bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Simulations of the Effects of Altered AMP‐Kinase Activity on INa and the Action Potential in Rat Ventricle
Authors: BAZZAZI H. , CLARK R.B. , GILES W.R. 
Published: April 2006

Introduction: Alterations in the activity of a so‐called “metabolic switch” enzyme, adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMP kinase), in mammalian heart contribute to the conduction abnormalities and rhythm disturbances in the settings of Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome and ventricular pre‐excitation. A recent study by Light et al. has shown that augmented AMP kinase activity can alter the biophysical properties of mammalian cardiac sodium currents. These experiments involved an electrophysiological analysis following heterologous expression of human Nav1.5 in tsA201 cells. Constitutive activation of AMP kinase followed by co‐transfection caused: (i) a hyperpolarizing shift in the activation curve for INa, (ii) a small change in the voltage dependence of steady‐state inactivation, and (iii) a significant slowing in the rate of inactivation of INa. Methods and Results: We have attempted to simulate these results using our mathematical model of the membrane action potential of the adult rat ventricular myocyte. The changes in INa produced by AMP kinase activation and/or overexpression can be reconstructed mathematically by altering two rate constants in a Markovian model that governs the INa kinetics. Simulated macroscopic INa records in which a fraction (10–100%) of the Na+ channels had the appropriate rate constants for two state‐dependent transitions increased by a factor of 100‐fold exhibited: (i) slowed inactivation, (ii) a shift in steady‐state activation to more hyperpolarized membrane potentials, and (iii) a very small change in the voltage dependence of steady‐state inactivation. Summary: Thus, straightforward modifications of a previously published kinetic scheme for the time and voltage dependence of mammalian heart INa, when incorporated into a mathematical model for the rat ventricular action potential can reproduce the main features of these AMP kinase‐induced modifications in INa in mammalian ventricle. Ongoing mathematical simulations are directed toward developing formulations that mimic the molecular mechanisms for the AMP kinase effects, e.g., changes in the kinetics of INa resulting from selective phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of sites on the alpha or beta subunits which comprise human Nav1.5. Thereafter, incorporation of these changes into a mathematical model for the action potential of the human ventricular myocyte is planned.
Proprotein convertase furin is preferentially expressed in T helper 1 cells and regulates interferon gamma
Authors: Pesu Marko , Muul Linda , Kanno Yuka , O'Shea John J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInterleukin 12 (IL-12) is a major inducer of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and the principal mediator of T helper 1 (Th1) differentiation. To identify IL-12–regulated genes, which might contribute to Th1 differentiation and IFNG regulation, we employed microarray analysis. Surprisingly, a ubiquitously expressed proprotein convertase (PC), furin, was one of the most consistently IL-12–induced genes in T cells, and among PCs was the only one regulated by this cytokine. Furin was preferentially expressed in differentiated Th1 cells in a Stat4-dependent manner. Expression of furin enhanced IFN-γ secretion, whereas inhibition of furin interfered with IFN-γ production. Thus, we conclude that IL-12 induction of furin might represent a new aspect of IFN-γ regulation and control of Th1 differentiation.
Transcription profiles of non-immortalized breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Fernandez-Cobo Mariana , Holland James F , Pogo Beatriz GT 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Searches for differentially expressed genes in tumours have made extensive use of array technology. Most samples have been obtained from tumour biopsies or from established tumour-derived cell lines. Here we compare cultures of non-immortalized breast cancer cells, normal non-immortalized breast cells and immortalized normal and breast cancer cells to identify which elements of a defined set of well-known cancer-related genes are differentially expressed.

Methods
Cultures of cells from pleural effusions or ascitic fluids from breast cancer patients (MSSMs) were used in addition to commercially-available normal breast epithelial cells (HMECs), established breast cancer cell lines (T-est) and established normal breast cells (N-est). The Atlas Human Cancer 1.2 cDNA expression array was employed. The data obtained were analysed using widely-available statistical and clustering software and further validated through real-time PCR.

Results
According to Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM) and AtlasImage software, 48 genes differed at least 2-fold in adjusted intensities between HMECs and MSSMs (p < 0.01). Some of these genes have already been directly linked with breast cancer, metastasis and malignant progression, whilst others encode receptors linked to signal transduction pathways or are otherwise related to cell proliferation. Fifty genes showed at least a 2.5-fold difference between MSSMs and T-est cells according to AtlasImage, 2-fold according to SAM. Most of these classified as genes related to metabolism and cell communication.

Conclusion
The expression profiles of 1176 genes were determined in finite life-span cultures of metastatic breast cancer cells and of normal breast cells. Significant differences were detected between the finite life-span breast cancer cell cultures and the established breast cancer cell lines. These data suggest caution in extrapolating information from established lines for application to clinical cancer research.
The Relations Between the United States and Porto Rico Part II
Authors: Capó-Rodríguez Pedro 
Published: April 2006

In approaching the discussion of the effects of the acquisition of Porto Rico as a result of the Treaty of Paris of 1899, we are confronted by one of the most difficult problems arising in the consideration of the relations between the United States and Porto Rico. The difficulty is due in a great measure to the absence of a positive, unequivocal and unanimous opinion of the Supreme Court in the decision of the so-called Insular Cases, which have given rise to so much doubt, uncertainty and difference of opinion among lawyers in regard to this vital subject.If the acquisition of Porto Rico had been the only one made by the United States at that time, the problem would have been comparatively easy. It would have been enough, perhaps, to turn to the earlier precedents laid down by the Supreme Court to find sufficient guiding light and ample authority to arrive at a satisfactory solution. Congress itself, probably, would have rendered it unnecessary to appeal to the Supreme Court by doing complete justice to the people who had received the United States with such sincere demonstrations of rejoicing, friendship and affection.
The Neutralization of the Aaland Islands
Authors: Gregory Charles Noble 
Published: April 2006

In the April number of this Journal for 1921, Prof. Philip Marshall Brown discussed in a most interesting way “The Aaland Islands Question”.He dealt with the claim of the islanders to determine by a plebiscite whether they should remain incorporated with the Republic of Finland or be transferred to the Kingdom of Sweden, a transfer apparently desired by almost their entire number, and with the advisory report of the Committee of Jurists thereon. This was, however, a mere step in extended transactions. Now they have been carried through, and not only the issue decided, but a precedent established as to the right of the Council of the League of Nations to intervene for the settlement of international disputes. Moreover, the practice and procedure which may be adopted therefor have been indicated. A review of the whole accomplishment and of the new methods employed seems, therefore, appropriate.
The Constitution of an International Court of Justice
Authors: Root Elihu 
Published: April 2006

Resolved, That the committee adopts as the basis for consideration of the subject referred to it, the Acts and Resolutions of the Second Peace Conference at The Hague in the year 1907.That the provisions of the several plans for an International Court of Justice already elaborated by representative jurists of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Holland, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, be laid before the committee and considered as the subjects to which they respectively relate, are taken up for consideration.
Right of the Master and Crew of a Captured Ship to Effect her Rescue
Authors: Noble Gregory Charles 
Published: April 2006

A Merchant ship captured in war by a cruiser is commonly put in the hands of a prize crew and, often with her own master and crew aboard, directed to proceed to the nearest port of the captor available for adjudication as to prize or no prizeThe cases in which the original master and crew have, during such transit, risen against the prize crew and, by force or fraud or both regained control of the ship are fairly numerous. It is proposed to examine the legality of such a course, and the rights derived therefrom; also the rights in the premises of the belUgerent whose possession is displaced.
The International Joint Commission between The United States and Canada
Authors: MacKay Robert A. 
Published: April 2006

The preamble of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 between Great Britain (on behalf of Canada) and the United States declares its purpose to be:
To prevent disputes regarding the use of boundary waters and to settle all questions which are now pending between the United States and the Dominion of Canada involving the rights, obligations, or interests of either in relation to the other or to the inhabitantsof the other, along their common frontier, and to make provision for the adjustment and settlement of all such questions as may hereafter arise.
The Mixed Claims Commission and German Property in the United States of America
Authors: Burchard Arthur 
Published: April 2006

The United States of America, having refused to ratify the peace treaty negotiated at Paris in 1919 between the Allied and Associated Powers, on the one hand, and Germany on the other hand, commonly called the Treaty of Versailles, has, nevertheless, reserved to itself all the rights arising from the said treaty in the separate treaty of peace which was concluded between the United States of America and Germany on August 25, 1921, and ratified at Berlin on November 11, 1921, the treaty having been promulgated by the President of the United States on November 14, 1921. The clause containing the said reservation of rights reads thatGermany undertakes to accord to the United States and the United States shall have and fully enjoy all the rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations or advantages specified in the Joint Resolution of Congress of the United States of July 2, 1921, including all the rights and advantages stipulated for the benefit of the United States in the Treaty of Versailles, notwithstanding the fact that such treaty has not been ratified by the United States, [and] the rights and advantages stipulated …are those defined in Part X…
The Form and Function of the Declaration of War
Authors: Eagleton Clyde 
Published: April 2006

In 1881–2, during discussions of a committee of the Board of Trade, which was considering the question of a tunnel under the English Channel, the following question was asked: “Is it possible that war would be declared against us, as we might say out of a clear sky, without any previous strain or notice that a quarrel was impending?” To answer this question, the Adjutant-General ordered a special investigation concerning the extent to which wars had been made without previous declaration. The report, when completed, evidenced the surprise of the author at the great number of undeclared wars, and incidentally remarked:The most excellent general impressions as to what ought to be the mode of procedure by which statesmen give warning before they make war, will not be an adequate security for the freedom of a kingdom, if it is in fact true that under the excitement of popular passion or private ambition, rulers of armies or of armed nations have sometimes disregarded all obligations of the kind, and have, in the midst of profound peace, taken advantage of the confidence of their neighbors.
Neglected Aspects of the Destroyer Deal
Authors: Briggs Herbert W. 
Published: April 2006

On September 3, 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent to Congress a message in which he stated, in part:I transmit herewith for the information of the Congress notes exchanged between the British Ambassador at Washington and the Secretary of State on September 2, 1940, under which this Government has acquired the right to lease naval and air bases in Newfoundland, and in the islands of Bermuda, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Santa Lucia, Trinidad, and Antigua, and in British Guiana; also a copy of an opinion of the Attorney General, dated August 27, 1940, regarding my authority to consummate this arrangement.
Ambatielos Case (Greece v. United Kingdom)
Authors: Bishop William W. , Lissitzyn Oliver J. 
Published: April 2006

Arbitral Commission. March 6, 1956.After the International Court of Justice held the United Kingdom under a duty to submit to arbitral decision the Ambatielos claim, this case was heard by a special arbitral commission which found in favor of the defendant United Kingdom, rejecting the Greek claim. The International Court of Justice ruled that the United Kingdom was under a duty to arbitrate only insofar as the Anglo-Greek Treaty of 1886 gave rise to the claim.
Voting on Important Questions in the United Nations General Assembly
Authors: Kerley Ernest L. 
Published: April 2006

At its 681st meeting on October 25, 1957, the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly adopted a resolution which provided in part as follows:The Fourth Committee
Requests the Sixth Committee to consider the following points and to give an opinion thereon to the Fourth Committee:(a) Which is the voting majority that is applicable to resolutions of the General Assembly on matters concerning Non-Self-Governing Territories in accordance with Chapter XI of the Charter of the United Nations?(b) Considering that matters concerning Non-Self-Governing Territories are not enumerated in Article 18(2), would it be in accordance with the terms of the Charter to submit a resolution on Non-Self-Governing Territories to a two-thirds vote if an additional category to that effect has not been established beforehand for the Non-Self-Governing Territories in the terms of Article 18(3)?
Introduction
Authors: Sohn Louis B. , Baxter R. R. 
Published: April 2006

It is the purpose of the law of State responsibility to extend the protection of international law to those who travel abroad and to facilitate social and economic ties between States. regardless of its political or economic philosophy, can remain indifferent to mistreatment of its nationals abroad. In an interdependent world the well-being of many countries rests upon an influx of foreign funds and managerial skills, the owners of which must be given effective protection against unjust prosecution or discrimination.Responding to this need, international law has developed over the last two hundred years standards and procedures designed to protect the life, liberty, and economic security of nationals of one State who live or conduct business activities.in another State. The General Assembly of the United Nations decided in 1953 that “it is desirable for the maintenance and development of peaceful relations between States that the principles of international law governing State responsibility be codified,” and requested the International Law Commission to undertake this codification. The Commission appointed as rapporteur for that subject Dr. F. V. García-Amador, who has submitted to the Commission six excellent reports on various aspects of State responsibility.
German and Swiss Cases
Authors: Oliver Covey 
Published: April 2006

German and Swiss Cases. September 30, 1960.4 St R 242/60. Juristenzeitung 1962, p. 28 et seq.The accused, a former officer in the German Army, was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor for participating in the shooting of Russian slave laborers at the end of March, 1945.
International Law and U.S. Withholding of Payments to International Organizations
Authors: Nelson Richard W. 
Published: April 2006

On March 12, 1986, Ambassador Vernon A. Walters, the United States representative at the United Nations, said:
[T]he prospect is for the withholding by the United States of a very sizable amount. … This inevitably would raise the question of whether the non-payment of a substantial amount could constitute a material breach of the United States obligation under Article 17 of the U.N. Charter to pay our duly assessed share of the U.N. budget. This is an issue of which we must be aware.
Until What? Enforcement Action or Collective Self-Defense?
Authors: Rostow Eugene V. 
Published: April 2006

Should the Persian Gulf war of 1990-1991 be characterized as an “international enforcement action” of the United Nations Security Council or as a campaign of collective self-defense approved, encouraged, and blessed by the Security Council?This is not simply a nice and rather metaphysical legal issue, but an extremely practical one. The question it presents is whether the control and direction of hostilities in the gulf, their termination, and the substance of the settlement they produce were handled by the Council as the Korean War was handled, that is, as a campaign of collective self-defense, or as the United Nations’ first “international enforcement action.” According to some international lawyers, characterizing the gulf war as a Security Council “enforcement action” under the untried procedures of Articles 42-50 of the Charter would in effect eviscerate Article 51, make the exercise of each state’s “inherent” right of self-defense subject to the permission of the Security Council, threaten the veto power of the permanent members of the Security Council, and thus lead to extremely grave and perhaps insoluble political difficulty. It could even destroy the United Nations.
The Fifty-First Session Of The Un Commission On Human Rights
Authors: Crook John R. 
Published: April 2006

The fifty-first session of the UN Human Rights Commission took place in Geneva from January 30 to March 10, 1995, under the genial chairmanship of Musa bin Hitam of Malaysia.’ The Commission showed that great powers are not exempt from critical consideration by the UN human rights machinery, addressing human rights situations involving three permanent members of the Security Council: China, Russia and die United States.The Commission closed the book on its years of activity concerning South Africa. Indigenous issues assumed a higher profile. The Commission took a cautious look at whether it had a role in the important “gray area” of internal armed conflict. In a controversial move, it created a new Special Rapporteur on human rights and toxic wastes.
Backwardness and Industrialization in Russian History and Thought
Authors: Wolfe Bertram D. 
Published: April 2006

When all other countries are crisscrossed by railroads and are able rapidly to concentrate and to shift their armed forces, Russia must necessarily be able to do the same. It is difficult, it is expensive, but, alas, inevitable.... With regard to railroads, as in many other things, we are particularly fortunate; we did not have to expend energy on experiments and strain our imagination; we can and shall reap the fruits of others’ labor.A. K. Khomiakov
Post-Stalin Trends in Russian Literature
Authors: Erlich Victor 
Published: April 2006

Writing about recent Soviet literature is a hazardous occupation. A Western chronicler of the post-Stalin literary ferment is as likely to overestimate an ephemeral trend as he is to miss a significant cue. He must be equally wary of premature euphoria and premature impatience. Last but not least, he has to do his best to maintain a viable balance between literary and political considerations.The latter question was raised sharply by Mr. Andrew Field, a keen if somewhat petulant student of modern Russian literature. Mr. Field deplored the tendency prevalent in the West to discuss recent Soviet imaginative writing sub specie of its alleged ideological heterodoxy rather than of its literary texture.
Argonauts of Peace: The Soviet Delegation to Western Europe in the Summer of 1917
Authors: Wade Rex A. 
Published: April 2006

“We are Argonauts of peace.” Under this self-description a delegation of Russian socialists sailed to western Europe in the summer of 1917 to rally popular support for a great conference of world socialism to meet at Stockholm for the purpose of reuniting the International and ending the war. Of all the peace flurries of the war none other roused such hopes and fears as the “Stockholm Conference.” Its proposal caused sharp crises in the governments and in the socialist parties of all the belligerent powers. That it never met contributed mightily to the outcome of the Russian Revolution and the Bolsheviks' coming to power.The Stockholm Conference was the child of the Russian Revolution. There had been several abortive efforts during the war to reconvene the International, and now the Russian Revolution encouraged some neutral socialists to form a Dutch-Scandinavian Committee to make another effort. It met with a rebuff from the socialist parties of the belligerent powers. The intervention of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies, however, drastically changed the situation. The Soviet took its first, tentative step into international affairs with the issuance on March 14/27 of a general appeal to the peoples of all countries to unite for peace. Soviet backing for an international socialist conference took more concrete form when the “Siberian Zimmerwaldists,” led by Irakli Tsereteli, returned to Petrograd in late March and asserted their control over the Soviet.
The Tambov Revolt (1920-1921)
Authors: Singleton Seth 
Published: April 2006

Peasant life is known—it is to eat in order to work, to work in order to eat, and, beside that, to be born, to bear, and to die. Our revolution is a rebellion in the name of the conscious, rational, purposeful, and dynamic principle of life, against the elemental, senseless, biological automatism of life; that is, against the peasant roots of our old Russian history.Boris Pilnyak, The Volga Falls to the Caspian SeaWe cannot ignore the decision of the rank and file of the people, even though we may disagree with it. In the fire of experience, applying the decree in practice, and carrying it out locally, the peasants will themselves realize where the truth lies.Lenin, introduction to the Land Decree, November 8, 1917
Internal Migration in Russia in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Leasure J. William , Lewis Robert A. 
Published: April 2006

The Purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the magnitude and direction of the appreciable internal migration that occurred in Russia during the last decades of the nineteenth century. The first part of the article is a description of regional migration patterns, the second part an analysis of these patterns, primarily in terms of economic differentials.Migration is a complex phenomenon. The supply of migrants to an area is related to such factors as income, distance, size of population, distribution of information, social and cultural amenities, location of resources, and government policy. Some factors may influence potential migrants more than others at a particular stage of economic development. Economic factors seem to be crucial, especially in the early stages of economic development. A useful way to interpret economic data is to compare income differences between areas. Specifically, we shall analyze the relationship between migration by guberniia and differences in indicators of income as inferred from socioeconomic data.