bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
USE OF LIQUID SURFACES AS STANDARDS OF SPECULAR GLOSS*
Authors: Moore Dwight G. , Hunter Richard S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt is possible to flow a film of any one of several liquids on the rough ground or sandblasted face of a black ceramic body and to use the surface of the film as a standard of specular gloss. The specular gloss of the film may be computed from the angle of reflection and the refractive index of the liquid by means of the Fresnel equation. The technique described in this paper was developed for use with the Hunter multipurpose reflectometer to avoid the inaccuracies of specular‐gloss measurements which result when the polished black glass surfaces heretofore employed as working standards become abraded in use.
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SOLUBLE SALTS PRESENT IN ENAMEL MILL LIQUORS*
Authors: Hurst T. L. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStudies were made of the solution of the frit during milling, the soluble salts derived from the frit were identified and studied, and some properties of the slips and mill liquors were investigated. The influence of some soluble salts present in cover‐coat enamels on enamel film strength is shown, and a theory regarding the mechanism of tearing has been developed. The function of some salts, particularly sodium hydroxide and sodium nitrite, in eliminating tearing was studied, and the manner in which these salts improve film strength is reported.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: II, MECHANISM OF DEFLOCCULATION IN THE CLAY‐WATER SYSTEM*
Authors: Johnson A. L. , Norton F. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of bases, basic salts, neutral salts, acid salts, and acids on the viscosity of clay slips cleaned as described in Part I of this study is shown. From these data, a fundamental theory of deflocculation is built up, based on the fact that deflocculation requires the presence of OH anions and monovalent cations. The influence on the viscosity of small traces of soluble salts or adsorbed ions, which are present in commercial clays, is discussed. It is also shown why sodium silicate or carbonate works more satisfactorily than sodium hydroxide in the deflocculation of commercial casting slips.
EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE INVESTIGATION AND SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS IN CERAMICS*
Authors: Harrison H. C. , Bassett L. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe fundamental theories of emission spectroscopy and the application of these theories to qualitative and quantitative spectrographic analysis are briefly reviewed. Some of the more widely used analytical methods and techniques are compared as to their relative value in the spectrographic analysis of ceramic raw materials and products. An inexpensive projection enlarger is described.
PHOSPHATES IN CERAMIC WARE: I, IN OPAL GLASSES*
Authors: Weyl Woldemar A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe theory has been advanced that the formation of apatite crystals is responsible for opacity in bone‐ash opals, which agrees with the experience of the writers in the formation of this group of minerals in magmatic melts. It also explains the characteristic behavior of bone‐ash glasses and provides means to avoid certain defects. The importance of phosphate opacification for opal glasses resistant to heat shock is briefly discussed.
RELATION OF COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION TO IMPACT RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Fellows R. L. , Wheeler P. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe tentative standard impact test procedure, adopted by the Porcelain Enamel Institute, was used to test and compare cylinders coated with several experimental and commercial enamels. The important facts noted were (1) the effect of cubic thermal expansion on the impact resistance, (2) the importance of the ground coat to the resistance of any one cover enamel, and (3) the wide variation between cover enamels in resistance to impact.
DEVELOPMENT OF OPACITY IN ZIRCONIA ENAMELS*
Authors: King Burnham W. , Andrews Andrew I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOpaque zirconia‐bearing enamels are divided into two general types, namely, those whose opacity is due (1) to the undissolved residue of the zirconia added in the raw batch and (2) to the crystallization of a zirconia compound during firing. These enamels are described and illustrated. The quantity, identity, and appearance of the materials causing opacity in representative samples of each group of enamels are given.
SOLUBILITY OF ZIRCONIA IN SODA‐BOROSILICATE GLASSES*
Authors: King Burnham W. , Andrews Andrew I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe solubility of zirconia at 1500° and at 2200°F. was determined for glasses containing Na2O, B2O3, Al2O3, and SiO2. The solubility at these same temperatures was also determined for glasses containing equal parts of boric oxide and silica and one or more of the following constituents in quantities of 10, 20, or 30%: Li2O, Na2O, K2O, MgO. CaO, SrO, BaO, ZnO, Al2O3, CaF2, and Na3AlF4.
PHOSPHATES IN CERAMIC WARE: IV, PHOSPHATE GLASSES*
Authors: Kreidl Norbert J. , Weyl Woldemar A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPhosphorus pentoxide, which was used first to improve the color of heavy flint glasses, was later recognized as a valuable constituent of optical glasses, and the excellent ultraviolet transmission and low softening points of phosphate glasses have been found recently. Glasses that have a high content of P2O5 have poor chemical resistivity, but this drawback is largely overcome by the addition of alumina. A possible picture of the constitution of phosphate glasses is presented, and the effect of alumina is explained. Some of the properties of the phosphate glasses have been investigated and correlated with their chemical composition and structure.
CONDITIONS ENCOUNTERED IN FILLING PRESSURE WARE*
Authors: Sharp John M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMany beverages contain dissolved COZ which is held in solution by pressure above atmospheric. To fill these products into pressure ware calls for mechanical systems which operate at pressures above atmospheric. The bottles are thus subjected to varying conditions of internal pressure during their filling. Because the ware is usually warmer than the product, there may also be some thermal effect. The action of the filling machine and the closure application may introduce some mechanical loading. The extent and timing of these conditions depend somewhat on the type of the filling apparatus, but the general limits may be stated to give some estimation of the service demands on the ware during this particular operation.
CATALYTIC MULLITIZATION OF KAOLINITE BY METALLIC OXIDE*
Authors: PARMELEE C. W. , RODRIGUEZ ANTONIO R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of the addition of various oxides on the mullitization of kaolinite was studied by chemical, microscopic, and X‐ray methods. A comparative study of the chemical and the X‐ray methods of mullite determination has shown that the chemical method (use of hydrofluoric acid) can yield only relative values. The use of X rays appears to give absolute results.The oxides of zinc, lithium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and molybdenum were found to be good mullite builders; sodium, potassium, titanium, and stannic oxides were poor; and boric oxide and calcium oxide were fair accelerators.
STUDY OF GLAZE AND BODY INTERFACE*
Authors: PARMELEE C. W. , BUCKLES PAUL E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLead‐containing raw glazes were applied on biscuit tile and fired at cones 02, 2, and 4. The glaze body interface was examined microscopically by preparing thin cross sections. The powdered glassy portion was also investigated.Because the crystals separating at the interface were frequently too small for satisfactory study, a technique for promoting their growth was used. Anorthite, wollasto‐nite, gehlenite, undissolved quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite were observed.The effects of altering the bases and the alumina and silica content of the glaze were studied, and the amount and the effect of the solution of the body were examined. The authors conclude that the interfacial layer is not necessarily intermediate in expansion conduct.
Stress‐Strain Characteristics of Plastic Clay Masses*
Authors: RUSSELL R. , HANKS C. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe mechanical properties of plastic clay masses were investigated in terms of the fundamental concepts, stress and strain, and the interpretation involved the general terms, plasticity and workability. Compressive forces, applied by means of newly designed apparatus, were used throughout. A description is given of the apparatus as well as of the results for twelve different bodies, five individual clays, and five clayflint mixtures. In addition to composition, the factors investigated were the effect of water content, aging, rate of stress application, and cyclic loading. It was found that “moisture equivalent,” that is, the moisture content required for an arbitrarily selected equilibrium stress value, is a satisfactory parameter for the comparison of the plastic properties of clays and of similar body compositions. Aging increased the plasticity of ball clays progressively, whereas the china clays and a porcelain body became more workable. Increasing the rate of stress application caused progressive increases in the equilibrium stress. On the basis of the results obtained, a practical method of distinguishing between plasticity and workability is presented.
ELECTRIC FURNACE STUDY OF THE MgO‐SiO2 SYSTEM*
Authors: Ralston Robert R. , Faust George T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFusions of compositions spaced at intervals throughout the magnesia‐silica system were prepared in an electric arc furnace. Potter's flint and precipitated magnesium carbonate were used as starting materials for one series of samples, and olivine, quartz sand, and magnesite were used as lower purity raw materials in a second series to simulate commercial conditions. Chemical, spectrographic, microscopic‐petrographic, density, and pyrometric cone equivalent (P.C.E.) determinations were made on typical specimens selected from each melt. Periclase, forsterite, and clinoenstatite crystallized in strict agreement with the phase diagram, and the phenomenon of immiscible silicate phases was observed in high silica compositions. No new compounds, however, were seen. The possibility of beneficiating olivine for refractory service by electric furnacing was also investigated.
REFRACTORIES SERVICE CONDITIONS IN THE BLAST FURNACE*
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn analysis of “how a blast‐furnace lining wears out” is presented. The conclusions drawn are the result of critical studies on three furnaces as their linings were being removed for relining. Scab and scab‐refractory interface samples were taken at 3‐ft. intervals. These were analyzed and studied petrographically. Alkali attack and carbon disintegration are concluded to be the most serious causes of lining wear and deterioration in the stack, whereas insufficient refractoriness and high porosity are concluded to be the sources of trouble in the hearth.
INFLUENCE OF FLUXES OF SPODUMENE AND FELDSPAR MIXTURES ON PROPERTIES OF CHINAWARE BODIES*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , Shapiro J. K. , Zabawsky Z. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe most fusible spodumene‐feldspar mixture used in these studies was composed of 30% of spodumene, 10% of potash feldspar, and 60% of soda feldspar. In semi‐vitreous bodies and vitreous hotel chinaware bodies, however, the most effective fluxes were made up of 30 to 40% of spodumene, 40 to 60% of potash feldspar, and 10 to 20% of soda feldspar. Such fluxes lowered the maturing temperature of these bodies and improved their strength at lower temperatures. When they were fired at cones 6 to 9, their resistance to impact was equal to or higher than that of the feldspar bodies.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: III, CASTING AS A BASE‐EXCHANGE PHENOMENON*
Authors: Johnson A. L. , Norton F. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSpecimens of commercial casting slip were cast in plaster molds, porous bisque molds, and porous bisque molds treated with calcium and aluminum chloride. A qualitative determination of the ion serving in the exchange position is possible by the evaluation of the yield value of the cast specimen. The results on a series of tests indicate that casting clayware may be carried out by one of two processes, namely, mechanical water removal by the porous mold or by an exchange reaction between the ions of the slip and those of the mold; combinations of both processes may also occur. A detailed description of both methods, including practical applications, is given.
EFFECT OF STEAM AND HOT WATER WITH SODA ASH AND A WETTING AGENT ON PROPERTIES OF CLAY*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , Mcmahon J. F. , Lampman C. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe use of combined treatments was found to Ix more efficient in improving the properties of clays than individual treatments, and the best results were obtained when the clay was pugged with steam and hot water with an addition of 0.2% of soda ash. This process lowered the water of plasticity 26%, the drying shrinkage 58%, arid the absorption 46.5%. The dry and fired strengths were increased 123% and 144%, respectively.
EXPANSION, CONTRACTION, AND STRENGTH CHANGES OF SOME CLAYS DURING FIRING*
Authors: Hursh R. K. , Blanchard M. K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe objective of these experiments was to determine (1) the linear changes in expansion arid shrinkage during firing, (2) the effect of compressive loading on these changes, and (3) the variations in strength at furnace temperatures during the firing of some typical shales and fire clays used for the manufacture of structural clay product.
RELATION BETWEEN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC MATERIALS WITH LOW DIELECTRIC LOSSES*
Authors: Rigterink M. D. , Grisdale R. O. , Morgan S. O. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA number of steatite ceramics were prepared under carefully controlled conditions, and their dielectric losses and direct‐current resistances were measured at elevated temperatures. It was found that variations of the ratio of talc to kaolin within certain limits had little effect on the dielectric properties. These properties, however, were changed to a considerable extent by varying the amounts, proportions, and kinds of alkaline earth oxides added as fluxes. The data indicate also that the conditions in a ceramic favorable to a high specific resistance are not necessarily those favorable to a low dielectric loss.
APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Norton C. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn apparatus for measuring the thermal conductivity of refractories, is described in detail, and results are shown for several types of insulating refractories. Comparisons are madc from data which were obtained on a low‐temperature plate tester, and the effect of several variables on measured heat flow are discussed.
CONTROL TESTING FOR CONSISTENCY OF REFRACTORY MORTARS*
Authors: Petrie Earl C. , Kocher D. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractVarious methods of determining the consistency of mortars are discussed, and data are included to show the test results obtained on different instruments. A description is given of a modified Vicat needle which may be used for the control of consistency during the manufacture of wet‐type, cold‐setting mortars.
EFFECT OF BARIUM OXIDE AND ZINC OXIDE ON PROPERTIES OF SODA‐DOLOMITE LIME‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors:   Contribution of the General Research Laboratory Owens‐Illinois Glass Company
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTo a base glass containing 14% of sodium oxide, 12% of dolomite lime, and 74% of silica, barium oxide and zinc oxide, respectively, were systematically substituted for (a) Na2O, (b) CaO.MgO, and (c) SiO2 in amounts of 1, 3, and 5%. The effects of these substitutions on such physical properties as liquidus temperature, viscosity, deformation temperature, density, fiber softening point, coefficient of expansion, and the resistance of the glasses to dilute acid and distilled water are presented.
ANALYSIS OF GASES DISSOLVED IN GLASS AND GASES PRESENT IN SEEDS*
Authors: SHADDUCK HUGH A. , VAN ZEB ARTHUR 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method of analysis for gases dissolved in glass has been developed which gives more reproducible results than those previously reported. The problem of the volatilization of alkali from the sample during the course of analysis appears to have been satisfactorily solved through the use of an auxiliary furnace. A number of commercial glasses have been analyzed for dissolved gases. Water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and oxygen are the principal gases found in flint glass. Water vapor seems to be the principal constituent of the gases found in amber glass.A method for the analysis of gases present in seeds in glass has been developed which gives fairly satisfactory quantitative results on samples containing more than 1 cu. mm. of gas. The results obtained on samples containing less than 1 cu. mm. of gas are qualitative only. The procedure consists (1) in the determination of the temperatures at which gases present in the seeds undergo a change of state and (2) in the microchemical analysis of these same gases. Seeds have been found that contained entrapped air, sulfur dioxide, and also carbon dioxide. Some seeds, especially those in amber glass, appear to be vacuum seeds, and these frequently contain a deposit on the inside which has been identified as a sulfite or a sulfate.
ZIRCONIA‐MAGNESIA SPINEL SYSTEM*
Authors: MATHER R. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn investigation of the zirconia‐spinel system, ZrO2‐MgAl2O4, was made, using the criteria of thermal expansion, density, and microstructure. The samples were fired for six hours at 1650°C. No stable compounds or solid solutions were formed. An unstable solid solution, possibly based on a zirconia‐spinel compound, was formed, however, apparently extending from pure spinel to 30 mol. % of zirconia. The solid solution gradually decomposed on repeated heating to 1300°C., and the system ultimately behaved as a series of simple aggregates of zirconia and spinel. The zirconia transformation took place at 1110°C. throughont the system. On cooling, the transformation temperature was lowered by the presence of spinel from 990°C. for the zirconia‐rich samples to fi30°C. at the spinel end of the system.
USE OF THE PHOTRONIC CELL AND SPECTROPHOTOMETER FOR MEASURING TRANSLUCENCY OF WHITEWARE*
Authors: Arrance Frank C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method has been developed for measuring the translucency of whiteware by means of the photronic cell, and a modified formula has been derived to express the relationship between translucency and thickness of ware. Bodies containing mixtures of feldspar and lepidolite were translucent over a greater range of temperatures than those which contained feldspar or lepidolite alone, although the translucency of the feldspar bodies was greater than that of the lepidolite bodies having equivalent absorptions. The spec‐trophotometer gives a more complete record of the translucency of porcelain because it may be used to measure the transmittance of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light.
PROPERTIES OF WARE VERSUS THERMAL HISTORY: I, TESTS ON VITREOUS CHINA BODIES AND WARE *
Authors: Koenic J. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe properties of ware, which were given different thermal treatments, have been compared. The tests include shrinkage, flexural strength, elasticity, thermal expansion, moisture expansion, microstructure, glaze stress, and glaze microhardness. The variations in these properties occurred as a result of differences in (1) supposedly similar firings, (2) the uniformity of the kiln from end to end, (3) the same firing in the cross section of the kiln caused by uneven heat distribution, (4) the rates of firing to the same cone deformation, and (5) repeated firings.
PROPERTIES OF WARE VERSUS THERMAL HISTORY: II, TESTS ON SEMIVITREOUS CHINA BODIES AND WARE *
Authors: Koenic J. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe properties of semivitreous bodies and ware, which were given different thermal treatments, are compared. The tests include flexural strength, shrinkage, absorption, elasticity, moisture, and thermal expansion. The resistance to crazing vs. the bisque thermal history is correlated with (1) the moisture and thermal expansion of the two bodies studied, (2) actual crazing tests on ware made from these bodies, and (3) glaze fit tests. The variation in glaze texture, hardness, and stress condition for different glostfiring treatment was studied.
THE COMPOUND MERWINITE (3CaO.MgO.2SiO2) AND ITS STABILITY RELATIONS WITHIN THE SYSTEM CaO‐MgO‐SiO2 (PRELIMINARY REPORT)*
Authors: Osborn E. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPreliminary investigations on compositions between Ca2SiO4 and akermanite (Ca2Mg‐Si2C7), between merwinite (Ca3Mg(SiO4)2) and akermanite, and between merwinite and monticellite (CaMgSiO4 indicate that a field of merwinite appears on the liquidus surface of the system CaO‐MgO‐SiO2 and that merwinite melts incongruently at 1575 °C. to Ca2SiO4, MgO, and liquid.
MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FIRELAY REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Patton T. C. , Norton C. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThermal conductivity determinations have been made on superduty fire‐clay, silica, and kaolin refractories, using the Globar‐heated, water calorimeter apparatus previously described. The arrangement, which is satisfactory for insulating firebrick, gives considerable error when firebrick samples are tested. Results obtained by different arrangements of the guard samples and heating elements are shown as well as a final arrangement which gives a satisfactory condition of parallel heat flow.
MOTTLED SILICA BRICK, FACTS, FANCIES, AND FALLACIES*
Authors: Harvey FRED A. , Thompson Clyde L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe extent of coloration is dependent on the amount of lime and alumina and on the thermal history. The coloring agent is usually iron oxide which is present in small amounts. Color is dependent on the grind and on the mixing, drying, and burning procedures. The color can be cleared up or accentuated by controlled laboratory reheating at known temperatures, for definite time intervals. The mottling does not appear unless the brick are well burned. The spots, moreover, have no harmful effect. The literature on this subject is reviewed.
POSSIBLE USE OF FERRUGINOUS TALCS IN STEATITE DIELECTRICS*
Authors: Kane Laurence E. , Ueltz Herbert G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSeveral iron‐bearing tales were fired alone and in body form and were measured for shrinkage and absorption. Their colors were also noted. Electrical measurements of dielectric constant and loss characteristics were made on the bodies and compared with white‐firing tales. The effect of small additions of Fe2O3 on a white‐firing talc is also described.