bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
African Historical Demography in the Years since Edinburgh
Authors: Cordell Dennis D. 
Published: May 2006

The study of African demography, unlike the study of populations in Europe, North America, and even Asia, has been remarkably ahistorical. The absence of historical understandings of the facts and dynamics of African populations based on focused, local research has led to the creation and perpetuation of notable myths about African populations in the past. Perhaps the most powerful of these stereotypes is the Malthusinn and neo-Malthusian belief that, whatever the historical era and whatever the social and economic contexts, African populations have invariably sought to maximize births.In 1977 participants at the first conference on African historical demography, convened at the African Studies Center in the University of Edinburgh, argued for a more historicized analysis of the evolution of African populations. Papers presented at Edinburgh in 1977, at a second seminar there in 1981, and in a respectable number of conferences, seminars, and panel sessions in the last two decades, confirm in a variety of time periods and social and economic contexts just how historical research contributes to our understanding of the pasts and presents of African societies.This paper surveys research in African historical demography by demographers and by historians “in the years since Edinburgh,” concluding with a mention of a variety of demographic topics—fertility, nuptiality, mortality, migration, and family history—to show how such research has added depth and complexity to our appreciation of social history in Africa, and how various were the ways that African societies sought to ensure their demographic survival.
Of Hunters, Goats and Earth-Shrines: Settlement Histories and the Politics of Oral Tradition in Northern Ghana
Authors: Lentz Carola 
Published: May 2006

The present paper deals with the settlement history of a West African agricultural society, that of the Dagara in present-day northwestern Ghana and southern Burkina Faso. In it, I shall be particularly interested in the appropriation of space, which is ritually legitimized through the acquisition of earth-shrines, and in the conflict-ridden relationships between the in-migrating Dagara and the Sisala, who were already settled in their new habitat. My primary concern, however, is not to examine the Dagara's expansion strategies or the history of interethnic conflicts as such, but their working out in disputed oral traditions. Using the example of the controversial settlement history of Nandom (see map 1), I wish to show how Africans, both today and in the colonial past, have used oral traditions in order to conduct politics. I shall discuss the methodological implications that this mutual constitution of oral traditions and political interests has for the reconstruction of settlement history and examine the possibilities of a thorough criticism of sources to detect core elements of the historical settlement process and appropriation of space as well as the presentday confrontations with history.Oral traditions have played an important role in research into African history and societies. This is because in many places it was European missionaries and colonial masters who first introduced literacy and writing, and because we have only a few written sources—sometimes none at all—for the period up to the end of the nineteenth century.
New Sources for German Colonial History in Dresden
Authors: Ludwig Jörg 
Published: May 2006

The Central state Archive in Dresden has recently acquired new archival material relating to Africa. Although of modest proportions, this material would certainly be of interest for specialized studies. It consists of two parts: records of the firm Hermann Schubert, and the papers of the German colonial politician Oskar Wilhelmn Stübel.Hermann Schubert's firm was established in 1862 as a small textile factory in Zittau. It grew rapidly and in the first third of the twentieth century assumed a leading role in the world market for sewing thread. In 1907, in collaboration with the colonial authorities of the German Reich, it established a cotton plantation in the Rufiji District of German East Africa (today southern Tanzania) known as Schuberthof. Partly due to a lack of experience in growing cotton, the plantation sustained considerable losses and was abandoned after World War I.Records concerning Schuberthof form part of the papers of the firm Hermann Schubert/VEB Textilwerke Zittau. They are of a fragmentary nature; all that has survived are reports of the plantation to the firm's headquarters for 1909, and documents relating to a visit of the firm's head to German East Africa in 1907. The latter includes travel notes, reports on conversations with Walter Rathenau and the secretary of State for Colonies, as well as glass plates with snapshots of a tourist nature.Oskar Wilhelm Stübel was born in Dresden in 1846. He studied at the universities of Leipzig, Berlin, and Heidelberg, obtained his doctorate in Leipzig, and entered the Saxon civil service.
Being Fair to the Hounds: The Function and Practice of Annotation, II
Authors: Henige David 
Published: May 2006

Visual strategy begins on the first page. The most pretentious form of first page differentation is the “lead-in” quotation whereby the author prefaces the main body of the text with a quote from an esteemed scholar, a famous decision, or some other prestigious source. … The objective of the “lead-in” quote is to spark immediate attention with a titillating example of erudition, humor, or impertinence… Ideally the lead-in quote should be obscure—oriental sources are recommended—and should not have a substantive link to the subject matter of the article. … This technique can generate guilt among readers who suspect the game but lack the nerve to speak out.His books positively clank and groan under the weight of apparatus. Very good it is too.As indicated in the first part of this paper, I adopt a generous definition of “annotation” in this discussion. There the traditional forms, footnotes, and other textual apparatus were discussed. Here I want to concentrate on a number of forms of annotation that are not usually treated under that rubric. Included (in roughly the order in which they are likely to appear in a given work) are titles, tables of contents, prefaces, epigraphs, graphs and charts, maps, quoted matter, facsimiles, appendices, glossaries, bibliographies, and indexes. Each of these is an occasion—and an opportunity—to provide access to the text, to the author's own sources, or to the author's mind. While every work will not use all of these, certain of them (prefaces, tables of contents, bibliographies, and indexes) should be a part of every substantial scholarly study.
The Place of Birth: Wodaabe Changing Histories of Origin
Authors: Loftsdóttir Kristín 
Published: May 2006

Two children came out of the water and they made a grass house (suurel) and stayed at that place. Later, some cows came out of the water and stayed during the evening with the children. And then the children migrated (gurgiisi, a short migration movement). The cows followed the children every place they went because the children had made them fire (Loose translation: tape transcript 1997).His voice is difficult to understand; he is an old man. Sitting on a mat placed on the sand beneath his chair, I listen carefully, even though I know that my tape recorder will later help me in reconstructing his speech. His narrative is not unfamiliar and in fact it is almost surprising to me the similarity to WoDaaBe origin narratives that I have seen on print.My discussion here focuses on WoDaaBe origin stories from the perspective of histories as being socially meaningful, integrated into political contexts. Ethnographic research among the WoDaaBe has reflected rather similar stories of origin as the one presented here, focusing on the WoDaaBe as originating in a mythical way, along with their cattle. My own research in the Tchin-Tabaraden area in Niger in 1996-98 indicated, however, that even though the narratives documented earlier by travelers and anthropologists are known, people were generally more interested in reciting and discussing stories strongly grounded in time and space. In my approach, I follow Jan Vansina's comment that “all messages have some intent which has to do with the present, otherwise they would not be told in the present” (Vansina 1985:92). Similarly, Ellen Basso has pointed out in relation to narratives, that it is not enough to ask, “what is a story about;”whyit was told must be questioned as well (Basso 1995:x). I also contribute from theorists that have emphasized history itself as a political phenomenon formulating relations between past and present (Popular Memory Group 1982:240), making how the past is understood relevant to the present political-cultural context, without reducing it to merely functional justification for the present (Werbner 1998:2). History and memory thus have a texture that is both social and historic (Bommes et al., 1982:256), intertwined with power and meaning.
Who and Where Were the Baga? European Perceptions from 1793 to 1821
Authors: Mouser Bruce L. 
Published: May 2006

By the end of the eighteenth century the Baga, or peoples of the seaside (the bae raka), were already long-term residents of mangrove islands located between Guinea-Bissau and Iles de Los—the northern half of Guinea-Conakry's current coast. That fact is well known and accepted by everyone interested in the ethnohistory of this part of Guinea. What is less clearly documented or understood is how far they extended inland, the context of that residence which allowed them to operate economically and socially with guests upon their lands, and perhaps how outsiders influenced their characteristics, within a historically definable period. Drawing on observations from first-hand accounts written between 1793 and 1821, this study attempts to answer these questions and to suggest assumptions about the Baga experience and conclusions for particular Baga groups by 1821.This paper flows from a longer and broader study of peoples and commercial activities in the Rio Nunez to Iles de Los section of coastal Guinea-Conakry for the 1750 to 1865 period, that period just prior to establishment of French suzerainty. It also emerges from a historian's desire to assign ethnic groups or at least ethnic types to identifiable regions and to understand relationship traits that may have operated during a specific period. The Baga were likely minor players in political and commercial transformations that accompanied the rise of slave trading or establishment of new markets for commodities' traffic occurring with its decline in the late 1830s. As producers of rice, salt, and livestock, and collectors of cola, however, and as ‘first-comers’ with claim to land through which commerce with the interior inevitably flowed, the Baga favorably served trades that found their basis in both trades and that attached interior markets to those of the coast.
Evaluation of the association between feeding raw meat and Salmonella enterica infections at a Greyhound breeding facility
Authors: Morley Paul S. , Strohmeyer Rachel A. , Tankson Jeanetta D. , Hyatt Doreene R. , Dargatz David A. , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To investigate Salmonella enterica infections at a Greyhound breeding facility.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animal and Sample Populations—138 adult and juvenile dogs and S enterica isolates recovered from the dogs and their environment.
Procedures—The investigation was conducted at the request of a Greyhound breeder. Observations regarding the environment and population of dogs were recorded. Fecal, food, and environmental specimens were collected and submitted for Salmonellaculture. Isolates were serotyped and tested for susceptibility to 16 antimicrobials. Isolates underwent genetic analyses by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping.
Results—S enterica was recovered from 88 of 133 (66%) samples of all types and from 57 of 61 (93%) fecal samples. Eighty-three (94.3%) of the isolates were serotype Newport, 77 (87.5%) of which had identical resistance phenotypes. Genetic evaluations suggested that several strains of S enterica existed at the facility, but there was a high degree of relatedness among many of the Newport isolates. Multiple strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport were recovered from raw meat fed on 1 day.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—S enterica infections and environmental contamination were common at this facility. A portion of the Salmonellastrains detected on the premises was likely introduced via raw meat that was the primary dietary constituent. Some strains appeared to be widely disseminated in the population. Feeding meat that had not been cooked properly, particularly meat classified as unfit for human consumption, likely contributed to the infections in these dogs.
Does age matter in the selection of treatment for men with early‐stage prostate cancer?
Authors: Konski Andre , Eisenberg Debra , Horwitz Eric , Hanlon Alexandra , Pollack Alan , Hanks Gerald 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe specific aim of the current study was to compare freedom from biochemical failure, distant metastases‐free survival, and overall survival in men age ≤55 years, men ages 60 to 69 years, and men age ≥70 years presenting with localized prostate cancer.METHODSA matched pair analysis compared patients age ≤55 years (Group 1) who were treated with 3‐dimension conformal radiation without androgen deprivation to men age ≥60 years and <70 years (Group 2), and men age ≥70 years (Group 3) who were treated at the Fox Chase Cancer Center between November 1989 and October 2001. The groups were matched for disease stage (T1/T2b vs. T2C/T3), Gleason grade (2‐6 vs. 7‐10), radiation dose (<70 Gray [Gy] vs. ≥70–76 Gy vs. ≥76 Gy), and pretreatment prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level. Estimates of outcome were accomplished using Kaplan‐Meier methodology and compared by age group using the log‐rank test.RESULTSEighty‐four men were identified according to the selection criteria. No statistically significant difference was found in the 5‐year overall survival rates for Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 (94%, 95%, and 87%, respectively) or the 5‐year rate of freedom from biochemical failure in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 (82%, 76%, and 70%, respectively), or freedom from distant metastases (96%, 97%, and 98%, respectively).CONCLUSIONSMen age ≤55 years who present with localized prostate cancer do not appear to have a worse prognosis. External beam radiation therapy appears to be a viable treatment alternative and should be offered to men age ≤55 years who present with organ‐confined prostate cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Henry (Nitroaldol) Reaction Utilizing a Guanidine‐Thiourea Bifunctional Organocatalyst
Authors: Sohtome Yoshihiro , Hashimoto Yuichi , Nagasawa Kazuo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA highly enantio‐ and diastereoselective Henry reaction of various aldehydes with nitroethane was developed using the guanidine‐thiourea bifunctional catalyst 1 (syn selectivity of 86:14 to 99:1 with 84–99 % ee). A variety of nitroalkanes was treated with unbranched and branched aldehydes and gave nitro alcohols with high syn diastereoselectivities (90:10 to 99:1) and high enantioselectivities (85–95 % ee). This reaction was successfully utilized in a straightforward synthesis of (4S,5R)‐epi‐cytoxazone.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Linear fractional relations for Hilbert space operators
Authors: Khatskevich V. A. , Ostrovskii M. I. , Shulman V. S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this paper we study linear fractional relations defined in the following way.Let ℋ︁i and ℋ︁i ′, i = 1, 2, be Hilbert spaces. We denote the space of bounded linear operators acting from ℋ︁j to ℋ︁i ′ by L (ℋ︁j , ℋ︁i ′). Let T ∈ ℒ︁(ℋ︁1 ⊕ ℋ︁2, ℋ︁1′ ⊕ ℋ︁2′). To each such operator there corresponds a 2 × 2 operator matrix of the form
equation image
where Tij ∈ ℒ︁ (ℋ︁j , ℋ︁i ′), i, j = 1, 2. For each such T we define a set‐valued map GT from ℒ︁(ℋ︁1, ℋ︁2) into the set of closed affine subspaces of ℒ︁(ℋ︁1′, ℋ︁2′) by
G T (K ) = {K ′ ∈ ℒ︁(ℋ︁1′, ℋ︁2′) : T 21 + T 22K = K ′(T 11 + T 12K )} .
The map GT is called a linear fractional relation .The main result of the paper is the description of operator matrices of the form (.) for which the relation GT is defined on some open ball of the space ℒ︁(ℋ︁1, ℋ︁2).Linear fractional relations are natural generalizations of linear fractional transformations studied by M. G. Krein and Yu. L. Šmuljan (1967).The study of both linear fractional transformations and linear fractional relations is motivated by the theory of spaces with an indefinite metric and its applications. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Periodic solutions of a Lotka–Volterra type multi‐species population model with time delays
Authors: Xu Rui , Chaplain M. A. J. , Davidson F. A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA delayed periodic Lotka–Volterra type population model with m predators and n preys is investigated. By using Gaines and Mawhin's continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory and by constructing suitable Lyapunov functionals, sufficient conditions are derived for the existence, uniqueness and global stability of positive periodic solutions of the model. Numerical simulation is presented to illustrate the feasibility of our main results. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Harnack inequality for two‐weight subelliptic p ‐Laplace operators
Authors: Ferrari Fausto 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this note, we prove a Harnack inequality for two‐weight subelliptic p ‐Laplace operators together with an upper bound of the Harnack constant associated with such inequality. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Endocannabinoids potently protect the newborn brain against AMPA‐kainate receptor‐mediated excitotoxic damage
Authors: Shouman Basma , Fontaine Romain H , Baud Olivier , Schwendimann Leslie , Keller Matthias , Spedding Michael , Lelièvre Vincent , Gressens Pierre 
Published: May 2006

Brain lesions induced in newborn mice or rats by the glutamatergic agonists ibotenate (acting on NMDA and metabotropic receptors) or S‐bromowillardiine (acting on AMPA‐kainate receptors) mimic some aspects of white matter cysts and transcortical necrosis observed in human perinatal brain damage associated with cerebral palsy. Exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids have received increasing attention as potential neuroprotective agents in a number of neurodegenerative disorders of the adult. One recent study showed neuroprotection by the cannabinoid agonist WIN‐55212 in a newborn rat model of acute severe asphyxia.
The present study was designed to assess the neuroprotective effects of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide using a well‐defined rodent model of neonatal excitotoxic brain lesions.
In this model, anandamide provided dose‐dependent and long‐lasting protection of developing white matter and cortical plate reducing the size of lesions induced by S‐bromowillardiine. Anandamide had only marginal neuroprotective effect against ibotenate‐induced cortical grey matter lesions. Anandamide‐induced neuroprotection against AMPA‐kainate receptor‐mediated brain lesions were blocked by a CB1 antagonist but not by a CB2 antagonist. Furthermore, anandamide effects were mimicked by a CB1 agonist but not by a CB2 agonist. Real‐time PCR confirmed the expression of CB1 receptors, but not CB2 receptors, in the untreated newborn neocortex. Finally, neuroprotective effects of anandamide in white matter involved increased survival of preoligodendrocytes and better preservation of myelination.
The present study provides experimental support for the role of endocannabinoids as a candidate therapy for excitotoxic perinatal brain lesions.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 442–451. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706755
How strongly do interactions with closely‐related native species influence plant invasions? Darwin's naturalization hypothesis assessed on Mediterranean islands
Authors: Lambdon Philip W. , Hulme Philip E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim  Recent works have found the presence of native congeners to have a small effect on the naturalization rates of introduced plants, some suggesting a negative interaction (as proposed by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species), and others a positive association. We assessed this question for a new biogeographic region, and discuss some of the problems associated with data base analyses of this type.Location  Islands of the Mediterranean basin.Methods  Presence or absence of congeners was assessed for all naturalized alien plants species at regional, local and habitat scales. Using general linear models, we attempted to explain the abundance of the species (as measured by the number of islands where recorded) from their congeneric status, and assessed whether the patterns could be alternatively accounted for by a range of biological, geographical and anthropogenic factors. A simulation model was also used to investigate the impact of a simple bias on a comparable but hypothetical data set.Results  Data base analyses addressing Darwin's hypothesis are prone to bias from a number of sources. Interaction between invaders and congenerics may be overestimated, as they often do not co‐occur in the same habitats. Furthermore, intercorrelations between naturalization success and associated factors such as introduction frequency, which are also not independent from relatedness with the native flora, may generate an apparent influence of congenerics without implying a biological interaction. We detected no true influence from related natives on the successful establishment of alien species of the Mediterranean. Rarely‐introduced species tended to fare better in the presence of congeners, but it appears that this effect was generated because species introduced accidentally into highly invasible agricultural and ruderal habitats have many relatives in the region, due to common evolutionary origins.Main conclusions  Relatedness to the native flora has no more than a marginal influence on the invasion success of alien plants in the Mediterranean, although apparent trends can easily be generated through artefacts of the data base.