bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid shortening medium
Authors: Geisler Alan S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBecause of an apparent interest in a liquid shortening with good baking properties, a program for the development of such a product was instituted. Past efforts to accomplish this by dissolving or suspending emulsifiers in vegetable oils had not had notable, success. In this instance it was decided to use a different approach, that of making an emulsion in water, in trying to impart desirable baking properties to vegetable oils. It was also desired that a fluid product be produced from animal or hydrogenated vegetable fats, using the same approach.Shortening emulsions were prepared by using sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene‐2‐sorbitan monostearate, and mono‐and diglycerides as dual‐purpose emulsifiers to provide a stable emulsion and impart good baking properties. Emulsions were prepared and tested and found capable of utilizing all common shortening base‐stocks in baking. In most cases also excellent results in cream icings were obtained.The most serious problem which occurred was the tendency of emulsions made with animal fats to become plastic. A study of the causative factors was made, and the conclusion was reached that a stable fluid products could be obtained through careful selection of ingredients. Important factors which affected emulsion viscosity were monoglyceride level and hardness; the ratio of sorbitan monostearate to polyoxyethylene sorbitan monosterate, and their level; and the shortening basestock used.The stability of the emulsions was studied and the conclusions were reached that aging did not affect baking quality significantly although optimum effectiveness was reached apparently several days after preparation; the emulsions were not particularly subject to oxidative rancidity; bacteria and mold counts increased only slightly during storage periods as long as two months at room temperature.An unexpected result was the markedly‐improved performance when the shortening was pre‐emulsified as shown by the baking data and icing quality factors which were reported.
Nutritional studies of partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil
Authors: Beare Joyce L. , Craig B. M. , Campbell J. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn three experiments rats were fed a purified basal diet with 20% by weight of partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil. One sample promoted, greater weight gains that the unhydrogenated oil. Another sample, containing a higher concentration of octadecadienoic acids other than 9,12‐linoleic acid, produced the same response as the unhydrogenated material. With other samples of hydrogenated rapeseed oil, possessing less linoleic acid but other octadecadienoic acids, significantly lower weight gains were obtained. The alterations in the C18 fatty acids resulting from hydrogenation of rapeseed oil appeared to be responsible for differing responses in weight gain.
Antimicrobial activity of some ricinoleic acid oleic acid derivatives
Authors: Novak Arthur F. , Clark Gladys C. , Dupuy Harold P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRicinoleic and acid oleic acid derivatives were screened for their antimicrobial activity, under optimum growing‐conditions, against several species of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. Several ricinoleic acid derivatives and petroselinic (iso‐oleic) acid exhibited considerable activity; in fact, their activity against some micro‐organisms was comparable to sorbic and 10‐undecenoic acid, known antimicrobial agents, as indicated by this test.
Catalytic effects in the ammonolysis of vegetable oils
Authors: Kohlhase W. L. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCatalysts for the ammonolysis of soybean oil are, in order of decreasing overall effectiveness, ammonium acetate, sodium methoxide, 9‐amino‐nonanoic acid, sodium soyate, ammonium nitrate, alanine, sodium acetate and glycerol. At 125 C, a reaction time of 1 hr and a 30:1 mole ratio of ammonia to ester, ammonium acetate achieved ammonolysis in 16%, 61% and 84% conversions at the respective concentrations of 0.0, 0.1 and 1.0 mole per mole ester groups. Conversion was 98% complete in 4 hr with 1.0 mole. The ammonolysis generally exhibited the expected first order kinetics up to about 80% reaction.
The handling and storage of raw materials for soaps and detergents
Authors: Healy E. J. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionNo laboratories are deeper in research than those of the soap and synthetic detergent manufacturers. W. L. Sims, president of Colgate‐Palmolive Company, was quoted recently in the New York press as follows: “probably 70% of the volume in our business today comes from products that didn’t exist 10 years ago. The same thing will be true 10 years from now.”This statement bears out the ever‐changing dynamics of the industry. Much of the equipment and many of the materials covered in this presentation did not exist a few years ago, and as research and engineering create new and improved products and new and improved automated equipment, our means of handling these and other raw materials, even though they represent the best available today, will be replaced by even more efficient methods and equipment.
Production of alkylene oxide derivatives
Authors: Malkemus J. D. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIn this discussion we have reviewed the production of alkylene oxide derivatives which are becoming increasingly important surfactants. The process has been shown to be comparatively simple although the products are very complex mixtures. The course of the reaction has been indicated for the most important types of products and the reaction variables discussed.Perhaps the only disadvantage of this unit process is the hazardous nature of the alkylene oxides. These can be handled safely however, as proven by the safety record of the current producers.
A study of the surface activity of tertiary alcohol sulfates
Authors: Zimaity T. , Sammour A. , Afsah E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA number of tertiary alcohols were prepared by the action of a series of Grignard reagents on ethyl oleate. The tertiary alcohols were converted to alkyl sulfates by reaction with sodium chlorosulfonate. The surface active properties of the prepared sodium alkyl sulfates were studied in relation to the length of the branched chain and the bulkiness of the charged head of the surfactants.
Organic acids as builders in linear alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent formulations
Authors: Wilham C. A. , Mehltretter C. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSodium salts of citric, glycolic, diglycolic and three sugar acids, directly derived from D‐glucose, were evaluated as builders in a formulation for a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent. Only sodium citrate and diglycolate were at least 60% as effective as sodium tripolyphosphate in building action in hard water. Detergency appeared to be related to calcium sequestration by the salts at pH 10.
Edible oil evaluation by room odor tests: A preliminary report
Authors: Evans C. D. , Moser Helen A. , List G. R. , Dutton H. J. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRoom odors developed on heating edible fats in open vessels were evaluated and characterized by a 20 member odor panel. Edible fats tested were: special soybean salad and cooking oils, hydrogenated soybean oil and some commercial salad and cooking oils. Factors were investigated that affect reliability and reproducibility of the test and the acuity of the panel members. The effects of fry temperature and size of sample were investigated. The method has been applied to a study of hydrogenated and unhydrogenated soybean oil samples.
Charring with sulfur trioxide for the improved visualization and quantitation of thin layer chromatograms
Authors: Martin Theodore T. , Allen Marvin C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractContinuous and uniform exposure to an atmosphere of dry SO3 effectively chars chromatograms with convenience, safety and speed. The sandblasted, concave surface of a heat resistant glass lid is coated with fuming sulfuric acid. The lid encloses the thin layer chromatography plate while it is heated by a hot plate. Cholesterol, oleic acid and triolein show SO3 char and char‐fluorescence detection limits much lower and carbon yields more nearly equal than those reported to be obtained with conventional spray char reagents. Liquid reagent does not touch the layer. It remains clean, dry and permanent. Freedom from excess acid lends stability to the intensity of char‐fluorescence spots. Because of lower temperature requirements, SO3 char probably can be extended to include substances which are too volatile for acid spray char. A guide to the selection of conditions for the detection, identification and quantitation of char, charfluorescence and char‐color spots is given. Additional areas of investigation with SO3 as well as other reagent fumes are indicated.
The sequence of formation of fatty acids in developing soybean seeds
Authors: Simmons R. O. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryExcised Lincoln soybean stems bearing pods and leaves were supplied with C14 labeled‐sucrose for brief periods, and the subsequent appearance of radio‐activity in the different fatty acids was observed up to 18 days. The individual fatty acids were separated as their 2,4‐dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride derivatives and the specific activity of the different fractions were determined.Radioactivity appeared in the fatty acids in the following order: oleic, saturated, linoleic, linolenic. Consistent presence of highest specific activity in the oleic acid fraction indicated that oleic may be converted to the other acids, at least to some extent.
Formation of peroxides in fatty esters. II. Methyl linoleate: application of the polarographic and direct oxygen methods
Authors: Ricciuti C. , Willits C. O. , Ogg C. L. , Morris S. G. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThis study of the prolonged autoxidation of methyllinoleate at 80°C. has included polarographic identification and determination of hydroperoxides, the direct determination of oxygen contents, and catalytic micro‐hydrogenation for the determination of unsaturation. The polarographic method has further substantiated the observations of other workers that the principal peroxidic substance formed during the autoxidation of methyl linoleate at 80°C. is a hydroperoxide. The direct oxygen measurements have shown that most of the oxygen absorbed in the initial stages of autoxidation can be accounted for as hydroperoxide. During the latter stages there was a continuous increase of oxygen uptake, half of which can be accounted for as free acid and half as forms other than hydroperoxide, ester, or free acid. By means of the catalytic micro‐hydrogenation method it has further been shown that as the autoxidation progresses there is a continuous decrease in unsaturation.
Solvent extraction of granular cottonseed cake
Authors: Anderson Earl T. , McCubbin Keator 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAdvantages of the Rotocel system for cottonseed cake extraction may be summarized in the following manner:

Economical conversion to solvent extraction is possible by utilizing existing or reconditioned screw‐press equipment.

Conditioner and flaking rolls are not required for this process.

The electrical power requirements for the cake preparation and extraction are less than the power reduction when converting from straight pressing to a prepress operation. This results in a net savings in power consumption.

Vapor scrubbers used in conventional plants are not required in this process.

Efficient extraction at low solvent ratios keeps the steam requirement of this process to a minimum.

Low residual oil in extracted meal accomplished by this process yields a maximum product value per ton of seed.

The low temperature vapor desolventizer eliminates discolorization and protein degradation of the cake granules during the desolventizing step.
Gossypol material balance, denaturation of protein, and loss of thiamine in commercial processing of cottonseed
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Murray Mildred D. , LeBlanc Marion F. H. , Castillon Leah E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe processing of cottonseed by five commercial mills has been systematically examined with reference to free gossypol reduction, nitrogen solubility, thiamine reduction, material balances of total gossypol, and the distribution of gossypol in processing.One hydraulic mill reduced the free gossypol in the meal to a low level, approximating the level obtained in screw pressing. For a given mill the free gossypol contents of the meals were found to be fairly uniform.Low free gossypol content of hydraulic‐pressed meals depends on the thoroughness with which the gossypol is bound in the cooking. Gossypol is bound in both the cooking and pressing in the production of screw‐pressed meals.A relatively small amount of total gossypol is lost or destroyed in processing cottonseed by either hydraulic‐ or screw‐pressing methods. This small loss occurs while the meats are being prepared for pressing. No significant loss was found which could be attributed to the pressing operations.Serew‐pressed oils appear to contain several times as much gossypol as hydraulic‐pressed oils, with the amount dependent on the extent of the binding of gossypol in the cooking and mechanical preparation of the meats for pressing.The high temperatures developed in screw pressing contributed to a higher reduction in thiamine and nitrogen solubility than was observed for hydraulic pressing.
Selective fixation of deleterious phosphatidic and pigment materials in commercial processing to improve quality of cottonseed oil and meal
Authors: Cavanagh G. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryPlant operating‐procedures and laboratory controls were set up to evaluate the quality of meal and oil which could be produced through each stage of commercial, prepress‐solvent‐extraction processing. By altering conventional, prepress‐solvent‐processing conditions and by increasing moisture during cooking and adding granular soda ash after cooking meats, cottonseed meal rations can be produced which are comparable in feed efficiency to soybean meal rations and satisfactory for feeding laying hens in amounts up to 10% of the total weight of the ration with no egg‐yolk discoloration and crude cottonseed oils with low F.F.A. and light color can be produced which refined to low Lovibond colors and with ferining losses approximating the chromatographic loss when miscella refined within minutes after separation from the source material with the exclusion of air and light.
Determination of tocopherol in oxidized fats
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryHeating oxidized fats to 210°C. under reduced pressure for 10 to 15 min. removed peroxides without affecting the tocopherol content. This simple heating method yielded a higher recovery of tocopherol in oxidized fats than other modifications of the Emmerie‐Engel method used to remove interfering substances. The data indicate that tocopherol is not regenerated in the oxidized oils by the heat treatment. The loss of tocopherol in soybean oil which had been oxidized beyond the induction period was relatively small.
Preparation and some properties of tung oil monoglycerides
Authors: McKinney R. S. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySeveral methods for the preparation of tung oil monoglycerides were investigated. Products richest in both monoglyceride (78%) and triene conjugation (63% as eleostearic acid) were obtained by glycerolysis with sodium methoxide in pyridine solution. Attempts to increase the content of monoglyceride and triene conjugation by selective solvents were unsuccessful. The monoglycerides were effective in lowering the surface tension of water as well as the interfacial tension of several oils, including tung oil, against water. The tung oil monoglycerides behaved as fugitive emulsifiers and, after drying, retarded the removal of spray residue (lead arsenate) by washing with a water spray more than did other emulsifiers, such as cottonseed oil monoglycerides. The ammonium soap of tung oil fatty acids also acted as a fugitive emulsifier.
Selective hydrolysis of soybean oil phosphatides
Authors: Beal R. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA rapid method is described for treating nondegummed soybean oil with water and a mixture of cation and anion exchange resins at elevated temperatures. In less than 30 min. 85% of phosphatide phosphorus is converted to a water‐soluble, petroleum ether‐insoluble form. Very little free or combined fatty acids are associated with the phosphorus thus split off from the phosphatide, and only a moderate increase in free fatty acid in the oil phase occurs. It is proposed that the phosphatides are largely converted to diglycerides by the selective hydrolytic treatment.
The effect of position of ester group on critical micelle concentration of ester‐linked sulfonates
Authors: Hikota Takeshi , Meguro Kenjiro 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe critical micelle concentration (CMC) of sodium alkyl sulfoacetates and β‐sulfopropionates, and sodium salt of 2‐sulfo ethyl ester, 3‐sulfo propyl ester and 4‐sulfo butyl ester of fatty acids have been determined by the electrical conductance of each aqueous solution. The relation between CMC value and number of total methylene groups (N) for the Cn*H2n*+1COO(CH2)3 SO3Na and C9H19COO(CH2)n**SO3Na (n*=9, 10 and 11. n**=2, 3 and 4) can be formulated as follows.urn:x-wiley:0003021X:media:aocs0197:equation:aocs0197-math-0001
From these equations it was determined that the methylene unit situated between ester and sulfonate groups is equivalent to 0.5 methylene groups in its effect on CMC. For a given number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, the log CMC value increased regularly with a change in the ester group away from the terminal position to more central positions in the hydrocabon chain. The two different types of ester‐linkages (RCOO‐and ROCO‐) have no apparent effect on the CMC value.
Gas liquid and thin layer chromatographic analysis of 12‐aminostearic acid
Authors: Freedman Bernard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProducts from the reductive amination of 12‐ketostearic acid to 12‐aminostearic acid have been monitored by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The nonvolatile amino acid was analyzed by TLC, but its trifluoroacetylated methyl ester was analyzed by TLC and GLC. Conditions for obtaining high conversions of the amino acid to this derivative are described. The derivative was quantitated by GLC using methyl 12‐ketostearate as an internal standard. Various developing solvents, types of TLC plates, and visualization spray reagents were examined and compared for efficiency and convenience regarding the TLC separations. Satisfactory TLC systems were developed for crude reaction mixtures containing 12‐aminostearic acid and these same mixtures, which were trifluoroacetylated. The influence of water in the developing solvent on the ionic forms of the amino acid is discussed.
Direct determination of sodium in soybean oil by flame photometry
Authors: Black L. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe correlation of sodium content of alkalirefined soybean oil with the soap content of the oil has been widely accepted by oil processors. We have found that this sodium content can be determined by aspiration of an oil solvent solution directly into a flame emission spectrophotometer. The intensity of the sodium flame emission produced from the oil solution was compared with that from oil standards containing known amounts of sodium soaps. To prepare standards, sodium oleate was dissolved in ethylene glycol followed by the addition of a solvent and soybean oil containing low sodium of known amount; this solution aspirated at a rapid, constant rate. The method is capable of determining sodium at a lower limit of 0.1 ppm with accuracy comparable to that of neutron activation analysis.
Newer techniques in protein isolation and characterization
Authors: Rothfus John A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis review summarizes theory, experimental procedures and applications of current research methodology in each stage of protein purification from the disruption of seed structures and isolation of protein bodies to cleavage of intermolecular bonds and the purification of individual proteins. Methods for characterizing proteins are discussed in terms of their utility in monitoring protein isolations, disclosing structural features and predicting protein behavior. Specific topics include: the macrostructure of seeds, scanning electron microscopy, particle fractionation by density gradient centrifugation, filtration, association‐dissociation of seed proteins, disulfide bonds and other forms of intermolecular bonding, high pressure gel filtration, immunospecific adsorbents or precipitating agents, immunochemical techniques, isoelectric focusing, physical and chemical methods for characterizing proteins, differential thermal analysis and the determination of polypeptide sequences.
Lipids of maturing grain of corn (Zea mays L.):
Authors: Weber Evelyn J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe polar lipids of a standard corn inbred, H51, were analyzed as the kernels developed. The concentrations of the glycolipids and phospholipids were highest at 30–45 days after pollination and then decreased. Digalactosyl diglyceride was the dominant glycolipid in the maturing grain. Monogalactosyl diglyceride and sulfolipid were also major sugar‐containing lipids, but steryl glycoside ester, steryl glycoside and cerebrosides were relatively minor components. Phosphatidyl choline accounted for over 50% of the total phosphorus of the phospholipids at all stages of kernel development. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol ranked second and third. Each individual lipid had its own characteristic fatty acid pattern, but the changes in fatty acid composition during development of the corn kernels were similar for all the lipids. The percentages of palmitic acid and linolenic acid decreased while those of oleic acid increased.
Determination of free and conjugated triclosan in blood by electron capture gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Schulze Janos , Marquardt Fritz‐Hans , Lyman Frank , Spitzer Carol 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnconjugated triclosan in blood can be determined by extraction with hexane, followed by its conversion to an acetyl derivative and analysis by electron capture gas liquid chromatography. The conjugated triclosan can be analyzed by an identical procedure, after the complexes have been hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid. The method was validated by recovery studies using spiking and radioactive techniques and can be used for the determination of triclosan in blood in the concentration range of 1 ppb (ng/ml) to 100 ppm (µg/ml). The precision and accuracy of the method are discussed, and examples of its application are presented.
Competitive hydrogenation rates of isomeric methyl octadecadienoates
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Scholfield C. R. , Mounts T. L. , Butterfield R. O. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDetermination of the relative reaction rates of isomeric methyl octadecadienoates is possible by competitive reduction of a mixture containing an inactive diene and a radioactively labeled isomer. The hydrogenation rate of methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate with platinum and nickel catalysts is compared to the hydrogenation rate of each of several isomers of methyl octadecadienoate, and the relative rate of the competitive hydrogenations is calculated by a digital computer. Methylcis‐9,cis‐12 linoleate is reduced the most rapidly of all the dienes studied. The relative rates of the positional isomers tend to decrease with the increasing number of methylene groups between the double bonds, except when one of the double bonds is in the more reactive 15 position. Comparison of the geometric isomers shows thattrans,trans diene is hydrogenated at a slower rate thancis,cis linoleate.