bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smokers living in deprived areas are less likely to quit: a longitudinal follow-up: Table 1
Authors: Giskes Katrina , van Lenthe Frank J , Turrell Gavin , Brug Johannes , Mackenbach Johan P 
Published: November 2006

Objective:To follow up smokers to examine whether the likelihood of quitting smoking varied by area deprivation, and whether smoking history, health status, personality characteristics, social support and stressful situations contributed to differences in area deprivation in quit rates.Design:Longitudinal data with a 6-year follow-up period were analysed using multilevel logistic regression. Area-level deprivation was characterised by a composite measure that was the sum of the proportion of unemployed residents, the percentage of residents in blue-collar occupations and the proportion with only elementary-level education. Previously established predictors of smoking cessation, including education, age at smoking initiation, self-assessed health, chronic illness, locus of control, neuroticism, negative life events, longlasting relationship difficulties, emotional social support and negative neighbourhood conditions were examined separately and in a combined model to assess whether they contributed to neighbourhood deprivation differences in quitting.Participants:404 participants (residing in 83 areas) identified as smokers at baseline and who did not change their residential address over the follow-up period.Main outcome:Being a non-smoker at follow-up.Results:Odds ratios of quitting decreased with greater area-level deprivation, but differences reached significance only between the most and least deprived quartiles. Smoking history, health status, personality characteristics, social support and stressful situations did not contribute to the lower quitting rates seen among smokers in deprived areas.Conclusions:Living in a deprived area seems to reduce the likelihood of quitting smoking; hence individual-level tobacco control efforts should be complemented with area-based interventions. However, we need to identify and understand the underlying factors associated with living in a deprived area that contributes to lower quitting rates.
The role of tobacco advertising and promotion: themes employed in litigation by tobacco industry witnesses: Table 1
Authors: Goldberg Marvin E , Davis Ronald M , O’Keefe Anne Marie 
Published: November 2006

Objectives:To identify key themes related to tobacco advertising and promotion in testimony provided by tobacco industry-affiliated witnesses in tobacco litigation, and to present countervailing evidence and arguments.Methods:Themes in industry testimony were identified by review of transcripts of testimony in the Tobacco Deposition and Trial Testimony Archive (http://tobaccodocuments.org/datta) from a sample of defence witnesses, including three academic expert witnesses, six senior executives of tobacco companies, and one industry advertising consultant. Counterarguments to the themes embodied in defence testimony were based on information from peer-reviewed literature, advertising trade publications, government reports, tobacco industry documents, and testimony provided by expert witnesses testifying for plaintiffs.Results:Five major themes employed by defence witnesses were identified: (1) tobacco advertising has a relatively weak “share of voice” in the marketing environment and is a weak force in affecting smoking behaviour; (2) tobacco advertising and promotion do not create new smokers, expand markets, or increase total tobacco consumption; (3) the tobacco industry does not target, study, or track youth smoking; (4) tobacco advertising and promotion do not cause smoking initiation by youth; and (5) tobacco companies and the industry adhere closely to relevant laws, regulations, and industry voluntary codes. Substantial evidence exists in rebuttal to these arguments.Conclusions:Tobacco industry-affiliated witnesses have marshalled many arguments to deny the adverse effects of tobacco marketing activities and to portray tobacco companies as responsible corporate citizens. Effective rebuttals to these arguments exist, and plaintiffs’ attorneys have, with varying degrees of success, presented them to judges and juries.
High-Temperature Processing Effects on Lanthanum Silicate Gate Dielectric MIS Devices
Authors: Lichtenwalner Daniel J. , Jur Jesse , Inoue Naoya , Kingon Angus 
Published: November 2006

The high-temperature stability of MIS devices based on lanthanum silicate having sub-nm (0.6 - 0.7 nm) EOT values are reported. After a 1000{degree sign}C, 10 s RTA treatment, devices with Ta gate metal undergo an EOT increase to 1.57 nm or higher, while devices having TaN as the gate electrode retain an EOT as low as 1.12 nm. An EOT under 1.0 nm is achieved if the 1000{degree sign}C RTA is reduced to 5 s, with a corresponding gate leakage of 0.1 A/cm2.	Medium energy ion scattering and X-ray diffraction analysis reveal that the Ta gate metal undergoes a phase change and reaction above 800{degree sign}C, while for TaN no change in the XRD spectrum is detected. Interface state defect densities and leakage currents are reduced after the high temperature processing. Results reveal the importance of the entire gate stack design and processing in obtaining good device properties.
Implications of Non-Linear Poole-Frenkel Plots on High-k Dielectric Leakage
Authors: Harrell William R. , Cordella Thomas , Poole Kelvin 
Published: November 2006

The implications of a modern model of the Poole-Frenkel (PF) effect on the characterization of high-k dielectric leakage are investigated. The classical PF model predicts a characteristic graph known as the PF plot which is linear for all fields, and a single linear region on such a plot of measured current is taken as evidence of PF emission. However, the modern model of the PF effect, incorporating the Fermi-Dirac function, is more accurate, and we show that this model predicts non-linear PF plots.	The implications for characterizing dielectric leakage with the modern model are discussed. Observation and characterization of a non-linear PF plot of measured leakage current in thin Al2O3 films is presented.
Chemical Compatibility and Vapor Phase Stability Considerations for ALD Processes Utilizing Hafnium, Titanium, and Silicon Amide Precursors
Authors: Meiere Scott H. , Peck John , Litwin Michael 
Published: November 2006

When utilizing metal amide compounds as ALD precursors, a number of chemical properties must be considered. Two of these properties are chemical compatibility and vapor phase thermal stability. The former relates to utilizing precursors together to form ternary films (e.g., hafnium silicates, hafnium titanates) where premature side reactions may cause inconsistent delivery or growth rate. The latter must be understood to prevent deviation from self-limiting processes resulting from unwanted thermal decomposition.	The importance of both of these factors makes proper precursor selection essential for a successful ALD process, and therefore provides the impetus for the studies herein.
Studies of Cu Atomic Layer Replacement, Formed by Underpotential Deposits, to Form Pt Nanofilms Using Electrochemical Atomic Layer Epitaxy
Authors: Stickney John L. , Kim Youn-Geun , Kim Jay Y. 
Published: November 2006

In this paper, the development of a surface limited redox replacement reaction (SLR3) for the deposition of Pt is discussed. In the present study, a Au(111) substrate was cleaned using Ar ion bombardment to form a well ordered (1x1) LEED pattern, after annealing.	This surface was then transferred from the UHV surface analysis chamber to an antechamber containing an electrochemical cell. A monolayer of Cu was deposited on the Au substrate from a CuSO4 solution, at an underpotential. The Au substrate, with Cu UPD, was then immersed in a Pt(IV) solution at open circuit, spontaneously replacing the Cu UPD with Pt. The resulting Pt atomic layer coated Au substrate was then transferred back to the analysis chamber, and the surface characterized using LEED and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). This paper describes the first attempt by this group to grow Pt films by metal EC-ALE.
Internal Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell/Energy Storage Hybrid Power Systems
Authors: Wang Chunsheng , D'Souza Steven R. , Ma Jianxin 
Published: November 2006

Novel internal PEM fuel cell/energy storage hybrid power systems were fabricated to improve the pulse power output of the system by incorporating supercapacitor element (Ru2O•xH2O) and battery element (CeZrO2) into the catalyst layer of fuel cells.	The continual power output of the internal PEM fuel cell/energy storage hybrid power system is similar to the conventional PEM fuel cell. However, the peak power output of the hybrid system was much higher than that of the conventional system.
In Situ X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies of Water Activation on Novel Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Electrolyte
Authors: Mukerjee S. , Ramaker David , Gatewood Daniel , Ziegelbauer J. M. 
Published: November 2006

The novel oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst RhxSy was probed in situ via a new X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy technique to elucidate the specific sites and modes of water activation. The material was modeled by traditional XANES and EXAFS analysis techniques, and shown to be a mixture of at least two phases: Rh3S4 and Rh17S15. The Δμ technique was performed on the RhxSy catalyst by taking a difference of the normalized XANES spectra in respect to the cleanest adsorbate free potential. Theoretical XANES were generated using the FEFF 8.0 code with molecular models of the Rh3S4 structure at different levels and geometries of O(H) adsorption.	Fitting of the theory to the experimental data has revealed that the RhxSy electrocatalyst proceeds through water activation by first adsorbing OH and O in a 1-fold configuration at lower potentials, and is eventually completely covered by n-fold O at potentials greater than 0.80 V.
Platinum-Iridium Alloys as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Ioroi Tsutomu , Yasuda Kazuaki 
Published: November 2006

Platinum-iridium (Pt-Ir) alloy electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) cathodes were prepared, and the physical and electrochemical properties were examined.	A variety of unsupported Pt-Ir alloy catalysts was prepared in hot KOH solution, and the structure of the alloy was a uniform solid solution phase between Pt and Ir. Evaluation of the activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was performed by the rotating disk electrode (RDE) method in 0.1 M HClO4 solution. The ORR kinetic analysis by the RDE showed that alloying Pt with Ir, especially with 5-20 wt.% Ir, enhanced the catalytic activity for the ORR by a factor of more than 1.5 at 0.8 V vs. RHE.
Investigation of Ruthenium Dissolution in Advanced Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Direct Methanol Based Fuel Cell Stacks
Authors: Valdez Thomas I. , Firdosy Samad , Koel Bruce , Narayanan S. R. 
Published: November 2006

The mechanism of ruthenium dissolution in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Membrane-Electrode-Assemblies (MEAs) was investigated by preparing various MEAs and subjecting them to continuous operation for a period of 250 hours. All of the MEAs exhibited voltage decay. The voltage decay for MEAs operating at 40 oC, 0.5 M methanol was in the range of 6 to 48 mV at an applied current of 50-mA/cm2 and 67 to 150 mV at an applied current of 100-mA/cm2.	The technique of anode polarization was used to determine the source of degradation and revealed that anode performance in these MEAs was constant and that the cathode was more sensitive to duration operation. EDAX analysis was performed on each cell to determine if ruthenium had dissolved from the anode and precipitated onto the cathode, no ruthenium was found on the MEA. This paper discusses stack properties that can promote ruthenium dissolution in DMFC MEAs.
Low Temperature Membrane Properties
Authors: Onishi Lisa , Newman John 
Published: November 2006

Nafion properties at low and subzero temperatures were experimentally measured. Membrane water content was measured by setting water activity = 1 and varying air pressure from 0 and 0.96 atm at 30{degree sign}C. Water content in mol SO3-/mol H2O =14 and 22 was found when air pressure = 0 and 0.94 atm, respectively. Schroeder's paradox did not exist in the absence of air. The state of water was shown to depend on the cooling rate, where melting and freezing peaks were lower for a 10{degree sign}C/min cooling rate than for a 1{degree sign}C/min cooling rate. The freezing peaks were -27 and -16{degree sign}C for 10 and 1{degree sign}C/min cooling scan rates.	Membrane conductivity was measured from 0 to 80{degree sign}C for 100% RH vapor-equilibrated and 0 and 95{degree sign}C for liquid-equilibrated Nafion. The liquid-equilibrated conductivity had an activation energy of 10.2 kJ/mol.
Impact of Freezing on Nafion: Protection Using Acid Electrolyte
Authors: Leddy Johna , Dunwoody Drew 
Published: November 2006

Nafion (DuPont) is a microstructured ion exchange polymer with high water content. Water volume fraction estimates for as-received and proton exchanged Nafion films range from 28 to 43% by volume.	The ionic conductivity and anion exclusion of Nafion are often ascribed to the highly cationic, water-filled microdomains of the polymer. A question arises: if Nafion is frozen, will the microdomains be disrupted with subsequent loss of structural integrity and its associated anion exclusion, selectivity, and conductivity?	Here, a preliminary assessment of the impact of freezing recast Nafion 1100 films is reported.
Numerical Calculation for Fuel Depletion State of SOFCs
Authors: Yakabe Hisataka , Fujita Kenjiro , Sakurai Teruhiro 
Published: November 2006

Fuel depletion states under cell operations of SOFCs were simulated. Three dimensional calculations for the cell operations were carried out using a commercial computational fluid dynamics code. Using a simple geometry model of an anode-supported cell, effects of a gas diffusion in a porous anode, a current density, and a fuel utilization on the fuel depletion state were studied.	A local fuel depletion resulting in a large concentration overpotential and thus a steep drop of the electromotive force was figured out and discussed.	The study made clear that the planar SOFC is robust against the fuel depletion state.
Computational Modeling of the Stability of Crevice Corrosion of Wetted SS316L
Authors: Kelly Robert , Cui Fushuang , Presuel-Moreno Francisco 
Published: November 2006

The stability of localized corrosion sites on SS 316L exposed to atmospheric conditions was studied computationally by considering the wetted cathode and the crevice anode separately and linking them via a constant potential boundary condition at the mouth of the crevice.	The limitations on the ability of the cathode that are inherent due to the restricted geometry were assessed in terms of the dependence on physical and electrochemical parameters (temperature, electrolyte layer thickness, solution conductivity, and the size of the cathode). An analysis of variance showed that the solution conductivity and the length of the cathode were the most important parameters in determining the total cathodic current capacity of the external surface. A semi-analytical equation was derived for the total current from a restricted geometry held at a constant potential at one end.
Voltammetric Study of Titanium Chlorides in the Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate
Authors: Cheek Graham T. , Canby Dana , O'Grady William 
Published: November 2006

The electrochemical characteristics of TiCl3 and TiCl4 hve been studied in the room-temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The Ti3+/Ti4+ couple is observed at +0.30V vs Ag/AgCl, shifting to 0.00V upon addition of chloride ion. Reduction of the Ti3+ species is not well- defined; however, reduction to the +2 state, and possibly to titanium metal, is observed from -1 V to -2 V.	Comparison studies of Ti(NO3)4 have shown that the electrochemical processes are very poorly-defined, implying that the presence of some chloride is necessary for well-characterized voltammetric processes.
Acoustoelectric Effect in Hydrogen Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors with Phthalocyanine-Palladium Sensing Bi-layers
Authors: Jakubik Wieslaw , Urbanczyk Marian , Cular Stefan , Bhethanabotla Venkat 
Published: November 2006

Bi-layer structures with two thicknesses of metal-free phthalocyanine (~80 and ~120 nm) but the same thickness of palladium (~20 nm), have been studied for hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas-sensing applications at ~30 {degree sign}C and ~50 {degree sign}C temperatures. The structures were fabricated in two different vacuum deposition processes (first the H2Pc film and followed by the Pd) onto a LiNbO3 Y-cut Z-propagating substrate for a SAW method. Additionally, using the same deposition techniques, the bilayer structure was deposited onto a glass substrate with a planar microelectrode array for simultaneously monitoring of the planar resistance of the structure. A good correlation has been observed between these two methods; frequency changes for SAW method correlate with decreases of the bilayer structure resistance.	These measurements can give information about the acousto-electric interactions between SAW and charge carriers in the bi-layer structure.
Measurements of Particles in Liquid Using Shear-Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor
Authors: Kondoh Jun , Oyama Taichi , Shiokawa Showko 
Published: November 2006

In this paper, we present interaction between a shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) and particles in liquid. As the SH-SAW sensor can detect mechanical and electrical perturbations, a three-channel SH-SAW sensor is used in the experiments. The three-channel SH-SAW sensor simultaneously detects the mechanical and electrical perturbations.	The SH-SAW sensor for the electrical perturbation detection is influenced by the particles in liquid. Therefore, it has high potential for detecting particles in liquid. On the other hand, the SH-SAW sensor for mechanical perturbation detection does not detect the particles in liquid. To detect the particles based on the mechanical perturbation, influence of viscous penetration is discussed.
Oxidation and Vacuum Degassing Behavior of Rapidly Solidified Al Alloy Powders
Authors: Yamasaki Michiaki , Iwamoto Kotaro , Kawamura Yoshihito 
Published: November 2006

In the rapidly solidified powder metallurgy processing of aluminum alloys, vacuum degassing is one of the important process steps.	The aim of the degassing is removing the adsorbed gaseous species from powder surface, and transforming the ductile hydrated alumina and aluminum hydroxide into brittle g-alumina in order to realize the formation of metal- to-metal bonding between powder particles during consolidation. Temperature-programmed desorption measurement on powders exposed to humid air, dry air and pure argon gas was performed to determine the gas species evolved during degassing for powders of Al-Ti-Fe-Cr and Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Ag alloys. The surface composition and processing atmosphere significantly influenced degassing behavior of the powders. The su rface oxide of Al- Zn-Mg-Cu-Ag powder was more prone to hydration than that of Al- Ti-Fe-Cr powder. Accordingly, the formation of fresh Al2O3 on the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Ag powder occurred at low temperature during vacuum degassing by the reaction, Al + 3H2O = Al2O3 + 3H2.
The Role of Metallic Bonding in the Crystallographic Pitting of Magnesium
Authors: Lillard R. Scott , Wang Guofeng , Baskes Mike 
Published: November 2006

The role of metallic bonding in the crystallographic pitting of magnesium (Mg) has been investigated using atomistic simulations.	To assess the degree of metallic bonding in Mg	and surfaces the modified embedded atom method (MEAM) has been used. The inter atomic potentials developed with MEAM were then used by a Monte Carlo MC code, standard Metropolis algorithm, to calculate atom removal probabilities.	Simulations for the Mg	surface found that atom removal formed geometric surface structures, the orientation of which where always at a 58o or 116o angle with respect to the	direction or 90o with respect to . These results are identical to experimental results from Mg	single crystals. Simulations of Mg surfaces found no preferred orientations similar to experimental results.
Sn-P Alloys for Rapid and Stable Production of Tin Solution for Tin Plating
Authors: Hashimoto Koji , Kato Zenta , Kumagai Naokazu , Kamio Keiji , Hirose Keisuke 
Published: November 2006

For fast preparation of tin solution for electrodeposition, the dissolution characteristics controlled by oxygen reduction were investigated for Sn metal and Sn-P alloys containing cathodic inclusions using electrochemical measurement in p- phenolsulfonic acid. The dissolution rate of tin increased with phosphorus content of the alloys due to faster oxygen reduction and showed the maximum at about 1 at % phosphorus. The cathodic inclusions were dispersed in the Sn matrix by water quenching of molten mixture of Sn and Sn-50at%P, and were identified as the Sn4P3 phase by X-ray diffraction. The Sn4P3 compound has the higher activity for oxygen reduction than Sn metal and platinized platinum.	The mechanism for the cathodic reduction of dissolved oxygen on Sn metal and Sn-P alloys was investigated in p-phenolsulfonic acid.	Increasing phosphorus content of Sn-P alloys resulted in an increase in the limiting oxygen reduction current density which was proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen, but independent of pH. It was concluded that the rate-determining process of oxygen reduction was adsorption of oxygen molecule on the Sn metal and Sn-P alloys.
J.B. Wagner Award Address- Mixed Potential Sensors: From Understanding to Applications
Authors: Mukundan R. , Brosha Eric L. , Garzon F. H. 
Published: November 2006

Mixed potential sensors have been studied at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) over the past decade for various gas sensing applications. In this paper we outline this research with specific emphasis on the sensing mechanism and how it relates to the design of robust, stable and reproducible sensors. The importance of the oxygen reduction kinetics on the sensor response was ascertained by the use of 4 electrode devices with dual air-reference electrodes.	The unstable and irreproducible response of previous mixed-potential devices is attributable to changes in the gas/electrode/electrolyte interface with time. Improved sensor designs use dense electrodes and porous and/or thin film electrolytes to produce morphologically stable devices. The electrode composition and mode of operation of these sensors was then varied to design sensors for specific applications including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide sensing.
Optimization of La2CuO4 Sensing Electrodes for a NOx Potentiometric Sensor
Authors: Macam Eric R. , Van Assche Frederick M. , Yoo Jiho , Wachsman E. D. 
Published: November 2006

Lanthanum Copper Oxide (La2CuO4) was previously studied as a sensing electrode for a potentiometric sensor. In those studies, we have shown that as the particle size of La2CuO4 decreases, the sensitivity to NO and NO2 increases. In order to determine whether or not this phenomena is due to the relative surface to volume ratio or to total surface area of the electrode, this study aims at examining the effect of the varying sensing and counter electrode areas has on the sensitivity of the electrode.	The effect of area in this study has shown that Mixed Potential Theory cannot completely explain NOx sensing behavior and confirms that semiconducting properties of the electrode must be considered.