bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Products for Gas Network Calculation in Interactive Graphic Mode for the Size of Installations and for Computer-Aided Network Operation
Authors: Deola M. , Bonnel J-C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Gas companies have long felt the need for flow modelling in natural gas transmission and distribution systems.
With the emergence of digital processing of the information related to an in_depth physical study of gas phenomena it became possible to develop network calculation. And, the evolution of DP hardware combined with their ever decreasing cost expanded their use.
Two main categories of applications make use of these calculations: pipeline sizing studies and pipeline management network monitoring and control
The first category corresponds to static applications where the totality of the network's component parts have to be considered in order to find a technical economic optimum of the capital investments both as concerns network reinforcements and network extensions.
The second category entails the analysis of dynamic physical quantities such as flow rates and instantaneous pressures acquired and processed in real. time. In this case, the aim is to give the monitoring station operator a snapshot of his network and prediction of its behavior under various operating configurations.
The present paper analyzes the DP hardware and software suitable for these two kinds of application and pays special attention to the interactive and ergonomic aspects.
Medium-Pressure Township Gas Distribution System Design
Authors: Yassin A. A. M. , Shariff Z. A. M. , Hee P. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper discusses the implementation and the design concept with respect to the so termed Medium Pressure Township Gas Distribution System for providing Malaysia's townships gas distribution facilities which include means of residential and small commercial uses only.
The implementation of medium pressure which ranged from 1.0 to 15.0 psig. is particularly suitable for Malaysia's environment, in which, the service area to be covered is large in size, but the gas consumption rate is relatively small. The application of medium pressure ensured the regular supply of gas to all customers at right pressure and achieve a reduction in investment costs.
Significances of applying medium pressure and procedures of designing Medium Pressure Township Gas Distribution System are presented in the paper. Hardy Cross Network Analysis Method, which is used in the modeling of gas distribution system also being discussed in the paper.
Inert Gas Injection as Part of the Cushion of the Underground Storage of Saint-Clair-Sur-Epte, France
Authors: Laille J-P. , Molinard J-E. , Wents A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Building part of the cushion of an aquifer underground gas storage by an inert gas produced at a much lower cost than pipeline gas, is an operation of high economic interest.
The paper presents the actual case history of the underground aquifer gas storage of SAINT-CLAIR-SUR-EPTE, FRANCE. Preliminary studies performed in 1978 and 1979 have shown the technical feasibility and economic interest of injecting a significant quantity of inert gas (20 % of the cushion gas) before filling up the storage with natural gas.
The inert gas injection actually began on the 6th of August 1979 to reach a total inventory of 60.2 106 m3(n) on the 14th of March 1982. The first natural gas injection began on the 19th of August 1981 as the total inert inventory was 50.4 106 m3(n), and the first withdrawal took place on the 15 of November 1983, with a total inventory (inert + natural gas) of 462.6 106 m3(n). It should be noted that the inert gas injected contained a small proportion of air. The storage was operated since with injection-withdrawal cycles, the total working capacity (247.6 106 m3(n)) was withdrawn during winter 1986-1987.
The concentrations of gas components obtained from chromatography were collected on a set of eleven observation wells, at a rather important frequency (once a month on 7 wells during the withdrawal period of winter 1986-1987), giving the natural gas and inert concentrations. The plotting of curves, as well as the mapping of concentrations of inert and natural gas permits to have a good control of the gases repartition inside the porous medium. The proportion of O2 and CO2 were also analysed on the same observation wells. The evolution with time of these two variables is interesting and will be presented In the paper.
As far as we know, for the first time, a storage with a cushion consisting of 20 % of inert gas has been successfully operated for several years. The synthesis of the field data and its interpretation is included in the paper.
Pipeline Corrosion Logging: A New Application of Wireline Surveys
Authors: Edwards R. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The use of wireline measurements in gas storage gathering lines is a new idea which addresses the problem of internal and external corrosion in pipelines. Gathering lines are subjected to the same corrosive agents (H2O, CO2, H2S, etc.) as gas storage wells. However, unlike storage wells, where wireline surveys are utilized to monitor metal loss, the level of damage in the gathering lines is largely unknown. Most of the other corrosion monitoring methods are not direct measurements of corrosion. While pipeline inspection pigs detect corrosive damage they have limited application due to the gathering lines relatively short lengths and small diameters.
The use of the Pipeline Corrosion Tool and Video Camera introduces a precise means to completely inspect pipelines. Metal loss is detected and then correlated to a video survey. Both tools have been physically designed to traverse the extreme bends found in gathering systems. Pipeline logging is an accurate and ecomonically attractive alternative for detection of internal and external corrosion in pipelines.
World Gas Supplies, Markets, and Trade
Authors: Jensen J. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Worldwide natural gas consumption has increased over the last ten years, but the gains have been regionally uneven. Growth rates have been high for Japan and Australasia, as well as for many developing countries with gas discoveries of their own. But the U.S. fell to a twenty-one year low in 1986 and gas markets have stagnated in such important European markets as Germany, France and the Netherlands. The effect of disparate regional demand patterns on international gas trade, especially LNG, has been to reduce expectations well below those of the early 1970s.
While proved gas reserves worldwide compare favorably to those of oil, many gas discoveries are remote from consuming markets, and thus costly to commercialize. Less than half of the world's total gas reserves are dedicated to specific local or export market outlets. An equally large quantity of gas may also be classified as exportable surplus -- large enough to support an export project, but with no market outlet yet available. Since new export commitments are not growing as rapidly as gas discoveries in major export regions, the exportable surplus category is steadily increasing.
Study of the Ab’ei Andesite Reservoir in Erlian Basin
Authors: Jieting Tang , Jiaren Yu 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The characteristics of the andesite reservoir have been studied in terms of drilling » logging and coring data of the A’bei andesite oil pool in Erlian Basin. A preliminary study has shown the following five characteristics’ (1) a variety of textures and structures of reservoir rock* (2) fractures as the major reservoir and migration space; (3) high water saturation; (4) anisotropic fluid flow m porous media; (5) alternation of good and poor reservoirs in a vertical section. The oil pool is a vesicular micro - fracture type reservoir. The anisotropic fluid flow will lead to a complex flow pattern, resulting in a unique production performance. So effective development methods should be adopted to achieve higher recovery.
Analysis of Pressure Transient Testing for Damaged Wells and Automatic Technique for Matching with Type Curves
Authors: Wening Liu , Qinlei Chen , Jianru Yang , Zhengchuan Sun 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
During drilling and well completion, the drilling fluids may damage the formation nearby bottom hole and reduce its permeability. Stimulation treatment, such as fracturing and acidizing, in turn, may improve the permeability of this zone. As a result, a permeability variation zone will be probably formed around a well. It is one of the important reservoir engineering problems to determine the range of the zone and the degree of permeability variation. A transient well test interpretation model (composite sandstone reservoir mode D together with the new type curves are presented in this paper, which are based on the geological and development features of some China’s oilfields and can be used to determine the effects of damaged zone and outer boundary. In view of the nonuniqueness in manual matching, a computer automatic matching software is also established in accordance with the new type curves.
Relief Well Drilling Technology
Authors: Xiu Yu , Jinling Jie 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the technology of relief well drilled in China. In recent years, four relief wells have been drilled, the distances of which to the target are 3.81m, 6.84m, 4.45m and 2.29m respectively.
"Three Section" profile for the relief well is recommended. The drift of well path should be controlled within 10m from the target point before hitting the target. The final azimuth correction should coincide with the closed azimuth line of the blowout well, and then a tracking method is used to drill towards the target area, so as to achieve the goal by communicating two wells and killing the blowout well.
Study of Property of Cationic Surfactants for Preventing Clay from Swelling
Authors: Yizhen Lu 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper demonstrates a new cationic surfactant SQ-G which is used as a clay swelling inhibiting additive in water-base crosslinked fracturing fluid. It has a better performance than other additives available for clay swelling inhibiting. In addition, it also plays some role in viscosity increasing, corrosion inhibiting, bacteria-killing and emulsion breaking etc..
This additive is added into the fracturing fluid during its preparation. Its advantages ares low amount of addition, no requirement of special equipment and technique, good compatibility with both fracturing and formation fluids and no formation damage.
A large number of in-house simulation tests and field tests have proved that the new additive has very good properties. Currently, it has been widely used in field operation, and good results are obtained.
Grey System Method for Predicting Performance of Oil and Gas Fields (Wells)
Authors: Pingyi Lin , Dachang Li 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
At the Present time, the empirical methods are always used in the prediction of production performance of oil and gas reservoirs (or wells). For example, for presanting the production decline there are exponential, hyperbolic, and harmonic decline methods. All these methods are effective only when the production data of the oil and gas reservoirs change steadily. However, in many cases, the production is not a stable process, especially for the gas reservoirs (or wells) and the small fault-block ed oil reservoirs. In such cases, the effectiveness of the empirical methods is limited. In this paper, a grey system method which has been proved effective in sociology, economics, and other fields is introduced to predict the performance of oil and gas reservoirs (wells). Six grey system prediction models are proposed, namely, DM(1, 1), DM(1, 2), DM(l, 3) DM(2, 1), DM(2, 2) and DM(2, 3). This paper describes these models and give out the results predicted for a gas reservoir, a gas well and two oil reservoirs as examples. As it has been shown in these examples, the methods proposed is practical, reliable and relatively simple. The calculations of the these prediction models can be simultaneously performed on a portable computer (such as PC-1500).
Experimental Study Of Exploring Natural Gas Formation With Compressional Wave Amplitude And Results Of Its Application In The Field
Authors: Tingdong Tan , Ning Li , Houyi Li 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper gives the experimental results about the relations between velocity, amplitude, and dominant frequency of compressional head wave and gas saturation. The head wave amplitude is an important indicator of gas - bearing formation beause it is more sensitive to gas saturation than its velocity and dominant frequens Discussion of the methodology of using amplitude (energy) attenuation to detect gas-bearing formation is presented and evaluation of the characteristics, effectiveness, influencing factors, and problems of this method is made in the light of its application in 30 wells in Huabei, Sichuan and Zhongyuan oil fields.
Development In The Limited--Entry Completion Fracturing Technique
Authors: Wang Zhou , Wenhui Qi , Tongshou Xiao , Shijing Pan , Chaoyang Xie 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The limited entry fracturing technique is considered feasible for treating the thin and lover permeability sandstone interbeded with shale in Daqing Oil-fields, in case that horizontal fractures are induced. 15 to 20 individual sandstone layers can be treated without the need of manipulating the tubing string during one fracturing job with small volumes. Various types of post-fracture tests revealed that 80–90% of the objective formations are stimulated. The key points for limited entry completion fracturing technique lie in the accurate interpretation of watered out thin layers, high resolution, low density perforation, and the use of separated-layer fracturing string.
Laboratory Experiment Of Foaming Drilling Fluid And Study Of Its Application In The Field
Authors: Shizhong Fan , Wenyi Li , Jianyao Xie , Rongkui Yao 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The low pressure, medium-low permeable reservoirs, which make a good percentage in China, play an important role in expending reserves and increasing production. The foam fluid, which is widely used in the world, is one of the low density drilling fluids that is required to explore and develop this kind of reservoir.
This paper contains a description of the evaluation of the foam fluid available,- the study of the foam formula and its stability. The development of a computer program, the tests on a simulating well and the up-dated field application of foam in oil fields are also described.
Engineering Study For Development Of A Special Marginal Oil Field In South China Sea
Authors: Ying Wei 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper mainly deals with the engineering study of the development of a special marginal oil field located in adverse sea environment in South China Sea under rhe backgro und of sharp decline of oil price. This oil field is at a water depth 100m. with less favorable geological condition and limited crude reserve. The saturation pressure of reservoir is low and the capablity of natural flow is also limited. The oil-gas ratio of the crude oil produced from such a field is 1. and the single-well production of the oil field is rather low. The paper is to analyse the main factors influencing the economic benefit of the development of the oil field. On this basis, analysis and comparison of various options are made so as to define a technically feasible and economically viable scheme for development.
Predicting Deepwater Fracture Pressures: A Proposal
Authors: Simmons E. L. , Rau W. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The accurate prediction of formation fracture gradients has historically been a matter of great concern, for well planning purposes and "real time" drilling considerations. When the proposed drilling environment is at substantial water depths (greater than 350 feet), the concern for a viable predictive technique, and the accuracy of such a technique has been a problem of some magnitude.
This paper proposes and recommends two techniques for predicting formation fracture pressures in offshore drilling environments where the water depth is greater than 350 feet. The first technique suggests a modification of Eaton's method which he proposed in his paper published in 1969. His work is modified to account for the affect of a water column on the composite vertical rock stress at the point of interest. The second technique suggests a method of bulk density log integration to accurately define the overburden stress at any point of interest. This technique provides a method for "real time" evaluation of a proposed casing setting depth prior to running and cementing casing. The results of such an analysis could provide the opportunity to deepen a particular hole segment thereby creating a safer, more stable, and under most conditions, a more economical drilling environment.
The recommendations proposed in this paper are the direct results of work done at Chevron's Drilling Technology Center. The project involved a comparative analysis of existing predictive techniques relative to actual leak-off test data from deep water wells drilled by Chevron Operating Companies worldwide. Statistical analysis have definitely shown that these proposed techniques will provide improved accuracy in this critical area of deep water exploration.
Other Unconsolidated Formations in Vertical and Inclined Holes
Authors: Wilson M. A. , Beirute R. M. , Sabins F. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A project to investigate the cement placement process across heavy oil sands was conducted to help explain some of the problems experienced by a major oil company when cementing casing in a field in Canada. These problems were related to poor quality of primary cementing jobs as suggested by cement bond logs.
Various factors affecting mud displacement efficiency were examined using a 15 ft long test annulus comprised of three 5 ft formation sections. Conventional cementing equipment and practices were used in the experiments. Following completion of individual tests, the cement was allowed to set and the test section was cut into cross sections to measure displacement efficiency (percentage of mud removed) and visually examine the character of the cement sheath.
Factors affecting mud displacement efficiency and preservation of formation integrity examined in the course of this investigation included the following: Effect of drilling fluid filter cake deposition, its prevention, and removal.Influence of pipe movement (rotation/reciprocation) with and without mechanical casing hardware (cable wall cleaners/centralizers).Effects of pipe centralization, hole washouts.Use of spacers/flushes to improve displacement efficiency.Influence of displacement rates on mud removal efficiency.Examination of above factors under deviated hole conditions.
Findings resulting from this research investigation are presented, including recommendations to improve cementing results across heavy oil or other soft, unconsolidated formations in both vertical and inclined holes.
Permeability Microstratification in Natural Sandstones
Authors: Holden W.R. , Caudle B.H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Spherical flow tests in sandstones indicated a strong tendency for flow to follow the natural bedding planes. These results suggested that a cylindrical flow pattern be studied in the same rock. The latter tests for the ten samples studied, showed an unexpected type of microstratification. The flow took place in thin (0.1 inch thick) horizontal laminae. The apparent permeability of adjacent laminae varied widely in many cases. It is believed that this type of microstratification—if continuous—would cause premature breakthroughs and poor performances in gas cycling and miscible displacement projects.

Introduction
Darcy's law has always been the basis of reservoir engineering methods. In its infancy, reservoir engineering consisted mostly of predictions of fluid production as a function of the amount of drawdown in the production well. For this purpose, Darcy's law could be used in its simplest form— which points out that the flow rate of any fluid through a porous medium of any type or geometry is directly proportional to the pressure drop across the system. Later attempts to study problems such as water coning and the effects of well bore damage required the use of Darcy's law as a differential equation of flow at a point:
Simultaneous Multiple Entry Hydraulic Fracture Treatments of Horizontally Drilled Wells
Authors: Austin C. E. , Rose R. E. , Schuh F. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The number of horizontally drilled wells has continued to increase in the past few years. Nearly all of these well s have been completed as "drainholes" with slotted or perforated liner and without a cement sheath. The majority of these have been successful in their designed intent.
Hydraulic fracturing treatments have been performed on a relatively small number of these wells. To be effectively fracture stimulated, a horizontally drilled well must be cased and cemented through the horizontal producing section of the well. Casing and cementing the horizontal section allows fracture initiation points to be controlled in placing multiple fractures.
In situ stresses greatly influence the potential effectiveness of any fracturing treatment procedure. The one factor which most directly affects horizontal wellbore fracturing is the least principal stress, which is at a right angle to the induced fracture. The direction of the horizontal segment of the borehole dictates whether or not the induced fracture will be parallel or at an angle to the borehole.
The use of properly applied controlled entry techniques at several fracture initiation points will help allow equal placement of proppant or reactive fluids in one stimulation treatment. Ei ther fracturi ng wi th proppant or fracture acidizing can be used in the stimulation treatment. The potential economic benefit to be derived from a successful multiple entry fracturing treatment merits strong consideration be given to the development of fracturing techniques to help obtain maximum wellbore drainage.
Subject paper explains techniques and methods to be used in creating and placing proppant and/or reactive fluids in each of the multiple fractures in a horizontally drilled well. Economic considerations of the simultaneous stimulation treatment procedure are presented and compared to a vertical well under similar conditions.
Simple Characterization of Communication Between Reservoir Regions
Authors: Fox M. J. , Chedburn A. C. S. , Stewart G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Many North Sea fields exhibit significant barriers to fluid flow between different regions in the reservoir. These may be in the form of vertical barriers due to faulting or stratigraphic changes, or horizontal barriers in layered systems.
A simple method has been developed to quantify such "interblock" communication using material balance and. steady-state pressure drop concepts. For single well blocks extended buildup or drawdown surveys can characterise communication and effective block volumes. For multiple communicating blocks steady- state pressure measurements can quantify interblock communication directly. Where steady-state information is unavailable, all available data can be integrated into a multiple cell analysis to characterise interblock communication and effective block volumes.
This method allows characterisation of partially communicating regions as a preliminary stage to aid 3D reservoir simulation.
Examples are presented from mature North Sea fields of an extended buildup test, steady state pressure measurements and an application to a complex inter-linked cell system. These examples detail how this simple analysis procedure can aid understanding of production behaviour in complex geology and deter-mine reservoir properties between wells.