bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life‐table analysis of mortality factors affecting populations of Bemisia tabaci on cassava in Uganda
Authors: Asiimwe P. , Ecaat J. S. , Otim M. , Gerling D. , Kyamanywa S. , Legg J. P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA study was set up to determine the sources and rates of mortality of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on field‐grown cassava in Uganda. Using a cohort‐based approach, daily direct observations were used to construct partial life tables for 12 generations of egg and nymph populations which were studied over a 1‐year period. Mortality was categorized as dislodgement, predation, parasitism (for nymphs only), unknown death, and inviability (for eggs only). The highest mean rate of marginal mortality across all stages was attributed to parasitism, with dislodgement and predation following, respectively. Across all factors, the highest mean rate of marginal mortality was observed in the fourth instar followed by the eggs, first‐, second‐, and third‐instars, respectively. Key factor analysis revealed that dislodgement was the major mortality factor contributing to generational mortality in eggs while for nymphs, parasitism in the fourth instar was the main driving force behind the observed generational mortality. Highest irreplaceable mortality in both the egg and nymph stages was attributed to dislodgement followed by parasitism and predation, and least was due to unknown death. Across stages, highest irreplaceable mortality rates were observed in the eggs and the fourth‐instar nymphs. The other stages had relatively low rates of irreplaceable mortality. Rain‐protection experiments revealed no significant differences in marginal mortality rates when compared to the open field situation.
Decision‐making tools for Frankliniella occidentalis management in strawberry: consideration of target markets
Authors: Coll Moshe , Shakya Sulochana , Shouster Inbar , Nenner Yaakov , Steinberg Shimon 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a cosmopolitan pest of many crops, is considered a major pest of low tunnel and greenhouse strawberries. The extent of damage to strawberry is unclear because different studies have produced contradictory results. Also, economic thresholds published for WFT in strawberry vary greatly, and most fail to incorporate economic factors. This study was aimed at developing a decision‐making tool for WFT management in strawberries in Israel. Toward this end, economic injury levels (EIL) and economic thresholds were calculated, based on target markets (export vs. domestic). Results indicate that serious infestation of ripe berries may cause a dull, rough appearance, and the fruit may be soft and have a reduced shelf life, rendering it unsuitable for export. Most fruit damage occurred at green and turning‐red stages of development. Two decision‐making tools were developed, one for winter, when WFT populations increase slowly but crop value is high (export market); and the second for spring, when the pest increases rapidly but crop value is low (local markets). Economic thresholds of 10 and 24 WFT/flower were calculated for winter and spring strawberries, respectively, based on direct thrips damage to fruit. This calculation does not take into account the recorded WFT damage to flowers, or its role in facilitating Botrytis cinerea fruit infection. Western flower thrips has proved only an occasional economic pest in Israeli strawberries, and no routine control measures are warranted. Furthermore, augmentative releases of Orius laevigatus or Neoseilus cucumeris against WFT are not justified in this system, because Orius colonizes strawberry fields spontaneously in high numbers when no broad spectrum insecticides are used.
The molecular bases of plant resistance and defense responses to aphid feeding: current status
Authors: Smith C. Michael , Boyko Elena V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPlant genes participating in the recognition of aphid herbivory in concert with plant genes involved in defense against herbivores mediate plant resistance to aphids. Several such genes involved in plant disease and nematode resistance have been characterized in detail, but their existence has only recently begun to be determined for arthropod resistance. Hundreds of different genes are typically involved and the disruption of plant cell wall tissues during aphid feeding has been shown to induce defense responses in Arabidopsis, Triticum, Sorghum, and Nicotiana species. Mi‐1.2, a tomato gene for resistance to the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), is a member of the nucleotide‐binding site and leucine‐rich region Class II family of disease, nematode, and arthropod resistance genes. Recent studies into the differential expression of Pto‐ and Pti1‐like kinase genes in wheat plants resistant to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), provide evidence of the involvement of the Pto class of resistance genes in arthropod resistance. An analysis of available data suggests that aphid feeding may trigger multiple signaling pathways in plants. Early signaling includes gene‐for‐gene recognition and defense signaling in aphid‐resistant plants, and recognition of aphid‐inflicted cell damage in both resistant and susceptible plants. Furthermore, signaling is mediated by several compounds, including jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, giberellic acid, nitric oxide, and auxin. These signals lead to the development of direct chemical defenses against aphids and general stress‐related responses that are well characterized for a number of abiotic and biotic stresses. In spite of major plant taxonomic differences, similarities exist in the types of plant genes expressed in response to feeding by different species of aphids. However, numerous differences in plant signaling and defense responses unique to specific aphid–plant interactions have been identified and warrant further investigation.
FILARIASIS
Authors: Coggeshall L. T. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYFilariasis is a disease in humans which affects many thousands of individuals in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. There is no doubt that the economy and welfare of many lands are seriously affected by these infections in spite of the fact that they are associated with very low mortality rates. Until the present, there have been no chemotherapeutic agents which have demonstrated their ability to influence the infection in man.The chief method of control must lie in the suppression or eradication of the vectors, a task made much easier since the discovery of more effective insecticides. In this respect, we cannot be hopeful of too much success, since all diseases of high morbidity and low mortality are usually associated with indifference on the part of the general public, and only those directly concerned with public health responsibilities can be expected to exert any considerable influence. All too frequently, their efforts are so restricted, in spite of general educational campaigns, that widespread benefits are not obtained.As stated above, this discussion is not considered chemotherapy. However, since there is little prospect of a successful immunizing agent, and since the vectors and procedures for their control have been recognized for at least two decades without apparent diminution of the incidence of the disease, the introduction of an effective chemotherapeutic agent would be a most welcome adjunct to those charged with the responsibility of eliminating this infection.
SOLUBILITIES OF SALTS IN METALS*
Authors: Yosim S. J. , Luchsinger E. B. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA series of experiments to determine the solubilities of metal chlorides in their metals was carried out, using a visual technique. The systems studied were: Bi, Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn, Sn, In, Ag, and Cu, with their chlorides. The results show that BiCl3 and Hg2Cl2 are most soluble, the former being completely miscible with Bi at 778° C., while the latter is soluble to the extent of 7 mole per cent, at 600°C. PbCl2 is slightly soluble (1 mole per cent at 1000°C.), while the remaining salts are considered insoluble in their metals. There appears to be no single criterion for predicting the solubility of salts in their metals.Experiment's were also carried out to see if nonspecificity of solubility exist's at high temperatures, that is, to determine if metals dissolve salts other than their own halides. It was found that solubility does occur. It was also found that the less stable the salt, the greater is the solubility of the salt in a given metal, until the solubility approaches that of the salt of the metal. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the solubility of a foreign salt in a metal can be explained in terms of oxidation‐reduction reactions to form the halide of the metal, which in turn dissolves in the metal. These calculations suggest that BiCl3 dissolves in bismuth metal as BiCl.
POWER SERIES SOLUTION, BY MACHINE, OF A NONLINEAR PROBLEM IN TWO‐DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW*
Authors: Richtmyer R. D. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe solution of a partial differential equation, with Cauchy data given on an initial surface, can be obtained as a power series expansion in the independent variables about a point on the surface if the functions appearing in the differential equations, the equation for the initial surface, and the Cauchy data are all analytic, as has been known since the work of Cauchy and Kowalewski. This power series and its analytic continuations can be used in principle for calculating the solution. The practical application of these ideas to a certain class of problems, with the use of a modern computing machine, can be achieved by means of techniques that have been developed at New York University. Typical of the class is the problem of determining the flow of air past an axially symmetric blunt body moving at supersonic speed. This flow contains a detached shock ahead of the body and, aft of the shock, a subsonic region near the nose and a supersonic region farther downstream. Normally heat conduction and viscosity can be ignored, except in a boundary layer of negligible thickness on the surface of the body. If the problem is inverted–if the shock is assumed to lie on a given analytic surface and the Rankine‐Hugoniot jump conditions at the shock are used to provide Cauchy data from which the flow aft of the shock can be obtained, and from which, in turn, the body shape required to produce the assumed shock and resulting flow can be determined, there results a problem of the kind described, with a fourth‐order system of nonlinear partial differential equations in two independent variables. The techniques described, which yield a powerful computational procedure for problems of this kind, are (1) algorithms that enable the machine to perform the needed algebraic as well as the numerical work; (2) special floating‐point subroutines, utilizing the so‐called significance arithmetic; (3) methods for obtaining analytic extensions of the functions describing the flow. These techniques and typical results are described.
RESOLUTION OF MULTI‐COMPONENT EXPONENTIAL DECAY CURVES USING FOURIER TRANSFORMS
Authors: Gardner Donald G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA frequently encountered problem in many branches of science involves the resolution of experimental data in a sum of exponentials of the form
image

to estimate the physically significant parameters Ni° and λ i and to determine n, the number of components. The components may be separate and unrelated, or there may be decay chains where some components are produced as the result of the disappearance of other components. In the present approach the exponential series is represented by a Laplace integral equation
image
.This equation is inverted by a method of Fourier transforms. The results of the analysis appear in the form of a frequency spectrum. Each true peak in the spectrum indicates a component, the abscissa value at the center of the peak is the decay constant λi while the height of the peak is directly proportional to Ni°/λi.
A PROCEDURE FOR HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTROPHORESIS IN AGAR GEL, WITH A NOTE ON ITS APPLICATION TO ACRYLAMIDE AND STARCH GEL*
Authors: Wieme R. J. 
Published: December 2006

Summary and ConclusionsBy carefully selecting the experimental conditions it is possible to obtain highquality separations in an agar gel. The electrophoretic run can also be conducted at constant temperature. The procedure is described and several of its aspects discussed; its adaptation to acrylamide gel and to starch gel electrophoresis is considered.
THE USE OF GEL ELECTROPHORESIS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE PARAPROTEINEMIAS*
Authors: Hammack William J. , Moore Martel , Albert Barbara 
Published: December 2006

SummaryGel electrophoresis was utilized to study 140 sera containing “paraproteins.” No consistent differentiation into the three basic immunologic types or the idiopathic type was possible. Since normal serum and paraprotein containing serum can be resolved into many discrete proteins, this technique may be very helpful in basic protein research.
THE IMPACT OF GEL ELECTROPHORESIS UPON OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ESTERASES*
Authors: Hunter Robert L. , Rocha Jácia T. , Pfrender Ann R. , DeJong David C. 
Published: December 2006

General Discussion and SummaryThe impact of gel electrophoresis upon our understanding of the esterases has been formidable in that it has provided us with new insights and understanding concerning the number and biochemical characteristics of the many esterase‐active proteins found in biological material. The relationships between the esterases within a species and among species still remains largely to be determined. With regard to the function of esterases it is to be expected that there will be several. One promising possibility is suggested by the work of Allen and Hunter, which illustrated a dependent relationship between male sex hormone and the esterases in the mouse epididymis. Supporting this work is the observation by Shaw and Koen (1963) demonstrating the presence of an esterase in the mouse kidney, which also was dependent on male sex hormone. The change observed in the serum esterase of the pregnant rabbit reported here and in women by Friedman and Lapman (1961) may also relate to hormone changes associated with pregnancy, although this relationship remains to be demonstrated. A second area where the esterases are likely to be functioning is in relation to protein synthetic activity of the endoplasmic reticulum. The only evidence supporting this suggestion is the abundant presence of esterases found in this location. The seven experiments described and discussed here along with those included in the references may serve as illustrations of the kind of work that can be accomplished by the use of these methods.*
AN UNUSUAL ISOZYME OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE IN MATURE TESTES: LOCALIZATION, ONTOGENY, AND KINETIC PROPERTIES*
Authors: Zinkham William H. , Blanco Antonio , Clowry Lawrence J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryOne or more electrophoretically unusual isozymes of LDH have been demonstrated in homogenates of mature testes from some species. Analyses of the isozymic composition of many other tissues, developing testes, and seminal fluid revealed that these unusual forms, or “band X” isozymes, are present only in postpubertal testes and are localized in the differentiating germ cells of the seminiferous tubules. Rates of reactivity with certain alpha‐hydroxy acids and analogs of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide differentiated some of the “band X” isozymes from the usual LDH isozymes. Results of dissociation and recombination studies on homogenates of human and rabbit testes indicated a similarity in structure between “band X” and the other isozymes.The ontogeny and characteristic distribution of the “band X” isozymes suggested that each fulfills a specific metabolic function. As yet the nature of this metabolic assignment has not been determined.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ISOZYMES OF NEONATAL AND ADULT HUMAN AND SOME ANIMAL ERYTHROCYTES*
Authors: Tappan Donald V. , Jacey Michael J. , Boyden Helen M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryIon exchange separations utilizing DEAE‐cellulose are described that are capable of isolating carbonic anhydrases individually or in groups as they occur in bovine, guinea pig, adult human, or neonatal human erythrocytes.Acrylamide gel electrophoresis procedures have been utilized for evaluation of purification processes as well as for demonstration of relative carbonic anhydrase activities of the various enzymes and for estimation of their esterase activities.Guinea pig carbonic anhydrases, similar to those from human erythrocytes, have both high and low specific activity forms, while the bovine enzymes demonstrate no such difference in activity.The pattern of the neonatal resembles that of the major adult human carbonic anhydrases; a reduction in activity, however, is apparent for the principal high activity form of the enzyme. The total recoverable enzyme as well as the measurable activity is lower in neonatal than adult erythrocytes.The active carbonic anhydrases in the three species studied have esterase activities independent of carbonic anhydrase activity but approximately proportional to protein concentration. Inasmuch as these enzymes hydrolyze napthyl acetates but are very inactive toward α‐napthyl propionate, α‐napthyl butyrate, or higher napthyl esters, they may be identified as acetyl esterases. They are, however, not sensitive to eserine.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYZERS FOR DISC ELECTROPHORESIS: STUDIES OF YEAST CYTOCHROME c
Authors: Taber Harry W. , Sherman Fred 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAttachments to the Beckman DU and DK‐2 spectrophotometers are described for use in recording the disc electrophoresis patterns of colored materials at various wavelengths of light. The attachment to the DK‐2 instrument allows automatic recording of the pattern and can in addition be used to obtain a full wavelength scan of a given electrophoretic component. A study of the electrophoresis of yeast cytochrome c with these instruments showed that this hemoprotein can be readily converted to derivative forms by treatment with hydroquinone and by washing the resin‐bound enzyme with dilute buffer.
THE ORIGIN OF THE MULTIPLE FORMS OF PHOSPHORYLASE IN ALGAE*
Authors: Fredrick Jerome F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryTwo isozymes of phosphorylase are present in the alga Oscillatoria princeps that are similar to the animal phosphorylases in their need for adenosine‐5‐phosphate as cofactor.The biosynthesis of the adenosine‐5‐phosphate independent isozyme can be effectively blocked by the addition of the phytotoxic compound, 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole, to cultures of the alga.Evidence is presented for the possible existence of a kinaselike enzyme that converts the AMP‐requiring isozyme in this alga to the AMP‐independent form.The evolutionary significance of these observations is examined.
METHODS OF OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION IN RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Authors: Campbell E. J. M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryPhysiological and clinical evidence suggest that the hypoxic hypoxia of respiratory failure in patients with chronic lung disease should be managed by using inspired oxygen concentrations in the range 24 to 33 per cent.Conventional methods of oxygen administration do not permit the requisite control but it can be simply achieved using the principle of high air flow with oxygen enrichment (HAFOE).Methods of implementing HAFOE using the Venturi principle are described and our present practice outlined.
RESPIRATOR TREATMENT FOR HYPOVENTILATION FOLLOWING THORACIC SURGERY*
Authors: Björk Viking Olov , Son Holmdahl Martin H: 
Published: December 2006

Summary and ConclusionIndications for the use of respirator treatment following thoracic surgery and crush injuries to the chest have been briefly discussed.Prevention of a decrease in arterial oxygen tension due to development of atelectasis and reduction of the metabolic requirements of the patient due to elimination of the respiratory work are put forward as arguments for prophylactic respirator treatment before gross alveolar hypoventilation with a rise in arterial carbon dioxide tension makes such treatment mandatory. The prevention of a decrease in arterial oxygen tension is essential in patients with small cardiac reserves.
THE MANAGEMENT OF RESPIRATORY FAILURE IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE
Authors: Cherniack Reuben M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe management of the chronic respiratory diseases should consist of measures designed to restore as far as possible normal pulmonary function. It must be emphasized that patients with chronic respiratory disease, like patients with diabetes or heart failure, are suffering from a chronic condition which may be incurable, but progression of the disease can be prevented to a large extent. For this reason, the patients should be advised to continue all modes of therapy and to inhale the nebulized bronchodilator in a proper fashion every day, as soon as they wake up in the morning, the last thing at night before going to bed, at any time during the day or night they might feel the slightest tightness in the chest, and prior to undertaking any exertion. The morning and night therapy, maintenance of adequate hydration, and oral bronchodilators should be continued no matter how well they feel. The importance of preventative measures cannot be stressed enough in the managment of respiratory disease. Too often the patient is sent home from hospital without being advised to continue his medications in order to prevent attacks of bronchial obstruction.When respiratory failure with hypoxia and hypercapnia develops, therapy should be directed at improving the alveolar ventilation by reduction of work of breathing through alleviation of airway obstruction and pulmonary congestion; and reducing the metabolism by treating infection or excessive weight; and provision of an adequate alveolar ventilation by assisting or controlling ventilation.Because of our advances in knowledge of therapy of this condition, we are now being faced with patients who, despite continuation of these measures in an intensive fashion, reach a state where no improvement in clinical status and arterial blood gases can be achieved. These patients pose a great therapeutic challenge, and much can be done to prevent progression of the disease. In our hands we have observed extremely beneficial results from the use of Dichlorphenamide, a graded exercise program, and the establishment of a “Home Care” program.