bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Certification of Electrical Instrumentation for Use on Drilling Rigs
Authors: Dolphin J. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Certification is the documented, independent third-party determination of compliance with a prescribed set of requirements. The procedure for obtaining a certification is typically quite simple. However, the process for obtaining certification is frequently complicated by confusion over the numerous variables associated with certification. Understanding these variables is a prerequisite to the preparation of a meaningful specification, and defining these variables facilitates the process of certification.
The variables associated with certification are listed below.
Applicant Object of certification Nature of object History of object Certifying agency Hazardous locations Scope of investigation Applicable standards Grade of certification Inspections Follow up service Updates in requirements Identification of certified products Destination of equipment Type of platform Flag of vessel
Some of these variables are not applicable in every case.
This paper discusses the aforementioned variables, explains how the variables affect certification of electrical instrumentation used on drilling rigs, and describes the procedures for obtaining certification on components, products, systems, installations, and rigs. Certification for both new and old rigs is included, as well as modifications to rigs subsequent to certification. Examples of specifications for certification are given at the end of the paper.
A Combination of Logging Measurements for Quantitative Monitoring of CO2 Floods
Authors: Schwanitz B. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The need for monitoring miscible and immiscible CO2 gas floods has become increasingly apparent to operators engaged in these often expensive, yet potentially rewarding projects. By combining logging measurements, a new 3-phase approach can be obtained and used as a tool to quantitatively monitor a CO2 flood on injection, observation, or producing wells.
Mathematical Modeling and Testing of Hydraulically Driven Pumping Jack
Authors: Luo F. , Miska S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A hydraulically driven walking beam pumping jack* is introduced which differs from the conventional pumping jack in that the walking beam is activated by two telescopic joints. To analyze the performance of sucker rod pumping systems (both standard and hydraulic), a mathematical model and a numerical simulation were developed. Seven performance criteria were used to characterize the pumping systems. Full scale laboratory type experiments were performed to verity the mathematical model. Both computer generated and experimental results indicate that the hydraulic pumping jack consumes less energy at the polished rod than does the conventional pumping jack.
State of the Art Installation of CO2 Injection Equipment: A Case Study
Authors: Collier T. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Corrosion of injection equipment is a common problem in CO2 miscible injection operations. The two basic mechanisms by which this corrosion occurs are from internal corrosion caused by holidays in the injection tubing coating as well as from external corrosion caused by CO2 invading the tubing-casing annulus through minute seepages in the downhole injection equipment.
Unfortunately, these problems are both common and costly.
In one West Texas CO2 injection project, Unocal Corporation, using state of the art connection and testing procedures has developed a method of installing downhole CO2 injection equipment which virtually eliminates this tubing-casing communication. In addition, the internal plastic coating of the tubulars remains intact and holiday free during field handling procedures. The system involves the use of a helium connection test combined with meticulous attention to detail in the field handling and connection of the tubulars.
The following is a discussion of the development of these procedures.
Novel Workover Treatment Proves Effective in Permian Basin: Laboratory and Field Results
Authors: Harms S. D. , Smith J. M. , King G. E. , Posey K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A novel foamed acid treatment has proven effective in the workover of more than 20 wells in the Permian Basin Delaware, Grayburg, and Upper Clearfork formations. The treatment described uses a foaming mutual solvent/acid system. This system provides the desirable wetting and solubilization properties of a mutual solvent and acid along with the inherent advantages of foam. The uniqueness of this treatment is derived from the prolonged stability of the foam, a property not characteristic of foamed mutual solvent systems.
Data is presented from both laboratory and field tests comparing this procedure to conventional foamed acid techniques. Detailed treatment designs are presented which are applicable in coiled tubing and workover strings. These procedures have been used in treatment of injection and producing wells. The treatment described is especially effective in low pressure wells where previous workovers have resulted in poor performance.
Controlling Rod Body Corrosion Failures With Spray-Metal Plastic-Coated Sucker Rods
Authors: Ryan R. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of an investigation into the benefits of spray metal plastic coated (SMPC) sucker rods for reducing rod body corrosion failures. The operating histories of over 650 bare steel and SMPC rod strings that were installed in several West Texas producing locations since 1977 are reviewed. Over 9000 failure and installation records have been summarized. Comparisons have been made in the performance (runtime and failures) of sucker rod strings before and after the installation of SMPC rods. Major operating practices have not significantly changed during the time period studied.
Experience with bare steel and SMPC rod strings in one major West Texas producing unit is reviewed in detail. The runtime and failure histories for all rod strings (both bare steel and SMPC) in this unit are summarized. The economics of SMPC sucker rod string installation are also reviewed.
Engineers And The Oil Industry Today And Tomorrow
Authors: Mims C.D. 
Published: December 2007

Mims, C.D., president Standard Oil Company of California Western Operations, Inc.
Any industry as vast as ours will necessarily encounter problems—-occasionally serious ones—-but I think all of us here would agree that the oil business has a long and prosperous future ahead of it.
I know that the industry's engineers will be able to meet the developing problems of the future just as able and successfully as they have in the past, with even more sophisticated techniques and tools.
One of the best examples of how the industry has managed to handle its problems is the outstanding success that petroleum engineers have had in the areas of development well programs and assisted recovery projects. There are other examples, such as offshore production and recovery from beneath heavily populated areas.
The Use of Inert Gas Radioactive Tracers for Steam Injection Profiling
Authors: Nguyen T. V. , Stevens C. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a study on the use of radioactive tracers for steam vapor phase injection profiling. Field data show that methyl and ethyl iodide are not reliable vapor phase tracers because they decompose into water soluble tracers at steam conditions. Vapor phase injection profiles obtained with methyl and ethyl iodide are therefore incorrect. Radioactive inert gases (krypton, xenon, or argon) are recommended as vapor phase tracers. Field data using inert gases to trace the vapor phase identify gravity segregation problems in the wellbore. Techniques to measure downhole steam quality are discussed and field data presented.
Analysis of Production and Reservoir Performance, Casa Diablo Geothermal Project
Authors: Miller R. J. , Vasquez R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Mammoth-Pacific geothermal project at Casa Diablo has been in production since January, 1985. The plant generates 7-8 MW of electric power using a binary system supplied by geothermal fluid production from four wells that produce about 3500 GPM of 340° F, low salinity geothermal fluid. The wells produce from a fault/fracture system that is apparently continually recharged from a deep "reservoir" with no significant drawdown in pressure or decline in flow rate over the 2 year period.
Prior to the start of production a series of well tests were conducted to determine the pumped flow capacity of the original four wells and to determine reservoir properties from pressured drawdown and build-up analysis. Since the start of operations a continuous record of production rate, flowing bottom-hole pressure, and temperature has been maintained. The well tests and production records have been evaluated to determine the nature of the reservoir and reservoir permeability and other properties. This paper presents the results of that evaluation.
A Model for Development, Sensitivity Analysis, and Optimization of Gas Reservoirs with or without Aquifer: Part I-The Model and Solution Technique
Authors: Alcocer C. F. , Ghalambor A. , Hayatdavoudi A. , Tussaneyakul S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This work is a study for the development and optimization of gas reservoirs that depend upon the effect of water drive mechanism and production demand schedule. The objectives are to determine the optimum number of wells and time for these wells to be drilled for the gas reservoirs without or with water influx for steady state and unsteady state for linear and radial system, the effect on gas production by water influx, and to perform a sensitivity analysis to study the effect for unsteady state water drive reservoir due to: production rate, permeability, water viscosity, porosity, water compressibility, rock compressibility, and encroachment angle and rock and water compressibility term in material balance equation for volumetric, steady state, and unsteady state water drive reservoir. To solve this problem, an analytical mathematical computer program was designed and implemented. The model is separated into three parts: Volumetric; Steady state water influx, and Unsteady state water influx. The computer program was written by using the volumetric and material balance equation that include Van Everdingen-Hurst unsteady state water influx equation or Schilthuis steady state water influx equation and the latest correlations available in the technical literature, modified and adapted for this work. From the result, it shows that the model can be used to analyze gas reservoir, predict the drilling period for that reservoir and rebuild pressure history of a reservoir from production data. This paper is only concerned with the development of the model computer program and solution techniques. The remaining material will be presented in part II of this series of two papers.
The Effect of Steep Temperature Gradient on Relative Permeability Measurements
Authors: Watson R. W. , Ertekin T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The injection of a fluid with a temperature either higher or lower than the in situ reservoir temperature results in a temperature gradient between the injected fluids and the in situ rock and fluids. Relative permeability is a means of characterizing the flow of immiscible fluids through a porous media. The objective of this study is to consider the effect of the steep temperature gradient upon relative permeability. Along these lines, we present a series of imbibition cycle relative permeability measurements which were conducted in 12-inch and 24-inch Berea sandstone fired and unfired cores using Soltrol 170 and CaCl2 brine. The temperature gradient in the 12-inch core was made equal to the temperature gradient in the first 12-inches of the 24-inch core by injecting the fluids at a constant temperature. Four injection temperatures varying from ambient to 300°F were used to conduct the experiments. Variations in the relative permeability curves from the 12-inch core to the 24-inch core were indicative of the effects of the temperature gradient. Experimental results indicate that the irreducible water saturation increased and the residual oil saturation decreased with average temperature. As the injection temperature increased, the computed values of oil and water relative permeability decreased. The difference in the temperature gradient resulted in variations in both the irreducible water saturation and residual oil saturation and suggested that changes in wettability occurred. Both oil and water relative permeabilities decreased at a larger rate with an increasing temperature gradient.
New Methods for Evaluation of Shaly Formations by Well Logs
Authors: Aguilera R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
New methods are presented for analyzing (1) laminated, (2) dispersed, and (3) total shale models. The techniques involve the use of log-log crossplots of effective porosity vs. true resistivity as 'affected by a shale group (As h).
Response equations for the above models have been written in such a way as to allow the generation of log-log plots from which values of water saturation can be readily calculated.
Three key advantages of the proposed methods are: (1) the value of m does not have to be assumed equal to 2.0; in fact, it can be determined from this analysis by trial and error, (2) water resistivity does not have to be known in advance provided that the reservoir contains some water-bearing intervals, and (3) all shaly intervals being analyzed can be displayed in a single log-log plot that includes porosity and water saturation even if shale volumes are changing continuously. An application is presented in detail.
It is concluded that log-log crossplots provide powerful evaluation techniques for the analysis of laminated, dispersed and total shale models. These methods can be readily extended to the analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs.
Real-Time Optimization of Fracturing Fluid Viscosity to Meet Changing Fracture Conditions
Authors: Olsen T. N. , Debonis M. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Materials such as crosslinked guar-gum derivatives have had widespread applications as viscosifying agents for water-base hydraulic fracturing fluids. Laboratory tests have demonstrated that the crosslinked gelled water viscosity will degrade with increasing temperature.
Heat-transfer simulators indicate that when there is a temperature difference between the formation temperature and the surface fluid temperature, a significant cooldown will occur across a portion of the length of the fracture. However, because of operational limitations, most treatments are designed for a worst-case temperature with, at most, two fluids of different viscosity to compensate for fluid temperature variance. Therefore, the result is a fracturing fluid with varying viscosity throughout the fracture.
Now, with the emergence of on-site microprocessors and new, accurate, continuous-mix gelling equipment, the gel loading can be varied to compensate for time and temperature effects, thus yielding a fracturing fluid with a more consistent downhole viscosity while using less gelling agent.
On-site adjustment of polymer loading gains even more utility when the net fracturing pressure is monitored for changing fracture conditions1-3
This paper presents many of the advantages of real-time viscosity control, and several field examples that apply these features.
The Evaluation of Oil and Gas Plays
Authors: Warren J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A play is a group of exploration prospects or potential fields with geologically similar source, trap and reservoir characteristics contained within a continuous stratigraphic interval. The total economic reserves for an untested play can be estimated via a straightforward, albeit subjective, procedure; and, its net present-worth value can be approximated in an analogous manner.
First, assume that the play exists and model it in accordance with the following estimates: (1) the underlying prospect-size distribution-assumed to be equivalent to the field-size distribution (2) the distribution of the number of prospects in the play and the conditional probability that any prospect in the play will contain hydrocarbons - or, more simply, the distribution of the number of fields in the play (3) the practical truncation points for the prospect-size distribution - the minimum (economic) and maximum field sizes for the play. All of these estimates can be based on the analysis of all geochemical, geologic and geophysical data pertinent to the play and/or information collected from one or more similar (look-alike) plays.
Next, these random variables - field size and number of fields - are combined probabilistically, without recourse to Monte Carlo simulation, to permit the approximation of the distribution for the total economic reserves associated with the play. Finally, estimate (4) the probability that the play really does exist - the chance that adequate source, trap and reservoir are present; and, approximate the distribution of the total, geologically-risked, economic reserves for the play.
For the economic assessment, the evaluation procedure used to determine the minimum (economic) field size is extended over the entire doubly-truncated field-size distribution; and, the same combinatorial process is employed to obtain the distribution of the total, unrisked, net present-worth value of the play. Risk is introduced via the probability that the play is valid and the expected cost of exploration; and, the distribution of the play’s total, geologically-risked, net present-worth value is approximated.
This paper discusses the theoretical bases for the proposed procedure and some practical considerations applicable to input information. It also presents a complete example that uses actual field data and compares the results with an independent evaluation of the same data.
A Typical Petroleum Engineering Curriculum in the U.S. and Curricula on Transcripts From the P.R.C.
Authors: Carlile R. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The 1980’s have seen an increasing number of students from the People’s Republic of China come to US petroleum schools for basic or advanced degree training. Dissimilar transcripts, courses taken, and degrees obtained make transcript analyses difficult and each candidate’s application a unique analysis.
This study analyzes 26 petroleum undergraduate programs in the US and presents a "typical US Petroleum Engineering undergraduate program." Twenty-seven transcripts from eight PRC petroleum institutes have been examined in an attempt to point out similarities and dissimilarities between the petroleum training common to both nations. From these comparisons, future student candidates traveling to either nation to study petroleum engineering can better determine what preparatory courses are applicable to the degree program in that nation.
A Fractured/Matrix Model for Estimating Water Saturations in Reservoir Rocks
Authors: Xiaokui Xu , Colpitts R. M. , Bretz R. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In this paper we present a model for calculating water saturations in clean, fine-grained, fractured rocks. The model, called the fracture/matrix (F/M) model, is used to calculate a composite porosity exponent, m, which is then used in Archie’s relationship to calculate water saturations. An application of the F/M model to wells located in S.E. New Mexico which penetrate the Bone Spring sands is presented.
Extended Reach Appraisal Well: A Case History
Authors: Locke H. A. , Johnson J. B. , Jewkes D. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The justification, planning, and implementation of a high angle, extended reach appraisal well for a newly discovered field is presented. This paper discusses the impact that the drilling of the well has on the feasibility of economic field development. Results of the drilled well and application of state-of-the-art techniques in steerable downhole motor technology, high angle hole maintenance, drilling fluids and hydraulics, plus high angle casing cementation are described.
Completion of Horizontal Drainholes
Authors: Lessi J. , Spreux A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Horizontal drainholes, of which the aim is to collect the fluids over considerable lengths, may cross heterogenous zones of the reservoir. So as to turn to practical effect the advantages which in theory, ensue from horizontal drains, specific techniques must be made available providing solutions to the selective completion problems. Indeed, only a selective production method taking into account the geological heterogeneities of the reservoir will enable high production and recovery rates.
This paper presents results concerning three stages of the methodology of selective completion design, i.e., procedures and equipment for cementing or setting external casing packers, methods of reservoir evaluation in order to describe heterogeneities and models to optimize the flow rate distribution according to these heterogeneities.
Development Feasibility Study: Dong Sheng Pu Buried Hill Reservoir
Authors: Ullah S. , Shen Tse Yone , Mobarak S. A. , Carnes A. C. , Jiang Zhu Xue , Lin Wu Qi , Wen Hou Zhen , Mon Wan Zhong , Lin Zhao Cheng , Ding Feng 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Dong Sheng Pu Buried Hill reservoir in Liaoning Province is a fractured, metamorphic basement rock of generally low porosity which contains an undersaturated, 36° API oil. Production began in 1983. In late 1985 and early 1986, a detailed reservoir study was conducted to determine the most appropriate method of developing and operating the field. Water injection was predicted to yield the highest oil recovery and cash flow at an average oil price of $17/bbl. A water injection pilot was recommended. The operator has been developing the field according to recommendations put forth in the study.
A New Geological Volume Computer Modeling System for Reservoir Description
Authors: Swanson D. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new geological three-dimensional computer modeling system has been developed that should greatly aid any task that depends upon accurate geological reservoir description. The new system, call STRATAMODEL, is a Geo-Cellular™ type of geological modeling that portrays the stratigraphic patterns and structural complexities of sedimentary rocks so that a resulting model closely approximates the "state of nature". Geologic volumes of any scale are divided into stratigraphic sequences and structural blocks. Into these are placed layers of cells which are positioned to be approximately parallel to the depositional surfaces or time-lines of strata being modeled. This results in the cell layers usually being at attitudes other than horizontal. Values and attributes are distributed from wells and assigned to individual cells within each unique cell layer. The resulting variation along cell layers is closely analagous to the variation of rock properties along strata in nature.
There are many potential benefits from using three-dimensional computer modeling. For example, in many reservoirs, the benefit of costly and detailed data is lost because of excessive vertical averaging. The use of accurate Geo-Cellular™ modeling will properly distribute parameters such as porosity and saturation. Pore volume can then be calculated at the individual cell level. This will lead to volumetrics more accurate than those determined by present conventional methods. Having a computer reservoir model will also allow the engineer and geologist the luxury of using alternate interpretations and multiple hypotheses.
The proper use of geological three-dimensional computer modeling system should greatly improve geological reservoir description and therefore lead to: 1) more productive infill drilling and recompletion programs, 2) more accurate deliverability and reserve determinations, 3) more efficient reservoir maintenance and surveillance, 4) more accurate reservoir simulation modeling, and 5) better enhanced recovery planning.