bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A modified 2:4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) method for the determination of ‘Pyrethrin I’ and “Pyrethrin II”
Authors: Smith H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe previously reported1 method for the estimation of “Pyrethrin I” (cinerin I + pyrethrin I), and “Pyrethrin II” (cinerin II + pyrethrin II) in pyrethrum preparations by the chromatographic separation of their 2 : 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones has been examined and modified to give a method suitable for the rapid analysis of pyrethrum preparations. Degraded (inactive) pyrethrins are eliminated, the results obtained being those for true (active) pyrethrins. The coefficient of variation of the analytical figures is less than those previously reported2 for methods involving a pre‐analytical removal of degraded pyrethrins.
Physico‐chemical studies on agricultural sprays. II.—The phytotoxicity of surface‐active agents on leaves of apple and plum trees
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phytotoxicity of solutions of anionic, cationic and non‐ionic surface‐active agents to the leaves of several varieties of apple and plum trees is described. The leaf damage is shown to be dependent largely on the chemical nature and the concentration of the surface‐active agent and also on the species of tree. Other factors which affect the damage to a more limited extent are the variety and manurial status of the tree, the age of leaf and weather conditions.Many of the ionic materials cause considerable leaf damage, particularly cationic materials on plum leaves, but the non‐ionic materials are relatively safe to use. The damage is considered to result from the disorganisation of the cell permeability barriers following the penetration of the surface‐active agent through the leaf cuticle. Possible routes for such penetration are discussed.
The treatment of meats with ionising radiations. I.—Changes in odour, flavour, and appearance of chicken meat
Authors: Hannan R. S. , Shepherd H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOn irradiation of chicken meat with 4‐MeV and 2‐MeV cathode rays, irradiation odours were apparent at 50,000 rads but irradiation flavours were not noted until the dose reached 250,000 rads—a dose which is known to extend the storage life at 5° at least threefold.The effect of a number of variables on reducing the irradiation odours and flavours has been examined, including temperature during irradiation, oxygen content, method of cooking, age, breed, diet of the birds and storage after irradiation. Irradiation in a frozen condition at − 75d̀ is the most effective procedure examined. Approximately a threefold reduction in odour and flavour can be produced.
The treatment of meats with ionising radiations. II.—Observations on the destruction of thiamine
Authors: Wilson G. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a study of the changes induced in foods by ionising radiations the destruction of thiamine in meat has been measured as one indication of chemical change. Under a given set of conditions the breakdown is related to the dose of radiation. The effect of varying the internal and external environment at the time of irradiation has been studied. Freezing to − 75° has been found to be the most effective method of preventing the destruction of thiamine.
Determination of trimethylamine oxide in fish muscle
Authors: Bystedt J. , Swenne L. , Aas H. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe method used is based on the procedures of Jakobsen and Dyer. The oxide present in a 5 % trichloroacetic acid extract of the fish is reduced with titanous chloride and the trimethylamine found determined colorimetrically as picrate.
The structural carbohydrates of grasses
Authors: Waite R. , Gorrod A. R. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe chemical composition of the structural carbohydrates of one annual grass and four perennial grasses cut at four stages of growth is reported. A holocellulose substantially free of other plant constituents was prepared from each sample with a loss of only 1–4% polysaccharides and extracted successively with hot water, 1 % KOH and N‐H2 SO4. The residue was brought into solution with 72% H2SO4. The constituent sugars of the hydrolysed hemicelluloses and residue were separated chromatographically and estimated by periodate oxidation.After hydrolysis the hemicellulose fractions yielded galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose and uronic acids. The residue was essentially glucosan with a small amount of unremoved xylan. All holocelluloses contained a water‐soluble hemicellulose fraction in considerable amount.As the age of the grasses increased, the contents of xylan, cellulosic glucosan and uronic acids increased; the non‐xylose hemicellulose contents showed little change. The polysaccharide make‐up of leaf and stem fractions was very similar. There was no appreciable difference in the quantitative or qualitative polysaccharide content of the different perennial grasses cut at the same stage of growth, but the annual grass contained a smaller proportion of hemicelluloses.
The response of Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.) and Tenebrio molitor L. to methyl bromide at reduced pressures
Authors: Monro H. A. U. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe response of larvae and adults of Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.) to methyl bromide at reduced pressures is complex. Four zones of differing susceptibility were found : (1) at 15–30 mm. Hg pressure high mortalities were due more to desiccation than the action of the fumigant; (2) at 30–50 mm. low mortalities coincided with loss of visible activity; (3) at 50–175 mm. increased activity and high mortalities occurred; (4) from 175 mm. to atmospheric pressure activity was normal and mortalities declined. In zones (2) to (4) the responses were independent of humidity. Larvae of Tenebrio molitor L. gave responses similar to those in zones (2), (3) and (4) but at different pressure ranges.
The determination of fluoroacetic acid and fluoroacetamide in plant material
Authors: Thompson C. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn analytical method is described for the determination of total organically combined fluorine in a mixture of fluoroacetamide and fluoroacetic acid in plant material; a method is also suggested for the determination of fluoroacetamide alone. On a 100‐g. sample of plant material 1 p.p.m. can be determined with an accuracy of 13% and 0.1 p.p.m. with an accuracy of 50%. The methods involve the determination of the fluorine content of plant extracts and therefore depend for their validity on the removal of interfering fluorine‐containing plant constituents.
Determination of rotenone in Lonchocarpus root and oleo‐resin
Authors: Richmond D. V. , Martin J. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rotenone content of Lonchocarpus root and of the oleo‐resin have been determined by a standard method of direct crystallisation of the carbon tetrachloride solvate and also by the crystallisation of the solvate after the partial removal of other components by alkali extraction or column chromatography. The highest results were given by the chromatographic method and the lowest by the direct crystallisation procedure. Evidence is presented that direct crystallisation gives results that may be 20% lower than the true values, and revision of the standard method is desirable.
Effects of γ‐radiation on the taste and manufacturing properties of soft wheat
Authors: Cornwell P. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA preliminary study has been made of the effects of three dose levels of γ‐radiation on the physical, biochemical and baking properties of English wheat. Products made from irradiated grain have been examined for organoleptic changes by a taste panel of selected members. The slight changes induced by irradiation are considered of little commercial significance.
Ripening of broad beans
Authors: Anthistle Margaret J. , Ashdown D. F. , Dickinson D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments designed to investigate change during ripening of broad beans skin‐to‐flesh ratio, tenderometer and texturemeter readings, and % of alcohol‐insoluble solids (A.I.S.)are described, and the result compared with values obtained for changes in leucoanthocyanin and phenolic contents of the skins. Figure are recorded for two varieties of bean, one white and one green, and show that at any given maturity stage the white bean is superior on the basis of tenderness and A.I.S. content. No correlation between extractable leucoanthocyanins and toughness of skin was found.
A note on the composition of normal‐acid fibre
Authors: Walker D. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNormal‐acid fibre extracted from coarse fodders and faeces has been analysed for its content of lignin, true cellulose, cellulosan, protein and ash. Digestion with n‐H2SO4 for 1 h. removes a large proportion of the protein and cellulosan, some of the true cellulose, but little, if any, of the lignin from the original material.
Physico‐chemical studies on agricultural sprays. III.—Variation of phytotoxicity with the chemical structure of surface‐active agents
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phytotoxicity and wetting ability of 61 surface‐active agents of known chemical structure have been tested on the leaves of two varieties of apple and two of plum.Surface‐active materials containing a branched alkyl chain in the hydrophobic portion of their molecule are better wetters than corresponding materials containing a straight alkyl chain. In any homologous series of materials, wetting ability increases with increase in size of the alkyl group. With the non‐ionic ethylene oxide condensates, maximum wetting occurs with those materials containing the minimum number of ethylene oxide groups conferring water solubility.Phytotoxicity appears to be governed by the nature of the ionic charge, by the physical size of the molecules or ions and to a lesser extent by the nature of the gegenion. All non‐ionic materials cause little damage on apple and plum leaves, anionic and cationic materials cause variable damage depending on their chemical structure and on the nature of the leaf surface. In any homologous series of surface‐active agents the phytotoxicity appears to pass through a maximum as the molecular size is progressively increased. Since this maximum usually occurs at fairly short alkyl chain lengths (dodecyl or below), for most practical purposes phytotoxicity decreases as the size of the alkyl group increases.These results are discussed in the light of the conclusions reached in Part II of this series, and the physical and chemical factors governing phytotoxicity are considered.
Orange‐G binding as a measure of protein content
Authors: Bunyan J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relationship between the binding of Orange G from solution and crude protein content has been studied for a number of common protein foods. A range of meat meals and whalemeat meals showed correlation between crude protein and dye‐binding, apart from a few completely atypical samples. Among fish meals, soya‐bean and groundnut meals, no atypical samples were found. In all five types of materials, dye was bound by other constituents in addition to protein. A number of isolated samples of other protein sources were also studied. Estimates of crude protein content from dye‐absorption data were not accurate because of variation between meals of the same type.
Spoilage of canned peas: A thermophile that affects the artificial colour
Authors: Hall L. P. , Raven T. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn unusual type of spoilage is described which occurred in canned peas during incubation at 55°. The chief symptom was an alteration of the normal bright green colour of the liquor to a pale blue which changed to purple on exposure to air.An organism recovered from the cans was shown to produce the colour change under suitable conditions, and by culture reactions to be similar to B. michaelisii.Liquors from spoiled and unspoiled cans were compared by solvent extraction and by paper chromatography, and of the artificial colours present, the one associated with the observed colour changes was identified as Yellow 2G.An account is given of the reproduction of the colour change by the action of zinc dust.A mechanism is suggested for the reaction.
Pyruvic acid in the skeletal muscle of fresh and chill‐stored, trawled codling (Gadus Callarias)
Authors: Jones N. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPyruvic acid was present in the muscle of freshly‐killed, trawled codling at a mean level of 0.67 mg./100 g. During storage in ice under simulated commercial conditions, levels first fell slowly to 8 days and then rose rapidly to 12 days. After a further slight rise to 18 days the levels again fell. These findings are discussed in relation to the known factors producing changes in muscle extractives.
Fumigation of maize in a large shell‐concrete building
Authors: Graham W. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA large, sealed maize store (over one million cubic feet) was filled with methyl bromide gas and fumigation continued for 5 days. Gas sampling indicated excellent results. The method was cheaper and more efficient than the usual sheet fumigations. The amount of gas needed was less than expected, and the distribution was good although no fan or gas recirculating equipment was employed. The greatest advantage was that cross‐infestation was practically eliminated.
Mercury residues in sprayed crops. II.—Apples
Authors: Beidas A. S. , Higgons D. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMercury residues have been determined in apples which had been sprayed with mercury fungicides for the two seasons 1956 and 1957. The results show that under commercial conditions the mercury residue was less than 0.01 p.p.m. in 29 out of the 33 samples analysed, and less than 0.1 p.p.m. on the other four samples.
Action of synthetic soil‐conditioners in water‐logged soils
Authors: Warrior S. K. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPreliminary observations showed that additions of two soil‐conditioners to normal soils caused marked aggregation, differing not only in extent but also in their proportional effects in the size distribution of the aggregates formed. Water‐logging the treated soil did not greatly alter the degree of aggregation but caused some redistribution of particle sizes.Incorporation of peat with the soil tended to diminish aggregation slightly under normal and under water‐logged conditions.The pore space and water uptake (Keen & Raczkowski's method) were increased by application of a conditioner to soil, with or without additions of peat, the effect diminishing somewhat after water‐logging.Rates of penetration of water through soil columns were increased markedly by use of conditioners.
Dried bovine plasma. II.—The storage of freeze‐dried plasma
Authors: Ratcliff P. W. , Brooks J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComplete exclusion of oxygen prevented any further change in the flavour of freeze‐dried plasma stored at 25°. the partial or complete destruction of plasma glucose before drying or an increase in the amount of glucose before drying had no effect on the development of fishiness during storage in air. the rate of development of fluorescence and the loss of glucose and free amino nitrogen in freeze‐dried plasma during storage were influenced by oxygen, glucose and water content. A rapid increase in the intensity of fluorescence required the simultaneous presence of both glucose and oxygen.
Use of fertilisers in the afforestation of deep peat
Authors: Wright T. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhosphorus is frequently the primary limiting factor to tree growth on deep peat, and phosphate manuring is now routine Forestry Commission practice. Recent experiments have shown the value of foliage analysis in diagnosing phosphate deficiency, and suggest that, as the trees mature, natural supplies of other nutrients, particularly potassium, may be exhausted.
Use of antibiotics in media for assessing bacterial contamination in food yeast
Authors: Fleming Muriel , Barnard N. H. , Allen L. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA selective medium was required which would permit accurate enumeration of bacterial contaminants in an actively growing culture of food yeast (taken, for example, from a fermenter). the necessary criteria were that the medium should allow unrestricted growth of species of bacteria likely to be encountered as contaminants in factory conditions, and that the growth of food yeasts should be inhibited by low concentrations of the antibiotic. These criteria were fulfilled by a basal medium of tryptone‐Yeastrel‐glucose agar in which was incorporated one of the following antibiotics in the concentration indicated: candicidin, filipin, fungichromin or rimocidin (5 p.p.m.) or nystatin (15 p.p.m.).
Culture media for fungi
Authors: Smith G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVery many culture media have been used for fungi but most of the moulds can be kept in good condition by using about a dozen media. for making diagnoses, and for identifying cultures, it is important to use, as far as possible, synthetic media of definite and reproducible composition. Such media are not satisfactory for the maintenance of the majority of species. Many fungi deteriorate in culture if certain accessory factors are absent or if the food supply is too rich. Correct sterilisation of media is important, overheating being as harmful as under‐sterilisation. Cold sterilisation is sometimes essential for exacting fungi.
The place of fertilisers in forestry
Authors: Laurie M. V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractApart from their regular use in forest nurseries and on certain nutrient‐deficient sites at the time of planting or to rejuvenate plantations that have checked, fertilisers are at present very little used in forestry, mainly because of lack of knowledge of the magnitude and persistence of responses that may be expected under given conditions. The literature records many instances of responses to different fertilisers, applied mainly at the time of planting, phosphate being the most frequently effective nutrient, though in certain circumstances N, K and Ca have also produced worthwhile responses. Classical work on liming in older conifer forests in Germany is mentioned, and recent work on nitrogen is discussed, with particular reference to the need for discovering a slow‐acting form which will produce lasting effects.Much research is needed to determine conditions for economic growth responses to fertiliser applications, and it is stressed that the physical and biological factors affecting tree nutrition must be studied in addition to the purely chemical factors.
The free amino‐acids of certain british fruits
Authors: Burroughs L. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe total and alcohol‐soluble nitrogen contents have been determined and the free amino‐acids examined in strawberry, gooseberry (green and ripe), blackcurrant, redcurrant, loganberry, raspberry, blackberry and tomato. Most of the common amino‐acids were present, alanine and glutamine being the two most generally prominent.Free amino‐acids have been examined in 20 non‐edible species of apple and pear, in medlar (unripe and ripe) and in three species of Vaccinium.1‐Aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid was not found in any fruit except ripe cowberries.
Studies on protein concentrates for animal feeding
Authors: Bunyan J. , Price S. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe protein quality of a wide range of common protein foods has been investigated by means of chemical, biological and microbiological tests. B vitamin contents have also been determined in some materials. Results for a large range of meat meals, whalemeat meals, fish meals and miscellaneous samples are presented and discussed in separate sections, and attention drawn to the existence of certain corelations.
Selective media for yeasts and bacteria in apple juice and cider
Authors: Beech F. W. , Carr J. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFrom a large number of antibiotics and other inhibitory compounds surveyed in detail, several have been chosen for the selective isolation of yeasts and bacteria from the mixed microfloras of apple juices and ciders. Bacteria were isolated on a basal medium of apple juice plus yeast extract, in the presence of actidione and oxine, while a mixture of actinomycin and Aureomycin allowed the sole growth of yeasts. Diphenyl was also added to the medium for the suppression of moulds in samples heavily infected with these organisms.
Chemical studies on the herring (clupea harengus). III.—the lower fatty acids
Authors: Hughes R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe application of gas chromatography and paper chromatography to a study of the lower volatile fatty acids of herring is reported. Fresh herring flesh contained acetic acid with smaller quantities of formic acid and propionic acid, and occasionally a trace of n‐butyric acid. The quantities of all these acids increased in the spoiling fish, while isovaleric acid became apparent at the later stages. The presence of antibiotics did not affect the rate of production of the acids in fish held in ice. Heat processing at 115·5° in sealed cans did not alter the content of individual acids in the fish.
Detection and estimation of fungal amylases in flour
Authors: Knight R. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs the methods normally used in the examination of flour do not reveal the presence of fungal amylases, a technique has been developed which may be employed for their detection and semi‐quantitative estimation. This is based on the decrease in α‐amylase activity which occurs when a flour extract containing calcium ions is heated at 68° for 30 min. Confirmation of the presence of fungal amylase and of the amount which has been added to flour can be obtained by using the relationship between cereal α‐amylase activity and Hagberg number.
Responses to phosphorus of swedes and rape under the conditions prevailing in the north of england
Authors: Wilkinson B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe responses to phosphorus of swede and rape for ‘standard’ and newly reclaimed upland soils in Northern England are given. The additional phosphate required on very phosphorus‐deficient soils over ‘standard’ conditions was higher than is suggested elsewhere. Superphosphate was consistently more efficient than other phosphatic fertilisers with which it was compared. Soil temperature is suggested as an important factor influencing the effectiveness of mineral phosphates.
Mechanisms of insect resistance to the chlorohydrocarbon insecticides
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Standen H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA review is made of the mechanism of the resistance of houseflies (chiefly) to BHC and DDT, especially as regards apparent contradictions in existing knowledge. Points discussed include differences between susceptible and resistant houseflies as regards penetration and metabolism of the insecticide.
Interaction of starch with sucrose stearates and other antistaling agents
Authors: Bourne E. J. , Tiffin A. I. , Weigel H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe reaction of sucrose monostearate (SMS) with starches and starch fractions is similar to that of various substances with ‘antistaling’ activity with starch. SMS forms an insoluble complex with starches and competitively inhibits the reaction of iodine with amylose. Wheat starch granules adsorb SMS and it is suggested that the formation of an insoluble complex on the surface of the granules may play a part in the ‘antistaling’ activity of SMS.
Study of the quality of free‐range and laying battery hen eggs with particular reference to baking
Authors: Cornford S. J. , Blount W. P. , Eggitt P. W. Russell , Coppock J. B. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of tests over a period of 5 months of the general quality and baking properties of eggs showed that, apart from a striking difference in colour of the liquid whole egg, which was paler in the case of eggs from battery hens, only small differences in other properties, of no commercial importance, could be detected with eggs from free‐range hens of the same parent stock.