bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Farms for the Future
Authors: Fege Anne S. , Inman Robert E. , Salo David J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Silviculture energy farms may provide wood for energy at competitive prices in the future. In a study undertaken for the Department of Energy, costs were projected to be $20 to $34 per dry ton for hardwoods grown under 6 to 10 year rotations. The major costs were estimated to be harvest and transportation to conversion facility, and such intensive cultural practices as fertilization and irrigation. Up to 4.5 quads (1015 BTU per quad) of energy feedstocks could be produced in the United States annually, at an average annual yield of 8 dry tons per acre.
Lakeshore Effect on Nectria Canker of Yellow Birch
Authors: Anderson Robert L. , Mosher Daniel G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, severity of nectria canker (Nectria galligena Bres.) infection on yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) was significantly higher in stands along the shores of Lakes Superior and Michigan than 5 miles or more inland. Depending on the amount of infection, managers should consider removing cankered trees during improvement cuttings or favoring less susceptible species.
Forestry Curricula Today
Authors: Gemmer Thomas V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A review of the curricula of the accredited and affiliated forestry schools in the United States reveals a change in trends reported in 1969. The trend toward increased requirements in social sciences and humanities, management of nontimber aspects, and business has reversed, as has the trend toward reduction of traditional forestry courses. Emphasis on quantitative reasoning continues to increase.
Building Professionalism into Forest Fire Suppression
Authors: Davis James B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Federal, state, and local agencies, working through the National Wildfire Coordinating Group, have developed a National Interagency Fire Qualification System (NIFQS). NIFQS sets uniform standards for fire suppression work, specifying prerequisite jobs, currency of experience, required training, and physical fitness. The Boise Interagency Fire Center, in Idaho, dispatches only fire fighters who meet NIFQS standards.
Forest Industry in Northern New England
Authors: DeCoster Lester A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Large-scale-forest industry is concentrated in the northern portions of Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Industrial landholdings in Maine are sizeable, lying chiefly in the spruce-fir zone. Both even-and all-aged management systems are feasible. Stands badly need to be cleared of low-quality trees, and in remote and inaccessible areas economic efficiency demands use of large-scale management technology--both difficult topics to explain to the public. Fractionalization of nonindustrial private holdings and vastly increased cutting for fuelwood are affecting timber supplies, particularly for firms that have been depending on ready supplies of cheap wood.
Recreation Benefit Estimation in Theory and Practice: A Comment on Imperfect Methods
Authors: Johnson F. Reed 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
While some of the criticism of the travel-cost method of estimating benefits of outdoor recreation is without basis, serious problems of utility or disutility of travel, joint visitation, and data deficiencies do limit accuracy of the estimates. This method is nevertheless a considerable improvement over the current practice of using arbitrary unit-day values as approximations of users' average willingness to pay. Replacement of unit-day values with travel-cost and survey-valuation techniques will yield more accurate estimates and encourage needed refinements in data and methodology.
Power Requirements of Three Cable Logging Systems
Authors: Perkins R. H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Systems that may be used for highlead yarding in the eastern United States have power requirements that differ according to the mechanical characteristics of the yarder and rigging arrangement. A study compared the conventional highlead system with two running skylines employing chokers, the Grabinski and the Purdue traction-cable. Both of these skyline systems have a rider block on the haul-back line to increase lifting capabilities. In the conventional and Grabinski systems, running-line tension to lift the lead end of the log was controlled with drum brakes. In the Purdue system, which was used to simulate a yarder having a drum interlocking mechanism for regulating running-line tension without the use of brakes, lift was controlled by installing, at the yarder, a sheave through which the haulback line had been threaded. With running-line tension controlled by brakes, input energy efficiency of the Grabinski increased with size of load; the maximum load tested required 36 percent less power than the conventional system. When the two rider-block systems were compared, the drum interlock was the more efficient as the load increased. For the maximum test load, power requirements were 24 and 51 percent less than for the Grabinski and conventional. These percentages would be expected to vary with load size and terrain.
Optimum Plot Size for Cruising Sawtimber in Eastern Forests
Authors: Wiant Harry V. , Yandle David O. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Calculations indicate that optimum plot size will often be less than 1/5 acre when stands in the eastern United States are cruised for sawtimber. The optimum size increases with increasing allowable sampling error and tract size, and decreasing measurement time, walking speed, coefficient of variation, and Student's "t" used.
Federal Government's Cooperative Education Program
Authors: Singer Patricia F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Cooperative Education Program is a government work-study program that allows federal agencies to recruit, train, and hire qualified college students noncompetitively. It is used by the Forest Service, the Soil Conservation Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, primarily to increase their number of women and minority employees. In all three agencies, participants are increasing each year; more than 1,200 are enrolled, with most seeking a bachelor's degree. They work as full-time agency employees for at least 26 weeks during school. If they perform satisfactorily and maintain a C average in coursework, most are converted to permanent jobs upon graduation.
World Forestry: Forest Plantations in Brazil and their Possible Effects on World Pulp Markets
Authors: Sedjo Roger A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Largely in response to fiscal incentives offered by the government, industrial firms in Brazil had planted eucalyptus and loblolly and slash pines (Pinus taeda, P. elliottii) on 3.8 million hectares by the end of 1979. An additional 0.5 million hectares may be planted annually through 1985. Annual growth is estimated at 20 cubic meters per hectare for pine and 25 cubic meters for eucalyptus. Some of the wood is needed to make charcoal for the nation's steel industry and to supply pulp for domestic needs, but the plantations should supply enough additional timber to allow export of very large amounts of chemical pulp by 1995.
Reinvestment Rate and the Analysis of Forestry Enterprises
Authors: Schallau C. H. , Wirth M. E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Two forestry investment situations are used to illustrate the importance of the reinvestment rate when the rate-of-return (IRR) criterion is applied. One, involving the allowable-cut effect, demonstrates how an 80 percent IRR translates to a realizable rate of return (RRR) of 13 percent if the reinvestment rate is 10 percent. A short-rotation hardwood coppice investment generates a 29 percent IRR, but the RRR is only 16 percent if the reinvestment rate is 10 percent. A method for calculating RRR is given.
World Forestry: Overview of Forestry in Uruguay
Authors: White Edwin H. , Pou Rosario 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Uruguay is trying to develop a forest resource to offset extremely unfavorable cash flow and to diversify agricultural products. Soils and climate favor rapid growth of exotic species, especially eucalypts. Tax incentives encourage private landowners to establish plantations. The nation has too few foresters and needs to expand its forestry education program. Transportation systems and mechanization are inadequate at present.
Owners of Large, Private Forested Tracts in the Shawnee Hills of Illinois
Authors: McCurdy Dwight R. , Vitello John 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A majority of owners of large tracts in the, Shawnee Hills of Illinois were found to be practicing forestry or interested in doing so. Since these owners control much of the forest in the region, they should be given priority in programs for increasing timber production from nonindustrial private forests.
Delayed Bucking and Bolewood Moisture Content
Authors: Patterson III William A. , Post Irwin L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
When the tops were left on for two weeks after the trees were felled, the moisture content in paper birch (Betula papyrifera) boles was 20 percent less than in bolts made immediately after felling and stacked for drying. The moisture content of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) boles was unaffected by this treatment. Thus, delayed bucking may be a means of decreasing drying time for some species.
Evolution of Management Policy and Research in the National Parks
Authors: Stottlemyer J. Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the absence of basic ecological research, the National Park Service has often pursued management policies inconsistent with the enabling legislation for the various parks. The general aim now is to return park ecosystems to those prevailing before the arrival of Europeans. Present administrative authority is sufficient to mitigate most countervailing factors originating within park boundaries, but research must be considerably augmented and the findings applied. The most significant challenges, however, now come from beyond park boundaries. Their solution is very complex and will challenge the best scientific expertise.
Forestry Curriculum Changes: What Do Professionals in the West Think?
Authors: Case Pamela J. , Ferrell William K. , Hagestedt Richard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The opinions of professional foresters were needed to help design curricular changes at the School of Forestry at Oregon State University. About 650 experienced public and private foresters in the West were surveyed, by questionnaire, about their current work and how it had changed from their initial professional appointment, the changes they expected in professional work in the future, and the deficiencies they felt existed in their education. Results showed that, as foresters advanced, they spent increasingly more time dealing with people (administration, organization) and increasingly less time at conventional tasks (logging, inventory), and they enjoyed greater diversity in their jobs. Foresters expected these trends to accelerate in the future and, correspondingly, felt deficient in the disciplines that would support the increased activities they foresaw in their professional futures. Survey findings suggested the need for some changes to broaden traditional forestry curricula.
Feasibility of Developing Regional Weight Tables
Authors: Jacobs Matthew W. , Monteith Douglas B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Comparison of the relationship between whole tree weight, height, and d.b.h., with values for individual trees as the sample units, confirms the empirical observation that a weight table for a species may be applicable over wide geographic areas. The comparisons were made for Maine, New York, and West Virginia. The hypothesis that useful regional weight tables could be developed is recommended for testing.
Evaluating Scaling Systems
Authors: Fahey Thomas D. , Snellgrove Thomas A. , Cahill James M. , Max Timothy A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A proposed method of analyzing scaling systems consists of two parts. Part I applies only to sound logs and compares the precision of scaling systems using the relationship between lumber recovery and scaled volume. Part II uses only defective logs to compare the abilities of scaling systems to adjust volume for defect.
RPA/NFMA--Time to Punt
Authors: Behan R. W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Attempting to resolve conflicts in the management of the national forests, Congress enacted the Resources Planning Act and the National Forest Management Act, which now mandate planning for the National Forest System. Because the required plans must be capable of withstanding legal challenges, exorbitant amounts of time and money have to be, and are being, allocated to their preparation. The two acts should be repealed. Planning could then proceed as an administrative procedure, at far lower cost, and the agency could reestablish its emphasis on its development, management, and protection activities. Management conflicts should be handled not by legislation and litigation, but by relying on emerging capabilities: the USDA Forest Service has shown its willingness to listen to opinions from the public, and the local land managers should resolve conflicts locally, through bargaining, compromise, and negotiation.
Forests and Forestry in China
Authors: Hsiung Wen-Yue , Johnson Frederic C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
China has an area slightly larger than the United States and yet has over four times the number of native trees. The major forest types include Boreal coniferous forests, temperate deciduous, rich subtropical mixed forests, and tropical monsoonal forests along the southern border. Almost all of the tree genera familiar to American foresters are present in China. Other genera such as Cinnamomum, Cunninghamia, Ginkgo, Metasequoia, Paulownia, Pseudolarix, and Sophora illustrate the great diversity of climax forests. Some 13 percent of the forest area is occupied by the over fifty species of commercial bamboos. One of the present major efforts is planting millions of hectares to boost production of wood, fiber, food, and medicinals and to ameliorate climate in the semiarid portions.
Compliance with Backcountry Permits in Mount McKinley National Park
Authors: Plager Anna , Womble Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
While 93 percent of hikers sampled in 1978 had a permit, about half of this group deviated to some extent from the trip described on the document. Roughly half of the hikers who changed their planned trip did so for reasons they could not control or anticipate (e.g., bad weather, rugged terrain, injury). Most of those who hiked without a permit and about half of those who changed their trip did not support the permit system or could not obtain the park zone they preferred. Compliers and partial compliers strongly supported the system: noncompliers were less favorable but some of them expressed support. An inference from the study is that managers could improve compliance by providing hikers with detailed information about their planned trips and by making the permit system as unrestrictive as possible.
Financial Comparison of Forest Fertilization in the Pacific Northwest and the Southeast
Authors: Fight Roger D. , Dutrow George F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Large variations in before-tax real rates of return were found when application of fertilizer to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the Pacific Northwest was compared with application to slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) in the Southeast. Top rates, however, were close to 30 percent in both regions. Prices and costs for 1976 and price trends developed for the 1980 Resources Planning Act Assessment were used in the comparison.
Removal or Retention of Unmerchantable Saplings in Allegheny Hardwoods: Effect on Regeneration after Clearcutting
Authors: Marquis David A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Disposition of residual saplings left after a 1937 clearcutting for chemical wood in a northern hardwood stand in Pennsylvania had a major effect on the development of the new stand. Where these saplings were mowed down (cut), the new stand, after 35 years, is dominated by fast growing, shade-intolerant black cherry. (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in the overstory whereas the slower growing sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) are relegated to the understory--even though these tolerants were present as advance seedlings before cutting. Where the tolerant species were retained as saplings up to 5 or 6 inches d.b.h. after cutting they are represented in the larger diameters and upper crown strata. Plots with residual saplings have higher average stand diameter and higher basal areas in merchantable-sized trees than plots on which stems over 0.5 inch d.b.h. were mowed.
World Forestry: Forest Ownership in the European Community
Authors: Harou Patrice A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Private forests comprise 60 percent of the forest area in the European Community. Pronounced fragmentation of holdings is a serious abstracle to management and regular wood supply. The average size of private holding is only about 4.5 hectares. Some 3.5 million private forest properties have less than 5 hectares. Various fiscal and nonfiscal incentives are used to foster management on these properties. Some of the experience acquired in the European countries may be applicable in the United States.
World Forestry: Forest Research and its Prospects in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Lun Wu Chung 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Long experience has provided China with much practical knowledge about her complex forest sites and ecology, but only recently has the nation begun systematic research on a substantial scale. Now she is making progress in forest surveys, silviculture, tree breeding, and pest control; and some basic research is under way in dendrology, soils, tree physiology, and biochemistry. Much remains to be done, and if progress is to be speeded it is desirable to keep the research institutions stable, increase the number of experimental forests, strengthen basic research, and promote scientific cooperation within the People's Republic and with other nations.
Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Illinois
Authors: Wendling Robert C. , Gabriel Samuel J. , Dwyer John F. , Buck Richard L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Illinois, includes 65,000 acres, 11 percent of a county whose population of 5.5 million includes that of Chicago. The district's growth and development reflect strong public support for urban forest preservation, environmental education, and outdoor recreation. Management is strongly influenced by heavy use, large populations in nearby areas, and the high value that urbanites place on forest and related resources.
Interpreting the Realizable Rate of Return
Authors: Klemperer W. David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The "realizable rate of return" (RRR), which Schallau and Wirth suggested (Journal of Forestry, December 1980, p. 740) as a possible measure for ranking investment alternatives, can be biased against long-lived investments unless an adjustment is made for different project durations. Also, for any given internal rate of return. RRR will asymptotically approach the alternative rate as investment life lengthens. Thus, extremely attractive long-term investments may appear mediocre when evaluated with the RRR, unless the analyst fully understands the relationships between RRR and investment life.
Regeneration after Clearcutting in Subalpine Stands near Windigo Pass, Oregon
Authors: Minore Don , Dubrasich Michael E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Subalpine units of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana [Bong.] Carr.), near Windigo Pass, Oregon, did not regenerate immediately after being clearcut between 1959 and 1962. They were adequately stocked 9-12 years later, however, regardless of postharvest treatment. Natural regeneration was adequate. Except on flat sites above 6,000 feet, clearcutting appears to be an acceptable harvesting method in these subalpine stands.
State Incentives for Nonindustrial Private Forestry
Authors: Meeks Gordon 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A survey in 1981 by the National Conference of State Legislatures found that tax legislation is the most extensive method used by states to encourage management of nonindustrial private forests. Approximately 22 states provide forest landowners and farmers with property tax relief by assessing value on the basis of use (rather than market value), and by providing various means of deferring timber taxes. Few states provide cost-sharing or other direct financial incentives other than through their technical assistance programs. The effectiveness of incentives programs was not quantified, but indications are that funding and institutional considerations are the primary limitations. Taxes have frequently been called the primary disincentives to nonindustrial management for timber production. The extensive actions on taxes implies a substantial interest by state legislators in lessening the obstacles to such management.
Forest Resource Planning at State Level: A Review of Promising Developments
Authors: Webster Henry H. , Olmstead J. G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
All but a few states have begun planning and most are well along. The aim usually is to provide direction for the state forestry agency in forming a program that responds to resource issues of most concern to the public. Efforts are hampered by lack of inventory data, by difficulty in deciding what issues are most important, and by imperfect coordination with the national effort being made under the Resources Planning Act. Substantial progress is nevertheless being made.
Indian Fires as an Ecological Influence in the Northern Rockies
Authors: Barrett Stephen W. , Arno Stephen F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The importance of fire as an ecological disturbance in the Northern Rockies is well accepted. Lightning is generally thought to have been the main source of ignition prior to settlement by Europeans. But writings of explorers and pioneers mention deliberate burning by Indians frequently enough to warrant an investigation of its importance. Interviews with descendants of Native Americans and of pioneer settlers in western Montana suggest that Indian burning was widespread, had many purposes, but was generally unsystematic. Fire chronologies based upon scars on old-growth trees indicate that fire intervals within similar forest types were shortest near Indian-use zones. Comparisons of presettlement fire intervals with those calculated from modern lightning-fire records suggest that Indian-caused fires substantially augmented lightning fires over large areas. As dependence on lightning fires alone may not create or perpetuate certain desirable plant communities or stand conditions, prescribed burning may be needed.
Twenty Years of Management in a Small Woodlot of Southern Michigan
Authors: Rudolph Victor J. , Bresnahan Richard G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A 10-acre mixed hardwood stand that was initially fairly even aged has been managed for 20 years on a 5-year cutting cycle. Net annual growth has averaged 327 board feet per acre. At current stumpage prices, the annual value of harvested products--veneer and sawlogs, and fuelwood--is $43.90 per acre. Although the traditional uneven-aged diameter distribution has not been achieved yet, the present stand can sustain several more cyclic cuts at five-year intervals at approximately the same intensity as in the past. Diameter distribution and stand volume will need to be monitored closely, however, to assess the level of periodic cutting which ingrowth from reproduced trees will permit on a long-term basis.