bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nurse practitioners’ communication styles and their impact on patient outcomes: An integrated literature review
Authors: Charlton Cody R. , Dearing Karen S. , Berry Judith A. , Johnson Mary Jayne 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this review was to examine the published research from 1999 to 2005 describing nurse practitioner (NP)–patient interactions and to determine the best practice to enhance patient outcomes.Data sources: Databases searched included Academic Search Elite, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Health Source Consumer Edition, Health Source Nursing/Academic Edition, Medline, and PsychInfo.Conclusions: Two communication styles described in the literature and determined by authors were (a) biomedical and (b) biopsychosocial. The biopsychosocial style is identified as patient‐centered communication. Seven studies were then analyzed for NPs’ communication styles and the impact that they had on patient outcomes. The studies analyzed demonstrated that biopsychosocial (patient‐centered) communication style positively influences patient outcomes as evidenced by (a) improved patient satisfaction, (b) increased adherence to treatment plans, and (c) improved patient health.Implications for practice: The results of this review indicate that patient‐centered communication incorporated into the NPs’ practice is associated with improving patient outcomes such as (a) improved patient satisfaction, (b) increased adherence to treatment plans, and (c) improved patient health. Future research needs to be performed in order to fully study the relationship between NPs using patient‐centered communication style and its impact on patient outcomes. Clinical recommendations are made based on findings of the integrated literature review.
Tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture in dogs: a review of 59 dogs
Authors: Gower J. A. , Bound N. J. , Moores A. P. 
Published: July 2008

Objectives: To evaluate the high incidence of tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture diagnosed in skeletally immature Staffordshire bull terriers presenting to a UK animal welfare charity hospital. Methods: A retrospective review of tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures treated by the hospital between 2002 and 2007. Results: Sixty‐five tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures were recorded in 59 dogs. Fifty‐one tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture‐affected dogs (86 per cent) were Staffordshire bull terriers. Dogs sustaining tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures had median and mean ages of five and 4·9 months, respectively (range three to 10 months). Where recorded, injury was associated with a short fall or jump (typically 3 to 4 feet) in 29 of 50 dogs. Three fracture patterns were recorded: 37 stifles sustained isolated tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture; 15 stifles sustained tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture accompanied by separation of the proximal tibial epiphysis; in 13 stifles epiphyseal separation extended to produce Salter‐Harris type II fracture of the caudal tibial metaphysis. On analysis of the hospital database, tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture was a reason for presentation in 51 (3·3 per cent) of 1536 Staffordshire bull terriers, but only five (0·18 per cent) of 2815 other breed dogs, registered under the age of 12 months during the study period (P<0·001). Clinical Significance: Staffordshire bull terriers commonly present with tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture, with or without concurrent separation of the proximal tibial epiphysis, to this urban charity hospital.
Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis
Authors: Nuttall Tim 
Published: July 2008

Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis
Thelma Lee Gross, Peter Ihrke, Emily Walder and Verena Affolter Published by Blackwell Publishing, 2005, 2nd edition, 944 pages, hardback, £155.00, ISBN‐10: 0632064528, ISBN‐13: 9780632064526
A retrospective study of canine D‐dimer concentrations measured using an immunometric “Point‐of‐Care” test
Authors: Dewhurst E. , Cue S. , Crawford E. , Papasouliotis K. 
Published: July 2008

Objectives: To measure the D‐dimer concentrations in both healthy dogs and dogs with and without evidence of thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation using a “Point‐of‐Care” test. Methods: Sixty‐seven clinical cases and 26 healthy dogs were included in this retrospective study. D‐dimer was measured using the NycoCard D‐dimer test. Clinical conditions were categorised based on clinical findings, laboratory results, imaging, cytology, histopathology, necropsy or a combination of these tests. Results: There were no dogs for which the NycoCard D‐dimer test did not produce a result. The D‐dimer range in clinically healthy dogs was 0·1 to 0·5 mg/l (median 0·2 mg/l). In eight of nine cases with thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation and 43 of 58 of the cases without thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation , the D‐dimer concentrations were greater than those of healthy dogs. Clinical Significance: The NycoCard D‐dimer test card required no specialised equipment and could therefore facilitate rapid screening for thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation in first opinion practice. Elevations in D‐dimer concentration can be found in a number of clinical conditions apart from thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation and should not therefore be used as the sole basis of diagnosis. D‐dimer may be considered a good screening test for thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation as only one case with histopathological evidence of thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation had a D‐dimer concentration in the range seen in healthy dogs.
The Changing Significance of Race: African‐Americans and the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Reid Stephen 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe role of race in African‐American biblical scholarship has shifted in the last 30 years. The scholars of the G.I. generation treated African presence in the Hebrew Bible as the central element in their research. The baby boom generation scholars work with the Hebrew Bible as a cultural icon for cultural criticism. It remains to see what directions Gen X research will take in the years to come.
Neutrophil Infiltration in Normal Human Skin After Exposure to Different Ultraviolet Radiation Sources
Authors: Lee Peter L. , Van Weelden Huib , Bruijnzeel Piet L. B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractExposure of the skin to UV radiation can lead to a local infiltration of neutrophils. Not much is known on whether the infiltration of neutrophils in the irradiated skin is UV source dependent. In this study we compared different UV sources (solar‐simulated radiation [SSR], narrowband [NB]‐UVB, broadband [BB]‐UVB and UVA1) in their potency to induce neutrophil infiltration in normal human skin after exposure to two times the minimal erythema dose of UV radiation. Biopsies were collected from irradiated buttock skin 6 and 24 h after irradiation and from nonirradiated skin. The presence, distribution and amount of skin‐infiltrated neutrophils were determined using immunohistochemical staining. Analysis revealed that SSR was most effective in inducing neutrophil infiltration. NB‐UVB gave a neutrophil influx pattern similar to that seen with SSR but in smaller numbers. BB‐UVB and UVA1 were far less potent in inducing neutrophil infiltration compared with SSR or NB‐UVB. Our findings indicate that neutrophil infiltration in the UV‐irradiated skin is UV source dependent. When the spectra emitted by the different UV sources were compared UVB seemed to be more effective than UVA in inducing neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, our results suggest that longer wavelengths within the UVB range are mostly responsible for the infiltration of neutrophils in the UV‐irradiated skin.
Photophysical Properties of the Prefluorescent Nitroxide Probes QT and C343T
Authors: Bueno Claudia , Mikelsons Larisa , Maretti Luca , Scaiano J. C. , Aspée Alexis 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe photophysical properties of the nitroxide prefluorescent probes 4‐(3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4‐quinolinoyloxy)‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidin‐4‐yl) ester free radical (QT) and 2,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐quinolizino [1,10,9‐gh] coumarin‐3‐carboxylic acid (1‐oxyl‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidin‐4‐yl) ester free radical (C343T) were evaluated as a function of pH and solvent properties. The absorbance of QT showed high pH sensitivity. The pKa values for the different ionization forms involved in the acid–base equilibrium of the quinoline chromophore were determined in the ground and excited states. The fluorescence lifetimes of QT, and N‐hydroxylamine (QTH) and quinoline methyl ester (QMe) derivatives, showed that the intramolecular quenching efficiency by the nitroxide moiety is independent of the quinoline ionization form. The fluorescence and absorbance of C343T were highly sensitive to solvent polarity in agreement with a charged transfer excited state of the chromophore. However, we noted a decrease in the intramolecular fluorescence quenching efficiency by the nitroxide moiety when changing the polarity of the solvent from hexane to water. This behavior has been attributed to a suppression of an energy transfer mechanism in the nitroxide quenching process in very polar solvents. The results obtained in micelles allow us to propose QT and C343T as sensors for pH and micropolarity, respectively, in addition to their role as monitors for free radicals or hydrogen transfer from phenols.
The Photolysis of Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)iridium(I) in Chloroform
Authors: Witter Brian M. , Karabulut Merve , Hoggard Patrick E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractUnder 254 or 313 nm irradiation in chloroform, [IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2] is converted cleanly to [IrCl2(CO)H(PPh3)2] through the addition of HCl, produced photochemically. Under 254 nm irradiation, some of the reaction of [IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2] occurs by direct photolysis of chloroform, though a greater contribution arises from a reaction initiated through absorption of light by the metal complex. Under 313 nm irradiation, essentially all of the reaction is metal‐initiated. The linear dependence of the reaction rate on light intensity and on the fraction of light absorbed by the Ir(I) complex as well as the lack of a deuterium isotope effect rule out a radical process. Instead it is proposed that an association complex between excited state [IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2] and CHCl3 leads to dissociation of a chlorine atom from CHCl3, yielding HCl after abstraction of a hydrogen from another CHCl3. HCl then adds to a ground state [IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2] complex.
Nondenatured Soy Extracts Reduce UVB‐induced Skin Damage via Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Chen Nannan , Scarpa Richard , Zhang Li , Seiberg Miri , Lin Connie B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractUV irradiation results in DNA damage, inflammation and immunosuppression, leading to the development of basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Earlier data show that topical treatment with nondenatured soy extracts reduced the incidence and delayed the development/progression of already‐initiated skin tumors in high‐risk hairless mice. Here we show that pretreatment with nondenatured soy extracts reduced UVB‐induced Thymine‐Thymine (TT) dimer formation. In vitro, nondenatured soy extracts enhanced UVB‐induced checkpoint kinase‐1 (Chk1) activation, suggesting a delay in cell cycle progression that enables longer time for DNA repair. Soy also reduced UVB‐induced cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression and prostaglandin E2 secretion, and inhibited p38 MAP kinase activation, suggesting its anti‐inflammatory activity. Mice pretreated topically with nondenatured soy extracts had reduced levels of UVB‐induced TT dimers and COX‐2 expression in their skins compared to UVB alone. The nondenatured soy extracts also inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor‐induced endothelial tube formation in Matrigel, suggesting a possible inhibitory effect on angiogenesis and tumor progression. Taken together, nondenatured soy extracts could prevent or reduce UVB‐induced skin damage via multiple mechanisms, affecting both the initiation and the progression of skin cancer. These data suggest that topical application of nondenatured soy extracts could potentially reduce the incidence of skin cancer.
Fluorescence Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with New Water Soluble Hypericin Bound to Polyvinylpyrrolidone: PVP‐Hypericin
Authors: Kubin Andreas , Meissner Philipp , Wierrani Franz , Burner Ursula , Bodenteich Angelika , Pytel Akos , Schmeller Nikolaus 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAlthough conventional white light endoscopy (WLE) is currently the gold standard for diagnosing bladder tumors, rates of false negative results and residual tumors after transurethral resection are relatively high. The goal of the present clinical study is to investigate whether using new water soluble hypericin (PVP‐hypericin) as a fluorescent dye improves bladder cancer detection and diagnosis. Following instillation of PVP‐hypericin (total amount of 0.25 mg hypericin bound to 25 mg polyvinylpoyrrolidone [PVP], reconstituted in 50 mL phys. sodium chloride solution), WLE and fluorescence cystoscopy (photodynamic diagnosis; PDD) were performed on patients with suspected primary or recurrent bladder malignancies (n = 57). Incubation time was 1–2 h and biopsies (n = 163) were taken from fluorescing regions and/or from regions which were suspicious under WLE. Histological investigations of the biopsies provided the final proof of malignancy (or the counterevidence). Results indicated that overall sensitivity with PVP‐hypericin and PDD is significantly higher (95%) than with WLE (85%). The sensitivity of PDD in the diagnosis of carcinoma in situ (n = 12) was 100% compared with 33% for WLE. In the diagnosis of dysplasia, the sensitivity of PDD was 85% compared with 31% for WLE. PDD has a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.75% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.86%, in comparison to WLE PPV = 0.66% NPV = 0.58%. Biopsies were not taken from healthy tissues, thus specificity was markedly lower in our study (53%) than that reported in other studies (98–100%). As a conclusion, PDD using PVP‐hypericin is superior to WLE in terms of sensitivity in the diagnosis of malignancies of the bladder. Results suggest that PVP‐hypericin is a promising formulation for various diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Mechanism of UV‐Induced IκBα‐Independent Activation of NF‐κB
Authors: László Csaba F. , Wu Shiyong 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) plays an important role in UV‐induced skin tumorigenesis. Activation of NF‐κB by UV‐irradiation is composed of two phases. The early phase culminates with maximal levels of DNA binding ability at 4 h postirradiation and is dependent on translational inhibition. The late‐phase activation of NF‐κB occurs between 16 and 48 h post‐irradiation and the mechanism is not clear due to the fact that NF‐κB was activated in the presence of high level of IκBα. In this report, we provide evidence that without translational inhibition, the transcription of IκBα was induced by UV‐irradiation. In the late‐phase of UV‐induced NF‐κB activation, the IκBα depletion is the combined result of regulation at both transcriptional and translational levels. Neither ubiquitination nor proteasomal degradation have detectable attributions to IκBα breakdown. We also demonstrate that UV only induced phosphorylation of p65(S276), while tumor necrosis factor‐α induced phosphorylation at both Ser276 and 536 sites of p65. Based upon our results, we propose a novel mechanism for translation‐regulated IκBα depletion and MSK‐mediated NF‐κB activation at 24 h post‐UV‐irradiation.
Algorithm for in vitro Sun Protection Factor Based on Transmission Spectrum Measurement with Concomitant Evaluation of Photostability
Authors: Miura Yoshimasa , Takiguchi Yoshihiro , Shirao Masayuki , Takata Sadaki , Yanagida Takeshi , Fukui Hiroshi , Naganuma Masako , Hatao Masato 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn thein vitro evaluation of Sun Protection Factor (SPF), the photostability of the ultraviolet (UV) filters can have a major impact, especially for high‐SPF formulations, but is generally not taken into consideration. In this study, we present a UV transmission spectrum measurement system utilizing a high‐sensitivity UV photomultiplier tube with concomitant evaluation of photostability. We have developed an algorithm to estimate SPF in vitro by converting the amount of UV light transmission through the sunscreen layer into cumulative relative erythema effectiveness to obtain one minimal erythema dose. Thus, the algorithm uses the same endpoint as in vivo SPF methods, but with a photomultiplier tube as the detector instead of skin. The values obtained showed an excellent correlation with in vivo SPF values, even for high‐SPF sunscreens exceeding SPF 50. This method should be suitable as an in vitro SPF testing method for regulatory purposes.
Overview of the Inactivation by 254 nm Ultraviolet Radiation of Bacteria with Particular Relevance to Biodefense
Authors: Coohill Thomas P. , Sagripanti Jose‐Luis 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOur goal was to ultimately predict the sensitivity of untested bacteria (including those of biodefense interest) to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In this study, we present an overview and analysis of the relevant 254 nm data previously reported and available in the literature. The amount of variability in this data prevented us from determining an “average” response for any bacterium. Therefore, we developed particular selection criteria to include the data in our analysis and suggested future guidelines for reporting UV sensitivity results. We then compiled a table of the sensitivity to 254 nm UV for 38 bacteria and three bacterial spores. The UV sensitivity was quite similar (within 10%) among the spores of Bacillus anthracis (strains Vollum 1B and Sterne), Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus megaterium. These data indicate that spores of B. subtilis and B. megaterium could be adequate simulants of B. anthracis spores in UVC experiments. Spores of B. anthracis, B. subtilis and B. megaterium were 5–10 times more resistant to UV than were their corresponding vegetative cells. The vegetative cells of B. anthracis showed similar UV sensitivity to those of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Shigella sonnei, and a wild‐type strain of Escherichia coli. Yersinia enterocolitica and Vibrio cholerae appeared more sensitive to UV and Salmonella typhi slightly more resistant to UV than E. coli. The sensitivity (at 254 nm) of all vegetative bacteria ranged from 11 to 80 Jm2 for a 1 Log10 kill and from 25–200 Jm2 for 4 Log10 kill.
Photosensitized Oxidation of Hypoxanthine and Xanthine by Aluminum Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate. Role of the Alkylating Quinone 2,5‐Dichloro‐diaziridinyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone
Authors: Alegria Antonio E. , Inostroza Yaritza , Kumar Ajay 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPhotoirradiation of nitrogen‐saturated aqueous solutions containing aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcS4) at 675 nm in the presence of 2,5‐dichloro‐diaziridinyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone (AZDClQ) and hypoxanthine (HX) produces the oxidized HX derivatives, xanthine (X) and uric acid (UA). Concentrations of the AZDClQ semiquinone, X and UA increase at the expense of HX with an increase in irradiation time. Almost negligible decomposition of HX, as well as very low amounts of X, are detected if photolysis occurs under identical conditions but in the absence of AZDClQ. Addition of calf‐thymus DNA produces quinone‐DNA covalent adducts after photolysis of anaerobic samples containing quinone, DNA and AlPcS4, in the presence or absence of HX and at pH 5.5. However, larger amounts of quinone‐DNA adducts are detected if HX is present. The results presented here could have applications in the photodynamic treatment of hypoxic tissues such as solid tumors, under conditions of high HX concentration, where Type‐I pathways could be more important than singlet oxygen generation.
Measurement of Lens Protein Aggregation in Vivo Using Dynamic Light Scattering in a Guinea Pig/UVA Model for Nuclear Cataract
Authors: Francis Simpanya M. , Ansari Rafat R. , Leverenz Victor , Giblin Frank J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe role of UVA radiation in the formation of human nuclear cataract is not well understood. We have previously shown that exposing guinea pigs for 5 months to a chronic low level of UVA light produces increased lens nuclear light scattering and elevated levels of protein disulfide. Here we have used the technique of dynamic light scattering (DLS) to investigate lens protein aggregation in vivo in the guinea pig/UVA model. DLS size distribution analysis conducted at the same location in the lens nucleus of control and UVA‐irradiated animals showed a 28% reduction in intensity of small diameter proteins in experimental lenses compared with controls (P < 0.05). In addition, large diameter proteins in UVA‐exposed lens nuclei increased five‐fold in intensity compared to controls (P < 0.05). The UVA‐induced increase in apparent size of lens nuclear small diameter proteins was three‐fold (P < 0.01), and the size of large diameter aggregates was more than four‐fold in experimental lenses compared with controls. The diameter of crystallin aggregates in the UVA‐irradiated lens nucleus was estimated to be 350 nm, a size able to scatter light. No significant changes in protein size were detected in the anterior cortex of UVA‐irradiated lenses. It is presumed that the presence of a UVA chromophore in the guinea pig lens (NADPH bound to zeta crystallin), as well as traces of oxygen, contributed to UVA‐induced crystallin aggregation. The results indicate a potentially harmful role for UVA light in the lens nucleus. A similar process of UVA‐irradiated protein aggregation may take place in the older human lens nucleus, accelerating the formation of human nuclear cataract.
Interactive Transport, Subcellular Relocation and Enhanced Phototoxicity of Hypericin Encapsulated in Guanidinylated Liposomes via Molecular Recognition†
Authors: Galanou Maria C. , Theodossiou Theodossis A. , Tsiourvas Dimitris , Sideratou Zili , Paleos Constantinos M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHypericin (HYP), a photocytotoxic phenanthroperylenquinone was encapsulated in liposomes outfitted with guanidinium‐bearing lipids to ensure efficient cell binding through molecular recognition with anionic groups resident on the plasma membrane. The uptake of HYP encapsulated in these liposomes by DU145 human prostate cancer cells, was studied employing fluorescence, versus nonguadinylated liposomes and free HYP. The subcellular localization was in all cases studied by confocal microscopy employing specific subcellular organelle probes. The photocytotoxicity of HYP was assessed, 24 h following irradiation with 15 mWcm−2 light through a GG 495 Schott filter, by a standard tetrazolium to formazan assay (XTT). HYP uptake by DU145 cells was found to be profoundly enhanced by using guanidinylated liposomes. Also the distance of the guanidinium group from the liposomal surface was found to significantly affect HYP loading, subcellular localization and phototoxicity. The two different modes of liposome cell internalization observed, i.e. plasma membrane fusion and endocytosis, were found to greatly affect the phototoxicity of HYP. Molecular recognition was overall appraised as a promising, novel route for photodynamic therapy, profoundly enhancing its efficacy. HYP encapsulated in liposomes‐bearing guanidinium groups was more efficiently taken up by cells, leading to enhanced phototoxicity, in contrast to HYP encapsulated in their nonguanidinylated counterparts.