bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
17 Op. 77 (1799) and Op. 103 ([?1802‐] 1803)
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDeclining health prevented Haydn from completing a 1799 commission from Prince Lobkowitz for a set of six quartets. Two completed works were published by Artaria in 1802 as Op. 77; the unfinished Op. 103 was printed by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1806. Along with indications of further development along lines pursued in Op. 76 — for example, an accelerated pace for the dance movements and the use of remote keys for interior portions of the cycle — there are signs of retrenchment, notably the scarcity of learned counterpoint and the avoidance of dramatized, end-focused designs in favor of equilibrium and symmetry. The seriousness and intensity that mark the completed movements of Op. 103 — an Andante grazioso in B flat and a veritable Sturm und Drang dance movement in D minor — are signs of a particularly ambitious, unrealized plan for the work as a whole.
Introduction: Nature's Bulwark
Authors: King Charles 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The introduction describes the geographical setting of the Caucasus, highlighting the region's diversity, from high mountains peaks to arid steppe. It discusses the major ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups, and emphasizes the multiple forms of identity that have been available to Caucasus peoples over the centuries, as they learned to thrive at the intersection of the Russian, Ottoman, and Persian empires. Major groups in the region include the Armenians, Georgians, Chechens, Dagestanis, and Circassians.
Postlude: Post‐Liszt
Authors: Hamilton Kenneth 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter traces the evolving role of the piano in 19th- and early-20th century musical life, along with the traditions of performance of some standard repertoire works by Chopin, Schubert, and Liszt whose technical difficulties became more severe as the piano itself evolved. It is argued that performance traditions ultimately not derived from the composer should be investigated more fully and treated with a greater respect than has hitherto been the case, with the adaptations of Busoni used as an illustrative example.
The Children
Authors: Vromen Suzanne 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe chapter is based on interviews with formerly hidden children and is illustrated by numerous quotes. It describes various responses to the wearing of the yellow star and the desperate search for hiding places that follows the sudden and brutal roundups of the Jewish population in the summer of 1942. Life in the convents in which the children are hidden is detailed through the reactions of the children to prayers, baptism, confession, and communion. These reactions vary greatly from resistance to acceptance; remnants of Judaism persist for some. New attitudes to the body considered as shameful are learned, and lice fought, hunger endured, native language and identity concealed. Relationships with priests and nuns range from caring, tender, and maternal to cruel and punishing. In the aftermath of the liberation, the impact of Catholic institutions varies; many hidden children return to their Jewish identity and a few remain converted. The children face great difficulties due to the ravages in their families, and gender differences in opportunities offered to orphans are resented to this day.
8 Speaking of Events: Event Word Learning and Event Representation
Authors: Maguire Mandy J. , Dove Guy O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the difficulty facing children attempting to learn novel event labels. Children must overcome what has become known as the “packaging problem”: they must figure out which event components among the many that co-occur are bundled, or “packaged”, together within the meaning of an event word. It argues that children initially use two main sources of information to help them learn event words. The first is prelinguistic universal concepts, which give them a toehold into abstracting and labeling important event features. The second is the use of perceptual similarity across same-labeled exemplars, which initially makes verb meanings quite conservative and situation-specific.
13 Neurophysiology of Action Recognition
Authors: Grossman Emily D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the neural correlates of human action perception, specifically the perception of bodies and body movements. It also provides a brief discussion on the likely connection of this network to additional cortical areas associated with more abstract properties of action perception, such as perceived intentionality. An introduction to the primary perceptual pathways in the visual cortex for generalized motion and form perception is presented, as well as some preliminary evidence for specialized circuits dedicated to biological motion perception.
17 The Structure of Experience
Authors: Tversky Barbara , Zacks Jeffrey M. , Hard Bridgette Martin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the structure of experience, covering language, objects, scenes, and events. It is argued that partitioning the world is the first step to comprehending it. Some partitioning is so instantaneous and automatic that perception of the world is not of multimedia mixtures of continuously changing sensations but rather of coherent objects, events, and scenes. The mind goes on to parse those elements and to look for structure among the parts. Typically there is a perceptual basis for part structure. Truly understanding each of these elements of our lives requires assigning meaning to their parts.
18 Computational Vision Approaches for Event Modeling
Authors: Chellappa Rama , Cuntoor Naresh P. , Joo Seong-Wook , Subrahmanian V. S. , Turaga Pavan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEvent modeling systems provide a semantic interpretation of sequences of pixels that are captured by a video camera. The design of a practical system has to take into account the following three main factors: low-level preprocessing limitations, computational and storage complexity of the event model, and user interaction. The hidden Markov model (HMM) and its variants have been widely used to model both speech and video signals. Computational efficiency of the Baum-Welch and the Viterbi algorithms has been a leading reason for the popularity of the HMM. Since the objective is to detect events in video sequences that are meaningful to humans, one might want to provide space in the design loop for a user who can specify events of interest. This chapter explores this using semantic approaches that not only use features extracted from raw video streams but also incorporate metadata and ontologies of activities. It presents three approaches for applications such as event recognition: anomaly detection, temporal segmentation, and ontology evaluation. The three approaches discussed are statistical methods based on HMMs, formal grammars, and ontologies. The effectiveness of these approaches is illustrated using video sequences captured both indoors and outdoors: the indoor UCF human action dataset, the TSA airport tarmac surveillance dataset, and the bank monitoring dataset.
23 Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Human Comprehension
Authors: Sitnikova Tatiana , Holcomb Phillip J. , Kuperberg Gina R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of evidence for distinctions between two semantic comprehension systems in the language domain: a system that maps the perceived information on graded semantic representations and a system that utilizes particular semantic requirements of verbs. It then reviews similar research using static and motion pictures. It argues that the two mechanisms of language comprehension might be analogous to the systems that use graded semantic representations and action-based requirements to make sense of the visual world. The experiments that are reviewed in this chapter examine questions of both how comprehenders understand relationships between the elements within individual events and how they understand the relationships between events. Experiments that have used event-related potentials (ERPs) are also highlighted.
1 Keeping the Home Front Cool
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the Truman administration's publicity efforts in the first three weeks of the Korean War. Fearful that this new Cold War crisis might escalate into a far bigger conflict with the Soviet Union, the president and his senior advisers sought to keep the home front cool. They made few public statements. And what they did say was carefully restrained. Without a vigorous lead from the government, however, the Washington press corps and the Republican opposition soon moved to fill the information vacuum. While reporters often resorted to speculation, partisan politicians sought to place their own spin on the crisis, insisting that it was a product of the Democrats' excessively soft posture toward communism in Asia.
3 Mobilizing For a Police Action
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
As news of battlefield defeats hit home, the administration tried to channel the public debate on how America ought to mobilize in this new, more dangerous phase of the Cold War. The instinct of Truman and his senior advisers was to remain cautious: they were still keen to stop the domestic mood from overheating, lest this result in overpowering demands to escalate the Cold War, perhaps even by launching a preventive strike against the Soviet Union. But, once again, this low‐key public posture provided Republicans with the opportunity to sharpen their political attacks. Some called for more vigorous mobilization efforts. Others pressed for a stronger stance toward communists inside America. With senior officials in the Pentagon also hinting that they favored a tougher Cold War posture, in August and September Truman moved to regain control of the debate.
4 On The Offensive
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In the middle of September 1950, MacArthur's dramatic victory at Inchon transformed the Korean War. This chapter explores the problems thrown up by this victory. In the battlefield theater, the military received scant respite from correspondents, who complained that MacArthur had made it excessively difficult to cover the Inchon campaign. In Washington, the government's efforts to sustain domestic support for a prolonged mobilization campaign appeared threatened by the public's natural tendency to lapse into complacency the minute an international crisis had passed. And in the midterm election campaign, Truman and the Democrats found it surprisingly difficult to exploit the successful turn of events in Korea, not least because the administration's decision to cross the 38th parallel threatened to bring China into the war.
6 Dealing with the “Disaster School of Journalism”
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The long military retreat that followed the Chinese intervention sparked a new round of recriminations between the military and media in the Far East. This chapter examines MacArthur's claims that war correspondents exaggerated the scale of defeat. It then explores the pressures that finally forced MacArthur to accept the need for formal censorship. Yet censorship was no panacea. Although many in the media believed they needed more guidance from the military, formal censorship was instituted in a clumsy, even brutal fashion. Matters only started to improve when Ridgway assumed control of UN forces in Korea. This energetic new commander not only introduced new tactics and a new fighting spirit, which forced Chinese troops back toward the 38th parallel, but he also introduced a more publicity‐conscious ethos, which soon helped to ease the enormous resentment that many war correspondents felt toward the military.
Conclusion
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the arguments of the book. The Truman administration's efforts to sell the Korean War went through two phases. In the first year, the government was plagued by the problems of selling a limited war. As the fighting progressed, however, officials learned from their mistakes, introduced more effective bureaucratic structures, and stiffened their rhetoric. In both phases, the government's efforts had important consequences: in the first, its low‐key posture left an opportunity for political rivals to launch effective attacks; in the second, its steady improvements helped to create a relatively stable floor during much of 1952, beyond which popular disapproval never plunged
The Footsteps of Vishnu
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Strides of Vishnu explores a wide range of topics in Hindu culture and history. Hinduism has often set out to mediate between the practical needs of its many communities and a transcendent realm. Illuminating this connection, The Strides of Vishnu focuses not only on religious ideas but also on the various arts and sciences, as well as crafts, politics, technology, and medicine. The book emphasizes core themes that run through the major historical periods of Northern India, beginning with the Vedas and leading up to India's independence. Sophisticated sciences such as geometry, grammar, politics, law, architecture, and biology are discussed within a broad cultural framework. Special attention is devoted to historical, economic, and political developments, including urbanism and empire‐building. The Strides of Vishnu situates religious and philosophical ideas within such broad contexts so religion sheds its abstract and detached reputation. The message of classical and medieval religious masterpieces—including the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, plays of Kalidasa, and many others—comes to life within a broad world‐making agenda. But while the literary masterpieces reflected the work of the cultural elites, The Strides of Vishnu also devotes considerable attention to the work that did not make it into the great texts: women's rituals, magic, alchemy, medicine, and a variety of impressive crafts. The book discusses the stunning mythology of medieval India and provides the methods for interpreting it, along with the vast cosmologies and cosmographies of the Puranas. The Strides of Vishnu is an introductory book on Hindu culture, but while it highlights central religious themes, it explores these within broader historical and cultural contexts. It gives its readers a clear and highly textured overview of a vast and productive civilization.
A City Where the Rivers Meet
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter looks at the archeological work performed by G. R. Sharma in Kaushambi. The economic, cultural, and political importance of that city, situated near the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, is featured. The period of the Mauryan Empire (third century BCE), attested by Ashoka's edict, is central to the discussion.
Maps and Myths in theMatsya Purana
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter looks at the vast mythological texts called Puranas, with a special focus on the Matsya Purana. The vast cosmological periods (yugas) and the maps of the universe contained in these texts are explained. The chapter also looks at two major pilgrimage centers on the Ganges and explains their religious importance. The politically charged methods of interpreting Hindu mythology are discussed, particularly in reference to the narrative of the churning of the ocean.
How “Theology of Marriage” Damages Ecclesiology
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines prevalent contemporary theologies of marriage, including “the domestic church,” nuptial theology, and the Religion, Culture, and Family Project at the University of Chicago. These theologies (among others) present problems for considering both marriage and singleness theologically. These include three difficult dichotomies: male/female gender roles that continue to be central to feminist discussions about families; an idolization of marriage to the detriment of single people; and a public/private distinction that sees religion and households as related to more “public” activities of politics and economic trade, but secondary. The argument of this book is not to suggest that these dichotomies can necessarily be overcome, or easily shrugged away, but rather to claim that a more fruitful path for theologians is to consider households more broadly. The idea of marriage and singleness together, in relation to the Household of God, comes forward as a possible alternative.
Neither Married nor Given in Marriage
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines Augustine's thoughts on singleness via salvation history. Many have held, following Paul in 1 Corinthians 7, that celibacy is the better state of life for Christians, and the state of life Christ demonstrates through his own life, death, and resurrection. Celibacy thus becomes intertwined with the salvation event of redemption. Augustine follows to a point but also counters those who would see that the simple fact of being celibate makes one holy. Augustine insists that Christian life is ultimately about virtuous living; one can cultivate those virtues whether married or celibate. Furthermore, Augustine discusses states of life such as divorce, suggesting that singleness is not just one state of life but several: widows, divorcees, celibates (monks and virgins), and the unmarried all figure. This chapter concludes by using Augustine's views to consider the false contemporary dichotomy between marriage and singleness, the second dichotomy raised in chapter 1.
Households Expanding
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers states of life in relation to the time “in between” the redemption and the final event in salvation history, known alternately as the eschaton or the Parousia. God continues to work in this time by reconfiguring married and single households. While Christians cannot know the fullness of what the eschaton will be like, Augustine suggests that there are hints in this world, especially in the life of the church. The church is itself a household, and one that encompasses both the married and the single. The ecclesial household is the ultimate household through which God demonstrates how the smaller daily familial households are to be reconfigured. The church as Household of God demonstrates new, reconfigured household practices particularly through its own household rituals of washing in baptism and eating at the Eucharist.
Suffragists in an Imperial Age
Authors: Sneider Allison L. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In 1899, Carrie Chapman Catt, who succeeded Susan B. Anthony as head of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, argued that it was the “duty” of U.S. women to help lift the inhabitants of new island possessions in the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii up from “barbarism” to “civilization,” a project that would presumably demonstrate the capacity of U.S. women for full citizenship and political rights. Catt, like many suffragists in her day, was well versed in the language of empire and infused the cause of suffrage with imperialist zeal in public debate. Unlike their predecessors, who were working for votes for women within the context of slavery and abolition, the next generation of suffragists argued their case against the backdrop of U.S. expansionism in Indian and Mormon territory at home as well as overseas in the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. This book examines these simultaneous political movements—woman suffrage and American imperialism—as inextricably intertwined phenomena, instructively complicating the histories of both.
3 WESTERN EXPANSION AND THE POLITICS OF FEDERALISM
Authors: Sneider Allison L. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In the 1880s the question of votes for women was reframed in the context of congressional efforts to bring the western territories in as new states and to resolve the political status of Indians and Mormons in the territories. These federal efforts helped suffragists keep the woman question alive in Congress. Specifically, Congressional solutions to the Indian and Mormon problem made voting a federal issue and challenged the constitutional settlement of Minor v. Happersett that had sent the question of votes for women back to the states.
The Religious and Spiritual Journeys of College Students
Authors: Braskamp Larry A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
After surveying the literature related to college students' religious expectations and experiences, Braskamp concludes that a majority of students want to explore questions of faith and meaning. His portrait of college spirituality is complex, including the acknowledgement that three different subgroups (described as millennials, postmoderns, and the missionary generation) exist side by side on campus. Braskamp argues that a full picture of religion on campus has to include attention to the culture and community of the institution as well as to the curriculum and co‐curriculum.
4 The Strategy of Christian Stewardship
Authors: Jenkins Willis 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes stewardship theologies, which tend to follow the obedient discipleship themes in redemption. It argues that the strategy of Christian stewardship frames environmental issues around faithful response to God's invitation and command. By appropriating the biblical trope of stewardship, this strategy organizes concern for environmental problems around obligatory service to the Creator, who entrusts to humans measured responsibilities for creation. To specify the character of this earthkeeping trust, the strategy looks to biblical accounts of how God invites humans into relationship. Stewardship thus situates the specific call to care for the earth within a general divine call to faithful relationship. By making environmental issues matter for Christian experience in reference to God's actions toward humanity, the stewardship strategy follows a background pattern of redemption. It focuses primarily on faithful practices, describing how to inhabit the providential landscape created by God's special relationship to humans.
9 Nature Redeemed
Authors: Jenkins Willis 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPaul Santmire expressed his disappointment in a personal encounter with Barth in which the latter was roundly critical of Santmire's proddings to produce a theology of nature. This chapter argues that Santmire seems to have missed the place Barth's theology had already made for nature: the way of the Reconciler restores nature to theology and humans to the earth. Yet there are ambivalences, shortcomings, and inconsistencies in Barth's thought that may explain why Barth himself could not tell Santmire of that place. Barth failed to engage sufficiently and seriously with the natural world, for which he is rightly faulted. Despite his love of country retreats and mountain walks, it was the world of letters and politics that captivated his extratheological attentions. But that bias is not necessary to his theological commitments. In only a few cases do substantial dogmatic or interpretive decisions lie behind Barth's evasion of nature, and even here they appear unnecessary from Barth's wider project. Otherwise his theology bends in the other direction, as God claims human freedom within the environment of Jesus. In answer to the problems with stewardship ethics, Barth's account of grace counsels stewardship away from the hubris of partnership models and shows how it might theologically accommodate the use of natural sciences and environmental experience. Barth also lets stewardship theologies imagine how to talk about an ethical place of Christian witness, thus showing how stewardship may be well suited to engage issues like agriculture, built environments, and ecological restoration.