bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of Terson lens capsule forceps when performing punch biopsy of the skin
Authors: Rotstein AH , Rotstein H 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYWhen performing skin biopsy using the skin biopsy punch, it is recommended that Terson lens capsule forceps be used as an aid to avoid crush artifact. This is because secure yet gentle purchase of the specimen is allowed by a row of small inwardly directed tines that arise from the 2.5 mm horizontally placed grasping blades, which are inserted into the incision created by a 3mm biopsy punch. The instrument also has the extra advantages of being in the correct working position when held with the hand in the resting position between prone and supine, of allowing an uninterrupted line of vision to the wound during use and is of a shape that minimizes unintentional contact with tissue.
Lichen planus
Authors: Marshman Gillian 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYLichen planus is a relatively common inflammatory dermatosis of unknown origin. The present review summarizes the histological and clinical features of lichen planus and variants, including lichenoid drug reactions, are described. Possible mechanisms of pathogenesis of lichen planus are reviewed. The development of malignancy in association with lichen planus and the association with hepatitis are discussed. Treatment options for the more difficult manifestations of lichen planus are proposed.
Mast cells in clinical dermatology
Authors: Miyachi Yoshiki , Kurosawa Motohiro 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYRecent advances in cutaneous mast cell biology are briefly reviewed with special reference to our own studies on cultured human mast cells. Of note are the heterogeneity of mastocytosis, the important participation of mast cells in allergic inflammation by releasing cytokines and the inhibitory effect of histamine release from mast cells by phototherapy. It is also stressed that mast cells play a major role in tissue remodelling. These novel findings suggest that mast cells can no longer be regarded simply as cells that initiate immediate allergic reactions, but that they are responsible for various chronic inflammatory or immunological events through cytokine‐dependent leucocyte recruitment. The regulation of mast cell activation should be a critical issue and, thus, a promising therapeutic approach in clinical dermatology.
Melanoma: Accuracy of clinical diagnosis
Authors: MacKenzie‐Wood Andrew R , Milton Gerry W , de Launey John W 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYClinical diagnosis of melanoma can be difficult. A review of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of melanoma, over a 12 month period, was undertaken at the Skin and Cancer Foundation Australia. The overall accuracy rate was 65.6% with seborrhoeic keratosis, melanocytic naevi and basal cell carcinoma the most common clinical misdiagnoses given to melanoma. Specialist doctors with more than 10 years experience had a higher rate of correct diagnosis than trainee doctors with 0–5 years experience.
Tips for a better local anaesthetic
Authors: Elliott Timothy G 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThe expert use of local anaesthetics is simple and will greatly enhance patients' acceptance of office‐based procedures. Correct equipment and techniques will enable all dermatologists to practise local anaesthesia as effectively and painlessly as possible. Suggested equipment varies according to the situation, but in general Luer‐Lock syringes of the smallest volume and needles of the narrowest gauge and shortest length appropriate for the procedure are recommended. Making the anaesthetic agent less acidic will minimize the pain. Techniques to minimize pain involve careful explanation to the patient, slow injection of the anaesthetic and making use of the special anatomy of the region to be anaesthetized. The number of needle pricks should be kept to a minimum. Timing of the surgical procedure should take into account the delay in onset of anaesthesia for subcutaneously injected solution and the time for injected adrenaline to produce full vasoconstriction. Planned surgical incision lines drawn out precisely prior to the injection will avoid the problem of distortion caused by tissue expansion. Gloves and appropriate eye protection should be standard and needles and syringes must be disposed of correctly.
Sunscreens and vitamin E provide some protection to the skin immune system from solar‐simulated UV radiation
Authors: Halliday Gary M , Yuen Kylie S , Bestak Rosa , Barnetson Ross St C 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYPrevious studies have indicated that sunscreens designed to protect from erythema do not adequately prevent immunosuppression. Mice were irradiated with suberythemal doses of solar‐simulated ultraviolet radiation (ssUVR) to assess the immunoprotective ability of sunscreens. Whereas C3H/HeJ and BALB/c mice had similar sensitivities to ssUVR‐induced inflammation, C3H/HeJ mice were more sensitive to ssUVR‐induced immunosuppression. Octyl dimethyl‐p‐aminobenzoic acid did not protect from immunosuppression and, thus, had an immune protection factor (IPF) of 1. 2‐Ethylhexyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate and microfine titanium dioxide provided limited protection, both having IPF values of 1.127. Immune protection by the sunscreens appeared to be dependent upon absorption of UVA as well as UVB, and was much less than predicted from the sun protection factor. Vitamin E, and inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, also protected the immune system, with an IPF of 1.2, indicating that oxidation of lipids is involved in UVR‐induced immunosuppression, and that it should be possible to develop sunscreens which protect the immune system.
Cytokeratins in primary cutaneous amyloidosis
Authors: Huilgol Shyamala C , Ramnarain Navin , Carrington Peter , Leigh Irene M , Black Martin M 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThe expression of keratins was investigated immunohistochemically on formalin‐fixed and snap‐frozen primary cutaneous amyloidosis tissue with a panel of monospecific and polyspecific antikeratin antibodies which recognized keratins K1, K5, K6, K7, K8, K10, K14, K16, K17, K18, and K19. Amyloid deposits in frozen section of seven cases of macular amyloidosis and lichen amyloidosus always reacted with antibodies LP34 (labeling K5, K6 and K18) MNF (labeling K5, K6, K8, K10, K17 and K18) and RCK 102 (labeling K5 and K8); frozen section in one case each of the seven cases also reacted with antibodies LL001 (labeling K14), Lp1K (labeling K7 and K17), and LP2K (labeling K19), LP1K (labelling K7 and K17), and LP2K (labelling K19), In formalin fixed section of 13 cases of macular amyloidosis and lichen amyloidosus amyloid deposits were labeled with LP34 in three section LL020 ()labelling keratins K5 and K6) in one section and LP2K in two section. In nodular primary cutaneous amyloidosis amyloid deposits were not labeled with any antikeratin antibodies. These data confirm that amyloid in macular amyloidosis and lichen amyloidosus contains keratin epitopes, and suggests derivation of the fibrillar component from keratin intermediate filaments Several different keratins appear to undergo conversion to amyloid, LP34, MNF 116 and RCK 102 antibodies, which have in common the labelling of keratin K5, may be useful in the diagnosis of macular and popular amyloidosis with frozen tissue section.
Subungual squamous cell carcinoma presenting with minimal nail changes: A factor in delayed diagnosis?
Authors: Hale Lloyd R , Dawber Rodney PR 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYSquamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed is a relatively uncommon tumour that may be diagnosed only after considerable delay. The first case presented is a 79‐year‐old man with a history of discomfort and discoloration affecting the right thumbnail of 3 years duration. The second case is a 70‐year‐old man who presented with a recurrent, offensive discharge from beneath the left thumbnail of 40 years duration. Clinical examination of the affected digits revealed minor nail abnormalities. The presence of tumour was fully apparent only after removal of the nail plate and inspection and biopsy of the nail bed. The cases demonstrate that subungual squamous cell carcinoma may present with prolonged symptoms and a deceptively benign appearance. The importance of consideration of the possibility of malignancy, removal of the nail plate for inspection of the nail bed and appropriate biopsy is emphasized.
Occupational contact dermatitis among New Zealand farmers
Authors: Rademaker M 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYForty‐six farmers were patch tested to determine whether their dermatitis was secondary to an occupational allergen. Twenty‐eight had a positive patch test, of which 23 were thought relevant (definite or probable). In 20 of these cases, the allergen(s) was considered to be work related (definite or probable). The common allergens were pesticides (N‐(1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethylthio)‐4‐cyclohexene‐1,2‐dicarboximide (captafol), ethylenebis(dithiocarbamato) manganese (maneb) and copper sulfate), rubber compounds (N‐isopropyl‐N‐phenyl‐4‐phenylenediamine (IPPD) and 4‐phenylene diamine base) and sunscreen chemicals.
Erythropoietic protoporphyria treated with narrow‐band (TL‐01) UVB phototherapy
Authors: Warren Lachlan J , George Sheru 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYErythropoietic protoporphyria is a rare photodermatosis for which treatment options are limited. The present report describes the clinical features of a patient with erythropoietic protoporphyria and liver function test abnormalities associated with treatment with β‐carotene. Subsequent treatment with narrow‐band UVB phototherapy resulted in marked subjective improvement in photosensitivity, which was confirmed by abolition of demonstrated abnormalities on monochromator phototesting. The therapeutic options for photosensitivity in erythropoietic protoporphyria are reviewed and discussed.
Innervated musculocutaneous lip flap (Karapandzic technique)
Authors: Hills Russell J 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThe Karapandzic technique is easy in perform and provides excellent results for full thickness defects larger than one‐third of the tower lip. The flap Ls slid and rotated into position while an intact neurovascular pedicle is maintained. Accordingly, sensation and circulalion of the lip is preserved and function of the orbicularis oris muscle is maintained.
Maryborough skin health survey: Prevalence and sources of advice for skin conditions
Authors: Kilkenny Monique , Stathakis Voula , Jolley Damien , Marks Robin 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYA computer‐assisted telephone interview survey was carried out in the City of Maryborough to determine the prevalence and sources of advice for self‐reported skin conditions. Of the 443 adults contacted, 416 (94%) agreed to participate in the study. One hundred and fourteen people (27%) reported having one or more skin conditions over the past 2 weeks, which included eczema/dermatitis 25.5% (range, 18.1‐32.8%; 95% CI), warts 16.1% (9.8‐22.4%), acne 16.2% (9.6‐22.7%), cold sores 15.1% (7.3‐18.9%) and tinea 11.2% (5.9‐16.5%). Medical practitioners were the most common source of advice for 49% of skin conditions, followed by family and friends or self‐prescribed (25%). Advice from a pharmacist was sought for 19% of skin conditions. Logistic regression analysis showed that those people who reported a moderate to severe inflammatory skin condition, such as dermatitis, urticaria or psoriasis, were most likely to seek advice from their medical practitioner. The type and severity of skin condition were factors which determined where a person sought advice on diagnosis and management.
Benign hypergammaglobulinemia purpura of Waldenström associated with lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis
Authors: Miller Robert M , Weedon David , Robertson Ivan M 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYA 31‐year‐old female is described who developed benign hypergammaglobulinaemic purpura and lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis concomitantly. High titre anti‐nuclear antibodies were also noted. Several years previously, the patient had developed myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis. The present case is an example of multiple medical disorders characterized by immune dysregulation and represents the first reported association of hypergammaglobulinaemic purpura with lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis.
Low energy fluence CO2 laser treatment of lymphangiectasia
Authors: Novak Csilla , Spelman Lynda 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYLymphangiectasia is an uncommonly reported complication of lymphatic insufficiency. These dilatations of lymphatic vessels may be symptomatic, necessitating treatment While CO2 laser ablation has been used with success in the treatment of lymphangiectasia, it is infrequently reported and previous laser protocols have relied on high irradiances. The successful use of low fluence CO* laser in the treatment of multiple lymphangiectases on the lower limb of a middle‐aged Caucasian woman with unilateral chronic lymphoedema is described.
Spectroscopic techniques in the study of protein binding. A fluorescence technique for the evaluation of the albumin binding and displacement of warfarin and warfarin‐alcohol
Authors: Sudlow Gillian , Birkett Donald J. , Wade Denis N. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The binding of racemic mixtures of warfarin and warfarin‐alcohol to human serum albumin (HSA) is accompanied by an increase in the fluorescence quantum yield of these compounds. This property has been used to measure the characteristics of the binding of warfarin and warfarin‐alcohol to HSA at 22°C and 37°C. Within the limits of the technique, no significant differences between the number of binding sites and strength of binding at the tight site at either temperature were observed.2. The fluorescence of warfarin and warfarin‐alcohol was used to label their binding site on HSA and to study the effects of other drugs on their binding. The results indicate that these two molecules are bound to the same site on HSA.3. The validity of using changes in the fluorescence of warfarin as a measure of its displacement from HSA was investigated. Good correlations were observed between drug‐induced decreases in the fluorescence of bound warfarin and displacement as measured by equilibrium dialysis. The displacement of warfarin, as detected by fluorescence, correlates well with the increase in free warfarin resulting from addition of therapeutic drug concentrations to undiluted human serum.4. The most potent displacing agents, by all the methods used, were iophenoxic acid, phenylbutazone and oxyphenylbutazone. The first of these is no longer used clinically, but the latter two are and have been reported to cause hypoprothromin‐aemia by displacing warfarin from HSA. The present study indicates that changes in the fluorescence of warfarin bound to HSA can be used to measure displacement of bound warfarin and to screen drugs that may cause clinically significant interactions by this mechanism.
Potassium‐sparing effect of amiloride in a diuretic factorial study in man
Authors: Schapel Graham J. , David K. , Edwards G. , Robinson John 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The effects of amiloride (M, 20 mg/day), chlorothiazide (C, 1000 mg/day), ethacrynic acid (E, 100 mg/day) and frusemide (F, furosemide 80 mg/day), given alone and in combination, were investigated in eight patients in a 24 factorial study. Effects between blocks of four treatments in each sixteen‐treatment replicate were confounded with higher interactions to allow for differences between early and late diuresis.2. All patients exhibited marked diuresis, with significant mean increases in daily urinary sodium excretion (P < 0·05) and urinary volume (P < 0·01) induced by chlorothiazide, frusemide and ethacrynic acid (68, 69 and 38%; and 35, 40 and 34%, respectively). Amiloride appeared to be half to one‐third as potent as the other diuretics.3. Amiloride produced a significant potassium‐sparing effect (P < 0·01), reducing urinary potassium excretion by 30%, compared to significant urinary potassium wasting with frusemide (increase of 33%, P < 0·01) and chlorothiazide (increase of 31%, P < 0·05).4. No adverse reactions occurred, but serum potassium levels twice rose to 6 mmol/l and subsided without additional therapy, and on one occasion fell to 2·5 mmol/l, requiring a potassium supplement for 4 days.5. It was concluded from these factorial studies that amiloride is a mild diuretic and potent potassium‐sparing agent acting independently and additively in combination with chlorothiazide, ethacrynic acid or frusemide. For the three latter diuretics, all two‐drug interactions were simply additive also, without evidence of synergism or antagonism between drugs.
Pathological responses of rat skeletal muscle to a single subcutaneous injection of a toxin isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus
Authors: Harris J. B. , Johnson Margaret A. , Karlsson E. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The pathology of mammalian skeletal muscle following a single subcutaneous injection of a purified toxin from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus, has been investigated.2. The toxin was injected into the antero‐lateral aspect of one hind limb of rats and the effects of the injection on the histology, histo‐chemistry and physiology of the extensor digitorum longus muscles were studied.3. The muscles underwent degenerative necrosis, with oedema and the infiltration of lymphocytes, polymorphs and macrophages within 12–24 h after the injection.4. Three days after injection, the oedema had subsided and the necrotic fibres had been completely destroyed by phagocytes. Small uninucleate cells, with basophilic cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei were present at this stage; on the basis of these criteria they were identified as regenerating myoblasts.5. By 5 days the myoblasts had fused to form myotubes, but differentiation of the myotubes into histochemically distinct muscle fibre types did not commence until around 7 days after the injection.6. Regeneration and differentiation was virtually complete by 21 days after injection.7. Between 3 and 5 days, many of the fibres were sensitive to acetylcholine, and muscle fibre action potentials were resistant to tetrodotoxin. Miniature end‐plate potentials were of low amplitude and frequency; they may have been absent from many fibres.8. By 7–10 days, the proportion of fibres with tetrodotoxin‐resistant action potentials was declining, and acetylcholine sensitivity was less marked; miniature end‐plate potentials, though of normal amplitude, were of reduced frequency. The fibres were virtually normal by 14–21 days.9. It is considered likely that these physiological properties were recorded from regenerating muscle fibres that reached maturity by 28 days; the possibility that they were recorded from functionally denervated fibres is discussed.10. The rapid rate of regeneration and differentiation of the toxin‐damaged muscle was sustained only if the peripheral nerve supply was left intact.11. Preliminary results suggested that mitochondria‐rich fibres were preferentially damaged by the toxin, and that the toxin is less active in vitro than in vivo. These problems are currently being investigated.12. It is concluded that the toxin has a direct myotoxic effect on muscles; the relationship of this effect to the previously described neurotoxic effect is also currently under investigation.
Hexoprenaline: β‐adrenoreceptor selectivity in isolated tissues from the guinea‐pig
Authors: O'Donnell Stella R. , Wanstall Janet C. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. A catecholamine β‐adrenoreceptor agonist, hexoprenaline, was examined in vitro on five guinea‐pig tissues and its potency relative to isoprenaline (as 100) obtained.2. Hexoprenaline clearly delineated between those tissues classified as containing β2‐adrenoreceptors (trachea, hind limb blood vessels and uterus; relative potencies 219, 110 and 76 respectively) and those classified as containing β1‐adrenoreceptors (atria and ileum; relative potencies 3·3 and 1·0 respectively).3. Hexoprenaline differed from some previously studied noncatecholamine β‐adrenoreceptor agonists in being only two‐fold less potent, relative to isoprenaline, as a vasodilator in perfused hind limb than as a tracheal relaxant.
PERMEABILITY AND PORE RADII OF PULMONARY CAPILLARIES IN RABBITS OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Perry M. A. , Garlick D. G. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The double indicator diffusion technique was used to determine pulmonary capillary permeability in rabbits of different ages. Diffusible molecules ranging in size from mannitol to inulin were used in pairs, together with a vascular tracer.2. The extraction of diffusible molecules in successive venous samples showed a rapid decline with time. The extraction at appearance time of the tracers in the venous samples was used to determine a permeability ratio for pairs of diffusible molecules.3. Pore radii and slit widths were calculated from permeability ratios by a new application of existing equations. Because the permeability ratios were similar to the ratio of the free diffusion coefficients of the diffusible molecules in all but foetal animals, the upper 95% confidence limit of the permeability ratio was used to determine the lower 95% confidence limit of pore radius in each age group. The lower limit of pore radius ranged between 7.1 nm and 25.0 nm for neonatal and older rabbits, while foetal animals showed a range of 2.7 nm to 8.3 nm.4. The PAm for inulin and lower limit of pore radius were used to estimate pore area and pore number per cm2 capillary surface area. The pore area per cm2 capillary surface area ranged between 1.58 × 10‐4 cm2 (neonate) to 0.45 × 10‐4 cm2 (adult). These values are similar to other estimates for pore area in skeletal muscle capillaries. The corresponding values for pore number were 9.99 × 107 (neonate) and 0.52 × 107 (adult) per cm2 capillary surface area, values which are one‐tenth to one‐hundredth the estimates for pore number in skeletal muscle capillaries.5. The smaller number of large pores in the pulmonary capillaries of the adult rabbit would confer on this organ a six‐fold greater filtration‐reabsorption capacity per unit surface area, while diffusional exchange would be reduced to one‐half that seen in skeletal muscle capillaries.
INHIBITION OF HUMAN PULMONARY PHOSPHODIESTERASE ACTIVITY BY THERAPEUTIC LEVELS OF THEOPHYLLINE
Authors: Poison J. B. , Krzanowski J. J. , Goldman A. L. , Szentivanyi A. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. To test the hypothesis that inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is the major mechanism of the bronchodilator action of theophylline in reversible airways disease, the effects of therapeutic plasma levels of the drug on human pulmonary phosphodiesterase activity were examined.2. Therapeutic levels of theophylline inhibited the phosphodiesterase‐catalysed hydrolysis of adenosine cyclic 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine cyclic 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cGMP), but the percentage inhibition was relatively small.3. The results, while supporting the assumed contribution of phosphodiesterase inhibition to the overall mechanism of theophylline action, suggest that other presently unknown factors must also be taken into consideration to fully explain the beneficial effects of theophylline in reversible airways disease.