bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-Way Air–Sea Coupling: A Study of the Adriatic
Authors: Pullen Julie , Doyle James D. , Signell Richard P. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
High-resolution numerical simulations of the Adriatic Sea using the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) and Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) were conducted to examine the impact of the coupling strategy (one versus two way) on the ocean and atmosphere model skill, and to elucidate dynamical aspects of the coupled response. Simulations for 23 September–23 October 2002 utilized 2- and 4-km resolution grids for the ocean and atmosphere, respectively. During a strong wind and sea surface cooling event, cold water fringed the west and north coasts in the two-way coupled simulation (where the atmosphere interacted with SST generated by the ocean model) and attenuated by approximately 20% of the cross-basin extension of bora-driven upward heat fluxes relative to the one-way coupled simulation (where the atmosphere model was not influenced by the ocean model). An assessment of model results using remotely sensed and in situ measurements of ocean temperature along with overwater and coastal wind observations showed enhanced skill in the two-way coupled model. In particular, the two-way coupled model produced spatially complex SSTs after the cooling event that compared more favorably (using mean bias and rms error) with satellite multichannel SST (MCSST) and had a stabilizing effect on the atmosphere. As a consequence, mean mixing was suppressed by over 20% in the atmospheric boundary layer and more realistic mean 10-m wind speeds were produced during the monthlong two-way coupled simulation.
A Case Study of Downstream Baroclinic Development over the North Pacific Ocean. Part I: Dynamical Impacts
Authors: Danielson Richard E. , Gyakum John R. , Straub David N. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The impact of eddy energy growth and radiation from a western North Pacific cyclone on the intensity of an eastern North Pacific cyclone a few days later is examined. Associated with the western cyclone is an upstream ridge and trough couplet, initially over Siberia on 8 March 1977. The amplitude of this couplet is perturbed in 5-day numerical simulations of the two marine cyclones. Balanced initial conditions are created by potential vorticity inversion. The magnitude of the upper-level couplet governs much of the subsequent growth of eddy energy in the western cyclone as well as the propagation of eddy energy between the two cyclones. This culminates in measurable changes in the maximum intensity of the eastern surface cyclone. The broader question of the sensitivity of this cyclone to upstream perturbations is also briefly addressed.
Applying dynamic Bayesian networks to perturbed gene expression data
Authors: Dojer Norbert , Gambin Anna , Mizera Andrzej , Wilczyński Bartek , Tiuryn Jerzy 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
A central goal of molecular biology is to understand the regulatory mechanisms of gene transcription and protein synthesis. Because of their solid basis in statistics, allowing to deal with the stochastic aspects of gene expressions and noisy measurements in a natural way, Bayesian networks appear attractive in the field of inferring gene interactions structure from microarray experiments data. However, the basic formalism has some disadvantages, e.g. it is sometimes hard to distinguish between the origin and the target of an interaction. Two kinds of microarray experiments yield data particularly rich in information regarding the direction of interactions: time series and perturbation experiments. In order to correctly handle them, the basic formalism must be modified. For example, dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) apply to time series microarray data. To our knowledge the DBN technique has not been applied in the context of perturbation experiments.

Results
We extend the framework of dynamic Bayesian networks in order to incorporate perturbations. Moreover, an exact algorithm for inferring an optimal network is proposed and a discretization method specialized for time series data from perturbation experiments is introduced. We apply our procedure to realistic simulations data. The results are compared with those obtained by standard DBN learning techniques. Moreover, the advantages of using exact learning algorithm instead of heuristic methods are analyzed.

Conclusion
We show that the quality of inferred networks dramatically improves when using data from perturbation experiments. We also conclude that the exact algorithm should be used when it is possible, i.e. when considered set of genes is small enough.
Synaptic depression and short-term habituation are located in the sensory part of the mammalian startle pathway
Authors: Simons-Weidenmaier Nadine S , Weber Maruschka , Plappert Claudia F , Pilz Peter KD , Schmid Susanne 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundShort-term habituation of the startle response represents an elementary form of learning in mammals. The underlying mechanism is located within the primary startle pathway, presumably at sensory synapses on giant neurons in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC). Short trains of action potentials in sensory afferent fibers induce depression of synaptic responses in PnC giant neurons, a phenomenon that has been proposed to be the cellular correlate for short-term habituation. We address here the question whether both this synaptic depression and the short-term habituation of the startle response are localized at the presynaptic terminals of sensory afferents. If this is confirmed, it would imply that these processes take place prior to multimodal signal integration, rather than occurring at postsynaptic sites on PnC giant neurons that directly drive motor neurons.ResultsPatch-clamp recordingsin vitrowere combined with behavioral experiments; synaptic depression was specific for the input pathway stimulated and did not affect signals elicited by other sensory afferents. Concordant with this, short-term habituation of the acoustic startle response in behavioral experiments did not influence tactile startle response amplitudes and vice versa. Further electrophysiological analysis showed that the passive properties of the postsynaptic neuron were unchanged but revealed some alterations in short-term plasticity during depression. Moreover, depression was induced only by trains of presynaptic action potentials and not by single pulses. There was no evidence for transmitter receptor desensitization. In summary, the data indicates that the synaptic depression mechanism is located presynaptically.ConclusionOur electrophysiological and behavioral data strongly indicate that synaptic depression in the PnC as well as short-term habituation are located in the sensory part of the startle pathway, namely at the axon terminals of sensory afferents in the PnC. Our results further corroborate the link between synaptic depression and short-term habituation of the startle response.
Perceived quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder: related factors
Authors: Rodriguez-Salgado Beatriz , Dolengevich-Segal Helen , Arrojo-Romero Manuel , Castelli-Candia Paola , Navio-Acosta Mercedes , Perez-Rodriguez Maria M , Saiz-Ruiz Jeronimo , Baca-Garcia Enrique 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects young adults and has great impact on the social, emotional and work spheres.

Methods
We measured perceived quality of life (QOL) in OCD patients, in order to analyse socio-demographic and clinical factors that may be associated with QOL perception. 64 OCD outpatients were assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for DSM-IV, the Yale-Brown Obsessions and Compulsions scale (Y-BOCS), Hamilton's depression scale and the SF-36 self-administered global QOL perception scale.

Results
We found a correlation among Hamilton's scale scores and all SF-36 subscales. The severity of the obsessive-compulsive disorder was correlated with all SF-36 subscales and with the highest scores in Hamilton's scale. The obsessions subscale was correlated to all SF-36 subscales, while the compulsions subscale was correlated only to social functioning, emotional role, mental health and vitality. Compulsions were not related to general health perception. There were significant differences between OCD patients and the Spanish general population in all SF-36 subscales except those related to physical health and pain. Gender, age, age of onset of the disorder, years of evolution and marital status of the patients did not significantly affect quality of life perception. Being employed was related to better scores in the subscale of physical role. Patients with medical comorbidity scored lower in the subscales of general health, social functioning and mental health. Patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders had worse scores in the subscales of pain, general health, social functioning and mental health.

Conclusion
Quality of life perception was different in OCD patients and the general population. Quality of life perception was related to severity of the disorder, physical and psychiatric comorbidity and employment status.
A survey of the use of electronic scientific information resources among medical and dental students
Authors: Romanov Kalle , Aarnio Matti 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
To evaluate medical and dental students' utilization of electronic information resources.

Methods
A web survey sent to 837 students (49.9% responded).

Results
Twenty-four per cent of medical students and ninteen per cent of dental students searched MEDLINE 2+ times/month for study purposes, and thiry-two per cent and twenty-four per cent respectively for research. Full-text articles were used 2+ times/month by thirty-three per cent of medical and ten per cent of dental students. Twelve per cent of respondents never utilized either MEDLINE or full-text articles. In multivariate models, the information-searching skills among students were significantly associated with use of MEDLINE and full-text articles.

Conclusion
Use of electronic resources differs among students. Forty percent were non-users of full-text articles. Information-searching skills are correlated with the use of electronic resources, but the level of basic PC skills plays not a major role in using these resources. The student data shows that adequate training in information-searching skills will increase the use of electronic information resources.
Duodenum preserving pancreatectomy in chronic pancreatitis: Design of a randomized controlled trial comparing two surgical techniques [ISRCTN50638764]
Authors: Köninger Jörg , Seiler Christoph M , Wente Moritz N , Reidel Margot A , Gazyakan Emre , Mansmann Ulrich , Müller Michael W , Friess Helmut , Büchler Markus W 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Chronic pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease which is characterized by an irreversible conversion of pancreatic parenchyma to fibrous tissue. Beside obstructive jaundice and pseudocyst formation, about half of the patients need surgical intervention due to untreatable chronic pain during the course of the disease. In most of the patients with chronic pancreatitis, the head of the pancreas is the trigger of the chronic inflammatory process. Therefore, resection of pancreatic head tissue must be the central part of any surgical intervention. However, it is unclear to which extent the surgical procedure must be radical in order to obtain a favourable outcome for the patients.

Design
A single centre randomized controlled, superiority trial to compare two techniques of duodenum preserving pancreatic head resection. Sample size: 65 patients will be included and randomized intraoperatively. Eligibility criteria: All patients with chronic pancreatitis and indication for surgical resection and signed informed consent. Cumulative primary endpoint (hierarchical model): duration of surgical procedure, quality of life after one year, duration of intensive care unit stay, duration of hospital stay. Reference treatment: Resection of the pancreatic head with dissection of the pancreas from the portal vein and transsection of the gland (Beger procedure). Intervention: Partial Resection of the pancreatic head without transsection of the organ and visualization of the portal vein (Berne procedure).
Duration: September 2003-October 2007.

Organisation/responsibility
The trial is conducted in compliance with the protocol and in accordance with the moral, ethical, regulatory and scientific principles governing clinical research as set out in the Declaration of Helsinki (1989) and the Good Clinical Practice guideline (GCP). The Center for Clinical Studies of the Department of Surgery Heidelberg is responsible for planning, conducting and final analysis of the trial.
2006 Update of Recommendations for the Use of White Blood Cell Growth Factors: An Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Smith Thomas J. , Khatcheressian James , Lyman Gary H. , Ozer Howard , Armitage James O. , Balducci Lodovico , Bennett Charles L. , Cantor Scott B. , Crawford Jeffrey , Cross Scott J. , Demetri George , Desch Christopher E. , Pizzo Philip A. , Schiffer Charles A. , Schwartzberg Lee , Somerfield Mark R. , Somlo George , Wade James C. , Wade James L. , Winn Rodger J. , Wozniak Antoinette J. , Wolff Antonio C. 
Published: May 2006

Purpose To update the 2000 American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline on the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors (CSF). Update Methodology The Update Committee completed a review and analysis of pertinent data published from 1999 through September 2005. Guided by the 1996 ASCO clinical outcomes criteria, the Update Committee formulated recommendations based on improvements in survival, quality of life, toxicity reduction and cost-effectiveness. Recommendations The 2005 Update Committee agreed unanimously that reduction in febrile neutropenia (FN) is an important clinical outcome that justifies the use of CSFs, regardless of impact on other factors, when the risk of FN is approximately 20% and no other equally effective regimen that does not require CSFs is available. Primary prophylaxis is recommended for the prevention of FN in patients who are at high risk based on age, medical history, disease characteristics, and myelotoxicity of the chemotherapy regimen. CSF use allows a modest to moderate increase in dose-density and/or dose-intensity of chemotherapy regimens. Dose-dense regimens should only be used within an appropriately designed clinical trial or if supported by convincing efficacy data. Prophylactic CSF for patients with diffuse aggressive lymphoma aged 65 years and older treated with curative chemotherapy (CHOP or more aggressive regimens) should be given to reduce the incidence of FN and infections. Current recommendations for the management of patients exposed to lethal doses of total body radiotherapy, but not doses high enough to lead to certain death due to injury to other organs, includes the prompt administration of CSF or pegylated G-CSF.
Validation of the Soft Tissue Restraints in a Force-Controlled Knee Simulator
Authors: Houtem M van , Clough R , Khan A , Harrison M , Blunn G W 
Published: May 2006

In vitro testing of total knee replacements (TKRs) is important both at the design stage and after the production of the final components. It can predict long-term in vivo wear of TKRs. The two philosophies for knee testing are to drive the motion by displacement or to drive the motion by force. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. For force control an accurate simulation of soft tissue restraints is required. This study was devised to assess the accuracy of the soft tissue restraints of the force-controlled Stanmore knee simulator in simulating the restraining forces of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). In order to do this, human cadaver knee joints were subjected to the ISO Standard Walking Cycle. The resulting kinematics were monitored when the soft tissue structures were intact, when the ACL and PCL were resected, and when they were simulated by springs positioned anteriorly and posteriorly. The stiffness of the springs was determined from the literature. Two different stiffnesses of springs were used which were 7.24 N/mm (designated as soft springs) and 33.8 N/mm (designated as hard springs). All the intact knees showed displacements that were within the range of the machine. Cutting the ACL and PCL resulted in anterior and posterior motion and internal external rotation that were significantly greater than the intact knee. Results showed that when the ACL and PCL were cut hard springs positioned anterior and posterior to the knee returned the knee to near normal anterior-posterior (AP) motion. Using hard springs in the posterior position in any condition reduced rotational displacements. Therefore using springs in a force-controlled simulator is a compromise. More accuracy may be obtained using springs that are of intermediate stiffness.
Precombustion Chamber NOx Emission Contribution to an Industrial Natural Gas Engine
Authors: Gingrich J W , Olsen D B , Puzinauskas P , Willson B D 
Published: May 2006

This work expands the knowledge base concerning the formation of oxides of nitrogen (NO x) in the precombustion chamber (PCC) of a four-stroke lean burn (4SLB) industrial gas engine. Two analysis methods were used to characterize specific exhaust constituent concentrations formed in the PCC. The first method extracted gas from the PCC and the overall engine exhaust to be analysed by the industry standard five gas rack (THC, NO x, O 2, CO 2, and CO) and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) to quantify formaldehyde (CH2O), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. This paper focuses only on NO x. The engine was operated at the manufacturer's recommended conditions and at the engine's lean limit. A PCC air-fuel ratio (A/F) map was performed at each engine operating condition by varying the fuel supply pressure to the PCC. An analytical model was developed to estimate the mass flow between the PCC and main cylinder, and mass flow out of the PCC through a sample extraction apparatus. The model was applied at specific instances during the engine cycle to clarify raw emissions data obtained directly from a cylinde's PCC. The model was developed to determine the origin of the mass sampled from the PCC which, in turn, was used to correct the measured pollutant concentrations. The corrected concentrations allowed for a comparison between NO x, emissions formed in the PCC and the overall engine exhaust on a mass specific basis. PCC-formed NO x, were found to constitute ε10 per cent while operating at the manufacture's recommended conditions and upwards of ε75 per cent when at the lean limit. The second test method utilized the high-speed chemiluminescence capabilities of a Cambustion fNOX400 analyser to measure NO concentration in gas extracted from the PCC on a half crank angle basis. The intra-cycle NO data were recorded simultaneously with pressure traces from the PCC and main cylinder by a Hi-Techniques combustion analysis system. The high-speed data acquisition system provided qualitative information on both intra-cycle NO concentrations and cycle-to-cycle variations.
Enhanced Evolution of CO and Suppressed Formation of Hydrocarbons in Electroreduction of CO2 at a Copper Electrode Modified with Cadmium
Authors: Hori Yoshio , Murata Akira , Ito Shin-ya 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Copper electrode modified with Cd was studied for reduction of CO2 in 0.1 M KHCO3 solution by in-situ deposition. Reduction of CO2 to CH4 and C2H4 is heavily prevented by a small amount of Cd with CO release significantly promoted. Anode stripping showed that Cd exists as adatoms.
Palladium Catalyzed Transformation of Benzene to Phenol with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Jintoku Tetsuro , Nishimura Koichi , Takaki Ken , Fujiwara Yuzo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Very high turnover numbers of the catalyst in direct phenol synthesis from benzene have been attained using palladium catalyst, to give 25% yield of phenol based on the starting benzene.
A Short and Efficient Synthetic Method for the Corticosteroid Side-Chain from 17-Keto Steroids
Authors: Kataoka Hideaki , Watanabe Kiyoshi , Miyazaki Ken-ichi , Tahara Shin-ichiro , Ogu Ken-ichi , Matsuoka Rikitaro , Goto Kuniaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
21-Acyloxy-16(17)-ene-20-keto steroids were synthesized from 17-keto steroids in 4 steps using palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative rearrangement of propargyl esters as a key reaction.
N-Benzyl Pyridinium Salts as New Useful Catalysts for Transformation of Epoxides to Cyclic Acetals, Orthoesters, and Orthocarbonates
Authors: Lee Sang-Bong , Takata Toshikazu , Endo Takeshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In the presence of catalytic amount of N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-cyanopyridinium hexafluoroantimonate, the reaction of a few epoxides with aldehydes, ketones, lactones, and carbonates efficiently afforded corresponding cyclic acetals, orthoesters, and Orthocarbonates under mild conditions.
Isoporphyrins. Near-Infrared Dyes with Noticeable Photochemical and Redox Properties
Authors: Takeda Yoshihiko , Takahara Shigeru , Kobayashi Yoshiko , Misawa Hiroaki , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
An isoporphyrin prepared by the action of dibenzoyl peroxide on 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphinatozinc(II) (ZnTPP) shows absorption bands in the near-infrared region, is photolyzed to afford ZnTPP, and is facilely reduced by amines to ZnTPP.
Nepalensolide A, Novel Sesquiterpene Lactone from the Liverwort Frullania nepalensis. Compound Breaking the Samek Rule. A Study by NOE and X-Ray
Authors: Tori Motoo , Miyazaki Naomi , Kondo Keiko , Taira Zenei , Asakawa Yoshinori 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The structure of a new sesquiterpene lactone, nepalensolide A, from the liverwort Frullania nepalensis has been determined by spectroscopic considerations and X-ray analysis. Since the compound does not obey the Samek rule, the conformation has to be considered when we use this rule.
Self-Assembly of a Twin Liquid Crystalline Complex through Intermolecular Hydrogen Bondings
Authors: Kato Takashi , Fujishima Akira , Fréchet Jean M J 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new type of twin liquid crystalline complex having two terminal mesogenic units and a central flexible spacer has been formed through intermolecular hydrogen bonds between a nonmesogenic aliphatic diacid and mesogenic stilbazoles.
Samarium(II) Di-iodide Induced Synthesis of Allylic Phenyl Selenides from Allylic Acetates and Diphenyl Diselenide in the Presence of Palladium Catalyst
Authors: Fukuzawa Shin-ichi , Fujinami Tatsuo , Sakai Shizuyoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Allylic phenyl selenides are prepared efficiently from the reaction of allylic acetates and diphenyl diselenide induced by samarium(II) diiodide in the presence of a palladium catalyst under mild conditions.
The Aztec Templo Mayor — A Visualization
Authors: Serrato-Combe Antonio 
Published: May 2006

This article documents research in the field of virtual reconstructions of the past. It makes the point that in order to truly develop the bases of a solid appreciation of cultural patrimonies, historic virtual reconstructions need to incorporate a willingness to achieve higher digital modeling and rendering qualities. And, they should also be well integrated into history courses at all education levels and through a variety of means of communication. In other words, our ability to explore, to interpret and to appropriately use digital tools needs to aspire to greater and more penetrating abilities to reconstruct the past. As a case study, the paper presents the theoretical reconstruction of the Aztec Templo Mayor in Mexico (1). The presentation describes how a variety of digital approaches was used to grasp and appreciate the very significant architectural contributions of the early inhabitants of the Americas.