bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE AND OESTROGEN ON ARBORIZATION OF CERVICAL MUCUS IN THE SPAYED EWE
Authors: McDONALD M. F. , RAESIDE J. I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Three series of experiments were conducted with ovariectomized Romney ewes to determine the requirements of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) for oestrus, characteristic vaginal smear changes, and crystallization (arborization) of cervical mucus, when preceded by 3 days of progesterone treatment (10 mg/day). The respective values for ED50 of ODB (in μg) for oestrus, vaginal smear changes and arborization of cervical mucus, with the associated 95% fiducial limits, were 26·5–23·4–20·9, 15·4–13·2–11·8 and 12·2–7·0–5·2.
In the second series of experiments, conducted during November and December, the oestrous response was negligible. During the experimental period February to May, when the first and third series of trials were performed, a greater and more consistent response was noted. The possibility of a seasonal effect in the spayed ewe is discussed.
The use of vaginal smears and arborization of cervical mucus in quantitative studies with progesterone and oestrogen was considered. Comparison of cervical mucus and vaginal smears collected from ewes treated with a dose of 10 μg ODB showed more distinctive changes in the cervical mucus and easier classification of a response to oestrogen. The difficulty of collecting a satisfactory sample of cervical mucus is discussed.
HORMONES AND PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: MANCHESTER K. L. , YOUNG F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. With rat diaphragm in vitro, addition of insulin to the medium so as to give a concentration as low as 0·05 mu./ml. of the hormone, stimulated the incorporation of [14C]glycine into protein of tissue. Simultaneous addition of glucose to the medium did not affect either the minimal amount of insulin required to produce a significant stimulation of incorporation of glycine, or the magnitude of the effect of the small concentration of insulin used.
2. Addition of a mixture of oxidized A and B chains of the insulin molecule did not affect incorporation of a mixture of labelled amino acids into the protein of isolated diaphragm, but a degraded insulin (DHA-insulin), which has about 15% of the activity of insulin in stimulating glucose uptake by diaphragm, was found to stimulate incorporation of [14C]glycine to an extent comparable with its effect in stimulating glucose-uptake.
3. Addition of rat serum, or the dipping of diaphragm in a medium containing insulin, stimulated incorporation of [14C]glycine into protein of diaphragm. Both these effects and the stimulation produced by insulin in vitro were abolished when the medium contained an antiserum to insulin.
4. Addition in vitro of growth hormone (GH) stimulated incorporation of [14C]glycine into protein of diaphragm from the hypophysectomized rat but had no effect on diaphragm from the normal rat, whether or not a small dose of insulin was also added in vitro. The action of GH in promoting incorporation of [14C]glycine into protein of diaphragm from the hypophysectomized rat was not neutralized by insulin antiserum.
5. Corticotrophin, cortisol, thyroxine, vitamin B12, vitamin D2 and linoleic acid all had no observable effect on incorporation of labelled amino acids into diaphragm. Glucagon stimulated incorporation, but the stimulation was abolished by the in vitro addition of antiserum to insulin and was probably attributable to the presence of a trace of insulin in the glucagon.
6. Anaerobiosis, and the addition of various metabolic inhibitors, were found to suppress incorporation of [14C]glycine into diaphragm protein almost entirely.
COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ESTIMATIONS OF PLASMA PROGESTIN
Authors: EDGAR D. G. , FLUX D. S. , RONALDSON J. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The progesterone content of a sample of plasma from the vein draining the ovary containing a corpus luteum and a sample of jugular venous plasma from each of two pregnant ewes, as estimated by the chemical method of Edgar & Ronaldson [1958], was compared with the 'progestin' content of the same sample, estimated by the biological method of Hooker & Forbes [1947].
It appeared that all, or almost all, the progestational activity of the ovarian venous plasma could be accounted for in terms of progesterone, but that the jugular venous plasma, in which no progesterone was detected chemically, may have contained progestins other than progesterone.
A discussion of the Hooker-Forbes technique for estimating progestins is included.
THE RELATION OF BODY BUILD TO THE EXCRETION OF 17-KETOSTEROIDS AND 17-KETOGENIC STEROIDS IN HEALTHY YOUNG MEN
Authors: TANNER J. M. , HEALY M. J. R. , WHITEHOUSE R. H. , EDGSON A. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The 24 hr excretions of 17-ketosteroids (17-KS), 17-ketogenic steroids (17-KGS) and creatinine of 101 healthy young men have been measured on two occasions several weeks apart to determine what, if any, relationship these bore to the subjects' body build.
2. Body build was assessed by anthropometric measurements, somatotyping, and a new method detailing the limb widths of fat, muscle and bone.
3. The week-to-week personal constancy coefficient of each of these excretions has been calculated. It is highest for 17-KS (0·83), and slightly lower for 17-KGS (0·73) and creatinine (0·72).
4. Correlations have been calculated both for between-persons relationships ('stable' or 'habitual'individuals' values) and within-persons relationships (daily individual co-fluctuations). The stable values of 17-KS and 17-KGS excretions are inversely related, individuals habitually high in one being habitually low in the other. This relationship becomes more marked when allowances are made for surface area and urine volume differences.
5. Excretion of 17-KS is significantly related to body weight and to mesomorphy. The multiple correlation with muscle width and weight was 0·56.
6. Excretion of 17-KGS is significantly related to weight and height. This is due to a positive relation with width and length of the limb bones (multiple correlation 0·55). There is no relation with muscle mass or subcutaneous fat thickness.
7. On the basis of these findings speculations are made on the possible role of 17-KS in maintaining muscle bulk and of corticosteroids in maintaining the contents of the medulla of the limb bones.
8. There is a significant, though quantitatively small, correlation between general body hirsutism, muscle bulk and 17-KS output. There is a similar-sized but inverse relation between penis size and amount of subcutaneous fat.
9. Recent findings on the relation of physique to resistance to tuberculosis are discussed in the light of the above findings. These point to the conclusion that more bodily measurements than simple weight and height must be taken if useful information as to causes of the physique-disease relationship is to be obtained.
THE OXYGEN UPTAKE OF KIDNEY CORTEX SLICES OF THYROIDECTOMIZED RATS AS INFLUENCED BY TRIIODOTHYROACETIC ACID
Authors: VAN ZYL A. , ENGELBRECHT F. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Concentrations of triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) of 1·5 × 10-6 m to 4·2 × 10-6 m appear to have an immediate stimulating effect on the oxygen uptake of kidney cortex slices of thyroidectomized rats but inhibit respiration afterwards under the conditions of the experiments described. Such a response could not be demonstrated when TRIAC of final concentrations between 7·0 × 10-7 m and 1·4 × 10-6 m was kept in contact with the slices for about ½ hr at 37° C or at 5° C.
The mean QO2 value of kidney cortex slices of thyroidectomized rats maintained on an iodine-deficient diet was appreciably less (4·7) than that of thyroidectomized rats on an ordinary diet (12·4), and such slices from iodine-deficient animals did not respond to concentrations of 6·4 × 10-7 m and 8·0 × 10-7 m solutions of TRIAC.
The respiration of kidney cortex slices of thyroidectomized rats was inhibited by TRIAC (10-6 m and 10-7 m) in the presence of bacteria to a greater extent than in their absence provided that the TRIAC was in contact with the material during the period of equilibration. A concentration of 10-8 m TRIAC inhibited the respiration of such slices by 10%, but did not do so in the presence of bacteria.
White light illumination did not stimulate the immediate oxygen uptake of kidney cortex slices of thyroidectomized rats.
THE VAGINAL SMEAR OF SENILE LABORATORY RATS
Authors: INGRAM D. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Rats aged 17 months or more did not undergo regular oestrous cycles during a period of 12 weeks when daily vaginal smears were taken. Vaginal cornification occurred at irregular intervals in most of the animals. Its incidence decreased following unilateral ovariectomy and temporarily increased following injections of gonadotrophin.
Acceptance of the male was rare and spasmodic and could not be correlated consistently with the presence of cornified cells in the vaginal smears.
Compensatory ovarian hypertrophy after unilateral ovariectomy occurred in all senile animals examined. The response of the vaginal epithelium to oestrogen did not appear to be less in senile than in young animals.
PROGESTERONE IN BLOOD
Authors: SHORT R. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Progesterone levels have been measured in the peripheral blood of pregnant and non-pregnant mares, and in umbilical cord blood collected during foaling. It was found that progesterone was readily detectable in the blood of pregnant and non-pregnant animals provided that there was a fully developed corpus luteum present in the ovaries. During the second half of gestation, when the ovaries have become fibrotic, progesterone was no longer detectable in the peripheral blood, even though it was present in high concentrations in umbilical cord blood.
The reasons for this apparent disappearance of progesterone from the maternal circulation are discussed, and it is concluded that during the second half of gestation placental progesterone probably exerts a local action on the uterus, without even entering the maternal circulation. This local action is made possible because of the diffuse, epithelio-chorial nature of the mare's placenta.
THE EFFECT OF GONADOTROPHINS AND ANDROGEN ON SPERMIOGENESIS IN THE IMMATURE RAT
Authors: WAKELING A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Precocious differentiation of spermatids was induced in intact pre-pubertal rats aged 25 and 28 days by seven daily injections of 20 i.u. pregnant mares' serum (PMS). Injections of 10 i.u. PMS, various doses of chorionic gonadotrophin, androgen and extracts of human postmenopausal urine were not effective in accelerating the process of spermiogenesis.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE SECRETION OF ALDOSTERONE BY THE RAT ADRENAL GLAND
Authors: SINGER BERTHA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. In rats fed normal diets, the intravenous, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration of potassium chloride, either immediately or at graded intervals before the collection of adrenal vein blood, did not increase the secretion of aldosterone. In animals fed low salt diets, excess of dietary potassium did not result in an increase in the secretion of aldosterone.
2. Chloride deficiency in the diet, for a period of 2 weeks, did not affect the rate of aldosterone production.
3. The intravenous administration of hypertonic saline just prior to collection of adrenal vein blood did not affect the rate of aldosterone secretion, but substitution of saline for drinking water for a period of 1 week reduced it.
4. Production of metabolic acidosis resulted in increased secretion of aldosterone. Production of metabolic alkalosis did not affect it. It is concluded from these results that altering the intracellular electrolyte composition of skeletal muscle will not affect the secretion of aldosterone.
5. Removal of peripheral blood either 2 hr, or 26 + 2 hr, before collection of adrenal vein blood in animals fed normal or low salt diets did not influence the secretion of aldosterone. Neither did maintaining the blood volume, with freshly drawn rat blood, during the collection of adrenal vein blood.
6. It was not possible to prevent the release of ACTH associated with the collection of adrenal vein blood by the use of morphine.
SULPHUR METABOLISM IN THE PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMUS OF THE RAT: A STUDY OF RADIOISOTOPE-UPTAKE AFTER THE INJECTION OF 35S dl-CYSTEINE, METHIONINE, AND SODIUM SULPHATE
Authors: SLOPER J. C. , ARNOTT D. J. , KING BARBARA C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The relative radioactivity of different parts of the pituitary and hypothalamus has been assessed with a flow counter, and, more satisfactorily, both visually and by granule-counts in autoradiographs. These experiments have involved 103 rats killed between 15 sec and 97 hr after the administration of 35S dl-cysteine, dl-methionine and sodium sulphate.
2. Subarachnoid injections proved more satisfactory than intraperitoneal or intracarotid ones. They were followed by the rapid localization of radioisotope in the adenohypophysis as well as in nervous tissue.
3. The early and marked uptake of radioisotope shown by the cell bodies of neurones in various nuclear regions, and in particular in the supraoptic nuclei, has been interpreted as evidence of active protein synthesis; this pattern of uptake was observed after the injection of labelled cysteine and methionine, but not sodium sulphate.
4. A similar, early, but less marked uptake of radioisotope was noted in the pars distalis after the injection of both cysteine and methionine. Only after the injection of methionine was there a marked uptake in the pars intermedia, and this was confined to its lateral border.
5. Uptake by the infundibular process of the neurohypophysis became greater than that in pars distalis or in the superjacent hypothalamus 9½ hr and longer after injection of labelled cysteine, but not methionine. This pattern of uptake was confirmed by granule counts in twenty-five animals.
6. It is suggested that the late neurohypophysial uptake of radioisotope reflects the storage in the nerve-terminals of the gland of slowly metabolizing proteins or polypeptides synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclear regions. These substances probably include the posterior pituitary principles, since the latter are rich in cystine, but lack methionine.
GROWTH IN THE YOUNG HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED GUINEA-PIG
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. , WORDEN JANET M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Following hypophysectomy, young female guinea-pigs showed an initial fall in body weight followed by a steady increase for many months, although the mean growth curve never reached that of intact guinea-pigs. There was proportionately more growth in length than in body weight.
2. After hypophysectomy the adrenal glands did not increase in weight when the animals grew. The concentration of ascorbic acid in the adrenals was unchanged by hypophysectomy.
3. After hypophysectomy the thyroid glands showed a smaller increase in weight than in intact guinea-pigs.
4. Closure of the epiphyses was usually delayed by hypophysectomy.
5. In relation to body weight the abdominal fat pads were smaller in hypophysectomized than in intact guinea-pigs. The carcass contained a slightly increased percentage of total nitrogen but the percentages of fat and carbohydrate were not significantly different from those of intact guinea-pigs.
6. Although the absolute weights of the livers were less in hypophysectomized guinea-pigs compared with intact ones, their relative weights were the same. Hypophysectomy resulted in an increased percentage in the fat content of the liver, and no change in the percentages of carbohydrate or total nitrogen.
7. Hypophysectomized guinea-pigs showed insulin hypersensitivity for at least 5 weeks after operation, although it was reduced by the administration of cortisol. Three months after hypophysectomy this increased sensitivity was lost.
THE RESPONSE TO OVARIAN HORMONE ADMINISTRATION IN THE COW ESTIMATED FROM THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CERVICAL SECRETIONS
Authors: GLOVER F. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Hexoestrol and progesterone were given to three ovariectomized cows and the consistency of mucus taken from the cervix uteri was measured. Whenever either of the hormones was clearly predominant, as in normal oestrus and during pregnancy, the pattern of changes in the consistency of the mucus found in the intact animal could be faithfully reproduced. Attempts to simulate the dioestrous phase gave indefinite results.
The levels of hormone administration corresponding to the different phases of the reproductive cycle varied from 0·1 to 0·8 mg/day for hexoestrol and 10–20 mg for progesterone, rising to 70 mg during attempts to simulate the last third of pregnancy. All hormones were given by daily subcutaneous injection. The 'oral/subcutaneous ratio' for hexoestrol, as judged by the consistency of cervical mucus, was found to be about 10.
During a separate experiment on intact heifers, it was observed that mucus much more like the normal type was produced by injections of oily solutions of hormones than by tablet implants or by injections of microcrystals.
SODIUM EXCRETION IN THE ADRENALECTOMIZED RAT AFTER INTRAVENOUS SALINE INFUSION
Authors: EDMONDS C. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The excretion of sodium, potassium and water, and the changes of glomerular filtration rate (g.f.r.) in response to intravenous infusions of hypertonic saline have been studied in normal and adrenalectomized rats.
The increase in sodium excretion in response to infusion was considerably depressed after adrenalectomy. It was not restored to normal by cortisone or cortisol administration, although the adrenalectomized rats treated with these steroids were able to excrete water after a water load as rapidly as normal rats.
Potassium excretion was increased to a similar extent by the infusions in both normal and adrenalectomized rats.
g.f.r. rose in both groups during the infusion but the rise was depressed by adrenalectomy. In both normal and adrenalectomized rats treated with cortisone, g.f.r. remained elevated throughout the infusion, but the initial rise was less rapid in the latter than in the normal animals. In adrenalectomized rats maintained on 1% saline only, the rise of g.f.r. was not sustained and by the 4th hr of infusion had fallen to the pre-infusion level. When i.v. cortisol was given immediately before the infusion, the initial rise of g.f.r. was restored to normal.
Comparison of the changes of g.f.r. with those of sodium excretion suggested that impairment of sodium excretion during the infusions was due, in part at least, to a change in renal tubular reabsorption of sodium following adrenalectomy.
SOME EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL CRYPTORCHIDISM ON THE ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF THE RAT
Authors: CLEGG E. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Artificial cryptorchidism results in a short-lived increase in testicular hormone production which is evidenced by changes in the accessory reproductive organs. These changes include increases in organ weight, in citric acid and fructose production, and in cell height. Subsequently, there is a fall in hormone production, which continues at a fairly constant level.
STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS ON EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROMA: ANDROSTANOLONE
Authors: CAMPBELL R. S. F. , LAWRIE T. D. V. , McALPINE S. G. , PIRRIE R. , RIFKIND B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of androstanolone on experimentally induced atheroma in cockerels is described. It was found that daily doses of 5 and 25 mg over the last 3 weeks of an 8-week feeding experiment resulted in a significantly lower incidence of coronary atheroma. The incidence of aortic atheroma was not reduced but its severity appeared to be less. These results were obtained without a significant alteration in either the plasma cholesterol or phospholipid levels, or in the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio. The significance of the results is briefly discussed.
CHANGES IN ELECTROLYTES AND 17-OXOSTEROIDS IN THE RAT SUBJECTED TO COLD ENVIRONMENT
Authors: MUNDAY K. A. , BLANE G. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Transiently high plasma sodium and low potassium levels have been recorded in rats exposed to severe cold (0° C) for periods of up to 48 hr. At the same time the whole blood haematocrit value was reduced. No such changes occurred in similarly exposed adrenalectomized rats.
2. The Na/K ratio of urine produced by rats during the first 12 hr of exposure was found to be abnormally low, i.e. suggestive of sodium retention with potassium loss.
3. A rapid increase in urinary 17-oxosteroid (17-KS) output was shown to occur in rats exposed to cold, but the level falls to subnormal levels within 36–48 hr and remains subnormal even though the cold stress continues to act.
4. These observations have been tentatively interpreted as evidence of early adrenal hyperactivity with release of hormones of the 'mineralocorticoid-type' during the acute stress caused by cold.
PERIPHERAL EFFECTS OF l-THYROXINE ON HAIR GROWTH AND COLORATION IN CATTLE
Authors: BERMAN A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that thyroid secretion may have a direct effect on hair growth and coloration in cattle, offering a common basis both for photoperiodic and thermally induced changes in the coat.
600 μg l-thyroxine were applied daily over an area of 100 cm2 of the left lumbar region of six cows for 46 days, and an identical amount of solvent to the corresponding area of the right lumbar region which served as a control. The cows were subjected to a constant day length of 12 hr, a constant air temperature (31·7±0·8° C) and constant relative humidity (69·0 ± 5·6%). Hair growth was determined by the weight of hair grown on the 100 cm2 areas during the experimental period after an initial clipping. The amount of pigment in 100 mg hair was determined spectrophotometrically following digestion of hair in 0·5 n-NaOH.
The topical application of l-thyroxine increased hair growth by 18% and pigmentation by 18·7% above the values on the control areas. This suggests a possible role of the thyroid in the control of the annual cycle in hair growth and shedding in cattle.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF OVARIECTOMY, OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON THE MELANOCYTES AND MELANIN IN THE SKIN OF THE FEMALE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: BISCHITZ P. G. , SNELL R. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effects of ovariectomy, oestrogen and progesterone on the melanocytes and melanin in the skin of the ear, anterior abdominal wall, areola, and sole of foot have been studied in pure black and pure red guinea-pigs.
2. Following ovariectomy the melanin content of the melanocytes was reduced and many of the melanocytes became smaller in size and had shortened dendritic processes. Some melanocytes had a deformed appearance, which varied from a minor irregularity of the cell contour to an advanced degree of cell collapse with fragmentation of the dendritic processes. A significant reduction of the melanocyte count occurred only in the areola, and this was accompanied by a reduction in the amount of free melanin.
3. In the ovariectomized animals which received oestrogen the amount of melanin was increased both inside and outside the melanocytes in all the regions. The greatest increase occurred in the areola where it was mainly due to a large increase of free melanin. In the nonsexual skin areas there was a smaller increase of free melanin but a greater increase in melanin within the melanocytes. No statistically significant changes in the counts were produced in any of the skin regions.
4. In the ovariectomized animals which received progesterone the amount and depth of colour of the melanin increased both within and outside the melanocytes and this was most marked in the ear. No statistically significant changes in the counts were produced in any of the skin regions. The general effect produced by progesterone was found to be less than that which occurred after oestrogen.