bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THYROID FUNCTION IN NORMAL SUBJECTS IN ICELAND AND NORTHEAST SCOTLAND
Authors: HEDLEY A. J. , THJODLEIFSSON B. , DONALD D. , BECK J. SWANSON , CROOKS J. , CHESTERS M. I. , HALL R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA comparative study was made of thyroid function in samples of‘well’subjects, from separate geographical areas with dissimilar dietary iodine levels. In the area with the higher iodine level, Iceland, the prevalence of positive thyroid antibody tests and serum thyrotrophm levels were lower, while the capacity of the thyroid to respond to exogenous thyrotrophin was higher than in NE Scotland, an ares with lower iodine levels. In contrast the prevalence of positive tests for another organ‐specific antibody, gastric parietal cell antibody, was higher in Iceland. These observations are consistent with the reported differences in the incidence rates for thyrotoxicosis and gastric carcinoma in the areas studied. The results are in agreement with our findings in two groups of post‐thyroidectomy patients from the same populations. This study provides support for the view that differences in the prevalence of constitutional and environmental factors in different populations contribute to the variation in reported outcome of treatment for thyroid disease.
RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE SUPPRESSIBILITY IN EUTHYROID MULTINODULAR GOITRE
Authors: SMEULERS J. , DOCTER R. , VISSER T. J. , HENNEMANN G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn twenty‐two female patients with euthyroid multinodular goitre of varying size, thyroid suppression of 1311 thyroid uptake by triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotrophin (TSH) release after thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH) administration were compared with thyroid weight, estimated by a planimetric method, and with serum thyroxine (T4) and T3 concentrations. Maximal increment of TSH (ΔTSH) after TRH and per cent T3‐suppressibihty were inversely related to thyroid weight and not related to basal serum T4 or T3 concentrations. ΔTSH and per cent suppression correlated positively, but ΔTSH was more often subnormal than T3‐suppressibihty. A practical consequence of our study is that nonconformity of the two tests may occur. This should be kept in mind in the evaluation of patients with thyroid disorders.
VITAMIN D METABOLISM
Authors: DELUCA HECTOR F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDuring the past decade, an explosion of information has become avdable on the metabolism and function of vitamin D whch is of great importance to clinicians in the treatment of metabolic bone disease. We have learned that vitamin D is the precursor of at least one hormone and that ths hormone carries out functions in calcium and phosphorus metabolism brmging about mineralization of bone on one hand, and the prevention of hypocalcaemic tetany on the other. It may also function in the prevention of such degenerative bone diseases as osteoporosis. An important analogue of this hormone, lα‐hydroxyvitamin D3 has been prepared and is used successfully in the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions. This presentation will summarize these findings and their possible implications in these metabolic bone diseases.
BONE HISTOMORPHOMETRY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE: EFFECT OF 1α‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D3
Authors: MELSEN F. , NIELSEN H. E. , CHRISTENSEN M. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYMorphometric and dynamic studies of iliac crest bone biopsies were carried out in twelve patients with chronic renal failure (six on chronic haemodialysis and six with renal insufficiency) before and after 6 montsh of lα‐hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment. Pre‐treatment biopsies showed signs of osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism. Biopsies taken during treatment showed changes towards normality, indicating a beneficial effect of lα‐hydroxyvitamin D3.
CORRELATION OF CLINICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND SKELETAL RESPONSES TO l α ‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D3 IN RENAL BONE DISEASE
Authors: KANIS J. A. , EARNSHAW M. , HENDERSON R. G. , HEYNEN G. , LEDINGHAM J. G. G. , NAIK R. B. , OLIVER D. O. , RUSSELL R. G. G. , SMITH R. , WILKINSON R. H. , WOODS C. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThirty‐five patients with bone disease and chronic renal failure (twenty‐four on maintenance haemodialysis) were treated for 7–39 months with lα‐hydroxyvitamin D3, 2–25 μg daily by mouth. Symptoms (bone pain and muscle weakness) and radiographic appearances improved and plasma alkaline phosphatase returned to normal in the majority of patients (87, 76 and 75% respectively). In contrast, histological appearances in bone improved in only 46% twenty‐three patients from whom paired biopsies were available, and this change was not greatly different from that seen in a comparable group of untreated patients. Significant correlations were noted in individual patients between the changes in symptoms, X‐rays, plasma alkaline phosphatase and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and these, in turn, were related to histological changes in bone, although these latter changes were often small. It is concluded that lα‐hydroxyvitamin D3 is a useful new drug in the treatment of renal bone disease, but that the evaluation of the response depends critically on the method of assessment used.
EFFECT OF lα‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D3 ON PARATHYROID FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Authors: NIELSEN H. E. , CHRISTENSEN M. S. , MELSEN F. , RØMER F. K. , HANSEN H. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of lα‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (1α‐OHD3) on parathyroid function was studied in sixteen patients (ten on haemodialysis, six with chronic renal insufficiency) during treatment for 6–8 months.During treatment, a decrease in serum parathyroid hormone (s‐PTH) and an increase in serum calcium were seen. An inverse linear correlation was found between serum calcium and logarithmic values of s‐PTH in fifteen of sixteen patients, but the slopes of the regression lines varied considerably. This indicates that the suppression of parathyroid function seen during treatment with lα‐OHD3 is mediated by a rise in the serum concentration of calcium. For normalization of s‐PTH, the serum concentration of calcium had to be above normal range in several patients, indicating a defect in calcium‐mediated regulation of the secretion of parathyroid hormone. Tlus abnormality was seen especially in long‐term haemodialysed patients.
THE EFFECT OF lα‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D3 IN PRE‐DIALYSIS RENAL BONE DISEASE
Authors: PIERIDES A. M. , ELLIS H. A. , SIMPSON W. , COOK D. , KERR D. N. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAssessment of 18 azotaemic patients treated with long‐term 1 a‐hydroxyvitamin D, (lα‐OHD3) confirms the generally favourable effect of this analogue of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 in azotaemic osteodystrophy. Growing chddren with radiological rickets respond very well as do adults showing mild hyperpara‐thyroidism with or without osteomalacia. However, patients with severe‘pure’hyperparathyroidism and features of autonomy do not respond well and in such patients lα‐OHD3 alone should be avoided. Phosphate restriction and occasionally a sub‐total parathyroidectomy may be indicated in these patients.
MEASUREMENT OF WHOLE BODY CALCIUM IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE: EFFECTS OF lα‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D3 AND PARATHYROIDECTOMY
Authors: NAIK R. B. , DABEK J. T. , HEYNEN G. , JAMES H. M. , KANIS J. A. , ROBERTSON P. W. , ROBINSON B. H. B. , WOODS C. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY In vivo neutron activation analysis was used to measure changes in whole body calcium in patients with chronic renal failure. Eight patients, not treated by haemodialysis, showed losses of calcium in contrast to increases noted in twenty‐one patients treated by haemodialysis. Changes in whole body calcium were independent of preexisting renal bone disease. Treatment of bone disease by total parathyroidectomy (six patients) or lα‐hydroxy vitamin D3 (eleven patients) resulted in large increases in total body calcium. In patients given lα‐hydroxy vitamin D3, changes in total body calcium correlated with hstological and radiological indices of response but variable changes in forearm bone mineral content were observed. Neutron activation analysis provides a convenient method for measuring skeletal mass and may also be useful in the assessment of response to lα‐hydroxyvitamin D3 of patients with osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VITAMIN D, ITS METABOLITES AND ANALOGUES
Authors: KANIS J. A. , RUSSELL R. G. G. , SMITH R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSince several metabolites and analogues of vitamin D have become available, their physiological and therapeutic potential have been studied in various disorders of mineral metabolism, particularly those classically termed vitamin D‐resistant. In some instances this resistance appears to be due to defective metabolism of vitamin D or to defective target organ responses. but in others it is not. Although the precise effect of vitamin D or its metabolites on mineralization of bone is still unknown there is some evidence that the metabolites differ in their relative effects on intestine, bone, muscle and parathyroid glands. These differences may eventually have therapeutic value. At present the major advantage of lα‐hydroxylated derivatives of vitamin D over other compounds resides in their more rapid onset and reversal of action which makes them much easier and safer to use.
THE MANAGEMENT OF H Y POP A R ATH YRO ID ISM WITH lα‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D3
Authors: HEYBURN P. J. , PEACOCK M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA retrospective study of the comparative effects of vitamin D, dihydrotachysterol and lα‐hydroxy vitamin D3 was undertaken in twentyeight patients with hypo‐parathyroidism. The vitamin D compounds restored plasma calcium to the normal range in most patients with comparable actions on the gut, bone and Kidney. Although the vitamin D compounds had a direct action on kidney and bone in the absence of PTH, the major action in maintaining plasma calcium was on the gut. Plasma phosphate fell due to a reduction in renal tubular reabsorption. Dihydrotachysterol and lα‐hydroxyvitamin D3 had significant practical advantages over vitamin D in their rapid onset of action and their relatively short biological half–life.
VITAMIN D RESISTANT HYPOPHOSPHATAEMIC OSTEOMALACIA: TREATMENT WITH la–HYDROXYVITAMIN D3
Authors: PEACOCK M. , HEYBURN P. J. , AARON J. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTen patients with vitamin D resistant hypophosphataemic osteomalacia are described. They had hypophosphataemia with a decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate, malabsorption of calcium and phosphorus, proximal myopathy and extensive osteomdacic changes on iliac crest bone biopsy. The plasma alkaline phosphatase and urine hydroxyproline, however, were raised in only some of the patients. Treatment with l a–hydroxyvitamin D3 in high doses rapidly cured the myopathy, increased calcium and phosphorus absorption and retention and healed the osteomalacia. Phosphorus supplements were not required.
METERGOLINE INHIBITION OF THYROTROPHIN AND PROLACTIN SECRETIONS IN PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: DELITALA G. , ROVASIO P. P. , MASALA A. , ALAGNA S. , DEVILLA L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of acute oral administration of metergoline on serum thyrotrophin and prolactin levels in six patients with primary hypothyroidism was studied. Metergoline 4mg by mouth caused a significant decrease in the concentration of serum thyrotrophin and prolactin in all subjects. There was no consistent change in serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations during the experiment. These findings suggest that metergoline inhibits prolactin and thyrotrophin secretion by a direct action on the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.
THYROID FUNCTION TESTS IN PATIENTS ON LONG‐TERM TREATMENT WITH VARIOUS ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS
Authors: LIEWENDAHL K. , MAJURI H. , HELENIUS TUULA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroid function tests were studied in patients undergoing long‐term treatment with various anticonvulsant drugs. Previous reports that diphenylhydantoin induces a decrease in the serum concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4) and tri‐iodothyronine (T3) without a change in the TSH concentration were confirmed. Diphenylhydantoin had no effect on reverse T3. Carbamazepine was also found to decrease serum T4, the free T4 index and T3 but, with the exception of T3, the decrease was smaller than that induced by diphenylhydantoin. Dipropylacetic acid did not influence the serum thyroid hormone concentrations, and neither did primidone. This demonstrates that the interaction between anticonvulsant drugs of different chemical structure and thyroid hormone metabolism is diverse. None of the drugs tested altered serum TSH or the T3 uptake test for the estimation of unsaturated thyroid hormone binding‐capacity in serum. These two tests are considered diagnostically more dependable than the measurement of thyroid hormones in serum when diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine are administered.
PLASMA INSULIN DISAPPEARANCE CURVE AFTER INTRAVENOUS INSULIN INJECTION IN HUMAN HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: WAJCHENBERG BERNARDO LÉO , CESAR FERNANDO PRESTES , LEME CARLOS EDUARDO , DIDIO RENATO , KIEFFER JÚLIO 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe disappearance curves of plasma insulin after intravenous injection of unlabelled pork insulin was studied in nine young female hyperthyroid subjects with Graves’ disease and eleven young female normal subjects, who served as controls. Comparison of the curves by analysis of variance did not reveal statistical differences between them (Fobtained= 2.8, F0.05= 4.41), implying that there was no significant differences in the transference of injected insulin from plasma to the extra‐vascular space between hyper‐ and euthyroid subjects. The results may suggest that the metabolism of insulin is not appreciably affected in hyperthyroidism.
RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME
Authors: YAP P. L. , RENTON W. B. , PRICE W. H. , FYFFE J. A. , LIDGARD G. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn eleven patients with Klinefelter's Syndrome TSH, T4 and T3 levels have been measured after stimulation with TRH. The eleven patients included three who had been noted to have a low radioactive iodine uptake and two of these also had abnormally low T4 levels. Three of the patients were receiving androgen replacement therapy. A normal response to TRH was observed in all cases.
AUTONOMY IN EUTHYROID GOITRE: MALADAPTATION TO IODINE DEFICIENCY
Authors: EMRICH DIETER , BÁHRE MARTIN 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe occurrence of negative TRH tests in euthyroid goitre was analysed in 486 patients without scintigraphic evidence of autonomous adenoma from an area of iodine deficiency. After ensuring by various means that methodological errors could be excluded, the following results were obtained.(1) The overall frequency of a negative TRH test was 15%. It increased with age of the patients, the weight of the goitre and the existence of non‐homogenity in the thyroid scan. Sex, contraceptive drugs and treatment for reduction of the goitre did not influence the number of negative TRH tests. But previous iodine medication led to a significant increase accompanied by an increase of the mean FT4 index.(2) Although in the normal range, the mean concentration of T4 and T3 in non‐premedicated TRH‐negative patients was significantly higher compared to positive ones.(3) The suppression test in patients with a negative TRH test was negative in 40% of them. These patients had higher mean values of T4 and T3 compared to those who did suppress.In connection with the findings of Miller & Block (1970) who demonstrated autonomous microscopic areas in euthyroid goitres, an hypothesis is presented that, in a certain number of iodine deficient goitres, a transition takes place from adaption through TSH‐induced hypertrophy to adaption through autonomy.
THYROID HORMONE, OESTROGEN, AND GLUCOCORTICOID EFFECTS ON TWO DIFFERENT PITUITARY GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONE ALPHA SUBUNIT POOLS
Authors: KOURIDES IONE A. , WEINTRAUB BRUCE D. , RE RICHARD N. , RIDGWAY E. CHESTER , MALOOF FARAHE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeven hypothyroid women (six postmenopausal and one premenopausal) were treated with 200 or 300 μg of levo‐T4 daily in order to suppress the secretion of TSH and its alpha and beta subunits. After such therapy, serum TSH and beta subunit of TSH (TSH‐β) levels were usually not detectable. Serum alpha decreased from a mean value of 4.5 ± 0.8 ng/ml to 2.8 ± 0.4 ng/ml (P > 0.01). Serum LH and FSH levels were unchanged. Oestrogen administration (20 mg diethylstilboestrol daily for 3 or 5 days) to these patients further decreased mean serum alpha to 1.9 ± 0.2 ng/ml (P > 0.005). In addition serum LH, FSH, and the beta subunits of LH and FSH decreased with oestrogen treatment. In separate experiments glucocorticoids (dexamethasone 4 mg every 6 hours for 10 doses) were administered to eight normal individuals, four women with decreased thyroid reserve, and one hyper‐thyroid woman. Not only did basal and TRH‐stimulated TSH secretion decrease, but secretion of alpha and TSH‐β also decreased after dexamethasone administration, with the largest fall in the patients with decreased thyroid reserve. The change in these thirteen patients’ alpha subunit increment after TRH administration was from a mean of 1.6 to 1.0 ng/ml with glucocorticoids; the change in TSH‐β was from a mean of 1.1 to 0.7 ng/ml. Serum LH and FSH concentrations were not altered by glucocorticoid administration. These studies have demonstrated two different pools of alpha subunits in the pituitary gland. Thyroid hormone and glucocorticoids decreased secretion of alpha subunits arising from the thyrotroph; oestrogen decreased secretion of alpha subunits arising from the gonadotroph.
GROWTH HORMONE MODULATION OF ARGININE‐INDUCED GLUCAGON RELEASE: STUDIES OF ISOLATED GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY AND ACROMEGALY
Authors: SEINO YUTAKA , TAMINATO TOMOHIKO , GOTO YASUO , INOUE YOSHIMICHI , KADOWAKI SEIZO , HATTORI MASAHIRO , MORI KOZABURO , KATO YUZURU , MATSUKURA SHIGERU , IMURA HIROO 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma glucagon and insulin responses to l‐arginine were compared in normal controls and patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly. Patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency were characterized by high plasma glucagon response and low plasma insulin response, whereas acromegalic patients showed exaggerated plasma glucagon response and almost normal insulin response. These results suggest that growth hormone is probably required for optimum function of the islets, and since hyperglucagonaemia was observed in both growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly, metabolic disturbances stemming from the respective primary diseases may affect glucagon secretion.
PLASMA ACTH AND CORTISOL PROFILES IN ADDISONIAN PATIENTS RECEIVING CONVENTIONAL SUBSTITUTION THERAPY
Authors: SCOTT R. S. , DONALD R. A. , ESPINER E. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma ACTH and cortisol profiles were studied over 24 h in five Addisonian patients maintained in good health by conventional gluco‐ and mineralocorticoid treatment. Patients received their usual treatment (15–30 mg cortisol daily) in divided doses at 08.00 and 16.00 hours. Plasma cortisol concentrations differed from those of control subjects in being higher from 08.00 hours‐noon and 17.00–18.00 hours and were unmeasurable (>20 nmol/l) during the period of active cortisol secretion (03.00–08.00 hours) observed in normal subjects. Peak plasma ACTH levels (618‐>1600 ng/l) occurred at 08.00–09.00 hours in the Addisonian patients and were much greater than those seen in control subjects (60–220 ng/l). Despite this, plasma ACTH fell promptly within 3 h of the morning dose to less than 100 ng/l and levels were indistinguishable from those seen in normal subjects over the period 12.00–02.00 hours. These results show that there are substantial differences between treated Addisonian and control subjects in respect of plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations. The findings may lead to a better understanding of ACTH‐cortisol relationships in disease states, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia where control of excessive ACTH secretion is clinically desirable.
RETURN OF OVARIAN FUNCTION AFTER ABORTION
Authors: LÄHTEENMÄKI P. , LUUKKAINEN T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe first menstrual cycle after a therapeutic abortion was studied in eighteen women by measuring plasma oestradiol and progesterone concentrations and the urinary excretion of LH until the first menstruation.The plasma concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone declined rapidly, reaching low values as early as the second day after the abortion. An increase in plasma oestradiol levels was observed from the seventh post‐abortal day onwards. A peak of short duration in the plasma progesterone concentrations occurred during the increased oestradiol synthesis.The concentration of progesterone during the luteal phase of the cycle was lower than in a normal cycle, indicating an inadequate luteal function. Return of ovulation was observed in 83% of patients during the first cycle; as judged by a biphasic oestradiol profile in plasma, a mid‐cycle LH peak, and subsequent elevation of progesterone. The first LH peak was observed 16 days after the abortion.The rapid return of the ovulatory function makes immediate post‐abortal contraception a necessity.
IS THE ‘SODIUM INDEX’ A USEFUL WAY OF EXPRESSING CLINICAL PLASMA RENIN, ANGIOTENSIN AND ALDOSTERONE VALUES?
Authors: ROSEI E. AGABITI , BROWN J. J. , CUMMING ALISON M. M. , FRASER R. , SEMPLE P. F. , LEVER A. F. , MORTON J. J. , ROBERTSON A. S. , ROBERTSON J. I. S. , TREE M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn normal subjects taking variously high, normal or low sodium diets, while potassium intake was maintained within the normal range, highly significant inverse relationships were demonstrated between 24 h urinary sodium output and the concurrent plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone. With linear coordinates, these relationships were described by rectangular hyperbolae. With logarithmic plots the relationships became rectilinear. When 24 h urinary sodium output was 75 mmol or higher, there was no worthwhile advantage in relating renin to sodium excretion; plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone, however, were significantly related inversely to urinary sodium in this range. When 24 h urinary sodium output was below 10 mmol, plasma renin, angjotensin II and aldosterone all varied over wide but elevated ranges and were not significantly related to urinary sodium excretion rates. We conclude that whereas estimations of urinary sodium may be of value in revealing latent aberrations of sodium intake, there is no distinct advantage in relating measurements of renin or angiotensin II to urinary sodium output if the diet is known to be within broad ‘normal’ limits. This should simplify the relevant blood sampling procedure under both ward and outpatient conditions. If plasma renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone are to be related to concurrent urinary sodium output, logarithmic, rather than linear, co‐ordinates, are appropriate.
GROWTH RETARDATION, SKELETAL MATURATION AND THYROID FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH HOMOZYGOUS β‐THALASSAEMIA
Authors: MADEDDU G. , DORE A. , MARONGIU A. , LANGER‐COSTANZI M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYGrowth rate, skeletal maturation and thyroid function were measured in fifty thalas‐saemic children (age 2–13 years) and in fifty controls (matched for sex and age who were not anaemic. Growth retardation was present in several patients during the first years of life and affected almost all subjects examined when they were approaching puberty. Discrepancy between bone and height age in patients was not significantly different from controls. The finding of low T4 and T3 with a high TSH indicated thyroid hypofunction. This finding, already present early in life, did not worsen with increasing age. In β‐thalassaemia hypothyroidism cannot be the cause of retarded growth since there is no relationship between the impairment in thyroid function and severity of growth retardation. In addition, height age was not different from bone age, while a discrepancy is a constant feature of low stature due to hypothyroidism.