bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Womanufacture
Authors: Sharrock A. R. 
Published: May 2006

Women are ‘perceived’. We speak often not just of ‘women’, but of ‘images’, ‘representations’, ‘reflections’ of women. Woman perceived is woman as art-object; and paradigmatic of this phenomenon is the myth of Pygmalion.This article will consider Ovid's version of the myth, the story of the artist who loved his own creation. I shall suggest that the story reflects on the eroto-artistic relationship between the poet and his puella explored in Latin love elegy. The Metamorphoses myth of the art-object which becomes a love-object mirrors the elegiac myth of love-object as art-object. The elegists represent the puella as both art and flesh. Pygmalion deconstructs the erotic realism of elegy and by its frankness about the power of the male artist discloses elegy's operations. It tells us how to read the puella — as a work of art; and the lover — as an artist obsessed with his own creation. Pygmalion reflects and exposes the self-absorption of elegy, the heroization of the lover, and the painted nature of the woman presented in eroto-elegiac texts, that is, the way in which she is to be seen as an art-object.
A floristic‐structural gradient related to land forms in the southern Chihuahuan Desert
Authors: Montana Carlos 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The purposes of this study were to elucidate the floristic and structural characteristics of the vegetationin the Mapimi subdivision of the Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico, and to relate them to environmental variation. The main question addressed was: How does floristic composition, total species richness and life‐form species richness vary in relation to environmental change?154 sites, randomly selected and stratified over seven landscape units, were analyzed. Results showed the existence of a land form gradient along which vegetation types were ordered. Species richness varied along the gradient, the richest land form was bajada, indicating that the maximum species richness did not occur at one extreme of the water availability gradient but in a moderately poor situation. The lowest species richness was found in the playa land form.Cover‐based life form spectra varied significantly with land forms, while presence‐absence based life form spectra did not. It is suggested that this may be a consequence of the relatively young age of this desert.
Above‐ground biomass and species richness in a Mediterranean salt marsh
Authors: García L.V. , Maranón T. , Moreno A. , Clemente L. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract.Species composition, above‐ground biomass and diversity of herbaceous communities were recorded in 50 sites on the upper salt marsh of the Guadalquivir delta (SW Spain). Through Canonical Correspondence Analysis relationships were shown between plant‐species characteristics abundance and environmental variables. Seven community types were distinguished and related to hydro logical regime and physical and chemical soil parameters.The higher species richness was associated with moderate values of above‐ground biomass (Biomass at maximum diversity, BMD = 302 g/m2). Salinity was negatively correlated with species richness. There was no significant correlation with total above‐ground biomass. Water regime and soil nutrient (Ca, Mg) content were significant predictors of the community above‐ground biomass.
European Vegetation Survey: Current state of some national programmes
Authors: Mucina L. , Rodwell J. S. , Schaminée J. H. J. , Dierschke H. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Vegetation survey programmes in Austria, Great Britain, the Netherlands and Germany are described. The aims of these programmes are discussed and their origin and motivation elucidated against the historical background of the development of phytosociology (as part of vegetation science) in particular countries. The Austrian, British and Dutch national vegetation surveys have been logistically supported by either basic‐research (Austria) or nature‐conservation (Great Britain and the Netherlands) funding organisations. They are either being published (British Plant Communities) or heading for publication of their first volumes within the next two years. The German vegetation survey is a voluntarily‐based enterprise expected to complete its work by the end of this century.The experience gained by the management of these national surveys is of fundamental importance in launching the European Vegetation Survey (a project under preparation).
Carr texture in Britain and New Zealand: community convergence compared with a null model
Authors: Wilson J. Bastow , Agnew Andrew D. Q. , Partridge Trevor R. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Four carrs (wooded fens) were sampled, two in Britain and two in New Zealand, to document their texture and to look for convergence between carrs in two hemispheres. One of the New Zealand carrs was predominantly native, and one mixed native/exotic. Plant community texture was evaluated using the variate: (1) support fraction (proportion of the ultimate twig that is non‐photosynthetic); and four variates relating to the PSU (Photosynthetic Unit): (2) SLW (specific leaf weight: PSU weight/area), (3) length:width ratio, (4) width, (5) area. The modular construction of species was measured by determining the density of modules at different hierarchical levels.A null model for texture convergence is presented, in which the species present are assigned to sites with no constraint on the co‐occurrence of species similar in morphology. The test is one for coevolutionary convergence and coecological sorting, not for similarity of adaptation to the environment. There was no indication of convergence of the four carrs to a common texture, compared to this null model, when species presences were considered; on the contrary there was considerable divergence between sites for all variates, significant for three of them. The native New Zealand carr was atypical in having high SLW, and the N.Z. mixed exotic/native carr in its PSU width and area. Weighting the species by abundance (measured as photosynthetic biomass), convergence was seen for PSU width and possibly for area. Since this gives considerable weight to the canopy trees, it may reflect mainly their adaptation to canopy conditions, compared with that of the understorey species.It is concluded that there is some convergence, at least in the attributes of the canopy species, but convergence cannot be shown for the whole community.
Patterns of bryophyte associations at different scales in a Norwegian boreal spruce forest
Authors: Økland Rune Halvorsen 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Patterns of associations between 36 bryophytes and their relationships with trends in α‐ and β‐diversity were studied at five spatial scales (from 1 m2 to 1/256 m2) in a Norwegian boreal spruce forest. The range and dispersion of α‐diversity values in the data were significantly higher than in comparable model data sets, indicating varation from favourable to unfavourable conditions for bryophytes at all scales, particularly with increasing cover of the upper layers. The number of positive associations was significantly higher than predicted from a random distribution, for all sample plot sizes except the smallest. For the most frequent species, this number decreased with decreasing sample plot size. The excess of positive associations was due to the presence of (1) α‐diversity trends, as demonstrated by a stochastic simulation, and (2) β‐diversity (variation along environmental gradients). A microscale coenocline from dominance of large forest floor mosses to small liverworts, is added to two broad‐scale coenoclines demonstrated earlier. Facilitation ‐ positive density‐dependence caused by more favourable moisture conditions within dense stands ‐ is discussed as a possible third cause of excess positive associations.The number of significant negative associations was generally low, and deviated neither from theoretical values assuming random distribution of species, nor from predicted values accounting for α‐diversity trends. The low proportion of negative associations, even in the presence of β‐diversity trends, suggests that interspecific competition is not important in this vegetation. Several alternatives to competition are discussed; (1) static mechanisms for avoidance of competition, (2) mobility, and (3) the importance of density‐independent mortality, in particular due to fine‐scale disturbance.Simulation studies for assessing the effects of α‐diversity trends on species associations are emphasized.
Vegetation of the Eden Region, South‐eastern Australia: Species composition, diversity and structure
Authors: Keith D. A. , Sanders J. M. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. A classification of plant communities and land systems is presented for the Eden region to assist with the resolution of land use and management conflicts. Vegetation and environmental parameters were sampled at 369 sites and analysed with numerical techniques incorporating elements of the Braun‐Blanquet approach.Land surfaces in the study area were described by means of a land systems analysis. A total of 41 plant communities, 3 with 2 subcommunities, were defined and described on the basis of floristic composition, structure and environmental variables. Descriptions of communities include information on habitat, structure, floristic composition of various strata, distribution and representation in reserves. The distributions of plant communities are interpreted in relation to characteristics of their land systems.Plant communities were grouped into 5 major floristic series: Rainforest, Moist Eucalypt Forest, Dry Grassy Eucalypt Woodland and Forest, Dry Shrubby Eucalypt Woodland and Forest and Heath and Swamp. These groupings are distinguished by their structure, physiognomic attributes, composition of their canopy and understorey strata and habitat. Plant communities are differentiated along gradients of moisture availability, soil properties and temperature. A hypothesis is proposed to explain floristic and structural variation in relation to interactions between moisture and soil fertility gradients. Where moisture is high, tall shrubby eucalypt forest, mesic eucalypt forest and rainforest are thought to be segregated along a gradient of increasing soil fertility. On drier sites, dry eucalypt communities with grassy understorey s are thought to inhabit more fertile soils than those with shrubby understoreys.The biogeographic relations and broad conservation values of the major floristic groupings are discussed. Vegetation patterns in the region are related to a latitudinal sequence which prevails in eastern Australia. A preliminary assessment of plant community distributions shows that the reserve system is not representative of the range of vegetation and landscape types in the region.
Vegetation patterns, microtopography, and soils on a Chihuahuan desert playa
Authors: Wondzell Steven M. , Cornelius Joe M. , Cunningham Gary L. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Spatial patterns of vegetation on an ephemeral lake bed (playa) in the northern Chihuahuan desert were closely correlated with elevation. Distributions of species along a 265 m transect from the center to the edge of the playa showed abrupt boundaries at 110 m and 220 m. These boundaries seem related to the maximum elevation covered with standing water following complete flooding, and to an edaphic boundary between heavy clay soils at the center of the playa and adjacent soils.The complete turnover in species composition across this transect, with an elevation change of only 85 cm, indicates that environmental gradients resulting from flooding and soil development are steep. Vegetative patterns within the lowest part of the playa were patchy, with patch diameters ranging from 2 to 5 m. These patches appear to be produced by differences in the duration and frequency of flooding between small knolls and depressions resulting from gilgai microtopography.
The disturbance regime of an old‐growth forest in coastal California
Authors: Hunter J. C. , Parker V. T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study deals with the disturbance regime of an old‐growth, mixed‐evergreen forest with a canopy composed of Arbutus menziesii, Lithocarpus densiflora, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus chrysolepis, Q. wislizenii, and Sequoia sempervirens. 80 canopy gaps were randomly selected from throughout a 230‐ha watershed. Of the land area sampled, 11.1 to 16.6 % was within gaps. Gap area had a mode of < 50m2 and a range of 6–3437 m2. Gaps were formed by snags, snaps, tips, and slope failures. Although < 10 % of the gaps sampled were due to slope failures, these accounted for 43 % of the total land area within gaps. All snags resulted from the death of a Pseudotsuga or Arbutus individual, the widely branched trunks of Arbutus individuals accounted for most of the irregularly shaped gaps, and larger gaps resulted from the death of Pseudotsuga and Sequoia individuals, averaging 119 and 111 m2 respectively, than from the death of Lithocarpus or Arbutus, averaging 54 and 52 m2. Gaps were more frequent over concave sections of slopes and large gaps were more frequent on north‐facing slopes. The creation of a gap increased disturbance to the adjacent canopy, with half of the gaps formed through more than one disturbance.The relationship of disturbance regime to topography, the influence of canopy species biology on gap properties, and the repeated events involved in gap formation all indicate a fine scale variation in the pattern of gaps and their characteristics.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Bornkamm R. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.Guntli, A. P. Ligningehalt und andere Merkmale des Schilfhalmes (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel) in Beziehung zur Röhrichtbewirtschaftung. 1989. Veroff. Geobot. Inst. Rübel ETH Zürich 103: 1–65. Price: 39 CHF.
Long‐term vegetation changes in stands of Pinus sylvestris in southern Finland
Authors: Nieppola Jari 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Understorey vegetation dynamics in Pinus sylvestris L. stands were examined over 30 yr in southern Finland. Data were collected from 112 permanent sample plots twice, first in 1950–1956 and again in 1983 ‐ 1986. Between the two surveys 52 stands were clear‐felled and in the 60 remaining old stands thinnings of various magnitude were conducted.In the mature, thinned stands species presence remained virtually unchanged. With the exception of a few species, including Vaccinium vitis‐idaea, Hylocomium splendens, and Dicranum polysetum, the changes in species cover were also slight. In the clear‐felled plots the changes in species presence were minor but the cover of many species changed strongly. The average cover of Vaccinium myrtillus and Hylocomium splendens dropped to near zero and that of Vaccinium vitisidaea and Pleurozium schreberi decreased 2 ‐ 4 times on all sites. The cover of Calluna vulgaris approximately doubled, and Cladina rangiferina and Cladina arbuscula also increased after canopy removal.In addition to intrinsic successional change, a special interest in this study was to investigate vegetation dynamics in relation to forest land classification methods in which understorey vegetation is used as part of the classification criteria. The results support the Cajanderian site classification approach, in the case of boreal Scots pine stands, that sites can be classified on the basis of understorey vegetation at different successional phases. However, because of the strong successional and site‐to‐site variation in species cover, it is suggested that site classification be based primarily on species presence
Methods for fitting dominance/diversity curves
Authors: Wilson J. Bastow 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Dominance/diversity curves, displaying the relative abundances of the species within a community, have often been constructed from field data. Several ecological and statistical models of dominance/diversity have been proposed, to explain the curves. Yet, rarely have curves of different models been fitted to field data.In this paper the appropriate parameters and methods of curve fitting for plant communities are described for the General Lognormal, Canonical Lognormal, Geometric, Broken Stick, Zipf and Zipf‐Mandelbrot models. Distinction is made between fixed and optimised parameters, to clarify para‐meterisation of the models. It is concluded that all should be fitted by minimising the deviance in a ranked‐abundance plot.Statistical tests of goodness of fit are discussed. It is concluded that consistency of fit between replicate quadrats of a community provide the best test.Curves of all the models discussed are fitted to data from a species‐rich Spanish hay meadow, and to data from a New Zealand intertidal algal community. The Spanish meadow data are best fitted by General Lognormal. The New Zealand algal data are best fitted by Geometric or General Lognormal. Goodness of fit for a sample is usually relatively good or poor for all models, since much of the deviance comes from steps in the curve which none of the models can fit closely.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Gardner J. A. F. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.Schulze, E. D., Lange, O. L., Oren, R. (eds.). 1989. Forest Decline and Air Pollution ‐ A Study of Spruce (Picea abies) on Acid Soil. Ecological Studies, Vol. 77. xvii + 475 pp. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. ISBN 3–540–50793–0; 387–50793–0. Price: USD 145.00.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Snoeijs Pauli 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.Round, F. E., Crawford, R. M. & Mann, D. G. 1990. The Diatoms. Biology and morphology of the genera, ix + 747 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0–521–36318–7. Price: GBP 125.‐.
Long‐term changes in a Wisconsin Fagus‐Acer forest in relation to glaze storm disturbance
Authors: De Steven Diane , Kline Joanne , Matthiae Paul E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChanges in the composition of a Fagus‐Acer (Beech‐Sugar maple) forest in southeastern Wisconsin over a 16‐yr period from 1971 to 1987 are analyzed in relation to a severe glaze (ice) storm disturbance occurring within the census period. Landscape topography created ‘windward’ and ‘leeward’ forest aspects with respect to storm severity, which resulted in greater canopy opening on the windward aspect. In the tree stratum, most species remained stable in density and most of the common species increased in basal area into larger size classes. However, Fagus grandifolia, Ulmus rubra, and the small tree Ostrya virginiana suffered net losses that suggest synergistic effects between glaze storm disturbance and other factors upon tree mortality. In the sapling stratum, canopy opening strongly promoted release of shade‐to levant Acer sac‐charum. On the windward forest aspect, sapling densities of less shade‐tolerant species also increased, in contrast to the absence of such increases on the leeward forest aspect. In the shrub (regeneration) stratum, species responses were heterogeneous. Regeneration of most species increased over the 16‐yr period, and some less shade‐tolerant species showed increased regeneration differentially on the windward forest aspect.Overall, disturbance appears to have accelerated forest succession toward increased dominance by A. saccharum and persistence of both Fagus and Tilia americana through their capacities for root sprouting. However, forest succession was retarded somewhat on the windward aspect through increased recruitment of less‐shade tolerant species. These results parallel those of other studies of glaze storm disturbance, and they illustrate how spatially heterogeneous disturbance intensity may contribute to maintenance of forest diversity.
Experimental evaluation of realized niche models for predicting responses of plant species to a change in environmental conditions
Authors: de Swart Evalyne O.A.M. , van der Valk Arnold G. , Koehler Kenneth J. , Barendregt A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We estimated, using logistic regression techniques, the realized niches of the four dominant species in an experimental marsh complex located in the Delta Marsh, Manitoba, Canada. These models were then used to predict the probability of occurrence of these species in selected elevation ranges when water levels were raised in 1985 either 0, 30 or 60 cm above the long‐term normal water level. These realized‐niche models were calculated using elevation and species data collected in 1980. After having been eliminated by two years of deep flooding, the emergent vegetation in this complex had been re‐established during a drawdown beginning in either 1983 or 1984. Our hypothesis was that from 1985 to 1989 the frequencies of occurrence of species in selected elevation ranges would converge to their probabilities predicted from the 1980 logistic models.This was not borne out by our results. Actual frequencies and predicted probabilities of occurrence of a species were similar at best less than 40% and then mostly in the control (0 cm) treatment. The realized‐niche models were not adequate to predict the distribution of emergents after an increase in water level in the short term because the emergent species did not migrate upslope. Emergent species in the medium and high treatments either (1) died out ‐ Scolochloa festucacea and Scirpus lacustris ‐ after 3 yr because they could not survive permanent flooding, (2) stayed where they were ‐ Phragmites australis ‐ because they were unable to move upslope through clonal growth, or (3) became more widespread ‐ Typha glauca only because of the expansion of small local populations already established in 1985 in areas dominated formerly by other species.
How reliable are our vegetation analyses?
Authors: Lepš Jan , Hadincová Všra 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Two sets of 40 relevés, made independently by two observers on the same 5m x 5m sample plots, were compared to estimate the sampling error and to assess the effect of this sampling error on (1) estimates of species richness and diversity (2) results of multivariate analyses, and (3) estimation of species turnover in repeated sampling. The relevés were made according to the standard Braun‐Blanquet method. The sampling error was estimated for (1) recording of species in sample plots and (2) visual estimation of the degree of cover (or of the general population size). Despite the fact that the sample plots were searched thoroughly for 30 ‐ 40 min, the number of overlooked species was high with a discrepancy of 13% between corresponding relevés.Regarding multivariate analysis, the error caused by missing species was at least as important as the error in visual estimation of species cover. The estimates of degree of cover using the Braun‐Blanquet scale are sufficiently reliable for use in multivariate analysis when they are subjected to ordinal transformation. When average cover values are used, the patterns detected are based solely on dominants. Species richness and species diversity could be reliably estimated from the relevés, but the estimates of equitability are very unreliable. The classical relevé method remains one of the most efficient survey methods for recognition of vegetation types on the macro‐community and landscape scales.