bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roars of black howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya): evidence for a function in inter-group spacing
Authors: Byrne Richard W. , da Cunha Rogério Grassetto Teixeira 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLoud calls can be expected to play an important role in the lives of howler monkeys, given the specialised anatomy of howler vocal apparatus and the time and energy invested in calling. Here we present observational and experimental data aimed at understanding the function(s) of the roars of black howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya). Most roars were given spontaneously, especially around dawn, although inter-group encounters and extreme weather events triggered calling. Roars were given throughout the home range, but not uniformly; variations in calling frequency with location were not well predicted by frequency of use, and calling was not more frequent at borders. Predator presence was neither necessary nor sufficient to stimulate calling. We experimentally played back loud calls from stranger groups, either inside the home range of the study group, simulating invasions, or in border areas. In response to simulated invasions, the alpha male roared more frequently than expected, usually in the vicinity of the playback site, moved off sooner and travelled to or near to the playback site. When playback was in border areas, the alpha male roared infrequently and significantly later, and did not travel towards the playback site. These results are not consistent with the hypotheses that roaring functions in predation deterrence and/or mate defence. Instead, they suggest that roaring allows regulation of the space use, by means of regular advertisement of occupancy but not by mutual avoidance or boundary defence. We believe that roars also provide a mechanism for reinforcing occupancy during encounters, and may sometimes serve to settle disputes without chases and fights.
Migratory behaviour of captive white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, differs during autumn and spring migration
Authors: Ramenofsky Marilyn , Agatsuma Renée 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGambel's white-crown sparrow (Zonotorichia leucophrys gambelii) is a long-distance, over-land migrant. In captivity birds display many characteristics of the autumn and spring migratory life history stages that include hyperphagia, fattening and high intensity nocturnal activity termed migratory restlessness or Zugunruhe. We recorded the behaviour of captive birds while simultaneously collecting 24 h locomotor activity. These data were used to define the behaviour displayed by captive birds during autumn and spring in order to compare the two migratory stages and to draw inferences for free-living birds. The predominant behaviour during day and nighttime was rest. Feeding occurred only during daylight hours but at a greater frequency in autumn than spring. Birds generally used their feet as the primary source of locomotion during the day termed 'jump'. During the night, two distinct behaviours, 'beak-up flight' and 'beak-up' involving high intensity wing motions were observed and considered components of migratory restlessness. The frequency of the 'beak-up flight' was greatest during spring and associated with the enhanced tempo of vernal migration. In both stages, migratory restlessness was preceded by a quiescent phase, the occurrence of which differed and related to time available for foraging and length of the night. Given these findings, we hypothesize that diel behaviours displayed by autumn and spring migrants in captivity highlight distinctions between the two life history stages.
Individual leadership and boldness in shoals of golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas)
Authors: Reebs Stéphan G. , Leblond Caroline 
Published: October 2006

AbstractShoals of golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) often swim along the perimeter of their large indoor tank at dawn and dusk, and can also be trained to anticipate food arrival by swimming directly towards the food source at midday. In this study all golden shiners in six shoals of 8-12 fish were individually marked with a visible implant elastomer, and shoal movement was video taped in order to determine whether some individuals consistently occupied front positions even when all shoal members were of similar size and experience. There were significant correlations between all three times of day (dawn, midday, dusk) in the mean position (from 1 = first at the front of the shoal to 12 = last at the back) occupied by each fish. In each shoal, 1-3 fish were leaders: all three daily times combined, they had more than twice the occupancy rate of the front two or three positions as expected from chance. In subsequent boldness tests there was a tendency (p = 0.096) for these leaders to pass through dark U-shaped tubes more readily than non-leaders. However, after being dipnetted and transferred to a refuge, leaders did not emerge earlier than non-leaders. Individual tendencies to lead may have been underlain by a motivation to feed (which may differ even in fish of similar size and experience) or by intrinsic mobility. On the other hand, a link between leadership and risk-taking remains to be established for captive golden shiners.
Sensitivity of the Ventilation Process in the North Pacific to Eddy-Induced Tracer Transport*
Authors: Endoh Takahiro , Jia Yanli , Richards Kelvin J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A coarse-resolution isopycnal model coupled with a bulk mixed layer model is used to examine the effect of isopycnal thickness diffusion, which parameterizes the subgrid-scale eddy-induced tracer transport, on ventilation of the North Pacific Ocean. Three numerical experiments with thickness diffusivities of 0 m2 s−1 and around 500 and 2000 m2 s−1 are carried out. The model successfully reproduces a deep winter mixed layer in the subarctic North Pacific, leading to well-formed mode waters and the subtropical countercurrent in the experiment with thickness diffusivity around 500 m2 s−1. The annual-mean subduction rate has peaks at densities of 25.0–25.4 and 26.4 σθ. The former peak spans the densities of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water and North Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water, whereas the latter peak is centered near the density of North Pacific Central Mode Water. The annual mean obduction rate also has the former peak and a slight enhancement corresponding to the latter peak. The Kuroshio plays a crucial role in obduction of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water by transferring it northward from the permanent pycnocline to the seasonal pycnocline around the Kuroshio Extension, the importance of which has been overlooked in previous studies. In contrast to the simple expectation that the eddy-induced tracer transport enhances the ventilation process, stronger circulation with lower thickness diffusion increases the annual-mean subduction rate by carrying the subducted water quickly away from the seasonal pycnocline into the permanent pycnocline, as well as the annual-mean obduction rate by transferring much water from the permanent pycnocline to the seasonal pycnocline. As thickness diffusivity increases, the former peaks in the subduction and obduction rates occur at lighter densities, whereas the latter peak in the subduction rate is shifted toward higher densities.
Cold-Water Events and Dissipation in the Mixed Layer of a Lake
Authors: Ozen B. , Thorpe S. A. , Lemmin U. , Osborn T. R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Measurements of temperature, velocity, and microscale velocity shear were made from the research submarine F. A. Forel in the near-surface mixed layer of Lake Geneva under conditions of moderate winds of 6–8 m s−1 and of net heating at the water surface. The submarine carried arrays of thermistors and a turbulence package, including airfoil shear probes. The rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass, estimated from the variance of the shear, is found to be lognormally distributed and to vary with depth roughly in accordance with the law of the wall at the measurement depths, 15–20 times the significant wave height. Measurements revealed large-scale structures, coherent over the 2.38-m vertical extent sampled by a vertical array of thermistors, consisting of filaments tilted in the wind direction. They are typically about 1.5 m wide, decreasing in width in the upward direction, and are horizontally separated by about 25 m in the downwind direction. Originating in the upper thermocline, they are characterized in the mixed layer by their relatively low temperature and low rates of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and by an upward vertical velocity of a few centimeters per second.
Control of Large-Scale Heat Transport by Small-Scale Mixing
Authors: Cessi Paola , Young W. R. , Polton Jeff A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The equilibrium of an idealized flow driven at the surface by wind stress and rapid relaxation to nonuniform buoyancy is analyzed in terms of entropy production, mechanical energy balance, and heat transport. The flow is rapidly rotating, and dissipation is provided by bottom drag. Diabatic forcing is transmitted from the surface by isotropic diffusion of buoyancy. The domain is periodic so that zonal averaging provides a useful decomposition of the flow into mean and eddy components. The statistical equilibrium is characterized by quantities such as the lateral buoyancy flux and the thermocline depth; here, scaling laws are proposed for these quantities in terms of the external parameters. The scaling theory predicts relations between heat transport, thermocline depth, bottom drag, and diapycnal diffusivity, which are confirmed by numerical simulations. The authors find that the depth of the thermocline is independent of the diapycnal mixing to leading order, but depends on the bottom drag. This dependence arises because the mean stratification is due to a balance between the large-scale wind-driven heat transport and the heat transport due to baroclinic eddies. The eddies equilibrate at an amplitude that depends to leading order on the bottom drag. The net poleward heat transport is a residual between the mean and eddy heat transports. The size of this residual is determined by the details of the diapycnal diffusivity. If the diffusivity is uniform (as in laboratory experiments) then the heat transport is linearly proportional to the diffusivity. If a mixed layer is incorporated by greatly increasing the diffusivity in a thin surface layer then the net heat transport is dominated by the model mixed layer.
Daily to Decadal Sea Surface Temperature Variability Driven by State-Dependent Stochastic Heat Fluxes
Authors: Sura Philip , Newman Matthew , Alexander Michael A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The classic Frankignoul–Hasselmann hypothesis for sea surface temperature (SST) variability of an oceanic mixed layer assumes that the surface heat flux can be simply parameterized as noise induced by atmospheric variability plus a linear temperature relaxation rate. It is suggested here, however, that rapid fluctuations in this rate, as might be expected, for example, from gustiness of the sea surface winds, are large enough that they cannot be ignored. Such fluctuations cannot be fully modeled by noise that is independent of the state of the SST anomaly itself. Rather, they require the inclusion of a state-dependent (i.e., multiplicative) noise term, which can be expected to affect both persistence and the relative occurrence of high-amplitude anomalies. As a test of this hypothesis, daily observations at several Ocean Weather Stations (OWSs) are examined. Significant skewness and kurtosis of the distributions of SST anomalies is found, which is shown to be consistent with a multiplicative noise model. The observed wintertime SST distribution at OWS P is reproduced using a single-column variable-depth mixed layer model; the resulting non-Gaussianity is found to be largely due to the state dependence of rapidly varying (effectively stochastic) sensible and latent heat flux anomalies. The authors’ model for the non-Gaussianity of anomalous SST variability (counterintuitively) implies that the multiplicative noise increases the persistence, predictability, and variance of midlatitude SST anomalies. The effect is strongest on annual and longer time scales and may, therefore, be important to the understanding and modeling of interannual and interdecadal SST and related climate variability.
Dynamics of the Cold-Water Event off the Southeast Coast of the United States in the Summer of 2003
Authors: Yuan Dongliang 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The cold-water event along the southeast coast of the United States in the summer of 2003 is studied using satellite data combined with in situ observations. The analysis suggests that the cooling is produced by wind-driven coastal upwelling, which breaks the thermocline barrier in the summer of 2003. The strong and persistent southwesterly winds in the summer of 2003 play an important role of lifting the bottom isotherms up to the surface and away from the coast, generating persistent surface cooling in July–August 2003. Once the thermocline barrier is broken, the stratification in the nearshore region is weakened substantially, allowing further coastal cooling of large magnitudes by episodic southerly wind bursts or passage of coastally trapped waves at periods of a few days. These short-period winds or waves would otherwise have no effects on the surface temperature because of the strong thermocline barrier in summer if not for the low-frequency cooling produced by the persistent southwesterly winds.
Modeling of Bathymetry-Locked Residual Eddies in Well-Mixed Tidal Channels with Arbitrary Depth Variations
Authors: Li Chunyan 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The concept of the in–out-type exchange flow in estuaries only applies to situations with significant freshwater discharge and/or elongated channels with relatively simple variations in depth and coastline along the channel. In waterways with complex bottom topography, the in–out-type exchange flows may be replaced by residual eddies that are locked to bathymetry. This paper develops an analytic model for such tidally induced residual eddies. The model allows arbitrary depth variations in both along- and across-channel directions. The model produces residual eddies locked to bathymetry features, similar to observations in Wassaw Sound using a ship-mounted ADCP. Analysis indicates that for problems in a “short” channel with standing wave characteristics, the residual circulation is significantly influenced by advection. The frictional effect, however, is dominant and the wave propagation effect cannot be uniformly neglected (i.e., it sometimes can still compete or reinforce the effect of advection). The bathymetry function plays an important role in the generation of residual eddies. The wind during a half-dozen field observations does not appear to have significant effect to alter the structure of the flow field. Nor does the tidal range: the structures of the residual eddies do not change with the spring–neap tidal variation of tidal amplitude and remain robust in location. The persistent nature of these residual eddies makes it useful to map them in a specific area in a way similar to a coastal current. Although variabilities are anticipated in response to wind and coastal low-frequency sea level changes, the residual eddies will have significant implications to the flushing of a tidal channel, material transport, and the ecosystem dynamics.
Beneficial effects of combining nilotinib and imatinib in preclinical models of BCR-ABL+ leukemias
Authors: Weisberg Ellen , Catley Laurie , Wright Renee D. , Moreno Daisy , Banerji Lolita , Ray Arghya , Manley Paul W. , Mestan Juergen , Fabbro Doriano , Jiang Jingrui , Hall-Meyers Elizabeth , Callahan Linda , DellaGatta Jamie L. , Kung Andrew L. , Griffin James D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDrug resistance resulting from emergence of imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL point mutations is a significant problem in advanced-stage chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The BCR-ABL inhibitor, nilotinib (AMN107), is significantly more potent against BCR-ABL than imatinib, and is active against many imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL mutants. Phase 1/2 clinical trials show that nilotinib can induce remissions in patients who have previously failed imatinib, indicating that sequential therapy with these 2 agents has clinical value. However, simultaneous, rather than sequential, administration of 2 BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors is attractive for many reasons, including the theoretical possibility that this could reduce emergence of drug-resistant clones. Here, we show that exposure of a variety of BCR-ABL+ cell lines to imatinib and nilotinib results in additive or synergistic cytotoxicity, including testing of a large panel of cells expressing BCR-ABL point mutations causing resistance to imatinib in patients. Further, using a highly quantifiable bioluminescent in vivo model, drug combinations were at least additive in antileukemic activity, compared with each drug alone. These results suggest that despite binding to the same site in the same target kinase, the combination of imatinib and nilotinib is highly efficacious in these models, indicating that clinical testing of combinations of BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors is warranted.
Novel activating JAK2 mutation in a patient with Down syndrome and B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Malinge Sebastien , Ben-Abdelali Raouf , Settegrana Catherine , Radford-Weiss Isabelle , Debre Marianne , Beldjord Kheira , Macintyre Elizabeth A. , Villeval Jean-Luc , Vainchenker William , Berger Roland , Bernard Olivier A. , Delabesse Eric , Penard-Lacronique Virginie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractActivation of tyrosine kinase genes is a frequent event in human hematologic malignancies. Because gene activation could be associated with gene dysregulation, we attempted to screen for activating gene mutation based on high-level gene expression. We focused our study on the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene in 90 cases of acute leukemia. This strategy led to the identification of a novel JAK2-acquired mutation in a patient with Down syndrome (DS) with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). This mutation involves a 5–amino acid deletion within the JH2 pseudokinase domain (JAK2ΔIREED). Expression of JAK2ΔIREED in Ba/F3 cells induced constitutive activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and growth factor–independent cell proliferation. These results highlight the JAK2 pseudokinase domain as an oncogenic hot spot and indicate that activation of the JAK-STAT pathway may contribute to lymphoid malignancies and hematologic disorders observed in children with DS.
Antibody-based inhibition of DKK1 suppresses tumor-induced bone resorption and multiple myeloma growth in vivo
Authors: Yaccoby Shmuel , Ling Wen , Zhan Fenghuang , Walker Ronald , Barlogie Bart , Shaughnessy John D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDickkopf-1 (DKK1), a soluble inhibitor of Wnt signaling secreted by multiple myeloma (MM) cells contributes to osteolytic bone disease by inhibiting the differentiation of osteoblasts. In this study, we tested the effect of anti-DKK1 therapy on bone metabolism and tumor growth in a SCID-rab system. SCID-rab mice were engrafted with primary MM cells expressing varying levels of DKK1 from 11 patients and treated with control and DKK1-neutralizing antibodies for 4 to 6 weeks. Whereas bone mineral density (BMD) of the implanted myelomatous bone in control mice was reduced during the experimental period, the BMD in mice treated with anti-DKK1 increased from pretreatment levels (P < .001). Histologic examination revealed that myelomatous bones of anti-DKK1–treated mice had increased numbers of osteocalcin-expressing osteoblasts and reduced number of multinucleated TRAP-expressing osteoclasts. The bone anabolic effect of anti-DKK1 was associated with reduced MM burden (P < .04). Anti-DKK1 also significantly increased BMD of the implanted bone and murine femur in nonmyelomatous SCID-rab mice, suggesting that DKK1 is physiologically an important regulator of bone remodeling in adults. We conclude that DKK1 is a key player in MM bone disease and that blocking DKK1 activity in myelomatous bones reduces osteolytic bone resorption, increases bone formation, and helps control MM growth.
Characterization of HIV-1 subtype C envelope glycoproteins from perinatally infected children with different courses of disease
Authors: Zhang Hong , Hoffmann Federico , He Jun , He Xiang , Kankasa Chipepo , West John T , Mitchell Charles D , Ruprecht Ruth M , Orti Guillermo , Wood Charles 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe causal mechanisms of differential disease progression in HIV-1 infected children remain poorly defined, and much of the accumulated knowledge comes from studies of subtype B infected individuals. The applicability of such findings to other subtypes, such as subtype C, remains to be substantiated. In this study, we longitudinally characterized the evolution of the Env V1–V5 region from seven subtype C HIV-1 perinatally infected children with different clinical outcomes. We investigated the possible influence of viral genotype and humoral immune response on disease progression in infants.ResultsGenetic analyses revealed that rapid progressors (infants that died in the first year of life) received and maintained a genetically homogeneous viral population throughout the disease course. In contrast, slow progressors (infants that remained clinically asymptomatic for up to four years) also exhibited low levels variation initially, but attained higher levels of diversity over time. Genetic assessment of variation, as indicated by dN/dS, showed that particular regions of Env undergo selective changes. Nevertheless, the magnitude and distribution of these changes did not segregate slow and rapid progressors. Longitudinal trends in Env V1–V5 length and the number of potential N-glycosylation sites varied among patients but also failed to discriminate between fast and slow progressors. Viral isolates from rapid progressors and slow progressors displayed no significant growth properties differencesin vitro. The neutralizing activity in maternal and infant baseline plasma also varied in its effectiveness against the initial virus from the infants but did not differentiate rapid from slow progressors. Quantification of the neutralization susceptibility of the initial infant viral isolates to maternal baseline plasma indicated that both sensitive and resistant viruses were transmitted, irrespective of disease course. We showed that humoral immunity, whether passively acquired or developedde novoin the infected children, varied but was not predictive of disease progression.ConclusionOur data suggest that neither genetic variation inenv, or initial maternal neutralizing activity, or the level of passively acquired neutralizing antibody, or the level of thede novoneutralization response appear to be linked to differences in disease progression in subtype C HIV-1 infected children.
Experience with immediate and delayed mandibular reconstruction
Authors: Lawson William , Loscalzo Louis J. , Baek Se‐Min , Biller Hugh F. , Krespi Yosef P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe functional disability and cosmetic deformity after jaw and neck dissection can be very severe due to soft tissue and mandibular loss. Reconstruction of the mandible alone without soft tissue coverage can be complicated with prosthetic exposure, infection and, finally, rejection. We attempted to reconstruct the mandible at the time of tumor resection in a group of patients, using titanium mesh with marrow, rib, scapular spine, and clavicle. We used myocutaneous flaps in order to obtain intraoral coverage of the mandibular grafts. In a second group of patients, delayed reconstruction of the jaw was performed 6 months to 2 years after tumor resection. Titanium mesh prostheses were used for reconstruction of the mandible in conjunction with myocutaneous flaps for soft tissue augmentation. Osteomyocutaneous flaps were also used. The results and complications in 54 patients are presented.