier Jan , Olšák Jiří , Samcová Eva , Samec Zdeněk , Trojánek Antonín 
Published: July 2006

AbstractVoltammetric measurements of heparin at a rotating glassy carbon (GC) electrode coated with a polyvinylchloride membrane are reported. A spin‐coating technique is used to prepare thin membranes (20–40 μm) with a composition of 25% (w/w) PVC, 1,1′‐dimethylferrocene as a reference electron donor for the GC|membrane interface, nitrophenyl octyl ether (o‐NPOE) or bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS) as a plasticizer, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium tetrakis(4‐chlorophenyl) borate (HTMATPBCl) or tridodecylmethylammonium tetrakis(4‐chlorophenyl) borate (TDMATPBCl) as a background electrolyte. It is shown that the electrodes coated with either the HTMA+/o‐NPOE (DOS) or TDMA+/o‐NPOE (DOS) membrane provide a comparable amperometric response towards heparin (1–10 U mL−1) in the aqueous solution of 0.1 M LiCl. However, only the membranes formulated with TDMATPBCl can be used for an amperometric assay of heparin in human blood plasma with a detection limit of 0.2 U mL−1. Effects of membrane composition, heparin concentration, rotation speed and sweep rate on the voltammetric behavior of heparin provide some insight into the sensing mechanism. Theoretical analysis of the amperometric response is outlined, and the numeric simulation of the voltammetric behavior is presented.
Ionic Liquids Plasticize and Bring Ion‐Sensing Ability to Polymer Membranes of Selective Electrodes
Authors: Shvedene Natalia V. , Chernyshov Denis V. , Khrenova Maria G. , Formanovsky Andrey A. , Baulin Vladimir E. , Pletnev Igor V. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDue to the polymer plasticizing ability and ionic nature of ionic liquids (bistrifluoromethanesulfonimidate salts of 1‐butyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium and dodecylethyldiphenylphosphonium, BDMIm Tf2N and DEDPP Tf2N, respectively), they were found to be excellent compounds for preparing ion‐selective membrane electrodes. Membrane polymers studied were poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinyl chloride). The electrodes demonstrated good and extremely stable response to both cations and anions (including surfactants) and were successfully applied to the analysis of detergents.