bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Th17 cell induction and immune regulatory effects
Authors: Bi Yujing , Liu Guangwei , Yang Ruifu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe T help 1 (Th1) and Th2 cell classification have provided the framework for understanding CD4+T cell biology and the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity for almost two decades. Recent studies have defined a previously unknown arm of the CD4+T cell effector response, the Th17 lineage, which promises to change our understanding of immune regulation, immune pathogenesis and host defense. The factors that specify differentiation of IL‐17 producing effector T cells from naïve T cell precursors are being rapidly discovered and are providing insights into mechanisms by which signals from cells of the innate immune system guide alternative pathways of Th1, Th2, or Th17 development. In this review, we will focus on recent studies that have identified new subsets of Th cells, new insights regarding the induced generation and differentiation mechanisms of Th17 cells and immune regulatory effects. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 273–278, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The regulation of Foxp3 expression in regulatory CD4+CD25+T cells: Multiple pathways on the road
Authors: Zhang Lianjun , Zhao Yong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Treg cells) have been well documented to have a crucial physiological role in preventing the development of autoimmune diseases and keeping self‐tolerance. Foxp3, a recently identified member of the forkhead transcription factors, serves as a master regulator for the development and function of CD4+CD25+Treg cells. Though it is well defined that Foxp3 expression is sufficient to program CD4+CD25+Treg cell development, the physiological factors initiating intracellular Foxp3 expression remain poorly understood so far. In the present manuscript, we try to summarize the recent advances regarding the regulatory roles of T‐cell receptor (TCR), co‐stimulatory molecules, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and beyond pathways on Foxp3 expression. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 590–597, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osterix is a key target for mechanical signals in human thoracic ligament flavum cells
Authors: Fan Dongwei , Chen Zhongqiang , Wang Dan , Guo Zhaoqing , Qiang Qi , Shang Yongfeng 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMechanical stress is considered to be an important factor in the progression of thoracic ossification of the ligament flavum (TOLF). To elucidate the mechanism underlying mechanical stress‐induced TOLF, we investigated the effect of stretching on cultured flavum ligament cells derived from TOLF and non‐TOLF patients. We found that the mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, Runx2, and osterix, but not that of Dlx5 and Msx2, was significantly increased by stretching in TOLF cells. In addition, the effect seems to be finely tuned by stretching‐triggered activation of distinct mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascades. Specifically, a p38 specific inhibitor, SB203580, significantly inhibited stretching‐induced osterix expression as well as ALP activity, whereas a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2, U0126, prevented stretching‐induced Runx2 expression. We showed that overexpression of osterix resulted in a significant increase of ALP activity in TOLF cells, and osterix‐specific RNAi completely abrogated the stretching‐induced ALP activity, indicating that osterix plays a key role in stretching‐stimulated osteogenic effect in TOLF cells. These results suggest that mechanical stress plays important roles in the progression of TOLF through induction of osteogenic differentiation of TOLF cells, and our findings support that osterix functions as a molecular link between mechanostressing and osteogenic differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 577–584, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted retroviral gene delivery using ultrasound
Authors: Taylor Sarah L. , Rahim Ahad A. , Bush Nigel L. , Bamber Jeffrey C. , Porter Colin D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackgroundAchieving specificity of delivery represents a major problem limiting the clinical application of retroviral vectors for gene therapy, whilst lack of efficiency and longevity of gene expression limit non‐viral techniques. Ultrasound and microbubble contrast agents can be used to effect plasmid DNA delivery. We therefore sought to evaluate the potential for ultrasound/microbubble‐mediated retroviral gene delivery.MethodsAn envelope‐deficient retroviral vector, inherently incapable of target cell entry, was combined with cationic microbubbles and added to target cells. The cells were exposed to pulsed 1 MHz ultrasound for 5 s and subsequently analysed for marker gene expression. The acoustic pressure profile of the ultrasound field, to which transduction efficiency was related, was determined using a needle hydrophone.ResultsUltrasound‐targeted gene delivery to a restricted area of cells was achieved using virus‐loaded microbubbles. Gene delivery efficiency was up to 2% near the beam focus. Significant transduction was restricted to areas exposed to ≥ 0.4 MPa peak‐negative acoustic pressure, despite uniform application of the vector. An acoustic pressure‐dependence was demonstrated that can be exploited for targeted retroviral transduction. The mechanism of entry likely involves membrane perturbation in the vicinity of oscillating microbubbles, facilitating fusion of the viral and cell membranes.ConclusionsWe have established the basis of a novel retroviral vector technology incorporating favourable aspects of existing viral and non‐viral gene delivery vectors. In particular, transduction can be controlled by means of ultrasound exposure. The technology is ideally suited to targeted delivery following systemic vector administration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epidemiology of HCV infection in Gezira state of central Sudan
Authors: Mudawi Hatim M.Y. , Smith Heather M. , Rahoud Siddig A. , Fletcher Ian A. , Babikir Adel M. , Saeed Osman K. , Fedail Suleiman S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis is a cross sectional study carried out in Gezira state of central Sudan, an area with a high prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection, to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and risks factors for HCV infection. A total of 410 subjects in Um Zukra village were tested for HCV antibodies, 2.2% were reactive. The prevalence was highest in those between 11 and 20 years old with equal prevalence among males and females. No correlation was found between HCV infection and S. mansoni infection or parenteral antischistosomal therapy. It was concluded that HCV infection is of low seroprevalence and that schistosomiasis and parenteral antischistosomal therapy are not major risk factors for infection in the population studied. J. Med. Virol. 79:383–385, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dengue virus entry into liver (HepG2) cells is independent of hsp90 and hsp70
Authors: Cabrera‐Hernandez Arturo , Thepparit Chutima , Suksanpaisan Lukkana , Smith Duncan R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecently, several stress‐related proteins including GRP78, hsp70, and hsp90 have been implicated as dengue virus receptors in various cell types, with hsp90/70 being implicated as a receptor complex in monocytes and macrophages, while GRP78 has been implicated as a liver cell expressed dengue virus receptor. To assess whether the hsp90/70 complex plays a role in the internalization of the dengue viruses into liver cells, we undertook infection inhibition studies with lipopolysaccharide and antibodies directed against both hsp70 and hsp90, individually and in combination. No inhibition of any dengue serotype was seen in the presence of lipopolysaccharide or antibodies directed against either hsp70 or hsp90 either singly or in combination. A moderate inhibition of dengue virus serotype 2 entry into liver cells was observed in the presence of antibodies directed against GRP78. These results confirm a proposed role for GRP78 as a dengue virus serotype 2 receptor protein and suggest that the recently identified hsp90/70 complex does not play a role in dengue virus internalization into liver cells. J. Med. Virol. 79:386–392, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of HBsAg mutants in a population with a low prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Gibb Robert , Nimmo Graeme R. , O'Loughlin Peter , Lowe Peter , Drummond David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo independent studies were conducted to evaluate performance of two HBsAg immunoassay products performed on the Abbott ARCHITECT and Bayer ADVIA Centaur immunoassay analyzers. One was a retrospective study of 484 stored samples and the second was a prospective study of 349 samples from random population. In the process of the evaluation, a number of discordant samples from HBsAg‐positive patients were found which led to the discovery of a number of HBsAg mutants in the general Australian population. Following viral DNA sequencing, these were identified as HBsAg escape mutants. Whilst the existence of HBsAg mutants has been well documented in various regions of the world, this is surprising in an area of low endemicity and demonstrates the necessity of an HBsAg assay to detect mutants reliably in a diagnostic situation where HBsAg is used as the only marker to detect an HBV infection. These studies demonstrate the ability of the Abbott ARCHITECT and AxSYM HBsAg immunoassays to detect these HBsAg mutations which were not detected by the Bayer ADVIA Centaur. J. Med. Virol. 79:351–355, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New enteroviruses, EV‐93 and EV‐94, associated with acute flaccid paralysis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Junttila Nina , Lévêque Nicolas , Kabue Jean Pierre , Cartet Gaëlle , Mushiya Fidèle , Muyembe‐Tamfum Jean‐Jacques , Trompette Aurélien , Lina Bruno , Magnius Lars O. , Chomel Jean‐Jacques , Norder Helene 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSurveillance of acute flaccid paralysis often identifies enteroviruses not typeable by virus neutralization in cell culture. During 2000 and 2001, 186 isolates from 138 children with acute flaccid paralysis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo were sent for typing to the National Reference Centre for Enteroviruses in Lyon, France. The 5′ UTR of the viral genome could be amplified by PCR for 158 isolates from 114 patients. Isolates from 89 patients were neutralizable, and contained non‐polio enterovirus types. Seventeen children were infected with more than one entero‐ or adenovirus; another three were co‐infected with both these viruses. Serological typing failed with 19 isolates from 13 (9%) patients. The VP1 region of these strains could be amplified by PCR and sequenced, which revealed that five children were infected with CV‐A17, EV‐70, EV‐76, EV‐77, or CV‐A13. Two patients were doubly infected, one with CV‐A24 and E‐9, and another with E‐27 and EV‐81. Isolates from six children contained strains with divergent VP1 region. The amino acid sequences of these complete VP1 regions diverged ≥28% from published types indicating that they represented two new enterovirus types, tentatively designated EV‐93 belonging to HEV‐B and EV‐94 within HEV‐D. The latter enterovirus has in parallel been isolated from sewage in Egypt. In conclusion, there was a high frequency of “untypable” enterovirus isolates from cases with acute flaccid paralysis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Six of these were shown to represent two enteroviruses not previously described. J. Med. Virol. 79:393–400, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection and typing by molecular techniques of respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute respiratory infection in Rome, Italy
Authors: Pierangeli Alessandra , Gentile Massimo , Di Marco Paola , Pagnotti Paolo , Scagnolari Carolina , Trombetti Simona , Lo Russo Lelia , Tromba Valeria , Moretti Corrado , Midulla Fabio , Antonelli Guido 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDetection of a broad number of respiratory viruses is not undertaken currently for the diagnosis of acute respiratory infection due to the large and always increasing list of pathogens involved. A 1‐year study was undertaken on children hospitalized consecutively for acute respiratory infection in a Pediatric Department in Rome to characterize the viruses involved. Two hundred twenty‐seven children were enrolled in the study with a diagnosis of asthma, bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, or laringo‐tracheo bronchitis. A molecular approach was adopted using specific reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR assays detecting 13 respiratory viruses including metapneumovirus (hMPV) and the novel coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1; most amplified fragments were sequenced to confirm positive results and differentiate the strain. Viral pathogens were detected in 97 samples (42.7%), with 4.8% of dual infections identified; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was detected in 17.2% of children, followed by rhinovirus (9.7%), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) (7.5%), and influenza type A (4.4%). Interestingly, more than half the patients (9/17) that have rhinovirus as the sole respiratory pathogen had pneumonia. HMPV infected children below 3 years in two peaks in March and June causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia. One case of NL63 infection is described, documenting NL63 circulation in central Italy. In conclusion, the use of a comprehensive number of PCR‐based tests is recommended to define the burden of viral pathogens in patients with respiratory tract infection. J. Med. Virol. 79:463–468, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survival of mouse skin isografts from leukemic donors
Authors: Meeker W. R. , Mirand E. A. , Grace J. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBreyere and Williams (1964) have reported partial and complete rejection of skin isografts from leukemic donors transplanted to nonleukemic recipients. The present studies were performed to determine if the same phenomenon could be demonstrated with other leukemia viruses in different inbred mouse strains. Inbred mice which were inoculated with either 334‐C leukemia virus or Friend virus served as donors of skin isografts after development of leukemia. Skin grafts were transplanted to either normal mice or immunized mice which had received injections of 334‐C leukemia cells or Friend virus prior to skin grafting. All mice had control isografts. Results showed nearly 100% survival of control isografts. An almost identical percentage of grafts from 334‐C leukemic donors survived in normal recipients (88.4%) as in immunized donors (87.5%). However, skin from mice with Friend leukemia was rejected in a higher percentage of immunized mice (50%) than non‐immunized mice (30%). No takes of skin from leukemic donors were observed in a mouse strain naturally immune to induction of Friend leukemia. Results in the Friend leukemia system support Breyere's concept of an immunologic mechanism of syngenic skin graft rejection, whereas those in the 334‐C leukemia system do not. Possible explanations for the conflicting data from the 334‐C leukemia studies are discussed.
Transhepatic intubation of the common bile duct for inoperable obstruction—experience with 20 cases
Authors: Heydenrych J. J. , Du T. Van Zijl F. D. , Van ZylGrace J. J. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe problems associated with the establishment of permanent bile drainage in the presence of inoperable bile duct obstructions are discussed, and the possibility of achieving effective drainage by means of an in‐dwelling transhepatic tube is described. Such a tube may be left in situ for the remainder of the life of patients suffering from carcinoma or indefinitely in patients suffering from nonmalignant obstructions. The techniques involved in the different circumstances are described. Certain special instruments have been made to facilitate introduction of the tube, and a description of these instruments and their use is given. A few representative case histories are given in which the various procedures were employed.
A system for the documentation of cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract
Authors: Shedd Donald P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne of the characteristics of good medical care is accurate recording of findings. Reasons for the careful and full documentation of oral cancer are reviewed. The components of adequacy are verbal description, mensuration, diagram, photography, and, when indicated, radiography. Details of each of these steps are presented, with emphasis on the value of simple line diagrams, upon which extent of tumor is indicated by a standardized method. It is recommended that national organizations concerned with head and neck oncology consider adoption of a uniform method of diagramming the extent of oral tumors.
Use of a whole‐body counter in bone scanning
Authors: Gardner Horace B. , Johnston Gerald S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new method of whole‐body assay for abnormal concentration of bone‐seeking radioactive isotopes, in this instance Sr85, has been performed in 40 patients with excellent results. The instrument used is a whole‐body counter which employs 18 NaI (T1) crystals (9 by 2 in.) in a 3 × 6 array which permits bilateral comparisons of isotope concentration, crystal‐to‐crystal comparisons, and body area comparisons. Very small amounts of isotope (1‐10 μc, Sr85) are required. In 40 patients, one false positive and no false negative findings were obtained. The findings were confirmed by scintiscanning and X‐ray studies.
Renoprival erythropoietin responsiveness in subhuman primates
Authors: Murphy Gerald P. , Mirand Edwin A. , Groenewald Johannes H. , Kenny Gerald M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractErythropoietin (ESF) activity has been studied in intact and renoprival baboons. ESF activity is present in anephric animals and is responsive to bleeding or exogenous androgens, but not to brief hypoxic hypoxia exposure. Higher ESF levels are frequently observed early after bilateral nephrectomy. Extrarenal ESF is suppressed by boiling. Hormonal ESF regulation of erythropoietins persists in renoprival baboons, and may differ from that seen in the intact state.
Granular cell myoblastoma
Authors: Elias E. G. , Valenzuela L. , Pickren J. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEleven cases of granular cell myoblastoma are reported. Eight cases were symptomatic and consist of clinical material. None of these were diagnosed preoperatively. The other three cases are incidental findings from routine autopsies. All tumors are benign clinically and histologically. The treatment of choice is local wide excision. It is worthwhile to indicate that this tumor can occur in combination with other malignant tumors (Table II), but we do not believe that there is any correlation.
Cholinesterase levels in uremic man and renal allografted man
Authors: Hesse V. E. , Mostert J. W. , Moore R. H. , Murphy G. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA micromethod of serum cholinesterase activity determination is presented. The changes in activity levels in uremic patients requiring hemodialysis are presented in relation to blood transfusions, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels, as well as hematocrit percentages. The levels were low in uremic patients and were further affected by hemodialysis. The values of serum cholinesterase in patients with renal allografts as well as the renal vein effluent of isolated perfused canine kidneys have been determined. These levels were near a normal range. It is suggested that anesthesia in uremic patients necessitating muscle relaxation with an agent that hydrolyzes cholinesterase should be deferred for 24 hr after hemodialysis.
Influence of mithramycin on RNA synthesis and renal function in the canine kidney—a trial study
Authors: Gilsdorf R. B. , Yarbro J. W. , Leonard A. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe influence of mithramycin on RNA synthesis and on various renal functions in the canine kidney has been studied. A significant decrease in RNA synthesis was observed in renal cortex when assayed 3½ hr after administration of mithramycin. Statistically significant decreases in urine volume, sodium excretion, and PAH clearance, and increases in urinary potassium and the plasma glucose were observed concomitantly. The exact reason for these alterations in renal function remains undefined, but it would appear to be a tubular effect and may be related to inhibition of RNA synthesis with secondary inhibition of synthesis of various enzymes involved in tubular transport.
Effect of electrocautery on serum creatine phosphokinase in surgical patients
Authors: Mostert J. W. , Trudnowski R. J. , Hobika G. H. , Moore R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhile serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) may be slightly elevated following major uncomplicated surgical procedures, the use of electrocoagulation of tissues gives rise during the first 7 hr postoperatively to CPK activity which is as markedly increased as in those patients who sustain intraoperative myocardial infarction.
A case of myelocytic leukemia simulating the mouse model diseases
Authors: Bennett Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA case of myeloid leukemia is reported that occurred in a woman whose previous experiences are known to increase the incidence of myeloid leukemia in the mouse. Ovariectomy and sterile turpentine abscess formation increase the incidence of myeloid leukemia in mice exposed to ionizing radiation. In addition, antigenic similarities exist between certain variants of murine leukemia virus and mammary tumor virus. This patient experienced ovariectomy, thigh abscess formation, and partial body irradiation for carcinoma of the breast a few years before she developed leukemia. An association between human breast cancer and myelocytic leukemia has been described. While this case certainly does not prove that similar pathogenetic mechanisms of myeloid leukemia occur in mice and man, the events preceding the development of leukemia in this patient certainly mimicked the mouse models well.
Renin and erythropoietin release in renal allotransplantation states
Authors: Murphy G. P. , Varkarakis M. J. , Mirand E. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractErythropoietin (ESF) and renin assays were serially performed in untreated and azathioprine‐treated dog renal allografts. ESF levels accurately reflected the progressive decline in renal function, and degree of allograft rejection. ESF elevations did not correlate with the level of hematocrit, or degree of azotemia or hypertension. Renin levels, in contrast, were elevated to a variable and less marked degree and did not correlate with the level of hypertension, decline in renal function, degree of allograft rejection, or level of increased erythropoietin. ESF assays proved to be more accurate and reliable.
Fluid therapy in hemorrhagic shock: Experimental evaluation
Authors: Depalma Ralph G. , Robinson Ann V. , Holden William D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA model for the production of hemorrhagic shock in the rat was found to offer advantages over canine models. The ready availability of uniform inexpensive animals permitted evaluation of fluid therapy for hypovolemia. After 120 min of hypovolemia, reinfusion of the shed blood or infusion of Ringer's lactate or normal saline in a volume equal to three times the volume of the shed blood reduced mortality equally. The addition of 5% dextrose to Ringer's lactate produced a deleterious effect probably due to increased osmolarity.