bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision-making in group departures of female domestic geese
Authors: Ramseyer Amandine , Petit Odile , Thierry Bernard 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGroup-living animals have to make trade-offs to reach consensus and travel together. We investigated the recruitment processes underpinning decision-making at departure in a group of 20 female domestic geese (Anser domesticus) kept in semi-free-range conditions. Two observers continuously videotaped the behaviours of the birds. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analyses. We found that decision-making was a continuous and distributed process. Departure was preceded by an increase in the arousal state of group members and their initial orientation influenced recruitment. Patterns of group movement could be predicted from the behaviours of individuals before departure. Individuals' locations, moves and signals could act as passive or communicative cues. A higher number of vocalisations and arousal behaviours led to a larger number of individuals recruited. Some individuals were more efficient than others in recruiting followers but any geese could initiate a movement. First movers recruited a higher number of mates when they had a greater number of neighbours. Not only the first mover but also the behaviours of the second and third movers prompted further individuals to follow. There was no evidence that geese were able to intentionally recruit others, rather they synchronized and adjusted each other's motives until reaching a consensus.
Energy Balance Partitioning and Net Radiation Controls on Soil Moisture–Precipitation Feedbacks
Authors: Jones Aubrey R. , Brunsell Nathaniel A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A series of model runs using the University of Oklahoma’s Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) were conducted to investigate the relative impacts of energy balance partitioning and net radiation on soil moisture–precipitation feedbacks in the U.S. central plains and to examine how the dominant physical processes are affected by changes in mean soil moisture and spatial resolution. Soil temperature and Bowen ratio are influenced nonlinearly by soil moisture, and by varying the mean soil moisture in the model it was possible to examine the relationship between soil moisture and the scaling characteristics of these fields using the statistical moments. Information theory metrics were used to provide an indication of the uncertainty associated with varying model resolutions. It was determined that energy balance partitioning plays a dominant role in the occurrence of soil moisture–precipitation feedback, while net radiation was not impacted by mean soil moisture. A strong relationship was seen between soil moisture and the scaling properties of Bowen ratio, while soil moisture did not appear to influence the scaling characteristics of soil temperature. Spatial resolution had a large effect on the representation of boundary layer turbulence, with coarser resolutions unable to capture turbulent motions, which are necessary for convective processes. The ability of the model to capture boundary layer turbulence will alter the dynamics of soil moisture–precipitation feedback as the horizontal transport of moisture by turbulent motions will affect the spatial and temporal scales over which feedback occurs. Higher-resolution runs are generally associated with a higher information content. This may provide a methodology for monitoring land–atmosphere feedbacks via remotely sensed soil moisture and vegetation fields through statistical knowledge of the dependency of the resulting precipitation signal on soil moisture and vegetation fields at the resolution they were observed.
An Indirect Data Assimilation Scheme for Deep Soil Temperature in the Pleim–Xiu Land Surface Model
Authors: Pleim Jonathan E. , Gilliam Robert 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Pleim–Xiu land surface model (PX LSM) has been improved by the addition of a second indirect data assimilation scheme. The first, which was described previously, is a technique in which soil moisture is nudged according to the biases in 2-m air temperature and relative humidity between the model- and observation-based analyses. The new technique involves nudging the deep soil temperature in the soil temperature force–restore (FR) model according to model bias in 2-m air temperature only during nighttime. While the FR technique is computationally efficient and very accurate for the special conditions for which it was derived, it is very dependent on the deep soil temperature that drives the restoration term of the surface soil temperature equation. Thus, adjustment of the deep soil temperature to optimize the 2-m air temperature during the night, when surface forcing is minimal, provides significant advantages over other methods of deep soil moisture initialization. Simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) using the PX LSM with and without the new deep soil temperature nudging scheme demonstrate substantial benefits of the new scheme for reducing error and bias of the 2-m air temperature. The effects of the new nudging scheme are most pronounced in the winter (January 2006) during which the model’s cold bias is greatly reduced. Air temperature error and bias are also reduced in a summer simulation (August 2006) with the greatest benefits in less vegetated and more arid regions. Thus, the deep temperature nudging scheme complements the soil moisture nudging scheme because it is most effective for conditions in which the soil moisture scheme is least effective, that is, when evapotranspiration is not important (winter and arid climates).
The Role of Monthly Updated Climate Forecasts in Improving Intraseasonal Water Allocation
Authors: Sankarasubramanian A. , Lall Upmanu , Devineni Naresh , Espinueva Susan 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Seasonal streamflow forecasts contingent on climate information are essential for short-term planning (e.g., water allocation) and for setting up contingency measures during extreme years. However, the water allocated based on the climate forecasts issued at the beginning of the season needs to be revised using the updated climate forecasts throughout the season. In this study, reservoir inflow forecasts downscaled from monthly updated precipitation forecasts from ECHAM4.5 forced with “persisted” SSTs were used to improve both seasonal and intraseasonal water allocation during the October–February season for the Angat reservoir, a multipurpose system, in the Philippines. Monthly updated reservoir inflow forecasts are ingested into a reservoir simulation model to allocate water for multiple uses by ensuring a high probability of meeting the end-of-season target storage that is required to meet the summer (March–May) demand. The forecast-based allocation is combined with the observed inflows during the season to estimate storages, spill, and generated hydropower from the system. The performance of the reservoir is compared under three scenarios: forecasts issued at the beginning of the season, monthly updated forecasts during the season, and use of climatological values. Retrospective reservoir analysis shows that the operation of a reservoir by using monthly updated inflow forecasts reduces the spill considerably by increasing the allocation for hydropower during above-normal-inflow years. During below-normal-inflow years, monthly updated streamflow forecasts could be effectively used for ensuring enough water for the summer season by meeting the end-of-season target storage. These analyses suggest the importance of performing experimental reservoir analyses to understand the potential challenges and opportunities in improving seasonal and intraseasonal water allocation by using real-time climate forecasts.
Wave-Induced Wind in the Marine Boundary Layer
Authors: Semedo Alvaro , Saetra Øyvind , Rutgersson Anna , Kahma Kimmo K. , Pettersson Heidi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRecent field observations and large-eddy simulations have shown that the impact of fast swell on the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) might be stronger than previously assumed. For low to moderate winds blowing in the same direction as the waves, swell propagates faster than the mean wind. The momentum flux above the sea surface will then have two major components: the turbulent shear stress, directed downward, and the swell-induced stress, directed upward. For sufficiently high wave age values, the wave-induced component becomes increasingly dominant, and the total momentum flux will be directed into the atmosphere. Recent field measurements have shown that this upward momentum transfer from the ocean into the atmosphere has a considerable impact on the surface layer flow dynamics and on the turbulence structure of the overall MABL. The vertical wind profile will no longer exhibit a logarithmic shape because an acceleration of the airflow near the surface will take place, generating a low-level wave-driven wind maximum (a wind jet). As waves propagate away from their generation area as swell, some of the wave momentum will be returned to the atmosphere in the form of wave-driven winds.A model that qualitatively reproduces the wave-following atmospheric flow and the wave-generated wind maximum, as seen from measurements, is proposed. The model assumes a stationary momentum and turbulent kinetic energy balance and uses the dampening of the waves at the surface to describe the momentum flux from the waves to the atmosphere. In this study, simultaneous observations of wind profiles, turbulent fluxes, and wave spectra during swell events are presented and compared with the model. In the absence of an established model for the linear damping ratio during swell conditions, the model is combined with observations to estimate the wave damping. For the cases in which the observations showed a pronounced swell signal and almost no wind waves, the agreement between observed and modeled wind profiles is remarkably good. The resulting attenuation length is found to be relatively short, which suggests that the estimated damping ratios are too large. The authors attribute this, at least partly, to processes not accounted for by the model, such as the existence of an atmospheric background wind. In the model, this extra momentum must be supplied by the waves in terms of a larger damping ratio.
Nonlinear Wave Statistics in a Focal Zone
Authors: Janssen T. T. , Herbers T. H. C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the combined effects of refraction and nonlinearity on the evolution of ocean surface wave statistics are considered and possible implications for the likelihood of extreme waves, also known as freak or rogue waves, are examined. A frequency-angular spectrum model is derived that accounts for cubic nonlinear dynamics and weak lateral homogeneity of the medium. Through Monte Carlo simulations, the evolution of wave statistics in freely developing waves, waves over an opposing shearing current, and waves refracted over an isolated topographical feature is modeled. The simulations show that freely developing, directionally spread wave fields generally maintain near-Gaussian statistics, which was also found in earlier model studies. However, the enhanced nonlinearity caused by the refractive focusing of narrowband wave fields can result locally in strongly non-Gaussian statistics and an associated increased likelihood of extreme wave events.
CALIPSO Lidar Description and Performance Assessment
Authors: Hunt William H. , Winker David M. , Vaughan Mark A. , Powell Kathleen A. , Lucker Patricia L. , Weimer Carl 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper provides background material for a collection of Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) algorithm papers that are to be published in the Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. It provides a brief description of the design and performance of CALIOP, a three-channel elastic backscatter lidar on the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite. After more than 2 yr of on-orbit operation, CALIOP performance continues to be excellent in the key areas of laser energy, signal-to-noise ratio, polarization sensitivity, and overall long-term stability, and the instrument continues to produce high-quality data products. There are, however, some areas where performance has been less than ideal. These include short-term changes in the calibration coefficients at both wavelengths as the satellite passes between dark and sunlight, some radiation-induced effects on both the detectors and the laser when passing through the South Atlantic Anomaly, and slow transient recovery on the 532-nm channels. Although these issues require some special treatment in data analysis, they do not seriously detract from the overall quality of the level 2 data products.
Automation: A Step toward Improving the Quality of Daily Temperature Data Produced by Climate Observing Networks*
Authors: Fiebrich Christopher A. , Crawford Kenneth C. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The research documented in this manuscript demonstrates that undeniable differences exist between values of daily temperature recorded by the National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program network and data recorded by the Oklahoma Mesonet. Because of this fact, a transition to automated observations would have the effect of changing the climate record for Oklahoma. However, the change to automated observations would produce an improvement in overall data quality.
A sampling of daily data from the two networks was compared for closely spaced station pairs for the period 1 January 2003 through 31 December 2005. As a result, a host of observer errors were discovered (including transcription errors, incorrectly resetting the manual sensors, and delaying the observation time). These errors created large daily differences that sometimes exceeded 5°C between the two datasets. More than 55% of the paired observations were found to differ by more than 1°C.
The Formation and Early Evolution of the Greensburg, Kansas, Tornadic Supercell on 4 May 2007
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
During the evening of 4 May 2007, a large, powerful tornado devastated Greensburg, Kansas. The synoptic and mesoscale environments of the parent supercell that spawned this and other tornadoes are described from operational data. The formation and early evolution of this long-track supercell, within the context of its larger-scale environment, are documented on the basis of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data and mobile Doppler radar data. The storm produced tornadoes cyclically for about 30 min before producing a large, long-lived tornado. It is shown that in order to have forecasted the severe weather locations and times accurately, it would have been necessary to have predicted 1) the localized formation of an isolated convective storm near/east of a dryline, 2) the subsequent splitting and resplitting of the storm several times, 3) the growth of a new storm along the right-rear flank of an existing storm, and 4) the transition from the cyclic production of small tornadoes to the production of one, large, long-track tornado. It is therefore suggested that both extreme sensitivity to initial conditions associated with storm formation and the uncertainty of storm behavior made it unusually difficult to forecast this event accurately.
Development of Skill by Students Enrolled in a Weather Forecasting Laboratory*
Authors: Bond Nicholas A. , Mass Clifford F. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Daily values of forecast scores are evaluated for students in a weather analysis and forecasting class (ATMS 452) offered by the Department of Atmospheric Sciences of the University of Washington during the spring terms of 1997–2007. The objective of this study is to determine the rate at which senior-level undergraduate students develop proficiency at short-term (next day) weather forecasting. Separate analyses are carried out for different categories of forecast parameters. Time series of the average skill achieved over the course of the quarter are presented for the median and the best–worst two student forecasters each year. An overall improvement in student forecast skill occurs over roughly the first 6 weeks of the quarter, followed by minimal systematic changes. Negligible trends in average forecast skill have occurred over the past 10 yr. The correlation coefficient between the students’ overall forecast performance and test scores in ATMS 452 is about 0.4. The results are relevant to the design of effective instructional programs for weather forecasting.
Transfusion-related mortality: the ongoing risks of allogeneic blood transfusion and the available strategies for their prevention
Authors: Vamvakas Eleftherios C. , Blajchman Morris A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
As the risks of allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT)–transmitted viruses were reduced to exceedingly low levels in the US, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs), and transfusion-associated sepsis (TAS) emerged as the leading causes of ABT-related deaths. Since 2004, preventive measures for TRALI and TAS have been implemented, but their implementation remains incomplete. Infectious causes of ABT-related deaths currently account for less than 15% of all transfusion-related mortality, but the possibility remains that a new transfusion-transmitted agent causing a fatal infectious disease may emerge in the future. Aside from these established complications of ABT, randomized controlled trials comparing recipients of non–white blood cell (WBC)–reduced versus WBC-reduced blood components in cardiac surgery have documented increased mortality in association with the use of non-WBC–reduced ABT. ABT-related mortality can thus be further reduced by universally applying the policies of avoiding prospective donors alloimmunized to WBC antigens from donating plasma products, adopting strategies to prevent HTRs, WBC-reducing components transfused to patients undergoing cardiac surgery, reducing exposure to allogeneic donors through conservative transfusion guidelines and avoidance of product pooling, and implementing pathogen-reduction technologies to address the residual risk of TAS as well as the potential risk of the next transfusion-transmitted agent to emerge in the foreseeable future.
Stacking Faults With 180° Layer Rotation in Celadonite, an Fe- and Mg-Rich Dioctahedral Mica
Authors: Kogure Toshihiro , Kameda Jun , Drits Victor A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractStacking disorder in celadonite, a dioctahedral mica with Fe and Mg as major octahedral cations and which generally adopts the 1M stacking sequence, was investigated mainly by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The selected-area electron diffraction patterns with 0kl reflections along the [100] beam direction correspond to the 1M stacking but those along the [110], [11¯0]\$\end{document}, [010], [310], and [31¯0]\$\end{document} directions are frequently streaked along the [001]* direction or contain extra spots from twinned domains. Three-dimensional stacking analyses using sets of two high-resolution TEM images along different directions of the same area of one crystal indicate that all stacking faults involve only 180° layer rotations. These stacking faults produce greater peaks of 0kl reflections than expected in powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Simulation of the XRD patterns indicated that 180° layer rotations occur at >10% of total interlayer regions in one celadonite specimen. The interlayer region of celadonite is characterized by a near-zero ditrigonal rotation angle, a small surface corrugation of the basal oxygen plane, and a small amount of Al substitution in the tetrahedral sheets. These features suggest that there is no preference for any of the six stacking angles around the interlayer region. The abundance of 180° layer rotation rather than ±60° and ±120° in the present specimens may be related to their ribbon-like morphologies elongated along the a axis.
Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Diagenesis of Clinoptilolite Tuffs (Miocene) in the Central Simav Graben, Western Turkey
Authors: Snellings Ruben , van Haren Tom , Machiels Lieven , Mertens Gilles , Vandenberghe Noël , Elsen Jan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMiocene rifting and associated rhyolitic (K-rich) volcanism resulted in the deposition of pyroclastic material in the central Simav graben, near Karacaderbent, Turkey. The pyroclastics were deposited in a lacustrine environment, altered to clinoptilolite-rich tuffs and cross-cut by several transform faults along which hydrothermal fluids circulated. Petrography and quantitative phase analysis by X-ray diffraction show that the Karacaderbent tuff consists mainly of the diagenetic products clinoptilolite, opal CT, smectite, and celadonite. Electron microprobe analyses and cation exchange capacity (CEC) measurements confirm the predominance of K-rich clinoptilolite. Near fault zones, clinoptilolite was replaced by authigenic opal CT and alkali feldspar, and the remaining clinoptilolite was enriched in Na. Silicification around fault zones was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence. Zeolitization of K-rich rhyolitic starting materials took place under mildly alkaline, low-salinity conditions, probably in a closed hydrologic system. The subsequent hydrothermal alteration along faults had only a minor impact. The homogeneous nature, large (74–87 wt.%) clinoptilolite content, large CEC, and K-rich composition of the deposit favor exploitation of this material for applications in agriculture, horticulture, and waste-water purification; as feed additives; and as pozzolans for cement production.
Transformation of Synthetic Zn-Stevensite to Zn-Talc Induced by the Hofmann-Klemen Effect
Authors: Petit S. , Righi D. , Decarreau A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractStevensite-like sauconite, with the general composition: Si4(Zn3−x□x)O10(OH)2R2x+\$\end{document}, where □ is a vacant site, was synthesized. The objective was to study the possible migration of some cations (Li+ and Zn2+) within such trioctahedral smectites, under heating, following the so-called ‘Hofmann-Klemen’ (HK) effect. The initial gel was divided into five aliquots and placed in teflon-coated hydrothermal reactors with distilled water, and these were hydrothermally treated at 80, 100, 120, 150, and 200°C, respectively, over 30 days. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the samples synthesized were smectites. The number of vacant sites (x) per half unit cell (O10(OH)2) ranged from nearly 0 to 0.23 but no simple relationship was established between x and the temperature of synthesis. The samples were Li+- and Zn2+-saturated, and heated overnight at 300°C (HK treatment). Cation exchange capacity measurements were made by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) on NH4+\$\end{document}-saturated samples. After LiHK treatment, the structural formula of samples could be expressed as: Si4Zn(3−x)LixO10(OH)2NH4x+\$\end{document}, while after ZnHK treatment, it could be expressed as: Si4Zn3O10(OH)2. Analysis by XRD and FTIR showed that the samples moved from a Zn-stevensite-like structure to Zn-talc-like structure after treatment with ZnHK. These results are interpreted asevidence that Zn2+ (and Li+) migrated into the previously vacant sites under HK treatment.