bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy relevance of Bayesian statistics overestimated?
Authors: van der Wilt Gert Jan , Rovers Maroeska , Straatman Huub , van der Bij Sjoukje , van den Broek Paul , Zielhuis Gerhard 
Published: May 2008

Objectives: The observed posterior probability distributions regarding the benefits of surgery for otitis media with effusion (OME) with expected probability distributions, using Bayes' theorem are compared.Methods: Postal questionnaires were used to assess prior and posterior probability distributions among ear-nose-throat (ENT) surgeons in the Netherlands.Results: In their prior probability estimates, ENT surgeons were quite optimistic with respect to the effectiveness of tube insertion in the treatment of OME. The trial showed no meaningful benefit of tubes on hearing and language development. Posterior probabilities calculated on the basis of prior probability estimates and trial results differed widely from those, elicited empirically 1 year after completion of the trial and dissemination of the results.Conclusions: ENT surgeons did not adjust their opinion about the benefits of surgical treatment of glue ears to the extent that they should have done according to Bayes' theorem. Users of the results of Bayesian analyses, notably policy-makers, should realize that Bayes' theorem is prescriptive and not necessarily descriptively correct. Health policy decisions should not be based on the untested assumption that health-care professionals use new evidence to adjust their subjective beliefs in a Bayesian manner.
Estimating the benefit and cost of radiotherapy for lung cancer
Authors: Barbera Lisa , Walker Hugh , Foroudi Farshad , Tyldesley Scott , Mackillop William 
Published: May 2008

Purpose: To estimate the benefit and cost of using radiotherapy (RT) in the initial management of lung cancer in the general population.Methods: We identified indications for RT in the initial management of small cell and non–small cell lung cancer through a review of the literature. The proportion of patients with each specific indication for treatment was determined using epidemiological observations from cancer registry data and from the literature. We estimated the benefit gained from RT use for each indication in the model using values published in the literature. We estimated the cost of RT for each indication using published Canadian data. The total benefit and cost was calculated for all indications combined. Results are reported in 2001 Canadian dollars.Results: The mean benefit was 7 months of survival for each lung cancer patient treated with curative intent and 3 months of symptom control for each patient treated with palliative intent. The average cost was $9,881 per life year gained and $13,938 per year of symptom control gained. Sensitivity analysis revealed values between $7,905 and $19,762 per year of survival gain and between $10,368 and $27,875 per year of symptom control gained.Conclusions: Using RT in the initial management of lung cancer can provide considerable gains in survival and symptom control. The cost of RT for the initial management of lung cancer is inexpensive compared with a common cut off of $50,000 per life year gained.
Use of folic acid supplements, particularly by low-income and young women: a series of systematic reviews to inform public health policy in the UK
Authors: Stockley Lynn , Lund Vivien 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a basis for making recommendations on the potential to improve use of folic acid supplements in the UK, particularly among low-income and young women.DesignSystematic reviews of relevant research from 1989 to May 2006 in Europe, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.ResultsTwenty-six systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses were identified from the wider public health literature, and eighteen studies on the effectiveness of preconception interventions were included. Ninety studies were identified which were directly relevant to folic acid supplement intake. There were factors that are particularly associated with lower rates of use of folic acid supplements. One of the most important of these is the link with unintended pregnancy, followed by age, socio-economic and ethnic group. Integrated campaigns can increase the use of folic acid supplements to some extent. Research trials indicated that: (i) printed resources and the mass media used in isolation are not effective in the longer term; and (ii) health-care-based initiatives can be effective and are more likely to be successful if they include making supplements easily available.ConclusionsCampaigns and interventions have the potential to exacerbate socio-economic inequalities in folic acid use. One way of addressing this is to include elements that specifically target vulnerable women. To achieve and maintain an effect, they need to be based on good health promotion practice and to be sustained over a long period. However, even high-quality campaigns that increase use result in under half of women in the target group taking supplements.
High‐Throughput Process Development: Determination of Dynamic Binding Capacity Using Microtiter Filter Plates Filled with Chromatography Resin
Authors: Bergander Tryggve , Nilsson‐Välimaa Kristina , Öberg Katarina , Lacki Karol M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSteadily increasing demand for more efficient and more affordable biomolecule‐based therapies put a significant burden on biopharma companies to reduce the cost of R&D activities associated with introduction of a new drug to the market. Reducing the time required to develop a purification process would be one option to address the high cost issue. The reduction in time can be accomplished if more efficient methods/tools are available for process development work, including high‐throughput techniques. This paper addresses the transitions from traditional column‐based process development to a modern high‐throughput approach utilizing microtiter filter plates filled with a well‐defined volume of chromatography resin. The approach is based on implementing the well‐known batch uptake principle into microtiter plate geometry. Two variants of the proposed approach, allowing for either qualitative or quantitative estimation of dynamic binding capacity as a function of residence time, are described. Examples of quantitative estimation of dynamic binding capacities of human polyclonal IgG on MabSelect SuRe and of qualitative estimation of dynamic binding capacity of amyloglucosidase on a prototype of Capto DEAE weak ion exchanger are given. The proposed high‐throughput method for determination of dynamic binding capacity significantly reduces time and sample consumption as compared to a traditional method utilizing packed chromatography columns without sacrificing the accuracy of data obtained.
DNAzymes and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Benson V L , Khachigian L M , Lowe H C 
Published: May 2008

Gene silencing techniques are gaining increasing popularity in the literature, both as a tool for unravelling gene function and to potentially deliver therapeutic benefit, especially in the context of cardiovascular disease. Gene‐specific catalytic DNA molecules, or DNAzymes, have shown promise in ameliorating the effects of myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury and in‐stent restenosis in various animal models, demonstrating that these agents may be useful in a clinical setting. A review of the recent advances in the use of DNAzymes in treating cardiovascular disease is therefore essential given the increasing clinical burden of cardiovascular disease worldwide. We have thus sought to firstly provide background into the construct and mechanism of action of DNAzymes, with a discussion of recent improvements in design. Secondly, we have examined the effects of DNAzyme‐mediated gene inhibition inin vitrostudies of both endothelial and smooth muscle migration and proliferation, as well asin vivomodels of acute myocardial infraction and neointima formation. Lastly we compare DNAzymes with other gene silencing tools and discuss issues involved in successfully delivering these drugs in a clinical setting.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)154, 741–748; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.145; published online 5 May 2008
Long term trend of chemical oxygen demand in Saroma-ko Lagoon, Japan; possible effects of climatic warming
Authors: Shiomoto Akihiro 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA trend of shortening duration of ice coverage has been reported in many rivers, ponds and lakes around the world due to climatic warming. The shortening will have much influence on organic production due to the greater supply of light intensity and hence on water quality. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), a useful measure of water quality, has been monitored over the past thirty years in Saroma-ko Lagoon, a boreal lake in Japan characterized by wintertime ice coverage. Here the data set of water quality in the lagoon is analyzed to reveal long-term trends in COD and the influence of climatic warming on such trends. There has been a significant increasing trend, caused primarily by an abrupt increase in the early 1990s. However, the increase could not be explained by the increased load of organic matter on the lagoon from the river basin and organic production in the lagoon. On the other hand, periods of freezing of the entire surface have tended to be shorter with inevitable thinning of ice over the past forty years, probably due to climatic warming. Ice and planktonic algae are exposed to the low light intensity in situ, which is not optimum for the algal production of organic matter. The shortening and thinning should thus bring an improvement in ambient light conditions for algae, resulting in an increase of organic matter in winter. Most of the organic matter possibly remains even after spring because of the low water temperature. It is highly possible that climatic warming promotes deterioration in water quality in ice-covered lakes.
2 America and Negro Music
Authors: Peress Maurice 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Dvorák made insightful predictions for the future of American music: “In the Negro melodies of America I discover all that is needed for a great and noble school of music”. This chapter details Negro music before Dvorák, African/New World roots of the Saraband and Chaconne, slave gatherings, camp meetings and minstrelsy, and The Fisk Jubillees.
5 The National Conservatory of Music of America
Authors: Peress Maurice 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter introduces Dvorák's American students: Reuben Goldmark, Cook, Maurice Arnold, their music and careers, and describes Dvorák's teaching methods. Dvorák leads a significant student benefit concert at Madison Square Garden that features the celebrated diva known as “Black Patti”, the conservatory orchestra, and a choir from St. Phillips African Episcopal church. The program gives especial attention to the achievements of his African American students whose work is held up as an example of the new American school to come. Dvorák closes the concert with his arrangement of Stephan Foster's “The Old Folks at Home” for the full contingent — choirs, soloists, and orchestra. At this point Cook leaves the conservatory.
13 George Antheil's Ballet Mécanique
Authors: Peress Maurice 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes the researching and reconstructing of what was perhaps the most infamous modern music event of the 20th century after Stravinsky's Rite of Spring, George Antheil's “Ballet Mecanique” for player piano, eight concert grands, xylophones, drums, a fire siren, doorbells, and aeroplane propellers. It was designed to shock, but beneath its wild surface lies a story that includes the poet, Ezra Pound; artists and film makers Leger, Man Ray, and Picabia; composers W. C. handy (and his all-negro Orchestra) Colin McFee, Aaron Copland and Virgil Thomson; and the violinist, Olga Rudge. It was the first work to encompass silences, some as long as twenty-four seconds, and in many minds, minimalism.
2 “Atheism” and Hume's Early Critics
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Although our own contemporaries are widely agreed that Hume's Treatise was largely unconcerned with problems and issues of religion (i.e. on the general assumption that he removed all such material from the Treatise) his early critics took a very different view. This way of reading Hume's Treatise is especially apparent in A Letter from a Gentleman to his friend at Edinburgh, a pamphlet composed by Hume in 1745 in reply to several accusations made against him when he applied for the chair of moral philosophy at Edinburgh University. Among the most important and fundamental “charges” made against Hume are those of “skepticism” and “atheism.” The nature and character of these charges and Hume's replies reveal the particular relevance and role of the (dogmatic) philosophy of Samuel Clarke in this context—as well as the philosophy of Clarke's prominent Scottish disciple Andrew Baxter.
6 A Hobbist Plan
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The central thesis of this chapter is that the scope and structure of Hume's Treatise is modeled or planned after that of Hobbes's The Elements of Law and that in this respect there exists an important and unique relationship between these two works. The immediate significance of this relationship between Hobbes's and Hume's project of the “science of man” is that it indicates the underlying unity and coherence of Hume's entire project in the Treatise. However, although the “plan” of the Treatise is modeled closely after Hobbes's work, we should not infer that there are no significant issues where Hobbes and Hume diverge. On the contrary, there are (several) significant issues where Hobbes and Hume do indeed diverge—an observation that is in no way inconsistent with the fact that Hume's project is modeled after Hobbes's similar project of a “science of man.” Nevertheless, once we recognize the nature and significance of Hume's Hobbist plan in the Treatise, we are in a position to excavate and systematically uncover Hume's fundamental irreligious intentions throughout the Treatise.
11 Induction, Analogy, and a Future State
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Although there is considerable disagreement among commentators about the extent of Hume's skeptical commitments on the subject of induction, most are agreed that what he has to say has little or nothing of a specific nature to do with problems of religion. This chapter argues, contrary to this view, that Hume's account of the problem of induction, as originally presented in the Treatise, is significantly motivated by irreligious objectives. More specifically, Hume's discussion of induction—concerning our beliefs about the future based on past experience—is deeply and directly concerned with the claim (as defended by Butler) that the doctrine of a future state is both credible in itself and of great practical importance for us. Whatever else Hume aimed to do in this context, discrediting this religious doctrine was important to him.
13 Skepticism, Deception, and the Material World
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In the early eighteenth century context there was an intimate connection between problems concerning the existence of the material world and problems of natural religion. Two issues are of particular importance for understanding Hume's irreligious intentions in his discussion of the external world, as presented in the section entitled “Of scepticism with regard to the senses." First, if we are unable to establish that we know that the material world exists, then all arguments for the existence of God that presuppose knowledge of the material world (i.e. its beauty, order, design, etc.) are placed in doubt. Second, if we are naturally disposed to believe in the existence of body, but this belief is false, then it seems to follow that God must be a deceive—or does not exist. Hume's arguments in 1.4.2 are finely crafted to present both these irreligious challenges to the orthodox view.
16 Freedom within Necessity
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter considers Hume's views on the subject “of liberty and necessity” in light of the relevant debate(s) that situate and structure his own contribution in the Treatise (T, 2.3.1–2). The primary concern is to show that, contrary to the orthodox view, Hume's arguments on this subject are highly relevant to problems of religion as Hume and his contemporaries understood and debated them. More specifically, Hume's necessitarianism is both metaphysically and methodologically a core part of his entire (Hobbist) project to establish a secular, scientific account of moral life. Related to this, one of the central lessons of Hume's discussion of free will in the Treatise, as it concerns his more extended views about the nature and conditions of moral responsibility, is that these are issues that we can make sense of only within the fabric of human nature and human society.
18 The Myth of “Castration” and the Riddle's Solution
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide a summary account of the nature and significance of the irreligious interpretation of the Treatise. The solution to the riddle of the Treatise begins with a critique of the “castration” hypothesis, which in its unqualified form is simply a myth. Contrary to this hypothesis, the Treatise is systematically concerned with and directly relevant to issues of religion. The irreligious interpretation plainly serves to explain the character of Hume's motivation in the Treatise as it relates to both his skeptical and naturalistic commitments. It also serves to explain what unites or relates the highly varied component arguments and discussions that appear throughout this work (in contrast with the established accounts which leave us with a work that is disjointed and fragmented).
1 Archaic Images, Utopian Dreams
Authors: Erlmann Veit 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
At the end of the 19th century, the historical consciousness of people living in the metropolis and that of those at the colonial periphery were strangely intertwined. Although colonial discourse represented the West as modern and the South African colonies as archaic and in need of modernization, the relationship between colonizers and colonized was only rarely a simple dialectic of domination and resistance. The experiences and narratives on either side of the divide frequently overlapped, drawing on and finding expression in ideologies of progress, Utopian dreams, and archaic images.
3 Inventing the Metropolis
Authors: Erlmann Veit 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Choir member Josiah Semouse kept a journal of the tour of the African Choir to England. Published in his native Sesotho language in the missionary press, Semouse's journal is the first example of black writing about the metropolis in an African language. It shares with contemporary British literature a sense of the frustration late 19th-century authors felt at the inability to grasp the totality of social relations in London and of the looming crisis of authorship.
2 Reading an Office Book
Authors: Dobszay László 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
If the primary agents of chant history are the communities that performed, preserved, transmitted, enriched, or modified a tradition, the sources must be regarded not only as elements in a textual stemma, products of scribal activity, but also as views of particular everyday practices. Single MSS, however, can often mislead, because of deceptive omissions, missing items, multiple or surplus items, problems of redaction (format and method of compilation), changes in the course of time, and differences between ritus (fixed local liturgy) and consuetudo (written or unwritten customs). In the end, only description and comparison of local traditions themselves, arrived at through the comparative study of sources, produce satisfying conclusions. This chapter references the author's own data base for the study of liturgical sources, which is different in nature from CANTUS, founded by Ruth Steiner.
6 The Antiphoner of Compiègne
Authors: Jacobsson Ritva 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The antiphoner of Compiègne (F-Pn MS lat. 17436), sometimes called the antiphoner of Charles the Bald, is the oldest existing Latin Office book, perhaps copied around 870. Although lavish, it is full of textual errors and was neither prepared for musical notation nor later supplied with neumes and reveals that is a kind of anthology copied from many different sources. This study of the Office for the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle compares two different works both found in the Antiphoner, showing the complexities of the source materials available at the time and the great accomplishments of those individuals who created new liturgical materials for the Office from the Bible and many other sources, always with a sophisticated understanding of their contexts.
18 On the Prose Historia of St. Augustine
Authors: Szendrei Janka 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Although Augustine, the theologian and philosopher, bishop and saint, enjoyed a high reputation, he was little venerated liturgically during Christianity's first 1,000 years. The liturgical veneration of Augustine developed at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries and culminated in the emergence of the saint's complete proper Office, or historia. This chapter explaines the reasons for this state of affairs as a preface to a consideration of the texts and music of the historia. It relates the development of Augustine's office to the Gregorian reform movement and other monastic and clerical ideas of the period. It discusses the geographical expansion of this Office, showing that the boundaries of its use were, by and large, firmly established by the mid-14th century.
19 The Historia of St. Julian of Le Mans by Létald of Micy
Authors: Hiley David 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A century ago, Walter Howard Frere, in his seminal work on chant, identified typical melodies and phrases across the Office repertoire. The question remains, however, how one is to deal with the other musical material; that is, the chants that do not employ those stock turns of phrase. This chapter examines the 11th-century Office of St. Julian of Le Mans by Letaldus of Micy, identifying musical elements that are either traditional or new. One result is a new threefold distinction to replace Frere's two broad categories of “typical” and “original”. This chapter proposes 1) passages or complete chants that made more of less literal use of traditional turns of phrase; 2) passages that behave following certain orthodox modes of range, tonal structures, and ways of expansion; and 3) unorthodox or eccentric passages in chants that are outside the norms. What is defined as orthodox, of course, will change with the times.
20 The Little Office of the Virgin and Mary's Role at Paris
Authors: Baltzer Rebecca A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The cathedral church of Paris, with its overwhelming focus upon the Mother of God, let virtually no day pass without explicit liturgical acknowledgement of her role in salvation. In the voice, ear, and mind of every cleric in this cathedral, the most familiar and frequently performed Office was the Little Office of the Virgin. It was essentially an Office by the clerics for the clerics, without spectators, done in their private liturgical space, the choir, before the altar of the Virgin. This chapter discusses the sources for this Office, which was known in Paris before the year 1200, its use both in Paris and elsewhere, and its texts. It describes the complex state of the sources from before the 13th century and points to the significant amount of local variation in the tradition.