bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex Made from Tetrasodium N,N-Bis(carboxylatomethyl) Glutamate and Sodium Oleate that Forms a Highly Ordered Lamella in Gel Phase
Authors: Jeong Yeonhwan , Uezu Kazuya , Kobayashi Masataka , Sakurai Shinichi , Masunaga Hiroyasu , Inoue Katuaki , Sasaki Sono , Shimada Naohiko , Takeda Yoichi , Kaneko Kenji , Sakurai Kazuo 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
When we mixed two transparent aqueous solutions of tetrasodium N,N-bis(carboxylatomethyl) glutamate (GLDA) and sodium oleate (OleNa), a white gel phase was formed when the total solute concentrations were higher than about 2.8 wt %, indicating that complexation between GLDA and OleNa caused the gelation. The appearance of the gel was completely opaque, the gel displayed thixotropy, and the gel state changed to the sol state upon heating. Optical microscopy showed that the gel consisted of very long fibers with diameters ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the long fibers were made from many bundled, straight fibrils with a width of 200–1000 nm. The fibril consisted of lamellae parallel to the axial direction of the fibril. X-ray scattering confirmed the lamellar structure with a spacing of 4.5 nm, and the spacing was independent of the concentration and the molar ratio of GLDA and OleNa. The area of the lamellar first peak reached a maximum at the molar ratio of GLDA:OleNa = 4:1, i.e., this ratio is the stoichiometry of the GLDA/OleNa complex. This stoichiometric number was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Disability Management: Key Concepts and Techniques for an Aging Workforce
Authors: Bruyère Susanne M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aging workforce is likely to result in increasing numbers of workers with disabilities. The US Census Bureau projects that the 45- to 54- and 55- to 64-year-old population in the United States will grow by nearly 44.2 million (17%) and 35 million (39%) in the next 10 years (US Census Bureau, 2004). By the year 2010, this group will account for nearly half (44%) of the working age population (20–64), and the number of people with disabilities between the ages of 50 and 65 will almost double (Weathers, 2006). Disability management and accommodation policies and practices readily lend themselves to addressing the challenges employers will face with an aging workforce, and the increasing prevalence of disability that these demographics bring. Proactive education about ways to maximise the productivity of an aging workforce, effective case management, and workplace accommodation can significantly contribute to maximising aging worker retention.
Market Consequences of Earnings Management in Response to Security Regulations in China*
Authors: HAW IN‐MU , QI DAQING , WU DONGHUI , WU WOODY 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUnder the 1996‐98 security regulations in China, the accounting rate of return on equity (ROE) has to be greater than 10 percent for three "consecutive" years for a firm to qualify for stock rights offers. Despite declining economic conditions during this period, the percentage of firms reporting ROE between 10 and 11 percent is about "three" times that for 1994‐95. This unique regulatory environment provides a natural experimental setting for the empirical assessment of earnings‐management behavior and its consequences. This study examines whether listed Chinese firms manage earnings to meet regulatory benchmarks and whether regulators and investors consider the quality of earnings in their respective regulatory and investment decisions.On the basis of a sample of listed Chinese firms from 1996 to 1998, we observe that managers execute transactions involving below‐the‐line items and use income‐increasing accounting accruals to meet regulatory ROE targets for stock rights offerings. The firms that apply for, but fail to receive, regulatory approval manage earnings more significantly than do firms that receive approval and pair‐matched control firms. Our market study also suggests that investors differentiate the quality of earnings and put less value on earnings suspected of a greater degree of management. Overall, our results imply that the regulatory bodies and investors to some extent make rational adjustments for the quality of earnings.
Neurodevelopmental Functioning in HIV-Infected Infants and Young Children Before and After the Introduction of Protease Inhibitor–Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Lindsey Jane C. , Malee Kathleen M. , Brouwers Pim , Hughes Michael D. ,   for the PACTG 219C Study Team
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to examine the effects of HIV infection and the impact of highly active antiretroviral treatment with protease inhibitors on neurodevelopmental functioning during the first 3 years of life.PATIENTS AND METHODS. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219/219C is a longitudinal cohort study that has enrolled HIV-infected (HIV+) and HIV-exposed but uninfected (HIV−) infants and children since 1993. Longitudinal profiles of neurodevelopmental functioning as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were compared by HIV-infection status before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy with a protease inhibitor and within infants with Bayley tests available before and after initiating protease inhibitor therapy.RESULTS. In the pre–protease inhibitor era, mean mental and motor scores in HIV+ (n = 54) infants &lt;1 year of age were significantly lower than those among HIV− infants (n = 221) and remained lower up to 2 years of age. After protease inhibitors became available, mean mental and motor functioning of HIV+ infants (n = 91) &lt;1 year of age were still significantly lower than those of HIV− infants (n = 838). However, against a background of declining scores among the HIV− infants, there was evidence of limited improvement in the HIV+ infants relative to their uninfected peers. Among infants who had Bayley II evaluations before and after starting a protease inhibitor, there was a trend to improved mental and motor scores after initiation of protease inhibitor therapy.CONCLUSIONS. The suppression of systemic viral replication and subsequent substantial improvements in survival and immunologic status brought about by highly active antiretroviral therapy have been followed by limited improvements in neurodevelopmental functioning in young children. Additional longitudinal research is needed to better understand the role of antiretroviral therapy as well as the impact of genetic and environmental factors on neurodevelopmental functioning in children affected by HIV.
Death Preparation and Anxiety: A Survey in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Timothy H. Y. , Chan Faye M. Y. , Tin Agnes F. , Chow Amy Y. M. , Chan Cecilia L. W. 
Published: February 2007

This study reports the results of a survey on death preparation, death-related beliefs, and death anxiety in a Hong Kong sample. Respondents ( N = 285) recruited from the community were asked if they have prepared for them-selves a life insurance, a will, and a resting place (e.g. burial site, columbarium, etc.). Questions about their death-related cultural beliefs and anxiety were also asked. Results indicated that respondents who have thought of preparing for their own deaths but not yet acted out ( contemplators) held stronger traditional cultural beliefs about death than respondents who have either done the preparations ( planners) or never thought of the idea ( non-contemplators). Contemplators also reported higher death anxiety. Despite limitations of the study's design, the current results suggest the beliefs in cultural taboo may play a role in the preparation for one's death.
An Integrated Framework for Decision Making in Neurologic Physical Therapist Practice
Authors: Schenkman Margaret , Deutsch Judith E , Gill-Body Kathleen M 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Decision-making frameworks are used by clinicians to guide patient management, communicate with other health care providers, and educate patients and their families. A number of frameworks have been applied to guide clinical practice, but none are comprehensive in terms of patient management. This article proposes a unifying framework for application to decision making in the management of individuals who have neurologic dysfunction. The framework integrates both enablement and disablement perspectives. The framework has the following attributes: (1) it is patient-centered, (2) it is anchored by the patient/client management model from the Guide for Physical Therapist Practice, (3) it incorporates the Hypothesis-Oriented Algorithm for Clinicians (HOAC) at every step, and (4) it proposes a systematic approach to task analysis for interpretation of movement dysfunction. This framework provides a mechanism for making clinical decisions, developing clinical hypotheses, and formulating a plan of care. Application of the framework is illustrated with a case example of an individual with neurologic dysfunction.
Locomotor Training in People With Parkinson Disease
Authors: Morris Meg E 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to consider the role of the physical therapist in locomotor training for people with Parkinson disease. The ways in which disease progression, medication status, environmental conditions, individual factors, and the goals of locomotor tasks contribute to clinical decision making are explored. Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, gait training will be considered in relation to impairments of body structure and function, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in people who are newly diagnosed through to those with end-stage disease. Based on the principles of neural adaptation and clinical research findings, practical suggestions are made on how to provide the most efficient and effective physical therapy services at different stages of Parkinson disease.
Managing a Patient's Constipation With Physical Therapy
Authors: Harrington Kendra L , Haskvitz Esther M 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Background and Purpose. Constipation is a prevalent condition in the United States, with typical treatment consisting of diet modification, stool softeners, and laxatives. These interventions, however, are not always effective. The purpose of this case report is to describe the use of abdominal massage in physical therapist management for a patient with constipation. Case Description. An 85-year-old woman with constipation was referred for physical therapy following unsuccessful treatment with stool softeners. The patient was instructed in bowel management as well as a daily, 10-minute home abdominal massage program. Outcomes. Upon re-examination, the patient reported a return of normal bowel frequency and function without the need to strain or use digital evacuation. Discussion. Physical therapy incorporating abdominal massage appeared to be helpful in resolving this patient's constipation. Unlike medical management of constipation, no known side effects have been identified with abdominal massage. [Harrington KL, Haskvitz EM. Managing a patient's constipation with physical therapy. Phys Ther. 2006;86:1511–1519.]
Performance Measures Provide Assessments of Pain and Function in People With Advanced Osteoarthritis of the Hip or Knee
Authors: Stratford Paul W , Kennedy Deborah M , Woodhouse Linda J 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Pain and physical function are core outcome measures for people with osteoarthritis, and self-report questionnaires have been the preferred assessment method. There is evidence suggestingthat self-reports of physical function represent what people experience when performing activities rather than their ability to perform activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the factorial validity of performance-specific assessments of pain and function. Subjects. The sample consisted of 177 participants who had osteoarthritis of the hip (n=81) or knee(n=96) and who were awaiting total joint arthroplasty. Methods. Through a cross-sectional design, participants performed 4 performance activities (self-paced walk test, stair test, Timed “Up & Go” Test, and Six-Minute Walk Test). Outcomes were time or distance (function) and pain ratings obtained immediately after each activity. The authors conceptualized 2 correlated factors, with pain items loading uniquely on 1 factor and functional items loading on the second factor, and uncorrelated error terms. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied. Results. Initial analysis yielded results consistent with the conceptualized model in this study with the exception of a nonzero correlation between the stair pain and function error terms. Dropping the stair test provided results consistent with the conceptualized model. Discussion and Conclusion. Given the limitations of self-report alone as a method of obtaining reasonably distinct assessments of pain and function, the extent to which performance-specific assessments could accomplish this goal was examined in this study. It was found that collectively the walk test, Timed “Up & Go” Test, and Six-Minute Walk Test yielded 2 factors consistent with the health concepts of pain and function. The authors believe that the application of these tests may provide clinicians and clinical researchers with more distinct impressions of pain and function that complement information from self-report measures.
The Influence of Otolith Dysfunction on the Clinical Presentation of People With a Peripheral Vestibular Disorder
Authors: Murray Kate J , Hill Keith D , Phillips Bev , Waterston John 
Published: February 2007

Background and PurposeTraditional vestibular function testing has measured horizontal semicircular canal function only. Otolith function tests have recently been developed, but their clinical significance has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of otolith dysfunction on the clinical presentation of individuals with a peripheral vestibular disorder.Subjects and MethodsTwenty-one subjects with loss of horizontal semicircular canal function only and 37 subjects with combined loss of horizontal semicircular canal and otolith organ function were recruited. All subjects received a comprehensive clinical assessment, including self-report questionnaires and measures of balance performance.ResultsNo significant differences were identified between subjects with or without otolith dysfunction with respect to symptom severity, self-perceived handicap, functional limitations, or balance performance.Discussion and ConclusionOtolith dysfunction does not significantly influence the clinical presentation of individuals with a peripheral vestibular disorder. Other factors, including symptom severity, may be more influential.
Aquatic Physical Therapy for Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: Results of a Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hinman Rana S , Heywood Sophie E , Day Anthony R 
Published: February 2007

Background and Purpose
Aquatic physical therapy is frequently used in the management of patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA), yet there is little research establishing its efficacy for this population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of aquatic physical therapy on hip or knee OA.

Subjects
A total of 71 volunteers with symptomatic hip OA or knee OA participated in this study.

Methods
The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial in which participants randomly received 6 weeks of aquatic physical therapy or no aquatic physical therapy. Outcome measures included pain, physical function, physical activity levels, quality of life, and muscle strength.

Results
The intervention resulted in less pain and joint stiffness and greater physical function, quality of life, and hip muscle strength. Totals of 72% and 75% of participants reported improvements in pain and function, respectively, compared with only 17% (each) of control participants. Benefits were maintained 6 weeks after the completion of physical therapy, with 84% of participants continuing independently.

Discussion and Conclusion
Compared with no intervention, a 6-week program of aquatic physical therapy resulted in significantly less pain and improved physical function, strength, and quality of life. It is unclear whether the benefits were attributable to intervention effects or a placebo response.
Performance of Physical Activities by Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Palisano Robert J , Copeland Wendy P , Galuppi Barbara E 
Published: February 2007

Background and PurposeMobility and self-care are important considerations for successful transition of adolescents with cerebral palsy to adulthood. The purpose of this study was to characterize performance of physical activities from the perspective of adolescents themselves.SubjectsThe subjects were 156 adolescents with cerebral palsy, 11.6 to 17.7 years of age.MethodsA therapist completed the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Adolescents completed the Activities Scale for Kids–Performance Version (ASKp) twice over a 1-year period.ResultsA repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated a main effect for GMFCS level. The main effect for time and the GMFCS level × time interaction were not significant. Post hoc comparisons indicated that ASKp scores differed among all GMFCS levels.Discussion and ConclusionPerformance of physical activities by adolescents with cerebral palsy differed based on GMFCS level and did not change over 1 year. The ASKp scores of adolescents in levels II through V suggest the need for physical assistance at times throughout the day. The results have implications for the role of the physical therapist in transition planning.
Factors Associated With Use of the Preventive Health Inventory in US Veterans
Authors: Wheat Chelle L. , Wong Edwin S. , Gray Kristen E. , Stockdale Susan E. , Nelson Karin M. , Reddy Ashok 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceThe COVID-19 pandemic caused significant declines in the quality of preventive and chronic disease care. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) used the Preventive Health Inventory (PHI), a multicomponent care management intervention, to catch up on care disrupted by the pandemic.ObjectiveTo identify key factors associated with PHI use.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study of veterans receiving primary care used administrative data from national VHA primary care clinics for February 1, 2021, through February 1, 2022.ExposurePatient PHI receipt.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were patient, practitioner, and clinic factors associated with PHI receipt. Binomial generalized linear models with fixed effects for clinic were used to analyze factors associated with receipt of PHI. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator procedures were used for variable selection.ResultsA total of 4 358 038 veterans (mean [SD] age, 63.7 [16.0] years; 90% male; 76% non-Hispanic White) formed the study cohort, of whom 389 757 (9%) received the PHI. Veterans who received the PHI had higher mean Care Assessment Need (CAN) scores, which indicate the likelihood of hospitalization or death within 1 year (mean [SD], 51.9 [28.6] vs 47.2 [28.6]; standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.16). They were also more likely to live in urban areas (77% vs 64%; SMD, 0.28) and have a shorter drive distance to primary care (mean [SD], 13.2 [12.4] vs 15.7 [14.6] miles; SMD, 0.19). The mean outpatient use was higher among PHI recipients compared with non-PHI recipients (mean [SD], 18.4 [27.8] vs 15.1 [24.1] visits; SMD, −0.13). In addition, veterans with primary care practitioners with higher caseloads were more likely to receive the PHI (mean [SD], 778 [231] vs 744 [249] patients; SMD, −0.14), and they were more likely to be seen at larger clinics (mean [SD], 9670 [6876] vs 8786 [6892] patients; SMD, −0.13). Prior outpatient use and CAN score were associated with PHI receipt in the final model.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of the VHA’s PHI, patients with higher CAN scores and more outpatient use in the previous year were more likely to receive the PHI. This study identifies potential intervention points to improve care coordination for veterans.
Estimated Childhood Lead Exposure From Drinking Water in Chicago
Authors: Huynh Benjamin Q. , Chin Elizabeth T. , Kiang Mathew V. 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceThere is no level of lead in drinking water considered to be safe, yet lead service lines are still commonly used in water systems across the US.ObjectiveTo identify the extent of lead-contaminated drinking water in Chicago, Illinois, and model its impact on children younger than 6 years.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsFor this cross-sectional study, a retrospective assessment was performed of lead exposure based on household tests collected from January 2016 to September 2023. Tests were obtained from households in Chicago that registered for a free self-administered testing service for lead exposure. Machine learning and microsimulation were used to estimate citywide childhood lead exposure.ExposureLead-contaminated drinking water, measured in parts per billion.Main Outcomes and MeasuresNumber of children younger than 6 years exposed to lead-contaminated water.ResultsA total of 38 385 household lead tests were collected. An estimated 68% (95% uncertainty interval, 66%-69%) of children younger than 6 years were exposed to lead-contaminated water, corresponding to 129 000 children (95% uncertainty interval, 128 000-131 000 children). Ten-percentage-point increases in block-level Black and Hispanic populations were associated with 3% (95% CI, 2%-3%) and 6% (95% CI, 5%-7%) decreases in odds of being tested for lead and 4% (95% CI, 3%-6%) and 11% (95% CI, 10%-13%) increases in having lead-contaminated drinking water, respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings indicate that childhood lead exposure is widespread in Chicago, and racial inequities are present in both testing rates and exposure levels. Machine learning may assist in preliminary screening for lead exposure, and efforts to remediate the effects of environmental racism should involve improving outreach for and access to lead testing services.