bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food Value of Indigenous Zooplankton from the South China Sea on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Lokman Shamsudin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractZooplankton samples were collected from the shallow waters of the South China Sea, situated in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia during the dry monsoon (May to August 1990) and the wet monsoon (September and October 1990). Copepods comprised more than 65% of the total zooplankton with Paracalanus (especially P. parvus, P. aculeatus and P. nanus) being the dominant species. The zooplankton lipid content ranged from 0.18 to 1.09% wet weight (1.04 to 4.99% dry weight) with higher values during the dry monsoon. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents showed high concentrations of eicosapentanoic acid (20:5ω3) and docosahexanoic acid (22:6ω3) with moderate amounts of linoleic acid (18:2ω6). Total polyethylenic acid contents were higher than monoethylenic acids whereas the C18 PUFA components were minor constituents. As ratios of ω3 to ω6 PUFA were high, the zooplankton are regarded as desirable food for the rearing of larval fish.
Tolerance of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus to Rapidly Decreasing Water Temperatures
Authors: Whitehurst Andrew , Robinette H. Randall 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study assessed the potential mortality of pond‐reared juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus subjected to rapid declines in water temperature simulating cold front activity. Fish acclimated in an earthen pond at ambient temperature and photoperiod were introduced into a recirculating aquarium and biofiltration system when pond water temperatures decreased to 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, and 10 C. Fish were stocked according to size group into 10 aquaria containing filtered pond water at 9 ± 1‰ salinity and temperature matching the acclimation temperature. Fish were acclimated to the aquaria for 3 d, subjected to a 6 C decrease over 24 h, and then held for 72 h. No mortalities were observed in any trial. The results suggest that if juvenile red drum are maintained in water with salinity around 9‰, they should survive the passage of most cold fronts.
Phosphorus Fractions in Soil and Water of Aquaculture Ponds Built on Clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama
Authors: Masuda Kiyoshi , Boyd Claude E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPhosphorus fractions in soil and water were determined for a 22‐year‐old, 400m2 fish pond constructed on clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama. This pond had been used in pond fertilization and fish feeding experiments each year. Total phosphorus concenlrations in bottom soil were greater in deep water than in shallow water areas. Highest concentrations of phosphorus occurred in the 5–10 cm soil layer, but phosphorus had accumulated above its original concentration to depths of 20 to 45 cm (x= 36.8 cm). The soil phosphorus accumulation rate was 2.68 g/m2 per year. Less than 1% of the total phosphorus in soils from three ponds was extractable in distilled water or 0.5 M NaHCO3. Sequential extraction with 1 M NH4Cl, 0.5 N HCl, and 0.1 N NaOH removed less than 25% of the total phosphorus. The loosely‐bound phosphorus fraction (1 M NH4Cl extractable) was 0.4 to 5.2% of the extractable phosphorus. The ability to adsorb phosphorus decreased and the capacity to release phosphorus increased in pond soils as total phosphorus concentration increased. After 22 years of aquacultural production, phosphorus adsorption sites in a pond soil were only about half‐saturated. Although soluble phosphorus accounted for 37% of the phosphorus in pond water, only 7% of the total phosphorus in pond water was soluble reactive phosphorus. The phosphorus pool in pond soil was over 500 times greater than that of pond water, but most of the soil phosphorus was strongly adsorbed and unavailable.
Effects of Aeration, Alum Treatment, Liming, and Organic Matter Application on Phosphorus Exchange between Soil and Water in Aquaculture Ponds at Auburn, Alabama
Authors: Masuda Kiyoshi , Boyd Claude E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractApplication of readily‐oxidizable organic substrate to laboratory soil‐water systems and fish ponds caused anaerobic conditions in bottom soil and water, and concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) increased. Aeration of ponds increased total phosphorus (TP) concentrations by suspending soil particles in the water, but SRP concentrations declined because of increased oxy‐ genation of bottom water and soil, Alum [Al2(SO4)3·14H2O] treatment of ponds reduced SRP and TP concentrations in ponds, but the low concentration of alum used, 20 mg/L, had little residual effect on phosphorus concentration. Application of agricultural limestone at 0.2 kg/m2 to ponds with soil pH of 5.5 and Ca2+ concentration of 5 mg/L did not affect SRP and TP concentration. Unless pond soils were anaerobic at their surfaces, a condition not acceptable in thermally‐unstratified fish ponds, soils released little phosphorus to the water. Strong adsorption of phosphorus by soils in intensive ponds with feeding is beneficial, because removal of phosphorus by aerobic soils is a control on excessive phytoplankton growth. In fertilized ponds, phosphorus must be applied at frequent intervals to replace phosphorus removed from the water by soils.
Performance of Larval Walleye Cultured Intensively in Clear and Turbid Water1
Authors: Bristow Brian T. , Summerfelt Robert C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExperiments were conducted to determine the performance of larval walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) reared in clear, 0.2 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), and turbid water, 20 or 50 NTU, on formulated feed. Larvae were cultured for 21, 28, or 30 days posthatch in four trials with 3 or 4 replicate tanks per treatment (clear and turbid) in each trial. Duration of each trial was dependent on the arrival of newly hatched larvae for subsequent trials. The desired turbidity levels were obtained by pumping a solution of clay to the culture tanks every 20 (trial 1) or 30 min (trials 2, 3 and 4). Other than turbidity, all environmental conditions (dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, pH, total ammonia, un‐ionized ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, and hardness) and rearing techniques were similar between treatments. Larvae were stocked at 20/L and fed formulated feed (Fry Feed Kyowa B‐400 and B‐700) every 3 to 7 min, 24 hours per day. Significant differences in feed acceptance and total length between larvae in the clear and turbid water were observed as early as 7d posthatch. Larvae in turbid water began eating the formulated diet one to two days before those in clear water. In all trials, survival, final length, and final weight of larvae reared in water of high turbidity were significantly greater than for larvae reared in clear water. Mean survival (±SE) for all four trials was 27.7 ± 5.6% in high turbidity water and 5.9 ± 1.3% in clear water. At the end of the trials, mean total length of the larvae reared in turbid water was at least 3.2mm (15%) greater than that in the clear water. Mean final weight of the larvae from turbid water was 2.25 times greater than larvae from clear water over the four trials. In two of the four trials, gas bladder inflation (GBI) of larvae reared in high turbidity was significantly greater than for fish reared in clear water, but the difference in GBI was not significant in the other two trials. In this study, performance of larval walleye was greatly enhanced by water with a turbidity of at least IS NTU.
Effects of High‐Protein “Finishing” Feeds on Performance and Fat Content of Channel Catfish
Authors: Robinson Edwin H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study was conducted to evaluate the effects of using high‐protein “finishing” feeds on production and fat content of channel catfish. Fish were fed either: a 32% protein feed for 150 days; a 28% protein feed for 150 days; a 28% protein feed for 90 days and then a 38% protein feed for 60 days; a 28% protein feed for 90 days and then a 35% protein feed for 60 days; a 28% protein feed for 120 days and then a 38% protein feed for 30 days; or a 28% protein feed for 120 days and then a 35% protein feed for 30 days. The study was conducted in earthen ponds stocked with channel catfish at a rate of 14,826 fish/ha (35 g initial weight) and fed once daily to satiation. There were no significant differences in either feed consumption, weight gain, final weight, feed conversion ratio, survival, or percentage visceral fat of catfish regardless of treatment. Fillets from fish fed the 28% protein feed for 150 days contained more fat than fish on other treatments. There was no advantage of finishing channel catfish on high‐protein diets as compared to feeding either a 28 or 32% protein feed for the entire grow‐out period.
Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Fish Pathogens
Authors: Dixon Beverly A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAntibiotic resistance by bacterial fish pathogens has been reported in all areas of aquaculture from warmwater to coldwater, and freshwater to marine environments. Decreased efficacy has been documented in many antimicrobial drugs regardless of their mechanism of action. Resistance emerges by two known genetic mechanisms, mutation on the bacterial chromosome, or extrachromosomal transfer mediated by plasmids. Alternatives to the currently used antimicrobial therapies are being evaluated for use in aquaculture, particularly the new fluoroquinolones and the third generation cephalosporins.
Indoor Intensive Red Drum Aquaculture: A Stochastic Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Thacker Sayra G. , Griffin Wade L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis research uses stochastic sensitivity analysis to examine an indoor intensive red drum aqua‐culture facility. Important biological and economic factors are varied one at a time to determine the chance of survival and the chance of success. Results indicate that this type facility is very stable since all but one scenario had a 100% chance of surviving. This stability occurs because harvesting is spread uniformly through the year. Chances of being an economic success range from 0 to 100% depending on the investor's required rate of return and the assumed level of biological and economic factors considered in this analysis. An investor's interest in red drum farming will depend on his individual required rate of return, his management capabilities, the market conditions and his willingness to take a risk. It is certain, however, that a 0% chance of economic success will occur for a red drum farm under poor management.
Oocyte Growth in the Striped Mullet Mugil cephalus L. Maturing at Different Salinities
Authors: Tamaru Clyde S. , Lee Cheng‐Sheng , Kelley Christopher D. , Miyamoto Garret , Moriwake Aaron 
Published: April 2007

AbstractProfiles of oocyte growth were obtained from female striped mullet Mugil cephalus L. held in salinities ranging from fresh water to seawater during two consecutive spawning seasons (1988–1990) in Hawaii. Females underwent vitellogenesis at all salinities (i.e., 32–35, 13–20, and 0%‰) tested. Females maturing in fresh water exhibited a slower rate of oocyte growth, and a significantly lower number completed vitellogenesis. All females were induced to spawn in full seawater. The number of fertilized eggs per spawning was highest from females maturing in brackish water. More females were able to be induced to spawn twice in brackish water during the 1989–1990 season than in fresh or seawater. The results from the current investigation suggest that salinities ranging from 13–35 ppt are adequate for ovarian maturation in captive striped mullet females.
An Epizootic of Vibriosis in Ecuadorian Pond‐Reared Penaeus vannamei Boone (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Authors: Mohney Leone L. , Lightner Donald V. , Bell Thomas A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA massive ephtic of vibriosis, named “sindroma gaviota” (or sea gull syndrome = SGS) by local shrimp fanners, began in November 1989 and continued through May 1990 in nursery and grow‐out ponds in a number of shrimp farms located in the Gulf of Guaynquil near Cunyaquil, Ecuador. The level of cumulative mortalities ranged from slight in some ponds to more than 90% in others. Examination of affected shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Boone, led to the isolation of several closely related Vibrio species. The predominant species were identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. alginolyticus using the API‐NFT system. Several of the strains exhibited a transient luminescence and some were positive for urease, an unusual trait for these species. Comparisons of the antimicrobial sensitivity patterns between farm and hatchery isolates from 1989–1990 and hatchery isolates from 1987–1989 indicate that the 1989–1990 pond isolates were not of hatchery origin. The epizootic coincided with the second year of a severe drought in Ecuador. Thus, the discharge of fresh water by the Guayas River was reduced and salinities and relative nutrient concentrations were elevated in the Gulf of Guaynquil. These environmental conditions were ideal for the increased growth of the causative vibrios in the estuarine waters and are believed to be factors that contributed to the 1989–1990 SGS epizootic.
Economic Feasibility and Risk Analysis of Australian Red Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus Aquaculture in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Medley Paul B. , Nelson Robert G. , Hatch L. Upton , Rouse David B. , Pinto Gerard F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAustralian red claw crayfish Cherar guudricurinutus are receiving increased attention from aqua‐culturists, but have not been extensively investigated in terms of economic feasibility. In this study, research data from small pond experiments were combined with cost and return data to evaluate prospects for commercial production (50 ha scale) in the southeastern United States. Production data were derived from density experiments involving three initial stocking rates: “low” (l/m2), “medium” (3/m2) and “high” (5/m2). Experiments were conducted in nine 0.02 ha earthen ponds.Risk analysis was used to simulate the range of potential outcomes that might be faced by producers. Results indicate that economic potential is most sensitive to the cost of juveniles, the percentage of the harvest biomass in the larger size classes, the price these classes receive, and the length of the growing season.
Induced Spawning of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus Using Non‐Piscine Pituitary Extracts
Authors: Salami Adekunle A. , Fagbenro Oyedapo A. , Edibite Leo , Fagbemiro Sunday O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAcetone‐dried hypophyses from the common toad and bullfrog administered intramuscularly was an effective inducing agent for spawning the African catfish Clarias gariepinus held in cisterns. A dosage schedule of 4–6 mg dry gland/kg female catfish applied in two installments (equal doses) is recommended. Toad and frog hypophyses were as good as or better than human chorionic gonadotropin or homoplastic injection to induce spawning of C. gariepinus under ambient temperature conditions (28–30 C).
Changes in Serum Steroid Hormones and Vitellogenin Levels in Cultured Female European Eels Anguilla anguilla during Artificially Induced Ovarian Development
Authors: Chiba Hiroaki , Iwatsuki Kenji , Hayami Kazuo , Hara Akihiko , Yamauchi Kohei 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChanges in serum concentrations of estradiol‐17β, testosterone, 17α,20βdihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one, and vitellogenin were investigated during ovarian development induced by injection of a salmon pituitary extract in cultured European eel Anguilla anguilla. Vitellogenesis was induced with a weekly dose of 50 mg pituitary extract/kg body weight. In eels receiving that dose, gonadsomatic indices ranged from 20–43% after the 10th–11th weekly injection. Body weights were relatively stable during vitellogenesis, but increased dramatically during final maturation. Serum estradiol‐17β levels increased slightly during vitellogenesis and peaked at an average of 6.95 ng/mL at final maturation. The profile of serum vitellogenin followed that of estradiol‐17β which increased markedly from an average of 0.36 to 20.72 mg/mL. Control levels of vitellogenin were undetectable throughout the study. Average serum levels of testosterone increased to a peak of 17.74 ng/mL in the early stage of vitellogenesis, followed by a sharp drop to initial levels (3.86 ng/mL) in the late stage of vitellogenesis, and then increased again to an average of 8.84 ng/mL at the final maturation stage. Serum 17α,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one was not detected (<50 pg/mL) throughout the experiment. Profiles of serum estradiol‐17β, testosterone, and vitellogenin observed during ovarian development appear different from those found in salmonids and other teleosts. This study indicates, however, that cultured European eels are a useful model for study of gonadal maturation in the eel.
Kinetics of Nitrogen Excretion by Cultured Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Tanaka Yoshw , Kadowaki Shusaku 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study was undertaken to quantify the rate of nitrogen excretion by the cultured Japanese flounder as a function of body weight and water temperature. Measurements of the did rate of nitrogen excretion for the cultured flounder were made at mean water temperature of about 16, 19, and 23 C. The excretion rate of nilmgen was estimated by adding the nitrogen excreted in the forms of ammonia and urea nitrogens. The diurnal pattern in the excretion rate of nitrogen was governed mainly by the feeding time. The proportions of excreted ammonia to total nitrogen were 77.9% at 16 C, 84.5% at 19 C, and 83.2% at 23 C. The average was 81.9%. The relationship between the body weight and excretion rate of nitrogen (EN, mg N/fish per h) is expressed as EN=α,.W', where α, = nitrogen excretion rate at temperature 0. The parameter α, is dependent on water temperature, such that α, =α20 Q01(0–200) where α20= nitrogen excretion rate at 20 C, and Q01, = temperature coefficient. The values of the kinetics parameters for the cultured flounder were found to be γ= 0.57, α20= 0.060, and Q01= 1.12.
Impact of Great Blue Heron Depredations on Channel Catfish Farms
Authors: Stickley Allen R. , Glahn James F. , King Junior O. , King D. Tommy 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWith the growth of channel caffish Ictalurus punetatus production in the Delta Region of Mississippi over the last 30 years have come concurrent depredation problems caused by great blue herons Ardea herodias. Biomass in stomachs from herons collected at catfish farms averaged 41% catfish, 38% sunfish Lepomis sp., 17% shad Dorosoma cepedianum, and 4% gambusia Gambusia sp.; whereas observations of herons foraging indicated that 45% of the prey taken were gambusia. Our observational data indicate that herons take an average of 12 10‐cm catfish fingerlings daily. The diurnal density of foraging herons on catfish ponds averaged 0.17 herons/ha in 1990, which means that the average 127‐ha farm supports approximately 22 herons. Nocturnal foraging, especially on dark nights, appears to be minimal. If our data are approximately correct, the average catfish farm could be losing $30/ha per yr to herons, assuming that this catfish fingerling mortality can be attributed solely to heron depredation.
Potential for Asexual Propagation of Several Commercially Important Species of Tropical Sea Cucumber (Echinodermata)
Authors: Reichenbach Norman , Holloway Steve 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSix species of tropical sea cucumbers (Echinodermata) of high to moderate commercial value were evaluated as to their potential for being propagated asexually by induction of transverse fission. The species considered were Thelenota ananas, Holothuria fuscogilva, Actinopyga mauritiana, A. miliaris, Stichopus chloronotus, and S. variegatus. Rubber bands placed midbody on the sea cncumbers provided an effective yet simple technique to induce transverse fission. Although fission could be induced in all six species, only T. ananas and S. chloronotus had the ability to regenerate both anterior and posterior parts into whole animals. Other species showed no or low potential for regeneration (H. fuscogilva, A. mauritiana) or regeneration of only the posterior part into whole animals (S. variegatus, A. miliaris). Both T. ananas and S. chloronotus had survivorship of nearly 80% or greater. S. chloronotus regenerated anterior and posterior parts into whole animals within 3 mo. In contrast, T. ananas regenerated the posterior part into a whole animal within 5 mo while the anterior part was regenerated within 7 mo. Consequently, weight recovery began earlier with S. chloronotus relative to T. ananas.
Temporal Variation in Egg and Larval Productivity of Eyestalk Ablated Spawners of the Prawn Penaeus monodon from Cook Bay, Australia
Authors: Hansford S. W. , Marsden G. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper reports on the variability in spawner performance and viability of the eggs and larvae of Penueus monodon from a single geographical region (Cook Bay, Australia). Data is presented from seven separate experiments spawning eyestalk ablated P. monodon conducted between Sep tember 1992 and July 1994. These experiments used 200 spawners from which 290 spawns were assayed. Total egg and larval (Nauplius, and ha,) production values per prawn were calculated and were significantly different (P < 0.05) between experiments. Spawner weight and number of spawns per prawn also varied significantly between experiments and, although these factors afiected egg and larval productivity, they accounted for only a small percentage of the observed variability. The cause of this variation is unknown but it may be due to differences in the age of the spawners and to seasonal environmental effects. The variation in reproductive success of wildcaught spawners probably reflects differences in overall condition of the spawners and/or their nutritional status at different times. Understanding the causes of variation in productivity is important if hatcheries are to improve the reliability of supply of larvae for the prawn farming industry.
Food Selection by Larval Paddlefish Polyodon spathula Supplied with Rice Bran to Promote Production of Live Foods, with Prepared Diets, or with their Combination in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Mims Steven D. , Clark Julia A. , Williams John C. , Lovshin Leonard L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFood selection of larval paddlefish Polyodon spathula was evaluated by gut analysis in nine 0.02‐ha ponds either fertilized with rice bran (RB) to promote zooplankton production, supplied with prepared diets (PD), or with a combination of rice bran and prepared diet (CB). After 40 d, mean fish yields in RB and CB ponds were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than fish yield in PD ponds, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in survival among treatments. Cladocerans were the main Live food items selected by paddlefish in RB and CB ponds. Chironomid larvae were the main food items selected by paddlefish in PD ponds. Less than 10% of the food found in paddlefish guts was prepared diets in PD and CB ponds. Prepared diets apparently were not as available to the fish or were not as preferred by the fish as Live foods. Levels of un‐ionized ammonia were significantly greater in CB and PD ponds than that in RB ponds. Decomposition of uneaten high‐protein diets in PD and CB ponds probably led to production of ammonia. Elevated un‐ionized ammonia levels during week 5 caused abnormal swimming behavior and some paddlefish mortalities in PD and CB ponds. Based upon these results, use of RB or other organic fertilizers to promote zooplankton production is recommended over direct feeding or a combination of fertilization and feeding for larval paddlefish in earthen ponds.