bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling discard ogives from Irish demersal fisheries
Authors: Borges Lisa , Zuur Alain F. , Rogan Emer , Officer Rick 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Annual discard ogives were estimated using generalized additive models (GAMs) for four demersal fish species: whiting, haddock, megrim, and plaice. The analysis was based on data collected on board commercial vessels and at Irish fishing ports from 1995 to 2003. For all species the most important factors influencing annual discard ogives were fleet (combination of gear, fishing ground, and targeted species), mean length of the catch and year, and, for megrim, also minimum landing size. The length at which fish are discarded has increased since 2000 for haddock, whiting, and plaice. In contrast, discarded length has decreased for megrim, accompanying a reduction in minimum landing size in 2000.
Testing the potential effects of shellfish farming on swimming activity and spatial distribution of sole (Solea solea) in a mesocosm
Authors: Laffargue P. , Bégout M-L. , Lagardère F. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Restructuring coastal fish nursery habitats by extensive shellfish farming in the French part of the Bay of Biscay could influence fish physiology and behaviour and affect the ecological performance of the species. The influence of oyster-trestle cultivation installations on sole (Solea solea) swimming behaviour was investigated using an experimental pond mesocosm. A pen was constructed with three interconnected zones (two with bags of live oysters or oyster shells on trestles, and one free zone). Water renewal depended on the tide. Environmental variables were recorded continuously (temperature, oxygen, pH, meteorological data), every 3–5 days (salinity, samples taken for water analysis and estimation of sedimentation rate) or intermittently (illumination). Sediment cores were taken in each zone before and after the experiment, for sediment redox and water content, plus an evaluation of potential prey. Fish movements (nine sole collected in the wild and tagged with electronic transmitters) were registered during three fortnight-long sessions in spring 2002. In addition to shading from the oyster trestles, water and sediment properties changed significantly in the live oyster zone. Environmental changes and sole swimming behaviour were linked by direct or indirect effects: swimming activity for eight of nine sole followed a diel cycle, with greater travelling distance by night. All the environmental variables modulated swimming activity, but temperature increase, water renewal, and climatic events were associated with key changes between sessions or individual sole. A multilinear regression analysis suggested strongest links with oxygen, atmospheric pressure, light level, water column height, and pH. All sole moved around the enclosure at night, probably to forage. By day, except during gale-force wind, sole returned to the same resting zones. Under the oyster-rearing structures appeared to be the most attractive resting sites. Sole seemingly can occupy an entire nursery in a shellfish farming basin that has moderate habitat changes.
Moderating effects of information access on project management behavior, performance and perceptions
Authors: Bendoly Elliot , Swink Morgan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEffective project management relies on the timely exchange of information regarding appropriate resource availability, associated scheduling options, and related costs and benefits. At the same time, such information, or lack thereof, can also impact the behavior of project managers in ways that do not directly focus on work objectives but nevertheless affect performance. The research developed in this paper is primarily focused on demonstrating both direct and moderating effects that information can have on decision makers’ actions and perceptions in an environment where multiple projects are pursued simultaneously. In order to study these linkages we designed and executed a controlled experiment designed to simulate aspects common to a multi‐party project management environment. Our findings suggest that greater visibility of situational information in this environment impacts project outcomes mainly by affecting a project manager's actions and perceptions regarding both the behavior of others and the priority given to his/her task. The study extends existing information processing theory by developing and examining notions of informed rationality and reciprocity, as well as examining the effect of information on post‐task sense making. Insights from the study suggest a set of behavioral issues that should be considered in future information processing and project management research.
Density effects in harmonic emission from intense laser interactions with overdense plasmas
Authors: BOYD T. J. M. , ONDARZA-ROVIRA R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAlthough the harmonics generated when intense laser light interacts with solid targets are broadly understood in terms of their dependence on the incident intensity, less attention has been paid to the ways in which their behaviour depends on plasma density. In this paper the conversion efficiencies of the odd harmonics generated when light is incident normally on the target surface are shown to be strongly resonant in character. The number of resonances is governed by harmonic order and their behaviour with density is further complicated by Langmuir wave emission at the corresponding plasma resonant densities for successive harmonic orders. Only at densities well above these resonances does the emission decay monotonically with density. The density dependence predicted by theory is confirmed by particle-in-cell simulations.
Does marital status and marital status change predict physical health in older adults?
Authors: BENNETT KATE M. 
Published: June 2006

Background. Evidence for the effects of marital status and marital status change on physical health is equivocal.Method. Structural equation models examined whether marital status predicted physical health. Six groups were examined simultaneously: married (M); widowed (W); divorced (D); never married (NM); newly widowed (NW); and newly divorced (ND). There were four annual measures (T1–T4). Both NW and ND were married at T1, but had lost their partners by T2. Four physical health variables were examined: Problems, Limitations, Service use, and Self-rated health (SRH). Age and gender were included.Results. Previous health predicted future for all measures and for all groups. However, the specific strengths and time-courses varied between marital status groups and between health measures. The most marked patterns were associated with marital status change. Service use was influenced most strongly by NW, whilst Limitations was influenced by ND. Problems distinguished NW and ND from stable marital status groups but also from each other. SRH was influenced by W and not by recent marital status change. The effects of age and gender were modest and restricted to specific health variables and specific marital statuses.Conclusions. The results demonstrate that marital status and marital status change, in particular, influence health longitudinally. The impact of a change to divorced or to widowed status is not the same. No two health variables responded in the same way, suggesting that marital status has a differential effect on health.
Supplementary Prescribing in Wales
Authors: Hinchliffe Anne L 
Published: June 2006

SummaryApproximately 160 nurses and pharmacists are currently enrolled on a ‘All Wales’ Supplementary Prescribing training courseThe course is multi-professional and requires 15 days attendance plus additional self-directed learning utilising ‘All Wales’ distance learning materialsEach designated supervising medical practitioner must attend a one day training event in preparation for the roleThose in training come from a broad spectrum of nursing and pharmacy practice which will enable the value of supplementary Prescribing to be tested in a range of situations
Basal cell carcinoma: update on management
Authors: Buchanan Polly 
Published: June 2006

SummarySkin cancer represents a significant health problem in the white adult population. Nurses have a responsibility in health promotion and disease prevention for patients at risk of developing the most common form of skin cancer, the basal cell carcinoma (BCC).BCC is managed using a combination of primary and secondary disease prevention strategies. These are education and screening of at-risk individuals in the community. Self-screening within the home, as well as opportunistic screening by health professionals, is deemed the most cost-effective strategy in the UK. Nurses, therefore, have a responsibility to educate patients about sun awareness, sun protection and early recognition of cancerous or pre-cancerous lesions. A number of treatment options are available for basal cell carcinoma with the decision to treat based on clinical appearance, histological examination, previous medical history and patient choice. Nurse, through the use of patient group directions and prescribing, can help to ensure the most appropriate treatment for individual patients.
Electronic database searching skills for nurse prescribers
Authors: Stokes Peter , Hons BA 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe increased emphasis on evidence-based practice within healthcare has compelled nurses to obtain up to date research information to assist them in clinical decision-making. Electronic databases are a crucial resource for finding this information, but a successful search strategy is vital if relevant information is not to be missed. This article highlights the key steps in the searching process with examples from three databases on the OVID and Dialog Datastar platforms.
Monitoring skills – Asthma
Authors: Weller Trisha 
Published: June 2006

SummaryAsthma is a common respiratory disease in the UK with over 5 million sufferers. It a reversible airways disease characterised by bronchoconstriction, inflammation, oedema and mucus production. There is a wide spectrum of severity and asthma can be controlled effectively by pharmacotherapy. The British Guideline on the Management of Asthma provides the framework for treatment. Primary care nurses have been involved in the management of asthma for many years and a large number have undertaken asthma training courses. The asthma guidelines recognise the benefit of trained asthma nurses in the provision of care.The revised General Medical Services contract rewards practices who provide asthma care under the Quality Indicators framework. Supplementary nurse prescribing allows nurses with appropriate training to prescribe asthma medication, providing the diagnosis of asthma is confirmed by a medical practitioner and a clinical management plan is used. Community pharmacists have an important role in the care of patients with asthma as well and some pharmacists have become supplementary prescribers. Their role will become more evident in the future.The main asthma medications are bronchodilators and inhaled steroids, which should be used at the lowest dose to control symptoms. Caution should be exercised in young children where many asthma medications are used ‘off-label’. Their use can be justified when it is the most appropriate medication and is supported by evidence such as asthma guidelines.All patients on asthma medicines should be monitored closely, not only to ensure control of symptoms but to monitor for adverse side effects. Sufficient knowledge of appropriate pharmacology is required by those involved in asthma management. Regular asthma review should be structured and include issues of adherence to medication, appropriate use, inhaler technique, current symptoms and effects on lifestyle. All patients should have an asthma action plan so they know how to manage their asthma. This action plan is agreed with the patient and the health professional. Appropriate asthma management and supplementary prescribing will enhance patient care.
Implementing nurse prescribing – the challenges
Authors: Ring Mary 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThere are many responsibilities and challenges organisations need to address to ensure the selection of nurses for extended/supplementary prescribing occurs within an environment which guarantees success and fits the long-term objectives of the organisation in terms of role re-design and service delivery. As a local lead it is important to recognise the challenges influencing the development, implementation and effectiveness of nurse prescribing. This article considers some of those challenges and shares the experience of Coventry Teaching Primary Care Trust. The article provides some food for thought for nurses wanting to become prescribers, organisations and Higher Educational Institutes.
Evidence-based prescribing [cite this article?]
Authors: Granby Trudy 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe discipline of evidence-based prescribing is relatively new to nurses and other non-medical prescribers. The introduction of clinical governance, which emphasises accountability, quality and efficiency, means that it is no longer acceptable to base clinical decisions on personal opinion. Prescribing itself is just one stage in making a rational treatment decision, which requires a fully structured approach. This article will highlight some of the considerations that the prescriber has to take into account, including: the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of treatment options, how to check the evidence, the benefits or harms of a treatment and, the patient's own involvement in the treatment plan.
Non-medical prescribing education provision: How do we meet the needs of the diverse nursing specialisms? [cite this article?]
Authors: Hemingway S. , Davies J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article discusses the challenging question of facilitating the educational requirements of students who enter the extended/supplementary prescribing programmes from diverse clinical backgrounds. Data emerging from a survey of mental health nurses (MHNs) by one of the authors (S.H.) and specifically what they perceive as the educational providers role in helping them develop as prescribers is presented. Secondly, the second author (J.D.) then discusses the implications of responding to student's expectations and importantly facilitating competence for the student for the differing contexts of where they will prescribe.
Supplementary prescribing for rheumatology patients: an evaluation [cite this article?]
Authors: Hennell Sheena , Spark Eileen , Wood Barbara , Gibson Sarah , George E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper evaluates the benefit and value of supplementary prescribing for rheumatology patients, and the teams who manage their care. Problems and challenges are highlighted as the paper also reviews implementation into practice and discusses audit results in terms of patient and service outcomes.
A Sky Dome Visualisation for Identification of Astronomical Orientations
Authors: Zotti Georg 
Published: June 2006

It has long been known that ancient temples were frequently oriented along the cardinal directions or to certain points along the horizon where the Sun or the Moon rises or sets on special days of the year. In the last decades, archaeologists have found evidence of even older building structures buried in the soil, with doorways that also appear to have distinct orientations. This paper presents a novel diagram combining archaeological maps with a folded-apart, flattened view of the whole sky, showing the local horizon and the daily paths of the Sun, Moon and brighter stars. By use of this diagram, interesting groupings of astronomical orientation directions, for example, to certain sunrise and sunset points could be identified, which were evidently used to mark certain days of the year. Orientations towards rising and setting points of a few significant stars very likely indicated the beginning of the agricultural year in the middle neolithic period.
Dietary intake of different types and characteristics of processed meat which might be associated with cancer risk – results from the 24-hour diet recalls in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
Authors: Linseisen Jakob , Rohrmann Sabine , Norat Teresa , Gonzalez Carlos A , Iraeta Miren Dorronsoro , Gómez Patrocinio Morote , Chirlaque Maria-Dolores , Pozo Basilio G , Ardanaz Eva , Mattisson Irene , Pettersson Ulrika , Palmqvist Richard , Guelpen Bethany Van , Bingham Sheila A , McTaggart Alison , Spencer Elizabeth A , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Stripp Connie , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Kesse Emmanuelle , Boeing Heiner , Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin , Trichopoulou Antonia , Vasilopoulou Effie , Bellos George , Pala Valeria , Masala Giovanna , Tumino Rosario , Sacerdote Carlotta , Del Pezzo Mariarosaria , Bueno-de-Mesquita H Bas , Ocke Marga C , Peeters Petra HM , Engeset Dagrun , Skeie Guri , Slimani Nadia , Riboli Elio 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveThere is increasing evidence for a significant effect of processed meat (PM) intake on cancer risk. However, refined knowledge on how components of this heterogeneous food group are associated with cancer risk is still missing. Here, actual data on the intake of PM subcategories is given; within a food-based approach we considered preservation methods, cooking methods and nutrient content for stratification, in order to address most of the aetiologically relevant hypotheses.Design and settingStandardised computerised 24-hour diet recall interviews were collected within the framework of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a prospective cohort study in 27 centres across 10 European countries.SubjectsSubjects were 22 924 women and 13 031 men aged 35–74 years.ResultsExcept for the so-called ‘health-conscious’ cohort in the UK, energy-adjusted total PM intake ranged between 11.1 and 47.9 g day−1 in women and 18.8 and 88.5 g day−1 in men. Ham, salami-type sausages and heated sausages contributed most to the overall PM intake. The intake of cured (addition of nitrate/nitrite) PM was highest in the German, Dutch and northern European EPIC centres, with up to 68.8 g day−1 in men. The same was true for smoked PM (up to 51.8 g day−1). However, due to the different manufacturing practice, the highest average intake of NaNO2 through PM consumption was found for the Spanish centres (5.4 mg day−1 in men) as compared with German and British centres. Spanish centres also showed the highest intake of NaCl-rich types of PM; most cholesterol- and iron-rich PM was consumed in central and northern European centres. Possibly hazardous cooking methods were more often used for PM preparation in central and northern European centres.ConclusionsWe applied a food-based categorisation of PM that addresses aetiologically relevant mechanisms for cancer development and found distinct differences in dietary intake of these categories of PM across European cohorts. This predisposes EPIC to further investigate the role of PM in cancer aetiology.
Accuracy of estimates of food portion size using food photographs – the importance of using age-appropriate tools
Authors: Foster Emma , Matthews John NS , Nelson Michael , Harris Julie M , Mathers John C , Adamson Ashley J 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundIn order to obtain a measure of nutrient intake, a measure or estimate of the amount of food consumed is required. Weighing foods imposes a large burden on subjects, often resulting in underreporting. Tools are available to assist subjects in providing an estimate of portion size and these include food photographs. The application of these tools in improving portion size estimation by children has not been investigated systematically.ObjectivesTo assess the accuracy with which children are able to estimate food portion sizes using food photographs designed for use with adults, and to determine whether the accuracy of estimates is improved when age-appropriate portion size photographs are provided.DesignOriginal data from three separate studies, on the accuracy of portion size estimates by adults using food photographs, by children using adult photographs and by children using age-appropriate photographs, are analysed and compared.SubjectsOne hundred and thirty-five adults aged 18 to 90 years and 210 children aged 4 to 11 years.ResultsChildren's estimates of portion sizes using age-appropriate food photographs were significantly more accurate (an underestimate of 1% on average) than estimates using photographs designed for use with adults (an overestimate of 45% on average). Accuracy of children's estimates of portion size using age-appropriate photographs was not significantly different from that of adults. Children overestimated a food's weight by 18% on average and adults underestimated by 5%.ConclusionsProviding children with food photographs depicting age-appropriate portion sizes greatly increases the accuracy of portion size estimates compared with estimates using photographs designed for use with adults.
National Diet and Nutrition Surveys: the British experience
Authors: Ashwell Margaret , Barlow Susan , Gibson Sigrid , Harris Caroline 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe National Diet and Nutrition Surveys (NDNS) are a series of government-funded surveys of food intake, nutrient intake and nutritional status of individuals, undertaken to support nutritional policy and risk assessment. This paper summarises a review that considered the extent to which NDNS met the needs of users and suggested options for the future. The Food Standards Agency has since progressed favoured options. This paper aims to help others wishing to obtain this type of information within their own populations.DesignA detailed questionnaire was used to probe use of data and gather opinions from users, producers and managers of the NDNS. It asked about general information needs from NDNS and changes that might be made. This was followed by a two-day workshop which included discussion of the main issues and the generation of 19 possible future options for consideration by the Agency.ResultsOptions to improve effectiveness included methods to prioritise breadth and depth of coverage and possible ways of improving response and compliance. Strategies to make surveys more efficient and timely, such as adopting a rolling programme, disaggregating survey components, integrating with other studies and improving data access, were also suggested. A rolling programme, in which data are collected continuously, was the favoured option to address some of the concerns and a strategy is now in place to achieve this.ConclusionsThere is widespread support for the NDNS from its users. There is no alternative source for such high-quality data on food and nutrient consumption and nutritional status and physical measurements in the same individuals. Useful information, such as the potential value of using a rolling programme from the outset, can be gained from this British experience by others wishing to measure food and nutrient intakes and status in their own populations.