bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity Levels of Normal‐weight and Overweight Girls and Boys During Primary School Recess
Authors: Stratton Gareth , Ridgers Nicola D. , Fairclough Stuart J. , Richardson David J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: This study aimed to compare moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) in normal‐weight and overweight boys and girls during school recess.Research Methods and Procedures: Four hundred twenty children, age 6 to 10 years, were randomly selected from 25 schools in England. Three hundred seventy‐seven children completed the study. BMI was calculated from height and weight measurements, and heart rate reserve thresholds of 50% and 75% reflected children's engagement in MVPA and VPA, respectively.Results: There was a significant main effect for sex and a significant interaction between BMI category and sex for the percent of recess time spent in MVPA and VPA. Normal‐weight girls were the least active group, compared with overweight boys and girls who were equally active. Fifty‐one boys and 24 girls of normal weight achieved the 40% threshold; of these, 30 boys and 10 girls exceeded 50% of recess time in MVPA. Eighteen overweight boys and 22 overweight girls exceeded the 40% threshold, whereas 8 boys and 8 girls exceeded the 50% threshold.Discussion: Overweight boys were significantly less active than their normal‐weight male counterparts; this difference did not hold true for girls. Even though nearly double the number of normal‐weight children achieved the 40% of MVPA during recess compared with overweight children, physical activity promotion in school playgrounds needs to be targeted not only at overweight but at other health parameters, as 40 overweight children met the 40% MVPA target proposed for recess.
BMI, Obesity, and Sickness Absence in the Whitehall II Study
Authors: Ferrie Jane E. , Head Jenny , Shipley Martin J. , Vahtera Jussi , Marmot Michael G. , Kivimäki Mika 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To study BMI and change in BMI from age 25 as predictors of sickness absence.Research Methods and Procedures: Data were collected from 2564 women and 5853 men, who were British civil servants (35 to 55 years) on entry to the Whitehall II study (Phase 1, 1985 to 1988). Employer's records provided annual medically certified (long, >7 days) and self‐certified (short, 1 to 7 days) spells of sickness absence. BMI at age 25 and Phase 1 were examined in relation to absences from Phase 1 to the end of 1998 (mean follow‐up, 7.0 years).Results: After adjustment for employment grade, health‐related behaviors, and health status, overweight (BMI = 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI > 30.0 kg/m2) at Phase 1 were significant predictors of short and long absences in both sexes; rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) ranged from 1.13 (1.05 to 1.21) to 1.51 (1.30 to 1.76) compared with a BMI of 21.0 to 22.9 kg/m2. Additionally, a BMI of 23.0 to 24.9 kg/m2 at Phase 1 predicted long absences in women, and underweight (BMI < 21.0 kg/m2) predicted short absences in men. Obesity at age 25 predicted long absences, and obesity at Phase 1 predicted short and long absences in both sexes. Chronic obesity was a particularly strong predictor of long absences in men, with a rate ratio of 2.61 (1.88 to 3.63).Discussion: Findings from this well‐characterized cohort suggest that the obesity epidemic in industrialized countries may result in significant increases in sickness absence. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms. Policy to reduce sickness absence needs to tackle the problem of excess weight in the working population.
Birth Weight Is Inversely Associated With Central Adipose Tissue in Healthy Children and Adolescents
Authors: Dolan Meredith S. , Sorkin John D. , Hoffman Daniel J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Previous studies have explored the association between birth weight and excess childhood body fat, but few have used precise measures of body composition, leading to equivocal and sometimes contradictory results.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects included 101 children who underwent DXA measurements between 1995 and 2000. Birth weight and gestational age were assessed using maternal recall. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between birth weight and the following four outcome variables: total fat mass (FM), truncal fat mass (TrFM), percentage body fat (%BF), and TrFM adjusted for FM (TrFMadj), controlling for current weight and Tanner stage.Results: The mean age of the children studied was 12.9 ± 2.4 years, and the mean birth weight reported by subjects’ mothers was 3.3 ± 0.5 kg. The FM and TrFM were 12.8 ± 8.7 kg and 5.1 ± 4.1 kg, respectively, and the mean %BF was 22.9 ± 10.3%. Birth weight was a significant predictor of FM (p = 0.02) and %BF (p = 0.038). However, birth weight adjusted for gestational age (BWTadj) was a significant (p = 0.03) negative predictor of TrFMadj, independently of race, sex, Tanner stage, and current weight.Discussion: These results provide evidence that, even in childhood and adolescence, a higher birth weight is associated with higher FM and %BF, while a low birth weight is associated with TrFM, adjusted for FM.
Birth Weight Correlates Differently with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Youth
Authors: Wei Jung‐Nan , Li Hung‐Yuan , Sung Fung‐Chang , Lin Chau‐Ching , Chiang Chuan‐Chi , Li Chung‐Yi , Chuang Lee‐Ming 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Childhood obesity has become prevalent, resulting in a greater risk of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. However, the relationship between these comorbid conditions and birth weight remains uncertain. We conducted this study to evaluate the relationship between birth weight and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents.Research Methods and Procedures: In a nationwide survey conducted between 1992 and 2000, all schoolchildren 6 to 18 years old with glucosuria, proteinuria, or microscopic hematuria in repeated urine samples were included and received a physical examination and blood test. Those with gestational age <37 weeks were excluded. We enrolled 81,538 children (51,111 girls and 30,427 boys) and obtained their birth weights from the Taiwan Birth Registry. Obesity and hypertension were defined by age‐ and sex‐specific cut‐offs. Diabetes was diagnosed if the fasting glucose was >7 mM.Results: The risk of obesity was higher for those with birth weights ≥4000 grams [odds ratio (OR), 1.65] and 3543 to 3999 grams (OR, 1.28) and lower for those with birth weights 2601 to 2999 grams (OR, 0.90), using 3000 to 3542 grams as the reference group. An increased risk of diabetes was associated with both higher and lower birth weights, indicating a U‐shaped relationship (OR, <2600 grams, 1.607; 2601 to 2999 grams, 1.119; 3543 to 3999 grams, 1.112; ≥4000 grams, 1.661). In the 10‐ to 12‐year‐old age group, the risk of hypertension was higher in those with birth weights <2600 grams (OR, 1.20).Discussion: Low birth weight was associated with childhood diabetes. High birth weight was correlated with childhood obesity and diabetes. Our data indicate different relationships between birth weight and the development of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in childhood.
Low Serum Leptin Predicts Mortality in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5
Authors: Scholze Alexandra , Rattensperger Dirk , Zidek Walter , Tepel Martin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Leptin, secreted from adipose tissue, regulates food intake, energy expenditure, and immune function. It is unknown whether leptin predicts mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 on hemodialysis therapy.Research Methods and Procedures: We performed a prospective cohort study of 71 patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 in an outpatient hemodialysis center. Subjects were recruited in June 1998 and followed for 83 months. Survival was compared by the Kaplan‐Meier method.Results: After 83 months of follow‐up, 48 patients (68%) had died. Serum leptin concentrations at study entry were lower among all deceased patients compared with those patients who survived (5.2 ± 9.0 μg/L; n = 48; vs. 7.7 ± 7.8 μg/L; n = 23; p = 0.005). Baseline serum leptin concentrations were significantly lower in patients who died from cardiovascular diseases (4.7 ± 9.4 μg/L, n = 32) or infections (4.0 ± 2.7 μg/L; n = 10; each p < 0.05), but not cancer (9.4 ± 7.9 μg/L; n = 6), than in survivors (7.7 ± 7.8 μg/L; n = 23; p = 0.003). The relative risk for mortality in patients with serum leptin concentrations below the median (<2.6 μg/L) compared with patients above the median was 1.96 (95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 3.79; p = 0.04). Survival was shorter in patients with leptin concentrations below the median compared with those whose leptin concentrations were above the median (all‐cause mortality, χ2 = 5.05; p = 0.02).Discussion: Low serum leptin concentration is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 on hemodialysis therapy.
Larger Anti‐adipogenic Effect of Angiotensin II on Omental Preadipose Cells of Obese Humans
Authors: Brücher Rodrigo , Cifuentes Mariana , Acuña María José , Albala Cecilia , Rojas Cecilia V. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The ability to form new adipose cells is important to adipose tissue physiology; however, the mechanisms controlling the recruitment of adipocyte progenitors are poorly understood. A role for locally generated angiotensin II in this process is currently proposed. Given that visceral adipose tissue reportedly expresses higher levels of angiotensinogen compared with other depots and the strong association of augmented visceral fat mass with the adverse consequences of obesity, we studied the role of angiotensin II in regulating adipogenic differentiation in omental fat of obese and non‐obese humans.Research Methods and Procedures: The angiotensin II effect on adipose cell formation was evaluated in human omental adipocyte progenitor cells that were stimulated to adipogenic differentiation in vitro. The adipogenic response was measured by the activity of the differentiation marker glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase.Results: Angiotensin II reduced the adipogenic response of adipocyte progenitor cells, and the extent of the decrease correlated directly with the subjects’ BMI (p = 0.01, R2 = 0.30). A 56.3 ± 3.4% and 44.5 ± 2.7% reduction of adipogenesis was found in obese and non‐obese donors’ cells, respectively (p < 0.01). The effect of angiotensin II was reversed by type 1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan.Discussion: A greater anti‐adipogenic response to angiotensin II in omental adipose progenitor cells from obese subjects opens a venue to understand the deregulation of visceral fat tissue cellularity that has been associated with severe functional abnormalities of the obese condition.
New Scanning Electron Microscopic Method for Determination of Adipocyte Size in Humans and Mice
Authors: Guo Wen , Bigornia Sherman , Leizerman Ilit , Xie Weisheng , McDonnell Marie , Clemente Kara , Pirtskhalava Tamara , Kirkland James L. , Gokce Noyan , Corkey Barbara E. , Sullivan Lisa M. , Apovian Caroline M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate a new scanning electronic microscopic (EM) method for assessing fat cell sizes and compare fat cell size distribution in human adipose tissue from different fat depots before and after weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: Identical human fat tissue biopsies were separated into two fractions: one used to prepare a fat cell suspension by collagenase digestion followed by photomicrography (collagenase method) and the other fixed in formalin for EM analysis. The EM method was evaluated further by determining fat cell sizes from lean and ob/ob mice. Finally, the EM method was used to assess fat cell sizes in biopsies of different human depots from before and after weight loss.Results: Fat cell size distributions measured by the two methods were not identical, but differences were generally small. The EM method reproduced the well‐documented fat cell size difference between lean and ob/ob mice. Large variation was detected in fat cell distributions among three depots in humans. Weight loss reduced fat cell sizes in subjects with large baseline fat cells but had no effect in subjects with small baseline fat cell sizes.Discussion: Our results suggest that the EM method may be a useful alternative for fat cell size analysis of clinical samples.
Liraglutide, a Once‐daily Human Glucagon‐like Peptide‐1 Analog, Minimizes Food Intake in Severely Obese Minipigs
Authors: Raun Kirsten , von Voss Pia , Knudsen Lotte Bjerre 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate the efficacy of liraglutide, a new, stable, once‐daily human analog of glucagon‐like peptide‐1, in a new animal model of obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Liraglutide was administered subcutaneously once daily (7 μg/kg for 7 weeks) to six female obese Göttingen minipigs. Food intake and feeding patterns were monitored using a novel automated feeding system that allowed continuous recording of food intake.Results: Food intake was strongly suppressed. A steady‐state level of reduced food intake was achieved within 3 weeks and was maintained for the remaining 4 weeks of the treatment period. During the 4‐week steady‐state period with liraglutide treatment, daily food intake was 7.3 ± 0.3 megajoule (MJ) compared with 18.4 ± 0.6 MJ in the pre‐treatment period and 19.2 ± 0.5 MJ in the post‐treatment period (p < 0.001). The food intake in the treatment period was equivalent to the amount of food that would have been offered to normal‐weight pigs for maintenance. Body weight decreased 4.3 ± 1.2 kg (4% to 5%) during the 7 weeks of treatment and increased 7.0 ± 1.0 kg during the 7 weeks of post‐treatment (p < 0.01). Appetite suppression was quickly reversed within 4 days after termination of liraglutide administration.Discussion: Overall, liraglutide was well tolerated and had a profound and persistent anorectic effect that resulted in weight loss. These results, in conjunction with the previously established glucose‐lowering efficacy of liraglutide, suggest that the anorectic actions of liraglutide will be very important in clinical trials of both obese patients with type 2 diabetes and obese non‐diabetic patients.
Weekend and Weekday Patterns of Physical Activity in Overweight and Normal‐weight Adolescent Girls
Authors: Treuth Margarita S. , Catellier Diane J. , Schmitz Kathryn H. , Pate Russell R. , Elder John P. , McMurray Robert G. , Blew Robert M. , Yang Song , Webber Larry 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To describe the patterns (specifically comparing weekdays and weekends classified by intensities) of physical activity (PA) measured by accelerometry in adolescent girls.Research Methods and Procedures: Healthy sixth grade girls (n = 1603), 11 to 12 years old, were randomly recruited from 36 schools participating in the Trial of Activity in Adolescent Girls. Age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, weight, and height were taken. PA patterns were measured for 6 days using accelerometry.Results: Adolescent girls spend most of their time in sedentary (52% to 57% of the day) and light activity (40% to 45% of the day) on weekdays and weekends. In all girls, total PA comprised 44.5% of the day (41.7% light, 2.2% moderate, and 0.7% vigorous) with sedentary activity comprising 55.4%. Moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA) was higher (p < 0.001) on weekdays than weekends in all girls, but MVPA was lower in at‐risk of overweight + overweight girls (p < 0.001) on both weekdays and weekends compared with normal‐weight girls.Discussion: Adolescent girls are more active at moderate and vigorous intensities on weekdays than on weekends, and at‐risk of overweight and those overweight spend less time engaging in MVPA than normal‐weight girls.
BMI May Overestimate the Prevalence of Obesity Among Women of Lower Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Kaluski Dorit Nitzan , Keinan‐Boker Lital , Stern Felicia , Green Manfred S. , Leventhal Alex , Goldsmith Rebecca , Chinich Ayelet , Berry Elliot M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Our objective was to examine gender differences in height and weight associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and the consequent effect on body mass index in a multiethnic society.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study, the First Israeli National Health and Nutrition Survey, was performed on a representative population sample of 3246 adults 25 to 64 years of age, between the years 1999 to 2001. Height and weight were measured, and BMI and other weight‐height indices were calculated. SES was assessed by income and education.Results: Age‐adjusted height was significantly lower at lower levels of SES among both women and men (p < 0.001). As opposed to men, women of lower SES were heavier than those of higher SES, and the mean age‐adjusted weight was 4.6 kg higher among those of lower SES (p < 0.001). Thus, using the standard index of BMI, the prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among shorter women.Discussion: In this group of Israeli adults, the unfavorable effect of low SES on BMI was evident among women, partly due to their decreased height combined with increased weight common in this socioeconomic sector. Since BMI is only partly independent of height, it may overestimate the prevalence of obesity among women of lower SES. Alternative measures for classifying obesity in the lower SES groups that put less emphasis on height may be considered and studied.
Obesity Profiles with Knee Osteoarthritis: Correlation with Pain, Disability, Disease Progression
Authors: Marks Ray 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives: To identify the prevalence of overweight among community‐dwelling adults diagnosed as having knee osteoarthritis (OA) and the relationship between the weight status of these individuals, selected disease‐related outcomes, and disease progression.Research Methods and Procedures: The BMIs of 82 women and 18 men with unilateral or bilateral knee OA were examined on a single occasion along with data on physical comorbidities, pain, and function and subjected to correlation analyses. BMIs from two additional samples, one that included 16 women with and without knee OA and one that included 24 women and 6 men with knee joint OA that required surgery for the subsequent onset of hip OA, were also assessed.Results: At least 80% of all present cohorts were overweight or obese. Those with higher BMIs reported more pain than those with lower BMIs (p < 0.05) and pain was related to perceived physical exertion (p < 0.05). Body mass indices were not significantly correlated with generic gait measures, but an inverse trend toward the time spent in the gait cycle (r = −0.63; p = 0.097) that may impact the disease process was identified. Those with comorbidities had the same body mass, on average, as those with no comorbidities, and those with bilateral disease were heavier than those with unilateral disease.Discussion: A high body mass is present in most adults with knee OA. Moreover, being overweight may affect knee joint impact rates and pain incrementally. Having high body weights may heighten the risk for bilateral knee joint, as well as hip joint, OA.
BMI, Body Composition, and Physical Functioning in Older Adults
Authors: Woo Jean , Leung Jason , Kwok Timothy 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Recent studies have emphasized the importance of muscle and fat mass in relation to age‐related decline in physical function. Our objective was to determine whether BMI, as a surrogate measurement of fat mass, may be used as a measure of risk factor for physical functioning in older adults and whether body composition measurements confer any advantage over BMI.Research Methods and Procedures: Four thousand men and women ≥65 years of age living in the community, stratified by age and sex, underwent the following measurements: body composition by DXA; grip strength; and timed 6‐m walk. Subjects were grouped into five categories of BMI using Asian criteria for health‐related risks, and between‐group differences in physical performance measures and body composition were analyzed using analysis of covariance adjusting for age, physical activity level, and presence of chronic disease.Results: Subjects in the two obese categories had a significantly greater number of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) impairments compared with the underweight and normal‐weight groups. Those with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 had the worst walking performance, and the groups with BMI in the normal and overweight range had optimal performance. Fat mass, but not appendicular muscle mass, was associated with walking speed after adjusting for BMI.Discussion: Fat mass seems to be a more important factor than appendicular muscle mass in determining walking speed in community‐living older adults, even after adjusting for BMI.
Adiponectin Receptor 1 Variants Associated with Lower Insulin Resistance in African Americans
Authors: Crimmins Nancy A. , Woo Jessica G. , Kaushal Ritesh D. , Deka Ranjan , Dolan Lawrence M. , Martin Lisa J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAdiponectin has been shown to have a role in insulin resistance. However, little is known about the contribution of genetic variation in the adiponectin receptor 1 gene (ADIPOR1) in this regard. We hypothesized that variation in ADIPOR1 would be associated with significant changes in insulin resistance and tested this hypothesis in a cohort of 483 African‐American adolescents. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ADIPOR1 spanning from the promoter to the 3′‐untranslated region were genotyped. We analyzed single SNPs and haplotypes for associations with insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR)] in the full cohort as well as lean (BMI < 85%) and non‐lean (BMI ≥ 85%) subsets. There was no evidence of ADIPOR1 variant effects on HOMA‐IR in the full cohort or in the lean subset. However, in the non‐lean subset, SNP +5843 (A allele), and haplotypes including SNPs −8505/−5692/+3002/+5843 (ATTA and AGTG) showed significant associations with decreased HOMA‐IR after adjustment for sex, puberty, adiponectin, and waist z‐score. Our findings suggest not only that ADIPOR1 variants influence insulin resistance in the presence of adiposity, but also that these variants and haplotypes are protective in African Americans.
BMI and Waist Circumference as Indicators of Health Among Samoan Women
Authors: Novotny Rachel , Nabokov Vanessa , Derauf Christopher , Grove John , Vijayadeva Vinutha 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: High rates of obesity and chronic disease make establishment of effective indicators of risk for chronic disease important. The objective was to examine adequacy of anthropometric cut‐off points as indicators of risk for chronic disease among Samoan women in Hawaii.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional survey of 55 Samoan women 18 to 28 years of age that included blood lipids, cholesterol, and glucose (including after a 2‐hour oral glucose test); anthropometry (weight, height, waist circumference); and DXA of body composition.Results: Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/World Health Organization (WHO) cut‐off points for BMI, 22% of women were overweight and 58% were obese. Cholesterol, lipid, and glucose values were all linearly related to DXA body fat, BMI, and waist circumference. BMI and waist circumference at WHO/NIH cut‐off points predicted levels of blood lipids and glucose that indicate elevated risk for disease.Discussion: WHO/NIH cut‐off points for BMI and waist circumference reflect risk indicators of chronic disease among young Samoan women in Hawaii.