bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telomer Acids: Monocarboxylic acids with long‐chain branching; Their derivatives, properties and potential uses in lubricants
Authors: Van Brederode H. , de Klein W. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTelomer acids are synthesized by addition of acetic anhydride to α‐olefins using managenese (III) acetate as a free radical initiator. The telomerization mechanism comprises initiation, propagation and termination steps. The reaction product consists of a mixture of acids having [xn+2] carbon atoms (n: number of carbon atoms of α‐olefin: x:1, 2, 3, 4, …). The “first telomer” (x=1) is a linear fatty acid. Under appropriate conditions, mainly telomer acid (x:2, 3, 4, …) are obtained, being α‐ and γ‐branched monocarboxylic acids, characterized by long‐chain branches. Telomer acids derived from α‐olefins up to n=14 are liquids at room temperature, despite the high molecular weight. Esters of telomer acids show interesting properties in lubricant applications: low pour point, high viscosity index, low viscosity as a function of molecular weight, good thermo‐oxidative stability and a remarkably low elastomer swell. In amino amide derivatives, the telomer acid structure gives low viscosity properties, as is, for instance, found in significant viscosity reductions by using telomer acid as coreactant in polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride—tetraethylene pentamine condensation products. Dispersancy properties of these products are retained. Telomer acid metal salts exhibit quite different solubility characteristics and rheological properties than do fatty acid salts. Calcium salts of telomer acids are readily soluble in mineral oil: the rheology of these low viscosity solutions exhibits Newtonian behavior. Solvent‐free magnesium salts which are liquid can be obtained. Neutral and overbased calcium salts show pour point depressing activity in paraffinic oils. For overbased calcium salts, decrease of coefficient of friction with increasing temperature has been observed.
Oleochemicals: Feedstock or auxiliary
Authors: Heidrich J. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractToday's oleochemicals are substances which are used not mainly because of their sophisticated chemical structures or their chemical reactivity, but rather because of their adaptability as auxiliaries in a great variety of formulated products. This has determined their success in the marketplace. The conversion to long‐chain building blocks for polymers is one possibility to move oleochemicals into a larger scale position as feedstocks. In the near future, this objective cannot be reached because two factors limit their economical chemical derivation; namely, the missing technologies to separate chemical individuals with one or two double bonds in the alkyl chain from the natural mixtures, and to cleave double bonds in a controlled way, without forming larger quantities of byproducts. In any case, before oleochemicals (e.g., fatty acid methyl esters) are used as substitutes for gasoil, as is already tried in certain countries, the chemical potential of oleochemicals should be exploited. That means: “Use it‐don't burn it!” Today's chemical processes and uses for oleochemicals are discussed.
Development of new crops for industrial raw materials
Authors: Princen L. H. , Rothfus J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCommercial fats and oils are still used extensively in chemical manufacturing processes, but their fatty acid compositions are limited in variety. An extensive screening program for potential new oilseed crops has led to the discovery of many good sources of new lipid classes and fatty acids. Among them are long‐chain acids (Crambe, Limnanthes, Lunaria), medium‐chain acids (Cuphea, Umbelliferae, Lauraceae), hydroxy acids (Lesquerella), epoxy acids (Vernonia, Stokesia), acids with special unsaturation (conjugated; acetylenic; Δ3, Δ5, Δ6, Δ17 monoenes) and liquid wax esters (Simmondsia). Many of these plant species have received further attention in terms of germplasm collection and evaluation; breeding and agronomic studies; and processing and utilization research on oil and byproduct meal. Some have been developed sufficiently for early commercialization. Recent history has shown this last step to be the most difficult. No satisfactory mechanism has been devised as yet to simplify the process of transferring research information on a developed new crop to reach the ultimate goal of sustained, large‐scale commerical production. Close cooperation between governments and private sector institutions, with some financial support, may be required for the first few years to achieve successful commercialization.
Current pollution control practices in the united states
Authors: Boyer Michael J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn overview of pollution control practices in the United States is presented here, with particular emphasis on those factors which motivate and direct current practices. A more in‐depth discussion is provided of certain areas, particularly those items which might be unique to the USA. More emphasis has been placed on wastewater‐related issues. The largest dollar expenditures and technical efforts have probably gone to solving these problems in the oleochemical field. Some example projects are presented to demonstrate the significant points.
Water protection in Europe
Authors: Malle Karl‐Geert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn addition to national regulations there are supranational as well as international conventions for protection of Europcan waters. Supranational directives have been passed by the European Community concerning for instance, the quality of bathing water and of fish as well as shellfish waters, on the quality of drinking water and surface waters for production of drinking water. The directive on “pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment” is of special importance. A number of international conventions with special purviews correspond to this directive. The purpose of all the regulations is to control pollution caused by dangerous substances. With regard to substances of “list 1”, pollution is to be eliminated by fixing emission standards for all discharges., To reduce pollution by substances of “list II”, member states shall lay down emission standards which are based on standardized quality objectives. These standards shall be harmonized by the Europcan Commission. The conventions contain only lists of families and groups of substances, among which certain individual substances first have to be, selected. Meanwhile, 46 substances are under examination: for 83 more substances, discussion is proposed. This procedure is rather complicated. Technological aspects such as amounts, production processes, use and treatment technology are taken into account as well as ecological properties like toxicology, persistence and bioaccumulation. Examination also includes the economic problems involved. The proposals for emissions standards and quality objectives thus resulting have to pass through the normal legislative procedure before becoming legally binding on the respective states. The first implementing directive is limiting the mercury discharges from the chlor‐alkali electrolysis (amalgam process). Furthermore, there are proposals for a drins as well as a cadmium directive. The first substance of, list II under examination is chromium with its compounds.
Large‐scale production and application of highly concentrated ozone
Authors: Klein Hans‐Peter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith the new, very efficient generating plants, ozone can be produced in high concentrations, at low cost and with high reliability. This versatile reagent is therefore destined, in the near future, to play a more important role in the oleochemical industry than today, since it can help to solve different problems in the synthesis of chemicals as well as in the treatment of waste.
Properties and uses of some unsaturated fatty alcohols and their derivatives
Authors: Egan Richard R. , Earl Gary W. , Ackerman Jeannene 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA number of unsaturated fatty alcohols are known, but only those of the C16 and C18 chain lengths are of much importance. In particular, oleyl alcohol., 9,10‐octadecenol‐1, is by far the most important. A variety of grades of oleyl alcohols is produced and used in the USA ranging from high purity material having iodine values (IV) of 90–95 to those having IV of 45–55, with the other components being primarily cetyl (hexadecanol‐1) and stearyl (octadecanol‐1) alcohols. This paper takes a brief look at the various grades of unsaturated alcohols used in the USA, methods of preparation, and the change in physical and chemical properties as the octadecanol‐1 content and IV decline. Uses of these alcohols industrially and in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations are also discussed. Unsaturated alcohols are useful chemical intermediates since they have two reactive sites, the hydroxyl group and the carbon‐carbon double bond. Particular attention is paid to the properties, uses and potential uses of some of their sulfates, ether sulfates, ethylene oxide adducts and ethylene/propylene oxide adducts as detergents and emulsifiers for ultimate use in cosmetics and light‐duty and heavy‐duty systems. Current estimated consumption of unsaturated alcohols in the USA is discussed.
Biodegradation of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Birch R. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the biodegradability of alcohol‐based nonionics measured by the recommended legislative test procedures and how the results obtained are affected by the chemical structure of the surfactant, and thus provides guidance on the selection of materials. More detailed studies on the biodegradation of alcohol ethoxylates during the activated sludge sewage treatment process are also reported. Examination of a wide range of alcohol ethoxylates in the legislative tests shows that the majority of those nonionics of practical importance will be extensively biodegraded. Although the mathematical model used to design the treatability test is very simple and has frequently come under criticism, the predictions seem to be upheld and the results obtained appear to provide a reliable guide to what is likely to happen in practice. The sludge residence time, which has long been regarded as of particular importance by those involved in the field of sewage treatment, is clearly demonstrated to be a highly significant factor whose influence should be taken into account in any detailed laboratory study of treatability. The study of alcohol ethoxylates indicates that extensive primary biodegradation will occur even in overloaded treatment plants where sludge retention times (SRT) are likely to be short. The effect of temperature on the biodegradation is small and suggests that effective treatment will be achieved in such plants even at the lower temperatures experienced during winter. Ultimate biodegradation of alcohol ethoxylates was shown to be extensive under practical conditions and levels of “polyethylene glycol” intermediates discharged to surface waters will be low. Although alcohol ethoxylates are rapidly and extensively absorbed on activated sludge, this does not play a significant role in the removal process which is essentially one of biodegradation.
Manufacture of fatty alcohols based on natural fats and oils
Authors: Kreutzer Udo R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present worldwide capacity of fatty alcohols is ca. 1.0 million metric tons per year. About 60% of this capacity is based on petrochemical feedstocks, 40% on natural fats and oils. Three basic dominating commercial‐scale processes are used to manufacture fatty alcohols: the Ziegler process and the Oxo synthesis starting from petrochemical feedstocks, and the high‐pressure hydrogenation of natural fatty acids and esters. Basically, the high‐pressure hydrogenation can be used with triglycerides, fatty acids or fatty acid esters as feedstock. The direct hydrogenation of fats and oils has not been developed to a commercial‐scale process, mainly because it was not possible to prevent decomposition of the valuable byproduct glycerol. Conversion of fatty acids into fatty alcohols by catalytic hydrogenation without preesterification requires corrosion‐resistant materials of construction and acid‐resistant catalysts. Required reaction temperatures are higher, resulting in a higher hydrocarbon content. The majority of fatty alcohol plants based on natural fats and oils use methyl esters as feedstock. These can be made either by esterification of fatty acids or by‐transesterification of triglycerides. For catalytic high‐pressure hydrogenation of methyl esters to fatty alcohols, several process options have been developed. The bawic distinguishing feature is the catalyst application either in a fixed bed arrangement or suspended in the methyl ester feed.
Cationic surfactants in laundry detergents and laundry aftertreatment aids
Authors: Puchta Rolf 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCationic surfactants have a positively charged nitrogen atom and at least one hydrophobic, long‐chain substituent in the molecule. Because of their fabric‐softening and antistatic properties, they are used as active materials in fabric‐softening agents. Suitable cationic surfactants are mostly quaternary ammonium salts, and to a lesser extent, imidazolinium salts with two long hydrophobic alkyl chains. Alkylated, partly ethoxylated polyamines, amine amides, ester amines and di‐quaternary compounds also have recently been used or proposed. Fabric softeners generally are aqueous dispersions of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or tallow alkylated imidazolinium derivatives in concentrations of 1–9%. Concentrated fabric softeners have recently been pushed into the market as double, triple or 10‐fold concentrates. Fabric softeners used in the forms of acrosol sprays, pads or sheets, are not used in the washing machine but can be used in the laundry dryer. The combination of laundry detergent and fabric softener is a single product is impaired by anionic surfactants normally contained in laundry detergents because they react with the cationics to form neural salts. With the so‐called soft detergents, one attempts to circumvent these difficulties by means of special formulations, e.g., with nonionics or by using definite physical‐chemical mechanisms. They represent a compromise with regard to detergency performance and softening effect.
Column types for the chromatographic analysis of oleochemicals
Authors: Ottenstein D. M. , Witting L. A. , Silvis P. H. , Hometchko D. J. , Pelick N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChromatography has developed into one of the principle methods of analysis of oleochemicals. Gas chromatography has been used extensively for the analysis of long‐chain fatty acids as well as for the analysis of triglycerides and plant sterols. In recent years, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used for the analysis of triglycerides as well as for other related materials. Specialized gas chromatography columns have been developed for the separation of long‐chain fatty acids such as the methyl esters. These columns have generally used high polarity stationary phases which separate fatty acids by degree of unsaturation. A specialized use of these high polarity stationary phases is separation ofcis‐trans isomers as well ascis‐cis andtrans‐trans isomers. In this paper, packed and capillary columns are compared for the separation of thecis‐trans isomers of fatty acid methyl esters prepared from a hydrogenated vegetable oil. For HPLC separations, the presence of a double bond is approximately equivalent chromatographically to shortening the alkyl chain by two carbons. The long‐chain polyenic acids or ethyl esters thus elute near but are resolved from the short‐chain saturated fatty acids or esters. HPLC is the method of choice for relatively complex, high molecular weight, or labile esters, such as those of retinyl or cholesterol. Glyceryl esters are particularly well resolved by HPLC in terms of both total chain length and degree of unsaturation. This technique is also useful for lipid class separations and for the analysis of modified fatty acid products, such as prostaglandins and related materials. In general, these analyses are conducted with octadecyl bonded phase column packings.
Antimicrobial agents derived from fatty acids
Authors: Kabara John J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe author reviews his research, since 1966, for the ideal germicide. The relationship between structure of fatty acids, their corresponding esters, and antimicrobial activity is presented. Saturated fatty acids have their highest activity when the chain length is twelve carbons (C12) long; monounsaturated fatty acids reach their peak with palmitoleic acid (C16∶1); the most active polyunsaturated fatty acid is linoleic.Trans isomers are not active against microorganisms. The esterification of fatty acids to monohydric alcohols leads to inactive derivatives, whereas esterification to polyhydric alcohols increases biological activity. Examples of glycerol and sucrose esters are reviewed. In general, the lauroyl derivatives are the most active. A few examples of esters as active pharmacological agents against organisms causing bovine mastitis are presented as well as the use of monolaurin (Lauricidin®) as cosmetic and food preservatives. The safety and efficacy of fatty acid esters as potential germicides offer new and expanded roles for oleochemicals.
Filler surface treatment with hydrophobic esters
Authors: Naughton Frank C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of fillers in polyolefin polymer composites has escalated in recent years in conjunction with the need for improved physical properties and the increased costs of petroleum‐based polymers. Fillers, used as inert extenders and reinforcing agents, present problems when added to organic polymers that are different in chemical nature and physical form. Use of surface‐treatment additives has been developed to overcome problems that originate in the interfacial region where the organic resin phase must wet out the inorganic filler being compounded. Achieving optimal physical and chemical properties in a filled compound, by the use of hydrophobic esters derived from castor oil as wetting and encapsulating agents, was evaluated. The hydrophobic esters improved the dispersion and distribution of filler particles throughout the organic medium. The surface treatment with the ester resulted in a lowering of viscosity and better ability to control the rheology of the compound, raise the extender filler loadings and an upgrading of mechanical properties of the filled resin. It was shown that the use of hydrophobic esters as a surface filler treatment resulted in increased tensile strength, higher impact strength and improved processing of filled polymer composites.
Palm oil fatty acids in soap and detergent formulations
Authors: Bhattacharyya D. K. , Chatterjee B 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPalm oil fatty acids can be used in increasing quantities in combination with selected minor oils from Indian in making lower cost laundry or toilet soaps and derivatives suitable for use as surface‐active compounds in many formulations. Experimental soap formulations using palm oil products and indigenous fats are provided.
Hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Pryde E. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty materials is done with rhodium‐triphenyl phosphine (or phosphite) catalysts, a number of advantages become apparent compared to cobalt carbonyl‐catalyzed reactions. With rhodium, the reaction can be carried out (a) at pressures as low as 200 psi, (b) at each double bond location in a polyunsaturated fatty acid, and (c) in high yield and conversion. Solubilized catalyst can be recovered from distillation residue and readsorbed on spent catalyst support by thermal treatment in a rotary kiln. The reconstituted catalyst is more active than the original catalyst and can be recycled indefinitely at a relatively low cost. Recently developed supports for “homogeneous” catalysis may make catalyst recovery even more effective. Acetalation, oxidation with air to polycarboxylic acids and catalytic hydrogenation to hydroxymethyl compounds can be done easily and in high yield on mono‐, di‐ and triformyl derivatives alike. Other reactions investigated for monoformyl fatty esters include reductive amination to form aminomethyl derivatives and Tollen's condensation with formaldehyde to form geminal,bis‐hydroxymethyl compounds. although the Northern Center has carried out some basic investigations on the hydroformylation reaction and on the chemistry of the hydroformylated products, there is a great deal more that can be done with regard to synthesis of new compounds and development of new applications.
Metathesis of fatty acid esters
Authors: Boelhouwer C. , Mol J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn metathesis reactions, unsaturated compounds are converted into new compounds via an exchange of alkylidene groups: 2 RCH=CHR′⇌RCH=CHR+R′CH=CHR′ Since its discovery in 1964, this catalytic reaction has found several large‐scale applications in petrochemistry. One of the most promising synthetic applications of metathesis is to functionalized olefins such as unsaturated esters, ethers, amines, etc., because this allows single‐step syntheses of a variety of mono‐ and difunctional hydrocarbon derivatives. Unfortunately, however, most metathesis catalysts are easily poisoned by polar groups. In 1972 in our institute, the WCl6‐(CH3)4Sn system was found to be effective as a catalyst for monogeneous metathesis of fatty acid esters. Thus methyl oleate was converted into 9‐octadecene and dimethyl 9‐octadecene dioate, starting materials for the synthesis of valuable chemical products. In 1977 we developed a heterogeneous catalyst system: Re2O7 on Al2O3, activated with a small amout of (CH3)4Sn. Systematic research has led to intersting applications of metathesis and cometathesis reactions with these catalysts. An example is the cometathesis of methyl oleate with ethene, to produce shorter‐chain compounds with terminal double bonds: CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOCH3+CH2=CH2⇌CH2=CH(CH2)7CH3+CH2=CH(CH2)7COOCH3 Cometathesis of olive oil (mainly triolein) with ethene opens the possibility of producing both α‐olefins in the C10 range and fatty oils with lower molecular weight (palm oil type). Until now, metathesis of fatty esters has been restricted mainly to synthetic purposes. Large‐scale applications depend mainly on the development of more active and cheaper catalyst systems.