bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FUNCTIONS OF STARCH IN FORMATION OF STARCH/MEAT COMPOSITE DURING HEATING
Authors: LI JENG‐YUNE , YEH AN‐I 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe functions of three starches (potato, corn, and rice) on the formation of starch and pork ham batter composite during heating were investigated. Thermal properties were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheological characteristics were determined by small amplitude oscillatory shearing. DSC thermograms did not show any chemical interactions between starch and meat protein during heating. The dramatic increase in G’ and G” of starch/meat composite appeared to be associated with the gelatinization of starch. The microstructures of pork ham batter, starch, and starch/meat composites were revealed by both scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy.
RHEOLOGY OF YOGURT DURING PIPE FLOW AS CHARACTERIZED BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Authors: YOON WON B. , MCCARTHY KATHRYN L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFlow behavior of yogurt during pipe flow was investigated using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) viscometer. The technique utilizes a velocity profile and independent pressure drop measurement to evaluate rheological parameters. The yield stress and slip velocity were obtained directly from the MR images; the Herschel‐Bulkley consistency index, K, and the flow behavior index, n, were obtained through curve fitting procedures for product temperatures of 25C and 35C, over a shear rate range of 0.5 ‐ 40 s−1. At 25C, the average value of the yield stress was 14 Pa; the values of K and n were 5.6 Pa sn and 0.36, respectively. As the wall stress increased from 15 to 42 Pa, the slip velocity increased linearly from 13 to 54 mm s−1. At 35C, the average value of the yield stress was 10 Pa; the values of K and n were 1.1 Pa sn and 0.88, respectively. As the wall stress increased from 12 to 31 Pa, the slip velocity increased linearly from 14 to 59 mm s−1. These rheological parameters and slip velocities are relevant to the postfermentation cooling process performed in a continuous heat exchanger.
NATURAL CHEDDAR CHEESE TEXTURE VARIATION AS A RESULT OF MILK SEASONALITY
Authors: HALMOS ANDREW L. , POLLARD ADRIAN , SHERKAT FRANK , SEURET MARCEL G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA set of standard testing conditions using the TA‐XT2 Texture Analyser were established to monitor cheddar cheese texture variation. Cheddar cheese was produced in the standard commercial practice and sampled at monthly intervals throughout the milk production season (August ‐ June), and monitored for textural and compositional changes occurring during ripening. The composition, based on fat and protein levels, of the cheese was relatively constant during the period, which was expected as the commercial process aims for that outcome. A reduction in the force and degree of compression at fracture with time, indicative of a reduction in cheese firmness and an increase in cheese crumbliness, was recorded as the milk production season progressed. The degree of proteolysis and changes in milk fat in late season milk are primarily responsible for the changes recorded in cheese texture. The differences observed between cheeses produced at different times during the season indicate that the current fat and protein standardization employed by cheese‐makers is not adequate to provide cheddar cheese with consistent textural characteristics year round.
Cancer of the Colorectum in Maine, 1995‐1998: Determinants of Stage at Diagnosis in a Rural State
Authors: Parsons Margaret A. , Askland Kathleen D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:
Context: Despite screening for colorectal cancer, mortality in the United States remains substantial. In northern New England, little is known about predictors of stage at diagnosis, an important determinant of survival and mortality. Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify predictors of late stage at diagnosis for colorectal cancer in a rural state with a predominantly white population and a large Franco‐American minority. Methods: Incident cases from 1995‐1998 were obtained from the Maine Cancer Registry. Individual‐level variables (age, sex, race, French ethnicity by surname, and payer) and contextual/town‐level variables (socioeconomic status, population density, Franco ancestry proportion, distance to health care, and weather) were modeled with multiple logistic regression for late stage. Findings: Increasing distance to primary care provider was associated with late stage for colorectal cancer. Compared to patients aged ,85 years, those aged 65‐84 years were less likely to be diagnosed late, while those aged 35‐49 years were more likely—although not significantly—to have late stage at diagnosis. Associations were not found with socioeconomic variables. Conclusions: The finding regarding distance to primary care may be consistent with studies showing that rurality and distance to care predict reduced utilization of health care services and worse health outcomes. The finding regarding age has implications for the education of younger high‐risk patients and their physicians. The absence of positive findings with regard to socioeconomic variables may stem from the uniquely mixed sociodemographic profiles in rural and urban regions of Maine. Further research should refine these and other contextual measures to elucidate effects on rural health and should further evaluate the utility of assigning French ethnicity by surname in order to identify health disparities.
The Strategic Integration of Assessment and Development Practices: Succession Planning and New Manager Development
Authors: Mabey Christopher 
Published: February 2007

Christopher Mabey and Paul Iles review various dimensions of the ‘strategic’ integration of human resource policies and explore ways in which such integration might be promoted through a career management focus. the argument is illustrated with reference to the use of development centres in the National and Provincial Building Society and a new management development programme at Rank Xerox respectively.Christopher Mabey is Head of the Centre for Human Resource and Change Management at the Open University Business School and Paul Iles is Professor of Human Resource Development at the Liverpool Business School and Director of its Centre for Human Resource Development.
Performance Related Pay In Operation: A Case Study From the Electronics Industry
Authors: Procter Stephen J. , McArdle Louise , Rowlinson Michael , Forrester Paul , Hassard John 
Published: February 2007

Stephen Procter, Louise McArdle, Michael Rowlinson, Paul Forrester and John Hassard draw on the evidence of a longitudinal case study of a large electronics company to discuss the problems arising from the introduction and operation of a performance related pay system. These included resource constraints, difficulties in criteria selection, and subjectivity. Underlying these problems was the workforce's lack of confidence in the principle as well as the appication of the system. the authors conclude that companies face great difficulty in using such systems to effect cultural change: the necessary culture may already have to exist for such pay systems to work.Stephen Procter, Paul Forrester and John Hassard, respectively, are lecturers and Professor in the School of Management and Economics at the University of Keele, Louise McArdle is in the Department of Organisation Studies at the University of Central Lancashire, and Michael Rowlinson is in the Department of Sociology and Social Policy at the University of Southampton.
OFFICIAL REVISIONS TO SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS DATA: MAGNITUDES AND IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Van Walbeek Corné 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates the bias and dispersion in official revisions of eight national accounting growth rates. The growth in GDP, consumption expenditure and personal disposable income by households has been subject to significant upward revisions and bias, especially after 1994. No significant bias was found in the revisions to the other national accounting aggregates. The official revisions are subject to a high degree of dispersion. Based on the 1984‐2003 period, there is a 30 per cent probability that the “final” growth rate in GDE deviates by more than 5 percentage points from the first release growth rate. For most magnitudes, other than exports and imports, the dispersion in South Africa's official revisions is similar to that of a sample of OECD countries. Using two examples, it is shown that the vintage of the data has a profound impact on the magnitude and significance of regression results based on such data.
In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of PD 0305970 and PD 0326448, New Bacterial Gyrase/Topoisomerase Inhibitors with Potent Antibacterial Activities versus Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Positive and Fastidious Organism Groups
Authors: Huband Michael D. , Cohen Michael A. , Zurack Margaret , Hanna Debra L. , Skerlos Laura A. , Sulavik Mark C. , Gibson Glenn W. , Gage Jeffrey W. , Ellsworth Edmund , Stier Michael A. , Gracheck Stephen J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

PD 0305970 and PD 0326448 are new bacterial gyrase and topoisomerase inhibitors (quinazoline-2,4-diones) that possess outstanding in vitro and in vivo activities against a wide spectrum of bacterial species including quinolone- and multidrug-resistant gram-positive and fastidious organism groups. The respective MICs (μg/ml) for PD 0305970 capable of inhibiting ≥90% of bacterial strains tested ranged from 0.125 to 0.5 versus staphylococci, 0.03 to 0.06 versus streptococci, 0.25 to 2 versus enterococci, and 0.25 to 0.5 versus
Moraxella catarrhalis
,
Haemophilus influenzae
,
Listeria monocytogenes
,
Legionella pneumophila
, and
Neisseria
spp. PD 0326448 MIC
90
s were generally twofold higher versus these same organism groups. Comparative quinolone MIC
90
values were 4- to 512-fold higher than those of PD 0305970. In testing for frequency of resistance, PD 0305970 and levofloxacin showed low levels of development of spontaneous resistant mutants versus both
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. Unlike quinolones, which target primarily
gyrA
and
parC
, analysis of resistant mutants in
S. pneumoniae
indicates that the likely targets of PD 0305970 are
gyrB
and
parE
. PD 0305970 demonstrated rapid bactericidal activity by in vitro time-kill testing versus streptococci. This bactericidal activity carried over to in vivo testing, where PD 0305970 and PD 0326448 displayed outstanding
Streptococcus pyogenes
50% protective doses (PD
50
s) (oral dosing) of 0.7 and 3.6 mg/kg, respectively (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin PD
50
s were >100 and 17.7 mg/kg, respectively). PD 0305970 was also potent in a pneumococcal pneumonia mouse infection model (PD
50
= 3.2 mg/kg) and was 22-fold more potent than levofloxacin.
Inhibition of Interleukin-22 Attenuates Bacterial Load and Organ Failure during Acute Polymicrobial Sepsis
Authors: Weber Georg F. , Schlautkötter Sylvia , Kaiser-Moore Simone , Altmayr Felicitas , Holzmann Bernhard , Weighardt Heike 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTInterleukin-22 (IL-22) is a recently discovered proinflammatory cytokine, structurally related to IL-10. Since IL-22 is induced by lipopolysaccharide in vivo, we studied the role of IL-22 in a model of polymicrobial peritonitis. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed marked induction of IL-22 and IL-22 receptor in spleen and kidney during the course of sepsis. The biological activity of IL-22 is modulated by IL-22-binding protein (IL-22BP), which is considered a natural antagonist of IL-22. To further analyze the role of IL-22 during septic peritonitis, mice were treated with recombinant IL-22BP generated as Fcγ2a fusion protein. IL-22BP-Fc completely blocked IL-22-induced STAT3 activation in hepatocytes in vitro. Treatment of mice with IL-22BP-Fc 4 h before sepsis induction led to enhanced accumulation of neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes and a reduced bacterial load at the site of infection. In addition, IL-22 blockade led to an enhanced bacterial clearance in liver and kidney and reduced kidney injury. These results imply an important proinflammatory role of IL-22 during septic peritonitis, contributing to bacterial spread and organ failure. IL-22 therefore appears to play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory processes in vivo.
Muropeptide Modification-Amidation of Peptidoglycand-Glutamate Does Not Affect the Proinflammatory Activity ofStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Kraus Dirk , Kalbacher Hubert , Buschmann Julia , Berger-Bächi Brigitte , Götz Friedrich , Peschel Andreas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPeptidoglycan muropeptides, potent proinflammatory components, are amidated inStaphylococcus aureusfor unknown reasons. To study whether this modification may modulate proinflammatory capacity, cytokine induction by isogenicS. aureusstrains with different amidation levels and by synthetic amidated/nonamidated muramyldipeptides was evaluated. However, amidation did not significantly affect cytokine induction. This finding contributes to defining peptidoglycan receptor specificities and indicates that further rationales for muropeptide amidation have to be considered.
Assessment of the ethical review process for non-pharmacological multicentre studies in Germany on the basis of a randomised surgical trial
Authors: Seiler C M , Kellmeyer P , Kienle P , Büchler M W , Knaebel H-P 
Published: February 2007

Objective:To examine the current ethical review process (ERP) of ethics committees in a non-pharmacological trial from the perspective of a clinical investigator.Design:Prospective collection of data at the Study Centre of the German Surgical Society on the duration, costs and administrative effort of the ERP of a randomised controlled multicentre surgical INSECT Trial (INterrupted or continuous Slowly absorbable sutures—Evaluation of abdominal Closure Techniques Trial, ISRCTN 24023541) between November 2003 and May 2005.Setting:Germany.Participants:18 ethics committees, including the ethics committee handling the primary approval, responsible overall for 32 clinical sites throughout Germany. 8 ethics committees were located at university medical schools (MSU) and 10 at medical chambers. Duration was measured as days between submission and receipt of final approval, costs in euros and administrative effort by calculation of the product of the total number of different types of documents and the mean number of copies required (primary approval acting as the reference standard).Results:The duration of the ERP ranged from 1 to 176 (median 31) days. The median duration was 26 days at MSUs compared with 34 days at medical chambers. The total cost was €2947. 1 of 8 ethics committees at universities (€250) and 8 of 10 at medical chambers charged a median fee of €162 (mean €269.70). The administrative effort for primary approval was 30. Four ethics committees required a higher administrative effort for secondary approval (37, 39, 42 and 104).Conclusion:The ERP for non-pharmacological multicentre trials in Germany needs improvement. The administrative process has to be standardised: the application forms and the number and content of the documents required should be identical or at least similar. The fees charged vary considerably and are obviously too high for committees located at medical chambers. However, the duration of the ERP was, with some exceptions, excellent. A centralised ethics committee in Germany for multicentre trials such as the INSECT Trial can simplify the ERP for clinical investigators in and outside the country.
How Elementary Principals’ Beliefs and Actions Influence New Teachers’ Experiences
Authors: Youngs Peter 
Published: February 2007

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine (a) ways in which elementary principals in Connecticut influenced the induction experiences of new teachers and (b) how school leaders’ professional backgrounds and beliefs affected their approaches to induction. Research Methods: The study included six elementary principals from three Connecticut districts, and 1st- and 2nd-year teachers, mentors, and other teachers from the principals’ schools. Data collection in 2000-01 involved interviewing principals, beginning teachers, mentors, and other educators; and observing principals’ meetings with new teachers, mentor-mentee meetings, and other induction activities. Findings: The study found that three of the principals strongly promoted new teachers’ instructional growth in their direct interactions with them and by facilitating their work with mentors and grade team members; in contrast, the other three school leaders did not have as much positive impact on new teachers. The article provides evidence that these differences in beginning teachers’ experiences seemed related to variations in the principals’ professional backgrounds; their beliefs and actions regarding leadership, induction, and teacher evaluation; and their responses to district and state policy. Implications: The implications of the study findings are (a) that principals should promote school cultures in which experienced teachers are actively involved in induction; (b) that researchers should examine how school leaders construct their understandings of induction, teacher development, and district and state policy; and (c) that there is a need for quantitative researchers to employ principal leadership as an independent variable that can affect mentor-mentee matches and new teachers’ experiences and retention decisions.
Comparison of different energy densities of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for the management of chronic heel pain
Authors: Chow Intonia H W , Cheing Gladys LY 
Published: February 2007

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of different energy densities of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for managing chronic heel pain. Design: A randomized clinical trial. Setting: Hospital-based practice. Subjects: Fifty-seven patients with chronic heel pain were recruited; eight patients withdrew from the study. Interventions: Subjects were randomized into three groups receiving: (1) a ‘fixed’ energy density, (2) ‘maximum tolerable’ energy density, or (3) control treatment once a week for three weeks. Outcome measures: Pain on palpation, pain on tension, maximum tolerable walking/standing duration and Foot Function Index were assessed before treatment in each treatment session and at the three-week follow-up. Results: By week 3, the ‘maximum tolerable’ energy density group experienced a 66% cumulative reduction in pain from tension, a 65% reduction on palpation and a 112% cumulative increase in maximum tolerable walking/standing duration. The ‘fixed’ energy density group experienced a 45% cumulative reduction in pain from tension, a 32% reduction in pain on palpation, and a 45% increase in walking/standing tolerance. The ‘maximum tolerable’ energy density group also showed a significantly greater reduction in Foot Function Index scores than the other two groups. Therapeutic effects were maintained at least up to the three-week follow-up period. The control group had no significant changes in any outcome measures across time periods. Conclusion: The delivery of ESWT with a maximum tolerable energy density is a more effective treatment protocol than a fixed energy density in terms of relieving pain and restoring the functional activity of people suffering from chronic heel pain. The analgesic effects were maintained at least up to the three-week follow-up.
A systematic review of the Human Activity Profile
Authors: Davidson Megan , de Morton Natalie 
Published: February 2007

Objective: To review the measurement properties (reliability, validity, responsiveness) of the Human Activity Profile (HAP), a self-report measure of energy expenditure or physical fitness. Data sources: MEDLINE, CINAHL and EMBASE were searched up to September 2005 and the reference lists of included studies were checked for additional relevant studies. Review method: Studies were included that reported Human Activity Profile scores, test-retest reliability, correlations with other measures, or responsiveness (sensitivity to change). Of 83 potentially relevant articles, 39 articles were included plus the test manual. Two independent reviewers extracted data from the included studies. Results: The Human Activity Profile has been used to evaluate physical activity in a wide variety of clinical populations and in healthy individuals. The change in score required to be 90% confident that change is beyond measurement error was estimated to be 7.8 for the Maximum Activity Score and 6.8 for the Adjusted Activity Score. The construct validity of the Human Activity Profile was supported by a large number of studies, although evidence for criterion validity was limited to four studies. No studies have investigated a priori the responsiveness or minimum clinically important difference of the Human Activity Profile. Conclusion: The Human Activity Profile appears to be a useful indicator of physical activity levels in people with chronic pain, arthritis, renal failure, various neurological and cardiorespiratory conditions, as well as in healthy older people.
Effects of home-based sensory and motor amplitude electrical stimulation on arm dysfunction in chronic stroke
Authors: Sullivan Jane E , Hedman Lois D 
Published: February 2007

Objective: To examine the effects of a home-based arm exercise programme of sensory and motor amplitude electrical stimulation. Design: Non-concurrent, multiple-baseline, single-subject design. Subjects: Ten adults with chronic arm hemiparesis following stroke. Subjects ranged in age from 38 to 74 years and were 2-16 years post stroke. Three subjects had right-sided involvement; seven had left. Intervention: Subjects completed an eight-week, individualized, home programme of neuromuscular and sensory amplitude electrical stimulation. All subjects engaged in stimulation-assisted task-specific exercises for 15 minutes 2 -3 times daily. Participants with sensory deficits received an additional 15 minutes of sensory amplitude stimulation twice daily. The Action Research Arm Test was used to examine arm function; the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement was used to examine movement quality; and the Modified Ashworth Assessment of Spasticity was used to examine muscle tone. Results: A statistically significant improvement was demonstrated by six of the 10 subjects on the Action Research Arm Test, and five subjects on the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement. Four subjects had ≥ 10% improvement on the Modified Ashworth Assessment of Spasticity. Two subjects demonstrated significant improvement on all three outcome measures; six subjects improved on two or more measures; and seven subjects improved on one or more measure. Subjects who improved on two or more measures tended to have had more recent onset of stroke, were older and had higher baseline motor and functional capacity. Conclusion: Subjects with chronic stroke can experience impairment and functional improvements following a home-based programme of motor and sensory amplitude electrical stimulation.