bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Different Laundering Approaches for Decontaminating Structural Fire Fighting Protective Clothing
Authors: Stull JO , Dodgen CR , Connor MB , McCarthy RT 
Published: March 2009

Fire fighters are routinely exposed to thermal, chemical, biological, and physical hazards. Risk of exposure to thermal and physical hazards is limited to the fireground while the potential for exposure to chemical and biological hazards continues until contaminated clothing has been effectively decontaminated. This study characterized clothing contamination levels in retired fire fighter turnout gear and evaluated the effectiveness of current laundering practices in decontaminating this protective clothing.
Retired turnout coats, destructively evaluated using solvent extraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, showed a variety of contaminants, some a significant concentrations. The relative effectiveness of six laundering techniques was determined against five materials using a technique to reproducibly contaminate and evaluate contaminant levels with six target chemicals. Dry cleaning was found to be the most efficient process for removing target contaminants while there was relatively little difference for most of the conventional laundering techniques. Force air circulation also provided effective in removing significant amounts of contamination. In addition, the effects of laundering procedures on clothing material performance were evaluated. The most significant changes was the reduction of water penetration resistance for a non-breathable moisture barrier material.
Injury Analysis: The Key to Improved Effectiveness of Protective Clothing
Authors: Laing RM , Wilson CA , Marshall SW 
Published: March 2009

Selection of materials and clothing systems for protection of active firefighters in the workplace continues to focus on resistance to heat, flame, and chemicals. This is probably because these hazards are obvious and seem most likely to cause injury. However, examination of agents and events which actually result in injury is necessary if continued improvements to protective clothing systems are to be made. This rationale was explained in an earlier paper [1].
The present study sought to identify injury agents and types of injury sustained by New Zealand firefighters which resulted in hospital admission. Comprehensive national hospitalization files for a ten-year period 1980 – 1989 were examined. The World Health Organisation International Classification of Diseases E Codes were used to categorize injury events (agents) and included motor vehicles, water, poison, falls, fire and flame, suffocation and ‘other’. The International Classification of Diseases N Codes was used for injury diagnosis and included fractures, dislocation, sprains and strains, intra cranial, internal chest, open wounds, contusions, crushing, burns, nerves and spine, and toxic effects.
The highest injury rates per 1000 career employees occurred with fractures, toxic effects and open wounds, although no significant trends over time were observed. Falls and ‘other’ injury agents were the dominant cause of injury.
The rationale for current developments in protective clothing in New Zealand is explained, with reference to the diversity in the nature of work required of firefighters and to recent legislative changes.
Laboratory Equipment and Data Interpretation Method for Predicting Volatile Emissions During Solidification
Authors: Su HJJ , Jensen RH , Hinsenveld M 
Published: March 2009

Volatilization is a valid concern in the solidification of wastes containing organics. In the presence of strongly adsorbing substances, however, even volatile compounds may not rule out solidification. In order to distinguish between wastes having negligible emissions and those from which emissions may be problematic, a definition of a “volatilization potential” and a method of determining this potential is needed. The assessment method can be based on the emission rate measured in a standardized laboratory setup.
This paper begins to develop a laboratory setup and a reference framework for the interpretation of the measured emissions from sludges. A “volatilization quality index” is derived, which can be used to evaluate and rank the potential of volatilization from sludges during mixing operations. This quality index is related to the measured emissions from an organic sludge taken from a waste site. The implications of the experimental results are related to practice.
Ultrasonic Agitation Method for Accelerating Batch Leaching Tests
Authors: Caldwell RJ , Stegemann JA , Chao CC 
Published: March 2009

A method has been developed which uses ultrasonic cavitation to accelerate batch leaching tests. Batch leaching tests, in which attainment of an equilibrium between the solid sample and liquid leachant is desired, usually involve particle size reduction and mixing to hasten mass transfer of soluble compounds. In the study discussed here, mixing in the form of ultrasonic cavitation was used to supply an intense level of agitation. Breaking the liquid boundary layer surrounding individual waste particles ensured a maximum concentration gradient between the solid and liquid phases and accelerated attainment of steady state concentrations.
Evaluation of the acceleration technique was made through comparison of leachate quality of stabilized/solidified (S/S) residue samples tested using the Wastewater Technology Centre's (WTC) equilibrium extraction (EE) and an ultrasonically agitated version of the same test method (UEE). The sample preparation, liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction fluid, etc., specified in the EE method were held constant for the EE and UEE samples, while the duration and method of agitation was altered for the UEE samples. To date, this evaluation has been made using five metal finishing residues, which were selected based on their elevated concentrations of regulated contaminants. The results of the evaluations are presented and suggestions are made as to the applicability of this accelerated test method.
The Regulatory Role of the Applicator in Developing, Approving, Using, and Monitoring Pesticides
Authors: Beck JR , Martin LR , Giles RH 
Published: March 2009

Pesticide Applicators are responsible to Federal, State and local agencies for label compliance and responsible to property or residence owners for effective results on a site specific area. Pesticide Applicators have much responsibility and years of practical field experience but as a group are rarely involved in the process of establishing pesticide policy, regulations or efficacy research from which our labels are written. Equally disturbing is the legal void for solving complex, multifaceted pest problems that more frequently are impacting entire communities.
The regulatory and private research bureaucracy needs to look outside of themselves to develop a partnering relationship with the current generation of qualified Pesticide Applicators. Anything less would squander a vast pool of experiential knowledge that is vital to the healthy growth of our society in the new millennium.
Developing Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulations Using Droplet Size and Experimental Design Software
Authors: Butler BJ , Schultz AK 
Published: March 2009

The objective of this paper is to study the development of emulsifier blends for EC formulations using Design-Expert software, using emulsion droplet size as the measured response. Particle size was measured using the NICOMP Model 370 Submicron Particle Sizer from NICOMP Particle Sizing Systems. The emulsifier systems optimized were 3 component blends of calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, an EO/PO block copolymer, and a nonionic surfactant. The test systems were permethrin and chlorpyrifos insecticides.
The models developed for both systems, and the statistical details are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of using statistical Design of Experiments (DOE) with particle size analysis are discussed.
Fatty Methyl Esters as Solvent Alternatives for Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulations
Authors: Skelton PR , Turpin KL 
Published: March 2009

Aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons have been selected as the solvent of choice in many pesticide emulsifiable concentrate formulations. These solvents have primarily been utilized because of their stable physical properties and cost effectiveness. Historically, fatty methyl esters have been used to increase solubility, improve stability, and increase flash points in some high active pesticide formulations.
In an attempt to investigate solvent alternatives in emulsifiable concentrate formulations, fatty methyl esters were examined under laboratory conditions with a cross section of typical fatty methyl esters. Emulsifiable concentrates consisting of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, trifluralin, and malathion were used in this study. Fatty methyl esters ranging in carbon chain lengths C4 - C18 were evaluated as replacements for C10 alkylbenzene solvent (aromatic solvent) in the emulsifiable concentrate formulations. The emulsification properties were compared. This study examines the effect on emulsification of each pesticide utilizing fatty methyl esters versus aromatic hydrocarbon solvent.
Dearomatized Tailor Made Hydrocarbon Fluids in Pesticide Formulations
Authors: Frisch PD , Verbelen RA 
Published: March 2009

In a previous study, the effect of specific dearomatized hydrocarbon fluids with boiling ranges between 220 and 310 °C was highlighted. In combination with surfactants, they were shown to increase significantly the performance of active ingredients (insecticides and herbicides) when incorporated in pesticide formulations or in tank mixes. These fluids were shown not only to improve the biological activity of the active ingredients but also to modify the application properties, volatility versus penetration characteristics and the mode of action.
This paper represents an extention of that prior work and focuses on the contribution of a specific dearomatized tailor made fluid boiling in the 240 – 260 °C range to the efficacy enhancement of two widely used herbicides, acetochlor and acifluorfen. Acetochlor, a selective pre-emergent herbicide used to control annual grasses in maize, was formulated into capsule suspension (CS), microcapsule and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations. Acifluorfen, a post-emergent herbicide used to control annual broad leafed weeds in soybeans, was formulated into microemulsions (μE) and soluble concentrate (SL) formulations.
It will be demonstrated that capsule suspension and microemulsion formulations of these two active ingredients incorporating a tailor made hydrocarbon fluid provide improved or similar weed control with reduced phytotoxicity.
Methodology for Evaluation of Glyphosate Formulations
Authors: de Ruiter H , Meinen E , Uffing AJM 
Published: March 2009

The objective of the study was to develop a simple procedure for the evaluation of glyphosate formulations. Surfactants are included in glyphosate formulations for improving the wetting of the leaf surface and enhancing the foliar uptake of the herbicide. Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L), species differing greatly in wettability and uptake properties, were used for measuring the influence of three surfactants (Ethomeen T/25, polyoxyethylene (15) tallow amine; Atplus 201, polyoxyethylene (20) hexitan monolaurate ester, Sisterna L70-C, sucrose laurate ester) on dose-response relations. The unformulated isopropylamine salt of glyphosate was used and surfactants were included at 0.25% (w/v).
The ED50 values for glyphosate applied on black nightshade and expressed as g ae/ha were 71 (no surfactant), 4 (Ethomeen T/25), 4 (Atplus 201), and 39 (Sisterna L70-C). With wheat the ED50 values for glyphosate were 300 (no surfactant), 15 (Ethomeen T/25), 12 (Atplus 201), and 28 g ae/ha (Sisterna L70-C). With both species, but particularly with black nightshade, the surfactant Sisterna L70-C was less effective than Ethomeen T/25 and Atplus 201.
Spray retention and foliar uptake experiments indicate that in wheat the surfactant-induced spray retention (up to 3-fold) is the predominant factor explaining the influence of the surfactants on glyphosate phytotoxicity. In black nightshade, the surfactant-induced foliar uptake of glyphosate (up to 6-fold) was considered as the factor explaining the enhanced phytotoxicity of glyphosate. In both species, the surfactant Sisterna L70-C did not promote foliar uptake of glyphosate. We conclude that the influence of the surfactants on the ED50 in the two species roughly indicates the potency of these compounds to enhance spray retention and foliar uptake.
Practice and Research: The Need for Standards for Historic Mortars
Authors: Fontaine L , Thomson ML , Suter GT 
Published: March 2009

A mortar research program for the Public Works and Government Services of Canada was initiated in the late 1980's. This research program was a most comprehensive one on the Canadian level; more than 100 mortars were tested in the course of the last decade. Its primary objective was to identify durable repointing mortars which would be practical in their application and compatible with specific traditional stone masonry. For the first time physical and mechanical properties as well as frost resistance have been combined under the same research program. This research program was triggered and managed by practitioners to meet the need of major conservation projects carried out in Canada by the federal government.
This paper presents an overview of the testing program, its performance criteria, and its key results. With respect to preservation standards, this paper provides an overview of the application of testing standards to this research program for repointing mortars in laboratory conditions and in-situ. It highlights situations where standards had to betailored to the preservation needs or developed as new testing procedures.
The most important difficulties of this research program with respect to the development of preservation standards are as follows: 1) as the intent of modern masonry design is often different from traditional masonry, few existing standards are directly applicable; 2) there are no existing testing standards which specifically assess the durability of historic mortars; 3) some tests are too costly to be used in a testing program in practice; 4) excessive time is needed for some existing tests for quality control and site supervision.
Practice currently suffers considerably from the lack of appropriate standards for the testing of traditional masonry mortars. There is a great need for preservation standards and only limited resources to address the situation. A well orchestrated and major collective effort is required to adjust and develop testing standards for the preservation of our masonry heritage.
The Pyramid of Chephren, the Colosseum and the Temples of Angkor: Diagnosis and Safety Evaluation
Authors: Croci G , Viskovic A 
Published: March 2009

Conservation, strengthening and restoration of Architectural Heritage require first of all a full understanding of the structural behaviour, of the materials characteristics and of the causes of decay and damage. Then safety levels can be evaluated and remedial measures decided.
Unfortunately these operations can't be based only on objective evaluations and mathematical analysis, due to the difficulties to have reliable data and to reduce the complexity of the reality and of the phenomena to semplified schemes; it is necessary, therefore, that those quantitative analysis would be associated with qualitative ones, based on the direct observation of the structural damage and materials decay, on the historical survey, etc., all of which makes very difficult to establish rules and codes in a traditional way: standards, guidelines, or recommendations, should trace out more a coherent methodology than mathematical rules.
An “explanatory report”, where all the different phases of the study are shown, may help to give scientific value to all the process.
In the paper are described three studies - the pyramid of Chephen in Egypt, the Colosseum in Rome and the temples of Angkor in Cambodia - to show how it would be difficult to understand their structural behaviour and to take appropriate decisions just following traditional mathematical methods; it is integrating these structural analyses with the qualitative information resulting from the historical research and the careful observation of the monument that a scientific approach can be laid down.
Instrumentation for Monitoring Large-Span Culverts
Authors: Webb MC , Selig ET , McGrath TJ 
Published: March 2009

An extensive instrumentation plan was devised to monitor large-span culvert behavior, soil behavior and culvert-soil interaction during backfilling and during live load testing. The goals of the instrumentation plan were to help control construction deformations, including insuring safe working conditions, and to gather sufficient data to advance the state of the art in the design and construction of large-span culverts. The instrumentation plan and sample results are discussed.
A 9.1 m (30 ft) span reinforced concrete arch and a 9.5 m (31 ft) span structural plate corrugated steel arch large-span culvert were tested. Both had shallow cover and live loads. Two tests were conducted, one with dense backfill and one with loose backfill.
Measurements were made of culvert shape, culvert strains, culvert-soil interface pressures, soil density, soil stresses, soil strains, foundation movements, temperature, cracking of the concrete culvert and shear movements between precast concrete segments. The most unique measurement was made by a custom built laser device for measuring movements of specific points on the culvert wall. The accuracy of this device was verified by level survey and tape measurements.
The instrumentation performed well and measured results were within the range expected. Culvert deformations were efficiently measured without impeding construction operations. Culvert-soil interaction effects during backfilling and during live load testing were reasonably defined with the instruments selected.
Using Geomatics in the Acquisition and Management of Field Data
Authors: Brokaw WS 
Published: March 2009

The term Geomatics refers to the integration of geographic information systems (GIS) with global positioning satellite (GPS) technology, remote sensing and communication technology, (i.e., the Internet). A project involving the collection of environmental data at a site follows a series of consecutive events. The initial step is to identify project parameters and determine data needs. Data capture methods (i.e. collection and analyses) are selected and then implemented in the field. Once the data are generated, organization and communication are essential in making the data useful. The objective of using Geomatics is to facilitate the acquisition and management of data and to provide a mechanism for effectively communicating this information.
Before a field work is initiated, valuable information about the site and surrounding area can be obtained via the Internet. Homepages maintained by the US Geographic Survey, US Census Bureau and environmental organizations provide maps and other regional data in digital format, enabling a project manager to assess a wide range of regional conditions. Aerial and satellite photographs can be obtained to further understand the site and surrounding area. As site-specific data are generated, the geographic coordinates of each sampling point can be accurately and rapidly determined with GPS receivers. Using GIS software, a project manager can efficiently integrate the GPS geographic coordinate data with analytical data and the information obtained from the Internet-aerial photographs. GIS serves as the primary data management engine, organizing and providing access to all information generated as part of the project. The Internet can be utilized to disseminate the information to concerned parties.
The Key Role of Monitoring in Controlling the Construction of the New Jubilee Line between Waterloo and Westminster, London
Authors: Osborne NH 
Published: March 2009

Crucial to the success of Contract 102 of the Jubilee Line Extension Project (JLEP) was the detailed analysis of the impact of the construction process on the surrounding ground, structures and tunnels under construction. The construction works were to pass under or alongside some of London's most historic and prestigious buildings, consequently stringent limits were imposed upon ground and structure movements. To control these movements and remain within the limits set, a comprehensive monitoring system was required, comprising a wide variety of instruments linked to a geotechnical database. An extensive and integrated instrumentation system was designed to produce quality data and as no monitoring system existed that covered the unique requirements of the contract and of the Balfour Beatty Amec Joint Venture (BBA), the option was taken by BBA to design and develop a system in house.
The result was Geosys, a windows based monitoring system that could handle data from the various instruments on site, fulfilling a major role in the successful observational approach that was taken to control ground movement from both the tunnelling and the grouting. Geosys enabled electronic data to be reviewed in “real time” and the surveyed precise levelling results could be reviewed within half an hour of survey, if required; feedback loops into the design resulted in a major impact upon the construction decision making processes. The data handling and processing developed within Geosys are described. The subsequent geotechnical benefits to the contract, through the application of high quality processed monitoring data to the control of the ground movements and the construction works, are discussed.
The Role of the FCC-HCP Phase Transformation During the Plastic Deformation of Co-Cr-Mo-C Alloys for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Salinas-Rodríguez A 
Published: March 2009

The plastic deformation behavior of solution treated Co-27Cr-5Mo cast alloys with C contents up to 0.31 wt% were studied at 298 K by means of uniaxial tension and compression tests. In addition, the effect of initial grain size on the plastic flow behavior of annealed Co-27Cr-5Mo-0.05C wrought alloy was investigated. Optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterize the microstructures produced by plastic deformation.
Carbon contents greater than 0.05 wt% and furnace cooling after solution treatments at 1250 °C were found to inhibit the occurrence of strain-induced fcc(metastable)=&gt;hcp phase transformation and lead to high strain hardening rate, high strength and low ductility. A similar behavior was found in annealed, 0.05 wt% C alloy for grain sizes smaller than 10 μm. In contrast, a fast cooling rate after the solution treatment and grain sizes in the range 100–2000 μm for this later alloy were found to promote phase transformation during deformation which lead to a rapid decrease of the rate of strain hardening. The yield strength and the strain hardening behavior of both cast-solution treated and wrought-annealed materials were found to depend on the type of loading during the tests.
The results allowed to conclude that the strain-induced fcc(metastable)=&gt;hcp phase transformation plays an important role during large strain plastic deformation of low carbon Co-27Cr-5Mo implant alloys. However, when the carbon C in these alloys is larger than 0.05 wt%, the ductility and the fracture behavior are controlled by the size, morphology and distribution of secondary phase carbide particles in the microstructure.